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, CP3TYP smnapH-l U'. Hanpao-
.nnTCA B Ml'CTHClCTH, 11<' Cpt';1. IUH1 TCMII ii ' . P eG Y CMaR IHIYTpeHHSUI
J1enne CT I ' 1H COCT 1I0:\lcpa ncn,H'lIlt.'JI111 It T
. ,.   Pacnl> 'IO>KE:'HIIC 3,TT,CiHHfI OTKpblToe.
TeMnl'p31 \'pa  t,.:13nnN lIa 'j1Hryp., . 6 bHoro onpeJleJIc-
B HekOTophl p""onoIlCTuax 11.lH npn JlHlfTe
HnH llC1HnH ;taq)enaTcJlhHN\. npll60POB ]l.BOTC" cpe.l1. lme OeJ1l1-
. 1 :1 H a B Y ! )OllHOM nOJIO>KeHHIt
'IIfHbI Ten.l0nOTl'pb Ha fl' 3Jl3111t ,. 6
Pl)We4'opa ,n811a JtJ>KC Ta6J1I11\a AJiH onpelIeJlCUmI lIHCJIa KY Ii ap-
LUIIH ne'llf. nOTpc611N'\ Ha 1 Ky6. ca>K. eMI,OCTH nOMeUteHH". OJlb-
30n3TbCH rlO1.o6ublMIl T36.lIHU8MII MO>l<HO JIHl1Ib Jl.1H cam.lx rpy6blx
paC4eTOB (HanpHMep JlH COCT3BncHHH opnCHTllpOBOllHOA npe11uapH-
TeJlbHoi\ CMCTbI), Tak K3K Jla>Ke cpc.rume HOpMbl KOJle(jJlIOTCH BeCbMa
CH.lbHO. TaK nanpll!.lep, nOTepH TenJia JlJlfl OC06HAKOD COCTaBJIHeT
B Cpe.1. HeM IIC Mcnee 30 1\a 1, na 1 .u 3 HapYIKlloro 061:>eMa 311aHHH,
Tor 11a K3h Jl.1H 60 'I bLUlI X 3 '1.amln ropOAOB OHa YMeHblUaeTCH JlO
10 1\a -I H3 1 At. .D.a>Ke 11JlH pa3J1H4HblX nOMeIll.eHHii OAHoro H Toro
>Ke ;J,0\f3 nOTepH TenJl3 H3 1 .u 3 BeCbMa pa3J1HlIua. TaK, B HallieM
npHMepe .!I)IH yr JlOBOI1 KOMHaTbl .NQ 2 BepxHero 3Ta>Ka, HMeIOlU.eH
HapY>KHb1l1 06"beM 6,20 X 4,59 X 3,35 = 95,33 _tt 3 , nOTepfi TenJIa H3
1 US 1770.3: 95,33 = 18,6 l<O/l. ECJlH >l<e B3HTb TaKoro >Ke pa3Mepa
cpe;J,HIOIO KOMH3TY Ha CpeJlHe:\! 3Ta>l<e, T. e. HMelOIll.Ylo TOJlbKO OAHY
OX.1a>K.il.aeMYIO cTeH)' (6e3 nOTepb CKR03b nOJi H nOTOJIOK), TO JI.JlH
Hee nOTepH TenJia Ha 1 .u 3 COCTaBHT npH6J1H3HTeJlbHO TOJlbKO
(575,5 + 81,0) : 95 = 6,9 1\M.
BonpOChl VI 3AJJ,'\4V1.
4TO TaKoe K031J!nulleRr 06111en TennOnepe.ll.a'H! H B K3KI1X Mep3X OH BbJpa-
)KaeTCR ?
4ro B.'1HSleT Ha BenHII"HY K031J!HulleHTa 06111n Tennonepe.ztatl!i?
4TO H33b1BaJOT BHeWHIlM orpa>K'leHlleM nONellleHHSI np" paCIITe nOTepb renna?
nOlleM}' npH 06Mepe orpa,K.II.alOWHX nOBepxHoCTen 06Mep CTCH npOH3BO.ll.SlT CHa-
p}'>KII?
Ha KaKO\l 3Ta>Ke B O.ll.IIH3KOBbiX no pa3MepaM KONHaTax HY>KHbJ 60J1bUleH BenH-
'1HHbI netIH II nOtIeMY?
MorYT nH C.1Y>KHTb BHeUlHHMH Orpa>K.II.ellHIIMH nOMelueHHSI BHYTpeJlHHe CTeHbl
II Me>K.JY3Ta>KHble nepeKpblTHII H B KaKOM cnYllae?
nOtIeMY B paclleTHo'i Ta6nHue rpalJ!a nowpSl '[enlla pa36HTa H3 .ll.Re rpalJ!b1:
(lOTepSl II nonytIeHHe? Kor.ll.a DpHXO.ll.IITCI1 3anHCblBaTb B rpacpy nOJlYlleHlle?
nOtIeM)' HeJlb3R paccIIHTblBaTb netIH no 06DMY nOMellleHHft, a Cne.ll.yeT onpc-
JlenSlTb oX.'1a>K.II.eHHe n0MellleHHSI '1epea orpa>K.aeHt!SI?
3aoaHlle. CpellHSlII TeJlmepaTypa SIHBap5J B MOCKBe pa!!JlaR - 11 ° BHYTPH 3J1.aHIIH
'-pe6yeTcR reJlmepaTypa + 18°, 3J1.aHl1e I1MeeT tIep.o.aK 06blllHOR 'KOHCTPYKUHH H
HeoTannHBaeMblH no.aBan C OKHaMH. KaKYIO p33HOCTb Ter.lnepaTYP HY>KHO Gpa1L npH
pac4eTe neOlHoro OTonneHHII npH onpeJl.eJleHHII nOTepb Tcnna tIepe3 C I eHbJ, OKHa,
nOTonOK BepXHero 3T3>Ka H non 1It!>KHUO 3Ta>Ka? .
TEnJIOO r J1A'A IIE'IM
ne'lb OT.l1.aeT T£'nJlO B OTdnJlHflaCMOe nOMCUteliHe CJ1ClIYJOHlI- O . fH
'JaCHIMH: CDOCIO IlapY}/OiOIO, CBOOO.lI.1l010 IIOnepXHOCTblO, HhlXO.ll.HUlCIO
B nOMelll.eHHC (3cpK3J1aMH), 1I0nepXIIOCTLIO, HbIXOJI.Hllt('IO B oTCTynt<y,
nOBepHOCnIMH KaMe-pLI H LUaHlI.CB. Mbl Y>I<e OfMellaJ1H B fJl a B""
lIepl30lI, 1.ITO TenJ100T.naIJ2 3THX nOIlcpXHOCTeA TeM MeHee, lIeM
GOJlee CTecneHO .l1.UH}l{eHHe HarpeBaeMoro B03.nyxa y nOBepXHOCTH
ne4H H tJeM 60JIce 32TpYJlneH2 nepeJlalla TCnJl2 JlYlIeHcnycKaHlfeM.
n03TOMY TenJIOOTJlalla oTcTynKH MeHee TenJlOOTlIallH cB06011HOn
nOBepHocTH; TenJlOOT .l1.alla 3aJI.eJlaIIHOH C 60KuB oTCTynKH H CH;)6-
>KeHHOH JlJlH npoxoJla B0311yxa JlHlllb p03eTK3MH H JlYLUHHKaH
MeHee TenJIOOT .nallH He3aJleJlaHHOH oTcTynKH; TenJlOOTJla'la KaMepbl,
XOTH 6bI H OTKpbITofi C OAHOH CTOpOHbl, HO HMeloIll.eft CTeHKH, pac-
nOJ1Q}KeHHble 0.11.ua npoTHB ApyroH H n03TOMY He Bl>llleJISUOIll.He
TenJlOBblX JlYlIefi D nOMeIll.eUHe, a HarpeBalOIlI.He JIYlleHcnYCKaHHeM
B3aHMIIO Apyr JlPyra, 6YAeT MeHbLUe, lIeM CB060JlHoft nOBepXHOCTH
nellH, H T. 11.
BeJlHlIHHbI cpC.lI.HeH lIaCOBOll TenJIOOT.lI.allH nellefi COBpeMeHHbIX
KOHCTPYKlI.HH, T. e. KOJlHlIeCTB2 TenJlOTbI B KaJlOpHHX, OTJI.aBa€'\lble
B cpeAHeM B 1 lIac ...t 2 nOBepxHocTH HarpeBa, MorYT 6blTb npHHHTbl
CJleJlYIOIlI.He.
C806oiJHbie (omKpblmble) 60ICOBbie n08epxHocmu
1) ne4eJl 60nbUloit TennoeMKOCTI1 npH TonKe 1 pa3 B CYTKII OT
2) netle" cpe.aHel1 TennoeMKOCTH npH TonKe 1 pa3 B CYTKH OT
) nelleH cpe.aHeH TennOeMKOCTil npH TonKe 2 pa3a B CYTKH OT
. 250 .ao 300 ICa.t
. . 175 o 200 aA
. 350 .ao 400 ICa.1
BepXHRR zopU30Hma.llbHaR lL08epXHOCI1lb
1) .JI.nH ne'leil BblCOTOJO .ao 1 .At. .
. 100% OT Ten.'100T;r.a41f CB060.!I.HOR
60KOBOil nOBepXHOCTH
500/0 OT TennOOT.ila'lll cB060HOn
GOKOBOH nOBepXHOCTH
0 0 /0 (1. e. nOBep}'HOCTb He )"4H-
TblBaCTCH conepUleHHO)
OmcmynKu, Ofll/(pblmble C 06.111.\: 60IC08
2) ,B,nR neqel1 BblCOTOJO .11.0 1,5 .M .
3) .amI netIeH BbIllle 1,5 .At. . . .
llJIS1 LJErO OnPEllEJISJETCSJ nOTEPSI TEnnA nOMElllEHHEM.
OnpeAeJlHH nOTeplO TenJia nOMeIll.eHHeM, Mbl TeM caMbIM onpe-
n.e I1HeM BeJIHtJHHY TenJlOOTJla4H ne4H, TaK KaK TenJlOOT.lI.alla .l1.0Jl>KH3
COOTBeTCTBOBaTb (paBHHTbCH) nOTpe6HOCTH nOMemeHHH B TenJIe.
3HaH >Ke Tpe6yeMYlO Ten.1I00TJI.atJy nellH, HeTpYAHO BbIlIHCJlHTb
OCHOBHble pa3MepbI nel.{H, MO>l<HO TaK>Ke OnpeJleJIHTb KOJlHlIeCTBa
Ton.'1HBa, Tpe6YlOIlI.HeCSI JlJlSI OJlHOH TonKH, a no KOJlHlIeCTBY ero,
KOTopoe He06xo.lI.HMO nOJlO/KHTb B TOnJIHBHHK HeTpY.AHO
H pa3Mepbl noc leAHero. ' BblllHCJIHTb
130
1) npH wupHHe He MCHee 13-15 C.lt. 100 0 ,'0 or TenJlOOT.!I.3'1H cB060.:lHOii
nOBepXHOCTI!
2) npH UlHpl1lJe OT 7 .JI.O 13 C.J! 75 0 / u OT TennOOUa41! CB060;1.HOlf
nonepUIOCTIJ
3) npl! IDHpHHe MCHee 7 CAt. 50°,11 OT Tennooua411 CB060.1HO.'i
TlOBCpXHocnl
OmcmYflICll, omt<pumble C OOHO/I cmopOHbl
1) npt! WHpJlHe He MeHce 13-15 cM. 85°:0 OT Ten.'100TJl.atIl! CB060.1HOI\
nOBep\IIOCTII
2) npH UlltpHHe OT 7 .11.0 13 C.M 65°,'0 OT Ten.'100T.II.3'111 CBOOO.aHOli
nOBcp'{HoCnt
3) npH IllHpnHe Mcnee 7 cM. . 50"/0 OT TennOOT.iJ,a4H cB06o':I.I1On
UOBepXliOCTIt
OmcmynICll, coeiJtlHeHH"le c omanJ1UlIa".Wbl.llll nO.llelleHllJl.Wll p03t'm-
ICaMll II i)YUlHllI(O.'lll B 3aBHClfMOCTil OT pa3MerOB L,TBeprTIIli H UlHpHHbI
OTCT)'nKIl . . . . . . . . ., ....... .... 35.iJ,o t)Ol'
. 131

II 01l\pThlC C
'IHOII (TOpOJl'"
C n\ 11111 II I<:lM II II PO-
") BII IpCIIHIIC
:lCT"31It
" (JMrpPrl
7;'0'0 OJ TCnJlOOT/l;t'll1l C"IJ060AlloA
IIOBepJlHOCTIi
ne'Hl, paBHa 0,65 X 2,00  1,3 M 2 . floncpxlIOCTb, nfjorpeBay..llUJ 2-10
KOMHWY, COCT3IJJUI/O r UOKOU<lH lIoBepxllocTb IICIIH, nOBcpxHOCTb OT-
KpblTOH 1<3MCPhl H nonepxlIocTh, nJ.IXOJUIllJ.aH B oTcTynKY; nOCJIepHSIH
c00611.laCTCH C KOMllaTOIO p03cTKaMH. oOKoBaH rroAepxllocTb ha BbI-
qeTOM oTnepcTHH KaMcpLI) parma
(1,05 + 0,65) X 2,00 - 0,8 X 0,25 = 3,4 - 0,2 = 3,2 ,M2.
nonepXI-IOCTh l<aMepLl - JI.BYX 60KOBblX H 3a.ll.Hefi CTeHOK, )lH3 H
nepxa (Bee OHH 060rpeBaIOTCH H3HYTPH ra3aMH) paBHa
(0,35 +0,25 +0,35) X 0,8+ 2 X 0,35 XO,25=0,76 ' 0,175=0,935 M'.
nOBepXHOCTb oTCTynKH palJHa 1,06 X 2,00 = 2,12 .u 2 . npHHH\faeM
TenJIOOT;I.alJY 1 At 2 cL-!060.ll.HOH nODepxHocTH B 300 KaA; AJIH oTcTynKH
nmpHHOIO 10 CM C p03eTKaMH 6epeM 50°/ 0 , T. e. 0,5/ 300 = 150 KaA,
H JI.Jl5I OTKpLITOH KaMepbl-75 % , HJlH 0,75 X 300 = 225 KaA.
TOrJI.3 TenJlOOTJI.alra nellH B 1-10 KOMH3TY 6Y.lI.eT paBHa
300 X 1,3 = 390 KaA (laC,
BO 2-10 KOMlIaTY paBH3
300 X 3,2 +225 X 0.935 + 150 X 2,12 = 960+ 210 - - 318 =
= 1488 haJlI'lac.
A nOJIHaH TenJlOOT.lI.311a nellH paBH3 390+ 1488 = 1878 KaA/IlQC HJIH
1878 X 24 = 45 072 1caA B CYTKH.
3.'i )10 50\J!o OT T('nnOOTJl3H C80-
60/111 01 i 1l0BCp1110CTH
( "ITA r o p Il3f1J1TaJlhllaS1 nOBCpXIIOCTh)
WOHllbl 1111>1\
. loon/ o OT JCIJnOOTAa'tH C8060.ll.II01%
nOHcpXIIOCIH
. "aK OTCTjlll<lt
Ten100T..131OUle10 nODepXHOCThlO ne'm CllHTaeTCH JIHWb Ta ee
nOBe I HIIOCTb, tWTOpaH IUIlI IICnOCpeJI.CTBeHHO OMblBaeTCH
Hap}>h.H<lH M3HYTpl1 ra3aMH "JlI1 JI.OCTaTOtI-
HO CI1J1bIlO IIMIi HarpeBaeTCH.
TaKItM o6pa30M B 06blllHbIX
KOHCTpYK1.lIHIX TenJIOOTJI.aIOuWR
nonepxlIOCTb 1I3MepHeTCfl no
HapY}l{HO1 nOBepXHOCTH 6e3
Dbl'leTOB yrJlOB, a no BblCOTe
OT ypOBIIH IWJIOCHHKOBOH pe-
UleTKM JI.O Bepxa JI.bIM006opo-
TOB. B Tex CJIY1I3HX, KorJI.a
JI.b1MOo60pOTbl onYCKalOTcn HH-
}[{e IWJIOCHHl<ODOH peweTKH,
TenJIOOT JI.a10U1,3fl nOBepxHOCTb
M3MepHeTCSl OT IIH3a JI.bIM006o-
pOTOD. I1pH HH3KHX ne1l3X II
nepeKpblTHHX He TOJIIue CTeHOK
nellH, Kor JI.3 YlJliTbIDaeTCH Bepx-
HH5I rOpl130llTaJIbHaH nOBepx-
HOCTb, BLICOTa TenJIOOT.lI.aIOll.leH
nOI3epXHOCTH 6epeTCH JI.O ca-
MOl 0 Bepxa nellH.
npUAtep. OOJlb3YSlCb BbIwe-
YI<333HHbIMH BeJlH'HlHaMH, He-
TPYJI.1I0 BbllJ.HCJIMTb TenJlOOTJI.a.
lJ.Y JII060CI nelJH. TaK HanpHMep,
JI.JIH nelm 60JlbliIOCI TenJlOeM-
KoeTH pa3MepOB, YKa3allHbIX
cJ>nr. 110 0611lHii BHlI. nellH ( K n p liMe py rh 110 O '\L" e
113 'eMf. , npH paenOJI In -
paClJeTa). HHH ee B03JIe CTellLI C oTcTyn-
KOIO WHpMl-I01O 10 Cltt, 3aJI.e-
naHHOIO C 60l<OB KHpnH40M H3 pe6po, B npocMe nepe60pKH Ton.
lllHHOIO 15 CM C OTKpblTOIO KaMepOlo TenJIOOT JI.alla onpeJI.eJlfleTCH
HH)f{eeJIe.ll.YIOllJ.HM 06pa30\f. '
KOJloellliKonaH pcweTKa HaXOJI.HTCSl HaJI. nOJlOM Ha BUCOTe 30 CAt;
TOJIU1.HHd nepeKpbllUH lIa.ll. JI.bIM006opOT3MH 3-1'0 pHJI.a CTpocBoro KHP-
nHlJa paoHa 20 CM; CJIe'tOBaTeJIbHO nOJIe311aSl (ropHI-Ian) BbICOTa nelm
pauH8 2,50 - (0,30 + 0,20) = 2 M. TenJlOOTJI.a JOIH351 nonepxHOCTb
(3epJlaJIo), BLIX0.ll.fIlLWfl B 1-10 KOMIIary, B KOTOpYIO BbIXOJI.Hf JI.AepU bi
132
1) OTl<pblTbiI
2) ':J"PhlThiC
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N
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g L__
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1.. 25-1 
120-
to- 75 ---0
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1 I
In
I
- "J5 ---4
onPED.EJlEHI1E OCHOBHblX PA3MEPOB nE4H.
B peweHHOM BblwenpHBe.n.eHHOM npHMepe Mbl onpeJI.eJIH.1H TenJJO-
OTJI.allY nelm, pa3Mepbl KOTOpOH 6blJlH li3BeCTllbl. fopa3.J.0 lJalIle
npHXOJI.HTCH pewaTb 06paTIIYI0 3aJI.allY: HY>KHO onpeJI.eJIMTb, KaKHX
pa3MepOB CJI.eJIaTb nelJ.b, 4T06bI OH3 JI.aB3JIa Tpe6yeMoe KOJIHlJeCTBO
TenJIa. P3eCMOTpHM npHMep. nYCTb Tpe6yeTcH paCClIHTaTb neqb,
T. e. onpe.n.eJIHTb ee pa3MepLI, JI.JIH OTOn.TleHHH KmmaTbl J\'2 1 3JI.a-
I-lHHJ 1f306p3}J.{eHHoro Ha cpMr. 109. B npeJI.blJI.Yllle1 3aHHTMH (nl. pac-
lJ.eTHYIo Ta6JIHUY H3 CTp. 19) MLI onpe.n.eJIII.TIH, liTO nOTepH Ten.la
3T01O KOMHaTOIO paI3J-IHeTCH 19.t3,7 1{a.1. 'taC 11.111, OI-..PyrJIeHHO,
1950 1<GAI'taC. CJle.ll.OBc1TeJIbI-lO Ter::JIOOTJI.a I 13 pacellllTblBae\wf[ neqH
JI.OJDKHa 6bITb TaK}Ke pUDHa 1950 1fall (IQC. OelJb nOCT3BHM Y BHYT-
peHHeH CTeHbl C OTl<pblTOlO C 06eHx CTOpOH OTcTynKOIO llIHpHHOIO
10 CAt. TaI<HM 06pa3Q;\1 OHa 6YJI.eT HMeTb 3 CTOpOHbl cB060.ble,
JI.alOIll,lIe no 300 1WA, H 1 CTOPOHY (oTCTynKY), JI.3IOW)'1O no 0, 5 X
X 300 = 225 1<a/l C 1 At 2 . 4T06bI ne411 113rpeBaJlII nOMeweHHe npeHwy-
LU,eCTDeHIIO DIIH3Y, I1X He CJle.LlyeT JI.e.7JJTb BblllIe ,5 Jl. Kpo\le Toro
B OTIlOWemnf nO>:KapnOH 6e30naCilOCTil Ha,J, nepehpblllIelO nelJH ,n,o
nOTO.rII<a nOMeIll,eHHH JI.OJI>KHO OCTaBaTbCH HC It:Hee 30 C u. n03TON
.lJ..JIH npeJI.BapHTeJlbHLIX paclleToB no.ne3HYl0 BblCOT)' neql. (6e3 >..0.'1(\.1-
1101'0 HH33 H 6e3 nepCl\pblWU) MO}KHO npuHSlTb paBHon  .w. EC1H
nellb c.n.('JIaTb ImaJI.p3T1l0l0 co CTOpOIlOlO 1 .u, TO npl{ BbiCOTe ee
BlAt OHa 6Y'lCT HMCTb 3 .1,2 OTh.phlTt1Il n0Bep\.HOCTU 11 1 _WI
OTcTynKIl. OTKpbIT3H nODepXHOCTb .n.aCT 300" 3 _ 900 I\Ll_, (IT-
cTynK3 _ 225 X 1 = 225 1{G.1, Dcero gOO L 225 = 11 1{(1.%. npH no-
133

" '1 )( ona lI.:1CT 1123 X 2 = 2250 1{t1A. (laM >Ke
.1..'3HOI' )1.1: "hIl:; 1.:111 T. e. 13 2250: 1950 = 1,15 pa33 MC'HbIIiC.
H' )t{HO TO.lbh.O . \) · C 1.e 13Tb nel.JI.. co CTOpOHOIO He D 1 .AI
Tat-11M 06P330 0 M S ,... MO>hIn 'P.7" (If IIJIII >Ke no.TIC3I1YIO DblCOTY D3.R r
3  t: 1,15= , I 04(, _' u ,
..., w a 2' 1 15 = 1, I 4 Jr.
He.... ., 11 M I.Jro 0 '1.110 II TO >Ke KO.'1WleCTBO TCnJIH MorYT
OrCK1,'I.a MbI BIll. . .. n
. .  "H4Hhi11I COOTIWIIICHIIHMII pa3McpOB. 03TOMY npll
JOTb ne41f c p.l... . e
'r, C "£:> TJ X HeI-.,OTO p bUIII 113 OCH013HbIX p33M pOB MO}I<HO
n01.0t"lHbI\. p3, . 4 .
. ( e O bl 6 p aTb IIX 33 p anee). allle BLero B TaKHX CJIyq3HX
3<113TbCH T. . IJ .
a.naIOTCH npe.J.e.lbHofi BbiCOTOIO ne411, a 3aTe lllHpHII1O HH .lI.JIH-
01O ne41f, IICXO;I.H H3 KOHCTpYKTIIBHblX OCO eHHOCTeH TOI1 neQH,
KOTOpylO Mbi >Ke.'I3eM nOCTpOIlTb.
Ec.'IlI 8 npnlJe.neHHOM npllMepe Mbl 803bMeM lllHPHHY neQI1
8 3 I-.lIpmfQa, pal3H)'1O 75 C.At II nocT3BM nelIb ,U,.'1HIIHOIO CTOpOHOIO
B.J.O.'lb CTeHbI 3..'1.3HHH, TO npll nOJIe3HOH 8blCOTe nel.JH 2 M .lI.Be KO-
poTt\lfe CTeHKH nelIH 6Y.J.yr HMeTb Ten.TIOoT.lI.310111YIO n08epxHOcTb
0,75 ,2,0',2 = 3.41 2 H .rr.a.n.)'T 300 X 3 = 900 I<GA TenJI3. JI.Be .lI.pyrHe
creHKII nel.JII C.1E'..'I.OBaTe.lbHo .n.OJI)KHbl .naTb 1950 - 900 = 1050 l<a./l.
O.rr.Ha 113 3TIIX CTeHOK OTKpbIT3H, .n.pyraH OTcTynKa. nepBaH .naeT
300 + 225
300 Ka.l/. 8TopaH - 225 ha/I, a 13 cpe.nHeM - = 262,5 l<aA.
OTCIO;I.a nOBep\HOCrb Harpe8a 3TlIX .nBYX CTeROK .nOJI>KHa 6b1Tb
pa8Ha 1050:262,5=4 M2, a 06IllaH D,JIIIHa IIX (nJIOlila.ll.b, .lI.enelIII351
Ha BblCOT)) pa8Ha 4: 2 = 2 .,. JI.nuH3 >Ke nel.Ju .nOJI>KHa 6blTb B3HTa
1 M H.'ln 4 Knpmfl.Ja.
Dpu.wep. Tpe6) eTCH onpe.ll.enlfTb pa3Mepbl 8 nnaHe nettH .nJIH
OrOnJIeHHH JI.BYX C\le/KHblX KOMHaT N 1 Ii 2 (cpHr. 108) C TenJIO-
nOTepelO COOTBeTCTBeHHO 1950 Ii 1770 l<UA,''t£lC; nettb pacnono-
)f(eH3 B npoeMe KaMeHHoH CTeHbl TOJlutHHOIO 38 CM. 8 3TOM CJIY-
I./ae OTCT} nKH He 6Y!leT, HO tJaCTb nOBepXHOCTH nel.JH 6Y.ll.er
akpblTa 8 .nB)'X MeCTax CTeHOIO 3D,3HHH. npH Ten.'lOOT.lI.atte 1 .....;2
300 #la.'Z 13 I-A kO\lHaTe Tpe6yeTcH HMeTb 1950:300=65.M 2 a 130
? A 1 -"' 0 ' 300 5 n 2 ' ,
...- - II. = ., M .
_ B3S18 no.'Ie3HYIO Bblcory nel./lf 2 _,t, nOJIYQnM, ttTO 8 l-ii KOMHaTe
OLUaH ;I.J1Ha creHoK nettH .lI.OJ1)KHa 6bITb 6,5: 2 = 3,25 M, 80 2-ti -
<>,9: 2 = 2,9;:> M. nplfoaBHB CIO!la 'laCTH nel.JH, 3aKpblTble cTenoH
3.J.aHHH. no.l)'LJHM nepllMeTp nel./H: 3,25 + 2,95 + 0,38 + 0,38 = 6,96 .....t..
_ EC'1H ne4b ClI.e.'JaTb KBaJ.paTHOIO, TO ee pa3Mepbl 8 nnaHe 6Y'LYT
1, 4 1,74 _K, TaK haK 5,96: 4 = 1,74 M.
EcnH >he ,U,.'lHHY neLJII 133HTb 2.oK TO llln p HHa ee 6 YJ1. eT
(tJ 96 - 2' 2 ) . 2 1 '
, . = ,48 M, npllLJCM B 1-10 KOMII3TY olla JIOJI)I{H3 DbI-
;aTb 2 )  (3,25- 2): 2 = 0,625 .....t = 62,5 c.Jl, a DO BropylO - n3
. - . =0,475 ."=47,5c.., (Hr. Ill).
YTO'5b1 YMeHblUHTb pa3:.1epbI nel./If MO)l{HO ( I{3K 9TO 0601'11I0 If
l1e 1a1OT) MeiK,U, Y ne'lblO "
H CTeHOIO 3_.(:1IIHH C ooeHX CTOpOH YCTpOlfTb
uTcTynkH l po 'TKam (cpHf. 112). ElIlc nYl.JlllC 3TH OTCTY\ll{l{ C)ll'-
J13Tb OTKpblTbI\fH, haK ,jTO H mGp3J.KCHO H3 qmr. 113 npCJI.Oapll-
T ....HO OWTVK3T}PHB OTKOCbI. 9TO .naCT H )'8CJIIJlICnIlC r;onepxllocTil
ijal plB3 nl m H yo 'IH'I( "Hf> h03<p H1 IHcIiTa TCJlJIOOT.u.atUi 11 ynY'lIue-
HHl B CdIlHTdpHo-rHrHCI/Hl./eChOM OTlloweHlfH.
134
Pa3Mepbl nCllH M0rYT GhITb CHJlbHO YMeHbweHbI YCTpoffcTB
t<aMCPbl, tno R 60JIblllHX JleLJax nO'ITH BCerD,a BOHfOMHO. n03T("
Ha pa3Mepbl. nOJlYLJeHHhle D H;]llleM npH\lepf', HY MHO C OTpf'Tb K3K
fl3 opHeHTlipOBOLJllble (np e .l1.BapHTeJlbHblq. nocJle iKe &blF' pa KtlH-
crpYI<Il.HH COOTBeTCTBYIOLU.HM nepepaCl./eTOM OHH MorYT 6blTb H3-
MCIIellbl.
r-
200
L'
4',,"
.J
<!JI'T. 11 L PaCnOJIQ)KeHHe re'l..t 8 nndHe-
I< p3CtJeTY.
:
<I>11r. 112. neqb B npoeMe K3MeHHoA creubi
C oTcTynKaMH, c p03eTKa\tH.
ct>Hr. 113 ne.n. B
np"eMe kaMt'BP'JH
CTeHbI C Onp!aiTboMH
oTcrynlW WH.
113 paCOWTpeHHH pa306paHHblX npH\fep08 \fO)h,HO BblBeC-H C1e-
.u.YlOlllee 06111ee np3BH_'l0 ..J.nH HaXO>K..1eHHH OCH08HblX pa3MepOB
ne411 no 3a.ll.aHHO BeJlHlIHHe TenOOT.J.aQH:
1) DOKoBaH Ten.'IOOT.ll.aIOIllaSl nonepxHocTb netJH p3BHa:
TenJIOOTD,aqa netJH
Ten.lOOT;I.aI.J3 1 1t2
2) flepHMeTp nel.JH paBeH:
60K083H n08e p HocTb netJH
none3HaH BblCOT3 nel.JH
PAC4ET TOn.1ItBHHKA.
PaClIeT TOnJlIiBHnI-.3 33K.1IOtJaeTCSI 8 oPJfJl'Je t.eHllfJ Nt'''' .II
Ha OcJllfl pa3 l,o.lIl'iCCmBa mon JUt's 8 onr.:1.e 18HH e'(u .. "t 
paa.lfcpOB mon.fU8HIlK11, pa.J.Nc.'p08 ,,"0 wc"u1I.otloil  u
°YBa_1a.
LIT06bl onpe.ne.1uTb Tp6ye\loe 'l.1S1 oJ.HoA TO 1"'11 },..)".. qe,,-ao
'rOIIJIIIBa, HY>k.HO 311JTb ero Ten.'OT80pHOTb. Bec 1 H "'094' ellT
nonC3Horo .nCnCT8HH nCI.JIf. CBe.1.fHIUI 0 Ton.1Hse 3HbI B T - . ....
(rJIana 11). KO(IfI\lIeHT nO.ll"3Horo ..1eAC'T8IUt n..'1 .1.." "". II(
Hbl\ kOIll'TPYI-.Il.Hn neqen NO».eT t5tHb nr" HRT ;l.11i p.!,:::QeT3 r a "
0,7. T. C. 70. 1 O'
,

 252 x 1 = 2 9 I<Z
7350 X 0,7 '
.
0,0036: 0,16 = 0,022:) ....,11.. lI.JHl J<3\4Cnlll")rO yr JlSf HFlH60.."e Ylol'5n:.JSI
4 10 pMJ TfHlmWIIHI<a B IIJlaHe kl-itlilpaTildH. lho(}!>1 nOJlY1IHTb J< R3 i1paT
rJ.'10111 a .D,bI0 O,02:2fi AI2, II HI 22,5 CAI!, HymHo B3HTb ero CTOPOHY
B 0,15 AI. ECJlH c.n.e.'I3Tb Ton.IHI3IIHK lIIaXTHoro THna (<t>Hr. 19, rJ13B3 I).
TO UIW3Y JI.'10Iltc\J1,b ero Momllo CY3HTb IlO 12 CM, paclllHpHB BlaMeK
BBerXY )10 18 Cft, t!TOO,.1 oG"beM OCTa.1CH npe>KHH\f.
npH )1pOBaX I\:pOMe TOJIIl.I.HHbI CJlOS! T<Jn 1HB3 ("bICOTbI nO.leHHHUbi
B TOnJIHDHlIl\:e) MW 3allaeMcn ell.l.e )1J1HHOIO nJJIeHa. npH HOp\fa.lbHofi
(CT311JIapTHoii) ,JHllIe nJlaXH B 1 M, pJCIHIJlHB3H ee nono.laM, Ha 3
HJIH 4 4aCTH, 6y.n.eM mleTb .n.pOB3 Tpex p33MepoB: 0,5, 0,33 H
0,25 At. CJIe.lIyeT BbI6HpaTb .lIJIn npoeJ<THpye\lOft nE:tIH TaKYfO H3
THX Tpex Be.IH4HH, 4T06bI TOnJlHBHUK HC 6blJl HH CJIHWhO Y3KH\I.
IUI C.rlHIlIJ<0:\1 IlIHpOIWM. OObl4HO npH .apOB3X TOnJlHBHHK Ile'laIOT
nmpHiIOlO OT 20 AO 40 CAt, llJIHHOIO OT 40 .n.o 65 Ot. TonmfBHiiJ<
He CJlc.n.yeT .n.eJI<JTb 60JlbWHM B IlIHPHHY, 4T06bl TOnJIHBO He paCKa-
rbTS8JIOCb no no.n.y, a Jle)KaJlO Bce Ha)I. kO.l0CtlHf..OBOH peweTKoit
B )I.J1HHY )Ke 4aCTO AeJI3lOT HeKOTopbl:\ 33nac; noc.le.J.HHH He06xo-
.D,UM npH JlpOBaX 13CJleACTBlie HeO.D,nH(]J<OBOH .D,.lHHbI OT.J.e.lbHblX
nOJIeHbeB.
lI.JlH y)J,06CTBa KJIa.n.lm AJIlIHY H IlIHPHHY TOnJIHBIIHK3 He06xo-
.D,H\tQ no.n.orHaTb K pa3M<cpaM MaTepHaJIa. ol<pyr JlHTb HX )J,O 1 4, a
eIlle JIY4IlIe )10 1/ 2 KII P 11 HI.Ja.
HaIl. CJIOeM TOnJlHB3 AO CBO,lI.a AOJl)KHO 6bITb OCTaS.'1eHO CB060.1-
Hoe npOCTpalICTBO )J,JIH cropamlH JleTY4HX (nJla\leHU) Bb/COTOlO nplt
ApOBax H TOp<pe He MeHee 0,2-0,3 ..u, npH J<aMeHHO\f yr.le-
0,15-0,25 N.
<:ho.1bKO H)'>hIlO Toplpa .n.JlH TonK"
nVCTb Tpf'''il'''TCSI pll3Tb, C Ten lOOT JlJ 4('10 1950 Ka.'liliac.
n(''iH 60JlblUvn Tf'n.l0eMKocCTH TOIIHT OJ.l1H pa3 B CJ TKlf. CJIeJlO-
ne'lb 60.1bllloA TLn.lOeN OHa 1101it<1I3 'l..1Tb Ten 13 1950 X 24 =
,.8T<'!'bliO OT O..1HOI\ Th:: pIt nOJ1lI0"1 crOpJH H II Ub/ 'lCJIST(T 3400 "n.ll,
= 4t>SOO ,,{] 1. 1 "z TOP B 'f1 a Tel113 netlhlO 6\,,TlCT OT.D,JIIO TOJlbKO 700/0,
HO H3 9Toro "0.1"'ICCT .. < -
3400 '- 07 = 23'J Ka 1. OTCIOJ.a Ha:\.Ol1H\f, tIT 0 u 13 Tonl<Y CJIeJlyeT
H.'11t ' 46 ' OO. 2 '80 = 1966 K2 TOp4Ja, KOTOpbllf np" Becc 1 !La
no.l0>l.HTb . .) . 9 _ 6 ' 450 - 0 0437 ,,3.
450 "Z 6\ leT JlMerb 06"be\f 1 ,t>. -,
T3"H 06pa30M, IIT06bl Bbl4I1C.1HTb KO.'1\flleCTBa TOnJlHB3, Tpe6ye-
H TonJ<Y B I<If 10r p a\IMaX, H\ >KilO CpCOHlOlO ItacOBY'Q
10ro Ha 0.11 ) . J. ( ;)
.:I ne " u "MHO:J/Clll1lb Ha tncnAOC.llhOCl1lb lleplLOv OXAa-
menAOOmua'iY .. "
eJeHUR) 8 liacax u pa3de.'l1Wlb Ha mCfl.1Ol1lBnp'lOCmb 11l01l./lIlBa U Ha
,,03tjllll,IU'Hnl no le3Hnzo dellt"mBUR 1lC l m, T. e. l3ec TOlIJlIIBa (Ia) piJBfH:
Cpe.11 HSISI IIaconaH Tc n 100T,Zlalla ne4H X TenJlOeMKOCT nell .
Ten.10TBOpHOCTb Ton.1HBa X K03!jJmlHCHT nO.'1e3HOrO AeHCTBHH
ne4H
TaK. 11.1H nellH cpe.n.HeA TenJIOeMI<OCTH C TenJlOOT)J,allelO
1250 Ka f Iliac nOTpe6yeTcH l<afeHHoro yrJIH npli ero TenJIOTBopHO
(nOC061100H 7350 Ka/lII<Z H sece 800 I<Z!Af3 (1'a6.'1. 2):
JfnH
o = 0,0036 .,\L3.
n p II M e lj a H Ii e. Bo BCSlKOM CJlYllae npllHRTO ;J.JlSl ne'leA 6o..n.UJoA " cpe.:x-
Hei! TenJIOeMKOCTIl o6wylO BblCOTY Ton.mBHIIKa JI}JSl J1pOB .a.e.laTb no B03MOilo,-
IIOCTH He MeHee 60 C..1t (HopMa repMaHCII.<JSI).
TOnJIHBHHI\: HymHo .n.eJIaTb TaKHX pa3MepoB, llT06bl Bce Tpe6yeMoe
.0JlHlleCTBO Ton 'Jllna nOJIO}KHTb B Hero CP33Y, Tal< KaK n01l6paCbl-
I aHUC Ton..rufBa m..Jla}J(11.aeT TOnJlJlBHHK Ii ne,lI.eT K HenOJIHOTe rope-
IIHH: B J<pathle\f CJlY1l3e MO)KIIO paCCIII1TblBaTb 06"heM TOnJIHBHHK3
Ha 3arpY3KY 41 HOpMlJJlbHOrO I<OJlH l leCT133 TOnJlUSa cpa3Y.
n p II Me Il a If H e. YMellbUJCIIHe KOJIHIlCCTBa TOn.'llIDa 113 1/, Jl,JIH paClleTCI
TOnJlHBHHKa Jl,ClaeocSI JlnSI TOro. IlTo6bl 6C3 n3.no6uoCTl1 He Jl,eJIaTb 60JIhIJJPX
TOnJlHBHHKOD. Ped.
Onpe 1t.1HB oG"beM T0l1JII1B3, KOTOpbIii UY}I{I-IO nO./ImI<HTb B Ton-
JlHBHHI<, 1I0'1.Gl1paCM TaKlfC pa3MepbI - JlJIHHY WlfPHlIY H nblCOTY
(TOJIIl.{HIlY C'IOR) Tonmma, 4TOGLI nOJIYtIH fL 1Ia1JIY4liH1e YCJIOBHH )J,JISI
ropeHHH. I3BecTllo, LITO eCJIIf IIanpHMep nOJImJUiTb B TOnJlHDHHI<
cero .11na }lJlHHHbIX HOJIel/a, TO paBIIOMepIloro rOpeHH}I lie GY)J,eT.
OqHO Tal< me l/aHJlY4wce ropCHHe nOJIYlJaeTCSI lIPH onpe)J,cJIemwii
TOJlUlHHe CJlOSJ T OnJI u na n
(5 ¥. .. OCJleAHHH 3aDHCHT 0'1' pOAa TOllJIIIDa If
ee ep}T .n.JISf .n.pOB 01' 0,3 ht J1,JIH M3JIbIX .n.o 0 5 M )J, HI 60Jll ulHX
lIclieli, .n. 'IH TOp{a OT 02 0 4 ,J:>
02 't', ]1.0 , M, AJISI K3MCHIIoro yrJIn OT 0 1 )10
, M, .n.JIH a 111 pal.{HTa OT 0,2 itO 0 25 At. '
DJIOllld,lI.L I1o.n.a 3a '
, IIHMaeMaSI TOnJlHDOM npH Bhl6 p aHIlofi TOJIlI.ll-lHe
CJlOSf TOnJIHDa Haxo.n.HTC
IflHIIV TaK n' . Sf AeJICIIHeM 061>CMa TOIlJIHBa na 9TY TOJI-
. , nOCJIeIHleM n p HMc p e e c '" ,_
W'Hlforo yrmil 0 J() · JIH D3Hl L IOJIll.lImy C.IIOR I<a
ta, . M, TO Tpe6yeM3sr n/lOll.l3,lI.h 1I0Jla 6y ACT p3Blla
Ped.
TOJ1LUIIHA CTEHOK nE4H.
TOJlllI,IIHY CH.'HOK TOnJIUBHIIKa 06bI4HO 6epYT I': KHpnH4a (12 cu)
AJIH netleH MaJlorO pa3Mepa, 3/", I<Hpnn43 (19 CJl) ;I..1H Cpe.1.HIfX H
1 I<lIpmi4 (25 CAt) ,lI.JISI caMblX OO.1bIlIIIX ne4eii.
B )J,bIM0060pOTax )Ke TOJlIl.l.I1HY CTeHOK nOCTeneHHO ) \leHbllialOT.
Co06pa3YflCb C TemepaTYPOIO ra30B B KJ)K.aOM MeCTe.
PAC1IET K0J10CHHKOBOJ1 PEWETKU.
PaCllCT KOJIOCHIfKOBOH pewen.:u npOll3RO,'J,SlT, JICXC.3.H 113 Te"(
c006pa)l{eHI1H, LITO Ha lIerr MO)KeT cropeTb B onpe.a.e.leHHoe Bre...sr
onpe)J,e.1eHlloe (lie 60JIhWec) Ko.1I1tJeCTBO TOnJlIIB3. T3h, 33 1 4ar H3
1 ...it 2 J(OJlOCHIIIWBOii pellieThll B TOllro.3X I\:mlHJTHblX ne4el\ M(\>l.t'T
cropeTb )1pOB 180 fa II Topa JlO 1::0 K:, KaMellHoro  r.1H ,\0 SO ,..
If UHTpaluna )J,O 45 Kl. IlpOAo.'I)KIITe.'1bHOCTb Tonhll (ropeHHH) B Cre;{-
HCM: .!.I.JlSI )J,Iwn 1 1 / 2 -2 tlaea, )J.JISI TOplp3 2-1 2 tIJca " .]..1S1 hu..eH-
1101'0 yrJlSI 3 tIaca.
B OAnOM 113 B3nThlX npllMepon TpnOB3.10Cb C>KE.'4b B T(..'1.'MB-
IIHl{e 1 )66 Kl Topcl)3. K,u:u\ pa3MepoB ,lI.0.1)KHa 6b1Tb 1\.0 10\7HJtk.\.)B 
'1'7

(I'l0JUIOIT('JlbHOCTb TOnl<Jt 2 1 / 2 tlca, TO
P ewen,s7 1:('.'111 IIpUIIRTb np. 1 <) ()(). 2 5 = 7 E{(i 1<2 TO p "'a. TaK
i'\  \ >kill) C)h 111 .ITh . . .,' 'i'
S! k8>kJ,blh '1.ll "- '>KIlO C>K\-Ir.ITb f\ '1:\" 120 1(2, TO nJIOUta""b
1\81\ H:lI .'1 2 PC\I1('T",II.M( !l )1>Klt:l 61JTb 7,R6:120=O,0655 ,M2, IfJJIJ
I\O.10Cll ll kOI\()i\ l'e\l1l TKI ( (. .
1()55 t II' T. C. nl'lIMrr"O 22 '" 30 (41.
nPHMEP PAC'IETA HE'IH.
PA3MEP nOD.UYBAJlA.
TpcuycrcH nocTpoHlb m"b 60JILIlloff TenJIOC'MKOCTH JI.JIR OTO-
nncIIHSI JI.BYX CMe>KIILlX KOMllaT, 0 rJI.CJIellHhlX .npyr OT Jlpyra JIepe-
DS1J1lloi IIcperOpOJI.Kof1 TO.II mHllof1 14 eMi netJb JI.OJIiKHa 6L1Tb pac-
IIOJlO>K ell ,I D IIpoeMc 3TOH neperOpOJl,KH y KanHTaJIbHOff CTellbl
C JI.I,IMOXOJI.OM, Kal{ 3TO YK,naHo Ha <PHI'. 114, C OfKpblTOfO C OJlH0A
CTOpOllhl OTCTYUKOIO. TOnJlH130 - JI.pOBa C TenJIOTBopHOJO cnoc06Ho-
CTblO 3000 ICG.Il/KZ H Y Jl.eJlbllblM Decm.t 400 1(2 'M'. MaTepHaJI .ami
Pa3Mt'p n0J1.aYB8.'13, T. C. nOlWp("11I0 r o rctlelllUl l{;maJI3, nOlI.BO-
..:unuero B03;1.\  noon k07JOCHlIKOI1YIO pcmeTKY, IIJ1H OTBCpCTlHI nOlt-
Jl\ B31hllHX J!.'RCPCIl 6erYT np\l6.'l1l3ItTCJlbIi0 TaKHM me, aK H nJIO-
!l\,a.J,b Bcr:\. np03l)pOB, T. C. >KIIOoe ce'ICIIIIC kOJIOCHIIIWB{)H pcrneTKlf,
TaJ.. kJ.. 1133I1a'ICIIIH.' no lJt\'H3.'W II >Klltloro celIcmUI O)!.HO H TO me-
nO'lRO'1,HTb 1I\>KHbln )1..'151 ropenml B03)1.YX.
ll \Ol1.H H3 9Toro cooop;m,eHIISI, nO.l.D.Y03JIbHOe OTRepCTHe )l.e-
.Il3!OT B Cpl'l,HeM p33Mepou npl 11p0I13X 20 .eAt, npH TOpcpC - 22 CM:!
If npH J..3\1t'JiIlOM  r.1e - 44 C.U. Ha K3>K).lbll\ 1 1(2 TOnJlHBa, cropalO-
mero 3:1 1 tl.1C TO/lldl.
TaK HanpllMCp, lVIR nelIlf Ha 1950 Ka./l/1taC, B KOTOpOft 3a Ka>I{-
'1.bli\ lIac TvnKH C>kllralOT 7,86 KZ Topa, flo.llJl.ysanbHoe oTBepcTHe
1iY>lHO Cl1.enaTb nnow.a)l.blO 22 X 7,86 = 173 C.U:! liJIU 17 X 10 C-'t.
PA3MEPbl D.bIMOOEOPOTOB.
I
l-a : ..I
I
I I
I I
I I
I I 
<t>Hr. 114. PacnOnO>KeHHC nCqR B n'iaHe (K npRvepy pacller3 fiellR).
Pa3Mepbl ,nblMOOOOpOTOB 3aBHCSIT OT 06'beMa npOTeKaIOmnX no
.tIIIM r330B H OT 110nYCI\aeMOH ChOpOCTII HX )l.BH>KeHliH. 06'beM ra-
'\OB B rBOIO o'lepc.n.b 3iBHCHT OT KOJIlt4eCT88 TonnlfD3, cropalOmero
I:! TonKe 33 1 '13C, II OT TeMnepnypbl ra30S B JI.bIMOo60poTax, TaK
1\31\ npn HarpeBaHIiH ra3b1 CII;lbHO paCWHp5lIOTCH. Oplt BbIXOJI.e npo-
.LI.YKTon ropeHIHI H3 Ton.'lHBHHK3 TeMnepaTypa If X 3HatJUTeJlbHO BbIllle,
"IeM B noc.1e,nHHX .n.bl3.I0060pOTJX. n03Tc<nty, cetJHHe l-ro nO.l1.'beM-
1101'0 11blM0060pOTa l1OJI}f(HO 6b1Tb B3!nO B)1,BOe 60JIbllle, 'leM no.
C.'ICllnerO nO!.'beMHOrO 11blM0060pOTa. B onYCKHblX K3Hanax ltony-
c..alOT 3H3'1HTeJ/bHO MeHbWYIO (J.mpOCTb TetJeHHH ra30B, 'leM B no,!I.'b-
e\IHblX, nO'IeMY 06ll1.aH 11 '10Ul.a1I.b napaJIJ/e.lJbHbIX onYCKHbIX K3HaJIOD
MO>KeT 6b1Tb Cl1.eJ/aHa B HeCh.OJIbKO pa3 60.lfbwe nOJI.'beA.l1lOrO )l.bIMO-
060pOTa
EC.'1H B351Tb cpe:.l.IlHe Be!IH l IHHLI Ha6nlO)l.aClbIX B JI.bIMOo60 p OT3X
TCWnC p aT } ' p H "0
n ' .... nYCKaeMJJlX CKOpOCTcA, TO nOJ1ytJIIM, lITO nJIOlu.aJI.b
onepe'JHoro ce'JCHliH nepBoro 110A'belIIoro K3H3JIa .n.o.IJ>I<Ha 6bITb
pa3MepOt.l npH .n.pOBax It Top<l>e OT 40 .n.o 60 ew 2 a n p H K3MeHIIOI\I
}r.1e OT 90 110 110 CM 2 - .. '
TOnJIHBa. Ha ha}f(;'I,blA C>I<HraCMbIH D tJac IUI./fOrp3MM
OTCI0113 BbITel<3eT H r e
, 110 npaKTH'leCKOe npaollJto - Oe./1lWlb
Cl''ttHlle nep80l0 lloiJ o e41HOW KIlHQAa (Jd 6 .:1.:1
a nOCJIe,nHero no. ooe OAI,me nouuYBllJW.
R 1.'blMIiOIO K3I1JJ1a paollhlM ce'lcnlllO nOJl.lt y na.T13.
cn}'1ae npHMCHeHHH CHCTe
. . LI llapa.'lJIe 1!.IU>lX onycICHhlX I\<1l1aJlOB
C) t.lM3 nonep( 'JHblX {'P'Jellllh Bce x "" T 6
6 7 6 '" IIX IGIIH1JIOD MO)l<.eT IHb
tJ - pa3 O.lbwe nu.'l. '1} n3J1blloro OTBCpCTlfH.
138
nOCTpOHKU neqH - 06blKHOBeHHblii KnpnH'I CTaHlapTHoro pa3\tepa
250 X 120 X 65 AtM. nOTepH TenJIa I-It I{OMHaTbI- 850 IH1.1 -ic2C.
a 2'M - 1500 KaA./</ae.
06aH TenJIOOT JI.a'l3 netJlI pasHa 850 + 1500 = 2350 1\t1_7 ItJc.
KOJlHtJecTBo )l.pOB Ha OltHY TonKY paSHO:
C) 8
2350 X 24 . ....6, - 0 0 _- s
= 26,8 Ii.Z 1I.1H 400 - ,6 .w.
0,7 1 X3000
.IT.JIIIHY nO/lena npHMeM 0,5 M, TO.'1ll1. HH Y C.10ft .npOB 0.4 .11. IllI!-
pUHa TOI1J1lfBIIHJ<a nonytJaeTcH:
0,067
__ _ - - - = 0 3-l .II,
0,5 ,,0,4
B351B 33nac B JI..'1IiIl)' H3 nep:lBHO\lepHOCTb 1.1HH1:.I nO.1eH H OKr\-
r JIIIB pa3McpbI TOll.'1I1DIIIIKa ,no p,13MepoB kpJTHbiX no.'h.npnH3. nl,)-
nYtJlIM 01<..01111,) reJIb/lO BH)'TpellHue pa3lepbl ero B n.13H:
It/lllH:l = O,6 w:=: 1 kHpnut.13.
WllplIH.l = 0,37 Jt = II :! I\:UPIIH4J.
I rlle 0,7 l'CTb 1\. II. JI,. 1Il"m.
131

" 1}1 TOnJinTlOM ]1,0 CTlOll.3 6c-
OCT I 1aU.-Tna II. iC
BblCOT cn060.,\uO ro np CT )anCTB.} TJI<HM OOlhl.lO M 110JIY-
O t) 01' nhICOT:1 TonO'luoro npo I
PC\( ,L.,.....
3eTCS1 0,4 -t- 0.3 0.7 AI. ""e C"I 3/ I<lIPllll'l,l- 19 rM, )1.lilMO-
TOJll11Il Il Y CTCHOI< Ton.7JnnIl HK ,1 11 .p 1II>Kle..o cuOplloro I{.W"'JI-
060pOTOB _ 11, I<lIplBt4J, nOC-'ll')1.IICIO
1 4 ....tpmfl1il. onKU 2 ,wca, 113iiJ.l.CM, ITO KOJlOC-
n p UllfiR npOAOJl>KItTl'JlhIlOCTb T .
6 e TCR nJlOIll3J1.blO.
HltJ..OB3S1 pcwen.a Tpe Y
,12= 10;;r,/U ' nP?RorXOfl.HT Ce'I('/lHf' nOCJlPJUH'rn B()CXf»)fJllf"rO
I<<iJlIl JJIl n 1U.,£,:.f)) =.\ pata.
Me)lOlY JJ.I.IMoo()oporaMH p:1('noncll (If'M I<d\lf"py, pa1M('pfl KOTOpoli
nOJlYllfilO rcst: IIIl-IpHll..1 25 C.At, r JIY(,Hlla f J 2 CN H PI.lrOTd 75 {.u. C oJlHoA
In ()OI<onllx CTOpOIl JII.IMOOtJ0P(J rI.1 onyc/{rlIO (01 JJO YWJBHA nOJI lY-
oa Jla lIa 3 p5IJI"" Kl-lpnH'I,1 IIH)f{C KOJlOCflHIWBOfi pcmeTKH, nOl.feMY
BhlCOTY ropH'leh lIoncpxllocTH C:'J1 011 CTOP(JIII.I r JIC)1YCT B1Tb H3
21 ot 60JIu 11lC , 'ICM C IIpO'II1X CTOpOll, T. e. palJll% 2.21 c.
1M IV - :v
,
no 'J - V
nd 1-
v-- .
--'II
26 =0,112 M 2 ;
-2;( 120 1
w 30 X 35 = 1050 CJt 2 .
,AeJlaeM ee pa3McpaM . 26 8.2 = 13 4- la. Jl.pon, na OCIIOAaHlHJ
3a lilac n TonKe cropaeT ,.' 20 X 134-
q e ro nOlllaJ.b nonepe4110ro ce'ICIIHH nO}lJlYBaJl3 p,WIIJ 14 ' -
. 2 P H JJ, J KH p nU4r1 T. e. C.At,
= 268 cu 2 ; npu Bblcore IdJlI3.1a n '
IlllipHHa ero 6y.n.eT 268: ) 4 = 19 c},{.
n 116aBJlSISI I< BHYTpenllml pa3MepaM TOnJII-IBIIHKa TOJIIllHIIY ero
CTeHtl<, nOJIYlJaeM MlHmMaJlbHble 113Py>KHblC pa3Mcpbl ne1H B IlJI3ne:
J\ _ 0 19 --1- 0 6 2+ 0 19= 100 M=4 Knpmtt.Ja,
JJ,J1Hlla -. I' · ·
IIIHplfHa 6=0,19+0,37+0,19=0,75..«=3 KHpnU'Ia
(He YlHrblBaH rOJlIllHHbI WDon).
npHHIIM3S1 nOJIHYIO DblCOTY ne'lH 2,5 _H, a nOJIe3HylO-2 M, lIaA-
,AeM, 4TO ne4b HMeeT TaKue nOBepxllocU l3rpeAa: Tpex 2 CDOGO)l.HbIX
creHOI< par'HYIO (0.75+ 1,00-0,14+0,/5) X  = 4,72 .At, oTcTynKH
paBH)'1O (1,00- 0,12) X 2= 1.76 },2. .,
CI.JHraSi Ten..100TAalJY cB06oAHOf.i nonepxHocTH neIH 300 lWJl!JU- Xq.,
3 OTKpblroA C OJJ,Hoii CTOpOllbl oTCTym<H 65% OT :1TOi1 BeJII1II1I1LI,
T. e. 0.65<::S00=195 f(aJl,_u 2 X 'Iac., nOJIY'IHM, 'ITO lIelb B3HiLIX
pa3Mepon JJ,aeT TO.lbKO 300 X 4,72+ 195 X 1,76= 1416+343=
= 1759 l<aJl/lfac, TOLla KaK no 33.l1.3HHI0 Tpe6ycTcH 2350 lWJ1./'WC.
n03TOMY YBeJlH'IHBaeM pa3Mepbl nel/H 13 nJialle JJ,O 4 X 1 M H KpoMe
Toro ycrpaHBacM 0 ne'IlI OTk.pbITYIO C OJUIOFI CTOpOIlLI KaMepy.
EepeM JJ,JlH 3TOfi ue.'Iu ne'Ib, H306p,JjKellHYl0 Ha cpHr. 115 CHCTeMh1
HHiK. npOTOnOnOl'la. 13 3TOH CHCTeMe nepl3bIii 11.blM006opOT C)l.eJIan
no npHIlUllny CTporoHona ropH10lITaJlbllblM, 'ITO H )l,aCT 1303M()jK-
HOCTb YBeJlH'IlITb WHPHIIY nelJH)l.O 1 M, He YILIHp5lH rOJ1J11iBIIHI<3.
n.10UJ,d;Ib nonepet.JHoro Ce1.JellH5I I-ra DOCXO)l.StI/lerO l<aHdJI3 113 KOII-
CTPYKTHBHblX cooGpaiKelIuii 6cpeM 12 X 50 = 600 CM:!; nOCJleJllIClO
BOCXO;I,SlIll"rO - ] 9 / 19 = 361 C «2; 13CpXIICro paClIpe)l.eJIHTeJIbl-lOrO
25/ 21 CM (oLlcoTa p:mlla 3 pHJI,a KHpIlH'Ia); III.;}KlIcro coopnoro
19/21 C.U; MeiK lY lHiMH pacnOJIaraCM 'lcTblpe nap(JJIJlem,III.IX OIlY-
CKHLlX l<aHa.rla no 22 ] 2 CAt r-:ail{)1J.lfi. Tal<HC pa3Mcpbl, I<aK Jle-
TPY.llHO y6e,'lHTb H, Yll.0BJICrrWp5uoT TpeGyeMblM 1l0PM()M, a I1MellIlO:
JUlH }-IO KaH8.'Ia TpeGyeTcH OT 40 A 13,4 = 536 CM )1,0 60 X 134 =
= 804 CM2; )I. 'IH nOCJlell.lIcro - OT 20 X 13,4 = 268 C.At 2 }lO 30 X 13:4 =
-= 402 CM 2 ; o6ee CCljeJlHe BCCX onYCKHblX KallaJI(m paBlIo 4 X 22 X
.11--
11--
m--
--,
,,--
QJ1 .
 - ---v
, -,=,,'
--IV
IV-- -
.
1
,
VI
no I-J
86--1
no II-!I
n III-II.!
..
«1>nr. liS. l(epTcm netJH (I< npHyepy paCqCTa).
J 120 eCTb ICOnHljtcT8O CA<HraeMOro TOHJ/HBa ua 1 ..41 2 pCIII£:TI<H
140
nOJIy'weM CJleJl.YJOIllHC pi.l3MCphI Ten.100T.:I.3IOUlUX nOBep'tHOCTen:
nCpeAlIcli crCHKII (J3 UW'1eTO\1 OTBepCTllf1
h.a\lphl) - 1,00'",2,00 - 0,2,') .0,; = 1.81 
6UKODOli rTellKII (' ,00 - O. \4) , 1 ..=. 1 90 .,'
oJ I:tHen CTelllo,lI = 1.00 ' , . no = ').00 ..I
OTC1';1I1<1I = 11,00 - 0,12\ 2.00 = 1 i6 ..I
KaMcpbl = (O,G2 + O.2,1 0,6'»; 0.75 T l' 0,61', O," = 1,43 .-
141

Ihfl8 TenJ"'0T,na'lV t .11" "aMcphl 75')/" rnnOOT.n.;1'11I cB06orrlloA lIoncpxlIocTH IInlt I
0,75',300 = 275 "" 1. 1101Y'III.. H'J1n00TJ'1.2'1Y:
nl'pcitlIcii (1('111<11 . . OO ;.., t ,81 = :1-t: KI7 l
OOl<onoR CTCHI<II . 300 X 1.90 == 570 .
33,l11Cii CT(,HI<H . 300 X 2,00 = 600 .
oTcTynKH . 19 X 1,76 = :H3 "
"3MCpbl . . . . 22.'iX 1,43=321 ..
B C C I O. . . .2377 KOA!'UlC,
'ITO OT.'1nY3eTCSI OT Tpe6yeMoro no 331,3HHIO ncero 113 27 1W,1, T. e.
npH6JI1I3l1Te.1bHo lIel 1 0 --6.
Tenepb OKOH43Te.1bHO YCT3H3BJII-m3C. 1\3K HY>li:I!,O paCnOJIOmHTh
ne'Ib B npoeMe neperopoTlKII It C K3K0H KOl\lllaTOH COe.ll.HHHTb OT-
cTym:y. TaK KaK B 1-10 KOMH3TY Tpe6yeTcH 80 KaJl, 3 nepe.ll.H5H1
CTeHh3 II K3Mepa JI.31OT BMeCTe 543 + 321 = 864 hllA, TO nellb HymHo
nOCT3BHTb 3anOllJIliUO C nepe60pKoi%, a oTcTynKY coe.ll.III1HTb co BTO-
pOM KOMH3TOIO, TenJIOOT)lalla B KOTOpylO 6Y.lI. eT paBHa 570+600+
+ 343 = 1513 Ka.l/'lac.
rJlABA V
BonpOChl VI 3AD.A411.
\.leM 06'bHCHHTb, '1ro Ten.oor.u.a'la 1 ..4£2 p33nll'lHblX '1aCTeH nOBepXIIOCTII HarpeBa
OJlHoR " Toti }!{e l1e4H (CI!060Jllwii nOBepXHOCTH, oTcTymm H np.) pa;:l1H'IlIa?
Kal<lIe c.eJlyeT JlenaTb OTcrnKH Y ne'leii, '1T06b1 nonY'lIITb Han60nblUYIO Tenno-
OTJl3 'I V ?
3-aBHCflT nil pa3Mepbl neqH B nnalle (JlnllHa H IlIlIpllHa) OT pacnOJJO>KeHHH n.eq"
B nOMellleHIUI? .-
HY}!{HO nil JlnaTb oTcTynKIl " eCJIH HY>KHO, TO KOlKHe y ne'HI, pacnOnO>KeHHOn
B npoeMe KaJ,leHHOIt CTeHbl?
KaKoe pJcnOnO>KeHlle BblrO.llHe B OTIIOUlCHHI1 TennOOTJJ:a'lll: 8 npoeMe CTeHbl Hnl1
803JJe CTeHD! C oTCTynKOIO?
\.lTO C'IIITae-rCH TennOOTJlalOlU1O nOBepXIIOCTblO II nit nOBepXHOCTblO narpeBa
lIell". II K3K OHa 1i3!epJ{eTCH (T. e. OT KaKoro JlO KaKoro MeCTa lIe'lH)?
4TO 3HaqHT paCC'IllTaTb ne'lb?
OT '1ero 3aBHCi'iT TonlUHHa CTeROK ne'lH?
4TO RY}!{HO 3HaTb (HMen) JJ:nH pac'Iera ne'lll7
Or'lero 3aBliCHT H KaK onpeJlenHerCH nOnepe'lHOe ceqIIHC JlblMOo6opOTOB?
3aoQfwe. OnpeJJ:enltTb OCHOBHble {M3Mepbl ne'lH JJ:nH OTonnemlH 2 Cue}!{HbiX
J(OMHaT C TennOOTJla'lelO I-It KOHaTbl 1750 KaA/oc H 2-M - 10;)0 KO./lI'toC npH pac-
nonOiKeHl1H ee no qHlr. 112, T. e. 8 npoeMe CTeHbl B 2 KHpnn'la TonlUliHOIO C 3a-
KpblTbI\fH oTCTynKaMlt Ii p03eTKaMli, Ii npH pacnOnO}!{eHHIi no QJHr. 113 - C OTKpbl-
TbiMIt oTcTynKall1\'l C pa3JlCnkaMH TOJJlUtIHOIO B 1/2 KHpnH'Ia, a 38TCIII cpaBIUlTb, Ha
CKonbKO npOlleRTOB 130 BTOpOM cnY'Iae 06l>eM neliH nonY'IaeTCIl IIICHbllle. .
30o.mue. PaC'IHTaTh ne'lb, T. e. onpeJlenHTb KaI{ lIapY}!{HbJe ee pa3Mephl, TaK II
pa3Mepbl TonnHBHI1Ka, KOnOCl/l1KOBOH peUleTKH, 1I0JlJJ:YBana 11 Ce'lCHIIH Jlb1M0060po-
TOB, 601bUlOR TennOellll<OCTH CHCTeMbl BOeHI/O-CrpOIlTenbHoro ynpan.,eHHH (ctmr. 71),
TennOOTJlaqelO 2000 KaJ7/'Jac; He',.. JlO.1}!{Ha OTallnHBarb OJlIIY IWMHaTY Ii 6blTb pacno-
nO>KeHa y creHbl C oTcTynKon, cHa6>1<eHIIOii p03eTKdMii Ii JJ:YUlHI1KaMI! .nnH npOXOJJ:3
B03JlYAa; TonnHBO - JlpOBa, MaTeplian .nnH nOCTpoAKH ne'lli - 06blKHOBellll hlii C rpoe-
80" KHpnHq.
Ewe B HaIJaJIe DbIHCHHJIOCb, 1.JTO OTOIIHTeJIbHaSl nellb HMeeT TpH'
OCHOBHble qaCTIi: TOnJIHBHHK, .lI.bIMOOOOpOTbI Ii .n.bIMOXOJJ:. nr e .1 b1 .llY-
LUHe :'IaBbI 6bIJIH nOCBsnueUbl H3YlIeHHlo nepBblX )lBYX H3 3THX lIacTeA.
OepeU.lI. eM K paccMoTpeHlilO YCTpoHcTBa JJ:bIMOXO.il.OB, HB.1S1IOU.mXC5I.
KaK npaBHJIO, He06xo.ll.HMOH npliHa.n..leiKHOCTblO BCSlKOt'l n(IH. KpoMe
.lI.bIMOXO.ll.OB oJJ:HoBpeMeHHo C HHMH Ii 06b14HO B HenOCpe.il.CTBeHHoR
6JIH30CTH OT HHX B .lI.OMax YCTpaHBalOT KaHaJIbI H .n.pyroro Ha3HaIJe-
HUH, npeHMywecTBeHHO BeHTHJISH.{HOHHble. YCTpOHCTBO BeBTH.1S1UHH
llaCTO C3MWM TeCHbIM 06pa30M CBH33HO C YCTPOHCTBOM onm.1eHHSI.
3 HHor.ll.a 06a YCTPuOHCTBa 06'be.n.liHHbI B 06UlYIO CIfCTe'dY. neIJHHKh
HMelOw.eMY Ha CTpOHKe JJ:eJIO C .n.blMOBblMH, BeHTHJISlUHOHHiIlMH H npOIJH-
MH KaHaJIaMH, Hee6xoJ{liMO xoporno 6b1Tb 3HaKOYbiM C liX Ha3HaIJe-
HHeM H YCTPOHCTBOM. n03TOMY 5 HaCTOSlI.UeA rJIaBe 6YJ.YT C006WeHl:i
He06xo.ll.HMble C&e.ll.eHliH He TOJIbKO 0 .n.blMOXOJ.ax, HO Ii 0 BeHTH.l-
U,HOHHblX KaHaJIax.
B .lI.3JIbHeffrneM 6YJI.eT onlicaHO YCTPOHCTBO OCHOBaHHA 1l.1S1 DeIJeA'
B pa3JIHIIHIoIX CJIYlIaHX: Ha nepBOM H nOCJIe.n:YIOUlHX 3Ta}f<.aX, B ..1.epe-
BHHHbIX H KiiMeHHlolX 3,!1.3HHHX.
Y CTpoAcTBO nelleH, JJ:bIMOXOJJ:OB B .n.a>Ke BeHnf.1HUHOHHWX Kana.l0B
CBH33HO C YBeJIHlIeHHeM nO>KapHOH onaCHOCTH. CT3TliCTHKa nOK33b:-
BaeT, liTO 50% Bcex nO>KapOB npOHCxOlI.liT BC.1e.:rCTBHe HenpaBH.1b-
Horo YCTpoHcTBa, HeBHHMaTe.TIbHOrO OTHOUleHHH npH nOCTpoHKe H
HeHcnpaBHocTH neLIH H Jl.bIMOXO.n.OB. noJ. «npoq,H.13h TlfKOih pa3)-
MeeTCH pSl.ll. npeJJ:ynpe.n.nTeJIbl-lbIX Mep. nOC.lelI,Hlie OqeHb HeCJIO)f(Hbi
Ii JIerI<O BbInOJIHtIMW. rpOM3.n.Hoe KO.1H4eCTBO nmnapoB no HaUlel
BIlHe YKa3blBiieT Ha He.n.OCT3TOLIHO cepbe3l:!iIlll noJ."\oJ. h BOnpOCJM
nomapnoH 6e30nacHocTII If npaKTllqeChHM Mepat npeJ.oxp3HeHHB.
nraBliJIa nO}l{3pHOH 6e30naCHOCTil H) >KHO 1I3YllHTb H Hep...10HHO
C06JIIOJJ:aTb Ha npaKTlIhe.
14. YCTPOi1CTBO .LlbIMOBbIX II BEHTIIJlSlUHOHHbI\.
KAHAJlOB.
KJlACCI14f)UKAUHS1 K-\H.-\.10B.
B 3.l1.3HHSlX YCTpalfo..1K1T: 1) Obl.J(06Nl kaHa.lbl, H33blBJe\lboe
HHorJt3 COhp;llU"1I0 .lI.blM.II1I,-.n.bI:\lO:\O.J.bI, 60puB3. Tp)6bl H T. .1.
CJIy ma w. lI E' .lI.JIH )'lla.'leHIfSI npom "rOB ropeHIi H3 ne1.JeA B SU.O-
c4>epy U3.n. hpOBJIeti 3.n.a1llHI, 2) BfHmu.ZHliUt")HHbae. c., }t,..iIltMe-
"43

'.'HI '1.nlDhl'HIUI no HUM HOJ '\ V \3 Ii paJJ\C.'lmOIUUCl.'H A CIJOIO O'lepCJJ.L
a 81"'llJl.HCHble-JJ..1H Y'1.;vle"il5l 1l0JJJ.} Jl.a 113 1l0Mellll'lllli-i-1i npUfflO'l-
JiNe, lIaJhln.IE'lbIl' Ta'J<.:>Ke B03 'lyxonpIlIlOJUlhl:\llI, 1I:1.ma'leIlIlC I<OTO-
pbl\. - nO'\BOAHTb n nOMew.CIlIIC CIIC>IOIii IlOJ..1YX H 3) :JICPOBbLC-
TC >he npItTO'IHblC K311L1nhl, 110 nOJJ.HoJJ.SlUU1(' nO.ll.OrpeTLIH B03JJ.YX.
c 'Y>K,lIUllfi OJJ.HonrCMeno K3K .lI..'IH 3aMeH. Ilcnopqelllloro D03JJ.yxa
oCBC>hlnt, Tal\: II A!JSl OTOIl.1eHUSl 1l0l\U'UCHJlII.
(0 111I311a'leRIIII \I pauOTe >KapOlJblX Kallanon 6Y.ll.CT nOJ1po(jncc noncnCHO n rnane
.803.11.) wlloe oTonncuHc. ,)
QnCJ10 I{AHAJ10B.
4I1c.'10 KaHa/lOn IJ JlOMC 3;1nJlCIfT OT IIX Ha3l1alemlSI, OT CliCTeMbI
<:>TOnJleHIlH If nCHTJlnHIUflI. ]{:IK ooruee IlpaFJIiJIO, .lI.nSI Ka>I<JJ.orO OT,lT,eJIb-
Horo nOMe1lleHllfI HY21{IIO HMeTb OT.lI.eJlbllhlii BblT5J}1<1I01f, >KapolJoti If
TOMY nO,'J,06Hble K3n3JIbl, 4T06bl neHTIVmpOn:IIIHe Ii HarpeBanHe K3}I{-
1I.0ro OT,!.I,e.lbHoro no.leUlCHlHI MO>KBO UWIO perYJlJtpOB3Tb He33BH-
:H:\IO OT .LI.pyrn'( nOMCUlCHlIii, a T3101{e 3aTCl\I, IlTOOW He MOrJlO npOH-
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l:IHSl, TaK II naTpy6Ka npH OCa.LlKe nellu.
BonpOCbl II 3AJ \4H.
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01 <{era "w)I{er 33ft'prTb("R ACp:"RO? OOS\3:ITenbRO nn HY*,RO H:nIlIlHC Ortl!!?
B 4C\I 33KntO'llieTCR onaCIlOCTb ropCHlU1 C,I>hll R AblMliXO \.1,\ ?
B '1eM 3J".1O'13eICR 1'33.'( 1'IlIe Ml')Io.lY a 6e':IOM at 800.10h.ON? nOqewy BoA.lOk
MO)l(IHI 1133R ITb 1I1I>K31'1I011 CllrtI3.1I3,IIUldi?
J1.JHI 4('1'0 l:oii.10K 06I1J3TC,'(bIiO IIJ it\1I0 BblW3'1IB3rb B )h1lJ.KON r.'HHAIiOW H'H
n3BeCTKQDOM pJCIBope?
173
B C.'1Y4ae HC()t)XO lHM.1CTJI Bpr'-trllHoro OTonneHIHI H nOIJh:JOfj1HHH
HpeMCHHLlMij OTOfiHTe.lbtl}-.:MH n1l16npd.1H, c..1C.'lyeT 06palll.,lTb oro.
172

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h.u.,,'il T01U1"'lhi ,OJ'>!>II.I (iWTb C'tl' 111111 lIl'pMJllhllJII KIII'IIII'W,UI p:lll(,JlK:I? I
I h)l,Il'M\' UOJIIC IIrH fltMUUlOtnlhlJl K:I" 1.1108 TaK)j((' IIl'O(iX().D.HO lll'JI:I fh p.IJfll'JlK"
IfJ "01"0\1 P:1Cl'TlHIHIIII oT .Ill'pt'Dllllllbit 0,1110" .nQm'''lhl IIl hlX OJUllh JlI.IMlJIILlC H
8t'HTHJlAlllIllMHble ...:lII.JlLl?
J.J111 'Uru TpeOyer.1/ nol5l'JlKII CTOfll\OB II (\opg,IOU H;J 'tl'P.l1iIK('?
300aHUC. COCTlI8bTC npaOIlJ18 > CT8110BKII "peMCIIIILI:t II >KCJIl','"[.I"t nCllcl! n .ncrc.
DAIIHbiJ( D.OWIIX.
JIIITEPAH'PA.
Te,(HtllteChIlC ycn08JU! 11:1 npOH3IJOD.CTBO lIe'lllbLt pn60T MClCKOflCKoro ry6J1I1T:J.
ocr -1557 (E.t. IWPIIIW CTpClllf. npoeUI1l'coaIlIlR. C\:p. I. NIl 4).
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r J/ABA VI
I
KpmfC' IIC"Irfi JI)HI OTon:IC'IIHH 3lJ.311l1ii nC'nnrl<;!M nopy,,:nOT elite
YCTpOHCTnn llC'JJoro pSTLI.a ne'leH ClleLlH3J1bIlOrO, rJl31311hlM 06paJOM
x03niicTDelllloro 1li.l311<1lJeIllUl. K T31<IIM nCII.JM OTHOCSlTcn: p} CCKHC.
HII.1'IC H3pHCTbiC lie 111I. xJlc(5oncKapllhiC nell I. KyxOHHble 04ar"Jt (nJlHTbI),
nC411 C KOTJI3MH JVIH D:.JpKIl nlllltll u .D:JlSI lIarpe8<JHHH DOlJ.bI .nJISI
pa3J1I1 I -1Hh1X LlcJleH - 1{IHHITHJlLIIHI<II JI.JJ5I 'lafl, .n.'IH Moth.H. .nJlH 6aHt..
I1pa l le l lllhlx It np. 1J.3JJeC IIMe fCH pflJl. KOMolIHHponallllhlX nelleA lJ..1S1
npllrOTOBJIC'HHSl nHllUI II 060rpCB31111H nOMelll.C'IIHA. 863HHX YCTP:lH-
BalOT CIICLI.HCJJlLllhIe nellH, TaI{ lIa3b1UJ.C'Mhl KaMeHKH, lJ.JISI nOJJY4ellHSI
lIapa. flellll II KY. pa60T310111.eMY D >I<HJlHlllllOM H KOMMYH3.rlbHOlol
CTIJOIITC'JJhCTl'!e. npUXOj],IITCH HMCTb .neJlo TaK>KC C 06MypODKOlO
KOTJlOR ltCIITpJ,11bIlOrO OTOnJleHHH II C YCTpoiicTDOM LleHTpaJIbHOrO
B03JI.YlIIlIoro, IIH3 1 1(' I{a.'oplieplloro, OTOnJlCIIHR.
rJpe)J.MCTOM 113CTOSfUtCf\ rJl3BLI H 6YlJ.YT CJIY>KIITb nce nepellHCJJCH-
Hble YCTpoACTB3. lJ.JIH y..n.06CTB3 IOYII"IIH rJI3Da pa36lfT3 Ha TPH
ll:1CTIi. 8 I 6y.nYT paccr.lOTpellw pn3JJII'III"IC Tlfnbl PYCCJ..HX If xJle60-
nel<apHLIX nelleii, no 11- DCC OCT2i.rlbHble ne4H CITCLlH3.1bHoro H33Ha-
4CJllfSl. D IIl- U03JI.Yllllloe OTOIiJICIlHe.
80 ucnKoA nequ CnCllH3JIhllOrO Ha3H3QCHUH no.n06Ho TOMY. K3K
91'0 Mhl lJ.CJJ3J11i npl1 H3Y4HHH orpeDaTeJJbHblX neqeif, Hec6xoll.u\t0
p33J1I111aTb Jl.DC OCHODllbl(: IIncnf (II C4H rHI .nLIMOXOlJ.OB, OTBO,J.HlLlHX
npo.nYKTbI ropemUl B 3TMocepy): TOnJlIWHHk H .l1b1MOo60pOTbI co
CTeHK3MH pa60 l leii KtlMCpbl. CTCHI<3MH KOT.,a, lJyrYHHblYIl nlHTaMIl
H TOMY no.n.06PII:oIMH nOBepXIIOCTSlMIl. nOrJIOm31OIlI.HMH TenJJO. npn
ou.elll<e 1<0IlCTPYKLlUA IIY>KIIO nOMilMO ClleLlHI.1bHblX Tpe60B311Hlt
I< JI.JHIIOMY H3rpC'BaTeJlIDHOMY npu60PY, K3K HanpliMep: .IWCT3T04HblA
HarpeB K3r.lepbl, I{QTJl3 II T. n.. npe>f\.lI.C Beero 0()ralll.3Tb BIHf!\t3HHe
lIa 1<. n. .n. npH60p3, T. e. 11<1 CTenem. IICnOJlb30B3HHR TonmfB3, 8 B
4aCTHOCTU I1a U03MO>KHOCTb OCYlI1.eCTDJIHHH nO.1Horo ropeHHSI
D TOII.TIIII3HIIKC', xopomylO ynlJIH3alUIIO TenJI3 ropHllHX ra30B H YXO.ll
IIX H3 npll60pa D Tpy6y C B03MO>KHO MeHblUeli Tem('paT} polt
lI.JlfI 113Y'IeHH5I 1<0HCTpYI<lUfA , npIIBO;UIMI.IX B 9TOn r.1aDe, npe..!l,-
Jlar8C'M npllllHTb TOT >I<e MC'TO.n, KOTOpblit 6b1JJ pkOMCH.II.OBaH paHee,
3 HMeIiIlO: npe>KlJ. lleM npOlleCTb OI1HcaHIfC K3kOA-.'IW60 nCIIH. BHH-
,M3TeJlbHO paceMOTpllT ce lJepT}KU II YHCHlne ce6e ee YCTpOnCTBO.
TO'lHo. TJI{ >Ke npn I<pllTH4CCKOA ou.euke KOIICTPYKUlIIf, He llHTaSl
TCI{CT3 KHllrH, nonp06yfiTe caMOCTOTeJlbHO BblHCHUTb nO10>KIiTe 1b-
II hIe CTOrOllblII IIClJ.OCTaTKH Ii3Y l latMoit KOHCTPYKUlfU. TJkUM cnoc060M
npHo6pCTaeTCSI II <1 I'! bl 11. caMOCTOHTeJIbHO piBGupaTbcH B .'IIOOblX kOIl-
CTpYl<lI,lHIX nC1lcfi II .naB3Tb npaDIIJIbHYIO OLlCHkY.
175

17. PYC(,I{Ht It XJIEGOnEKAPHbIE nE4U.
<J>YHKIUUI PYCCKOH nE4J1.
c1>YHi\ll ltli PYCCKO nCt.1II B 6b1TY KpCCTbSlIUflfa 4pe3BhllJai'1H0 pa3.
1I006pa3HlJ. flC4b C.'I)'>KH l1J1H IIplirOTOBJleHIfSI nHllllf _KaK B BapeHOM,
raK H TYUlonm.1 If il\apellOM [1 Hl1e, JI..1S1 ne1leHlfSi xJleua If np., B3pK:i
hopMa !I.HI ChOTa, C)"LUJ..H 4>PYKTOB, rpn60B, 3epHa. Slro.ZI. H np. OHa
npe!lCT3SJlSlt'T c06010 npeKpaCHbifi TepMOC: npH TonKe OJI.HH pa3
D 11CHb ne4b c6eperaeT TCn'lO uenble CYTKH, 4TO SlBS1eTCSI He33Me-
HHMbI\t ee K3 1 1eCTBOM n Kpe'::TbSJHCKOM ObilY. EYJI.}41f npnrOTosneHa
YTPOM n OCTaBJleH3 B Ilellll, nHIU3 OCTaeTCSI ropSI4eA JI.O cafOro
Be'lCpa II He Tper)yeT n01.IJrpeB3HIiSJ. PYCCKaSl nellb C.1Y>KHT T3101<e
,J..'iSi OTOIl.'IeHIHI In6bl n Bellnr.1IlpOB31l1tSJ (BblTSlfHBaHHeM B03JI.yxa
BO Bpe\tSl TonkU). HlIorj,3 3a HCIi\tt'lIIieM 6allb B PYCCKUX nellax
B 'lCpeAHe elll II n.lpSlTCSI. T3KIIM ofipa30M PYCCK3SI nellb SlBJl5IeTCSI
YHUBrpCa'lbllbiM npIfGopo\f. flOTO\IY ona H no.'1Y41f'Ia raKoe pacnpo.
CTpdllfliliC B Cf.'IbCJ..OM 6bITY.
3H\lIEHltE p CCKOH nE4M.
D HltCTOSIUlee Bpe\ISI B CBSl3H C KO.'I.leKTlIBH33IlueA. ce.1bCKoro
X03S1licTua H J..JpeHJlLI'''' 1f3\telhHUC\1 Bcero 6blTa HawefO KpeCTbHHHlla
nOTp,1)1I0CTb B T 11<0\i YHllucpcanbliOM JlafpenaTeJIbHOM npll60pe,
"3K P) cn(;1\! nellb, OTflJ.la, II 4>YIIKu.un ee C 60.lbWII1 ycnexoM
MorYT 6b1Tb p1Cllpe1t....eHbl MenUY lIeCJ..O.lbk.lI\lH OTJI.e.1bHbIMH
nC'IJ\IIi. K TC 'ry >Ke, J..ak Mbl } BIIJI.HM JI.a.lee, pYCCKaH ne4b JI.aneKO
lie ()(e cnoll cf1YIII\l:ltli BLlnOJlH'leT ycnelllllo If K034>ltlUleHT (CTeneHb)
HCno.lh30B3nHH T0I1.1I1B3 y lIee OlleHb MJJI. Tal< nanpll\1ep, cf1YHKuHH
xne60nclle IUSi 11(1 i+.tI.J 6b1Tb nepe..13HJ nella\l X.'lC603::JBOJI.On, npH-
rOTOBnfHItSI nll1..Ll.H - D 06.u.ecTscIfIfI.Je CTo.lOBLle, .!!..'ISI OTonJ'IE'HItSl
>kH.1Itlll ropa3.J.0 ue.l C0'16pd3Hee 1I0CT3BIITb ClleUIt3.1JbHble oGurpe-
B3Tt?1bHblc lIe'llt II T. ..1.. U,.].II'1J..0 Tak.aH 3aMHa Bcex P) CCKHX nelJeA
(8 Ii'< B lIame... COI03t: lie MeHle 20 M.1H.) He MO>heT 6blTb npOli3-
aeJI.el3 6blCTpO, II B TelllIlte pSl1.3 .1eT CTapble pYCCh.lle nellif
npH leTCSI CUXpJIIHTb - peMOIiTHpOBJTL II nepeJ...'I.l.ll.bIB3Tb 33110110.
(11011)TII0 nplt TakHX pauOTax B PYCCKOit netlll 1.0.1>KHbI 6b1Tb npo-
H3BeJ.ell  Jly 'lWeIlHSI ee kOlh'TPYkUliH.) hpo\ie Taro UMelOTCSI
JleKOTOpbI t<3TeroplHl CTpoellHlr, k3K H311pUMCp >I<e.lelllo.!!.opO>I<IIb1e
6).l1. k H n) TcBblX CTOpOif\n, J..OPJ.Ollbl, H36bi .1eCHliJ..OB U T. ". f .l1. e P\ 'C.
(,K3S1 nellb 6 } 'Ie 6 ...... .
..... T lieu XOJ.HM3 ellle AOBonbHO n p OJI.O'I>hHTCnblioe
npeMH.
BBH.l1. Y CKa33HIIoro P "' CCK '''' e
J on n lib .l1.01>K1I3 HaC IfIITepecon3Tb IIC
TO.lbJ<O B HCTOpIPH'CKOM p13pe3e, 110 H "3K nCIIL KOTO P} 10 Mbi K
CO>l\,I.'IeHUIO (\ } U'\1 e llle H' '
t: "'OTopoe BpeMH CTpOHTb, 3 CJIf 1.0B.ITC.lbHO
AO. n 1>Klfbl", C It paIlHOHa.'IWHpOBaTb. k.poMe Toro 1t3Yllelilie hOIlCTn } K-
I1H \.1vOlleh.J p HblX nellcn T o C 6 t
. . ... HbI\f 0 pa30M CBH33HO C 113Y\HIt:teM
PYCCkOn nelfli, TaK kaK >..le6unekJpIIJH nCI(b no C} lllenB Y eCTb
npeo6p330nJI1H3H PYCCK3R ne4b.
17&
OEbIJ{UOBEHHA>I (nPHMHTl'iBHA5I) P'CCKASI nE4b.
06blKHoBeliHaSl (npHMHTHBHaSl) PyccKaSl ne4b npC!lCTaB.leR3 Ra
4>Hf. 150. OCHOIHICJH lJaCTblO ee SlB.'ISleTCSI Ka\fepa a, c1YIKaUl3R
OJI.IIJBpeMeHHo H T0I1.lIUHHJ{O1 H pa60lleA KaMepoH, T. e. kaMepoR
JI.Jlfl npltfOTOBJIeIH1S1 nIflI1H, ne4eHHSI xne6a H T. lI.. 3T3 4aCTh ne4H
Ha3LIBaeTCSI ZOpH.1UO.4!. rOpHHJlO nepeKpblTo BBepxy c8odoM, 3 BHH3Y
HMeeT noo, lIeMHOfO (lia 5-6 of) nOBbiwalOlllHHCSI K 3aJ.Hen cTopoHe;
Cl'0..1 JI.e.13eTCH H.m pOBHbln HnH TO>ke nOBbilUalOUlHAcSI K 3a!llltH
cTopoHe. nOJI. ne4H .ll.J1Sl J .J.06cTBa X03S1HKH pacno.laraeTcH Ha BblCOT
80 Of Ha..1 ) pOBHeM nona, BCJle,J.CTBHe 4ero HH3 nellH, TaK Fa3b1Bze.
MOC IlCill!e ' (be 6, OCTaeTCSI CB060..1HhUd H C.1\JKHT He'peJ.!'? Ck 'JaJ.o
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ref
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pa3.1W1Hhl'{ hYXOHHhlX npHHa;I.1C>I<HOCTCI1. .J lR 3h.OHOMHH kHH1Hqa
U JI.epeBlnlX nOlne 1 lhe .a.e'lJIOT II11or1a H3 T01CTblX AOCOk, 'ITO
npe..1CTan.71S1eT 60.1hUlYJO onaCHOCTb B nO>k3pHOM OTHOWCBHH. B De-
pe "tHeH CTeHKe Ton.lII1HiIlJ..a IIMeeTCR OTBepCTHe B, Ha3b1Bae\lO
YC/1lbe.41 11.111 o',e.u..(}.t(, 33hphlB"e'ioe nOCle TonkH >ke.le3HoA 3QC 10".
htllt e. no.!!. nC1I1I np0'1. 0 'UKJerCSI II lll'pe.J. YCTbel: H 06pa3}eT Tal
H33hIBJCMhli'% lIIl....',lOK 0. 1-I1JI. IUCCTh.O\l Ha\.O.J.ltTC' nC-e';lIIRR 6o'Jee
BblCOJ..3H 113CTb nt'tlH Z - Upnl(lh. 11.111 t (" nppt rnp\ "ibe. nepeXO.lR.
IIlce BBCPX} B TP) 6) II c.'1y .3i1lee .n..1R OTrO.J.8 .J.bI..... H3 fOpHH ].
B HII>I<Hen IlaCT11 TP\ Obi Ita 1 ,1l1 10.41 yCTaH3B.1HBaeTCR Bt-ro 'Ca.1't
U tfbh.J1U ''lHhle df1t'pitII 3. IIJ JI.aHHOn 4'lin pe H306pa>tl.e 13 nqb
C TPyoon n3 c.UlOA n,'I.)U; B c.1YlJae )I{ ua.l"IJH k )1)"'8HoA Tp"bI
lI.m npn YCTa1l0ElKe n(>1.)1I n\Hle k3"eHH)R c HbI ' l1bnlOXO
'\Jf\.'1U } CTp:um,leTCR B 60I>(\B.)R CTelu..e UUIl a, a BblOWk8 A ,.
12 U...oe AUO. Nl 177

lllHHCTBO 113 HHX 3Ha4H1 eJJJJHO YC.10>KHSleT KciK YCTpOJiCTBO netJH,
TaK H ee 06CJIYnUlBaHHe. XOTH npOCTOn, yn.OB.1eTBOpmoweA BCeM
rpe60BaHHSlM YHHBepCaJIbHol% PycCKofi ne4H JIO CHX nop ewe He
C03JlaHO, HO ueKOTopble KOHCTPYKU,HH BnOJIHe MorYT 6b1Tb peKOMeH-
JlOBaHbI JlJlfl COBpeMeHHoro CTpOHTe.lbCTBa.
B 06meM Bce H\lelOllI.HeCSI pau,HOHa.1H3aTopCKHe npe.1JIOiKeHHSI
no YJly..llleHHIO PYCCKOO netJH CBOlI.SlTCH K CJle.1YlCweMY: 1) K y.lytt-
weHHIO npou,ecca ropeHHH, 2) K B03\lOiKHOCTH CA<HraTb pa3.'1HttHbie
BHJlbI Tsep.noro TonJUma, KaK HanpHMep TOp<p H K3MeHHblA yro.lb,
3) K 60JlbWeMY y.cnOJIb30BaHHIO TenJIOTbI npOJIYKTOB rope8HH,
4) K YJlY1JWeHHIO PYCCKOH netlH kaK OTonHTe.'1bHorO npH60pa H
5) K npHMeHeHHIO pa3.'JHlJ.llbIX .nono lHHTe.'1bHblX YCTpOnCTB, Kak.
HanpHMep nJIHTbI Ha weCTKe, TYWHJlhH Jl.UI yr.lert H T. \1., He BHO-
CHLll.HX H3MeHeHHH B KOHCTPYKlJ.HIO caMort nettH.
y.a06CTua ee JJKphlnaHHSI CT3DlITCSI, eC.1H 310 U03MO)KHO, HU>Ke
B nO;UwpTt{C. IIIIorJla 3a o.nHoA H] IqeK K, T. e. CTeHOK C60KY YCTbH
(OObiIIHO 3a JIeOO"), YCTpaHBaCTCH lZOpCOK, T. e. He60JlbWOe yrJIyG-
JIeHUe B nOJIY .nml xpaIleHHSI rOpHlJ.UX yr JleH nOCJIe TonKH; yrJIH
no.n CJIOeM 30.'lbl OCTalOTcR rOpSl1JHMH UeJible CYTKH H CJIyiKaT .nJIH
.n06b1BaHHSI orHSI BMeCTO CnH1JeK.
rOpWKH H lJ.yrYHbI 1I..1 Sl npHrOTOBJIeHHH nHllI.H CTaBHTCS1 Ha nolI.
B I1epeD.Hel% qacnl rOpHHJl3 ewe BO BpeMS1 TonKH. JJ.JlS1 ne'leHHS1
xJle6a no OKOHlJ.aUHH TonKH OCTaBlllHecSi yr JlH Bblrpe6alOTCH, a 30Jla
oleTaeTCS1 MOKpbIM nOMeJlm.I; "apaBaH TeCTa caiKalOTCS1 npHMO Hd
noD., YCTbe 3aKpbIBaeTCH 3aCJlOHKoJi; napbl, BblD.eJlS1lOllI.HeCS1 H3 xJle6a,
y.naJiHIOTcSI lJ.Cpe3 Lll.e.'Ilf BOl\pyr 3aCJlOHKH.
OCHOBHblM OHlI.OM TOnJlHBa D.JIH PYCCKOn nel.lH CJlY}I(aT JlpOa3
(BBHJlY OTCYTCTBHH KO.10CHHKOBOH pellleTKH). JJ.poBa I1aKJlaD.bWaIOTCH
B TonJlHBHHK B6J11i3H YCTbH. B03D.YX, Heo6xoHMblH D.JlH ropeHHS1,
npHTeKaeT CnepeD.lf, lJ.epe3 IIH>KHIOIO 1JaCTb YCTbS1, 3 npo.nYKTLI
ropeHHfI }XOD.HT B WHTOK ttepe3 BepXll1010 lJ.3CTb YCTbH, a OTTy.n a
lJ.epe3 XaHJIO - B D.bIMOOYIO Tpy6y. OpH TaKOM cnoc06e nOlI.BOD.a
B03.!I.yxa ero npHTeKaeT K TOnJlHBY BO r.IHoro pa3 60JlbWe, tteM
I1Y>KHO; eLll.e 60JIbWe B03D.yxa YCTpeMJIHeTCS1 ttepe3 llI.HTOI< Heno-
rpelI.CTBeHHO B Tpy6y; ropeHlle no lYlJ.aeTCS1 HenOJIHOe (TeMHOKpaCHoe
nJIa!.IH); CBOD. H noD. TOnJIHBHHKa HarpeBalOTCS1 r JlaBHblM o6pa30M
JIY1JHCTOH TenJlOTOH rOpS1Lll.erO TOnJlHBa, H npOJlYI<TbI ropeHHH,
. OMbIBaH cJla60 pa3BHTYlO BHYTpeHHlO1O nOBepxHOCTb nel.JH H JlHWb
HeMHoro 3aD.epiKHBaS1Cb BepxHlfM nopmKKOM . HaD. YCTbeM, YHOl:HT
C c060" orpo!.f1we KOJIHlJ.eCTDO TenJia. HecMoTpSl Ha 3TO, THra nOJlY-
ttaeTCS1 Bce iKe c.'la6aH, Tal\ KaK ra3bl B rpy6e pa36aB.leHbI 60.'lbWHM
KOJIH1JeCTBOM XOJlOD.Horo B03JlYX3, npHTel\alOLll.HM 1Jepe3 OTKpblTblH
WHTOK. OTCIOD.a CTaHOOHTCS1 nOHS1THbIM, I.ITO K. n. D.. TaKoH PYCCKOH
nel.IH He lOiKeT 6LITb BbiCOKHM; 06b11JHO OH He npcBbllllaeT 20 % H
ttaCTO CHHiKaeTCH D.O 10 % ,
CTeHKH PYCCKOH nettH O'IeHb TOJlCTbl (06bl1JIIO B 1 I<HpnHtt, peiKe
B 3, 4 KHpnH1Ja), .noJiro Jlep>KaT TenJlO (ne4b HBJlHeTCH TepMOCOM), HO
3aTO nJloxo nepe..'lalO r TenJlO nOMemeHHIO. 4T06b! XOTb HeMHoro
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220
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KaMH. Me>K.AY TeM pa3JIOMaTb KJI311KY H3 BblMOtIeHHOrO hHpnHlla
npn TOHKHX WBax MOn<HO TOJlbKO C nOM01..U.blO KHpO'-lKK HJIH .10'U!..
OrHeynopHbIH KHpnHtI cJle).l.yeT TOJlbKO 06MbITb B BO.J.e, TaK KaJ..
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paTYPbl.
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nepe,QBHraTb, a HY>KHO CHRTb, OqHCTHTb paCTBOp, 06blTb H yo-
>KHTb Ha CBe>KHH paCTBOp.
r JIHHHHbIfl paCTBOp npH BbICbIxaHHlf YMeHbwaeTCSI B 06'beMe H
TpeCKaeTCH, B KJIa).l.Ke nOJlyqalOTCH OT 3Toro B03.J.YWHble npOCJIOH....H
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llJIH 3Toro HeJlb3H ).I.OnYCKaTb rpy6ylO OJ..OJIKY KlfpnHQa H 33nO.l-
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ltJIH nOJlyqeHHSI r.13).1.KOH BH) Tpel-lHeH nOBepXHOCTH ne I n ,i1b1\fO-
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YKJldllKH Ka>K).I.bIX 5-6 pH.n..OB npoH3BolUITb wBa6poBKY 06H.lbHO
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hOMKOB rJIHHbl It paCTBopa. BbI.J.aB.1eHHoro H3 LUBCB.
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CBeCTII K CJIe).l.YIOUl.IlM npOCTblM Tpe60BaEIIHM.
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flpOH3BO).l.CTBO h.'13.J.KH KllpnH'4a HJ rJIUHSlHOM pacTBope C'IaraeTCH
225
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15 ne'ilBOe A.aG.
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n P aC1/l80 p a' ncpBoe .lI.BJDKellllC - crH6an KOp-
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(1:1111'. 1963); ljeTUepToe .n.BH>KeHlfecycT3B3MH npa ( OH P 1 Y 9 K 6  ) pa-
CTBOp npH>KHMaIOT K KHpnHLJY 'j-'lfr. 0, If
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JIHpHbl K nOCTeJlH, pacTBop paccTHJ]aeTcH, pa3-
M33bwaeTCH paBlloMcpHblM CJIOeM no KHpnHLJY
(41llr. 196B); O.llIlOBprMeHHo KOHLlaMH iJaJIbLleB
neLJHMK oLLlynbIBaeT paCTBop H, nO'lYBCTBoBaB
B HeM KaMeweK H TOMY nOJI.06HbIH npel1.MeT,
Y)l.3J1HeT ero 113 paCTBopa.
npUeltlbl YKAaaKU KllpllU'-la: nepBoe .aBH>Ke-
HHe - XBaTKa KHpnH'la. ECJ1H npe)l.BapHTeJlbHO
KHpIHf'l 6bIJI BbIBpCTaH Hacyxo, TO KHpm1t1
CHIfMaeTCH CO CTeHbI. 3aTeM Otlepe)l.HOH KH p-
fIH'1 Bce BpeMH nOKa paCCTHJIaeTCH paCTBOp
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nyc crHoaCTCH, H KHpnH'l norpY>KaeTCH B BeJI.pO
C BOJI.OH, CTOHIl{ee Ha nOJIY ('-iJIH nOMOCTe),
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cfJllI, 196. Of1!,jtjHblfi npll.
eM p"rCTlI,aIllHI paCTBO- TOf >Ke Be.ape H JJbeTCH Ha BepXHHH KOHell KHP-
pd (npauoii PYKoif). nHLJa, TaK KaK nOCJJeJI.IIHH BeCb He nOMeIl{aeTCH
B BO.lI.e; TpeTbe JI.BH>KE'l-lHe - CnOJIOCIIYTblH Ta-
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paCTBOp HaHOCHTCH H3 KHpnH'l, HaXOJI.HlllUHCH D JJeBoi.1 PYKe, .lI.J1SI
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Hue - KHpnHtI KJJaJI.eTCH Ha pa30CTJIaHHbli-i paCTBOp, Kpemw 1I3.aa-
BJIIfBaeTCH PYKOft H HeCKOJIbKO JI;BllraeTCH B3aJI. II Bnepe.n: JI.JIH BbI-
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KOro WBa. Y60pKrJ (cpe3b1BaHHe) BbI>KaToro H3 mBOB paCTBopa llaCTO
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HOH C HapY>KHOH, JI.PyroH - C BHYTpeHllei-i CTOpOHbI KJIa.lI.KH pe6pOM
1131I.OHII. Ko BceM nepetlHCJJCHHblM .lI.BIf>KeHHSlM JI.06aBJI5I1OCH elItC
.l1BH>KeHHH D.m{ MblTbH H BhlTHpaHHH pVK. MbTTbe PYK HBJIHCTCfl 06H-
3aTeJJbHblM nepeJI. onep31HleH nOAepl{H npaBHJJbHOCTH KJJ3JI.TOi npa-
BHJlO1 H yp OBHeM H Bec L " Ia
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B PVhH MOJJOTOK KH p OtlK Y U .ap .,
226 ' n yrlfe HHCTpY\leI-lTbI. OOBcpKa ropH30H-
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IJCpe3 3-4 pflJI.a KJlaJI.KH.
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1JTO netlHHK pa60TaeT He TOJlbKO HHCTpYMeHTOM, HO U pa60maem
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Y Hero nrOHCXOJI.HT )l.a)Ke tlaIl{e, (leM XBaTKa MOJlOTKa H .i1pyrw(
HHCTpYMeHTOB. EepH I' J1HITHHbIB paCTBOp HenOCpeJI.CTBeHHO pYKaMH,
- a 3aTeM TOft >Ke PYKOH PYKOHTKY HHCTpY\1eHTa, OH ee natl....aeT.
MOKpaH, 06J1HfIlJlaH rJJPlI-IOH pYKOHrb M0J10TKa CK0J1b3IfT B PYKe,
'lTO YXYJI.waeT Ka'leCTBO YJI.apa. PaCTBOp. nOnaJI.alOUlHIi B ypOBeHb:
nopTHT nOCJIeJI.HHH, OCOOE'HHO CTeKJIa, KOTopble LlapanalOTCH neCtlHH-
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MeHHeT nOKa3aHHe nOCJIe)l.HerO H 3TlfM YXY.i1WaeTCH Ka'leCTBO pa.
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T3Iwe, npu KOmOpO.At npaBaR PY1<a ne'-lHUKa ocmaenzcR. Bce 8pe.JtR
cyxoii II ftUCf1l0ii aAR. 60Aee mO'-lHoil U 6blCmpOu. X8amKU uHcmpy-
.AteHf1la. 5I npllMeHHTO H npeJI.JJaralO CJIe,'I,YIOLLlllfi cnoc06 pa60Tl>l.
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llleHHH :>Ke tlHCJ1a )l.BH>KeHHH KOJJHtleCTBO 3aXBaTbIBaeMoro 3a O,!I.HH
pa3 paCTBopa )I.OJ]}KHO 6blTb KaK MO>KHO 60.'1bwe. .lI.JIH 3TOH LlE'JIH
no npeJI..naraeMOMY MeTOJI.Y TaM, r)l.e MO>KHO, paCTBOp pa30CT JlaTb
cpa3Y noJI. HeCKOJIbKO KHpnI-ftleft, ne1.IIIHK )l.0.1/KeH 6paTb paCTBOp
06CIIMH PYKaMH cpa3Y: neBO PYKOH He"OCpeCTBeHHO Ha naOHb,
npanoff >Ke - Ha MacTepoK (KeJJbMY).
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)l.eJIaeT r.moro J]HWHHX YToMnTeJIbHbIX )l.BH/KeHHH BCJIeJI.CTBne He-
panHOHaJlbHOrO HH3Koro pacnOJJO)KeHHH MaTepna.'la; MHoro BpeMeHH
paCXO)l.yeTcH Ha nOBepOQHbIe onepallHu, B oc06eHH0cTH Ha nOBepKY
BepTHKaJIbHOCTH yrJIOB. .lI.JJH MOtleHHH KHpmltla TaK:>I-..e npHXO.3.HTCH
H3KJIOHHTbCH K Be;IPY C BO)l.OH, Ii KpoMe Toro npn TakOM cnoc06e
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rpyn<aeTCH BeCb B BOJIY II HaXO.n.HTCH B HO)l.e CJJUllJKOM Ma.10 BpE'\leHn.
no HOBOMY .AWlll-oay )l.JlH YCTpaHellHH Bcex 9THX He.n:OCTaT....OB
pa60Ta nellllHKa Hero paOOLJee MeCTO opraHII3YIOTCH COBepweHHO
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nOJI.MOcTci-i HJJH CTeJJ3:>Ke (CM. Bblllle, <pllr. 186), pacno.10Jl.eHHblX
C3a)lH napa.'1JJeJJbIlO .....'1l1JI.Ke. .lI.J1H YCTpJHeHHH nOBep....H BepTH....ab-
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22'7


npU('o41bi pIICClllU.lf1HUR paCl118npa II h./lCU)Kll h.llpllUlta BbInOJIHH-
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1,,"I-ofi (M3CTephOM) paCTBOp 113 S1lll.Jlha; TpeTbe JI.BH>KHHe - epe-
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./ CTeHY; lleTBepToe- p330CTJlaTb naJlbuaMH
JleBoit PYKH paCTBOp no KJlaD.Ke (<Pur. 197),
npHlleM He60JlbWOe KOJlH'-leCTBO pacTBopa
OCT3BHTb Ha naJlbuaX; nS1Toe - nOBep-
H)'TbCH KopnycoM BnoJIy060poT lIanpa130
II nOJlO>KHTb MacTepoK 06paTHo Ha Kpaif
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npH )'CTpoHCTBe 33Kp)'rJleHHH 13 K3H3J1aX, KJl3D.Ke CBO.lI.OB H rIp.)
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cellha OCTpblM Jle3BUeM MOJlOTKa (<PHL 19913),
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