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// npOfPECC,,,
1983
PeAaKTOp A. K. KY.llU,,"OB
PeAaKl.\HH JIHT TU\'TypbI no BonpocaM ;r:'9£yp;apcTBa H npUBa
@ IIepeBop; Ha PYCCKHH .JI3LIK C 1I3l\IeHeHIIJUIII II BCTYIIlITeJILIIan C'ra-
Tb.JI, H3p;aTeJlbCTBO «IIporpecc», 1983
B 1206000000-351
006(01)--83 55--83
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BOCT01J:HOrO COce,D;a - .HnOHUIi. B pa60Tax COBeTCI{HX H 3apy-
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TOpU1J:eCKOrO pa3BHTliH ;)TOM cTpaHbI, BorrpocbI ee cOBpeMeH-
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,n;aHCKoe rrpaBo .HrrOHHH ,D;O HaCTOHm;ero BpeMeHH OCBem;aJIOCb
Y Hac rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M B Y1J:e6HOH JIHTepaType, ,D;a H TO B
caMbIX 06m;IIX 1J:epTax. JIHmb HeKOTopbIe HHCTHTYTbI rpam-
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HO,D;aTeJIbCTBO), HCCJIe,D;OBaJIHCb B MOHorpaWIIHX H CTaTbHX.
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::IIbI CTpaHbI Heo6xo,D;IIMO 3HaKOMCTBO C ,D;aHHOH OTpaCJIbIO npa-
na no BceH ee nOJIHOTe.
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'OXBaTbIBaIOm;ero caMbIH mHpOKHH Kpyr KaK IIMym;ecTBeHHbIX,
Tal\ II JIH1J:HbIX OTHomeHIdi. JIumb cpaBHIITeJIbHO He,D;aBHO B
plI,D;e KarrHTaJIIICTH1J:eCKIiX CTpaH 1I3 rpan\p,aHCT\Oro rrpaBa CTa-
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arpapHoe.
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.,D;aHCl\Oe rrpaBO HaM60JIee 6JIlI3KlIM I{ ()I\OHOMIIKe, rrIICaJIII, 1J:TO
«OHO CaHKII,IIOHlipyeT cym;eCTBYIOm;H8 npH ,D;aHHbIX 06CTOH-
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5
eM 8IWHOMH'IeCRIIX Y:CJIOBlIii 06m;ecTBeHHoH }RII3HII 1. T aI,all
xapaRTeplICTIIRa CBU)J;eTeJIbCTByeT 0 TOM, CROJIb 60JIbIliOe 3Ha-
'leHlIe )J;JIH 1I3Y':IeHIIH mlI3HU ooru;eCTBa, rrpou;ecca ero pa3BlI-
TIIH I1MeeT HCCJIe)J;OBaHIIe )J;aHHOH OTpaCJIII npaBa. 8TO B nOJI-
HOH Mepe OTHOCIITCfl II R rpam)J;aHCROMY npaBY HnomIlI, B
IWTOpOM OTpamalOTCH cneU;H<pIIQeCRIIe oc06eHHOCTlI ee 8RO-
HOMll'leCROrO pa3BHTIIH.
06ru;eCTBeHIIaH mH3Hb II pa3BlITHe 8ROHO IIIRII HlIOHlIH
npHBJIeRalOT npI1CTaJIbHOe BJIlIl\IaHlle 3apy6emHblx JICCJIe)J;o-
RaTeJIeH, 1I60 na CTpaHa )J;IIHaMIIQHO II B RpaTqaHIliUe IICTO.
plI'leClme cpolm npeo)J;OJIeJIa THJJ\eJIble nOCJIe)J;CTBIIH )J;JIIITeJIb-
HOH H30JIHU;1I1I OT 06ru;eCTBeHHbIX npOU;eCCOB )J;pyrux CTpaH,
IICRYCCTBeHHoro RYJIbTHBIIpOBaHI1H <peOAaJIbHbIX OTHOIlieHHH,
MllJIIITaplICTCROH rrOJIHTIIKH npaBHru;nx RpyrOB. HnOHCRoe
<(;')KOHOMII'leCROe 'lYAO» 6bIJIO CeHCall,lIeH 60-x - Ha'laJIa 70-x:
rO)J;OB HaIliero BeRa, H no cerOAHHIliHIIH )J;eHb HnoHlw ycneIli-
HO ROHRyplIpyeT Ha MHpOBblX pblHRax CO CTpaHa fH, HaxOAH-
m;HMIICH B HecpaBHeHHO 60JIee 6JIarOnpI1HTHblX npHpO)J;HbIX
YCJIOBIIHX, IIMelOru;IIMH MHOI'OBeROBYIO RYJIbTYPY npOII3BO)J;-
CTBa.
8IWHOMllQeCROe pa3BlITIIe HrroHlm 06JIa)J;aeT pHAOM cym;e-
CTBeHHbIX oc06eHHOCTeH, OTpa3HBIliIIXCH II B rpaJJ\)J;aHCROM
npaBe. O)J;Ha H3 HIIX - )J;JII1TeJIbHaH CBH3b ToprOBo-pOCTOB-
m;HqeCROH 6ypmya3HlI C <peOAaJIII3MOM. PeBOJIIOU;HH 1868 r.
He YHII'lTOmHJIa RJIaCCa <peO)J;aJIOB II He 06JIer<IIIJIa nOJIO}Re-
HHH KpeCTbHHCTBa. IIOJIY'lHB ROMneHCall,1I1O 3a OTHHTDle y HIIX
UpHBHJIerHH, 3HaqlITeJIbHaH 'laCTb <peo)J;aJIOB IIHTerplIpOBa-
JIHCb B cHcTeMy <pHHaHcoBoH OJIllrapXHI1. YRpenJIeHHIO 6aH-
ROBCRoro II pOCTOBru;II'leCROro ImnI1TaJIa cnoc06CTBOBaJI 1I npo-
ll,eCC HH)J;ycTpHaJIII3aU;1I1I HnoHIIII. BOT nO'IeMY Ha cerOAHHIH-
HIIH )J;eHb Rpe)J;IIT HrpaeT oc06ylO pOJIb B HnOHCROJI 81WHO-
MIIRe. TaR, OTHOIlieHHe 3aeMHblX cpe)J;cTB K c06cTBeHHbIM
cpe)J;cTBaM YHHBepCaJIbHbIX ToproBblx ROMnaHIIH, COCTaBJIHB-
Iliee)J;o BOHHbI142,1%,BMapTe 1978 r.COCTaBHJIO 2490,5% 2.
BUAHoe MeCTO B 8ROHOMIIRe CTpaHbI npHHa)J;JIelliHT ToprOBbIM
MOHOnOJIlUIM, ROTopbIe He TOJIbRO BeAYT BlI)'TpeUHIOIO II
BHeIliHlO1O ToprOBJIIO, HO H 3aHIIl\IalOTCH CaMbIMI1 pa3JIII'lHbUfH
llIIAa fH AeHTeJIbHOCTH: CTpOIITeJIbCTBOM, TpaHcrlOpTmr H T. )J;.
HeROTopoe upe)J;CTaBJIeHlIe 06 HX pOCTe )J;alOT CJIeAYIOIu;IIe-
ll,1I<PPbI, xa paRTepH3YIOm;He )J;eHTeJIbHOCTb )J;8CHTH RpyuHeH-
I CM.: Mapl>c K., OHzeJtbC <P. Co6p. CO'l., T. 21, c. 311.
2 CM.: MapUJltOTO T. EOJIbmaJI 6anROBCRaJI BORHa. M., «MbICJIb».
Hl81, c. 257.
8
illHX MOHOrrOJIHH. B 1960 r. HX aKu;noHepHbIH I\al1IITaJI co-
CTaBJIHJI 47,7 MJIpp;. HeH, B 1980 r. -- 2.12,7 MJIpp;. HeH. OGIIJ;Hii
OOOpOT B 1960 r. - 3981 MJIpp;. HeH, B 1980 r. - 61734 MJIpp;.
lIen. TaKHM oopa30M, rrpH pOCTe aKU;HOHepHoro KarrHTaJIa B
IlHTb pa3 OOIIJ;lIH OGOpOT :nux KOMrraHlIH YBeJIHqUJICH B rrHT-
Hap;u;an pa3. 11 CYli.(eCTueHHYIO pOJIb npn aTOM HrpaJIO HC-
IIOJIh'30BamIe Kpep;UTa I.
XapaKTepHaH 'lepTa 3KOHOMHKH HrrOHHH - pa3BHTaH CH-
{ TeMa rocyp;apcTBeHHO-MOHOrrOJIHCTH'leCKOrO perYJIHpOBaHHfI.
E COBeTCKOH JIUTepaType OTMeqaJICH llHp;lIRaTHBHbIH xapaK-
TOp rocyp;apcTBeHHoro rrporpaMMHpOBaHHH. "YI\a3bIBaJIOCb, qTO
:uop;eJIH, c03p;aBaeMbIe B rrpou;ecce rrporpaMMHpOBaHHH, 0PH-
€HTHpOBaHbI Ha crrpoc, KOTOpbIfI HeJIb3H 3apaHee rrJIaHHpO-
BaTb. IIporH03bI me, rrOJIY'laeMbIe rrYTeM 3KoHOMeTpHqeCKHX
.:\lOp;eJIeH, HBJIHIOTCH 3KCTparrOJIHU;HeH H He MorYT paCKpbITb
HOBbIX TeHp;eHU;llH 2. BMeCTe C TeM qepe3 C03p;aBaeMbIe rocy-
1(apCTBOM KoprropaU;HII - OOlI\eCTBeHHbIe I\OMrraHHH (I\Op;aH),
"IJJJHaHcoBbIe KoprropaU;IIH (I{oI\O), rocyp;apCTBeHHbIe I\OMrra-
HHH (KOCH), CrreU;HaJIbHbIe OaHI\II (TOI\YCIO rHHKO) II p;p.-
:rocyp;apcTBO BJIHHeT Ha aKOHOMHqeCKYro Il:;H3Hb. 3HaqHTeJIb-
Hoe MeCTO B ero p;eHTeJIbHOCTII 3aHIIMaeT rrOMOlI\b KpyrrHbIM
MOHOrrOJIHHM B rrepHop;bI WHHaHCOBblX 3aTpyp;HeHHH nOCJIep;-
mIX. rocyp;apcTBO B03p;eHcTByeT Ha arWHOMHKY II qepe3 p;eH-
T8JIbHOCTb KpyrrHbIx MOHOrrOJIHH, H qepe3 IIIHpOKOe HCrrOJIb-
30BaHHe Kpep;HTHoro MexaH1I3Ma.
OrpOMHaH pOJIb Kpep;llTa B WHHaHCHpOBaHHH p;eHTeJIbHO-
CTII KOMrraHlIH 3aCTaBJIHeT HX qYTKO pearHpOBaTb Ha COCTOH-
HIIO p;eHemHoro H I:;pep;IITHoro pbIHKOB. 3ap;epmKa ITJIaTemeH
TO.:rbIW B Op;HOM 3BeHe cpa3Y Il{e rrepep;aeTCH rro U;eJIOH U;errlI
B3aUMOCBH3aHHbIX IWlImaHHH. ;r::t;JIH ooeCrreqeHHH Hap;emHOCTH
II B03MomHofr B p;aHHbIX YCJIOBHHX YCTOHqHBOCTH ooopOTa
pa3paOOTaHa CJIOmHaH ClICTeMa rpamp;aHCKo-rrpaBOBbIX 11
npou;eccyaJIbHbIX cpep;CTB, HarrpaBJIeHHbIX Ha YCTaHOBJIeHHe
rapaHTHH rrJIaTema, rTO orrpep;eJIHeT 3HaqeHHe H pOJIb rpall:;-
;:J;anCKoro rrpaBa B )J,eJIoBoii IK1I3HII. B OO'beMe HHwopMaU;IIH,
neOOXO)J,HlIfOH )J,JIH COBpe leHHbIX oaHKOB, BoopymeHHblx 8BM,
nO)J,)J,epfKHBaIOIIJ;HX C rrOMOIIJ;bIO TeJIeTaHrrOB CBH3b CO BceM
:mrpOM, 3Ha IlITeJlbHOe lIIeCTO 3aHlJMaIOT «rocy)J,apCTBeHHbIe
1 CM.: OBulilfoe K. A. ToprOBbIe MOHorromm B HIIomIlI. M., «Hay-
Ha ,), 1982; COBpeM8HHbIii MOHOIIOJIlICTlI'ICCIIUII lIall1lTaJI1I3M. HnOHlIJI.
.\1., (,MbICJlb}), 1981, c. 104-121.
2 CM.: COBpeMeHHWll: MOHOllOJIUCTII'leCIIUll: lIaIIIlTaJIlI3M. HUOHlIJI,
<C. 122-167.
3aKOHbI II B03MOmHOCTII IIX 06xo)J;a» 1. 8Tll 3aKOHbI OTHOCflT-
Cfl B QCHOBHOM K ccpepe rpam)J;aHCKOro npaBa.
ITepBbIe rrOnbIrKH KO)J;HcpHKa HH )J;aHHOn OTpaC H npaBa
OTHOCflTCfl K 1890 r., Kor)J;a 6bW ony6mmoBaH npoeKT rpam-
)J;aHCKoro KO)J;eKca HnoHHII, COCTaB eHHbIH B OCHOBHbIX CBOUX
qepTaX no 06pa3 Y cppaH Y3CJ\Oro rpam)J;aHcKoro RO)J;eKca
1804 r., HO B pa3)J;eJIaX KOToporo, nOCBflI eHHbIX ceMeHHo IY
H HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHOMY npaBY, 6bWH Y'ITeHbI II Tpa)J;I1 IIOHHbIe
HnOHCRHe IIHCTIITYTbI. O)J;HaKo 3TOT npoeKT He 6bIJI npIlHflT.
O'IeBH)J;HO, peIIIaIOm;yIO pOJIb CbIrpaJIO TO, 'ITO B HanOJIeOHo:B-
CI\OM rR 6bIJIlI 3aKpenJIeHbI )J;OCTHmeHHfl cppaH Y3CKOH 6yp-
mya3HoH peBOJIIO HII, peIIIIHe bno nOROn'IIIBIIIeH C cpeO)J;a b-
nbIMII npHBHJIerIIflMH H YCTaHOBHBIIIeIl pfl)J; HHCTHTYTOB 6yp-
mya3HoH )J;e1l01\paTIIlI. ,l];JIfl CJIOIKHBIIIerOCfl meK ROH y npo-
m oro BeRa B HnOHIIH nOJIOlIteHHfl 6bIJIO xapaRTepHO coxpa-
HeHHe pfl)J;a cpeO)J;aJIbHbIX nepemliTROB RaR B 6bITY, TaR II B:
3ROHOMHRe, 'ITO npenflTCTBOBaJIO BocnpHflTHIO flCHbIX H no-
CJIe)J;OBaTeJIbHbIX HOpM H HHCTHTYTOB RJIaCCH'IeCROrO RO)J;eRca
n06ep;IlBIIIeH 6ypmya3HH. Ho nOCROJIbRY He06xop;HMOCTb RO-
)J;HcpHRa 1l1l rpam)J;aHCKoro npaBa Ha3peJIa, npaBOBe)J;bI 06pa-
THJIIICb K 60JIee n03)J;HeH RO)J;IIcpHKa HII, nOJIOmenHfl ROTOpOH
OTpamaJIH npo eCCbI eHTpaJIH3a HH H ROH eHTpa HII RaIlII-
TaJIa II BMeCTe C TeM HeCJIll Ha ce6e flBCTBeHHbIH OTne'IaTOR
ImaCCOBoro ROl\fIIpOMHCca 6ypmya3HH H RpynlIblx 3eMJIeBJIa-
)J;eJIb eB-nOMem;IIROB, a HMeHHO R npoeHTY repMaHCKoro rpam-
iJ,aHCKoro YJIOmeIIIIH.
B 1896 r. 6bIJIII ony6JIliKOBaHbI pa3)J;eJIbI, nOCBflIIJ;eHHbII
06IIJ;HM nOJIOmeHHflM Beru;Horo II 06fl3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro npaBa,
COCTaBJIeHHbIe nop; CHJIbHbIM BJIHflHlleM npoeKTa rep IaHCKOrO
rpamp;aHCKoro YJIOmeHHfl; B pa3)J;eJIaX me, nOCBHIIJ;eHHbIX
ceMeHHoMY H HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHOMY npaBY, llCnOJIb30BaJIHCb Tpa-
)J;H IlOHHble flnOHCKHe HHCTHTYTbI. rpamp;aHcKlIii: KO)J;eRC
HnoHHll 6bW BBep;eH B )J;eHcTBIIe B 1898 r., lIa W3a rO)J;a panee,
'leM BCTYIIIWO B CIWY repMaHcKoe rpam)J;aHCKoe YJIOmeHue.
ITpHHflTHe rR CbIrpaJIO H3BeCTHYJO pOJIb B ;n\OHo nl'Ie-
CKOM H COIJ;llaJIbHOM pa3BHTHH HnOHHII. OHO C03)J;a 0 npaBO-
Fble HHCTHTYTbI, OCHOBaHHhIe Ha 06ru;IIX ITpHH Hnax 6ypmy-
a3Horo rpamp;aHCKoro npaBa, TaKHX, Kalt oxpaHa npaBa 'IaCT-
HOM c06CTBeHHOCTH, cB060p;a )J;oroBopa, 4>opMa bHoe paBeH-
I CM.: lle63liep H. A. I\peiWTHo-6aHROBCRaJI ClICTeMa H rocyp;apcT-
BenHo-MOHOIIOJIHCTH'leCRHH RarIlITaJIH3M B HrroHlIH. - BCTyrrHTeJIbHaJr
CTaTbil. B RH.: MapuJttoTo T. 'YRa3. co'!.
8
CTBO mIll; II p;p. B pHp;e CJIY'IaeB 31'0 6bIJIO illarOM Brrepep; 110
cpaBHeHIIIO C paHee p;eHCTBOBaBillIIM rrpaBO:'I. TaK, B Te'IenIIe
l\.1IIU8m,HOro BpeMeHII P;O rrpIIHHTIIH fK p;orrYCKaJIOCb 3ap;ep-
;hallue P;OJIiEHIIKa P;O IICrrOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. B COOTBeT-
CTBIIII iRe C fpaiRp;aHCKIIM Ko.a;eKCOM npIIMelleHIIe npIIHym.a;e-
HnH K JIII'IHOCTII P;OJIiRHIIKa He p;orrYCKaeTCH II YCTaHaBJIUBa-
TCH TOJIbKO HMYllI,eCTBeHHaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb. O.a;llaKO
CJIep;yeT HMeTb B BHP;Y, 'ITO <pOP:'IaJIbHbIH xapaKTep 6YPiEya3-
Ho-.a;eMOKpaTII'IeCKHX npHHIJ,HrrOB oc06eHHo HPKO rrpOHBJIHJICH
B CBH3H C CYllI,eCTBYlOllI,HMII B peaJIbHOH iRII3HII HepaBHonpaB-
llbIl\III OTHOilleHIIHMII B ceMbe H B 6bITY. IIOJIOlKeHIIH fK,
HarrpaBJIeHHbIe Ha oxpaHY UHTepeCOB Hep;eecrroc06HbIX, P;O
IlOCJIep;HerO BpeMeHH He rrpH IeHHJIHCb K .a;eTHM II rrop;pOCTKaM
113 HeHMYllI,HX ceMeH, BblHyiEp;eHHbIM pa60TaTb rro HaHMY.
.J1IIillb B pe3YJIbTaTe aKTIIBHOH 60pb6bI TPYP;HllI,IIXCH II pa3BIl-
TIIH Tpy.a;OBoro 3aKOHOp;aTeJIbCTBa oxpaHa IlHTepeCOB pa60Ta-
IOllI,IIX HeCOBepilleHHOJIeTHHX Ha'IaJIa OCYllI,eCTBJIHTbCH cpe.a;-
<C'CBaMII rry6JIHIIHOrO npaBa.
fK HrrOHlI1I perYJIIIpyeT IDlyrr ecTBeHHbIe OTHOilleHIIH B
{)Olll,eH <popMe. BMecTe C TeM, Kali II B p;pyrHx KarrHTaJIHCTII'Ie-
<CKIIX CTpaHax, pHP; BonpOCOB Herrocpep;CTBeHHO rrpOMbIillJIeH-
HOM H ToproBoH p;eHTeJIbHOCTH 6bIJI yperYJIHpOBaH rrYTeM
npUHHTHH ToproBoro Kop;eKca. BrrepBble TK HrroHIIH, cOCTaB-
.'IeHHbIH no 06pa3:qy ToprOBbIX Eop;eKCOB, p;ellcTBoBaBillHx B
EBporre, 6bIJI orrYOJIHKOBaH B 1890 r. 3aTellI OH 6bIJI rrepe-
nrorpeH, II B 1899 r. 6bIJIII orry6JIIIIWBaHbI n BCTyrrIImI B CH-
.JIY rrepeclIIoTpeHHbIll ToproBbIH Ko.a;eKC, 3alwH 0 JIH:qeH3HHX,
; aI;:OH 0 ToprOBbIX 3HaKax, 3aKoH 06 aBTopCKOIlI rrpaBe II p;p.
IIpIIHHTbIH H BCTyrrIIBillIIH B CIIJIY fpamp;aHcKIIH Ko.a;eKC
WmeHHJICH H p;OrrOJIHHJICH. 'Yme B 1899 I'. B Hero 6bIJIH BHece-
IJbI H3I1IeHeHHH, KacalOllI,IIeCH rrpo.a;OJI/I\IlT8JIbHOCTII p;eHCTBHH
;:H\I<pIITeB3Hca. B p;aJIbHeHmellI pa3BIITHe rpaiRp;aHCKOro npa-
Ba IlpOHCXOP;HJIO nYTellI rrpHHHTIIH OT.a;eJIbHbIX 3aKOHOB 6e3
rrcpeCIIIOTpa caMoro nK. Op;HaKO B CBH3H cO BCTyrrJIeHHeM B
CIIJIY KOHCTHTy:qHH HrroHHII 1946 r. B Hero 6bIJI BHeceH pHP;
CYllI,CCTBeHHbIX H3I1IeHeHHH. Bee IIOJIOiKeHHH fK, rrpoTHBo-
pe'Ialll,He rrpHHIJ,IIrraM KOHCTIITYl',HII, TepHJIH 3aKOHHYIO CHJIY.
CYlll,eCTBeHHbIe H3l1IeHeHIIH 6bIJIH BHeceHbI B pa3p;eJIbI cellIeH-
Horo H HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro rrpaBa. 113 fIt 6bIJIII H3'bHTbI npo-
-THBOpe'IaIII,He KOHCTIITYIJ,HH rrOJlOiReHHH, HarrpIIlIIep rrpH3Ha-
mIe He.a;eecrroc06HoCTII 3allIYiKHIIX iReHllI,HH. Bo BCTyrrHTeJIb-
HylO 'IaCTb fIt 6bIJIH BKJIIO'IeHbI TaKHe OCHOBOrrOJIaralOllI,He
npIIHIJ,HrrbI, KaK npHHIJ,Hn 06ll1,eCTBeHHoro 6JIara H P;06POH
9
COBeCTH, npHHD;Hn YBameHHH JIH'lHOCTH II paBeHCTBa nOJIOB.
1103p;nee 6bIJI npHHHT pHP; 3aKOHOB, perYJIHpYIOru;HX OTp;eJIb-
HbIe CTOpOIlbI aKOHOMH'leCKOM mH3HII.
ECJIH fpamp;aHCKHM H ToprOBbIM Ko,[(eKCbI OTpalliaJIH BJIH-
HHIJIe eBponeMCKoro 3aI\OHo,[(aTeJIbCTBa, TO B npHHHTbIX n03mo
3aI\OHax Hepe,[(KO CKa3bIBaJIOCb BJIIIHHIIG (<o6ru;ero npaBa»
AHrJIHH H CIIIA. B 1922 r. 6bIJI npHHHT 3aKoH 0 p;OBepHTeJIb-
HOM c06cTBeHHocTH, B 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOM [epe BocnpOll3BOP;HB-
UlHM HHCTHTYT, CJIOlliHBIlIHMCH B CBoe npeMH B CTpaHax (<06-
lI(ero npaBa». B 1947 r. 6bIJI npIlHHT 3aKoH 0 3anperu;eHHK
lIIOHOnOJIHM, pa3p;eJIHBIlIIIM cY,[(b6y «aHTHTpeCToBcKOro 3aRO-
Ho,[(aTeJIbCTBa>} CIIIA H nop;TBepp;IIBIlIIIiI napap;OKCaJIbHOe HB-
JICHIIe, cyru;eCTBYIOru;ee cel['lac BO Bcex pa3BIITbIX KanllTaJIII-
CTH'leCKIIX CTpaHax: cTporoe 3anperu;eHIIe MOHOnOJIIIM B 3aIW-
He II 6YPHbIM I1X pOCT Ha p;eJIe. 110,[( 3Ha'IIITeJIbHbIM BJIIIHHIIe:'I
npaBa CIIIA 6bIJIIJI npIIHHTbI II 3alWHbI 06 060poTe D;eHHbIX
6YMar (1948 r.), 0 BOCCTaHOBJIeHIIII KOMrraHIIM (1952 r.), a
TaKme rJIaBa 06 aKD;IIOHepHbIX KOMnaHIIHX B TOproBOM KO-
;o;eKce.
110MIIMO 3aKOHOp;aTeJIbCTBa, B pa3BHTIIH rpalli,[(aHcKorc1
npaBa H3BeCTHYIO pOJIb HrpaeT H cy,[(e6HaH rrpaKTHKa. PellIe-
HHH BepxoBHoro cy,[(a paCCMaTpHBaIOTCH He TOJIbKO B nJIaHE
TOJIKOBaHIJIH Tex HJIH IJIHbIX HOpM 3aKOJIa, HO H KaK HCTO'rHH-
Ii'lI npaBa, BOCnOJIHHIOru;I1e np06eJIbI B 3aKOHe. 110p;ooHO p;py-
rHM KaJIHTaJIHCTH'leCKIIM CTpaHaM, B HnOHHII UlHpOJ\HM Kpyr
oTHollIeHHM, CBH3aHHbIX C p;eHTeJIbHOCTbIO MOHOnOJIIIM, 06cJIY-
mHBaIOru;I1X MaCCOBYIO KJIHeHTYPY, B 3Ha'lIlTeJIbHOM Mepe pe-
rYJIJlpyeTcH npaBIIJIa lH, Op;HOCTopOHHe YCTaHOBJIeHHbIMK
MOHOnOJIHHMH (THnoBbIMH ,[(oroBopaMH, <POpMYJIHpaMII H
T. .n.).
MHomeCTBeHHOCTb IICTO'lHHKOB rpamp;aHCIwro npaBa.
;o;yaJIH3M rpam,[(aHCKoro H ToprOBoro 3aKOHOp;aTeJIbCTBa, pom.
cy,[(e6HoM npaKTHKII B cpOpMlIpOBaHlIn npaBa onpep;eJIRIOT
He06xop;I1MOCTb 06paru;eHIIH K HaY'lHOM II Y'le6Holi JIIITepaTY-
pe ,[(JIH 03HaKOMJIeHHH n 60JIee TJIy60KOTO 3HaHlm p;aHHolf
OTpaCJIH npaBa. BbInOJIHeHHIO aTOM 3ap;a'lH npIl3BaH CJIymHTb
nepeBOp; TpeXTOMHoTO Kypca rpalli,[(aHCKoro npaBa CaKa3>
BaraD;YMa H ToPY ApIlHP;3YMH. BTa pa60Ta npep;CTaBJIHeT
C060M <pYHp;aMeHTaJIbHbIM KYPC rpaiRp;aHcKoro npaBa, BbIp;ep-
iI\aBUlHM TpH II3,[(aHIIH, nepBoe II3 KOTOpbIX YBIIp;eJIO CBeT B
1954 r. HacToHru;I1M rrepeBO;O; C;o;eJIaH C TpeTbero II3p;aHIIH.
BbIllIep;Ulero B 1977 r. Ero aBTopbI - BII;O;HeMUlHe cneIwaJIII-
10
CTbI B o6JIacTD: HrrOHCROrO rpaffi aHCROrO rrpaBa. C. Bararr;YMa
'(1897 -1973) MHor:n:e rO bI 6bIJI rrpolfJeccopoM TOR:n:HcIwro
YH:n:Bepc:n:TeTa, eRaHOM IOpR :n:qeCIWrO lfJaRYJIbTeTa 3Tora
YH:n:Bepc:n:TeTa, Ha rrpOTHmemUI pHAa JIeT q:n:TaJI RypC rpam-
.p;aHClwra rrpaBa. OH HBJIHJICH aBTopOM MHOrOq:n:CJIeHHbIX yqe6-
HIJlWB :n: MOHorpalfJ:n:H, rAe YAeJIHJI oc060e BHRMaHne Borrpo-
,caM MeTOAOJIOrn:n: qaCTHOro rrpaBa, pOJIn oGH3aTeJIbCTBa B
oCOBpeMeHHOM rrpaBe, rrp06JIeMaM pa3BHTHH I\aJ1HTamr3Ma II
TpaHclfJopMarr;:n::n: qaCTHOro rrpaBa. OH TaRme rrpUHlIMaJI aRTRB-
lIoe Y'IaCTHe B pa3pa60TRe npoeI;TOB aRTOB rpamAanCRoro
.'aaIWIlOAaTeJIbCTBa, 6bIJI 'IJIeHmI lWMHCCHH no nepeCMOTpy
fpalI\AaHClWro ROAeR a, Y'IaCTBOBaJI B pa3pa60TIw 3eMeJIbHOII
:pelfJopMbI :n: T. A' T. Ap:n:HA3YMII (POA. B 1906 r.) - npolfJec-
,cop MHcTHTYTa COrr;:n:aJIbHbIX HayR npH TORHHCKOM YHlfBep-
'CHTeTe, nOqeTHbIH npolfJeccop TORloIHcRoro YHHBepCHTeTa,
aBTOp yqe6HHROB no rpamAaHCHOMY npaBY H pHAa pa60T, no-
'CBJUrr;eHHbIX rrorpaH:n:'IHbIM rrp06JIeMaM rpamAaHCRoro rrpaBa
.II rrpaBa COrr;Ham,Horo 06eCneqeHIIH, TpYAoBoro npaBa, CTpa-
XOBaHHH Ha CJIyqaH 6e3pa60TIIrr;bI HAP. TaR me RaR H
C. Bararr;YMa, yqaCTBOBaJI B nOAroToBRe npoeRToB 3aRoHoAa-
TeJIbHbIX aRTOB B RaqeCTBe qJIeHa HOMHCCHH no paCCMoTpe-
BHIO mHJIHm;HOro Bonpoca H pa3pa60TKe 3eMeJIbHOH pelfJop-
MbI. 06a aBTopa YAeJUIJIH 60JIbIIIOe BHHMaHHe H3yqeHHIO CY-
. e6IIOH rrpaRTHRH.
B npe JIaraeMOM BH:n:MaH:n:1O qHTaTeJIeH rrepeBo e MaTe-
:pnaJI TpexToMHoro Rypca rpamAaHCRoro npaBa paCnpeAeJIeH
no ABYM RHHraM. B 1-H HHHre paCCMaTpHBaeTCH 06m;aH 'IaCTb
TpamAaHCRoro npaBa, Bem;Hoe npaBo :n: 06m;He nOJIOmeHHH
'06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro npaBa. Bo 2-H RHHre - AoroBop H OT-
. eJIbHbIe era BHAbI, APyr:n:e OCHOBaHHH B03HHRHOBeHHH 06H3a-
"!'eJIbCTB (BeAeHHe 'Iymoro AeJIa 6e3 nopyqeHHH, HeOCHOBa-
TeJIbHOe 060ram;eH:n:e, AeJI:n:RT), ceMeHHoe rrpaBo, HaCJIeACT-
BelIHoe rrpaBO. B rrporr;ecce nepeBo a H pe aRT:n:poBaHIIH
paoOTbI npoII3BeAeHbI He06xoAHMbIe COKpam;eHHH, rJIaBHbIM
'06pa30M 3a CqeT npHBoAHMbIX nplu,IepoB II OTAeJIbHbIX MaJIO-
.3HaqHTeJIbHbIX eTaJIeH.
XOTH aBTopbI CTporo npHAepmHBaIOTCH CTPYRTypbI H CO-
AepfI,aHuH rpaiKAanCRora ROAeEca, TeM He MeHee B OCBem;e-
BHR pHAa np06J1eM OHn IIIHpORO RCilOJIb3YlOT nOJIOmeHHH Top-
rOB oro Iw eRca, 3aROHOAaTeJIbHbIe aRTbI rro OTAeJIbHbI.U
BorrpocaM, He BRJIIOqeHHble B fH, a TaRme cy e6HYIO npaRTlI-
Ry. B PHill) CJIyqaeB, 060CHOBblBaH npIIBOAHMbIe nOJIOmeHIIH,
.aETOpbI CCblJIalOTCH lId. COOTBeTcTuylOIII;IIe peIIIeIIHH BepXOB-
II
HOl'Q cyp;a. IIpaRTIPlecRHe perneHlUl aBTopbl 060CHOBbIBalOT
TeOpeTH'IeCRHMH BblBop;aMH HaYRH rpamp;aHCRoro rrpaBa.
eHcTBYlOlII.ee 3aROHOp;aTeJlbCTBO II rrpaRTHRY aBTopbl aHa-
JlH3HPYIOT C TO'IRH 3peHHH Tpap;HIJ;UOHlIbIX rroJlomeHHH TeopfUI
rpamp;allCRoro rrpaBa. BMeCTe C TeM B HeROTopblX CJlY'IaHX
OTp;eJlbHbIe rrOJlOmeHlUl paCCMaTpfIBalOTcn C rr03HIJ;HH IlX CO-
IJ;fIaJlbHOH pOJlH. K PHP;Y me rrOJlomeHHII p;eHcTBYlOlII.ero rrpa-
Ba aBTopbI rrop;xop;HT, rrpHMeHHH RpHTepHH COIJ;HaJlbIIOH crrpa-
Bep;JlHBOCTI1, RPHTHRYIOT HX, HCXOP;H H3 ;noro RpHTepHH, a
TaRme II C TO'lRH 3peHHH rrOCJlep;OBaTeJlbIIOCTII, B3alfMOCOrJla-
COBaHHOCTJI pa3J1H'IHbIX HOpM, HX B03MOFRHOH 3<p<peRTHBHO-
CTH. Op;HaRO OCHOBHylO CBOIO 3ap;a'IY aBTopbI BHp;eJlH B TOM,
'IT06hI p;OCTaTO'IHO rrop;p06HO H RBamI<pHIJ;HpOBaHHO OCBeTIITb,
npOROMMeHTHpOBaTb H rrpOaHaJlH3HpOBaTb HOpMbI p;eHCTBYIO-
1:u;ero rpaw.p;aHCRoro rrpaBa. 11 3'1'0 HM, 6e3YCJlOBHO, yp;aJlOCb.
AaHHaH RHHra p;aeT COBeTCROMY 'IHTaTeJlIO B03MomHOCTb
03IIal\OMHTbCH C OCHOBHbIMH rrOJlOmeHIIHMH rpamp;aHCRoro
npaBa HrrOHHH BO MHorHX p;eT3J1HX 11 rrop;p06HOCTHX, HMelO-
ID;HX rrpaRTH'IeCROe 3Ha'IellIIe. ABTOpbI paCCMaTpHBalOT rpam-
p;aHCKoe npaBO RaR OpraHH'IeCRYIO 'IaCTb HITOHCROH rrpaBOBO!£
CHCTeMbI, RaR BamllbI!I 3J1eMellT mH3HH 06II1.eCTBa. ¥Ra3blBaJI
Ha 3Ha<IeHHe, rJlaBHbIM 06pa30M B rrpOIJ;eCce rrpHMeHeHHH'
npaBa, 06bI'IaeB, a TaRme Ha HeHOTopbIe crreIJ;H<pH'IeCRHe Tpa-
P;HIJ;MOIIHbIe HHCTIITYTbI, OHH paCCWlTpHBalOT p;eHCTBYlOlII.eO'
rrpaBO B ero peaJlbHOH mH3HU. I1x BbIBOP;bI rrop;TBepmp;aIOT
npHBop;UMoe IJ,YHao I1l1aI\O rrOJlOmeHUe, '1'1'0 B 3apy6emHoR
JlHTepaType rrpeYBeJlH'IHBaeTCH pOJlb 06bI'IaeB H Tpap;H:u;uH B
o61I1.CCTBCHHOH mH3HH HrrOHHH 1.
II pep;JlaraeMbIH RYPC cop;epmHT 06rnnpnyIO HH<popMaIJ;nlO.
n03BOJlHIOIII.YIO COBeTCRHM IOpJ1CTaM pacrnHpnTb npep;CTaBJle-
HHe 0 CYlII.eCTBYlOlII.HX rpamp;anCRo-npaBOBbIX CIICTe Iax, rJly6-
iRe paCRpblTb 3aROHOMepHOCTH COOTHomeHHH rpamp;aHCKoro
npaBa H OTTocpeP;YCMhIX HM 3ROIImIII'IeCRHX MexaHH3MOB, 60-
Jlce YI'Jly6J1eHlIO npOBop;HTb cpaBHHTeJlbHO-rrpaBOBble HCCJle-
I(OBaHIIJl. CJleP;yeT onIeTHTb, 'ITO B COBeTcRoii: Y<le6Hoii: K
MOHorpa<pu'IecrwH IOpHp;u'IecRoH JlHTepaType nOJloW'eHHff
HIIOHCRoro rpamp;aHCRoro npaBa paccMaTpHBaJlHCb 06bl'IHO
BMeCTe C npaBOM <I>pr, 6e3 p;OCTaTO'IHOrO BHIIMaHHH R cneIJ;H-
<pHRe p;aIIHoH rpamp;aHcRo-rrpaBoBoii: cnCTeMbl. Ony6J1HRoBaH-
HbIe CTaTbH H pa60TbI, nOCBHlII.eHHble OTp;eJlbHbIM BonpocaM
1 CM.: I1llalOo ll,. COBpeMeHHoe IIpaBO HIIOHIIII. 1\1., «lIporpecc».
1981, c. 138-145.
12
rpamp;aHCRoro rrpaBa (rraTeHTHOMY, aHTlITpeCTOBCROMY 3aRO-
nOp;aTeJIbCTBaM, rrpaBOBOMY perymrpoBaHIIIO aTOMHOH npo-
MbIIlIJIeHHOCTH, OCHOBHbIM nOJIOmeHHHM rpamp;aHCIWrO RO-
)J,eI{Ca, HeROTOpbIM BOrrpOCaM CeMeHHOrO rrpaBa H p;p.), He
MOrJIH p;aTb p;OCTaTO'IHO :u;eJIbHOrO rrpep;CTaBJIeHHH 0 BceH
CHCTeMe rpamp;aHCIWro npaBa HnOHHH. 8TOT np06eJI rrpH3BaHa
BOCrrOJIHllTb HaCTOJIIlJ;aH RHHra.
rpajJ{,IJ;aHCROe rrpaBO HnOHfIH B CBOHX OCHOBHbIX 'IepTaX
IIMeeT MHoro 06ru;ero C rpamp;anCRIIM rrpaBOM p;pyrlIx RarrH-
TaJIHCTH'IeCIUIX CTpaH. 8TO eCTeCTBeHHO BbITeRaeT II3 06ru;HX
3aROHOiVIepHOCTeH COOTHorneHHH rrpaBOBOH CPOPMbI H cop;ep-
maHHH perYJIlIpyeMblx OTHorneHIIH. UPH IIMeloru;HXCH pa3JIII-
'IHHX CHCTeM rpamp;aHCRoro npaBa - cppaH:U;Y3CROH, repMaH-
CIWH, CTpaH «o6ru;ero npaBa» - HX OCHOBHbIe xapaRTepHCTH-
I,H COBrra,IJ;aIOT. B COBeTClwfI JIHTepaType YRa3bIBaJIOCb, 'ITa
8TH pa3JIH'IHH RacaIOTCH OT,IJ;eJIbHbIX TeXHHRO-IOpHp;JJ'IeCRHX
rrop;p06HOCTeH H OTHOCHTCH R TOMY, 'ITO MomHO Ha3BaTb cpop-
MOll cpOPMbI.
BblpamaH 3ROnOMII'IeCRHe OTHomeHHH RanHTaJIJlCTJI'IeCRO-
ro 06ru;eCTBa, rpam)J,aHCRoe rrpaBO B pa3JIIPIHbIX CTpaHax OO'b-
ep;HHeHO pHP;OM 06 HX rrOJIOmeHHH H npHHIJ;UfIOB, onpep;eJIHe-
:\IbIX 3ROHOMH'IeClmM cop;epmaHueM OTHOllieHUM. TaRHe rrOJIO-
meHUH, HanpHMep, RaR oxpaHa 'laCTHOM c06CTBeHHOCTH,
cB060,IJ;a p;orOBopa, B03Me3p;HOCTb rrpep;OCTaBJIeHHM H p;p., orrpe-
p;eJIHIOTCH cop;epmaHlIeM 'laCTHOM c06CTBeHHOCTH, OTHorneHH-
HMII CB060P;HbIX TOBapOBJIap;eJIbIJ;eB. B YCJIOBHHX rocyp;apcT-
BeHHo-MOHOnOJIHCTII'IeCROrO RanlITaJIH3Ma MHorHe 1I3 3THX
rrpIIHIJ;HrrOB rrpeTeprreBaIOT II3BeCTHble Mop;HcpHRaIJ;HH. ¥ CHJIH-
BaeTCH rocyp;apcTBeHHoe BMeIlIaTeJIbCTBO, Bce 60JIee HJIJIIO-
30pHbIMH CTaHOBHTCH cB060p;a p;orOBopa, paBeHCTBO CTOpOH B
p;orOBope H p;p. B COOTBeTCTBHII C ROHRpeTHbIMlI YCJIOBHHMII
3ROHOMII'leCROrO H COIJ;HaJIbHOrO pa3BIITIIH RaJR)J,OM II3 CTpaH
3TH Mop;HcpHRaIJ;IIH MorYT HOCIITb pa3JIH'IHblii xapaRTep. BMe-
CTe C TeM xapaRTepHoe P;JIH COBpeMeHIIbIX YCJIOBIIll cyru;eCT-
BeHHoe paCIlIIIpeHHe Memp;YHapo)J,HoM TOprOBJIH, 3JWHOMH'le-
CRoro 060poTa, MemP;YHapop;Horo paSp;eJIeHIIH Tpyp;a H cBH3eji:
cnoc06cTByeT rrpoIJ;eccy C6JIlIf],elIlIJI, a B IIeKoTopbIX CJIyqaHX
II YHHcpuRaIJ;HII rpamp;aHcRo-rrpaBoBblx HOpM H HHCTIITYTOB.
ReMaJIOe 3Ha'leHHe rrpH 3TmI HMeIOT II MHOTO'II1CJIenHbTe MHO-
rocTopoHHHe H ,IJ;BYCTopoHHHe ROHBeHIJ;IIH H IIHble corJIarne-
HIIH, cnoc06cTByIOru;He YHHcpIIRaIJ;uII pHp;a HHCTHTyTOB. He
yp;HBIITeJIbHO n03TOMY, 'lTO H B rpamp;aHCROM npaBe HnoHHH
13
MbI HaHp;eM MHOrO npIiBbl'lHbIX RaTerOpllif, IlOpM II llHCTIiTY-
TOB, COBrrap;aIOII.J;IiX B pH]J;8 CJIY'laeB C HOpMaMIi Ii IiHCTIiTYTa-
MIl P;PyrIix rpamp;aHCRO-rrpaBOBbIX CIiCTeM. Op;HaRO pHP; OCO-
6eHHOCTeTI CBH3aH II C peaJIbHbIMH YCJIOBIiHMIi :mOHOMIi'leCRO-
ro II COll,IIaJIbHOrO pa3BIiTIiH rrpemp;e BCerO CaMOH HrrOHIiIi.
CIICTe;\Ia HrrOHCROro rpamp;aHClwrO rrpaBa CTpOIITCH rro
rrpIiBbl'IHoiiJ: cxeMe, BOCXOp;HII.J;eH B OCHOBe CBoeH R rraHp;el\TaM.
06II.J;aH 'laCTb cop;epmIIT OCHOBHbIe rrOJIOmeHIIH, RacaIOII.J;IieCII
06II.J;IIX rrpIIHll,ImOB rpamp;aHCRoro rrpaBa, cy5'beRTOB rrpaBa-
.pIi311'leCRIIX II IOpIip;Ii'leCl\IiX JIllll" - OCHOBa:allH B03HIiRHOBe-
HIiH rrpaB U 06H3aHHOCTeH, Cp;eJ1l\II RaH Bam:aeHllIero OCHOBa-
HIIH, p;aBHOCTIi, CpOROB Ii T. n. OCHOBHblMIi pa3p;eJIaMIi HBJIH-
IOTCH: BeII.J;HOe rrpaBO, 061I3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBO, )J;orOBOp II
OTp;eJIbHble ero BIiP;bl, ceMeHHoe - Ii HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoe rrpaBO.
HeHOTopble BamHble C.pepbl (rra TeHTHoe, aBTopCKoe rrpaBO)
perYJIIipYIOTCH aKTaMIi Crrell,IiaJIbHOro 3aKOHOp;aTeJIbCTBa II He
BKJIIO'laIOTCH B fR. MHorIie nOJIOmeHIIH, B 'faCTHOCTll 06H3a-
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OTp;eJlbHblX BIiP;OB IOpIip;II'IeCIUIX JIIilJ;, pHP; HOpM aKll,IiOHepHO-
ro rrpaBa, cop;epmaTCH B ToprOBOM Rop;eKce. IIop;06HbIH p;ya-
.JIII3l\I rpalI\p;aHCKoro II ToprOBoro IIpaBa, MHomeCTBeHHOCTb
JICTO'lHIIROB rrpaBa xapaRTepHbl Ii P;JIH rpajJ(p;aHCKoro rrpaBiI.
p;pyrIix KarrIiTaJIIiCTII'leClmX CTpaH.
BmIHeT JIIi Ha rpamp;aHCRoe rrpaBO pa3BllToe B HrrOHIiIi
rocyp;apcTBeHHO-MOHOrrOJIIiCTIi'leCKOe perYJIllpOBaHue :mOHO-
'MIiRIi, MHOrOJIeTHIie rrOnbITKIi nporpaMMllpOBaHIiH BKOHOMIi-
'feCKOro pa3BIiTllH? B pa60Te C. Barall,YM3. II T. ApIiIiP;3YMII
o TaI\OM BJIIIHHIiIi HII'fero He rOBopllTCH. H: rrOHHTHO: rocy-
p;apCTBeHHoe rrporpaMMIIpOBaHIie He coap;aeT RaKllX-JIIi60
npaBOBbIX rrpe)J;rrOCbIJIOR )J;JIH MO)J;llq)llKall,1l1l CYII.J;eCTByIOII.J;IiX
IIHCTUTyTOB. B03p;eHCTBIie Ha BKOHOMllRY OCYII.J;eCTBJIHeTCH
'lepe3 CIICTeMY rocyp;apcTBeHHblX opraHII3all,IIH, )J;eHCTBYIO-
II.J;IIX B paMKax ap;MIIHIiCTpaTIiBHoro II .pIiHaHCOBoro rrpaBa,
.JIIi60 'Iepe3 opraHlI3all,Iill, BblcTyrraIOII.J;IIe B c.pepe rpamp;aHCKO-
1'0 rrpaBa B Ka'leCTBe IOpII)J;Ii'leCRIiX JIIill" rrOp;'lIiIlHroI1I;IIXCH
06II.J;Ii 1 nOJIOme:allHM, 06II.J;IIM HopMaM.
1I3BecTHoe MeCTO B fpamp;aHcKoM Kop;eKce II p;pyrllx aR-
Tax rpamp;aHCRoro 3aKOHO)J;aTeJIbCTBa aaHIIMaIOT OTChIJIKIi K
)J;ellcTByroI1I;IiM 06b1'laHM Ii MOpaJIII. Tal{, paCl\pblBaH rrOHHTIie
cp;eJII\Ii, aBTopbI rrOp;'lepKIIBaIOT, 'fTO ee omlIp;aeMbIH pe3YJIb-
TaT p;OCTIiraeTCH 6JIarOp;apH p;eHCTBliIO He npaBOBbIX HOpM, a
06b1'laeB II MOpaJIll; JIIillIb B CJIY'Iae HerrOJlIIOII peaJIIiaall,IiII
peaYJIbTaTa rrYTeM )J;eHCTBIIH YRaaaHHblx cpaKTopOB BI\JlIO'Ia-
14
eTCH MexaHlI3M rrpaBa, OOeCne'1IIBalOIII,uii ,D;0CnIlIWlIlIe l{e.'1II.
3aKOH OTCbIJIaeT K OObl'1aIO :u ;rJ.JUI TOJIlWBaHlUI BOJIelI3'bHBJIe-
HIlH CTOpOH II B pH,D;e ,D;pyrlIx CJIY'1aeB, Kor,D;a HeOOXO,D;IIMO
rrpIIMeHeHIle ,D;OrrOJIHIITeJIbHblX IeTO,D;OB, He 3aHperrJIeHHbIX B
3aKOHe.
rK HrrOHIIII BKJIlO'1aeT B ceOH II HeKOTopbIe CJIOlKlIBllllIeCiI
3a;rJ.OJIrO ;rJ.0 ero npllHHTIIH HHCTIlTYTbl. O;rJ.IIH U3 HUX - JIpa-
BO OOrn;IIHHoro '1JIeHCTBa, OTHOllleHIIH KOToporo CcpOpMupOBa-
JIIlCb B ccpepe OObl'1HOrO rrpaBa II YXO,D;HT CBOIlMII KOpHHMIl B
OObl'1aIl pa3JIII'1HbIX paHOHOB HrrOHIIII. B rrpOlllJIOM npaBO
OOrn;IIHHoro '1JIeHCTBa BbIIIOJIHHJIO BalKHYlO COII;llaJIbHYlO cpYlIK-
II;IllO, OOeCrre'1IlBaH '1JIeHaM 06rn;IlHbl B03 IOIKHOCTb COOp a
,D;IIKopacTyrn;IIX TpaB, cpypalKa, TOrrJIIIBa. II B HaCTOHrn;ee
BpeMH BTOT IIHCTllTYT Bai-KeH 1J"JIH HeIlMym;IIX CJIOeB HaCeJIe-
HIlH. OH 3aRJIIO'1aeTCH B COB?leCTHOM rrOJIY ' IeHIlII HaCeJIeHIleM
orrpe,D;eJIeHHOH MeCTHOCTII Bblr01J" OT IICrrOJIb30BaHllH 3eMeJIb-
HblX IlJIOrn;a,D;eH, rop II JIeCOB. rK He paCCMaTpllBaeT 3TO rrpaB(}
KaK caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIH BII,D;, O,D;HaKO B pemeHIIH pH,D;a Borrpo-
COB OHO B Ka'1eCTBe O,D;HOH 1I3 cpOpM OOrn;eH COOCTBeHHOCTll
lIaXO,D;IIT CBoe 3aKpeIIJIeHIIe.
rpalK1J"aHCKoe rrpaBO HrrOHlIII npIl perneRIIH IWHKpeTHbIX
BorrpOCOB nplI,D;aeT OOJIblllOe 3Ha'1eHlIe IIHTepecaM 3KOHOMlI'1e-
CKoro ooopOTa. 8TO I1:acaeTCH pellllITeJIbHO Bcex IIHCTIlTyTOB
rpalK,D;aHCKOro rrpaBa. Tall:, HnOHCKoe 3aKOHO,D;aTeJIbCTBO no,D;-
pOOHO perYJIlIpyeT BonpOCbI ,D;eeCilOCooHOCTII. B OTJIIl'111e OT
3aKOHO,D;aTeJIbCTBa pH,D;a CTpaH, r,D;e B OOrn;eM nOHHTlIlI '1aCTIl'l.
no ,D;eeCnOCooHbIX OO'be,D;llIlHJllICb HeCOBe pllleHHOJIeTHlIe, ,D;Y-
rneBH060JIbHbre, a ,D;O 40-x rO,D;OB XX B. II 3aMYIKHlIe lKeHrn;II-
HbI, rpalK,D;aHCIWe 3aKOHO,D;aTeJIbCTBO HnoHIIlI 'IeTKO pa3rpaHlI-
'IIlBaeT pa3JIIl'lHble KaTeropIlll JIlIn;, npIl3HaHHbiX He,D;eecnoc06-
HblMlI JIlI60 'IaCTIl'lHO 1J"eeCnOcooHbIMlI. 3aKoH YCTaHaBJIIlBaeT
TPII TaKlIe RaTeroplIIl: JIlIII;a, nplI3HaHHbie rrOJIHOCTbIO He1J"ee-
cnocoollbIMlI, HecoBepllleHHOJIeTHIle II OrpaHlI'IeHHO ,D;eecno-
cooHbIe. IIopH,D;oK npII3HaHlIH He,D;eeCnOCooHblMII IlJIII orpaHlI-
'IeHHO ,D;eeCnOCooHbIMIl II nOCJIe,D;CTBIIH 3Toro onpe,D;eJIHlOTCH
,D;JIH I\aIK,D;OH II3 npn:Be,D;eHHbIX I\aTeropIIH. OT,D;eJIbHO perYJIII-
PyeTcH ,D;eeCnOCooHoCTb HeCOBepllleHHOJIeTHIIX. 3a IIIIMIl nplI-
3HaeTCH B03MOfffHOCTb caMOCTOHTeJIbHOrO COBepllleHIIH IOpII,D;II-
'IeCRIIX ,D;eHCTBIlH no npIloopeTeHIIIO npaB II OCBOOOIK,D;eHIIIO OT
oOH3aTeJIbCTB, IIHbIMII CJIOBaMIl, caMOCTOHTeJIbHOrO 3aI\JIIO'Ie-
HIlH TaI\IIX C,D;eJIOI\, I\OTOpble He nplI'IIIHHIOT HeCOBepllleHHO-
JIeTHeMY yrn;ep6a; B OTHorneHIIIl lKe IIHblX IOpIl1J"lI'IeCRIIX ,D;eH-
CTBIIH HeOOXO,D;IIMO COrJIaCIIe UX 3aKOHHoro npe1J"CTaBIITCJIH.
15
3aROHHbIH npe;::r:CTaBIITeJIb MomeT pa3pemIITb HeCOBep-
rneHHOJIeTHeMY paCrrOpJDKaTbCJI IIMYIII;eCTBOM B orrpe;::r:eJIeH-
HbIX D;eJIJIx JIM60 MomeT ;::r:aTb pa3perneHMe cB060;::r:Ho pacrro-
pJImaTbCJI IfMYIII;eCTBOM 6e3 rrpe;::r:BapMTeJIbHO orrpe;::r:eJIeHHOH'
D;eJIM, HO C TO'IHbIM 0603Ha'IeHMeM MMYIII;eCTBa. O;::r:HaKO 3a-
IWHHbIlI rrpe;::r:CTaBlITeJIb MomeT ;::r:aTb HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHeMY
II pa3perneHMe Ha rrpe;::r:rrpMHMMaTeJIbcKyIO ;::r:eaTeJIbHOCTb, rro-
HMMaeMYIO B rnMpOKOM CMbICJIe KaK Be;::r:eHMe ;::r:eJIa C D;eJIbIO
II3BJIe'IeHIIJI rrpM6bIJIII. IIpM HaJIM'IMM TaKoro pa3perneHMJI
HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHMH 06JIa;::r:aeT rrOJIHOl1 ;::r:eecrroc06HocTbIO.
Pa3pemeHue Ha rrpe;::r:rrpMHMMaTeJIbCKYIO ;::r:eJITeJIbHOCTb He
MomeT 6bITb aHHYJIMpOBaHO MJIM rro;::r:BeprnYTO OrpaHM'IeHMIO.
AKT pa3perneHUJI Ha rrpe;::r:rrpIIHMMaTeJIbCKYIO ;::r:eJITeJIbHOCTb
rrpe;::r:aeTCJI rry6JIM'IHOH OrJIaCKe. ECJIII ;::r:eJIO KaCaeTCJI KOMMep-
'IeCKOH ;::r:eJITeJIbHOCTM, TO 3;::r:eCb Heooxo;::r:MMa COOTBeTCTBYIO-
aJI perIICTpaD;UJI. TaRIIM 06pa30M, rrOJIY'IMB pa3pemeHIIe na
npe;::r:rrpMHMMaTeJIbcKyIO ;::r:eJITeJIbHOC1'b, HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHIIII
JIMrnaeTCJI B03MomHOCTM rrpu6erHYTb I{ 3aIII;MTe 3aKOHa, IIpU-
3BaHHoro OXpaHJITb ero MHTepeCbI. B :nOM CJIY'Iae 3aIWH 01'-
;rr;aeT npe;::r:rrO'ITeHMe MHTepecaM I\OHTpareHTOB.
3aKOH co,!];epmHT TaKme pH,!]; nOJIOmeHHH, HarrpaBJIeHHbIX
Ha 3aIII;IITy MHTepeCOB KOHTpareHTOB He;::r:eecrroc06HbIX JIlID;.
IIOCJIe;::r:HHe, BCTyrraJI B c;::r:eJIKy C He;::r:eecrroc06HbIMH, HMeIOT
rrpaBO na rrpe;::r:'bJIBJIeHMe orrpe,!];eJIeHHOro YJIbTIIMaTYMa 0 rro,!];-
TBepm;::r:eHMM ;::r:eHCTBMH. 8TO rro;::r:TBepm;::r:eHMe IICKJIIO'IaeT B03-
MomHOCTb ocrrapMBaHMJI c;::r:eJIKII B ;::r:aJIbHeHm8M Ha OCHOBaHIUI
He;::r:eecrroc06HocTH COBepmaIOIII;ero ee JIMD;a. KOHTpareHTbI
TamlM o6pa30M CTpaXYIOT ce6JI OT rrpM3HaHMJI He;::r:eHCTBU-
TeJIbHOCTII c;::r:emGI, 3aKJIIO'IeHHOH C He;::r:eecnoc06HbIM. OTCYT-
CTBIIe TaIWrO no;::r:TBepm;::r:eHMJI ;::r:aeT KOHTpareHTY B03Mom-
aOCTb 3apaHee O1'Ka3aTbCJI OT COBepmeHMJI c;::r:eJIKM H TeM ca-
MbIM M36emaTb Toro, 'IT06bI 3aKJIIO'IeHHaJI c;::r:eJIKa Haxo;::r:IIJIaCb
6bI B Heorrpe;::r:eJIeHHOM rrOJIOmeHUM.
MomHo BcrrOMHMTb, 'ITO B rrpaBe pJI;::r:a CTpaH KOHTpareHTbI
HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHMX OKa3bIBaIOTCJI MHor;::r:a B 3aTpy;::r:HMTeJIb-
HOM rrOJIOmeHMM, Kor;::r:a, COBepnIIm rrpe;::r:OCTaBJIeHMe, OHII He
MorYT rrOJIY'IIITb B03Harpam;::r:eHMe lI3-3a Toro, 'ITO c;::r:eJIKa pac-
TopraeTCJI KaK 3aKJIIO'IeHHaH C HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHM)1.
B CBH3M C rrpe,!];CTaBIneJIbCTBOM HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHIIX
crreD;MqJM'IeCRIIM JIrrOHCKMM MHCTMTYTOM JIBJIJIeTCH HaJIrr'IMe
HapJI;::r:y C orreRYHOM M orreKYHa-6JIIOCTIITeJIH. IIOCJIep;HIIii rrpII-
3BaH CJIep;IITb, 'IT06bI, BbIrrOJIHJIJI CBOII <PYHRD;MII, orreRyn
PYKOBO;::r:C1'BOBaJICH MHTepecaMM HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHerO II He
16
.}J;orrYCTJ!IJI T3:KHX ,n;CiiCTBHii, ROTOpbIe MOrJIH 6bI HapyrHHTL aTII
HHTepeCbI. B nel{OTOpbIX CJIYtIa.HX pemeBHe orreKyna-OJIIOCTH-
!'!!
TeJUI flBJIHeTCH OKontIaTeJIbHbI.M II onenyn OOH38H ero BhIIIOJI-
.BUTb. 3TO OTBOCIITCH, B 1.18CTHOCTII, :U I{ p83!JemeIIHIO Ha
llpe)1;Il pUHIlMaTeJIhcltylO AellTeJIhHOCTb.
11HcTHTYT IOp:H;a;H1JeCROro .JIHI{8 OTp8m8eT cymecTByIOID;ue
'cPOpMbI Y1JaCTHH rocy;a;apcTBeHHbIX opraBH3an;Hii B aKOH01\lJ!I-
'IecKoli mIl3HH. Bblme ynoMIIHaJIOCb 0 p33JIU'InbIX q.opMax
'TaKoro yqaCTllH. B ccPepe rpaffi;:{aHCRoro npana rocy,n;apCT-
neHIIbIe opraHlI3an;HII BblcTyrraIOT HaH ropIIJJ;IIQeeKIie JIHn;a,
npe,n;CTaBJIHIOID;He OOrn;eCTBeHHhlii 11HTepec. B 06m;eM IIOH.H-
"'"
TIlII IOpll,r(lIlJeCROrO JIHI(a OO'be,n;I1UHIOTCH Ropnopan;IUI II yqpe-
:ffiJ(cn:nH, ropll;a;HIIeCRIIe JIUI(a, npep;eT8BJIflIOJI."ne 06m;eCTBen-
HbIH I1HTepeC, II IOpn;a;IIQeeKlle JllIn;a, npeCJIe,n;YIOII{IIe n;e;JIL
II3DJIe 1 IeHIIH IIpH6bIJUI, a TallJHe II opraH1l3an;IIJI npOMemYTOlJ-
Horo Tnrra. CIOl(a OTHOCHTCH, H3rrpliMep, RoorrcpaTHUHble 6an-
KII, rrYUJIH1JHble RoprrOpaU;I1lf, C03,n;aHBble rJI8BHbI:\I 06pa.30M
n8 rocy,n;apCTBeHHble cpep;CTBa, HO BMeCTe C TeM Y"IaCTBYro-
II JIe B uerrocpe;a;CTBCIIIlO:fi: X03HHCTneHllon )J;e.RTeJIbHOCTJiI, I\aK,
:HaupnMep, HIIOHCRa.R RoprrOpan;JiIH j-KIIJIlIIl\HOrO CTpOHTeJIL-
CTBa, HrrOHCR.aH I\OpIIOpa lI.R ).J;opoa Horo CTpOIlTeJIbCTBa, l\pe-
.lJ;IfTIIa.H IIy-6JIIPIHa.H n:opnopau,IUI II ltP. 3aROHo,n;aTeJIbCTBO
t':
.YCTaH8BJIIIBaeT Cnen;n3JIhHYro npaBocrrOCOOHOCTb IOpU).J;Hqe-
CRUX JUUJ.;, XOTH JiI He nOJIb3yeTcH 3TIIM TepMHHOM. IOplI;a;lI"Ie-
Q .
CI.;oe JIDU,O MO:a\eT couepmaTb Bce ,n;enCTBIIH,' HeooXO;a;HMble
.)J;JUI ).J;0CTH/neHHH n;eJIU, 0603H3l:IeHHOH B ero YCTaBe. O]J;HaKO
p;OCTII1KenIIe u;eJIIl JIOHIB:1aeTeH OqeHb mupORO, nOeROJIbKY
MHorlle opraHl13a lIII 33HDx13IOTCH pa3JI1I"IHbIMII BlI,n;aMlI ;a;e1l-
Te.TrbHOCTlI 11 AHBepCII<pIII\an;ll.R -'- O,n;HO H3 xapaKTepHbIX 1IBJIe-
IIJiIii eOBpeMeHHOH opraHII3an;nll MOHOIIOJIHCTHqeCROrO R3UII-
T3Jla.
1\aK H B APyrnx rpalli;o;aHCl\O-npaBOBLIX ClICTeMax KanH-
TaJIUCTHlJeCRJlX CTpaH, BalliHeiirnee l\leCTO B ccPepe o60pOTa
3aHIIl\laIOT C;a;eJIIUI. CBOOOl1;a ,n;orOBopa - OCHOBnOII rrpUnn;JID
C;a;eJIRH - na npOTHllieHIHI :\'lHOfIIX neT rrpll3HanaJIaCb 6ypmy-
a3HOH rrpaBOBoii HaYhoii O,n;HU:U n3 neJIIIlJaiiuIJIX ,n;OCTumeHuii.
)],atl-\e IfCTOpIIH pacC.MaTpnnaJIaCb l\:a1\ JJ;BlliI{eHHe «OT c.TaTyca
R. AorOBOpy». ITOCl\OJIbR.Y B HrroHDII ,n;o nOCJIeJJ;HeH qeTBepTH
XIX B. OOJIhmOe pacrrpocTpaHeHHe BMeJIlI <peo)1;3JIbHbIe orpa-
,..
Hlft.IeIIIIH, narrpaBJIeIIHble Ha ooeCne"IeHJIe rrpeuMYIIJ.eCTBeHHo-
t':
TO nO.JlOa eIIIIH rrpnBHJIerJIpOBaIIIIoro 1\JIaCca" CBooo,n;a }.I;OrOBO-
pa, OCHOBaIIHoro Ha BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHHlI JHPIHOCTII, Ha {f>opMaJIb-
nOl\{ paneHCTBe CTOpOH, paCCl\laTpIInaJIaCb lW,I{ rrepe OBoe
2 3.aKaa N'J 892
17
Tpe60BaHHe. BMeCTe C TeM (H 3TO OTMe'laIOT aBTOpbI Rypca
rpamp;aHCROrO npaBa) cB060p;a p;orOBopa B peaJlbHOH mH3HK
BeCbMa np06J1eMaTH'IHa. ABTOpbI cnpaBep;JlHBO yRa3blBa;OT,.
'1TO ROHTpareHTbI 3a'laCTYIO COBceM He CB060P;HbI B onpep;eJle-
HHH cop;epmaHHH 3aRJlIO'IaeMbIX p;orOBopOB, '1TO RpynHbIe
MOHOnOJlHCTH'IeCRHe npep;npHHTHH 6e3YCJlOBHO nOp;'1HHHIOT'
CBoeR BOJle 3ROHOMH'IeCRH CJIa6bIX ROHTpareHTOB. B Ra'IeCTBe-
cpep;CTBa, HanpaBJleHHOrO Ha oxpaHY HHTepeCOB 3ROHOMH'Ie-
CRH 60Jlee CJla60H CTOpOHbI, aBTopbI YRa3bIBaIOT Ha rocyp;ap-
CTBeHHoe BMernaTeJlbCTBO II Ha oc06eHHOCTH npaBOBoro pery-
JlHpOBaHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOrn;HX OTHorneHHH. I1pHMepaMH 3Toro>
OHH C'IHTaIOT npaBOBYIO perJlaMeHTan:HIO apeHp;bI 3eMJlH H
mHJlHrn;a, Bep;emiH npep;npHHHMaTeJlbCROii p;eHTeJIbHOCTH H
c6bITa npop;YRIJ;HH. Op;HaRO onbIT nORa3blBaeT, '1TO TaRaH
perJlaMeHTaIJ;HH p;aJleRO He BcerAa p;OCTHraeT IJ;eJlH.
CJlep;yeT OTMeTHTb, '1TO B YCJlOBHHX rocyp;apCTBeHHO-MO-
HOnOJlHCTH'IeCROrO RanHTaJlH3Ma P;JlH npOHBJlemiH npHHIJ;UIIa
CBOOOP;bI p;orOBopa OCTaeTCH Bce MeHbrne MeCTa. Hepe,IJ;IW
rOBopHT 0 TOM, '1TO pa3BHTHe Hp;eT OT p;orOBopa K cTaTycyl,
KOTOpbIii I1PH 3TOM OIlpep;eJlHeTCH HMyrn;eCTBeHHbIM I10JIOfhe-
HHeM U MOrn;bIO MOHOIlOJlHH.
. B rpamp;aHCROM I1paBe HnOHHH HarnJlO OTpaJI{emre Ha-
6J1IOp;aIOrn;eeCH B I10CJlep;HHe p;eCHTHJleTHH B pH;:J;e RanHTaJIH-
CTH'IeCRHX CTpaH CTpeMJleHHe yiiTH OT CTporHX Tpe60BaHHH
3aIwna H BRJlIO'IeHHe Tarmx RpHTepHeB, RaR ny6J1H'lHbIK
I10pHp;OR, p;06pbIe HpaBbI H T. II. B AHrJIHH, CIliA H p;pynIx
CTpaHax, rp;e p;eiicTByeT (w6rn;eo I1paBO», rnHpORIIe I10JlHOMO-
'IHH cyp;a B TOJlROBaHHH I1peIJ;ep;eHTOB, OTCYTCTBHe Rop;HqJHI\:a-
n;HH p;eRcTBYIOrn;ero rpamp;aHCRoro npaBa II OTCbI.JIHH npR
aTOM R ny6J1H'IHOMY nopHp;RY HBJlHIOTCH OP;HIlM H3 OCHOBHbIX
. I1pHUIJ;HIIOB, 06eCIIe'lHBaIOrn;HM II3BeCTHYlO rU6!\QCTb IlpaBa,.
\ B03MomHOCTb HCIIOJlb30BaHHH ero B COOTBeTCTBIUI C Tpe6oBa-
_ HH HMH Ramp;oro p;aHHoro MOMeHTa. Ho p;aiHe B TaRHX CTpa-
Hax C Tpap;HIJ;HOHHO npOB03rJlarnaeMbIM Tpe60BaHueM CTporO-
ro C06J1IOp;eHHH 3aROHHOCTH, RaK <DpaHIJ;HH, B I10CJJep;HHe
p;eCHTHJleTHH Bce B 60JlbrneM Mepe B TOJIROBaHUe p;orOBopOB,
B perneHHe CilOpOB BKJlIOTIaIOTCH TaRIIe RpHTepIfH, RaH rry6-
JlH'IHbIM I10pHp;OR 2.
I
I CM.: International Encyclopedia of comparative Law. VoJ. VII,
ch. 3, p. 33-37.
2 CM.: Ca/J/Jarbe P. TeopHH o6H3aTeJIbCTS. M., (lIporpecc». 1972.
c. 201-216.
18
HrrOHCKoe rpam)J;aHCI\Oe rrpaBO YCTaHaBJHlBaeT pH)'!; rrpHII-
HrrOB TORKOBaIIHH C)J;eRKfl II rrpH3IIaHHH ee )J;eMCTBHTeRbIIO-
CTH. CIO)J;a OTIIOCHTCH rrpUIIn;UU Tpe60BaIIIIH COOTBeTCTBHH
]J;OrOBOpa COBeCTH, KOTOpbIJI CY)J;e6IIaH rrpaKTHl\a IlIHp01W
rrpHMeHHeT rrpH TORKOBaHHU )J;OrOBOpa B Ka'leCTBe OCHOBHOrO
I{pHTepflH. IIoMHMO rrpU3IIaHHJI He)];eHCTBUTeJIbHbnIH C)];eJIOK,
rrpOTHBOpe'laIIJ;HX 06H3aTeJIbHbIM npe)];rrnCaHIIHl\1, T. e. )];eJI-
CTBYIOIU:IIM 3aKOHaM HJIH rrO)];3aKOHIIblM aKTa.\I, He06xo)];HMbIM
I\pHTepHeM nplI3HaeTCH TaKme COOTBeTCTBHe C)];em(1I rry6JIII'I-
, HOMY nOpH)];KY H )];06pbIM HpaBa.\I. ITO)]; ny6JI1I'IHbI.\I rrOpH)];KOM
06b1'1HO rrOIIIUIaIOTCH llHTepeCbI rocy)];apCTBa II 06IIJ;eCTBa,
]J;06PbIe JI{e HpaBbI paCC1IaTpUBiJ.IOTCH Kat{ KaTerOpIIH MOpaJIL-
HOrO nOpH)];Ka.
3aKOH He YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT I(OHKpeTHbIX BH)];OB HapYllIeHHH
rry6JIH<IHoro UopH]J;H:a H )];06pbIX HpaBOB. B rrpaKTHKe CJIOmH-
JIIICb YJI{e oupe]J;eJIeHHbIe nOHHTIIH TaKHX HapYllleHIIH: Ha-
rrplIMep, HapyrneHHeM MOpaJIbHbIX rrpIIHn;IIUOB C'IIITaeTCH
3aI..JIIO'IeHHe )J;orOBopOB, rrpermTCTBYIOIIJ;IIX COBMeCTHOMY rrpo-
iKlIBaHIIIO pO)];HTeJIeH H )J;eTen; 06eIIJ;aHlIe, paCTOprHYB 6paK,
3aI\JIIO'IIITb HOBblH H T. rr. MeHee orrpe)J;eJIeHHbIM HBJIHeTCH
rrOHHTHe ny6JIH'IHOrO rrOpH)];Ka. ABTOpbI caMIf YKa3hIBaIOT Ha
TO, '1TO cy)];e6HaH rrpaKTIIKa If HaY'lHble )J;OKTpIIHbI yC'faHaB-
mIBaIOT Tpe60BaHHH rry6JIII'IHOrO rropH)J;I\a B COOTBeTCTBHH C
rrOCTOHHHO MeHHIOIIJ;eHCH lI)J;eOJIOrlIeH II Tpe60BaHHHMH COn;II-
aJIbHOM CIICTeMbI.
B I\a'leCTBe rrplIl\IepOB npUTBopHbIX C)J;eJIOK, KOTopble 3a-
npew:eHbI 3aKOHOM, aBTopbl npIIBO)J;!IT C)J;eJIKH, COBepllIeHHbIe
C ll.eJIbIO 06xo)];a Tpe60BaHIIH 3mwHa 06 OrpaHII'IeHIIII CCY)J;HO-
ro npOn;eHTa, npII KOTOpbIX RbICOI\He npOn;eHTbI B3IIMaIOTCII
no)]; BII)];OM KOMHCCHOHHbIX. B JIIITepaType orrHCblBaIOTCH <paK-
TbI BeKCeJIbHblX MaXIIHan;IIH, cepbe3HO napYllIaIOIIJ;IIX ::JKOHO-
l\IH'IeCI{HH 060pOT. TaR, T. MapHMoTo nHllIeT, '1TO O)];HOH 1I3
npIFfluI 6aImpOTCTB HBJIJlIOTCJI Tal\ Ha3bIBaeMbIe «)J;pymecKlIe,>
1IeI{CeJIH - <<lIapIIIHBble OBn;bI Bel\CeJIbHOrO X03HHCTBa» 1. OH
Yh:a3blBaeT TamEe I1a IlIIIpOJ.;O pacrrpOCTpaneHHbI8 CJIY'laH
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TaR Ha3bIBaeMoe «I\OCMH'IeCIWe rrJIaBaHHe», I1PH KOTOpOM
npOTI3BO)J;IITeJIb O<popMJIHeT <pIII\TIIBHYIO C)J;eJIKy C ToprOBoii
KOM naIIIreii Ha JlK06bI rrpO)];aHHbIII TOBap, a paC"leT Bep;eTCH
BeI(CeJIJlMII. IIplI HacTyrrJIeHlI1I cpOKa npOII3BO)J;HTeJIb HK06M
nOKyrraeT TOBap, ynJIa'fHBaH ToprOBOH KOMrraHHH TOJIbKO
, C I.: MapuJotoTo T. 'YRa3. CO'l., c. 110-112.
2'
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HOMIICCIIOHHIole. TaRIIM 06pa30M rrpOII3BO,lJ;IITeJIIo IICRycCTBeH-
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CROH 8ROHOMIIRe 3aHIIMaeT Rpe.n;lIT. 8TO onpe)];eJIHeT 60JIbmOe
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HMeeTCH HeCROJIbRO 3aJIOro.n;epmaTeJIeH. 3aROH CrreU;IIaJIbHa-
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rrpeIIMym;ecTBa, rrpaBo rrpeIIMym;ecTBa B CBH3II C apeHAoli
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BaHHH Rpep;HTopa (u;eccIIH) II rrepeBop;a p;oma. TIOP;06Hbl6'
MHOrO'IIICJIeHHIole p;eTaJIbHIole rrpaBHJIa, 3aHpenJIeHHble B 3aRO-
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Mepe 06eCne'IrrTb peaJIbHOCTb CBOHX Tps>60BaHIIH. O)IHaKO,
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3aTIoCH p;pyroH, CTOJIb me onIoITHbIH, nOHaTopeBIIIIIH B p;eJIaX
20
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'ITo6bI llMyIQeCT130 P;OJIlHHllRa 6bIJIO pacnpe)J;eJIeHO Memp;y
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UHCTIITyT013 13elll,Horo npa13a, npll'IeM 60JIbIIIOe 13HllMaHIle y)J;e-
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nepeBO)];Y.
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B pa3)];eJIe 0 roplI)];II'IeCKIIX JIIIn;ax B nO)];JIIIHHIIKe nplIMe-
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CTBHTeJIbHOCTII me 1I0HJITlle, 0603Ha'Iae IOe 3THM TepMIIHOM,
rrOJIHOcTbro COBna)];aeT C nOHJITIIeM «Y'IpeIK)];eHIIe».
BMeCTe C TeM B CJIy'IaJIX, Eor)];a IlMeJIlItb XOTJI 6bI He3Ha-
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raeMoro onpe)];eJIeHHbIM TepMllHOM Ha PYCCKO I JI3bIKe II llC-
rrOJIb30BaHHoro B JInOHCEOM TeKCTe, TaRoe nOHJITlle 0603Ha'Ia-
..JIOCb HOBbIM TepMIIHoM. TaR, nOHJITIIe (WHHYJIlIpOBaHIIe
Cp;eJIKll» BO l\IHOrIIX 'IepTaX cOBnap;acT C nOHJITIIe:.l ocnopllMoH
Cp;eJIRII. Op;HaKo B neRoTopbIX p;eTaJIJIX OlIO OTJIH'IaeTCJI, B
'IaCTHOCTII TeM, 'ITO npII aHHYJIlIpOBaHHll Cp;eJIKa npeKpam;aeT
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rrepeBO)]; C)];eJIaH C HeKoTopbIMII COKpam;eIillHMII. O)];HaKO BpJI));
:24
JUI 6MJIO 6M :qeJIeC006pa3HO OTKa3aTbCH OT OCBem;eH1IH Tex:.
;a;eTaJIeii: 11 rrO;a;p06HOCTeM, B KOTOpbIX HaII60JIce nOJIHO rrpOHB--
JIHeTCH crre:qmIJIIKa rpam;a;aHcKoro rrpaBa HrrOHIIII.
lIo HameMY MHeHIIro, lJ;aHHaH pa60Ta ;a;OJImHa 3aIIHTepe-
COBan, He TOJIbKO crre:qIIaJIIICTOB II IICCJIe;a;OBaTeJIeM B 06JIaCTlI
6ypmya3Horo rpam;a;aHCKoro rrpaBa II. :mOHOMIIKII rocy;a;apcT-
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IIHTepec lJ;JIH pa6oTarom;IIX B c<pepe BHemHe::JKOHOMIItJ:eCKIIX
CBH3eM, rrOCKOJIbKy B HeM ;a;aeTCH rro;a;p06HaH IIH<popMa:qIIH 0
rrpaBoBoM perYJIIIpOBaHIIII OTHomeHIIM, Hepa3pbIBHo CBH3aH-
HbIX C BHemHeM ToprOBJIeM II ;a;pyrnMlI <popMaMII Mem;a;YHa-
pO;a;HbIX ::JKOHOMIItJ:eCKIIX cBH3eM.
P. Xa.ltrfiUl-ta"
nporfieccop, 80KTOp ropu8u1I,ecnux nay
BBe.qeHHe
or naB a 1. HCTOPHSI SlnOHCKOrO rPA>KAAHCKOrO
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1. TIpHHJlTHe fpam)];aHCKOro KO)];eKca. fpam)];aHCI\Hii RO-
J:I;eRC HrroHHH BCTyrrHJI B CHJIY B 1898 r. H rrpe)];CTaBJIJIJI C060lI
.o6IIIHpHbIII Hop: mTIIBHbIii aRT, Ry)];a BOIIIJIJI Bce BaJI\HeiiIIIH8
rrOJIOmeHHH 3aROHO)];aTeJIbCTBa B OTHOIIIeHHH rpam)];aHCI HX
.)];eJI.
COCTaBJIeHHe fpam)];aHCROro RO)];eRCa Ha'IaJIOCb C rrepBbIx
JIeT apbI Maii)];3H *. IIpoeRT nt, COCTaBJIeHHbIii rJIaBHbIM 06-
pa30M rro 06pa3U;y HaH60JIee COBepIIIeHHoro B TO BpeMH <ppaH-
:n;Y3CRoro fpam)];aHCROro RO)];el Ca 1804 r., 6b1JI orry6JIHROBaH
1J 1890 r., Hero BCTyrrJIeHHe B CJIJIY rrpe)];rrOJIaraJIOCb Ha
1893 r. ,D;aHHblii rrpoeRT, O)];HaRO, BbI3BaJI B03pameHJIH, CBO)];H-
.IIJ;HeCH R TOMY, 'ITO B HeM B CHJIY «)];OCJIOBHorO l1epeBO)];a H1l
HrrOIICRlIii H3bIR 'Iy/Re3eMHblX H)];elJ)) HrHoplIpOBaJIaCb CeMeI1-
.'HaH CIICTeMa HrrOHIIII. ,D;IICRYCCIIH Me'HP;Y rrpOTIIBHIII\:aMII II
CTopOHlumaMII rrpoeRTa (Tar, Ha3bIBaeMaH «)];IICRYCCIIfl
.0 fpalR)J;aHCROM Rop;eRce») He rrpeRpmU;aJIaCb, H B pe3YJIb-
- * CnCTeMa p;a'lII naIIMeHOBaHIIll rop;aM 6hIJIa rrepBOHa'laJIbHO C03-
.MHa B KIITae II rrpIIMeHJlJIaCb 3aTeM TaRJKe B HIIOHIIII, !{opee II
BbeTHaMe. Op;HaRO CMeHa HaIIMeHOBaHIIH rop;OB CBH3bIBaJIaCb He TOJlb-
RO C BOCIIleCTBJIeM Ha IIpeCTOJI IIMrrepaTopa, no II C RpyrrHbIMII IID.1lJI-
TJI'leCKHMIl C06blTHHMil IIJIII CTIIXIIHHblMII uep;CTBIIHMII. B 1868 r. B
HrroIlIIII 6bIJla IIpllIIHTa CIICTeMa, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOH BO BpE' m IIpaBJIC-
HUH 0I\HOro l!MrrepaTopa IICIIOJIb3yeTcH 0I\HO HaIIMeHOB1\HIIe rop;OB.
B 1868 r. UbWO IIpIIHJlTO HaIIMeHOBaHIIe 9PbI «l\bHp;31I». B 45-M rop;y
M3HP;3II (T. e. B 1912 r.) YMep IIMrrepaTOp MY YXIITO II Ha rrpeCTOJI
B30IIle.7I ero CbIH ECHXIITO. C 9Toro P;HJl 45-H rop; 3pbI M9HP;3II 6hIJI
rrepeIIMeHOBaH B Ha'laJIbHhIR rop; 9pbI TaHCe. B 13-M rop;y Ta:iIce
(T. e. B 1926 r.) YMep IIMrrepaTop ECIIXIITO II Ha npeCTOJI B30meJI ero
'CblH XIIpOXIITO. C norD P;HJl 15-H rop; 9PbI TaHCe 6hIJI rrepeIIMeHOBan
B lJa'la.7IbHbIR rop; 9Pbl CeBa. B HaCToHII\ee BpeMH cHCTeMa JIeTOC'lHC-
JIlHlIIH B cooTBeTCTBIIII C 9paMII IIpaBJIeHIIH IIMIIeparopOB - «r911ro» -
YTBepJf\p;eHa B 3aROHOp;aTeJIbHOM IIopHp;Re, HeCMOTpH Ha aRTIIBHoe rrpo-
TIIBop;eHCTBlIe p;eMORpaTII'leCRo:iI o6II\ecTBeHHocnI, pa306JIa'laBIIleH pe-
aKllIIoHIIbIll CMblCJI 9TOH aR IIII. - IIpu.M.. pea.
:26
TaTe BCTynJIeHIIe 3Toro aKTa B CIIJIY OKa3aJIOCb OTJIOmeHHbIM)
na HeOnpep;eJIeHHOe BpeMH. BbIJIa BHOBb C03p;aHa KOMIICCIIH
110 paCCMOTpeHlIlO npoeKTa rK, IWTopaH, 1I3Y'IIIB TOJIbRO 'ITO
OUYOJIIIKOBaHHbIlI 'IepHOBOM npoeRT repMaHCKoro rpamp;aH-
choro YJIOmeHIIH, COCTaBlIJIa HOBbIi:i IIpoeRT Rop;eKca, Y'IIITbIBa--
IOm;IIM p;eiICTBOBaBIIIlIe B HnOHlI1I OObI'IalI. Pa3paOOTKa llepBbIX
Tpex pa3p;eJIOB (OOm;eM 'IaCTII, Bem;Horo II OOH3aTeJIbCT-
BellHoro npaBa) ObIJIa 3aBepIIIeHa B 1895 r., P;BYX 1l0C,'Iep;yIO-
W;UX (ceMei'IHoro II HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro npaBa) - B 1897 r., co-
OTBeTCTBeHHO B 1896 r. II B 1898 r. p;aHHbIe 'IaCTII IIpoeKTa,
ObIJIIi onYOJIIIROBaHbI, II 16 IIIOJIH 1898 r. rpamp;aHcKIIM KO-
AeKC IJ;eJIIIKOM BCTynlIJI B CIIJIY. B TaKOM BIIp;e (c p;onOJIHe-
HIIHl\I1I 1899 r.) rK npocym;ecTBOBaJI p;o 1947 r., Korp;a ero,
'IeTBepTbIM II nHTbIM pa3p;eJtbI npeTepneJIII 3Ha'IIITeJIbHbIe 1I3-
J\IeHeHIIH.
2. ITOJIOmeHlIe, C)"I.qeCTBOBaBmee p;o npllHHTIIH fR. C p;aB-
HUX BpeMeH HnoHlIH 3alIMCTBOBaJIa npaBOBbIe MOp;eJIII KIITaHi
II IIMeJIa OTHOCIITeJIbHO rrOJIHbIe Kop;eKCbI, op;HaKO, HeHCHO,
HaCKOJIbKO OHU peaJIbHO npIIMeHHJIIICb. MomHo nOJIaraTb, 'ITO.
Ha npaKTIIKe MHorlIe OOm;ecTBeHHbIe OTHOIIIeHIIH perYJIlIpo-
BaJIIICb pa3JIII'IHOrO pop;a cneIJ;lIaJIbHbIMIi 3aKOHaMII II OObI'IaH--
1UI, pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIMII B TOM IIJIII IIHOi'I MeCTHOCTII. IIocJIe'
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HOro npoIJ;ecca.
27"
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ill rrOCTOHHHOM II3MeHeHIIII. O HaKo npaao, C ero cpopMaJlbHO-
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cTa6IIJIbHOCTII B npaBOBYIO p;eHCTBIITeJIbHOCTb, Mbl BMeCTe C
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mIIBalOIIJ,erO B03p;eHcTBIIH npaBa Ha COD;IIaJIbHble OTHOilieHIIH.
'OP;HIIM II3 cnoc060B 3Toro CJJymIIT npIIHH'fIIe CneD;IIaJIbHblX
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'HbIX cpeHOMeHOB, TaK II II eaJIbl npaBa. I1MeHHo TaROH no xo
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rrpocaM. PaCCMOTplIM 8TO HeCKOJILKO rro.n;p06Hee.
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rneHHH B cq,epe OOm;HHHoro 1JJIeHCTBa B JIeCHOM HCeJILCKOM
X03HHCTBe 1966 r.). IIpH COCTaBJIeHHH f;R He OLIJIO y.n;eJIe-
HO .n;OCTaT01JHOro BHHMaHHH HrrOHCKOH cneU;Hq,HKe H B 00-
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CTBeHHLIe OTHOlIIeHHH, a K Ha1JaJIY 8pLI CeBa BpeMeHHLIM
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peCMOTpa, KOTopaH 03Ha1JaJIa He npOCTO B03BpaT K npOIIIJIO-
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29
JleHHble COIJ;lIaJlbHbIMH Cf];B, Hra:MII npOIICrnef];rnIIMH nOCJIe
BCTYIIJleHIIH B CHJlY fR JInoHHH, B OOJIbrnHHCTBe CJly'IaeB
ocyrn;eCTBJlHJlHCb nYTeM H3p,aHHH cneIJ;naJlbHbIX 3aKOHOB.
BamHeMrnHe BeXH H3. 3TOM nYTII - npIIHHTIIe B KOHIJ;e 3pbI
M3Mp,3II JleCHOro 3aKOnOf];aTeJlbCTBa, B Cepef];HHe 3}Th1 TaMce -
3aKOHOf];aTeJIbCTBa, HarrpaBJleHHOrO Ha YCHJleHIIe IIpaBa IDIY-
rn;ecTBeHHoro HaMMa Hef];BIImIDIOM COOCTBeHHOCTH (se IJIII,
mIIJlbIX nOMern;eHHll H T. n.), H 3aKOHOf];aTeJlbCTBa 00 OCOOOll
CHCTeMe 3aJlOra HliOTe'IHOrO TJIl1a.
B nOCJleBOeHHbIll me nepHOf]; HOBaH ROHCTHTYIJ;I1H fIrrOHHII
3aKpellIIJIa, B 'IaCTHOCTH, npHHLJ;HllbI YBaJI,eHHH JIll'IHOCTII II
paBeHCTBa IIOJlOB B OOJlaCTH ceMeMHbIX OTHorneHun (CT. 24
ROHCTHTYIJ,HH), II03TOMY CTaJIO HeooxOAHMO YCTpaBJITb 3JIe-
MeHTbl lfJeoAaJlbHOrO HaCJleAIlH H3 pa3f];eJIOB ce IeiiIIOrO II
HaCJlef];CTBeHHoro npaBa fR H nOJlHOCTblO nepeC IOTpeTb KO-
f];eKC C 3TOM TO'IKII 3peHHJI. Ao f];HH BCTyrrJIeHJIH HOBOii 1\OH-
CTHTYIJ;HH B CHJlY (3 MaH 1947 r.) fR, II ocooeHHo ero pa3Ae-
JlbI ceMeHHoro H HaCJlef];CTBeHHoro npaBa, ObIJI B CIW-llHOM
nopHAKe nepeCI\IOTpeH, no.JIOmelIHH me Tex pa3p,eJlOB, KOTO-
pbIe He nOABeprJlHCb nepeCMOTpy H nponmope'IHJIIl yEa3aH-
HbIM KOHCTHTYIJ;HOHHbIM IIpHHIJ;nnaM B COOTBeTCTBIIII C 3aKO-
HOM 0 CpO'IHbIX Mepax B OTHomeHHH fpamf];aHCRoro Kop,eHca,
Bbl3bIB,aeMblX BCTynJleHHe 1 B CHJlY ROHCTIoITYIIHH HnOHIIII,
TepHJlH 3aKOHHYlO CHJlY. <DaJ{TII'IeCI':H pa3p;eJIbI ceMeiiHoro II
HaCJlef];CTBeHHoro npaBa nplloope.JIH COBeprneHHO BOBoe CO-
f];epmaBJIe. 113 OOrn;eM 'IaCTH ObIJlO II3'bflTO nOJlOfl\eHHe 0 He-
f];eeCnOC06HOCTli meH, COOTBeTCTBYTOIIJ,He nonpaBKII 6bIJIlI
BHeceHbI H B f];PyrHe pa3f];eJlbl fR. Bo BCTynHTeJIbIIOM 'IaCTH
fR ObIJllI npOB03rJlameHhI ABa OCHOBOnOJlaralOrn;HX npIlHIJ;H-
na, KpaCHOH HHTbTO npOXOf];HlU,Ile 'Ie pea BeCb KOAeKC: npHH-
IJ;lIn OOrn;eCTBeHHoro 6J1ara H p,06poiI COBeCTH H nplIHIJ;IIlI yBa-
meHlIH JlH'IHOCTII H paBeHCTBa IIOJlOB.
II03f];Hee, no Mepe nOCJleBOeHHoro BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH II pa3-
BIITHH OOrn;eCTBa H ::mOHOMIIKII, TaHJI,e npHHIDIaJIHCb HOBbIe
cneIJ;HaJlbHbIe 3aKOHbI HJlH nepeC laTplIBaJlHCb CTapbIe, 'ITO, B
'IaCTHOCTII, ObIJIO BbI3BaHO pe31,HM YBeJIII'IeHUeM AOPOfl\HO-
TpaHcnopTHbIX npoHcrnecTBHii, pOCTO 1 'IHCJIa 3AaHHII oorn;e-
CTBOHHoro Ha3Ha'IeHIIH, H3MeHeHIIJUIH B ccpepax apeHAbI 3e11-
JIll II HaMMa mHJlOrO nmlern,eHHJI. OTAeJIbHble IIolIpaBIm 6bIJIII
BHeceHbI H B TeKCT caMoro f K Talf, 11011 paBKa 1962 r. 6bIJIa
BHeceHa B pa3f];eJlbI ceMeMHoro n HaCJIe CTBeHHoro IIpaBa.
B 1971 r. npaBoBoMY yperYJIllpOllaBJITO nO BeprJlaCb CllCTe ta
MaKCIIMaJlbHOM IInOTeKH, 'ITO nOTpe60BaJlO BBe eHllH B fR
30
OrrOJIHHTeJIbHOrO rra parpaq,a (3aIWH M 99 OT 1971 r.) H CTa-
.JIO HaH60JIee BailmOH C 1898 r. rrOl1paBIWH fR IIO paap;eJIY
neUJ,Horo npaBa.
r naB a 2. CTPYKTYPA rPA>KAAHCKOrO
3AKOHOAA TEnbCTBA
6. CTpYKTypa fR. fR HnollHH COCTOHT Ha rrHTH pa3p;e-
.JIon: 06m;eH 'laCTH, Bem;Horo, o6H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro, ceMeiiHoro
II naCJIep;CTBeHHoro npaBa.
Pa3p;eJIbI Bem;Horo II oOH3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro "paBa perYJIH-
PYIOT HMym;ecTBeHHble OTHOlIleHHH B COOTBeTCTBHII C P;BYMH
rpynrraMH HMym;ecTBeHHbIX npaH. MelliP;Y TeM HMeeTCH rnlI-
POI,IIH Kpyr BalliHbIX IIMym;ecTBeHHbIX OTHorneHHH, KOTopbIe
perYJIHpYIOTCH He HopMaMH fR, a ToprOBhIM KOp;el{COM II CO-
OTBeTCTBYIOm;IIM ToprOBbIM 3aKOHop;aTeJIbCTBOM. B cq,epax
naTeHTHoro II aBTopCKoro npaBa, ropHop;06bIBaIOm;eH npo-
MbIrnJIeHHOCTII H pbI60JIOBHOrO npOMbICJJa TaKllie cym;ecTByeT
COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ee CnelJ;llaJIbHOe aaKOHOp;aTeJIbCTBO. Pa3p;eJI
06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro rrpaBa cop;epllilIT HOpMbI 06 OCHOBaHIIHX
B03HIIKHOBeHHH 06HaaTeJIbCTB, 06 YCTaHOBJIeHIIII HMyrn.eCT-
BeIIHbIX npaBooTHorneHIIH rrocpep;CTBOM aaKJIIO'IeHHH p;orOBO-
pOB, 06 06H3aTeJIbCTBaX no B03Mem;eHIIIO Bpep;a II p;pyrIIx
rpaiKp;aHCKIIX npaBooTHorneHIIHx, n03ToMy 3TOT pa3p;eJI 'Ipe3-
BbI'IaHHO 06rnHpeH. ToproBbIe Cp;eJIKH, KOTopbIe TaKllie BKJIIO-
'laIOTCH B 3TOT Kpyr oTHorneHHH, perYJIHpYIOTCH ToproBbIM
Kop;eKCOM H COOTBeTCTBYIOm;I1M 3aKOHOp;aTeJIbCTBOM. CrreU;H-
aJIbHbIM aaKOHop;a'reJIbCTBOM TaKllie perYJIIIpYIOTCH 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa no B03Mem;eHIIIO ym;ep6a, BbI3BaHHoro aBTOTpaHC-
nopTHbIMH rrpoHcrnecTBIIHMII II 3arpHaHeHHeM oKpYlliaIOm;eH
cpep:b!.
Pa3p;eJl ceMeHHoro "paBa BI\JIIO'IaeT B ce6H HOpMbI, pery-
JIII PYIOm;IIe YCTanOBJIeHIIe II cO;J;e piKaHIle ceMeHHbIX OTHorne-
Imil (pop;IITeJIII II p;eTlI, OTHorneHHH l\1eil,p;y cynpyraMII II
T. g.). Paa,rJ;eJI HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro "paBa perYJJIIpyeT ImCJIep;O-
Bi1I1IIe HMym;ecTBa B CBH3H C ceMeMHbIMH OTHorneHHHMH, aaBe-
m;aHIleM II T. n.
06m;aH 'faCTb npep;rrOCJIaHa YKaaaHHbIM 'IeTbIpeM paap;e-
JIal\I II cop;eplliIIT 06m;IIe P;JIH Bcero fR rrOJIOllieHIIH. OP:HRKO
CJIep:yeT Y'IIITbIBaTb, 'ITO paa,rJ;eJIbI ceMelIHoro II HaCJIep;CTBen-
Horo npaBa rrOp;BeprJIHCb, KaK Yllie rOBOpIIJIOCb, 3Ha'IIITeJIbHO-
MY rrepeCMOTpy II 6e3YCJIOBHOe rrpliMeHeHIIe nOJIOllieHHH 06-
m;eii 'IaCTH I, :nUM p;ByM paap;eJIaM fI\ l\WmeT nopOH npHBO-
31
J];IITb R Hea,eJIaTeJIbHbIM pe3YJIbTaTaM. TaROBbI, HarrpIIMep,
rrOJIOmeHIUI OOr.qeII qaCTlI 0 )J;eecrroc06HocTII, c)J;eJII\ax II )J;p.
IIo::JToMY B )J;aHHbIX CJIyqaJIX CJIe)J;yeT ObITb OCO!,?eHHO BHIIMa-
TeJIbHbIMII.
7. Cneu,na.JIbHble aaROHbI B ccPepe rpam)J;aHcRoro npaBa.
IIoC\unw fR', JIIlOHCHOe rpam)J;aHcRoe rrpaBO OCHOBbIBaeTCJI IIa
3Ha'IIITeJIbHOC\I 'IIICJIe Tar, Ha3bIBaeMbIX Crren;IIaJIbHbIX HOp Ia-
TIIBHbIX aI':TOB, YCTaHaBJIIIBaIor.qlIX HOpMbI, peryJInpYIOll lIe
OT)J;eJIbHble BII)J;bI OTIIOllleHIIM. IIpII1\IepaMII ::JToro JIBJIJIIOTCJI:
3aRoH 06 oxpaHe 3)J;aHIIII, 3aROH 06 apeH)J;e 3ellIJIU, 3a}\OH 0
HaMMe aUIJIbIX nOMeIIJ;eHIIM, 3aROH 0 BpeMeHHbIX Iepax B OT-
HOllleHIIII apeH)J;bI 3eMJIII II HaMMa mIIJIblX nOMeIIJ;eHUlr B ropo-
)J;ax, nOCTpa)J;aBlllIIX OT CTIIXIIMHbIX oe)J;CTBHH, 3aRoH 06 orpa-
HII'IeHIIII CCY)J;Horo rrpOn;eHTa, 3aRoH 0 JIecax, 3aRoH 0 )J,O-
BepIITeJIbHOM coocTBeHHocTII, 3aKoHbI 0 q.IIHaHcoBoM lIIlOTe-
Ke, 3aROH 0 Rpe)J;IITe CeJIbCROX03JIMCTBeHHoro )J;BIIiKII IOro
H:Myr.qeCTBa II )J;p. B rrOCJIeBOeHHbIM rrepIIO)J, Ob1JIO IIpIIHJITO II
Tpy)J;OBoe 3aROHO)J;aTeJIbCTBO: 3aKoH 0 TPY)J;OBbIX CTaH)J;apTax,
3aRoH 0 rrpoq.coI03ax II )J;p. ECTb HeMaJIO rrpIIMepOB, Ror)J;1
HopMaTIIBHbIe aRTbI rry6JIIIqHo-rrpaBoBoro xapaRTepa cOJ(ep-
maT rrOJIOmeHIIJI, OTHOCJIr.qIIeCJI R cq.epe rpam)J;aIICRoro npa-
Ba. TaRoBbI: 3aRoH 0 penlCTpan;HII HelJ;BIIJRIIMOM coocTBel:Ho-
{;TII, 3aROH 0 rroceMeMHOM 3anIICII, 3aRoH 06 OT'IYrK)J,eTIHII
3eMeJIb, 3aRoH 06 YJIyqrneHIIII 3eMeJIb, 3aRoH 0 CeJIbCROXO-
8JIMCTBeHHbIx SeMJIJIX, 3aRoH 0 TPY)J,OBbIX CTaH)J,apTax, 3aRoH
06 yrrpaBJIeHIIII JIoM6ap)J,aMII, 3aRoH 0 CTpOIITCJIbCTBe, 3aRoH
o rocy.n;apcTBeHHoM KOMrreHcan;IIII, 3aRoH 0 ROMneHca:[(IIIl
yr.qep6a, npII'IIIHeHH0J10 aBTOTpaHcrropTHbIMII cpe)J;CTBaMII, a
TaRJRe npHpO)J,ooxpaHIITeJIbHOe 3aKOHo.n;aTeJIbCTBO, Ha'IlIHaJI C
OCHoBHoro 3aROHa 0 Mepax B OTHorneHIIII 3arpJI3HeIIIIJI ORPy-
maIOIQeM cpe)J,bI. II HaKOHen;, qTOObI oqepTIITb BeCb Rpyr aR-
TOB, co.n;epmar.qIIX HOpMbI rpam.n;aHCRo-rrpaBOBoro xapaRTepa,
CJIe.n;yeT )J;06aBIITb R npIIBe)J,eHHoMY rrepe'IHIO nOJIOmeHIIJI
aBTopCRoro npaBa, naTeHTHoro npaBa, rrpaBa Ha pa3pa60TRY
ne.n;p H )J.p., 0 qeM rOBOpIIJIOCb BbIllle. XOTJI fR II BHJIIOqaeT
B ce6JI OOJIblllIIHCTBO HOpM rpaJR)J.aHCRoro rrpaBa, O)J;llaRO
3IIaqIITeJIbHOe 'IIICJIO HOpM CO)J.epJRIITCJI B Crren;IIaJIbHbIX 3a-
ROHax, RoppeRTIIpYIOIQIIX IIJIII .n;orrOJIHHIOIQ;HX fK. B HaCTOJI-
m;eM Rypce cO)J,epmaIIIIe ::JTIIX HOpM paCC:\IaTpHBaeTCJI no
Mepe II3JIOmeHIIJI pa3)J;eJIOB rR' II JIIIlllb B TOM Mepe, B RaRoiI
OHII RoppeRTIIpYIOT JIHOO )J;onOJIHJIIOT RO)J;eHC. ITOCROJIbRY
HOpMbI ToprOBoro II Tpy.n;oBoro npaBa COCTaBmnOT ca1.IOCTOJI-
32
TCJIbHbIe OTpaCJIII, MbI O1'paHlPIlIMCH JIIIIIIb yKa3aHlIeM Ha TO,
'1TO OHII IIMeIOT TeCHbIe CBH31I C 1'pam)J,aHCKIIM IIpaBOM.
8. PYKOBO)J,Jlru;IIC IIpIIH llIIbI COBpCMCHH01'O 1'pam)J,aHcKoro
npaBa. CT. 11I 12 I'K.
1) OCHOBOnOJIa1'aIOru;lnI npIIHn;lIrro 1 cyru;ecTByIOru;e1'O
1'paJI\)J,aHcKo1'o npaBa HBJIH8TCJI IIpIIHI lm cB060)J,bI JIII'IHOCTII,
a CTpYKTypa 3TOH OTpaCJIII npaBa BbITeI\aeT 1I3 npaB JIII'IHO-
CTII. TaK, 1I3 nOHHTIIH IIMyru;CCTBCHHbIX npaB II IIX ncpcxo,a;a
IICXO)J,HT pa3)J,eJIbI Ben\lI01'O II OOR3aTeJIbCTBeHH01'O npaBa, pe-
1'YJIIIpYIOru;lIe OTHOIIIeHIIH 3IWHOMII'IeCKOH )J,eHTeJIbHOCTII.
B pa3)J,eJIe ceMeHH01'O npaBa npaBOBoe oq,opMJIeHIIe ce leHHO-
1'0 COI03a CTpOIITCH Ha TeoplIlI ceMeHHbIX npaB: pO)J,IITeJIbCI>IIX
II cynpymecKlIx.Pa3)J,eJI HaCJIe)J,CTBeHH01'O npaBa 6epeT 3a
OCHOBY npCCMCTBCHHOCTb npaB II OOJl38HHocreii H8CJIC)J,O)J,a-
TCJIJI. Oo:rn;aH '1aCTb onpe)J,eJIHeT OCHOBHbIe nplIHn;IInbI B OT-
HOIIIeHIIII CYO'beKTa II OO'beKTa npaB, a TaKme BonpOCbI npn-
oopeTeHIIH, 1I3MeHeHlIH II YTpaTbI npaB.
2) IIpaBoBaH lI)J,eOJI01'IIH, 6epyru;aH 3a OCHOBY npaBa JIIIl{-
HOCTII, pa3pyililIJIa 3aCTbIBIIIYIO KJIaCCOHYIO CTpyKTYPY q,eo-
)J,aJIbH01'O ooru;ecTBa, nplI3HaJIa 3a Kam)J,bIM '1eJIOBeRml paB-
BbIH npaBoBoH CTaTYC BHe 3aBlIClIMOCTII OT npOIICXOII,)J,eHIIII
II KJIaCCOBOH nplIlIa)J,JIemHOCTII, oOeCne'lIIJIa Ham)J,OMy CB060-
)J,y )J,eHTeJIbHOCTII II BCJIe)J,CTBlIe 3T01'O BHeCJIa CBOH BHJIa)J, B
pa3BIITlIe '1eJIOBe'leCKOH n;IIBHJIII3an;nII. BMecTe C TeM PYKOBO-
)J,Hru;ne IIpIIBU;IIIIbI COn;IIaJIbHbIX peq,opM, npOBe)J,eHHbIX IIOCJIe
nopameHIIH HIiOHIIII BO BTOpO{I NlIIpOBOM BOHHC, II nepecTpoi1:-
I{II npaBoBoH CIICTe IbI Ha OCBOBe HOBOH IWHCTIITyU;IIII CTpaIIbl
rrOiliJIII )J,aJIbilie TOH npaBoBo{I lI)J,eO,lI01'I1II, HOTopaH BO 1'JIaBY
Y1'JIa CTaBIIJIa npaBa 11 cB060)J,bI 1'paa\)J,aH, 11 BOOpaJIII B ceoH
60JIee IIIIIpOKIIM Cl1elnp COn;IIaJIbHbIX lI)J,ei.\:. Tal" nOMIIMO 1'a-
paHTIIH OCHOBHbIX 1'pam)J,aHcKlIx npaB ( CT. 19- 24, 29, 31
ROHCTlITyn;nH HnoHIIII), KOHCTIITyn;IIH nOnOJIHIIJIaCb CTaTbH-
MII, 1'apaHTlIpYIOru;nMII COn;lIaJIbIIO-3KOHOMII'IeCJ,lIe IIpaBa
(CT. 25-28). qe l a,e IOa;HO OO'bHCHnTb 3TO? IIolliaJIYH, Te I,
'1TO npaBOBbIe nOHHTIIH, BbI)J,BIIrae Ible B orrpe)J,PJIeHIIble lICTO-
pII'IeCKI1C nepIIO)J,bI, RaR ObI HII 6bIJIn OHn aOCTpaKTHbI no
CBoeH q,opMe II CO)J,eplliamIIO, npeCJI€TlyIOT BnOJIHe Iwm,peT-
HbIe n;eJIn, 3aKJIIO'IaIOrn;neCH B CTpe 1JIeHlIlI YHII'ITOllilITb nopo-
RII npe)J,IIIeCTBYIOru;ei1: COLl,llaJIbHOH CIICTeMbI. TaK, npaBOBble
rrOHHTIIH HOB01'O Bpe IeHI1, nO)J,'1epKIIBaBTIllIe YBameHlIe I{
npaBaM JIII'IHOCTlI 1I npOB031'JIaTIlaBIIIIIe CBOOO)J,y )J,eHTeJIbHO-
CTn IIH)J,IIBlI)J,a, IIMeJIII CBoeH n;eJIbIO CTpeMJIeHlIe BbIBeCTII 00-
3 33K33 N. 892
33
m;eCTBO H3 Tynm.;a tPeO,n;aJIbHOH CHCTellfbI, HrnOpHpOBaBlUeH
n;eHHOCTb JIIi'lHOCTII Ii rrO,n;lJ;epif\IfBaBIneM a.6COJIlOTHOe rOCl1olJ;-
CTBO rrpIfBImenlpOBaHHOrO IWaCCa. B ;)TmI OTHOrneHIlIl lJ;aH-
Hble rrOHJlTIiJl BbIIIOJIHIlJIIl CBOIO MIlCCIfIO, OlJ;HaRO B COBpeMeH-
HOllI 06m;eCTBe BHOBb rrpOJlBJIJlIOTCJI OTHOIlleHIfJl IlMyrn;ecTBeH-
HOro rOClIOlJ;CTBa, rrpOHCTeRaIOrn;Ile II3 OrpOMHOrO rrOpO'lHOrO
lJ;Ilc6aJIaHCa 60raTCTBa 11 6elJ;HOCTIl. l103TOMY rrpaBOBbIe I!OHJI-
Tl1J1 lJ;OJIiKHbI pa3BIlBaTbCJI, a IlK I';OHRpeTHoe COlJ;epiKaHue lIOlJ;-
BepraTbCJI 1I3MeHeHIlIO. ,l];oKTpIIHa rrpaB II CBOOOlJ; ,TlIf1J.HOCTIJ
BbllIOJIHIlJIa CBOIO pOJIb B pa3pYIlleHIfIl tPeOlJ;aJIbHOll CIfCTeMbl,
Terrepb me ee rrOHJlTIiJl lJ;OJIif\HbI 6blTb HarrpaBJIeHbl Ha o6ec-
rre1J.eHIle JIIi1J.HOCTIl Heo6xolJ;IIMOro ypOBHJI COIJ;IlaJIbHOro cyrn;e.
CTBOBaHIlJl. 3alJ;a1J.a rrpaBa nblHe COCTOIIT B nepeXOlJ;e OT
naCCIlBHOM rapaHTIfII rrpaB II CBOOOlJ; R aRTIIBHOMY rrOlJ;-
,n;epiKaHIlIO Il ooeCrre'IeHIIIO COBMeCTHoro cyrn;eCTBOBaHIIH
rpaiKJJ;au.
3) HrroHcKaH HaYRa rpaIKlJ;aHCKOro rrpaBa ern;e He BCTY-
rrIlJIa B rreplIOlJ; RopeHHOM rrepeCTpOMKIl C'rpyRTypbl, 6epyrn;eji
3a OCHOBY rrpaBa II CBOOOlJ;bl JIIl'lHOCTII, II60 ern;e He rrOJIHO-
CTbIO CTepJIHCb OCTaTEII He,n;aBHero rrpOlllJlOrO, Ror,n;a Ha nep-
BOM IIJIaHe CTOHJIa Heo6xolJ;IlMOCTb oCBo6oiKlJ;eHIlJl JIIl'IHOCT11
Il JIIlRBIIlJ;aIJ;IIU tPeo aJIbHOrO HaCJIeJJ;IfJl. IIo3TOMY rrpIl IICCJI8-
lJ;OBaHIIIl rpaiKlJ;aHCROro rrpaBa, ero TOJIROBamIH Il npUMe-
HeHIlIl HeOOXOlJ;UMO nOCTOJlHHO nOMIIHTb II 0 COIJ;IlaJIbHOM
peaJIbHOCTU HnOHIlII II TpaHccpopMaIJ;IlII yRa3arrHbIX rro-
HJlTIlM.
COD;HaJIbHbIH xapaRTep rrpaB JIH'IHOCTH HaII60JIee JlPl';O
rrOlJ;1J.epRIIBaeTCJI B CT. 1 II CT. 1 2 06rn;eH 1J.a.CTII rR., BHeceHIIbIX
B ROIWRC B 1948 r. rrplI nepecMoTpe pa3,n;eJIOB ceMeMHoro II na-
CJIelJ;CTBeHHoro rrpaBa.
a) CT. 1 rR. HerrOCpelJ;CTBeHHO co,n;epiKIlT rrOJIOiKeHIle OT-
HOCIlTeJIbHO COIJ;uaJIbHOrO XapaI{Tepa rrpaB. IIYHRT 1 CTaTbII
rrpOB03rJIamaeT cJIe,n;yrorn;IlH rrpIlHIJ;urr: «lJacTHble npaBa lJ;O:I-
iRHbl CJIelJ;OBaTb OOrn;ecTBeHHoMY oJIarOCOCTOJlHlIJO». 06m;ecT-
BeHHoe 6JIarOCOCTOJlHIIe JlBJIJleTCJI 3aJIOrOM pa3BIITIIJI Bce fO
OOrn;ecTBa. TaR, R.OHCTIITYIJ;IlJl HrroHIIH B OTHOrneHIIJlX rapaH-
TupyeMblx eIO OCHOBHbIX rrpaB JIII1J.HOCTU TpeoyeT OT rpaIKlJ;aH
«IICrrOJIb30BaHlIJI ux B IIHTepeCax 06rn;ecTBeHHoro 6JIarOCOCTo-
JIHlUI» (CT. 12). rR. TaRllie rrpOB03rJIanraeT lJ;aHHblll npHnqnrr
11 i\a1J.eCTBe OCHOBHoro B OTHOrneHIIJlX rpaiKlJ;aH lJ;pyr C lJ;PY-
rOM.
0) IIym';T 2 CT. 1 rR. orrpelJ;eJIJleT TaR Ha3bIBael\lbIM rrpUH-
D;IIII p;oopoiI COBeCTII: «Ocyrn;eCTBJIeHIIe IlpaB If IICrrOJIIleHUe
3i
0083a.HBOCTeR }J;OJImHO ObITb }J;OopOCOBeCTHbIM». Y"IaCTHllIm
rrpaBOOTBOIIIeHI:IR HBJIHIOTCH "IJIeHa IH oo eCTBa, I:I I:IX rrOBe-
}J;eHlie }J;OJImHO ObITb }J;OopOCOBeCTHbIM, He 06MaHbIBaIOl1 m,1
}J;OBeplIe napTHepOB. 0'1'0'1' npIIHD;l:Irr Herrocpe)J;CTBeHBO CBH3an
C TOR rrpaBoBoR l:I)J;eOJIOrl:IeM, rrpo)J;YKTOM ROTOpoii, I\aR ya,e
OTMe'la..rrocb, HBJIHeTCH fK HnoHIIH. I1MeHHo OH 6bIJI BI\.TIIC'I8H
B fR B Ka'leCTBe Be)J;y eTo. CooTBeTcTBeHHo eMY TOJII\yroTCH
I:I BOpMb1 fK, a rrpl:I peIIIeHMM Borrpoca 0 cOD;epmamlH rrpaBo-
oTHoIIIeHHM CTOpOH ;a;aHHb111 rrpHHD;Hrr He06xo)J;HMO paCC IaT-
plmaTb B Ka"leCTBe OCHOBHOTO RpHTepIIH (CM. peIIIeHHe Bep-
XOBnOTO cy;a;a HrroHHu * OT 25 arrpeJIH 1952 1'.). I1Ha"le TOBO-
pH, rrpl:IHD;IHI }J;OOpOM COBeCTU HBJIHeTCH RpUTepueM rrpn TOJI-
1WBaHI:IU ;a;01'OBopOB (CM. peIIIeHHe BepXOBHOTO cY)J;a 0'1'
5 I:IIOJIH 1957 1'.).
B) IIYHRT 3 TOM me CTaTbM TJIaCHT: «He }J;orrYCRaeTCII
3JIoyrroTpeOJIeBI:Ie rrpaBaMH». B CJIY"IaHX, ROT}J;a BBeillHe I..a-
ROe-JIJIOO ;a;eMCTBl:Ie BbIrJIH}J;UT l{aR OCYID;eCTBJIeHl:Ie npaB JIII'I-
HOCTH, O;a;HaRO rro cy eCTBY OHO n;a;eT rrpOTUB 06m.eCTBeIlH01'O
xapaRTepa rrpaB I:I B CHJIY 3'1'01'0 He MOiI\8T ObITb ;a;orry eno,
3aROB He npl:I3BaeT ;a;aHHoe ;a;eiiCTBl:Ie npaBOMepHOR peaJIU38-
D;ueM rrpaBa. II03TOMY, Bo-rrepBb1X, B CJIy ae, ROT}J;a nO;a;OOHbnI
00pa30M I:ICrrOJIb3yeTcH rrpaBO Ba TpeOOBaHHe (HarrpIIMep,
TpeOOBaBHe. yCTpaBeHI:IH rrperrHTCTBHM, OCHOBbIBaIO eeCH Ha
rrpaBe COOCTBeBBOCTH), 3aROH Be rrpl:I3BaeT 3TO. rrpaBmIepHbIM
(CM. peIIIeHl:Ie BepXOBHoro cY}J;a 0'1' 5 OI{THOPH 1935 1'., a Ta1{-
me peilleHue BepxoBHo1'o cy;a;a OT 9 MapTa 1965 1'., OTRJIOHI:IB-
IIIee TpeooBaHHe 00 lICTe'IeHI:IU cpORa apeH;a;bI 3eMJII:I I\aK
UTHOpI:IPYIO ee COD;UaJIbHbIe I:I OOm.UHHbIe uHTepecbl); BO-
BTOpbIX, rrpu rrO;a;OOHOM I:ICrrOJIb30BaHHI:I npaBa Ha <pOp IHpO-
BaHue npaBooTHoilleHuM (HarrpuMep, npaBa Ha OCBOOOlli)IeJnI8
0'1' 00H3aTeJIbCTB UJIII rrpaBa Ba npe;a;JIOmemfe 0 paCTopfi..enUH
;a;OTOBopa) eTO }J;eMCTBI:ITeJIbHOCTb oTpnD;aeTCH (CM. pellleHIIe
BepXOBHOl'O cY}J;a OT 22 HOHOpH 1955 1'.); B-TpeTbI:IX, eCJIII
nO;a;OOHbIMI:I ;a;eiiCTBI:IHMU ObIJI HaneceH y epo ;a;pY1'u I JI"U;a l,
Ha JIIIU;O, COBepillUBillee He3alWHHbIe }J;eMcTBHH, B03JIa1'aeTCH
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb no B03Mem.eHI:IIO Ym.epoa (CM. peillenIIe
BepxoBHo1'o cy;a;a 0'1' 3 MapTa 1919 1'.). B 3aBHCIIMOCTU 0'1'
OOCTOJITeJIbCTB OT;a;aeTCJI paCrrOpHlRenne 0 BOCCTaHOBJIeHIIM
nepBOHa"laJIbHO cym.eCTBOBaBllle1'O ;a;o peaJIU3aD;HII npaB no-
;a;OOHbIM oopa3ml COCTOflHIIJI II, "pmle TOTO, npu reHHIOTCH
calIIHI,IIU no JIl:IllleHHIO JIUU;a onpe;a;eJIeHHb1X npaB (c I. CT. 831
fK).
* B p;aJIbHenmeM - BepxoBIIoro cyp;a. - llpUM. pea.
3'
3&
r) fCT. 1 2 fK HarrpaBJIeHa na oCB060m emre mT'IHOCTH, B
oc06eIIlIOCTlI Ha oCB060JI{ elJHe OT OrpaHH'IeHIIJ:I, CBR3aHHbIX
c ee JIH'IHO-rrpaBoBbIM cTaTycoM: «TOJIIWBaHHe HaCTO-
nn;ero 3aKOHa OJImHO ocyrn;eCTBJIHTbCH, OCHOBbIBaHCb Ha
OCToHHcTBe JIII'IIIOCTH H paBeHcTBe nOJIOB». IIepecMoTp
pa3 eJIOB ceMermoro H HaCJIe CTBeHHoro npaBa fK BeJICH,
HCXO H HMeHHO H3 ::noro rrpHHD;Hna, O HaKo 3Ha'ienHe
CT. 1 2 He TOJIbKO B TOM, 'ITa aHa nOCJIymHJIa H eaJIOM JIH
rrepeCMOTpa ynoMHHYTbIX 'Pa3 eJIOB rK, lIO H B TOM, 'ITa
B Hell aeTCH OCHOBHOM nplIHII,lIn TOJIKOBaHlIlI Bcex pa3 eJIOB
Iw eKca. BepOHTHO, CJIe yeT paCCMaTpHBaTb 3TOT npHIID;lIrr
KaK KplITepHll JIH TOJIKOBaHIIH He TOJIbKO fK, HO H BceTO
qaCTHOro npaBa.
f naB a 3. CCDEPA AEIiICTBHSI fPA>KAAHCKOrO
nPABA
9. ;rt;eiicTBlIe no Kpyry oTIIomeHHii. fpam aHclwe npaBO
p;ellcTByeT BO Bcex cq,epax OTHoIIIeHHM, perYJIHpyeMbIx JaCT-
HbIM npaBOM; HMeHHO OHO aeT ooru;ue nOJIOmeHIIH JIH BCerO
qaCTHOro npaBa.
1) IIoHHTHe qaCTHOro npaBa rrpOTITBOnOCTaBJIHeTCH rrOHH-
THIO ny6JIH'IHOrO npaBa. Bce 'IeJIOBe'IeCKHe OTHOIIIeHHH MOJI,-
HO pa3 eJIHTb Ha Be rpYUUbI: Ha COI HaJIbHbIe OTHOllieHIUI
JIIO eM KaK 'IaCTHbIX JIHD; (HMyrn;ecTBeHHbIe OTHOIIIeHHH If
rpam aHcKoe COcTDHHHe) H KaK rpam aH rocy a pCTBa
(CTPYKTypa H opraHlI3aD;HH rocy apcTBa, peaJIH3aD;IIH CYBe-
peHHTeTa H T. n.). B nepBOM CJIY'Iae no 6Y YT 'IaCTHbIe rrpa-
BOOTHOIIIeHHH, BO BTOpOM - ny6JIH'IHble. BnJIOTb O lIaCTOH-
m;ero BpeMeHH B 'IaCTHOM npaBe rJIaBHbIM 06paaOM npeBaJIH-
PYIOT npHIID;HnbI 'cB060 bI II paBeHcTBa, a B ny6JIH'IHOM rrpa-
Be - npHKa3a II rrO 'IHHeHHH. O HaIW npH upIIMeHcnHII aII-
HbIX rrpHHD;HrrOB CJIep;yeT 06paw;aTb BHHMaHrIe Ha 06e rpYlIJIbI
npaBOOT HOIIIeHHiI.
a) qTO KacaeTCH p;eHTeJIbHOCTII rocy apcTBeHrrbIX 11 MY-
HHD;HnaJIbHbIX opraHOB, TO 3p;eCb BOBce He HCKJIIO JaeTCH n03-
MomHOCTb nplIMeHeHHH rpam aHCIwro rrpaBa. TaK, B CJIY1Iae,
eCJIII rocy apcTBeHHbIll HJIH MYHIID;IIna.lIbHbIll opraH Be):(aeT
RaKoiI-TO eHTeJIbHOCTbIO, HarrpHuep meJIe3HO OpOiInIbIMII
nepeB03i\aMH, HB.lIHHCb HX e):(IIHCTBeHlIbIl\I c06CTBeHlIHKOM,
3 eCb, caMO c060rI pa3YMeeTCH, rrpUMelIHIOTCH HOpMbI rpaJI,-
aIICI\oro rrpana. O):(HaIW n B CJIY'IaHX, IWr):(a HMeeT MeCTO
36
OCYIll,eCTBJIeHIIe CYBepeHIITeTa 3TMX OpranOB, HarrpMMep B
ccpepe oxpaHbI rropRp,Ka, MCrrOJIb30BaHIIR BOp" TpaHcrropTa,
D6pa30BaHMR, 06JIaCTb rrpMMeHeHIIR rpamp,aHCKoro rrpaBa He
TaK ym MaJIa. B 'IaCTIIOCTM, eCJIII p,eMCTBl'IR IIy6JIWIHbIX opra-
HOB B 3TMX ccpepax HaHOCRT YIll,ep6 IIpaBaM 'IaCTHbIX JIlIn;, Ha
p,aHHble opraHbI B03JIaraeTCR 06R3aTeJIbCTBO IIO B03Mern;eHMIO
HaHeceHHoro yrn;ep6a. 113BecTHo, 'ITO B 3rroxy M3Mp,3M rocy-
)J,apCTBeHHble II MYHMn;MrraJIbHble opraHbI He HeCJIII OTBeTCT-
BeHHOCTM no B03Mern;eHIIIO Bpep,a, HaHOCIIMoro B IIpOn;ecce
OCYIll,eCTBJIeHIIR rocyp,apcTBeHHoro CYBepeHMTeTa 'IaCTIlbIM
;;mn;aM. )];OMMHIIpOBaJIa Mp,eOJIOrMR, HarrOMMHaIOrn;aJI CTapoe
<jJeop,aJIbHOe IIpaBM,)lO (<KMpMCYT3 rOM3H», IIO KOTOPOMY caMY-
paM MOrJIII 6e3HaKa3aHHO y6MBaTb rrpOCTOJIIOp,MHOB. Op,HaKO
IIOCTerreHHO p,aHHoe IIOJIOmeHUe Ha'IaJIO M3MeHRTbCR, M HaKO-
Hen; HOBaR KOIICTMTyn;I1R HrrOHMM 3aKperrMJIa IIpMHn;Mrr OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTM rocyp,apcTBeHHbIX M MYHMn;IIrraJIbHbIX p,OJImHOCT-
HbIX JIUn; 3a yrn;ep6, HaHeceHHbIM p,eJIIIHTOM (CM. CT. 17 KOH-
TMTyn;MM M OCHOBaHHbIM Ha p,aHHoM CTaTbe 3aKoH 0 rocyp,ap-
CTBeHHOM KOMrreHcan;MM).
6) B 'IMCTO me 'IaCTHbIX rrpaBooTHomeHMRx, HaIIpMMep B
IIMyrn;ecTBeHHbIX, B IIOCJIep,Hee BpeMR IIOCTerreHHO pacmMpR-
eTCH ccpepa OTHomeIIIIM, OCHOBaHHbIX Ha IIpMHn;Mrre npMKa3a
M rrop,'IIIHeHIIR. 8TO rrpORBJIReTCJI B IIorrbITI\aX rocyp,apcTBa
.aKTMBHO oxpaHRTb MJIM BMemIIBaTbCR B OTHOilleHIIH, IWTopble
paHee JIemaJIM MCKJIIO'IMTeJIbHO B ccpepe peaJIM3an;MM 'IaCTHbI-
MM JIMn;aMII CBOIIX CBo6op,. MOJImo rrpIIBeCTII MHOrO'IMCJIeHHble
npIIMepbI orpaHII'IeHMR CBo6op, 3KOHOMM'IeCKM CMJIbHbIX MJIM
<cop,eMCTBMR 06'bep,IIHeHIIIO 3KOHOMII"IeCKM CJIa6bIX. TaKMe
npIIMepbI BMemaTeJIbCTBa rocyp,apcTBa, KaK OrpaHM'IeHMR B
cop,epmaHMM p,orOBopOB B 06JIaCTM Tpyp,OBbIX OTHomeHMM,
apenp,bI 38MJIM, HaMMa mMJIOrO rrOMern;eHMJI; Tpe60BaHMJI 06JI-
3aTeJIbHOM yCTaHoBKII orrpep,eJIeHHOrO o6opyp,oBaHIIR; rrpIIHY-
p,IITeJIbHOe CTIIMYJIIIpOBaHMe 06pa30BaHMR rrpocpCOI030B M p,p.,
B P,OCTaTO'IHOM CTerreHM CBIIp,eTeJIbCTBYIOT 0 rrOCTORHHO)I pac-
nIIIpeHIIM p,aHHoro RBJIeHIIR. IIHbDIII CJIOB, aJ\III B rpamp,aHCKoe
npaBO nocpep,CTBOM TeKyrn;ero 3aKOHOp,aTeJIbCTBa nOCTeneHHO
BHOCIITCR npUHn;IUI rrplu;a3a n nOp,'IIIHeHMR. 0 rrpU'IIIHaX 3TO-
ro yme rOBOpMJIOCb Bblme.
2) rpamp,aHcKoe npaBo cop,epmIIT 06rn;Me npMHn;HnbJ
'IaCTHbIX npaBooTHoilleHIII i. B OTJIM'IMe OT 3Toro p,pyrue OT-
paCJIM 'IaCTHOro npaBa :\WIKHO Ha3BaTb cnen;naJIbHbIMII. TaK,
ToproBbIll Kop,eKC, perYJIMpYIOIll,IIM (<ToprOBble OTHomeHIIR B
.ccpepe 'IaCTHblX npaBooTHoIIIeHMii», RBJIReTCR HaM60JIee Bam-
37
HaH naCJIe rpam,n;aHCKara npaBa aTpaCJIbIO 'IaCTHaTO npaBa
(CM. CT. 1 TapraBara Ka,n;eKca). B Tpy,n;aBoM npaBe, peryml-
pYIOlIJ,eM «Tpy,n;OBbIe» aTHameHIIH, TaKme MHoro Tara, 'ITO
HBJIHeTCH crren;naJIbHbIM rra aTHameHIIIO K rpam,n;aBCKaAlY
rrpaBY. fpalli,n;aHCKae rrpaBa, TaKHM a6pa3a:M, perYJIUpye1.'
HaH6aJIee a6l1J,IIe 'IaCTHbIe rrpaBaaTHallieHIIH, aCTaBJIHH BHe
C<J>epbl CBaera ,n;eHCTBIIH .'lIImb Y3Ka crren;II<J>II1feCKlIe Barrpa-
CbI, perJIaMeHTIIpyeMble HapMaMH yKa3aHHblX crren;JIaJIbHbIX
aTpaCJIeH 'IaCTHara rrpaBa.
10. .1J:eiicTBHe Ba BpelUeHII. fpalli)];aHCKIIH Ka,n;eKC rrpH le.
HHeTCH JIlImh It <J>aKTaM, Ca6bITHH 1 JiI aTHallIeHHH l, Ba3HIII{-
mlIM rraCJIe rrplIHHTJiIH fR, 'ITa caaTBeTcTByeT rrpUHn;Hrry
aTCYTCTBHH y 3aKaHa aopaTHaH CIIJIbI. )J,aHRbIH rrpIIHn;nrr pac-
rrpaCTpaHHeTCH JIIImb Ha c<J>epy rrpHMeHeHJiIH )];eHcTByIOlIJ,era
rrpaBa, Ha He nperrHTcTByeT BKJIIO'IeHHIO rraJIameHlIH a peTpa-
aKTIIBHaCTJiI Ba BHaBb rrpllHIIMae?lOe 3aKaBa)];aTeJIbCTBO.
IIpaKTIIKa JIrraBIIH B aTaM aTHallIeHHH ,n;aeT Hel\IaJIa rrpHMe-
paB rra,n;aOHara 3aKaHa,n;aTeJIbCTBa, rrpHHHTara B yCJIaBHHX
Heaoxa,n;HMaCTH rrpaBe,n;eHIIH Cpa1fHbIX Can;HaJIbHbIX MeparrplI-
HTHH (CM. CT. 4 IIplIJIallieHHH K fR, CT. 18 3aKaBa '00 apeH-
)];e 3eMJIH, CT. 11 3aKaHa a HaHMe mlIJIbIX rraMellJ,emul).
11. ;rJ;eiicTBHe na Kpyry JIllq. fH' pacrrpaCTpaHHeT CBae
)];eHCTBlle Ha Bcex HrraHCKHX rpam,n;aH BHe 3aBIICJiIMaCTII aT
MeCTa IIX rrpeObiBaHIIH (TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH CYBepeHIITeT Haf\
HaCeJIeHJiIeM), a TaKllie Ha IIHaCTpaHn;eB, Haxa,n;HlIJ,IIXCH Ha
TeppHTapJiIII JIrraH1I1I (TaK Ha3bIBaeMIoIH CYBepeHIITeT Haf\
TeppIITapHeH). O)];HaKa CJIe)];yeT IIMeTb B BII)];y, 'ITa B aTHOUIe-
HJiIII HrraHn;eB, HaXa)];HlIJ,IIXCH 3a rpamln;eH, B HCrraJIHeHIUI pe-
llIeHUH HrraBOKHX cy)];aB IIMeIOTCH orrpe,n;eJIeHHble arpaHII1fe-
UHH, a 'ITa KacaeTCH HHaCTpaHn;eB, rrpeOIiIBaIOlIJ,IIX B HnaIIIIII,
'1''0 C n;eJIblO YCTpaHeIIHH HeKaTapbIX Hey)];aOCTB, CBH3aHllbIX C
oe3YCJIaBHbIM rrpHMeHeHIIeM HrraBCKara fH' K IIHaCTpaHHbIM'
rpam)];aHaM, BO l\IHarHX CJlY1faHX rrpHM€IIHIOTCH IIapl\lbl HHO-
C'fpaBHara IIpaBa (CM. CT. 3 II CJIe,n;. 3alwua oM 10 aT 21 HIOBH
1898 r.).
)J,eHcTBlIe rpalli,n;aHcKara rrpaBa e)];HIIaaOpa3Ha II He IIPII-
3HaeT pa3JIH1fIIH B 3aBllCIIMaCTH aT JIII1fHa-IIpaBaBara cTaTyca,
KJIaCCaBaH IIpIlHa)];JIelliHaCTH II T. rr. ;:(aB'OeHHae HrraHCKae
npaBa rrplI3HaBaJIa pa3JIII1fHara pa)];a HCKJIIO'IeHIIH B aTHame-
HHll Hl\mepaTapCKaH <J>aMIIJIIIH ("YKa3 '00 HCrraJIHeHlI1I n;1I-
BHJIbHara JIHCTa), apllCTaKpaTllll ("YKaa '06 apIICTOKpaTlIll).
38
a TaRiRe B BOIIpoce BCTyrr.:IeHIIH B 6paR Ra)];pOBblX BoeHHblX
apl\1IfII II q,JIOTa. IIocJIe BCTYIIJIeHIfH B CIIJIY HOBOH ROHCTlITY-
l\IIII HIIOHIfII Bce YRa3aHHble HopMa TIfBHble aRTbI YTpaTlIJIlI
.3aROHHYro CIfJIY (CM. CT. 14 ROHCTIfTYl\IfIf).
12. )::t;eiicTBlfe B npocTpaHcTBe. )::t;eHcTBlfe HIIOHCRoro rR
pacrrpocTpaHHeTcH Ha BCro TeppIITopuro HrroHIIH. BMecTe C
-reM IIMelOTCH IIpIIMepbl cyiReHIfH cq,epbl )];eHCTBIfH rR. TaR,
3aROHbI 06 apeH)];e 3eMJIII II HaiiMe iRIIJIOrO nOMe:r:qeHIIH B MO-
:MenT IIPIIHHTIIH pacnpoCTpaHHJIII CBoe )];eIICTBIIe JIlfilib Ha
TepplfToplfII rOpO)];OB, CTpa)];aBIIIIIX 01' HeXBaTRII iRIIJIbH.
qacTb IIOJIOiReHHH 3aRoHa 0 CTpOH'reJIbHblX CTaH)];apTaX,
JlMero:r:qero 60JIbiliOe BJIIIHHlIe Ha OTHOilieHIIH 06:r:qeH C06CT-
BeHHOCTII, npIIMeHHeTCH TOJIbIW B crrel\IIaJIbHblX paHoHax
rOpO)];CROrO I1JIaHIIpOBaHIIH (CM. CT. 41 2 II c.ire)];. 3aRoHa 0
cTpOIITeJIbHblX CTaH)];apTax).
Pa3.qen I. 06 ASI "IACTb
r naB a 1. OCHOBHblE nOnO>KEHHSI
13. CO ep}KaHUe 06m;eii 'WCTU. Pa3p;eJI I (06m;aH 'mcTb)
rK (CT. 13-174 2 ) B:KJIIO'IaeT B ce6H 6 maB: «<l>H3H'IeC:KUe
JIHIJ;a», «IOpHp;H'IeC:KHe JIHIJ,a», {< Bem;H», {< Cp;eJI:KII», «l1C'IHC-
JIeHHe CpO:KOB», «l1C:KOBaH p;aBHOCTb». B pa3p;eJIe cop;epmaTcfl
rrOJIOmeHHH 0 cy6'be:KTaX rrpaB (<pH3H'IeC:KHX H IOpHp;H'IeC:KHX
JIHIJ;ax), 06'beI\TaX rrpaB (Bem;ax), a TaI\me 06 06m;Hx OCHO.
BaHHHX, HMeIOlI1;HX BamHoe 3Ha'leHHe P;JIH npH06peTeHIIH,
YTpaTbI HJIH H3MeHeHHH npaB (cp;emm, CpOI\H, HC:KOBaH p;aB-
HOCTb). 8TH rrOJIOmeHHHnpep;CTaBJIHIOT c060ii 06m;He npIIH-
IJ;HnbI, npOXOp;Hm;He '1epe3 OCTaJIbHble '1eTblpe pa3p;eJIa rK,
O Ha:KO, :Ka:K Y:Ka3bIBaJIOCb paHee, B npHMeHeHHlI aHHbIX
npHHIJ;HrrOB :K pa3p;eJIaM ceMeHHoro H HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro npaB1I
MMeeTCH Hel\IaJIoe '1HCJIO OrpaHH'IeHIIH. B pe3YJIbTaTe nOCJIe-
BoeHHoro nepeCMOTpa rH :K Te:KCTY IWp;e:KCa 6bIJIH p;OOaBJIe-
HbI CTaTbH 1 H 1 2 , B :KOTOpbIX npOB03rJIaIIIaJIIICb OCHOBHble
JIH Bcero rK rrpIIHIJ;HnbI, C<POPMYJIHpOBaBIIIHe, BepoHTHo,
rJIaBHOe pa3JIH'IHe Memp;y <peop;aJIbHbIM H cOBpe leHHbIM
rpamp;aHC:KHM 06m;eCTBO)I.
Memp;y TeM CJIep;yeT IIMeTb B BHP;Y, '1TO paCC)IaTpIIBaTb
JIIOp;eH TOJIb:KO :KaI\ a6CTpa:KTHbIX HOCIITeJIeM npaBocIIoc06HO-
CTII, 06JIa aIOm;HX B COBpe)feHHOM 06m;ecTBe nOJIHbIM paBeH-
CTBOM, HecnpaBep;JIHBo. JIIOP;II pa3JIH'IaIOTCH no CTeneHII 60-
raTCTBa, no crroc06HOCTH)I II, TaI\HM 06pa30M, H3HR'IaJIbHO
HepaBHbI. 1l0sTO)IY He06xop;IDIO cneIJ;I1aJIbHOe COIJ;IIaJIbHOe
3R:KOHOp;aTeJIbCTBO, oxpaHHIOm;ee CJIa6bIx. 8TO TpeooBanHe
OTHOCHTCH H :K rpamp;aHcRoMY rrpaBY.
14. CYO'beKTbI npaB. B :Ka'leCTBe cy6'beRTOB '1aCTlfOrO rrpa-
Ba BbIcTyrraIOT 4>u3U'IeCKHe JIIIIJ;a H npu3HaHHbIe rrpaBOM
IOpUp;U'IeCKUe JIuIJ;a. rpamp;aHcrwe rrpaBo B rrepBYIO O'lepep;b
orrpep;eJIHeT :Kpyr cy6'be:KTOB '1aCTHOro npaBa. KaI{ YKa3bIBa-
JIOCb paHee, COBpeMeHHoe rpamp;aHC:KOe rrpaBo perYJIIIpyer
40
Elce OCHOBHble OTHOmeHHH qaCTHOro rrpaBa, Orrpe)];eJIHH H rro-
JIO/Ke:HHe cYO'be iOB 3TIIX OTHOIlIeHUii, II HX npaBocnoco6-
nOCTb. B COBpeMeHHOM rrpaBe rrpaBaM JWppeCrrOH)];HpyI01' OOH-
3aHHOCTH, rr03TOMY rrpaBOCrrOCOOHOCTb O)];HOBpeMeHHO 03Ha-
'IaeT H CnOC06HOCTb HMeTb OOn:3anHOCTH, O)];HaKO, nOCKOJIbKY
rpam)];aHCKOe rrpaBO CTpOHTCH Ha OCHOBe rrpaB, )];aHHOe rrOHH-
TIle B ll.eJIOM 0003HaQaeTCH TepMIIHOM <mpaBocrrOCOOHOC'fb>}.
Bce cpH3II'IeCKHe JIIIll.a C MO IeHTa pom)];eHIIH rrpHoopeTaI01'
npaBocrrocooHoCTb B ccpepe 'IaCTHOro rrpaBa (CM. CT. 13 rK),
BIle 3aBIICIIMOCTH 01' paCloI, yoem)];e, HIIIi: rrOJIa, COll.IIaJIb-
HQro 1I0JIOmeHHH, B03pacTa II T. rr. OHII B paBHoH CTerreHlI
DOJIa)];aIOT crrocooHoCTbIO HMeTb IIMyru;ecTBo H BCTyrraTb B JIIIq-
.HloIe HeHMyru;ecTBeHHbIe OTHOIlIeHHH. B 3TOM rrOHHTlIll HalIoo-
JIee HpKO npOHBJIHe1'CH rr03Hll.lIH rrpaBa HOBoro BpeMeHlI, CTa-
BHru;ero Bcex JIIIll. B paBHoe rrOJIOmeHlIe rrepe)]; 3aKOHOM.
IOpH)];H'IecKne JIHu;a COCTOHT H3 OO'bep:llHeHIIH JIIO)];eH, rrpe-
<C,JIe)];YIOru;Hx orrpe)];eJIeHHlole u;eJIll (Koprropall.HH II Y'Ipe/K)];e-
.HIJii:). COll.lIaJIbHlole OTHOllIeHHH He OrpaHll'IlIBaIOTCH TOJIbKO
MemJIlI'IHOCTHloIMH OTHOIlIeHlIHMlI, B HllX Y'IaCTBYIOT TaK/Ke H
D6'be)];lIHeHHH JIIO)];eH H HMyru;eC1'BeHHble rpyrrrrbI. IIpaBo HO-
Boro BpeMeHlI, CTaBlIBllIee rrpeBbIme Bcero CBOOO)];bI JIH'lHO-
-CTlI, B Ka'IeCTBe cy6'belna rrpaB paCCMaTpllBaJIO rJIaBHbIM 00-
pa30M lIH)];IlBH)];yYMa, a IOplI)];U'IeCKHX JIIIll. - JIlIllilo B ClIJIY
HeOOXO)];HMOCTH, 3aHIIMaH B 3TOM Bonpoce rraCCIIBHYIO n03H-
ll.lIIO. O)];HaKO rro Mepe Toro, KaK rrpaBOBaH MblCJIb Bce OJIHme
nO)];XO)];lIJIa K H)];ee ooeCrre'IeHHH 'IeJIOBe'IeCKOrO cyru;eCTBOBa-
HIIJI Ka/K)];OMY 1JJIeHY ooru;ecTBa II CO)];ei1:cTBlIH pa3BlITHIO 00-
lIJ,IIX )];JIH COll.HaJIbHOH /KH3HU oTHollIeHlIH, Bce OOJIee OCTpO
CTaJIa oru;yru;a1'bCH HeOOXO)];lIMOCTb peryJIUpOBaHIIH rpa/K)];aH-
CI\lIX OTHOIlIeHlIH H Ha OCHOBe yqaCTHH B HIIX rpynrr. lIMeHHo
lI03TOMY, rrOMHMO KOMrraHIIii, B 'IlICJIO IOplI)];lI'leCKlIX JIlIIJ;
TIOCTerreHHO CTaJIll BKJIIO'IaTbCJI npocpcolO3bl, pa3JIll'IHble 0010-
e AIIHeHllJI JIlIll., 3aHJITblX oAnoH rrpocpeccHeH, OO'be)];lIHeHHH
f1pf'AnpllHTHH H )];p. Rpyr IOplIAH'IeCI\lIX JIUll. B rK orpaHH-
'IIIBaeTCH JIlIllib opraHII3all.llJIMlI, rrpeCJTeAYIOru;IIMll ooru;ecT-
BelIHbIe lIH1'epeCbI, O)];HaKO rrpH 3TO.U CJIe)];yeT lIMeTb B BlI,[Q',
'ITO TeKyru;ee 3aKonOAaTeJIbCTBO B I\aqeCTBe IOplIAII'IeCKIIX JIlIIJ;
npU3naeT opraH1I3all.lIII, rrpeCJIeAYIOru;IIe caMble pa3Hooopa3-
lIbIe ll.eJIll.
15. 06'beKTbl npaB. OO'beI\TbI npaB He orpaHII'IlIBalO1'CH
'TOJIblW Beru;aMH, IIMH JIBJIHIOTCH Bce ll.eJIII, Ha )];OCTll/KeHHe
l\OTOPbIX HarrpaBJIeHbI 1'e IIJIlI IlHbIe rrpaBa. B Beru;HOM rrpaBe
41
06'beRTOM HBJlHeTCH Be l>, O)];HaRO B 06H3aTeJll>CTBeHHOM -
nOJlY'IeHUe )];OJlra, B Rpyre JlU'IHI>IX HeuMy ecTBeHHIJX npaB
(npaBO Ha mH3HI>, JlH'IHYIO CB060)];y, 'IeCTI> H )];OCTOHHCTBO II
)];p.) - 06'beRTIJ COOTBeTCTBYIO HX npaB, npUHa)];Jlema UX
Onpe)];eJleHHOM JlU'lHOCTU. O)];UH H3 npUHII,HnOB UpaBa HOB oro
BpeMeHU COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO 3a UpaBayIH B OTHomeHUU JlU'I-
HOCTH He upH3HaeTCH a6COJlIOTHOM CHJlIJ BHe CBH3H C BOJleH
)];aHHOH JlU'IHOCTU, B TO BpeMH J\aR upaBa B OTHOllIeHUU Be n
TaROH CUJlOM 06J1a)];aIOT. B 3TOM npOHBJlHeTCH OC06IJM xapaR-
Tep Be u RaR 06'beRTa upaBa. RpOl\ie Toro, eCJlu 06H3aTeJlI>-
CTBO UMeeT CBOUM co)];epmaH1IeM uepe)];a'IY onpep;eJleHHOH
Be u, Be 1> IWCBeHHO CTaHOBUTCH 06'beRTOM 06H3aTeJlI>CT-
BeHHOro npaBa. I1MeHHo no 3THM npULJUHaM 06 aH 'laCTh
rR B Ra'IeCTBe 06'beRTOB npaB CO)];epiI{UT UOJlOmeHHH JlHIlII> 0
Be ax.
16. llpHoopeTeHlle, YTpaTa H H3MeHeHHe npaB. OCHOBaHHfI
)];JlH B03HURHOBeHUH, H3MeHeIIUH U YTpaTIJ npaB 'lpe3BI>I'laH-
DO MHoro06pa3HIJ. I1x MomHO pa3)];eJlUTI> Ha p;Be 60Jll>llIHe
rpynnlJ: IOpH)];H'IeCRlle )];eiiCTBHH U TaR Ha31>IBaeMI>Ie IOPH)];H-
'1eCRHe <paRTbI, ROTOpl>Ie He CBH3alII>I C p;eHCTBueM JlUII,. IIep-
Bl>Ie B CBOIO O'lepep;1> nop;pa3p;eJlHIOTCH na npaBOMepHble U He-
npaBOMepHbIe )];eHCTBHH.
O)];HOCTOpOHHHe BOJIeU3'bJIBJIeHIIH U C)];eJIRII COCTaBJlHIOT
Rau60Jlee BamHYIO 'IaCTb npaBOMepHblx IOpH)];U'leCRUX )];eHCT-
BHH. R 3TOH RaTeropuu OTHOCHTCH pa3J1U'IHOrO pOP;<l )];orOBO-
pl>I, 3aBe aHuH U T. n. II03TOMY nOJlMReHUH OTHOCUTeJlbHO
O)];HOCTOPOHHHX BOJleU3'bHBJleHJIH U Cp;eJlOR MHOrO'lUCJleHHbI II
cO)];epmaTCH BO Bcex pa3p;eJlaX rR. TIOJIOmeHUH 06 3THX IOpH-
)];H'IeCRUX p;eHcTBuHX B 06 eH 'Ial:TH rR CO)];epmaT 06 He
)];JlH Bcex pa3)];eJlOB Iwp;eRca rrpUHII,HnbI. II03TOMY rrpu rrpuMe-
ReHUU 3TUX 06 HX rrpuHII,urrOB He06xop;uMO rrpea\p;e Bcero
BbIHCHUTb, HeT JlH RaRHX-Jlu60 ROHI{peru31IpYIO rrx cTaTelI B
COOTBeTCTBYIO HX pa3)];eJlaX rR.
06 aH 'laCTb He cop;epmUT rrOJloiI\eHulr 0 p;cmmTax, OHII
BRJlIO'leHbI B rrOCJle)];HIOIO rJlaBY pa3p;eJIa 06H3aTeJlbCTBeHHoro
rrpaBa, rp;e )];eJlHRT paccMaTpuBaeTcH B Ra'IeCTUe OCHOBaHHfI
B03HHRHOBeHUH 06JI3aTeJlbCTB (CM. CT. 709-724 rR).
IIop; HCROBOii )];aBHOCTbIO rrOHUMalOT rrpH06peTeHHe HJIII
YTpaTY rrpaBa BCJlep;CTBUC HerrpepbIBHoro cy ecTBOBaHHJI
orrpep;eJleHHoro rrOJlOiI,eHUH Ha rrpOTHmeHUH orrpep;eJleHHoro
BpeMeHH. BCJle)];CTBUe 3Toro p;aBHOCTh TaRme OTHOCMTCH R
RaTeropUH IOpH)];H'leCRHX <paI\TOB. CJle,I\yeT Y'IUTbIBaTb, O)];Ha-
42
$0, 'lTO, nOMIIMO p;aBHOCTIl, B pa3pH)J; IOpU)J;Il'leCRIlX <paI\TOB
BXO)J;IIT HeMaJIOe 'lIlCJIO II )J;pyrIIx rrOHHTIlH (CM. rrOJIOilteHIlH
fIt 0 rrpIIcoe)J;IlHeHIIIl (CT. 242-245), 0 HeOCHOBaTeJlI.HOM
060ram;eHIIIl (CT. 703 II )J;p.)). TeM He MeHee' IlCROBaH )J;aB-
nOCTI. npe)J;CTaBJIJleT COOOH HaIIOOJIee mIIpORoe rrOHJlTIIe, IlMe-
IODlee 3Ha'leHIle )J;JIJI rrpIloopeTeHIIH Il.1JII YTpaTI.I Bcex IIMym;e-
,cTBe!lHI.IX rrpaB, IIMeHHO rr03TOMY ono II BI.IHeceHO B oom;yIO
'HICTI. fIt.
CpOROM Ha3bIBaeTCJI orrpe)J;eJIeHHI.IH rrpOMeiRYTOR BpeMe-
IIII. CPORIl IlMeIOT BaiRHOe 3Ha'leHIle He TOJII.RO )J;JIH rrpIIoope-
TPlIIIH IlJIIl YTpaTbI rrpaB (HanpIlMep, JIIlIJ;O rro )J;OCTIIiReHIlII
20 JIeT CTaHOBUTCH cOBepmeHHOJICTHIlM - CM. CT. 3 fIt), HO II
B CBH3II C )J;pyrIIMII OocToHTe.lII.cTBaMIl (HarrpuMep, rrpII HeIl3-
MelInOM cym;ecTBoBaHIIII orrpe)J;eJIeHHbIX OOCTOHTeJII.CTB B
re1JeHIle 20 JIeT rrpIIoopeTaeTcH rrpaBO cooCTBeHH{)CTII - CM.
CT. 162 fIt). Orrpe)J;eJIeHIle CpOROB 'laCTO BCTpe'laeTCJI B )J;O-
rOBopax (HarrpIlMep, CpORII apeH)J;I.I 3eMJIII, HaHMa iRIIJIOrO
TIO IPm;eHIIH). OOm;aH 'laCTI. CO)J;epiRIlT rJIaBHI.IM oopa301ll
<OCHOBHI.le rrpIlHIJ;IIrrbI IlC'lnCJIeHIlH CpOIWB.
r naB a 2. IPH3H"IECKHE nHLl.A
i 1. npaBocnoco6HoCTb
17. R03HIIRHoBeHHe npaBocnoco6HoCTII. IIpaBocnocooHoCTI.
(IJH3Il1JeCRIlX JIIIIJ; B03HIIRaeT C MOMeHTa pom)J;eHIIJI (CT. 1 3 fIt).
O)J;lIoBpeMeHHo C pOiR)J;eHIleM <pIl31l'leCRIIe JIIIIJ;a rrpIloopeTaIOT
rrpaBa B c<pepe 'laCTHOro rrpaBa. IIpIl'leM He )J;orrYCRae-rCH
<CYllJ,eCTBOBaHIle TaRIIX RaTeropIlH <pIl31l'leCRIlX JIIIIJ;, ROTopI.le
He 06JIa)J;aIOT )J;aHHI.IM CTaTYCOM (HarrpUMep, paoOB). POiR)J;e-
.TIne C TO'lRIl 3peHIlJI 'laCTHOro npaBa 03Ha'laeT rrOJIHOe OT)J;e-
,1JeHlW rrJIo)J;a OT MaTepIl, II C noro MOMeHTa HOBOpOil\)J;eHHI.IH
,CTaJIOBIITCH rrpaBocrrOCOOHI.IM. ,r:t;aiRe eCJIII BCRope peoeHOR
:nlpeT, no He II3MeHIlT <paRTa pOiR)J;eHIlH B rrpaBOBOM OTHO-
liIemnl, O)J;HaRO, eCJIIl pe6eHOI\ 6Y)J;eT MepTBOpOiR)J;eHHI.IM,
4Jal,r pOiR)J;eHIIJI OTCYTCTByeT (n. 2 CT. 886 fIt).
POiR)J;eHIle C caMoro Ha'laJIa npep;CTaBJIHJIO rrpaRTIl'leCRYIO
npaBOBYIO rrpOOJIeMY. tPaKT pOlHp;eHHH 3aHOCIlTCJI B RHHrH rro-
ce:'WHHOH 3arrIICII (CT. 49 Il CJIep;. 3aROHa 0 IIoceMeHHOH
3anucH), O)J;HaRO )J;aHHaH 3anIICI. HBJIHeTCH Bcero JIIlmI. MeT-
prr1JeCRIlM CBII)J;e-reJII.CTBD:l1. B CJIY1Jae paCXOiR)J;eHIlH 3aIIlIceH
B ;'I;aHHI.IX l\HIlraX C )J;eIIcTBIlreJIbHOCTI.IO MOil\HO, OCHOBI.lBaHCb
43
Ha cpal\TaX, OCrrapIIBaTb 3arrHCb. HarrpIIMep, YTBeplKp;aTb, '1TO
orrpe,qeJIeHHOe JIlUI,O )];OCTHrJIO COBepIlleHHOJIeTIUI, H, eCJIH STO
6y)];eT IIO)];TBeplK)];eHO, )];OnYCKaeTCH H3MeHeHHe B I\HHraX no-
CeMeMHOM 3arrHCH (CT. 113 3aKOHa 0 noceMeMHOM 3arrHcH).
18. fino)];. IIJIO)]; He 06JIa)];aeT rrpaBOCIIoc06HOCTbIO, rrOSTO-
MY MaTb He MOlKeT ocyr:u;eCTBJIHTb npe)];CTaBHTeJIbCTBa, HanpH-
Mep B036YIK)];aTb HCK B nOJIb3Y nJIo)];a 0 npH3HaHHIl ero npaR
(CM. CT. 787 rK). O)];HaKO rK B OC06bIX CJIY'laHX, rJIaBHbIM
06pa30M B II,eJIHX 3ar:u;HTbl HHTepecoB 6y)];yr:u;ero pe6eHKa, Ha-
)];eJIHeT ero HeKoTopoM rrpaBocrroc06HoCTbIO, '1TO HeMaJIOBalK-
HO B CBH3H C IIaCJIeJl,OBaHHeM (CT. 886 rK, CM. TaKlKe CT. 721
H 765). Ho H TYT cy)];e6HaH TeopMH H npaKTHKa C'IHTaIOT, '1TO
rrJIO)]; rrpH06peTaeT rrpaBocnoc06HOCTb JIHillb YCJIOBHO, rrpn-
paBHHBaH ero K pO)];HBilleMYCH pe6eHKY (CM. peIlleHHe Bep-
XOBIIoro cYJI,a OT 60KTH6pH 1932 r.). TaK, B CJIY'Iae CMepTR
OTII,a B ceMbe, r)];e IlMeeTCH O)];MII pe6eHoK, a B)];OBa nOKOMIIO-
ro 6epeMeHHa, HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoe HMyr:u;eCTBO OTII,a rrepeXO)];HT K
B)];OBe H pe6eHKY H, eCJIH BTOpOM pe6eHoK PO)];HTCH IKHBblM
HC'IHCJIeHHe HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoM )];OJIII BToporo pe6eHKa 6y-
)];eT rrpOII3BO)];HTbCH TaK, KaK 6Y)];TO 6bI BTOpOM pe6enoK Ha
MOMeHT CMepTH OTII,a ylKe PO)];HJICH IKHBblM. ECJIH me pa3)];e.iL
HaCJIep;CTBa npOH30IlleJI )];0 pOlH)];eUHH BTOpOro pe6euKa, TO;
rrOCJIe pOlH)];eUHH eMY B03Mer:u;aIOT nplI'IHTaIOr:u;YIOcH '1aCTb.
fio)];06uoe TOJIKOBaURe ue COBceM cooTBeTcTByeT RUTepecaM
HepO)];HBillerOcH pe6euKa, IIosTo ry rrpHUIrMaJIHCb nOUblTKR
pa3pa60TaTb crroc06bI, KOTopbIe rr03BOJIHJIH 6bl HOUTpOJIHpO-
BaTb HMyr:u;ecTBo 6y)];yr:u;ero pe6eHKa elll,e B MOMeUT 6epeMeH-
HOCTH MaTepH, O)];HaIW B rrpoIl,ecce rrOCJIeBOeHHoro IIepecMoT-
pa HaCJIe)];CTBeHHoro rrpaBa )];aHHaH II)J;eH He HaIllJIa CBoero
BOrrJIor:u;eHHH.
19. fipeRpalIl,eHHe npaBocHoco6HOCTM. II paBocnoc06HoCTb
rrpeKpar:u;aeTCH Cl\repTblO. XOTH cpaKT H BpeMH CMepTI1 B CBeT
rrOCJIe)];HUX onblTOB no nepeCa)];Ke '1eJIOBe'leCKIIX opraHOB II
rrpe)];CTaBJIHIOT onpe)];eJIeHUYIO np06JIe)ry C TOqKU 3peUUH yc-
TaUOBJIeUHH TO'lHOrO MmreHTa CMepTH, OObl'lHO STO nO)];TBep-
lK)];aeTCH )];UarU030M Bpa'la HJIU CBU)];eTeJIbCTBOM 0 BCKpbITHH
Tpyrra (CM. CT. 86 3aHoHa 0 noceuej.iHorr 3anucR). ECJIlt
CMepTl, uacTyrruT B pe3YJIbTaTe HeCqaCTHOro CJIY'laH II MeCTO.
HaXOIK)];eUUe Tpyna HeU3BeCTHO, O)];HaKO caM cpaKT CMepTU H
Bbl3blBaeT COMHeHurr, 3amICb 0 CMepTH B KHury rroceMerrHoii
aanHCU BHOCHTCH ua OCHOBaHUH CBHp;eTeJIbCTBa COOTBeTCTBY-
44
1OlI\IIX opraHOB (c l. CT. 89, 91, 15 3aIWHa 0 rroceMeMHoii
3arrI1CII), II ;no na3bIBaeTCH 06'bHBJIeIlHOii CMepTbIO. He Ia-
JIble TPYP;HOCTII BbI3bIBaeT YCTaHOBJIeHUe BpeMeHII CMepTII,
Rorp;a B pe3YJIbTaTe op;Horo HeCqaCTHOro CJIyqaH rroru6aeT
op;HOBpeMeHHO HeCKOJIbKO qeJIOBeR. MemP;Y TeM C TOqKH 3pe-
HUH HaCJIep;CTBeHHoro rrpaBa MOMeHT CMepTU IWIEp;OrO 1I3
p;aHHbIX JIUU; HMeeT BeCbMa BamHoe 3HaqeHue. ,I:(o BHeceHUH
B 1962 r. p;OrrOJIHHTe,JIbHOM CTaTDU B fIx KOp;el{C He cop;epmaJJ
HURaKIIX rrOJIOmeHHM Ha 3TOT CqeT, HOBaH me CTaTbH orrpep;e-
JIIIJIa, qTO p;aHHbIX JIUU; CJIep;yeT CqUTa'r:o YMepllIHMU OP;HO-
BpeMeHHO (CT. 32 2 fI\; CM. TaKme: HaCJIep;CTBeHHoe npa-
BO - 5) .
I1peKpalI\eHue rrpaBocrroc06HoCTII CBH3aHO TOJIbKO co
CMepTblO. B CJIY'lae, Korp;a rpamp;<lUHII OTCYTcTByeT B MeCTe
rrOCTOHHHoro mUTeJIbCTBa U HOBoe ero MeCTOmHTeJIbCTBO He-
U3BeCTHO, OH TeM He MeHee 06JIap;aeT rrpaBocrroc06HOCTbIO no
MecTY CBoero HOB oro rrpe6bIBaHUH. ECJIU me p;aHHoe JIlIU;O
B03BpalI\aeTCH B rrepBOHaqaJIbHOe MeCTO npomHBaHHH, rp;e er(}
6e3BecTHoe OTCYTCTBue yme rrpH3HaHO B YCTaHOBJIeHHOM rro-
pHp;Ke II p;aHHoe pellieHue He OTMeHeHO, 3TO JIHU;O CqHTaeTCH
rrpaBocrroc06HblM P;JIH BCTyrrJIeHliUI B HOBbIe rrpaBOOTHOllIeHUJl.
20. I1pH3HaHHe 6e3BecTHoro OTCYTCTRlIJI. B CJIyqae OTCYT-
CTBUH CBHp;eTeJIbCTBa 0 CMepTII, a TalOHe oCHoBaHHM P;JIH 06'b-
HBJIeHUH rpamp;aHUHa YMepllIUM B03HUKaIOT Heyp;06cTRa,
CBH3aHHble C rrp06JIeMOM, p;o KaKoro BpeMeHH CqUTaTb p;aHHoe
JIIIU;O mUBblM U p;o RaKoro BpeMeHlI ero H'\IYll ecTBeHHbIe II
JIHqHble HeUMYUJ;eCTBeHHble OTHOllIeHHH 6YP;YT naxop;UTbCH B
HeOrrpep;eJIeHHOM COCTOHHUH. ,I:(JIH rrop:06HbIX CJIyqaeB pa3pa-
60TaHa CUCTeMa rrpH3HaHUH npu orrpep;eJIeHHblX yCJIOBHHX
6e3BecTHoro OTCYTCTBUH U oupep;eJIeHHH cyp;b6bl rrpaBOOTHO-
llIeHuM, B KOTOpblX yqaCTBYIOT JIHu;a, qbe MeCTOHaxomp;eHHe
HeII3BeCTHO.
1) )]:JUI nplI3HaHHJI 6e3BecTHoro OTCYTCTBIIJI Tpe6yeTCJI:
a) OTCYTCTBue cBep;eHIIII 0 mU3HlI UJIU C IepTU JIuu;a, rro-
IilIIlYBllIero rrpelEHee MeCTOffiIITeJIbCTBO UJIU pC3IIp;eHU;HIO;
6) UCTeqeHlIe ceMlI JIeT C MOMeHTa IJOJIyqeHlIH rrOCJIegHlIx U3-
HeCTlIM 0 MeCTOHaxomp;eHlIlI JIIIu;a, a B OC06bIX CJIyqaHX (He-
CqaCTHble CJIyqalI) - op;Horo rop;a C MOMCHTa OKOH'IaHHH p;aH-
noro CJIyqaH; B) 3aHBJIeHlIe 3alIHTepeconaHHbIX JIIIU; 0 UPU-
3IIaHHlI onpep;eJIeHHOrO JIIHJ;a oe3BeCTHO OTCYTCTB 'JOlI\HM;'
r) OCYlI\eCTBJIeHUe orrpep;eJIeHHOii rrpou;ep;YPbI B CeMeJTIIblX
cyp;ax (CM. 30 fIx; n. 1 CT. 9 3aKOHa 0 cyp;e6HoM paCCMOT-
45
peHIIII CeMeMHbIX ,IJ;eJI; CT. 38 II CJIeA. lIHCTPYE\ HII 0 cY}J;e6--
HOM paCC!lWTpemHf CeMeMHbIX ,IJ;eJI).
2) llpaBoBbIe nOCJIe,IJ;CTBIiH npII3HaHHH 6eauecTHoro 01'-
CYTCTBIIH COCTOHT B TOM, '11'0 rro HCTe'IeHIIIr YCTaHOBJIeHHOrO
cpOI\a (ce!lIH JIeT) IIJIII rro OIWH'IarnIII OOCTOJITeJIbCTB, yrpo-
maIO nx CMepTbIO, OTCYTCTBYIOllJ,ee JIIIIW 06'bHBJIHeTCJ! YMep-
IlIUM (CT. 31 rK), a CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, OTKpblBaeTCH HaCJIe}J;-
CTBO II npeKpallJ,aIOTCH 6pa'IHbIe OTHOIlIeHIIH C nepemHBmIIM
cynpyrOl\I.
B CJIY'Iae B03BpallJ,eHIIH JIIl a, npII3HaHHoro 6e3BeCTHO
OTCYTCTBYIOllJ,IIM, IIJIII rrOJIY'IeHIUI CBeAeHIIM 0 ero cym;ecTBo-
BaHIIII, a TaKme BbUlCHeHIUI 1'01'0, '11'0 AaTa peaJIbHOH CMepTII
,IJ;aHHOI'O JIlIlI,a paCXOAIITCH co BpeMeneM npll3HaHIIH ero 6e3-
BeCTHOI'O OTCYTCTBIIH, ceMeMHbIM CY,IJ; no 3aHBJIeHIIIO 3aHHTe-
peCOBaHHbIX JIII aHHYJIHpye1' npII3H8HHe oe3BeC1'Horo OTCYT-
C1'BRH (n. 1 CT. 32 rK), B pe3YJIbTaTe 'Iero Bce npaBa JIII a,
npII3HaHHoro 6e3BecTHo OTCYTCTBYIOn IIM, B rrpIIH IIne AOJIiK-
HbI 6bITb nOJIHOCTbIO BOCCTaHOBJIeHbI. BMecTe C TeM rK YCTa-
HaBJIIIBaeT HeKOTopbIe OrpaHII'IeHIIH: a) AaHHoe BOCCTaHOBJIe-
Hlle npaB He BJIHHeT Ha AerrCTBIITeJIbHOCTb aKTOB, COBepllIeH-
HbIX (B rrepIIO,IJ; C MOMeHTa rrpII3HaHIUI 6e3BeCTHoro OTCYTCT-
BIrH AO ero oTMeHbI) 3aIIHTepecoBaHHbIMII cTopoHaMII ,IJ;06-
pocoBecTHo, T. e. CTopOHaMII, He 3HaIOllJ,IIMII 0 TOM,
'ITO YKa3aHHoe rrpII3HaHIIe He COOTBeTcTByeT ,IJ;eMCTBIITeJIb-
HOCTII (orOBopKa II. 1 CT. 32 rI ); 1\ 3TIIM aKTaM OTHOCHTCH,
HanpnMep, nepeAa'Ia IIMYllJ,eCTBa, nOJIY1JeHHOrO B Hac.lIe,IJ;CTBO,
IlJIII rrOBTopHbIM 6paK rrepelI\IIBllierO cynpyra; 6) JIII O, Heno-
cpeACTBeHHO rrOJIY'IIIBllIee IIMYllJ,eCTBO B pe3Y JIbTaTe npII3Ha-
HIIH 6e3BecTHoro OTCYTCTBIIH ,IJ;pyroro JIII a, HarrpIIMep Ha-
CJIe):\HIlK, MomeT BepHYTb ,IJ;aHHOe IIMyrn;eCTBO JIII60 B rrepBO-
Ha'IaJIbHOM ero BII,IJ;e, JIII60 B II3MeHeHHOM II B npe,IJ;eJIax 1'01'0,
'ITO OCTaJIOCb 01' IIMYllJ,eCTBa (rr. 2 CT. 32 rK).
21. llpaBocnocooHoCTh IIHOCTpaH eB. Bonpoc 0 TOM, B Ra-
RIIX rrpe,IJ;eJIax CJIe,IJ;yeT rrpII3HaBaTb rrpaBocnoc06HOCTb IIHO-
CTpaH eB, T. e. JIIr , He HBJIHIOllJ,IIXCH HrrOHCKIIMII rpam,IJ;aHa-
MIl (CM. CT. 3 3aKoHa 0 rpamAaHCTBe; BRJIIO'IaH II arraTpII-
]];OB), B HaCTOHllJ,ee BpeMH pelliaeTCH Ha OCHOBe paBeHCTBa
rrOJIOmeHIIH IIHOCTpaH eB II rpam,IJ;aH .HrroHIIII (CM. CT. 2 rK).
BMeCTe C TeM B lI,eJIHX 06eCrre'IeHIIH He3aBIICIIMOM n03II HII
no OTHomeHIIIO K orrpe,IJ;eJIeHHOM CTpane OT,IJ;eJIbHbIe rrpaBa
IIHOCTpaH eB B 60JIbilieM IIJIII MeHbIlIeE: CTerreHII rrO,IJ;Bepra-
IOTCH OrpaHII'IeHIIHM. B .HrroHIIII ,IJ;aHHbIe OrpaHII'IeHIIH B rro-
46
CJIeROeHHbIM nepIIOA ObIJIII 3HR'IIITeJIbIIO Cl\UIr'leHbI II CeM'IaC'
B OCHOBHOM CBJI3aHbI JIIImb C npOII3BOACTBeHlWM C<pePOM
(npaBOM IIa pa3pa60TI{Y HeAP, npaBOM c06CTReHHOCTII Ha
HnoHcKIIe CYAa, npaBOM BeAeHIIH oaHKOBCKoro AeJIa II T. II.).,
IIpaBO c06CTBeHHOCTII Ha 3eMJIIO CTaJIO npII3HaBaTbCH 3a IIHO-
CTpaHn;aMII B KOHn;e 3pbI TaMce (CM. 3aKOH M42 OT 1925r.),
OAlIaKO 11,0 CIIX nop CIIJIY 3aKOHa IIMeIOT npaBIlTeJIbCTBeUHbIe
YKa3bl, II3)];aHHI>le B nepIIOA nOCJIeBOeHHOM oKKynan;IIII II Tpe-
6YIOm;IIe AJIH npII06peTeHIIH IIHOCTpaHn;aMII 3eMJIII, CTpoeHIIM,.
npeAnpIIHTIIM pa3pemeHIIH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero l\IIIHIICTpa, Ha-
JIII'IIIH JIIIn;eH3IIM lIT. n.
i 2. Aeecnoco6HoCTb
22. ,IJ;eecnocooHoCTb.
1) IIo)]; Aeecnoc06HoCTbIO nOIIUMaeTCH cnoc06HoCTb ca:'l0-
CTOHTeJIbHO II B nOJIHOM Mepe COBepmaTb cAemm (3aKJIIO'IaTb
AorOBopbI lIT. n.).
a) Panee Yllie rOBOpIIJIOCb 0 TOM, '1TO AJIH B03HIlKHOBeHllH
npaBocnOCOOHOCTII He06xOAIIM JIIIllib <paKT pon,AeHIIH (CM.:
06m;aH '1aCTb - 17), 0AHaKO 3TO 03Ha'laeT JIIImb nOJIY'lIeHIIe
cTaTyca OQJIaAaHIIH npaBaMII. ECJIU AJIH npII06peTeHIIH JIII'I-
HbIX npaB AOCTaTO'lHO JIIImb <pa1na pOlliAeUIlH, TO APyrIIe
npaBa npIIoopeTaIOTCH JIIIOO HaCJIeAOBaHIIeM, JIIIOO B pe3YJIb-
TaTe 3aKJIIO'IeHIIH AoroBopa AapeHIIH, Kynml-npoAalliII II AP.
B '1IICJIe oCHoBaHIIii AJIH B03HIIKHOBeHIIH npan BalliHeMlIIIIMII
HBJIHIOTCH IOpIIAII'IeCI\IIe AeMcTBIIH (cAeJIKII). IIOHHTHO, '1TO
cBoooAa cOBepmeHIIH 3TIIX AeMcTBIIM JIIln;aMII, 06JIaAaIOm;Ul\IH
Hop:'laJIbHLIMII YMcTBeHHbIMII crroco6HOCTHMIl, He c03AaeT
HIII,aKIIX np06JIeM. Eo eCJIII JIIIn;O He 06JIaAaeT TaKIIMII cno-
C06HOCTHMII, cym;ecTByeT orracHocTb, 'lITO Cal\lOCTOHTeJIbHOe
ocym;eCTBJIeHHe IIM IOpIIAII'IeCKIIX AeMcTBIIII CAeJIaeT ero
if{epTBOM CBOOOAHOM KOHKypeHn;IIII. 13 no.\! OTHomelIIIII B
rpalliAaIICJWM npaBe npIIHHTo, 'lITO JIIIIW, lIe 06JIaAaIOm;IIe
BOJIeCnOCOoHoCTblO, T. e. cnocoonocTbIO OTBe'lJaTb 3a CBOII IOPII-
AIl'lIeCI\He AelICTBIlH, He l\lOrYT Cal\IQCTOH.Te,T!bHO IIX COBep-
maTb; 3a )];eIICTBIIHMII AaHHbIX JIUn; He npIl3HaeTCH npaBOBoii
CIIJJbI. 8TO nOJIOmeHIIe BbITeKaeT n3 Ter;CTa rI\, OHO IIpIIHHTO
II cYAeoHoM npaKTIIIwM (Of. pemeHne BepxoBHoro cYAa OT
11 l\lan 1905 r.) II HaYKoii rpan\;:J:aHChoro npaBa. II03TOMY,
nanpuMep, AorOBopbI KynJIIl-npOiJ,amII IIJIII AapeHIIH, 3'1KJIIO-
'1elIHble C JIIIn;aMII C nopOKaMII BOJIIl (MaJIOJIeTHIIMH, Jl'ln;al\!II
C nCIIXU'IeCI{IIMII paccTp iicTBal\lII, BKJIIO'IaH JIlIn; C BpeMeH-
47
-HbIMII rrCIIXJ2L'IeCKIIMII paccTpoii:CTBaMII, BbI3BaHHbIMII 3JIO-
ynoTpe6JIeHIIeM aJIKOrOJIeM, II T. rr.), C'IIITaIOTCJI HeAeHCTBII-
TeJIbHbIMII, eCJIII 6YAYT rrpeACTaBJIeHbI AOKa3aTeJIbCTBa Toro,
'ITO B MOMeHT COBepilleHIIH IOpIIAII'IeCI,IIX AellcTBrrH 3TII JIIID;a
He 06JIaAaJIlI BOJIecrroc06HocTbIO.
6) Ha rrpaKTIIKe, OAHarw, '!aCTO O'IeHb CJIOJI{HO rrpeACTa-
BI1Tb YI{a3aHHble AOKa3aTeJIbCTBa. II03TOMY rR B OTHOllieHIIII
JIIID; C rropOKaMII BOJIII BbIBOAIIT rpyrrrry HeAeecnOCOOHbIX: He-
COBepIlleHHOJIeTHIIX, JIIID;, rrpII3HaHHbIX HeAeecrroc06HbIMII, ]I
OrpamI'IeHHO AeecrrOCOOHbIX. CaMOCTOHTeJIbHble IOpIIAII'Ie-
CKIIe AeIICTBIIJI AaHHbIX JIIID; MorYT 6bITb aHHYJIIIpOBaHbI. IIplI
3TOM OTCYTCTByeT He06xOAUMOCTb I\aJKAbIH pa3 npeACTaB-
JIHTb AOI{a3aTeJIbCTBa OTCYTCTBIIJI IIX BOJIecrroc06HocTII; II:X
AeHCTBIIJI aHHYJIIIpYIOTCJI II He I1MeIOT CIIJIbI Ha OCHOBaHIIII
caMoro q,aKTa, 'ITO OHn HeAeecrroc06HbI. aHHbIH MexanII3M,
C OAHOH CTOpOHbI, OXpaHJIeT II:HTepeCbI CJTOH I\aTerOpIIII JIIID;,
a C APyroH - JIBJIJIeTCJI rrpeAyrrpeJKAeHlIeM IWHTpareHTaM
AaHHbIX JIIID; 06 IIX HeAeecrroc06HocTII:.
B ) JIJI B03HIIKHOBeHIIJI rrOJIHOrO 06'beMa rrpaBOBbIX
nOCJIeACTBIIH CAeJIOK He06xoAIIMO c06JIIOAeHIIe ABYX YCJIOBIIH
B OTHOllieHII:II CTOpOH: Bo-rrepBbIx, C <paKTII<reCI\OH CTOpOHbI-
HaJIII'IIIe BOJIecrroc06HocTII AaHHbIX JIIII B IIX J\OHRpeTHbIX
AeHCTBIlJIX II, BO-BTOpbIX, C q,op laJIbHOH CTOpOHbI - 'IT06bI
3TH JIIID;a He rrOArraAaJIIl rroA KaTeropIIIO HeAeecrroc06Hbn:,
orrpeAeJIJIeMYIO rK. B CJIY'Iae OTCYTCTBUJI BOJIeCrrOCOorrOCTII
CAeJIKa 06'bJIBJIJIeTCJI HeAeHCTBIITeJIbHOH, a B CJIY'Iae rrpII3Ha-
HIIJI Hen;eecrroc06HOCTII OHa aHIIYJIIIpyeTCJI (0 pa3JIII'IIIII
MerKAY HeAeHCTBIITeJIbHOCTbIO ]I aHHYJIIIpOBaHIIeM CM.:
06ru;aJI 'IaCTb - 108, 111). }J;eecnocooHoCTb npII3HaeTCH
TorAa, J\orAa OHa COOTBeTcTByeT q,opMaJIbHbIM KpIITepIl:-
JIM rK.
2) B OTHOIlleHIIII B03Meru;eHI1JI yru;ep6a, HaHeceHHoro APY-
rOMy JIIID;Y (oTBeTcT BeHHOCTI1 3a AemmT), JIIID;a, He 06JIaAaIO-
I.D;IIe crroC06HOCTbIO OC03HaBaTb pe3YJIbTaTbI CBOUX AeHcTBIIii:,
He HeCYT 3a HIIX OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII (CM. CT. 712 II 713 rK).
aHHaJI crroC06HOCTb Ha3bIBaeTCJI BMeHHMOCTbIO. PaCCMaTpn-
BaJI BOJIecrroc06HocTb rrpII cOBepilleHIIII IOpIIAII'IeCROrO AeHcT-
8IIIl II BMemnlOCTb IIPII AeJIIII\Te B IIX eAII:HCTBe, MbI rroAxOAII 1
1\ OCHOBHOMY rrpIl:HD;IIrry, 'ITO B 'IaCTHbIX rrpaBooTHOllieHIIJIX
npII06peTeHIIe JIII'IHOCTbIO rrpaB II 06JI3aHHOCTeH ocyru;ecTB-
JIHeTCJI ee BOJIeBbIMII AeHCTBIIJIMII IIPII HOp raJIbHOM COCTOJI-
HIII1 BOJIII. B HaYRe AaHHbIH rrpIIHD;IIrr Ha3bIBaeTCJI npIIHD;II-
nOM aBTOHOMHOCTII BOJIII mI'IIIOCTII.
48
23. tIe eecnOC06HbIe. Hep;eecrroc06HbIMII rK C'IIITaeT: He-
cOBeprneHHOJIeTHIIX, JIII , rrpII3HaHHbIX Hep;eecnocooHbIMII, II
OrpaHII'IeHHO p;eecnoc06HbIX. I10MIIMO 3TIIX l\aTerOpIIii, p;o
rrOCJIeBOeHHoro nepecMoTpa rK B p;aHHYIO rpyrrrry BXOP;IIJIII II
3aMyiI>HIIe meHI IIHbI, rrpII'IeM 3TO 06'bHCHHJIOCb CTpeMJIeHIIeM
I> p;OCTflmeHIIIO MIIpa II COfJIaCIIH B cyrrpymecKIIx OTHorne-
HIIHX, op;HaKO nop;06Hoe nOJIOIl>eHIIe npOTIIBOpe'IIIJIO 11pIIH II-
rry paBeHCTBa rrOJIOB H CO BCTyrrJIeHIIeM B CIIJIY HOBOii KOH-
CTIITY IIII 6bIJIO OTMeHeHO (CM.: OOIII,aH 'IaCTb - .)) .
Kpyr caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIX p;eIICTBIIii Hep;eeC110c06HbIX yme
06bI'IHOro. HaII60JIee Y30K OH Y rrpII3HaHHbIX Hep;eecnoc06-
HbIMII II rrOCTerreHHO pacrnIIpHeTCH y HeCOBeprneIIHOJIeTHIIX II
OrpaHII'IeHHO p;eecrroc06HbIX. B Ka'IeCTBe cpep;CTBa. 3aIII,IITbI
rrpaB p;aHHbIX JIII rK YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT ITOJIY'IeHIIe COrJIaCIIH
orrperreJIeHHbIX JIII Ha COBepmeHIIe Hep;eecrroc06HbIMII CBOIIX
p;eiiCTBIIii, rrpep;YCMaTpIIBaeT YilpaBJIeHIIe IIMym;ecTBoM uep;ee-
CIIoc06HbIX II COBeprneHIIe P;PYrIIX p;eiiCTBIIii 'Iepe3 JIII , rrpe -
CTaBJIHIOIII,IIX IIHTepeCbI Hep;eeCIIoc06HbIX.
BbIp;eJIeHIIe 110 <popMaJIbHbIM KpIITepIIHM rpYII11bI Hep;ee-
crroc06HbIX BbIIIOJIHHeT, KaK MbI yKa3bIBaJIII paHee, P;BOHKYIO
3ap;a'IY: 3aIII,IITY IIHTepeCOB JIII C nopOKaMH BOJIII II rrpe y-
npemp;eHIIe IIX KOHTpareHTOB. BMecre C TeM COBpeMeHHbIe
3KOHOMII'IeCKIIe OTHOilleHIIH CTaJIII HaCTOJIbKO IIHTeHCIIBHbIMII,
<l cp;eJII\II HaCTOJIbKO CJIOmHbIMH (Jmmp;a.H Cp;eJIKa npep;CTaB-
JIHeT co60ii JIIIrnb 3BeHO B eJIOM Kpyre Cp;eJIOK, JIII60 OHa
COBeprnaeTCH MHOrO'IIICJIeHHOii rpynnoii JIII ), 'ITO CIICTeMa
3aru,HTbI IIHTepecoB Hep;eecnoco6HbIX p;eiicTByeT CJIIIillKOM
OP;HOCTopoHHe B nOJIb3Y p;aHHoii KaTeropIIII, HaHOCH Bpep; IIX
J\oHTpareHTaM II yrpomaH CTaOIIJIbHOCTII 06III,IIX 3KOHOMII'Ie-
Cta1X oTHorneHIIii. B 3TOii CBH3II rrpep;cTaBIITeJIII HaYKII rpam-
,o:aHCKoro npaBa, Bblp;BIIraH nOHHTIIe 6e30nacHocTII C eJIOK,
lIo,o:'IepKIIBaIOT He06xop;IIMOCTb 60JIee pa IIOHaJIbHOii npaBo-
Boi'r 3aIII,IITbI Hep;eecnoc06HbIX.
Eru,e OP;IIH acneKT np06JIe IbI: HecoBeprneHHOJIeTHIIe II3
HPII:\IyIII,IIX ceMeii BbIHymp;eIlbI 3apa6aTbIBaTb ce6e Ha mII3Hb.
IToeTynaH Y'IeHIIIWM K KO IY-IrnoYP;b Ha c;rlY;K6y, necoBep-
meHIIOJIeTHIIii, KaK npaBHJIO, He MomeT paCC'IIITbIBaTb Ha p;06-
'Poe OTHOilleHHe CO CTOpOHbI X03HIIHa, H TOMy me HHTepeCM
HecoBepilleHHOJIeTHIIX Ha Kpymlblx rrpep;IIpIIHTIIHX COBepilleH-
no He oxpaHHIOTeH. I10JIOmeHIIH rK 0 Hep;eeerroc06HbIX rrpaK-
TIf'IeCKII HenpIIMeHIIMbI K 3TOMY Kpyry OTHorneHIIii II BbIIIOJI-
JIHIOT TOJIbKO rraCCIIBUYIO <PYHK IIIO - JIIIrnb aHHYJIIIpYIOT
]l;eiieTBIIH JIII , rrop;nap;aIOIII,IIX rro 3TY KaTeropIIIO. Pa3BIITHe
4 3 aKa3 N, 892
49
me rrpaBa Tpe6yeT aI{THBHOro BMemaTeJIbCTBa: JIH60 3arrpe-
rn;eHlUI HO'IHbIX pa60T HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHHX, OrpaHH'I€HHfI"
HX 3aHHTOCTH Ha orraCHbIX pa60Tax HJIII pa60Tax, Bpe)J;HbIX
,[I;JIH 3,[1;OpOBbH HJIH pa3BHTHJJ, JIH60 Bb1,[1;BHmeHIIH Tpe60BaHIIll"
I\ pa60TO)J;aTeJIJIM B OTHomeHHH YCTaHOBI\H orrpe,[l;eJIeHHOrO'
060PY,[I;OBaHHH. B IIOCJIe,[l;Hee BpeMH 6JIarO)J;apH pa3BHTHIO TPY-
,[I;OBorO 3aI\OHO,[l;aTeJIbCTBa rrOJIOmeHHe Ha'IaJIO MeHHTbCH (CM."
CT. 56 H CJIe,[l;. 3aI\OHa 0 TPY,[I;OBbIX CTaH,[I;apTax).
t 3. HecoBepweHHoneTHHe
24. BoapacT rpaiK,[I;aHCKoI'O COBepmeHHOJIeTHH COCTaBJIHer'
rrOJIHbIX 20 JIeT (CT. 3 fR). MC'IHCJIeHHe B03paCTa Ha'IHHaeT-
CH co ,[I;HH pOm,[l;eHHH (3aI\OH M 50 OT 1902 r. 06 I1C'IHCJIeHHK
B03pacTa). TaI\, JIHn,O, pO,[l;HBmeeCH 1 arrpeJIH, ,[I;OCTHraer'
COBepmeHHOJIeTHH 'Iepe3 20 JIeT H rrOCJI€" HCTe1JeHlIH 31 Map-
Ta, a HMeHHO 1 arrpeJIH. OT 06bI'IHbIX MeTO,[l;OB HC'IHCJIeIIHH
CpOI\OB HC'IHCJIeHHe B03paCTa OTJIH'IaeTCH TeM, 1JTO 3)J;eCb Y1JH-"
TblBaeTCH ,[I;eHb, C I\OTOpOro Ha'IHHaeTCH OTC'IeT (CM. CT. 14()
rK).
IIpem)J;e fR He rrpH3HaBaJI HHI\aI\HX HCI\JIIO'IeHHM B OTHO-
IIIeHHH JIHn" He ,[I;OCTHrmHx 20 JIeT, O)J;HaI\O B pe3YJIbTaTe
rrOCJIeBOeHHOro IIepeCMOTpa ceMeMHoro rrpaBa B fIt 6bIJIO'
BI\JIIO'IeHO rrOJIOmeHHe H 0 TOM, 'ITO HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHHe B:
CJIY'Iae 3aI\JIIO'IeHHH 6paI\a paCCMaTpHBaIOTCH (maI\ )J;OCTIlrmHe'
COBepmeHHOJIeTHH» (CT. 753 fR). ,I:(aHHoe rrOJIOmeHHe yme
,[I;aBHO OTCTaHBaJIOCb HrrOHCI{HMH rrpaBOBe,[l;aMH, I\OTOpble B:
aTOM Borrpoce CJIe,[l;OBaJIH rrpIIMepy mBeHn,apCIwro fR. BMec-
Te C TeM ,[I;OCTOHHO BHHMaHHH H TO, 'ITO HHCTHTYT pa3peme-
HHM Ha rrpe,[l;rrpHHHMaTeJIbCI\YIO )J;eHTeJIbHOCTb (CM.: 061ll,aJl
qaCTb - 25) B H3BeCTHOM CMbICJIe 03Ha'IaeT CMHr1JeHHe He
,[I;eeCrrOC06HoCTH HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHHX.
25. ,I:(eecnoco6HoCTb HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHIIX CBO)J;HTCH K'
B03MomHOCTII caMOCTOHTeJIbHOrO COBepmeHlIH HMH IOpll)J;ll1Je-
CI\HX ,[I;eHCTBHH IIO rrpH06peTeHHIO rrpaB H oCB060lli)J;eHIIIO or
o6H3aTeJIbCTB, HHa'Ie rOBopH, I\ caMOCTOHTeJIbHOMY 3aI\JII01Je-
HHIO TaI\HX C,[I;eJIOI\, I\OTOpbIe He rrpH'IHHHIOT HeCOBepmeHHO-
JIeTHeMY yrn;ep6a. B OTHomeHHM HHbIX IOpH,[I;H'IeCI\HX ,[I;€HCT-
BHH He06xo,[l;HMO COrJIaCIIe 3aI\OHHOrO rrpe,[l;CTaBIITeJIH, B CJIY-
qae me OTCYTCTBHH TaI\Oro COfJIaCHH C)J;eJII\H aHHYJIMpYIOTC1£
(CT. 4 fR). 3a HCI\JIIO'IeHHeM IIpHBe)J;eHHbIX HHme rrpaBlIJI, rK
50
_ He co epmHT 60JIee no p06Hl,IX nOJIOmeHIIH: OTHOCHTeJIl,HO
Yl\a3aHHOro COrJIaCHH.
1) 3aKOHHl,IH: rrpe CTaBnTeJIl, MomeT pa3pellilITl, HeCOBep-
llIeHHOJIeTHeMY pacnopHmaTl,cH IIMy.w;eCTBOM B onpe eJIeHHbIX
u;emlX, HanplIMep B II,eJIHX y Ief)bI, TyplI3Ma H T. ., HJIH me
aTb pa3pemeHHe cB060 HO pacrropHmaTl,cH lIl\ly.w;eCTBOM 6ea
npe):\BapHreJIl,HOrO orrpe eJIeHHH II,eJIeH, HO C onpe eJIeHHeM
IIlU -Il ecTBa, KOTOpbIM Mom:er pacrropHn,aTl,CH HecoBepllIeHHo-
JIeTHHH: (CT. 5 fIt).
2) B OTHOllIeHHH paapemeHIIH HH npe,l];npIlHIIMHTeJIbcKYIO
]1;eHTeJIbHOCTb fIt co epmlIr e raJIl,Hl,le nOJIom:eHIIH. Pa3pe-
IlIeHHe Ha rrpe rrpHHIIMaTeJIl,Cl\YIO eHTeJIl,HOCTl, (110HHMae-
MYIO B IlIHpOKOM CMl,ICJIe, l,aK Be eHIIe eJIa C II,eJIl,IO II3BJIe-
'leHHH rrpH6bIJIH) p;OJIJImo HCHO YKa3l,IBaTl, Ha BHP; 3TOH ,l];eH-
Te,ITl,HOCTH, ee 06'beM H MaCIlITaOl>I (rr. 1 CT. 6 fIt). B CJIY'lae,
lwrp;a 3aKOHHl,IM npe CTaBIITeJIeM HBJIHeTCH Orrel\YH H HapH Y
C HIIM Ha3Ha'leH orreKYH-OJIIOCTHTeJIl" nOJIY'lIIB COrJIaCHe orre-
I{YHa-OJIIOCTHTeJIH, orreI,YH 06H3aH aTl, pa3pellIeHHe Ha npep;-
rrpnnHMaTeJIl,cKYIO eHTeJll,HOCTl, (CT. 857, 864, 865 fIt).
ITplI HaJIH'lIIII TaKoro pa3pemeUHH HecoBepllIeHHOJIeTHHH B
CBOHX rrpHMl,IX HJIH IWCBeHHblX p;eiicTBHHX, Heooxo HMl,IX ,l];JIa
Be eHIIH eJIa, oOJIa aeT rroJIHoii eecrrocooHoCTl,IO COBepllIeH-
1I0,rreTHero (rr. 1 CT. 6 fIt; pemeHHe BepxoBHoro cyp;a OT
24 P;81WOpH 1915 r.), II BCJIe CTBHe 3Toro OTrra aeT Heo6xo-
.]1;IlMOCTl, B COrJIaCHH 3al\OHHOrO Ilpe CTaBHTeJIH Ha Kamp;oe
IO]mp;H'leCKOe eH:CTBHe, CBH3aHHoe C YKa3aHHoH eHTeJIl,HO-
CTl,IO. CaM me 3aKOHHl,lfi rrpe CTaBHTeJIl, He MomeT 6bITl,
rrpe):\CTaBIITeJIeM rrpH COBepmemliI 3TIIX ,l];eHCTBHH. Pa3pellIe-
rule na npe rrpHHHMaTeJIl,CI{YIO eHTeJIl,HOCTl" OY Y'lH pa3
BbI):\aHHbIM, He MomeT ObITl, aHUYJIHpOBaHO HJIH nO BeprHYTO
OrpaHH'IeHHHM, 3a IICKJIIO'leHHe:\I CJIY'laeB B03HHKHOBemUI
06CTOHTeJIl,CTB KpHTH'leCKOrO xaplLKrepa JIH aHHoii eHTeJIl,-
nOeTH. B CJIY'lae me B03HlIKHOBOHHH KpIITII'IeCKIiX OOCTOH-
TeJll,CTB eHcTBHH orreKYHa o.rr;KHbI rrOJIY IIITl, o oopeHHe
oneKYHa-6JIIOCTHTeJIH rrpII HaJIH'IHII TaKOBoro (rr. 2 CT. 6,
CT, 8;)7 fl\).
Pa3peweHHe Ha rrpe rrpnHHMaTeJIl,CKYIO eHTeJIl,HOCTb
0I,a3l,IBaeT OOJIl,llIOe BJIIIHHHe Ha ,l];eeCrrOCooHoCTl, HeCOBep-
"illeHHOJIeTHIIX, rr03TOMY meJIaTeJIl,HO, 'lTOObI p;aHHl,IH aKT rrpe-
;n;aBaJICH rry6JIH'lHOH OrJIaCKe. )J;JIH KOMMep'leCKOH ,l];eaTeJIl,HO-
.crn IIeooxo HMa perHCTpaIl,HH (CT. 5 ToproBoro KO,l];eKca), 0,1];-
HaKO ,l];JIH JII06oro ,l];Pyroro BH a rrpe,l];rrpHHHMaTeJIl,CKOH ,l];ea-
'TeJIl,HOCTH cnocoobI nO,l];06HOrO onOBe.w;eHHH OTCYTCTBYIOT.
4*
51
B CJIY'Iae 3aKJIro'IeHlIH neCOBepmennOJIeTnHM Tpy)J;OBOrO'
)J;OrOBOpa 0 naMMe B Ka'IeCTBe paOO'Iero TaIUIW TpeoyeTcH
COrJIaClIe 3aKonnoro npe)J;CTaBIITeJIH, O)J;IJaKO nelIcno, IIMeeT
JIll )J;annoe COrJIaClIe paBnbIe npaBoBbIe nOCJIe)J;CTBIIH C pa3-
pemenlIeM na npe)J;npIInlIMaTeJIbCKYro )J;eHTeJIbnOCTb. ITo,
HameMY MHeHlIro, :nlI nOCJIe)J;CTBIIH )J;OJIiKnbI ObITb paBHbL\III
(CM. CT. 58, 59 3aRona 0 TPY)J;OBbIX CTan)J;apTax, a TaIUI\e:
Oor:u;aH 'IaCTb - 26) .
26. 3aRoHHble rrpe,a;CTaBHTe.TUI. OrreKa neCOBepmeHHOJIeT-
nlIX ocyIIJ;eCTBJIHeTCH IIX 3aKonHbIMlI npe)J;CTaBIITeJIJll\lII: B:
nepBYro O'Iepe)J;b JIHl\aMH, 06JIa,a;aIOIl\IIMH pO)J;HTeJIbCRHMH
rrpaBaMII, a BO BTOPYro - orreRynaMH. Panee B nepe'Ine JIIIl\,
oOJIa)J;aroIIJ;IIX pO)J;IITeJIbCRIIMII: npaBaMII, Ha nepBOM MeCTe.
CTOHJI OTel\ II JIlImb 3aTeM MaTb, O)J;naI{O nOCJIeBOennaH pe-
lfJopMa HnOHCRoro npaBa ypaBnRJIa ux IIOJIOiKeHlIe, npe)J;OCTa--
BIIB pO)J;IITeJIHM, COCTOHIIJ;IIM B opaKe, B nplInl\lIne paBHbIH
CTaTYC RaR JIIIl\, oOJIa)J;aror:u;IIx pO)J;l!TeJIbCKIIMII npaBaMU:
(CT. 818 rK). ITPII OTCYTCTBIIII JIIIl\, ocyr:u;eCTBJIHroIIJ;IIX pO)J;II-
TeJIbCKlIe npaBa, JIIIOO B CJIy'Iae, Ror)J;a JIIIl\a, ocyill,eCTBJIHro--
r:u;lIe pO)J;IITeJIbCRlIe npaBa, ne OOJIa)J;aIOT npaBOM ynpaBJIenIIH
IIMYIIJ;eCTB01\I, B Ka'IeCTBe aaHOHHoro npe)J;CTaBIITeJIH BbICTY-
naeT oneKyn (CT. 838 rK). lJ,eTaJIII ,noro IInCTlITYTa orrpe)J;e-
JIenbI B pa3)J;eJIe ceMeMnoro npaBa rK (CT. 818, 839 1I cJIe)J;.).
KaR YRa3bIBaJIOCb panee, 3aKonnbIe npe)J;CTaBIITeJIII HeCOBep-
mennOJIeTHIIX oOJIa)J;aroT npaBoM.o)J;oopenIIH II npaBOM npe)J;-
CTaBIITeJIbCTBa. PeaJIII3an:IIII 3TIIX npaB ne IIMeeT RaRIIX-JIlIOO
OrpanlI'IenIIM no cpaBnenIIro C OCYIIJ;eCTBJIeHIIeM npaB JIlIn:.
OOJIa)J;aroIIJ;IIX pO)J;IITeJIbCRIIMII npaBaMII ( CM. orOBopKY
CT. 824 rK), O)J;naRO Ror)J;a orreRyn, rrpe)J;CTaBJIHH HeCOBep-
meHnOJIeTnero, Be)J;eT npe)J;nplInIIMaTeJIbCRYro )J;eRTeJIbHOCTb
HJIH COBepmaeT BaiKHbIe ropII)J;lI'IeCKHe )J;eMCTBIIH, CBH
aannbIe C IIMYIIJ;eCTBOM neCOBepmennOJIeTnerO, a TaIGKe Hor)J;a
on )J;aeT COrJIaCIIe na ocyr:u;eCTBJlenlIe 3TIIX ,IJ;eii:cTBIIM CaMlIiVI!
HeCOBepllIerrnOJIeTHIIl\I, TpeoyeTcH nOJIY'IenlIe COrJIaCIUI one-
Kyna-OJIrocTIITeJIH npII naJII-I'IIIII TaROBoro (CT. 864 rK).
CJIe)J;yeT TaRllie IIMeTb B BII)J;y, 'ITO C D;eJIbro ne )J;onYCTIITb
npeBpar:u;enlIH neCOBepmennOJIeTnIIX B JI\epTB CBOIIX 3aKOH-
HbIX npe)J;CTaBIITeJIeII 3aKOH 0 TPY)J;OBbIX CTaH)J;apTax YRa3hI-
BaeT na ne)J;onYCTIIMOCTb nO)J;nIIcanIIH TPY)J;OBbIX )J;orOBop()B If
nOJIY'IeIIIiH 3apaOOTHOM nJIaTbI neCOBepIIIenHOJIeTnlIX UX one-
KynaMII (CT. 58, 59 3aRona 0 Tpy)J;OBbIX cTaH)J;apTax).
52
4. nHLI,a, npH3HaHHbie HeAeecnoco6HblMH
27. IIpH3HaHHe He)];eecnoco6HhIM. He)];eecrroc06H.bIMH HB-
JIHIOTCH JIHn;a, rrpH3HaHHble TaIWB.bIMH ceMeiiH.bIMH cy)];aMH.
B CHJIY Toro, 'ITO TaKoe rrpH3HaHHe rrpep;CTaBJIHeT c060ii:
nHCTHTYT OrpaHH'IeHHH )];eeCrrOC06HoCTH rpalli)];aH, He06xo)];H-
MO CTporoe C06JIIO)];eHHe YCTaHOBJIeHH.bIX p;JIH :3Toro YCJIOBHH'
H rrpon;ep;yp.
1) OCHOBaHHJlMH P;JIH rrpH3HaHHH JIHn;a He)];eecrroc06H.bIM
(CM. CT. 7 rK) HBJIHIOTCH:
a) rrOTepH YMCTBeHHhIX crroc06HocTei1:, a HMeHHO eCJIH He-
crroc06HoCTb OT)];aBaT.b OTQeT 0 pe3YJI.bTaTaX CBOHX p;eMcTBHii:
HBJIHeTCJI 06.bI'IH.bIM COCTOHHHeM;
6) 3aHBJIeHHe co CTOpOH.bI caMoro rpaJI{)];aHHHa, ero cy-
rrpyra, pO)];CTBeHHHKOB )];0 'IeTBepTOM CTerreHH pO)];CTBa (CM.
CT. 725 H CJIe)];. fK), oneKYHa (eCJIH rpallip;aHHH HBJIHeTCH>
necoBeprneHHOJIeTHHM), rrOrre'IHTeJIH (eCJIH rpalli)];aHHH HBJIH-
eTCH OrpaHH'IeHHO )];eeCrrOc06HhIM), a TaKllie rrpoKypopa.
2) IIpon,e)];ypa npH3HaHHH Hep;eecnoc06H.bIM nop;p06HO
perJIaMeHTHpyeTcH I1HcTpYKn;HeM 0 cYAe6HoM paCCMOTpeHlUI
CeMeMH.bIX p;eJI. B OTJIH'IHe 01' 06.bI'IHOrO IICKOBoro npOH3BO)];-
CTBa B aTOM CJIY'Iae CeMeMH.bIM cy)]; 3aHHMaeT aKTHBHylO 110-
3Hn;HIO, a HMeHHO B.bIHCHHeT crroc06HOCTH JIH'IHOCTI!, 3aCJIY-
rnHBaeT MHeHHH aI{CrrepTOB II T. n. B cJIY'Iae npHHHTI!H perne-
HHH 0 npH3HaHHH JIHn;a Hep;eecnoc06H.bui COp;epJIWHHe aToro'
perneHHH ny6JIHI{yeTcH B oqJHn;HaJI.bHhIX H3)J;aHHHx, a TaKlli8-
)];eJIaeTCH cooTBeTcTBYIOrn;aH 3arrHC.b B KHllrax noceMeMHoK
3arrHCH (CM. CT. 21 I1HcTpYKn;HH 0 cyp;e6HoM paCC:\1OTpeHHM:
CeMeMH.bIX p;eJI; CT. 28 3aKoHa 0 nOCeYleMHOM 3arrHcH).
3) IIpH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH YMCTBeHH.bIX CITOC06HOCTeM He-
npaBOMepHO H )];aJIee paCCMaTpHBaT.b p;aHH.bIX JIHn; IWK Hep;ee-
cnOC06H.bIX. Op;Halw B aTOM CJIY'Iae TaI01\e He06xop;H:\Ia nop;a-
'Ia 3aHBJIeHHH (Kpyr JIHn; TOT llie, 'ITO II npII npon;ep;ype rrpH-
3HaUIIH He)];eecnoc06H.bIM), nOCJIe 'Iero ce:\leMH.bIM cyp; rrpII-
HIIMaeT pernenHe 06 3HHYJIHpOBaHHH npH3HaHHH JlIln;a nep;ee-
CIloc06H.bIM (CT. 10 rK; n. 1 CT. 9 3aKoHa 0 cyp;e6HoYl pac-
CMoTpeHHH CeMeMH.bIX p;eJI; CT. 29 I1HcTpYKn;HII 0 cyp;e6HOM'
paccMoTpeHlIH CeMeMIl.bIX p;eJI). Be3 TaIWrO perneHHH YKa3aH-
H.bIe JIIIn;a no-npelliHeMy 6YP;YT C'II!TaT.bCH Hep;eecrroc06HhIMII..
28. IIocJIe;J;cTBuJi npH3HaHIIJI ;1H1 a ne)];eecnOco6uhIM..
OrpaHH'IeHHH JlIln;, npII3HaHH.bIX Hep;eecIIOC06H.bIMU, naH60JIee--
lliIIpOKH ITO cpaBHeHIIIO C )];PYrIIMH KaTeropMHMII He)];eeCrro-
E.3.
C06Hl>IX. ilx eMCTBIU[ o6l>I"1H0 aHHYJIllpYIOTCH (CT. 9 fK),
npH'IeM no KacaeTCH H eMCTBHM, Ha COBeprneHHe KOTOpl>IX
nOJIY'IeHO COrJIaCHe OrreI{YHa. AaHHoe 06CTOHTeJIl>CTBO CBH3a-
no C Tell!, '1TO Y JIHU;, rrpH3HaHHl>IX He eecrroc06Hl>Il\nI, '1aCTO
nacTyrraeT rrpOHCHeHHe C03HaHUH, O HaI{o BClwpe OHO MOiReT
HC'Ie3HYTl>, n03TOMY COrJIacue orreRYHOB Ha COBeprneHHe 3TU-
MH JIHu;aMH orrpe eJIeHHl>IX ei'IcTBnM, aHHoe 3apaHee, He
nllIeeT rrpaBOBOII CIIJIl>I.
29. OneRYHl>I. JIuu;all!, rrpH3HaHHl>Il\f He eecrroc06Hl>Il\fH,
Ha3Ha'laIOTCH orreKYHl>I (CT. 8, 838 fK), I\OTOpl>Ie 06ecrre'lu-
BaIOT JIe'leHne H YXO , a TamRe rrpe CTaBJIHIOT HX B HMYlI.\e-
CTBenHl>IX OTHorneHHHX (CT. 8 8, 859 rK), HBJIHIICl> 3aROH-
Hl>IMH npe cTaBHTeJIHMH. Kpyr JIHU;, MorYlI.\IIx CTaTl> orreKY-
HaMH, orrpe eJIHeTCH fK B pa3 eJIe cnrellHoro rrpaBa (CT. 839
1I cJIe .). B CJIY'Iae rrpII3HaHIIH O Horo II3 cyrrpyroB He ee-
crrOC06Hl>IM, BTOpOM eCTeCTBeHHl>IM oopa301l1 CTaHOBIITCH ero
'orreRYHOM (CT. 840 fK), B CJIY'lae npH3HaHIIII He eecrroc06-
Hl>IM HecOBeprneHHOJIeTHerO, ero orreKYHoM Ha3Ha'laeTCR: O IIH
II3 pO IITeJIeM (CT. 843 fK). Ocym;eCTBJIeHIIe rrpe CTaBIITeJIl>-
CTBa He eecrroc06Hl>IX aHaJIorlI'IHO OCYlI.\eCTBJIeHIIIO rrpe CTa-
:BIITeJIl>CTBa orreKYHaMII HeCOBeprneHHO,TIeTHIIX (CM.: 06lI.\aH
"IaCTl> - 26, a TaRme CT. 864 II n. 2 CT. 859 fIt).
5. OrpaHH'IeHHO Aeecnoco6Hble
30. IIpH3HaHHe JlJlu;a orpamf1leHHO IJ;eeCnOCOOHl>IM. Orpa-
nII'IeHHO eecrrOC06Hl>IMII HBJIHIOTCH JInu;a, rrpII3HaHHl>Ie TaKO-
Sl>IMII CeMeMHl>IMII cy aMII. Y CJIOBIIH H rrpou;e ypa aHHoro
rrpU3HaHIIH rrOXOlliH Ha yCJIOBIIH II rrpou;e ypy rrpII3HaHIIH He-
.L\eeCrrOC06Hl>IMII.
1) OCHoBaHHHMII JIH rrpII3HaHIIH HBJIHIOTCH:
a) CJIa60YMHe, rJIYXOTa, HeMOTa, CJIerrOTa, a TaRme pac-
TO'lIITeJIl>CTBO (CT. 11 fK). CJIa60YMHl>IMII C'IIITaIOTCH JIIIu;a,
Y ROTOpl>IX HapymeHHH rrCIIXIIlm He OCTIIrmI CTerreHII ymeB-
HOM 60JIe3HII, B U;eJIOM IIX YMCTBeHHhIe CIIoc06HOCTII HaXO HT-
CH Ha ypoBHe crroc06HOCTeM HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHIIX. PaCTO'lU-
TeJIHMH HBJIHIOTCH JIHu;a, ROTOpl>Ie IIpe paCrrOJIOmeHl>I 6e3 YM-
no rrpOMaTl>IBaTl> IIMYlI.\eCTBO. 'lJTO RacaeTCH rJIYXIIX, neMl>IX
H CJIerrl>IX, TO pa3BIITIIe IIX YMCTBeHHl>IX crroco6HOCTeM MomeT
6l>ITl> II HOpMaJIl>Hl>IM, a ym;ep6HoM HBJIlleTCH JIIIlIIl> crroc06-
HOCTl> K eMcTBIIIO B 06m;eM rrJIaHe. II03ToMY BRJIIO'IeHHe
54
rJIYXOTIJ, HeMOTl,I II CJIenOTbI B 'lHCJIO OCHOBaHHH P;JIH npK-
3HaHIIH JIlll a orpaHII'leHHO p;eeCilOCOOHbIM BbI3bIBaeT COM-
HeHHe.
6) 3aHBJIeHIIe onpep;eJIeHHbIX JIH , 'leii I\pyr TOT IRe, 'lTo-
n rrpH npII3HaHHH Hep;eecnoco6HbIM (CT. 13, 7 rR).
.D:OJImeH JIH ceMeHHbIH cyp; npH HaJIH'lHH 3TIIX P;BYX OCHO.
RaHIIH OOH3aTeJIbHO npH3HaTb JIH O OrpaHU'leHHO p;eecnocoo-
HbIM? MbI nOJIaraeM, 'lTO 3TO He o6H3aTeJIbHO B OTHOrneHHII'
CJIa60YMHbIX (B 3aBIICIIMocru OT HX HMy ecTBeHHoro nOJIo.
lI\eHHH). CeMeHHbIH cyp; MOiReT JIu60 npU3Han HX orpaHH-
'reHHO p;eecnoco6HbIMII, JIHOO OTKa3aTb B 3TOM. MeIRAY TeM'
B npOrnJIOM npIIHHMaJIUCb cyp;eOHbIe perneHHH, OCHOBaHHbW'
Ha npoTHBOnOJIOmiiOH To'me 3peHIIH (CM. perneHHe BepxoB-
Horo cyp;a OT 4 aBrYCTa 1922 r.).
2) IIpo ep;ypa npH3HaHHJI B eJIOM aHaJIOrII'lHa npo ep;y-
pe npII3HaIIHH JIH a Hep;eecnoco6HbIM (c 1. n. 1 CT. 9 3aI\OHa
o cyp;eoHoM paCCMOTpeHHH ceMeHHbIX p;eJI; CT. 30 IIHcTpYI\-
UII 0 cyp;e6HoM paCCMOTpeHUH ceMeHHbIX p;eJI).
3) B CJIY'lae OTnap;eHHH Heo6xop;HMocTu H p;aJIee paCCMaT-
pUBan KaKOe-JIH6o JIU O B Ka'leCTBe OrpaHII'leHHO p;eecnoco6-
Horo ceMeHHbIH cyp; no 3aHBJIeHIIIO 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIX JIH
p;OJImeH B TOM me nopHp;Ke, KaK H B OTHorneHHII Hep;eecnoc06-
HbIX, aHHYJIHpOBaTb p;aHHoe npH3HaHHe (CT. 13, 10 rR; n. 1
CT.9 3aKOHa 0 cyp;e6HoM paCCMOTpeHHH CBMeHHbIX p;eJI; CT. 30'
IIHCTPYK IIH 0 cyp;e6HoM paCCMOTpeHIm ceMeHHbIX p;eJI).
31. QacTH1JHaH p;eecnocooHoCTb OrpaHH1JeHHO p;eecnoco6-
HbIX rnIIpe, 'leM p;eecnoco6HocTb HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHHX. fK
npep;YCMaTpHBaeT Heo6xop;uMOCTb cor.rraCT/H nOne'IHTeJIH JIHrnb.
n OTHorneHHH nepe'lHCJIHeMbIX B IWp;eI{Ce BamHblX p;eHcTBIIH,
CBH3aHHblX C uMy ecTBoM, 'lTO me KacaeTCH HHbIX p;eHCTBHH,
TO OrpaHH'leHHO p;eecnOCOOHble MorYT COBepmaTb nx caMO-
CTOHTeJIbHO (CM. n. 1 CT. 12 fIq. B CJIY'Iae caMOCTOHTeJIbHO-
ro COBepmeHlIH orpaHH'leHHO p;eecnoco6HbIM p;eHCTBHll:, Tpe-
6YIOIII,HX CorJIaCHH nOne'lIITeJIH, aHHYJIIIpOBaHHe 3TuX p;eHCT-
BUll: caMIIM orpaHH'leHHO p;eecnoco6HbHI OCj eCTB;rIHeTCH B
rropH)J;Ke, npep;YCMOTpeHHOM P;JIH HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTllIIX (n. 3
CT. 12 rR).
rR nepe'lHCJIHeT Te p;ell:CTBHH, B OTllomeHlIH I\OTOpbIX
Tpe6yeTcH corJIacue rrOne'lUTeJIH, OJJ;Hal..:o C TO'II\II 3pellIIH co-
npeMelliioro COCTOHHIIH 3KOHOMU'leCI\IIX CBR3eii nOT rrepe-
'lellb HBIIO Hep;OCTaTO'lell. RpynHbIM Hep;OCTaTI\OM 3Toii 'laCTII
fR HBJIHeTCH OTCYTcTBHe HOpM, perYJIIlpyIOIII,HX 'I eI\H , eH-
55
lIble 6YMarll. CeMeHHble CYP;bl B CJIY'lae O XOP;IfMOCTH MOrYT
lIpII3UaTb 06H3aTeJIbUOCTb COrJIaCIIiI nOnemITeJIH II Ha )J;en-
CTBHlI, He npep;YCMOTpeHHble rI-\ (n. 2 CT. 12 TR'). Memp;y
TeM no He Bcerp;a npOBop;IITCH B mH3Hb, a nOJIOiKeHHHM TR'
,p;aeTCH pacnmpHTeJIbHOe TOJIROBaHHe.
R' TaRHM p;ellCTBHHM OTHOCHTCH:
a) IIplIHHTHe RanIlTaJra, a IlMeHHO IlMyru;eCTBa, npHlIOCH-
1JJ;ero npou;eHTbl, nJIaTy 3a apeHp;y H T. n., a TaRiKe npep;o-
,CTaBJIeHHe RanHTaJIa B3aHMbl (nn. 1 n. 1 CT. 12 TR'). Op;Ha-
'KO B CJIyqae RpaTROCpOqHOH apeHp;bl, He npeBblrnaIOru;eH CpO-
Ra, npep;YC1>WTpeHHoro CT. 602 TR', CorJIacue noneqHTeJIH He
'Tpe6yeTcH (nn. 9 n. 1 CT. 12 TK; 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe npa-
BO -117).
6) vTJI060e nOJIyqeHHe p;eHeiKHoro 3aHMa H nopyqIITeJIb-
CTBO (nn. 2, n. 1 CT. 12 TK). CYfle6uble perneHHH npHpaBHH-
'BaIOT Bblp;aqy 'leRa, HHp;occaMeHT II T. n. R nOJIyqeHIIIO p;eHem-
Boro 3aHMa (CM. perneHHe DepxoBHoro cyp;a OT 20 HOH6pH
1914 T.), qTO, op;HaRO, HeBepHO, HCXOP;H lI3 ueo6xop;HMOCTU
-o6eCneqeHHH 6e30naCHOCTH ToprOBblX cp;eJIOK.
B) )J;eHCTBIlH, npHMO HJIH ROCBeHHO HanpaBJIeHHble ,Ha
'npHo6peTeHHe HJIH YTpaTy npaB B OTHorneHlIH Hep;BHiKHMoro
1iI 3Ha'lIITeJIbHOrO p;BIImHMoro HMyru;eCTBa (nn. 3 n. 1 CT. 12
TR'). TaR Ran: u;eHHble 6YMarH Ha npep;'bHBHTeJIH paCCMaTpH-
lJaIOTCH RaR P;BIIiKHMoe HMyru;eCTBO (n. 3 CT. 86 TR'), OHH,
eCTeCTBeHHO, BXOP;HT B ,ny RaTeropHlU, op;HaRO R HeH npH-
paBHHBaIOTCH II HMeHHble u;eHHble 6YMarH. 8TO iKe OTHOCHTCH
.1 R a6oHHpoBaHHIO HOMepa TeJIe<p0uIIoH ceTII, naTeHTHOMY
npaBy, npaBy Ha ToproBblH 3HaR H T. II.
r) B rpaiKp;aHCROM npou;ecce Bce p;eHcTBHH no npep;'bHB-
JIeHIlIO HCRa (nn. 4 n. 1 CT. 12 TR'). Op;HaRo B CJIyqae npep;'b-
HBJIeUIIH HCRa ROHTpareHTOM orpaHIIqeHHO ):.\eecnoco6HbIH
MoiKeT caMOCTOHTeJIbHO Y'laCTBOBaTb B npou;ecce. D;eHcTBHH,
CBH3aHHble C npou;eCCOM, Ha ROTopble He nOJIyqeHO COrJIaCHH
rrOrreqHTeJIH, Hal{ H B p;pyrHx CJIyqaJ:IX, He aHHYJIlIpyIOTCH, a
CqHTaIOTCH Hep;eHCTBIITeJIbUbDIH. Op;ualW eCJIII BnOCJIep;CTBHH
'TaROe COrJIaCHe nOCJIep;yeT, OHIT MoryT CTaTb p;eHCTBIlTeJIbUbl-
"MIl (CT. 54 TR').
p;) J];apeHue Beru;lI p;pyrmlY JIHJ y (CM. CT. 549 TR'), 3a-
RJIIOqeHHe MHpOBOH Cp;eJIt;H (CM. CT. 695 TR'), a TaRiKe p;oro-
'Bopa 0 TpeTeHCROM pa36IIpaTeJIbCTBe, npep;YCMOTpeHHOM
CT. 786 TIIR' (nn. 5 n. 1 CT. '12 TR').
e) IIpHHHTIIe HaCJIep;CTBa (CT. CT. 920, 922 TR'), a TaRiKe
'{)TRa3 OT Hero (CM. CT. 938 TR', nIl. 6 II. '1 CT. 12 TR').
.:56
m) OTKa3 OT ;a;apa HJIII JIeraTa (CM. CT. 986 rK), a TaKm
npuIUlTHe ;a;apa IIJIU JIeraTa, conpOBom;a;aeMbIX onpe;a;eJIeHHbIMK
o6H3aTeJIbCTBaMII (CM. CT. 553, 1002, 1003; nn. 7 n. 1 CT. 12'.
rK).
3) 3aKJIIO'IeHlIe ;a;oroBopOB 0 CTpOHTeJIbCTBe, nepeCTpOH-
r,e, nplICTpoHKe IIJIU KpynHoM peMOHTe (nn. 8 n. 1 CT. 12 rK).
II) ApeH;a;a IIMYIIJ;eCTBa IIJIH c;a;a'la B apeH;a;y Ha ;a;JIUTeJIb-
IlbIH CpOK, npeBblmaIOIIJ;IIH yxa3aHHbIH B CT. 602 rK (nn. 9
n. 1 CT. 12 rK).
K) Bce IIHble ;a;eHcTBIIH, B OTHomeHUII KOTOpbIX ce:\:leHHbIM
cy;a;OM npHHIIMaeTCH pemeHlIe 0 Heo6xo;a;IIMOCTII COrJIaCIIH,
nOne'lHTeJIH (n. 2 CT. 12 rK).
32. IIone'lIITeJIII. OrpaHII'IeHHO ;a;eecnoco6HbIM Ha3Ha'la-
IOTCH nOne'lIITeJIII (CT. 11 rK). I1one'lHTeJIb JIlImb ;a;aeT
COrJIaCHe Ha COBepmeHHe OrpaHII'IeHHO ;a;eecnoco6HbIMU BbI-
meYKa3aHHbIX IOplI;a;U'IeCKIIX ;a;eHCTBIIH (CM. pemeHlIe Bep-
XOBHoro cy;a;a OT 2 <I>eBpaJIH 1916 r.), O;a;HaKO OH He MomeT
npe;a;CTaBJIHTb ;a;aHHbIX JIIIIJ; U lloaTOMY He HBJIHeTCH HX 3aKOH-
HbIM npe;a;CTaBIITeJIeM. B CIIJIY aToro II HaYKOH rpam;a;aHCKoro
npaBa II cy;a;e6HoH npaKTIIKOH ( CM. pemeHlIe BepXOBHoro
cy;a;a OT 2 IIIOHH 1922 r.) npH3HaHO, '1TO ;a;eHCTBIIH orpaHH-
'1eHHO ;a;eecnoco6HbIX, COBepmeHHble 6e3 COrJIaCHH nOne'lIITe-
JIH, He MorYT 6bITb aHHYJIUpOBaHbI nOrre'lIITeJIeM (CM. CT. 120
rK). BMeCTe C TeM B YCJIOBHHX, Kor;a;a orpaHwreHHo ;a;eecno-
co6HbIe He MorYT caMOCTOHTeJIbHO BbIpa3IITb COrJIaCHe HR
aHHymfpoBaHlIe CBOIIX ;a;eUCTBIIH, COBepmeHHbIX no co6CTBeH-
HOMY YCMOTpeHIIIO, a nOne'lIITeJIb He IIMeeT Ha aTO COOTBeT-
CTByIOIIJ;IIX nOJIHOMO'IIIH, ;a;aHHbIH IIHCTUTYT CTaHOBUTCH 6ec-
nlblCJIeHHbIM B OTHomeHlI1I paCTO'lIITeJIeH II ;a;pyrnx. IIoaTo-
.\IY B HaYKe rpam;a;aHcKoro npaBa cym;ecTByeT II IIHaH TO'lKa
3peHIIH, COrJraCHO IWTOpOH 3a nOne'lIITeJIHMII ;a;OJImHO 6bITb
rrplI3HaHO IIpaBO Ha aHHymlpoBaHlIe ;a;eHcTBIIH nOp;One'lHbIX.
TIolle'lHTeJIH ;a;OJImHbI na3Ha'laTbCH 113 TOro me Kpyra JIIIIJ;,.
'ITO II oneKYHbI (CM. 847 rK).
6. 3aaqHTa HHTepecoB KOHTpareHToB
HeAeecnoco6HblX
33. IIpaBo TpeooBaHIfH nO;a;TBepm;a;eHHH.
1) KOHTpareHTaM He;a;eecnoco6HbIX no C;a;eJIKaM npe;a;o-
CTaBJIHeTCH npaBo TpeooBaHHH nO;a;TBep»t;a;elllIH (CT. 19 rK).
5T
]J;eHCTBIlH He,D;eeCIIOCOOHbIX MorYT ODIn aHHYJIHpOBaHbI.
B CJIY'Iae, eCJIH Hep;eeCIIoco6Hble IIOJIarRIOT, 'ITO <JTH p;eiiCTBHH
'OTBe'IaIOT IlX HHTepecaM, OHH MorYT HaCTaHBaTb Ha IlX p;e11-
.CTBHTeJIbHOCTIl, B IIpOTHBHOM me CJIY'Iae OHl! MorYT HaCTaH-
.BaTb Ha HX aHHYJIHpOBaHHH na OCHOBe Hep;eHCTBl!TeJIbHOCTIl
:,D;aHHbIX p;eHCTBIIH. IIpIl 3TOM IIpaBO almYJIHpOBaHHH MomeT
.6bITb peaJIH30BaHO B Te'IeHHe 5 JIeT C MOMeHTa COBepIIIeHHH
.IOpHp;ULIeCKoro p;eilcTBHH (CM. CT. 126 rlt). )J;aHHoe YCJIOBHe
'Ha p;JIHTeJIbHblii CpOK CTaBHT I\OHTpareHTOB Hep;eecnOCOOHbIX
II BCIO CHCTeMY ToprOBbIX Cp;eJIOK B 06I eCTBe B HeOnpep;eJIeH-
:Hoe 11 HeCTa6HJIbHOe IIOJIOmeHHe. IIo3ToMY fIt npep;OCTaBJIH-
leT IWHTpareHTaM npaBO Ha npep;'bHBJIeHHe onpep;eJIeHHOrO
YJIbTHMaTYMa Hep;eecnoco6HbIM 0 nop;TBepmp;eIIlIH p;eiiCTBHH,
a B CJIY'Iae, Korp;a Hep;eeCIIOCo6H.bIH He OTBeqaeT Ha Hero, 3TO
iBbI3bIBaeT aHHYJIIlpOBaHIIe JIH60 nop;TBepmp;eHHe (oTKa3 OT
npaBa aHHYJIHpOBaHIIH) C eJIKH, H TaKIlM 06pa30M KOHTp-
.areHTbI Hep;eecnoco6HbIX H36aBJIHIOTCH OT HeOnpep;eJIeHHOrO
.COCTOHHHH, a BCH CHcreMa TOproBblx Cp;eJIOK npHo6peTaeT
.cTa6HJIbHOCTb. IIpaBo op;Hoii CTOpOHDI 3aBH3DIBaTb onpep;eJIeH-
!Hble npaBooTHoIIIeHHH (rrpaBO na <pOpMHpOBaHHe rn:paBoOTHo-
meHHii), TaKHM 06pa30M, conpoBomp;aeTCH npaBoM p;p'yr01I
oCTOpOHbI Tpe60BaTb IIop;TBeprKp;eHHH p;aHHoro p;eiiCTBIlH (CM.
,CT. 114, 547 fIt).
2) IIPIl peaJIII3a III1 npaBa Tpe60BaHlIH nop;TBepmp;eHIlR
KOHTpareHToM Hep;eecnoco6Horo yKa3bIBaIOTcH p;eHcTBHH, KO-
"TOpble nOp;JIemaT aHHYJIHpOBaHHIO, a TaKme HcnpaIIIIlBaeTC!I
MHeHHe Hep;eecnocoonoro, npH 3TOM He eecIIoco6HOMY npep;o-
'CTaBJIHeTCH MeCH Ha pa3MbIIIIJIeHHe. TIpaBOBbIe nOCJIep;CTBHII
HenOJIY'IeHHH OTBeTa B 3aBIICHMOCTH OT 06CTOHTeJIbCTB pa3-
JIH'IHbI: OTCYTcTBHe OTBeTa co CTOpOHbI JIII a, Koropoe Momer
'caMOCTOHTeJIbHO nop;TBepmp;an CBOH p;eiIcTBHH (CT. CT. 122,
124 fIt), C'IHTaeTCH nop;TBepmp;eHHeM, a HenOJIY'IeHJIe OTBe-
Ta co CTOpOHDI JIIl a, KOTopoe He Momer caMOCTOHTeJIbHO IIOJJ;-
'TBepmp;aTb CBOH p;eiiCTBHH, - aHHYJIHpOBaHHeM Cp;eJIKU.
A l!MeHHO; a) OTCYTCTBIle OTBeTa co CTOpOHbI Hep;eecIIoco6-
Horo, 3anpoc h KOTOPOMY 6bIJI HanpaBJIeH nOCJIe Toro, KaK OIl
rrOJIY'IUJI p;eecIIoco6HOCTb (II. 1 CT. 19 fIt), a TaKme Hep;ee-
'cIIoco6ubIX, nOJIY'IHBIIIIlX COrJIaCHe 3aI\DHHbIX npep;CTaBHTe-
.JIeii Ha Cal\IOCTOHTeJIbHbIe p;eiicTBHH (CM.: 06m;aH '!aCTb-
26, 29; II. 2 CT. 19 fIt), C'IIITaeTCH nop;TBepmp;eHHeM; 6) OT-
'cyTcTBIle OTBeTa co CTOpOHbI Hep;eeCIIoco6HbIX, He IIOJIY'IHBIIIHX
COrJIaCHH 3aKOHHbIX npep;CTaBIlTeJIeH Ha caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIe
)];enCTBHH (n. 3 CT. 19 fIt), a Ta:Kme OrpaIlH'IeHHO p;eecIIoco6-
8
HI.IX (II. 4 CT. 19 fR) C'IlITaeTCH aHHymIpoBaHIIeM; B) OTCY'r-
CTBlIe OTBeTa co CTOpOHI.I HeCOBeprneHHOJleTHero IIJIII ne)J;ee-
crroco6Horo He rropom)J;aeT HIIKaKIIX IIpaBOBhIX IIOCJle)J;CTBIIM,
Tal\ JmK OHII He OC03HaJOT CyTII TpeOOBaHIIH IIO)J;TBepm)J;eHIIl1
(C)1. CT. 98 fR); r) fpam)J;aHCKIIM KO)J;eKC He rrpn3HaeT Tpe-
OOBaHIIe IIO)J;TBepm)J;eHIIH, HalIpaBJleHHOe B a)J;pec nOlIe'IIITe-
:reil: (CM. n. 4 CT. 19 fR), Ha TOM OCHOBaHHH, 'ITO nOlIe'IIITeJlh
lIe HBJlHeTCH 3aKOHHI.lM IIpe)J;CTaBIITeJleM II 1I0aTOMY He oOJla-
;J;aeT rrpaBOM aHHYJlIIpOBaHIIH IIJlII 1I0)J;TBepm)J;eHIIH (CT. 122,
120 fR; CM. TaRil\e: OOm;aH 'IaCTh - 32).
34. OOMQH co CTOpOHhl He)J;eecnoco6Horo. B cJly'Iae, ecmf!
He)J;eecilocooHhIM OOMaHHhIM IIYTeM BBeJl CBoero KOHTpareHTa,
B 3aoJlym)J;eHIIe OTHOCIITeJlhHO HaJlII'IHH y Hero )J;eeCIIOCOOHO-
CTII, ero )J;eMCTBHH He aHIiYJlIIpYJOTCH, TaK KaK B )J;aHHOM CJlY-
tlae HeT HeOOXO)J;HMOCTH 3am;HTI.I HHTepeCOB He)J;eecrrOCOOHOro.
(CM. CT. 20 fR; perneHHe BepxoBHoro cy)J;a OT 31 HHBapH
1933 r.). BBe)J;eHIIe KOHTpareHTa B 3aoJlym)J;eHIIe OTHOCHTeJlI.-
1I0 HaJlH'IIIH )J;eeclIocooHOCTII OTHOCHTCH He TOJlI.'KO K CJlY'IaHM
OO)IaHa B TOM, 'ITO orrpe)J;eJleHHOe JlHIW HBJlHe'fOH IIOJlHOCThJO
;J;eeclIo<:06HhIM, HO H K CJlY'IaHM OOMaHa B TOM, '1TO He)J;eeCIIO-
COOHI.JM 3a PY'IIIJlCH COrJlaCHeM olIeKyHa IIJlII lIorre'IHTeJlH Ha..
COBeprneHne OlIpe)J;eJleHHOrO JOpII)J;H'IeCKOrO )J;el1o'fBIIH.
f 7. MeCToHCHTenbCTBo
35. TIOH1lTne MeCTomIlTeahCTB3. Harna mII3:a:t> rrpOXO)J;IIT
B olIpe)J;eJleHHOM MeCTHOCTH, a HMeHHO Ha TeppIITopUII OCHOB-
1I0ro o03aBe)J;eHIIH. IIpaBo CO)J;epmlIT lHoro HOPM, CBH3aHHhIX
c )IeCTOmHTeJlI.CTBOM. fR )J;aeT orrpe)J;eJleHHe. MeCTOmIITeJlI.-
CTBa B BBO)J;lIOH 'IaCTH.
a) MeCTOI:IHITeJlI.CTBO HBJlHeTCH <<DCHOBOH mII3HII» Kam-
;:(01'0 'IeJlOBel\a (CT. 21 fR). B Teopuu pacrrpOCTpaHeHO )lHe-
BIlC, tlTO ;)'1'0 CJle)J;yeT rrOHIDIaTI. He TOJILKO KaK .paRTII'IeCROe
nOCTOHHHoe rrpomIIBaHIIe JlIIIJ;a B orrpC)J;CJleHHOH )IeCTHOCTII,
BO II KaK H3MepeHlle JlIIIJ;a IIMeTI. )J;aHHYJO MeCTHOCTb )IeCTOM
('Roero OCHOBHoro 003aBe)J;eHIIH. TaKOM fl,e TO'II\II 3peHIIH rrpII-
;J;epJf\IIBaeTCH H cy)J;e6HaH rrpaKTIIKa (CM. perneHue BepxoB-
Bora cY;rI;a OT 23 HJOJIH 1920 r.). ,D;aHHoe TOJIROBaHIIe CJle)J;yeT
rpam;rI;aHcKoMY rrpaBY pH)J;a 3arra)J;HoeBpOneHCI\IIX cTpaH, O)J;-
lIaHO MI.l nOJlaraeM, 'ITO OHO Bce me )J;OJl$HO OCHOBblBaTbCH
Ba 'IIICTO 06'beKTIIBHbIX <I>aKTopax, 6e3 Y'IeTa cy6'beKTIIBHoro
590
MOMenTa, TaK KaK ero BKJIIO'IeHHe B nOHHTHe MeCTOiKKTeJIh-
cCTBa JIMIIIh 3aTpY)J;HHeT onpe)J;eJIeHMe Toro, '11'0 me HBJIHeTCJJ
J\feCTOmMTeJIhCTBOM onpe)J;eJIeHHOrO JIMn;a; fH He )J;aeT OCHO-
BaHMll: )J;JIH TOJIKOBaHMH, BKJIIO'IaIOIII,erO M cy6'heKTMBHhIM <pal,-
TOp. TaI{Ke HOpMhI 06hPlHO cO)J;epmaTCH B 3aKOHO)J;aTeJIhCTBe,
YCTaHaBJIMBaIOIII,eM Cnen;MaJIhHhIe nOJION,eHMH )J;JIH JIMn;, He
06.rra)J;aIOIII,MX BOJIecnoc06HoCThIO.
6) HaYKa rpaiK)J;aHCKoro npaBa paCXO)J;KTCH TaKJI,e M IIO
J3(mpocy 0 '1HCJIe MeCT lliMTeJIbCTBa onpe)J;eJIeHHOrO JIHn;a. no
naIIIeMy MHeHMIO, HaM60JIee npaBMJIhiia KOHn;enn;MH Mnome-
CTBeHHOCTK MeCTOiKMTeJIhCTBa, TaK KaK C YCJIOlliHeHMeM 1JaCT-
HhlX npaBooTHoIIIeHMM oT)J;eJIh'HaH JIlI'IHOCTh MMeeT HeCKOJIhKO
pa3JIM'IHhIX n;eHTpOB C TOQIUI 3peHMH ee CBH3aHHOCTM pa3JIM'I-
HhIM11 'laCTHhIMH npaBOOTHOIIIeHHHMIL MecTOmMTeJIhCTBO MMe-
'€T BamHoe 3Ha'IeHMe n ,!I;JIH MHhlX, KpOMe 'IaCTHhIX, npaBOOT-
1I0IIIeHMll:, oc06eHHo )J;JIH MHCTMTYTa BhI60pOB M )J;pyrMx (CM.
:peIIIeHMe BepxoBHoro cY)J;a 01' 20 OKTH6pH 1954 r.). 81'0,
o)J;Ha'Ko, He 03Ha'iaeT, '11'0 nOHHTMe MeCTOlliMTeJIhCTBa e)J;MHO
JIH Bcero 3 aKOHO)J;aTeJIhCTB a; ero onpe)J;eJIeHMe pa3JIM'IHO B
3aBMCMMOCTM 01' Toro MJIM MHOI'O HopMaTllBHoro aKTa (CT. 1, 4
3aKoHa 06 OCHOBHhIX KHMrax perMCTpaIl,MM iKMTeJIeIt; CT. 9
3alwHa 0 BhI60pax ny6JIM1JHhlX )J;OJIiKHOCTHhIX JIMn;; CT. 10 3a-
Kona 0 MeCTHOM caMoynpaBJIeHMM).
B) B OTJIM1JMe 01' MeCTOmMTeJIhCTBa MMeeTCH MeCTO
:npOIIMCKM. PaHee 3TMM TepMMHOM 0503na'IaJIOCh MeCT'OHaXOiK-
p;eHMe «ce:\IhM» (no CTapOMY CeMell:HO:\IY npaBY), a B HaCTOH-
III,ee BpeMH - MeCTOHaxom)J;eHIIe noceMeMHoll 3aIIIICII cynpy-
rOB 11 I1X XOJIOCThIX )J;eTeM, KOTophle HOCHT O)J;MIIaHOBYIO C pO-
J(I1TeJIHMII <paMMJIMIO (CM. CT. 6 3aKoHa 0 IIoceMellHOll: 3anMcM).
)J;aHHoe MeCTOHaxom)J;eHIIe onpe)J;eJIHeTCH <popMaJlhHhlM IIO-
pH)J;KOM no 3aHBJIeHMIO 3aMHTepeCOBaHIlhIX JIMII, (CT. CT. 16, 17
3aI{OHa 0 nOcel\IeIIHOll: 3anIIcM), II 'lano OHO ne COBna)J;aeT C
MeCTOM )J;eMCTBMTeJIhHOrO nparKIIBaHIIH JlMn;a. B ropo)J;ax,
nOCeJIKaX II )J;epeBHHX COCraBJIHIOTCrr IlH)J;IIBlI)J;yaJIhHhle perH-
Tpan;IIOHHhIe KapTO'lKII Y'IeTa HaCeJIeHHlI, npOf!\IIBaIOIII,ero Ha
TeppIIToplnI )J;aHHhIX MYHMn;UnaJIMTeTOB, a TaKme COCTaBJU[-
IOTCH OCHOBHhIe I{HIII'M perUCTpaIl,IIU mIlTeJIeII TaM, r)J;e perll-
CTpan;IIH Be)J;eTCH noceMeMHO. B 60.rrhIllMHCTBe CJIY'IaeB )J;aH-
RaH perMCTpaIl,MH COBna)J;aeT C MeCTOlliIlTeJIhCTBOM, O)J;HaKO,
nOCKOJIhKY 3anMcn )J;eJIaIOTCH B npMHII,lme no 3aHBJIeHMIO
3aMHTepeCOBaHHhIX JIMn; (CT. 3, 21 3aKoHa 06 OCHOBHhIX KHM-
rax perMCTpan;MH mMTeJIeM), MeCTO )J;aHHOM perMCTpan;MII He
06H3aTeJIhHO COBna)J;aeT C <paKTII'IeCKIlM MeCTOmMTeJIhCTBOM.
()1
36. fK He YCTaHanmmaeT nce rrpaBOBble rrOCJIeJ];CTBHK orrpe
.,;:\eJIeHHJI MeCTOmHTeJIbCTBa. B 3anHCHMOCTH OT COJ];eplliaHHfl
npanOOTHOlIIeHHH OHH YI{a3bIBaIOTCH n eOOTneTCTnYIOID;HX pa3-
p;eJIax fK H TeI{yID;eM 3aKOHo):{aTeJIbCTBe. MeCTOlliHTeJIbCTnO
naHOOJIee nalliHO npH onpeJ];eJIeHHH KpHTepHen J];JIH npH3Ha-
HHH JIHIJ;a 6e3BeCTHO OTCYTCTnYIOID;HM (CT. 25, 30 fK), MeCTG1
HCIIOJlUeHHH J];OJIronoro 06HaaTeJIbCTna (CT. 484 fK; CT. 516
Topronoro KOJ];eKca), MeCTa OTBpbITHH HaCJIeJ];CTna (CT. 883
fK), CYJ];e6HOH nOJ];neJ];OMCTneHHOCTlI (CT. 2 filK; CT. 1, 24
3aKoHa 0 rrpoIJ;eccyaJIbHOH npoIJ;eJ];ype paccMoTpeHHH JIHqHI:JX
I\eJI; CT. 22, 31, 45 MHCTPYKIJ;HH 0 cYJ];e6HoM paCCMOTpeHHH
ceMeHHbIX J];eJI), KpHTepH8B KOJIJIH3HOHHOH npHBJl3KIt B Melli-
I\YHapOJ];HOM "'IaCTHOM npaBe (n. 2 CT. 4, n. 2 CT. 9, CT. 12
3aKoHa M 10 OT 21 HIOHH 1898 r.), YCJIOnHH HaTypaJInaaIJ;HH
(CT. 4-6 3aKoHa 0 rpalliJ];aHCTBe) .
37. Pe3HJ];eHIJ;HH. a) HapHJ];Y C MeCTOlliHTeJIbCTnOM BbIJ];e-
JIHeTCH nOHHTHe pe3H)];eHIJ;HH. PeaH)];eHII,HH He TaK TeCHO cnH-
3aHa C JIHIJ;OM, KaK MeCTOlliHTeJIbCTBO, XOTH TaKme npeJ];CTan-
JIHeT C060H MecTo, n KOTopmI HaxoJ];HTcH IJ;eHTp lliH3HeHHbIX
nnTepecon J];aHHoro JIHIJ;a. PaamJ:qHe MClliJ];Y MeCTOlliHTCJIbCT-
130M H peaHJ];eHIJ;HeH COCTOHT n TOM, "'ITO eCJIH J];JIH MeCTOlliH-
TeJIbCTna Tpe6yeTcH HaMepeHHe JIHIJ;a Ha6paTb J];aHHyIO MeCT-
nOCTb n KaqeCTne IJ;eHTpa cnOHX lliH8HeHHbIX HHTepecon, TO
pe3HJ];eHIJ;HIO MOlliHO onpeJ];eJlHTb nOHHTIIeM MeCTOHaxomJ];e-
HHH, OJ];HaIW C TOqKIl 3penHH rpalliJ];aHCIwro npana nbIJ];eJIe-
liIle I\aHHoro nOHHTIlH He HMeeT oc060ro CMbICJIa.
6) IIpanoBoe 3Ha"'leHHe pe3HJ];eHqHH COCTOHT n TOM, "'ITO
n )];ByX CJIY"'laHX 3TO nOHHTHe ynoTpe6JIHeTCH nMeCTO MeCTO-
fI;IfTeJIbCTna. Bo-uepnbIX, IwrJ];a MeCTOmHTeJIbCTnO HeH3neCT-
liD (CT. 22 fK), 3TO nOJIOmeHIle npIIMeHHeTCH II K CJIyqaHM
nOJlUoro OTCYTCTnIIH MeCTOiI{IITeJIbCTna, no-nTopbIX, BCJIY"'Iae
OTCYTCTnIIH MeCTOlliIlTeJIbCTna B HnOHIJ:H (CT. 23 rK).
0AlIaIW npII IWJlJIII3IIOHHOH npIlnH3I{e B MelliJ];YHapOJ];HOM
'ICICTHOM npane (CM. CT. 12 3aKona N' 10 OT 1898 r.) 1I36npa-
eTCH 3aRon CTpaHbI MeCTOnmTeJIbCTBa IfHOCTpaHIJ;a nHe 3anH-
CIn!QCTH OT HaJIIIqIIH Y Hero pe3IIJ];eHIJ;IIII n HnOHIIII (oronop-
l\a CT. 23 fK).
38. BpeMeHHoe MeCTOmHTeJIbCTBO. fK npIl3HaeT TaKme no-
HHTIIe npeMeHHoro MeCTOlliIITeJIbCTna. OHO COCTOIIT n TOM, "'ITO
DAHa II3 CTOpOH J];JIH neJ];eHIIH CJ];eJIOR no cnoeH nOJIC II36IIpaeT
MeCTOM npe6bInaHIIH onpeJ];eJIeHHyIO MeCTHOCTb, KOTopaH 3aMe-
61
8eT ,!I,eIICTBIITeJlbHOe j\IeCTOmIlTeJIbCTBO (CT. 24 rK). O,!l,HaIW,..
I10CKOJIbKY ,!I,aHHoe MeCTO He HBJIHeTCH eHTpO 1 OCHOBIIOr()
063aBe,!l,eHIIH ::JToro JIH a, BpeMeHHoe MecTOiKlITeJIbCTBO He
C'IIITaeTCH OAHOH 1I3 pa3HOBII,!I,HOCTell MecTOmlITeJIbCTBa R
rrO,!l,JIIIHHOM CMblcm: :3Toro IlOHHTHH.
i 8. OTCYTCTBYlOlqHe
39. TIOHHTlle OTCYTCTBYIO cro. OTCYTCTBYIOIIw nl Ha3bIBa-
IOTCH JIlI a, I\QTopble rrOKHHYJIH CBoe MeCToJI\HTeJIbCTBO IlJI1l
pe31I,!I,eHlJ,1I1O n CKopoe B03Bpa eHlIe KOTOpbIX He npe,!l,BII,!I,I1T-
CH. TIpn :JTOl\l ,!I,8JIbHeHmaH CY,!I,bOa JIIIlJ,a He IIMeeT 3IIa1J:eHIIH.
ECJIII me JI Te1J:eHlIe ,!I,JIHTeJIbHOI'O BpeMeHII Borrpoc, iKHBO JIll
]J;aHHoe JIII O IIJIII HeT, OY,!I,eT OCTaBa'fbCH neHcHi.:nI, TO 6e3-
BeCTHoe OTCYTCTBlIe rrpH3HaeTCH B CY,!I,eOHOM rropH,!I,Ke, 8 :3T0
B orrpe,!l,eJIeHHblX rrpaBOOTHOilieHIIHX BJIeqeT 3a C060H TO me
1I0CJIe,!l,CTBIIH, '1TO II CMepTb (CM.: Oo aH -gaCTb - 20). IIu-
CTHTYT OTCYTCTBYIO IIX paCC'IHTaH Ha opraHlI3a HIO YllpaB-
JIeHIIH OC'fBBJJeHHhIM 1'.lMy ecTBoM ;:\0 B03MOmHoro B03Bpa e-
HIIH ,!I,aHHbIX JIII .
40. }TnpaBJIeHIIe HMy ecTBoM OTCYTCTBYIOr:u;IIX. B OTHO-
IIIeHlI1I ynp8BJIeHIIH IIMyr:u;eCTBOM oe3BecTHo OTCYTCTRYIOIII,I1X
rK pa3JIIIqaeT ,!I,Ba CJIY'IaH: Kor,!l,a 6e3BecTHO Q'fCYTCTHYIOIII,I1H
JIH'IHO Ha3H8'1IIJi yrrpaBJIHIOIII,erO IIMYIII,eCTBOM 11 KOr,!l,a OH
:3Toro He C,!I,eJIaJI. qTO KacaeTCH rrepBoro CJIY'IaH, TO 3,!1,eCb
BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBO rOCY,!I,apCTBa CBe,!l,eHO ,!I,O MIIHIIMYMa, II 1I0:3T0-
MY rrOJIOmeHIIH rK B OCHOBHOM cocpe,!l,OTOqeHbl H8 BTOpOM
CJIyqae. CJIe,!l,yeT Y'IIITbIBaTb TaKme, 'ITO B CJIY'Iae HaJIII1J:IIH
y oe3BeCTHO OTCYTCTBYIOIII,ero 3aKOHHoro rrpe,!l,CTaBIITeJIH, KO-
TOpblH BblIIOJIHHeT II <I>YHf\ I1I1 ynpaBJICHIIH IUIYIII,eCTBOl\I.
nOJIOmeHIIH rK 0 oe3BeCTHO OTCYTCTBYIOIII,IIX B ,!I,aHHOM CJIY-
qae He rrpIIMeHHIOTcH.
1) CJIY'Iaii, IWf):1;a 6e3BecTHo OTCYTCTBylO IIii JIII'IHO He
OCTaBJIHeT ynpaBJIHIO efO IIMy ecTBOM.
a) CeMeWHblH cy,!I, 110 38HBJIenI1IO 3alIHTepeCOBaHHoro
JIH a IIJIn IIpoKypopa nplIHInmeT peilielIlIe 0 lCpax, ne06xo-
,!I,IIMbIX 110 ynpaBm'HIIIO IIMYIII,eCTBOM (rr. 1 CT. 2.5 rK;
n. 1 CT. 9 3aKoHa 0 cY,!I,e6Hml paCCMOTpeIIIIII ce ICIi:HblX ,!I,eJI).
Cpe,!l,1I :nIIX Mep HalIOOJlCe BaiKHOH HB.'1HeTCH Ha3Ha'leHlIe
(CM. CT. 31 I1HCTPYK lIlI 0 cYAe6HoM paCC1\IOTpeHlIlI ceMeii-
HblX ,!I,eJI) YllpaBJIHIOIII,erO 1I IYIlI,eCTBOl\l. ECJIII a>e BIIOCJIe,[l,-
fi2
'CTBlIlI o6napymIITcH, 'ITO 6e;meCTHO OTCYTCTBYIOm;lIM JIII'IHO
OCTaBlIJI yrrpaBJIHIOm;erO IIMym;ecTBoM, )J,aHHOe pemeHlIe cY)J,a
rro 3aHBJIemIIO orrpe)J,e!IenrrbIX JIlIll, )J,OJImHO 6bITb aHIIYJIlIpO-
Barro (n. 2 CT. 25 fK).
i:) Ha3Ha'IenHbIM CY)J,OM yrrpaBJIHIOm;lIM IIMyru.eCTBOM
HB,'weTCH 3aKOHHbIM rrpe)J,CTaBlITeJIeM 6e3BecTHo OTCYTCTBYIO-
llJ,ero 1I MomeT OCYIII,eCTBJIHTb 06bI'IHble <PYHKIJ;lIlI rro yrrpaB-
.JIeHlIIO IIMYIII,eCTBOM, O)J,HaKO B CJIY'Iae He06xo)J,lIMOCTlI ocym;e-
TBJIHTb rrOJIHOMO'IlIH rro rrpe)J,CTaBlITeJIbCTBY B 60JIee mIIpo-
ROM 05'beMe yrrpaBJIHIOm;lIM )J,OJImeH rrOJIY'IlITb pa3pemeHl1C
eMeMHOro cY)J,a (CT. 28 fK). ¥ rrpaBJIHIOIII,lIM lIMym;ecTBoM
ocym;eCTBJIHeT CBOlI <PYHKll,lIlI KaK JIlIl\Q, yrrOJIIIOMO'IeHHOe H3
..3TO (CT. 16 3aKoHa 0 cy)J,e6HoM paCCMOTpeHIIlI ceMeMHbIX
.,!];eJI). 06bI'IHO OH COCTaBJIHeT IIHBeHTapHYIO orrlICb lIMYIIl,eCT-
Ba (rr. 1 CT. 27 fK; CT. 36 IIHCTPYKll,IIlI 0 cY)J,e6HoM paCCMOT-
peHIIlI ceMeMHbIX )J,eJI), BbIrrOJIHHeT pacrropHmeHlIH ceMeMHo-
fO cY)J,a (rr. 3 CT. 27 fK; CT. 33 IIHCTPYHll,lIlI 0 cY)J,e6HoM pac-
<CMOTpeHIIlI ce IeMHbIX )J,eJI), ocym;eCTBJIHeT B03BpaT 3aJIOmeH-
Horo IIMYllJ,eCTBa (rr. 1 CT. 29 fK; CT. 34, 35 IIHCTPYKll,lIII 0
Y)J,e6HoM paCCMOTpeHlIlI ceMeMHbIX )J,eJI) II )J,pyrIIe 06H3aH-
JIOCTlI.
¥npaBJIHIOIII,lIM IIMYIIl,eCTBOM MomeT Tpe60BaTb BbIIIJIaTbI
:paCXO)J,OB Ha yrrpaBJIeHlIe, B03Mem;eHlIH Bpe)J,a (CT. 16 3aKoHa
,:{) cy)J,e6HoM paCCMOTpeHlIlI ce;vreMHbIX )J,eJI; CT. 650 fK), a
r3KfI,e B 3aBlIClIMOCTlI OT cIITyall,lIlI MOII\:eT rrOJIY'IaTb B03Ha-
rpalR)J,eHlIe (rr. 2 CT. 29 fK).
2) CJIY'Iaii, Kor)J,a OTCYTCTBYIOllJ,IIii JIH'IHO OCTaBJIJIeT yn-
paBJIJlIOm;erO IIMym;ecTBOM.
3)J,ecb Mem)J,y ynpaBJIHIOrn;IIM HMYIll,eCTBOM If OTCYTCTBYIO-
ru;Inr cYIIl,eCTByIOT 05bI'IHhIe OTHomeHlIH nopY'IeHlIH (CT. 643
n CJIe)J,. fK). II03ToMY 06'beM rrOJIHOMO'IlIM yrrpaBJIHIOIII,erO
orrpe)J,eJIHeTCH corJIameHHeM CTOpOH, B CJIY'Iae me OTCYTCTBlIH
Tmwro COrJIameHlIH rrplIMeHHeTCH CT. 103 fK. BMemaTeJIb-
' TBO rOCY)J,apCTBa, O)J,HaKO, orpaHlI'IHBaeTCH )J,ByMH clITya-
J nH IlI.
a) IIcTe'IeHIIe cpOKa rrOJIHOMo'mM yrrpaBJ"HIOIII,ero HMY-
n eCn\OM )J,O B03BpaIIl,eHlIH OTCYTCTByIOIIJ;ero. B 3TOM CJIY'Iae
nOJIOIKeHlIe paCCMaTplIBaeTCH TaK, KaK eCJIH 6bI yrrpaBJIHIO-
ru.ero He CYIIl,eCTBOBaJIO C CaMorO Ha'IaJIa (rr. 1 CT. 25 fK).
6) B CJIY'Iae, Kor)J,a CTaHOBHTCH HeHCHbIM, mlIB JIll OTCYT-
CTBYIOIJWM HJIlI HeT, ceMeMHhIM CY)J, no 3aHBJIeHIIIO onpe)J,e-
.'IeHHbIX JIlIll, MOFI,eT oCBo60)J,lITb OT B03JIOmeHHbIX Ha Hero
05H3aHHOCTerr yrrpaBJIHIOIII,ero, OCTaBJIeHHOro OTCYTCTBYIO-
63
lIJ:HM, H Ha3Ha'lHTb p;pyroro yrrpaBJUllOru,erO HMyru,eCTBOM, a:
TaRme OCYIll,eCTBJIHTb Hap;30p 3a ero p;eHTeJIbHOCTblO (CT. 26,
rR), rrpH'le:M p;aHHbIII Hap;30p }lOmeT BBOP;UTbCH 6e3 3aMeHbL
yrrpaBJIHlOIll,ero.
r naB a 3. JOPHAH ECKHE nH A
f. 0611.\He nOnOH<eHHJI
41. llOHHTHC lOplf U'leCKOrO JIu a. JOpnp;n'leCHH.\III JIII a--
MH HBJIHlOTCH Te (rroMIIMo cpH3U'leCRHX JIHlI,), 3a ROTOpbUIII
3aROH rrpII3HaeT rrpaBocrroc06HoCTb. C TO'lRH 3peHIIH rpam-
p;aHCRoro rrpaBa CYIll,eCTBYlOT p;Ba BH)J;a lOpHp;H'leCRlIX JIHlI,:
KoprropaTIIBHble lOpnp;H'leClme JIIIlI,a (Hoprropall,HH), rrpep;-
CTaBJIHlOIll,He C060M 06'bep;HHeHIUl JIIOp;eM, H Y'lpelKp;eUIIH, KO-
Topble HBJIHlOTCH 06'be,WIHeHHHl\BI RarrHTaJIOB, CJIymaIl\HX
orrpep;eJIeHHbUl lI,eJIH.\I.
1) KopnopaTHBHbIe lOpH U'leC.Kuc JIJf a (Ropnopall,IIu).
06Ill,eCTBeHHaH mII3Hb H CRJIap;bIBaeTCH JIIUllb H3 p;eHTeJIbHO-
CTU OT eJIbHbIX tPII3H'leCHHX JIHlI,: B COBpeMeHHO.M MHpe CY-
m,eCTBylOT 60JIbillHe H MaJIbIe, CIIJIbHbIe II CJIa6bIe 06'bep;IIne-
HHH, upeCJIep;YlOIll,IIe rry6JIHQHbIe HJIH llaCTHbIe IIHTepeCbI, -
ceMbH, TeppHTOpHaJIbHble 06'bep;IIHeHHH, rocyp;apcTBO H T. II.
B C0ll,HaJIbUbIX OTHOilleHHHX OHII rrpe,lWTaBJIHlOT C060!I He
npOCTO cOBoRyrrHocTb HHp;IIBup;yaJIbHbIX 'lJIeHOB, a HeRoe He-
aaBHCIIMoe ep;HHCTBO. IIo)J;06HbIe 06'bep;IIHeHHH BbITIOJIHHlOT TC
4JYHRlI,HH, IWTopbIe neB031\1OIKHO oCYIll,eCTBIITb CHJIaMH OTp;eJIb-
HOM JIIIQHOCTII, npII'IeM pa3BIITlle 'leJIOBe'lecRoiI HY JIbTypbI
6e3 BbIIIOJIHeHHH aTIIMH 06'bep;UHeHuHMu CBOUX tPYHRlI,UM He-
B03MOIKHO. IIOCIWJIbHY p;aHHbIe o6pa30BaHuH 06'bep;IIHHlOT
MHOlKeCTBO JIUlI" BO BHYTpeHHeM nJI3He OT HUX Tpe6yeTcH
e)J;IIHCTBO BOJIU CBOUX 'lJIeHOB, a BO BHeIllHe l - HaJIII'IUe 06'b-
ep;UHeHHoro l..:anUTaJIa, opraHII3all,IIH )J;eHTeJIbHOCTII 'lepe3
npep;cTaBIITeJIeM, HCHoe onpep;eJIeHHe OTBeTCTBeHHOCTIl 06'b-
ep;UHeHIIH. 3aRoHOp;aTeJIbCTBO nplI3HaeT 3a nOJJ;06Horo pop;a
06'beJJ;IIHeHlIH}11l CTaTYC lOpllJJ;IlQeCHUX JIllll" Hap;eJIenHbIX CTa- ,
TyCO}I cy6'beI':Ta npaB, II B aaBIICIIMOCTH OT xapaRTepa BbIIIOJI-
HHe.MbIX COll,llaJIbHbIX tPYHRlI,UM npU3HaeT pa3JIll'lHble BIIp;bJ
lOpllp;Il'leCRIIX JIJIlI, C TeM, 'lTo6bJ OHII MOrJIII HOp raJIbHO ocy-
m;eCTBJIHTb CBOll tPYHRlI,llll, HBJIHHCb COCTaBJIbIMII lIaCTH 1M
06Ill,eCTBeHHOM CTPYRTypbI. H'opnopaTIIBHbIe lOplIp;II'leCRlle
JIHlI,a BbIIIOJIHHIOT BalKHYlO pOJIb B pa3JIII'IHbJX OOJIaCTHX rH1l3
64
HII 06rn;eCTBa. cD1I31I'IeCKlIe JIlI a nplIHlIMalOT Y'IaCTJIe B AeJl-
TeJIbHOCTlI p,aHHbIX lOplIp,lI'IeCl\lIX 'JilIn; JI1I60 Henocpep,CTBeJl-
HO, JIII60 KOCBeHHO, nYTeM BJIOmeHI1JI CBOlIX KanlITaJIOB.
2) Y'Ipemp,eHIIJI *. He CTOlIT TOBOpHTb 0 TOM, IWKYlO pOJIb
}J,JIJI 06rn;eCTBa HrpaeT HaKOnJIeHHe KanIITaJIa. Bo MHorHX CJIY-
'IaHX onpep,eJIeHH:bIn KanHTaJI CJIymHT u;eJIHM, B:bIXOp,Hrn;lIM 3a
paMKH HHTepeCOB OTp,eJIbHOn JIH'IHOCTH, a 3aKOHOp,aTeJIbCTBO
OIIpep,eJIHeT OCHOBH:bIe npIIHl\IIIIbl IICnOJIb30BaHIIH ;noro Ka-
JUITaJIa, opraHII3ar IIlO p,aHHblx JIIIU; II npII3HaeT IIX B Ka'IeCT-
Be caMOCTOHTeJIbH:bIX Cy6'b8KTOB COU;IIaJIbHOH p,eHTeJIbHOCTII.
B OTJIII'IIIe OT KopiiopaU;IIn Y'Ipemp,eHIIH npep,CTaBJIHlOT C060H
IIpemp,e BcerO 06'bep,HHeHIIH KanIITaJIOB, a opraHII3aU;IlH
JIlOp,en B:bICTynaeT B KRqeCTBe p;OnOJIHIITeJIbHOrO cl>aKTopa,
npII3BaHHOTO 06eCIIe'IIIBaTb )];OCTIImeHIIe nOCTaBJIeHHblX
U;eJIen. llo3TOMY. CMeHa JIIIU;, ocyrn;eCTBJIHlOrn;IIX ynpaBJIeHIIe,
He OKa3blBaeT BJIIIHHIIH Ha He3aBIICIIMOCTb cyrn;ecTBO!!aHIIH
;)TIIX lOpIIp,II'IeCKIIX JIIIU;. llop,06HblH KaIIIITaJI IIMeeT o6rn;ee:
lIa3BaHHe - Y'Ipemp,eHIIH. 3aKOHOp,aTeJIbCTBO rrpH coOTBeT-
CTBIIII p,aHHblX 06'bep,IIHeIUl:n KaIIIITaJIa orrpep,eJIeHHblM YCJIO-
BIIHM rrpII3HaeT sa HIIMII CTaTYC cy6'beKTa npaB. B HaCTOHrn;ee
BpeMH cl>YHKU;I10HnpYlOT BeCbMa pa3Hoo6pa3Hble yqpemp,eHIIH.,
KOTopbIe BblIIOJIHHffiT BamHble cl>YHKU;IIII.
IOpUp,II'IeCKlie JIIIu;a: KopnopaU;IIII II Y'IpemAeHIHi
JIrpalOT BamHYlO pOJIb KaK COCTaBHbI8 3JIeMeHTbi COBpeMeHHon
COU;IIaJIbHOH CTPYKTypbl, rr03TOMY npaBO cop,epmIIT no)];po6-
Hble rrOJIOmeHIIH, perYJIIIpYlOrn;IIe B03HIIKHOBeHIIe, BHYTpeH-
HlOlO opraHH3aU;IIlO II BHelIIHlIe CBH3II lOpIIp,II'IeCKIIX JIIIU;. rlt
cop,epIKIIT OCHOBHbIe rrpllHU;IIrrbI p,aHHoro 3aKOHO)];aTeJIbCTBa.
42. Cyrn;HocTb lOpII)];II'IeCROrO JIIIu;a.
1) OTHOCIITeJIbHO cyrn;HOCTII lOpIIp,lI'IeCKOro JIIIu;a B Hay-
Ke cyrn;ecTByeT IIIlIpOImH crreKTp pa3JIII'IHbIX TO'IeK 3peHIIH.
a) TeopIIJI «pIIRU;IIII IOpIIp,II'IeCROro JIIIu;a OCHOBblBaeTCH Ha
TOIl rrpep,rrOCbIJIKe, 'ITO cy6'b8KTaMII rrpaB MorYT 6:bITb TOJIbKO
cpII3II'IeClme JIIlu;a, a lOpIIp,II'IeCKne JIlIu;a npep,CTaBJIHlOT c060ii
IIMIITaU;IIlO npaBOBoro cTaTyca cl>II3II'IeCKOrO JIlIu;a. MCXOp,H H3
noil TeopnII, B03HIIKHOB8HIIe lOpIIp,II'IeCKOrO JIIIU;a B03MomHO
JIIIllIb npn YCJIOBIIII pa3pelIIeHIIfl co CTOpOHbI rocyp,apcTBa IIJIIf
rrpaBa. B YCJIOBIlHX, KOTp,a npaBO HOBoro BpeMeHH CTpOHJIOCb
Ha npIIHU;IIne YBameHIIH JIII'IHOCTII II rrpeae6pemeHIIH K 06'b
\
* B 6YRBaJIbHOM IIepeBop;e - «<pHHaHCOBhIe ropHp;IPlecRHe JIH a».-
llpUM. nepe6. . "
5 3aKa3 :N1 892
65
e,!J;HHeHHHM, p;aHHaH ROHD;enD;HH 3aHHMaJIa rOCnop;CTBYIOID;ee
DOJIOmeHHe B HayRe H 3aROHO,I{aTeJIbCTBe.
6) TeopHH nerrpH3naHHH ropHp;R'IeCKOrO JIJII a CTpeMHJIaCb
BhIHCHHTb, RTO me nOJIY'IaeT ROHelIHYIO Bblrop;y H3 npaBOOT-
HOIIIeHHH B 06ID;ecTBe, H npHXop;HJIa 1\ BblBOP;Y, 'ITO, nOMHMO
cpH3H'IeC1\HX JIHD;, TaIWH cy6'be1\T OTCYTcTByeT, a CJIep;OBa-
TeJIbHO, OTIta3bIBaJIaCb npH3HaTb IOpHp;H'IeCKOe JIHD;O cy6'be1\-
TOM npaBOOTHOIIIeHHH.
B) B npOTHBOnOJIOIKHOCTb 3TOMY peaJIJICTH'IeCKaH TeOpHJI
lOpHp;H'IeCROrO JIHD;a nop;'IepIHIBaJIa, 'ITO JIn:'IIIOCTH BbIcTyna-
lOT B 06ID;eCTBeHHOH if\H3Hn: He H30JIlIpOBaHHO, a B3aH.\IOCBH-
3aHbl pa3JIH'IHOro pop;a. OTHOIIIeHHHMH 11 pa3BHTIIe 'IeJIOBe'Ie-
CKOH RYJIbTypbl HBJIHeTCH pe3YJIbTaTOM HCTOpH'IeCROrO pa3BH-
TIIH 06'bep;HHeHIIH JIIOp;eH, rr03TOMY p;aHHblM 06'bep;HHeHHHM B
npaBOOTHOIIIeHHHX p;OJImeH 6bITb rrpHp;aH CTaTYC, rro 'RpaHHeH
.Mepe paBHbIH CTaTYCY OTp;eJIbHOH JIH'IHOCTH. C :nOH TO'IRH
3peHHH IOpH,I{H'IeCRHe JIHIW HBJIHIOTCH HeOT'b8MJIeMblMH cy6'b-
,eRTaMH 06ID;ecTBeHHbIx OTHOIIIeHHM: H CYID;eCTBOBaHHe IlX B
BhICIIIeH CTerreHH peaJIbHO. Rorp;a ,He rrpaBO HOBoro BpeMeHH
1I0CTerreHHO rrpn:illJIO It OC03HaHHIO -naiftHOCTn: ROJIJIeI\THBOB IT
HaMeTHJIaCb TeHp;eHD;HH It perYJIHpOBaHHIO COU;HaJIbHbIX CBH3eH
Ha OCHOBe OTHOIIIeHHH pa3JIH'IHbIX OO'bep;IIHeHHH (CM.: 06:rn;aH
''IaCTb - 14), p;aHHaH KOHl eIIIWH CTaJIa rrpnoopeTa Tb Bce
,60JIee COJIHp;HOe TeOpeTH'IeCJWe OCHOBaHIle. B HaCTOH:rn;ee Bpe-
;MJI He 6yp;eT rrpeYBeJIII'IeHHeM C'IHTaTb, 'ITO rrpaRTll'IeCltH Bce
B03HHRIIIHe H CYID;eCTBYIOID;He HaY'IHble KOHI errn;HH rrpHHaJ];-
JIemaT R peaJIHCTH'IeCIWH TeopHH, op;HaIW BHYTPH Hoe cYID;e-
cTByeT HeCROJIbRO HarrpaBJIeHHH, 13 60JIbIIIeH HJIH MeHbIIIeH
CTerreHH OTJIII'IHbIX p;pyr OT J];pyra. TaR, opraHR'IeCKaH TeopRH
OCHOBHoe BHHMaHIle yJ];eJIHeT COIJ,HOJIOrH'IeCRHM HCCJIep;OBaHH-
HM 06'beJ];HHeHHH JIIOJ];eH, oprallIl3an;ROHHaH TeopHH - npaBo-
BOH opraRII3aD;Hll IOpllJ];H'IeCItHX JIIIIJ" a TeOpHH COD;naJIbHOii
YHKD;HH - crreD;ncpII'IeCI\IlM COD;naJIbHbIM CPYHRIJ,llmI IOpIlJ];II-
qeCKHX JIHD;.
2) B l\IOMenT COCTaBJIeHIIH rK JU10HClmi'r 3aROIIO)J,aTeJIb
-cTOHJI, rrO-BHJ];HMOMY, na TO'IRe 3peHIIH TeopIIIl CPHRIJ,HH IOplI"
JJ;lI'IeCROrO JIIID;a. CBlIJ];eTeJIbCTBOM 3Toro CJIymHT TO, 'ITO opra-
Rbi IOpHJ];H'IeCROrO JIIIu;a Ha3BaHbI B TeRcre fK (<upep;CTaBII-
'TeJIHMH» (CM. CT. 44 fR), a B03HJlltHOBeRne IOpUJ];H'IeCIWrO
JIHD;a B03MomHO IIpH COOTBeTCTBHH HopMaM 3aROHOp;aTeJIbCTBa
(CM. CT. 33 fR), H J];PyrIle rrOJIOmeHHH. Op;HaRO TeOpeTII'Ie-:
-CRoe OCMblCJIeHHe CYIIJ;HOCTH IOpIlJ];I1'IeCI\oro JIHD;a He 06H3a:
'TeJIbHO BbIpamaeTCH 13 HeCROJIhRIIX CJIOBaX OJ];Hon UJIH J];BYX
66
CTaTeH KO;IJ;eKCa, H, KpOMe TOro, npHBe;IJ;eHHbIe CTaTbH BOBCa'
He HCKJIIO'IaIOT peaJIHCTH'IeCKOH TeopHH. IIoaToMY npH TOJIKO-
BaHHn: rR HrrOHHH npaBOBe;IJ;bI B :U;eJIOM CTOllT Ha TO'lKe 3pe-
HHlI peaJIHCTH'IeCKOH KOHu;errU;HH.
3) Cym;ecTByeT MHeHHe, ITO rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO K I'pam;IJ;aH-
CKOMY rrpaBY HUOHHH peaJIlICTII'IeCKall IWHu;errU;HlI He lIMeeT
oc060ro HaY'lHOI'O CMbICJIa. Men,)];y TeM B CJIY'lae rrpH'IHHeHHH
IWMY-JIH60 Bpe)];a co CTOpOHbI ;IJ;HpeI{TOpa IOpH)];H'IeCKOrO JIlIu;a
rrOJIOJI\HTeJIbHOe peIIIeHHe rrp06JIeMbI (B03Mem;eHHe Bpe)];a
caMlIM IOplI)];H'IeCKHM JIHU;OM) HeB03MomHO 6e3 npHMeHeHHH
peaJIlICTH'IeCKOH KOHu;errU;HH. II paB)];a, MOI'YT B03pa3HTb, '1TO
fR H TaI{ HCHO )];aeT rrOJIOmHTeJIbHbIH OTBeT Ha aTOT Bonpoc
(CM. CT. 44 rR), rr03TOMY TeOpeTH'IeCKHe nOCTpoeHHH He
lIMe lOT pOBIIO HHKaKOI'O 3Ha'leHHH. O;IJ;HaKO eCJIH CJIe;IJ;OBaTb
rrpH TOJII{OBanHH )];aHHOH CTaTbH TeopHH q,IIKU;HH, TO TaKoe
rrOJIOmeHHe 6y)];eT rrpOTHBOpe'lHTb TeopHH, '1el'o MomBO H3-
6emaTb rrpH TOJIKOBaHHH C rr03HU;HH peaJIHCTH'IeCKOH TeopHH,
n03BOJIHIOm;eii 60JIee IIIHpOKO TOJIKOBaTb cq,epy rrpHMeHeHHH
pac'OIaTpHBaMOH CTaTbH (CM.: 06m;aH '1aCTb - 56). TaR me
06CTOHT )];eJIO II C BorrpOCOM 0 cq,epe )];eeCnOC06HOCTH IOPII)];H-
'1eCIWro JIHu;a. OHa npHMO orrpe;IJ;eJIHeTCH TOJIKOBaHHeM CT. 43
fR, OD;HaKO TeoplIH q,HKU;HH Ol'paHH'IHBaeT ;IJ;eeCrrOC06HoCTb
JUIIIIb )];eHCTBlIHMH no ;IJ;OCTHmeHHIO KOHKpeTHbIX u;eJIeH
IOpH)];H'IeCKOI'O JIHu;a, B TO BpeMH KaK peaJIHCTH'IeCKaH Teo-
pHH paCCMaTpHBaeT ;IJ;eeCnOC06HOCTb B IIIHpOKOM KOHTeKCTe
COU;HaJIbBOH q,YHKU;HH IOpH;IJ;H'IeCKOI'O JIH:u;a (CM.: 06m;aH
'1aCTb - 55) .
43. KoprrOpaO;IIH, He OOJIa)];alOm;He rrpaBocrroco6HOCTblO.
KoprropaU;HH rrpe)];CTaBJIHIOT C060H 06'Le)];HHeHHH JIIO)];eH, OJlHa-
1>0 CJIe)];yeT rrOMHHTb, '1TO C TO'lKH 3peHHH I'pam)];aHCROI'O rrpa-
Ba IOpH)];H'IeCKHM JIHU;OM MomeT 6bITb TOJIbKO 061>e;IJ;HHeHn:e,
rrpeCJIe)];YIOm;ee 06m;eCTBeHHble IIHTepeCbI (CM. CT. 34 fK).
KpOMe TOI'O, IOpH)];H'IeCKHM JIHU;OM MomeT 6bITb npH3HaHo II
061>e)];HHeHHe, cTaBHm;ee u;eJIbIO H3BJIe'leHHe rrplIObIJIH (CM.
CT. 35 rK; CT. 52 ToproBoro RO;:J;eKca). Mem)];y TeM B OOm;eCT-
Be HMeeTCH 60JIbIIIOe '1HCJIO 001>e;IJ;IIHeHHH, KOTopbIe He CTa"
BHT u;eJIbIO HH .a;OCTHmeHHe 6JIal' ;IJ;JIH BCel'O 06m;eCTBa, HII .H3-
BJIe'leHHe rrpH6blJIH. aTO 061>e;IJ;HHeHHH, KOTopbIe CTaBHT cBoeii
IJ;eJIbIO nOBbIIIIeHHe )];YXOBHOI'O HJIH MaTepHaJIbIIOI'O ypOBHH. ;UC')
I'JIIO'IHTeJIbHO CBOHX '1JIeHOB, npHMO He BbI;IJ;BHraH u;eJIe
CO)];eHCTBHH HHTepecaM BceJ;'O 06m;eCTBa. TaKHMH 06'be;IJ;IIae-
BHHMH HBJIHIOTCH Opl'aHH3aU;HH 06m;eHHH JIIO)];eH, CiiOpTIII!B.bI
5*
67.;
KJIYOIJ, OpraHbI IIIKOJIbHOrO caMoynpaBJIeHIUI, pa3JIIPIHbIe
)J;BHmeHHH, OpfaHH3a HH paOO'IHX, JIII , npHHap;JIemarn;HX K
'O)J;HO:ii npO<peCCHH, H T. n. )J;aHHbIe OO'bep;HHeHHH HMeIOT OOJIb-
mOe 'IHCJIO qJIeHOB, HX BOJIH onpep;eJIHeTCH OOJIbIIIIlHCTBOM
:rOJIOCOB, OHH p;e:iicTBYIOT 'Iepe3 npep;CTaBHTeJIe:ii H HMeIOT
.cOOCTBeHHoe HMyrn;ecTBo H noaTOMY, B cyrn;HOCTH, He OTJIHqa-
lOTCH OT Kopnopa H:ii - IOpHp;H'IeCKHX JIH . Op;HaKO B rpam-
)J;aHCKo-npaBOBOM OTHOIIIeHMH OHH He MorYT OIJTb npH3HaHbI
IOpH)J;H'IeCKIIMH JIH aMH, eCJIH Ha TO HeT Cne HaJIbHbIX nOJIO-
meHH:ii 3aKOHO)J;aTeJIbCTBa (CT. 33 fK).
B cpe)J;e yqeHbIX-IOPHCTOB npHHHTO C'IHTaTb, 'ITO p;aHHbIe
Kopnopa HH, He HBJI'HIOIqHeCH IOpHp;H'IeCKHMH JIH aMH, OTHO-
CHTCH K KaTeropHH acco Ha H:ii, nop;na)J;aIOrn;e:ii nop; )J;e:iicTBHe
CT. 667 fK. Op;HaKo aCCO Ha IIH C TO'IKH 3peHHH rpamp;aH-
CKOfO npaBa (CM.: OOH3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBO - 141 H p;aJIee)
npe)J;CTaBJIHIOT cooo:ii OO'bep;HHeHHH, B KOTOpbIX peIIIaIOrn;ee
rrOJIOmeHHe 3aHHMaIOT HHp;HBup;yaJIbHbIe 'IJIeHbI. )J;JIH HCRJIIO-
.qeHHH HJIH npHHHTHH B aCCOll,Ha HIO TpeoyeTcH COrJIaCHe
"Hcex ee 'IJIeHOB, p;e:iicTBHH npe)J;cTaBHTeJIeH paCCMaTpHBaIOTCH
1Ulli rrpep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBO Bcex qJIeHOB accoU;Ha HH, HMyrn;ecTBo
'C'IHTaeTCH HX oorn;e:ii coocTBeHHocTbIO, a no oOH3aTeJIb-
'CTBaM YCTaHOBJIeHa HeOrpaHH'IeHHaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Bcex
QJIeHOB. COBepIIIeHHo HCHO, 'ITO p;aHHbIe nOJIOmeHHH HenpH-
MeHnMbI I, YKa3aHHbIM BbIllie OO'bep;HHeHHHM, TaR RaI, HeB03-
MomHO COrJIaCHTbCH C TeM, 'ITO, HanpHMep, B OO'bep;HHeHHH
rrpenO)J;aBaTeJIeH H yqaIIJ;HXCH yqeOHOrO 3aBep;eHHH OOH3a-
TeJIbCTBa )J;aHHoro OO'bep;HHeHHH OCHOBblBaIOTCH Ha npHB Hne
neOrpaHH'IeHHOII OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH Bcex 'IJIeHOB, HMyrn;ecTBo
npe)J;CTaBJIHeT HX oorn;yIO COOCTBeHHOCTb, JIH y, BbIXOp;Hrn;eMY
H3 OO'bep;HHeHHH, BbIp;eJIHeTCH P;OJIH ero HMyrn;ecTBa, a npep;-
CTaBHTeJIH )J;aHHOfO OO'bep;HHeHHH )J;e:iicTBYIOT OT HMeHH Bcex
erO 'IJIeHOB. B nOCJIep;Hee BpeMH HaYI\a H cyp;eoHaH npaKTHRa
CTaJIH OTHOCHTb paCCMaTpHBaeMbIe OO'bep;HHeHHH R KaTero-
pHH RoprropaqHH, ne OOJIap;aIOIIJ;HX rrpaBocnocoonocTbIO, H
rrpHIIIJIH R BbIBOP;y 00 HX OTJIH'IHOM OT rpamp;aHCRo-npaBOBbIX
accoqHaqHH xapaKTepe (CM. peIIIeHHH BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT
15 OKTHOpH 1964 f., 14 HOHOpH 1957 f., 2 HIOHH 1972 f.,
9 ORTHOPH 1973 f.). IICXOP;H H3 p;aHHOH I\OHqenqnu, npaBOBoe
rrOJIOmeHHe Koprropa H:ii, He oOJIap;amIIJ;HX npaBocnOCOOHO-
CTbIO, )J;OJImHO no B03MomHOCTH rrpHpaBHHBaTbCH K I\Opnopa-
D;HHM - IOpHp;H'IeCKHM JIHqaM. HanpHMep, eCJIII npo<pCOI03
rrpo:iip;eT perHcTpaqHIO, nOJIY'IHB CBH)J;eTeJIbCTBO KOMIITeTa
<rpY)J;a, on OY)J;eT paCCMaTpHBaTbCH B KaqeCTBe IOpHp;HqeCKOrO
68
HHIJ;a (n. 1 CT. 11 3aIWHa 0 npo!fJco103ax), 6e3 3Toro npo!fJco-
103 He nOJIY'IaeT npH3HaHHH B Ra'leCTBe IOpH,a;H'IeCROro
.JIHIJ;a, o,a;HaRO C paCCMOTpeHHOH BbIIITe TO'lKII 3peHlIH npH3Ha-
RIle HJIH HenplI3HaHlIe ,a;aHHoro po,a;a 06'be,a;IIHeHHH IOplI,a;II'Ie-
CKHMH JIIIIJ;aMH He nopOJI\p;aeT cyrn;ecTBeHHbIX pa3JIH'IHH B IIX
4aKTH'IeCKOM nOJIOJI\eRRJiL
44. Y 1JpelI\p;eHIIH H p;OBepHTeJIbHaH c06cTBeHHocTb B 06-
lIJ;eCTBeHHbIX HHTepecax. BTOpbIM BIJ,a;OM IOpHp;II'IeCKHX JIIIIJ;,
nplI3HaBaeMbIM rpalI\p;aHCKIIM npaBOM, HBJIHIOTCH Y1JpelI\,a;e-
HHH. KaK YKa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, B CJIY'lae, Korp;a BbI,a;eJIHeTCH
-onpep;eJIeHHOe HMYIII,BCTBO P;JIH BocnHTaHIIH, 6JIarOTBOpHTeJIb-
HbIX, peJllIrH03Hblx II HHbIX IJ;eJIeH 06rn;ecTBeHHoro xapaKTepa
II C03p;aeTCH COOTBeTCTBYIOrn;aH CTpYKTypa P;JIH ynpaBJIeHIIH
THM IIMyrn;ecTBoM, nplI CMepTII HJIH H3MeHeHlIH Y1Jpe,a;HTeJIeH
IIJIH ynpaBJIHIOrn;HX HMyrn;ecTBoM caMO ,a;eJIO He npepbIBaeTCH
II npo,a;OJIlI\aeT !fJYHKIJ;IIOHlIpOBaTb ,a;o Tex nop, nOKa cyrn;ecT-
ByeT HiMyrn;ecTBO. ,D;aHHbIH IIHCTHTYT npep;YCMaTpHBaeT, '1TO
'yKa3aHHble IJ;eJIH p;OCTIIraIOTCH Ha OCHOBe p;OBepUH OOm;eCT-
BeHHbIX HHTepecOB.
IIMyrn;ecTBo MOlI\eT TaKme p;OBepHTbCH KaK !fJH3II'IeCKIIM
.JIHIJ;aM, 3aHHMaIOrn;HM onpe,a;eJIeHHOe nOJIOmeHIIe, TaK II opra-
HH3aIJ;HHM (MecTHbIM o6 aM, KOMnaHIIHM H T. n.), npII'Ie.\I
'ynpaBJIeHlIe IIMyrn;ecTBoM Bep;eTCH B COOTBeTCTBHlI C onpep;e-
..JIeHHbfMII IJ;eJIHMlI.3aKoHo.,a;aTeJlbCTBO Bblp;eJIHeT HMyrn;eCTBO,
nepe,a;aHHoe R p;OBeplITeJIbHYlO co6cTBeHHocTb JIHIW lIJIH opra-
HH3aIJ;lIH, lI3 HX npO'leH co6cTBeHHocTH, co,a;epmlIT nOJIome-
HHH OTHOCHTeJIhHOMeTo,a;OB ynpaBJIeHIIH ,a;oBepHTeJIbHOH co6-
CTBeHHOCTblO H T.. ,a;. 06rn;lIII Kpyr 3TlIX npep;nIIcaHlIH COBna-
.)J;aeT C nOJIQmeHIIeM Y'lpem,a;eHIIH. I13Ha1JaJIbHO lIHCTIITYT
.)J;oBeplITeJIbHOH co6:;TBeHHocTII B03HlIK B aHfJIO-aMepIIKaHcKoM
npaBe, 3aTeM OH pacnpoCTpaHIIJICH II Ha I\OIITHHeHTaJIbHYIO
'1aCTb EBpOnbI. HnoHcKIIH fK TaIDKe BoCnpIImIJI 3TOT HHCTIl-
1'YT, a BnOCJIep;CTBIIII, C npIImITIIe.\I 3aKoHa 0 p;oBeplITeJIbHoII
.co6cTBeHHocTII (3aKoHM 62 OT 1922 r.), IIHCTIITYT p;OBepIl-
'J'eJIbHOH co6CTBeHHOCTII, He nanpaBJIeHHOII na H3BJIe'leHHe
npII, 6bIJIII 6bIJI pacnpOCTpaHeH II Ha CIICTeJlfY ,a;OBepIITeJIbHOH
co6CTBeHHOCTH B 06rn;eCTBeHHbIX IIHTepecax (CT. 66 H CJIe,a;.
3al\OHa 0 p;oBepHTeJIbHOH co6cTBeHHocTII). B HaCTOHrn;ee Bpe-
MH B HnOHCKOM rpaJ-Kp;aHCKOJlf npaBe napaJIJIeJIbHO cyrn;ecT-
ByIOT p;Ba HHCTIITYTa, npeCJIep;YlOrn;IIX €)l;HHble IJ;eJIII: Y'lpem-
.)J;eHHH - IOpII,a;H'IeCKHe JIIIIJ;a II HHCTHTYT p;OBepHTeJIbHOH
c06CTBeHHOCTII, RanpaBJLeHHOII Ha 06rn;eCTBeHHbIe HHTepeCbI,
69
O HaKO H no ceH eHb rrepB H RHCTHTYT 3aHRMaeT rocrro -
CTBYIOm;ee rrOJIOmeHHe.
RaK H B CJIY'Iae C Iwprropa:U;HHM:JI, rrpH3HaeTCH cym;ecTBo-
BaHHe Y'Ipem eHJIH, He 06JIa aIOrr JIX rrpaBocrroco6HOCTbIO
(CM. peIIIeHJIe BepxoBHoro cy;u.a OT 4 HOJIOpH 1969 r.).
45. BH)1;bI IOpH)1;H'IeCKJIX JIHn;. RaK YKa3l>IBaJIOCb paHee, B
rR pa3JIJI'IaIOTCH IOpJI)1;JI'IeCKJIe JIJIu;a - Koprropan;HH H Y'Ipem-
)1;eHHH, O)1;HaKO, rrOMWMO rR, Crren;IIaJIbH MH 3aKOHaMH rrpH-
3HaIOTCH H HHbIe BlI)1;hI IOplI)1;H'IeCKlIX JIlIn;.
1) IOplI)1;lI'IeCI\He JIlIn;a, rrpe)1;CTaBJIHJOIn;lIe 06m;ecTBeHHhIii
HHTepec, IOplI)1;lI'IeCKHe JI]a:n;a, rrpeCJIe)1;YJOm;lIe n;eJIb lI3BJIe'Ie-
HlIH rrplI6bIJIlI, II IOplI)1;lI'IeCKlIe JIlIn;a rrpoMemYTO'IHOrO BlI)1;a.
a) IOpH H'IeClme JIHo;a, npe CTaBJIHIOm;He 06m;ecTBeHHbIH
RHTepec, lIMeIOT CBoeH n;eJIbIO o6e(me'IeHlIe BbIrO}J;bI HeOrrpe)1;e-
JIeHHO 60JIbIIIOMY 'IHCJIY JIlIn;. IT03TOMY, eCJIR KaKaH-JIH6o KOp-
nopan;lIH rrpeCJIe}J;yeT n;eJIlI ooeCrre'IeHlTH BbIrO}J; JIHIIIb )1;JIH
CBOlIX 'IJIeHOB, nYCTb }J;ame He B n;eJIHX lI3BJIe'IeHlIH nplI6bIJIJI,
)1;aHHoe 06'be}J;lIHeHlIe HeJIb3H OTHeCTlI h KaTeropuu IOpU)1;U'Ie-
CiKUX JIUn;, rrpe)1;CTaBJIHIOm;UX 06m;eCTBeIIHbTH RHTepec.
Rpyr IQPU)1;U'Iec,KIilX JIUn;, rrpU3Hanae\ibIX rR, OrpaHU'IH-
BaeTCH IOpU}J;U'IeCI\UMlI JIlIn;aMlI, rrpe}J;CTaBJIHIOm;lIMJI o6m;ecr-
BeHHbIH JIHTepec. ITpe}J;rrOCbIJII\OH C03}J;aHJIH TaKoro IOpJI)1;H'Ie-
OKoro JIHn;a HBJIHeTCH COOTBeTCTBHe TpeOOBaHHHM rR, 'ITO m
KacaeTCH Be}J;eHlIH )1;eJI TaKoro JIlIn;a, TO 3TlI BorrpOCbI perYJlII-
PYIOTCH pa3JIlI'IHbIMlI Crren;RaJILHbIMJI 3aI\OHaMH.
6) IOpH)1;H'IeCIWe JIHn;a, CTaBHID;lIe n;eJIblO H3BJIe'leHne
npH6bIJIII, rrpeCJIe;!G'IOT n;eJIlI 'IaCTHOro UHTepeca JICI\JIIO'IH-
TeJIbHO CBOlIX 'IJIeHOB, a rrplIObJJIlI rrpe}J;rrplIJITlIH B KaKOH-JIH6o
cpopMe pacrrpe)1;eJIHIOTCJI Mem}J;Y IJIeHaMH IOpH)1;lI'IeCI\Oro
JIHn;a. 8TO OTHOCJITCH JIHllib K I\OplIOpaI JIJ.!M, Y'Ipem)1;eHlIH H
CTaBHT n;eJIbIO H3BJIe'IeHlIe nplI6bIJIII. IOpU)1;II'IeCI\I1e JIlIn; a,
CTaBHm;lIe n;eJIbIO lI3BJI8'IeHlIe nplI6bIJIII, rrO}J;pa3)1;eJIHIOTCH Ha
)1;Ba BlI)1;a: npe;u.rrpHHTJIJI, ocYW;eCTBJIJIJOm;IIe iWMMep'IeCHYIO
)1;eHTeJIbHOCTb (CT. 501- 502 ToproBoro hO}J;eI{Ca) (ToproBbI
I\OMrraHlIH), II npe}J;rrplIHTHJI, rr3BJIeKaJOm;ne npnObIJIb rrocpe}J;-
CTBOM lIHbIX, nOMIIMO KOMMep'IeCI\lIX, }J;encTBlIH (HarrpnMep,
CeJIbCKOX03HHcTBeHHble npe}J;rrpnJITHJI, npe}J;npnHTlIH ropHoro
)1;eJIa, rpam)1;aHCKO-npaBoBIole I\OMnaHIIlI), O)1;HaI\O )1;eJITeJIb-
HOCTb }J;aHHbIX BH}J;OB IOpH}J;H'IeCI\IIX JIIIn; perYJIlIpyeTcH HOp-
MaMlI ToproBoro I\O)1;eKca (CT. 52, 523 TIt; CT. 35 rR). Mem-
)1;y TeM cpe)1;11 rrO)1;06HIoIX IOpn}J;II'IeCKIIX JIlIn; lIMeIOTCH II TaKlI ,
ROTopble B CHJIY TeCHOH CBH3H C orrpe)1;eJIeHHOH rOCY)1;apCTBeH-
vo
HOM rrOJUITIHWM C03)1;aIOTCH II perYJIlIpyIOTCH CrreIJ;lIaJII.HI.IM
3aIWHO,l];aTeJII.CTBOM (BarrpIIMep, BaHK .HrroHlIU).
B) IOplI)1;II'IeCKHe JIHIJ;a rrpOMemYTO'lHOro BHiW He CTaBHT
n;eJII.IO HII 06m;eCTBeHHI.IM IIHTepec, HlI 1I3BJIe'IeHlIe rrplI6bIJIII.
OmI rrpeCJIe)1;yIOT, HarrplIMep, IJ;eJII. OH:a3aHIIH B3alIMorrOMOm;1I
JIlIIJ;aM O)1;HOM rrpo<peCClIII IIJIlI JIlIu,a1I, 3aHlIMaIOm;IIM O,l];lIHaIW-
Boe COIJ;lIaJII.HOe rrOJIow:eHlIe, J[lI60 C03,1];aIOT YCJIOBlIH, crroco6-
CTByIOm;lIe p;OCT:n:meHlIIO o6m;nx IIHTepeCOB. rK He rrpH3HaeT
(03)1;aHIIH IIo)1;o6IlOro pO)1;a IO}JlI)1;lI'IeCImX JIIIIJ; (CM.: 06m;aH
'laCTI. - 43), rroaTOMY 6e3 ROHRpeTHoro YRa3amIH B CrreIJ;lI-
aJII.HOM 3aOOHO)1;areJII.CTBe Ha opraH1I3aIJ;1I1I, rrpeCJIe)1;yIOm;lIe
rrO)1;06HbIe IJ;eJUi, OmI He rrplIo6peTaIOT CTa Tyca IOplI)1;lI'IeCRIIX
JilIIJ;. B nOM ctPepe, Ha'ilIHaH C 3a:IWHa 0 rrpoII3BO)1;CTBeHHbIx
rrpotPcoI03ax ,( 3aRoH .M .34 OT 1900 r.), rrplIHHTO 3Ha'iIITeJII.-
Hoe 'IIICJIO crre:U;lIaJIbHbIX 3aROHOB. B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH Bce
TO 3aROHO,iJ;aTeJIbCTBO 06 e,iJ;lIBeHO B 3aROHe 0 rroTpe6lITeJII.-
CROM ROOnepaIJ;IIlI (3aKOH M 200 OT 1948 r. II 'IeTI.Ipe ,iJ;pyrlIx
3aROHa 0 ROOrrepaIJ;lIu). KaK YRa3I.IBaJIOCI. paHee, 3aROH 0
n.poipecclIOHaJII.RbIX COI03ax (3aROB .M 174 OT 1949 r.) B
cBoeM CTan.e 11 TamRe OTKpbIBaeT ,iJ;opory ,iJ;JIH rrplIo6peTeHlIII
rrpoipcOIo3aMlI cTaTyca IOpH,iJ;II'IeCRIIX JIlIIJ;.
2) IOpl1,IJ;lI'IecIrne JI1IIJ;a rry6JIII'IHOrO II 'IaCTHOro rrpaBa.
lOplI,iJ;II'IeCRlIe JIlIIJ;a rrpl1HHTO rrO,iJ;pa3,iJ;eJIHTI. Ha IOplI,iJ;lI'IeCIme
JIIIIJ;a rry6JIII'llIOrO 11 'IaCTHOro rrpaBa, O,iJ;HaRo rro Borrpocy
Kpl1TeplIeB TaRoro pa3,iJ;eJIeHIIH B HaYRe n cy,iJ;e6HoM rrpaRTIIRe
cym;eCTBYIOT 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIe paCXOJR,iJ;eHlIH. HaM RameTcH, 'ITO
rrpaBoMepHocTI. 11 rrOJIe3HOCTI. ,iJ;aHHOM ImaCClItPlIRaIJ;lIlI COM-
RIITeJII.HI.I, O,iJ;Ha'KO MI.l Bce me rrplIBe,iJ;BM IIMeIOm;lIeCH ,iJ;OBO,iJ;bI
13 ee nOJII.3Y.
a) IOplI,iJ;H'IeCKIIMH JIHIJ;aMII ny6JIH'IIIOrO npaBa, cor JIaCHO
'06m;epacrrpOC1'paHeHHOM IWHIJ;e, rru;111I C'IIITaIOTCH Te, B C03)J;a-
RHII II ynpaBJIeHIIII ROTOpI.IMH Y'IaCTByeT rOCY)J;apCTBemIaH
rry6JIl1'IHaH BJIaCTI.. R aTOM I,aTerOpI'llI IOplI)J;IItleCRlIx JUH.!;
DTHOCHTCH TaR Ha3I.IBaeMI.le TeppHTOpllaJIbHI.le KoprropaIJ;HII
opraHOB, lICrrOJIHmom;ux rOCY)J;apCTBeHHO-BJIaCTHI.le tPYHRIJ;lIU
(IJ;eHTpaJII.HOM BJIaCTII, rrpeipeRTypaJII.HOrO 1I MYHlIIJ;lIrraJII.HO-
ro YPOBHH), H MYHHIJ;HnaJIbHble KOpnOpaIJ;lIH - rrpe)J;rrpJIHTIIH
'BO)J;OCHa6meHlIH, 3eJ\meyc1'pOI1:CTBa lIT. )J;. II plIHa)J;JIemHOCTI.
IOpII)J;lI'IeCROrO JI1In;a R RaTeropHlI rryomI'IHOrO rrpaBa rropmI\-
;n;aeT CJIe)J;YIOrqIIe rrpaBOBI.le nOCJIe)J;CTBlIH: B OTHOIIIeHlIlI c6o-
pa 'IJIeHCImX B3HOCOB 1I JIHI.lX )J;eHemHI.IX cpe)J;CTB rrplIMeHHeT-
OCR MeTO,iJ; npJIHY)J;lITeJIbHOrO B31IMaHHH, rrpe)J;YCMOTpeHHI.IM
lIIaJIOrOBI.IM 3a:IWHO)J;aTeJDbCT'BOM; ,iJ;eJIlIRTIIaJI OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTb 3TUX J1uq nop;nap;aer nop; p;eHCTBUe 3aKOHa 0 rocyp;ap-
CTBeHHOH KOMneHcaquu; Ha )J;OJImHOCTH:bIX J1uq p;aHHMX KOp-
lIopaquiI paCnpOCTpaHHeTCH p;ellCTBUe HOpM yr0J10BHOrO
IIpaBa, rrpe)];YCMaTpIIBalOm;n:X OTBeTCTBeHHOCT:b 3a B3HTO'IHU-
'IeCTBO, a B OTHomeHUU )];OKYMeHTaquu - 3a nop;J10r o!fJuqu-
aJ1:bH:bIX )];OKYMeHTOB.
O)];HaKO, XOTH )];aHH:bIe IOpU)];U'IeCKUe JIuqa U BXOP;HT B
o6m;ylO rpynrry IOpup;lI'IeCI\MX JIUIJ; ny6JIlI'IHOrO rrpaBa, CTe-
rreHb Y'IaCTlIH rry6JIlI'IHOll BJIaCTlI rocy)];apCTBa B C03)];aHlIlI H
yrrpaBJIeHlIlI Kam)];OrO lI3 HlIX pa3JIlI'IHa, TaK me KaK II pa3
JIlI'IHbi crroco6bI ux Y'IaCTlIH B COOTBeTCTBYIOm;lIX npaBOOTHO-
rneHlIHX. IIo3TOMY HeJI:b3H rrOJIaraTb, 'ITO BO Bcex CJIY'IaHX
rrplIHa)];JIemHOCT:b K rpyrrrre IOplI)];lI'IeCRl1X JIlIq ny6JIlI'IHOrO
rrpaBa Be)];eT B O)];lIHaKOBOH Mepe 1{ YKa3aHH:b1M rrpaBOB:b1M
rrOCJIe)];CTBlIHM. IIocJIe OKOH'IaHlIH BOHHbI B .ffrroHuII 6:bIJI
yrrpa3)];HeH a)];MIIHIICTpaTIIBHblfl cy)];, B Be)];eHIIe KOToporo BXO-
P;IIJI pa360p p;eJI, CBH3aHHb1X C IOpII)];II'IeC1mMII JIIIqaIvIII rry6-
JIII'IHOrO rrpaBa, II rpam)];aHCl\IIe rrpaBoHapymeHIIH )];OJImHOCT-
H:bIX JIIIq qeHTpaJI:bHOM II MeCTHOM BJIaCTII CTaJIII BXO)];IIT:b B
c!fJepy )];eJIIIKTHOM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII: rocy)];apCTBa U MYHUnH-
rraJIbHb1X 06m;IIH. C Y'IeTOM 3TlIX 06CTOHTeJI:bCTB pa3JIII'IeHIIe
ropII)];II'IeCKIIX JIIIq rry6JIII'IHOrO II 'IaCTHOro npaBa HeonpaB-
)];aHHO II He BbI3:bIBaeTCH Heo6xo)];lIlIfOCTblO. BbIJIO 6b1 )];OCTa-
TO'IH:bIM, BepoHTHo, OTHOCIIT:b R IOpn)];lI'leCRIIM JIIInaM rry6JIII'I-
Horo npaBa JIlIm:b OT)];eJI:bHble IOpII)];II'IeCRIIe JIu:u;a, no OT)];eJI:b-
H:bIM BorrpocaM TI rrpII HaJIII'ITIII Cnel\IIaJI:bH:b1X rrpaBoBblx
HOpM.
6) IIoHHTIIe IOpn)];n'IeCRnX JIJf 'IaCTHOro npaBa OXBaTbI-
BaeT Bce OCTaJIbH:ble IOpn)];II'leCKIIe mIna, He BXO)];mu,IIe B Ra-
TeroplIlO IOpII)];II'IeCKIIX JIIIq rry6JIII'IHOrO rrpana. IOpII)];Wle-
CKIIMII JIIIqaMII 'IaCTHOro rrpaBa MOryT 6MTb KOplIOpaqIIH
II Y'Ipem)];eHIIH, IOpII)];II'reCKIIe JIIIna, rrpe)];CTaBJIHIOm;IIe o6m;e-
CTBeHHbIll 1IHTepec, II ropII)];II'reCKne JIIlqa, npeCJIe)];yrom;IIe
eJIb II3BJIe'IeHIIH rrpII6:bIJIII, a TamKe IOpII)];ll'IeCRIIe JIlIna
npOMemYTO'IHOrO THrra. K 3TOMY Bn)];y IOpU)];II'IeCKIIX JIIIu;
npRlla)J.JlemaT II Te, )J.eHTeJI'bHOCTb KOTOPl,IX ROCIIT 1\ R3BeCT-
HOM Mepe 06m;eCTBeHHMM xapaKTep: KoonepaTUBHble 6amnl
(BKJIro'IaH Te, ROTOp:bIe ocym;eCTBJIHIOT CBOIO )];eHTeJI:bHOCT:b B
IIHTepecax rrpOBe)];eHIIH orrpe)];eJIeHHOll: rocy)];apCTBeHHOM no-
JIIITlrRU B 06JIaCTU p;eHemHoro 06pam;eHUH, HanpIIMep IJ;eH-
TpaJI:bHblM RoorrepaTIIBHbIM 6aH'K P;JIH CeJI:bCKOrO II JIeCHOrO
X03HHCTBa, a TaKme RoonepaTUBH:ble IOpU)];II'IeCKIIe mIqa, rrpe-
CJIe)];yroll(IIe B c!fJepe )];eHemHOro 06pam;eHIIH HHTepeCbI orrpe-
72
)J;8JIeHHbIX KOJIJI8KTIIBOB, HarrpIIM8p Kp8P;IITHbI8 aCCOU;IIaU;IIII,
TPYP;OBbI8 Kp8;a;IITHbI8 aCCOU;HaU;IIH H f];pyrH8), ny6JIH'IHble
Kopnopau,HH, C03p;aHHbI8 rJIaBHbIM OOpa30M Ha rocyp;apcTB8H-
HbIe Cp8p;CTBa II H8Cym;II8 OTB8TCTB8HHOCTb rr8pe;a; rocy;a;apcT-
BOM, B yrrpaBJI8HII8 KOTOphIMII, op;HaKO, BBOP;HTCH 3JI8M8HTbI
H8rocyp;apCTBC'HHoro Y'IaCTIIH (HrrOHCI{aH KoprropaU;IIH ilm-
.ITIIm;HOrO CTpOIIT8JIbCTBa, HrrOHCKaH KoprropaU;UH p;opoilmoro
CTpOIIT8JIbCTBa II p;pyrII8), rocyp;apcTBeHIfble KOMrraHHH, OOJIa-
lIalOm;II8 caMOCTOHT8JIbHOCTblO B yrrpaBJI8HllII rocyp;apcTB8H-
HbIMII rrp8p;rrpIIHTIIHMII (HIIOHCKaH KOMrraHIIH rocyp;apcTB8H-
Hon MOHOrrOJIIIII), Kpep;HTHble rry6JIH'IHbIe Koprropau,HH, C03-
p;aHIlbI8 C u;eJIblO rrpep;OCTaBJIeHIIH Kpef];HTOB rpamp;aHaM H
MeJIKIIM npep;rrpHHTIIIDi (Hapop;HaH !f>IIHaHCOBaH Koprropa-
u,aH, Roprropau,IIH Kpep;IITOBaHIIH mIIJIHm;HOrO CTpOIITeJIbCTBa
n lIPyrne).
! 1. B03HHKHoBeHHe, peopraHH3au.HSI H perHcTpau.HSI
IOpHAH'IeCKHX nHu.
46. OCHoBHble cnoc06bI 06pa30BaHHa lOpHp;H'IeCKHX JIHQ.
B OTHOilieHIIII oopa3'0 aHHH IOpIIp;H'IeCKHX JIHU; cym;eCTBYI01'
pa3JIII'IHbIe CnOCQObI, KOTopbIe MomHO pa3p;eJIIITb Ha p;Be 60JIb-
mIIe rpylIrrbI: cnocoobI, CBH3aHHbIe C aKTIIBHbIM BMemaTeJIb-
CTBOM rocyp;apcTBa B npou;ecc B03HIIRHOBeHIIH IOpIIp;II'IeCKIIX
JIIIU;, H crrocoobI, T;a;e ;a;aHHoe BMemaTeJIbCTBO OTCYTCTByeT.
1) B 3aBHCHMOCTII 01' CTerreHH BMemaT8JIbCTBa rocyp;ap-
CTBa B rrpou;ecc B03HIIIKHOBeHIIH IOpIIf];II'IeCKIIX JIIIU; rrepBaH
rpyrrrra crrocoooB rrO;a;pa3;a;eJIHeTCH Ha CJI8;a;YIOm;IIe: a) pacrro-
pap;HTeJIbHblH crroc06, npH KOTOpOM P;JIH B03HIIKHOBeHIIH Ka-
KOrO-JIIIOO IOpIIp;U'IeCKOrO JIIIu;a Heooxop;IIMO U3;a;aHIIe crreu;u-
aJIbHOrO HopMaTIIBHoro aKTa (HarrpIIMep, Y'lpemp;8HIIe BaHKa
HrroHIIII II p;pyrn:x crreU;IIa,JIbHbIX oaHRoB, a TaKme rrYOJIH'IHhIX
KoprropaU;IIH, Kpep;IITHbIX rrYOJIJI'IHbIX KoprropaD;IIn, rocy;a;ap-
CTBeHHbIX IWMrraHIIH lIT. n.); 0) pa3pemHTeJIbHbIH crroc06,
COCToHm;IIii: B TOM, '11'0 ;a;JIH B03HIIKHOBeHIIH IOpII;a;II'IeCKOrO
JIIID;a HeOOXOp;II'MO pa3pemeHIIe CO CTOpOHbI rocyp;apcTBa (1'
;)TOII KaTeropIIII OTHOCHTCH rpam;a;aHcIw-rrpaBoBbIe IOpII;a;II'Ie-
CI\lle JIJIu;a, upe;a;CTaBJIHIOID;IIe OOm;ecTBeHHbIII IIHTepec. G;a;Ha-
1>0 B OTHomeHIIII p8JIIIrII03HbIX II aKa;a;8}III'I8CKIIX IOpII):UI'Ie-
CHIIX JIIIU; p;aHHbIII crroc06 BII;a;OII3MeHHeTcH); B) crroc06 rrpH-
3HaHna, CYTb KOToporo COCTOIIT B TOM, '11'0 P;JIH C03)J;aHHII
ropII;a;II'IeCIWrO JIJID;a HeOOXO)J;JIMO rrpU3HaHIIe CO CTOpOHbI CO-
73
OTBeTCTBYIOm;ero :\IHHHCTepCTBa IL'lII Be):\OMCTBa (HarrpHMep,
npH B03HIUmOBeHIIH CeJIbCKOX03fllIcTBeHHbIX ROOrrepaTIIBOB,
aCCO:u.IIa:IJ,IIII CTpaXOBaHIIfl 3):\OpOBbfl, a Tal,IKe aKa):\eMII'IeCRIIX
IOpII):\II<IeCRIIX JIU:u. II T. II.); rJIaBHOe OTJUIQIIe 3Toro crrocooa
01' pa3peillIITeJIbHOrO COCTOIIT B 1'0:\1, 'ITO rrpII COOTBeTCTBIIII
IOpU):\H'IeCROro JIIIu;a orrpe):\eJIeHHbII\I YCJIOBHflM, YCTaHOBJIeH-
HbIM B 3a1\OHo):\aTeJIbCTBe, CaHI\U;Hfl Ha C03)J,aHHe )J,aHHoro
IOpII):\H'IeCROro JIII:u.a ):\omRHa BbI):\aBaTbCfl aBTOMaTH'IeCKII;
r) npHHY):\HTeJIbHbIH cnoco6, 3Ha'IeHIIe IWToporo B TOM, 'ITO
oopa30BaHHe IOpH):\II'IeCKOrO JIHu;a JIHOO OOfl3aTeJIbHO (KOJIJIe-
rIIH a):\BORa TOB, JIeCHbIe RopnopaU;HII II T. ):\.), JIHOO B CJIY'Iae
oopa30BaHIIfl I\aRIIX-JIHOO, aCCOU;HaU;IIM: JIHu;aMH, rrpOIKHBalO-
m;IIMH Ha ):\aHHOM TeppIITOpHU UJIII 3aHIDIaIOm;HMH O):\IIHaRO-
Boe rrOJIOIKeHIIe, BCTyrrJIeHHe B HIIX 00fl3aTeJIbHO (HarrpHMep,
30HbI 3eMJIeYCTpOMCTBa, aC;COU;HaU;IIU CTpaXOBaHUfl 3;IJ;o-
pOBbJI) .
2) K crrocooaM B03HHRHOBeHIIfl IOpII):\II'IeCKJJX JIIIU; oe3
BMemaTeJIbCTBa rocy):\apCTBa OTHOCHTCfl HopMaTHBHbIH cno.
co6, rrpII ROTOpOM ):\JIJI 06pa30BaHHfl IOpII):\II'IeC.E\oro JIII:u.a
)J;OCTaTO'IHO COOTBeTCTBlifl ero opraHII3aU;HoHHoii CTPYRTypbI
orrpe):\eJIeHHbIM rrOJIOmeHHflM 3aROHo):\aTeJIbCTBa (HarrpHMep,
TOBapHm;eCTBa, rrpo<:j)colO3bI H ):\pyrne IOpII):\H'IeCKlIe JIIIu;a), H
HBO'lHhIH cnoco6 (B HrroHIUI rro):\ooHble npliMepbI OTCYTCTBY-
101'; C:\I. CT. 33 rK), O):\HaRO B OOOliX CJIY'IaflX OObI'IHO Tpeoy-
eTCfl perIICTpaU;Hfl B TOM IIJIII IIHOM <:j)oP:\Ie.
rK HrroHHII B OTHomeHIllI 06pa30BaHlifl IOpII):\II'IeCRIIX
JIUU;, rrpe):\cTaBJIfllOm;HX OOm;eCTBeHHbIJ''r IIHTepec, rrpe):\ycMaT-
pHBaeT pa3pellIIITeJIbHbIlI crrocoo (CT. 34), B OTHOllieHIIII IKe
TOBapUm;eCTB, COCTaBJIfllOm;IIX rro):\aB.:'IflIOm;ee 60JIbllIIUICTBO
IOpH):\H'IeCKHX JIHIJ;, flrroHcRIIll T oproBbIII I\o):\eRC rrpIIMeHfleT
1I0pMaTUBHbIll crroco6 (CT. 52).
47. B03HHRHoBeHne RopnopaO;HH, npe)J,CTaBJIlIIOllJ,UX o6llJ,e-
CTBeHHhIH IIHTepec. ,D;JI.H B03HHRHOBeHIIfl TaI,nX Jwprropa:u.uR
lIeOoxo):\HMbI TpU YCJIOBII.H.
1) qJIeHbI IOpII):\H'IeCI\Oro JIIIu;a ;::(O.1ff\HbI rrpeCJIe):\OBaTb He
cOOCTBeHHbIe IIHTepeCbI, a CTaBIITb u;eJIblO aRTIIBlIoe ):\OCTIIme-
Hlie 06llJ,eCTBeHHb[X HHTepeCOB, a Ta:ha,e He rrpeCJIe;qoBaTb u;e-
JIll II3BJIe'IeHHfl rrpnObIJIli (CT. 34 rK). 31'0 He rrpenflTCTByeT
Be):\eHUIO RaROrO-JIHOO rrpe):\npIIflTUfl RaK IICTO'IHHI\a cpe):\CTB
;IJ;JIfl ):\OCTHiKeHII.H 06m;eM :u.e JIII , o;IJ;HaI\O ):\aHHbIe cpe):\cTBa HII
B RaROM BII):\e He ):\OJIIKHbI pacnpe):\eJIflTbCfl Mem):\y 'IJIeHa: nJ
IOpH):\II'IeCROrO JIH:u.a.
74
2) COCTaRneHHe 8 nHCbUeHHOM BH e YCTaBa H YKa3aHHe
B HeM n;eJIell: lOpH IPIeCKOro JIHn;a, ero HaIIMeHOBaHIIH, MeCTO-
Haxom eHIIH npaBJIeHIIH, rrOJIOmeHIIll: OTHOCHTeJIbHO IIMym;e-
CTBa, rropH Ka Ha3Ha'IeHHH H CMem;eHlIH lIpeKTopOB, a Ta,K-
me YCTaHOBJIeHlIe YCJIOBlIll:, He06xo lIMbIX JIH 'IJIeHCTBa B
,n;aHHOM lOplI II'IeOKOM JIlIn;e (CT. 37 rR). B YCTaBe MorYT
c.o,n;epmaTbCH 1I HHble rrOJIOmeHlIH, KpOMe Ha3BaHHbIX. Co-
CTaBJIeHUe YCTaBa OJImHO ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH 'IHCJIOM Jilin; 60-
JIee )];BYX, rrOCKOJIBKY Koprropan;lIli rrpe)];CTaBJIHlOT c060ll: acco-
n;Han;IIll u31PIecKHx Jilin;.
3) llOJlY'IeHlle pa3pemeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero Be OMCTBa
(CT. 34 rR) .1IMeeTcH B BH)];Y pa3pemeHIIe a)];MlIHlICTpaTlIBHO-
1'0 opraHa, Be,n;alOm;ero TOll: c epOll:, B KOTOPYlO HarrpaBJIeHbI
n;eJIII lOplI)];lI'IeCKorO JIIIn;a, O HaKO, eCJIII n;eJIH lOpH)];H'IeCKOrO
JIHn;a rrepeKpbIBalOT c epbl KOMrreTeHn;lIH HeCKOJIbKlIX Be-
OMCTB, Heo6xo)];HMO rrOJIyqeHHe pa3pemeHlIH Kam oro
113 HHX.
48. ;r:(JIH B03HHRHOBeHHH Y'Ipem)];eHHii, npe CTaBJIHIOm;HX
OOm;ecTBeHHbIH HHTepec, RaR H B npe)];bI)];ym;eM CJIY'Iae, He-
06XO)];lIMO c06JIIO)];eHlIe Tpex YCJIOBHll:.
1) Bbl)];BlImeHlIe B 'Ka'IeCTBe CBonx n;eJIell: OOm;eCTBeHHbIX
HHTepeCOB (CT. 34 rR).
2) BbI)];eJIeHIIe onpe eJIeHHOrO HMym;ecTBa, a TaKme
COCTaBJIeHIIe I1HCblUeHHoro Y'Ipe HTenbHoro aRTa, B KOTOpOM
CO)];epmUTCH yKa3aHue 0 n;eJIHX, HaliMeHOBaHlili lOplI)];lI'leCKO-
1'0 JIHn;a, MeCTOHaXOm)];eHlIII rrpaBJIeHllH, rrOJIOmeHlIH OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO uMym;ecTBa 1I rrOpH)];Ka Ha3Ha'IeHlIH II CMem;eHHH )];H-
peKTopOB (CT. 39 rR). RaK 1I B YCTaBe KopIlOpan;lIll:, B Y'Ipe-
lITeJIbHOM aKTe MorYT CO)];epmaTbCH 1I lIHble rrOJIOmeHlIH,
O)];HaKO B OTJIII('Ilie OT KopnOpan;lIll: C03)];aHIIe Y'Ipem)];eHlIH MO-
meT 6bITb e)];IIHOJIII'IHbIM.
BbI)];eJIHeMOe HMYIll,eCTBO nplIHa)];JIemIIT lOpH)];lI'IeCROMY
JIHU;Y C MOMeHTa ero B03HIIl,HoBeHlIH (CT. 42 rR). Ao norD
OHO HBJIHeTCH IfMYIll,eCTBOM BKJIa)];'IliROB. O)];HaKO TaKoe rrOJIO-
iI,eHIIe BbI3bIBae'T Hey,a;o6cTBO, CBH3aHHoe C TeM, 'ITO npli C03-
,n;aHlili Y'Ipem)];eHlIH no 3aBeIll,aHUlO )];0 nOJIY'IeHlIH HaCJIe)];HU-
Ka 1II lIJIli HcnOJIHlITeJIH nI 3aBeIll,aHliH pa3pemeHlIH COOT BeT-
CTBylOIll,erO Be)];OMCTBa Ha 06pa30BaHHe lOplI)];II'IeCROrO JIlIn;a
IIOCJIe C lepTli HaCJIe)];O)];aTeJIH ero HMym;ecTBo npIIHa)];JlemliT
HaCJIe)];HlIRa:M. IT03TOl\lY rR crren;UaJIbHO orOBapliBaeT, 'ITO B
]l;aHIIoM CJIY'Iae lIl\lYIll,eCTBO npUHaJ\Jlei:I'ln lOpU)];U'IeCKOMY
75
JUIn;y HenOCpe;a;CTBeHHO nOCJI0 CMepTlr 3aBem;aTeJUI (n. 2
CT. 42, CT. 985 fK). BMeCTe C TeM B CJIY'Iae, eCJIH Y'Ipe;a;lI-
TeJIbBbIH aRT BaHOCHT Bpe;a; 06H3aTeJIbHOH ;a;OJIe HaCJIe;a;BIIROB
(CM. CT. 1028 H CJIe;a;. fK), Ba ;a;aBBoe ;a;eHcTBHe pacnpocTpa-
BHeTCH 06m;ee nOJIOmeBlIe fK 0 npHmlI3BeBBoM ;a;apeHHH If
BaCJIe;a;OBaBHII no 3aBem;aBHIO (CT. 41 fIT).
B CJIY'Iae onpe;a;eJIeHIIH YMeplliHM Y'Ipe;a;HTeJIeM JIlIllib
n;eJIeH H IIMym;ecTBa IOpH;a;H'IeCROrO JIHn;a II OTCYTCTBHH yRa-
3aBHH OTBOCHTeJIbBO BaHMeBOBaHlIH, MeCTOBaxom;a;eaHH npaB-
JIeBIIH H nopH;a;Ra Ba3Ba'IeBIIH II CMem;eBIIH ;a;HpeRTOpOI
Bonpoc B03BHRBOBeBIIH IOpn;a;II'IeCRoro JIHn;a pelliaeTcH B CY-
;a;e6BoM nopH;a;Re no aanpocy 3aHHTepecoBaBBbIx JIlIn; IIJIH
npoRypopa (CT. 40 fK, CT. 34 3aROBa 0 npon;e;a;ype paCCMOT-
peBHa ;a;eJI B nopa;a;Re oc060ro npoII3BO;a;CTBa).'
3) llOJIYlIeHHe pa3pemeHIUI COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero Be;a;OMCTB3
aHaJIOrH'IBO Tpe60BaBHIO, npe;a;'bHBJIHeMOMY R B03HWlmOBe-
HIIIO RopnOpan;IIH, npe;a;CTaBJIHIOm;IIX 06m;ecTBeBBbIH MBTepec
(CT. 34 fK).
49. JI3MeHeHHe YCTaBa. Be3 HaJIII'IIIH YCTaBa, onpe;a;eJIHIO-
m;ero CTPYRTYPY RopnOpan;IIH, B03HHRHOBeBIIe ;a;aBHoro IOPH-
;a;H'IeCROrO JIHn;a BeB03MomBO. O;a;mmo, Oy;a;y'IH oopa30BaB-
HbIM, IOplI;a;II'IeOROe JIIIn;O BnOJIHe caMOCTOHTeJIbBO B cBoeii:
;a;eHTeJIbBOCTH II MomeT no BOJIe CBoero 06rn;ero c06paHIIH B
cJIY'Iae Be06xo;a;IIMOCTH 1I3MeBaTb CBOlO opraBH3an;JlIO H, CJIe-
;a;OBaTeJIbBO, BHOCIITb H3MeBeBHH B CHOH YCTaB. B 60JIblli1IH-
CTBe CJIY'IaeB npon;e;a;ypa ;a;aBBoro 1I3MeBeBIIH onpe;a;eJIHeTCH
B YCTaBe (BanpIIMep, npHcYTcTBlIe Ba c06pamill OOJIee nOJIO-
BIIBJ.I OT 06m;ero 'IHCJIa 'IJIeBOB II CorJIaClIe 4/ 5 npIICYTCTBYIO-
m;HX) , nplI'IeM ;a;ame B CJIY'Iae OTCYTCTBIIH B YCTaBe ;a;aBBbIX
nOJIOmeBIIH npon;e;a;ypa H3MeBeBIIH OCTaeTCH O;a;IIBaROBOH.
Kor;a;a me pe'Ib H;a;eT 06 1I3MeBemIII nOJIOmeBHH YCTaBa,
onpe;a;eJIHIOm;HX RopeBBble npHBn;HnbI opramI3an;HH Roprropa-
n;HII, fK Tpe6yeT c06JIIO;a;eBHH YCJIOIRBeBBoH rrpoqe;a;ypbI, a
HMeBHO 0;a;06peHHH H3MeHeBHH co CTOpOBbI 4 Bcex 'IJIeHOB
IOpH;a;II'IeCROro JIHn;a II nOJIY'IeBHH COrJIaCIIH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;e-
ro Be;a;OMCTBa (CT. 38 fK).
50. II3MeHeHHe YlIpe,a;HTeJIbHOrO aRTa. B OTJIH'IlIe OT YCTa-
Ba IwpnOpan;IIH H3 leBeBlIe Y'Ipe;a;IITeJIbHOrO aRTa He ;a;onyc-
RaeTca. ::.ho CBH3aBO C TeM, 'ITO PYROBO;a;IITeJIb Y'Ipem;a;eBHH
Bcero JIlIllib BbIIIOJIBHeT BOJIIO Y'Ipe;a;IITeJIeH, 3aRpenJIeBHYro
B ;a;aBBOM aRTe, a TaRme C OTCYTCTBHeM y 3TOH KaTeropHH
76
IOpIl Ir'IeCKIlX JIIl OpraHOB (o6ru;ero C06paHIlH), KOTOpble 6b1
CaMOCTOHTeJIbHO onpe eJIHJIIl BonpOCbI eHTeJIbHOCTH IOpH Il-
tJeC!Koro JIIl a. ECJIIl me B caMOM YtJpe IlTeJIbHOM aKTe co ep-
maTCH nOJIOmeHIlH OTHOCIlTeJIbHO nopH Ka Il3MeHeHIlH aKTa.
aHHoe H3MeHeHIle B03MomHO npIl YCJIOBIlH C06JIIO eHIlH YCTa.
HOBJIeHHOH npo e ypbl.
51. PerHcTpa HH IOpH H1JeCKHX JIH . fR npe 'bHBJIHeT K
IOpIl lltJeCKIlM JIIl aM, OTHOCHru;IlMCH K cll>epe rpamp;aHCKoro
npaBa, Tpe60BaHHe C06JIIO eHIlH onpe eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBHH T.
HOCIlTeJIbHO IlX opraHIl3a llll, n03TOMY JIH ocyru;eCTBJIeHHH
KOHTpOJIH 3a COOTBeTCTBHeM lOpIl Ir'IeCKIlX JIIl 3TDM Tpe6o-
BaHIlHM, a TaKme B eJIHX 03HaKOMJIeHIlH pH OBbIX rpamp;aH
C opraHIl3a HeH Il co epmaHIleM eHTeJIbHOCTH IOpIl H1JeCKHX
JIIl fI\ YCTaHaBJIIlBaeT cIlcTeMY IlX perHcTpa IlIl no onpep;e-
JIeHHblM n03Il IIHM, KOTopble COCTOHT Il3 perHcTpa IlH c03p;a-
HIlH IOpIl lltJecKoro JIIl a (n. 1 CT. 45, n. 1 CT. 46 fR), ero npaB-
JIeHIlH (n. 3 CT. 45, CT. 48 fR), BHeceHHblX Il3MeHeHIlH (n. 2
CT. 46 fR), JIIlKBIlp;a 1l1l (n. 1 CT. 77 fR, CT. 119 3aKoHa 0
6aHKpoTcTBe) H PyrIlX. C eJIbIO o6ecnetJeHIlH Hap;JIemaru;eH
perHCTpa IIlI fR, C OP;HOH CTOpOHbI, BBO IlT perHCTpa HlO B
Rpyr CJIyme6Hblx o6H3aHHocTeH Hpel\TOpOB HJIH JIIlKBIl aTO-
pOB, npIr'IeM perIlCTpa IlH OJImHa ocyru;eCTBJIHTbCH B TetJe-
HIle onpe eJIeHHOrO cpOKa (06b1'1HO 2 Hep;eJIb B cJIytJae
Haxom eHHH npaBJIeHIlH B MeCTe perIlCTpa 1l1l H 3 He eJIb BO
Rcex IlHbIX CJIY'laHx), a B CJIY'Iae npocpO'lRH cpOKa npep;y-
CMOTpeH rrlTpall> (n. 1 CT. 45, n. 2 CT. 46, CT. 47, 48, 84 fR).
OTCYTcTBIle perIlCTpa 1l1l conpHmeHO C Hey o6cTBaMH: He-
B03MomHOCTbIO OCnOpIlTb IlCKH TpeTbHX JIH OTHOCIlTeJIbHO
C03p;aHIlH IOpIl lltJeCKoro JIIl ,a IlJIIl Il3MeHeHHH onpep;eJIeH-
IIbIX nYHKToB perIlCTpa 1l1l (n. 2 CT., 45, n. 2 CT. 46 fR).
52. MecToHaxomp;eHIle lOpnp;H1JeCKOrO JIIl a. RaK H Y 1l>1I-
3IPIeCIUIX JIlI , eHTp CO IIaJIbHOH p;eHTeJIbHOCTIl IOplI)J;Il'Ie-
CI\IlX JIIl Haxop;IITCfI Ha onpep;eJIeHHOII TeppIl'l'Opllll. fR C'IIl-
TaeT p;aHHorr TeppHTopneH :\IeCTO Haxom eHIlH OCHOBHoro
ynpaBJIeHIIH IOpIl)J;Il'IeCRorO JIIl a, a InfeHHO MeCTOHaxom e-
Hue BbICIIIero npaBJIeHIIH, ocyru;eCTB.lIHIoru;ero o6ru;ee pyRO-
ROP;CTBO (CT. 50 fR).
IIpaBoBoe 3Ha'leHIle MeCTOHaXOiHp;eHIIH IOpIl Il'IeCKoro
JIIl a aHaJIorlI'IHO MeCTOmllTeJIbCTBY Il>Il3IltJecKHx JIIl (CM.:
06ru;afI '1aCTb - 36).
77
t 3. npaBo- H Aeecnoco6HocTb IOpHAH'IeCKHX nHL\
53. BBOf\HbIC 3aMC'IaHHH. COrJIaCHO peamICTII'IeCKOH ROH-
D;errIJ;HH IOpHf\H'IeCRHe JIHIJ;a 06JIaf\aIOT aBTOHOMHbIM cy:ru;eCT-
BOBaHHeM, BbIIlOJIHHH orrpef\eJIeHHbIe <J>YHKIJ;HH B COIJ;HaJIbHOH
iKH3HH, a CJIef\OBaTeJIbHO, c<J>epa llX rrpaBO- II f\eeCrrOC06HoCTII
orrpef\eJIHeTCH xapaRTepOM BbIIlOJIHHeMbIX HMll COIJ;llaJIbHbIX
<J>YHRIJ;llH. an me ROHIJ;errIJ;HH 060CHOBbIBaeTCH H ll3MeHeHllH-
Mll B rrpaBoBoH llf\eOJIOrllll, a llMeHHO rrepeXOf\OM OT paCCMOT-
peHllH oTf\eJIbHOH JIll'IHOCTll KaK IJ;eHTpa rrpaBOOTHomeHllH R
npll3I1aHllIO Ta'ROBbIM II ROJIJIeKTllBHOH f\eHTeJIbHOCTll. B pac-
cMaTpIIBaeMoH rrp06JIeMe' MomHO Bblf\eJIIITh TPII acrreKTa:
a) RaRIIM 06'1>eMOM rrpaB II 06H3aHHOCTe:ti 06JIaf\aeT IOpIIf\II'Ie-
CRoe JIIIIJ;O (rrpaBocrroc06HoCTb), 6) Ralwro pOf\a f\eHcTBIIH II
Cf\eJIRII MOiReT ocy:ru;eCTBJIHTb IOpIIf\II'IeCI\Oe JIIIIJ;O B rrpef\eJIax
CBOllX rrpaB II 06H3aHHocTeH II B RaIWH <J>oPMe (f\eecrroc06-
HOCTb) , B) rro RaRHM rpamf\aHCRIIM rrpaBoHapymeHIIHM caMO
IOpIIf\II'IeC'ROe JIIIIJ;O HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb rro B03Me:ru;eHIIIO
y:ru;ep6a (crrOC06HOCTb B 06JIaCTII rpaJI\f\aHcRIIx rrpaBoHapy-
llIeHIIH). KaR B CYf\e6HOH rrpaRTIIRe, TaR II B HayRe Ha6JIIOf\a-
eTCH TeHf\eHIJ;IIH R rrOCTerreHHOMY paCIIJIIpeHIIIO C<J>epbI, OXBa-
ThIBaeMOH Ramf\bIM II3 YRa3aHHbIX acrreRTOB.
CJIef\yeT Y'lIITbIBaTh Tal\me, 'ITO Borrpoc 0 rrpaBO- II f\ee-
orroc06HOCTll IOpIIf\H'IeCRIIX JIIIIJ; OXBaTbIBaeT Bce RaTeropIIII
IOpIIf\II'IeCRIIX JIIIIJ;. OCHOBHoe rrOJI meHIIe B f\aHHOH c<J>epe
COf\epmllTCH B CT. 44 fR, ROTopoe rrpUMeHHeTCH TaRme II K
pa3JIII'IHbIM RaTeropIIHM TOBapII:ru;eCTB, perYJIIIpyeMbIM TK
(rr. 2 CT. 78 TK; CT. .147, rr. 3 CT. 261 fK; CT. 32 3aRoHa 0
KOMrraHIIHX C OrpaHII'IeHHOH oTBeTcTBeHHocThIO) . XOTH
CT. 43 fK B aTOM OTHomeHIIII HerrpIIMeHIIMa, Of\HaRO ee JIOrII-
Ka f\OJImHa pacrrpOCTpaHHTbCH H Ha TOBapII:ru;eCTBa. qTO Ra-
caeTCH f\pyrIIx BIIf\OB IOpIIf\II'IeCRIIX JIIIIJ;' perYJIIlpyeMblx crre-
D;IIa.'1bHhIM 3aROHOf\a TeJIbCTBOM, TO IIX rrOJIOmeIlHe f\OJImHO
orrpef\eJIHTbCH JIII60 p;aHHOH HOp Wi'I, JIII60 rrOJIOa,eHIIHMII,
rrocTpo_eHHbIMII Ha ocnOBe 3TIIX 06:ru;IIX rrpaBoBbIx rrpIIHIJ;UrroB.
54. IIpaBocnoc06nocTb. He06xof\IIl\W Y'lIITbIBaTb, '1TO B BO-
rrpoce 0 TOM, RaRIIMII rrpaBaMII 06JIaf\aeT IOpIIf\II'IeCROe JIIIIJ;O,
IIna'le rOBopH, 06 06'1>eMe ITpaBocIToc06HOCTII, IOpIIf\II'IeCKUe
JIIIIJ;a OTJIII'IaIOTCH OT <J>II3U'IeCRIIX JIIIIJ; ITO CJIef\yIOIIJ;IIM TpCM
n03IIIJ;IIHM.
1) IIoHHTHo, '1TO IOpIIf\II'IeCRUe JIIIIJ;a He !\WrYT 06JIaf\aTb
rrpaBa:\III <J>U3IIlIeCI\IIX JIIIIJ; npHpOf\HOro xapaKTepa, CBH3aH-
78
HbIMH C nOJImI, B03paCTOM, CeMeHHbIMH OTHorneHHHMH II T. n.
O)WaIW OHH 'MOrYT 06JIa aTb TaRHMH JIH'IHbIMH npaBaMH, RaK
npaBO Ha II IH, Ha OCTOIIHCTBO H PyrHe (perneHHe BepxoB-
HOro cy a OT 28 HHBapH 1964 r.). KpoMe Toro, XOTH HaCJIe -
CTBeHHoe rrpaBO He npH3HaeT IDpH II'IeCRHX JIII B Ra'IeCTBe
HaCJIe HHROB (CT. 886-890 rR), OHH MorYT 6bITb nOJIY'Ia-
TeJIHIIIH HaCJIe CTBa (CM. CT. 990 rK).
2) C<pepa npaBocnoc06HoCTH IDpH H'IeCRHX JIII 1\WmeT
6bITb OrpaHII'IeHa HopMaTIIBHbUI aRT OM JIH60 npHRaaoM
(CT. 43 rK). LITo me RacaeTCH <pH3II'IeCRHX JIHIJ;, TO,HCXO H
H3 rrpIlH Hrra paBeHCTBa Bcex rrepe 3aROHOM, HX rrpaBocno-
C06HOCTb B npHH Hne He MomeT nO BepraTbCH RaRHM-JIH60
OrpaHH'IeHIUIM (CT. 14 KOHCTHTYIJ;HH flrroHIIH). B OTHorneHHH
me npaBocrroc06HoCTH IDpII H'IeCKHX JIHIJ; npHMeHHeTCH <pop-
MyJIa, aHaJIOrH'IHaH 06'beMY npaBocrroc06HoCTH HHOCTpaH eB
(CM. CT. 2 rK). B eil:cTBYIDI eM 3aROHo aTeJIbCTBe OTCYT-
CTByIDT aRTbI, orpaHH'IHBaIDIII;He B IJ;eJIOM npaBocnoc06HOCTb
IDpH HqeCRIIX JIH , O HaRO B CT. 55 TH' IfMeIDTCH OT eJIbHbIe
OrpaHHqeHHH.
3) PaCrnHpeHIIe HJIH cymeHHe npaBocnoc06HoCTII IDpIl H-
qeCRHX JIII CBH3aHO C I1X IJ;eJUlMH (CT. 1,3 rK). BMeCTe C TeM,
RaR yRa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, IDpH H'IeCRHe JIIIIJ;a npe CTaBJIHIDT
C06011 opraHII3aIJ;HH, 06'be IIHeHHbIe BO HMH ocTIImeHIIH
orrpe eJIeHHoil: eJIH, II rrO:3ToMY OHH rrOJIb3yIDTcH cTaTycoM
cy6'beRTa rrpaB, He06xo I1MbIX JIH ocTHmeHHH nOCTaBJIeH-
HOII eJIII. BamHO, o HaRo, HMeTb B BH y, 'ITO ccpepa npaBo-
cnoc06HoCTII IDpH II'leCROrO JIHIJ;a He orpaHH'lHBaeTCH «c06-
eTBeHHO IJ;eJIHMH», nepeqHeJIeHHbIMH B yeTaBe MJIH yqpe II-
TeJIbHOM aRTe, a npoeTHpaeTeH O TaRlIX npe eJIOB, ROTOpbIe
He06xo HMbI JIH oeTHmeHIIH aHHbIX eJIeH. CJIe OBaTeJIb-
HO, H B eJIY'lae rpam aHeRo-rrpaBOBbIX IDpII H'leelmX JIIIIJ;,
rrpe eTaBJIHIDIII;HX 06II1;eeTBeHHbIH HHTepee, JIH oeYIIl;eeTBJIe-
HIIH I1X eHTeJIbHOeTII B Ra'IeeTBe 'IJIeHa eOIJ;HaJIbHOII lliII3HH
He06xo m1O 06JIa aHHe rrpaBaMH, rrpHHa JIeiRaIIl;IIMH :h e<pepe
qaeTHOro npaBa, O HaRO HX rrpaBa He MorYT 6bITb OrpaHnqe-
HbI TO.'IbRO c<pepoii eooeTBeHHo rpamp;aHeRoro rrpaBa.
55. ]];eecrroco6HoCTb. Bonpoc 0 eecrroe06HoeTII IDpn II-
qeC:hHX JIII p;OJImeH paeeMaTpHBaTbeH e HHOil: TO'IRH 3peHHH,
qe I 0 eeerroe06HoeTH <pII3H'IeeRHX JIHn;. EeJIII no OTHorneHHID
( <pH3I1'IeeRIIC\1 JIH aM Ca)WeTOHTeJIbHOeTb HX eil:eTBrrH CTa-
BHTeH B 3aBHeIIMoeTb OT CT6IIeHH pa3BHTIIH YMeTBeHHJ,lX
cnoc06HOCTell, TO npHMeHHTeJIbHO R IDpH H'IeCRHM JInn;aM
79
CTaBHTCH BOrrpOC, I\aI\He p;eHCTBHH J\IOrYT OCym;eCTBJJHTb 3TH
JIHIW, HHa'Ie rOBOpH, I\aKHe p;eHCTlmH p;aHHbIX JUIlI, CJIe;IJ;yeT
npH3HaBaTb B I\a'IeCTBe p;eHCTBHH C06CTBeHHO IOpHp;H'IeCI\OrO
JIHIJ;a.
1) MorYT JIH 6bITb npII3HaHbI ;IJ;eHcTBlfJI c06cTBeHHo IOpll-
;IJ;HQeCKOro JIHqa? COrJIaCHO TeopHII <pHKlI,IIII IOpHp;H'IeCROrO
JJIIlI,a, C'IHTaIOm;eH IOpHp;H'IeCRIIe JIHTW JIIIIIIb IIMIITall,HeH
qm3U'IeCRHX JJHlI, B Ra'IeCTBe nceBl 006pa30BaHIIH, 06JIap;aIO-
IlI,HX rrpaBaMH, IOpH;IJ;H'IeCRHM JJHlI,aM rrpncym;a TOJJbRO rrpaBO-
crroc06HoCTb, HO He p;eecrroc06HOCTb, peaJJbHOe me rrpH06peTe-
mre rrpaB H 06H3aHHOCTeH ocym;eCTBJJHeTCH JJHIIIb p;eHCTBHH-
MH rrpep;CTaBHTeJIeH IOpH II'IeCRHX .1JHlI,. C ;IJ;pyroH CTOpOHbI,
peaJJHCTH'leCRaH ROHlI,errll,HH, YTBeprKp;aIOm;aH, 'ITO IOpH;IJ;H'Ie-
CRIle JIHlI,a B 'Ra'IeCTBe OTn;eJJbHbTX opraHH3all,HOHHbTX 06pa30-
BaHIIH BblIIOJJHHIOT caMOCTOHTeJIbHbTe COll,IIaJibHbre <PYHJ\lI,HH
B 06m;eCTBeHHOH mH3HH, rrpH3HaeT p;ei1cTBHH c06CTBeHHO
ropH;IJ;H'IeCROrO JJHlI,a, ocym;eCTBJJHeMbIe C lI,eJJbIO BbTIIOJJHeHHH
YI\a3aHHbIX <PYHRlI,HH. HHbIMH CJIOBaMH, rrpH3HaeTCH, 'ITO
orrpe;IJ;eJJeHm>Te p;ei1cTBHH opraHOB, npep;CTaBJIHIOm;IIX IOpH;IJ;H-
'IeCROe JJHlI,O, HBJJHIOTCH He ;IJ;eHCTBHHMH HHbIX JJIIlI" rrpOTHBO-
CTOHm;HX p;aHHOMY IOpHp;H'IeCROMY JJHI Y, a p;eIICTBHHMH caJ\IO-
1'0 IOpH;IJ;H'IeCROrO JIIIlI,a, H B aTOM OTHOIlIeHHII rrop;06HbIe
J];eHCTBHH cym;eCTBYIOT (CM.: 06m;aH 'IaCTb - 42).
2) TIpH3HaIOTcH JJH ;IJ;eHCTBHH, COBepmaeMbIe Ha npaKTHKe,
B I\a'IeCTBe p;eHcTBHH IOpII;IJ;H'IeCI\IIX JIHU,? TaRHMII ;IJ;eHCTBHH-
MH HBJJHIOTCH ;IJ;eHCTBIIH HX opraHoB. OTHoIlIeHHH rrpep;CTaBH-
TeJJbCTBa IOpH;IJ;H'IeCROro JJHu,a ero opraHaMH H npaBOBbIe
rrOCJIe;IJ;CTBHH ;IJ;eHCTBHH opraHOB aHaJIOrn'IHbI 06m;eMY npe;IJ;-
cTaBHTeJJbCTBY. TIoaToMY 3p;eCb npHMeHHIOTCH 06m;He rpam-
p;aHCRTIe rrOJJOmeHHH rrpep;CTaBIJTeJJbCTBa OTHOCHTeJJbHO <pOpM
II YCJIOBHH IOpH;IJ;H'IeCRHX p;eHCTBIIH. fH He YCTaHaBJJHBaeT
HlIfiaRIIX crreu,HaJJbHbIX nOJJOmeHIIH Ha ::ITOT C'IeT, H, CJJe;IJ;OBa-
TeJJbHO, opraHbI IOpIIp;H'leCROrO JJHu,a l OJIlliHbI ocym;eCTBJJHTb
CBOH ;IJ;eHCTBHH, nOIm3bIBaH, 'ITO p;aHHhre p;ellCTBIIH BbIrrOJIHH-
IOTCH OT HMeHII IOpII;IJ;n'IeCROrO JJIIlI,a (CT. 99, 100 f1\). ,[(aH-
Hoe nOJIOmeHne TOJIRyeTcH TamBI ()6pa30 I, 'ITO I\ JJI06bIM
<pop IaM npep;CTaBHTeJJbCTBa CO CTOpOHbI npe;IJ;CTaBIITeJJbHOrO
opraHa ;IJ;OJIlliHbI npIIMeHHTbCH 06m;er]Jarr ;IJ;aIIChlie HOpMbI 0
IIpe;IJ;CTaBHTeJJbCTBe (CM.: 06m;aH 'IaCTb - 104 II CJJep;.).
110pH;IJ;OR IIpII06peTeHHH cTaTyca opraH a IOpH;IJ;II'IeCROrO
JJIIu,a onpep;eJIHeTCH rrOJIOfKeHHHMH, perYJIIIpYIOm;nMH BHYT-
peHHIOIO opraHII3au,HIO Rallip;oro IOpUp;U'leCKUrO JJIIu,a. Y IOPH-
j];H'IeCRHX JJHlI" rrpep;CTaBJJHIOm;IIX 06IU;eCTBeHHbIH IIHTepec,
80
npe)J;CTaBlUeJUIMH HBJIHIOTCH )J;Hpe.r\TOpa (B CJIY'Iae JIHI\BH)J;a-
IJ;HH IOpH)J;H'IeC.KOrO mm;a - JIll.KBH)J;aTopbI).
3) )];eiicTBHH opranOB, He CBH3aHHbIe C :u;eJIHMH ropH)J;Hlfe-
CKoro JIH:u;a, He rrpU3HaIOTCH )J;eiiCTBHHMH IOpH)J;H'IeC.KHX JIHIJ;.
lIHbIMH CJIOBaMH, IOpII)J;II'IeO.KHe JIHIJ;a 06JIa)J;aIOT )J;eecrroc06-
HOCTbIO JIHIIIb B npe)J;eJIax CBOHX :u;eJIeii. IIOHHTHO, '11'0 )J;eii-
CTBHH )J;Hpel.KTOpa, CBH3aHHbIe C ero JIH'IHbIMH )J;eJIaMH, He
MorYT C'IHTaTbCH )J;eiiCTBHHMH IOpH)J;H'leC.KOro mIIJ;a. 113 :')Toro
CJIe)J;yeT, '11'0 cym;eCTBOBaHHe IOpH)J;H'IeC.KOro JIHIJ;a rrpH3HaeT-
CH JIHIIIb B rrpe)J;eJIax rrpeCJIe)J;yeMbIx HM IJ;eJIeii, H CT. 43 rIt
MOIKHO TOJI.KOBaTb .Ka.K YCTaHaBJIHBaIOm;yIO 06'beM He TOJIb.KO
:npaBocrroc06HOCTH, HO H )J;eecnoco6HOCTH. CJIe)J;yeT, O)J;Ha.KO,
o6paTHTb oc060e BHHMaHHe Ha TO, '11'0, .Ka.K H B OTHOIIIeHHH
npaBocnoco6HOCTH, )J;eecrroc06HOCTb IOpH)J;II'IeC.KHX JIHIJ; He
OrpaHH'IHBaeTCH JIHIIIb .KpyroM )J;eiiCTBHM, Y.Ka3aHHbIX B .Ka'Ie-
CTBe IJ;eJIeii B yCTaBe HJIH Y'Ipe)J;HTeJIbHOM a.KTe, a B.KJIIO'IaeT
H )J;eii:cTBHH, rrpHcym;He IOpH)J;H'IeC.KOMY JIHIJ;y .Ka.K 'IJIeHY
06m;eCTBa, )J;eiiCTBYIOm;eMY BO HMH )J;OCTHIKeHHH nOCTaBJIeH-
HbIX IJ;eJIeii. Pa3YMeeTCH, '11'0 H IOpH)J;H'IeC.KHe JIHIJ;a, rrpe)J;CTaB-
JIHIOIIJ;He 06m;eCTBeHHbIii: HHTepec, MorYT ocym;eCTBJIHTb )J;e-
HeIKHbIe orrepaIJ;HH HJIH )J;eJIaTb rrOlKepTBOBaHHH Ha opraHH3a-
IJ;HIO, HanpH'Mep, peJIHrH03HbIX rrpa3)J;HH.KOB.
Ra.K Y.Ka3bIBaJIOCb paHee, peaJIHCTH'IeCI\aH TeopHH rrOCTe-
rreHHO rrpH06peTaeT Bce 60JIbIIIee BJIHHHHe B npaBOBe)J;eHHH,
H c4>epa )J;eecrroc06HOCTH IOpH)J;H'IeC.KHX JIHIJ; TOJI.KyeTcH Bce
oOJIee paCIIIHpHTeJIbHO. CY)J;e6HaH rrpaI\TH.Ka, .KOTOpaH paHee
C'IHTaJIa He)J;eiicTBHTeJIbHbIMH 06em;aHHH BbIIIJIa'IHBaTb CJIY-
mam;HM IOpH)J;H'IeC.KHX JIHIJ; II\aJIOBaHbe, rapaHTHH )J;OJIrOBbIX
o6H3aTeJIbCTB HHbIM JIHIJ;aM H HHoe Ha TOM OCHOBaHHH, 'ITO
3TH )J;eiiCTBHH BbIXO)J;HJIH 3a npe)J;eJIbI )J;eecnoc06HOCTH IOpH)J;H-
qeCInIX JIHIJ;' nOCTeneHHO rrepeIIIJIa .K pacnmpHTeJIbHOMY TOJI-
.KOBaHHIO HX )J;eecrroC06HOCTIJ, B.KJIIO'IUB B Hee (<BOrrpOCbI,
Heo6xo)J;HMbIe BO HCnOJIIleHUe )J;eJI, IWH.KpeTHO Y.Ka3aHHbIx B
YCTaBe>; (perneHHe BepxoBHoro cY)J;a 01' 17 )J;e.Ka6pH 1931 r.).
4) Henocpe)J;cTBeHlIO C )J;eecnoc06HoCTbIO IOpH)J;H'IeC.KHX
JIUIJ; CBH3alIbI CJIe)J;YIOru;ue np06JIe lbI: })aIme BonpOCbI B COOT-
BeTCTBIUI C YCTaBOM MorYT pernaTbCH e)J;HIIOJIII'IHO )J;Hpe.KTO-
pOM, a .Ka.KIIe Tpe6YIOT COrJIaCUH 06IIJ;ero c06paHHH, Ra.KHe
)J;eIICTBUH )J;upe.KTOpa MorYT paCCAIaTpHBaTbCH .KaK COBepIIIeH-
IO'bIe B ero JIH'IHbIX HHTepecax.
a) BHeIIIHe 8TH )J;eIICTBHH BXO)J;HT B c4>epy )J;eecnoco6HO-
eTH IOpH)J;II'IeCKHX JIHIJ;, II, nOMHMO Toro, '11'0 OHH OTHOCHTCH
1\ I\OMrreTeHIJ;HH )J;Hpe.KTOpOB, B rrpIInIJ;une OHH npe)J;CTaBJIHIOT
6 3aKa3 n. 892
81
c060ll p;eiicTBIIH IOpIIp;II'IeCRIIX JIIIll;. BMeCTe C TeM B CJIY'Iae
HeII03BOJIlITeJIbHOrO IIPOIl3BO,lIa P;IIpeI{TOpOB B03HIIRaeT BOIIpOC
o 3JIOYIIOTpe6JIeHHII IBUI cBoell IWMneTeHIJ,IIeM. Op;HaRO 3'1'0
He P;OJIlliHO OI{a3blBaTb BJIIIHHJ1:H Ha IIpIl3HaHHe 3TIIX p;eiiCTBIIM
p;ei'lcTBIIH:\III IOpUp;II'IeCROrO JIlm;a, II, eCJIII OHII ORa3aJIIICb
HeBbuop;HbIMII P;JIH IOpllp;TI'IeCROro JmIJ;a, IIX MO$HO C'IHTaTb
p;Ollym;eHHblMH 110 OIlJIOruHOCTII caMoro IOpIIp;II'IeCROrO JIIIIJ,a.
)];aJIee, B CJIY'lae, Rorp;a ROHTpareHTbI IOpIIp;TI'IeCROro JIIIIJ,a
3HaJIII JIlI60 Y3HaJIII BIIOCJIep;CTBIIII 0 p;aHHOM 1I0JIO$eHIIII p;eJI,
IOpIIp;II'IeCIWe JIIIIJ,O He MO$eT OTpIIJJ;aTb IIX p;eMCTBIITeJIbHOCTb
(perueHlle BepXOBHoro cyp;a 0'1' 11 IIIOHH 1938 r.).
6) B CJIY'lae, Rorp;a 'Ollpep;eJIeHHbIe p;eMcTBIIH BXOp;n,;IJI B
cq,epy p;eeclloc06HOCTII IOpIIp;II'IeCROrO JIIIIJ,a, op;HaRO 6b1JIII
cOBeprueHbI ero opraHOM C IIpeBblrueHHe'J\I CBOIIX IIOJIHOMO'lIIM,
OHJI He C'IIITaIOTCH HOpMaJIbHblMII p;eMCTBIIHMII IOpIIp;II'IeCROrO
JIJIIJ,a. BMeCTe C TeM, IIpllMeHHH 110 aHaJIOrIlII CT. 110 f'K 0
BHeruHe BHP;IIMOM IIpep;CTaBII'reJIbCTBe (CM.: 06m;aH '1aCTb-
105), 3p;eCb CJIep;yeT IIpll3HaBaTb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb IOpHp;II'1e-
CRoro JIIIIJ,a.
56. OTBeTcTBeHHocTb 3a rpmKp;3HCRue rrpaBoHapymeHuff.
OTBeTcTBeHHocTb IOpHp;II'IeCRIIX JIIIIJ; 3a rpa$p;aHCRlle IIpaBO-
HapyrueHllH paCCMaTpIlBaeTCH C TO'l'Rll 3peHHH, aHaJIOrII'IHOM
perueHI110 BOllpoca 0 p;eeclloc06HOCTII p;aHHbIX JIIIIJ,.
1) Pa3YMeeTCH, '1'1'0 TeopIIH q,IIRIJ,IIll, He p;ollycRaIOm;aH
rrpH3HaHllH caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIX p;eMCTBuiI IOpllp;II'IeCRI1:X JIllIJ"
He IIpH3HaeT II llX OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a rpamp;aHCRIIe IIpaBO-
H3pymeHIIH. II03TOMY IIpep;YCMOTpeHHYIO B CT. 44 f'K OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTb IOpllp;II'IeCRIIX JIIIIJ, 110 B03MeIIJ,eHIIIO ym;ep6a R
Ollpep;eJIeHHblX CJIY'laHX p;aHHaH TeopHH paCCMaTpIIBaeT RaR
OTBeTCTBeHHOCT.b IOpIIp;II'IeCROrO JIHIJ,a 3a p;eiicTBIIH p;pyrllx
JIIIIJ,. PeaJIIICTII'IeCRaH TeopIIH IIpll3HaeT cym;ecTBoBaHue p;eii-
CTBUM IOpIIp;II'IeCKOrO JIIIIJ,a II B CJIY'lae HaHeceHIIH 3TIIMn: p;eii-
CTBIIHMI1 ym;ep6a p;pyrIIM JIIIIJ,aM BIIOJIHe eCTeCTBeHHO,
rrpII3HaeT C3MOCTOffTeJIbHYIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb IOpllp;II'1eCRIIX
JIHIJ, 3a CROll p;eiiCTBI1ff.
a) ,[(eiiCTBI1H IOpIIp;H'IeCIUIX JIlII , HapyrualOm;IIe IIpaBO,
cOBeprualOTcH IIX opraH3MII. XOTH CT. 44 f'K rOBopnT 0 «P;II-
peRTopax II p;pyrllx rrpep;CTaBIITemIX», 3'1'0 rrOJIOmeHIIe lIe
CJIep;yeT TOJIROBaTb n TOM CMblCJIe, '1'1'0 p;IIpeRTOp HBJUIeTCJI
npep;CTaBI1TeJIe 1. 'KpoMe TOro, IOpIlp;II'IeCROe JIIIIJ,O HeceT
OTBeTCTBeHHOCT.b 3a p;eiiCTBIIH TaRI1X CBOllX rrpe CTaBIITeJIeii,
RaR yrrpaBJIHIOm;n:ii, op;HaRO 3'1'0 OTBeTCTB HnIOCTb IOpnp;H'Ie-
82
-CKOro JUU1;a KaK HaIlIlMaTeJUI, IlO Ile C06CTBeIlIlaH OTBeTCTBeIl-
IlOCTb IOpIlp;H'IeCKOrO JIIlIJ;a. IIpep;CTaBHTeJIHMH IOpHp;H'IeCKOrO
JIHIJ;a, rrpep;CTaBJIHIOm;erO 06m;eCTBeIlIlblii HIlTepeC, HBJIHIOTCH
p;Hpel\TOp (CT. 52 rR), BpeMeIlIlbIH p;HpeKTOp (CT. 56 rR),
CrreIJ;IlaJIbIlblii rrpep;CTaBHTeJIb (CT. 57 rR), a TaKiKe JIHKBHp;a-
TOp (CT. 74, 75 rR).
6) AIlaJIOrH'IIlO cKa3aIlIloMY BbIIlle 0 p;eecrroc06IloCTH
IOpnp;II'IeClmX JIIlIJ; CJIep;yeT, rrO-BHp;IlMOMY, TOJIKOBaTb H TO
nOJIOJReIlIle, 'ITO rrpaBoIlapyJIIeIlHH opraIlOB C'IHTaIOTCH p;eH-
'CTBIUIMII caMoro IOpIlp;H'IeCiKOrO JIHIJ;a, eCJIH OIlH He BbIXOP;HT
3a rrpep;eJIbI IJ;eJIeH aHHoro JOpH If1IeCROro JIHIJ;a. Ha 3TO YKa-
3bIBaeT TeKCT CT. 44 0 IlaHeceHHIl ym;ep6a pyrHM JIHIJ;aM co
CTOpOIlbI rrpep;CTaBIlTeJIeH IOpIlp;Il'IeCKOrO JIHIJ;a «rrpIl IlCrrOJIIle-
:HHH HX 06H3aIlIlOCTeii» (CM. peJIIeIlHe BepXOBIloro CYAa OT
27 rvmpTa 1918 r.). CJIep;yeT Y'IIlTblBaTb, 'ITO CJIyme6Ilble 0551-
3aHIlOCTn rrpep;cTaBIlTeJIeH H COCTOHT B rrpep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBe
lOpHp;II'IeCKOrO JIHIJ;a, a p;eHcTBHH IOpHp;H'IeCKOrO JIHIJ;a npH-
.3HalOTCH TaKOBbIMIl JIHJIIb B rrpep;eJIax IJ;eJIeH p;aHIloro JIHIJ;a.
IIpH 3TOM, KaK H B Borrpoce 0 p;eecrroc06IloCTH, ccpep'y IJ;eJIeH
IOpHp;Il'IeCI\Oro JIHIJ;a CJIep;yeT TOJII\OBaTb B IIIHpO'I\OM rrJIaIle,
.6epH 3a OCIlOBY COIJ;HaJIbIlYIO CPYHIi.IJ;IlIO 3Toro JIIlIJ;a.
B CJIY'Iae COBepIIIeHHH rrpep;CTaBIlTeJIHMH Ilerrop;06alOm;HX
,p;eiicTBHH rrYTeM 3JIoynoTpe6JIeIlIlH CBOHMH rrOJIIlOMO'IIIHMH
rrpH:.'oIeIlHIOTCH rro aIlaJIOrHH rrOJIOmeIlHH CTaTbH 110 II p;pyrHx
-0 BIleIIIIle BHP;IlMOM rrpep;CTaBIITeJIbCTBe, B COOTBeTCTBHH C
IWTOpbIMIl 3TH p;eiiCTBIlH rrpI13IlaIOTCH p;eiiCTBHHMII IOpHp;H'Ie-
Clwro JIIlIJ;a. B CJIY'Iae OTpHIJ;aIlHH 3Toro y KOIlTpareIlTOB HMe-
,eTCH B03l\lOmIlOCTb Bblp;BHmeHHH Tpe60BaHIlH B03Mem;eIlHH
ym;ep6a, HaIleceIlIloro rrpaBoIlapymeIlIIeM IOpHp;Il'IeCKOrO
JIHIJ;a (CM. pemeIlIle BepXOBIloro cyp;a OT 21 IlIOIlH 1966 r.).
B) R p;eHCTBIIHM rrpep;CTaBHTeJIeii OJImIlbI rrpIIMeHHTbCH
'06m;IIe YCJIOBHH, KacalOm;IleCH rpamp;aIlCKoro rrpaBoIlapyme-
HHH, a IlMeIlIlO IlapYIIIeIlIIH rrpaB p;pyrIlx JII1IJ; rro YMbICJIY HJIH
IleOCTopomIlOCTH. 8TH Tpe60BaIlHH aIlaJIOrH'IHbI CJIY'IalO p;e-
JIIIKTHOii: OTBeTCTBeHIlOCTIl cpIl3II'IeCKOrO JIIIIJ;a (CM. CT.
709 rR).
2) Cym;ecTByeT rrp06JIeMa JIIl'IHOB OT8eTCT8eHIlOCTH npe -
Ta8HTeJIeH B CBH3II C rpamp;aIlCKIlMH rrpaBoIlapymeIlHHMH
-cal\IOTO IOpHp;H'IeCIWTO JIHIJ;a. Bo-rrepBblx, B CJIY'Iae rrpaBOIla-
pymeHIIH rrpep;CTaBIlTeJIH, COBepIIIeIlIloro BHe ccpepbI ucrrOJI-
BeIlIlH ero CJIyme6Ilblx 06H3aHIlocTeii, OTBeTCTBeHIlOCTb IleceT
Ile IOpnp;II'IeCIWe JIHIJ;O, a JIIIIIIb rrpep;CTaBHTeJIb B COOTBeT-
CTBIlII C 06m;HMH rrOJIOi:l,eHHHMH 0 B03Mem;eUHIl ym;ep6a.
6'
83
O)J;HaI\O H B 8TOM CJIY'Iae, eCJIH npe)J;CTaBIITeJIl, IICnOJIl,30BaJJ.
npHMO IIJIII ROCBeHHO 06II1,eCTBeHHOe )J;OBepIIe R onpe)J;eJIeHHO-
MY ropII)J;II'IeCROMY JIHQY H ROr)J;a 3Ha'IIITeJIl,HOll 'IaCTII HaCe-
JIeHIIH HaHeCeH 60JIl,IIIOll YIII,ep6, fR npe)J;ycMaTpHBaeT COJIH-
AapHyIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 'IJIeHOB ropII)J;II'IeCROrO JIIIQa II ero.
AIIpHRTOpa (CM. n. 2 CT. 44, CT. 719 fR). BO-BTOPl,IX, fR He-
CO)J;epiKIIT nOJIOiKeHIIll 0 TOM, HecyT JIH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTl, CaMH
npe)J;CTaBIITeJIII HapH)J;Y C ropII)J;II'IeORIIM JIIIQOM B CJIY'IaHX..
ROr)J;a )J;eHCTBIIH npe)J;CTaBIITeJIeH COBepIIIeH@ B npe)J;eJIax Qe-
JIell ;D;aHHoro ropH)J;II'IeCKOrO JIIIQa. O)J;HaRO H TOT)J;a, Ror)J;a
AeHCTBIIH npe,l.l;CTaBIITeJIeH npII3HaroTcH )J;eHCTBHHMH ropH)J;H-
'IeCROrO JIHQa, 8TO He 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO OHH O)J;HOBpeMeHHO He:
npII3HaroTcH HH)J;HBH)J;yaJIl,Hl,IMH )J;eHCTBHRMH npe)J;CTaBHTe-
JIeH. IIo8TOMY BnOJIHe 060CHOBaHHO TO TO ROBaHHe, 'ITO If-,
npe)J;CTaBHTeJIH HeCYT nepCOHaJIl,HYro OTBeTCTBeHHOCTl, (pe-
IIIeHHe BepXOBHoro cY)J;a OT 27 MaH 1932 r.). B-TpeTl,HX,.
nOOROJIbRY npe)J;CTaBHTeJIH OTBe'IaroT nepe)J; ropH)J;H'IeCRIIM
JIHQOM 3a Ha)J;JIeiKaIIl,ee HCnOJIHeBIIe CBOHX cJIyiKe6Hl,Ix 06H-
aaHHocTeH, ropH)J;H'IeCROe JIHQO MOiKeT B03JIOJKHTl, B03MeIIl,e-
BHe YIII,ep6a, B@3BaHHoro )J;ellcTBHHMJI npe;D;cTaBHTeJIeii, Ha:.
caMHX npe)J;cTaBHTeJIeH (CM. CT. 266 TR).
t 4. OpraHbl IOpHAH'IeCKHX nH
57. ,IJ;HpeKTop. IOpH)J;H'IeCRIIe JIHQa )J;eHcTByroT B JIHQ8-'
AHpeRTopa. II RopnopaQHH H Y'IpeJK)J;eHIIJI Ha3Ha'IaroT )J;IIpeR-
Topa CBOHM npe)J;CTaBHTeJIeM (n. 1 CT. ,1)2 fR). B CJIY'Iae B03-
BHRHOBeHIIH BaRaHCHII Ha 8TOT nOCT II HaJIH'IHH onaceHHH
nOHeCTII YIII,ep6 OT )J;eHcTBHH onpep;eJIeHHOrO ropII)J;II'IeCROro-
JIHQa B nepHo)J;, nOKa nOCT )J;HpeI-\TOpa 6yp;eT OCTaBaTl,CH
BaKaHTHl,IM, no Tpe6oBaHHIO 3aIIHTepeCOBaHHl,IX JIHQ HJIH.
npoKypopa CY)J; MOllieT Ha3Ha'IHTl, BpeMeHHoro )J;HpeI>TOpa
( CT. 56 fR, CT. 35 3aKoHa 0 npoQeP;ype paCCMOTpeHIIH p;eJI B.
nopHp;Ke oco6oro npou3Bop;cTBa).
Ha3Ha'IeHIIe )J;JIpeKTOpa npe)J;CTaBJIHer C060ll p;orOBOp
nOPY'IeHHH MeiK)J;y ropH)J;H'IeCKHM JIHQOM H )J;HpeKTopOM.
Bo BHeIIIHHX OTHOIIIeHHHX )J;HpeKTOp OCYIII,eCTBJIHeT p;eHTeJIl,-
BOCTl, ropH)J;H'IeCKOrO JIIIQa B Ra'IeCTBe ero npe)J;CTaBHTeJIH.
C TO'IKH 3peHHH BHYTpeHHelI opraHH3aQIIH )J;IIpeKTOp HeceT
npaBa II 06H3aHHOCTII Ha OCHOBaHHII )J;orOBopa C ropI!)J;II'Ie-
CKHM JIHQOM. IIo8ToMY Bonpoc@ OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a HapyIIIe-
HHe o6H3aHHocTeH, B03Harpalli)J;eHHH II )J;p., yxo)J;a H CHHTHH
84
C P;'OJIiRH'OCTU )];'OJImHbI pemaTbCH, IICX'OP;H II3 cop;epmaBIIlI
p;aHH'Or'O p;'Or'OB'Opa, eCJIlI IIH'Oe He rrpeP;YCM'OTpeH'O YCTaB'OM
IOpUp;U'IeCR'Or'O JIUIJ;a IIJIII yqpep;lITeJIbHbIM aR'I:OM.
CJIyme6HbIe '06H3aHH'OCTU p;lIpeRT'Opa rr'Op;pa3p;eJIHIOTCH HBI
p;Be RaTer'OpIIlI.
1) npep;cTaBHTeJIbCTBa IOpnp;H'IeCRara JIHQa, T. e. C'OBep-
meHHe Tex p;eMcTBuM, R'OT'OpbIe rrpII3HaIOTCH p;eMCTBUHMlI IOpH-
p;U'IeCR'Or'O JIuu;a. AIIpeRT'Op '06JIap;aer rrpaB'OM rrpep;CTaBHTeJIb -
CTBa ep;UH'OJIU'IH'O (CT. 53 rK). Ccpepa rrpep;CTaBIITeJIbCrna
'OXBaTbIBaeT Bce p;eMCTBUH, 'OTH'OCHIIJ;HeCH R Kpyry u;eJIeM IOPII-
p;U'IeCR'Or'O JIuu;a. 3a UCiKJIIO'IeHUeM c'06JIl'Op;eHIIH rr'OJI'OmeHITM
YCTaBa IIJIU Y'Ipep;UTeJIbH'Or'O aRTa, a B R'Oprr'OpaU;UHX U peme-
HHM '06rn;er'O c'06paHUH, Bce ImbIe crr'Oc'06bI 'OrpaHU'IeHUH '06-
rn;er'O rrpaBa npep;CTaBUTeJIbC'fBa p;IIpeRT'Opa Hep;eMCTBIITeJIbHbJ
(CT. 53 rK). BMeCTe C TeM HeIWT'OpbIe R'OHRpeTHbIe CJIY'IaIT
M'OmB'O paCCMaTpuBaTb RaR 'OrpaHIT'Iemle rrpaBa rrpep;CTaBH-
TeJIbCTBa, HarrpIIMep B CJIY'Iae rrp'OTIIB'Orr'OJI'OmH'OCTu IIHTepe-
C'OB p;upeRT'Opa U IOpUp;U'IeCRar'O JIIIU;a (p;upeRT'Op HBJIHeTCJI.
p;aJImHuR'OM rr'O CB'OUM IIHp;IIBuP;yaJIbHbIM '06H3aTeJIbCTBaM, a
IOpUp;U'IeCR'Oe JIlIU;'O - rr'OPY'IlITeJIeM) ,o;IIpeKT'Op He '06JIap;aeT
rrpaB'OM rrpep;CTaBUTeJIbCTBa B B'Orrpacax, CBH3aHHbIX C'O ccpe-
POM pacx'Omp;eHUH UHTepeC'OB. B 3T'OM cUTyaU;ulI rrpep;CTaBU-
TeJIbCTB'O rr'O ,p;aHHbIM B'Onp'OcaM p;'OJImH'O 'Ocyrn;eCTBJIHTbCJr
crreU;UaJIbHbIM rrpep;CTaBUTeJIeM, Ha3Ha'IeHHbIM CYP;'OM ( CM_
CT. 57 rK, CT. 35 3aR'OHa '0 rrp'Ou;ep;ype paCCM'OTpemIH p;eJI B.
rr'OpHp;Re 'Oc'06'Or'O rrp'01I3B'Op;CTBa; p;aHHoe rrpaBUJI'O He pacrrp'O-
CTpaHHeTCH Ha CJIY'Iau HaJIU'IUH HeCIWJIbRUX p;upeRT'Op'OB,..
K'Orp;a npe,o;CTaBUTeJIbCTB'O rr'O yRa3aHHbIM B'Orrp'OcaM '0 CYIIJ; e-
CTaBJIHeTCH p;pyruM p;upeRT'Op'OM). Kp'OMe T'Or'O, X'OTH B rrpUB-
u;urre p;upeRTOp p;'OJImeH caM 'OCYIIJ;eCTBJIHTb rrpeJJ;CTaBIITeJIb-
CTB'O, B rr'OpHp;Re UCRJIIO'IeHUH rrpu 'Onpep;eJIeHHbIX YCJI'OBUHX
'OH M'OmeT rr'OPY'IUTb 'OCYIIJ;eCTBJIeHUe HeK'OT'OpbIX npep;CTaBU-
TeJIbCRUX p;eMCTBUM P;Pyr'OMY JIUU;Y (CT. 55 rK). B CBH3II C
npaB'OM npe,o;CTaBUTeJIbCTBa p;upeRT'Opa CJIep;yeT '06paTUTb
'Oc'06'Oe BHuMaHIIe Ha TO, 'IT'O npII Bcex YRa3aHHbIX clITyaU;u-
Hx p;IIpeKT'Op '06JIap;aeT npaB'OM npep;CTaBIlTeJIbCTBa ep;HHaJIH'I--
Ha II .n;ame B CJIY'Iae 'Orrpe,o;eJIeHHbIX 'OrpaHII<I8HIlii er'O p;eH-
TeJIbH'OCTU IOTUBbI HaJIlI'IlIH YRa3aHHbIX 'OrpaHIl'IeHIlii IIJIIT
'OTCYTCTBIIH p;aHH'Or'O npaBa He M'OrYT HBJIHTbCH 'OCH'OBaHHHMU
npu cn'Opax C TpeTbU IU JIUu;aMU, He 3HaBlIJUMU '0 CYIIJ;eCTB'O-
BaHUII rr'Op;'06HbIX 'OrpaHU'IeHUM (CT. 54 rK).
2) AP;MIIHHcTpaTHBHbIe DaJIBaMa'IHH p;upeRT'Opa C'OCT'OHT B
Bep;eHuu Bcex p;eJI IOplIp;H'IeCR'Or'O JIlIu;a II rr'Op;p;epJRamUI era
8&>
BIiYTpeHHeH OpraHlI3aIJ;HH. B CJIy-qae HaJIH'IHH HeOROJIbRHX
)J;HpeRTOpOB ap;MHHHCTpaTHBHbIe BOnpOCbI pelIIaIOTCH B npHH-
IJ;Hne OOJIblIIHHCTBOM rOJIOCOB (n. 2 CT. 52 rK). 'lITo 1\aCaeTCH
OCym;eCTBJI8HHH ap;MHHHCTpaTHBHbIX nOJIHOMO'IHH p;HpeRTO-
pa, OHO p;OJIlImO COOTBeTCTBOBaTb, RaR H B CJIY'Ia8 np8p;CTaBH-
TeJIbCTBa IOpHp;HQeOROrO JIHIJ;a, YCTaBY, Y'Ipep;HTeJIbHOMY aRTY
HJIH pelIIeHHIO Oom;ero coopaHHH. BaiRHeHIIIHMH ap;MHHHCTpa-
THBHbIMH nOJIHOMO'IHHMH, ocym;eCTBJIHeMbIMH p;HpeRTopOM,
rK onpep;eJIHeT: perHCTpaIJ;HIO IOpHp;H'IeCROrO JIHIJ;a (CM.
CT. 84 rK), COCTaBJIeHHe HHBeHTapHOH onHCH HMym;ecTBa
IOpIIp;H'IeCRorO JIHIJ;a H npe)J:OCTaBJIeHHe ee B JIIOOOe BpeMH Ha
03HaROMJIeHHe 'IJIeHaM IOpIlp;H'IeCROrO JIHIJ;a H HHbIM JIHIJ;aM
(n. 1 CT. 51 rK), no me OTHOCMTCH H R nOIlMeHHOMY cnHCRY
tJJIeHOB ROpnOpaIJ;HH, npIl'IeM RamP;Oe H3M8HeHHe B 'IJIeHCTBe
)J;OJImHO CBoeBpeMeHHO OTpamaTbCH B p;aHHOM cnHCRe (n. 2
CT. 51 rK), C03bIB oom;ero coopaHHH 'IJIeHOB (CT. 60-61 rK),
B CJIY'Iae npeRpam;eHIIH IOpIlp;H'IeCKOrO JIHIJ;a - BblI10JIHeHHe
tPYHRIJ;HH JIHRBHp;aTopa (CT. 74 rK), 3aHBJIeHHe 0 oaHRpoT-
CTBe IOpHp;H'IeCROro JIHIJ;a B CJIY'Iae HeB03MomHOCTH HCnOJIHe-
HHH p;OJIrOBbIX OOH3aTeJIbCTB (n. 2 CT. 70 rR).
58. PeBH30p. PeBH30pbI npep;CTaBJIHIOT COOOH opraH, OCY-
m;eCTBJIHIOm;HH I\OHTpOJIb 3a p;eHTeJIbHOCTbIO p;HpeRTopOB.
.u;OJImHOCTH peBH30pOB MorYT Y'Ipemp;aTbCH B COOTBeTCTBHII
C YCTaBOM IOpHp;I1'IeCROrO JIHIJ;a, Y'Ipep;HTeJIbHbIM aRTOM I1JIH
pelIIeHHeM Oom;ero coopaHHH, op;HaRO B OTJIH'IHe OT p;Ii:peRTO-
.pOB Ha3Ha'IeHHe peBH30pOB He HBJIHeTCH OOH3aTeJIbHbIM
(CT. 58 rK).
BHYTpeHHHe OTHOlIIeHHH peBH30pa C IOpIlp;H'IeCRHM JIHIJ;OM
aHaJIOrH'IHbI OTHOlIIeHIIHM P;Hp8I\TOpa H IOpHp;I1'IeCROrO JIHIJ;a.
. CJIymeoHbIe OOH3aHHOCTH peBH30pOB onpep;eJIeHbI B 'IeTbIpex
nYHKTax CT. 59 rR, ROTopbIe YRa3bIBaJOT JIHlIIb BamHeHIIIIIe
HanpaBJIeHHH p;eHTeJIbHOCTH H TOJIKYIOTCH paCIIIHpHTeJIbHO B
TOM CMbICJI8, 'ITO peBI-I30p MomeT BbInOJIHHTb II HHbIe OOH3aH-
HOCTII, ROTopbIe C'IHTaIOTCH HeOOXOp;I1MbIMII P;JIH BbIl10JIHeHHH
ero <PYHRIJ;I1H. BMecre C TeM ocym;eCTBJIeHII8 peBH30poM npep;-
CTaBHTeJIbCTBa IOpHp;I1'IeCROrO JIHIJ;a C'IIlTaeTCH npeBbIIIIeHH8M
HM CBOHX CJIymeoHbIX rrOJIHOMO'IHH.
59. Oom;ee coopaHHe.
1) Oom;ee coopaHIIe cym;eCTByer TOJIbRO B 'RopnopaU;UHX,
rp;e OHO HBJIHeTCH BbICIIIHM, OOH3aTeJIbHbI [ H pelIIalOm;HM op-
raHoM. 3a HCRJIIO'IeHHeM BonpOCOB, p;eJIernpOBaHHbIX B COOT-
.86
BeTCTBHII C YCTaBOM AlIpeRTOPY IIJIII IIHbIM AOJInmOCTHbBl
JIIID;aM, BCe AeJIa IwpnopaD;HII ocyru;eCTBJIHIOTCH perneHlIeM
o6ru;ero C06paHIIH (CT. 63 rI\). PerneHIJe o6ru;ero C06paHIIH
6e3YCJIOBHO Tpe6yeTcH nplI TaRIIX IWpeHHbIX H3:\IeHeHIIHX,.
RaR nepeCMOTp YCTaBa (CT. 38 rR; CM.: 06ru;aH 'IaCT.b - 49)
II Ao6pOBOJIbHaH JIIIKBIIAaD;IIH (n. 2 CT. 68 rR; ClivI.: 06ru;aH'
'IaCTb - 60).
a) )J,JIH Toro 'ITo6bI <PYHI{D;IIOHlIpOBaTb, o6ru;ee co6pamIe
AOJIJRHO 6bITb C03Bano B COOTBeTCTBIIIJ C onpeAeJIeHHOll npo
D;eAYPoll. IIpaBoM C03.bIBa o6ru;ero co6paHlIH o6JIaAaeT AlIpeR
TOp, ROTOpbIll 06H3aH C03.bIBaTb ero no RpallHell Mepe pa3 B
rOA (CT. 60 rR). B CJIY'Iae Heo5xOAlIMOCTlI MorYT C03bIBaTbCH
Qpe3B.bI'IallHble o6ru;IJe co6paHIIH (n. 1 CT. 61 rR). IIpaBoM
C03.bIBa o6ru;ero co6paHIIH 06JIaAaIOT TaRJRe peBlI30pbI nplI
YCJIOBIIII YRJIOHeHnH AHpeKTopa OT C03.bIBa co6paHlIH
( CT. 59 rR). aTIIM }Re npaBOM HaAeJIeH.bI H 'IJIeH.bI IOpIlAII'Ie-
CRoro JIHD;a, eCJIII CBblrne 1/5 OT o6II1,ero 'IIICJIa 'IJIeHO'B JIOTpe-
6YIOT C03bIBa o6ru;ero co6paHlIH (n. 2 CT. 61 rR). 06ru;IIM
nplIHD;lInOM HBJIHeTCH TO, 'ITO B CJIY'Iae Heo6xOAlIMOCTII BbIC-
rnlIll opraH IOpIIAII'IeCROrO JIIID;a MOJReT <PYHRD;IIOHlIpOBaTb He.
TOJIbRO no perneHIIIO AlIpeRTopa, HO II APyrlIx JIIID;.
6) IIpOlWAypa C03.bIBa COCTOIIT B TOM, 'ITO 06'.bHBJIeHlIe O.
C03bIBe o6ru;ero co6paHIIH AOmI\HO 6.bITb CAeJIaHO no MeHbrnell
Mepe 3a nHT.b AHeM AO HaMe'IeHHOM AaT.bI C YRa3aHlIeM no-
BeCTRII AHH II B COOTBeTCTBIIII C Tpe60BaHlIHMII YCTaBa'
(cT.62rR).
06ru;ee co6paHIle, RaR npaBIIJIO, MOJReT rrplIHIUmT.b peme-
HUH TOJI.bRO no BonpocaM, BRJIIO'IeHHhIM B rrOBeCTRY AHH
(CT. 64 rR). RamA.bIM 'IJIeH IOpIIAII'IeCROrO JIIID;a o6JIaAaeT B
nplIHD;IlIIe paBHhIM npaBoM rOJIoca 6e3 BbIAeJIeHIIH RaRIIX-
JIII60 RaTeroplIM 'IJIeHOB HJIH npoBeAeHIIJI pa3JIH'IIIll B 3aBII-
CIIMOCTII OT pa3Mepa 'IJIeHCf\IIX B3HOCOB. RpOMe 'foro, eCJIII
onpeAeJIeHHbIM IJIeH IOplIAII Ieclwro JII'ID;a CO'ITeT, 'ITO e IY HeT
Heo6xOAlIMOCTlI JII'I'IHO nplIcYTcTBoBaTb Ha 06ru;eM co6paHIIII,
OH MomeT C006ru;IITb CBoe perneHIIe B IIIICbMeHHOM Bn;J;e ,;m6o
HanpaBIIT.b Ha C06paHIIe CBoero npeACTaBIITe';IH (CT. 65 rR).
OAHalw no BonpocaM OTHorneHIIM MemAY IIHI\OpnopIlpOBaH
H.bnIlI 'IJIeHaMII IOpIlAIIQeCROrO JIIID;a npaBO rOJIoca B AaHHblX
<popMax He MOJReT 6.bITb pea,JIII30BaHO (CT. 66 rR). PerneHIIH
o 6II1,e ro co6paHlIH nplIHIIMaIOTCH rrpOCT.bIM 60JI.brnIIHCTBO f
rOJIOCOB npIlCYTCTBYIOru;I1X Ha co6paHIIlI, OAHaRO no BaambIM
BonpocaM Tpe6yeTcH RBaJIII<pIID;lIpoBaHHoe 60JIbrnIlHCTBo (n. 1
CT. 39, CT. 69 rR).
87
2) MH IIBII ya.JIbHbIe 'I.JIeHbI IwprrOpan;1I1I He rrpe CTaB.JIH-
JOT COOOM I,aKOM-JIIIOO opraH, O HaKO OHII COCTaBJIHIOT OCHOBY
cyII(eCTBOBaHIIH IOplI II'IeCKOro .JI1In;a H oopa3YIOT BbIcnmM
opraH - o6ru,ee co6paHlIe. Mx rrOJIOJReHlIe orrpeJ:t;eJIHeTCH rro-
BHTlIeM npaB 'IJIeHa. 8TII rrpaBa rrO pa3)I;eJIHIOTCH Ha rrpaBa
.ooII(ero IIHTepeCa - rrpaBO Y'IaCTIIH B )I;eHTeJIbHOCTII IOplI)I;lI-
'IeCKOrO JIIIIW II pyrlIe - II npaBa JIlI'IHOrO IIHTepeCa-
npaBO y)I;OBJIeTBOpeHIIH CBOIIX JIlI'IHbIX IIHTepeCOB RaK 'IJIeH3
)I;aHHoro IOplI II'IeCRorO JIIIn;a. CBH3b MeJR y ByMH 3TlIMII
rpyrrrraMII rrpaB IIMeeT BaJRHOe 3Ha'leHIIe )I;JIH IOplI II'IeCKIIX
JIlIn;, npeCJIe)I;YIOru,IIX n;eJIb 1I3BJIe'IeHIIH rrplI6bIJIlI (KOMrraHIIII),
II IOplI II'IeCKIIX JIlIn; rrpOMeJRYTO'IHOrO TlIna (HarrpIIMep,
rrpo<pCOI030B), 'ITO, O HaKO, He TaK cyru,eCTB HHO )I;JIH IOpII)I;II-
. 'IeCKIIX JIlIn;, npe)I;CTaBJIHIOru,IIX ooru,eCTBeH1JbIM IIHTepec.
5. "npeKpalL!.eHHe IOpHAHlieCKHX "H....
60. JIlIImH,I);aqHlI. C JIIIKBII an;lIeM p;eHTeJIbHOCTb IOPJIP;II-
- 'IeCKoro JIIIn;a no p;OCTIIJReHlIIO CBOIIX n;eJIeM rrpe'KpaIIJ;aeTcH.
. OCHoBaHIIH JIH JIIIKBIIp;an;IIII MorYT ObITL o'Om;IIMII P;JIH Kopno-
. pan;IIM II Y'IpeJRp;eHIIM II cnen;IItPlI'IeCKIIMII TOJIbKO P;JIH Kopno-
pan;IIM.
1) OOII(IIMII P;JIH JIIIKBIIp;an;1I1I IOplIp;II'IeCKIIX JIlIn; OOOIIX
- BIIP;OB HBJIHIOTCH CJIep;YIOII(lIe OCHOBaHIIH (II. 1 CT. 68 fIt):
a) B03HWKHOBeBIIe OCHOBaRIIM P;JIH JIIIKBIIp;an;IIII, npep;y-
. CMOTpeHHbIX B YCTaBe IIJIII Y'Ipep;IITeJIbHOM aKTe;
0) p;OCTIIJReHIIe n;eJIeM IOpII II'IeCKorO JIIIn;a IIJIII HeB03-
MOJRHOCTb 3Toro;
B) oaHKpOTCTBO. IIplI npeBbIIIleHlIII P;OJIrOBbIMII OOH3aTeJIb-
, CTBaMII IOplIp;II'IeCKOTO JIIIn;a ooru,eM CYMMbI ero aKTIIBa
yrrpaBJIeHlIe IIMyru,eCTBOM IOpIIp;II'IeCKOrO JIIIn;a B :n;eJIHX Hep;o-
rrYII(eHIIH HaHeceHIIH yru,epoa rpeTblIM JIIIn;aM P;OJIJRHO Bec-
TIICb C HeMep;JIeHHbIM OO'bHBJIeHIIeM 0 oaHKpOTCTBe p;aHHoro
IOpII II'IeCKOrO JIIIn;a (rr. 1 CT. 70 fIt, CT. 126-127 3aKoHa
. 0 oaHKpoTcTBe). J];lIpeKTOp, Y3HaB 0 no ooHoM IIMyru,eCTBeH-
ROM rrOJIomemm IOpIIp;n:'IeCKorO JIII:u;a, p;OJDI,eH HeMep;JIeHHO
nop;aTb 3aHBJIeHIIe ooaHKpOTCTBe (n. 2 CT. 70, CT. 84. fIt);
r) aHHYJIIIpOBaHlIe pa3perneHIIH Ha C03p;aHIIe IOplIp;n'Ie-
CKoro JIIIn;a. Pa3perneHIIe MOIHeT OblTb aHHYJIlIpOBaHO HOMne-
TeHTHbIMII opraH aM II B CJIY'Iae BbIxop;a p;eHTeJIbHOCTII IOpIIP;II-
'IeCKoro JIIIn;a 3a paMKII ero :n;eJIeM, HapyrneHIIH YCJIOBIIii,
rrpep;rrIIcaHHbIX KOMrreTeHTHblMII opraHal\1ll rrpn BbIp;a'le pa3-
88
pemeHllH, a TaRiRe B CJIYlJae npHlJllHeHllH Bpep;a 06m;eCTBeH-
H:bIM llHTepecaM iWHTeJI:bHOCTMO }J;aHHoro IOpHp;HlJeCKOrO JIH:qa
(CT. 71 rR, CT. 25 3al\OHa 0 BBep;eHHH B }J;eHcTBHe rR).
2) OCHoBaHHHMH, crre:qmpHlJeCKHMH P;JIH JIIfRBHp;a:qHH KOp-
rropa:qHH:, HBJIHIOTCH CJIeP;YIOm;He (rr. 2 CT. 68 rR):
a) pemeHHe 06m;ero c06paHHH. ,lJ..JIH BbIHeceHHH rrop;06Ho-
ro pemeHHH B rrpHH:qHrre Hep;OCTaTOqHO rrpOCToro DOJI:bIllIIH-
CTBa, OHO Tpe6yeT IIOp;p;epiRKH 60JIee 3/4 06ru;ero qHCJIa 'IJIeHOB
IOpH}J;H'IeCROrO JIH:qa (CT. 69 rR);
6) OTCYTCTBHe qJI'eHOB. CJIyqaH, Rorp;a He OCTaeTCH HB'
O}J;Horo 'IJIeHa IOpHp;HqecKoro JIH:qa.
61. Dpo:qep;ypa JIHRBH}J;aI HH. JIHRBHp;a:quH IOpHp;H'IeCROrO
JIII:qa He rrpHBop;HT R HeMep;JIeHHOMY rrpeKpar:qemIIO ero cym;e-
CTBOBaHHH >RaR cy6'beRTa rrpaBa. ,lJ..0 Tex rrop rrORa He rrpeRpa-
THTCH yrrpaBJIeHne ero HMym;ecTBoM, B 3THX npep;eJIax IOPH-
p;II'IeCIWe Jm:qo COXpaHHeT ripaBocrroc06HOCT:b (CT. 73 rR).
l1..aHHaH RaTeropHH IOpHp;HqeCRHX JIu:q Ha3bmaeTCH JIHKBH}J;H-
pyeMbIMH IOpHp;H'IeCKHMH JIH:qaMH a rrpo:qep;ypa yrrpaBJIeHHIl
HX UMym;ecTBoM - rrpo:qep;YPoH: JIIrRmIp;al\Un.
OTHOCHTeJIbHO rrpo:qep;ypbI JIHRBII}J;a:qHH rR COp;epiRHT
qpe3BbI'IaHHO p;eTaJIbHbIe rrOJIOiReHHH, IWTopbIe paCC'IHTaHbI
Ha 06m;He CJIY'IaH. qTO iRe RacaeTCH 6aHRpOTCTBa, TO yrrpaB-
JIeHHe HMym;ecTBoM ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CTpO-
rHMH rrOJIOiReHHHMH 3aROHa 0 6aHRpOTCTBe (CM. CT. 74, 81
rR) .
1) Dpep;CTaBHTeJIbHbIM opraHOM JIITRBHp;npyeMoro IOpH}J;H-
qeCROrO JIII:qa HBJIHeTCH JIHKBH,n;aTOp. B ITpIlH:qHITe :ny «PYHR-
:qHIO HCrrOJIHHeT }J;HpeRTop (CT. 74 rR), OJJ;HaRO yRa3aHHaH
CTaTbH rR MOiReT TOJJiROBaTbCH II B TOM C IbICJIe, 'ITO «PYHR-
:qIIH JIHRBHp;aTopa MorYT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH peBll30paMH HJIn
OOm;HM c06paHHeM. IIoJIoiReHHe JIHRBHp;aTopa aHaJIOrHqHO
rrOJIOiReHHIO p;HpeRTopa RaR npep;CTaBHTeJIfI IOpnp;HlJeCROrO
JIu:qa, IT03TOMY TepMIIH «JlHRBHp;aTOp» YlIoTpe6JIHeTCH P;JIH
crre:quaJIbHOrO 000lHa'IeHHH p;npeI>Topa JIUKBup;HpyeMoro
IOpn}J;HlJeOROrO JIH:qa. B IeCTe C TeM CJIep;yeT HMeTb B BH,n;y,
'ITO BCJIep;CTBHe 60JIee 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTlI
TpeTbHX JIII:q rrOJIHOMO'IHH cyp;a rro Hap;30py 3a p;eHTeJIbHOCTMO
TaRIIX p;npeRTopOB CYI:qeCTBeHHO ycnJIIIBalOTCH no cpaBHe-
HIIIO C 06m;nM Hap;30pOM (CM. CT. 75-76 rR).
2) IIpemp;e Bcero JIHRBn}J;aTOp ocym;eCTBJIHeT TaR Ha3H-
BaeMYIO perHCTpa:qIlIO JIHRBHp;a:qIIH II HaIIpaBJIHeT COOTBeTCT-
BYIOm;ee 3aJlBJIeHHe ROMrreTeHTHbIM BJIaCTHM (CT. 77, 84 rR),
89
3aTeM OH rrpOBOp;IIT CBepTbIBaHHe OCTaBllIHXClI p;eJI, BbI1lBJIlIeT
npeTeH3HH no p;OJIraM, ocy:ru;eCTBJUIeT IICnOJIHeHHe p;OJIrOBbIX
001l3aTeJIbCTB II nepep;aeT OCTaBllIeeClI JIMy:w;eCTBO HOBbIM BJIa-
]:\eJIbIJ;aM (CT. 78 rK). HaII60JIee CJIOIKHbIM II BaiRHbIM II3
YKa3aHHoro rrepe'IHlI p;eJI HBJIHeTCH IICrrOJIHeHIIe p;OJIrOBbIX
06H3aTeJIbCTB. STO CBH3aHO C TeM, 'Iro, C OP;HOH CTOPOHbI, I{pe-
.P;IITOpbI paCC'IIITbIBaIOT Ha Hap;JIeiRaul,ee IIclIOJIHeHIIe p;OJIiR-
HIIKOM p;OJIrOBbIX 06H3aTeJIbCTB, a C p;pyroii - aTO P;OJIiRHO
ObITb Cp;eJIaHO rro B03MOiRHOCTII CKopee. rK cop;epiRIIT p;eTaJIb-
HyIO perJIaMeHTaIJ;IIIO p;aHHoro rropHp;Ka (CT. 79-81 rK).
'06:ru;HM rrpIIHIJ;IIrrOM HBJI1LeTCH TO, 'ITO JIIIKBIIp;aTOp p;OJIiReH
:HarrpaBIITb KaiHp;OMY II3BeCTHOMY Kpep;IITOpy YBep;OMJIeHIIe 0
'COp;epiRaHlIII p;OJIrOBbIX 06H3aTeJIbCTB II 6e3YCJIOBHO IICrrOJI-
HIITb HX, 'ITO iRe KacaeTCH HeM3BeCTHbIX Kpe) IITOpOB, JIHKBII-
p;aTOp 06H3aH He MeHee Tpex pa3 rry6JIII'IHO I13BeCTIITb 0 JIIm-
BIIp;an;IIII IOpIIp;II'IeCKOrO JIIIn;a, II JIIIllIb B CJIY'Iae HerrocTyrrJIe-
'HIIH rrpeTeH3IIH B Te'IeHIIe orrpe eJIeHHOrO BpeMeHII JIIIKBIIP;II-
'pyeMoe IOpIIp;II'IeCKOe JIIIn;O MOiReT He HcrrOJIHHTb p;aHHble
,]:\OJlrOBbIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. ECJIII iRe B rrpon;ecce JIIIKBIIp;an;IIII
CTaHOBHTCH O'ieBIIp;HbIM, 'ITO JIIIKBII)'J,IIpyeMoe IOpIIp;II'IeCKOe
JIIIn;O He B COCTOHHIIII yP;OBJIeTBOpIITb Bce p;()JIrOBble 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa, BCTyrraeT B p;eHCTBIIe npon;ep;ypa 6aHKpOTCTBa, pac-
"C"IIITaHHaH Ha crrpaBep;JIIIBOe pacrrpep;eJIeHlle OCTaBIIIIIXCH
,cpep;cTB MeiRp;y Kpep;IITopaMIL
3) B CJIY'Iae JIIIKBIIp;an;IIII IOpIIp;II'IeCKOro Jmn;a, rrpep;CTaB-
JIHIO:ru;ero o6:ru;ecTBeHHbIli IIHTepec, OP;HOM 113 np06JIeM 3aKOHO-
]:\aTeJIbCTBa II rrpaKTIIKII HBJIHeTCH Borrpoc, K KOMY rrepexop;IIT
JOCTaBllIeeClI HMy:w;ecTBo. Ha aTOT C'IeT rK YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT, 'ITO
.JIIIKBIIp;aTOp p;OJIiReH CJlep;OBaTb rrOJIOiReHIIJ1M YCTaBa IIJIII,
Y"Ipep;HTeJIbHOrO aKTa, eCJIII B HIIX rrpep;YCMOTpeH COOTBeTCT-
:BYIO:ru;IIM rrOpHp;OK. B CJIY'Iae OTCYTCTBIIH TaKIIX rrOJIOiReHIIH
,p;lIpeKTOp lOiReT II3pacxop;OBaTb OCTaBIIIlleCH cpep;CTBa Ha
IJ;eJIH, CXOiRIIe C n;eJIHMII JIIIKBIIp;IIpyeMoro IOplIp;II'IeCKOrO
.JIIIIJ;a, II, HaKOHen;, B CJIY'Iae HeB03.\lOiKHOCTII aToro OCTaBIIIee-
Cll Inry:ru;eCTBO rrocTyrraeT B P;OXOP; rocyp;apcTBa (CT. 72 rK).
1JTO iKe KacaeTCH rocyp;apcTBa, TO rrocTyrrIIBIIIIIe cpep;CTBa
]:\OJIiRHbI 6bITb IICrrOJIb30BaHbI rro MeCTOHaXOiRp;eHHIO IOpHP;II-
1JeCKOrO JIIIn;a II Ha n;eJlII, aHaJIOrII'IHbIe TeM, KOTopble rrpeCJIe-
,p;OBaJIIICb p;allHbIM IOpnp;II'IeCKIIM JIIIn;OM.
4) IIocJIe 3aBepIIIeHHH rrpon;ecca JIIIKIJlIp;an;HII JIIIKBIIp;a-
'TOp OOH3aH HarrpaBIITb COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ee 3aJlBJIeHHe 'ROMrre-
TeHTHbIM opraH aM (CT. 83 rIt).
go
i 6. HaA30p 3a IOpHAH'IeCKHMH nHqaMH
62. Ha)J;30p 3a ropH)J;H'IeCI\HMH JIHD;aMH. OpraHbI, ocym;e-
CTBJIHIOru;He Ha)J;30p 3a )J;eHTeJIbHOCTbIO IOpH)J;H'IeCKIIX JIHD; 11
3a HX JIHI\BH)J;aD;HeM, pa3JIH'IHbI. Hcl)J;30P 3a )J;eHTeJIbHOCTbIO
IOpH)J;H'IeC'KHX JIHD; ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH COOTBeTCTBYIOID;HMH KOI\1-
rreTeHTHbIMH BJIaCTH'MH (CT. 67, 71, 84 rH), B CJIY'Iae JIHKBll-
)J;aD;HH Ha)J;30p Be)J;eTCH CY)J;OM (CT. 82, 84 rH). BrrOJIHe rro-
HHTHO, 'ITO Ha)J;30p 3a )J;eHTeJIbHOCTbIO IOpH)J;H'leCKHX JIHD; OCY-
ru;eCTBJIHeTCH O)J;HHM H3 Be)J;OMCTB B COOTBeTCTBIIH C TeM1I
D;eJIHMH, KOTOpbIe rrpeCJIe)J;yeT IOpH)J;H'IeCKOe JIHD;O. IIepe)J;a'Ia
Ha)J;30pHbIX rrOJIHOMO'IHM CY)J;Y B CJIY'Iae JIHKBH)J;aD;HH IOpH)J;H-
'IeCKOrO JIHD;a OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha TOM, 'ITO rrpH )J;aHHbIX OOCTOH-
TeJIbCTBaX BHe 3aBHCHMOCTIi OT KaTerOpHH IOpH)J;H'IeCKOr(}
JIHD;a B03HHKaeT HeOOXO)J;HMOCTb perymIpoBaHHH HMyru;eCT-
BeHHbIX OTHomeHHM.
63. TIOJIOmeHHH 0 caHI\D;HHX. B D;eJIHX rrOJIHOro ooecrre'le-
HHH Ha)J;30pa rrpe)J;YCMOTpeHbI caHKD;IIH. TaK, B CJIY'Iae HeHa)J;-
JIemaru;ero HCrrOJIHeHHH )J;HpCKTOpOM, peBH30pOM HJIH JIHKBH)J;a-
TOpOM CBOIIX CJIymeoHbIx oOH3aHHocTeiI Ha HHX HaJIaraeTCH
mTpa.p B pa3Mepe OT 5 )J;O 200 HeH (CT. 84 rK; CT. 206 H CJIe)J;.
3aKoHa 0 rrpoD;e)J;ype paCCMOTpeHHH p;eJI B rropH)J;Ke OCooor()
rrpoH3Bo)J;cTBa). ToproBbIM KO)J;eKC rrpe)J;ycMaTpHBaeT oOJIe
CTporHe HaKa3aHHH B OTHomeHHH )J;OJImHOCTHbIX JIHD; KOMrra-
HIIM B CJIY'Iae HX 3JIoyrroTpeOJIeHIIM CJIymeoHbIM rrOJIOmeHIIeM
II IIHbIX )J;eHHIIM (CT. 86 M CJIe)J;. TK), COOTBeTCTBeHHO II paa.-
Mep mTpa.poB rrOBbImaeTCII (CT. 498 TI\).
i 7. HHocTpaHHble IOpHAH'IeCKHe nHqa
64. MHocTpaHHbJe ropH)J;H'IeCI\He JIUD;a. I1HocTpaHHbIMII
IOpII)J;II'IeCKIIMII JIUD;al\III C'IIITaIOTCH Te, KOTopbIe He HBJIHIOTCH
HrrOHCKIIMII IOpII)J;U'leCIHIMII JIIID;aMII. K HrrOHCKIIM OTHOCHTCH
Te, KOTophIe IIMeIOT opraHII3aD;IIIO B COOTBeTCTBIIII C TpeOOBa-
HIIH)III HlIOHCI{UX 3aKOHOB II MeCTOHaxom)J;eHJTe B HrrOHIIII.
I-\aK yKa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, rK CTOIIT Ha TOM TO'IKe 3peH1IR'
'ITO B Ka'IeCTBe IOpII)J;II'IeCKIIX JIIID; MorYT ObITb rrpH3HaHbI;
JIIIIII1> OOru;HOCTII, opraHII30BaHHble B COOTBeTCTBIIII C TpeOOBa-
HIIHMII HrrOHCKoro 3aKoHo)J;a TeJIbCTBa (CM.: Ooru;aH 'IaCTb-46).
OTlIOCIITeJIbHO me I\pIHepneB pa3rpaHII'IeHIIH lIrrOHCKIIX II
llHocTpaHHblx IOpII)J;II'IeCKIIX JIIID; B rrpaBoBe)J;eHIIII HMeIOTCR'
pa3JIII'IHbIe )IHeUIIH. EOJIee )J;eTaJIbuyJO IIH.popMaD;!UO rro 3TO.
91
:MY Borrpocy CJIep;yeT IICKaTb B IICCJIep;OBaHIIHX rro Memp;YHa
POP;HOMY 'IaCTHOMY rrpaBY.
65. ITplI3HaHHe HHOCTpaHHbIX roplIp;H'IeCKHX JIHn;. IIHo-
CTpaHHbIe rocyp;apcTBa, ep;HHHn;bI ap;MHHHcTpaTHBHo-TeppH-
TopHaJIbHOro p;eJIeHHH HHOCTpaHHbIX rocyp;apcTB, a TaKme
HHOCTpaHHbIe ToprOBbIe TOBapHrn;eCTBa npH3HalOTCH B Brro-
HHH cy6'beKTaMH rrpaBa. ,[(pyrHe HHOCTpaHHbIe IOpHp;H'IeCKHe
JIHn;a, oc06eHHo rrpep;CTaBJIHIOrn;He 06rn;ecTBeHHbIM HHTepec,
MorYT 6bITb rrpH3HaHbI, eCJIH 8TO eooTBeTeTByeT 3aKOHop;a-
TeJIbCTBY HJIH Memp;YHapop;HbIM p;orOBopaM (rr. 1 CT. 36 rR).
J1pH3HaHHbIe HHOCTpaHHbIe IOpHp;H'IeCKHe JIHn;a 06JIap;a1OT
TIpaBocrroc06HoCTbIO B paBHOM 06'beMe C HrrOHCKHMH IOpHP;H-
"IeCKHMH JIHn;aMH. Op;HaKo CJIep;yeT Y'IHTbIBaTb, 'ITO OHH He
pacrrOJIaralOT TeMH rrpaBaMH, ROTOpbIMH He MorYT 06JIap;aTb
l'IHOCTpaHQbI ( CM.: 06rn;aH 'IaCTb - 21) HJIH B OTHomeHHH
KOTOpbIX HMelOTCH crreQHaJIbHbIe rrOJIOmeHHH, rrpep;YCMOTpeH-
JIbIe B 3aKOHOp;aTeJIbCTBe HJIH Memp;YHapop;HbIX p;orOBopax
('rr. 2 CT. 36 rR). B OTHomeHHH HHOCTpaHHbIX ToprOBbIX TO-
DapHrn;eCTB p;eTaJIbHaH pemaMeHTan;HH cop;epmHTCH B TR
.! CT. 479 H CJIep;. TR).
Rorp;a rrpH3HaHHbIe HHOCTpaHHbIe IOpHp;H'IeCKHe JIHQa Ha-
1JHHaIOT CBOIO p;eHTeJIbHOCTb B HrroHHH, OHH p;OJImHbI rro Mec-
TY CBoero Haxomp;eHHH rrpoMTH TaKYJO me, I{aK H HrrOHCKHe
lOpHp;H'IeCKHe JIHQa, pemCTpaQHlO. aTo me OTliOCHTCH H KO
BceM rrOCJIep;ylOrn;HM H3MeHeHHHM MeCTOHaxomp;eHHH KOHTOp
HHOCTpaHHbIX IOpHp;H'IeCKHX JIHQ (CT. 49 rR).
r naB a 4. BE H
1. nOHSITHe H BHAbl BeaqeH
66. IToHlITHe Ber:u;H. RaK YKa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, Kpyr 01'J'beK-
TOB rrpaB He OrpaHH'IHBaeTCH TOJIbKO Bern;aMH, op;HaKO Bern;H
.3aHHMaIOT oc060e MeCTO B rrpaBOOTHomeHHHX (CM.: 06rn;aH
.qaCTb - 15). rR BrroHHII OTHOCHT I{ KaTeropHH Bern;eM
.JIHmb MaTepHaJIbHbIe rrpep;MeTbI, 0 'IeM rOBopHT COOTBeTCTBY-
JOrn;He rrOJIOmeHHH ero 06rn;eM 'IaCTH, OP;HHKO 8TH rrOJIOmeHHH
rrpHMeHHIOTCH H K HHbIM, rrOMHMO MaTepnaJIbHbIX rrpep;MeTOB,
.06'beKTaM rrpaB, eCJIH rro CBoeMY xapaKTepy rrop;06Hoe B03-
MomBO.
092
1) R Bem;aM OTHOCHTCH JUIIIIb MaTepHaJIbHbIe upe;r1;MeTbl
< CT. 85 rR). COrJIaCHO "lHeHHIO MHorHX Y'IeHbIX, MaTepHaJIb-
Hble rrpeAMeTbI - aTO TeJIa, 3aHHMaIOm;He orrpeAeJIeHHOe rrpo-
CTpaHCTBO, a HMeHHO llillAI{He, ra3006pa3Hble H TBepAble.
. BJIeKTpH'IeCTBO, TerrJIO, H3JIY'IeHHe, C aTOH TO'IKH 3peHHH, He
OTHOCHTCHK Epyry Bem;eH. OAHaKO rrOAOOHaH II03Hn;HH He
COOTBeTcTByeT COBpeMeHHOMY COCTOHHHIO aKOHOMHKH, H B rro-
pHAKe TOJIKOBaHHH rR BrrOJIHe OOOCHOBaHHO C'IHTaTb Bem;bIO
He TOJIbKO rrpeAMeTbI, OTBe'IaIOm;He TpaAHn;HOHHblM xapaKTe-
pHCTHKaM CBOMCTB MaTepHaJIbHblX TeJI.
2) R Bem;aM OTHOCHTCH JIIIIIIb upeAMeTbI BHeIIIHero MHpa.
'TeJIo mHBoro 'IeJIOBeKa He HBJIHeTCa Bem;bIO. 1JeJIOBeK He
MomeT cym;ecTBoBaTb BHe CBoero TeJIa, rroaTOMY COBpeMeHHoe
IIpaBO C'IHTaeT 'IeJIOBeKa JIHIllb CYO'beKTOM rrpaB, HO He 00'b-
' KTOM (CM.: OOm;aH 'IaCTb - 14). BMecTe C TeM. oe3YCJIOBHO,
-DCTaHKH 'IeJIOBeKa II OTAeJIeHHbIe OT ero TeJIa 'IaCTH HBJIHIOTCH
:Bem;aMH. Ha OCTaHI\H 'IeJIOBeKa rrpaBO coocTBeHHocTH pacrrpo-
.cTpaHHeTCH B rrpHHn;Hrre JIIIIIIb B CBH3H C IIorpeoeHHeM H 3a-
yrroKoHHoH CJIymoolI (peIIIeHIIe BepxoBHoro cYAa OT 2 MaJl
1927 r.). ,IJ;oroBopbl 00 OTAeJIeHHH 'IaCTH TeJIa IIJIH B3HTHH
KpOBH, a TaKme 00 H3'bHTIIH BHYTpeHHHX opraHOB rrOCJIe CMep-
'TH rrpH3HaIOTCH AeHCTBHTeJIbHblMH, eCJIH He HapYIIIaIOT rryo-
.JIH'IHorO rropHAKa H AOOPblX HpaBOB. 8TH OTAeJIeHHble 'IaCTH
'TeJIa B CJIY'Iae CMepTH 'IeJIOBeKa CTaHOBHTCH OO'beKTOM rrpaB.
3) ITOC'KOJIbKY Bem;H HBJIHIOTCH OO'beKTaMH rrpaB, rrpeAMe-
'TbI, HerrOABJIaCTHbIe 'IeJIOBeKY, a HMeHHO COJIHn;e, JIYHa, 3Be3-
)\bI, Mope II T. A., HCRJIIO'IHIOTCH H3 IIOHHTIIH Bem;eH. 8TO,
OAHaKO, He rrperrHTCTByeT BIWIO'IeHHIO B 'IHCJIO Bem;eH MOp-
CKoro rrooepembH, TaI{ KaK B aAMHHHCTpaTIIBHOM rropHARe OHO
MO/I{eT OblTb rrOCTaBJIeHO rrop; KOHTpO.TIb H paHOHHpOBaHO.
67. RJIaCcH«pHRan;I'IH BeIn;eii. rR YCTaHaBJIHBaeT TpeX3BeH-
UYIO KJIaCcH«pHKan;IIIO Bem;eH: ABIImHMbIe II HeABH/InIMble;
f'JIaBUaH BeIIl,b II rrpHHaAJIenmOCTb; BeIIl,H, rrpHHOCHm;He rrJIO-
.AbI II rrJIOAbI. ITOMHMO aTOH KJIaCCII«pIIKan;HH, B HaYKe cy-
ru;eCTByeT II HHoe rrop;pa3p;eJIeHIIe Bem;eH.
1) EAIIHbIe, COCTaBHbIe II cOBoKyrrHbIe Bem;lI. ,IJ;aHHaJI
"J\JIaCcII«pHKan;HH OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha «popMe Bem;eH. E;r1;HHall
BeIIJ;& IIPH YTpaTe OAHOH II3 tJacTeM, rrop;06HO ImHre, rrepeCTa-
€T coxpaHHTb CBOIO IIHAIIBHAyaJIbHOCTb. B cocTaBHoii BeIIJ;H
npH3HaeTCH HHAHBHAyaJIbHOCTb OAHOii 113 ee 'IaCTeH, Hanpn-
Mep AparOn;eHHbIH RaMeHb B KOJIbn;e, 0AH8.KO Bce qaCTII pac-
CMaTpHBaIOTCH B eAHHCTBe. B COBORyuHoii BeIIJ;H Bce qaCTII
93
CJIymaT e MHaM 8KaHaMM'IeCKaM <PYHKn;MM, HanplIMep MaIllII-'
HbI, a6apy aBaHlIe H MaTepHaJIbI Ha npaMbIIllJIeHHaM npe --
nplIHTHII HJIM CeJIbCKaXa3RMCTBeHHbIe apy IIH H MexaHH3MbI
Ha KpeCTbHHCKaM Bape. ED;IIHaH II caCTaBHaH Bem;1I Bcer a
paCCMaTpHBaIOTCH B Ka'IeCTBe a Hara npe):\MeTa, B npaTHBa-
naJIamHaCTb 8TaMY Bem;Hble npaBa B aTHaIlleHHH caBaKynHaii
Bem;H npH3HaIOTCH JIHillb 3a ee 'IaCTHMH. O):\Ha'I\a CJIe):\yeT
Y'IIITblBaTb, 'ITa eaBpeMeHHae npaH3Ba):\CTBa aCHam;aeTCH Bee.
6aJIee CJIamHbIM a6apy aBaHMeM, KaTapae MMeeT aca6yIO 8Ka-
HaMM'IeoKYIO n;eHHacTb JIMillb B CBaeM e):\IIHCTBe. IIa8TaMY II
B a6JIaCTH <pMHaHcaBbIx aTHallieHIIii: CTaJIa Bblra I1bIM B CJIY-
1Jae 3aJIara IIMeTb eJIa Co' BceM npaMbIlnJIeHHbIM a6apy):\aBa-
HHeM B :u;eJIaM. 81'0' B CBaIO a1Jepe):\b nplIBeJIa K Hea6xa IIMa-
CTII npn3HaHHH B 3aKaHa):\aTeJIbHaM napH Ke e):\HIIora npaBa
3aJIara B aTHailleHIIM caBaKynHblx Bem;eii:- HaK e HHara n;eJIa-
ra. IIpMMepaM 31'0'1'0' CJIymaT 3aKaHbI a 3aJIaraX Ha meJIe3Ha-
apomHaM TpaHcnopTe, B npaMbIlliJIeHHaCTH II B rapHa a6bI-
BaIOm;eH npaMbIlliJIeHHaCTII. CaaTBeTCTBeHHa II B npaBaBaH
TeapMII YCllJIMJIaCb na3Mn;MH CTapaHHMKaB paeCMaTpeHHH eO'-
BaKynHblx Bem;eii:, MMeIOm;MX aca6yIO 8I\OHaMM'IeCKYIO n;eH-
HaCTb, B Ka'IeCTBe e MHaH Bem;M, BKJIf01Jan CIO):\a npaBa Tpe-
6aBaHMH II pyrMe axpaHHeMbIe 3aKaHOM npaBa. YKa3bIBaIOT
Ha Hea6xa IfMaCTb paCCMaTpeHMH B Ka'IeCTBe e nHa}I Bem;II
He TaJIbKa caBoKynHacTM CaCTaBJIHIOm;MX ee Bem;eii:, Ha II KaM-
llJIeHCa npaB (na TeHTHbIX, npaBa Ha TapraBblii: 3HaK II MHbIX).
a6H3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIX Tpe6aBaHMii, CBH3aHHbIX C npaII3Ba CT-
BaM, II waKTU'leCKMX aTHallieHMii: e KJIUeHTaMH. K 8Taii: Ta'IKe
3peHIIH BeCbMa 6JIII30K 3aKaH a 3aJIare B npaMblillJIeHHaCTII
(3aKaH.M 106 aT 1958 r.), KaTapblii: nplI3HaJI npaBa 3aJIara
3a BceM IIMym;ecTBaM <pMpMbI.
2) 06opoTocnoco6HbIe II Heo6opoTocnoco6HbIe IJem;M. ,ZJ;aH-
HaH HJIaCCmpMKan;MH YHa3bIBaeT Ha Ba3MamHaCTb Bem;1I CTaTp
aO'beHTaM 'IaCTHanpaBaBbIX c):\eJIaK. Pa3JIII'IaIOTCH aTp;eJIbHble
Bll bI HeaoapaTacnocaoHblx Bem;ei1:. Ba-nepBbIx, Bem;n, npe a-
eTaBJIHe:\Ible racy apcTBaM IIJIH MeCTHbIMH a6m;MIIa 1M Hena-
cpe):\CTBeIIno B aom;ecTBeHHae naJIb30BaHMe, HanpIlMep a6m;e-
CTBeHHble napHH, a6m;ecTBeHHble peKII (c:\I. CT. 3 3alwHa a,
peHax), a6m;ecTBeHHble aparM (CM. CT. 3 3aHaHa 0 aparax).
,ZJ;aHHaH KaTerapMH Ha3bIBaeTCH BelI\aMM 06m;ecTBeHHoro
nOJIb30BamIH. ,ZJ;aJIee CJIe YIOT Bem;M, npMHa JIemam;Me racy-
):\apCTBY H :\IeCTHbDI a6m;MHaM, HarrpMMep 3 aHMff racy ap-
eTBeHHbIX Be aMCTB, rII parpa<pM'IeCHMe cy a M T. II. Bce 8TH
Bem;H aTHaCffTCH H Bem;aM 06m;eCTBeHHoro Ha3HaqeHBH (CM.
94
CT. 3 3aKOBa 0 rocy));apCTBeBHOM HMym;ecTBe). llOHHTHO, 'ITO
II Bem;1I 06m;ecTBeHHoro rrOJIb30BaHIIH, H Bem;1I 06m;ecTBeHHo-
ro Ha3Ha'IeHHH rrOCJIe YTpaTbl CBoero 06m;ecTBeHHoro xapaK-
Tepa CTaHOBHTCH 060pOTocrroco6HblMH. HaIlOHen;, I KaTeroplIH
Beo6opOTocrroco6HblX Bem;eH OTHOCHTCH Te, B OTHOllleHIIH c));e-
JlOK C IWTOpblMH IIMeeTCH COOTBeTcTBy!Om;InJ: 3arrpeT, rrpe));y-
(',MOTpeHHbIH B 3aKOHO)];aTeJIbCTBe, HarrplIMep OIUIYM (CM.
CT. 136 H CJIe)];. YR), rrO)];)];eJIbHble )];eHerKHbIe 3HaillI (CT. 148
II CJIe));. YR), rropHorpa<pH'IeCI{aH JIIITepaTypa (CT. 175 YR)
II ));pyrHe. Bce 3TH Bem;H 06'be)];IIHeHbI B KaTeroplI1O 3anpe-
lIJ;eHHblX BelIJ;eii. CJIe)];yeT Y'IIITblBaTb, 'ITO CTerreHb OrpaHU'Ie-
HlIH 060pOTocrroco6HOCTlI YKa3aHHblX Bem;eH pa3JIIPIUa, a
TaKme TO, 'ITO TepMHHOJIOrII'IeCKOe yrroTpe6JIeHlIe '.!'allHX rro-
HHTIlH, KaR «Bem;H 06m;eCTBeHHoro nOJIb30BaHIIH» H «Bem;1I
06m;eCTBeHHoro Ha3Ha'IeHIIH», He 06Jl3aTeJIbHO HMeeT O)];IIHa-
KOBoe 3Ha'IeHlIe B Tpy));aX pa3JIII'IHbIX Y'IeHbIX.
3) )];eJUIMble H He));eJlHMble BeIIJ;H. 8Ta KJlaCcH<pHKan;HH
YKa3bIBaeT Ha B03MomHOCTb pa3));eJleHHH Bem;1l 6e3 ym;ep6a
)J;JIH ee Ha3Ba'IeHHH II n;eHHOCTIl (CM. CT. 258, 427 H )J;p. fR).
4) IIOTpe6J1HeMble H HenOTpe6JIHeMbie Be . R rroTpe6-
JlHeMblM Bem;aM OTHOCHTCH Te, KOTopble, 6Y));Y'IH pa3 HCrrOJlb-
30BaHHbiMII rro CBoeMY Ha3Ha'IeHIIIO, yme He MorYT CTaTb
rrpe));MeTOM rrOBTopHoro IICnOJlb30BaHHH, HarrpHMep rrpO));yRTbl
rrIITaH1lH. .D:pyrlIM npHMepOM HBJIHIOTCH ));EmbrlI, KOTopble XOTJI
II ));OrrYCKaIOT rrOBTopHoe IiICrrOJlb30BaHlIe, HO He MeHJIIOT CBoero
cy6'beKTa. R KaTeroplI1I nerroTpe6J1HeMblX Bem;eH OTHOCHTCJI
Bce OCTaJlbHble Bem;1I (CM. CT. 587, 593, 601, 666 fR).
5) 3aMeHHMble H He3aMenHMbie Ben,". 8Ta KJlaCCH<pHKa-
IJ;IIH YKa3bIBaeT Ha B03MOJl\HOCTb rrplI o6m;lIx ToprOBblX cJ{eJI-
Rax, He 06pam;aH BHIIMaIIJIH Ha IIH));HBII));yaJlbHbIe oco6eHHo-
CTH OT));eJlbHOH Bem;H, HMeTb ));eJlo JllIllIb C ee BII));OM, ROJIIl'Ie-
CTBeHHblMH H Ka'IeCTBeHHblMII Xapal{TepIlCTHKaMH (CM.
CT. 587 fR).
6) JIH));IIB!I));yaJlbHo onpe));eJleHHble BelIJ;ll H BelIJ;ll, onpe-
)J;eJleHHble PO));OBbIMU npU3HaRaMIl. B ));aBHOM CJIY'Iae 3TO
RJIaCcH<pIlRan;HH, OCHOBaHHaH He Ha 06'beRTHBHblX xapaKTe-
pHCTHRax, a Ha cy6'beKTHBHbIX OTHorneHIIHX, rrOCKOJIbKY OHa
YKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, 06pam;alOT Jill KOHTpareHTbI rrpll onpeJ{e-
JIeHHblX c));eJIIl.ax BHHMaHlIe Ha IIH));IIBll));yaJIbHOCTb Bem;1l (CM.
CT. 400 H CJIe));., 483, 534 fR). TaKHe 3aMeHIlMble Bem;H,
KaK ));eHbrH H n;eHHble 6YMarll, rrpll orrpe));eJleHHbIX C));eJIKaX,
RorJ{a rreperrllCbIBalOTCH IIX HOMepct, MorYT TaKme CTaTb HH-
));lIBIl));yaJIbHO-Orrp e)); eJi e HHblMII B em;aMIl.
95
t 2. .QBHH<HMble H HeABHH<HMble Bel1\H
68. )J;eJIeHHe Bem;eii Ha BHmHMbIe H He,a:BIImIIMbIe-
HaIIOOJIee BailmaH l\JIaCcHqnman.IIH cpe,a:II npO'lIIX. aHa c
aBlIIIX BpeMeH npII3lIalIa npaRTII'IeCRII BC MII npaBOBbIMII
CIICTeMaMII. IIpII'IIIHbI TaRoro npII3HaHIIH - ,a:BOHRoro po,a:a.
Bo-nepBbIX, B OTJIII'IIIe OT ,a:BIIJl\IIMbIX BeIIJ;ell, ROTopbIe '1aCTO
MeHHIOT CBoe MeCTOHaXOJl\,a:eHHe, He,a:BHJl\IIMbIe BeIIJ;H Haxo-
,a:HTCH B onpe,a:eJIeHHOM MeCTe, IWTopoe JIIIOO lIe MOJl\eT ObITb
1I3MeHeHO, JIlIOO II3MeHeHlIe ROToporo CBH3aHO C OOJIbllIIIMII
3aTpY HelIIIHMII. IIoaToM'y CYIIJ;eCTByIOIIJ;IIe rrpaBa Ha TaRIIe
BeIIJ;II MorYT ObITb nepe aHbI TpeTbIIM JIlIn.aM nYTeM penICT-
pan.HII IIJIII IIHbIM cnocoooM (CM. CT. 177-178 rR). BO-BTO-
PbIX, aROHOMII'IeCRaH n.elIHOCTb He BIIJl\IIMOll BeIIJ;II B n.eJIOM
BbIllIe, '1eM BIIJl\IIMOll, II OHa CTaHOBIITCH OO'beRTOM OCOOOll
oxpaHbI RaR Jl\II3HeHlIaH OClIOBa ceMbII (CM. CT. 864, n. 1
CT. 12 rR).
O HaRo aHHbIe OCHOBaHHH no Mepe con.IIaJIbHO-aROHOMII-
'1eCROrO pa3BIITIIH nO BepraIOTCH II3 leHeHIIf[M. TaI\, B HaCTOH-
IIJ;ee BpeMH IIMYIIJ;eCTBO Bce B 60JIbllIe 1 '1IICJIe CJIY'IaeB npIIHU-
MaeT q,OPMY n.elIHbIX oYMar II BRJIa OB. IIoaToMY C TO'lRII
3peHIIH pa3JIII'IIIll B cnocooax YBe OMJIeHIIH 0 npaBe CO OCT-
BeHHOCTII YRa3aHHoe eJIeHIIe B 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOll Mepe nOTepH-
JIO 3Ha'leHIIe. C O HOll CTOpOHbI, '1TO ImcaeTCH BIIJl\IIMbIX
BeIIJ;ell, CTaJIO B03MOJl\HbIM IIH IIBII yaJII13IIpOBaTb IIX nYTeM
perIICTpan.IIII onpe eJIeHHbIX npaBOOTHOllieHIIll (HanpIIMep,
aBTOMaIlIIIHbI), C Pyroll CTOpOHbI, npaBa Ha He BIIJl\IIMbIe
BeIIJ;1I npIIHIIMaIOT q,OPMY n.eHHbIX OYMar II nepeXO HT R PY-
rOMY CYO'beHTY oe3 perIICTpan.IIII.
69. He BnmllMbIe Bem;n. He BIIJl\nMbIMII BeIIJ;aMII HBJIHIOT-
CH 3eMJIH II HeOT eJIIIMbIe OT Hee BeIn.n (n. 1 CT. 86 rR).
1) 3eMJIlI. IIo 3eMJIell nOHIIMaeTCH 3eMeJIbHbIll Y'IaCTOR
onpe eJIeHHOll IIJlOIIJ;a II C npIIJIeraIOIIJ;II}I R He MY npOCTpaH-
CTBOM cBepxy II CHII3Y (B03 YX II He pa). Ra 1Hn, neCOR,
IlIJIaR, BHOCIIMbIll C n.eJIbIO YJIY'IllIeHIIfI 3eMJIII, HBJIHIOTCH CO-
CTaBHbDIII '1aCTHMII 3eMJIII II He MorYT paCCMaTpIIBaTbCH RaR
caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIe BeIIJ;II OT eJIbHO OT 3e fJIH. AHaJIOrII'IHO
nOJIOJl\eHIIe II C Hepa3Be aHHbIMII ooraTCTBaMII He p, O HaRO
B aTOM CJIY'Iae npaBO Ha IIX pa3paOOTRY npIIHa JIeJf\IIT rocy-
apCTBY, ROTopoe MOJl\eT nepe aTb ero onpe eJIeHHOMY JIHn.y
(CM. CT. 2, 12 3aRoHa 0 ropHo o6bIBaIOT:u;ell npOMbIIlIJIeHHO-
CTH).
96
2) HeOT)WJIIIMble OT aeMJIH Be H. HeOT eJIlIMbIMII Be a-
MIl HBJIHIOTCH Te, KOTOpbIe HaKpenKO CBH3aHbI C 3e wei1:. CTe-
neHb CBH3aHHOCTIl epeBbeB IIJIII MaUU1H C 3eMJIeH IIJIlI 31W-
HIIeM BJIlmeT Ha Onpe eJIeHIIe ;:JTIIX BelIl,eH KaK HeOT eJIlDIbIX.
HeOT eJIIIMbIe BelIl,II B npIIHII;IIIIe COCTaBJIHIOT eAIIHOe Ile.,Oe
C 3e IJIeM, Ha KOTOpOi'I OHII HaXO HTCH, OAHaKO COrJIaCHO
3aKOHY 0 JIeCaX JIeCa II npII OnpeAeJIeHHbIX YCJIOBIIHX OTp,e.TIb-
HbIe epeBbJI npII3HaIOTCJI CaMOCTOJITeJIbHOH HeABIDKIDroi'I
BelIl,bIO OTAeJIbIlO OT 3eMJIl'l.
3) CTpOeHHJI. CTpOeHIIJI OObI'IHO npII3I1aIOTCH He3aBIICIDIbI-
MIl OT 3eMJIlI He BlIllillMbIMII BelIl.aMH, Ha HHX 3aBO HTCH cne-
IwaJIbHbIe peeCTpbI (CM. CT. 14 3aKoHa 0 perIICTpaII;IIII HeABII-
lliIIMO c06cTBeHHocTII). Qpe3BbI'laHHO BalliHbIM BonpOCOM
HBJIJIeTCH onpe eJIeHIIe TOro, Ha RaKOH CTaAIIII nocTpoih;u
CTpOHlII,eeCH 3AaHIIe MOlliHO C'lUTaTb CTpoeHIIeM. CYAe6uaJI
npaRTIIRa C'lIITaeT TaROH cTaAIIeii: 3aBepIlleHIIe CTpOIITeJIbCTBa
KpbIIllII H CTeH (peIlleHIIe BepxoBHoro CYAa OT 1 OKTJIOpJI
1935 r.).
4) ):.(epeBbJl. COrJIaCHO 3aKoHY 0 JIecax npII onpeAeJleH-
HbIX yCJIOBIIJIX AepeBbJI IIpU3lIaIOTCH ca:\WCTOHTeJIbHbUIlI ne-
ABIIllilIMbIMII BelIl,aMII. CYAe6HaJI npaI\TIIKa C'lIITaeT caMOCTO-
HTeJIbHOH HeABIIlli.HMOCTbIO II rpynIIbI AepeBbeB, He nOAnap,a-
IOlII,II,e nOA eHCTBIIe 3aKOHa 0 JIecax, npII YCJIOBIIII, eCJIlI B
OTHOIlleHIIII IIX COBepilieHa CAeJiKa. I1pII aTOM IlpeAyC.\IaTpII-
BaeTCH caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIi'I nOpJIAOR YBeAOMJIeHIIJI 0 npaBe
c06CTBeHHOCTII (peilieHIIe BepXOBHoro CYAa OT 14 anpe.'IH
1921 r.).
70. ):.(BlDKHl\!:bIe Be II. ABIIfI II.\IbIMII BelIl,aMII HBJIJIIOTCH Bce
Te, KOTopbIe He nOAnaAaIOT nOA RaTeropIIIO HeABIIJl\II.\IbIX
BelIl,eH (n. 2 CT. 86 fI{). BelIl,II XOTH II CBH3aHHbIe C 3e.\v:reH
II CTpoeHIIHMII, HO KOTopbIe He HBJIJIIOTCH HeOTAeJIII.\IbIMII,
C'lIITaIOTCH ABIllliIIMbIMIl. CJIeAyeT 06paTIITb BHIlMaHIle na TO,
'ITO B KaTeropIIIO ABIIlliIIMbIX BelIl,ei'I BIIeceHbI II AOJIrOBbIe
OOJl3aTeJIbCTBa Ha npep,'bJiBUTeJIJI (II. 3 CT. 86 fK). AO.,roBbIe
OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa Ha npeA'bHBIITe.TIJI, IlOAOOHO o5JIlrraII;IIH.\I na
npep,'bJIBIITeJIJI, COCTaB IHIOTCH B BIlAe IlIICb:\leHHbIX OOH3a-
TeJ,bCTB, 0AHar;Q 6e3 YHa3aHIlH Hpe)];IlTopa. I1epeAa'la II pea-
JIlI3all,lIJI ;noro BIlAa AOJ'1fOBbIX 06JI3a TeJIbCTB IlOAnaAaIOT no)];
06lI1,lIe YCJIOBIlH BJ,aAenIIH II nepeAa<III 06JI3aTeJIbCTB, IIO;JTO-
.\Iy fK II paCCl\Ia TpIIBae IlX B Ra 'IeCTBe ABIIlliIlMbIX BelIl,eii,
npID1eHHH H HIIM HOpMbI, perYJIIlpYJOliwe npaBOBoe IIOJIOllie-
IIIle ABIIlliIIMOCTIl. qTO me KaCaeTCJI II;eIIHbIX 6Y:\Iar - 'lehOB,
7 3aKa3 N. 892
97
BeKCeJIen, RaHJIa HbIX, ame Ha npe 'bHBHTeJIH, - OHn nOj\"
II& &IOT no eHcTBMe Cnen;MaJIbHOrO 3&ROHOj\aTeJIbCTB& H.
6Y Y'lM T&Kme BMmMMbIMM Bem;aMH, He HBJIHIOTCH OO'heKTa-
MH perYJIHpOBaHHR fIt
3. rn8BH8S1 Bel1\b H npHH8Ane>KHOCTb
71. CBH3b rJI3BIIOH Berqll H npHHa JIemHOCTH. B ()J,OHOMH-
'1eCt;Hx OTHorneHHRX B CJIY'Iae, Kor a O Ha Bem;b CJIymHT no-
JIe3HoMy HCnOJIb30BaHHIO PyroH, BIIOJIHe eCTeCTBeHHO, '1TO
Bce OHH 06JI& aIOT B npHHn;IIIIe P&BHbIM np&BOBbIM peiKHMOM.
CBR3b rJIaBHOH Bem;H H' npHHa JIeiKHOCTH OCHOBaHa HMeHHO
H& ;noH IIOCbIJIKe. lI.JUI OTHeceHHR KaKoH-JIH60 Bem;H H KaTe-
ropHH npHHa JIeiKHOCTH OHa OJIiKHa OTBe'laTb CJIe YIOm;HM
Tpe60B&HHRM: &) ObIT!. IIOCTORHHO IIpHliaHHoM rJIaBHOM Bem;H
H 6) rJI&BHaR Bem;b H IIpHHa JIeiKHOCTb OJImHbI HMeT!> O HO-
ro BJIa eJIbn;a (II. 1 CT. 87 fR). MOiKno npHBeCTH HeMaJIO
npHMepOB BIIiKHMbIX Bem;eH, O Ha iI3 ROTOpbIX RBJIReTCR
npHHaj\JIeiKHOCTbIO, - JIO Ka H BeCJIa, IIOpT<peJIb H KJIIO'I,
iKHJIOH OM H TaTaMH. STOHe 03Ha'iaeT, '1'1'0 nOlJ;06HbIX OTHO-
IDeHHH He cym;ecTByeT Mem y He BlliKHMbIMH Bem;aMH-
q,epMa H KJIaAOBaR, rJIaBHOe 3AaHMe H IIpHCTpOHHa, - OAHaKO
OT npHHa JIeiKHOCTH Tpe6yeTcR He3aBHCHMoe CYll eCTBOBaHIIe
0'1' rJIaBHOH Bem;H. CJIe yeT HMeTb B BH y, '1TO B CJIY'lae, Kor-
)J;a 06e 3TH KaTeropHH BeIIJ;eH COCTaBJIRIOT eJJ;HHoe n;eJIoe, IIPH-
Ha JIeiKHOCTb nepeCTaeT C'IMTaTbCR TaKOBOM.
72. IIp3BoBoH pemllM IIpHIIa JIeJl\HOCTIi. IIpHHa JIeiKHocTb
CJIeAyeT cYJJ;b6e rJIaBHOH Bem;U (II. 2 CT. 87 fR). B CJIy'Iae
H3MeHeHHR npaBOBoro IIOJIOiKeHHR IJIaBHOH Bem;H - ee IIpO-
AaJKH, 3aJIOra - AaHHble H3MeHemm paCIIpOCTpaHRIOTCH II Ha
npHHaAJIeiKHOCTb. O HaKo, IIOCKOJIbKY rJIaBHaR Bem;b H npn-
RaJJ;JIeiKHOCTb 06JIaJJ;aIOT IIe3aBHCHMbIM cym;ecTBoBaHneM, B
CJIy'Iae, eCJIH KOHTpareHTbI pernaT paCIIopH HTbCR aHHbIMH
Bem;aMH IIO-HHOMY, 3aIWHOAaTeJIbCTBO He MOiKeT He IIpH3HaTb
.aToro. B 3TOM CMbICJIe IIOJIOmeHHe II. 2 CT. 87 fR He HMeeT
AeMCTBHR IIPII YCJIOBHII BblpameHHH HHoro MHeHHH IWHTP-
areHT&MH.
f 4. BeI1\H, npHHocSlI1\He nnOAbi
73. OIIpeAeJIeHIIe Berqen, IIpHHOClIrqnx IIJIO)J,bI. Bem;aMH,
npHHOCHm;HMH IIJIO bI, HBJIHIOTCR Te, KOTopble npUHOCHT )];0-
XO , caM me OXO)]; IIpe,a:craBJIeH B BIIJIe IIJIO OR. nJIO hI c
98
T,O'lK1l .apeHIIH llX B03HllRHOBeHHH paa eJ1HIOTCg Ha Be Ra Te
:r.0iP l1JL ECTeCTBCHHbIC nJlO bI IIpII06peTaIOTCfI B pe3YJIbTaTe
nCIIOJIb30BaHHfI Beru;eH IIO HX IIpfl:\IOMY Ha3Ha'ieHIIIO, 3aKOH-
HbIC nJIO,!\bI - B pe3YJIbTaTe I{OMIIeHCal HH 3a B03MOmHOCTb
nCllOJIb30BaHllfl BeIIJ,H PyrHM JIl1ll;O:\I (CT. 88 rK). II pll:\IepO:\1
nepBbIX flBJlflIOTCfI MOJIOKO, OBOIIJ,H, IIOJIe3HbIe IICIWIIae:\lbIe,
UTOpbIX - RBapTHpHaH IIJIaTa, 3eMeJIbHaH peHTa, npou;eUTbI.
74. npHHa JIemHOCTb nJIO OB. IIo Bonpocy 0 npnHa,!l;Jlem-
HOCTH nJlO OB B CJIY'Iae H3 leHeHHfI IlJIa eJlbu;a BeIIJ,H rK
I1pe YCMaTpHBaeT pa3JIHQHblii IIOpfl OR JIfI eCTeCTBeHHblX II
3aROHHbIX IIJIO OB.
1) ECTCCTBCHHbIe nJIO bI HBJ1HIOTCH ,!I;OXO OM Toro Jmu;a r
IWTopoe OKa3bIBaeTCfI coocTBeHHHRoM BeIIJ,H Ha MOMeHT lIOJIY-
'1eHHfI IIJIO OB (II. 1 CT. 89 fK). IIoCROJIbRY OlIpe eJIelUle o
MO:\leHTa IIOHBJIeHHfI IIJIO,!l;OB Toro, Ralme yeHJ1llH lIoTpeooBa-
JIIlCb JIH HX IIpOIl3BO CTBa, 3aTpY HHTeJIbHO, MeTO pa3,!1;e-
JleHlIfI IIJIO OB '1aCTO He IIpIIMeHHeTCfI.
ECTeCTBeHHbIe IIJIO bI cpa3Y me IIOCJIe OT,!I;eJleHHfI CTaHO':'
BflTCfI caMOCTOflTeJlbHOH BeIIJ,bIO H C aToro MOMeHTa flBJJflIOTCfI
COOCTBeHHOCTbIO IIOJIY'IaTeJlfl IIJ10,!l;OB. B OC06bIX CJlY'laflX, RO-
r a C eJIRa COBepIIIaeTCfI IIO IIOBO y eCTeCTBeHHbIX IIJIO,!l;OB.
OCTHrmHX 3peJlOCTH, HO eIIJ,e He OT eJlHBlIIIIXCfI OT BeILIH
(lIpH'leM aHHbIe IIJIO bI paCCMaTpHBaIOTCH B Ra'leCTBe ca:\IO-
CTOflTeJIbHOH BeIII;H), IIpaBOBaH HaYRa II cy e6HaH IIpaRTIIRa
IIpH3HaIOT IIX IIpaBoBYIO caMOCTOflTeJIbHOCTb.
2) 3aKoHHbIC nJIO,!l;bI IIO,!l;JJemaT pa3T\eJIY Mem,!l;Y ROHTp-
areHTaMH B COOTBeTCTBIIII C Te:\1 HOJJJFreCTBO:\I AHeii, B Teqe-
HIle ROTOpblX OHH o6JIa,!l;aJlH npaBO:\I llOJIY'IeHIIH ,!I;aHHblX IIJIO-
OB (II. 2 CT. 89 fK). ApeH,!I;HaH IIJIaTa no CBoeMY xapaRTepy
Jl-IOmeT ObITb pa3AeJIeHa, II B aTOM CJJY'Iae ee pa3,!1;eJIenHB
OTBe'laeT IIpHHu;nny CnpaBe,!l;JIHBOCTH. B OTJIH'Ine OT eCTeCT-
BeHHbIX lIJIO OB 3 eCb OlIpe eJlfleTCfI He IIpHHa JIefI,HOCTb
npaBa, a BHYTpeHHHe OTHomeHlIfI :\Ie}!,,ZJ;Y JlHIWMfI, nOJ1yqaIO-
III;IIMH nJIO bI. TaR, B cJIY'lae C apeH Hoii IIJIaTOll HOBoe <'IIIU;O,
IIOJlY'lHBIIIee npaBo Ha nJIO bI, MomeT TpeooBaTb ee ymIaTbI
IIOJIHOCTbIO. OAHaKo B l/opfl I{e BHYTpeHHHx OTHoIIIeHIlii C
'IHIJ;OM, paHee HMeBIIIl!M aTO npaBo, OHO lIepeBO HT Ha C'IeT
nOCJIe HerO CYMMy, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ,YIO TOMY ROJlH'leCTBY
Hell, B Te'leHHe I\OTOpblX TOT OOJIa aJI IIpaBO:\1 Ra IIOJIY'IeHHB
apeH HOH IIJlaTbI.
06IIJ,afl '1aCTb rI-t He co ep}!,nT IIOJIOmeHHH, OIIpep;eJIflIO-
IIJ,nx, RTO OOJIa aeT npaBO:\I Ha nOJlY'IeHIIe IIJIO,!l;OB. Be3 co-
7.
99
MHemUI, C06CTBeHIIIIK 06J1agaeT npaBOM Ha nOJlyqeHIIe eCTe-
CTBeHHbIX IIJlOP;OB (C.\1:. CT. 206 rK), OP;HaI,O He Bcerp;a HCHO,
o6JIap;aeT JIH npaBoM Ha nOJIY'IeHHe KBapTIIpHOH nJIaTbI JIII O,
KynIIBmee mHJIOe nOMeIQeHHe B nepIIop; p;elICTBIIH p;oroBopa
apeHp;bI MefKp;y ero KOHTpareHToM II rpeTbHM JIH OM. CJIY'Ia-
IOTCH TaKme cHTya HH, KOI'p;a npaEoM TIJIOp;onOJIY'IaTeJIH 06-
JIap;aCT JIH O, He HBJIHIOIQeeCH co6CTBeHHHKOM BeIQII, npII-
HOCHIQeii: nJIOp;bI. PemelIHe aTIIX np06JIeM onpep;eJIHeTCfl
HOpllIaMII oc06eHHOH 'IaCTII rK, a TaKme B p;orOBopHOM no-
pHp;Ke.
rnaBa 5. CAEnKH'
1. 0611\He nOnO>KeHHSI
75. IIOHJITHe C;o;eJIKII. C;o;eJIKa npe;O;CTaBJIHeT C060H npaBo-
MepHoe p;eHcTBHe, HanpaBJIeHHOe Ha YCTaHOBJIeHIIe, npeKpa-
IQeHHe IIJIH II3MeHeHHe rpamp;aHoKIIX npaB H 06Jr3aHHOcTeii.
B npo ecce YCTaHOBJIeHHH, npeKpaIQeHHH II H3MeHeHHH npaB
II o6J1saHHocTeii c;o;eJlKa saHHMaeT HaHBamHeiimee MeCTO (CM.:
06m;aJl qaCTL -16). CTporo rOBopH, c;o; .JIKa HBJIHeTCH p;eii-
CTBIIeM, COBepmaeMbIM B paC'IeTe Ha nOJIY'IeHHe onpep;eJIeH-
Horo pe3YJIbTaTa, npano me cnoc05cTByer ero peaJIII3a HIf.
HaH60JIee pacnpocTpaHeHHbIMII BIIp;aMII Cp;eJIOI{ MomHO Ha-
3BaTb KynJIIO-npop;amy, ccYP;Y II 3aeM. IIpII aTHX Cp;eJIKaX
JIII O nepep;aeT npaBO c06cTBeHHocTH Ha oapep;eJIeHHYIO BeIQb
II nOJIY'IaeT onpep;eJIeHuyIO nJIaTY, npep;OCTaBJIHeT B3aHMbI
onpep;eJIeHHYIO CYMMy II nOJIY'IaeT onpep;eJIeHHble npo eHTbI,
a no HCTe'IeHHII Onpep;8JIeHHOrO npeMeHH rrOJIY'IaeT II OTp;an-
HYIO B3aHMbI CyMMy. Omrrp;aeMbIH pe3yJIbTaT p;OCTHraeTCH n
II3BeCTHOH Mepe 6JIarOp;apH p;eHCTBIIIO He rrpanOBbIX HOpM, a
06bI'IaIO II MOpaJIII. Op;HaKO B CJIY'Iae HenOJIHOH peaJIH3a HH
pe3YJIbTaTa npaBO nyTeM cyp;e6Horo pemCHIIH cnoc06cTByeT
ero.OCYIQeCTBJleHHIO. Oc06eHHOCTbIO cp;eJII\H, TaRIJM 06pa30M,
HBJIHeTCH TO, 'ITO npaBO npII3HaeT ee II cnoc06cTByeT ee OCY-
IQeCTBJIeHIIIO. C p;pyroH CTOpOHbI, npII HaHeceHIIII OP;HHM JIII-
n;OM YIQep6a p;pyroMy npaBO paCCMaTpHBaeT p;aHHoe p;eiicTBrre
RaK p;eJIHI\T II npHHYJRp;aeT JIH O, OTBeTCTBeHHoe 3a rrpnqII-
neHIIe Bpep;a, B03MeCTIITb yrn;ep6. B aTOM OTHomeHIIH npaBO
06eCne'IHBaeT cnpaBep;JIIIBOCTb EO B3arDWOTHomeHHHX Memp;y
ROHTpareHTaMU, npeceI,aeT He3arWHHble )J;eii:cTBHH II TaKrDI
06pa30M TaKme crroc06cTByeT peaJIII3a rIH cp;eJIOI>.
100
)J;orOBOp IIpe' CTaBJUIeT C060H COBOKYilHOCTb BYX BOJIeBbIX
eHCTBIIH - npe JIOmeHJUI II CarJIaCIIJL OmII aHIIe HaCTYII-
.JIeHJUI OIIpe eJIeHHOro pe3YJIbTaTa 6JIarO apH 3aKJIIO'IeHIIIO
OrOBOpa cpaKTII'IeCKII OTpamaeT HaMepeHJUI, co epmaru.IIeCH
B BOJIeBbIX eii:cTBIIHX. C pyrolI CTOpOHhI, Cyru.eCTByIOT C eJI-
KII, HanpIIMep 3aBel.l\aHIIe, IWTOpble cO epmaT BOJIeBOe eHCT-
BIle JIIIIIlb O HOH CTOpOHbI II He OCHOBaHbI, KaK B ;lI;orOBopax,
ilIa COBna eHIIII BOJIII 06eIIX CTOpOH. O HaKO II B IIo o6HbIX
oCl1;eJYKaX BOJIeBOe l1;eH.CTBIIe, HarrpaBJIeHHOe Ha l1;OCTIIiReHU8
onpeAeJIeHHOro pe3YJIbTaTa, npe CTaBJIHeT C060H HenpeMeH-
Hoe yCJIOBIIe. )J;aHHbJe BOJIeBble eHCTBIIH Ha3bIBaIOTCH BOJIe-
113'hJlBJIeHIIeM, Cyru.HOCTb KOToporo 6y eT paCCMOTpeHa HIIme
(CM.: 06ru.aH T£acTb-77, 85).
76. IIpHHII,IIII cBo6o bI C eJIOR.
1) IIpHHII,IIII JIHqHOH aBTOIIOMHH. B HaCTOHru.ee BpeMH
<60JIbillaH qaCTb HaIIlIIX mII3HeHHbIX oTHoilleHIIH perYJIIIpyeT-
H orOBopaMII II IIHbIMII C eJIKaMII. J-J:ame MHorIIe JIIIqHble
aeIIMyru.ecTBeHHbIe OTHOilleHIIH (3a HCKJIIOQeHIIeM pOm eHIIJI
H cMepTII) OCHOBaHIIeM JIH CBoero B03HIII\HOBeHIIH IIMelOT
C eJIKY (6paK, YCbIHOBJIeHIIe). lITO me KacaeTCH IIMyru.eCT-
neHHbIX OTHOilleHIIH, TO, 3a IICKJIIOqeHUeM HaCJIe OBaHUH, Bce
OHI1 perYJIUpYIOTCH C eJIKaMII.
HeJIb3H CKa3aTb, qTO rro o6Roe nOJIOmeHJle cyru.eCTBOBaJIO
BO Bce nepI10 bI qeJIOBeqeCKOH IICTOpIIII. B onpe eJIeHHbJe Bpe-
MeHa 3HaqIITeJIbHaH 'IaCTb 06ru.eCTBeHHbIX OTHOilleHIIH onpe-
.]];eJI1IJIaCb KJIaCCOBOH II COCJIOBHOH npIIHa JIemHOCTbIO JIlI'IHO-
CTI1. BOJIee Taro, ame B ccpepe 3KOHOMI1qeCKOH mI13HII OTCYT-
CTBOBaJIa B03MomHOCTb 3aKJYIOqeHI1H orOBopOB C meJIaeMbIM
co epmaHI1eM. lIpe3BbIqaHHO IIlIIpoKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHI1e
HMeJII1 cpeOAaJIbHble orpa I1'1eHI1H, HanpaBJIeHHble Ha o6ecne-
qeHI1e npeliMyru.eCTBeHHoro nOJIOmeHIIH IIpIIBIIJIHrIIpOBaHHoro
KJIaCca. COBpeMeHHoe npaBO npII3HaeT paBeHCTBO JII1'1HOCTH
rrepe 3aKOHOM II cBo6o y BOJIII JIII'IHOCTII ( CM.: 06ru.aJl
qaCTb - 14). COBpeMeHHaH HayKa, aHaJIII3IIpYH 3TO COCTOH-
RIle, YKa3bIBaeT Ha HaJIII'IlIe B 'IaCTHOM npaBe npIUlII,IIna CBO-
60)J,bI c)J,emm ()J,orOBopa), a TaI\me TaRIIX OCHOBOnOJIaraIOru.IIX
npIIHII,IInOB, liaK aBTOHOMIIH BOJIII JIlIqHOCTH H qaCTHOIIpaBO-
BaH aBTOHOMIIJI. CBo6o a IIpe IIIHnmMaTeJIbCKOH eHTeJIbHO-
CTH C TO'lliU 3peHIIH '1aCTHOro rrpaBa TaKme MomeT 6bITb CBe-
eHa K npUHII,IIny CBo6o)J,hI C)J,eJIKU.
2) COBpeMeHHoe COCTOJIHue. IIpu 60JIee BHUMaTeJIbHOM
paccMoTpeHuu B03HUKaer Borrpoc, TaK JIll ym cBo6o HbI
101
KOHTpareHTbI B onpe)J;eJleH11II cO)J;epmaH1UI 3aKJlIO'IaeMbIX )J;O-
rOBopOB B YCJlOBlHIX COBpeMeHHOM aKOHOMHlJeCKOll: OpraHII3a-
IJ,HH, npaBIIJIbHO JlH OT)J;aBaTb BCe Ha HX npOH3BOJl? TaK, npH
HaMMe KaIWrO-JlII60 JlHlJ,a Ha 3aBO)J; HJlH q,HPMY pa60TO)J;aTeJlb
BnpaBe O)J;HOCTopOHHe onpe)J;eJlHTb yCJIOBHH TpY)J;a. KpynHbIe
MOHOnOJlHCTHlJeCKHe npe)J;npHHTHH 6e3YCJlOBHO nO)J;'IHHHIOT
CBoeM BOJle cO)J;epmaHHe 3aKJIIO'IaeMbIX HMH )J;orOBopOB.
ECTeCTBeHHO, B aTHX YCJlOBHHX HeHMYIIJ,JIe IaCCbI C03)J;aIO'[
CBOH opraHH3alJ,HH II nocpe)J;CTBOM KOJIJleKTHBHbIX neperOBO-
pOB CTpeMHTCH onpe)J;eJIHTb OCHOBHbIe npIIHIJ,Hnbl )J;orOBopa.
C )J;pyroM CTOpOHbI, npaBO aI\THBHO B1IeImIBaeTCH B OTHorne-
HHH pa3J1H'InbIX no cBoeMy :JKOHOMH'IeCKOMY nOJlOmeHIIJO
napTHepOB C IJ,eJlbIO 06ecnecleHHH cnpaBe)J;JlHBOrO cO)J;epma-
IIHH )J;orOBopOB. II KpOMe Toro, npaBO OIm3aJIOCb BbIHymAeH-
HbIM: BBeCTH Onpe,f(e.rreHHYro perJ!aM'eHTaIJ,H.IO B TaK Ha3bIBae-
MyIO aHapXH'IeCKYIO aKOHOMH'IeCKYIO KOHKypeHQIIIO npH Ka-
nHTaJlH3Me. IIpHMepaMH ;)Toro npOlJ,eCca HBJlHIOTCH Ta
BamHaH pOJIb B OTHOITIeHUHX Mem)J;y TPY)J;OM II KanHTaJlOM,
KOTopaH BblIIOJlHHeTCH TPY)J;OBbIMH COrJlaITIeHHH fH, MHoro-
'IHCJIeHHbIe npaBOBbIe perJIaMeHTalJ,HH apeH)J;bI 3e IJIH, iRHJIU-
IIJ,a H T. n., a TaKj-Ke Be)J;eHHH npe)J;npHHHMaTeJIbCKOM )J;eHTeJlb-
HOCTH H C6b1Ta np0)J;yKQHH.
77. BH)J;bI C),J;eJIOR. C,IleJIKH MomHO KJlaCcHq,nIJ,UpOBaTb nO
pa3J1H'IHbIM OCHOBaHHHM. OCHOBHbIMII BH)J;aMH KJIaCcuq,uKa-
IJ,HM HBJIHIOTCH:
1) KJlaCcHq,HI\aIJ,H11 no npIIHIJ,Hny BOJleU3'bHBJleHHH Ka:K
OCHOBHoro ,weMeHTa C)J;eJlKH. TaKHe aKTbI, KaK 3aBeIlJ,aHue,
)J;apeHHe (CM.: 06I1J,aH 'IaCTb - 48), OCHOBaHbI Ha BOJleH3'bHB-
JIeHUH O)J;Horo 'IeJlOBeKa H nO)J;na)J;aIOT nO)J; KaTeropHIO O,IlHO-
CTOpOHHUX C)J;eJIOR. B OTJlHlJIIe OT aToro C)J;eJlKH, OCHOBaHHbH
Ha COBna)J;eHHH BOJleH3'bHBJleHHH )J;BYX II 60JIee CTOpOH, Ha3bI-
BaIOTCH )J;oroBopaMU. KpoMe Toro, MHorHe Y'IeHbIe BBO)J;HT
nOHHTHe 06'be)J;uHeHHoii (cOrJIaCOBaHHoii) C)J;eJIRU, KOTopoe
npHMeHHMO, HanpHMep, K CJIY'Iaro Y'IpeiR)J;eHHH J-\opnopaQHII
B CBH3H C 06'be)J;HHeHIIe)I BOJleH3'bHBJleHHII )IIIOfnX JlIOAeII,
npeCJle)J;yIOIIJ,HX O)J;HY IJ,eJlb (CM.: 06IQaH 'IaCTb - 47). IIo-
CKOJIbKY )J;eMcTBHTeJlbHOCTb O)J;HOCTopoHHeM C)J;eJlKH 3aBUCHT
JIIIITIb OT BOJIH O;rWOM CTOpOHbI, a BOJIH JlHlJ,a, Ha KOTopoe pac-
npOCTpaHHeTCH aTa c)J;eJII\a, npn aTOM HrHopHpyeTcH, fH' )J;O-
nYCKaeT ee TOJlbHO npH onpe)J;eJleHHbL\' YCJlOBHHX. B npOTH-
BOnOJlOII\HOCTb O)J;HOCTopoHHeII C)J;eJlKe )J;orOBOp npe)J;CTanJiHeT
C060M comaCOBaHHe BOJIb CTOpOH, H noaTOMY 3)J;eCb )J;onyc-
102
1\a€TCR: fJO,'!HaR: cB060Aa ero 3aKJITO'leHITR:, C TeM, OAHaIW,
'IT06bI OH He HapyrnaJI 06 ero orpaHll'IeHDR: - 06R:3aTeJIbHbIX
npeArrDcaHDM, rrOpR: Ra D A06pbIX HpaBOB. B rJIaBe 2 pa3 e-
JIa III fIt perJIaMeHTDpYIOTCR: 13 BDAOB orOBopOB, OTHOCR:-
III,IIXCR: R RJIaCCIJ'IeCRUM BUAaM, HO "ITO He 03HR'laeT, "lITO fK
He orrYCRaeT orOBopOB, He BXO lIIIIHX B YRa3aHHbIM rrepe-
qeHb.
B rrOCJIe Hee BpeMlI, rrOMDMO Tpex YRa3aHHbIX BDAOB c e-
.JIOI>, CTaJIII rrpH3HaBaTbClI IT C eJIRM THrra TPYAOBbIX CorJIa-
meHlIM, 3aRJIIOqaeMbIX Mem y rrpe rrplIHDMaTeJIeM H rrpolfJco-
:I030M D BbIPaijUIOIII,HX BOJIIO MHomeCTBa JIDn; II p;ame n;eJIbIX
ROJIJIeInHBOB, paCCMaTpHBaeMbIX B RaqeCTBe O HOM D3 CTOpOH
'Cp;eJIIUI ( CT. 16 3aI\OHa 0 rrpolfJcoI03ax). IIop;o6Horo po a
Cp;eJIRD Ha3bIBaIOTCH COrJIameHHJUIH DJID KOJI3eKTHBHbIMH co-
I'JIameHHHMH. C TO'lRH 3peHIIH HX 3aRJIIOqeHlllI OHH OTHOClIT-
ClI K RaTeropHH orOBopOB, O HaRO C TOqRD 3peHDlI rrpaBOBbIX
nOCJIe CTBDM OHH 6JIH3RH R COrJIaCOBaHHbIM Cp;eJIRaM.
2) C TO'lRH 3peHHlI IfJOPMbI BOJIeIT3'blIBJIeHDlI C eJIRH rrop;-
pa3 eJIHIOTClI Ha <popMaJIbHbIe D He<popMaJIbHbIe. OT rrepBbIX
Tpe6yeTcH, 'lTOObI C eJIRa COBeprna.'raCb B rrHCbMeHHOM JIH60
18 IIHOM YCTaHOBJIeHHOii 1fJ0pMe, BTopbIe me MorYT DMeTb JIIO-
6yIO 1fJ0PMY, H JIlI HUX AOCTaTO'lHO JIUmb HaJID'lHlI BOJIeH3'b-
:HBJIeHHlI. IIpDHn;Hrr cB060 bI C eJIRD rrpD3HaBaJI H cB06op;y
WOpMbI ee 3aRJIIO'leHDlI, D, HeCMOTpH Ha TO qTO D paHee rocy-
apCTBOTpe60BaJIO C06JIIO.a;eHHlI OC06bIX 1fJ0pM, C eJIRH HMeJIII
nOJIHOCTbIO HelfJopMaJIbHbIM xapaRTep. B HaCTOlIIII,ee BpeMlI
rrpe06JIa aIOT 1fJ0pMaJIbHbIe C eJIRH, H aHHaH lfJopMaJIH3an;DH
HarrpaBJIeHa Ha TO, qT06bI rrapTHepbI 6bIJID 60JIee OCMOTPD-
'TeJIbHbIMH, 'lT06bI CYlIl,eCTBOBa.rra rrOJIHalI lICHOCTb OTHOCH-
'TeJIbHO HaJID'lHlI C eJIKH, Rpyra rrpaB II xapaRTepa rrpaBOOT-
HorneHHM. IIo 06HbIe Tpe60BaHDlI B HaCTOlIIII,ee BpeMlI pac-
rrpOCTpaHlIIOTClI Ha 6paR (CT. 739 fIt), 3aBelIl,aHIIe (CT. 967
JI CJIep;. fIt), rrpH3HaHHe OTn;OBCTBa (CT. 781 fK), YCTaB
(CT. 37 fK), Y'lpe nTeJIbHbIM aRT (CT. 39 fK), BeRCeJIlI
(CT. 434 H CJIe . TK), Tpy oRbIe COrJIameHIIlI (CT. 14 3aRoHa
o rrpolfJcoI03ax).
MomHo npDBeCTD TaKme H rrpHMepbI HelfJopMaJIbHbIX c e-
JIOh, p;JIlI ROTOpbIX TeM He MeHee Tpe6yeTcH COCTaBJIeHHe P;O-
rOBopa B rrHCbMeHHOM BII e: orOBOp apeH bI 3eMJIIT (CT. 25
3aI-<OHa 0 CeJIbCROX031IMCTBeHHbIx aeMJIHx), p;orOBOp CTPOIT-
TeJIbHOrO rro plIp;a (CT. 19 3aI-<OHa 0 cTpOHTeJIbCTBe). OAHaRo
eCJID 3TH p;orOBopbI He 6Y YT COCTaBJIeHbI B rrHCbMeHHoii 1fJ0p-
. Me, Cp;eJIRIT He 6Y YT npH3HaHbI Hep;eiicTBIITeJIbHbIMlI.
103
3) Rpo re YRaaaHHbIX rro;IJ;pa3JWJIeHIIM, cy eCTBYIOT H
IIHbIe, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha ;IJ;pyrHx RpliTepIIHx. TaR, B 3aBIIC1I110-
CTH OT HacTyrrJIeHIUI rrpaBoBbIx nOCJIe;IJ;CTBlIiI pa3JI1PIaIOTCH
nocMepTHble (HarrpIiMep, 3aBe aHIIe) II nplliKll3HeHHbu!'
C;IJ;eJIRll. B 3aBIICIIl\IOCTII OT rrpaBoBblx rrOCJIe;IJ;cTBIiM MorYT
pa3JIII'IaTbCH 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHhIe, Be HbIe H KBa31IBe HbIe
C;IJ;eJIRIi. B 3aBlICliMOCTli OT CBH3II C;IJ;eJIRU C ee OCHOBaHlieM
pa3JIlI'IaIOTCH KaY3aJIbHble II a6CTpaKI'HbIe c;IJ;eJIRII (Harrpll-
Mep, BeRCeJIbHbIe).
2. TonKoB8HHe cAenKH
78. 3a;r:(a1Jll TOJIKOBaHllH. qacTo B CO;IJ;epmaHlIll COBepmae--
MbIX C)J;eJIOR llMeIOTCH HeHCHbIe II HeaaBepmeHHbIe YCJIOBIIH.
PaHee MbI yme YRa3bIBaJIll Ha TO, 'ITO rrpaBO crroco6cTByer
peaJIll3aIJ;llII OiKll)J;aeMoro pe3YJIbTaTa COBepmeHllH C)J;eJIRll
O)J;HaRO OHO 6eCCllJIbHO, Kor)J;a C)J;eJIRa CO;IJ;epJI llT ueHCHOCTll.
3;IJ;eCb rrpeiK;IJ;e Bcero Heo6xo;IJ;UMO rrpOHCHIITb CO;IJ;epmaUue
C;IJ;eJIRll II BOCrrOJIHUTb ee He3aBopmeHHbIe rrYHRTbI. MMeHHO B.
3TOM COCTOllT aa;IJ;a'Ia TOJIROBaHllH C;IJ;eJIOK
1) IIpli TOJIROBaUUll C;IJ;e.JIRll rrpeiK;IJ;e Bcero BbIHCHHeTCJf r
B 'IeM COCTOHJIll llCTlIHHbIe HaMepeHlIH ROHTpareHTOB. G;IJ;HaRO
npll Bcen BaiKHOCTU 3Toro Ha rrpaRTURe BbIHCHeHlIe IICTllHHbIX
HaMepeHlIn ROHTpareHTOB 'IaCTO ORa3bIBaeTCH HeB03:.mmHbIM.
ll, RpOMe TOro, Hepe)J;Rll CJIyqall, Kor)J;a rrpll 3aRJIIO'IeHllll /1;0-
roBopa rrapTHepbI llMeJIll pa3JIII'IHbIe HaMepeHHH. IIo3ToMY
npll TOJIKOBaHlIll C;IJ;eJIOR MomHO. o6pa aTbCH JIllmb R BHelII-
HIIM 4>opMaM BOJIell3'bHBJIeHllH IWHTpareHTOB, II 3TO 6yp;eT
YiKe He BbIHcueHlleM lICTUHHbIX Ha:;IepeHllii rrapTHepOB, a
CYiK)J;eHlleM 0 CO aJIbHOM 3Ha1JeH11lI COOTBeTcTBylO UX ;IJ;eii-
CTBUii.
2) RaRlle iKe KpIITepllII TOJIIWBaHUH rrpIJMeHII:IIbI rrpu yr.:a-
3aHUQ:;r CYiK;IJ;eHllII Ha OCHOBaHllII BHeIIlHIIX 4>opl\1 BOJIell3'bHB-
JIeHlIH? IIpelK;IJ;e Bcero, Heo6xo;IJ;lIMO RbIHCHUTb, RaKIIe :)I\OHO-
Mll'leCKlIe IIJIII cOIJ;uaJIbHbIe I eJIll rrpeCJIe;IJ;OBaJIIICb ROHTp-
areHTaMll II I\aR 3TH IJ;eJIll CBH3aHbI C 06 lIM cO;:J:opa;aHIIel1
c;IJ;eJlRll. TaR, )J;ame rrpll RaiKy eMcH rrpoTllBOpeqHBOCTII OT-.
;IJ;eJIbHbIX cTaTen ;IJ;oroBopa rrpll BbIHCHeHllll OCHORHOii n:eJIH
C;IJ;eJlIUI OI\a3blBaeTCH n03J\IOJIUIbIM rrOHHTb Bce rrOJIOmeHIIH
;IJ;oroBopa B n:eJIOM. BO-BTOPbIX, Heo6xo)J;I1MO orrpe;o;eJIlITb 3Ha-.
'IeHHe c;IJ;eJIKll C TO'IRU 3peHI1H 06b1'1aeB, pacrrpocTpaHeHHblx.
no :;WCTY ee cOBepmeIlIIH, n-TpeTbIlx .- BbIHcrrllTb. IJOJIOiKeHllH,.
104
OIIYCRaIOr:u;lIe IIpOll3BOJIhHOe TOJIROBaHlIe, H, Ha:KOHeu;, 06pa-
THTbCH R JIOrll'leCROMY TommBaHIlIO.
3) ECJIIr npll TOJIROBaHHII C)J;eJIKII BbIHCHHeTCH, 'ITO ee
peaJIlI3au;nH HeB03MomHa I\aR C TOtII{II 3peHnH npaBa, TaK II
.c TO'lRH 3peHHH COU;HaJIbHbIX YCJIOBIIH, TaRYIO C)J;eJIRY npIIXO-
IITCH np.lil:3HaTb He)J;eHcTBIITeJIbHoii:. Rpol\1e Toro, c)J;e'mm C'IH-
TaeTCH He)J;eii:cTBIITeJIbHOn II lIPII rrpOTIIBopetIIIII oOH3aTeJIh-
HhIM IIpe;I1;IIlIcaHIIHM 3aROHa, a TamI\e IIYOJIII'IHOMY IIOpH)J;RY
H )J;OOphIM HpaBaM.
79. AeHcTBYIOr:u;IIe OObl'lan. O)J;HIIM H3 I\pIITepneB FJIRO-
EaUIIH c)J;eJIOI\ HBJIHIOTCH )J;eHcTBYIOlll,IIe 06bJtIaH. OTO rrOHHTHe
OTHOCIITCH R 06bI'IaHM, rrOJIy'IIIBllIlIl\1 rrpaBOBoe npII3HaHIIe 06-
rn;eCTBa H 06JIa)J;aIOlll,HM C.lIJIOH rrpaBoBoH HOpMbI. TaRlIe 06bI-
"'Ian pencTBYIOT B OT)J;eJIbHbIX MeCTHOCTHX, B OT)J;eJIbHbIX
OTpaCJIHX rrpOH3BO)J;CTBa IIJIH cpe)J;1I JII1U;, 3aHHTbIX O)J;HOH rrpo-
<ljJeccIIeH. B CJIY'Iae, Ror)J;a rrpH3HaeTCH, 'ITO JWHTpareHTbI
lICXOP;IIJIII rrpII 3aHJIIO'IeHIIII )J;orOBopa I13 )J;aHHbIX o 6bJtIaeB,
IIOCJIe)J;HI1e )J;OJImHbI paCCMaTpHBaTbCH HaR RplITeplIH rrpII TOJI-
ROBaHI11I p;orOBopa. I10HHTHO, 'ITO rrplI 3T0l\1 06bI'IaH He P;OJI-
m.eH HaXO)J;IITbCH B rrpOTIIBOpe'IlIII HlI C rry6JIH'IHbIl\1 rrOpJI)J;I\OM
II'[ P;06PbIMII HpaBaMII, HI1 C. 06H3aTeJIbHbIl\11I rrpe)J;rrllcaHIIHMII
npaBa. KpOMe Toro, fK Tpe6yeT, 'IT06bI ROHTpareHTbI OCHOBbI-
BaJIII CBoe BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIe Ha YRaaaHHOM 06bI'Iae II rrplI3Ha-
.BaJIII ero (CM. CT. 92 fR'). ECJIII me rrpII 60JIee BHIIMaTeJIbHOM
paCCMOTpeHlI1I clITyaU;HII BbIHCHHeTCH, 'ITO CTOpOHbI rrpII 3a-
RJIIO'IeHlI1I )J;orOBopa PYKOBO)J;CTBOBaJIIICb 06bI'IaeM IIHoro
:paiIOHa, 06bI'IaH TepHeT CBoe 3Ha t IeHIIe )J;JIH orrpe)J;eJIeHIIJI
.cop;epmaHIIH )J;oroBopa RaK Ca:lIOCTOHTeJIbHbIH RpIITeplIlr TOJI-
HOBaHIIH C)J;eJIRII.
80. AUCII0311TIIBHble HOpMbI.
a) Tal\lIe HOpMbI cO)J;epmaTCH B npammax, perYJIlIpYIOlll,IIX
'TOm\OBaHlle C)J;eJIOR, pa3'LHCHHIOlll,I1X C:llbICJI HeHCHblX nYHR-
'TOB II BOCnOJIHHIOlll,IIX )J;O rrYlll,eHHble np06eJIbI. LJ TO RaCaeTCJI
OOH3aTeJIbHblX IIpe)J;IIHcaHHH, cO,r:J;epmaIIwxCH B 3al\OHe II Ha-
npaBJIeHHbIX Ha 06ecne t leHI1e ny6JIII'IHOrO IIopH)J;l\a, IWHTp-
.areHTbI He MorYT no cBoeii: BOJle IIrHopnpoBaTb I1X. TaRoH
xapaRTep HOCHT MHorne IIonOFI\eIIHH pa3)J;eJIa fR', IIocBHr:u;eH-
Horo Belll,HoMY IIpaBY (CM. CT. 175 fR'). B rrpOTIIBOnOJIOm-
nOCTb 3TOMY B CJIY'Iae, Ror}J;a OIIpe)J;eJIeHHble IIOJIOmeHIIH He
J;IMeIOT CBH31I C IIy6JIlIQHbIM IIOpHP;l\OM, ROHTpareHTbI MorYT
ObITb CB0(0)J;HbIMII OT YRa;JaHHbIX 06H3aTeJIbHbIX npe)J;IIIIcaHlIH
105
(CM. CT. 91 fK). TaRIIe IIl'aBIIJIa, perYJIIlpyIOIlI,IIe cop;eplIm-
HIIe Cp;eJIOR, Ha3bIBaIOTCH P;IICII03IITIIBIIbIMII. CJIep;yeT Y'llITbI-
BaTb, 'ITO II B Cp;eJIRaX, Ha ROTopbIe paCilpOCTpaHHIOT CBoe p;eH-
CTBIIe 06H3aTeJIbHbIe npep;rrIIcaHIIH npaBa, qaCTO IIMeIOTCH'
HeHCHbIe nOJIOmeHIIH II np06eJIbI, II B TaROM CJIy'Iae P;IICII03II-
TIIBHbIe HOpMbI BbIlIOJIHHIOT <PYHRIJ;IIIO TOJIROBaHIIH II BOCnOJI-
HeHIIH np06eJIOB.
6) K 'IIICJIY BOCnOJIHHEOIlI,IIX nOJIOmeHIIH OTHOCHTCH Tal\II&
BbIpameHIIH, ImR (<lIpIIMCHHeTCH B CJIY'Iae, eCJIII IIHoro He
npe)J;YC lOTpeHO Cp;eJIROH}) (CM. II. 1 CT. 38, CT. 272 fK), a
TOJIRyIOIlI,IIX - «onpep;eJIeHHbIH TepMIIH, ynoTpe6JIHeMblH B
Cp;eJIRe, IIMeeT TaIWH-TO CMbICm) (CM. II. 3 CT. 420 fK). OCO-
6eHHo MHoro p;lIcn03IITIIBHbIX HOpM MomHO HaHTII B rJIaBe 2
pa3p;eJIa «06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe npaBO» fK, nocTpocHHOH H1t
npIIHIJ;IIne cB06oP;bI p;oroBop.i..
81. JIorJl'lCCKOC TOJIKOBamlC (lIpHIJI'JIII )J;oopoii COBCCTH).
a) JIornqeCRIIH nop;xop; TaI{/I,e HBJIHeTCH cpep;CTBOM TOJIRO-
BaHIIH Cp;eJIOR. fK YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT, 'ITO peaJIlI3aIJ;IIH npaB Ii
06H3aHHocTeH p;OJImHa OCHOBbIBaTbCH Ha npIIHIJ;IIne P;06POB
COBeCTII (n. 2 CT. 1 fK). 8TO ecreCTBeHHoe Tpe60BaHlIe HBJIH-
eTCH TaKme OP;HIIM II3 RpIITepIIeB rOJIROBaHIIH Cp;eJIOR (CM.:
06Il1,aH 'IaCTb - 8). Cyp;e6HaH npaRTIIRa paccMaTpIIBaeT p;aH-
lIMH RpIITepIIH TOJIROBaHIIH p;oroBopoB Ral{ OCHOBHOH B 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBeHHOM npaBe (CM. perneHIIe BepxoBHoro cyp;a 01'
5 IIIOJIH 1957 r.).
6) Ha npaRTIIRe MomHO BCTpeTIITbCH co CJIY'IaHMII, Rorp;a
::JROHOMII'IeCRII CIIJIbHbIH ROHTpareHT BRJIIO'laeT B p;orOBOpo
nYHRTbI, RpaHHe HeBbIrop;HbIe P;JIH cBoero napTHepa. IT pIIMe-
HHH JIOrII'IeCIWe TOJIROBaHIIe, CJIep;yeT ROHCTaTIIpOBaTb, 'ITO
TaRIIe IIY'HRTbI HOCHT IICRJIIO'lIITeJIbHblfl xapaRTep II He o6JIa-
p;aIOT 06H3aTeJIbHOH CIIJIOH P;JIH ::JROHOMII'IeCRlI cJIa60ro ROHTp-
areHTa. 8TOT BlIP; TOJIROBaHlIH Ha3bIBaeTCH HCKJIIO'IalO HM
TOJIKOBaHHCM.
B) M HaROHeIJ;, B nOCJIep;Hee BpeMH 06Il1,eH P;JIH MHorIIX
CTpaH TeHp;eHIJ;IIeH CTaJIO nplIMeHeHIIe npu TOJIKOBaHIIlI cp;e-
JIOR npHHI,una H3MeHCHHH OOCTOHTeJIbCTB, B COOTBeTCTBIIII C
KOTOpbIM P;OroBOpbI, np1I3HaBaBrnIIeCH p;eHCTBIITeJIbHbIMU P;O
BOHHbI lIJIII RaRIIX-JI1I60 cepbe3HblX ::JROHOMIIqeCRIIX IIepeMeH,
B pe3YJIbTaTe HacTynJIeHlIH YRa3aHHbIX C06bITIIH npII3HaIOTCH
Hep;eHCTBIITeJIbHbIMU JIII60 'IaCTII'IHO 1I3MeHHIOTCH. )J,aHHMii
BlIP; TOJIROBaHIIH TaRme MOJI\HO C'IIITD.Tb OCHOBaHHMM Ha
npIIHIJ;lIne P;06POH COBeCTIL
106
3. CAenKH, 06J13BrenbHwe npeAnHcBHHJI,
ny6nH'IHwH nOpJlAOK H Ao6pwe HpBBW
82. C)];eJIlm, npOTIIBope"Ja lIe OOJl3aTeJIbHbDI. npe)];nHca'
OJIJlM.
1) CB060;qa COBeprnemm c;qeJIOK npH3HaeTCH JIHrnb B Toii
Mepe, B KaKOU OHH He HapyrnaIOT (<IIOJIOllieHIIM 3aKOHa 0 rryo-
JIII'IUOM rropH;qKe» (CT. 91 rK). IIoJIollieHIIH 3aKOHa, B CJIY'Iae
rrpOTIIBope'lIIH KOTOOpbIM C)];eJIKa npII3HaeTcH He)];eMCTBIITeJIb-
Hoii, Ha3bIBaIOTCH OOJl3areJIbllbIMH npe)];llIICaHHJlMH.
KaI{ Yllie OTMe'laJIOCb paHee, rrpaBO HOBoro BpeMeHII 4>op-
MIIpOBaJIOCb Ha OCHOBe )];OKTPIIHbI JIH6epamI3Ma n rrpII3HaBa-
JIO 3a JIH'lHOCTbIO rnII.pOKYIO cB060;qy )];eHTeJIbHOCTH, XOTH, KO-
He'lHO, II H3 :3Toro rrpaBIIJIa IIMemlCb HCI\JIIOqeHIIH. B rrOCJIe)];-
lHee BpeMH, C pacrrpOCTpaHeHIIe1.1 H)];eII «rocy)];apCTBa Bce06-
ero oJIaro;qeHcTBHH», npaBO 3Ha'lHTeJIbHO paCrnHpHJIO c4>epy
perYJIIIpOBaIIIIH qaCTHOM lliII3HII rpalli)1;aH. CY HOCTb 06H3a-
1'eJIbHbIX rrpep;rrIIcaHHM COCTOIIT HMeHHO B TOM, qTO B CJIyqae
npOTIIBOpeqIIH II1.1 3a p;eMCTBIIHMH rpallip,aH He rrpII3HaeTCH
IOpIIp;II'leCKOII CIIJIbI. TaK, CT. 175 fK, OTKpbIBaIO aH pa3p;eJI
Bem;Horo npaBa, rJIaCHT, 'lTO, rrOMIIMO orrpep;eJIeHHbIX B fR
II HHOM 3aKOHOp;aTeJIbCTBe, HIIKaKIIe ;qpyrHe BH)];bI Be HbIX
rrpaB He MorYT 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHbI. 3na'lHTeJIbHOe qHCJIO 06H-
3aTeJIbHbIX rrpep;rrHcaHHM cop;eplliHTCH B 3alWHax 06 apeHp;e
3e1.1JIH, lliIIJIOrO nOMe eHIIH, 0 CeJIbCIWX03HMcTBeHHbIx 3e1.1-
.JIHX, 0 TPYP;OBbIX CTaHp;apTax. 8TH rrpe)1;rrHcaHIIH He ;qorrYCKa-
lOT rrpH 3aKJIIO'leHHH Cp;eJIOK He6JIaFOrrpIIHTHbIX YCJIOBHM P;JIJI
apeHp;aTopoB 06b1'lHOM II 06pa6aTbIBaeMoM 3eMJIH, lliHJIH a H
]l;JIH pa60'lHx (CM. CT. 11 3aKOHa 00 apeHp;e 3eMJIH; CT. 6 3a-
IWHa 0 HaMMe lliIIJIbIX nOMe eHIIM; CT. 22 3aKoHa 0 CeJI},CKO-
X03JIMCTBeHHbIX 3eMJIHX; CT. 13 3al\OHa 0 TPYP;OBbIX CTaHp;ap-
Tax II p;p.). MeTop;bI npaBOBoro perYJIIIpOBaHHJI pa3JIIIqHbI: B
()P;HIIX CJIyqaHX 3T0 3arrpe eHIIe orrpep;eJIeHHblX p;eMCTBHM H
YCTaHOBJIeHIIe orrpep;eJIeHHbIX CaHI\IJ,HM B OTHorneHIIH Hapy-
IIIIITeJIelI (HarrpHMep, KyrrJIJI-rrpop,ama I..:pap;eHoro, CT. 256
YK), B ;qPyrHx - :3T0 Tpe60BaHIIe rrOJIyqeHHH JIHIJ,eH3IIH HJIH
pa3perneHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero nep;OMCTBa Ha Bep;eHHe orrpe-
]l;eJIeHHOrO p;eJIa HJIII COBeprneHIIe I..:aKHX-JIII60 p;enCTBIIM (CT. 2
3aKoHa 06 aHTHKBapHOM p;eJIe; CT. 2 3aKoHa 06 yrrpaBJIeHHH
JIOMOapp;aMII; CT. 3 3aKoHa 0 cTpOIITeJIbCTBe), a TaKllie rrop;a-
"III COOTBeTCTBYIO ero 3aJIBJIeHHH IIJIH rrpoxolli;qeHIIJI pern-
CTpaIJ,IIH (CT. 7 3aKoHa 0 KOIITpOJIe 3a KarrHTaJIOBJIOllieHIIHMII,
err03IITaMII H npOIJ,eHTaMH). KpoMe Toro, cy ecTByeT rropH-
107
P;OK Bblp;a'lH pa3pemeHHH JIHmb JIH aM, 06JIap;aIOITJ;HM orrpep;e-
JIeHHOH KBaJIIHI>HKa HeH. B OTHomeHIlU HeKOTopbIX BIIP;OB
Cp;eJIOK perJIaMeHTHpYIOTCJI rrpop;ama II I eHbI (TaK Ha3bIBae-
Mble HOpMbI perYJIHpOBaHHJI i\KOHOMHHH). Bo Bcex CJIy'JaJlX
npep;YCMOTpeHbI caHK HIi K HapymHTeJIJlM COOTBeTcTByIOIIJ,HX
npep;rrHcaHHH. Memp;y TeM He Bcerp;a B p;ocTaTo'lHoH Mepe-
JlCHO, C'lHTaIOTCJI JIH Cp;eJIKH, cOBepmeHHble B HapymeHHe YKa-
3aHHbiX rrpep;rrHcaHHH, HeL\eHCTBHTeJIbHbIMH C TO'lKH 3peHHH
'laCTHOro rrpaBa HJIH, HHa'le rOBOpJl, OTHOCJlTCJI JIH )];aHrrhIe-
rrpe)];ilHCaHHJI K KaTeropliH 06J13areJIbHblx.
2) B rrpHBe)];eHHbIX npHMepax e.TIII 3aKOHa B OCHOBHOMI
COCTOJIT JIl'Imb B 3arrpeITJ;eHl'IH H KOHTpOJIe 3a orrpe)];eJIeHHbIMIIi
C)];eJIKaMl'I H B rrpl'IMeHeHIIH CaHI{ HH K HapymHTeJIJlM, O)];Ha-
1:\0 i\Tl'I HOpMbI He OKa3bIBaIOT BJIHJlHHJI Ha )];eHCTBIITeJIbHOCTb
c)];eJIOl\. B HaYKe rrO)];06HbIe HOpMbI rrpl'IHJlTO Ha3hIBaTb KOB-
TpOJIHPYIO.I.qHMH B OTJIl'I'lHe OT 06H3aTeJIbHbIX npep;nHCaHIIii,.
BJIHHIOITJ;HX Ha p;eiiCTBHTeJIbHOCTb Cp;eJIOK.
B ccpepe rpam)];aHCKOro rrpaBa K KaTerOpl'IH 06J13aTeJIbHbIX
OTHOCJlTCJI: a) Bce rrpep;rrHCaHHJI B 06JIaCTH JIH'lHbIX HeIIMY-
.I.qeCTBeHHblx oTHomeHHH (pO)];HTeJIbCKlIe rrpaBa, JIH'lHhIe He-
HMYIIJ,eCTBeHHhIe OTHOmeHHJI Mem)];y MymeM l'I meHOll, IIOpJl-
P;OK rrpl'I3BaHl'IJi HaCJIe)];HHKOB). IIOi\TOMY )];OrOBOpbI, II3MeHJI-
IOITJ;He rrOpJl)];OK rrpl'I3BaHl'IJi HaCJIe)];HHI{OB (CT. 887 l'I CJIe)];.
fR), )];OrOBOpbI, rrpHBO)];JlIIJ,l'Ie K )];BOeiKeHCTBY (CM. CT. 732 fR).
C'lHTaIOTCJI Hep;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIMH; 6) npe)];rrHCaHHJI B OTHome-
BHH Bl'I)];OB H CO)];epiKaHIIJI BeIIJ,HbIX npaB, rrOC:KOJIb:KY 3TO Be-
nOCpe)];CTBeHHO 3aTparHBaeT HHTepeCbI TpeTbHX JIII ; B) HOp-
MbI 3aKOHO)];aTeJIbCTBa, OrpaHl'Iql'IBaIOl l'Ie pa3Mep rrpO 8HTOB.
a TaKiKe HOpMbI, CBJl3aHHbI8 C rreHcmnlH Ii CO l'IaJIbHOM no-
MOITJ;bIO, T. e. OXpaHJlIOITJ;He HHTepeCbI OIIpe)];8JIeHHbIX KaTero-
pHM JI .
83. TIpuTBopHble Cp;eJIKH. CL\eJIKH, COBepIII8HHbIe B 06xo
OOJl3aTeJIbHbIX rrpe)];rrIICaHl'IM, TaKiKe rrpII3HaIOTCJI H8L\eMCTBH-
TeJIbHhI lII. OOXOL\ 3aKOHa MOffi8T con8pmaTbCJI C II011OITJ;bIO'
TaK Ha3bIBaeMblX rrpIITBopHbIX C)];eJIOK. HanpIIl\f8p, C eJIbIO'
ooxo)];a IIOJIOH,eHHJI 3aKona 06 OrpaHH'l8HIiH CCY)];HOrO rrpo-
n;eHTa BblCOKHe rrpOn;eHTbI B3IIMaIOTCJI rro)]; BH)];OM y)];epmaHHB
HJIH HOMHCCHOHHbIX. AHaJIOr1PIHbI:!ll oopa30M OOCTOHT )];eJIO II
B OTHomeHHII YKa3a 0 perJIaM8HTaI IIn 3eM8JIbHOii peHTbI II
ImapTHpHoM rrJIaTbI, KOr)];a COOTB8TCTBYIOI aJl IIJIaTa B3HMa-
eTCJI rro)]; Bl'I)];OM )];OrrOJIHHTeJlbHOH IIJIaTbI HJIH B03IIarpamp;e-
HHJI. B rrpHBe)];eHHO)l 3aKOHO)];aT8JIbCTB8 JlCHO YKa3hIBaeTCJI
lOB
na Hep;eHCTBIITeJlbHOCTb nOp;OOHbIX Cp;eJIOH (CT. 2 II 3 33ROIIa
06 orpaHU'IeHIIII ccyp;Horo rrpOu;eHTa; CT. 12 "YKa3a 0 pema-
MeHTaU;IIII 3eMeJIbHOlI peHTbl U KBapTIlpHOII nJIaTbl).
B CJIY'Iae, Korp;a o6H3aTeJlbHoe rrpep;nncaHue He. cop;epmUT
CTpororo 3anpeTa B OTHOllIeHlIlI oupep;eJIeHHoro pe3YJIbTaTa
Cp;eJIRII, a perJlaMeHTIIpyeT JIHllIb cpep;CTBa P;OCTUJI\CHlfH p;aII-
HOro pe3YJlbTaTa, ::no He 03Ha'laeT npU3HaHlIH Hep;eHCTBII-
TeJIbHOH Cp;eJIKII, nplI KoropOH pe3YJIbTar p;OCTuraeTCH C no-
MOm;bIO IIHbIX, nOMIIMO 3anpe eHHbIX, cpep;CTB.
84. C)];eJIlnI, npOTlIBOpe'Iam;ne ny6JIII'InOluy nopnp;Ry II
;I'1;06pbIM HpaBaM.
1) Orrpep;eJIeHHble cp;em\1I p;ame B CJIy'lae OTCYTCTBIIH HB-
no 3anpem;aIOIIJ;IIX IIX oOH3aTeJIbHbiX npep;nIIcaHIIi'r TeM He
MeHee C'IIIT3IOTCH Hep;eHCTBIITeJIbHbIMII BBIIP;y IIx npOTIIBO-
pe'IIIH ny6mI'IHOMY nopHp;KY II P;06PbIM HpaBaM (CT. 90 fIt).
fpaHIIU;bI Memp;y P;BYMH ::JTIIMII nOHHTIIHMII He Bcerp;a pa3J1II-
'IIIMb!. IIoHHTIIe nYOJIII'IHOrO nopHp;Ka YKa3bIBaeT ua IIHTepe-
CbI rocyp;apcTBa II o6m;ecTBa, a p;o6pble HpaBbl - Ha KaTero-
pIIH MOpaJlbHOrO xapaKTepa. B nOn;aBJIHIOm;eM 60JIbllIIIHCTBe
CJIy'laeB ::JTII nOHHTIIH B3aIIMOCBH3aHbI, lIoaroMy nOTpeOHOCTi>
B IIX crporOM pa3rpaHU'IeHIIU OTCYTCTByer.
2) CIIcTeMaTlI3IIpoBaHHo nepe'lUCJIIITb KOHKpeTHoe cop;ep-
maHlIe rrOHHTUH rry6JIII'IHoro nOpH)];Ka II p;o6pbIx HpaBOB He-
B03MomHO. Ero CJIep;yeT paCC1IaTpIIBaTb, OTT3m\IIBaHCb OT cy-
p;e6HoH rrpalnIIKII II HaY'lHbIX P;OKTpI!H, B CBeTe rrOCTOHHHO
MeHHIOm;eHCH o6m;ecTBeHHoH IIp;eOJlOrIIII II CIICTeMbl u;eHHO-
CTell. TeM He MeHee rrpIIBep;el\l Ile'KOTOpble KpUTepIIII.
a) HapymeHlle MOpaJIbHbIX npHHu;rmOB. AorOBopbI, npe-
IIHTCTBYIOm;I1e COBMeCTHO IY rrpomIIBamIIO pOp;IITeJIeil: II p;eTeii:,
06em;aHIIH, paCToprHYB 6paK, 3aKJIlO'IIITb HOBbIII C'IIITaIOTCH
Hep;ellCTBIITeJIbHbIMII, KaK npOTIIBOpe'lam;ne 'IeJIOne'lHOCTII H
MopaJIII.
6) HapymeHlle npHHlI,lIna cnpaBep;JIIIBOCTII. CroDop C u;e-
JlbIO COBepllIeHTIH npecryn.rreIlTIJ1 II:!H TTHoro He3aROHHoro ;JJ;eii:-
CTBUH; p;orOBopbI, 3aKJIIO'I8HIIe J\OTOpblX flBJIIIeTCH l\OMrreHCa-
IJ,IIeII 3a HeCOBepllIeHIIe He3aKOHHbIX p;elIcTBIIll (CM. CT. 132 II
CJIep;. LIt) Hep;eHCTBIITeJIblibI.
B) IIcnoJIb30BaHHe B ROPbICTUbIX u;eJInx neOCMOTpIITeJIb-
HOCTH IIJIII l\taTepllaJIbHbIX 3aTpyp;ueHHH p;pYl'oro JIHII;a.
HarrplIMep, B YCJIOBIIHX MaTepUaJIl:>HbIX 3aTpyp;HeHlIll ROHTp-
areHTa 3aImIO'IemIe p;orOBopa 3aIIMa nop; BblCORIIe rrp()T eHTbI,
npep;ycMaTpIIBaIOm;ero B CJIY'Iae HeB03BpaTa p;eHer 1\ YCTa-
109
B:OBJIeHHOMY CPOKY II3'bHTlIe liMy ecTBa HerrpOrrOplJ,liOnaJIb-
HO 60JIbIIIOM CTOIIMOCTH (CM. pemeHne BepXOBHoro cy a OT
20 HOH6pH 1952 r.).
r) Qpe3MepHoe OrpaHH'IemIe cB060AbI pyroro JIHlJ,a.
KJIaCCnqeCRIIM rrpHMepOM ;noro HBJIHeTCH AorOBOp 0 npIIHym-
Aemm I, rrpOCTHTYlJ,HH. B AaHHOM CJIyqae HeAeMCTBHTeJIbHOH
CqHTaeTCH H CCYAa, ROTOpoii aTOT AOroBOp conpOBomAaJICH
(CM. peIIIeHHe BepXOBHoro CYAa OT 7 OKTR6pH '1955 r.). CIOAa
me OTHOCHTCH H CJIyqaH, J\OrAa AorOBopbI HaMMa IIJIH nepeAa-
'IH BeAeHIIH onpeAeJIeHHOro AeJIa conpOBomAaIOTCH YCJIOBlIH-
MIl, 3anpe aIO HMII ROHTpareHTY 3aHH1.1aTbCH TeM j-[,e BHAOM
AeHTeJIbHOCTH, II,OXBaTbIBaIOT rrlIIpORYIO C<pepy II AJIHTeJIbHblii:
nepHoA BpeMeHli.
A) CneRYJIHTHBHbJH xapaRTep CAeJIRIf. K AanHoM RaTero-
pHH OTHOCHTCR a3apTHble IIrpbI, JIOTepeH H T. n., oAHaRo B ;ny
KaTeropliIO, eCTeCTBeHHO, He BXOAHT CJIY'laH, RorAa HMeeTCfl
BbIAaHHoe B YCTaHOBJIeHHOAI nopHAKe pa3pellieHIIe.
3) CJIeAyeT o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha ABa 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa.
Bo-nepBbIX, RaR OTMe'IaJIOCb paHee, ;meMeHT ROJIJIeRTHBHoro
B 3ROHOMHqeCKHX 'OTHOIIIeHHHX, eCTeCTBeHHO, CBH3aH C orpa-
B:H'-IeHHeM 3I\OHOMH'IeCKOM CBo6oAbI JIHqHOCTII, qTO 6bIJIO 6bI
HeAonYCTHMO RaR rrpOTHBOpeqa ee ny6JIHqHOMY rropHARY H
;q06pbIM HpaBaM. OAHaRO B 3THX CJIyqaHX JIHqHOCTb TepHeT
.rrIIIIIb TaR Ha3bIBaeMYIO <popMaJIbHYIO cBo60AY, BeCbMa me
'IaCTO B o6MeH Ha 3TO HHAHBHA YJIyqIIIaeT CBoe 3I\OHOMII'Ie-
CKoe nOJIOmeHHe II pacIIInpHeT <paI\TIIqecHYIO CBODOAY. llo-
3TOMy npH npHMeHeHHH CT. 90 rK Heo6xoAHMO IICXOAHTb He
H3 <popMaJIbHbIX nOHHTIIM (cBo6oAa paAII CBo6oAbI), a ROH-
RpeTHO BbIRCHHTb, B KaROM Mepe Ta IIJIH liHaH CAeJIRa ORa3bI-
BaeT BJIHHHHe Ha 3KOHOMIIqeCI\Oe rrOJIOmeIIHe KOIITpareIITOB,
06paTIITb BHHMaHlIe IIa peaJIbHbIe pe3YJIbTaTbI CAeJIKH AJIH
KOHTpareHTOB, Ha 06 lie IIHTepeCbI ifIOTpe6liTeJIeM H B lJ,eJIOM
Ha COlJ,IIaJIbHO-3ROHOMliqeCROe pa3BIITIIe.
BO-BTOpbIX, CJIeAyeT 06paTHTb BHIIMaHne Ha nOJIOmeHHR
CT. 25 KOHCTl!TYlJ,IHI HnoHIIII, eOAeplI;a eii: OCHOBHble rapaH-
TIll! npaBa Ha cy ecTBOBaHHe. .[I;aHHaH eTaTbH r.rraCHT: «Kam-
JJ;bIII HMeeT npaBO Ha nOAAepmaHIIe MHHHMaJIbHOrO YPOBHR
KYJIbTYPHOM II 3AOPOBOM mH3HH». l103TOMY CAeJIKH, HanpaB-
.rreHHbIe Ha JIHIIIeHlIe AaHHbIX oeHOBHbIX npaB, rapaHTli-
PyeMblx ROHeTHTyn;HeM, a TaKme na HX BbIXOJIa nBaHlIe,
CJIeAyeT paBHbIM 06pa30M CqliTaTb He)J;eMCTBHTeJIbHbIMH
BBIIAY HX npOTIIBOpeqHH rry6JIliqHOMY nopH RY II 06pbIM
npaBaM.
110
4) B HaYNe rrpHBo,u;HTCH CJIe,u;YIO.lI(Ue qJOp3IaJIbHble KpII're-
pll.n rrpHMeHeHHH CT. 90 fK: a) OCHOBHaH n;eJIb Cp;eJIKH npo-
TMBOpeqHT ny6JIHqHOMY nopHJJ;RY II. P;06PMM HpaBaM (Hanpll.-
Mep, p;orOBopbI, CTaBHIIJ;He n;eJIblO cOBepuieHHe npecTyrrJIeHHH) ;
6) B OTHOlIleHHII. OCHOBHOfI n;emI Cp;eJIKH HMelOTCH orpa-
HlI.qeHlIH, cop;epJIWIIJ;HeCH B TeKYIIJ;eM 3aIWHOp;aTeJIbCTBe (Ha--
rrpHMep, )].orOBopbI, orrpep;eJIHIOIIJ;He HeycTofmy qpe3MepHMX
pa3MepOB, ,u;OTOBOpbI, rrpep;YCMaTpHBalOIIJ;He o6H3aTeJIbCTBO
OT'Ka3a OT Bep;eHHH orrpep;eJIeHHOrO p;eJIa) ; B) HapYlIleHlle
rrpHHn;Hrra rry6JIH'IHOrO nopHp;Ka H P;06PMX HpaBOB, CBH3aHHoe-
C p;eHemHbIMII. HHTepecaMH (HarrpUMep, nOJIyqeHUe 3a B3HTKY
orrpe)].eJIeHHOi1. p;OJImHOCTII.); r) HapyrneHue ny6JIU'IHOrO no-
pHp;I<a II. P;06PbIX HpaBoB BCJIep;CTBHe CBH3aHHOCTH Cp;eJIKH'
orrpep;eJIeHHMMU YCJIOBUHMU (HarrpuMep, rrOJIyqeHUe p;eHer 3a
cOBeprneHHe rrpecTyrrJIeHUH UJIU B03p;epmaHHe OT Hero) ( CM.
CT. 132 fK); p;) no6ymp;alOIIJ;ue MOTUBbI Cp;eJIKH rrpOTUBope-
qaT rry6JIU'IHOMY rropHp;KY H P;06PMM HpaBaM.
"lho I<aCaeTCH rrOCJIep;HerO KpHTepHH (He3aKOHHbIX lIo6ym-
,u;alOIIJ;ux MOTRBOB), CJIep;yeT Y'IUTbIBaTb, qTO Cp;eJIKa C'IUTaeT-
CH Hep;eHCTBUTeJIbHOH TOJIbI<O B CJIyqae, eCJIU ,nu MOTUBbI
HarnJIH OTpameHue B cop;epmaHIIH Cp;eJIKU (CM. perneHHe
BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 23 HHBapH 1964 r.).
rnaBa 6. BOnEH3biBnEHHE
t 1. 0611.\He nOnO>KeHHSI
85. IIOHJlTlIe BOJIeU3'bJlBJIeUHJI.
1) BOJIeU3 HBJIeHHe rrpep;CTaBJIHeT C060H BOJIeBOe p;eHcT-
BHe, HarrpaBJIeHHOe Ha nOJIY'leHue orrpep;eJIeHHOrO pe3YJIbTa-
Ta, H COCTaBJIHeT o6H3aTeJIbHbIH 3JIeMeHT IOpHp;H'IeCI<Oro p;en-
CTBHJI (CM.: 06U:(8H qaCTb -75). B IOpH)].HqeCI<On HaYI<e
BCJIe)]. 3a ncrrXOJIorUqeCI<OH 06bI'IHO Bblp;eJIHeTCJI TpU COCTaB-
HbIX 3JIeMeHTa BOJIeH3 HBJIeHHH. Do-rrepBblx, CTpeMJIeHUe
IIOJIyqHTb onpep;eJIeHHMll pe3y.TTbTaT (HanpHMep, I<ynHTb
orrpe)].eJIeHHYIO BeIIJ;b 3a TMCH'IY HeH), T. e. BOJIJI K pe3YJIbTa-
TY. BO-BTOPbIX, CTpeMJIeHHe BMpa3I1Tb YKa3aHHYIO BOJIIO I<
pe3YJIbTaTY, T. e. BOJIJI K BblpameHIfIO. B-TpeTbHx, caM npo-
n;ecc BblpameHII.JI. HaH60JIee BamHbIM M3 Tpex YI<a3aHHbIX
3JIeMeHTOB JlBJIHeTCH BOJIH I< pe3YJIbTaTY; Cp;eJIKH, COBeprneH-
HMe rrpH orrpep;eJIeHHbIX 06CTOJlTeJIbCTBaX B OTCYTCTBlIe 3Toro
3JIeMeHTa, CqUTalOTCJI Hep;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIMu.
II J
2) IIOBCe)J;HeBHbIe BOJIeBbIe p;elICTBIIJI 06bIQHO He BbI3bI-
BaIDT npaBOBbIX nOCJIep;CTBuii. TaR, o6e aHuJl, OCHonaHHbIe
Ha P;06PbIX qYBcTBax MeiKP;Y pOp;HTeJIJlMH H p;eTbMU HJIH Ha
HopMax BemJIHBOCTH MeiKP;Y P;PY3bJlMII, npaBoBbIx nocJIep;-
cTBHiI lIe IIMeIDT. )..J,aiKe B TOM CJIyqae, Ror):(a onpep;eJIeHHbIe
BOJIeBbIe p;eHCTBHJI npIIBOp;JlT R npaBOBbIM rrOCJIep;CTBHJlM,
TaHOBbIe MorYT He HacTynHTb, eCJIH JWHTpareHTbI He 3aXOTJlT
3Toro. II03TOMY P;JIJI nacTynJIeHHJI npaBOBbIX nOCJIep;CTBnii
BOJIeH3'bJlBJIeHHe P;OJIiKHO 6bITb 06JIeqeHO B onpep;eJIeHHYID
npaBOBYID <f>OPMY. MHorHe yqeHbIe BBOP;JlT p;OrrOJIHHTeJIbHOe
YCJIOBHe, CqHTaJl neo6xop;HMbIM, qTo6bI Cp;eJIRa BbIpamaJIa
cy6'beRTHBHoe a,eJIaHHe JIH a YCTaHOBHTb onpep;eJIeHHbIe
npaBOBbIe nOCJIep;CTBHJI. OP;HaIW C 3THM HeJIb3J1 COrJIaCHTbCJI,
Tal, RaR BOJIJI, HanpaBJIeHHaJl Ha pe3YJIbTaT, BbIpaiKeHa B
Cp;eJIRe. II03TOMY ROH err HJI; OCHOBaHlIaJl na qIICTO 06'beR-
THBHbIX MOMeHTax, BnOJIHe p;OCTaTOqHa (c f. pemeHHe Bep-
XOBHoro cyp;a OT 25 anpeJIJI 1935 r.).
86. TOJIIwBaHHe BOJIell3'bllBJIeHIUI H BOJIlI. )..J,JIJI npH3Ha-
HHJI p;elIcTBHTeJIbHocTH BOJIeH3'bJlDJIeHHJI Heo6xop;IIl\IO ero TOJI-
KOBaHHe. KpHTepHII p;aHHoro TOJIIWBaHIIJI aHaJIOrnqHbI HPII-
TepIIJlM TOJIROBaHHJI Cp;eJIOI\. 11 B 3TOM CJIY'Iae BbIJICHJleTCJI
cop;epmaHIIe BOJIH ROHTpareHTa, op;HaKO He ero JICTIIHHbJX Ha-
MepeHHH (BHYTpeHHeH BOJIH K pe3YJIbTaTY), a BOJIH D TOM
BH):(e, RaR OHa 6bIJIa BbIpameHa (BbIpa'KeHHall BOJIH K pe3YJIb-
TaTY). OTCYTCTBHe BHYTpeHIIeiI BOJIH HJIII HeCOOTBeTCTBIIe
BHYTpeHIIeiJ H BbIpallieHHOi1: BOJIH npenJlTCTBYIDT p;eHCTBII-
TeJIbHOCTH BOJIeH3'bJlBJIeHHJI, OP;HaIW II B CJIyqae COBna):(eHIIJI
3TIIX BOJIb BHYTpeHHJIJI BOJIJI IOiKeT 6bITb HaBJl3aHa 06MaHOM
HJIII rrpHHyiKp;eHHeM, qTO npII onpep;eJIeHHbIX 06CTOJlTeJIbCT-
Bax TaRme MOllieT npenJlTCTBOBaTb p;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH BOJIe-
U3'bJlBJIeHHJI RaR rrOpO'lHOro.
2. HeCOOTBeTCTBHe BonH H BOneH3'bSiBneHHJI
87. II pep;HaMepeHHoe HeCOOTBeTCTBHe BOJIeH3'bllBJIeHHB
BOJIe. K p;aHHoH RaTeropHII OTHOCHTCJI BOJIeU3'bJlBJIeHHe, cp;e-
JIaIIHOe B BHp;e mYTRH IIJIII HHbIM o6pa30M OTJIIIqHOe OT BHYT-
peiIHeH BOJIH, HanpaBJIeHHOH na p;OCTHiKeHne onpe):(eJIeHHOrO
pe3YJIbTaTa, rrpHqeM caM BOJIeH3'bJlBHTeJIb OC03HaeT 3TO. Ono
Ha3bIBaeTCJl OP;HOCTOpOHHIIM <f>HRTHBHbnf. OHO TaRJKe
nopmRp;aeT npaBOBbIe nOCJIep;CTBHJI, op;HaRO B CJIY'Iae, Rorp;a
112
ROHTpareHT 3HaJI HJJII p;OJIfl\eH 6bIJI 3HaTI. 06 IICTIIHHOM xa-
pal\Tepe rrop;06Horo BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHHH, OHO CQIITaeTCH Hep;eii-
oCTBllTeJII.BbIM (CT. 93 fK). STO BrrOJIHe 06'bHCnUMO, II60 B
p;aHHOM CJIY'lae OTCYTCTByeT He06xop;IIMOCTb 3alll,HTbI HHTepe-
COB BOJIeH3'bHBHTeJIH H CJIen;yeT 3a60TIITI.CH 06 HHTepecax era
ROHTpareHTOB HJIII TpeTI.IIX JJIIIJ;.
88. :C1>uKTHBHoe BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHIIe. <DHl\TIIBHbIM Ha3I.IBaeT-
oCH BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHHe, OTJIII'lHOe OT BHYTpeHHeii BOJJII l\ pe-
3YJThTaTY H Cp;eJIaHBOe B croBope C IWHTpareHTmL Tal\, B lJ,e-
JIHX YRJIDHeBHH OT HCrrOJIHeHHH p;OJIrOBbIX 06H3aTeJII.CTB P;OJI-
mm A 3al\JIIO'laeT P;OTOBOp 0 rrpop;ame CBoero Hep;BIIJI{IIMOrO
HMym;ecTBa p;pyry B II, TaIiII:\I o6pa30:\I, COBepIIIaeT p;en:cTBIIe,
narrpaBJIeHHOe Ha COl\pbITIIe HMYlll,eCTBa. IIop;06HaH cp;eJIl\a
'HBJIHeTCH Hep;en:cTBIITeJIbHOii (n. 1 CT. 94 fR). Op;Hal\O B CJIY-
'Iae, J\.orp;a, HanpIIMep, TpeTI.e JJIIlJ,O B, OIIIH60<IHO nOBepIIB B
HCTITHHOCTb cp;eJI, l\H nOl\ynaeT Hep;BIImIIMoe IIMYlll,eCTBO y
}\.OHTpareIua B, B03HIIlweT Heo6xop;IIMOCTI. oxpaHbI IIHTepe-
'COB TpeTberO JIIIlJ,a B. II03TO:\IY fR, 06'bHBJIHH p;aHHoro pop;a
Cp;eJIKY Hep;en:CTBHTeJII.Hon: P;JIH ee CTOpOH, TeM He MeHee rrpH-
.'iIHaeT ee p;en:CTBIITeJII.Hon: B OTHOIIIeHIIII TpeTbIIX JIIIlJ" He 3BaB-
finx 0 tPIIl\TIIBHOM Xapal\Tepe BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIH (n. 2 CT. 94
rE, peIIIeHHe BepxoBHoro cyp;a OT 2 ORTHOpH 1931 r.). BCJIep;-
CTBne norD B, RyrrIIBIIIuTI Hep;BIORlIMOCTb y B, HpII06peTaeT
npaBO c06CTBeHHOCTII, a A He Moa eT OCnapI1BaTI. npaBOMep-
BOCTh perHCTpalJ,IIII Hep;BIIlliIIMOii c06CTBeHHOCTII H Tpe60BaTb
ee B03BpaTa (peIIIeHlle BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 27 raH 1969 r.).
BTO, op;HaIiO, OCTaBJIHeT HeII3:\IeHHOII Hep;eIICTBIITeJII.HOCTb
qJIII\TIIB Oro BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIH B OTHomeHIIHX Mellip;y A II B,
II H03TOMY A Moa,eT Tpe6oBaTI. OT B B03Melll,eHIIH ylll,ep6a
ElBHP;y HeB03MomHOCTII B03Bpar.u;eHIIH Hep;BIIJ£IIMOCTII (B Ba-
meM npHMepe p;aHHbIII IICR, rrpaBp;a, He 6yp;eT rrpH3HaH Ba
OCHOBaHIIII CT. 708 fR; CM.: 06H3aTeJII.CTBeHHoe HpaBO -
160).
IIpH rrpIIMeHeHIIII CT. 94 I'I\ c.rrep;yeT 06paTIITb BHIIMaBHe
Ha c,;rep;yIOIlI,IIe MOMeHTI.I.
a) )),aHHaH CTaTbH pacrrpocTpaHHeT CBoe p;en:CTBIIe Be
TOJII.RO Ha p;orOBopbI, HO II Ha OP;HOCTOpOHI-IlIe Cp;eJII\II (HarrpH-
Mep, oCB06omp;eHIIe OT OOH3aTeJIbCTB). CT. 94 rro aHaJIOrIIH
npIIMeHHeTcH, HarrpIIMep, II Ii TaIion: cHTyaUIIII, I\orp;a rpam-
)];aHHH B P;06pocoBecTHo I\ymI.JI 3eMJIIO y rpaJ£p;aHHHa B, Ba
IIMH IWToporo OHa 6bIJIa 3arrncaHa rpamp;aHIIHoM A, HBJIHB-
IlIHMCH c06cTBeHHIII\OM 3eMJIlI H 3HaBIIIIIM 0 cp;eJU\e Memp;y
8 3aKa3 N, 892
113
B H B (CM. perneHHJI BepxOBoro CYfW OT 22 ceHTJI6pJI 1970 r.:
HOT 19 HOJI6pJI 1970 r.).
6) <DHRTHBHoe BOJIeH3'hJIBJIeHHe npe)J;nOJIaraeT HaJIH'IH(J!'
crOBopa Mem)J;Y CTopOHaMH, O)J;HaRO, Ror)J;a OTe npH06peTaeT'
He)J;BHmHMOCTb Ha H'MJI, HanpHMep, CbIHa, UpH'IeM nOCJIe)J;-
HnM He 3IIaeT 06 3TOM, a 3aTeM CbIH, yme Y3HaBrnHM 06 3TOM
!J>aRTe, )J;06pocoBecTHo npO)J;aeT ee TpeTbeMY JIH Y, nOJIome-
BIle n. 2 CT. 94 rK npIIMeHJIeTCJI II R )J;aHHOMY CJIY'IaIO (pe-
meHIIe BepxoBHoro cY)J;a OT 2 IIIOJIJI 1970 r.) .
B) KpIITepIIeM C)J;eJIRII JIBJIJIeTCJI )J;06pocoBecTHocTb IIJIH
He)J;06pocoBecTHocTb TpeTbero JIII a, 3HaHIIe tRe !J>aRTa CPIIR--
TIIBHOCTH C)J;eJIRII He npenJITCTByeT TeM He MeHee )J;06pocoBecT-
HOCTH (perneHIIe BepxoBHoro cy,n;a OT 24 ORTJI6pJI 1931 r.).
r) ,D;JIJI 06ecne'IemIJI oxpaHhI IIHTepeCOB TpeTberO JIII a He.
Tpe6yeTcJI OTCYTCTBHJI YMbICJI-a C ero CTOpOHbI, O)J;HaRO He06-
XO)J;IIMO, 'ITo6bI OH COBepmIIJI HOBYIO C)J;eJIRY, )J;OBepIIBIDHCh.
!J>III{TIIBHOMY BOJIeII3'hJIBJIeHHIO. II03ToMY npH OT'Ra3e OT 3a-
JIora nepBoM O'Iepe)J;II 3aJIOr BTOpOM O'Iepe,n;II, eCTeCTBeHHO
npeBOCXO)J;IIT 3aJIOr nepBoM O'Iepe)J;H, 11 B nOM CJIY'lae 3aJIOrO-
)J;epmaTeJIb BTOpOM O'Jepe)J;II He HMeeT OTHOIDeHIIJI R TpeTbeMY
JIH Y. O)J;HaRO 'ITO RaCaeTCJI )J;06pocoBecTHbIx TpeTbIIX JIm , TO
B OTHOnIeHIIH IIX He MomeT ocnapIIBaTbCJI )J;eMCTBHTeJIbHOCTJ>.
C)J;eJIRII.
)J;) <DIIRTIIBHoe BOJIeII3'hJIBJIelIIIe )J;OJImHO C'IIITaTbCJI He-
)J;eMCTBIITeJIbHbIM II B 06JIaCTII JIII'lHbIX HeIIMyuJ;ecTBeHHbIX
oTHorneHIIM (HanpHMep, !J>IIRTIIBHbIM pa3Bo)J; no COrJIarneIIUIO),.
o)J;HaRo n. 2 CT. 94 He 03Ha'iaeT, 'ITO )J;aHnoe BOJleII3'hJIBJIeHII&
)J;OJImHO 6bITb )J;eMCTBIITeJIbHbIM B OTHorneHHII )J;06pocoBecT-
HbIX TpeTbIIX JIH (perneHue BepxoBHoro cY)J;a OT 25 !J>eBpaJIff
1923 r.).
89. 3a6JIym)J;eHHe.
1) 3a6JIym)J;eHIIe npe)J;CTaBJIJIeT c060ll HeCOOTBeTCTBIIe BO-
JIH, BbIpameHHoM B BOJIeII3'hJIBJIeHIIII, C IICTIIHHbIMII CTpeMJIe-
HHJIMII BOJIeH3'hJIBIITeml. 3a6JIym)J;eHHe OTJIU'IaeTCH OT
npe)J;HaMepeHHoro HeCOOTBeTCTBIIH BOJIe II !J>IIKTlIBHOrO BOJIe-
II3'hHBJIeHIIH TeM, 'ITO caM BOJIeII3'hHBIITem, He 3HaeT 00 3TO),[
06cToJITeJIbcTBe. rK YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT, 'ITO 'eCJIII 3a6JIym)J;e-
HHe JIerJIO B OCHOBY cy.rqeCTBCHHbIX 3.rreMeHTOB C)J;eJIKII, BOJIe-
II3'hHBJIeHHe C'IHTaeTCH He,n;eiicTBHTeJIbHLIM, o)J;HaKo, eCJIII 3a
6JIym)WHHe B03HHRJIO H3-3a cepbe3Holl HeOCMOTpIITeJIbHOCTII;
BOJIeII3'hHBHTeJIJI, OH He MomeT ocnapHBaTb ;:J;enCTBHTeJIbHOCTbo
BOJIeH3'hHBJIeHHJI (CT. 95 rK). HanpIIMep, rpall'J aHHH A.
114
neperryTaB rparI\lWHIIHa B C rpaJ-I\,a;aHHHOM B, OOpaTHJICH I
nOCJI8,a;HeMy C npocb6oH: HallHCaTb I\apTIfHY. BBII,a;y O'IeBII,a;-
HOCTH TOrO, 'ITO 3a6JIYlli,a;eHIIe COCTaBJIHeT cym;ecTBeHHbIH ;me-
MeHT C,a;eJII\H, ,a;aHHOe BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHHe HBJIHeTCH He,a;eUCTBH-
TeJIbHbIM, II ,a;ame B CJIY'Iae BbIpalI\eHHH COrJIaCIIJI CO CTOpOHbI
l'paJ-I\,a;aHIfHa B ,a;orOBOp He C'IIITaeTCH 3aI\JIIO'IeHHbIM (CM.:
06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBO - 76). ECJIII me 3a6JIya,,a;emle rrpo-
'H30IIIJIO II3-3a cepbe3Holl HeOC;\IOTpHTeJIbHOCTH co CTOpOHbI
rpam,a;anHHa A, ero rrpocbGa He MomeT CqIITaTbCH He,a;eHCTBH-
'"I'eJIbIIOH: II ,a;orOBOp 6y,a;eT paCC;\IaT]HlBaTbCH 3aI>JIIO'IeHHbIM.
2) 3aoJIym,a;emle, COCTaBJIJlIOm;Ce cym;ecTBeHHbIii aJIeMeHT
,a;eJIKH, He Bcer,a;a O'IeBII,a;IIO, II rr03TOMY B03HIIKaeT Heooxo-
..n;IIMOCTb orrpe,a;eJIeHIIH I\pIITepneB COrJIaCOBaHIIH HHTepeCOB
OJIeH3'bHBIITeJIH II era rrapTHepa. B aTOM CJIY'Iae CJIe,a;yeT
IICXO,a;HTb II3 CTerreHII BalI,HOCTH Toil 'IaCTH c,a;eJIKII, B OCHOBY
KOTOpOH JIerJIO 3a6JIym,a;eHIIe.
3) HaYKa pa3JIII'IaeT CJIe,a;yIOn IIe BH,a;bI 3aOJIym,a;eHIIH:
8) 3aOJIym,a;eHlIe B BbIpameHHu, 6) 3aOJIym,a;eHHe B co,a;epma-
HHH H B) 3aOJIym,a;eHlIe B MOTIIBax. It 3a6JIym,a;eHIIIO rrepBoro
po,a;a OTHOCHTCH orOBopKII IIJIH OIIJICKII, I\Dr,a;a, HarrpIIMep,
J3MeCTO 10 ,a;OJIJIapOB rOBOpIITCH IIJIII rrIIIIIeTCH 10 cpYHTOB; KO
:BTOPOMY - Kor,a;a nYTaIOT rrpOCTYIO II MOpCI\YIO MIIJIII, nOJIa-
raH, 'ITO aTO O,a;HO H TO me; I\ TpeTbeMY - Kor,a;a BMeCTO 'lIIC-
Tonopo,a;Hoii nOKyrraIOT BbIO'IHYIO JIOma,a;b.
4) 3a6JIym,a;eHIIe, COCTaB;:JJIIOI ee cym;ecTBeHHbIll aJIeMeHT
,a;eJIKII, rrpHBo,a;HT K He,a;eiicTBHTeJIbHOCTH BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIH,
o,a;HaKO BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIe, COBepllIeHHoe no,a; BJIIIHHIIeM oOMa-
:Ha HJIH rrpHHym,a;eHIIH, no,a;JIeihIIT aHHYJIIIpOBaHIIIO *. II pH
:aTOM fIt IICXO,a;IIT H3 Toro, 'ITO ,a;ecpe1\T BOJIeII3'bJIBJIeHIIJI npH
.3aOJIym,a;eHIIH 60JIee 3Ha'IIITeJIeH, 'IeM npH BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIH,
-COBepllIeHHOM rro,a; BJIIIHHIIeM 06MaHa HJIH rrpHHym,a;emIJI, no-
-cI\DJIbI\Y 3aOJIym,a;eHIIe rrpe,a;rrOJIaraeT OTCYTCTBIIe BHYTpen-
:Hell BOJIH K pe3YJIbTaTY. Meih,a;y TeM rrpH paCCMOTpeHIIH npo-
DJIeMbI C TO'IKH 3peHHH BbIpameHIIH BOJIH CJIe,a;yeT KOHCTaTII-
pOBaTb, 'ITO rrOCJIe,a;CTBIIH 06HapymeHIIJI Ka1\ 3aOJIym,a;eHHH,
"I'aK II OOMaHa II npHHym,a;eHIUI no rpaiI\,a;aHCKoMY npaBY B
paBHOH CTerremI HarrpaBJIeHbI Ha oxpaHY IIHTepeCOB BOJIeH3'b-
RBHTeJIH, nOaTOMY HaM rrpe,a;CTaBJIHeTCH OOJIee YMeCTHOii
n03II IIJI repMaHCKoro rpam,a;aHCKoro npaBa, KOTopoe npe,a;yc-
:MaTpHBaeT aHHYJIIIpOBaHHe II rrpIIMeHIITeJIbHO 1\ aaOJIym,a;e-
)HIIIO.
* 0 pa3JIH'lHH Hep;eHCTBI!1'e.'lbHOCTli BOJIeII3'bH3BJIeHIIH II' ero 8n-
JIlYJlIIpOBamm CM. JlJDHe. - flpuM.. pea.
8.
115
3. nOpOKH BOneH3'bSlBneHHSI
90. BOJIeII3'bllBJIeHIIe no)]; BJllIlIHlleM oOMaHa.
1) BOJIeIl3'bllBJIeHlle no)]; BJillllHlleM 06MaHa aHHYJlllpyeT-
ClI (n. 1 CT. 96 fK). OOMaH npe)];CTaBJIJIeT COOOM He3aKOHHoe'
;o;eMCTBlle no BBe;o;eHIlIO B 3aoJlym;o;eHlle ;o;pyroro JIIm;a, H, eCJIII
3TO JIIln;O BCJIe)];CTBlle 3a6J1ym)];eHIIH COBeplIIlIT BOJleIl3'bHBJleHlle..
OHO C'fIlTaeTCH BblpameHHbIM no)]; BJIlUIHHeM OOMaIIa. B OTJlH-
'me OT paCCMOTpeHHoro BbllIIe CJlY'faH 3p:eCb He Tpe6yeTcH, 'ITO-
ObI 3a6JIYJK;o;eHIIe COCTaBImO cyru;eCTBeHHbIM 3J1eMeHT co;o;ep--
i!{aHHH BOJleU3'bHBJIeHIIH. B )];aHHOM cJlY'lae He06xo)];IIMO JIlIlIIb.
;O;OKa3aTeJIbCTBO Toro, 'fTO BOJIeIl3'bHBJIeHHe COBeplIIeHO nO)J;
BJlIIHHHeM 06MaHa, BHe 3aBRCIIMOCTII OT Toro, OTHOCIITCH Jill
OHO K cyru;eCTBeHHbIM 3JIeMeHTaM CO)];epmaHlIH. IT03TOMY, ec-
JlH 06MaHHbIMil )];e:iIcTBHHMII ObIJIO BbI3BaHO 3a6JIym)];eHH8"
OTHOCIITeJIbHO MOTIIBOB, BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT <pOpMbI IlX Bbl-
pameHIIH 3TO 6y;o;eT paCCMaTpllBaTbCH KaK BOJIeIl3'bHBJleHlle
no)]; BJIHHHlleM 06MaHa.
2) BOJIeIf3'bHBJIeHlle no)]; BJlHHIIHeM 06MaHa IIO)];JlemIlT
3UHYJIlipOBaHIIIO. B CJIY'fae, eCJIII BOJIeIl3'bHBHTeJIb )];OBOJIbCT-
ByeTcH pe3YJIbTaTaMII c)];emm n He meJIaeT ee aHHYJIHpOBa'fb.
BOJleIl3'bHBJIeHlle npn3HaeTCH )];e0:CTBIITeJIbHbIM. B npOTIIBHOMl
CJIY'fae OH MomeT aHHYJIllpOBaTb BOJIen3'bHBJIeHlle II OTpnn;aTI.
ero )];eMCTBHTeJlbHOCTb (CM. CT. 121 fK). lJ,aHHaH ClIcreMa
npe)];CTaBJIHeT C060M )];OCTaTO'fHOe Cpe)];CTBO )];JIH 3aru;HTbI HH-
TepecoB BOJIeIl3'bHBIITeJIH.
I1MeeTcH, O)];HaKO, )];Ba OrpaHII'feHIIH )];JlH aHHYJIHpOBaHII,J1
BOJleIl3'bHBJIeHIfHKaK cOBeplneHHoro no)]; BJIIIHHlleM o6MaHa.
Bo-nepBblx, eCJIH 06MaHHbIe ;o;eiicTBIIH cOBeprneHbI TpeTbHM
JlIln;OM, BOJIeH3'bHBJleHlle aHHYJIllpyeTcH JIlIllIb B CJlY'fae, Kor-
;o;a KOHTpareHT ObIJI OCBe)];OMJleH 06 oOMaHe (n. 2 CT. 96 fK).
BO-BTOpbIX, B cJly'fae aHHYJlHpoBaHIIH BOJleIl3'bHBJleHHH no....
CJIe)];CTBIIH 3Toro He pacnpOCTpaHHIOTCH Ha ;o;OopOCOBeCTHoe
TpeTbe JlIln;O. HanpMMep, B CJIY'fae aHHymrpoBaHIIH
C)];eJlKII, npn IWTOpOH rpalI{fJ;aHHH A nOli; BJIIIHHlleM 06-
MaHa co CTOpOHbI rpam)];aHIlHa B npo)];aJl eMY ne)];Bllmn-
MOCTb no HeOnpaB)];aHHO HH3KOM n;eHe, If HaJlII'fHH )];pyroii
c;o;emm, npll KOTOpOM rpam)J;aHHH B, He 3HaBIIIRii 06 06-
MaHe, KYUIIJI YKa3aHHYIO He)];BlIlImMOCTb y rpam)J;aHHHa fl, A
ne MomeT )];OOIiBaTbcH B03Bpam;eH1I1I He)J;BllmIlMOCTIf OT B,
OH MomeT JlHlIIb TpeooBaTb B03Mem;eHIIH yru;epoa co CTO-
pOIIbI B.
116
91. BOJleH3'bHBJleHHe no BJIHHHUel\1 npHHym eHHH.
1) RaK II B npep;bIP;YIlJ,eAi CJIY'Iae, BOJIen3'bHBJIeHne no
BJIIIHHlleM npIIHym eHIIH nO JIemllT aUHYJIllpOBaHlIlO (n. 1
CT. 96 rR). rrpllHym eHIIe npe CTaBJIHeT C060H HE'3aKOHHoe-
p;ellcTBIIe, BbIpamaIOIlJ,eeCH B 3anyrllBaHIIU pyroro JIII a It
upIlHym E'HIIII ero nop; CTpaXOM npU'IIIHeHIIH eMY KaIWrO-JIII-
60 3JIa 'K onpe eJIeHHOMY BOJIeIl3'bHBJIeHIIIO. Ha npaInlme 'la-
CTO B03HIIKaeT Bonpoc 0 TOM, C'IIITaTb JIll npIIHY;'K eHIIeM
yrp03Y npe 'bHBJIeHHH nCKa llJIII B036ym eHHH eJIa B CBH3R'
C COBepmeHHbIM npecTynJIeHIIeM. CaMII no ce6e 3TH ):IeHCTBIIR
HBJIHIOTCH 3aIWHHbIMII, O):lHaKO IIX IICnOJIb30BaHlle B Ka'leCTBe'
yrp03bI B eJIHX 06eCne'IeHIIH He3aKOHHbIX IIHTepeCOB npe -
CTaBJIHeT C060H npllHymp;eHlle (pemeHlIe BepXOBHoro cy a T'
20 ceHTH6pH 1917 r.). ITpll onpe eJIeHIIII He3aKOHHOCTII npll-
Hymp;eHIIH He06xo HMO paCCMaTpHBaTb cpeiWTBa H eJIII B ilK"
B3aHMOCBH3H.
2) BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHIIe nop; BJIHHHlleM npllHymp;eHIIH MomeT
6bITb aHHYJIllpOBaHO B JII060e BpeMH, II pemeHlle 06 aHHYJIH-
pOBaHHH p;eHcTByeT B OTHomeHIIH JII050ro JIII a, KaR B OTHO-
meHIIII TpeTbero JIII a, cOBepmaBmero npIIHym eHlle, TaK II B:
OTHomeHIIII 06pocoBecTHoro TpeTbero JIIII1a. AHHYJIHpOBaHlle-
BOJIeIl3'bHBJIeHHH Ha OCHOBaHHH npllHym eHIIH He 3HaeT HC-
KJIIO'leHIIM, npe YCMOTpeHHbIX JIH BOJIeIl3'bHBJIeHIIH no BJIII-
HHlleM 06MaHa, 'ITO 060CHOBbIBaeTCH He06xo IIMOCTbIO 60JIb-
meH aaIlJ,IITbI JIII , nop;BeprllIllxcH npllHym):leHHIO. O):lHaKD>
YMecTHocTb ):IaHHoro nO):lxop;a BbI3bIBaeT COMHeHIIH.
4. YcnoBHSI AeHcTBHTenbHocTH BOneH3'bSiBneHHSI
92. ;a:oBe eHlle BOJleIl3'bHBJleHIIH o ROIlTpareHTa.
1) BOJIeIl3'bHBJIeHHE' npll3HaeTCH ):IeiicTBIITeJIbHbDf C MO-
MeHTa ):IOBe):lE'HHH ero ):10 KOHTpareHTa (n. 1 CT. 97 rR).
a) CyIlJ,eCTBYIOT BOJIeIl3'bHBJIeHHH, HOTopbIe He HMeIOr
onpep;eJIeHHOIO a):lpecaTa (BOJleIl3'bHB,rreHue 6e3 ROHTpareH-
Ta), HanpllMep 3aBeIlJ,aHlle, aRT p;apeHIIH H T. IT., O):lHaKO B
nOp;aBJIHIOIlJ,eM 60JIbmllHCTBe CJIY'laeB BOJIeIl3'bHBJIeHUe UMeeT
orrpep;eJIeHHbIrr ap;pecaT (BoaeH3'bHBJleHUe C ROHTpareHTOM).
06bI'lHO nOCJIe):lHIIH BIl):l BOJIE'1I3'bHBJIeHIIH IlpOXO):lHT CJIe):lYIO-
m;He STanbI: Bblpa ReHHe BO.lIeIl3'bHBIITeJIeM CBoerr BOJIII -
COa6IlJ,eHlle 0 BOJIeU3'bHBJIeHlIH - ):IOBE'):IeHue ero ):10 IWHTP-
areHTa - 03HaKOMJIeHlle I\OIfTparerna C cO;L\E'pmaHlleM BOJIe-
H3'bHBJIeIIIIfl. ITo nOBO;L\Y IHliK):Ioro lI3 STIIX STaIIOB cyIlJ,eCTBY-
JIT
lOT p;Ba npHHlJ;Hrra: "PUHIJ;HII Heo6xop;HMOCTH C006m;eHHH 0
BOJIeH3"bHBJIeHIIII H I1PHHIJ;HII Heo6xop;HMOCTU p;OBep;eHuH BOJIe-
U3"bHBJIeHUH P;O KOHTpareHTa. ITepBbliI rrpIIHIJ;Hrr rrpUMeHJIeTCJI
B CJIY'IaJIX, lwrp;a BO rJIaBY yrJIa CTaBnTCJI CpO'1HOCTb eo06-
m;eHlIJI 0 BOJIeII3'bJIBJIemllI HmI Iwrp;a 60JIbllIOe '1IICJIO JIIIIJ;
p;OJIJlmO nOJIY'1HTb oAHHal\oBoe rro COAeplI,aHHIO C006m;eHlle
(CM. rr. 1 CT. 232 rK). BTOpOll rrpHHIJ;HI1 Han60JIee pacrrpo-
CTpaHeH H nplIMeHJIeTCJI BO Bcex OCTaJIbHbIX CJIY'1aJIx. Op;Ha-
KO H 3p;eCb '1aCTO 6bIBaeT He06xop;HMa orrpeAeJIeHHaJI CPO'1-
HOCTb, rr03TOMY, npnHII IaJI 3a OCHOBY npHHIJ;Hrr He06xoAHMO-
,CTH AOBeAeHIIJI BOJlII 11,0 IWHTpareHTa, rI\ B OC06blX CJIY'1aJIX
npH6eraeT H K rrpHHIJ;urry He06xop;HMOCTII co06m.eHIIJI 0 BOJIe-
R3"bJIBJIeHHH.
6) rH yrroTpe6JIJIeT nplIHIJ;Hrr He06xoArrMocTH p;oBeAeHHJI
BOJIeH3"bJIBJIeHHJI p;o KOHTpareHTa npHMeHHTeJIbHO K BOJIeU3"b-
lIBJIeHHro OTCYTCTByrom;eii CTOpOHbl (CM. n. 1 CT. 97 rK).
RpoMe ::!Toll: cUTyaIJ;HH, rrpep;YCMOTpeHO 3aKJIIO'1eHHe Cp;eJIKU
B I1PUCYTCTBUU CTOpOH (CM. CT. 507 H 508 TK). OAHaKo 3TO
He CJIep;yeT TOJI'KOBaTb B CMblCJIe rrpHMeHeHHJI K p;aHHbIM cn-
TyaIJ;IIJIM pa3JIH'1HbIX rrpHHIJ;nrrOB B OTHOllIeHHII Aell:CTBHTeJIb-
HOCTH BOJIeH3'bJIBJIeHHJI. B KOHe'1HOM C'1eTe Bee YKa3aHHble
rrplIHIJ;Hrrbl CBOp;JITCJI K He06xop;HMOCTH AOBeAeHIIJI BOJIeH3"bJIB-
JIeHIIJI P;O CBep;eHHJI KOHTpareHTa.
B) IToHJITHe p;OBep;eHHH BOJIeH3"bJIBJIeHIIJI P;O KOHTpareHTa
rrpep;rrOJIaraeT rrOCJIeAYIOm.ee 03HaKOMJIeHHe C ero cop;epma-
HlIeM. IT03TOMY C'1HTaeTCJI AOCTaTO'1HbIM OTrrpaBJIeHHe nHCb-
Ma HJIH HHoro AOKYMeHTa, COAepmam.ero BOJIeII3"bJIBJIeHHe, no
rrO'1Te JIII60 rrepep;a'1a ero '1JIeHaM ceMbH KOHTpareHTa, rrpo-
II\IIBaIOm.HM BMeCTe C HIIM, IIJIII ero rrpnCJIyre. B 3TOM CJIY'1ae
He Tpe6yeTCJI, '1T06bl KOHTpareHT rrpO'1HTaJI aApeCOBaHHoe eMY
rrHCbMO (pellIeHHe BepXOBHoro CYAa OT 20 arrpeJIJI 1961 r.).
KpoMe Toro, He Tpe6yeTCJI TaKJI\e, '1T06bI BOJIeII3'bJIBHTeJIb
06JIaAaJI npaBO- IIJIII Aeecrroc06HOCTbIO (rr. 2 CT. 97 rK).
B eJIY'1ae CMepTII npaBOBble rrOCJIeACTBIIJI HacTynaIOT p;JIJI Ha-
CJIeAHHKOB (B oTHollIeHlIH npeAJIOllieHHJI AoroBopa rrpHMe-
HJIeTCJI oc060e npaBHJIO CT. 525 rK).
r) IIoCKOJIbKY rrpaBOBbIe nOCJIeACTBHJI BOJIen3'bJIBJIeHHJI
HacTyrraIOT rrpH AOBeAeHHII ero 11,0 KOHTpareHTa, B CJIY'1ae
Hep;OBep;eHIIH 11,0 lWHTpareHTa B pe3YJIbTaTe orrpeAeJIeHHbIX
06eTOJITeJIbCTB (HemacTHblll CJIY'1all, aBaplIJI H T. n.) YKa3aH-
Hble rrOCJIeACTBIIJI He HacTyrraIOT. II pH p;OBep;eHIIII BOJIeH3"bJIB-'
JIeHHJI 11,0 KOHTpareHTa C 3aIl03p;aHHeM BOJIeU3'bJIBJIeHHe npu-
3HaeTCJI AellCTBHTeJIbHblM C MOMeHTa p;oBeAeHIIJI. Bo MHorHX
118
CJIY'IaHX 9TO CTaBIIT BOJIeII3'bHBIITeJIH B HeBbIrOp;HOe nOJIOme-
HlIe. .D:pyraH clITyanlIH 6JIarOnplIHTcTByeT BOJIeII3'bHBIITeJIIO.
ECJIII nOCJIe OTrrpaBRH nlICbMa ROHTpareHTY BOJIeH3'bHBHTeJIb
Bp;OrOHRY 3a p;aHHbIM nHCbMOM HanpaBJIHeT TeJIerpa IMY HJIK
IIHOe CpO'IHOe nO'ITOBOe C006 eHHe, OnIeHHIO ee cop;epma-
HHe rrepBOro nHCbMa, H BTOpOe C006 eHHe lIocTyrraeT paHb-
rne nepBoro, npaBOBble nOCJIep;CTBIIH BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH He Ha-
cTynalOT.
2) B CJIY'Iae, Rorp;a HeHCHO, RTO HBJIHeTCH ap;pecaTOM
BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH, HarrpHMep RTO HBJIHeTCH HaCJIep;HHROM
YMeprnern ROHTpareHTa, HJIH HeH3BeCTHO MeCTOmIITeJIbCTBO
ROHTpareHTa, BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHe HeB03MomHO. Oc06eHHo He6JIa-
rorrpHHTHO p;aHHoe nOJIOmeHlIe B Tex CJIY'IaHX, Rorp;a ROHTp-
areHT YMblrnJIeHHO CRpbIBaeTCH. B IJ;eJIHX JIHRBHP;aII;HH 9Toro
Heyp;06cTBa rK npH3HaeT MeTOp; «rry6JIHQHOrO H3Be eHIIH»
(CT. 97 2 rK), ROTOpbIH COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO p;aHHoe H3Be e-
HHe rrOMe aeTCH Ha p;OC'Ke 06'bHBJIeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOII ero
cyp;a H 06 aTOM <paRTe no RpalmeH Mepe op;Hamp;bI co06 aeT-
CH B o<pHII;HaJIbHbIX H3p;aHHHX HJIH B ra3eTax. ITo HCTe'IeHHIl
onpep;eJIeHHoro BpeMeHH C MOMeHTa p;aHHoro H3Be eHHH BOJIe-
H3'bHBJIeHlIe C'IHTaeTCH p;ornep;rnHM p;o ROHTpareHTa. 'YRa3aH-
HaH rrpoII;ep;ypa, OP;HaI\O, He rrpHBop;HT I{ npaBOBbIM rrOCJIep;CT-
BIIHM B CJIY'Iae, Rorp;a OTCYTCTBHe CBep;eHHM 0 KOHTpareHTe B
ero MeCTOHaxomp;eHHH HBHJIOCb CJIep;CTBHeM He6pemHOCTR
BOJIeH3'bHBHTeJIH (rr. 3 CT. 97 2 rK).
93. CrrOCOOHOCTb ObITb alI;pecaTOM BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH. KaK
YRa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, p;OBep;eHHe BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHHH p;o ROHTp-
areHTa rrpep;rrOJIaraeT crroco6HOCTb KOHTpareHTa OC03HaTb ero
cop;epmaHHe. ITo:noMY rrpH OTCYTCTBHII crroc06HOCTH ROHTp-
areHTa R OC03HaHHIO BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHlIH IIOHHTHe p;OBep;eHHH
HenpHMeHHMO. OTMe'IeHHaH cnoc06HOCTb II Ha3bIBaeTCH CIIO-
C06HOCTblO 6bITb ap;pecaTOM BOJIeH3'bJIBJIeHHH.
Cnoc06HOCTb 6bITb ap;pecaTOM BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHlIH cy eCT'
BeHHO OTJIII'IaeTCH OT cnoc06HOCTH R BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHIO H
06 eM p;eecnoco6HoCTH. rK YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT, 'ITO B OTJIH'IHe
OT HeCOBeprneHHOJIeTHHX H rrpH3HaHHbIX Hep;eecrroc06HbIMB
OrpaHH'IeHHO p;eecrroco6HbIe MorYT 6bITb ap;pecaTOM BOJIeH3'b-
HBJIeHHH. q TO RacaeTCH HeCOBepIIIeHHOJIeTHIIX II rrpII3HaHHbIX
Hep;eecnoc06HbIMII, TO cop;epmaHHe BOJTeH3'bHBJIeHIIH p;OJImHO
6bITb p;OBep;eHO P;O CBep;eHHH HX 3af\OHHbIX rrpep;CTaBHTeJIeiJ
(CT. 98 rH). Op;HaKO B TOM c<pepe, rp;e B rropHp;Re IICRJIIO'Ie-
RHH npH3HaeTcH p;eecrroco6HOCTb HecoBepIIIeHHOJIeTHHX, rrpH-
J 19
3HaeTCH II HX CIIOCOOHOCTb ObITb a peCal'OM BOJIeU3'bfIEJJeHUH
( CM.: OOm;aH 'laCTb - 25) .
r naB a 7. nPEACT AB TEnbCTBO
1. 06aqHe nOnOH<eHHSI
94. IIoH1ITue IIpe cTaBHTeJIbCTBa. 1) IIpe;a;cTaBHTeJIb-
CTBO - IIHCTHTYT, B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpbBl IIpe;a;CTaBHTeJIb
He3aBHCIIl\JO cOBeprnaeT BOJIeH3'b1lBJIeHII1I II CTaHOBIITC1I a;a;pe-
caTOM BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIii, rropom aH rrpaBOBbIe nOCJIe;a;CTBIIH
neIIocpe;a;CTBeHHO ;a;JIH npe;a;CTaBJIHeMOrO IIM JIIIIJ;a. C TeopeTII-
"IeCKOll TO'lI\II 3peHIIH JIIIll;O, COBeprnaIOm;ee OIIpe;a;eJIeHHbIe
ropII;a;II'leCKile ;a;eHCTBIIH, }IBJIHeTCH O;a;HOBpel\JeHHO II IIOJIY'la-
'TeJIeM IIX pe3YJIbTaTOB. B pa3;a;eJIeHIIII noro npon;ecca II CO-
CTOIIT or JIII'lIITeJIbHaH ocooeHHOCTb IIpe;a;CTaBIITeJJbCTBa. II pe -
<CTaBIITeJIbCTBO BbIIIOJIHHeT rnIIpOKIIe cpYHKn;lIII B COn;IIaJIbHOIl
;a;eHTeJIbHOCTII JIII'lHOCTU. BJIaro;a;apJI IIHCTIITYTY npe;a;CTaBII-
reJIbCTBa OIIpe eJIeHHoe JIIIn;O MomeT, IICnOJIb3YH yMcTBeHHble
(',rrOCOOHOCTII npe;a;CTaBIITeJIH, nOJIY'laTb pe3YJIbTaTbI ero ;a;eH-
TeJIbHOCTI1. C ;a;pyroll CTOpOHbI, rrpe)J;CTaBIITeJIbCTBO BbIIIOJIHH-
-8T BcnOMOraTeJIbHYIO cpYHKn;IIIO npIIMeHIITeJIbHO K COn;IIaJIb-
<ROll ;a;eHTeJIbHOCTII JIII'lHOCTII. BJIarO;a;apH npe;a;CTaBIITeJIbCTBY
JIIIn;a, 06JIa;a;aIOm;IIe npaBocnOCOOHOCTbIO, HO He OOJIa;a;aIOm;He
oCnOCOOHOCTbfO K BOJIeU3'bHBJIeHIIIO, IIMeIOT B03MomHOCTb
peaJIII30BbIBaTb CBOIO npaBOCIIOCOOHOCTb. TaKIIM IIHCTPY-
MeHTOM HBJIHeTCH IIHCTIITYT 3aKOHHbIX npe;a;CTaBIITeJIell (CM.:
OOm;aH 'laCTb - 26) .
IIpe;a;cTaBIJTeJIbcTBo MomeT ObITb a1\TIIBHbIM, Kor a iJlpe -
'Cl'aBIITeJIb E OT IIMeHII IIpe;a;CTaBJIHeMOrO A COBeprnaeT BOJIe
II3'bHBJIeHIIe IIO OTHorneHilIO I{ KOHTpareHTY B, II IIaCCIIBHbIM,
KOT';a;a npe;a;CTaBIITeJIb E nOJIY'laeT BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIe OT KOHTp-
areHTa B, HO BO Bcex CJIy'Iam: IIpaBOBble nOCJIe;a;CTBIIH oy;a;YT
nOpOl:I{;a;aTbCH Herrocpe;a;CTBeHHo ;a;JIH A. BMecTe C TeM He Bce
;a;ei'!CTBIIH, nOMIIMO CBH3aHHbIX C BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIeM, ;a;ame ec-
JIll OHII II BbI3bIBaIOT rrpaBOBbIe IIOCJIe;a;CTBIIH ;a;JIH npe;a;CTaB-
JIHeMOro A, HBJIHIOTCH rrpe CTaBIITeJIbCTBOM. HarrpIIMep, B CJIY-
'lae, Kor;a;a CJIYiKam;IIll E, BbIIIOJIIJHH onpe;a;eJIeHHYIO paooTY
,J];JIH rpam;a;amma A, HapyrnaeT npaBa rpam;a;aHIIHa B, npII'lU-
HHH rrOCJIe;a;HeMY ym;epo, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb rro B03Mem;eHHIO
ym;epoa B03JIaraeTCH Ha A (CT. 715 rK), O;a;HaKO 81'11 npaBO-
.RbIe nOCJIe;a;CTBIIH He CBH3aHbI C npe)J;CTaBIITeJIbCTBOM.
1120
KpOMe TOrO, B03MOmIIOCT:Q, npep;CTaBIITeJIbCTBa rrprr3HaeT-
CH He rrpil Bcex p;eMCTBHJIX, CBH3aHHbIX C BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHII-
e;\1. OObPIHO rrpep;CTaBHTeJIb 06JIap;aeT 60JlbIlleii HJIH MeHbilleJI
C<pePOM CBooop;Horo YCMOTpeHHH, OP;HaI\O B Tex Borrpocax, rp;e-
Heooxop;HMO orrpep;eJIeHHe BOJIH caMHM 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIM
JIHlJ,OM, rrpep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBO He rrpU3HaeTCH. TaI\IIX rrpU1.IepOB
oco6eHHO MHoro B OOJIaCTU JIIl'I1IbIX HeIIMYIlJ,eCTBeHHbIX OTHO-
UleHIIM (opaR, YCbIHOBJIeHHe, rrpII3HaHIIe OTlJ,OBCTBa lIT. rr.).
2) CYIlJ,ecTBYIOT pa3JIII'IHbIe BHP;b! IOpUp;II'IeCRIIX p;eM-
CTBHM, cxomIIX C rrpep;CTaBIITeJIbCTBOM, op;HaRO B HIIX OTCYT-
CTBylOT RaRIIe-JIII6o II3 COCTaBHbIX SJIeMeHTOB rrpep;CTaBIITeJIb-
CTBa - OCYIlJ,eCTBJIeHHe BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHIIH rrpep;cTa!JIITeJIelU OT
IIMeHH rrpep;CTaBJIHeMOrO, crroco6HoCTb OT IIMeHil rrpep;CTaB-
JIHeMOrO ObITb ap;pecaTOM BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIH HJIII I1pnOOpeTe-
HIIe Herrocpep;CTBeHHO P;JIH rrpep;CTaBJIHeMOrO rrpaB II OOH3aH-
HOCTeM.
a) IIpep;cTaBHTeJILCTBO ropllp;H'IeCKOro JIHD;a. J(aHHbIM BHK
rrpep;cTaBHTeJIbCTBa rrpH3HaeTcH 3a opraHaMH IOpUp;H'IecRoro'
JIHlJ,a, II p;eMcTBHH rrpep;CTaBUTeJIbHOrO opraH a C'IHTaIOTCH AeM-
CTBHHMH IOpHAH'IeCIWrO JIHD;a, rrOSTOMY 3p;eCb rrpH3HaeTCH H
rrpep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBO B OTHOIlleHHH rpamp;aHCRHX rrpaBoHapy-
llieHHM (CM.: OOIlJ,aH 'IaCTb - 56). IIpH OObI'IHOM me rrpep;-
CTaBHTeJIbCTBe OHO rrpH3HaeTCH TOJIbKO B OTHOIlleHHII BOJIeH3'b-
HBJIeHHH, a HHbIe IOpHp;H'IeCRHe p;eHCTBHH C'IHTaIOTCH p;eHCT--
BHHMH rrpep;CTaBHTeJIH.
0) IIOCbIJILlfLlii:. IIOCbIJIbHbIM B JIIOOOM <popMe rrepep;aeT
BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHe oAHoro ROHTpareHTa P;PyroMY. aTUM era'
q,YHRD;HH OrpaHH'IHBaIOTCfI, If OH He o6JIap;aeT, RaR npep;cTa-
BHTeJIb, rrpaBoM cOBepIllaTb BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHe. B p;aHH01.1 CJIY--
'Iae BOJIeH3'bHBHTeJIb p;OJImeH OOJIap;aTb AeecrrocooHoCTblO.
B) KOCBeHlIoe rrpeAcTaBHTeJILCTBo. 1\ STOM RaTeropIIII OT-
HOCUTCH, HarrpHMep, rroCpep;HH'IeCTBO, Rorp;a orrpeAeJIeHHOe
JIulJ,O cOBepillaeT AeiicTBIIH AJIH P;Pyroro JIIID;a, oAHaRo B Te Ie-
HHe HeI\OToporo Bpe;\IeHII rrpaBoBbIe nOC,JIeACTBUH ero ;'J;encT-
BIIII pacnpocTpaHHIOTcH TOJIbRO Ha Hero, II JIHIllL rrOCJIe SToro'
AaHHbIe rrOCJIeACTBHH rrepeXOAHT K APyrmIY JIIIlJ,Y. C TO'IRII
3peHUH SROHOMH'IeCIWII <PYHHlJ,IlU 3p;eCb 1Horo o6IlJ,ero C rrpep;-
CTaBHTeJIbCTBOM, O;:J:HaRO Te;\l, 'ITO COBepilleHue IOpIIp;II'IeCHUX
AelICTBIIH II rrpaBOBbIe rrOCJIeACTBllH rrpIlHap;JIeihaT HOCBeHHO-
MY rrpep;CTaBHTeJIIO, a He pa3p;eJIeHbI, KOCBeHHoe rrpep;CT3BU-
TeJIbCTBO OTJIH'IaeTCH OT oorr ero rrpep;CTaBUTeJIbCTBa.
r) BJIaAeHHe 'Iepea rrpep;CTaBlITeJIJI. T3Jwe BJIaAeHHe rrpu-
3HaeTCH rK (CM. CT. 183, 184, 204 rH). OHO OCHOBbIBaeTCH
12V
.lla BOJIeJI3'bHBJIemUI npep;CTaBJIHeMOrO, HO MOmeT 6bITb npe
Rpa:ru;eHO no BOJIe npep;CTaBlITeJIH.
'95. ITpcp;cTaBHTCJILCTBO no P;OBCpCHHOCTH H 3aKOHHoe
npcp;cTaBHTCJILCTBO.
1) Pa3JIII'IaeTCH p;Ba BHp;a npep;cTaBHTeJIbCTBa: npeJICTa-
BIITeJIbCTBO no p;OBepeHHOCTH H 3aKOHHoe rrpep;cTaBHTeJIbCTBo.
B nepBoM CJIY'Iae npep;CTaBIITeJIb CTaHOBIITCH TaKOBbIM no
JIpOCb6e npep;CTaBJIHeMOro, BO BTOpOM - B COOTBeTCTBHII C
JIOJIOmeHHeM onpep;eJIeHHOrO 3aKOHa, Tpe6YIO:ru;ero HaJIH'lIIH
JIpep;CTaBHTeJIH, npII 3TOM 3aROH 'IaCTO onpep;eJIJIeT II 06'beM
JIpep;CTaBHTeJIbCKIIX nOJIHOMO'lHH.
a) IIpocb6a npH npep;cTaBHTeJIbCTBe no p;oBepeHHocTH
oOObI'IHO IIMeeT BHP; rropY'IeHUH. TaK, npu KynJIe-npop;ame
:iKIIJIbH BbIp;aeTCH p;OBepeHHOCTb, KOTopaH 06bI'IHO npep;noJIa-
raeT Hap;eJIeHIIe onpep;eJIeHHOrO JIHu;a npaBOM npep;cTaBHTeJIb-
CTBa. CTporo rOBopH, npocb6a CTaTb npep;CTaBII'reJIeM He orpa-
HH'IHBaeTCH paMKaMH p;oroBopa nopY'IeHIIH. TaK, MomHO Ha-
3BaTb II p;pyrIIe BHP;bI p;orOBopOB, Ha OCHOBaHIIH KOTOpbIX B03-
HH'KaeT npaBO npep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBa: p;orOBOp 00 06'bep;JIHeHHH,
p;orOBOp JIH'IHOrO HaHMa (CM. CT. 623 H CJIep;. fK), p;orOBOp
nop;pHp;a (CM. CT. 632 H CJIep;. fK).
6) 3aKoHHoe npep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBO B03HHKaeT npH CJI8P;YIO-
ID;IIX Tpex YCJIOBHHX:
- JIHU;O, 3aHHMaIO:ru;ee orrpep;eJIeHHOe nOJIOmeHHe rro 01'-
1I0ITIeHIIIO K rrpep;CTaBJIHeMoMY, eCTeCTBeIIHbIM 00pa30M CTaHO-
'BHTCH ero rrpep;CTaBIITeJIeM: Ha npIIMep, OTeIJ; IIJIII MaTb B 01'-
HOITIeHIIII HeCOBepITIeHHOJIeTHIIX p;eTeH (CM. CT. 818, 819,
840 fIt);
- npep;CTaBIITeJIb onpep;eJIHeTCH COfJIameHIIe;\I HJIH Ha-
3HaqeHHeM: HanpUMep, COrJIaITIeHIIe MelK)J;y OTII,OM H MaTepbIO
,0 TOM, RTO oyp;eT ocy:ru;eCTBJIHTb pO)J;IITeJIbClme npaBa
(CT. 819 fK);
- rrpeJICTaBIITeJIb Ha3Ha'IaeTCH B cYJIeOHOM nopHp;Re: Ha-
rrpnMep, Ha3Ha'leHIIe yrrpaBJIHIO:ru;ero Inry:ru;eCTBOM OTCYTCTBY-
lO:ru;ero (rr. 1 CT. 25 fK).
CpeJIII rrpO'IIIX pa3JIH'IHH MeffiJIY 3ar.;QHHbIM rrpep;CTaBII-
TE'JIbCTBOM II rrpeJICTaBHTeJIbCTBOM no p;OBepeHHOCTH HaHOOJIee
BamHbIM HBJIHeTCH OO'beM rrOJIHOMO'lIIH JIIIIJ;a, IWTOpOMy p;OBe-
peHO ocy:ru;eCTBJIeHIIe npeJICTaBHTeJIbCTBa.
2) IIpep;cTaBHTeJIbCTBO, oc06eHHo 3aKOHHoe npep;cTaBu-
TeJIbCTBO, BbITIOJIHHeT Il>YHKIJ;HIO yrrpaBJIeHIIH HMy:ru;80TBOM
pyroro JI1Iqa 01' ero HMeHII, op;HaKO 3Ta IJ;eJIb MomeT 6bITb
122
):\OCTllrHYTa II C nOMO bIO 1I11bIX Cpe):\CTB, Hanpmlep IIHC'TIITY-
Ta ynpaBJIHIOlI\ero IIMYlI\eCTBOM (ynpaBJIHIOII\IIH IIMy ecTBo 1
OTCYTCTBYIO erO, 6aHKpOTa, IICnOJIHIITeJIb 3aBe aHIIH).
96. IIepe):\oBepne.
1) ITepe):\oBepue 03Ha qaer Ha3HaqeHIIe OT II IeHII npe):\CTa-
BIITeJIJI p;pyroro npe):\cTaBUTeJIH npep;CTaBJIHeMOrO JIII:u;a. Bo-
rrpoc 0 TOM, Momer JIll rrpef];CTaBIue.TIb nepe):\OBepIITb npep;CTa-
BIITeJIbCTBO, p;OJIllieH JIll OH JIII'IHO OCYll eCTBJIHTb npep;CT aBII-
TeJlbCKlle p;eHCTBIIH IlJIII aTII p;eHCTBIIJI MOllieT COBeprnaTb ero
nOMOII\HIIK nop; KOHTpOJIeM npep;CTaBIITeJIH, He Haxop;IIT e)J;lI-
Horo perneHIIH. ITO)J;XO)J; 3)J;eCb )J;OJIllieH 6bITb pa3JIH'IHbIM )J;JI}J
3a:ROHHoro rrpe)J;CTaBIITeJIJI II npe)J;CTaBHTeJIJI no )J;OBepeHHO-
CTII. ITpe):\CTaBIITeJIb no )J;OBepeHHOCTII B npllH:U;lIne He 06JIa-
):\aeT rrpaBoM rrepe):\oBepuD. OHO )J;OIIyoKaeTcH JIIIrnb B CJIY'lae
nOJlY'leHIIJI npe)J;BapHTeJIbHOrO CorJIaCIIJI npe)J;CTaBJIHeMOrO
IIJIU B 'Ipe3BbI'IaHHbIX 06CTOHTeJlbCTBaX, Kor):\a npe):\CTaBIITeJIb
JIII'IHO He MOllieT.OCYlI\eCTBIITb npe):\CTaBIITeJIbCKIIX CPYHIt:U;IIH
II He IIMeeT BpeMeHII Ha nOJIY'IeHlle CorJIaCIIJI npe)J;CTaBJIHeMO-
ro Ha nepe)J;OBeplle (CT. 10 4 rK). B npOTIIBOnOJlOlliHOCTb aTO-
MY 3aKOHHbIH npe):\CTaBIITeJlb, 3a IICKJIIO'IeHlleM OC06bIX CIITY-
a:U;IIH, 06JIa)J;aeT npaBOM nepe)J;OBepIIH (CT. 106 rK). Pa3JIII'I-
Ha TaRiRe II OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb npe)J;CTaBHTeJIeH 3a ornll6RII Tex
JIII:U;, ROMY nepe):\OBepeHO npe)J;CTaBIITeJIbCTBO. ITpll npe):\CTa-
BIITeJIbCTBe no ):\OBepeHHOCTII npep;CTaBIITeJIb JIeCeT OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTb TOJIbltO 3a CBOIO He6pe/KHOCTb npII nepep;OBepIIII II Koa-
TpOJIe 3a JIII:U;OM, KOMY nepep;OBepeHO rrpe):\CTaBIITeJIbCTBO,
TaKllie 3a Heco061I\eHIIe npe):\CTaBJIJIeMOMY 0 TOM, 'ITO JIH:U;O,
KOTopoe YKa3aHO npe):\CTaBJIJIeMbIM ):\JIJI OCYlI\eCTBJIeHIlj{
npep;CTaBIITeJIbCKIIX CPYHK:U;IIH B nOpJI):\Ke nepe):\OBepIIH, HI}
06J1a):\aeT cooTBeTcTBYIOIIJ;eH KBaJIIIcpIlKa:U;lIeH IlJIII He 3aCJIY
lliUBaeT ):\OBepIIH, B CJIY'Iae, eCJIII caM rrpe)J;CTaBIITeJIb 3HaJI 06
aTmI (CM. CT. 105 rK). 3aKOHHbIH llie npe):\CTaBIITeJIb HeceT
nOJIHYIO OTBeTCTBE'HHOCTb 3a ):\eHCTBHH JIII:u;a, KOMY nepe)J;OBe-
peHO rrpe)J;CTaBHTeJIbCTBO (CM. CT. 106 rK).
2) JIII:U;O, I\O;\Iy nepe):\OBepeno npep:CTaBIITeJlbCTBO, HBJIH-
eTCH npe):\CTaBHTeJIeM npe):\CTaBJIHeMOrO, a He npe)J;CTaBHTeJIR
(n. 1 CT. 107 rK). ITOCKOJIbKY TO JlIIIJ;O, KmIY nepe):\OBepeHO
npe):\CTaBIITeJIbCTBO, Ha3Ha'laeTCH npe):\CTaBHTeJIeM, ):\eHTeJIb-
HOCTb aToro JIII:u;a HaXO):\IITCJI no):\ KOHTpOJIe;\I rrpe):\CTaBIITeJIH,
a BonpoCbI onJlaTbI II )J;Pyrlle BorrpOCbI, KacaIOn IIeCJI IICI{JIIO'III-
TeJIbHO BHYTpeHHIIX OTHorneHIIH Mellip:y mum, ):\OJIlliHbI pe-
rnaTbCD no IIX COrJIarneHHIO. Melli):\y reM nl) c-006pafReHIIHM
123:
y.p;06CTna fIt onpep;eJUIeT, 'ITO 06a :nux JIuu;a Haxop;HTCH B
Op;UHaIwnOM nOJIOlli8HUU no OTHOilieHIno R npep;CTanJIHeMoMY
(n. 2 CT. 107 fIt). IIoaToMY, HanpIIMep, TO JIIIU;O, HOMY nepe-
.p;onepeHO npep;CTaBlITeJIbCTnO, MOiReT Tpe60naTb Henocpep;-
CTneHHO OT npep;CTanJIHeMOrO nbITIJI3TbI anaHca II T. n. ItpoMe
Toro, fIt HCHO ronopMT II 0 TOM, 'ITO npep;CTanMTeJIb II TO JIM-
U;O, ROMY nepep;onepeHO npep;CTanMT8JIbCTnO, Haxop;HTCH B
,panHOM nOJIOiReHMII no OTHOIIIeHMIO I{ TpeTbMM JIIIu;aM (CM.
n. 2 CT. 107 fIt).
3) JInu;o, ROMY nepep;onepeHO npep;CTamITeJIbCTnO, Ha3Ha-
''IaeTCH npep;CTanMTeJIeM, M ero npaBO npep;CTanMTeJIbCTna oc-
:HOnbIBaeTCH Ha npane npep;CTanIITeJIH, noaTOMY B CJIY'Iae
ocn060iRp;eHIIH npep;CTanIITeJIH OT nbInOJIHeHMH ero If>YHRU;Mii
1IJIM YTpaTbI IIM npana npe CTanIITeJIbCTna dTO npIInop;MT R
npeRpaIll,eHMIO nOJIHOMO'IMM M Toro JIUu;a, ROMY nepep;onepe-
.no npep;CTaBIITeJIbCTno.
1. npaBo npeAcTaBHTenbcTBa
97. OCHoBaHIIH B03HIIRHOBeHIIH npaBa npep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBa
JIH 3aHOHHoro npep;CTanMTeJIbCTBa II npep;CTanIITeJIbCTna no
onepeHHOCTM pa3JIM'IHbI. IIpM 3aROHHOM npep;CTanIITeJIbCTne
TaRMMM OCHonaHMHMII HnJIHIOTCH: HOpMbI 3aROHop;aTeJIbHbIX
aRTon, Ha3Ha'IeHIIe co CTOpOHbI P;PyrMx 'IaCTHbIX JIMU;, nOMMMO
npep;CTanJIHeMOrO, Ha3Ha'IeHue, ocyru;ecrnJIHeMOe ceMeMHbIM
Cyp;OM, M P;PyrMe. IIpep;cTanMTeJIbCTno no p;onepeHHOCTII OCHO.
BbIBaeTCH Ha npocb6e co CTOpOHbI npep;CTanJIHeMOrO, op;HaRO
'B OTHOIIIeHMM xapaRTepa n03HMRHoneHIIH OCHOBaHIIM P;JIH npa-
na npep;CTanMTeJIbCTna n aTOM CJIY'Iae IIMeeTCH pHP; np06JIeM.
a) ECJIII paccMaTpMnaTb npep;cTanMTeJIbCTno RaR He'ITO
OTHOcHIlI,eecH H IIHCTMTYTY nOPY'IeHIiH II He nbIxop;HIlI,ee 3a
rrpep;eJIbI ero nHeIIIHMX OTHOIIIeHMM, TO npaBO npep;CTaBIITeJIb-
CTBa n03HIIKaeT 6JIarOp;apH p;orOBopy nopY'IeHIIH. ECJIM 06'b-
ep;uHeHue JIJIII .::rII'IHbIM HaeM conpOBomp;a8TCH npep;CTanII-
TeJIbCTBO I, TO II p;oronop 06 06'bep;MHeIIMII II p;oronop 0 JIM'IHOM
HallMe CJIep;yeT paCCMaTpMBaTb n p;aHHoM 'IaCTM KaK p;oronop
nopY'IeHIIH. ECJIII iRe OTOMTII OT cxeMbI nopY'IenMe-npep;CTa-
BMTeJIbCTBO II pacc raTpIInaTb p;oronopHbIe OTHOIIIeHIIH, nRJIIO-
qaIOIlI,ue npep;CTanIITeJIbCTnO, n Ka'IeCTBe OTp;eJIbHOrO He3anII-
CHMoro IIHCTliTYTa MJIII CTPYKTypbI, TO npano npep;CTanIITeJIb-
CTna B03HMRaeT 6JIarOp;apH Cp;eJIKe Memp;y npep;CTanJ1HeMbIM
R npep;cTanIITeJIeM no nOBoP;Y npana npep;cTanIITeJIbCTna
1124
(yrrOJIHOMO'lIlBarorn;aH Cp;eJIKa). B pe3YJIbTaTe npllMeHeHIIH
:,HOM TeOpeTIPleCKOll lWHCTPYJ\ 1l1i OTnap;aeT He06xop;HMOCTb
nOCTOHHHO 06YCJIOBmmaTb npep;CTaBH'reJIbCTBO nopY'leHHeM.
6) ECJIH paccMaTpllBaTb npep;cTanHTeJIbCTnO no p;oBepeH-
.HOCT!l B Ka'leCTBe oco6oro nup;a lOpllp;IPleCJ\oro p;eMcTBHH, a
HMeHHO ynOJIHOMO'IUBalOrn.eii Cp;eJIKII, BoaHllJ\aeT Bonpoc, HB-
.JIHeTCH JIH aTa cp;eJIl{a p;oronopoM HJIH OP;HOCTopoHHeM cp;eJI-
IWM, Tpe6yeT JIH OHa COrJIaCHH npep;CTaBHTeJIH. IIOCJ\OJIbKY
npep;OCTaBJIeHHe npaBa npep;cTaBHTeJIbCTBa 03Ha'laeT nap;eJIe-
HHe npep;cTaBIITeJIH onpep;eJleHHOM J\oMneTeHD;HeM :H HllJ\aJ\ He
.orpaHII'IHBaeT ero, TO KOHD;enD;HH, paCCMaTpllBalOm;aH Hap;e-
JIeHIIe npaBOM npep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBa KaK OP;HOCTOpOHHlOlO cp;eJI-
Ky, He Tpe6ylOrn.YlO COrJIaCIIH npep;CTaBIITeJIH, rrpep;CTaBJIHeT-
CH paaYMHOM. IIo TaKOMY nYTH Hp;eT repMaHCJ\oe rpamp;aH-
CKoe rrpaBO, aTOM me TO'lJ\H apeHIIH npHp;epmHBalOTcH H MHO-
rHe HnOHCIf\He Y'IeHble. Op;HaJ\O Ha npaJ\THJ\e rK He npOBop;HT
'tJeTJ\OI'O paarpaHH'IeHllH Memp;y nopy IeHlleM H npep;CTaBH-
"TeJIbCTBOM (CM. CT. 104, 111 rK), nonOMY npH TOJIKOBaHIlII
rK 60JIee yMecTHo paccMaTpHnaTb ynOJIHOMO'IIIBalOrn.ylO cp;eJI-
y He KaK OP;HOCTOpOHHlOlO, a J\aK cp;eJIJ\Y oc060ro pop;a, no-
xomylO Ha nopY'leHHe.
B) Y nOJIHOMO'IHBalOrn.aH Cp;eJIKa He Tpe6yeT onpep;eJIeH-
HOM 4JOPMbl, ee BnOJIHe MomHO 06'bep;HHHTb C rpynnoM p;pyrHx
orOBopOB, OHa MomeT COBepmaTbCH H B YCTHOM 4JoPMe.
Bonpoc 0 TOM, conpOBomp;aeTCH JIll HaeM JIluJ,a P;JIH BbIllOJIHe-
HHH onpep;eJIeHHOM pa60TbI Hap;eJIeHlTe!II ero npanOM npep;CTa-
BHTeJIbCTBa, pemaeTCH J\OHJ\peTHO B l{amp;0M OTp;eJIbHOM CJIY-
'Iae. Ha npaJ\TllJ\e CTaJIa 06bI'IHOM npaJ\TllKa Bblp;a'lH p;OBe-
peIlHOCTH, YJ\a3bIBalOrn.eM Te nYIlJ\TbI, no IWTOpbIM onpep;eJIeH-
Hoe JIllD;O Hap;eJIHeTCH npaBOMO'IllHMH npep;CTaBllTeJIH.
.1') OC06bIM BHP;OM p;onepellHOCTH HBJIHeTCH KapT-6JIaHIII,
B IWTOpOII rpa4JbI, YJ\a3bIBaIOIIJ,He HMH J\OIlTpareHTa H cop;ep-
?KaHHe p;OBepeHHOCTH, OCTalOTCH HeaarrOJIHeHHbIMH. B HaCTOH-
m;ee BpeMH p;anHaH 4JopMa lIIlIpORO IICrrOJIbayeTcH aKD;IIonepa-
:Mn Jj 'IJleHa IJT lOpUiJ;II'IeCI{IlX mnJ, rrpII p;onepIIH ocyrn.eCTBJIe-
HHH npaBa rOJIOca n HX OTCYTCTnlle na 06rn.eM c06paHHH.
98. IIpep;eJIbI rrpaBa rrpep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBa rrpH aaKOHHOM
npep;CTaBIITeJIbCTBe onpep;eJIHlOTCH TOJIlWnaHHeM COOTBeTCT-
:aYlOrn.HX HOpM 3aJ\OHop;aTeJIbCTBa, peryJIHpYlOID;HX p;aHHoro
pop;a rrpep;CTanllTeJIbCTBO, B CJIY'Iae npep;cTaBHTeJIbCTBa no
,n:OBepeHHOCTH - TOJIKOBaHHeM yrrOJIHOMO'IHnalOID;eM Cp;eJIKH.
IIOCIWJIhI{y p;aHHoe TOJIKOnaHHe aaTpal'HBaeT TpeTbHX JIHD;,
1 5
3fJ;eCb HeOOXO mlO OCOOeHHO BHHMaTeJIbHOe paCCMOTpeHH '
TeKCTa OHepeHHOCTH, npaBOBOrO nOJIOmeHHH npe CTaBIITeJIH..
CO epmaHJIH npep;CTaBI1TeJIbCTBa H PyrlIx BOnpOCOB.
B OTHOIIIeHHU npe eJIOB npaBa npe cTaBHTeJIbCTlla fIt
YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT pH I10JIOmeHHn.
1) ECJIH JIIIIW HBHO Ha eJIeHO II paBoM npe cTaBHTeJ1bcTHa,
O IlaKO lIpe eJIbI ero He onpe.a;eJIeHbI, TO B COOTBeTCTBIIlI C fIt
YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH Kpyr encTBHn, BXO H:ru;HX B npaBOMO'lIH!
npe cTaBlITeJIH (CT. 103 fIt). Bo-nepBbIx, :31'0 .a;encTBliH no
coxpaHeHHIO HMy:ru;ecTBa (oxpaH1lIo:ru;ne ;r(eiicTBHlI), '1TO BKJIIO-
'IaeT H rrpo amy CKopOnOpTJI:ru;HXCJI Bem;err. BO-BTOPbIX, err-
TBIIH no H3BJIe'leHIIIO Bblro H3 HCnOJIb30BaHlIH Be:ru;eiJ IIJIII
npaB B npe.a;eJIax, He MeHHIOm;IIX IIX xapaKTepa ( eiiCTBIUI no
DCnOJlb30BaHHIO). ;:11'0, o.a;HaKO, He BKJIIO'IaeT nepeBo.a;OH e-
HemHbIX BKJla OB B HaJIII'IHhIe eHbrH BBII y 50JIbiliOn CTene-
HD pIICKa II 1I3MeHeHHJI xapaKTepa Be:ru;II. B-TpeTbHX, en-
CTBHH no YBeJIH'IeHIIIO u,eHHOCTH npn HCnOJIb30BaHIIII IlJ11I 06-
:\IeHe (YJlY'lIllaIOllI,He .a;eiicTBHa). HanplIMep, MeOJIl1pOBKR
1I\1IJIbH. HalIOOJIee '1aCTO aHHbIe npaBIIJIa npIL\JE'IHlIDTCH H
OTHOilieHIlII 3aKOHHbIX YllpaBJIHIO:ru;IlX HMy:ru;ecTBQ;\J (CT. 28.
943 fIt).
2) C TO'lKII 3peHHH TeopnH npe CTallIITeJIbCTBa He HBJIH-
IOTCH HeB03MomHbIMII TaKlle cHTyau,l1lI, KaK nOHYlilm rpam.a;a-
HHHOM B, Ha eJIeHHbIM npaBOM npe CTaBIITeJIbCTBa 1I0 npo-
ame OMa rpam aHUHa A, ,noro OMa IIJIIl fhe aaI\JIIO'IemI8
.a;orOBopa RynJIH-npO amII Mea'fJ;Y A H B, Kor a O IlH H TOT
iRe rpam aHnH B JIBJIHeTCH npe CTaBIITeJIeM O HOBpeMeHH()
A II B. Mem y TeM 5e3YCJIOBHOe ony:ru;eHlIe YHa3aHHhIX en-
CTBHn BbI3hIBaeT onaceHIIH 0 B03MOlliHOCTH npH'IIIHeIIHH
y:ru;ep5a HHTepecaM IIpe CTaBJIHeMoro. I1o:noMY fIt B npUH-
r:t;lIne 3aIlpe:ru;aeT YKa3aHHbIe .a;encTBIIH. HCKJIIO'IeHUe COCTaB-
JIHeT JIIIIIIb CJIY'laIJ IICnOJIHeHIIH 05H3aTeJIbCTB (CT. 108 fIt).
IOpII H'IeCKaH HaYKa II cy e6HaH npaKTHKa (peilieHIIe Bep-
XOBHoro cy.a;a 01' 6 HIOHJI 1922 r.) TOJIKylOT 81'0 nOJIOmeHIIe
paCIIIIIpIITeJIbHO, pacnpOCTpaHHH ero II Ha enCTBIIH, no na-
;r(aIO:ru;IIe no nOHHTIle IICnOJIHeHHH OOH3aTeJIJ,CTB.
3) COBMeCTHoe npe;r(cTaBUTeJlbCTBO upIl:\JeHHeTCH B Tex
cHTyau,UHX, Kor.a;a npe.a;CTaBIITeJIbCKIJe p,ellcTBIIH B I10JIHO:\I.
05'beMe MorYT 6bITb ocy:ru;eCTBJIeUbI JlIllllb HeCKOJIbl\ll:\JIl npe -
CTaBIITeJIH:\lll. AaHHoe nOJIO;.I,eHIIe :\wamo paCC:\IaTpliBau) B
Ka'leCTBe CBoeI'O po a OrpaHII'IeHIIH npaBa npe;:J:CTaBIlTeJIb-
CTBa, Tax KaK O IIH npe CTaBIITeJIb He Mo;t;eT ocy:ru;eCTBJIHTb.
[Jpe CTaBIITeJIbCTBO B nOJIHOM 05'be:\l8. CJIe.a;yeT Y'lIITblBaTb,
126
"'"ITO cHTyaIJ;HH, ROr)];a Onpe)];eJIeBHOe )];eHCTBMe MOmeT COBep.
illaTbCH HeCROJIbRHMM npe)];CTaB1ITemIMM e)];MHo.lIM'lHO, He no)];-
na)];aeT no)]; nOHHTHe COBMeCTHoro npe)];CTaBlITeJIbCTBa. aTO
llOJIO/ReHHe npe)];IIOJIaraeT HBHoe YRa3aHlIe Ha COBMeCTHoe
npe)];GTaBlITeJIbCTBO (CM., HarrpMMep, CT. 818, 825 fIt 0 COB-
MeCTHOM OCYIIJ;eCTBJIeHHM pO)];HTeJIbCI\MX npaB).
99. OCHOBaHIIJI npeRpaIIJ;eHIIJI npaBa npe)];CTaBIITeJILCTBa.
B OTHomeHMH 3aROHHOl'O npe)];CTaBIITeJIbCTBa H npe)];CTaBM-
'TeJIbCTBa IIO )];OBepeHHOCTM fIt npe)];YCMaTpHBaeT 06IIJ;He H
Cnell,MaJIbHLIe OCHOBaHHH npeRpaIIJ;eHHH (CT. 111 fIt).
1) OOIIJ;HMM OCHOBaHHflMH HBJIHIOTCH CMepTb npe)];CTaB-
..JIfleMOro MJIH npe)];CTaBHTeJIH, OrpaHM'leHHe )];eeCnOCooHoCTH
II oaHRpoTcTBO.
2) B Ra'leCTBe cneIJ;HaJIbHOrO OCHOBaHMH nplI npe)];CTaBII-
TeJIbCTBe no )];OBepeHHOCTII fIt YCTaHaBJIHBaeT npeRpaIIJ;eHMe
;IJ;eHCTBHH nOPY'leHIIH. ItaR YRa3LIBaJIOCb paHee, ynOJIHOMO'lH-
BaIOIIJ;aH C)];eJIRa OTJIH'laeTCH OT nopy'leHlIH, O)];HaRO )];OJlmHa
paCCMaTpHBaTbCH B Ra'leCTBe C)];eJIRII, IIoxomeM Ha )];OrOBOp
nopY'leHHfI, noaTOMy H OCHOBaHIIH ee npeRpaIIJ;6HIIH no}];na-
;IJ;aIOT IIO)]; OCHOBaHIIH npeRpaIIJ;eHlIH )];OrOBOpa rropy'leHHH.
}lCXO)];fI H3 aToro, npaBO npe)];CTaBlI'reJIbCTBa npeRpaIIJ;aeTCH
RaR B CHJIY oaHRpoTcTBa npe)];CTaBJIHeMOrO (CT. 653 fIt), TaR
:II no BOJIe npe}];CTaBJIfleMOrO lIJIII IIpe}];CTaBIITeJIH (CT. 651 fIt).
Ha IIOCJIe}];Hee OOCTOHTeJIbCTBO CJIe)];yeT OOpaTIITb ocoooe BHII-
MaHlIe. IIpe)];cTaBHTeJIbcTBo no )];OBepeHHOCTH OCHOBbIBaeTCH
Ha OTHomeHMHX )];OBepIIH Mem}];y IIpe)];CTaBJIHeMbIM M npe)];-
CTaBHTeJIeM, noaToMy aTM OTIIOmeHMfI MorYT OLITb npeRpa:ru;e-
HLI B JIIOOOe BpeMH oe3 RaI{IIX-JIIIOO OCOOLIX oCHoBaHHM no
:IIHIIll,MaTHBe JIIOOOM 1I3 CTOpOH. CnopHoM, O)];HaRO, HBJIHeTCH_
;IJ;OIlYCTIIMOCTb Crrell,MaJIbHOrO oOH3aTeJIbCTBa npe)];CTaBJIHeMO-
TO rrepe)]; npe)];CTaBIITeJIeM 0 neOTl\IeHe IIpaBa npe)];CTaBIITeJIb-
CTBa B Te'leHUe onpe)];eJIeHHOrO cpOKa.
B CJIY'lae 3aKJIa)];a IIeHCHH M Ha)];eJIeHIIH Kpe)];IITOpa npaBoM
npe)];CTaBHTeJIbCTBa no nOJIY'leIIMIO neHCIIH OObl'lHO 3aRJIIO'la-
-eTCH CIIeIJ;lIaJIbHOe COrJIameHHe 0 HeOTMeHe npaBa IIpe)];CTa-
BHTeJIbCTBa }];O nOJIHOrO norameHHfI OCHOBHOM CyMMLI p;oJlra
npOli,eHTOB. O)];HaRO nO)];OOHOe COrJIaIITeHlIe HaIIpaBJIeHO Ha
.oOXO}]; OOH3a TeJIbHLIX npe)];nHCaHHM, 3a npeIIJ;aIOIIJ;MX 3aRJIa)];
neHClIlI, .II He)];eMCTBHTeJIbHO RaR nplITBopHafl C)];eJIRa. )J;pyrlIe
-cJly'laII OOeIIJ;aHMH HeOTMeHLI IIpaBa npe)];CTaBMTeJIbCTBa Tal,-
me He)];eMCTBIITeJIbHLI KaR )];eMCTBIIH, npOTIIBOpe'laIIJ;Me nyo-
JIII'lHOMY IIOPH)];RY II )];OOPbIM HpaBaM, nOCROJIbRy TaRMe ooe-
127
m;aHIH! ,[IaIOTCJI B YCJIaBllJIX cepbe3HbIX 3IWHa:\IlI'IeCRIIX
3aTpY,[IHeBIIII npep;CTaBJIJIe IOra. JI:talliL npll aTCYTCTBllII YI,a-
3aHHbIX aOCTaJITeJIbCTB CJIep;yeT rrpIl3HaBaTb p;eiicTBIlTeJIb-
HaCTb CrreIl,IIaJIbHbIX carJIameHIIII a HeaTMeHe rrpaBa rrpep;CTa-
BHTeJIbCTBa.
M HaIWHeIl" eCJIII rrpaBa rrpep;CTaBIlTeJIbCTBa Ba3IlIIRaeT 113.
HHbIX, lIaMII:\IO p;araBapa rrapY'IeHIIJI, p;araBapHbIX aTlIOme-
Hllii, Harrpll:\Iep Il3 p;araBapa 0'0 a6'bep;llHeHIIll IIJIll JIII'IHaM
HaMMe, TO' rrpeRpaIIl,eHlle p;anHbIX p;araBapHbIX aTIIameHIIii B;
rrpIIHII,llrre p;aJImHa BeCTII R npeIwaIIl,eHIIIO TIpaBa upep;CTa-
BIITeJIbCTBa, rraCRaJIbRY H B 3THX CJIY'IaJIX npe,[laCT aBJIeHll8'
npaBa rrpep;CTaBIITeJIbCTBa JIBJIJIeTCJI ap;HIIM H3 3JIeMerrTaB
YRa3aHHbIX p;araBapHbIX aTHarneHlliL
3. npeACTaBHTenbCKHe AeHcTBHJI
100. IIpHHD;Hn JlBHOCTH npe,[lCTaBHTeJIbCTBa. IIpII aCYIII,e-
CTBJIeHIIII npep;CTaBIITeJIbCTBa nepe,[l TpeTbIIMII JIIIIl,a:\III Tpe-
6yeTCJI, '1TOObI 3Tll JIIIIl,a 6bI.JIll aCBe,[lOMJIeHbI 0'0 aCYIIl,8CTBJIe-
HHH rrpep;CTaBIITeJIeM anpep;eJIeHHbIX p;eHCTBIIii aT IDleHlI
npep;CTaBJIJIel\IOra II pacnpaCTpaHeHllll na rraCJIep;Hera lIpaBa-
BbIX rraCJIep;CTBIIH (CM. II. 1 CT. 99 rK). 8Ta Ha3hIBaeTCfI
npllHII,IlIIaM JIBHaCTll rrpe,[lCTaBIITeJIbCTBa. Kafp;a me II3 ca-
)];epmaHIIJI BaJIe1l3'bJIBJIeHllJI aqeBII,[IHa, RTa HllJIJIeTCJI rrpe,[l-
CTaBJIJIeMbL\1, aca6ae YRa3aHlIe Ha IIMJI rrpep;CTaBJIJIe:\IOra rre
aOJI3aTeJIbHa (CM. araBapRY CT. 100 rK). C ,[Ipyraii CTapaHbI,
B CJIY'Iae, Rarp;a RaHTpareHT 3HaJI IIJIII p;aml\eH ObIJI 3HaTb,
qTa rrpe)];CTaBIITeJIb XaTJI II YRa3aJI Ha rrpe,[lCTaBIITeJIhCTBa OT
lL\oIeHII rrpep;CTaBJIJIeMara, Ha p;eHCTBaBaJI B CBaIlX caOCTBeH-
HbIX IIHTepecax, rrpllMeHJIJI nO' aHaJIarIIII araBapRY CT. 93 rK,
CJIe,[lyeT aTpllIl,aTb p;eHCTBIITeJIbHaCTb TaKHX p;eHcTBIIH.
II pe,[lCTaBIITeJIb aCYIll,8CTBJIJIeT IIpep;CT aBIITeJIbCRIIe ,[IeH-
CTBrrJI HeIIacpep;CTBeHHa aT IIl\IeHII rrpe,[lCT8BJIJIeMara. Hanpn-
Mep, aCYIIl,eCTBJIeIUle JIlIII,aM, aOJIap;aIOIII,IDI pa,[lIITeJlbCmDIII
npaBaMII, C,[IeJIOIt aT II:\IeHII HecaBepmeHHaJleTHera peoeIH,a
np1l3HaeTCJI caaTBeTcTByIOIlI,IIl\I npIIHII,IIrry .HBHaCTII.
B CJIy'rae, I\Or,[la rrpe,[lCTaBrrTeJIbCI,IIe ,[IeHCTBIIJI aCYIII,eCTB-
JIJIIOTCJI 6e3 YI\a3aHllJI Ha IIX caBepru8Hne B IIHTepecax upe,[l-
CTaBJIJIe:\IOra, ,[Iail\e eCJIU cap;epa;aIIl,aJICfl B HIIX Ba.1JJI aTB8'IaeT
HHTepecal\I rrpe,[lCTaBJIJIel\IOfa, Ba3HIlKaeT Barrpac a Ta:\1, He
caBepmaeTCJI JIll llaJIen3'bJIBJIeHII8 B JIII'IHblX IIHTepecax npe,[l-
CTaBIITeJIJI (CT. 95 rK). OO'bJIBJIeHlle ,[IaIIHbIX ,[IeiicTBIIII He-
,[IeHCTBIITeJIbHbIMll HaHeCJIa ObI ym;epo oe3anaCHaCTII Tapra-
128
BbIX OTHOrneH.lIH. IIo<noMY, llCXOP;H 113 3TIIX onaceHIIH, [R
3anpem;aeT B nop;06HbIX CJIYtJaHX ocnapllBan YKa3aHHbIe p;eH-
CTBIIH Ha OCHOBaHHH 3a6JIYiKp;eHHH, a paCCMaTpllBaeT llX KaK
c06CTBeH.lrne p;eHCTBHH npep;CTaBHTeJIH (CT. 100 [R).
101. J];e.peK'.rbI npep;CTaBIITeJIbCKIIX p;eiicTBIIii. IIpep;cTaBll-
TeJIbCKlle p;eHcTBHH HBJIHIOTCH p;eHcTBuHMH caMoro npep;cTa-
BHTeJIH II He paCCMaTpHBaroTcH B KatJeCTBe p;eHCTBHll: npew
CTaBJIHeMoro. IIoaToMY Bonpoc 0 HaJIHtJIIH HJIH OTCYTCTBIIH
B03MomHblX nopOKOB Cp;eJIKH p;OJImeH pernaTbcH caMIIM npep;-
CTaBHTeJIeM, a He npep;CTaBJIneMhIM (n. 1 CT. 101 [R). Op;Ha-
KO B CJIYtJae, Korp;a cp;eJ.l!Ka cOBeprnaeTcH no yKa3aHlllO npep;-
CTaBJIHeMOrO, KOTOpbIIT B OTJIlltJHe OT npep;CTaBIITeJIH 3HaJI 0
ee nopOKax, C,p;eJIKa He MOiHeT 6hITb ocnopeHa npep;CTaBJIHe-
MbIM Ha OCHOBaHHH HeOCBep;OMJIeHHOCTH npep;CTaBHTeJIH (n. 2
CT. 101 [R).
qTO KacaeTCH OMaHa II np:rIHymp;eHHH co CTOpOHbI npep;-
CTaBHTeJIH BO BpeMH cOBepllIeHHH npep;cTaBHTeJIbOKHX p;eHcT-
BIIH, <no He HBJIHeTCH np06JIeMOH p;ecpeKTOB p;aHHbIX p;eHCTBIIH.
IIOCKOJIbKY npaBOBbIe nOCJIep;CTBIIH Cp;eJIKH Henocpep;CTBeHHO
pacnpOCTpaHHIOTCH Ha npep;CTaBJIHeMOrO, TO 06MaH CO CTOpO-
HbI npep;CTaBIITeJIH C TOtJKll 3peHHH KOHTpareHTa He p;OJImeH
paCCMaTpllBaTbCH KaK 06MaH CO CTOpOHbI TpeTbero JIlIn; a,
no<nOMY KOHTpareHT MomeT aHHYJIHpOBaTb Cp;eJIKY BHe 3aBll-
CHMOCTII OT 3HaHHH HJIH He3HaHHH npep;cTaB HeMoro 06 06-
MaHe (CM. n. 2 CT. 96 [K).
102. J];eecnocooHoCTb npep;cTaBHTeml. IIpep;cTaBIITeJIb OCY-
m;eCTBJIHeT p;eHcTBIIH JIlltJHO, op;HaKO npaBOBbIe nOCJIep;CTBIIH
3TIIX p;eHcTBIIH HacTynalOT P;JIH npep;CTaBJIHeMOrO, H p;ame B
CJIYtJae llX cOBeprneHIIH Ha OCHOBaHUH ornH6KH 3TO He HaHO-
CHT JIHtJHO npep;CTaBHTeJIIO H.lIKaKOrO ym;ep6a. TI03TOMY OT
npep;CTaBHTeJIH H He Tpe6yeTcH HaJIHtJHH p;eecnoco6HOCTll.
IIHatJe rOBopH, npep;CTaBIITeJIbCI\He p;eH:CTBHH, COBeprneHHbIe
Hep;eecnoco6HbIM, nOJIHOCTblO p;eH:CTBHTeJIbHbI no OTHOllIeHHIO.
K KOHTpareHTY U He aHHYJIIlpYIOTCH (CT. 10? [K). IIoHHTHO,
tJTO Ha3HatJeHHe Hep;eecnoc06Horo npep;CTaBHTeJIeM HeBbIrop;-
HO npep;CTaBJIHe,MOMY, op;HaKO Borrpoc Bbl60pa npep;cTaBHTeJIH
HBJIHeTCH JIllqHblM p;eJIOM npep;CTaBJIHeMoro. YKa3aHHoe nOJIO-
meHHe [K OTHOCHTCH He TOJIbKO K npep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBY no
p;OBepeHHOCTH, op;HaKO npll 3aKOHHOM npep;CTaBHTeJIbCTBe B
onpep;eJIeHHbIX CJIYtJaHX BBOP;HTCH orpaHHtJeHHH P;JIH Ha3Ha-
tJeHHH Hep;eecnoc06HblX 3aKOHHbiMll npe]{CTaBIITeJIHMIl.
9 38K8S ,. 892
129
qacTo He)J;eecrroco6HbIH, HarrpIlMep HeCOBepmeHHOJleTHIIH,
Ha3HaqeHHbIH rrpe)J;CTaBIITeJIeM rro )J;OBepeHHOCTII, O HOBpe-
MeHHO Ha)J;eJIHeTCH rrpaBOM rrpe)J;CTaBIITeJIbCTBa II rropy eHII-
eM ocym;ecTBIITb orrpe)J;eJIeHHbIe )J;eHCTBIIH. IIo9TOMY B CJIy ae
rrpIl"lIlHeHIIH HeYMeJIbIMII )J;eHcTBIIHMII rrpe)J;CTaBIITeJIH ym;ep-
6a rrpe)J;CTaBJIH6MOMY He)J;eecrrocooHbIii Bce iRe HeceT OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTb rro B03Mem;eHIIIO Bpe)J;a Ra:1\ rroBepeHHblii (CM.
CT. 644,415 r:K).
103. llpaBOBbIe nOCJIe CTBHH npe CTaBHTeJI.bClmx .n;eiicr-
BIlK. Bce npaBoBbIe nOCJIe CTBIfH IOpll.n;llQeCRIIX .n;eiicTBIIii,
ocym;eCTBJIHeMbIX B rropH.n;Re rrpe.n;cTaBIITeJIbCTBa, HacTyrraIOT
nenocpe)];CTBeHHO .n;JIH rrpe)];CTaBJIHeMoro. TaR, B cJIyqae 06-
MaHa rrpe.n;cTaBIITeJ;IH rrpe)J;cTaBJIHeMblii rrpIloopeTaeT II rrpaBo
aHHYJIllpOBaHIIH (CM. CT. 96 r:K). Pememle me Borrpoca, MO-
meT JIll )J;aHHoe rrpaBO ObITb peaJIJI30BaHO rrpe.n;CTaBllTeJIeM,
3aBllCIIT OT OO'beMa npe.n;CTaBllTeJIbCRIIX rrOJIHOMO"lIlii. O.n;HaRO
B CJIY"lae rpam.n;aHCRoro rrpaBoHapymemIH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
3a rrpIl"lllHeHIIe Bpe.n;a B03HIIRaeT .n;JiH rrpe.n;CTaBIITeJIH, HO He
.n;JIH rrpe)J;CTaBJIHeMOrO, TaR KaR B OTJIII"IIIe OT rrpaBa aHHYJIII-
pOBaHIIH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a B03Mem;eHlle Bpe)];a He HBJIHeTCH
rrpaBOBbIM rrOCJIe.n;CTBlleM c.n;eJIRII. TeM He 'MeHee rrpe)];CTaB-
JIHeMbIH Bce me oy.n;eT HeCTII OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a rpaJI{.n;aH-
CRoe npaBoHapymeHlle rrpe.n;CTaBllTeJIH, HO B RaqeCTBe HaHII-
MaTeJIH (CT. 715 r:K; CM.: 06H3aTeJIbcTBeHHoe rrpaBO -172).
::ha OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, o.n;HaRO, He CBH3aHa Herrocpe.n;CTBeHHO
C rrpaBOBbIMll rrOCJIe.n;CTBIIHMII rrpe.n;CTaBIITeJIbCTBa.
IIpe.n;cTaBJIHeMbIii B pe3YJIbTaTe rrpe)];CTaBIITeJIbCRllX .n;eii-
CTBMii Herrocpe.n;CTBeHHO rrplloopeTaeT rrpaBa II 06H3aHHOCTll.
IIOaTOMY Heo6xo.n;I1MO, "ITOObI OH o6JIa.n;aJI npaBocnOCOOHOCT.bIO
B MOMeHT COBepmeHIIH rrpe)J;CTaBIITeJIbCRIIX .n;eiiCTBllii.
4. npeAcTaBHTenbcTBo 6e3 nonHoMoIIHH
104. JJ;Ba BIf.n;a npe)];CTaBIITeJIbCTBa oe3 nOJIHOl\lO I1ii.
B rrOHHTIIe rrpe)];CTaBllTeJIbCTBa 6e3 IIOJIHOMOQllH BXO)];I1T RaR
cJIyqaii nOJIHOro OTCYTCTBIIH rrpaBa npe)];CraBllTeJIhCTBa, TaR
II rrpeBbImeHlle rrOJIHOMOqllM rro rrpe.n;CTaBIITeJIbCTBY.
IIpe.n;CTaBllTeJIbCTBO 6e3 rrOJIHOMO"lllH ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH JIlI-
[(01\1, He 06JIa.n;aIOm;llM rrpaBOM rrpe.n;cTaBIITeJIbCTBa, B IIHTepe-
cax rrpe)];CTaBJIHeMOrO, II, eCJIll no .n;eMCTBllTeJIbHO TaR, rrpe)];-
CTaBJIHeMblii BrrOCJIe.n;CTBllII o.n;o6pHeT ;a;en.C'l'BIfH AaHHoro
130
JI1I:u;a. O)J;Ha:RO eCJIII npe)J;CTaBIITeJIbCTBO 6e3 nOJIHOMO'IIIH nplI-
Be)J;eT K HapYIIIeHIIIO IIHTepeCOB npe)J;CTaBJIHeMOrO, B03HIIKaeT
BOnpOC 0 TOM, 'IbII IIHTepeCbI )J;OJImHbI 6bITb 3am;IIm;eHbI -
npe)J;CTaBJIHeMOrO IIJIII ROHTpareHTa.
fIt pa3JIII'IaeT )J;Ba BII)J;a npe)J;cTaBIITeJIbCTBa 6e3 nOJIHO-
MO'IIIH. IIepBbIH BII;::( OXBaTbIBaeT CJIY'IalI, Ror)J;a Mem)J;Y npe)J;-
CTaBJIHeMbIM II npe)J;cTaBIITeJIeM 6e3 nOJIHOMO'IIIH cym;ecTBY-
IOT oc06bIe OTHOlIIeHIIH, BCJIe)J;CTBlIe 'Iero )J;eHcTBIIH npe)J;cTa-
BIITeJIH 6e3 nOJIHOMO'IIIH nopom)J;aIOT )J;JIH npe)J;cTaBJIHe}'lOro
Te me nOCJIe)];CTBIIH, '1'1'0 II npII )J;eHcTBIITeJIbHOM npe)J;CTaBII-
TeJIbCTBe. B HaYRe )J;aHHbIH BII)J; Ra3bIBaeTCH BReiliHe BII)J;II-
MbIM npe)J;cT8BHTeJIbCTBoM. BTOpOH BII)J; CBH3aH co CJIYtIaHMlI,
RO )J;a yKa3aHHbIe oc06bIe OTHOIIIeHIIH OTCYTCTBYIOT. ::hOT BII)J;
rrpe)J;cTaBIITeJIbCTBa nOJIY'IIIJI HalIMeHOBaHlIe npe)J;cTaBHTeJIb-
CTBa 6e3 nOJIHOMO'lHii B Y3KOlU CMbICJIe. ,I(aHHbIH BII)]; npe)J;-
CTaBIITeJIbCTBa, eCTeCTBeHHO, He MomeT C03)J;aBaTb npaBOBbIX
nOCJIe)J;CTBIrii )J;JIH npe)J;CTaBJIHeMOrO, II OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb B03-
JIaraeTCH Ha ITpe)J;CTaBIITeJIH 6e3 nOJIHOMO'llIii.
105. BHeiliHe BH)J;IIMOe npe)J;cTaBIITeJIbCTBo.
1) BHeIIIHe BII)J;IIMOe npe)J;cTaBIITeJIbCTBO nplI3HaeTcH B
Tpex CJIY'IaHX:
a) B CJIY'Iae co06IqeHHH npe)J;cTaBJIHeMOrO, '1'1'0 OH Ha)J;e-
JIIIJI onpe)J;eJIeHHOe JIIIn;O npaBOM npe)J;cTaBIITeJIbCTBa (CT. 109
fIt). CJIe)J;yeT Y'IIITbIBaTb, '1'1'0 8'1'0 nOJIOmeHlIe He OTHOCIITCH
K 3aROHHOMY npe)J;CTaBIITeJIbCTBY, r)J;e npe)J;CTaBJIHeMbIH He
Ha)J;eJIHeT KOrO-JIII60 npaBOM npe)J;CTaBIITeJIbCTBa. Co06m;eHHe
MomeT 6bITb RaK nlICbMeHHoe, TaR II YCTHoe. He IIMeeT 3Ha-
'IeHIIH TaKme II TO, KOMY 6bIJIO nepe)J;aHO )J;aHHoe co06m;e-
HHe - ROHKpeTHOMY JIII:U;Y IIJIII HeT, 3a IICKJIIO'IeHlIeM TOro,
'ITO B nepBOM CJIyqae BHeIIIHe BH)];IIMOe npe)];CTaBIITeJIbCTBO
nplI3HaeTcH JIIIIIIb B OTHOIIIeHlI1I ROHRpeTHoro JIII:u;a, a BO BTO-
pOM - oxpaHHIOTCH IIHTepeCbI Bcex TpeTblIX mIn;. Hayna II
CY)J;e6Haa npaRTIIRa (peIIIeHlIe BepXOBHoro cy.n;a OT 6 Man
1930 r.) TOJIRyIOT 8'1'0 nOJIOmeHlIe paCIIIlIplITeJIbHO, BRJIIO'IaH
CIO)J;a II cJIY'Iaii COrJIaCIIJI Ha IICnOJIb30Bam r e CBoero IIMeHH.
6) B CJIY'Iae npeBbImeHHH nOJIHOMO'Iuii co CTOpORbI JIII:u;a,
06JIa)J;aIOm;ero npaBOM npe)J;CTaBIITeJIbCTBa. IIpII 8TOM He06xo-
)J;HMO HaJIII'IlIe pa3YMHbIx OCHOBaHUH R TOMY, qT06bI ROHTp-
areHT nOBepllJI, 'ITO rrpe)J;CTaBIITeJIb ocym;eCTBJIHeT )J;encTBIIH
B npe)J;eJIax nOJIHOMO'IHH (CT. 110 fIt). IIpII TOJIROBaHlI1I
CT. 110 fIt Re06xo)J;IIMO o6paTlITb BHIIMaHlIe Ha MHorlIe 06-
CTOHTeJIbCTBa. Bo-nepBbIx, ee nOJIOmeHIIH OTHOCflTCH KaR K
9*
131
GOBepmeHIIIO Toro me BII)];a )];eiiCTBIIH, KOTopoe COOTBeTcTByeT
nOJIHO:\IOllIIIO (HO B IIHOM 06'beMe), TaK II K COBepmeHIIIO IIHO-
ro no cpaBHeHIIIO C )];OBepeHH:bIM )];eiiCTBIIH (CM. pemeHlIe
BepXOBHoro cy)];a OT 12 cpeBpaJIH 1930 r.). BO-BTOp:bIX, no)];
na3BaHH:bIMII pa3YMH:bIMII OCHOBaHlIflMII nOHIIMaeTCH HeB03-
MOfImOCT:b )];JIH 06:bIllHOro rpam)];aHIIHa )];ame npli ero BHIIMa-
TCJI:bHO:\I OTHOITIeHlI1I K )];aHHOMY Bonpocy OC03HaT:b, llTO )];eii-
CTBIIe B:bIXO)];I1T 3a npe)];eJI:bI nOJIHOMOlllIM (peITIeHIIe BepxoB-
Horo cyp;a OT 14 IIIOJIH 1959 r.). IIPII ::ITOM OTCYTcTByeT He06-
XOP;IIMOCT:b, llT06:bI ::ITII OCHOBanlIH 6:bIJIll CJIep;CTBlIeM He6pem-
HOCTII npep;CTaBJIHeMOrO IIJIII ero p;eiicTBlIii.
B) B cJIy-qae, Korp;a KOHTpareHT nplI OTCYTCTBIIII He6pem-
HOCTII C ero CTOpOH:bI, He 3HaH 0 npeKpa eHHII npaBa npep;-
CTaBHTeJIhCTBa y onpe)];eJIeHHOro JIIIn;a, BOCnplIHHJI ero p;eii-
CTBIIH I\aK p;eiiCTBIIH npep;CTaBIITeJIH (CT. 112 rR).
IIPII Bcex Tpex CJIYllaHX BHeITIHe BIIp;IIMoro npep;CTaBII-
TeJI:bCTBa Tpe6yeTcH, llT06:bI KOHTpareHT om1I6011HO nOBeplIJI
B peaJI:bHOCTb npaBa npep;CTaBIITeJI:bCTBa y OlIpep;eJIeHHOrO
JIIIn;a. B OTJIlIlllIe OT CT. 109 II 110 rK B CT. 112 p;anHoe nOJIO-
meHlIe HaITIJIO HCHoe B:blpameHlIe, O)I,naKO, IICXO)I,H 1I3 xapaK-
Tepa paCCMaTplIBaeMoro IIHCTIITYTa, OHO pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH
Ha Bce TplI CJIYllaH.
2) IIpaBoB:bIe nOCJIep;CTBIIH BHeITIHe BIIp;IlMoro npep;CTaBII-
TeJI:bCTBa He MorYT 6:bIT:b OCnOpeH:bI npep;CTaBJIHeM:bIM Ha OC-
HOBaHIIH npe)];CTaBIITeJI:bCTBa 6e3 nOJIHOMOqlIii, T. e. BHeITIHe
BIIp;IIMoe npep;CTaBIITeJI:bCTBO nopomp;aeT )];JIH npep;CTaBJIHe-
Moro Te me nOCJIep;CTBIIH, llTO II p;eiiCTBIITeJIbIIOe npep;CTaBII-
TeJI:bCTBO. KOHellHO, ::ITO MomeT nplIBeCTII K nplIlllIHeHIIIO
Bpep;a npep;CTaBJIHeMOMY, OP;HaI-\O OH IIMeeT B03MOmHOCT:b
Tpe60BaTb OT npep;CTaBIITeJIH 6e3 nOJIHOMOlllIii B03Me eHIIH
y ep6a OT rpamp;aHCKoro npaBOHapYITI8HlIH IIJIII me Ha OCHO-
BaHlI1I HelICIIOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIhCTBa. IIpe)];CTaBIITeJI:b 6e3
nOJIHOMOlllIii MomeT 6:bIT:b nplIBJIelleH II K yrOJIODHOii OTBeTCT-
B8HHOCTII, llTO, op;HaKO, He BJIIIHeT Ha p;eiiCTBIITeJI:bHOCT:b CO-
BepITIeHHOro npll BHemHe Bll)I,IIMOM npeJJ;CTaBll'feJIhCTBe.
106. IIpep:cTaBHTeJIhcTBo 6e3 nOJIHOMOllHH: B Y3KOM CMbIC-
JIe. IIpaBoB:bIe nOCJIep;CTBIIH npep;CTaBIITeJI:bCTBa 6e3 nOJIHO-
MOlllIii B Y3KOM CM:bICJIe pa3JIlIllH:bI nplIMeHIITeJIbHO K p;orOBO-
pa:\I II OP;HOCTOpOHHIIM Cp;eJIKa f.
1) IIplI IeHIITeJI:bHO K )];OrOBOpaM CJIep;yeT paccMoTpen
TPII Bonpoca, CBH3aHH:bIX C npep;cTaBIITeJI:bCTl\OM 6e3 nOJIHO-
MOllIIM.
132
a) IIpaBoBbIe rrOCJIep;CTBl'fH P;JIH npep;CTaBJIHeMOrO rrpH
p;aHHOM rrpep;CTaBl'fTeJIbCTBe He B03Hl'fKaIOT. Op;HaKO B CJIY'lae
-ero rrOCJIep;yIOlIJ;erO 0p;06peHl'fH P;JIH rrpep;CTaBJIHeMOrO B03Hl'f-
KaIOT TaI,l'fe me rrOCJIep;CTBl'fH, KaK l'f rrpl'f rrpaBe rrpep;CTaBl'f-
TeJIbCTBa. IIpl'f OTKa3e B 0p;06peHl'fl'f rrpep;CTaBl'fTeJIhCTBO 6e3
rrOJIHOMO'll'fH He C03p;aeT rrOCJIep;CTBl'fH P;JIH rrpep;CTaBJIHeMOrO
(rr. 1 CT. 113 fR). B03MomHbI CJIY'lal'f, Korp;a rrpep;CTaBJIHe-
MbIII l'f rrpep;CTaBl'fTeJIb 6e3 rrOJIHOMO'lIIH B pe3YJIbTaTe HaCJIe-
p;OBaHl'fH l'fJIl'f rro l'fHOMY OCHOBaHl'fIO OKa3bIBaIOTCH B OP;HOM
JIl'f e. Hal'f60JIee 'laCTbIH rrpl'fMep 9Toro: CbIH yrrpaBJIHeT l'fMY-
IIJ:eCTBOM OT a B Ka'leCTBe rrpep;CTaBl'fTeJIH 6e3 rrOJIHOMO'll'fH,
l'f rrOCJIe CMepTl'f OT a p;aHHoe l'fMYlIJ;eCTBO HaCJIep;yeTcH CbIHOM.
B aTOM CJIY'lae Borrpoc 06 0p;06peHl'fl'f yme He CTaBl'fTCH, l'f
.p;ell:CTBl'fH TaKoro rrpep;CTaBl'fTeJIH 6e3 rrOJIHOMO'lIIH C caMoro
Ha'laJIa paCCMaTpl'fBaIOTCH KaK p;eHCTBl'fH JIl'f a, 06JIap;aIOlIJ;erO
rrpaBOM rrpep;CTaBIITeJIbCTBa (perneHl'fe BepXOBHoro cyp;a 01'
18 IIIOHH 1965 r.).
6) IIOJIOmeHIIe KOHTpareHTa rrpl'f rrpep;CTaBl'fTeJIbCTBe 6e3
nOJIHOMO'll'fll: B Y3KOM CMbICJIe BeCbMa HeCTa6HJIbHO, rroaTOMY
TR rrpep;OCTaBJIHeT eMY rrpaBO Tpe60BaHl'fH nop;TBepmp;eHl'fH H
rrpaBO aHHYJIl'fpOBaHl'fH (CM. CT. 114l'f 115 fR).
B) OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh rrpep;CTaBIITeJIH 6e3 nOJIHOMO'll'fH rre-
pep; KOHTpareHTOM - OCHOBHOll: Borrpoc p;aHHoro rrpaBOBoro
HHCTl'fTYTa. B CJIY'lae, eCJIl'f rrpep;CTaBl'fTeJIb 6e3 IIOJIHOMO'll'fH
He rrOJIY'lIIT 0p;06peHIIH rrpep;CTaBJIHeMOrO IIJIl'f He rrpep;CTaBII'r
<p;OKa3aTeJIbCTB HaJIl'f'll'fH Y Hero IIpaBa rrpep;CTaBl'fTeJIbCTBa,OH
rro BbI60PY KOHTpareHTa JIl'f60 caM p;OJImeH CTaTb OP;HOH l'f3
CTOpOH B Cp;eJIKe, JIl'f60 B03MeCTl'fTb BCIO CYMMY YlIJ;ep6a, rrOHe-
ceHHoro KOHTpareHTOM l'f3-3a Toro, 'lTO P;JIH Hero He HacTyrrl'f-
JIl'f rrpaBOBbIe rrOCJIep;CTBl'fH COBeprneHHOH Cp;eJIKII (rr. 1
,CT. 117 fR). IIpep;cTaBIITeJIb 6e3 rrO.1IHOMO'lIIH oCB060mp;aeTCH
.()T OTBeTCTBeHHOCTl'f, eCJIII I\OHTpareHT 3HaJI IIJIl'f p;OJImeH 6bIJI
3HaTb, 'lTO p;aHHoe JIII O He 06JIap;aeT rrpaBoM rrpep;CTaBl'fTeJIb-
CTBa (rr. 2 CT. 117 fR).
2) IIpep;CTaBl'fTeJIbcTBo 6e3 rrOJIHOMO'fIlII rrpl'f OP;HOCTOpOH-
HIIX Cp;eJIKaX (CT. 118 fR).
a) IIpep;CTaBl'fTeJIbcTBo 6e3 rrOJIHO IO'IIIll: rrpII OP;HOCTOPOH-
Hl'fX Cp;eJIKaX B cJIY'fae OTCYTCTBIIH KOHTpareHTa Hep;ell:CTBl'f-
TeJIbHO. IIpep;CTaBJIHeMbIll: He MOil,eT 0p;06PIITb p;ell:CTBIIll:
'rrpep;cTaBHTeJIH 6e3 IIOJIHOMO'lIIll:, a OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb rrOCJIep;-
Hero He B03HIIKaeT.
6) B CJIy'Iae rrpep;CTaBl'fTeJIbCTBa 6e3 rrOJIHOMO'll'fll: IIPII
10.D;HOCTOpOHHl'fX Cp;eJIKaX, l'fMeIOIIJ;IIX KOHTpareHTa, COrJIaCIIe
133
ROHTpareHTa l'IJIl'I HenocTynJIeHl'Ie OT Hero He3aC\lep;JI1ITeJIbHOrO
B03pameHl'IJI JIBJIJIIOTcJI ep;l'IHCTBeHHbIMl'I OCHOBaHl'IJIMl'I, cTaBJI-
rn;l'IMl'I p;aHHble cp;eJIRl'I B nOJIOmeHl'Ie, anaJlorH'lHoe p;orOBopaM.
r n a a a 8. HEAEACTBHTEnbHOCTb
H AHHynHPOBAHHE
i 1. 0611.1He nOnO)l(eHHJI
107. OTpl'I aHl'Ie p;eiiCTBl'ITeJlbHOCTl'I Cp;eJlOR.
1) B npep;blp;yrn;l'IX rJlaBaX MbI yme paCCMaTpl'IBaJIl'I HeRO.
TOpbIe npHMepbl Hep;eHCTBl'ITeJIbHOCTl'I Cp;eJIOR l'I l'IX aHHYJIl'I-
pOBaHl'IJI. rR Ha'll'IHaJI co cT. 119 nOCBJIrn;aeT BoceMb CTaTeu
,I(aHHOMY Bonpocy.
2) '(ho KacaeTcJI xapaKTepa Hep;eHCTBl'ITeJIbHOCTl'I l'I aHHY-
JIl'IpOBaHl'IJI, TO 3a Hep;eHCTBl'ITeJIbHOH Cp;eJlKOH C caMoro Ha'la-
Jla He npl'I3HaeTcJI Hl'IKaKl'IX npaBOBbIX nOCJIep;CTBl'IH, aHIIYJll'I-
pOBaHIIe me ClI.eJIOK ocy:rqeCTBJIJIeTCJI nOCTlpaKTyM, yme nD-
CJIe Toro, KaK OHl'I BCTynaIOT B 3aKOHHYIO Cl'IJIY. TpeOOBaHl'Ie
o npl'I3HaHl'Il'I Hep;eiicTBl'ITeJIbHOCTl'I cp;emrn MomeT npep;'bJIB-
JlJITbcJI JIIOOblM JIl'I OM. B OTJIl'I'Il'Ie OT 8Toro Kpyr JIl'II:!;, npep;'b-
JIBJIJIIOrn;l'IX TpeOOBaHl'IJI 00 aHIIYJIl'IpOBaHl'I1I cp;eJIOK, OrpaHl'I-
'1eH TeMlI, KTO OOJlap;aeT npaBOM aHHYJll'IpOBaHl'IJI. B 8TOM
BamHeHmee pa3JIl'I'Il'Ie Memp;y Hep;eHCTBIITeJIbHOCTbIO l'I aHHY-
Jll'IpOBaHl'IeM. IIpl'IBep;eM CJlep;YIOrn;ee cpaBB:eHl'Ie 8Tl'IX yx
nOHJITl'IH:
HelI.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb
1. He;lJ;eHCTBl'ITeJIbHOCTb He
TpeoyeT OCnapl'IBaHl'IJI
(eCTeCTBeHHoe OTCYTCT-
Bl'Ie ,tJ;eHCTBl'ITeJlbHOCTl'I).
2. OTHOmeHl'Ie K cp;eJf.Re
KaK B:ep;eiiCTBHTeJIbHOH C
CaMorO Ha'laJIa co CTOpO-
HbI Bcex Jll'Iq (nOJIHaJI
Hep;eHCTBl'ITeJlbHOCTb).
134
AHUYJlHpOBaHHe
1. HpH OCnapl'IBaHl'Il'I cO
CTOpOHbl onpep;eJIeHHblX
JIII (JIl'Iq, OOJIap;aIOrn;l'IX
npaBOM: aHHyJIl'IpOBa-
IIl'IJI) p;eHCTBl'ITeJlbHOCTb
npeKparn;aeTCJI C caMoro
na'laJla.
2 Cp;eJIKa c'IHTaeTCJI p;eH-
CTBHTeJIbHOH p;o Tex nop,
TIOKa lie aHHYJIl'IpOBaHa
(YCJIOBHaH p;eHCTBHTeJlb-
HOCTb)..
3. Be3 eHcTBile He MeHHeT
npaBOBJ>IX nOCJIe CTBilii
(HeII3MeHHOCTb C Te'Ie-
HileM BpeMeHII).
3. Be3 eHcTBile yCTaHaBJIII
BaeT eHCTBIITeJIbHOCTb
(npeRparqeHile npaBa
aHHYJIIIpOBaHIIH), oAHa-
RO aHHYJIIIpOBaHile Be-
eT R YTpaTe eHcTBII-
TeJIbHOCTil C caMoro Ha-
'IaJIa (o6paTHaH CIIJIa
aHHYJIIIpOBaHIIH) .
3) B onpe eJIeHHJ>IX CJIY'IaHX 3aROHO aTeJIbHaH nOJIIITilRa
CTaJIRilBaeTCH C np06JIeMOH, rrO JIemilT JIll c eJ]1Ra 06'bHBJIe-
HilIO He eHCTBIITeJIbHOH IIJIH aHHYJIIIpOBaHilIO. C TO'IRII 3pe-
HIIH npaBa TaM, r e IIMeIOTCH 06'beRtIIBHJ>Ie OCHOBaHIIH JIH
OTpII:qaHIIH eHCTBIITeJlbHOCTil He3aBIICilMO OT BOJIII JIII'IHOCTII,
C eJlRa OJIJKHa npII3HaBaTbCH He eHCTBIITeJIbHOH II, Hanpo-
TIIB, TaM, r e C eJIRa He BJ>IpaJKaeT BOJIII Y'IaCTHIIRa, OHa no -
JIeJKIIT aHHyJIIIpOBaHilIO. B aToH CBH3II CJIe yeT YRa3aTb Ha
rrp06J1eMaTII'IHOCTb 06'bHBJIeHIIH He eHCTBIITeJIbHJ>IMil C eJIOR,
cOBepmeHHJ>IX BCJIe CTBile 3a6JIYJK eHIIH IIJIII JIII:qaMII, He
06JIa aIOrqIIMil BOJIeorroco6HOCTbIO. B OTHomeHilil JKe C eJIOR,
COBepmeHHJ>IX C He3Ha'IHTeJIbRJ>IM HapymeHileM eHCTBYIOrqe-
ro 3aROHO aTeJIbCTBa IIJIII npeAYCMOTpeHHOH npo:qeAYPJ>I,
rrpe YCMOTpeHO aHHYJlIIpOBaHile (CM., HanpilMep, CT. 743 II
CJIe . rK, CT. 247 II CJIe . TK). O HaRo B OTHomeHilil aHHy-
JIIIpOBaHIIH JIHrqIIXCH npaBooTHomeHIIH IIMeIOTCH CJIY'Iail
HerrpII3HaHIIH 06paTHOH CIIJIJ>I (CT. 748, 808 rK).
4) KaR YRa3J>IBaJIOCb paHee, no CYTII He eiIcTBIITeJIbHOCTb
II aHHYJlIIpOBaHile IIMeIOT o6rqIIe 'IepTJ>I, II B CJIY'laHX, Ror a
HaJIu:qo Heo6xo IIMJ>Ie yCJIOBIIH RaR JIH O Horo, TaR II JIH
Pyroro, CTOpOHJ>I Moryr npe 'bHBJIHTb IICR RaR 0 He eHCTBII-
TeJIbHOCTII, TaR II 06 aHlIYJIIIpOBaHilil C eJlRil (HanpilMep,
Ror a eHcTBile MOJKHO RBaJIII<pIIIQIpOBaTb JIII60 RaR 06MaH,
JIII60 RaR 3a6JIYJK eHIIe).
9 2. HeAeHcTBHTenbHocTb
108. IIoHHTile He,IJ;ciicTBIITCJIbHOCTII. He eHCTBIITeJIbHOCTb
C,IJ;eJlRII 03Ha'IaeT HeHaCTYIIJIeHile Tex rrpaBOBJ>IX nOCJIe CTBiliI
C,II;eJlRlI, Ha ROTOpJ>Ie paCC'IlITblBaJlII CTOpOHbI. TaR, B cJIY'Iae
npilTBopHOH C eJIRil RyrrJIlI-rrpO aJKII (CM. CT. 94 rK) OHa He
nopOJK aeT npaBa npo aB:qa Tpe60BaTb ynJIaTbI ,IJ;eHer, a rro-
135
RyrraTeJIH - rrepe;a;a'lII TOBapa. ECJIJI me ;a;aHHbIH TOBap yme>:
3aperIICTpIIpOBaH Ha IIMH rroRyrraTeJIH, ero rrepe;a;a'lII MOmH()
Tpe60BaTb OT rrpO;a;aBIJ;a (CM.: 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBO -
157). TaRIIM 06pa30M, He;a;eHCTBIITeJIbHbIe C;a;eJTRII Bce me
MorYT rropom;a;aTb rrOCJIe;a;CTBIIH B BII;a;e yrOJIOBHOH OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTII IIJIII OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII rro B03l\1eIl\eHIIIO Bpe;a;a B
pe3YJIbTaTe rpam;a;aHCROI'O rrpaBoHapymeHIIH, O;a;HaRO ;a;aHHaJJ
rrp06JIeMa OTHOCIITCH R IIHOMy Rpyry BorrpocOB.
109. IIpH3HaHllc Hc;a;eiicTBIITCJIbHbJX C;a;CJIO«. He;a;eHcTBII-
TeJIbHbIe C;a;eJIRII ;a;ame B CJIY'lae IIX rrOCJIe YIOIl\ero rrpII3Ha-
HIIH CTopOHaMII He MorYT C'lIITaTbCH ;a;eMCTBIITeJIbHbIMII C ca-
Moro Ha'laJIa (CM. CT. 119 fK). B aTOM OTJIII'lIIe ;a;aHHoro BH;a;a
C;a;eJIOR OT aHHYJIIIpOBaHIIH (CT. 122 fK, CM.: 06Il\aH 'laCTb -
115). O;a;HaRo eCJIII CTOpOHhI, 3HaH 0 He;a;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, BCe.
me BnOCJIe;a;CTBHH rrpH3HalOT ;a;aHHYIO C;a;eJIRY, 3TO C'lIITaeTCH
HOBbIM IOpII;a;II'leCRIIM ;a;eHcTBIIeM aHaJIOrlI'lIIOrO CO;a;epmaHIIH:
C 3aRJIIO'leHHOH c.n;eJIROH II C MOMeHTa YRa3aIIHoro npII3HaHIIH
C;a;eJIRa C'lIIT aeTCH ;a;eHCTBIITeJIbHOH (0'rOBOpRa CT. 119 fK)._
.IJ.aHHoe nOJIOmeHlIe, OI-\HaRO, He paenpoc:rpamleTCH Ha Cl-\eJI-
RII, HapymalOIl\IIe rry6JIII'lHbIH nopH;a;OR H ;a;06pbIe HpaBbJ.
He;a;eHCTBIITeJIbHbIe C;a;eJIiJ\II MOryT 6bITb rrpII3HaHbI TaRO-
BbIMII Ha OCHOBaHIIII 06paIl\eHIIH He TOJIbRO CTOpOH, HO Hi
TpeTbIIX JIIIn;. B CJIY'lae rrocJIe;a;YIOIl\ero rrpII3HaHIIH C;a;eJIRH
cTopoHaMH o6paTHaH CHJIa 3Toro aRTa He rrpH3HaeTCH ;a;JIH
TpeTbIIX JIIIn;. II03TOMY rrpII3HaHHe ;a;eHCTBIITeJIbHOCTII YRa-
3aHHbIX c.n;eJIOR C caMoro Ha'laJIa B03MomHO JIIImb rrpIIMeHH-
TeJIbHO R CTopOHaM, HO He B OTHomeHIIII TpeTbIIX JIIIn;. ECJIII
me ;a;aHHbIe C;a;eJIRII He corrpHiI eHbI C rrpII'lIIHeHIIeM Bpe;a;a
TpeTbIIM JIIIn;aM, TO ;a;aHHoe rrOJIOmeHIIe CJIe.n;yeT TOJIROBaTb.
RaR ;a;orrYCRalOIl\ee 06paTHYlO CIIJIY rrplI3HaHIIH (pemeHHe
BepXOBHoro cy;a;a 0'110 ceHTH6pH 1935 r.).
110. IICpCBO.n; Hc.n;eiicTBIITCJIbHbIX c.n;eJIo«. IIo.n; rrepeBO;a;OM
Hc.n;eHcTBIITCJIbHbIX C;a;CJIOR rrOHIIMaeTCH TaR(1H cIITyan;IIH, RO-
r;a;a CTOpOHbI, He ;a;06IIBmIICb HacTyrrJIeHIIH rrpaBOBbIX rrOCJIe;a;-
CTBIIH B pe3YJIbTaTe O;a;Horo BII;a;a C;a;eJIOR, m':ITaIOTCH ;a;OCTII'lb
Tex me PC3YJIbTaTOB 3a C'leT ;a;pyroro BII;a;a C;a;eJIOR. B03HIma-
eT, HarrpIIMep, Borrpoc, MomHO JIII C'lIITa'Ib .n;eIICTBIITeJIbHbIM
rrpaBO apeH;a;bI, YCTaHOBJIeHIIe ROToporo 6bIJIO OCYIl\eCTBJIeHO
B3aMeH .n;orOBopa 0 cyneP<PIDJ;HH, rrpII3HaHHoro He;a;eH--
CTBIITeJIbHbIM. IIo;a;o6HbIe CJIY'laII rrepeBO;a;a He;a;eHCTBIITeJIb-
HbIX C;a;eJIOR BCTpe'laIOTCH Ha rrpaRTIIRe .n;OBOJIbHO 'laCTO,
136
nplI IIX TOJIKOBaBlI1I oc060e BBlIMaBlIe CJIep;yeT 06pam;aTb Ba
{:OBlrap;eBlIe BaMepeBIIH CTOpOB II C06JIIOp;eBlIe 3aKOBOp;aTeJIb-
TBa B lIaCTII ero Tpe60BaBIIH OTBOCIITeJIbBO <pOpMbI COBepllIe-
HIIH orrpep;eJIeBBbIX Cp;eJIOK.
3. AHHynHpoBBHHe
111. IIoBHTHe Cp;eJIOK, nO,ll;JIemam;IIX aHHYJIHpOBaHHIO.
Cp;eJIInr, rro)J;JIemam;IIe aBBYJIlIpOBaBIIIO, rrpII3BaIOTCH p;eH-
CTBIITeJIbBbIMII, eCJIII JIIIIJ,a, 06JIap;arOm;IIe rrpaBOM aBHYJIlIpO-
BaBIIH, Be ocym;ecTBIIJIII ero. ECJIII me OBII aBBYJIlIpOBaJIII
p;eJIRy, TO OBa CTaBOBIITCH Bep;eHCTBIITeJIbBOH C caMoro Ba-
lIaJIa. TeM, 'ITO rrplI OTCYTCTBIIII ocrraplIBaBIIH Cp;eJIOR CO CTO-
pOBbr JIIIIJ" 06JIap;aIOm;IIX rrpaBOM aBBYJIlIpOBaBIIH, OHII P;OJI-
iKBbI C'IIITaTbCH p;eHCTBIITeJIbBbIMII, aBBYJIIIpOBaBlIe OTJIII'IaeT-
CH OT Bep;eHCTBIITeJIbBOCTII. ,1J;aBBoe pa3JIII'IlIe OTCYTCTByeT,
Qp;BaRO, IIPII peaJIII3aIJ,IIII rrpaBa aBBYJIlIpOBaBIIH. B 06m;eH
'1aCTII rR 06 aBBYJIlIpOBaBIIII, TaK me KaK II 0 Bep;eHcTBII-
'TeJIbBOCTII, rOBoplITCH JIIIllIb rrplIMeBIITeJIbBO K Cp;eJIImM <p1I-
31I'IeCKIIX JIIIIJ, II R rrpaBOBbIM rrOCJIe,!l;CTBIIHM.
112. JIIIIJ,a, OOJIap;aIOIIJ,He npaBOM aBBYJIHpOBaHHH. R KPY-
ry JIIIIJ" 06JIap;aIOm;IIX rrpaBOM aBBYJIIIpOBaBIIH, OTBOCHTCH
aep;eecrroc06BbIe, JIIIIJ,a, BOJIeII3'bHBJIeBlIe KOTOpbIX orrOpO'IeBO
(rrop;BeprllIlIecH 06MaBY, rrpIIBymp;eBIIIO), II IIX rrpep;CTaBII-
'TeJIII (BKJIIO'IaH II 3aROBBbIX rrpep;cTaBIITeJIeH), a TaRme npe-
'eMBJIII\II (CT. 120 rR). IIOCJIep;BlIe BRJIIO'IeBbI B YKa3aBBYIO
KaTeroplIIO JIIIIJ, B CBH3II C TeM, 'ITO OBII HBJIHIOTCH rrpeeMBII-
ImMII RaR orrpep;eJIeBBbIX rrpaB, TaR II MeCTa B orrpep;eJIeBHbIX
'OTBOllleBIIHX. BMeCTe C TeM CJIep;yeT 06paTIITb BBIIMaBlIe, 'ITO
nOrre'IIITeJIII Be BRJIIO'IeBbI B 'IIICJIO JIIIIJ" 06JIap;aIOm;IIX rrpa-
O'M aBBYJIIIpOBaHIIH (CM.: 06m;aH 'IaCTb - 32) .
113. Cnocoo aHHYJIHpOBaHHH. Crroc06oM aBBYJIlIpOBaHIIH
'HBJIHeTCH BblpameHIIe BerrpII3BaBIIH rrpaBOBbIX rrOCJIep;CTBIIH
'Orrpep;eJIeBBOH Cp;eJIRII, rrplI aTOM OTCYTCTByeT Be06xop;IIMOCTb
B RaROH-JIII60 OC060H <popMe, BarrplIMep rrop;a'Ie IICRa (CM.
(:T. 424 rR, CT. 247 TR). B OTBOllleBIIII Cp;eJIOR, B ROTOpbIX
IIMeeTCH BTopaH cTopoBa, rrpep;ycMaTpIIBaeTcH, 'ITO aRT aBBY-
JIlIpOBaHIIH p;OJImeB 6bITb p;OBep;eB P;O CBep;eHIIH KOBTpareBTa
(CT. 123 rR). IT pII OP;BOCTOPOHBIIX Cp;eJIKaX aKT aBHYJIIIpO-
BaHIIH p;OJIiI{eB 6bITb p;OBep;eB P;O CBep;eBIIH 06m;eCTBeBBOCTII
(CM. CT. 530 rR).
137
114. IIpaBoBbIe nOCJIe CTBHH aHHYJIHpOBaHHH. RaR yme
O'TMeqaJIO'Cb, nOCJIe CTBHeM aHHYJIHPO'BaHHH HBJIHeTCH He eD:-
CTBHTeJIbHOCTb C eJIRH C CaMO'rO' HaqaJIa. IIO'aTO'MY, HanpH-
Mep, npH aHHYJIHPO'BaHHH C eJIRH RynJIH-npO' amH, npH RO'TO'-
PO'D: HecoBepmeHHOJIeTHHD: npO' aJI npHHa JIemam;yIO eMY
Bem;b, eCJIH yRa3aHHaH Bem;b em;e He nepe aHa, O'6H3aHHO'CTb
ee nepe aqH O'TCYTCTByeT, eCJIH i!{e Bem;b yme nepe aHa,
MO'mHO Tpe6O'BaTb 6'e BO'3Bpam;eHHH. IIO'HHTHO, qTO' B nep-
BO'M CJIyqae HeCO'BepmeHHO'JIeTHHD: He MO'meT Tpe6O'BaTb
BblnJIaTbI eHer, a BO' BTO'POM - O'6H3aH BepHYTb I1O'JIyqeHHble
eHbrH. O HaRO' BO' BTO'PO'M CJIyqae fR B n;eJIHX 6O'JIee nOJIHO'R
3am;HTbI HHTepeCO'B HeCO'BepmeHHO'JIeTHHX npe YCMaTpIIBaeT
BO'3MO'mHO'CTb BO'3Mem;eHHH cO' CTO'PO'HbI HeCO'BepmeHHOJIeTHe-
rO' JIHmb B CJIyqae, eCJIH HeCO'BepmeHHO'JIeTHHD: Ha MO'MeHT
npe 'bHBJIeHHH R HeMY npeTeH3HD: em;e O'6JIa aeT nO'JIyqeHHbI-
MH cpe CTBaMH (O'rO'BO'PRa CT. 121 fR). 8TO' O'3HaqaeT B03-
MO'mHO'CTb BO'3BpaTa HMym;ecTBa n;eJIHRO'M, B II3MeHeHHOM BH-
e HJIH O'CTaBmeD:CH erO' qaCTH (CM. n. 2 CT. 32 fR, CM.:
06m;aH qaCTb - 20). BO'npoc 0' npaBO'BblX nO'CJIe CTBHHX
aHHYJIHPO'BaHHH B OTHO'meHHH TpeTbHX JilIn; O'JImeH H3Y-
qaTbCH C O'C06bIM BHHMaHHeM. TaR, aHHYJIHpOBaHHe He
npH3HaeTCH B O'THO'meHIlIl TpeTbHX JIHD; (n. 3 CT.. 96 fIt).
115. IIpH3HaHHe C eJIOK, nO JIemam;HX aHnyJIHpOBaHHIO,
nO' CBO'eD: CYTH O'3HaqaeT O'TRa3 O'T npaBa aHHYJIHPO'BaHHH.
a) Rpyr JIH , 06JIa aIOm;HX npaBOM npH3HaHHH, COBna-
aeT C RpyrO'M JIHn;, 06JIa aIOm;IIX npaBOM aHHYJIHPO'BaHJUI
(CM. CT. 122 fR). IIO'JIO'meHHH, onpe eJIHIOm;He, eD:CTBYIOT
JIH He eecnO'cO'6HbIe C corJIaCHH CBO'HX 3aKO'HHbIX npe CTaBII-
TeJIeD: IIJIH nOneqHTeJIeD:, O'TCYTCTBYIOT. B nO'PH Re TO'JIRO'Ba-
HIIH npH3HaeTCH HeO'6xO' HMO'CTb nO'JIyqeHHH ,IJ;aHHO'rO' cO'rJIa-
CHH BceMH RaTerO'PHHMH He eecnO'cO'6HbIX, 3a lIC1{J1IOqeHHeM
npH3HaHHblX He eecnO'cO'6HbIMH.
6) ECJIH B MOMeHT BbIpameHHH COrJIaCHH He,IJ;eecnocO'6HbIe
(<!TO' He pacnpO'CTpaHHeTCH Ha HX 3aROHHbIX npe,IJ;CTaBHTe-
JIeD:), a TaRme JIHn;a, nO')];BeprmHeCH O'6l\1aHY HJIH npHHym e-
HHIO, He CTaJIH CO'O'TBeTCTBeHHO' )];eeCnO'CO'6HbIMH IIJIH Bce em;e
HaXO' HTCH nO' B03)];eD:CTBHeM O'6MaHa HJUI npHHym)];eHHH, TO
npH3HaHHe He nOPO'm aeT npaBO'BbIX nOCJIe,IJ;CTBIID: (nn. 1 H 3
CT. 124 fIt).
B) CnOCOObI npH3HaHHH Te me, qTO' H CnO'CO'6bI aHHYJIHpO-
BaHHH (CT. 123 fIt).
r) IIpaBoBbIe nOCJIe)];CTBHH npH3HaHHJI 3aRJIIOqaIOTCH B
138
110ATBepm,u;eHHII yme B03HHKmHX rrOCJIe,u;CTBHH, If HHKaKHX
HOBbIX rrpaBOBbIX rrOCJIe,u;CTBHH rrpH3HaHHe He C03,u;aeT. rR
rrpH aTOM orrpe,u;eJIHeT, 'ITO rrOCJIe,u;CTBHH rrpH3HaHHH He ,u;OJIm-
HbI HaHOCHTb YII(ep6 rrpaBaM TpeTbHX JIHIJ; (CT. 122 rR).
CJIe,u;yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHIfe Ha TO, 'ITO rR yrroTpe6JIHeT
O,u;HH H TOT me TepMHH <mpH3Ham;Ie» rrpHMeHHTeJIbHO K rrpe,u;-
CTaBHTeJIbCTBY oe3 rrOJIHOMO'IHH H aHHYJIHpOBaHHIO. Mem,u;y
TeM HX xapa'KTep pa3JIH'IeH. B CJIY'Iae rrpH3HaHHH rrpH rrpe,u;-
CTaBHTeJIbCTBe 6e3 rrOJIHOMO'IHH rrpe,u;CTaBJIHeMbIii: rropom,u;aeT
CBOHM ,u;eii:cTBHeM rrpaBOBbIe rrOCJIe,u;CTBHH H3 cpaKTOB, KOTopbIe
T8iKHX rrOCJIe,u;CTBHii: ,u;JIH Hero He BbI3bIBaJIH. B OTJIH'IHe OT
aToro rrpH3HaHIIe rrpH c,u;eJIIiaX, rro,u;JIemaII(HX aHHYJIHpOBa-
HHIO, JIIIrnb rrOJJ;TBepm,u;aeT yme B03HHKrnHe rrpaBOBbIe rro-
.CJIe,u;CTBHH.
116. 3aKoHHue rrp1l3HaHlIe. ECJIII B OTHorneHIIH c,u;eJIOK,
rro,u;JIemaII(lIx aIIHYJIHpOBaHIlIO, COBeprnaIOTCH orrpe,u;eJIelIHbIe
p;eii:cTBHH, aTO paccMaTpllBaeTcH KaK BbIpameHlle rrpll3HaHIIH
H Ha3hIBaeTCH 3aKOHHhIM rrpll3HaHlleM.
rR rrpllpaBlIJTBaeT K rrplI3HaHlIIO COBeprneHlle CJIe,u;YIOrn;IIX
p;eii:cTBHH B OTHorneHIIII c,u;eJIOK: IICrrOJIHeHlle B IJ;eJIOM IIJIH
'1aCTH'IHO; Tpe60BaHHe HCrrOJIHeHHH; B0306HoBJIeHlle; BHece-
HHe 3aJIOra; rrepe,n;a'Ia B n;eJIOM IIJIII 'IaCTII'IHO rrpaB, rrpllo6pe-
TeHHbIX BCJIe,u;CTBHe c,u;eJIKH, rro,u;JIemarn;eii: aHHYJIllpOBaHIlIO;
rrplllIy,n;IITeJIbHOe IICrrOJIHeHIIe (CT. 125 rR).
ECJI11 me rrpIf COBeprnelIHII rrepe'IHCJIeHHbIX ,u;eii:cTBHii: 6y-
p;eT c,u;eJIaHa orOBopKa 0 TOM, 'ITO HX He CJIe,n;yeT paCCMaT-
pHBaTb B Ka'IeCTBe rrpH3HaHHJI, rrpaBOBbIX rrOCJIe,u;CTBHii: 3a-
KOHlI oro rrpH3lIaHHJI He HacTyrraeT (orOBOpKa CT. 125 fR).
117. YTpaTa rrpaBa aHHYJIHpOBaHJIH. ECJIH B Te'IeHHe
orrpe,u;eJIeHHoro nepHo,u;a BpeMeHH c,u;eJIKH, rro,u;JIemarn;He aHHY-
JIHpOBaHHIO, He aHHYJIIIPYIOTCH, TO B oy,u;ym;eM aTO CTaHOBHT-
CH HeB03MomHbnr. TIpaBo aHHYJIHpOBalIHH YTpa'IIffiaeTCH rro
HCTe'IeHHH TIHTH JIeT C MOMeHTa, Kor,u;a CTalIOBHTCH B03Mom-
HbIM ocyrn;eCTBJIeHIle rrpII3HaHHH, IIJIII ITO HCTe'IeHHH ,n;Ba,u;n;aTH
.'IeT C MOMeHTa COBeprneHHH c,n;eJIKH (CT. 126 -fR).
r naB a 9. YCnOBHblE CAEnKH H BPEMSI
! 1. Y CnOBHJI
118. IIoHHTHe )'CJIOBHbIX c,u;eJIOK.
1) TIpH cOBeprnelIHH c,u;eJIOK HHor,u;a orrpe,u;eJIHeTCH, 'ITO HX
139
p;eHC1'BHTeJIbHaCTb Ba3HIIRaeT UpH HaCTYIIJIeHIIII anpe)];eJIeH-.
Hara a6CTaHTeJIbCTBa IIJIII me HX )];eHCTBIITeJIbHaCTb YTpa H-
BaeTCH npII HacTynJIeHIIII anpe)];eJIeHHOTa a6CTaHTeJIbCTBa..
TIO)];a6Hble C)];eJIRII Ha3bIBaIOTCH YCJIOBHbIMH, a YRa3aIIHbIe.
06CTaHTeJIbCTBa - YCJIaBIIHMH. II caaTBeTCTBeHHa nepBbIii'
BII)]; YCJIaBIIH - OTJIarareJIbHbIMII YCJIOBHlIMH, a BTapaii-.
OTMeHHTeJIbHbIMII YCJIOBHlIMH (IIII. 1 II 2 CT. 127 rR).
rJIaBHae aTJIII He YCJIaBIIH aT BpeMeHII caCTOHT B TOM,.
Ta, HacTynHT IIJIII He HacTyIIHT a6CTaHTeJIbCTBa, RaTapbIe.
C IITaIOTCH YCJIaBIIHMII, HeII3BeCTHa, BpeMH me - q,aRTap,.
HacTynJIeHIIe RaTapara HeII36emHa, )];ame B CJIy ae, eCJIII B.
C)];eJIRe He oraBapIIBaIOTCH cpaRII.
2) 06bI Ha pa3JIII aIOT CJIe)];YIOIIJ,IIe BII)];bI YCJIaBIIH:
a) BRJIIO eHIIe B IICJIa YCJIaBIIii a6CTOHTeJIbCTB, yme Ha-
cTynllBlliIIx, 01 'leM, a)];HRH.a, CTQPQne IIJIH CTopaHaM TIORa
HeII3BeCTHa, T. e. cBepIIIHBIIIHXClI YCJIOBHH. <l>aRTII eCRII 81'01'
II He HBJIHeTCH YCJIaBIIeM, TaR RaR npH TaRaM, HanpIIMep,.
a6eIIJ,aHIIH C OT JIara TeJIbHbIM yCJIaBHeM, RaR a6eIIJ,aHHe BbI-'
[JJIa HBaTb CTHneH)];IIIO B CJIy ae ycrreIIIHaii C)];a II 8R3aMeHaB"
eCJIII 8R3aMeHbI yme C)];aHbI, a6eIIJ,aHHe )J;eHCTBHTeJIbHa 6e3
BCHRI'IX YCJIaBIIH, a npaBaJI Ha 8R3aMeHax R MOMeHTY ,I(a K
YRa3aHHara a6eIIJ,aHIIH a3Ha aeT He)];eHCTBIITeJIbHaCTb 06 eIIJ,a-.
HIIH C caMaro Ha aJIa. ECJIII me B )];aHHaH cIITyaIJ;IIII q,IIrYPII-
paBaJIa aTMeHIITeJIbHae YCJIaBIIe (npII HeC)];a e 8R3aMeHa upe-
Rpa aeTcH BbIIIJIaTa CTIIneH)];IIII), a HeC)];a a 8R3aMeHa HBJIH-
JIac'b yme eBepIIlIIBIIlIIMCH <paRTGM Ha MGMeHT BbI)J,BHmemm:
YRa3aHHara YCJIaBIIH, 1'01 ynaMfIHYTae a6em;aHIIe CTaHOBIITCH:
6e3YCJIaBHbIM, a npII ycneuIHaH c)];a e 8R3aMeHa - He)J;eHcTBII-
TeJIbIIbIM (CM. n. 1 II 2 CT. 131 rR). OTHaCIITeJIbHa C)];eJIaK
C caBepIIIIIBIIIIID\1:CH YCJIaBIIeM rK anpe)J;eJIHeT, Ta )];01 Tex
nap, naRa CTapaHbI 6Y)];YT aCTaB8.TbCH B HeBe)];eHIIII a HaCTYUJIe-
HIIII I'IJIH HeHacTynJIeHIIII anpe)];eJIeHHara YCJIaBIIH (RaR II npff
a6bI HbIX YCJIaBHbIX C)];eJIRax), C)];eJIRH C yRa3aHHar()
pa)J;a YCJIaBIIeM napOm)];aIOT yCJIaBHbIe npaBa (n. 3 CT..
131 rK), Ta, a)];HaRa, )];eJI8.eT )];aHHae nOJIameHIIe 6ec-
CMbICJIeHHbIM.
6) IIacRaJIbRY YCJIaBIIH CBfI3aHbI C ;u:eHcTBIITeJIbHaCTbIO'
C)];eJIaR, TaRIIe YCJIaBIIH, RaK y6IIHcTBa 33 caaTBeTCTBYIOm;ee
Ba3Harpam)];eHIIe IIJIII aTRa3 aT y6IIHcTBa npII YCJIOBIIII BbI-
nJIaTbI )];eHer, HBJIHIOTCH He)];enCTBIITeJIbHhI [lI, TaR RaR UpO-
TIIBape aT ny6JIII HaMY nOpH)];KY II )];a6pbIM HpaBaM (CT. 132:
rK; CM.: 06m;aH aCTb - 84). KpoMe Taro, B CJIy ae BbIABII-
meHIIH B Ka eCTBe aTJIaraTeJIbIIara HeBblnaJIHIIMara YCJIaBIIJI:
140
aHHQe YCJIQBMe C'IMTaeTCH He)J;eHCTBMTeJIbHbIM (rr. 1 CT. 133
fR).
B) IIQJIQmeHMe rR 01 TQM, 'ITQ C)J;eJrKM C QTJIaraTeJIbHbIM
YCJIQBHeM, 3aBHCHm,MM HCRJIIO'IHTeJIbHQ QT BQJIM )J;QJIlI-I:HMKa,
HBJIHIOTCH He)J;eMCTBHTeJIbHbIMH (CT. 134 rR), Tpe6yeT HeKQ-
TQPbIX nQHCHeHHM. HanpMMep, C eJIKH, rrpH KOTQPbIX rrQra-
meHHe )J;QJIra 3aBHCHT QT meJIaHMH )J;QJImHHKa, He rrQPQm)J;a-
lOT rrpaBQBbIX rrQCJIe)J;CTBHM H rrQnQMY He)J;eMCTBHTeJIbHbI. Ha
nepBbIH B3rJIH)J; KameTCH CTpaHHbIM, rrQ'IeMY YKa3aHHQrQ PQ)J;a
QrQBQPbI, MMelOm,Me 6QJIbmyIO :u;eHHOCTb B MQpaJIbHQM rrJIaHe,
Q6'bHBJIHIOTCH He)J;eMCTBHTeJIbHbIMM, Q)J;HaKQ CJIe)J;yeT Y'IHTbI-
BaTb, 'ITQ rrQHHTHH )J;eHCTBHTeJIbHQCTH H He)J;eMCTBMTeJIbHQCTH
B rrpaBe QCHQBbIBalOTCH HC<KJIIO'IHTeJIbHQ Ha HaJIH'IMH HJIH QT-
CYTCTBMM rrpaBQBbIX rrQCJIe)J;CTBHM. IIpHMeHHTeJIbHQ K yKa3aH-
HbIM yCJIOBHHM B HayKe HCrrQJIb3yeTcH TepMMH HCRJIIO'IHTeJIb-
HQ Q6PQBQJIbHoe YCJIQBue.
r) YCJIQBMH MQryT CBQ6Q)J;HQ orrpe)J;eJIHTbCII CTQPQHaMM,
T'eM He MeHee rrpanQ rrpe)J;'bHBJIHeT K HUM Qrrpe)J;eJIeHHbIe Tpe-
6QBaHHH, 6e3 CQ6JIIO)J;eHHH KQTQPbIX C eJIKa MQmeT CTaTb 6ec-
CMbICJIeHHQM. ,ZJ;aHHbIe YCJIQBHH Ha3bIBalOTCH aaRQHHbIMM.
IIpMMepoM nQ)J;Q6HQrQ YCJIQBHH HBJIlIeTCH rrQJIQmeHHe 01 TQM,
'ITQ 3aBem,aHHe TepHeT )J;eMcTBMTeJIbHQCTb B CJIY'Iae CMepTM
HaCJIe)J;HHKa Q CMepTH HaCJIe Q aTeJIH HJIH Q HOBpeMeHHQ C
HMM (CM CT. 994 fR).
3) B KaKHX me CJIY'IaHX )J;QrrYCKaeTCH BKJIIO'IeHMe B CQ-
)J;epmaHMe C)J;eJIKM YCJIQBHlr? B :u;eJIQM 3)J;eCb HeOOXQ)J;HMQ MC-
XQ)J;HTb M3 rrpMHll,Hrra CBQ6Q)J;bI c)J;eJIOK. IIpH aTQM, Q)J;HaIW,
HMeeTCH pH)J; MCKJIIO'IeHMM. TaR, HCXQ)J;H M3 Tpe6QBaHMM Q6H-
3aTeJIbHbIx rrpe)J;rrMcaHMM, rry6JIH'IHQrQ nQPH)J;Ka H )J;Q6pbIX
HpaBQB, He QrrYCKaeTCH BKJIIO'IeHHe B 'IMCJIQ YCJIQBMM QTKa3a
QT HacTyrrJIeHMH Qrrpe)J;eJIeHHbIX rrpaBQBbIX rrQCJIe)J;CTBHM, Ha-
rrpHMep QTKa3a QT 3aKJIIO'IeHMH 6paKa, yCbIHQBJIeHIIH, rrpH-
3HaHMH QT:U;QBCTBa, HaCJIe QRaHMH H T. rr. RpQMe TQrQ, He P:Q-
nYCKaeTCH BRJIIO'IeHHe YCJIQBHM B Q)J;HQCTQPQHHHe C)J;eJIKM, M6Q-
nQ)J;Q6HbIe YCJIQBMH MQrYT HaHeCTM 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIM ym,ep6 IIH-
TepecaM )J;PyrQM CTQPQHbI. RQHKpeTHQ 016 aTQM rR rQBQPUT
TQJIbKQ rrpMMeHHTeJIbHQ R 3a'IeTY (CT. 506 rR), QfJ,HaKO B
rrQPH)J;Ke TQJIRQBaHMH aTQ rrQJIQmeHMe paCrrpQCTpaHHeTCH H Ha
)J;pyrMe BM)J;bI QCBQ6Qm)J;eHHH QT Q6H3aTeJIbCTB (CT. 540 H
CJIe)J;. rR). HQ B QTJIH'IMe QT 3aRJIIO'IeHMH 6paRa, yCbIHQBJIe-
HMH M T. rr. 3)J;eCb Bce me fJ,QrrYCHaeTCH BKJIIO'IeHHe YCJIQBUM
B CJIY'Iae CQrJIaCHH )J;pyrQM CTQPQHbI, HeMcrrQJIHeHHH Q6H3a-
TeJIbCTBa B Te'IeHMe 10 )J;HeM, H, KPQMe TQrQ, )J;pyraH CTQPQHa
141
MomeT B Te'IeHHe He)];eJIbHOrO CpOKa aHHYJIHpOBaTb )];aHHOrO
pO)];a O)];HOCTOPOHHIOIO C)];eJIKY, T. e. YCJIOBHH )];OrrYCKaIOTCH B
CJIY'IaRX, KOr)];a HX BKJIIO'leHHe B O)];HOCTOPOHHIOIO C)];eJIKY He
HaHOCHT yrn;ep6a HHTepecaM )];Pyron C1'OpOHbI.
119. HacTynJIeHHe YCJIOBlfii.
1) IIo)]; HacTyrrJIeHHeM YCJIOBHn rrOHHMaeTCH HacTyrrJIeHHe
Tex 06CTOHTeJIbCTB, KOTopbIe BbI)];BlHaJIHCb B Ka'IeCTBe YCJIO-
BHII. f:h YCTaHaBJIHBaeT, 'ITO B CJIY'lae rrperrHTcTBHn HacTyrr-
JIeHHIO YCJIOBHn co CTOpOHJ:.I IWHTpareHTa, KOTOPOMY HeBbI-
TO)];HO HacTyrrJIeHHe )];aHHbIX YCJIOBHn, )];pyraH CTopOHa npHoo-
peTaeT rrpaBa, paBHble TeM, KOTopble rrpHOOpeJIa ObI rrp]!
Hacryrr:IeHHH YI\a3aHHbIX YCJIOBM (CT. 130 fR).
,[(aHHoe rrOJIOmeHHe CJIe)];yeT rro aHaJIOrHH pacrrpOCTpa-
HHTb II Ha rrpOTHBOrrOJIOmHyro CHTya:rWIO, T. e. KOr)];a CTOPO-
Ha, 3anHTepeCOBaHHaH B HacTyrrJIeHHH orrpep;eJIeHHbIX YCJIO-
BHn, He)];OOpOCOBeCTHbIMH )];enCTBHHMH CTHMYJIHpyeT HX
HacTyrrJIeHHe. B 3TOM CJIY'Iae C'lHTaeTCH, 'ITO )];JIH )];pyron CTO-
POHbI )];aHHbIe yCJIOBHH He HacTyrrHJIH.
2) Ral'He me rrOCJIe)];CTBHH BbI3blBaeT HacTyrrJIeHHe YCJIO-
BHn? IIoHRTHo, 'ITO B CJIY'lae OTJIaraTeJIbHoro YCJIOBHR ero
HacTyrrJIeHHe rrpHBO)];HT K B03HHKHOBeHHIO rrpaBOBblX rrOCJIe)];-
CTBHn cp;emrn:, a B cJIy'lae OTMeHHTeJIbHOrO YCJlOBHR - K
YTpaTe yme HMeIOrn;HXCH rrOCJIe)];CTBHM. IIpo6JI8Mon HBJIHeT-
CH, O;J;HaKO, orrpe)];eJIeHHe BpeMeHH HacTynJIeHHH HJIH YTpaTbI
nOCJIe)];CTBHn - C MOMeHTa HacTyrrJIeHHH YCJIOBHn HJIH C MO-
MeHTa cOBeprueHHH C)];eJIKH. OTHOCHreJIbHO 3Toro fR orrpe)];e-
JIHeT BpeMH HacTyrrJIeHHH nOCJIe)];CTBHn MOMeHTOM HacTyrrJIe-
HHH YCJIOBHn, orOBapHBaH, O)];HaKO, 'ITO B cJIy'Iae rrpe)];BapH-
TeJIbHOH }l.orOBopeHHOCTH CTOpOH HacTyrrJIeBIIe YCJIOBHn MO-
meT H IeTb H OOpaTHYIO CHJIY (rr. 3 CT. 127 fR).
120. Y CJIOBHbIe npaBa.
1) PaceMoTpHM TaKyIO ClfTya HIO. Orrpe eJIeHHoMY JIH y
ooern;aHo, 'ITO B CJIY'Iae 3aKJIIO'leHHH opaKa OHO rrOJIY'IHT
mHJIbe, rr03TOMY JIH O Ha)];eeTCH rrpll BbIIIOJIHeHHH Y'Ka3aHHO-
ro YOJIOBHR rrpHoopeCTH rrpaBO cooCTBeHHOCTII Ha ooern;aHHoe
mHJIbe. IIpHiMeHHTeJIbHO K rrO)];OOHbIM CliTyaIJ,HHM fK orrpe-
)];eJIHeT, 'ITO CTOpOHJ:.I CBOHMH )];enCTBHHMH He )];OJImHbI HaHO-
CHn yrn;epo YKa3aHHoro po)];a OmH)];aHHHM (CT. 128 fK).
PeryJIHpYH OOH3aHHOCTH CTOpOH, 3TO rrOJIOffieHHe KOCBeHHO
npII)];aeT Ha3BaHHbIM OmH)];aHHHM orrpe)];erreHHbln CTaTYC
npaB, HOTopble rrpHHHTO Ha3bIBaTb YCJIOBHbIMIL
142
1) B CJIyqae HapymemIH YCJIOBHbIX npaB ,n;pyroH CTOpO-
HOH, B HaIIIeM npHMepe B CJIyqae nOBpem,n;em1JI mHJIbH CO CTO-
pOHbI ,n;apHTeJIH ,n;o 3aImlOqeHHH ,n;pyroH CTOpOHOH 6paKa,
HacTyrraeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb no B03Mem;eHHIO Bpe,n;a. Rpo:\re
Toro, B CJIyqae npo,n;amH Bem;H TpeTbeMY mm;y B03HHRaeT
CBoero po,n;a ,n;BoHHaH nepe,n;aqa, o,n;HaRO B CJIyqae perHcTpa-
IJ;HH o,n;apHeMbIM CBoero yCJIOBHOrO npaBa (CT. 2 3aKOHa 0
perHCTpaIJ;HH He,n;BHmHMoH co6cTBeHHocTH, CM.: Bem;Hoe npa-
BO - 12) OH HMeeT npfJlnfy ecTBo nepe,n; TpeTbHM JIHIJ;OM,
3aperHcTpHpoBaBIIIHM YRa3uHHYlO co6cTBeHHocTb Ha CBoe
HMH. ,IJ;aHHoe nOJIOmeHHe' npH3HaHO RaI{ HaYKOH, TaR H cy-
,n;e6HOH npaRTHROH H HaIIIJIO IIIHpORoe npHMeHeRHe B OTHO-
meHHH TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX npe,n;Bap1ITeJIbHhIX COrJIaIIIeHHH 0
3aMeHe HCnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, I\Or,n;a B CJIyqae HeHCnOJI-
HeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa npaBO co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha onpe,n;eJIeH-
HYIO He,n;BHmHMOCTb nepexo,n;HT R Rpe,!l;HTopy (nepexo,n; npaBa
co6CTBeHHOCTH npH OTJIaraTeJIbHOM YCJIOBHH) (CM.: Bem;Hoe
npaBO - 122).
0) IIpH nOBpem,n;eHHH (B HaIIIeM IipHMepe) mlIJIbH co CTO-
pOHbI TpeTbel'O JIHIJ;a TaRme HacTyrraeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb ,n;aH-
Horo JIHIJ;a no B03Mem;eHHIO Bpe,n;a. RpoMe Toro, B CBOHX
,n;eHcTBHHX no pacnopHmeHHIO YRa3aHHhIM IIMym;ecTBoM
TpeTbe JIHIJ;O He HMeeT npeHM eCTBa nepe,n; YCJIOBHO o,n;a-
pHeMbIM. Oco6oe BHHMaHHe CJIe,n;yeT oopaTHTb Ha TO, "ITO npH
HacTynJIeHHH YCJIOBHH, T. e. npH 3aRJIIOqeHHH 6paKa, BnepBhIe
HacTynaeT nOJIHaH ,n;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb c,n;eJIRH.
2) B CJIy"Iae HacTynJIeHHH YCJIOBHH B OTHOIIIeHHH npaB H
o6H3aHHocTeH ,n;eHCTByIOT Te me nOJIOmeHHH, "ITO H B OTHO-
meHHH npHoOpeTeHHhIx npaB H oOH3aHHocTeH, T. e. OHIT MoryT
OhITb 06'beKTOM pacnopHmeHHH, HaCJIe,n;OBaHHH, coxpaHeHHH,
a TaRme 3aJIOra (CT. 129 rR).
3) BhIIIIe MbI paCCMaTplIBaJIH CJIy"IaH, CBH3aHHbIe C OTJIa-
raTeJIbHbIM YCJIOBHeM. TaRoe me nOJIOmeHHe II IIPH OTl\feHII-
TeJIbHOM YCJIOBHH. TaR, npH cOBeprneHHH c,n;eJIRII no nOBop;y
,n;apeHHH mHJIbH npH 3aRJIIOqeHHH 6paRa C ero ,n;OqepblO oTeu;
I}RJIlOqaeT YCJIOBHe B03Bpam;eHHH ,n;aHHoro mHJIbH B cJIyqae
pa3Bop;a 6e3 pa3YMHbIX oCHoBaHHH, H B cJIyqae TaRoro pa3Bo-
,n;a oTeIJ; npHo6peTaeT YCJIOBHOe npaBo Ha nOJIyqeHHe no,n;a-
peHHora HM mHJIbH. IIpH aToM, o,n;HaRO, CJIe,n;yeT 06paTHTb
BHHMaHHe Ha perHCTpaIJ;HIO B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CT. 38 SaRoHa
o perHCTpaIJ;HH He,n;BHmHMoH co6CTBeHHOCTH.
143
f 2. BpeMJI
121. lloHHTHe Bpe!IeHII.
1) MCTeTfeHHe BpeMeHII, l\aK H YCJIOBHe, JIBJIJIeTCJI OCHO-
BaHllmI ));JIJI OTCpOTfKH npaBOBbIX nOCJIe));CTBHR C));eJIKII, a TaK-
me ));JIJI ee npeKparu;eHIIJI. IIplIMeHHTeJIbHO K OTCpOTfKe Ha-
cTynJIeHIIJI npanOBbIX nOCJIe));CTBHR :no BpeMH Ha'laJIa, a npe-
Kpalll,eHHIO - BpeMH HCTe'leHlIH. 0 BpeMeHIl Ha TfaJIa fR ro-
BOpllT JIIIillb npllMeHIITeJIbHO K IICnOJIHeHHIO (CM. n. 1 CT. 135
fR). O));HaKO 06bI'IHO 3TO nOHJITlle IICnOJIb3yeTCJI ropa3));0
illilpe. TaK, npil COBepilleH1l1l C));eJIOK 0 nepe));a'Ie ));apa 1 JIH-
BapJI 6Y));Ylll,ero ro));a IIJIII 0 BblllJIaTe ));eHer B KOHD;e ro));a
COOTBeTCTBYIOru;lIe 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa B03HHKaIOT, O));HaKO IIX IIC-
IIOJIHeHHe OTKJIa));bIBaeTCII ));0 HacTynJIeHIIJI onpe));eJIeHHOTO
Bpe)leHIl. TaKIfx CJIYTfaeB HeMaJIO, HanpJIMep c));aTfa B apeH));Y
mlIJIbJI C 1 JIHBapll 6Y));Ylll,eTO ro));a.
2) XapaKTep nOHIITIfIl BpeMeHH IIMeeT MHOTO 06ru;eTo C
YCJIOBIIJIMII, O));HaKO MeiI\));y HIIMII IIMeeTCJI II oTMeqeHHOe pa-
Hee pa3JIHlJlIe: eCJIII B OTHOilleHlIll: YCJIOBHH HeH3BeCTHO, Ha-
cTynJIT OHII IIJIII HeT, TO HacTynJIeHlle onpe));eJIeHHOTO BpeMe-
HII npe));CTaBJIJIeT C060R 6e3YCJIOBHOe 06CTOJITeJIbCTBO. B no-
HJITlm BpeMeHH pa3JIIfTfaIOT onpe));eJIeHHOe BpeMH, T. e.
HacTynJIeHlle KOHKpeTHOll ));aTbI, II Heonpe)];eJIeHHOe BpeMH,
uanpllMep B CJIYTfae CMepTlI.
122. HacTynJIeHlIe CpOl\a.
1) ITO)); HacTynJIeHlleM CpOI\a nOHIlMaeTCJI HCTeTfeHlle
onpe));eJIeHHOTO BpeMeHIf IIJIII HacTynJIeHlle onpe));eJIeHHbIX
06CTOJITeJIbCTB, HanpllMep CMepTIf II T. ));. XOTJI B fR OTCYT-
CTByIOT nOJIOmeHIIJI 0 TOM, C'IIfTaTb JIll onpe));eJIeHHOe BpeMJI
HacTynnBillHM, nOHJITne YTpaTbI BbITO));bI BpeMeHIl no CBoeMY
xapaKTepy 6JIIf31\O K HacTynJIeHIlIO cpOKa.
2) I1paBOBbIe nOCJIe)];CTBIUl HacTynJIeHIIJI cpoKa npllMeHII-
TeJIbHO K BpeMeHII Ha'IaJIa COCTOJIT B B03MOJRHOCTII Tpe60Ba-
HIIJI HCnOJIHeHHJI IIJIII B B03HHKHOBeHilil npaBOBbIX nOCJIe));CT-
BIIH C)];eJIKH, a npllMeHIITeJIbHO K BpeMeHIl IIcTeqeHHJI - B
npeKparu;eHlIH npaB II 06JI3aHHocTell. ITpeKparu;eHIfe II B03-
HIlKHOBeHlle npaB II 06JI3aHHOCTell B 3TIIX CJIYTfaJIX HacTyna-
IOT C MOMeHTa IICTeTfeHIIJI cpOKa, If 3TOMY, no.n;06Ho YCJIOBIIJIM
HacTynJIeHIfIO cpOKa, He MomeT 6bITb nplI));aHa 06paTHaJI CIfJIa
(CT. 135 fR).
144
123. BbIrO bI BpeMeHM.
1) Bblro bI BpeMeHII npe CTaBJIJnOT COOOH 6JIara, nOJIY-
q:aeMble B pe3YJIbTaTe BKJIIO'IeHIIH BpeMeHII B cO)J;epmaHIIe
C eJIKII. TaK, npii oecnpOn;eHTHoM eHemHOM 3a:HMe BblrO bI
BpeMeHII HBHO HaXO,D;HTCH Ha CTopOHe OJImHIIKa. IIpli
B03Me3)J;HOM 3aHMe BblrO,D;bI BpeMeHll OObI'IHO pacnpo-
TpaHHIOTCH KaK Ha Kpe HTopa, TaK II Ha ,D;OJIm-
BllKa. IIpll oe3B03Me3 HoM orOBope xpaHeHllH oJIara Bpe-
MeHll nplIHai'!;JIemaT Kpe,D;IITOPY (nOKJIame)J;aTeJIIO). B :u;e-
JIOM me rK onpe eJIHeT, '11'0 BbIrOi'!;bI BpeMeHll HaXO HTCH
Ha CTopOHe OJImHllKa (n. 1 CT. 136 rK) II '11'0 B OTHOmeHMH
8bIrO 8peMeHH MomeT OCYID;eCTBJIHTbCH OTKa3 (n. 2 CT. 136
rK). IIoaTOMY, HanpllMep, OJImHllK B 6ecnpo:u;eHTHoM ,D;e-
HemHOM 3aHMe MomeT OTKa3aTbCH OT Bblro BpeMeHII 11
OCpO'lHO llCnOJIHHTb oOR3aTeJIbCTBo. O)J;BaKo eCJIll npll aTOM
,n;PyroH CTopOHe oy eT npll'IllHeH Bpe , HeOOXO)J;llMO ero B03-
MeIIl,eHlle (orOBopKa n. 2 CT. 136 rK).
2) B CJIY'Iae YTpaTbI OBepllR K OJImHllKY, OOJIai'!;aIOIII,eMY
BhIro aMll Bp8'MeHll, OJIiImHK YTpa-'IUBaeT H BbIrOi'!;bI BpeMe-
HM. rK npe YCMaTpllBaeT Ha aTOT C'IeT CJIei'!;YIOIII,lle OOCTOR-
TeJIbCTBa: OO'bHBJIeHlle OJImHllKa oaHKpoToM, YHll'lTOmeHlle
HJIll YMeHbmeHlle 3aJIora co CTOpOHbI OJImHllKa (HanpllMep,
noPyoKa 3aJIOmeHHOro JIeca), Henpe)J;CTaBJIeHlle B COOTBeT-
CTBllll C 3aKOHOM llJIll ,D;OrOBOpOM 3aJIOra co CTOpOHbI OJImHll-
Ka (CT. 137 rK).
BMeCTe C TeM llMeeTCR HeMaJIO npllMepOB, Kor)J;a B CllJIY
Cnen;lIaJIbHbIX comameHllH CTOpOH npe ycMaTpllBaeTCR YTpa-
Ta BbIrOi'!; BpeMeHll B CllJIY OOCTOHTeJIbCTB, nOMllMO YKa3aH-
HblX B rK.
rnaBa 10. CPOKH
124. IIOBHTlIe cpOKa. Onpei'!;eJIeHHbIH npOMemYTOK BpeMe-
Hll, ,D;JIHIII,HIrCR OT o,n;Horo MOMeHTa BpeMeBH i'!;0 ,n;Pyroro, Ha-
3hIBaeTCH CpOKOM. CpOKII '1aCTO onpe eJIHIOT H B c,n;eJII\ax,
npaBOBbIX HopMax, B pemeHIIHX cYi'!;a. IIplIMeHIITeJIbHO KO
BceM aTIL\1 CJIY'IaHM OOIIl,aH 'IaCTb rK YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT cnoc06
IIC'IIICJIeHIIH CpOKOB. 31'01' cnocoo npHMeHHeTCH II BopMaTllB-
HbIMII aI\TaMII, BbIXOi'!;HIII,IIMll 3a npe eJIbI rpam aHcKoro npa-
Ba. IIoJIoSKeHHH rK, O HaKO, He npHMeHHIOTCH, eCJIH CTOpOHbI
onpe,n;eJIHIOT HHble ITO cpaBHeHHIO C rK cnocoobl IIC'IIICJIeHIIH
CpOKOB (CM. CT. 138 rK).
10 3aKaa Ng 892
145
125. HC'IHCJIeHHe CpOKOB. Cym;ecTByeT p;Ba cnoco6a HC'lIIC-
JIeHIIH CpOROB.
1) B CJIY'lae onpe)J;eJIeHHH CpOROB B '1acax, MHHYTax, ce-
KYHp;ax IIC'IHCJIeHlIe Ha'lIiHaeTCH C onpep;eJIeHHOrO MOMeHTa,
(CT. 139 fK). I1op;o6Hoe HC'InCJIeHlIe Ha3bIBaeTCH cnoco50M
eCTeCTBeHHOrO HC'IIICJIeHHH.
2) ¥Ra3aHHbIll: cnoco6 npHMeHHM H R HC'IIICJIeHIIIO CpOROBc
B P;HHX, He)J;eJIHX, MeCH:u;ax H rop;ax, O)J;HaRO 06bI'IHO p;JIIITeJIL
lIbIe npOMemYTRII BpeMeHII HC'IHCJIHIOTCH no RaJIeHp;apIO, 1'1
3TOT cnoco6 Ha3bIBaeTCH cnoco6oM KaJIeHp;apHoro IIC'IHCJIeHHH.
IIpH HC'IIICJIeHIIII )J;JIIITeJIbHbIX neplIop;OB BpeMeHII nOJIL30Ba-
Hne cnoco6oM eCTeCTBeHHoro nC'InCJIeHIIH Hey)J;o6Ho, nO:3TO-
MY fR B nplIH:U;lIne nplIMeHFIeT RaJIeHp;apHoe IIC'IIICJIeHlIe
(CT. 140 II CJIep;. fK). CneU;lIaJIbHOe COrJIarneHlIe CTOpOH 0
eCTeCTBeHHOM HC'IHCJIeHHII CpOROB nplI3HaeTCH )J;ell:CTBHTeJIL-
HbIM, O)J;HaRO onpep;eJIeHlIe CpOROB B 3aROHop;aTeJILCTBe II pe-
IDeHIIHX cyp;a ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH B COOTBeTCTBlI1I C HopMaMB
fR, eCJIH nHoro He npe)J;ycMoTpeHO B COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HX HOp-
MaTIIBHLIX M\TaX (CT. 138 fR).
a) I1plI RaJIeHp;apHOM IIC'IIICJIeHIIII CpOROB B03HIIRae'lJ
np06JIeMa Ha'laJILnOrO MOMenTa cpORa. COrJIaCHO 06m;eMY
npaBIIJIy nepBLlii )J;eHL He Y'IHTLIBaeTcn, 3a IICRJIIO'IeHlIeMi
Toro CJIY'IaH, Rorp;a Ha'laJIO Te'leHIIH cpORa onpe)J;eJIHeTCH no
JIyHO'lLIO (CT. 140 fK). CJIep;yeT Y'lIiTbIBaTb, O)J;HaRO, 'ITO
T8'RIIe HopMaTIIBHbIe aRTbI, RaR 3aROH 0 IIOCeMell:HOll: 3anliCB
II 3M\OH 0 napJIaMeHTe, CqlITaIOT npli IIC'lIICJIeHIIII CpOROB H
nepBbIH )J;eHL (CM. n. 1 CT. 43 3aROHa 0 nOce)WIIHOM 3anIICIi.
CT. 14, 133 3aRoHa 0 napJIaMeHTe). .
6) KOHe'lHbIii MOMeHT cpoRa B CJIY'lae, Rorp;a CpOR IIC'IHCoo
JIHeTCH MeCH:u;aMII HJIII rop;aMII, OlIpep;eJIHeTCH IIO RaJIeHp;apIO.
BHe 3aBHCHMOCTII OT Toro, BIiCOROCHLIn TOP; IIJIH HeT (n. 1
CT. 143 fR). ROHe'IHbIM MOMeHTOM cpORa HBJIHeTCH IIpep;bI-
)J;ym;lIn )J;eHb nOCJIep;Hen Hep;eJIII, Mecau;a IIJIII ;rop;a )J;HH, COOT-
BeTcTByIOm;ero Ha'laJIbHOMY MOMeHTY cpORa (n. 2 CT. 143.
CT. 141 fR). I1PII 3TOM B03MomeH cJIY'Iall, Korp;a OTCYTCTBY-
eT p;eHL nOCJIep;HerO MeCH:u;a HJIlI rop;a cpOKa, COOTBeTCTBYIO-
m;Hn Ha'IaJIbHOMY MOMeHTY cpORa. HalIpnMep, :nOT p;eHb npH-
XO)J;HTCH Ha 29 «peBpaJIH BnCOROCHoro rop;a. B i'\;aHHOM CJIY'Iae
CpOK HCTeRaeT B lIocJIep;HHlI p;eHL MeCHU;a (oroBopKa II. 2
CT. 143 fK). ECJIII me lIocJIep;Hull p;eHb cpOKa npuxop;nTCH Ha
<<Hau;IIOHaJILHbIn npa3p;HIIR, BOCRpeceHLe lIJIlI lIHon Hepa6o-
qHn p;eHL», a TaKme Ha p;eHL, B OTHomeHIIU ROToporo cym;e-
cTByeT 06bI'Iali He COBeprnan Cp;eJIOR, CpOR npOp;JIeBaeTCH Ha
146
O MH eHl, (CT. 142 fit). HaIJ;MOHaJILHbIM npa3 HMKOM C'lH-
TaeTCH O HH H3 12 06rn;eHaIJ;MOHaJILHbIX npa3 HH'lHLIX HeH,
onpe eJIeHHbIX B 3aKoHe 0 HaIJ;HOHaJILHbIX npa3 HHKax (3a-
ROH.M 178 OT 1948 r.).
fit onpe eJIHeT nopH OK HC'lMCJIeHHH CpOKOB Ha 6y yrn;ee
Bpe m, H 3TOT iRe nopH OK OJIiReH npHMeHHTLCH K MC'lMCJIe-
HMIO CpOROB, OTHOCHIIJ;HXCH R npome meMY BpeMeHH (peme-
HHe BepxoBHoro cy a OT 2 MaH 1931 r.).
r naB a 11. HCKOBASI AABHOCTb
! 1. 06aqHe nonOHCeHHSI
126. IIoHHTHe HCKOBOii aBHOCTH.
1) ECJIH OJIiRHMR, 3a6LIB 0 OJIrOBOM 06H3aTeJILCTBe, He
nCnOJIHHeT ero, Kpe HTOp MOiReT no aTL MCR B cy 0 npHHY-
HTeJILHOM MCnOJIHeHMM. ECJIM JIMIJ;O, He HBJIHIOrn;eeCH c06-
CTBeHHHROM 3eMJIM, HCnOJIL3yeT ee TaK, 6Y TO 6bI OHO HBJIH-
eTCH ee c06CTBeHHMKOM, eMCTBMTeJILHLIM c06CTBeHHMK MO-
iReT, CCLIJIaHCL Ha CBoe npaBO, IIpe 'bHBMTL HCR 0 B03Bparn;e-
HHH 3eMJIH. IlHLIMM CJIOBaMH, B CJIyqae HaJIM'lMH 06CTOH-
TeJIbCTB, HapymaIOrn;Mx npaBonopH OR, CPYHRIJ;MH rrpaBa M 3a-
Aa'la cy a COCTOHT B JIMKBM aIJ;MM aHHbIx 06CTOHTeJIbCTB H
YTBepiR eHMH Ha JIeiRarn;ero npaBOBoro nOJIOiReHHH. O HaRO
eCJIH YRa3aHHbIe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa B03HIIRJIH aBHO, cy y TPy -
HO C OCTOBepHOCTbIO orrpeAeJIMTb 060CHOBaHHOCTb npHTH3a-
HMM CTOpOH H, aiRe eCJIM 3TO B03MOiRHO, JIMRBM aIJ;MH aHHbIx
06CTOHTeJIbCTB MOiReT npMBeCTH K yrp03e cTa6MJIbHOCTH
rpaiR aHCKMX npaBOOTHomeHMM B 06rn;eCTBe. II03TOMY rrpaBO
npM3HaeT H OCTaBJIHeT HeH3MeHHbIMH 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa, cyrn;e-
CTByrorn;Me B Te'leHMe npO OJIiI\MTeJIbHOro nepHo a BpeMeHM,
aiRe B CJIY'lae IIX HeCOOTBeTCTBMH Tpe60BaHMHM rrpaBa. Ta-
KaH cIITyaIJ;MH B03MOiRHa rrpM HaJIM'lMM OCHOBaHMM JIH npM-
MeHeHMH rrOJIOiRem[M 0 aBHOCTM.
2) PaccMoTpIIM pa3JIM'lHble crroc06bI OCTMiReHMH IJ;eJIeM
HHCTMTYTa aBHOCTM.
a) O HMM II3 cIIoc060B OCTMiReHMH IJ;eJIeM ;3Toro MHCTH-
TyTa HBJIHeTCH :\IexaHM3M, npH ROTOpOM JIHrn;eeCH npO OJIiRM-
TeJIbHOe Bpe UI nOJIOiReHHe OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHHbIM npM HaJIH-
'{MH BeCRMX OKa3aTeJIbCTB npaBoMepHocTM H OTCYTCTBMH
onpe eJIeHHbIX KOHTpaprYMeHToB, pyrHM cnoc060M - TO,
'ITO JIH coxpaHeHIIH npaBOOTHomeHHM He Tpe6yeTcH 3aIIJ;IITbI
10.
147
CO CTOpOHbI cy a (rrOJIOmeHHe repMaHCROrO rpam aHCRoro'
npaBa 0 nOraCHTeJIbHOH aBHOCTH). COrJIaCHO COBpeMeHHOMY
rR HnOHHII aBHOCTb rropOm aeT B03HIIIGIOBeHHe HJIH YTpaTY
rrpaB, HarrpHMep YTpaTY 06J13aTeJIbCTBeHHOrO rrpaBa HJIIt
npHo6peTeHIIe rrpaBa C06CTBeHHOCTH (CM. CT. 162, 167 rR).
6) Mcxo JI H3 Heooxo HMOCTII ooeCrreqeHHJI CTaOIIJIbHO-
CTII rpam aHCRHX rrpaBooTHoilieHIIH, B03HHRHOBeHHe rrpaBO-
BbIX rrOCJIe CTBIIH aBHOCTII p;OJImHO IIMeTb aOCOJIIOTHbIH xa-
paRTep. BMecTe C TeM rrpaBO p;OJImHO rrpOJlBJIJlTb YBameHHe
K MOpaJIbHbIM rrpHHD;HrraM JIHlIHOCTH, Ror a orrpep;eJIeHHOe-
JIHD;O ClIIITaeT HIIme CBoero OCTOIIHCTBa rrpIIoopeTeHIIe rrpaB
HJIH oCBooomp;eHHe OT OOJl3aHHOCTeu Ha OCHOBaHIIH HCROBOH
aBHOCTH, rro:nOMY JIIID;O, JlBJIJlIO eeCJI rrOJIYlIaTeJIeM BblrO br
aBHOCTH, MomeT rrO CBoen BOJIe rrpHHJlTb ee rrpaBoBbIe rrO-
CJIep;CTBIIJI HJIH OTRa3aTbCJI OT HHX (CM. CT. 145 H 146 rR).
3) B rrpIIHD;IIrre IIHCTIITYT p;aBHOCTII OTHOCIITCJI R HMy e-
CTBeHHbIM rrpaBaM, HO He K JIlI'IHbIM HeuMym;ecTBcHHbIM rrpa-
BaM. BMeCTe C TeM MomHO Ha3BaTb TaRHe rrpHMepbI, RaK
q.aRTHlIeCRHH 6paR, Ror a B nOpJl Re TOJIROBaHJIJI (CM.:.
CeMeHHoe rrpaBO -- 35) HJIII 3aROHOp;aTeJIbHbIM rrYTeM (rr. 1
CT. 16 2 3aRoHa 0 KOMrreHcaD;HII rrpH HeClIaCTHbIX CJIYlIaHx Ha
rrpOH3Bo cTBe H cTpaxoBaHHH pa6ollHx) Ha cyrrpyroB, co-
CTOJl HX B q,aRTH<recRoM opaRe, pacrrpOCTpaHJlIOTCJI T
me rrpaBoBble rrOCJIe CTBIIJI, liTO H Ha 3aROHHhIX cyrrpyrOB.
ITo ooHoe rrOJIOmeIIHe HaOJIIOp;aeTCJI II B 06JIaCTII OTHOIIIeHHii
pOp;HTeJIeH H eTeH.
127. IIpcCeRaTCJILHbIH CpOR. BecbMa OJIH3RO R rrOHHTHID
aBHOCTH B OTHOilieHIIH rrpeRpa eHIIJI npaB CTOHT rrOHJlTH
rrpeCeRaTeJIbHoro cpORa, ROTopoe CJIymiiT P;JIJI YCRopeHHJI
YTBepmp;eHIIH B orrpep;eJIeHHbIX rrpaBax II orrpep;eJIJleTCH B 3a-
KOHO aTeJIbHOM rrOpJIp;Re. ::ho rrOHJlTHe OTJIIf1IHO OT IIHCTHTY-
Ta aBHOCTII, rrOCTpoeHHoro Ha YBameHIIII 06CTOJlTeJIbCTB B
CBJl3II C IIX rrpOp;OJImIITeJIbHOCTbIO. ITpeCeKaTeJIbHbIU CpOR lIe '
3HaeT rrepepbIBa (CM.: 06 aJl lIaCTb - 131). B rrOpJlp;Re TOJI-
ROBaHHJI 8TO pacrrpOCTpaHJIeTCJI II Ha rrpiiOCTaHOBJIeHIIe (CM.:
Oo aJl 'laCTb - 133). Op;HaRo R rrOCJIe)];HeMY CJIy<raIO CJIe -
eT rro aHaJIorIIH rrpIIMeHJlTb rrOJIOmeHIIe CT. 161 rR 0 CTIIXHH-
HbIX 6e cTBHJlX H p;pyrHx HerrpeOp;OJIHMbIX 06CTOJlTeJIbCTBaX
RaR OCHOBaHHJlX JIJI rrepepbIBa TelleHIIJI cpORa.
1.JTO me RaCaeTCJI RBaJIIIq,IIKaD;IIII Taro HJIII HHoro cpORa,
HCTe<reHIIe ROToporo rrpeRpa aeT rrpaBO, TO P;JIJI :norD U;eJIe-
148
CDD6pa3eH CJIe)];YIOID;HH rrD)];XD)];: eCJIII B HDpMaX rK y:Ka3aHOo
(<BCJIe)];CTBHe HCTe'IeHHH CpDKa HCKDBDH )];aBHDCTII», eCTeCT-
BeHHD, rrpHMeHHeTCH rrDHHTHe HCKDBDH )];aBHDCTII, BD Bcex me
IIHbIX CJIY'IaHX MbI lIMeeM )];eJID C rrpeCeKaTeJIbHbIM CpDKDM
(CT. 193, 201, 564 II )];p. rK). O)];HaKD )];aHHDe pa3JIH'IHe He
BCer)];a HBHD BbIpameHD.
128. IIpaBoBbIe nDCJIe)];CTBIIH IICKDBOH )];aBHDCTII CDCTDHT
B rrpKo6peTeHI:Ul KJIK YTpaTe npaB, IIIHPleM 3TH nOCJIe)J;CTBK
IIMeIOT D6paTHYIO CHJIY H pacrrpDCTpaHHIOTCH Ha BeCb CpOIt
)];aBHDCTH, BKJII01JaH erD Ha1JaJIbHbIH MDMeHT (CT. 144 rK)_
8TD BrrDJIHe DTpaiKaeT xapaKTep IIHCTIITYTa HCKDBDH )];aBHD-
CTH, KaK DxpaHHIOID;erD rrDJIDiKeHIIe, )];JIHID;eeCH Ha rrpDTHiKe-
HHII BcerD cpDKa )];aBHDCTII. E)];IIHCTBeHHDe HCKJII01JeHHe II3-
YKa3aHHDrD npaBHJIa rrpe)];YCMDTpeHD JIHlIlb CT. 508 rK rrpH-
MeHHTeJIbHD K 3a'IeTY.
129. IIpuHHTHe UCKOBOH )];aBHOCTU D3Ha1JaeT BOJIeH3'bHB-
JIeHHe JIHIW - rrDJIY'IaTeJIH BbHD)]; HCKDBOH )];aBHDCTH '0 rrpH-
HHTHH )];aHHbIX BbIrD)];. B aTDM BDrrpDce rK BeCbMa KpaTDK.
1JTD rropOiKp;aeT CDMHeHHH rrpH TDJIRDBaHHH CODTBeTCTBYIOID;IIX
nOJIDiKeHHH.
1) C D)];HDH CTDpDHbI, rK YCTaHaBJIHBaeT, 'ITO rrD IICTe'Ie-
HHII Drrpe)];eJIeHHDrD rrepIIDp;a BpeMeHHJIH D «rrpHD6peTaeT
HJIII «YTpa'IHBaeT» rrpaBa (CM. CT. 162, 167 H CJIe)];. rK), a c
)];pyrDH CTDpDHbI, CD)];epiKHT rrDJIDiKelIHe '0 TDM, 'ITD cyP; MDiKeT
BblHDCHTb pelIleHHH rrD aTDMY BDrrpDCY JIHlIlb B CJIY'Iae HerrpH-
HHTHH CTDpDHDH BbIrD)]; HCKDBDH )];aBHDCTH (CT. 145 rK). IID-
aTOMY BD3HHKaeT BDnpDC, KaKHM D6pa3DM CJIep;yeT rrOHHMaTb,
rrpaBDDTHDlIleHHII, CYID;eCTBYIOID;He Ha rrpDTlIiKeHHH BcerD rre-
pHD)];a DT HCTe'IeHHH cpDlm IICKDBDn p;aBHDCTH P;D pelIleHHfI
3aHHTepeCDBaHHDrD JIH a '0 rrplJHHTHH rrDCJIep;CTBHH HCKDBDK
)];aBHDCTH.
2) He BbI3bIBaeT cDMHeHHH, 'ITD JIH a:MII, crrDcD6HbIMII.
rrpHHHTb nOCJIep;CTBHH HCTe'IeHHH cpDKa p;aBHDCTII, HBJIHIOTCH
JIH a, npHD6peTaIOID;He npaBD cD6cTBeHFDCTIT, HJIH JIH a"
DCBD6DiKp;aIOID;HecH DT D61I3aTeJIbCTB. Op;HaKD BD3HHKaeT BD-
rrpDC, MOiKeT JIH rrpHHJITHe Dcyru;eCTBJIJITbCJI, HarrpHMep, 3aJID-
rDrrDJIY'IaTeJIeM yKa3aHHDH cD6cTBeHHDcTH HJIII rropY'IHTeJIeNl
YKa3aHHDrD 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa B CJIyqae HerrpHHHTITJI rrDCJIep;CT-
BHH HCTe'IeHHH cpDKa )];aBHDCTII Herrocpep;cTBeHHo 3aHHTepe-
CDBaHHbIMH JIH aMH. B eJIOM cy)];e6HaH rrpaKTHKa rrpH)];ep-
amBaeTCH DrpaHH'IHTeJIbHDrD TDJIKDBaHHH B pelIleHHH aTDro'
149;
80npoca. Mem]];y TeM ObIJIO ObI OOJIee npaBHJIbHbIM BKJIIO'IaTL
B '1HCJIO JIHD;, CnOCOOHbIX OCym;eCTBJIHTb nprrHHTHe nOCJIe]];CT-
nHn HCKOBon ]];aBHOCTH, H Tex, KTO npHoopeTaeT npaBa II
QCBOOOm]];aeTCH OT OOH3aTeJIbCTB Ha OCHOBaHHH BbIilleynoMH-
lIYTbIX npaB II OOH3aHHOCTen.
130. OTKa3 01' BbIrO]]; HCKOBOH ]];aBHOCTII.
1) OTKa3 01' BbIrO]]; IICKOBOn ]];aBHOCTH rrpe]];CTaBJIHeT co-
Don 06paTHYlO CTOPOHY npHHHTHH BbIrO]]; HCKOBon ]];aBHOCTII.
CJIe]];yeT Y'lIITbIBaTb, O):(HaKO, '1TO YKa3aHHbIii: OTKa3 nplI3Ha-
-eTCH B OTHOllIeHHII yme IICTeKrnero cpOKa ]];aBHOCTH. IIpe)];Ba-
:pHTeJIbHbIii: OTRa3 ]];0 HCTe'leHIIH cpORa ]];aBHOCTH 3anpem;aeT-
oCH (CT. 146 rR). 81'0 BbI3bIBaeTCH He TOJIbRO He]];OrrYCTHMO-
-CTblO HrHoplIpOBaHIIH Ton Oom;en pOJIH, KOTOPYIO BbIrrOJIHHeT
nHCTIITYT ]];aBHOCTH, HO II CTpeMJIeHHeM Orpa]];IITb ]];OJImHHKa
QT npHHym]];eHIIH co CTOpOHbI I\pe]];IITOpa C D;eJIblO nOJIY'leHHH
npe]];BaplITeJIbHOrO OTRa3a nepBoro OT BbIrO]]; HCROBon ]];aBHO-
CTH. MCXO]];H H3 :lTon me TO'lRH 3peHIIH, Bce crren;IIaJIbHbIe
corJIarneHIIH, 3aTpY]];HHIOm;IIe HacTynJIeHlIe IICKOBOn ]];aBHOCTH
(rrpO]];JIeHHe cpOI\a IICROBOn ]];aBHOCTII) , TOJIRYIOTCH RaK He]];en-
CTBIUeJIbHbIe.
2) OTKa3 01' BbII'O]]; IICROBOn ]];aBHOCTII nOCJIe IICTe'leHHH
cpoKa ]];aBHOCTII C'IIITaeTCH ]];ei1cTBIITeJIbHbIM (rrpOTHBOnOJIOm-
Hoe TOJI'ROBaHlIe CT. 146 rR). IIplI aTOM 0 Ka3 MomeT ocym;e-
oCTBJIHTbCH B JIIOOon <pOp Ie. B OTJIII'IlIe 01' HBHoro OTKa3a,
KOr]];a aaIIHTepeCOBaHHoe mID;o 3HaeT 0 HacTyrIJleHHII IICROBOH
p;aBHOCTII, '1aCTO ObIBalOT CJIY'lalI, ROr)];a rro pacceHHHOCTII
JIHD;O npO]];OJImaeT HCnOJIHeHHe OOH3aTeJIbCTBa HJIH ocym;ecT-
nJIHeT era OTCpO'lRY. B rrO]];OOHbIX CJIY'laHX B03HHRaeT Bonpoc,
-c'lIITaTb JIll ]];aHHbIe ]];eii:cTBIIH OTRa30M 01' BbIrO]]; HCROBOii:
p;aBHOCTH.
131. OCHoBaHHH nepepbIBa HCKOBOH ]];aBUOCTH. IIoCROJIbRY
nCROBaH )];aBHOCTb rrpe]];rrOJIaraeT ]];JIHm;eeCH EaJIII'IlIe orrpe]];e-
JIeHHDIX OOCTOHTeJIbCTB, rrpH B03HURHOBeHHlI nOMex aTOMY
COCTOHHlllO He II]];eT II CpOK HCROBon )];aBHOCTII. 81'0 Ha3bIBa.
eTCH rrepepbIBOM HC'ROBon ]];aBHOCTII. IIplI rrpeRpam;eHIIH OCHO-
BaHIIM ]];JIH rrepepbIBa IICTe'leHIIe IICKOBOH )];aBHOCTH Ha'lIIHaeT-
CH CHOBa. rR CO]];epJKIIT ]];eTaJIbHYIO perJIaMeHTarr;n:1O OCHOBa-
HUH nepepLlBa HCKoBon ]];aBHOCTH.
1) TpeooBaHHe, a HMeHHO TpeooBamre ynpaBoMo'leHHoro
JIIID;a OTHOCIITeJIbHO nO]];TBepiK]];emIH CBOHX npaB (n. 1 CT. 147
rR).
150
a) Tpe60BaHHe B cy.a;e6HOM nopH.a;Re (CT. 149 fR).
Tpe60BaHlle B cyp;e6HoM nopH.a;Ke 06bPIHO ocym;eCTBJIHeT-
CH B BH}W HCRa, npe.a;'bHBJIlIeMoro .a;OJImHHRY Rpe,IJ;1ITOpOM, 06
HCnOJIHemII1 06H3a TeJIbCTBa (HCR 0 npHcymp;eHHH), o.a;HaR(}
OHO MomeT npHHIIMaTb H .a;pyroH BHP;: HCR 0 nplI3HaHHH npaB
npaBOMO'lHOrO JII1IJ;a (IICR 0 npH3HaHHH), HCK 0 cpOpMHpOBa-
HHH onpe.a;eJIeHHbIX OTHorneHlIa (lICK 0 cpOpMlIpOBaHHH). ITo-
HHTHO, 'lTO BO Bcex 9TlIX CJIY'laHX MOryT no.a;aBaTbCH Jl
BCTpe'lHbIe HCKH.
IIepepbIB, no HaIIIeMY MHeHHIO, He p;OJImeH OrpaHII'lHBaTb-
CH JIHIIIb HCRaMH OTHOCRTeJIbHO npaB. STO OCHOBaHHe CJIep;y-
eT TOJIROBaTb pacnpOCTpaHHTeJIbHO, o.a;HaRO cy.a;e6HaH npaR-
THRa 3aHHMaeT n03Hn;HIO OrpaHH'lHTeJIbHorO TOJIKOBaHHH.
ITpe.a;'bHBJIeHHe IICRa, RacaIOm;erOCII 'laCTH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, He-
03Ha'laeT nepepbIBa HCJWBOM p;aBHOCTH B OTHOIIIeHHH OCTaJIb-
HbIX ero 'laCTeH (peIIIeHHe BepxOBHoro cy.n;a OT 20 cpeBpaJIJI
1959 r.).
B CJIY'lae npep;'bHBJIeHHH Tpe60BaHHH B cyp;e6HoM nopHp;-
Re nepepbIB Te'leHHH p;aBHOCTII HacTynaeT C MQ;\IeHTa npe.a;'b-
HBJIeHHH HORa (CT. 235 fITR).
ITepepblB He HacTynaeT nplI YRa3aHHOM BHp;e Tpe60BaHlI1I
B CJIY'lae npeRpam;eHHH npOH3Bop;CTBa no p;eJIy HJIH OTKa3a
OT HCKa (CT. 149 fR).
6) IIpHRaa mIaTema (CT. 150 fR).
ITpHRa3 nJIaTema npe.n;CTaBJIHeT C060H ynpom;eHHYIO npo-
u;e.n;ypy ocym;eCTBJIeHHH Tpe60BaHHH Rpe.a;HTopa 06 HCnOJIHe-
HHH 06HaaTeJIbCTBa (CT. 430 H CJIep;. fITR). ITpH OTnpaBR&
npHRaaa nepepbIB HacTynaeT C MOMeHTa 06pam;eHHH B cy.a;.
Op;HaRo eCJIH nOCJIe 9Toro Kpe.a;HTOp He 06pam;aeTCH B cy.a; B
Te'leHHe onpe.a;eJIeHHOrO cpoRa C aaHBJIeHHeM 06 yCJIOBHOM
HCnOJIHe:J{HH 06HaaTeJIbCTBa, .a;eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTb nepepbIBa
YTpa'lI1BaeTCH (CT. 439 fR).
B) 06pam;eHHe aa MHpOBOii c.a;eJIKoii, .a;06pOBOJIbHaH JlBKa
(CT. 151 fR).
06pam;eHlIe CTOpOHbI 3a MlIpOBOH Cp;eJIROH R KOHTpareilTY,
ocpopMJIeHHOe COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HM 3aHBJIeHHe,II B cy.a; (CT. 356
fITR), a TaKJKe P;06pOBOJIbHaH HBRa p;pyroH CTOpOHbI B cy)]; C
n;eJIbIO p;OCTHmeHHH MRpOBoro COrJIaIIIeHHH (CT. 354 fITR)
HBJIHIOTCH OCHOBaHHHMH .n;JIH nepephIBa. Op;HaRo B C.JIy'Iae He-
HBKH p;pyroH CTOpOHbI IIJIH Hep;OCTlIiKeHHH MlIpOBoro corJIa-
meHHH Te'leHlIe p;aBHOCTH He npepblBaeTCH, a P;JIH nepepbIBa
ee ynpaBOMO'leHHOe JIHn;O P;OJIiKHO B Te'leHHe MeCHn;a npe)];'b-
HBHTb HOBbIH HCR (CT. 151 fR). CJIe.n;yeT yq'I1TbIBaTb, 'lTO 3aKO-
15t
Eo):\aTeJIbCTBO npHpaBHHBaeT 06pam;eHHe K nocpe):\HH"leCTBY nO
onpe):\eJIeHHOMY RPYry BonpOCOB K npe):\'bHBJIeHHIO HCRa, eCJIH
<BCJIY"lae He):\OCTIDKeHHH COrJIarneHHH nYTeM nocpe):\HII"leCTBa
'()):\Ha 1I3 CTOpOH B Te"leHHe ):\BYX He):\eJIb npe):\'bHBJIHeT HCR
(CT. 19 3aROHa 0 nocpe):\HH"leCTBe no rpaJK):\aHCRHM ):\eJIaM,
-II. 2 CT. 26 3aROHa 0 cy):\e6HoM paCCMOTpeHHH ceMeHHbIX
,p;eJI) .
r) Y"laCTHe B npon;e):\ype npH3HaHHH 6aHKpoTcTBa (CT. 152
rK).
B CJIY"lae 6aHRpoTcTBa ):\OJIJKHHRa Y"laCTlIe B npon;e):\ype
-IIpH3HaHIIH 6aHRpoTcTBa HBJIHeTCH OCHOBaHHeM nepepbIBa
CROBOH ):\aBHOCTII. IIepepbIB, O):\HaRO, He HacTynaeT npH aH-
HYJIlIpOBaHIIH Y"laCTHH Kpe):\IITOpa B YRa3aHHOll npon;e):\ype
'IIJIH npeRpam;eHHH npOII3BO):\CTBa B OTHorneHHH ero Tpe60Ba-
:IIIIH (CT. 152 rK).
):\) .JI1I"lHOe Tpe60BaHlIe (CT. 153 rK).
IIOMII:\1O Tpe60BaHIIH, ocym;eCTBJIHe lOrO B nopH):\Re cy):\e6-
HOH npOn;e):\ypbI, OCHOBaHlIeM ):\JIH nepepbIBa HCROBOll ):\aBHO-
.cTH nplI3HaeTCH JIH"lHOe Tpe60BaHHe O):\HOH 1I3 CTOpOH R ):\PY-
rOH 0 BbIlIOJIHeHlI1I 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, ROTopoe MOJKeT 6bITb c):\e-
.JIaHO RaR B nHCbMeHHOM, TaR II B YCTHOM BII):\e. G):\HaRO
.p;eHCTBlIe SToro OCHOBaHHH BeCbMa cJIa60e. ECJIII B Te"leHHe
meCTII MeCHn;eB nOCJIe HanpaBJIeHHH ):\aHHoro Tpe60BaHHH
CTopOHa He nplI6eraeT K 60JIee sq,q,eRTuBHoMY cnoc06y Tpe-
,60BaHHH H ):\eHcTBIIH no UCnOJIHeHIIIO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa He OCY-
'm;eCTBJIHIOTCH, nepepbIB YTpa"lRBaeT CBoe ):\eHCTBRe (CT. 153
fK). IIoBTopHoe 06pam;eHHe C JIR"lHbIM Tpe60BaHIIeM He
.JIB.TmeTCH OCHOBaHlIeM nepepbIBa IICROBOH ):\aBHOCTH.
2) 3anpeIn;eHHe, YCJIOBHOe 3anpeIn;eHHe, YCJIOBHOe pacno-
:pHmeHHe (n. 2 CT. 147 rK).
8TII ):\eHcTBRH TaKJKe HBJIHIOTCH OCHOBaHHHMII ):\JIH nepe-
pbIBa TeqeHIIH cpORa RCROBOH ):\aBHOCTH (CM. CT. 564 H CJIe):\.,
'737 II CJIe):\., 755 H CJIe):\. rIIK). B nopH):\Ke TOJIROBaHlIJI B
YRa3aHHbIH nepe"leHb BRJIIO'laeTCH II npOBe):\eHlIe aYKI HOHa
B COOTBeTCTBIIH C 3aRoHoM 06 aYKn;IIOHax. qacTo ):\aHHbIe
eiicTBHH ocym;eCTBJIHIOTCH nOCJIe no):\a"llI HCRa, O):\HaRO STO
BOBce He 06H3aTeJIbHO (CM. CT. 497, 559 rIIK). BpeMeHeM
'Ha'laJIa nepepbIBa C"lHTaeTCH MOMeHT no):\a"llI 3aHBJIeHHH B
'cy):\, O):\HaRO, eCJIH npIIHY):\IITeJIbHOe IICnOJIHeHlIe aHHYJIlIpy-
,eTCH co CTOpOHbI npaBOMO'lHOrO JIHn;a HJIlI no nplI'lIIHe ero
neCOOTBeTCTBHH 3aKOHY, nepepbIB He HacTynaeT (CT. 154 rK).
B pH):\e CJIY'laeB npIIHY):\IITeJIbHOe IICnOJIHeHH ORa3bIBaeTCH
:HeB03MOJKHbIM no nplI"lIIHe OTCYTCTBHH HMy ecTBa, Ha ROTO-
.152
poe P;OJDKHO 6bITb 06paru,eBO B3bICKaBIIe. ;:ho, op;BaKO, Be OKa-
3bIBaeT BJIIIHBHH Ba p;eMCTBHTeJIbBOCTb nepepbIBa. KpOMe TO-
ro, B CJIY'IaHX, Korp;a Kpep;HTOp CTpeMHTCH ocyru,eCTBHTb npH-
nyp;HTeJIbBOe HcrrOJIHeBHe npaBa 3aJIOra B OTBOrrIeBHIf
Bep;BHmHMOCTH, npep;OCTaBJIeBBOM HBbIM, nOMHMO p;OJImBHKa"
JIHn;OM (rrOPY'IHTeJIeM), HCKOBaH p;aBBOCTb npepbIBaeTCH JIIIIIIb
npH COOTBeTCTBYIOru,eM YBep;OMJIeBHH p;OJImBHKa (CT. 155 fK).
3) llpH3HaHHe (n. 3 CT. 147 fK).
,l];aBBoe nOJIOmeBHe 03Ba'IaeT npH3HaBHe BbIrOp;OnOJIy'Ia-'
TeJIeM <l>aKTa BaJIH'IHH npaB Y ynpaBOMO'IeHHOrO JIHn;a, Tepmo-
ru,ero 3TH npaBa B pe3YJIbTaTe HCTelJeHHH cpOKa HCKOBOM p;aB-
BOCTH. IIpH3HaHHe B OTJIH'IHe OT Tpe60BaHHH He Hymp;a>eTCH B-
OC06bIX <l>opMaJIbHOCTHX. IIpII3HaHHe MomeT 6bITb CCJBepIIIeBO'
B BHp;e COOTBeTcTByIOru,ero p;OKYMeHTa, 'IaCTIPIHoro lICrrOJIBe-
HIIH p;OJIra, BbIllJIaTbI npOn;eBTOB II T. II. IJHcbMeBBaH HJIH yCT-
HaH npocb6a 06 OTCpO'IKe p;o HCTe'IeBHH cpOKa noraCHTeJIbHOR
p;aBBOCTII TaKme C'IHTaeTCH npH3BaHHel\f. IIpH 3TOM, op;BaKO"
CJIeAYeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ba TO, 'ITO YKaaaBBbIe p;eMCTBHH
HMeIOT HHoe 3Ha'IeHHe, eCJIH OBH ocyru,eCTBJIHIOTCH nOCJIe.
HCTe'IeHHH cpOKa HCJKOBOM p;aBHOCTH.
IIOCKOJIbKY npH3BaHHe BblpamaeT OCBep;OM,lIeBBOCTb 0 Ba-
JIH'IHH npaB KOBTpareBTa no HCTe'IeBHH cpOKa HCKOBOM p;aB-
HOCTH, TO HeT He06xop;HMOCTH B nepepbIBe IICKOBOM p;aBBOCTH.
,l];JIH ocyru,eCTBJIeBHH npH3HaBHH Be Tpe6yeTcH Ta'Kme HaJIH-
'IHH p;eecrroc06BOCTH H nOJIBOMO'IHM B OTBOIIIeHHH npaB p;py-
rOM CTOpOHbI (CT. 156 fK). IIpH3HaBHe MomeT 6bITb COBep-
IIIeHO H 'Iepe3 rrpep;CTaBHTeJIH, BanpHMep B BHp;e 'IaCTH'IBOrO'
HCnOJIBeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. Op;BaKO Tpe6yeTcH, 'IT06bI npH-
3BaBHe OCYII:(eCTBJIHJIOCb B OTBOIIIeHHH yrrpaBOMO'IeHHoro'
JIHn;a. COCTaBJIHeT JIH 3a'IHCJIeHHe 6aHKaMH rrpOn;eHTOB B Ka-
rrHTaJIbHYIO CYMMY CCYP;bI rrpH3HaHHe? B 3TOM Borrpoce cy-
p;e6BaH npaKTHKa npHp;epmHBaeTcH TOM rr03Hn;HH, 'ITO 6ea
YBep;OMJIeBHH BKJIap;'IHKa 0 p;aHHbIx onepan;HHX 3TO He CO-
CTaBJIHeT npH3BaHHH (peIIIeBHe BepXOBBoro cyp;a OT 1 <l>eB-
paJIH 1935 r.).
132. llpaBoBble rrOCJIep;CTBHH rrepepbIBa I1CKOBOii p;aBHO"
CTIf.
1) IIocJIep;cTBHH rrepepbIBa HCKOBOM p;aBBOCTH COCTOHT B
TOM, 'ITO rrpeKparu,aIOTCH npaBOBbIe nOCJIep;CTBHH HCJ\OBOM p;aB-
HOCTH, HCTeKIIIeM P;O nepepbIBa. II03TOMy B CJIy'Iae OKOB'IaHHH
p;eMcTBHH, CJIymHBIIIero OCBOBaHHeM nepepbIBa npH coxpaHe-
BHR HCKOBOM p;aBHOCTH, HanpHMep B CHTyan;HH, Korp;a nepe-
153
p:bIB B03HHK B pe3YJII,TaTe npH3HaHHH B BH)];e HCnOJIHeHHfI
'laCTH OOH3aTeJII,CTBa, Te'IeHHe HCKOBOH )];aBHOCTH B OTHorne-
BHH OCTaBrneHCH 'IaCTH OOfl3aTeJII,CTBa Ha'IHHaeTCH CHOBa, a
CpOK, HCTeKrnHH )];0 YKa3aHHoro npH3HaHHH, He HMeeT HHKa-
I\HX nOCJIe)];CTBHH (n. 1 CT. 157 fR). CpOK OKOH'IaHHH )];eHCT-
8HH, CJIymHBrnero OCHOBaHHeM nepep:bIBa HCKOBOH )];aBHOCTH,
onpe)];eJIHeTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BH)];a OCHOBaHHH. B OTHorne-
BHH Tpe60BaHHH B cy)];e6HOM nOpH)];Re fR YCTaHaBmIBaeT,
'lTO nOBTopHoe Te'IeHHe HCKOBOH )J;aBHOCTH Ha'IHHaeTCH C MO-
MeHTa B:bIHeceHHH CY)];OM OKOH'laTeJII,HOrO perneHHH. (n. 2
CT. 157 fR).
2) IIpH nOBTopHOM Te'IeHHH HCKOBOH )];aBHOCTH CpOK ee
OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHH:bIM. HanpHMep, npH npH3HaHHH oOH3a-
TeJII,CTBa, HMeIOm;ero cOKpam;eHHYIO noraCHTeJII,Hyro )];aBHOCTI,
8 )];Ba ro)];a, HOB:bIH CpOK )];aBHOCTH Ha'IHeT HCTeKaTI, C MOMeH-
Ta npH3HaHHH H oy)];eT paBHHTI,CH TaKme )];BYM rO)];aM. C Teo-
peTH'IeCKOH TO'IKII 3peHHH aTO CnpaBe)];JIHBOe perneHlIe, O)];Ha-
1\0 B CJIY'lae nepep:bIBa B cy)];eOaOM nOpH)];Ke )];eJIO OOCTOHT
UHa'Ie, TaK K8!K cy)];e6HaH npou;e)];ypa, BKJIIO'IaH KaccaU;HOH-
Hoe npOH3BO)];CTBO, 3aHHMaeT ')];JIHTeJII,HOe BpeMH. IIoaToMY
fR YCTaHaBJIHBaeT 10-JIeTHHH CpOK HCKOBOH )];aBHOCTH B OT-
BorneHHH Bcex npaB, CpOKH HCKOBOH ')];aBHOCTH KOTOp:bIX Me-
Bee 10 JIeT H nepep:bIB HOROBOH )];aBHOCTH KOTOp:bIX HacTynHJI
BCJIe)];CTBHe perneHHH cy)];a, MHpOBOH C]!;eJIKH HJIH nOCpe]!;HH-
'leCTBa, a TaKme HH:bIX oCHoBaHHH, lIMeIOm;HX paBH:bIe C
B:bIrneYKa3aHHI,IMH npaBOB:bIe nOCJIe)];CTBHH ( CT. 174 2 fR,
)];OOaBJIeHHe 1938 r.).
3) IIepep:bIB HCiKOBOH )];aBHOCTH nopom}J;aeT nOCJIe)];CTBHfI
TOJII,KO )];JIH JIHU;, CBH3aHH:bIX OCHOBaHHHMH ]!;aHHOrO nepepI,I-
Ba, H HX npaBonpeeMHHKOB (CT. 148 fR).
133. ITpHocTaHOBJIeHHe Te'IeHIIJl cpOKa HCKOBOii )J;aBHOCTU.
Cym;HocTI, noro HHCTHTYTa 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO npH Ha-
JIH'IHH onpe)J;eJIeHHbIX OOCTOHTeJII,CTB Te'IeHHe cpOKa HCKOBOH
]!;aBHOCTIT npnOCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH H nepHO]!; CYTQeCTBOBaHHH
)];aHHbIX OOCTOHTeJII,CTB He y'lHT:bIBaeTCH. fR npH3HaeT npH-
OCTaHOBJIeHHe Te'leHHH cpOKa HCKOBOH )J;aBHOCTH B 'leT:bIpeX
CJIY'laHX.
1) IIpH B03HHKHOBeHIIH TaKoH cHTyaU;HH, Kor;a;a y Heco-
BeprneHHOJIeTHerO HJIH npH3HaHHoro He;n:eecnOCOOH:bIM He
OKa3:bIBaeTCH 3aKOHHoro npe)];CTaBHTeJIH He OOJIee 'leM 3a
meCTI, MeCHIJ;eB]!;O HCTe'leHH5! cpORa HCROBOH ]!;aBHOCTH.
B aTOM CJIY'lae CpOK HCTeKaeT JIHmI, no nporneCTBHH meCTH
154
MeCHn;eB IIOCJIe TOrO, KaK YKaaaHHbIe JIIIn;a CTaHOBHTCH p;ee-
CIIoc06HbIMH HJIH IIpH06peTalOT aaKOHHOrO IIpep;CTaBIITeJIH
(CT. 158 rR).
2) B CJIY'lae, Korp;a He)J;eecIIoc06HbIH 06JIap;aeT IIpaBaMII
B OTHomeHHH OTn;a, MaTepIl H OIIeKYHa, YIIpaBJIHIOrn;erO ero
HMyrn;ecTBoM, CpOR I1CKOBOH p;aBHOCTH I1CTeKaeT JIHmb no IIpO-
meCTBHH meCTH MeCHn;eB nOCJIe Toro, KaK Hep;eecnoc06HbIH
CTaHOBHTCH p;eecIIoc06HbIM HJIH IIpJ r 06peTaeT HOBoro aaKOHHO-
ro npep;CTaBHTeJIH (CT. 159 rR). 8ro me npeP;YCMaTpHBaeTCJI
II B CJIY'Iae pa.CTopmeHIIH 6paKa Momp;y CYIIpyraMH, OP;HH I13
KOTOpbIX 06JIap;aeT IIpaBaMII B OTHomeHIIH P;Pyroro (CT. 159 2
rR). IIoJIomeHHe rR 0 (<upaBax B OTHomeH » OTn;a II P;PY-
nix JIHn; B nopHp;Ke TOJIKOBaHIIH paCIIpOCTpaHHeTCH II Ha CJIY-
'IaH, Horp;a 110 ocyrn;eCTBJIeHHIO aTHX npaB HCTeKJIa I1CKOBaJI
)J;aBHOCTb.
3) B OTHomeHHH HaCJIe)J;CTBeHHoro HMyrn;ecTBa HCKOBaJI
)J;aBHOCTb HCTeKaeT JIHmb 'Iepea meCTb MeCHn;eB IIOCJIe Toro,
KaK orrpe)J;eJIeHbI HaCJIep;HIIKII (CM. CT. 915 II CJIep;. rR),
HaaHa'IeH YIIpaBJIHIOrn;HH HaCJIep;CTBeHHbIM HMyrn;ecTBoM (CM.
CT. 952 rR) HJIII me C)J;eJIaHO 06'bHBJIeHHe 0 6aHKpoTcTBe (CM.
CT. 129 3aKoHa 0 6aHKpOTCTBe, CT. 160 rR).
4) B CJIY'Iae BoaHHKHOBeHHH B MOMeHT HCTe'IeHIIH cpOKa
HCKOBOH )J;aBHOCTII CTIIXHHHbIX 6ep;cTBIIH II I1HbIX HeIIpeop;o-
JIIIMbIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTB, KOTopbIe He MOryT CJIymIlTI. OCHOBa-
HHHMH )J;JIH rrepepbIBa HCKOBOH p;aBHOCTH, CpOK I1CTeKaeT
TOJII.KO 'Iepea p;Be He)J;eJIH IIOCJIe OKOH'IaHHH YRaaaHHbIx 06-
CTOHTeJII.CTB (CT. 161 rR).
t 2. npHo.speT8TenbH8J1 A8BHOCTb
134. IIpIlo6peTeHIIe npaBa co6cTBeHHocTu no )J;3BHOCTU.
He06xop;HMoe YCJIOBHe npH06peTaTeJII.HOH p;aBHOCTH B OTHO-
meHlIH npaBa c06CTBeHHOCTH COCTOIlT B TOM, 'IT061.I COCTOH-
HIIe q,aKTH'IeCKOH c06cTBeHHocTH rrpop;oJImaJIocI. B Te'IeHHe
orrpep;eJIeHHOro npoMemYTKa BpeMeHH. IIpIl aTOM rR BbIP;BlI-
raeT ABa YCJIOBlIH: BO-IIepBbIX, HaJIH'IHe HaMepeHHH 6bITI.
c06CTBeHHHKOM KaKOH-JIH60 Bern;H II, BO-BTOpbIX, 'IT06bI BJIa-
p;eHIIe 61.IJIO MHpHbIM H OTKpbITbIM. Cyrn;HOCTb BJIa)J;eHlIH 6y-
p;eT paCCMOTpeHa B paap;eJIe «Bern;HOe IIpaBO» (CM.: Bern;Hoe
IIpaBO - 17 H cJIep;.). B p;aHHOM CJIY'Iae BamHO, 'ITO aTO rrOHH-
TIle OaHa'IaeT TaKoe COCTOHHHe, Korp;a BJIap;eHHe, HanpHMep,
yqacTKoM aeMJIH ocyrn;eCTBJIHeTCH c06CTBeHHHKOM HJIH Ha
OCHOBe apeHp;:bl. CpOKH HCKOBOH )J;aBHOCTH npH BJIap;eHHlI paa-
155
"JIFPIHbI: B CJIY'Iae, KOrp;a BJIap;eJIe C caMoro Ha'IaJIa 'O:bIJI p;oo..
pOCOBeCTH:bIM II He npOJIBJIJIJI HeopeilmOCTII, - 10 JIeT (n. 2
CT. 162 rK) II BO Bcex IIH:bIX CJIY'IaJIX - 20 JIeT (n. 1
CT. 162 rK). IIpII aTOM P;OopOCOBeCTHOCT:b nOHIIMaeTCJI B TOM
CM:bICJIe, 'ITO BJIap;eJIe BepIIJI B OOJIap;aHIIe BeI:I(:b1O KaK cBoeiI
coocTBeHHOH, a OTCYTcTBIIe HeOpeiRHOCTII OTHOCITTCJI K OCHO-
BaHIIIO P;JIJI TaKoH Bep:bI.
PJIP; BorrpocoB B03HIIKaeT B CBJI3II C TeM, 'ITO B OTJIII'IIIe OT
II. 1 CT. 162 rK, rrOJIOiReHIIe 'KOTOpOro pacrrpOCTpaHJI TCJI KaK
_Ha p;BIIiRIIM:ble, TaK II Ha Hep;BIIiRIIM:bIe BeI:I(II, rr. 2 YKa3aHHoii
CTaT:bII perYJIIIpyeT JIIIill:b OTHOilleHIIJI no rrOBOP;Y Hep;BIIiRII-
MOCTII. HarrpIIMep, rpaiRp;aHIIH A rrpop;aeT rpaiRp;aHIIHY B
BeI:I(:b, BBepeHHYIO eMY Ha xpaHeHIIe P;PyrIIM JIII OM, II rpaiR-
p;aHIIH B BCTyrraeT BO BJIap;eHIIe p;aHIIOH BeI:I(:bIO, OillIIOO'IHO
rrOJIaraJI, 'ITO B pe3YJI:bTaTe Cp;eJIKII KyrrJIII-rrpOp;aiRII aTa BeI:I(:b
-Terrep:b npIIHap;JIeiRIIT eMY. B CJIY'Iae, eCJIII YKa3aHHaJI BeI:I(:b
HBJIJIeTCJI Hep;BIIiRIIMOH, rpaiRp;aHIIH B rrpIIoopeTaeT rrpaBO
--COOCTBeHHOCTII Ha Hee rro IICTe'IeHIIII 10 JIeT. Op;HaKo KaK
OOCTOIIT p;eJIO, eCJIII aTa BeI:I(:b p;BIIiRIIMaJI? B p;aHHOM CJIY'Iae
B COOTBeTCTBIIII C nOJIOiReHIIeM CT. 192 rK 0 HeMep;JIeHHOM
rrpIIoopeTeHIIII npaB rpaiRp;aHIIHY B He npIIp;eTCJI iRp;aT:b
10 JIeT II npaBO coocTBeHHocTII OH npIIoopeTeT HeMep;JIeHHO.
BMecTe C TeM B CJIY'Iae, HarrpIIMep, Korp;a rpaiRp;aHIIH A,
OillIIOO'IHO nOJIaraJI, 'ITO JIec Ha onpep;eJIeHHOM Y'IaCTKe npII-
"Hap;JIeiRFIT eMY, OCYI:I(eCTBJIJIeT ero nOPYOKY,' BHe 3aBIICIIMOCTII
OT ero OillIIOKII II OTCYTCTBIIH HeOCTOpOiRHOCTII nOJIOiReHIIe
CT. 192 rK He P;OJIiRHO rrpIIMeHJIT:bCJI (CM.: BeI:I(HOe npaBO-
26). B rrOp;OOH:bIX CJIY'IaJIX nOJIOiReHIIe 0 npIIoopeTaTeJI:bHOH
p;aBHOCTII B CJIY'Iae P;06pocoBecTHocTII 1'1 OTCYTCTBIIJI HeOCTO-
pOiRHOCTFI pacrrpOCTpaHJIeTCJI II Ha P;BFIiRIIM:ble BeI:I(II.
IIoHJITHo, 'ITO BJIap;eHIIe P;OJIiRHO P;JIFIT:bCJI HenpepbIBHO B
Te'IeHIIe 10 IIJIII 20 JIeT. ECJIII BJIap;eJIe rro c06cTBeHHoH BOJIe
rrpep:bIBaeT BJIap;eHIIe IIJIII BO BJIap;eHIIe BCTynaeT P;Pyroe JIII O,
HacTyrraeT rrepep:bIB IICKOBOii p;aBHOCTFI (CT. 164 rK). CJIeP;Y-
eT 06paTIIT:b BHIIMaHIle Ha TO, 'ITO, eCJII! rpaiRp;aHFIH JIIIilleH
BJIap;eUIIJI P;PyrIIM JIII OM, op;HaKO BJIap;eUIIe UeMep;JIeHHO BOC-
CTaHOBJIeUO B pe3YJI:bTaTe npep;'bJIBJIeUIIH BJIap;eJI:b eM IICKa
06 oxpaHe BJIap;eHIIJI, rrOCJIep;uee C'IIITaeTCJI Herrpep:bIBH:bIM
(CM. CT. 200, 203 rK; BeI:I(uoe npaBO - 29).
3Ha'IIITeJI:bHO yrrpOI:I(aeT l1pIIOOpeTeHIIe rrpaBa coocTBeHuo-
CTII npep;OCTaBJIeUIIe B COOTBeTCTBIIH c nOJIOiReHIIe:\! CT. 186
rK P;BYX p;OKa3aTeJI:bCTB BJIap;eHIIJI, OTUOCJIIII,IIXCJI K pa3JIII'I-
H:bIM rrepIIop;aM BpeMeHII, npII YCJIOBIIII, 'ITO BJIap;eUIIe oCYI:I(e-
156
'CTBJUlJIOCb C Ha:MepeHlleM UpllOOpeCTll UpaBO COOCTBeHHOCTII,
MllpHO, OTKpbITO II P;OOpOCOBeCTHO.
135. IIpH06peTaTeJIbHan P;aBHOCTb B OTHomeHHH HHbIX
Bem;HbIX npaB. B OTHOIlIeHUll UHbIX Bem;HbIX npaB, CBJI3aHHbIX
C coocTBeHHocTblO Ha 3 eMJIIO , KaK, HaupllMep, aM<pllTeB3llca,
cynep<PJlIl,llJI U p;p., npllMeHJIIOTCJI Te iRe YCJIOBUJI 'ITO II
B OTHOIlIeHHll UpaBa COOCTBeHHOCTII. CpOKll upuoopeTa-
TeJIbHOH p;aBHOCTII oupep;eJIJIIOTCJI TaKJ-Ke B 10 llJIll 20 JIeT
(CT. 163, 165 rK). B OTHOIlIeHIIll ocym;eCTBJIeHIIJI YKa3aHHbIX
upaB npep;YCMaTpIIBaeTCJI He TQJIbKO BJIap;eHUe, HO II KBa3U-
BJIap;eHUe UMym;ecTBeHHbIM npaBOM (CM.: Bem;Hoe npaBo -
32, 33). IIpu aTOM CJIep;yeT Y'IUTbIBaTb, 'ITO B OTHOIlIeHIIII
'cepBllTyTHoro npaBa p;eHcTByeT ocoooe UOJIOiReHIIe (CT. 283
l'K).
3. noracHTenbHaJi AaBHocTb
136. TeqeHHe noraCHTeJIbHOii p;aBHOCTH. IIoraCIITeJIbHaJI
aBHOCTb HacTynaeT Upll coxpaHeHull B TeqeHIIe onpep;eJIeH-
Horo BpeMeHII Toro UOJIOiReHIIJI, nplI IWTOpOM, HeCMOTpJI na
B03MOiRHOCTb ocym;eCTBJIeHIIJI cyO'beKTHBHoro npaBa, OHO He
peaJIII3yeTCJI ynpaBOMO'IeHHbIM JIUII,OM. Te'IeHlle cpOKa p;aBHO-
CTll Ha'IllHaeTCJI C MOMeHTa B03MOiRHOCTll ocym;eCTBJIeHIIJI npa-
Ba (n. 1 CT. 166 rK), a llMeHHO B CJIY'Iae CpO'IHOrO OOJI3aTeJIb-
'CTBeHHoro TpeOOBaHUJI - C MOMeHTa OIWH'IaHUJI cpOKa, npH
06JI3aTeJIbCTBeHHoM TpeooBaHuu C OTJIaraTeJIbHbIM YCJIOBll-
eM - C MOMeHTa HacTynJIeHUJI yCJIOBIIJI. IIpll aTOM rK upep;y-
cMaTpIIBaeT B03MOiRHOCTb uepepbIBa nplloopeTaTeJIbHOH p;aB-
HOCTll TpeooBaHIIeM Kpep;IITopa K BJIap;eJIbIl,y 0 npII3HaHIIII
,OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa (CM. n. 2 CT. 166, CT. 147 rK).
137. IIOraCIlTeJIbHaJI p;aBHOCTb B OTHomeHHH 06JI3aTeJIb-
<CTBeHHbIX npaB. rK onpep;eJIJIeT CpOK uoraCUTeJIbHOH p;aBHO-
CTll B OTHOIlIeHUII 06JI3a TeJIbCTBeHHbIX rrpaB B 10 JIeT, a B OT-
HOIlIeHIIll IIHbIX, nOMHMO upaBa coocTBeHHocTII, UMym;ecTBeH-
BhIX npaB - B 20 JIeT (CT. 167'rK).
1) IIepBhIM YCJIOBIIeM B OTHOIlIeHIIII 06JI3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro
rrpaBa JIBJIJIeTCJI Heocym;eCTBJIeHIIe upaBa, HeCMOTpJI Ha IIMe-
lOm;ylOCJI B03MOiRHOCTb. IIop; B03MOiRHOCTblO nOHIIMaeTCJI
'OTCYTcTBue npeIIJITCTBIIH co CTOpOHbI 3aKOHOp;aTeJIbCTBa, upe-
nJITCTBUJI iRe JIU'IHOrO nOpJIp;Ka, KaK, HanpllMep, OOJIe3Hb Kpe-
157
;a;IITopa, Be OCTaHaBJIIIBaIOT Te'leHIIH cpORa noraCIITeJIbHOii
;a;aBHOCTII. JIlImb nplI onpe;a;eJIeHHbIX OOCTOHTeJIbCTBaX ;a;onyc-
RaeTCH nplIOCTaBOBJIemIe Te'leHIIH :noro cpORa' (CM.: OOrn;aH
'IaCTb - 133). 3anpern;eBlIe IIJIII 3aJIOr He 1I1IeIOT OTBomeBIIH
R Te'leBHIO noraCHTeJIbBOH ;a;aBBOCTH.
PaCCMOTpHM HeROTopbIe BonpOChI, CBH3aBBbIe C onpe;a;e-
JIeBHeM BpeMeHH,Ror;a;a CTaBOBHTCH B03MOifiHbIM ocyrn;ecTB-
JIeBHe OOH3aTeJIbCTBeBHoro npaBa.
a) ]J;aBBbIH Bonpoc HceH B OTHomemUl OOH3aTeJIbCTBeH-
HbIX TpeOOBaHHH C YCTaBOBJIeBBbIM CpOROM. B CJIj''Iae OTCpO'l-
KH nYTeM nOCpe;a;BH'IeCTBa HJIH no BOJIe Kpe;a;HTopa Te'leBHe
cpURa ;a;aBBOCTH Ba'IHBaeTCH C MOMeBTa OI\Oll'Iamm OT-
CpO'lRH.
0) IIpH OOH3aTeJIbCTBeBBOM TpeOOBaHHH, CpOK ROToporo
onpe;a;eJIeB HacTynJIehHeM Tex HJIH HBbIX OOCTOHTeJIbCTB,-
C MOMeHTa HX BaCTynJIeBIIH. HanpHMep, ;a;JIH OOH3aTeJIbCTBa
BbIIIJIaTbI B CJIY'Iae ycnexa npe)J;npHHTHH TalmM BpeMeHeM
oy;a;eT MOMeBT ycnexa BHe 3aBHClIMOCTH OT npH3BaBlIH ::!Toro
co CTOpOHbI ;a;OJImHHRa.
B) IIpH OOH3aTeJIbCTBeBH01I TpeOOBaHIIH 6e3 onpe;a;eJIeH-
Horo cpORa - C MOMeBTa B03BHRBOBeHHH ;a;aBBoro Tpe6oBa-
HHH. IIpHMeHHTeJIbBO R 3aHMY oe3 onpe;a;eJIeHHOrO cpORa
HCnOJIBeBHH, npH KOTOpOM 3aHMO;a;aBeIJ; MOffieT nOTpeOOBaTI>
({B03BpaIIJ;eHHH B COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;HH CPOR}) (CT. 591 1R),
:no nOJIOmeBHe TOJIRyeTcH B TOM CMbICJIe, 'ITO OCYIIJ;eCTBJIe-
BHe OOH3aTeJIbCTBeHBoro npaBa CTaHOBHTCH B03MomHbIM no
. HCTe'leBHH YRa3aHBoro onpe;a;eJIeHHOrO cpORa C MOMeBTa
B03BHRBOBeHHH npaBa.
r) IIpH OOH3aTeJIbCTBeBBOM TpeOOBaHHH C OTJIaraTeJIbBbIM
YCJIOBHeM - C MOMeHTa BacTynJIeHHH yCJIOBHH. HanpHMep, B
OOH3aTeJIbCTBaX C HCnOJIBeBHeM B paccpO'lRY MomeT Co;a;ep.'
maTbCH Cnen;HaJIbBOe eOrJIameHHe 0 TOM, 'ITO npH nponYCRe
O'Iepe;a;BOro nJIaTema BacTynaeT CpOR HCnOJIHeHHH B OTBome-
HIIH Bcero OO'beMa oOH3aTeJIbCTBa.
2) BTOPbIM YCJIOBlIeM HBJIHeTCH Beocyrn;eCTBJIeBHe oOH3a-
TeJIbCTBeHHoro TpeooBaBIIH B Te'IeHHe oTIpe e eHBoro nepHO-
;a;a BpeMeBH.
a) B o6rqeM ;a;aBBbIH CpOR onpe;a;eJIeB B 10 JIeT (II. 1
CT. 167 rR). O;a;HaRo HMeIOTCH H HHbIe CneIJ;HaJIbHble CpORH.
B OTHomeBHH me npaB, B03BHRaIOrn;HX Ha OCBOBe ToprOBbIX
C;a;eJIOR, :nOT CpOR onpe;a;eJIeH B 5 JIeT (CT. 522 TR).
0) Tal,He CpO'lHbIe OOR3aTeJIbCTBa, RaK neBCIIH, aJIHMeHTb1
H T. II., paCC'lHTaHHbIe na BbITIJIaTY onpe;a;eJIeBHOH CYMMbI B
158
"TeTJeHIIe OIIpe,/{eJIeHHOrO BpeMeHH, HMeIOT IIOraCHTeJIhHYIO
,n;aBHOCTh CpO ROM B 20 JIeT Ha'IIIHaH C MOMeHTa nepBoro nJIa-
Tema. CpOR IIoraCIITeJIhHOH )J;aBHOCTH RpaTIWCpO'IHhIX 06H3a-
"TeJIhCTB nO)J;06Horo pO)J;a YCTaHOBJIeH B 10 JIeT C MOMeHTa,
oQnpe)J;eJIeHHOrO B Ra'IeCTBe IIOCJIe)J;Hero nJIaTema (n. 1
oCT. 168 fR).
B) RpaTROCpO'IHhIe 06H3aTeJIhCTBeHHhIeIIpaBa Ha nepIlO)J;
MeHee O)J;HOrO rO)J;a C IICnOJIHeHIIeM B paCCpO'IRy IIMeIOT CpOR
nOraCIITeJIhHOH )J;aBHOCTII B 5 JIeT (CT. 169 fR). R IIo)J;06HOrO
pO)J;a 06H3aTeJIhCTBaM OTHOCHTCH apeH)J;HaH nJIaTa, npO eHThI
n T.)J;.
r) AJIH BCeX IlHhIX 06H3aTeJIhCTBeHHhIX Tpe60BaHIIH B 3a-
BIICIIMOCTII 0'1' IIX BII)J;a YCTaHOBJIeHM CpORII nOraCIlTeJIhHOH
JJ;aBHOCTII B TPH (CT. 170 H 171 fR), )J;Ba (CT. CT. 172 II
173 fR) II O)J;IIH rO)J; (CT. 174 fR). TaRIIe 06H3aTeJIhCTBa
'IaCTO B03HIlRaIOT B nOBce)J;HeBHoH mIl3HII, IlX CYMMhI HeBeJIII-
"RII, Hepe)J;RO OHII He COIIpOBom,/{aIOTCH paCIIIICRaMII 0 rrOJIY-
'IeHIIIl, a eCJIII II conpOBom)J;aIOTCH, TO npO)J;OJImIITeJIhHOCTh
JJ;eHCTBIIH p;aHHhIX 06H3aTeJIhCTBeHHhIX Tpe60BaHIIH He3Ha'III-
TeJIhHa. RopOTRIIe CpORII noraCIITeJIhHOii ;a:aBHOCTII paCC'lIITa-
l1hI Ha 6hICTpoe ynopH)J;O'IeHIIe oTHorueHIlH. IIoaToMY npn:
npOCpO'lRe IIJIaTema, HanpIIMep no OllJIaTe TOBapa, RynJIeH-
Horo B Rpep;IIT (CT. 173 fR), B cJIy'Iae IIepeO«I>OpMJIeHIIH
-cp;eJIRH B p;orOBOp 3aMMa CpOR IIoraCIITeJIhHOM )J;aBHOCTII, 1\aR
n 06hI'lHhIX 06H3aTeJIhCTBeHHhIX npaB, CTaHeT paBHHThcH
10 rO)J;aM ()J;JIH ToprOBhIX Cp;eJIOR - 5 rop;aM).
138. IIoracHTeJlbHaa: p;aBHOCTb B oTHorueHHII HHbIX (KpO-
Me ooa:aaTeJlbCTBeHHhIX) HMy eCTBeHHbIX rrpaB. IIoraCIITeJIh-
HaH )J;aBHOCTb pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH II Ha IIHhIe, nOMIIMO 06H3a-
TeJIhCTBeHHbIX, IIMymecTBeHHbIe npaBa, ee CpOR orrpep;eJIeH
B 20 JIeT (n. 2 CT. 167 fR). Oc06oe MeCTO 3aHIIMaeT npaBo
co6cTBeHHocTII II npaBO Ha «I>OpMIIpoBaHIIe npaBooTHorueHIIH.
1) IIpaBo COOCTBeHHOCTH He IIMeeT noraCIITeJIhHOH ;a:aBHO-
CTII (CM. n. 2 CT. 167 fR). 8TO HBJIHeTCH BhIpameHIIeM II)J;eII
a6COJIIOTHOCTII rrpaBa c06cTBeHHocTIL C Op;HJM CTOpOHhI, 0'1'-
CYTCTBIIe noraCIlTeJIhHOM p;aBHOCTII Y rrpaBa c06cTBeHHocTII
03Ha'IaeT, HanpII f8p, 'ITO IIpaBO c06CTBeHHOCTII He npeRpa-
IT(aeTCH )J;ame B TOM CJIY'lae, eCJIII c06CTBeHHIIR 3eMJIII Ha
npOTHmeHIIII )J;eCHTIlJIeTIIM OCTaBJIHeT CBOIO 3eMeJIhHYIO c06-
CTBeHHOCTh Ha npOII3BOJI cy;a:h6bI. C P;PyroM CTOPOHbI, B CJIY-
'Iae 3aBJIa)J;eHIIH c06CTBeHHOCThIO P;PYrIIM JlII OM npaBO c06-
CTBeHHIIRa Tpe60BaTb B03Bpa eHIIH c06r:TBeHHOCTII TaRme He
159
HMeeT CpORa rroraCIITeJIbHOH )J;aBHOCTH. O)J;HaIW rrpII HaJIII"'IHH
Y )J;pyroro JIHIJ;a OCHOBaHHH )J;JIH rrpH06p.eTaTeJIbHOH )J;aBHO-
CTII 3'1'0 JIIIIJ;O npII ma8TCH C06CTB8HHIIKOM, a n 8ffiHIIH c06-
CTB8HHHR TepHeT CBoe npaBO.
110MHMo rrpaBa c06cTBeHHocTH, HMeIOTCH H IIHble BeID;HbIe
npa:aa, B OTHOIIIeHHH ROTOpbIX rroraCIITeJIbHaH )J;aBHOCTb He
YCTaHOBJIeHa. iho npaBO BJIa)J;eHHH rrpII orrpe)J;eJIeHHbIX 06-
CTOJJTeJIbCTBaX, HrrOTeKa rrpH HaJIH"'IHII orrpe)J;eJIeHHbIX npaB,
OTHOIIIeHHH, CBH3aHHble C npaBOM coce)J;CTBa ("CT. 209 H CJIe)J;.
rR), rrpaBa Tpe50BaHHH pa3)J;eJIa 06rn;eH c06cTBeHIIocTH
( CT. 256 rR) H )J;pyme.
2) IIpaBa Ha cpOpMHpoBaHIIe npaBooTHoIIIeHIIii.
KaK YRa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, CpORII, rrpep;YCMOTpeHHble B 0'1'-
HOIIIeHHH rrpaB Ha <I>opMIIpoBaHHe npaBOOTHOIIIeHHH, HarrpH-
Mep npaBa aHHYJIHpOBaHHH (CT. 126 rR), CJIe)J;yeT paCCMaT-
pHBaTb KaR CpORH cyrn;ecTBoBaHHH )J;aHHoro rrpaBa, HO He KaK
CpOKII HCKOBOH )J;aBHOCTII. B CJJY"'Iae rrpaBa Ha <I>OpMHpoBaHHe
6e3 orrpe)J;8JIeHHbIX CpOKOB ;L\eUCTBIIH, IIaII IIMe n aBa OTKa-
3a 0'1' )J;OI'OBOpa (CT. 541 II CJIe)J;. rR), rrpaBa Ha COBepmeHHe
C)J;eJIKH KyrrJIH-npO)J;alliII rrpH rrpe)J;RapHTeJIbHOM O)J;HOCTOPOH-
HeM 06ern;amm (CT. 556 rR) :fI )J;p., B03HIIHaeT Borrpoc 0 rrpo-
;L\OJIlliIITeJIbHOCTII HX )J;eHCTBIIH. Ha )J;aHHble rrpaBa He CJIe)J;yeT
pacnpOCTpaHHTb nOJIOllieHHe 0 20-JIeTHeM cpOKe rroraCH-
TeJIbHOH )J;aBHOCTH, rrOCKOJIbKY, HarrpHMep, CpOK HCROBOII )J;aB-
HOCTII rrpaBa Tpe60BaHHH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH B rrpelliHeM COCTOH-
HHH, B03HHKaIOID;ero npH peaJIII3an;IIH rrpaBa OTKa3a 0'1' )J;oro-
Bopa, orrpe)J;eJIeH B 10 JIeT H )J;orryrn;eHHe 20-JIeTHerO CpOI\a
)J;aBIIOCTH )J;JIH rrpaBa OTKa3a 0'1' )J;orOBopa BHeceT )J;Hc6aJIaHC B
npaBOOTHOIIIeHHH. II03TOMY B ;L\aHHOM CJIY"'Iae CpOK )J;eHcTBHH
)J;JIH rrpaBa OTKa3a 0'1' )J;orOBopa TaKllie )J;OJIllieH orrpe)J;eJIJJTbCH
B 10 JIeT, T. e. CpOKII )J;eHcTBIIH HJIH IICTe"'leHHH YKa3aIIHoro
pO)J;a rrpaB )J;OJIlliHbI COOTBeTCTBOBaTb cpOKaM rrCKOBOH )J;aBHO-
CTH rrpaB, HBJIHIDIIJ;IIXCH CJIe)J;CTBHeM peaJIH3aIJ;IIH nepBoro
pO)J;a rrpaB. O)J;HaKo cy)J;e6HaH rrpaKTHKa 3aHHMaeT B pH;L\e
CJIy<IaeB HHYIO rr03HD;HIO (CpOK )J;eHcTBHH npaBa IIa aHIIYJIH-
pOBaHHe paCCMaTpIIBaeTCH OT;L\eJIbHO 0'1' cpOKa HCEOBOH )J;aB-
HOCTH rrpaBa TpeooBaHHH B03Bparn;eHHH Ha OCHOBaHHH Heoc-
HOBaTeJIbHorO 050rarn;eHHH, II ero Te"'leHHe orrpe)J;eJIHeTCH C
MOMeHTa peaJIH3an;HII rrpaBa aHHYJIIIpOBaHHH).
Pa3Aen II. BE HOE nPABO
r naB a 1. 06 HE nOnO>KEHHSI BE HOrO nPABA
1. BBoAHble 3aMe'laHHSI
1. CO;:1:epmaHlIe pa3;:1:eJIa «Be HOe npaBO». ,lJ;aHHbIM BTO-
pOM pa3p;eJI rK (CT. 175-398 22 rK) cop;epmIIT p;eCRTb rJIaB:
06 IIe nOJIOmeHIIR, npaBo BJIap;eHIIR, npaBo coocTBeHHocTII,
cynepqm:n;IIM, 3MqH!TeB3HC, cepBHTYT, npaBO yp;epiKaHHH,
npaBO npeIlMy ecTBa, 3aRJIap; II HlloTeRa. Bce HX HOp-
Mbl perYJIHpYIOT OTHOilieHIIH rOCIIop;CTBa Hap; npep;MeTaMII
BHeiliHero MIIpa (CM.: Oo aR -qaCTb - 66) IIJIII Hap; n;eHHO-
CTbIO Be eM. OO IIe 1I0JIOmeHIIR YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT OCHOBHble
npIIHn;IIlIbl rpam;:1:aHCKIIX npaBOOTHomeHIIH no nOBOp;y Be -
HblX npaB, npaBO BJIap;eHIIR IIMeeT cBoei! n;eJIbIO nop;p;epmaHHe
CTa611JIbHOCTII Be HbIX npaB, IIpaBO COOCTBeHHOCTII onpep;e-
JIHeT nOJIOmeHlle nOJIHOro 1'0CnOp;CTBa Hap; Be aMII. CYllep-
qlHn;IIM, 3M<pIITeB3I1C, cepBIITYT II cop;epmaIIJ;eeCR B p;aHHbIX
rJIaBaX IIpaBO OO IIHHoro -qJIeHCTBa npep;CTaBJIRIOT COOOM IIH-
CTHTYTbl, Ollpe,p;eJlRIO lIe npe;:1:eJIbI IICnOJIb30BaHHH H H3BJIe-
qeHIIH npll6bIJIII 113 3eMJIII. IIpaBo yp;epmaHIIR, IIpaBO IIpeIlMY-
IIJ;eCTBa, IIpaBO 3aJIOra H IIIIOTe'Ra yCTaHaBJIIIBaIOT 1I0pRP;0'R
HCnOJIb30BaHHR Be e:M B KaqeCTBe ooeCneqeHIIK 06K3aTeJIb-
CTBeHHblX npaB.
2. ,1];HHaMHKa Be HbIX npaB. rpaa_p;aHcKlle npaBOOTHome-
HIIK 110 1I0BOp;y Be HbIX npaB ocym;eCTBJIRIOTCR B BRp;e cp;e-
JlOR, CTaBRIIJ;IIX cBoei! n;eJIbIO B03HIIRHOBeHIIe, IIpeRpm:u;eHIIe
JIJII! II3MeHeHJIe Be HbIX npaB, op;naRO TaRaR p;IIHa nIRa Be -
HbIX IIpaB MomeT HMeTb MeCTO II 110 HUbIM, IIOMHMO Cp;eJIOR,
OCHOBaHIIRM, RaR, HaupliMep, B pe3YJIbTaTe HaCJIep;OBaHIIR.
1) IIoCROJIbJ,y Be Hoe rrpaBO B OTJIII'IIIe OT oOR3aTeJIb-
CTBeHHoro oOJIap;aeT cllen;II<plI'leCRIIMII cpep;CTBaMII 3a IITbI,
cy ecTBoRaHIIe II II3MeHeHIIe Be HbIX IIpaB P;OJIiKHO oOJIe-
RaTbCR B TaRYIO BHeiliHIOIO <POPMY, KOTopaR OblJIa Obi BIIP;II-
1\Ia p;pyrIIM JIIIn;aM. ,lJ;aHHoe TpeOOBaHlle 1I0JIY'lIlJIO Ha3BaHlle
npHHqllna rJIaCHOCTII Be Horo npaBa. STOT IIpIIHn;IIII HameJI
11 38K8a oM 892
161
CBoe Bb1pallieHlIe B rR B BHiW rrOJIOllieHHJI 0 Heo6xop:HMOCTH
perllCTpaIl,UH Hep:BlllliHMOCTH llJIll rrepep:a'IU p:BHlliU 1:bIX Belll,ell
)J;JIJI H3MeHeHHJI Bem;Hb1X rrpaB (CT. 177, 1,78 rR).
2) lIacTo rpallip:aHCRHe OTHOllleHHJI rro rrOBOP:Y Bem;HbIX
npaB BHelllIIe HMeIOT <POPMY perHcTpan,Hll HJIH BJIilp:eHHJI,
rr03TOMY B CJIY'lae paCXOllip:eHHJI perHCTpaIl,HH C peaJIbHbDr
nOJIOllieHHeM Bem;eR HJIH OTCYTCTBHeM Y BJIap:eJIbIl,a rrpaBa
c06cTBeHHocTll HerrpH3HaHHe rrepexop:a BeIIJ;HbIX npaB MOllieT
HapYIIIHTb cTa6uJIbHOCTb cp:e.;roR. HarrpHMep, B cJIY'lae rroRyrr-
1m RaROR-JIll60 Bem;ll Y JIHII,a, Ha HMJI ROToporo OHa 6bIJIa
3aperHCTpupOBaHa OIIIH60'lHO, llJIH npUHHTlIJI Bem;ll B 3aJIOr,
B npep:rrOJIOllieHHH, 'ITO 3aJIOrop:aTeJIb JIBJIJIeTCJI p:eRCTBHTCJIb-
HbIM ee c06CTBeHHllROM, Torp:a RaIt B p:eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH OHa
6bIJIa Y Hero JIHIIIb Ha xpaHeHHH, B II,eJIJIX 3am;HTbI UHTepe-
COB Op:HOR U3 CTOpOH p:aHHbIe cp:eJIRH rrpH3HaIOTCJI p:eRCTBU-
TeJIbHbIMH. 8TOT rrpllHII,HII Ha3bIBaeTCJI npHHIJ;HnOM ny6JIH'I-
HOH BepbI rpam;a;aHCRUM cp:ellRaM no nOBOp:y Bern;Hb1X npaB.
BMeCTe C TeM CJIep:yeT OTMeTHTb, 'lTO p:aHHb1R rrpHHII,IIrr, oxpa-
HJIJI cTa6HJIbHOCTb cp:eJIOR, rrpH'lHHHeT ym;ep6 peaJIbHOMY
yrrpaBOMO'IeHHoMy JIU:U;Y. tIOCl'l'OMY paCCMaTpHBaeMhIll IIPHH-
II,Hrr He p:OJIllieH rrpH3HaBaTbCJI B OTHomeHllII Bcex 6e3 UCRJIIO-
'leHHJI CJIY'laeB. rR rrpU3HaeT ero JIHIIIb B OTHOIIIeHHH P:BH-
llillMbIX Bem;eR (CM. CT. 192-194 rR), He pacrrpOCTpaHJIJI Ha
Hep:BUlliHMOCTb. Qp:HaRO 3aROH 0 perHCTpan;HU UIIOTeRH (3a-
ROH M 15 OT 1931 r.) p:o orrpep:eJIeHHOiI CTerreHH npll3HaeT
YRa3aHHbIR rrpHHII,urr H B OTHOIIIeHHH nep;BHlliHMOCTll ( CM.
CT. 6, 7, 10 3a:RoHa 0 perHCTpaIl,HH HrrOTe'RII, a TaRllie: Bem;-
Hoe npaBO - 98).
3. 06eCne'leHIIe ocyrn;eCTBJIeHUH Bern;HbIX npaB (npaBo
BJla;a;eHuH). rOCIIOp:CTBO Hap: Bem;aMH BHeIIIIIero Mllpa ocym;e-
CTBJIJIeTCJI B pa3JIH'lHb1X <popMax - C06CTBeHHOCTII, cyrrep<pu-
II,HJI, npaBa 3aJIOra H p:p. Bel Hoe rrpaBO OXpaHJIeT p:aHHbIe
rrpaBa, op:HaRO Hepep:KH cwryaIl,Hll, Ror;a;a YRa3aHHbIe rrpaBa
rrpep:CTaBJIJIIOT C060R JIlIllib rpOPMY, He HarrOJIHeHHYIO peaJI!:'-
HbIM cop:epiI\aHHeM. BMecre C TeM CJIe;a;yeT Y'IHTbIBaTb, 'ITO
BOCCTaHOBJIeIIHe CBOIIX rrpaB c06CTBeHHbIMII CHJIaMH yrrpaBo-
MO'leHHOTO JIHII,a ne 6yp:eT CJIY)I{HTb oxpaHe 06m;eCTBeHrroro
rrOpJIp:Ka. II03TO IY B03IIHKaeT Heo6xoJl:H IOCTb ooeCrre'leHHrr
YCToii'IHBOCTII C,T!OlliIIBIIIerOCJI rrOJIOllieHIUI II :1arrpCn eHIIH Ha-
pymemuI rrOpJIp:1ta ocym;eCTBJIeHIIJI neuWbIx npaB, Jl:ame eCJIn
nopHp:oK napYlliaeTCJI yrrpaBOMO'lenIIbUI .'1III O I. HHbIMII CJIO-
Ba1\I1I, B CJIY'Iae, KOf,JJ;a Bem;I" JIBJHIIOm;aJICf! 06'beKTOM rrpaBa
.162
gaIIHoro JIIIL\a, HaXO)])iTCII 110,L\ rOCIIO,L\CTBOM ,L\pyroro, Yl1pa-
BOMO'leIIHOe JIIIL\O ,L\OJImHO OCYIll,eCTBJIHTb CBOII npaBa B 01'-
HOllieHIIII ,L\aHHOM BeIll,II JIIIIllb rrOCpe,L\CTBOM JICKa 0 BOCCTa-
HOBJIeHIIII ero rrpaBa, T. e. rrpIIoeraH .1\ rry6JIII'IHOM BJIaCTII.
B 3TOM 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH L\eJIb IIHCTIITYTa npaBa BJIa,L\eHIIJI, 3a-
KperrJIeHHOrO B fIt B rJIaBe 0 BJIa,L\eHIIII fK 3aKperrJIJleT
rrpIIHL\IIII ny6JIII'IHOM Bepbl rparK,L\aHCKIIM C,L\eJIKaM rro rrOBO-
,L\y ,L\BIImJIMbIX BeIll,eM (CT. 192-194 fK), rrpIIHL\IIrr rJIaCHO-
CTlf B OTHOllieHIIII TI3MeHeHIIH rrpaB Ha ,L\BJIiK.IIMble BeIll,1I
(CT. 182-184 fK). TecHo CBH3aHHble C ,L\aHHbIM JIHCTIITYTOM
rrOJIOmeHIIH CO,L\epmaTCH II B ,L\pyrIIx CTaTbHX fK. OCHOBHOM
CMblCJI Bcex 3TIIX rrOJIOmeHIIii 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH B rrO,L\,L\epmaHIIII
nOpH)];Ka B OCYIll,eCTBJIeHIIII BeIll,HbIX npaB.
4. IIoJIHoe rocnO,L\CTBO Ha,L\ Be bIO (npaBo co6cTBeHHo-
CTII) .
1) CBo6o,L\Hoe npaBO co6cTBeHHocTII. II paBO c06CTBeIIHO-
CTII HBJIHeTCH <POp MOM rrOJIHOrO rocnO,L\CTBa Ha,L\ BeIll,blO. IIHbl-
MIl CJIOBaMII, 31'0 rrpaBO rrpe,L\IIOJIaraeT IICnOJIb30BaHIIe BeIll,II,
II3BJIe'leHIIe BblrO,L\bl II pacnopHmeHIIe BeIll,blO no c06CTBeHHO-
MY YCMOTpeHIIIO, II B OTJIII'IIIe 01' ,L\pyn1X BeIll,HbIX npaB ero
CO,L\epmaHIIe He OrpaHII'IIIBaeTCII KaKIIM-JIJI60 OT,L\eJIbHbIM rrpa-
BOMO'lIIeM (CM. CT. 206 fl\'). CJI8,L\yeT OTMeTIITb, '11'0 IIpaBO
IIOJIHOrO rOCIIO,L\CTBa '1aCTHOro JIIIL\a HaJ( IIpe,L\MeTaMII BHeIll-
Hero MIIpa, B oc06eHHOCTH Ha,L\ He,L\BIIilUIMbIMII B eIll,a MIl , rrpII-
3HaHO cpaBHIITeJIbHO He,L\aBHO. IIepBoHa'laJIbHo B HCTOpIIII
'1eJIOBe'leCTBa rrpH3HaBaJII;JCb TOJIbKO TaKIIe rrpaBa, KaK rrpaBO
Ha 06pa60TKY 3eMJIII, rrpaBo Ha rrpomIIBaHIIe IIJIII rrpaBO Ha
rrpoxo,L\. B 3rroxy <peO,L\aJIII3Ma rrpaBa c06cTBeHHocTII pH,L\OBOrO
HaCeJIeHJIH rrO,L\BepraJIIICb pa3JIII'IHbI,V[ OrpaHII'IeHIIHM, BbI3BaH-
HbIM cYIll,eCTBOBaHIIeM rrpIIBIIJIeI'IIM <peO,L\aJIOB II apIIcToKpa-
TIIII. Tal{ Ha3bIBaeMoe cB060,L\HOe rrpaBO co6cTBeHHocTH, c6po-
CIIBillee Bce <peO,L\aJIbHbIe OrpaHII'IeHIIH, HBJIHeTCH rrpO,L\YKTOM
COBpeMeHHoro rrpaBa.
2) CO,L\epmaHHe npaBa co6cTBeHHocTH. C TeOpeTII'IeCKOM
TO'lKII 3peHIIH rrpaBo c06cTBeHHocTII, rrpe,L\CTaBJIHIOIll,ee COOO!i:
rrpaBO rrOJIHOrO rOcrrO,L\CTBa Ha,L\ BeIll,blO, MomeT IICrrOJIb30BaTb-
CH JII06bIM 06pa30M. Ha npaKTlII,e MomHO Bbl,L\eJIHTb ,L\Ba CIIO-
c06a ero oCYIll,eCTBJIeHIIH. Bo-rrepBbIX, 31'0 rrpe,L\OCTaBJIeHIIe
06'beKTa ,L\aHHoro rrpaBa B rrOJIb30BaUIIe ,L\PyrOMY JIIIL\Y II rro-
JIY'IeHIIe COOTBeTCTBYIOIll,eM rrJIaTbl 3a IIOJIb30BaHIIe II, BO-BTO-
pbIX, 1I0JIY'IeHIIe B ,L\OJIr p;eHer rro) 3aJIOr 06'beKTa rrpaBa
c06CTBeHHOCTII.
11'
163
L:JIe,n;yeT y IHTblBaTb, ITa caBpeM8HHae IIpaBa ca6CTBeHHa-
CTM Bce me rra,n;BepmeHa arrpe,n;eJIeHHara pa,n;a arpaHIpIeHIUIM,
HanpIIMep B aTHailieHIIM ca,n;epmaHIUI ,n;araBapaB, Ba3JIameHIIR'
Ha co6CTBeHHIIKa aT,n;eJIbHbIX aOJI3aT8JIbCTB'M ,n;p. O,n;HaKa aTH
arpaHH'IeHHJI HJIH YCTaHaBJIeHIIe anp8,n;eJl8HH IX a6JI3aHIIO-
cTeii: acym;eCTBJIJIIOTCR', Hcxa,n;JI H3 a6rn;eCTBeHHbIX HHTepecaB.
I1pHMepaMH 3aKaHap;aTeJIbCTBa, rrpep;YCMaTpIIBalOm;era rrap;a6-
Hara pap;a arpaHII'IeHHJI, JIBJIR'IOTCJI 3aKaH 0'6 aT'Iymp;eHIIH
3eMeJIb, 3aI\OH a CTpaHTeJIbHbIX CTaHp;apTax, 3aKaH 0'6 axpa-
He KYJIbTYPHbIX eHHacTeii:, 3aI\OH a rrpep;aTBparn;eHIIH 3arpJIa-
HeHHJI aTMaccpepHara Ba3p;yxa II p;pyrHe aKTbI' aKaJIarH'IeCKara
3aKaHap;aTeJIbCTBa, a TaKme H HHbIe MHara'lHCJIeHHbIe HapMa-
THBHbIe aKTbI. lI3 aTaro CJIep;ycT, 'ITa P;JIR' rraHHMaHIIR' ca H-
aJIbHaii: cpYHK HII rrpaBa ca6CTBeHHaCTH Hep;aCTaTa'lHa pac-
CMaTpHBaTb era JIHilib C Ta'lKH 3peHHJI Bem;Hara npaBa.
5. IIHcTHTYT HCnOJlbaOBaHHH aeMJIH (yaycpPYKT). Op;Ha H3
YKaaaHHbIX BbIIIIe p;eHCTBHi1: rrpaBa ca6cTBeHHacTH, a HMeHHa
rrpep;aCTaBJIeHHe cBaeii: co6cTBelIHacTH B rraJIb3aBaHHe p;pyra-
MY JIH y H rraJIY'leHHe B3aMeH anpep;eJIeHHaii: rrJIaTbI 3a rraJIb-
3aBaHHe, pacrrpaCTpaHHeTCJI Ha Bce p;BHmHMbIe H Hep;BHmII-
MbIe Bem;H B TaKIIX a6JI3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIX aTHaIIleHHJIX, KaK
p;araBap apeHp;bI. Op;HaKa npaBa Ha naJIb3aBaHHe, He Bep;ym;ee
R rrpaBY Tpe6aBaHHJI B aTHaIIlCHHH p;aJImHHKa H rrpII3HalO-
rn;ee rraJIHaMO'lIIJI Ha HCrraJIb3aBaHHe Bern;H Herracpep;CTBeHHa
3a yrrpaBaMa'leHHbIM JIH aM, rrpep;YCMaTpeHa TaJIbKa B aTHa-
II1eHHH 3eMJIH. p;aHHae rrpaBa Ha3bIBaeTCJI yaycpPYKTOM, KaT 0'-
pbIii: rrpep;CTaBJIeH cynepcpH HeM B aTHaIIleHHH Hacamp;eHIItr
II rraCTpaeI{ (CT. 265 H CJIep;. rK) H JMcpHTeBaHcoM B aTHaIIl8-
HHH 3eMJIep;eJIHJI H mHBaTHaBap;CTBa (CT. 270 H CJIep;. rK).
CJIep;yeT HMeTb B BHP;y, 'ITa He Bce aTHailieIlIIJI, CBJI3aHHbI8
C rraCTpaHKaii: 3p;aHHJI Ha '1ymaH TeppII'fapIIH IIJIII a6pa6aTKali
'1YiI\Oii: 3eMJIH, aTHaCJITCJI K cyrrepcpHUIIIO llJIII aMcpHTeB3HCY.
KaK rraKa3blBaeT rrpaKTIII{a B HrraHIIH, 60JlblIIaH '1aCTb p;aH-
HbIX aTHaIIl8HHH aTHaCHTCJI K ImTerapIIII a6H3aTeJIbCTBeHHblX,
rraCTpaeHHbIX Ha aCHaBe p;araBapa apeHp;bI (C:\L CT. 601 II
CJIep;. rK).
K Y3ycpPYKTY aTHaCHTCJI TaI{me n cepBIITyTHoe npaBO,
RaTapae rrpep;CTaBJIJIeT ca6aii: IIHCTHTYT, npII3BaHHbIH ypery-
JIIIpaBaTb B3aIIMHae IICrraJIb3aBaHIIe rrpaBa ca6cTBeHHacTH,
cynepcpH HJI H T. p;. Ha Bern;II, cacep;CTBYIOrn;ne p;pyr C p;pyraM.
K KaTerapIIH Y3ycpPYKTa MamHa, HaI\OHeI , p;a6aBHTb H rrpaBa
a6uWHHara '1JIeHCTBa, KaTapae aJlpep;8JIJIeT rrapJIp;OK a6rn;era
164
nOJIb30BaHIU[ HaCeJIeHIJeM ,o;epeBHU KaKIIMI1-JIU60 TeppHTOpU-
RMU (ropaMU, JIeCaMU, nOJIHMU).
6. IIHCTHTYT 3aJIOra (npaBo Bem;Horo o6eCne'leHHH o6H3a-
TeJIbCTBa). pyroii: cIIoc06 HCrrOJJb30BaHIIH npaBa c06cTBeH-
HOCTH COCTOHT B 3aJIOre Bell\H H IJOJIY"leHHII Ha aTOM OCHOBa-
HHII ,o;eHer.
IIpaBo 3aJIOra ,o;OCTIIraeT cBoeH n;eJlII rrYTeM rrpe,o;OCTaBJIe-
HIIH rapaHTIIH 3aJIOro,o;epmaTeJIIO no Ha,o;JJemaru;eMY IICrrOJIHe-
HIIIO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. rapaHTIIII COCTOHT B rrpe,o;OCTaBJIeHIIII
)];OJImHIIKOM orrpe,o;eJIeHHOH Beru;II. Ha aTOM rrOCTpoeHO npaBO
y,o;epmaHHH (CT. 295 II CJIe,o;. rK) II npaBO 3aKJIa,o;a (CT. 342
H CJIe,o;. rK). O,o;HaKo n;eJIb IIHCTIITYTa 3aJIOra MomeT 6bITb
,o;OCTIIrHYTa HaHrrpocTeHIlIIIM crroco60M II 6e3 rrpIIHHTIIH Ka-
KOii:-JIII60 Beru;H 01' ,o;OJIlliHIIKa - IICrrOJIHeHIIeM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa
H3 cpe,o;CTB, BbIpY'IeHHbIX 01' rrpo,o;amll 3aJIomeHHOH Beru;II B
CJIY'Iae HeIICrrOJIHeHIIH 06R3aTeJIbCTua. Ha OCHOBe rrpIIMeHe-
HIIH aToro MexaHII3Ma CTpOIITCR npaBO npeHMym;ecTBa
(CT. 303 II CJIe,o;. rI\) II HnOTe'lHOe npaBO (CT. 369 U CJIe,o;.
rK). 113 YKa3aHHbIX "leTbIpex BII,o;OB Beru;Horo 06eCrre"leHIIH
06H3aTeJIbCTBa rrpaBO y,o;epmaHIIH Jf npaBO rrpeIIMyru;eCTBa
rrpe,o;CTaBJIHIOT c060H 3aKOHHoe npaBO 3aJIOra a 3aKJIa,o; II
HrrOTeKa - ,o;orOBopHoe npaBO 3aJIOra.
7. BH,!J;bI Bem;HblX npaB.
1) IIpHHn;Hn yCTaHOBJIeHIIH Bem;HbIX npaB 3aKOHOM. BII,o;bI
Beru;HbIX rrpaB He MorYT 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHbI IIHa"le, I.aK rK
H ,o;PyrIIMII 3aKOHo,o;aTeJIbHbIMII aKTaMII (CM. CT. 175 rK, CT. 35
3aKoHa 0 BBe,o;eHHII B ,o;eHcTBIIe rK). 81'0 Ha3bIBaeTCR rrpIIH-
:U;HrrOM YCTaHOBJIeHIIR Beru;HbL\: npaB 3aIWHOM. aHHbIII rrpIW-
n;IIrr OCHOBbIBaJICR Ha ne06xo,o;IIMOCTII yrrporu;eHIIH BeIIl,HbIX
OTHOllIeHlIH rrYTeM yperYJIIIpOBaHIIR C.rromHblX II MHoro06pa3-
HbIX Bem;HbIX rrpaB rpeo,o;aJIbHOrO 06In;ecTBa II YTBepm,o;eHIIH
cB060,o;Horo rrpaBa c06cTBeHHocTII (CM. pellieHIIe BepxoBHoro
cy,o;a 01' 10 rpeBpaJIH 1917 r.), a Tar;fr,:e OrpaHII"leHIIH Hpyra
Beru;HbIX rrpaB 11 "leTHarO orrpe,o;eJIeHIIR ux co,o;epmaHIIH BBe-
)];eHIIeM rJIaCHOCTII rrYTe I perIICTpau;rm. IIoaTo:\1Y rrpII3HaIOT-
CR He,o;eHCTBIITeJIbHbL\IU He TOJIbhO ,rr:orOBopbI, YCTaHaBJIIIBaIO-
III,IIe OTJIII"lHble 01' 3ahOHa BelU,HbIB rrpaBa, HO II ,o;orOBopbI,
)];OrrYCKaIOru;He IIHoe rro cpaBHeHIIIO C rrpII3HaHHbIM 3aI,oHQ:\I
co,o;epmaHne cyru;eCTBYIOru;IIX Bern:HbIX rrpaB.
2) Beru;HbIe npaBa nOl\IHMO onpe,o;eJIeHHbIX B rR. TaI..:IIX
npaB, rrpn3HaBaeMbIx IIHbIMII 3aIWIIo,o;aTeJIbHbIMII aI{TaMII,
165
rrOMIIMO fK, )J,OBOJIbHO !\IHOro. K 'IIICJIY )J,aHHbIX rrpaB OTHO-
CHTCH npaBO Ha pa3pa60TRY He)J,p (CT. 5, 12 3alwHa 0 ropHOM
)J,eJIe 1950 r.), npaBo apeH)J,bI IIPII pa3pa60TI{e ne)J,p (CT. 6, 71
BblIIIeyRa3aHHoro 3aRoHa), npaBO pa3pa60TRII Ral\IeHHbIX
KapbepOB (CT. 4 3aRoHa 0 pa3pa60TRe K3MeHHblX RapbepoB
OT 1950 r.), npaBo Ha Be)J,eHlIe pbI6Horo npOMbICJIa (CT. 6, 23
3aRoHa 0 pbI6HOM npOMbICJIe OT 19,49 1'.), npaBO Ha PbI60JIOB-
CTBO (CT. 7, 43 BbIIIIeYRa3aHHoro 3aTwHa) II )J,p. 110l\IIIMO aTO-
1'0, CJIe)J,yeT 06paTIITb BHIIMaHlIe Ha TO, 'ITO TIt TaKme 3a-
RpenJIHeT npaBO Ha Y)J,epmaHlIe (CT. 51, 521, 562, 753 -II )J,p.
TK), npaBO 3aI\JIa)J,a (CT. 515 TK), npaBO npelIMym;eCTBa
(CT. 295, 810, 842 II )J,p. TK), npaBO IIllOT RII (CT. 848 TK),
O)J,HaRO cO)J,epmaHlIe aTIIX npaB OTJIII'IHO OT cO)J,epmaHT1H aHa-
JIOrlI'IHbIX npaB, yCTaHOBJIeHHbIX fK.
3) BeIIl;Hble npaBa, orrpe)J,eJIHeMbIe OObI'lHbIM rrpaBOM.
K 06bI'IaIO nplIMeHHeTcH 06rn;ee nOJIOmeHlIe CT. 2 3aKoHa
M 10 OT 1898 r., aTY n03IID;IIIO MomHO Ha3BaTb naCCIIBHOM,
rrOCROJIbRy YCTaHOBJIeHlIe Bem;HbIX npaB 06bI'Iael\I CTaBIITCH
B 3aBIICIIMOCTb OT YRa3aHIIH Ha aTO B 3aROHe (CM., HanplI!\Iep,
CT. 263, 294 fK 0 npaBe 06m;UHHoro 'IJIeHCTBa).
2. 06lqMM xapaKTep BelqHblx npaB
8. CYIII;HOCTb BeIIl;HbIX rrpaB. Cyrn;HOCTb Bem;HbIX npaB, 3a-
J\peUJIeHHbIX B fK, COCTOIIT B rrpHMOM rocnO)J,CTBe Ha)J, onpe-
)J,eJIeHHbIM npe)J,MeTOM II B IICI\JIIO'IIITeJIbHOCTII npaBa nOJIY'Ie-
HIIH BblrO)J,bI.
1) ITpHMoe rocrrO)J,CTBO 03Ua'IaeT ocym;eCTBJIeHUe Heno-
cpe)J,CTBeHHoro rocnO)J,CTBa Ha)J, 06'beRTO I BHe 3aBIICIIMOCTU
OT )J,eMcTBIIM )J,pyrlIx JIlID;.
2) IICRJIIO'IIITeJIbHOCTb rrpaBa 3aI\JIIO'IaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO npII
YCTaHOBJIeHlI1I onpe)J,eJIeHHOrO Bem;Horo npaBa B OTHOIIIeHH:II
)J,aHHoro npe)J,MeTa mmalwe IIHOe npaBO, aHaJIorn'IHoe no
cO)J,epmaHIIIO nepBOMY, He MOl-ReT 6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHO.
9. )J;eiicTBue BCIII;HbIX rrpaB.
1) ITpeuMYIIl;ecTBeHHoe )J,eiicTBlIe BeII HbIX rrp3B.
a) I1pII CTOJIlmOBeIIIIII )J,BYX Bern;HbIX npaB paHee YCTaHOB-
JIeHHOe Bem;Hoe npaBo IIMeeT npeIIMYll eCTBO nepe)J, Bem;HbDI
IIpaBOM, YCTaHOBJIeHHbnI n03)J,Hee. CJIe)J,yeT Y'IIITbIBaTb, O)J,-
HaKO, 'ITO npaBO npeIIMym;ec.TBa cO)J,epanIT l\1Horo IICr_JIIO'Ie-
HIIM (CM. CT. 329-332, 334, 339 fK; CM.: Bem;noe npaBO -
82). KpoMe TOro, oc06eHHOCTbIO npaBa BJJa)J,eHIIJI HBJIJIeTCJI
166
TO, 'ITO OHO lIe 3HaeT HII I1CKJIIO'IIITeJIhHOCTH, HII npeIIMym;e-
CTBeHIfOro p;eHCTBlUI.
6) IIpH op;HOBpeMeHHOM cym;ecTBoBaIIIIH B OTHOilleHIIII
O,D;HOH Be H II Be Horo H 06H3aTeJlbCTBeHHoro npaBa nepBoe
IIMeeT npeIIMym;ecTBO. J!;aJJ{e B Tex CJIY'IaHX, Iwrp;a 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBeHHoe npaBO npOHBJIHeTCH C HaUOOJIhilleH CHJIOW (ua-
n pHMep, npIIHyp;IITeJIbHOe IICnOJIHeHIIe HJUI npon;ep;ypa OO'b-
HBJIelIHH 6aHr;pOTCTBa) H Korp;a ccpepa ero p;eWCTBHH pacnpo-
CTparmeTCH na I1Mym;ecTBo p;OJIlliHIma, IIrrOTeKa HJIII IIHble
Rem;Hble rrpaBa B OTHOIlleUHH p;aIIHoro HMym;ecTBa HMelOT
rrpeIIMym;ecTBo (CM. CT. 92 3al\OHa 0 6aHKpoTcTBe, CT. 563
rIIIt) .
B) CJIep;yeT HMeTb B BI1AY, 'ITO B nepe'IIICJIeHHbIX BbIIlle
cliTyan;IIHX rrpli HaJIH'IIIII YCJIOBIIH nepBeHCTBa HMelOTCH IIC-
RJIIO'IelIHH.
2) BeIIJ;HOe npaBO TpeooBaHuH. IIpn HapYilleHuli HOpMaJIb-
Horo COCTOHHHH Bem;HbIX npaB B03HHKaeT npaBo Tpe60BaHHH
K HapYillIITeJIIO 06 YCTpaHeHIfH p;aHHoro HapYIlleHHH. fIt
COp;eplRliT cooTBeTCTBYIOm;ne nOJIOllieHHH JIHillb B OTHOIlleHHII
npaBa BJIap;eHHH II rrpeAYCMaTpliBaeT Tpli BIIAa npaBa Tpe60-
BaHUH: liCK 0 B03BpaIIJ;eHIIII BJI3p;eHIIH B CJIY'Iae, eCJIli BJIap;e-
JIen; He3a"hOHIIO ero JIIIIlleH (CT. 200 fIt); liCK 0 nO;IJ.;IJ.epma-
HIIII BJI3;IJ.eHIIH B CJIY'Iae, KorAa BJIap;eHIle HapYilleHO (CT. 198
fIt); II liCK 0 coxpaHeHIIII IJ;eJIOCTHOCTII BJIap;eHIIH, RorAa
IIMeIOTCH onaceHIIH Ha PyilleHIIH B.rraAeHIIH ( CT. 199 fIt).
IIpaBoBaH HaYKa C'IliTaeT, 'ITO npaBO Tpe60BaHuH P;OJIlliHO
6bITb pacrrpocTpaHeHo n Ha p;pyrHe BeIIJ;HbIe rrpaBa.
3. H3MeHeHHe seaqHblx npas
10. BOJIeIl3'bHBJIeUlle C n;eJIbIO 113 reHeHIIH BeIIJ;HbIX npaB.
M3MeIIeHIle Bem;HbIX rrpaB COCTOlIT B IIX IlpHo6peTeHIIH, YTpa-
Te lIJIII II3:\IeHeHlIli B npH:llOM CMbICJIe CJIOBa. OCHOBaIIIIm:III
1I3:1IeHeHIIH HB.1IHIOTCH IICTe'IelIIle orrpep;e:reHIIoro BpC:lIeIIn,
HacTyrrJIeHIIe orrpep;eJIeHHbIX C06bITII:ii If.1JlI COBepilleHIle orrpe-
p;eJIeIIIIhIX p;ei'rcTBlIi'r - p;aBHOCTb ( CT. 162 H 163, n. 2
CT. 167 rI{), COBrraAeHHe (CT. 179 fIt; CM.: Bem;Hoe rrpa-
BO - 16), npnwl'rne BO BJIap;eHHe 6ecx03Hiiuoro mlyru;eCTBH
(CT. 239 rI{), npn06peTenne nOTepHIfHo:ii Bem;II (CT. 240 fIt),
OTl;phITIle R:rap;a (CT. 241 rI{) , Hac:rep;OBaHIle II T. n. OAIraRO
IIO'l;aBJIHIOru;ee 60JIhIllIIHCTBO OCIIOBamIii II3:1IeneHIIH Bem;nblx
npaB npeACTarmeIIO nO;!IeII3'bHBJIenITe:\I -- p;orOBopaMII I,yrrJIII-
167
rrpop;amM, p;apeHlIH, 3aHMa M p;p. AHHYJIMPQBaHMe BQJIeII3'hHB-
JIeHMH II paCTQpmeHIIe p;QrQBOpa TaKme BbI3bIBaIOT M3MeHe-
HMe BeIIl,HbIX TIpaB.
11. rJIaCHOCTb H3MeHeHHlI BeIIl,Hb!X npaB H YCJIOBIIlI nep-
BeHCTBa. Y CJIOBHeM AeHCTBIITeJIbHOCTII n3MeHeHMH BeIIl,HbIX
rrpaB HBJIHeTCH CQ6JIIOp;eHlIe Qrrpep;eJIenHQii npQn;ep;ypbI, 6JIa-
rop;apH KOTQPQH M3MeHeHHH rrpaB rrpMQ6peTaIOT rJIaCHQCTb.
MOmHQ rrpMBeCTM HeMaJIQ rrpMMepQB 1I3 HrrQHCKQrQ 3aKQHQp;d-
TeJIbCTBa, KQrp;a rJIaCHQCTb M3MeHeHMH BeIIJ;HbIX rrpaB HBJIHeT-
CH YCJIQBMeM MX p;eHCTBMTeJIbHOCTM, op;HaKO rK p;ame B Tex
CJIY'IaHX, KQrp;a Tpe6yeT Qrrpep;eJIeHHQ:it rJIaCHOCTII IIJIII rrpQn;e-
P;YPbI, B n;eJIOM He BbqBHraeT 31'0' B Ka IeCTBe YCJIQBMH p;eHCT-
BMTeJIbHQCTM, a rOBQPMT JIMIIJb 0'6 YCJIQBIIHX rrepBeHCTBa.
IIpMMepaMH p;aHHQrQ rrQJIOmeHMH HBJIfJIOTCH CTaTbM 176, 177
II 178 rK, rrQCBHIII,eHHble M3MeHeHMIO BeIIl,HbIX rrpaB.
12. rJIaCHOCTb BeIIl,HbIX npaB Ha Hep;BIImHMOCTb (perIl-
CTpa I1l1 ) .
1) OpraHM3an;MH pernCTpan;MM. IIopHp;QK pernCTpan;IIH
orrpep;eJIHeTCH 3aKOHQM 0 perMCTpan;IIM Hep;BMmIIMQiI CQ6-
CTBeHHQCTM (3aKQH oM 24 0'1' 1899 r.) II P;PyrIIMII HQPMaTMB-
HbIMM aKTaMII. PerIIcTpan;IIH QCYIII,eCTBJIHeTCH B rrYHKTax pe-
rMCTpan;IIM B MeCTHblX QpraHaX MMHIICTepCTBa IOCTMn;IIM M
Bep;eTCH rrQ P;BYM OTp;eJIbHbIM crrMCKaM: perIICTpan;MH 3e [JIU
II perMCTpan;MH cTpoeHIIH (CT. 14 II CJIep;. 3aKQHa 0 perUCTpa-
n;MM Hep;BIImUMQH CQ6CTBeHHQCTII).
B HaCTQHIII,ee BpeMH Bce Y'IaCTKII 3e IJIM, HaXop;HIII,MeCH B
'IaCTHQM BJIap;eHIIM, nQ-BIIp;IIMQMY, 3apernCTpIIpOBaHbI B rr03C-
MeJIbHbIXKHnrax, Qp;HaKQ 3TQrQ HeJlb3H CI\:a3aTb 0 pernCTpa-
n;IIM CTPQeHIIII, OCQ6eHHQ BHQBb B03Bep;eHHbIX.
2) BIIP;bI perMCTpan;MM. IIQMMMQ QROH'IaTeJIbHQII OCHOB-
HOR perIlCTpa IIII, CYIII,eCTByeT npep;BapIITeJIbHall perIlcTpa-
MlI, KQTQpaH QCYIII,eCTBJIHeTCH rrpII QTCYTCTBMM Hc06xQP;MMbIX
rrpQn;eccyaJIbrrbIX YCJIQBMH C n;eJIbIO QXpaHl>I rrpaBa Tpe6QBa-
HHH B OTHOIIJeHMII II3MeHeHIIH rrpaB, a TaI\me TaR Ha3bIBae-
MaH npep;ynpep;IITeJIbHall perIlCTpa IIlI, BeP;YIII,aHCH rrpM BQ3-
HMKHQBeHIIM MCKQB 0'6 aHHYJIMPQBaHMM HJIM BQCCTaHOBJIeHMII
Qrrpep;eJIeHHbIX rryHRToB perMCTpan;MM.
3) Hep;BIImIIMQCTb, rrQp;JIeJI\aIIl,aH perIICTpan;IIII. rK C'IM-
TaeT Hep;BMJI\IIMQCTbIO TOJIbRQ 3CMJIIO Ji[ HeQTp;eJIMMble QT Hee
BeIIJ;U (rr. 1 CT. 86 rK), op;Ha 1\0 B HrrQIIJIII rrpII3HaeTCH II He-
3aBMCMMQe 0'1' 3eMJIM cyIII,eCTBQBaHUC cTpoeHuII, RQTOpble
168
}IBJlJIIOTCJI CaMOCTOJITeJlbHbIM 06'beKTOM rpamp;aHCInIX OTHO-
IIIeHII:U: II pe:rn:CTpHpYIOTC}I OTp;eJlbHO. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKO-
HO 0 Jlecax rpyrrrrbI p;epeBbeB TaKme rrOp;JlemaT perHCTpa-
D;HlI H, TaKHM 06pa30M, rrpep;CTaBJI}IIOT C060M Hep;BHmHMOCTb,
He3aBIICHMYIO OT 3eMJllI. OTHOCHTeJlbHO p;epeBbeB, He rrop;rra-
)J;aIOm;HX rrop; )J;eMCTBue yKa3aHHoro 3aKOHa, cym;ecTByeT 06bI-
'IaM BeCTH OTHOmeHH}I rro HX rrOBOp;y, He 3aTparHBa}I 3eMJlH,
Ha IWTOpOH OHH pacTyT, op;HaKO crroc06bI perHcTpaD;HH TaKHX
)J;epeBbeB OTCYTCTByIOT. 8THM rrpaBooTHomeHH}IM rJlaCHOCTb
o6eCne'IHBaeTC}I HHbIMH MeTop;aMH (CM.: Bem;Hoe rrpaBo-15).
4) Bem;UbIe rrpaBa, rrop;Jlemam;He perHCTpaD;HH. PerHcTpa-
D;HH IIOp;JlemaT rrpaBO c06cTBeHHocTH, cyrrep<puD;HH, ::IM<pHTeB-
3HC, cepBUTYT, rrpaBO rrpeHMym;ecTBa B OTHorneHUH Hep;Bumu-
MOCTH, 3aKJlap; Hep;BumUMOCTU U HIIOTeJ\:a. I1pHMeHHTeJlbHO I{
Hep;BumUMOCTU rrpaBO BJlap;eHIIJI, rrpaBO yp;epmaHH}I, 06m;ee
IIpaBO rrpeHMym;ecTBa H rrpaBO 06m;HHHoro 'IJleHCTBa He Tpe-
6YIOT perHCTpaD;uu (CM. CT. 1 3aKoHa 0 perHCTpaD;HH Hep;BU-
mUMoH c06cTBeHHocTu).
13. Y CJIOBHH, UCKJIIO'IaIOn Ue npep;'bRBJIeHUe npeTeH3HH co
CTOpOHbI TpeTbHX JIUD; B OTHomeHHII 1I3MeHeHUJI BeIIJ;HbIX
npaB no nOBOp;y Hep;BHmHMOCTH. OTCYTcTBHe perHCTpaD;HlI
U3MeHeHU}I Bem;HbIX rrpaB B OTHOllIeHHH Hep;BUJI{HMOCTU rrpu-
BOP;HT K B03MomHOCTU rrpep;'bJIBJleHU}I rrpeTeH3uH co CTOpOHbI
TpeTbUX JlHD; (CT. 177 fK). CJleL\yeT IIMeTb B BUp;y, 'ITO ::ITOT
rrpHHD;urr pacrrpOCTpaH}IeTC}I Bo06m;e Ha perncTpaD;HIO Hep;BU-
iRUMOCTU. Oc06eHHO 'IaCTO rrpeHe6peraIOT perHCTpaD;HeH B
OTHomeHHU CTpoeHUH, 'ITO rrpHBop;UT K B03MomHOCTU npep;'b-
}IBJleHIIJI B OTHomeHHH HHX rrpeTeH3UU co CTOpOHbI TpeTbHX
JIUD;.
14. Y CJIOBUeM, HCKJIIO'IaJOIIJ;HM npell.'bJIBJIeHHe npeTeH3HH
co CTOpOHbI TpeTbUX JIHD; B OTHomeHl1H H3MeHeHUJI BeID;HbIX
npaB no nOBO)J;y p;BllmHMOCTH, JIBJlHeTC}I nepe)J;a'Ia BeID;u
(CT. 178 fK). 8TO rrpammo, KaK H B cJlY'lae Beru;HbIX rrpaB
B OTHOllIemm IIep;BIImlL>IOCTII, Tal{me OCHOBbIBaeTCJI Ha rrplIH-
D;Hrre rJlaCHOCTH. O)J;HaKo rrepep;a'Ia no cpaBHeHHIO C perUCT-
paD;ueu rrpep;CTaBJlJIeT C060H B BbICllIeH CTerreHH HeCOBepllIen-
HblH crroc06 rrpHp;amI}I rJlaCHOCTU H3],IeHeHUIO Beru;HbIX rrpaB.
PerHCTpaD;lI}I rr03BOJlJIeT p;eTaJlbHO rrOI\:a3aTb cO)J;epmaHue II3-
MeHeHII}I Bem;HbIX rrpaB, BIWIO'IaJI U rrpep;bIp;ym;He ::ITarr},I
U3MeHeHHJI ::ITUX rrpaB. B rrpOTUBOrrOJlOmnOCTb ::ITOMY IIepep;a-
'Ia He 06J1ap;aeT TaKUMH CBoHcTBaMu. Op;HaKo cJle)J;yeT Y'IU-
169
Tl.IBaTI" '1TO B OTHOIlIeHHH CYP;OB, aBTOTpaHcrropTHl.lX cpep;CTB
II aHaJIOl'H'IHl.IX p;BHmHMbIX Bem;ell: nepep;a'la He HBJIHeTCH
YCJIOBHeM, HCKJIIO'IaIOm;HM rrpep;'bHBJIeHHe rrpeTeH3Hll: co CTO-
pOHbI TpeTl.HX JIHIJ; B OTHOIlIeHlIH H3MeHeHHH Bem;Hl.IX rrpaB
(CM. CT. 686 H 687 TR, CT. 5 3aKoHa 06 aBTOTpaHcrropTHl.lX
cpep;cTBax) .
15. OOm;enpHHHTl.Ie cpep;CTBa. B OCHOBHOM no KacaeTCH
KYIIJIH-rrpOp;amH JIeca Ha KOpHIO, rp;e cym;ecTByeT 06bI'Iai'I Ha
06HameHHOll: p;peBeCHHe TYIlIl.IO HaHOCHTl. HMH HOBoro BJIa-
p;eJIl.IJ;a. IIOHHTHO, '1TO rrop;06Hl.lll: crroc06 He HBJIHeTCH perIl-
CTpaIJ;Hell:, COMHlITeJIl.HO H OTueceUHe ero K rrepep;a'le, op;HaKO
cyp;e6HaH rrpaKTHKa (peIlIeHHe BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 14 arrpe-
JIH 1922 1'.), Y'lHTl.IBaH p;aBHOCTl. rrpH leHemIH YKa3aHHoro'
06l.l'laH, rrpH3HaeT p;aHHbIll: crroc96 B Ka'leCTBe YCJIOBHH, HC-
J\JIIO'IaIOm;ero npep;'bHBJIeHHe rrpeTeH3Hll: co CTOpOHbI TpeTl.HX
JIHIJ;. B IJ;eJIOM C STOll: rr03Ill\Hell: COrJIaCHa H HaY'IHaH P;01,-
TpHHa.
16. COBnap;eHHe. IIop; COBrrap;eHHeM rrOHHMaeTCH cIITya-
IJ;HH, Korp;a p;Ba rrpaBa, B COBMeCTHOM cym;ecTBoBaHHH KOTO-
pl.lX OTCYTCTByeT He06xop;lIMOCTl., rrpIIHa JIemaT OP;HOMY JIII-
IJ;Y. B Bem;HOM II 06H3aTeJIl.CTBeHHOM rrpaBe STO HBJIHeTCH
OCHOBaHHeM rrpeKpam;eHHH rrpaBa (CM. CT. 179, 520 rR).
HarrpHMep, cyrrepqJHIJ;HapHll: B pe3YJIl.TaTe HaCJIep;OBaHHH
rrpH06peTaeT rrpaBO c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha aeMJIIO. B STOM CJIY'lae
OTrrap;aeT Heo6xop;HMOCTl. op;HOBpeMeHHoro 06JIap;aHlIH H cy-
nepqJHIJ;HeM H rrpaBOM c06CTBeHHOCTH, rrOSTOMY cyrrep<prrIJ;Hll:
rrpeKpam;aeTCH. STO, op;HaKO, He pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha Te
CJIY'laH, Kor a C rrpeKpam;aeMl.lM rrpaBOM CBH3aHbI HHTepeCbI
TpeTl.ero JIHIJ;a. RpoMe Toro, Y'lHTbIBaH B KopHe OTJIII'IHhIll:
xapaKTep rrpaBa BJIap;eHHH OT p;pyrHx Bem;HbIX rrpaB, nper;pa-
m;eHHe rrpaBa Ha OCHOBaHIHI COBrrap;eITIIH He pacrrpOCTpaHHeT-
CH na BJIap;emIe (n. 3 CT. 179 rR).
r naB a 2. BnAAEHHE
f. 061L\He nOnO)l(eHHSI
17. 3Ha'leHlle npaBa BJIap;eHHJI. 1) RaK Ya\e OTArC'Ia.TIOCl.,
npaBO BJIap;eHHJI CJIymHT IJ;eJIHM oxpaHl.I rocrrop;CTBa Hap;
rrpep;MeTaMH BIIelliHero MHpa H rrop;p;epmaHIIH CrrOKOll:CTBHH H
170
rropflp;Ra B OOJJJ;eCTBe. Bo HMH P;OCTHiI\eHHH 3THX IJ;eJIeH rrpaBO
rrpIIffHJIO CJIeP;YIDJJJ;YID TeOpeTH'IeCI\YID ROHCTPYRIJ;IIID: eCJIIl
BeJJJ;b HaXOp;HTCH rrop; rOCrrOp;CTBOM Orrpep;eJIeHHOro JIIIIJ;a;" C'IH-
raeTCH, 'ITO OHO BJIap;eeT eID, 'ITO CaMO rro ceoe, BHe 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT OOOCHOBaHHOCTH 3Toro BJIap;eHIIH, rropomp;aeT npaBO
BJIa,rt;eHlfH, ROTopoe IIMeeT pa3JIII'IHble nOCJIep;CTBlIH. lIOCROJIb-
RY IIpaBO BJIap;efIHH 03Ha'IaeT rocrrop;CTBO Hap; BeJJJ;aMII, OHO
OTHOCIITCH R BeJJJ;HOMY rrpaBY, op;HaIW B OTJIH'IHe OT P;PyrHx
BeJJJ;HbIX rrpaB npano BJIap;eHIfH He OOJIap;aeT IICRJIID'IHTeJIbHO-
CTbIO n rrpeHMYJJJ;eCTBeHHbIM p;eHcTBlleM.
2) lIpaBo BJIap;eHHH CJIep;yeT OTJIH'IaTb OT npaBa Ha BJIa-
p;eHlle. TIpaBo coocTBeHHocTH, HarrpHMep, HBJIHeTCH rrpaBOM,
OOOcHoBbIBaIDJJJ;HM BJIap;eHHe. OP;HaIW eCJIH BOp YRpap;eT I,a-
RYID-JIHOO neJJJ;b, ee BJIap;eJIeIJ;, HeClVlOTpH Ha HaJIH'IHe npaBa
Ha I3JIap;eHHe, YTpa'IHBaeT rrpaBO BJIap;eHHH, a BOp, He HMeH
rrpaI3a Ha BJIap;eHHe, rrpHoopeTaeT rrpaBO BJIap;eHHH.
18. BJIap;eHHe. lIop; B,rrap;eHHeM rrOHHMaeTCH 06JIap;aHHe
BeJJJ;bIO C HaMepeHHeM Cp;eJIaTb ee cBoeii (CM. CT. 180 rK).
a) 06JIap;aHHe 03Ha'IaeT oOJJJ;ee rrpII3HaHHe Toro, 'ITO orrpe-
)J;eJIeHHaH BeJJJ;b Haxop;IITCH rrop; rocrrop;CTBOM RaROrO-JIHOO
JIHIJ;a. lIpII 3TOM B p;aHHoe rrOHHTHe BRJIID'IaIDTCH He TOJIbRO
CJIy'IaII 4>II3H'IeCROrO OOJIap;aHlIH BeUJ,bID (BeJJJ;b rrpH ceoe), HO
U 3aO'IHOrO, Rorp;a BeJJJ;b OTp;aeTCH Ha rrOrre'IeHHB P;Pyroro
JIIfIJ;a (rrpUCJIyre H T. rr.). lIpHMeHHTeJIbHO R nep;BIImUMOCTH
OOJIap;aHHe l HBJIHeTCH oopaOOTRa 3eMJIH IIJIII npomIIBaHIIe
B p;OMe.
0) HalUepeHHe Cp;eJIaTb BeIHb CBoeH OTpamaeT CTpeMJIeIIHe
OOJrap;aTb BeJJJ;bID C Bblrop;OH P;JIH ceaH.
19. BIIJI,bI BJIap;eHIIH.
1) BJI:lp;eHlIe IIO co6cTBeHHoH BO.'Ie (CM. CT. 162, 239 rK)
II BJIap;eHIIe no 1Jymoii BOJIe (CM. CT. 191 rK). JJ:aHHaH RJIaC-
cH4>JIRaIJ;IIH OCHOBbIBaeTCH na naJIIl'IIIII IIJIU OTCYTCTBIIII Ha-
MepeHHH R BJlap;eHHID.
2) BJIap;eHHe rrpn OTCYTCTBIIII rrpaBa Ha BJIap;eHne pa3JIII-
qaeTCH I,aR )J;06pocoBecTHoe IIJIH Hep;o6pocoBecTHoe. lIpn 3TO 1
rrepBoe B CBOID Oqepep;b nop;pa3p;eJIHeTCH Ha BJIap;eHHe no
HeOCTopomHOCTII II BJIap;eHHe 6e3 HeOCTopomHOCTH. JJ:aHHoe
rrop;pa3;:J,eJIeHHe HMeeT 3Ha'IeHIIe P;JIH rrpIIoopeTaTeJIbHOll: p;aB-
HOCTrr (CT. 162 rK) II rrpaBa na rrpHCBoeffHe rrJIOp;OB
(CT. 189 rK).
3) lJacTo Heooxop;In.lO, 'lT06bI BJJap;eHlIe ObIJIO cnOKOH-
IIbIM,OTRpbITbIM, P;OopocoBecTHbIM, oe3 IIeOCTopomHOCTII II T. II.
171
IT plI OTCYTCTBIIII Ka'KOH -JI1I60 1I3 8TIIX xa pa'KTepnCTIIK BJIaAe-
HlIe C'IIITaeTCJI nOp01JHbIM, II, Ha060pOT, npII HaJIII'IIIII Tpe-
6yeMbIx XapaKTeplICTIIK BJIaAeHIIe 6YAeT HCOnOp01JCHHbIl\f
(CM. n. 2 CT. 187 rR). iho Bailmo B CBJI31I 'c npeeMcTBoM BJIa-
AeHIIJI (CM.: BenJ;Hoe npaBO - 22).
4) B OTHOllieHIIII YKa3aHHOH KJIaccII<ImKaU;1I1I rR COAep-
mlIT COOTBeTCTBYIOm;lIe nOJIOmeHIIJI, a IIMeUHO npeAnOJIaraeT-
CJI, '1TO BJIaAeHIIe ocym;eCTBJIJIeTCJI C HaMepeHIIeM 6bITb c06-
CTBeHHIIKOM AaHHoH Bem;lI, 'ITO BJIaAeHlIe JIBJIJIeTCJI cnOKOH-
HbIM, OTKpbITbIM II A06pocoBecTHbIM. ITpeAnOJIaraeTCJI TaI{}J{e,
'ITO, eCJIII B Ha'IaJIe II B KOHu;e BJIaAeHlIe 6bIJIO TaIWBbIM, OHO
6bIJIO TaKOBbIM II Ha BceM CBoeM npOTJImeHIIII (CT. 186 rR).
COOTBeTCTBlIe 8TIIM nOJIOmeHIIJIM rR 'Ipe3BbI'IaHHO BamHO 'B
CBJI3II C nplI06peTaTeJIbHOH AaBHOCTbIO.
5) BJIaAeHIIe MomeT ocym;eCTBJIJITbCJI II 'Iepe3 npeACTaBII-
TeJIJI (CT. 181 rR), n08TOMY pa3JIII'IaeTCJI BJIa;a;CHIIC 1JCpC3
npCACTaBUTeJIH II JIII1JHOO BJIap;eHIIC.
6) IIMeIOTcJI CJIy'IaII, KorAa OAHOH Bem;bIO BJIaAeIOT He-
CKOJIbKO JIIIU;. IToA06HbIH BIIA BJIap;eHIIJI MomHO Ha3BaTb
COBMCCTHbIM, 06bI'IHOe me BJIaAeHlIe - C;a;IfHOJIU1JHbIM.
i 2. npHo6peTeHHe npaBa BnaAeHHJI
20. ITcpBOHa1JaJIbHOC npuoopcTCHUC npaBa BJIa;a;CHUH Ha-
1JIIHaeTCJI C MOMeHTa 3aBJIaAeHIIJI Bem;I>IO (CT. 180 rR). I1ep-
BOHa'laJIbHbIM nplI06peTeHIIeM npaBa BJIaAeHIIJI 6YAeT, Ha-
nplIMep, 06HapymeHIIe IIOTepJIHHOH Bern;1I IIJIII 6eCX03JIHHOrO
IIMym;ecTBa. ITplI 8TOM AaHHoe nplI06peTeHIIe MomeT ocym;e-
CTBJIJITbCJI H 'Iepe3 npeACTaBIITeJIJI (CT. 181 rR).
21. ITpUOOpCTCHIIC npaBa BJIaACHIIH B nopHAKC npCCMCTBa
HMeeT HeCIWJIbKO BIIAOB, rrplIHaAJIemIIOCTb K IWTOpbIlII Bamua
C TO'IKII 3peHIIJI YCJIOBIIH, IICI,JIIO'IaIOm;IIX npeA'bJIB.JIeHIIe npe-
TeH3IIH co CTOpOHbI TpeTbIIX JIIIU;. Ha30BeM 8TII BIIAbI.
1) ITepexoA npaBa BJIaAeHIIJI B pe3YJIbTa Te peaJIbHOro
1I3MeHeHIIJI BJIaAeHIIJI (n. 1 CT. 182 rR).
2) YnpOm;eHHbIH nepexo)J; npaBa BJIaAeHIIJI, KOTOpbIII Tpe-
6yeT JIlIllib COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero BOJIeU3'bJIBJIeHIIJI (n. 2 CT. 182
rR).
3) ITepexoA npaBa BJIaAeHIIJI B pe3yJILTaTe BOJIeII3'bJIBJIe'
HIIH IIpe;a;CTaBIITeJIH IIepe)J;aTb CBoe BJIa)J;eHlIe npeACTaBJIJIe-
MOMY (CT. 183 rR).
172
4) IIepexop; npaBa BJIap;eHIIH liO YKa3aHIIIO npep;CTaBJIJIe
MOrO CBOOMY npep;CTaB1ITemO B nOJIIo3Y TpeTIoerO mm;a
(CT. 184 rR). IIpII aTOM Tpe6yeTcH COrJIaCIIe TpeTbero JIIIIJ;a.-
5) IIepexop; npaBa BJIap;eHIIH B nOpH,lI;Ke naCJIep;OBaHIIJL
22. Cnen;Hq.mm nOCJIep;CTBHii npeeMCTBa npaBa BJIap;eHIIK
3aKJIID'IaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO nOJIOmeHIIe npaBonpeeMHIIKa IIMeeT
p;Be CTOpOHIoI. C OP;HOM - OH npop;OJImaeT BJIap;eHIIe npep;bIp;y-
m;ero X03JIIIHa, a C p;pyroM - npeeMHIIKa MomHO paCCMaTpII-
BaTIo KaK JIIIIJ;O, Ha'IaBmee JIII'IHO P;JIH ce6H HOBoe BJIap;eHIIe.
IIoaToMY, HanpIIMep, eCJIII npep;bIp;YIIJ;IIM BJIap;eJIeIJ; B Te'IeHIIe
8 JIeT Hep;06pocoBecTHo BJIap;eJI Bem;IoID, a HOBIoIM BJIap;eJIeIJ;
ocym;eCTBJIHJI P;06pocoBecTHoe BJIap;eHIIe B Te'IeHIIe rrOCJIep;y-
IDm;MX 11 JIeT, OH MomeT YTBepmp;aTIo B Ka'IeCTBe cpOKa BJIa-
,lI;eHMH JIII60 19 (11+8), JIII60 11 JIeT (n. 1 CT. 187 rR).
IIoHHTHo, 'ITO B rrepBoM CJIY'Iae BJIap;eHHe 6yp;eT onOpO'IeH-
HbIM no npII'IIIHe Hep;06pocoBecTHocTII (n. 2 CT. 187 rR). ::ho
nOJIOmeHIIe npIIMeHHJIOCIo JIIlmIo K OC06bIM CJIY'IaHM npeeM-
CTBa - npII npeeMCTBe Bcex npaB, a IIMeHHO npH HaCJIep;OBa-
HIIH HJIII CJIIIHHIIII IDpIIp;II'IeCKUX JIUIJ;, cyp;e6HaH me npaKTU-
Ra CTOHJIa Ha n03IIIJ;IIII HenpII3HaHuH pa3p;eJIeHIIH 06m;ero
cpoKa BJIap;eHIIH. Op;HaKo BnOCJIep;CTBUII BepxoBHbIM cyp; ne-
peCMOTpeJI aTY n03UIJ;UID (pemeHIIe BepxoBHoro cyp;a 01'
18 MaH 1962 r.).
3. AeHcTBHTenbHocTb npaBa BnaAeHHSI
23. 06m;IIe nOJIOmeHHH. Ha'IIIHaH co CT. 188, rR cop;epmIIT
IIOJIOmeHIIH B OTHomeHIIII p;ei'IcTBIITeJIIoHOCTII IIpaBa BJIap;e-
HHH, op;HaKO cop;epmaHIIe aTIIX nOJIOmeHIIM pa3HOnJIaHOBO,
QTO 3aTpyP;HHeT nOHIIMaHue 06m;eM KOHl enIJ;IIII. B IJ;eJIOM Bce
IIOJIOmeHIIH rR no p;aHHoMY Bonpocy MOlliHO pa3p;eJIIITIo Ha
meCTIo rpynn: npe3YMnIJ;uH 3aKOHIIOCTII npaBa BJIap;eHIIH
(CT. 188 rR); HOpMbI, perYJIUpYIDm;He 06III,IIe OTHomeHHH
Memp;y He3aKOHHIoIM BJIap;eJIIoIJ;eM II ynpaBOMO'IeHHIoIM JIII-
IJ;OM - npII06peTeHIIe nJIOp;OB, OTBeTCTBeHHOCTIo 3a npH'IHHe-
HIIe Bpep;a BJIap;eHIIID II T. n. (CT. 189-191 rR); nOpHp;OI{
npII06peTeHIIH BJIap;eJIIoIJ;eM npaB B OTHomeHHII p;BIImIIMOCTII II
BOCCTaHOBJIeHIIH npaB npemHIIM BJIap;eJIIoIJ;eM (CT. 192-
194 rR); yCJIOBIIH npII06peTeHIIH npaB B OTHomeHHII mIlBOT
HbIX, 3a HCKJIID'IeHIIeM p;OMamHIIX (CT. 195 rR); KOMneHCa-
IIH B CJIY'Iae B03Bpam;eHIIH npaBa BJIap;eUIIH ynpaBOMO'IeH-
173
BOMY JIHIJ,y (CT. 196 rR); nOpHp;OR B03Mem;eHHH yr:u;ep6a
npaBY BJIap;e, mUl npaBO IICRa B OTHOIIIeIIIIII BJIap;eHIIJI
(CT. 197-202).
24. rR OCHOBbIBaeTCJI Ha npeaYMnIJ,HII 3aKOHHOCTII BJIap;e-
HHH (CT. 188 rR). IIoaToMY, HanpHMep, npaBO BJIap;eHHJI
npH3HaeTCJI U 3a BOpOM P;O TeX nop, JIm.:a ):(ell:CTBHTeJIbHbIii:
c06CTBeHHHK He npep;CTaBHT p;ORa3aTeJIbCTB IIaJIII'IHJI Y Hero
npaBa c06cTBeHHocTH.
25. TIpaBo P;06pocoBecTHoro BJIap;eJIhIJ,a Ha nOJIyqeHlle nJIO-
p;OB. )J,06pocoBeCTHblll: BJIap;eJIeIJ, 06JIap;aeT npaBoM Ha nOJIY'Ie-
HHe nJIOp;OB (n. 1 CT. 189 rK). IIoHJITHe P;06pocoBecTHhIH BJla-
p;eJIeIJ, YKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, 'ITO, neCMOTpH Ha OTcyTcTBHe Y JIHIJ,a
TaRllX npaB, 'KaR npaBO c06CTBeHHOCTH, cynep<pIIIJ,Hll:, aM<pH-
TeB3HC IlJI11 npaBO apeHp;bl, p;aIOr:u;HX OCHOBaHHe Ha nOJIY'Ie-
HIle nJIOp;OB, nOJIY'IeHHe 9TIlX nJIOp;OB p;aIIHblM JIIIIJ,OM JIBJIJIeT-
CJI CJIep;CTBHeM 3a6JIymp;eHHJI. IIOCROJIbKY 06bI'IHO TaI\Ile nJIO-
P;bl nOTpe6JIJIIOTCJI, 3aROHOp;aTeJIbCTBO ITO p;aHHOMY Bonpocy
C'IIlTaeT, 'ITO Tpe60BaHHe B03Bpar:u;eH11JI nOJIY'IeHHblX nJIOp;OB
p;eiICTBHTeJIbHO yrrpaBOMOqeHIIOMy JIHIJ,y JIBJIJIeTCJI 'Ipe3MepHO
meCTOI\HM. IIpH peIIIeHIIII p;eJIa B nOJIb3Y yrrpaBOMO'IeHHOrO
JIHIJ,a P;06pOCOBeCTHoe BJIap;eHIle C MO IeHTa nOp;a'IIl IlCKa C'IU-
TaeTCJI Hep;06poCOBeCTHblM (n. 2 CT. 189 rK). B CJIY'Iae Ha-
CIlJIhCTBeHHoro HJIII CI\pblTOro XapaI\Tepa J:(06pocoBecTHoro
BJIap;eHHJI Ha Hero paClIpOCTpaHHIOTCJI nOJIOmeHHJI, npep;y-
CMOTpeHHbIe B OTHOIIIeHIlH Hep;o6poCOBeCTIIoro BJIap;eHHJI (n. 2
CT. 190 rR).
Hep;o6pocoBecTIIbIH BJIap;eJIen; 06JI3aH He TOJIbRO BepHYTb
IlMeIOr:u;HeCJI B HaJIIl'IJ1II nJIOp;bl, HO 11 B03MeCTIITb CTOJ1MOCTb
I1oTpe6JIeHHblX nJIOp;OB, a TaRiHe nJIOp;OB, 1,QTOpblM 6bIJI npH-
lIlHeH yr:u;ep6, II He nOJIY'IeIIIIblX no HeOCTopomnOCTIl nJIOp;OB
(IT. 1 CT. 190 rK).
26. OTHorneHIlH Memp;y 8,llap;eJIhn;eM II JItIn;OM, Tpe6YIOIIJ,Hl\I
BOCCTaHOBJIeHIIH npaBa. IIpu YMenbIIIeHHII, YTpaTe IIJIIl naHe-
ceHHIl Bpep;a Ber:u;u co CTOpOHbI J[Iln;a, BJIap;eIOIIJ,erO 'Iymoii
Ber:u;hIO, B03HHRaeT Bonpoc 0 TO:\l, Ha ocnOBanJ!II Kal,UK HOp:\!
P;OJIIKHbI perYJIllpOBaTbCJI OTIIOIIIeHHJI p;alIHoro JIIln;a C JII1n;OM,
Tpe5YIOr:u;HM BOCCTaHOBJIeHIIJI rrpaBa. ECJIII 3TH JIIln;a CBH3aHbl
rrpaBOOTHOIIIeHIlJIMIl apeHp;bI HJIH xpaHeHIlJI, Bonpoc peIIIaeT-
CJI B COOTBeTCTBHH C npaBOBblMH HopMaMH, perYJInpYIOIIJ,IIMU
p;aHlIble OTnOIIIeHHJI. Op;naRO nop;OOHble RpIlTepUH OTCYTCTBY-
lOT B CJIY'Iae Hep;ell:CTBIlTeJIhnOCTU IIJIll aHHYJIUpOBaHHJI COOT-
174
BeTCTBYIOIIJ;HX C)];eJIOK. B ::JTIIX CJIyqaJlX fR perYJIHpyeT YKa-
3aHHbIe OTHOllIeHHJI, npHHHMaJl B l\aqeCTBe KpIITepHJI xapaR-
Tep BJIa)];eHHJI.
1) )J;06pocoBecTHbIH BJIa)];eJIeIJ;, 06JIa)];aBIlIHH HaMepeHIIeM
CTan, c06cTBeHHHKoM BeIIJ;H (HanpHMep, nOKynaTeJIb, OIlIII-
60qHO nOBepHBIlIHH, qTO He)];efICT HTeJIbHaJl RY,J;IJIJI-npo)];ama
6hIJIa )];eHCTBHTeJIbHoH), B03MeIIJ;aeT JIIIllIb HMeIOIIJ;YIOCJI B Ha-
JIHqHH BhIrO)];Y. B npOTHBOnOJIOiRHOCTl> ::JTOMY BJIa)];eJIen;, He
HMeBIlIHH HaMepeHHJI CTaTb c06CTBeHHHKOM BeIIJ;H, II Bce
IIe)];06poCOBeCTHhIe BJIa)];eJIbn;bI 06J13aHbI B03MeCTIITb YIIJ;ep6 B
nOJIHOM 06'b8Me (CT. 191 fR).
2) BJIa)];eJIen; MOiReT Tpe60BaTb B03MeIIJ;eHIIJI paCXO)];OB,
c:aJl3aHHbIX C BJIa)];eHIIeM. OTO npaBHJIO, O)];HaRO, He pacnpo-
CTpaHJleTCJI Ha CJIyqaH, KOr)];a BJIa)];eJIen; nOJIyqaJI nJIO)];bI OT
BJIa)];eHHJI. B )];aHHOH cHTyan;IIII on MOiReT Tpe60BaTb JIHllIb
B03MeIIJ;eHHJI Cnen;HaJIbHbIX He06xo)];HMIJX paCXO)];OB (n. 1
CT. 196 fR).
27. IIpIIo6peTeHIIe npaBa npII)];aeT BJIa)];eHIIIO )];BIIiRHMOC-
TbIO ny6JIHqHOe npH3HaHHe, B n;eJIOM iRe 3TOT HHCTIITYT Ha-
npaBJIen Ha 06eCneqeHHe cTa6HJIbHOCTH rpaiR)];aHCl\HX OTHO-
llIeHHH no nOBO)];Y )];BHiRHMOrO HMYIIJ;eCTBa.
1) Y CJIOBHJI npH06peTeHIIJI:
a) PacnpOCTpaHJleTCJlTOJIbKO Ha ;1BIImIIMoe IIMym;ecTBo,
3a HClmIOqeHHeM Tpe6YIOIIJ;erO perHCTpan;IIH ( aBTOMallIIIHbI
II T. n.).
6) lfCTOqHIIKOM npH06peTeHIIJI BJIa)J;emIJI )];BHmHMOCTbIO
)];OJImHa 6bITb c)];eJIlm.
B) HaJIHqHe 3a6JIym)];eHIIJI B TOM, 'ITO KOHTpareHT 06JIa-
)J;aeT nOJIHOMO'lIIJlMII no pacnOpJlmeHIIIO YKa3aHHoH p;BHmII-
MOCTbIO.
1') .D:06pocoBecTHocTb JIIIn;a, npH06peTllIero npaBO B pe-
3YJIbTaTe YRa3aIIHoH C)];eJIKH, OTCYTCTBHe HeocTopomHocTII C
ero CTOpOHbI, a TaKme cnoKoHHbIH II OTKpbITbIH xapaKTep
C)];eJIKII.
)J;) B OTHOllieHIIII YI,pa)J;OIIIIoro II rrOTcpmrnoro n:\lYIIJ;O-
CTBa, XOTJI OHO II RBJIJleTCJI P;BlIiRH;\WCTbIO, )J;eHCTBYIOT CIIen;H-
aJIbHble HOp lbI.
2) C n;eJIbIO oxpaUbI IIHTepeCOB )J;eiicTBHTeJIbHOrO C06CT-
BeHHIma noxnm;eHHOI'O IIJIH IIOTepJlHIlOI'O IIMym;ecTBa BBO)J;JlT-
CJI )J;OIIOJIHIITeJIbHble YCJIOBlUl )];JIJI IIplI06peTeHHJI npaBa BJIa-
p;eHHJI. A IIMeHHO: nOTepneBllIeMY HJIII JIlm;y, YTepJlBllIeMY
\JeIIJ;b, npe)J;ocTaBJIJleTCJI npaBO B TeqeHIIe )J;BYX JIeT C MOMeHTa
175
HC'Ie3HOBeHHH BeIT\H Tpe60Ba..rb ee B03BpaIT\enHH 6e3 KaKoM
6bI TO HII 6bIJIO 'KOMneHCaIQIH ee HOBOMY BJIa,a;eJIbn;y (CT. 193
fR). O,a;HaKO B CJIY'Iae npII06peTeHHH YKa3aHHoii: BeIT\II HO-
$bIM BJIa,a;eJIbn;eM Ha aYKn;IIOHe II T. II. ynpaBOMO'IeHHOe JIIIn;O
MOllieT BepHYTb ,a;aHHYIO BeIT\b, JIHllIb B03MeCTHB HOBOMY BJIa-
)];eJIbn;y YIIJIa'IeHHYIO 3a Hee CYMMY (CT. 194 fIt).
28. IIpHoopeTeHHe iKHBOTHbIX I10Cpe,lJ;CTBoM BJIa,a;eHHH.
JIHn;o, 3aBJIa,a;eBllIee JRHBOTHbIMH, 3a HCHJIIO'IeHHeM ,lJ;OMallI-
fiHX lliHBOTHbIX, rrpH06peTaeT rrp-aBO c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha HHX
B CJIY'Iae, eCJIH HX rrpelliHHM BJIaAeJIeU; HeH3BeCTeH H B Te'Ie-
HHe o,a;Horo MeCHIJ;a C MOMeHTa 06HapYJKeHHH ,a;aHHbIX lliHBOT-
HbIX He nOCJIe,a;OBaJIO Tpe60BaHHH HX B03BpaIT\eHHH (CT. 195
fR).
29. IIpaBo Ha HCR B OTHOllIeHHH BJIa,a;eHHH. 1) lIcKH B OT-
HomeHHH BJIa,a;eHHH H HCKH B OTHomeHHH BeIT\HbIX npaB He
HCKJIIO'IaIOT ,a;Pyr ,a;Pyra. 8TO, o,a;HaKO, He OTHOCHTCH K HCKY
B OTHOllIeHHH rrpaBa c06CTBeHHOCTH (CT. 202 fIt).
2) Ilpe,a;'bHB.JIeHHe HCKa MOllieT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCJI Kax He-
1I0cpe,a;cTBeHHo BJIa,a;eJIbn;eM, TaK Hero rrpe,a;CTaBHTeJIHMH
(CT, 197 fR).
3) Co,a;eplliaHHe HCKa B OTHOllIeHlIH BJIa,a;eHHJI COCTOHT B
Tpe60BaHHH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH HOpMaJIbHOrO rrO.JIOmeHHJI BJIa-
,a;eHHH HJIH B03MeIT\eHHH Bpe,a;a. B03Mem,eHHe BpeAa B rrpHH-
n;Hrre OCYIT\eCTBJIHeTCH B ,a;eHelliHoH opMe, 'ITO me 'KaCaeTCH
BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH HOpMaJIbHOrO rrOJIOllieHHH BJIa,a;eHHH, 3p;eCb
npe,a;YaMOTpeHbI TPH BH,a;a HCKOB: HCK 0 B03BpaIT\eHHH BJIa,a;e-
HHH (n. 1 CT. 200 fIt), HCK 0 rrop;,a;eplliaHHH BJIa,a;eHlU!
(CT. 198 fIt) H HCK 0 coxpaHeHHH JJ;eJIOCTHOCTH BJIa,a;eHHJI
(CT. 199 fIt).
4) Y CJIOBHH npaBa Ha HCR B OTHorrreHHH BJIa,a;eHHH. MCK MO-
llieT 6bITb rrpe,a;'bHBJIeH JIH60 B rrepHo,a; ,a;elicTBHJI HapYllIeHHJI
BJIa,a;eHHH HJIH yrp03bI TaKoro HapyllIeHHH, JIH60 B Te'IeHHe
o,a;Horo rop;a rrOCJIe 3Toro, 0AHaKo B cJIy'rae, eCJII1 HapYllieHIIo
BbI3BaHO cTpOIlTeJIbHbDfI1 pa60TaMH, HCK MomeT 6bITb IIpeA'b-
HBJIeH JIHllIb 'Iepe3 roA rrOCJIe Ha'IaJIa p;aHHblx pa60T JIH60 IIO-
CJIe OROH'1JaHHH cTpOHTeJIbCTBa (CT. 201 fIt).
IlpaBo HOKa B OTHOllIeHHH BJIa,a;eHHH He Tpe6yeT HaJIIPIHH
YMbICJIa HJIH HeOCTopOlliHOCTH y HapyrrrHTeJIH npaBa.
5) OTBeT'IHK no HCKY 0 BJIa,a;eHHI1. TaKoii: CTOpOHOii: HBJIH-
eTCH JIlIn;O, HapyrrralOIT\ee BJIap;eHHe Ha ,a;aHHbIH MOMeHT, o,a;Ha-
KO B OTHomeHHH oco60M KaTeropHH rrpeeMHHRoB, HanpHMep
176
rrpIIHHBllIlIX rrOXIIIII,eHHOe IIMYIII,eCTBO, Upep,'bHBJIeHIle IICRa
B03MOmHO TOJIbRO rrpII IIX Hep,06poCOBeCTHOCTII (rr. 2 CT. 200
fR).
4. npeKpal1\eHHe npaBa BnaAeHHSI
30. OCHoBaHHH npeKpam;eHlIH JIH'IHOrO BJIap,emIH. Crrell,II-
.pwIecRlIMII OCHOBaHIIHMII rrpeI{paIII,eHIIH JIIIqHOrO BJIap,eHHH
HBJIHIDTCH aRTIIBHMM OTRa3 BJIap,eJIbll,a OT HaMepeHIIH BJIa-
p,eTb IIMYIII,eCTBOM II YTpaTa BJIap,eJIbll,eM KOHTpOJIH Hap,
BeIII,bID. Op,HaHO BTOpOM CJIY'IaM He CTaHOBIITCH OCHOBaHIIeM
p,JIH rrpeRpaIII,eHIIH rrpaBa BJIap,eHIIH rrpII rrpep,'bHBJIeHIIII BJIa-
]J;eJIbll,eM lICRa 0 BOCCTaHOBJIeHlI1I BJIap,eHlIH (CT. 203 rR).
31. OCHoBaHHH npeKpam;eHHH BJIa.a:eHlIH npH Y'IaCTHH
npe.a:CTaBHTeJIH. Cnell,II<VWIeCRIIMII OCHOBaHIIHMII rrpeHpaIII,e-
HIIH BJIap,eHIIH nplI yqaCTIIII rrpep,CTaBHTeJIH HBJIJlIOTCH: OTRa3
JIlIll,a OT HaMepeHIIH OCYIII,eCTBJIHTb BJIap,eHHe TaRIIM rrYTe I,
3aHBJIeHIIe rrpep,CTaBIITeJIH 0 HaMepeHIIlI B p,aJIbHeMllieM OCY-
III,eCTBJIHTb BJIRp,eHHe B CBOIO nOJIb3Y IIJIH B rrOJIb3Y TpeTbero
JIlIll,a H yTpaTa rrpe)J;CTaBlITeJIeM <vaI\TIIqeCROrO BJIap,eHHH
(rr. 1 CT. 204 rR).
IIpeRpaIII,eHIIe rrpaBooTHollIeHlIM Memp,y yrrpaBOMOqeHHbIM
JIlIll,OM II rrpep,CTaBIITeJIeM He Be.a:eT R rrpeRpaIII,eHIIID rrpaBa
BJIap,eHIIH yrrpaBOMOqeHHbIM (rr. 2 CT. 204 rR).
5. KBa3HBnaAeHHe
32. TIoHJlTHe KBa3HBJIa.a:eHHJI. RBa3lIBJIap,eHlIe rrpe.a:CTaB-
.1IHeT C060M TaRoe rrOJIOmeHlIe, rrplI IWTOpOM onpe)J;eJIeHHOe
.1IlIll,O 06JIap,aeT lIMYIII,eCTBeHHbIMII rrpaBaMlI, HarrpIIMep 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBeHHMMlI, He corrpOBOmp,aIDIII,IIMIICH BJIap,eHlIeM. ECJIH
BJIa)J;eUIIe HBJIHeTCH <vaRTlIqeCRIIM rocrrop,CTBOM Hap, BeIII,blO,
TORBa3UBJIap,eHIIe - :no <vaRTUqeCROe rOC110I\CTBO Ha.a: IIMY-
r:qeCTBeHHbIMII rrpaBaMII. rH orrpe.a:elIJleT RBa3HBJIap,eHHe Kai>:
ocym;eCTBJIeHHe ll 1YIII,eCTBeHHbIX rrpaB C HaMepeHIIeM p,eJIaTb
BTO p,JIH ce6H (CM. CT. 205 rH). I10HHTHe OCYIII,eCTBJIeHIIH
CJIep,yeT TOJIKOBaTb RaR Haxomp,eHIle lIMYIII,eCTBeHHMX rrpaB
no.a: rocnop,cTBOM onpep,eJIeHHOro mm;a. IIoBTOMY 06JIa.a:aHlIe
o6H3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIMII .a:OHYMeHTaMII IIJIII 6aHROBCROM RHIIiK-
ROM rrpep,CTaBJIHeT C06011 Ima3IIBJIa)J;eHIIc 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIM
12 3aKa3 M 892
177
rrpaBOM. IIoMHMo 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHOrO rrpaBa, Ima3HBJIa,IJ;eHIII}
IiMeeT BaiRHOe 3Ha'IeHHe H ,IJ;JIH CepBHTYTHOrO npaBa, 3aJIOra,
aBTOpCIWrO H rraTeHTHOrO rrpaBa, rrpaBa Ha TOprOBbIH 3HaK
H T. rr. IIpH3HaHHe HHCTHTYTa KBa3IIBJIa,IJ;emIH 06YCJIOBJIeUO
TeMH iRe D.eJIHMH, 'ITO H rrpH3HaHHe HHCTHTYTa BJIap;eHIIH, it
HMeHHO D.eJIHMH rrO,IJ;,IJ;epiRaHHH cTa6HJIbHOCTH HMym;ecTBeH-
RhIX npaB.
33. ,l];eiicTBHTeJIhHOCTh RBa3HBJIa,IJ;eHlHI aHaJIOrn'IHa ,IJ;eii-
CTBHTeJIbHOCTH BJIa,IJ;eHHH. IIoJIoiReHHH B OTHomeHHII BJIa,IJ;e-
RHH rrpHMeHHIOTCH TaKiRe' H K KBa3IIB.TIa,IJ;eHHIO (CT. 205 rI{).
O,IJ;HaKO 3TO He pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha HeMep;JIeHHOe npHoope-
TeHHe rrpaB. Tal{, rrepeXO,IJ; 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro rrpaBa OT Ima-
3HBJIa,IJ;eJIhD.a He 03Ha'iaeT rrpHo6peTeHHe :noro rrpaBa TeM,
K KOMY OHO rrepemJIo. BMeCTe C TeM ,IJ;06pOCOBeCTHoe HCrrOJI-
HeHHe ,IJ;OJIiRHHKOM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B OTHomeHHH RBa3HBJIa-
,IJ;eJIbD.a 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro rrpaBa C'IHTaeTCH ,IJ;eHCTBHTeJIh-
HbIM (CT. 478 rR). 8Ta rrpaKTHKa HMeeT BaiRHOe 3Ha'IeHHI}
B peaJIhHOH iRH3HH.
r naB a 3. nPABO C06CTBEHHOCTH
1. 0611.1.He nOnOH<eHHJI
34. XapaRTep npaBa co6cTBeHHocTH. RaK yiRe OTMe'Ia-
JIOCh, rrpaBO co6CTBeHHOCTH HBJIHeTCH rrpaBO:M nOJIHOrO roc-
rrO,IJ;CTBa Ha,IJ; Bem;bIO. B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH ::'JTo npaBO rrpHo6-
peJIO YHHBepCaJIbHOe CO,IJ;epmaUHe B OTHomeHHH HCrrOJIb30Ba-
HHH Bem;H, rrpaB,IJ;a H B paMKax OrpaHH'IeHIIH, rrpe,IJ;YC)lOTpeH-
UbIX 3aKOHOM. XOTH cyrrep<pHD.HH II 3M<pUTeB3IIC CO,IJ;eplfiaT
TaKlie orpaHH IeHHH, KOTopbIe rrpaKTH IeCEli CBOP;HT Ha HeT
cO,IJ;epmaUHe rrpaB co6CTBeHHOCTH, 3TH OrpaHH'IeHHH JIHMHTH-
pOBaHhI BO BpeMeHH H TeOpeTH'IeCKH B orrpep;eJIeHHhIM :\IOThIeHT
rrpaBa co6CTBeHHHHa BHOBb BOCCTaHaBJIHBalOTCH BO BCeI! rrO.i-
HOTe. B 3TOM rrJIaHe rrpaBO co6CTBeHHOCTH 06JIa,IJ;aOT 3JIaCTU'I-
HOCThlO, TaK I{aK CTpe)IIITCH B03BpaTHTbCH K COCTOHHIIIO rrOJI-
Horo rOCrrO,IJ;CTBa Ha,IJ; Bem;blO, a TaIOI\:e nOCTOllHCTBOM B TO)r
C)IbICJIe, 'ITO OHO He npeI{pam;aeTCH nCTe'IeHHeM cpOKa ,IJ;aBHO-
CTH.
IIo,IJ;o6HaH xapalnepnCTHI{a rrpaBa co6cTBeHHocTil OTHO-
CHTCH, O,IJ;HaKO, JIHmb K TeOpeTII'IeCKIDI ROHCTPYKD.HHM. Ea
rrpaKTHKe JKe rrpaBO co6cTBeHHocTII rrO,IJ;BeplI\eHO pa3JIH'IHhI)1
178
orpaHWIeHIUlM, B CBH3H C 'IeM peaJIbHb1M 06JIlIK ;noro npaBa
BOBce He Tal{ a6COJIlOTeH H cB060p;eH.
35. Cop;epma-HHe npaBa coocTBeHHocTH. 1) fapaHTHH npa-
Ba c06cTBeHHocTH Hero OrpaHlI'IeHIIH. COD,epmaHlle npaBa
c06CTBeHHOCTH COCTOHT B cB060p;nOM HCnOJIb30BaHHU, H3BJIe-
'IeHHU BbIfOP;bI H pacnopHfKeHIIII aTHM npaBOM B npep;eJIax
orpaHW1eHHM, YCTaHOBJIeHHb1X 3aIWHOp;a1'eJIbCTBOM (CM.
CT. 206 fK). IIpaBo c06cTBeHHocTu, Ka1{ BalfmeMIIlee HMyu e-
CTBeHHoe upaBO, HBJIHeTCH 06'!,eI{TOM rapaHnIii II orpaHH'Ie-
HHM, COD,epfl,anWXCH B CT. 29 H'OnCTIITY1 HH Hrr 0 HIm:, KOToparr
3aKperrJIHeT, '11'0 (mpaBO c06CTBeuHOC1'H He P;OJIlKHO napy-
ruanCR» (n. 1 CT. 29 KOHcTHTyn;HlI HuonIIII), a cop;epmaHIIe
npana c06cTBeHHocTlI (<onpep;eJIHeTCH 3aKOHOM, C TeM 'IT06bI
OHO He rrponmOpe'I1IJIO 06IJJ,eCTneHHOMY 6JIary» (n. 2 Y1\a3aH-
nOM cTaTbu). 113 cop;epmamIH aTOM CTaTblI HCHO, '11'0, C op;-
HOM CTOpOHb1, npaBo c06cTBeHHOCTII nop;BepmeHo OrpaHH'Ie-
HHHM, 6a3npYlO uMCH Ha co06pameHHHx 06 ecTBeHHoro
OJIara, a C p;pyroM, '11'0 p;aHHb1e orpaHH'1eHHH YCT3HaBJIHBalOT-
CH 3aKOHO;\1,
B cOBpe leHHb1M nepuop; 'llICJIO HopMaTHBHb1X aKToB, orpa-
HH'IIIBmO IIx rrpaBo c06cTBeUHocTH, IlOCTOHHHO YBeJIlI'IlIBaeT-
CH. Bce 60.'1ee pa3Ho06pa3HbIM CTaHOBlITCH xapaRTep p;aHHb1X
OrpaHIl'1eHI1M. IIoaToMY 3a1{penJIeHHOe D fK (mpaBO CBO-
6o Horo nCrrOJIb30BaHlIH, H3BJIe'IeHIIa Bb1rop;b1 II pacrropHmc-
HHH» B HaCTOH1lI,HM MOMeH1' HMeeT He 60JIee 'IeM HCTOpH'IC-
CKoe 3Ha'I8HHe.
a) B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' D;eJ1eH OrpaHII'IeHHH npaBa COOCT-
BeHHOCTII MomHO npep;JIO/KHTb CJIep;YIO YIO IwaccuqnmaD;uIO.
Bo-nepBb1x, OrpaHH'IeHIUI B D;eJIHX 061l1,eCTBeHHoro CIIO-
IWHCTBHH. IIpHMepoM rrOD,06HbIX OrpaHII'IeHHM HBJIHIOTCH JIO-
JIOmeIUIH 3arwHa 0 CTpOHTeJIbHb1X CTaHp;apTax, Tpe6YlO lIe
onpep;eJIeHHb1X I1pOTJIBOnOfHapHb1X MepOnpHHTlIii. I)' ;)1'oii fEe
KaTeropIlIl OTHOCHTCJI rrOJIOIl\eHIIJI no TexnIl1;:e 6e30naCHOCTl1,
a TRI;:Ihf' 3aKOHO.I\aTeJIbCTBO, CBH3aHHoe C npep;OTl paIl\eIIIIP 1
3arpH3neHuH or;:pya;:alO eii cpeiJ,bI.
BO-BTOPb1X, OrpaHIl'IeUIIH BO IBIH Y'IpemD,eHl1II 06 e-
cTBeHuoro XapaI\Tepa - npHHYD,IITeJIbHOe H3'bHTIIe rrpaBa
c06CTBeHHOCTH B ny6JIH'IHb1X IIHTepecax, HanpIiMep rrpII CTpO-
HTeJIbCTBe IIlocceIlHbIx II a;:eJIe;mb1X D,opor, IIPII paOOTax, CDH-
3aHUb1X c rrOD,D,epfl;aHHe I B nOpHD,I\e peI\, np01;:JIap;Ke JIlIHuii
aJIeKTpOnepeD,a'I II T. n. Bce 31'0 OO'bep;HHHeTCH nOHHTlIe11
H3'bHTIlH D,JIJI IICilOJIb30BaHIIH B OOIJJ,eCTBeHHbIX ITHTepecax.
12*
179
B-TpeTbHX, OrpaHH'IeHlUI B u;eJUIX rrop;p;epmaHHfl H pa3BH-
THfl Orrpep;eJIeHHOH OTpaCJlII aiWHOMHRH, HanplIMep rOpHOp;O-
6bIBalOr:u:eH HJIH JIeCHOrO X03flHCTBa.
B-'IeTBepTbIX, OrpaHH'IeHHfl B u;eJIflX cOXpaneHHfl orrpep;e..
JIeHHbIX RYJIbTypHbIX u;eHHOCTeH (CM. 3aKon 06 oxpaHe I\YJIb-
TypHbIX U;eHHocTeH) .
6) no cop;epmaHlIlO OrpanlI'IenlIH MOII\HO pa36lITb Ha CJIe-
P;YlOIIJ;lIe BHP;bI.
HaH60JIee BaiRHbIM BHP;OM orpaHIpfeHHM: HBJIHeTCH 1I3'bH-
THe P;JIH HCrrOJIb30BaHHH B 06r:u:eCTBeHHbIX HHTepecax. II: aTO-
My BHP;Y OTHOCHTCH, HarrpHMep, rrpeRpar:u:eHHe npaBa IIOJIb30-
BaHHH BOP;OH rrpH CTpOHTeJIbCTBe p;aM6.
CpaBHHTeJIbHO MHOrO'IHCJIeHHbI OrpaHH'IeHHH, CBH3aHHbIe
C 3arrpeTOM Ha orrpep;eJIeHHble crroc06bI IICIIOJIb30BaHHH. Ta-
RHe rrOJIOmeHHH cop;epmaT, HarrpHMep, 33ROHbI 0 ropop;CROM
IIJIaHHpOBaHHH, 0 CTpOHTeJIbHbIX CTaHp;apTax H p;p.
OrpaHlI'IeHHH B OTHOIlIeHHII orrpep;eJIeHHbIX cooPymeHHii.
Oc06eHHO MHOrO'IIICJIeHHbI p;aHHbIe OrpaHH'IeHHH B rrpHpop;o-
oxpaHHTeJIbHOM 3a'ROHOp;aTeJIbCTBe.
"2) Cwepa pacrrpOCTpaHeHHH rrpaBa 3eMeJIbHOH c06cTBeH-
HOCTH.
a) B rrpep;eJIax OrpaHII'IeHHH, cop;epmar:u:nXCH B 3aROHop;a-
TeJIbCTBe, rrpaBO 3eMeJIbHOM c06cTBeHHocTlI pacrrpOCTpaHHeT-
CH Ha rrpOCTpaHCTBO Imp; rrOBepXHOCTbIO 3eMJIH II Ha ee Hep;pa
(CT. 207 rIl:). C aTOM TO'IH:H 3peHHH IIpH orcYTcTBHH crreU;H-
aJIbHOrO 3aRoHOp;aTeJIbCTBa rrpOJIeT CaMOJIeTOB Hap; 3eMeJIb-
HOM c06CTBeHHOCTblO, Ha HaRoii 6bI 60JIbIlIOH BbICOTe OH HH
ocyr:u:ecTBJIHJICH, WOpMaJIbHO IIpep;CTaBJIHeT C060M HapYIlIeHHe
rrpaBa c06cTBeHHoCTH. Op;HaRo eCJIH 6bI c06cTBeHHHR II 06-
JIap;aJI rrpaBOM YCTpaHeHHH HJIH rrpep;oTBpar:u:eHHH p;aHHoro
pop;a HaPYIlIeHHH, B rrpou;eccyaJIbHOM OTHOIlIeHHII OTCYTCTBY-
lOT cpep;CTBa peaJIH3aU;HH aToro rrpaBa, a B CJIY'Iae HaJIII'IHH
rrop;06HbIX cpep;CTB 06par:u:eHHe R HHM rrpep;CTaBJIHJIO 6bI 3JIO-
yrroTpe6JIeUHe rrpaBOM. B aTOM CBH3H B03HHRaeT Borrpoc, p;o
RaRHX rrpep;eJIOB cJ[e yeT rrpH3HaBaTb p;eIICTBIITCJIbIIOCTb IIpa-
Ba 3eMeJIbHOM: co6cTBeHHocTII. rpaJKp;aHCROe rrpaBo UlBeiiu;a-
pHH OrpaHII'IHBaeT 3TO rrpaBo rrpep;eJIa1III cyr:u:ecTBoBaHHH
Bblrop;bI OT HCIIOJIb30BaHHH rrpaBa 3eMeJIbHoli c06cTBeHHocTH,
o]l;HaRo B yCJIOBIIHX HbIHelliHeM: HH'feHCHBHoH yp6aHII3alWH H
pa3BHTHH CTpOIITeJIbHOM TeXHHRH Ha6JIIOp;alOr:u:eecH pacIlIupe-
HHe <mpep;eJIOB cYr:u:ecTBoBaHHH BblrOp;bI» CTaBHT HOBbIe rrpo-
6JIeMbI. II: 'IHCJIY aTHX rrp06JIeM MomHO OTHeCTH 3aTeHeHHe
BbICOTHbIMII 3p;aHHHMII coce]l;HHx TeppHTopHH, aJIeRTpOMar-
180
HIITHoe II3JIY'leHIIe II ;n;p. AHaJIOrII'lHble np06JIeMbI B03HIIRaIO'P
npII cooPymeHIIlI JIIIHIIH :JJIeRTpOnepe;n;a'l, MOCTOB, nO;n;3e1\1-
HbIX TOHHeJIell:.
" 6) IIpaBo 3eMeJIbHOH c06CTBeHHOCTII He BbIXO;n;IIT 3a npe-
;n;eJIbI onpe;n;eJIeHHOH TeppliTopIIII, HBJIHIOlIJ,eHCfI ee 06'beRTo)I.
O;n;HaRO B HaCTOHlIJ,ee BpeMJI cepbe3IIYTO np06JIeMY COCTaBJIJI-
IOT COTpHceHIIe nO'lBbI, 3a,n;bIMJIeHIIe, 3JIOBOHlie II IIIYMbI, IIC-
XO;n;HIIJ,IIe OT HaXO;n;JIIIJ,IIxcrr B6mI3II 3eMeJIbHOH c06CTBeHHOCTU
npe;n;npIIHTIIH IIJIH npOXO;n;HIIJ,HX MIIMO Hee aBTOMaIIIHH. )J,aH-
HbIll: Rpyr BorrpOCOB ;n;OJImeH peIIIaTbCH Ha OCHOBe npIlH:U;IIrrOB,
JIemalIJ,HX BHe rrpe;n;eJIOB oxpaHbI npaBa 3eMeJIbHOH c06CTBeH-
HOCTH.
3) BelIJ,HOe rrpaBO Tpe60BaHIIH, OCHOBaHHoe Ha rrpaBe coo-
CTBeHHOCTli. B CJIY'lae HapYIIIeHIIH COCTOHHlIJI Henocpe;n;CT-
BeHHOI'O rocrrO;n;CTBa Ha;n; BelIJ,bIO B03HIII{aeT BelIJ,Hoe npaBO
Tpe6oBaHIIH. AHaJIOrII'lHO TpeM BH;n;aM HCRa 0 BJIa;n;eHIIH pa3-
JIH'laIOTCH: npaBO Tpe60BaHHH B03BpalIJ,eHHH co6cTBeHHocTH,
npaBO Tpe60BaHHH YCTpaHeHlIH HapYIIIeHHH co6cTBeHHocTH
H npaBO Tpe60BaHHH npe;n;OTBparn,eHHH HapyrneHlIH coocTBeH-
HOCTH. O;n;HaRo rrpIIMeHIITeJIbHO R OCYlIJ,eCTBJIeHIIIO rrpaB Ha-
6JIIO;n;aIOTCH CYlIJ,eCTBeHHble pa3JIIPIliH. TaR, rrpaBo HCRa B
OTHOIIIeHIIH BJIa;n;eHIIJI He MomeT 6bITb peaJIII30BaHO no IICTe-
'leHIIII O;n;Horo ro;n;a C MOMeHTa HapYIIIeHIIH IIJIH me ;n;o 1\10-
MeHTa OROH'laHHJI CTpOHTeJIbHbIX pa60T, HapYIIIHBIIIHX npaBO'
BJIa;n;eHHH (CT. 201 fIt). II paBO TpeooBaHIIH, OCHOBaHHoe Ha
rrpaBe c06CTBeHHOCTH, He 3HaeT :JTHX OrpaHH'leHHH, TaR me
RaR II OrpaHff'IeHIIH, YC'faHOBJIeHHbIX B O'fHOIIIeHHII rrpaBa
HCRa 0 B03BpalIJ,eHHII BJIa;n;eHHH H 3aRJIIO'laIOIIJ,IIXCH B TOM.
'ITO HCR He MomeT 6bITb npe;n;'bJIBJIeH I{ ;n;06pOCOBeCTHOMY npe-
eMHHRY (rr. 2 CT. 200 fIt).
2. npaBo coceAcTBa
36. 06rn,IIe 3aMeQaHHH. 1) II paBO cocep;CTBa CJIYJ£III' :u;eJIII
perYJIIIpOBaHHH IICnOJIb30BaHHH npaBa co6cTBeHHocTH Ha He-
;n;BHmUMoe IIMyrn,eCTBO, rrpH1\1bmaIOlIJ,ee I{ He;n;BIIiKHMo)[Y H1\1Y-
m;ecTBY ;n;Pyroro JIH:u;a. Tpe60BaHlie a6COJIIOTHOrO II rrOJIHOrO
HCrrOJIb30BaHliJI rrpaBa coocTBeHHocTII Ha HMYlIJ,ecTBO, rrpHlIIbI-
RaIOlIJ,ee R IIMYlIJ,eCTBY )J;Pyroro JIII:u;a, crroc06Ho JIIIIIIb rrO)[e-
maTI, HOpMaJIbHoMY IICnOJIb30BaHHIO 3Toro rrpaBa Ram;n;bIM lI3
c06cTBeHHHRoB (HarrpIIMep, CTpOHTeJIbCTBO )J;OMa TO'lHO no
rpaHH:u;aM 3eMeJIbHOrO Y'laCTRa). IIo;n;06HbIH rro;n;XO)J; cfJ;eJIaJI
]8]
DbI HeB03MOmHOM COBMeCTHYIO iI\H3Hb B 06m;eCTBe. rrOaTOM
rK YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT MIIHHMaJIbHbIe IIpe eJIbI IICIIOJIb30BaHIIH
COCe CTBYIOm;eM C06CTBeHHOCTII. B aTUX rrpep:eJIaX C06CTBeH-
1III1\II HeCYT 06H3aHHOCTb JIII60 TeprrIIMOrO OnlOUIeHIIH R orr-
pe)J;e;reHHbIM napYIIIeHIIHM co CTOpOHbI )J;PYrIIX JIIIIJ" JIII60
HeoCym;eCTBJIeHIIH Orrpe eJIeHHbIX nOJIlIO.\W'IIIii:, JIu60 COBe p-
liIeHIIH orrpe eJIeHHbIX COBMeCTHbIX p:eiicTBIIM.
2) rK co epmIIT pa3HocTopoHHue II p:eTaJIbHbIe rrpaBIIJIa,
YCTaHaBJIIIBaIOm;IIe rrpaBa coce CTBa. O HaKo CJIe yeT Y'IIITbI-
BaTb 1I3ivleHeHllH COIJ,lIaJIbHOM fKII3HU 11. COIJ,11.aJIbHOrO 3Ha'le-
IIIIH rrpaBa co6cTBeHHocTu II rrpII peIIleHIIII KOHKpeTHbIX BO-
rrpOCOB rrplIMeHHTb He TOJIbIW 6YKBY, HO H )J;YX aTliX rrOJIO-
meHIIii.
Bo :\!HOrJU OTHOIIIeHIIHX YKa3aHHbIe rrOJIOiI,eHIIH rK 3a-
J\IeTIIO OTCTamI OT CTpeMIITe,HbHoro pa3BIITIIH HaYRII II TeX-
mum, TaRIIX HBJIeHIIM, RaK COBpeMeHHaH yp6aHII3aIWH
II p:p. MHorIIe HOBbIe HBJIeHIIH B OTHOIIIeHIIHX cocep:CTBYIO-
m;eii: co6CTBeHHOCTH He HaIIlJIII em;e OTpameHIIH B HOpllIaX
rK.
3) HOpMbI rK B OTHOIIleHHII coce cTBYIOm;eM co6cTBeH-
HOCTII pacrrpOCTpaHHIOTCH TaKme II Ha cyrrep(I:mIJ;IIll (CT. 267
rK), op:HaKO OHII He rrpIIMeHHIOTCH R 3M$UTeB3llCY, '1TO, rro
HaIIleMY MHeHIIIO, HeBepHO. BOJIee Toro, 6bIJIO 6b1 orrpaB aH-
HbI:\1 pacrrpOCTpaHIITb lIX )J;eMCTBIIH 11 Ha ape HAY HeABIDKll-
MOCTII.
37. OTHorueHHH MemAY coocTBeHHlmaMII KOJIJIeKTIIBHoro
OMOBJIa eHIIH. KOJIJIeKTIIBHoe )J;OMOBJIa eHIIe HaXO IITCH B
co6cTBeHHocTII HeCKOJIbKIIX JII1IJ;. OHO rrpe)l;CTaBJIeHO B pa3-
JIIl'1HbIX <popMax, B '1aCTHOCTII B B11)J;e MHorORBapTllpHbIX m11-
JIbE )J;O:\IOB. B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH B:\leCTO IICI\JIIO'leHHOll H3
I'h' y\paTlWM CTaTbII 208 aTOT Kpyr OTHOmeTIUM perYJIIIpyeTcH
3aKoHG:\1 0 c06cTBeHHocTII B KOJIJIeI\TIIBHO,,1 p:OMOBJIap;eHIIrr
(3aI\oH .M 69 01' 1962 r.) .
COrJIaCHO ::JTOMY 3aI\OHY HO,ITJIeKT11BHoe p:OMOBJIap:eHIIC
IDleeT p;Be '1aCTII: MOHOnOJIhHYIO qaCTh (coBoKyrrHocTb co6-
CTBeHHOCTII OTp:eJIbHbIX c06cTBeHHIIKoB) n qaCTh COBMeCTIIO-
ro nO;JJh30B3HIUI. B uepBoii: '1aCTU co6CTBeUHIII\II BbIcTynaIOT
B Ka'leCTBe He3aBIICIIMbIX yrrpaBoMO'leHHbIX JIJIIJ" HaXO Hm;IIX:-
CH B OTHOIIleHIIHX cocep:cTBYIOm;eM co6cTBeHHocTu pyr C py-
rmI. qTO me KacaeTCH '1aCTII COBMeCTHoro rrOJIb30BaHIIH, 3p:eCb
OTp:eJIbHbIe co6cTBeHHIIKII 06JIap:aIOT rrpaBaMII II o6H3aHHo-
cnnm B Ha'mCTBe '1JIeHOB Op:HOM 061u,nocTII.
182
38. IIpaBo 3axo a Ha coce HHH Y'IaCToK. IIpH pe IOHTe,
HanpHMep, arpa bI nO' rpaHHIJ;3M Y'laCTKa Hepep;Ka npHxa HT-
CH 3axap;HTb Ita cacep;HHH 3eMeJII.HI.IH Y'laCTaK. Ha :HaT CJIY-
'IaH npH3HaeTCH rrpaBa 3axap;a Ha cacep;HHH Y'IaCTaK, ap;HaKa
P;.ITH 3axap;a B IKHJIaH p;aM cacep;a Hea6xap;HMa naJIY'leHHe era
CarJIaCHH (n. 1 CT. 209 rK). B CJIY'Iae npII'lHHeHIIH Bpep;a
cocep;y npH 3axap;e Ha era Y'laCTaK npep;ycMaTpeHa a6H3aH-
HaCTI. ynJIaTI.I caaTBeTcTBYlO:ru;efI KOMneHcaWlH (n. 2 CT. 209
rK).
39. IIpaBo npoxo a '1epe3 npHJIeraroID;uH Y'IaCTOK. ECJIH
3eMeJII.HaH ca6cTBeHHacTI. npep;CTaBJIHeT ca6aH aHKJIaB, Co'
Bcex CTapaH oKpYlKeHHI.III Y'lacTi\aMII, Haxap;H:ru;IIMHCH B ca6-
CTBeHHaCTH P;PyrHx JIHn;, JIH6a naJIyarmJIaB, ap;Ha H3 CTapaH
KaTapara He Haxap;IITCH B ca6CTBeHHaCTII ,KaIHIX-JIII6a JIIln;, Ha
Henpaxap;HMa, ca6CTBeHHHK p;aIIHara pap;a 3eMeJII.Hara Y'laCT-
Ka a6JIap;aeT npaBaM rrpaxap;a 'lepe3 rrpIIJIeralOm;HH Y'laCTab:
K p;aparaM a6:ru;eCTBeHHaro rraJII.3aBaHI1H (CT. 210 rK). IIpn
3TaM crraca6I.I peaJIH3an;HH p;aHHara npaBa p;aJIIKHI.I 1I361IpaTI.-
CH TaKIIM a6pa3aM, 'lTa6bI aHII HaHaCIIJIII MIIHIIMaJII.HI.Ill
y:ru;ep6 ca6CTBeHHlIKaM npIIJIeralO:ru;TIX Y'IaCTKaB (CT. 211 rK) .
40. OTHOmeHlIJI coce cTBa, CBJl3aHHbie C BO OH.
1) ECTecTBeHHblH CTOK BO bI. 3eMJIeBJIap;eJIen; a6H3aH Tep-
nlIMa aTHaCIITI.CH K eCTeCTBeHHaMY CTaKY Bap;I.I C BepXHera
Y'laCTKa (CT. 214 rK). ECJIII nO' KaKIIM-JIII6a rrplI'lIIHaM eCTe-
CTBeHHI.IH CTaK Bap;I.I Ha HIDKHeM Y'laCTKe HapYIllaeTCH, ca6-
CTBeHHIIK BepXHera Y'laCTI{a MameT rrpaBap;IITI. Hea6xap;IIMI.Ie
pa6aTbI, nprr 3TaM pacxap;I.I Ha p:aHHbIe pa6aTI.I B npIIHn;lIrre
HeceT an caM (CT. 215, 217 rK).
2) JlcKyccTBeHHbIH CTOK BO bI Ha cacep;HIIH Y'laCTaK B
nplIHQIIIlC He npII3HaeTCH rK, a IIMeHHa rK He TaJII.IW He
p;anYCKaeT HaKIIX-JIlI6a caapYiI{eHHH nO' c6pacy p;alKp;eBaII no-
fJ:bI Ha cacep:HHII Y'1aCTaK (CT. 218 rK), Ha II upeP;YCMaTplIna-
eT a6H3aIlnOCTI. pe:\IOHTa caapYlKeHIIII, CBH3aHHI.Ix C BOP;O-
cna6iKeHIIeM, IIJIII OTBop:a BOP;bI B CJIy'rae, eCJTJI IIX IlaBpea,p;p-
HlIe nplI'lIIHHeT IIJIII MaIKeT npn'lIIHIITI. yrn;ep6 cacep;He:\IY
Y'laCTKY (CT. 216 rK). BMecTo C TeM rK B IlOpHp;b:e IICHJIlO-
'leHIIH rrpII3HaeT 3aIWIlHI.IM caapYiKeHne IICKYCCTBeHHara CTa-
Ka Bap;I.I, npaxap;H:ru;era 'lepe3 cacep;HIIH Y'laCTaK, eCJIII IIHbIe
cnaca6I.I aTBap;a Bap;I.I aTCYTCTBYlOT.
3) JlcnOJIb30BaHlIe npOTO'lHOH BO bI. 3p;ecb pa3JIII'lalOTCH
p;Be cIITyaQIIII: Karp;a Bap;HI.IH naTaK npaxap;IIT 'lepe3 3eMeJII.-
183.
JIbll'! Y'IaCTOK II KOr,a:a OH rrpOXO,a:IIT rro rpaHHII.,e 3eMeJIbHblX
Y'IaCTKOB. M3MeHeHHe PYCJIa I1JIH IIIHPI1HhI rrOTOKa ,a:orrycKa-
eTCR JIHlIIb B rrepBOM C.TIY'Iae. O,a:HaKO rI1 rrpe,a:ycMaTpHBaeT
H HHOM rropR,a:OK B CJIY'Iae HaJIH'II1R COOTBeTCTBYlOll(ero 061>1- .
'IaR(cT.219rK). -. .
41. OTHOIIIeHlI1l coce,a:CTBa B CB1I3I1 C rpaHIIII.,aMII 3eMeJIb-
HbIX yqaCTRoB. TIplIMeHIITeJIbHO K 3TOMY Kpyry BorrpocoB rn:
cop,epmHT p,eTaJIbHYIO perJIaMeHTaD;HIO rropRp,Ka coopymeHlIH
MellieBblX 3HaKOB H orpa,a:, a TaKme pacnpep,eJIeHHR pacxop,oB
Ha HX coopymeHI1e (CM. CT. 223-232 rK).
42. OTHOIIIeHH1I coce.a;CTBa B CBH3H C BeTB1IMH H ROpH1IMH
.a;epeBbeB, BbIXO,a;1IIII,HX 3a npe,a:eJIbI yqaCTKa. ,1];aHHoMY Borrpo-
cy rrOCBRll(eHa CT. 233 rK, rrpep,YCMaTpHBalOll(aR rropRp,OK
06pe3KH BeTBeM H KopHeM p,epeBbeB.
43. OTHOIIIeHH1I coce.a;CTBa B CBH3I1 co cTpOHTeJIbCTBoM.
1) 3.a;aHlI1l p,OJImHbl OTCTOHTb OT rpaHHII., aeMeJIbHOrO
Y'IaCTI{a He MeHee'leM Ha 50 caHTHMeTpOB. B cJIy'lae Hapy-
lIIeHIIR 3Toro Tpe60BaHHR cocep, He MomeT Tpe60BaTb CHoca
-3p,aHHH IIJIH H3MeHeHHH ero KOHCTPYKD;I1I1, eCJII1 C MOMeHTa
Ha'laJIa CTpOHTeJIbCTBa I1CTeK Op,I1H rop, HJII1 CTpOHTeJIbCTBO
3aBeplIIeHO, o,a:HaKO 3TO He pacrrpOCTpaHReTCR Ha TpeOOBaHI1e
B03Mell(eHI1R Bpep,a (CT. 234 rK).
2) B CJIY'lae, ecmI 3p,aHHH, OTCTOHIl(He OT rpaHHD;bI Y'IaCT-
Ha MeHee '1eM Ha Op,I1H 'MeTp, I1MeIOT na cTopoHe,06pall(eHHoM
K 6JIHJKaMIIIeM rpaHlID;e y'IaCTKa, OKHa HJIH BepaHp,bI, p,aHHble
OKHa I1JIH BepaHp,bl p,OJImHbl cHa6maTbCR COOTBeTcTBylOll(HMII
coopymeHlIRMH, rrperrRTCTBYIOIl(I1MII 0630PY cocep,Hero Y'laCT-
_I\a (CT. 235 rK).
3. npHo6peTeHHe "paBa co6CTBeHHOCTH
44. OCHOBaHH1I npIloopeTeHII1I npaBa coocTBeHHocTH.
COrJIaCHO rK OCHOBaIUiRMH rrplw6peTeHI1R rrpaBa c06cTBeH-
HOCTH RBJIRIOTCR aaBJIap,eHHe, rrpncBoeHHe, OTKpblTHe II rrpH-
pall(eHHe (rrpHcoep,HHeHne, C lelIIeHne, rrepepa60TKa). Bce
OHH OTHOCRTCR K rrepBOHa'laJIbHbIM crroc06aM npI100peTeHIIR
rrpaBa c06cTBeHHocTII. Op,HaKo rrpI1 cOBpeM8HHoM 3KOHOMH-
'1ecKoM opraHII3aII.,HH 061l(eCTBa peIIIalOll(ee 3Ha'leHIIe p,JIR
rrpH06peTeHI1R npaBa c06cTBeHHocTH J1MeeT )J;oroBop (KyrrJIU-
rrpo.a;amI1 H I1Hble), a TaKllie HaCJIep,OBaHHe.
184
45. 3aBJIa;a;eHHe 6ecxo3J1HHOii BeIU;MO. fIpI106peTeHlIe npa-
Ba co6cTBeHHOCTI1 B OTHOIlleHI1H 6eCX03J1iiHbIX ;a;BHffilIl\IbIX
BeIu;eii ocym;eCTBJUIeTCH Ha OCHOBaHHII BJIaJ],eHHH H1\1I1 C HaMe-
peHI1eM CTaTb c06CTBeHHI1KOM (rr. 1 CT. 239 fR). qTO lKe
KacaeTCH 6ecxo3J1iiHOii He;a;BI1mnMOCTH, TO OHa OTHOCIITCH K
rocy;a;apcTBeHHOII Ka3He I1 He MOlKeT 6bITb rrpe;a;MeT01\l 3aBJIa-
;a;eHI1H (rr. 2 CT. 239 fR).
46. IIpHcBoeHHe nOTepJlHHOii BeIlI,H. JII1U;O, rrpHCBOIIBIllee
rrOTepJIIIHyro Bem;b (CM. CT. 11 I1 12 3aKoHa 0 rrOTepHHHOJlf
HMym;ecTBe), 06H3aHO C006m;I1Tb 06 nOM B rrOJII1U;I1ro (CM.
CT. 1, 10 yKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa). fIpI1 06HapYlKeHHI1 c06cTBeH-
HI1Ka rrOTepHHHaH Bem;b rrO;a;JIelKI1T rrepe;a;aqe eMy, rrpI1 3TOM
rrpe;a;YCMaTpHBaeTCH ;a;eHelKHoe B03HarpaiH;a;eHI1e B pa3:Mepe
OT 5 % ;a;o 20 % CTOIfMOCTI1 Bem;H (CT. 4 I1 CJIe;a;. YRa3aHHoro
3aKoHa). fIpI1 He06HapYIKeHIIH BJIa;a;eJIbu;a B TeqeHlle 6 MeCH-
u;eB JII1U;O, HaIlle;a;Illee rrrOTepHHHYro Berr(b, rrpHo6peTaeT B OT-
HOIlleHI1I1 Hee rrpaBO c06cTBeHHocTII (c r. 240 fR, CM. TaI,lKe
CT. 14 I1 15 3aKoHa 0 nOTepHHHOM HMym;ecTBe) .
47. RJIa;a;. fIOpH;a;OK rrpI106peTeHHH npaBa c06cTBeHHOCTI1
Ha OCHOBaHI1H OTKpbITI1H KJIaJ],a CXOIK c rrpe;a;YCMOTpeHHbIM B
OTHOIlleHI1I1 rrpI1CBOeHI1H rroTepHHHoii Bem;I1. O;a;I1IIaKOB TaKlKe
II CpOR - 6 MeCHu;eB. ECJIH RJIa;a; 06HapymeH B I1Mym;ecTBe,
rrpI1Ha;a;JIelKam;eM ;a;pyrOMY JIHU;y (Ha 3eMeJIbHOM yqaCTKe, B
CTeHe ;a;OMa I1 T. rr.), rrpaBO c06cTBeHHocTII rrpI106peTaroT c06-
CTBeHHHI, ;a;aHHoro I1Mym;ecTBa I1 JII1U;O, 06HapylKI1BIllee KJIa;a;,
B paBHbIX ;a;OJIHX (CT. 241 fR, CT. 13 3aKOHa 0 rrOTepHHHOM
HMym;eCTBe). ECJII1 iRe KJIa;a; OTHOCI1TCH K KaTerOpI1H KYJIb-
TypHbIX U;eHHocTei1, TO nOT CJIyqai1 no;a;rra;a;aeT rro;a; ;a;eIICTBlIe
3aKoHa 06 oxpaHe KYJIbTypHbIX u;eHHocTei1 (CT. 57-65 yKa-
3aHHoro 3aKoHa) I1 JII1U;O, 06HapYIKIIBIllee KJIa;a;, a TaKllie c06-
CTBeHHI1K IIMym;ecTBa, r;a;e ;a;aHHbIII KJIa;a; 6bIJI 06HapYllieH,
rrOJIyqaroT JlIIIllb J],eHemHoe B03HarpaJI\;a;eHI1e, a rrpaBO c06-
CTBeHUOCTII rrepeXO;a;IIT I\ rocy;a;apcTBeHHoII Ka3He.
48. IIpnpam;eHue. fIpI1pam;eHHe -- 0606m;arom;ee nOIlHTue,
OXBaTbIBarom;ee rrpI1COe;a;I1E!eHI1e, CMeIlleHI1e II rrepepa60TI\Y.
a) IIpH npIICOe;a;I1HeHIIH I, He;a;BlIiHI1MOCTII ;a;BI1IKIL\WII Be-
m;I1, rrpIIHa;a;JIelKam;ei1 ;a;pyrOMY JII1U;y, I1 CJIOIKHOCTII BOCCTa-
HOBJIeHIIH rrepBOlIaqaJIbHOro nOJIOlKeHHH ;a;BI1IKUMaH Bem;b ne-
peXO;a;I1T h c06CTBeHHImy He;a;BI1IKIIMOCTI1. )J,aHHoe nOJIOJl,e-
Hue, O;a;HaIW, He pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha CJIyqarr rrpIICOe;a;I1He-
185
HUR Ha OCHOBaHIUI TlITYJI3, HanpHMep apeH,I:\bI (CT. 242 r1\).
ITpH COe,I:\HHeHHH HeCKOJIbKHX ,I:\BHiKHMbIX BellJ,eH TaI,HM
.06pa30M, '1TO HX pa3':be,I:\HHeHHe JIH60 HeB03MOiKHO 6e3 yllJ,ep-
6a ,I:\JIR Kam,I:\OfI H3 HHX, JIIoI60 Tpe6yeT 3IJa'lHTeJIbHbIX 3aTpaT,
npaBO C06CTBeIUIOCTH Ha COCTaBJIYIO BellJ,b npHHa,I:\'J1eJInIT COo-
CTBeHHIIKY rJIaBHOH BellJ,H (c I. CT. 243 rK). B cJIy'Iae neB03-
MOJlUWCTII npOBe,I:\eHIIR pa3rpamI'IeHIIR MeiK,I:\y rJIaBHoii
BeII:\bIO II npIlHa,I:\JIeffiHOCTbIO YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCR 06llJ,ee BJIa,I:\e-
HIIe cocTaBHoH BeII:\bIO nporropn,HoHaJlbHO CTOIlMOCTII Kam,I:\oii
OT,I:\eJlbHOfI BeII:\I1 Ha MOMeIa I1X coegImeIIIIR (CT. 244 rI\').
6) IT plI06peTeIIIIe npa Ba coocTBeHIIocTII BCJIe.n;CTBIIe CMe-
meUUH paCCMaTpllBaeTCJI Ha OCHOBaHIIII nopM, npe,I:\YCMOTpeH-
HbI);' B OTHorneHIIU npIlcoe.n;I1HeHHR .n;BHiKIIMbIX BellJ,eii
(CT. 245 r1\).
B) IIpH rrepepaOOTKe, T. e. C03.n;aHHII HOBOH Bem;II U3 Ma-
TepII3JIOIJ, npHHa.n;JIeffiaII:\IIX ,l\pyrO;\1Y JIIIn,y, npaBO COOCTBen-
HOCTII, KaK npaB1IJIO, npIIHa.n;.rreaurr c06CTBeHHIIKY MaTepIIa-
JIOB, O,I:\HaIW B CJIY'lae, Iwr.n;a CTOIIMOCTb BHOBb C03.n;aHHOH Be-
II:\II 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO npeBbIllIaeT CTOIIMOCTb MaTepIIaJIOB, npaBO
COOCTBeHHOCTII npu06peTaeT JIIIII,O, ocym;ecTBHBrnee nepepa-
60TKY (n. 1 CT. 246 r1\).
49. OOIl1;aH coocTBeHHocTb. BU;r(bI oOIl1;eii coocTBeuHocTH.
06II:\eH c06CTBeHHOCThIO RBJIReTCR COBMeCTHoe OOJIaJ];a..
Hue U rocno.n;CTBO HaJ]; O,I:\HOH Bem;hIO He O.n;HUM, a HeCROJIhKU-
MU, IInor.n;a MHorIIMII JIIIn,aMII. ITpu 3TOM 06II:\aR co6cTBen-
HOCTh MOiKeT BhIcTynaTh B pa3JIU'IIIhIX BH.n;ax.
Bo-nepBblX, pa3JIU'IHhI OCHOBaHlIR, rrOKOTophIM HeCKOJIh-
rw JIlIn, HaXO,I:\RTCR B OTHorneHIIRX 06II:\eH c06cTBeHHocTH no
HOBO.n;y o.n;Hoii BeII:\II. 3.n;ech :\IOmHO npIIBeCTlI HeCKOJIhI{O CII-
Tyan,IIH:. CIITyan;HH rrepBaH. Ha 3eMJIe, rrpIIHa,I:\JIeiK a rJJ:efI
rpaib:,I:\aHIIny A, rpaiK.n;aHIIH E 06Hapya;:IIBaeT I>JIa,I:\ (cr. 241
rK), ImII ropIO'Iee, npIlHa.n;JIea;:an ee OT,I:\eJIhHO rpam.n;aHIIny
A II rpaffi.n;aHIIHY B, IIO rmrnUI-JIlIOO npU'IIIIIaM OKa3hIBaeTCR
CJIIIThI:\I B O.n;HY eMI,OCTh II B pe3YJIhTaTO 3Toro CMennIB3eTCR
(CT. 245 1'K). B 3TUX CJIY'laRX A II B ocym;eCTBJIRIOT COB-
MeCTHoe BJIa,I:\eHlIe BeII:\hIO. CUT)-an;II1I BTopaH. B CJIY'lae C:\Iep-
TII rpafI\.n;aHIIHa A ero Inlyn ecTBO 0I\a3bIBaeTCR B COB:\IeCTHO.\l
BJIaJ];eHIIn ero HaCJIe,IJ,HIIKOB E I! B (CT. 898 1'1\), a cnYCTR
HeKOTopoe BpeMR pa3geJmeTCR Mea,J];Y HIlMI! (CT. 906 1'1\).
CUTyan;UH TpeTbH. 1'parK,IJ,aHe A, B n B C :u;eJIhIO Be.n;eHIlR 06-
m;ero npe,I:\nplIRTIIR 3aJWIO'TaIOT goroBop 06 06':be,I:\IIHeHlIII,
II eCJIII D3HOCOM rpafl,J];3UIIITa A OY.:J:€T npe)J;OCTaBJIeIlHe npo-
186
113Bop,CTBeHHoro IlOMeIIl,emUI, TO ::>TO nO:\<IeIIl,eHIIe 6yp,eT HaXO-
p,IITbCH B 06II1,eiI C06CTBeHHOCTH Beex Tpex Y'IaCTHH1\OB
(CT. 668 fK). CHTyau,HH 1IeTBepTaH. fpamp,aHe A, E, B H r
HBJIHIOTCH ypomeHIJ;3MH OP,HO}! p,epeBHH, rrOCTOHHIIO rrpolliH-
BaIOT TaM H 06JIap,aIOT npaBOM 3arOTOBKII p,pOB B JIecy, Haxo-
p;HIII,eMCH B co6CTBeHHOCTH Y1\a3aHHOH p,epeBHH. B p,aHHOM
CJIY'lae Bce Ha3BaHHbIe BbIIIle rpamp,aHe 06JIap;aIOT npaBOM
06II1,HHHOrO 'lJIeHCTBa, rrpep,YCMOTpeHHoro fK, KOTopoe rrpep,-
rrOJIaraeT COBMeCTHoe BJIap;eHHe (CT. 263 fK). Bo Bcex rrpI1-
Bep,eHHbIX cHTyaIJ;HHX OTHOIIleHHH 06II1,eH c06cTBeHHocTH B03-
HH1\aIOT rro pa3JIH'IHbIM lIpU'lHIIaM: 'lIICTO CJIY'laHHO, B CUJIY
1\pOBHOro pop,CTBa, p,orOBopHbIX oTHoIIleHHii, rrpoIIcxollip;eIIHH
H3 OP;HOH MeCTHOCTH H T. rr. Pa3JIlI'lHO H BpeMeHH6e p,eHCT-
BIle Y1\a3aHHbIX OTHOIIleHIIH.
BO-BTOpbIX, Xapa1\Tep rrpaB OTp;eJlbHbIX COc06CTBeHHH1\OB B
OTHOIIleHHH 06II1,eH c06CTBeHHOCTH pa3JIlI'leH. B rrepBOH CH-
TyaIJ;HH rpamp,aHe A H E He TOJIbKO B JII060e BpeMH MorYT
BbIP;BIIHYTb Tpe60BaHHe pa3p,eJIa, HO eIIl,e p,o pa3p;eJIa IIMeIOT
B 06II1,eH c06CTBeHHOCTII CBOIO p,OJIIO, 1\OTCpOH MorYT CB06op,-
HO pacrropHmaTbCH. Bo BTOpOH r.IITyaIJ;IIH E H B B npHHIJ;IIIIe
MorYT pacrropHmaTbCH CBoeH p,OJIeH B HaCJIep;CTBeHHOM HMY-
III,eCTBe, Op,Ha1\O OHH CBH3aHbI orrpep,eJIeHHbIMH yCJIOBIlHMII
HaCJIep,OBaHIIH (CT. 903, 906, 908 fK). B TpeTbeH CHTyaIJ;HII
rrpaBO COc06CTBeHHH1\OB Ha p,OJIIO B 06II1,eH c06cTBeHHocTII
rrop,BepmeHo OrpaHH'leHHHM B OTHomeHHH Tpe60BaHHH pa3p;e-
JIa, pacrropHmeHIIH p,6JIeH (CT. 676 fK) 11 ;rJ;pymx MOMeHToB.
M Ha1\OHeIJ;, B rrOCJIep,HeH cHTyaU;HH COc06CTBeHHHKH XOTH H
06JIap;aIOT rrpaBOM Ha rrOJIyqeHHe Bblf'Op,bI, HO 1\amp;bIll B OT-
p,eJIbHOCTII He pacrrOJIaraeT npaBOM Ha p,omo, rrpH3HaBae:VlbIM
B CJIY'lae 06bI'lHOH 06II1,eH C06CTBeHHOCTH.
50. TIpaBoBoii xapaRTep oOIIl,eii coocTBeHHocTH. B OTHO-
IIleHHH xapaKTepa 06II1,eH c06cTBeHHocTH IIMeIOTCH p;Be TO'lKII
apeHHH. COrJIaCHO rrepBoii H3 HHX, 1\aiI p,bI}I 1I3 COc06cTBeHHII-
1\OB 06JIap,aeT JIl1IIlb qaCTbIO rrpaBa c06cTBeHHocTH. I1cxOP;H
lI3 BTOpOII, Kamp,blii 113 COco6CTBeHHIIROB 06JIap,aeT lIpaBOM
c06CTBeHHOCTH, II, nOCKOJIbKy rrpaBO Kam)J;OfO HarrpaBJIeHO
Ha ep;HHbIH 06'beKT, IIX rrpaBa B3aUMHO orpaHH'lHBaIOT p,pyr
p,pyra. XOTH BO BTOPOH 1\OHIJ;errIJ;HlI HeCKOJIbKO rrpe06JIap,aIOT
TeXHH'leCKIIe :VWMeHTbI, B IJ;eJIOM OHa COOTBeTcTByeT Xapa1\Te-
py OOIIl,eH c06CTBeHHOCTII, KaK OH 3aKperrJIeH B fK.
eHCTBHe rrpaBa 06ru;eH c06cTBeHHocTH aHaJIOrH'lHO p,eiicT-
BHIO rrpaBa 06bI'lHOII c06cTBeHHocTH. AHaJIOrH'leH TalOKe rro-
187
pH)];aK perHCTpaU;IIII 'I{alH)];aH )];aJIH B oou\ef.i COOCTB€HIIOCTH, CJ
'TaKme Tpe6aBaHHe YCTpaHeHHH HapyrneHHH a6rn;eH ca6CTBeH-
HaCTH, KaTapae MaIHeT Bbl)];BHraTbCH l{aiR)];blM H3 ca6CTBeH-
RIma-B.
51. OTHorneHHH Mem)];y COcoocTBeHHHRaMH.
1) IIacRaJIbRY B 06rn;ell ca6cTBeHHacTH npaBa aT)];eJIbHblX
cacaocTBeHHHRaB B3aHMHa arpaHII'IHBaroT )];pyr )];pyra, Hea6-
Sa)];lIMa anpe)];eJIeHHae caaTHarneHlIe aTIIX arpaHH'IeHHH. Ca-
aTHorneHlIe MelH)];y )];aJIHMH B 06rn;eH co6cTBeHHacTH MameT
anpe)];eJIHTbCH IWl{ npaBaBblMH HopMaMII (arOBapRa CT. 241,
a TaKllie CT. 244, 900 H CJIe)];. I'K), Tal( II BaJIeH3'bHBJIeHlIeM
caca6cTBeHHHRaB. O)];HaRa I'K Ca)];epIHHT rrpe3YMrrU;HIO paBeH-
CTBa )];OJIeH B 06rn;eH co6cTBeHHacTH (CT. 250 I'K). B CJIY'Iae
aTRa3a a)];Hara H3 caca6CTBeHHHRaB aT CBaeM )];aJIH HJIH era
nrepTH rrplI aTCYTCTBHH HaCJIe)];HHKaB ero )];aJIH rrepeXa)];HT 1{
aCTaJIbHblM caca6CTBeHHHRa:vI rrparrapI HOHaJIbHa caaTHarne-
HHIO IIX )];aJIeH B a6rn;eH co6cTBeHHacTH.
2) B aTHarneHHH Bcell a6rn;eH co6cTBeHHacTH RaJI\)];bIH co-
ca6cTBeHHHR MaIHeT HcnO.'1h30BaTh ee B caaTBeTCTBHH Co' CBa-
-ell )];aJIeH (CT. 249 I'K). B rrapJI)];Re TaJIRaBaHHH )];aHHae naJIa-
meHIIe )];aJIlliHa pacrrpaCTpaHHTbCH H Ha nOJIY'IeHHe BhIrO)];hl.
3) B aTHarneHHH nO)];AepmaHHH oOlU;eii coocTBeHHocTH
axpaHHTeJIbHble AeHcTBHH MarYT rrpe)];rrpHHHMaThcH KalH)];bl:>l
caca6cTBeHHIIRaM B aT)];eJIbHaCTII, a)];HaKa Barrpacbl a6bI'IHOrO
yrrpaBJIeHHH pernaIOTCH rrpocTblM 6a.ITbillHHCTBaM B caaTBeT-
CTBIIH C a6'beMaM )];aJIeH B ca6cTBeHHacTH, a II3MeHeHHH Tpe-
6YIOT COrJIaCHH Bcex caca6cTBeHHHlwB (CT. 251 H 252 I'K).
PaCXa)];bI, CBH3aHHble C a6rn;eM ca6cTBeHHocTbIO, pacnpe)];eJIJI-
IOTCJI Melli)];y caca6cTBeHHImaMII rrparrapI HaHaJIbHa IIX AaJIHM.
B CJIY'Iae neBHeceHHH a)];HHM H3 coca6cTBeHHHHaB CBaeH )];aJIIl
paCXa)];aB B Te'IeHHe O)];HOra ro)];a )];anYCRaeTCH B03MamHaCTb
rrplIa6peTeHIIH era )];aJIII )];pyrlIMH caca6cTBeHHHKaMH C yrrJIa-
TaM caaTBeTcTBYIOrn;eH Ra meHcaU;IIII (CT. 253 I'K).
4) AerrcTBHe rrpaBa ca6cTBeHHacTH Ram)];ara H3 caca6cT-
BeHHIIl\aB a)];HHaKaBa Kal{ B OTHorneHIIIl )];pyraro caca6cTBeH-
HIIl\a, Tal, H Tpen,era JIHu;a.
52. Pa3)];eJI oo eii coocTBeHHocTH.
1) KalH)];bIH H3 caCa6CTBeHHHRaB B mo5ae BpeMH MallieT
TpeOOBaTh pa3)];eJIa a-6rn;eH ca6cTBeHHacTH (n. 1 CT. 256 I'K).
B cJIY'Iae carJIarneHlIH a Hepa3)];eJIhHOCTII ca6cTBeHHacTII pa3-
)];eJI HeBa3MameH, a)];HaRa )];errCTBIle rrop,06Hara carJIarneHIIH
He )];aJIIHHa rrpeBI:.lrna Th 5 JIeT.
188
2) Crroco6b1 pa3f1;eJIa MorYT 6b1TD npOn3BOJIbHbIMH H orrpe-
.,n;eJIHIOTCH COrJIameHHeM Bcex COco6CTBeHHHKOB. B CJIY'Iae
HeB03MomHOCTH pa3)J;eJIa nYTeM conrameHHH Bonpoc pemaeT-
CH B cY)J;e6HoM nopH)J;Ke (CT. 258 rK).
53. RBa3H06m;aH co6cTBeHHocTb. COBMecTHoe o6JIalWHMe
HRbIMH, nOMHMO npaBa co6cTBeHHocTM, HMym;ecTBeHHbIMH
npaBaMH npe)J;CTaBJIHeT C060H KBa31I06m;yIO co6cTBeHHocTb.
B D;eJIOM Ha Hee pacnpocTpaHHIOTcH Bce rrOJIOJII:eHHH, rrpe)J;Y-
c,MOTpeHHbIe B OTHomeHHH 06m;eH co6CTBeHHOCTH. B CJIY'Iae
HaJIH'IHH CrreD;IraJIbHbIX HopMaTHBHbIx aKTOB rrpHMeHHIOTcH
rrOJIOlKeHIIH )J;aHHbIX aKTOB (CT. 264 rK). I-Ia npaKTITKe KBa-
3IT06m;aH C06CTBeHHOCTb IIMeeT BalKHOe 3Ha'IeHITe )J;JIH aBTOp-
OKOTO rrpaBa, rrpaBa Ha Be)J;eHITe pbI6HOrO rrpOMbICJIa, rraTeHT-
HOrO rrpaBa, rrpaBa Ha pa3pa6oTKY He)J;p IT )J;p. KBa3H06ru;aH
C06CTBeHHOCTb ITMeeTCH M B OTHOmeHHIT 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIX
rrpaB, O)J;HaKO CJIe)J;yeT Y'IHTDIBaTb, 'ITO B )J;aHHOM CJIY'Iae rrpIT-
MeHHIOTCH HOpMbI, peryJIITpYIOm;He He)J;eJIlIMbIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa
(CT. 428 IT CJIef1;. rK).
r naB a 4. CynEPcDH4HJif
54. nOHJlTlIe II xapaRTep cyrrepcfilID;IIJI. CyrrepqmD;IIH
npe)J;CTaBJIHeT C060H O)J;HO U3 npaB no HCnOJIb30BaHHIO 3eMJIH,
npHHa)J;JIelKam;eH )J;PyrOMY JIIID;Y. OCHoBHaH D;eJIb )J;aHHoro
rrpaBa COCTOHT B oxpaHe 06JIa)J;aHHH JIeCOHacam)J;eHHHMII II
cTpoeHIIHMII, O)J;HaKO CJIe)J;yeT Y'IMTbIBaTb, 'ITO B HaCTOHru;ee
BpeMH B HnOHHH 3TH BoapOCbI B 60JIbmHHCTBe CJIY'IaeB pe- I
maIOTCH apeH)J;OH, a B OTHomeHHH 06JIa)J;aHIIH CTpoeHHHMH
nOCJIe npHHHTHH rK npIIHHTO MHOlKeCTBO CneD;HaJIbHbIX
aKTOB.
1) CyneP<PIID;HH COCTOHT B UCnOJIb30BaHHH 3eMJIH, npH-
Ha)J;JIelKam;eH )J;PYTOMY JIIID;Y, C D;eJIbIO 06JIa)J;aHHH Ha )J;aHHoH
3eMJIe rrocTpoihml\1U H Hacam)J;eHIIJlMII. B KaTeropnIO nOCTpo-
;
eK BXO)J;HT mIIJIbIe 3)J;aIIIlH, :\lOCTbI, BO)J;oe:\IbI, TOHUeJIII II )J;'py-
THe Ha3eMHbIe II nO)J;3eMHbIe CoopYIIi:eHIIH. HaCaai:)J;eHHH He
3HaIOT OrpaHII'IeHUH no BH)J;aM, O)J;HahO CJIe)J;yeT Y'IIITbIBaTb,
'ITO TYTOBbIe H <PPYKTOBbIe )J;epeBbH HBJIHIOTCH 06'beRTmI
3M<pHTeB3nca (CM. CT. 270 rK). Cynep<PRu;nH MomeT 6bITD
YCTaHOBJIeH OT)J;eJIbHO Ha nOCTpOHKH UJIH HaCa}K)J;eHHH, HO 1\10-
meT BKJIIO'IaTb II TO II )J;pyroe. BOJIee Toro, nOCKOJIbKy Cyru;HO-
CTbIO cynep<pnU;IIH HBJIHeTCH nCnOJIb30BaHIIe 3eMJIn, OH 1\IOmeT
189
6'bIT'b YCTaHOBJIeH U 6e3 HaJIU'IUfl nOCTpOeK UJIU HaCaiKp;eHuii:.
B 3TOM OTHOmeHUU M'bI He Haxop;UM pa3JIU'IUfl MeiKp;y cynep-
<!>UD;ueM U apeHp;oM.
2) HBJIflHC'b Bem;H'bIM npaBoM, cynepqHID;uM npep;CTaBJIHeT
C060M npaBO Henocpep:CTBeHHO no nOBOp:y Bem;U; 3p;eC'b OTCYT-
CTBYIOT JIU'IHOCTH'bIe OTHOIIIeHHfl Memp;y onpep;eJIeHHbIM JIU-
II;OM H 3eMJIeBJIap:eJIbII;eM, n03ToMy cynepqHIII;uM npeeMCTBe-
HeH U nepe;LJ;aBaeM. B npOTUBonOJIOmHOCTb 3TOMY apeHp;a
flBJIHeTCfl p;orOBOpH'bIM OTHomeHueM Memp;y KOHKpeTHbIM 3eM-
JIeBJIap;eJIbII;eM H KOHKpeTHbIM apeHp;aTopOM, OHa HHp;uBup;ya-
JIU3npOBaHa, U, XOTfl npu H8M npU3HaeTCH npeeMCTBeEIHOCTb,
OHa Henepep;aBaeMa (CT. 612 fIt; CM.: 06fl3aTaJIbCTB8HHoe
npaBO - 119). Crrep;yeT, op;HaIW, UM8n B BUP;y, 'ITO 3aKoH 06
apeHp;e 3eMJIU BO MHorux CJIY'IaflX H8 npOBop;UT pa3JIU'IUH
Memp;y ap8Hp;oM U cynep<!>uu;neM U npu onpep;eJIeHH'bIX YCJIO-
BUflX npU3HaeT nepep;aBaeMOCTb apeHp;'bI (CM. CT. 92 3aKoHa
06 apeHp;e 3eMJIH).
3) YnJIaTa aeMeJIbHOM peHT'bI B Te'IeHne onpep;eJIeHHOrO
BpeMeHU He HBJIHeTCfl OP;HUM U3 YCJIOBIIM cynep<!>UII;Ufl. Cy-
rrep<!>UII;UM MomeT YCTaHaBJIHBaTbCfl ep;uHoBpeMeHHolr B'bInJIa-
TOM onpep;eJIeHHOM CYMM'bI JIu60 Bo06m;e 6e3 Hee. B npoTuBo-
rrOJIOiKHOCTb 3TOMY 3eM8JIbHafl peHTa COCTaBJIfleT OP;HO U3
OCHOBH'bIX YCJIOBUM apeHp;bI; n OTCYTcTBue 3eMeJIbHOM p8HTbI
03Ha'IaeT 6e3B03Me3p;Hoe nOJIb30BaHIre (CM. CT. 265, 601,
593 fIt). Op;HaKo Ha npaKTHI\e cynep<!>HII;uM 'IaCTO corrpo-
Bomp:aeTCfl B'bInJIaTOH 3eMeJIbHOH peHTbI B T8'IeHUe onpep;8-
JIeHHOrO cpOKa, II B 3TOM OTHomeHUU TaKJHe He Ha6mop;aeTCfl
3Ha'IUTeJI'bH'bIX paexomp;eHUH C apeHp;oIr.
4) It 'IUCJIY pa3JIH'IUM Memp;y cyrrep<!>uII;neM U apeHp;oM
MomHO OTHeCTU TaKme xapaKTep 06fl3aIfHOCTn 3eMJIeBJIap:eJIb-
D;a no OTHomeHUIO K 3eMJIe. ECJIlI B nepBOM CJIY'Iae p;aHHan
06fl3aHHOCTb HOCH'f naCCUBH'bIII xapaKT8p U 0rpaHII'IIIBaeTCn
JIum'b npu3HaHu8M npaBa nOJIb30BaHIIfl 38MJIeM, TO npII apeH-
P;8 3eMJIeBJIap:eJIeD; HeC8T aIUUBHYIO 06fl3aHHOCTb no 38MJIe-
YCTPOMCTBY (CM. CT. 606 fIt). Ha rrpaKTIIK8, op;HaI,O, II 3TH
pa3JIII'IIIfl H8 Tal, 3Ha'IIIT8JIbHbL
5) ECJIlr CpOR p;encTBIIfl cynep<!>III IIfl cpaBHIITeJIbHO npo-
p:OJIiKIITeJIen (CM. CT. 268 fIt), TO apeHp;a xapaKTepu3yeTcfl
cpaBHHTeJIbHO KOpOTKIINm cpOKaMU (CM. CT. 604, 617 fIt).
0p:HaKo, Y'IHT'bIBaH, 'ITQ npOp;OJIiKIIT8JIbHOCT'b cyncp<!>IID;ufl
MOiKeT perYJIHpOBaTbcfl p;orOBopmI, a CpOKII apCHp;bI npop:JIe-
BaThCfl, pa3JIII'IIIfl MeiKP;Y cynep<!>uD;HeM II apeHp;oM CTIIpaIOT-
Cfl H 3p;eC'b.
190
6) Cyrn;ecTBeHHoe pa3JIlPUIe Memp;y cyrrep<pIII IIeM II apeH-
P;OlI coxpaHHeTcH B OTHOllieHIfII rrpeRparn;eHIIH rrpaBa BCJIep;-
CTBIIe rrpOCpO'IIm 13 bIIIJIaTbI 3eMeJIbHOH: peHTbI (CM. CT. 266,
276, 541 fR).
55. llpIIo6peTeHIIe cyneplflIIlI,IIH.
1) HaII60JIee 'IaCTO cyrrep<fJIIlI,IIH: rrpII06peTaeTcH rro p;oro-
BOpy 06 YCTaHOBJIOHIIII p;aHHoro rrpaBa, OP;HaIW OCHOBaHIIe I
JI;JIH ero rrpII06peTeHIIH MomeT CJIYiRIITb II p;aBHOCTb (CT. 163
fR). RpOMe TorO, B cJIY'Iae, Rorp;a OP;HO JIlIn;O HBJIHeTCH c06-
CTBeHHIIIWM II 3eMJ[II II C'i'POCHIIH II Rorp;a JIII60 TO, JIII60 p;py-
roe rrepep;aeTCH B ::<aJIor IIJIII rrpop;aeTCH C aYRlI,IIOHa, rrpII3Ha-
eTCH YCTaHOBJIeHIIe TaI{ Ha3bIBaeMoro 3aROHHoro cyrrep<pIIlI,IIH
(CT. 388 fR; CM.: Hern;Hoe rrpaBO - 103).
2) Orrpep;eJIeHUe BIIp;a p;oroBopa 0 rrpaBe IICrrOJIb30BaHIIH
'3eMJIII - OTHOCIITCH JIII OH It cyrrep<pIIlI,IIIO IIJIII apeHp;e - OC-
ROBbIBaeTCH Ha TOJIKOBaHIHI p;aHHoro p;orOBopa. COrJIaCHO
3aKOHY 0 cyrrep<pIIlI,IIII, rrpIUIHTOMY 27 MapTa 1900 r. (3aRoH
.M 72), cyrrep<pIIlI,IIapIIeM rrpII3lIaBaJIOCb JIIIlI,O, ROTopoe IIC-
rrOJIb30BaJIO 3eMJIIO B n;eJIHX 06JIap;aHIIH Haxop;Hrn;IIMIICH Ha
JI;aHHOH: 3eMJIe rrocTpowKaMII II Hacamp;emIHMII.
3) ComacHo 06rn;eMY rrpaBIIJIY OTHOCIITeJIbHO Bern;HbIX
rrpaB, YCJIOBIIeM, IICI\JIIO'IaIOrn;IIM rrpep;'bHBJIeHIIe rrpeTeH3IIH:
co CTOpOHbI TpeTbIIx JIIIlI" HBJIHeTCH perlICTpall,IIH cyrrep<pII-
:U;IIH (CT. 177 fR).
56. llpOP;OJDKIITeJIbHOCTb cynepcpIIlI,IIH.
1) B OTHomeHIIII p;oroBopHoro onpep;eJIeHIIH CpOROB cy-
rrep<pIIn;IIH fR He cop;epmIIT HIIItaIHIX OrpaHII'IeHIIH: (CM.
CT. 278 fR).
2) B CJIY'Iae OTCYTCTBIIH p;oroBopHoro onpep;eJIeHIfH cpo-
KOB cynep<pIIn;IIH fR YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT, 'ITO p;aHHbIe CpOIHI orrpe-
p;eJIHIOTCH 06bI'IaeM, a B CJIY'Iae OTCYTCTBIIH TaROBoro-
CYP;OM rro Tpe60BaHIIIO CTOpOH. IIpII :nOM cyP; BnpaBe orrpep;e-
.TIIITb CpOKIJ cynep<pIIIlIIH B npep;eJIax OT 20 ;0:0 50 JIeT
(CT. 268 fR).
.D:eTaJIbHaH perJIa:\IeHTan;IIR p;aHHoro Itpyra norrpocoB co-
p;epmIITcH B 3aKoHe 06 apeHp;e 3e:\IJIII.
57. llpaBoBbIe nOCJIep;CTBIIH cynepCPUlI,IIH.
1) Cyrn;HocTb cynep<pUn;IIH COCTonT B YCTaHOBJIeHIIII no-
pHP;I\a IICTIOJIb30BaHIIH 3eMJIII B npep;CJIax p;aHHoro rrpaBa.
3eMJIeBJIap;eJIell, 06H3,m rrpII3HaBaTb 3TO II He npenHTCTBOBaTb
191
rrOJIb30Bamuo 3eMJIeM co CTOpOHhI cyrrepqHIIJ,MaplUI, 0}J.Ha1\O
aRTMBHorO CO}J.eMCTBMJI 3eMJIeBJIa}J.eJIhIJ,a McrrOJIh30BamIIO 3eM-
JIH He npep;ycMoTpeHo.
2) Cyrrep<pMIJ,HapMM MomeT He TOJIbRO caM MCrrOJIh30BaTb
3eMJIIO, HO H cp;aBaTb ee B apeHP;Y H nepep;aBaTb cynep<PMIJ,Mii.
3) IIOJIOmeHMe, rrpep;YCMOTpeHHoe II OTHomemIH SM<pM-
TeB3Mca, 0 TOM, 'ITO He MomeT OCYlIJ,eCTBJIJIThCJI JIlIRRRMX ne-
peMeH, ROTOph1e 0h1 Ha:EfOCMJIH p;JIlJTeJII>HbIM ylIJ,epo 3e 1JIe,
pacrrpOCTpaHJIeTCJI H Ha cyrrep<PHIJ,Mll (CT. 271 r:K).
4) Ha cyrrep<pMIJ,IIll pacrrpOCTpaHJIeTCJI TaRme p;eMcTBMe
HOpM 0 npaBe COCep;CTBa c06cTBeHHocTM (CT. 267 rR). Hapy-
llleHIIe rrpaBa IICrrOJIh30BaHMJI 3eMJIII p;aeT OCHOBaHMe P;JIJI
TpeOOBaHMJI 00 YCTpaHeHIIII Hapymem1JI.
5) B CJIY'Iae rrpeI\palIJ,eHMJI cyrreplIJIIIJ,HJI cyrrep<pMIJ,napIIll
HMeeT rrpaBO CHoca rrOCTpoeK M Hacam}J.eHIIll. O}J.HaRo rrpM
H3'bJIBJIeHHM 3eMJIeBJIap;eJIhIJ,eM HaMepeHMJI rrpIIoopecTH
p;aHHb1e rrocTpollRH IIJIM Hacamp;eHHJI cynep<PU:IJ,HapIIll He
MomeT oe3 p;OCTaTO'IHb1X OCHOBaHHll OTRJIOHHTb rrpep;JIome-
HMe 3eMJIeBJIa}J.eJIhIJ,a. IIpH HaJIII'IIIII ocoooro 00b1'IaJI
Ha STOT C'IeT Borrpoc pemaeTCJI Ha OCHOBaHlIH OOhl'IaJI
(CT. 269 fR).
58. 06H3aHHocTb YIIJIaTbI 3eMeJIbHOH peHTbI.
1) 06H3aHHocTb YIIJIaTb1 3ellteJIbHOH peHTbI TeCHO CBJI3aHa
C cyrrep<pMIJ,IIeM. B CBJI3M C 3eMeJIbIIOM peHToM perMcTpaIJ,MJI
TaRme JIBJIJIeTCJI YCJIOBMeM, HCRJIIO'IaJOlIJ,lIM rrpep;'bJIBJIeHIIe
rrpeTeH3IIll co CTOpOHh1 TpeThMX JIMIJ, (CT. 177 fR, CT. 111 3a-
ROHa 0 perHCTpaIJ,lIII He}J.BlnKMMOll coocTBeHHocTII).
2) Pa3Mep 3eMeJIbHOH peHTb1 orrpe}J.emIeTCJI COrJIameHM-
eM CTOpOH. IIpHMemITeJIhHo K cyrrep<pIIIJ,JiIIO, CBJI3aHIIO IY C
06JIap;aHIICM CTpOeHMJIMM, rrpIL\IeIIJIIOTCJI nOJIOmeHMH Y Ra3a
o 1WHTpOJIe 3a 3eMeJIhHOll peHTOll II apeH}J.HOll IIJIaTOii 3a
3}J.aHMJI.
3) OTHOCIITeJIhHO 00JI3aHHOCTlI perYJIJIpHOM YI1JIaThI 3e-
MeJIbHOll peHThI npIIMeHJIIOTCJI nOJIOmeHMJI, npe}J.YCMOTpeH-
HhIe B OTHOmeHIIM SM<pIITeB3IIca. q TO me 1,aCaeTCJI CJIyqaeB
HerrOJIY'IeHHH BbIrO}J.bI B pe3YJIhTaTe CTHXIIllHh1X oe}J.CTBMM II
HHhIX COOh1TMll, JIBJIJIIOlIJ,lIXCJI HerrpeO}J.OJIIIMOll CIIJIOII, TO 3}J.eCh
rrpep;ymwTpeHO rrpaBO cynep<pMIJ,MapIIJI rpeOOBaTh nOHMme-
HIIJI CYMMhI 3eMeJIbHOll peHThI (CM. n' 1 CT. 266, CT. 274 II
275 rR). B CJIY'Iae HeyrrJIaTbI 3eMeJlbHOH peHTb1 3eMJIeBJIa-
192
.n;eJIen; HMeeT rrpaBO Ha rrpeKpam;eHHe cyrrep<PHn;HH JIHillb rrplI
yCJIOBHH HeyrrJIaT@ 3eMeJIbHOH peHT@ He MeHee eM 3a .n;Ba
ro.n;a (CT. 266, 276 fR).
59. OCHoBamrH npeKpa:m;euHH cynep.pHn;HH. Crren;mlnne-
CKffMH OCHOBaHHHMH .n;JIH rrpeKpam;eHHH cyrrepqJHn;HH HBJIH-
IOTCH: Tpe60BaHHe 3eMJIeBJIa.n;eJIbn;a 0 npeKpa:m;eHDD cyrrep-
<pHn;HH no rrpH HHe HeyrrJIaT@ 3eMeJIbHOH peHT@ B Te eHHe
.n;BYX JIeT, 6aHKpoTcTBO cyneP<PHn;HapHH (CT. 276 fR) II OT-
Ka3 cynep.pHn;HapHH. B CJIy ae OTCYTCTBHH orrpe.n;eJIeHHOrO
cpOKa cyrrep<PHn;HH cyrrep<pHn;HapHH MomeT OTKa3aTbCH aT
Hero B JII060e BpeMH, o.n;HaKo rrpH 06yCJIOBJIeHHOCTH cyrrep<pH-
n;HH B@rrJIaTOH 3eMeJIbHOH peHT@ HaMepeHHe OTKa3a aT
cyrrep<PHn;HH .n;OJImHO H3'bHBJIHTbCH He MeHee 'IeM 3a O.n;HH ro.n;
.n;o era rrpeKpam;eHHH JI}[60 3eMeJIbHaH peHTa 3a ro)]; .n;OJImHa
6bITb BHeceHa Brrepe.n; (rr. 1 CT. 268 fR). 8TH rrOJIOmeHHH,
o.n;HaKO, He pacrrpOCTpaHHIOTCH Ha CJIy aH OTKa3a aT cyrrep-
<pHn;HH Ha OCHOBaHHH HerrOJIy eHHH rrpH6bIJIH, BbI3BaHHoro
Herrpeo.n;OJIHMOH CHJIOH (CT. 266, 275 fR).
60. qacTH Bblii cynep<PHn;n:ii.
1) RaK YKa3blBaJIOCb paHee, cyrrep<pHn;HH HMeeT n;eJIbIO
oxpaHY rrpaBa nOJIb30BaHHH 3eMJIeii npD 06JIa.n;aHIIII nocTpoii-
KaMH H Hacam.n;eHHHMH. O.n;HaKO C pa3BHTHeM npon;ecca yp-
6aHH3an;HH H TeXHH eCKHM rrporpeCCOM B 06JIaCTH cTpOHTeJIb-
CTBa B03HHKJIO TaKOe HBJIeHHe, KaK HCrrOJIb30BaHHe JIIIIITb aCTlI
Ha.n;3eMHoro HJIH rro.n;38MHoro rrpOCTpaHCTBa. HarrpHMep, rrpH
rrpOKJIa.n;Ke rro.n;3eMHbIX meJIe3Ho.n;opomHbIX TOHHeJIeH HJIH
3CTaKa.n; .n;JIH MOHOpeJIbCOBbIX meJIe3H@X .n;opor OTCYTCTByeT
He06xo.n;HMOCTb B rroKynKe 3eMJIH HJIH B YCTaHOBJIeHHH npaBa
Ha HCrrOJIb30BaHHe 3eMJIH, 3.n;eCb 01\a3@BaeTCH ,1/;OCTaTO'IHOH
3am;HTa rrpaBa JIHillb Ha aCTH'IHOe HCrrOJIb30BaHl<le 3eMJIH. IIo-
3TOMY B 1966 r. rrpH rrepeCMOTpe 3aKOHa 06 apeH.n;e 3eMJIH H
,1/;pyrHx aKTOB B fR o.n;HOBpeMeHHO C 3THM 6@JIa BHecen3
.n;orrOJIHHTeJIbHaH CTaTbH 269 2 , perYJIHpyIOm;aH oTHomeHHH,
CBH3aHHble C TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM aCTH HbIM ryrreP<PHn;HeM.
2) HBJIHHCb pa3HOBH.n;HOCTbIO 06@ Horo cyrrep<PHn;HH,
'IaCTH HbIH cyrrep<PHn;HH rro CYTH aHaJIorH eH eMy, o.n;HaKO,
rrOCKOJIbKY era 06'beKTOM C ]!TaeTCH JIHillb Ha.n;3eMHoe HJIH
rrO,1/;3eMHOe rrpocTpaHcTBo, OH H IeeT TaKme H pH,1/; CJIe,1/;yrom;nx
oc06eHHOCTeI1::
a) 'IaCTH HbIH cyrrep<PHn;HH rrpe.n;YCMOTpeH JIHillb rrpHMe-
HHTeJIbHO K 06JIa.n;aHHIO rrOCTpOHKaMH;
13 3aK83 1ft 892
193
6) tIaCTIPIHbIH cyrrepcplIIWH rrpe.n;YCMaTpI'lBaeT HCrrOJIb30.
BaHlIe JIlIllib KaIWrO-JIII60 o.n;Horo CJIOJl rrpOCTpaHCTBa, B3J1TO-
ro B BepTIII\aJIbHOM pa3pe3e;
B) rrOCIWJIbKY Ha O.n;HOH 3eMJIe MOrYT cOCym;ecTBOBaTh
06bItIHbIM II tIaCTlltIHbIM cyrrepCPlIJ:WM, OHli BCTyrralOT B OTHO-
I1IeHIIJI COCe.n;CTBYIOm;eH C06CTBeHHOCTlI II rrpe.n;rrOJIaralOT B3a-
IIMHbIe OrpaHlitIeHllJl .n;pyr .n;pyra.
3) ,i'],JIJI YCTaHOBJIeHIIJI '1aCTIfQHOrO cyrrepcpll IIJI He06xo.n;1l-
1\10 rrOJIytIeHlle COrJIaCHJI Bcex BbIro.n;onOJIytIaTeJIeM .n;aHHoro
ytIaCTI{a 3eMeJIbHOO c06cTBeHHocTH - JIH , 06JIa.n;alOm;HX cy-
rrep<pll HeM, :3M<pHTeB311coM, npaBOM apeH.n;bI lIT. n.
r naB a 5. 3MCbHTEB3HC
61. IIOHJlTlIe II CY HOCTb 3McpHTeB31Ica. 9McpHTeB3Hc, KaK
H cynep<pH IIM, npe.n;CTaBJIJleT C060H O.n;HO :0:3 npaB no IIC-
nOJIb30BaHlilO 'lYIKOM 3eMJIH II YCTaHaBJIliBaeTCJI B eJIJlX Be-
.n;eHHJI 3eMJIe.n;eJIHJI HJIII IKHBOTHOBo.n;CTBa. O.n;HaKO CJIe.n;yeT
ytIliTbIBaTI>, tITO B HnOHHII OTHOIlIeHIIJI, CBJl38.HHbIe I' HCnOJIb-
30BaHHeM tIYIKOll 3eMJIII, perYJIlIpYIOTCJI rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M
apeH.n;OM, a :3M<pIITeB3HC 3aHHMaeT KpaMHe He3HatIllTeJIbHOe
MeCTO. B pe3YJIbTaTe npOBe.n;eHIIJI nOCJIeBOeHHOH 3eMeJIbHOM
pe<POPMbI Ha :3M<pllTeB3IIC CTaJIH pacnpOCTpaHJlTbCJI nOJIOIKe-
HHJI 0 upIIHy.n;IITeJIbHOM BbIKyne, a Ha yCJIOBHJI ero OnJIaTbI -
IIOJIOIKeHHJI 3aKOHa 0 CeJIbCKOX03J1HCTBeHBbIX 3eMJIJlX 06
apeH.n;HoH nJIaTe 3a 3eMJIIO (n. 9 CT. 2, CT. 21-24 2 3aKoHa 0
CeJIbCROX03J1MCTBeHHblx 3eMJIJlx).
OCHoBHbIe xapaKTepHble tIepTbI :3McpllTeB3Hca CBO.n;JlTCJI K
CJIe.n;ylOm;HM:
1) 9M<pHTeB3IIc npe.n;CTaBJIReT C060H IIpaBO HCIIOJIb30Ba-
HHJI tIYIKOM 3eMJIli B eJIJlX Be.n;eHHJI 3eMJIc.n;eJIHJI HJIH iKIIBOT-
HOBo.n;CTBa.
2) 9McpllTeB3IIc nepexo.n;HT no naCJJe.n;CTBY II rrcpe.n;aBaeM.
::ho BKJIlOtIaeT H B03MOIKHOCTh nepe.n;atIlI ero B apeH.n;y .n;py-
rO:\1Y JIlI y, o.n;HaIW Ha nepe.n;atIy :3M<pHTeB311ca MorYT pacnpo-
CTpaHJlTbCJI OrpaHHtIeHHJI, npe.n;YCMOTpeHHbIe .n;orOBopOM 0 ero
YCTaHOBJIeHIIH.
3) O.n;HHM 1I3 YCJIOBHM :3M<pHTeB3Hca JlBJIJleTCJI 06J13aH-
HOCTh ynJIaTbI apeH.n;HoM nJIanI (CM. CT. 270 rR).
62. IIopJl.n;oK rrpHOOpCTCHHJI 3McpHTCB3HC:J arraJJOT'H'J'eH 110-
pJl.n;Ky npH06peTeHlIJI cynepcpH HJI.
194
.., "'". "
63. CpOK 3M«J!HTeB3Hca.
1) CpOKH p;encTBHH :H.H'IHlTeB3HCa B CJIyqae HX Ollpep;eJIe-
HHH P;OroBOpOM YCTaHaBJlHBaIOTCH rR B npep;eJlax OT 20 p;o
50 JleT (CT. 278 rR).
2) B CJIyqae OTCYTCTBHH Ollpep;eJIeHHH CpOKOB 3M.pHTeB-
3Hca B p;oroBope npOp;OJlmHTeJlbHOCTb p;encTBHH :nlqJHTeB3HCa
CJlep;yeT 06bPIaIO, a B cJlY'lae OTCYTCTBHH H 06bI'laH CpOIi yCTa-
HaBJlHBaeTCH B 30 JleT (n. 3 CT. 278 rR).
64. 'Y CJlOBHH p;eiiCTBHTeJIbHOCTH 3M.pHTeB3HCa B npHHU;H-
ne aHaJlOrH'lHbI YCJlOBHHM ;D;enCTBHTeJlbHOCTH cynepqJHu;uH.
65. OOH3aHHocTb BbIllJIaTbI apeHp;Hoii llJIaTbI. 3MipuTeB-
3RC H o6H3aHHocTb BbInJlaTbI apeHp;HoH llJlaTbI CBH3aHhI TaK
me, KaK cynepipHU;HH H 3eMeJlbHaH peHTa. Pa3Mep apeIlp;Hoii
llJIaTbI onpep;emleTCH HCKJlIO'lBTeJlbHO p;orOBopOM. Cyp;e6HaH
npaKTIIKa npH3HaeT ODbI'laii nOBbIIJ1eHBH apeHp;Hoii nJlaTbI B
pe3YJlbTaTe H3MeHeHBH 06CTOHTeJlbCTB. B COOTBeTCTBHII C 3a-
KOHOM 0 CeJlbCKOX03HnCTBeHHbIX 3eMJlHX He npH3HaeTCH HII-
KaKOH BHOH ipOpMbI BbInJlaThI H nOJlY'leHHH apeHp;HOH nJlaTbI,
KpOMe p;eHemHOH (CT. 21 3aKoHa 0 CeJlbCKOX03HHcTBeHHhIx
3eMJlHx), HapYIJ1eHHe 3TOro npep;nHcaHHH BJle'leT yroJlOBHyro
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb (CT. 22, 93 YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa). IIpH CHII-
meHHB u;eH Ha ceJlbcKox03HHcTBeHHYIO npop;yKU;UIO HJIII YBe-
JlH'leHHII P;OJlB apeHp;HoH nJlaTbI no OTHOIJ1HHHIO K nOJIy'lae-
MOH BbIrop;e npH3HaeTCH npaBO Tpe60BaHBH CHHmeHHH apeHp;-
HOH nJlaTbI (CT. 24 YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa).
B OTHOIJ1eHHH BhInJlaThI apeH;D;HoH nJlaTbI rR cop;epmBT
BamHhIe nOJlOmeHHH 0 llpaBe TpeooBaHHH cHHmfmuH apeHp;-
Hoii llJIaTbI Ha OCHOBaHHH HeypomaH (CT. 274 rR). 3MipHTeBT
MOmeT OTKR3aTbCH OT 3MipHTeB3Hca B cJlyqae HenOJlY'leHHfl
BbIro;D;bI B3-3a npOp;OJlmaIOm;erOCH B Te'leHBe Tpex JleT Heypo-
maH HJlH nOJlY'leHHH B Te'leHHe nHTH JleT BbIrop;hI MeHbIJ1en
no CBoeMY 06'beMY, 'leM BeJlH'lHHa BhInJla'lBBaeMOH apeH;D;HOH
nJlaTbI (CT. 275 rR).
66. OCHoBaHIIH llpeKp eHHH 3M.pHTeB3Hca aHaJlOnI'lHbI
OCHOBaHHHM npeKpam;eHBH cynepipBU;BH.
13*
195
r naB a 6. CEPBHTYT
67. IToHlITIIe H xapaKTep cepBHTYTa.
1) CepBIITYT rrpe cTaB HeT COGOH rrpaBo HcrrO b30BaHHH
O Horo Y'IaCTRa 3eM H H y oocTBa H BbIrO bI IIcrrO b30Ba-
HIIH pyro1'o: rrO b30BaHIIe rrpaBoM rrpoxo a H H rrpoBo a
BO bI qepe3 YRa3aHHbIH yqaCTOR. 3TH n;e II OCTH1'aIOTCH H
apeH OH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero 3eMe bH01'O yqaCTRa, O HaRO B
OT II'IIIe OT apeHlI.bI, rrpII ROTOpOH rrO HOMOqIIH rro HCIIO b30-
BaHHIO 3eM II B IIpHHIwrre rrO HOCTbIO rrepeXO HT R apeH a-
TOpy, cepBIITYT rrpII3BaH ype1'Y IIpOBaTb IIcrrO b30BaHIIe 000-
UX 3eMe bHbIX B a eHIIrr.
2) CepBIITYT XapaRTepII3yeTcH c e YIOm;IIMH OCHOBHbIMR
qepTaMR.
a), CepBHTYT omReH nOBbllUaTb U;eHHocTb HCnOJIb30BaHHII
OCHOBHoro yqaCTKa 3eMJIH (fR He rrpH3HaeT IIqHbIH cepBR-
TYT) .
0) CepBIITYT HBJIHeTCH nO TjHHeHHbIM npaBOM, rrpe rro-
CbI ROH ero cym;ecTBoBaHIIH HB HeTCH Ha IIqlIe PyrIIx rrpaB,
rrO::JTOMY OH c e yeT CY}];bOe YRa3aHHbIX OCHOBHbIX rrpaB.
CepBIITYT He MomeT 6bITb lIepe aH H c ymeHHH IIHbIM rrpa-
BaM, rrOMIIMO CBH3aHHbIX C OCHOBHbIM yqaCTiKOM 3eM H
(CT. 281 fR).
B) B c yqae, Ror a OCHOBHOH yqaCTOR 3eM II HaXO}];IIT-
CH B O'Om;eM B a eHIIII, O IIH H3 COB a eJIbu;eB TeOpeTIIqeCRII
He MomeT rrpeRpa'l'IITb cepBIITYT B OTHorneHIIII CBoerr O H.
PaBHbIM 00pa30M ::JTO OTHOCIITCH II R c yqaHM oom;e1'o B a e-
HIIH BcrrOMoraTe bJlbIM yqaCTROM (rr. 1 CT. 282 fR). HaYRa
Ha3blBaeT ::JTO Hepa3 eJIbHOCTblO cepBHTYTa.
1') ITo Borrpocy 0 TOM, B03MomHO II cym;ecTBoBaHIIe cep-
BIITYTa B IIHbIX OTlwrneHIIHX, rrOMHMO rrpaBa COOCTBeHHOCTR, B
naYR8 rpam}];aHC',ROI'O npaBa JIMeIOTCH pa3JUlqIThI8 MHeHIIH. MbI
CqIITae::'I, qTO, rrOCRO bRY cepBIITYT rrpII3BaH perY IIpOBaTb
HCnOJIb30BaHIIe 3eM II, OH MomeT COqeTaTbCH U C TaRHMII rrpa-
DaMII, RaR cyrrepcpUU;UH, ::JMcpUTeB3IIC II apeH a 3eM II.
68. BH}];bI cepBHTYTOB.
1) fR He co epmIIT O1'paHIIqeHIII1: cepBIITYTa C TOqRII 3pe-
HUH BII OB rrpe}];OCTaB HeMbIX IIM y}];06CTB II BbI1'O}];. 06bIqHO
cepBIITYT RacaeTCH rrpoxo a II rrpOBo a BO}];bI, O}];HaRO OH MO-
meT ObITb CBH3aH C OTRa30M OT IIOCTporrRII 3}];aHIIrr, 3aC OHHIO-
ID;IIX CBeT H II rraHopaMY, C HeB03Be eHlIeM orrpe}];eJIeHHbIX
rrOCTpoeR H T. n.
1 6
2) C TOllRII 3peHIIH IICilOJIb30BaHIIH cepBIITyTa pa3JIIIllaIOT-
CH CJIe YIO IIe ero BII bI, npIIQeM aHHaH RJIaCCIIIpIIRaIJ;IIH
BaiRHa B CBH3II C IICROBOM aBHOCTbIO.
a) CepBIITYT OTHOCIITeJIbHO onpe eJIeHHbIX eMcTBIIM II
,cepBIITYT OTHOCIITeJIbHO B03 epiRaHIIH OT orrpe eJIeHHbIX eii-
<CTBIIM.
6) HerrpepbIBHbIM II rrpepbIBHbIM cepBIITYT.
B) HBHO BblpaiReHHbIM II HeBbIpaiReHHbIM cepBIITYT (c
TOllRII 3peHIIH MaTepIIaJIII3aIJ;IIII eMCTBIIM BO BHeIIIHIIX 1lJ0p-
Max).
69. IIpIIOOpCTCHHC CCpBIITYTa Ha OCHOBaHIIII aBHOCTII
'II03MOiRHO JIIIIIIb B CJIYllae HerrpepbIBHoro H HBHO BbIpaiReH-
Horo cepBIITYTa, HarrpIIMep rrpOBo a BO bI C YCTPOMCTBOM pe-
EaiRHOM CIICTeMbI Ha rrOBepXHOCTII 3eMJIII (CT. 283 rH.).
70. )J;CiiCTBIITCJIbHOCTb ccpBIITyra. C06crBeHHIIR OCHOB-
'lIoro YllaCTRa 3eMJIII MOiReT IICrrOJIb30BaTb cepBIITYT B rrpe-
. eJIax ero CO epiRaHIIH, O Ha:RO CJIe yeT YllIITbIBaTb, llTO,
1l0CJWJIbRY IJ;eJIb cepBIITYTa COCTOIIT B perYJlIIpOBaHIIII IIC-
rrOJIb30BaHIIH BYX YllaCTROB 3eMJlII, co6cTBeHHIIR OCHOBHoro
YllaCTRa OJIiReH CBO IITb o MIIHIIMYMa OrpaHlI'ICHIIH IICrrOJIb-
.aOBaHIIH BcrrOMOraTeJlbHOrO 3eMeJIbHOrO YllaCTRa. STOT rrpIIH-
'IJ;IIrr HaIIIeJI BblpaiReHIIe B rH. B rrOJIOiReHIIHX OTHOCIITeJIbHO
.perYJlIIp0BaHIIH rroTpe6J1eHIIH BO bI (rr. 1 CT. 285), 0 cy60p-
)];IIHaIJ;IIII cepBIITYTOB Ha IICrrOJIb30BaHIIe BO bI B 3aBIICIIMOCTII
'OT BpeMeHII IIX yCTaHOBJIeHIIH (rr. 2 CT. 285), a TaRiRe 0 B03-
MOiRHOCTII rrpII orrpe eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBIIHX IICrrOJIb30BaTb coo-
PyiReHIIH, 060Py oBaHHbIe co6cTBeHHIIRoM OCHOBHoro YllaCT-
Ra Ha BcrrOMOraTeJIbHOM yqacTRe, co6cTBeHHIIRoM BcrrOMora-
TeJIbHOrO YllaCTRa (CT. 288 rH.).
06H3aHHOCTb co6CTBeHHIIRa BcrrOMOraTeJlbHOrO YllaCTRa
COCTOIIT B TeprrIIMOM OTHOIIIeHIIII R IICrrOJlb30BaHIIIO CBOIIX rrpaB
co6CTBeHHIIROM OCHOBHoro YllaCTRa, a TaRiRe B B03 epiRaHIIII
,OT ocy eCTBJIeHIIH orrpe eJleHHbIX rrpaB co6CTBeHHOCTII. STO
He rrperrHTcTByeT, O HaKO, ocy eCTBJleHIIJf) aKTIIBHbIX 06H-
3aHHocTeM c06cTBeHHIIRo'f BcrrOMOraTeJIbHOrO YllaCTRa B
COOTBeTCTBIIII CO crreIJ;IIaJIbHbIM oroBopoM, HarrpIIMep coopY-
iReHrrIO He06xo)J;IIMoro o6oPY)J;oBaHIIH )J;JIH peaJlII3a:[ IIII cepBII-
Tyra II T. II. TaRIIe o6H3aHHocTII OTHOCHTCH R rr'paBY
co6cTBeHHIIKa BcrrOMOraTeJlbHOrO YllaCTRa II rrepexo)J;HT R ero
rrpeeMHIIRaM (CT. 286 rH.). Co6CTBeHHIIR BcrrOMOraTeJIbHOrO
:YllaCTRa B JII060e BpeMH MOiReT oCBo6o IITbCH OT YRa3aHHblx
197
OOH3aHHOCTen YCTyrrRon COOTBeTCTByrom;en '1aCTlI 3eMeJIbHO:U
COOCTBeHHOCTII COOCTBeHHIIRY OCHOBHOrO Y'IaCTRa (CT. 287
rR), '1TO Bep;eT R rrpeRpam;eHIIIO cepBlITYTa.
71. OCHoBaHHeM IIpeKpm.u;eHHH CepBIIT)'Ta HBJIHeTCH p;aB-
HOCTb, a IIMeHHO Heocym;ecTBJIeHlIe cepBIITYTa B Te'IeHlIe
20 JIeT (CT. 289, 167 rR).
r naB a 7. "PABO 06 HHHOrO LfnEHCTBA
72. 3Ha'IeHUe rrpaBa OOm;IIHHOrO 'IJIeHCTBa. IIpaBo OOm;IIH-
. Horo '1JIeHCTBa OTHOCHTCH K ccpepe OObl'lHOrO rrpaBa II 3aRJIIO-
'IaeTCH B COBMeCTHOM nOJIY'IeHIIII HaCeJIeHlIeM onpep;eJIeHHOH
MeCTHOCTII BblrO,l];bl OT IICIlOJIb30BaHlIH 3e IeJIbHbIX nJIo:rn;ap;en.
rop II JIeCOB. rR CO,l];epmllT no aTOMY IlOBOP;y JIlIllib p;Be RO-
pO'Il\IIe CTaTbIl (CT. 263 Ii 294 rR) ,ROTopbIe He rrpep;OCTaBIIJIH
rrpaBY OOm;IIHHOrO 'IJIeHCTBa CTaTYC caMOCTOHTeJIbHOrO rrpaBa.
'ITO ObIJIO CBH3aHO npemp;e Bcero C Hep;OCTaTO'IHOn 1I3y'IeH-
HOCTbIO p;aHHoro IIHCTIITYTa, yxop;mn;ero CBOIlMII ROpHHMII B
OObI'IaH pa3JIII'IHbIX panOHOB JInoHIIII. B nOCJIeBOeHHbln ne-
pllOP; Ha'lIlHaeTCH P;OBOJIbHO. OOCTOHTeJIbHOe II3yqeHlIe aToro
npaBa npllMeHIITeJIbHO 'I\ OTp;eJIbHbIM panOHaM CTpaHbI, p;aH-
HbIn IIHCTIITyT CTaJI '1aCTO cpIIrYPllpOBaTb B cyp;eoHon npaR-
TIme.
B rrpOIIlJIOM npaBO OOm;IIHHOrO '1JIeHCTBa BbIIIOJIHHJIO Bam-
HYIO CO:U;lIaJIbHYIO cpYHHIJ;IIIO, OOeCne'lHBaH 'IJIeHaM OOm;IIHbI
B03MOmHOCTb coopa p;IIIWpacTy:rn;IIX TpaB, cpypama Ii TOnJIII-
Ba. II B HaCTOHm;ee BpeMH aTOT IIHCTIITYT lIMeeT BamHoe 3Ha-
'IeHlIe P;JIH HeIlMy:rn;IIX CJIOeB HaCeJIeHIIH.
COBpeMeHHoe COIJ;lIaJIbHO-aKOHOMII'IeCIWe pa3BlITlIe ORa-
3bIBaeT 3Ha'lIlTeJIbHOe BJIIIHHlIe Ha m.1I3Hb OOm;IIH, OOJIap;aIO-
m;nx npaBOM OOm;IIHHOrO '1JIeHCTBa. XIIMII'IeCRlIe yp;oopeHIIH.
MeXaHII3aIJ;IIH CeJIbCROrO X03HnCTBa, IICrrOJIb30BaHlIe B Ra'Ie-
CTBe TOnJIIIBa HecpTenpO;D;yKTOB ,l];OIIlJIIi P;O caMblX OTp;aJIeHHbIX
1J;epeBeHb, B pe3YJIbTaTe aTO npllBeJIO K pe3ROMY CHlImemno
IJ;eHHOCTII npaBa Oo:rn;IIHHOrO 'IJIeHCTBa B ero Tpap;IIIJ;1I0HHbIX
cpopMax.
73. IIpaBOBOH xapaKTep npaBa OOIU;HHHoro tlJIeHCTBa.
IIpaBo OOm;HHHoro '1JIeHCTBa npep;CTaBJIHeT cooon RpaHHIOIO
cpOPMY rrpaBa oom;eii coocTBeHHocTH. Ero cYO'beKTOM HBJIHeT-
CH Bce HaCeJIeHHe 06r:u:,n:HbI B n;eJIOM.
1) B TOM CJIY'Iae, eCJIH 3eMJIH Haxop;HTCH B 06m;IIHHoii:
coocTBeHHocTII II oo:rn;HHa ocym;eCTBJIHeT ynpaBJIeHlIe II pac-
198
nOpFImeHlIe 3eMJIeM, BCe 'WeHl,I OOm;HHbI B rrpHHIJ;Hrre HMeIOT
paBHbIe rrpaBa rro Y'IaCTHIO B :nOM rrpon;ecce, a rrpH pacrropH-
meHHH 3eMJIeM TpeoyeTcH COTJIaCHe Bcex '1JIeHOB. IIOA'IHHH-
HCb ROHTpOJIIO CO CTOpOHbI OOm;HHbI, RaiKAbIM ee '1JIeH rrOJIY-
qaeT AJIH ceoH orrpeAeJIeHHYIO BbITOAY. OTAeJIbHbIM '1JIeH 00-
lD;HHbI He HMeeT CBoeM AOJIH B 06W;HHHOM COOCTBeHHOCTH,
ROTOpyIO OH Mor ObI rrepeAaBaTb, He HMeeT OH II rrpaBa Tpe-
OOBaTb pa3AeJIa AaHHOM COOCTBeHHOCTH. IIoaToMY, XOTH rK
II paCCMaTpIIBaeT rrpaBO OOm;HHHOrO '1JIeHCTBa B Ka'leCTBe
pa3HOBHAHOCTH rrpaBa OOm;eM COOCTBeHHOCTII, aTH rrpaBa rro
CBoeM CYTII pa3JIH'lHbI (CT. 263 fR, CM. TaKme pemeHIIe
BepXOBHoro CYAa OT 26 HIOHH 1920 r.).
2) B CJIY'Iae, KorAa 3eMJIH, KOTOpyIO HCnOJIb3yeT OOm;HHa,
naXOAHTCFI B c06cTBeHHocTH APyroM oOm;IIHbI HJIII OTAeJIbHbIX
JIH'IHOCTeM, rrOHFITHO, '1TO Q6m;HHa He MOiKeT ocym;eCTBJIHTb
pacrropFIiKeHHe eIO. OAHaKO H B aTOM CJIY'Iae 06m;IIHa KaR eAII-
'Hoe n;eJIoe ocym;eCTBJIH8T yrrpaBJIeHHe H pacrropFImeHHe npa-
HOM rrOJIY'leHIIFI BbIroAbI Ha '1ymoM 3eMJIe. 8TO rrpaBO rrplIHaA-
JIemHT OOm;lIHe B :u;eJIOM. IIOA06HbIM CJIY'IaM fK perYJIHpyeT,
npHpaBHHBaH ero R cepBIITYTY (CT. 294 fR).
74. IIpaBo OOIIJ,HHHOrO '1JIeHCTBa orrpeAeJIFIeTCFI B COOTBeT-
'CTBIIH C MeCTHbIMH -oObI'IaHMH, ero cym;HOCTb COCTOHT B COB-
MeCTHOM IIOJIY'IeHIIH BbIrOAbI, KOTopaH MomeT ObITb pa3JIH'IHa:
na'lrrHaH co coopa AIIKopaCTym;HX TpaB AO rrOJIY'leHHH CTPOH-
TeJIbHOrO MaTeplIaJIa. BHAbI BbIrOAbI TaKiKe orrpeAeJIHIOTCH
OObIlJaeM. B CJIy<Iae c03AaHlIH rrperrFITcTBIIM rrpaBY 06m;HHHO-
ro '1JIeHCTBa co CTOpOHbI OAHoro H3 '1JIeHOB OOm;HHbI HJIH
'TpeTberO JIIln;a OOm;lIHa H ee OTAeJIbHbIe '1JIeHDI MorYT Tpe60-
'BaTb YCTpaHeHHJI npeIIJlTCTBIIii. OAHaRo oTAeJIbHbIM '1JIeH 06-
m;HHbI He MomeT BbIABHraTb Tpe60BaHIle pa3AeJIa OOm;HHHOM
3eMJIH HJIH peaJIlI3an;HII rrpaB Ha rrOJIY'IeHIIe rrpH6bIJIH. Kpo-
Me Toro, rrOCKOJIbKY rrOJIHOMO'lIIR '1JIeHa OOm;HBbI rrpOHCTeKa-
lOT 1I3 ero '1JIeHCTBa B 06m;HHe, AaHHbIe rrOJIHOMO'lHH He MOryT
rrepeAaBaTbCH !D[ rro c06CTBeHHOMY yCMoTpeHHIO. I1Ha'le ro-
BOpH, OTAeJIbHbIe '1JIeHbI 06m;HHbI He IIMeIOT TOM AOJIH B
06W;UHHOM c06cTBeHHocTII, J\OTOpOM OHII MOrJIH 6bI pacrropH-
fKaTbcFI, a HX rrOJIOmeHHe He xapaRTepH3yeTcH He3aBHCHMO-
CTbIO, KOTopaH rr03BOJIFIJIa ObI HM BbJABHraTb TpeOOBaHIIe pa3-
AeJIa OOm;lIHHOM coocTBeHHocTH.
75. OCHOBaHHJI IIplIoopeTeHHJI H )'TpaTbI npaBa OOIIJ,IIHHO-
ro '1JIeHCTBa pa3JIII'IHbI AJIFI 06W;IIHbI KaK eAIIHoro n;eJIoro II
.AJIFI OTAeJIbHbIX ee '1JIeHOB.
199
1) OCHoBaHHeM nH npH06peTeHHH H yTpaTM npaBa 06-
ID;HHHoro 1meHCTBa nH OT enbHbIX 1meHOB 06 HHbI HBnHeT-
CH npH3HaHHe HnH HenpH3HaHHe onpe eneHHoro nH:U;a 'Ine-
HOM 06 HHbI.
2) IIpH06peTeHHe npaBa 06 HHHoro 'IneHCTBa 06 HHOii
B :u;enOM onpe enHeTcH 06bPIaeM. OCHoBaHIIHMH npeKpa e-
HHH paccMaTplIBaeMoro npaBa JIH 06 HHbI HBnHIOTCH HaD;HO-
HanH3a:U;UH 06 UHHOH c06cTBeHHocTH II BOneH3'bHBJleHHH
1meHOB 06 HHM.
3) BBII y pa3Ho06pa3uH 06bl'laeB, HBnHIO HXCH OCHOBa
HHHMH npaBa 06m;UHHoro 'IneHCTBa, perHCTpaD;HH aHHoro
npaBa He ocym;eCTBnHeTCH (CM. CT. 1 3aKOHa 0 perHCTpaD;HH
He BHmHMoH C06CTBeHHocTH).
r naB a 8. nPABO YAEP>KAHHSI
76. llOHHTHe H xapaKTep npaBa y epmaHHH. II paBO y ep-
maHHH OTHOCHTCH K Bem;Ho-npaBOBMM rapaHTHHM ucrronHe-
HUH 06H3aTenbCTBa H COCTOHT B y epmaHUH Bna enb:u;eM Be-
II:\H, npHHa nema eH pyrOMY nHD;y, O HcnonHeHHH 06H3a-
TenbcTBa no nOBo y aHHOH Be H.
B OTnH'IJIe OT npaBa 3aKna a HnH 3anora, KOTOpbIe B03-
HUKalOT Ha OCHOBaHUH orOBopa Mem)J;y CTopOHaMH, rrpaBO
y epmaHHH npe CTaBnHeT C060H 3aKoHHylO Bem;Ho-npaBOBYIO
rapaHTHIO, nocKOm,Ky aHHoe npaBO C TO'lKH 3peHHH 06'beK-
THBHoro rrpaBa eCTecTBeHHO B03HHKaeT npH B03HII'KHOBeHHH
06H3aTeJIbCTBa no nOBo y y epmHBaeMO}I Be H. B aTOM OT-
HomeHHH npaBO y epmaHHH HMeeT TaKOH me xapaKTep, 'ITO
I'[ npaBO npeHMy ecTBa.
IIpH3HaHHe B03HHKHOBeHHH npaBa y epmaHIIH BHe 3aBH-
CHMOCTH OT BonH KOHTpareHTa OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha npHHD;HnC'
crrpaBe nHBOCTH. HaH60nee 6mr3KO K rrpaBY y epmaHHH
rrpaBo OTKa3a OT HcnonHeHHH o O)];HOBpe:\leHHoro HCrronHe-
HHH 06H3aTenbcTBa pyroH CTOpOHOii, KOTopoe COCTOHT B TOM,
'ITO npo aBeD; O nOny'leHIIH nnaTbI 3a TOBap MomeT OTKa3aTb
B rrepe)];a'le )];aHHOro TOBapa, a rroKynaTenb O nepe a'lH eMY
Be H MomeT OTKa3aTbCH rrnaTHTb 3a TOBap (CT. 533 rR').
XOTH npaBO y epmaHHH H npaBO OTKa3a OT rrcnonHeHHH )];0
O)];HOBpeMeHHoro HCnonHeHHH 06H3aTenbCTJJa OCHOBbIBalOTClI
Ha 06 eH )];nH HHX H)];ee CnpaBe)];JlHBOCTII, Mem)];y HHMH HMe-
IOTCH H pa3mr'lHH. IIpaBo OTKa3a OT HcrronHeHHH )];eHCTBH-
renbHO nHmb B KPYry 06H3aTenbCTBeHHbIX OTHomeHHH. B OT-
200
}lllqlle OT ::JTOrO rrpaBO Y)J;epmaHlIJI OTHOCllTCH R rpyrrrre Beru;-
mIX rrpaB, II ero )J;eiiCTBllTeJIbHOCTb rrpH3HaeTCH TaRme II B
OTHorneHHll c06CTBeHHHRa.
BBJIHHCb O)J;HHM ll3 Bll)J;OB BeIIl;Horo 06eCrreqeHllH, rrpaBO
Y)J;epmaHHH xapaRTepH3yeTcH CJIe)J;yIOIII;HMll qepTaMll:
1) IIpaBo Y)J;epmaHllH He B03HHRaeT 6e3 HaJIHqHH 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBeHHoro rrpaBa. 3TO Ha3bIBaeTCH npOIl3BO)J;HOCTbIO rrpa-
Ba BeIIl;Horo 06eCrreqeHllH II HMeeT BamHoe 3HaqeHHe )J;JIH 3a-
JIora.
2) IIoCROJIbRY rrpaBo Y)J;epmaHllH 06eCrreQHBaeT orrpe)J;e-
}leHHOe 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBo, rrpH rrepe)J;aqe )J;aHHoro
D6H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro rrpaBa (B CJIyqae OTCYTCTBllH Crre HaJIb-
Horo COrJIarneHHH 0 Herrepexo)J;e npaBa Y)J;epmaHHH) npaBO
Y)J;epmaHIIH CJIe)];yeT 3a 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIM.
3) IIpaBo y)];epmaHHH MomeT ocyIII;eCTBJIIITbCH B OTHorne-
HHII Bceii BeIIl;H )];0 rrOJIHOrO HCrrOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (CM.
<:T. 296 fR). 3TO Ha3bIBaeTCH He)J;eJIIIMOCTbIO npaBa BeIIJ:HOro
i>6eCne'leHIIH II rrpH3HaeTCH fR 3a BceMH rrpaBaMH BeIIl;Horo
Q6eCrreqeHHH C eJIbIO YCllJIeHHH HX )J;ellcTBHH (CT. 305, 350,
372 fR).
4) IIpaBo npeHMYIIl;ecTBa, 3aRJIa)J; II 3aJIOr 06JIa)J;aIOT TaK
na3bIBaeMoii BeIIJ:HOii 3aMeHIIMocTbIO, H60 HarrpaBJIeHbI He Ha
Qrrpe)J;eJIeHHbIe BeIIl;H, a Ha llX :u;eHHOCTb. IIpaBo me Y)J;epma-
HIlH HarrpaBJIeHO rro CBoen CYTH Ha BIlOJIHe ROHRpeTHYIO BeIIl;b
n rrOTOMY He 06JIa)J;aeT BeIIl;Hoii 3aMeHllMocTbIO, qeM H OTJIH-
'IaeTCH OT )J;PyrHx rrpaB BeIIl;Horo 06eCrreqeHHH (CM. CT. 304,
350, 372 fR).
77. fR orrpe)];eJIHeT CJIe)J;YIOIII;He YCJIOBIIH B03HIIRHOBeHHH
lIpaBa y)J;epmaHHH (CT. 295 fR):
1) HaJIH'llle 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro rrpaBa, CBH3aHHoro c
Y)J;epmHBae lOii BeIIl;bIO. CJIe)J;yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha
CMHrqeHHe 8Toro YCJIOBHR: TOprOBbIM RO)J;eRCOM (CM. CT. 521
TR).
2) HacTyrrJIeHHe cpoRa IlCrrOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa.
3) BJIa)J;eHHe BeIIl;bIO.
4) 3aRoHHbIn xapaRTep 3aBJIa)J;eHHH BeIIJ:bIO.
5) Y)J;epmHBaeMaH BeIIl;b He 06H3aTeJIbHO )J;OJImHa rrpe)J;-
'CTaBJIHTb c060ii c06CTBeHHOCTb )];OJImHHI\a.
78. fR )J;eTaJII,HO perJIaMeHTIlpyeT cO)J;epmaHlle npaBa
Y)J;epmaHIIH.
201
1) ¥ epmaHlIe MomeT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH B OTHomeHlI1I Be-
m;H B nOJIHOM 06'beMe o nOJIHOrO IICnOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa:
(CT. 296 fK).
2) JIIIIJ;O, ocym;eCTBJIHIOm;ee npaBO y epmaHIIH, Momer
nplI06peTaTb nJIO bI y epmlIBaeMoH Bem;1I B aa'IeT IICnOJIHe-
HIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (n. 1 CT. 297 fK). LITO .RacaeTCH np1I06-
peTeHIIH 3aROHHbIX nJIO OB, TO nplI c a'Ie y epJl\IIBaeMOu.
Bem;lI, HanplIMep, B apeH y pyrOMY JIIIIJ;y Heo6xo lIl\fO CO-
maclIe OJImHJI1\a (n. 2 CT. 298 fK). IICnOJIHeHlIe 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa nJIO aMII y epJl\IIBaeMoH Bem;1I ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH B TaROH
nOCJIe OBaTeJIbHOCTII; B nepBYIO O'Iepe b BbInJIaTa npOIJ;eHTOB,.
BO BTOPYIO - RanlITaJIbHOH CYMMbI 06HaaTeJIbCTBa (n. 2
CT. 297 fK).
3) JIIIIJ;O, 06JIa aIOm;ee npaBOM y epJl\aHIIH, OJIJI\HO BJIa-
eTb Bem;bIO, npOHBJIHH 3a60TY xopomero ynpaBJIHIOm;ero.
(CT. 298 fK). IIplI IICnOJIbaOBaHlI1I y epJl\IIBael\IOii: Bem;lI,
c a'Ie ee B apeH y IIJIH npe OCTaBJIeHMII ee B 06eCne'IeHlIe
06HaaTeJIbCTBa Tpe6yeTcH COrJIaCHe OJImHIIKa. ,1J;aHHO&
IIOJIOmeHlIe He pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH, O HaKO, Ha CJIY'IalI
Ror a 3TO He06xoWlMO B IJ;eJIHX coxpaHeHIIH BelI:\ll (n. 2 CT.
298 fK). B CJIY'Iae HapymeHIIH JIIIIJ;OM, ocym;eCTBJIHIOm;IIM
npaBO y epmaHIIH, yKaaaHHbIX nOJIOmeHIIH OJIJI\HIIR MO-
meT Tpe60BaTb npeKpam;eHHH npaBa y epJl\aHIIH (n. 3 CT.
298 fK).
4) JIIIIJ;O, 06JIa aIOm;ee npanOM y epmaHIIH, MOJl\eT Tpe-
60BaTb OT OJImHIIRa B03Mem;eHHH He06xo IIMbIX paCXO OB
CBH3aHHbIX C xpaHeHlIeM Bem;1I (n. 1 CT. 299 fK).
5) Ocym;eCTBJIeHlIe npaBa y epmaHIIH He nperrHTcTByer
TelJeHIIIO cpORa noraCIITeJIbHOH IICKOBOM aBHOCTII, HHa'Ie ro-
BOpH, npaBO y epmaHIIH He HBJIHeTCH OCHOBaHrrel\I nepepbIBa
aBHOCTII (CT. 300 fK).
79. IIpeKpam;eHlIe npaua y epmaHlIlI B03:\fOil\HO rro CJIe-
yIOm;IIM OCHOBaHIIHM:
1) ¥TpaTa BJIa eHIIH. OTO OCHOBaHlIe, o rraKO, He pacrrpo-
CTpaHHeTCH Ha IIepe a'Iy y epmlIBaeMoii Bem;1I C ComaCIIJJ
OJImHIIKa B apeH y IIJIII B 3aRJIa (CT. 302 fK).
2) Tpe60BaHIIe npeKpam;eHIIH rrpaBa y epmaHIIH Ha oc-
HOBaHlI1I HapymeHIIH JIIIIJ;OM, 06JIa aIOm;IIl\[ rrpaBOU y epma-
HIIH, CBOIIX o6H3aHHocTeH (n. 3 CT. 298 fR).
3) IIpe OCTaBJIeHlIe COOTBeTcTByIOm;ero 06eCrre'IeHIIH IIC-
rrOJIHeHIIJI 06HaaTeJIbCTBa (CT. 301 fK). OTO nOJIOmeHlIe CBH-
aaHO C TeM, 'ITO 'IaCTO IJ;eHHOCTb y epmIIBae:\fOII Bem;1I OKa3bI-
202
BaeTCH CillImROM 60JlbmOM no cpaBHemuo C 06'beMOM 06H3a-
TeJI:bCTBa. rPi. He orpaUI!PllIBaeT BHP;OB 06eCrre'IeHHH, op;HaRO
npep;OCTaBJIeHHe YRa3aHHoro 06ecrre eHHH Tpe6yeT CorJIaCHH
.1IHn;a, 06JIap;arom;ero rrpanOM yp;epmaHHH.
r naB a 9. nPABO nPEHMYIl\ECTBA
80. lloHHTHe H xapaKTep DpaBa npeHMYIqeCTBa. IIpaBo
npeHMym;ecTBa OTHOCHTCH R Rpyry rrpaB Bem;Horo 06ecrre e-
HHH H COCTOIIT B TOM, To rrpH orrpep;eJIeHHbIX, YRa3aHHbIX B
3aIWHe 06H3aTeJI:bCTBaX yrrpaBoMo eHHoe JIHn;O rrOJIyqaeT
npeHMym;ecTBeHHoe yp;OBJIeTBOpeHHe CBoero rrpaBa H3 orrpe-
J];eJIeHHOro HMym;ecTna p;OJIlliHHRa (CT. 303 rPi.). HanplIMep,
rrOCROJI:bRY rPi. rrplI3HaeT rrpaBO rrpelIMym;ecTBa 3a rrpaBOM
JIIIn;a, pa60Tarom;ero rro HaMMY, Ha rrOJIyqeHHe OrrJIaT:bI CBoero
Tpyp;a, TO B CJIyqae pacrropHllieHIIH HMyrn;ecTBoM HaHIIMaTeJIH
Co CTOpOH:b1 Kpep;IITopOB JIHn;O, pa60Tarom;ee rro Ha:HMY, rroJIY-
aeT yP;OBJIeTBopeHlIe CBoero rrpaBa rrpellip;e p;pyrlIx Rpep;IITo-
pOB (CM. CT. 306 rPi.).
OTIm3 3aROHOp;aTeJIbCTBa OT rrpIIHn;lIna paBeHCTBa Rpep;lI-
TOpOB nplI orrpep;eJIeHHbIX 06H3aTeJI:bCTBaX B:bI3BaH co06pa-
meHIIHMII COn;lIaJI:bHOM rrOJIIITIIRII, op;HaRO He Bcerp;a rrpaBO
rrpelI lym;ecTBa 06YCJIOBJIeHO OCHOBaHIIHMII 06m;eii BblrOp;bI.
IIHorp;a OHO 6a3HpyeTcH Ha rrplIHn;Hrre errpaBe,ilJIHBOCTH, IIHO-
I'p;a - Ha HaMepeHlIH CTOpOH. repMaHCRoe II mBelln;apOKoe
rpallip;aHCRoe rrpaBo He 3HaroT J];aHHoro IIHCTIITYTa, op;HaRO
I'pallip;aHCRoe rrpaBO HrrOHIIII, CJIep;YH <ppaHn;Y3CROMY rpalli-
J];aHCl\OMY npaBY, npep;yCMaTplIBaeT MHOrOqIICJIeHH:ble CJIyqalI
rrpaBa rrpeIIMym;ecTBa. BOJIee Toro, pa3BIITlIe 3aROHOp;aTeJIb-
CTBa 06HapYllilInaeT TeHp;eHn;lIro R pacmlIpeHlIro rrplI3HaHlIH
npaBa rrpelIMYln;eCTBa Ha OCHOBaHlI1I crren;IIaJI:bH:bIX 3aROHOB,
<{TO cBIIp;eTem,cTByeT 06 RRTIIBII3an;IUI BMemaTeJIbCTBa rocy-
]J;apCTBa B c<I>epy 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHblx oTHomeHIIM.
IIpaBo rrpelI lym;ecTBa xapaRTepII3yeTcH CJIep;yrom;IIMII
OCHOBHbIMII'lepTaMII:
1) ITop;'nlHeHHocTblO II CJIep;OBaHlIeM 3a p;pyrII I rrpaBOM B
CJIyqae ero nepep;a rr (aHaJIOrnQHO npaBY yp;eplliaHIIH).
2) He;a:eJIHMOCTblO RaR II y p;pyrnx rrpaB Bem;Horo 06ec-
ne'leHIIH (CM. CT. 305, 296 rPi.).
3) BeIqHOii 3aMeHHMOCTblO (RaK Yllie OTMe'laJIOCb, p;aH-
HaH xapaKTeplICTIIl\a rrplIcym;a 3aRJIap;y H HrrOTeRe, HO He
npaBY yp;eplliaHIIH).
203
81. BH bI npaBa npeHMym;ecTBa. B 3aBI'!CI'!MOCTI'! OT 06'b-
eRTa I'!MeeTCJI TpI'! BI'!.n;a npaBa npeI'!Mym;ecTBa.
1) 06m;ee npaBO npeI'!Mym;ecTBa. )J;aHHbIH BI'! COCTOI'!T'
B B03MOiKHOCTI'! npeI'!Mym;ecTBeHHoro y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHlIJI 06JI-
aaTeJIbCTBa I'!3 Bcero I'!Mym;ecTBa .n;OJIiKHI'!Ka. XOTH 3.n;eCb H'
HMeIOTCH HeKOTopbIe OrpaHR'leHI'!H, CBH3aHHbIe C Bem;aMI'!,.
HBJIHIOm;I'!MI'!CH 06'beRTOM 3aKJIa.n;a I'!JIH I'!rrOTeKI'! p;pyrI'!X Kpe-
TOpOB, .n;aHHblH BIt.n; npaBa rrpe'IIMym;ecTBa 06JIa.n;aeT HaI'!-
60JIee CI'!JIbHbIM .n;eHCTBI'!eM. fl\. npe.n;ycMaTpI'!BaeT 'leTblpe-
CJIY'laH, OTHOCHm;I'!eCJI K 06m;eMY npaBY rrpeI'!Mym;ecTBa:
a) IIpaBo npeI'!Mym;ecTBa B CBH3I'! C pacxo.n;aMI'! BO I'!MJ!
06m;eH BbIro.n;bI (CT. 306 I'! 307 fl\.). CJIY'laH, Kor.n;a, HarrpI'!-
Mep, O.n;I'!H I'!3 Kpe.n;I'!TOpOB HeceT pacxo.n;bI no cOXpaHeHI'!ro,.
JII'!KBI'!.n;aD;I'!JI[ I'!JII'! pacnpe.n;eJIeHI'!ro I'!Mym;ecTBa IP;OJIiKHI'!Ka.
6) IIpaBo npeI'!Mym;ecTBa B CBH3I'! C OnJIaTOH Tpy.n;a JII'!D;,.
pa50Tarom;I'!X no HaiiMy (CT. 306, 308 fl\.). I\. RaTerOpI'!I'! JII'!D;,.
pa60TaIOm;I'!X no HaHMY, OTHOCHTCH He TOJIbKO 6aTpaKI'! I'!JIR
npI'!CJIyra, HO I'! pa60'lI'!e npOMblmJIeHHbIX rrpe npI'!HTI'!H (CM.
CT. 295 fl\.). )J;aHHbIH BI'!.n; npaBa rrpeI'!Mym;ecTBa .n;enCTBI'!Te-
JIeH JIRmb B OTHOmeHI'!I'! 3apa6oTHOH nJIaTbI 3a meCTI'!MeCH'l-
HbIH nepI'!o.n;, npe.n;meCTBYIOm;I'!H MOMeHTY B03HI'!KHOBeHI'!Jl
OCHOBaHI'!H JII'!KBI'!.n;aD;I'!I'! RMym;ecTBa .n;OJIiKHI'!Ka.
B) IIpaBo npeI'!Mym;ecTBa B CBH31I C pacxo.n;aMI'! Ha rroxo-
pOHbI (CT. 306, 309 fl\.). OHO paorrpOCTpaHHeTCH He TOJIbRO
Ha CJIyqaI'! CMepTI'! caMoro .n;OJIiKHI'!Ka, HO I'! ero 6JII'!iKaHmI'!X
po.n;CTBeHHI'!ROB.
r) IIpaBo npeRMym;ecTBa B CBH3I'! C 06eCne'leHI'!eM TOBa-
paMI'! nepBOH He06xo.n;I'!MOCTI'! (CT. 306, 310 fl\.). B KaTero-
pHro npe;qMeTOB rrepBOH He06xo.n;I'!MOCTI'! BKJIro'laeTCJI nI'!Ta-
HI'!e, Bo.n;a I'! TOnJII'!BO, B 'TOM 'lI'!CJIe ra3 I'! 3JIeKTpI'!'leCTBO. )J;aH-
Hoe rrpaBO pacrrpOCTpaHJIeTCH He TOJIbIW Ha .n;OJIiKHI'!Ka, HO R
Ha ero ceMbro I'! I'!iK.n;I'!BeHD;eB.
2) IIpaBo rrpeI'!Myru;eCTBa rro rrOBOp;y .n;BlIiKH:\IOCTI'!. B .n;aH-
HYro KaTerOpI'!ro fl\. BKJIIO'laeT CJIe.n;yroru;ee:
a) IIpaBo' rrpeI'!Mym;ecTBa B CBJI3I'! C apeH.n;oII Hep;BHiKI'!-
MOCTI'! (CT. 311, 312-316 fl\.).
6) IIpaBo npeHMyru;eCTBa B CBH3I'! C rrpOmHBaHI'!eM B roc-
TI'!HI'!D;e (CT. 311, 317 fl\.).
B) IIpaBo npeI'!Mym;ecTBa B CBH3I'! C rrepeB03KoH rraccamI'!-
pOB H 6arama (CT. 311, 318 fl\.).
r) IIpaBo rrpeI'!Mym;ecTBa B CBH3I'! C HeopeiKHocTbro rocy-
apCTBeHHbIX CJIYiKam;I'!X rrpI'! I'!CnOJIHeHlIII CBOHX cJIYiKe6HbIx
06H3aHHocTeH (CT. 311, 320 fl\.).
204
.n;) IIpaBo npelIMym;ecTBa B CBJl31I C COXpaHeHlIeM .n;BlIiRlI-
MOCTII (CT. 311, 321 rR).
e) IIpaBo npelIMym;ecTBa B CBJl31I C KYllJIeH-npo.n;aiReH
.n;BlIiRIIMOCTII (CT. 311, 322 rR).
iR) IIpaBo npelIMym;ecTBa B CBJl31I C 06eCne'leHlIeM ceMe-
HaMIl, pacca.n;OH II y.n;06peHIIJlMII (CT. 311, 323 rR).
3) HpaBO npelIMym;ecTBa B CBJl31I C HaHMOM CeJIbCKOXO-
3J1HCTBeHHMX II IIH.n;ycTplIaJIbHMX pa60'llIX (CT. 311, 324 rR).
3) IIplIMeHIITeJIbHO K He.n;BHiRIIMOCTII rR npe.n;YCMaTpIIBa-
eT CJIe'.n;yrom;lIe BII.n;I>I npaBa rrpeIIMym;ecTBa:
a) IIpaBo npelIMym;ecTBa B CBJl31I C coxpaHeHlIeM He.n;BII-
iRlIMOCTII (CT. 325, 326).
6) IIpaBo npelIMym;ecTBa B CBJl31I co CTpOIITeJIbHbIMII pa-
60TaMlI (CT. 325,327 rR).
B) IIpaBo npelIMym;ecTBa B CBJl31I C KYIIJIeH-npo.n;aiReH He-
.n;BlIiRIIMOCTII (CT. 325, 328 rR).
82. Cyoop.n;IIHaqlIa npaB npeIIMym;ecTBa. qacTo B OTHO-
meHlI1I O.n;HOH Bem;1I cym;ecTByroT HeCKOJIbKO npaB npeIIMym;e-
CTBa. HaTIplIMep, CTaJIKllBaroTCJI npaBa npelIMym;ecTBa npo-
.n;aBIJ;a II JIIIn;a, COXpaHJlrom;ero Bem;b; npaBa npelIMym;ecTBa
pa60'lero, nOCTaBm;IIKa y.n;06peHIIH II 3eMJIeBJIa.n;eJIbn;a; CTaJI-
KIIBaroTCJI .n;Ba 06m;IIX npaBa npelIMym;ecTBa IIJIII 06m;ee npa-
BO npelIMym;ecTBa co cne.n;lIaJIbHbIM II T. .n;. C 06m;eTeopeTII'Ie-
CKOH TO'lIUI 3peHlIJI npaBO, yCTaHOBJIeHHOe paHee, IIMeeT
nplIoplITeT nepe.n; npaBOM, YCTaHOBJIeHHMM n03.n;Hee, o.n;HaKO
npaBO npelIMym;ecTBa npe.n;CTaBJIJleT C060H IICKJIro'leHlIe 1I3
nplIHn;lIna p BeHcTBa Kpe.n;IITopOB II YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT nplIoplI-
TeT onpe.n;eJIeHHbIX 06J13aTeJIbCTBeHHMx npaB. IIoaToMY II B
CJIY'laJlx KOHcpJIIIKTa HeCKOJIbKIIX npaB npelIMym;ecTBa IIX o'le-
pe.n;HocTb YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCJI B 3aBlIClIMOCTlI He OT BpeMeHII
B03HlIKHOBeHlIJI 06J13aTeJIbCTBa, a OT ero BII.n;a. (hOT IIHCTll-
TYT Ha3MBaeTCJI cy60p.n;IIHan;lIeH npaB npeIIMym;ecTBa.
1) B CJIY'lae KOHcpJIIIKTa 06m;IlX npaB npelIMym;ecTBa
YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCJI CJIe.n;yrom;aJl cy60p.n;IlHan;IIJI: pacxO)::1;DI BO
IIMJI 06m;eH BMro.n;M - OnJIaTa Tpy.n;a JIIIlJ" pa60TaroID;llx no
HaHMY, - pacxop;bI Ha noxopOHbI - 06eCneQeHlle TOBapaMH:
nepBoH He06xop;IlMOCTII (n. 1 CT. 329 rR). IIpli aTOM CJIe.n;yeT
Y'lIITMBaTb, '1TO pJl.n; OCHOBaHIIH HMero'T nplIoplITeT nepe.n; BM-
meyRa3aHHMMlI 06m;IIMII npaBaMII npeIIMym;ecTBa, a IIMeHHO
CJIep;yrom;He (B nOpJl.n;Ke IIX BHYTpeHHeH cy60p.n;IIHan;IIII): ro-
cyp;apcTBeHHble HaJIOrlI (CT. 8 II CJIep;. 3aKoHa 0 c60pe rocy-
.n;apCTBeHHDIx HaJIOrOB) - MeCTHble HaJIOrlI (CT. 14 II CJIe.n;.
205
3aROHa 0 MeCTHbIX lIaJIOrax) - COOpbI MYHIW;lInaJIbHbIX
<QOm;IIH (CT. 225 3aRoHa 0 MeCTHOM (iaMoynpaBJIeHlI,II) -CTpa-
'XOBbIe B3HOCbI pa3JIII'I:!=JbIX BII)J;OB COIJ;IIaJIbHOrO CTpaxo-
BaHIIJI. ,
2) B CJIY'lae KOHqJJIJIK'ra OOr:qIIX II cneU;lIaJIbHbIX npaB
npeII:Mym; CTBa cneD;lIam HbIe OOJIa)J;aIOT nplIoplITeTOM, 3a IIC-
KJIIO'leHUeM npaBa npelIMyr:qeCTBa B CBH31I C paCXO)];aMII BO
IIMH 06m;eH BbIrO)J;bI, KOTopoe IIMeeT nplIoplITeT nepe)J; BceMII
BII)];aMII npaB npelIMym;eCTBa (n. 2 CT. 329 fK).
3) B CJIY'lae ROH<pJIIIKTa npaB npelIMyr:qeCTBa no IIOBO)];y
)J;BlImIDlOCTII:
a) Cyoop)J;IIHaU;IIH npaB npeIIMym;ecTBa no nOBO)];y )];BII-
mlIMOCTII YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCH B 3aBIICIIMOCTII OT npIIHa)];JIemHO-
, CTII R o)J;Hon 1I3 Tpex rpyrrn, a IIMeHHO: K nepBQH O'lepe)];1I
OTHOCHTCH npaBa npeIIMyr:qeCTBa B CBH31I C apeH)J;oH He)];BII-
mIIMOCTII, npomIIBaHlIeM B rOCTIIHIIu;e II rrepeB03KoH nacca-
ampOR II oarama, KO BTOpOH O'lepe)];1I - npaBO npeIIMym;e-
CTRa B CRH31I C coxpaHeHm M )];BIImIIMOCTII, ilK TpeTbeH o'le-
pe)];II - Bce OCTaJIblIbIe BII)];bI (n. 1 CT. 330 rR).
6) AaHHaH cyoOp)];IIHaU;IIH IIMeeT TPII IICRJIro'leHIIH. Bo-
nepBbIX, JIIIU;O, o6JIa)];arom;ee rrpaBOM npeIIMym;ecTBa nepBoH
O'lepe)];II, He MomeT peaJIII30BaTb <lTO npaBO B OTHomeHIIII JIIIU;,
o6JIa)];aror:qlIx npaBOM npelIMyr:qeCTBa BTOpOH II TpeTbeH o'le-
pe)];II, eCJIII B MOMeHT ero nplIoopeTeHIIH OHO 3HaJIO 0 cyr:qe-
CTBOBaHIIII npaB npelIMym;ecTBa BTOpOH II TpeTbeH O'lepe)];II
(n. 2 CT. 330 fK). BO-BTOPbIX, JIIIU;O, ocym;eCTBJIHrom;ee co-
xpaHeHIIe Bem;II )];JIH JIIIn;a, oOJIa)];arom;ero npaBOM npeIIMym;e-
CTBa nepBoH O'lepe)];II, IIMeeT rrepe;']; )];aHHbIM JIIIU;OM npIIopII-
TeT (n. 2 CT. 330 fR). B-TpeTbIlx, B OTHomeHlI1I nJIO)];OB
IICIIOJIb30BaHIIH 3eMJIII YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCH OCOObIH nOpH)];OR
cy60PAIIHaU;lIlI: nepBaH O'lepe)J;b - npaBO npelIMyr:qeCTBa B
CBH3II C HaHMOM CeJIbCROX03HHcTBeHHbIx paOO'lIIX, BTopaH
O'lepe)];b - npaBO npelIMym;ecTBa B CBH3II: C o6eCrre'leHIIeM
ceMeHa lII, paCCa)];OH II y)];OOpeHIIHMII, TpeTbH O'lepe)];b - npa-
BO npelIMyr:qecTBa B CBH31I C IIpeJ];OCTaBJIeHlIeM 3eMJIII B apeH-
)];y (n. 3 CT. 330 fK).
B) q TO RacaeTCH npaBa npeIIMym;ecTBa, rrpe)];ycMoTpeH-
Horo II:HbIMII:, nOMIIMO fK, HopMaTIIBHbIMII aHTaMII, TO IIpaBO
npelIMyr:qeCTBa Kpe)J;IITopOB MOpCRIIX II: pe'lHbIX CY)];OB 06JIa-
)];aeT nplIopJITeTOM nepe)]; BceMII BII)];aMII npaBa npeIIMym;ecT-
Ba (CT. 845 rR), B COOTBeTCTBII:1I C 3aRoHoM 0 Rpe)];lI-
Te )J;BlImIIMOCTJI, JIcnOJIb3yeMoH. B CeJIbCROM X03HHcTBe,
npaBO npeuMyr:qeCTBa B OTIWmeHlI1I HaJIlI'IHOro KanlITaJIa
206
npHpaBmIBaeTCH K npaBY npelIMym;ecTBa BTOpOii: O'lepeAII, a
B OTBomeBlI1I Bcero Or,TaJlbHoro KanlITaJla - K TpeTbeii:
O<J:epeAII.
4) B cJlY'Iae KOB<pJlHKTa npaB npelIMym;ecTBa B OTHorne-
HHH HeABlIiKHMOCTII YCTaBaBmmaeTCH CJleAYIOm;aH O<J:epeA-
HOCTb: coxpaBeBHe BeABHiKlIMOCTH - CTpOHTeJlbHble pa60-
I'M - KynJlJI-npOAaiKa HeABHiKHMOCTH (n. 1 CT. 331 f:h).
B cJlY'Iae nOCJleAOBaTeJlbBoii: nepenpOAaiKH HeABIIJlUIMOCTH
O<J:epeABOCTb YCTaBaBJlHBaeTCH B XpOHOJlOrH<J:ecKoH rrocJle]J;o-
BaTeJlbBOCTH (n. 2 CT. 331 fK).
5) B cJlY'Iae HaJlH<J:lIJI B OTBomeHHH 0AHOro 06'beIUa He-
CIWJlbKHX rrpaB rrpelIMym;ecTBa OAHoro YPOBHH YAOBJleTBOpe-
HHe Tpe60BaBHH ocym;eCTBJlHeTCH rrporrop HOHaJlbHO CYMMe
06H3aTeJlbCTBa (CT. 332 fK).
83. IIpaBo npeHMyw;ecTBa. OCHoBBoe CO]J;epiKaHHe rrpaBa
rrpeHMym;ecTBa COCTOHT B npeHluyw;ecTBeHHoM Y OBJleTBOpe-
HllII Kpe]J;HTopa 3a C<J:eT orrpe]J;eJleHHOH Bem;H. II03TOMY ]J;orryc-
KaeTCH rrpO]J;aiKa ]J;aHHoH Bem;H C ToprOB (CM. CT. 3, 22 3aho-
Ba 06 aYK HoBe). IIpHMeBHTeJlbBO K npaBY rrpelIMym;ecTBa
no nOBO]J;Y ]J;BHiKIIMOCTH II CJlY'Iae, Kor]J;a nOCJle]J;HHH BaXO]J;HT-
CH BO BJla]J;emiH TpeTbero JlH a, rrpO]J;aiKa C TOproB HeB03MOiK-
Ba 6e3 rrepe]J;a<J:H Bem;H, rrOHTOMY YKa3aBBoe rrOJlOiKeHHe 3aKO-
Ba CJle]J;yeT TOJlKOBaTb KaK B03MOiKHOCTb rrpO]J;aiKH C ToprOB
C BaJlOiKeHHeM ceKBecTpa (XOTH B npaBoBoH HaYKe H cY]J;e6-
BOR rrpaKTHKe rro 3TOMY rroBoAY HMeeTCH II rrpOTIIBOrrOJlOiKHOe
MBeHHe). B CBH3H C rrp06J1eMOH rrpeHMyn ecTBeHHoro Y]J;OBJle-
TBopeBHH O]J;Horo Kpe]J;HTopa Be06xo]J;HMO rrpHHHMaTb BO BHH-
MaBile IIBTepeCbI ]J;PyrHx KpeAHTopOB, JlII , 06J1a]J;aIOm;nx rrpa-
BOM Bem;HOro 06eCrreQeBHH, a TaKiKe JlH , BJla]J;eIOru;HX orrpe]J;e-
JleBBOR Bem;bIO. 81'0 TeM 60Jlee Be06xo]J;HMO, '11'0 B OTHorne-
HIIH ABHiKHMOCTH BJla]J;eHHe He HBJIHeTCH YCJlOBHellI rrpaBa
npeHMym;ecTBa (CT. 178 fK). KpoMe TOro, B CBH3H C TeM, '11'0
rro orrpeAeJleHBbIM 06H3aTeJlbCTBaM O'lepe]J;HOCTb rrpaB rrpe-
HMym;ecTBa He COBrra;o;aeT C XpOHOJlOrH<J:eCKHM rropH]J;KOM
yCTaHOBJleBHH rrpaB, He06xo]J;HMO rrpHHHMaTb BO BBHMaHHe
TaKiKe COOTHorneHHe rrpaBa rrpelIMym;ecTBa C ;o;pyrHMH rrpaBa-
Mil Bem;BOro 06ecrre<J:eBIIH. Bce 3TH BorrpOCbI perJlaMeHTHpy'
IOTCH B fK, KOTOpbIH pacrrpOCTpaHHel' Ha rrpaBO rrpeuMym;e-
CTBa ;o;eRCTBHe nOJlOiKeBHR, rrpe;O;YCMOTpeHHbIX B OTBorneHHI1
lIrrOTeKH (CT. 341 fK), rrOCKOJlbKY 06a 3TH rrpaBa Bem;BOro
06eCne'leHHJI Be Tpe6YlOT 06H3a TeJlbHOrO BJlaAeHHH BeID;blO
(HalI60Jlee BaiKHbIMII rrOJlOiKeBHHMH, pacrrpOCl'paHHelMbIMII Ha
207
upaBO rrpeHMym;ecTBa, HBJIHIOTCH co.n;epmam;HeCH B CT. 370,
374,377,378 fR).
1) OTHoIIIeHHH C TpeTbHM JIHn;OM, rrpHHHBIIIHM Bem;b. IT pH
peaJIbHOii rrepe.n;a'le .n;BHiRHMOCTH, HBJIHIOm;eMCH rrpe.n;MeTOM
o6m;ero rrpaBa rrpeHMym;ecTBa H rrpaBa rrpeHMym;ecTBa rro rro-
BO.n;y .n;BHiRHMOCTH, TpeTbeMY JIHn;y rrpaBO rrpeHMym;ecTBa He
MOmeT 6bITb peaJIH30BaHO B OTHomeHHH ;IJ;aHHoro JIH:u;a (3TO
He OTHOCHTCH K CJIy'laIO rrepe.n;a'lH IIpaBa Ha Bem;b)
(CT. 333 fR). B OTHOIIIeHHH He.n;BHiRHMOCTH, HBJIHIOm;eMCH
rrpe));?IeTOM Oom;ero rrpaBa rrpeHMym;eeTBa, yeJIOBHeM .n;eMCT-
BHTeJIbHOCTH rrpaBa IIpelIMym;ecTBa B COOTBeTCTBlIH C OOm;HM
rrpHHn;nIIOM BbICTYIIaeT perHCTpan;IIH (CT. 177 fR).
2) OTHoIIIeHHH MeiR.n;y JIHn;OM, OOJIa;IJ;aIOm;HM OOm;HM npa-
BOM rrpeHMym;ecTBa, H JIHn;OM, OOJIa;IJ;alOm;HM npaBoM Bem;Horo
ooeCrre'IeHHH.
a) OCOObIM nO;IJ;xo.n; R OOm;eMY npaBY npeHMym;eCTBa. ITo-
OKOJIbKY oom;ee npaBO npeHMym;ecTBa pacnpocTpaHHeTcH Ha
Bee rr Iym;eeTBo ));OJIiRHHRa, npeHMym;ecTBeHHoe y;IJ;OBJIeTBOpe-
HHe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa .n;OJIiRHO ocym;eCTBJIHTI.CH H3 TOM '1aCTH
.n;aHHoro HMym;ecTBa, ROTopaH B MeHbIIIeH CTeIIeHH CBH3aHa C
HHTepecaMH ;IJ;pyrHx Kpe.n;HTopOB. A HMeHHO: npeHMym;ecTBeH-
Hoe y.n;OBJIeTBOpeHHe OOH3areJII.CTBa .n;OJIiRHO ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH
B CJIe.n;yIOm;eM nOCJIep;OBaTeJIbHOCTH - npem.n;e Bcero H3 .n;BH-
mlIMOCTII, BO BTOPYIO O'Iepe;IJ;b H3 He)1;BHmIIMOCTH, He lIBJIHIO-
m;eMCH rrpe.n;MeTOM OOeCIIE''IeHHH .n;pyrHx OOH3aTeJIbCTB, H JIHIIII:.
B nOCJIe.n;HIOIO O'Iepe.n;b H3 He;IJ;BHiRHMOCTH, HBJIHIOm;eMCH rrpe.n;-
MeTOM OOeCIIe'IeHHH ;IJ;pyrHx OOH3aTeJII:.eTB ('II. 1 H 2
CT. 335 fR).
6) OTHoIIIeHHH C npaBoM 3aKJIa.n;a ;IJ;BIIiRHMOCTH. B CJIy-
<rae, eCJIH .n;BHiRlIMOCTI:. o.n;HoBpeMeHHo HBJIHeTCH rrpe.n;MeToM
oom;ero rrpaBa npeHMym;ecTBa H 3alwa.n;a, aalwa.n; npHpaBHH-
BaeTCH R npaBY rrpeHMym;ecTBa rro rrOBO;IJ;y ;IJ;BHiRHMOCTH nep-
BOM O'Iepe.n;H (CT. 334 fR).
B) PerHCTpan;HH rrpaBa npeHMym;ecTBa IIO nOBO.n;y He.n;BH-
iKlIMOCTH. ITO;IJ;06HaH perlICTpan;HH HeOOXOIJ;HMa, npH'IeM ee
YCJIOBHH OOJIee CTporHe, 'IeM B OOm;HX CJIY"laHX (CM. CT. 337,
338, 340 fR).
84. Cnen;n H'IeCKHe OCHOBaHHH .n;JIH rrpeKpa eHlIH rrpaBa
npeHMy eCTBa HeMHOrO'IHCJIeHHbI. B CJIY'Iae )1;BHiRHMOCTH
3THM OCHOBaHHeM HBJIHeTCH, KaK yiRe OTMe'IaJIOCI:., peaJII:.HaH
rrepe.n;a'Ia HMym;ecTBa nORynaTeJIIO (CT. 333 fR), a B CJIy'Iae
He)1;BHiI\lIMOCTlI - .n;eHeiRHOe HCnOJIHeHHe OOH3aTeJII:.CTBa co
208
CTOpOHbI TpeTberO JIIIIJ;a, KyrrlIBIIIero Hep;BlliRllMYIO C06CTBeH-
HOCn (CT. 377 fIt), llJIll llHble cIIoc06bI llCIIOJIHeHllH 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa (CM. CT. 378 II CJIep;. fIt).
r naB a 10. 3AKnAA
85. IIOBJITHe 3aKJIap;a. 3aKJIap; npep;CTaBJIHeT C060H OP;HO
:lI3 IIpaB BeIIJ;Horo 06eCIIe'IeHllH, IIpll KOTOpOM Kpep;IlTOp B IJ;e-
JIHX 06ecne'IeHllH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa npHHllMaeT OIIpep;eJIeHHYIO
Bem;b 0'1' P;OJIiRHllRa llJIlI TpeTbero JIllIJ;a H yp;epiRllBaeT ee p;o
HCIIOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, KOCBeHHO IIpllHyiRp;aH TaKllM
o6pa30M p;OJIiRHIIRa R llCIIOJIHeHllIO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, a B CJIY'Iae
HeHCIIOJIHeHllH 06Jf3aTeJIbCTBa IIpll06peTaeT IIpaBO IIpellMY-
m;eCTBeHHoro yp;OBJIeTBOpeHllH 06.II3aTeJIbCTBa 113 yp;epiRllBae-
MOH Bem;H (CT. 342, 347 fIt).
1) CpaBHeHHe 3aKJIap;a H HIIOTeKH. 3aKJIap;, RaR II lliiOTe-
Ra, IIpllHap;JIeiRllT K IIpaBaM Bem;Horo 06eCIIe'IeHllH, B03Hll-
KaIOm;IlM Ha OCHOBe p;orOBopa, II npllMeHHeTCH B tPllHaHcoBbIX
onepaIJ;IlHX, op;HaKO C TO'IKII 3peHllH p;eHcTBllH 8TllX llHCTllTY-
TOB B tPllHaHCOBbIX onepaIJ;IlHX MeiRp;y 3aKJIap;OM II lliiOTeKOH
:lIMeIOTCH cym;ecTBeHHble pa3JIll'IllH.
a) B OTJIll'Ille 0'1' 3aKJIap;a, IIpll KOTOpOM 3aJIOrOp;aTeJIb He
MomeT IIOJIb30BaTbCH H 113BJIeKaTb Bblrop;y 113 Bem;ll, IIpep;-
CTaBJIeHHOH B 3aRJIap;, illplI lliiOTeKe Bem;b OCTaeTCH y 3aJIOrO-
p;aTeJIH, KOTOpbIH MOiReT ee llCIIOJIb30BaTb H IIOJIY'IaTb BbI-
TOP;Y.
B CB.lI311 C 8TllM B03HllKaeT BOIIpOC: MoiReT JIll 3aJIOrOp;ep-
maTeJIb caM llCIIOJIb30BaTb H IIOJIY'IaTb Bbll'OP;y 113 Bem;ll, Ha-
XOp;Hm;eHCH y Hero B 3aKJIap;e? no 8TOMY IIOBOP;y fIt YCTa-
HaBJIllBaeT IIpllHIJ;IlII, B COOTBeTCTBllII C KOTOpbIM 3aJIOrOp;ep-
iRaTeJIb He MOiReT llCIIOJIb30BaTb II H3BJIeKaTb BbIrOP;y 113
Bem;ll, HBJI.lIIOm;ellcH IIpep;MeToM 3aKJIap;a, 6e3 CorJIaCllH Ha TO
3aJIorop;aTeJI.II (CM. CT. 350, 298 fIt). Op;IHmo B OTHOIIIeHllII
3a'KJIap;a Hep;Bllif\IlMOCTll, Y'IllTbIBaH, 'ITO HellCIIOJIb30BaHlle
3eMJIll yxyp;IIIaeT ee Ra'leCTBa, fIt Ha)];eJI.lIeT 3aJIOrO)J;epmaTe-
JIH IIpaBOM llCIIOJIb30BaHlIH H IIOJIY'IenlUl BbITO}J;bI (CM. CT. 356
fIt). 8'1'0 He paCIIpOCTpaH.lIeTCH Ha Ty He)J;BlliRllMOCTb, KOTO-
paH, llCXOP;H 113 rocyp;apcTBeHHOll IIOJIIITIIKll, MOiReT 6bITb
BCIIOJIb30BaHa JIllIIIb OIIpep;eJIeHHbIMll JIllIJ;aMH, II08TOMY 3aRO-
HOp;aTeJIbCTBO 3arrpem;aeT 3aRJIa)J; IIpaBa Ha pa3pa60TKY He)J;p
II IIpaBa Ha Bep;eHlle pbI6Horo IIpOMbICJIa (CM. CT. 13, 72 3aKo-
Ha 0 ropHOM p;eJIe, CT. 23 3aKoHa 0 pbI6HOM IIPOMbICJIe). IIo
14 3aKas Hi 892
209
3THM me rrpH'IHHaM aarrpem;aeTCH aaKJIap; aaperHCTpHpOBaH-
HMX MOpCKIIX H pe'IHMX CYP;OB, aBTOMamHH II CaMOJIeTOB, aa-
HHTMX Ha TpaHCIIOpTHMX nepeB03Kax (CM. CT. 850, 851 fIt).
6) OCHOBaHIIeM YCTaHOBJIeHIIH aaKJIap;a HBJIHeTCH peaJIb-'
HaH rrepep;a'Ia BeIll,H aaJIorOp;epmaTemo (CT. 344 fIt). OCTaB-
JIeHHe p;aHHoii Bem;H BO BJIap;eHHH 3aJIOrOp;aTeJIH aarrpem;aeTCH
(CT. 345 fIt). B OTJ'IH'IHe OT 3Toro rrpH HrrOTeKe MeTop;OM
06eCne'IeHHH rJIaCHOCTH HBJIHeTCH perHCTpa HH, nOCKOJIbKY'
npep;MeT aaJIora He rrepexop;lIT BO BJIap;eHlIe aaJIorOp;epJRaTe-
JIH. B CBHaH C perHCTpa lIell CJIep;yeT Y'IHTblBaTb, 'ITO B OT-
HomeHHH HeKOTopMX eHHbIX 6YMar perHCTpa HH HeB03l\lOm-
Ha, n03TOMY HX HnOTeKa B03Monma TOJIbKO rrpHMeHlITeJIbHO K
TeM eHHbIM 6YMaraM, perIICTpa IIH KOTOpMX npeP;YCMOTpe-
Ha rocyp;apcTBOM. ComaCHO p;enCTBYIOm;eMY aaKOHOp;aTeJIbCT-
BY HnOTeKa npeP;YCMOTpeHa B OTHomeHHlI Hep;BIImlIMOCTH
(CM. n. 1 CT. 369 fIt), cynepcpn lIH H 3McplITeBaHca (CM. n.2
CT. 369 fIt), npaBa Ha paapaooTKY Hep;p (orOBopKa CT. 13,
3aKoHa 0 ropHOM p;eJIe), npaBa Ha pM6HMll npOMbICeJI (CT. 23
H 24 3aKoHa 0 pM6HOM npOMbICJIe), JIeca Ha KOpHIO ( CT. 2:
3aKOHa 0 JIecax), aaperlICTpHpOBaHHMX MOpCKHX H pe'IHMX
CYP;OB (CT. 848 fIt) H HHoro.
2) 3aRJIap; npaB. 3aKJIap; rrpaB BoaMomeH B OTHomeHHB
06HaaTeJIbCTB, aK HOHepHbIX rrpaB H HHbIX, XOTH rro 3TOMY
Borrpocy B HayKe rpamp;aHCKoro npaBa cym;ecTByeT H TO'IK11>
apeHHH, CBOp;Hm;aHCH K TOMY, 'ITO B p;aHHOM CJIY'Iae pe'Ib np;eT
He 0 'IHCTOM aaKJIap;e.
86. XapaRTepHCTHKa aaKJIa):1;a. 3aKJIap; xapaKTepIIayeTc1JI
CJIep;YIOm;HMH 'IepTaMH:
1) IIpOHaBO):1;HOCTblO - aaK.'1ap; He cym;ecTByeT 6e3 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBeHHoro npaBa; npeKpam;eHlIe 06fIaaTeJIbCTBa Bep;eT It
npeKpam;eHHIO aaKJIap;a, H60 eJIh aaIwa,n;a - 06eene'IeHne
06H3aTeJIbCTBa.
2) TeM, 'ITO, KaK H ,n;pyrIIe npaBa Bem;Horo 06eCne'IeIllIH.
aaKJIap; CJIep;yeT aa 06HaaTeJIbCTBoM.
3) He):1;eJIHMOCTblO - p;o nOJIHOrO HCIIOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBI;!. rrpep;MeT aaKJIap;a yp;epmHBaeTCH B nOJIHml o6'bel\Ie II
MomeT 6bITb TaKme npop;aH C ToprOB.
4) TeM, 'ITO, no,n;06Ho. npaBY npeIIMym;ecTBa II HITOreKe.
aaKJIa,n; 06JIa,n;aeT Be Ho:ii aa:lUeJIHMOCTblO (CT. 350, 304 fIt).
87. Y CTaHOBJIeHHe aaRJIa):1;a.
1) 3aKJIap; YCTaHaBJIHBaerCH B p;orOBopHO:M rropHp;Ke.
210
a) CTopOHaMH ,n:DrDBDpa HBJIHIOTCJI I\pe)J;HTDp H 3aJWrO-
JWTeJIh. IIpH aTOM He 06H3aTeJIhHO, 'lTDObI 3aJIDrD)J;aTeJIeM OhIJI
,n:OJImHHK, HM MDmeT ObITb H TpeTbe JIII:U;D. IIo,n:DOHDe JIII:U;O
Ha3bIBaeTCJI Be HbIM IIopY1JHTeJIeM. B DTJIII1JlIe OT DObI1JHDro
Bem;HhIH rrDpY1JIITeJIb He HeceT OOH3aTeJIbCTB nepe,n: Kpe)J;HTD-
pOM, o,n:HaKD, 1JTDObI 1I30emaTb npO)J;amlI BeIIJ;lI C TOproB B CJIY-
'Iae HelICrrDJIHeHHH 3aJIDrD)J;aTeJIeM DOH3aTeJIbCTBa, OH MomeT
caM HCrrOJIHIITb DOH3aTeJIbCTBO (CM. CT. 474 rR). B CJIY1Jae
npD)J;amlI Bem;H C TDprDB Bem;HbIH rropY1JHTeJIb MDmeT Tpeoo-
Ban DT ,n:OJImHHRa BD3Mem;eHIIH Bpe,n:a (CT. 351, 459 H CJIe,n:.
rR).
0) )J;eHcTBHTeJIbHOCTb )J;Ol'OBOpa DO YCTaHOBJIeHlI1I 3aKJIa)J;a
B03HHRaeT C MDMeHTa p;OCTaBRII Bell.(H 3aJIDrO)J;epmaTeJIIO
(CT. 344 rR).
2) 06'beKTOM 3aKJIa,n:a MorYT ObITb Bem;H II IIMym;ecTBeH-
HbIe npaBa (CT. 343, 362 rR), O)J;HaRO CJIe.n:yeT Y'IIITbIBaTb,
'ITD 1I3 Bem;eH OO'beRTDM 3aI\JIa)J;a MDrYT CTaTb JIlImb Te, nepe-
,n:a'Ia RDTOpbIX BD3MDmHa.
3) 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, B 06eCIIe1JeHHH KOTOpbIX YCTaHaBJIHBa-
eTCH 3amm)J;, He OrpaHH'IllBaIOTCH JIHmb ,n:eHemHbIMII. )J;aHHoe
nOJIDmeHlIe B03MDmHO, rrOCKDJIbKy Ha Hero pacrrpOC'TpaHHeTCff
nOJIOmeHlIe rR 0 BD3Mem;eHHII B ,n:eHemHDH 4>opMe rrplI'lH-
HeHHDro HelICnOJIHeHlIeM DOH3aTeJIbCTBa Bpe,n:a (CM. CT. 417
rR).
RpoMe TDrD, 3aRJIa,n: MDmeT YCTaHaBJIIIBaTbCH He TDJIbRD
B DTHDmeHHII yme B03HHKmlIX DOH3aTeJIbCTB, HD II B OTHDme-
HIIII oy,n:ym;IIX. OoeCrre'IeHlIe rro,n:DOHbIX OOH3aTeJIbCTB MDmeT
ObITb WlYX BII,n:DB. BD-rrepBbIX, DOeCrre1JeHlIe YCJIOBHbIX OOH3a-
TeJIbCTB H, BO-BTOpbIX, o6ecrre'Iemre orrpe,n:eJIeHHOll CYMMDll
MHOmeCTBa Heorrpe)J;eJIeHHbIX DOH3aTeJIbCTB, BbITeRaIOm;IIX 1I3
OCHOBHDrD ,n:orOBopa. B IIepBDM CJIY'Iae OObI'IHD H3BeCTHD II
OOH3aTeJIbCTBO, rrD,n:JIemam;ee ooeCrre1JeHIIIO, II erD CYMMa, BD
BTOpDM CJIY1Jae, XDTH II 3aRJIIO'IaeTCH DCHDBHOH )J;DrOBDp,
rrDpom,n:aIOm;lIll DOH3aTeJIbCTBa, caMH DHH Heorrpe,n:eJIeHHbI,
O)J;HaRO B OTHomeHIIH BcerD IIX OO'beMa YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH
orrpe,n:eJIeHHOe DOeCrre'IeHlle.
88. ECJIII IIHDe He Drrpe,n:eJIeHO ,n:DrOBopOM, ccpepa 06FI3a-
TeJIbCTBa, 06eCrre1JHBaeMOl'O 3aKJIa,n:OM, BKJII01JaeT RarrlITaJIb-
HyIO CYM fY, rrpD:u;eHTbI, neYCTDHRY, pacxo,n:bI Ha CDBepmeHlIe
3aRJIa,n:a (CM. CT. 15 3aRDHa 00 aYKIJ;IIDHe) , pacxo,n:bI Ha
coxpaHeHlIe 3aRJIa,n:a (CM. CT. 350, 299 rR) II B03Mem;eHlIe
Bpep;a BCJIe,n:CTBlIe HelICrrOJIHeHUH oOH3aTeJIbCTBa II CRpbITbIX
14*
211
}W<peRTaB BeID,H, aTp;aHHa:ii B 3almap; (CT. 246 fR). lIa cpaB-
HeHHIO C HrraTelw:ii 3Ta 6aJIee IIIHpaRaJI c<pepa (CM. CT. 374.
fR).
89. 3aKJIap; Hero OO'beKTbI. ,ZJ;aHHble BarrpaCbI peIIIalOTCJJ:
Ba aCHaBaHHH TaJJJRaBaHHJI p;araBapa 0'6 YCTaHaBJIeHHH 3aRJIa-
p;a H peaJIbHa:ii rrepep;R'IH BeID,H. XaTJI B caaTBeTCTBHH C rrpH-
HJITbIM npHHII,HnaM 3aRJIap; rJIaBHa:ii BeID,H p;amReH carrpaBam-
p;aTbCJI 3aRJIap;aM npHHap;JIemHaCTH (CT. 87 fK), rrpH aTCYT-
CTBHH peaJIbHa:ii rrepep;a H rrpHHap;JIemHO'CTH 3aRJIap; He pac-
rrpO'CTpaHJIeTCJI Ha Hee. B O'THO'IIIeHHH 3aRJIap;a Hep;BHmHMO'-
CTH rrpHMeHJIIOTCJI rrO'JIO'meHHJI, rrpeP;YCMO'TpeHHble B O'THO'IIIe-
HHH HnO'TeRIT (CT. 361, 370 fK).
90. IIpaBa aaJIorOp;epmaTeJIH.
1) 3aJIO'rO'p;epmaTeJIb MO'meT yp;epmHBaTb BeID,b p;o rrO'JI-
BO'rO' HCrrO'JIHeHHJI O'6JI3aTeJIbCTBa (CM. CT. 347 fR, CT. 2 3a-
RO'Ha 0'6 aYRII,HO'He). Op;HaRa 3TO' rrpaBO' B O'TJIH He O'T rrpaBa
yp;epmaHHJI He HCRJIIO aeT rrpep;'bJIBJIeHHJI npeTeH3H:ii CO' CTO'-
paHDI 'Kpep;HTO'PO'B, O'6JIap;aIOID,HX npeHMYID,eCTBO'M nO' OTBO'-
IIIeHHIO R p;aHHO'MY 3aRJIap;y (O'rO'BO'PIW CT. 347 fR).
B CBJI3H C rrpaBO'M 3aJIOTO'p;epmaTeJIJI yp;epmHBaTb BeID,b.
HaXO'p;JIID,YIOCJI B 3aRJIap;e, 3aJIO'rO'p;epmaTeJIb pacrrO'JIaraeT
npaBaMH, aHaJIO'rH HbIMH rrpaBaM yp;epmaHHJI, a HMeHHO' npa-
BO'M npHO'6peTeHHJI rrJIO'p;O'B B HCnO'JIHeHHe O'6JI3aTeJIbCTBa, npa-
BO'M Tpe6O'BaHHJI BO'3BpaID,eHHJI HeO'6xO'p;I1MbIX paCXO'p;O'B H
paCXO'p:O'B nO' rrO'JIy eHHIO BblrO'p;bI, rrpaBO'M HCrrO'JIb3O'BaHl'£JI.
HeO'6xO'p;HMO'rO' P;JIJI CO'XpaHeHHJI BeID,H, H B aTO'M CMbICJIe rrpa-
BO'M Ha BJIap;eHHe BeID,blO. Op;HaRO' CJIep;yeT y HTbIBaTb, TO' B
O'THO'IIIeHHH 3aRJIap;a p;BHmHMO'CTH HMelOTCJI BeCbMa BamHbIe
O'rpaHH eHHJI (CM.: BeID,HO'e npaBO' - 93) .
BJIap;eHHe BeID,blO B rrO'PHp;Re peaJIH3aIl,HH 3aJIO'rO'p;epma-
TeJIeM rrpaBa 3aRJIap;a He MameT rrperrJITCTBO'BaTb HCTe eHHIO
rrO'raCHTeJIbHO'H p;aBHaCfH B O'THO'meHHH O'6JI3aTeJIbCTBa
(CT. 350, 300 fK).
2) HapJIp;y C rrpaBO'M yp;epmaHHJI BeIIW 3aJIO'rO'p;epmaTeJIb
B cJIy ae HeHCrrO'JIHeHIIJI O'6JI3aTeJIbCTBa B YCTaHO'BJIeHBbIH
CPO'R a6JIap;aeT rrpaBO'M rrpeIlMYID,eCTBeHHora HCrrOJIHeHHJI
a6JI3aTeJIbCTBa 3a c eT BeID,lI, HaXap;JII:u;errcJI B 3aRJIap;e. Crra-
ca6bI 3Tara arrpep;eJIJIIOTCJI 3aRoHaM 0'6 aYI\I1;rIOHe (CM. CT. 3,
22 YRa3aHHara 3aRaHa); KpaMe Tara, B OTHaIIIeHHH 3aI\JIap;a
,a;BHmHMaCTH H 3aRJIap;a npaB rrpep;YCMO'TpeH yrrpaID,eHHbIH
napJIp;a'K (CM. CT. 354, 367, 368 fK).
212
3) 3aJIoro;JJ;epmaTeJIb 06JIa;JJ;aeT TaRme npaBOM nepe-
3 aIma;JJ;a.
91. IIepeaaKJIa;JJ;.
1) 3aJIoro;JJ;epmaTeJIb o6JIa;JJ;aeT npaBOM nepeaaKJIa;JJ;a, T. e.,
nepe;JJ;a'IlI B 3aRJIa;JJ; nO;JJ; CBOIO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Bem;lI, Haxo-,
;JJ;Hm;en:cH Y Hero B 3aIma;JJ;e (CT. 348 rR).
2) Y CJIOBHeM nepeaaKJIa;JJ;a HBJIHeTCH HenpeBhImeHlIe ero-
CpOKOM cpOKa nepBoro 3aKJIa;JJ;a (CM. CT. 348,360 rR).
3) IIpaBoBbIM nOCJIe;JJ;CTBlIeM nepe3aKJIa;JJ;a rR YCTaHaBJIR-
BaeT 06H3aHHocTb 3aJIOrO;JJ;epmaTeJIH no B03Mem;eHlIIO Bpe;JJ;a'
;JJ;ame B TOM CJIY'Iae, Kor;JJ;a Bpe;JJ; 6hIJI nplI'IlIHeH HenpeO;JJ;OJIlI-
Moll: CHJIOn: (CT. 348 rR).
92. 06HaaHHOCTlI aaJIorO;JJ;ep>KaTeJIJI. Ocym;eCTBJIHH BJIa;JJ;e-
HlIe Bem;bIO B 3aKJIa;JJ;e, 3aJIOrO;JJ;epmaTeJIb MomeT pacnopH-
maTbCH eIO JIlIDIb ITPlI HelICnOJIHeHlIlI 06H3aTeJIbcTBa, a B
CJIY'Iae npeKpam;eHlIH 3aKJIa;JJ;a ;JJ;OJImeH BepHYTb ;JJ;aHHyIO Bem;b.
IJO;)TOMY B OTHOIDeHlIlI oOH3aHHocTlI 3aJIOTO,!{epmaTeJIH no>
xpaHeHRIO BeID;lI rR nplIMeHHeT HOpMbI, npe;JJ;ycMoTpeHHhIe'
B OTHomeHlIlI npaBa Y;JJ;epmaHlIH (CT. 350, 298 rR).
93. Oco6bIe nOJIOmeHlIJI B OTHomeHIIH aaKJIa;JJ;a ;JJ;BHmR-
MOCTR.
1) B OTHomeHRR 3aKJIa;JJ;a ;JJ;BlImlIMOCTR B Ka'IeCTBe YCJIO-
BlIH ;JJ;en:cTBRTeJIbHOCTlI 3aRJIa;JJ;a npe;JJ;YCMOTpeHO He TOJIbKO'
ocym;eCTBJIeHlIe nepexo;JJ;a BJIa;JJ;eHlIH, HO 1I npO;JJ;OJImRTeJIb-
BOCTb (nOCTOHHCTBO );JJ;aHHoro BJIa;JJ;eHlIH B Ka'IeCTBe YCJIOBlIH,.,
RCKJIIO'IaIOm;erO npe;JJ;'bHBJIeHlIe npeTeH3Rll: co CTOpOHhI TpeTb--
RX JIRn; (CT. 352 rR). B nOM MbI HaXO;JJ;lIl\I OTJIR'IlIe OT 3a-
KJIa;JJ;a He;JJ;BlImlIMOCTlI, nplI KOTOpOM yKa3aHHbIl\I YCJIOBlIeM
IIBJIHeTCH pernCTpan;RH. O;JJ;HaKO BJIa;JJ;eHlIe MomeT ocym;ecTB-
JIHTbCH R 'Iepe3 npe;JJ;CTaBRTeJIH. IIplI aTOM CJIe;JJ;yeT lIMeTb B'
BR;JJ;Y, 'ITO 3aJIorO;JJ;aTeJIb He MOiReT ObITb TaRRM npe;JJ;CTaBRTe-'
JIeM (CT. 345 rR).
2) B CJIy'Iae, eCJIlI 3aJIOrO;JJ;epmaTeJIb ;JJ;BHmlIMOCTR JIlImeR
BJIa;JJ;eHRH 3aJIOmeHHOll: Bem;bIO, OH MomeT npe;JJ;'bHBRTb lICK 06
oxpaHe BJIa;JJ;eHRH, TpeooBaTb B03Bpam;eHHH YRa3aHHOll: Bem;lI.
O;JJ;HaKo, eCJIlr 3aJIOrO;JJ;epmaTeJIb TepHeT Bem;b, l\IOmeT Jill OR
Tpe60BaTb ee B03Bpam;eHlIH, OCHOBbIBaHCb JIlImb Ha npaBe.
3aKJIa;JJ;a? RaK yme OTMe'IaJIOCb, YTpaTa BJIa;JJ;eHRH Bem;bIO
B 3RKJIa;JJ;e Be;JJ;eT K YTpaTe YCJIOBlIll:, RCKJIIO'IaIOm;lIX npe;JJ;'bHB-
21
.JreHHe llpeTeH3Hi1: co CTOpOHbI TpeThlIX JIHQ (CT. 352 rR). ITo-
TOMY B 3TOM cJIY'Iae 3aJIOrO)J;epiRaTeJII, He MOiReT, OCHOBhIBa-
.HCh Ha rrpaBe 3aKJIa)J;a, Tpe60BaTh OT JIlIQa, 3aBJIa)J;eBrnero
Be:IQhlO, ee B03Bpam;eHHH.
3) B OTHorneHlIH 3aKJIa)J;a )J;BlIiRHMOCTH rrpeA)'CMOTpeH
yrrpom;eHHbIH: rropH)J;OK peaJI1I3aQHlI 3aJIOiReHHOH: Bem;H B CJIY-
'lae HeHCrrOJIHeHHH 3aJIorO)J;aTeJIeM OOH3aTeJIhCTBa. 3aJIOrb)J;ep-
iRaTeJIh 06pam;aeTCH B CY)J; 3a Y)J;OBJIeTBOpeHHeM CBoero 06H-
3aTeJIhCTBa 3a C'leT Bem;H, HaXO)J;Hm;eH:CH B 3aJIOre, C rrpe)J;BapH-
TeJIhHOH: OQeHKOH: ee 3KcrrepTOM (CT. 354 rR, CT. 83 2 3aKoHa
o rrpoQe)J;ype paccMoTpeHHH )J;eJI B rropH)J;Ke oc060ro rrpoH3-
BO)J;cTBa) .
. 4) B CJIY'lae KOHtPJIIIKTa HeCKOJIhKHX rrpaB 3aKJIa}:t.a rro
rrOBO)J;Y )J;BHiRHMOCTH B OTHorneHHH O)J;HOH: Bem;H HX O'lepe)J;-
HOCTh orrpe)J;eJIHeTCH rropH]1;KOM YCTaHOBJIeHHH 3aKJIa)J;a
(CT. 355 rR).
94. Ocool>Ie IIOJIOmeHlIH B OTHomeHIIII 3aKJIa)'l;a He)'l;BHmn-
MOCTH.
1) RaK H B OTHorneHlIII )'I;BHIIHIMOCTH, rrpH 3aKJIa)J;e He)J;BH-
iRHMOCTH YCJIOBHeM )J;8HcTBHTeJIhHOCTH 3aKJIa)J;a HBJIHeTCH
rrepexo)J; BJIa)'l;eHHH 3aJIOiReHHOH Bem;hlO, a YCJIOBHeM, HCKJIIO-
'lalOm;HM rrpe)J;'bHBJIeHHe rrpeTeH3HH: co CTOpOHbI TpeThHX JIHQ,
C'lHTaeTCH perlICTpaQHH (CT. 177 rR, CT. 1 3aKoHa 0 perH-
CTpaQHH He)'l;BIIiRHMOH: CO'OCTB8HIIOCTH).
2) llpH 3aKJIa)J;e He)];BHiRHMOCTH 3aJIOrO)];epiRaTeJIb 06JIa-
)'I;aeT rrpaBoM ee HCrrOJIh30BaHHH II rrOJIY'IeHHH BbIro)J;bI
(CT. 356 rK), OH iRe HeceT Bce paCXO)'l;bI, CBH3aHHbIe C yrrpaB-
JIeHHeM ero (CT. 357 rR), II, KpOMe Toro, He MOiReT Tpe60-
BaTh BhIIlJIaThI rrpOQeHTOB (CT. 358 rR). 8TH rrOJIOiReHHH,
O)'l;HaKO, He 06JIa)'l;alOT 06H3aT8JIbHOH CHJTOH: H MOryT 6bITh H3-
MeHeHbI rro COrJIarneHHIO CTOpOH (CT. 359 rR).
3) CPOK 3aKJIa)];a He)];BHiRIIMOCTH He MOiReT rrpeBbIrnaTb
10 JIeT. B CJIy'Iae ero rrpeBblrneHIIH CpOK 3aKJIa)J;a orrpe)'l;eJIH-
,eTCH B 10 JTeT (rr. 1 CT. 360 rK). LJ;orrycKaeTcH 06HOBJIeHHe
3 aIma)J; a, HO TaKiRe CpOKOM He 60JIee 'IeM Ha 10 JIeT (rr. 2
CT. 360 rR).
4) 3aKJIa)J; He)'l;BHiRHMOCTII OTJIII'IaeTCH OT HrrOTeKH Te I,
TO TIPH 3aKJIa)J;e BJIa)];eHHe rrepeXO)];IIT K 3aJIOrO)];epiRaTeJIIO,
no C TO'IKH 3peHHH rrpIIHa)'l;JIeiRHOCTH )'I;aHHbIX HHCTHTYTOB I{
npaBaM Bem;Horo 06eCrre'IeHHH MeiR)J;Y HIIMH MHoro 06m;ero,
II03TOMY Ha 3aKJIaJ); HeJ);BHiRHMOCTH rR pacrrpocTpaHHeT 06-
D:J:\He IIOJIOiReHHH HiiOTeRH (CT. 361, 370, 374, 377-387 rR).
214
95. OcoobIe IIOJIOmeHHH B OTHomeHHD 3aKJIa;a;a rrpaB.
XOTH 06 eKT 3aKJIa;a;a npaB -- HeMaTepHaJIbHbIe npe;a;MeTbI,
ero xapaKTep aHaJIOrH'IeH ;a;pyrHM BH;a;aM 3aKJIa;a;a. BMecTe
C TeM npHMeHeHHe 06m;eTeOpeTH'IeCKHX nOJIOJI\eHHH HHCTH-
TYTa 3aKJIa;a;a K 3aKJIa;a;y npaB Tpe6yeT onpe;a;eJIeHHbIX ROp-
peKTHpoBOK. rR pacrrpocTpaHHeT Ha 06 eI\T 3aKJIa;a;a npaB
nOJIOiReHHH 06m;eH '1aCTH npaBa 3aKJIa;a;a, 3aKJIa;a;a ;a;BHiRHMO-
CTH H He;a;BlIiRlIMOCTH (n. 2 CT. 362 rR). IIpH aTOM CJIe;a;yeT
Y'lHTbIBaTL, '1TO rrpH 06H3aTeJILCTBaX Ha npe;a; HBHTeJIH, pac-
CMaTpHBaeMLIX B Ka'leCTBe ;a;BlIiRHMOCTlI (n. 3 CT. 86 rR),
3aKJIa;a; aKIJ;HH Ha npe;a;'liHBHTeJIH, HBJIHIOm;HHCH rro CBoeH cy-
TH 3aKJIa;a;OM npaB, TeM He MeHee OTHOCHTCH K 3aKJIa;a;y ;a;BH-
mHMOCTH, nOOKOJILRy cPaKTH'IeCKOe rocnO;a;CTBO Ha;a; npaBOM
B ;a;aHHOM CJIY'lae npOHBJIHeTCH B BH;a;e BJIa;a;eHHH I.J;eHHbIMl1!
6YiMaraMH. O;a;HaKO C TO'lKH 3peHlIH rocrrO;a;CTBa 3aKJIa;a;a Ha;a;
06MeHHOH D;eHHOCTLIO ;a;aHHLle OTflOIIIeHHH BXO)J;HT B rpyn-
ny 3aKJIa;a;a npaB, KOTopbIe BonJIOm;aIOTCH B BH)J;e D;eHHbIX
6YMar.
IIpeAMeToM 3aKJIa;a;a npaB HBJIHIOTCH Bem;HLle rrpaBa, 06-
JIa;a;aIOm;He nepe;a;aBaeMOCTLIO (CT. 362, 343 rR), O;a;HaKO
npaBO c06CTBeHHOCTlI, npaBO BJIa;a;eHHH, cepBHTYT (B OTpLlBe'
OT npaBa 3eMeJILHOH c06CTBeHHOCTH) H ;a;pyrHe, MCXO;a;H H3 HX
xapaKTepa, He MorYT HBJIHTLCH npe;a;MeTOM 3aKJIa;a;a npaB.
3aKJIa;a; rrpaB YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH rJIaBHLIM 06pa30M B OTHOIIIe-
HHH 06H3aTeJILCTB H aKD;HOHepHbIX npaB, a TaKiRe cynep-
cPHD;HH, aMcPHTeB3Hca, HeMaTepHaJILHbIX Bem;HLIX npaB R
UHbIX.
1) 3aKJIa;a; OOH3areJIbCTB.
06H3aTeJILCTBa npe;a;CTaBJIHIOT C060H HaH60JIee BaiRHbIR
o6 eKT 3RKJIa;a;a npaB. 3;a;ecL HMeeTCH 3Ha'lHTeJILHOe '1UCJIO
np06JIeM,. Tpe6YIOm;HX paccMoTpeHHH.
Bo-nepBLlx, nOOKOJILKY 06H3aTeJILCTBa 06JIa)J;aIOT nepe-
aBaeMOCTbIO, OHH B npHHD;lIne MOryT HBJIHTbCH npe)J;MeTOM
3aRJIa)J;a (C L CT. 466 rR). STO, O;a;HaKO, He pacrrpOCTpaHHeT-
CH Ha Herrepe;a;aBaeMLle 06H3aTeJILCTBa (CT. 343 rR). 3aKJIa;a;
06H3aTeJILCTB, KOTopLle MorYT nepe;a;aBaTLCH JIlIIlIL C cor. 'la-
CHH ;a;OJIiRHHKa (CM. CT. 612 rR), HeB03MOiReH 6e3 er()
COrJIaCHH. 3aKJla;a; o6H3aTeJIbCTB co cneD;UaJIbHbIM
COYJIailiemleM 0 3anpeIqeHHH HX nepe,l\'a'lH B'03MOiReH JIHmb.
npH HaJIH'IlIH ;a;06pOCOBeCTHOCTH Kpe;a;HTopa (CM. n. 2
CT. 466 rR).
BO-BTOpLIX, YCJIOBlIeM ;a;eHCTBlITeJILHOCTH 3aRJIa;a;a npaB
HBJIHeTCH BpY'leHHe ;a;OKYMeHTa, y;a;ocToBepHIOm;ero OQH3aTeJIL-
21&
TBO (CT. 363 rR). O)J;HaKO :')TO OTHOCIITCH JIIIIIII> K CJIY'IaHM,
1\Or)J;a 06H3aTeJII>CTBO lIMeeT Y)J;OCTOBepmOm;lIe ero )J;OKyMeH-
TbI, rrplI OTCYTCTBUII iRe rrO)J;o6HbIX )J;OKYMeHTOB )J;aHHoe rrOJIO-
'iReHlIe CJIe)J;yeT TOJIKOBaTI> B CMIJCJIe HaJIII'IIIH BOJIeII3'bHBJIe-
HIIH.
B-TpeTI>IIX, YCJIOBIIH, IICKJIIO'Iarom;lIe rrpe)J;'bHBJIeHlIe rrpe-
-reH3IIH co CTOpOHIJ TpeTI>HX JIlIn;, pa3JIII'IHIJ B 3aBIICHMOCTH
<JT BII)J;a 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. Ilx MOiRHO pa3)J;eJIIIT:b Ha CJIe)J;yIOm;lIe
: l'pYIIITI>I.
a) B OTHOIIIeHlI1I HMeHHbIX OOJlaaTeJIbCTB - YBe)J;OMJIe-
-HlIe )J;OJIiRHIIKa (TpeT:berO )J;OJIiRHIIKa) co CTOpOHIJ Kpe-
J];IITopa (30JIOrO)J;aTeJIH) IIJIII CorJIaClIe )J;OJIiRHIIKa (TpeT:berO
'J];OJIiRHIIKa) Ha YCTaHOBJIeHlIe 3aKJIa)J;a (rr. 1 CT. 364,
'CT. 467 rR).
6) B OTHOIIIeJllI1I HMeHHbIX OOHaareJIbCTB aRn;HoHepHblx
-()Om;eCTB - p8rlICTpan;IIH IIX rrepe)J;R'l1I B COOTBeTCTBlI1I C rro-
JIOiReHIIHMII TR (CT. 307 TR) B KHHrax perlICTpan;1I1I )J;OJIro-
_BIJX 06H3aT8JII>CTB KOMIIaHlI1I (CT. 365 rR).
B) B OTHOIIIeHlI1I HMeHHbIX OOJIHran;HH rOCY)J;apCTBeHHoro
:aaiiMa rrOJIHaH )J;8flCTBIIT8JII>HOCTI> HacTyrraeT C MOM8HTa BPY-
'IeHIIH n;eHHOH: 6YMarlI, nOCKOJIbKY 3aKOH M 17 OT 1904 r.
BIJBO)J;IIT )J;aHHIJH BII)J; o6H3aTeJII>CTBa H3-nO)J; )J;eHcTBIIH n. 1
.cT. 364 rR. RaK II B OTHom8HIIII IIM8HHbIX aKn;IIH, rrpO)J;OJIiRlI-
TeJII>H08 BJIa)J;eHlIe )J;aHHbIMII n;eHHbIMII 6YMaraMII HBJIH8TCH
'YCJIOBlIeM, IICKJIro'tfarom;IIM npe)J;'bHBJIeHlIe rrpeTeH31IH: co CTO-
pOHIJ TpeT:bIIX JIIIIJ; (rr. 2 CT. 362, CT. 352 rR). IIplI 3aKJIa)J;e
iRe perlIcTpHpyeMJ>IX OOJIHran;Hii roCY)J;apCTBeHHoro aaHMa
'Tpe6yeTcH perlICTpan;IIH (3aKOH M 34 OT 1906 r.).
r) B OTHOIIIeHlI1I OOHaare,;IbCTB no nplIRaay - HaJIII'IlIe
IIH)J;occaMeHTa (CT. 366, 469 rR).
)J;) B OTHOIII8HIIII OOHaaTeJIbCTB na rrpeJ1:'bHBIITeJIH, rro-
"CKOJII>KY OHII paCCMaTplIBaroTcH B Ka'IeCTBe )J;BIIiRIIMOCTII, rrplI-
-MeHHroTcH nOJIOiI\eHIIH, rrpe)J;YCMOTpeHHbIe B OTHOIIIeHlI1I
:3aJWa)J;a )J;BlIffilI:\fOCTII (CT. 344, 352 rH).
2) 3aKJIa)J; aKn;Hii.
3aKJIa)J;y aJ\n;lIii B HaCTOHm;8e BpeMH rrplIHa)J;JIeiRlIT 3Ha-
<'IIITeJII>HaH pOJII> B ::I1\OHOMH'I8CKIIX OTHomeHIIHX. PaHee TR
'He cO)J;epiRaJI COOTBeTcTByrom;IIX nOJIO/I,8HIIH: Ha 3TOT C'I8T,
'II03TOMY MHonre BOrrpOCIJ peIIIaJIIICb B rropH)J;Ke TOJIKOBaHIIH
)J;pyrlIx rrOJIOiReHlIii TR, O)J;HaKO B pe3YJII>TaTe rrOCJIeBOeHHoro
rrepeCMOTpa TR (3aKoH M 167 OT 1%0 r.) B Hero 61>1JI1I
''JIKJIIO'IeHIJ COOTBeTcTByrom;lIe rrpaBIIJIa. P aCCMOTplIM rrpeiR)J;e
BC8ro rrOJIOffi8HIIH, Kacarom;lIecH I1M8HHbIX aKn;IIH:.
:-216
BO-rrepB:bIX, aK:U;UU MOrYT rrepep;aBaT:bCJI, U p;ame B CJIY'Iae,..
KOrp;a yCTaB TpeoyeT COrJIaCUJI COBeTa p;UpeKTOpOB (CM. rr. 1
CT. 204 TIt), aTO He rrpemITcTByeT rrpop;ame aK:U;RR Ha aYK-
D;UOHe (CT. 204 5 TIt), p;eJIaJI B03MOmIl:bIM 3aKJIap; UMeHH:bIX
aK:u;uR.
BO-BTOPblX, YCJIOBlIeM p;eHCTBlITeJI:bHOCTlI 3aKJIap;a aKD;lIw
JIBJIJIeTCJI lIX peaJI:bHaJI rrepep;a'Ia (rr. 1 CT. 207 fIt).
B-TpeT:blIX, YCJIOBlIeM, lICKJIIO'IaIOIIJ.;lIM rrpep;':bJIBJIeHlIe rrpe-
TeH31IH co CTOpOHbl TpeT:blIX JilIn;, C'IlITaeTCJI rrpOp;OJImlITeJI:b-
Hoe BJIap;eHlIe aKIJ;lIJIMlI co CTOpOHbl 3aJIOrOp;epmaTeJIJI (n. 2.
CT. 207 TIt). CJIep;yeT lIMeT:b B BlIP;y, 'ITO B p;aHHOM CJIY'Iae He
TpeoyeTCJI YBep;OMJIeHlJJI KOMnaHlIlI 00 YCTaHOBJIeHlIlI 3aKJIap;a
lIJIlI nOJIyqeHlIJI ee COrJIaClIJI (CM. n. 2 CT. 364 fit).
3) 3aKJIap; cynep<plIqRn 1I 3M<plITeB31Ica. .D:aHHble CJIY'IaH'
rrplIpaBHHBaIOTCJI K 3aI\JIap;y Hep;BlImlIMOCTlI, 3p;eC:b TpeoyeTCJI
peaJI:bHaJI rrepep;a'Ia Hep;BlImlIMOCTlI 1I perlICTpan;lIJI 3aKJIap;a.
Crrocoobl OCYIIJ.;eCTBJIeHlIJI TaKlIe me, KaK 1I B OTHOmeHlIlI lIrro-
TeKlI (rr. 2 CT. 362, CT. 361 fIt).
4) 3aKJIap; np8Ba Ha npOAYKTbI )Q'XOBHoro TBOpqeCTBa
3aKJIa)]; TaRlIX npaB, KaK naTeHTHoe, npaBO Ha npOMblIDJIeH-
Bble 00pa3n;bl 1I p;pyrlIe, TaKme BblnOJIHJIeT BamnyIO <PYHK-
n;mo. .D:aHHble OTHOIDeHIIJI peryJIlIpYIOTCJI COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ.;lIM!
3aKOHOp;aTeJI:bCTBOM, KOTopoe B nOCJIeBOeHHhIH rreplIOp; nop;-
BeprJIOCb BceCTopOHHeMY nepeCMOTpy (3aKoH 0 naTeHTax
1959 r., 3aKOH 0 npOMblIDJIeHHblX' 00pa3n;ax 1959 r.). Bo Bcex
CJIyqaJIX YCJIOBlIeM p;eHCTBlITeJI:bHOCTlI 3aKJIap;a JIBJIHeTCJI pe-
rlICTpan;lIJI (n. 1 CT. 98 3aKoHa 0 naTeHTax, n. 3 CT. 25 3a-
KOHa 00 1I300peTeHlIJIX, n. 3 CT. 35 3aKoHa 0 npOMblIDJIeHBblX
00pa3n;ax). Op;HaKo rrpaBO Ha lICnOJIb30BaHlIe 3aJIOmeHHoro.
npaBa np1I3HaeTCJI JIlIIDb B CJIyqaJIX YRa3aHlIJI Ha TO B p;orOBO-
pe (CT. 95 3aKoHa 0 naTeHTax, n. 1 CT. 25 3aKoHa 00 1I300pe-
TeHlIJIX, n. 1 CT. 35 3aKoHa 0 npOMblIDJIeBHblX o6pa3n;ax).
B aTOM OTHOIDeHlIlI p;aHHblH BlIP; 3aKJIap;a no CBoeH nplIpop;e"
OJI1I30K K lIrrOTeKe.
96. IIpeKpam;eHHe 3aKJlap;a. Cnen;lI<plIqeC {lIMlI OCHOBa-
HlIJIMlI P;JIJI npeKpaIIJ.;eHlIJI npaBa 3aKJIap;a JIBJIJIIOTCJI Tpeoo-
BaHlIe COOCTBeHHlIKa 0 ero npeKpaIIJ.;eHlIlI (CT. 350 fIt), a TaK-
me, rrplIMeHUTeJI:bHO R 3aKJIap;y Hep;BlImlIMOCTlI, p;eHemHoe
lICnOJIHeHlIe 00JI3aTeJIbCTBa co CTOpOHbl TpeTbero JIlIn;a, JIB-
JIJlIOm;erOCH rrpuoopeTaTeJIeM (CT. 377, 378 fIt).
217
r n 8 B 8 11. HnOTEKA
i 1. 06b1lfH8S1 HnOTeK8
97. IToHlITHe HnOTeIm. MrroTeKa rrpep;CTaBJIlIeT C060H Ta-
({yro CIICTeMY Bem;Horo 06eCrreqeHII1I 06H3aTeJIbCTB, rrplI KO-
TOpOH OTCYTCTByeT peaJIbHall rrepep;aqa Bem;1I (CM. CT. 369 fR).
RaK H rrplI 3aKJIa;n;e, IIrrOTeKa YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCH ;n;OrOBOpOM B
OTHOIIIeHHII Bem;lI, rrpIIHa;n;JIemam;eH ;n;OJImHIIKY IIJIH TpeTbeM)'
JIII:qy .
98. XapaKTepHcTHKa HnOTeKH. MrroTeKa, KaK O;n;HH Ha BII-
;n;OB Bem;Horo 06eCrreqeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTB, 06JIa;n;aeT CJIe;n;yIO-
m;IIMH xapaKTepHbIMII qepTaMII:
1) ITpoHaBo HocTI>IO. O;n;HaKo CJIe;n;yeT yqHTbIBaTb, qTO rrpH
o6H3aTeJIbCTBaX, corrpOBom;n;aeMbIX HrroTeKoH, ;n;aHHaH npoH3-
BO;n;HOCTb HOCIIT 60JIee IIJIII MeHee CMHrqeHHbIH xapaKTep.
2) TeM, qTO HrrOTeKa (KaK H 3aKJIa;n;) CJIe yeT 3a 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBOM, 06JIa;n;aeT KaqeCTBOM He eJIBMOCTH (CM. CT. 372,
296 fR) II Bem;HOH 3aMeHHMOCTH (CM. CT. 372, 304 fR).
99. Y CTaHOBJIeHHe HnOTeKH.
1) MrrOTeKa YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCH oroBopoM.
a) CTopoHaMH ;n;aHHoro ;n;orOBopa HBJIlIIOTCH Kpe;rt;IITop H
3aJIOrO;n;aTeJIb. ITplI aTOM 3aJIOrO;n;aTeJIeM He 06H3aTeJIbHO ;n;OJI-
meH 6bITb ;n;OJImHIIK, 11M MomeT 6bITb H TpeTbe JIIIIJ;O, HHaqe
rOBopH, Bem;HI>IH nopyqHTeJII>. OTHOIIIeHHH Mem;n;y ;n;OJImHHIWM
II rropyqlITeJIeM perYJIlIpYIOTCH HopMaMH, npe;n;ycMoTpeHHbIMII
nplIMeHIITeJIbHO K 3aKJIa;n;y (CT. 372, 351 fK).
6) B OTJIlIqlIe OT 3aKJIa;n;a ;n;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb ;n;orOBopa 06
YCTaHOBJIeHlI1I lIrrOTeKII HacTynaeT npH H8JIHqlI1I TOJIbKO BO-
.lIeII3'bllBJIeHlIlI (CT. 176 fR). PerHCTpan;lIlI HBJIHeTCH JIIIIIIb
YCJIOBlIeM, lICKJIIOqaIOm;IIM rrpe;n;'bHBJIeHlIe rrpeTeH3IIH co CTO-
pOHbI TpeTblIX JIlIn; (CT. 177 fR).
2) Rpyr Bem;eii, KOTopbIe MorYT CTaTI> rrpe leTOM HnOTe-
KH, OrpaHJIqIIBaeTCH TeM IIMym;ecTBoM, B OTHOIIIeHlI1I KOTOpO-
TO rrpe;n;ycMoTpeHa peTIICTpan;IIH IIJIII IIHhIe MeTO;n;bI rJIaCHOCTII.
3) BII I>I 06113aTeJIhCTB, no KOTOpl>IM MomeT YCTaHaBJIII.
BaThCH HnOTeKa, aHaJIOrlIqHbI rrpe;n;ycMoTpeHHbIM B CJIyqae
3aKJIa;n;a. TaK Ha3bIBaeMaH MaKCHMaJII>Hall HnOTeKa, KOTopaH
YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCH B BII;rt;e CTporo orrpe;n;eJIeHHOH CYMMbI B CJIyqae
HeOrrpe;n;eJIeHHOrO 06'beMa 06H3aTeJIbCIB, rrepBOHaqaJIbHO 6bI-
JIa rrplI3HaHa B KaqeCTBe 06bI'1aH II Ha aTOM OCHOBaHlI1I MOrJIa
218.
6bITb 3aperlICTplIpOBaHa. IIplI nepeCMOTpe me fR B 1971 r.
COOTBeTCTBYIO lIe CTaTblI 6hIJIII BHeceHhI B ero TeKCT H ,lI;PY-
me aKThI (CT. 398 2 II CJIe}];. fR, n. 2 CT. 117 3aKoHa 0 perlI-
cTpan;HH He,IJ;1llImlIMon c06cTBeHHocTII). RopeHHoe OTJIII'IlIe'
MaKCHMaJIbHOn IInOTeKII OT 06hI'IHOn COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO YC-
TaHOBJIeHlIe ,lI;BOnHOn IInOTeKII IIJIII 1I3MeHeHlIe CYMMbI 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa He OKa3hIBalOT Ha MaKCIIMaJIbHyIO IInOTeKy BJIHHHIIH.
100. 06J13aTeJIbCTBa, o6eCne 1 11IBaeMbIe HnoTeKoii. 06':beM
06H3aTeJIbCTBa, 06eCne'IIIBaeMOro IInOTeKOn, B 3Ha'IIITeJIbHOR.
CTeneHH 50JIee OrpaHH'IeH no cpaBHeHlI10 C 3aKJIa,ll;OM. MrroTe-
Kon MomeT 06eCne'IHBaTbCH KanHTaJIhH8JI cYMMa }];OJIra II npo
n;eHThI, HO TOJIbKO 3a nOCJIe,ll;HlIe ,lI;Ba rO,ll;a }];O IICTe'IeHIIH cpOKa.
OOH3aTeJIbCTBa. 8TO 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO Kpe,ll;HTOp B CJIy>Iae npO,ll;a-
mil 3aJIOmeHHOro IIMy ecTBa C ToprOB IIMeeT npaBO npelIMY-
eCTBa nplI Y}];OBJIeTBOpeHIIII CBoero 06H3aTeJIbCTBa JIlImb B.
oTHomeHHII npOn;eHTOB 3a }];Ba nOCJIe,ll;HIIX rO,ll;a ,lI;0 IICTe'IeHIIH
cpOKa IICnOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. BOJIee Toro, B CJIy>Iae B03-
Me eHIIH Bpe,ll;a 3a onpe}];eJIeHHhIn CpOK B nOpH,!I;Ke npelIMY-
eCTBeHHoro Y,lI;OBJIeTBOpeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa ,lI;aHHhIn CpOK
BhI'IIITaeTCH 113 }];ByxrO,ll;II'IHoro cpOKa, npe,ll;ycMoTpeHHoro B
OTHomeHHII npOn;eHTOB. 8TO OrpaHII'IeHlIe, nOMIIMO npOn;eHTOB,
pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH II Ha ,IJ;pyrlIe BII,lI;hI perYJIHpHhIX nJIaTe-
men - 3eMeJIbHyIO peHTY, apeH,lI;B:y1O nJIaTY 3a mlIJIbe, B3HOCbl
rreHCIIOHHoro .pOH}];a II ,IJ;p., - 'ITO CBH3aHO C oxpaHon IIHTepe-
COB ,lI;PyrlIx Kpe,ll;IITOpOB. fR He CO,ll;epmlIT npaBHJI B OTHome-
HIIII HeYCToihm, O,ll;HaKO B nOpH,lI;Ke TOJIKOBaHIIH C'IIITaeTCH,
'ITO nplI06peTeHIIe npaBa Ha npelIMy ecTBeHHoe Y,lI;OBJIeTBO-
peHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B03MomHO JIlImb nplI YCJIOBHII perHCT-
pan;HH. BMecre C TeM rrpeHMy ecTBeHHoe Y,lI;OBJIeTBOpeHHI
06H3aTeJIbCTBa B03MomHO II 6e3 perlIcTpan;HII rrplIMeHIITeJIbHO
K paCXO}];aM Ha IICnOJIHeHBe IInOTeKH (CM. n. 2 CT. 33 3aKoHa
06 aYKn;IIOHe).
CJIe,ll;yeT HMeTb B BII,lI;y, 'ITO Bce yKa3aHHhIe OrpaHH'IeHIIH
B OTHomeHlI1I rrpOn;eHTOB II ,lI;pyrlIx perYJIHpHhIX ITJIaTemen
rrpe,ll;ycMoTpeHbI Ha cJIY'Ian HaJIH'IIIH HeCKOJIbIHIX Kpe,ll;IITOpOB.
101. 06'heKThI, Ha KOTophIe pacnpoCTpaHJlf:'TCH HnOTeKa.
8TH 06':beKThI orrpe,ll;eJIHIOTCH BOJIen CTOpOH II TeoplIen Be -
Horo rrpaBa. T aK, B :u;eJIOM OHII COBna}];aIOT C 06':beKTaMII npa-
Ba c06CTBeHHOCTII Ha He,!I;BlImlIMOe IIMy ecTBo, O,ll;HaKO no BO-
JIe CTOpOH Kpyr aTIIX 06':beKTOB MomeT 6hITh }];O onpe,ll;eJIeHHOn
cTerreHII pacmlIpeH IIJIII cYiReB:.
219
1) COCTaBIIbIe 'IaCTII rJIaBHOii Be lI. COrJlaCHO 06m;eMY
npHHD;lmy HrrOTeKa pacrrpocTpaHHeTcH Ha Bce 'IaCTII rJlaBHOB.
'Bem;lI, COCTaBJlHIOm;lIe C HeH OAHO D;eJloe (CT. 370 1'R), Harrpll
Mep Hacamp;eHHH (3a IICKJlIO'IeHlleM 3aperllCTpupOBaHHI>IX B
'COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHOM 0 Jlecax, CM. II. 3 CT. 2 3aKoHa 0 Jle-
cax), COCTaBHhIe 'IaCTII iRlIJlOrO 3p;aHHH H T. rr. RpoMe Toro,
rrOCKOJlbKY apeHp;a He06xop;IIMoro P;JlH 3p;aHHH 3eMeJlbHOrO
yqacTKa BKJlIO'laeTCH B 06m;yIO CTOHMOCTb Bem;lI, IIrrOTeKa
cTpoeHIIH pacrrpocTpaHHeT CBOIO p;ellCTBHTeJlbHOCTb II Ha apeH-
P;Y 3eMeJlbHOrO Y'IaCTKa (pemeHlle BepxoBHoro cyp;a OT 4 MaH
1965 r.). )J;aHHIJH ITpHHD;lIrr, op;HaKO, IIMeeT Tpll IICKJlIO'Ie-
-UHH. Bo-rrepBhIx, IIHoe MOiReT orrpep;eJlHT:bCH aKTOM YCTaHOB-
.JIeHHH HrrOTeKH (CM. orOBopKY CT. 370 1'R). BO-BTOphIX, CJlY-
'1aH, Korp;a CTOpOHhI C03HaTeJlbHO BKJlIO'IaIOT B '1I1CJlO COCTaB-
'H:bIX 'IaCTeH rJlaBHOH Bem;H CTOJlbKO 06'1>eKTOB, '1TO YMeHbma-
-eTCH 06m;Hll 06'1>eM IIMym;ecTBa II CTaHOBHTCH HeB03MOiRHhIM
rrOJIHOe yp;OBJIeTBOpeHlle 06H3aTeJIbCTB P;PyrHx Kpep;IITopoB
(orOBopKa CT. 370, CT. 424 1'R). IIoMHMo 8TIIX P;BYX IICKJlIO-
'1JeHHH, rrpeP;YCMOTpeHHhIX CT. 370 1'R, IIMeeTCH II TpeTbe, IIC-
XOp;Hm;ee H3 06m;eH TeopHII Bem;Horo rrpaBa, a IIMeHHO: 'ITO
llrrOTeKa He pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha Bem;H, rrpllcoep;IIHeHHIJe K
HMym;eCTBY He c06CTBeHHIIKOM, a THTYJlbHbIM BJlap;eJlb:u;eM (Ha-
camp;eHHH, rrOCaiReHHIJe cyrrep<pIID;lIaplleM; rrpIlCTpOHKII,ocy-
eCTBJIeHHhIe apeHp;aTopOM 3p;aHHH, - CM. CT. 242 1'R).
2) IIpIlHa)J;JlemHocTII. MrroTeKa pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha
npHHap;JIemHOCTH, eCJlH OHH 6bIJIH TaKOBI>IMII B MOMeHT ee YC-
TaHOBJIeHHH II eCJlIf OTCYTCTByroT oc06:bIe 06CTOHTeJII>CTBa,
nCKJIIO'IaIOm;lIe rrpHHap;JIemHOCTII 113 C<pepl>I ;o;eHCTBIIH HrrOTeKIf
(pemeHHe BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 28 MapTa 1969 r.).
3) MiloTeKa 3eMJIII He pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha CTpoeHIIH, Ha-
xop;mn;lIeCH Ha p;aHHOH 3eMJle (CT. 370 1'R).
4) MrroTeKa 3eMJIII He pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha IIJIO)J;bI p;aH-
HOll 3eMJIH (II. 1 CT. 371 1'R). BMeCTe C TeM 1'R rrpep;YCMaT-
pHBaeT B03MomnOCTb pacrrpOCTpaHeHHH HllOTeKH If Ha rrJlop;IJ
B CJIyqae rrprmYP;HTeJI:bHOrO HCrrOJIHeHJIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa,
Korp;a Ha Hep;BHmHMOCTb HaKJIap;hIBaeTCH 3arrpem;emre HJIH ee
rrpH06peTaTeJIeM CTaHOBHTCH TpeTbe JIH:U;O (orOBopKa CT. 371
I'R). B 8TOM CJIyqae He06xop;HMO YBep;OMJIeHHe 06 HCrrOJIHe-
EHH IIrrOTeKH, rrpep;YCMOTpeHHoe CT. 381 fR. YCJIOBHeM iRe
pacrrpocTpaHeHHH HilOTeKH Ha IIJIOP;:bI 3p;eCb HBJIHeTCH HaJlO-
meHile 3arrpem;eHHH Ha Hep;BHmHMOCTb B re'leHHe op;Horo ro-
p;a rrOCJIe YKa3aHHoro YBep;OMJIeHHH (rr. 2 CT. 371 1'R). CJIe-
P;yeT Y'IHT:bIBaTI>, '1TO pacrrpocTpaHeHHe HllOTeKH Ha rrJlOp;:bI,
220
npeP:YCMOTpeHHoe nOJIOiReHIIHMII CT. 371, OTHOCIITCH TOJILKO
K eCTeCTBeHHbIM nJIop:aM (CM. CT. 88 rR), npIIMeHIITeJIbHO iRe
.K 3aKOHHhIM nJIop:aM pacnpOCTpaHeHIIe IInOTeKII B03MOiRHO
JIlUIIb B CJIyqae ocym;eCTBJIeHl!H 3aJIOrop:epiRaTeJIeM npon;ep:y-
pDT Bem;Hon 3aMeHbI (CT. 372, 304 rR).
102. JIMnepaTIIBHbIn xapaKTep HnOTeKH B OTHomeHIIH aa-
.JIOiKeHHOH Be .
1) ECJIII 3aJIOiReHHaH Bem;b OCTaeTCH BO BJIap:eHIIII 3aJIO-
rop:aTeJIH, IInOTeKa Be npep:YCMaTpIIBaeT HIIKaKIIX OrpaHIIqe-
HIIn ee IICnOJIb30BaHIIH II nOJIyqeHIIH Bblrop:bI. Op:HaKO npeBbI-
illeBIIe onpep:eJIeHHhIX rpaHIIn; IICnOJIb30BaHIIH 3aJIOiReHHOn
Bem;II (HanpIIMep, nopy6Ka 3aJIOiReHHOrO JIeca) He p:onYCKa-
'eTCH, KaK npII'IIIHHIOm;aH Bpep: IInOTeKe. B CJIyqae COBepmeHIIH
nop:06HbIX p:encTBIIn P:OJIiRHIIK BCJIep:CTBIIe nOpqII IIJIII YMeHb-
llieBIIH 06eCneqeBIIH He TOJIbKO YTpaqIIBaeT BblTOp:bI (n. 2
CT. 137 rR), HO II BeceT 06H3aHHOCTb no B03Mem;eHIIIO Bpep:a,
npIIqIIHeHHoro p:eJIIIKTOM (CM. CT. 709 rR).
2) IIocJIe YCTaBOBJIeHIIH IIIIOTeKII 3aJIOrop:a TeJIb MOiReT
rrpop:aTb 3aJIOiReHHyIO Bem;b, YCTaHOBIITb cynepWIIn;IIn IIJIII 3M-
'WIITeB3IIc, a TaKiRe OTp:aTb ee B apeHP:Y, IIHaqe rOBopH, OCY-
m;eCTBJIHTb npaBoBoe pacnopHiKeHHe Bem;bIO. Op:BaKo B CJIyqae
Qcym;eCTBJIeBIIH npaBa IInOTeKII JIIIn;O, KynIIBmee 3aJIOmeHHyIO
Bem;b C ToprOB, npII06peTaeT npaBO c06cTBeHBocTII Ha Hee,
rrpIIqeM B TOM COCTOHHIIII Bem;II, KOTopoe 6bIJIO B MOMeHT yc-
TaHOBJIeHIIH IInoTeKII, n03ToMY Bce npaBa TpeTbIIx JilIn;, YCTa-
HOBJIeHHbIe no IIOBOP:y AaHHon Bem;II, n03p:Hee He MorYT npo-
TIIBOCTOHTb npaBaM JIIIn;a, KynIIBIIIero Bem;b Ha aYKn;IIOHe.
BMeCTe C TeM rR npep:YCMaTpIIBaeT II Cnen;IIaJIbHbln Mexa-
HII3M oxpaHbI IIHTepeCOB TpeTbIIX JilIn;.
103. IIpaBo Ha npellMy ecTBeHHoe yp:OBJIeTBOpeHHe oOHaa-
TeJIbCTBa Ha OCHOBe BnOTeKH. B CJIyqae HeIICnOJIHeHIIH p:OJIiR-
HIIKOM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa K YCTaHOBJIeHHOMY CPOKY Kpep:IITOp
IIMeeT npaBO Ha npeIIMym;ecTBeHHoe YP:OBJIeTBOpeHIIe 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa II3 3aJIOiReHHOn Bem;II.
1) 06bIqHO cnocoooM npeIIMym;ecTBeHHoro yp:oBJIeTBOpe-
HBa HBJIHeTCH npop:aiRa Bem;II C ToprOB (CM. CT. 22 3aKoHa 06
aYKn;IIoHe). 81'0, op:HaKo, He npenHTcTByeT IICnOJIb30BaHIIIO no
COrJIameHIIIO CTOpOH IIHbIX cnoc060B B03Mem;eHIIH, a TaKiRe
neMep:JIeHHOn nepep:aqe Bem;II B COOCTBeHHOCTb 3aJIorop:ep-
iRaTeJIH.
B OTHomeHIIII npop:aiKH C ToprOB rR cop:epiRIIT 2-3 YCJIO-
BIIH, p:eTaJIbHble iRe nOJIOiReHIIH npep:YCMaTpIIBaeT 3aKoH 06
221
aYKIWOHe (CT. 22 II CJIe,l);. YRa3aHHOrO 3aROHa). TIpem,l);e BCerO
(CM. CT. 381 rK) aaJIorO,l);epmaTeJIb ,l);OJlmeH HanpaBIITb COOT-
BeTcTBylOIIJ;ee YBe,l);OMJIeHIIe 00 IICnOJIHeHlI1I npaBa IInOTeRlI
TpeTblIM JIIIIWM, HBJIHIOIIJ;IIMCH npIIoopeTaTeJIHMII 3aJlOmeHHOii
BeIIJ;1I (IIX nepeqeHb nplIBep;eH B CT. 378 rR), qTO p;aeT 11M
B03MOmHOCTb OqlICTIITb BeIIJ;b OT IInOTeRII. B CJIyqae HenOJIY-
qeHIIH B TeqeHIIe Op;HOrO MeCH a nOCJIe OTnpaBRII YRa3aHHOrO
1I3BeIIJ;eHIIH COOOIIJ;eHIIH 0 HaqaJIe OqlICTRII BeIIJ;1I OT IInOTeRII
3aJIOrOp;epmaTeJIb MomeT nOp;aTb 3aHBJIeHIIe 00 ayR lIoHe B
cyp; (CT. 387 rK, CT. 22 3aRoHa 00 aYR lIoHe). Gyp; B crryqae
p;onYCTIIMOCTII aYR IIOHa onpep;eJIHeT p;aTY npop;amll C TOp-
rOB II nYOJIlIqHO co06IIJ;aeT 0 HeH. B p;eHb aYR IIOHa cyp; nplI-
HIIMaeT OT Bcex meJIalOIIJ;IIX 3aHBJIeHIIH 0 nORynRe C ToprOB 11
onpep;eJIHeT nORynaTeJIH (CT. 25-32 3aRoHa 00 aYR lIoHe).
TIoRynaTeJIeM Ha aYR:U;IIOHe MomeT ObITb 3aJIOrOp;epmaTerrb,
p;OJImHIIR, a TaRme TpeTbe JIII O (CT. 390 rI{). IIocJIe onpep;e-
JIeHIIH nORynaTeJIH nOCJIep;HIIH 00H3aH HeMep;JIeHHO ynJIaTIITb
cyp;y aYR IIOHHYIO eHY, a 3aTeM cyp; HanpaBJIHeT nopyqeHlIe
nYHRTY pemCTpa IIII 0 nepeperlICTpa 1I1I BeIIJ;1I Ha IIMH no-
RynaTeJIH (n. 1 CT. 33 3aRoHa 06 aYR IIOHe). lIa nOJIyqeHHOH
CYMMbI cyp; BbIqlITaeT pacxop;bI Ha npOBep;eHIIe aYR IIOHa, a
nORynaTeJIb, B COOTBeTCTBlI1I co CT. 196 l'K no nocTymIBlIIlIM
Tpe60BaHIIHM B03MeIIJ;aeT He06xop;IIMbIe paCXop;b1 II pacxop;bI
Ha nOJIyqeHlIe Bblrop;bI, 3aTpaQeHHbIe B OTHomeHIIII 3aJIOmeH-
HOH Hep;BlImIIMOCTII (CT. 391 rK). B 3aBepmeHIIe cY,l); pacnpe-
p;eJIHeT OCTaBlIIYIOCH CYMMY Memp;y ynpaBOMOqeRHbIMII JIII a-
Mil B nopHp;Re Oqepep;HOCTII npeIIMym;ecTBa.
2) Be aMH, nop;JIema IIMH npop;ame C ToprOB, z.wrYT
6bITb Bce Te, ROTopbIe HBJIHIOTCH OO'beRTOM IInOTeKII. KaK OT-
MeQaJIOCb paHee, 3eMJIH II CTpoeHIIH paCCMaTpllBalOTCH I\aK
OT,II;eJIbHhIe Be R, noaTOMY npoAama C TOproB OP;HOH 1I3 HIIX
He ORa3bIBaeT HIIRaRoro BJIIIHHIIH Ha APyrylO. OAHaRO CJIeAO-
BaHRe aTOH JIOrlIRe npRBOAIIT R TOMY, qTO 3eMJIH II HaxoAH-
IIJ;lIeCH Ha HeH CTpoeHIIH MorYT ORa3aTbca y pa3JIIIqHbIX COO-
CTBeHHIIROB. Ha aTOT CJIyqaH rK npeAYCMaTplIBaeT ABa npa-
BIIJIa.
a) TIpaBo npO,l);aam C ToprOB CTpoeHHii, HaXOp;JI HXCH Ha
aaJIOmeHHOii aeMJIe. B CJIyqae, eCJIR nOCJIe YCTaHOBJIeHIIH :rIITO-
TeRII Ha 3eMJIIO 3aJIOrOp;aTeJIb B03I1ep;eT Ha p;aIlHOH 3eMJIe
CTpoeHlIe, 3aJIOrOp;epmaTeJIb MOmeT npop;aTb C ToproB BMeCTe
C 3e?weH II YRa3aHHoe CTpoeHRe. Op;HaRO B AaHHoM CJIyqae
npaBo npelIMYIneCTBeHHoro yp;OBJIeTBOpeRIIH OOH3aTeJIb<',TBa
np1I3HaeTCH, TOJIbKO IICXOAH 113 CTOIIMOCTII aeMJIII (CT. 389 rK).
222
6) 3aKoHHbIH cynep.pB . .u;OBOJIJ>HO 1JaCTO BCTpe'IaeTCH
CliTyaIJ;llH, Korp;a B MOMeHT YCTaHOBJIeHllH llnOTeKll llMeeTCH
B HaJIll1JHll II 3eMJIH II cTpoeHllH, KOTOllJ>Ie Haxop;HTCH B C06CT-
BeHHOCTll op;Horo JIllIJ;a, op;HaKO B pe3YJIJ>TaTe npop;amll C aYK-
IJ;HOHa op;noH 1I3 ;nllX Bem;eH c06cTBeHHllKaMll 3eMJIll II CTpoe-
HHH OKa3MBaIOTCH pa3JIll1JHMe JIllIJ;a. B p;aHHOM CJIY1Jae, 1JTO-
6J>I He npH6eraTb K CHOCY CTpoeHHH, rR npeP;YCMaTpHBaeT
B03MOmHOCTb YCTaHOBJIeHllH P;JIH 3aJIOrOp;aTeJIH cynePtPllIJ;HH,
npH1JeM pa3Mep 3eMeJIJ>HOH peHTM onpep;eJIHeTCH CYP;OM (CT.
388 rK). STOT BllP; cyneptPllIJ;HH Ha3MBaeTCH 3aKOHHI>IM. Pa3-
Mep 3eMeJIJ>Horo Y1JaCTKa, Ha KOTOpMH pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH 3a-
KOHHbIH cynePtPllIJ;llH, He OrpaHll1JllBaeTCH JIllrnh Y'laCTKOM
Henocpep;CTBeHHO nop; CTpoeHlleM, a MomeT BKJII01JaTJ> H Tep-
pHTOpHIO, He06xop;llMYIO P;JIH nOJIb30BaHllH CTpoeHHeM (perne-
HHe BepXOBHoro cyp;a 0'1.' 5 MaH 1920 r.).
3) B IJ;eJIHX p;OCTllmeHllH onpep;eJIeHHOrO 6aJIaHCa Memp;y
upaBOM 3aJIOrOp;epmaTeJIH Ha npellMym;ecTBeHHoe yp;OBJIeTBO-
peHHe o6H3aTeJIbCTBa II npaBaMII p;pyrllx Kpep;llTopOB rK co-
.p;epmllT HeCKOJIJ>KO BamHJ>IX nOJIOmeHllH.
a) 01JepeP;HOcTb npelIMym;ecTBeHHoro yp;OBJIeTBOpeHBH.
IIpll CTOJIKHOBeHlI1I HeCKOJIJ>KIIX llnOTeK B OTHorneHlI1I op;Hon
Hep;BllmIIMOCTII 01Jepep;HOCTb npelIMym;ecTBeHHoro yp;OBJIeTBO-
peHllH onpep;eJIHeTCH XpOHOJIOrlI"IeCKOH nOCJIep;OBaTeJIJ>HOCTbIO
nx perIICTpaIJ;lIll (CT. 373 rK).
6) CBH3b c pacnpep;eJIeHHeM Bcero BMym;ecTBa. B CllJIY
<onpep;eJIeHHMX 06CTOHTeJIJ>cTB llHorp;a npep;n01JTllTeJIJ>Hee
yp;OBJIeTBOpIITb Tpe60BaHIIe Kpep;IITOpa He 113 3aJIOmeHHOro
IIMym;ecTBa, a ll3 06m;ero llMym;ecTBa p;OJImHIIKa, He HBJIHIO-
.m;erOCH npep;MeTOM Bem;Horo 06eCne1JeHIIH 06H3aTeJIJ>CTBa. Ha
aTOT CJIY'laH, OCHOBbIBaHCJ> Ha nOJIOmeHllHX rrrK, rK He npe-
p;ynfaTplIBaeT HIIKaKIIX OrpaHll1JeHIIH npIIHyp;IITeJIJ>Horo llC-
nOJIHeHllH 06H3aTeJIJ>CTBa ll3 06m;ero IIMym;ecTBa p;OJImHIIKa.
AHaJIOrlI1JHJ>Hl 06pa30M MomeT pernaTbCH Bonpoc II 3aKJIap;a.
Op;HaKO, eCJIII IIMeIOTCH p;pyrlIe, IIOMIIMO 3aJIOrOp;epmaTeJIH,
Kpep;HTopbI II o6Ill,ee llMym;ecTBo 3aJIOrOp;aTeJIH He B COCTOHHllll
yp;OB.'1eTBopIITb IIX Bcex, npllMeHeHlle BbIrneYK13aHHoro IIpHH
U;HIIa He MomeT 6bITb 6e3YCJIOBHbIM. HaIIpHMep, B CJIY'lae,
Kor;:(a HMeeTCH 06H3aTeJIbCTBO B 10 MJIH. lleH, a npep;nOJIOmH-
Te.1IbHaH aYKIJ;HOHHaH u;eHa Hep;BHmHMOCTH COCTaBJIHeT
7 MJIH. HeH, nopHp;OK, npH KOTOpOM 3aJIOro:a;epmaTeJIJ> IIpem-
)J;e 6bI Y'laCTBOBaJI B pacnpep;eJIeHHll 06m;ero llMym;ecTBiI
)J;OJIlUHHKa, nG.1IY'lHB IIPH aTOM 4 'laCTH ero CTOllMOCTH, llJI1
4 MJIH. lleH, a Hep;OCTaIOm;lle 6 MJIH. HeH IIOJIY'lHJI ll3 3aJIOmeH-
223
BOn: He}];BIHIUIMOCTH, CqHTaeTCH qpe3MepHOn: OXpaHOn: HHTe-
peCOB 3aJIOrO}];epiRaTeJIH. IIoaToMY rR YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT, qTO
3aJIOrO}];epiRaTeJIb MOiReT yqacTBoBaTb B pacrrpe;JJ;eJIeHIIH 06-
m;ero HMym;ecTBa }];OJIiRHHKa JIHmb B TOn: qaCTH, KOTOpaH OCTa-
JIaCb HeY}];OBJIeTBOpeHHOn: rrOCJIe IICrrOJIHeHIIH OOH3aTe.1bCTBa
II33aJIOiReIIHOrO IIMym;ecTBa (rr. 1 CT. 394 f'R). TaKIIM 06pa-
30M, B HameM rrpIIMepe 3aJIOrO}];epiRaTeJIb CMOiReT rrOJIyqIITb
JIIImb 8,2 MJIH. IIeH (7 MJIH. H3 3aJIOiReHHon: He;JJ;BIIiRIIMOCTII
H 1,2 MJIH. II3 06m;ero lIMym;ecTBa 3aJIOrO;JJ;aTeJIH, qTO COCTaB-
JIHeT 4 qaCTII ;JJ;aHHoro lIMym;ecTBa). BMeCTe C TeM, qT06bI He
CTaBIITb 3aJIOrO}];epiRaTeJIH B HeBbIrO}];HOe rrOJIOiReHIIe, rro-
CKOJIbKY pacrrpe}];eJIeHIIe 06m;ero IIMym;ecTBa MOiReT rrpOIICXO-
}];IITb }];O rrpO}];aiRlI 3aJIOiReHHon: Bem;II C ToprOB, rrpe}];YCMaT-
pIIBaeTCH B03MOiRHOCTb AerrOHIIpOBaHIIH rrpIIqIITaIOm;en:CH
3arrorO;JJ;epiRaTeJIIO ;JJ;OJIH II3 06m;ero IIMym;ecTBa (rr. 2 CT. 39
rR).
B) 06m;aH nDOTeKa n OTHOmeHHJI Mem;r1;Y aaJIorO;r1;epmaTe-
JIHMH o6m;en: nDOTeKH. B CJIyqaHX, Kor,u;a YCTaHOBJIeHa TaR
Ha3bIBaeMaH o6m;aJl nDOTeKa, T. e. Kor;JJ;a 0;JJ;1I0 06H3aTeJIbCTBO
06ecrreqIIBaeTCH lIrrOTeKon: B OTHomeHIIII HeCKOJIbKIIX He;JJ;BH-
mIIMOCTen:, Mem;JJ;y 3aJIOrO;JJ;epmaTeJIHMH CKJIa;JJ;bIBaIOTCH CJIom-
Hble OTHomeHIIH. AorrYCTIIM, 06H3aTeJIbCTBO rrepBoro rpam;JJ;a-
HIIHa B 9 MJIH. IIeH 06eCrreqIIBaeTCH 06m;eii lIrrOTeKon: co CTO-
pOHbI rpam;JJ;aHlIHa A (6 MJIH. lIeH), rpm-K;JJ;aHHHa B (4 MJIH.
lIeH) II rpam;JJ;aHHHa B (2 MJIH. lIeH), 06H3aTeJIbCTBO BToporo
rpam;JJ;aHlIHa B 1,5 MJIH. lIeH - co CTOpOHbI TOJIbKO rpam;JJ;a-
HlIHa A, 06H3aTeJIbCTBO TpeTbero rpam;JJ;aHlIHa B 1 MJIH. lIeH -
co CTOpOHbI TOJIbKO rpam;JJ;aHlIHa B H 06H3aTeJIbCTBO qeTBep-
Toro rpam;JJ;aHlIHa B 500 TbIC. lIeH - co CTOpOHbI TOJIbKO rpam-
;JJ;aHlIHa B. ECJIH B ;JJ;aHHOM CJIyqae, CJIe;JJ;YH rrPHHIJ;lIrry He;JJ;e-
JIlIMOCTH lIrrOTeKII, ;JJ;aTb B03MomHOCTb rrepBOMY rpam;JJ;aHIIHY
y;JJ;OBJIeTBOpIITb CBoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO 3a CqeT 3aJIOmeHHOro IIMY-
m;eCTBa rpam;JJ;aH A, B II B, aTO MomeT o6epHYTbcH Hecrrpa-
BeAJIIIBOCTbIO rro OTHomeHIIIO KO BTOPOMY, TpeTbeMY H qeTBep-
TOMY 3aJIOrO;JJ;epmaTeJIIO. QT06bI II36emaTb rro;JJ;06Hon: CIITya-
IJ;IIII, rK rrpe;JJ;YCMaTpIIBaeT O;JJ;HOBpeMeHHoe Y;JJ;OB.1JeTBOpeHIIe
06H3aTeJIbCTB rrporrOpIJ;IIOHaJIbHO CTOIIMOCTII 3aJIOmeHHOro
IIMym;ecTBa, a IIMeHHO B HameM rrpIIMepe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO rrep-
Boro rpam;JJ;aHIIHa 6Y;JJ;eT Y;JJ;OBJIeTBOpeHO 3a CqeT 3aJIOmeHHOro
IIMym;ecTBa rpam;JJ;aHIIHa A Ha 4,5 MJIH. lIen, rpaiR;JJ;aHIIHa B-
3 MJIH. IIeH II rpam;JJ;aHIIHa B - 1,5 MJIH. IIeH (rr. 1 CT. 392
rK). 8TO rr03BOJIHT Y;JJ;oBJIeTBOpIITb 06H3aTeJIbCTBa II 3aJIOrO-
;JJ;epmaTeJIen: BTOpOn: Oqepe;JJ;II - BToporo, '1peTbero H qeTBep-
:224
Toro rpaJR):(aHIlHa. O):(HaI\O B CJIY'Iae, I\or):(a y):(OBJIeTBOpeHIIe
06H3aTeJIbCTBa nponCXO):(llT nepBOHa'IaJIbHO ll3 O):(HOH TOJIbI\O
3aJIOifWHHOH He):(BllmnMOCTII, HanplIMep rpam):(aHIlHa A, CJIe-
):(YH yJ\a3aHHOMY npIIHU;IIny, CJIomHO onpe):(emITb TY ;a;OJIIO,
IWTopaH npllXO):(llTCH Ha 3aJIOmennoe llMyru;eCTBO rpam):(aH B
II B, eru;e He npo):(aHHoe C ToprOB. IToaTOMY y):(OBJIeTBOpeHIIe
Tpe60BaHIIH nepBoro rpam):(aHllHa ocyru;eCTBJIHeTCH 3a C'IeT
IIOJIIIOH CTOllMoeTll 3aJIomeHHoro llMyru;eCTBa rpam):(aHllHa A,
a C u;eJIbIO oxpaHbI IIHTepecoB 3aJIOro):(epmaTeJIH BTOpOH O'Ie-
pe):(ll - BToporo rpam):(aHllHa - y):(OBJIeTBOpeHlle ero 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa npOllCXO):(IIT II3 3aJIOmeHHoro llMyru;eCTBa rpam):(aH
B II B nponopU;llOHaJIbHO TOH CYMMe, I\OTOPYIO nOJIY'IIIJI 6bI
IIepBbIH rpam):(aHllH npll O):(HOBpeMeHHOM pacrrpe):(eJIeHllll 3a-
JIOmeHHOro llMyru;eCTBa Bcex rpam):(aH, a llMeHHO: BTOpOH
rpam):(aHIIH nOJIY'IllT II3 llMyru;eCTBa rpam):(aHllHa B 1 MJIH. lleH
():(pyrlle 2 MJIH. IIeH npll'IllTaIOTCH nepBOMY rpam):(aHIIHY) II
ll3 IIMyru;eCTBa rpam):(aHllHa B 500 TbIC. IIeH ():(pyroH 1 MJIH.
lleH npll'IllTaeTCH nepBOMY rpam):(aHllHY), ocyru;eCTBJIHH Ta-
I\llM 06pa30M aaMeru;eHHe nepBoro rpam):(aHllHa B I\a'IeCTBe
3aJIOro):(epmaTeJIH nepBOH O'Iepe):(II (n. 2 CT. 392 rK).
B OTHOIlIeHllll me 06ru;eH MaI\CIIMaJIbHOH IInOTeI\ll npe):(y-
CMOTpeHbI HeI\OTOpbIe BamHbIe llCI\JIIO'IeHllH (CM.: Beru;Hoe
npaBo - 113).
104. OxpaHa HHTepeCOB TpeTbHX JIHQ. IIpll peaJIII3aU;IIII
IIIIOTeI\II B03HllI\aeT He06xo):(llMOCTb oxpaHbI llHTepeCOB TpeTb-
IIX JIIIU;, I\OTOpbIe nOCJIe YCTaHOBJIeHllH llnOTeI\ll B OTHorneHIIll
onpe):(eJIeHHOH Beru;II npH06peJIll Ha Hee npaBO c06CTBeHHOCTII,
cynep.pIIU;llH, aM.pIITeB3IIC, npaBO apeH):(bI II T. n. rK npe):(y-
CMaTpllBaeT CJIe;u:yIOru;IIe cnoc06bI oxpaHbI TpeTbllX JIllQ, CTaB-
mIIX npll06peTaTeJIHMII: llCnOJIHeHIIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, O'IIICTI\Y
He):(BllmllMOCTll II oxpaHy I\paTI\OCpO'IHOH apeH):(bI.
1) IIcnOJIHeHHe 06saaTeJIbcTBa co CTOpOHbI TpeTbero JIHQa,
CTaBmero npII06peTaTeJIeM. ITpII IICnOJIHeHllII no Tpe60BaHIIIO
3aJIOro):(epmaTeJIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa TpeTbllM JIIIU;OM, KynIIBIIUIM
npaBO c06cTBeHHocTll llmI cynep.pllU;llH B OTHomeHllll 3aJIO-
meHHOH He):(BllmIIMOCTll, lliiOTeI\a npeI\paru;aeTCH ):(JIH ):(aHHoro
TpeTberO JIllQa (CT. 377 rK). ITpeI\paru;eHlle IInOTeKII B03Mom-
HO II B nopR):(I\e 3aqeTa (CM. CT. 474, 505 II CJIe;a;. rK). O):(Ha-
I\O aTOT cnoc06 conpHmeH C TeM Hey):(06cTBOM, 'ITO npII He):(o-
CTaTO'IHOM y):(OBJIeTBOpeHIIll I\pe):(IITopOB HnOTeI\a He npeKpa-
ru;aeTCR, B TO BpeMR I\aI\ npII llcnOJIHeHllll 06R3aTeJIbCTBa
TpeTbIIM JIllU;OM, CTaBIlIllM npll06peTaTeJIeM, ):(ame HenOJIHOe
15 3m<a3 No 892
225
Y)J;OBJIeTBOpeHlIe Kpe)J;HTOpOB Bep,eT K rrpeI'paru;emno OOJI3a-
TeJIbCTBa. IIpH rrpH06peTeHHH TpeTbHM JIHlI,OM cyrrepqJHn;HH
HrrOTeKa rrpop,OmJ\aeT Cym;ecTBOBaTb B OTHomeHHH rrpaBa c06-
CTBeHHOCTH, O)J;HaKO cyrrepcpHn;HH MOmeT rrpOTHBOCTOJITb HnO-
TeKe.
2) O'lHCTKa. O'IHCTKa npel CTaBJIJIeT C.060H HHCTHTYT,
rrpIIHymp,aIOru;HH 3aJIOrO)J;epmaTeJIJI K rrpeKparu;eHHIO HrrOTeKII
rrYTeM ynJIaTbI 3aJIOrOp,epmaTeJIIO TpeTbHM JIHII,OM, CTaBIIIHM
rrpH06peTaTeJIeM 3aJIOmeHHOH Hep,BHmHMOCTII, CyMMbI, orrpe-
)J;eJIeHHOH Ha OCHOBe c06CTBeHHOH On;eHl\H rrOCJIep,HHM 3aJIO-
meHHoro HMyru;eCTBa. OTKa3 3aJIOrO)J;epmaTeJIJI HMeeT nOCJIep,-
CTBHJI JIHIUb B CJIY'Iae He060CHOBaHHO HH3KOH rrpep,JIOmeHHOH
On;eHKH, B03MomHOCTH rrpop,aTb )J;aHHYIO He)J;BHmHMOCTb C TOp-
rOB He MeHee 'IeM Ha 10 % )J;opome npep,JIOmeHHOH CYMMb[
HJIH meJIaHHJI caMoro 3aJIOrO)J;epmaTeJIJI npH06peCTH 3aJIO-
meHHYIO He)J;BHmHMOCTb C ToprOB.
a) JIHqa, HMelOm;He B03MomHOCTb ocym;eCTBJIJITb O'lHCTKy.
K )J;aHHOMY Kpyry JIHn; OTHOCJITCJI Te, KOTopbIe rrpH06peJIH H
COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HM 06pa30M 3aperHCTpHpOBaJIH npaBO C06CT"
BeHHOCTlI, cynepcpHn;HH lIJIH 3McplITeB31IC B OTHorneHlIli 3aJIO-
meHHOH Hep,BHmHMOCTH, rrpli YCJlOBHH, 'ITO p,aHHbIMH JIHn;aMH
He HBJIHIOTCH caM 3aJIOrO)J;epmaTeJIb, nopyqlITeJIb HJIH HX npe-
eMHIIKH (CT. 378 HJIH 379 fK). ECJIH B OTHorneHlIH rrpH06pe-
TeHHJI rrpaB HMeeTCJI OTJIaraTeJIbHOe YCJIOBHe, O'IHCTKa MomeT
ocyru;eCTBJIJITbCJI JIHrnb nOCJIe OKOH'IaHIIJI )J;eHcTBHJI )J;aHHoro
YCJIOBHJI (CT. 380 fK).
6) fK He CO)J;epmHT rrpJIMbIX YKa3aHJilH B OTHOrneH:IIH
cpOKa, B Te'leHHe KOToporo MomeT ocym;eCTBJIJITbCJI O'lHCTKa.
KOCBeHHO me fK BBO)J;HT onpe)J;eJIeHHbIe orpaHlI'IeHHJI. TaK,
B CJIyqae peaJIH3an;HH 3aJIOrOp,epmaTeJIeM rrpaBa HrrOTeKH OH
)J;OJImeH npep,BapHTeJIbHO HarrpaBHTb TpeTbeMY JlHn;y, JIBJIJIIO-
ru;eMYCJI rrplIo6peTaTeJIeM, YBe)J;OMJIeHHe 0 CBoeM HaMepeHHlI
(CT. 381 fK). ECJIH me B Te'IeHHe op,Horo MeCJIn;a rrOCJIe YKa-
3aHHoro YBep,OMJIeHHJI rrpHo6peTaTeJIb He npH6eraeT K YCTa-
HOBJIeHHOH rrpOIl,ei\ype 01JnCTRII, TaROBaa CTaHOBHTCJI HeB03-
MomHOH (n. 1 H 2 CT. 382 fK).
B) IIpoqe)J;ypa O'IIICTKH COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO rrpemp,e Bcero
npHo6peTaTeJIb p,OJImeH HarrpaBHTb Kamp;OMY 3aperHCTpIIpO-
BaHHOMY Kpe)J;HTOpy TPH BHp,a p,OKYMeHTOB, rrpeP,YCMOTpeH-
HbIX CT. 383 fK, a HMeHHO )J;OKYMeHT 0 npH06peTeHHII rrpaBa,
RonlilO perHcTpan;HOHHoro Y)J;OCTOBepeHHJI, npep,JIaraeMYIO
n;eHY, KOTOpyIO rrpH06peTaTeJIb rOTOB YIIJIaTHTb B CJlyqae OT-
[ta3a 3arrorop,epmaTeJIJI OT rrpop,amH 3a.TfomeHHOH Hep,BlImlI-
226
MOCTH B Te-.:reHHe HOCJIegYIOr.u;ero MeCHI.J,a C TOprOB HO 60Jlce
BbICOl..:oii :u;eHe. EC,;Ill B Te-.:reHHe ogHoro MeCJI:u;a HOCJIe yKa3aH-
noro npegJIOIIWHllJI 3aJIOrogepmaTeJlb He npeg'bJIBIlT Tpe6oBa.
HIlJI 0 npogame 3aJIOmennOll Hep:BIlmnMOCTIl C ToprOB, 31'0
6ygeT paCCMaTpHBaTbCJI KaR npllHJITHe O'lHCTRll H COrJIaClle
na npegJIOmellHJiIO npIl06peTaTeJIeM :u;eHY (n. 1 CT. 384 1'1-\).
IIpo:u;egypa O'lHCTRH 3aBeprnaeTCJI BblIIJIaToii: npH06peTaTeJIeM
YI{a3aHHOll CYMMbI 3aJIOrogepmaTeJIIO HJIIl genoHHpoBaHHeM
ee Ha ero HMJI (CM. CT. 494 1'R). Ha 3TOM HnOTeRa gJIJI npn-
06peTaTeJIJI npeRpar.u;aeTCJI. B CJIy-.:rae OTRa3a 3aJIOrogeplI{a-
TeJIJI 01' npegJIOmeHHOll npH06peTaTeJIeM :u;eHbI 3aJIOrogepma-
TeJIb gOJImeH nOTpe60BaTb npoBegeHHJI ToprOB C npogamell
HegBIlmII IOCTll no 60JIee BbICOROii: :u;eHe. OCHOBHbIMII YCJIO-
BHJIMII gaHHbIx ToprOB JIBJIJIIOTCJI npogailla HegBllmHMoCTH no
n;eHe, He MeHee -.:reM Ha 10 % 60JIee BbICOIWll, -.:reM npegJIara-
JIaCb npH06peTaTeJIeM, a B CJIyq:ae OTCYTCTBHJI nORynaTeJIell -
npH06peTeHHe HegBHmllMoCTH caMHM 3aJIOrogepmaTeJleM no
YRa3aHHOll BbICOROll :u;eHe.
3) OxpaHa KpaTKOCp01JHOii apeHgbI. RpaTROCp01JHaJI apeH-
ga, CpOR ROTOpOll He npeBblrnaeT YRa3aHHoro B CT. 602 1'1\
(npHMeHHTeJIbHO R apeHge JIeCHbIX Y1JaCTROB - 10 JIeT, IIHbIX
3eMeJIblIbIX y-.:raCTROB - 5 JIeT, cTpoeHllll - 3 roga), MomeT
IIPH YCJIOBllll HagJIeiKar.u;eii perllCTpa:U;llll, game cOBeprneHHoii
nOCJIe perHCTpa:U;HH IInOTeRH, npOTHBOCTOJITb IInOTeRe. B CJIY-
1Jae npogamH 3aJIOiKeHHOll HegBHmllMoCTll C ToprOB apeHga-
TOp MomeT Tpe60BaTb 01' HOBoro c06CTBeHHilRa npogOJIiKeHHH
apeHgbI (CT. 395 1'R). ,l];aHHoe IIOJIOiKeHlle, ogHaRo, He npll
MeHJIeTCJI B CJIY1JaJIX IIpH-.:rllHeHHJI Rpa TROCpO-.:rHOll apeHgoii
Bpega 3aJIOrogepiKaTeJIIO (orOBopRa CT. 395 I'R). B 8THX CJIY-
1JaJIX 3aJIOrogepmaTeJII> MomeT HailpaBIITb B cyg Tpe60BaHlle
06 OTMeHe RpaTROCp01JHOii apeHgbI.
105. PacnopHmeHHe npaBOM HnOTeJill. 3aJIorogepmaTeJIb,
RaR H B CJIY'lae nepe3aRJIaga, MomeT nepegaTb CBoe npaBO
IInOTeRIl gpyrOMY RpegHTOpy llJIll OTRa3aTbCJI 01' Hero (II. 1
CT. 375 1'1\).
IIpH pacnOpJImeHllll llilOTeROll B -.:rHCJIO YCJIOBllll, HCRJIIO-
TJaIOr.u;HX npeg'bJIBJIeHHe npeTeH3Hii: co CTOpOHbI gOJImHHRa,
IIOPY1JIITeJIJI, 3aJIorogaTeJIJI HJIll HX npeeMHIIROB, IIOMHMO pe-
rIICTpa:U;IlH, BXOgHT H YBegoMJIeHHe rJIaBHOrO gOJImHHRa 06
ocyr.u;eCTBJIeHllll paCIIOpJImeHllJI HnOTeRoii II nOJIY1JeHHe ero
COrJIaCHJI Ha gaHHoe pacnOpJIiKeHlle (CT. 376 1'R).
15.
227
106. IIpeKpa eHHe HnOTeKH. HaR yme OTMe'IaJIOCb, OCRO-
BaHHJIMH IIpeRpalll,eHHJI HIiOTeRH JIBJIJIIDTCJI IICnOJIHeHHe o6JI-
3aTeJIbCTBa co Cl'OpOHbI TpeTbero JIHn;a, O'iIICTKa, IIpop;ama 3a-
JIOmeHHOa Hep;BHiKlIMOCTH C ToprOB H p;p. IIOMlIMO 3Toro, 1'1\
cop;epiKHT TPII ClIen;lIaJIbRbIX IIOJIOiKeHHJI OTHOCHTeJIbHO IIpe-
Rpam;eHHJI HIiOTeRlI.
1) CorJIaCRO IIpHRJITOMY TOJIROBaHlIIO IIpaBa Bern;Horo
06eClIe'IeHlIJI He HMeIOT IIOraCHTeJIbHOa p;aBHOCTII, He3aBHCU-
Moa OT p;aBHOCTH 06eClIe'IHBaeMbIX lIMH 06JI3aTeJIbCTB (CM.:
06rn;aJI 'IaCTb - 138). Op;HaKo B OTRomeRlIH HIiOTeKH 1'1\ npe-
P;YCMaTpHBaeT HCRJIIO'IeHHJI, cop;epiKaHHe KOTOpbIX COCTOHT B
TOM, 'ITO lIIIOTeI{a, CJIep;YJI YRa3aHHoMy IIpHHn;HIIY B OTHOIIIe-
RHH P;OJIiKHlIKa HJIH aaJIOrOp;aTeJIJI, B OTHomeHHH p;pyrHx JIlIn;,
HalIpHMep TpeTbHX JIHn;, CTaBmlIX IIplIo6peTaTeJIJIMH, H p;pyrlIx
Kpep;lITopOB HMeeT caMOCTOJITeJIbHYIO IIoraCHTeJIbHYIO p;aB-
ROCTb (CT. 396 rR). B p;aHHOM CJIY'Iae CpOK p;aBHOCTlI olIpe-
p;eJIJIeTCJI B 20 JIeT (n. 2 CT. 167 1'1\), B TO BpeMJI KaK CpOK
IIOraClITelIbHoa p;aBHOCTII 06JI3aTeJlbCTB paBeH 10 rop;aM (II. 1
CT. 167 I'It). i:ho HCKJIIO'IeHlIe npep;ycMOTpeHo Ra cJIy'-raa IIe-
pepbIBa Te'IeHHJI HCKOBoa p;aBHOCTU B OTHomeHHII 06JI3a-
TeJIbCTBa.
2) BJIap;eHlIe 3aJIOiKeHROa Rep;BlImHMOC'fbIO co CTOpOHbI
JII06oro JIUn;a, 3a IiCKJIIO'IeRlIeM p;OJIlliHHKa HJIlI 3aJIOrOp;aTeJIJI,
IIPII RaJIH'IlIH Heo6xoP;HMbIX YCJIOBlIa lI:JIJI IIpHo6peTaTCJIbHOll
p;aBHOCTlI JIBJIJIeTCJI OCHOBaIIlIeM IIpeKpam;eHHJI HIiOTeKH (CT.
397 1'1\).
3) OTKaa cYlIepqmn;lIapHJI lIJIH 3M<pHTeBTa OT cYlIep<pHn;HJI
H.JIII 3M<plITeB3Hca, B OTHomeHHH KOTOpbIX yCTaHOBJIeHa HIIO-
TeKa, He JIBJIJIeTCJI YCJIOBHeM, HCKJIIO'IaIOII:\HM IIpep;'bJIBlIeHHe
IIpeTeH3Hll CO CTOpOHbI 3aJIOrOp;epiKa TeJIJI, lIHa'ie rOBopJI, npe-
Kpam;eHHe p;aHHbIX IIpaB Ha 3aJIOiKeHRYIO Bem;b He Bep;eT K
IIpeKpam;eHlIIO HIiOTeKH (CT. 3981'1\).
t 2. Oco6aSl HnOTeKa
107. Oco6aJI HnOTeKa.
1) 06m;lIe aaMe'IaHHJI. IIoMHMo 06bI'IHOa HIiOTeKlI, IIpep;y-
CMOTpeHbI TpH BHp;a OC060H HIiOTeKH. llepBbIH BHP; oco6oa
IIIIOTeKH CBJI3aH C HIiOTeRoa OC06bIX KaTeroplIa lIMym;ecTBa,
BbIXOP;JIITI;HX 3a paMKlI 06bI'IHOH Hep;BlIiKHMOCTII. 1\ p;aRHOMY
BHP;Y OTHOCHTCJI HIiOTeRa JIeca Ha KOpHIO, <}JIIHaHCOBaJI HIiOTe-
Ka, IIlIOTeKa P;BHiKHMOCTH. BTopoa BlIP; OC060H HIiOTeKH CBJI-
228
3aH co CTOHMOCTblO HMym;ecTBa, RBJUlIOm;erOCR npep;MeTOM
3aJIOra, - aTO 06m;aR HIIOTeKa H MaKCHMaJIbHaR HnOTeKa.
11 HaKOHell" K TpeTbeMY BHP;Y OTHOCHTCR HIIOTeKa ll,eHHbIX
6YMar. TIOCKOJIbKY OC06eIIHOCTH TaKHX pa3HOBH,IJ;HOCTeR Bem;-
HOrO 06eCrre'IeHHR, KaK HIIOTeKa p;BHmHMOCTH, 06rn;aR HnOTeKa
II niiOTeKa n;eHHbIX 6YMar, yme paCCMaTpHBaJIUCb B IIpep;bIP;Y-
Ill.IIX rJIaBaX, B HaCTORm;eii rJIaBe MbI KOpOTKO 3aTpOHeM BOII-
poc 06 IIIIOTeKe JIeca Ha KOpHIO H uHaHcoBoR HnOTeKe H yp;e-
:IIIM OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOH HIIOTel\e.
2) HnoTeKa JIeca Ha KOpHIO. RaK YKa3bIBaJIOCb paHee, npn
perHcTpan;HH JIeca B COOTBeTCTBHH C Tpe60BaHHRMH 3aKoHa
o JIecax JIec Ha IWpHIO paCCMaTpHBaeTCR KaK nep;BHmHMOCTb,
He3aBHcnMaR OT 3eMJIH. 3aKoH 0 JIecax cop;epmHT pRP; cne-
I IIaJIbHbIX nOJIOmeHHR 06 YCTarrOBJIeHHH HiiOTeKn no nOBOp;y
JIeca Ha KOpHIO.
C06cTBeHHllK JIeca Ha KOpHIO MomeT H nOCJIe YCTaHOBJIe-
HUR HnOTeKH BeCTH pa60TbI Ha JIeCHOM Y'IaCTI{e, ocym;eCTBJIRTb
carrHTapHYIO H UHYIO nopy6KY JIeca (CT. 3 3aKoHa 0 JIecax).
C p;pyroR CTOpOHbI, 3aJIOrOp;epmaTeJIb, HeCMOTpR Ha rropy6KY
.rreca aaJIOrOp;aTeJIeM, MomeT peaJIH30BbIBaTb B OTHomeHUH ero
rrpaBO HnOTeKH H ocym;ecTBIITb IIpop;amy JIeca C ToprOB (CT. 4
YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa). RpoMe Toro, B OTHomeHHH 3eMJIH H CTOR-
m;ero na HeR JIeca 3aKoHHbIR cynep un;HR II 3aKOHHaR apeH-
p;a 3eMJIH npep;ycMoTpeHbI B 60JIee mHpoKoM cMbIc.rre, 'IeM aTO
orrpep;eJIReTCR CT. 388 fR (CT. 5-7 YKa3aHHoro 3aKoHa).
3) <l>uHaHcoBaH unOTeKa. B OTHOIIIeHHH HHaHcoBoii
IIIIOTeKH cym;ecTByeT p;eBRTb crrell,HaJIbHbIX aaKOHOp;aTeJIbHbIX
aKTOB, KOTopble MomHO pa36HTb Ha p;Be rpynrrbI.
a) IIepBaR rpynna KacaeTCR HHaHcoBoii HnOTeKU rrpo-
MblmJIeHHbIX IIpep;npHRTuR. B CJIY'Iae OTCYTCTBIIR Ha npep;-
rrpHRTHH cnell,HaJIbHOrO HHaHcoBoro oHp;a IIIIOTeKa YCTaHaB-
.rrHBaeTCR no nOBOp;y aeMJIU H cTpoeHHR co BceMII MexaHH3MaMII,
060pYP;oBaHHeM H P;PyrHMII npep;MeTaMII rrpOH3BOP;CT-
BeHHoro Ha3Ha'IeHHR, BbIHOC KOTOpbIX 3a IIpep;eJIbI npep;IIpHH-
THR He P;OIIYCI\aeTCR 6e3 COrJIaCIIR 3aJIOrOp;epmaTeJIH. B CJIY-
'lae C03p;aHlUl c06CTBeHIIIIKOM npep;IIpIIRTIIR crren;Ha.1JbIIOrO
IIHaHCOBoro OHp;a C BKJIIO'IeHIIeM B Hero Toro HJIII HHoro
IIMym;ecTBa, COCTaBJIRIOm;erO npOMbIIII.1JerrHOe npep;rrpHRTIIe,
COOTBeTCTBYIOm;eR perHCTpan;HH 06pa30BaHIIR p;aHHoro OH-
p;a U nop;p06HOR ero orrHcn p;aHHoe npep;rrpnRTne paCCMaTpn-
BaeTCR B Ka'IeCTBe ep;HHoii Hep;BHmUMOCTH.
6) BTopaR rpynna YKa3aHHbIX aKTOB CBR3aHa C HHaIIco-
BOR urroTeKoR meJIeaHbIX p;opor, KOTopaR B OCHOBHbIX 'IepTaX
229
aHaJIOrIf'IHa qnmaHcoBOn HIIOTeIW IIpOM:bIllIJIeHHbIX IIpe
rrpHHTHn.
108. IIoHJlTHe H xapaRTepHCTHRa MaRCHMaJlbHOii HllOTe
KII. EaHRH H pyrHe <pHHaHcoBbIe y'IpeJl\AeHlIH, TOproBbI
<pHPMbI, IIpOH3BOAIITeJIH, OIITOB:bIe H P03HH'IH:bIe ToprOBn;bI IIO-
CTOHHHO BeAYT ToprOBbIe CAeJIRH, pa3Mep HX o6H3aTeJIbCTB.
IIOCTOHHHO H3MeHHeTCH, 'ITO Tpe6yeT IIpHMeHeHHH TaRoro 1
o6ecrre'IeHHH, IWTopoe 6101 pacIIpoCTpaHHJIOCb Ha Bce o6H3a-
TeJIbCTBa B n;eJIOM, RaR 6101 HeOIIpeAeJIeHH:bI H MHoro'IHCJIeHIILI
ORH RH 6bIJIH. OTBeqaH Ha 3TY nOTpeOHOCTb, cyp;p,6RaH IIpaR-
TIIRa IIpH3HaJIa eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTb MaRCHMaJIbHOH HIIoTeRH,
cym;ecTBoBaBIlieH B BHAe o6:bI'IaH em;e AO BCTYIIJIeHHH B CHJIY
fK (pemeHIIe BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 25 ORTHOpH 1959 r.).
B 1971 r. COOTBeTcTByrom;He p;o6aBJIeHHH 6:bIJIn BHeCeH:bI B'
maBY fK, IIOCBHm;eHHYro HIIOTeRe. Bcero Jl\e B TeRCT fK 6101-
JIa BHeceHa 21 CTaTbH, o6'bep,HHeHHaH B Op,HH IIaparpa<p (3a-
ROH.M 99 OT 1971 r.). EJIaroAapH aTOMY cOp;epJl\aHlIe MaRCJI-
MaJI:bHOn HrrOTeRH He TOJI:bRO CTaJIO 60JIee YIIopJ1AO'IeHR:bIM H
HCHbIM, RO H o60raTIIJIOCb HeROTOp:bIMH HOB:bIMH 'IepTaMH.
B cOBpeMeHHoM BIIAe MaRCHMaJIbHaH HIIOTeRa npep,CTaBJIHeT
co6oH CHCTeMY 06eCIIe'IeHHH OIIpep,eJIeRHOrO Rpyra HeonpeAe-
JIeHHbIX o6H3aTeJIbCTB MaRCHMaJIbHO BbICOKIIMH cYMMaMH. Bo-
IIpOC:bI paCIIOpUJl\eHHH H H3MeHeHHH p;aHHoro BIIAa HIIOTeRR
perymIpyroTcH HopMaMH, B IwpHe OTJIH'lH:bIMll OT HOpM o6:bI'I-
Hon HIIOTeRR.
109. Y CTaHOBJIeHHe MaRCHMaJIbHOii HllOTeKII H H3MeHeHHe
ee cOAepmaHHJI.
1) MaRCHMaJIbRaH HrrOTeI\a IIpeAIIOJIaraeT MaRCHMaJIb-
H:bIH ypOBeHb 06eCIIe'IeHHH HeOIIpeAeJIeHH:bIX o6H3aTeJIbcTB,
paMRH ROTOpbIX YCTaHaBJIHBaroTcH IIPH Y'IpeJl\p,eHHH MaRCII-
MaJIbHOH IIlIOTeRH (II. 1 CT. 398 2 fR).
a) Rpyr 06eCIIe'IHBaeMbJX MaRCIIMa,1JbHOH HIIOTeROH Re-
OIIpep,eJIeHHbIX oOH3aTeJIbCTB B rrpHH:U;IIIIe OrpaHII'IHBaeTCH
TOprOB:bIMH OTHomeHHHMH, cym;ecTByrom;HMH MeJl\AY, HaIIpH-
Mep, 3aJIorOAepJl\aTeJIeM A R p,OJIJl\HRROM E. TIpH aTOM fIt
CqIlTaeT p;OCTaTO'IR:bIM JIRmb YRa3aHHH na BRA rpaJl\AaHCRllX
npaBOOTHomeHHH, B03HIIRaIOID;He o6H3aTeJIbCTBa no ROTOp:bIM
o6ecne'IRBaroTcH MaRCHMaJI:bHOH HIIOTeROH (n. 2 CT. 398 2 fR).
Op,HaRO He AonycRaeTcH YCTaHOBJIeRRe AaRROH HIIOTeRII B
n;eJIOM B OTRomeHIIR Bcex o6H3aTe,JIbCTJI, ROTOpbIMll MorYT
230
ObITb CBH3aHbI J],Ba JUIll;a, 6e3 onpeJ],eJIeHlIH BHJ],OB npaBOOTHO-
weHIIH.
6) B OTHOnIeHHH BeKCeJIeH H qeKOB rK npeJ],YCMaTpHBaeT
IICIUlIO'IeHHe H3 06m;ero npIIHI Hna HaJIH'IHH ToprOBbIX OTHO-
meHlIH TOJIbKO MeiRJ],Y 3aJIOrOJ],epiRaTeJIeM H J],OJliRHHKOM (n. 3
CT. 398 2 rK).
B) IIpH YCTaHOBJIeHHH MaKCHMaJIbHOH HIIOTeKII J],OJIiRHa
orrpeJ],eJIHTbCH MaKCHMaJIbHaH CYMMa. AaTa onpeJ],eJleHHH TO'I-
HOH CYMMbI KaniiTaJIbHOH qaCTH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa MOiReT He
YCTaHaBJIHBaTbCH, OJ],HaKO onpeJ],eJIeHHe KanHTa.'IbHOH CYMMbI
;J,OJIiRHO ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH B Te'IeHHe He 60JIee 'IeM nHTH JIeT
C MOMeHTa YCTaHOBJIeHHH MaKCHMaJIbHOH HnOTeHH (CT. 398 6
rK).
2) COJ],epiRaHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOH HilOTeKH, onpeJ],eJIeHHOe
.B MOMeHT ee YCTaHOBJIeHHH, MOiReT OTHOCHTeJIbHO cB060J],HO
II3MeHHTbCH CTopOHaMH.
a) 06'beM 06H3aTeJIbCTB, 06eCne'IHBaeMblx MaKCHMaJIbHOH
IHIOTeKoH, MOiReT H3MeHHTbCH 6e3 nOJIY'IeHHH Ha 91'0 CorJIa-
eHH 3aJIOrOJ],epiRaTeJIeH BTOpOH O'IepeJ],H HJIH HHbIX TpeTbHX
JIHq. 81'0 iRe OTHOCHTCH II K H3MeHeHHIO J],OJIiRHHKa (CT. 398 4
rK).
6) I13MeHcHHe MaKCHMaJIblIOH CYMMbI Tpe6yeT COrJIaCHH
3aJIOrO;n;epiRaTeJIeH BTOpOH O'IepeJ],H II J],PyrHx 3aHHTepeCOBaH-
HbIX JIIIq (CT. 398 5 rK).
B) AaTa onpeJ],eJIeHUH TO'IHOH CYMMbI KanIITaJIbHOH 'IaCTH
J],OJIra ;n;o ee HaCTYUJIeHUH MOiReT CB060J],HO H3MeHHTbCH CTO-
pOHaMII (CT. 398 6 rK).
110. AeiicTBIIe MaKCHMaJIbHOii IInOTeKII.
1) OTKpbITHe ToprOB C qeJIbIO npeHMym;ecTBeHHoro YJ],OB-
JIeTBOpeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa MoiReT OC eCTBJIHTbCH He TOJIb-
HO no 3aHBJIeHHIO HenoepeJ],CTBeHHbIX CTOpOII, HO H J],PyrHx
KpeJ],IITopOB, npH nOM OHH TaKiRe BKJIIO'IaIOTCH B npoqep;yPY
npeIIMym;ecTBennoro y,n:OBJIeTBOpeHlIH.
2) 06'beM npeHMym;ecTBeHHoro y,n:OB.TTeTBOpeHHH BKJIIO'IaeT
I\anUTam,HYIO CYMMY, npoqeHTbI H KOMnCHcaqHIO 3a 3aJ],epiRKY
na MOMeHT TO'IHOrO onpeJ],eJIeHHH BeJIII'IIIHbI 06H3aTeJIbCTBa,
a TaKiRe rrpoqeHTbI II KOMrreHcaqmo 3a 3a,n:epiRKY, Ha'IIIHaH
C MOMeHTa TO'IHOrO onpep;eJIeHIIH BeJIH'IIIHbI 06H3aTeJIbCTBa
11;0 pacnpeJ],eJIeHHH B npeJ],eJIax YCTaHOBJIeHHOH MaKCIIMaJIbHOH
CYMMbI (n. 1 CT. 398 3 rK). IIoJIoiReHHH CT. 374 rK He pac-
npOCTpaHHIOTCH Ha MaKCHMaJIbHYIO IInOTeKY (CM.: Bem;Hoe
npaBO - 100).
231
111. IIepexolJ; H npeeMCTBO 06ff3aTeJIbcTB, 06eCne'lHBae-
MbIX MaKCHMaJIbHOii HnOTeKoii.
1) llplI IIepe,!!;a'le OT,!!;eJIbHbIX 06H3aTeJIbCTB, BXO,!!;Hm;IIX
B 06m;HH 06'beM 06H3aTeJIbCTB, 06eCIIe'lHBaeMblx MaKCHMaJIb-
HOH HiloTeKoH, IIOCJIe,!!;HffH He CJIe,!!;yeT 3a HHMH. MCilOJIHeHHe
OOH3aTeJIbCTBa co CTOpOHbl TpeTbero JIH:u;a HJIH IIopy'lHTeJIH He
OTpamaeTCH Ha MaKCHMaJIbHOH HilOTeKe. llpH IIepexo,!!;e 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa K HOBOMY ,!!;OJImHHKy OHO He 06eCIIe'lHBaeTCH MaK-
CHMaJIbHOH HilOTeKOH (CT. 398 7 rR). llpH 06HOBJIeHHH BCJIe,!!;-
CTBHe CMeHbI Kpe,!!;HTopa HJIH ,!!;OJImHHKa MaKCHMaJIbHaH HIIO-
TeKa B OTHOIIIeHHH CTaporo 06HaaTeJIbCTBa He IIepexop;HT Ha
HOBoe (CT. 398 8 rR).
2) llpHMeHHTeJIbHO K CJIyqaHM IIepexo,!!;a MaKCHMaJIbHOH
HnOTeKH B IIopHp;Ke HaCJIe,!!;OBaHHH rR cop;epmHT CJIep;YIOm;He
IIOJIOmeHHH.
a) B CJIY'lae CMepTH aaJIOI'o,!!;epmaTeJIH IIPH COrJIaCHH Bcex
HaCJIep;HHKOB H p;OJImHHKa MaKCHMaJIbHaH HilOTeKa MOmeI'
paCilpOCTpaHHTbCH H Ha Bce IIOCJIep;yIOm;IIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa Me-
mp;y p;aHHbIM p;o.lImHHKOM H OP;HHM HJIH HeCKOJIbI{HMH HaCJIep;-
HHKaMH (II. 1 CT. 398 9 ). STOT me IIOpHP;OK pacilpocTpaHHeTcH
H Ha CJIY'laH cMepTH p;OJImHHKa (n. 2 CT. 398 9 rR).
6) llpH coxpaHeHHH MaKCHMaJIbHOH HilOTeKH B YKa3aHHblX
CJIY'laHX He Tpe6yeTcH COI'JIaCHH Kpep;HTopOB BTOpOH O'lepep;H
HJIH TpeTbHX JIHD;, op;HaKO, eCJIH B Te'lemre 6 MecHD;eB co P;HH
OTKpbITHH HaCJIep;CTBa He 6yp;eT IIpOH3Bep;eHa COOTBeTCTBYIO-
m;aH peI'HCTpaD;HH p;aHHoro IIOJIOmeHHH, MaKCHMaJIbHaH HflO-
TeKa C'lHTaeTCH 3aiPHKcHpoBaHHoH C MOMeHTa OTKpbITHH Ha-
c.lIep;CTBa (n. 3 H 4 CT. 398 9 rR).
112. PacnopHmeHHe MaKCHMaJIbHOii HllOTeKoii. ECJIH CT. 375
rR IIpH3HaeT IIHTb cIIoc060B paCIIopHmeHHH HIiOTeKOH (pe-
HilOTeKa, IIepexop;, OTKa3 H p;p.), TO IIplIMeHHTeJIbHO K MaKClI-
MaJIbHOH HilOTeKe Bce lIHble CIIoc06bI, KpOMe peHilOTeKH,
3aIIpem;eHbl, 'lTO, O,!!;HaKO, He IIpeIIHTcTByeT paCIIopHme-
HHIO B pa IKax caMOH MaKCIIMaJIbHOH HflOTeKlI (n. 1 CT.
398 11 rR).
113. 06m;aff MaKCHMaJIbHaff HnOTeKa. llOCKOJIbKY MaKCII-
MaJIbHaH HilOTeKa 06eCIIe'lHBaeT CYMMY HeOIIpep;eJIeHHbIX 06H-
3aTeJIbCTB, BXOp;Hm;HX B YCTaHOBJIeHHYIO ciPepy TOpI'OBbIX OT-
HOIIIeHlIH, oHa '1aCTO YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH IIO IIOBOP;y HeCKOJIbKHX
Hep;BHmHMOCTeM. B OTITOIIIeHHH p;eMCTBHH 06m;eM MaKCHMaJIb-
nOM IIIIOTeI\H rR IIpH3IIaeT p;Be pa3JIH'IHble iPOpMbI - I\YMY-
232
JlllTIIBHYIO II 'IIICTYIQ (CM. CT. 398 16 II 398 17 fK).
114. «I>HKca Hll MaKCHMaJIbHOii HllOTeKH. II pH cpHKCa HIT
MaKCHl\IaJII,HOH IIllOTeKH OHa YTpa'IHBaeT nO BHiKHOCTI, H
06eCne'IHBaeT TOJII,KO CTporo onpe eJIeHHI,le 061l3aTeJII,CTBa,
IIMeIOm;HeCH B HaJIH'IHII Ha MOMeHT cpHKca IlH.
1) OCHOBaHHll JIll q.HKca HH.
a) Tpe60BaHHe cpHKca HH. B CJIY'Iae OTCYTCTBHH onpe e-
.TJ:eHHOH CTopOHaMH )];aTbI cpHKca HH MaKCHl\IaJII,HOH HnOTeKH
3a.1J:OrO aTe.1J:I, MOiKeT BbI BHHYTI, Tpe60BaHIle cpHKca HH JIIlIIlI,
no HCTe'IeHHH Tpex JIeT C MOMeHTa YCTaHOBJIeHHH MaKCHMaJII,-
HOH HnOTeKH. <DHKcaU;HH HnOTeKH HacTynaeT no HCTeqemIH
,!Wyx He)];eJII, nOCJIe BbI BIliKeHHH YKa3aHHoro Tpe60BaHHH
(CT. 398]9 fK).
6) 113MeHeHHe ccpepbI 06H3aTeJII,CTB, nO JIeiKam;HX 06ec-
ne'IeHHIO, npeKpam;eHHe ToprOBI,IX C)];eJIOK H T. n. (n. 1
CT. 398 20 fK).
B) Ha'IaJIo ocyru;eCTBJIeHHH Kpe)];HTOpOM npOU;ei'JypbI pea-
.1J:H3aU;HH npaBa MaKCHMaJII,HOH HnOTeKH (nn. 2 H 3 n. 1
CT. 398 20 fK). IIpHocTaHoBKa aHHoR npOu;e)];ypbI He OKa3bI-
BaeT BJIHHHHH Ha eRCTBHTeJII,HOCTI, cpHKcaU;HH.
r) B CJIY'Iae nO)];a'IH co CTOpOHI,I pyrHx Kpe)J.IlTopoB 3aHB-
JIeHHH 0 npo aiKe 3aJIOiKeHHOR He BHiKHMOCTH C ToprOB HJIlI
HaJIOiKelIHH Ha )];aHHYIO He)];BHiKHMOCTI, 3anpem;eHlIH cpHKca-
U;HH MaKCHMaJII,HOH HnOTeKH HacTynaeT no IlCTe'IeHHH )];BYX
He eJII, nOCJIe Toro, KaK 3aJIOrO)];epiKaTeJII, Y3HaJI 06 3THX cpaK-
Tax (nn. 4 n. 1 CT. 398 20 fK). IIpeKparu;eHHe YKa.3alIHI,IX npo-
u;e yp B03Bparu;aeT MaKCHMaJII,HOH IIIlOTeKe DO BHiKHOCTh
(n.2 CT. 398 20 fK).
)];) BaHKpoTcTBO )];OJIiKHHKa HJIH 3aJIOrO aTeJHr (nn. 5 n. 1
CT. 398 20 fK). IIpeKpam;eHHe perneHHH 0 npmmaHHH 6aHKpoT-
eTBa B03Bparu;aeT MaKCHMaJII,HOR HnOTeKe nO BHiKHOCTI, (n. 2
CT. 398 20 fK).
2) ,IJ;eiicTBlITeJIbHOCTb cpHKcaU;IIH. IIpII cpHKca:r\IIH MaKCH-
l\IaJIbHOR IIIlOTeKH ona nepeCTaer 06eCne'IIIBaTb B03BnKaIOru;Ile
BnOCJIe)];CTBlIH 06H3aTe.'lbCTBa, II B 3TOM CMbICJTe IlITOTeKa CTa-
HOBIITCH onpe eJIeHHOR C npHcym;lIMH 06bI'IHOR HIfOTeKe no)];-
'IlIHeHHOCTbIO H C.'le,!J;OBaHIleM 3a 06H3aTeJIbCTBoM. Ha Hee pac-
IIpocTpaHHIOTcH HOpMbI, IIpe ycMoTpeHHbIe B OTHorneHIlII
06bflIHOii IIIlOTeKH. CJIe)];yeT, O HaKO, IlMeTb B BlI)];y, 'ITO Ha
cpHKcHpoBaHHYIO MaI,CHMaJIbHYIO HliOTeKY He paClipOCTpaIm-
IOTCH nOJIOiKeHHH CT. 374 fK, npe YCMaTpIIBaIOm;Ile orpaHlI-
'IeHH${ B OTHorneHIIII npou;eHTOB H pyrnx perYJIHpHbIX ruIa-
<.reiKeH.
233
r naB a 12. CHCTEMA O&ECnELlEHHSI 0&Sl3A TEnbCTB
HA OCHOBE nEPEXOAA nPABA
i 1. 06eCne'leHHe Ha OCHOBe nepeAa'lH
115. CHcTeMa o6eCne'leHHlI Ha OCHOBe nepexo a npaBa.
CHcTeMa Bem;Horo 06eCneqeHHlI, YCTaHaBJIIIBaeMall rK B P::l3-
p;eJIe «Bem;HOe npaBO}) - 3aRJIa H IInOTeRa, - OCHOBaHa Ha
TOM, qTO npaBa B OTHomeHlI1I 3aJIOmeHHOll: Bem;1I npO OJIma-
lOT OCTaBaTbClI Y 3aJIOrO aTeJIJI. O HaRO eCTb IT IIHaJl CIICTeMa
06eCneqeHlIJI 06H3aTeJIbCTB, nplI ROTOpOll: BpeMeHHO nepeAa-
IOTCJI Rpep;IITOpy caMII npaBa, no IICnOJIHeHlI1I me 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa Rpep;IITOp B03Bpam;aeT 8TlI npaBa 3aJIOrOp;aTeJIIO. B PIIM-
CROM npaBe nepBOHaqaJIbHO nOJIyqlIJIa pa3BlITlIe IIMeHHO Ta-
KaJl CIICTeMa 06eCneqeHlIJI (<pIIp;yn;IIH) . B HOBoe BpeMJI
nop;06HYIO CIICTeMY BbIpa60TaJIO II aHrJIO-aMeplIRaHCRoe npaBO>
(mortgage), op;HaRO IWHTIIHeHTaJIbHOe npaBO YHaCJIep;OBaJlO>
OT plIMCKoro JIlImb CIICTeMY o6eCneQeHlIH 06H3aTeJlbCTB Ha
OCHOBe 3aRJIap;a II IInOTeRII. B HnOHlI1I ,11;0 nplIHJlTIIJI rK npn-
MeHHJlaCb B OCHOBHOM CHCTeMa 06eCneqeHlIH <p1Ip;yn;lIapHoro>
THna, op;HaRO, nOCROJIbRY rK COCTaBJIHJICJI no 06pa3n;y ROHTII-
HeHTaJIbHoro npaBa, 6bIJIa pen;enlIpoBaHa II CBOll:CTBeHHafI
eMY MOp;eJIb o6eCneQeHlIJI 06J13aTeJIbCTB. Op;HaRo C pa3BHTH8M
RanlITaJIlI3Ma RaR B HnOHIIII, TaR II B CTpaHax IWHTIIHeHTaJIT,-
HOll: EBponbI CTaJIa om;ym;aTbcH nOTpe6HOCTb B pacmlIpeHII1I
c<pePIJ Bem;Horo 06eCneQeHlIH II YCTaHOBJIeHHII no COrJIame-
HHIO CTOpOH 06eCneQeHlIJI <p1Ip;yn;lIapHoro TlIna. IT08TOMY p;aH-
HaJl CHCTeMa 06eCneQeHlIJI B HaCTOJlm;ee BpeMJI HrpaeT B Hno-
HIIII BamHYIO POJIb.
ITplIMeHJleMaJl HbIHe CIICTeMa 06eCneQeHlIJI Ha OCHOBe ne-
pexop;a npaBa IIMeeT p;Be pa3HOBIIp;HOCTII: 1) <p1I n;lIapHbIn:
3aRJIap; C nepep;aQell: npaB Ha 3aJIOmeHHYlO Bem;b Rpep;IITOpy
H 2) 06eCneQeUHe Ha OCHOBe npep;BapIITeJIbHOll: perlIcTpan;lIn,
T. e. nepep;aQII Rpep;IITopy npaB Ha 3aJIOmeHHYlO Bem;b B CJIY-
Qae HelICnOJIHeHIIJI 06J13aTeJIbCTBa.
116. XapaRTepHcTHRa CHCTeMbI o6eCneQeUHlI Ha OCHOBe
nepe aQH npaBa. 8TO o6eCneQeHlIe MomeT 6bITb p;OCTlIrHYTO
P;BYMJI cnoc06aMII. Bo-nepBbIx, nplI3HaHlIeM npaBa BIJKyna,
3alIMCTBOBaHHoro y p;orOBopa RynJIII-npOp;amlI, H, BO-BTOPbIX,
nepep;aQell: npaBa B QIICTOM BIIp;e. HanpHMep, BJIap;eJIeIJ; TlIno-
rpa<pIIH A c n;eJIblO n0JIY'leHIIJI p;eHemHoro Rpep;HTa 3aHlIMaeT
y rpamp;aHIIHa B 5 MJIH. lIeH nop; 10 % fOlWBbIX CpOROM Ha ABa
234
rop;a II B Ra'leCTBe OOeCne'leHIIH npe)];OCTaBJIHeT TliIIorpa.pCIme
OOopYP;OBaHlIe. IIplI nepBOM cnocooe rpamp;aHliH A npop;aeT
rpamp;aHIIHY B TlInorpaiPcRoe oOopYP;oBaHlIe 3a 5 MJIH. lIeH,
a 3aTeM apeHP;yeT ero CpOROM Ha p;Ba rop;a, ynJIa'llTBafI eme-
MeCH'IHO 50 ThIC. lIeH B Ra'leCTBe apeHp;Hoii nJIaTLl. I1pH 3TOM
CTOpOHI.I CBH3aHhI cnen;HaJII.HhIM p;orOBopOM 0 B03MomHOCTH
Bbmyna p;aHHoro oOoPY)];OBaHHH B Te'leHHe YRa3aHHoro )];BYX-
.-rreTHero cpORa. Do BTOpOM CJIY'Iae CTOpOHhI 3aI{JIIO'IaIOT p;oro-
BOp 3allMa Ha CYMMY B 5 MJIH. HeH, npOn;eHTbI no ROTOPOMY
COCTaBJIHIOT 10 % rop;OBI.IX C BI.IllJIaTOll B KOHn;e Ham)];OrO Me-
CHn;a 50 TLIC. lIeH B Te'IeHHe P;BYX JIeT. B Ra'leCTBe ooecne'le-
HUH OOH3aTeJII.CTBa THnorpaiPcRoe OOopYP;OBaHHe nepep;aeTCH
rpam)];aHUHY B B oe3B03Me3p;Hoe nOJII.30BaHue CpOROM Ha p;Ba
rop;a. I1plI 3TOM 3aRJIIO'IaeTCH cnen;UaJII.HOe COrJIameHHe 0 B03-
Bparn;eHHH npaBa COOCTBeHHOCTH Ha p;aHHoe OOOPY)];OBaHHe no
IICnOJIHeHHII YKa3aHHoro OOH3aTeJII.CTBa B Te'leHlIe P;BYX JIeT.
XOTH npHMeHHTeJII.HO R BhInOJIHHeMOll 3ROHOMII'IeCROll
iPYHRn;IIlI Mem;W yRa3aHHhIMH cnocooaMII He HaOJIIOp;aeTCH
cyrn;ecTBeHHhIX pa3JIH'IHll, B rrpaBOBOM OTHomeHHII pa3JIH'IRe
Memp;y HHMH BeCI.Ma BeJIHRO. Bo BTOpOM CJIY'Iae I'pamp;aHHH A
HeceT nepe)]; rpamp;aHHHOM B oOH3aTeJIbCTBO B 5 MJIH. lIeH,
B TO BpeMH RaR B nepBOM CJIY'Iae TaRoe OOH3aTeJILCTBO OTCYT-
cTBye-r. I103TOMY BO BTOpOM CJIyqae rpamp;aHRH E Momer Tpe-
OOBaTL 01' rpamp;aHIIHa A IICnOJIHeHHH oOH3aTeJIbCTBa B 5 MJIH.
lIeH II npHoeraTI. R npIIHY)];HTeJII.HOMY ero HCnOJIHeHHIO H3
Bcero HMyrn;ecTBa )];OJImHHRa. B nepBOM me CJIY'Iae Rpep;IITOp
He OOJIap;aeT nO)];06HhIMH npaBaMH. RpOMe 1'01'0, UpH npII'IIIlIe-
HHII Bpep;a YRa3aHHOMY THnorpaiPcROMY OOopYP;OBaUHIO BCJIep;-
CTBHe HenpeOp;OJIHMOll CHJIhI rpamp;allHH B BO BTOpOM CJIY'Iae
TeM He MeHee BnpaBe TpeOOBan B03BpaTa 5 MJIH. lieu, B nep-
BOM me CJIY'Iae npII OTCYTCTBHH Y rpaiRp;aHHHa A B03MOiR-
HOCTH Bbmyna TlInorpaiPcRoro oOopYP;oBaHHH nOCJIep;IlIlll He
HeceT HllRaKOll OTp;eJILUOll OOH3aHHOCTH 110 yrmaTe 5 MJIH. HeH.
I1epBbIll ll3 YRa3anHLIX cnocoOOB Ha3bIBaeTCH iPII):I;yn;HapHLlM
3al{Jla):l;Ol\l, BTOpOll - 06eCne'leHHeM Ha OCHOBe nepe):l;a'IlI npa-
Ba (CM. pemeHHe BepxoBlIoro cyp;a 01' 26 anpeJIH 1933 r.).
Op;HaRo Ha npaRTIII,e B HnoHHII HeT '1eTKOrO pa3rpaHII'IeHIIH
)J;BYX 3Tnx BH):I;OB ooeCne'IeHIIH. TaK, nepBbIll cnocoo 'IaCTO na-
3bIBalOT BbIl{ynoM, nplI3HaBaeMhIM rR (CT. 579 fR), BTOpOll
iRe OTOJHp;eCTBJIHIOT C iPHP;yn;HapHhIM 3aRJIap;OM. Bce 31'0 Tpe-
6 yeT ocoooro BHIIMaHHH npII TOJIROBaHHII COOTBeTCTBYIOrn;HX
)J;orOBopOB P;JIH BbIHCHeHIIH HCTHHHI.IX HaMepeHlIll CTOpOH.
B HaCTOHrn;eM naparpaiPe MI.I paCCMOTplIM TOJII.RO Ooecne'Ie-
235
HMe Ha OCHOBe nepe;:ralJII npaBa, a qlMP;YU;MapHl:.IH 3aRJIap; 6y-
p;eT paCCMOTpeu B pa3,[\eJIe 06H3aTeJII:.CTBeuuoro npaBa B CBH3I1
C BLmyrroM (CM.: 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBO - '103).
117. 'YcTaHOBJIeHHe o6eCnelJeHHlI Ha OCHOBe nepe)];alJlI
npaBa.
1) 06eCrrelJeHMe Ha OCHOBe nepe,[\alJM npaBa YCTaHaBJIM-
BaeTCH ;IJ;OrOBOpOM MeiR;IJ;Y 3aJIOrO;IJ;aTeJIeM M 3aJIOrO)J;epmaTe-
JIeM. I\aK M B CJIYlJae 3aKJIap;a MJIM MrrOTeKM, 3aJIorO;IJ;aTeJIel\f
MomeT 6L1TL RaR ;IJ;OJImHMR, TaR M TpeTLe JIMU;O (Bem;HLlH no-
pyqMTeJIL) .
2) 06eCrrelJeHMe Ha OCHOBe nepep;alJM npaBa YCTaHaBJIM-
BaeTCH BOJIeM3'bHBJIeHMeM CTOpOH, op;HaRO B OTHomeHMII
TpeTLMX JIMn; Tpe6yeTcH HaJIMlJMe YCJIOBMH, MCIWIOlJaIOnwX
npep;'bHBJIeHIIe npeTeH3Mll: C MX CTOpOHLI. IIpMMeUMTeJILHO K
;IJ;BMmMMOCTM ;IJ;aHHLlM YCJIOBMeM HBJIHeTCH peaJILHaH nepe)J;a-
'la, O;IJ;HaRO 3aJIOrO;IJ;aTeJIL MomeT COXpaHMTL 3a c060ll: BJIa)J;eHMe
3aJIOil\eHHOll: Bem;LIO C ee IfCnOJIL30BaHMeM M M3BJIelJeHMeM
BLIrO,[\IJ, lJTO paccMaTpIfBaeTcH B RalJeCTBe Y3Y<PPYI\Ta If npn-
paBHIfBaeTCH R peaJILUOH nepep;alJe (pemeHIfe BepxoBHoro
cy,[\a OT 2 MIOHH 1955 r.). IIpMMeHMTeJILHO me R He;IJ;BMmM-
MOCTM Tpe6yeTcH perMCTpan;MH nepexo)J;a npaB.
3) Bonpoc 0 TOM, OCTaeTCH JIM 3aJIOmeHUaH Bem;L BO BJIa-
;IJ;eUMM 3aJIOrO)J;aTeJIH MJIM OHa nepe;IJ;aeTCH 3aJIorO)J;epmaTeJIID,
onpe,[\eJIHeTCH ;IJ;OrOBopOM 06 YCTaUOBJIeUMM 06eCnelJeHMH ua
OCHOBe nepe)J;alJM npaBa.
118. ,J:(eiicTBHTeJIbHOCTb o6eCnelJeUMlI Ha OCHOBe nepep;alJlI
npaBa.
1) PaHee B HnoHMM 6LIJIa pacnpOCTpaueHa Iwuu;enU;MH,
no ROTOpOll: 06eCnelJeHMe Ha OCHOBe nepe,[\alJM npaBa npM3ua-
BaJIOCL ue)J;enCTBIITeJIbHLIM BCJIe)J;CTBMe <pIIRTMBHOCTII BOJIe-
M3'bHBJIeUMH CTOpOU, M60 06eCnelJeUMe nop;06uoro pO)J;a O<pOPM-
JIHJIOCL B BM)J;e )J;oroBopa RyrrJIM-npo)J;amli. ,ZJ;aHHaH KOHU;enU;IIH
6LIJIa HBUO omM60lJHOn, TaR RaR CMemliBarra 3KOHOMIIlJeClm:e
n;eJIM, npeCJIe,[\yeMLle CTopOHaMII, C npaBOBLIMM cpe,[\CTBaMII
IIX ;IJ;OCTMmeHMH. 06eCnelJeUMe Ha OCHOBe nepe)J;alJII rrpaBa CO-
;IJ;epmMT )J;enCTBMTeJILUOe HaMepeHMe CTOpOH 0 nepexop;e rrpa-
Ba, npaBOBLIe nOCJIe;IJ;CTBIIH 3Toro 06eCne'IeHMH TaRme COCTOff'l'
B nepexo;rJ;e npaBa, n03TOMY )J;aUHoe BOJIeM3'bHBJIeHMe HeJI'b3H
Ha3BaTL <pMRTMBHLlM. IIO;IJ;06HOH TOlJRII 3peHMH npM;IJ;epmMBa-
eTCH HLIHe II CY;IJ;e6HaH npaRTMRa (CM. pemeHMe BepXOBuoro
cY;IJ;a OT 2 HOH6pH 1914 r.).
236
2) MMeJIa XOiR;n;emIe II ;n;pyraH ROH:u;errIJ;IIH, ROTopaH, rrplI-'
3HaBaH ;n;eRCTBIITeJIbHOCTb 06ecrre eHIIH Ha OCHOBe rrepe;n;aqlI
rrpaBa, B TO iRe BpeMH OTpHr:t;aJIa )];eRCTBIITeJIbHOCTb )];aHHOrO
06eCrreqeHlIH B OTHorneHIIH 3aJIOiReHHOR )];BHiRIIMOCTII B ClITY-
ar:t;IIHX, Ror;n;a OHa OCTaBaJIaCb no BJIa;n;eHIIII 3aJIOrO;n;aTeJIH II
IICrrOJIb30BaJIaCb IIM. l!:aHHYIO clITyar:t;IIIO YRa3aHHaH ROHr:t;err-
r:t;IIH paCCMaTplIBaJIa B RaqeCTBe rrplITBopHOR C;n;eJ!RII, HarrpaB-
JIeHHOR Ha 06xo;n; rrOJIOiReHIIH CTaTeR 345 II 349 rR OTROCII-
TeJIbRO 3aRJIa;n;a (CM.: Bern;Hoe rrpaBO - 87,90). B orrpe;n;eJIeH-
HOR Mepe BTOT aprYMeHT 060cHoBaH, O;n;HaRO CJIe;n;yeT yqlITbI-
BaTb, qTO CIICTeMa 06eCrreqeHlIH Ha OCHOBe rrepe;n;aqlI rrpaB8
6bIJIa BbI3BaHa R iRII3HlI rroTpe6HOCTHMlI COBpeMeHHbIX BROHO-
MlIqeCRIIX OTHorneHIIH, )];JIH ROTOpIJX OrpaHlIqeHIIH, rrpe)];YCMOT
peHHble B OTHorneHlI1I 3aRJIa;n;a, ORa3aJIlICb CJIlIrnROM iReCTRII
MII. TaR, B HacTOHrn;ee BpeMH paccMaTplIBaeMaH CIICTeMa rr03BO"
JIHeT 06eCrreqlIBaTb 06H3aTeJIbCTBa cpe;n;CTBaMII rrpoII3BO;n;CTBa
6e3 rrepe)];aqlI IIX Rpe;n;IITOpy.
119. BHYTpeHHee ;a;eHcTBHe o6eCneqeHlIH Ha OCHOBe nepe-
,D;aqIl npaBa (OTHorneHIIH Mem;a;y 3aJIorO;a;epmaTeJIeM II ;n;OJIm-
HHROM) .
1) B OTHorneHlI1I o6eCneqlIBaeMbIx o6H3aTeJIbCTB OTCYT-
CTBYIOT oc06bIe OrpaHlIqeHIIH. B OTJIII'lHe OT IInoreRII 3;n;eCb
He rrpe;n;YCMOTpeHIJ OrpaHlIqeHIIH B OTHorneHIiII RarrlITaJIbHOH
CYMMbI ;n;OJIra, rrpOr:t;eHTOB, HeYCTORRII II T. rr., O;n;HaRO II rrplI
06eCrreqeHlIlI Ha OCHOBe nepe;n;aqlI rrpaBa CJIe;n;yer yqlITbIBaTb
Tpe60Bamm, rrpe;n;'l>HBJIHeMbIe TaRIIMII, HarrplIMep, 3aRoHO;n;a-
TeJIbHbIMII aRTaMII, RaR 3aRoH 06 OrpaHlIqeHRII ccy;n;Horo npo-
n;eHTa II ;a;p.
2) ClfJepa pacnpOCTpaHeHIIH ;a;encTBIIH o6eCneqemIH Ha
OCHOBe rrepe;n;aQR rrpaBa B RaiR;n;OM ROHRpeTHOM CJIYQae orr-
pe;n;eJIHeTCH CTopOHaMII, O;n;HaRO CJIe;n;yeT IIMeTb B BR;n;y, QTO
II Ha ;n;aHHYIO CIICTeMY 06eCrreQeHlIH pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH rro-
JIOiReHlIe 0 Bern;HOR 3aMeHlIMOCTlI (CT. 304 rR).
3) B CJIYQae HelICrrOJIHeHIIH )];OJImHRROM 06H3are.llbCrBa
3aJIOrO;n;epiRaTeJIb IIMeeT rrpaBO Ha y;n;OBJIeTBOpeHRe CBoero
06H3aTeJIbCTBa 1I3 rrepe;n;aHHoro eMY IIMyrn;ecrBeHHOI'O npaBa.
IIplI BJIa;n;eHIIII 3aJIOrO;n;epiRaTeJIeM 3aJIOiReHHbIM IIMyrn;ecTBoM
OH ocyrn;eCTBJIHeT peaJIlI3ar:t;IIIO IIJJII 06'l>eRTIIBHYlO OIJ;eHRY HMY-
rn;eCTBa, BbIQRTaeT 1I3 rrOJIYQeHHOH IIJIII onpe;n;eJIeHHOH CTOR-
MOCTII ero QaCTb B rrorarneHlIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, a ocraBrnyroCH
CYMMY B03Bparn;aeT ;n;OJIiRHIIRY. ECJIII iRe BblpyqeHHaH CYMMa
237
e.n;OCTaTO'IHa .n;JIH y.n;OBJIeTBOpeml.H 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, 3aJIOrO,[l.ep-
'iRaTeJIb MOmeT Tpe60Ban nOJIHOro y.n;OBJIeTBOpemul.
4) OOH3aHHocTb DO XpaHeHHIO Be .
a) B CJIY'Iae npH06peTemI.H 3aJIOro.n;epmaTeJIeM npaBa
c06CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3aJIOmeHHyIO Be b OH TeM He MeHee HeceT
06H3aHHOCTb nepe.n; 3aJIOrO,[l.epmaTeJIeM He HCnOJIb30BaTb 3TO
npaBO HH B KaKHX HHbIx n;eJIHX, nOMHMO 3aJIOra. UpH nepe)];a'Ie
3aJIOmeHHOH Be H TpeTbeMY JIM:U;y )];0 MCTe'IeHHH cpOKa HC-
nOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, a TaKme ee YTpaTe, nop'Ie II T. n.
3aJIOro.n;epmaTeJIb HeceT COOTBeTCTBYIOm;He 06H3aHHOCTH ne-
pe.n; 3aJIOro.n;aTeJIeM.
6) B CJIY'Iae BJIa.n;eHHH 3aJIOro.n;aTeJIeM Bem;bIO H H3BJIe'Ie-
HHH H3 Hee Bblro.n;bI 3aJIOro.n;aTeJIb 06H3aH ocy eCTBJIHTb xpa-
BeHHe .n;aHHoH Bem;H, He06xo.n;IIMoe .n;JIH coxpaHeHHH ee 3aJIOrO-
BOn: n;eHHOCTH. UpH HapylIIeHHH i-H:e 3aJIOro.n;aTeJIeM aTOH 06H-
3aHHocTH, a HMeHHO npH pacnopHmeHIIH Bem;pIO, ee rH6eJIH
HJIII YMeHblIIeHHH, 3aJIOro.n;aTeJIb HeceT 06H3aHHocTb no B03-
Mem;eHHIO Bpe.n;a.
120. BHeIDHee .n;encTBHe OoeCne'IeHHH na OCHOBe nepe.n;a-
'IH npaBa CBo.n;HrCH K .n;eHcTBHIO .n;orOBopa 06 yCTaHOBJIeHHH
.n;aHHoro 06ecne'Ieml.H, a ero co.n;epmaHIIe onpe.n;eJIHeTCH ny-
TeM TOJIKOBaHHH .n;orOBopa. AeHcTBHe .n;aHHoro po.n;a 06ecrre-
'IeHHH B OTHOlIIeHIIH TpeTbHX JIHn; BO MHorIIX CJIY'IaHX 3aBII-
CHT OT Be HonpaBOBoro xapaKTepa o6eCne'IeHHH Ha OCHOBe
nepe.n;a'IlI npaBa.
1) OTHoIDeHHH C OO MII Kpe.n;HTopaMH aaJIOro.n;aTeJIII.
a) UpH 06eCrre'IeHHH .n;BHi-KHMOCTbIO Be b B 60JIblIIHHCTBe
CJIY'IaeB OCTaeTCH BO BJIa.n;eHHII 3aJlOro.n;aTeJIH, n03TOMY Hepe.n;-
KO BCTpe'IaIOTCH cHTyan;HH, Kor.n;a Kpe.n;HTop 3aJIOrO,[l.aTeJIH
YCTaHaBJIHBaeT 3arrpem;eHHe B OTHOlIIeHHH .n;aHflOH Be H. Tor,[l.a
3aJIOro.n;epmaTeJIb MomeT npe.n;'bHBIITb HCK C npOTeCTOM B OT-
HOlIIeHHH .n;eHcTBIIH TpeTbero JIHn;a (CT. 549 rR), KOTopoe,
o.n;HaKO, 06JIa,[l.aeT B03MomHOCTbIO OTKJIOHIITb TaIWH lICK. ECJfII
me Bem;b (3aJIOmeHHaH gBIImMMOCTb) Haxog:HTCH BO BJIageHIIH
3aJIOrO,[l.epma TeJIH, KpegHTop 3aJIOrop;a TeJIH He MomeT HaJIO-
mHTb Ha flee 3anpem;eHIIe.
0) 06eCne'IeHHe He,[l.BHmHMOCTbIO 3aBHCHT TOJIbKO OT p;eH-
CTBHTeJIbflOCTH perHCTpan;HH, HO He OT nepexoga rrpaBa BJIa-
gemm. UpH 06eCne'IeHHH Ha OCHOBe Cnen;HaJIbHOH perHCTpa-
Will 3anpe eHIIH CO CTOpOHbI 06m;HX KpegHTopoB 3aJIOrO,[l.aTe-
JIH He npH3HaIOTCH. OgHaKo CJIegyeT yqHTbIBaTb, 'ITO BpY'IeHHe
JIHlIIb .n;OKYMeHTa, y.n;OCTOBepHIO ero npaBO, 6e3 COOTBeTCTBYIO-
2:'8
ro;eH perllCTpa:U;IIIl He .n;aeT 3aJIOro.n;epmaTeJIIO npellMym;ecTBa
nepe.n; 06ru;llMll Rpe.n;llTopaMll 3aJIoro.n;aTemI.
2) OTHomeHHH C oOIqHMH Kpep:HTopaMH 3aJlOrop:epmaTeJlH.
a) 06m;lle Rpe,lJ;llTOpI.I 3aJIOro.n;epmaTeJIH He MorYT YCTa-
HaBJIllBaTb 3anperu;eHlle B OTHomeHIIll ,lJ;BllmllMOCTII, Haxo.n;H-
m;eHCH BO BJIa.n;eHllII 3aJIOro.n;aTeJIH. O.n;HaRO, eCJIll .n;BIImnMOCTL
Baxo.n;llTCH BO BJIa.n;eBHll 3aJIorO,lJ;epmaTeJIH, YCTaHOBJIeHlle .n;aH-
Boro 3anpem;eHllH B03MomHO.
6) IIOHHTBO, qTO npll Cnen;llaJIbBOH perllCTpa:U;lIll nepexo.n;a
npana co6cTBeHHocTll B OTHomeBIIll He.n;BllmIIMOCTII o6ru;lle
Rpe.n;llTOpl>I 3aJIOro.n;epmaTeJIH MorYT YCTaHaBJJllBaTb 3arrperu;e-
Hlle B OTHomeHllll 3aJIOmeHHOH Beru;n, a 3aJIOro.n;aTeJIl> ne MO-
meT no.n;aBaTb npOTeCT. O.n;HaRO .n;aHHoe nOJIOmeHlle CJIe.n;yeT
TOJIROBaTb TaRllM 06pa30M, qTO B CJIyqae lICnOJIHeHllH 3aJIoro-
.n;aTeJIeM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa .n;eHCTBllTeJIbHOCTb 3anperu;eHllH MO-
meT YTpaqllBaTbCH. IIpll OTCYTCTBllll me perllCTpan;llll 06ru;lle
Rpe.n;llTOpI.I He MorYT HaJIaraTl> 3anperu;eHlle.
3) OTHomeHHH C JlHn;aMH, npHoopeTmHMII Bem;b Y 3aJlOrO-
p:epmaTeJlH. COrJIaCHO Tpa.n;IIn;llOHHOH ROHn;enn;llll pacnopHme-
Hlle 3aJIOro.n;epmaTeJIeM 3aJIOmeHHOH Bem;bIO .n;o llCTeqeHIIH cpo-
Ra IICnOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa HBJIHeTCH HapymeHlleM o6H3aH-
HOCTII 3aJIOro.n;epmaTeJIH, o.n;RaRO BHe 3aBIICllMOCTll OT .n;o6po-
COBeCTHOCTII llJIll He.n;o6pocoBecTHocTll TpeTbero JIlln;a B aTOM
CJIyqae OHO npllo6peTaeT npaBa B nOJIHOM 06'beMe. BMeCTe C
TeM B nOCJIe,lJ;Hee BpeMH MHorne npaBOBep:LI Bl>ICRa3I.IBaIOTCH 3a
B03MOmHOCTl> ocnapIIBaHllH no.n;o6HOH nepe.n;aqll Bem;II B CJIY-
qae Hep:oOpOCOBeCTHOCTH TpeTbero JlHn;a.
a) ECJIll 3aJIOmeHHOH Bem;l>IO HBJIHeTCH .n;BlImllMOCTb, RO-
TopaH Haxo.n;llTCH BO BJIa.n;eHllll 3aJIOro.n;aTeJIH, TO OR MomeT
OTRa3aTb B Tpe60BaHIIII nepe.n;aqll .n;aHHOH .n;BllmllMOCTII He.n;o-
6pOCOBeCTHOMY TpeTbeMY JIIIn;y - npllo6peTaTeJIIO .n;aHHon
Bem;II Y 3aJIOro.n;epmaTeJIH .n;o llCTeqeHIIH cpORa norameHllH
06H3aTeJILCTBa. IIo.n;o6HbIM me o6pa30M TOJIRyeTcH II cllTyan;llH,
IIPII ROTOpoii 3aJIOmeHHaH Bem;b Haxo.n;IITCH BO BJIa.n;eHllll 3aJIO-
ro.n;epmaTeJIH.
6) ECJIll 3aJIOmeHHOH Bem;bIO HBJIHeTCH He.n;BIIIRnMOCTb, TO
TpeTbe JIlln;O, 3aperllCTpllpOBaBmee nepexo.n; rrpaBa Ha CBoe
IIMH, BHe 3aBIICIIMOCTII OT cBoeii .n;06pOCOBeCTHOCTII (3a IICRJIIO-
qeHIIeM CJIyqaH 3JIoynoTpe6JIeRlIH ,lJ;OBeplleM) MomeT npOTIIBO-
CTOHTb 3aJIOro.n;aTeJIIO.
4) OTHOmeHHJI C JlIIn;OM, nplIOOpeTlllHM aaJIOiKeHHYIO
Be Y aaJlOrop:aTeJlJl.
a) IIpllo6peTH .n;BIImIIMOCTb, Haxo.n;Hm;YIOCH BO BJIap;emm
239
:aaJIOrOp;aTeJIH, npl106peTaTeJIb HeMep;JIeHHO nOJIY'IaeT npaBO
C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha Hee B nOJIHOM 06'beMe. BMeCTe C TeM eCJIH
npHo6peTaTeJIb npH3HaeT HaJIH'IHe OTHOmeHl'JH o6ecne'IeHHH Ha
OCHOBe nepe)J,a'IU npaBa, a OOH3aTeJIbCTBO, ooeCnC'IeHHOe no.
p;o6HbIM oopa30M, UCnOJIHeHO, TO B03HUKaeT 3aKOHlIoe 3aMe-
m;eHue (CT. 500 fR).
6) Pa3YMeeTcH, 'ITO B OTHOllieHHII He)J,BInRIIMOCTH, 3ape-
rIIcTpHpoBaHHoH Ha HMH 3aJIOrO)J,epJRaTeJIH, 3aJIOrO)J,aTeJIb He
MOJReT ocym;ecTBHTb p;eHCTBHTeJIbHYIO IIepe)];a'IY npaBa TpeTlr
. eMY JIHU;Y.
121. IIpeKpa eHlIe ooecne'IeHlIJI Ha OCHOBe nepe;rl;atJII
npaBa.
1) I1cnOJIHeHHe oOH3aTeJIbCTBa eCTeCTBeHHO BbI3bIBaeT
npeKpam;eHHe o6ecne'IeHHH Ha OCHOBe nepe)J,a'IH npaBa. C :no-
ro MOMeHTa npaBa, HBJIHBlliUeCH npe)J,MeTOM ooeCne'IeHHH, Bue
3aBHCHMOCTH OT BHp;a ooeCne'IeHUH nepeXO)];HT OT 3aJIOrO)];ep-
JRaTeJIH K 3aJIOrOp;aTeJIIO.
2) OoeCne'IeHHe Ha OCHOBe nepep;a'IH npaBa He MOJReT
HMeTb )J,aBHOCTb, OTJIU'IHYIO OT )J,aBHOCTH ooeCne1JHBaeMOro HM
oOHSaTeJIbCTBa.
3) B CJIY'Iae YMeHbllieHHH, rUOeJIH HJIH nOBpem)J,eHHH 3a-
JIOJReHHOH Bem;U ooeCne'IeHHe Ha OCHOBe nepe)];a'IH npaBa CO-
OTBeTCTBeHHO npeKpam;aeTCH, O)J,HaIW 3TO He Be;rl;eT K npeKpa-
m;eHHIO OOeCne'IHBaeMOro HM OOHSaTeJIbCTBa.
i 2. 06eCneQeHHe Ha OCHOBe npeABapHTenbHoH
perHCTpal\HH
122. 3HaqeHHe npe;rl;BapHTeJIbHOii perJlCTpaO;HH.
1) IIpn ooeCne'IeHHH Ha OCHOBe npe)J,BapHTeJIbHOH perH-
CTpaU;HU nepexop; npaBa Ha He;rl;BHmHMOCTb perHcTpHpyeTcH
no,n; YCJIOBHeM HeHCnOJIHeHHH P;OJIJRHHIWM o6H3aTeJIbCTBa.
B OTJIU'IUe OT o6ecneqeHUH Ha OCHOBe nepe)J,a'III npaBa nepe-
XO;rl; npaBa npII )J,aHHOM BII)J,e ooeCneQeHlJH ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH
JIHllib npH HeIICnOJIHeHHH o6H3aTeJIbCTBa.
BnepBbIe o6ecneQeHHe Ha OCHOBe npe)J,BapHTeJIbHOH perH-
CTpaU;HH CTaJIO npIIMeHHTbCH npn YCTaHOBJIeHIIII nUOTeKU Ha
He)];BHJRHMOCTb, Kor)J,a O)J,HOBpeMeHHO C IInOT€IWH YCTaHaBJIII-
BaJIOCb H )J,aHHoro pO)J,a ooeCneQeHHe. i:ho 6bIJIO CBH3aHO co
CTpeMJIeHIIeM OOOHTH OrpaHH'IeHHH, npe)J,YCMOTpeHHbIe fR' B
OTHOllieHHH C<pePbI npHMeHeHHH nnOTeI<II (CT. 374), npOU;e)];y-
240
pbI pea.'lU3aIl,IIII npaBa IIIIOTeRII II B OC06eHHOCTII npOIl,eP;ypbI
OqIICTI II (CT. 378 J:I cJIep;.). II03IKe 06eCneqenIIe Ha OCHOBe
rrpep;Ba pIITeJIbHOll: perIICTpaIl,IIII CTa.'lO npIIMeHJITbCJI OTp;e.JIbHu
OT IInOTeRII. BepXOBHbIll: cyP; HaqaJI paCCMaTpIIBaTb p;eJIa, CBJI-
3aHHbIe C p;aHHbIM 06eCneqeHIIe:M (perneHIIe BepxoBHoro cyp;a
IIO nepBoMy T aROMY p;eJIY npIIHJITO 16 HOJI6pJI 1967 r.), II Ha
OCHOBe ero perneHIIll: nOCTeneHHO C.pOpMIIpOBaJIOCb COOTBeT-
CTBYIOIII,ee npeIl,ep;eHTHoe npaBO. IIpIIqIIHbI pacrrpOCTpaHeHIIJI
o6eCneqeHIIJI Ha OCHOBe npep;BapIITeJIbHOll: perIICTpaIl,IIII 3a-
RJIIOqaIOTCJI B 60JIee HII3ROM pa3Mepe nOrnJIlllIbI npII COBeprne-
HIIII p;aHHOll: onepaIl,llU no cpaBHeHIIIO C OCHOBHOll: penICTpa-
II,IIell:, a TaRlKe B TOM, qTO npaBO c06CTBeHHOCTII Ha Hep;BIIiI\:II-
MOCTb OCTaeTCJI y 3aJIOrOp;aTeJIJI, ROTOpbIll: MOlKeT, He CHIIlKaJI
3aJIOrOBOll: II,eHHOCTII BeIII,II, YCTaHaBJIIIBaTb BTOpIIqHOe 06ec-
neqeHlle p;aHHOll: Hep;BlllKllMOCTbIO, a TaRlKe paCnOpJIlKaTbCJI
eIO. IIop;06Hoe, op;HaRO, nopOIKp;aeT CJIOIKHbIe np06JIeMbI OTHO-
rneHUll: C 3aJIOrOp;eplKaTeJIHMII BTOpOll: Oqepep;II II TpeTbIIMII
npII06peT a TeJIJIMII.
2) B 1978 r. 6bIJI npIIHJIT 3aRoH 0 p;orOBopax 06
qeHllJ:I na ocnOBe npep;BapIITeJIbHOll: perIICTpaIl,IIII
M 78), ROTOpbIll: BCTynIIJI B CIIJIY C 1 anpeJIJI 1979 r.
06ecrre-
(3aRoH
123. 06eCneqeHIIe Ha OCHOBe npep;BapIITe bHoi perIICTpa-
qIIII YCTaHaB IIBaeTCH p;orOBopOM CTOpOH.
a) )];oroBop 06 06eCneqeHl1H Ha OCHOBe npep;BapIITeJIbHOll:
perIICTpaIl,IIII CJIYIKIIT 06eCneqeHIIIO p;eHeIKHbIX 06JISaTeJIbCTB
II npep;ycMaTpIIBaeT nepexop; npaBa c06cTBeHHocTII II p;pyrIIx
npaB OT P;OJIIKHIIRa IIJIII TpeTbero JIIIII,a Rpep;IITOpy B CJIyqae
HeIICnOJIIleHIIJI 06JI3aTeJIbCTB (CM. CT. 1 3aRoHa 0 p;orOBopax
06 06eCneqeHIIII Ha OCHOBe npep;BapIITeJIbHOll: perIIcTpa-
II,IIII).
6) 06JI3aTe.'lbCTBa, B OTIIorneHIIII ROTOpbIX MOlKeT YCTaHaB-
JIIIBaTbCJI 06eCneqeHIIe na OCHOBe npep;BapIITeJIbHOll: perIICTpa-
II,IIII, OrpaHIIqIIBaIOTCJI p;eHeIKHbIMII 06H3aTe.'lbCTBaMII.
124. )];eicTBIIe o6eCneqeHIIH Ha OCHOBe npep;BapIITeHbHoi
perIIcTpaqIIII.
1) OTHomeHIIH Memp;y 3aHorop;epmaTe eM II p;OHmHIIIWM.
a) TIpoqep;ypa pea II3aqIIII. cDopMaJIbHoe p;ell:CTBIIe p;oro-
Bopa 06 06eCneqeHIIII Ha OCHOBe npep;BapIITeJIbHOll: perIICTpa-
II,IIII COCTOIIT B TOM, qTO npII HeIICnO.'lHeHIIII p;eHeIKHOIO 06JI3a-
reJIbCTBa OHO nYTeM uepexop;a npaBa c06cTBeHHocTII B nOpHp;I{e
16 3aKa3 N9 892
241
3aMeHbI HCnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIJ>CTBa npeRpa aeTCH. 3aROH 0
)J;orOBopax 06 06eCnelJeHHH Ha OCHOBe npe)J;BapHTeJIbHOM perH-
CTpa HH npe)J;YCMaTpHBaeT npH 3TOM onpe)J;eJIeHH@e orpaHH-
lJeHHH H npo e)J;YPY.
6) llpaBa 3aJIOrO aTeJIH. ;IJ;omRHHR MOij:{eT Tpe6oBan, B03-
Bpa eHHH npaBa c06cTBeHHocTH B CJIYlJae npep;OCTaBJIeHHH
Rpe)J;HTOpy nOJIHOM CYMMbI )J;OJIra nOCJIe HCTelJemIH cpORa HC-
nOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. Op;HaRo :JTO rrpaBO MOiReT 6bITb pea-
"JIH30BaHO JIHmb B TelJeHHe nHTH neT nOCJIe p;aTbI OIWHlJaTeJIb-
Horo paClJeTa H npH OTCYTCTBHH rrpH06peTeHHH )J;aHHoro npaB<1
c06CTBeHHOCTH TpeTbHM JIH OM.
2) OTHomeHHH 3aJIOrO epmaTeJIH C TpeTLHMH JIHo;aMH.
ITOCROJIbRY o6eCnelJeHHe Ha OCHOBe npe)J;BapHTeJIbHOM perH-
CTpa HH rJIaBHhIM 06pa30M CBH3aHO C npaBOM c06CTBeHHOCTH
Ha 3eMJIID, a 3eMeJIbHaH c06CTBeHHOCTb B CBOID OlJepe)J;b lJaCTO
6bIBaeT CBH3aHa C 3aRJIa)J;OM, HnOTeROM, cynepqm: HeM, apeH-
P;OM H T. n., 3aROH oM 78 OT 1978 r. cop;epiKHT p;eTaJIbHYro
perJIaMeHTa HID OTHomeHHM 3aJIOrOp;epmaTeJIH C TpeTbIfMII
JIH aMH BO Bcex YRa3aHHblX CJIYlJaHX.
125. ITpeKparu;eHlIe o6eCnelJeHHH Ha oCHOBe npe)J;BapH-
TeJILHoii perHCTpaO;HH. HBJIHHCh O)J;HOM H3 pa3HOBH)J;HOCTefI
npaBa Be Horo 06eCnelJeHHH, 06eCnelJeHHe Ha OCHOBe npe)J;Ba-
pHTeJIbHOM perHCTpa HH npeRpa aeTCH C HCnOJIHeHHeM 06ec-
nelJHBaeMOro HM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa H B CHJIY HCROBOM p;aBHOCTH,
perJIaMeHTHPyeMoM CT. 396 H CJIep;. rR, npe)J;YCMOTpeHHhIMH
B OTHomeHHH HnOTeRH.
Pa3Aen III. 06S13A. TEnbCTBEHHOE np A.BO
r naB B 1. 0&11IASI 'fACTb 0&Sl3ATEnbCTBEHHOrO
nPABA
1. COJ1;epmaHHe pa3J1;eJIa «OoH3aTeJIbCTBeIIHOe npaBo». Pa3-
,n;eJI III fH (CT. 399-724), nocBHm;eHHbIH o6H3aTeJIbCTBeH-
HOMY npilBY, COCTOIIT 1I3 nHTII rJIaB: o6m;en: 'faCTII, J1;orOBopa,
BeJ1;eHIIa '1yn\lIX J1;eJI 6e3 nopY'IeHIIH, HeOCHOBa TeJIbIlOrO 060-
ram;eHlIH II J1;eJIIIKTa. n 06m;en: '1aCTII paCCMaTplIBaeTCH co-
,n;epmaHHe II J1;eHCTBlIe 06H3a'TeJIbCTBa, a B CJIeJ1;YIOm;IIX '1e-
Tblpex rJIaBaX perYJIlIpyeTcH cOJ1;epmaHlIe '1eTblpex OCHOBHbIX
IICTO'lHHKOB B03HlIKHOBeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTB: J1;OrOBOpa, BeJ1;e-
HIIH '1ymHx J1;eJI 6e3IIopYl:J:eHlfH, HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOrO 060ram;e-
HIIH II J1;eJIIIKTa.
2. OOm;aH 'IaCTb oOH3aTeJILCTBeHHoro npaBa.
1) fJIaBa «06m;aH l:J:aCTb» pa3J1;eJIa 06H3aTeJlbCTBeHHoro
IIpaBa fH (CT. 399-520) COCTOIIT 1I3 IIHTII naparpawoB: :u;eml
06H3aTeJIbCTBa, J1;eHCTBlIe 06H3aTeJlbCTBa, MHomeCTBeHHOCTb
JIlIn; B 06H3aTeJIbCTBe, IIepe,n;a'fa 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, npeKpam;eBIIe
o6H3aTeJIbCTBa.
2) COn;IIaJIbHaH YHKn;HH oOH3aTeJIbCTBa n ee HCTOpHH.
a) OT Bem;Horo npaBa K oOH3aTeJIbCTBeHHollIY. IIHCTII'fY'f
06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro IIpaBa 6bIJI IIplI3HaH HeCKOJlbKO II03me
IIHCTIITYTa Bem;Horo IIpaBa. aTo CBH3aHO C TeM, '1TO J1;JIH YC'fa-
HOBJIeHIIH IIHCTIITYTa 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro npaBa Tpe60BaJIOCb
J1;OCmmeHHe OOm;eCTBOM onpe,n;eJIeHHOrO ypOBHH KYJIbTypbI.
Ha nepBOHa'faJIbHOll CTaJ1;1I1I pa3BII'fIIH 'feJIOBe'IeCKoro 06m;e-
CTBa cym;ecTBoBarro TaK Ha3bIBael\lOe HaTypaJIbHOe X03HllCTBO,
npil KOTOpOM JIIOJ1;1I J1;OBOJIbCTBOBaJIHCb JIHTIIb Av6bITbIMil TImI
np01l3BeJ1;eHHbIMII JIII'fHO IIMII Bem;aMII. 3aTeM Ha'laJICH npou;ecc
OOl\1eHa J1;06bITbIX IIJIII npOII3BeJ1;eHHbIX Bem;eH, IIOKa HaKOHeu;
He YCTaHOBIIJICH IIHCTIITYT J1;eHer KaK Bce06m;el'o cpeJ1;CTBa 06-
MeHa. Bce aTO, eCTeCTBeHHO, OTpamaJIOCb II B npaBe. Ha cTa-
,IJ;IIII HaTypaJlbHOrO X03HllCTBa ,IJ;OCTaTO'fHO 6bIJJ;0 nplI3HaHIIH
rrpaBa co6cTBeHHocTH Ha JIII'fHO J1;06bITYIO IIJIII npOII3BeJ1;eHHyIO
Bem;b. Ha CJIeJ1;YIOm;ell cTa,n;IIII He06xoJ1;IIMOCTb nOHBJIeHIIH OOH-
16'
243
3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIX OTHomemIii TaRme OTCYTCTBOBaJIa, nOCROJIbRY
06MeH npHHap;JIemam;HX pa3JIH'IHbIM JIHIJ;aM npep;MeTOB ocym;e-
CTBJIHJICH TOJIbIW B OTIIomeHHH Bem;eii, HMeBmIIXCH B HaJIH'IHH.
Op;HaRO n03p;Hee CTaJIO B03MomHbIM 06MeHHBaTb He TOJIbRO
HMerom;HecH B HaJIH'IIIII Bem;H, HO H Te, npH06peTeHIIe 1\0'1'0-
pbIX ocym;eCTBJIHJIOCb B 6yp;ym;eM. PacnpOCTpaHeHIle p;eHem-
Horo 06pam;eHHH npHBeJIO R He06xop;HMOCTH YCTaHOBJIeHIIH
HHCTHTYTa 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro npaBa. I1pH aTOM, C oAnoii
CTOpOHbI, napTHepbI p;OJImHbI 6bIJIII B3aIIMHO p;oBepHTb p;pyr
p;pyry B TOM, 'ITO Ram;o,blii II3 HIIX B 6yp;ym;eM BbIIIOJIHIIT B3H-
TbIe Ha ce6H 06H3aHHocTH, C p;pyroii - rocyp;apcTBo p;o.lImno
6bIJIO HMeTb cooTBeTcTByrom;IIe B03MomHOCTH P;JIR 06ecrre'Ie-
HHH HCnOJIHeHHH p;OJImHHROM CBOHx 06R3aHHocTeii. ,l];JIH HH-
cTHTYTa me npaBa c06cTBeHHocTH 6bIJIO p;OCTaTO'IHO JIHmb,
'ITo6bI Ramp;bIii 'IJIeH 06m;ecTBa YBamaJI peaJIbHOe rocnop;CTBO
p;pyrHx ero 'IJIeHOB Ha;o, CBOHMH Bem;aMH, a rOCYP;apCTBO 3arrpe-
m;aJIO 6bI nOCHraTeJIbCTBa Ha npaBO c06CTBeHHOCTH Ramp;oro
'IJIeHa 06m;ecTBa.
6) 0'1' COCJIOBHbIX O'1'HomeHHH K p;orOBopHbIM. 110MHMO
06MeHa Bem;e:i;i, JIroP;1I BCTyrraJIH H B IIHble OTHomeHIIH: HCnOJII,-
30BaHHe Bem;II, npIIHa;o,JIemam;eii p;pyrOMY mm;y; npep;OCTaBJIe-
HHe pa60'Ieii CHJIbI. 8TH OTHomeHHH nepBOHa'IaJII>Ho npep;C'raB-
JIHJIH c060ii JIII60 OTHomeHHH Bem;Horo rocnop;CTBa (c06CTBell-
HOCTb Ha pa60B), JIH60 OTHomeHHH COCJIOBHOrO rocno;o,CTBa
(npaBO rocnop;CTBa maBbI ceMbH HJIH nOMeU.\IIRa). 1103me
nOCTeneHHO CTaJIH pacnpoCTpaHHTbCH 06H3aTeJIbCTBellHbIe
OTHomeHIIH Memp;y He3aBIICIIMbIMH JIII'IHOCTHMII - B BHp;e ;0,0-
rOBopa apeHp;bI HJIH HMym;ecTBeHHoro HaiiMa. ,l];JIH nop;06Horo
uepexop;a 0'1' COCJIOBliOCTH R p;oroBOpy, 0'1' COCJIOBHOii HepapxIIII
R 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoii Tpe60BaJIOCb B3aHMHoe ;o,OBepHe 'IJIeHOB
06m;eCTBa ;o,pyr R p;pyry H COOTBeTcTByrom;ee pa3BIITHe npaBa.
B) HMym;ec'1'BeHHbIii xapaR'1'ep 06H3a'1'eJIbCTBeHHoro "paBa.
l1epBOHa'IaJIbnO CTOpOIlbI B 06H3aTeJIbCTBe 6bIJIII rrpep;CTaBJIe-
HbI RonRpeTHbIMII JIIIIJ;aMII II npaBO orrpe)J;eJIRJIO JIIImb cop;ep-
manHe II npeRpam;eHlIe 06n:3a'1'eJIbC'1'Ba. Op;HaRO C pa3BIUIIeM
06m;eCTBa rrOJIY'IeHIIe orrpe;o,eJIeHHOrO yp;OBJIeTBOpeHHH 0'1'
p;OJImHIIRa CTaJIO paCCMaTpHBaTbCH B Ra'IeCTBe caMOCTOHTeJIb-
Hoii n;eHHocTII, Morym;eii nepep;aBaTbcH ;o,pyroMY JIHn;y, T. e.
06R3aTeJIbCTBa CTaJIII paCCMaTpHBaTbCH He TOJIbRO RaR CBH3b
Me/HAY ROImpeTHbIMII JIIIn;aMII B MOMeHT YCTaHOBJIeHHH 06H-
3aTeJIbCTB, a RaR 06'beRTHBHbIe n;eHHocTII. B0311HR HHCTHTYT
nepep;a'IH o6n:3a'1'eJIbC'1'B. Ero nORBJIeHHe Henocpep;cTBeHHo CBH-
3aHO C pa3BIITIIeM RanHTaJIIICTII'IeCRHX oTHomeHHii, npH ROTO-
244
pLIX p;aHHIoIH HHCTHTYT HarneJI KOHKpeTHoe BOrrJIonJ;eHHe &
nepep;aqe D;eHHLIX 6YMar. Pa3BHTHe p;aHHorO IIHCTIlTYTa npo-
p;OJImaeTCH. B HnOHHH OTHorneHHH nepep;a'lH OOH3aTeJILCTII'
perYJIHpYIOTCH TK H COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HM CneD;HaJILHLIM 3aKO-
HOp;aTeJILCTBOM; rK TaKme COp;epmHT HeCKOJILKO maTeH no
3TOMY Borrpocy (n. 3 CT. 86, CT. 469-473 rK), 'lLe cop;epma-
HHe He Bcerp;a, op;HaKO, B nOJIHOH Mepe YBH3aHO C TK.
r) OOH3aTeJIbCTBa H HX ooeCrreqeHHe. II pH COJIHp;a pHLIX
OOH3aTeJILCTBaX H rapaHTHHX p;eHcTByeT HHCTHTYT o6ecrre'le-
HHH 06H3aTeJILcTBa, nOJIyqHBrnHH rnHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHIIB
B 3noxy KanHTaJIH3Ma.
3. OCHoBaHHH B03HHKHOBeHHH oOH3aTeJIbCTB cop;epmaTCH
B CTaTLHX 521-724 rK, crpYIIlIHpOBaHHLIX B 'leTLlpe rJIaBLI:
p;orOBOp, Bep;eHHe 'lymHx p;eJI 6e3 nopY'leHHH, HeOCHOBaTeJIL-
Hoe o6oram;eHHe H p;eJIHKT. IIpaBp;a, OCHOBaHHH B03HHKHOBe-
HHH o6H3aTeJILcTB He orpaHH'lHBaIOTCH JIHIIIL Ylm3aHHLIMH'le-
TLlpLMH BHp;aMH. IIoMHMO HHX, cym;eCTBYIOT cneD;H<pH'leCKHe
OP;HOCTopOHHHe Cp;eJIKH (HanpHMep, 3aBem;aHHe) H OCHOBaHHH,
npeP;YCMOTpeHHLIe TeKym;HM 3aKOHop;aTeJILCTBOJ\f. Ho, HeCOM-
HeHHO, Hauoo.'Iee BamHLI HMeHHO 3TU 'leTLlpe Bup;a, rocrrop;CT-
BYIOm;ee nOJIomeHHe cpep;H KOTOpLIX 3aHHMaeT p;orOBOp. rR
nocBmD;aeT p;oroBoPY 176 CTaTeH (CT. 521-694), pa36HTLIx Ha
14 naparpa<poB: 06nJ;He nOJIOmeHHH, p;apeHHe, KynJIH-npOp;ama,
MeHa, 3aeM, 6e3Bo3Me3p;Hoe nOJIL30BaHHe, apeHp;a, JIH'lHLIH
HaeM, nop;pHp;, nopyqeHHe, xpaHeHHe, COBMeCTHaH p;eHTeJIL-
HOCTL, nomH3HeHHoe cop;epmaHHe, MHpOBoe corJIarneHue.
06m;aH qaCTL onpep;eJIHeT 06r:u;He P;JIH Bcex BHP;OB p;orOBopOB
nOJIOmeHHH, a OCTaJILHLIe 13 naparpa<poB - OCHOBHLIe BH,J],Lf
p;orOBopOB, HaH60JIee qaCTO ynoTpe6JTHeMbIe B COBpeMeHHLIX
YCJIOBHHX. B OTJIH'lHe OT p;orOBopa, npH KOTOpOM 06H3aTellL-
CTBa B03HHKaIOT no B3aHMHOMY cor.rrarneHHIO (,TOpOH, npII
Bep;eHHH qynmx p;eJI 6e3 nOPY'leHIIH, HeOCHOBaTem,HOl\I 060-
rar:u;eHHH II p;eJIHKTe,. OCHOBaHHe B03HHKHOBeHHH 06H3a-
TeJILCTB He C'RH8f1HO rrpHMO C p;eHCTBHHMH CTOpOH.
1) «I>YHKD;HH p;oroBopa. ;rJ:oroBop 3aHHMaeT Han60JIee Bam-
Hoe MeCTO B COBpeMeHHLIX qaCTHOnpaBOBLIX OTHorneHIIfIX.
Pacrrpep;eJIenHe rrpaKTHqeCKH Bcex rrpep;MeTOB rrepBOH neooxo-
J];HMOCTH npOHCXOP;HT Ha OCHOBe p;orOBopa KymIH-npop;amn.
BOJIee Toro, II caMO npOH3BOP;CTBO neB03J\wmHO oe3 HHCTnTYTa
;o;orOBopa. EcmI paHLrne 061:.ep;HHeHHe .1IIOp;eH B D;eJIHX npo-
H3Bop;CTBa ocyr:u;eCTBJIHJIOCL 6JIarop;apH npaBY rocnO;O;CTBa
aeMJIeBJIap;eJILD;a, rJIaBLI ceMLH H T. n., TO COBpeMeHHoe rrpaBO"
245
:rrpU3HaeT 3a Rallip;OH JIlPIHOCTbIO paBHbIH npaBOBOH CTaTYC,
rrO::JTOllIy OO'bep;MHeHMe M McnOJIb30BaHMe paOO'IeH CMJIbI He
MomeT ocym,eCTBJUITbCH oe3 COrJIaCMH CTOpOH, T. e. oe3 p;orOBO'.
pa HaHlIIa. HpOMe Toro, pa3BMTMe RpyrrHbIx rrpep;npMHTMH Tpe-
oyeT npHBJle'IeHHH RanHTaJIa, ROTopoe TaRllie ocym,eCTBJIHeTCH
Ha OCHOBaHMM p;orOBopa 3aHMa H p;p.
2) (f>YHRD;HH HHCTHTYTa ]];eJIHRTa.
a) rapaHTHH CB060]];hI ]];eiiCTBHH. ITo CTerreHM BalliHOCTH
3a p;orOBopOM Mp;eT MHCTMTYT p;eJIMRTa. 3a Rallip;bIM 'IJIeHOM
oom,ecTBa rrpM3HaeTCH cBooop;a p;eHTeJIbHOCTM B MaRCMMaJIbHO
p;onYCTIDlbIX rrpep;eJIax. COBpeMeHHoe npaBO, npM31IaBaH CBO-
OOP;HYIO ROHRypeHD,MIO B Ra'IeCTBe p;BMlKym,eH CMJIbI COD,Ham,-
Horo nporpecca, paCCMaTpMBaeT B03MOIKHOCTb lIaHeCeHMH
ym;ep6a P;PyrOMY JIMD,y B npoD,ecce p;eHTeJIbHOCTM JIM'IHOCTM
RaR HeH30eIKHIJH pe3YJIbTaT, YCTaHaB.TIMBaH npH 3TOM 00H3aH-
HOCTb no B03Mem,eHMIO Bpep;a. IT03TOMY p;eJIMKT l1pep;CTaBJIHeT
C060H llHCTIITYT, B MMHMMaJlbHOH Mepe npep;ycMaTpMBaIOIll,MH
OrpaHll'IeHHH CBOOOP;bI p;eHTeJIbHOCTM JIll'IHOCTM. ITPII aTOM p;eii-
cTBnH, OCYllip;aeMbIe C MOpaJIbHOii TO'IRM 3peHMH, eCJIH ORH He
HapymaIOT npaBa p;pyroH JIM'IHOCTM, He npep;CTaBJIHIOT COOOH
p;eJIMRTa II, RpOMe Toro, p;eHCTBMH JIlID,a B onpep;eJIeHHbIX CM-
TyaD,MHX npM OTCYTCTBMH YMbICJIa MJIM HeopelKHOCTM He CO-
CTaBJIHIOT p;eJIMRTa.
6) HeC'IaCTHhIe CJIY'IaH, HeH36emHhIe B COBpeMeHHOM 06-
lI(eCTBe, II B03Mem,eHlIe Bpe]];a nOTepneBIDIIM. B COBpeMeHHOM
.00m,ecTBe Bce OOJIbIllee pa3BMTMe no JIY'IaIOT npep;npHHTHH,
OCHOBaHHlJe Ha ROHn;eHTpaD,MM orpOMHoro RanMTaJIa M MCnOJIb-
3Y10Ill,Me P;OCTMiI,eHJIH cOBpeMeHHoH HaYRJI H TeXHJIRJI. ITpM
3TOM MHorMe nOp;OOHlJe npep;npJIHTMH TaHT B ceoe yrp03Y He-
M30elliHblx HeC'IaCTHbIX CJIY'IaeB. B Ra'IeCTBe npIIMepOB MOIKIJO
Ha3BaTb OTpaBJIeHlIe ra3aMII II B3pbIB ra30B Ha npep;nplIHTIIHX
ropHop;oobIBaIOm,eH npOMbIIIIJIeHHOCTM, nOJIOMRM OOopYP;OBa-
HUH Ha npep;npMHTMHX OOpaOaTbIBaIOm,eH npOMIJIllJIeHHOCTM,
a TamRe aBapHII Ha TpaHcnopTe. ITop;ooHbIe HeC'IaCTHbIe CJIY-
'Iall B03HMI,aIOT HeCMOTpH Ha BceB03MOlliRbIe MepbI no IIX
npep,OTBpam,eHMIO, M IIX noc.1Jep;CTBMH pacnpOCTpaHHIOTCH Ha
paOO'lMX, ORpeCTHbIX IKHTeJIeH M nOTpeOMTeJIeH np0P;YRD,IIII
YRa3aHHbIX npep;npMHTMH. OCBOOOllip;eHMe npep;npMHIIMaTeJIeH
OT 00H3aHHOCTII no B03Mem,eHMIO Bpep;a Ha OCHOBaHlI1I Henpe-
Op;OJlJIMoro xapaRTepa nop;OOHbIX CJIY'IaeB HBHJIOCb ObI Hapy-
IlleHMeM npJIHD,lIna cnpaBep;JIMBOCTII, TeM OOJIee eCJIII Y'IeCTb,
'1TO BJIap;eJIbD,1J RpynHbIx npe,IJ;nplIHTMH nOJIY'IalOT ROJIOCca.1Jb-
HlJe npMObIJIJI.
:246
'YI\a3aHHbIe HeC'IaCTHbIe CJIyqall B03HllI\aIOT He TOJIbI\O Bo
pe3YJIbTaTe p;eHTeJIbHOCTll rrpep;rrpllHTUH. C pacrrpOCTpaHeHrr-
eM aBTOMOOUJIbHOrO TpaHcrropTa B HrrOHUll eJKerOp;HO rroruoaeT
Ha p;oporax OI\OJIO 10 TbIC. 'IeJIOBeI\, a COTHU TbICH'I rrOJIY'IaIOT
paHeHllH. IIoHHTHo, 'ITO U B 8TUX CJIY'IaHX B03JIOJKeHUe Ha rro-
TeprreBmllX opeMeHu ym;epoa TaI\JKe HBUJIOCb 6bI HapymeHueM
rrpUH urra crrpaBep;JIUBOCTll. B CBH3U C 8TUM B HaYRe rpa1R-
p;aHCI\OrO rrpaBa rrOCTerreHHO HaOpaJIa CUJIY I\OH err UH, co-
rJIaCHO I\OTOpOH 00H3aHHocTb 110 B03Mern;eIlUIO Bpep;a JIemUT
Ha I\pyrrHbIX rrpep;rrpUHTUHX, U3BJIeI\aIOm;UX orpOMHbIe rrpll-
OblJIU II rrpep;CTaBJIHIOm;UX COOOH UCTO'IHUI\U IJOBbImeHHOH
orraCHOCTII, a TaRJKe Ha <pu3U'IecI\ux JIII aX, ROTopbIe UCrrOJIb-
3YIOT llCTO'IHUI\U rroBbImeHHoH orraCHOCTU. AaHHI>lti BUP; OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTU Ha3bIBaeTCH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbIO oe3 BUHbI.
4. CY HOCTb oOH3aTeJIbCTBa. OOH3aTeJIbCTBO rrpep;CTaBJIHeT
COOOH rrpaBO TpeOOBaTb COBepmeHllH orrpep;eJIeHHoro p;eHcTBuH
OT orrpep;eJIeHHOrO JIu a.
a) CTopoHa, OT I\OTOPOH TpeoyeTcH COBepmeHue orrpep;e-
J1eHHbIx p;eHcTBuH, Ha3bIBaeTCH P;OJIJKHUROM. BbIpaJKeHne'
«apaBo TpeooBaTb OT orrpep;eJIeHHoro JIu a» 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO
TpeooBaHue COBepmeHUH orrpep;eJIeHHbIX p;eHcTBuH, COCTaBJIHIO-
ru;llX COp;epJKaHUe 00H3aTeJIhCTBa, MOiReT ObITb rrpep;'bHBJIeHO
TOJIbI\O I\ P;OJIJKHUI\Y. IIpll 8TOM B03HllI\aeT Borrpoc 00 OTBeTCT-
BeHHOCTU TpeThero JIu a. TaI\, BJIap;eJIe TeaTpa rpamp;aHllH A
llMeeT CBOllM A,OJIJRHllI\OM aI\Tepa E, Hecym;ero rrepep; HUM OOH-
3aTeJJbCTBO urpaTb B TeaTpe YI\a3aHHOro BJIap;em; a. rpaJRp;a-
HllH A MOJReT TpeOOBaTb llrpbI B TeaTpe TOJIbI\O OT aInepa B.
Ro MOJReT JIU rpaJRp;aHllH A TpeooBaTb Ha OCHOBaJIHU HaJIU'IUH
p;aHHoro oOH3aTeJIhCTBa B03Mem;eHUH y epoa OT rpaJRp;aHU-
Ha B, I\OTOpbIH, HarrpUMep, BocrrperrHTCTBOBaJI llrpe aI{Tepa E?
AaHHbIH Borrpoc He llMeeT rrpHMoro OTHomeHUH I\ rrpaBY A
TpeooBaTh COBepmeHUH orrpep;eJIe)IHhIX p;eHcTBuH OT rpaJRp;a-
HUHa E. B rrpaBoBoH HaYI\e YI\a3aHHOe p;eHcTBue Ha3bIBaeTCH
HapymeHHeM OOJl3aTeJIbCTBa co CTOpOHbI TpeTbero JIHqa. B rro-
CJIep;Hee BpeMH B HrrOHllu IOpUp;U'IeCI\aH HA.YI\a U cyp;eoHaH
rrpaRTuRa OTBe'IaIOT Ha rrOCTaBJIeHHyIO rrpOOJIeMY rrOJIOJRU-
TeJIhHO, T. e. rrpu3HaIOT 00H3aHHocTb B rro B03Mem;eHllIO
Bpep;a.
6) B OTHomeHUll p;eHcTBHH, rrop;JIemam;UX COBepmeHIIIO
P;OJIJRHllI\OM, He rrpep;YCMaTpUBaeTCH OrpaHll'IeHUH. IIoHHTHo,
'ITO 8TU p;eHCTBUH He P;OJIJRHhI HapymaTh rrYOJIU'IHhIH rropHp;OK
II p;06pbIe HpaBbI.
24T
B) 06H3aTeJIbCTBO npep;CTaBJIHeT c060ii:".npaBO Tpe60BaTb
()npeAeJIeHHbIX p;eMCTBHn: OT P;OJIiRHHKa. B"cJ]:Y Jae C03HaTeJIb-
HOro HeHCnOJIHeHHH p;qJImHHI\OM YKa3aHHbIX .p;en:CTBHM KpefUI-
TOp qepe3 rocyp;apCTBelIHbIe OpraHbI MOmeT. Tpe60BaTb npHHY-
p;HTeJIbHoro HCnOJIHeHHH p;OJImHHKOM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa H B03Me-
.ru;eHIIH Bpep;a na OCHOBaHHH HeHCnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa.
CJiep;yeT yqIITbIBaTb, qTO npHHyp;HTeJIbHOe IICnOJIHeHHe H B03-
Me:rn;eIIHe Bpep;a pa3JIIlqaIOTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BHp;a 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa.
r naB a 2. u.Em.,. 0&Sl3A TEnbCTBA
5. Y CJIOBHH B OTHornemm D;eJIeii o6H3aTeJIbCTBa. IJ;e.JIHMII
'06H3aTeJIbCTBa Ha3bIBaIOTCH p;eMcTBIIH p;OJImHIIRa, COCTaB-
.JUlIO:rn;He cop;epmaHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, a HMeHHO ITpep;OCTaBJIe-
HJIe. 3p;ecb B OTJUlqIIe OT Ben Horo npaBa CTOpOHbI MorYT CBO-
QOP;HO onpep;eJIHTb p;aHHbIe I1,eJIH. IJ;eJIbIO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa MomeT
6bITb KaK nepep;aqa Be:rn;H, TaK II IIHbIe p;en:cTBHH IIJIH B03p;ep-
maHHe OT HX COBeprneHHH. rH' He cop;epmIIT 06:rn;IIX nOJIome-
RIIn:, KacaIOnJ;HXCH YCJIOBHn: II p;en:CTBIIH D;eJIen:, npeP;YCMaTpH-
'BaH YCJIOBHH B OTHorneHHH D;eJIen: npHMeHHTeJIbHO K YCTaHOB-
JIeHHIO KOHKpeTHoro 06H3aTeJlbCTBa.
1) Y CJIOBHH YCTaHOBJIeHHH o6H3aTeJIbCTBa. rH' YCTaHaB-
.JIIlBaeT TPlI YCJIOBHH: 3aKOHHOCTb H HenpOTIIBOpeqHe ny6JIHq-
HOMY nopHp;KY II P;06PbIM HpaBaM, ocy:rn;eCTBIIMOCTb, onpep,e-
.JIeHHOCTb.
3aKoHHocTb. B Be:rn;HOM npaBe cop;epmaHHe BeID;HbIX npaB
pa3JIIIqHOro pop;a onpep;eJIHeTCH 3aKOHOp;aTeJIbHbIMH aKTaMH.
Y CTaHOBJIeHIIe Be:rn;HbIX npaB C IIHbIM no cop;epmaHHIO p;orOBO-
}JOM CTOpOH He p;onYCKaeTCH (CT. 175 rH', CM.: Bem;Hoe npa-
BO - 7). Op;HaKo B 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoM npaBe He cym;eCTByeT
nop;06HbIX OrpaHHQeHIIM, 3a llCRJIIOQeHHeM Toro, QTO cop;epma-
HIle 06H3aTeJIbCTB He p;OJImHO npOTHBOpeQHTb 06113aTeJIbHbUI
npe,D,IT:ncaHHlIM, a TaKme ny6JIHQHOMY nOpH,D,Ky II ,D,06pbIM
HpaBal\l. rH', onpep;eJIHH 13 BIIP;OB p;orOBopOB, YKa3bIBaeT Ha
cop;epmaHIIe 06H3aTeJIbCTB, BbITeKaIOm;HX II3 RIIX, QTO, O)J;HaKO,
He npenHTcTByeT cB060p;e 3aKJIIOQeHIIH p,orOBopOB, He ynoMH-
HYTbIX B rK
OCYID;eCTBHMOCTb. H' Hen: ne OTHOCHTCH CJIYQaII, B03MomHbIe
if!II3HQeCKII, HO Heocym;ecTBHMbIe C COD;lIaJIbHOM TOQKH 3peHHH
(CM.: 06m;aHQaCTb-78).
a) HanpIIMep, rpamp;aHHH A npop;aJI rpamp;aHHHY B
248
rrpIIHa,[\Jlemam;ylO eMY p;a'IY. Op;HaKO eCJUr HaKaHYHe p;a'Ia cro-
peJIa, TO BHe 3aBIlCIlMOCTIl OT npIl'IIlH nomapa OOH3aTeJIbCTBO
He YCTaHaBJIIlBaeTCH BBIlJ],y HeB03MomHOCTIl peaJIbHOH nepe-
p;a'III p;a'IIl (H;ma'IaJII>Has HeB03MoamOCTL). ECJIIl me p;a'Ia
cropeJIa nOCJIe 3aKJIlO'IeHIlH p;orOBopa KynJIII-npOp;amIl, HO P;O
ee peaJIbHOH nepep;a'IIl rpamp;aHIlHY B (oOHapyamBIllaHCH
BnOCJIep;CTBHH HeB03MoamOCTL), B aTOM CJIY'Iae, KOHe'IHO, He
cym;ecTByeT 00H3aHHOCTIl no rrepep;a'Ie p;a'III, HO, eCJUr nomap
npOIl30rneJI rro BIlHe rpamp;anIlHa A, OH 00H3aH BMeCTO peaJIb-
HOH nepep;a'IIl p;a'IIl ocym;ecTBIlTb B03Mem;eHIle Bpep;a. ECJUr
me nomap npOIl30rneJI He no ero BIlHe, rpamp;aHIlH A OCBO-
oomp;aeTcH OT nop;ooHoH 00H3aHHocTIl.
0) )J;JIH nOHIlMaHIlH yKa3aHHbIX npaBooTHorneHIlH Heooxo-
P;IIMO paCCMOTpeTb CJIep;YlOm;ylO cIlTyau;rno. B CJIY'Iae, Korp;a
p;a'Ia cropeJIa p;o 3aKJIlO'IeHI1H p;orOBopa KynJIIl-npOp;amIl, p;oro-
BOp HBJIHeTCH Hep;en:CTBIlTeJIbHhIM B CIIJIY Heocym;ecTBIlMOCTIl
06H3aTeJIbCTBa no nepep;a'Ie p;a'IIl. 3p;ecb He cyru;eCTByeT II OOH-
3aHHOCTIl rpamp;aHIlHa B no ynJIa Te onpep;eJIeHHon: CYMMf>I
p;eHer. Op;HaKO, eCJIIl rpamp;aHIIH B, nOBepIlB, 'ITO OH yme KY-
nIlJI p;a'Iy, BhIe3maeT Ha MeCTO P;JIH ee OCMOTpa, II:pan:He COMHH-
TeJIeH Te3IlC, 'ITO rpamp;aHIlH A He HeceT HIIII:aIl:IlX 00H3a-
TeJIbCTB. PaBHhIM oopa30M BeCbMa npOOJIeMaTII1JHa II TaIl:aH
cIlTyaU;IlH, npII KOTOpOll: p;a'Ia cropaeT nOCJIe 3aIl:JIlOTJeHIIH P;O-
rOBopa II:ynJIIl-npOp;amIl, npIl'IeM He no BIlHe rpamp;aHIlHa A.
110CII:OJIbIl:Y 00H3aTeJIbCTBO rpamp;aHIlHa B no YITJlaTe yme B03-
HIlIl:JIO, MomeT JIll rpamp;aHIlH A no-rrpemHeMY TpeooBaTb OT
rpamp;aHIlHa B OnJIaTbI? 110cJIe COBeprneHIlH p;oroBopa II:ynJIIl-
rrpop;amIl, B II:OTOpOM p;Ba 00H3a TeJIbCTBa B3aIlMOCBH3aHbI
(a HMeHHO peaJIbHaH nepep;aTJa Bem;H II yrrJIaTa ee n;eHbI),
Bonpoc 0 TOM, CJIep;yeT JIll CYP;boa op;Horo 00H3aTeJIbCTBa CYP;b-
oe p;pyroro npH npeIl:pam;eHHIl op;Horo Il3 HUX, OTHOCIITCH Yo
rrpOOJIeMe pIlCII:a CJIY'Ia.ll:HOH rIlOeJIIl (CM.: OOJI3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe
npaBO - 82).
Onpep;eJIeHHOcTL. )J;aHHoe YCJIOBIle JIY'Irne Bcero paCCMaT-
pHBaTb B rpaBHeHIIII C Bem;HbIM rrpaBOM. HaIl: OTMe'IaJIOCb pa-
Hee, Bem;Hble rrpaBa YCTaHaBJUIBalOTCH B OTHurneHIlIl peaJIbHO
cym;eCTBYlOm;IlX Bem;eH. B OTJIH'IUe OT aToro B 00H3aTe.lIbCTBeH-
HOM npaBe p;OCTaTO'IHO YCTaHOBJIeHIIH ero cop;epmaHIIH Ha
OCHOBe orrpep;eJIeHHbIX II:pUTepIleB. I1PIl aTOM OTCYTCTByeT ne-
OOXOP;IlMOCTb B peaJIbHOM cym;ecTBoBaHIlIl Bem;Il (HarrpIlMep,
nepep;a'Ia Bem;Il MomeT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH rrOCJIe ee Il3rOTOBJIe-
HIlH). 3p;ecb rrpOHBJIHeTCH rIlOlwcTb oOH3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro rrpa-
Ba no cpaBHeHIllO C Bem;HbIM.
249
2) 06H3aTeJIhCTBa, pa3Mep KOTOphIX HeOnpe)\eJIIlM B )\e-
HemHOM BhlpameHHH. IJ,em,IO oOH3aTeJIbCTB MomeT HBJIHTbCH
Ii TO, 'ITO He MOiKeT ObITb orrpep;eJIeHO B p;eHeiKHOM Bblpamemm
(CT. 399 rK). )J;aHHoe rrOJIOiKeHHe rK HBJIHeTCH ep;HHCTBeH-
HbBI B OTHOIlIeHHH YCJIOBHH 0 IJ;eJIH oOH3aTeJIbCTB. OOH3aTeJIb-
CTBO He TpeoyeT HH BbIpaiKeHHH IJ;eHHOCTH B p;eHeJRHOH «popMe,
HH rrpep;OCTaBJIeHHH JIH'lHO Kpep;HTOpy p;aHHOH p;eHeiKHOH
IJ;eHHOCTII. TaI , B MeCTHOM cyp;e TOKIIO paCCMaTpIIBaJICH BO-
apoc, OTHOCIITCH JIII ooe aHIIe CBHm;eHHIIKa COBepIlIaTb
rrOMIIHaJIbHYIO CJIYiKOY K KaTeropIIII OOH3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIX rrpa-
BOOTHOllieHIIH. )J;eHCTBIIH, He IIMeIOm;IIe p;eHeiKHoro Bblpame-
HIIfI, He OOfI3aTeJIbHO P;OJIiKHbI OTHOCIITbCH IICKJIIO'lIITeJIbHO K
c«pepe :tImpaJIII. B 3aBIICIIMOCTII OT CIITyaIJ;IIII p;eHCTBIIH nop;oo-
Horo pop;a MorYT COCTaBJIHTb IJ;eJIb OOH3aTe.lIbCTBa, rr09TOMY cyp;
B YKa3aHHOH cIITyaIJ;IIII rrpII3HaJI mWII'lIIe OOH3aTeJIbCTBa. CJIe-
,n;yeT yqIIThlBaTb, 'ITO II rrpII OOH3aTeJIbCTBaX, He IIMeIOm;IIX p;e-
HeiKHoro BblpaiKeHIIH, cym;ecTByeT B03MomHOCTb TpeOOBaHIIH
JIX rrpIIHyp;IITeJIbHOro IICrrOJIHeHIIH (CM. CT. 414 rK), a TaKiKe
B03Mem;eHIIH Bpep;a (CM. CT. 415 rK).
6. 06H3aTeJIbCTBa 0 nepeAa'Ie IIHAHBHAyaJIbHO-OnpeAeJIeH-
HbIX Be eii. CYm:ecTBYIOT o6H3aTeJIbCTBa, narrpaBJIerrHbre na
rrepexop; BJIap;eHlIH TaKIIMII Be aMII. IIpII 9TOM op;HOBpeMeH-
HO C BJIap;eHIIeM MomeT rrepexop;lITb 1I npaBO co6cTBeHHocTlI,
op;HaKO lIMeIOTCH oOH3aTeJILCTBa J:I 0 rrepexop;e TOJIbKO BJIa-
,n;eHlIH. IIop;ooHoro po,n;a oOH3aTeJILCTBa 'laCTO B03HlIKaIOT nplI
,n;apeHlIlI, KyrrJIe-rrpOp;aiI e, apeH,n;e, xpaHeHlIII If T. n. Bo Bcex
9TIIX CJIY'laHX B Ka'l8CTBe oom:ero TpeooBaHIIH fIt YCTaHaB-
JIHBaeT oOH3aHHocTb no xpaHeHIIIO Bem;II.
1) 06H3aHHocTb )\OJImHHRa no xpaHeHHIO. IIpH oOH3aTeJIb-
CTBax 0 nepep;a fe IWHKpeTHoH Bem;II p;OJIiKHIIK HeceT o01I3aH-
HOCTI. no Hap;JIeiKam:eMY xpaH6flIIIO Be H p;o ee nepep;a'lII
(CT. 400 fIt).
2) 06H3aHHocTh AOJImHHRa no nepep;a'Ie Be H. IIpH Ha-
cTyrrJIeHIIrr BpeMeHII pea.lIbHOH nepep;a'lii Bem;II P;OJIiKHIIR OOH-
3aH rrepep;aTI. Bem;b B TOM BIIp;e, B KOTOpOM OHa cym:eCTByeT
Ha MOMeHT HCnOJIHeHIIH OOH3aTeJIbCTBa (CM. CT. 483 TIt). 1l1'H
rrOBpeiKp;eHIIH Bem;II p;o MOMeHTa IICrrOJIHeHHH oOH3aTeJIbCTBa
p;OJImHIIK He HeceT HIIKaKOH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII II nepep;aeT
Be b B nOBpemAeHHOM BIIp;e.
7. 06H3aTeJIbCTBa 0 npeAoCTaBJIeHIIH Be eii, onpeAeJIeH-
HhlX pOP;OBhIMH npH3HaKaMH. CYm:ecTBYIOT oOH3aTeJIbCTBa,
250
IIMeIOrn;lle u;eJIbIO npep;OCTaBJIeHlle Onpep;eJIeHHOrO KOJIII'IeCTB3:
Bern;eH Orrpep;eJleHHOro pop;a. Hall60JIee q:aCTO nOp;06HOro pO):\CL
06H3aTeJIbCTBa B03HIIKaIOT npll KynJIe-npop;aiRe, a Tah/Ke npn
3aHMe. Oco6eHHOCTbIO 8TIIX 06H3aTeJIbCTB HBJIHeTCH TO, q:TO'
3p;eCb He npllp;aeTCH 3Haq:eHIIH IIHp;IlBIIp;yaJIbHMM oco6eHHO-
CTHM KaiRp;OH OTp;eJIbHOH Bern;ll.
1) Kaq:ecTBo rrpep;OCTaBJIHeMbIX Bem;en. I\a'leCTBO npe-
p;OCTaBJIneMbIX Bem;eH onpep;eJIHeTCH xapaRTepOM cp;emm
(CT. 587 fI\), a TaRiRe BOJIeH CTOpOH. B CJIyq:ae OTCYTCTBIIH
p;aHHoro onpep;eJIeHIIH Kaq:eCTBO npep;OCTaBJIHeMbIX Bern;eH.
onpep;eJIHeTCn no cpep;HeMY ypOBHIO (n. 1 CT. 401 fH).
2) CJIep;yn yKa3aHHOMY npllHU;llny, P;OJIiRHIIR BbI6rrpaer
onpep;eJIeHHbIe Bem;ll, npep;OCTaBJIeHlle IWTOPbIX c 8Toro MO-
MeHTa BXOP;IlT B COp;epiRaHlle 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. )J;anHbIH npou;ecc
Ha3bIBaeTCH HHp;HBHP;yaJlH3a Heii Bem;en, rrepBOHa'laJIbHO'
onpep;eJleHHbIX POP;OBbIMH npH3HaRaMH, a TaR KaK OH BeCbMa:
cy ecTBeHeH p;JIn nOCJIep;YIOrn;IIX npaBOOTHomeHIIH, TO MOMeHT
IIHp;IIBllp;yaJIIl3a IlII IIMeeT 60JIbmOe 3Haq:eHlle. fI\ perYJIllpyeT
CJIep;yrom;IIe cIITya IIII.
a) MOMeHT 3aBepmeHHH P;OJIiRHHKOM Heooxop;IIMbIX p;eiicT-
BHn rro rrpep;OCTaBJleHHIO BeIII;ll (n. 2 CT. 401 fI\). Bonpoc 0-
TOM, q:TO OTHOCIITCH K YKa3aHHbIM Heo6xop;IlMbIM p;eHCTBIIHM,
pemaeTCH B 3aBIICIIMOCTll OT Bllp;a Bem;ll, 06bIq:aeB, cym;eCTBYIO-
trJ;IlX npll p;aHHoro pop;a ToprOBbIX Cp;eJIKaX, a TaKiRe OT Toro
KeM HBJIneTCn P;OJIiRHIIK - npOIl3BOp;IlTeJIeM, P03Hllq:HbIM TOp-
rOB eM llJIll nOTpe611TeJIeM. 06rn;IlM KpIITeplleM HBJIHeTCH CBH3h
C MeCTOM IICnOJIHeHlln 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. IIpll llCnOJIHeHllll OQH-
3aTeJIbCTBa no MeCTY iRIITeJIbCTBa Kpep;IlTopa Bern;b p;OJIiRHa
6bITb p;OCTaBJIeHa B p;aHHoe MeCTO, p;JIn q:ero p;OCTaToq:HO :rIllllIb-
ee OTnpaBKll ap;pecaTY (pemeHlle BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 25 p;e-
Ka6pn 1919 r.). IIpll IICnOJIHeHllII o6H3aTeJIbCTBa no MeCTY
iRIITeJIbCTBa P;OJIiRHIIKa OH p;OJIiReH C006m;IlTb Rpep;IlTOpy I)
rOTOBHOCTll npep;OCTaBIITb B{;m;b (CM. CT. 493 fI\). B npaBOBOH
HaYRe, nOMIIMO P;BYX YKa3aHHbIX cnoco60B, BbIp;eJIHeTCn II cno-
co6 OTnpaBKll Bern;ll B MeCTO, OTJIIIq:Hoe OT MeCTa mnTeJIbCTBa
Kpep;IITopa, q:TO, op;HaKO, He npOTIIBOpe'lIlT BblmeYKa3aHHbIM
MeTop;aM.
6) YKa3aHHe p;OJlmHHKOM C COrJIaCHH Kpep;HTopa Ha Bem;b,
rrop;JIemam;ylO HHP;HBHP;YaJIH3a HH (n. 2 CT. 401 fI\). ,IJ;aHHoe
COrJIaClle Kpep,IlTopa HBJIHeTCH He corJIaClleM Ha IIHp;uBllp;yaJIll-
3aU;1l1O p;aHHOH Bem;ll, a COrJIaClleM Ha npep;OCTaBJIeHlle npaBa
YKa3aHIIH.
251
B) XOTH fR H He cop;epmHT nOJIomemIii Ha p;aHHbIM C"IeT,
IIHp;IlBIlp;yaJIII3aU;HH MomeT OCYIII;eCTBJIHTbCH p;orOBopOM Memp;y
Kpep;HTopOM H p;OJImHHKOM, a TaKme TpeTbHM JIIIU;OM npH npe-
p;OCTaBJIemIH eMY npaBa YKa3aHHH.
3) lIoCJIe)J;cTBHH HH)J;HBH)J;yaJIH3aQHH COCTOHT B TOM, "ITO
C p;aHHoro MOMeHTa cop;epmaHHeM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa CTaHOBHTCH
npep;OCTaBJIeHHe HMeHHO onpep;eJIeHHOM BeIIl;R, a p;eMCTBHe 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa B OTHonIeHHH BeIIl;R YCRJIHBaeTCH.
a) IIpH YMeHbrneHHH HJIH rH6eJIII BeIIl;H nOCJIe HHp;HBHp;ya-
.1JR3aU;IlH no BHHe p;OJImHRKa nOCJIe)J;HRM HeceT 06H3aTeJIbCTBO
no B031\'IeIIl;eHRIO Bpep;a. IIpu OTCYTCTBRR BUIlbI p;OJImHRKa
ero 06H3aTeJIbCTBO npeKpaIIl;aeTCH (CM. CT. 415 fR). B 060RX
CJIY"IaHX OTCYTcTByeT o6H3aHHocTb npep;OCTaBJIemm p;pyroM
Bem;U.
6) IIPII KynJIe-npop;ame II p;pyrux p;orOBopax nop;o6Horo
pop;a pUCK CJIY"IaMHOM rn6eJIII nepeXO)J;IIT Ha Kpe)J;IITopa (n. 2
CT. 534 fR), a IIMeHHO: npII nop"Ie Bem;R BCJIep;CTBIIe Henpe-
O)J;OJIIIMOM CIIJIbI npop;aBeu; oCBo6om)J;aeTcH OT o6H3aTeJIbCTBa
II l\WjKeT Tpe60BaTb BHeceRUH OnJIaTb!.
B) IIocJIe RHp;IIBIIp;yaJIII3aU;IIII Bem;II p;OJImHIIK o6H3aH
ocym;eCTBJIHTb ee P;06pocoBecTHoe xpaHeHIIe (CT. 400 fR),
npep;OCTaBRTb p;aHHYIO Bem;b II He 3aMeHHTb ee p;pyrOM. Op;-
HaKO B CJIY"IaHX, Korp;a nop;o6HaH 3aMeHa He npIIHOCIIT Kpe-
p;IITOpy HIIKaKoro ym;ep6a, p;OJImHIIK 06JIap;aeT TaK Ha3bIBae-
MbIM npaBOM II3MeHeHHH.
r) IIpII OTCYTCTBIIII CneU;IIaJIbHbIX COrJIarneHIIM nOCJIe IIH-
p;RBIIp;yaJIII3aU;UII npaBO co6CTBeHHOCTR Ha Bem;b nepexop;IIT K
Kpep;IITOpy.
8. )];eHeamoe oOH3aTeJIbCTBo.
1) OcooeHHocTb )J;eHeamoro oOH3aTeJIbCTBa. IIop; p;eHem-
HbIM o6H3aTeJIbCTBOM nOHIIMaeTCH o6H3aTeJIbCTBO, n;eJIb KOTO-
poro COCTOIIT B ynJIaTe onpep;eJIeHHOM p;eHemHoM CYMMbI. )];aH-
HbIM BRP; o6H3aTeJIbCTBa HaII60JIee pacnpocTpaHeH. Ero cop;ep-
maHIIeM HBJIHeTCH npep;OCTaBJIeHIIe p;eHemHoM CYMMbI, BbIpa-
meHHOM B a6cTpaKTHoM <popMe (no3ToMY npII o6H3aTeJIbCTBe
B 1 MJIH. IIeH IICnOJIHeHIIe o6H3aTeJIbCTBa 10-TbICH"IHbIMII HJIII
OP;HOTbICH"IHbIMII KynIOpaMII IIMeeT BTopocTeneHHoe 3Ha"IeHIIe).
IIpII p;eHemHOM o6H3aTeJIbCTBe Bonpoc 0 ero p;enCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
B CJIY"Iae, eCJIII p;OJImHIIK HBJIHeTCH HeIIMym;HM, He MomeT nop;-
HIIMaTbCH, OTCYTCTByeT TaKme np06JIeMa Heocym;ecTBMMOCTII
IICnOJIHeHMH 06H3aTeJIbCTB. IIO::nOMY, p;ame 6e3 Cnen;IIaJIbHOrO
06eCne"IeHHH )J;eHemHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (IInOTeKII HJIII nopy-
252
QllTeJIH), p;OJImHIII{ BCerp;a paCCMaTpliBaeTCH I{aK IIMY HH, a
npllByp;llTeJIbHOe llCnOJIHeHlle II 3anpe eHlle MorYT 6bITb 06-
pa eHbI Ha JIIo60e ero IIMy ecTBO. IIonYTHo CJIep;yeT YKa3aTb,
qTO npep;OCTaBJIeHlle, HanpliMep, onpep;eJIeHHOH MOHeTbI llJIli
oaHKHoTbI Ha BbIcTaBKy He COCTaBJIHeT p;eHemHoro 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa, a HBJIHeTCH 06H3aTeJIbCTBOM no nepep;a'le BeIIJ;II. B OTHO-
llleHlili p;eHemHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa fK cop;epmllT CJIep;ylO lle
IlOJIOmeHIIH.
a) HCnOJIHeHlle (norarneHlle) 06H3aTeJIbCTBa p;OJImHIIKOM
MomeT ocy eCTBJIHTbCH B p;eHemHbIX 3HaKax JIlO60ro Bllp;a
(n. 1 CT. 402 rK). Gp;HaKo B CJIY'lae HaJIll'lliH CneU;llaJIbHOrO
COrJIarneHIIH 0 TOM, 'ITO llCnOJIHeHlle 06H3aTeJIbCTBa 6yp;eor
ocy eCTBJIHTbCH, HanpliMep, B KynlOpax onpeAeJIeHHOrO P;O-
CTOIIHCTBa, OHO p;OJImHO ocy eCTBJIHTbCH IIMeHHO TaKliM
06pa30M (oruBopKa n. 1 CT. 40 rK). ECJIli me p;aHHIJe p;e-
HemHbIe 3HaKli 113'bHTIJ 113 06pa eHIIH, :no He COCTaBJIHeT
OCHOBaHliH P;JIH Heocy ecTBliMOCTli 06H3aTeJIbCTBa II AOJImHIIR
MomeT llCIIOJIHlITb 06H3aTeJIbCTBO p;eHemHMMli 3HaKaMli P;PY-
rOro P;OCTOIIHCTBa (II. 2 CT. 402 fK).
6) IIpli YKa3aHlili CYMMbI 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B IIHocTpaHHoH
BaJIIOTe 3TO He MeHHeT YKa3aHHbIX BMIlle nOJIOmeHIIH (II. 3
CT. 402 fK). BMeCTe C TeM p;OJImHIIK BOJIeH ocy ecTBIITb
llCIIOJIHeHlle 06H3aTeJIbCTBa II B HIIOHCKllX lleHax, llCXOP;H ll3
06MeHHoro Kypca B MeCTe llCnOJIHeHllH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa
(CT. 403 fK).
2) f1)YHK HH AeHe»moro 06H3aTeJlbCTBa H ee perYJlHpOBa-
HHe. KaK yme OTMe'laJIOCb, llHCTllTYT 06H3aTeJIbCTBa llrpaeT
HbIHe BamHYIO pOJIb B COn;llaJIbHIJX OTHOIlleHllHX, a p;eHbrH
BIJIIOJIHHIOT B HeM Hall60JIee cy eeTBeHHYIO iPYHKII,lllO. AeHb-
rll HBJIHIOTCH YHllBepCaJIbHbIM cpep;cTBOM 06MeHa npll KynJIe-
npop;ame (CM. CT. 555 fK), CJIymaT cpep;CTBOM B03Harpamp;e
HIIH 3a TPyP;, 3a I1CIIOJIb30BaHIIe Be I1, IIpIlHap;JIema eH p;py-
rOMY JIIIU;Y. KpOMe TOro, B CJIY'laRX, CBH3aHHbIX C B03Me e-
HlieM BpeAa BCJIep;CTBlie HeIlCnOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, npo6-
.1IeMa pernaeTCH npep;OCTaBJIeHlleM COOTBeTCTBYlOlII,eH CYMMbJ
):\eHer. AeHbfll, TaKIIM 06pa30M, BblITOJIHHIOT caMble pa;mo06-
pa3HbIe iPYHKU;llIl B COU;I1aJIbHOH mU3HII COBpeMeHRoro 06 e-
CTBa, a p;eHemHIJe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa 3aIllIMalOT 'lpe3BbI'laHHO
BamHoe MeCTO BO Bcex ee 06JIaCTHX.
IIoMUMO YKa3aHHbIX nOJIOiKeHIIH, fK onpep;eJIHeT TaKme II
CYMMY KOMneHcaU;HII 3a HeIICIlOJIHeHIIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (CT. 419
rK). ApyrIIx IIOJIOmeHIIH B OTHomeHIIII p;eHemHbIX 06H3a-
TeJIbCTB rK He cop;epmIIT, OP;HaIW TeKym;ee aaKOHOp;aTeJIbCTBO
253
rrpe;a;YCMaTpHBaeT Ha 9TOT C'IeT 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOe 'IIIC:IO HOPM.!
BO-IIepBbIX, CJIO;a;yeT YI\a3aTb Ha COOTBeTcTByIOru;HO IIO.'lO;I,eHHlli
TK 0 Cpe;a;CTBaX 06MeHa, ;a;eHbraX, BeRCeJIHX, ;a;OJIroBbIX 06H3a '
TeJIbCTBaX aIU],HOHepHbIX 06ru;eCTB H aRl::J;HHX. BO-BTOPbIX, Hat
3aROH 00 OrpaHH1JeHHH CCy;a;Horo npO eHTa, IIpH3BaHHbr:a OX
paHHTb ;a;OJImHHRa OT lIeIIOMepHO THrReJIbIX ;a;eHemHbIX 00H3a-
TeJIbCTB, . H 3aROH 0 BpeMeHHbIX Mepax no nOCpe;a;HH1JeCTBY j);
OTHomeHHH ;a;eHemHbIX 00H3aTeJIbCTB, IIpHHHTbIH IIOCJIe RPH-
3Hca, oopynrHBlIIeroCH Ha CeJIbCROe X03HHCTBO B flIIomm.
B-TpeTbHX, HeCMOTpH Ba TO 'ITO ;a;eHbr11 paCCMaTpHBaIOTCH RaK
YHHBepCaJIbHOe MepMJIO n;eHHOCTH Beru;ea, B IIOCJle;a;Hee BpeMH
06HapymHJIaCb TeH;a;eHn;HH R pe3ROMY ooeCn;eHHBaHIIIO ca mx
;iJ;eHer. Ha CJIY'IaH H3MeHeHHH n;eH ;a;eHemHble 00H3aTeJIbCTB8
CO;a;epmaT YCJIOBHH, COrJIaCHO ROTOpbIM CYMMa 00H3aTeJIbCTB8
;n;OJImHa OCTaBaTbCH HeH3MeHHOH BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT IIOCJIe-
;a;YIOru;ero ypOBIIH n;eH H COOTBeTCTBOBaTb paHee YCTaHOBJIeH-
HOH CYMMe 00H3aTeJIbCTBa. ,IJ;aHHbIH rrpHHD;HII B 3aI\OHO;a;a-
Te.lIbCTBe flIIOHHH BOnJIOTHJICH B 3aROHax 00 apeH)J:e 3eMJIH.
apeH;a;e mHJIHru;a H 0 CeJIbCROX03HHCTBeHHbIX 3eMJIHX IIpHMe-
HHTeJIbHO R 3eMeJIbHOH peHTe, RBapTHpHOH IIJIaTe II apeH;a;HOH
ITJIaTe 3a 3eMJIIO (CM. CT. 12 3aRoHa 00 apeH;n;e 3eMJIH, CT. 7
3aRoHa 0 HaHMe mMJi:Plx IIOMeru;eHlIH, CT. 23 3aRoHa 0 CeJIb-
CROX03HHcTBeHHblx 3eMJIHx).
9. IIpo eHTHble 00Jl3aTeJIbCTBa.
1) 3Ha1JeHHe npo eHToB. IIpon;eHTHbIe 00H3aTeJIbCTB8
IIpe;a;CTaBJIHIOT COOOH TaRHe, B CO;a;epmaHHe ROTOpbIX BXO;n;HT
BbIIJJIaTa IIpOn;eHTOB. HaHOOJIee 'IaCTO OHH BCTpe'IaIOTCH IIPII
3aHMax H IIOTpeOHTeJIbCROM xpaHeHHlI (;a;en03HTbI B oaHRax).
a) Cyru;ecTBOBaJilI BpeMeHa, Ror;a;a B3HMaHIle rrpOn;eIITOB
rro peJIHrrr03HbIM MOTHBaM 3arrperu;aJIor.b, O;a;HaRO B HaCTomn;ee
BpeMH rrpHHn;lIrr CBOOO;n;bI rrpOn;eHTOB JIOJIY'lHJI Bceooru;ee pac-
rrpocTpaHeHHe. O;n;HaRo CJIe;n;yeT HMeTh B BlI;a;y, 'ITO YCTaHOB-
JIeHlIe CJIHIIIROM BbICORlIX rrpOn;eHTOB (rrpeBI,IIIIaIOru;nx orrpe-
;n;eJIeHHbIH YPoBeHb) rrplI 3aHMax 3arrperu;eHO, a ;a;JIH ooecrre-
'IeHHH HH3Roro ypoBmJ: rrpOn;eHTOB B 9TOH cwepe pa3paooTaH8
Crren;HaJIbHaH CHCTeMa. C ;a;pyroH CTOpOHbI, rrpOn;eHTHble 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa B cwepe rrpoH3BO;a;CTBa TaRme TpeoYIOT 06ru;erocy-
;n;apCTBeHHoro perYJIHpOBaHlIH. B HaCTOHm;ee Bpe fH B COOT-
BeTCTBlIlI C 3aRoHoM 0 BpeMeHHbIX Mepax rro perYJIlIpOBaHlIIO
rrpOn;eHTOB (3aRoH M 181 OT 1947 r.) no yRa3aHIIIO MIHmCT-
pa WHHaHcoB MomeT yCTaHaBJIlmaTbCH H lI3MeHHTbCH MaRClI-
MaJIbHaH npOn;eHTHaH CTaBRa WlmaHcoBbIX Y'Ipem;a;eHlIH.
254
6) IIpH aHaJIH3e rrOHHTHH npo.qeHToB, HCrrOJIh3yeMOl'O B
rH, CJIe.D;yeT npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHlIe CJIe)J;yIOm;ee. Bo-nep-
BbIX, rrpe)J;rroCbIJIKOH rrpo.qeHTOB HBJIHeTCH HaJIH'IHe KanHTaJIb-
HOro o6H3aTeJIbcTBa. HanH'faJIbHOe oOH3aTeJIbCTBO 3aJ\JIIO'Ia-
eTCH He B B03BpaTe onpe)J;eJIelIIwii, a B B03BpaTe aIIaJIOrH'IIIOH
Bem;H. B aTOM M 3aKJIIO'IaeTCH OTJIIPIHe npo.qeHTOB OT 3eMeJIb-
HOH peHTbI, apeH.D;HOII rrJIWfbI H T. n. BO-BTOpbIX, nocTynJIeHHe
lIpo.qeHTOB He rroramaeT OCHOBHoro o6H3aTeJIbcTBa. B aTOM
OTJIH'IHe npo.qeHTOB OT emeMeCH'IHbIX B3HOCOB no norameHHIO
o6H3aTeJIbCTB, XOTH nO)J;o6HbIe B3HOCbI 06bI'IHO TaKme corrpo-
Bom)J;aIOTCH npo.qeHTaMH. B-TpeTbMX, rrpo.qeHTbI I1C'IHCJIHIOT-
CH, I1CXO)J;H H3 orrpe)J;eJIeHHOH rrporrop.qHH. B-'IeTBepTbIX, npo-
.qeHTbI ,n;OJImHbI rrpe,n;CTaBJIHTb co6oit ,n;eHbrH HJIH p;pyrHe 3a-
MeHHMbIe Bem;H, TaK KaK 6e3 aToro I1C'IIICJIeHHe rrpo.qeHTHOH
CTaBKII HeB03MomHO.
2) 3na'leHHe npou;eHTHoro 001l3aTeJIbCTBa. Pa3JIH'IaIOTCH
OT)J;eJIbHbIe o6H3aTeJIbcTBa rro yrrJIaTe orrpe)J;eJIeHHOH CYMMbI
npou;eHTOB B KOHu;e Hamp;oro To,n;a HJIH MeCH.qa I1 B :u;eJIOM
OCHOBHoe o6H3aTeJIbcTBo rro ymIaTe rrpo.qeHTOB B oupe)J;eJIeH-.
HbIe CpOKH. IIepBbIH BH)J; npo.qeHTHoro o6H3aTeJIbcTBa HBJIH-
eTCH )J;orrOJIHHTeJIbHbIM, BTOpoii - OCHOBHbIM.
a) p;OrrOJIHIITeJIbHOe rrpOn;eHTHoe o6H3aTeJIbCTBO cym;ecT-
ByeT He3aBHCHMO OT I<aITIITaJIbHOrO o6H3aTeJIbCTBa, noaToMY
nepe.D;a'Ia KanHTaJIbHOrO o6H3aTeJIbcTBa He BJIe'IeT 3a co60H
nepeXO.D;a yme B03HHKmero )J;OIIOJIHMTeJIbHOrO npOn;eHTHoro
o6H3aTeJIbcTBa. HpoMe Toro, ,n;onOJIHHTeJIbHOe npOn;eHTHoe
o6H3aTeJIbcTBo MomeT rrepe)J;aBaTbCH OT)J;eJIbHO OT KarrHTaJIb-
HOro. p;OrrOJIHlITeJIbHOe rrpOn;eHTHoe o6H3aTeJIbcTBo MomeT
npeKpam;aTbCH B CHJIY )J;aBHOCTH .D;aHHoro o6H3aTeJIbcTBa.
IIoWIHHeHHbIH xapaKTep )J;orrOJIHHTeJIbHOrO rrpOn;eHTHoro OOH-
3aTeJIbCTBa no OTHomeHIIIO I KanHTaJIbHOMY rrpOHBJIHeTCH
JIHIITb B TOM, 'ITO o6ecne'IeHne KamITaJIbHOrO o6H3aTeJIbCTBa
pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH n Ha o6ecrre'IeHHe npOn;eHTHoro o6H3aTeJIb-
CTBa (CT. 322, 328, 346, 374, 447 rH), H B TOM, 'ITO HCnOJI-
HeHHe 'OCHoBHoro o6H3aTeJIbcTBa He C'IIITaeTCH Hap;JIemam;HM
6e3 HCnOJIIIeHHH ,n;onOJIHHTeJIbHOrO npOn;eHTHO 'O (CM. CT. 491
rH).
6) OCHoBHoe rrpOn;eHTHoe o6H3aTeJIbCTBO rrOJIHOCTbIO rro,n;-
'IHHeHO KarrHTaJIbHOMY H He HMeeT caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH, T. e.
OHO He MomeT nepep;aBaTbCH OTp;eJIbHO OT KalIIITaJIbHOrO 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa. IIepexo)J; OCHOBHoro rrpOn;eHTHoro o6H3aTeJIbCTBa
CJIep;yeT 3a rrepeXO)J;OM KarrH'faJIbHOrO, a rrpeKparu;eHMe KarrH-
TaJIbHOrO o6H3aTeJIbcTBa BbI3bIBaeT rrpeKpam;eHHe OCHOBHoro
255
rrpou;eHTHoro OOH3aTeJIIoCTBa. OOIoI<IHO no)]; rrpou;eHTHIo111 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBOM nOHH;\IaeTCH YI\a3aHHoe OCHOBHoe npou;eHTHoe
OOH3a TeJIbCTBO.
3) B03HHKHOBeHlIe npou;eHTHoro oOH3aTeJIbCTBa. IIpou;eHT-
Hoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO B03HHRaeT B cH,rry c)];eJII\H (rJIaBHIoIM 06-
pa30M npH 3'aRJIlO'IeHHH )];OrOBOpa, BRJIlO'IalOIl.\ero 06H3aTeJlIo-
CTBO BIoIllJIaTIoI npou;eHToB), a TaRJI\e Ha OCHOBaHHH HOpM
rrpaBa. IIepBIoIII BH)]; npou;eHTOB Ha3IoIBaeTCH )];OrOBOpHbIM, BTO-
pOM - 3aKOHHbIl\I. ITpou;eHTHaH CTaBRa onpe)];eJIHeTCa corJIa-
IIIeHHeM CTOpOH H B )];aHHOM cJIY'lae Ha3IoIBaeTCH )];OrOBOpHoii
npou;eHTHoii cTaBKoii. IIpH npeBIoIIIIeHHII )];aHHOM cTaBRoM
pa3Mepa YCTaHOBJIeHHOrO 3aRoHoM 06 OrpaHH'leHHn CCY)];HO-
ro rrpou;eHTa OHa rrOHHiKaeTCH. IIpH COrJlaIIIeHHH CTOpOH 0
BIoIllJIaTe npou;eHTOB, HO OTCYTCTBHH orrpe)];eJleHHa CTaBRH YC-
TaHaBJlHBaeTCH 3aKOHHaa npOU;eHTHaa CTaBRa, ROTopaH fR
onpe)];eJIHeTCH B pa3Mepe 5% rO)];OBIoIX (CT. 404 fR), a TH'-
6% rO)];OBblX (CT. 514 TR).
4) Y CTaHOBJIeHHe CJIOmHbIX npou;ellTOB )];eMCTBHTeJlIoHO
npH HenpeBIoIllIeHHII I1MH CTaBRH, npe)];YCMOTpeHHOM CT. 1 3a-
ROHa 06 OrpaHII'IeHHII CCY)];HOro np01J,eHTa. B CBH3H co CJIOiK-
HIoIMH rrpou;eHTaMH B03HHRaeT Bonpoc, 06H3aH JlH )];OJIiKHHR
rrpH npOCpO'lRe BblnJlaTbI npou;eHTOB ynJla'lHBaTIo npou;eHTbI
Ha npou;eHTIoI 3a npOCpO'IeHHIoIH nepHO)];. HanpHMep, B )];om
6epeTcH 1 MJIH. HeH CpOROM Ha 3 ro)];a npH YCJIOBHH BblnJIaTbI
B ROHu;e RaiK)];oro ro)];a 10 % rO)];OBIoIX. IIpH HeynJIaTe npou;eH-
TOB B Te'IeHHe Bcero nepHO)];a 06H3aH JIll )];OJIiKHHI\ )];OnOJIHH-
TeJlbHO, rrpH HacTyrrJleHHH cpORa HcnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJlbCTBa,
ynJIaTHTIo 10% OT CYMMIoI npou;eHTOB, T. e. no 10 TLIC. HeH OT
npou;eHTOB B 100 TbIC. I1eH 3a RaiK)];IoIM H3 Tpex npOIIIe)];IIIHX
rOAOB? B03IoMeM TY iKe cHTyaU;I1lO B HeCKOJIIoKO H3MeHeHHOM
BH)];e. )J;OJliKHHR yrrJla'lHBaeT npou;eHTIoI, HO 3a)];epiKHBaeT HC-
rrOJIHeHHe KanHTaJIIoHOM CYMMbI 06H3aTeJIb':TBa Ha OAHH rOA.
IIoHHTHo, 'ITO B ;a:aHHOM CJIY'Iae OH )];OJIJReH ynJIaTHTIo npou;eH-
TIoI H 3a 'IerrBepTIoIH ro)];, OAHaRO C TeOpeTII'IeCROH TO'II{H 3pe-
HHH 3TH 100 TIoIC. HeH 6Y)];YT yme He rrpOU;eHTa};iH, a B03};IeIIIe-
llHeM Bpe)];a 3a HeHCnOJIHeHHe B CpOR RanHTaJIIoHOH CYMMbI
06a3aTeJIbCTBa. C u;eJIIolO OrpaIK)];eHHH )];OJIiRHHRa OT He; ""Iep-
HO THIKeJIIoIX YCJIOBHM nplIMeHHTeJIIoHO R yRa3aHHIoIM CJIY'IaH};I
fR npH3HaeT 3a Rpe)];HTOpOM TOJlIoRO npaBO BRJlIO'IeHHa rrpo-
CpO'IeIIHblX rrpou;eHTOB B RanHTaJIIoHYIO CYMMY 06H3aTeJIIoCTBa
(CT. 405 fR). O)];HIIM H3 YCJIOBHM )];aHHoro npaBa HBJIHeTCH
rrpe)];ynpeIK)];eHHe )];OJIIKHHRa co CTOpOHbI RPe)];HTOpa 0 He06-
XOAHMOCTH ynJIaTIoI npou;eHTOB 3a HCTemmIii nepHO)];. Heocy-
256
lIJ:eCTBJIeHHe YKa3aHHoro npaBa CHUMaeT HeOOXOAIIMOCTb
ymIaTbI npon,eHTOB (neHH) 3a npon,eHTbI. IIoaToMY B nepBOl\1
H3 npHBeAeHHbIX HallIU npHMepOB Bce paC'leTbI AOJImHbI npo-
BOAHTbCJI, HCXOAJI H3 KamITaJIbHOH CYMMbI 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa B
1,3 MJIH. lIeH.
5) 3aRoH 06 OrpaHII'leHHH cCYAHoro npon,eHTa.
a) 3aKoHOAaTeJIbCTBO 06 OrpaHII'leHIIU CCYAHoro npon,eg J
Ta B HrroIluH rrpUHJITO AaBHO (rrepBbII1 3aKOH 06HapoAoBaH
B 18771'. U rrepeCMOTpeH B 19201'.), OAHaI\O ero cOAepmaHne
He BcerAa 6bIJIO JICHbIM, II rrpH ero TOJIKOBaHUH B03HIIKaJIO
MHomeCrBO rrp06JIeM. C H3MeHeHUJIMU B aKOHOMUKe CTpaHbI,
npOHCIITeAIITHMH nOCJIe OKOH'laHHJI BTOpOH MHPOBOH BOHHbI,
aTO 3aIWHO;:t;aTeJIbCTBO rrpaKTU'leCKU YTpaTHJIO CBOH CMbICJI,
JlOaTOMY B 1947 1'. 6bIJI nplIHJIT HOBbIH 3aKoH 06 OrpaHII'leHHII
CCY;:t;Horo npon,eHTa (3a1\OH ,M 100).
IIpa1\Tu1\a orpaHU'leHUJI cCy;:t;Horo npon,eHTa nOJIy'lHJI3
pacrrpOCTpaHeHne B pa3JIII'lHbIX crpanax C ;:t;aBHIIX BpeMeH.
BOJIee Toro, B CTpaHax C CUJIbHbIM BJIUJIHlIeM xpHCTHaHCTB3
cym;eCTBOBaJIa TeH;:t;eHn,HJI H 3anpem;eHHIO rrpon,eHTOB Bo06-
m;e. O;:t;Ha1\O CTaHOBJIeHlIe COBpeMeHHoro npaBa, OCHOBaHHoro
Ha nplIUD;nne cB060;:t;bI ;:t;orOBopa, npHBeJIO 1\ rrplI3HaHHIO npo-
n,eHTOB, 1\ OTKa3Y or 06m;HX OrpaHII'leHHli H BBe;:t;eHHIO orpa-
HIItIeHIIII JIlIllib nplIMeHIITeJIbHO 1\ OT;:t;eJIbHbIM CJIY'laJIlII. BBe-
;:t;eHlIe me 06m;HX OrpaHHQeHHH cCy;:t;Horo npon,eHTa He COOT-
BeTcTByeT a1\OHOMlI'leCI\HM YCJIOBInIM H rp03lIT nO;:t;opBaT:&
;:t;BlImym;yIO CIWY a1\OHOMH'leC1\Oro pa3BIITHJI. O;:t;Ha1\O BBeAe-
HIIe TOJIbKO OrpaHII'leHHH B OTHOllIeHI11I BbIC01\OrO cCy;:t;Horo
rrpon,eHTa He;:t;OCTaTO'lHO OXpaHJIeT IIHTepeCbI a1\OHOMII'leCKII
CJIa6bIX 'l.'IeHOB 06m;eCTBa. He06xo;:t;HMO, C O;:t;HOH CTOpOHbI,
rrpe;:t;ycMoTpeTb B03MomHOCTb IIOJIY'leHIIJI cpeACTB YI\a3aHHOH
KaTeropIIeH JIHn, Ha YCJIOBIIJIX pa3YMHbIX rrpon,eHTOB, a C ;:t;PY-
rOH - ocym;eCTBJIJITb cTporHH 1\OHTpOJIb C n,eJIbIO He;:t;onym;e-
HUJI HeoIIpaB;:t;aHHo BbIC01\IIX npon,eHToB. B paM1\aX nepBoro
HanpaBJIeHIIJI B HrroHHII c03AaHbI 06n ecTBeHHbIe JIoM6ap;:t;bI,
Hapo;:t;HaJI qHIHaHCOBaJI I\Oprropan,IIJI, I-\opnopan,HJI Kpe;:t;HTo-
BaHIIJI m_IIJIIIm;HOrO cTpOIITeJIbCTBa, BIOpo ;:t;oBepHTeJIbHbIX
cpOH;:t;OB HAp. Cym;eCTByeT H 3a1\OHO;:t;aTeJIbCTBC no perYJIII-
pOBaHHI01\amITaJIOBJIomeHHII, Aerr03lITOB H CCy;:t;HbIX npon,eH:-
TOB. OAHa1\O Bce aTII MepbI JIBJIJIIOTCJI He;:t;OCTaTO'lHbIMH, H rro-
JIomeHIIJI 3a1\OHa 06 OrpaHII'leHHII ccy;:t;Horo npon,eHTa Tpe6y
IOT y JIY'lllleHIIJI.
6) COAepmaHlle 3aRoHa 06 OrpaHH'leHHH cCYAHoro npo
n,eHTa. Cepepa rrpIIMeHeHHJI ;:t;aHHoro 3aI\OHa OrpaHII'leHa npo:-
17 3aKaa :M 892 25 7
D;eHTaMII no 3aHMaM (CT. 1 YI{a3aHHOro 3aKoHa). IIpon;eHTHaH
CTaBKa onpeAe HeTCH: rrplI KarrHTa bHoH CYMMe o6H3aTe b-
CTBa AO 100 TblC. lIeH - 20% rOAOBbIX, OT 100 TbIC. AO 1 M H.
IJ:eH - 18 % rOAOBbIX II CBblIIIe 1 M II. - 15 % rO OBbIX. IIpe-
lIblIIIeHHe AaHHoro MaI{CHMa bHoro YPOBIIJJ C'lHTaeTCJJ IIep;eH-
CTBHTe bHbIM (rr. 1 CT. 1 3aKoHa). To eCTb p;O JJ rrpOn;eIITOB,
.npeBblIIIarom;aJJ YCTaBoB eHHbIH MaKcHMa bHbIH YPOBeHb, He
HB JJeTCJJ OCIIOBaHHeM B03HHHHOBeHlIJJ rrpOn;eHTlIOro 06JJ3a-
Te bcTBa, op;HaKo rrpH P;06pOBO bHOii YITJlaTe p;OmI\IIHKOM npo-
D;eHToB, rrpeBbIIIIarom;Hx Y'Ka3aHHbIH B 3aKOHe ypoBeHb, OH
Be MOiReT Tpe60BaTb B03Bpam;eHHJJ pa3IIHn;bI MeiRP;Y <paKTII-
''leCKH ymla'leHHbIMH rrpOn;eHTaMH H YCTaHOB eHHbIMH B 3aKO-
11e (rr. 2 CT. 1 3aKoBa). ,l];aHHoro pop;a 06JJ3aTe bcTBa pac-
.cMaTpHBaroTCJJ B Ka'leCTBe HaTypa bHbIX (CM. peIIIeHHe Bep-
XOBHoro cyp;a OT 13 HOJJ6pJJ 1968 r.). B c Y'lae npeBbIIIIeHHJJ
YCTaHOBJIeHHOrO YPOBHJJ rrpOn;eHTOB rrpH yrr aTe rrpOn;eHTOB
Bnepep; 8TO He C'lHTaeTCJJ P;06pOBO bHOH yrr aToM npOn;eIITOB
)J;O iRHIIKOM II p;aHHaJJ yrrJIaTa paCCMaTpHBaeTCJJ B Ea'leCTBe
IICnO HeIIIIH KarrIITa bHOH CYMMbI 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (CT. 2 3aKo-
.lIa). HarrpHMep, rrpH 3aHMe B 50 TbIC. HeR CpOIWM Ha OP;HH
rop; ynJIaTa Bnepep; 20%, T. e. 10 TbIC. Hell, npHBop;HT K TOMY,
"ITO KaIIHTa bHaH cyMMa 06H3aTeJIbCTBa C'lHTaeTCH paBIIOll:
,40 TbIC. HeH H rro HCTe'leIIHH op;IIoro rop;a P;OJIlliIIHK 06H3aH
J3epHYTb Kpep;HTOpy 48 TbIC. Hell. B rrOCJIep;IIee BpeMH cyp;e6-
BaH rrpaKTHKa pacIIIIIpH a p;aHHoe nOJIOjJ{eHHe, pacrrpocTpa-
HHH ero H Ha c Y'lalI P;06pOBOJIbHOH ymlaTbI 3aBbIIIIeHHblX
npOn;eHTOB (CM. peIIIeHHe BepxoBIIoro cyp;a OT 18 HOH6pHI
1.964 r.). HarrpHMep, rrpH ccyp;e B 500 TbIC. HeH Ha YCJIOBHHX
30 % rop;OBbIX (150 TbIC. HeH) B CJIY'lae P;06POBO bIIOll: yn a-
TbI P;O lliHHKOM rrpOn;eHTOB 3a rrepBbIFr rop; pa3HIIn;a Memp;y
p;orOBopHbIMH H 3aKOIIHbIMII rrpOn;eHTaMH - 60 TbIC. neH-
nepeHocHTcH B C'IeT IIcrrO HeIIHH KarrHTa bHoH CYMMbI p;o ra,
IWTopaH, TaKHM o6pa30M, CTaHOBHTCH paBHOll: 440 TbIC. lIeII,
8. rrpOn;eIITbI B KOHn;e BToporo rop;a - COOTBeTCTBeHIIO 18 %
rop;OBbIX, 1I 1I 60 TbIC. lIeH. llHbIMII C OBaMII, rrplI HeHCrrOJIHe-
IIHH EarrHTaJIbHOII CyMMbI o6H3aTeJIbCTBa pa3HIIn;a MeiRp;y
3aKOHHbIMII npOn;eHTaMH II rrpeBbIIIIarom;HMH HX P;06pOBO bHO
BbIIIJIa'leHHbIMII p;orOBopHbIMH rrpOn;eHTaMII OTIIOCIITCh Ha C'leT
noraIIIeHIIH KanHTaJIbHoM CYMMbI o6H3aTeJIbCTBa. BOJIee Toro,
cyp;e6HaH rrpaKTHKa He TO bKO p;orrYCKaeT B )J;aHHOM crry'lae
IIO Hoe HcrrOJIHeHlIe KarrIITa bHOll: CYMMbI 06H3aTeJIbCTBa sa
C'leT VKa3aHHOll: pa3HHn;bI MeiRp;y p;orOBopHbIMH II 3aKOHHbI-
MII npon;eHTaMII, HO II npH3IIaeT 3a P;OJIiRBHKOM rrpaBO Tpe6o-
:258
BaHlIl1 B03BpaTa Rpe;a;IITOpOM Onpe;a;eJIeHHOH CYMM:bI ;a;eHer B
CJIyqae, eCJIII pa3HII:u;a Mem;a;y ;a;orOBopHbIMII II 3aROHHbBfII
npOn;eHTallfII nepeRpbIJIa CYMMY RanHTaJIbHOrO 05113aTeJIIicTBa
(CM. perneHHe BepXOBHoro cy;a;a OT 13 H0116pl1 1968 r.). CJIe
)'"(yeT YKa3aTb TaKIKe Ha TO, 'ITO B CB113II C OrpaHII'IeHIIeM
ccy;a;Horo npOn;eHTa )'"(eHemHoe B03Harpam;a;eHIIe, yqeTHbIH
npOn;eHT, ROMIICCIIOHH:bIe II IIH:bIe paCXO;a;:bI, 3a IICRJIIO'IeHIIe)f.
1l3)'"(epmeR Ha 3aKJIIO'IeHIIe )'"(orOBopa II IICrrOJIHeHIIe 05113a-
TeJIbCTBa, paCCl\taTpIIBaIOTCJI B Ra'leCTBe npo eHTOB (CT. 3
3aROHa). HaKOHen;, 3aRoH 1947 r. YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT orrpe;a;e.;:reH-
lI:bIe OrpaIIJI'IeHIIl1 B OTHorneHllII CYMM:bI B03Mem,eHIIl1 ym,ep6a
B CJIY'Iae HeIICrrOJIHeHIIl1 06113a TeJIbCTBa B CpOI\ (CT. 4 3aKo-
Ha). IIpemHHM 3aKOH 1877 r. onpe;a;eJIl1JI JIHrnb, 'ITO B CJIY'Iae
neonpaB)'"(aHHO BbICOKOM CYMMbI B03MeJ:u;eHHl1 ym,ep6a npu He-
IICnOJIHenUH 06113aTeJIbCTBa cy;a; BrrpaBe yMeHbrnHTb ;a;aHHYIO
CYMMY (CT. 5 3aI\OHa 1877 r.), B CJIY'Iae me ToproBoH ccyW>I
npIDleHRJICl1 rrpHHn;Hrr H. 1 CT. 420 fK H cy;a; 6bIJI He BrrpaB8'
CHllman YKa3aHHYIO CYMMY (CT. 1'17 3aROHa B BBe;a;eHHII B
)'"(eJICTBIIe fK). B OTJIH'IUe 01' :noro HOBbIJI 3aKOH He rrpOBO-
gilT pa3rpaHH'IeHIIl1 Mom;a;y rpaJH)'"(aHCKHMH H ToprOBbBfII
c)'"(eJII a)III II pa3pernaeT pa3Mep B03Men\eHHl1 Bpe;a;a B npe)'"(e-
JIax )'"(R0 JIHOJI rrpOn;eHTHOH CTaBKH, ;a;orrYCKaeMOM 3aROHO;a;a-
TeJIbCTBOM, rrpeBbIrneHue me )'"(aHHoro ypOBHl1 C'IHTaeTCl1 He-
)'"(eMCTBUTeJIbHbIM (COOTBeTCTBeHHO 6bIJIa HCKJIIO'IeHa CT. 117
3aRoHa 0 BBe;a;eHIIU B ;a;eMcTBHe TK). IIpH aTOM, O)'"(HaKO, npa-
BO Tpe60BaHlll1 B03BpaTa yme yrrJIa'IeHHbIX ;a;06pOBOJIbHO rrpo-
:u:eHTOB He npH3HaeTCl1.
10. AJIbTepHaTIIBHbIM OOJl3aTeJIbCTBOM npH3HaeTCl1 TaRoe,
I\OTopOe ;a;onYCI\aeT B03MomHOCTb BbI60pa o;a;Horo U3 HeCI\OJIb-
KIIX npe OCTaBJIeHHM. Hau60JIee 'IaCTO ;a;aHH:bIM BH;a; 06113aTeJIb-
CTBa BCTpe'IaeTCl1 rrpH )'"(oroBope ;a;apeHHl1. OHO MomeT B03HH-
haTb Timme n Ha OCHOBaHIIH IIHbIX npaBOBbIX HOpM (CM.
CT. 1'17, 196 II ;a;p. fK).
1)_IIpaBo Bbloopa npIIHa;a;JIemUT ;a;OJImaUKY (CT. 406 rK),
O;a;HaI\O no Crren;HaJIbHOMY COrJIarneHnIO OHO MomeT npHHa;a;JIe-
man I\pe;a;HTOpy lIJIH TpeneMy JIU:U;Y. Kor;a;a npaBO BbI60pa
npHHa;a;JIemHT O)'"(HOH 1I3 CTOpOH, a npH HacTyrrJIeHHU cpoha
rrorarneHHl1 06113aTeJIbCTBa ;a;pyral1 CTopOHa, HeCMOTpl1 Ha co.
OTBeTcTByIOm,ee YBe;a;OMJIeHHe, He ocym,eCTBJIl1eT BbI60pa,
npaBO B:bI60pa rrepexO;a;HT R ROHTpareHTY (CT. 408 fK).
B CJIyqae eCJIII npaBO B:bI60pa rrplIHa;a;JIemlIT TpeTbeMY
JIIIn;y, TO npH HeB03MomHOCTU IIJIII HemeJIaHlI1I ero OCYr
17"
259c
ru;eCTBMTb npaBO BbI60pa nepeXOJ];MT Ha J];OJIiKHMRa (n. 2
CT. 409 rR).
2) Ocym;eCTBJIeHMe npaBa Bhl60pa 3a1mIO'IaeTCH B TOM, 'ITO
OJ];Ha M3 CTOpOH npM6eraeT R COOTBeTCTBYIOm;eMY BOJIeM3'bHB-
.neHMIO rro OTHorneHIIIO R ROHTpareHTY (n. 1 CT. 407 rR), eCJIM
me npaBO BbI60pa npMHaJ];JIeiKMT TpeTbeMY JIlIIW, J];aHHoe
BOJIeM3'bHBJIeHMe J];orrYCTMMO HaR B OTHoirreHMM RpeJ];MTopa,
'raR M J];OJIiKHMRa (n. 1 CT. 409 rR). Y CTaHaBJIlIBaeTCH TaR-
me, 'ITO, 6YJ];Y'IM CJ];eJIaHHbIM, BOJIeM3'bHBJIeHMe BHe 3aBMCMMO-
CTM 01' COrJIaCMH ROHTpareHTa He alIHYJIMpyeTcH (n. 2
CT. 407 rR). IIOHHTHO, '11'0 B CJIy'Iae 06MaHa MJIM npMHyn;:J];e-
HMH J];aHHoro pOJ];a BOJIeH3 bHBJIeHIIe l\lOmeT 6bITb aHHymlpo-
BaHO (CM. CT. 96 rR).
3) IIpaBoBhIe nOCJIeJ];CTBIIH BbI60pa COCTOHT B orrpeJ];eJIe-
HMM Bem;M, HBJIHIOm;eHCH rrpeJ];MeTOM aJIbTepHanlBHoro OOH-
3aTeJIbCTBa. rR rrpMJ];aeT nOCJIeJ];CTBMHM orrpeJ];eJIeHMH 06paT-
HYIO CMJIY, orOBapMBaH rrpM 3TOM, 'ITO 06paTHaH CIIJIa He J];OJI-
mHa rrpM'IMHHTb BpeJ]; rrpaBa:M TpeTbMX jIMU; (CT. 411 rR).
ITpMJ];aBaH nOCJIeJ];CTBIiHM orrpeJ];eJIeHIUI 06paTHYIO CIIJIY,
TR J];orrYCRaeT B03MO/KHOCTb BbI60pa rrpO,IWCTaBJIeHIIH, I{OTO-
poe rrpM orrpeJ];eJIeHHbIX cIITyaU;MHx oKa3bIHaeTCH HOB03Mom-
'lIbIM. HarrpMMep, aJIbTepHaTMBHoe OOH3aTeJIbCTBO CBH3ano C
BbI60pOM OJ];HOH II3 J];BYX JIOIIIaJ];eH, rrplI'IeM rrpaBO BbIoopa
npMHaJ];JIemMT J];OJImHIIKY. B CJIyqae, eCJII! IIepBaH JIOIIIaJ];h
BCJIeJ];CTBIIe HenpeOJ];OJIMMOH CIIJIbT nmI ne6pemHOCTM J];OJIiKHM-
Ra rrorM6JIa, orrpeJ];eJIeHHe MO;'1\eT ocy:w:eCTBJIHTbCH JIMIIIb B
OTHoIIIeHHM BTOpOH JIOIIIaJ];H (CM. n. 1 CT. 410 rR). B CJIY'Iae,
eCJIM JIOIIIaJ];b nOrMOJIa rro HeopenmocTH KpeJ];IITopa, onpep;e-
.rremIe He l\lOiKeT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH (c I. n. 2 CT. 410 rlq. 11 pM
3TOM eCJIM J];OJIiI,HMK BbIoMpaeT rrepBYIO JIOIIIaJ];b, npeJ];OCTaBJIe-
HMe KOTOPO!! OIm3bIBaeTCH neB03MomHbIM, TO BCJIep;CTBUe
06paTHOH CIIJIbI IIpeJ];MeTOM OOH3aTeJIbCTBa C caMoro Ha'IaJIa
CTaHOBMTCH MMeHHO 3Ta rrepBaH JIOmap;b, lIO P;OJIiI;:HMI;: lIe ne-
ceT HImaI,:oii: OTBcTCTneRIIOCTII, 11 o Cl;: OJI bI;: Y JIOllIaP;b norII6JIa
He 1I0 ero BMHe (c I. CT. 415 rlt). B CJIyqae, t\orp;a npano BbI-
60pa npIIHa]];JIemn1' Kpep;II1'opy, rrpM rII6emI JIOma]];II BbI6paII-
HOll: KpeJ];IITopoM, IIO RIme J];OJIn\HIII\a KpeJ];lI1'op MOn;:e1' Bl\U CTO
lICrrOJIHeHIIH 1'pe60Ba1'b B03Mem;eHMH BpeAa.
11. $aKYJIhTaTHBHhIM o6H3aTeJIbCTBOM C'lII1'ae1'CH 1'al;:oe,
npII K01'OpOM BMeCTO OCHOBHoro npeJ];ocTaBJIeHMH Mome1' OCY-
ru;eCTBJIH1'bCH ]];pyroe (npaBo 33MeHhI, npaBo BOcnOJlHeHIIH):
RanpMMep, cym;ec1'Bye1' 06H3aTeJIbCTBO no rrpe]];OCTaBJIeHIIIO
'260
CJlYiKarn;IIM crre:U;O)J;em)J;bI, O)J;HaRO OHO MOiKeT 6DITb 3aMeHeHO
BDIrrJlaTOii COOTBeTcTByrorn;eii CYMMhI )J;eHer. 06hI'IHO npaBO
Ba;ueHDI rrpIIHa)J;Jlelf;:IIT )J;OJliKHIIRY, HO MOiKeT rrpr-ma)J;JleiKaTb
n Rpe)J;IITopy. Rpe)J;I!TOp, He 06J1a)J;arorn;HfI rrpaBOM BOCrrOJlHe-
HIIH, MOiKeT Tpe60BaTb JlIIIIIb npe)J;OCTaBJleHUH OCHOBHoro )J;eH-
CTBIIH, a )J;OJliKHIIR, He 06JIa)J;arorn;IIH :nlIM rrpaBOM, He MomeT
ocyrn;ecTBJlHTb rrplIHY)J;IITeJlbHoe rrOJlY'IeHlIe aRYJlbTaTIIBHO.
1'0 npe)J;OCTaBJleHIIH. rR He CO)J;epmMT rrOJIOiKeHIIH OTHOCII-
TeJlhHO aRYJlbTaTnBHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, OHII 06DI'IHO B03HH-
RaroT H3 )J;orOBopOB, O)J;HaRO neJIb3H CRa3aTb, 'ITO HX OCHOBa-
HlIeM Bo06rn;e He HBJlHroTCH HOpMDI rrpaBa. ITpuMepoM :noro
MOiKeT cJlymlITb rrOJIOmeHUe rR 0 TOM, 'ITO 06H3aTeJlbCTBO,
rrpe)J;YCMaTpuBarorn;ee rroraIlIeHue B HHOCTpaHHOH BaJlroTe, MO-
meT 6DITD UCrrOJlHeHO II B HrrOHCHIIX HeHax (CT. 403 rR). ITpn
aRYJlbTaTUBHOM 06H3aTeJIbCTBe O)J;HO rrpe)J;OCTaBJleHne HBJlH-
eTCH OCHOBHDIM, a BTopoe JllIurb BcrrOMOraTeJIbHbIM, rr03TOMY,
.eCJIU HCrrOJIHeHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa CTaHOBIITCH HeB03MOiKHbIM
He rro BIIHe )J;OJliKHIIHa, )J;aHHoe 06H3aTeJlbCTBO B rrplIH:U;Hrre
rrpeHparn;aeTCH. RpOMe Toro, ocyrn;ecTBJleHHe BOJleU3'bHBJleHHH
B oTHoureHlIu aHYJlbTa TIIBlIoro rrpe)J;OCTaBJleHIIH He rropom-
;u;aeT rrpaBOBbIX rrOCJle)J;CTBIIH onpe)J;eJleHIIH. B 3TOM OCHOBHoe
()TJlUQUe aHYJlbTaTIIBHoro 06H3aTeJlbCTBa OT aJlbTepHaTlIB-
Horo.
Tn a B a 3. AEACTBHE 06S13A TEnbCTBA
1. 06LqHe nonOHCeHHSI
12. IIomnHe )J;eiicTBHJI oon:3aTeJIbCTBa. 11TaI;:, 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBO npe)J;CTaBJlHeT c060iI npaBO Tpe60BaTb OT )J;OJliRHIma co.
BepureHIIH orrpe)J;eJleHlIOro )J;eiicTBIUI. ITO::JTOMY rrpH )J;06po-
BOJIbHOM cOBepmeHIHI )J;alIHOI'O )J;eMCTBITH )J;OJUf>:HIIEOM (IIcrrOJl-
HeHIIII o6H3a TeJlbCTBa) Hpe)J;rrTOp yrro.rrHOMO'leH npIlHJlTb 3TO
)1;eiiCTBrre. Talwe J!pITHI'lTUe ocyr:u;ecTB';IHeTcH ua OCHOBe rrpaBa
Kpe)J;UTopa II na3bIBaeTCH MIIHr-DIaJIbHbDI p;efICTBIIeM upaBa
Hpe)J;IITopa. O)J;Har;o r;pe)J;IITOp BrrpaBe npe)J;'bHBJlHTD IICH B
cy)J;, )J;a6DI )J;06ITBaTbCH rrocpe)J;CTBOM CY;:l:eOHOrO pemeHun rrpu-
'3HaHIIH HaJlII'IlIH 06H3aTeJlbCTBa II O)J;HOBpeMeHHO rrplIHa3a
)J;OJliI\HIII\Y 06 IICITOJIHeHTIII 3Toro 06H3a TeJlbCTBa, nocJle qero
lIa OCHOBaHIIII cyp,e6Horo perrreHIIH ocyrn;ecTBJlHeTcH npIIHY-
]l;HTeJIbHOe UCnOJIHeHlIe 06H3aTeJlbCTBa. Rpo re Toro, I\pe)J;lI-
70p MomeT Tpe60BaTb B03M eHHJI npe)1;a Ha OCHOBaBIIII
261
neBCnOJIHeH1lJ1 OOJl3aTeJIbCTBa, a Ta:Rme B nplIHYJI;lITeJIbROrO
HCnOJIHeHlIJI.
OJl;HaKO BbIIIJeCKa3aHHoe OTHOCBTCJI He KO BceM OOJl3aTeJIb-
CTBa:M. Bo-nepBbIX, CYIII,eCTBYIOT Tal{ Ha3bIBaeMble HaTypaJIb-
Hble 06J13aTeJIbCTBa, 06JIap;aIOIII,Be OCJIa6JIeHHbIM Jl;enCTBlIeM.
Bonpoc 0 nplI3HaHlIlI rR HnOHlIlI nop;o6HbIX 06J13aTeJIbCTB
cnopeH, MbI me CIflITael\f n03IIIJ;HIO CTOpOHUlIKOB nplI3HaHIIJI
B rR HaTypaJIbUbIX 06J13aT!jJIbCTB cnpaBep;JIHBOn (CM.: 06J1-
3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe npaBO - 13). BO-BTOpbIX, cyIII,ecTByIOT o6J1-
3aTeJIbCTBa, no HCKal\f B OTuomeUlIlI KOTOpbIX lIfOryT nplIHB-
MaTbCJI cyp;e6HbIe pemeUHJI, uo nplIuyp;HTeJIbHOe lICnOJIUeHlIe
06J13aTeJIbCTBa H B03l\feIIl,eHHe Bpep;a HeB03l\IOmUbI. IIop;o6ublX
06J13aTeJIbCTB cpaBHlITeJIbUO l\faJIO, TaK KaK OHlI B03UlIKaIOT
JIlImb nplI HaJIlI'llIlI cneIJ;HaJIbUOrO COrJIameHHH CTOpOH 0 ue-
Jl;OnYCTHl\fOCTlI nplIHYP;lITeJIbUOrO HCnOJIUeHlIJI. B-TpeTblIx,
MOiI\HO nplIBeCTH Muoro BlIP;OB o6H3aTeJIbCTB, B OTHomeUlIH
KOTOpbIX He nplI3UaeTCJI nplIHyp;lITeJIbUOe HCnOJIHeHlIe. TaK,
COBpel\feHUOe npaBO, OCUOBbIBaHCb Ha nplIuD;lIne yBameulIH
JIlI'lHOCTlI p;OJImUHKa, ue MomeT OCYIIl,eCTBJIHTb nplIuyp;HTeJIb-
Hoe I1cnOJIHeUBe JII06bIX 06H3aTeJIbCTB 6e3 BCHKlIX OrpaHlI'le-
HlIn. ECJI}I no TaKlIM 06H3aTeJIbCTBaM, I,aR ynJIaTa p;euer lIJIJI
nepep;a'la onpeJl;eJIeHHOn BeIIl,H, npII3UaeTCJI Henocpep;CTBeH-
Hoe npIIuyp;lITeJIbUOe HCIIOJIHeUHe, TO no 06H3aTeJIbCTBallI,
CBH3aHUbIM C 1I3rOTOBJIeUlIeM orrpep;eJIenUon BeIIl,lI BJIlI npe-
p;OCTaBJIeUHeM CBoen pa60'len ClIJIbI, conpeMeHuoe npaBO He
npH3uaeT uenocpep;CTBeuuoro nplIuyp;nTeJIl.UOrO IICnOJIUeUlIH
rrpHl\IeUHTeJIl.UO K JIII'lUOCTlI p;OJImUIIKa. B-'leTBepTl.IX, B03Me-
ID;eunB Bpep;a 06bI'lUO nplI3UaeTCJI H no OTuomeUIIIO K 06H3a-
TeJIl.CTBal\f, nplIUYP;IITeJIl.UOe lICnOJIUeHne KOTOpbIX HeB03Mom-
HO B ue1I3MeUHOM BlIp;e. Rorp;a pe'll. IIp;eT 0 p;eHemHOM B03Me-
III,eUIIlI (CM. CT. 417 rR), rrpHHYP;lITeJIbUOe IIcnOJIHeulIe
B03Momuo, O)J;uaKO He BCJIKOe uenCnOJIUeRHe 06J13aTeJIl.CTBa
nopomp;aeT npaBO Tpe60BaHlIH B03JleIIl,eHIIJI Bpep;a, B60 P;JIJI
,;)Toro ue06xop;lIMl.I onpep;eJIeUUl.Ie YC:rOBIIH. B-nJlTl.IX, npn
Tpe60Baunu l,pep;lITopoM p;eHemuOI'i Bl.lII,raTl.I B Ka'leCTBe
npuuyp;IITeJIl.UOrO lIcnOJIUeHHH 06H3aTeJIbC7Ba lIJIlI B03MeIIl,e-
HUJI Bpep;a nplIHYP;I1TeJIbHaH CHJIa pacnpocTpaRHeTCJI H _ Bce
IIlIfYIIl,eCTBO p;OJImHlIKa, lwTopoe MollieT 6bITl. 06paIIl,euo B
IICnOJIUeUlIe 06J13aTeJIl.CTBa. Op;HaKo H3 ,)Toro lIJrYIIl,eCTBa
HCKJIIO'laeTCH TO, KOTopoe He06xo)J;HMO ;:J;J]JI nop;)'J;epmaHlIH
mH3HU p;OJImHlIKa (CM. CT. 570, 618 rnK). BMecTe C TeM B
p;aUU01.r nplIHD;IIne lIMeIOTCJI IICIWIO'leHUH, a lIMeHHO: cyIIl,e-
CTBYIOT 06J13aTeJIl.CTBa, npe)J;YcMaTplIBaIO:rn;IIe npBHY)];HTeJIl.-
262
!Hoe HCnOJIHeHJIe JIHillJ. B OTHomeHHII onpe,D;eJIeHHOrO HMym;e-
CTBa, a TaKlKe JUIIIIb Ha onpe,JJ;eJIeHHYIO CYMMY. B ,D;aHHOM
CJIY'Iae MbI CTaJIliHBae lCH C npooJIeMoit pa3rpaHH'IeHHH 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH (CM.: 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe npa-
lIO - 14). B-IIIeCTbIX, npH HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOM pa30peHHH HMY-
nWCTBa ,D;OJIIKHH:ha 06H3aTeJIbCTBO npH onpe,D;eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBH-
fiX MOlKeT pacnpocTpaHHTb CBoe ,D;errCTBHe H Ha HMym;ecTBo
TpeTbHX JIHn;. I1op;ooHoe p;errCTBHe Ha3bIBaeTCH BHeIIIHHM
p;eHCTBHeM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. B-ce,n;bMbIX, OOH3aTeJIbCTBO MOlKeT
npH CBoeM ocym;eCTBJIeHHH HaTaJIKHBaTbCfi Ha npenHTCTBHH
.co CTOpOHbI TpeTbHX JIIIll;, JIH60 B CBH3H C 06H3aTeJIbCTBOM
I\pe,D;HToPY MOa\eT 6l>ITJ. rrp.H'IIIHeH Bpep;. B p;aHHoM cJIY'Iae
B03HHRaeT np06JIeMa npH3HaHHfi Tpe60BaHHll 06 YCTpaHeHHH
rrpenHTCTBHH HJIH 0 B03Mem;eHHH Bpe,D;a, npH'IHHeHHOro .n;e-
JIII'KTO l (CM.: 06ll3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBO - 15) .
13. HaTypaJIbHOe 06.113aTeJIbCTBO rrpep;CTaBJIlleT C060H Ta-
Roe, Ko'!:opoe p;orryoKaeT npHHllTHe Kpe.n;HTopOM p;eHCTBHH,
Qcym;eCTBJIHeMl>IX P;OJIa\HHROl\1 ,D;D6P.OBOJIbHO, HO He npH3HaeT
B03MOIKHOCTH Tpe60BaHHll I{pep;HTOpOM ero npHHyp;HTeJIbHOrO
nCnOJIHeHHH C rrOMOm;.bIO rOCY,D;apCTBeHHOH BJIaCTH. O,D;Ha:hO,
eCJIH nop;06Hoe 06H3a'reJII>CTBO, ,D;alKe HCnOJIHHeMOe P;06POBOJIb-
liO, Bep;eT K HeOCHOBaTeJI1>HOMY 060ram;eHHIO Rpe,D;HTOpa, OHO
paCCMaTpHBaeTCll B Ra'IeCTBe nCnOJIHeHHH npn OTCYTCTBnn
Q6H3aTeJIbCTBa, a BbIImaLleHHaH CYIv1Ma nOp;JIeIKIIT B03Bpam;e-
ImIO (CM. CT. 703 II CJIep;. fl\). TaliliM 06pa30M, 3alWHHOCTb
HaTypaJIbHOrO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa npH3HaeTCH BO Bcex CJIY'IaHX.
RpOMe CJIY'IaeB HeOCHOBaTeJIbHorO oooram;eHllH. I1pn3HaeTcH
JIH HaTypaJIbHOe oOH3aTeJIbCTBO fIt HIIOHIIII? HanpIIl\1ep,
()6H3aTeJIbCTBO He MO;':heT ObITb ocym;eCTBJIeHO 'Iepe3 cyp; II3-aa
'1'oro, 'ITO IICTeK CPOI{ IIoraCIITeJIbHoiJ: p;aBHOCTII, op;HaIW B He-
IWT'OpbIX CJIY'IaHX ono lOlKeT ObITb npep;CTaBJIeHO P;JIH 3a'IeTa
< CM. CT. 508 fIt) II ,n;eHCTBOBaTl> TOJIbKO B 3THX npep;eJIax. Kpo-
Me Toro, B cyp; He IOII;:eT npep;'bHBJIHTbCH nCK no 06HaaTeJIb-
CTBa l, CCYP;HbIH npon,eHT :hOTOpbIX npeBbIIIIaeT Ma:hCII1\1aJIb-
HbIH ypOBeHb, YCTaHOB:.reHHblii 3aHoHoM 06 OrpaHII'IeHHII
cyp;Horo npon,eHTa (n. 2 CT. 1 YKaaaHHoro 3aKoHa), O,D;HaRO
JJ;06pOBOJIbHaH YlwaTa p;OJIa\HIIKOM 3aBbIIlleHHblX npOn;eHTOB
p;onYC:haeTCH. fIt Ta:hlI,e npn3HaeT 06euWHHe YUJIaTbI aea UPII-
MeHeHIlH cyp;e6Hoii upon;ep;ypbI, a TaKfRe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO ,D;apn-
TeJIH, He 3acpHKcnpOBaHHoe B unCbMeHROH cpopMe (C1\1. CT. 550
TIt). U3 upnBep;eHHbIX upIIMepOB BII)J;HO, 'ITO B rH' cym;ecT-
tlyeT nO'ffia P;JIll npH3HaHIIH HaTypaJIbHOJ'Q .ooH3aTeJIbCTBa.
263
14. OOH3aTeJlbCTBO U OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb. KaK onre'IaJIOCb
paHee, npHHY)];HTeJIbHOe HCnOJIHeHUe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa MOJReT
ocyIIJ;eCTBJIHTbCH H3 Bcero HMYIIJ;eCTBa )];OJIIKHHI{a. O)];HaKO
TeOpeTH'IeCKH 06H3aTeJIbCTBO JIHllib HaJJaraeT Ha )];OJIJRHHKa
06H3aHHOCTb no onpe)];eJIeHHOMY npeAOCTaBJIeHHlO, H n03TOMY
06paIIJ;eHHe npHHY)];HTeJIbHOro HCnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa Ha
HMYIIJ;eCTBO AOJIJRUHKa He BbITeKaeT U3 xapaKTepa 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa. MMYIIJ;eCTBO )];OJIlliHHKa npe)];CTaBJIHeT c060H <POPMY
06eCne'IeHHH ero 06H3aHHOCTH. B :3TOH CBR3H CJIe)];yeT npOBO-
)];HTb pa3rpaHH'leHHe Mem)];y 00H3aTeJIbCTBOM, T. e. HeceHHeM
)];OJImHIIKOM 06H3aHHOCTH no onpe)];eJIeHHOMY npe)];OCTaBJIe-
HHlO Ha OCHOBaIIIJ:H 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTblO, KO.
TopaH npe)];CTaBJleHa B BHAe 06palU,eHHH npHHYAHTeJIbIIOro
HCnOJIHeHHH Ha HMYlU,eCTBO )];OJIJRHHKa. )J;JIH 06eCne'IeHIUI
)];eHCTBHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa BnOJIHe npaBOMepHO nplI3HaHHe
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH B paBHbIX npe)];eJIax 3a BceMH 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBaMH. ::ho O)];HH B3 npHHII)IIIOB COBpeMeHHoro npaBa, KOTO-
pbIM 3a:KpenJIeH TaKJRe H B rI\' HnOHHH. RvrecTe C TeM MOJRHO
Ha3BaTb CJIY'IaH OrpaHH'IeHIIH OT13eTCTBeHHOCTH onpe)];eJIeH-
HOH CYMMOM (KOJIU'IeCTBeHHO OrpaHlI'IeHHaH OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTb), no)]; KOTopbIe nO)];rra)];alOT aKlWOHepbI aKIJ;HOHepHbIX
06lU,eCTB (CM. CT. 200 TK), 'IJJeHbI TOBapHIIJ;eCTBa C orpaHH-
'leHHoH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTblO (CM. CT. 157 TK), JIIr60 onpe)];e-
JIeHHbIM HMyIIJ;eCTBOM, no)]; KOTopbIe JIO)];rraAalOT OrpaHH'IeH-
HbIe HaCJIe)];HHKH (CM. CT. 922 fK). B rrOCrre)];HeM BapHaHTe
<PHrypHpyeT rrOJIHaH CYM:\W 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, O)];HaKO rrpHHy)];H-
TeJIbHOe HCnOJIHeHHe 06palU,aeTCH JIHllib Ha HaCJIe)];yeMoe HMY-
IIJ;eCTBO (CM. pellieHHe BepXOBHoro cy)];a OT 2 HlOHH 1932 r.).
KpoMe Toro, 3aJIOrO)];aTeJIII, rrOAna)];alOIIJ;IIe rro)]; )];eHCTBHe 3a-
KOHa 0 JIoM6ap)];ax, HeCYT BeIIJ;HO OrpaHU'leHHyro OTBeTCTBeH-
HOCTb. II pH HaJIH'IHH crren;naJIbHOrO COrJIallIeHHH 0 HerrpHMe-
HeHHH rrpHHY)];HTeJIbHorO HCrrOJIHeHIIH CYIIJ;eCTByeT OOH3aTeJIb-
CTBO oe3 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII.
B rrpOTHBOrrOJIOmHOCTb Ha3BaHHbHI rrpH:\IepaM MOlliHO
npHBeCTfl II CJIY'IaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH oe3 06H3aTeJlbCTBa. OHII
rrpIUreHl1MbI K BelU,HbIM rropY'IHTemnI, TpeTbIDI npII06pCTaTe-
JIHM He)];BIIlliIIMOCTH, HaXO)];HIIJ;elrCH B nrrOTeJ\e.
15. HapymeHue oOH3aTeJIbCTBa TpeTblIlII JlUQOM. IIpH C03-
)];aHHH TpeTbHMH JIH:o;a:\fI1 rrpenHTcTBIIi'r HCrrOJIHeHHlO 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa rrpOTHB BOJIII )];OJIJRHIIKa, rrop:CTpeKaTeJIbCTBe )];OJIm
HHKa K HeHCnOJIHeHHlO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B03HHKaeT He06xoAH-
MOCTb OKa3aHHH nOMOIIJ;H I{peAHTOpy. IIoHHTHo, 'ITO TaKa$:ll
264
nOMOm;b ):\OJDKHa OKa3bIBaTbCJI, O):\HaKO CYIl ecTByeT JIR B BTOM
CJIY'Iae, nOMHMO npaBa 3aMem;eHHJI (CM.: OOJI3aTeJIbCTBeHHOe
npaBO - 28), npaBo TpeOOBaHHJI B03Mem;eHHJI Bpe):\a, npR'IR-
HeHHoro ):\eJIl1KTOM, HJIH npaBO TpeOOBaHlIJI YCTpaHeHRJI npe-
JIJITCTBRJI?
1) ,I(eJIHKT. B HaCTOJIm;ee BpeMJI B IOpH):\R'IeCKOM HaYKe R
cy):\eoHoM npaKTHKe npaKTR'IeCKH He ocnapRBaeTCJI, 'ITO B
CJIY'Iae HenpaBOMepHoro HapYllIeHHJI OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa TpeTbRM
JIHll,OM Kpe):\HTOp MOiKeT TpeOOBaTb B03Mem;eHRJI Bpe):\a, npH-
>IRHeHHOro ):\eJIHKTOM. IIepBoe pellIeHHe no BTOMY Bonpocy
.OTHOCRTCJI em;e K 1915 r. (CM. pellIeHHe BepxoBHoro cy):\a OT
10 MapTa 1915 r.). Y CJIOBRJIMH B ):\aHHOM CJIY'Iae JIBJIJIIOTCH
HapYllIeHHe coocTBeHHo OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa (HanpHMep, KBa3H-
BJIa):\eHHe OOJI3aTeJIbCTBOM JIHll,OM 6e3 nOJIHOMO'IRM, CM.
CT. 478 rK), npeKpam;eHHe OOJI3aTeJlbCTBa HapYllIeHHeM npe-
):\OCTaBJIeHHJI, JIBJIJIIOm;erOCJI rrpe):\MeTOM OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa, a
TaKiKe OOJIee cepbe3HbIe rrpOTHBorrpaBHble ):\eMCTBHJI. O):\HaKO,
Kor):\a ):\OJIiKHHK CBORMH ):\eMCTBHJIMH crrOCOOCTBOBaJI HapYllIe-
HHIO OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa TpeTbRM JIHll,OM, RMeHHO ):\OJIiKHHK HeceT
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb B rrepBYIO O'Iepe):\b.
2) Tpe6oB8HRe YCTp8HeHlfH HapymeHRH o6H38TeJIbCTBa.
Cy):\eoHaJI rrpaKTHKa rrpH3HaJIa YKa3aHHoe rrpaBO TpeOOBaHHJI
JIHllIb B OTHOllIeHHH OOJI3aTeJIbCTB, OOJIa):\aIOm;HX RCKJIIO'IH-
TeJIbHOCTbIO (CM. pellIeHHe BepxoBHoro cy):\a OT 18 ):\eKaOpJI
1953 r.).
i 2. npHHYAHTenbHoe HCnOnHeHHe o6S13aTenbcTBa
16. Crroco6bI npIlHy):\HTeJIbHOrO RCnOJIHeHHH o6H38TeJIb-
CTB8.
1) Henocpe cTBeHHoe npHHY):\RTeJIbHOe HcnOJIHeHHe. AaH-
HbIM crrocoo 3aKJIIO'IaeTCJI B rrpHMOM rrpHHY):\HTeJIbHOM HCrrOJI-
HeHHH OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa CIIJIOM rocy):\apcTBeHHoM BJIaCTR rrpH
HrHopHpoBaHHrr BomI ):\OJIffiHlma. IIpH OOH3?TeJIbCTBaX, CBJI-
.3aHHbIX C rrepe):\a'IeII orrpe):\eJIeHHOrl Bem;R, rocy):\apCTBO OT6R-
paeT ee Y AOJIiKHRKa II rrepe):\aeT Rpe):\IITOpy, rrpH ):\eHemHbIX
06JI3aTeJIbCTBaX ocym;eCTBJIJIeTCJI pacrrOpJImeHlle HMym;ecTBoM
OJImHlma C BpY'IeHHeM COOTBeTCTBYIOIII,eM CYMMbI Kpe):\H-
mp y.
2) IIpHHY):\HTeJIbHoe HCnOJIHeHlIe 3aMern;eHllel\l. 8TO crro-
coo, npH IWTOpOM ocym;ecT BJIJIIOTCJI ):\ellcTBIIJI, COCTaBJIJIBllIIIe
npe):\MCT OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa, a paCXO):\bI Ha rrx rrpOBe):\eHRe rrpR-
265
Hyp;HTeJIbHO B03JIaralOTCH Ha p;OJImHHRa. HarrpHMep, rrpH He-
ffCrrOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa no y60pRe I\BapTHpbI HaHHIlra-
eTCH ,n;pyroH pa60THHR, a pacxo,n;bI B3:&ICKIIBaIOTCH C ,n;OJIm-
HHRa.
3) RocBeHHoe npIIHy,n;UTeJIbHOe IIcnOJIIIeHHe. 8TO crroc05
3aRJIIO'lalOm;HHCH B B03p;eHcTBHH Ha P;O.;I;-KHHKa rrpH'lHHeHIIeM
e ry TaRHX HeBMrop;, KaR apeCT, IIlTpacp, B03Mem;eBHe ym;ep-
6a II T. n.
110 CTapOMY rrpaBY Rpep;HTOp 1ror rrpop;aTb p;OJImHIIRa 3a
HelICrrOJIHeBlIe HM 06H3aTeJIhCTBa HJlII 06paTIITb ero B pa6-
CTBO. JI;0 cpaBHHTeftbHO Hep;aBHero Bpe:>reHII rrpU3HaBaJIOCb
3ap;epmaHlIe p;OJIlliHIIRa P;O IICrrOJIHeHHH IIM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa.
COBpeMeHHoe rrpaBO He p;orrYCRaeT rrprrHymp;eHIIH, HarrpaB-
JIeHHOro cpH3II'leCKU Ha JIH'lHOCTb p;OJIllirnma, B03JIaraH OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTb rro 06H3aTeJIbCTBY TOJIbRO Ha IIMym;ecTBo P;OJIlliHU-
Ra. I1pHHyp;IITeJIbHOe IICrrOJIHeHUe MOllieT 6bITb 06pam;eHO
TOJIbRO R «06H3aTeJIbCTBaM rro npep;OCTaBJIeHlIlO orrpep;eJIeH-
HbIX Bem;eH» - yrrJIaTe p;eHer, rrepep;a'le orrpep;eJIeHHOH Be-
m;H, OCBooomp;eHHIO Hep;BII1RIIMOCTH, -- lIO He R «06H3aTeJIh-
CTBaM no COBepIIIeHlI1O orrpep;eJIeHHbIX p;eIICTBHH», B OTHome-
Hnn ROTOpbIX IIplI3HaeTCH TOJIbRO nx TpaHccpopMa:U;IIH B 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa rro B03Mem;eHlIIO ym;ep6a. )J;aHHoe rrOJIOmeHI1&
COCTaBJIHeT OP;IIH II3 npIIHD;IIrrOB cppaHD;Y3CRoro rR., ROTOpbIH,
op;HaRO, rrpH3HaeT TaRme H nplIHYWITeJIbHOe HCIIOJIHeHlIe 3a-
Mem;eHHeM. B rrOCJIep;YIOm;HH nepno;']; nOCTerreHHO Ha6paJIa
CIIJIY ROHD;errD;HH, rro KOTOPo!i, OCTaBaHCb Ha npnHD;IInax YBa-
llieHIIH JIII IHOCTH, rocyp;apcTReHHaH BJIaCTb TeM He :>reHee He
MomeT 060HTIICb 6e3 npHMeHeHHH orrpep;eJIeHHOrO npHHYiI -
p;eHHH R p;OJImHIIHaM, He BbIIIOJIHHlOllJ)nI rrpep;rrHcaHHH cyp;a.
IIHa'le rOBopH, pe'lb IIIJIa yme 0 rrp1I3HaHI!H RocneHHoro rrpn-
Hyp;UTeJIbHOrO HCrrOJIHeHIIH. CJIep;YH ,noii KOHD;errD;I!II, rep1raH-
CIwe rpa,Kp;aHcIwe rrpoD;eccyaJIbHOe rrpaBo B Ka IeCTBe cpep;cTB
KOCBeHHoro rrpuHYP;HTeJIbHOrO JICrrO.JHieHIIH CTa.10 rrplIMeHHTh
mTpacp H apecT. HrroHcHoe 3aKOIIO!J:aTeJIbCTBO, BocrrpHHHB
rrpHHD;Hrr B03MomHOCTII rrplIHYWITeJIhHOro IICrrOJlHeHIIH 06H3a-
Te,lIbCTB (rr. 1 CT. 414 rK), rro BOrrJIOm;eHI!1O :noro rrpHHD;urra
Haxop;HTCH Mellip;y cppaHD;Y3cmnr U repMaHCI,mr ,.paBmr.
B rK HrroHHII COXpaHHJInC:b HeROTopbIe 8JIeMeHTbI cppaHD;Y3-
CRoro rpamp;aHCRoro npaB3, rill\. me nOCTpoeH rro oGpa3D;y
repllfaHCRoro rpamp;aHCRoro rrpoD;eccyaJIbHOrO rrpaBa, 'lTO
BbI3bIBaeT He06xop;IIIIfOCTb RHIIMaTeJIbHOro OTHomeHIIH R ep;u-
Hoo6pa3HoMY yrroTpe6JIeHIIIO HCrrOJIb3ye ro:i'I B 060lIx ROAm,-
cax TepMIIHOJIOrHH.
266
17. Cpe,IJ;CTOa npUHY,IJ;I1TeJIhHOro I1CnOJIHeHIIH, npIl3Haoae-
MhIe rK II rnK. BCJIe,IJ;CTBIIe He,IJ;OCTaTotJ:HoM YBH3aHHOCTH
nOHHTHII rR II rIIR ,IJ;Pyr C p;pyroM npaBOB:ble TeopHII no
paccMaTpHBae lOMY nonpocy RpaMHe 3anYTaHHbl. HaH60JIee
OnpaB,IJ;aHHLJ:\I, Ha HaIll B3rJIH,IJ;, HBJIHeTCH no,IJ;xo,IJ;, OCHOBaH-
Hblll: Ha ytJ:eTe COCTOHHIIH H,IJ;eOJIOrlIH II TeHp;eHlJ;IlM pa3BHTIIR
COBpeMeHHoro npaBa B n;eJIOM. XapaRTepHo, 'ITO cY,IJ;e6HaR
npaRTIIRa TaI,llie nOIllJIa no ,HOMY nYTH, aToro me MeTO,IJ;a
B nOCJIe,IJ;Hee BpeMH CTaJIII npH,IJ;epiHHBaThCH II MHorIle npa-
BOBe,IJ;bl.
1) CJIY'IaIl, p;onycKamm;ne HenOCpe,IJ;CTOeHHoe npIlHY,IJ;I1-
TeJIhHOe IfCnOJIHeHue. RaK YKa3blBaJIOCb paHee, K HHM OTHO-
CHTCH JIHIllb «06H3aTeJIhCTBa no npe,IJ;OCTaBJIeHHIO». ROHRpeT-
Hble cnocoobl HenOCpe,IJ;CTBeHHoro npHHY,IJ;HTeJIbHOrO HCnOJIHe-
HIm perYJIUpYIOTCH rIIR (CT. 564 H CJIe,IJ;., 730-732 rIIR).
06H3aTeJIbCTBa, B OTHOIlleHHH ROTOpblX ,IJ;OnYCRaeTCH Heno-
Cpe,IJ;CTBeHHoe npHHY,IJ;IITeJIbHOe I1CnOJIHeHlf8, He Tpe6YIOT
HHKaRHX HHblX Cpe,IJ;CTB npHHY,IJ;HTeJIbHOro HCnOJIHeHHH (pe
IlleHHe BepXOBHoro cY,IJ;a OT 23 ORTH6pH 1930 r.).
2) CJIY1Jau, ,IJ;OnYCKam.m;I1e npIlHY,IJ;I1TeJIhHOe I1CnOJIHeHIIe
nOCpe,IJ;CTOO I 3aMem;eHIIH. TaKoe HCnOJIHeHHe OTHOCHTCR
JIHIllb K TeM 06H3aTeJIbCTBaM, 06'beKTOM IWTOP:blX CJIYIRIIT co-
BepIllCHue Ollpe,IJ;eJIeHHblX ,IJ;eMCTBUM II ,IJ;OCTumeHue n;eJIe:H
IWTOPblX B03MomHO TOJIbKO ,IJ;eMcTBIIRMII TpeTbHX JIlin; (n. 2
CT. 414 rR). R ,IJ;aHHOMY l{pyry OTHOCHTCH TaKHe MexaHHtJ:e-
CRlIe ,IJ;ell:CTBIlH, RaR CTpOHTeJIbCTBO 3,IJ;aHHM, peMOHT ,IJ;opor II
HHble. ROHKpeTHbIe cnoc06bl npHHY,IJ;HTeJIhHOro HCnOJIHeHHH
3aMem;eHHeM TaRiKe perYJIHpYlOTCH rnR (CT. 733, 735 rIIR).
J];OCTHmCHHe n;eJIell: 06H3aTeJIbCTB, B OTHOIlleHHII KOTOpblX ,IJ;O-
nYCRaeTCH npUHY,IJ;UTeJIbHOe HCnOJIHeHHe 3aMem;eHHeM, B03-
MomHO H nYTeM ROCBeHHoro npHHY,IJ;IITeJIbHOrO IICrrOJIHeHIIH,
Q,IJ;HaKO I\OCBeHHoe npUHY,IJ;UTeJIbHOe IICrrOJIHeHIIe He ,IJ;OnYCKa-
eTCH l{ 06H3aTeJIbCTBaM, ,IJ;OCTIImeHlIe n;eJIlI I\OTOpblX B03Mom-
no nYTeM npIIHY):\llTeJILHOrO IICnOJIHeHIIH 3aMem;eHlleM. 8TO
BnOJIHe cooTBeTcTByeT ,IJ;Yxy cOBpcMeHHoro rrpaBa, cTpe IHm;e-
rOCH no B03}'lOiI\HOCTU II36eraTb npuHym,IJ;eIJTm, UanpaBJIeH-
Horo HenOcpe,IJ;CTBeHHO Ha JI1I'IHOCTb.
3) CJIY1JaIl, ,IJ;OnYCKamm;I1e KOCBeHHoe npIIHY,IJ;IITeJIhHOe lIC-
nOJIneHue. B ,IJ;aHHYIO c<pepy BXO,IJ;JIT 06H3aTeJIbCTBa no COBep-
IIIeHUIO orrpe,IJ;eJIeHIIbIX ,IJ;ell:CTBIlM, ocym;CCTBJIeHUe ROTOpbIX
H8B03MOffiHO nocpe):\CTBOM ,IJ;eMCTBIIll: TpeTbIlX JIlIn; II n;eJIII
I\OTOpbIX He 1OrYT OLITL ,IJ;OCTIIfHYTLI rryTeM npUHY,IJ;UTeJILHO-
1'0 ucno;rueIIllH B IIopH;J;I\e 3aMem;eHlIH. p,aHHblii BII):\ rrpUHY-
267
HTeJIbHOrO HCrrOJIHeHHH lOn\eT rrplL\IeHHTbCH TOJIbRO B OTHO-
lIIeHHH TeX 06H3aTeJIbCTB, XapaRTep I\OTOpbIX OrrYCRaeT
ROCBeHHOe rrpHHYP;HTeJIbHOe HCrrOJIHeHlle, T. e. Rorp;a no He
rrpOTHBOpe'lHT BOJIe P;OJI/HHHRa (pelIIeHlle BepXOBHoro cyp;a
0'1' 5 HOH6pH 1930 r.), I\orp;a rrpHHyp;UTeJIbHOe HCrrOJIHeHHe
rr03BOJIHT P;OCTH'lb 1I,emI 06H3aTeJIbCTBa H Rorp;a rrpHHYP;H-
TeJIbHOe HCrrOJIHeHHe He rrpOTHBOpe'lHT rry6JIII'lHOMY rropHp;RY
H P;06PbIM HpaBaM (orOBopRa rr. 1 CT. -'114 fK). KOHRpeTHo
ROCBeHHoe rrpHHYP;HTeJIbHOe HCrrOJIHeHHe peryJIHpyeTcH fITE\.
(CT. 734 H 735 fUR). TaRHe Cpep;CTBa, RaR apeCT HJIH lIITpa<p,
npHHHTble B repMaHCIWM npaBe, He npH3HaIOTCH. fIIK Hno-
HHH OrpaHH'lIIBaeTCH rrpHMeHeHlIe I B03)ler:u;eHHH YIII,ep6a 3a
rrpOCpO'leHHbIH rrepHOp;, HC'lHCJIHeMOrO H3 paC'leTa 10 TbIC. HeH
3a Rallip;bIH p;eHb rrpOCpO'lRH.
4) Crre1l,u<I>U'IeCRUe cpe CTBa rrpHHYJ [ITeJIbHOro UCrrOJIHe-
HUH. IIPH HeHCrrOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, HarrpUMep rrpH He-
nOCTpOHRe 3p;aHHH, lIpH3HaIOTCH yrrpOIII,eHHbIe cpep;CTBa, a
HMeHHO Rpep;uTOp MOllieI' rroTpe60BaTb CHeceHIlH Hep;OCTpoeH-
Horo CTpoeHHH 3a CqeT p;OJIlliHHRa. MorYT rrpeArrpHHUMaTbCH
H MephI rrpOTHB B03MOlliHoro HeHCrrOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B
6YP;YIII,eM, RaR, HarrpHMep, Be:ru;Hoe 06eCne'leHHe B OTHOlIIeHHH
OTp;eJIbHbIX rrpep;MeTOB (rr. 3 CT. 414 fK). ,IJ;aHHble Cpe CTBa
HBJIHIOTCH OP;HHM H3 BHp;OB rrpHHYP;HTeJIbHOrO HCrrOJIHeHHH
3aMeIII,eHHeM.
5) Crre1l,u<I>U'IeCRUe cpe cTBa npUHyp;UTeJIbHOro UCrrOJIHe-
HUH OOH3aTeJIbCTB, IIMelOIII,UX 1I,eJIblO COBeplIIeHue IOpup;u'Ie-
CRUX p;eiiCTBuii. IIpH 06H3aTeJIbCTBaX, Tpe6YIOIII,HX BOJIeH3'b-
HBJIeHHH P;OJIlliHHRa, HarrpHMep ero COrJIaCHH, cyp;e6Hoe perne-
HHe, rrpHRa3bIBaIOIII,ee P;OJIlliHHRY Bblpa3IITb p;aHHoe COrJIaCHe,
MOllieI' 3aMeHHTb COrJIaCHe p;OJIlliHHRa (orOBopRa rr. 2.
CT. 414 fK, CT. 736 fIIK). IIpH ::YfOM He06xop;IL\IOCTb B npH-
Hyp;HTeJIbHml HCrrOJIHeHH!I OTCYTcTByeT. HarrpHMep, rrpH rre-
pep;a'le CeJIbCROX03HHcTBeHHoH SeMJIlI, Tpe6YIOIII,eii pa3perne-
HHH nepep;aIOIII,ero (Cl\I. CT. 3 3aROHa 0 CeJIbCROX03HiicTBeH-
HbIX 3eMJIHx), COOTBeTCTBYIOr:u;ee perneHlIe cyp;a 3al\leHHeT
yRa3aHlIOe pa3perneRIIe. AHaJIOrIl'IHhL\I 06pa30M 06CTOH'I'
p;eJIO II rrpH II3 leHeHIIII perHCTpall,HIf He BHlliII IOCTH (C.\I.
CT. 27 3aRoHa 0 perHcTpall,IIII Hep;BIIfhII.\IOH c06cTBeHr JCTU)
HI'. rr.
6) CBH3b C TpeOOBaHIIeM B03MeII eHIIH ),III,epoa. IIpIIHYP;II-
TeJIbHOe HCrrOJIHeHIIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa OP;HIL\! II3 BbIHIeHa3BaH-
HbIX crroc060B lIe rrperrHTcTByeT rrpep;1,HBJIeHIIIO Rpep;HTOpO)I
Tpe60BaHHH 0 B03MeIII,eHUU yIII,ep6a (rr.4 CT. 414 fK). B rrep-
268
BYIO O'J.epep;h 31'0 OTHOCHTCH K CJIY'J.aHM npOCpO'J.KII IICnOJIHe-
HIIH 06H3aTeJIhCTBa. Op;HaKO npep;'hHBJIeHlIeTpe60BaHIIM B
p;aHHblX cIITyau,HHX P;OJIlliIIO OTBe'J.a Th OIIpep;eJIeHHhIM YCJIO-
BHRM.
t 3. Tpe60BaHHe B03Mell\eHHSI YIl\ep6a Ha OCHOBaHHH
HeHcnonHeHHSI o6S13aTenbcTBa
18. Tplf BHp;a HeHCnOJIlIeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. IIpaBo Kpe-
p;HTopa Tpe60Ban B03Mem;eHIIR ym;ep6a nplI HenCnOJIHeHHlI
06R3aTeJIhCTBa RBJIReTCR OP;HHM 1I3 nplIHIJ;lInlIaJIhHhIX 3JIeMeH-
TOB p;eMcTBIIR 06R3aTeJIhCTBa. )J;OJIlliHHK B COOTBeTCTBlI1I C CY-
m;eCTBOM o6R3aTeJIhCTBa, a JIMeHHO CJIep;YR IIpaHTHKe Tpam-
p;aHCKO-IIpaBOBhIX OTHonreHIIM II IIpIIHIJ;IIIIY P;06POM COBeCTH,
06R3aH ocym;ecTBIITh HCIIOJIUeHlIe 06R3aTeJIbCTBa (CM. CT. 415,
493 f.K). IIOHRTIIe «HeIICIIOJIHeHlIe 06R3aTeJIhCTBa» BKJIIO'J.a-
eT B ce6H TPH BHp;a: npOCpOqKY B lfCnOJIHeHlflf, HenOJIHOO
HCnOJIHeHlfe H HeB03MomHOCTb HCnOJIHeHHH. IIpH 3TOM Kalli-
P;hlM lf3 HlfX COCTaBJIReT OCHOBaHHe P;JIR n03Mem;eHIIR ym;ep6a.
Op;HaKO P;JIR B03HlIKHOBemIR 06R3aHHOCTH IIO B03Mem;eHIIIO
ym;ep6a Tpe6yeTcR HaJIH'J.lIe MHorHX YCJIOBHM, B 'J.aCTHOCTII B
cy6'heKTIIBHOM CMbICJIe - BIIHhI p;OJIlliHHKa, a B 06'heK'fIIB-
HOM - HeIIpaBoMepHOCTII HelICIIOJIHeHIIH 06R3aTeJIhCTBa. Bo
MHOTIIX CJIY'J.aRx IIOJIHOe IICrrOJIHeHlIe 05R3aTeJIhCTBa 3aBnClIT
B 60JIhnreH HJIH MeHhnreH CTerreHII 01' COTpyp;HH'J.eCTBa Kpep;lI-
Topa B rrplIHRTHH 06R3aTeJIhCTBa. IIpHHIJ;I1II P;06POM COBeCTII
P;OJIlliHIIKa IIPII IICrrOJIHeHlI1I 06R3aTeJIhCTBa cBR3aH, TaKIIM
05pa30M, C IIpIIHIJ;IIrroM p;06poii COBeCTII Kpep;HTopa B rrpUHH-
'fIlII IICnOJIHeHIIR. Ha pynreHHe 31'01'0 rrpIIHIJ;IIna Kpep;IITopOM
rropOllip;aeT B CBOIO O'J.epep;h ero OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh, '11'0 rrOJIY-
'J.IIJIO Ha3BaHlle npOCpOqKlf B nplfHHTIIH.
19. Y CJIOBlfH npOCpOqKII lfCnOJIHeHlfH. IIoHRTue npocpO'J.KII
IICrrOJIHeHIIR OTHOCIITCR K CTITyaIJ;IIRM HeHCrrOJIHeHIIR 06R3a-
TeJIhCTBa P;OJIFt\HHKm[ npu HaJIII'J.IIII B031[()/I,HOCTn K 3TO)lY
B CpOK HCrrOJIHeHIIH. OlwH'J.auue cpOKa IICnOJIHeHIIR He Bep;eT
K YTpaTe Kpep;IITOpm[ npaBa Ha rrpIInyp;lITeJIhHOe IICrrOJIHemle
OOR3aTeJIhCTBa. B p;aHHoe rrOHRTIIe BXOP;IIT TaHFt\e P;06POBOJIh-
Hoe IICnOJIHeHIIe P;OJIlliHJIHOM 06R3aTeJIhCTBa C orr03p;aHlIe)l.
Op;HaHO rrpocpO'J.Ha B IICrrOJIHeHIIII Bep;eT K rrplI'J.IIHeHIIIO ym;ep-
6a Hpep;HTOpy, K HeB(3)[()JI\HOCTII IICrrOJIHeHIIH 06R3aTeJIhCTBa
JIII60 K YTpaTe IICrrOJIlIeHlIeM 06H3aTeJIhCTBa :u;eHHOCTlI p;JUI
26H
Rpe)J;lITopa. Bo BCeX aTlIX CJIY'IaHX OJIII,HlIK HeCeT 06H3aH-
HOCTb no B03Me eHlIlO ym;ep6a Kpe)J;lITOpy TeM HJUI IIHbIM
cnoc060M. Y CJIOBlIHMlI npOCpO'IKlI B lIClIOJIHeHlIlI C TO'IKlI
3peHIU! B0311lII{HOBeHlIH YKaaaHHO:ll 06H3aHHOCTlI )J;OJIlKHlma
HBJIHIOTCH:
1) HelICrrOJIHeHlIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, HeCMOTpH Ha HaJIII'IHe
B03lUomHOCTlI K aTOMY, B CpOK lICrrOJIHeHIIH 05H3aTeJIbCTBa.
2) I-IacTyrrJIeHlI8 cpOJ<3 HCnOJIH8UHH. O,1I;HaKo IIplI H80np8-
)J;eJI8HHOCTlI cpOKa lICnOJIHeHIIH (HarrpIIMep, UcrrOJIH8HlIlI 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa B CJIY'Ia8 cMepTII Onp8 8JI8HHOrO JIII a) OJIlliHIIK
)J;OJIlli8H 3HaTb 0 HacTynJIeHlI1I aToro cpOHa, a rrplI OTCYTCTBlIH
Onp8 8JI8HIIH cpOKa IICnOJIH8HlIH He06xo IIMO COOTB8TCTBYro-
m;e8 YB8)J;OMJI8BII8 )J;OJIlliHIIKa 0 HacTyrrJI8HlIlI cpOKa IICnOJIH8-
HHH (CM. nplI aTOM CT. 591 fIt). JIIIIIIb nplI HaJIII'I1I1I orrp8-
J(eJI8HIIH cpOKa IICnOJIH8HlIH 06H3aT8JIbCTBa npOCpO'IKa Ha-
cTyrra8T 110 npOIII8CTBIIlI COOTB8TCTBYIO 8II aTbI (CM. CT.412
fK, O HaKO CJI8 Y8T Y'IIITblBaTb, 'ITO CT. 517 TIt II 06H3aT8JIb-
CTBa, TP86YIO lIe COTPYP;HII'I8CTBa Kp8 IITopa rrplI IIX lICnOJI-
H8mm, lIM810T IICKJIIO'I8HlIH 1I3 aToro npaBIIJIa).
3)- OTCYTCTBlI8 Y OJIlliHlIKa OKa3aT8JIbCTB Toro, 'ITO H8-
n:crrOJIH8HII8 rrpOlI30IIIJIO He no ero BIIHe.
a) fIt rOBoplIT JIIIIIIb 06 YCJIOBIIHX H8B03MOlliHOCTH IICnOJI-
H8HIIH 06H3aT8JIbCTBa (CM. CT. 415 fIt). O HaKo BnOJIHe
eCT8CTB8HHO, 'ITO H8rrp8p;OCTaBJI8HII8 p;0:ha3aT8JIbCTB P;0JIlliHII-
1\0:\1 0 TOM, 'ITO H8IICrrOJIH8HII8 06H3a1'8JIbCTBa rrpOII30IIIJIO rro
He 3aBHCH IIM OT Hero 06CTOHT8JIbCTBaM, B8 eT H 8ro OTB8T-
CTB8HHOCTII (peIII8HII8 B8pXOBHoro cY)J;a OT 27 cp8BpaJIJI
1925 r.). C pyro:ll CTOpOHh!:, BnOJIH8 npaBOM8p8H II 05IIJ;lI:ll
IIpIIH IIn COBp8M8HHbIX 05H3aTeJIbCTB8HHbIX OTHOIII8HII:ll, 'ITO
np8 OCTaBJI8HIIe OKa3aT8JIbCTB OTCYTCTBIIJI BUHbI B n8IICnOJI-
H8RIUI 05H3aT8JIbCTBa oCB060lli;tJ,a8T OT OTBeTCTB8HHOCTII (pe-
lli8HIIe B8pXOBHOro cy a OT 27 MaH 1921 r.; CT. 560 TK
CO)J;epfKUT rrOJIOlli8HIIH Ha :JTOT C'I8T B OTHOIII8mUI OTBeTCTB8H-
BOCTH rr8p8B03'IIma). ,D,aHH08 rrOJIOiI,8HII8 rOBopUT 0 H806xo-
IIMOCTII pa3rpaHlI'I8HIIH IIpocpo<mlI IICIIOJIH8HIIH II H8B03-
MOihHOCTH IICrrO.T!H8HIIH. O Ha:hO nplIM8rrUT8JIbHO :h eH8m-
tIbUI 06H3aT8JIbCTBaM fI{ H8 rrpII3Ha8T oCB0601I' 8H1UI OT
OTBE'TCTB8HHOCTII npM H8IICrrOJIH8HIIJI aHlwII :haT8rOpnIT OOH-
3aTE'JIbCTB BCJI8 CTBII8 8llCTBIUI H8rrpeo omDlOii CIIJIDI (CM.
n. 2 CT. 419 fIt). IIpII TOJI1WBaHlIlI OCHOBaHlIII P;JIH OCB060fK-
eHIIH OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII rrpIIHIIMalOTCH DO BHIDlaHII8 YMbI-
ceJI II H80CTOpOlliHOCTb, nop; KOTOpOH nOHIIlIIa8TCJI OTCYT-
CTBlIe BHII:r.WHIIH, He06xo IIMoro JIH xopomero ynpaBJIHro 8-
270
ro. K Bonpocy npIIMbIRaeT TaIOI\e np06JIeMa YMblCJIa H Heoc-
TopomHOCTH nOMO HIfRa OJImHHRa. B npIfHIJ;Ifne OJImHIIKY
pa3pernaeTCH npIIoeraTI, R YCJIyraM nOMOIIJ;HIfRa JIH IfCnOJI-
HeHIIH OOH3aTeJII,CTBa. OP;HaI{O B CJIyqae HeIICIIOJIHemIH OOH-
3aTeJII,CTBa rro BUHe rrOMOIIJ;HIIRa B03HIIRaeT Borrpoc, p;OJImeH
:III p;OJImHIIR HeCTII OTBeTCTBeHHOCTI, I1JIII OCBOOOIRp;aeT JlII
P;OJIIRHII:ha OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII npep;OCTaBJIeHIIe p;ORa3a-
TeJII,CTB OTCYTCTBIIH HeOCTOpOIRHOCTH C ero CTOpOHI,I npII BbI
60pe rrOMOIIl,HHRa II ROHTpOJIe 3a ero p;eiiCTBIIHMH (c:\1. CT. 715
rK). IOPIIp;IPIeCRaH HaYRa II npaKTIIKa (pemeHIIe BepXOB
Horo cyp;a OT 30 MapTa 1929 r.) C'IIITaIOT, 'ITO P;OJIIRHIIK HeceT
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTI, B p;aHHoii CIrTyaU;IIH. BMecTe C TeM B cJlY'Ia
HX, p;onYCKaIOIII,HX IICnOJIHeHIIe 06H3aTeJII,CTBa 1Jepe3 ynoJlH
M01JeHHorO, pHP; HOpM rK npHMO 1'0BOpIIT 06 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTlI
P;OJIIRHHRa II3-3a HeOCTOpOIRHOCTH C ero CTOpOHbI npII Ha
3Ha1JeHHII p;aHHoro yrrOJIHOM01JeHHorO II KOHTpOJIe 3a ero p;eii-
CTBIIHMII (CT. 105; n. 2 CT. 658; n. 6 CT. 1016 rK). B CJIy1J11<HX
OTCYTCTBHH npHMoro YRa3aHIIH B HopMax rK Ha OTBeTCTBeH
HOCTI, P;OJIIRHIIKa p;aHHbIe cIITyaU;HII CJIep;yeT, nO-B IIP;II:\1'O MY,
TOJIROBaTI, aHa,;:wrII1JHO (CM. CT. 625 rK).
6) KaR yRa3bIBaJIOCI, paHee, p;eHeiI\HbIe OOH3aTeJII,CTBa
npep;CTaBJIHlOT c060ii IICRJIlO1JeHIIe 1I3 paCCMaTpIIBaeMoro npa
BHJIa. IIpII rrpOCp01JRe IICrrOJIHeHIIH p;eHeIRHOro OOH3aTeJII,CTBa
p;OJIJRHHR He OCBOOOIRp;aeTCH OT 06H3aHHocTII B03Mern;eHIIII
yIIl,ep6a p;a}Re rrplI rrpep;OCTaBJleHIIII IIM p;oKa3aTeJII,CTB HeIIC-
rrOJIHeHIIH BCJIep;CTBIIe HenpeOp;OJIIIMOii CIIJIbI (rr. 2 CT. 419
rK). BOJIee Toro, oOH3aHHocTI, B03MeIu;eHIIH B03HIIRaeT BHe
3aBJICJUIOCTII OT peaJII,HOCTII npU1JIIHeHIIH Rpep;HTOpy yIIl,ep
6a. CYMl\1a B03MeIIl,eHIIH OObI1JHO YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCH no orrpe-
p;eJIeHHoit npou;eHTHoii CTaBRe. 3aROHHaJI npOU;eHTHaJI CTaBKa
YCTaHOBJIeHa B 5 %, op;HaRO p;onycRaeTCJI n 60JIee BbICORaJI
p;orOBOpHaJI rrpou;eHTHaH CTaBRa (n. 1 CT. 419 rK). IIpn 6e3
B03l\Ie3p;HOll ccyp;e rrpOlJ;eHTHaH CTaBRa B CJIY1Jae HerrCrrO';JHe-
HUH OOH3aTeJlI,CTBa orrpep;eJIHeTCH B 5 % C MO:\IeHra IIcrrO:JHe-
HnH oOH3aTeJII,CTBa, nprr ccyp;e Ha YCJIOBIIHX 10% :na rrpo-
u;eHTHaH CTaBRa p;eiicTByeT II nOCJIe HacTynJIeHIIH Bpe:lleHJ'I
J'lCrrOJIHeHIIH 06H3areJII,CTBa. 06bI1JHO aTO Ha3bIBaeTCH rrpou;eH-
TaMIl 3a rrpOCp01JRy, op;HaI\O C HaY1JHOII T01JRII 3peHIUl - aTO
B03Mern;eHIIe yrn;epoa.
4) HeUCrrOJIHeHIIe rrpep;CTaBJIHeT c060ii npaBoHapymeHIIe,
op;HaRD B orrpep;eJIeHHbIX cIITyaU;IIHx rrpOCp01JKa nCrrOJIHeHHH
co CTOpOHbI P;OJIIRHJIRa ITMeeT 3aROHHI,Ie OCHOBaHHH, HanpH-
Mep npII HaJIJI1JITn y OJIIRHITRa npaBa yp;epIRaHITH ( CM.
271
CT. 295 fK), npaBa Tpe60BaHIIH o,a;HOBpeMeHHoro IICnOJIHe.
HIIH (CM. CT. 533 fK) II IIHbIX. B 3TIIX CJIY'IaHX ,a;OJImHIIK He
HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII 3a npOCpOqKy IICnOJIHeHIIH.
20. Y CJIOBUJI HenOJIHOrO HCnOJIHeHHJI. HerrOJIHOe IICnOJIHe-
HIIe 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO ,a;OJImHHK IICnOJIHIIJI 06H3aTeJIbCTBO, a Kpe-
,a;UTOP nplIHHJI 3TO IICrrOJIHeHIIe, o,a;HaHO co,a;epmaHIIe ,a;aHHoro
HCnOJIHeHIIH He CJIe,a;yeT CMbICJIy 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. HanplIMep,
rrpo,a;aBeu; ,a;OMarrIHeH nTIIU;bI nOCTaBIIJI 60JIbHYIO nTIIU;Y, Bpa'I
He 06eOne'IIIJI ,a;OCTaTO'IHoro JIe'IeHIIH, JIIIU;O, npOBo,a;IIBIIIee
reOJIOrlI'IeCKIIe 1I3bICIWHIIH, npe,a;OCTaBIIJIO HenOJIHble CBe,a;e-
HIIH. 06bI'IHO ,a;JIH HerrOJIHoro IICnOJIHeHHH xapaKTepHO IICrrOJI-
HeHIIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B CpOK, o,a;HaKO B pH,a;e CJIY'IaeB B03HII-
KaeT np06JIeMa KBaJIm:pIIKaU;IIII HeHCrrOJIHeHIIH, Kor,a;a HenOJI-
Hoe IICnOJIHeHIIe OCYlll,eCTBJIHeTCH C npOCpO'IKOH, - HBJIHeTCH
JIll 3TO HeIIOJIHbIM IICnOJIHeHIIeM IIJIII npOCpO'IKOH IICnOJIHeHIIH.
HBJIJIHCb O,a;HIIM II3 BII,a;OB HelICnOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa,
HerrOJIHOe IICnOJIHeHlIe xapaKTeplI3yeTcJI CJIe,a;YIOllI,IIM:
1) OOJl33TeJIbCTBO HCrrOJIHJleTCJI. H anplIMep, B CJIy'lae Ha-
1I'lIIH o6H3aTeJIbCTBa no nOCTaBKe Bo,a;ono,a; eMHoro Hacoca
npe,a;OCTaBJIeHIIe Hacoca ,a;JIH nOJIIIBa He C'lIITaeTCH IICnOJIHe-
HlIeM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa II Kpe,a;IITOp He YTpa'lIIBaeT npaBa Tpe-
60BaHIIH nepe,a;a'III Bo,a;orro,a; eMHoro Hacoca. B CJIY'Iae me
npIIHHTIIH Kpep;IITopOM Bop;ono,a; eMHoro Hacoca MOlll,HOCTbIO
MeHbIIIeH, 'IeM npe,a;YCMOTpeHa 06H3aTeJIbCTBOM, 3TO 03Ha'IaeT
XOTH II HerrOJIHOe, HO lIenOJIHeHlIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa.
2) R3'1eCTBeHHoe HeCOBna,a;eHHe npe,a;ocTaB.1IeHHJI Co)];ep-
3HHIO OOJl33TeJIbCTB3 (I\OJIII'leCTBeHHoe HeCOBna,a;eHlIe co-
CTaBJIHeT 'IaCTII'IHYIO npOCpO'IKy 06H3aTeJIbCTBa). IIPII 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBe no npe,a;OCTaBJIeHIIIO Ben II, B OTHOlIIeHIIII KOTOpOH
6bIJIO ocylll,eCTBJIeHO onpe,a;eJIeHIIe, ee nepe,a;a'Ia C'lHTaeTCH
Ha,a;JIemalll,IIM IICnOJIHeHlIeM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. ECJIII me B npe,a;o-
CTaBJIeHHOH Belll,lI 06HapymIIBaIOTcH IIOpO:hII, :no OTHOCIITCH
yme K np06JIeMe OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII 3a He,a;OCTaTKII BeIIJ;II (CM.:
06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe npaBO - 99). B npOTIIEOnOJIOmHOCTb 3TO-
My npII rrpep;OCTaBJIeHIIII Belll,II 6e3 ee rrpe,a;BapIITeJIbHOrO
orrpe,a;eJIeHIIH B CJIY'lae 06HapYiI\eHIIH IW'IeCTBeHHoro ee OTJIII-
'IIIH OT rrpe,a;MeTa 06H3aTeJIbCTBa 3TO COCT3BJIHeT HenOJIHOe
IICrrOJIHeHIIe.
3) HeB03MomHOCTb ,a;OK333TeJIbCTna Toro, 'ITO HenOJIHOe
DCnOJIHeHlIe npOlI30IDJIO He no BIIHe ,a;OJIamI1K3. /J;aHHoe no-
omeHHe aHaJIOfII'IHO npOCpOqKe IIcnOJIHeHHH.
B CBH3II C nOHHTlIe I HerrOJIHoro IICIIOJIHeHIIH CJIe,a;yeT
272
.oopaTlITb BHlIMaHlIe Ha ,n;Ba MOMeHTa. Bo-rrepBbIX, :no Borrpoc
o '1'0;\1, lIMeeTCJI JIlI B03MomHOCTb lICrrOJIHlITb OOJl3aTeJIbCTBO B
rrOCJIe,n;YIO eM. B paHee rrplIBe,n;eHHOM rrplIMepe C rrpo,n;aBIJ;OM
,n;OMarrIHeH rrTlIIJ;bI TaI\aJl B03MomHOCTb lIMeeTCJI, rrOCIWJIbI\Y
BMeCTO OOJIbHOH rrpo,n;aBeIJ; MomeT rrpe,n;OCTaBlITb 3,n;OpOBYIO
rrTlIIJ;Y. qTO me HaCaeTCJI rrpHMepa C reOJIOrlI'IeOI\lIMlI lI3bICI\a-
HlIJlMlI, TO B clITyaIJ;lIlI, I\or,n;a ,n;OBeplITeJIb, rrOBeplIB B ,n;OCTO-
BepHOCTb pe3YJIbTaTOB ,n;aHHbIX lI3bICI\aHlIH, rroHyrraeT py,n;-
HlII\, rrOCJIe,n;yIO ee lICrrOJIHeHlIe OOJl3aTeJIbCTBa CTaHOBlITCJI
HeB03MomHbIM BCJIe,n;CTBlIe yTpaTbI CBoero CMbICJIa. ,IJ;aHHoe
pa3rpaHlI'IeHIIe ocooeHHO BamHO rrplIMeHlITeJIbHO I\ rrpOOJIeMC
paCTOpmeHlIJJ ,n;orOBopa (CM.: OOJl3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBO-
89). B CJIY'Iae B03MomHOCTlI lICrrOJIHeHlIJI OOJl3aTeJIbCTBa B
.6y,n;y eM I\pe,n;lITOp MomeT TpeOOBaTb B03Me eHlIJI y epoa
:II rrOCJIe,n;yIOIIJ;ero lICrrOJIHeHlIJI. KpoMe Toro, rrplIMeHlITeJIbHO
I\ Heorrpe,n;eJIeHHOH Be H HerrOJIHOe rrpe,n;OCTaBJIeHlIe (OOJIb-
HaJl rrTlIIJ;a) He rrplIBo,n;lIT I\ rrpeHpa eHlIIO OOJl3aTeJIbC'I'Ba H
Rpe,n;lITOp MomeT TpeOOBaTb rrOJIHOrO rrpe,n;OCTaBJIeHlIJI. I1plI
MH,n;lIBlI,n;yaJIbHO-orrpe,n;eJIeHHOH Be H B YI\a3aHHOH clITyaIJ;HH
B03HlIHaeT rrpOOJIeMa OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a He,n;OCTaTI\lI Be H.
CJIe)J;yeT, o,n;HaI\O, lIMeTb B BH,n;y, "1'1'0 B 3aBlIClIMOCTH 0'1' CH-
<ryaIJ;lIlI nplIMeHHTeJIbHO I\ Be H, orrpe,n;eJIeHHOH pO,n;OBbIMH
nplI3UaI\aMlI, lIMeIOTCJI OrpaHlI'IeUlIJI Ha TpeOOBaHlIe rrOJIHOrO
npe,n;OCTaBJIeHlIJI (rrplIoopeTeHHaJl Be b, HanpHMep, ClIJIbHO
3arpJl3HeHa nOI\yna TeJIeM) , a npHMeHHTeJIbHO K HH)J;lIBH)J;y-
RJIbIIO-orrpe)J;eJIeHHOH Be lI )J;onYCI\aeTCH eO' 3aMeHa HJIH
nOCJIe,n;yIO ee lICrrOJIHeHlIe. Kor,n;a me rrOCJIe,n;yIO ee lICrrOJI-
HeHlIe HeB03MorI\HO, BMeCTO npe)J;OCTaBJIeHlIJI I_pe,n;lITOp MomeT
TpeOOBaTb B03Me eHlIJI y epoa.
BTOpOH Bonpoc CBJl3aH C TeM, TO B CJIY'Iae rrpHHJlTlIH
Kpe)J;IITopOM HenOJIHOrO rrpe)J;OCTaBJIeHIIJI eMy MomeT rrplI'IH-
HJlTbCH He TOJIbI\O TaI\ Ha3bIsaeMbIH aI\TIIBHbIH y epo, COCTO-
JI IIH B UerrOJIHOM rrpe)J;OCTaBJIeHlIlI I\aI\ TaI\OBml, HO II rrac-
CHBIIbIH. I10JlCHIIM cO)J;epmaHlIe 9Toro IIOHRTlIJI Ha HaIIIeM
IIpII Iepe C rrpo,n;aBIJ;mI nTHO;bI. BOJIbEaJl nTIIIJ;a He TOJIbI,O
IIpe)J;CTaBJIJleT y epo ,n;JIH rrOHYIIaTeJIH ca m no ce6e, HO, 3a-
pa3lIB II leIO IIXCJl y I,pe)J;IITopa ,n;pyrlIx rrTIIIJ;, rrpII'IHHIIT
nOI\ynaTeJIIO HelI3MeplIMo OOJIbIIIlIH y ep6. OTBeTcTBeHHocTb
)J;omnHIII\a rro B03Me eHlIIO y epoa B ,n;aHHbIX CJIY'IaJlX HaCTY-
naeT nplI HaJIII'IIIlI rrplI'IIIHHO-CJIe,n;cTseHHbIx CBJl3en.
21. HeB03MomHocTb HcnOJIHeHHH. TaHaJl HeB03 fOmHOCTb
cy ecTByeT JIIIIIIb B cJIY'IaJlx, oOHapymuBIIIIIXClI nOCJIe 803-
18 3aKa3 No 892
273
HIIRHOBeHIUI 06FI3a Te.'IbCTBa (06Ha pymIIBmaHCH BrrOC.'Iep;CTBIII'I
HeB03MomHOCTb), HO He B OTHomeHIIII II3Ha'Ia.'IbHOM HeB03-
MomHOCTII. IIpII HeB03MomHOCTII IICrrO.'IHeHIIH 06H3aTe.'IbCTBO'
npeRparn;aeTCH II, ecm! OHa rrpOII30Ill.'Ia rro BIIHe p;O.'ImHIma,
BMeCTO IICnO.'IHeHIUI Rpe)];IITOp MomeT Tpe60BaTb B03Mern;eHIIJI
yrn;ep6a. IIpII3HaHIIe HeB03MomHOCTII IICnO.'IHeHIIH xapaKTe-
pII3yeTcH C.'Iep;yroIIl,IIM.
1) lICrrO.'IHeHIIe CTa.'IO HeB03MOmHb!M nOC.'Ie B03HIIRHOBe-
HIIH 06H3aTe.'IbCTBa. IIpII aTOM HeB03l110iRHOCTb IICrrO.'IHeHIIJI
orrpep;e.'IHeTCH, IICKOP;H II3 COIJ;IIa.'IbHOM TO'IRII 3peHIIH, ROTopaa
mIIpe, 'IeM HeB03MOiRHOCTb B q,H3H'IeCROM C<MbIC.'Ie. HarrpII-
Mep, npop;aBeU; ocyrn;ecTBII.'I pea.'IbHYro rrepep;a'IY Bern;II, FIB.'IH-
rorn;eMcH rrpep;MeTO I 06H3aTe.'IbCTBa, TpeneMY .'IIIU;Y C COOTBeT-
CTByrorn;eM pernCTpaU;IIeM. B 3TOM CJIyqae ocyrn;eCTB.'IeHHe
npop;aBU;OM 06FI3aTe.'IbCTBa CTaHOBIlTCFI B npIIHU;IIIIe HeB03-
MOiRHhIM (pemeHIIe BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 21 arrpe.'IH 1960 r.).
IIpII HeB03MOiRHOCTn IICrrO.'IHeHIIH TO.'IbRO 'IaCTII 06FI3aTe.rrb-
CTBa HeB03MOiRHOCTb nCrrO.'IHeHIIH BbI3bIBaeT rrOC.'Iep;CTBIIJI:
TO.'IbRO P;.'IH aTOM 'IaCnI 06H3aTe.'IbCTBa, a B C.'IY'Iae, eC.'III HC-
UO.'IHeHHe oCTaBmei'IcH 'IaCTII 06H3aTe.'IbCTBa He p;OCTIIraeT'
u;e.'III Bcero 06H3aTe.'IbCTBa, HeB03MOiRHOCTb IICnO.'IHeHIIH pac-
npOCTpaHHeTCH Ha Bce 06H3aTe.'IbCTBo.
2) IIpII BhIFICHeHIIII p;o CpOI{a nCrrO.'IHeHIIH 06H3aTe.'IbCTBa
Toro, 'ITO IICnO.'IHeHIIe 06FI3aTe.'IbCTBa HeB03l110iRHO, rrpaBOBbIe
nOC.'Iep;CTBUH HeB03MOiRHOCTII IICnO.'IHeHIIH HacTynaIOT C MO-
!MeHTa p;aHHoro BbUICHeHIIH. 8TO rrOJIOllieHIIe IIMeeT 3Ha'leHIIe.
B Ra'IeCTBe OCHOBaHIUI P;.'IFI pacTopiReHIIH p;oroBopa (CM.: OOFI-
aaTeJIbCTBeHHoe IIpaBo - 87).
3) )];O.'IffiHIIR He WiKeT npep;OCTaBIITb p;ORa3aTe.'IbCTB TO-
ro, 'ITO HeB03MomHOCTb nCrrO.'IIIeHIla rrpOII.30m.'Ia He no en>
BIIHe. )];aHHoe nO.'IOiKeHIIe aHa.'IOrII"lJHO C.'IY'IaIO rrpOCpO'IKII.
ECTeCTBeHHO, 'ITO ciiTyau;nFI, Rorp;a P;O.'IiKHIIK rro c06CTBeHUOR
BIIHe npOcpO'IIIJI rrCrrOJIHeHUe 00FI3aTe.'IbCTBa, a 3aTeM BCJIep;-
CTBIIe Henpeop;OJIImOII CUJI!>I IICnO.'IHeHIIe 06H3aTe.'IbCTBa CTa-
JIO HeB03MOrt,:HbDI, Te l He MeHee TIopOrt,:p;aeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
p;O.'ImHIIRa.
22. Y.rqep6, nO JIema.rqHii BO.3Me.rqeHIfro. B C.'IY'Iae Henc-
nO.'IHeHIIFI p;O.'ImHHKOM 00FI3aTe.'IbCTBa .'IROO HeB03 IOjI{HOCTD
ero IICrrO.'IHeHIIFI Rpep;UTOp MOiKeT rrpep;'bJIBIITb IICR 00 lICrrO.'I-
HeHIIII 05FI3aTe.'IbCTBa II B 3aBIICHMOCTII OT xapaRTepa oGFI3a-
Te.'IbCTBa p;06uBaTbcH ero Henocpep;cTBeHHoro U.'III ROCBeHHoro
npnHYP;IITeJIbHOrO IICrrO.'IHeHIIH. Op;HaIiO, eC.'III xapaRTep OOH-
3aTe.'IbCTB3 He p;orrycRaeT rrpUHyp;IIre.'IbHOrO nCrrO.'IHeHIIH,
274
'B)];IfHCTBeHHbIll: B03MOmHbIll: rrYTb - :no )];eHemHOe B03Mern;e-
HHe yrn;ep6a, rrpH1JHHeHHOro Kpe)];IITOpy HelICrrOJlHeHlIeM 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa. AHaJlOrlI1JHO OOCTOIIT )];eJlO II rrpli HeB03MOmHOCTH
IICrrOJIHeHIIH 06H3a TeJlbCTBa rro BIIHe )];OJlmHIIRa. BOJlee Toro,
)];ame B cJlY1Jae IICIIOJlHeHlIH )];OJliI\HIIROM 06H3aTeJlbCTBa, HO C
rrpOCp01JKOll: IIJlII B HerrOJlHOM BII)];e Rpe)];IITOp, rrOMIIMO rrpe)];o-
CTaBJleHHH, rrpe)];YCMOTpeHHoro OOH3aTeJlbCTBOM, HMeeT rrpaBO
Ha B03:.\Iem;eHlIe yrn;epoa, rrplI'IlIHeHHOro rropORaMII HCrrOJlHe-
HIIH o6H3aTeJlbCTBa.
1) BU)];bI y ep6a pa3)];eJlHIOTCH Ha:
a) ]J,eHcTBIITeJIbHO rrOHeceHHbIii y ep6 II HerrOJIY'IeHHbIH
.,qOXO)]; (yrry eHHaH BbIfO)];a). HarrplIMep, rpam)];aHIIH A IIMe-
eT oOH3aTeJlbCTBO rro rrepeB03Re Bern;lI, rrplIHa)];Jlemarn;eR rpam-
)];aHIIHY B II On;eHHBaeMOll: B 1 MJlH. neH. B rrYTH HacTyrraeT
flI6eJlb Bern;lI. HCHO, 1JTO B <nOM cJly1Jae yrn;epo, rrplI'IHHeHHMll:
,rpam)];aHHHY E, COCTaBIIT 1 MJlH. HeH. IIoCROJlbRY IIMym;ecTBo
YTpa'IeHO, )];aHHbIll: BH)]; yrn;epoa Ha3bIBaeTCH )];ell:CTBHTeJlbHO
DOHeceHHbIM. ECJlII me )];aHHYIO Bern;b Y rpam)];aHIIHa E Ha-
MepeBaJlCH RyrrlITb rpam)];aHIIH B 3a 1,3 MJlH. HeH, TO 3TO
.Q3Ha1JaeT, 'ITO rHOeJlb Bern;1I rrplI rrepeB03Re JlIIJJIHJla rpam)];a-
HIIHa H BbIrO)];bI B 300 TMC. lIeH. ]J,aHHMll: BII)]; yrn;epoa Ha3M-
BaeTCH HerrOJlY'IeHHMM )];OXOP;OM (yrryrn;eHHOll: BMrO)];Oll:). He-
'OOXO)];IIMOCTD B03Mern;eHIIH yrn;epoa rrepBoro po)];a He BM3M-
BaeT COMHeHHll:, 'ITO me RacaeTCH BToporo, ero rrplI3HaHlIe
BM3bIBaer 'Ipe3BM'Iall:HO CJlOmHMe rrp06J1eMDI.
0) MaTeplIaJIbHMH II MOpaJIbHbIH y ep6. )J;orrYCTIIM, B pe-
3YJlbTaTe aBTOTpaHcrropTHoro rrpOlIcmeCTBIIH rraccamup aBTO-
.6yca nOBpe)];IIJI pyRY II pa30lIJI IIapY lHbIe 'IaCb!. CTOUMOCTb
'JaCOB COCTaBJlHJla 50 TbIC. IIeH, a Jle'leHIIH - 70 TDIC. ,l],aHHbIll:
BII)]; yrn;epoa HBJ1'HeTCH MaTepUaJlbHDlM II )];ell:CTBIITeJlbHO rro-
HeceUHbIM. JIe'leHUe rroTpeOOBaJlO 10 AHeI1:, B Te'IeHUe ROTO-
J1bIX rrOCTpa)];aBJJIUR rraccaiImp He UMeJl B03MomHOCTlI paoo-
'TaTb II n03TOMY rrOTepHJI B Ra1JeCTBe 3apaOOTHOll: rrJlaTbI
150 TDIC. lIeH. 8TO TaRme MaTeplIaJlbHbIll: yrn;epo. KpoMe Toro,
H pe3YJIbTaTe TpamIbI OH nOTepHJI 10% Tpyp;ocnocooHoCTII,
'ITO TaEme OTHOCIITCH I, J\faTepUaJJbHOMY yrn;ep6y, O)];HaKO yme
J{ HenOJlY1JeHHO:.\IY )];OXO)];y. ECJlII me 'laCbI ObIJIn rraMHTbIO 0
nOlwiIHO:.\I OTn;e IIJIII nOBpem)];eHHaH PYI,a CTaJIa IICKaJle'IeH-
Hoii, :.\lb! IIMeeM p;eJlo II C MOpaJlbHbUI yrn;epoO:.\I. B03Mern;eHlIe
MOpa,TIbHOrO yrn;epoa OObI'lHO Ha3bIBaeTCH ;a;eHemHOH KOMrreH-
eau;neii. fK HnOHlIlI rrpHMO rrplI3HaeT Tpe60BaHHe B03Mern;e-
HIIH MOpaJlbHOro yrn;ep6a Ha oClIoBaHIIII )];eJlHKTa (CT. 710
fK), O)];IIaRO IIOpMbI )];aHHOrO po)];a B OTHOJJIeHHII HeIICrrOJlHe-
18*
275
HUH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa OTCYTCTByIOT. MemiW TeM CY;:J;e6HaH UpaK-
TUKa U IOpU;:J;H'IeCKaH HaYKa e;:J;IIHO;:J;ymHbI B paCnpOCTpaHe-
HUU HOpM 0 :\fOpaJIbHOM ym.ep6e n Ha HenCIIOJIHeHne 06H3a--
TeJIbCTB.
2) YIqep6, no,a:JIemm:u;nii B03Me eHnIO.
a) HaJIU'IHe npH'IUHHO-CJIe,a:cTBeHHoii CBH3H Mem,a:y HeHC-
nOJIHeHHeM 06H33TeJIhCTB3 H yIqep60M. )J,JIH npH3HaHHH Tpe-
60BaHHH B03Mem;eHHH ym;ep6a He06xo;:J;HMO, 'lT06bI ym;ep6
6bIJI CJIep;CTBHeM HeHCIIOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. HHbIMH CJIO-
BaMH, 6e3 HeIICIIOJIHeHIIH He 6bIJIO Dbi H y.w;ep6a. HanpIIMep,
JIIIQO nOJIY'lIIJIO CMepTeJIbHOe paHeHIIe B pe3YJIbTaTe aBTO;:J;O-
pO/Imoro npOHcmeCTBIIH, Hero CMepTb 6bUIa HeII36elliHoi:i: BHH
aaBIICIIMOCTII OT cBoeBpeMeHHocTII npIIHHTbIX Me,a:HQIIHcKIIX
Mep. B ,a:aHHoM cJIY'lae CMepTb He HBJIHeTCH CJIe)J;CTBHeM He-
nOJIHOrO HCnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa co CTOpOHhi Me,a:MQHH-
CKoro nepCOHaJIa. O;:J;HaKO Ha npaKTUKe B nO;:J;06UbIX CJIY'laHX
npII'lHHbi CMepTH 'laCTO HeHCHhI H onpe,a:eJIIITb, HBJIHJIOCb JIll
paHeHHe, nOJIy'leHHOe nOCTpa)J;anIIIHM, npH'lIIHOII CMepTH,_
<Jpe3BhI<JaHHo TpY HO (CM.: 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe npaBo-168).
Pa60TO;:J;aTeJIH, HaHlUIaIOm;IIe pa60'lHX, HeCYT 06H3aHHOCTh
no oxpaHe pa60<JIIX OT HeC<JaCTHbIX CJIY'laeB Ha npOH3BO)J;CTBe
II npo<fJeccHORaJIbHbIX 3a60.rreBaHHrl. B CJIY'lae npo<fJeccHo-
HaJIbHOrO 3a60JIeBaHIIH npe)J;JIpIIHHMBTeJIb 06H3aH HeCTM pac-
XO)J;hIno JIeqeHlIIO (n. 1 CT. 75 3aKoHa 0 TPy,a:OBbIX CTall;:J;ap-
Tax, 3 Tal\me CT. 1 3aKoHa 0 1\0MneHcaQHU npH HeC'laCTHbIX
CJIY'laHX Ha npOH3BO;:J;CTBe II 0 cTpaxoBaHIIII pa60'lIIx), O;:J;Ha-
1\0 Y;:J;ocToBepeHIIe HaJIII'lIIH npII'lIIHHO-CJIe;:J;cTBeHHo:ii CBH3If
Mem;:J;Y npoH3Bo;:J;cTBeHlIOH )J;eHTeJIbHOCTblO II 3a60JIeBaHlIeM
'laCTO BeCbMa CJIOmHO.
6) 06hl'lHO B03HHI\3IOIqHii yu ep6. HecMoTpH Ha HaJIH<Jue'
npII'lUHHO-CJIe;:J;CTBeHHbIX CBH3eii MeJI')J;Y HeHCnOJIHeHIIeM 06H-
aaTeJIbCTBa U npU'lIIHeHlleM ym;ep6a, B03Mem;eHHe orpallH<JU-
BaeTCH JIHlllb YllI,ep6m.l, 06bI'IHO B03HlmaIOllI,HM H3 HeMCnOJI-
HeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero 06H3aTeJJhCTBa. HanpIHIep, JIeco-
ToproBeQ A nopY'IHJI rpaJI_p;aHlIHY B ,'(OCTaBHTb B pe:\lOHTHYIO'
MaCTepCI_YIO '!aCTb BbIlllep;llieii ll3 CTpOH paCJJHJIOBO'tlJoii :\la-
lllHHbI, O;:J;HaKO llO BIlHe rpam)J;aHIIHa B 8Ta 'taCTb npoJIemaJIa
y nero na CI_JIa;:J;e )J;Be He;:J;eJIIl, B pe3YJIbTaTe 'lerO H pe lOHT
3a;:J;epmaJICH Ha ;:J;Be He)J;eJIH. 31'0 llpIIBeJIO h TO IY, '!Tu A He
MOr HCllOJIb30BaTb B Te'leHlle 8Toro cpOKa CBOIO paCllHJIOBO'I-
HyIO MalllHHY. B KaKIIX npep;eJIax A lOmeT Tpe60Ban B03-
Melll,eHHH ym;ep6a? C nepBoro B3rJIH)J;a !OmeT UOKa3aTbCH,
'11'0, llOCIWJIbKY 060py,a:oBaHHe npOCTOHJIO p;Be ue)J;eJIII 6e3
276
p:eiicTBHH, 3Ta H HBJIHeTCrr a6bPHIa Ba3HlIKaIOm,lIM ym,ep6aM.
OAHaKa nplI lI3Y'IeHlIlI KaHKpeTHbIX a6CTaHTeJIbCTB npa6JIeMa
He naKameTCH CTaJIb npaCTan. IIacKaJIbKY a6bI'IHa K a6apy-
p:aBaHlIIO rrplIJIaraIOTCH 3arr'laCTlI, ym,ep6 rpaIKp;aHlIHa A He'
IOlKeT 6bITb aTHeceH 'K KaTeraplIlI a6bI'IHa Ba3HlIKaIOm,era
'm,ep6a lI3 HelICrraJIHeHlIH a6H3aTeJIbCTBa rpallip;aHlIHaM B.
B p;aHHaM CJIy'Iae ym,ep6 Ba3HlIK na BlIHe caMara rpaIKp;aHlI-
Ha A, KaTapbIH He lIMeJI caaTBeTCTBYIOm,IIX 3anaCHbIX 'IaCTeH.
IIHbIMlI CJIaBaMlI, naCKaJIbKY B 3TIIX YCJIaBlIHX ym,ep6, npll'llI-
HeHHbIH rpallip;aHlIHY A, He aTHaClIJICH K a6bI'IHa Ba3HlIKaIO-
m,eMY ym,ep6y 113 HeHCnaJIH HHH aOH3aTeJIbCTBa, aH H He Ma-
,h:eT 6bITb a6'be'KTaM Ba3MenJ,eHHH.
Oca6yIO npa6JIeMY CaCTaBJIHIOT H3p;epiI\KH na anJIaTY
YCJIyr ap;BaKaTa. B cJIY'lae ca3HaTeJIbHara HeHCnaJIHeHHJf
p;aJIlliHHKaM a6H3aTeJIbCTBa H npep;'bHBJIeHlIH Rpep;HTapaM HC-
Ka B cyp; HCHa, 'ITO H3p;epIKKH Ha anJIaTY YCJIyr ap;BaKaTa
Haxap;HTcH B npH'IHHHa-CJIep;CTBeHHaH CBH31I C neHCnaJIHeHH-
eM a6H3aTeJIbCTBa, ap;HaKa nap;nap;arOT .!IH aHH nap; KaTerapHIO
aObI'IHa Ba3HIIKaIOm,era ym,ep6a? IIepBaHa'laJIbHa cyp;e6Han
npaKTHKa He BKJIIO'IaJIa p;aHHble H3p;epIKKH B yKa3aHHYIO Ka--
TerapllIO ym,epoa, ap;HaKa BrraCJIep;CTBHH aHa H3MeHHJIa CBaIO'
Ta'lKy 3peHHH. IIacKaJIbKY B caBpeMeHHbIX YCJIaBHHX cyp;eo-
HbIH npaIJ,ecc CTaJI HaCTaJIbKa CrreIJ,HaJIH3HpaBaH II CJIalKeH
TeXHH'IeCKH, 'ITa pHp;aBaMY rpamp;aHHHY rrpaKTII'IeCKlI HeBa3-
:'WIKHa caMaCTaHTeJIbHa Y'laCTBaBaTb B HeM, aObPIHbIM HBJIe-
HlieM CTaJIa HCIIaJIb3aBaHlIe YCJIyr ap;BaKaTa. Cyp;e6HaH npaK-
TlIKa anpep;eJIHeT pa3Mep ym,epoa nap;aOHara pap;a, IICXap;H'
U3 xapaKTepa p;eJIa (pelIIeHHe BepxaBHara cyp;a aT 27 <peB-
paJIH 1969 r.).
B) B aTHalIIeHIIII ym,epoa, Ba3HI,maIOIIJ,era BCJIe,lJ,CTBlie aca--
6bIX aOCTaHTeJIbCTB, cym,eCTBYIOT II acaOble naJIameHHH. TaK,
n. 2 CT. 416 fK anpep;emleT, 'ITa ym,epo, Ba3HlIKlIIHH B CHJIY
aca6bIX aOCTaHTeJIbCTB, f'TaHaBHTCH aO'beI\TaM Ba3l1IeIlJ,eHHH,
eCJIlI «CTapaHbI npep;BHp;eJIH IIJIH Mal'JIH npep;BHp;eTb nap;a6Hble
a6CTaHTeJIbCTBa}). HanpllMep, npap;aBeIJ, 3ap;epmaJI nepep;a'lY
Bem,1I Ha ap;lIH :'leCHIJ,. IIal\yrrareJlb mIeJl p;araBap a neperrpa-
p;ame p;aHHaH BeIl\H TpeTbe;\IY JIHIJ,y n iJ,aJImeH 0bIJl rraJIY'lHTb.
OaJlblIIYIO Bblrap;y, ap;HaKa Il3-3a npacpa'IKH Ha ap;UH MeCHIJ,
aH ne TaJIbI\O rraTepHJI Bblral\Y, Ha II yrrJlaTIIJI HeYCTallKY.
HeBa311IOlliHaCTb HCnaJlb3aBaHHH Bem,H B Te'leHHe ap;Hara Me-
CHIJ,a aTHaCHTCH K aObPIHa Ba3HlfKaIOll e;\fy ym,epoy, a yTpaTa
Bblrap;bI aT nepenpap;aJI-\H H ynJlaTa HeYCTaHKIl HBJIHIOTCH
ym,ep6aM, Ba3HHKaIOm,UM B Clm)' acaobfX 06CTaHTeJlbCTB. Op;-
277
HaKa, Ba-rrepBbIX, BrraJIHe eCTeCTBeHHa, 'ITa B CJIY'lae, Kar}J;a
rrpa}J;aBen; 3HaJI a rrpe}J;CTaHm;eii rreperrpa}J;ame, }J;aHHbIii ym;ep6
}J;aJImeH 6bITb Ba3Mem;eH, rraCKaJIbKY MamHa 6bIJIa rrpe}J;BIl.,.
}J;eTb, 'ITa ca6CTBeHHae HellCrraJIHeHIIe a6H3aTeJIbCTBa rrpll'lll-
HIlT rraKyrraTeJIIO YKa3aHHbIII ym;ep6. B paCCMaTpIlBaBlIIeMCJI;
BbIlIIe rrpliMepe C }J;aCTaBIWM 'IaCTIl paCrrIIJIaBa'lHaM MaIlIIIHbI'
TO. a6CTaHTeJIbCTBa, 'ITa rpam}J;aHIIH B 3HaJI a TaM, 'ITa A He
IIMeeT aHaJIarII1IHaH 3arr1laCTII, a3Ha1laeT, 111'0. B }J;aJImeH Ba3-
MeCTrrTb ym;ep6, Ba3HIII\IIIIIH B pe3YJIbTaTe rrpaCpa1lKII }J;a-
CTamm.
Ba-BTapbIX, B CJIY Iae, eCJIII rrpa}J;aBen; He 3HaJI a rrpe}J;CTa-
Jlm;eD: rreperrpa}J;ame, Ha Mor rrpe}J;BlI}J;eTb }J;aHlIae aOCTaHTeJIb-
CTBa, aH TamKe a6H3aH Ba3MeCTIITb ym;ep6. TaK, B rrpIIMepe
C 3a}J;epmKaH rrpa}J;aBn;aM TaBapa, eCJIIl rraKyrraTeJIb 3aHIIMaJI-
CH nacpe}J;HII'IeCIWH TapraBJIeH, rrpa}J;aBen;, eCTeCTBeHHa, Mar
rrpe}J;BII}J;eTb, 'ITa YKa3aHHbIH TaBap rrpe}J;Ha3Ha1laJICH }J;JIH rrepe-
rrpagamn. BepH B Ka1leCTBe rrpe}J;rraCbIJJ1KIl a6'beKTIIBHaCTb
}J;aHHara a6CTaHTeJIbCTBa, MamHa aTHeCTIl rraTepIO BbIrap;bI aT
rreperrpa}J;amll K KaTerapIIn a6bI1IHa Ba3HIIKalOm;IIX y6bITKaB.
Op;HaKa B aTaM CJIY1lae CJIe,n;yeT y1lIITblBaTb, 111'0. 6peMH rrpep;a-
'CTaBJIeHIIH p;aKa3aTeJIJ.CTB cym;ecTBaBaHIIH aca6bIX a6CTaH-
TeJIbCTB II Ba3MarHHaCTII IIX rrpep;BIIp;eHIIH JIemIIT Ha rraKyrra-
TeJIe.
3) IIC1JIICJIeHlle CYJ\lMbI B03Mem;eHHH.
a) 3a IlCKJIIOqeHHeM CJIyqaeB HeycTaHKIl II HaJIll'lllH cne-
n;naJIbHara CarJIallIemIH, Ba3Mem;eHlle ym;ep6a acym;eCTBJIHeT-
CH B Bnp;e ynJIaTbI }J;eHemHaH CYMMbI (CT. 417 fK). MapaJIb-
'UbIH ym;ep6 TaKme Ba3Mem;aeTCH B p;eHemHaH <papMe (}J;eHem-
HaH l\aMrreHcan;IIH). KaHKpeTHbIe <papMbI Ba3Mem;eHIIH
}J;aHHara pap;a ym;ep6a anpe)J;eJIHIOTCH cyp;aM, IIcxa}J;H II3 caBa-
KynHacTn a6CTaHTeJIbCTB II npIIHn;IIrra crrpaBep;JIIIBaCTIl.
6) BpeMeHeM IIC1J:llCJIeHIIH CYMMbI ym;ep6a HBJIHeTCH Bpe-
MH Ba3HIIKHaBeHIIH npaBa Tpe6aBaHIIH Ba3Mem;eHIIH ym;ep6a
Ha aCHaBaHIIII HeIICnaJlHeHIIH a6H3aTeJIbCTBa. HanpIIMep,
'IIMeeTCH p;araBap a KynJIe-npap;ame CTpaeHIIH, CarJIaCHa Ka-
TapaMY a)J;H1\ II3 c.TapaH aoem;aeT acym;ecTBIITb pernCTpan;mo
a nepe;:J;a'le II peaJIhHyIO nepep;aqy )];0. 1 arrpeJIH 1965 r. B CJIY-
'qae ec.:m npap;aBeu; nepe,n;aeT yI\a3aHHae 3p;aHIIe TpeTbellIY
JIIln;y C caaTBeTcTByrom;eil: perIICTpan;IIeiI, TO. a6H3aTeJIbCTBa a
rrepep;aqe rrpaBa ca6CTBeHHOc.TII Ha CTpaeHIIe B CIIJIY HeBa3-
MaiKHac.TII IICnaJIHeRHH aOH3aTeJIbCTBa C 1 arrpeJIH 3aMeHHeT-
'CH a6H3aTeJIbCTBaM no. Ba3Mem;eHIlIO y:ru;ep6a. 'Yn ep6 npii
aTaM 6Y.JJ;eTCo.cTaBJIHT:& CTOHMaCTb cTpaeHIIH no. n;eHaM Ha
.27rl
1 anpem! nJIIOC npou;eHTbI 3a rrpOCpOtIKY, HCXO)J;JI U3 3aKOH-
HOM npou;eHTHoM CTaBKH. AonycTHM, :u;eHbI Ha CTpoeHIIe nOCJIe
:Horo pe3KO B03pOCJIH II K arrpemo 1975 r. YBeJIII'IIIJIIICb B
TPII pa3a, a K MOMeHTY nOCJIe)J;Hero CJIymaHIIJI )J;eJIa, HanpII-
Mep 1 arrpeJIJI 1977 r., yrraJIH B )J;Ba pa3a. IIpII3HaeTCJI JIll B
)J;aHHOM CJIY'Iae rrpaBO TpeOOBaHIIJI nOKyrraTeJIeM B03Mem;eHHII
ym;epoa Ha OCHOBaHIIII Tall Ha3bIBaeMOM cpe)J;HeM BbIcmeH
u;eHbI? IIepBoHa'IaJIbHo cY)J;eoHaJI npaKTIIKa )J;orrYCKaJIa :no,
O;:J;HaKO BnOCJIep;CTBIUI OTKaBaJIaCb OT CBoeM n03IIU;IIH (CM. pe-
meHIIe BepxoBHoro cyp;a OT 27 MaJI 1924 r.). B HaCTOJIm;ee
Bpe fJI npIIHJITO IIC'IIICJIeHIIe Ha OCHOBe 06bI'IHO B03HIIKaIOm;e-
ro ym;epoa. Op;HaKO CJIep;yeT oopaTHTb BHIIMaHIIe Ha TO, 'ITO'
He OTpIIU;aeTCJI II B03MomHOCTb B03Mem;eHIIJI ym;epoa BCJIe)J;-
CTBIIe OCOObIX OOCTOJITeJIbC rB. Cyp;eOHaJI rrpaKTIIKa p;aeT Ha,
3TOT C'IeT rrpJIMbIe YKa3aHIIJI. TaK, no p;eJIaM, CBJI3aHHbIM C OT-
BeTCTBeHHOCTbIO rrpop;aBU;a no B03Mem;eHIIIO ym;epoa rrpII
RynJIe-rrpop;ame '3eMJIII II CTpoeHIIM, «n CJIY'Iae, Korp;a nOCJIe
Toro, KaK HCnOJIHeHIIe 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa CTaJIO HeB03MomHbIM
BCJIe)J;CTBIIe He3aKOHHoro pacrrOpJImeHIIJI npep;MeTOM 00JI3a
TeJIbCTBa co CTOpOHbI p;OJIJI\HIIKa, rrpII HaJIII'IIIII OCOObIX 00-
CTOJITeJIbCTB, a IIMeHHO pe3!{()rO YBeJIIItIeHIIJI u;eH Ha p;aHHbIll:
npe)J;MeT, a TaKme Toro rrOJIOmeHIIJI, 'ITO p;OJImHIIK B MOMeHT
HeB03MomHOCTII nCrrOJIHeHIIII 00JI33:TeJIf>CTBa 3HaJI IWII P;OJI-
meH ObIJI 3HaTb 0 HaJIII'IIIII YKa3aHHbIX OC06bIX OOCTOJITeJIbCTB,.
Kpep;IITOp MomeT TpeOOBaTb B03Mem;eHIIJI ym;epoa B cy: nIe,
HC'IIICJIJIeMOH II3 CYIIJ;eCTBYIOIIJ;IIX B03pocmIIX u;eH Ha rrpep;;\IeT'
OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa» (pemeHIIe BepXOBHOTO cY)J;a OT 20 anpemr
1972 r.).
YKa3aHHbIe BbIme nO.JIOmeHnJI OTHOCJITCJI R IIC'IIICJIeHIIIO'
CYM fbI B03Mem;eHIIJI ym;ep6a HaK npn npOCpO'IRe IICrrOJIHe-
HIIJI, Tal, II IIPII HenOJIHOM IICIIOJIHeHHII.
4) He06xo;a;IUW YtIIITbIBaTb BCIO COBoI,ynHocTb 06CTOJI-
re:IbCTB, a IureIIHO: npe;a;Ha3Ha'Ia.JICJI JIll npep;MeT OOJI3a TeJIb-
CTBa HYIIJIII-rrpo,qart\II P;JIJI Herrocpe)J;CTBeHHoro IICnOJIb30BaHIIJf
nOI-(yrraTeJIeM, JIB:IJI:ICJI .TIII ;a;aHHbIli upe;a;Mer TOBapO\I 11mI'
u;eHHbUIII oYMara I1I, npep;Ha3HatfamICb JIII u;eHHbIe 6YManI'
;a;nJI rreperrpop;amlI, 6bIJI JIll rrpe;a;Mer OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa He BlImII-
MOCTbIO, I\aKOBa p;IIHaMIIRa u;eH Ha pbIHRe B OTHomeHun rrpe;a;-
MeTa 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa, JIBJIJIJIaCb JIn CTopOHa 06JI3aTe.1fbCTBa
hyrrJIII-rrpOp;aiRII Topronu;eM (B CT. 580, n. 2 CT. 590 TK co-
p;epmaTCJI Ha 3TOT CtIeT OCOObIe nOJIOmeHIIJI) II p;p. IIpm,reHe-
HIIe B ;a;aHHOM CJIYtIae TOJIbI\O <popMaJIbHbIX I-(pIITepIIeB Hep;o-
rrycTIIMO. He06xop;U\IO CTpeMIITbC"JI R TOMY, t!TOObI I1C'IIICJIe-
279.
HIre pa3Mepa B03Me eHlUI y ep6a ocyn e !B.lIHJIOCb Ha (jCHO-
BeBceCTopOHHeH OIJ;eHInr KOHKpeTHblX OI1cTDJITeJlbCTB, q;' 'HlK-
me npIIHIJ;IIrrOB COIJ;naJIbHOH CrrpaBe,L\JIIIBOC'!'* II 6ecrrpIICTp T-
HOCTII.
23. HCKJIIO'IeHIIH B OTHomeHlI1I y epoa, nO,L\JIema ero
B03Me eHIIIO. lI3 BbIIIIeYKa3aHHblX rrOJIOmeHIIH llMeeTCH TPII
IICKJlKPIeHUH. Bo-rrepBblx, ,L\ellemHble OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa. IIo-
CKOJIbKY ,L\eHemHbIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa He 3HaWT HeB03Mom1l0-
CTII IICrrOJIHeIlIIH, B OTHorrIeHHII IIX rrpn3HaeTCH TOJIbKO rrpo-
cpoqKa IIcrrOJIHeHIIH (CM. rr. 2 CT. 702 rR). CYMMa B03Me e-
HIIH He 3aBIICIIT OT peaJIbHoro y ep6a, rrpIIqllHeHHOro Kpe-
,L\IITOPY, II B rrpIIHIJ;lIrre YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCH no onpe,L\eJIeHHOH
CTaBKe (rr. 1 CT. 419 rR). CJIe,L\yeT IIMeTb B BlI,L\Y, qTO B OT-
HOIlIeHIIII yqpem,L\eHllH rrpe)J,yc:\iOTpeHbI IICKJIlOqeHIIH (CM.
CT. 669, 873 rR, CT. 69 TR).
BO-BTOPbIX, TaK Ha3bIBaeMblM 3a'leT HeocTopomHocTII. IIpII
HeocTopomHocTII Kpe,L\IITOpa B OTHOIIIeHIIII HeIICrrOJIHeHIIJI
o6H3aTeJIbCTBa B03JIOmeHIIe B03Me eHllH y ep6a JIIIIIIb Ha
,L\OJIiI\HllKa HapYIIIaJIO 6bI rrpnHIJ;IIrr CrrpaBe,L\JIIIBOCTII, rroaToMY
TR npe)],ycMaTpIIBaeT IIHCTlITYT 3aqeTa neOeTOpOJI\HOCTH
(CT. 418 rR). IIOCKOJIbKY ,L\aHHbIH IIHCTlITYT OCHOBbIBaeTCH
'Ha IIPIIHIJ;IIrre CrrpaBe,L\JIIIBOCTII, He06xo,L\IIMO yqIITbIBa Tb CTe-
.IIeHb HeN TopOIKHOCT1I CTOpOH II MHorIIe )],pyrIIe 06CTOHTeJIb-
CTBa. HarrpIIMep, 110 ,L\OrOBOpy llepeB03KII ,L\OJIIKH1IK A ,L\OJIJI\eH
'6bIJI rrepeBe3TII Kpe,L\IITOpa B. O,L\HaKo B ,L\opore no HeOCTO-
.pOJI\HOCTII 060IIX aBTOM06IIJIb nepeBepHYJICJI. ]:(orrycTIIM, B rrpII
aTOM rrOJIyqIIJI TpaBMY (IIJIII aBTOM06IIJIb nepeBepHYJIeJl nO
HeOCTopomHOCTII A, HO B, rrOJIyqIIB TpaBMY, rrpeHe6per He-
.06XO,L\IIMbIM JIeqeHIIeM, qTO rrpIIBeJIO K cepbe3HbIM OCJIOmHe-
HIIHM). Bo Bcex aTIIX CJIyqaHX rrpII paCCMOTpeHIIII npIIqIIHe-
-HIIJI Bpe,L\a rrpIIHIIMaeTCH BO BHIIMaHIIe II HeOCTOpOJI\HOCTb
Kpe,L\IITopa. IIpII Cepbe3HOH HeOCTopomHOCTH Kpe)],HTopa ,L\OJI-
JI\HIIK MOlKeT 6blTb rrOJIHOCTblO oCBo60JI\,L\eH OT OTBeTCTBeHHO-
CTII. 3aqeT HeOCTopOIKHOCTII rrpII3HaeTCJI H B OTHOIIIeHIIH ,L\e-
JIIIKTa (CM. rr. 2 CT.722 rI\.; 06H3aTe.lIbcTBeHHoe rrpaBo-167).
B-TpeTbIIx, npe,L\BapHTeJIbHOe onpe,L\eJIeHHe CYMMbJ B03Me-
. eHHJI. 3,L\eCb CJIe,L\yeT 06paTrrTb BHIIMaHlle Ha CJIe,L\ylOI:u;IIe
"MOMeHTbl:
a) IIpe)],BapIITeJIbHO MOlI-WT orrpe)],eJIHTbCH, qTO npH npo-
CpOqKe B II3rOTOBJIeHIIII onpe)],eJIeHHOrO TOBapa ,L\OJImHIIK
yrrJIaqlIBaeT rro 10 TbIC. HeH 3a KaIKp;bIM ,L\eHb rrpOCpOqKII
-(Bo3Me eHH:e npOCpO'lKH) IUlII qTO rrpII HeB03MOIKHOCTII rrpe-
-280
OCTaB eHHH OrrpelJ;e eHHOrO TOBapa BMrr a HBaeTCH B03Me-
rn;eHHe B pa3Mepe CTOHMOCTH TOBapa -- 1 M H. HeH (Bo3Me e-
nHe KOMneHca:[ Heii). B IIOlJ;06HMX c y aHXRpelJ;HTOp MomeT
'Ipe60BaTb CYMMY lJ;OrOBOpHoro B03Mem,eHHH HIllb npH npe-
AOCTaB eHHH lJ;ORa3aTe bCTB HeHcrrO HeHHH 06H3aTe bcTBa,
He06xolJ;HMOCTb me lJ;ORa3aTe bCTBa npH HHeHHH yrn;ep6a OT-
cyTcTByeT. HeHcrro HeHHe lJ;O iI{HHROM 06H3aTe bcTBa BC elJ;-
CTBHe HerrpeOlJ;O HMOiI CH M H H Ha HqHe lJ;ORa3aTe bCTB
Toro, TO pea bHbIiI yrn;ep6, IIpH HHeHHMii: RpelJ;HTopy, OT H-
qaeTCH OT lJ;OrOBopHoii: CYMl\1M B03Mern;eHHH, He oCBo'60llilJ;aeT
lJ;o mHHRa OT 06H3aHHOCTH IIO B03Men eH1I10 yrn;ep6a.
6) Bne 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CYMMM lJ;orOBopnoro B03Mern;eHHH
CYlJ; He BnpaBe H3MeHHTb ee. IIepBoHa a bHo yCTaHoB eHHe
HeycToMRH, orrpelJ;e HeMOM CTopOHaMH, paBHO ImR H npOll,eH-
TOB, orpaHH HBa OCb IWH BOBce 3anpem;a ocb. COBpe IeHHOe
IIpaBO, OCHOBaHHoe Ha YBameHHH CBOOOlJ;HOM ROHRypeHlI,IIH B
ToprOBbIX ClJ;e Rax, rrpHnmo R rrpH3HaHHIO He06xolJ;H IOCTn
OTMeHbI OrpaHIIqeHHM B lJ;aHHOM cwepe. fpamlJ;aHCROe rrpaBO
He HB H OCb IICR IO eHHeM. GlJ;HaRO BrrOC elJ;CTBHII yCHmmacb
rroTpe6HOCTb H B oxpaHe HHTepeCOB 3KOHOMIIQeCKH c a6MX
eHOB 06rn;eCTBa, B pe3Y bTaTe ero B repMaHCROM H IIlBeM-
lI,apCROM rpamlJ;aHCROM rrpaBe rrOHBH HCb rro omeHIIH 0 B03-
MomHOCTH yMeHbIlleHHH CYlJ;OM pa3Mepa HeOlIpaBlJ;aIIHO 60 b-
Illoro lJ;OrOBopHoro B03Mern;eHHH. B 06 aCTH TPYlJ;OBbIX OTHO-
JIJeHHM B lI,e OM 3arrpern;aeTCH yCTalloB eHHe neYCTOMIm Ha
c YQaiI HeHCIIO HeHHH TpYlJ;OBOrO lJ;OrOBopa, a TaRrt\:e 3aR IO-
'IeHHe lJ;OrOBOpOB, 3apaHee OlIpelJ;eJIHlOrn;HX pa3Mep B031Iern;e-
HHH yrn;ep6a (CM. CT. 16 3aIwHa 0 TPYlJ;OBbIX CTaHlJ;apTax,
CT. 33 3aRoHa 06 3RHrramax CYlJ;OB). CT. 4 3aIWHa 00 orpaHH-
eHHH CCYlJ;1I0ro rrpOll,eHTa npIIl\IenHTe bHo I{ 06H3aTe bcTBY
3aMMa COlJ;epmIIT HCR IO eHHe, cor aCHO ROTOpOMy lJ;OrOBOp-
Hoe yCTaHoB enIIe CYMMbI B03Mern;eHHH lJ;OrrYCKaeTCH B pa31Ie-
pax lJ;0 lJ;BOMHOM pa3pelliaeMOM 3aROHOM IIpOll,eHTHoii: CTaBRH.
C elJ;yeT IIMeTb B BIIlJ;y, TO YCTaHOBJIeHIIe HeorrpaBlJ;aHHO BM-
COROM CYM IbI B03l\1ern;eHHH l\10,KeT CQHTaTbCH HelJ;eMcTBHTe.:Ib-
IIbIM na ocnOBaHIIII IIpOTlIBOpe IIH nyoJIlI HOMY rropHjJ;RY II
lJ;06pbIM HpaBaM.
B) ,[{orOBopHoe YCTaHOB eHIIe CYl\1 JbI B03Mern;eHHH rrpelJ;-
CTaBJIHeT C060M OTlJ;e bHylO OT Tpe60BaHIIH HCnOJIHeHIJlI HJIlI
peaJIH3aU;HH npaBa pacTOpmeHHlI lJ;OrOBopa rrp06 eMY, rr03TO-
My IIepBOe He YCTpaHHeT IIOCJIelJ;ylOIlJ,IIX (rr. 2 CT. 420 fK).
B HallieM rrpHMepe C BbIlIJIaTOM 10 'fDIC. Hell 3a RallilJ;bII1 lJ;eHb
,npocpO Im RpelJ;HTOp MomeT Tpe60BaTb OlJ;HOBpeMeHHO H IIpe-
281
,u;OCTaBJIeHlIH TOBapa II YIWaTbI B03Me eHIIH 3a npOCpO'IRY..
()AHaRO npH HanpaBJIeHHH AOJImHHRY COOTBeTcTByIO ero
YBeAOMJIeHIIH CO CTOpOHbI RpeAIITOpa 0 paCTOpmeHHII AOrOBO-
pa B CJIY'Iae HeHCnOJIHeHHH OOH3aTeJIbCTBa (CM. CT. 541 rR)
<lTO, XOTH H He BJIIIHeT Ha npaBO Tpe60BaHIIH B03Me eHIIH
y epoa BMeCTO nOJIY'IeHlIH 3aRa3aHHoro TOBapa (CM. n. 3
.cT. 545 rR), 03Ha'iaeT, 'ITO YRa3aHHaH B HallieM npHMepe
YlwaTa 10 T:bIC. HeH 3a RamAbIH AeHb npOCpO'IRH yme He MO-
jKeT npIIMeHHTbCH. RpoMe Toro, B cJIY'Iae AOI'OBOpHOI'O YCTa-
BOBJIeHIIH pa3Mepa B03Me eHHH B 1 MJIH. HeH nplI HeB03Mom-
iHOCTH HCnOJIHeHHH oOH3aTeJIbCTBa paCTopmeHHe AorOBopa He
BJIlliHeT Ha peaJIlI3an;IIIO p;aHHOI'O TpeOOBaHIIH, op;HaRO, eCTe-
'CTBeHHO, nplI npOCpO'IRe Rpep;IITOp He MomeT TpeOOBaTb op;-
iHOBpeMeHHO H ynJIaTbI 1 MJIH. lIeR II npep;OCTaBJIeHHH TOBapa.
TaRHM oopaaoM, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BHAa AorOBopHoro B03Me-
1n;eHIIH - B03Me eHHe npOCpO'II\H IIJIH B03Me eHlIe ROMneH-
fCan;lIeH - B03HHRaIOT onpep;eJIeHHble pa3JIH'IIIH nplI IIcnOJI-
BeHHII oOH3aTeJIbCTBa H paCTopmeHIIH p;orOBopa, op;HaRO <lTII
pa3JIII'IIIH OCHOBbIBaIOTCH He Ha cneIwaJIbROH TeoplIH, nplI-
MeHIIMOH JIlIllib R p;orOBopHoMy YCTaHOBJIeHIIIO pa3Mepa B03-
Me eHIIH, a Ha 06 IIX nOJIOmeHIIHX rpamp;aHCRoro npaBa.
r) BecbMa OJIII3I{aI{ P;OI'OBOpHOMY YCTaHOBJIeHHIO pa3 Ie-
pa B03Me eHHH Bpep;a HeycToHKa. ITo cpaBHeHHIO C P;OI'OBOp-
lIbIM onpep;eJIeHlIeM pa3Mepa B03Me eHlIH y epoa p;aHHoe
nOHHTlIe BeCbMa HeHCHO, II CTOpOHbI MorYT BRJIap;bIBaTb B He-
iI'0 pa3JIII'IHOe COp;epJRaHHe. MomeT, HanpMMep, npep;YCMaTpH-
:BaTbCH ynJIaTa HeycToHRII B CJIY'Iae HelICnOJIHeHIIH oOH3a-
'Tem.cTBa II op;HOBpeMeHHO OTp;eJIbHO TpeooBaTbCH B03Me e-
1I1Ie q,aRTII'IeCROrO y epoa nplI npep;OCTaBJIeHHH onpep;eJIeH-
£bIX p;ORa3aTeJIbCTB; MOmeT YCTaHaBJIIIBaTbCH MHHIIMaJIbHaH
cyMMa B03Me eHHH y epoa; CTopOHa MomeT oCBooomp;aTbcH
.OT ynJIaTbI HeycToHRII npH npep;OCTaBJIeHIIII p;ORa3aTeJIbCTB
OTCYTCTBHH BIIHbI. Bce <lTO rR paCCMaTplIBaeT B Ra'IeCTBe
oo ero nOHHTIIH - P;OI'OBOpHOI'O YCTaHOBJIeHIIH pa3Mepa
B03Me eHIIH (n. 3 CT. 420 fIt). BpeMH npep;OCTaBJIeHIIH p;o-
Ka3aTeJIbCTB OTJIII'IIIH HeycToHKH OT AorOBopHoro YCTaHOBJIe-
HHH B03Me eHIIH y ep6a JIeJRHT Ha 3aIIHTepeCOBaHHOM JIHn;e.
p;) B03Me eHHe y ep6a H HeycToHKa MorYT ocy e-
CTBJIHTbCH II He B p;eHemHoH q,opMe, HO Ha OCHOBe nOJIOme-
mrH, npep;YCMOTpeHHbIX P;JIH p;eHemHoH cpOpMbI (CT. 421 rR).
24. 3aMelIJ;eHHe npH B03MelIJ;eHHH YlIJ;ep6a. Cop;epmaHHe
..n;aHHoro IIHCTIITYTa MOmHO nOHCHHTb CJIep;yIOIIJ;HM npHMepOM.
282
AorrYCTHM, p;OJImHHR ocy eCTBJIHJI XpaHeHIIe 'laCOB CTOHMO-
CTbIO 100 TbIC. HeH, npHHap;JIe}Ra X Rpep;IITOpy. IIo BllHe
;:(OJImHllI a 'laCbI 6bIJIH rroBpemp;eHbI, rrpH'leM HaCTOJIbRO, 'lTO
yme He MOrJIll BbIIIOJIHHTb CBOIO <PYHRI1;HIO. B Ra'leCTBe B03-
lem;eHHH ym;ep6a p;OJImHHR yrrJIaTHJI rrOJIHYIO CTOHMOCTb 'la-
COB, T. e. 100 TbIC. HeH. B p;aHHbIX YCJIOBIIHX B03Bpam;emw
rrOBpemp;eHHbIX 'laCOB Rpep;HTopy HBJIHJIOCb 6bI ero HeOCHOBa-
TeJIbHbIM 060ram;eHlleM, a llX Herrpep;OCTaBJIeHlle B co6cTBeH-
HOCTb p;OJImHH<Ra - HapymeHHeM rrpMHI1;Hrra crrpanep;JIHBOcTH.
Ha 31'01' cJIY'lall: fIt cop;epmllT rrOJIOmeHHe, COrJIaCHO ROTOpO-
MY npH yrrJIaTe B nopHp;Re B03Mem;eHHH ym;ep6a rrOJIHOll: CTO-
llMOCTll Bem;H HJIll rrpaBa, HBJIHBmHXCH rrpep;MeTOM 06H3aTeJIb-
CTna, p;omI\HHR 3RMem;aeT Rpep;llTopa n OTHomeHllH YRa3aH-
HOll: Bem;H HJIII rrpana (CT. 422 fIt).
t 4. npOCpOliKa npHHSlTHSI HcnonHeHHSI
25. IIoHJlTne npOCpO'lRll npHHJlTHJI llCnOJIHeHMJI.
1) Oo ee nOHJlTne. 1-Jpe3BbI'lall:HO 'laCTO P;JIH MCrrOJIHemIH
P;OJIlliHIIROM o6H3aTeJIbCTBa Tpe6yeTcH B 60JIbmell: lIJIll MeHb-
mell: CTerreHII COp;ell:CTBlIe Rpep;IITopa. IIoHHTHo, 'lTO TaHoe
06H3aTeJIbCTBO B03p;epmaHIIH, Ral\ C06JIIO;n;eHlIe TllllHIHbI rro-
CJIe 8 'laCOB Be'lepa, YHa3aHHoro COTpyp;HIIQeCTBa I\pep;IlTopa
He Tpe6yeT. Op;HaHO rrplI p;pyrlIx 06H3aTeJIbCTBaX, HarrplIMep,
rrpn II3rOTOBJIeHlIlI orrpep;eJIeHHOI1 Bem;n 1I3 MaTeplIaJIa 3aHa3-
'llIHa, TaClwe COp;ell:CTBlIe He06xop;lIMO. OHO Tpe6yeTcH p;ame
rrplI p;eHemHbIX 06H3aTeJIbCTBax. II03TOMY B CJIY'laHX, Horp;a
;:J;OJImHIIH p;eJIaJI Bce OT Hero 3aBlIcmI1;ee P;JIH IICrrOJIHeHIIH
06H3aTeJIbCTBa IT rrpllJIaraJI YCIIJIllH H rrpOHBJIeHIIIO COp;ell:CT-
BIIH co CTOpOHbI Rpep;IITopa, HO OT I pep;IITOpa p;aHHoro Cop;ell:-
CTBIlH He IlOCJIe;n;OBaJIO, lVlOmeT CTaBlIThCH Borrpoc 0 CMHr'le-
IlIIII OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII p;OJImHIIRa II rrplI3HaHIIlI OTBeTCTBeHHO-
CTII Rpep;IITopa. AaHHoe rrOJIOmeHlIe Ha3bIBaeTCH rrpOCpO'lHOll:
npUIIHTIIH I1CrrO.llHeHIIH (rrpocpo'lRoii Rpe;n;UTopa). B CJIY'lae
HerrplIHHTHH co CTOpOHbI Hpep;HTopa BHeceHlIe p;OJlmHIIKOM
rrpep;MeTa 06H3aTeJIbCTBa Ha p;err03I1T MomeT BeCTII 1\ oCBo60m-
;:J,eHIIIO p;OJImHlIHa OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTlI (CT. 494-498 fIt).
BMecTe C Te 1 XapaI\Tep HeROTopbIX 06H3aTeJIbCTB He )1:orryc-
r\aeT .s;err03IITa. Itpm[e Toro, Tpe60Bamle )1:errOHlIpOBaHHH
llpe;n; leTa 06H3aTeJIbCTBa llplI OTCYTCTlnIlI COp;ell:CTBIIH co CTO-
pOHbI Hpe)1:IITOpa He Bcer;n;a OTBe'laeT IIplIHI1;lIrry CrrpaBe)1:JIn-
BOCTII.
283
2) CY HOCTb npOCpOqKH npHHHTHH ncnOilHeHHH. CYJ];eo
HaH npaKTIIKa U 60JIbmUHCTBo Y'IeHbIX-npaBoBeJ];oB OTpuD;a;
lOT, 'ITO KpeJ];UTOp HeceT 06H3aHHOCTb no npUHHTUIO U 'ITO
npOCpO'II{a npIIHHTUH UCnOJIHeHUH HBJIHeTCH Ha PymeHIIeM
.n;aHHOM 06H3aHHOCTU no aHaJIOrUU C IIpOCpO'IKOM UCIIOJIHeHU
06H3aTeJIbCTBa co CTOpOHbI )J;OJIIRHUJm (Cl\L pemeHUH BepXOB-
Horo cYJ];a OT 29 MaH 1915 r. U 3 J];elm6pH 1965 r.). IIOCKOJIb-
RY OT npaBa KpeJ];JiITOpa I{aK U OT BCHlwro npaBa MOIRHO OT-
Ra3aTbCfI BHe 3aBUCUMOCTU OT BOJIU J];OJIIRHIIKa (CM. CT. 51 9
fIt), ero OCYIIJ;eCTBJIeHIIe He MOIReT BMeHHTbCH B 06H3aH-
ROCTb. I1CXOJ];H U3 3TOM npe)J;nOCbIJIKII, npocpO'IKa npUHHTIIH
HCnOJIHeHUH He npeJ];CTaBJIHeT C060M HapymeHuH npaBOBOll:
06H3aHHOCTll. i:ITo, O)J;HaKO, He npOTUBOpe'IllT TOMY nOJIOIRe-
HUIO, 'ITO BCHKoe npaBO CBH3aHO C 06H3aHHOCTbIO ero Ha)J;JIe-
KaIIJ;erO OCYIIJ;eCTBJIeHUH. B 3TOM OTHomeHllll 06H3aTeJIbCTBO
OCHOBaHO Ha )J;OBepuu 06eIIX CTOpOH. IIOCKOJIbKY BO MHorllX
CJIY'IaHX peaJIU3aD;UH cOJ];epmaHUH 06H3a TeJIbCTBa HeB03MOIR-
Ha 6e3 YCIIJIUM 06eux CTOpOH, MOJRHO C'IUTaTb 060CHOBanHbIM
npU3HaHue npaBOBOM 06H3aHHOCTU Kp8,gIITopa no CO)J;eMCTBUIO
B UCnOJIHeHUII 06H3aTeJIbCTBa KaK CBoero pO)J;a 06H3aTeJIbCTBa
O CTOpOHbI I{pe)J;UTopa. HCXOJ];H U3 3TOii TOQKU 3peHIIH, npo-
'cpO'lKa npUHHTUH UCrrOJIHeHIIH COCTaBJIHeT O)J;llH U3 llII)J;OB
HeUCnOJIHeHUH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. B nOCJI8)J;Hee BpeMH 3Ta UO-
3UD;UH CTaJIa nOJ];J];epmIIBaTbCH HelWTopbIMU Y'IeHbIMU II B
onpeJ];eJIeHHOM CTeneHU II CY)J;e6Hoii npaKTUIWM (pemellue
BepxoBHoro cYJ];a OT 16 )J;eKa6pH 1971 1'.).
3) Y CJIOBHH B03HHKHOBeHHH npocpO'IKII npHHHTIIH IICnOJI-
HellllH. ,1J;aHHoro pO)J;a YCJIOBUHMII C'IMTaIOTCH rOTOBHOCTb
;n;OJIIRHUKa II: UCnOJIHeHUIO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa U COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;ee
YBeJ];OMJIeHUe 06 ::JTOM Kpe)J;uTopa (CT. 413, 493 fK). Harrpu-
Mep, nepepbIB B pa60Te TpaHCIIopTa, BbI3BaBmIIM HeB03MOIR-
HOCTb rrpu6bITIIH pa60THIIROB Ha npeJ];lJpUHTUe U COOTBeTCT-
BeHHO IICnOJIIIeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, He HBJIHeTCH CJIY'IaeM rrpo-
CpO'lKU. OCTaHOllI\a pa60TbI npeJ];IlpnrrTIIH U3-3a rrpeKpaIIJ;eHIIH
rro)J;a'IU ;:)JIeKTp03HepnIII IIJIII HCXBan,u MaTepUaJIOB rrpUBOJ];IIT
R HeB03MonmOCTII UCnOJIHeHUH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, a n03TOMY
MOJReT COCTaBJIHTb npOCpO'II{Y npIIHHTIIH. KpuTep '"!1 COCTOH-
HllH rOTOBHOCTII J];OJIIRHUKa K nCrrOJIHeHllIO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa II
YBeJ];oMJIeHUH UM 06 3TOM Kpe)J;UTopa orrpeD;eJIHIOTCH, llCXO)J;H
IT3 KOHI{peTHOro cO)J;eplRaHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa U CYIIJ;eCTBYIO-
IIJ;llX 06CTOHTeJIbCTB.
HeoJ];H03Ha'iHO pemaeTcH Borrpoc 0 TOM, Tpe6yeT JIU npo-
CpO'IKa rrpUHHTUH HaJIU'IIIH BIIHbIKpep;I'ITopa aa lIerrpHHHTH9
'284
HJIII ero HeB03MolliHOCTb. COrJIaCHO ROHu;enU;IIII, IIcxop;mu;eil
1I3 OTCyTCTBIIH 06H3aHHOCTII I{pep;IITOpa no npIIHHTIIIO, npo-
CpOqlm npIIHHTIIH He Tpe6yeT BIIHbI 3a Hce co CTOpOHbI Rpep;II-
Topa. lIpOTIIBOnOJIOlliHaH ROHu;enU;IIH, pacc raTpIIBalOru;aH npo-
CPoqRY npIIHHTIIH B KaqeCTBe pa3HOBnp;HOCTII HeIICnOJIHeHIIH
06H3aTeJIbCTBa, pacnpOCTpaHHeT Ha p;aHHYIO cIITyaU;IIIO nOJIO-
llieHIIe CT. 415 rK, no KOTOPOMY Rpep;IITOp oCB050llip;aeTcH
OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII 3a HenpIIHHTIIe npII HaJIIIqIIII p;ORa3a-
TeJIbCTB OTCYTCTBIIH ero BIIHbI. B npUBep;eHHOM npIIMepe C
npeKparu;eHIIeM nOp;aqII cmeKTpmmeprIIII BIIRa Kpep;IITopa HB-
HO OTCYTCTByeT.
26. llOCJIep;CTBIIH npOCpO'lKII nplIIIHTnH IICnOJIHeHIIH.
lIo 3TOMY Bonpocy rK cop;eplliIIT JIIIIllb nOJIOII,eHne 0 BIIHe
Rpep;IITopa KaK OCHOBaHIIII npOCpOqKII npIIHHTIIH IICnOJIHe-
HIIH (CT. 413 rK).
1) rOcnop;cTBYIOIU;aH KOH eIl IIH. ComaCHO eH npaBOBbI-
Mil IIOCJIep;CTBIIHMII npOCpOqRII npIIHHTIIH HBJIHIOTCH CJIep;ylO-
IIe:
a) ,l];OJIlliHIIR He oCB060mp;aeTCfI OT 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, HO
,ocB060llip;aeTCH OT Bcex HeBblrop;, CBH3aHHblx C HeIICIIOJIHe-
JIIIeM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (CM, CT. 492 fK), HanpIIMep OT ynJIaTbI
B03Meru;eHIIH yru;ep6a II HeycToHRII, ocyru;eCTBJIeHIIH npaBa
Beru;Horo 06eCneqeHlIH II npnHyp;IITeJIbHOrO IICnOJIHeHIIH.
6) J],enOIfIIponamle npep;MeTa 06H3aTeJIbCTBa MOllieT Bec-
Till, oCB060mp;eHIIIO OT 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (CM. CT. 494 rK).
B) lIpeKparu;eHlIe B03HIIKHOBeHIIH p;orOBopHbIX npou;eHTOB.
'YnJIaTa p;orOBopHbIX IIpou;eHTOB P;O cpOKa HCnOJIHeHIIH 06H-
-3aTeJIbCTBa paCCMaTpIIBaeTCH aHaJIOrIlqHO B03Meru;eHIIIO npo-
CPOqKII IICnOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa.
r) lIpII 06H3aTeJIbCTBaX no nepep;aqe IIHp;IIBIIp;yaJIbHO-
OIIpep;eJIeIIHOH Beru;II nOCJIe COOTBeTCTBYIOru;ero YBep;OMJIeHIIH
Kpep;IITOpy 06H3aHIIOCTb P;OJIlliHIIRa no 3a60T JIIIBOMY xpaHe-
RIIIO Beru;II Cl\IHrqaeTCH, II OR 1\I0meT xpaHIITb p;aHHYIO Beru;b
Ha paBHbIX YC,'IOBIIHX C co6CTBeHIIOii. B 3TOM CJIyqae, op;RaRO,
xpanenIIe YKa3aIIHOH Beru;II ocyru;ecTBJIHeTCH 6e3 BCHRoro B03-
narpallip;eHIIH, a cTaTYc p;OJIlliHIma aHaJIOrIIqeH CTaTYCY 6e3-
B03Me3p;Horo xpaHIITeJIH (C L CT. 659, 400 rK).
p;) B cJIyqae 3HaqIITeJILHbIX II3p;epmeK no IICnOJIHeHIIIO
o6H3aTeJIbCTBa II xpaHeHIIIO npep; IeTa 06H3aTeJIbCTBa BCJIep;-
CTBlIe llPOCPOqr.:II npUIIHTHH p;oJImmll, MomeT Tpe60BaTb IIX
B03Meru;eHIIH Rpep;:rITOpm.! (oroBoplm CT. 485 rK).
e) ,l];OJIlliRIIK He MOII\eT Tpe50Ban B03Meru;eHIIH yID;ep6a,
nOMIDW BbIllIeyHa3aHHoro. l\'poMe Toro, B CJIyqae YBep;OMJIe-
285
BHH 0 Tpe60BaHHH rrpHHHTHH, HO HeoCym;eCTBJIeHHH )J;aHHOro.
rrpHHHTHH i'!;OJImHIIK He MomeT paCToprHYTb )J;orOBOp (CM..
CT. 541 fIt).
2) KOHQenQHJI HenCnOJIHeHIIJI 06J13aTeJIbCTBa. IIoCKOJIbKY
i'!;aHHaH IWHu;errU;HH paccMaTpHBaeT npocpolIKY npHHHTrrH KaI{;
Oi'!;HY 1I3 pa3HOBII,'I;HOCTeH HeIICrrOJIHeHIIH oOH3aTeJIbCTBa II BBO-
i'!;IIT YCJIOBHe HaJIH'IIIH BnHbI co CTOpOHbI Kpei'!;IITopa, OHa BHO-
CHT onpei'!;eJIeHHbIe MOi'!;IHtJIIKaU;IIII B TOJI}{OBaHIIe i'!;aHHOH npo-.
6JIeMbI. TaK, COrJIaIIIaHCb C TeM, 'ITO HenpHHHTHe Kpei'!;HTopOM
npei'!;MeTa OOH3aTeJIbCTBa B CHJIY pa3,lIU'IHbIX TIPH'IIIH nOCJIe.
COOTBeTcTByrom;ero YBe)J;OMJIemm Kpei'!;UTOpa i'!;OJImHIIKOM He.
p;OJImHO ObITb conpHmeHO C HeBbITOi'!;aMII, CBH3aHHbIMH C HeHC-
nOJIHeHHeM OOH3aTeJIbCTBa, i'!;aHHaH KOHu;enU;IIH OTHOCHT :3TO.
K nOCJIei'!;CTBHHM He npOCpO'IIUI, a YBei'!;OMJIeHIIH Kpei'!;HTopa.
IIpei'!;OCTaBJIeHIIe Kpei'!;IITOpoM i'!;oKa3aTeJIbCTB Toro, 'ITO He-
npIIHHTHe npOH30nIJIO He no ero BHHe, He MomeT npenHICTBO-
BaTb B03HIIHHoBeHHro :nHX nOCJIei'!;CTBHH. Henpei'!;OCTaBJIeHH6
Kpei'!;IITOpOM i'!;OI,a3aTeJIbCTB OTCyTCTBHH ero BHHbI B nerrpHHH-
TIIII rrpei'!;MeTa 06H3aTe bCTBa nopOllii'!;aeT npOCpO'IHY npHHH-
THH, a CJIei'!;OBaTeJIbHO, II aKTHBHYro OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Kpei'!;II-
Topa. IIHbIMII CJIOBa:\lII, rrpII HaJIII'IIIII OO'beKTHBHOH cHTya-
U;IIH, IW ri'!; a COOTBeTcTByrom.ee YBe.[{OMJIeHIIe B a)J;peG
Kpei'!;HTOpa nOC ei'!;OBaJIO, HO npIIHHTI1e ne 6bIJIO ocym;eCTBJIe-
HO, B03HHKaroT npaBoBbIe nOCJIei'!;CTBIIH yBei'!;OMJIenIIH, ROTO-
pbIe, o)J;HaKo, Bei'!;YT TOJIblW K OCBOOOmi'!;eHHro i'!;OJImHHKa 0'1"
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII 3a HeUCnOJIHeHHe oOH3aTeJIbCTBa (CM.
CT. 492 fl\). ECJIII i'!;aHHOe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO i'!;onOJIHHeTCJI
cy6'beKTIIBHbIM <paKTOPOM, a Hl\leHHO Henpei'!;OCTaBJIeHHeM )];0-
lia3aTeJIbCTB Toro, 'ITO HenpHHHTIIe np01I30IIIJIO He no BHH6
Kpei'!;HTOpa, :no COCTaBJIHeT npOCpO'IKY npI1HHTIIH, ROTopaH
rropOmi'!;aeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Kpei'!;HTOpa (CM. CT. 413 fIt).
C TO'IKII 3peHIIH i'!;aHHOiI KOHu;errll,HH i'!;OJIII\HIIK 06JIai'!;aeT rrpa-
BOM Tpe60BaHIIH B03:\lem.enHH yru;ep6a Ha OCHOBe npocpO'IRH
npHHHTIIH nCnOJIHeHIIH II MOllieT paCTopraTbi'!;OrOBOp rrOCJIe
COOTBeTcTByrom;ero yBei'!;o:\wemm 0 TpeOOBaHIIII npIIHHTIIH.
r naB a 4. AEJlfCTBHE 05S13A TEnbCTBA
no OTHOWEHHfO K TPETbHM nHL-'AM
27. ,I:(Be CTOpOHbI BHeIIIHero i'!;eiicTBIIJI 06J13aTeJILCTBa no
OTHomCHHIO K TpeTLH1U JIln aM. l\aJ\ ODle'IarrOCb paHee, B Ka-
'IeCTBe nocJIei'!;HeiI rapaHTHH 06H3aTe bCTBa rrpei'!;YCMaTpHBaeT-
286
CH B03MOmHOCTb npIIHy;qHTeJIbHOrO eTO HCrrOJIHemm H3 Bcero
HMyrrr;ecTBa ;qOJImHHKa. TaK Ha3bIBaeIvIbIe «06H3aTeJIbCTBa rro
COBeplIIeHHIO>) TaI,me ;qo orrpe;qeJIeHHOII CTenemI ;qorrYCKaIOT
npIIHy;qIITeJIbHOe HCrrOJIHeHHe, o;qHaKo npHHy;qHTeJIbHOe HC-
nOJIHemle 3aIvIeIIJ;eHHeIvI, rrpe;qYCIvIOTpeHHoe B OTHOlIIeHHH p;aH-
Horo po;qa 06H3aTeJIbCTB, COCTOHT B Tpe60Bamm rrOKpbITHH
p;OJImHHIWIvI H3;qepmeK. IIpH KOCBeHHO 1 rrpIIHy;qHTeJIbHOM
HCrrOJIHeHHII ero co;qepmaHHe CBO;qIITCH K B03IvIem;eHIIIO yIIJ;ep-
-oa, 'KOTopoe OCYIIJ;eCTBJIHeTCH Bp;eHemHOfl q,opMe. IIpH (<o6H-
3aTeJIbCTBaX rro rrpe;qocTaBJIeHHIO>), npe;qIvIeToIvI KOTOpbIX HB-
JIHeTCH rrepe;qa'Ia BeIIJ;H, B03IvIoamo HerrOCpep;CTB8HHOe rrpHHY-
)l;HTeJIbHOe HCrrOJIHeHIIe, o;qHaKo B CJIY'Iae HeB03MomaOCTH
HCrrOJIaeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa BCJIe;qcTBIIe nepe;qa'IH ;qOJImHH-
ROIvI BeIIJ;II TpeTbeMy mm;y ep;HHCTBeHHOfl q,OpMOfl B03MeIIJ;e-
BHH HBJIHeTCH ;qeHemHaH. BOJIblIIlIHCTBO 06H3aTeJIbCTB, Ta-
KIIIvI 06pa30IvI, CBO;qHTCH K q,opMe ;qeHeiRHOfl BbIIIJIaTbI, B Ka-
.JWBOfl OHH 06JIap;a1OT HaII60JIbillIIIvI rrpHHy;qIITeJIbHblIvI p;eWCT-
BHeM. O;qaaKo rrpH HamPIIIH IvIHOTHX Kpe;qHTopoB H rrpeBbIlIIe-
BHH 06IIJ;e1I CYIvIIvIOfl 06H3aTeJIbCTBa CTOHIvIOCTll Bcero llIvIYIIJ;e-
-CTBa P;OJIiRHHKa rrpeHIvIYIIJ;eCTBO rrOJIY'IaIOT TOJIbKO Kpep;HTopbI,
()6JIap;alOIIJ;IIe rrpaBOIvI BeIIJ;Horo 06eCrre'IeHHH, a OCTaJIbHbIe
Rpep;HTopbI y;qoBJIeTBOpHIOT CBOll 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIe rrpaBa
R3 llMYIIJ;eCTBa, He HBJIHIOIIJ;erOCH rrpep; IeTOIvI BeIIJ;Horo 06ec-
rre'IeHIIH, II y;qoBJIeTBOpeHIle npH 3TOIvI rrpoHcxo;qHT B paBHbIX
)J;OJIHX (npHHqHn paBeHCTBa I pep;HTopOB).
ECJIII iRe P;OJIiRHHK XOTH II He rrpep;rrpllHHIvIaeT HHKaKHX
Mep rro npe;qoTBpaIIJ;eHIIIO YMeHblIIeHIIH cBoero IIMYIIJ;eCTBa,
op;HaIW, caIvI 06JIa;qaH cTaTycoM Kpe;qHTopa B OTHOIIIeHHH ;qpy-
rllX mIll;, C03HaTeJIbHO llrHopllpyeT B3bICI\aHne p;OJIrOBbIX 06H-
3aTeJIbCTB JIH60 rrpep;rrpIIHIIIvIaeT ;qeMcTBIIH rro YIvIbIlIIJIeHHoIvIY
YIvIeHblIIeHHIO llMYIIJ;eCTBa rrYTeM, HarrpIIMep, ;qapeHHH ;qpyrllIvI
JIHu;al\1, 6e3Y'IaCTHaH n03Hn;HH I\pep;HTOpoB B 3TIIX CJIY'IaHX
rrpllBep;eT JIIIlIIb K YHII'ITOiReaIlIO p;ellcTBHH 06H3a TeJIbCTBa.
IIpHIvIeHIITeJIbHO K rrepBofl cnTyau;nH rJ{ rrpe;qycIvIaTpIIBaeT
B03J\IOffiHOCTb 3al\1err eHIIH ;qo;Iib:HIII,a H:pep,nTopOM, T. e. npaBo
1\pe)J;IITopa rro B3bICKanHIO e TpCTbITX m1T p;OJIrOBbIX o6H3a-
'TeJIbCTB, a KO BTOpOfl- rR oTpnn;aeT p;ei'IcTBHTeJIbHOCTb YIvIbI-
mJIeHHOrO YIvIeHbIIIeIIHH P;OJnKIIIII,m.l CBoero HIvIYIIJ;eCTBa, H
tIOp;apeHHaH BeIIJ;b B HalIICM npII,repe p,OJIiRHa 6bITb B03Bpa-
m;eaa. 8TO COOTBeTCTBeHHO Ha3bIBaeTCH rrpaBoIvI Kpe;qlITOpa
Ha aal\1eln;eHHe II rrpaBoM aHHYJIllpOBaHHH p;eflcTBHH rro rrpep;-
YMbIIIIJIeHHoIvIY rrpH'IllHeHIIIO YIIJ;ep6a. B cOBoKyrrHocTlI 06a
aTll rrpaBa COCTaBJIHIOT BHemHee ;qeHcTBHe o6H3aTeJILCTBa.
287
28. IIpaBo Kpe HTopa Ha aaMem;eHHe.
1) Y CJIOBHJI rrplI3HaHlUI rrpaBa Kpe IITopa Ha 3aMem;eHlIe
a) BamHeMrrHIM YCJIOBlieM HBJIJleTCJI He06xo IIMOCTb oCY-
m;eCTBJIeHIIH Kpep;IITopOM rrpaB, rrpIIHap;JIemam;IIX p;OJImHIIKY,.
JIH coxpaHeHIIJI u.eJIOCTHOCTII 06H3aTeJIhCTBa (rr. 1 CT. 423
fK). Ocym;eCTBJIeHlIe rrpaBa 3aMem;eHIIH JIH COXpaHeHITJI u.e-
JIOCTHOCTII 06m;IIX 06H3aTeJIhCTB He BhI3hIBaeT COMHeHIIM (pe-
IDeHlIe BepXOBHoro cy a OT 12 OKTH6pH 1965 r.). O,lJ,HaKO'
B03 iOlImo B03HlIKHOBeHlIe TaKOM CIiTyau.IIH. )J;orrycTIIM, P;OMO-
BJIap;eJIeu. A II KBapTlIpOC'beMm;IIK B CBH3aHhI OroBOpOM
apeHp;hI, op;HaKO rrpelImliM KBapTlIpOC'beMm.IIK B rrpop;OJImaeT'
He3aKOHHO 3aHlIYlaTh mlIJIOe nOMem;eHlIe. MomeT JIIi rpam a-
HIiH B B CJIY'lae HelIpe OCTaBJIeHIIJI eMy co CTOpOHhI P;OMO-
BJIa eJIhu.a A mlIJIOrO rrOMem;eHIIH, 3aHJlTorO rpamp;aHIIHoM
B, rrpep;'bHBJIHTh TpeooBaHIIe CBoero BCeJIeHIIJI K rpamp;aHII-
HY B, 3aMem;aH p;OMOBJIap;eJIhu.a A? ECJII.I I1CXO I1Th 1I3 Toro,
qTO YCJIOBIIeM rrpaBa 'I\pe HTopa Ha 3aMem;eHlIe HBJIHeTCH He-
06XOP;IIMOCTh coxpaHeHIIH u.eJIOCTHOCTII 06H3aTeJIhCTBa, II B
9TO f C:>fhICJIe TOJIKOBaTh rrpaBO apeHp;hI rpam aHlIHa B, TO
aHHoe rrpaBO 3aMem;eHIIJI OJIlImo 6hJTh llplI3HaHO BHe 3aBII-
CHMOCTII OT HMym;ecTBeHHoro rrOJIOllieIUIII rpam)J;aHlIHa A.
ECJIH me TOJIKOBaTh p;aHHoe rrOJIOmeHlIe B CMhICJIe Hep;ocTa-
TO'lHOCTII IIMYm.ecTBa rpam)J;aHIiHa A )J;JIH B03Mem;eHIIH ym;ep-
6a, rrplIqlIHeHHOro HelICrrOJIIIeHlIeM 06H3aTeJIhCTBa C ero CTO-
pOHhI, TO rrpaBO 3aMem;eHIIH He P;OJI:I\HO rrplI3HaBaThCH BHe
npe)J;eJIOB IIMym;ecTBa rpam)J;aHIiHa A. CY)J;e6HaH rrpaKTIIKa
HrrOHli1i cpaBHIITeJIhHO paHO BCTaJIa Ha II03lIu.lIlO TOJIIWBaHIiH
B IIepBO f CMhICJIe, rrplI3HaBaJl 3a rpam)J;aHIiHOM B B HameM
I1plI fepe rrpaBO Ha 3aMem;eHlIe (pemeHlIe BepXOBHoro cyp;a
OT 16 )J;eKa6pH 1929 r.). IIo)J;06HhIM nO)J;xo)J; BCTpe'laeTCJI II B
)J;pyrlIX CIITyau.IIHX. HarrpliMep, He)J;BBII\IIMOCTh, JlBJIJlIOm;aHCJI
c06cTBeHHocThlO rpam)J;aHIiHa B, rrpO)J;aHa rpam)J;aHIIHY A, a
TOT B CBOIO O'lepe)J;h IIeperrpO)J;aJI ee rpam)J;aHIiHY B, O)J;HaI\O
He BIinKnMOCTh Bce em;e 3aperlICTpnpOBaHa Ha IIMJI rpam)J;a-
HlIRa B. B 9Tmf CJIyqae rrplI3HaeTCJI npaBO rpam)J;aHI1IIa B
BHe 3aBIIcIBroCTIf OT 11\Iym;E'CTRE'HHOro nOJIOlf\eHUH rpam)J;3HH-
Ha A ocym;ecTBIITh, 3a rem;aH rpam)J;aHIIHa A, 1I3MeHeHIIe pe-
rIICTpau.UII He)J;BHmIDIOCTII C IIMeHII rpa;-Ep;aHIiHa B Ha CBoe
(pemeHIIe BepXOBHoro cY)J;a OT 6 HIOJUI 1910 r.).
6) BTOphIM yCJIOBlieM JlBJIHeTCH HeocyIIJ;eCTBJIeHHe npaBa
HCnOJIHeHIIJI. HarrpliMep, B CJIY'Iae rrpUHHTIiJI OT OJImHIIKa
'1aCOB B rropH)J;Ke norameHIIH 06H3aTeJIhCTBa Ha CYMMY
100 ThIC. IIeH (3aMeHa IICIIOJIHeHIIH) IIJIH OTKa3a OJImHIIKa
288
aT CBaera npaBa Ha Tpe6aBaHlIe Kpe;LJ;lITap He MameT acym;e-
CTBlITb CBae npaBa Ha 3aMem;eHlIe. O;LJ;HaIW, eCJlII 3aMeHa lIC-
naJlHeHIIH aTHaCIIJlaCb K ;LJ;eRCTBIIIO nO' YMbIlITJleHHaMY nplI-
'nIHeHlIIO ym;ep6a, OHa naAJlemlIT aHHYJllIpaBaHIIIO.
B) TpeTbllM YCJlaBlIeM HBJlHeTCH HacTynJIeHlIe cpOKa lIC-
nOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJlbCTBa. OAHaIW nO' pelITeHIIIO cY;LJ;a npaBa
KpeAIITapa Ha 3aMem;eHlIe MameT 6bITb nplI3HaHa II Aa Ha-
cTynJleHIIH YKa3aHHara cpaKa (n. 2 CT. 423 rK) B BIIAe TaR
Ha3blBaeMara 3aMem;eHIIH B cYAe6HOM napH;LJ;Ke (CM. CT. 72-
79 3aKaHa a npau,eAype paCCMaTpeHIIH AeJl B napHAKe aca6a-
1'0' npaIl3Bap,cTBa).
r) B-'-IeTBepTblx, npe;LJ;MeT npaBa 3al\1em;eHHH He AaJlmeH
aTHaCIITbCH l\ KaTerapIIII IICKJlIO'-IIITeJlbHbIX AJIH JlII'-IHaCTII
p,aJlmHIIKa npaB (araBapKa n. 1 CT. 423 rK), T. e. TaI\IIX, pea-
JlII3au,IIH KaTapbIX aaBIICIIT IICKJlIO'-IIITeJlbHa aT JlII'-IHaR BaJlll
ynaJlHaMa'-IeHHara Jlllu,a. B Ka'-IeCTBe nplIMepa MamHa npll-
BeCTII npaBa aHHYJllIpaBaHIIH MemAY cynpyraMII (CM. CT. 754
rK). IIaAa6HbIe npaBa He uaCJleAYIOTCH (CM. CT. 896 rK),
xaTH B AaHHaM cJlY'-Iae aTa pacnpaCTpaHHeTCH II Ha npaBa,
llpIIHaAJIeJ-j{alIl,IIe lICKJIIO'un:eJIhHa onpeAeJIeHHOMY JIlIU,Y.
p,) B-UHTbIX, IOpllAll'-IeOKaH npaKTHKa C'-IIITael', '-ITa a6H-
3aTeJlbCTBeHHbIe npaBa, B aTHalITeHIIH KaTapbIX He AanYCKa-
eTCH aanpem;eHue, He Maryl' 6bITh npeAMeTaM aaMem;eHIIH (CM.
CT. 6i8 rK). B aCHaBHaM aTa aTHaCIITCH R TaR '-IaCTII IIMY-
l..II,ecTBa AaJlmHIIKa, KaTapaH Hea6xaAIIMa AJIH era cym;ecTBa-
BaHlIH. HeJIMym;ecTBeHHble npaBa TaKme He Maryl' CTaHaBIITb-
CH npeAMeTaM 3aMem;eHHH.
2) PeaJIH3aquH npaBa Ha 3aMem;eHHe 3aKJlIO'-IaeTCH B acy-
rn;eCTBJleHJIJI KpeAIITapaM npaB ;LJ;aJlmHJIKa aT CBaera IIMeHII.
IIpII aT aM KpeAHTap He CTaHaBHTCH npeACTaBIITeJleM p,aJlm-
HIIKa.
3) IIOCJIep,CTBIIH acym;eCTBJleHIIH npaBa Ha 3aMem;eHlIe.
a) IIpaBaBble naCJleACTBIIH peaJIlIaau,lIII YKaaaHHoro npa-
Ba npJIHap,JlemaT AaJlmHIIKy.
6) B CBH3JI C naCJlep,CTBJIHMJI acym;ecTRJleHJIH npaBa Ha
3aMem;eHlIe Hea6xaAIIMa YKa3aTh Ha p,Ba MaMeHTa. Ba-nep-
BbIX, npII acym;eCTBJleHJIII Kpep,IITapa:M npaBa Ha 3aMem;eHlIe
aH )J;aJlmeH YBep,aMIITh a TaM p,aJlmHIIKa, KaTaphIR C aTa1'o
MaMeHTa He :\lOmeT acym;ecTBJlHTh AeHCTBIIH nO' pacnapHme-'
HIIIO CBalIM IDIym;ecTBa:\I JImI npaBaMII C u,eJlhIO BaonpenHT-
CTBaBaHlIH peamman;llH KpeAJITapOM npaBa Ha 3aMem;eHlIe (CM.
CT. 76 3aKaHa a npau,eAype paCCMaTpeHIIH p,eJl B napHp,Ke
aca6a1'a npalIaBap,cTBa). 11 Ba-BTapbIx, 6aJlblITIIHCTBa npaBa-
19 3UK8a Nt 892
289
Be OB Ha BOnpOC 0 paCnpOCTpaHHMOCTH o6H3aTe bHoH CH
cy e6Horo peilleHHH Ha omKHHKa no e aM, CBH3aH-
HbIM C pea H3an;HeH npaBa Ha 3aMeIQeHHe, OTBe'IaIOT OTpl:l-
n;aTe bHO.
29. npaBo aHHYJIHpOBaHHH eiicTBHii no YMbIlliJIeHHOMY
npH'ulHeHHIO y ep6a. Kpe HTop l\101l\eT nOTpe6oBaTb OT cy a
aHHY HpOBaHHH eHcTBnii: OJImHnKa, npH'IHHHIOIQHX eMY
Bpe .
1) npH3HaRH eiicTBHii no YMbIlliJIeHHoMY npH'IHHeHHIO
Bpe a.
a) IIepBbIM npH3HaROM HBJIHeTCH, 'lTo6bI eiicTBilH o m-
HilRa npH'IHHHJIH Rpe HTopy y ep6, T. e. 'ITo6 OJImHHK
YMeHbillaJI o6'beM CBoero o6IQero HMYIQeCTBa H C03 aBaJI He-
B03MOmHOCTb nOJIHOrO Y OBJIeTBOpeHHH Rpe IITOpa. Ha npaK-
THKe, O HaRO, B aTOH c4>epe cym.eCTByeT pH HIOaHCOB. IIepe-
'IHCJIHM OCHOBHble H3 HHX. Bo-nepBbIx, eHcTBHH no YMbIill-
eHHOMY npH'lHHeHHIO YIQep6a OrpaHH'lUBaIOTCH JIHillb TaRHMH
IOpIIp;H'leCRHMH p;eHcTBIIHMH p;OJImHHRa, npep;MeT ROTOpbIX-
HMyIQeCTBeHHbIe npaBa (n. 2 CT. 424 fK). HanpHMep, BCTyn-
JIeHHe p;OJImHHlm B 6paR, RamIe HeBblrop;bI OHO HH npHHOCHJIO
6bI Kpep;HTOPY, He p;onYCRaeT BMeillaTeJIbCTBa llOCJIep;Hero.
BO-BTOpbIX, p;eHCTBHHMH no YMbIillJIeHHOMY npII'lIIHeHHIO
ym;ep6a 6YP;YT JIHillb Te, ROTopbIe, YMeHbillaH o6uJ;ee HMYIQe-
<CTBO p;OJImHHRa, p;eJIaIOT HCnOJIHeHHe o6H3aTeJIbCTBa HeB03-
MomHbIM. IIpH onpep;eJIeHHbIX o6cToHTeJIbCTBax p;eHCTBHH.
HanpaBJIeHHble na npep;OTBpaIQeHIIe peaJIH3an;HH o6H3aTeJIh-
CTBeHHbIX npaB, He npH3HaIOTCH p;eHCTBHIIMH no YMblillJIeHHO-
My npH'IHHeHHIO YIQep6a, nOCROJIbRY aHHYJIHpOBaHHe nop;o6-
HbIX p;eHCTBHH cepbe3HO 3aTparHBaJIO 6bI HHTepeCbI TpeTbHX
JIHIJ;. ,l];onYCTHM, rpamp;aHHH A nOCJIe npop;amH Hep;BmfOIMOCTH
rpamp;aHHHY B B nepIIOp;, Korp;a COOTBeTcTByIOIQaH perHCTpa-
JJ;HH eIQe He 6bIJIa npOBep;eHa, ocyIQeCTBJIlIeT nepep;a'IY Hep;BH-
mHMOCTH rpamp;aHIrHY B. B aHlIOM CJIY'fae rpam aHIIH E 06-
JIap;aeT o61I3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIM npaBOM B OTHOilleHHH rpamp;aHH-
Ha A, npep;MeTOM me o6H3aTeJIbcTBa HBJIHeTCH nepep;a'Ia
Hep;BnmHMOCTII. BCJIep;CTBHe Cp;eJIKH KYIIJIH-npOp;amH Memp;y
A H B OCYIQeCTBJIeHHe o6H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro npaBa rl'amp;aHH-
Ha B ORa3bIBaeTCH HeB03MomHbIM. CaMa no ce6e Cp;eJIRa Mem..
Y A II B eIQe He COCTaBJIHeT p;eHCTBHH no YMbIill eHHOMY
npII'IHHeHHIO YIQep6a. Op;HaKO, eCJIH A npop;aeT Hep;BnmH-
MOCTb rpamp;aHHHY B no HeonpaBp;aHHo EH3KOH :u;eHe IIJIII OCY-
JIJ;eCTBJIHeT 3aMeHY IIcnOJIHeHIIH, B pe3YJIl>TaTe 'Iero o6H3aTe b-
290
TBeHHoe npaBO rpallip;aHlIHa B no nepep;a1Je eMY Hep;1HIlliHMO-
CTI! TpaHc<popMHPyeTcH B 05H3aTeJlbCTBeHHoe npaBO no B03-
Mem;eHHIO ym;ep6a, yp;OBJIeTBOpHT:b KOTopoe HeB03MOlliHO H3
IIMym;ecTBa A, Cp;eJIKa MelliP;Y A H B nOp;JIelliHT aHHYJIHpOBa-
HHIO KaK p;eHcTBHe no YMbIllIJleHHOMY npH'lHHeHHIO ym;ep6a\
(pellIeHHe BepxoBHoro cyp;a 01' 19 HIOJIH 1961 r.). B-TpeTbHx
Tpe6yeTcH, 'lT06bI ,!J,eHcTBHe npH'lHHHJIO Bpe,!J, Kpe,!J,HTOpy H
TOJIbKO B MOMeHT CBoero COBepllIeHHH, HO H BO BpeMH peaJIH-
3aIJ;HH Kpe,!J,HTopOM npaBa aHHYJIHpOBaHHH. TaK, eCJIH B :MO-
MeHT ,npO,!J,aiKH ,!J,OJIiKHHROM He,!J,BHfI{HMOCTII Y Hero He OCTa-
eTCH HlmaRoro lIHoro HMym;ecTBa, O,!J,HaKO n03llie ero lIMym;e-
CTBeHHoe nOJIOiKeHHe YJIY'ImaeTCH, 3a C'IeT 'Iero OH MOllieT'
noraCHTb 06m;YIO CYMMY 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, TO B ,!J,aHHOM CJIY'Iae
npO,D,aiKa He COCTaBJIHeT ,!J,eHCTBHH no YMbIllIJIeHHOMY npIPIH-
HeHHIO Bpe,!J,a. ::ho CBH3aHO C TeM, 'ITO UHCTHTYT aHHYJIUpOBa-
HUH )];eHCTBHH no YMbIllIJIeHHOMY npH'IHHeHHIO ym;ep6a Ha-
npaBJIeH Ha oxpaHY HHTepeCOB Kpe,!J,HTopa, HO He Ha YCTaHOB-
JIeHHe CaHKIJ;HH B OTHOllIeHHH ,!J,OJIiKHHKa.
6) BTOpbIM npH3IIaROM HBJIHeTCH HaJIH1J:He BOJIH K YMbIllI-
JIeHHOMY npH'IHHeHIIIO ym;ep6a, a HMeHHO OC03HaHHe TorO r
'11'0 onpe,!J,eJIeHHble ,!J,eHcTBHH npHBe,!J,YT K He)];OCTaTO'lHOCTR
nOl'allieHIUI 06R3aTeJIbCTBa. ,D;aHHoH BOJIeH ,!J,OJIiKOH 06JIa)];aTb
IIpeiK,!J,e Bcero )];OJIiKHHK, O)];HaRO Tpe6yeTcH, 'IT06bI OHa npH-
CYTCTBOBaJIa H Y ero ROHTpareHTa - BblrO,!J,OIIOJIY'IaTeJIH. ,[(0-
nYCTHM, ,!J,OJIlliHHK A npO,!J,aeT He,!J,BHlliHMOCTb CTOHMOCTbIO B
10 MJIH. HeH rpaiK,rr;aHHHY B aa 5 MJIH. HeH. Tpe6yeTeH, 'IT06bI
BOJIH K YMbIllIJIeHHOMY npH'IHHeHHIO ym;ep6a HMeJIaeb KaK Y
A, TaK H Y B. O)];HaKO ,!J,JIH peaJIH3aIJ;HH Kpe,!J,HTopOM B npaBa
aHHYJIHpOBaHHH ,!J,OCTaTO'lHO ,!J,OKaaaTeJIbCTBa He,!J,05pocoBecT-
HOCTH JIHllIb rpaiK,!J,aHHHa A. B CJIY1J:ae npe,!J,OCTaBJIeHHH ,!J,ORa-
3aTeJIbCTB ,!J,06poeoBecTHocTH co CTOpOHbI rpalli,!J,aHHHa B, a
HMeHHO Toro, '11'0 OH He HMeJI BOJIH K YMbIllIJIeHHOMY npH'IH-
HeHHIO ym;ep6a, :31'0 oCB060iK,!J,aeT ero OT HeBbIl'O,!J, aHHYJIHpO-
BaHHH. IIp06JIeMa, O,!J,HaRO, B03HHKaeT B TOM CJIyqae, eeJIH
rpalli,!J,aHHH B ocym;eCTBJIHeT B CBOIO O'lepe,!J,b npO,!J,aiKy aH-
HOH He,!J,BHlliUMOCTH rpafI>,!J,aHHHY r 3a 7 MJIH. llOH. IIOHHTHO,
'11'0 npH He,!J,06pocoBecTHocTH B H r Hep;BHlliRMOCTb nO)];JIelliHT
H3'bHTHIO Y rpalli,!J,aHHHa r. IIpH He,!J,06pocoBecTHocTH B H p;o6-
pOCOBeCTHOCTII r BMeCTO He,!J,BHlliHMOCTH Y B nO,!J,JIelliHT H3'bH-
THIO nOJIY'IeHHaH BbIrO,!J,a. O,!J,HaRo 'ITO p;eJIaT:b npH p;o5poco-
BeCTHOCTH B II He,!J,06pocoBecTHocTH r? 3,!J,ecb MHeHHH npaBo-
Be)];OB pa3,!J,eJIHIOTcH. HaM llie Heo6xo,!J,HMOCTb H3'bHTHH Y r
He,!J,BHlliHMOCTH npe,!J,cTaBJIHeTCH onpaB,!J,aHHoH.
19*
291
2) AHHYJlHpOBaHHe H ero nOCJle CTBHJI.
a) TIpaBo aHHYJllIpOBaHlIH peaJIII3yeTCJI B cyp;e6HoM rro-
pJIp;Re (rr. 1 CT. 424 fR). Op;HaRo Borrpoc 0 TOM, RaRoro pop;a
Tpe60BaHIIJI CJIep;yeT rrpep;'bJIBJIJITb B CYP;, JIBJIJIeTCJI P;IICKYCCII-
OHHbIM B JIrrOHCRoii HaYRe rpamp;aHCRoro rrpaBa. Cyp;e6HaH
rrpaRTlIRa (peIIIeHlIe BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 24 MapTa 1911 r.)
H IOplIp;II'IeCRaJI HaYRa orrpep;eJIJIIOT cop;epmaHlIe rrpaBa aHHY-
JIIIpOBaHIIJI p;eiicTBlIii rro YMbIIIIJIeHHOMY rrplI'IlIHeHIIIO ym;ep-
6a RaR Tpe60BaHIIe B03BpaTa IIMym;ecTBa, 1I3'bJITOrO BCJIep;CT-
Bile p;aHHbIX p;eiiCTBlIii 1I3 06m;ero IIMym;ecTBa p,OJImHIIRa, IIJIII
me, BMeCTO :noro, rrOJIY'IeHHOii BbIrOp;bI. CaMO iRe rrOHJITlie
aHHYJIlIpOBaHIIJI 03Ha'iaeT JIIIIIIb HerrplI3HaHIIe ;a;eiiCTBIITeJIb-
;S:OCTII p;eiiCTBlIii rro YMhIIIIJIeHHOMY rrplI'IHHeHIIIO ym;ep6a.
6) TIPII ocym;eCTBJIeHIIII Tpe60BaHliJI B03Bpam;eHIIJI B03-
Bpam;aeMaJI 'IacT}, rrop;JIemlIT paBHOMY pacrrpep;eJIeHIIIO Memp;y
BceMII Rpep;IITOpaMII. 8TO He TOJIbRO BbITeRaeT 1I3 xapaRTepa
.n;aHHoro IIHCTIITYTa, HO II rrpJIMO rrpeP;YCMOTpeHO CT. 425 fR.
Op;HaRo B CJIyqae Tpe60BaHliJI p;eHemHoii BbIIIJIaTbI B pe3YJIb-
'TaTe aHHYJIlIpOBaHIIJI p;aHHaJI CYMMa He 1I0p;JIem1IT pacrrpep;e-
.JIeHlIlO Memp;y BceMII Rpep;IITOpaMII, a rrpep;OCTaBJIJIeTCJI p;JIa
npeIIMym;ecTBeHHoro IICrrOJIHeHIIJI 06JI3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro rrpaBa
Rpep;HTopa, ocym;ecTBIIBIIIero 3TO aHHHYJIlIpOBaHlIe.
3) TIpaBo aHHYJIlIpOBaHIIJI p;eiicTBlIii 1I0 YMbIIIIJIeHHOMY
rrplI'IlIHeHIIIO ym;ep6a rrpeRpam;aeTCJI B CIIJIY oc060ii CORp a-
m;eHHoii p;aBHOCTH, orrpep;eJIJIeMoii C MOMeHTa, Rorp;a Rpep;IITO-
PY CTa,'!o II3BeCTHO 0 HaJIlI'IlIII OCHOBaHHJI P;JIJI aHHYJIlipOBa-
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meHHe IIMym;ecTBoM, HO II 0 TOM, 'ITO 3TO rrplI'IlIHIIJIO BpeA
Rpep;IITOPY), B 2 rop;a, a C MOMeHTa COBepIIIeHIIJI YMbIIIIJIeH-
Horo p;eiiCTBIIR: rro rrplI'IlIHeHIIIO Bpep;a - B 20 JIeT (CT. 426
rR).
r naB a 5. MHO>KECTBEHHOCTb mtu,
B O&Sl3A TEnbCTBE
1. 061L\He nOnO)l(eHHSI
30. BH bl 06J13aTeJlbCTBeHllbIX OTHorneHHii C MJ!f"ReCTBeH-
1I0CTblO JlIIq.
1) 06JI3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIMII OTHOIIIeHIIHMII C MHomeCTBeH-
HOCTbIO JIlIn; Ha3bIBalOTCJI TaRlIe, B ROTOpbIX Y'IaCTBYlOT He.
CROJIbRO Rpep;IITOpOB IIJIII p;OJImHIIROB. IIplI 3TOM OTHOIIIeHlIa
Memp;y Ramp;bIM 1I3 Kpep;IITOpOB HJIII P;O.JlmHIIROB rrpHHIIMaIOT
292
pa3JIH'lHbIe <pOpMbI, OA:HaRO rR npH3HaeT CJIeA:YIOm;He:
a) )];OJIeBOe 06HaaTeJIbCTBO (CT. 427 fK). IIpH HaJIH'lIlII
Tpex RpeA:I1TOpOB RaiI\A:bIH H3 HHX I1MeeT caMOCTOHTeJIbHOe
06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBO B pa3Mepe 1/3 06m;ero 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa, a rrpH HaJII1'lIlII Tpex A:OJIiI\HIIROB RaiI\A:bIH 113 HIIX HeceT
caMOCTOHTeJIbHOe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO B pa3Mepe 1/3 06m;ero. )];aH-
HblH BIIA: JIBJIHeTCH TIIrrIl'lHbIM A:JIH 00H3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIX OTHO-
meHIIH C MHOiI\eCTBeHHOCTbIO JIIIIJ;.
0) HeA:eJIHMOe 06HaaTeJIbCTBO (CT. 428-431 fK). K A:aH-
BOH RaTeropllll00H3aTeJIbCTB OTHOCHTCH Te, rrpeA:MeT ROTOpbIX
HeA:eJIHM. IIpH :nOM B03MOiI\HO IIaJIII'lIle RaR HeCROJIbRHX
KpeA:I1TOpOB, TaR H HeCROJIbRIIX A:OJIiI\HIIROB. HaJIH'lHe CrreIJ;H-
ilJIbHoro OOfJIameHHH 0 HeA:eJIHMOCTH 00H3aTeJIbCTBa rropOiI\-
.p;aeT rrOCJIeA:CTBHH, alIaJIOrIl'lHbIe COJIIIA:apHoMY oOH3aTeJIbCTBY.
B )COJIHA:apHOe 06»aaTeJIbCTBO (CT. 432-445 fK). )];aH-
HbIH IIHCTIITYT B HaIlOOJI1:.meH Mepe YCIIJIIIBaeT A:eHCTBlle OOH-
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meHHH CTOpOH, OH OOJIaA:aeT IPYHRIJ;lIeH ooeCrre'leHIIH OOH3a-
'J'eJIbCTBa.
r) fapaHTHHHoe 06»aaTeJIbCTBO (rrOPY'lIITeJIbCTBO) (CT.
446-465 fK) - I1HCTIITYT, TaRiI\e BbIIlOJIHHIOm;I1H «PYHRIJ;I1IO
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"leHlIH (3aRJIaA:, IIrrOTeRa liT. rr.) A:aHHbIH BIIA: ooeCrre'leHIIH
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MHOiI\eCTBeHHOCTbIO JIIIIJ;. BO-BTOpbIX, RaRoe BJIIIHHIIe ORa3bI-
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TO, RaR rrprr YA:OBJIeTBOpeHIIII 00H3aTeJIbCTBa B OTHomeHIIII OA:-
Horo 113 KpeA:I1TOpOB llJIII I1CrrOJIHeHIIII 00H3aTeJIbCTBa OA:HIIM
JI3 A:OJIlliHIIROB OHO pacrrpeA:eJIHeTCH MeiI\A:Y OCTaJIbHbIMII Rpe-
.p;IITopaMII llJIII RaRIIM oopaaOM I1CrrOJIHHIOT OOH3aTeJIbCTBO
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H COCOOCTBeHHOCTb HMym;ecTBeHHbIX rrpaB JIIIIJ;, He OOJIaA:aIO-
JIJ:HX npaBOM c06CTBeHHOCTII (CT. 264 fK), 06H3aTeJIbCTBa c
293
MHOjf\eCTBeHHOCTbIO JIII JIBJIJIIOTCJI O)J;HIIM 113 BII)J;OB KBa311Co-
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HbIx )J;OJIJIX. IIoCKOJIbKY B OTHOnIeHlI1I IIMym;ecTBeHHbIX, no-
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HO nO)J;pa3)J;eJIJITb Ha COBMeCTHbIe II B lI)J;eaJIbHbIX )J;OJIJIX. B CBJI-
31I C Te:\I, lITO B pJI)J;e 06JI3aTeJIbCTB MHOIKeCTBeHHOCTb JIll BbI-
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06JI3a TeJIbCTJ3eHHbIe OTHOIlIeHIIJI nO)J;06Horo pop;a 06JIa)J;aIOT
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peHHIIX HOpM, cpe)J;CTBa, rrocTyrrIIBIlIne B IICrrOJIHeIfP.'0 06JI3a-
TeJIbCTBa, rrepeXOp;JIT B 06m;1Ill: «pOHP; acCOn;lIan;IIII. AOJIJI Kam-
p;oro lIJIeHa OTHOCIITeJIbHO 06m;ero 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa HMeeT 3Ha-
lIeHlIe JIIIIlIb P;JIJI orrpe)J;eJIeHIIJI p;OJIII rrplI paClIeTaX II He
06JIap;aeT caMOCTOJITeJIbHbIM xapaKTepOM, IIoaTOMY OTp;eJIbHbIU
lIJIeH aCCO lIa 1I1l He MomeT CBo60)J;HO pacrrOpJImaTbCJI eIO.
294
ABaJIOrIf'IIlliIM 00pa30M pemaeTCJI BOnpoc II B OTHOmeHIIR p,OJI-
rOBhlX 00JI3aTeJIbCTB accoqIIaqIIII nepep; TpeTbIIMII JIIIqaMII,
OiJ,HaKO B p;aHHOM CJIy-qae 00JI3aHHOCTII II OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb OT-
I\eJIbHbiX -qJIeBOB npep;CTaBJIJIIOT COOOH CaMOCTOJITeJIbHYIO
rrpOOJIeMY (CT. 675 rK; OTHOCIITeJIbHO 00JI3aTeJIhCTB accoqIIa-
Il,IlH CM.: OOJI3aT8JIbCTBeHHoe npaBO - 145, a npIIMeHIITeJIbHO
K HaCJIep;0B:UIIIIO: HaCJIep;CTBeHHoe npaBO - 27).
31. ):(oJleBoe 06JI3aTeJIhCTBo. IIpII HaJIII-qIIII p;OJIeBOrO OOJI-
3aTeJIbCTBa, T. e. Korp;a rpamp;aHe A, E n B OOJIap;aIOT 00JI3a-
Te.TlbCTBeHHMM npaBOM B OTHomeHIIII rpamp;aHIIHa r Ha 00-
ru,YIO CYMMY 00JI3aTeJIbCTBa, HanpHMep, B 3 MJIH. IIeH, Kamp,hlH
li3 Kpep;IITopOB lIMeeT p;aHHoe npaBO B pa3Mepe 1 MJIH. IIeH.
B oQpaTBoH cIITyaqHII, T. e. Korp;a A - Kpep;IITop, a E, B II r-
p;o.:r:rm, HIIKII pa3Mep 00JI3aTeJIbCTBa Kamp;oro II3 p;OJImHIIKOB
COCTaBJIJIeT 1 MJIH. ReB (CT. 427 rK). B p;aHHbIX CJIy-qaJIX
YRa3aHHhle 00JI3aTeJIbCTBa COBepmeHHO He3aBIICIIMhl p;pyr
'OT p;pyra. Ramp;bm Kpep;IITOp IIJIII p;OJImHIIK MomeT pacnopJI-
)KaTbCJI 00JI3aTeJIbCTBOM CaMOCTOJITeJIbHO. OTHOmeHIIJI Memp;y
OiJ,Irn:M IIa Kpep;IITopOB II p;OJImHIIKOM IIJIII P;OJImHllKOM II OP;HllM
113 Rpep;llTopOB He OKa3bIBalOT BJIIIJIHIIJI Ha p;pyrIIx y-qaCTHHKOB
'00JI3aTeJIbCTBa.
CBep;eHIIe 00JI3aTeJIbCTB C MHomeCTBeHHOCTblO JIIIq K p;OJIe-
BblM B Ka-qeCTBe ooru,ero npIlHqIIna, nplIMeHHMoro KO BceM
'CJIy-qaJIM, JIBJIJIeTCJI, Ha Ham B3rJIJIp;, onpaBp;aHHbIM. B npaK-
'TnKe, op;HaKO, -qaCTO BCTpe-qaIOTCJI CJIy-qaII, Korp;a P;O.:r:rII CO-
.p;OJImHIIIWB He paBIllil. repMaHCKoe rpamp;aHCKoe npaBO OT-
HOCIIT CllTyaqIIIO, npll KOTOpOH HeCKOJIbKO JIIIq no corJIameml1O
p;pyr C p;pyroM HeCYT orrpep;eJIeHHOe 00JI3aTeJIbCTBO, B npIlH-
:U;IIrre K KaTeropIlIl COJIlliJ,apHoro OQJI3aTeJIbCTBa. IIop;ooHoe
nOJIOmeHIIe cop;epmllTCJI TalOKe II B JInOHCKOM TK (CM. n. 1
-CT. 511 TK). B c<I>epe rpamiJ,aHCKOro npaBa TaKme BCTpe-qa-
-eTCJI HeJ\IaJIO CJIy-qaeB HerJIaCHhlX COr.TlameHIIH, BOp;yru,HX K co-
JIll,lWPHOlllY 00JI3aTe:lbcTBY. IIoiJ,ooHoe cyru,ecTBYOT II B llH-
CTHTYTE' naCJlep,OB:nIUJI, noo na Borrpoc, JIBJIaIOTCJI JIll 00JI3a-
TeJIbCTBa HaCJIep;o,n:aTeJIJI ,n:OJIeBbiMll ,n:JIJI HaCJIe)J,HIIROB, cy,n:e6-
HaJI npaI-:TIIKa OTBe-qaeT nOJIOmIITe:JbHO (pemeHIIe BepxoBHoro
cy,n:a OT 8 anpeJIJI 19:52 r.).
. 2. HeAenHMoe o6H38Tem.CTBO
32. Hep,eJIIIMOe npaBO Tpe6oBaUHJI. K p;aHHoH KaTeropIIH
OTBOCJITCJI T.e npaBa, npep;OCTaBJIeHHe no KOTOpblM Hepa3p;e-
295
JIHMO Memp;y HeCKOJIbKHMH Kpep;HTOpaMH. Hep;eJIHMOCTb npep;o.
CTaBJIeHI1JI MOmeT 6bITb p;BOHKorO pop;a. BO-nepBbIX, 3TO HeJ];e.
JIIIMOCTb DO XapaKTepy npep;OCTaBJIeHHH, HanpHMep B CJIYTIae
npep;OCTaBJIeHIIH Kpep;lITOpy r OP;HOn: JIOllIap;H cO CTOpOHJ>I
P;OJIlliHIIKOB A, B H B. ITOHHTHO, TITO B nOM CJIyqae Kamp;n:Iii
H3 p;OJImHIIKOB He MomeT caMOCTOHTeJIbHO ocym;ecTBIITb npe-
p;OCTaBJIeHIIe Ha 1/ 3 , H60 OHO Hep;eJIIIMO B npIIHD;Hne. He;rJ;eJIII-
MOCTb npep;OCTaBJIeHIIH MomeT cym;ecTBoBaTb H B 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBax, HanpHMep Korp;a p;OJImHIIK r HeceT 06H3aTeJIbCTBO
nepep; Kpep;IITopaMH A, B H B Ha CYMMY B 3 MJIH. HeH, op;Ha-
KO no 6yp;eT yme Hep;eJIIIMOCTb no CneD;HaJIbHoMy COrJIallIe-
HIIIO, HJIH He;rJ;eJIIIMOCTb Ha OCHOBaHIIH BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIH. B CJIY-
TIae npeBpam;eHIIH npep;MeTa 061I3aTeJIbCTBa B p;eJIIIMOe npe-
;rJ;OCTaBJIeHHe Hep;eJIHMOe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO CTaHOBIITCH p;OJIeBbIM.
TaK, B CJIYTIae HeIICnOJIHeHIIH TpeMH p;OJImHHKaMH 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa no npep;OCTaBJIeHHIO JIOllIap;H OHO 3aMem.IeTCH 06H3aTem'>-
CTBOM no B03Mem;eHnIO ym;ep6a Ha CYMMY B 3 MJIH. HeH. B no-
P;06HOn: cIITyaD;HH pa3Mep 061I3aTeJIbCTBa Kamp;oro H3 Tpex
;rJ;OJIlliHIIKOB CTanOBIITCH paBHhIM 1 MJIR. IIeH. B OTHOllieHIIM
He;rJ;eJIIIMOrO npaBa Tpe60BaHHH CJIe;rJ;yeT o6paTIITb BHIIMaHIIB
Ha TPII CJIe;rJ;YIOIIJ,IIX MOMeHTa.
1) Kam;rJ;bIn: U3 Kpe;rJ;IITopoB MomeT Tpe60BaTb HCnOJIHeHIIH
o6H3aTeJIbCTBa no OTHOllieHIIIO K HeMY KaK KO BceM Kpe;rJ;IITO-
paM, H ;rJ;OJImHIIK MomeT ocy:rn;eCTBIITb IICnOJIHeHIIe 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa no OTHOllIeHHIO K O;rJ;HOMY II3 II36paHHbIX IIM Kpe;rJ;II-
TOpOB (CT. 428 rK). 3apy6emnoe 3aKOHO;rJ;aTeJIbCTBO He npn-
3naeT B03MomHOCTH lICnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa no OTHome-
HIIIO K O;rJ;HOMY Kpe;rJ;IITOpy KaK KO BceM Kpe;rJ;HTopaM JIH60
OrpaHIITIIIBaeTCH nOJIOmeHIIeM 0 Heo6xo;rJ;IIMOCTU ;rJ;enOHHpOBa-
HUH npe;rJ;OCTaBJIeHIIH Ha HMH Bcen COBoKynHocTH Kpe;rJ;IITopOB.
ITo cpaBHeHHIO C 3TnMH nOJIOmeHIIHMU fK flnOHHH C03;rJ;aeT
3HaTIIITeJIbHbIe y;rJ;o6CTBa ;rJ;JIH IICnOJIHeHIUf 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, 0;rJ;-
HaKO no He 03HaTIaeT, TITO onepemeHIIe Op,HIIM H3 Kpep,lITO-
pOB ;rJ;pyrnx He C03;rJ;aCT ;rJ;JIH OCTaJIbHbIX Rpe)];IITOpOB onpe;rJ;e-
JIeHHbIX HeBbIrO));.
2) BJIIIHHHe 06CTOHTeJIbCTH, B03BIIKIIIIIX B OTHomeHHIl
op;Horo Kpep;IITopa, Ha p;pyrIIx Kpep;lITopOB.
a) ITOCKOJIbKY, KaK OTMeTIaJIOCb paHee, p;en:CTBIITeJIbHOe
rrorallieHIIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, COBepllIeIIHoe p,OJIil{HHKOM B OTHO-
llIeHHH op;Horo U3 Kpep;IITOpOB, pacnpOCTpaHHeT CBoe p;en:CT-
Bue H Ha ;a:pyrHx Kpe;a:HTopOB, aTO nOJIOiI\eHHe TOJIKyeTcH Ta-
KIIM 06pa30M, TITO He TOJIbKO HCnOJIHeHUe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, HO
II npOCpOTIKa B npIIHHTHH o5Jlap;ae-r YRaaaHHbIM ;rJ;en:CTBHeM
296
(aOCOJlIOTIIOe p;enCTBlIe). To me OTHOCIITCH H R p;enoHlIpoBa-
lIIIIO II R 3aMeHe IICrrOJIHeHIIH. A6cOJIIOTHbIM p;encTBlIeM 06JIa-
;r(aeT TaKme rrepepblB IICKOBon p;aBHOCTII (CM. CT. 147 fIt) II
rrpOCp01IJ{a B HCrrOJIHeHlI1I (CM. rr. 3 CT. 412 fIt).
6) B03mIRHOBeHlIe IIHbIX, rrOMIIMO BhImeYRa3aHHbIX, 06-
CTOHTeJIbCTB B OTHomemm op;Horo Kpep;IITopa He pacnpOCTpa-
HJIeT CBoero T(enCTBIIH Ha p;pymx Rpep;HTopOB (OTHOCIITeJIbHOe
p;enCTBlIe). HarrplIMep, OTRa3 op;Horo 1I3 Tpex Rpep;HTopOB OT
06H3aTeJIbCTBa HJIII HOBan;IIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa C ero CTOpOHbI B
mraHe p;pyroro rrpep;OCTaBJIeHIIH (CM. CT. 513 fIt) He 03Ha-
'IaeT YTpaTY P;BYMH p;pyrMMII Rpep;IITopaMH npaBa Tpe60BaHHH
rro rrpep;OCTaBJIenHIO HM npemHero npep;MeTa 06H3aTeJIbcTBa
(rr. ill 2 CT. 429 fIt). Op;HaRo B p;aHHOM CJIY'Iae OCTaBmlIeCH
Rpep;IITopbI 06H3aHbI B03MeCTlITb p;OJImHIIRY CYMMY, COOTBeT-
CTBYIOm;yIO IIp;eaJIbHOH p;OJIe Rpep;IITopa, OTRaaaBmerOCH OT
oOH3aTeJIbCTBa IIJIII IIOJIY'IIIBmero rrpep;OCTaBJIeHlIe B IIHOB:
qiopMe (oroBopRa n. 1 CT. 429 fIt).
3) HOpMbI, perYJIHpYIOm;lIe BHYTpeHHlIe OTHomeHIIH Me)",-
P;Y Rpep;IITopaMII, CBH3aHHbIMII 06m;IIM Hep;eJIIIMbIM npaBOM
TpeooBaHIIH, OTCYTCTByroT B fIt. )J;aHHbIe BorrpOCbI pemaIOTcH
B aBlIclIMoCTII OT ROHRpeTHon clITyan;1I1I Ha OCHOBaHlI1I rrplIH-
IIrra paBeHcTBa.
33. Hep;eJIMMaJJ OOJJ3aHHOCTb B03HlIRaeT B Tex CJIyqaHx,
Iwrp;a p;OJImHIIRII 06H3aHbI rrpep;OCTaBIITb B IICrrOJIHeHlIe 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa rrpep;MeT, pa3p;eJIeHlIe ROToporo HeB03MomHO. AHa-
JIOrlI'IHO rrpaBY Tpe60BaHlIH p;OJIrOBOe 06H3aTeJIbcTBo p;aHHDrO
pop;a MomeT B03HlIRHYTb B CIIJIY Hep;eJIIIMOCTII rrpep;OCTaBJIe-
HIIH rro ero xapaRTepy II Ha OCHOBaHlI1I BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIH. Cy-
p;e6HaH rrpaKTIIRa OTHOCIIT R pa3pHP;Y Hep;eJIIIMbIX rro cBoeMy
xapaKTepy TaKlIe 06H3aTeJIbcTBa, RaR p;OJIrG'I!oe 06H3aTeJIbcTBo
COcoocTBeHHIIKoB JIeCHOrO Y'IaCTKa rro B03Mem;eHIIIO 1I3p;epmeK
yrrpaBJIHIOm;eMY p;aHHbIM Y'IaCTROM, 06H3aHHOCTb yrrJIaTbI
RBapTlIpHon rrJIaTbI COBMeCTHbIMII RBapTlIpOC'beMm;UKaMII (B
CJIY'Iae OrepTII OCHOBrroro RBapTIlpOC'beMm;IIKa II HaJIII'IIIH
Tpex HaCJIep;HIIROB; CM. pemeHlIe BepXOBHoro c Tp;a OT 2 HOH6-
pH 1922 r.). II plI B03HIIKHOBeHlIlI B03MomHOCTH pa3p;eJIeHIIH
npep;OCTaBJIeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBO rrpeBpam;aeTcH B p;OJIeBOe
(CT. 431 fIt). Hep;emmaH p;OJIrOBaH 06H3aHHocTb IIJIIeeT CXOP;-
CTBO II C COJIIIp;apHbII\I 06H3aTeJIbcTBoM. TaR, rrpII B03HUKHO-
BeHMII 06CTOHTeJIbCTB, 0l\a3blBaIOm;IIX BJIUHHIIe Ha op;Horo II3
P;OJIll\HIIROB, fIt pacrrpOCTparrHeT rra p;aUHYIO CIITyan;uIO COOT-
BeTcTByIOJ:u;ue rrO.TwmelIIm, npep;ycMoTpeuHble B OTIIOIIIeHUU
297
He eJIllMOrO npaBa Tpe60BaHIUI, O)J;HaRO npll1.reHHTeJIbHO It
PyrllM MOMeHTaM eHCTBYIOT HOpMbI, perYJIllpYIO lle llHCTll-
'l'YT COJIlI)J;apHOrO 06H3aTeJlbCTBa (CT. 430 fK).
1) KaR II B CJIY'lae COJIll)J;apHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, RpeJ(lI-
TOp MOmeT Tpe60BaTb 0'1' )J;OJImHIIROB O)J;HOBpeMeHHorO llJII![
rrOCJIe)J;OBaTeJIbHOrO rrOJIIlOrO nCrrOJIHeHllH OOfI3aTeJIbCTBa (CT.
430, 432 fK).
2) AHaJIOrHQHO He)J;eJIHMOMY rrpaBY Tpe60BaHllH 06H3aH-
HOCTII, B03HHRIIIlIe B OTHOIIIeHlI1I O)J;Horo 1I3 )J;OJImHHROB, 00-
JIa aIOT OTHOCllTeJIbHbIM eHCTBlleM, T. e. IICnOJIHeHHe oOH3a
TeJIbCTBa, 3aMeHa llCrrOJIHeHllH II )J;enOHlIpOBaHlle co CTOpOHbI
O)J;Horo ll3 )J;OJImHIIROB, a TaRme CBH3aHHaH C 3TllMlI eHcT-
BHHMll npOCpO'lRa nplIHHTIIH nCnOJIHCHHH 06JIap;aro'f aOCOJIIOT-
HbIM eHcTBlIeM, Bce me IIHIole 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa - OTHOCllTeJIb-
HbIM. TaR, rrplI oTRa3e, HanpllMep, Rpe)J,lITopa A 0'1' rrpaBa
Tpe60BaHllH B OTHorneHllll O Horo H3 )J;OJI)I{HllROB B llJIll HOBa-
:U;HH oOH3aTeJIbCTBa Rpe)J;llTOp He YTpa'lllBaeT rrpaBa Tpe60-
BaTb 0'1' OCTaBrnllXCH )J;OJImHII1WB B II r nOJIHOrO IICnOJIHemUl
OOH3aTeJIbCTBa, O HaRO OH 06H3aH B03MeCTllTb 3TllM )J;OJImHII-
RaM CTOIIMOCTb lI)J;eaJIbHOH 'laCTll 06H3aTeJIl>CTBa, rrpllXO)J;fI-
m;eHCH Ha )'I;OJImHllRa B (CT. 430, 429 fH). IIPll COJIII)'I;apHbrx:
06H3aTeJIbCTBaX, 0 'leM 6Y)J;eT rOBopllTbCH HlIme, C n;eJIbIO YCll-
JIeHIIH )J;eHcTBIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa II ynpom;eHllH oTHoIIIeHllH no
B03Me eHIIIO B pH)J;e CJIYlIaeB npll3HaeTcH a6COJIIOTHOe eHCT-
BIle OOH3aTeJIbCTBa. He eJIIIMaH 00H3aHHOCTb He CJIe)J;yer
aHHbIM rrOJIOmeHIlHM (orOBopRa CT. 430 fH).
3) B3alIMHble OTHOIIIeHIIH )J;OJImHIIROB B He)J;eJIllMbIX ;rI,OJI-
rOBblx 06H3aTeJIbCTBaX perYJIllpYIOTCH B nopH)J;Re, nplIHHTOM
nplI COJIIl)J;apHOM 06H3aTeJIbCTBe (CT. 430, 442-446 fK).
3. ConHAapHoe o6S13aTenlocTlfo
34. IIplI COJIIl;rI,apHOM oOH3aTeJIbCTBe HeClW.'lbI,O )J;OJIa\HII-
ROB HeCYT OOH3aHHOCTb no caMOCTOHTe.lJbHOMY no.lJHOMY no-
rarneHIIIO 06Il\ero npe)J;MeTa 06H3aTeJIbCTBa II B CJIY'Iae IIC-
nOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa O;rl,HIIM II3 HIlX m>yrne )J;OJImHHIrn
oCB060m)J;aIOTCH 0'1' 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. TeM, 'ITO )J;OJIrOBble OOH3a-
TeJIbCTBa Ram)J;oro )J;OJImHIIRa He3aBlIClIMbI II MeiR)J;Y HIIMII
OTCYTCTByeT conO));'IIIHeHHOCTb, COJIII)J;apHoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO
OTJIII'laeTCH 0'1' nopY'lllTeJIbCTBa (CM. CT. 433, 448 fK). ComI-
apHoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO He 06H3aTeJIbHO B03HllRae1' 1I3 O)J;Horo
OCHOBaHHH. B03MomHO B03BlIRHOBeHlle COJIHMPHOro 06H3a-
298
'feJIbCTBa nYTeM nOCJIe)J;OBaTeJIbH01'O 3aKJIIOqeHlIH OT)J;eJIbHbIX
,J,01'OBopOB MeiRP;Y Kpep;IITopOM II KaiRp;bIM 1I3 P;OJIiRHIIKOB.
Bonpoc 0 TOM, HBJIHeTCH JIII COJIII)J;apHoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO
O)J;HIIM 06H3areJIbCTBOM IIJIII cOBoKynHocTbIO 06H3aTeJIbCTB OT-
l eJIbHbIX )J;OJIiRHIIKOB, em;e B )J;aBHlIe BpeMeHa p;n:CKYTlIpOBaJICH
B 1'epMaHCKOM HaYKe 1'paiR)J;aHCK01'O npaBa. B HnOHlI1I 60JIb-
IIIIIHCTBO IOpIICTOB paCCMaTplIBaIOT COJIII)J;apHoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO
KaK COBOI{ynnocTb HeCKOJIbKIIX 06H3aTeJIbCTB, qTO, Ha Ham
B31'JIHp;, onpaBp;aHHO. IIo<lTOMY )J;onYCKaeTCH YCTaHOBJIeHlIe
npaBa Bem;Horo 06eCneqeHlIH IIJIII nopyqlITeJIbCTBa II B OTHO-
IIIeHUII O;:J;H01'O 1I3 )J;OJIiRHIIKOB (CM. CT. 464 fIT).
35. OCHoBaHHH B03HHKHOBeHlIH COJIH)J;apHoro oOH3aTeJIb-
CTBa. MOiRHO IIplIBeCTII HeMaJIO nplIMepOB B03HlIKHOBeHlIH
COJIII)J;apHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa Ha OCHOBaHlI1I Tpe60BaHlIM HOpM
npaBa, qTO CJJyiRlIT oxpaHe HHTepeCOB Kpe)J;IITopa II YCIIJIeHIIIO
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII COP;OJIiRHIIKOB no O)J;HOMY 06H3aTeJIbCTBY
(CT. 44, 719, 761 fIT, CT. 80, 266 3 TIT).
COJIII)J;apHoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO, B03HlIKIIIee Ha OCHOBaHlI1I p;o-
rOBopa, MOiReT 6bITb npep;CTaBJIeHO, KaK yiRe OTMeqaJIOCb, He-
CKOJIbKIIMII OT)J;eJIbHbIMII )J;o1'OBopaMII, HO II B CJIyqae B03HIIK-
HOBeHIIH COJIII)J;apHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa Ha OCHOBaHlI1I O)J;Horo
01'OBopa He)J;eMcTBIITeJIbHOCTb IIJIII aHHYJIlIpOBaHlIe )J;aHHoro
P;OTOBopa B OTHOIIIeHHH O)J;H01'O 1I3 P;OJIiRHIIKOB He Be)J;eT K npe-
Kpam;eHIIIO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa )J;PY1'lIx )J;OJIiRHIIROB (CT. 433 rIT).
Bonpoc 0 TOM:, nopOiR)J;aeT JIII onpe)J;eJIeHHbIM )J;01'OBOp COJIII-
apHoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO, pelliaeTCH B KaiR)J;OM KOHKpeTHOM CJIY-
qae nYTeM TOJIKOBaHIIH )J;01'OBopa.
36. ,l(eiicTBJIc COJIHp;apHOro oOHsaTeJlbcTBa.
1) IIpaBa Kpe)J;HTopa. ITpe)J;IITop MOiReT TpeooBaTb nOJIIIO-
1'0 IIJIII qaCTIIqH01'O IICnOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa OT O)J;H01'O,
HeCKOJIbKIIX HJIII Bcex P;OJIiRHIIKOB. B CJIyqae npe)J;'bHBJIeHIIH
TpeooBaHIIH K HeCKOJIbKIIM: IIJIII BceM )J;OJIiRHIIKaM OHO MOiReT
ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH KaK O)J;HOBpeMeHHO, TaK n nOCJIep:OBaTOJIhHO
(CT. 432 l'IT), qTO BeCbMa cym;ecTBeHHO C TOqKII 3peHIIH 1'paiR-
aHCK01'O npo:u;ecca. TaK, comaCHO 06m;eMY npaBII.TIY KpeJJ;II-
TOp He l\fOiReT )J;BaiRp:bI npe)J;'bHBJIHTb lICK, KacaIOm;nHCH OP;HO-
1'0 II Toro iRe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, O)J;HaKO p;onYCI\aIOTCH II IICKJJIO-
qeHlIH 1I3 :3Toro npaBlwa. ,D;aHHaH TeOpeTnqeCKan KOHCTPYK-
n;IIH rrpOHBJIHeTCH TaKiRe II B OTHOllieHIIII oaHKpOTCTBa.
HalIplIMep, B CJIyqae rrOCJIep:OBaTeJIbH01'O 6aHKpOTCTBa COlm-
apHl>IX P;O,TliI{HIIKOB E, B II r Kpe)J;IITop A MOiReT yqaCTBOBaTb
299
B paClIpep;eJIeHlIlI IIMym;ecTBa RaJI\p;OrO n3 HeCOCTOHTeJIbHhIX
p;OJIJI\HIIROB B ImJI\p;OM CJIY'Iae Ha nOJIHYIO CYM'MY 06H3aTeJIJ)"
CTBa (CT. 441 fH).
2) PacnpocTpaHeHlIe nOCJIep;CTBIIH 06CTOHTeJIhCTB, B03-,
HHKlliHX B OTHOllieHHH op;Horo 1I3 COJlIIp;apHhIX p;OJIJI\HIIROB,.
Ha P;PyrlIx P;OJIJI\HIIROB. ITOCROJIhRY COJIIIp;apHOe 06H3aTeJIh-
CTBO IIMeeT 06m;IIH npep;MeT npep;OCTaBJIeHIIH II HBJIHeT C060H
COBORYITHOCTb OTp;eJIhHhIX He3aBlIClIMbIX p;OJIrOBhIX 06H3a-'
TeJIhCTB, 06CTOHTeJIhCTBa, npep;OCTaBJIHIOm;lIe yp;OBJIeTBOpeHH&
Rpep;IITOpy, a TaRJI\e CBH3aHHhIe C :nIIM lI,Pyrne 06CTOHTeJI'b
CTBa 06JIilll,aIOT OTHOCIITeJIhHhIM p;ellcTBueM. Op;naRo, 1I3 ::noro.
npaBIIJIa fH nplI3HaeT pJIP; IICRJIIO'IeHIIH.
a) ITOHHTHO, 'ITO IICnOJIHeHlIe 06H3aTeJIhCTBa, 3aMeHa He-
nOJIHeHIIH, p;enOHlIpOBaHue II npOCpO'IRa nplIHflTIIH IICnOJIHe-
HIIJI 06JIap;aIOT a6COJIIOTHhIM p;eiiCTBHeM, n08TOMY fH rOBoplIT
JIlIllih 0 3a'IeTe (n. 1 CT. 436 fH). BMecTe C TeM' FH p;onYCRaeT
B nopHp;Re 3a'IeTa IICnOJIHeHlIe JIlIllih 'IaCTH 06JI3aTeJIhCTBa
(n. 2 CT. 436 fH) B pa3Mepe P;OJIII 06H3aHHocTlI RaJI\p;OrO 1I3'.
COJIIIp;apHhIX p;OJIJI\HIIROB. ,JJ;onycTIIM, COJUIp;apHhIe P;OJIJI\HIIKII
A, E H B HMeIOT p;OJIrOBOe oOH3aTeJIhCTBO Ha CYl\IMY B 3 MJIH.
HeH, a E em;e II BCTpe'IHOe Tpe60BaHlIe no OTHOllieHIIIO K
Kpep;IITOpy Ha CYMMY 2 MJIH. lIeH. IT pII npep;'hJIBJIeHIIII Tpe-
60BaHlIH IICnOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa R )];OJIJ,}{HIIRY A eMY p;o.-
CTaTO'IHO YIIJIaTIITh JIIIIIIh 2 MJIH. neH, IIOCROJIhRY )J,OJIII
P;OJIJI\HIIRa E C'IIITaeTCH IICnOJIHeHHOll B nopHp;Re 3a"leTa.
ITOMIIMO YRa3aHHhIX 06CTOHTeJIhCTB, eCTeCTBeHHhIM o6pa-
30M 06JIap;aIOm;IIX a6COJIIOTHhIM p;eHCTBIIeM, fH OTHOCIIT R p;aH-
HOMY Rpyry em;e p;Ba BIIp;a 06CTOHTeJIhCTB. Bo-nepBhIX, 3TO
06CTOHTeJIbCTBa, CJIYJI\am;lIe YCIIJIeHnIO p;OJIrOBOrO npaBa Tpe...
60BaHIIH, a IIMeHHO Tpe60BaHlIH IICnOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIhCTBa
(CT. 434 fH). TaR, nplI npep;'hJIBJIeHIIII Tpe60BaHIIH R COJIII-
p;apHoMY p;omKHIIRY A npOCpO'IKa HCnOJ1HeHIIH pacnpOCTpa-
HHeTCH TaRJI\e II Ha P;O.'IJI\HIIROB E II B (CM. II. 3 CT. 412 fH),
'ITO IIpephIBaeT CpOR noraCIITeJIbHOH p;aBHOCTII p;O.'IrOBOrO 06H
3aTe,1[bCTBa B II B (CM. CT. 147 fH). BO-BTOphIX, :no 06CTOH-
TeJIhCTBa, ROTopbIe crrYJI\aT ynpom;eHlIlO OTHOIIIeHUH CTOpOH.
fH npeP;YCMaTpuBa€T 'IeThIpe IIX Bn)J,a:. ITepBhIM H1!JIHeTCH
HOBa IIH (CT. 435 fH). ECJIII, HanpIL\Iep, COJIIIp;apHOe 06H3a-
TeJIhCTBO Ha CYMMY B 3 MJIH. HeH TpaHc<popMlIpOBaJIOCb AOJIJI\-
HIIROM A B nopHp;Ke HOBa nlI B 06H3aTeJIbCTBO no nepep;a'Ie-
npaBa c06CTBeHHOCTlI Ha onpep;eJIeHHOe crpoeHlIe, P;OJIJI\HIIRR
B II B oCB060JI\p;aIOTCH OT 06JISaTeJIhcTBa IIPII YCJIOBIIII OTCYT-
CTBIIH Cne IIaJIhHhIX COrJIaIIIeHlIii, 3anpelI\a:IOn:t;IIX aTO. B p;aH-
300
HOM CJIY'Iae ;IJ;omKHIIR A MomeT TpeOOBaTb OT E II B B03Me-
m;eHIIH IIX ;IJ;OJIeH oOH3aHHocTII. B Ka'IeCTBe BToporo BII,D;a rH
YRa3bIBawr Ha oCBOOOm;IJ;eHlIe OT oOH3aTeJIbCTBa O;IJ;HOrO H3
;IJ;OJImHIIROB (CT. 437 rK). ECJIII Kpe;IJ;IITOp r OCBOOOm;IJ;aeT OT
OOH3aTeJIbCTBa COJIII;IJ;apHOro ;IJ;OJImHIIRa A, aTO 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO
;IJ;OJImHIIRII Ell B oCBOOom;IJ;aIOTCH OT 'IaCTII COJIII;IJ;apHoro OOH-
3aTeJIbCTBa, paBHoH ;IJ;OJIe oOH3aHHocTlI ;IJ;OJImHIIRa A (pemeHHe
BepxoBHoro cy p;a OT 21 ceHTHopH 1940 r.). TpeTlIH BII,D;-
COBna;IJ;eHlIe ;IJ;OJImHIIRa II Rpe;IJ;IITOpa B O;IJ;HOM JIIIIJ;e (CT. 438
rK). HanpnMep, nplI COBna;IJ;eHIIH cTaTyca A II r (HaCJIe,D;O-
BaHlIe ;IJ;OJImHIIROM A cTaTyca Kpe;IJ;IITopa r) ;IJ;OJImHHRII Ell B
oCBooOm;IJ;aIOTcH OT oOH3aTeJIbCTBa, nOCROJIbKy COBna;IJ;eHlIe
nplIpaBHIIBaeTCH R IICnOJIHeHIIIO oOH3aTeJIbCTBa co CTOpOHl>I
A. TIPII aTOM A MomeT nOJIY'IIITb B03Mem;eHlIe OT E H B B
pa?Mepe IIX ;IJ;OJIeH. qeTBepTbIM BII;IJ;OM OCHOBaHIIH HBJIHeTCH
;IJ;aBHOCTb (CT. 439 rK). TIPII npeRpam;eHIIII ;IJ;OJIfOBOrO OOH3a-
TeJIbCTBa COJIII;IJ;apHoro ;IJ;OJImHIIRa A B CIIJIY ;IJ;aBHOCTH ,D;OJIm-
HIIRII E II B oCBOoOm;IJ;aIOTCH OT 'IaCTII oOH3aTeJIbCTBa, paBl'IOH
;IJ;OJIe oOH3aHHocTIIA.
6) Bce IIHhIe, nOMIIMO Bl>ImeYRa3aHHl>IX, OOCTOHTeJIbCTBa
OOJIa;IJ;aIOT JIlIllib OTHOCHTeJIbHLIM ,D;eiiCTBlIeM (CT. 440 rH).
O;IJ;HaRO II 3;IJ;eCb cym;ecTByeT 3Ha'IIITeJIbHOe 'IIICJIO IICRJIIO'Ie-
HIIH, BamHeHllIlIMII 1I3 ROTOphIX HBJIHIOTCH pellIeHlIe cY;IJ;a II
IIHbIe, nOMIIMO TpeOOBaHIIH, OCHOBaHIIH, a IIMeHHO nplI3HaHHe
;IJ;OJIra II nepephIBa IICROBOH ;IJ;aBHOCTII Ha OCHOBaHlI1I npIIHY;IJ;II-
TeJIbHOrO IICnOJIHeHIIH (CM. CT. 147 rK).
37. B03Mem;eHHe Mem,D;y COJIII,D;apHblMH ,D;OJImHHKaMH B no-
pH,D;Ke o6paTHoro TpoooBaHIIH (perpecca).
1) KaR yme OTMe'IaJIOCb, COJIII;IJ;apHhIe ;IJ;OJImHIIRII, CBH3aH-
HbIe OOIIJ;IIM rrpe feTOM npe;IJ;OCTaBJIeHIIH, IIMeIOT B HeM CBOII
,D;OJIII. MCnOJIHeHlIe O;IJ;HHM 1I3 COJIII;IJ;apHhIX ;IJ;OJImHIIROB OOH3a-
TeJIbCTBa B pa3Mepe, rrpeBhIllIaIOm;eM ero ;IJ;OJIIO, 03Ha'IaeT IIC.
nOJIHeHlIe OOH3aTeJIbCTBa 3a ;IJ;pyroro IIJIII ;IJ;pyrlIx ;IJ;OJImHlIhOB
II O;IJ;HOBpe IeHHO IlX HeOCHOBaTeJIbHOe oooram;eHIle. IIoaToMY
;IJ;OJImHIIR, ocym;ecTBIIBllIlIH IICnOJIHeHlIe OOH3a'l'eJIbCTBa, MOmeT
TpeOOBaTb 0'1' OCTa.T[bHhIX COJIIIp;apHbIX ;IJ;OJImHHROB B03Bpam;e-
HIIH BhIrO;IJ;bI, 'ITO COCTaBJIHeT npaBO 06paTHoro Tpe60BaHHJI
(perpecc) .
AOJIJI 06H3aHHOCTH onpe;IJ;eJIHeTCH cneIJ;lIaJIbHbIM CorJIa-
rueHIIeM Mem;IJ;y ;IJ;OJImHIIRaMII IIJIII nponopIJ;IIOHaJIbHO nOJIY-
'IaeMOH Ram;IJ;hIM 1I3 ;IJ;OJIiRHIIROB BbIrO;IJ;e. TIpH OTCYTCTBHH
OCOObIX OOCTOHTe.T[bCTB npaBOMepHO paCCMaTpHBaTb ;IJ;OJIII
301
OOH3aHHOCTH l\aK paBHble. ,IJ;OJIH 00H3anHOCTI! MOlKeT OblTb H
HYJIeBOH, HanpHMep B CJIyqae COJIH;rI;apHOrO 00H3aTeJIbCTBa,
npI! KOTOpOM aaeM ocyru;eCTBJIHeTCH B IIHTepeCaX ;rI;OJIIKHIIRa
A, a yqaCTHe ;rI;OJIIKHHKOB B H B B 00H3aTeJIbCTBe HOClIT xapaK-
Tep nopyqHTeJIbCTBa.
2) ¥CTaHOBJIeHHe npaBa oopaTHoro TpeooBaHHH Hero HC-
nOJIHeHHe.
a) V CJIOBHeM YCTaHOBJIeHBJI npaBa 06paTHoro TpeooBaHlul
HBJIHeTCH HCnOJIHeHHe 00H3aTeJIbCTBa B nOJIHOM pa3MepeO;rI;-
HHM I!3 COJIH;rI;apHbIX ;rI;OJIIKHHKOB H OCBOOoIK;rI;eHHe 3a CqeT 3TO-
ro ;rI;pyrHX ;rI;OJIIKHHKOB OT 00H3aTeJIbCTBa (n. 1 CT. 442 rK).
IIpH 3TOM He TpeoyeTcH, qTOObI CYMMa HCnOJIHeHHH npeBI,Ima-
JIa COOCTBeHHYIO ;rI;OJIIO 00H3aHHOCTH (pemeHHe BepXOBHoro
CY;rI;aOT 3MaH 1917 r.).
0) CcPepa oOpaTHOI'O TpeOOBaRHJI BKJIIOqaeT pa3HHn;y MeIK-
AY ooru;eH CYMMOH 00H3aTeJIbCTBa H coocTBeHHoH ;rI;OJIeH OOH-
aaHHOCTH, 3aKOHHbIe npOn;eHTbI C MOMeHTa YCTaHOBJIeHHH
oOH3aTeJIbCTBa, HeH30eIKHbIe H3;rI;epIKKII n B03Meru;eHlIe HHoro
yru;epoa (n. 2 CT. 442 rK).
B) ,IJ;OJIH B03MelD;eHHJI KaIK;rI;orO COJIH;rI;apHOrO ;rI;OJIIKHHKa B
nOpH;rI;Ke peaJIH3an;IIH oopaTHoro TpeOOBaHHH COOTBeTcTByeT
ero ;rI;OJIe 00H3aHHOCTH. BMeCTe C TeM CJIe;rI;yeT HMeTh B BH;rI;Y
II HeKOTOpbIe OCOOble nOJIOIKeHHH.
IIpII HCnOJIHeHHII 00H3aTeJIbCTBa O;rI;HHM H3 COJIH;rI;apHbIX
)J;O.1JIKHHKOB OH HeceT 00H3aHHOCTb no CBoeBpeMenHOMY H3Be-
m;eHIIIO 00 aTOM ;rI;pyrHx ;rI;OJIIKHHKOB. B CJIyqae HeH3Beru;eHHH
npaBO oopaTHoro TpeooBaHHH CTaHOBHTCH oo'&el\ToM onpe;rI;e-
.1JeHHbIX OrpaHHqeHHH. HanpHMep, KOma ]I;OJIIKHIJK A HcnOJI-
HH.1J 00H3aTeJIbC'l'BO oe3 COOTBeTCTBYIOru;ero YBe;rI;OMJIeHHH 00
aTOM ;rI;pyrHX ;rI;OJIIKHHKOB, a ;rI;OJIIKHHK B HMeeT B OTHomeHHH
Kpe;rI;I1TOpa r KOHTpOOH3aTeJIbCTBO Ha CYMMY B 1,5 MJIH. IIeH,
ROTopoe MOlKeT ObITb HanpaBJIeHO B HCnOJIHeHlIe COJIH;rI;apHoro
oOH3aTeJIbCTBa B nOpH;rI;Ke 3aqeTa, ;rI;OJIIKHIIK B MOlKeT ocnapH-
BaTh npaBO oopaTHoro TpeOOBaHlIH rpaIK;rI;aHIIHa A B npe;rI;eJIax
CYM!lIbI CBoeH ;rI;omI 00H3aHHocTII, T. e. 1 MJIH. IIeH. B aTOH CH-
Tyan;IIII e;rI;HHCTBeHHbI!II BbIXO;rI;OM HBJIHeTCH Tpe60BaHHe ;rI;OJIIK-
HHRa A K Kpe;rI;IITOpy r B OTHomeHIIH CYMMbI ;rI;O.lIH OOH3aH-
Hocm ;rI;OJIIKHHKa B (1 MJIH. HeH) (n. 1 CT. 443 rK). B03-
1\IOIKHa II HHaH cHTyan;IIH. ,IJ;OJIIKHIIK B IICIJOJIHII,lI 00H3aTeJIb-
CTBO, He nOJIyqIIB H3BeID;eHHH 0 TOM, qTO AO Hero :no c;rI;eJIaJI
;rI;OJIIKHHI\ A. B aTOM CJIyqae COrJIaCHO II. 2 CT. 443 rR nCIlOJI-
HeHHe 00H3aTeJIbCTBa co CTOpOHbI ;rI;OJIiKHHKa B CqHTaeTCH
;rI;eHcnHITeJIbHbIM. OAHaKo, 1I0CKOJIbKy npH OTCYTCTBIIII COOT-
30?
BeTcTByIO:rn;ero H3Be:rn;eHIIH nO;IJ;06Hoe D;BOiiHOe IICnOJIHeHlIe
06H3aTeJIIoCTBa COnpmKeHO C He6pemHOCTIoIO, MOmHO nOJIa-
raTIo, 'ITO K p;aHHOMY CJIY'IaIO nOJIOmeHlIe CT. 443 HenplIMeHII-
MO II p;eiiCTBIITeJIIoHhIM 6yp;eT JIlIlliIo nepBoe IICnOJIHeHlIe 06H-
3aTeJIIoCTBa. BMecTe C TeM pHP; n;IIBIIJIlICTOB C'UrTaIOT p;eiIcT.-
BUTeJIIoHIoI'M II BTopoe IICnOJIHeHlIe.
PaccMoTplIM P;PyroiI nplIMep. OJImHIIK A IICUOJIHHeT OOH-
3aTeJIIoCTBO B nOJIHOM 06'beMe, T. e. Ha CYMMY B 3 MJIH. lIeH, HO
B nepIIOp; peaJIII3aI\1I1I npaBa 06paTHoro Tpe60BalUIH no OTHO-
llieHIIIO K P;BYM OCTaBllilIMCH p;OJImHIIRaM B ORa3IoIBaeTCH He-
llJIaTemCCIIocoOHbIM. B aTOM CJIY'Iae P;OJIH 06H3aHHocTlI p;OJIm-
RIma B pacnpep;eJIHeTCH Memp;y A II B COOTBeTCTBeHHO IIX
P;OJIHM 00H3aHHocTlI (1'. e. no 500 TbIC. lIeH). IlPII aTOM A He
MomeT Tpe60BaTb 01' B B03Me:rn;eHIIH P;OJIII B, nOCROJIIoRY p;eiI-
CTBIIH caMoro A 6IoIJIlI conpHmeHIoI C He6pemHocTbIO (CT. 444
fK).
fK cop;epmlIT TaRme nOJIOmeHIIH OTHOCIITeJIIoliO COOTHOllie-
HIIH HenJIaTemeCnoc06HoCTlI JIIIn;a, R ROTOPOMY npep;'bHBJIH-
eTCH 06paTHoe Tpe60BaHlIe, II oCBOOOm));eHHH OT COJIH));apHOrO
oOH3aTCJIbCTBa. OCB060iRp;eHlIe 01' COJIIIp;apHOro 06H3aTCJIIoCT-
Ba 3aRJIIO'IaeTCH B TOM, 1JTO, HanplIMep, B CJIY'Iae COJIIIp;apHOro
o6H3aTeJIIoCTBa A, B II B Ha CYMMY B 3 MJIH. lIeH R Ramp;OMY
1I3 ;IJ;OJIiRHIIROB MOiReT IIpep;'bHBJIHTIoCH Tpe60BalilIe IICIIOJIl'Ie-
HIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa JIlIlliIo Ha CYMMY, COOTBeTcTByIO:rn;yIO ero
p;OJIe (iIOCROJIbRY B p;aHHOM CJIY1Jae 06H3aTeJIIoCTBO CTaHOBIITCH
;IJ;OJIeBbIM, np06JIeM.a 06paTHoro Tpe60BaHlIH He B03HIIRaeT).
HBJIHHCb OP;HIIM 1I3 BII));OB oCB060mp;eHIIH 01' p;OJITOBOrO 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa, oCB060m));eHlIe 01' COJIIIp;apHOro 06H3aTeJIbCTB3. MO-
meT ocy:rn;eCTBJIHTIoCH BOJIelI3'bHBJIeHlIeM Rpep;IITopa no OTHO-
llieHlIIO R O));HOMY lI3 ));OJImHIIROB (CM. CT. 519 fK). HanplIMep,
Rpep;IITOp f OCB060));lIJI 01' 06H3aTeJIbCTBa p;omHHIIRa B, 'ITO
TeM He MeHee He BJIIIHeT Ha ero B03MomHOCTb Tpe60BaTb 01'
p;OJImHlIROB A H B nO,TlHoro IICnOJIHeHlIH' 06H3aTeJIIoCTBa Ha
CYMMY B 3 MJIH. lIeH. OP;HRRO B CJIY'Iae IICnOJIHeHIIH ;a:OJImHII-
ROM A 06H3aTeJIbcTBa B nOJIHOM 06'beMe OH MOiReT B 1I0pHp;Re
06paTHoro Tpe60BaHIlH nOJIY1JUTb C p;OJImmma B 1 MJIH. ueH.
ECJIII me npn 3TOM p;omHHIIR B ORa3bIBaeTCH HenJIaTemeCno-
COOHIoIM, 500 TbIC. IleH 1I3 ero P;OJIII (RoTopbIe p;OJImeH OW]
B3HTb Ha ceoH P;O.1IJHHIIR B) nepexop;HT Ha Rpep;IITopa (CT. 445
fK). iho 03Ha'IaeT, 'ITO oCBooomp;eHIIe Rpep;IITopoM f p;OJIm-
RIIRa B 01' co.rr:Iip;apHOro oOH3aTeJIbCTBa nplIBop:IIT R B03Mom-
HOCTII Tpe60BaTb IICnOJIHeHIIH 01' Ramp;oro 1I3 p;OJImHIIROB
JIlIlliIo B pa3Mepe IlX P;OJIII 06H3aTeJIbCTB.
303
1') B CJIyqae peaJIlI3an;HH Op,HHM H3 COJIHp,apH:bJX p,OJIa\-
HHROB npaBa 06paTHoro Tpe60BaHHH OH CTaHOBHTCH no OTHO-
meHHIO R p,pyrHM p,OJImHHRaM Ha MeCTO Rpep,HTopa (CT. 500
rK).
38. OTHorneHuH, Cxop,HbIe C COJIHp,apHbIM oOH3aTeJIbCTBoM.
1) llceBp,OCOJIUp,apHOe OOH3aTeJIbCTBO. CT. 715 rK YCTa-
HaBJIHBaeT 06H3aHHocTb HaHHMaTeJIH HJIH JIHn;a, saMen aIOIIJ;erO
ero, no B03MeIIJ;eHHIO Bpep,a, npHqHHeHHOro p,eiicTBHHMH Ha-
HHMaTeJIH TpeTbHM JIHn;aM. IIpH nOM cop,epmaHHe 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa 060ux JIHn; op,HHaROBO, H B CJIyqae HCnOJIHeHHH
06H3aTeJIbCTBa Op,HHM H3 HHX p,pyroii OCB060i-Rp,aeTCH 01' 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa (CM.: 06HSaTeJIbCTBeHHoe npaBO - 172, 174). Op,.
HaRO B p,aHHOM CJIyqae Memp,y p,OJImnIlRaMH OTCYTCTByeT
cy6'beRTHBHaH CBH3b, HarrpaBJIeHHaH Ha 06m;yro n;eJIb, RaR no
npHcYIIJ;e COJIHp,apHOMY 06H3aTeJIbCTBY. IIonoMY HeT 3p,eCb II
p,OJIH 06HsaHHocTH Ramp,oro 113 p,OJImHIIROB. B p,aHHOM CJIY-
qae peqb Hp,eT He 0 COJIHp,apHOM 06H3aTeJIbCTBe, a 0 cy6cII-
p,HapHoii (p,onOJIHHTeJIbHoii) 06H3aHHOCTH HeCROJIbRHX JIHn;.
BOT nOqeMY 06H3aTeJIbCTBa rrop,06Horo pop,a rrOJIyqHJIH B Ha-
YRe rpamp,aHcRoro npaBa Ha3BaHHe nceBp,OCOJIHp,apHbIx. lIx
CXOp,CTBO C COJIHp,apHbIMH SaRJIIOqaeTCH B TOM, qTO Rpep,HTOp
MomeT Tpe60BaTb nOJIHoro HJIH qaCTIITIHOro lICnOJIHeHHH 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa op,HoBpeMeHHo HJIH nOCJIep,OBaTe'-<IbHo 01' op,Horo
IlJIH Bcex p,OJImHHRoB. OTJIHqHe 3aRJIIOqaeTCH B TOM, qTO 06-
CTOHTeJIbCTBa, B03HIIRiliHe B OTHOIlIeHHII Op,HOl'O ,p,OJImHURa
(HcrrOJIHeHHe HJIH HHoe rrpeRpaIIJ;eHHe 06HSaTeJIbCTBa), HMeIOT
JIHilib OTHOCHTeJIbHOe p,eiicTBHe (peIlIeHHe BepxoBHoro cyp,a
oT30lIIOHH 19371'.).
2) COJIuiJ,apHOCTb Ha cTopoHe Kpep,uTOpa. B p,aHHOM CJIY-
qae HeCROJIbRO Rpe)J,HTopoB MorYT HesaBHCliMO p,pyr 01' p,pyra
Tpe60BaTb nOJIHOrO HCrrOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, HMeIOIIJ;ero
CBOHM cop,epmaHHeM Op,HO H TO me rrpep,OCTaBJIeHHe, H npH
yp,OBJIeTBOpeHHH Tpe60BaHHH op,Horo lI3 Rpep,HTopOB p,pyrHe
Rpep,HTOp:bJ YTpaqHBaIOT rrpaBO Tpe60BaHIIH. Co BpeMeH PHM-
CI oro rrpaBa COJIHp,apHbIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa l eJIlIJIlICb Ha aRTHB-
Hble (COJIHp,apHOCTb Ha CTopOHe Rpep,HTopa) II naCCHBHbIe (CO-
JIHp,apHOCTb Ha CTopOHe p,OJImHHRa). B HaCTOHIIJ;e<> BpeJ'.IH
3aROHOp,aTeJIbCTBO MHorHX CTpaH cop,epmHT COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;IIe
nOJIOmeHHH Ha :31'01' CqeT, ROTopble, op,HaKO, OTCYTCTBYIOT B
HrrOHCROM rK. B rrpHHn;Hne YCTaHOBJIeHlle nop,06Horo pop,a
06H3aTeJIbCTB B03MomHO, op,HaRO na npaRTIme OHn BCTpeqa-
IOTCH pep,RO.
304
f 4. nOpYIfHTenltCTBO
39. lloPY1JHTeJIbCTBO no CBoeMY cOAepm:aHIIIO aHaJlOrII1JHO
.QCHOBHOMY o6H3aTeJIbCTBY II CJIymIIT ero 06eCne1JeHIIro (CM.
CT. 446 rK). C TeOpeTII1JeCIWH T01JKII 3peHIIH nopY1JIITeJIb HB-
JIHeTCH cy6'beKTOM OTAeJIbHOro o6H3aTeJIbCTBa, a He TOJIbKO
HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a IICnOJIHeHIIe OCHOBHOrO 06H3a TeJIb-
CTBa. TIpII 06eCne'IeHIIII 06H3aTeJIbCTB, cOAepmaHIIe KOTOpbIX
He MomeT 6bITb npeAOCTaBJIeHO HIIKeM IIHbIM, KpOMe OCHOB-
Horo AOJImHIIKa, HanpIIMep npII nopY'IIITeJIbCTBe 3a JIIIU;O, pa-
.60Tarom;ee no HaMMY B 6aHKe (o6H3aTeJIbCTBO B03Mem;eHIIH
ym;ep6a, npII1JIIHeHHOro 6aHKY B03MomHbIMII HenoAo6arom;IIMII
.AeMCTBIIHMII YKa3aHHoro JIIIu;a), nopyqIITeJIbCTBO paCCMaTpII-
BaeTCH KaK rapaHTIIH AeHemHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa II HBJIHeTCH
.cBoero pOAa YCJIOBHbIM 06H3aTeJIbCTBOM. TIoAo6HhIM BIIA no-
PY1JIITeJIbCTBa Ha3bIBaeTCH T3mme JIl11JHbIM. qacTo B AorOBO-
pax HaHMa BCTpe'IaeTCH YCJIOBIIe, 'ITO B CJIY'Iae 60JIe3HH
.onpeAeJIeHHOrO JIIIu;a IIJIII npII IIHbIX HenpeABIIAeHHbIx cIITya-
U;IIHX APyroe JIIIU;O rapaHTIIpyeT HenpII'IIIHeHIIe YKa3aHHhIMlI
()6CTOHTeJIbCTBaMII HeYAo6cTB HaHIIMaTeJIro. GTO, OAHaKo, HB-
,
.JIHeTCH He nopY1JIITeJIbCTBOM, a OAHIIM II3 BIIAOB AorOBopa O )
6eCne1JeHHH Ha CJIY1Jan npH1JHHeHHH ym;ep6a (CM.: 06H3a-
'l'eJIbCTBeHHoe npaBO - 126).
06eCne1JIIBaH OCHOBHoe o6H3aTeJIbCTBO, nopY1JIITeJIbCTBO
xapaKTepII3yeTcH CJIeAyrom;IIMII 'IepTaMII.
1) TIopY1JIITeJIbCTBO (noAo6Ho 3aKJIaAY II IInoTeKe) nOA-
"'IIIHeHO OCHOBHOMY o6H3aTeJIbCTBY: 6e3 OCHOBHoro o6H3aTeJIb-
CTBa HOT II nopY1JIITeJIbCTBa, npII npeKpam;eHIIII me OCHOBHoro
06H3aTeJIbCTBa npeKpam;aeTCH II nOPY1JIITeJIbCTBO. PeaJIbHOrO
B03HIIKHOBeHIIH OCHOBHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa npII nopY1JIITeJIb-
CTBe He Tpe6yeTCH. B CJIY1Jae HBHon YCJIOBHOCTII OCHOBHoro
06H3aTe.TIbCTBa nopY1JIITeJIbCTBO TaKme HBJIHeTCH YCJIOBHbIM
{CM.: Bem;Hoe npaBO - 86,87).
Heo6xoAIIMO IIMeTb B BIIAY, 'ITO nopY1JIITeJIbCTBO (XOTH
()HO II rrpeACTaB.'IHeT C060H OTAeJIbHOe o6Haa TeJIbCTBo) no co-
AepmaHnro II q,OpMC He MomeT npeBblmaTb OCHOBIIoe o6a3a-
TeJIbCTBO. HarrpIIMep, He AorrYCKaeTCH, 1JTo6bI CYMMa OCHOB-
Horo 06m TeJIbCTBa paBHHJIaCb 100 TbIC. IIeH, a rropyquTe,lIb-
CTBa - 120 TbIC., 1JTo6bI OCHOBHoe o6HaaTe.TIbCTBO 6bI.TIO YC.TIOB-
HhIM, a rropY1JIITeJIbCTBO - 6eaYC.TIOBHbIM. B 3Tnx CJIyqaHx
cO)J;epmaHne II <popMa nopY1JIITeJIbCTBa CBOAHTCH 1\ cOAepma-
HIIro II <popMe OCHOBHOro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (c. 448 rK). OAHaKo
cOAepmaHIIe II q,opMa nopY1JIITeJIbCTBa :l.rorYT 6bITb MeHbIIle
20 3 K"' N. R 2
305
cop;epmamIH II cPOpJ\IbI OCHOBlIOro OOH3aTeJIbCTBa (OCHOBHOe--
OOH3aTeJIbCTBO paBHO 120 TbIC. nell, a nopY'IlITeJIbCTBO-
100 TbIC., OCllOBHoe oOH3aTeJIbCTBO HBJIHeTCH oe3YCJIOBHbIM, a
IIOPY'lIITeJIbCTBO - YC:rOBHbIlIi). ITpn nopY'lIITeJIbCTBe 3apaHee-
MomeT YCTaHaBJIImaTbCH TaKme pa3l1iep HeycToihm II B03Me-
m;eHIIH ym;epoa (II. 2 CT. 447 fK).
2) ITOP;OOHO 3aKJIap;y II IIIIOTeKe, nopyqIITeJIbCTBO CJIeIlyeT-
3a OCHOBHbLM oOH3a TeJIbCTBOlli (CIIL: Bem;Hoe IIpaBO - 86) .
3) IICIIOJIHeHIIe oOH3aTeJIbCTBa lIopY'lIITeJIbCTBa TpeoyeTcH'
JIHIIIb IIPII HeIIClIo;rIHemIII OCHOBHoro oOH3a TeJIbCTBa (CM.
CT. 446 fK). B aTOM TaKme IIpOHBJIHeTCH BCIIOMOraTeJIbHhIii:
xapaKTep lIopYQIITeJIbCTBa. ITo IIOBOP;y HCIIOJIHeHIIH OOH3a-
TeJIbCTBa IIOpY'lIITeJIb BlIpaBe TpeOOBaTb OT Kpep;IITopa oopa-
m;eHIIH IIpemp;e Bcero K OCHOBHOlliY p;OJImHIIHY, a IIPIIHYAU-
TeJIbHOe IICIIOJIHeHIIe OOH3a TeJIbCTBa ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH IIperKp;e'
Bcero H3 IIMym;ecTBa OCHOBHoro AOJImHIIKa. 8TO OTHOCIITCH,
op;HaKO, JIUIIIb K OObI'lHOlliY lIopY'lIITeJIbCTBY, lIPII COJIIIAap-
HOM me IIopy'lIITe.1JbCTBe CTaTYC lIopY'lIITeJIH HeCKOJIbKO IIHOD"
(CM.: OOH3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe lIpaBO - 43).
40. )J;oroBop lIOPY'lHTeJIbCTB8. IToPY'lHTeJIbCTBO YCTaHaB-
JIIIBaeTCH Ha OCHOBaHIIII p;orOBopa IIopY'lIITeJIbCTBa. CTopoHa-
MH p;aHHoro p;orOBopa HBJIHIOTCH lIopY'lIITeJIb II Kpep;IITOp P;PY-
roro JIIIu;a. OObI'lHO lIopY'lIITeJIb OlIpeAeJIHeTCH lIO 3arrpocy
Kpep;IITopa K p;OJImHIIKY. KpOMe Toro, OH MomeT onpeAeJIHTb-
CH II lIO p;orOBopeHHOCTII MemAY Kpep;IITopOM II p;OJImHIIKOM.
a) 3aKOIIOi'J,aTeJIbCTBO He cop;epmIIT OrpaHII'leHIIH OTHOCII-
TeJIbHO KBaJIHcPHKaU;HII, Heooxop;IUWH AJIH IIopY'lIITeJIH. ITo.
p;orOBOpy CTOpOH IIopY'lIITeJIeM MomeT ObITb JIIOOoe JIIIU;O. BMe-
CTe C Telli npIIlIieHIITeJIblIO K CJIY'laHJ\I, IIpeAYCMaTpIIBaIOIIUIM
OOH3aTeJIbHOe Ha3Ha'leHIIe IIopY'lIITe:rH B COOTBeTCTBIIH C Tpe-
OOBaHIfHlIiII fK II P;Pyroro 3aKOHOp;aTeJIbCTBa (HaIIpIIlIiep, II. 1
CT. 29, II. 3 CT. 384 fK, CT. 21 3aKoHa 0 cTpOIITeJIbCTBe) II:1If
p;orOBopa, IIpeP;yoraTpIIBaeTCH ABa ycrroBIIH, KOTOpbIM A01JmeH
OTBe'laTb IIopY'lIITeJIb. BO-IIepBbIX, aro naJIII'llIe IIOJIHOH p;ee-
CiiOCOOHOCTII II, BO-BTOPbIX, IIJIaTelf,eCIIOCOOHOCTII AJIH IICIIOJIHe-
HIlH OOH3aTeJIbCTBa (II. 1 CT. 450 fK). ITonoMY B CJIY'lae YT-
paTbI IIopyqIITe.'IeM p;aHHoH IIJIaTemeCIIocooHOCTII. :h}'c'AHT0p'
MomeT TpeooBaTb OT ;J;OJIiKHIIKa IIa3Ha'leHIIH APyroro nopY'lII-
TeJIH, OOJIap;aIOm;ero cooTBeTcTBYIOm;eH KBaJIIIcPIIKau;neH (II. 2'
CT. 450 fK). OP;HaIW, :horp;a Ha3Ha'leHIIe ROHKpeTHoro JIlIU;a:
IIOpY'lIITeJIeM ocym;eCTBJIHJIOCb IIO Y:ha3aHIIID co CTOpOHbI Hpe-
)];IITOpa, COOJIIOJJ;eHIIH aTIIX IIOJIOmeHnH He TpeoyeTcH (II. 3
306
,CT. 450 fR). ECJUI me p;OJImHHK He CMor npep;CTaBHTb nopy-
'IHreJIH, COOTBerCTBYIOm;ero YKa3aHHhIM YCJIOBHHM, OH YTpa-
'IHBaeT BbIrOP;bI BpeMeHH (CM. CT. 137 fK), KpOMe Toro, nop;oo-
Hoe C'IlITaeTCH HeHCnOJIHeHHeM 00H3areJIbCTBa no Jla3Ha'Ie-
HHIO nopY'IHreJIH. B p;aHHOM CJIY'Iae BMeCTO nopY"IHreJIbCTBa
MomeT YCTaJlaBJIHBaTbCH HHoe ooeCne'IeHHe - 3aKJIap; HJIH
nnOTeKa (CT. 451 fK).
0) ITpep;nOCbIJIKOH p;eHcTBHH p;orOBopa nopY'IHTeJIbCrBa
JlBJIHeTCH HaJIH'IHe OCHOBHoro oOHaaTeJIbCTBa, CJIep;OBaTeJIbHO,
npH JleYCTaHOB::eHHH no pa3JIH'IlIbIM npH'IHHaM OCHOBHoro
,ooH3aTeJIbCTBa HJIH ero npeKpam;eHlIH p;orOBOp nOPY'IHTeJIb-
CTBa C'IHTaeTCH lIep;eHCTBHTeJIbHhIM. ITpH aHHYJIHpOBaHHH
OClIOBHoro 00H3aTeJIbCTBa, KaK npaBHJIO, npeKpam;aeTCH H no.
PY'IIITeJIbCTBO. ITo 3TOMY Bonpocy fK npep;ycMaTpHBaeT OP;HO
HCKJIIO'IeHHe. ECJIH B MOMeHT 3aKJIIO'IelIHH p;orOBopa nopY'IH-
TeJIbCTBa nopY'IHTeJIb 3HaJI 0 HaJIH'IHH OCHOBaHHH P;JIH aHHY-
JIHpOBalIlIH OClIOBHoro 00H3aTeJIbCTBa, TO npH aHHYJIHpOBaHHH
nOCJIep;lIerO C'IHTaeTCH, 'ITO nopyqHTeJIb npHHHJI lIa ceOH ca-
MOCrOHTeJIbHOe 00H3aTeJIbCTBO npOH3BeCTH HCnOJIHeHHe B CJIY-
"lae aHlIYJIHpOBalIHH Cp;eJIKH (CT. 449 fK). BbImecKa3aHHoe
rK paCIIpOCTpaHHeT H Ha HeHCnOJIHeHHe p;OJIrOBbIX 00H3a-
TeJIbCTB, nop;JIemam;HX alIHYJIHpOBaHHIO. B cJIY'Iae npeKpam;e-
HHH p;OJIrOBOrO 00H3aTeJIbCTBa lIa OClIOBaHHH paCTopmeHHH
Jj;orOBopa H TpaHc<popMan;HH p;aHHoro 00H3areJIbCrBa B OOH-
3aHHOCTb BOCCTaHOBJIelIHH B npemHeM cocrOHHHH (CM. II. 1
'CT. 454 fK) npeKpam;aeTcH H nopY'IHTeJIbCTBo.
41. ITpaBa nopY'IHTeJIH. ITpH OTCYTCTBIIII Cnen;HaJIbHOrO
COrJIaCHH B OO'beM nopYtIHTeJIbCTBa BXOP;HT CBH3alIHhIe C oc-
HOBlIbIM 00H3areJIbCTBOM npOn;eHTbI, HeycToHKa, B03Mem;eHHe
ym;epoa II HlIbIe pacxop;bI (n. 1 CT. 447 fK). OIl paBeH 00'b-
eMy 3aKJIap;a, 1I0 mnpe HnOTeKH (CM. CT. 346, 374 fK, a TaK-
me: Bem;Hoe npaBO - 88, 100).
1) IToPYtIIITeJIb oOJIap;aeT npaBoM BoapameHHH B OTHome-
lIHII YBe o;mleHIm oeHe<pIII IIa pIIH II npIIHyp;HTe,JIblIorO HCIIOJI-
HelIHH 00H3aTeJIbCTBa II3 CBoero IIMym;ecTBa. lIpaBo Boapame-
HHH B OTHomeHHH YBep;O I;1IeHHH 3aIWIOtIaerCH B TOM, 'ITO B
CJIY'Iae npHMoro (MlIlIYH OClIOBHoro p;OJImlIHKa) oopam;eHlIH
Tpe60BalIIIJI Kpep;HTopa K nopY'IIITe.1J1O IIOCJIep;HIIH MomeT
OTKJIOHIITb ero (CT. 452 fK). )J;alIlIbIM npaBOM lIe OOJIap;aIOT
TOJIbKO CO.1JIlp;apUble nopY'IIITeJIII (CT. 454 fK). ITpII OObI'IHOM
me nopY'IIITeJIbCTBe IIpaBO B03pameHIIH HC npH3HaeTCH IIOCJIe
upIl31IaHIIH oalIKpOTCTBa OClIOBlIoro p;OJImHIlRa Hall BBlIP;Y
20'
307
HeH3BeCTHOCTII ero MeCTOllaXOm,lJ;ellHH (orOBopRa CT. 452 fK)
ECJIH Rpep;HTOp noc.rre peaJIH3aIl,HH nopY'IHTeJIeM npaBa B03-
pameHHH B OTHomeHHH YBep;OMJIeHHH He npep;'bHBHT Tpe60Ba--
HUH OCHOBHOMY p;OJImHHRY, TO 3'1'0 oCB060mp;aeT nopyqHTeJIHi
0'1' 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (CT. 455 fK). ITpH peaJIH3aIl,HH me npaBa.
BoapameHHH B OTHomeHHH npHHY,lJ;HTeJIbHOrO HcnOJIHeHHJI:
rropY'IHTeJIb ,lJ;OJImeH npep;CTaBHTb ,lJ;ORa3aTeJIbCTBa rrJIaTeme-
crroc06HOCTII OCHOBHoro ,lJ;OJImHHRa HJIH Toro, 'ITO rrpHHyp;H-
TeJIbHOe HCnOJIHeHHe H3 ero HMYIII,eCTBa 6yp;eT JIerRHM
(CT. 453 fK). OTHOCIITeJIbHO Toro, 'ITO CJIe,lJ;yeT nOHIIMaTb no,l];
rrJIaTemecrroc06HoCTblO OCHOBHoro ,lJ;OJImHHRa, crreIl,HaJIHCTbI
no rpam,lJ;aHCROMY npaBY He rrpHmJIH R e,lJ;HHOMY MHeHHIO. He'!"
ero II B cY,lJ;e6HOH npaRTHRe. BOJIbmHHCTBo C'IHTaeT, 'ITO rrJIa-
Temecrroc06HoCTb B p;aHHOM CJIY'Iae ,lJ;OJImHa nOHHIvIaTbCH RaR
crroc06HoCTb I eJIHROM HCrrOJIHHTb 06JI3aTeJIbCTBo. O,lJ;HaRO'
HMeeTCH H P;PyraJI TO'IRa 3peHHH, rrO-BHp;HMOMY 60JIee 6JIH3RaH
R HCTHHe, 'ITO p;OCTaTO'IHO JIlImb TaROH CYMMbI, ROTOpaJI XOTH
H He rroramaeT 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B rrOJIHOM 06'beMe, JIO BeCbMa
cYIII,eCTBeHHa C TO'IRil 3peHHH ToproBblx cp;eJIoR. JIerRocTb me.
rrpHHyp;IITeJIbHOrO HCrrOJIHeHHH onpep;eJIHeTCH, HCXO,lJ;H H3 ROH-
RpeTHoH cHTyaIl,HIl. 06II1,errpHHHTo, 'ITO B OTHomeHHH ,lJ;eHer
HJIH II,eHHblx 6YMar rrpHHY,lJ;HTeJIbHOe HCrrOJIHeHHe HeCJIOmHO,.
'Iero, o,lJ;HaRO, HeJIb3H CRaaaTb 0 He,lJ;BHmHMocTH. OTCYTcTBHe'
HeMe,lJ;JIeHHOrO rrpHHY,lJ;HTeJIbHOrO HCrrOJIHeHHH rrOCJIe peaJIH-
3aIl,HII npaBa B03pameHHH B OTHomeHHH rrpHHY,lJ;HTeJIbHoro.
HcrrOJUJeHIlH rrpIIBO,lJ;HT R HeB03MomHOCTH rrpe,lJ;'bHBJIeHHH Rpe-
,lJ;HTOpOM Tpe60BaHHH rropY'IIITeJIIO rrOJIHOCTblO HcrrOJJ:HHTb
06H3aTeJIbCTBo. COJIII,lJ;apHble rropY'IHTeJIH rrpaBoM B03pameHHH
B OTHomemIII rrpIIHyp;HTeJIbHOrO HCIIOJIHeHIIH He 06JIa,lJ;aIOT'
(CT. 454 fK).
2) IToPY'IIlTeJIb l\WmeT IlCrrOJIHHTb 06HaaTeJIbCTBO OCHOB-
Horo p;OJImHIlRa B rrOpJIiJ,Re aa'leTa (rr. 2 CT. 457 fK). KpoMe
Toro, rropY1:HITeJIb rro yrrJIaTe ,lJ;eHer rroRyrraTeJIeM MomeT Tpe-
oOBaTb op;HOBpeMeHHoro IlCrrOJIHemIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (CM. CT.
533 fK).
3) TIoCJIe,lJ;CTBHH 06CTOHTeJIbCTB, BoaHHKlIIHX B OTHome-
HIIH OCHOBHoro ,lJ;OJImHHKa HJIH nopY'lHTeJIH.
a) 06CTOJITeJIbCTBa, B03HIlRmile B OTHorneHIlH OCHOBHoro
,lJ;OJImmma, pacrrpOCTpaHJIIOT CBoe ,lJ;eHCTBHe H Ha rropY'IHTeJIH.
IICXO,lJ;H Il3 rrOp;'IIIHeHHOro xapaRTepa rropY1:JHTeJIbCTBa, H3Me-
HeHHH OCHOBHoro 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa rropOmp;aI()T H3MeHeHHH rro-
PY'IIlTeJIbCTBa. fK orrpe,lJ;eJIHeT, 'ITO rrepepbIB rroraCHTeJIbHOH
,lJ;aBHOCTII B OTHomeHHil OCHOBHoro 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa pacrrpo-
308
CTpaHHeTCH TaJORe II Ha nopyqIITeJIbCTBO (n. 1 CT. 457 r1\).
AaHHoe nOJIOmeHUe npep;CTaBJIHeT c060H IICKJIIOqeHIIe II3 06-
ero npaBlma 0 TOM, '11'0 TeqeHUe cpOKa p;aBHOCTII npUMe-
HIIMO K Kamp;oH CTopOHe caMOCTOHTeJIbHO (CM. CT. 148, 434
f1\). Ao Tex nop nOKa He npeKpaTIIJIOCb OCHOBHoe 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBO, npop;OJImaeT cy ecTBoBaTb II nopyqIITeJIbCTBO.
6) 06CTOHTeJIbCTBa, B03HIIKIIIlIe B OTHOIIIeHIIII nopyqIITeJur
(3a IICKJIIOqeHIIeM p;eHcTBuH no npeKpam;eHIIIO OCHOBHoro 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa), He OKa3bIBaIOT Ha OCHOBHoro p;OJImHIIKa HIIKa-
Koro BJIIIHHIIH. IICKJIIOqeHIIH UMeIOTCH JIIIIIIb B OTHOIIIeHmr
CQ.1IlIp;apHoro nopY'IUTeJIbCTBa.
42. TIOHHTHO, npII IICnOJIHeHIIII OCHOBHOTO 06HaaTeJII:.CTBa
nopyqIITeJIeM OH MomeT Tpe60BaTb B03Mem;eHIIH. Op;HaKo npa-
BOBbIe OCUOBaUllJl npaBa 06paTuoro Tpe60BaUllJl nopYQHTeJIJ£
B 3aBIICIIMOCTH 01' CIITyaIJ;IIII pa3JIIIqHbI. TaK, Korp;a onpep;e-
JIeHHOe JIIIIJ;O CTaHOBIITCH nopyqIITeJIeM no npocb6e OCHOBHoro
p;OJImHIIKa, IICnOJIHeHIIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa MO}KeT paCCMaTpu-
BaTbCH KaK IICnOJIHeHHe 1I0pyqeHIIH nOBepeHHblM. 06paTHoe
Tpe60BaHIIe npII nOM OCHOBblBaeTCH Ha npaBe Tpe60BaHUH
B03Mem;eHIIH H3p;epmeK Ha IICnOJIHeHIIe nopyqeHHH (CM.
CT. 649, 650 fK). ECJIII me onpep;eJIeHHOe JIIIIJ;O CTaHOBUTCH
nopyqIITeJIeM He 110 npocb6e OCHOBHoro p;OJImHHKa, TO IICnOJI-
HeHIIe OCHOBHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa nop;nap;aeT nop; KaTeropIIIO
p;eHCTBIIH ynpaBJIHIOm;ero II OCHOBaHIIH P;JIH B03Mem;eHIIH CO-
OTBeTCTBeHHO 6YP;YT npel CTaBJIeHbl Tpe60BaHIIeM B03Mem;eHIIH
II3p;epmeK, rrOHeceHHblX TrrpaBJIHIOm;IIM (CM. CT. 702 fK). CJIe-
p;yer yqIITblBaTb II TO, '11'0 IIHorp;a rropyqIITeJIb MomeT BCTaT:&
Ha MeCTO Kpep;IITopa (CM. CT. 500 f1\).
1) TIopyqHTeJIb no nopyqeHIIIO.
a) Y CJIOBllJl peaJIllaaQllll npaBa o6paTuoro Tpe6oBaHllJl.
fIpII 06blqHOH p;OBepeHHocTII nOBepeHHbIH BnpaBe Tpe60BaTb
rrpep;BapIITeJIbUYIO yrrJIaTY II3p;epmeK (CT. 649 rH), B p;aHHOM
me CJIyqae nopY'IIITe.TfbCTBa npaBO 06paTHoro TpeOOBaHlIH ocy-
m;eCTBJIHeTCH JIUIIIb rrOC:Ie oCB060mp;eHlIH 01' 06H3aTeJIbCTBa
OCHOBHoro p;OJImHUKa (n. 1 CT. 459 f1\).
Op;HaKo 1I3 Yl>a3aHHOro npIIHIJ;IIrra npH3HaeTCH qeTblpe
rrCKJIIOqeHIIH, no l>OTOpblM p;onYCKaeTCH npep;BapIITeJlbHaH pe-
a.1J'II3aU;IIH rrpaBa 06paTIIoro Tpe60BaHlIH. Bo-nepBblx, B c.1J'Y'Iae
rrplI3HamUI 6aJIRpOTCTBa OCHOBHoro ,');OJImHlma II HeBcTynJIe-
HIIH Kpep;IITOpa B pa3p;eJI ero IIMym;ecTBa. BO-BTOphIX, npII
HacTynJIeHIIII cpOl>a IICnOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, Ollpep;eJIeH-
Horo B p;orOBope nopyqIlTeJIbCTBa. Aame B CJIyqae npep;OCTaB-
309
JIeHIIH Kpep;lITOpOM IIOCJIe 3aKJIlO'IeHllJI p;orOBopa IIOPY'IlITeJIl,-
CTBa OTCpO'IKII P;OJDRHHKY OHa He lIMeeT OTHOillemUI K IIOPY-
''IIITemO, KOTopbIn MOiReT IIpep;'bHBIITb 06paTHoe Tpe60BaHIIe,
nCXOAH H3 IIepBOHa'IaJIbHOrO cpOKa lICIIOJIHeHIIH 06HaaTeJIbCT-
Ba. B-TpeTbIIX, IIO IICTe'IelIIIII 10 JIeT C MOMeHTa 3aKJIIO'leHIIIl
p;orOBopa nopY'IIITeJIbCTBa B CJIY'lae HeOIIpep;eJIeHHOCTII cpo-
Ka lICIIOJIHemIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa IIJIII HeB03MOiRHOCTII onpep;e-
ReHnH MaKCIIMaJIbHO p;onYCTIIMoro cpOKa (CT. 460 fR). qeT-
;BepToe IICKJIIO'IeHIIe OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha IIOJIOiReHHII CT. 459 fR,
npeP;ycMaTpIIBaIOm,en HaJIlI'IIIe TaKon cIITyan;HH, IIPII KOTopon
cy,o; npIIHHMaeT pernemle, 06H3bIBaIOm,ee nopY'lIITeJIH ocym,e-
CTBnTb IICnOJIHeBIIe OCHOBHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. Op;HaKo BO
'Bcex YKa3aHHbIX CJIY'IaHX 06paTHoro Tpe60BaHHH nopyqII-
TeJIH ,o;OJIlKUIIK MOiReT Tpe60BaTb CBoero nOJIHOrO oCB060iR,o;e-
HIIH OT 06H3aTeJIbCTBa HJIH iRe IIpOCHTb IIopyqlITeJIH 0 npe,o;o-
eTaBJIeHIIII 06eCne'IeUIIH (n. 1 CT. 461 fR). IIocJIep;Hee MOiReT
ObITb Cp;eJIaHO 3a C'leT aBaHca, BhIIIJIa'IeUHOrO OCHOBHbIM
,o;OJIiRHHKOM IIOPY'IIITeJIIO' RpoMe Toro, OCHoBuon P;OJIiRHIIK
MOiReT OTKJIOHIITb 06paTIwe Tpe60BaHIIe, IIpe,o;'bHBJIeHHOe ,0;0
:nCTeqeHIIH cpoKa IICnOJIHeHIIH 06H3aTeJIhCTBa, ,o;eIIoHHpoBa-
HlIeM, IIpep;OCTaBJIeHIIeM OOeCIIe'IeHHH IIJIII oCB060iR,o;eHlIeM
IIopY'IlITeJIH OT OTBeTCTBeUIIOCTH (II. 2 CT. 461 fR).
6) 06'beM o6paTHoro Tpe60BaHHJI aHaJIOmqeu CJIyqaIO co-
.JIII,o;apHOCTII 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, a IIMeHHO BKJIIO'IaeT CYMMY, BbI-
IIJIa'IeHUYW B IICnOJIHeHIIe o6HaaTeJIbCTBa, 3aKOUHhIe IIpOn;eH-
TbI C MOMeHTa cpOKa HCIIOJIHeHIIH 06HaaTeJIbCTBa, He06xo,o;II-
Mble n3p;epiRKH II IIHbIe pacxop;hI (CM. II. 2 CT. 459, II. 2 CT, 442,
CT. 650 fR).
B) OrpaHH1JeHHJI IIpaua 06paTHoro Tpe6oBaHHH. B CJIY1Jae
norarneHIIH nopY'IHTeJIeM OCHOBHoro 06R3aTeJIbCTBa OH 06R-
aaH C006m,HTb 06 3TOM OCHOBHOMY p;OJIiRHHKY. B 3TOM OTHO-
'illeHIIII p;aHHoe nOJIOiReHIIe COBepmeHHO aHaJIOrII'IHO COJIII-
p;apHoMY 06H3aTeJIbCTBY (CM. II. 1 CT. 463, CT. 443 fR).
2) llopY1JHTeJIb 6ea nopY1JeHHH.
a) B CJIyqae, l\orp;a nopY'IHTeJIbCTBO ocyrn;eCTBJIRJIOCb He
npOTIIB BOlm OCHOBHoro P;OJIiRHIIKa, B IIopffp;Ke 06paTHoro
Tpe60BaHIIH MOiReT IIpep;'bHBJIHTbCH Tpe60BaHHe B03MemeHIIH
TOJIbKO Ton BbIrop;bI, KOTOpyIO nOJIyqIIJI OCHOBHon P;OJIiRHIIK
Ha MOMeHT lICnOJIHeHIIH IIOPY'IIITeJIeM OCHOBHoro 06R3aTeJIb-
CTBa (CM. n. 1 CT. 462, II. 1 II 2 CT. 702 fR). IIpOn;eHThI n
B03Mem,eHIIe ym,ep6a He BXOP;RT B YKaaaHHyIO CYMMY.
6) B CJIyqae, Korp;a IIoPyqHTeJIbCTBO ocym,eCTBJIflJIOCh npo-
TIIB Bo:m OCHOBHoro P;OJIiRHIIKa, 06paTHoe Tpe60BaIIIIe MOiReT
.310
npe 'bHBJIHTbCH JIMilib B npe eJIaX BblrO bI, nOJIY1J:eHHOii OCHOB-
HbIM OJImHIIKOM, Ha MOMeHT peaJIM3an;MII npaBa 06paTHoro
Tpe60BaHlIH. IIo:noMY nplI B03HMKHOBeHMM Y OCHOBHoro
O;'lmHlIKa B nepMO Mem y noraIlIeHMeM ITOpY1J:MTeJIeM OC-
HOBHoro 06H3aTeJILcTBa M npe 'bHBJIeHlIeM 06paTHoro Tpe60-
BaHIIH BCTpe1J:HbIX 06H3aTeJIbcTB OCHOBHOii p;OJImHIIK MomeT
ocnaplIBaTb 06paTHoe Tpe60BaHMe nopY1J:IITeJIH, 1J:TO B CBOR)
01J:epe)J;b Bep;eT K YTpaTe nopYTIIITeJIeM npaBa 06paTHoro Tpe-
60BaHIIH II B03MomHOCTR RCnOJIHeHMH JlCTpe1J:HOro 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa (CM. n. 2. CT. 462, n. 3 CT. 702 rR).
B 060MX YKaaaHHbIX CJIY1J:aHX nopY1J:MTeJIb 06H3aH co06-
II\MTb OCHOBHOMY p;OJImHMKY 06 oCYlI\ecTBJIeHHOM 11M RCnOJI-
HeHRII OCHOBHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (n. 1 CT. 463, CT. 443 rR).
3) HaJIH'IHe HeCROJIbRHX AomRHHROB. BHe 3aBMCRMOCTIf
OT Toro, OCYlI\eCTBJIHJIOCb JIll nopY1J:MTeJIbCTBO no nopY1J:eHMR)
IWII 6e3 Hero, npaBO 06paTHoro Tpe60BaHRH nplI HaJIM1J:IIIJ
HeCKOJIbKMX p;OJImHMKOB COCTaBJIHeT oco6yIO np06JIeJ\fY (aa.
IICKJII01J:eHMeM CJIY1J:aH OJIeBOrO 06H3a TeJIbCTBa). IIplI Hep;e-
JIUMbIX II C0.1IRp;apHbIX 06H3aTeJIbcTBax B CJIY1J:ae, Korp;a nopy-
QIITeJIbCTBO OCYlI\eCTBJIHJIOCb B OTHOIlIeHMM Bcex OCHOBHbTX
p;OJImHJIKOB, npaBO 06paTHoro Tpe60BaHMH p;OJImHO paCCMaT-
pUBaTbCH B Ka1J:eCTBe Hep;eJIMMOrO MJIM COJIMp;apHOro 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa Bcex p;OJImHMKOB. ECJIII me nopY1J:MTeJIbCTBO OCYln;e-
CTBJIHJroCb JIMilib 3a O;r1;HOro 113 OCHOBHbIX p;OJImHMKOB, TO C
TeOpeTM1J:eCKOii T01J:HM 3peHMH nopY1J:MTeJIb MomeT npeJJ;'bHB-
JIHTb 06paTHoe TpeOOBaHRe Ha B03MelI\eHMe B nOJIHOM pa3Mepe'
R p;aHHOJ\IY p;OJImHIIRY, a TOT B CBom 01J:epep;b - R OCTaJIbHbIM
p;OJlmHlIRaM B COOTBeTCTBIIM C RX p;oJIeii 06H3aHHocTII. rR, Oll;-
HaIW, C n;eJIbIO ynpOlI\eHMH :noii p;BycTyneH1J:aTOii npOn;eAypbJ'
rrpep;YCJ\IaTpIIBaeT B03MOmHOCTb npHMoro 06palI\eHHH oopaT-
Horo Tpe60BaHITH nopY1J:MTeJIH R Hamp;OMY M3 OCHOBIIbIX p;OJIm-
HUROB B npep;eJIax MX P;OJIR (CT. 464 rR).
43. COJIHAapHOe nopY1J:HTeJIbCTBO B03HIIKaeT npIl cnen;R-
a:IbHOM YKa3aHIIII Ha TO B p;orOBope nopY1J:ITTe,TIbCTBa. geiicT-
BIle COJlIlp;apHOro nopY1J:IITe,TIbCTBa 3Ha1J:nTe,TIbHO CIIJIbHee OObI1J:-
Horo, B aTOM OTHOllieHIIII OHO npaHTII1J:eCRIT npnOJIIIiW'IeTCH
K COJIIIp;apHOMY 06H3aTeJIbCTBY. Op;HaRO TeM, 1J:TO AJIH cmlU-
AapHoro nopY1J:UTe,TIbCTBa xapaRTepHa nOp;1J:UHeHHOCTb, OHO.
KopeHHbIM o6pa30M OTJIR1J:aeTCH OT COJIIIp;apnOro 06H3aTe:Ib-
CTBa, 1160 6e3 OCHOBHoro 06H3aTeJIbcTBa He cylI\eCTByeT II CO-
JIRAapnoro nopY1J:UTeJILCTBa, a npeRpalI\eHMe ocnoBHoro 06H-
311
BaTeJlbCTBa Be,IJ;eT K IIpeKpam;emno comrgapHoro IIOpyqIl-
TeJlbCTBa.
COJlIl,IJ;apROe IIopyqHTeJlbCTBO o6J1a,IJ;aeT cJle,IJ;YIOm;IIMil OCO-
6eHHocTHMil.
a) COJlH,IJ;apHbIn IIopyqHTeJlb He 06JIa,IJ;aeT np8BOM Bospa-
:meHIIH B OTHomeHIIH YBe,IJ;OMJIeHHH H B OTHomeHHil npHHY,IJ;H-
TeJIbHOro HCnOJIHeHHJI (CT. 454 fR). TaK, BHe saBHCHMOCTH
OT IIJIaTemecIIoco6HoCTH OCROBHoro ,IJ;OJImHRIm IIPHRY,IJ;HTeJlb-
Hoe HCIIOJIReRHe o6HsaTeJIbcTBa MomeT 6bITb o6pam;eHo Ha
COJlH):J;apRoro IIopyqRTeml (CM. CT. 559 fllR).
6) B OTHomeHHH ,IJ;eiiCTBHJI 06CTOJlTeJIbCTB, B03HHKmHX B
CBH3H C OCHOBHbIM ,IJ;OJImHHKOM HJIH COJIH,IJ;apHbIM nopyqHTe-
JIeM, IIpUMemIIOTCH HOpMbI, perYJlHpYIOm;He COJlH,IJ;apRbIe o6H-
SaTeJIbCTBa (CT. 458, 434-440 fR), O,IJ;HaRO ccym;ecTBeRHbIMH
HCKJlIOqeRHHMH. BO-IIepBbIx, B CBHSH C ,IJ;enCTBHeM o6cToH-
TeJIbCTB, B03HHRmHX B OTRomeRHH OCHOBHoro ,IJ;OJImHHRa, yqH-
TbiBaH IIO,IJ;qHHeHROCTb IIopyqHTeJIbCTBa, CqHTaeTCH, qTO ):J;aR-
,HbIe o6cToHTeJlbcTBa paCIIpOCTpaRHIOT CBoe ):J;enCTBHe II Ha
COJIH,IJ;apRorO IIopyqHTeJIH. llO:3TOMY OTBer Ha BOIIpOC, paCIIpo-
CTpaHHIOT JIH CBoe ,IJ;enCTBHe . Ha COJIH,IJ;apnOro IIopyqHTeJIH
'HHbIe OCHOBaHHH IIepepbIBa cpORa ,IJ;aBHOCT ,. IIOMHMO Tpe6o-
BaHHH - IIpH3HaRHe HJlR IIPHHY,IJ;HTeJlbHos HCIIOJlHeRl'Ie,'-;-
CJIe,IJ;yeT RCRan He B IIOJlOmeHHHX CT. 434 fR OTHOCHTeJIbRO
OOJIH,IJ;apHOrO o6H3aTeJIbcTBa, a B II. 1 CT. 457 fR, perYJlllpyIO-
.m;en IIopyqHTeJIbCTBO H OTBeqaIOm;eii Ha IIOCTaBJleHRbIii BOII-
,pOC IIOJIOJRHTeJlbHO. BO-BTOPbIX, B CBH3H C ,IJ;en:cTBHeM 06CTOH-
TeJlbCTB, B03HHRmHX B OTHomeHHH COJIH,IJ;apHOrO IIopyqHTeJIH,
CJIe,IJ;yeT HMen B BH,IJ;y HeIIpHMeRHMOCTb II. 2 CT. 436 H CT. 437,
439 fR, TaR RaR COJIH,IJ;apHbIii IIopyqHTeJIb He o6JIa,IJ;aeT ,IJ;oJIeii
oOH3aHHocTH. OCTaJIbRbIe HOpMbI cTaTeii, perYJIHpYIOm;IIX co-
.JlH,IJ;apRoe o6H3aTeJlbcTBo, IIpHMeHHMbI.
44. COBMecTHoe nopYTJIITeJIbCTBO B03HHRaeT IIpH HaJIHqHH
HeCROJlbRHX IIopyqlITeJIeii B OTHomeRHH O):J;Horo o6H3aTeJlbcT-
.Ba H m.reeT CJle,IJ;YIOm;He oco6eHHocTH.
a) CTaTYc Ram,IJ;oro IIopyqHTeJlH OIIpe,IJ;e.1HeTCH KaR e,IJ;H-
.HbIM ,IJ;orOBopOM, TaR H OT)J;eJlbRbIMH, RO H BO BTOpOM cJlyqae
,o6m;aH cyMMa o6H3aTeJlbCTBa ,IJ;eJlHTCH IIOPOBHY Mem,IJ;y RceMH
nopyqUTeJlHMlI, H, TaRHM oopa30M, KaJR,IJ;bIii I10pyqlITeJlb ocy-
.m;eCTBJIHeT TIOpyqHTeJlbCTBO B OTHomeHlIH qaCTH o6H3aTeJlb-
CTBa (CT. 456 fR). ::ho RaSbIBaeTCH ,IJ;oJIeii cOIIopyqHTeJIH.
..D;aRRbIe ,IJ;OJIH OTCYTCTBYIOT IIPH COJlH,IJ;apHOM IIopyqHTeJIbCTBe,
HaJIUqUU CIIeIJ;HaJIbHOrO COrJIameHHH Mem,IJ;y C,OIIopyqHTeJIHMR
.312
H He eJIHMOM XapaKTepe npe MeTa OCHOBHOrO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa.
6) 06paTHoe Tpe60BaHlIe COBMeCTHbIX nopyqHTeJIeii K OC.
HOBHOMY OJImHHRY He npe CTaBJIHeT oc060ii np06JIeMbI, O -
HaRO CJIe yeT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha TO, qTO aHHbIe nopy-
qHTeJIH 06JIa aIOT npaBOM 06paTHoro Tpe60BaHHH no OTHO-
meHHIO pyr R pyry. Bo-nepBbIX, ::ITO npaBO B03HHKaeT npn
norameHHH O HHM H3 conopyqHTeJIeii 06H3aTeJIbCTBa Ha CyM-
MY, npeBblmaIOIlI;yro ero OJIIO. IIOCROJIbRY TaRaH CHTya.[J;HH
no na aeT no eiiCTBHH no HCnOJIHeHHIO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa no-
pyqHTeJIeM 6e3 nopyqeHHH, fR pacnpOCTpaHHeT Ha Hee nOJIO-
meHHe CT. 462 fR (CM. n. 2 CT. 465 fR). BO-BTOPbIX, B CJIY-
qae OTCYTCTBHH oJIeii conopyqHTeJIbCTBa no npHqHHe He e'
JIHMOCTH OCHOBHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa conopyqHTeJIb HeceT nepe
Rpe HTopOM 06H3aHHocTb no HCnOJIHeHHIO nOJInoii CYMMbJ
06H3aTeJIbCTBa. IIpH ::ITOM npe 'bHBJIeHHe aHHbIM conopy-
qHTeJIeM npeTeH3Hii K pyrHM CO OJImHHRaM B nopH Re 06.
paTHoro Tpe60BaHHH perYJIHpyeTcH COOTBeTCTBYIODJ;HMH CTa-
TbHMH fR, npe YCMaTpHBaIODJ;HMH OTHomeHHH Mem y COJIH-'
apHbIMH omRHHRaMH (n. 1 CT. 465 fR). AnaJIOmqHbIM
06pa30M B nopH Re TOJIROBaHHH fR pemaeTcH H cHTyaD;HH
HaJIH'IHH cneD;UaJIbHOrO COrJIameHIDI Mem y CO OJImHURaMH
o He eJIUMOCTU HX 06H3a TeJIbCTBa.
r naB a 6. nEPEAA"IA nPABA TPE&OBAHHSI
45. IIepep;aBaeMocTb npaBa Tpe6oBaHIIH. PaHI,me npaBO
Tpe60Bamm paCCMaTpUBaJIOCb UCRJIIOqUTeJIbHO B paMRax OT-
HomeHHH femAY ROHRpeTHbIM Rpep;UTopOM U ROHRpeTHbIM
/l;OJImIIUROM U nO::lToMy He Momo nepep;aBaTbCH. BnOCJIep;CT-
BUU, C npuo6peTeHueM 06H3aTeJIbCTBaMU caMOCTOHTeJIbHOH
nMyIII,eCTBeHHOH D;eHHOCTU, 6bIJIa npU3HaHa nepep;aBaeMOCTb
IIpaBa Tpe6oBamm. 8TOT UHCTUTYT Tpe6yeT pa3BepHYToro
onucaHUH, nOCROJIbRY B OTJIUqUe, HanpUMep, OT npaBa C06CT'
BeHHOCTU nJIU lfIIbIX npaB npaBO Tpe60BaHUH no CBoeMY CO,
p;epmaHUIO MomeT 6bITb Imaccrr<ImD;upOBaHo Ha HeCROJIbRO
IIOp;BUp;OB.
I) IIpIIHD;Hrr nepep;aBaeMOCTII rrpaBa Tpe60BaHIfJI II IIC-
RJIIO'IeHHH. B RaqeCTBe 0AHoro II3 npUHD;UIIOB rpamAaHCRoro
IIpaBa fR YCTaHaBJIUBaeT npUHD;Hn nepep;aBaeMOCTU npaBa
'fpe60BaHHH (n. 1 CT. 466 fR), OP;HaIW HapH,[J;Y C ::ITUM npe-
ycMaTpuBaeT II pHP; IICRJIIOqeHUH U3 Hero. BO-IIepBbIX, npa-
BO Tpe60BaHIIH He lOmeT 6bITb nepeAaHO, ROf,[J;a ::ITOfO He
onYCI\aeT ca1\l xapaRTep 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (orOBopRa n. 1 CT. 466
313
TK). TaR, BnOJIHe eCTecTBeHHo, '1TO npaBa B OTHOlliemnI AO-
ManIHero o6Y'IeHIIH, c03AaHMH xYAomecTBeHHoro npoM3BeAe-
HMH MAP. B CMJIY cneD;MqIMRM xapaRTepa npeAOCTaBJIeHIIH He .
MorYT 06JIaAaTb nepeAaBaeMOCTbIO. B D;eJIOM HenepeAaBaeMbl
H TaRMe npaBa Tpe6oBaHMH, npM ROTOpbIX AOJIIKHIIK MOlKeT
JIeCTM 06H3aHHOCTb JIMllib no OTHOIlIeHMIO R ROHKpeTHOMY Rpe.
.AHTOpy, TaR KaR M3MeHeHMe RpeAMTopa npMBeAeT R cym;ecT-
BeHHbIM pa3JIM'IMHM B ocym;eCTBJIeHMM npaBa (HaeM nplICJIyrn,
apeHAa M T. n.) (CM. n. 1 CT. 625, n. 2 CT. 594, n. 1 CT. 612
rK). BMecTe C TeM M 3a Tpe60BaHHHMM YKa3aHHoro pOAa no-
CTeneHHO npM3HaeTCH nepeAaBaeMOCTb, nOCKOJIbKy, rranpMMep,
JI3MeHeHMe pa6oToAaTemI - co6cTBeHHMRa npeAnpMHTIUI He
BbI3:bIBaeT 1I3MeHeHMH B COAeplKaHIIH pa60Tbl. BO-BTOpbIX, ec-
JIH npH rraJIM'IMM CneD;MaJIbHOrO COrJIaIlIemlH MelKAY RpeAIITO-
,pOM n AOJIJRHMROM 0 3anpem;eHMM nepeAa'ln:no COrJIailielIlIe
JI He AeHcTByeT B OTHOIlIeHMM Ao6poCOBeCTHoro TpeTbero JIM-
m;a, OHO BbI3blBaeT onpeAeJIeHHble nOCJIeACTBMH )J,JIH HeAo6po-
'COBeCTHOrO TpeTberO JIMD;a (n. 2 CT. 466 rK). TaR, rrpMMeHM-
TeJIbHO R 6aHRoBcRMM BRJIaAaM cYAe6HaH npaRTMRa paccMaT-
pnBaeT 3arrpem;eHMe nepeAa'lM Tpe60BaHMH B Ra'leCTBe o6m;ero
npMHD;Mna AalKe npM OTCYTCTBMM cooTBeTcTBYIOm;eH 3anlIClI B
:6aHRoBcRIlX AOKYMeHTax, rroaToMY He3HaHMe aToro TpeTbMM
.JIIID;OM no He6peJRHoCTM nplIpaBHMBaeTcH R ero HeAo6poco-
BecTHocTH, H Ha aTOM OCHOBaHIIH AaHHoe JIIID;O He MOlKeT
:rrpno6peCTM npaBO Tpe60BaHMH nYTeM ero nepeAa'l1I (peIlIe-
:rrMe BepXOBHoro CYAa OT 19 MIOJIH 1973 r.). B-TpeTbMX, R He-
nepeAaBa8MbIM OTHOCHTCH Te npaBa Tpe6oBaHMH, B OTHOIlIe-
:HMH ROTOpbIX B TeI,ym;eM 3alWHOAaT8JIbCTB8 cym;ecTByeT 3a-
rrpem;eHlIe rrepeAa'lM. XOTH B AeHemHblX 06H3aTeJIbCTBaX C
iHalI60JIbilieH CHJIOH npOHBJIHeTCH npMHD;Mn rrepeAaBaeMOCTM,
:MOIKHO rrpnBeCTM H8MaJIO rrpMMepOB TaKMX )J,eHemHblX 06H3a-
'TeJIbCTB, MCrrOJIHeHlIe ROTOpbIX npeAYCMaTplIBaeTCH JIMilib B
'OTHOIlI8HIIH onpeAeJIeHHOro I{peAMTOpa (rreHcMM M T. n.) (CM.
'CT. 11 3aROHa 0 rreHCMHX II APyrMe aI>TbI).
2) :QellHbIe 6YMarlI. 06H3aT8JIbC'TBa, IIMeIOm;Me HalI60JIee
'HBHO BbIpalKeHHYIO nepeAaBa8MOCTb, T. e. CTaBHm;lIe CB08M
i:u;eJIbIO yrrJIaTY AeH8r M rrepeAa'lY TOBapa, rrpeACTaBJIeHbI D;eH-
'HbIMM 6YMaraMM. MOIKHO CRa3aTb, '1TO COBpeMeHHble MHTeH-
'CMBHble ToprOBbIe OTHOIlIeHMH He npocym;ecTBOBaJIM 6bI M AHn
6e3 YCTynRM npaBa Tpe60BaHMH nocp8ACTBOM rrepeAa'lM D;eH-
HbIX 6YMar. OAHaRO TeOpeTM'IeCRaH pa3pa6oTI,a AaHHoro npo-
:u;ecca nORa em;e nOJIHOCTbIO He 3aBepilierra. B RaCTOHm;eH
rJIaBe Mbl OrpaHM'IMBaeM paCCMOTpeHlIe Bonpoca paMRaMH
314
IIMeIO lIXCH rrOJIOmeHlIH fR, ROTOploIe BeCbMa <pparMeH
TapHb!.
46. Y cTyrrKa HMeHHoro Tpe60BaHUJI. I1MeHHhIM Tpe60Ba-
mreM Ha3hlBaeTCH TaRoe, B ROTOpOM orrpe)1;eJIen ROHRpeTHbIK
Rpe)1;HTOp. It .n;aHHOMY Kpyry 06H3aTeJIbCTB OTHOCHTCH Bce
o 6 bllIHbIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, He rro.n;rra.n;aIO He no.n; RaTeropHIO
o.n;Horo H3 Tpex BH.n;OB crren;II<pH'leCRlIX 06H3aTeJIbCTB, BhIpa-
meHHbIX B BH.n;e n;eHHhIX 6YMar.
1) l];eHcTBue rro rrepe)1;aqe HMeHHoro 06J13aTeJlhCTBa. 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa .n;aHHoro po.n;a rrepe.n;aIOTCH Ha OCHOBaHHH )1;orOBO
pa 06 YCTyrrKe Tpe60BaHHJI. CTopoHaMH .n;oroBopa HBJIHIOTCH
Rpe.n;HTop A, ocy eCTBJIHIO HH rrepe.n;a'ly rrpaBa, H HOBbIH.
Kpe.n;HTop (n;eccHoHapHH) B. )J;OJImHHR B He llMeeT OTHome.
HHH R .n;orOBOpy, He Tpe6yeTcH Hero comaCHH. ;L!,eHcTBHTeJIb-
HOCTb .n;orOBopa B03HHRaeT Ha OCHOBaHHH BOJIeH3'LHBJIeHHH. HI3
Tpe6yeTcH TaRme nepe.n;a'lH 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIX .n;ORyMeHTOB.
3a HCRJIIO'leHHeM CJIY'laH 3aRJIa.n;a Tpe60BaHHH (CM. CT. 363 fR).
Borrpoc 0 TOM, C RaHoro MOMeHTa HacTynaIOT nOCJIe.n;CTBnH
YCTynRH Tpe60BaHHH rrpH 3aRJIIO'leHHH COOTBeTCTBYIO ero 1\0-
rOBopa, pemaeTcH no aHa,TIOrHH C rrepexo.n;OM rrpaBa c06CTBel1-
HOCTH rrpII KynJIe-rrpo.n;ame, .n;apeHHH H T. n. XOTH fR co.n;ep-
mIlT COOTBeTcTByIO He nOJIOmeHIIH 06 YCTyrrRe Tpe60BaHHH
B pa3.n;eJle 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoro rrpaBa, B OCHOBe YCTyrrRH Tpe.
60BaHlIH JIemlIT 06 aH TeoplIH nepe.n;a'lH :u;eHHOCTeH, nO<JTOl\IY
B .n;aHHOM OTHomeHHH MhI He Ha6JIIO.n;aeM HHRaRlIX pa3JIH'lHH
C nepe.n;a'leiI npaBa c06CTBeHHOCTH. BCJIe.n;CTBIIe noro np06JIe-
lIIa OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH npemHero Rpe.n;HTopa 3a YCTynRY yme
npeRpa eHHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa HJIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, He HMeIO-
rn;ero 3HOHOMH'leCROH n;eHHOCTH H3-3a HenJJaTemecrroc06.
HOCTH ,D;OJImHIIKa, pemaeTCJI aHaJIOrH'lHO OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII
npO)1;aBn;a (CM. CT. 570, 569 fR).
2) Y CJlOBHJI, HCKJIlOqalO He rrpe)1;'bJlBJleHHe rrpeTeH3HH co
CTOpOHhI TpeThHX JlHn;. RaR II B CJIY'lae nepexo.n;a Be HbIX
npaB, rrpII YCTynHe Tpe60BaHIlJI TaRme He06xo.n;HMO HaJIlI'lHe
YC:IOBIIiI, IICI,JIlO'laIOrn;nX npe.n;'LJlBJIerrIlC rrpeTeH3uH co CTOpO-
HbI )1;OJIiRHrrHa II:IH IlHbIX TpeTbHX JIHn; (CM. CT. 177 II 178 fR,
BeIl(HOe npaBo - 11). )J;aHHbIe YCJIOBHH rrpe.n;nOJIaraIOT HaJIH-
'lrre YBe.n;Ol\IJIeHIlJI H COrJIaCIlH.
ITOCROJIbHY B CJIY'lae yCTyrrHH Tpe60BaHIIJI OTHomeHHH C
.n;OJIiRJlHROM II OTHOIIIeHHJI C TpeTbHM, rrOMHMO .n;OJIiRHIIRa, JIH-
n;OM HMeIOT KaqeCTBeHHO OTJIH'lHhlH xapalnep, paCo.WTpHM HX
O'f.n;eJlbHO.
315
a) YCJIOBHH, OTHOCmD;HeCJI K OJIamHKY, H HX eiiCTBHe.
,D;JUI Toro 'ITo6bI HOBbIH Rpe HTOp B Mor peammOBa'l'b npaBO
Tpe60BaHHH B OTHOnIeHHH OJImHHRa B, <paRT YCTynRII Tpe6oBa-
HHH OJImeH 6bITb C006m;eH npemHHM Rpe HTopOM A OJImHH.
'KY B. RanpaBJIeHHe YRa3aHHoro H3Bem;eHHH HOBbIM Rpe HTO-
pOM B BMeCTO A He onYCRaeTCH. 1I3Bem;eHIIe He 06H3aTeJIbHO
-MomeT HanpaBJIHTbCH O HOBpeMeHHO C YCTynRoH Tpe6oBaHHH,
O HaKO CJIe yeT Y'IHTbIBaTb, 'ITO B03MomHOCTb npe 'bHBJIeHIIH
Tpe60BaHHH omKHHRY HacTynaeT C MOMeHTa H3Bem;eHHH. Ro-
"BbIH Kpe HTOp B MomeT npe 'bHBHTb Tpe60BaHHe )J:OJImHHKY B
II npH OTCYTCTBHH H3Bem;eHHH, npH YCJIOBHH BbIpameHHH
]l;OJImHIfIWM B CBoero OC03HaHHH <paRT a YCTynRH Tpe60BaHIIH
'Mem y A H B. 3aRoHO aTeJIbCTBO Ha3bIBaeT ::ITO COrJIaCHeM,
ROHTpareHTOM ROToporo MomeT 6bITb RaK A, TaR H B.
IIpH OTCYTCTBHH H3Bem;eHHH HJIH COrJIaCHH HOBbIH Kpe H-
TOp B He MomeT npen:'bHBHTb Tpe60BaHHe OJImHHRY B a1Ke
!B TOM CJIY'Iae, eCJIH B 3HaJI 0 <paRTe YCTynRII Tpe6oBaHHH.
npep;'bHBJIeHIIe HCRa HOBbIM Rpep;HTopOM He 6yp;eT HMen 3a-
'ROHHbIX OCHOBaHHH, a ero Tpe60BaHHH K p;OJImHHRY He BbI30'
BYT nepepbIBa aBHOCTH. .D:OJImHHR B MomeT rrpOTHBonOCTaB-
JIHTb HOBOMY I{pep;HTopy B B03pameHHH, HMeBrnHeCH B OTHO'.
rneHHH npemHero Kpep;HTopa A (npaBo B03pameHHH B
OTHorneHHH HCnOJIHeHHH, aHHYJIHpOBaHHH, paCTopiKeHIIH,
O HOBpeMeHHoro HCnOJIHeHHH) (n. 2 CT. 468 fR). B nopH Ke
TOJIKOBaHHH 3TO pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH H Ha CJIY'IaH HaJIH'IHH Y
}];OJImHHRa B BCTpe'IHbIX o6H3aTeJIbCTB B OTHorneHHH Kpep;H-
Topa A B nepHOp; o YRa3aHHoro H3Bem;eHHH, BCJIep;CTBHe 'Iero
-nonOJIHeHHe o6H3aTeJIbCTBa MomeT 6bITb ocym;eCTBJIeHO B no-
pH}];Ke 3a'IeTa, a TaRme B nepHOp; nOCJIe H3Bem;eHHH - Ha
CJIY'IaH HaJIH'IHH BCTpe'IHbIX o6H3aTeJIbCTB, p;eHCTBYIOm;HX o
HacTynJIeHHH cpOKa HCnOJIHeHHH o6H3aTeJIbCTBa. B CJIY'Iae
BblpameHHH p;OJImnHROM B CBoero COrJIaCHH Ha YCTYIIKY Tpe-
60BaHHH OH He MomeT npOTHBonOCTaBHTb HOBOMY Kpep;HTOpy B
B03pamenIIH, ROTopble MorJIH 6bITb npep;'bHBJIeHbI npemHeMY
Kpep;HTOpy A (n. 1 CT. 468 rR). 8TO, op;HalW, He pacnpoCTpa-
HHeTCH Ha CJIY'IaH Hep;o6poCOBeCTHOCTH HOBoro Kpep;HTopa
(perneHHe BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 27 OKTH6pH 1967 r.). B'IHC-
JIO OCHOBaHHH HeB03MOmHOCTH npep;'bHBJIeHHH Tpcl}l)BaHHJI
OJImHHRY BKJIIO'IaIOTCH OTCYTCTBIIe npaBa Tpe60BaHHH B
CBH3H C aHHYJIHpOBaHHeM HJIH He eHCTBH'l'eJIbHOCTbIO p;orOBO-
pa, IIpeRpam;eHHe o6H3aTeJIbCTBa ero HCnOJIHeHJiIeM H T. II. IIpJil
HaJIJiI'IHH YKa3aHHbIX oCHoBaHHH B03Mem;eHHe HOBOMY Kpe}];ll-
TOPY B OJIiRHO ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH npeiRHJilM Kpe HTopOM A.
::316
6) YCJIOBHH rrpeA'hHBJIeHHH TpeooBaHHH TpeTI,eMY, nOMIIMO
P;OJDRHIIRa, JIIIIJ;Y. B OTHorneHIIII TpeTI,ero JIIIIJ;a He cym;ecTByeT
pa3JIH'IIIH Mem,n;y H3Bem;eHIIeM H npIIHHTIIeM. O,n;HaRO oe3 YRa-
3aHIIH ,n;aTM YCTynRII TpeOOBamm n03IIIJ;IIH TpeTbero JIIIIJ;a C
TO'lRII 3peHIIH oxpaHbI ero IIHTepeCOB ORameTCH 'Ipe3MepHO
CJIaOOH. HanpIIMep, YCTynRa TpeOOBaHIIH HOBOMY Rpe,IUITOpy B
npOII30rnJIa 1 weBpaJIH, a ,n;aJIbHeHrnaH nepeycTynRa CJIe,n;yro-
m;eMY HOBOMY Rpe,n;IITOpy r 5 weBpaJIH, o,n;HaRO no crOBOpy
TpeK JIIIIJ; - npemHero Rpe,n;IITopa A, ,n;OJImHIIRa B II CJIe,n;ylO-
JIJ;ero HOBoro Rpe,n;IITopa r - 0 TOM, 'ITO YCTyrrRa TpeOOBa-
HHH r rrpOH30mJIa HROOM 30 HHBapH, COCTaBJIHlOTCH rro):(JIom-
Hble ,n;ORYMeHTbI, CBH,n;eTeJIbCTBylOm;IIe 0 HarrpaB.TlemIII Tpeoye-
,Moro II3Bem;emm TaRme HROObI 30 HHBapH, 'ITO npIIBO):(IIT K
4>aRTII'IeCKOMY YHII'ITomeHIIlO rrpaBa TpeOOBaHIIH Rpe):(IITopa B.
Ha 3TOT CJlyqaH rR co,n;epmIIT nOJlOmeHlIe, cor.llaCHO ROTOPOMY
13 IJ;eJIHX rrpe,n;OTBpam;eHIIH oopaTHoro ,n;eHCTBIIH M3Bern;eHIIH 06
YCTyrrKe TpeooBaHIIH ynpaBoMO'leHHoe JIIIIJ;O He MomeT npe,n;'b-
BlIn TpeOOBaHIIH TpeTbeMY, nOMIIMo ,n;OJImHlIRa, JIIIIJ;y nplI
DTCYTCTBIIII ,n;ORYMeHTOB, HOTapIIaJIbRO y,n;OCTOBepHlOm;l'!X ):(aTY
II3Bem;eHIIH 00 YCTyrrRe TpeOOBaHIIH (rr. 2 CT. 467 fR; CM. TaK-
me perneHIIe BepXOBHoro cy,n;a OT 28 MapTa 1919 1'.). TaR,
€CJIII lI3Bem;eHIIe HOB oro Kpe):(IITopa B 00 YCTyrrRe TpeOOBaHlIH:
DbIJIO c,n;eJIaHO B wopMe OObI'IHOrO rrIICbMa, a 0 rrepeYCTynKe
JIe,n;YlOm;eMY HOBOMY Rpe,n;IITOpy r - B wopMe HOTapIIaJIbHO
3aBepeHHoro H3Bem;eHIIH, Kpe,n;HTOp r IIMeeT npeIIMym;ecTBo
nepe):( Rpe,n;IITopOM B. 8TO, o,n;HaRO, He pacrrpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha
TOT CJIyqaH, KOI',n;a ,n;o MOMeHTa II3Bem;eHIIH 00 YCTyrrRe Tpeoo-
DaHIIH HOBOMY Rpe,n;IITOpy r 00H3aTeJIbCTBO rrpeKpaTIIJIOCb
BCJIe,n;CTBIIe ero IIcrrOJIHeHIIH Kpe,n;IITOpy B (pemeHlle BepxoB-
Horo cy,n;a OT 22 ,n;eRaopH 1914 1'.). B nopH,n;Re TOJIKOBaHIIH
MomHO C'IJITaTb, 'ITO B C,llY'lae, eCJIII II3Bem;eHIIH 00 YCTyrrRe
1'peOOBanrm ObIJIII c):(eJIaHbI B wopMe OOI:.I'IHOrO nIICbMa rrpH
rrepe,n;a'le TpeOOBaHIIH RaK B, TaR II r, ):(OJImHIIR MomeT OTRa-
3an B yrrJIaTe JIlOOOMY II3 HORbIX Kpe,n;YITOpOB. IIpII HamI'IIIH
HOTapJIa.'lbHO 3aBepeHlIbIX II3Bem;eHIIH 00 YCTyrrKe TpeOOBaHHH
y OOOJIX HOBbIX I\pC,n;IITOpOB cy,n;eOHaH lIpaKTIIKa YCTaHaBJIIIBa-
.eT He Ka.TIeH,n;apnylO O'Iepe,n;nOCTb YCTynKII TpeOOBaHIIH, a O'le-
pe,n;HOCTb nocTyrrJIeHIIH YKa3arrHbIX JI3Bem;eHIIH K ,n;OJImHIIRY
(pemeHlIe BepXOBHoro cy,n;a OT 7 Ma pTa 1974 1'.).
HOTapnaJIbHO 3aBepeHHI:.IM C'IIITaeTCH II3Bem;eHIIe, ROTO-
'P0e rro):(na,n;aeT no,n; o,n;no 1I3 orrpe,n;eJIeHIIH, co,n;epmam;IIXCH B
CT. 5 3aRoHa 0 BBe,n;eHIIII B ,n;eHcTBIIe fR. OOM'IHO aTO onHCI.
co,n;epmaHmI IJ;enHoro rrO'lTOBOrO OTrrpaBJIeHIIH.
3/7
47. YCTynKa op epHLIX Tpe60BaHHii. Op epHblMH JIBJIJIIOTCJl!
Tpe60B3HHJI no TeM 06JIa3TeJIbCTB3M, KOTopbIe Bblp3iReHbI D:
BH e eHHbIX 6YM3r II co.n;epiR3T npHK3a 0 BbInJI3Te YK33aH"
HOMY B 6YM3re JIH y lIJIH JIH y, Ha.n;3BIlleMY no.n;06HbID: npHRas.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C HOpM3MH TR K op.n;epHhIM eHHbIM oYM3raM'
OTHOCHTCH BeKCeJIb, CKJI3.n;O Hoe CBHp;eTeJIbCTBO, H3RJI3.n;HaH
KOHOC3MeHT H HMeHHble 3K HH (CM. CT. 603, 574, 776, 205 TR
CT. 11,77 33KOH3 0 BeKCeJIHX, CT. 14 33KOH3 0 eK3X). YCTyn-
K3 TpeOOB3HHH, Bblp3iReHHblX B BHp;e YK3a3HHbIX eHHbIX oy-
M3r, B nepBYIO o epe.n;b perYJIHpyeTCJI HOpM3MH TR. Y cTynK31
HrrOTe HbIx .n;OKYMeHTOB T3KiRe ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH no npHK3ay
(CT. 15 33KOH3 00 HrrOTe HblX .n;oKYMeHT3x), n08TOMY Ha Hee'
p3cnpOCTp3HHeTCH .n;eHcTBIIe HOpM TR (CM. CT. 40 YI{333HHOro,
33KOH3). lIIIblX op.n;epHblX oOHaaTeJIbCTB, KOTopbIe npe.n;YCM3T-
pHB3JIHCb ObI HCKJIIO HTeJIbHO fR, B flrrOHHH He cym;ecT-
ByeT.
1) JI:oroBop 06 YCTynKe op.n;epHoro TpeooB3IHm B COOTBeT-
CTBHll C TpeOOB3I1HHMII TR p;OJIiReH H)l.IeTb rrepep;3TO HYIO Ha.n;-
nIICb (HH.n;occ3MeHT), B KOTOpOH YK3abIB3eTCH, TO p;aHH3H
eHH3H oYM3r3 rrepep;3H3, H3rrpHMep, rp3iRp;3HHHOM A rp3iR-
P;3HIIHY E lIJfH TO BJI3p;eHHe eHHoH oYM3rH rrepexop;IIT K
rp3iRp;3HIIHY E. fR iRe orrpep;eJIHeT p;eHCTBIITeJIbIlOCTb YCTyn-
KH Opp;epHI:JX 00H33Te,1IbCTB H3 OCIIOB3HIIlI .n;OroBOp3, 3 HHP;OC-
C3MeHT p3CCM3TpIIB3eT B I{3 eCTBe YCJIOBIIH, nCKJIIO 3IO-
m;ero rrpep;'bHBJIeHIIe npeTeHaHH co CTOpOHbl TpeTbHX JIHq
(CT. 469 fR), TO OTp3iR3eT P3HHHH nepnOj1; CT3HOBJIeHIIR:
COBpeMeHHblX ToprOBbIX oTHoIIIeHHH.
2) ITOCKOJIbKY YCTyrrK3 0p;IJ;epHbIX TpeooBaHHH ocym;ecT-
BJIHeTCH I1YTeM nepeXO;IJ;3 eHHbIX oYM3r, B03HHRaeT Heooxo-
.n;llMOCTb OCOOOH OXP3Hbl HHTepeCOB ;IJ;OJIiRHHRa H TpeTbHX
JIll .
a) OxpaHa HHTepecoB OJImHHKa. IT pH nOCJIep;OB3 TeJIbHOM
nepeXO;IJ;e opp;epHoro 00H33TeJIbCTBa OT ARE, OT E K B H,
H3ROHe , OT B R r B CJIY 3e npe;IJ;'bHBJIeHIIH Kpe;IJ;HTOpOM r
P;OJIiRHHRy JI: TpeooB3HIIH 00 HCrrOJIHeHIIH 00H33TeJIbCTBa
;IJ;OJIiRIIImy He TaK JICrKO yP;OCTOBepnTbCH, ,ljeHCTBHTeJIbHO JIH
A, E, B H r HMeIOT OTHorneHue K YCTyrrKe TpeooB3HHH. HeHcHo
T3K}Re, HBJIHeTCH JIll p;epiR3TeJIb eHHoH oYM3rH ,ljeHC'fRHTeJlb-
HO rpaiR;IJ;3HIIHOM r. ECJIH iRe ;IJ;OJliRHHI{ IIMeeT ;IJ;eJIO C rrop;;IJ;eJI-
KOH, TO, ynJl3TIIB JIH y, He HBJIHIOm;eMYCH ;IJ;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIM
Kpe;IJ;HTOpOM, OH OY;IJ;eT BbIHYiR;IJ;eH nOBTopHO HCrrOJIHHTb OOH-
a3 TeJIbCTBO YiRe no Tpe60B3HHIO HCTHHHoro Kpe;D,HTop3. Ha
8TOT CJIY 3ii fR npH3H3eT np3Bo (HO He 00JI33HHOCTb) j1;OJIiR-
318
BHKa Ha BhUICHeHHe rrOp;JIHHHOCTIl rrOp;IIHCell: H ne'IaTell: Kpep;H-
TOpOB A, B, B H r, a TaKiRe Ha yp;OCTOBepeHHe JIHqHOCTH Rpe-
)J;HTopa r. aHHoe rrpaBO rr36aBJIHeT ,n;O.'IiRHHHa OT HeBbIro,n;,
CBH3aHHLIX C rrpOCpO'IROll: HCrrOJIHeHHH, eCJIH OHa rrpOH30IIIJIa
BCJIep;CTBHe Heo6xo,n;IIMOCTH YKa3aHHoro BbUlCHeHIIH. IIoHHTHo,
'ITO BbUlCHeHHe He ,n;OJIiRHO BbIXOP;HTb 3a paMKH pa3YMHoro
rrepIIop;a BpeMeHH. B CJIyqae YIIJIaTbI P;OJIiRHHKOM 6e3 TaRoro
BbIHCHeHHH ona CqHTaeTCH p;ell:CTBHTeJIbHOll:, eCJIII HCrrOJIHeHHe
rrpOII3Be,n;eHO Hap;JIeiRa eMY Rpep;HTOpy. II Hao6opoT, BHe 3a-
BHCIIMOCTH OT Toro, 3HaJI JIH P;OJIiRHIIK, 'ITO JIH:U;O, IWTOPOMY
DbI:Ia ocy eCTBJIeHa yrrJIa Ta, He HBJIHJIOCb p;ell:CTBIITeJIbHbIM
Hpep;HTopOM, HJIH He 3HaJI aToro, IICrrOJIHeHHe C'IHTaeTCH He-
..n;ell:CTBIITeJIbHbIM, ,n;anHoe o6cToHTeJIbcTBo paCCMaTpHBaeTCH
RaK ne6peiRHocTb p;omRHHKa (CT. 470 fK).
6) OxpaHa HHTepeCOB TpeTbHX JIH - eCCHOHapHeB. o-
nYCTIIM, opp;epHoe o6H3aTeJIbcTBo rrOCJIep;OBaTeJIbHO rrepexop;HT
MeiRP;Y Kpe,n;IITopaMH A, B, B H r, HO Rpep;HTOp B YiRe nOJIY-
"'IIIJI qaCTHqHOe HCrrOJIHeHIIe o6H3aTeJIbcTBa IIJIII OTCpO'IIIJI ero.
B aTOM CJIyqae Rpe,n;HTophI B H r JIH60 He CMorYT BbIJICHHTb
IICTHHHoe rrOJIOiReHHe p;eJI, JIH60, ) orrYCTHB TaKoe BbUlCHeHHe,
2aTpy,n;HHT npo:u;ecc nepep;a'III Tpe6oBaHIIll: rro opp;epRLIM o6H-
2aTeJIbCTBaM. IIoaToMY na cJIyqall: P;06pocoBecTHocTII n;eCCIIO-
napIIH fH npep;YCMaTpIIBaeT HeB03MOiRHOCTb npep;'bHBJIeHIIJI
.)J;OJIiRHlIROM YRa3aHHbIX BMme B03paiReHIIll: HOBOMY Rpep;IITOpy
npH YCJIOBIIII OTCYTCTBIIH COOTBeTCTBYIO ero YRa3aHIIH B Ha,n;-
nIICII Ha u;eHHOll: 6YMare (CT. 472 rK).
PaCCl\WTpHM P;PyryIO cIITya lIIO. A rrepep;aeT Ha xpaHe-
HHe B op,n;epHoe o6H3aTeJIbcTBo, HO B, HapYIIIHB p;OBepHe A,
.)J;eJIaeT Ha op,n;epHOll: 6YMare rrepep;aTOqHYIO Ha,n;mICb, 6y,n;To
p;aHHoe opp;epHoe Tpe60BaHHe YCTYIIJIeHO eMY rpaiR,n;aHHHoM A,
II rrepep;aeT ee rpaiRp;aHHHY B. B aTOM CJIY'Iae B03HIIKaeT
Bonpoe: HBJIJIeTCJI JIH ,n;ell:CTBIITeJIJ,HbIM rrpHo6peTeHIIe op,n;ep-
Horo Tpe60BaHHH u;eCCHOHapIIeM J ? STOT Bonpoc peiliaeTCH
aHa.TIorrrqno nepep;aqe P;BHiRIIMOll: Jle II, OCTaB.'feHHOll: Ha xpa-
Henlle, ,I\pyrOMY JIlII Y (eM.: Be Hoe npaBo - 2, 98). IIpHMe-
HHTeJIbHO K op,n;epHblM 6YMaraM rK He npe,n;y MaTpIIBaeT HR-
RaRIIx HOpM na aTOT CqeT. TK pacnpOCTpaHJIeT Ha BeKCeJIH
nprrHU;IIrr rry6JIH'IHOll: BepbI (CT. 519 TK, CT. 12-14 3aHoHa
() BeI\CellJIX, CT. 21 3aRoHa 0 'IeRax). He B,n;aBaJICb B p;eTaJIbHOe
paCCMOTpenIIe npo6JIeMLI, MOiRHO IWHCTaTIIpOBaTb, 'ITO no
cpaBHernlIO C rrpUHT ImOM rry6JIII'IHOll: BepbI, npeP;YCMOTpeH-
HhIM fIt B OTHOilieHIIII ,n;BIIiRIIMOCTII, B p;aHHOM CJIyqae aTOT
npIIUIJ,nn IIMeeT 66.:IbIIIYIO CIIJIY, a HMeHHO rrpHHIJ,Hrr rryomI'I-
319
nOll BepI:.I B OTHOlIIeHIIII p;BHmHMOCTH He paClIpOCTpaHHeTCH HR
nOXH eHHoe H IIOTepJIHHOe HMy ecTBo, B TO BpeMH KaK aHa-
JIOrHqHI:.Ill IIpHHU;HII B OTHOlIIeHHH BeKCeJIeH He 3HaeT HCKJIIO-
qeHUH. BOJIee Toro, IIPHHU;HII IIy6JIHqHOH BepM B OTHOlIIeHHII
)J;BHmHMOCTH Tpe6yeT )J;06pOCOBeCTHOCTH npno6peTaTeJIJI H OT-
CYTCTBHH He6pemHOCTH C ero CTOpOHI:.I, B CJIyqae me BeK-
CeJIeH p;OCTaTOqHO OTCYTCTBHH Hep;o6poCOBeCTHOCTII H cepI:.-
e3HOH He6pemHOCTH (CT. 192-194 TH, CT. 21 3aKoHa o.
qeKax) .
48. Y cTynKa Tpe60BaHHll no u;eHHMM 6YMaraM Ha npep;'b-
JIBHTeJlH. HaK OTMeqaJIOCI:. paHee, Tpe60BaHHe no u;eHHI:.IM 6y-
MaraM Ha npep;'bHBHTeJIH 6e3 YKa3aHlIH KOHKpeTHoro Kpep;H-
Topa nOp;JIemHT HCnOJIHeHHIO Hap;JIema eMY p;epmaTeJIIO p;aH-
HI:.IX 6YMar. rH paCCMaTpHBaeT p;aHHI:.IH BHP; u;eHHI:.IX 6YMar
KaK p;BHmMMOCTI:. (CM. n. 3 CT. 86 rH, 06 aH qaCTI:. - 70).
B COOTBeTCTBIIII C HopMaMH TH nepeqeHI:. u;eHHI:.IX 6YMar no-
p;o6Horo pop;a aHaJIOrHqeH nepeqHIO Opp;epHI:.JX 06JI3aTeJII:.CTB.
IIoMuMo cOJ\epma HxcH B p;aHHOM nepeqHe, Ha npaKTHI\e cy-
ecTByeT MHomeCTBO HHI:.IX BUP;OB Tpe60BaHHH Ha npe;a,'bHBII-
TeJIJI, no;a,na;a,aIO HX nop; p;eHcTBHe rH: TaJIOHI:.I Ha nOJIyqeHHe
TOBapa B YHUBepCaJII:.HI:.IX Mara3Hnax, meJIe3HOp;OpOmHI:.Ie II
TeaTpaJII:.HI:.Ie 6IIJIeTI:.I H T. n.
1) IIoCKOJII:.KY YCTymm Tpe60BaHHH no p;OI\YMeHTaM Ha
npe;a,'bJIBHTeJIJI paCCMaTpHBaeTCH rH KaK nepe;a,aqa ;a,BnmH-
MOCTH, p;eHCTBHTeJII:.HOCTI:. u;eCCHU HacTynaeT Ha OCHOBaHHII
p;oroBopa, a YCJIOBHeM, HCKJIIOqaIO HM npe;a,'bHBJIeHHe npeTeH-
3HH co CTOpOHI:.I TpeTI:.HX JIHU;, JIBJIHeTCH peaJII:.HaH nepe;a,aqa
u;eHHoH 6YMarH (n. 3 CT. 86, CT. 178 rH). STO, op;HaKO, n(}
HalIIeMY IHeHUIO, KaK H B CJIyqae opp;epHoro Tpe6oBaHHJI, He
OTBeqaeT XapaI\Tepy u;eHHI:.IX 6YMar.
2) AHaJIOrlIqHO YCTynKe Opp;epHI:.IX Tpe60BaHHH npn
YCTynKe Tpe60BaHHH no u;eHHI:.IM 6YMaraM Ha npep;'bJIBHTeJIH
B03HHKaeT Heo6xo;a,uMOCTI:. OXpaHI:.I HHTepecoB p;OJImHHKa U
TpeTI:.erO JIlIIW, JIBJIJIIO erOCJI u;eCCIIOHapUel\L
a) B OTliOlIIeHIIH oxpaHM IIHTepeCOB ;a,OJl1KHHKa rH He CO-
p;epmJIT cneU;Ha,;rI:.HI:.IX nOJIOmeHHH. Op;HaKO, nOCKOJII:.KY p;ep-
maTeJII:. 6YMar Ha npe;a,'bJIBIITeJIH paCCMaTpUBaeTCH B RaqeCTBe
KBa3HBJIap;eJII:.u;a Tpe6oBallIIH, P;06pOCOBeCTHOCTI:. ;a,OJlmHHKa
HBJIJIeTCJI OCHOBaHHeM p;eHCTBHTeJII:.HOCTII UCnOJlHeHHH 06H3a-
TeJII:.CTBa (CT. 478 rH).
6) AJIH oxpaHM IIHTepeCOB u;eCCIIOHapHH Ha ;a,aHHI:.IH BHA
Tpe60BaHuH pacnpOCTpaHJIeTCJI nOJIOmeHlIe CT 472 fH,
320
npe,JJ;YCMaTpHBaIOm;ee npeO,JJ;OJIeHHe n;eCCHOHapHeM npaBa
,JJ;OJImHHKa Ha B03pameHHe (CT. 473 rR). B OTHomeHHH npHH-
n;Hna ny6JIH'IHOH BepLI ,JJ;eHcTByeT nOJIomeHHe CT. 172 rR.
O,JJ;HaKo B CBH3H C TeM, 'ITO oxpaHa TR npHH:U;Hna ny6JIH'IHOH
BepbI B OTHOilleHHH :u;eHHLIX 6YMar 60JIee CHJIbHa, 'IeM COOTBeT-
CTBYIOm;aH oxpaHa, npe,JJ;ycMoTpeHHaH rR B OTHOilleHHH ,JJ;BH-
mHMOCTH, cY,JJ;e6HaH npaKTHKa H 60JIbillHHCTBO n;HBHJIHCTOB
C'IHTaIOT, 'ITO Ha Tpe60BaHHH no n;eHHLIM 6YMaraM Ha npe,JJ;'b-
HBHTeJIH, nO,JJ;na,JJ;aIOm;He no,JJ; ,JJ;eHCTBHe CT. 519 TR, pacnpo-
CTpaHHeTCH CT. 21 3aRoHa 0 'IeKax. BCJIe,JJ;cTBHe :3Toro Tpe6o-
BaHHe B03Bpam;eHHH YKa3aHHLIX :u;eHHLIX 6YMar He MOiHeT
6bITb npe,JJ;'bHBJIeHO ,JJ;06pOCOBeCTHOMY npHo6peTaTeJIIO ,JJ;ame B
CJIY'Iae, eCJIH 8TH 6YMarH 6LIJIH nOXHm;eHbI HJIH YTepHHLI (CM.
CT. 193 rR, CT. 21 3aRoHa 0 'IeRax). llo,JJ;o6Hoe TOJIROBaHHe
BnOJIHe onpaB,JJ;aHHO, O,JJ;HaKO K TaKOMY CJIOiRHOMY TOJIROBa-
HHIO He npHillJIOCb 6LI npH6eraTb, eCJIH 6LI HMeJIOCb e,JJ;HHoo6-
pa3He HopMaTHBHbIX nOJIOmeHHH B OTHOilleHHH n;eHHLIX
6YMar.
49. IbIeHHfile Tpe6oBaHDJI.
1) MMeHHbIe Tpe60BaHHH npe,JJ;CTaBJIeHbI B BH,JJ;e n;eHHbIX
6YMar H cO,JJ;epmaT yKa3aHHe 0 BLInJiaTe onpe,JJ;eJIeHHoMy JIHn;y
HJIH Ha;IJ;JIemam;eMY ;IJ;epmaTeJIIO :u;eHHoH 6YMarH. 06LI'IHO ,JJ;aH-
HMH BH,JJ; Tpe60BaHHH cym;ecTByeT B BH,JJ;e 'IeKOB. MMeHHoe
Tpe60BaHHe MomHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK pa3HoBH,JJ;HOCTb Tpe6o-
BaHHH Ha npe,JJ;'bHBHTeJIH. TR perYJIHpyeT HMeHHLIe 6yMar:o
Ha paBHLIX OCHOBaHHHX C 6YMaraMH Ha npe,JJ;'bHBHTeJIH
( CT. 519 TR, n. 2 CT. 5 3aKoHa 0 'IeKax). rR pacnpOCTpaHHeT
Ha ,JJ;aHHbIH BH,JJ; Tpe60BaHHH JIHillb nOJIOmeHHe CT. 470, oxpa-
HHIOm;eH HCnOJIHeHHe ,JJ;OJImHHKOM op,JJ;epHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa
(CT. 471 rR). llpaKTH'IeCKH me HMeHHbIX Tpe6oBaHHH, nO,JJ;na-
,JJ;aIOm;HX no,JJ; ,JJ;eHCTBHe rR, He cym;ecTByeT.
2) OT HMeHHLIX Tpe60BaHHH CJIe,JJ;yeT CTporo OTrpaHH'III-
BaTb TaR Ha3bIBaeMbIe ,JJ;OKyMeHTbI no OCBooom,JJ;eHHIO OT OTBeT-
CTBeHHOCTH. TaK, nOCeTHTeJIHM YHHBepMarOB H TeaTpOB BLI,JJ;a-
IOTCH KBllTaHIJ,llH 0 c,JJ;a'Ie HMH B rap,JJ;epo6 JIII'IHbIX Bem;eH,
naccamHpbI noe3,JJ;OB nOJIY'laIOT 6aramHbIe KBHTaHrt;HH. Bce 8TH
,JJ;OKYMeHTbI y,JJ;OCTOBepHIOT npHHa,JJ;JIemHOCTb npaB Tpe60BaHHH
onpe,JJ;eJIeHHOMY JIHn;y. MCnOJIHeHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa ,JJ;epmaTe-
JIIO YKa3aHHOH KBHTaH:U;HH oCBo6om,JJ;aeT ,JJ;OJImHHKa OT OTBeTCT-
BeHHOCTH. IIo/J,06HLIe RBHTaH:U;HH npHMeHHIOTCH B Tex CJIY'IaHX,
Kor,JJ;a BLIHCHeHHe ,JJ;OJImHHKOM, HBJIHeTCH JIH /J,epmaTeJIb KBH-
TaHn;HH ,JJ;eHCTBHTeJIbHO Kpe,JJ;HTopOM, HeYMeCTHO H HeY,JJ;o6HO.
21 SaKaa M 892
321
CJIe)J;yeT Y'lIIThIBaTh, 'ITO )J;aHHaJI' CIICTeMa He CTaBIIT cBoeii
n;eJIhlO ooeCrre'IeHIIe CTaOIIJIhHOCTII nepep;a'III TpeOOBaHIIH H
YCIIJIeHIIe IIX rrepe)J;aBaeMOCTII, rr03TOMY H' OOH3aTeJIhCTBO He
BOrrJIo:rn;aeTCH B <popMe n;eHHhIX OYMar. l1;JIH peaJIII3a:QHII Tpeoo..
BaHIIH He Bcer)J;a II HYiRHhI YRa3aHHhIe RBIITaHn;IIII, II rrpH
YTpa Te RBIITaHn;IIII 3)J;eCh He cy:rn;eCTByeT, RaR B CJIY'lae n;eH-
HhIX OYMar, rrpOIW)J;yphI rrYOJIII'IHOrO II3Be:rn;eHIIH (CM. CT. 57
3aRoHa 0 BBe)J;eHIIII B )J;encTBIIe rR, CT. 764 H CJIef];. rnR).
rnaBa 7. nEPEBOAAOnrA
50. IIoHHTIIe IIepeBop;a p;OJIra.
1) B03MomHocTb IIepeBO)J;a p;OJIra. nepeBOf]; )J;oma B03HII-
RaeT Ha OCHOBaHIIII )J;orOBopa 0 rrepeXOf];€I f);OJIrOBOrO oOH3aTeJIb-
CTBa rpaiR)J;aHIIHa E rrepe)J; Rpe)J;IITopOM A R rpaiR)J;3HIIHY B.
B pe3YJIhTaTe 3aRJIlO'IeHIIH rro)J;ooHoro f];OrOBOpa rrpeiRHIIH
f];OIIiRHIIR E OCBOOOiRf];aeTcH 01' oOH3aTeJIhCTBa, a MeCTO )J;OJIiR-
RlIRa 3aHIIMaeT rpaiRf];aHIIH B, ROTophIn B rrOJIHOM OO'heMe
rrpIIHIIMaeT Ha ceOH f];aHHoe f];OJIrOBOe oOH3aTeJIhCTBo. BMecTe
C TeM f];aiRe B CJIY'Iae o<popMJIeHIIH rrepeBOf];a f];OJIra )J;orOBopOM
MeiR)J;Y A, E II B B03HIIRaeT Borrpoc 0 f];OrrYCTIIMOCTII TaRoro
rrepeBOf];a. B rrpOIIIJIOM OhIJIII pacrrpOCTpaHeHhI B3rJIH)J;hI, co-
rJIaCHO ROTOphIM 3aMeHa f];OJIiRHIIRa He rr03BOJIHJIa ObI ooecrre-
'IIITh HeII3MeHHOCTh f];OJIrOBOrO OOH3aTeJIhCTBa. OTpaiRaH
rrO)J;OOHhIe B3rJIH)J;hI, rR flrrOHIIII He COf];epiRIIT HIIRaRIIX CTa-
Ten, peryJIIIpyro:rn;IIX rrepeBOf]; f];oma. Of];HaRO B COBpeMeHHhIH
rrepllOf]; OOH3aTeJIhCTBeHHhIe OTHOIIIeHIIH, rrpeBpaTIIBIIIIICh B
IIMy:rn;eCTBeHHhIe, BhIIIIJIII 3a paMRII MeiRJIII'IHOCTHhIx OTHOIIIe-
HIIn orrpef];eJIeHHhIX JIHn;. MOiRHO CRa3aTh, 'ITO JIII'IHOCTh Rpe-
f];IITopa YiRe He HBJIHeTCH HeOOXOf];IIMhIM 3JIeMeHTOM rrpaBa
Tpe6oBaHIIH, paBHO RaR II JIII'IHOCTh f];OJIiRHIIRa He06xo)J;IIMbIM
3JIeMeHTOM f];JIH BhIrrOJIHeHIIH 06H3aHHOCTII. BMeCTe C TeM JIII'!-
HOCTh f];OJIiRIIIIRa, a TO'IHee ero rrJIa TeiRecTIoco6HOCTh )J;aJIeRO
He 6e3pa3JIII'IHa )J;JIH Rpe)J;IITopa, rrOaTOMY rrepeBO)l; )J;OJIra He
l\WiReT ocy:rn;eCTBJIHThCH TOIIhRO Ha OCHOBe )J;BYCTopOHHero f];O-
rOBopa MeiR)J;Y rrpeiRHIIM II HOB hIM )J;OJIiRHIIROM, rrpII IIrHopIIpo-
BaHIIII BOJIII Rpe)J;IITopa. B 3TOM 3aRJIIO'IaeTCH OTJIII'lIIe rrepeBO)J;a
)J;OJIra OT YCTyrrRII TpeOOBaHIIH, ROTopaH B03HIIRaeT Ha OCHOBa-
HIIII )J;orOBopa MeiR)J;Y rrpeiRHIIM II HOB hIM Rpe)J;IITopOM II He
CBH3aHa C BOJIen )J;OJIiRHIIRa. )J;aHHoe OTJIII'IIIe CBH3aHO, O)J;Ha-
j{O, He C xapaRTepOM Tpe60BaHIIH, a C rrp06JIeMOn rrOJIHOMO'IIIH
CTOpOH B f];OrOBope.
322
2) «I>YHK HH IIepeBo a OJIra. lIHCTIITYT IIepeBo a OJIra
IIrpaeT 3Ha1JlITeJIbHYIO pOJIb B 3KOHOMlI1JeCKOII ;KII3HII. TaK,
BeCbMa y o6Ha C T01JKII 3peHlIH paC1JeTOB CJIe YIOIIWH clITya.
MH. B IIMeeT nepe A OJIrOBOe o6H3aTeJIbCTBO Ha CYMMY
500 TbIC. lIeH II O HOBpeMeHHO IInOTe1JHOe npaBO Ha He BlIiKlI-
MOCTb, CTOIIMOCTb KOTOpOH COCTaBJIHeT 1 MJIH. lIeH. IIplI nepe-
a1Je aHHoH He BlIiKIIMOCTII rpaiK)J.aHIIHY B B nOJIyqaeT OT
Hero 500 TbIC. MeH, a Ha OCTaJIbHbIe 500 TbIC. ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH
nepeBO )J.OJIra Ha B. RpoMe Toro, B CJIyqae 60JIbmeH nJIaTe-
iKecnoco6HoCTlI B no cpaBHeHIIIO C B nepeBO)J. )J.OJIra YCIIJIII"
BaeT 06eCne1JeHlIe Tpe60BaHIIH.
51. )];oroBop 0 IIepeBo e OJIra.
1) B03MomHocTb IIepeBo a OJIra. I1peiK)J.e Bcero oOH3a-
TeJIbCTBO OJImHO OOJIa aTb xapaKTepoM, oIIycKalOm;Hl\1 IIepe
XO OOH3aHHOCTlI K PyrOMY OJImHHKY. AHaJIOrlf'IHO npaBaM
Tpe6oBaHIIH, KOTopbIe He )J.onYCKaIOT 1I3MeHeHlIH Kpe)J.IITopa,
IIMeIOTCH II OJIrOBbIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, He )J.onYCKaIOm;lIe 1I3Me-
HeHIIH )J.OJIiKHIIKa. OTHeceHlIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa K )J.aHHOH KaTe-
roplIH OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha KOHKpeTHOM aHaJIlI3e 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa (CM. oroBopKy n. 1 CT. 466 fR). TaK, 06bI1JHO C1JIITaIOT-
CH nepe)J.aBaeMbIMII )J.eHeiKHbIe )J.OJIrOBbIe o6H3aTeJIbCTBa II
Henepe)J.aBaeMbIMII - o6H3aTeJIbCTBa no COBepmeHIIIO KaKO-
rO-JI1I6o )J.eHcTBIIH, nplIcym;ero IICKJII01JlITeJIbHO onpe eJIeHHO-
MY )J.OJIiKHIIKY.
2) CTOpOHbI orOBopa 0 IIepeBo e OJIra. I10HHTHO, 1JTO
CTopOHaMII B nO)J.o6HoM )J.orOBope MorYT HBJIHTbCH TplI JIII a:
Kpe)J.IITOp A, npeiKHIIH )J.OJIiKHIIK B II HOBbIH )J.OJIiKHIIK B,
B OTHomeHIIM KOToporo ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH nepeBO)J. )J.OJIra.
BMecTe C TeM )J.onYCKaeTCH 3aKJII01JeHlIe )J.orOBopa II )J.BYMH
JIII aMII - Kpe)J.IITopOM A II )J.OJIiKHIIKOM B, nplI YCJIOBIIII, 1JTO
no He 6Y)J.eT npOTIIBHO BOJIe P;OJIiKHIIKa B. Ha )J.aHHYIO clITya-
mo BnOJIHe npaBOMepHO pacnpOCTpaHeHlIe nOJIOiKeHIIH
CT. 514 fR 0 HOBa 1I1I B nopH)J.Ke IICnOJIHeHIIH co CTOpOHbI
He3alIHTepeCOBaHHoro TpeTbero .'III a II 3aMeHbI )J.OJIiKHIIKa,
npIIToM 1JTO HOBaIJ;IIH He )J.o.:mma 6bITb npOTIIBHa BOJIe P;OJIiKHII-
Ka (CM. n. 2 CT. 474 fR). HaKoHe , cym;ecTByeT Bonpoc: B03-
MOiKHO JIll 3aKJII01JeHlIe p;orOBopa 0 nepeBop;e p;OJIra JIlImb
MeiKp;y npeiKHIIM II HOBbIM )J.O.J:iKHIIKOM? CY)J;e6HaH npaETIIKa
II 60JIbmlIHCTBO Y1JeHbIX- IIBIIJIIICTOB OTBe1JaIOT Ha Hero OTPH-
.0; a TeJIbHO (Of. pemeHlIe BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 15 p;eKa6pH
1926 r.). O)J.HaEo CJIep;yeT Y1JlITbIBa Tb, 1JTO He)J.onYCTIIMOCTb
IIrHoplIpoBaHIIH BOJIII Kpe)J.IITopa OCHOBbIBaeTCH JIlImb Ha ona-
21*
323
ceHIfII YMeHI,meHIIR 06eCneqeHHOCTlI Tpe60BaHlIR BCJIeACTBlIe
nepeBoAa AOJIra. MMeHHO n08rOMY BbIABlIraeTCR Tpe50BaHlIe
o nplI3HaHlIlI RpeAIITopa OAHOH 1I3 CTOpOH AorOBopa. IIoRa3a-
TeJIhHO, qTO HayqHaH AORTplIHa nplI3HaeT 3a AorOBopOM 0 ne-
peBO,llie AOJIra, 3aRJIIOqeHHbIM 6e3 yqaCTIIH RpeAIITopa, 06paT-
HYIO CIWY nplI YCJIOBIIII nplI3HaHlIR YRa3aHHoro AorOBopa
RpeAIITopOM.
3) llocJIeACTBlIlI nepeBoAa AOJIra BO Bcex CJIyqaHx 3aRJIIO-
IOrCH B nepeXOAe 06H3aHHocTlI IICnOJIHeHIIH B nOJIHOM 06'beMe
01' npemHero AOJImHHRa R HOBOMY II B oCB060mAeHlIll npem-
Hero AOJImHIIRa or 06H3aTeJIbCTBa. IIplI OTCYTCTBIIII CneD;lIaJIb-
Horo COrJIameHIIH CTOpOH AorOBopa R HOBOMY AOJImHIIRY nepe-
XOAHT II Bce npaBa B03pameHIIH, ROTOpbIMII 06JIaAaJI npemHHH
AOJIiKHIIR. B AaHHOM CJIyqae B03HlIRaeT TaRme np06JIeMa CYAb-
6bI npaB BenJ;HOro 06eCneqeHlIH II nopyqlITeJIbCTBa. IIOCROJIbr<y
pemeHlIe 8Toro Bonpoca HaXOp;lITCH B 3aBlIClIMOCTlI OT nJIaTe-
mecnoc06HOCTlI AOJIiKHIIRa, CqIITaeTCH, qTO nopyqlITeJIbCTBO
II npaBa BenJ;HOro 06eCneqeHHH, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIe .1I1ID;aMII, He
HBJIHIOrn;lIMllCH cropOHaMII AorOBopa 0 nepeBOAe AOJIra, He
nepeXOAHT Ha HOB oro AOJImHHRa.
52. llapaJIJIeJIbHbIH nepeBOA AOJIra H nepeBOA HCnOJlHeHHlI.
1) llapaJIJIeJIbHbIH nepeBOA AOJIra, IIJIII npHCOep;lIHHTeJIb-
HbIH nepeBoA AOJIra, 3aRJIIOqaeTCH B TOM, qro nplI nplIHHTlIlI
06H3aHHOCTlI HOBbIM AOJlmHIIROM cTapIJii AOJlmHIIR no-npem-
HeMY HeceT 06H3aHHOCTb no AaHHOMY 06H3aTeJIbCTBY. TaROH
BIIA nepeBOAa MomeT B03HlIRHYTb Ha OCHOBaHlI1I AorOBopa
RpeAIITopa II 060lIX AOJImHIIROB IIJlII AorOBopa MemAY AOJImHH-
RaMII (pa3HOBIIAHOCTb AorOBopa B nOJIb3Y TpeTberO JlIID;a),
paBHbIM 06pa30M RaR II no AorOBOpy KpeAIITopa II HOBoro
p;OJlmHIIRa. IIplIMeHIITeJlbHO R nOCJIeAHeMY CJIyqaIO cYAe6HaH
rrpaRTIIRa CqlITaeT, qTO B OTJIlIqlIe OT 06bIqHOrO nepeBOAa AOJl-
ra 3aRJIIOqeHlIe AorOBopa nOMIIMO BOJIII nepBoro AOJImHIIRa He
npenHTcTByeT AeHCTBIITeJIbHOCTII nepeBOAa Aorrra (pemeHlIe
BepXOBHoro cYAa OT 15 anpeJIH 1936 r.). B AaHHOM CJIyqae
o6a AOJImHIIRa CTaHOBHTCH CBoero pOAa COJIIIAapHbIMII AOJIm-
HHRaMII (cYAe6HaH npaRTIIRa CqlITaeT, qTO OHII CTaHOBHTCH
COJIIIAapHbIMII AOJImHIIRaMII B nOJIHOM CMbICJre - CM. pcmeHlIe
BepXOBHoro cYAa OT 20 AeRa6pH 1966 r.), a BTOpOH AOJIiKHIIR
RbIIIOJIHHeT .pYHRD;IIIO nopyqlITeJIH nepBoro. IIpaBoBbIe nOCJIeA-
crBIIH napaJIJIeJIbHOrO nepeBoAa AOJIra B OCHOBHOM aHaJIOrlIq-
HbI 06bIqHOMY nepeBOAY AOJIra, 3a HCRJIIOQeHHeM Toro, QTO
JIepBbIH AOJImHIIK He oCB060mAaeTCH OT 06H3aTeJIbCTBa.
324
2) IIepeBoA HCnOJIHeHHH B03HHRaeT Ha OCHOBaHHH AorOBO-
!pa P;OJDRHlIRa C TpeTbHM JIHIJ;OM 0 TOM, TITO p;aHHOe TpeTbe
JIHu;o ocym;ecTBHT HCnOJIHeHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa AOJDRHHKa. 3TO
IIOJIOmeHHe COOTBeTcTByeT OAHOMY H3 npHHD;HnOB fR, no KOTO-
POMY 06H3aTeJIbCTBO MomeT 6bITb HCnOJIHeHO H HHbIMH, nOMH-
YO p;OJImHHRa, JIHD;aMH (CM. CT. 474 fR), noaTOMY B OTHorne-
BHH 06H3aTeJIbCTB, ROTopbIe MorYT 6bITb HCnOJIHeHbI TpeTbHM
JIHD;OM, )J;onYCRaeTCH nepeBoA HX lICIIOJIHeHIIH. BamHo HMeTb
fB BHP;Y, 'lITO JIHD;O, npHHHBrnee Ha ce6H HCnOJIHeHHe 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa, HeceT 06H3aHHOCTb TOJIbRO B OTHorneHHH p;OJImHHKa,
.no He Rpep;lITopa, a CJIep;OBaTeJIbHO Kpep;HTOp He MomeT
npep;'bHBJIHTb R HeMy Tpe60BaHHe HCnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa.
53. llpeeMc'fBo cTaTyca no AoroBopy.
1) OnpeAeJIeHHe. TIo nOBoAY nepeBO)'1;a AOJIra HOpMbI fIt
'06 YCTynRe Tpe60BaHHH, HaYRa rpamAaHcRoro npaBa H cYAe6-
BaH npaRTHKa onpep;eJIHIOT Kpyr p;eHcTBlIH yq:aCTHHKOB, Ha-
npHMep HaHMoAaBD;a no YCTynRe npaBa Ha nOJIyq:eHHe emeM'e-
'CH'lIHOH apeHAHoH nJIaTbI HJIH nepeBoAe AaHHoro 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa Ha TpeTbe JIHD;O. TIp'll aTOM 3a HOBbIM Rpep;HTopoM He
npH3HaeTCH npaBO Ha paCTopmeHHe AorOBopa apeHAbI, a 3a
HOBbIM AOJImHHROM - npaBO Ha aHHYJIHpOBaHHe. BMeCTe c
TeM yCJIOBlIH <PYHRD;HOHHpOBaHlIH peaJIbHOrO 06m;eCTBa Tpe-
,6YIOT np1I3HaHHH 3aMem;eHHH CTOpOH B AorOBope B nopHARe
npeeMCTBa, HanpHMep HaCJIeAHlIRaMH npOAaB:u;a HJIH nORyna-
TeJIH, C HaJIHTIHeM nOJIHOro Rpyra npaB, npHHap;JIemam;HX Ha-
'CJIep;OBaTeJIIO. 3TO TeM 60JIee He06xo)J;llMO B npOAOJImHTeJIbHbIX
.,IJ;OrOBOpHbIX 'OTHorneHHHx, npH HMym;ecTBeHHOM HaHMe H T. n.
HanplIMep, A cp;aeT rpamp;aHlIHY E 3p;aHHe B apeH)J;Y, HO
BnOCJIep;CTBHH npaBO c06cTBeHHocTH Ha aTO 3AaHHe nepexo-
]J;HT R B. B aTOM CJIYTIae AeHcTBHe AorOBopa HMyrn;ecTBeHHoro
HaHMa np1I3HaeTCH B OTHorneHlIH rpamAaHHHa B (CT. 1 3a-
ROHa 0 HaHMe mIIJIbIX nOMem;eHIIH). He TOJIbKO CTaTYC no
AorOBOpy nepexop;IIT OT ARB II B npII06peTaeT Bce nOCJIe-
p;yIOm;IIe npaBa, BbIT8RaIOm;IIe II3 p;oroBopa lIMym;ecTBeHHoro
HaHMa, HO Ha B B03JIaraIOTCH II Bce 06H3aHHucTlI, HanpIIMep
06H3aHHocTb no B03Bpam;eHIIIO 3aAaTRa B cJIY'IIae npeRpam;e-
HIIH lIMym;ecTBeHHoro HaHMa B 6YAym;eM.
2) YCJIOBHH. TIOHHTHO, TITO nepeAaTIa cTaTyca no AoroBopy
MomeT ocym;ecTBJIHTbCH no corJIarneHIIIO CTOpOH p;orOBopa II
D;ecclIoHaplIH. TIpII aTOM CJIep;yeT lIMeTb B BHAY, 'lITO B CJIyq:ae
1I3MeHeHHH cOAepmaHIIH AorOBopa, HanpIIMep 3aMeHbI BblcTyn-
.JIeHIIH nlIaHIICTa BblcTynJIeHIIeM neBD;a, AaHHaH 3aMeHa p;OJIm-
325
Ha ocyru;eCTBJIHT.bCH nYTeM paCTOpmeHlIH CTaporo ;qoroBopa 11
3aRJIIO'IeHHH HOBOrO. IIp06JIeMY COCTaBJIHeT cHTyan;HH, Kor;qa
H3MeHeHHe ocyru;eCTBJIHeTCH Ha OCHOBaHHH COrJIameHHH JIHm:o.
OP;HOH H3 CTOpOH ;qoroBopa C ee npeeMHHROM. B nopHp;Re TOJI-
R()BaHHH C'IHTaeTCH, '1TO npH TaRHX p;orOBopax, KaR p;orOBOp'
JIH'IHOro HaHMa HJJH nopyqeHHH (CM. CT. 625, 653 fR), YRa-
3aHHoe H3MeHeHHe MomeT oCYIl eCTBJJHT.bCH JIHmb Ha oCHOBa-
HHH TpeXCTopOHHero p;orOBopa. Bo Bcex OCTaJIbHLIX CJIY'laHX
p;OCTaTO'lHO JIHllib COrJIaCHH HJIH 0p;06peHHH KOHTpareHTa..
RpOMe Toro, CJIep;yeT HMeTb B BH;O;Y, '1TO npH npeeMCTBe CTa-
Tyca apeHp;aTopa 3eMJJH 0p;06peHHe 3eMJIeBJIap;eJI.bn;a HBJIHeTCJl
06H3aTeJIbHLIM (n. 3 CT. 9 2 3aRoHa 06 apeH;qe 3eMJIH), a npH,
npeeMCTBe cTaTyca HaHMop;aBn;a COrJIaCHe HaHHMaTeJIH He 06H-
3aTeJIbHO.
3) IIocJIef\cTBHH. IIpaBa H 06H3aHHocTH, BLITeKaroru;He H3:
p;aHHoro pop;a p;orOBopHLIX oTHomeHHH, BRJIIO'IaH H npaBO
aHHYJIHpOBaHHH H paCTopmeHHH ;qorOBopa, nepeXOf\HT R n;ec-
CHOHapHIO. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 8THM K HeMY nepeXOf\HT H BCe-
Tpe60BaHHH H 06H3aTeJI.bCTBa npH OTCYTCTBHH Cnen;HaJI.bHLIX
COrJIameHHH B ;qoroBope. B OTHomeHHH o6H3aTeJI.bCTB C'IHTaeT-
CH, '1TO n;eCCHH nopomp;aeT OTHomeHHH napaJIJIeJI.bHOro nepe-
Bo;qa ;qOJIra.
r naB a 8. nPEKPAUJ.EHHE O&Sl3ATEnbCTBA
t 1. 06&qHe nOnO)f(eHHJI
54. IIpeKpa eHHe 06J13aTeJIbCTBa.
1) OCHoBaHHH npeKpa eHlUl o6H3aTeJIbCTBa.
06HaaTeJIbCTBO npeRpam;aeTCH npH ;qocTHmeHHH ero n;eJIH.
Op;HaRo, nOMHMO ;qaHHoro oCHoBaIIHH, HMeeTCH 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOe
'IHCJIO HHLIX Cnen;HaJIbHLIX oCHoBaHHH npeRparu;eHHH o6H3a-
TeJIbCTBa. Bee 8TH OCHOBaHHH MomHO ImaecHqmnHpOBaTb.
eJIef\YIOm;HM 06pa30M.
a) ,1];oCTHmeHHe n;eJIH - HCnOJIHeHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa lCM..
CT. 474 H CJIef\. fR).
6) IIpeRparu;eHHe He06xo;qHMocTH ;qaJIbHeiimero C T!!J;eCTBO-
BaHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa - COBna]J;eHlIe Kpef\HTOpa H ;qOJImHHRa
B Of\HOM JIHn;e (CT. 520 fR), HeB03MomHOCTb HCnOJIHeHHJE
06H3aTeJIbCTBa no BHHe f\OJImHHKa.
B) IOpHp;H'IeCKHe ;qeHcTBHH no npeRpam;eHHIO 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa - oCB060m;q,eHHe ;qOJImHHKa OT 06H3areJIbCTBa co CTOpOHb1
326
,Kpe IITopa ( CT. 519 fR), Sa'IeT ( CT. 505 II CJIe . fR) B
_AenOHIIpOBaHl:le co CTOpOHbI OJImHIIKa (CT. 494 II CJI,e . fR).
TaKme COBMeCTHbIe eHCTBIIH OJImHIIKa II KpeWlTOpa-
saMeHa IICnOJIHeHl:1.JI (CT. 482 fR) II HOBa:U;IIH (CT. 513 B
oCJIe . fR).
RpoMe Toro, o6HSaTeJIbCTBa MorYT npeKpam;aTbCH Ha
OCHOBaHIIII IICKOBOH aBHOCTII (CT. 167 II CJIe . fR), a TaKme
npII aHHYJIIIpOBaHIIII C eJIOK II paCTOpmeHl:III ,qOI'OBOpa, HBHB-
UIlIXCH OCHOBaHl:IeM JIH BOSImIKHOBeHIIH o6HSaTeJIbCTBa.
2) IIpeKpam;eHIIe 06S3aTeJIbCTBa II 06S3aTeJIbCTBeHHbIe
.OTHomeHHS. OT eJIbHbIe 06HSaTeJIbCTBa He cy:w;eCTBYIOT B
.H30JIlIpOBaHHOM BII e, BO MHorllX CJIY'Ia1lX OHII BKJIIO'IeHbI B
,CHCTeMY 06HSaTeJIbCTBeHHbIX OTHomeHIIH. IIO:3TOMY npeKpa-
IT!;eHlIe 06SSaTeJIbCTBa no O HOMY liS BbImeYKasaHHbIX OCHOBa-
HIIH He Be,qeT K npeKpam;eHllIO Bcex 06HSaTeJI:bCTBeHHbIX
'OTHOllieHIIH. TaK, Tpe60BaHlle nOKynaTeJIH IIH IIBII YaJIbHO-
onpe eJIeHHOH Bem;1I npeKpam;aeTCH C MOMeHTa nepe a'IlI eMY
aHHOH Bem;lI, O HaKO npll o6HapymeHIIII B npe OCTaBJIeHHOii
:Bem;1I e<I>eKToB npo aBe:u; HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb sa He o-
CTaTKII TOBapa. B CJIY'Iae rlI6eJIII Bem;1I Tpe60BaHlle nOKyna-
TeJIH npeKpam;aeTCS, HO BOSHIIKaeT eHemHoe 06SSaTeJIbCTBO.
:IIpeKpam;eHlle orOBopa apeH bI mWIlIm;a Be eT K npeKpa-
m;eHHIO 06HSaTeJIbCTB KBapTHpOC'beMm;IIKa II OMOBJIa eJIbn;a,
'ITO, O HaKO, He CHHMaeT Heo6xo IIMOCTII OKOH'IaTeJIbHOrO
yperYJIllpOBaHIIH OTHomeHIIH Mem y HIIMII.
CJIe yeT 'IIMeTb B BII y, 'ITO, 6y yqll npeKpam;eHHbIM,
,o6S3aTeJIbCTBO He MomeT 6bITb Boso6HOBJIeHO no 060IO HOMY
'COrJIallieHllIO CTOpOH, O HaKO npll onpe eJIeHHbIX cIITyan;IISX
saKOHO aTeJIbCTBO onYCKaeT npO OJImeHHe eHCTBIIH 06H-
3aTeJIbCTB, KOTopbIe nO JIemaT npeKpam;eHllIO (CM. CT. 499 H
'CJIe . fR), JIII60 npO JIeBaeT 'eiicTBlle o6HSaTeJIbCTBa TaK,
KaK 6Y TO 6bI OHO He 6bIJIO npeKpam;eHo (CM. CT. 468 fR,
,CT. 79 3aKoHa 0 6aHKpoTcTBe).
1. Hc:nonKeKKe o6R3aTenbcTBa
55. IIoHsTIIe IICnOJIHeHIIS 06S3aTeJIbCTBa. IIo HCnOJIHe-
HHeM o6SSaTeJIbCTBa nOHHMaeTCH eiicTBHe OJImHIIKa no
ocym;eCTBJIeHllIO n;eJIH o6HSaTeJIbCTBa. IIpll aTOM IICnOJIHeHlle
MomeT 6bITb npe CTaBJIeHO KaK peaJIbHbIM eiiCTBHeM, Hanpll-
:Mep C03 aHlIeM xy omecTBeHHoro npOIl3Be eHIIH, TaK B
327
IOplI,![II'IeCKIIM - nepeXO,n;OM npaBa COOCTBeHHOCTII II T. n. IIpB
IICnOJIHeHlI1I OOJIaaTeJIbCTBa OHO npe paIIJ;aeTCJI Ha OCHOBaHIID
,r:rOCTlImeH'IIJI ero :u;eJIII. RaK yme OTMe'IaJIOCb, IICnOJIHeHII&
OOJIaaTeJIbCTBa MOmeT OCYIIJ;eCTBJIJITbCJI II IIHbIM, nOMIIM()
AOJImHHKa, JIII OM, O,r:rHaKO B HaCTOJIIIJ;eM naparpa4>e MLJ
oy,n;eM paCCMaTpllBaTb JIlIillb IICnOJIHeHlIe OOJIaaTeJIbCTBa
HenOCpe,r:rCTBeHHO ,r:rOJImHIlKOM, nOCKOJIbKY nOJIOmeHIIJI,.
npe,n;YCMOTpeHHble Ha :3TOT C'IeT, B nOJIHOH Mepe paCnpOCT-
paHJIIOTCJI II Ha IICnOJIHeHIIe OOJIaaTeJIbCTBa TpeTbllM JIII OM.
IIpll paCCMOTpeHIIII npOCrpO'IKII B nplIHJIT1l1I MbI yme OTMe-
'IaJIII, 'ITO 'IaCTO IICnOJIHeHlIe OOJIaaTeJIbCTBa He MOmeT'
OCyr:u:e,CTBJIJITbCJI IICKJIIO'IIITeJIbHO ,r:reHCTBIIJIMII caMoro ,r:rOJImHII-
Ka, a TpeoyeT onpe,n;eJIeHHOrO co,n;eHCTBIIJI co CTOpOHbI Kpe,n;lI-
Topa, nplI'IeM ,n;aHHoe co,r:reHCTBlle B HaCTOJIIIJ;ee BpeMJI pac-
CMaTplIBaeTCJI He TOJIbKO KaK MOpaJIbHbIH ,r:rOJIr, HO II KaR
npaBOBaJI OOJI3aHHOCTb. IIO:3TOMY npil aHaJIlIae IICnOJIHeHHJl
OOJI3aTeJIbCTBa Heooxo,n;IIMO nOCTOJIHHO IIMeTI, B BII,r:ry :3TY
npe,n;nOCbIJIKY.
56. CnocoobI HCnOJIHeHIIJI. IICnOJIHeHIle 06JIaaTeJIbCTBa
OCYr:u:eCTBJIJIeTCJI Ha OCHOBe COTpy,r:rHII'IeCTBa Kpe,n;IITOpa H
,n;OJImHIlKa. TO'IHee rOBOpJI, ,n;OJImHIIK npem,r:re Bcero ,r:reJIaeT
Bce BoaMomHoe ,r:rJIJI IICnOJIHeHIIJI OOJISaTeJIbCTBa caMOCTOJITeJIb-
HO, oea co,r:reHcTBIIJI co CTOpOHbI KPe,r:rIITOpa, 'II nplIoeraeT K
He'MY JIlIillb npil Heooxo,r:rIIMOCTIl TaKoro . co,r:reHcTBIIJI. B
onpe,r:reJIeHHbIX cilTyaIJ:lIJIX IICnOJIHeHlle OOJIaaTeJIbCTBa
TpeoyeT BaalIMHblX YCTynoK co CTOpOHbI Kpe)];IITOpa II ,n;0JImHII-
Ka, neO)];HOKpaTHoro OOpaIIJ;eHIIJI aa ,co,r:reiicTBlIeM K Kpe)];l1-
TOPY. IIo:3ToMY npH aHaJIJ'!3e OOJIaaHHOCTII ,r:rOJImHIIKa no
IICnOJIHeHIIIO OOJIaaTeJIbCTBa neooxo,n;IIMO OOpaIIJ;aTbCJI He
TOJIbKO K KOHKpeTHbIM BonpocaM MOOTa, BpeMeHIl II cnocooa
IICrrOJIHeHIIJI OOJIaaTeJIbCTBa, HO, II K OOJIee 06IIJ;eH rrpOOJIeMe
TOH CTeneHII co,r:reiiCTBIIJI co CTOpOHbI Kpe)];IITOpa, KOTOpaJl
TpeoyeTCJI ,n;JIJI IICrrOJIHeHIIJI OOJIaaTeJIbCTBa.
IIo rrepBOMY Kpyry BorrpOCOB rR CO)];epmIIT KOHKpeTHble
nOJIOmeHIIJI, no npOOJIeMe me co,n;eHCTBIIJI Kpe)];IITOpa HOpMbf
rR HOCJIT aOCTpaKTHbIH xapaKTep (CM. CT. 493 rR).
1) IIoJIomeHIDI B OTHOilleHlI1I npe)];MeTa IICnOJIHNHm:
a) IIplI OOJIaaTeJIbCTBaX no nepe,n;a'Ie I1H,r:rIIBII,r:ryaJIbHO-
onpe,r:reJIeHHOii Be 1I TpeoyeTCJI, 'ITOObI ,n;aHHaJI BeIIJ;b ObIJIa
peaJIbHO nepe,r:raHa B MOMeHT, onpe,n;eJIeHHbIH KaK BpeMJI nc-
nOJIHeHIIJI OOJIaaTeJIbCTBa (CT. 483 fR). B CJIY'Iae nOBpem-
)];eHIIJI BeIIJ;1I B neplIo,n; C MOMeHTa YCTaHOBJIeHIIJI OOJIaaTeJIb
328
CTBa ):1;0 BpeMeHlI ero 11CrrOJIHeB11JI Bem;b MOiKeT 6bITb rrepe):l;a-
Ha II B rrOBpeiK):I;eBHOM B'H):I;e, O):l;HaKO rIT Tpe6yeT, qT06bI ):1;0
MOMeHTa peaJIbHOH rrepe):l;aqlI Bem;11 ):I;OJIiKHIIK ocym;eCTBJIJIJI
ee xpaHeHHe C 3a60TOH xopOiliero yrrpaBJIJIIOm;ero (CT. 400
rIT), rrO:3TOMY ):I;OJIiKH11R HeCeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb B CJIyqae rro-
BpeiK):I;eHIIJI Bem;1I rro ero BIIHe. I1JIO):l;bI, rrOJIB11BIII11eCJI ):1;0 MO-
MeHTa HCrrOJIHeH11JI 06JIaaTeJIbCTBa, MorYT rrp1106peTaTbCJI
):I;OJIiKHIIROM; qTO KaCaeTCJI rrJIO):l;OB, rrOJIBIIBIIIIIXCJI rrOCJIe CpO-
Ra IICnOJIHeHIIJI 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa, OHII ):I;OJIiKHbI rrepe):l;aBaTbCJI
Rpe):l;HTOpy. BMeCTe C TeM CJIe):l;yeT yqHTbIBaTb, qTO rrp11 Kyrr-
JIe-npo}];ame 11MeIOTCJI BaiKHbIe HCKJIIOqeH11JI 1I3 :3TOrO rrpaBH-
JIa (CM. CT. 575 rIT).
6) I1epe):l;aqa Bem;H, nplIHa):l;JIeiKam;eii ):I;pyrOMY JIH Y,
He COCTaBJIJIeT ):I;eHCTBHTeJIbHOrO IIcrrOJIHeHHJI 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa.
BMeCTe C TeM HMeIOTCJI CJIyqaH, KOr):l;a HcrrOJIHeHHe He rrplI-
'3HaeTCJI Ha}];JIeiKam;HM 'H rrplI rrepe):l;aqe c06CTBeHHOH BelIJ:lI H
OHa He MOiKeT 6bITb B03Bpam;eBa rrpeiKHeMY BJIa}];eJIb:U;y (CT.
475 rIT). I1pH ):I;06pOCOBecTHOM HcrrOJIb30BaH111I Rpe}];IITOpOM
nepe):l;aHHOH eMY Bem;H, rrplIHa):l;JIeiKam;eii He ):I;OJIiKHIIKY, a
JJ:pyrOMY JIIIn;y, HJIH npH ee rrepe):l;aqe Kpe}];HTOpOM TpeTbeMY
JIHn;y 11CrrOJIHeHHe 06JI3a TeJIbCTBa CqlIT aeTCJI ):I;eHCTBHTeJIbHbIM,
a ):I;OJIiKHHK oCB060iK):I;aeTCJI OT 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa. O}];HaIW B
TaRHX CJIyqaJIX c06CTBeHH11K YKaaaHHOH Bem;1I MOiKeT rrpe}];'b-
:aBHTb Kpe):l;HTOpy Tpe60BaHHe B03Mem;eHHJl Ha OCHOBaHlI1I
neOCHOBaTeJIbHOrO 060ram;eHHJI Kpe):l;HTopa. ITpe):l;lITOp CO
CBoeH CTOpoHbI MOiIWT rrpe):l;'bJIBIITb 'Tpe60BaHHe B rropHARe
perpecca K HcnOJIHHTeJIIO 06HaaTeJIbCTBa (CT. 477 rIT).
YKa3aHHbIe rrOJIOiKeHHH CJIyiRaT yrrpom;eHHIO rrpaBOOTHOIIIe-
HHH Me'iR):I;y HCrrOJIH11TeJIeM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa II Rpe}];11TOpOM,
O):l;HaRO Ha rrpaRT11Ke OH11 rrp11MeHHIOTCH KpaHHe pe}];KO, rJIaB-
HbIM 06pa30M B CJIyqae 06H3aTeJIbCTB 0 rrepe):l;aqe HeIIH):I;JI-
BH):I;yaJIH311pOBaHHOH Bem;H. ITor}];a rrp11 rrpHHHTHII 11CrrOJIHeHHJI
Rpe}];HTOp BepHT, qTO rrepe):l;aBaeMaH Bem;b HBJIHe'TCH c06CTBeH-
HOCTbIO IIcrrOJIHHTeJIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, TO Ha OCHOBaHHII
KOHn;errn;HII HeMe}];JIeHHOrO rrpH06peTeHHH rrpaBa c06CTBeH-
HOCTH (CT. 192 11 CJIe}];. rIT) Kpe}];IITOp rrpHd>peTaeT ):I;aHHoe
npaBO, H B aTOM CJIyqae rrepe):l;aqa Bem;lI, rrpHHa}];JIeiKam;eii
JJ:pyrOMY JI11:n;y, He rrperrHTcTByeT .n;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH HCrrOJIHe-
HHH 06HaaTeJIbCTBa. McrrOJIHeHHe 06H3aT,eJIbCTBa rrYTeM rre-
pe}];aqlI Bern;H, rrpHHa}];JIeiRam;eii ):I;pyrOMY JIII:U:Y, CBH3aHO C
He06xo}];HMOCTbIO yperYJIHpOBaHHH OTHOIIIeHIIH MeiKAY }];eHCT-
BIITeJIbHbIM c06CTBeHHHROM YKaaaHHOH Bem;11 II IICrrOJIHHTe-
JIeM 06HaaTeJIbCTBa.
329
B) ITPH n,CnOJIHeHHH 06f13aTeJI:bCTBa JIIIqO:M, He 06JI3A3-
IOIqHM Aeecnoc06HOCTLIO, HanpHMep HeCOBeplIIeHHOJIeTHHM
HCnOJIHeHHe nO;IJ;JIemHT aHHYJInpOBaHHIO. O;IJ;HaKO H B 'aTOM
CJIyqae npe;IJ;YCMOTpem>l cHTyaII:HH, KOr;IJ;a npe;IJ;'bflBJIeHHe'
Tpe60BaHHfI B03Bpa eHHfI Be H HeB03MomHO HJIH HCnOJIHe-
HHe C'IHTaeTCfI ;IJ;eHCTBHTeJI:bH:&IM npH ;IJ;'06pOCOBeCTHOM HCnOJI:b-
30BaHHH Kpe;IJ;HTOpOM nepe;IJ;aHHOH Be H. AaHHoe nOJIOmeHH9-
aHaJIOrH'IHO CJIY'IaIO nepe;IJ;a'IH Be H, npHHa;IJ;JIema eH ;IJ;PY-
rOMY JIHII:Y (CT. 476 H 477 fK).
2) MecTo HCnOJIHeHHJI. qacTo MeCTO HCnOJIHeHHH'
onpe;IJ;eJIHeTCH cneII:HaJI:bH:&IM COrJIalIIeHHeM HJIH 06:&1'IaeM.
ITPH OTCYTCTBHH TaKoro YKa3aHHH o6H3aTeJI:bCTBO no nepe;IJ;a'Ie'
HH;IJ;HBH;IJ;yaJIH3HpoBaHHoH Be H HCnOJIHHeTCH no MeCTY ee
Haxom;IJ;eHHH B MOMeHT B03HHKHOBeHHH 06H3aTeJI:bCTBa, a no.
;IJ;PyrHM 06H3aTeJIUTBaM - no MeCTY HaXOm;IJ;eHHH Kpe;IJ;HTOpa
Ha MOMeHT HCnOJIHeHHH (CT. 484 fK).
3) HS;IJ;epmKH no HCnOJIHeHlIIO o6HS3TeJILCTB3. IT plf
OTCYTCTBHH cne:U;HaJILHOrO COrJIarueHHH UJIH 06bl'IaH IlS-
;IJ;epmKH no HCnOJIHeHHIO 06H3aTeJI:bCTBa HeceT ;IJ;OJImHHK. O;IJ;-
HaKO B cJIy'Iae YBeJIH'IeHHH H3;IJ;epmeK no HCnOJIHeHHIO B.
CBH3H C nepeMeHoH MeCTa mHTeJI:bCTBa Kpe;IJ;IITOpa COOTBeTCT-
BYIO aH 'IaCT:b H3;IJ;epmeK MOiReT OTHOCHT:bCH Ha C'IeT Kpe;IJ;H-
Topa (CT. 485 fR).
4) OTHOCHTeJI:bHO BpeMeHII HCnOJIHeHIIJI fK He CO;IJ;epmHT
npHM:&IX nOJIOiReHHH. ITpH OTKa3e ;IJ;OJIiRHHKa OT B:&IrO;IJ; BpeMeHD
MOiReT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH ;IJ;OCpO'IHOe Hc;nOJIHeHHe 06H-
3aTeJILCTBa (CT. 136 fR).
57. ITO;IJ; npeAOCT3BJIeHUeM HCnOJIHeHHH nOIIHMaeTCH pea-
JIH3a:U;HH HCnOJIHeHHH c06CTBeHH:&IMH CHJIaMH AOJIiRHHKa, 6e3'
KaKoro 6:&1 TO HH 6:&1JIO CO;IJ;eHCTBHH Kpe;IJ;HTopa. ITepBOHa'IaJIl:'-
HO no Bonpocy npe;IJ;OCTaBJIeHHH HCnOJIHemiH cYAe6HaH npaKTH-'
Ka 3aHHMaJIa 'Ipe3B:&I'IaHHO meCTKYIO n03HII:HIO B OTHOlIIeHHH
;IJ;OJIiRHHKa, O;IJ;HaKO BnOCJIe;IJ;CTBHH CMHr'IHJIa C'3oe OTHOlIIeHHe
}( HeMY, OrpaHH'IHBlIIHC:b JIHlII:b Tpe60BamIH IH C06JIIO;IJ;eHHH
06 HX 06:bPIaeB H npHHn;Hna ;IJ;06POH COBeCTII.
1) BH;IJ;LI npe;IJ;OCTaBJIeHHJI. IT pe;IJ;OCTaBJIeHrre HCnOJIHeHHH
B npHH:U;Hne COCTOHT B peaJI:bHOM HCnOJIHeHlIH 06H3aTeJlbCTBa
(peaJILHOe npe;IJ;ocTaBJIeHHe) (ooHoBHaH 'IaCTb CT. 493 fR).
HanpHMep, npH HCnOJIHeHHH ;IJ;eHeiRHOrO 06H3aTeJIbCTB&
Tpe6yeTcH HBKa ;IJ;OJIiRHHKa, HMero ero npH ce6e onpe;IJ;eJIeH-
HYro CYMMY ;IJ;ener, B MeCTO HX nepe;IJ;a'IH. O;IJ;HaKO B nOpH;IJ;Ke
HCKJIIO'IeHHH B CJIY'IaHX, Kor,!l;a Kpe,!l;HTOp 3apaHee OTKa3:&1-
330
BaeTCJI OT npUHJITllJI llCnOJIHeHllJI (pemeHlle BepXOBHOrO
-cY,IJ;a OT 20 aBrYCTa 1970 r.) IlJIII KOr,lJ;a ,lJ;JIJI peaJIll3an;1I11
llCnOJIHeHllJI 00JI3aTeJIbCTBa TpeoYIOTCJI .0npe,lJ;eJIeHHbIe ,lJ;enCT-
BlIJI Kpe,lJ;llTOpa, ,lJ;OJImHllKY ,lJ;OCTaTO'lHO npOBeCTII COOTBeTCTBY-
IOm.IIe rrprrrOTOBJIeHllJI K llcnOJIHeHIIIO 00JI3aTeJIbCTBa, co-
OOIIJ;llTb 00 3TOM Kpe,lJ;llTOPY II llcnpoclITb ero CO,lJ;eiiCTBllJI
(CJIOBeCHOO npe,lJ;oCTaBJIeHHe) (oroBOpI{a CT. 493 rR).
2) IToCJIe,il,CTBHJI npe,il,OCTaBJIeHIIJi. B CJIY'lae Ha)'J;JIemam.ero
rrpe,lJ;OCTaBJIeUllJI co CTOpOHbI ;a;OJImHllKa B COOTBeTCTBlI1I C
'cO,lJ;epmaHlIeM 00JI3aTeJIbCTBa, HO He'HCnOJIHeHlIJI 00JI33TeJIb-
'CTBa BCJIe,lJ;CTBlle HenpllHJITlIJI IICilOJIHeHllJI Kpe,lJ;llTopoM IlJIII
.ero OTKa3a 01' IIHoro CO,il,eiiCTBIDI llCnOJIHeHllIO 00H3aTeJIbCTBa
,lJ;OJIiKHI1K He HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTll aa HelICrrOJIHeHlIe 00JI3a-
TeJIbCTBa. COOTBeTCTBeHHO C ,lJ;aHHOrO MOMeHTa ,lJ;OJImHJIK BO-
{)om.e oCB060m,il,aeTCJI OT BCJIIwii OTBeTCTBeHHOCTll, npOlICXO;a;JI-
m;eii lI3 HellCnOJIHeHllH 06JI3aTe.JIbCTBa (CT. 492 rR). ::ho II
Ha3bIBaeTCJI HOCJIe)'J;CTBIIJlMll npe;a;OCTIUWeHlIJI, KOHKpeTHoe CO-
.,IJ;epiKaHIIe KOTOpbIX paCOMaTpIIBaJIOCb paHee rrpII OCBem.eHllJl
Borrpoca npOCpO'lKll B npllHJITllII (CM.: OOJIa3TeJIbCTBeHHoe
rrpaBO -25, 26).
58. IIcnOJIHllTeJIb 06J1aaTeJIbCTBa H aaMeHa IICnOJIHHTeJIJI.
1) Rpyr JIlln;, KOTopble MorYT IICnOJIHJITb 00JI3aTeJIbCTBO,
He orpaHll'fII'BaeTCH )'J;OJImHllKOM, OH MomeT BKJIIO'laTb II
"TpeTblIX JIlin; (n. 1 CT. 474 rR). BMocTe C TeM IIMeeTCJI TpII
HCKJIIO'leHIIJI B OTHomeHllll llCnOJIHeHllJI 00JI3aTeJIbCTBa Tpe-
"TbllMll JIlln;aMlI. Bo-nepBblx, 3TO CJIY'lall, Kor;a;a llCnOJIHeHlle
{)OJI3aTeJlbCTBa TpeTblIM JI'Hn;OM He )'J;onYCKaeTCJI caMllM
xapaKTepO:M 00JI3aTeJIbCTB3 (orOBopKa n. 1 CT. 474 rR). Bo-
BTOpbIX, Kor,lJ;a 31'0 npOTllBOpe'IIIT BOJIe CTOpOH 00H3aTeJIbCTBa,
.a lI leHHO IIPII HaJIlI'IllII Crren;lIaJIbHOrO cOrJIameHllJI 00
IICnOJIHeHllll 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa Henocpe;a;CTBeHHO ;a;OJImHllKOM
(orOBopKa n. 1, CT. 474 rH'). CJIe,lJ;yeT oopaTllTb BHIIMaHlle
na TO, t[TO rro,lJ; rpeTblI I mln;OM B )'J;aHHOM CJIY'Iae nOHIIMaeTCJI
. Jum;o, ocym.eCTBJIJIIOlIwe llCnOJIHeHlle 00JI3aTeJIbCTBa HeaaBll-
. CllMO OT ;a;OJImHllKa, HO 31'0 He pacnpOCTpaHJICTCJI Ha llCnOJIHe-
Hlle 00JI3aTe'JIbCTBa ,lJ;OJImHlIKOM 'lepe3 nOMom.HnKa. TIOCKOJIbKY
.p;OJIiKHJlK HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a Bce ;a;eilCTBllJI nOMom.HlIKa,
llCnO.TmeHIIe 00JI3aTeJIbCTBa 'lepe3 1l0MOlI\HlIKa ,lJ;onYCKaeTCJI B
npIIHIJ;JlIIe ,il.JIJI JIIOObIX 00JI3aTeJIbCTB. B-TpeTbllX, TpeTbe JIlln;O,
He 3alIHTepeCOBaHHoe B llCnOJIHeHllll 00JI3aTeJIbCTBa, He
MomeT llCnOJIHJITb 00JI3aTeJIbCTBO npOTllB BOJIII ;a;OJImHIIKa
(n. 2 CT. 474 rR).
331
2) 3aMe eHBe BCnOJIBBTeJIJI.
a) BoaHBKHoBeHBe npaBa o6paTHoro Tpe6oBaHuH.
HCnOJlHeHUe 05JI3aTeJIbCTBa TpeTbHM JIHIJ;OM MomeT 6a3Hpo-
BaTbCJI Ha pa3JfH'IHbIX OCHOBaHUJIX. TIpH aTOM, aa HCRJIIO'Ie-
HueM CJIY'IaeB, KOr]J;a ,IJ;aHHoe ,IJ;enCTBHe ocym;eCTBJIJIeTCJI C'
COrJIaCHJI ,IJ;OJImHUKa B nOpJI,IJ;Re ,IJ;apemlJI co cropOHM TpeTberO'
JIlIIJ;a U U B nopH,IJ;Ke paC'IeTOB no 06H3aTeJIbCTBY, KOTopoe
TpeTbe JIHIJ;O HeceT nepe,IJ; ,IJ;OJImHHKOM, TpeTbe JIII:U;O MomeT B:
nOpH,IJ;Re perpeccaTpe60BaTb nOHeCeHHIJX BCJIe,IJ;CTBue UC-
nOJIHeHHJI 06H3a'TeJIbCTBa paCXO,IJ;OB. HanpJlMep, eCJIII HC-
nOJIHeHIIe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa ocym;eCTBJIJIJIOCb no npocb6e'
,IJ;OJImHIIKa, TaRue II3l)iepmKII npe,IJ;CTaBJIHIOT C060ll paCXO,IJ;bI
Ha ocym;eCTBJIeHUe nopyqemlH (CM. CT. 650 rR) , nplJ!
OTCYTCTBUH me ,IJ;aHHOll: npocb6M MM HMeeM ,IJ;eJIO C II3,IJ;epm-
KaMII Ha ynpaBJI,eHue (CM. CT. 702 rR).
6) 06eCne'leHHe npaHa o6paTHoro Tpe6oBaHuH. AmI!
06eCne'IeHHH peaJIH3aIJ;UU npaBa 06paTHoro Tp,e6oBaHHH uc-
nOJIHHTeJIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa rR onpe,IJ;eJIHeT, 1fTO HCnOJIHIITeJIh
CTaHOBIITCJI Ha MeCTO Kpe,IJ;HTOpa (CT. 499 II 500 rR). 8T(}
Ha3MBaeTCJI 3aMeHOM HCnOJIHHTeJIJI. PaHee MbI yme ()TM'e'laJIH
'ITO nopY'IHreJIb HJIH COJIII,IJ;apHbIll: ,IJ;OJImHHI\, HcnOJIHHBlliHif
06H3aTeJIbCTBO, 06JIa,IJ;aeT npaBOM 06paTHoro Tpe60BaHHH no.
OTHOllieHHIO K OCHOBHOMY ,IJ;OJImHHKY HJIH ,IJ;pyrHM ,IJ;OJImHHKaM
(CT. 442, 459, 462 rR).
3) Y CJIOBUJI BoaHUKHOBeHHJI 3aMeHbI HCnOJIHUTeJIJI.
lIpH HCnOJIHeHIIH 06H3aT,eJIbCTBa TpeTbHM JIHIJ;OM OHO>
npH06peTaeT npaBO 06paTHoro Tpe60BaHHJI. BnOJIHe eCTeCT-
BeHHO, 'ITO, nOMHMO Henocpe,IJ;cTBeHHoro HCnOJIHeHIIH 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa, npeKpam;eHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B03MomHO nYTeM
3aMeHM UCnOJIHeHHH, ,IJ;enOHHpOBaHHH H T. n. 3aMeHa HCnOJI-
nH'l'eJIH B03HHKaeT JIIIllib B TOM CJIY'Iae, eCJIII TP€Tbe JIHIJ;(}
3HHTepeCOBaHO B HCnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, TaKOBMMlJ!
MorYT 6hITb, HanpHMep, Belli,HbIll: nopY'IHTeJIb, npH06peTaTeJIl"
ne,IJ;BHmHMOCTH, CJIymIIBlliell: npe,IJ;MeTOM 06eCrreQeHHJI,.
nopY'IIITeJIb, COJIH,IJ;apHbIll: ,IJ;OJImHHR H T. }];. (CT. 500 rR).
AaHHbIM CJIY'IaM 3aMeHM HCnOJIHHTeJIH na3bIBaeTCH 3aROHHhIM
3aMem;eHHeM. HCnOJIHeHHe 05H3aTeJII.e.TBa IIHbIMH JIHIJ;aMH 6ea.
COrJIaCHH Kpe,IJ;HTopa He BbI3MBaeT npaBOBbIX nOC,T!"f')J;CTBHn
aaMem;aHHH (n. 1 CT. 499 rR). HCnOJIHenUe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa
TpeTbHM JIHIJ;OM C COrJIaCHH Kpe,IJ;IITOpa Ha3bIBaeTCJJ
,IJ;06pOBOJIbHbIM aaMem;eHHeM.
4) llOCJIe,IJ;CTBuH aaMeHbI HCnOJIHUTeJIH. ,l];aHHbIH Bonpoc
CJIe,IJ;yeT paCCMaTpHBaTb C Tpex TOQeK 3pemlH:
232
a) OTHOilleHHH Mem.n;y HCnOJIHHTeJIeM OOH3aTeJII>CTBa B
.n;OJImHHKOM. ,IJ;eiIcTBHe Tpe60BaHHH II Bce npaBa no o6ecne'Ie-
HHIO, KOTOpbIMH o6JIa.n;aJI KP, e.n;HTOp nepexo.n;HT B paMKax
npaBa 06paTHoro Tpe60BaHHH K HCnOJIHHT-6JIIO 06H3aTeJIbCT-
Ba. IToHHTHe .n;eHCTBHH Tpe60BaHHH YKa3bIBaeT Ha nOJIHOMO-
'IHH Kpe.n;HTopa. ITo.n; npaBaMH no 06eCne'IeHHIO nOHHMaIOTCH
npaBa BeIIJ:Horo o6eCrre'IeHIIH, BKJIIO'IaH II npaBa B OTHomemUI
rropY'IHTeJIH. ItpoMe Toro, 3aMeIIJ:aIOTCH TaKme npo:u;eHT-
HbIe Tpe60BaHHH H npaBa B OTHOIDeHHII COJrH.n;apHbIX .n;OJIm-
HHKOB.
qacTHlffioe 3aMem;eHlle npe.n;CTaBJIHeT C060H IICnOJIHeHBe
06H3aTeJIbCTBa TpeTbHM JIH:U;OM JIHIDb 'IaCTH'IHO. HanpHMep,
A 06JIa.n;aeT B OTHomeHHH B npaBOM Tpe60BaHHH Ha CYMMY B
1 MJIH. neH. B CJIyqae, eCJIII rpam.n;aHHH B OCYII1ieCTBJIHeT BC-
nOJIHeHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa Ha CYMMy B 700 TbIC. HeH, npaBO
Tpe60BaHHH rpam.n;aHHHa A onpe.n;eJIHeTCH yme B pa3Mepe
300 TbIC. neH, a 3aMem;eHHe rpam.n;aHHHOM B .n;OJImHHKa B
ocym;eCTBJIHeTCH JIHIDb Ha CYMMY B 700 TbIC. lIeH (n. 1 CT.
502 fIt). ITpH "TOM comaCHO cy.a:e6HOH npaKTHKe H HayKe
rpam.n;aHCKora npaBa B He3,aBBcHMo OT Kpe}J;HTopa A II Ha
paBHbIX OCHOBaHHHX C HIIM MomeT ocym;eCTBJIHTb CBOH npaBa
(pemeHHe BepxoBHoro cy.n;a OT 7 anpeJIH 1931 T.). ITpll
HaJI'H'IllH B .n;aHHOM CJIyqae npaBa IInOTeKH A He MomeT npe-
nHTCTBOBaTb ocym;eCTBJLeHIlIO "Toro npaBa CO CTOpOHbI B,
KpOMe Toro, eCJIII CTOHMOCTb BeIIJ:H, npe.n;OCTaBJIeHHOH B 06ec-
ne'IeHlle, He nOKpbIBaeT nOJIHOCTbIO CYMMY Tpe6oBaHHH, .n;aH-
HaH CYMMa pacnpe.n;eJIHeTCH Mem.n;y A H B, 'ITO KpaHHe He-
BbIro.n;HO .n;JIH A. B cJIY'Iae 'IaCTII'lHOro 3aMem;eHHH fR npH-
3HaeT npaBO Ha pacTopmeHHe .n;orOBopa, HBHBillerOCH
OCHOBaHHeM B03HHKHOflieHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, JIHillb 3a Kpe.n;H-
TOpOM A, H B CJIyqae pacTopmeHHH }J;aHHoro .n;oroBopa A
06H3aH B03MeCTHT'b B nOJIY'IeHHble B HameM npHMepe 700
TbIC. HeH H npOn;eHTbI (n. 2 CT. 502 fIt). Itpe.n;HTop A 06JIa.n;a-
eT npaBOM Ha paCTOpmeHife .n;oroBopa B Ka'IeCTBe O.n;HOH H3
era CTOpOH, HO "TO He OTHOCHTCH K .n;eUCTBHIO npaBa Tpe60Ba-
HIIH. ITO"TOMY .n;ame B c.rryqae nOJIHOrO 6aMeIIJ:eHIIH B He
npH06peTaeT npaBO Ha paCTopmeHHe )J;orOBopa. RpOMe Toro,
B CJIyqae npeKpam;eHHH npaBa Tpe60BaHHH Kpe.n;HTopa A
BCJIe}J;CTBHe pacTopmeHIIH }J;OT<JBopa HCnOJIHeHHe 06H3aTeJIbCT-
Ba co CTOpOHbI B 6y.n;eT npe.n;cTaBJIHTb HCnOJIHeHHe 6e3 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa, H Kpe.n;HTop A .n;OJImeH B .n;aHHOM CJIY'Iae B03Bpa-
THTb nOJIY'IeHHYIO BCJIe.n;CTBHe HeOCHOBaTeJIbJlOrO o60ram;eHIIH
CYMMY (CM. CT. 705, 703 fR).
333
6) OTHomeHHII Mea';IJ;Y HCnOJIHHTeJIIIMH oOIl3aTeJIbCTBa.
)J,aHHaH np06JIeMa B03HHKaeT nplI HaJIlI"lHH HeCKOJIbK'llX JIlI ,
3alIHTepecoBaHHbIx B 3aMem;eHHH lICnOJIHHTeJIH. HanpHMep,
liPH naJIHtIHH o6H3aTeJIbCTBa Memp;y A H B rpallip;aHHH B
BhIcTynaeT B KalJeCTBe nopYlJHTeJIH, a r - Bem;Horo IJOpy<rn:-
TeJIH. B CJIYlJae HCrrOJIHeHHH co CTOpOHhI B Bem;H:bIH rropyqH-
TeJIh r H36eraeT ym;ep6a, CBH3aHHoro C ocym;eCTBJIeHHeM
rrpaBa IIrrOTeKH B OTHomeHHH rrpHHap;JIemam;eM eMY Hep;BHmH-
MOC1'1I, a rrplI HCnOJIHeHIIH co CTOpOHbI r nopylJHTeJIh B
H36eraeT ym;ep6a, CBH3aHHoro C rrpHHyp;HTeJIbHhIM lIcnOJIHe-
HlIeM oGH3aTeJIbCTBa H3 rrpHHa.l JIemam;ero eMY lIMym;ecTBa.
C U;CJIhIO 06ecIJelJeiIlIH crrpaBep;JIHBOCTlI npH peaJI1I3aU;HH
rrpaBa 06paTHoro Tpe60BaHHH rK YCTaHaBJIHBaeT orrpe):\eJIeH-
HhlH TIOpH):\OK H rrporropU;HIO 3aMem;eHHH.
B OTHomeHHHX Memp;y rropylJHTeJIeM H TpeThHM
rrpH06peTareJIeM 3aJIOmeHHOH neABHlliHMOCTH rrOCJIe)J;HHH He
3aMeru;aeT rropYlJHTeJIH (CT. 501 fK), HO rropYlJHTeJIb 3aMe-
llJ,aer TpeTbero rrpH06peTaTemI. BMeCTe C TeM rrpH OTCYTCT-
BHl! COOTBeTCTBYIOm;eH perHCTpaU;HH rropyqIITeJIb He MomeT
rrpe):\'hHBHTJ:, Tpe60BaHHe TpeTheMY rrpHo6peTaTeJIIO (CT. 501
fK, CT. 124 3aKoHa 0 perHcTpaU;HH He)J;BHlliMMOH coGcTBeJI-
HOCTH) .
B OTHomeHHflX Melli)J;Y TpeThHMH rrpH06peTaTeJIHMH, a
TaKllie Mem)J;Y BeID;HhlMH rropylJHTeJIHMH 3aMem;eHHe B03Mom-
HO rrpOrrOpIJ;lIOHaJIhHO CTOHMOCTH He):\BHmIIMOCTII (CT. 501
rK).
B OTHomeHMflX Melli)J;Y nopyqHTeJIeM II Bem;HhIM nopy-
lJHTeJIeM 3aMem;eHHe ):\orrYCKaeTCH rrporropU;HOHaJIhHO HX
lJHCJIY. IIpn HaJIHlJHH HeCKOJIhKHX Bem;HI>IX rroPYlJMTeJIeii
):\OJIH 3aMeru;eHIDI B OTHomeHHHX Mem):\y HHMH orrpe)J;eJIHeTCfl
rrporropU;HOHaJIhHO CTOHMOCTH HMym;ecTBa Kam):\oro. HarrplI-
Mep, rro 06H3aTeJIhCTBY Ha CYMMY B rrmb MJIH. HeH HMeeTCfl
TpH nopYlJHTeJIH H ):\Ba Bem;HhIX rropYlJMTeJIH. IIpem):\e Bcero
CYMMa 06H3aTeJIhCTBa ):\eJIHTCfl Ha ):\Be lJaCTlI: TPlI MJIH. HeH
Ha Tpex rrOPYlJHTeJIeH 1I ):\Ba MJIH. MeH Ha A'BYX Bem;H:bIX
rrOPYlJHTeJIeH. 3aTeM )J;Ba MJIH. HeH ):\eJIHTCH rrporropU;HOHaJIb-
HO CTOHMOCTlI He):\BHmHMOCTM Kalli,ll;Oro H3 ):\BYX Bem;H:bIX
rrOPYlJH'I'eJIeH, a TPH MJIH. HeH pacrrpe):\eJIHIOTCH Melli):\Y
TpeJ\IH rrOPYlJHTeJIHMH B COOTBeTCTBHH C CYMMOH 06paTHoro
Tpe60BaHlIlI.
B) OTHOmeHHJI Mem)J;Y HCnOJIHHTeJIeM OOJl3aTeJIbCTBa B
IJOpll)J;Ke 3aMem;eHHII H Kpe)J;HTopOM. Kpe):\HTOp p;OJImeH crro-.
COOCTBOBaTb ocym.eCTBJIeHHIO rrpaBa Ha 3aMern,eHHe HCrrOJIHH-
334
TeJIeM 05J13aTeJIbCTBa, a HMeHHO: B CJIY'Iae HCnOJIHeHIIJI
05J13aTeJIbCTBa B nOJIHOM 05'beMe OH AOJImeH nepeAaTb HC-
nOJIHHTeJIIO p;ORYMeHTbI, CBJl3aHHbJ:.e C 05J13aTeJIbCTBOM, H
3aJIOmeHHbIe Benw, HaXOp;JlII HeCJI B era BJIap;eHHH (n. 1 CT.
503 fR). IIpH 'IaCTH'IHOM HCnOJIHeHHH Kpep;HTOp 05J13aH
BHeCTH cooTBeTcTBYIO yro 3anHCb 0 3aMe eHHH B p;OKYMeHTbI,
CBJl3aHIII,Ie c 05J13aT.eJIbCTBOM, a TaRiRe o5eCne'IHTb ROHTpOJIb
HCITOJIHHTeJIJI 3a coxpaHHOCTbIO 3aJIOmeHHblX Be eH,
Haxop;JIID;H.XCJI B el'o BJIap;eHHH (n. 2 CT. 503 fR). CJIep;yeT
o5paTHTb BHHMaHHe na TO, 'ITO fiR B03JIaraeT Ha Kpep;HTopa
05J13aHHOCTb no xpaHeHHIO o5eCne'IeHIIJI B HHTepecax HCnOJI-
HH'T.eJIJI 06J13aTeJIbcTBa. HanpHMep, npH HaJIH'IHH HnOTeRH H
nopY'IHTeJIJI KpeAlfTOp OTKa3bIBaeTCJI OT npaBa HnOTeKH. 8TO
YCTpaHBaeT Kpep;HTopa, nOCKOJIbKY OH MomeT npep;'bJlBHTb
Tpe50BaHue R nOPY'IHT.eJIIO, op;HaKO p;aHHoe nOJIOmeHHe He-
BbIrop;HO ITOpY'IHTeJIIO, TaK RaR p;ame npH HCnOJIHeHHH 05J1-
3,al'eJIbCTBa OH He MOmeT ocyr:u;eCTBHTb 3aMe eHHe B OTHome-
HHH lfITOTeKH. fIT YCTaHaBJIHBaeT, 'ITO B CJIyqae YMbImJIeHHOH
YTpaTbI HJIH YMeHbmeHHJI 05eCne'IeHHJI co CTOpOHbI Kpep;H-
Topa JIH50 p;onyr:qeHHJI ::IToro B pe3YJIbTaTe ero HeOCTOpOJlmO-
CTH JIHD;O, nOJIb3YIOrn;eeCJI npaBOM 3aMe eHHJI, oCBo50mp;aeT-
CJI OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH B npep;eJIax YTpa'IeHHOH BCJIep;CTBlle
YKa3aHHbIX p;eHCTBHH B03MomHOCTH nOJIY'IeHHH B03Me eIIHH
(CT. 504 fR).
59. llpHHHTHe HCIIOJIHeHlUl.
1) llpHHJlTHe Kpep;HTopOM HCIIOJIHeHHJI 06Jl33TeJIbCTB3.
IIoHJlTHo, 'ITO npHHJlTHe HCnOJIHeHHJI BXOP;HT B rrOJIHOMO'IHH
Rpep;HTopa, op;HaKO 3aKOHOp;aTeJIbCTBO npep;YC)laTpHBaeT
HeKOTopbIe HCKJIIO'IeHHJI, npH KOTOpbIX Kpep;HTOp He 05JIap;aeT
nOJIHOMO'IHHMH Ha npHHJITHe HCnOJIHeHHJI.
a) HaH50JIee BamHoe HCRJIIO'IeHHe CBJl3aHO C YCTaHOBJIe-
HHeM 3anpe eHHJI B OTHomeHHH npaBa Tpe50BaHHH. HanpH-
Mep, A o5JIap;aeT npaBOM Tpe50BaHHJI B OTHomeHHH B,
op;HaRO B OTHomeHHH p;aHHoro npaBa yCTaHOBJIeHO 3anpe e-
Hlfe co CTOpOHbI B, JlBJIJIIOr:qerOCJI Rpep;HTopOM A. B p;aHHOM:
CJIyqae A YTpa'IHBaeT rrpaBO Ha rrpHHJlTHe HCITOJIHeHHH, H
p;OJImHHK B B p;aHHoH cHTya:qHH 05J13aH ocy ecTBHTb HC-
IIOJIHeHHe B OTHomeHHH RpeAHTopa B (CM. CT. 598, 601 fIIR).
ECJIlI me p;OJImHHK B, HeCMOTpJl Ha HaJIH'IIIe YRa3aHHoro
3anpe eHHH, Bce m,e ocyrn;ecTBIIT HCITOJIHeHHe o6H3aTe.,bCTBa
B OTHomeHHH Kpep;HTopa A, Rpep;HTop B B npep;eJIax nOHeceH-
Horo HM yrn;ep6a MomeT He npH3HaBaTb HCnOJIHeHIIH 05H3a-
335
"reJIbCTBa )J;OmI{HHKOM. E H Tpe60BaTb rrOBTOpH01'O llCrrOJIHeHlIH
-HM 06aaaTeJIbCTBa (CT. 481 fIt, pemeHlle BepxoBHoro cY)J;a
'OT 19 Hoaopa 1965 r.). ITOHaTHO, 'I TO B aTOM cJIY'Iae )J;OJIJR-
HHK E MOJReT ocy:rn;eCTBJIaTb npaBO oopaTHoro TpeOOBaHlla B
OTHOmeHllll Kpe)J;llTopa A (n. 2 CT. 481 fIt).
6) B CJIY'lae aaKJIa)J;a npaBa TpeOOBaHllJI.
B) B CJIY'lae oaHKpoTcTBa Kpe)J;llTopa.
2) IIcnOJlHeHHe oOJl3aTeJIbCTBa B OTHornenHH JIH a, He
06JIa,D;aIO ero nOJIHOMO'lHJlMH Ha npHHJlTlle HCnOJIHeHlIJI. I1c-
rrOJIHeHlle o6aaaT 1 eJIbCTBa C'llITaeTCa )J;eikTBllTeJIbHbIM JIHmb
rrpII e1'O ocy:rn;ecTBJIeHllll B OTHomeHllll Rpe)J;llTopa llJIll JIlln;a,
OOJIa)J;aIO:rn;e1'O rrpaBaMll Kpe)J;llTopa. BM'eCTe C TeM B OCOObIX
CJIY'laax fIt )J;onYCKaeT llCrrOJIHeHHe oOaaaTeJIl>cTBa B OTHO-
meHllII JIlln;, He OOJIa)J;aIO:rn;llX rrOJIHOMO'lllaMll Ha e1'O rrpll-
HaTlle.
a) I1crrOJIHeHlle 00a3aTeJIbCTBa, ocy:rn;eCTBJleHHOe B
OTHomeHllII KBa3llBJIap;eJIbIJ;a rrpaBa TpeOOBaHllJl, C'lllTaeTCJI
)J;eHCTBIITeJIbHbIM rrpll )J;OopOCOBeCTHOCTll llCIIOJIHllTeJIa ooaaa-
TeJIbCTBa (CT. 478 fIt, pemeHlle BepXOBH01'O cYJjia OT 22
IIIOHJI 1927 1'.). B rropap;Ke TOJIKOBaHlla B KaqeCTBe YCJIOBllJl
B )J;aHHOM CJIY'lae Hapa)J;Y C )J;OopocoBecTHocTbIO BBOP;llTCJI II
OTCYTCTBlle HeOpeJRHOCTII (pemeHll€ BepXOBH01'O cyp;a OT 21
aB1'YCT a 1962 1'.).
0) MCIIOJIHeHHe OOJlaaTeJIbCTBa B OTHomeHllll rrpe)J;'b-
HBllTeJIa pacrrllCKll iB IIOJIyqeHllll C'lllTaeTCJI p;eHCTBllTeJIbHl>IM
rrpll OTCYTCTBllll HeOpeJRHOCTll co CTOpOHbI llCIIOJIHllTeJIa
(CT. 480 fIt).
B) I1crrOJIHeHHe OOJlaa'TeJIbCTBa B OTHomeHllll ,D;epJRaTeJIeii
opp;epHbIX II llMeHHhIX OYMa1', He JlBJIJlIOID;llXCJI Ha)J;JIeJRa Mll
Rpe)J;llTopaMll, C'lllTaeTCa ,r{eiiCTBllTeJIbHhIM rrpll OTCYTCTBHll
He)J;oopOCOBeCTHOCTll II HeOpeJRHOCTll CO CTOpOHbI llCIIOJIHllTeml
OOa3aTeJIbCTBa (CT. 470 II 471 fIt).
1') Bo Bcex OCTaJIbHbIX CJIyqaJlx llCIIOJIHeHlle 06a3a-
TeJIbCTBa B OTHomeHllH JIllIJ;, He OOJIa)J;aIO llX IIOJIHOMO'lll-
eM Ha IIpllHaTHe )J;aIlII01'O llCrrOJIHeHlla, C'IllTaeTCa He)J;eii-
CTBllTeJIbHbIM. BMeCTe C TeM B )J;aHHOM CJIyqae ,r{orrYCKaeT-
ca llCKJIIO'IeHlle, Kor)J;a ,r{aHH01'O pO)J;a 'HCrrOJIHeHHe no paa-
JIll'lHbIMOCHOBaHllaM BbI1'O)J;HO ,D;eiiCTBllTeJIbHOMY Kpe,r{llTOpy
(CT. 479 fIt).
60. llpe;a;Ha3Ha1J€Hll€ HCnOJIHeHllJl.
1) Onpe,D;eJIeHHe. Ecmr lJ;OJIJRHllK B HeceT rrepe,r{ Kpe)J;llTO-
336
pOM A HeCKOJIbKO oOH3aTeJIbCTB H Y Hero, HanpHMep, He HMeeT.
CH .n;OCTaTOqHOH CYMMbI, qTOObI noraCHTb Bce OOH3aTeJIbCTBa,
B03HHKaeT BaJRHbIH nonpoc: B HCnOJIHeHHe KaKHX HMeHHO OOH-
3aTeJIbCTB .n;OJIJRHbI npe.n;Ha3HaqaTbCH HMeroID;HecH Y .n;OJIJRHH-
Ka cpe.n;CTBa? B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HaJIHqHH npo:u;eHTOB, ooecne-
qeHHH HJIH HHbIX pa3JIHqHH B OOH3aTeJIbCTBaX Oqepe.n;HOCTb
HCnOJIHeHHH cepbe3HO 3aTparHBaeT HHTepeCbI CTOpOH OOH3a-
TeJIbCTBa. ,L(aHHoe nOHHTHe Ha3bIBaeTCH npe.n;Ha3HaqeHHeM
IICnOJIHeHHH. Oqepe.n;HOCTb HCnOJIHeHHH OOH3aTeJIbCTBa
MOJReT onpe.n;eJIHTbCH B .n;orOBope MeJR.n;y Kpe.n;HTopOM H
.n;OJIJRHlIKOM, H B aTOM CJIyqae OCOObIX npOOJIeM He B03HIIKa-
eT. IIpooJIeMa B OCHOBHOM CBH3aHa C cHTYaIJ;IIeH OTCYTCTBHH
no.n;ooHoro onpe.n;eJIeHHH Oqepe.n;HOCTH HCnOJIHeH'lIH OOH3a-
TeJIbCTBa.
2) O'lepe.n;HocTb npe.n;Ha3HaqeHHH. COl'JIa<jHo rH npH Ha-
JIHqHH, nOMHMO KanHTaJIbHOH CYMMbI .n;OJIra, H3.n;epJReK H npo-
IWHTOB HCnOJIHeHIIe oOH3aTeJIbCTBa ocym;ecTBJIHeTCH B CJIe-
.n;YIOID;eH nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHOCTH: H3.n;epJRKH - npOn;eHTbI - Ka-
nHTaJIbHaH CYMMa. B CJIyqae He.n;OCTaTOqHOCTH cpe.n;CTB P;JIH
norameHHH nOJIHOH CYMMbI H3p;epJReK H npOn;eHToB oqepep;-
HOCTb HCnOJIHemfJI oOH3aTeJIbCTBa B aTOH qaCTII onpep;eJIHeTCH
TaK na3bIBaeMOH Oqepep;HOCTbIO 3aKOHHoro npep;Ha3HaqeHHH
(CT. 491 rH), H TYT Oqepep;HOCTb HCnOJIHemIJI He M01l\eT onpe-
p;eJIHTbCH BOJIeH CTOpOH. I
Onpep;eJIeHHe Oqepep;HOCTH HCnOJIHeHHH B OTHomeHHH Ka-
lliiTaJIbHOH CYMMbI OOH3aTeJIbCTBa OTHOCHTCH K KOMneTeHn;HH
CTOpOH p;aHHoro OOH3aTeJIbCTBa. B nepByro Oqepep;b Ha 8TO
YKa3bIBaeT Kpep;HTOpy HCnOJIHHTeJIb OOH3aTeJIbCTBa (n. 1 H 3
CT. 488 rH). ECJIII JRe HCnOJIHHTeJIb aToro He p;eJIaeT, TO onpe-
J];eJIIITb Oqepep;HOCTb MOJReT JIIIn;O, npHHIIMaIOID;ee HCnOJIHeHHe.
Op;HaKO, eCJIH HCnOJIHHTeJIb C 8THM He COrJIaCeH, npe)J;Ha3Ha-
qeHHe HCnOJIHeHIIH, onpep;eJIeHHOe JIIIn;OM, npIIHIIMaIOID;HM HC-
IIOJIHeHHe, TepHeT CIIJIY (n. 2 H 3 CT. 488 rH). B rH He CO-
p;epJRHTCH rrOJIOJReHIIH, onpep;eJIHIOID;IIX .n;aJIbHeHmee yperYJIH-
pOBaHne npOOJIeMbI, op;HaKO CqHTaeTCH, qTO B p;aHHOM CJIyqae
p;eHCTBY T nopHp;OK 3aKOHHOl'O npep;Ha3HaqeHHH.
ECJIH CTOpOHbI He YCTaHOBHJIH nopHp;OK HcnOJIHeHHH OOH-
3aTeJIbCTBa, p;eHcTByeT nopHp;OK, onpep;eJIeHHhIH 3aKOHop;a-
TeJIbCTBOM, - 3aKOHHoe npep;Ha3HaqeHHe, KOTopoe 3aKJIIOqaeT-
CH B CJIep;YIOID;eM. Ilpii pa3HbIX cpOKax HCnOJIHeHIIH OOH3a-
TeJIbCTB B nepBYIO Oqepep;b HCnOJIHHeTCH TO, CpOK KOToporo
nacTynaeT paHbme. IlpH op;HHaKOBOM cpOKe HCnOJIHHeTCH B
nepBYIO Oqepep;b TO OOH3aTeJIbCTBO, IICnOJIHeHIIe KOToporo HaH-
22 3aI<a3 N2 892
337
60JIee BhIrO)J;HO )J;OJImHHRY. If HaROHeIJ;, B CJIY'Iae paBeHCTBa!
06J13aTeJIbCTB C TO'lKH 3peHHJI BCeX BhIIIIeYKa3aHHhIX MOMeH--
TOB BCe 06J13aTeJIbCTBa HCIIOJIHJIIOTCJI B '1aCTJI, COOTBeTCTByIO--
m;eH Y)J;eJIbHOMY Becy Ram)J;OrO H3 HHX B o6m;eH CYMMe 06J13a-
TeJIbCTBa (eT. 489 fR). CJIY'IaH HCIIOJIHemlJl O)J;Horo 06J13a-
TeJIbCTBa IIO '1aCTJlM (emeMeCJI'IHaJl apeH)J;HaJl IIJIaTa, RynJIJI-
IIpO)J;ama TOBapa B paCCpO'lRY) IIpHpaBHHBaIOTCJI R HaJIH'IHIO'
HeCROJIbRJIX RaIIHTaJIbHhIX 06J13aTeJIbCTB (CT. 490 fR).
61. YAocToBepeHlle IlCIIOJIHeHHJI. IfCIIOJIHJITeJIb 061I3aTeJIb-
CTBa MomeT Tpe60BaTb OT JIHIJ;a, IIpllHJlBIIIerO HCIIOJIHeHlle,_
BpY'IeHIlJl paCIIHCRH B IIpHHJlTHH (CT. 486 fR). PaBHhIM o6pa-
30M ::ITO OTHOCHTCJI H R 3aMeHe HCIIOJIHeHHJI H '1aCTH'IHOMY
HCIIOJIHeHHIO. B OTHOIIIeHHH iPOPMhI paCIIHCRJI He cym;ecTByeT
OC06hIX OrpaHH'IeHIlH. 1f3)J;epmRH Ha COCTaBJIeHHe YKa3aHHOH'
paCIIHCRIl OTHOCJlTCJI Ha C'IeT Rpe)J;HTopa. JIHII;o, COBepIIIHBIIIee-
IIOJIHOe HCIIOJIHeHlle 06J13aTeJIbCTBa, MomeT Tpe60BaTb B03Bpa-
m;eHHJI )J;ORYMeHTa, Y)J;OCTOBepJlIOm;erO HaJIll'llIe 06J13aTeJIbCTBa,
(CT. 487 fR). Heo6xo)J;IlMOCTb B03Bpam;eHHJI )J;aHHoro )J;ORy-
MeHTa OCHOBhIBaeTCJI Ha TOM, '1TO npH IIpeRpam;eHHH 06J13a-
TeJIbCTBa Haxom)J;eHlle :noro )J;ORyMeHTa Y Rpe)J;HTopa C'IHTaeT-
CJI HeOCHOBaTeJIbHhIM o60ram;eHHeM. PaBHhIM 06pa30M ::no'
OTHOCHTCJI H R HHhIM OCHOBaHIlJlM IIpeRpam;enHJI 06J13aTeJIbeT-
Ba, IIOMHMO nCIIOJIHeHHJI, - 3a'leTY, oCBo6omp;eHHIO OT 06J13a-
TeJIbCTBa H To II.
i 3. AenoHHpoBBHHe
62. IIoHJlTHe )J;eIIOHHpOBaHlIJI. ITo)J; )J;errOHHpOBaHHeM no-
HHMaeTCJI oCBo6om)J;eHHe OT 06J13aTeJIbCTBa rrYTeM rrOMeru;eHIDJ
rrpe)J;MeTa HCIIOJIHeHHJI 06J13aTeJIbCTBa B OIOpO )J;eII03HTOB H&
llMJI Rpe)J;HTopa. ,IJ;ame B CJIy<Iae OTRa3a Rpe)J;IITopa OT rrpHHJI-
THJI HCrrOJIHeHHJI )J;OJImHHK B )J;aHHoll cHTyarl,l1II oCBo6om)J;aeT-
CJI OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a HeHCIIOJI:s;eHHe 05J13aTeJIbCTBa. CJIe-
)J;yeT y<IHTbIBaTb, '1TO OTKa3 Rpe)J;HTopa rrpIIHJlTb HCrrOJIHeHH&
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ROHRpeTHoll cHTyan;HH MomeT CI.J0TaBJIJlTb.
OCHOBaHHe rrpOCpO'lRH B rrpHHJlTHH (CM. CT. 492, 413 fR,
a TaRme: 06J13aTeJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBO - 25, 26, 57), O)J;HaKO a
aTOM CJIy<Iae 06J13aTeJIbCTBO Bce me COXpaJIJleTCJI, nOaTOMY
e)J;1IHCTBeHHhIM cnoco60M oCBo6om)J;eHHH ;:I,OJIJRHHRa OT 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa B )J;aHHhIX YCJIOBHJlX JlBJIJleTCJI )J;enOHHpOBaHHe. ITo
338
CKOJIbKY B COOTBeTCTBlIlI C p;OrOBOpOM 0 nOMem;eHlIlI lICnOJIHlI-
TeJIeM npep;MeTa 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B 61Opo p;en031ITOB Kpep;lITOp
nOJIyqaeT npaBO Ha nOJIyqeHlIe p;aHHOrO npep;MeTa 1I3 61Opo
p;err031ITOB, p;OrOBOp p;enOHlIpOBaHlIH OTHOClITCH K 06m;eii rpyn-
ne p;OrOBOpOB B nOJIb3Y TpeTberO JIlII:t;a (CT. 537 1I 538 rR).
63. Y CTaHOBJIeHlIe AenOHlIpOBaHlIH.
a) OCHoBaHlIH AenoHlIpoBaHIIH. )];JIH oCB06mHp;eHlIH OT 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBa rryTeM p;enOHlIpOBaHlIH He06xop;lIMO co6JIIOp;e-
HlIe orrpep;eJIeHHbIX YCJIOBMH. R lIX qlICJIY OTHOCHTCH: OTKa3
Kpep;lITopa OT npHHHTMH lICnOJIHeHlIH (HBHbIii OTKa3 Kpe-
p;lITopa OT nplIHHTlIH He BO Bcex CJIYqaHX COCTaBJIHeT OCHO-
BaHlIe rrpOCpOqKlI B rrplIHHTlIlI - CM. pemeHlIe BepXOBHO-
TO cyp;a OT 3 1IIOJIH 1912 r.); HeB03MOiKHOCTb nplIHHTlIH
lICnOJIHeHlIH; 'OTCYTCTBlIe y P;OJIiKHlIKa TOqHbIX cBeAeHlIY 0
Kpe;D;1ITope (He no He6peiKHOCTlI lICnOJIHlITeJIH 06H3aTeJIb-
CTBa) (CT. 494 DR).
6) CTOpOHbI p;orOBopa p;enOHlIpOBaHlIH. ECJIlI CTOPOHOii,
ocym;eCTBJIHIOm;eii p;enOHlIpOBaHlIe, Bcerp;a HBJIHeTCH lICnOJIHlI-
TeJIb 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, TO npOTlIBOnOJIOiKHOii CTOPOHOii, T. e.
CTOPOHOii, KOTopaH nplIHlIMaeT p;en031IT, MorYT 6bITb B 3aBlI-
ClIMOCTlI OT clITyaqlIlI pa3JIlIqHbIe JIlID;a. IIplI 06H3aTeJIbCTBaX,
CBH3aHHbIX C p;eHbraMlI lIJIlI D;eHHbIMlI 6YMara:!tllI, p;aHHaH CTO-
pOHa npep;CTaBJIeHa 61Opo p;en031ITOB, Haxop;Hm;MMCH B MeCTe
IICnOJIHeHlIH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (n. 1 CT. 495 rR, CT. 1 3aKoHa
o p;enoHlIpoBaHlIlI), BO Bcex OCTaJIbHbIX CJlyqaHx aTlIM JIlID;OM
MmHeT 6bITb xpaHlITeJIb, onpep;eJIeHHbIii MlIHlICTpOM IOCTlIl'lIlI,
JI1I60 6aHK (CT. 5 3aKoHa 0 p;enoHlIpoBaHIIlI). RpoMe Toro,
MeCTO p;errOHlIpOBaHMH lIJIlI xpaHlITeJIb p;err031ITa MorYT onpe-
p;eJIHTbCH Cyp;OM (n. 2 CT. 495 rR, CT. 81 1I 82 3aKoHa 0 npo-
qep;ype paCCMOTpeHMH p;eJI B nopHp;Re oc060ro rrpo1I3Bop;cTBa).
IIMeHHo aTrrM cnoc06oM MOiKeT ocym;eCTBJIHTbCH p;enOHlIpOBa-
HlIe Hep;BlIiKlIMOCTlI.
B) ITpep;MeTbI p;enOHlIpOBaHMH OrpaHMqMBalOTCH Bem;aMlI.
IIplI aTOM Bem;lI, He rrOAJIeiKam;Me AenOHMpOBaHMIO, Bem;M, p;e-
nOHMpOBaHMe ROTOpbIX MOiKeT Bbl3BaTb MX r1I6eJIb MJIM no-
BpeiKp;eHMe, a TaRiKe Te, p;enOHMpOBaHMe KOTOpbIX corrpHiKeHO
c qpe3MepHbIMM M3AepiKRaMM, MorYT C pa3pemeHMH cyp;a npo-
p;aBaTbCH C ToprOB, a nOJIyqeHHaH 3a HlIX CYMMa BHOClITCH Ha
p;en031IT (CM. CT. 497 rR, CT. 524 TR).
r) YBeAOMJIeHUe 0 p;enoHlIpoBaHlIlI. )];encTBlITeJIbHOCTb
p;enoHMpoBaHIIH HacTyrraeT C MOMeHTa BHeceHIIH Bem;M Ha i];e-
n03IlT, oAHaRo rrpM aTOM p;enOHeHT 06H3aH He3aMep;JIM-
22*
339
TeJlbHO C006m;HTb Kpep;HTOPY 0 lfJaKTe p;enOBHpOBaHHH (n. 3
CT. 495 fR), B npOTHBHOM CJIyqae OH HeceT 06H3aHHOCTb no
B03Mem;eHHlO ym;ep6a.
64. IToCJIe;a;CTBHJI ;a;enOHHpOBaHIIJI.
a) B pe3YJIbTaTe p;enOBHpOBaHHH Kpep;HTOp npHo6peTaeT
npaBO Ha nOJIyqeHlle ;a;en03I1Ta. fR He cop;epmHT COOTBeTCT-
BYlOm;HX nOJIOmeHHn, HO aTO B:bITeKaeT H3 Toro lfJaKTa, "ITO B
pe3YJIbTaTe p;enOHHpOBaHHH p;OJImHHK oCBo6omp;aeTCH OT 06H-
3aHHOCTH. RaK yme OTMe'laJIOCb, p;enOHHpOBaHHe npep;CTaBJIH-
eT co6on p;orOBOp B nOJIb3Y TpeTMro JIHll,a, op;HaKO B OTJIH'IHe-
OT 06:bI'IHOro p;orOBopa TaKoro pop;a, npH KOTOpOM npaBO
TpeTbero JIHll,a B03HHKaeT Ha OCHOBe BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH, Ha
npaBJIeHHOrO Ha nOJIY'IeHHe BbIrop;bI (n. 2 CT. 537 fR), npa
p;enOHHpOBaBHH Kpep;HTOp npHo6peTaeT npaBO 6ea TaKoro BO
JIeH3'.bHBJIeHlIH. B OTHomeHHH peaJIH3all,HH Kpep;HTopOM YKa-
3aHHoro npaBa npep;YCMOTpeHO OP;HO OrpaHH'IeHHe. TaK, B CJIY-
IJae, Korp;a nOKynaTeJIb o6H3aH ynJIaTHTb npOp;aBll,Y onpep;e-
JleHHyro CYMMY p;eHer 3a npep;OCTaBJIeHH:bIH npOp;aBll,OM TOBap..
npOp;aBell, He MomeT CHHTb C p;en03HTa CYMMY, p;enOHHpOBaH-
HYlO nOKynaTeJIeM, 6e3 npep;OCTaBJIeHlIH nOKynaTe.lIlO TOBapa
1mH p;OKa3aTeJIbCTB aToro (CT. 498 fR, CT. 10 3aKoHa 0 p;eno-
HlIpoBaHlIlI). RpoMe Toro, B nopHp;Ke TOJIKOBaHHH C'IIITaeTCH.
'ITO B CJIY'Iae, Korp;a p;enOHlIpOBaHHaH CYMMa MeHbme TOH, Ha
KOTopon HaCTalIBaeT Kpep;HTop, CHHTHe aTon CYMMbI Kpep;IITO-
pOM: C p;en03lITa 6e3 KaKIIX 6bI TO HII 6:bIJIO orOBopOK 03Ha'laeT
npeKpam;eHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B nOJIHOM 06'.beMe (CM. pemeHH9
BepXOBHoro cyp;a OT 18 p;eKa6pH 1958 r. II OT 24 aBrYCTa
1967r.).
6) BCJIe;a;CTBlIe p;enOHlIpOBaHHH ;a;OJImHlIK oCBo6om;a;aeTc8
OT 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (CT. 494 fR). Ho nOCROJIbKY ;a;enOHlIpOBa-
HlIe paCC'IHTaHO Ha npep;OCTaBJIeHlIe YP;06CTB p;OJImHIIKY, OIII
MomeT CHHTb Bem;b C p;en03lITa H B0306HOBlITb TeM CaM:bIM
06H3aTeJIbCTBO. Op;HaKO B CJIyqae, Korp;a Rpep;HTOp yme OCY-
IIWCTBlIJI BOJIeII3'.bHBJIeHlIe B OTHomeHlI1I )J;O:ImHIIKa IIJIII 61OpO
p;en03HTa 0 HaMepeHlI1I CHHTb Bem;b C p;en03IITa, JIlI60 B CJIyqae.
Korp;a IIMeeTCH pemeHlIe cyp;a, nplI3HalOm;ee p;eHCTBIITeJIbHOCTb
;a;enOHlIpOBaHIIH, a TaRme Korp;a npeKpa:rn;eHlIe 06HcidTeJIbCTBa
nYTeM p;enOHlIpOBaHIIH nplIBeJIO K npeKpam;eHHlO 3aKJIa;a;a IIJIB
IInOTeKII, CHHTlIe p;OJImHIIKOM Bem;1I C p;en03lITa HeB03!>romHo
(CT. 496 rR).
340
i 4. 3aMeHa HcnonHeHHSI H HOBa",HSI
65. CBJI3b Mem)1;y 3aMeHoii HCnOJIHeHBJI D HOBa eii.
1) 3aMeHoH HCrrOJIHeHHH C1JHTaeTCH, HarrpHMep, TaKaH CH
Tya:U;HH, rrpH KOTOpOH 06H3aTeJIbCTBO Ha CYMMY B 1 MJIH. lIeE
npeKpam;aeTcH rrYTeM rrepe)1;a1JH O)1;HOH JIOma)1;lI, rrpH HOBa:U;HH
me CTapoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO Ha 1 MJIH. HeH H3MeHHeTCH Ha 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBO rro rrpe)1;OCTaBJIeHHIO O)1;HOH JIOma)1;H. RaK 3aMeHa,
HCrrOJIHeHHH, TaK H HOBa:qHH OCHOBbIBaIOTCH Ha )1;OrOBOpe Mem-
)1;Y Kpe)1;HTOpOM H HCrrOJIHHTeJIeM 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, npH 3TOM'
rrepBOHa1JaJIbHOe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO He HCrrOJIHHeTCH, a rrpeKpa-
m;aeTCH rrpe)1;OCTaBJIeHHeM HHOH :u;eHHOCTH. Pa3JIH1JHe Mem)1;Y
3aMeHOH HCrrOJIHeHHH H H<JBa:U;HeH COCTOHT B TOM, 1JTO B rrep-
BOM CJIyqae 06H3aTeJIbCTBO HCrrOJIHHeTCH rrYTeM rrpe)1;OCTaBJIe-
HHH HHOH :u;eHHOCTH, a BO BTOpOM - YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH HOBoe.
06H3aTeJIbCTBO rro rrpe)1;OCTaBJIeHHIO HHOH :u;eHHOCTH.
2) BamHYIO rrpaKTHlJecKYIO rrp06JIeMY rrpe)1;CTaBJIHeT pe-
meHHe Borrpoca 0 TOM, HBJIHeTCH JIH BpyqeHHe BeKCeJIH B HC-,
rrOJIHeHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa 3aMeHOH HcrrOJIHeHHH HJIH HOBa-
:U;HeH.
a) HarrpHMep, B rroKyrraeT Y A Bem;b Ha CYMMY B 100 MJIH.
HeH H BpyqaeT eMY rrpocToH BeKCeJIb. IIpeKpam;aeTcH JIH 3THM'
06H3aTeJIbCTBO rro BbIrrJIaTe 100 MJIH. HeH? 8TOT Borrpoc pe-
maeTcH B KOHe1JHOM C1JeTe rro BOJIe CTOpOH. Q)1;HaKo 06bI1JHO'
C1JHTaeTCH, 1JTO )1;eHemHOe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO 3THM He rrpeKpa-
m;aeTCH, a BpY1JeHHe BeKCeJIH paCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaK O)1;1IH H3'
narrOB HCrrOJIHeHHH 06H3a TeJIbCTBa (pemeHHe BepxOBHoro,
cY)1;a OT 8 arrpeJIH 1922 r.). II03ToMY Kpe)1;HTOp MomeT Tpe-
60BaTb yrrJIaTbI rro BeKCeJIIO, H )1;eHemHOe 06HSaTeJIbCTBO rrpe-
KpaTHTcH JIHmb rrpH BbIrrJIaTe HaJIH1JHbIMH. B CJIyqae me HBHO'
BbIpameHHoro HaMepeHHH CTOpOH ocym;ecTBHTb BMeCTO HCrrOJI-
HeHHH )1;eHemHOro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa paC1JeT rrYTeM rrepe)1;a1JD
BeKCeJIH OHO rrpeKpam;aeTCH rrO)1;06HbIM crroc060M. IIocJIe rrpe-
Kpam;eHHH 06H3aTeJIbCTBa YKa3aHHbIM 06pa30M Kpe)1;HTOp 06-
JIa)1;aeT TOJIbKO rrpaBaMH, CBH3aHHhIMH C BeKCf'JIeM, H B CJIY1Jae'
HeyrrJIaTbI rro BeKCeJIIO MomeT Tpe60BaTb OT )1;OJImHHKa B03Me-
m;eHHH JIHmb Ha OCHOBaHHH rrpaB, rrpe)1;YCMOTpeHHbIX 3aKoHoM'
o BeKCeJIHX.
6) C1J'HTaeTCH JIH rrpeKpam;eHHe 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, ocym;ecT-'
BJIeHHOe B rrOpH)1;Ke HCKJII01JeHHH, BpY1JeHHeM BeKCeJIH, 3aMe-
HOH HCrrOJIHeHHH HJIH HOBa:U;HeH? C TeOpeTHlJeCKOH T01JKH 3pe-
HHH 3)1;eCb HMeeT MeCTO 3aMeHa HCrrOJIHeHHH. IIoCKOJIbKY BeK-,
341.
CeJIb -: O]J;Ha II3 pa3HOBII]J;HOCTeH D;eHHOH Bern;II, ero BpY"IeHIIe
eC'fb npe]J;OC'faBJIeHIIe D;eHHOCTII. RpoMe Toro, npII :8:0Ba II
npeRparn;eHIIe npeiImero 00H3aTeJIbCTBa II YCTaHOBJIeHIIe HO-
Boro ocyrn;eCTBJIHIOTCH O]J;HIIM ]J;orOBopOM II rrpII OTCYTCTBIIII
CTaporo OOH3aTeJIbCTBa He YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCH II HOBoe. IIpIIHH-
TIle rpam]J;aHIIHOM B OOH3aTeJIbCTBa nocpe]J;CTBOM BpY"IeHIIH
BeKCeJIH OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha He3aBIICIIMOM ]J;eHCTBIIII. ECJIII OLI
MLI paCnIaTpIIBaJIII YRa3aHHYIO cIITyaIJ;IIIO B Ka"leCTBe HOBa-
WIll, TO B CJIY"Iae omII60"lHOrO BpY"IeHIIH rpam]J;aHIIHOM B BeK-
.ceJIH B YCJIOBIIHX OTCYTCTBIIH ]J;eHemHoro OOH3aTeJIbCTBa Ha
CYMMY 100 MJIH. IIeH BeKCeJIbHOe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO TaKme He
YCTaHaBJIIlBaJIOCb OLI. O]J;HaKO nO]J;OOHoe He ]J;orrYCKaeTCH, rro-
CKOJIbKy no rrpOTIIBOpe"lIIJIO ObI OCHOBOrrOJIaraIOrn;eH KOHD;en-
D;IIII 3aHOHa 0 BeRCeJIHX, no KOTOpoii ]J;eiiCTBIITeJIbHOCTb BeKce-
.JIH YCTaHaBJIlIBaeTCH II npII OTCYTCTBIIII OOH3aTeJIbCTBa. ,1];aH-
HaH KOHD;errD;IIH rrpIIMeHHeTCH He TOJIbKO K npIIBe]J;eHHOMY
HRMII npIIMepy BpyqeHIIH rrpOCToro BeKCeJIH, HO II K IIH]J;occa-
MeHTY, "IeKaM, nepeBO]J;HLIM BeKCeJIHM II T. rr. CJIe]J;yeT IIMeTb
B BII]J;Y, "ITO fR paCCMaTpIIBaeT BpyqeHIIe rrepeBO]J;Horo BeKce-
JIH npII IICnOJIHeHIIII OOH3aTeJIbCTBa KaK HOBaD;IIIO (rr. 2
CT. 513 fR), "ITO, O]J;HaKO, rrpOTIIBOpe"lIIT YKa3aHHOH KOH-
IJ; e nD;IIII.
66. Y CTaHOBJleHIIe II nOCJleACTBIIH aaMeHLI HCnOJlHeHHH.
IIoHHTHo, "ITO IIcrrOJIHHTeJIb OOH3aTeJIhCTBa He BnpaBe no CBoe-
MY YCMOTpeHIIIO rrpIIoeraTb K 3aMeHe IICrrOJIHeHHH. aHa ]J;omn-
Ha OCHOBbIBaTbCH Ha COrJIaCHII Kpe]J;IITopa, a IIMeHHO Ha ]J;oro-
Bope C Rpe]J;IITopOM (CT. 482 fR). IIoCKOJIbKY D;eJIb 11;aHHOrO
]J;orOBopa - YTpaTa Kpe]J;IITopOM rrpaBa Tpe60BaHIIH rrpII rrpe-
]J;OCTaBJIeHIIII HCrrOJIHIITeJIeM onpe]J;eJIeHHOH BelIJ;II, ero MOmHO
OTHeCTII K KaTeropIIII B03Me3]J;Horo. IIo::lToMY npII npe]J;OCTaB-
JIeHIIII B rropH]J;Ke 3aMeHbl IICrrOJIHeHIIH oOH3aTeJIbCTBa Ha
1 l\VIH. HeH oom,HoH JIOma]J;1I 1I0]J;ooHoe paCCMaTpIIBaeTCH B
COOTBeTCTBIIIf C rropH]J;KOM, rrpe]J;YCMOTpeHHbIM B OTHomeHIIII
.]J;oroBopa RYIf:m-rrpO]J;amII (CM. CT. 559, 570 fR).
67. YCTaHOBJleHHe HOBaD;HH II ee nOCJlelJ;CTBlUJ.
1) Y CTaHOBJleHHe HOBaD;HH.
a) HOBaD;IIH rrpe]J;CTaBJIHeT coooii ]J;OrBOp, rrpeKparn;aro-
'rn;IIH CTapoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO rryreM YCTaHOBJIeHHH HOB oro, OT-
JIlI"IHOrO 01' CTaporo OOH3aTeJIbCTBa (CM. II. 1 CT. 513 fR). fR
YCTaHaBJIMBaeT B03HIIKHOBeHHe HOBaD;IIII B Tpex CJIY"IaHX: H3-
342
MeHeHIIH Rpe)J;IITOpa, H3MeHeHHH )J;OJIiRHIIRa, a TaRiRe II3MeHe-
HIIH D;eJIH H ij!OpMIoI 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (CM. CT. 514, 515, 518.
n. 2 CT. 513 rR). O)J;HaRo npH 3aMeHe Kpe)J;HTopa HeJIIo3H C'IH'.
TaTIo, 'ITO rrpOHCXO)J;HT HOBaD;HH, rrOCROJIIoKY npH YCTyrrKe Tpe-
60BaHHH npOHCXO)J;HT JIHmIo nepexo)J; Toro iRe caMoro rrpaBa
Tpe60BaHHH. PaBHhIM 06pa30M H npH 3aMeHe )J;OJIiRHHRa, T. e.
ITpH rrepeBO)J;e )J;OJIra, HOBaD;IIII He B03HHI{aeT. qacTo HOBaD;HH
COrrpHiReHa C HeBIolrO)J;aMH )J;JIH CTOpOH, rrOCROJIIoRy 03Ha'IaeT
06HOBJIeHHe 06H3aTeJIIoCTBeHHIoIX OTHomemrH H rrOJIHOe npe-
RpaID;eHIIe rrpemHero 06eCrre'IeHIIH H rropy'IHTeJIIoCTBa. II03TO-
MY npH BIoIHCHeHHH Borrpoca 0 TOM, npOH30mJIa JIH HOBaD;HH,.
He CJIe)J;yeT OrpaHII'llIBaTIoCH TOJIIoRO ij!opMaJIIoHhIM cpaBHeHII-
eM CTaporo H HOBoro 06H3aTeJIIoCTBa, HO Heo6xo)J;UMO HCCJIe)J;O-
BaTIo H BOJIIO CTOpOH. AaHHaH Up06JIeMa oc06eHHO 'IaCTO B03-
HIIRaeT rrpH H3MeHeHHII 06H3aTeJIIoCTBa, CBH3aHHoro c npo)J;a-
iReR B Rpe)J;IIT Ha 06H3aTeJIIoCTBO 3aRMa (Cl\L CT. 588 rR).
XOTH rR paCCMaTpIIBaeT H3MeHeHHe YCJIOBHOrO 06H3aTeJIIoCTBa
Ha 6e3YCJIOBHOe (H 06paTHO) RaR II3MeHeHIIe OCHOBHoro 3JIe-
MeHTa 06H3aTeJIIoCTBa (n. 2 CT. 513 rR), 3TO He rrpenHTcTByeT
TOMY, 'IT06IoI B CJIY'Iae HaJIH'IIIH COOTBeTCTBYIOID;ero BOJIeH3'b-
HBJIeHHH CTOpOH He paCCMaTpHBaTIo )J;aHHhIe H3MeHeHIIH B Ra-
'IeCTBe HOBaD;HH.
6) AoroBop HOBaD;HH He Tpe6yeT orrpe)J;eJIeHHOR ij!OPMhI.
O)J;HaRO rrpH OTCYTCTBHH B CJIyqae HOBaD;HH, eBH3aHHOH C H3Me-
HeHHeM Kpe)J;IITopa, CrreD;HaJIbHOrO )J;OKyMeHTa C YRa3aHHeM'
TO'IHOH )J;aTIoI 3TOT )J;orOBOp He MOiReT 6IoITb rrpOTIIBorrOCTaBJJeH
TpeTIoeMY JIHD;Y (CT. 515 rR).
2) CTOpOHIoI )J;orOBopa HOBaD;HH pa3JIH'IHhI B 3aBHCHMOeTlI
OT ee BH)J;a. IIpH HOBaD;HH, CBH3aHHOR C H3MeHeHHeM )J;OJIiRHH-
Ra, a IIMeHHO rrpH rrpeRpaID;eHHH 06H3aTeJIIoCTBa B rrepe)J; A
II YCTaHOBJIeHHII 06H3aTeJIIoCTBa B rrepe)J; A, HOBaD;HH MOiReT'
OCHOBhIBaTLCH RaR Ha )J;orOBope MeiR)J;Y A, B II B, TaR H Ha
)J;orOBope MeiRiW Rpe)J;lITopOM A H )J;OJIiRHHROM B. BMecTe C
TeM HOBa:U;IIH He B03HIIKaeT, eCJIH OHa rrpOTIIBOpe'IHT BOJIe };.
(CT. 514 rR). IIpH HOBaD;HH, CBH3aHHOH C H3MeHeHIIeM Rpe)];H-
Topa, a HMeHHO rrpH rrpeRpaID;eHHH rrpaBa Tpe60BaHHH A B
OTHomeHHH B H YCTaHOBJIeHHII npaBa Tpe60BaHllrr B B OTHO-
meHHII B, HOBaD;IIH )J;OJIiRHa Oij!0PMJIHTIoCH )J;orOBopOM Tpex
JIIID; - A, B H B. HOBaD;HH, CBH3aHHaH C H3MeHeHIIeM D;eJIH II
ij!OPMhI 06H3aTeJIbCTBa, oij!opMJIHeTCH )J;orOBopOM )J;OJIiRHHRa
'II Rpe)J;lITopa.
3) )J;eHcTBHe HOBan;HH. B CBH3H e TeM, 'ITO CTapoe 06Hsa-
343'.
'I'eJIbCTBO npeRpal:I\aeTCH H YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH HOBoe, He cYl:I\e-
cTByeT OC06bIX np06JIeM.
a) BHHMaHHe CJIeAyeT 06paTHTb Ha CJIeAYJOl:I\ee. MeiKAY
npeRpal:I\eHHeM CTaporo 06H3aTeJIbCTBa H B03HHRHOBeHHeM
HOB oro cyl:I\eCTByeT npH'lHHHO-CJIeACTBeHHaH CBH3b, a HMeHHO
npH OTCYTCTBHH HJIH aHHYJIHpOBaHHH CTaporo 06H3aTeJIbCTBa
HOBoe He YCTaHaBJIHBaeTcH.
6) ,r:t;aHHoe npaBHJIO npeAYCMaTpHBaeT ABa IICRJIIO'leHI:IH.
Bo-nepBbIX, eCJIH npH TpeXCTopOHHeM AorOBope MeiKAY A, B
H B 0 npeRpal:I\eHHII CTaporo o6H3aTeJIbCTBa, MeiKAY A II B,
H YCTaHOBJIeHIIH HOBoro, MeiKAY A H B, AOJIiKHIIR B B MOMeHT
3aRJIIO'leHIIH AorOBopa He BblpaiKaeT CBoero HeCOrJIaCHH, HOBoe
'o6H3aTeJIbCTBO, MeiKAY A H B, C'lHTaeTCH YCTaHOBJIeHHbIM
AaiKe nplI OTCYTCTBHH CTaporo o6H3aTeJIbCTBa, MeiKAY A H B
(CT. 516 fK). ,r:t;aHHoe HCRJIIO'leHHe HanpaBJIeHO Ha 3al:I\HTY
HHTepeCOB B H aHaJIOrH'lHO n. 1 CT. 468 TK B OTHomeHHH
o o6peHHH co CTOpOHbI AOJIiKHHRa npH YCTynRe Tpe6o-
BaHHH.
BTopoe HCRJIIO'leHHe 3aRJIIO'laeTCH B TOM, 'lTO npH HOBan;HH,
'HanpHMep, AeHeiKHoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa B 1 MJIH. HeH Ha 06H-
aaTeJIbCTBO no npeAOCTaB,rreHHIO OAHOH JIomap;lI, B CJIY'lae
HeYCTaHOBJIeHHH HOBoro o6H3aTeJIbCrBa H3-3a rH6eJIH JIOmaAH
npeRpal:I\aeTCH H CTapoe o6H3aTeJIbCTBO, eCJIII CTOpOHbI 3HaJIH
1() if>aRTe rH6eJIH. ,r:t;aHHoe nOJIOiKeHlIe BbITeRaeT H3 CMbICJIa
CT. 517 fK, ROTopaH rJIaCHT, 'lTO npH HeYCTaHOBJIeHIIH HOBoro
o6H3aTeJIbCTBa no npH'lHHaM, ROTOpbIe 6bIJIH HeH3BeCTHbI CTO-
pOBaM, CTapoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO He npeRpal:I\aerCH.
B) BCJIeACTBlIe npeRpal:I\eHHH B pe3YJIbTa Te HOBan;HH
npeiKHero 06H3aTeJIbCTBa npeRpal:I\alOTCH H CBH3aHHbIe C HHM
npaBa Ha B03paiKeHHe, 06eCne'leHHe, nOPY'lHTeJIbCTBO H T. n.
ECJIH iKe B OTHomeHHH HOBoro 06H3aTeJIbCTBa 6YAYT YCTaHOB-
JIeHbI Bel:I\HOe 06eCne'leHlIe H nopY'lHTeJIbCTBO, aHaJIOrH'lHbIe
no COAepiKaHHIO TeM, ROTopbIe conpOBOiKAaJIlI npeiKHee 06H-
,3aTeJIbCTBO, OHII TeM He MeHee C'lIITaIOTCH BHOBb YCTaHOBJIeH-
'HbIlIfII. JIlImb npHMeHHTeJIbHO R 3aRJIaAY H HnOTeRe rK Aonyc-
RaeT HX nepexop; Ha HOBoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO B npeAeJIaX n;eJIeH
'cTaporo 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (CT. 518 TK). GAHaRO, eCJIH 3aRJIaA
lIJIH IInOTeRa npeAOCTaBJIeHbI TpeTblIM JIIln;OM, IlX ncpexop; Ha
HOBoe 06H3aTeJIbCTBO HeB03MOiKeH 6e3 COrJIaCHH AaHHoro JIIIn;a
(orOBopRa CT. 5'17 fK).
344
i 5. 3a'leT
68. llOHJlTHe Sa'leTa. IIo Sa'leTOM nOHHMaeTCH BOJIeII3'b-
HBJIeHlIe, HanpaBJIeHHOe Ha npeKpam;eHlIe npaBa Tpe60BaHlIJI
II OJIrOBOrO 06HSaTeJIbCTBa Mem y Kpe IITopOM II OJImHIIROM'
B cJIY'Iae,' eCJIII OJImHIIR 06JIa aeT BCTpe'lHhIM Tpe60BaHlIeM'
R Kpe IITopy. HanplIMep, eCJIII rpam aHIIH A 06JIa aeT Tpe60-
BaHlIeM B OTHorneHlI1I E Ha CYMMY B 1 MJIH. lIeH, a E B CBOIO
O'lepe b IIMeeT BCTpe'lHOe Tpe60BaHlIe K A Ha CYMMY B
500 TbIC. lIeH, TO 06WIHbIR nopH OR IICnOJIHeHIIH 06HSaTeJIbCTB.
MemAY HIIMII 6YAeT He TOJIbRO HeYA06eH, HO H HecnpaBeAJIIIB.
IIOA nOCJIeAHIIM nOHIIMaeTCH CJIeAYIOrqaH cHTyan;IIH. )J;ony-
CTIIM, A 06aHRpOTIIJICH, II, XOTH E B AaHHOM CJIY'Iae B nOJIHOIvt
06'beMe HeceT CBoe 06HSaTeJIbCTBO nepeA A (1 MJIH. lIeH), no
CBoeMY npaBY Tpe60BaHlIH K A (500 ThIC. lIeH) OH nOJIY'IIIT'
JIlIrnb HeSHa'lIITeJIbHYIO 'IaCTb. IIplI HaJIII'I1I1I me BOJIeIIS'bHBJIe-
BIIH 0 norarneHlI1I 06HSaTeJIbCTBa B nopHAKe Sa'leTa 06Hsa-
TeJIbCTBO E B OTHorneHlI1I A COCTaBIIT JIIIIIIb 500 TbIC. lIeH. KaK
BIIAHO lIS nplIBeAeHHhIX nplIMepOB, Sa'leT npeACTaBJIHeT C060R
RHCTHTYT, npeAycMaTplIBaIOrqlIR npeKpam;eHlle Tpe60BaHlIll II
OJIrOBbIX 06HSaTeJIbCTB MemAY ABYMH cTopoHaMII - KpeAII-
TOpOM II AOJImHIIKOM. OAHaRo B nOCJIeAHee BpeMH 3aqeT CTaJI
BbIIIOJIHHTb <PYHKIJ;IIIO II 06eCne'leHIIH 06H aTeJIbCTB. TaR, AO-
rryCTIIM, '1TO npaBo Tpe60BaHlIJI A B OTHoIDeHlI1I E nepeXOAIIT
K B IIJIII Ha AaHHoe Tpe60BaHlIe YCTaHaBJIImaeTCJI sanperqeHlIe'
co CTOpOHbI B. B STOR clITyan;IIH E MomeT oCB060AHTbCH OT
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII nepeA B nYTeM IICnOJIHeHIIH 06HSaTeJIbCTB81
nepeA A B nopHAKe 3a'leTa (n. 2 CT. 468 rK). TaRIIM 06pa30M
Sa'leT CTaHOBIITCH cpeACTBOM 06ecne'lemm npaBa Tpe60BaHlIff
BRA.
IIpeRparqeHlIe 06H3aTeJIbCTB Sa'leTOM BOSMomHO II Ha OCHO-
Be AorOBopa CTOpOH. IIOCROJIbKY B aTOM CJIY'Iae rR He YCTa-
HaBJIIIBaeT HIIRaRHX OrpaHII'IeHlIll, Sa'leT IIIlIpOKO IICnOJIb3yeT-
CH B npaKTIIRe. HanplIMep, A 06JIaAaeT npaBOM Tpe60BaHIIH B
OTHomeHlI1I E, E - B OTHorneHlI1I B, B - B OTHorneHlI1I r II
r - B OTHorneHlI1I A. rK YCTaHaBJIIIBaeT HeB03MomHOCTb 3a-
'IeTa nYTeM OAHOCTopOHHell CAeJIRII, OAHaRO aTO He npelIHT-
cTByeT 3aRJIIO'IeHIIIO AorOBopa 0 npeKparqeHlI1I 06H3aTeJIbCTB
B nopHAKe 3a'leTa MemAY BceMII 'IeTbIpbMH CTopOHaIvIlI, T. e.
A, E, B II r. PaC'IeT BeRCeJIHMII nOCTpoeH IIMeHHO Ha aTOM
npIIHn;lIlIe, II B aTOM CMbICJIe IIHCTIITYT Sa'leTa B rnlIpOROM 110-
HIIMaHlI1I AeJIaeT BOSMomHbIM ocym;ecTBJIeHlIe ToprOBbIX cAe-
JIOK 6e3 1I0cpeAcTBa HaJIlI'IHbIX AeHer.
34&
69. Y CJIOBnH SaqeTa.
1) K YCJIOBImM Sa'leTa OTHOCHTCH: HaJInqne O)];HnX n Tex
me CTOpOH; o6HSaTeJIJ:,cTB, nMerom;nx aHaJIOrnqHOe Co)];epma-
Hue; HacTynJIeHUe cpOKa nCnOJIHeHna o6onx 06aSaTeJIJ:,CTB
(CT. 505 fK). qTO KacaeTca nOCJIe)];HerO YCJIOBna, TO SaqeT
B03MomeH n npn HeHacTynJIeHnn cpOKa MCnOJIHeHnH O)];HOrO
ns 06H3aTeJIJ:,CTB, TaK KaK O)];Ha ns CTOpOH MomeT OTKa3aTJ:,ca
OT BJ:,IrO)]; BpeMeHn (CM. CT. 136 fK). He npenHTCTByeT SaqeTY
n pa3JIIIqne B MeCTe nCnOJIHeHnH o6HSaTeJIJ:,cTB, O)];HaKO B aTOM
CJIyqae O)];Ha llS CTOpOH HeceT 06HsaHHOCTJ:, no BOSMenJ;eHnro
y ep6a, CBasaHHoro C npllHHTlleM KOHTpareHTOM llCnOJIHeHIDI
B nHOM, qeM 6bIJIO paHee npe)];YCMOTpeHO, MeCTe nCnOJIHeHna
.o6H3aTeJIJ:,CTBa (CT. 507 fK).
2) CJIyqan HeilonycTHMOCTn SaqeTa. He(moTpH Ha HaJIllqne
YKa3aHHbIX BbIme YCJIOBnn, fK npe)];ycMaTpnBaeT SHa'lHTeJIJ:,
Hoe qnc.'IO nCKJIIO'leHnn, He )];OnYCKarom;nx SaqeT.
a) XapaRTep 06HSaTeJIJ:,CTBa Tpe6yeT peaJIJ:,Horo llCnOJI-
HeHIIa, a Sa'leT npenHTcTByeT )];OCTIDReHnro :u:eJIen 06HSaTeJIJ:,-
CTBa (orOBopKa n. 1 CT. 505 fK). TaK, 06HSaTeJIJ:,CTBa Mem-
)];y A n B 0 BsallMHOH ITOMOm;II npn y6opl\e ypomaH B. Te'leHlle,
HanpnMep, )];BYX )];HeH He MorYT 6bITJ:, npeKpam;eHbI B nOpH)];Ke
8aqeTa.
6) HaJIn'lHe BOJIenS'DHBJIeHnH CTOpOH 0 sanpem;eHIIn 3aqe-
1'a. BMecTe C TeM JInD;O, KOTopoe npno6peJIo B nopH)];Ke yCTyn-
HH ITpaBO Tpe6oBaHnH, He 3HaH 0 AaHHOM 3anpem;eHlln, MOiKe'r
npll6eraTJ:, K Sa'leTY B OTHomeHlln AaHHoro Tpe60BaHllH (n. 2
J:,T. 505 fIt).
B) B03HIIl\HOBeHne O)];HOrO ns 06HSaTeJIJ:,C1'B Ha OCHOBaHnn
He3aKOHHoro AenCTBllH (CT. 509 fIt). B nopH)];Ke TOJIKOBaHnll
AaHHoe nOJIOiKeHne pacnpOCTpaHHeTca II Ha c.TJyqaH YCTaHOB-
JIeHna 060IIX o6HSaTeJIJ:,cTB Ha OCHOBe He3al\OHHOrO AenCTBna
(pemeHlle BepXOBHoro cYAa OT 28 llroHH 1974 r.) .
r) He nOAJIeiKllT npeKpam;eHIIro 3aqeTOM o6aSaTeJIJ:,cTBo,
npeAYCMaTpllBarom;ee o6H3aTeJIJ:,HYro ynJIaTY HaJIllqHbIMll, Ha-
npUMep sapa6oTHon IIJIaTbI (CM. CT. 17, n. 1 CT. 24 3aKoHa 0
TPYAOBbIX CTaHLl.apTax). ,l];aHHoe YCJIOBIIe nOCTpoeHO Ha aHa-
}[Orn'lHOM co CT. 510 fR OCHOBaHnn, nCKJIroqarom;eM 3aqeT B
C.:'Iyqae HeAonYCTllMOCTn 3anpem;eHnH B OTHomeHnn OAHoro n3
o6H3aTeJIJ:,cTB.
CJIeAyeT o6paTIITJ:, TaKiKe BHIIMaHne Ha B03MOiKHOCTJ:, 3a'le-
Ta II nOCJIe npel\pam;eHllH OAHoro n3 06HSaTeJIJ:,cTB BCJIeACTBIIe
nCKOBon AaBHOCTn, eCJIll AO nCTe'leHIIH AaBBOCTn llMeJIncJ:,
YCJIOBllH, COOTBeTcTByrom;IIe 3aqeTY (CT. 508 fK).
346
70. Cpe cTBa H nOCJIe CTBHH sa'leTa.
1) Cpe cTBa. 3a'leT ocyrn;eCTBJIHeTCH BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHIIeM
B OTHomeHIIII KOHTpareHTa. IIpII aTOM B OTHomeHIIII BOJIeII3'b'
HBJIeHIIH He YCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCH HIIKaKIIX YCJIOBIIn IIJITI CpOKOB
(n. 1 CT. 506 fR).
2) nOCJIe CTBHH.
a) B pe3YJIbTaTe 3a'leTa 06HaaTeJIbCTBO npeKparn;aeTCH Ha
CYMMY, paBHYIO cyMMe BCTpe 1 IHoro Tpe60BaHIIH (n. 1
CT. 505 fR). B CJIY1Jae paaHOCTII CYMM 06H3aTeJIbCTB 60JIbmee'
npeKpam;aeTCH '1aCTII1JHO. IIpII HaJIII'IIIII 06m;ero 06H3aTeJIbcT'
Ba, rrpe.a;CTaBJIHIOm;erO co60n COBoKynHoCTb OT.a;eJIbHbIX 06H3a-
TeJIbCTB JIII60 KanIITaJIbHOe 06HaaTeJIbCTBO II rrpo:u:eHTHoe,
Bonpoc pemaeTCH B nopH.a;Ke, npe.a;YCMOTpeHHOM .a;JIH npe.a;Haa
Ha'leHIIH IICnOJIHeHIIH (CT. 512 fR; CM.: 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHoe
npaBO - 60).
6) BaiRHbIM C T01JKII apeHIIH nOCJIe.a;cTBIIn aa1JeTa HBJIHeTClI
TO, '1TO 06H3aTeJIbCTBa npeKparn;aIOTCH B YKa3aHHOM nopH.a;K8'
Ha CYMMY, COOTBeTCTBYIOrn;yIO BpeMeHII «3peJIOCTH» 06H3a-
TeJIbCTB .a;JIH aa'leTa (n. 2 CT. 506 fR).
f 6. OCB060HCAeHMe OT 06S13aTen1tCTBa
71. no oCBo6om eHHeM OT o6HSaTeJIbCTBa nOHIIMaeTCH
p;encTBIIe no 6e3BoaMea.a;HoMY npeRpam;eHIIIO npaBa Tpe60Ba-
HIIH. OHO npe.a;CTaBJIHeT c060n O.a;HOCTopOHHee .a;encTBIIe Rpe-
.a;IITopa II He Tpe6yeT 0.a;06peHIIH CO CTOpOHbI AOJIiRHIIKa
(CT. 519 fR). BbIpaiReHIIe BOJIII Kpe.a;IITopa K oTKaay OT npa-
Ba Tpe60BaHIIH MOiReT ocyrn;eCTBJIHTbCH no OTHomeHIIIO K
.a;OJIiRHIIKy JII06bIMII cpeACTBaMII. XOTH Rpe.a;IITOp II 06JIa.a;aeT
cB060.a;on no OCBo60iRAeHIIIO .a;OJIiRHHKa OT o6HaaTeJIbCTBa,
OH, eCTeCTBeHHO, He MOiReT OCB06oAIITb P;OJIiRHllKa OT 06H-
aaTeJIbCTBa, eCJIII nOCJIe.a;Hee 6bIJIO aaJIOiReHO. PaBHbIM 06-
pa30M oCB06oiR.a;eHIIe OT 06HaaTeJIbCTBa He p;onYCKaeTCH,
eCJIII .a;aHHoe .a;enCTBIIe npII'IIIHHeT Bpep; npaBaM TpenIIX
JilIn:.
f 7. COBnaAeHMe AonHCHMKa M KpeAMTopa B OAHOM nMu,e
72. no COBna eHHeM OJImHHKa H KpeWlTOpa B O HOM
JIHqe nOHIIMaeTCH TaKaH CTITya:U:IIH, ROf.a;a B pe3YJIbTaTe, Ha-
npIIMep, HaCJIe.a;OBaHIIH .a;OJIiRHIIK npIIo6peTaeT o.a;HOBpeMeHHO
347
:II CTaTYC KpeglITOpa. OOHSaTeJJbCTBO B nogooHoii clITyan;IIU
lIpel\pam,aeTCH BBIIAY OTCYTCTBIIH HeooxoglIMOCTK ero gaJIb-
JIeiimero cym,eCTBOBaHIIH. GARaKO B nopHgKe IICKJIIOqeH!l'IH
no He pacnpOCTpaHHeTCH Ha cIITyan;IIIO, Korga OOHSaTeJIbCTBO
HBJIHeTCH npegMeToM npaBa TpeTbero JIIIn;a, HanplIMep B CJfY-
qae HaJIIIqlIH SaKJIaga 00 CTopOHI,npeTberO JIlID;a (CT. 520 rR) .
JJ;aHHoe ITOJIOiKeHlIe aHaJIOrlIqHO cOBnageHIIIO KaK OOHOBaHIIIO
-upeKpam;eHIIH Bem;Horo npaBa (CT. 179 rR; CM.: BeID;Hoe npa-
.EO -16).
OrnaBneHHe
BCTynHTCJIbHaH CTaTbH 5
BBCAcHHC 26
fJIaBa 1. MCTopHH JIIIOHCROro rpam.n;aHcRoro KOACRca 26
fJIaBa 2. CTpYRTypa rpamAaIlCROrO 3aROHOAaTeJIbCTBa 31
fJIaBa 3. CiPcpa ACRCTBHH rpamAaHcRoro npaBa 36
Pa3AeJI I. 06II\aH '!aCTb
TJIaBa 1. OCHoBHbIe nOJIOmCHHH 40
TJIaBa 2. <tJH3H'lCCRHC JIH a 43
1. IIpaBocnoco6HoCTb 43
9 2. ,IJ;cecnoco6HoCTb . . 47
9 3. HecoBepmeHHOJICTHHC . . . . 50
9 4. JIH a, npH3HaHHhIe HCAeccnoco6HhIMH 53
9 5. OrpaHH'lCHHO Acccnoco6HhIe . .. " 54
6. 33II\HTa HHTcpeCOB ROHTpareHTOB Hc.n;cecnoco6HhIX 57
7. MeCTOmIITeJIbCTBO 59
9 8. OTCYTCTBYIOII\HC 62
I'JIaBa 3. IOpHAH'leCRHc JIH a 64
1. 06II\HC nOJIOmCHHH . . . . 64
2. B03HHRHoBeHHe, peopraHH3an;HH H perHcTpa HH
IOpH,IJ;H'leCRHX JIH . . . . . . . 73
3. IIpaBo- H .n;eecnoco6HoCTb IOpHAII'lCCRHX JllI 78
4. OpraHbI IOpIII\R'leCRHX JIII 84
9 5. IIpeRpaII\eHHe IOpH.n;H'leCRHX JIH 88
9 6. Hap;30P 3a IOpH,IJ;H'lCCRHMH JIH aMH 91
9 7. MHocTpaHHbIe IOpII.n;H'leCRHC JIH a 91
TJIaBa 4. BeII\II 92
9 1. lIoHHTlie II BH.n;hI BeII\eR . . 92
9 2. ,[J;BIImliMbIe H HeABIImHMhIC BCII\H 96
9 3. fJIaBHaJl BeII\b H npHHa,IJ;JIemHOCTb 98
9 4. BeII\H, npIIHOCJlII\IIe nJIo.n;hI . . . 98
TJIaBa 5. C,IJ;eJIRII 100
9 1. 06II\IIe nOJIOmeHHH 100
S 2. TOJIROBaHIIe C,IJ;eJIRH . . . . . 104
3. C.n;eJIRH, 06Jl3aTCJIbHhIC npc.n;nHcaHHH, ny6JIH'lHbIR
nopHAoR H Ao6phIC HpaBhI . . . 107
349
fJIaBa 6. BOJIe1I3'bHBJIenlIe III
9 1. 06II\lIe IIOJIOmeHlIH . . . . . . 11 t
9 2. HecooTBeTcTBlIe BOJIlI H BOJIeH3'bHBJIeHHH HZ
9 3. lIopOim BOJIeH3'bHDJIeH:li1l . . . ., 116
9 4. 'Y CJIOBlIH AenCTDlITeJIbHOCTH BOJIeII3'bHBJIeHHH 117
fJIaBa 7. IIpeAcTaBlITeJIbCTBO 12(}
9 1. 06II\lIe IIOJIOmeHlIH . . 120
9 . IIpaBo npep;CTaBlITeJIbCTBa . 124
9 3. IIpep;cTaBlITeJIbCRHe p;encTBHH . . 128
9 4. IIpeAcTaBHTeJIbCTBO 6e3 nOJIIlOMO'IHiI 130
TJIaBa 8. He)J;eiicTBHTeJIbHOCTb II aHHYJIlIpOBaHIIe 134
9 1. 06II\IIe rrOJIOmeHJIH 134
.9 2. Hf.p;e CTI!HTem,HocTb 135
9 3. AHHYJIIIpOBaBJIe 137
TiraBa 9. ''YcJIoBlihIe C)1;eJIRll' H BpeMJ'I 139
9 1. 'Y CJIOBlUI 139
9 2. BpeMH 144-
TJIaBa 10: CpORliI: . 145
fJIaBa 11. MCRoBaH p;aBROCTb 147
9 1. 06II\JIe nOJIOmeHHH . . . 147
9 2. IIpJIOOpeTaTeJIbHaH .MBROCTb 155
9 3. lIoraCJIT8JIbHaH p;aBHOCTb 157
Paap;eJI II. BeII\HOe rrpaDo
fJIaDa 1. OOII\JIe rrOJIOmeHJIH BeII\HOrO rrpa:ea 161
9 1. BBop;HhIe aaMe'laHJIH . 161
9 2. OOII\HiI xapaRTep BeII\HhIX npaB 166
9 3. MSMeHeHHe seII\HhIX npas 167
rJIaBa 2. BJIa1\eHHe 170
9 1. 06II\He rrOJIOmCHIUI . . . . 170
9 2. IIpHo6peTeHlle npaBa BJIap;eHRH . 172
9 3. ,IJ;eiIcTBHTCJIbHOCTb npaBa BJIap;CHHH . 173
9 4. IIpeRpaII\eHHe rrpaBa BJIa.n;eHRfI 177
9 5. R:eaaIlBJIalICUHe . . _... . 177
rJIaBa 3. IIpaBo coocTBeHHocTH . . 178
9 1. 06II\JIe rrOJIOmeHHH 178
9 2. IIpaBo COccp;CTBa " . . . . 181
9 3. IIpHo6peTcnne npaBa co6cTBeHHocTH 184
fJIaBa 4. Cyrrepq)J:I Hn 189
rJIaBa 5. 8MWHTCS3HC 194
fJIaBa 6. CepBHTYT 195
fJIaBa 7. IIpaBo 06II\JIHHOrO 'lJIeHCTBa 198
fJIaBa 8. IIpaBo YAcpmaHHlI . . 200
rJIasa 9. IIpaso npeHMYII\CCTBa 203
rJIaBa 10. 3aRJIan 209
350
fJIaBa 11. HrroreRa 218
9 1. 06bIqRaJI llrroreRa 218
9 2. Oco6aJI llIIoreRa 228
fnaBa 12. CIIcreMa o6eCrreqeRRJI o6JISareJIbCrB Ha OCROBe
rrepexop;a rrpaBa 234
9 1. 06eCIIeQeRlie Ra OCHOBe rrepeJl;aQR . .. 234
9 2. 06eCrreQeRlie Ra OCROBe rrpeJl;BapRTeJIbHon: pern:-
cTpa IIll 240
Fasp;eJI III. 06JI3areJIbCTBeHHoe rrpaBo
fJIaBa 1. 06II\aJI QaCTb 06JISaTeJIbCTBeHHoro rrpaBa 243
fJIaBa 2. :O;eJIII 06JISaTeJIbCTBa 248
fJIaBa 3. )];encrBlie 06JISaTeJIbCTBa 261
9 1. 06II\IIe rrOJIOmeHllJI . . . . . ., 261
9 2. IIPIIHyp;IlTeJIbHOe RCrrOJIHeHRe 06JISaTeJIbCTBa . . 265
9 3. Tpe60BaRRe 1I0SMeII\eHRJI YII\ep6a Ha OCHOBaHRR He-
RCrrOJIHeHllJI 06JISaTeJIbCTBa . . . . . . . 269
9 4. IIpoCpOQRa rrpllHJITRJI RcrrOJIHeHRJI 283
fJIaBa 4. )];encrBlie 06JISaTeJIbCTBa IIO OTHomeHlIlO R TpeTb-
IIM :Ill aM 286
fJIaBa 5. MRomecTBeHRocTb JIR B 06JISaTeJIbCTBe 292
9 1. 06II\lle rrOJIOmeHllJI 292
9 2. Hep;eJIIIMOe 06JISaTeJIbCTBO 295
9 3. COJIllp;apHOe 06JISaTeJIbCTBO 298
9 4. lIopYQIITeJIbCTBO . . 305
TJIaBa 6. lIepep;aQa IIpaBa Tpe60BaHllii 313
TJIaBa 7. lIepeBop; Jl;OJIra 322
fJIaBa 8. IIpeRpaII\eHRe o6HSaTeJIbCTBa 326
1. 06II\lle IIOJIOmeHRH . . 326
9 2. MCIIoJIReHlIe 06JI3aTeJIbCTBa 327
9 3. )];eIIOHlIpOBaHlIe . . . . . 338
9 4. 3aMeRa IICIIOJIHeHRH R HOBa lIJI 341
9 5. 3aQer . . . . . . . . 345
9 6. OCBo6omp;eHIIe OT 06JISaTeJIbCTBa . . . . . 347
9 7. COBrrap;eRlie p;OJImHlIRa 11 Rpep;lITOpa B OP;HOM JlJI e 347
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