Author: Мейтарчиян М.Б.
Tags: этнография этнос этникос этническая история отдельные религии зороастризм погребальные обряды
ISBN: 5-89282-150-1
Year: 2001
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19 B
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HOBOHpaHCKHX H apa6CKHX HCTOqHHKaX, KOTOpb[e npHBOtJ,HTCH B nepeBOtl.ax
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BaTeAeH npH,ll,epm:HBaJ\HCb TO'-IKH 3peHIUI 0 AOKaAH3aJ!HH HHtJ,oeBponeHCKoH npa-
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TalOT, '-ITO OH npOXOtl.HA '-Iepe3 KaBKa3 (HAH qacrHqHO '-Iepe3 KaBKa3), tl.pyrne
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tl.HHb[ I Tb[CH'-IeAeTHH tl.0 H. 3. ApxeOAOrH'-IeCKHH acneKT np06AeMbl pacceAe-
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CTpaHBaeTCH CAOm:HaH KapTHHa pacceAeHHH H nepetl.BHm:eHHH nAeMeH Ha
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nAeMeHaMH CTenHoro npOI1Cxom.tl.eHI1H. Bbltl.eAJiIOT '-IeTb[pe OCHOBHblX apea-
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nAeMeHa; 2) HH30BbH 3epaBlliaHa; 3) CeMHpe'-lbe 11 npl1AeralOI,gl1e paHoHbl;
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TOI1Htl. O - H paHCKI1MI1, CBH3bIBaeT C nepetl.BI1m.eHl1eM 3TI1X nAeMeH «apl1aHH-
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XopacaHa (T. e. Teppl1TOpl1lO, pacnoAom.eHH}'IO Mem.tl.y AMYtl.apbeH Ha ceBepe,
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J10 H. a. OH COXpaHI1ACH B KAHHOnI1CHb[X Ha,a,nHCHX IJapeH nepCI1t1.CKOH t1.I1Ha-
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iJ,O H. a.). KcepKca (486-465/464 IT. 11.0 H. a.) H t1.pymx. 3TI1 IJapl1 npol1c-
XO,lJ,H,\111i306AaCTH napca (nepcl1t1.a, cOBpeMeHHb[H cPapc).
«jI,peBHenepcl1t1.CKoe KAI1Ho06pa3HOe nl1Cb:\10 HBNleTCH nHCbMOM CHA.Aa611-
) 26
LJeCKIi:\1 (c aAeMeHTaMH nepeXOtl.a K 6YKBeHH0:\1Y» .
Cpetl.HenepCI1t1.CKIiH H3blK - 3'1'0 H3b[K. Ha KOTOpO:\1 t1.0IllAH 11.0 Hac 11.0-
BO,\bHO MHOrOqIiCAeHHb[e naMHTHHKH, 06Hapym.eHHb[e B OCHOBHOM Ha TeppHTO-
pm! J..1paHa. OHI1 OTHOCHTCH K III-VIII BB. H. a. B 3noxy npaBAeHI1H t1.I1Ha-
CTHI1 CaCaHHtl.OB (226-651 rr. H. 3.) Cpetl.HenepCI1t1.CKIiH H3b[K CTaHOBHTCH
O!jJHIJliaAbHb[:\1 rocytl.apCTBeHHb[M H3b[KOM Ii oq>I1IJ11aAbHbl:\1 H3blKOM 30poaCT-
[JHHCKOH IJepKBI1. K naMHTHI1KaM Cpetl.HenepCI1t1.CKOrO H3b[Ka OTHOCHTCH Ha-
CKiL\bHb[e Ha,a,nHCI1 (B OCHOBHOM III-VIII BB. H. 3.), MHoroql1CAeHHb[e na-
MHTHHKH t1.YXOBHOH (30poaCTpI1HCKOH) 11 CBeTCKOH AI1Teparypb[, Ha,a,nI1CI1 Ha
:\!OHeTax Ii ne'IaTHX H t1.p. Cpetl.HenepCI1t1.CKIiH H3b[K IiHOrtl.a Ha3blBaIDT nCXAe-
BHHCKIi:\I.
B Ha'IaAe II TblCH'IeAeTlUI 11.0 H. 3. np0H30IllAO Bbltl.eAeHl1e I1paHCKI1X t1.l1a-
AeKTOB H3 apHHCKOH H3blKOBOH 06I,gHOCTI1 11 HaqaAaCb «3noxa caMOCTOH-
TeAbHoro pa3BIITHH t1.BYX pOtl.CTBeHHb[X rpynn apl1HCKHX H3blKOB - rpynnb[
I1Htl.IiHCKI1X H3blKOB 11 rpynnbl I1paHCKHX H3bIKOB» 16.
no npl1HHTOH YCAOBHOH nepHOtl.I13agHH HCTopmo I1paHCKHX H3b[KOB t1.eAHT
Ha Tpl1 OCHOBHble 3nOXIi:
I. .lLpeBHel1paHCKaH H3blKOBaH 3noxa (c Ha'IaAa II Tb[C. 11.0 H. a. - IV-
III BB. 11.0 H. 3.) (aBeCTHHCKI1H, t1.peBHenepCI1t1.CKI1H, MI1t1.I1HCKIiH 11 t1.p. H3b[KI1).
II. Cpetl.Hel1paHCKaH H3b[KOBaH 3noxa (IV -III BB. 11.0 H. 3.- VII-
IX BB. H. 3.) (cpetl.HenepCH,lI,CKHH, COrtl.IiHCKI1H, XOpe3MI1HCKHH, 6aKTpI1HCKHH,
napq>HHCKI1H 11 t1.p. H3b[KI1).
III. HOBOHpaHCKaH H3b[KOBaH 3noxa (IX-X BB.- no HacToHrgee Bpe!\-IH)
(TiltJ,)KI1KCKI1H, nepClitl.CKI1H (q>apcl1), nYlllry, t1.apl1, OCeTHHCKHH, KYPtl. CKI1 H.
6eAytJ.)KCKI1H 11 MHOrl1e t1.pyrl1e H3b[KI1I1 t1.HaAeKTb[, Ha KOTOpblX rOBOpl1T He3Ha-
'Il1TeAbHoe no ql1CAeHHOCTH HaCeAeHl1e)17.
AU! HailleH TeMb[ Hal160Aee Bam.Hb[MI1 HBAHIOTCH naMHTHI1KI1 Ha aBeCTHH-
18 19 70
CKOM ,t1.peBHenepCI1t1.CKOM 11 Cpetl.HenepCI1t1.CKOM H3blKax- .
ABeCTHHCKI1H H3b[K (HAI1 H3b[K «AaecTb[» - naMHTHI1Ka, npetl.CTaBAHIO-
rgero C060H CBOti. peAHrl103Hb[X TeKCTOB HpaHOH3b['IHb[X HapOtl.OB t1.peBHOCTH)
(CM. 06 «AaecTe» c. 26-27 HaCT. H3t1..) - t1.peBHeHIllI1H 1i3 H3blKOB I1paHCKOH
rpynnbl, Ha KOTOPb[X t1.01llAI1 11.0 Hac nl1CbMeHHb[e naMHTHI1KI1. T epMI1H «aBe-
CTHMCKliH H3b[K» YCAOBeH, TaR KaR COCTaB «A.secrbl» HeOtl.HOpOtl.eH. HeKOTopble
'IaCTH «AaeCTb[» CKAa,a,bIBaAI1Cb B pa3Hoe BpeMH H Ha Pa3Hb[X TepPI1TOpI1HX lI .
B XIX B. H3b[K «ABeCTb[» 01ll1160'IHO Ha3bIBaAI1 «6aKTpI1HCKI1M» I1AH
«t1.peBHe6aKTpI1HCKI1M». B HaCTOHI,gee BpeMH Ha3BaHl1e «6aKTpI1HCKI1H» OTHO-
CHTCH K t1.pyrOMY H3b[KY He t1.peBHel1paHCKOH, a cpetl.Hel1paHCKOH CTa,a,1111 22 .
«Bonpoc 0 BpeMeHI1 H MeCTe pacnpOCTpaHeHHH aBeCTHHCKOrO H3blKa TeCHO
CBH3aH C BonpOCOM 0 pOtl.l1He 11 BpeMeHI1 B03HI1KHOBeHI1H 30pOaCTpl13Ma H
np e tl. llle CTBOBaBllll1X eMY peAlirl103HbiX npetl.craBAeHHH HpaHOH3b['IHb[X nAeMeH
u l3
H HapOtl.HocreH» .
OTHOCI1TeAbHO AOKaAI13agl111 «AaecTb[» cyrgecTBYeT MHom.eCTBO MHeHI1H.
B nOCAetl.Hee BpCMH Bce 60Abille )"-IeHb[X nOtJ"lJ,epm.I1BaIDT TeOp111O BOCTO'IHO-
I1paHCKOro, cpetl.Hea3l1aTCKO- xopacaHCKoro npOHcxom.t1.eHHH «AaeCTb[» 24.
llAHTeAbHOe BpeMH «AaecTa» nepetl.aBaAaCb OT nOKOAeHI1H K nOKOAeHl11O
MeTOtl.OM YCTHOH TpaHCAHgl1H 11 Alilllb n03m.e 6blAa 3aq>HKCHpOBaHa nHCbMeHHO.
KaK OTMe'IaeT C. n. BHHorpa,a,OBa: «Etl.I1HCTBeHHaH, C'II1TalOI,gaHCH 6ec-
cnopHOH KOtl.l1q>HKagI1H "AaeCTbt 6blAa np0l13Betl.eHa npH CaCaHI1t1.aX 11 3a-
BepweHa HAH B KOHge IV B., I1AI1 B cepetl.l1He VI B.»2,. .lLAH nl1CbMeHHOH
jlpeBHeHllliUI peAHrHH HpaHCKHX n.J\eMeH
PeAlirli03Hwe npetl.CTaBAeHI1H I1paHCKIiX nAe:\1eH BOCXO,'UIT K t1.peBHeMY
50cnpHHTHIO Ml1pa, npl1nl1cblBalOrgeMY C03HaTeAbHYlO m.113Hb BceM CY1JJHOCTH:\1.
KaK OCH3aeMb[:\1 npetl.MeTaM, TaR 11 HeOCH3aeMb[M, a TaKme Ka'IeCTBaM Ii 'IYBCT-
5a:\1 (CMeAOCTb, pa,a,OCTb 11 t1.P,), BblcrynalOI,gI1M KaK aKTHBHb[e He3aBI1CI1Mb[e
CHAb[, no-aBeCTI1HCKli Mal1HHY (MaHblO), OT rAarOAbHoro KOpIDI MaH - «t1.y-
:l<IaTb». 3TI1 CI1Ab[, KOTopble 'IaI,ge Bcero Ha3b[BaIOT t1.yxaMI1, MorAH 6b[Tb KaK
JJ:06Pbl:\IH, TaK H 3Ab[MI1. HeKOTOpb[e t1.yXH 6b[AI1 CTOAb nO'II1TaeMb[, 'ITO npH-
27
3hIBiL\HCb BO Bpe:\1H 60rocAym.eHHHI1 MorAIi Ha3b[BaTbCH «60m.eCTBeHHb[MIi» .
jLaHHwe npetl.CTaBAeHI1H nOA)"-II1AH 3Haql1TeAbHoe pa3BHTI1e K nepHOtl.y
HHAO-HpaHCKOH 06I,gHOCTI1. CpaBHliTeAbHb[H aHaAH3 TaKI1X naMHTHI1KOB, KaK
«A.aecTa» 11 «Pl1rnetl.a», npHBOtl.liT I1CCAetl.OBaTeAeH K BblBOtl.y, 'ITO erge 11.0
pa3JJ:eAeHIDI I1Htl.IiHCKIiX 11 I1paHCKliX nAeMeH cyrgeCTBOBaA KYAbT MHTPb[ -
60meCTBa t1.oroBopa, cyrgecTBOBaA MI1q> 0 HHMe (I1Htl.I1HCKOM fIMe), Cq>0P:\1I1-
pOBiL\OCb nOHHTl1e J..1CTHHbl 11 Onpetl.eAeHHaH CI1CTeMa 06pHtl.OB.
Bb[t1.eAHIOT t1.Be rpynnbl nO'II1TaeMb[X 60m.eCTB: t1.aHBa (t1.p.-HHtI.. t1.3Ba) 11
acypa (aBeCT. axypa). 3TIi 60m.eCTBa MorAH nOqHTaTbCH B Otl.HI1X Ii Tex m.e
IIAe:\1eHax. HAI1 m.e nOqliTaAl1Cb TOAbKO t1.aHBb[, a acypb[ C'IliTaAHCb Bpam.t1.e6-
Hb[:\IH, HAI1 Ha060pOT.
14
fA3Ba I
EBponeHcKHe )"-IeHb[e KOHga Cpe.ll.HeBeKOBbH H Ha'-laAa HOBoro BpeMeBI-I, 11
t-
XO.ll.H H3 C006I,geHHH aHTHqHblX aBTopoB, Hepe.lJ.l<D npHnHCb[BaAH 3apaTYtu"i'
t:>e
COBepweHHO He CBH3aHHbie C ero )"-IeHHeM peAHrH03HO-$HAocDq>CKHe Il .i\ _
meHHH, '-ITO .lI.OCTHrAO KyAbMHHa!J,HH 13 CO'-lIiHeHHH Bbl.ll.alOI,gerocH $H,\O<::G<t>
cPo HH!J,we «TaK roBOpHA 3aparycTpa»33. a
HeKOTOpb[e HCCAe.ll.OBaTeAH C'-IHTaIOT 3apaTywTPY MHq>I1'-1eCKOH ./I1-I'Il-I
-
CTblO. Ho H Cpe.ll.H Tex, KTO npH3HaeT peaAbHocTb ero CYI,geCTBOBaHWI, 8
-
.lI.YTCH nOCTOHHHble .lI.HCKYCCHH 0 TOM, KeM me OH 13 .lI.eHCTBHTeAbHOCTI1 ()b[J\:
maMaHOM, mpe!J,OM, nOAHTHKOM, apHCTOKpaTOM, MHCTHKOM, q>HAOCO ()l\!
npopOKOM?34 '
HaH60Aee aBTOpHTeTHble cOBpeMeHHble )"-IeHble nOAaralOT, '-ITO HeT cO B
-
HHH 13 TOM, '-ITO 3apaT}'lIlTpa 13 .lI.eHCTBIiTeAbHOCTH CYI!!eCTBOBaA.
B Tpa.ll.H!J,HH nO'-lTH Bcex peAHrHH pOm.ll.eHHe ee OCHOBaTeAH conpoBo$4a. e r_
CH CBepX'beCTeCTBeHHb[MIi HBAeHlUlMH, '-IY.lI.eCaMH.
4Y.lI.eca COBepwaAIiCb TaKme H npH pOm.ll.eHHH 3aparywTpb[. DomeC't'ael--I_
Ha51 6AarO.ll.aTb - XBap;ma, KOTOpaH nepe.ll.acrcH OT CBHTOro K CBHTOi't y ,
npaBHTeAH K npaBHTeAIO H npe.ll.Onpe.ll.eAeHa CBblwe, CMewHBacrcH C fr3V i;i
H
:l.larepHaAbHb[M TeAOM, H 3TOT COlO3 npOH3BO.ll.HT npeKpaCHoro MANleHga.
CHa'-laAa 60meCTBeHHaH CAaBa, HCX0.ll.H OT MecTOnpe6b[BaHHH Axypa 1\1'41_
.lI.b[ 13 6eCKOHe'-lHOM cBcre, npOWAa CKB03b He6eca, .lI.OCTlirAa 3eMAH H .lI. 0 1\l<1., r
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Bb[WAa 3aMym 3a noypywacny H3 pO.ll.a CnHTaMbI.
3aparywTpa 6blA e.ll.HHCTBeHHb[M pe6eHKoM, KOTOpblH npHweA 13 3T01' l\tl-j:
CMeHCb. dTO 06'bHCHHIOT mH3HeyTBepm.ll.aJOI,gHM Ha'-laAOM H mH3HeA106 11e :
KOTOpblM npOHHKHyTa ero npOnOBe.ll.b. BCH npHpO.ll.a AI1KOBaAa, Kor.ll.a .3a. p ,
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T)'WTpa nOHBHACH Ha CBeT. GTOT PNlOCTHblH pHTM BceAeHCKOI1 BI16pa!J,HI1 ()r!\t
TI1A nOHBAeHHe 3aparywTpbl - 60meCTBeHHoro H36paHHI1Ka Axypa M ,lJ," -
->[,
KOToporo OH caM onpe.ll.eAHA KaK nOCAaHHI1Ka 13 3TOT Ml1p.
fuxpa-MaHblO (AxpIiMaH) 11 3Ab[e .lI.YXI1 CKpblAHCb no.ll. 3eMAeH, '-Ir()fi
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BHOBb BepHyTbCH Ii np aTb 3apaT}'lIlTpy, Tpe6YH OTpe'-leHI1J1 OT Be p bll3/\xy_
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Ii.
TeAe). B «MANlWeH AaeCTe» OH Bb[crynacr KaK aTaypBaH (06I,gee 111\111 lWvI
cBHrgeHHocAymI1TeAeH). KpoMe TOro, OH Ha3b[BaeT ce6H «MaHTpaH» «c
TI
'iHHHTeAb MaHTp» ,«npOpl1gaTeAb» .
I1MH 3apaT}'lIlTpa HCTOAKOBblBaJII1 no-pa3HOMY. CAe.ll.yeT ynOMHHylb, "'to
ero HMH nepeHHaql1AI1 n03.l1.Hee rpeKI1 Ha «30poacTp», H OHO CTaAO acco!J,l1 l1 p
1)-
BaTbCH C rpe'-leCKI1M «aCTpOH» (3Be3.l1.a).
30poaCTpH3M
ECAI1 13 .lI.peBHeHWI1X '-IaCTHX «Be)!» nO'-lI1TaIOTCH H .lI.aHBbl H acypb[, TO 13
60.'1ee n03.l1.HHX '-IaCTHX K acypaM OTHOCHTCH HeraTIlBHO. PeAHrn03Hbie npe.ll.-
craBAeHI1H .lI.peBHeHulHx HpaHgeB pa3Bl!BaAI1Cb I1Ha'-le.
KaKaH-To '-IaCTb I1paHCKHX nAeMe OTBeprAa nOqHTaHl1e .lI.3BOB, a KYAbT
axypOB y HI1X BnOCAe.ll.CTBI1H npeBparu,\CH 13 «KYAbT BepxoBHoro AxYPbl C 3nH-
TeTOM "MY.ll.PbIH" - "Ma3.l1.a"»28.
KpoMe Toro, nO'iHTaJII1Cb OroHb, BO.ll.bl, 60rl1 He6a 11 3eMAli (AcMaH 11 3aM),
60rl1 cOAHga 11 AYHb[ - XBap H Max, .lI.Ba 60mecrBa Bcrpa - BaTa Ii BaHY.
BaTa - 60r .lI.yrorgero Bcrpa, npHHocilI,gHH .lI.Om,ll,eBble T}"II1. BaHY no I1paH-
CKI1M npe,ll,CTaB \eHIiHM - ,lI,b[XaHHe Ca.\10H mI13HH. B «Pm'Be,ll,e» OH Ha3blBa-
eTCH «,lI,YWOH 60roB»29.
COBepWaJII1Cb KpOBaBble mepTBonpl1HOWeHI1J1 mHBOTHb[X, TaK KaK HpaH!J,b[
BepHAI1, qTO ,lI,YWH y6HTb[X mI1BOTHb[X C OCBeTHTeAbHOH MOAHTBOH norAOI,ga-
IOTCH 60meCTBOM r3yw-YpBaH (<<j{yma 6b[Ka»), H qTO «KpoBaBble mepTBo-
npHHOWeHI1H YKpenAHIOT 3TO 60meCTIJo, 11 OHO, 13 CBOIO O'-lepe.ll.b, 3a60TI1TCH
o Bcex nOAe3Hb[X mHBOTHblX Ha 3eMAe II cnoc06CTBYcr I1X 113061iAI1IO» 30.
.llpeBHHe I1paH!J,b[ npl1nl1CblBaAl1 gelIHble CBOMcma paCreHI1IO, Ha3bIBaeMO-
MY nO-aBeCTIlHCKH xaOMa, nO-,lI,peBHellH.lI.I1MCKI1 COMa, COK KOToporo HBNlACH
3KCTaTHqeCKI1M HanliTKOM (CM.: rA. 2, nPI1M. 21).
I1paH!J,b[ CqHTaAli, '-ITO cYI!!eCTBYeT 3aKOH npHpO,ll,bl, 06eCne'-lI1BalOI,gHH MH-
pOnOpH,lI,OK. I1H,lI,oapI1H!J,aM OH 6b[A H3IJeCTeH KaK PTa (13 aBeCTHHCKOM H3b[Ke
eMY COOTBeTCTByeT CAOBO Awa (Asa). nOHHTHe «Awa» HMeAO H 3TI1'-1eCKl1H
CMbICA. CAOBO «Awa» nepeBO.ll.HT no-pa.3HOMY, 13 3aBHCI1MOCTH OT KOHTeKCTa:
«nopH,lI,OK» - eCAI1 pe'-lb H.lI.eT 0 BeIJjecTBeHHoM Ml1pe, I1AH me «I1CTI1Ha»,
«cnpaBe,ll,AI1BOCTb», «npaBe.ll.HOCTb» - TaM, r,ll,e rOBopliTCH 0 HpaBCTBeHHOCTIl.
I1crHHe npOTIiBonOCTaBAHAaCb Aomb, no-aBeCnrnCKl1 drug (,lI,pyr). Bee AIO,lI,1i
,lI,eAHMfCb Ha aWaBaH - «npaBe,ll,HbIX» 11 .lI.pyrnaHT - «npHBepmeHgeB 3Aa»31.
C 3THMH HpaHCKIiMI1 nAeMeHaMI1 CBH3aHa .lI.eHTeAbHOCTh 3apaT}'lIlTpb[ (liAA. 4).
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lKH3HeOnHCaHHIO 3apaT}'lIlTpbl 6btA11 nOCBHI,geHbl 12-H 11 13-H HaCKH «Aae-
CThI», HO OHI1 He COXpaHIiAHCb. I1x Kp TKI1H nepeCKa3 CO,ll,epmI1TCH 13 ".lleH-
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.LlmyaaH-.LlmaMaH (CM. 06 aTOM HCTO'illl1Ke rA. 2, c. 29). Hal160Aee 110,ll,p06-
Hoe mH3HeonHcaHHe 3aparywTpb[ COJl,CpmHTcH 13 nepCH,lI,CKOH n03Me «3ap-
,lI,YWT-HaMe» (1278 r.), BOCXO.ll.HrgeH K HeH3BeCTHOMY neXJ\eBHHcKoMY CO'-lH-
HeHHIO. nOCKOAbKY Tpa,ll,HgHH He ,lI,acr ilCHOro mH3HeOnHCaHIiJi 3aparywTpbl,
C ero 06pa30M CBH3aHO MHomeeTBO cnopHblX MOMeHTOB. .llHCKyTHpyroTCH 130-
npOCb[ 06 HCTOpH'-IHOCTH 3apaT}'lIlTpbl, BpeMeHH, MeCTe, HCTOpHqeCKOM KOH-
TaKTe ero MHCCHH, CMblCAe ero )"-IeHlliI 32 .
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f .l\aBa I
30poaCTpH3M
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3apaTJlllTpa B aHTH'-IHbIX HCTO'lHI1KaX 11306pamaACH MY,lJ,pegoM - aCTpo-
AorOM H 3Be3,lJ,0'leTOM. C Tex nop ero Bepo)"-leHHe Ha3bIBaeTCH «30poaCTpI13-
MOM», a ero nOCAe,lJ,OBaTeAI1 - «30poacTpI1HgaMI1»38.
«no MHeHl1fO fuIKeTI1AH-.lLfOneppoHa 3aparylliTpa 3Haql1T ,,30AOTOH
T I1IlITp" (CHpI1YC)>> 39,
P. cPpaH C'II1TaA, 'ITO I1MH 3aparyuITpa pa3'bHCHHeTCH AY'Illie Bcero KaK
[ ] 40
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06Aa,lJ,aAO «geHHb[M mI1BOTHb[M Bep6AfO,lJ,OM» 4\.
B nepeBO,lJ,e B. 11. A6aeBa CAOBO «3apaTJlllTpa» 03Ha'iaeT «HMefOrgHH eTa-
Pb[X Bep6AfO,lJ,OB» 42.
npe,lJ,AaraAl1Cb H ,lJ,Pyrlie aTIfMOAOrI1H. nOCAe 6eC'IHCAeHHb[X TOAKOBaHHH
60AbWHHCTBO cnegHaAHcTOB Cql1TaeT, qTO 3apaTJlllTpa nO-,lJ,peBHel1paHCKH
03Ha'iaeT «CTapO-Bep6 \fO,lJ,b[H» (T. e. «BAa,lJ,efOrgHH eTapblMI1 Bep6AfO,lJ,aMH»,
«TOT, 'IbH Bep6AIO,lJ,b1 CTapbl»). cho «oxpaHHoe» HMH, HMH-06epcr. nO,lJ,06Hble
I1MeHa ,lJ,aBaAH C geAbfO Orpa,lJ,I1Tb pe6eHKa OT BpalK,lJ,e6Hb[X CHA.
I1MefOTcH H ,lJ,pyrHe ,lJ,peBHel1paHCKlie HMeHa, B TOM 'IHCAe yrroMI1HaeMb[e B
«A.secTe», I1MefOI,gl1e «HBHO YHI1'il1mHTCAbHbIH OTIeHOK»: «He-6b[CTpO-Bep-
6AfO,lJ,b[H», «ToI,ge-J\oIlIa,lJ,Hb[H», «ToI,ge-6bIKHH» H ,lJ,p.43.
Y MHOrl1X HpaHCKI1X HapO,lJ,OB 113BeCTHb[ TaKoro p0,lJ,a «oxpaHHble HMeHa».
Y Ta,/UKI1KOB HX 0603Ha'iafOT KaK «HOMI1-naCT» - HH3K1ie HMeHa.
PO,lJ,I1TeAH 3aparywTpb[ TaKme 06Aa,lJ,aAli oxpaHHblMI1 I1MeHaMI1. I1MH ero
oTga - nOYPYlliacna «(CepOAOIlIa,lJ,HbIH» )44. B T a,/UKI1KI1CTaHe C'II1TaeTCH
,lJ,YPHOH npl1MeTOH HMeTb AOWa,lJ,eH aToH MaCTH. MaTh 3aparywTpbl 3BaAIi
.lLyr,lJ,OBa (6YKB.: «Ta, 'Ibl1 KOpOBbl Bb[,lJ,OeHbl», T. e. OCfaAliCb 6e3 MOAoKa)4J.
3apaTJlllTpa HMeA 'IeTb[pCX 6paTbeB: ,lJ,Ba CTapWHX 6paTa 11 ,lJ,Ba MAa,lJ,WI1X 46.
3aparywTpa 06)"-1aACH cBHI,geHcTBY, KaK npC,lJ,noAarafOT, C ceMH AeT. 3TO
06)"-1eHHe «COCTOH.!\.O B H3)"-1eHI1H 06PH.ll.OB H OCHOBHblX nOAOmeHI1H Bepbl», B Bbl-
)"-Il1BaHl111 HaH3ycTb BeAI1KHX MaHTp. T aK KaK «HpaHgbl C'IHTaAIi, 'ITO 3peAocrb
,lJ,OCTIfraeTCH B nHTHa,lJ,gaTb AeT», M. DOHC nOAaraeT, 'ITO «B aTOM B03paCTe»
3apaTJlllTpa «CTaA CBHI,geHHocAymHTeAeM» 47.
OH ,lJ,OArO CKIiTaACH B nOI1CKaX I1CTHHbl. DblJ\ CBH,lI,eTeAeM Hana,lJ,eHHH no-
KAOHHI1KOB ,lJ,aaBa Ha Ml1pHb[e 06rgHHb[ C geAbfO yroHa CKOTa. OH CTaAKI1BaeTCH
C HeCnpaBe,lJ,AHBOCThfO H HaCHAHeM H aTO n06Y,lJ,HAO B HeM CTpCMAeHl1e K TOMY,
'IT06bl BOCTopmeCTBOBaA «HpaBCTBeHHb[H 3aKOH 60mecTB - axyp», ,llMI Bcex
HacrynHAa ,lJ,06paH Ml1pHaH ml13Hb.
CorAaCHO 30poacrpHHCKI1M npC,lJ,aHIiHM, B B03pacre Tpl1,lJ,gaTH AeT 3apa-
rywTpa nOA)"-IHA OTKpOBeHl1e. npHHHMaH )"-IaCTHe B BeCeHHeM npa3,lJ,HeCTBe, OH
OTnpaBHACH Ha paCCBeTC K pCKe 3a BO,lJ,OH ,llMI npl1rOTOBAemUI xaOMbl. Kor,lJ,a
OH B03BpaTHACH Ha 6eper, OH Y3PCA ClliIfOI,gec cyrgecrBo Boxy-MaHa «<DAaroH
nOMb[CeA», «DAaraH MbIC.i\b»). OHO npl1BeAO 3apaTJlllTpy K Axypa-Ma3,lJ,e
Ii nHTIf ,lJ,pyrl1M, 113A)"-IafOI,gI1M CBeT ncpCOHaM, B npl1cyrCTBl111 KOTOpblX npopOK
. T
«HC )'B11,lJ,eA c06CTBeHH0l1 TCHH Ha 3eMAe 113-3a I1X HpKoro CBeqeHI1H» . or,lJ,a
mc 3apaTJlllTpa nOA)"-IHA OT HI1X CBOe OTKpOBeHHe.
3apaTJlllTpa nOTOM 'IaCTO 'IYBCTBOBaA npHcyrcTBl1e 11 rOAOC Axypa Ma3-
,lJ,bl. B Te'leHl1e nOCAe,lJ,}'IOrgHx ,lJ,eCHTIf AeT y Hero 6blAO eI,ge ceMb BH,lJ,CHI1H
Axypa-Ma3,lJ,bl 11 A\1ewa CneHTa (<<DeCCMepTHb[C CBHTb[e»). B O,lJ,HOM 113
BH,lJ,eHIiH eMY npe,lJ,CTaA 11 AHxpa-MaHbfO (<<3AOH .lLyx»). 3aparywTpa nOCTl1r
CTOAKHOBeHl1e ,lJ,BYX OCHOBHblX npOTIfBOnOAOmHOCTeH 6b1T11H.
OH npOnOBe,lJ,OBaA CPeAli conAeMeHHHKOB 60mecTBeHHoe OTKpOBeHl1e, HO
TI,gCTHO. EMY y,lJ,aAOCb 06paTIfTb B HOB}'IO Bepy AHIlIb CBOero ,lJ,BOfOpO,lJ,HOro
6paTa - MaAHOMaHxa. 3apaTJlllTpa BblHym,lJ,eH 6blA nOKHHyrb CBOH HapO,lJ, 11
OTnpaBH_\CH B gapcTBo KaBI1-BI1WTaCnb[, rAe CMor ,lJ,06HTbCH 6AarOCK.i\OHHOCTIf
gapHgb[ XyraOCb[, caMoro gapH BI1IlITaCnb[ H 06paTliTb I1X B HOB}'IO Bepy. 3a-
paTJlllTpe 6b[AO TOr,lJ,a 42 ro,lJ,a. BCKope 6blAH 06paI,geHbl B «axypOBCKYfO Bepy
3aparywTpbl» 6AlimaHIlII1e pO,lJ,CTBeHHIiKI1 BHWTaCnb[: .lLmaMacna - MY,lJ,Pb[H
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npl1HHTlie gapC!I<[ BI1IlITaCnOH Bepb[ 3apaTJlllTpbl Bbl3BaAO Hero,lJ,OBaHl1e co-
CC,lJ,HI1X npaBI1TeAeH. OHI1 Tpe60BaAI1, 'IT06b[ BI1IlITaCna BepHYACH K cTapoH pC-
AHrHI1. Ero OTKa3 COBepIlIHTb 3TO npl1BeA K HaqaAY BOHHb[ C rypaMl1, B KOTO-
pOH gapb BI1IlITaCna O,lJ,epmaA n06e,lJ,y 11 3TO cnoc06CTBOBaAO npl1HHTIffO )"-Ie-
HI1H 3apaTJlllTpbl B cTpaHe BHwTacnbl.
o ml13HI1 3aparywTpb[ nOCAe 06paI,geHlliI B ero Bepy BI1WTaCnb[ npaKTH-
'IeCKI1 HCT cBelleHHH. 113BecTHo AHWb, 'ITO 3apaTJlllTpa 6blA TPHmllb[ meHaT,
I1MeA Tpex cblHoBeH H Tpex ,lJ,O'lepeH. no MHeHl1fO M. DOHC, «3TO KameTCH no-
1l03pHTeAbHO CI1MMeTpl1'1HbIM 11, MomeT 6blTb, o6'bHcHHeTCH TeM. 'ITO Tpl1 Y 30-
. 49
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nAeMHHHl1ga .lJ,maMaCnb[. I1x 6paK 6b[J\ 6e311eTHbIM.
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Bb[WAa 3aMym 3a MY llPOro .lJ,maMacny - COBeTHI1Ka gapH BI1WTacnbl. Ha HX
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llpyme }"IeHb[e, OTBepraH ,lI,OCTOBepHOCTb ,lI,aTb[ «258 AeT ,lI,0 AAeKCaH,ll,-
pa», nOAaralOT, 'lTO 3apaT)'lllTpa }f{IiA B VIII-VII BB. ,lI,0 H. a. 61 .
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,lI,0 H. a. 62 . 3TOro }f{e MHeHIiH npH,lI,ep}f{IiBaIOTCR f. HbOAIi 63 , X. XYM6ax 64 ,
VI. M. CTe6AIiH-KaMeHcKHH 6j .
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(BpeMeHeM C03,l1,aHIiH KOTOpOH C'lHTaIOT BTOpyIO nOAOBIiHY II Tb[CR'leAeTHH ,lI,0
H. a.)66 H ,lI,liaAeKTa, Ha KOTOpOM HanlicaHbI «faTb[», npe,ll,AaralOT paHHlie ,lI,a-
TlipOBKIi }f{li3HIi 3aparyllITpbl.
M. DOHc B «VICTOplili 30poaCTpli3Ma» onpe,ll,eNleT }f{li3Hb 3aparyllITpbI
BpeMeHeM nOCAe 1700 r. ,lI,0 H. a. Ii paHee 1000 r. ,lI,0 H. a., yrOqHHH nepliO,ll,
Me}f{,lI,y 1400-1000 rr. ,lI,0 H. a.6'. B KHlire «Zoroastrians. Their Religious
Beliefs and Practices» - 1700-1500 rr. ,lI,0 H. a. 68 . B nepBOM 1i3,l1,aHIiH PYC-
CKoro nepeBO,ll,a aTOH KHHm - 1500-1200rr. ,lI,0 H. a. 69 . B TpeTbeM H3,l1,a-
Hlili PYCCKOro nepeBO,ll,a aTOH pa60Tb[ - OKOAO 1200 r. ,lI,0 H. a. 70 .
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1000-600 rr. ,lI,0 H. a. 71 .
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onpe,ll,eAeHHbIx Ii 0,ll,H03Ha'lHbIX ,lI,aHHbIX. Mb[ npIiCOe,ll,IiHHeMcH K MHeHli10 Tex
}"IeHbIX. KOTOpb[e nOAaralOT, qTO OH ,lI,OMKeH 6bIA }f{liTb,ll,O 600 r. ,lI,0 H. a.
a pO,ll,HHe 3aparyllITpb[ Ii npOHCXO}f{,lI,eHIiH «ABecTbI» CYIfjeCTBYIOT ,lI,Be
OCHOBHbIe TeopHIi: «MH,lI,IiHCKaH» H «BOCTO'lHaH». CorAacHo «MIi,ll,IiHCKOH Teo-
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B nOAb3Y aTOH TeopHIi npHBO,ll,HTCH 06b['lHO CAe,ll,YIOIfjlie aprYMeHTbI: 1) reo-
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C BOCTO'lHOlipaHCKOH anH'leCKOH Tpa,ll,HglieH; 3) Tpa,ll,ligHH napCOB. CBR3b[BaIO-
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6eHHOCTH R3b[Ka «ABeCTb[» (raTcKoro ,lI,HaAeKTa), n03BONllOrgHe CBR3aTb ero
C ,lI,peBHHMIi R3b[KaMIi Cpe,ll,HeH A3IiIi - cor ,lI,IiHCKHM H xope3MHHcKHM.
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CT Bccro HeCKOAbKO MIiH}'T, HO ero nOCTOHHHoe nOBTopeHHc IiMeeT orpoMHoe
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'1eMY }"IHA 3aparyulTpa, npelJ,C1'aBAeHO B «faTax». HaIi6o \ce BamHb[C MOMCH-
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60m - I1HlJ,pa, MHTpa, APlJ,Blicypa AHaxliTa Ii lJ,p. 6bL\1i npH'iIiCAeHbI K 11.3-
BaM), OCYLK)l,CHIiC KpOBaBb[X mepTBonpliHOlliCHIiH Ii xaO:\lbl. OCHOBHb[M B ero
}"ICHIiIi 6b[AO npOB03rAallleHlie Axypa Ma3lJ,bI, KOTOpbIH «C lJ,peBHOCTIi nO'1Ii-
TaACfI KaK BeAIi'iaHllIIiH H3 TpCX axyp, xpaHIiTCAeH allIa», «eAHHcTBeHHbIM He-
COTBopeHHblM DorOM, CYIfjCCTBYIOIfjIiM Be'1HO, TBOpgOM Bccro 6AamrO» 81.
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AeHHH I1CTHHb[, 6Aara.
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A06po Ii 3AO. B CBOCH 6opb6e OHH C03lJ,aAli 6blTlie Ii Hc6bITlie (T. e. CMCpTb).
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YHliqTOmliT 3AO Ii Mlip, CTaHeT «gCAHKOM 6Aarl1M HaBCCr,ll,a» 82.
KaJKlJ,b[H '1eAOBeK B CBoeH mli3HIi lJ,OAmeH ClJ,eAaTb aHaAOrli'1Hb[H Bb[60p H
CAymH1'b Axypa Ma3lJ,C, nO'iHTaH em MblCAJlMH, CAOBaMIi Ii lJ,eAaMIi H cAelJ,O-
BaTb n}'TH lJ,06pa, AI160 OTBeprH}'Tb ero Ii 1i36pa1'b n}'Tb 3Aa.
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CMepTHb[X CBHTb[X»): Boxy MaHa (<<DAaraH Mb[CAb»), Arna BaxHlllTa
(<<A}"Illiafi HCTIiHa», «AY'1llIaH npaBelJ,HOcTb»), XllIaTpa BaHpbH (<< Hali-
AY'1llIIiH pacnopHAOK», «iKeAaHHafi BAaCTb»), CneHTa ApMaHTIi (<<CBflToe
DAarO'1eCTlie»), XaYPBaTaT (<<UCAOCTHOCTb») Ii AMepTaT (<<DeccMCpTIiC»).
22
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npolicxom eHlifi CaollIbflHT (6YKB.: "TOT, KTO npHHeceT nOAb3Y, 6,'\aro").
EMY npe CTOHT BeCTIi nocAe Hee, pellialOlfjee cpameHlie npoTIiB CIiA 3Aa.
OH pO IiTCfI OT ceMeHIi 3aparyIlITpb[, KOTopoe coxpaHHcrCH 'fy eCHb[M 06pa-
30M B 03epe, OTOm)l,eCTBAHeMOM C 03epOM KaHcaoHa (KaHcaBa), T. e. C 03epoM
XaMYH (CIiCTaH, lOro-BOCTOK VlpaHa). C HacrynAeHlieM KOHga BpeMeH Ii B
HeM Ii(:.KynaeTCH H36paHHaH eBYIliKa Ii 3a'iHeT 01' ceMeHH npopOKa». B Ha,lI,Ae-
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OBaAO YaAIiCTIi'ieCKIiIi MOHOTeli3M - oc06yro pa3HOBIi HOCTb e I!H060mml
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o Horo, HO BMeCTe C TeM npli3HaeT cYlfjecTBoBaHlie CBepX'beCTeCTBeHHoH CIiAbI
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paT)'lIlTpbl B "faTax"". B HeM rocno cTByeT YaAH3M - npOTliB060pCTBO
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OTMe'feHO BblllIe, «3aBepllIaeTCH MOHOTeIi3MOM, HallIe IlIIiM CBoe BblpameHlie
B BepXOBHOM 60meCTBe Axypa Ma3 e». KpOMe TOro, npOTHBonOCTaBAHlOTCfI
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Ma3 a C'fHTaeTCH OTgOM "CBHToro yxa» Ii TBOpgOM Bcero cYlfjero;
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B aHHoH pa60Te He npe CTaBAHeTCfI B03MOmHb[M paCCMOTpeTb CAomHyro IiC-
TOplilO 30poaCTpli3Ma. .l.\.NI yrBepm eHIiH 30poaCTpli3:\.1a B03 BHraAIiCb MHoro-
'-IIiCAeHHb[e aATapli orHfI (IiAA. 5), xpaMbl, pa3pa6aTblBaACH CAomHblH pHT)'aA
H MHoro'fIiCAeHHb[e npe nlicaHHH, perAaMeHTlipyrolfjlie mli3Hb 30poacTpHHgeB.
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aTOM Me'fTaA 3apaT)'llITpa, no geAOMY PH Y npli'fIiH He CMor, npeBpaTliBlliliCb
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(H3 HHX OKOAO 19 Tb[CfI'f - B TerepaHe), 3Tb[CfI'fli - B BeAIiK06pHTaHIiIi,
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pyrorgHX.
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AaMCKOH Pecny6AHKIi VlpaH B eKa6pe 1979 r. 6b[Aa npliHHTa HOBaH KOH-
CTlfIYIlHH VlcAaMcKoH Pecny6AHKIi VlpaH. CorAacHo CTaTbe 13 KOHC1'HT)'!!HIi
nOCAe 3apaTywTpbl
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AaCb peAlirilll 30poaCTpH3M. CaMIi 30poacTpHHgb[ Ha3blBaAH ee «BaXBIi aaHa
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AHrIDI» ). Y nOTpe6.NIAH Ii TepMHH 3apaT)'llITpH (cpeNienepCH,lI,CKoe 3aP YIlITIi).
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24
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101'01 peAlirli03HblMH MeHblilHHCTBaMH 93 .
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Mii 06bl'laHMIi.
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peAlirH03Hb[X MeHblilIiHCTB. OHIi He npHHHMalOT }"IaCTHH B 06rgeCTBeHHOH H
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nOTOM)' 'ITO B peaAbHOH mli3HH 30poacTpliHgb[ CTaAKHBaAHCb C pa3HOrO pOll.a
OrpaHIi'ieHIiHMIi.
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lilKOAaM, T. K. B HIiX Ka'leCTBO 06pa30BaHIi>! A}"Ilile. Cpell.liliH H BbICIIlMH KAac-
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CKoro 06IfjeCTBa, B KOTOpOM OHH 6yll.}'T IiMeTb Hli3KliH cTaryc H MOryr CTaTb
OObeKTOM peAHrH03HOH lI.IiCKpHMIiHagHIi. KaK B 30poaCTpHHCKHX, TaK H B 'iaCT-
Hb[X HagliOHaAbHbIX lilKOAax 60AblilHHCTBO }"IeHIiKOB Ii npenOll.aBaTeAeH 6bIAH
MYCYAbMaHaMIi 94 .
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aToro 6paKa He MomeT 6bITb npliHflT B 06rgHHY. napCbl-peq>opMaTOpb[ noli.-
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Mb[e npli mepTBonpliHOllleHHHX Ii 6orocAymeHlifix.
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HBAeHlieM nO'lHTaHlifl 3 . «BlicnepeJl,» - aTO Jl,AIiHHaH AHryprHH, COCTOHI.!JaH 1i3
paclllflpeHHoH «HCHb[» H «BH,lI,eBJI,aTa». I13MeHeHlie npOli30lllAO 3a C'ieT npli-
6aBAeHHH MHOrO'lHCAeHHb[X Jl,OnOAHHTeAbHbIX 3aKAHHaHIiH. Ee Ha3BaHlie 03Ha-
'iaeT «nOKAOHeHlie BceM BAaJI,bIKaM». OHa npOBOJl,IiTCfI OC06eHHO B Te'leHlie
ceMIi CBflTbIX peAHrH03HbIX Jl,HeH «Cahambaf», nOCBflI.!JeHHbIX AxypaMa3J1,e Ii
llleCTIi BeAHKIiM A'\1ellla CneHTa (aBecT. «6ecCMePTHbIe CBflTb[e»).
3. «BHJI,eBJI,aT» (V d.) HBNleTCfI C60pHliKOM CMelllaHHb[X np03ali'leCKIiX
TeKCTOB B KOHge «MAaJI,llleH ABeCTbI», COCTaBAeHHb[X nO-BHJI,IiMOMY B nap-
IpflHCKIiH nepliOJl,. «BIiJl,eBJI,aT» COCTOHT 1i3 22 rAaB (fragard)4. DO.i\blllIiHCTBO
1i3 HHX CBfl3aHO C 3aKOHOM 'IIiCTOTb[ KaK CpeJl,CTBa 6opb6bl npoTHB 3Aa. B paH-
HeliCAaMCKHH nepliOJl, OH COCTaBIiA 'iaCTb npa3J1,HyeMoH HO'lblO AHryprli1i «Hc-
Ha» j. «" BHJI,eBJI,aT" 6bIA nepeBeJl,eH Ha CpeJl,HenepCHJI,CKIiH fl3b[K He paHee
IV-V BB. H. a. (Pahlavi Vendidad»). B aTOM nepeBOJI,e 06HapymHBaeTCfI
6oAbllloe KOAflqeCTBO OlllH60K, BO MHorHX CA}"IaHX HCKamaeTCH CMbICA aBe-
CTHHCKOro TeKCTa. Ho «aBTopbI Jl,OllleJl,lllHX Jl,0 Hac CpeJl,HenepCHJI,CKHX 6oro-
CAOBCKHX TpaKTaToB Ii 3aKOHOBeJl,'IeCKIiX TPYJl,OB nO.i\b30BaA1iCb, KaK npaBIiAo,
u B .. 6 B
He aBeCTHIiCKHM, a CpeJl,HenepCIiJl,CKHM TeKCTOM" I1J1,eBJI,aTa » .« IiJl,eBJI,aT»
OC06eHHO BameH JI,MI TeMbI Halllero IiCCAeJl,OBaHHH, TaK KaK COJl,epmliT Ha1i60-
Aee paHHlie CBHJI,eTe.i\bCTBa no nOrpe6aAbHOMY 06pflJl,Y. (t)parapJl,b[ 5-12
KPATKAH XAPAKTEPHCTHKA
nHCbMEHHbIX HCTOLlHHKOB
H HCTOPHOfPA<I>HH .30POACTPHHCKOrO
nOrPEEAJ\.bHOrO OEPHltA
KaK H3BeCTHO, CBHI.!JeHHoH KHlirOH 30poaCTpli3Ma flBNleTCfI «fuecTa».
CTapeHlllaH pYKonliCb «ABecTbI», Jl,OllleJl,lllaH Jl,0 Hac, Jl,a111pyeTcfI 1288 fO-
Jl,OM. KaK yme 6b[AO OTMe'ieHO, 60AblllHHCTBO HCCAeJl,OBaTeAeH CKAOHHeTCH K
MHeHHlO, 'iTO «fuecTa» CAomHAaCb Ha TeppliTopHIi BOCTOqHOro I1paHa.
«ABecTa» Jl,0 apa6cKoro 3aBoeBaHHH COCTOflAa 1i3 21 KHlifH (<<HaCK»). Ka-
}KJI,aH TaKaH KHHra COCTOflAa 1i3 c06CTBeHHO aBeCTIiHCKOro TeKCTa Ii KOMMeHTa-
plifl K HeMY (<<3aHJI,») Ha CpeJl,HenepCH,lI,CKOM H3bIKe. .llNI KamJl,OrO HaCKa IiMe-
AOCb c06CTBeHHoe Ha3BaHlie, KOTopoe COOTBeTCTBOBaAO 21 CAOBY, COCTaBNIlO-
I.!J:,MY C MYlO cuBHrgeHHYlO 30poaCTpliHcKYlO MOAIiTBY ahuna vairya (axYHa
Balipbfl). B Jl,eIiCTBIiTeAbHOCTIi TOAbKO HeKOTopb[e 113 aTIiX TeKCTOB Jl,OJ\mHb[
paCCMaTpHBaTbCfI KaK nOJl,AHHHb[e CBIiJl,eTeAbCTBa, Jl,OllleJl,llllie OT 3aparylllTpb[,
TaK Ha3bI aeM [e «faTb[» (aBeCT. gaS-a - «neCHoneHHH») (TeKCT H nepeBOJl,
Ha aHrAHIiCKIiH fl3b[K CM.: Humbach, 1991. TaM me CM. 61i6AHorpalpli'ieCKHe
CCb[AKIi Ha Jl,pyrfle 1i3J1,aHIi>! Ii nepeBOJl,bI). OHIi HaXOJI,HTCH B TOH 'IaCTH «fue-
CTb[», KOTOpaH Ha3blBaeTCH «HcHa» (<<nOKAOHeHlie»). 3aparylllTpa fOBOpHT B
HHX OT nepBoro AHga. B TO BpeMfI, KOrJl,a mHA 3aparylllTpa, IipaHgb[ He 6bIAii
3HaKOMbI C nIiCbMeHHOC1'blO, a KOrJl,a OHa nOHBHAaCb, CTaAli paCCMaTpHBaTb ee
KaK HCKYCCTBO, C03J1,aHHoe AxpliMaHOM H npeJl,Ha3Ha'ieHHOe TOAbKO JI,MI Mlip-
CKHX geAeH. .L\.AHTeAbHoe BpeMH peAHrH03HbIe TeKCTbI nepeJl,aBaAH YCTHO,
HaKoHeg, OHH 6bL'\H 3anlicaHbI aBeCTIiHCKHM aAlpaBIiToM, C03AaHHb[M rAaBHb[M
06pa30M JI,MI aTOH geAH. CAOBO «faTa» (KOTopoe cYI.!JeCTByeT TaKme B caHCK-
pliTe) nepeBOJl,HTCH nO-pa3HOMY: «rnMH», «noaMa», «nGlAOM». «faTbl» 3a-
parylllT b[ flBNllOTCfI KOpOTKIiMIi CTIiXOTBOPHb[MIi TeKCTaMIi B 1p0pMe BbICKa-
3blBaHHIi, aJl,peCOBaHHb[X IiM AxypaMa3J1,e. OHH HcnOAHeHbl CTpaCTHbIX
'IYBCTB, KOTOpb[e Bb[pameHbI B yroH'IeHHbIX Ii IiHOCKa3aTeAbHbIX CAOBax H no
1p0pMe npliHaJl,AemaT K Jl,peBHeH TP<vtMgflH peAHrH03HOH noa3HH, COCTaBAeHHOH
mpegaMH-npOpOKa.MIi, 'Iepe3 H3}"1eHHe « faT» Ii MeJl,HTaglilO npeJl,CTaBNlAaCb
B03MomHOCTb Jl,OCTflmeHIiH eJl,IiHeHHfI C 6omecTBoM. OJl,HaKO OHIi HBNllOTCH
TOAbKO npliMepOM aTOH TpaJl,liglili, nepellleJl,llleH B I1paH, Ii AHTeparypHaH
28
f MBa II
KpaTKaH xapaKTepHCTHKa nHCb 'eHHb!X HCTO'lHHKOB H HCTopHorpa<!JHH
29
TpaKrylOT 06 oCKBepHeHIiH AlOJI,eH Ii BeIfjeH OT conpliKocHoBeHHfI C TpynaMIi Ii
npaBHAax o<mrgeHHfI.
4. «HWT» (<<no<urraHHe», «BOCXBaAeHHe» OT aBeCT. Ha3 - «no<m-
TaTb») - "IiMHbl, nocBflrgeHHb[e MeHbWIiM 60meCTBaM 30poaCTpli3Ma. HeKo-
TOpb[e 1i3 «HWTOB» 1i3BeCTHb[ KaK «60AbWIie» H3-3a HX l/,AHHbl, nOaTWleCKOH
OC06eHHOCTIi H Jl,peBHOCTIi HeKOTOpb[X 1i3 IiX CTpOIp, KOTOpb[e (KaK nOKa3aAii
napaAAeAIi C «PlifBeJl,OH») BOCXOJl,flT K IiHJI,O-lipaHCKOMY nepHOJl,Y, TO eCTb
B03MomHO K 1500 HAii Jl,ame 2000 f. Jl,0 H. 3. Ho Jl,ame TaKlie Jl,peBHlie MaTe-
pliaAb[ coxpaHIiAHCb B Jl,liaAeKTe «MAaJI,WeH AseCTbl». KaK yme OTMe'iaAOCb,
TO'iHO 3anOMliHaACfI TOAbKO TeKCT « faT» BCAeJl,CTBlie BeAIiKOH CBHTOCTH.
.llPYflie, MeHee cBHrgeHHble CAOBa 6blAii nepeJl,aHb[ B 60Aee H3MeHeHHOM BIiJl,e,
OHIi 'iaCTliqHO 3anOMHHaAliCb, 'iaCTH'iHO COCTaB.i\HAliCb BHOBb KaJKJI,blM nOKOAe-
HlieM mpegoB-n03TOB, TaK 'iTO HX fl3blK H3MeWIACfI B 3aBHCliMOCTH OT 1i3MeHe-
HIiH, npOIiCXOJl,flIfjIiX B pa3fOBOpHOM H3b[Ke.
.LlAH 1i3}"ieHHH H3b[Ka «AseCTb[» Ii 30poacTpli3Ma HHTepeCHbl aBeCTIiHCKlie
IppafMeHTb[ B BH,lI,e C60PHHKOB: «3xpliaTaCTaH» - mpe'ieCKHH KOJl,eKC H «HIi-
paHflicTaH» - pHryaAbHblH KOJl,eKC, gHTaTbl B CpeJl,HenepCIiJl,CKOM TpaKTaTe
«AlppeHIi Jl,aXMoH», Ha3bIBaeMOM IiHa'ie «AoreMaAae'ia» 7 .
OrHoCHIfjlieCfI K CepeJl,IiHe XIX B. ny6AliKaglili aBeCTHHCKoro TeKCTa YCTa-
peAIi. l-'!3 IiMelOrgHxcfI 1i3J1,aHliH «ABecrb[» Hali60Aee nOAHb[M HB.i\HeTCfI 1i3J1,a-
Hlie K. ct>. feAbJl,Hepa, ony6AliKoBaHHoe B KOHge XIX BeKa B . l-'!3 nepeBOJl,OB
«ABeCTb[» coxpaHfllOT CBoe 3Ha'ieHlie nepeBOJl,b[ .lI.m. .lI.apMcTeTepa 9 Ii OCHO-
BaHHblH Ha .lI.peBHelipaHcKoM CAOBape Xp. 5apToAoMe nepeBOJl, ct>p. BOAb-
lpa lO . Ero nepeBOJl" no MHeHlilO 11. M. OpaHcKofo, Hali60Aee nOAHblH H TO'i-
u [1 C
Hbm 1i3 IiMelOrglixCH. yrgecTBYlOT TaKme nepeBOJl,bl OT Jl,eAbHbiX 'iaCTeH
«ABeCTbl», B 'iaCTHOCTIi «faT», «HwTa» H Jl,pyrHX.
nO.J\Horo nepeBOJl,a «AseCThI» Ha PYCCKHH fl3blK He cyrgecrnyeT (eCTh TOAb-
KO OTJI,e.J\bHble OTpbIBKIi B nepeBOJl,ax K. f.3aAeMaHa, K. A. KOCCOBIi'ia,
C. n. BIiHOfpaJl,OBOH, 11, M. OpaHcKofo, 11. C. 5parHHCKOfO, A. A. ct>peH-
MaHa, 3. A. fpaHTOBCKOfO, E. 3. 5epTeAbca, 11. M. CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKoro,
B. fa. KPlOKOBOH, TeMaTli'ieCKHe nepeCKa3b[ B. 11. A6aeBa). B 1997 f. BblweA
C60PHliK «AsecTa B PYCCKHX nepeBOJl,aX (1861-1996)>> noJl, 06IfjeH peJl,aKgHeH
YI.. B. PaKa. B Hero BOIWIH nOqTH see pYCCKlie nepeBOJl,b[ aseCTliHCKHX TeKCTOB.
neXJ\eBIiHCKHe (cpeJl,HenepCIiJl,CKlie) HCTOqHIiKIi HanHcaHbl Ha CpeJl,Henep-
CIiJl,CKOM fl3b[Ke. B 60AbWHHCTBe 1i3 HHX oTpamacrcfI peAHrH03HaH cHryagHH,
npeBCL\lip}'lOIfjaH B nepliOJl, npaBAeHHH CaCaHH,lI,CKOH Jl,11HaCTHH (226-651 fr.
H. 3.), IiAIi me HeCKOAbKO n03J1,Hee, B VIII-X BB., Jl,peBHeHwHe H3 coxpa-
HHBWIiXCH PYKonHceH OTHOCHTCfI K XIV B.
PeAlifli>l CpeJl,HelipaHCKIiX neXJ\eBIiHCKIiX IiCTO'iHIiKOB npeJl,CTaB.i\HeTCfI npo-
Jl,OAmeHlieM peAlifHH «MAaJI,WeH ABecTbl». OHa flB.i\HeTCH 30poaCTpH3MOM.
30poaCTpli3M CTaA B CaCaHIiJl,CKOM I1paHe roCYJI,apCTBeHHOH peAlirHeH 6Aa-
roJl,apH BbICO'iaHweMY M06eJl,Y - BepXOBHOMY mpegy KepJl,HPY (HAA. 6) 12,
3aHliMaBweMY 3TOT nOCT B III B. BO BpeMH npaBAeHlifi nepBblX CaCaHHJI,OB:
Wanypa I, XOpMli3J1,a I, BapaxpaHa I H BapaxpaHa II. KepJl,Hp caM onlicaA B
CBOIiX HaJI,nHCflX, KaK OH npeBpaTIiA OPTOJl,OKCaAbHb[H 30poaCTpH3M B rocYJI,ap-
CTBeHH}'lO peAHfHlO Ii KaK OH npeCAeJl,OBaA Jl,PYflie peAlifHH, nOJl,06Hb[e IiYJI,a-
u 6 13'::\ u
1i3MY, xpliCTliaHCTBY, MaHlixeHCTBY Ii YMli3MY . OTOT 3nlifpalpH'iecKIiIi na-
MflTHIiK npHMO CBfl3aH C HaweH TeMoH. KepJl,lip BblceK CBOIi HaJl,nliCIi, 'iT06bl
)'TBepJI.IITb a6coAlOTHoe npeBOCXOJl,CTBO H npaBIiAbHOCTb Ma3J1,eIiCTCKoH (30poa-
CTpHHCKOH) peAlifli1i Ii ee npaKTHKIi 14 . B Jl,BYX 1i3 qeTb[peX HaJI,nliCeH coxpa-
HIiACfI paCCKa3 0 nyrewecTBli1i 3TOfO mpega B 3arp06HblH Mlip H CYJI,b6e Jl,YWH
tj
nOCAe CMepTIi .
Hali60Aee BaJKHbl neXJ\eBIiHcKHH nepeBOJl, Ii KOMMeHTapHIi aBecTIiHcKIiX IiC-
TOqHIiKOB. T aKlie KOMMeHTapHIi cyrgecTB}'lOT JI,AJI 60.J\bWeH 'iaCTH «AsecTbl»
3a IiCKAlOqeHlieM 60AbwliHcTBa «HWTOB». 4acTo nepeBOJl, Ha neXAeBIi Jl,aeTCH
CAOBO B CAOBO. OCTaHoBIiMcH BKpaTge Ha HeKOTopblX BamHeHwHx CpeJl,Henep-
CIiJl,CKIiX (neXAeBIiHcKIiX) IiCTO'iHIiKax.
«.lleHKapJl,» «<Denkard» - «.lleHHlifi Bepb[») - caMoe 06wlipHoe 1i3
coxpaHHBWIiXCfI COqIiHeHIiM. OHO COCTOHAO H3 Jl,eBHTIi KHlif, 1i3 KOTOPb[X Jl,Be
IiC'ie3AIi, CeH'iaC 3TO 60Aee TblCfI'ili cTpaHlig CpeJl,HenepCIiJl,CKOfO TeKCTa. 3TO
3HgliKAOneJl,lifi Ma3J1.eIiCTCKOfO (n03J1,He30pOacTpHHcKOfO) 3HaHHfI, KOTOpaH
BOCXOJl,IiT K IX-X BB. CO'iIiHeHlie 6b[AO COCTaBAeHO AJ!.yplpapH6af-1i
ct>appaX3aJl.aHOM npeJl,nOAOmliTeAbHO B nepBoH nOAOBIiHe IX B., OKOH'ia-
TeAbHO OTpeJl,aKTlipOBaHO AJ!.IiPH6aJ1,-H EMeJl,aHOM, nO-BIiJl,IiMOMY, B Ha'iaAe
X B. «.lI.eHKapJl,» COJl,epmliT H3AomeHlie Ii nepeBOJl, aBeCTIiHCKIiX TeKCTOB,
nepeqeHb COJl,epmaHIiH aBeCTIiMCKIiX CO'iIiHeHIiH, B TOM 'iIiCAe HeJl,OWeJl,WHX
Jl,0 COBpel\!eHHOCTIi. B «.lI.eHKapJl,e» l\!HOfO l\!eCTa YJI,eAeHO 3aparyulTpe
(KHlifa VII), BMeCTe C Tel\! COJl,epmaTCfI Ii TeOAOfliqeCKlie nOAomeHlifl, CBfI-
3aHHb[e C 30poaCTpli3MOM CaCaHIiJl,CKOfO Bpel\!eHIi Ii 3aIfjHTOH HX OT IiCAaMa
(KHlirH III _ IV) 16.
«BI13HJ1,arMxa-1i 3a.A-CnpaM-H .l/,;-K)'BaH-.l/,;-Ka:vlaH» (<< Viildagtna i Zad-spram
i ]uvan-jaman» - «1136paHHble nlicaHHH 3a.ACnpaMa .l/,;-KYBaH-.lI.maMaHa»).
ABTOp - 3aJ1,CnpaM, M06eJl, 1i3 Cepaxca, n03me mliBWIiH Ha lOfe I1paHa.
CO'iHHeHlie OTHOCIiTCH K 881 f. CO'iHHeHlie paCnaJl,aeTCH Ha 'ieTblpe 'iaCTIi:
1) KOCMOroHHH Ii KOCl\!OAOrHH; 2) mH3Hb 3aparywTpb[; 3) HeCKOAbKO fAaB no
'ieAOBe'ieCKOH nCIiXOAOfli1i H Jl,Be 60.J\bwlie 3cxaTOAOfH'ieCKlie rAaBb[. B CO'iH-
HeHli1i npHBOJI,JITCfI CCblAKIi Ha IiCTO'iHHKIi. 3-r0, TaK CKa3aTb, peAHrM03HaH
( U ) 17
30poaCTpliliCKaH HCTOpHH Mlip03J1,aHHH .
«5YHJI,axIiWH» (<<Bundahisn» - «CoTBopeHlie OCHOBb[», «MHp03J1,a-
HHe» HAIi «nepBoTBopeHHe»). OH 6blA HanHcaH ct>apH6aroM (Farnbag)
30
f .!\aBa II
KpaTKaH xapaKTepHCTHKa nHCbMeHHblX HCTO'lHHKOB H HCTopHorpaqJHH
31
(H3 lpaMHAHH llaTaKlix?) (Datakih?). B CO'iIiHeHHIi rOBOpIiTCH. 'lTO OHO 6blAO
HanHcaHO B 446-447 rr. XHAmpbl, T. e. B 1098 r., HO IiMeeTCH H ApyraH Aa-
Ta - 527 r. XHlJ,.(KPb[, T. e. 1178 r., KOTOpaH, OqeBH,lI,HO, CBH3aHa C n03AHeH
06pa60TKoH TeKCTa. «"DYHAaXIiIIIH" HBAHeTCH OAHOH 1i3 Hali60Aee IpYHAaMeH-
TaAbHblX KOMnHNlgliH cacaHIiACKOI1: 3noXH; TaKme ero Ha3bIBalOT zand agahlh
( ) 3 " 18
cpeAHenepc. ,TO eCTb" HaHlie 3aHAa » .
«DYHAaXHlliH» AOllieA 11,0 Hac B ABYX BepClliIX: nOAHOH (<<lipaHCKOH») -
u Ie u Ie u ( u u ) 19
TaK Ha3blBaeMblH «UOAblliOIi uYHAaXHlliH» - Ii KpaTKoli «IiH,ll,HHCKOIi» .
no CBoeMY nAaHY «DYHAaXlilliH» 6Ali30K «3aAcnpa'\1Y». KHHra COAepmHT
cBeAeHHH 0 COTBopeHli1i Mlipa, eCTecTB03HaHHH, 3cxaTOAorliH Ii ApeBHeHlliHe
MHlpbl, KOTOpb[e He coxpaHIiAIiCb B H3BeCTHb[X qaCTHX «AseCTbl». HapMY C
3TliM IiMelOTCH BiUKHb[e cBeAeHIiH no reorpalplili (rAaBa 29), coopymeHHHM,
npHnliCblBaeMb[M npeACTaBHTe UlM KaHHIiACKOH AHHaCTHIi (rAaBa 32), npHBO-
A51TCH CBeAeHHH 0 MIiIpIi'ieCKIiX H IiCTOpli'leCKIiX gapHx I1paHa, IiMeHa Mo6eAOB
(r AaBa 35) HAp. XOTH 3Ha'lHTeAbHaH 'iaCTb 3aHMCTBOBaHa 1i3 «3aJJ,cnpaMa»,
Bce me eCTb MHoro 0plirIiHaAbHb[X AaHHb[X no MIiIpOAorlili, KOCMorOHIiIi, reo-
20
rpalplili .
«.L\.aAlicTaH-1i lleHIir» «<Dadestan i Denig» - «PaccymAeHHH 0 Bepe»,
«PeAHr1i03Hble YCTaHOB,\eHIiH», «PeAHrIi03Hb[e cymAeHHH»). AsTOp MaHYlli-
'lIiXP .l{;KYBaH-.l{;KaMaH - CTaplliliH 6paT ynOMJJHyrOro 3aJJ,wpaMa. CO'iIiHe-
Hlie HanlicaHO B IX B. OHO COCTOIiT H3 nO'iTH CTa BOCbMIi BonpOCOB, nOCTaB-
AeHHblX HeKIiM MIiXp XBapllieAoM (Mihr Xvarsed) Ii OTBeTOB Ha HIiX. B co-
'lHHeHIiH o6cymAalOTcH MHorlie peAHrH03HO-AorMaTIi'leCKHe BOnpOCb[ Ii BMeCTe
C TeM BOnpOCb[ 06lfjeCTBeHHoH H X03HHCTBeHHOH m1i3H1i 21 . .L\.NI HallieH TeMb[
BiUKHbl, B 'laCTHOCTIi, BonpOCbl 14 Ii 15, B OTBeTax Ha KOTopble CKa3aHO, 'lTO
c06aKH H nTligb[ noeAalOT MepTBoe TeAO.
nepy MaHyrn'lHXpa .l{;KysaH-.l{;KaMaH npliHNJ,AemliT H Apyroe CO'lHHe-
HHe - «HaMarHXa=H MaHYlli'lHxp» (<<Namagma i Manuscihn) - «nlica-
HHH MaH)W'lIiXpa»). OH 06pargaeTcH K npHBepmeHgaM «xopollieH» (<<CBeT-
AOH») peAlirli1i B pa3AIi'iHb[X 06AaCTHX Bcero HpaHCKoro rOCYAapCTBa. nlica-
HHH cOAepmaT HHTepeCHb[e ,'I;aHHble 0 peaAbHOH 06cTaHOBKe B IipaHCKIiX
30poacTpliHcKHX 06rg1iHax. .L\.NI Hac oc06eHHO IiHTepeCHb[ CBeAeHIiH 06 O'lH-
22
CTHTeAbHb[X gepeMoHIiHX .
«ApAa-Blipa3 HaMar» (<<Arda Viraz Nawag» - «Klmra 0 npaBeAHoM
Blipa3e») - peAlirM03Hoe neXAeBIiHcKoe CO'lIiHeHHe, HanlicaHHoe B IX HAIi
X B. OHO OTKpblBaeTCH paCCKa30M 0 TOM, 'lTO nOCAe 3aparylliTpbl ero )"leHlie
npogBeTaAO 300 AeT, 3aTeM nplillieA AAeKcaHAP, y6HA npaBliTe UI I1paHa,
MHorliX BblClliliX mpegoB, cmer 30poacTpliHcKHe CO'iIiHeHHH. Ha'laAOCb BpeMH
aHapXHIi H HeBepliH, nOHBHAIiCb COMHeHHH y OCTaBlliliXCH npaBOBepHb[X 3Opoa-
CTpHHgeB. OHIi c06paAliCb Ii pelliHAli nOCAaTb HaH60Aee npaBeIJ,HOro B AYXOBHoe
gapcTBo ANI Toro, qT06b[ OH nOA)"lHA Ii npliHec Ha3aJJ, OTBeTb[ Ha pa3Hb[e BO-
npocbl. COBeplliliB pa3Hbie gepeMoHlili, OH BbInIiA onbHHHlOrglii1 Hanm'OK H3
BIiHa Ii rallilillia, Ii ero AYllia Ha ceMb AHei1 H HOqeH OTnpaBIiAacb B IiHOH (noA-
HOCTblO 30poacTpIiHcKIii1) Mlip. lleTaAbHOe onlicaHlie PaH H A;J,a Ii COCTaBAHeT
COAepmaHlie 31'0ro CO'iIiHeHIiH. Ero Ha3b[BaIOT IipaHCKOH «DomeCTBeHHoi1 KO-
MeAliei1». OHO OqeHb BiUKHO ANI nOHIiMaHHH 30poaCTpliHCKHX npeACTaBAeHIiH
u 23
o 3arp06HOM Mlipe H 0 nepeABHmeHHIi ry Aa A)WH nOKOIiHHKa .
I1MeeTcH geAaH rpynna TeKcToB, nocBHrgeHHb[X pe '\lirIi03Hb[M 0 6b['laHM
Ii 06pHAaM. B 3T)' rpynny BXOAIiT COqliHeHlie «WaHCT H3 WaHCT» (<<Siiyast Iii
Siiyast» - «ll03BOAeHO - He ,'I;03BOAeHO»), «naXAaBH PIiBaHT» (<<Pahlavi
rivayat» - «neXAeBIiHCKlie npeAaHHH»), «BH3HpKapA H AeHHr» (<<Vizir=kard
i denlg» - «PeAlirH03Hb[e 1i3BAe'ieHIiH»).
«neXAeBI1HCKIiH PHBaHT» COCTaBAeH XeMIiT' OM, CbIHOM AwaBaXHlliTa B
IX B. H. 3. OH COAepmHT COpOK 'ieTblpe Bonpoca Ii OTBeTa no 06IfjHHHO-COgH-
'4
aAbHOH peryAHgHli, npaBaM Ii 06H3aHHOCTHM mpegoB" . _
u u b
I1MeIOTcH Ii ApyrHe BamHb[e neXAeBHHCKO-30poaCTpIiIiCKHe CO'lHHeHIiH .
Mb[ paCCMOTpeAIi neXAeBIiHCK)'lO AIiTeparypy, KaK CBH3aHH}'IO C CaCaHH,lI,-
CKOH 3nOXOH. 3-ro, KOHe'lHO, BepHO, XOTH OHa He 6bL\a 3anlicaHa 11,0 IX BeKa,
T. e. nOCAe IiCJ\aMCKoro 3aBOeBaHIiH I1paHa. BMecTe C TeM, KaK yme 6b[AO OT-
Me'leHO, «lleHKapA» COAepmliT nOAeMIiKY C IiCAaMOM Ii, CAeAOBaTeAbHO, OTpa-
maeT nOCAecacaHIiACKYIO cHryaglilO. B AaAbHeHllieM 30poaCTpli3M npoAOAmaeT
cyrgeCTBOBaTb B ABYX pa3AeAbHb[X perliOHax: 'laCTH'lHO B I1paHe H 'iaCTIi'lHO B
VIHAHIi. Pa3HHga MemAY HIiMIi He60AblliaH. 06e npeACTaBAHIOT co60H npo-
AOJ\meHlie nepBOHa'iaAbHOH peAl1rli1i Ii npemAe Bcero B pHryiL'\bHOH npaKTIiKe.
B 0630p IiCTO'lHHKOB Mb[ AOAmHb[ BKAIO'iHTb mpe'leCKHe CO'lIiHeHIiH n03A-
HIiX BpeMeH (AaTlipOBaHHb[e nOCAe XI B.), TaK Ha3blBaeMYIO HOBonepcliACK}'IO
30poaCTpliHCK}'IO AHTeparypy. Hali60Aee paHHIiM HBAHeTCH npoli3BeAeHlie
«CalI, .L\.ap» (<<Sad Dar»), TpaKTaT 0 «CTa npeAMeTax», «rAaBax?», CBH3aH-
Hb[X C napCIiHCKOH peAl1rMeH. I1MeIOTcR ABe MeTpli'ieCKHe BepC1i1i «CaJJ, .L\.aP».
1i3BeCTHbie KaK KOpOTKaH MeTpH'ieCKaH BepCHH (COCTaB,\eHHaH B 1496 r.) H
,lI,AIiHHaH MeTpli'ieCKaH BepCIiH (cocTaBAeHHaH B 1605 r.).
BTOPb[M no nopHAKY HBAHeTCH «CaJJ, llap DYHAaxlilliH» (<<Sad Dar Bun-
dahisn», HAIi ,,06HapymeHlie CTa rAaB»), COCTaBAeHHblH 3a HeKOTopoe BpeMH
11,0 1528 roAa, AeTaAbHO paccMaTpliBalOlfjHH B CTa rAaBax OCHOBHb[e 06pHAb[
H peAHrli03Hbie 3aKOHb[ napCOB.
Ha 06a 3TliX IiCTOqHIiKa O'leHb 'iaCTO CCblAaIOTCH «nepCIiACKHe PHBaHTb[».
KOTOpb[e IiMelOT 60Ablli}'lO BamHOCTb ANI nOCAeA}'IOlfjeH HCTOpli1i 30poaCTpli3-
Ma KaK B VIpaHe, TaK H B VIHAIiIi. «nepCIiACKHe PIiBaHTb[» npeACTaBAHIOT co-
60H nepenHcKY MemAY HpaHcKIiMIi Ii napCIiHCKHMH mpegaMIi Ha npoTRmeHHH
KOHga XV -XVII BB. no BonpocaM, KacalOlfjliMCR pliTyaAa Ii 06pHAOBOH
32
f.!\aBa II
npaKTIiKIi. nepBb[H "PlisaHT» 6b[A npHBe3eH B 1478 r. H H3BeCTeH KaK «PH-
BaHT HapliMaHa XyrnaHra». 3aTeM 6b[AIi npliBe3eHbi ,lI,pyrHe "PIiBaHTbl», He-
KOTopble H3BeCTHbi KaK aBTopcKHe, ,lI,p)'ITIe aHOHHMHb[e. n03}Ke OHIi 6btAii KAac-
cHqmgHpoBaHbl XOpMa3,l1,HpOM ct>apa.\1ap30M, .LJ,apa60M XOpMa3,l1,HpOM Ii Dap30
'::> '6 P
KaM,lI,IiHOM. 0TOT TeKCT Hero nepeBO,ll, 1i3,l1,aHb[ .« IiBaHTb[» OTpa}KalOT He
TO.i\bKO IipaHCKyIO OpTO,ll,OKCIiIO H napcHHCKyIO Tpa,ll,HgHIO, HO B HeKOTopOH CTe-
neHIi npOAHBalOT CBeT Ha CnOpHb[e BonpOCbl B ,lI,OKTpHHe H TeOAOrH'ieCKlie ,lI,IiC-
KYCCHH Toro BpeMeHH. nepenliCKa qaCTO CBH3aHa C pa3AIi'iHorO pO,ll,a pHT)'iL\a-
MIi, B KOTOpblX HH,lI,HHCKlie 30poaCTpliHgb[ He 6bL\H ysepeHb[ H 0 KOTOpblX OHH
,lI,)'MaAH nOA}"iliTb CBe,ll,eHHH 1i3 I1paHa. He Bce 3AeMeHTb[ nOrpe6aAbHOrO 06-
pfl,ll,a oCBergeHb[ B "nepCH,lI,CKHX PIiBaHTax» paBHoMepHo. OTMeTHM Hali60Aee
Ba}KHble 1i3 HIiX.
T pynonOAO}KeHHe. "PHBaHT» KaM,lI,IiHa Wanypa npe,ll,nHCblBaeT CKpelfjli-
BaHlie Hor )'Meprnero. I1paHcKHe 30poacTpliHgb[ TeOAOrH'ieCKIi 060CHoBbIBalOT
,lI,aHHbIH nocT)'AaT He06b['iHOCTblO nyrernecTBHH YMeprnero B 3arp06Hb[H Mlip Ii
)'VIeHbrneHlieM oCKBepHHeMoro TpynOM npocTpaHcTBa.
UepeMoHlifi OMOBeHilli H OqlirgeHHH. «PIiBaHT» DaxpaMa nYH.IDKaHfI 3a-
npelfjaeT HcnOAb30BaHlie BO,ll,bl ,lI,AJ[ OMOBeHlifi YMeprnero. lLuI ;;JTOH geAH CAY-
}KIiT TOAbKO gomez (MO'ia 6b[Ka). B "nepCIi,ll,CKHX PIiBaHTax» ,lI,eTaAbHO onli-
CblBalOTCfI gepeMoHHH O'iHlfjeHlifi OT OCKBepHeHlifi KOHTaKTOM C MepTBe'iIiHOH
(nasa). B OCHOBHOM 31'0 sagdid ("OrAH,lI,bIBaHlie c06aKOH»), OMOBeHlie gomez,
a B OC06blX CA}"iaHX gepeMoHHH Barasniim, npOBO,ll,HMaH B cnegliaAbHO npe,ll,-
Ha3Ha'ieHHOM,lI,.MI Hee MeCTe Barasniim Gah.
ECTb ,lI,aHHble H 0 nOrpe6aAbHb[X coopY}KeHIi>lX. B "PHBaHTaX» 060CHOBbl-
BaeTCfI He06xo,ll,IiMOCTb nOMergeHHfI TpynoB B cnegHa.l\bHO npe,ll,Ha3Ha'ieHHOe
nOMelfjeHHe zad-marg, ,lI,aXMY, a O'iHlfjeHHbIX KOCTeH B KOCTexpaHHAlilfje asto-
dan. npIiBO,ll,HTCfI nO,ll,p06HOe onHcaHHe KOHCTpyKgHH ,lI,aXMbl. MaTepHaAOB,
He06xo,ll,IiMb[X ,lI,.MI ee coopY}KeHilli H gepeMoHHH T ana, T. e. 3aKAa,lI,KH q>YH,lI,a-
MeHTa ,lI,aXMbl.
B CA}"iae CMepTIi pe6eHKa, He ,lI,OCTHrrnero ceMH AeT, "PHBaHTb[» Kayc
KaM,lI,HHa H ,lI,acT)'pa Dap3Y Bbl,ll,eAHIOT B Ka'ieCTBe 06f13aTeAbHb1X npOBe,ll,eHHe
gepeMoHIiH Sros H Caharom.
KaK npaBHAO, OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe }KpegoB 6blAO cocpe,ll,OTO'ieHO Ha HH-
TepnpcragHH npe,ll,nlicaHIiH "BIi,ll,eB,lI,aTa». BMecTe C TeM 3OpoacTpliHCKaH KOH-
gengHfi CMePTH, corAaCHO KOTOpoH OHa paCCMaTpHBaeTCfI KaK TOp}KeCTBO CHA
3Aa H 06Aa,lI,aeT B BblCOKOH CTeneHH oCKBepHflIOlfjeH CHAOH, Tpe60BaAa 01' no-
CAe,ll,OBaTeAeH 3apaT)'lllTpbl TlfjaTeAbHoH perAaMeHTagHIi nOBe,ll,eHHH no OTHO-
rneHli10 K YMeprneMY Ii C06A1O,lI,eHlffi MHoroqIiCAeHHb[X 3anpeTOB. KOHe'iHO}Ke B
"BH,lI,eB,lI,aTe» OHIi He MorAH 6b[Tb }"i1'eHb[ nOAHOCTblO. "nepCH,lI,CKlie PHBaH-
1'bl» ,lI,alO1' pM npaKTIi'ieCKHX COBeTOB B TaKHX CA}"iaHX, '11'0 COOTBe1'CTBeHHO
KpaTKaH xapaKTepHcTHKa nHCbMeHHblX HCTO'lHHKOB H HCTopHorpa<!JHH
33
nOBb[rnaeT HX geHHoc1'b KaK HCTOqHIiKa no norpe5aAbHOMY 06pfl,ll,Y 3OpoaCT-
pHMgeB, oc06eHHo COBpeMeHHblx 27 .
napCb[ Ha npOTfI}KeHHH ,lI,AHTeAbHoro BpeMeHIi }KHAIi B f Y.IDKapa1'e H rOBO-
pHAIi 1'aK}Ke Ha l)'.IDKapaTIi, HO HX nIiCbMeHHb[M H3b[KOM 6b[A ,lI,liaAeKTHblH Ba-
piiaHT HOBOnepCI1,l1,CKOrO, KOTOPb[H He CO,ll,ep}KaA TaK MHoro apa6cKHX 3aMMC1'-
BOBaHIiH, KaK q>apCH. B Ka'ieCTBe nHCbMeHHoro fl3blKa OHH HcnOAb30BaAH H
rY,lI,}Kapa1'li. Ha Hero 6b[AH nepeBe,ll,eHb[ "nepCH,lI,CKlie PIiBaH1'b[». Ha'iIiHaH
C Cepe,ll,HHbl XIX B. OHIi TaK}Ke nepeBO,ll,HAIi "ABecT)'», OCHOBb[BaHCb Ha nex-
AeBIiHCKOH, caHCKpHTCKOH Ii nepCH,lI,CKIiX BepCHfiX. KpoMe Toro, OHIi nepeBeAH
Ii pfl,ll, ,lI,pyrlix 30poaC1'pHHCKliX 1'eKC1'OB Ha l)'.IDKapaTH, B 'iaC1'HOCTIi, "Ap,ll,a
Blipa3 HaMan). AHrAHHcKHH fl3blK 6blA 1'aKHM }Ke BamHblM H3blKOM ,lI,.MI nap-
COB, KaK H rY.IDKapaTH.
I1H,lI,HHCKlie }"ieHb[e - napCb[ BTOpoH nOAOBIiHb[ XIX-XX BB. BHeCAI1
cepbe3HblH BKAa,lI, B HCCAe,ll,OBaHHe 30poaCTpH3Ma, rAaBHblM 06pa30M ny6AHKa-
gHeH IiC1'O'iHIiKOB Ii ,lI,eTaAbHbiM onlicaHHeM H aHaAli30M pHT)'a.I\OB, 06pH,lI,OB Ii
06blqaeB COBpeMeHHb[X napCOB. MHorlie 1i3 aTliX }"ieHb[X COe,ll,HHHAH B ce6e
COBeprneHHoe 3HaHlie napcliHcKOH }"ieHOC1'H H 3ana,ll,HOeBponeHCKyIO nO,ll,rOTOB-
KY B 06AaC1'H IipaHIiC1'HKIi. B HX 'iHCAe TaKHe 1i3BeCTHb[e }"ieHb[e, KaK .l{.mH-
BaH.IDK1i .l{;KaMrne,ll,}K1i MO,ll,Ii, MaHeK,ll,JKIi HyccepBaH.IDKH .LJ,xa.!\Aa, .LJ,}KaM-
rne.IDK1i MaHeK.IDK1i YHBaAa, DaMaH.IDK1i HyccepBaH.IDK1i .LJ,xa6xap, TaxMYPa3
.LJ,IiHrna,ll,}Kli AHKAecaplia. CeH'iaC pa60TaeT geAaH nAeH,lI,a npeKpaCHO nO,ll,ro-
1'OBAeHHb[X MOAO,ll,b[X }"ieHbIX. BOCTO'iHbIH IiHCTIiT)'T K. n. KaMa B DOM6ee
flBAHe1'CfI geH1'poM napcliHcKHX HCCAe,ll,OBaHHH, HcnoAb3yIOlfjliM ,lI,OC1'H}KeHHfI
28
3ana,ll,HOH HaYKIi .
K "BHernHHM» HCTO'iHI1KaM no 30poaCTpliHCKOMY nOrpe6aAbHOM)' 06PMY
OTHOCHTCfI, Bo-nepBbIX, HC1'OpHqeCKHe CBH,lI,eTeAbCTBa, ,lI,Orne,ll,rnHe 01' ,lI,peBHIiX
aBTopOB. .LJ,0 KOHga V B. ,lI,0 H. 3. aHTHqHbie aBTopbl Bo06lfje He 3HaAH 0 3apa-
1)'llITpe. C IV B. ,lI,0 H. 3. H n03}Ke 3opoacTp (rpegli3lipOBaHHaH q>opMa HMeHH
npopoKa) C'iHTa.I\CH }"iHTeAeM 3ana,ll,HOHpaHcKlix }KpegOB - MarOB H npli3HaH-
Hb[M npopoKoM HCnOBe,ll,blBaBrneHcfI B I1paHe peAlirHli, B TOM 'iHCAe ee pa3AIi'i-
29 B
Hb[X 1fJ0PM B napq>HHCKyIO H CaCaHIi,ll,CKyIO 3nOXIi. geAoM B co06lfjeHHHX
,lI,peBHHX aBTopOB MarH paCCMaTpliBalOTCfI KaK 3aHliMalOlfjlieCH HayKaMIi H 60ro-
CAY}KeHHeM, cq>epoH 3TIiKH, ra,ll,aHlifiMIi H npe,ll,CKa3aHHHMIi, 3a}"iIiBaHHeM
CBHlfjeHHb[X H3pe'ieHIiH. .LJ,orne,ll,rnlie ,lI,0 Hac CBH,lI,eTeAbCTBa 0 nOrpe6aAbHOM
06pH,lI,e HeMHoro'iIiCAeHHb[. HaH60Aee ,lI,OCTOBepHaH HHq>opMagHH 0 norpe6a.Ab-
HOM 06pfl,ll,e MaroB CO,ll,ep}KHTCfI B «I1CTOPHIi» rpe'ieCKOrO HC1'opHKa fepO,ll,OTa
(Me}K,lI,y 490 H 480 - OK. 425 r. ,lI,0 H. 3.) H B "feorpaq>HH» rpe'ieCKOrO
reorpaq>a H HCTopliKa CTpa60Ha (64/63 rr.,lI,O H. 3.- 23/24 IT. H. 3.)30.
Y ,lI,peBHIiX aBTopOB CO,ll,ep}KaTCfI OTrOAOCKIi IiHq>opMagHH 06 O'iHCTHTe.i\b-
HblX gepeMoHlifiX 30poacTpHHgeB. T aK, repoH IOMOpHCTH'ieCKHX ,lI,HaAOroB
34
f.!\aBa II
KpaTKaH xapaKTepHCTHKa nHCbMeHHb!X HCTO'lHHKOB H HCTopHorpaqJHR
35
« MeHlinnoBa caTHpa» rpe'ieCKOrO nliCaTeAH A yKHaHa (OK. 120 - OK. 190)
MeHlinn OMblBaACH B T mpe Y BaBIiAoHa B TeqeHHe 29 .lI.HeH MaraMH, nOCAe.ll.OBa-
TeAHMIi Ii npeeMHIiKaMIi 3opoacrpa. r pe'ieCKHH qJM-\OC<$ nOpqJHpliH (OK. 233 -
OK. 304) c006IfjaeT, 'iTO Mar « Zabratas», IiAH « Zaratos», O'iIiIfjaA nliqJaropa
OT Bcex COBepWeHHb[X IiM B }KH3HH rpexoB 31 . nO-BIi.ll.IiMOMY, pe'ib H,lI,eT 0 ge-
peMOHli1i OMOBeHHH B Te'ieHlie .lI.eBflTIi (.lI.HeH H) HO'ieH - Barasnum I no sab.
CBe.ll.eHHH rpe'ieCKIiX IiCTO'iHHKOB 0 30poaCTpH3Me 0606IfjliA K. fueMeH 32 .
I1cTO'iHIiKaMH 0 nOCTCaCaHli.ll.CKOM 30poaCTpli3Me B VIpaHe nOMHMO neXAe-
BIiHCKOH AIiTepaTypbl HBNllOTCfI pfl.ll. CO'iIiHeHIiH Cpe.ll.HeBeKOBb[X aBTopOB,
nliwyrglix Ha apa6cKoM HAIi nepCli.ll.CKOM fl3bIKax, B 'iaCTHOCTH, CO'iIiHeHHH T a-
6apli (YM. 923 r.), XaM3bI I1cqJaxaHcKoro (ero xpOHIiKa 6bIAa COCTaBAeHa B
961 r.), ct>IiP.ll.0YCIi (YM. 1020 r. IiAIi 1025 r.), Olip)'H1i (YM. 1048 r.) Ii .lI.p,
B aTOH AIiTeparype 3OpoacrpliHgb[ Bb[CT)'I1alOT KaK ornCnOKAOHHIiKIi C 3apa-
ryWTpOH B Ka'ieCTBe npopOKa. I1HOr.ll.a IiX paCCMaTpliBalOT KaK MOHOTeliCTOB,
KOTOpb[e BepfiT B OpMa3.l1.a Ii AxpHMHa, K KOTOPb[M IiCAaMCKlie aBTOpb[ npli-
MeHHlOT qaCTO Ha3BaHlie AAAax Ii I16AHC. lLuI 0603Ha'ieHHH nOrpe6aAbHOrO
coopY}KeHHH 30poacTpliMgeB IiCAaMCKlie aBTOpb[ npliMeHfllOT .lI.Ba TepMIiHa -
.lI.aXMa 11 Hayc. I13 IiX co06rgeHHH, HeCM01pH Ha HeKOTOp)'lO a,lI,anTaglilO K Tep-
MUHOAornli IiCAaMa, MbI MO}KeM 3aKAlO'iIiTb, 'iTO 30poacTpliHgb[ I1paHa 60Ab-
weH 'iaCTblO coxpaHIiAU Te li.ll.eH, KOTOpb[e npOB03r AaCIiAa «MAa.ll.WaH ARe-
CTa» B OTHoweH1i1i nOrpe6aAbHoro 06pH,lI,a.
Hali60Aee MHOrO'iIiCAeHHb[MU 1i3 «BHeWHIiX» IiCTO'iHIiKOB flBAHlOTCfI co06-
IfjeHlifi 3aUa,lI,Hb[X n}'TeweCTBeHHIiKOB no I1paHY Ii I1H.lI.IiIi.
Erge 3a,l1,oAro .lI.O TOro, KaK eBponeHCKlie nOAHTliKIi YCTpeMIiAH CBOIi B30Pb[
Ha I1paH, B EBpone cyrgecTBOBaA orpOMHb[H IiHTepec K peAlirli1i .lI.peBHero
r A u 6 33
Y IpaHa, Bb[3BaHHblH COO IfjeHlifiMIi aHTliqHb[X aBTopOB ,liY.lI.eHCKHX H XPIiCTH-
aHCKHX IiCTO'iHIiKOB. CAe.ll.yeT OTMeTHTb, 'iTO XpliCTliaHCKaH AHTeparypa, B OCO-
6eHHOCTIi anOKpliqJliqeCKaH, He OTpligaAa caKpaMeHTaAbHOCTIi }"ieHHH 3opoa-
CTpa Ha n}'T1i nOCTIi}KeHlifi TaMHoro 3HaHlifl, KaK caMon03HaHlifi H aHTpono-
KOCMIi'ieCKoro MlipOBocnplifiTlifi. B anOKpliqJe I10aHHa qJaplicelO .lI.aHO IiMfi
ApliMaH, C03By'-moe C aBeCTIiHCKIiM AxpliMaHoM (AnoKpliqJ I10aHHa 1.5).
A.lI.aAee (AnOKpliqJ I10aHHa 19.5-10) TeMa n03HaHlifi KaK caMOC03HaHHH,
xapaKTepHaH ,lI.J\H rHOCTIi'ieCKOrO MlipOB033peHliH B geAOM C ero nOBb[WeHHbIM
aHTpOnOMopqJU3MOM, YXO,ll,HIfjIiM KOpHHMIi B rAy60K)'lO .lI.peBHOCTb, HaXO.ll.liT
CBOH IiCTOKIi B }"ieHIiIi 3opoacTpa. B anOKpliqJe IiMeeTCfI HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHHaH
CCb[AKa Ha KHliry 3opoacrpa: « ECTb eIfje Ii .lI.pyrne (aHreAbl. - M. M.) Ha,lI,
OCTaBWIiMIiCfI CTpaCTfiMli, 0 KOM H He CKa3aA Te6e. Ho eCMI Tb[ }KeAaeWb 3HaTb
IiX,- aTO 3anHcaHO B "KHlire 3opoaCTpa"»34.
B 1590 I'. CBe.ll.eHIiH .lI.peBHIiX aBTopoB, xpHCTHaHCKIiX Ii HY.ll.eHCKHx HCTOq-
HIiKOB 0606rgHA oapHa6c OPHCCOH 3j .
r OCnO.ll.CTBO IiCAaMa B I1paHe npenflTCTBOBaAO npOHIiKHOBeHlilO Ha 3ana,ll,
IiHqJopMagHIi 0 30poacTpliHgax B Cpe.ll.HIiC BeKa, HeCMOTpH Ha TO, 'iTO pH.lI. eB-
poneHCKIiX n}'TeweCTBeHHIiKOB B nepliO.ll. C 1250-1350 rr. noceIfj<L\1i I1paH.
Cpe.ll.H HIiX I,aKoH H3BeCTHb[H IiTaAbHHeg, KaK MapKo nOAO (1254-1324),
OImcaBwlii1 I1e3.l1., KepMaH, I1cqJaxaH 36 . PaHHlie n}'TeweCTBeHHIiKIi, KaK 06pa-
TH \a BHIiMaHHe H. K. ct>lip6H, 60.J\bWeH 'iaCTblO COCpe.ll.OTO'iIiBaAIiCb Ha onH-
caHli1i TPY.ll.HOCTeH Ii npenHTcTBHH, COnpOBO}K.lI.aBWIiX IiX B n}'Tu 37 .
B XVII BeKe nOAIiTIi'ieCKaH 06CTaHOBKa B VlpaHe pe3KO H3MeHHAaCb.
CeqJeBIi.ll.CKaH .lI.liHaCTHfi YKpenliAaCb Ii npOli30WAO 06'be.ll.IiHeHlie CTpaHbl no.ll.
BAaCTblO ceqJeBli.ll.CKHX waXOB. Ha'iIiHaH C aToro BpeMeHH B HCTOpliH I1paHa
Sa}KHb[M qJaKTopOM CTaHOBm'CfI BHeWHee BAliflHHe co CTOPOHb[ eBponeHcKlix
crpaH (ArIrAIiIi, r OAAaH.lI.lili, r.ll.e Y}Ke npOli30WAH 6Yp}KYa3HbIe peBoAlOglili,
ct>paHglili, r.ll.e CAO}KHACH KanIiTaAIiCTIi'ieCKIiH YKAa,lI, B paMKax qJeO.ll.a.AH3Ma) Ii
.if.-,UI KOTOpbIX I1paH, KaK Ii .lI.pyrlie CTpaHb[ BocToKa, CTaHOBIiTCH IiCTO'iHIiKOM
nepBOHaqaAbHOrO HaKonAeHHH 38 .
Pa3BIiBalOTCH .lI.linAOMaTIi'ieCKlie, ToprOBbIe OTHoweHIiH C 3ana.ll.Hb[MIi ro-
CYAapCTBaMli, oc06eHHO npli A66ace I (1587-1628), BOWe.ll.WeM B IiCTO-
plilO no.ll. IiMeHeM «wax A66ac BeAHKUH», TepnliMOCTb KOToporo no OTHowe-
HHlO K xpliCTliaHaM npIiB \eKa.\a B VIpaH MHO}KeCTBO MIiCCHOHepOB, .lI.linAOMa-
TOB, KyngoB Ii npOCTO IiCKaTeAeH npIiKAlO'ieHHH, OCTaBIiBWIiX nO.ll.p06HOe
OImcaHHe CBOIiX Ha6AlO.lI.eHIii1. B IiX 'iIiCAe nopTyraAeg ne.ll.po T eHKceHpa,
BOIiH H ToproBeg, noceTIiBWHH I1paH B nepliO.ll. CBoero KpyrocBeTHoro nyre-
WCCTBIiH Me}K.lI.Y 1586-1601 rr. Ii C006rgliBWliH 0 TOM, 'iTO crapliKoB 30-
poacTpliHgb[ OCTaBAH \H 3a rOpO.ll.OM 6e3 nliIfjIi H BO.ll.b[, nOKa OHIi He YMp}'T39.
.lI,OH r apClifi .lI.C CIiAbBa ct>lirepIiO, B 1618 r. 6bIBWliH nOCAaHHHKOM IicnaH-
CKOro KOpOAH ct>HAlinna III K A66acy I. nliCaA 0 Bb[CTaBACHIiIi MepTBbIX B
orOp0}KeHHb[X MeCTax 3a rOpO.ll.OM 40; nbeTpo .lI.eAAa BaAAe - IiTaAbflHCKIiH
ryMaHlicT, 06pa30BaHHeHWliH 'iCAOBeK cBoero BpeMeHIi, npOBe.ll.WIiH 'ieTb[pe
ro.ll.a (1617-1621) B VIcqJaxaHc B nepliO.ll. cBoero n}'TeweCTBIiH B KOHcTaH-
TIiHOIIOAb, EmneT, CBHTYlO 3eMAlO, oar.ll.a,lI" VI H.lI.lilO , .lI.OBOAbHO nO.ll.p06HO
OnHCaA Bce, 'iTO eMY Y.ll.aAOCb YCAb[WaTb 0 nOrpe6aAbHOM 06pH.lI.e 30poaCT-
u 41 T r
pliHgeB ; aHrAIi'iaHIiH OMac ep6epT, npli6bIBWHH B I1paH B 1628 r. B co-
CTaBe nOCOAbCTBa, HanpaBAcHHoro KapAoM [ (ero C006IfjeHliC 0 30poacTpliH-
CKOM 06bI'iaC Bb[CTaBAeHHH geAIiKoM OCHOBaHO Ha .lI.e3IiHqJopMaglili)42; A..a.aM
OAeapliH - ceKpeTapb nOCOAbCTBa H3 WAe3Blir-roAbwTeHHa, }KIiBWIiH B
CCqJeBli.ll.CKOM roCY.ll.apcrBe C 1633 no 1639 r., ynoMIiHaBwHH 0 cyeBepHflX
u P
30poacTpliligCB, CBH3aHHb[X co CMepTblO; aqJaaAb.ll.lO MaH, B03rAaBAHB-
WUH C 1644 r. 60Aee 40 AeT MIiCClilO qJpaHgy3cKliX KanygliHoB B I1CqJaxaHe,
TaM Ii CKOH'iaACfI B 1696 r., cpaBHIiBwliH 30poacrpliHcKoe Bb[CTaBAeHlie TPy-
!lOB C npaKTIiKOH BO ct>paHglili OCTaBNlTb TeAa Ka:mCHHb[X BopOHaM 44 ; oTeg
36
f.!\aBa II
KpaTKaJl xapaKTepHCTHKa nHCbMeHHb[X HCTO'lHHKOB H HCTopHorpa<!JHH
37
ra6pli3Ab /l,e WHHOH, HaXO/l,liBllmikfl B I1ClpaxaHe B COCTaBe MHCCIiIi Kany-
gliHOB B Te'ieHlie 25-30 AeT, nOCAe qero 6blA noo.aH B Te6pli3, 3aTeM B
I1H/l,IiIO, r/l,e YMep B 1678 r. OH e/l,liHCTBeHHblH 1i3 nyrelllecTBeHHHKOB, onli-'
caBlllliH gepeMoHHIO B Te'ieHlie Tpex /l,HeH nOCAe CMepTIi 4j; maH DaTlicT T e-
BepHbe - IppaHgy3cKHH nyrelllecTBeHHHK H Kyneg, HeO/l,HOKpaTHO 6b1BaB-
lllliH B I1paHe B nepHO/l, C 1632 no 1668 r., nO/l,p06HO OII1iCaBlllliH noxopOHbl
30poacTpliHga, OqeBli/l,geM KOTOPb[X OH 6b[A 46 (IiAA. 7); IppaHgy3cKliH nyre-
llIeCTBeHHIiK maH /l,e T eBeHO, /l,OCTlirlllliH I1paHa B 1665 r. BO BpeMH CBoero
nyrellleCTBIi>! Ha BOCTOK (B CBoeM onlicaHHIi 06blqaH BbICTaB,,\eHHH 6b[A OqeHb
KpaToK 47 (IiAA. 8); IppaHgy3cKliH Kyneg maH Wap/l,eH, npOBe/l,lllHH B I1pa-
He OKOAO /l,eCflTIi AeT C 1664 no 1678 r., onlicaBlllHH BblCTaBAeHlie TpynoB B
6 48 CJ C u u
/l,aXMY, OCHOBblBaHCb Ha AliqHOM Ha 'AlO/l,eHli1i ; FlH TpeliC - rOA,,\aH/l,CKIiIi
MopenAaBaTeAb H TOproBeg, HaXO/l,liBIlIliHCH B I1ClpaxaHe B 1671-1672 rr.
Ero IiHlpopMagliH 0 nOrpe6aAbHOM 06pfl/l,e npOTIiBOpeqHBa 49; llmoBaHHIi
Q)paHqeCKO r eMeAAIi Kapepli - IiTaAbHHeg 3HaTHoro npOIiCXOm/l,eHIiH,
IOpIiCT, noCeTIiBIIJliH I1ClpaxaH B IiIOAe 1694 r., r/l,e COBMeCTHO C IppaHgy3-
CKIiMIi lie3YMTaMii 1i3 llmYAblpb[ HaHec BH3liT B 30poacTpliHcKHH KBapTaA (OH
npe/l,OCTaBIiA BeCbMa /l,OCTOBepHYIO IiHlpopMagli1O 0 30poacTpliHcKO:\1 norpe-
-0
6aAbHOM 06pfl/l,e) (IiAA. 9) Ii Ap.
CAe/l,yeT OTMeTIiTb, 'iTO 06IfjeCTBeHHo-nOAMTliqeCKaH 06CTaHOBKa B I1paHe
Ha npOTfimeHli1i XVIII B. xapaKTepli3yeTcfI HenpepblBHoH genblO lpeO/l,aAbHb[X
Me}K)l,oyc06lig, KpeCTbHHCKIiX BoccTaHIiH, HagIiOHaAbHO-OCB060/l,IiTeAbHb[X
/l,BlimeHIiH. AqJraHcKoe BTopmeHlie H 6oPb6a npoTIiB T ypgliH OKOHqaTeAbHO
oCAa6liAH I1paH, BMeCTe C TeM YCIiAIiAOCb 3KOHOMIi'ieCKOe H nOAIiTliqeCKOe
B03/l,eHCTBHe 3ana/l,a. KOHeg XVIII BeKa paCCMaTpliBaeTCH KaK HaqaAO HOBOH
HCTOpHIi I1paHa j1 .
MHomecTBo nyrelllecTBeHHIiKOB, nocelfjaBIIIHX I1paH Ha npOTflmeHIiH
XVIII B., HHTepeCOBaAHCb npem/l,e Bcero BoeHHblMIi C06blTHHMH j2 , OnliCblBaAH
-3
KaPTIiHbI nOAHTHqeCKOrO H 3KOHOMIi'ieCKoro yna/l,Ka CTpaHbI'. I1x TPY/l,bI
npe/l,CTaBAHIOT IiHTepec /l,,,u[ HCTOpHIi I1paHa XVIII B., HO, K COmaAeHIiIO,
npaKTliqeCKH He /l,alOT HHqJopMagli1i 0 30poaCTpliHCKOM norpe6aAbHoM 06pfl/l,e
Ii coopymeHHHX. B aTOM OTHOllleHIiH B I1H/l,1i1i 6b[)\a 60Aee 6AarOnpHHTHaH 06-
CTaHOBKa. I1 XVIII B. CTaA BpeMeHeM pacgBeTa HayqHbIx 3HaHliH 0 30poaCT-
pli3Me. DAaro/l,apfi ArlKeTHAIO lllOneppoHY, npOBe/l,llleMY llleCTb AeT B I1H/l,IiIi,
eBponeHgbI nOAyqHAIi He TOAbKO nepBb[H nepeBO/l, «AseCTbl», HO H nO/l,p06HOe
onlicalme norpe6aAbHoro 06pfl/l,a, nOrpe6aAbHb[X coopymeHHH H pa3AHqHb[X
u )4
pli'ryaAOB HH/l,IiIiCKHX napCOB .
Co06rgeHHH 3ana/l,HbIX nyrelllecTBeHHHKOB XIX BeKa TaKme CO/l,epmaT
CKY/l,Hb[e CBe/l,eHHH 0 norpe6aAbHOH npilKTHKe IipaHCKHX 30poaCTpliHgeB. B 3TOT
nepliO/l, aKTliBH3lipOBaAaCb 60Pb6a eBponeHcKlix /l,epmaB 3a npe06Aa/l,alOrgee
BAHflHlie B I1paHe. B 1897 r. npaBHTeAbCTBO I1paHa npe/l,OCTaBHAO Q)paHgy3-
CKOH apxeOAOrHqeCKOH MHCCHH MOHOnOAbHOe npaso Ha apxeOAOrHqeCKlie pac-
KonKIi. I13 PYKOBO/l,HTeAeH Q)paHgy3CKoH apXeOAOrH'ieCKOH MHCCHH CAe/l,Ycr
oco60 OTMeTMTb TaKIiX H3BeCTHbIX apxeOAorOB KaK milK /l,e-MOpraH, P. MeK-
KeHeM (c 1913 r.) Ii P. rHplllMaH (c 1946 r.»j.
Bli3HTbl K HpaHCKHM 30poaCTpHHgaM Ha npOTHmeH1i1i XIX BeKa yqacTH-
AIiCb. T aK, B 1807-1809 rr. HX nOCeTHA A. llwnpe; B 1813 - m. M. KHH-
HeHp, B 1821 - m. B. Q)p33ep, B 1843 - H. A B3CTprap/l" B 1845 -
m. A66oT, B 1854 - r. neTepMaH, B 1866 - P. rOAb/l,lllMIiT, B 1870 -
a. CMHT, B 1882 - A. XOryM-WHH,lI,Aep, B 1882-1885 - C. r. B. DeH-
/l,fKaMIiH, B 1887-1888 - a. r. DpO)'H (HAA. 10), B 1895 - n. CaHKc H
a. CaHKc Ii pfl/l, /l,PYrHx j6 .
DOAblllliHCTBO 3ana/l,Hb[X nyrellleCTBeHHIiKOB XIX B.- OIpHgepbl, ,lI,AfI KO-
TOPb[X HayqHb[e IiCCAe/l,OBaHHH He flBAHAIiCb rAaBHb[M 3aHflTHeM. MHCCIiH HX
HOCIiAH B OCHOBHOM /l,HnAOMaTHqeCKHH xapaKTep. CBoe BHIiMaHHe OHIi cocpe-
/l,OTOqliBaAH Ha 1i3yqeHIili nOAHTHqeCKIiX Ii npaBOBb[X CHCTeM, qliCAeHHOCTli,
cogliaAbHOrO nOAomeHHH, 06pa3a mli3HIi IipaHcKHx 30poacTpliHgeB, 6paqHblX H
ceMeHHb[X oTHollleHHH, MlirpagHH 30poacTpliHgeB, npliBo/l,Jl CTaTHCTHqeCKHe
/l,aHHble, n03BOAHIOlfjlie npOCAe/l,HTb Ha npOTfimeHli1i pfl/l,a AeT 1i3MeHeHlie KO-
AliqeCTBeHHoro Ii nOAoB03pacTHoro COCTaBa 30poacTpliHCKHX 061fjliH T erepaHa,
-7
KepMaHa, I1e3/l,a, Waplilpa6a/l,a) .
HeKOTOpb[e 1i3 3ana/l,Hb[X nyrelliecTseHHIiKOB (aHrAHHCKIiH nOCOA BOCTOKO-
Bell. r. POYAIiHCOH, IppaHgy3cKHH nOCOA A. /l,e r 06liHO, aMepHKaHCKHH nOCOA
C. r. B. DeH/l,fKaMHH) 6blAH 3HaKOMb[ C rAaBOH 30poaCTpHHgeB A. X. Ma-
HeKn=H .ll.106e3HO n p e/l,OCTaBIiBlllHM He06xo/l,HMble CBe/l,eHHH 0 3OpoacTpHH-
. ,
gax, H OT3b[BaA1iCb 0 HeM KaK 0 BeCbMa 06pa30BaHHOM qeAOBeKe .
LITo KacaeTCH HayqHb[X MIiCCHH H OT/l,eAbHblX nyrelllecTBeHHHKOB, 3a/l,a-
BaBlllHXCfI HayqHb[MH geAHMIi, TO HX IiHTepec norAOlfjaAa /l,peBHOCTb: Pa3BaAH-
n u)9 H P
Hbl epcenOAH, rpo6HHgb[ aXeMeHH/l,CKIiX gapeli ,peAbelpbl aKlllH- YCTaMa,
CKY Abn-rypa T aKH - DYCTaHa 60. apxeOAOrHqeCKlie HCCAe/l,OBaHHH. I1CTOqHIiKOM
apxeOAOrHqeCKOH HHlpopMagHH ,lI,AIiTeAbHoe BpeMH cAymHAH OT'IeTbl nyrellle-
CTBeHHIiKOB no I1paHY Ii 0630pHblX 3KCne/l,HgliH, B qaCTHOCTIi r. POYAHHCOHa,
a. (t)AaH/l,liHa H n. KOCTe. Oc06eHHO aKTIiBHO H3yqaAHCb apXeOAOrHqeCKlie
naMflTHHKH fOro-3ana/l,Horo I1paHa. B Ha'iaAe 50-x rr. XIX B. HaqaA IiCCAe-
/l,OBaTb ropO/l,lilfje CY3 aHrAHHCKHH reOAor B. K. Aolp-ryc. C 1884 no 1886 r.
M. H m. llbeAalpya npe/l,npliIDlAli nepBble apXeOAOrHqeCKHe pa6oTbl. C 1887 r.
HaqaAliCb nAaHOMepHble paCKonKH CY3, CHaqaAa B03rAaBAeHHble m. /l,e Mop-
raHOM, npO/l,OAmaBlllHeCfI BnAOTb 11.0 KOHga 70-x rr. XX B. 61 . npli 3THX pa60-
Tax, HCCAe/l,OBaHIiH nepcenOAH H B /l,pyrlix MeCTax 6b[AIi OTKpbITbl IiHTepe-
c}'IOrglie Hac nOrpe6aAbHb[e naMflTHHKH.
38
f.l\aBa II
KpaTKaSi xaP pHCTHKa nHCbMeHHblX HCTO'lHHKOB H HCTopHorpa<!JHSI
«r A y6liHa YKOP HeIiWI Tpa,lJ,I1!!IiOHHbIX MHpOB033peHliH B Onpe,lJ,eAeHHOH
KYAbType B 3Ha'iliT .I\.bIiOH Mepe 06YCAOBAeHa TaKHMH lpaKTopaMH, KaK npo-
,lJ,OAmIiTeAbHOCTb Ht'npepblBHoro pa3BliTWI 3TOH KYAbTypb[ H CTeneHb "OT-
KpbITOCTH" ee,lJ,AfI HetuHHX BAHRHIiH»6j. 30poaCTpliH!!bl OTHlO,lJ,b He pa3BH-
BaAIiCb B H30AlipD B aHI-JOH OT BHelIlHHX CAIiRHHH cpe,lJ,e, KaK HanpHMep, 3TO
6blAO B .HnoHIiH 13 'lepliO,lJ, «caMOH30AH!!HIi», 'iaCTb H3 HHX ,lJ,ame 6blAa Bbl-
Hym,lJ,eHa nepeceJ\HrbC B l1HlllilO nOIl B03,lJ,eHCTBlieM BHelilHero lpaKTopa.
T e me, KOTopble OCT1i.\HCb B I1paHe, HeCMOTpR Ha BHYTpeHHlOlO YCTOH'f -
BOCTb, He,lJ,OnyrgeHl-je 6 p aKOB C npe,lJ,CTaBHTeNlMIi IiHb[X BepOIiCnOBe,lJ,aHIiH,
no,lJ, B031leHCTBlie M lie6AaronpHRTHbiX BHelIlHHX YCAOBHH BblHym,lJ,eHbl 6blAH
nplicnoca6AIiBaTDC , a cAelloBaTeAbHo BH,lJ,OH3MeHHTb eCAH He BepOBaHIiR,
TO peAHrH03HYlO npaK1'tlKY. A 3TO, eCTeCTBeHHO, OTpa3HAOCb Ha norpe aAb-
HOM 06pR,lJ,e, nCIIXI).I\.Or-HIi Ii BceM MeHTaAHTeTe HpaHCKHX 30poaCTpHH!!eB.
11 eCAIi y napCOB I1HlttlH, HaXO,J,RIb\IiXCR B 60Aee 6AaronpHRTHbiX YCAOBHRX
no cpaBHeHHlO C IIX C06paTbR:\I11 no Bepe B l1paHe, npOCAemHBaeTCR npo!!eCC
eBpOneH3a!!IiH, TO Y 3C1poaCTpHH!!eB I1paHa, HaxollHlb\l1XCH ,lJ,OArOe Bpe:\lH B
MycYAbMaHcKoM OKpY eHIiH, npocAcmHBaeTcR HeKaR 061b\HOCTb C MYCYAb-
MaHaMIi. CAe,J,OBa.TI.:.I\.bl-to, KOHccpBaTli3Ma KaK CTaTH'iHOrO COCTOHHHR B unpl1-
MCHeHl111 K 30poaCTpl111CKOH peAl1rHIi He CYlb\eCTByeT. Ca:\la 30poaCTpHHCKaH
TpaAIi!!HH HeO,lJ,H03'-!a'ilia eCAH IiMeTb B BI1,J,Y «ABeCTY» Ii TOT norpe6aAb
Hb[H pHTyaA, KO'fO()bll1 Ha npC,J,nHCblBaeT (XOTH Y Hac HeT AOCTaTO'fHbIX
OCHOBaHHH C'iHTaTb HC1'HHHO Tpa,J,H!!IiOHHb[MIi Al1lIlb Te npe,lJ,nHCaHHR, KOTO-
pble BOIilAH B «ABCCI'y»). KaK OT:\IeTHA 4m. 4apMcTeTep, «ABecTa» He
MomeT 6blTb npli 3 ItaH q pCAlirn03HOH 3H!!HKAOne,lJ,lieH, OHa CKopee nOXO,lJ,IiT
Ha AHTyprli'feCKOe t06paHHe IiAIi MOAIiTBOCAOB, HemeAH Ha I3H6A1i10 66 . HeT
,J,OCTaTO'fHb[X OCtlO\3aliI1H yrBepm,lJ,aTb, 'iTO 06PR,lJ, cOBpeMeHHblx 30poacT-
pHH!!eB l1paHa OT()a}\),aeT nOAHOCTblO H B ,lJ,eTaAHX KAaCCIi'fCCKYlO Tpa,lJ,H-
!!HlO. )(OTR B OCHI)Be H HCXO,lJ,e 30poaCTpliHCKoro norpe6aAbHoro 06pR,lJ,a
AemaAH onpe,J,eAeHlib[t' TeKCTb[, HO OHH He IiCqepnblBalOT ero reHe3l1ca. Bo
MHorOM 3BOAlO!!1I1O nOr-pe6aAbHblX BcpOBaHIiH Ii 06pR,J,a MomHO ynO,lJ,06liTb
pa3BHTHlO IpOAbKJ\Opa 67
CYlb\eCTBeHHYlO PO-'\b B nOrpe6aAbHOM 06pH,lJ,e IirpalOT nOrpe6aAbHbie CO-
opymemrn,. KaK «BCl!!ecTBeHHbIH pe3YAbTaT norpe6aAbHOrO 06pR,lJ,a». KOHCT-
P}'K!!HR H Ipop:\la n\)rpt'6aAbHOrO coopymeHHR RBNleTCR OTpameHHeM H,lJ,eOAO-
rH'feCKIiX npe,lJ,CT3B-\em!H H peAlirH03HbiX BepOBaHIiH, CBR3aHHb[X CO CMepTblO.
CMepTb He TOAbKO GI1O.l\Orn'feCKHH npo!!eCC pa3AomeHI1R mH3HeHHbiX 3AeMeH-
TOB, HO 3TO H CO!!I1G KY -'>.brypHoe c06bITlie 68 . OTHolIleHHe K CMepTH y 60AbIilIiH-
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OTBpalb\eHlie C ,lJ,pyr Q ij6 9 . nOrpe6aAbHOC coopymeHHe npe,J,Ha3Ha'ieHO y,J,OBAe-
TBOpliTb 3TH npOT"tBOPC'iIiBb[e 'fYBCTBa mHBb[X no OTHOlIleHlilO K MepTBbIM,
39
113 'fIiCAa MHOrO'fHCAeHHbIX nyrelIlecTBeHHIiKOB )(1)( BeKa CYlb\eCTBeHHYIO
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'faA 30poacTpHHcKHH KaAeH,lJ,apb, noceTHA 30poaCTpliH!!eB KepMaHa, OnHCaA
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1325 r. B )(VI B. napCOB noceTHAH r apclliI ,lJ,a OpTa Ii AHTOHH MOHceppaTc.
B )(VII B. nOpT}'TaAbCKOH MOHOnOAI1H Ha BOCTOKe 6b[A 6polileH Bb[30B
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.lLmop,lJ,eHH, 3Bap,lJ, T3ppH, reHpH .Aop,lJ" TOMac rep6epT. B HX co061b\eHHRx
HMelOTCR CBe,lJ,eHlliI no nOrpe6aAbHoMY 06PH,lJ,y napCOB.
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BlliI no HeH COBeplilalOT 3HaMeHHTb[e nyrelIlecTBeHHI1KIi m. A660T, A. KOH-
HOAH, A. 130pHc, HO IiX C0061b\eHlliI KacalOTCH B OCHOBHOM mli3HH IiH,lJ,YCOB. pe_
AHrH03HOH Ii nOAHTliqeCKOH cHrya!!I1H Ii He CO,lJ,epmaT CBe,lJ,eHIiH 0 nOrpe6aAb-
HOM 06pH,lJ,e napcoB.
Ha eBponeHCKHX R3blKax IiMeeTCR 3Ha'fHTCAbHaH AIiTcpaTypa, nocBHrgeHHaH
06pR,lJ,aM H BepOBaHI1RM 30poaCTpIiH!!eB. nepBb[e HX onlicaHIiR cO,lJ,epmaTcR
B ynoMHHaBIIlHxCH Bb[lIle TpY,lJ,aX nyrelIlecTBeHHHKoB Ii MHcCHoHepOB HOBoro
BpeMeHH.
I1ccAe,lJ,OBaTCAbCKHe pa6oTb1 Ha'faAli nOHBNlTbCH B )(VIII B. HaKOrtAeH 3Ha-
'fIiTeAbHbIH apXeOAOrn'feCKIiH, 3THorpaIpH'feCKHH Ii AliHrBHCTH'feCKHH MaTCpliaA.
B Ha}'Ke yrBep,lJ,I1AOCb npe,lJ,CTaBAeHHe 0 30pOaCTpHH!!aX KaK 0 KOHcepBa-
TIiBHOM peAlirn03HOM 06pa30BaHHH, YCTOH'fIiBO coxpaHHBlileM B nO'fTH He113-
MeHHOM BH,lJ,e CBOH 06PH,lJ,b[ Ii ,lJ,OHeCIIlHMH HX BnAOTb ,lJ,0 HalIlHX ,lJ,HeH. Oc06eH-
HO 60Abliloe 3Ha'ieHlie npH,lJ,aeT KOHcepBaTH3MY 30poaCTpHH!!eB KpynHeHIIlHH
u M 13 u 63 C
3HaTOK 30poaCTpH3Ma aHrAHIiCKaH IiCCAe,lJ,OBaTeAbHH!!a . OHC. YI!!eCT-
BYlOT H ,lJ,pyrne B3rAH,lJ,b[ Ha 3TOT Bonpoc 64 . npe,lJ,CTaBNleTCH, 'fTO aTOT KOHcep-
BaTli3M He HeKHH lpeHoMeH, a npOHBAeHlie 3aKOHa BblmHBaHHH-coxpaHeHHH
KYAbTypbl-peAHrnli BO Bpam,J,e6HOH HHOKYAbrypHOH cpe,lJ,e.
40
KpaTKaH xapaKTepHCTHKa nHCbMeHHblX HCTO'lHHKOB H HCTopHorpa<!JHH
41
r MBa II
cAyma coxpaHeHli1O naMHTH 06 YMeplIleM Ii BMeCTe C TeM H30AHPYH ero TAeH-
Hble OCTaHKIi.
nOrpe6aAbHbie coopymeHl1H 30poacTpHHgeB - ,lJ,aXMbl, HAIi «6alIlHH MOA-
70
qaHIiH» ,KaK eI,ge HX npHHHTO Ha3blBaTb, ,lJ,eTaAbHO npOaHaAli3HpOBaHbi B AH-
Teparype. 0 ,lJ,peBHHX HpaHCKHX nOrpe6aAbHb[X nOCTpOHKax nlicaA K. A. l1HO-
71 TA
cTpaHgeB . Y IMeeTCH MHoroqHCAeHHaH 3apy6emHaH AHTeparypa OTHOCIiTeAbHO
TepMHHOAOrH'IeCKHX 0603HaqeHIiH nOrpe6aAbHbiX coopymeHHH 72 . AHaAH3 co-
OTHOlIleHHH TepMHHoB daxma-uzdana npOBe,lJ,eH 13. A. J\HTBIiHCKHM 73 . Bb[-
74 75
HBAeHbl reHeTH'IeCKlie Ii ,lJ,OKTpliHaAbHble npe,ll,lIOCbIAKH nOHBAeHIiH nO,lJ,06-
Hb[X coopymeHIiH, IiX CBH3b C nOrpe6aAbHblMH naMHTHHKaMIi conpe,lJ,eAbHb[X
76
pernOHOB .
npH nonblTKe Onpe,lJ,eAeHIiH npIiHa,lJ,AemHOCTH norpe6eHHoro K TOH HAIi
HHOH peAHrHH 60AblIlHHCTBO HCCAe,lJ,OBaTeAeH KaK npaBIiAO li,lJ,eT no nyrli Bbl-
,lJ,eAeHHH apxeOAOrH'IeCKHX THnOB coopymeHIiH, Bb[HBAeHHH IiX reHe3liCa,
npeAnpHHIiMalOTCH nOnb[TKH Onpe,lJ,eAeHl-UI COOTBeTCTBlliI ,lJ,aHHb[X apxeOAornli C
npe,lJ,nHCaHHHMIi «BIi,lJ,eB,lJ,aTa» H neXAeBHHCKHX IiCTOqHHKOB, conOCTaBAeHlliI
COBpeMeHHoro COCTOHHlliI peAlirHH C cHryagHeH B ,lJ,peBHOCTH. cP. £KIiHblO no,lJ,-
Bepr KpHTHKe nOnb[TKY M. 130HC npoegHpoBaTb COBpeMeHHoe COCTOHHHe 30-
U U TA 77
poaCTpliHCKOH peAHrHli B HCTOpH'IeCKOe npOlIlAoe Y lpaHa . C HHM B npHHgHne
COrAaCHACH 13. A. J\IITBHHCKHH 78 . HaM npe,lJ,CTaBAHeTCH, 1.JT0 nOnbITKIi BbUlBAe-
HlliI HCTOpl1'leCKOrO npolIlAoro Ha OCHOBe cOBpeMeHHoH cHryagli1i 6e30cHoBa-
TeAbHbl .ll.litJIb B TOM cAyqae, eCAii OHH OTOpBaHb[ OT AHHrBHCTH'IeCKIiX, apxeOAO-
rH'IeCKHX H 3THorpaqJH'IeCKIiX AaHHb[X. 130JlblIlliHCTBO HCCAe,lJ,OBaTeAeH, nOHHMaH
TqJeTHOCTb TaKHX nonblTOK H xpynKocTb Bcex nocTpoeHHH, orOBapHBaIOTCH,
1.JT0 ,lJ,eAalOT O'leHb OCTopomHble BbIBO,lJ,bl. nO,lJ,06HbIH aHaAH3 BO MHOroM CTaA
B03MomeH 6AarO,lJ,apH HCCAe,lJ,OBaHlliIM KpynHeHlIlero IipaHIiCTa, cnegHaAliCTa no
30poaCTpH3MY M. 130Hc, KOTOpaH c06paAa H 06pa60TaAa 60raTeHlIlHH MaTe-
pliaA 0 COBpeMeHHOM IipaHCKOM 30poaCTpH3Me, npOBe,lJ,H B 1960-e ro,lJ,b[ He-
CKOAbKO AeT B l1paHe, r,lJ,e H3yqaAa 06PH,lJ,bl, BepOBaHHH H nOrpe6aAbHb[e co-
opymeHlliI 30poacTpliHgeB, qTO HalilAO OTpam:eHlie B pH,lJ,e IfJYH,lJ,aMeHTaAbHbIX
TPY,lJ,OB H CTaTeH.
He MeHblIlee 3Ha'leHHe ,lJ,NI H3yqeHHH nOrpe6aAbHOrO 06pH,lJ,a napCOB l1H-
,lJ,IiH HMeeT pa60Ta pH,lJ,a napCHHcKIiX yqeHblx, oc06eHHO 1Lm. 1Lm. MO,lJ,H. OH
B CBoeH KHlire «PeAlirli03Hble gepeMoHIiH H 06pH,lJ,b1 napCOB» ,lJ,eTaAbHeHlIlHM
06pa3oM onliCblBaeT nOrpe6aAbHblH 06pH,lJ, napCOB B cpaBHeHHH C 06pH,lJ,OM
IipaHCKHX 30poacTpHHgeB H O'lHCTHTeAbHble gepeMOHHH.
3Ha'lHTeAbHyIO geHHocTb npe,lJ,CTaBAHeT pa60Ta H. K. cPHp6H 79 , nOCBH-
rgeHHaH BocnpliHTHIO 30poacTpliHgeB eBponeHeKHMIi nyrelIlecTBeHHHKaMIi
XVII-XVIII BB., B KOTOpOH aBTOp onpe,lJ,eAHeT ayreHTH'IHOCTb H ,lJ,aeT KPH-
TH'IeCKyIO ogeHKY HCTOqHIiKOB, OTMeqaeT HapH,lJ,y C 06rgeeBponeHcKliM OTHO-
lIleHHeM K 30poacTpliHcKOH peAlirHli H HH,lJ,HBH,lJ,YaAbHble ogeHKli, HHTepeCbl,
npe,lJ,y6em,lJ,eHlliI, B3rAH,lJ,b1 nyrelllecTBeHHHKOB, HHOr,lJ,a CO,lJ,epmaI,gHe CBe,lJ,eHIiH
o nOrpe6aAbHb[X coopymeHlliIx, cnoc06e Bb[CTaBAeHIiH TpynOB.
npOBe,lJ,eHlie H<UlIero HCCAe,lJ,OBaHHH OCAomllileTCH OTPblBOqHOCTblO H HepaB-
HOMepHOCTblO OCBeI,geHlliI 3ana.n.HblMIi nyrelIleCTBeHHHKaMH HHTepeCyIOI,gero
Hac Bonpoca. Ho TeM He MeHee HX C006I,geHHH BeCbMa Bam:Hbl ,lJ,NI HaH60Aee
nOAHoro H3yqeHHH norpe6aAbHOH npaKTIiKIi 30poacTpliHgeB, T. K., Bo-nepBblX,
npe,lJ,CTaBAHIOT c060H B3rAH,lJ, «H3BHe», OTpam:alOI,gHH BOCnpllilTIle eBponeHgaMH
'IY2K,lJ,OH IiCTOPHKO-KYAbrypHOH Tpa.n.HgHH, BO-BTOpb[X, npli BceH CBoeH IfJpar-
MeHTapHOCTH ,lJ,OKYMeHTaAbHO 3aneqaTAHIOT KOHKpeTHyIO 06pH,lJ,OByIO npaKTIiKY
B Kam.n.b[H ,lJ,aHHbIH MOMeHT B onpe,lJ,eAeHHOH MeCTHOCTH, 'ITO B CBOIO O'lepe,lJ,b
onHTb-TaKIi npe,lJ,OCTaBAHeT B03MomHOCTb conOCTaBAeHIiH C BHyrpeHHIiMH HC-
TO'lHHKaMH, «AseCTOM:» H «PHBaHTaMH», Ii BbIHBAeHHH CTeneHIi COOTBeTCTBlliI
HX npe,lJ,nIiCaHlliIM.
.4peBHe- H Cpe,ll,HeHpaHCKHe HCTO'lHHKH H HCTOpH'IeCKHe CBH,lI,eTe.l\bCTBa 43
LUBa III
C03AaHHOM BpeMeHeM ,llAH 060HX - rpelIIHoro H npaBe,llHOrO, K C03,llaHHOMY
Ma3,llOH MOCT)1 YHHBaT. [30] T Y,lla npHXO,llIiT npeKpaCHaH... CHAbHaH, KpaCHBO
ocpopMAeHHaH, conpOB02K,llaeMaH ,llBYMR c06aKaMH... OHa npHXO,llHT Ha Bb[CO-
KYIO Xapa, OHa npOBO,llHT ,llYWY npaBe,llHorO 'fepe3 MOCT YIiHBaT, K 3alb\HTe
HeBH,llHMbIX fl3aToB. [31] Boxy MaHax nO,llHIiMaeTCR co CBoero 30AOToro TpO-
Ha, Boxy MaHax BOCKAHgacr: "KaK Tbl npliweA CIO,lla, 0 npaBe,llHHK, H3 onac-
Horo Mlipa B Mlip 6e3 onacHocTH?" [32] .llOBOAbHaH ,llywa npaBe,llHOrO OTnpaB-
AJleTCR K 30AOTOMY TPOHY Axypa Ma3,llbl H AMewa CneHToB, ,llOMY neceH,
MeCTo-mHTeAbCTBY Axypa Ma3,llbl, MeCTo-mHTeAbCTBY A'\Iewa CneHToB, Me-
CTO-mIiTeAbCTBY npaBe,llHOrO».
.llaHHbIH IpparMeHT 1i3 «BH,lleB,llaTa» npHBe,lleH B nepeBO,lle 4m. 4apMcTe-
Tepa. Ha PYCCKHH R3b[K 1i3 3Toro IpparMeHTa «BH,lleB,llaTa» nepeBe,lleHbl BIi,ll.
XIX.27 -32. npHBe,lleM ,llAJl cpaBHeHHR PYCCKHH nepeBO,ll K. A. Kocco-
1
Bliqa :
«BH,lleB,llaT» XIX.27. «T BOpeg MHpa Ii Bcero, qTO C}'I!!eCTByeT B HeM! f,lle
COBepWaeTCJl TOT OTqeT, r,lle npe,llCTaBAHeTCR OH, r,lle c06HpalOTCR ,llAH Hero
,llaHHb[e, r,lle OKa3bIBalOTCR HaAligO Bce ,llaHHble,llAH Toro OT'feTa, KOTOpblH ,llacr
CMepTHb[H 0 ,llywe CBoeH, Kor,lla OHa OCTaB.i\HeT MHp?» [28] 3apaT)1UJTpe OT-
BeTCTBOBaA Axypa Ma3,lla: «nOCAe Toro KaK CKOH'facrcR 'feAOBeK, nOCAe Toro
KaK OTOH.n.eT OH, nOCAe TOro KaK ,113Bb[ 3Ab[e, 3AOMY,llpeHHble, nO,llOH,llyr K HeMY,
KOr,lla paccBeTcr Ii 3aCHReT 3apR, KOr,lla Ha rOpb[ C qHCTb[M 6AeCKOM B30H.n.eT
n06e,llOHOCHbIH MHTpa H 6AecTRIb\ee COAHge CTaHeT nO,llHHMaTbCH, Tor,lla,
npaBe,llHblH 3apaT)111lTpa, [29] ,113B no I1MeHIi BH3apwa OBAa,lJ,eBacr CBR3aH-
HOIO ,llYWOIO ,llypHoro 'feAOBeKa, 'feAOBeKa, nOKAOHRBWerOCR ,113BaM, mliBwero
Mep3KO. 11 TOT, Koro }'BAeKaAO 3AO, H TOT, KTO pyKOBO,llIiACR npas,llOIO (Awa),
06a BblcrynalOT TOr,lla Ha nyrH CBOIi, H3rOTOBAeHHb[e BpeMeHeM. Y MOCTa, C03-
AaHHoro Ma3,llOIO, Y 'fIiCTOrO YHHBa,lJ,a,- BOT MeCTO, r,lle pa36lipalOT, KaK 'fbR
,llywa, KaK 'fbR COBeCTb ,lleHCTBOBaAa B Mlipe, qTO COBepWHA KTO, 06liTaB no-
Cpe,llH mliBblX CYlb\eCTB. [30] CIO,lla npIiXO,llHT npeKpaCHaH, CTaTHaH, 60,llpaH,
BblCOKaH ,lleBa: conyrcTByIOT eH CBRTOCTb. npaB,lla. BAaCTb. M0lJ'I!\eCTBo. ;: ha
,lleBa Hli3Bepracr 3AOBpe,llHble ,llYWH ,llypHblX .IUO,lleH BO TbMY; ,llYWH me .IUO,lleH
'fHCTbIX ee BAaCTblO nepeXO,llHT no T)1 CTOPOHY He,llOCRraeMbIX rop Xapa D3P3-
3aHTH. aTa ,lleBa npOBO,llHT npaBe,llHIiKOB 'fepe3 MOCT YHHBa,ll, npH061b\aH HX
K COHMaM He6eCHblX R3aTOB, [31] TaM BCTaeT HaBCTpe'fY npaBe,llHIiKY C CBoero
3AaT03,llaHHOrO npecToAa DAarOM: .llyx [Boxy-MaHa] H rOBopHT eMY: "HaKo-
Heg-To. HenOpO'fHblM:. npHweA Tbl CIO,lla K HaM, H3 npexo,llHl!!ero MHpa B Mlip,
He 3HaIOIb\HM: TAeHa!" [32] I1cnoAHeHHble Mlipa ,llYWH npase,llHHKOB nO,llXO,llHT
K Axypa Ma3,lle, nO,llXO,llHT K DeccMepTHblM CBRTbIM, K 3AaT03,llaHHbIM npe-
CTOAaM HX. l1,llyr OHIi B f apOHMaHY, B 06liTaAlilb\e Axypa Ma3,llbl. B 061ITaAIi-
rge DeCCMepTHblX CBRTb[X, B 06HTaAlilb\e ,llPyrHx HenOp0'fHbIX».
l{PEBHE- H CPEltHEHPAHCKHE
nHCbMEHHWEHCT04HHKH
H HCTOPH4ECKHE CBHltETEAbCTBA
o .30POACTPHHCKOM nOrPEEAAbHOM OEPHltE
C0061b\eHliH nliCbMeHHblX IiCTO'fHHKOB 0 30pOaCTpliM:CKOM nOrpe6aAbHOM
06PMe HeMHoro'fIiCAeHHb[. npH 3TOM He Bce 3AeMeHTbl nOrpe6aAbHoro 06pMa
OCBelb\eHb[ B HIiX ,llOCTaTO'fHO nO,llp06HO Ii RCHO. Ho, 1.JT0 oc06eHHO BamHo, B IiC-
TO'fHHKaX HaWAii OTpameHHe KaK CBe,lleHHR 0 nOrpe6aAbHb[X coopymemrnx, TaK
H BepOBaHIiR OTHOCHTeAbHO CY,llb6bl ,llYWH H AeM:CTBlliIX. He06xo,llHMb1X ,llAH
06eCne'feHHR eM: AyqweH yqacTH.
.3opoaeTpHHeKHe BepOBaHHH OTHoeHTeAbHO eY,llb6bl ,llymH YMepmero.
YTO KacaeTCR cY,llb6b[ ,llYWIi Henocpe,llCTBeHHO nOCAe CMepTH, «faTb[» He ,llalOT
HaM RCHOH KapTHHbl. «n03,llHRJl AaecTa», O,llHaKO, CO,llepmliT HeKOTOpb[e CBe-
,lleHHR, onHCblBalOlb\He, KaK ,llywa npaBe,llHIiKa HAIi rpeWHIiKa OmH,llaeT B03Ae
ee 3eMHoro mHAlilb\a B YBepeHHOCTH HAIi CTpaxe B Te'feHHe Tpex ,llHeH H HOqeH
nOKa ee He nOCTHrHcr IiH,llHBH,llYaAbHbIH CY,ll. neXAeBHHCKHe Ii napCHHCKo-nep-
CH,llCKHe TeKCTbl He TOAbKO nepelppa3lipYIOT aBeCTIiHCKHH MaTepliaA, ,lleTaAbHO
ero pa3pa6aTb[BaH. HO TalOKe CO,llepmaT HeKOTOpb[e HOBb[e H,lleH OTHOCIiTeAbHO
nOAomeHIiR ,llYWIi B Te'feHHe 3Toro nepHO,lla TpeBomHoro omH,llaHlliI.
CY,llb6a ,llyuIH npaBe,llHHKa eOrAaeHO «MAa...uueH ABeCTe». «BH,lleB,llaT»
XIX.26-32 PHCYcr ,llYwy rpewHHKa KaK H,llYlb\yIO B O,llIiHO'feCTBe K MOCT)1
YHHBaT, TOr,lla KaK ,llYWY npaBeAHHKa BCTpe'faeT <<npeKpaCHaH» ,lleBa B conpo-
B02K,lleHIiIi ,llBYX c06aK:
[26] «3apaT)1lllTpa CKa3aA Axypa Ma3,lle... [27] 0 C03,llaTeAb! f,lle
,llOAmHa 6bITb Harpa,lJ,a, r,lle ,llOAmHa 6blTb npliCY2K,lleHa Harpa,lJ,a, r,lle ,llOAmHa
6blTb IiC'fHCAeHa Harpa,lJ,a, KOTOpyIO 'feAOBeK 3acAymHA ,llAH CBoeH ,llYWH B Ma-
TepHaAbHOM Mlipe?» [28] 3aTeM CKa3aA Axypa Ma3,lla: «nocAe [TOro] [KaK]
'ieAOBeK YMpeT, nOCAe Toro KaK BpeMR ero BblWAO, nOCAe 3AOM: ,lleMOH, 3AblX
MblCAeH pa3pbIBaeT ero nOAHOCTblO, Ha paCCBeTe TpeTbeH HOqli. cBeTRIb\HHcR
[pa cBeT] YBeAI1'f BaeTCR RpKHM: Ii 6AecTRrgliM:, H MIiTpa XOPOWO BoopymeH-
HblH. CBepKalOlb\HH nO,ll06Ho COAH!'!y B03paCTaeT H BOCXO,llIiT... [29] 4eMoH no
IiMeHIi Vizarsh (BmJapwa). 0 CnliTaMa 3apaT)1WTpa, Be,lleT CBR3aHHyIO ,llYWY
rpewHoro 'feAOBeKa, nOKAOHHHKa ,lleMOHOB... OHa [,llywa] li,lleT O,llHa no nyrH,
44
fMBa III
.4peBHe- H Cpe,ll,HeHpaHCKHe HCTO'lHHKH H HCTOpH'IeCKHe CBH,lI,eTe.l\bCTBa
45
B COOTBeTCTBli11 C onlicaHHeM B «Xa,lI,YXT HacKe». KOr,lJ,a npaBe.ll.HblH qe-
AOBeK YXO,lJ,IiT. ero ,lJ,ywa 3aHliMaeT MeCTO B03Ae ero rOAOBbl. noeT cBRI,geH-
Hble rHMHbl. npoB03rAaWaH C'faCTbe. KOTopoe Axypa Ma3,lJ,a nOmeAaA noma-
AOBaTb 6AameHHb1M. B TeKCTe (rA. 2. 1-20) roBOpliTCR 0 Bonpoce, 3a,lJ,aH-
HOM 3aparywTpOH Axypa Ma3,lJ,e: «Axypa Ma3,lJ,a Hali60Aee CBRTOH ,lJ,yx,
C03,lJ,aTeAb MaTepHaAbHOrO MHpa, npaBe,lJ,HbIH! Kor,lJ,a npaBe,lJ,HblH 'feAOBeK
YMlipaeT, r,lJ,e HaXO,lJ,HTCR ero ,lJ,ywa B 3TY HOqb?" [3-6] 3aTeM CKa3aA
Axypa Ma3,lJ,a: «OHa CH,lJ,HT y rOAOBbl [Tpyna], noeT faTY YWTaBaHTH, npH-
3bIBaH meAaeMble ,lJ,N! Hee BeI,gIi... B 3TY HO'fb ,lJ,yrna nOA}"iaAa TaK MHOro
y,lJ,OBOAbCTBHR. KaK Bce, 'fTO OHa 'fYBCTBOBaAa B mH3HH» [7]. «Ha BTOpylO
HO'fb. r,lJ,e npe6bIBaeT ,lJ,ywa?» «aHa CH,lJ,HT y roAOBbl»... [12] «Ha TpeTblO
HO'fb, r,lJ,e npe6bIBaeT ,lJ,ywa?» «Ha TpeTblO HOqb TaKme OHa CH,lJ,lIT y roAO-
Bbl»... [18-20] B KOHge TpeTbeH HO'f1i nORBAHeTCR paCCBeT, 3TO 6bIBaeT
TaK. KaK eCAH 6bl ,lJ,ywa npaBe,lJ,Horo 'feAOBeKa 6blAa Cpe,lJ,H Ayra 11 B,lJ,blXaAa
,lJ,YWHCTbIH apOMaT. aTO KaK eCAH 6bl BeTep ,lJ,YA Ha Hee 1i3 caMOH lOmHoH 06-
AaCTIi, H3 caMoH ceBepHoH 06AacTH. apoMaTHblH, 60Aee apOMaTHb[H 'feM Ka-
KOH-AH60 ,lJ,pyroH BeTep. [21] 3aTeM. KaK eCAIi 6bl ,lJ,ywa npaBe,lJ,Horo 'feAO-
BeKa B,lJ,b[XaAa 3TOT BeTep B CBOI1 H03,lJ,pli». «OTKY,lJ,a ,lJ,yeT 3TOT BeTep, KOTO-
pblH RBAHeTCR HaH60Aee 6AaroyxalOI,gIiM BeTpOM. KOTOpblH 51 B,lJ,b[XaAa B MOH
H03,lJ,PH?» [22-23] Kor,lJ,a 3TOT BeTep ,lJ,yeT Ha Hee, ee c06CTBeHHaH .llaeHa
nORBAHeTCR B BIi,lJ,e ,lJ,eBYWKH, npeKpacHoH gapCTBeHHoH, C 6eAb[MH pYKaMIi...
B 06pa3e CTOAb npeKpaCHOM, KaK HaH60Aee npeKpaCHaH 1i3 C03,lJ,aHHR. [24]
3aTeM ,lJ,ywa npaBe,lJ,Horo 'feAOBeKa rOBopliT eH. BonpowaR: «LITO Tbl 3a ,lJ,e-
BywKa. HaH60Aee npeKpaCHaH H3 Bcex ,lJ,eByrneK, KOTOPb[X 51 KOr,lJ,a-AI160 BH-
,lJ,eAa?» [25] 3aTeM ee c06CTBeHHaH .llaeHa OTBe'iaeT eH: «BOHCTHHY .H TBOR
c06CTBeHHaH .llaeHa. TBOHX 6AarliX MblcAeH, 6AarliX CAOB, 6AarHX ,lJ,eA. 6AaraH
BHyrpeHHRR [.llaeHa]...» [33-34] .llywa npaBe,lJ,Horo 'feAOBeKa ,lJ,eAaeT nep-
BblH war, OH nOMeI,gaeT ee B «6AarylO MbICAb». OHa ,lJ,eAaeT BTOpOH war. OH
nOMeI,gaeT ee B «6Aaroe CAOBO». aHa ,lJ,eAaeT TpeTIiH war. OH nOMeI,gaeT ee B
«6Aaroe ,lJ,eAO». aHa ,lJ,eAaeT qeTBepTblH war. OH nOMeI,gaeT ee B 6eCKOHe'f-
HblH CBeT. [35-36] 3aTeM npaBe,lJ,Hb[H 'feAOBeK, KOTOPb[H YMep npem,lJ,e.
roBOpHT eMY. BOnpOWaH: «KaK. 0 npaBe,lJ,HbIH, Tbl YMep? KaK Tbl OTnpaBHA-
CR 1i3 mHAHI,ga co CKOTOM.... H3 MaTepHaAbHOro MHpa B ,lJ,YXOBHbIH Mlip. 1i3
onaCHoro MHpa B MHp 6e3 onaCHOCTIi? KaK ,lJ,OArO C'faCTbe WAO K Te6e?»
[37] 3aTeM CKa3aA Axypa Ma3,lJ,a: «Bbl He IiMeeTe BonpOCOB K HeMY. OH,
K KOMY Baw Bonpoc. npHweA ClO,lJ,a Ha CTpawHYlO, ymaCHyIO, nary6HYlO ,lJ,0-
pory, TO eCTb pa3,lJ,eAeHHe TeAa H C03HaHIiR. [38] nYCTb 3,lJ,eCb ,lJ,a,lI,yr eMY
B KaqeCTBe nl1I,gH BeceHHero MacAa, 'fTO RBAHeTCR nliI,geH nOCAe cMepTIi ,lJ,N!
Mym'fIiH 6AarHx MbICAeH. 6AarHx CAOB, 6AarHx ,lJ,eA, 6Aarnx BHyrpeHHOCTeH.
'ITO RBAHeTCR nliI,geH nOCAe CMepTIi ,lJ,N! meHI,gHHb[ npeBOCXO,lJ,HbIX MbICAeH,
npeBOCXO,lJ,HbIX CAOB, npeBOCXO,lJ,Hb[X ,lJ,eA. XopOWO 06)"ieHHOH. PYKOBO,lJ,IiMOH
rocnO,lJ,HHOM. npaBe,lJ,HOH». u
«Vistasp Y asht» 53-64 RBAHeTCR 3aliMCTBOBaHlieM nepBOH 'faCTH «Ha-
dokht Nask» 2.1-18.
- )J.ywa npaBe,lJ,HHKa B neXAeBHHCKOH AHTepa pe. AaecTHHCKaH ,lJ,OKTp -
H<lO cYilb6e ,lJ,yrnli npaBe,lJ,HHKa HaWAa CBoe ,lJ,aAbHeHWee pa3BHTHe B neXAeBHH-
CKOll AI1TepaType.
Ha,lJ,nIiCH Kep,lJ,Hpa cO,lJ,epmaT MOAIiTBY mpega, 06paI,geHHYlO K 60raM C
npocb60H. 'IT06bl 60rli AH'fHO eMY. npli m1i3HI1, nOKa3aAii nyrewecTBlie, KOTO-
poe ilyrna BbInOAHReT nOCAe CMepTH. TO. 'fTO H3BeCTHO H3 peAHrn03HblX CO'fIi-
HeHIiH. - Ii 3TO nOMomeT eMY ,lJ,eHCTBOBaTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO. MHorHe ,lJ,eTaAH
3'fOrO TeKCTa ,lJ,0 CIiX nop Bb[3b[BalOT ,lJ,IiCKyCClilO CpeilH HpaHlicTOB. .llyrna
BCTpe'iaeTCR C He6ecHoH .lleBOH. ,lJ,yrna npoxo,lJ,HT H:.n. AilOM no MOC'?y HuT. ,lJ,.
Bce 3TH ,lJ,eTa-\H nOilp06HO onHCbIBalOTCR B neXAeBHHcKo-30poacTp1iHCKOIi AIi-
Teparype.
«l1.paHcKIiH EYH,lJ,aXIiWH» CO,lJ,epmHT RPKYlO KapTHHY cY,lJ,b6b[ ,lJ,YWH npa-
Be;l,HIiKa Cpa3Y me nOCAe CMepTH. {JeHHOCTb 3Toro TeKCTa 3aKAlOqaeTCR B TOM,
'iTO OH ,lJ,aeT o&bRcHeHHe He06xo,lJ,H:\10CTH nOMeI,geHmj ropRI,gero OrHR B TeqeHHe
Tpex ,lJ,HeH Ii HO'feH y MeCTa. r,lJ,e AemlIT roAoBa Tpyna. «Kor,lJ,a 'feAOBeK YMHpa-
eT. ,lJ,ywa CIi,lJ,HT B Te'feHHe Tpex HOqeH OKOAO MeCTa. r,lJ,e 6blAa ero rOAoBa. H B
3TH HO'-IIi [OH] KTO [RBAHeTCR] ,lJ,e:\10H0:\1 Vizarsh BH3apwa C [ero] C0103HHKaMH
(hamkaran) CMOTpHT Ha Hee [T. e. Ha ,lJ,ywy] C BeAHKIiM CTpeM_\eHHeM (vas
handac) 11 nOBOpa'fHBaeT ee Ha3a,l1, K OrHlO, KOTOpblH ropliT TaM. n03TOMY
OroHb CO,lJ,epmaT ropRI,gIiM B Te'feHHe 3'rHX Tpex HO'feH ,lJ,0 Hacryn.\eHHR ,lJ,HR, Ha
:,leCTe. r,lJ,e 6blAa ero rOAOBa. ECAH orOHb [He ropliT TaM] OH [T. e. Vizarsh BH-
3apwa] TRHeT ee Ha3a,l1, K [OrHlO] Atas- Vahram HAIi [abav] K OrHlO. KOTOPb[H
nO,lJ,06eH BeAHKOAenHOMY (hamavrang). B TeqeHlie Tpex HO'feH, Kor.a,a 60Ab H
CTpa,lJ,aHlie npIiXO,lJ,51T K TeAY. TO 3AeCb, KiUKeTCR eMY. ,lJ,OALKHO 6blTb TaK MHoro
CTpa,ll,aHIiH. KaK 3,lJ,eCb npHqHHHeTCR 'feAOBeKY. KOr.ll.a ero .lI.OM pa3pywaeTcR. B
TeqeHHe 3THX Tpex ,lJ,HeH ,lJ,yrna CH,lJ,HT OKOAO ero rOAOBbl C Ha,lI,e2K,lJ,OH. qTO «OHa
:\10mCT 6b[Tb CTOAb C'faCTAHBa. 'ITO KpOBb MomeT 6b[Tb pa30rpeTa (x6n tabed)
Ii ,lJ,b[XaHHe MomeT BOHTIi B TeAO (vad 6 tan raved). TaK 'ITO H MOry 6b[Tb B co-
CTORHIiH BOHTH eI,ge pa3 [B TeAO]» 2 .
B rAaBe 30 «EOAbworo (HAM I1paHcKoro) EYH,lJ,aXIiWHa» eCTb onlicaHlie
MOCTa, KOTOPb[H npOXO,lJ,IiT ,lJ,yrna. «3,lJ,eCb eCTb ropHblH nHK. no BblCOTe paB-
Hb[H CTOKpaTHOMY 'feAOBe'feCKOMY POCTy - nHK .llaHTH (Dalti)... B c:peil HHe
3,iJ,eCb eCTb MeCTO. KOTopoe CTOAb me OCTpoe, KaK Me'f - OHO ,lJ,AHHOIi H WH-
pliHOH B .lI.eBRTb KonliH. I1 3,lJ,eCb 60rn .lI.pyroro MHpa, KOTopble O'fHI,galOT ,lJ,y-
wY B ,lJ,pyroM MHpe. I1 c06aKa ,lJ,pyroro MHpa CTOHT Ha KOHge MOCTa. Ii Ail -
no,lJ, HH:\1». 11. ,lJ,pyroe MeCTO H3 3Toro me HCTO'iHHKa. «3aTeM ,lJ,ywy Be,lJ,yr
46
.4peBHe- H Cpe,ll,HeHpaHCKHe HCTO'lHHKH H HCTOpH'IeCKHe CBHtleTe.l\bCTBa
47
f.l\aBa [II
K nO,ll.Hom.HIO rOpbl Xap6YP3 (Harburz), r,ll.e Xpe6Tbl H COeAliIDIIOI,glie IiX Tpa-
BepCb[ OKpym.aIOT BepllJHHY nHKa, r,ll.e eCTb OCTpblH KpRm.. TaM, eCAH KTO-TO
6AarOqeCTHB, KpR OCTaCTCR CTO.\b llJHpOKIiM, KaKOB OH eCTb. n06e,ll.OHOCHb[H
AAyp cPapp6ar (Adur Farrbag) 3am.HraeTCR B TeMHOTe H, IiMeR BHjJ, OrHR Be-
,lI.eT ,lI.:llJY no xpe6Ty. 11 60m.eCTsa ,lI.Pyroro MHpa OqliI,galOT ee. OH Be,ll.eT ;YllJY
B IiHOH M p B,lI.OAb ,lI.Pyroro xpe6Ta K BepllJHHe r OPb[ Xap6YP3 H BaH .ll06pb[H
(Good Way) 6epeT era PYKY Ii npIiBO,ll.IiT ,lI.YllJY Ha ee MeCTO... ECAH m.e 3Ta
,lI.YllJa nOpO'iHa, TO B TO BpeMR, KOr,ll.a OH Be,ll.eT ee no xpe6T)' K BepllJHHe, TOr,ll.a
OCTpaH Befxm'IR rpaHb xpe6Ta CTaHOBHTCR nO,ll.06Ha OCTpHIO 6pliTBbi H He no-
3BOAHeT eli nepeCeqb 3TO npoCTpaHCTBO. 11 OHa BbIHY2K./.leHa ,lI.BHraTbCR no Ae3-
BIiIO 6PliTBbl, XOTR Ha He meAaeT 3TOro. 11 C,lI.eAaB TPH llJara Bnepe,ll., conpo-
B02K./.laeMaH 3A06HOH MblCAbIO, Bpam.,lI.e6HOH pe'ibIO H He,ll.06pbIMH ,lI.eAaMH, KO-
TOpb[e OHa OC}'I!!eCTBAHAa, OHa cpbIBaeTCR C MOCTa H na,ll,aeT BHH3 rOAOBOH H
nepemliBaeT Bce CTpa,ll,aHHR»3. OnlicaHlie 3T0ro MOCTa eCTb H B pR,lI.e ,lI.PyrHx
HCTO'fHHKOB, HanpHMep, B «Ap,ll.a Blipa3 HaMar» 4,5; 5,14.
KHHra «Men6g-i xrad» (<<.llyx pa3}'Ma»)j RBAHeTOI KOMnHAHglieH n03,l1.He-
caCaHH,lI.CKoro nepHO,ll.a, KOTOpaH CO,ll.epmliT MHOro ,lI.peBHero MaTepHaAa. OHa
(II. 110-126) CO,ll.epmliT TaK}'JO HOBYIO BamHYIO ,lI.eTaAb KaK onHcaHHe no-
Cpe,ll.HH'feCTBa, OKa.3blBaeMoro ,lI.YllJe npaBe,ll.HHKa npaBe,ll.HblM CpOllJeM (Sros) B
nepece'-leHIiH MOCTa YHHBaT. «He Bepb B m.1i3Hb. H60 B KOHge CMepTb n06e,ll.IiT
Te6R, H c06aKH H nTligb[ pa30pByr TBoe TeAO, H TBOH KOCTH 6y,lI.yr Aem.aTb Ha
3eMAe. [114] _11 B TeqeHlie Tpex ,lI.HeH Ii HOqeH TBOR ,lI.YllJa 6Y,lI.eT CIi,ll.eTb Y roAO-
Bb[ TeAa. [lb] 11 Ha 'feTBepTb[H ,lI.eHb Ha paCCBeTe, COnpOB02K./.laeMaH npaBe,ll.-
Hb[M CpOllJeM Ii BaHeM .ll06pbIM Ii MOryI!!eCTBeHHbIM BaxpaMoM, H Bpa.1KAe6-
HblM AcTBHXa,lI,OM Ii BaHeM 3Ab[M H ,lI.eMOHOM Bli3apllJa, OHa ,lI.OCTHrHeT BbICO-
Koro H CTpa IHoro MOCTa YHHBaT, K KOTOPOMY npli,ll.eT Ka.1KAb[H, npaBe,ll.Hb[H
HAM rpellJ blli. [116] 11 TaM MHOro BparoB 2K./.leT, [117] TaKHX KaR allJM C OK 0-
BaBAeHHOH Y 6 u u A p
,lI. HHKOH, 3AOpa,ll,Hblli, H CTBHXa,lI" KOTOPb[H ,lI.eAaeT 60Ae3HeH-
Hb[MIi C03,l1.aHIDI H HHKOr,ll.a He Ca,lI,IiTCR. [118] 11 nOCpe,ll.HH'faIOT TaM MHXP H
CPOllJ H Pamy. [119-120] Ha Becax npaBe,ll.HblH PallJY, KOTOpblH ,lI.epmHT
paBHOBeCHe lI,N! ,lI.yuI, HHKOr,ll.a He ,lI.eAaH HX rAy6me K O,ll.HOH CTopOHe HH ,lI.NI
npaBe,ll.HOrO, HH ,lI.NI rpellJHoro, HH ,lI.NI rOCnO,ll.HHa, Hii lI,N! npaBIiTeAH CTpaHbl.
[121] OH He OTK.i\OIDIeTCH H Ha llJHpliHY BOAOCKa... [123] Kor,ll.a 3aTeM ,lI.yuIa
npaseJJ.Horo 'feAOBeKa nepeceKaeT 3T0T MOCT, MOCT CTaHOBHTCH llJlipl1HOH B OJJ.HY
MHAIO, [124] Ii ,lI.ywa npase,ll.HHKa nepeceKaeT [MOCT], conpOB02K./.laeMaH npa-
Be,ll.HbIM CpoweM. [125-126] 11 ero c06CTBeHHb[e 6Aame ,lI.eHcTBHR nplixo-
,lIJIT BCTpeTHTb ero B BH,lI.e ,lI.eByuIKIi, 60Aee npeKpacHoH H KpacHBoH, 'feM Ka-
KaH-.II.1i60 ,lI.pyraH ,lI.eBYWKa B Mlipe...» 6
«neXAeBHHCKHH PHBaHT» B geAOM B onHcaHHH CYP.b6bl ,lI.YWH npaBe,ll.HHKa
H rpellJHHKa CAe,ll.yeT onHcaHli1O «Xa,lI,YXT HaCKa», HO ,lI.06aBAHeT O,ll.HY ,lI.eTaAb:
Aywa npaBe,ll.HHKa HaXO.ll.lITCR OKOAO CBoero 3eMHoro npHCTaHIiI,ga B Te'feHlie
u 6 7
rpex ,lI.HeH, O,ll.eTaH B eAyIO O,ll.em,ll.Y .
«.lla,ll.IiCTaH-H .lleHHr» npe,ll.OCTaBAHeT MHOro HOBoro MaTepHaAa. B COOT-
BeTCTBIiH C ero TeKCTOM, KOr,ll.a 6AarO'feCTHBb[H 'ieAOBeK yMHpaeT, ,lI.ywa OCTa-
eTCH Ha 3eMAe B Te'feHlie Tpex ,lI.HeH, nOAHaH COMHeHHH 0 npe,ll.Ha.3HaqeHHOH eH
cVLJ:b6e Ii B cTpaxe om.HjJ,aHIDI (hamar) Ha MeCTe cY,lI.a, TaK KaK ee MeCTO 3/1,eCb
3 BIiCHT OT ee c06CTBeHHb[X /l,06pb[X Ii rpellJHblX /l,eA (Od. XXIV.1, 2). Ee
nepeml-lBaHHR H TpeneT, CBR3aHHbie C nepeCe'feHHeM MOCTa YHHBaT, nO/l,Kpen-
ARIOTCR YBepeHHOCTbIO B 6AarOM IiCXO/l,e, nOTOMY qTO /l,YllJa nOAY"aeT B TeqeHHe
nepBOH HO'f1i y/I,OBOAbCTBHe (ramisn) OT ee c06CTBeHHbiX 6AarHX MblcAeH;
BO BTOpyIO HO'fb OT ee c06cTBeHHbix 6Aamx CAOB; Ii B TpeTbIO HOqb OT ee c06-
C'fBCHHbIX 6AarHX /l,eA. 11 eCAH Y npaBe/l,HHKa 6Y,lI.eT KaKoH-AH60 rpex, /I,<UKe
eCAH OH TOAbKO Ha'iHHaeTCR (pad bun ested), OH 110/l,BepraeTCR 'faCTII'fHO HaKa-
3aHliIO, COOTBeTCTByIOI,geMY HaKa3aHliIO rpellJHHKa 3a COBepWeHHb[e IiM rpexii
H nOCT)'I1KH.
3/1,eCb m.e onHCblBaeTCR, KaK "CqaCTbe» npHXO/l,liT K /l,yuIe B nepBYIO HO'fb
B COOTBeTCTBIiH C ee 6AarliMH Mb[CAHMH, HO "/I,OCa,lI,yeT'> H3-3a ee npem.HHX
3Ab[X Mb[CAeH, OHa HCnb[TblBaeT «Y/I,OBOAbCTBlie» Ha BTOpyIO HO'ib no nOBO/l,Y
ee 6,\amx CAOB, HO «/I,HCKOMlp0PT» (dusxvarih) 1i3-3a ee npem.HHX 3Ab[X CAOB;
Ii Ha TpeTbIO HOqb OHa HcnblTblBaeT «3K3aAbTagHIO» no CAY"alO ee 6AarHX /l,eA,
HO HeKOTopoe «HaKa3aHHe» (pad&as) nOCTliraeT ,lI.yuIY B COOTBeTCTBIiH C ee
3.\bIMH /l,eAaMIi (Od. XX.1-2).
VIMeHHo B TeqeHlie 3THX Tpex /l,HeH, corAaCHO "EyHLJ:aXHllJHY», ,lI.eMOH BIi-
3apwa 60peTcR C /l,yuIOH YMepwero qeAOBeKa. OH nb[TaeTCR nOHMaTb /l,ywy
npaBe/l,HHKa, 6pocaH neTAIO (BepeBKY) Ha weIO, qT06b[ nOTRHyrb llyuIY B a,lI"
u 8
HO OH TepnliT HeY/I,aqy B CBoeH nonblTKe H AOBywKa na,ll,aeT -
nOAom.eHHe /l,yuIH B 3T0T KpHTHqeCKHH MOMeHT qaCTO cpaBHHBaeTCR B nex-
AeBIiHCKHX TeKCTax C nOAomeHHeM HOBopom./I,eHHOrO pe6eHKa, KOTOpblH HYm.-
lJ,aeTCH B 3aI,gHTe OT /l,eMOHOB. n03T0MY orOHb nOCTORHHO /l,OALKeH ropeTb B Te-
'ieHHe Tpex /l,HeH OKOAO MeCTa, rlle Aem.aAO TeAO yMepwero. aTOT 06bl'faH Ha-
6A!O/I,aeTCR Y 30poacTpHHgeB Ii /1,0 cero JJ.HR. OrOHb llepm.aT TaKm.e B TeqeHlie
Tpex /l,HeH H Y KOAb[6eAIi HOBop02K./.leHHoro.
".llallHcTaH-H .lleHIir» (XX.3-7) ,lI.aeT nO/l,p06HOe onHcaHHe Mocra
LJ:IiHBaT: «MOCT [YHHBaT] nOll06eH ca6Ae... o.ll,Ha H3 nOBepXHOCTeH KOTOpOH
llJlipOKaH, llPyraH Y3KaH H OCTpaH. Ha CBoeHWHpoKOH CTopOHe OH TaKOH npo-
CTOpHblH, 'iTO HMeeT llJHpHHY B 27 llJeCTOB, co CBoeH Y3KOH CTOpOHbl OH C/I,eAaH
TaR, qTO OH CTOAb Y30K, KaK Ae3BHe 6p1iTBbl. Korlla npe6blBaIOT /l,yuIH npaBell-
HIiKa H rpeWHHKa, OH nOBOpa'fIiBaeTCH Ha TY CTOPOHY, KOTOpaH npe,ll.Ha3Ha'feHa
AMI HHX. no BeAIiKOH CAaBe c03/1,aTeAH H no pacnopRmeHIiIO Toro, KTO RBAHeT-
CR CnpaBe,ll,AHBb[M CYllbeH H nOKpOBIiTeAeM MocTa, OH CTaHOBHTCR llJHpOKIiM
48
fMBa III
.4peBHe- H cpeJJ,HeHpaHCKHe HCTO'lHHKH H HCTOpH'IeCKHe CBHJJ,eTe.l\bCTBa
49
nepeXO OM ,lJ,Ni npaBeAHIiKa... ,lJ,Ni rpellJHIiKa OH CTaHOBIiTCH Y3KHM nepexo-
OM, no 06Hb[M oCTpmo 6pliTBbl. .llyuIa npaBe Horo qeAOBeKa nepeceKaeT Mocr
H ee n)'Tb nplU[TeH... Kor a yuIa rpellJHHKa CTaBHT HOry Ha MOCT, nOToMY
'ITO... [OH] OCTPb[H, OHa na.tJ,aeT C cepe IiHbl MOCTa H AeTIiT BHH3» 9. B neXAe-
BHHCKIiX HCTOqHIiKaX OCBeI,gaeTCH H BiUKHb[H Bonpoc OTHOCHTeAbHO Toro, HC-
nbITblBaeT AH YllJa CTpa.tJ,aHlie B TO BpeMH, Kor a eAO pacna.tJ,aeTCH Ha aAe-
MeHTbl. «.lla.tJ,HCTaH-H .lleHHr» (XVI.l-3) )'TBepm aeT, qTO Kor a YllJa
OT eNIeTCH OT TeAa, Tpyn caM 6C3 eHTeAeH, He BmKHM H .ll.lillJeH 'IysCTB, HO
YllJa nocpe CTBOM YXOBHOro BocnpHHTIiH OC03HaeT Bce, 'ITO npOIiCXO IiT,
XOTH aTO H He HBNIeTCH CTpa.tJ,aHHeM, eC.II.H yuIa 3acAymliBaeT CnaCeHi-iH. .llywa
npaBe HHKa ysepeHa, qTO iUKe eC.II.H COCTaBAeHHoe TeAO (tan") pasaxt) pa3py-
waeTCH B CMepTli, no KpaHHeH Mepe, TeAO (tan) H mH3Hb (jan) OAmHb[ CO-
e HHIiTbCH BO BpeMH BOCKpeceHHH. B COOTBeTCTBI1H C yqeHlieM «AaecTbl)O
1p0pMa (bhrp) HAH TeAO (tanu) 06HOBHTCH npli BOCKpeceHHIi.
HecKoAbKO OTAliqHaH TOqKa 3peHHH npe CTaBAeHa B «.lleHKapTe»
(IX.16.6). B COOTBeTCTBli1i C aTHM TeKCTOM C03HaHHC (boo) OCTaeTCH B03Ae
Te.ll.a (tan) Ii nb[TaeTCH 3aI,gHTHTb ywy OT HaCTyI1AeHIiH pa3AOmeHI1H (viso-
bisn). .llywa, BIi,ll)l pa3pyweHHe TeAa, 'IysCTByeT CHAbHoe HeCqaCTbe (asadih)
H ee rope H CMHTeHHe cpaBHHBalOTCH C naHHKoH, oI,gyl!!aeMoH OBgOH, Kor a OHa
BH HT O Horo 1i3 CBOHX HrHHT B onaCHOCTH H CTpeMHTCH ero cnacTli to .
B npOTIiBonOAomHOCTb yxy «AaecTbl» neXAeBIiHCKHe HCTO'IHHKH H30-
6piUKalOT He aBHO ywe.llIIl}'JO ywy KaK 60Aee HAH MeHee C'IaCT.II.IiB}'JO. OHH
rOBOpHT, qTO OHa OAmHa nOAomliTbCH Ha npaBe Horo Cpowa A-\H 3aI,gHTb[ OT
3AOro BAHHHI1H. Cpow 6Y eT B COCTOHHHIi COnpOB02K./.laTb H 3aI,gHI,gaTb yuIy,
eCAIi OH OAmHbIM 06pa30M ycnoKoeH 6.1\li3KliMii ywe wero. 30 p oacTpliHgbi
C cacaHH,lJ,CKHX BpeMeH npH,lJ,alOT 60AbllIOe 3HaqeHHe gepeMOHI1HM, npOBO H-
MblM B ero 'IeCTb B TeqeHHe BpeMeHH, Kor a YllIa OCTaeTCH B aTOM Mlipe.
EOAbwOHIiHTepec npe CTaBNIeT onlicaHHe cY b6bl YWH npaBe HHKa B
«Ap a BHpa3 HaMar». B Te'IeHlie nepBoH HO'IH CBoero n)'TeweCTBI1H 1i3 MHpa
mHBblX B gapcTBO MepTBblx npaBe HblH Blipa3, cOnpOBo2K./.laeMblH npaBe HblM
CpoweM H 60roM A.a.ap, YBH eA ywy npaBe Horo 'IeAOBeKa, KOTOpblH TOAbKO
OKOH'IHA CBOlO mH3Hb. OHa CH,lJ,eAa B03Ae Tpyna H neAa «fary»tI. B geAOM,
coo6I,geHI1H, aHHble B aTOM IiCTO'IHIiKe, 6Af13KIi TOM}', 'ITO Mbl HaXO HM B «Xa-
YXT HacKe». Ho HMelOTO[ OqeHb BillKHbie onOAHeHIiH. TaK, MeCTO npe6bl-
BaHI1H 6AarHx MbicAeH OT02K./.leCTBNIeTCH C ypoBHeM 3Be3 , MeCTO npe6bIBaHI1H
6Aarnx CAOB - C ypoBHeM AYHbl, MeCTO npe6bIBaHHH 6Aarnx eA _ C ypOB-
HeM cO.I\Hga. « 3aTeM H C eAaA nepBblH war K 3Be3 e, K ..6AarHM MblC.II.HM"...
BTOPO" llIar 6blA K .ll.YHe, K ..6AarHM CAOBaM"... TpeTHHwar 6b[A K COAHgy _
K ..6AarnM eHHI1HM"... [2]. YeTBepTblHwar H C eAaA K cBery He6ec, KOTOpblH
BeCb 6AameHcTBo. 11 YWIi yuIe.llIIlHx npliIllMf BCTpeTHTb Hac H npHBeTCTBOBaTb
Ii 6AarocAoBliTb Hac. 11 OHH rOBopHT TaK: ..KaK Tbl npHWeA ClO a, 0 npaBe -
HbIH? I--!3 ;;JTOrO onaCHoro MHpa, nOAHoro rpeXOBHOCTH, Tb[ BoweA B aTOT Mlip,
KOTOpblH cB06o eH OT onacHocTeH H HeC'IaCTbH. BKYCIi aM6p03HH 1i60 3 eCb
Tb[ OAmeH Y3HaTb nOKoH Ha oAroe Bpe:\IH".» (AVN 7, 10, 1).
npaBe Hb[H CpOllJ Ii 60r A.a.ap, B3HB 3a pyKH npaBe Horo BHpa3a, nepe-
HOCIiAI1 ero C MeCTa Ha MeCTO, Ii OH BH eA yuIli npaBe HHKOB B palO. «51 npH-
we.\ B MeCTO Ii YBH eA YWIi 6Aaropo Hb1X AlO eH, KOTopble WAH YKpaweHHble
11 6blAH Bb[llIe Bcex Pyrnx yw BO BceH HpKOCTIi. 11 OpMY3 Bcema nO'IliTaA
YllJli 6Aaropo HblX, KOTopble 6bL\H CBeTAb[e, Ii Bb[COKlie, Ii CIiAbHble. 11 H CKa-
3aA: ..C'IaCTAHBa Tbl, KTO HBNIeTCH yuIOH 6Aaropo Horo, TaK B03BbICbO[ Ha.tJ,
BceMH yuIaMIi". 11 OHa nOKa3aAaCb MHe OCTOHHOH nOXBaAbl. [2] 11 H ysl1 eA
ywy Toro 'IeAOBeKa, KOTOpaH B TO BpeMH, Kor a 6b[Aa mIiBOH, neAa ..faTb["
Ii e.'\a.Aa nOKAOHeHI1H Ii HCnOBe,lJ,blBiL\a 6Aaryro peAlirnlO nOKAOHHHKOB Ma3,lJ,b[,
KOTOpOH OpMa3 HaY'IHA 3apaTywTpy. 11 Kor a H npO BliraAcH, OHIi 6blAH
B o c2K./.lax, YKpaweHHb[X cepe6poM H 3OAOTOM, HaH60Aee YKpaweHHblx H3 ex
o em . 11 OHIi nOKa3aAHCb MHe OCTOHHbIMIi nOXBaAb[» (A VN 12, 1-13) .
B OTAli'Ilie OT pyrliX IiCTO'iHIiKOB, «Ap a BHpa3 HaMar» pHcyeT KapTIiHbl
He TOAbKO paH H a.tJ,a .llAH yw npaBe HHKOB Ii rpewHHKOB, HO onHCblBaeT H
oc06oe MeCTO XaMbHcTaraH «( Hamiyastagan» - «BblcoKoe c06paHHe») 13,
HeqTO Hano 06He xpHcTliaHcKoro qIiCTHAIiI,ga, r e npe6bIBalOT yuIH Tex, 'IbH
06pble H 3Able eAa paBHbl. HaMeK Ha CYI,geCTBOBaHHe TaKoro MeCTa co ep-
mliTCH B «51cHe» 33.1, r e ynO:\1IiHaeTCH «MeCTO CMewaHHbIX», B KOTOpoM,
KaK H B CTapOM nO 3eMHOM gapcTBe MepTBb[X, yuIH Be )'T Mpa'iHOe CYI,geCT-
BOBaHHe, AliweHHoe Ii pa.tJ,OCTIi, Ii neqaAli. «51 npliweA B MeCTO Ii ysli eA yuIli
pH a AlO eH, KOTopble 6blAH B XaMbHCTaraHe. 11 H CKa3aA n06e IiTeAbHoMY
) )"
npaBe HOMY Cpowy Ii A.a.ap 513a.tJ,Y: ..KTO 3 eCb. 11 nO'IeMY OHIi 3 eCb.
npaBe HblH CPOllI H 60r A.a.ap CKa3aAH: ..3TO Ha3bIBaeTCH XaMbHcTaraH Ii
ame 6Y Yl!!l1e TeAa aTIiX yuI OAmHbl OCTaBaTbCH B aTOM MeCTe. OHH HBNI-
lOTCH yuIaMH Tex AlO eH, 'Ibli 06pb[e H 3Able eAa 6blAH paBHb[. CKiUKH AlO-
MM Mlipa: «He C'IliTaHTe nYCTHKOM 6AarHe eAa... H60 KiUK blH, qbli 6AarHe
AeAa nepeBeWIiBalOT ero 3Able eAa, H eT Ha He6eca, Ii Kam blH, 'IbH 3Able
eAa BeCHT 60Abwe - B a.tJ" iUKe eCAH pa3HHgeH HBNIlOTCH TOAbKO TPIi KpO-
WeqHb[X eHCTBI1H HenpaB b[; H Tex, ,lJ,Ni KOTOpblX 06po Ii 3AO HBNIlOTCH paB-
Hb[MIi, oml1 aeT 6Y YI!!ee TeAO B aTOM XaMbHCTaraHe. I1x HaKa3aHHeM HBNI-
eTCH XOAO HAIi mapa B 3aBHCHMOCTIi OT eHCTBHH aTMoclpepbl. 11 OHH He IiC-
nblTbIBalOT pyrliX CTpa.tJ,aHIiH»."» (A VN 6, 1)14.
ltywa npaBe HHKa B napcHHeKo-nepcHAeKOH .ll.HTeparype. «Ca.tJ, .llap
EYH aXHWH» - e HHCTBeHHbIH H3 n03 HHx 30poaCTpHHCKHX CO'IHHeHHH CO-
epmHT no p06Hoe onHcaHHe cY b6bl yuIH npaBe HHKa nOCAe cMepTH. I1c-
nblTaHHH YWH B Te'IeHHe nepBoro HH nOC.II.e cMepTH (SDBd. 99.1) onHcaHbl
50
fMBa III
.4peBHe- H cpe,l\HeHpaHCKHe HCTO'lHHKH H HCTOpH'IeCKHe CBHtleTe.l\bCTBa
51
TaK: «CKa3aHo B OTKpoBeHHH, '11'0, KOrJl.a mH3Hb (jan) BbIXOJl.HT H3 TeAa
(tan), Jl.YIIla (ravan) OCTaeTOI B 3TOM MHpe B TeqeHHe Tpex Jl.HeH. OHa HJl.eT
K Mec'I)', rJl.e OHa BbIIIlAa H3 TeAa, H CTpeMIiTOI K TeAY H meAaeT, qTo6bI OHa
MOrAa erge pa3 6bITb BHyrpli TeAa».
11 «Ca,lI, .llap» Ii «Ca,lI, .llap DYHJl.aXHIIlH» rOBopHT 0 nOAb3e )J,Ml qeAOBeKa
npOBOJl.HTb gepeMOHHH )J,Ml CBoeH «mIiBYl!\eH Jl.YIIlH» (zinda ravan) H TaKHM
06pa30M YMIiAOCTHBIiTb aHreAa CpoIIla 3apaHee, TaK qTO, KOrJl.a qeAOBeK YXO-
Jl.HT 1i3 mH3HH, CPOIIl CMOmeT Ha6A1OJl.aTb 3a ero Jl.YUIOH B TeqeHHe nepBbIX
TpeX Jl.HeHIi HOqeHIi 3al!\liTHTb ee 01' BpeJl.a, npH'iIiIDIeMOro AxpHMaHOM H Jl.e-
MOHaMIi. r AaBHbIM npeHMYI!!eCTBOM 3Toro 6AaroqeCTliBOro Jl.eHCTBHH HBAHeTCH
TO, qTO eCAH qeAOBeK }'MHpaeT H HeT HHKOro, 'iT06bI npOBeCTII 06b[qHb[e TpeX-
Jl.HeBHbIe gepeMoHli1i B qeCTb CpOIIla, Jl.YIIla qeAOBeKa, npOBeJl.IIlero ,ny gepe-
MOHHIO npH mH3HH, yme nOAyqaeT Ha,lI,emHYlO 3aI!\H'I)'.
«nepCIiJl.CKHe PIiBaHTbI» YJl.eAHlOT oc06oe BHHMaHlie gepeMoHHHM B 'ieCTb
CpOIIla. OHIi H306pamalOT Jl.ytllY KaK 6ecnOKoeM}'IO COHMOM Jl.eMOHOB. OHa
cpaBHHBaeTCH C OBgOH, npeCAeJl.yeMoH BOAKOM, HAIi C nyreIIlecTBeHHIiKOM,
KOTOPb[H 3a6AYJl.IiACH. «Rivayat» Kama Bahra Jl.aeT CAeJl.YlOI!\ee onlicaHHe:
«11 rOBopHTCH B OTKpoBeHHH TaK: Kor Jl.a mH3Hb OT Jl.eAIiTCH 01' TeAa, rpeIIlHb[H
AxpHMaH BMeCTe co BceMH Jl.eMOHaMH nb[TaeTCH nOHMaTb Jl.YIIlY )J,Ml Toro, 'iTO-
6bI OHIi MorAH yrHH}'Tb ee B a.ll.. .llYIIla nyraeTcH Axpli:vIaHa Ii ero .lI.eMOHH'ie-
CKOro BOHCKa, KaK oBga, IicnyraHHaH BOAKOM. OHa npeCAe.ll.yeTcH .lI.eMOHaMH
KaK HeKTO, npeCAe.ll.yeMbIH CHAbHb[M BparOM. .llYIIla H3BOJl.liTCH H 3anyrbIBaeTCH
TaK me, KaK nyreIIlecTBeHHHK, KOTOPb[H 3a6AY.lI.HACH. B TeqeHHe 3THX Tpex
Jl.HeH, KOr.ll.a Jl.YIIla OCTaeTCH Ha 3eMAe, OHa IiCnb[TbIBaeT 60AbIIle CTpa,ll,aHIiH Ii
HeB3roJl., qeM rpeIIlHHK HCnb[TblBaeT B a,lI,Y B TeqeHHe .lI.eBHTH TbICHq AeT». 3a-
1!\1i'I)' Jl.YIIle MomeT npeJl.ocraBIiTb TOAbKO CPOIIl, H gepeMoHHH B ero qeCTb no-
3TOMY He06xo.ll.HMbi. ECJ\H gepeMoHHH npOBO.ll.HTCH TOAbKO )J,Ml OJl.HOrO .lI.HH,
aHreA CPOIIl 3aI,glil!\aeT Jl.ytllY B TeqeHlie aToro nepliOJl.a, eCAH OHa npOBO.ll.HTCH
)J,Ml Jl.BYX Jl.HeH, 3al!\liTa, npeJl.OCTaBMleMaH aHreAOM CpOIIleM, 6bIBaeT TOAbKO B
3TOT nepHOJl., H eCAH OHa npOBO.ll.HTCH B TeqeHHe TpeX Jl.HeH, aHreJ\ CPOIIl 3<1-
Ij
I!\HrgaeT Jl.YIIlY Bce 3TH,lJ,HH .
CY./tb6a ./tYIllH rpeIllHHKa no «M.I\itAIlleii fuecre». B cooTBeTCTBHH C
30poacrpliHcKHM Jl.YaAIi3MOM Ii A1060BblO K cHMMeTpHH, IiCnbITaHHH, npHyro-
TOBJ\eHHbIe )J,Ml Jl.ytllii rpeIIlHHKa B TeqeHHe ee npe6bIBaHHH B03J\e TeAa, npHMo
npoTIiBonOAomHbI B Kam.ll.OH Jl.eTaAH IiCnb[TaHHHM, KOTOpbIM nO.ll.BepraeTcH Jl.Y-
IIla npaBe.ll.HIiKa. OnHcaHHe, npe.ll.CTaBAeHHoe B «Xa,lI,YXT HacKe» I1I.1-38,
CAeJl.YlOl!\ee: «[1] 3apaTytllTpa cnpOCHA Axypa Ma3J1.Y: ,,0 Axypa Ma3.l1.a...
KorJl.a rpeIIlHbIH qeAOBeK }'MlipaeT, r.ll.e nOMel!\aeTCH ero Jl.YIIla 3TOH HOqblO?"
[2] 3aTeM OTBeTHA Axypa Ma3J1.a: " BOIiCTHHY, 0 npaBe.ll.HbIH 3apa'I)'IIlTpa,
OHa CTpeMHTeAbHO 6eraeT OKOAO Toro MeCTa, r Jl.e rOAOBa [TPyna], BOCneBaH
--' .:>
Catha Kam nemoi: «K KaKOH 3eMAe AeTeTb? KYAa H 1l0AmHa nOAeTeTb. »
B 3TV HOqb .lI.YIIla qYBCTByeT TaK MHOro ropH, CKOAbKO nOAyqHAa B umH3HH.
f 3 -'16] Ha BTOpylO HO'ib... [17] B KOHge TpeTbei1: HOqli, 0 npaBe.ll.HbIH 3apa-
w1pa, nmlBAHeTCH paCCBeT, KaK eCAH 6b[ .lI.YUJa rpeIIlHoro qeAOBeKa 6b[Aa
'YCTb[He H B.lI.b[XaAa 3AOBOHlie. [18] KaK eCAIi 6b[ BeTep Jl.YA Ha Hee H3 caMOH
n, u u 6
c sePHOH 06AacTH, .lI.ypHO naXHYI!!IiH, 60Aee .lI.ypHO naXHYl!!IiIi, qeM KaKOH-.I\1i 0
APyroH BeTep. [20] 3aTeM, 31'0 KaK eCAH 6b[ .lI.ytlla rpeIIlHoro qeAOBeKa B.lI.b[Xa-
J\a 3TOT BeTep B CBOIi H03.l1.pH. «OTKY.lI.a .lI.yeT 3TOT BeTep, HaH60Aee .lI.ypHO
naxHyrgHH, qeM KaKOH-AIi60 APyroH BeTep, KOTOPb[H H KOr.ll.a-AH60 BAub[XaAa
B :vIOH H03J1.PIi?» [21-23] .llYIIla rpeIIlHoro 'ieAOBeKa Jl.eAaeT nepBbIH IIlar,
OH nOMel!\aeT ee B «nAOXHe Mb[CAIi»... .llYIIla rpeIIlHoro qeAOBeKa Jl.eAaeT 'leT:
BCPTb[H IIlar, OH nOMel!\aeT ee B DeCKOHeqHYlO T bMY. [34] 3aTeM rpeIIlHbIH
4CJ\OBCK, KOTOpbIH YMep Jl.0 3Toro, rOBopHT eMY BOnpOIIlaH: «KaK, 0 rpeIIlHHK,
Tb[ YMep? [35] KaK, 0 rpeIIlHHK, OTnpaBIi.\CH Tb[ H3 MeCTa co CK TOM... KaK
.lI.OJ\1'O rope IIlAO K Te6e?»" [37] 3aTeM npOpbI'iaA AHrpa-MaHIiY: "BbI He
H:\-ICeTe Bonpoca K HeM)'... [38] nYCTb 3.l1.eCb 6y.lI.yr npHHeceHbI eM)' B KaqecrBe
I1!lrgli OTBpaTIiTeAbHb[e H OTBpaTHTeAbHO naxHYl!!lie Bel!\H, KOTopbIe HBAHlOTO[
rmrgeH nOCAe CMepTH )J,Ml 'ieAOBeKa nAOXHX Mb[L\eH, rIAOXHX CAOB H nAOXHX
il,C,T\, nAOXOH BHyrpeHHOCTH: 'ITO HBAHeTCH nlil!\eH nocJ\e CMepTH )J,Ml pacnyr-
Hb[X, qpe3MepHO rIAOXHX .lI.eA, nAOXO 06yqeHHoro, He pyKOBOllliMOro rocno.ll.li-
"
HOM, rpeIIlHHKa .».
CYJl.b6a rpeIllHHKa B neXAeBHHeKOH 30poacrpHHeKOH .l\HTeparype. B
«MeHor-H Xpa,ll,» «<Menog I Xrad») yrBepa\)J,aeTCH, 'ITO Bce rpeXH H npe-
CT)'IIAeHIliI, COBepIIleHHb[e AliqHOCTblO B TeqeHlie mH3HIi, BH)J,HTCH e o .lI.YIIle B
TeqeHHe TpeX .lI.HeH Ii HOqeH nOCAe CMepTH: «2.158. KorJl.a rpeIIlHbIH qeAOBeK
)"\flipaeT, ero .lI.YIIla 6eraeT B TeqeHHe Tpex Jl.HeH Ii HOqeH OKOAO 3AOH rOAOBbI
rpeIIlHHKa. OHa nAaqeT, rOBopH: "KYJl.a Jl.OAmHa H Ii.ll.TH H K KOMY H Jl.OAmHa
CeHqaC npH6erH}'Tb?" [160] 11 OHa BH.llHT CBOHMIi rAa3aMii B TeqeHlie 3THX
Tpex AHeH H HOqeH Bce rpeXH H 3Ab[e nocTynKH, KOTopbIe OHa COJl.eAaAa B MHpe.
[161-162] Ha qeTBepTbIH Jl.eHb .lI.eMOH BH3apIIl npHXOllliT Ii 6epeT .lI.ytllY
roeIIlHoro qeAOBeKa B CYPOBb[H nyrb Ii B npOTHBonOAomHOCTb npaBe,lJ,HOMY
CpOIIlY npHBOJl.HT ee K MOCTY YHHBaT. [163] 3aTeM npaBe.ll.HbIH PaIIlY 06Ha-
PymliT, 'ITO .lI.ytlla rpeIIlHHKa npe6bIBaeT B CBoeH rpeXOBHOCTH. [164] 3aTeM
AeMOH BH3apIIl 3axBaTHT Jl.ytllY 3TOro rpeIIlHoro qeAOBeKa H 6YJl.eT 6HTb Ii MY-
'IHTb ee HaCMeIIlAHBO H meBHO. [165] 11 .lI.ytlla rpeIIlHoro qeAOBeKa 6YJl.eT nAa-
KaTb rpOMKHM nAaqeM... H 6YJl.eT 1i3J1.aBaTb MHoro maA06, YMOAHH Ii Jl.eAaH
MHOro OT'laHHHbIX nOnb[TOK 60pOTbCH. [166] 11 TaK KaK ee 60pb6a H MOAb6b[
6ecnOAe3HbI H HeT HH Jl.06poro C03J1.aHHH, Hii .lI.ame 3.l\oro, 'IT06b[ npH.lI.TH K HeH
Ha nOMOl!\b, Jl.eMOH BH3<lpIIl BOAOqlIT ee 3A06HO B a)J,. [167] 113aTeM nOHBAHeTCH
Jl.eBYIIlKa, HenOXOmaH Ha .lI.Pymx Jl.eBytlleK. [168-169] 11 .lI.YIIla rpeIIlHoro
52
fMBa III
'feAOBeKa rOBopliT 3TOH cTpalilHoH eBYlIlKe: "KTO Tb[, eBYlIlKa, ymacHee Ii
OTBpaTl1TC.i\bHee KOTOpOH R HIiKor a He BI1 eA?" [170-171] VI OTBe'faH eMY,
OHa roBOpHT: ".H He eBYlIlKa, HO R TBOH c06CTBeHHble CHCTBIiR, 0 rpelIlHblH
['feAOBeK] nAOXIiX Mb[CAeH, nAOXHX CAOB, nAOXHX eA, nAoxoro CYf!!eCTBa.
[172-173] 1160 Kor a B eHCTBIiTeAbHOCTI1 B MHpe TbI BH eA HeKoero, KTO
nOKAOHRACR .H3a,n,aM, TbI ca HACH Ii nOKAOHRACR 3BaM. [174-175] I1 Kor a
B eHcTBIiTeAbHocTH TbI BH e,\ HeKoero, npe OCTaBAHlOf!!ero KpOB H rocTenpH-
HMCTBO XOpOlIlHM AlO,w!M Ii apYlOf!!ero HM apbI, H3 aAeKa Ali OHH nplilIlAH
IiAH H3 6AH3KOro paCCTOHHHR, TO Tbl npe3lipaA H }'HHmaA 06pbIX AlO eH H He
aBaA HM KpOB, H B TO me BpeMR 3anHpaA CBOlO Bepb. [176-177] VI Kor a
Tb[ BH,lJ,eA HeKoero, BeplIlaf!!ero CnpaBeMIiBbIH cY Ii He AalOf!!ero B3HTKY, H aIO-
f!!ero npaB,lJ,IiBoe cBIi creAbcTBO Ii epmaf!!ero 6AarO'feCTIiB}'JO pe'fb, TO B 3TO
BpeMR Tb[ ca HACR H BeplIlHA HenpaBe HbIH cy H np0I13BO HA AomHoe CBH e-
TeAbCTBO, Ii epmaA HenpaBe H}'JO pe'fb. [178] .H - 3TO TBOR nAOXaH MbICAb,
rtAoxoe CAOBO H nAoxoe eAO... "».
B COOTBeTCTBHIi C PyrHM neXAeBHHCKIiM I1CTO'fHI1KOM, «.lla,n,licTaH-H .lle-
HHr», ywa rpelIlHHKa B TeqeHlie Tpex HOqCH RCHO BIi I1T Bce CBOIi rpCXIi, OHa
COMHeBaeTCR B CBoeH c06CTBeHHOH cYAb6e. Ee nepemliBaHI-UI H rOpeCTHb[H CTpax
CBR3aHbI C He06xo HMocTblO IpHHaAbHOrO OTqeTa H ym.aCOM nepeCeqeHHR MOCTa
YHHBaT, KOTOpbIM TOAbKO npe BOCXIif!!aeT ymaCb[ a,n,a. B nepB}'JO HOqb Ha'fH-
HaeT 6ecnoKoliTbCR 1i3-3a CBOHX C06CTBCHHb[X 3AbIX MblcAeH, Ha BTOPYlO HOqb
H3-3a CBOIiX c06CTBeHHb[X 3Ab[X CAOB, B TpeTblO HO'fb 1i3-3a CBOIiX c06CTBeH-
HbIX 3AbIX eA. Ho 6.\arO apR 06py, KOTopoe OHa c eAaAa B Mlipe, yx ee
6Aarnx MblCAeH (men6g i humenisnih) npIiXO HT K ywe Ha nepB}'JO HOqb, yx
ee 6Aarnx CAOB (men6g I hug6visnih) - Ha BTOpylO HOqb, Ii yx ee 6Aarnx eA
(men6g i hukunisnih) - Ha TpeTblO HO'fb. H YlIla ycnoKaliBaeTCR. T aKIiM 06-
pa30M, KaK H B cAyqae C npaBe HIiKoM, rpelIlHIiKIi He C'fHTalOTCR COBeplIleHHO
rpelIlHbIMH, OHH TaKme MOryr npH mH3HH eAaTb HeKOTOpb[C 06pble nocryn-
KH. T aK, YlIla rpelIlHoro, eCAH OHa He a6COAIOTHO norpymeHa BO rpex, MomeT
nOAyqliTb HeKOTopoe B03HarpaJK,ll.eHHe. CTpa,n,aHI-UI YlIlH B TeqeHHe 3TliX Tpex
HeH B TaKOM cAyqae 60Aee TepnHMbl.
Kor a ywa rpelIlHHKa, norpymeHHaH BO rpex, BH HT TeAo, Ha'fIiHalOrgee
pa3AaraTbcR, OHa Ha'iHHaeT me.\aTb nOBTopeHHR CBoero TeAeCHoro CYf!!eCTBO-
BaHI-UI Ii H3 aeT nAa'f nOKaHHl-UI, HO lIlaHC li36aBAeHIiH OT norn6eAIi yrpaqHBa-
eTCR Ha Bce BpeMeHa H pa3AOmeHHe TeAa Bb[3bIBaeT ne'faAb H npH'flilUleT or-
pOMHble CTpa,n,aHIiH YlIle.
TeKcT «VIpaHcKoro (EoAblIloro) EYH axHlIlHa» TO'fHO COOTBeTcTByeT onH-
caHHOMY BbIlIle: YlIla rpelIlHHKa nliTaeT HanpaCH}'JO Ha,n,em y, 'fTO HeKOTopbIM
'fY OM OHa CMomeT BHOBb BOHTH B TeAO .II.AH Toro, 'IT06b[ HMeTb lIlaHC KOMneH-
ClipOBaTb rpeXH, COBeplIleHHble B Te'feHHe mli3HIi Ha 3eMAe.
.4peBHe- H CpetlHeHpaHCKHe HCTO'lHHKH H HCTOpH'IeCKHe CBHtleTe.l\bCTBa
53
«Ap a BHpa3 HaMar» nOBecTByeT, KaK npaBe HbIH Blipa3 nOCAe 3aBep-
IllCHHR CBoero nyrelIleCTBI-UI B yapcTBo 6Aaro'feCTIiBbIX MepTBblx BepHYAcR Ha-
3a,lI; K MOCTY YIiHBaT, conpoBom aeMblH He6ecHbIMH nOKpOBHTeAHMH CpolIleM
H ATapoM, KOTopble onycTHAH ero K Ha6AlO eHHlO yqacTIi rpelIlHHKa. B 3T0
BpeMR OH BH eA YlIlY rpelIlHoro 'feAOBeKa Ii crpa,n,aHHR, KOTOpbIM OHa no -
BepraAaCb B Te'feHHe Tpex HOqeH nOCAe cMepTli, (OnlicaHHe npaKTH'feCKH Ta-
Koe m.e, KaK aHO B «Xa,n,YXT HacKe», H HeT He06xo HMOCTIi npI1BO HTb ero
3 ecb.)
«Ap a BHpa3 HaMar» plicyeT KapTHHb[ a,n,a (AVN 54.1-6): «11 YJm eA
H 'iepHeHlIlHH a,n" onacHblH, nOAHb[H crpaxa, ymaCHb[H, co epmaf!!IiH MHoro
cTpMaHIiH, nOAHblH eMOHOB, H3 alOf!!HH 3AOBOHlie. 3aTeM R nO YMaA, qTO OH
nOKa3aACR nO 06Hb[M KOAO !!y, Ha KOToporo He OCTH'fb TbJCR'fblO KonHH; H
C,\H Bce epeBbH [npe Ha3Ha'feHHb[e] .II.AH orHH, KOTOpb[e eCTb B MHpe, 6bIAH
6b[ nOMef!!eHb[ B orOHb B HaH60Aee 3AOBOHHOM, TCMHOM MY, OHIi HHKor a He
a yr 6AaroyxaHIiR... rpelIlHHKOB TaK MHoro, KaK BOAOC Ha AOlIlMIiHOH rpliBe,
TaK [TeCHO] H MHoro YlIl rpelIlHIiKOB TaM. OHIi ame He BH,w!T Ii He CAb[lIlaT
pyr pyra: KaJK,lI.bIH 1i3 HHX YMacr: ".H O IiHOK". I1 OHIi crpMalOT BO MpaKe
H TeMHOTe, H 3AOBOHlili, Ii CTpaxe, Ii MyqeHI-UIX. H HaKa3aHI1RX pa3Horo po a,
TaK qTO KTO 6bIA O HH eHb B MY, pb[ aeT: "He HCTeKAIi AH erge 3TH 9 Tb[CR'f
AeT, 'ITO OHH He oCB060m alOT Hac H3 3Toro a,n,a?"».
Ey yqH HanlicaHHbIM .II.AH Toro, 'iTo6b[ YKpenliTb 30poacrpliHCKYlO Bepy
npOTI1B Hana,n,OK I1cAaMa, «Ap a BHpa3 HaMar» y eAHeT 60AblIloe BHIiMaHl1e
onHcaHHlO HaKa3aHHH, npe Ha3HaqeHHb[X .II.AH YlIl rpeUIHIiKoB, npecryrJliBlIlHX
orMaTbI H 06blqali 30poacTpHHcKOH peAlirnli, B eTaAHX Onl1CbIBaH HaKa3aHHR
3a pa3Hb[e npeCTyI1AeHI-UI (A VN 55-100). B Ka'feCTBe npHMepa npHBe eM
A VN 56.1: «3aTeM R YBIi eA Tex, KOro 6HAH H ame nOmlipaAH 3Mel1. I1 R
cnpOCHA: "Ybli 3TO YWH?" I1 npaBe HblH CPOlIl H 60r .H3a,n, CKa3aAli: "Eho
YUIH Tex rpelIlHb[X AlO eH, KOTOpb[e, 6y yqli mIiBbIMH, OTPHYaAli 60roB Ii pe-
" 16
AHrlilO . » .
30poacrpliHCKaH peAHrHR 3anpef!!acr ,lI,AHTeAbHbIH Tpayp Ii onAaKHBaHl1e
YMepUIero. B A VN 57.1 npe YCMOTpeHO HaKa3aHHe .II.AH TaKHX rpelIlHHKOB:
«VI YBH eA R meHf!!HH, 'fbl1 rOAOBb[ 6bI.!\H oTpy6AeHb[ Ii OT eAeHbI OT HX TeA H
R3b[KH H3 aBaAH rpOMKIiH KpHK. I1 R cnpoCHA: "YbH 3TO YWH?" npaBe HbIH
CPOlIl H 60r A.a.ap CKa3aAIi: "aTO YlIlli Tex meHf!!HH, KOTopble B TeAe H3 a-
BaAH MHoro pbI aHIiH H [C06AlO aAH] Tpayp, Ii 6H.II.liCb CBOHMH rOAOBaMIi H .!\H-
" 17
yaMH .» .
OnlicaHlie cY b6bI rpeUIHHKa B TC'feHHe Tpex HOqeH nOCAe CMepTH B «nex-
AeBHHCKOM PHBaHTe» npaKTIi'feCKH li eHTH'fHO Bb[lIleynoMRHyrOMY onlicaHlilO
"Xa.tJ,YXT HaCKa». B KaqeCTBe onOAHeHI-UI He06xo IiMO OTMeTIiTb, 'fTO rpelIl-
18
HaH YlIla 1i306pamacrcR KaK 3aKyraHHaH B pBaHoe H CMep Hf!!ee TpRnbe .
54
fMBa III
CY,ltb6a ,It)'UIH rpelUHHKa B napcHHeKo-nepcH,lteKOH .l\HTeparype. B «Ca,lt
.llap DYH.n.axHlIlHe» KOpOTKO onHCblBaeTCR, KaK ,ltYlIla HcnblTblBaeT CTpa.ll.aHHe
B Te'ieHHe Tpex HOqeH, KOr.ll.a TeAO Ha'iIiHaeT pa3AaraTbCH. .llYlIla paCKaHBaeTCH
B CBOIiX 3Ab[X MblCMIX, CAOBax H ,lteAax, ropecTHo ynpeKaH TeAO, B KOTOpOM OHa
06HTaAa: «Kor.ll.a MymecTBeHHb[H HCKaA 06R3aHHocTeH H 6AaroH pa60Tbl, Tbl
HCKaAO 60raTcTBa, KOTopoe [TBOH] CblH. ,ltO'fepH Ii 6Ali3Klie MOrAii nOAyqHTb Ii
paCTO'faTb! VI Tbl, He C.lI.;AaBlIlHH KaKOH-AIi60 xopOlIleH pa60Tb[ pa,ltH MeHR,
KOTOpaH RBMleTCR .lI.YlIlOH, H He HaKonliBlIlliH KaKOH-AH60 3acAyrH, KOTOpaH
MomeT npliATIi MHe Ha nOMOlb\b. CeH'iaC 6AH3KHe He 6epyr KaKoro-A1i60 06R-
3aTeAbCTBa HAH [He ,lteAaIOT] 6Aarnx ,lteA B HalIlHX HHTepecax; ...H nAO,lJ,b[ TPY-
,lta, KOTOpb[e Tbl 3acAymiiA Ii HaKonliA, OHH (T. e. 6AH3KHe) CeH'faC paCTO'iaIOT
Ii OHH He ,?CBRTHAH CBRlb\eHHb[H XAe6 (dr6n) B HalIlY nOAb3Y. BCAe.ll.CTBlie TBO-
IiX .lI.eRHHIi MeHR nocTlirHyr MyqeHlie, HaKa3aHHe H Kapa - BnAOTb .lI.O BOCKpe-
ceHlliIli rpR.lI.Ylb\eH CYIb\HOCTH» 19.
T aKO b[ BKpa ge cKop6Hb[e IicnblTaHIiR .lI.YlIlH rpelIlHHKa B TeqeHlie nepBb[X
Tpex .lI.HeH H HO'ieH nOCAe CMepTli, KOr,lta OHa omli.ll.aeT B03Ae TeAa.
T aKH 06pa30M, Mbl paCCMOTpeAH BepOBaHlliI 30poacTpHHgeB, CBR3aHHble
C cY,ltb60H ,ltYlIlH YMeplIlero, npe.ll.CTaBAeHHble B 30poaCTpliHCKHX IiCTOqHHKax.
VI3 Bcero Bb[lIleOnHCaHHoro MomHO C.lI.eAaTb CAe.ll.YlOlb\liH BbIBO,lt: «f aTbl» Ii
«MAa,lJ,lIlaH ABecTa» paCCMaTpHBalOT CMepTb KaK KOHeg B03MomHOCTH ,lJ,Ml 'fe-
AOBeKa COBeplIlaTb ,lt06po HAH 3AO. CY.lI.b6a .lI.yrnH 'feAOBeKa 3aBHCHT OT CO.ll.e-
RHHoro HM npli m1i3HIi. HaqliHaH C caCaHH.lI.CKoro nepliO.ll.a, KOr,lta 30poaCTpH3M
YKpenAHeTCR, CTaHOBHTCH roCY,ltapCTBeHHOH peAHrneH VIpaHa. HapR.lI.Y C YKpen-
AeHHeM orMaTHKH npOIiCXO.ll.HT pa3BHTHe pH1}'aAbHOH CTOPOHb[ peAlirHIi.
neXAeBliliCKlie H n03,ltHlie napCHHCKO-nepCH,lJ,CKHe HCTOqHHKIi y,lteAHIOT 60Ab-
1Il0e 3HaqeHHe pH1}'aAY. OHH nO.ll.qepKHBalOT orpOMHyro BCllKHOCTb npOBe,lteHlliI
gepeMoHIiH B qeCTb CpOlIla, KOTOPOMY npeAOCTaBAHeTCR B03MomHOCTb 3alb\li-
THTb ,ltYlIlY OT Hana,ltOK 3Ab[X CHA.
tlaHHbIe nHebMeHHblX HCTOqHHKOB
o nOrpe6aAbHbIX eoopyas:eHHRX 30pOaCTpHH¥!eB
.3opoacTpHHeKHe HeTOqHHKH. KaK yme OTMe'faAOCb BO «BBe,lteHHH»
cpeAIi yqeHb[X Be,ltyrcH cnopbl 0 TOM, 6blAO AH BblcTaBAeHlie «KAaCCH'feCKHM>:
30 p oaCT p liHCKHM u HAH HpaHCKIiM 06b['faeM B0061b\e. KaK ,lt030pOaCTpHHCKHe,
TaK H 30poaCTpHliCKHe mHTeAH VIpaHa XOpOHHAH B 3eMAe. HH B «faTaX», Hii B
«HlIlTe» He IiMeeTCH TepMHHOB, OTHOCHIb\HXCH K norpe6emllO, HO Y ,ltpeBHHX
HpaHgeB, nO-BIi,ltIiMOMY, 6blA pacnpOCTpaHeH 06bl'faH norpe6eHHH. 06 aTOM
Mbl pacnOAaraeM AHHrBHCTII'feCKHMIi ,ltaHHbIMH. .lleAo B TOM, 'fTO TepMHH
«,ltaXMa» (TepMIiH, 0603Ha'fa101b\HH nOrpe6aAbHoe coopymeHHe, IirpaBlIlee
BiUKHyro pOAb B 30poaCTpHHCKOM nOrpe6aAbHOM 06pH.lle) 06bl'fHO C'fHTaeTCH
.4peBHe- H Cpe,ll,HeHpaHcKHe HCTO'lHHKH H HCTOpH'IeCKHe CBHtleTe.l\bCTBa
55
npOHCXOMlrgHM OT KOpHH dag - «rOpeTb», HO aTO He TaK. KaK YCTaHOBHA
K. Xo<P<P!\laH, Ha caMOM ,lteAe OH, qepe3 TepMHH dafma, BOCXO,ltHT K HH,ltOeBpO-
neHCKOH OCHOBe dhlJlbh - «norpe6aTb», «XOPOHHTb»20. KOHgengllil MeCTO-
npe6bIBaHHR .lI.yrn YMeplIlHx no,lt 3eMAeH coxpaHHAacb B VIpaHe B aXeMeHIi,ltCKoe
Bpe!\lR. 06 aTOM npRMO C0061b\aeT fepO,ltOT (VII, 114). 3TO npe.ll.CTaBAeHHe
6b[,\0 CBOHCTBeHHO TaKme ,ltpeBHIiM HH.lI.liHgaM (illaTanaTxa DpaxMaHa, XIII.
8.l) Ii 6blAO IiH.lI.O-HpaHCKIiM.
KaK nOKa3aA H3BeCTHb[H HeMegKHH HpaHHCT f. XYM6ax, Ii TaKaH CpaBHH-
Te,\bHO n03,ltHRR 'faCTb «ABecTbl», KaK «BH,lteB.lI.aT», 3HaAa TPH cnoc06a 3axo-
pOHeHIiR: nOAomeHHe TpynOB Ha 3eMAe, norpe6eHHe TpynoB B 3e!\lAe Ii norpe-
6eHHe B .lI.aXMe: Tpynb[, norpe6eHHble Ha 3eMAe (sairi masya iriste z me
ni6aite), Tpynb[, norpe6eHHble B 3eMAIO (sairi masya z;}me nikante), Tpynb[,
norpe6eHHb[e B ,ltaXMe (sairi masya iriste daxme ni8aite)21.
O.ll.HaKO Hali60Aee pacnpOCTpaHeHHb[M 6b[A HHOH 06pR,lt, KOTOPb[H npe.ll.Y-
CMaTpHBaA 3axopOHeHlie He Tpyna, a KOCTeH nOKOHHoro, nOCAe era Bb[CTaBAe-
HIiR (T. e. 3axopOHeHlliI B ,ltaXMe).
B «BH,lteB,ltaTe» rOBopliTCR 0 nOrpe6aAbHOM 06pH.lle, paCCMaTpHBalOTCR
pa3AHqHble BapHaHTbl 06palb\eHHR C TpynoM B 3aBliCHMOCTH OT 06CTORTeAbCTB.
Oc060e 3Ha'feHHe liMe lOT 5-H Ii 8-H <pparap,ltbl, B KOTOpblX onHCbIBalOTCR ,lteH-
CTBIiR no OTHOlIleHli1O K Tpyny Mem.ll.Y MOMeHTOM CMepTH Ii nepeHeceHlieM.
B nRTOM <pparap,lte (Vd. V.1O-14) Ha Bonpoc, KaK nOC1}'naTb nO'fIiTaTe-
.\JlM Ma3,ltb[ 3HMOH, KOr,lta HeT B03MomHOCTH npHHeCTH TeAO Ha ,ltaxMY, Axypa
Ma3.l1.a OTBeTcTByeT: «B Kam.ll.OM ,ltOMe. B KiUK,ltOM noceAeHHH nYCTb B03B e .ll.yr
TPH kata (KaTa) ,lJ,Ml MepTBb[X». Kata - aTO c06CTBeHHO «,ltOM», nOMergeHHe
.lI.AH MepTBb[x 22 . 3TH ,ltOMa npe,ltHa3Ha'feHb[ - O,ltHH ,lJ,Ml MymqliH. O,ltHH ,lJ,Ml
m.eHIb\HH H O,ltHH ,lJ,Ml ,lteTeH. BnOCAe.ll.CTBHH aTOT aAeMelIT BocnpHHRAH n03,ltHHe
napcHHcKHe ,ltaXMbl, B KOTOPb[X coopymaAli Tpli OTceKa (pavis) ,lJ,Ml TpynOB
Mym'fHH, meHIb\liH Ii ,lteTeH. ECAIi He n03BOAHAH Cpe,ltCTBa, TO B ceAeHHH peKO-
MeH.lI.OBaAOCb HMeTb TPIi 061b\liX nOMelb\eHHR TaKoro pO.ll.a. VIx HMeHyIOT riid
marg, a B fYJVKapaTe OHH HMeHYIOTCR nasa Xana. «BH.lI.eB,ltaT» OTMeqaeT, 'ITO
pa3Mepb[ aTHX nOMelb\eHHH .lI.OAmHbl 6b[Tb «,ltOCTaTOqHO 061I1HpHb[e, 'fT06b[ He
3a.AeBaTb rOAOBb[ CTORlb\ero 'feAOBeKa, BbITRH}'TbIX Hor, npoTRHyrblX PYK». T a-
KOBO nOMergeHlie ,lJ,Ml MepTBbIX. « TaM nOAomaT 6e3.l1.blXaHHoe TeAO Ha llBe HO-
'iH. Ha Tpli HO'fH. Ha MecRg, nOKa He nOAeTRT CHOBa nTHgb[, He 3agBeTyT paCTe-
HHH. He nOTeKyr CKpb[Tble BO,lJ,b[ Ii BeTep He BblcyrnliT 3eMAIO. Kor,lta me nTligb[
CHOBa nOAeTID, paCTeHlliI 3agBe-ryr, CKpbITble BO,ltbl nOTeKyr H BeTep Bb[CyrnlIT
3eMAIO, TOr,lta nO'fHTaTeAIi Ma3,ltbl Bb[CTaWIT TeAO Ha cOAHge».
BOCbMOH <pparap,lt (4-10) ,ltaeT HeCKOAbKO OTAIi'fHOe npe,lJ,nIiCaHHe: «0 co-
3.l1.aTeAb MaTepHaAbHoro MHpa, CBRTOH. ECAH B ,ltOMe nO'fIiTaTe,\Jl Ma3,ltbl YMH-
paeT c06aKa HAIi 'feAOBeK, H H,lteT ,ltOm)J,b, CHer HAIi ,ltYeT BeTep, IiAIi HaC1}'nHAa
56
fMBa III
TeMHOTa, eCAH CTa,lJ,a Ii AlO,lJ,H C6HAHCb C n)'TH, qTO HiI,lJ,Ae fnlT ,lJ,eAaTb nO'IIiTaTe-
AHM Ma3,lJ,b[?»
Axypa Ma3,lJ,a oTBeTcTBYeT: «MecTo aToro mHAHl,!Ja nOqliTaTeAH Ma.3,lJ,bl
TaM, r,lJ,e 3eMAH Hali60Aee 'IHCTa Ii HaH60Aee cyxa, r,lJ,e MeHee Bcero 6bIBaeT
MeAKHH Ii KpynHb[H CKOT, OroHb Axypa Ma3,lJ,bl, CBR3KH (BeTBeH), nOCBR-
l,!JeHHblX DapeCMaHY, B Tpli,lJ,gaTH lIlarax OT qHCTOrO qeAOBeKa. B aTOM MeCTe
BepYJOI,!JHe Bb[POIOT poB rAy6HHoH1/21p)'Ta, eCAH 3eMAH TBep,lJ,a, H B 1/2 'Ie-
AOBe'leCKoro pOCTa, eCAIi OHa MRrKa, [3aTeM] nOAomaT Ha aTO MeCTO neneA
HAH KOpOBHH HaB03, a cBepxy KHpnH'iIi, KaMHIi HAH O'leHb CYXYJO 3eMAlO: TaM
nOMeCTRT OHH 6e3,lJ,b[XaHHOe TeAO Ha ,lJ,Be HO'lH, Ha TPIi HO'IH HAH Ha MecRg,
nOKa He nOAeTJIT nTligb[, nOKa He 3agBe'ryr paCTeHHR, nOKa He nOTeK)'T CKpbl-
Tble BO,lJ,blli BeTep He BblCYlIlHT 3eMAlO». Kor,lJ,a aTO HacTynHT, peKOMeH,lJ,yeT-
CR C,lJ,eAaTb npOAOM B CTeHe, BblHeCTH 'Iepe3 Hero nOKOHHHKa Ii nOAomliTb Ha
,lJ,aXMY.
.liaHHbIH naccam H3 VIII Ipparap,lJ,a «BIi,lJ,eB,lJ,aTa» (Vd. VIII.4-10) npH-
Be,lJ,eH B nepeBO,lJ,e .lim. .LJ.apMcTeTepa. Hlime ,lJ,aeTCR nepeBO,lJ, Ha PYCCKIiH R3blK
B. 10. KplOKOBOH 23 .
[4] «0 C03,lJ,aTeAb nAoTcKOro MHpa, npaBe,lJ,HbIH! ECAH B Ma3,lJ,aHCHHH-
CKOM ,lJ,OMe YMpeT qeAOBeK IiAH c06aKa, [KorAa] Ha'iHeTCR ,lJ,om,lJ,b AH, CHer AIi,
6ypR AH, TeMeHb AIi, HAH HacTynAeHlie ,lJ,HeH, [KOr,lJ,a] CKOT B YKPbITHRX, AlO,lJ,H
B YKPbITHRX, 'ITO TOr,lJ,a ,lJ,eAaTb Ma.3,lJ,aHCHHHgaM?»
[5] «11 CKa.3aA Axypa Ma.3,lJ,a: "f,lJ,e B aTOM ,lJ,OMe Ma3,lJ,aHCHIiHCKOM 60Aee
Bcero 3eMAH HaH'IHCTeHlIlaH, 3eMAH HaHcYXaH, 'IT06bl MeHblIle Bcero TeM n)'TeM
npOXO,lJ,HAH MeAKHH H KpynHblH CKOT, OroHb Axypa Ma.3,lJ,bl, 6apCMaH, no I1c-
THHe npOCTepTblH, MymH npaBe,lJ,Hble".».
[6]. «0 C03,lJ,aTeAb rIAOTCKoro MHpa, npaBe,lJ,Hb[H! KaK ,lJ,aAeKO OT OI'HH, KaK
,lJ,aAeKO OT BO,lJ,bl, KaK ,lJ,aAeKO OT 6apcMaHa npocTepToro, KaK ,lJ,aAeKO OT MymeH
npaBeJJ.Hblx? »
[7] «11 CKa.3aA Axypa Ma.3,lJ,a: "Ha TpH,lJ,gaTb lIlaroB OT OI'HR, Ha TpH,lJ,gaTb
lIlarOB OT BO,lJ,b[, Ha TpH,lJ,gaTb lIlarOB OT 6apcMaHa npocTepToro, Ha TpH,lJ,gaTb
lIlarOB OT MymeH npaBe,lJ,Hblx".».
[8] «11 BOT TOr,lJ,a nYCTb Ma3,lJ,aHCHIiHgbl RMY BblKonalOT 3,lJ,eCb, B aTOH3eM-
Ae,- [rAy6HHOH] B nOAHorn - B TBep,lJ,OH, B nOAqeAOBeKa - B MRrKOH; Ha
31'0 MeCTO nYCTb npHHec)'T 30.i\b1 HAH [cyxoro] HaB03a, a cBepxy HaHec)'T KHP-
nH'Ia HAH KaMHR, HAM CYXOH rAHHbl, HAIi copa».
[9] «3,lJ,eCb nYCTb nOAomaT 6eC'IYSCTBeHHOe TeAO Ha ,lJ,Be AM HO'lH, Ha TPIi
AH HO'lIi, Ha MecRg AM,- Ha Bce BpeMR, nOKa He npHAeTRT nTHgbl, He npOH3-
pac'ryT paCTeHl-IH. He paCTeK)'TCR AymH, BeTep He BbiCYlIlliT 3eMAlO».
[10] «11 BOT KOr,lJ,a npHAeTHT nTligbl, npOli3pacryr paCTeHIiH, paCTeK)'TCH
AymH, BeTep BblCYlIlHT 3eMAlO, Tor,lJ,a nYCTb Ma3,lJ,aHCHIiHgbl B aTOM ,lJ,OMe
.4peBHe- H cpeJJ,HeHpaHcKHe HCTO'iHHKH H HCTOpH'ieCKHe CBHtleTe.l\bCTBa
57
6pelIlb npopem)'T. .LJ.Boe Mym'lliH [H3] npOBOpHb[X, YMeAblX - Harne, HeO,lJ,e-
Tb[e, ,lJ,OAmHbl, 3aKpenHB Tpyn Ha rAIiHRHOM Klipnli'le, nOAomHTb ero Ha 1i3-
BeCTb (?), B TaKoe MeCTO, r,lJ,e 6Y,lJ,eT HaBepIDIKa np1i3HaHO, ['ITO eCTb] nomH-
palOt,!!He Tpynbl c06aKH, H nomHpalOl,!JHe Tpynb[ nTligbl».
no MHeHlilO K. A. I1HocTpaHgeBa, B npHBe,lJ,eHHOM onlicaHHH CYl,!JeCTByeT
VJ<a.3aHHe Ha nepBoe Ha'laAbHOe nOrpe6aAbHOe coopym.eHlie, B03,lJ,BHraeMoe .ll.lill!b
J" 24 B
p,NI OC06blX cAY'laeB H ,lJ,ame 3aMeHReMoe pBOM. HacToRl,!Jee BpeMR Tpynb[
K.J\a,lJ,)'T Ha MpaMopHylO nAHT}' Ha nOBepXHocTH 3eMAIi. O,lJ,HaKO B HeKOTOpb[X
paHoHax f y,lJ,m.apaTa nOKoHHHKOB el,!Je K.i\a,lJ,)'T B pOB. _
«BH,lJ,eB,lJ,aT» CO,lJ,epmHT TaKme onlicaHlie ,lJ,pyroro cnocooa nOMel,!JeHIDI
TpynoB (Vd. VI.5.44-51): «[44] 0 C03,lJ,aTeAb MaTepliaAbHOrO Mlipa. CBR-
TOH! KY,lJ,a ,lJ,OAmHbl Mbl npHHeCTH, KY,lJ,a ,lJ,OAmHb[ Mbl nOAom.IiTb TeAa YMep-
UJHX, 0 Axypa Ma.3,lJ,a! [45] Axypa Ma.3,lJ,a OTBe'laeT: «Ha caMble BblCOKHe
MeCTa, r,lJ,e, OHH 3HalOT, BCer,lJ,a npe6blBalOT noe,lJ,alOl,!JHe Tpynbl c06aKH H no-
e,lJ,alOl,!JHe Tpynb[ nTHgbl. 0 CBRTOH CniiTaMa! [46] TaM nOqHTaTeAH Ma.3,lJ,b[
npliKpemIT TeAO 3a HorH Ii BOAOCb[ MeTaAAOM, KaMIDIMH HAH rAHHoH, 'IT06b[
xHI,!JHbie c06aKH Ii nTHgbl He pa3HeC.II.Ii KOCTH K BO,lJ,e HAIi paCTeHHHM».
BbICKa3blBaAOCb MHeHlie, qTO ,lJ,peBHeHlIllie ,lJ,aXMbl MorAIi 6blTb eCTeCTBeH-
HblMH XOAMaMH H KypraHaMH H3 neCKa, 3eMAIi HAIi KaMHeH. no MHeHHlO
K. A. I1HocTpaHgeBa, Ha aTO }'Ka3bIBalOT HeKOTopble CBe,lJ,eHHH «BH,lJ,eB,lJ,a-
Ta»2j. B BOCbMOM Ipparap,lJ,e «BH,lJ,eB,lJ,aTa» (1-3) Ha Bonpoc, 'iTO ,lJ,eAaTb no-
'iI1TaTeAHM Ma3,lJ,bl, eCAH B ,lJ,epeBRHHoH HAH BOHAO'lHOH XHmHHe YMpeT c06aKa
1i,\1i 'IeAOBeK, Axypa Ma3,lJ,a OTBe'laeT, '!TO AlO,lJ,H ,lJ,OAmHbIIiCKaTb ,lJ,axMy, npli-
qeM, eCAH HM Aerqe nepeHecTH YMeplIlero, OHH )'Hec)'T ero Ii OCTaBHT Ha MeCTe
m.HAHl,!Je, eCAIi me Aerqe nepeHeCTH mHAHl,!Je, TO OHIi )'Hec)'T ero H OCTaBRT Ha
MeCTe Tpyn. OH npe,lJ,nOAaraeT, 'ITO B ,lJ,aHHOM Ipparap,lJ,e pe'lb li,lJ,eT 06 06bl'lae
KO'IeBOrO HapO,lJ,a «c AerKO nepeHocHMblM KO'IeBblM mH.II.liI,!JeM Ii C eCTeCTBeH-
HOH ,lJ,aXMOH, KOTOpYJO Ha,lJ,O IiCKaTb».
B «ABeCTe» TaKme npe,lJ,YCMaTpHBaeTcR H cY,lJ,b6a KocTeH. Peqb H,lJ,eT 0
TpeTbeM, nOCAe,lJ,HeM norpe6aAbHoM coopymeHIiH ,lJ,peBHIiX 30poacTpHHgeB,
Yd. VI.5.49: «0 C03,lJ,aTeAb MaTepHaAbHOrO MHpa! CBRTOH! KY,lJ,a ,lJ,OAmHbl
Mb[ npIiHeCTH, KY,lJ,a ,lJ,OAmHbl Mbl nOAomliTb KOCTH YMeplIllix? 0 Axypa Ma3-
,lJ,a?» [50] Axypa Ma3,lJ,a OTBeqaeT: «nO'IIiTaTeAH Ma.3,lJ,b[ ,lJ,OAmHbl COOPY,lJ,lITb
3,lJ,aHHe, He,lJ,OCT}'nHoe ,lJ,MI c06aKIi, AIiCHgbl H BOAKa H B KOTopoe He Mom.eT no-
naCTb ,lJ,02K,lJ,eBaH BO,lJ,a». 26
no MHeHHlO .llm. .LJ.apMcTeTepa, pe'lb 3,lJ,eCb H,lJ,eT 0 ,lJ,aXMe . O,lJ,HaKO
K. A. I1HocTpaHgeB BH,lJ,eA B aTOM coopymeHHH KOCTexpaHIiAlil,!Je-aCTO,lJ,aH,
KOTOPb[H, KaK H ,lJ,aXMa, He 06R3aTeAeH, T. K. KOCTH MorAM BblCTaBAHTb npHMO
Ha cOAHge, 'ITO HBcTByeT H3 Yd. VL5.51: «TaKoe 3,lJ,aHHe OHIi ,lJ,OAmHb[ coopy-
AHTb, eCAH OHH HMelOT Cpe,lJ,CTBa, H3 KaMHeH, 113BeCTKOBoro paCTBopa H 3eMAH,
58
f .!\aHa II I
eCAH Y HHX HeT Hero Cpe.llCTB, OHH .llOAmHbl nO,\OmHTb MepTBoro 'ie,\OBeKa
Ha 3eMAlO, Ha ero nO.llCTHAKe H nO.llYWKe, OTKpblToro CBeT)' He6ec Ii cOAHga».
KaK C'ilITaeT M. 50HC, "BIi.lleB.llaT» pa3peWaeT IiHAHBIi.llYaAbHb[H Bb160p:
nOMelJJaTb KOCTH B uzdana HAH me BblCTaBJUITb IiX Ha 3eMAe. no MHeHlilO
M. 50HC, uzdana - «TeXHIi'ieCKIiH TepMIiH occyapml. KOTOpblH flBJUIeTCfl
BMecTHAlilJJeM OKOH'iaTeAbHoro nOMelJJeHlifl KocTeH»; «TaKHM BMeCTHAH-
lJJ eM Mor Aa 6blTb Bb bITaH B rope IiAIi Ha CKAOHe XOAMa KaMepa, HAH me rpo-
6HK, HAH me ypHa» . no MHeHlilO f. X}'M6axa, uzdana - 3TO 06Be.lleHHaH
CTeHaMH nocTpoHKa, B KOTOpyIO (nocAe Toro KaK yweA B npowAoe 06bl'iaH Bb[-
KAa,llbIBaTb Ha OTKPb[TOH nAolJJa,llKe KOCTH, O'iHlJJeHHb[e OT Mflca nTligaMIi H co-
6aKaMIi), CKAa,llbIBaAH KOCTH 28 .
,B «4 licTaH-1i 4eHIir» (Od. XV.5) rOBopliTCfl 0 cnoc06e, ynoMIiHaeMoM
B vd. v_I.J.4 -46: «...OHH .llOAmHbI nepeHecTIi Te,\O YMepwero Ha BepwliHY
ropbl (kof vaxs) IiAH B TaKoe MeCTO... 'iT06b[ C06aKIi Ii nTHgb[ MorAIi pacTep-
3aTb ero, }"iHTbIBaH pacnO,\OmeHlie OTMe'ieHHOrO MeCTa». nepeBO.ll'iHK H KOM-
MeHTaTop HCTO'iHHKa E. B. Y 3CT 1i3 ynoMIiHaHHfl c06aKH, Tep3alOIJJeH Tpyn,
.lle,\aeT BbIBO.ll, 'iTO B TO BpeMfl, KOr.lla 3Ta pa60Ta 6bIAa HanHcaHa, BMecTIiAlilJJa
Te,\ 6bIA MeHee oropomeHb[. 'ieM B HacTofllJJ ee BpeMfl 29 .
Od. Xv 11.2 nO'iTH nOBTopHeT BbIwenpIiBe.lleHHbIH: naccam: «...noc,\e
OrJUI.llb[BaHIiH c06aKOH... OHIi AOAmHb[ cpa.3y nepeHeCTIi Tpyn Ha XOAMIiCT)'lO H
BO.3Bb[liJeHHYlO .3eMAlO (k6f vaxs): Ii Tom 'iT06b[ C06aKIi H nTHgb[ He MorAH
YHeCTH 3T)' MepTBe'iHHY K BO.llHOMY, B03.lleAb[BaeMOMY HAIi HaceAeHHOMY Mec-
T)', ero .3aKpenJUIlOT...» Od. XVII.17 TaKme flBJUIeTCH nOBTopeHlieM BbIwe-
npHBe.lleHHbIX OTpbIBKOB.
BecbMa geHHb[e CBe.lleHIiH CO.llepmlIT Od. XVIII.3, r.lle pe'ib li.lleT 0 KOCTe-
XpaH AlilJJe (ast6dan) (acTO.llaH) OT cpeAHenepCH.llCKOrO ast- (acT-) - «KOCTb»
Ii -dana (-.llaHa) - «BMeCTIiAHlJJe» (nepCH.llCKOe sot6dan): «Kor.lla nOe.llalO-
IJJHe TpynbI nTligbI C'be.llaIOT MflrKlie TKaHIi... 'ieAOBeK .llOAmeH nepeHeCTH KOC-
Tii B KOCTexpaHHAHlJJe (ast6dan), KOTopoe .llOAmHO TaK B03BbIwaTbCH Ha,ll 3eM-
Aeli Ii Ha KOTOpOM KpbIWKa (ask6b) ,\emIiT TaK, 'IT06bI He 6b[AO BO.3MOmHOCTH
.llOm.lllO nonacTb Ha MepTBb[e OCTaHKli, Hii BO.lle .llOCTH'ib I1X TaM, 'iT06b[ Hii CO-
6aKa, HH AHcliga He MorAH nO.llOH-rH K HIiM H C.lleAaTb OTBepCTHe npOHHK-
HOBeHIiH T)'.lla CBeTa». 3-r0 onlicaHHe KOCTeXpaHHAlilJJa OT'IaCTH nOXO.lllIT. Ha Haw
B.3rJUI.ll. Ha onHcaHHe occyapmI, HO eC,\1i nepeBeCTIi He «KpbIWKa», a «KPbI-
wa» - Ha nOrpe6aAbHOe coopymeHlie. C,\e.llyeT nO.ll'iepKHyrb, qTO B «nep-
CH.llCKOM PHBaHTe» nO.llpa.3YMeBaeTCfl, qTO OCCyapliH 11 ast6dan - 3TO O.llHO Ii
TO e._ KaMa 50xpa H Kayc KaMa cnpawHBaIOT: «YlMeeTCfl CTapb[H occyapliH
(astodan) Ha KAO'iKe 3eMAii HeBepHb[X Ii, KOr.lla OHIi opowalOT 3eMAlO, KOCTH
YMepWIiX HaMOKalOT B BO.lle, Ii HeBepHbIe He npO.llalOT BepYlOIJJliM Ii He no-
3BOJUIlOT COOPY.lllITb CTeHY BOKpyr occyapliH. YI C}'I!!eCTByeT onaCHOCTb. 'iTO
.4peBHe- H cpep,HeHpaHcKHe HCTO'lHHKH H HCTOpH'IeCKHe cBHp,eTe.l\bCTBa
59
[ ICCTO, .3aHHMaeMoe] occyaplieM, nOna,lleT nO.ll B03.lleAb[BaHlie, H KOCTH 6y.llyr
no r pe6eHb[ nO.ll 3eMAeH. KaKOBO peweHlie?» 30 B .llpyrlix OTpb[BKaX 1i3 3TOm
iKe CO'iI1HeHIiH .llaXMa OTOm.lleCTBJUIeTCfl C ast6dan. Ha Bonpoc KaM.llIiHa Wa-
rrypa «KaK .llOAmHbl ,lJ,eHCTBOBaTb Te, KTO Hecyr Tpyn (nasasalar), 6epH Tpyn
(nasa) nepeHOCKH em Ha .llaXMY?» .llaeTCH OTBeT: «OHIi .llOJUKHbI .llepmaTb
CBH3b (paiwand) Mem.llY C060H, 'iIiTaH vaj Sr6s .ll0 [CAOB] asahe n masca, 3aTeM
co6aKa .llOAama 6b[Tb nO.llBe.lleHa K TPYI1Y, H OH .llOAmeH 6blTb nepeHeceH Ha
daxma [ast6dan] C peAlim03Hb[MIi 06pH.llaMH Ii 06bl'iaHMH»31. YI elJJe: "nocAe
3Toro /LmaMWH.ll npliweA T)'.lla, r.lle AemaAO Te,\O TexMYPa3a, OMblA ero H CAe-
,\a.,\ ast6dan [daxma] Hem. fOBOpHT, 'iTO C 3Toro .llHH ast6dan [T. e. BMe-
] 32
CTHAHlJJe KOCTeli }'Mepwero CTaA C}'I!!eCTBOBaTb» .
KOMMeHTaTOp "nepcli.llCKoro PIiBaHTa» 5. H. 4xa6xap yKa.3b[aaeT, 'iTO
y ((JBpeMeHHb[X napCOB ast6dan - 3TO geHTpaAbHbIH KO,\O.lleg nO.3.llHeH .llaXMb[
:io"pOacTpIiHgeB, KY.lla c6pacbIBalOT O'ililJJeHHbIe KOCTIi, Ha.3b[BaeMbIH y HpaH-
CKIiX .30pOaCTpHHgeB srada, a y napCOB fY.lUKapaTa bhandar 33 .
HaH60Aee paHHee CBH.lleTeAbCTBO 0 TepMHHe ast6dan (acTO.llaH) CO.llepmIiT-
CH B apaMeHcKoH 3nliTaqmli ApTHMb[ (Artima) Ha'iaAa IV BeKa .ll0 H. 3. no
MHeHl110 A. W. Wax6a.3Ii, 'iIiCTO IipaHcKHH peAHr1i03Hb[H TepMIiH aCTOAaH
(ast6dan) 6b[A coxpaHeH B apaMeH:CKOM TeKCTe, nOTOMY 'iTO OH 0603Ha'iaeT
OC06b[H TIiI1 nOrpe6aAbHOm MeCTa, KOToporo He 6b[,\0 06HapymeHo COOT-
BeTcTBYlOlJJero 3KBIiBaAeHTa 34 . f p06HHga 6b[Aa Bb[py6AeHa B CKaAe H HMeAa
aHTa6AeMeHT ,lI,AHHOH 3,20 M; OHa cHa6meHa .llB}'Mfl MaAeHbKIiMH .llBepHMH
(95x70 CM), KOTOpb[e npHBO.llH,\1i B cnapeHHbIe KOMHaTbI (2,10 M C KamAoH
CTOpOHbl H 1,20 M BbICOTOH). OT.lle,\eHHb[e TOACTOH: CTeHOH. B no,\y KOMHaTb[
CAeBa Bb[pbITa HMa 80 CM rAy61iHoH. 130 CM B ,lI,AIiHY Ii 68 CM liJlipliHOH. Yyrb
3-
60Aee UmpOKaH HMa Bb[pb[Ta B KOMHaTe ,,5» cnpaBa >.
«nepCH.llCKHH PHBaHT» TaKme .llaeT yKa3aHmI OTHOCIiTeAbHO MaTepHaAa,
H3 KOTopom .llOAmHa coopymaTbcH .llaXMa, Ii ee q:.0PMb[: «fOBOpIiTCH B Ma3.lla-
HCHHHCKOH peAlirHH, qTO .llOCTOHHO nOXBaAbl Ii ,\}"iwe, eCAIi OHa [C.lleAaHa] 1i3
KaMHH H 1i3BeCTKOBOrO paCTBOpa, HO eCAIi H.3-3a 6e.llHOCTIi ee He MOryr coopy-
AHTb 1i3 KaMHfl Ii 1i3BeCTKOBoro paCTBopa, TOr.lla nYCTb ee C.lleAalOT 1i3 He-
060mmeHHbIX KlipnH'ieH Ii rAHHb[»36.
«4axMa .llOAmHa 6bITb Kpyr,\aH H .llBepb [ee] .llOAmHa 6b[Tb nOMelJJeHa Ha
37 B
cropoHe BOCXOAHlJJero CO,\Hga. T. e. Ha BOCTOKe». ce 3TO CBH3aHO C CO-
BpeMeHHOH norpe6a.,\bHOH npaKTIiKOH IipaHCKIiX H IiH.llIiHCKIiX 30poacTpliHgeB
11 KOHCTpyKglieH HX nOrpe6aAbHbIX coopymeHIiH. B 3TOM y6em.llalOT CBe,lJ,eHIiH
o I1MelOlJJliXCH coopymeHIiHX.
B "nepcli.llCKOM PIiBaHTe» HaWAH OTpameHlie H cnopHbIe BOnpOCb[, CBH-
3aHHb[e C nOMelJJeHlieM Tpyna B Tex C,\}"iaHX, KOr,lJ,a .llaXMa npliWAa B HerO,lJ,-
HOCTb. O.llHaKO HeflCHO, 0 'ieM li.lleT pe'ib - 0 .llaXMe-6awHe 1i,\H 0 KaKOM-TO
60
f.!\aBa III
HHOM coopymeHHH: «BepYIOIJJHe CaMapKaH,Ila cnpaWHBaAH ,Ilacrypa <Pappox-
3i1.,lJ.a TaK: «4axMa CTaAa BeTxoH Ii C ee nOBepXHocTH noaToMY nO,llHHAHCb KaM-
Hli. Ec,\1i 1i3BecTHbIH 1.Je,\OBeK, KOTOpbIH HBAHeTOJ HcnOAHIiTeAeM 6,\arlix .ileA,
YMpeT, KY,Ila ,Il0AmHO 6bITb nO,\OmeHO ero TeAO ,Il0 Toro BpeMeHIi, nOKa He 6y-
,IleT coopymeHa HOBaH ,IlaXMa?» M. 50HC B nHCbMe K 5. A. J\.HTBIiHCKOMY OT
190KTH6pH 1979 r. npHBeAa CAe.llYIOIJJHH nepeBO,ll OTBeTa ,Ilacrypa: «40 Tex
nop nORa HOBaH ,IlaXMa He 6Y,lleT 3aBepweHa, eC,\H KTO-TO YMpeT, He06xo,llHMO
nO,\OmIiTb KaMeHHble ffi\HTbI Ha nOBepXHOCTb CTapOH ,IlaXMbI, B ee yr,\y, a TeAO
[nOKOHHIiKa], B COOTBeTCTBHIi C 06bl1.JaeM, nOMeCTIiTb Ha HHX»3B. B «nepcI-I,ll-
CKOM PHBaHTe» me OTBeT ,Ilacrypa <PappOX3i1.,lJ.a r,\aCIiA: «40 Toro KaK HOBaH
,IlaXMa He 3aBepweHa, KOr,lla YMpeT 1.Je,\OBeK. Ha nOBepXHOCTH ,Il0,\mHa 6blTb
YCTaHOB,\eHa KaMeHHaH nAIiTa B yr,\y CTapOH ,IlaXMbI H Tpyn ,Il0AmHb[ nOAomHTb
Ha Hee C COOTBeTCTBYlOlJJliMH pH1YaAaMIi. nOCAe Toro KaK YCTaHOBAeHa HOBaH
,IlaxMa, HymHo nepeHeCTIi Tpyn, IiMeH Mem,lly C060H paiwand, 3a60T,\HBO no,ll-
HHMaH OTry,lla Te,\O aToro npe,llBO,lliiTeAH 6,\arOH peAlirliH H ,Il06p0,lleTeAbHoro
Ii nOMeCTHTb ero nepBb[M B aT}' HOBYIO ,IlaxMy»39.
Ho TO. 1.JTO aTOT cnoc06 pa3,1leAH,\CH He BceMH ,IlacTypaMH, BH,IlHO H3
nHCbMa, OTnpaBAeHHoro 1i3 KepMaHa: «Bce ,IlaCT}'pbI H 60,\bWHe ,\IO,IlH aToro
KBapTaAa pa3Mb[WAH,\11 06 aTOM C Ha,llAemalJJeH OCMOTpIiTe,\bHOCTblO H Be,\e-
AIi, 1.JT06b[ ero TeAO HAIi Tpyn ,Il0,\mHO 6bITb nOMelJJeHO B coxpaHHOCTIi B CTa-
pOH ,IlaXMe Ha KaMeHHYIO nAIiT}'... H no npoweCTBli1i ,IlBYX MecHgeB OHH nepe-
HeC,\H ero Te,\O 1i,\1i Tpyn B HOBYIO ,IlaXMY. HO HeKOTOpb[e 06'bHBHAIi, 1.JTO aTOT
cnoc06 6bI,\ npOTHB peAHrHH. nYCTb 6Y,lleT H3BecTHO, 1.JTO B KHlirax 3eH,Il Ii
B KHlirax 6AarOH pe,\HrHIi rOBopliTCH, 1.JTO BCHKIiH pa3, [KOr,lla] OHH nOMeIJJaAH
Tpyn Ha MeCTe Ha KaMeHHYIO n,\IiT}' no,ll HIiM, TO MeCTO ,Il0,\mHO 6b[Tb 1.JHC-
TbIM Ii TaM He ,Il0,\mHO 6bITb Tpyna HAIi TeAa KaKorO-HH6Y,llb ,Ilpyroro 1.JeAO-
BeKa» 40.
no MHeHli10 5. A. J\.HTBHHcKoro, «KaK coopymeHlie ,IlaXMa MorAa. nO-BIi-
,IlHMOMY, 6b[Tb B O,llHIiX CAY1.JaHX MeCTOM ,llNI BbICTaB,\eHIiH, a B ,IlpyrliX - Me-
CTOM xpaHeHIiH yme 01.JliIJJeHHbIX KOCTeH» 41.
t(peBHHe aBTopbl 0 norpe6a.J\bHblX coopymeHlUlx HaceAeHHH BOCTOq-
Horo H CeBepHoro HpaHa. YnOMIiHaHIiH 0 KaKHX-TO nOrpe6aAbHbIX coopy-
meHIiHX y HaceAeHHH BOCT01.JHOrO H CeBepHoro YlpaHa CO,llepmHTCH H B I1CTO-
pH1.JeCKI1X HCT01.JHHKaX y ,IlpeBHIiX aBTopOB.
f epO,llOT c006lJJaeT. 1.JTO «.. .CBe,lleHHH 0 nOrpe6aAbHbIX 06pH,IlaX nepCbI ne-
pe,llalOT KaK TaHHY. J\.HWb r,\yxo c006IJJaeTCH, 1.JTO Tpyn nepCbI npe,llalOT no-
rpe6eHHlO TO,\bKO nOCAe Toro, KaK ero paC'rep3alOT XHIJJHb[e nTl1gbI HAii c06a-
KI1. Bnp01.JeM, H ,Il0CTOBepHO 3HalO, 1.JTO Marli C06AlO,IlalOT aTOT 06bI1.JaH. OHIi
Be,llb ,IleAalOT aTO COBepweHHO OTKpbITO. Bo BCHKOM CAY1.Jae nepCb[ npe,llalOT
3eM,\e TeAO nOKoHHHKa, nOKpblTOro BOCKOM» (fepo,llOT, 1.140).
4peBHe- H cpe,'\HeHpaHCKHe HCTO'iHHKH H HCTOpH'ieCKHe CBHtJ,eTe.l\bCTBa
61
nO CBIi,lleTe,\bCTBY OHecHKpHTa 0 6aKTpHHgax, npliBO,llliMOMY CTpa60HoM,
«AIO,IleH. H3HypeHHb[X cTapocTblO Ii 60Ae3HHMIi, OHH 6pocaAii mliBbIMIi c06a-
KaM, Hap01.JHO CO,llepmHMb[M ,llNI aToro. KOTOPb[X Ha CBoeM pO,llHOM H3blKe
Ha3b[Ba,\1i "MOrIL\btgI1KaMH". T eppliTopHH BHe CTeH CTO,\ligbI 6aKTpliHgeB
I1MeAa 1.JliCTbIH BH,Il, TOr,lla KaK 60AbWaH 1.JaCTb npoCTpaHCTBa BHyrpli CTeH 6b[Aa
nOJ\.Ha 1.Je,\OBe1.JeCKIiX KOCTeH. AAeKcaH,Ilp YHIi1.JTOmliJ\ aTOT 06bI1.JaH» (CTpa60H,
XI, 11, 3).
MHorlie COBpeMeHHble aBTOpb[ CKerrrli'IeCKH OTHOCHTCH K aTOMY co06lJJe-
HIiJ{) OHecHKpIiTa. B. B. C TpYBe no,\araeT, 1.JTO Ha caMOM ,IleAe Ha paCTep3aHHe
6pocaAii TpynbI. a He mliBb[X AIO,IleH. B. TapH BbI,IlBHHYA li,llelO, 1.JTO npHMe-
HI1Mb[H K c06aKaM rpe'IeCKIiH TepMHH 'ENTA<DIA1:TAI - «MomAbIJJIiKIi»
6NA HenpaBIiAbHO nOHHT OHeCHKpIiTOM. B. 5. )(eHHIiHr pa3BHA li,llelO
B. T apHa. O,llHaKO, no MHeHli10 COBeTCKHX IiCCAe,llOBaTeAeH. 10. A. PanonopTa
f! 5. A. J\.lITBIiHCKOro, OHecliKpliT B OTHoweH1i1i norpe6aAbHoro 06pH,ll,a OT-
TiL'l.KIiBaACH OT ,IleHCTBI1TeAbHOcTIi Ii «paCCKa3bI 06 y6HHcTBe cTapHKoB liMe lOT
42
BnOAHe peaAbHOe HCTOpH1.JeCKOe CO,llepmaHHe» .
YlCIi,ll0P )(apaKCKHH (I B. ,Il0 H. a.) roBOpliT 0 rp06HHgax napqJHHCKHX
ua p eH B Hlice. 4HOH KaCCIiH CBli,lleTeAbcTByeT 0 pa3pyweHHii napqJHHCKHX
- 43
rp06Hlig y Ap6eAb[ KapaKiL\AOH .
nOMneH Tpor. nlicaBWIiH 0 napqJHHax BIB. H. a., c006IJJaeT, '11'0 «06IJJe-
npl1HHTOe norpe6eHHe [COCTOlIT B TOM, '11'0 Tpynbl OT,IlaIOT] Ha paCTep3aHlie
IITl1gaM HAIi c06aKaM Ii B 3eMAIO 3aKanbIBalOT TOAbKO roAb[e KOCTIi» (lOcTIiH,
)(LI, 3, 5).
YTO KacaeTCH CaCaHli,llCKOrO YlpaHa, B VI B. AraqJliH CXOAaCTliK yrBep-
mAaA, 1.JTO nOCAe BblCTaBAeHHH TpynoB «OCTaIOTCH rOAb[e KOCTH, 6eCnOpH,IlO1.JHO
pa36poCaHHb[e no nO.'l.HM, KMCTb me YMepWIiX B KaKoH-HI16Y,llb rp06 HAH YPHY
44
HAIi norpe6aTb B 3eMAe COBepweHHO 3anpeIJJaeTCH .
BH3aHTliHCKHH IiCTOpliK npOKonliH (VII B.) nHCaA, 'ITO nepCb[ B03,1lepmli-
BalOTCH 01' COKpbITIiH 1.JeAOBe1.JeCKIiX TeA norpe6eHlieM, OCTaBNUI HX ,llNI noe,lla-
45
HHH c06aKaMii Ii nTligaMH .
nepCH.lleKHe H apa6CKHe HCTOqHHKH 0 norpe6a.J\bHblX coopymeHlUlx
30poaeTpHHgeB. <PHP,llOYCIi (OK. 940-1020 RAIi 1030 r.) ynoMIiHaeT no-
rpe6aAbHb[e coopymeHHH B CBoeH noaMe «WaxHaMe».
4axMa B H306pameHHii <Plip,llOYCH - aTO POCKOWHaH YCbInaAbHliga. Ha-
nO,ll0611e MaB30AeH, r,lle nOKOIiTCH Ha6aAb3aMI1pOBaHHoe Te,\O Toro HAH IiHoro
HpaHCKoro gapH. Ha6aAb3aMlipoBaHHNH Tpyn 3aBOpa1.JliBaAH B nap1.JY HAH
weAK Ii nOMelJJaAli B 601.JOHK006pa3HbIH rp06, C,IleAaHHb[H H3 me,\e3a, cepe6pa,
30AOTa IiAIi ,Ilame CAOHOBOH KOCTIi. Kpb[WKY capKoqJara 3aKpbIBaAii npli no-
MOIJJIi 3aCTemeK Ii rB03,1leH. a WOB 3aMa3b[BaAli CMO,\OH. nOCAe aToro norpe-
6iL\bHaH npogeccHH C nb[UlHbiMIi !J,epeMOHHHMIi nepeHOCIiAa rp06 B MaB30,\eH
62
f.!\aBa III
[.llaxMY! aCTO.llaH]. cho 6bIAa KOMHaTa. nOCTpoeHHaH 113 KaMHfl Ii 3a'-lacryIO op-
HaMeHTlipOBaHHaH 30,\OTOM. CAOHOBOH KOCTblO 11 AHnIiC-Aa3ypblO. aHa .llOAmHa
6b[Aa 6b[Tb 6o,\bwOH Ii npocTopHOH «nO.ll06HO .llBOp!!y». I1HorAa TaKoe co-
0pY}KeHlie npe.llHa3Ha'-laAOCb ,llAR HeCKOAbKI1X TeA. flOpTaA AaXMb[!acToAaHa
.llO,\}KeH 6bITb oKpaweH B KpaCHb[H I1Mf m,\y6oH gBcr Ii cHapY}K1i nOMelJJaAaCb
3n1iTaqm5l 46 .
cPo A. P03eH6epr. a BC,\e.ll 3a HIiM A. .fl. 50pliCOB OTMe'-laIOT. '-ITO .llaXMa.
onliCaHHaH B "WaXHaMe». He IiMelOIJJaH HIiKaKI1X cnegH<pl1'-1eCKIiX npH3HaKOB
30poaCTpHHCKoro nOrpe6aAbHOrO coopY}KeHIi5l. Bce }Ke CBH3bIBaeTCH C 3Opoa-
CTpH3MOM, T. K. CblH AHYIImpBaHa. xpliCTHaHHH Hyw3i1.,ll npOCIiT He B03BO-
47 B
.llIiTb eMY .llaXMbI. a noxopOHHTb no xpliCTliaHCKOMY 06bf'ialO. CTI1XOTBOp-
HOM nepeBO.lle n03MbI Ha PYCCKIiH fl3bIK. C.lle,\aHHOM U. 5. 5aHy-Aaxym Ii
B. r. 5ep3HeBb[M. 3TO 3By<IIiT TaK:
3447 -3448 «T PYA AOAor. He CTaBb YCbIniL\bHH!!)'. TpOH,
CBepUJIi xpHCTHaHCKHM 06pH4 noxopOH».
3467- 3468 «KaK qHH xplicTHaHcKHH BeAIiT, 06AaqHTb
.If,OAmHa, H B 3eMAe eMY tlaTb OnOqliTb.
r P06HIi1,!bI H MYCKyca He n01Ke.l\a.\» 48.
.l!.OCAOBHb[H nepeBOA coxpaHfleT ynOMI1HaeMb[e B nepBOI1CTO'-lHI1Ke TepMHHbI
daxma, ast6dan. KOTopbIe 3.lleCb BnOAHe 3KBliBaAeHTHbl.
«He HymHo Aa.XMb[ Ii TpOHa Ii tlOArnX TpYAOB
[CTPaA aHHM ], 003aKOHY MeccHH cAe.,aH [MHe] !\10rn.\y».
«MaTb caBaH nYCTb CAeAaeT, MorHAY H HaKpoeT ero rOAOBY,
OCTaAaHa He npHKa3a.\ [Ae.'laTb]. HH MYCKyca. HH aM6pb[» 49.
B CTlixax ACiI.,llH (XI B.) Ii 5e.llHAa (KOH. XVII - Ha'-l. XVIII) TaIOKe
ynoMIiHalOTOJ .llaXMb[.
CAe.llyeT OTMeTIiTb. '-ITO B nepCIi.llCKOH xpOHIiKe «MY.ll}KMIi,\ aT-TaBapi1X»
B '-IIiCAe MeCT norpe6eHlliI nepCH.l(CKIiX gapeH Ha3blBalOTCH «HaYCbI». Cho e,llHH-
CTBeHHb[H nepCIi.llCKIiH HCTO'-lHHK. r.lle BCTpe'-laeTCfl 3TOT TepMHH. He BCTpe-
'-IaeMbIH Hii B «hecre». Hii B neXAeBHHCKIiX IiCTO'-lHIiKax. HH B «WaxHaMe».
ero YflCHeHIi51 HaM He06xo.llHMO 06paTI1TbCH K apa6CKliM HCTOpH'-IeCKIiM
50
HCTO'-lHIiKaM .
flocAe 3aBOeBaHIiH I1paHa H Cpe.llHeH fuHH apa6aMii CBH.lleTe,\bCTBa 0 30-
poacTpliHgax nOflBAHIOTCH y apa6cKlix nI1CaTe,\eH. Y HIiX ,llAR 0603Ha'-leHIi51
norpe6aAbHOH nOCTpOHKIi 30poaCTpliHgeB npliMeIDleTcfl npeliMYlJJeCTBeHHo
TepMHH «HayC». B apa6CKOM np03aH'-IeCKOM nepeBO.lle «WaxHaMe» aBTopa
XII B. 5YH.llapli BO q:.parMeHTe. CBfl3aHHOM C 3aBeIJJaHlieM XocpOBa AHYWHP-
.1
BaHa. ynoTpe6AHeTCH 3TO CAOBO' . 3TO C,\OBO. rpe'-leCKOe no npOHCXO}K.lleHIiIO.
npOHIiKAO K apa6aM 1i3 xpliCTliaHCKIiX HCTO'-lHIiKOB Ii ynOTpe6AHAOCb apa60fl-
3bI'-IHbIMIi aBTopaMIi (T a6apH. .l!.IiHaBepli. XaM30H YIcq:.axaHCKI1M H .llp.) ,llAR
4peBHe- H cpe,'\HeHpaHcKHe HCTO'lHHKH H HCTOpH'IeCKHe CBHtleTe.l\bCTBa
63
0603Ha'-leHIi51 HMeHHO nOrpe6aAbHOH nOCTpOHKI1. Ho 3TO npHAaraAOCb He TOAb-
[.;0 -'HWb K gapcKHM rp06Hliga!\1. T aK. no coo6I¥,eHHIO .l!.HHaBepli. Hayc nocrpoli-
>\11 ,ll.U! 30poacTpliHga BaxpH3a. nOKpOBlITeAH YIeMeHa npH XocpOBe I. 5axpaM
ryp B03.llBlir Hayc H3 '-IepHOm KaMHfl HiI.,ll Te,\OM y6I1TOH HM HeBoAbHligb[.
B apa6cKOM fl3b[Ke OTMe'-laeTCH .llBa 3Ha'-leHHfl CAOBa «HayC»: 1) KpHnTa.
CKAen; 2) capKoq:.ar. rpo6HHga. B nOHIiMaHHIi }Ke nepCH.llCKIiX AeKCHorpaq:.OB
C\OBO «HayC» IiMeeT COBepweHHO HHoe 3Ha'-leHI1e. B CA Bape «5YPX -H Ka-
TH» «Hayc» TO,\KyeTcH KaK «xpaM orHfl» H «MO,\IiTBeHHblli .llOM MamB» .
XaM3a I1cq:.axaHcKIiH co06lJJaeT. 'iTO nepcbI He 3HalOT [norpe6eHlifl] B MO-
rH..\ax H npH'-Iyr nOKOHHHKOB B .llaXMaX Ii Haycax. K. A. I1HocTpaHgeB H3 Tom.
'iTO XaM3a I1cq:.axaHCKIiH ynoMHHaeT .llaXMY paHbwe Hayca. .lleAaeT BbIBO.ll.
"TO 3TO YKa3aHHe Ha TOT nopflAOK. B KOTOpoM 3TH coopY}KeHIi51 ynOTpe6AH:
AIiCb. Ha OCHOBaHIiH '-Iero OH nOAaraeT. «'-ITO no.ll HaycaMIi apa6CKliX nIiCaTe,\eH
cKopee Bcero HiI.,110 pa3YMeTb KocTeXpaHH,\HlJJa. 0 KOTOPb[X rOBopliT «heCTa».
TaK Ha3b[BaeMb[e «aCTO.llaHbI»H. Ho 3TO BXO.llI1T B npOTHBOpe'-llie C npI1BO.llIi-
\lbDI caMHM }Ke K. A. I1HocTpaHgeBb[M CBH.lleTeAbCTBoM apa6CKOH aHTO,\OrHli
"A'-MaxacHH ya-A-aAAiI.,ll», nplinliCb[BaeMOH /LLKaxIi3Y, Ii C006IJJeHHeM Ta6a-
pli. B «A'-MaxaCIiH ya-A-aAAiI.,ll» paCCKa3blBaeTCH 06 oTpaBAeHHI1 gapligb[
Illli p liH B «Hayce ee !\1y}Ka: eH 6b[Aa OTKpbITa .llBepb Hayca. OHa npliHHAa TaM
54
tIll.. 06HH,\a !\10rHAY MY1Ka H CKOH'-IaAaCb» .
T a6apli npHBO.llIiT C,\ellYlOrgI1e CBe.lleHfIH 0 Haycax. B 104 r. XIi.ll}KPb[
(722-723 rr. H. 3.) apa6CKI1H HaMeCTHIiK Cali.ll-aAb-XapaWIi «Bb[We,\ K
Pa6I1H.ll}KaHY Ii y6I1A a.ll-.l!.I1BaWHI1 H pacnflA em Ha Hayce». a B 112 IiAH
113 r. XI1t1}Kpb[ (730-731 HAI1 731-732 rr. H. 3.). KOr.lla COr.llIiHgb[ B COlO3e
C TlOpKaMI1 pa3rpOMHAH apa6CKHH OTpH.ll aAb Ba,llLKapa 1i6H XaMIi.lla. KypeHw
H6H A6.llaAAaX aAb Ca6.ll1i C TpeMfl BOIiHaMH BOWAIi HO'-lblO B Hayc H cnpflTa-
jj
\I1Cb B HeM» .
Hayc Bb[crynaeT 3.lleCb KaK 3Ha'-lIiTe,\bHOe coopY}Kemfe. pacnO,\01KeHHOe 3a
npe.lleAaMH CTeH KpenOCTIi. r.lle M01KeT nOMeCTHTbC5I HeCKOAbKO '-IeAOBeK, a He
KaK ast6dan. Ha KOTOpOM HeAb3fl pacnHTb Ii B KOTOpOM HeAb3fl Cnp5lTaTbCH.
B co06IJJeHIili 5IiPYHf[ COAep1KIiTCfl HaMeK Ha cYlJJecTBoBaH.lie HaYCOB
B Cor.lle. B KOHge MecHga X-W-B-M 'xswm. xswm ('sbnd'rmjyy6 «}KIiTeAIi
Cor.lla nAa'-lyr no CBOIiM .llpeBHI1M nOKOHHI1Ka!\1. OHI1 onAaKHBalOT HX, gapa-
nalOT ce6e ,\Hga H CTaBHT ,llAR YMepWHX KywaHbM H HaTIIiTKIi. KaK .lleAalOT nep-
CbI B cPepBep.lla,llLKaHe»57. B cPepBep.lla,llLKaHe}Ke nepCbI «CTaBHAIi KywaHbfl B
HaYCb[ MepTBegoB. a HanliTKIi Ha KPb[WIi .llOMOB. OHIi yrBep}K.llaAli. 6Y.llTO .llY-
WI1 YMepwlix BbIXO,ll,HT B 3TH .llHIi H3 MeCTa Harpil.,llbI Ii HaKa3aHIiH, npIiXO,lJ,HT Ii
BcaCblBalOT CIiAY KywaHIiH Ii BnlITblBalOT IiX BKYC. [.l!.OMox03HeBa] oKypHBalOT
CBOI1 .llOMa AeBHCIi,\O!\1. '-IT06bI MepTBb[e MOrAI1 HaCAam.llaTbCfl ero 3anaXOM. YT-
Bep1K.llaIOT TaIOKe. '-ITO .llYWI1 MepTBb[X nocelJJalOT CBOI1X }KeH. .lleTeH I1 6Ali3KHX
64
f .!\aHa I II
Ii yqacTBYIOT B IiX .lle,\ax, XOTH [,\IO.llIi] IiX He BH,llHT»;B. 3.lleCb Hayc BblCTynaeT
onHTb-TaKIi KaK 3Ha'iliTeAbHoe coopymeHlie.
Ha nocTpoHKY 3Ha'iIiTeAbHb[X pa3MepoB yKa3blBaeT Ii q:.parMeHT H3 apa6-
CKOH Bepclili «KHlirii TaHKaAyulH BaBIiAoHcKoro 06 06pa3ax rpa,llYCOB cq:.e-
Pb[», npliHa,llJ\emal!!eH A6y EeKpy AxMa,lly 1i6H BaXIlJHHH. 3TO cBoe06pa3HblH
CBO.ll aCTpO,\OrH'leCKOH CHMBO,\IiKH, r.lle no.ll nepBbIM rpa,llYCOM BecoB Hanlica-
HO CAe.llYlOl!!ee: «B 3TOM rpa,llyce BOCXO,llHT Mep3Klie, OTBpaTl-lTe,\bHble Ha BH.ll,
Mpa'lHb[e Bel!!li; HIiKTO He MomeT Hii CMOTpeTb Ha HIiX, Hii npH6MlmaTbCH K HHM,
Hii 060HHTb HX 3anaxa, 1i60 OHM HaXO,llHTCH B nOAomeHHIi Hayca, CTeHbl KOTO-
poro pa3BaAHAliCb, TaK 'lTO [HaxO,llHrglieCJI B HeM] MepTBble Te,\a OKa3aAliCb Ha
BH.llY y Bcex CMOTpJlI!!IiX. 3TO B nycTblHe, B 6e306pa3HOH CTenli, r.lle CAb[IlIHTCH
pblKaHbe ,\bBa, BOH BO,\Ka Ii ,\aH T0I!!IiX ,llAHHHOyxMX c06aK». A. .H. EOpHCOB
BbICKa3aA npeJUlOAOmeHlie, 'lT0 B 3TOM oTpblBKe rOBOpHTCH 0 .llaxMe, T. K. B nep-
CH.llCKOM nepeBO.lle CAOBa «1i60 OHIi HaXO,llHTCH B nOAomeHHIi Hayca» nepe.lla-
Hbl - «nO.ll06Hb[ MepTBblM Te,\aM .llaXMb[ OrHenOK.i\OHHHKOB [re6pOB]»W.
npe.llCTaBAHeTCH Cnpase.llAHBblM ero BbIBO.ll 0 TOM, 'lTO «TO 06CTOHTe,\bCTBO,
'lTO y apa6CKliX aBTopOB He BCTpe'laeTCJI IiCKOHHO 30poaCTpHHCKHX TepMHHOB
.llaXMa H aCTO.llaH, nOKa3blBaeT, 'lTO apa6CKoe CAOBO Hayc 3aMeHHeT y HHX 06a
3THX repMIiHa H n03TOMY YCMaTpHBaTb B Hayce KaKoH-AIi60 cne!Jliru\bHb[H Tlin
30poaCTpliHCKliX coopymeHIiH HenpaBHAbHO. 3THM 061!!HM apa6CKHM TepMIi-
HOM HeCOMHeHHO 06be.llIiIDIAIiCb BceB03MOmHb[e BH.llbl nOrpe6aAbHb[X nocTpo-
eK H xpHcTHaHcKlix, Ii 30poaCTpIiHCKIiX, H Jl3b['leCKHX, HO TaK HHKOr.lla He Ha-
3bIBCL\H rp06HIi!Jbl MycY,\bMaH» 60.
B «CaMapHH» A6y T aXlip XO.llmli ynoMIiHalOTCJI Ha Ma3apaX H xa3Hpa
«Cyq:.bl» Ii MaB30AeH, B KOTOPb[X nOKOHTCJI MYCYAbMaHCKlie CBHTb[e. KaK Bbl-
JlCHHAIi IiCC,\e.llOBaTeAH, COBpeMeHHble mHTe,\1i CaMapKaH.lla TaKYIO cyq:.y Ha-
3bIBalOT «.llaxMOH» 61.
B «T a)J)KHKCKO-PYCCKOM C,\OBape» no.ll TepMIiHOM «.llax,'\1a», «.llaXM» no-
HIiMaIOTCH: BO.llOXpaHHAlil!!e - cap.ll06a; nO.ll3eMHoe nOMel!!eHlie, B KOTopoe
nOMel!!alOT Tpynbl orHenOKAOHHHKOB; rp06HH!Ja, HaMOnlAbHOe coopymeHlie 62 .
CTopoma (oxpaHHHKa) rpo6HIi!Jb[ Ha3bIBaIOT «.llaXMa60H» 63.
T aKHM 06pa30M, Mb[ paCCMOTpeAli .llaHHb[e nIiCbMeHHb[X HeTO'lHHKOB 0 no-
rpe6aAbHblX coopymeHIiJlx 30poaCTpIiH!JeB. K COmaAeHlilO, OHH He PIiCYIOT 'leT-
KOH KapTHHb[ Ii .llOCTaTO'lHO npOTIiBOpe'lIiBbl. 3Ha'lHMOCTb 30poaCTpliHCKliX
IiCTO'lHHKOB COCTOHT B TOM, 'lTO, JlBAHJICb CO'lliHeHIDIMH IiCKAlO'lHTeAbHO «npa-
BOBepHb[MH», OHIi 3ane'laTAHIOT OpTO.llOKCaAbHYIO 30poaCTpHHCKYlO Tpa.llH!JHIO.
r AaBa IV
30POACTPHHCKHH nOrPE6AAbHbIH 06PHjt
B CPEltHEH A.3HH H HPAHE B ltPEBHOCTH
nOMHMO nHCbMeHHblX IiCTO'lHIiKOB, 0 norpe6aAbHOM 06pH.lle 30poacTpHH-
geB B .llpeBHOCTIi n03BOAHIOT CY.llHTb apxeO,\Orli'leCKlie IiCTO'lHIiKH. MHOrO'lIiC-
.\eHHb[e pa60Tb[ B Cpe.llHeH fulili OTKpblAIi CYl!!eCTBOBaBIlIYIO 3.lleCb B .llpeBHO-
CTI1 60raTylO Ca!\106b[THYIO KY,\bTyPY. K 'lHCAY BaJKHblX MaTepliaAOB CAe.llyeT
OTHeCTH nO,\yqeHHble npI1 paCKonKax .llpeBHIiX norpe6aAbHblX coopymeHHH B
Xope3Me, EaKTplili- T oxapliCTaHe, Cor.lle, Ya'le, CeMlipe'lbe.
B HaIlIY 3a,lla'lY He BXO.llHT nO,\HOe 1i3AomeHlie (Tlina KaTaAOra) Bcex
I1MeIOI!!IiXCH MaTepliaAOB. 1\1bl OT06paAii ,\HIlIb Te, KOTopble n03BOAHIOT npe.ll-
CTaBHTb norpe6aAbHb[e coopymeHIiJl B IiX XPOHO,\Orli'lecKOM, reorpaq:.Ii'leCKOM
(no BaJKHeHIlIHM IiCTOPIiKO-KYAbTypHbIM 06AaCTJlM) Ii THnOAOrli'leCKOM pa3HO-
06pa3lili. BHa'laAe CHCTeMaTH3HpOBaHbi MaTepliaAbl no Cpe.llHeH fulili, 3a-
TeM - no YlpaHY.
KaK yme nO.llp06HO OCBel!!eHO BblIlIe, B rAaBe «.llpeBHe- Ii Cpe.llHelipaHCKHe
nHCbMeHHbIe HCTO'lHHKIi Ii IiCTOpli'leCKlie CBH.lleTeAbCTBa 0 30poaCTpliHCKOM
nOrpe6aAbHOM 06pH.lle», H3BeCTHO Tpli cnoc06a BblCTaBAeHHJI TpynOB: a) B 3a-
KpblTOM nOMel!!eHHM - KaTa; 6) Ha OTKpblTOH B03BblIlIeHHoH rtA0I!!a,llKe -
.llaXMa; B) B nOrpe6aAbHOM coopymeHHH - Hayce.
.3opoacTpHHCKHe nOrpe6aAbHbie coopY2KeHHH
CpeAHeH A3HH
B Cpe.llHeH fuliH KaTa - nOMel!!eHIiJl ,llAH BpeMeHHoro BblCTaBAeHHH TPy-
nOB BbUIB,\eHb[ B Xope3Me, EaKTpli1i H Cor.lle.
B Xope3Me C. n. T O,\CTOBb[M 06HapymeHa KaTa B 3aMKe NQ 36 Eep-
Kyr-KaAHHCKOro oa3Hca. KaTa npe.llCTaBAHeT C060H KBa.llpaTHoe nOMel!!eHlie
4,5x4,5 M. Bxo.ll B Hero pacnOAomeH B npoeMe y IOmHoro yr.M IOro-BOCTO'lHOH
CTOpOHbl. Y 3KaH cyq:.a IlI,\a B.llOAb 3ana,llHOH CTeHb[. B Cpe.llHeH 'laCTH KOMHaTbl
HaXO.llIiAaCb OBaAbHaH JlMa 1,5x1,8 M. Ha .llHe HMbl 06HapymeHa npoCAoHKa,
COCTOHl!!aH I13 KHpnli'leH, 30,\b[ H 06yr,\eHHb[X npyrI>eB. «Bb[IlIe Ha,ll HMOH H Ha
no,\y AemaA C,\OH, COCTOJlI!!IiH 1i3 CO,\OMb[, npyrbeB, OBe'lberO nOMeTa, MHOro-
66
f .!\aBa IV
30poaCTpHHCKHH norpe6a.\bHbIH 06pHtl B t\peBHOCTH
67
1.JHCAeHHb[X KYCKOB .llepeBa - oTpe3KoB 6peBeH Ii naAOK pa3.\Ii1.JHOH Be,\H'IIiHb[
H KOMbeB r,\HHb[ pa3HOrO pa3Mepa» 1. 3TH C,\OH, no MHeHli10 C. n. T O,\CTOBa,
.llOAmHb! 6bI,\H npe.llOXpaHJITb 3eM,\1O OT KOHTaKTOB C MepTBbIMIi Te,\aMIi CO-
rAaCHO npe.llnliCaHIiIO «BH.lleB.llaTa»2. CYl!!eCTBeHHO, 1.JTO B O.llHOM 1i3 nOMel!!e-
HIiH 3aMKa N!! 36 HaH.lleH occyapl1H, IiMelOl!!liH qJOPMY Hl!!liKa Ha HomKax 3 .
B EaKTpliH B03Ae rOpO.llHl!!a KaMnbIp-rene KywaHcKoro BpeMeHH paCKO-
naHa KaTa. CoopymeHlie COCTOlIT 1i3 TpeX 3.llaHIiH. 3.llaHlie 1 (IOmHoe): 3a MO-
HOAHTHOH nMTqJopMOH (1O,5-1O,8x3 M) c,\e.llyeT 9 KaMep pa3AH1.JHOH nM-
HlipOBKIi Ii pa3MepOB. 3AaHI1e 2 (cpe.llHee) COCTOIiT H3 OAHOH KaMepb[ npflMO-
yrOAbHOH B nMHe (6x2,6 M). 3.llaHHe 3 (ceBepHoe) B nAaHe npflMoyroAbHoe Ii
COCTOIiT 1i3 Tpex KaMep (4.5x2,8; 7x2,8 M; 2,8xO,7 M)4. nepBOHa1.JaAbHO 3.lla-
HIi5I 1, 2 Ii 3 6bIAli pa3AeAeHb[ Y3KliMH npOXO.llaMIi. BnOCAe.llCTBIiIi 8TIi npOXO,ll,bI
3aAOmHAH, COe.llIiHHB Bce TPIi nocTpoHKIi B O.llHO Y3Koe Ii .llAHHHoe coopyme-
HHe. B KaMepax OTCyrCTBOBaAli KOCTIi Ii KaKlie-,\H60 npe.llMeTbI, 1.JTO, Ha Haw
B3rAH.ll, 3aTpY.llHfleT TpaKTOBaTb I1X KaK nOrpe6aAbHb[e coopymeHIi5I, HO, no
MHeHHIO 3. B. PTBeAa.ll3e, CBH.lleTe,\bCTByeT 0 TOM, qTO OHIi He np e .llHa3Ha1.Ja-
,\I1Cb,llAH nOCT05IHHb[X norpe6eHHH. no era MHeHIiIO, 8TIi coopymeHlffi OTBe1.Ja-
lOT no CBOIiM pa3MepaM Tpe60BaHHflM «BH.lleB.llaTa» ,llAH nO.ll06HOra pO.lla no-
cTpoeK. BMeCTe C TeM 3. B. PTBeAa,ll3e no,\araeT, 1.JTO «B .llaHHOM coopymeHIiH
BOn'\0l!!eHbI Bce Tpl1 THna 30poacTpHHcKHX nOrpe6aAbHbIX nOCTpoeK (KaTa,
AaXMa Ii uzdana) B C01.JeTaHHH C xpaMOM nOMHHaAbHOrO KY,\bTa 5 .
B Cor.lle TaK Ha3blBaeMbIH Hayc 2 neH.llmHKeHTCKOrO HeKpOnOMl npe.ll-
CTaBAHeT C060H, KaK CLJIiTalOT, KaT)'. Hayc 2 HBAHeTCfl O.llHOKaMepHb[M coopy-
meHlieM C coxpaHHBWHMC5I HaLJaAOM CBO.lla. B OCHOBaHHIi coopymeHlffi ,\emIiT
naXCOBaH nAaTqJopMa, BKAI01.JalOI!!aH Ka.\1HIi Ii raAe1.JHHK. B geHTpe nOMel!!eHlie
6b[,\0 3aAOmeHO naXCOH. B naXCOBOH 3a6yroBKe BCTpe1.JaAHCb qJparMeHTb[
occyaplieB, MeAKl1e KOCTIi 1.JeAOBeKa. T aKme 6blAli HafuJ,eHbI KOCTIi 6apaHa co
CAe.llaMH pemYl!!ero IiHCTpYMeHTa. nOBepxHocTb 3a6yrOBKIi 6bIAa nOKpb[Ta
Me,\KIiMIi KaMH5IMIi Ii ra,\bKOH. Ha,ll HHMH HaXO.llHAOCb HeCKOAbKO 30AbHb[X
nflTeH. Bce 8TO 6b[AO nOKpbITO 1.JeTbIpeXCaHTI1MeTpOBoH rAIiH5IHOH 06Ma3KOH.
E. .fl. CTaBHcKIiH CpaBHI1BaeT 8TO coopymeHlie C KaTOH B 3aMKe N!! 36 Eep-
Kyr-KaAIiHCKOro Oa3lica, pacKonaHHoH C. n. T OACTOBbIM 6 . O.llHaKO OH He 6btA
YBepeH, npe.llHa3Ha1.JeHO AH 8TO coopymeHlie ,llAH BpeMeHHoro BNCTaBAeHlifl
TpynoB, KaK nOAaraA C. n. T OACTOB, HAIi me 3.lleCb npOIiCXO.llI1AO OT.lle,\eHHe
M5ICa OT KOCTeH Ii YK\a.llKa HX B occyaplili.
EaKTpliHCKYIO KaT)' C6,\limaeT C xope3MliHCKOH TO, 'ITO OHIi npe.llCTaBAHIOT
C060H 1i30AHpOBaHHb[e coopymeHIi5I, TOr.lla KaK KaTa B Cor.lle COCTaBAHeT 1.JaCTb
neH.llmHKeHTcKoro HeKpOnOAH VII-VIII BB. OTMeTIiM BMeCTe C TeM, 1.JTO
KaT)' Xope3Ma Ii neHt1mliKeHTa B CBOIO 01.Jepe.llb c6AlimaeT HaAH'Ilie B geHTpe
nOMel!!eHHH Kpyr,\OH 5IMbi.
K 1.JI1CAY .llaXM apxeo,\orii OTHOCJIT HeKOTOpb[e coopymeHH5I B Xope3Me Ii
Cor.a. e . OHIi 6b[Ba1OT 06I!!eCTBeHHb[e H qJaMIiAbHbIe.
B Xope3Me XOAM YHAbnb[K HBAHeTCfl ceBepO-3ana.llHbIM OTporOM CY,\Ta-
HVl13.llarcKoro xpe6Ta. Ha Bepxy XO,\Ma cOBepweHHO OTCyrCTBYIOT coopyme-
H H, ml1AbIe nOCTpOHKH. no MHeHl110 C. n. T oAcToBa, Ha BblCOKOM XO,\Me
YIi.\bnb[K 6b[Aa pacnOAomeHa .llaXMa (wu.. 11 , LJTO nO.llTBepm.llaeTCH HaXO.ll-
Ka'\1H MHor01.JHCAeHHb[X qJparMeHToB occyaplieB'. B.llOAb CTeH HaXO.llIiTC5I 10-
12-MeTpOBaH 3a6yroBKa, KOTOpaH 1i30AlipOBaAa OT 3eM,\H TpynbI, nOMel!!eHHble
Ha BepWI1He, qTO COOTBeTcTByeT npe.llnliCaHIiHM OpTO.llOKCaAbHOrO 30pOaCTpH3-
Ma 8 . nAol!!a,llKa no nepHMeTpy 6bI,\a 06BeAeHa me,\060M, nO-BH.l(IiMOMY, npe.ll:
Ha3Ha1.JeHHb[M ,llAH OTBOAa .llOm.lleBbIX BOA Ii npe.llOTBpal!!eHHIO 'IIiCTb[X CTIiXHIi
OT OCKBepHeHI15I. C 3ana,llHOH CTOpoHb[ HaXO.llIi,\CH BXO.ll B coopymeHlie. 3TO
u 9
nOAOn!H naH.llYc, KOTOpblli 3aTeM nepeXO.llIiA B AeCTHH!J)' .
EAH3 ceAeHIiH 1\1aHrb[T B Xope3Me pacnO,\OmeH occyapHb[H MOnI,\bHIiK
Ky6a-Tay, Ha XO,\Me HaXO.llHTC5I COBpeMeHHoe MycY,\bMaHCKoe KAa.ll6Hl!!e.
Bb[HBIiTb KOHCTPYKgli1O MOrl1AbHI1Ka Y.llaAOCb AIiWb Ha He60AbWOM yqacTKe,
CB060AHOM OT COBpeMeHHbIX MorHA. CAOH rAIiHb[, CMewaHHbIH C HaB030M, 6b[A
nOAomeH Ha KaMeHIiCTbIH rpYHT, a Bb[We - TPIi C,\OH Cb[pgOBb[X KlipnH1.JeH.
KaHaBKa WHpHHOH 30 CM 6b[Aa npoAeAaHa MeLKAY 3ana.llHOH CTeHOH H KHpnH-
qa:\1Ii Cy6CTpyKglili nOAa. nepneHAI1KYAHpHO IiM npOXO.llH,\ meA060K, umpHHa
11 L\y6I1Ha KOToporo 10 CM. CTeHKI1 KaHaBKIi 6b[AIi OnaAeHbI, B 3anO,\HeHIiIi
BCTpe'iaAIiCb yrOAbKIi Ii 30,\a. no npeAnO,\OmeHIiIO 1O. A. PanonopTa, KaHaB-
Ka-AOTOK 6b[,\a .llpeHamHOH HAH HB.J\7I_\aCb OTOnIiTe,\bHb[M KaHaAOM, meA06K ,
I1AYI!!He OT Hero, HBA5IAIiCb npO.llyxaMIi, OTBO.llHBWIiMIi HarpeTblli B03.llYX .
T aKaH KOHCTPYKgl1fl npOTIiBOpe1.Jl1T npe.llnOAOmeHIiIO, 1.JTO occyapHb[e 3axO-
pOHeHHH C.lle,\aHbl B pYHHax mHAoro 1i,\1i 060pOHHTeAbHoro coopymeHHH.
nO-BIi.llIiMOMY, pa3BaAliHbI Ky6a-Tay flBMI,\HCb .llaXMOH. CoopymeHHe IiC-
nOAb30BaAOCb .llOBOAbHO .llOArO, T. K. occyapHIi AemaAH Ha CAoe B 25 CM, 06pa-
30BaHHOM MYCOPOM H KOMKal\1M pa3pyweHHb[X KHpnIiLJeH, a HeKOTopble COCY.llb[
Aema.\H nOBepx KocTeH. OccyapHIi .llalOT xapaKTepHYIO aqJpHnI.llCKYIO qJOPMY
VII - VIII BB.
B Cor.lle Ha ropo.lllil!!e EpKypraH K ceBepy OT paHHeH ropO.llCKOH CTeHb[
pacnOAomeHa .llaXMa, B03Be.lleHHaH BIll-II BB. .ll0 H. 8. 3TO coopymeHHe
Bb[COTOH 60Aee 10 M, OCHOBaHlieM KOToporo cAymHAa npHMoyrO,\bHaH n,\aT-
qJ0pMa. L!.axMa 6b[Aa oKpymeHa roqJpHpOBaHHbIMIi CTeHaMIi. AecTHHga Be,\a
Ha BepXHlO1O n'\0I!!a,llKY .llaXMb[. Pa3pe3 Ha IOmHOM qJace .llaXMb[ nOKa3aA,
1.JTO 6aWHH 6bI,\a B03Be.lleHa Ha Bb[KAa,llKe H3 HeOTecaHHblX KaMHeH C neC1.Ja-
HOH 3acbmKoH, 1.JTO COOTBeTcTByeT Tpe60BaHI1HM KaHOHH1.JeCKOrO 30poaCT-
pH3Ma IJ . Mem.llY nAHTaMIi HaH.lleHb[ IOBeAlipHb[e YKpaweHIiH H qJparMeHTbI
KocTeH 12 .
68
f .l\aBa IV
30poaCTpHHCKHH norpe6a.l\bHblH 06pHti. B tl.peBHOCTH
69
HaM npe,llCTaBAReTcR, 1.JTO 6AH3Koe pacnO,\OmeHlie ,llaXMbl K rOpO,llCKOH
CTeHe He BnOAHe COOTBeTcTByeT npe,llnliCaHHID 30poaCTpH3Ma OTHoCIiTeAbHO
pacnOAomeHIiR TaKoro pO,lla coopymeHHH.
naHKeH,llCKIiH HeKponO,\b pacnO,\OmeH K ceBepO-BOCTOKY OT r. naHKeH,ll,
L!en01.JKa no,\ycq:.epli1.JeCKHX 6yrpOB HeKponOAH nlHeTCR B,llO,\b KPaH HeBbICO-
KOH n,\OCKOH no,\ycq:.epH1.JeCKOH B03BblllIeHHOCTH. Bcero 6b[AO paCKonaHO
8 06beKTOB 1i3 26.
HaIi60,\ee HHTepeCHblM OKa3aACR 06'beKT 13. B npo!Jecce paCKonOK 6b[AO
BbtHBAeHO TpeXKOMHaTHoe coopymeHHe, oplieHTHpoBaHHOe CTOpOHiL'\1li no CTpa-
HaM CBeTa. OHO IiMeeT ,llBa BbIXO,lla Ha ceBep. BOCT01.JHYID 1.JaCTb 3,llaHHR 3aHIi-
MaIDT ,llBa nOMeI,geHIiH: IDrG-BOCT01.JHOe pa3MepaMii 4.20x2,35 KB. M Ii ceBe-
pO-BOCT01.JHOe - 3,94x2,20 KB. M. CTeHa, pa3,lleAHIDI,gaH 3TH ,llBa nOMeI,ge-
HIiH, OKa3aAaCb pa3pYllIeHHOH Ii YCTaHOBIiTb, 6bl,\ ,\H npOXO,ll Mem,lly HIiMIi,
He y,lla,\OCb. B 3ana,llHOH 1.JaCTH 3,llaHIiH pacnO,\OmeHO O,llHO nOMeI,geHlie
5,44x3,20 M. OHO IiMeeT caMOCTOHTeAbHb[H BbIXO,ll. B,llO,\b CTeH 3TOro nOMe-
I,geHIiR npOXO,llIiT cyq:.a, 06pa3YH 6yKBY "n» 13.
HaXO,llKH 6b[AH ,\lillIb B 3ana,llHOM nOMeI,geHIiIi. "npli ero paC1.JHCTKe 06Ha-
pymHAacb KapTIiHa Hap01.JIiToro pa3pYllIeHHR. Pa3,llaBAeHHble 1.Jepena H KOCTH
BaAHAIiCb Ha cyq:.e H nOAY BnepeMelliKY C 1.JepenKaMIi occyapHeB, 6blTOBOH Ke-
paMHKIi H 06,\OMKOB Klipnli1.Ja» 14. O,llHH occyapliH CTOHA HenoTpeBOmeHHb[H Ha
AeBOH cyq:.e y BXO,lla. B HeM HaXO,llIiAIiCb aKKypaTHo C,\OmeHHb[e KOCTH pe6eH-
Ka. YIHTepeCHO, 1.JTO q:.aAaHrli PYK AemaAli B CBoeM eCTeCTBeHHOM nOpH,llKe
BHyrpli KOMKa r,\IiHbl. KaK npe,llnO,\araeT r. B. WIiIlIKIiHa, npem,lle 1.JeM Bbl-
CTaBIiTb Tpyn, KIiCTH PYK ero nOKpblBaAli rAHHOH.
BOCT01.JHaH CTeHa Bb[XO,llHT 3a npe,lle,\bl 3,llaHHH Ii COe,llHHReT ero C KBa,ll-
paTHblM 6allIeHHbiM coopymeHlieM (06'beKT 14). OT 6allIHH OCTaAOCb 7 PMOB
KHpnli1.JHOH K,\a,llKH, 06pa3YIDI,geH B n,\aHe npHMoyrO,\bHHK co CTopOHaMIi
3,90x4,90 M. YI3 HaXO,llOK 3,lleCb CAe,llyeT OTMeTHTh q:.parMeHTbl MaAeHbKoro
KYBIlIIiH1.JIiKa Ii 1.JailiH H He60,\bIlIOe KOAIi1.JeCTBO q:.parMeHTOB occyaplieB.
nO-BHAIiMOMY, 3T1i nocTpoHKIi COBMeI,gaAH B ce6e q:.YHKgHIi Hayca H Aax-
Mbl. npli1.JeM 60,\bIlIYID PO,\b B nOrpe6aAbHOM pmYaAe IirpaA orOHb. Becb no,\
nOMeI,geHIiR NQ 1 6b[A CH,\bHO 060mmeH. B KOMHaTe NQ 3 Ha BblCOTe OKOAO
30 CM 060mmeH IDrO-3ana,llHbIH yro,\. no MHeHIiID r. B. WIiIlIKIiHOH, 3,lleCb
CTORAa KypIiAbHIi!Ja. Hayc-,llaXMa ,llaTlipyeTcH VII B. Cy,llH no pa3MepaM, OHa
RBAHeTCH q:.aMH,\bHOH YCbInaAbHIi!JeH.
PacKonKaMIi B03Ae KlillIAaKa cPpliHKeT B Cor,lle 06HapymeHo xpaHHAIiI,ge
occyaplieB B BH,lle COCY,llOB. C 3ana,llHOH CTOpOHbl KocTexpaHHAHI,ge 6b[,\0 oro-
pomeHo CTeHOH, '!TO ,llaAO B03MomHOCTb r. B. r pliropbeBY npe,llnO,\OmHTb. 1.JTO
KocTexpaHHAHI,ge I1Me,\O KpyrAYID q:.OPMY Ha1l0,ll061ie ,llax,V!15. CocY,ll,b1 CTOR,\1i B
nO,\HOM 6ecnoPMKe. OHIi 6bl,\1i npe,llHaMepeHHO Pa36HTb[. OHH CTOHAH
BIlAOTH)'1O ,llpyr K ,llpyry. B Ka1.JeCTBe KOCTeXpaHHAHI,g npliMeHRAIiCb COCY,llbl
pa3HOro pO,lla: 60AbiliHe KOp1.Jarli-X}'Mbi ,ll0 O,llHOrO MeTpa BbICOTbl, KYB HHbl H
60Abili li e 1.JaIliKIi. KOCTH ,lleTeH CKAa,llblBaAHCb B KOTAbl. Onpe,lleAeHHOH 3aKO-
HOMepHOCTH B pacnO,\OmeHHIi KOCTeH He npocAemHBaeTCR. 1\1Hornx KOCTeH He
,llOCTaBaAO, B 1.JaCTHOCTH MeAKIiX KliCTeH pyK Ii crynHeH Ii n03BOHKOB. 3TOT
q>aKT CBH,lleTeAbcTByeT ° TOM, 1.JTO KOCTIi CKAa,llblBaAHCb B COCY,llbl 1.Jepe3 .ll--\Ii-
re,\bHoe BpeMH nOc,\e BblCTaBAeHIDI TPYIlOB B ,llaXMe. nO,llTBePm,lleHHe Tor ,
1.JTO KOCTeXpaHIi,\IiI,ge B cPpliHKeTe RBAHAOCb O,llHOBpeMeHHo Ii ,llaXMOIi,
r. B. r aH,llyKeBH1.J BH,lllIT B TOM, '!TO B paCKone HaH.a,eHbl 06AOMKii meAe3HbiX
gelleH Ii me,\e3HbIH 6paCAeT, OXBaTb[BaIDI,gHH npaBYID nAe1.JeB}'IO KOCTb 1.Je,\OBe-
Ka. OH C1.JIiTaeT, 1.JTO HX Ha3Ha1.JeHlie Ilpe,lloxpaHHTb Tpyn OT paCTaCKHBaHHR
mHBOTHb[MH. KaK 3TO npe,llIlHCaHO B «BIi,lleB,llaTe» 16. POAb ,llaXMbl, B03MomHO,
BbInO,\HJ\Aa rAliH06HTHaH nAOI,ga,llKa, OTMe1.JeHHaH r. B. raH.a,yKeBIi1.JeM B 3a-
lla/l,HOM 1.JaCTH paCKollaHHoro IiM yqaCTKa. .llaxMa ,llaTHpyeTcH XIII B.
B YCTPYlliaHe Ha ceBepe Cpe,llHeH fuHH B KYPKaTCKOM oa3lice 06HapymeH
061lIHpHblH 30poaCTpHHCKHH HeKponOAb. HeKponOAb ropO,llHI,ga WlipliH CO-
CTOHT 1i3 Bb[py6AeHHb[X B TOAI,ge rOpb[ 60Aee 50 CKAenOB, a KpOMe Toro 1i3
OAHH01.JHb[X H rpynllOBb[X rpYHTOBbIX, X}'MHbIX Ii occyapHb[X 3axopoHeHIiH. 3TIi
CK,\ellb[ Ta,ll)KIiKCKlie IiCCAe,llOBaTeAH Ha3BaAH «.llaxMaKIi KYPKaTa».
ApxliTeKTYPHaH nAaHHpOBKa ,llaXMaKOB pa3Ho06pa3Ha. npe06,\a,llaIOT
KaMepb[ npHMoyroAbHoH q:.OpMb[ C oKpyrAeHHblMIi yrAaMIi TOP!J0BbIX CTOpOH,
OBaAbHble, q:.OpMbl «Konb[Ta AOIlIa,llIi» (?). <,BepTHKaAbHYID OCHOBY Bcex Ka-
Mep COCTaBAHeT TpanegHH, nAaBHO llepeXO,llHI,gaH Ha IlAOCKliH IiAH nf,\Y!JHp-
KY,\bHb[H CBO,ll. Cpe,llHHH nAOI,ga,llb ,llaxMaKoB KYPKaTa paBHa 23,12 M , 06'beM
55.17 M 3 , Cpe,llHRH .ll--\HHa KaMepb[ - 6,01 M, IlIlipliHa - 3,69 M, BblCOTa -
2,30 M>Y. nOrpe6aAbHb[e KaMepbl 6bIAH paCC1.JIiTaHbl Ha rpynlloBble 3aXOpO-
HeHIiH. B ,lleBHTH KaMepax IiMeIDTCH Cyq:.b[, B KaMepe VI IiX 6blAO ,llBe.
«.llaxMaKli KYPKaTa» HBAHAHCb KaK MeCTOM Bb[CTaBAeHIiR TpynoB, T. e. Bb[-
nOAHHJ\H q:.YHK!JHIi c06CTBeHHO ,llaxMb[, TaK H RBAHAHCb xpaHIiAHI,geM KocTeH,
T.e. aCTO,llaHOM.
B pR,lle «,llaXMaKOB» 3aq:.IiKClfpOBaHb[ C,\e,llbl B03mliraHHR orHH, 06Hapy-
meHb[ KYXOHHaR 1l0cY,lla. aATapli. KaK npe,llIlOAaraeT A. Mlip6a6aeB. 3TO
CBH3aHO C PHTYaAOM n01.JI1TaHIfR ,llYIli YMepIliIiX, BO BpeMH KOToporo B03mH-
raAH orOHb. OH npOCAemliBaeT 3BOAID!JHID B nOrpe6aAbHOM pHTYaAe KypKaT-
geB OT «BbICTaBAeHIiR YMepllIlfX B 06I,gIfHHbIX H P0,llOBbIX ,llaXMaKaX-YCb[-
naAbHIi!Jax, ,ll0 06pR,lla nOMeI,geHIfR B ,llaxMaK 01.JIiI,geHHb[X KOCTeH B occyapliRx
H XYMax, YCTaHaBAIiBaeMb[X B Tex me KaMepax. KpoMe Toro, B ,llBYX ,llaXMa-
Kax 06HapymeHb[ paHHelfCAaMCKlie 3axopOHeHIfR. KOCTHKH oplieHTlipOBaHbl
Ha ceBepO-3ana,ll, AH!JOM Ha .3ana,ll. COnpOBO,llIiTe,\bHbIH HHBeHTapb OTCyr-
CTByeT.
70
f .l\aBa IV
30poaCTpHHCKHH,nOrpe6a.l\bHblH 06pH.'I. B ApeBHOCTH
71
nepBblH ,nan B03HliKHOBeHliH 3axopOHeHliH A. 1\1lip6a6aeB CBH3blBaeT
C KYIlIaHCKIiM nepHO,ll,OM - lB. ,lI,0 H. 3.- I-IV BB. H.3. (MaTepHaAb[ ,lI,ax-
MaKOB I, II, III, VI Ii HHm.Hlie CAOH ,lI,aXMaKa IX). ,lLMI <noro 3Tana xapaKTepeH
06pH,lI, BblCTaBAeHHR C cOnpOBOm.,ll,a1OlJJHM IiHBeHTapeM, npe06,\a.'J,a1OT IiMnopT-
Hble H3,l1,eAIiR Ii YKpaIlIeHIiH. B HIim.HeM c,\oe ,lI,aXMaKa IX 6b[Aa 06Hapym.eHa
no,ll, ,lI,oHgeM npHMoyro,\bHoro TaH6apa KHTaHCKaH MOHeTa Tlina "y-IlIY». ChOT
TIm MOHeT Ha'laAH OTAIiBaTb B KJ.rrae B 118 r. ,lI,0 H. 3., Ii OHIi HaXO,ll,HAIiCb B 06-
palJJeHli1i B KJ.rrae AO 540 r. H. 3.
BTOpOH aTan - «paHHecpe,ll,HeBeKOBbIH» - ,lI,aTHpyeTcH V-VIII BB. (Ma-
TepliaAbl ,lI,aXMaKOB V Ii VIII Ii IiHBeHTapb BepxHero C,\OH ,lI,aXMaKa IX H XII).
OH xapaKTepli3yeTcH «CMeIlIaHHbIMIi» 3aXopoHeHIiHMIi, T. e. 06PM BbICTaB,\e-
HIiR TpynoB «CO'leTaACH C npaKTHKOH 3axopoHeHHH KocTeH B OBaAbHblX occya-
pHRX 6e3 06m.lira, B xYMax Ii KOp'larax».
TpeTIiH <nan - «paHHelicAaMcKIiH». A. Mlip6a6aeB ,lI,aTHpyeT ero IX-
XII BB. (,lI,aXMaKH IV Ii VII). ,lLMI Hero xapaKTepHO TpynonO,\om.eHHe Ha WIi-
He 6e3 COnpOBO,ll,IiTeAbHoro MaTepliaAa. OplieHTagHR nOKOHHIiKOB - ceBe-
pO-3ana,ll" rO,\OBOH Ha ceBep, AHgOM Ha 3ana.'J,IB.
ConOCTaBNUI coopym.eHIiH, KOTopble HCC,\e,ll,OBareMlMIi paCCMaTpliBa10TCH
KaK ,lI,aXMb[, MOm.HO CKa3aTb, 'lTO ,lI,aXMa Ha XO,\Me LIHAbnb[K npe,ll,CTaBMleT CO-
60H THn ,lI,aXMbl, coopym.eHHOH Ha BblCOKOH B03BblIlIeHHOCTii Ii npOCTO 06He-
ceHHOH CTeHOH, TlinOAOrH'leCKH 6,\H3KIiH <ppIiHKeTCKOH ,lI,aXMe B Cor,ll,e.
BapliaHTOM ,lI,aXMbl Ha XO,\Me LIHJl.bnblK MOm.HO paccMaTpliBaTb «,lI,aXMaKIi»
KYPKaTa, TOr,ll,a KaK ,lI,aXMa EpKypraHa npe,ll,CTaBMleT C060H Tlin 6aIlIHii Hano-
,lI,06lie «6aIlIeH MOA'laHIiH» cOBpeMeHHblx napcOB.
HaYCbl 1i3BeCTHbi B 3Ha'lHTeAbHO 60AbilieM 'lIiCAe cAy<IaeB, 'leM coopym.e-
HHR, oxapaKTepH30BaHHb[e Bblilie. 06paTliMCH K paccMOTpeHHIO HaycOB, IiX
KOHCTpyKgli1i H CBH3aHHb[M C HIiMH ,lI,peBHIiM nOrpe6aAbHb[M 06b['laHM. LITO
KaCaeTCH HaYCOB, TO, B03MOm.HO, ,lI,peBHeHililie H3 HIiX paCKOnaHb[ Ha TeppHTO-
plili ,lI,peBHero Xope3Ma Ha ropO,ll,lilJJe K103eAIi-rb[p, ,lI,aTlipyeMoM VI- V BB.
19 C
,lI,0 H. 3. . oopym.eHHH IiMeAIi KBa.'J,paTHble O'lepTaHHH. Pa3Mepbl CTOpOH 10 M.
Bxo,ll, 6bl,\ Y3KliM Ii paCnOAaraACR C 1Ora. Hayc pa3,l1,eMlACH Ha 5 KaMep. CHa-
pym.1i OHIi 6blAii 06pa30BaHbi 'leTblpbMH BblCrynaMli, OTXO,ll,HIJJHMIi OT BHyrpeH-
HIiX CTeH. Y3Klie npOXO,ll,bl B geHTpaAbHY10 KaMepy (OKOAO 40 CM) pacnOAara-
AHCb Mem.,lI,y 3THMii «nHAHCTpaMH». KaMepbl 6blAli He60,\bIlIIiMIi, npHMepHO
O,ll,IiH KBa.'J,paTHb[H MeTp. B TaKlie KaMepb1 HeB03Mom.HO 6b[AO BHeCTH Hepac-
'lAeHeHHble TeAa. 1O. A. PanonopT npe,ll,IlO,\om.IiA, qTO TaM nOMelJJaAli ym.e
O'llilJJeHHble KOCTH YMepIlIlix 20 . Ho OH He IiCKA1O'laeT H HHoe Ha3Ha'leHlie 3THX
6aIlIHe06pa3Hb[X nOCTpoeK 2I . HanpliMep, OH ,lI,OnYCKaeT, «'lTO 3TIi 6aIlIHH 6bI,\H
MeCTOM xpaHeHIiH CBHlJJeHHblX orHeH (..aTeIlIrax"), KOTOpb[e B Onpe,ll,eAeHHble
,lI,HIi BbIHOCIiAIi Ha IiX nAOCKlie KpOBAH» 22.
C py6em.a H. 3. HJl.H HeCKOAbKO paHbilie HaYCbl nOHBMlIOTCH B DaKTplili- T 0-
xapHCTaHe, BOCbMHKaMepHb[H ,lI,aAbBep3IiHCKIiH Hayc (H.M.. 12) pa3MepaMH
13x12,5 M HaXO,ll,IiTCH K ceBepO-BOCTOKY OT ropO,ll,lilJJa .llaAbBep3HHTene. OH
oplieHTHpoBaH no ,\HHHH ceBepO-BOCTOK - 1Oro-3ana.'J,. LIeTb[pe npHMoyrO.i\b-
HbI KaMepb[ pa3MepaMH 2,7x1,25 M pacnO,\om.eHbl no 06eliM CTopOHaM KOpH-
,lI,opa IlIHpHHOH 2,2 M. 1--13 KOpli,ll,Opa Be,\H apO'lHble BXO,ll,bl (ililipHHOH 0,9 M,
BblCOTOH 1,40 M), 3aAom.eHHb[e ,lI,0 Cepe,ll,HHbl CblpgOBblM KHpnli'lOM. C 1OrO-3a-
na.'J,HoM CTOpoHb[ paCnOAaraACH rAaBHb[H BXO,ll, B 3,l1,aHlie 23 . Ha nOAY B CKAenax
OTMe'leHbl C,\e,ll,bl KaMbliliOBOH nO,ll,CTH,\KIi. B Hayce Bb[HBAeHO Tpli nOrpe6aAb-
Hb[X ropli30HTa. B KaMepax 2, 3, 5 6bl,\0 npOH3Be,ll,eHO nepBIi'lHOe 3aXOpOHe-
HHe B npHMoyrO,\bHbIX HMax. O,ll,HaKO xapaKTep nOrpe6aAbHoro 06pH,lI,a y HIiX
OTAH'laeTCH. cho XYMHb[e Ii HIJJH'lHb[e 3axopOHeHliR B CKAene 2, TpynonO,\om.e-
Hl1e B rpYHToBOH HMe B CKAene 4, 3aXOpOHeHlie O'llilJJeHHbiX KocTeH B HMe, 06-
>\om.eHHoH m.m.eHbIM KHpnliqOM B CKAene 5. nOrpe6aAbHb[H 06pH,lI, BTOpOro
nOrpe6aAbHOrO ropH30HTa B 3TliX CKAenax - 3axopOHeHHH npe,ll,BapHTeAbHO
O'll1lJJeHHb[X KOCTeH. T peTIiH nOrpe6aAbHblH ropli30HT xapaKTepH3yeTCR TPy-
nonO,\om.eHlieM. neplio,ll, <PYHKgl1oHlipoBaHHH .llaAbBep3HHcKoro Hayca, no
:\1HeHI1IO 3. B. PTBeAa.'J,3e, II-I BB. ,lI,0 H. 3. 24 . D. A. AIiTBHHCKIiH Bb[pa3IiA
CO:\lHeHHe B y6e,ll,HTe,\bHOCTI1 3TOH ,lI,aTlipOBKIi 25 . B CKAene N!! 4 Ii B CK-\ene
N!! 1 Ha paCCTOHHHIi 70 CM OT 3a,ll,HeH TOpgOBOH CTeHKIi 06Hapym.eHbl O,ll,Ha 3a
O,ll,HOH TPIi COBepIlIeHHO 06yr,\IiBililieCH ,lI,0lJJe'lKIi. 3TOT <PaKT npOTIiBOpe'lIiT
OpTO,ll,OKCaAbHOMY 30poaCTpH3MY, T. K. ,lI,epeBO Hii B KoeM CAy<Iae He ,lI,OAmHO
conpliKacaTbCH C MepTBbIM.
KaK npellnOAaraeT 3. B. PTBe,\a.'J,3e, ,lI,aAbBep3IiHCKIiH Hayc CO'leTaA B ce6e
<PYHKglil1 llaXMb[ Ii Hayca, T. e. Tpynb[, KaK BbIHCHHAOCb B pe3YAbTare npoBe-
AeHHb[X cnegliaAbHblX Ha6A1011eHIiH, O'llilJJaAHCb OT MHca XHIJJHb[MIi nTHgaMH Ii
3aTeM T)'T m.e nOrpe6aAHCb ym.e O'llilJJeHHb[e KOCTli 26 , qTO COOTBeTCTByeT, no
ero MHeHlilO, npellnlicaHHHM ,< BI111eBllaTa».
HeKponoAb T enaH-Wax pacnOAom.eH B 350 M K 3ana.'J,y OT geHTpaAbHOH
'laCTH roPOlllilJJa. Hayc 1 npellCTaBM!A C060H O,ll,HOKaMepHY1O nOCTpoHKY H3
Cb[pgoBoro KlipnH'la. Ha ceBepHoH CTopOHe coxpaHHACH nOpTaA C Bb[CTynaMIi.
no MHeHli10 D. A. AHTBIiHCKOro Ii A. B. CeAOBa, CYlJJeCTBOBaAa nOpTaAbHaH
n K -
HI1IlIa. BOCTOKY OT geHTpaAbHOIi OCIi HaXOllliACH npOXOll B npHMoyrO,\b-
Hoe nOMelJJeHlie pa3Mepa:\1Ii 3,16x4,80 M. no CTopOHaM nOMelJJeHIiH pacno,\o-
m.eHb! CY<Pbl IlIlipHHOH 0,95-1,00 M Ii BblCOTOH 0.42 M. Bcero B nOMelJJeHHIi
06Hapym.eHo 4 'lepena. OIlHH 'lepen 6e3 HHm.HeH 'leAIOCTH HaHlleH B ceBe-
pO-BOCTO'lHOM yr,\y KaMepb[. Hlim.e Ha cy<pe ,\em.aA llpyroH 'lepen. PHllOM
C HI1M 6pOH30BaH cepbra. C,\ellY1OIJJHH 'lepen Aem.aA Ha ceBepHoH cy<pe OKO,\O
npOXOlla. nOll HIiM 3aAeraAO pe6po, a pH,lI,OM C 'lepenHOH KPb[IlIKOH 6poH30Boe
KOAe'lKO.
72
r JlaBa IV
B IOro-3afICl,llHOH '-IaCTH nOMelJJeHIDI Y nO,llHOmIDI CY<I>bl HaXO,llHAOJ elJJe O,llHH
'-Iepen. PH,llOM C HIiM 06HapymeHo 10 6YOiH, MHHliaTIOpHaH 6pOH30BaH npHm-
Ka. B 25 CM K BOCTOKY OT '-Iepena AemaAa 6o.J\bllIaH 6epgoBaH KOCTb H CKonAe-
HHe KOCTeH Ha,ll HeH. PH,llOM pacnOAOmeHb[ KepaMWIeCKaH '-IallIe'-lKa, Cep,llOAH-
KOBaH Ii CTeKJ\HHHaH 6YCHHb[, 6pOH30BaH nO,llBeCKa. Y nopora B npOXO,lle ,\emHT
elJJe O,llHH '-Iepen. PH,llOM C HIiM ,llBe MOHeTb[ H 6poH30Boe BHCO'-lHOe KO,\bgO.
Y OCHOBaHIDI BOCT01.lHOH CY<I>bl 6blAa 06HapymeHa 1.fepenHaH KpblllIKa.
CoopymeHHe 2 pacnOAomeHO B 55 M Ha IOro-BOCTOK OT nepBom. nO.l\HO-
CTblO coxpaHIiAaCb Alillib CeBepHaH nOAOBIiHa coopymeHIDI. llAHHa ceBepHoH
CTeHb[ 10,7 M. B geHTpe Hee pacnOAomeH BXO,ll IlIHpHHOH 1, 15 M. 3a BXO,llOM
CAe,llOBaA KOpH,llOp IlIlipliHOH 1,65-1, 70 M. 1"13 Hero IlIAIi npOXO,llbl B ,llBa
pH,lla KBa,llpaTHb[X KaMep, paenOAomeHHblX CIfMMeTpH'iHO.
Ha nOAY AemaAO CKonAeHHe '-IeAOBe1.feCKHX KOCTeH. Yepen c06aKIi, nO'-lIi-
TaeMOH 30poacTpHHgaMH, 6blA HaHp,eH B ceBepO-BOCTO'-lHOH KaMepe. B coopy-
meHlf1i 2 HaH,lleHO Bcem 50 '-IepenOB. KaK npaBIiAO, OHIi 6b[AIi 6e3 HlimHeH '-Ie-
AIOCTIi. YI CKonAeHIiH KOCTeH 6b[AO HBHO He,llOCTaT01.fHO ,llNI TaKoro KOAli'-leCTBa
'-IepenOB. 3TOT <l>aKT npliBeA E. A. .l\HTBIiHCKOro K Bb[BO,lly, '-ITO B KaMepe no-
MeIJJaAHCb yme pa3p03HeHHb[e KOCTIf CKeAeTOB Ii '-Iepena, a He Tpynbl.
CoopymeHlie 2 60raTO HaXO,llKaMIi. HaH,lleHO 12 MOHeT. O,llHa 1i3 HHX, ce-
pe6pHHb[H 060A r epaH, 6blAa 06HapymeHa BO pry norpe6eHHom. KpoMe Tom,
HaH,a,eHbl OCTaTKIi TKaHeH CIfHem, ceporo 11 KpaCHoro gaeTa, a TaKme pa3AIi'-lHble
yKpallIeHIiH, 6YCb[, npHmKli, KepaMIiKa. T KaHIi 6bI.I\H HaHp,eHbl B nepeMellIaH-
HOM COCTOHHIiIf, noaTOMY TPY,llHO CY,llIiTb, HBAHlOTCH AH OHIi OCTaTKaMIi O,llem-
,llbl norpe6eHHbiX HAH enegHaAbHb[MH TKaHHMIi, nOKpbIBalOIJJliMH yme O'-llilJJ eH -
Hble KOCTIi.
no MHeHli10 E. A. .l\HTBIiHCKOro, <l>YHKgHH Ii apXlfTeKrypHblH 06,\IiK Te-
naHllIaXCKoro coopymeHIDI I ,lleAaeT ero BamHblM 3BeHOM B reHe3liCe «MYCYAb-
MaHCKoro O,llHOKaMepHoro nOpTaAbHOrO MaB30AeH Cpe,llHeH fuIiH»28. OH TaK-
me 06paTHA BHHMaHHe Ha TO, '-ITO nOrpe6aAbHb[H 06pH,ll B CeBepHOH EaKTpli1i
IiMe,\ CBOIi oc06eHHOCTIi. .l{.AH Hero xapaKTepHb[ 6e3OCcyapHble 3aXopOHeHIiH.
T aKOH TIm KOCTeXpaHlfAHlJJa conOCTaBAHeTCH C ynoMIiHaeMOH B «BH,lleB,llaTe»
cnegHaAbHOH nOCTpOHKOH ,llNI xpaHeHIDI KOCTeH uzdiina. 3TOT Tlin KOCTexpa-
HH,\lilJJa 6blA IlIHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeH B npe,llKYllIaHCKoe Ii KYllIaHCKoe BpeMH
B CeBepHoH Ii fOmHoH EaKTpHIf 29 . no MHeHli10 3. B. PTBe,\a,ll3e, EaKTpIDI
HBAHAaCb MeCTOM «nepBOHa'-laAbHOrO 3ap02K,lleHIDI KOCTeXpaHH.I\lilJJa THna
uzdana»3o. E. A. .l\HTBHHCKHH C'-IIfTaeT HaAH'lHe uzdiina xapaKTepHoH '-IepTOH
.
6aKTpHlicKor030pOaCTpH3Ma .
B CYPXaH,llapbIiHCKOH 06AaCTH y KlilIlAilKa EaH,llblxaH Ha ropO,lllilJJe .fhaHr-
ryllI-Tene 06HapymeHb[ HaYCb[. Bcem BCKpblTO 15 nOrpe6aAbHb[X coopymeHIiH.
O,llHaKO ,\lillIb,llJUl ,llBYX coopymeHIiH y,llaAOCb YCTaHOBIiTb HX nAaHlipOBKY.
30poaCTpHHCKHH norpe6a.l\bHblH 06pHtl B tlpeBHOCTH
73
nepBblH Hayc - aTO nO,llKBa,llpaTHOe coopymeHHe (6,4x5,9 M). OHO co-
CTOIiT 113 ,llBYX KaMep. B nepBOH KaMepe 06HapymeHo llIeCTb '-IepenOB .B 3ana,ll-
HOM yr,\y, ,llpyme KOCTIi AemaAli Ha nOAY B 6eCnOpH,llKe. Bo BTOpOIi KaMepe
6b[,\11 HaH,lleHbl 11 '-IepenOB. YlHBeHTapb npe,llCTaBAeH 20 KepaMH'-IeCKIiMIi CO-
aM " meAe3HblMH HomaMIi HaKOHe'-lHIiKaMH CTpeA, 6pOH30BbiMii '-IallIe'-lKa-
CY,ll. n" B
MIi, 6ycaMIi. IOBe,\HpHb[MIi 1i3,lle.l\IiHMIf. T aKme 6bl.l\O HaH,lleHO 11 MOHeT. HX
'-Ilic\e MOHeTbl Ka,ll<l>H3a II, KaHHIlIKH, XyaIiIliKIi.
BTOpaH Hayc, npHMoyroAbHb[H B nAaHe (7,3x4,8 M), COCTOIiT 1i3 ,llBYX Ka-
:\Iep. Pa3Mepb[ nepBOH KaMepb[ - 3,7x2,3 M, BTOpOH - 2,6x2.3 M. Ylx Pa3-
,lleAHeT CTeHa IlIHplfHOH 70 CM. Bcero B KaMepax 6b[AO 06HapymeHo OKO,\O
200 qepenOB, a TaKme MHOmeCTBO KepaMWIeCKIiX COCY,llOB Ii ,llpyrlix npe,llMe-
K 32
TOB Ii Tpli MOHeTbl aHI1IlIKH.
3. B. PTBeAa,ll3e ,llaTlipyeT HaYCbl .fhaHITYIlI-Tene, OCHOBblBaHCb AHllIb Ha
MOHeTHb[X HaXO,llKaX II - nepBoH nOAOBHHb[ III B. 33 . A. B. Ce,llOB npe,ll,Aar T
6oJ\ee IlIlipOKYIO ,llary: OT paHHeK}'IlIaHCKoro ,ll0 K}'IlIaHO-cacaHl1.ll.CKOrO BpeMeHH ").
B T epMe3CKOM paHoHe .1\. YI. fub6a}'MOM 6blA0 BCKpblTO norpe6aAbHOe (. )
coopymeHlie. OHO no <l>opMe KBa,llpaTHoe 18x18 M. nOCTpOHKa 6b[Aa coopy-
;>KeHa Ha ,llBYXMeTpOBOM naXCOBO-KHpnl1'-1HOM nOCTaMeHTe. CHa'-laAa B geHTpe
6b[J\a KBa,llpaTHaH KOMHaTa (6x6 M), OT Hee OTXO,llIiAH '-IeTblpe KOpli,llOpa lilH-
pHHOH 1.4 M. n03;>Ke O'-lepTaHIDI KOMHaTb[ CTaAH KpyrAblMH B pe3YAbTaTe 3a-
nO,\HeHIiH ee Klipnl1'-10M (,llliaMeTp 3,8 M), a ,llAHHa OTpe3KOB KOpH,llOpOB -
7 M. Koe-r,lle B KOplf,llOpax npoxo,llHT Cy<l>bl. B geHTpaAbHOM nOMelJJeHHIi 06-
HapymeH '-Iepen, B O,llHOM H3 oTpe3KoB KOplf,llOpOB HaHp,eH '-Iepen, '-IeAIOCTb H
HeCKOAbKO '-IeAOBe'-leCKIiX KocTeH, B ,llpyrOM oTpe3Ke KOplf,llOpa HaHp,eHbl 2 '-Ie-
pena. .1\. YI. fub6a}'M ,llaTHpyeT aTO eoopymeHHe II-III BB. H. a. OH nOAara-
eT, '-1m aTO nOrpe6aAbHOe coopymeHlfe - CKAen. no MHeHHIO A. M. MaH-
,lleAbIlITaMa, Ha3Ha'-leHlie aToH nocTpoHKIf HeHCHO. HO 3,lleCb CAe,llyeT npe,llno-
AaraTb ee BTOpli'-lHOe IiCnO.J\b30BaHlie. r. A. nyra'-leHKOBa npe,ll,I1o,\omHAa, '-ITO
aTo, B03MomHo, 6Y,ll,llHHCKaH CTyna. KaK C1.fHTaeT E. .fl. CTaBHC, KliH aTa no-
CTpoHKa HanoMIiHacr cacaHIf,llCKlie '-IOpTaKH - xpaMIiKH ornH. E. A. .l\I1TBIiH-
CKI1H BbICKa3aA MHeHHe, '1"1'0 aTO coopY;>KeHl1e HanOMIiHaeT n03,llHIOIO 30poacT-
PIiHCKYIO ,llaXMyj. C,lleAaTb KaKoe-AH60 3aK.J\IO'-IeHHe 0 xapaKTepe aTom coopy-
meHIiH, Ha Halli B3rAH,ll, He npe,llCTaBAHeTCH B03MOmHb[M.
HaYCbI paHHero Cpe,llHeBeKOBbH 1f3BeCTHbI, B '-IaCTHOCTIi, B Xope3Me. Hay-
Cb[ T OK-KaAb[ pacnOAomeHbI 3a CTeHaMIi paHHeCpe,llHeBeKOBoro noceAeHHH.
OHH 3aHliMalOT nAOIga,llb OKOAO 4 ra. PacKonoM IV 6b1AO BbUIB,\eHO ,llBa
Hayca. Hayc I pa3MepaMlf 4x4 M coxpaHH.I\CH Ha Bb[eOTy 1 M. OH KBa,llpaTHbIH
B nAaHe. CY<l>b[ pacnOAOmeHb[ B,llOAb Tpex CTeH. Ha HHX eTOJIAH TPH aAe6aCT-
pOBblX occyapIDI B cnegHaAbHb[X HqeHKaX H pH,llOM HaXO,llliACH a<l>pHrH,llCKHH
X)'M. B xyMe 06HapymeH 1.fepen H HecKO.J\bKO ,llAHHHbIX KOCTeH. no BceH KaMepe
74
f .l\aBa IV
30poaCTpHHCKHH norpe6a.l\bHblH 06PHt\ B t\peBHOCTH
75
,\em.aAH 06,\oMKIi 60,\ee 1.JeM 10 occyaplieB. Hayc II - aTO no,\ynO,ll,3eMHOC
ABYXKaMepHOC coopym.eHlie pa3MepOM llx6 M. KaMepbl paCnOAaraAHCb CMem.-
HO, 60AbiliaH 3x6 M Ii MaAaH 2,7x4,8 M. BepXHHH 1.JaCTb Hayca He coxpaHIiAaCb.
npOXOA B CTeHax Hayca He 06Hapym.eH. 4AH occyaplieB 6bl,\0 YCTpoeHO
10 HI1W B CTeHax MaAOH KaMepb[. nO,\ nOMeI,geHIiH 6b1A 06CblI1aH neCKOM. Bbl-
3bIBaeT IiHTCpCC nO,\ynO,ll,3CMHaH KOHCTpyK!,!mI HaYCOB. no MHeHl110 A. B. rYA-
KOBOH, OHa CBH3aHa C KaKIiMIi-TO MeCTHb[MIi cne!,!liqJl11.JeCKIiMI1 'IepTaMIi 30poa-
u u36 B V I
CTpliliCKIiX npeACTaB,\eHIiIi. paCKone Hayca 6bl,\ 06Hapym.eH npHMO-
ym,\bHbIH occyapliH C KOCTHMIi c06aKIi.
Occyaplili, HaHAeHHble B HeKpOnO,\e T OK-KaAbl, npeACTaBAHIOT pa3AIi1.JHble
BapliaHTbl aqJplirHACKom Tl1na. n01.JTIi Bce OHIi OTMITbl 113 aAe6acTpa. Ho IiMe-
eTCH HeCKO,\bKO KaMeHHb[X 11 KepaMl11.JeCKIiX occyaplieB. 1\1HorHe occyapl1l1 CO-
Aepm.aT HajI,nliCl1, BKAI01.JalOI,gl1e I1MeHa YMeplliero 11 ero OT!,!a, a TaKlKe 6Aaro-
37 H
nom.eAaHI1H AMI AYIIIIi }'Mepiliero. a TOK-KaAIiHCKIiX HajI,nl1CHX BCTpe1.JalOTCH
Ha3BaHI1H, KOTOpblMI1 m.IiTeAI1 Xope3Ma Ha3blBaAIi CBOIi KOCTexpaHI1AIiI;!Ja ta-
pank6k, tabang6g - TanaHKYK (tpnkwk) «HI,gIi'IeK» Ii HaYCb[ - qJpaBapTIiK
(fravartik) (prwrtyk -«AOCTOHHl1e qJpaBallIeH», T. e. AYXOB YMepllIlix)3B.
B CorAe AeTaAbHO 1i3Y1.JeH neH.lUKIiKeHTCKIiH HeKpOnO,\b, KOTOPb[H pacno-
Aom.eH K lOry OT ropOACKIiX CTeH ApCBHero neHJUKIiKeHTa. HaYCbl AaTlipYIOTCH
VII- VIII BB. H. a. Bcem 06Hapym.eHO OKO,\O 150 HaYCOB. 3TO He60Abililie
CKAenbl, KatKAbIH H3 KOTOPb[X BMeI,gaA OCTaHKI1 OKO,\O 10 nOKOHHI1KOB. nOMeI,ge-
Hml HaYCOB 6b[AM npHMoyroAbHbIMIi MAH KBajI,paTHbIMI1 11 IiMeAI1 B CpeAHeM nAO-
I,gajl,b 4-5 KB. M, 3a I1CKAlO1.JeHl1eM 60,\bIlIOm Hayca 23 nAOI,gajl,blO 10 KB. M.
neH.lUKIiKeHTCKl1e HaYCbl, KaK npaBIiAO, OAHOKaMCpHb[e (1iAA. 13). OAHaKo pac-
KonKaMIi 1976 I'. 6bIA 06Hapym.eH AByxKaMepHblH Hayc. Ho nOCKO.J\bKY KatKAaH
1i3 KaMep I1MeAa CBOH BXOA, Tl1nOAOrl11.JeCKIi 11 aTOT Hayc AOAm.eH 6b[Tb OTHeceH
K OAHOKaMepHb[M. 3TOT Hayc B ApeBHOCTii 6blA orpa6,\eH. B KaMepe I paC'IIi-
I,geHO TpynonO,\om.eHlie Ha cyqJe BAOAb 3anajl,HOH CTCHb[. B 060lix KaMepax
HaHAeHbI 06AOMKii occyaplieB, r,\I1HHHbIX COCYAOB 11 1.JeAOBe1.JeCKlie KOCTIi 39 .
B03MOm.HO, 1.JTO Ha nOCAeAHeM aTane I1CnOAb30BaHliH aTa KaMepa BbmO,\HH,\a
qJYHK!,!1i1O KaTa. Haycbl 1. 3-5, 10, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25-28 I1MelOT CyqJb[
B BIiAe 6YKBb[ «n». Haycbl 6-8, 14, 15 I1MelOT Tom.e 06I,glie 1.JepTbI. 3TO Ha-
AH'Ilie crynCH1.JaTOrO B03BbillIeHliH y BXOAa HAM cryrreH1.JaTbIX HHIli B CTCHe. Hay-
CbI 6b[AIi nepCKpblTbI Kopo60BbiM CBOAOM Ii IiMeAM BXOAHble npoeMbI THna Aa3a.
B HeKOTOpb[X H3 HI1X coxpaHHAMCb KYCKIi AepCBa OT ABepOK Aa30B 40 . 3-1'0 npOTH-
BOpe1.Jl1T npeAnlicaHIiHM 30poacTpli3Ma, T. K. AepeBO He AOAm.HO OCKBepHHTbCH
MepTBb[M. BHyrpli HaYCOB nOMeI,gaAHCb occyaplili. 06bl1.JHO I1X CTaBliAH Ha He-
Bb[COKHe B03Bb[llIeHHH - CyqJbl. B HeKOTopblX Haycax occyaplil1 CTOHAli B Hl1llIax
MAli npOCTO Ha nOAY. B occyaplili HAM pHAOM C HIiM KAaAH MOHeTbI 41 . B Haycax
6b[AM 06Hapym.eHbl 06,\OMKIi KepaMl11.JeCKIiX COCYAOB, a TaKlKe KOCTH 6apaHa.
Haycbl KaqJb[p-KaAb[ pacnO,\om.eHb[ K lOry OT OAHOI1MeHHOro mpOAIiI,ga,
HaXOAHI,gerOCH B 12 KM K IOrO-lOrO-BOCTOKY OT r. CaMapKaHAa. 3TO OTAe,\bHO
CTOHI,gHC coopym.eHIiH 5.5x6,5 M. Haycb[ oplieHTHpoBaHb[ Ha IOm-BOCTOK IiAIi
IOrO-BOCTOK-BOCTOK. B BOCT01.JHblX CTeHax CIiMMeTpli1.JHO pacnO,\om.eHbI ABa
BXOAa C\a3a). YlMelOTcH H oc06eHHOCTIi, OT,\Ii1.JalOI,glie HaYCb[ Apyr OT Apyra.
B Hayce IV eCTb TOHKaH CTeHKa - neperopOAKa, pa3AeAHIOI,gaH nOMeI,geHlie
Hayca Ha ABe nO,\OBIiHb[. «B Hayce paCKona I HMeeTCH ycryn-B03BblllIeHHe
BAO,\b coxpaHIiBllIeHcH 1.JaCTH CTeH». YI. A. CyxapcB npeAnO,\om.Ii,\, 1.JTO B03-
Bb[WeHlie MorAO CAym.IiTb nOCTaMeHTOM AMI occyaplieB. Ho occyaplieB in situ
He 6b[,\0 HaHAeHO, a OAIiH 1i3 occyaplieB, 06Hapym.eHHb[X B KOMHaTe NQ 2 pac-
Kona IV, CTOHA Ha pa36HToM Klipnli'Ie, nOaTOMY Hali60Aee BepOHTHO, no ero
MHeHHlO, 'ITO nOCTaMeHTOM AMI occyapHeB CAym.HAM o6om.1KeHHb[e TOHKlie Klip-
I1H1.JHb[e nAHTK1i 42 . B Haycax paCKona I H III, B npOXOAe C60KY y OCHOBaHHH
CTCHb[, IiMelOTCH yr,\y6,\eHIiH-HIiIlIKIi 43 . Bonpoc 0 nepeKpblTHIi 3AaHliH HaYCOB
OCTaCTCH HeHCHb[M, T. K. cOOpym.CHmI HeKpOnOAH CMAbHO pa3pYIIIeHb[. YI. A. Cy-
xapeBY YAaAOCb BCKPb[Tb TPIi Hayca C occyapHb[MIi 3axopOHeHliHMIi, conpoBO-
m.AalOI,gI1MIiCH MOHeTHb[MH HaXOAKaMli, yKpallIeHHHMIi Ii KepaMli'IeCKIiM MaTe-
PHaAOM. HaycbI npeACTaBAH,\H C060H He60Abililie, CTOHI,glie OTAeAbHO, HO
6AH3KO APyr K APYry, 3AaHmI. OH AaTlipOBaA aTH Ha3eMHb[e naXCOBb[e HaYCbl
VII - Ha1.J. VIII B.
nOrpe6aAbHOe coopym.eHlie OTKPb[TO B CaMapKaHAcKoM CorAe B nacT-
AapmMCKOM paMoHe B 50-60 M K lOry OT KpenOCTHb[X CTeH ropoAIiI,ga
4YPMeH (Tene 2). B pe3Y,\bTaTe paCKonOK 6b[,\0 BblHBAeHO 3AaHlie KBajI,paT-
HOH qJOpMbl (8x9 ,25 M), oplieHTlipOBaHHoe CTeHaMIi no CTOpOHaM CBeTa.
3AaHHe ncpem.IiAO ABa CTpOIiTe,\bHb[X nepliOAa. Coopym.eHlie 6b[,\0 B03Be-
ACHO 1i3 naXCb[ Ii Cblp!,!OBoro KHpnli'Ia If npeACTaBAHeT C060H naXCOBblH Mac-
CIiB HeperyAHpHOrO n,\aHa C eAHHCTBeHHbIM nOMeI,geHHeM, KaK 6b[ yron,\eH-
Hb[M B naxcy B CBoeH IOm.HOH nO,\OBIfHe Ii OXBa1.JeHHOM ABYMH r,\y60KIiMH
HHlliaMIi C BOCTOKa H 3anaAa B ceBepHOH, Bb[CTynalOI,geH H3 naXCbl ero no,\o-
BIfHe. EI,ge OAHa r,\y6oKaH HHllia YCTpoeHa B naXCOBOM MaCCIiBe B ero IOm.HOM
qJace. C IOra m.e Ha BepXHlO1O n,\OI,gaAKY ynoMHHyroro MaCCIiBa BeAeT ABYX-
MapllieBaH AeCTHH!,!a.
B OCHOBe 3AaHHH Aem.IiT KBajI,paTHblH B nAaHe MaCCIiB, KOTOPb[H HBAHeTCH
CTIi,\06aTOM paHHeH nOCTpOHKIi. C ceBepHOH CTOpOHbl CTliA06aT OrpaHlf1.JeH
CTeHOH 113 Cb[P!,!OBOro KHpnH1.Ja C ABYMH KOHTpqJopcaMIi - 100x50 CM H
lOOxS 5 CM 44.
BOCT01.JHaH CTeHa 3AaHHH HBAHeTCH 1.JaCTbIO naXCOBoro MaCCIfBa. Ha pac-
CTOHHIiIi 1.5 M OT Hee Ii Ha rAy6liHe 1,07 M 6btAO HaHAeHo 3aXOpOHeHlie 01.JH-
I,geHHb[X KOCTCH. CHa1.JaAa YAOm.MAH A.i\IiHHb[e KOCTH, Ha HHX 6blAii nOAom.eHbl
HeCKOAbKO pe6cp, n03BOHKOB, KAI01.JH!,!a Ii q>parMeHTbI 1.Jepena.
76
f .!\aBa IV
30poaCTpHHCKHH norpe6a.l\bHblH 06pHti. B tl.peBHOCTH
77
npo X0 1l. B 311.aHHe oCYl!!ecTBAHACH no nOAoroMY naH1I.Ycy H BblB01l.HA Ha no-
1I.HYM K 3ana1l.HOH Hliwe Ii 1I.aAee B1I.OAb CTeHbl C KOHTp<popca m K nOMe1!!eH1i1O
H BOCT01.IHOH Hliwe.
Y BOCT01.JHOrO <paca1l.a 311.aHIDI BOMe KPaH nO,llH)'Ma 06Hapym.eHa npHMo-
yrOAbHaH HMa (1,25x1,15 M). n03m.e 3Ta HMa 6blAa .3aAom.eHa H B Hee cnYl!!eHa
1I.pyraH HMa OKpyr,\OH <POpMb[ 1I.liaMeTpoM no Bepxy 0,9-0,7 M Ii cym.HBalOl!!aH-
OJ KHH3Y. B 3alI0.J\HeHIiIi n03,llHeH HMbl 06Hapym.eH <pparMeHT ,\enHOrO occyapIDI.
lOm.HaH CTeHa TaKlKe HBAHeTCH 1.JaCTblO naXCOBoro MaCCIiBa. B ee BOCT01.J-
HOH 'iaCTH pacnO,\om.eHO nOMel!!eHHe-Hliwa (noM. 5) pa3MepaMii 1,5xO,75 M.
nOA B !JeHTpe nOMel!!eHIiH CHJ\bHO npOKaAeH.
HHm.HIiH Mapw ,\eCTHIi!Jbl, OrpaHH1.JeHHOH CTeHOH H3 Cblp!JoBoro KHpnH1.Ja,
H1I.eT B1I.O,\b IOm.Horo <paCa,lla. 3Ta AeCTHH!Ja BeAa Ha I1A0l!!a1l.KY C raAe1.JHOH
BbIMOCTKOH.
n 0 1l. Ii }'M BblB01l.HA Ha I1A0I!!a,llKY (noM. 4), Ha KOTOPYIO OTKpblBaAliCb 1I.Be
HIiWIi Ii BblX01l.HA BX01l. nOMel!!eHHH (noM. 2).
HHwa (noM. 1) npHMoyro,\bHOH <P0PMb[ pa3MepOM 2xO,95 M BblTHHyra
C ceBepa Ha lOr. K 3ana1l.Y OT Hee pacnOAom.eHO nOMel!!eHlie (noM. 2) npHMO-
yrO,\bHOH <POpMbl (2,75x1.35 M). B 3TOM nOMe1!!eH1i1i 6b[AO 06Hapym.eHo no-
rpe6eHlie no 06PMY TpynonO,\om.eHIDI. norpe6eHlie 6blAO nOTpeBom.eHO, HO
MOm.HO YCTaHOBIiTb, 1.JTO norpe6eHHblH ,\em.aA rO,\OBOH Ha ceBep K BX01l.Y B no-
Mel!!eHHe. PyKli Aem.aAH B1I.OAb TeAa, HorH CAerKa corHyrb[ B KO,\eHHx 45 .
Hliwa (noM. 3) pa3MepOM 2.1x1 M HaX01l.HTCH K 3a.na,lly OT nOMel!!eHIiH 2.
B1I.O,\b IOm.HOH CTeHbl pacnOAom.eHa rAlfH06liTHaH cy<pa IlmpliHOH 35 CM H Bbl-
COTOH 15-20 CM. Ha nOAY nOMel!!eHHR 06Hapym.eHbl <pparMeHTbl ,\enHbIX H
wTaMnOBaHHblX occyaplieB.
CTeHbl nepBoro nepli01l.a 6bIAH }'BeH1.JaHbl <PHI"ypHb[MI1 KlipnH1.JaMH, npHMe-
HeHHe KOTOPb[X XOpOIliO 1i3BeCTHO B xpaMOBOH Ii <P0pTIi<pIiKa!JHOHHOH apXIiTeK-
rype Cpe1l.HeH fuHIi (BapaXllIa, neH)UKI1KeHT, AK-EewIiM H 1I.p.).
B n0311.HHH CTpOHTeAbHb[H nepli01l. B BOCT01.JHOH Hliwe (noM. 1) 6b[A 1I.0Cbl-
naH no,\. B ero 3a6yroBKe 06Hapym.eHb[ <pparMeHTbl WTaMnOBaHHOH KpblWKIi
occyapliR co CKYAbl1rypHblMH HaBepWIiRMH B Bli1l.e rO,\OBbl m.eHI!!HHb[. Ha no,\y
H Ha nOBepXHOCTH CY<Pbl ,\em.aAli B 6ecnoPMKe <pparMeHTbl WTaMnOBaHHoro
occyapHH Ii MeAKlie KOCTH 1.Je,\OBeKa.
nOrpe6aAbHOe coopym.eHlie, BepmrrHO, COBMel!!aeT B ce6e <PYHK!JHH Hayca
Ii 1I.aXMb[. T PYl1bl B HeM, B03MOm.HO, BblCTaBAHAlf Ha raAe1.JHIiKOBOH BblCTHAKe
(raAbKa 6blAa nAOCKaH, np01l.0ArOBaTaH Ii y,\om.eHa pe6pOM), a 01.Jlil!!eHHble
KOCTii MOrAlf XpaHHTb B occyapIDIx H Hliwax. Hayc 1I.aTHpyeTcR VII B.
HaYCbl AqJpaclia6a pacnOAom.eHb[ Ha HeKpol10Ae paHHeCp e 1l.HeBeKoBoro
CaMap KaH 1I. a . OHH cOBepweHHO pa3pyweHbl H BOCCTaHOBIiTh HX apXHTeKTYPY
He Y1l.aAOCb. Cy,llH no OCTaTKaM CTeH BbIRCHeHO, qTO HaYCb[ 6blAH CAOm.eHbl H3
naxCbl. KaK C1.JIiTaeT 1\1. K. na1.Joc, pa3pyweHlie HaYCOB CBH3a.HO C apa6cKHM
3aBoeBaHHeM, B pe3YAbTaTe 1.Jero occyapHIi C Bbll1aBWIiMIi KOCTHMH OKa3aAHCb
0 ,' 'h Y HAaMeHTOM Cpe1l.HeBeKOBoro nOMel!!eHHH IX-X BB. 46 . nOMHMO <ppar-
n P. 't' u 47
MeHTOB occyaplieB Ha HeKponOAe 6bl,\0 HaH1I.eHO 3axopoHeHlie B xYMe .
l'hBecTHbl Haycbl Ii B Ya1.Je. nCKeHTCKHe Haycbl HaXO,llHTCH Ha AeBOM 6e-
perY peKI1 AHrpeH. 1\1. E. 1\1accoH, npHBe1l.WHH onHcaHlie oAHOro Hayca, Ha-
.- 48 n 6 u
3bIBaeT ero CKAenOM. CKeHTCKlie HaYCb[ npe1l.CTaBAHIOT CO OH Ha3eMHb[e CO-
opym.eHI1H, oKpyrAble cHapym.H H KBa1l.paTHb[e BHyrpH. B OCHOBHOM OHIi CO-
opym.aAl1Cb Ha ,\ccce HAIi Ha naxcOBoH n01l.ywKe. Bxo1l. B Hayc 6b[,\ C nOpTaAOM,
BblCrynalOl!!l1M Ha 1,3-1.6 M, Ii paCnOAaraACH Ha IOrO-BOCTOKe, Ii npHB01l.H,\ B
npm.lOyro,\bHYIO KaMepy 2,6x1,8 M. B1I.OAb Tpex CTOpOH KaMepb[ HaX01l.lL\IiCb
Cycpb[ BblCOTOH 10 CM. Haycbl 1I.aTHPYIOTCH Cepe1l.HHOH I TblC. H. 3. 49 . 01l.liH H3
HaVCOB 6blA orpa6,\eH. B HeM Aem.aAli KOCTH 1I.BYX 1.JeAOBeK - B3pOCAoro Ii pe-
6e;fKa. CoxpaHHBWIiHCH HHBeHTapb npe1l.CTaBAeH 1I.BYMH CTeKAHHHb[MH 6YCIiH-
',aMH Ii <pparMeHTaMI1 AenHoro ropwKa. B 1I.pyroM pa3pyweHHoM Hayce coxpa-
HH.\lKb TPH occyapliH, CTOHBWHe Ha rAHH06HTHOH n01l.YWKe. OccyapHI1 6b1N!
nepCXOAHOH, OT npHMoyroAbHIiKa K OBaAY, cpOPMbl.
T IOH6yry3cKI1e HaYCb[ pacnO,\om.eHb[ Ha OT1I.eAeHHb[X 1I.pyr OT Apyra npo-
:>IOIiHaMIi HCBblCOKHX XOAMax. Bcero BCKPb[TO 11 HaYCOB. Bce OHI1 01l.HOTHnHbl.
B HHX 6ecnOpH1I.01.JHO ,\em.a..lI.H 1.JeAOBe1.JeCKlie KOCTH Ii <pparMeHTb[ occyapl1eB.
OmOCHTeAbHO XopOWO coxpaHHACH Hayc NQ 1 (1iJ1.A.. 14), 3TO KpyrAoe B nAa-
He coopym.eHHe C 1I.HaMeTpOM OCHOBaHI1H 8,3 M. OHO npell,CTaBAH,\O C060H
fL\aTcpopMY 1i3 nAoTHOH naxcOBOH KAa1l.KI1, B cepeAHHe KOTOpOH 6bIAO pacno-
AOfKeHO npHMoyroAbHoe B nJl.aHe nOMel!!eHl1e pa3MepOM 2,1x2,95 M, BbITHHY-
Toe C BOCTOKa Ha 3ana1l.. nOMel!!eHlie nepeKpblBaA CB01l.. T pH He60_\bWlie
CB01l.1.JaTb[e HIiWIi 6blAH C1I.eAaHbl B Cepe1l.HHe ceBepHoH Ii B 60KOBb[X CTOpOHax
nOMel!!eHI1H. Bxo1l. B nOMel!!eHHe 6b[A CB01l.1.JaTbIM Ii HaX01l.Ii,\CH C BOCT01.JHOH
CTOPOHb[jO. 01l.HaKO oplieHTlipOBKa BX01l.HblX npoeMOB He 6b[Aa e1l.HHOH. Y nHTH
HaYCOB OHI1 paCnOAaraAliCb Ha IOm.HOH CTopOHe, y 1I.BYX - C IOro-lOro-BocToKa,
Y 01l.HOro (NQ 9) C IOro-lOro-3ana,lla, y 1I.pyroro - C BOCTOKa, y ABYX - C ce-
Bepo- BOCTOKa.
n01l.3eMHbIe KaMeHHble HaYCbI OKO,\O r. AHrpeHa HaXO,llHTCH B 2-3 KM ce-
BepO-3ana,llHee Hero B MeCTHOCTIi AnapTaK. YIx BCKPb[TO Bcero 1I.eCHTb. CKAe-
nb[ IiMelOT CX01l.CTBO B TeXHHKe B03Be1l.eHliH Ii no nAaHHpOBKe (npHMoyroAbHble
H KBa,llpaTHb[e) , HO OHH OT,\Ii1.JaIOTCH pa3MepaMH BHyrpeHHlix nOMel!!eHHH,
.IL\HHOH BX01l.Hb[X raAepeH Ii opHeHTa!JIiHjl. HaYCb[ coopym.aAli B CKAOHe XO,\Ma.
I1x no,\ 6b[,\ YCTAaH 60AbWHMii nAIiTaMH Ii 3aCbll1aACR cBepxy rpaBHeM. no-
:\ 1e l!!eHI1H coxpaHHAHCb Ha BblCOry /1,0 2,5 M. CKAenb[ 6b[,\1i nOKpb[Tbl cBepxy
lWYMH-TpeMH pH1I.aMIi BaAYHOB H 3aCbmaHb[ 3eM,\eH, qTO 1I.aBaAO paBHOMepHYIO
HarpY3KY Ha CBO/1, Ii, no MHeHl110 T. Ar3aMXO.lVKaeBa, npe1l.0xpaIDIAO nOMel!!eHIiH
78
f .l\aBa IV
30pOaCTpl1HCKI1H norpe6a.\bHb!H 06pHtl B tlpeBHOCTI1
79
-2
OT npOHHKHOBeHlfH A01KAeBbIX BOA) . B CKAenax npe06Aa,lI,aAO TpynonoAome-
HHe. OOKOHHHKH Ae1KaAH Ha nOAY B OAe*.ll.e H YKpallIeHHHX, B Bb[THHyrOM no-
AomeHHH. OnpeAeAeHHOH opHeHTagHIi He npOCAemHBaeTCH. OpHaMeHTagIDI Bcex
COCYAOB, HaHAeHHbIX B CKAenax, OAHHaKOBa. OOMHMO COCYAOB B CKAenax 6bIAO
HaHAeHO MHomeCTBO qJparMeHTOB npHMoyroAbHb[X occyapHeB Ii '1eAOBe'lCCKIiX
KOCTCH. OC06bIH HHTepec npeACTaBAHeT Hayc NQ 4 pa3MepaMH 2,2x2,25 M.
B cepeAHHe lOrO-3ana,ll,-3anaAHoH CTeHbI ero paCnOAaraAaCb BXOAHaH raAepeH.
CnpaBa OT BXOAa HaXO.llHACH pa3.llaBAeHHb[H CKeAeT Mym'lHHbI. B ceBepO-BOC-
TO'lHOM yrAY CKAcna 6btA HaH.a.eH pacnHCHOH npHMoyroAbHOH qJOpMbI KepaMH-
'1eCKHH occyapilli C KpbIIlIKOH. OKOAO occyapillI paCnOAaraAHCb '1eTbIpe K)'BllIliHa
H OAHH cocy A B cepeAIiHe CKAena. B03Ae HHX HaHAeHbI 6YCHHKH H KOAbg0 53 .
CKAenbI .llaTlipYlOTCH V-VI BB.
Haycb[ KaBapAaHa 06HapymeHbI B lOmHOH '1aCTH H 3a npeACAaMH ropO.ll,H-
I!!a KaBap.llaH Ha HeBbICOKIiX XOAMax. OHH .llaTHpYlOTCH V-VI BB. H VII-
-4
VIII BB.) . HaycbI B nAaHe KpyrAbIe. OpHeHTagHH HX pa3 \H'IHa. HaycbI coopy-
meHbI H3 naXCb[ H KHpnH'Ia-cbIpga. B Hayce 2 Ha cnegHaAbHO Bb[AOmeHHOH
KaMeHHOH BbIKAa,lI,Ke CTOHAH XYM H occyapHH. B Hayce 1 06HapymeHo Tpynono-
AomeHHe. Haycb[ 1 H 2 6b[AH npHMoyroAbHoH qJOpMbi. OHH 6AH3KH HaycaM
T lOH6yry3a, OCKeHTa Ii TallIKeHTcKoH 06AaCTH. Haycb[ 3, 4, 6 OTAH'IaAHCb
TeM, '1TO He HMeAIi BXOAa B nOMel!!eHHe, rAe HaXO.llHACH norpe6eHHbIH. OHIi
npeACTaBAHlOT nepCXOAHbIH aTan OT KaTaKOM6b[ K Haycy55.
Ope.llCTaBAHlOT 60AbllIOH HayqHbIH HHTepec H HaYCb[ CeMHpe'lbH. B HeKpo-
nOAe .llpCBHero T apa3a C}'I!!eCTBOBaAH pa3AH'IHb[e cnoco6bI .3aXOpOHeHillI. 00-
rpe6CHHe KOCTeH HenocpeACTBeHHO B KaMepax HaYCOB (40x80 CM) H 3axopo-
HeHIiH KOCTeH B raAH'IHIiKOBbIX HMKax (60x60 CM), a TafUKe B HI!!H'IKaX
20x40x10 CM 1i3 .llBYX-Tpex pHAOB KHpnH'IeH. OOMHMO Tom, HeKponOAb NQ 1
roPOAcKoH H NQ 2 CeAbCKHH (T IiK- TYPMaccKHH MaccHB) AaAH AO ABYX TbICH'I
3axopoHeHliH B occyapillIx H xYMax 56 .
Cnoc06 3axopOHeHliH 3aBIiCeA OT XpOHOAOrH'IeCKHX H COgHaAbHbIX Pa3AH-
'1IiH. OTHOCHTeAbHO n03AHHMH HBAHlOTCH norpe6eHillI B HI!!H'IKaX H3 CbIpgO-
BOro HAH mmeHoro KHpnH'Ia. 00 MHeHlilO r. 1-1. OageBH'Ia, 60Aee 60raTb[e
qAeHbI 061!!HHbI YCTaHaBAHBaAH occyaplili B OC060H '1aCTIi KAa,lI,6Hl!!a, nOMel!!aH
IiX B cnegHaAbHbIX HlillIax HAH raAepeHX, BbI6liTbIX B KaMeHHOM rpYHTe 57 . 3a-
xopOHeHHH KOCTeH B XYMax H CKAenHKaX BbITecHlL\O 3axopOHeHillI KOCTeH B ac-
TOAaHax B KapA}'KCKHH nepliOA (lX-X BB.)';8.
OKOAO occyapHbIx .3aXOpOHeHIiH ropo.llCKoro HeKpOnOAH NQ 1 6btAH HaH.a.eHbI
meAe3HaH CKOBopOAKa, meAe3HaH BHAKa H meAe3HbIH eTepmeHb BMeCTe C Ae-
pCBHHHOH P}'KOJlTblO. 00 MHeHHlO r. 1-1. OageBH'Ia, aTH npe.llMeTbI npe.llHa3Ha-
'1aAHCb .lI.MI BbIBapKH TpynOB, '!TO HK06b[ HBAHAOCb MecrnOH oco6eHHOcrblO no-
rpe6a.i\bHoro 06PMa. OrMe'leHbI OTroAOCKH C}'I!!eCTBOBaHillI 3AeCb B .llpeBHOCTH
o6p H .lla O'lHl!!eHHH KocreH. r. A. KYlllaeB BO BpeMH KOMaH.llHpOBKH B jLmaM-
6Y \bCKIiH paHoH AAMa-ATHHcKOH 06AaCTH 3anHCaA paCCKa3 89-AeTHem mH-
TCAR AUla-ATHHcKOH 06AaCTH X. I-1cMaH6eToBa. OH paCCKa3aA, '1TO HBAHeTCH
CBRTb[M, T. K. eMY AOBepHAH cpe3aTb MHrKHe TKaHH C KOCTeH YMeplllHx H «Aa-
59
Ba.!\H 3a 3TO 6apaHa HAH AOllla,ll,b» .
HaYCbI KpaCHOpe'leHcKoro ropoAHl!!a pacnOAomeHbI B 30 KM OT r. Delll-
KCK. Bccro 6bIA Bb[HBAeH 21 Hayc. Bce HaYCbI HMeAH npHMoyroAbHYlO qJOPMY
co CBO.ll'iaTb[M nepeKpb[THeM HAH 6b[AH KBa,lI,paTHbIMH C KynOAa:\1H. CbYHKgHO-
Ha,\bHaH nA0l!!a,lI,b COCTaBAHAa 1,5-4 KB. M. Bb[COTa I1X He npCBbIllIaAa '1eAO-
BC'ICCKOrO pOCTa. Bce coopymeHillI Ha3eMHbIe, CAomeHHbIe 1i3 naXCb[ H KHprm-
'la, CTOHAH Ha eAHHoH nAaTqJopMe. KaK npaBHAO, HaYCbI He HMeAH cycp. OHH
AaTlipYlOTCH VII B. 3anOAHeHHe B Haycax pa3Ho06pa3HO. HanpHMCp, B Hayce I
BbIHB.\eHO ABa Hpyca norpe6eHHH. KOCTH CKeAeTOB ncpCMemaHb[ H nepeAOMa-
Hbi. no MHeHHlO B. 4. rOpH'IeBOH, pa3AOMb[ KOCTeH npOH30lllAH B pe3YAbTaTe
KaKHX-TO pHT)faAbHbIX AeHCTBHH. ConpoBoAHTeAbHoro I1HBeHTapH 06HapY1KeHO
HC 6btAO. Y BXOAa Ha nOAY AemaAH 2 CKeAeTa B aHaTOMH'IeCKOM nopJl,ll,Ke C OPH-
eHTagHcH rOAOBbI Ha ceBepO-BOCTOK. B. 4. rOpH'IeBa nOAaraeT, '1TO B KpaCHO-
pe'leHCKHX Haycax COBepllIaAOCb KaK BbICTaBAeHHe TpynoB, TaK Ii xpaHeHHe
KOCTeH. '1TO, no ee MHeHHlO, nO.llTBep*.ll.aeT 6bIT)flOrgylO mnOTe3Y 0 B03Mom-
HOCTH COBMel!!eHHH B 30poaCTpHHCKHX Haycax qJYHKgHH j\aXM H BMeCTltAI11!!
KOCTCi1 60 . BY!eCTe C TeM xapaKTepHO COBMel!!eHHe 3aXOpOHeHHH B CKAenax C 3a-
xonOHeHHHX B KepaMH'IeCKHX COCYAax, occyapHHx (W\A. 15, a, 6) H coceACTBO
ll.p;rrHX HC npeAycMaTpHBalOl!!Hx BbICTaB.\CHHe norpe6eHHH.
Oc06oe MecTO 3aHHMaeT HeKponoAb DaMpaM-A'ill B lVlapmaHe. OccyapHbIe
3axopoHeHillI HeKpOnOAH DaHpaM-A'ill 06HapymeHbI 3a npCAeAaMH roPOACKOH
OKpyrn ApeBHero MepBa. Pa60TaMH C. A EprnoBa B 1954-1956 rr. 6btA QT-
KpbIT 60AbllIOH nOrpe6a.i\bHb[H Hayc. 3.llaHHe Hayca IiMeeT KBaApaTH)'lO qJOPMY co
CTopOHa:\1H 34,05 M H OpHeHTIlpOBaHO no CTpaHaM CBeTa. CTeHb[ 3AaHliH CAome-
lib[ 113 CbIpgOBOro KHpnH'Ia. B geHTpe Hero pacnOAaraJ\CH QTKpbITb[H .llBOpHK.
BHyrpH OHO pa3AeAeHO Ha pH.ll nOrpe6iL\bHb[X KaMep. Hayc AaTHpyeTcH V-
VII BB. 61 . 3axopOHeHHH B Hayce 3aAeraAH TpeMH ropH30HTaMH, npli'leM 3axo-
pOHCHHH cpeAHero ropH30HTa conpoB01K.llaAHCb HHBeHTapeM. OpH paC'IHCTKe
BcpxHero ropH30HTa 6bIAO HaHAeHo 12 .3aXOpOHeHHH: 10 B COCYAax occyapHHx
(60AbllIHX K)'BllIHHax H xyMax), 0,ll.H0 B cnegHaAbHOM occyapliH C KynOAbHb[M
BepXOM H OAHO TpynonoAomeHlie, opHeHTlipOBaHHOe roAOBOH Ha ceBep.
DOAee paHHee 3.llaHHe Hayca (cpe,ll.HHH rOpI130HT) 6bL\0 KBa,lI,paTHbIM B nAaHe.
OpHeHTHpOBaHo no CTOpoHaM CBeTa. BHyrpH OHO pa3AeAeHO Ha pM norpe6a.i\b-
Hb[X KaMep. B geIlTpe Hero pacnOAomeH OTKPb[TbIH llBOpHK. DbtAO 06HapymeHo
OKOAO 1000 occyapHb[X 3ax0pOHeHIiH. BbtHBAeHO TPH BII,lI,a 3ax0pOHeHHH: TpynO-
nOAomeHHe, B occyapillIx H cocy Aax, 6eCnOpMO'lHb[e MaCCOBb[e 3axopoHeHIiH.
80
f.!\aBa IV
30pOaCTpl1HCKI1H norpe6a.l\bHblH 06pHtl B .l\peBHOCTI1
81
HaH60Aee .lI.peBHee 3.l1.aHHe Hayca (HHmHHH rop1i30HT) npe.ll.CTaB.i\HAO C060H
KBa,a,paT. BHyrPH OHO 6b[AO pa3.l1.eAeHO Ha 24 KaMepbl. BXO.ll.bl B KaMepb[ 6b[AH
B OCHOBHOM co .lI.Bopa. Bcero B HlimHeM ropli30HTe 3aqmKcHpoBaHO 158 3axo-
pOHeHHH. B HX '-IHCAe OTKpblTble TpyrronoAomemUl, 3axopOHemUi B rp06HHgax
H3 060mmeHHb[X KHpnH'-IeH, B KepaMIi'-leCKHX rp06ax gHAHH.lI.pH'-IeCKoH qJOpMbl,
B cocY.ll.ax occyapHoro THna H B occyapm!x.
B OCHOBHOM BO Bcex Tpex rOpH30HTaX occyaplili pa3Mel!!aAHCb B03Ae CTe-
HOK, Ha 60KY HAH CTOH, HeKOTopble 6blAii BKonaHbl B nOA. B 60AblIIHHCTBe oc-
cyapHeB HaXO.ll.HAOCb no O.ll.HOMY KOCTIlKY, H AlilIIb B HeCKOAbKIiX CAy<iaHX B co-
cY.ll.ax Ii XYMax 6blAO 06HapymeHo HeCKOAbKO 3axopoHeHHH.
B 3aXopoHeHlUIX no 06pH.llY TpyrronoAomeHlUI e.ll.HHOH opHeHTagHIi He 6btAO.
OAaHlipoBKa MHoroKaMepHoro Hayca HeKponO.i\H oaHpaM-A'\H He HMeeT aHaAO-
rMH B HeKpOnO.i\HX Cpe.ll.HeH fuliH. KaKOH-AH60 3aKOHOMepHOCTH B pacnOAO-
meHIiH BXO.ll.a B KaMepbl He Ha6AIO.lI.aeTCH, B OCHOBHOM OH 3aBHceA OT nOAome-
HHH KaMepbl H 6btA 1i3 COCe.ll.HeH KaMepbl, AH60 HenOCpe.ll.CTBeHHO co .lI.BOpa.
B Haycax OTCyrCTBOBaAH CyqJbl. HaAH'-IHe O.ll.HOBpeMeHHO 3axopOHeHHH B
occyapHHx, KepaMH'-IeCKHX rp06ax gHAHH.lI.pH'feCKOH qJ0PMb[, cocY.ll.ax-occya-
pHHX H TpynonoAomeHHH npHBeAO IiCCAe.ll.OBaTe.i\H HeKpOnO.i\H C. A. EplIIOBa
K 3aKAfO'-IeHHfO, '-ITO HeKponOAb npliHaMemaA He 30poacTpHHgaM, a Ma3.l1.a-
KIiTaM. HaM npe.ll.CTaB.i\HeTCH aTO MaAoy6e.ll.IiTeAbHblM, T. K. 06HapymeHHbie
Ha .lI.Bepgax Ii Ha KpbllIIKax cocY.ll.a occyapHH Ha,a,nIiCIi npliHaMemaT eBpeHM.
00 npopHCOBKaM, npliCAaHHblM M. E. MaccoHoM B 1956-1957 IT. A. M. De-
AeHHgKOMY H B. A. AIiBIIIIi!!y, IiM Y.ll.aAOCb YCTaHOBIiTb, '-ITO Ha,a,nIiCH Ha-
nliCaHbl KBa,a,paTHbIM eBpeHcKHM nHCbMOM (TO'-lHO JJ.aTHpOBaTb ero Tpy JJ.HO) Ii co-
JJ.epmaT HMeHa c06CTBeHHbie yconlIIlix, a HHOr.ll.a H IiMeHa HX OTgOB. 3TH
.lI.aHHb[e A. M. oeAeHligKIiH, B. A. AIiBIIIHg Ii 1-1. .L!.. AMYCIiH npHBOJJ.HAH B
CBOIiX JJ.oKAa,a,ax, HO He ny6AliKOBaAH B ne'-laTIi. B. A. AHBlIIlig Af06e3HO co-
06I!!IiA HaM (3a '-ITO Mb[ eMY HCKpeHHe npH3HaTeAbHbl), '-ITO B 1-13paHAe 3TH
Ha,a,nHCH ony6AliKOBaA A. KeABaH B CTaTbe, HanHcaHHOH Ha IiBpHTe, K coma-
u62 A K
AeHHfO, HaM He.ll.Oc-rynHOH. . eABaH CMor npliBAe'-lb AHlIIb Ha,a,nIiCIi, ony6-
AHKOBaHHble Ha qJOTO B CTaTbe C. A. EplIIoBa. OH JJ.aTlipyeT HX TafUKe V-
VII BB. YTeHlie Ha.ll.nliCeH, npeMaraeMoe A. KeABaHOM, He OTAIi'-laeTCH OT
Tex, KOTOpb[e npe.llAaraAHCb (YCTHO) A. M. oeAeHHgKHM, B. A. AHBIIIHgeM,
1-1. .L!.. AMYCHHbIM.
CaMO HaAH'-IHe eBpeHCKHX Ha,a,nHceH Ha occyapliHx 113 CaCaHI1jJ.CKOro MepBa
He JJ.OJUKHO y JJ.HB.i\HTb. OccyapHble 3axopOHeHHH yme 6bIAH 1i3BeeTHbi B HeKO-
TOpblX paHOHaX C JJ.peBHIiM eBpeHCKIiM HaceAeHHeM Ha TeppHTopli1i OaAeCTHHbl
H HeKOTopblX JJ.pymx 06AacTHx OepeJJ.HeH fuHIi. B03MomHo, peAlirH03HaH CH-
-ryagIDI B JJ.peBHeM MepBe 6blAa TaKOBa, '-ITO n03BOAHJ\a coceJJ.CTBO Ha OJJ.HOM
HeKponoAe 30poaCTpHHcKHX norpe6eHHH H norpe6eHHH HHoBepgeB.
B 1954-1955 rr. O. B. 06eAb'-leHKO Ii P. CyceHKoBoH 6blAii npOBe.ll.e-
Hb[ paCKonKH Ha 6yrpe B 10-12 M OT paCKona C. A. EplIIoBa. OHH YCTaHO-
BH.\Ii, 'iTO 3.l1.eCb 6blAO KAa,a,6Hl!!e B napqJHHCKYfO 3noxy, a B CaCaHli.ll.CKYfO
;;JIlOXY - Hayc 63 . O. B. 06eAb'-leHKO nOAaraeT, '-ITO HeKponOAb qJYHKgHOHH-
pOBa.\ C nepBblX BeKOB HalIIeH apb[ .lI.O VIII B., KOr.ll.a Ha'-laAaCb HCAaMH3agHH
HaceAeHIiH 64 . Bce norpe6eHIiH, 06HapymeHHbie B npogecce paCKonOK, 6blAH
6e3HHBeHTapHb[MH H pa3.l1.e.i\HAHCb Ha HeCKOAbKO rpyrrn: «3axopOHeHHH KOC-
TeH B XYMax, 6ecnOpH.lI.O'-lHb1H HaBaA KocTeH, TpynonoAomeHIiH B MorHAax,
06AOmeHHb[X mmeHblM KHpnH'-IOM, TpynonoAomeHHe B KepaMH'-IeCKIiX gH-
6j
AHH.lI.pax» .
B nOCAe.ll.HHH nepHOJ\ qJYHKglioHlipoBaHHH KAa,a,6Hl!!a Ha HeM npO.ll.OJUKaAH
C}'1!!eCTBOBaTb 3aXopoHeHIDI no 30poaCTpliHCKOMY norpe6aJ1bHOMY 06PH.llY, BMe-
CTe C TeM .lI.eAaAHCb H xpHcrnaHCKHe 3axopOHeHHH B MorHAax H3 1KmeHOrO KHP-
u 66
nH'-Ia H Bb[KAa,a,KOH B BH.lI.e KpeCTa .
Ha HeKponOAe .lI.peBHero MepBa 06HapymeHo coopymeHlie n03p,HeCaCaHI1jJ.-
CKOro BpeMeHIi, CO'-leTaBlIIee B ce6e !P)'HKgHfO Hayca H JJ.ax.Mb[, T. K. TaM B KOCT-
HO I 3aBaAe 6bL\1i 06HapymeHbi geAble CKeAeTb[. CoopymeHHe HMeeT nO'-lTH
KBaApaTH}'IO nAaHHpOBKY co CTOpoHaMH 3.51,0,62 M. OHO OplieHTHpOBaHO C ce-
BepO-BOCTOKa Ha fOro-3ana,a,. Hayc-.lI.aXMa CAomeHa H3 CblpgOBOro KHpnli'-la.
CTeHbl COXpaHliAliCb Ha BbICO-ry 1 M. B03Ae ceBepo-3ana,a,HoH CTeHb[ coopyme-
HUH HaXO.ll.H.\aCb MorHAa. OHa 6blAa onYl!!eHa B HaYC-JJ.aXMY, KOr.ll.a Ta yme
pa3pYlIIliAaCb, H 06AHgoBaHa CblpgOBblM Klipnli'-lOM Ii 06Ma3aHa aAe6aCTpOM.
B geHTpe Hayca-J\axMbl, Hlime ypOBHH nOAa 6blAO 06HapymeHo X}'MHoe 3axo-
poHeHlie .lI.BYX oc06eH. OpH paC'-IHCTKe fOmHOH CTeHbl 6blA HaH.lI.eH qJparMeHT
u u 67
OCTpaKOHa C paHHeneXAeBIiHCKOH Ha,a,nHCbfO .
r. A. KOlIIeAeHKO, HCCAe.ll.OBaBlIIliH MepBCKIiH HeKponOAb B 1963 r., He OT-
6 u68 B
pHgaA B03MomHOCTH HaAH'-lIDI 3.l1.eCb xpliCTHaHCKIiX norpe eHlrn. MeCTe C TeM
OH C'-IHTaA, '-ITO nepBblH neplioJJ. qJYHKgHoHHpoBaHHH HeKpOnO.i\H, OTHOCHI!!IiHCH
K napqJHHcKOMY BpeMeHH, 6blA CBH3aH C occyapHblMIi 3axopoHeHliHMii no 30-
poaCTpHHCKOMY 06pH.lI.Y. T. fl. .L!.pecBHHCKaH .lI.OnycKaAa HaAH'-Ilie 30poaCTpIiH-
CKHX norpe6eHHH Ha HeKponoAe, OJJ.HaKO C'-IHTaAa, '-!TO HeKponoAb npHHa;J.Ae-
U ffl
maA He 30poacTpliligaM, a xpHCTHaHaM, HY.ll.eHM HAH MaHHxeHM .
I-1TaK, nOCAe HalIIero 0630pa MomHO C.lI.eAaTb OCHOBaHHoe Ha JJ.oKYMeHTaJIb-
HblX .lI.aHHb[X 3aKAfO'-IeHlie 0 TOM, '-ITO CTporOH THnOAorHH HaYCOB Cpe.ll.HeH
AqHH He BbUlB.i\HeTCH. Haycbl 6blBaJOT MHoroKaMepHble (.L!.aAbBep311H - 8 Ka-
Mep, Kto3eAli-l1>lp - 5 KaMep, TenaH-Wax - 4 KaMepb[, OaiiKeH,!!, - 3 Ka-
Mepb[), O.ll.HOKaMepHble (T enali-Wax, OeHJ\mHKeHT Ii .lI.p.). I-1x nAaHlipOBKa
KBa,a,paTHaH (Kf03eAIi-rblp, oaHpaM-AAH, T OK-KaAa, OCKeHT). B HeKOTO-
pblX CAy<iaHX Ha O.ll.HOM H TOM me HeKponOAe 3aqJliKClipOBaHa pa3AH'-IHaH nAa-
HHpOBKa H KOHCTPYKgHH HaYCOB: TaK, B OeH.lI.mHKeHTe OHH H KBa,a,paTHble,
82
r .l\aBa IV
30pOaCTpl1HCKHH norpe6a.\bHbIH 06PHi\ B l\peBHOCTI1
83
H npHMoyroAbHble, Ha KpacHoH pe'lKe npHMoyroAbHble co CB0.a.'laTb[M
nepeKpb[THeM IiAH KBa.a.paTHble C KynoAaMH, B AHrpeHe - npHMoyroAbHb[e
H KBa.a.paTHb[e. Haycbl T lOH6yry3a oKpyrAble B nAaHe co CBo.a.'laTb[M nepe-
KpbITHeM. HaycbI KaBap.a.aHa oKpyr.'\b[e cHapyam H npHMoymAbHb[e BHYTpH.
HaycbI 6bIBalOT Ha3eMHb[e (K103eAH-rb[p, lI,aAbBep3HH, TenaH-Wax, Ka-
qJblp-KaAa, T ene 2, 5aHpaM-fuli, KpaCHaH pe'lKa, nCKeHT, naHKeH.a.), no-
A}'IIOA3eMHble (T OK-KaAa), nepexo.a.Hom THna OT KaTaKOM6b[ K Haycy (KaBap-
.a.aH), no.a.3eMHb[e (AHrpeH). B pH.a.e HaYCOB HMelOTCH CyqJb[ (Tenali-Wax,
neHJUKHKeHT, Tene 2, naHKeH.a., Karpb[p-KaAa. TOK-KaAa, nCKeHT). Y HeKO-
TOPb[X HaYCOB Cyrpb[ OTCyrCTBOBaAH (AHrpeH, KpaCHaH pe'lKa, T lOH6yry3).
OccyapliH 06b['lHO CTaBHAIiCb Ha CyqJbl, HO ;;JTO He HCKAlO'laAO Ii pacnOAome-
HIiH HX Ha nOAY KaMep. B HeKOTopbIX CAy<iaHX occyapHH CTaBIiAH TaKme H B
cnegliaAbHo c.a.eAaHHb[e )l.AH ;;JTOH geJlH HHIIHI (neH.a.mHKeHT, Karpb[p-KaAa,
T ene 2, T OK-KaAa).
ApxeOAOrli'leCKHe IiCTO'lHHKH no.a.TBepmp,alOT BbICKa3bIBaBIIIeeCH HaMH npH
paCCMOTpeHHH .a.aHHb[X nHCbMeHHb[X nepCIi.a.CKHX H apa6CKHX HCTO'lHHKOB MHe-
HHe 0 TOM, 'lTO HaYCbI - aTO MaCCHBHb[e nOrpe6aAbHb[e coopymeHHH. CO'le-
TaHHe B HeKOTOpb[X Haycax TpynonoAomeHIiH H 3axopOHeHHH KOCTeH B occya-
pHHX CBH.a.eTeAbcTByeT 0 TOM, '-ITO OHH BbInO,UlH,\H qJYHKgHH .a.aXMb[ - MeCTa
Bb[CTaBAeHHH TpynoB H aCTOllaHa - KOCTeXpaHHAl1rga. T aKHM 06pa30M, ap-
xeOAOrH'-IeCKHe MaTepHaAb[ Cpe.a.HeH fuHH He BXOAHT B npOTHBOpe'-Ilie C co06-
,!!eHHHMH nHCbMeHHblX I1CTO'-IHHKOB, a KOHKpeTH3HpYlOT HX,
CAe.a.yeT OTMeTHTb, 'lTO y HeCKOAbKHX AOKiL\bHbIX rpynn cOBpeMeHHb[X
Ta.lI)KHKOB aTHorparpaMH 3aCBH.a.eTeAbCTBOBaHb[ 3axOpOHeHI1H B Ha3eMHbIX H
nOA}'IIoA3eMHb[X CKAenax, HanOMI1HalO'!!lix CKAenbI-Haycb[. OHIi BCTpe'-IalOTCH
B AeHIiHa6a.a.e, YlcqJape, Ha ceBepo-3ana.a.e CbepraHbI, Ha BepxHeM 3epaqJlIIa-
He, B lI,apBa3e Ii f HccapCKOH .a.OAHHe. MeCTHoe HaceAeHlie C'lI1TaeT 3TOT cno-
c06 3axopOHeHHH TPa.a.HgHOHHbIM cTapHHHbIM nO'-II1TaeMbIM 06b['-IaeM 70 .
O.a.IiH 1i3 CKJlenOB XOpOIiiO coxpaHHAcH. OH pacnoAomeH B BepXHeM 3e-
paBliiaHe He.a.aAeKO OT KIiIII.\aKa CaHrIiCTaH. CKAen 6b[A .a.ByxKaMepHbIM. O.a.Ha
KaMepa npe.ll.Ha3Ha'-IaAaCb .lLA5I Mym'lIiH, .a.pyraH .lLA5I meH,!!HH. no Mepe Toro KaK
KOAH'leCTBO TpynoB B CKAene npIi6aBAHJlOCb, KOCTHKH c.a.BliraAliCb Ii CKAa.a.bIBa-
AH B Ky<iy 6AHme K CTeHKaM KaMepbI. OOCAe.a.HHH H3 3axopOHeHHbIX 3.a.eCb AlO-
.a.eH .l/,mypo MYP30eB YMep B 1948 r. B B03paCTe 52 AeT. OH nOAomeH B CKAen
71
cor AaCHO CBoeMY 3aBe,!!aHHlO .
HapH.a.y C 3axopOHeHliHMH B Haycax B Cpe.a.HeH fuHH 06HapymeHbI norpe-
6eHHH, B MeHblIIeH CTeneHH OTpCUKalO,!!lie nHCbMeHHYlO 30poaCTpHHCKYlO Tpa-
.llHgHlO, HO TeM He MeHee TaK IiAIi HHa'le C HeH CBH3aHHble. Mbl IiMeeM B BH.a.y,
B 'laCTHOCTIi, 3axopOHeHliH O'-IH,!!eHHbIX OT MHrKHX TKaHeH KOCTeH B HMHbIX
norpe6eHHHX, 3axopOHeHHH occyaplieB npHMO B 3eMAe H .a.p.
nOMHMO HaYCOB B .a.peBHeM Xope3Me 3aqJliKCHpOBaH nepexo.a.Hb[H aTan
K 06b['lalO Bb[CTaBAeHHH B KypraHHoH HaCbInH, B '-IaCTHOCTH MorHAbHHK T a-
Pb[M-KaH L OH co.a.ep?KaA OKOAO 30 KypraHHb[X HaCbIneH. Hali60Aee paHHHe 3a-
xopOHeHHH npHHa,lI,AemaT K KyIOCaHCKOM)' THny. B KypraHe 6 BnepBb[e OTMe'leHO
3axopOHeHHe paC'-IAeHeHHb[X KOCTeH. Bce 3axopOHeHHH paC'lAeHeHHbIX KOCTeH
BnycKHb[e, a CAe.a.OBaTeAbHO, 60Aee n03.llHHe, 'ieM caMH KypraHbl. B KypraHax 1
Ii 2 6b[AIi 3axopOHeHHH occyapHom THna. OHH OTHOCHTCH K V - IV BB.
.a.o H. a. B KypraHe 1 no.ll KaMHHMH paCnOAaraAHCb 3axopOHeHIiH B cocY.llax.
Cocy.a. 6btA 3arAy6AeH B HMY. Em npliKpbIBaAli ABa Kp}'IIHbIX rppal'MeHTa XYM-
'-IH, .a.HO KOTOpOH CAy?KHAO cocy.a.y KPb[IIIKOH. B cocY.lle Ae?KiL\ CKeAeT. OOpH-
.llOK pacnOAomeHHH KOCTeH cAe.a.yIO'!!HH: )l.AHHHble KOCTIi CTOHAH BepTIiKaAbHO,
Ha .a.He Ae?KaAIi BnepeMelIIKY OCTaAbHble KOCTIl, H '-Iepen AemiL\ AligeBoH '-IaCTblO
BBepx nOBepx Bcex KOCTeH. KaK C'-IHTaeT HCCAe.llOBaTeAbHliga 3THX norpe6eHliH
5. VI. BaHH6epr, nOrpe6aAbHb[H 06pH.a. KyIOcaHgeB He npOTIiBOpe'lHT npe.llnli-
caHHHM 30poaCTpH3Ma, TaK KaK Ha B03BbllIIeHHOCTHX, rAe COBeplIIaAHCb norpe-
6eHHH, He 6bI.\0 HH BO.llbI. Hii opOliiaeMOH 3eMAIi 72 .
B npliapaAbe, B lO?KHOH 'laCTH OpHCapb[KaMb[IIICKOH .lleAbTb[ AMy-lI,apbH
B 725 M K lOry OT KpenOCTIi KaAiL\bl-l'blp-2 HaxO.llHTCH MOrH,\bHHK .Hcb[-f b[P 4.
no.a. HaCbInblO KypraHa 1 6b[AO BCKPb[TO 28 norpe6eHHH. Oorpe6eHHe 1 (geH-
TpaAbHoe) npe.llCTaBMIAO C060H KaTaKOM6y. B HeH 6btAii COBeplIIeHb[ .a.Ba no-
CAe.a.OBaTeAbHblX 3axopOHeHHH Mym'lIiHbl Ii ?KeH,!!IiHbl. B nepHqJepliHHoH 'laCTIi
HaCbInH 6b[AIi 06HapY?KeHbI 3axopoHeHliH npe.a.BapHTeAbHO O'lH'!!eHHb[X KOC-
TeH. OHH BnYCKHble Ii, CAe.a.OBaTeAbHO, 60Aee n03AHHe, '-IeM KaTaKOM6Hoe. 3a-
xopOHeHIiH O'-IH'!!eHHb[X KOCTeH COBeplIIaAliCb B rpYHTOBblX HMax, cocY.llax H
occyapHHX. npe06Aa.a.alOT H,!!H'-IHble occyapliH. YlMeeTCH O.llHH CTaT)fapHbIH oc-
cyapHH, npe.a.cTaRNIlO,!!HH qJHrypy meH'!!HHb[. npli YCTaHOBKe occyapHeB B Ha-
CbInH y KPaH HaCbInH .lleAaAaCb Bb[eMKa. BepXID!H '-IaCTb cocy.a.a BO BpeMH 3axo-
pOHeHIiR B03BblIIIaAaCb Ha.a. nOBepXHOCTblO, a HH?KHRH '-IaCTb npliKanbIBaAaCb.
Ha .llHe cocy.a.a 'laCTO Haxo.a.HAH no.a. KOCTHMH ?KeAe3Hb[e npe.llMeTbI. KOCTH
HaxO.a.I1AHCb B COqAeHeHHOM COCTOHHHIi Ii B nOAHOM Ha60pe, qTO, no MHeHlilO
HCCAe.llOBaTeAeH MOrHAbHIiKa A. T. .H6AoHcKom Ii C. 5. 50AeAoBa, 6b[AO He-
B03MomHO npH 06pH.a.e npe.a.BapliTeAbHom Bb[CTaBAeHHH Tp}'IIOB Ha OTKPb[TbIX
llAorga.a.Kax73. ABTOPb[ paCKonOK .llaTlipYlOT KOCTexpaHHAlirga MorHAbHIiKa
.HcbI-rb[p 4 BTOpOH nOAOBHHOH IV - V BB.
B paHHecpe.a.HeBeKOBOM Xope3Me 06HapymeH HeKponOAb .a.peBHem M1i3-
.a.aXKaHa, r.lle 3axopOHeHliH COBeplIIaAHCb B occyapliHx 6e3 KaKIiX-AH6o Ha3eM-
Hb[X coopymeHIiH. CbopMa occyaplieB 6bIAa no.a.npHMoymAbHoH. Ylx 3aKanbI-
BaAH B 3eMAlO B HMax, nOBTopHlOrgliX qJOPMY occyaplieB. B occyapliHx BCTpe-
'lalOTCH He TOAbKO O.a.IiHO'-IHb[e norpe6eHIiH, HO H rp}'IInoBble. OccyapHH 6bIAH
pacnoAomeHbl B TaKHX CAy<iaHX B rpYHTOBOH HMe HAH B nO.ll3eMHOH CBO.ll'laTOH
84
r .l\aBa IV
30pOaCTpl1HCKHH norpe6a.l\bHbIH 06pHl! B tlpeBHOCTI1
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nOCTpOHKe. 0pHeHTagml occyapHeB pa3Ho06pa3Ha. OccyapHH YCTaHaBAHBa-
AHCb B HeCKOAbKO HPYCOB. KorJJ.a YCTaHaBAIiBaAH HOBb[e occyapHH. CTapb[e JJ.a-
BHAIiCb H pa3pyrnaAIiCb. OccyapHIi 6blAH 06CbInaHb[ neCKOM If 3eMAeH. CMe-
WaHHb[MH C yroAbKaMH.
B occyapmlx B 60AbWHHCTBe cA}"IaeB HaXO,ll,liAHCb 'lepen H HHmHIDI 'le.,\IOCTb.
kWb H3peAKa BCTpe'liL\HCb OCTaAbHble KOCTII. I-1MeAlicb CA}"IaH. KorAa KOCTH
JJ.BYX cy6beKToB pa3JJ.e.i\HAHCb neperopoJJ.KoH. KaKoH-AIi60 3aKoHoMepHocTH
nOMergeHHH KocTeH HeCKOAbKHX cy6beKToB He Ha6AIOAaeTCH 74 .
PacnOAomeHHe occyapHeB npHMO B 3eMAe BXOJJ.HT B npOTHBOpe'lHe C Tpe60-
BaHlieM KaHOHH'leCKOrO 30poaCTpli3Ma, T. K. IiX cy6cTaHgHH (rAHHa. aAe6aCTp
If KaMeHb) He npeAoxpaHHeT 3eMAIO OT OCKBepHeHIiH. KaK nOBeCTByeT «lliaHCT
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cTaHgHIi H CBH3aHb[ C 3e L\eH, TaK KaK OHIi OTJJ.eAeHbI OT HX c06cTBeHHoH cy6-
cTaHgHH, TO OCKBepHHeTCH nAorgaAb. Ha KOTOPY/O nona,/J,alOT MePTBb[e OCTaHKH:
6YA}"I1i CBH3aHbI C 3eMAeH, OHH npOli3BOMT OCKBepHeHlie BnAOTb .11.0 BOAbI» 75.
no MHeHHIO B. H. RrOAHHa, ;;JTO npoTHBOpe'lHe AerKO YCTpaHHeTcH. eCAIi
npHHHTb BO BHHMaHHe c)'I!!ecTBoBaHHe y HaCeAeHHH MH3JJ.aXKaHa B ;;Jnoxy paH-
Hero cpeJJ.HeBeKOBbH npeJJ.cTaBAeHHH 06 YMl1palOl!!eH H BocKpecalOrgeH npHpo-
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Ae . 03MomHO, CYl!!eCTBOBaA B3rJIJIA Ha KOCTH, norpe6eHHb[e B 3eMAe. KaK Ha
3epHa, noceHHHble B 3eM,\IO. 1-1 Bce me npOTHBOpe'lHe HaAHgo.
HeKponOAb K}'IOK-KiL\b[ pacnOAomeH B JJ.BYX KM 3anaAHee KpenOCTH Ha
B03Bb[WeHHOCTH KYWKaHa-Tay. HeKponOAb npOTHHYACH Ha paCCTOHHHe CBb[-
we KHAOMeTpa. nOBepXHOCTb MorHAbHHKa nOKpb[Ta 06,'\OMKaMH MHomeCTBa
occyapHeB. MeCTHb[e mHTeAH Ha3blBalOT occyapliH Tac caHJJ.b[K - KaMeHHbIH
HrgHK 77 . Bce occyapHH a!pplirI1jJ.CKoro Tlina. Occyaplili YCTaHaBAlfBaAliCb B HM-
Kax. BbI6HTb[X B KaMeHHOM rpYHTe. I-1HorJJ.a OHH nOHB.i\HAHCb Cpa3y nOCAe CHH-
nUl 5-10 CaHTHMeTpOBOrO CAOH rpYHTa. 1O. A. PanonopT npeAnOAomHA,
'lTO KpbIWKH occyaplieB JJ.O pa3pywemUi HeCKOAbKO BblcrynaAH HaA nOBepXHO-
78 0
CTblO. ccyaplili YCTaHaBAHBaAHCb BnAOTH}'IO JJ.pyr K APYry HHorJJ.a rpynna-
MH. HO BCTpe'laAHCb H no OAHOMY, npH'leM TOpgOM K 06pbIBY. EJJ.HHOH opHeH-
TagHIi He npHAepmHBaAHCb. B occyapliH nOMel!!aAHCb AHWb HeKOTopble KOCTH.
Yepena 6bIAH pa3pyweHb[ K MOMeH'I'Y pacKonOK KOpHHMIi paCTeHHH. B occya-
pliHX HIiKaKIiX HaxoAoK He 6b[AO 06HapymeHO. no BceH nA0l!!a,/J,1i HaHAeHO 6bI-
AO AHWb HeCKOAbKO !pparMeHTOB KepaMIiKIi. HeKponOAb JJ.aTHpyeTCH VII-
VIII BB.
B ropax CYATaH-YH3JJ.ara 06HapymeH occyapHb[H HeKponOAb. OH pacno-
AomeH B 'leTblpex KHAOMeTpax ceBepO-3ana,/J,Hee KpenoCTIi OYPAbl-KaAa. 3a-
xopOHeHmI COBepWaAHCb Ha rpe6He CKaAbI. COXPaHliAIiCb CAe.l!.b[ HHW, Bb[py6-
AeHHbIX B HeH. 06AOMKH occyaplieB 6bIAH pa36pocaHbI no CK.i\OHaM. Hai1.a.eHb[
06AOMKIi cTaT)fapHblx occyapHeB, 60'lOHK006pa3Hb[X occyapHeB H KepaMH'leCKHX
HI!!W-IKOB n03AHea!ppHrI1jJ.cKOro BpeMeHH (VII-VIII BB.). T aKme 06Hapyme-
- 79
Hb[ !pparMeHTbI 6bITOBb[X COCYAOB .
B oyxapcKoM CorJJ.e B KYIO-Ma3apCKOM H fuBaHJJ.aKCKOM MOrHAbHHKax
BbIJ!SAeHb[ XYMHble 3axopoHeHHH, on)'I!!eHHb[e B KypraHHb[e HaCbInH. KOCTIi no-
Mer,ga'\HCb He TOAbKO B geAb[e XYMb[, HO Ii B KYBWHHbI C OT6liTOH BepXHeH 'ia-
CTblO Ii AOHga COCYAOB. 3axopoHemUi KOCTeH B XYMax OTHOCHTCH K V-VI BB. 80 .
CAeJJ.yeT OTMeTHTb, qTO B CorAe B HaCbInHX KypraHoB, COAepmal!!HX KaTa-
KO:l<16Hble MOrHAb[, rpYHTOBb[e (OBaAbHb[e Ii npHMoyroAbHble B nAaHe), 6bIAii
o6HapymeHb[ 3axopOHeHHH KOCTeH 'leAOBeKa B KepaMIi'leCKHX cocYJJ.ax no 30-
poaCTpHHCKOMY nOrpe6aAbHOMY 06pHAY. B l.JaCTHOCTIi, B HaCbInH KypraHa 19
Xa3apliHCKoro MorHAbHlfKa. B HaCbIIlH KypraHa 4 lliaxpHBaHpoHcKoro MO-
rHAbHlfKa, B HaCbInHX KypraHoB 4. 10, 11, 14, 18. 19, 21 KbI3b[ATemmcKoro
MOrHAbHHKa 06HapymeHb[ 3axopOHeHliH KOCTeH B KpynHbIX !pparMeHTaX XYMOB.
B HaCbInIf KypraHa 7 KI,l3b[ATenHHcKoro MorHAbHHKa 06HapymeHb[ ABa occya-
PIiH-XYMa, B KamJJ.OM H3 KOTOpblX HaXOAHAHCb KOCTII OAHOH OC06H l.JeAOBeKa,
nepeCbInaHHb[e Me.J\KHM 'lHCTb[M neCKOM: l.Jepena AemaAH nOBepx KOCTeH CKeAeTa.
no MHeHHIO O. B. 06eJ\bl.JeHKO, «3axopOHeHHH KOCTeH B occyapHHx, xYMax
H.'\1f KPYIlHblX 6b[TOBb[X COCYAax OTHOCHT K V-VI BB., a HeKOTOpb[e 06beKTb[
3TOro nOrpe6aAbHoro 06pHJJ.a, B03MomHO, H K VII-VIII BB., T. e. KO BpeMe-
HH, npeAweCTBYIOl!!eMY 3aBoeBaHHIO CorJJ.a apa6aMH»81.
K BOCTOKY OT ropoAHrga I-1wTb[XaH-Tene HaXOJJ.HTCH occyapHb[H MorliAb-
HHK. B pe3YAbTaTe paCKonOK 6b[AH BbIHBAeHbI JJ.Ba KOAAeKTHBHb[X KOCTHblX 3a-
xopOHeHHH. OHH 6b[AH B HMax. J\HWb HeKOTOpb[e OCTaHKIi 6blAH 3axopOHeHbi B
occyaplfHx, OCTaAbHble me npeACTaB.i\HAH C060H HarpOMomJJ.eHHe KOCTeH. He-
KOTOpb[e l.Jepena AemaAH Ha !pparMeHTax KepaMIiKH H 6blAH nepeKpb[Tb[ HMH.
HeKponoAb P.a.THpyeTcH VI-VII BB. 82 .
B Yal.Je occyapHbIH MOrHAbHHK XOJJ.ma-(f)apxoH pacnOAomeH B r. T aw-
KeHTe B6AH31i nepeCe'leHIiH npocneKTa OIiPYHH H YAHgbl HHH30Ba. oyrop. rJJ.e
HaHJJ.eHbl occyapHH. AHweH KYAbT)fpHoro CAOH, Ii occyapHH 3aAeraAH B eCTeCT-
BeHHOM AeCCOBOM rpYHTe, npH3HaKOB MOrHAbHoro coopymeHIiH He 06Hapyme-
HO. HeKponOAb JJ.aTHpyeTcH VII-VIII BB. 83 .
B CeMHpel.Jbe ropOJJ.Hrge JJ.peBHero Capb[ra pacnOAomeHO B 30 KM OT
r. 6ewKeK. 30poaCTpHHcKoe K.i\a,/J,6Hl!!e HaXOAHAOCb B HHmHeH l.JaCTH llA0l!!a,/J,-
Kif, npHMb[KaBWeH K YKpenAeHHOH YCa,/J,b6e. OccyapHH 6bIAH 3aKOnaHb[ npHMO
B 3eMAIO. Omi CTOHAH pHAOM JJ.pyr C APyrOM. I-1x opHaMeHTHpOBaHHble CTO-
pOHb[ 6b[AH 06pargeHbI Ha ceBep Ii He conpliKaCaAliCb Apyr C ApyrOM. nO A
OCcyapHHMH 6bIAa TBepJJ.aH nO'lBa, H 3aCbInaHbI OHH MHrKIiM AeccoM. (f)0pMa
OccyapHeB 6Ali3Ka K npHMoyroAbHoH C 3aKpyrAeHHb[MIi yrAaMH. KaK OTMe-
'laeT A. H. oepHwTaM. B HeH OTpa3HAOCb «CKpel!!HBaHlie KYAbT)fP OCeJJ.AOH H
K u u u u 84 n u
O'ieBOIi, corAHIiCKOIi Ii TlOpKCKOH». OpHAOK YKAa,/J,KIi KOCTeli B occyapHH
86
f .l\aBa IV
30pOaCTpl1HCKI1H norpe6a.l\bHblH 06PHtl B tlpeBHOCTI1
87
CAeJlYIO'!!IiH: CHa'-laAa KAaAHCb JlAIiHHble KOCTIi PYK Ii Hor, 3aTeM Ta30Bb[e KOC-
TI-I H AonaTKH, pe6pa, MeAKHe KOCTH, Ii '-Iepen KAaAH cBepxy. I-1HOrJla KAaAH H
He COBceM pa3 \OmHBIlIHeCH '-IaCTIi TeAa. KOCTIi He HYlelOT CAeJlOB KorreH HAH
3y60B XHrgHb[X mIiBOTHb[X 85 .
nOMIiMO 3axopoHeHHH B occyapliHx 6b[AO 06HapymeHo 6 60Aee n03JlHHX
3aXOpOHeHIiH B XYMax H ropllIKax. 4eTCKHe 3aXOpOHeHHH HaXOJlHAHCb B KOTAO-
06pa3HbIx ropllIKax. PacnoAomeHlie KOCTeH B XYMax H ropllIKax TaKoe me, KaK
B occyapliHX. 3Ta rpynna 3axopoHeHHH JlaTlipyeTcH VIII-IX BB. H. a. OJlHO-
BpeYleHHO C 3axopOHeHliHMH B cocy Jlax HAH HeCKOAbKO n03JlHee 6bIAH norpe6e-
Hb[ KOCTH '-IeTb[pex }'MepIlIHX. Kocm CKeAeTa 6b[AH aKKypaTHO CAomeHbI B K}"-IKY
Ha CAerKa YTpaM60BaHHoH nOBepXHOCTH. [l0PHJlOK pacnOAomeHHH KOCTeH
TaKOH me, KaK B npeJlbIJlY'!!HX 3axopOHeHHHX. CBepxy KOCTIi npliKpb[BaAHCb
.\H60 60KOBHHOH XYMa, AI-I60 KHpnH'-IOM. 3TH 3axopOHeHliH 06HapymeHb[ '-Iyrb
Bb[llIe HAIi Ha OJlHOM ypOBHe C XYMHbIMH 3axopOHeHHHMH. B03MomHo, OHIi
CHHXpOHHbI HAH 60Aee n03JlHlie. 3axopOHeHI-UI B K}"-IKax KocTeH JlaTHp}'lOTcH
IX-X BB. 86 .
K lOry OT C. I-1BaHoBcKoe B KHprM3HH 6bIAH 06HapymeHb[ JlBa KAaJl6H-
rga - KeH6YA)'HbCKOe Ii VlBaHoBcKoe. Ha HHX 6bIAH HaHJleHbI norpe6eHHH B oc-
cyapliHx. OHH OTHOCHTCH KO BpeMeHH BTOpOH COrJlHHCKOH KOAoHH3agHH CeMIi-
pe'-lbH. ACTOJlaHbI no qJopMe «HanOMHHaIOT KH6IiTKY». Ha KpbIIliKe OJlHOro H3
87
HI-IX - HaAen B BHJle qJHryPKIi nTHgb[ .
E,!!e OJlHO KAilJl61i,!!e C occyapHbIMIi 3axopOHeHHHMH 6b[AO 06HapymeHo
y ceBepHOH CTeHbI r. DaAacaryHa H 6b[AO npope3aHO npH CTpOHTeAbCTBe me-
Ae3HOH Jlopom (f)PYH3e- PbI6a'-lbe. OccyapHH 6bIAH 06HapymeHbI Ha ypOBHe
JlHeBHOH nOBepXHOCTI-I 6e3 npli3HaKOB KaKHX-AH60 coopymeHHH. PHJlOM 6b[AH
BbtHBAeHb[ XYMHb[e 3axopOHeHHH 88 .
30poaCTpHHCKoe KAilJl61i,!!e Ha T HK- T ypMace pacnOAomeHO B Tpex KIi-
AOMeTpax Ha BOCTOK OT r. lI,maM6YAa. npli pa3pa6oTKe KaMeHHbIX KapbepOB
B 1932-1933 rr. Ha T IiK- T ypMace 6bIAH Bb[Pb[Tbl JlBa cocYJla-occyapI-UI C qe-
AOBe'-leCKHMIi KOCTHMIi H 06HapymeHa HHllIa, B KOTOpOH CTOHAH ceMb HAH BO-
ceMb occyaplieB C qeAOBe'-leCKIiMH KOCTHMIi. [lPH paCKonKax lI,maM6YAbcKoro
apXeOAOm'-leCKOrO nYHKTa Ha XOAMe T IiK- T ypMac 6blAH 06HapymeHbI XYMbl
C '-IeAOBe'-leCKHMIi KOCTHMH, npli'-leM B JlBYX 6blAO no JlBa CKeAeTa. B paCKone 4
6bIAO 3axopOHeHHe B cocy Jle JleTcKoro Ii B3pOCAOro 'iepenOB. MHorlix KOCTeH
He JlOCTaBaAO. Y KpynHbIX Tpy6'-1aTblX KOCTeH OTCyrCTBOBaAH anliqJli3bl. [lo
npeJlnOAomeHHIO r. 1-1. nageBIi'-la, OHIi 6bIAH )'HH'-ITOmeHbI mIiBOTHbIMIi, no-
eJlalO,!!HMIi Tpyn. [l03BOHO'-lHbIH CTOA6 6b[A BAomeH B COCYJl JlO paCnilJleHI-UI
CBH30K 89 . B paCKonax 2 H 5 6bIAH HaiiJleHbl .ABa geAbIX CKeAe-ra. [lO-BHJ\.HMOMY,
Tpynbl nOAomHAH JlMI O'-lHeTKIi OT MHrKIiX TKaHeH. 06HapymeHo MHomeCTBO
'-IeAOBe'-leCKHX CKeAeTOB, C06paHHbiX B K}"-IKIi. T aKHM 06pa30M, Ha KAilJl6lirge
T I-IK- T ypMaca npHMemlJ\OCb HeCKOAbKO THnOB 3axopoHeHHH: B cnegliaAbHb[X
CocYJlax-occyapI-UIX, B XYMax, 3axopOHeHHH K}"-IeK KOCTeH. 3TOT qJaKT n03BO-
\H,\ r. VI. [lageBH'-IY CJleAaTb 3aKAIO'-IeHHe, qTO KAilJl6HrgeM nOAb30BaAHCb KaK
60r3Tbie '-IAeHb[ 06,!!HHbl, TaK Ii 6eJlHOTa, y KOTOpOH He JlOCTaBaAO CpeJlCTB
npl106peTaTb COCYJlb[-OccyapHIi HAIi COCYJlb[-XYYlb[ JlMI norpe6eHHH, H OHH
u90
ocyrgeCTB.!\HJl.H 3axopOHeHHe K}"-IeK KOCTeH .
Vl3BecTHb[ TaKme 3axopOHeHliH occyapHeB H O'-lH'!!eHHb[X KOCTeH B pa3Ba-
AIiHax coopymeHIiH. T aK, MHomeCTBO occyapHeB 6b[AO HaHJleHO B CpeJlHeH
fuliH Ha rOpOJlH,!!ax, B pa3BaAHHaX JlBOpgOBblX coopymeHHH Ii Jlpymx nOCTpoeK.
B '-IaCTHOCTH, Ha ropOJlHrge AH6ymp-KaAa B AeB06epemHOM Xope3Me Ii pa3-
BaAHHax coopymeHIiH B geHTpe ropOJlHrga 6b[AH HaHJleHb[ B 1950 H 1954rr.
MHomeCTBO qJparMeHTOB cTaryapHb[X occyapHeB, KepaMH'-IeCKHX COCYJlOB Ii '-Ie-
AOBe'-leCKI-IX KOCTeH. YCTaHoBIiTb KOHCTPYKgHIO npHMoyroAbHoro B nAaHe 3Jla-
HI-IH He npeJlCTaB.'l.HeTCH B03MOmHb[M. MaTepHaA 06HapymeH BO BTOpli'-lHOM
3iL\era.HHH, O'-leBIiJlHO, nepBOHa'-laAbHO OH YCTaHaBAHBaACH Ha nOBepXHOCTH
MaCCHBa. I-1cnoAb30BaHHe coopymeHI-UI nOJl occyapHb[e 3axopOHeHHH JlaTHpy-
91
eTCH KYllIaHCKHM BpeMeHeM .
npli HCCAeJlOBaHI-IH ropoAH,!!a KYHH-Ya3 B Xope3Me B 1952 r. E. E. He-
pa3HK 6b[AO 06HapymeHo 3JlaHHe 3aMKa npaBHTe.i\H III-IV BB. H. a. 92 . TaM
HaH.J:eHo cropeBllIee KBaJlpaTHOe no qJopMe nOMe,!!eHHe nAO,!!ilJlblO 64 KB. M.
B geHTpe Hero HaXOJlIiAaCb npHMoyroAbHaH KHpnli'-lHaH BbIMOCTKa. OHa 6b[Aa
CHAbHO npOKaAeHa. HanpOTHB Hee y IOro-BOCTO'-lHOH H IOrO-3anilJlHOH CTeH
HaHJleHbI qJparMeHTb[ aAe6aCTpOBbIX occyapHeB. BHyrpli AemaAO HeCKOAbKO
KOCTeH. Ha OJlHOM H3 occyapHeB coxpaHHAHCb qJparMeHTb[ pOcnl-lCIi: Ha Kpac-
HOYl qJOHe meATOBaTbie naAbYleTbl H nOAOCb[, YKpallIeHHb[e eAO'-lHb[M opHaMeH-
TOM. B IOmHOM yrAY pHJlOM C OJlHHM H3 '-IepenOB 06HapymeHa CKYAbnrypHaH
93
AeTa-\b cTaryapHoro occyapI-UI, H306pamalO,!!aH npaB}'IO KIiCTb Ii npeJlnAe'-lbe .
B ;;JTOM nOMergeHHIi 06HapymeHo 5 '-IepenOB Ii HeCKOAbKO 06AOMKOB. [lOJl Tpe-
MH '-IepenaMH, HaXOJlIiBIlIHMHCH pHJlOM B IOmHOH '-IaCTH, AemaAIi ry6'-1aTb[e KOC-
TI1 Ha nOAycropeBllIeH KaMb[IlIOBOH nOJlCTHAKe. Db[AH HaHJleHb[ TafUKe JlBe xo-
94
pe3MHHCKlie MOHeTbl. Ha HIiX H306pameHbi CBaCTHKa H BCilJlHIiK .
B 100 KM 3anilJlHee KYHH-Ya3a pacnOAomeHO ropOJlH,!!e KaHra.-[b[pKaAa.
[lo:\1ergeHHe, B KOTOpOM pacnOAOmeHb[ '-Iepena, HYleAO npHMoyroAbH}'IO qJop-
MY. B geHTpe Hero, KaK H B KYHH-Y a. e, 6b[Aa npHMoyroAbHaH Bb[MOCTKa
(1.1x1,3 M). OHa CAomeHa H3 OJlHOro CAOH Cb[pgOBOro KHpnH'-Ia. Ha nOBepx-
HOCTH Bb[MOCTKH COXpaHI-IAHCb CAeJlb[ JlAHTeAbHoro ropeHHH orHH. B nOMe-
,!!eHHH HaHJleHO 16 '-IepenOB H HeCKOAbKO Tpy6'-1aTb[X KOCTeH. OHIi AemaAli
Ha nOJlCTHAKe 1i3 KaMb[llIa 1-1 TpaBbI. YaCTb aAe6aCTpOBOH MaCKIi 6blAa 06Ha-
pymeHa y ceBepO-3anilJlHOH CTeHbI. OKOAO MaCKH 6blA HaHJleH qJparMeHT CTa-
TyapHOro occyapHH. [lo MHeHHIO 1O. A. PanonopTa, nOMe,!!eHHe HB.'I.H.\OCb
88
30poaCTpHHCKHH norpe6a.l\bHb!H 06pHtl B tlpeBHOCTH
89
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nOrpe6aAbHbIM CBHTliAlirgeM npamlTe.!1J1 ropoJJ.a, a Bb[MOCTKa cAyml-lAa mepT-
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Te C Xope3MoM, 3aCBHp,e!eAbCTBoBaH H 06b['-IaH nOMel!!aTb rOAOBbI y6IiTbIX
BparOB B CBHTIiAHl!!e ormI 9 >.
CTaryapHble occyapHH 6bIAii HaHp,eHbI B pa3BiL\HHaX JJ.OMOB H noceAeHHH,
a TaIOKe B occyapHb[X MorHAbHHKax BJJ.aAeKe OT mHAHrg. KaK npeJJ.nOAomHA
1O. A. PanonopT, «norpe6aAbHble cTaryH xpaHIiAHCb B JJ.OMe HAH y c a.tJ.b6e
B Te'-leHHe KaKorO-TO onpeJJ.eAeHHoro cpoKa, C'-IHTaBllIerOOI He06xOJJ.HMbIM ,lJ,AJ!
COBepllIeHIiH 06pHJJ.OB B '-IeCTb JJ.aHHom }'MepllIero» 96.
r opop,Hl!!e KiL\aAbI-l'b[P I B T allIaY3cKoH 06AaCTH T ypKMeHHCTaHa. OHO
JJ.aTlipyeTcH py6emoM V Ii IV BB. p,0 H. a.- Ha'-laAOM IV B. H. a. 8 TpeTHH
nepHOJJ. cBoero CPYHKgHoHlipoBaHHH pa3BaAHHbI nOMel!!eHHH H CTeHb[ ropOJJ.Hl!!a
HC OAb30BaAHCb nop, occyapHb[e 3axopOHeHHH. npH paCKonKax Ha ropOJJ.Hl!!e
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nOB 3axopOHeHHH:
1. 3axopoHeHlUl KOCTeH B npHMoyroAbHoH HMKe, Bb[Pb[TOH B 3aBaAe. KOCTH
AemaAH KOMnaKTHO. 1O. A. PanonopT npeJJ.nOAOmliA, '-ITO OHIi 6bIAii 3aBepHY-
TbI B TKaHb 97.
2. 3axopoHeHHH B He60AbllIHX HHllIax, npopy6AeHHblx B CTeHax 3p,aHHH.
OHH nOp,06Hb[ HHllIaM-OCTOTeKaM I-1paHa cacaHHJJ.CKoro nepHOJJ.a.
3. 3axopoHeHIDI KOCTeH B 6b[TOBbIX cocYJJ.ax Tlina XYM'-IH.
4. 3axopoHeHIDI B occyapHHx. KOCTexpaHHAlil!!a 06bI'-IHO YCTaHaBAHBaAH
B HHllI , HO IiHorJJ.a HX npOCTO CTaBIiAH B03Ae CTeHbI. .lLNI 3aXopoHeHIDI y Kpe-
nOCTHOH CTeHb[ Bblpy6aAaCb B naXCOBOM gOKoAe nOAO'-lKa. HeKoTopble KOCTe-
XpaHIiAHl!!a cOJJ.epmaAH '-Iepena AlOp,eH, YMepllIHX B pa3HOe BpeMH. 8 OTJJ.eAb-
HbIX occyapHHx 6bIAH 06HapymeHb[ BMeCTe MymcKHe, meHCKlie H JJ.eTCKHe '-Ie-
pe a. 8 OJJ.HOM cAyqae '-Iepen 6bL\ 06epHyr TOHKOH TKaHblO. 8 occyapliHx 6bIAii
HaHp,eHb[ MeAHble YKpallIeHIiH H HomH.
3axo HeHIDI oc060ro xapaKTepa 6bL\li 06HapymeHbI B 6allIHe 15 ceBepHoH
KpeunOCTHOH CTeHbI, rJJ.e KOCTH 6bIAii nOAomeHbI B TOnO'-lH}'lO KaMepy nepeeTaB-
llIeH CPYHKgHoHlipoBaTb rOH'-IapHOH ne'-lli. 8 MeHbllIeH KaMepe HaHAeHO 8 '-Iepe-
nOB H 06AOMKii KOCTeH. C. n. T OACTOB nOAaraeT, '-ITO KaMepa ne'-lH MorAa HC-
nOAb30BaTbCH KaK JJ.aXMa 98 .
8 5aKTpIiH- T oxapHCTaHe BamHble 3aXopoHeHIDI HaHp,eHbI B 5ellIKeHTcKoH
JJ.OAliHe lOmHoro T a.tJ.2KIiKIfCTaHa Ha nOCeAeHIfH AKTena II. 8 p}'HHax CBHTH-
AHl!!a 06HapymeHbI JJ.Be HMb[ AonaToo6pa3HoH CPOPMbI. 8 HHX HaHAeHbI 3aX0-
pOHeHHH npeJJ.BaplITeAbHO O'-llil!!eHHbIX KOCTeH. A. B. CeJJ.oB OTHOCHT aTIf 3a-
xopOHeHHH K nOCAeJJ.HeMY, TpeTbeM}', nepHOJJ.Y mli3HIi Ha noceAeHlflf, KorJJ.a
CBHTIiAHl!!e yme nepeCTaAO CPYHKgHoHHpoBaTb, If JJ.aTHpyeT HX KYllIaHo-caca-
HHJJ.CKHM BpeMeHeM 99 .
nOrpe6aAbHaH HMa 1 pa3MepaMH O,7-1,2x4,25 M, rAy6HHoH 1,8 M BbIPb[-
Ta B lOmHOM KOAeHe KOpHAOpa. OHa AonaTOO6pa3HOH B nAaHe CPOPMb[, opHeH-
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06l!apymeHo 'ieTb[pe '-Iepena H KOCTIi norpe6eHHb[x. ConpoBoJJ.IfTeAbHbIH IiH-
BeHTapb 3p,eCb HeMHOm'-lHCAeHHbIH ('-IeTb[pe He60AbllIliX K)'BllIHH'-IHKa, 6pOH30-
Bb[H KOAOKOAb'-lIiK). 8 BOCTO'-lHOH '-IaCTIi HMb[ 6bL\H YCTaHOBAeHbI KpynHble co-
CYAbI. K lOry OT HHX Ha p,He HMbI AemaAH KOCTH H '-IeTblpe '-Iepena. OJJ.HH 1i3
'iepenOB AemaA B KpynHOH 6pOH30BOH '-IallIe. Ha JJ.He ee coxpaHHACH OTne'-laTOK
Y30pa llIepcTHHoH TKaHIi. A. 8. Cep,oB OTMeTHA, '-ITO npH HaAH'-IHIi BOCbMIi '-Ie-
penOB H HlimHIiX '-IeAlOCTeH He XBaTaeT JJ..J\IiHHbIX KOCTeH, pe6ep, Ta30BbIX KOC-
100
TeH H n03BOHKOB .
8 BOCTO'-lHOM KOAeHe KopHp,opa 6bIAa BbIpb[Ta nOrpe6aAbHaH HMa 2. OHa
TaKme AonaT006pa3HOH CPOPMbI, BblTHHyra B HanpaBAeHli1i ceBep-lOr. Pa3-
MepbI HMbI 0,6-0,9x3,8 M, rAy6liHa - 1,85 M. 8 nOrpe6aAbHOH HMe 2 6bIAO
o6HapymeHo 3 '-Iepena. T aK me, KaK Ii B HMe 1, Ha6AlOJJ.aAaCb p,HcnponopgIfH:
HBHO He p,OCTaBaAO JJ..J\HHHb[X KOCTeH, pe6ep, n03BOHKOB. 1-13 HaXOp,OK CAep,YeT
OTMeTIiTb 6pOH30Boe 3epKiL\0, rAHHHHble 6YAAbI, He60AbllIoe omepeAbe. noJJ.-
BeCKH, paKOBIiHY H nHTb MOHeT. no MHeHlilO A. 8. CeJJ.oBa, Bce aTO 6bIAO 3a-
u 101
BepHyro B llIepCTHH}'lO TKaHb, OCTaTKIi KOTOpOH coxpaHIiAHCb .
5YMHHCKoe CBHTHAHl!!e .lI,aAbBep3HHTene UI,T-l). nOCAe pa3pymeHliH
CBHTHAHl!!a B nOMel!!eHIiH 6 Ha.tJ. nOAOM 6bL\li npoH3BeJJ.eHbI 3aXopOHeHIiH npep,-
BapHTeAbHO O'-llirgeHHblx KOCTeH. T aIOKe 6bIAii 06HapymeHb[ p,Ba CKeAeTa, Ae-
margHe rOAOBOH Ha lOr. nOrpe6aAbHb[H HHBeHTapb npeJJ.CTaBAeH nHTblO cocy-
JJ.aMIi. 3axopOHeHHH p,aTHp}'lOTCH He paHee 111- IV BB. 102.
Op,HOH H3 oc06eHHOCTeH nOrpe6aAbHoro 06pHp,a 5aKTpHH- T oxapHCTaHa
HB.llJleTCH nO'-lTIi nOAHoe OTcyrcTBlie 3p,ecb occyaplieB, KOTopble llIlipOKO pac-
npOCTpaHeHbI no BceH CpeJJ.HeH fu1iH 103 . a. B. PTBeAa)I..3e BHp,HT B ;;JTOM OT-
u 104
pameHlie npHHglinHaAbHbIX 1i3MeHeHliH B KYAbTOBbIX B033peHliHX .
8 CorJJ.e B 1956-1957 rr. B 170 MeTpaX K lOro-BOCTOKY OT ropop,lil!!a
Kacpb[p-KaAa 6bIA 06HapymeH el!!e Op,HH occyapHb[H naMHTHIiK. 0 ero Ha-
3Ha'-leHIiIi MHeHIiH pa3JJ.eAHAIiCb. ABTop paCKonOK r. 8. WlillIKHHa C'-IIfTaeT,
'-ITO 3p,eCb B Ka'-leCTBe Hayca 6bIAa IicnOAb30BaHa mHAaH yca.tJ.b6a 3eMAeBAa-
,'J,eAbga V-VI BB. OHa p,aTlipyeT occyapHble 3axopOHeHliH KOHgOM VI B. IO ;.
B. A. HHAbCeH BH,lJ;HT B aTOM coopymeHIiH JJ.aXMY. CoopymeHHe 6b[AO p,BYX-
3TamHbIM, nOCTpoeHO Ha naXCOBOM CTHA06aTe. OHO 6bIAO CHMMeTpH'-IHbIM.
COCTOHAO no nepBOMY aTamy H3 10 nOMel!!eHHH. npHBep,eM onlicaHlie aTom
coopymeHHH: «8ce nOMergeHHH 3JJ.aHIDI BnHCblBalOTCH B npaBHAbHbIH KBa.tJ.paT
co CTOpOHOH 18,3 M. 8 cepep,HHe aToro KBa.tJ.paTa AemaT p,Be KpynHble npHMO-
yrOAbHble KOMHaTb[ pa3MepOM 7.5,0,0 M. 80 BHellIHHX yr Aax aTHX KOMHaT HaxO-
.il.HTCH J].BepHble npoeMbI, BeJJ.YI!!lie B yrAoBbie KBa.lJ,paTHble KOMHaTbI pa3MepaMii
90
r .!\aBa IV
30pOaCTpl1HCKI1H norpe6a.l\bHblH 06pHtl B tlpeBHOCTI1
91
3,3x3,3 M. IiMeBllme Bb[COry B p,Ba aTaJKa. no OCHM geHTpaAbHOH rpyrmbl,
MeLKP,Y yr AOBblMH nOMergeHHHMH, HaXO.ll.HTCH npop,OArOBaTb[e KOMHaTbl; TPH H3
HHX He IiMelOT HenOCpep,CTBeHHOrO co06IIJeHHH C p,pyrHMIi nOMeIIJeHIiHMH, Ii HX
BXOp,Hble npoeMbl Bep,yr B Y3KliH KOplip,Op, OXBaTblBalOrgHH no nepHMeTpy geH-
TpaAbH}'IO rpyrmy. C BHCIlJHeH CTOPOHb[ K KOPHp,OPy npliMbrKalOT Bb[THHyrble
B pHp, Y3Klie nOMeIIJeHHH no TPH no ceBepO-3anap,HOMY, ceBepO-BOCTO'-lHOMy
H IOm-BOCTO'-lHOMY qJaca,a,y 3JJ.aHIiH. BeCbMa cBoe06pa3HOH oc06eHHOCTblO 3p,a-
HHH HBAHeTCH HaAli'-lHe CKB03Hbrx Y3KHX IIJeAeH-npOp,YXOB, npope3alOIIJHX CTC-
Hb[ gCHTpaAbHb[X nOMergeHHH. OHH HaXOJJ.HAHCb O'-leHb Hli3KO Ha,a, ypOBHeM
nOAa, Bb[COTa HX KOAe6AeTCH OT 0,5 M JJ.O 1 M, a IlmpliHa paBHa 20 CM. npo-
JJ.YXH paCnOAaralOTCH B onpep,eAeHHOM nopHJJ.Ke: eCAIi B npOTIiBonOAOLKHbrx
CTCHax nOMergeHHH IiMelOTCH npop,YXH, TO OHH AeLKaT Ha Op,HOH npHMOH AH-
106
HHH» .
B. A. HliAbCeH B OTAH'-IHe OT r. B. WHtllKHHOH cr.rIiTaeT, '-ITO 3JJ.aHlie HIi-
Korp,a He 6b[AO LKHAbrM. OHO npeJJ.Ha3Ha'-laAOCb .lI.NI Bb[CTaBAeHHH YMepllmx,
KOCTH KOTOPb[X nOTOM nOMeIIJaAHCb B occyapHH, KOTOpb[e Ii 6bL\H 06HapYLKeHbl
B coopYLKeHHIi. MHomr.rHCACHHble npOJJ.YXH npeJJ.CTaBAHIOT C060H Bb[THLKHble
lllaXTb[, C03JJ.alOrgHe CHAbHblC CKB03HHKH, '-ITO cnoc06cTBOBaAO 6b[CTPOMY HCT-
ACBaHHIO Tpyna. AaTOp paCKonOK KaTerOpli'-leCKH B03paJKaeT npOTHB HHTep-
npeTagli1i B. A. HHAbceHa, nOCKOAbKY OHa npOTHBOpe'-lHT CTpaTHrpaqJH'-IeCKOH
KapTl1HC naMHTHHKa.
B Ya'-le norpe6eHlie IV - V BB. H. a. 06HapYLKeHo B T alllKeHTe B MeCTHO-
CTH KaTapTaA. nOrpe6aAbHMI KaMepa 6blAa npHMoymAbHoH qJOpMbl. Ee no-
TOAOK 6b[A nOAycqJepH'-IeCKHM. K ceBepHoH CTeHe npliMblKaCT cyqJa. He60Ab-
lllaH HHllla HaXOp,IiTCH B geHTpe 1O?!mOH CTCHb[ KaMepb[. B IO?KHOM yrAY C BOC-
TO'-lHOH CTOpOHbl nOMeIIJeHHH pacnOAOLKeH BXOJJ. B norpe6aAbHYlO KaMepy,
OH Hp,CT '-Iepe3 nOJJ.3eMH}'IO raAepelO. Y BbIXOJJ.a Ha nOBepXHOCTb 3CMAii 6blAH
coopYLKeHb! TPIi cryneHIi. BHyrpH KaMcpbl Ae?KaA Ha cyqJe KOCTHK B BbITHHY-
TOM nOAO?KeHHH, rOAOBOH Ha 3ana,a,. .LI.Ba '-Iepena H nepeMelllaHHble KOCTIi CKe-
ACTOB HaXOJJ.HAIiCb B03Ae rOAOBbl CKeAeTa. B HHllle AeLKaA KYBIllIiH'-IHK, B ceBe-
pO-3ana,a,HOM yrAY - qJAHra. nop, CTeHKOH CyqJbl CTOHAa He60AblllaH '-Iallle'-lKa
C coxpaHIiBIllHMIiCH OCTaTKaMIi BHHorpa,a,Hb[X KOCTO'-leK, PHp,OM C HeH ergc Op,Ha
r.rallle'iKa C OCTaTKaMH IllCAYXH npoca. B IOrO-3ana,a,HOM yrAY CTOHA KYBIllIiH-
'-IHK, OKOAO Hem - rrYCTOH occyapliH. Erge Op,HH nYCTOH occyapliM HaXOJJ.HACH
Ha cyqJe 107.
B CeMHpe'-lbe BnycKHoe occyapHoe 3axO()(JHeHIiC 6btAO 06HapYLKeHO npli pac-
KonKax 3aMKa AK-oeIllHM, pacnOAO?KeHHOrO B BOCbMIi KHAOMeTpaX K IOrO-3a-
na,a,y OT r. T OKMaK K.,[prb[3CTaHa. 3aMOK p,aTHpyeTcH VI-VII BB. 3axopo-
HeHHe COBepllleHO YLKe nOCAe Toro, KaK 3aMOK nepecTaA qJYHKgHoHlipoBaTb
Ii ero pa3BaAHHbl npCBpaTIiAHCb B XOAM. 3axopOHeHlie cOBepllleHO B ceBepHOH
nOAOBHHC XOAMa B nOp,KBa,a,paTHOH HMe O,95xO,9 M. ObtAli 06HapY?KeHbr 06-
u 108
AOMKH occyapHH OBaAbHOH qJOpMbl Ii '-IeAOBe'-leCKHe KOCTIi
B YCTpywaHe HeKponOAb mpop,Hrga lVlYH'-IaK-Tenc pacnOAOLKeH B npli-
6pC?KHOH nOAoce 6Ali3 Cblp-.LI.apbH. OblA BCKPb[T pHp, MOrHA, OTHOCHIIJHXCH
K nCpBb[M BeKaM HalllCH ;;Jpb[. Ha TeppHTOpHH BOCTO'-lHOm MorHAbHIiKa 6b[A
HaHAeH qJparMeHT rAIiHHHom occyapHH. Ha 06AOMKC COXpaHMAaCb MaCKa 60-
u u 109
mCCTBa, a nop, Heli - 1i306paJKeHHe BHHorpa,a,HOH rp03JJ.H .
CpeJJ.Hea3HaTeKHe oeeyapHH.
Hx THnOAorHH H opHaMeHTagHH
KaK BHJJ.HO H3 Bb[llleH3.AOLKeHHOrO, p,peBHeHllllie cpCJJ.Hea3HaTCKHe KOCTcxpa-
HH.l\Hrga 6btAH 06HapYLKeHbl B Xope3Me. OHIi OTHOCHTCH K V -IV BB. JJ.O H. ;;J.
KCpaMH'-IeCKHe cTaryapHb[e COCyp,b[, npHHgHnHaAbHO HH'-IeM He OTAHr.raIOIIJHeCH
'IT cTaTyapHb[X occyaplieB, 6blAH HaHp,eHb[ B pa3BaAHHaX yca,a,b6b[ IV -Ill BB.
,1,0 H. a. 6AH3 KOH-KpbtAl'aH-KiL\b[, HeCKOAbKO qJparMeHTOB 6b[AO 06HapymcHo
npH paCKonKax KOH-KpbtAraH-KaAb[, O.ll,HH cocYP, 6btA HaH.a.eH Ha pacnaxaHHOM
rrOCCACHHIi 6AH3 3aMaxIllapa B AeB06epemHoM Xope3Me. CocYJJ., 06HapymcH-
Hb[H 6AH3 yca,a,b6bl IOLKHee KOH-Kpb[AraH-KaAb[, JJ.OCTliraeT B BblCOry 70 CM,
OH H306paJKacT CTOHIIJYIO ?KeHIIJHHY. 3TO COCYJJ. gHAHHJJ.pHr.rCCKOH qJ0PMb[,
xapaKTepHoH .lI.NI Xope3Ma H JJ.PYrHX paHoHoB Cpep,HeH fuliH B apXaH'-IeCKOe
BpCMH (1iAA. 16). J\HgeBaH '-IaCTb mAOBb[ CTa1')'H CHAbHO pa3pYllleHa. 3aTb[AOK
OXBaTblBaeT BHTaH p,Ha,a,CMa. PYKH CKYAbnrypb[ nepep,aHbl HeBblCOKIiM peAbe-
qJOM. CoxpaHHAHcb naAbgbr ACBOH PYKH, KOTOpb[e AeLKaAH Ha LKIiBOTe CKYAbn-
rypbl. T rgaTeAbHO nepeJJ.aHa oJJ.eLKjI,a, COCTOHIIJaH H3 J].AHHHOm KaqJTaHa, pa3-
pC3 KOTopom YKpailleH Bb[IllHBKOH H3 pOM60B Ii TpeyroAbHIiKOB, Ii nAaTbH, no-
110
JJ.OA KOToporo TaKmc YKpailleH TpeyroAbHHKaMH .
BTOpaH cTaryH H306paJKaeT CH.lI.HIIJem Mym'-lIiHY (HAA. 17). 06IIJaH Bb[COTa
CKYAbmypbr 85 CM. npHr.reM mAOBa ee HenponopgHOHaAbHO BeAHKa. Y JJ.aAOCb
nOAHOCTblO pCKOHCTpYHpOBaTb AHgo CTa1')'H. r Aa3a OBaAbHOH qJ0PMb[, BeKIi ne-
pCJJ.aHb[ peAbeqJOM, TOHKIiH C AerKOH mp6HHKOH HOC, OK.i\a,a,IiCTaH 60pop,a. r 0-
AOBHOH y60p COCTOHA 1i3 MaccliBHoH p,Ha,a,eMb[, JJ.onoAHeHHoH JJ.CTiL\blO B BHp,e
YWCH ?KIiBOTHoro. MYLK'-IHHa CHp,eA nOJJ.60'-leHHCb B KOpOTKOM HenOp,nOHCaH-
HOM KaqJTaHe, 3anaxHyroM Ha AeBYIO CTOPOHY.
OccyapHH nepBblx BeKOB HailleH ;;Jpb[ npaKTIi'-leCKH HH'-IeM He OTAIi'-laIOTCH
OT cTaryapHblx COCyp,OB IV -III BB. JJ.O H. a. no MHeHli10 C. n. T OACTOBa,
«CTaryH AIOp,eH, nOMergeHHb[e Ha KpbllllKax occyaplieB, HBAHAI1Cb CKopee Bcem
111 H
H306paJKeHHHMH YMeplllliX B Blip,e XTOHH'-IeCKIiX 60?KeCTB» . apHp,y CO CTa-
ryapHblMH H306paJKeHHHMii ?KeHrgHH H MYLK'-IHH B nepBblX BeKax HailleH apb[
nOHBAHIOTCH ergc nOrpe6aAbHb[e COCyp,bl, BocnpOli3BO.ll.HrgHe 06AliK KaKIiX-TO
apxHTeKrypHb[X coopYLKeHHH. Op,HO H3 TaKHX KOCTcxpaHHAHIIJ npOIiCXOJJ.IiT H3
92
f .l\aBa IV
30poaCTpHHCKI1H norpe6a.l\bHb!H 06pHtl B tlpeBHOCTI1
93
YCN\WbI NQ 4 6A1i3 ropO,ll,Hrga ,lVKaH6ac-KaAa (HAA. 18). CocY,ll, gHAHH,lI,pH'ie-
CKOH 1p0pMbI, Bb[COTOH 42 CM. OOBepXHOCTb cocY,ll,a pa3,l1,e..'lJleTCH Ha paBHble
'iaCTIi BoceMblO BepTHKaAbHb[MH HaAenaMH. B BepXHeH 'iaCTH cocY,ll,a Ha }"IaCT-
Kax Me2K,ll,y nH.'IJICTpa:\1H H306pCUKeHb[ ,lI,Ba nOHca 60HHlig. Ha,ll, BepXHIiM nOH-
COM 60HHlig npO,ll,eAaHO no KBN\paTHOMY OTBepCTHIO Ha }"IaCTKax Me2K,ll,y nHAH-
CTpaMIi. no MHeHHIO 10. A. PanonopTa, Ha occyapliH H306palReH pH,lI, apxli-
TeKTypHb[X ,lI,eTaAeH, HaXO,ll,Hrglix COOTBeTCTBHe B ,lI,peBHHX coopYlReHIiHX
Cpe,ll,HeH fuHH H I-1paHa l12 .
C TaTyapHbIe occyapliH IiC'ie3aIOT B Xo p e3Me B III B. H. a. B03MOlRHO,
pe3KliH OTKa3 OT cTaryapHb[X KOCTexpaHHAlirg npOH30IIIeA no,ll, BAIiHHHeM
HpaHCKoro 30poaCTpli3Ma. C TaryapHb[e occyapHIi CMeHHIOT KOCTexpaHIiAlil!!a
u rn I13 0 u u u
«HIJJH'iHOH» 't'0PMb[. ,lI,IiH TaKOH occyapHH KpyrAoH 1p0pMb[ 6aIIIeHHoro
Tlina, KaK C006rgHA 5. A. .l\IiTBHHCKHH, 6bIA HaH,lI,eH B r IiccapcKoH ,lI,OAHHe
IOlRHoro T a,D.JKHKHCTaHa. ApxeOAOrli'ieCKHH KOHTeKCT aTOH HaXO,ll,KH HeH3-
BeCTeH.
RIJJIi'iHbIe occyapliH 6bIBalOT Tpex THnOB: KaMeHHb[e, 1i3 He0602K1KeHHOH
rAHHb[ H KepaMIi'ieCKHe (HAA. 19).
KaMeHHb[e occyapHH H3roTOBAeHb[ H3 nOAHMHKTOBOro neC'iaHHKa. I-1x 1p0pMa
HanOMHHaeT npHMoyroAbHb[e HIJJHKH. Y HeKOTOpb[X occyapHeB HMelOTCH HeBb[-
COKlie, KpyrAbIe B nAaHe HOlRKH. KpbIIIIKa HMeeT BH,lI, 'iaCTIi gHAIiH,lI,pa. OHa
KpenHTCH npH nOMorgH npOCBepAeHHb[X OTBepCTHH Ha TOpgOBb[X CTeHKax OC-
cyapHeB. Ha Kpb[IIIKe nAOCKHM peAbelpOM H306palReH KpeCT.
OccyapHH H3 He06olRlReHHOH rAHHbI 6bIBalOT npHMoyroAbHbIe B nAaHe HAH
lRe HMelOT 1p0PMY gHAIiH,ll,pli'ieCKoro cocY,ll,a.
Y KepaMH'ieCKIiX occyapHeB BbIjJ,e.'lJleTCH 'ieTb[pe OCHOBHb[X 1p0pMbI:
a) occyapHIi npHMoyroAbHbIX O'iepTaHIiH C nepeXO,ll,HrgHMH B 'ieTbIpeXCKaT-
H}'IO KPbIIIIKY CTeHKaMH. Kpb[IIIKY BeH'iaeT IpHrypKa nTHgbi. Ha HeKOTopblX
occyapliHx no yrAaM, 'iyrb BbIIIIe neperH6a C,lI,eAaHbI 4 OTBepCTIDI (,lJ,AJI CTeplR-
HeH, nO,ll"ll,eplRHBaIOIJJHX 6aA.AaXHH);
6) capKolparo06pa3Hb[e occyapHIi npe,ll,CTaBAHIOT C060H y,ll,.ll.HHeHHbIe Kepa-
MIi'ieCKlie HrgHKH Ha 'ieTbIpeX HOlRKaX C nAOCKIiM TOpgOM B «roAoBHOH» 'iaCTH
H oKpyrAbIe B «HOlRHOH». Y HeKoTopbIX occyapHeB B «HOlRHOH» 'iaCTH HMe-
AOCb He6oAbilioe oTBepcTHe. CBepxy occyapliH C,lI,eAaH Bb[pe3, 3aKpbIBaBIIIliHcH
KpbIIIIKOH;
B) CBO,ll,'iaTb[e occyaplili npHMoyroAbHb[e B nAaHe C nepeXO,ll,HrgHMIi B CBO-
,lI,HK BepTHKaAbHb[MH CTeHKaMH. 3aKpbIBalOIJJeeCH KpbIIIIKOH OTBepCTlie C apoq-
HbIM BepXOM npo,ll,eAaHO B O,ll,HOM H3 TOpgOB occyapIDI. HeKOTopbIe occyapliH
CTaBHAHCb Ha HOlRKH;
r) occyapHH, HMelOIJJlie 1p0PMY ropli30HTaAbHO paCnOAOlReHHoro gHAHH,lI,pa
Ha 'ieTbIpex HOlRKaX C oKpyrAbIM OTBepCTHeM, 3aKpbIBalOrgHMcH KpbIIIIKOH,
npO,ll,eAaHHOM B O,ll,HOM 1i3 TOpgOB. T pli HaAenHbIX lRryra C nOnepe'iHbIMH
B,lI,aBAeHIiHMH onOHCblBalOT Kopnyc occyapHeB. T aKHe lRe HaAenbI C,lI,eAaHb[
L ,lI,BYX CTOpOH BHH3y Ii no «xpe6TY» occyapHH. O,ll,HH occyapHH coxpaHHA
«cAe,:J,b[ pocnHcli KpaCHb[M aHro60M 110 6eAOMY 1p0HY, HBHO HMHTHpYIOIJJlie
06epTbIBaHHe nOAocaMH TKaHH» 114.
B paHHeM Cpe,ll,HeBeKOBbe occyapHH npOHHKalOT H3 Xope3Ma B Cor.ll., Ya'i
Ii CeMlipe'ibe. B OCHOBHOM ;;JTO HIJJH'iHb[e occyapHH. T HI10AOnm COr.ll.HHCKHX
u-
occyapHeB .lI.eTaAbHO pa3pa60TaHa (W\A. 20) J. Cy,ll,H no KOMnAeKCY 3aIiMCTBO-
BaHHb[X xope3MHHcKHX 'iepT COr.ll.liHgaMH, ;;JTO npOHHKHOBeHHe MorAO npoH30H-
TH B npe.ll.eAaX IV - V BB. 116 .
no 1p0pMe COr,ll,HHCKlie HrgH'iHb[e occyapliH nO,ll,pa3,l1,e.'lJlIOT Ha .lI.Ba BH.lI.a:
OBaAbHbIe B nAaHe H npHMoyroAbHbIe B nAaHe. Kpb[IIIKH occyaplieB pa3H006-
pa3HbIe: nAocKlie, nHpaMHJJ,aAbHbIe, HHOr.ll.a CBO,ll,'iaTb[e. O.ll.HaKO CAe.ll.yeT no,ll,-
'iepKHyrb, 'iTO no CBOHM ,lI,eKOpaTIiBHb[M KOMn03HgliHM COr.ll.HHCKHe occyapliH
He HMelOT HH'iero 06IJJero C xope3MHHcKHMH I17 .
.1\. B. OaB'iHHCKaH Bb[,lI,eAHeT 6 BHJJ,OB .lI.eKOpa COr.ll.liHCKHX occyaplieB:
« 1. OccyapHH H KpbIIIIKH OT HHX 6e3 OpHaMeHTa, HHOr.ll.a nOKpb[TbIe KpaCHbIM
aHro60M. 2. OpHaMeHTagHH HaAenHb[MH AeHTaMH-lRryraMH. 3. HaAenHb[e «IIIH-
I1b[». 4. OpHaMeHTiL\bHbIH ,lI,eKOp C BapliaHTaMH. OpHaMeHT B nO,ll,aBAHIOIJJeM
60AbIIIliHCTBe paCTHTeAbHo-reOMeTpH'ieCKOrO xapaKTepa. nOBepX opHaMeHTa
AaHHoro BH.lI.a O'ieHb pe,ll,KO HaHOCHACH CBeTAbIM MAH KpaCHb[H aHr06. OpHa-
MeHTHpOBaAaCb B OCHOBHOM O,ll,Ha ,lI,.II.HHHaH CTeHKa. 5. AHTponoMoplpHb[e, 300-
MoplpHb[e 1i306pameHHH B CO'-leTaHIiH MAH Ha 1p0He opHaMeHTaAbHOrO ,lI,eKOpa
C BapHaHTaMH. AHro6 B,lI,OAb KPaH B Bli.ll.e nOAOCb[ C nOTeKaMH. 0pHaMeHTHpo-
BaAaCb TOAbKO O,ll,Ha ,lI,.II.HHHaH CTeHKa occyapIDI. 6. v1306pa3HTeAbHbIH .lI.eKOp
C BapliaHTaMH. AHr06 He IicnOAb30BaACH. OpHaMeHTlipoBaAHCb KaK npaBHAO
Bce '-IeTbIpe CTeHKH occyapHH» 118.
I-1HTepnpeTagHH .lI.eKOpa occyapHeB npe.ll.CTaBAHeTCH He06bI'-IaHHO CAOlRHOH.
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(521-486 rr. AO H. a.)139.
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3b[Ka, HO 3TOT 06bI'iaH nO'iTIi BbIMep» 147
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nAe'iO, He cnYCKaH BHli3 Ha 'iHC'I)'lO 3eMAlO; H OHIi He ll0.JI)KHbI HIiKorlla orAA-
llbIBaTbCR, HO YCTpeMAAlOT CBOH B30p nOCTORHHO Bnepe.Q Ii li.lJ.yr B nOAHOM
MOA'iaHl1H, T. K. B 3TO BpeMH npoH3HOCl1TCH MOMITBa K CpOIIIY H eCJ\H KTo-AH60
3arOBOpHT, TO 3TO p33pyrnHT CHAY MOAHTBbI. Kor.Qa nOllXO.IJ..HA1i K llaxMe, HO-
30 148
Cl1AbIgHKIi CTaBHAH HOCl1AKH Ii OTXO.IJ..HA1i Ha IIIarOB.
HaCaCaAapbI nOMeIgaAH TeAO Ha KaMeHHylO !lAHT}', mpe!! CHOBa 'iHTaA HC-
nOBellb OT IiMeHIi llYIIIIi, Ii npOIi3HOCl1Al1 llPyrlie MOAIiTBbI, 3aTeM TeJ\O nepe-
HOCl1Al1 Ha 60Aee Aenme HOCIiAKIi, KOTopbIe xpaHIiAHCb BHyrpli llaXMb[. Opo-
BOAI1AH TpeTl1H Ii nOCAellHIiH pa3 sagdJd. OOCAe npOli3HeceHlliI mpegoM «llpeB-
HeM 1p0PMYAb[ pa3peWeHl1R .IJ.AH npellaHIiH TeAa llaXMe» cKop6HIgl1e npoli3Ho-
CIiAH nOCJ\ellHlOlO MOAIiTBY Ii TeAO noc1}'IlaAo B nOAHoe pacnopHmeHlie Hacaca-
.\apoB.
HaCaCaAapbI llO.JI)KHbI 6bITb AlOllbMIi BbICOKl1X MOpaAbHbIX Ka'ieCTB Ii mliTb
B,'I;iV\1i OT AlOlleH. KpoMe TOro, «OHIi 06H3aHb[ B03llepmliBaTbCH OT B03lleAb[!3a-
HIiR 3eMAIi», a TaKme «TIgaTeAbHO OMbIBaTbCH nocJ\e nepeHoca Tpyna B 6aIIIHlO
Ii eCAIi OHIi meAalOT OCTaBIiTb CBOlO cAym6y, OHl1 llO.JI)KHb[ nOllBepraTbCH gepe-
MOHIiIi Barasnum I no sab "OMOBeHHe lleBHTH (,'I;HeH Ii) HO'ieH"».
A. B. ,lLmeKcoH co06IgaeT, 'iTO Y llBepli llaXMbI HaCaCaAapbI lleAalOT CBH3b
Mem,'l;Y C060H C nOMorgblO kusti Ii 'iHTalOT Sros Baj. 3aTeM O.QIiH 1i3 HIiX 6epeT
MeTaAAH'ieCKIiH WTb[Pb Ii O'iep'iIiBaeT, Ha'iHHaH OT AeBoro yxa Tpyna, TPIi Kpyra,
'iIiTaH 1p0PMYAY Ahuna vairya, 'iTO MomHO Ha3BaTb aBeCTIiHCKl1M «OT'ie Haw»,
nOCAe Toro KaK Ha'iepTRT KamllbIH Kpyr l49 . 3aTeM llBa HaCaCaAapa nO,'l;HIiMa-
lOT TeAO H nepeHOCHT ero B llaXMY, Ii c06paBIIIliMCH cHapyml1 yme He BIi,'l;HO
HIi'iero.
A. B. ,lLmeKcoH co06rgaeT, 'iTO Tpyn nepeHOCHT BHyrpb llaxMbI 'iepe3 Bb[-
COKO pacnoAomeHHYlO llBepb. KaK OTMe'iaeT M. BOHC, B COBpeMeHHbIx llaxMax
IipaHCKlix 30pOaCTpl1HgeB HeT llBepHoro npoeMa B geAAx npelloXpaHeHl1R llax-
:vIbI OT oCKBepHeHHH MycYAbMaHaMIi. .lJ,AH npoHIiKHoBeHIiH B llaxMY HaCaCaAapb[
npliMeHRlOT nplicTaBHYlO AecTHligy.
M. BOHC OTMe'iaeT, 'iTO BHyrpli 6awHH HaCaCaAapb[ KA3.lJ.yr Tpyn BHli3 Ha
KaMHl1 Ii IicnoAb3YlOT HomHligbI, YKpenAeHHb[e B caBaHe, 'iT06b[ C,'I;eAaTb Ma-
AeHbKl1H npOllOAbHb[H p33pe3 TKaHH .IJ.AH CHRTHH Ollem,'l;b[. T orlla KaK 06b['iaH
l1a p coB COCTOIiT B TOM, 'iTO nepeHOC'iIiKIi TpynoB pa3pbIBalOT OllemllY, c6paCbI-
150
BaH ee B geHTpaAbHYlO HMY 6aIIIHii
COBpeMeHHbIe 30poacTpliHgbI HpaHa KAaAH TeAO B ,'I;aXMe BHli3 Ha KaMHIi
I'OAOBOH Ha lOr. HaCaCaAapb[ ,'I;eAaAl1 HomHligaMIi, YKpenAeHHbIMIi B casaHe,
MaAeHbKIiH npOllOAbHbIH pa3pe3 Ii npOIi3HOCHAl1 MOAIiTBY .IJ.AH 6Aara llYWIi:
«He CT pa WIiCb H He T p eneIgIi, 0 (IiMRpeK), 3TO MeCTO TBOIiX npellKOB Ii HawliX
1"1
OT!!OB l1 MaTepeH, Ii 'iIiCTOTbI Ii 6Aara Ha TbICR'i1i AeT» ' . 3aTeM OHIi YX0,ll,RT 1i3
6aWHIi, H TeAO OCTaeTCR TaM .IJ.AH Toro, 'iT06bI nl1TalOIglieCH n3.IJ.aAblO nTligbI
MorAIi YHIi'iTOmIiTb MHrKlie TKaHIi. u
B COOTBeTCTBIil1 C llpeBHIiMH Ii COBpeMeHHbIMIi 30poaCTpIiIiCKl1MIi npell-
CTaBAeHIiHMIi, llywa B Te'ieHlie Tpex ,'I;HeH nOCAe CMepTIi 6AYm)!,aeT KaK B6Ali31i
Toro MeCTa, rlle AemaAO TeAO, TaK Ii TaM, rlle OHO AemliT, T. e. 5;BoeM CTapOM
,lJ,OMe Ii B llaXMe. <PaKTH'ieCKIi llaXMa OTOm)!,eCTBAAeTCH C llOMOM .
122
f.l\aBa V
florpe6a 'bHb!H 06pHlI HpaHCKHX 30poacTpHHgeB HOBoro BpeMeHH
123
T peTH" ,Han norpe6a.J\bHoro o6pH a -
06pH bl H 06b1QaH, BblnOJ\HHeMble nOCJ\e noxopOH
6b[Tb. C ceAeBKIi CKIiX BpeMeH, rpe'ieCKIiM 06bl'iaeM norpe6aTb nOKOHHIiKa
C MOHeTOH ,lL;UI XapoHa l60 . 5. A. J\.IiTBIiHCKIiH, paCCMaTpliBaH Bonpoc 0 cYI!!e-
CTBOBaHlm B Cpe HeH fuliH 06bI'iaH 060Aa XapoHa. OTMe'iaeT, 'iTO «MHom-
'iIiCAeHHble HaXOm,ll,eHIiH MOHeT B norpe6eHliHx Ha TeppliTopli1i 5aKTpHii KY-
waHcKOro H nocTKywaHcKom nepliO,ll,OB MomHO TpaKTOBaTb B CBeTe npe,ll,CTaB-
AeHIiH ,lI,peBHIiX IipaHgeB 0 nOCMepTHbIX CTpaHCTBIiHX ,lI,YWH» Ii 'iTO npOHBAeHlie
3Tom 06b['iaH OKa3aAOCb ,lI,BOHKIiM: «B O,ll,HIiX CA}"iaHX nO'iTIi Heli3MeHHbIM
(MoHeTa BKAa,lI,blBaAaCb B pOT nOKOHHHKY), B ,lI,Pymx - npe06pa30BaHHbIM
( ) 161
MOHeTa nOMel!!aAaCb B MorHAbI HAIi HaYCbI» .
nOMIiMO MOAHTB ceMbH )'Mepwero Tpli pa3a B ,lI,eHb roTOBl1T nliI!!Y, KOTO-
pyIO npe,ll,nO'iIiTaA YMepwliH. H aeT ee c06aKe, conpOBOm,ll,aH aBeCTIiHCKIiMIi
MOAHTBaMIi. ?KeAaTeAbHO, qT06bI TOT. KTO ,lI,aeT nHrgy c06aKe. 6b[A TeCHO CBH-
3aH C YMepWIiM IiAH KpOBHO. HAIi me 'iepe3 6paK. Kpo le Toro, OH OAmeH
fiblTb pHTyaAbHo 'iIiCT. ECAIi YMep pe6eHOK. TO xAe6 06MaKliBalOT B MOAOKO
Ii ,lI,alOT c06aKe. Hii B KoeM cA}"iae c06aKe He ,lI,alOT MHCO B Te'ieHlie Tpex ,lI,HeH
Tpaypa.
Ha TpeTIiH ,lI,eHb Ha'iIiHaIOT npHrOTOBAeHIiH AMI nOCBHl!!eHHH 60meCTBaM.
KOTopble ,lI,OAmHbI 6b[Tb CBH3aHb[ C cY,lI,b60H ,lI,YWl1. 1l0M H YAliga 6b[AIi Bb[Me-
TeHbI Ii BHeceH IpHMHaM. ?Kpeg Ii C06AIO,lI,alOrglie Tpayp C06IipaIOTCH. 'iT06b[
npOBeCTIi gepeMoHlilO Yast-e sevvom TpeTIiM HWT. IiAIi «cAym6y "TpeTbem
,lI,HH" ». napCb[ Ha3blBalOT cAym6y sevvom-uthamna «noCAe,ll,HHH gepeMoHHH».
3TO ,lI,peBmlH !depe:l<IOHHH Tpex ,lI,HeH. OHH TaKme. O,ll,HaKO, HcnoAb3YlOT 3TOT me
TepMIiH ,lL;UI cAym6bI, npOBO,ll,IiMOH Ha paccBeTe 'ieTBepToro ,lI,HR, KOTOpylO
HpaHgbl Ha3blBalOT carom. T pa,ll,HglioHHo ,lL;UI napcoB OHa HB.i\HeTCH uthamna
TpeTbero ,lI,HH, KOTOPb[H Hali60Aee BameH. H B KepMaHe 60Abwee 3Ha'ieHlie
npH,lI,alOT sevvom, 'ieM carom, TOr,ll,a KaK B He3,l1,e Ha060pOT. B 3TOH gepeMo-
HHH mpeg MOAHTCH 0 ,lI,ywe. MOAIiTBb[ 6btAH 06b['iHb[MIi: O,ll,IiH pa3 Ha 6Aaro
MO.i\HrgerocH Ii O,ll,IiH pa3 ,lL;UI ,lI,ywli YMepwero, Ii 3aTeM CAe,ll,OBaAa IiCnOBe,ll,b.
nOCAe,ll,HHH MOAIiTBa npoH3HocHAacb Ha 3aKaTe cOAHga, Ii dahmobed (npH-
cAymHIiK mpega) 3aTeM pa3 aBaA BceM nplicyrcTBYlOl!!liM oCBHl!!eHHYIO nlil!!y,
BKAlO'iaIOI!!YlO MaAeHbKIiH nAocKIiH xAe6 (Iuwok) C HaKpoweHHblMIi HHgaMIi
u 162
Ii TpaBOIi, KOTopble eAH BMeCTe .
C'iHTaeTCH, 'iTO Ha paCCBeTe 'ieTBepToro ,lI,HH ,lI,ywa ,lI,OAmHa nepeCe'ib MOCT
cY,lI,a. B CBH31i C ;;)TIiM npOBO,/J,HT gepeMoHli1O cahiirom, 'iT06bI 06AeI"iIiTb nepe-
XO,ll, ,lI,yuIli 'iepe3 MOCT I63 .
KaK yme OTMe'iaAOCb, y 30poacTpliHgeB HpaHa TPIi HH nOCAe CMepTIi
pO,ll,CTBeHHIiKIi YMepwem He e,/J,HT MHca H He ,lI,alOT em c06aKe. A HO'iblO Ha
'JeTBepTb[H ,lI,eHb rOTOBIiTCH MHCHaH nlil!!a andom, COCTOHl!!aH 1i3 ceMIi BHyr-
peHHHX 'iaCTeH mHBOTHoro, Hali60Aee npe,ll,CTaB.i\HlOI!!IiX em CYI!!HOCTb l64 . no
MHeHli10 M. 50HC, 3TOT 06bI'iaH BOCXO,ll,HT K ,lI,peBHeHwHM BpeMeHaM. O,ll,HIiM
06bl'iHO nOCAe yxo,ll,a HaCaCaAapOB 1i3 6awHii Bce npHcyrcTBYlOl!!lie B03-
Bpal!!ii.,\IiCb Ha3a,l1" a TeAO OCTaBaAOCb AemaTb B ,lI,aXMe ,lL;UI Toro, 'iT06bI nH-
TalOl!!liecH l1a,l1,aAblO nTHgbI MorAIi YHIi'iTOmHTb MHrKlie TKaHIi.
PO,ll,CTBeHHHKaM Ii ,lI,PY3bHM nO,ll,aBaAaCb npOCTaH e,ll,a, COCTOHl!!aH 1i3 XAe6a,
Cb[pa, KapTOqJe.i\H, HHg, He60Abworo KOAIi'ieCTBa BIiHa. HH MHca, Hii TonAeHoro
MaCAa, AI06HMom 30poacTpliHgaMH, B 3TO BpeMH He eAli 153 . 3aTeM Ha'iIiHaAIiCb
MOAHTBbI 06 YMepweM. Bce nplicyrcTBYlOl!!lie npOBO,ll,HAH gepeMoHlilO kusti
(nAeTeHlie nOHca Ii Onpe,ll,eAeHHb[e MOAHTBbI) H B03Bpal!!aAHCb ,lI,OMOH.
nocAe noxopoH Ha npoTHmeHli1i Tpex ,lI,HeH, KOr,ll,a onacalOTCH cMepTIi
erge Koro-HIi6Y,lI,b H3 'JAeHOB ceMbli, ,lI,0 ,lI,OCTlimeHIiH ,lI,YWOH YIiHBaTcKoro MOC-
Ta, ceMbH C06AIO,lI,aAa BamHeHwHe npaBHAa: MOAIiTBbI 06 YMepweM. B03,l1,epma-
HHe OT MHCHOH nlil!!li, ynoTpe6AeHHe KOTOpOH MomeT 3aTpY,ll,HIiTb nyrb ,lI,YWIi
K MOCTY YHHBaT, H OT ,lI,eHCTBIiH, MOryrgliX nOBpe,ll,IiTb ywe. CAe,ll,yeT OTMe-
THTb, 'iTO Y rliccapcKHX Ta)J)KIiKOB TaKme 3anpel!!aeTcH rOTOBIiTb MHCHYIO nli-
I!!y B ,lI,OMe nOKoHHHKa. C'iIiTalOT, 'iTO npli py6Ke MHca MomeT 6bITb npH'iIiHeHa
60Ab nOKoHHHKy!54.
OKOAO ,lI,aXMbl nOMepmHBaACH omHb. B ,lI,OMe, r,ll,e AemaA nOKoHHHK, TO'i-
Hee B MeCTe, r,ll,e HaXO,ll,IiAaCb ero rOAOBa, CTaBIiTCH ropHl!!liH CBeTIiAbHIiK,
oKpymeHHb[H 'ieTb[pbMR Cb[pgOBb[MH Klipnli'iaMIi 155 . A. B. llmeKcoH co061!!aeT
HeCKOAbKO OTAIi'iHble ,lI,eTaAli: «Ha MeCTe, r,ll,e AemaAO TeAO, ,lI,0 Toro KaK OHO
6b[AO Bb[HeCeHO H3 ,lI,OMa, 06b['JHO nOMel!!aAli 3 Klipnli'ia B qJopMe MaAeHbKOH
,lI,yrli Ii BTb[KaAli B 3eMAlO HomHligb[, 'iT06bI nporHaTb 3Ab[X ,lI,YXOB» 156. B 3TOM,
Ha Haw B3rNi.ll., npOHB.i\HeTCH npe,ll,CTaBAeHlie 0 MHpe KaK 0 KOCMIi'ieCKOM 'ieAO-
Be'ieCKOM TeAe, TaK 'iTO pa3AIi'iHb[e 'iaCTH KOCMoca COOTBeTCTBYlOT 'iaCTHM
'ieAOBe'ieCKOrO TeAa 157 . KaK OTMe'iaeT M. M. 5aXTIiH, npOCTpaHCTBeHHOMY
Bepxy - He6y COOTBeTcTByeT TeAeCHb[H Bepx - AligO, rOAOBa I5B .
Kam..a.oe yrpo npOBO,ll,HTCH gepeMoHHH Yasna, Mem,ll,y BOCXO,ll,OM cOAHga Ii
nOAY,ll,HeM Hiivani Giih, Be'iepOM 'iIiTalOT Sros Yast, nOCAe 3aKaTa coAHga Ai-
wisru hima Giih Ii pliryaA Vendidiid npOBO,ll,IiTCH B nOAHO'ib, 'iT06b[ npOI'HaTb
3Ab[e CHAb[. T aiVKe B nOAHO'ib npOBO,/J,HT pliryaA yasti-sedus Ii cnegliii.,\bHbIH
pHryaA sab-girih «cAym6a HO'iHOm 6,l1,eHlliI» C nOCBHl!!eHlieM O,ll,elK/l,bI YMep-
weMY, 'iT06bI ,lI,ywa He 6b[Aa HarOH B palO l39 . CnegliaAbHO,lL;Ul 3TOH geAIi 1i3ro-
TOB.i\HAaCb O,ll,em,ll,a. Bo BpeMH 3TOH cAym6b[ TaiVKe OCBHl!!aeTCH pliryaAbHbIH
WHyp kusti, KYCO'ieK cepe6pa, MOHeTa IiAli KOAbgO. C'iIiTaeTCH, 'iTO ;;)T1i npe,ll,-
MeTbI npe,ll,Ha3Ha'ieHb[ ,lL;UI ,lI,YWH YMepwero. M. 50HC OTMe'iaeT, 'iTa KYCO'ieK
cepe6pa BCTpe'iaeTCH B nOrpe6aAbHOM gepeMOHliaAe AIiWb B HpaHe. B HH,lI,IiH
;;)TOT 06b['iaH OTcyrcTByeT. OHa CBH3bIBaeT ero C pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIM, MomeT
124
florpe6a.l\bHbIH 06pH.l\ HpaHCKHX 30poacTpHHgeB HOBoro BpeMeHH
125
L\aBa V
1i3 llpeBHIiX pliT}'aAOB, npOBOllli lb[X B TpallHgHOHHOM 30poaCTpH3Me, 6b[AO
KpOBaBoe mepTBonpliHoweHlie, npaKTIiKa KOTOpOro B 60-e rr. XX B. Bce el!!e
C06AIOllaAaCb B He3lle. nepBOe mepTBonpliHoweHHe lleAaAli yrpOM TpeTbero
llHH nOCAe CMepTIi, a MHCO mapliAIi HO'iblO. PaHbwe B WapH(pa6a.a.e 6bl.l\O
npliHHTO mlip OT mepTBeHHoro mliBOTHoro, BMeCTe C KOCTblO OT ero porOB
Ii KYCO'iKaMli wepCTIi TOAO'ib C 'ieCHOKOM, pyrOH Ii TpaBOH bUb-e nakos. Ha pac-
CBeTe mpeg mepTBOBaA ero CBHl!!eHHOMY orHIO Ha 6Aaro llYWIi. nOll BAHHHlieM
napCOB TaKaH npaKTIiKa 6blAa npIiOCTaHOBAeHa. BMeCTO <JTOro lleAaAli CBe'iY 1i3
paCTonAeHHoro mlipa Ii IpIiTHAH H3 'iHCTOrO llOMOTKaHoro XAonKa Ii CTaBIiAH ee
16-
ropeTb nepell ATaw BapaxpaMoM '. 5. X. KapMblweBa, IiCCAellYH apXaM'ie-
CKYIO CIiMBOAIiKY B nOrpe6aAbHO-nOMHHaAbHOH 06PH.IJ.HOCTIi Y36eKoB <Pepra-
Hb[, rOBopliT 0 CXOllHOM 06bl'iae capTOB <PepraHb[ rOTOBIiTb aTaAH 1i3 ceMH
'iaCTeH 6apaHbeH TYWIi Ii C'iIiTaeT, 'iTO IiCTOKIi <JToro 06pHlla cAellyeT IiCKaTb
B apXali'ieCKIiX 30poacTpliHcKliX BepOBaHIiHX Ii npellCTaBAeHIiJlX llpeBHIiX npell-
KOB IipaHOH3b['iHbIX HapolloB l66 .
Ha llecHTblH lleHb npOBOllliTCH pHT}'aA daha, T. e. llOAmHa 6blTb npOBelleHa
OllHa gepeMoHIiH Yasna B 'ieCTb ASoan, T. e. Arda Fravas, Ii OllliH XAe6 darun
llONKeH 6b[Tb OCBHl!!eH B 'ieCTb ASoan.
Ha TplillgaTblH lleHb seruza darun llONKeH 6b[Tb OCBHl!!eH B 'ieCTb Sros Ii B
'ieCTb Asavan. 5eAaH 'iIiCTaH Ollemlla llOAmHa 6bITb OCBHl!!eHa B03Ae darun,
H IpPYKTbl llONKHb[ 6blTb nOMel!!eHb[ pHllOM 167 ,
KpoMe pHTya,\OB .IJ.AH y6AameHliH oTlleAbHoH llYWIi ravan-sadi, npoBo-
6 (f "' ) 168 K
llHTCH pHT}'aAb[ .IJ.AH 0 l!!eCTBa llYXOB IppaBaweli ravas[s . aK OTMe'iaeT
A. B. ,llmeKcoH, npa3llHIiK Fravardigan HBAHeTCH npOllONKeHlieM aBeCTHH-
CKoro nOKAOHemrn IppaBawaM, HAIi me npa3llHIiKa ywellwliX llYW, KOTOpblH OH
y no ll06AHeT xpliCTliaHCKOMY npa3llHHKY .lleHb Bcex CBHTb[X I69 . A6ypeHxaH 51i-
PYHIi c0061!!aeT 06 06pHllax Ii BepoBaHIiHx y corllliHgeB Ii xope3MIiHgeB, CBR-
3aHHblX C nOMIiHOBeHlieM yconwero. Ero llaHHble, KaK H llpyrlie MaTepliaAbl,
CBl1.IJ.eTeAbcTBYIOT, 'iTO B Kam.n.OH 1i3 06AacTeH pacnpocTpaHeHIiH 30poacTpliH-
CKOH peAlirli1i 6b[AIi CBOIi oc06eHHocTli 170 .
o llHIiM 1i3 pHT}'aAOB, CBH3aHHb[X C nOMIiHOBeHlieM yconwlix Ii nO'iliTaHlieM
llaXMbl, HBJ\HeTCJI Yast-e daur-e daxma - «lleHcTBo nOKAOHeHIiH Ha llaXMe»,
lleTaAbHO 1i3yqeHHblH M. 50HC. OHa Ha6AIOllaAa pliT}'aA Yast-e daur-e daxma
B Waplilpa6a.a.e Ii KOHCYAbTlipOBaAaCb C llaCT}'pOM XOlla.a.a.a.OM 0 HeKOTopblX
lleTaAHX. A. B. .llmeKcoH AIiWb ynoMIiHaeT 0 CYI!!eCTBOBaHli1i TaKoro pliT}'aAa.
Ha3blBaH ero Yast-i daur-i dama, HO He onliCblBaeT, Ii B caMOM 3Ha'ieHHIi CAOB
daur-i dama, HeCMOTpH Ha BepHoe 06'bHCHeHlie ero IiHlpopMaTopa XOlla6axwa
Palica. 'iTO dama 03Ha'iaeT daxma, He 6b[A }'BepeH I71 .
3TOT pliT}'aA npoBollliAIi no meAaHli10 oTlleAbHoH ceMbli IiAIi HeCKOAbKIiX
ceMeHCTB B Te'ieHlie nepBoro MecHga nOCAe CMepTH IiAIi nepBoro rolla. OH
!IPOBOllIiACH B 'iaCb[ TeMHOTb[, Ii, KaK C'iIiTaeT M. 50HC, pa3BIiBaACH KaK Tl!!a-
TC.\bHaH pa3pa60TKa 06pHlla nO.IJ..IJ.CpmaHIiH orHH, Bcerlla ropHl!!ero 3a npelle-
.\iL\1M llaXMbl, .IJ.AH Toro, 'iT06b[ y6AamaTb llyrnli Tex, 'ibli TeM 6blAH npliHeceHbl
172
T)'.lJ. a
3a npelleAaMIi 6awHii 3amHraAii orOHb B Te'ieHlie Tpex HO'ieH nOCAe CMep-
111, Korlla llyrna, KaK C'iIiTa,\Ii, 3a.a.epmliBaeTCH Ha.a. 3eMAeH. Korlla 'iHCAeH-
HOCTb 30poaCTpliHCKoro HaceAeHIiH YBeAIi'iIiAaCb, noxopOHbl CAellOBaAli OllHIi
3a ApyrliMIi, Ii .IJ.AH BbmOAHeHIiH <JToro 06pRlla YCTaHOBIiAIi nOCTOHHHO rOpHl!!liH
orOHb.
B Waplilpa6a.a.e <JTOT 06PHll npOBOllHACH pa3 B ceMb AeT .IJ.AH Bcex AlOlleH
B OKPyre, H ceMbli Tex, KTO }'Mep B Te'ieHlie <JTOro nepliOlla, Ii llpyrlie (eCAIi OHIi
?KCAaAli) C06lipaAliCb B Ha3Ha'ieHHb[H lleHb, nOCAe 3axolla cOAHga.
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cBepxy" .
3l1.Bap.ll. T 3ppl1 n06bIBaA B HHlI.l1l1 B 1616 roLLY. 0 napcax OH nHweT CAe-
AYIOI,gee: "HMeeTcH Oll.Ha ceKTa Cpell.li H3b['iHl1KOB, KOTOpaH He norpe6aeT
YMepwlix (OHl1 Ha3bIBalOTCH napCbI). OKpymalOT 'iaCTb 3eMAii Bb[COKOH Ka-
MeHHOH CTeHoM. B OT.lI.aAeHli1i 01' ml1AIiI,g MAli ,lJ,OpOmHblx nyreH l1 TaM KAalI,YT
CBOIiX YMepWl1X, 3aBepHyrb[X B caBaH, rll.e OHl! norAorgalOTcH nTl1gaMIi',7. 3l1.-
Bap,lJ, T <lppl1 nOCeTl1A napcOB HHlI.li1i eI,ge pa3 B 1655 ro,lJ,Y. OH nliCaA: «MecTa
norpe6emm B 01' lI.aAeHl1l1 (OT HaceAeHHblX nyHKToB), 3eMJ\H 6b[Aa oKpymeHa
BblCOKOH KpyrAOH CTeHOH H lI.Bepb BCerll.a 6b[Aa 3anepTa. OOA BHyrpli 6blA
rAaAKl1H, Bb[:\10I,geHHb[H, C rAy60KliM KOAoLLge:\I B geHTpe. TeAa nOKpblBaAH
6eAOH TKaHblO l1 nepeHOCHAIi Ha MeTaJ\AIi'ieCKl1X HOCl1AKax".
AHrAIiHCKl1H nyreweCTBeHHIiK reHpli Aopll. C 1624 r. B Te'ieHlie 5 AeT 6bIA
Kane.i\AaHOM OCT-YlH,lJ,CKOH KOMnaHl11i B CypaTe. 40BOAbHO nOll.p06HO OH onli-
CaA norpe6a.J\bHb[H 06PHlI. 3OpoaCTpIiHgeB. OH OTMeQaeT: «TaM 6b[AO lI.Be rp06-
HHgb[», KaK OH nOHHA, Oll.Ha lI.AH «lI.OCTOHHbIX» Ii Oll.Ha lI.AH «nOAb3YIOI,gIiXOI
lI.ypHOH CAaBOH». r. Aop,lJ, onliCblBaeT IiHTepbep lI.aXMbl KaK «BbIMOI,geHHb[H
KaMHHMl1» C rAy60KliM KOAO,lJ,geM B geHTpe lI.AH nOMergeHIiH KOCTeH. OH rOBO-
PHT, qTO MepTBb[X KAaAli «OKOAO CTeHb[ 3aBepHyrb[Ml1 B caBaH Ii nOKpb[TbiMIi
KaK Mym'iIiH, TaK Ii meHI,gIiH». OO-Bl1l1.IiMOMY, OH nOA}"1IiA IiHlpopMagHIO 01'
mpega, a He Bl1l1.eA lI.aXMY AIiQH0 8 .
norPEEAAbHbIH OEPHlt
nAPCOB HHl!HH HOBOrO BPEMEHH
OOCAe apa6cKoro 3aBOeBaHl1H HpaHa (VII B. H. <I.) 'iaCTb 3OpoaCTpliHgeB
nepeCeAl1AaCb B HH)J,IiIO. Hx npliHHTo Ha3blBaTb napCaMIi. Ha3BaHlie «napCbI»
npOl1CXOll.IiT OT Ha3BaHIiH npOBl1HgHIi <Papc B HpaHe t .
CYI,geCTByeT MHeHHe pHlI.a HCCAell.OBaTeAeH 0 TOM, 'iTO 3OpOaCTpl1Hgbl mMAIi
B HHlI.l11i B lI.peBHOCTl1 2 . Ho Hac B lI.aHHOM CA}"1ae l1HTepeCYIOT Te 30pOaCTpl1H-
gb[, KOTOpb!e npH6bL\1i B YlH,lJ,HIO H3 YlpaHa, l1 IiX peAlirl1H.
OOCKOAbKY cpaBHIiTeAbHb[H aHaAH3 30pOaCTpl1HCKOrO norpe6aAbHoro 06-
pHlI.a IipaHcKlix 30poacTpHHgeB l1 napcoB YlH,!J,Iil1 C lI.aHHb[MIi CpCll.Hea3l1aTCKOH
apxeOAOrHl1 Ii <lTHOrpalplili B OCHOBHOM 6b[A npOBell.eH B V rAaBe, B HaCTOHI,geH
rAaBe Mbl Y,lJ,e.i\HeM, lI.a6b[ H36emaTb 1i3.\IiWHIiX nOBTopeHIiH, OCHOBHoe BHIiMa-
Hlie norpe6aAbHOMY 60rocAymeHl1IO. B <lTOH rAaBe 6Yll.eT paCCMOTpeH norpe-
6aAbHb[H 06PH,!J, napCOB YlH)J,1i1i XVII-XX BB. OCHOBHblM IiCTO'iHIiKOM, KaK
Ii B npe,lJ,b[lI.yrgeH rAaBe, CAymaT co06I,geHIiH 3anall.Hb[X nyrewecTBeHHIiKOB,
npHBO,lJ,IiTCH TalOKe IiHlpopMagl1H napCIiHCKl1X Ii eBponeHCKHX IiCCAell.OBaTeAeH
(4m. 4m. MOll.li, M. bOHC, H. K. <Pl1p61i).
Hal160Aee paHHlie CBell.eHlliI eBponeHgeB 0 napcax OTHOCHTCH K XIV BeKY.
3TO C006I,geHlliI MOHaXOB .llm0pll.aHyca B 1332 r. Ii O,lJ,OpIiKa B 1325 r. Oep-
Bb[H OTMe'iaeT, 'iTO OHIi «He norpe6alOT YMepUIliX, He cmliralOT, a Bb[CTaBMIIOT
HX 06HameHHb[MIi B Cepell.liHe 6aWHl1. He IiMelO[!!eH KPb[WIi». OOCAell.Hl1H 01'-
MeQaeT, qTO napCb[ He norpe6alOT YMepWHX, HO nepeHOCHT IiX C 60AbWOH
nblWHOCTblO B nOAe Ii 6pocalOT Ha nOell.aHHe nTligaM Ii mIiBOTHb[M. 00 MHe-
HIiIO H. K. <Pl1p6Ii, O.ll.OpliK BCTpeTHJ\ MeHbWYIO 06I,gl1HY, 'ieM .llmopll.aHYC,
KOTopaH He IiMeAa lI.aXMb[, nO<lTOMY YMepWl1X npOCTO nepeHOCIiAIi B MeCTa,
3
OTAaAeHHbIe 01' nYHKTOB npOml1BaHIiH .
OOCAe YCTaHOBAeHIiH rOCnO,lJ,CTBa B ToprOBAe C HHlI.lieH nop1yraAbgaMIi,
eBponeHgb[ BCTpeTIiAH B nepBOH nOAOBIiHe XVI BeKa napCOB, KOTOpblX OWIi-
60'iHO npliHHAIi 3a eBpeeB. r apCIiH lI.a OpTa 6b[A OCBell.OMAeH A}"1llle lI.Pymx
nyrewecTBeHHl1KOB. OH nliCaA, QTO <11'0 He eBpel1, a H3bl'iHIiKIi, npOl1CXO,ll,5lI,gl1e
l13 Oepclili. OH co06I,gaeT 0 napcax: "Korll.a OHH YMlipalOT, TeAO BblHOCHT
132
f .l\aBa VI
florpe6a.l\bHblH 06plI,1\ napCOB Y!Hl\HH HOBoro BpeMeHH
133
TOMac fep6epT, BepOHTHO, BCTpe'iaA feHpH Aopll.a, T. K. OH nOCeTHA CypaT
B Te'ieHlie Kane.i\AaHCTBa f. j\.opll.a, Ii 06a nOKIiHYAl1 CypaT B 1625 r. T. fep-
6epT CCb[AaeTCH Ha KHl1ry, HanlicaHHYlO f. AOPll.OM. OH onliCblBaeT ll.aXMY KaK
«KpyrAoe, KaMeHHoe coopymeHlie 12 IpYTOB BblCOTOH Ii 8 Umpl1HOH, BX0ll.
TOAbKO B ceBepo-BOCTO'iHOH 'iaCTl1, rll.e IiMeeTCH MaAeHbKaH peweTKa, 'iepe3
KOTOPYlO OHIi nepeHOCHT TeAa. B Cepell.l1He HMeeTCH OTBepCTlie». OH ynoMHHa-
eT 06 ymacHoM 3AOBOHl1H.
4axMY TaKme noceTIiA n. MaHll.Ii. OH co06l!!aeT, qTO MepTBblx nOMel!!alOT
Ha cnliHe, B npaBIiAbHb[e pHll.b[, «Ha'iHHaH OT nepl1lpepl11i K oKpymHocTIi».
OH ynoMIiHaeT 06 oCKBepHeHl1Ii, HaHOCIiMOM cMepTblO. «ECAIi KTO-AH6o KOC-
HeTCH KaKoH-AIi60 'iaCTl1 MepTBoro 'ieAOBeKa, OH BCKope pa3pbIBaeT BClO CBOlO
oll.e}K)l,y Ha 'iaCTl1 Ii cmliraeT ee, OCTaBaHCb He'il1CTbIM Tpl1 Il.HH, HIiKTO He noll.-
9
XOll.IiT K HeMY» .
f eAeHHcceH ll.e I-Or, ro.MaHll.CKIiH ToproBeg XVII BeKa, onliCblBaeT CBOIi
npaKTl1'ieCKlie Ha6AlOll.eHIiH: «Korll.a 'ieAOBeK THmeAO 60AeH, OHIi 6epYT ero
C nOCTeAIi Ii KAall.YT Ha CAOH neCKa Ii neC'iaHOH 3eMAl1. Ha KOTOpOM OH YMlipaeT;
\O K f
eCAIi OH He YMep. OHIi KA3l1.YT ero Ha33l1. B nOCTeAb». pOMe Toro, eAeHHC-
ceH ll.e I-Or Onl1CblBaeT nOrpe6aAbHylO npogecClilO: Te,\O nepeHOCl1Al1 «weCTb
IiAIi BoceMb 'ieAOBeK, KOTOpb[e npell.Ha3Ha'ieHb[ AAH BbInOAHeHHH <JTOH pa60Tb[.
06epHyrb[H B caBaH Tpyn nOMel!!aAli Ha meAe3HYlO peweTKY, nOll.06HYlO no-
XOPOHHb[M Il.pOraM, 6e3 HomeK. Ha KOTOpOH ero nepeHOCl1AIi B MeCTO norpe-
6eHIiH... nOCAe TOro KaK OH YMep HIiKTO, 3a l1CKAlO'ieHl1eM "KonaTeAeH MO-
rliA" He MomeT nOll.OHTH K HeMY: Hii MaTb. Hii pe6eHOK, meHa. Il.PY3bH Ii
KTO-AIi60 el!!e».
TOT me aBTop Onl1CblBaeT noxopoHHYlO npogecclilO: «MHorlie l13 <JTOH
pacbl IiAIi CeKTb[ lill.yr 3a HHM napaMIi, IiX PYKIi COell.IiHeHb[ KYCKOM AbHHHOH
TKaHIi. KOTOpaH nOKpb[BaeT IiX A3l1.0Hb, Ii He pa3rOBapliBalOT, ll.ame eCAIi
KTO-HIi6Yll.b 3aroBOpIiT C HIiMIi. Korll.a OHIi nOll.XOl1.HT K Mecry Ha paCCTOHHIiIi.
paBHOM npliMepHO BblCTpeAY nl1CTOAeTa OT Hero. Te. KTO COnpOBO}K)l,aeT npo-
gecclilO, OCTaHaBAl1BaIOTCH. l1 ..KonaTeAH MorliA" KAall.yr YMepwero B npell.Ha-
3Ha'ieHHOe Jl.AH Hero MecTO Ii OCTaBAHlOT TaM 11.0 Tex nop, 110Ka BOPOHb[ Ii nTligbl
He IiCTpe6HT ero. Korll.a "KOnaTeAl1 MOrIU" B03Bpal!!alOTCH. Te, KTO conpOBom-
ll.aeT nOXOpOHb[, MO.i\HTCH, l1 3aTeM Bce lill.yr 1l.0MOH. pa3BH3aB nOBH3KY Ha py-
Kax. Ii pa3roBapl1BalOT ll.pyr C Il.pyroM KaK Ii npemll.e».
no MHeHlilO H. K. <Plip61i, OH BIill.eA npogecclilO, HO He BIill.eA npOBell.e-
HIiH gepeMoHHH sagdid. T paypHb[e PIiTYaAbl OH Onl1CblBaeT 60Aee KpaTKO.
«Ha 'ieTBepTblH ll.eHb nOCAe CMepTl1l1.AH 6AlimaHWliX Il.PY3eH ll.aeTCH ell.a, H Ha
weCTOH ll.eHb nOCAe CMepTIi Ii el!!e OIl.IiH pa3 Ha Tplill.gaTblH ll.eHb nOCAe CMepTIi,
Ii <JTO npOll.OAmaeTCH B Te'ieHlie Kamll.oro MecHga 11.0 TOro, KaK npOHll.eT roll..
11
nOCAe 'iero npa311.HeCTBa 3a6blBalOT Ii YMepwero Tome» .
feAeHHcceH ll.e I-Or npIiBOll.IiT onlicaHlie ll.aXMbJ: «OHIi 06b['iHO pacnOAara-
AIiCb B OIl.HOH IiAIi Il.BYX MIiJ\HX 3a rOpOll.OM, ll.eAaAliCb 1i3 KaMHH l1AIi 1i3BeCTHH-
Ka. OHIi 6b[AIi KpyrAble, OKOAO 30 lpyroB B Il.liaMeTpe, nO.i\ble B geHTpe C TpeMH
OTBepCTl1HMl1, nOKpb[TbIMl1 MeTaAAli'ieCKIiMIi peweTKaMIi, Ha KOTOpb[e KA3l1.yr
1epTBb[e TeAa... OIl.HO 1i3 <JTIiX oTBepCTl1H Cll.eAaHO l1.AH Mym'iIiH, ll.pyroe - l1.AH
meHI!!IiH, TpeTbe - l1.AH ll.eTeH. KOCTIi c6pacbIBalOT B geHTpaAbHb[H KOAOll.eg,
KOTOPb[H 6blA coopymeH Ha 60AbWliX meAe3Hb[X rB03l1.HX, KOTOpble 6blAii B61i-
Tb[ B 3eMAlO, Ha HIiX KAaAl1 nepBb[e Klipnli'iH Ii TaK2Ke Ha 3eMAlO».
KaK CnpaBell.AIiBO C'iIiTaeT H. K. <Plip61i, 3TOT nyrewecTBeHHHK He BIill.eA
ll.aXMb[, HO 6b[A XopOWO IiHlpOpMl1pOBaH. YnOMIiHaHlie meAe3Hb[X peweTOK,
O'ieBIill.HO, CBH3aHO C ero HenOHIiMaHlieM CTPYKrypbl ll.aXMb[, T. K. Tpynbl KAaAli
12 0
npHMO Ha KaMeHHYlO nAaTlpopMY. qeBIill.HO, OH npliHHA KaMeHHbIe OTceKIi
pavis, KOTopble OTll.eAHlOT Kamll.Oe TeAO H pHll.bl, npell.Ha3Ha'ieHHble Jl.AH Mym-
'iIiH, meHI!!liH Ii ll.eTeH, 3a peWeTKl1.
B 1754 r. bOM6eH nOCeTl1A eBponeHcKIiH nyrewecTBeHHIiK E. I1Bec. OH
mlCaA: «Ha BepWIiHe XOAMa MaAa6ap, Ha 3TOM OCTpOBe bOM6eH IiMeeTCH Il.Ba
KpyrAb[X coopymeHIiH, npell.Ha3Ha'ieHHbIX l1.AH nepeHOCKIi TeA MepTBb[X napCOB,
KOTOpb[e nOMel!!alOT Ii OCTaBAHIOT 311.eCb 11.0 Tex nop, nOKa KOCTIi He cTaHyr
'-IHCTbI.\1Ii. a nAOTb He norAOTHT nTligb[. OIl.HaJK.l1.b[ Il.HeM H HaCTOAbKO 3aXOTeA
Yll.OB,\eTBOpl1Tb Moe AlO60nb[TCTBO, 'iTO 3arAHHYA B OIl.HO l13 <JTl1X coopymeHIiH.
H pa3AIi'iIiA HeCKOAbKO MepTBblX TeA, HO Ha KOCTHX 6b[AO MaAO MHrKIiX TKaHeH.
3Tl1 MaAeHbKlie OCTaTKIi 6b[Al1 IiccyweHb[ 'ipe3MepHb[M 3HoeM cOAHga H IiC-
13
nYCKaAl1 CIiAbHoe 3AOBOHlie... KOCTl1 6b[AIi 'iepHb[Ml1» .
K comaAeHlilO, <JTIi 6awHii He l1MeAIi Ta6AIi'iKl1, YKa3bIBalOI!!eH Ha ll.ary
l1X coopymeHIiH. C0061!!eHlie E. YfBeca n01\lOrAO napCIiHCKOMY Y'ieHoMY
4m. 4m. MOll.1i npl16AIi3IiTeAbHO ll.aTHpOBaTb OIl.HY 1i3 6aweH, 1i3BeCTHYlO
cpell.1i napcoB KaK 6awHH Manekji Seth. OH OTHOCl1T ee K nepl10l1.Y Me}K)l,y
1750 Ii 1754 r. .llaTlipoBaTb BTOpoe KpyrAoe coopymeHlie, 1i3BeCTHoe noll. Ha-
3BaHlieM «6aww!», ,llm. ,llm. MOll.l1 nOMOrAl1 CO061!!eHIDI TaK2Ke Jl.Byx eBponeH-
CKIiX nYTeweCTBeHHIiKOB, 1l.0KTOpa .llmoHa <Ppaepa Ii C TpeHHwaMa MacTepa.
4iKOH <Ppaep nOKHHYA AHrAHlO l1.AH nOe311.KIi B YfHll.lilO 911.eKa6pH 1672 r.
OH 1l.0CTl1r bOM6eH 9 ll.eKa6pH 1673 r. Ero nIiCbMO, B KOTOpOM OH co061!!aeT
o 6aWHe (6awHe MOll.l1), ll.ampyeTcH 15 HHBapH 1675 r. OH nliCaA: «C Il.PY-
rOH CTOPOHb[ MOpCKOro 3aAliBa IiMeeTCH 60Abwoe MeCTO HanpOTHB CTaporo
OCTpOBa. XOAM Ha3b1BaeTCH MaAa6ap, CKaAbHO-AeCIiCTaH ropa. BepwliHoH
Bcero HBAHeTCH napcHHCKaH rp06Hl1ga, coopymeHHaH n0311.Hee».
AHrAIiHcKIiH nyreweCTBeHHl1K CTpeHHwaM MacTep HaXOll.IiACH B I1Hll.1i1i
C 165611.0 1682 r. B nliCbMe. ll.aTlipOBaHHOM 18 HHBapH 1672 r., OH roBOpl1T,
'iTO napCb[ bOM6eH He l1MeAl1 MeCTa l1.AH norpe6eHIDI YMepWl1x. ConOCTaBAeHlie
Co061!!eHliH .llm. <Ppaepa Ii C. MaCTepa ll.aAO Il.Be ll.aTbl, Memll.Y KOTOPb[MIi,
134
f .l\aBa VI
norpe6a.l\bHb!H o6pJltl nap COB Y!H,1\HH HOBoro BpeMeHH
135
no MHeHli10 4m. 4m. MO.IJ.Ii, 6bIAa coopymeHa nepBaH napCIiHCKaH .lJ.aXMa
B 50M6ee. 3TO TpeXAeTHHH nepliO.IJ. Me}K.IJ.y 18 HHBapH 1672 r. (.lJ.aTa C. Mac-
Tepa) Ii 15 HHBapH 1675 r. (.lJ.aTa 4m. <Ppaepa)14.
4moH OBIiHITOH, npli6bIBwliH B 50M6eH B KaqeCTBe KaneAAaHa OCT-I1H.IJ.-
CKOH KOMnaHIiH B 1689 1'., onliCbIBaeT sagdld, He nOHIiMaH ero HCTHHHoro 3Ha-
'ieHIiH, BocnpliHIi laH ero KaK cyeBeplie. OH nlillleT, 'iTO mpeg .lJ.epmHTCH Ha
paCCTOHHli1i OT TeAa Ii IicnoAb3yeT padiim Ij.
fueKCaH.lJ.p faMIiJlbTOH, npH6bIBWliH B 50M6eH B 1688 r. (B CypaT OH npli-
6bIA B 1650 r.), YKa3bIBaeT Ha Cyrb 06bI'iaH BbICTaBAeHIiH: «'ieTbIpe 3AeMeHTa
Ka}K.IJ.b[H IiMeeT B CBoeM TeAe. COAHge HAIi orOHb IicnapHIOT rHHAb[e licnape-
HHH, BO.IJ.a IiAIi .lJ.Om.IJ.b nepeHOCHT rHlilOrgyIO rtAOTb Ii KOCTIi K 3eMAe, Ii npo-
mOpAHBb[e nTligb[ nepeHOCHT, 'iTO OHIi MOI)'T, B B03.IJ.YX» 16.
AHKeTHAb 41OneppOH 6b[A nepBblM eBponeHgeM, 03HaKOMliBIllliMCH C IiC-
TO'iHIiKOM peAHrHIi 30poaCTpHHgeB - «fueCTOH». C Hero B XVIII BeKe Ii Ha-
'iHHaeTCH HaY'1HOe 1i3yqeHlie 30poaCTpli3Ma. C0061!!eHlie AHKeTHAH 4IOneppo-
Ha 0 CMepTH Ii nOrpe6aAbHOM 06pH.IJ.e CAe.IJ.YlOl!!ee: «Kor.IJ.a .lJ.yrna XO'ieT nOKIi-
Hyrb 'ieAOBeKa, TO MOAHTCH 0 HeM Viij Sros. ECAH .IJ.)'MaIOT, 'iTO .lJ.ywa OCTamiJI.a
TeAO, TO npOBOllJlT gepeMoHli1O sagclId. 4acrypb[ yrBepm.IJ.aIOT, 'iTO HymHo,
KOr.IJ.a 60AbHOH el!!e mliB, npliBH3aTb K HoraM c06aKY» 17. 4aAee OH onliCbIBaeT
gepeMoHIiH, npOBO.IJ.IiMbIe nOCAe CMepTH. Co061!!aH 0 gepeMoHIiHx nOCAe cMep-
TH, OH OTMe'iaeT, 'iTO OHIi 6b[AIi He06xo.IJ.HMbI, nOTOMY 'iTO .lJ.yrna 6b[Aa 6ec-
CHAbHa Ii HY}K.IJ.aAaCb B 3a1!!HTe. OHa 3a.IJ.epmliBaAaCb B MeCTe CMepTIi B Te'ie-
HHe nepBoro .lJ.HH, Ha BTOpOH .lJ.eHb - TaM, r.IJ.e Tpyn .lJ.OAmeH 6b[A BpeMeHHO
AemaTb, Ha TpeTIiH .lJ.eHb - B .lJ.aXMe. Ha 'ieTBepTbIH .lJ.eHb OHa nepeCeKaAa
MOCT YHHBaT. Ha BOCXO.IJ.e cOAHga 6AH3Klie mepTBOBaAH alppliHaraH 5aXMaHY
C pliryaAOM mepTBonpliHoweHHH mHpa OBgbl. AHKeTHAb 41OneppOH OTMe'iaeT,
'iTO mliBOTHoe .lJ.OAmHO 6bITb rD.lJ.OBaAOe. OH C0061!!aeT 0 gepeMoHHIi .lJ.eCHTOro
.lJ.HH, nOAyrO.IJ.OBOH, rD.lJ.OBOH gepeMoHIiIi. OH BOCnOAb30BaACH cAyqaeM licnpa-
BIiTb oWli6KIi paHHlix nyrewecTBeHHIiKoB: TeAa B .lJ.axMe He nOMel!!aAH Ha pe-
weTKY, KaK C'iHTaAH paHbllle.
B 1875 r. npliHg Y3AbCKliH 03HaKOMHACH Ha paCCTOHHli1i C «6a1llHeH MOA-
'iaHIiH» 50M6eH, Ha3b[BaeMOH 6alllHeH MO.IJ.Ii. HyccepBaH.lJ.2K1i 5aHpaM.lJ.2KIi,
ceKpeTapb napCIiHCKOrD naH'iaHaTa, onM<:a.A npHH!JY YCTPOHCTBO «6aWHIi MOA-
'iaHHH» Ii nOKa3aA ee MaKeT 1i3 MY3eH BIiKTOpliH H fub6epTa l8 .
B 1876 r. HyccepBaH.lJ.2KH 5aHpaM.lJ.2KH 03HaKOMIi,\ npolpeccopa caHCKpliTa
M. BHAbHMca C .lJ.aXMoH. M. BHAbHMC OnHCaA sagri: «H 6blCTpO npOllleA 'iepe3
oropOmeHHb[H napK Ii HallleA AI06e3Horo ceKpeTapH napcliHcKoro naH'iaHaTa
HyccepBaH.lJ.mli 5aHpaM.lJ.2KIi, OmH.lJ.aBlllerO .lJ.OCTHmeHHH MHOIO Bb[CO'iaHllleH
TO'iKIi Ha OCBHl!!eHHOH 3eMAe, Ii MbI CTOHAH BMeCTe Ha Teppace Hali60AbllleH
Ii3 Tpex sagri IiAIi .lJ.OMOB .IJ..;UI MOAHTB, KOTopble B03BbllllaIOTCH H3.IJ. mITbIO
«6aIIIHHMH MO,\'iaHHH». fAaBHoe sagri cO.IJ.epmaAo CBHl!!eHHb[H oroHb, KOTOpblH
O.IJ.Ha}K.IJ.b[ 3ammeHHb[H H OCBHl!!eHHbIH TopmecTBeHHblM gepeMOHliaAOM, no.IJ.-
nHTbIBaACH .lJ.eHb Ii HO'ib IpHMliaMoM H 6AaroyxalOI!!liM CaH.lJ.aAOM H HIiKOr.IJ.a
19
He rac .
nepeH.lJ.eM Tenepb K nOCAe.IJ.OBaTeAbHOMY paCCMOTpeHIiIO nOrpe6aAbHOrO
06pH.lJ.a napCOB.
nepBblH 3Tan norpe6a.J\bHoro o6pH.lJ.a
Kor.IJ.a cAyqaeTcH HeC'iaCTbe, 6Ali3Klie nOCblAaIOT 3a .lJ.B)'MH IiAH 60Aee mpe-
gaMH, KOTopbIe C06lipaIOTCH OKOAO YMlipaIOl!!ero H 'iHTaIOT HCnOBe.IJ.b pa3pewe-
HHH OT rpeXOB. ?KpegaM nAaTHT 3a 3ry cAym6y. OHa Ha3bIBaeTCH Akhianah.
3ry gepeMoHIiIO mpeg npOBOllHT C 3epHOM.
?KeAaTeAbHO, 'iT06bl )'MHpaIOI!!IiH IicnOBe.IJ.aACH Ii caM 'iHTaA nOKaHHHYIO
MOAHTBY. ECAIi OH B COCTOHHHIi C.lJ.eAaTb 3TO, ero CMepTb C'iIiTaeTCH C'iaCTAIi-
BOH. ECAIi YMlipaIOl!!liH He B COCTOHHIiH MOAHTbCH, OH .lJ.OAmeH, no KpaHHeH
Mepe, npO'iHTaTb KOpOTK)'IO 1p0PMYAY AS:Jm V ohii. CMepTb 'ieAOBeKa, He cy-
MeBlllero npO'iIiTaTb ee, C'iHTaeTCR HeC'iaCTAIiBOH. B «BH.lJ.eB.lJ.aTe» XII.1-19
60Aee ./J.AHTeAbHbIH nepliO.IJ. Tpaypa npe.IJ.nliCaH onAaKHBaIOl!!liM T anu P:Jr:Jga
(T. e. rpewHHKa), 'ieM OrtAaKIiBaIOI!!H Oahma (T. e. 6Aaro'ieCTIiBoro). B co-
OTBeTCTBli1i C TP3.IJ.ligHeH T anu P:Jr:Jga - 3TO TOT, KTO He B COCTOHHIiH B MO-
MeHT CMepTIi npO'iHTaTb MOAHTBY HAH 1p0PMYAY AS:Jm Vohii. Oahma - 3TO
TOT 'ieAOBeK. KOTOPb[H HCnOBellaACH, MOAIiACH HAIi npO'iIiTaA qJOpMYAY AS:Jm
V ohii 20 .
ECAH 'ieAOBeK yme )'Mep, npHXOllJlT 06MbIBaAbrgliKH Ii COBeplllaIOT OMOBe-
HHe Tpyna C 06Aa'ieHlieM B caBaH.
T pyn 3aTeM nO.IJ.HIiMaIOT llBa 'ieAOBeKa Ii KA3.lJ.yr Ha KaMeHHYIO nAliry B yr-
AY KOMHaTbl. P}'KH CKpel!!eHbI Ha rpY.IJ.Ii. B HeKOTOpb[X roPO.IJ.ax fY.IJ.2K a paTa
el!!e npaKTHKyeTcH CTapb[H aBeCTHHCKIiH cnoc06 nOMel!!eHIiH TeAa Ha yqacToK
3eMAH, 3apaHee nO.IJ.rDTOBAeHHb[H B .lJ.OMe BMeCTO KaMeHHOH nAaTqJopMbl. 3eM-
AIO Bb[pbIBalOT Ha HeCKOAbKO .lJ.IOHMOB B rAy6liHY Ii HaCbmalOT Ha Hee neCOK.
T pyn nOMel!!aIOT Ha npliroToBAeHHYIO TaKHM 06Pa30M rtA01!!3.lJ.KY (Vd. V.2;
VIII.8). T eAO nOMel!!aIOT TaK, 'iT06b[ roAoBa He 6bIAa oplieHTlipOBaHa Ha ce-
Bep. Bo Bcex gepeMoHHHX napCOB CeBepHaH CTopOHa Bo061!!e 1i36eraeTcH 21 .
n OCAe nOMel!!eHIiH Tpyna Ha KaMeHHYIO nAliry O.IJ.IiH HAH .lJ.Ba 'ieAOBeKa 'iepTHT
BOKpyr TeAa TPH Kpyra naJ\bgeM HAIi rB03.IJ.eM. HHKTO He MomeT BOHTH B 3TOT
Kpyr. CorAaCHO 4m. 4m. MO.IJ.H, 3TO .lJ.eAaAOCb, 'iTo6b[ He CXBaTHTb IiHlpeK-
gHI0 22 . 6. A. .J\HTBIiHCKIiH npe./J.AOmHA HHYIO HHTepnpeTagli10 reHe3liCa 3TOro
napcliHcKoro 06bl'iaH, }'Ka.3aB Ha KOAbgeBble KiL\1eHHble Orp3.IJ.bI KypraHoB cpe.IJ.-
Hea3liaTCKIiX caKOB. OH npliBO.IJ.HT gHTary 1i3 «PHrBe.IJ.bl» (X.18,4): «H B03-
.lJ.BliraIO 3T0 KO,\bgO (1i3 KaMHeH) .IJ..;UI 3aI!!HTb[ OT mHBYI!!HX, 'iT06bI HIiKTO
136
f .l\aBa VI
)l,pyrOH He MOl' )l,OCTHrHyrb ,!Toro npe)l,eAa". OH pa3BHA H)I,elO, '1TO Ii KOAbge-
Bb[e Orpa)l,b[ KypraHOB. Ii KOAbga BOKpyr napcHHcKOro 3axopOHeHliH BOCXO.ll.HT
K )l,peBHIiM IiH)I,OeBpOneHCKIiM BepOBaHHHM, CBH.3aHHb[M CO CTpeMAeHlieM 01'0-
P0)l,IiTb Mlip MepTBbIX OT MHpa mIiBbIx 23 .
?KpegbI 'iIiTaIOT ceMb «has» «rAaB>', Ha3blBaeMbIX Ahunavaiti. BepHT, '1TO
'iTeHlie «faT", nepBOHa'laAbHO COCTaBAeHHb[X caMHM npopoKoM, ycneuIHo Pa3-
PYWHT 3Aoe BAIiHHHe. «Has,> BKAIO'iaIOT KopOTKlie MOAIiTBb[, neCHIi Ii rHMHbI,
KOTopbIe Bo061!!e BbIpamalOT IpHAOcolpCKlie Ii a6cTpaKTHb[e Mb[CAIi 0 MeTalpH-
3H'ieCKIiX npe)l,.MeTax. Kor)l,a 'iTeHlie 3aKaH'iIiBaeTCH, TeAO BbIHOCHT 1i3 )l,OMa 24 .
.lJ,AH Tex 6e)l,Hb[X. KTO He B COcrOHHli1i HMeTb OT)I,eAbHOe nOMel!!eHlie ,lL;UI
YMepWIiX, Ha Kam,ll,OH YAlige 6b[A cnegliaAbHb[H )l,OM ,lL;UI ,!TOH geAIi. T al\1 Ii '11i-
TaAH «has>" a 3aTeM nepeHOCIiAIi TeAO npHMO B )l,aXMY. 40 n03)1,HerO BpeMeHIi
HeKOTopbIe ropO)l,a f Yl/.2KapaTa HMeAH TaKHe )l,OMa ,lL;UI YMepUIliX. Ho CeH'iaC IiX
B OCHOBHOM IicnOAb3YlOT KaK CKAa)l,bI ,lL;UI HOCIiAOK Ii )l,pyrliX npe)l,MeTOB norpe-
6a-\bHOro 06pH)I,a.
Sagdid npOBO.ll.HT )l,Bam.n,b[ B Te'ieHlie npogecca O)l,eBaHHH caBaHa Ii Ha Ka.m-
)l,b[H Gah B Te'JeHlie BpeMeHH HaXOm)l,eHHH Tpyna B )l,OMe. Gah HBAHIOTCH pa3-
AIi'iHb[MH nepliO)l,aMIi )l,HH. nepBb[H Gah Hilvan Ha'lIiHaeTCH C paCCBeTa )l,HH
Ii KOH'IaeTCH B 12 '1aCOB IiAIi nOA,lJ,eHb. BTOpOH Rapigwin Ha'lIiHaeTCH C 12 )1,0
3 qaCOB )l,HH. T peTIiH Uzarina Ha'iIiHaeTCH B TPH Ii .llJ\HTCH )1,0 Toro KaK CTeMHe-
eT. YeTBepTbIH Aiwisrugrim Ha'lIiHaeTCH OT HacrynAeHIiH TeMHOTb[ )1,0 nOAHO-
'il1. nHTbIH Ushahin Ha'iIiHaeTCH C nOAHO'i1i H .llJ\IiTCH)I,O paccBeTi 5 .
nOcAe nepBoro sagdid B KOMHary npliHOCJlT OroHb B Ba3e Ii OCTaBAHIOT 1'0-
peTb C naxHyrgliM CaH)I,aAOBb[M )l,epeBOM Ii Aa)l,aHOM. 3TO CBH3b[BaIOT C pa3Py-
weHHeM HeBl1jJ,IiMb[X 6aKTepliH 60Ae3HIi, KOTOpb[e MOryr HaKanAI-IBaTbCH B B03-
)l,yxe, B KOMHaTe, r)l,e nOMel!!eH Tpyn, )1,0 ero OTnpaBKH B «6aWHIO MO,\'iaHHH».
Mb[ 'iHTaeM CAe)l,YlOI!!ee B «BIi)l,eB)I,aTe" (VII.79-80) 06 :'!TOH O'iIiCTHTeAb-
HOH IpYHKgli1i orHH: «0 CBHTOH 3aparywTpa! ECAH HeKTO npliHeceT C '1IiCTO-
TOH (,lL;UI OI'HH) aesma (T. e. )l,epeBo) pacreHHJI Urvasna IiAIi Vohu-gaona IiAH
Vohu=br;Jti HAIi Ha8anaepata, IiAIi )l,pyroe KaKoe-H1i6Y)l,b naXHYI!!ee )l,epeBO,
orOHb Axypa Ma3)1,bI 3al!!lirgaeT Tb[CH'IY pa3 npOTIiB HeBli)l,liMbIX 3AbIX cy-
l!!eCTB, BO Bcex 06AaCTHX, B KOTOpb[e BeTep nepeHOCHT 3anax orHH,>26.
?KeAaHHe 06e30naCliTb ce6H OT OCKBepHHlOl!!ero B03)1,eHCTBHJI MepTBoro Te-
Aa npOCAemliBaeTCH H B nOrpe6aAbHOM 06pHJJ.e Tap)KHKOB, KOTopbIe OKypliBalOT
u 27
KOMHary TpaBOIi IiCnaH)I, .
3aTeM mpeg CIi)l,HT nepe)l, orHeM Ii '1HTaeT «3eH)I, fuecry" )1,0 Toro BpeMe-
HIi, KaK Tpyn nepeHOCHT B 6aWHIO. Hcr a6COAIOTHOH He06xo)l,IiMOCTH. 'iT06b[
IiMeHHO mpeg '1IiTaA MOAHTBb[ Ii nOMepmliBaA ropHI!!liM orOHb. 4pyrOH '1eAO-
BeK B )l,OMe Tal0Ke MomeT '1HTaTb MOAHTBbI, CIi,llH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, Ha paCCTOH-
Hlili Tpex warOB OT Tpyna, TaK 'IT06b[ He MOl' AO 6b[Tb pliCKa ,lL;UI OCKBepHeHIiH:
norpe6a 'bHbIH 06plI,1\ napcoB V1Hi\HH HOBora BpeMeHH
137
,,0 c03)1,aTeAb MaTepHaAbHoro Mlipa! Ha KaKOM paCCToHHHIi OT CBHTOro '1eAO-
seKa )l,ONKeH 6b[Tb nOMel!!eH Tpyn?,) Axypa Ma3)1,a OTBe'iaeT: «Tpli wara"
(Vd. VIII.6, 7). B03Ae MeCTa, r)l,e nOMel!!aAOCb TeAO yconwero, )l,OAmHa 6b[-
Aa HaXO)l,liTbCH 3ammeHHaH Aa:l<ma B Te'ieHlie )l,eBHTIi HAIi Tpli)l,gaTIi )l,HeH, B 3a-
BIiCHMOCTIi OT Bpe:l<IeHH ro)l,a (3IiMb[ IiAIi AeTa). B MaAeHbKOM ropwKe C BO)l,OH
CTaBIiAIi CBemHe gBeTb[, KOTopbIe MeHHAIi Kam.n,oe yrpo Ii Be'iep. nOCAe OKOH-
'JaHIiH :'!Toro nepliO)l,a BCH KOMHaTa )l,OAmHa 6bITb BbIMbITi 8 .
T pyn MomeT 6bITb nepeHeceH B 6awHIO B AI060e BpeMH B Te'leHlie )l,HH. T aK
KaK npe)l,nliCaHO Bb[CTaBAHTb TeAa COAH!!}' (Vd. V.13), nepeHeceHlie TeAa HO-
'iblO CTpOro 3anpel!!eHo. ECAIi CMepTb IiMeAa MeCTO paHo HO'iblO, TeAO OCTaB-
A5IAIi )1,0 CAe)l,YlOl!!ero yrpa, HO eCAH OHa IiMeAa MeCTO n03)1,HO HO'iblO HAIi paHo
yrpOM, Tpyn )l,ONKeH 6bITb nepeHeceH )l,HeM. B cAyqae cAyqaHHoH cMepTIi BO-
06rge )l,03BOAHeTCH .llJ\IiHHbIH IiHTepBaA. B «BIi)l,eB)I,aTe» VII1.4-5 roBOpHT-
CH, 'iTO B TaKIiX CA}"IaHX pacna)l, He Ha'iHHaeTCH TaK paHO, KaK B cAyqae, eCAIi
re,\o CTpa)l,aAO OT 60Ae3HeH, HO Ha'lIiHaeTCH nOCAe O)l,HOro Gah IiAH O)l,HOro ne-
pHO)l,a )l,HH; Ii ,lL;UI 3)1,OpOBbH Ii 'iIiCTOTb[ mIiBYI!!IiX He Bpe)l,HO OCTaBAHTb TeAO
)l,O \bwe.
3a 'iac )1,0 BpeMeHH, HaMe'ieHHOrO ,lL;UI nepeHoca TeAa B 6aWHIO, )l,Ba HAIi
LleTb[pe (eCAIi TeAO THmeAoe) HaCaCaAapa, O)l,eTb[e B 6eAoe, BXO.ll.HT B )1,0:1<1 no-
CAe npOBe)l,eHHH gepeMoHHIi Padyab kusti. Bce 'iaCTIi TeAa 3a IiCKAIO'IeHlieM
Aliga nOKpbIBaIOT. OHIi KAaAyr dastana (T. e. nOKpbITlie )I,AH PYK) Ha ero PYKIi.
OHH BXO.ll.HT B )l,OM. )l,epma paivand (T. e. CBH3YlOI!!YlO TKaHb) Mem,ll,y C060H,
Ii Hecyr meAe3Hb[e HOCHAKIi gahan. nepeHOC'iIiKIi TpynoB, CHJI,H B )l,OMe, no-
Mel!!alOT HOCiiAKH co CTOPOHb[ Tpyna Ii 3aTeM 6epyr bilj. bpaTb bilj, T. e. '11i-
TaTb Sros-bilj MOAIiTBY CO CAOBa ASahe B MOAIiTBe K;Jm na Mazda «<KOMY,
o Ma3)1,a»), KOTopaH COCTaBAHeT 'iaCTb Sros-bill 9 . Kor)l,a 'iaCTIi'iHaH pa60Ta
B CBH31i C BbICTaBAeHlieM MepTBoro TeAa 3aKOH'ieHa, bilj TaKme 3aTeM KOH'iaeT-
01, T. e. '1HTaeTCH OCTaBWaHCH 'iaCTb Sros-bilj. 3TOT bilj TaKme 6epeTcH mpe-
gOM BO BpeMJI KynaHIiH Ii gepeMoHli1i Barasnum 30 .
3aTeM OHIi 'iHTalOT C)I,epmaHHO 1p0PMYAY: «(Mb[ )l,eAaeM :'!TO) no BOAe
Axypa Ma3)1,bI, no BOAe AMewa CneHToB, no BOAe CBHTOro Sros, no BOAe
Adarbild Milrespand 31 , Ii no BOAe )l,acrypa»32. YHTaH :'!ry 1p0PMYAY, 1i3BeCTH)'IO
KaK Oasturi formula, OHIi npOB03rAawalOT, qTO HaMepeBalOTCH npOBO)l,HTb Bce
gepeMoHHIi ,lL;UI Bb[CTaBAeHHH MepTBoro TaK, KaK HanlicaHO B peAlirH03HbIX
KHHrax H YCTaHOBAeHO BeAIiKIiM mpegoM. 3aTeM OHIi CH.lI.HT MOA'Ia B03Ae TPy-
na. ECAH KTO-AH6o 3aroBOpHT no KaKOMY-.II.1i60 cAyqalO, OHIi rOBopHT C)I,ep-
maHHO, He OTKPb[BaJI ry6, KaK )l,ONKHbI I'OBOpHTb B baj.
3aTeM CAe)l,yeT gepeMoHIDI Geh-Sarna, T. e. '1TeHlie «faT», I1x '1HTaIOT
C ge.J\bIO )l,aTb MOpa.llbH)'IO nOMepmKY mHBbIM nepeHecTH CTOHKO nOTeplO }'Mep-
wero Ii 3al!!HTHTb npOTHB pacnpocTpaHeHHH 6oAe3HIi. Mbl '1HTaeM CAe)l,YlOI!!ee
138
f .l\aBa VI
florpe6a.l\bHb!H 06pHl\ napCOB Y!HJIHH HOBora BpeMeHH
139
KOpOBbl cAymHT !!eAHM e3HHlpeK!!HH. T aK, 'iT06bl )'HIf'ITOmlITb He'iIiCTOT}', elO
onpb[CKHBalOT MecTO, r e nOMergaAOCb MepTBoe TeAO (Vd. XIX.2).
B HeKOTopblX ropo ax MOq>ycoHAa, no KpaHHeH Mepe B OpTO OKcaAbHbIX
ce:vlbHX ropO,ll,a, nAHTbl cOXpam[AH B OMe 10 HAIi 30 HeH B 3aBHCliMOCTH OT
ce30Ha ro a, 3HMb[ HAM AeTa. 3TO npe nHcaHHe, KameTCH, OALKHO 003HpO-
BaTbOI Ha Yd. V.42.
T e, KTO meAaeT conpOBom aTb noxopOHHYIO npO!!eCCIiIO, cAe ylOT 3a HO-
CIiAKaMH Ha paCCTOHHHH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, 30 llIarOB. OCTaBIliHecH H3 co-
6paBIlIHxcH paCXOJI,.HTCH. llo Toro KaK BOHTH B CBOIi OMa H MeCTa 61i3HeCa, OHH
OMbIBalOT CBOH .I\H!!a H pyrHe 'iaCTIi Te.l\a Ii npOBOJI,.HT !!epeMOHIiIO kusti.
Bce, KTO li eT C noxopoHHOH npO!!eCClieH, o eTbl nOAHOCTblO B 6eAOC. OHH
pacnoAaralOTCH no napaM, epma paivand Mem y C060H, 6epyr biij H MOA'ia
H yr K 6allIHe. npO!!eCCHIO B03r AaBAHIOT Ba mpe!!a. 06 aTOM roBOpliTCH
B "BH eB aTe» VIII.14, 19-21: ,,0, CBHTOH C03,l1,aTC.J\b MaTCpHaAbHOrO MHpa!
KaK opora, no KOTOpOH Hecyr MepTBoro 'ieAOBeKa, CTaHCT npoxo IiMOH ,lJ,AH
cKoTa?» (OTBeT) «nepBbIM A&ravan (T. e. mpe!!) OALKeH npOHTIi opory,
qHTaH n06e HTeAbHb[e CAOBa Ya&a Ahii Vairyo H K m nil Mazda»37.
ECAH aXMa pacnO.l\OmeHa aAeKO, TeAO MomHO nepCHeCTIi, norpY3liB ero
Ha KOPOBY IiAH OCAa, Ii onAaKIiBalOrglie Moryr exaTb, XOTH mpe!!b[ OAmHb[
Ii T1i38 .
Kor a HOCHAKH OCTHralOT 6a1lIHIi, CHa'iaAa IiX K.l\ilAyr Ha 3eMAIO, Ii Haca-
CaAapbl OTKpb[BaIOT AIi!!O Tpyna. T e, KTO COnpOBO)K)l.aeT noxopOHHYIO npo!!ec-
CHIO, BblpamalOT CBOC ysameHlie H 6pocalOT nocAe HIiH B3r AH , HaXOJI,.HCb Ha
paCCTOHHIiIi, no KpaHHeH: Mepe, 30 llIarOB. 3aTeM nOC.I\e HIiH: pa3 npOBOJI,.HT
sagdid. B nO.IVI.eHb BopoTa 6a1lIHIi, KOTOpb[e 3aKpblTb[ Ha rgeKO.IVI.Y, OTnlipalOT.
HaCaCaAapbl BCT}'TlaIOT B CBOH 06H3aHHOCTH no OTHOllIeHHIO K TeAY. OHIi no -
HIiMalOT HOCHAKH H nepeHOCHT TeAO B axMY, r e 6epyr ero C HOCIiAOK, nOMe-
rgalOT B pavis. HaCaCaAapbl OALKHbl TaR nOAomliTb TeAO, 'iT06bl OHO He CO-
39 3
npliKaCaAOCb C pyrHMH TCAaMH. aTeM pa3pblBalOT o em y C TeAa )'Mep-
llIero H K.l\ilAyr Ha nOA 6aIlIHH. 06 aTOM rOBopliTCH B «BIi eB aTe»: «llBa
CHAbHblX 'ieAOBeKa Moryr nepeHeCTH ero H nOMeCTIiTb ero HarHM 6e3 Ka-
KOH-AH60 O em b[ Ha aT}' 3eMAIO, Ha rAHHY, KHpnH'iH, KaMHIi H 1i3BeCTb»
(Vd. VIII.10). O e)K)l.a, OCTaBllIaHCH OT Tpyna, HHKor a He HcnoAb3yeTCH,lJ,AH
JI.pyrHx !!eAeH:, HO c6paCblBaeTCH B HM)' cHapymH 6aIlIHH, r e OHa IiCT.I\eBaeT
no eH:CTBHeM COAH!!a, B03 yxa H omJI,.H. B EOM6ee OHIi pa3pYilialOT ec
C nOMorgblO CepHOH: KHC.I\.OTbI.
nOCAe 3asepilieHIDI HaCaeaAapaMH CBOeH: pa60Tbi OHH co06rgalOT, 'iTO TCAO
pa3MeIgeHO B 6allIHe. Bce npHcyrcTBYIOIgHe BCTalOT CO CBOHX MeCT H 3aBep-
llIaIOT biij, T. e. 'llITalOT OCTaBIlIHH:CH Sros-biij, TaK KaK o 3aBepllIeHHH npo!!ec-
Clili OHH 'ilITaAIi .l\HllIb OJI,Hy ero 'iaCTb. OHH npOH3HOCHT KOPOTKYIO MOAIITBY:
no 3TOMY Bonpocy B «BH eB aTe» X.12: «3apaT}'llITpa cnpOCHA Axypa Ma3-
y: ,,0 Axypa Ma3 a! HaH60.l\ee 6AaroTBOpHblH yx! CBHTOH C03 aTeAb
MaTepHaAbHoro MHpa! KaK Mbl OALKHbl CTOHTb npOTIiB druj (3AOro BAIDIHHH),
KOTopoe nepeXO HT OT MepTBoro mHBbIM? KaK Mbl O.l\mHb[ CTOHTb npOTHB
nasu (3Aoro B.I\IiHHIiH), KOTopoe nepeHOCHT OCKBepHeHlie OT MepTBblX mH-
;)" T A M u
BbIM. or a xypa a3 a OTBeTl1.l\: "YHTaHTc 3TH C.l\.OBa, KOTopble rOBopHT-
CH Bam bl B «faTax»".». 3TH CAOBa BCTpe'iaIOTCH B Ha'iaAe «faTbl» Ahu-
navaiti 33 .
B aTOH: !!epeMOHIiIi Geh-Siimii Ba mpe!!a npOBOJI,.HT Padyab kusti H noc.I\e
'iTeHHH MOAHTB AH OT e.l\bHOrO Giih H yr B KOMHary, r e nOMergeHo TeAo,
H. epma paivand Mem y C060H, KAa)J.yr padiim Ha CBOIi AH!!a, 6epyr biij,
T. e. 'iHTaIOT cooTBeTcTBYlOrgylO 'iaCTb SroS-biij H 'iHTaIOT «fary» Ahunavaiti
(Yasna XXVIII-XXXIV), KOTOpaH KacaeTCH Axypa Ma3AbI, ero AMellia
CneHToB IiAH 6eccMepTHbix apXaHre.l\OB, 6y yIgeH m1i3HIi, BOCKpeceHIiH.
nocAe 'iTeHIiH nO'iTIi nOAOBIiHbl «faTbl» Ahunavaiti ( o XXXI.4) OHIi OC-
TaHaBAIiBalOTCH Ha O HY MHHyry. nepeHOC'iHKH TpynoB B aTO BpeMH nO HIi-
MalOT TeAO C KaMeHHOH: nAHTb[, Ha KOTOpOH: OHO AemaAO, H nOMergalOT ero Ha
meAe3Hb[e HOCIiAKIi. llBa mpega 3aTeM 'iIiTaIOT OCTaBIlIYIOCH 'iaCTb «f aTbl»
Ahunavaiti 34 .
Kor a 'iTeHlie « f aTb[» 3aKOH'ieHO, npOBOJI,.HT 3aKAIO'iIiTeAbHblH: sagdid,
Ii 3aTCM 6AH3KHe H PY3bH )'Mepiliero, KOTOpb[e B aTO BpeMH C06paAliCb B OMe,
6pocalOT nOCAC HIiH: B3rAH Ha YllIe llIero. Mym'iHHb[ pyr 3a pyroM npoxo-
Jl,.HT MI1MO Tpyna Ii 1i3 YBameHI1H eAalOT nOKAOH. 3Ta npo!!eccIDI Ha3blBaeTCH
sijda. 3aTeM nCpeHOC'iIiKIi TpynOB BblHOCHT HOCHAKH H3 OMa Ii nop}"lalOT IiX
khiindhiiis, HBAHIOIgIiMCH nepCHOC'iIiKaMIi TpynoB, KOTOpb[e TOAbKO nepeHocHT
HOCIiAKIi C TpynOM Ha CBOIiX nAe'iaX H3 OMa K 6allIHe 3j .
o TOM, KaK HymHo KAaCTb nOKOH:HIiKa Ha HOCHAKI1, B pa60Tax napCI1H:CKIiX
}"IeHblx }'Ka3aHIiH HeT. K. A. l-1HocTpaH!!eB. H3}"1aH PIiCYHKIi ryJl)KapaTCKOH
pYKonHCI1 «ApTa-BHpaq»>, OTMe'iaeT, 'iTO nOKOHHIiK AemliT B 6eAOH: o em e,
C HenoKpblTblM AH!!OM, a HOCKAbrgHKIi Hecyr ero rOAOBOH: Bnepe , HO Ha Pli-
CYHKe NQ 76 nOKOHHIiKa HCCyr HOraMI1 Bnepe . TaKHM 06pa30M, OH OTMe'iaeT
OTAH'iHC B napCliHcKoM pHT}'aAe XVII-XVIII BB. 36 .
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nO HHTHH TCAa aTIi nepeHOC'iIiKIi TaKme 6epyr biij Ii COCTaSAHIOT napbl.
BTOpOH aTan norpe6a.J\bHoro o6pJ1.lla
BCKope nOCAe BblHoca TeAa H3 OMa onpblCKHBalOT gomez, KaMeHHYIO nAH-
T}', Ha KOTOpOH AemaAO TCAO, H nyTb, no KOTOpOM)' nepeHOC'iIiKI1 BblHOCHAH
Tpyn 113 OMa. KaMeHHaH nAHTa OALKHa 6blTb nOAHOCTblO BblHeceHa 1i3 OMa
HeMe,ll,.l\eHHO nOCAe BblHoca TCAa, llpeBHlie 30pOaCTp11H!!bl BepHAH, 'iTO MO'ia
140
f .l\aBa VI
norpe6a.l\bHblH 06pHi\ napCOB Y!Hi\HH HOBoro BpeMeHH
141
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YMeplIIero). MbI nOMIiHaeM 3 eCb YlIIli YMeplIIlix, KOTOpb[e I1MelOT YlIIY CBH-
rylO». 3aTeM OHH KanalOT MO'iOH KOpOBbI Ha OTKpbITbIe 'iaCTIi TeAa Ii OMbIBalOT
HX BO OH. OHIi pa3BH3bIBalOT H pacnAeTalOT kusti, COnpOBOJK aH aTO 06b['i-
HOH MOAI1TBOH. HeKOTopbIe, oc06eHHO JKpeg, 'iIiTalOT IicnOBe b HAH nOKaHH-
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KIiM 06pa30M npOCHT np0l!.!eHIiH Y Eora 06 YMeplIIeM. Bce B03Bpal!.!alOTCH
OMOH Ii KynalOTcH, npeJK e 'ieM npHcTynliTb K IicnOAHeHlilO CBOI1X 06H3aH-
HocTeH.
«EalIIHlO MOA'iaHI1H», Ky a nOMel!.!alOT MepTBbIe TeAa, 06bI'iHO CTpOHT Ha
BeplIIliHe XOAMa I1J\H B03BbIlIIeHHoH 3eMAe. Mb[ 'iHTaeM 06 aTOM B «BIi eB,lI,a-
Te»: «0 CBHTOH C03 aTeAb MaTeplia-\bHOrO Mlipa! Ky a MbI OALKHb[ nOMec-
THTb TeAa yconlIIliX? 0 Axypa Ma3 a! r e MbI AOAJKHb[ nOMeCTIiTb IiX?»
Axypa Ma3 a OTBe'iacr: «0 Cnl1TaMa 3aparywTpa! Ha Hali60Aee B03BbI-
lIIeHHOM MeCTe!» 40
.lLuI 6AarO'ieCTHBbIX 30poacTpliHgeB ax;\.Ia He npOCTO coopYJKeHl1e 1i3 KaMHH
Ii Klipnli'ia, a peAlim03Hoe Y'lpeJK eHHe, KOTopoe nOMoraeT OpMa3 y B 60pb6e
C He'iIiCTOTOH, npo1i3Bo IiMOH AxpIiMaHoM. npli B03Be eHIiIi aXMbI npOBO-
,AHTCH cnegliw\bHb[e gepeMOHIiIi. CBHl!.!eHHbIe npe MeTb[, 3aAeHCTBOBaHHb[e
B HIiX, CBH3aHb[ C CIiMBOAIiKOH 'iHCeA. T aK, BepeBKa, COCTOHl!.!aH 1i3 101 HI1TIi,
npe CTaBAHcr 101 CBHl!.!eHHoe HMH OPMa3,l1,a, KOTopoe nOBTopHeTCH 30poaCT-
pHHgaMH KaJK bIH eHb npli qTeH1i1i MOAIiTB Ii npOBe eHI1H AHryprl1l1 l. Tpex-
KpaTHoe 06MaTbIBaHlie BepeBKoH OKPYJKHOCTIi aXMbI CHMBOAli3lipyeT TPH
rAaBHb[e 06po eTeAI1 30poaCTpli3Ma: 6AarylO Mb[CAb, 6Aaroe CAOBO, 6Aaroe
eAO. T pliCTa O I1H rB03 b, B6HTb[H B 3eMAlO, CAYJKI1T B Ka'ieCTBe norAOTHTeAH
He'iHCTOTbI, a cBHrgeHHaH BepeBKa, 06BliTaH Tpli pa3a BOKpyr rB03 eH, eHcT-
ByeT B Ka'ieCTBe «norpaHIi'iHOH AIiHHIi», C epJKIiBalOrgeH npOHIiKHOBeHlie He-
'iIiCTOTbI. B6liBaHlie 301 rB03,AH HanOMHHaeT 0 cBHrgeHHoM orOBope, 3aKAlO-
'ieHHOM JKpegaMIi OT IiMeHIi 06rg1iHb[ co CneH,lI,apMaAOM, AMelIIa CneHTaMIi
3a60THTbCH 0 3eMAe, Ha KOTOpOH B03Be eHa aXMa B TeqeHlie no KpaHHeH Mepe
301 ro a. T aKIiM 06pa30M, 30poacTpHHCKaH aXMa CAYJKHT KaK 06AaAalOrgee
YXOBHOH ClL\OH 3 aHlie, B03Be eHHoe JKpegaMIi nocpe CTBOM npOBe eHHH Pli-
rya-\OB H npOli3HeCeHI1H cBHrgeHHbIx CAOB, npe,ll,Ha3Ha'ieHHOe Orpa)J.l1Tb 3eMAlO
42
OT npOHIiKHOBeHIiH He'iIiCTOTbI .
nOCAe Toro KaK B aXMY nOMergalOT nepBbIH TPyn, OHa CTaHOBIITCH ca-
Kpw\bHO HeqIiCTOH.
B 1926 r. lIIlipOKO pacnpOCTpaHIiACH CAYX 0 TOM, 'iTO HeKI1H napc npHlIIeA
JKHTb B ,lI,aXMY Y EOM6eH Ii 'iTO OH y6eJKaA 1i3 Hee Ii CKpbIBaACH B aTOM ropo e,
OnaCaHCb 6bITb y6HTbIM napcaMIi. napCbI 60HAIiCb, 'lT0 aTO MOJKeT BbI3BaTb
anli eMlilO cpe 11 AlO eH Ii HacaCaAapb[ em y6blOT. napCIiHCKIiH naH'iaHaT
Bb[nvCTIiA npOKAaMagHlO, nOKa3bIBaH nO.J\HYlO 6e30CHOBaTeAbHOCTb KaKIiX-AH60
- 43
onaceHli1i .
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B HaCTOHl!.!ee BpeMH B Y IH 1i1i CYl!.!eCTByeT 60Aee CTa aXM .
npHHgHn paBeHCTBa Ii e I1HCTBa - OCHOBHaH 'lepTa 30poaCTpliHCKOH CIiC-
Te1b[ BbICTaBAeHHR YMeplIIliX B aXMe, KOTOpaH npe Ha;:ma'ieHa .lI.AH Bcex 'iAe-
HOB napCIiHCKOH 06I!.!HHbI. Ho IiMeeTCH Ba CAY'laH B HCTOpli1i napCOB B l-1H-
.'lH!1, Kor a aXMY COOPYJKa-\1i .lI.AH HHAIiBl1,'lya-\bHOro nOAb30BaHI1R IiAIi .lI.AH
O/.(HOH ceMbH.
B 1786 r. M. lJ.JK. PIi IiMoHeH (M. ]. Readymoney) Ha'iw\ CTpOIiTb .lI.AH
Ce65j IiH,lI,HBH yw\bHYlO ,lI,aXMY. OHa IiMeAa Ba pavis Ii Mw\eHbKIiH geHTpa-\b-
,IbIH KOAo eg. M. .L4K. PIi IiMoHeH CKOH'iw\CH O Tom, KaK 6b[AO 3aBeplIIeHO
coopYJKeHlie aXMbI. Ero TeAO 6b[AO nOAOJKeHO n06Ali30CTI1 Ha KaMeHHYlO
rL\anf>opMY. Ero nepeHeCAH B HOBYlO ,lI,aXMY 'iepe3 MecHg, Kor a 6b[AO 3aKOH-
'leHO ee CTpOIiTeAbCTBO. J\ereH a rAaCIiT, 'iTO Kor a M. lJ.JK. PH IiMOHeH B03-
spargw\CH H3 KHTaH, ero nOCpe,ll,HIiK - apMHHI1H, 3aHliMaBlIIliHCH aCTpOAorH-
eH, nOCOBeTOBw\ e:\IY nOCTpOIiTb I1HAHBIi yw\bHYlO AaX;1\1Y Ii npe OCTeper ero,
'-ITO eC\1i KaKoe-A1i60 pyme TeAO 6y eT nOMel!.!eHO B ero IiH I1BI1,'J,ya-\bHYlO
"{aX 1Y, TO em pO,'J, npeKpaTHTCH. nOCAe CMepTH M. .L4K. PIi,'J,I1MOHeH B ary
,\aX:VIY 6b[AO nOMel!.!eHO TeAO HOBopo eHHoro pe6eHKa H3 ero CeMbl1. T eAO
06HapYJKliAI1 AeJKal!.!liM Ha 3eMAe 3a npe,'J,eAaMIi ,lI,aXMbI Ha CAe,'J,YlOrgIiH eHb Ii
06paTHO nOAOJKlL\1i B Hee. B ary JKe HO'ib ero HaCAe,'J,HI1K }'BH,'J,eA COH, B KOTO-
£10 I 1\1. lJ.JK. PH,'J,IiMOHeH CKa3aA eMY, 'iT06b[ OH OTKa3aACH OT Bcex 3aHHTIiH.
f103i1.Hee ,'J,Ba Te.'\.a 113 'iAeHOB ero ceMbli 6bIAii nOMel!.!eHbI B ,'J,aXMY, Ii BnOCAe,'J,-
45
CTilHH pO,'J, 1\1. .L4K. PIi,'J,HMOHeH Bb[Mep, KaK Ii npe,'J,CKa3w\ e:VIY nocpe,rJ;HIiK .
,LlPyroH npliMep coopYJKeHI1H HH,lI,HBIi ya-\bHOH ,lI,aXMb[ OTHOCHTCH K CO-
CTOHTeAbHOMY napcy lJ.. H. lJ.aAIiCeTXY (D. N. Dadyseth), KOTOPb[H coopy-
AHA ,'J,aXMY ,lI,.AH ce6H Ii 'iAeHOB CBoeH ceMbli Ha XOAMe MaAa6ap B EOM6ee
B 1798 r. OH CKOH'iaACH B 1799 r. 11 6bIA nOMel!.!eH B ary aXMY. lJ.axMa
4. H. lJ.aAHccrxa 6bIAa 60AblIIe, 'ieM ,rJ;aXMa M. .L4K. PIi IiMOHeH. OHa HMeAa
,...., -. 46
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npl1Be,'J,eM KpaTKoe onlicaHlie 6alIIHii EOM6eH. EalIIHH - KpyrAaH Mac-
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3eMAii HaXO,'J,IiTCH JKeAe3HaH ,rJ;Bepb, KOTOpaH OTKpbIBaeTCH Ha KpyrAYlO nAaT-
qJOpMY 1i3 TBep oro KaMHH C KpyrAbIM KOAO.l\geM B geHTpe. KpyrAaH nAaTlf>op-
:VIa BHyrpli 6arnHii - OKOAO 300 lfIyrOB (OKOAO 100 M) B OKPYJKHOCTIi nOAHO-
CTblO BbIM0l!.!eHa 60AblIIliMii KaMeHHblMIi nAHTaMl1, pa3 eAeHHb[MIi Ha Tpl1 pH a
MeAKHX OTKPbITb[X BMecTHAHrg: .lI.AH TeA MYJK'iIiH, TpynoB JKeHrgliH Ii TpynOB
.QeTeH. O eJK a y6lipaeTCH Ii I1CTAeBaeT nOCAe nOMel!.!eHI1H TpynoB B 6alIIHIO.
« Harl1MH Mbl npHWAH B aTOT Mlip Ii HarliMIi Mb[ OAJKHbI nOKIiHyrb ero».
B 6alIIHe IiMeeTCH TponliHKa ,lI,)\H nepe BHJKeHI1H nepeHOC'iIiKOB TpynOB.
norpe6a \bHbIH 06pHi\ napCOB Y!HJIHH HOBoro BpeMeHH
143
142
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fAy60KHH gCHTpa-\bHb[H KOAo eg (bhandar) - OKOAO 150 lfIyrOB (OKOAO 50 M)
B OKPYJKHOCTI1, CTOPOHb[ H AHO KOToporo TalOKC Bb[MOl}JeHb[ KaMCHHblMIi nAIi-
TaMIi, IicnOAb3YCTCH ,lI,NI nOMergeHIiH CYXI1X KOCTeH. T pyn nO)\HOCTblO OCB060-
JK,a,aCTCH OT MHrKHX TKaHeH xlirgHIiKaMIi B Te'iCHIiC 'iaca IiAIi BYX, Ii KOCTIi 06-
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BpaTHTCH B npax. C BHyrpeHHeH CTOpOHbI KOAo ga HMCIOTCH OTBepCTIiH, 'iepe3
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3eMHbiX BO OCTOKa Y OCHOBaHHH 6a1llHIi. 3TIi BO OCTOKIi CBH3aHb[ C 'iCTblpbMH
nOJI.3eMHbIMIi KOAO,'J,gaMIi, OCHOBaHlie KOTOpblX nOKpbITO TOACTb[M CAoeM neCKa.
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TIi, O ce npOHHKHOBeHIiH B nO'iBY. T aKIiM 06Pa30M, c06AIO eH OJJ.IiH 1i3 npliH-
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7
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rasniim-Gah, T. e. nOMergeHHe,ll,Nl npOBeJJ.eHHH gcpeMoHHI1 Barasniim 48 .
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3TOMY B TC'iCHIiC TpCX JJ.HeH nOCAC CMepTH npOBO,l\JITCH gepeMoHIiH B 'ieCTb
Cpoilla C YMIiAOCTIiBIiTeAbHOH IfIOp:\1YAOH npli3bIBa (Xsnuman) Sros.
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npH3bIBaH nOKpOBHTeAbCTBO Sros Ha ,'J,YIlIY YMcplllero, ynoMIiHaH cra I1MH.
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flOMH:\1O 3THX MOAIiTB, 'iHTaIOI}JIiXCH B JJ.OMe YMepmero, CYl}JCCTBYIOT gepe:\l0-
HHII. npOBO,ll,HMbie TOAbKO B xpaMC orHH. K HIiM OTHOCHTOI :\IOAHTSb[ «.HcHa»,
"BHJJ.cBJJ.aT», gepeMoHHH Baj C Xsnuman Sros>3.
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Co6HpalOTcR 6Ali3KHe Ii tlPY3bH YMcpllIero C HeCKOAbKIiMIi JKpegaMH. I..J:HTaIOT-
CH cnegHa-\bHO npeJJ.Ha3Ha'leHHb[C ,lI,NI 3Toro ncpHOAa MOAIiTBb[, a HMeHHO Sros
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COR YMCpWHX, KOTOpb[e C,'J,CAaAH 6Aaro'ieCTIiBb[e nocTynKIi Ha 6Aaro Ma.3 aHC-
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napCHHCKHe HCTO'iHIiKIi yrBep1KJJ.alOT, qTO JJ.ywa YMepllIero HC nOKHJJ.aeT
aTOT Mlip B TC'ieHHe Tpex HeH. B Te'ieHlie aToro neplio a pOJJ.Hble YMcpllIero
ONKHbl B03 epJKIiBaTbCH OT ynoTpe6AeHliH MRca. no aeTCH npOCTaH nlil}Ja,
COCTOHrgaH 113 OBOl}JeH H Pbl6b[, KOTOpaH Ha3blBaeTCH parhizl, T. e. «B03 ep-
49
2KaHHe» . lupeg B Te'ieHHe aToro nepHOJJ.a MOAHTCH nepe ropHrgHM orHeM
C caHJJ.aAOBbIM epeBOM B03Ae MeCTa, r e HaxO HACH Tpyn.
.Llywa BH,lI,HT KapTHHbI CBoeH 6bIBIlIeH JKH3HIi. ECAIi 'ieAOBeK 6b1A npaBe-
eH, OHa BI1JJ.HT npeKpaCHble KapTIiHbl. ECAii aTO 6bIAa YllIa rpellIHIiKa, OHa
BHJJ.eAa YJKaeHble KapTHHbl.
144
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BepHT, '11'0 Ha paccBeTe nOCAe TpeTbeH HO'i1i yrna nepexo IiT B HHOH MHP,
nepeceKaH MOCT YHHBaT. PaccBeT TpeTberO HH nOCAe cMepTIi nmno:v!y pac-
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nOBTopHIOTCH, 'iIiTaIOT MOAIiTBbl Afrjngan H Biij. B aTOT eHb Cy a 6AH3KHe
Ii PY3bH YMeprnero :v!OAHTCH Dory 0 em yrne. CHa'iaAa npOBOAIiTCH Biij
B 'iCCTb 60meCTB ParnHY H ACTa . KOTOpb[e nOMoralOT 60mecTBY MIiTpa, 3a-
TeM B 'ieCTb Rama Xvastra. KOTOpblH HB.i\HeTCH 60JKeCTBOM. mcnO CTB}'IOrgIiM
B aTMoClpepe. nOCAe HIiX B 'ieCTb Arda fravas, T. e. CBHToro Ayxa Bcex yrne -
rnHX yrn. C KOHMIi nOKOHHb[H 6blA COC IiHeH Ii, HaKoHeg. B 'ieCTb Sr6s, KOTO-
pblH PYKOBO 1iA yrnoH YMeprnem B ee nym B IiHOH Mlip. Kor a 'iIiTaeTCH Biij
B 'ieCTb Arda fravas, mpeg OCBHl!.!aeT 6CA}'IO o e1KAY, Ha3blBaeMYIO syav IiAIi
vastra B Fravardin Yast o6 . OHa oCBHrgaeTcH BMeCTe co CBHTb[M XAe60M H py-
rliMH nOJKepTBOBaHIiHMIi, npe CTaB.i\HeMbIMIi no 06eTY. aT)' o eJKj.(y B KOHge
gepeMoHli1i 06b[qHO oT alOT JKpegy IiAIi 6e Hb[M.
UepeMOHHH Afringan Biij B COOTBeTCTBli1i co cBHrgeHHb[MH npe nlicaHHH:\1Ii
npOBO HTCH B 'ieCTb YMeprnem Ha Cheharum. Dahum, Siroz, Salroz, T. e. 'ieT-
BepTblH eHb, eCHTb[H. Tpli,'J,gaTblH Ii m,'J,OBI!.!HH}' nOCAe CMepTIi.
ECAIi qeAOBeK YMep 3a npe eAaMIi CBoero MeCTa npOJKIiBaHHH. .lI.AH Hero,
Cpa3Y me nOCAe nOA}"ieHIiH 1i3BeCTHH 0 ero KOHqIiHe, Bce paBHO OAmHb[ 6bITb
npOBe eHb[ gepeMoHli1i Tpex HeH nOCAe CMepm (Dd. LXXXI.5, fn.2).
CMepTb He KA(i eT KOHeg CBH3HM YMeprnero C JKHBb[MIi 'iAeHaMH em CeMbli.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 30poaCTpHHCKliMii BepOBaHlliIMli, CBHTOH ,'J,YX YMeprnero
npO OAmaeT IiHTepeCOBaTbCH JKIiBYI!.!IiMIi, eCAIi OHIi nOMHHT 0 HeM.
T aKHM 06pa30M, Mbl paCCMoTpeAH norpe6a-\bHbIH 06pN! napcoB, KOTOpblH,
KaK Ii 06pN! HpaHCKlix 30poacTpliHgeB, B HacToHrgee BpeMH OCHOBblBaeTCH Ha
AHT)'prH'ieCKHX TeKCTax ,'J,peBHocTIi. XOTH nOXOpOHHb[e gepeMoHIiH co epmaT
qaCTb[e nOBTopbl H yroMHTeAbHb[. no CYI!.!eCTBY OHIi OqeHb npOCTbl. HH B Ka-
KOH pyrOH 06AaeTii 30poacTpli3Ma peBHHe BepOBaHlliI OTHOCHTeAbHO JKli3HIi
Ii CMepTH He Y,'J,epmliBalOTCH TaK ynOpHO, KaK B noxopOHHOM 06pH e. Becb 06-
pH O'ieHb apXaH'ieH Ii HB.i\HeTCH OTrOAOCKOM rAy60KoH JJ.peBHocTIi.
fAaBa VII
YEPEMOHHH BARASNOM I NO SAB -
04HCTHTEAbHAHUEPEMOHHH
B CBH3H C COnPHKOCHOBEHHEM CO CMEPTblO
KOHgengliH peAlirn03HoH qHCTOTbl (Av. yaozda; PhI. y6jdahrih) Ii OCKBep-
HeHIiH (Av. irimant; PhI. remanih) B 30poaCTpH3Me OCHOBblBaeTCH Ha IpYHAa-
\1eHTaAbHOM KOCMH'ieCKOM H aTHqeCKOM YaA1i3Me MeJKJJ.Y npaBJJ.oH, npaBAIiBO-
:TblO (av. asa; PhI. arda) Ii AomblO (Av. drug; PhI. dryj. druz)I.
YlicToTa Ii OCKBepHeHlie B peAlirH03HoH CHCTeMe 06bl'iHO He OCHOBblBalOTCH
Ha 1p1i3H'ieCKOH 'iHCTOTe HAIi He'iHCTOTe IiAH OCKBepHeHHH, HO Ha pwrya-\bHOH
'iI1CTOTe Ii yrpaTe aTOH 'iIiCTOTb[ 'iepe3 rpex, KOTOPb[H eAaeT BepYlOrgem Pli-
'ryaAbHo He'iIiCTb[M, OCKBepHeHHb[M, B CBH3H C 3TliM HCKAIO'iaH ero 1i3 }"iaCTIiH
B ,'J,CHTeAbHOCTIi 06I!.!eCTBi.
()rJJ.eAeHHe 'iIiCTOrO OT Toro, KTO oCKBepHeH, OCHOBaHO Ha peAlirli03HoH
AHXOTOMIiIi Me1KAY cBHrgeHHblM Ii npolpaHHb[M. Mem,'J,y ,'J,06pOM Ii 3AOM. aTOT
,'J,ya-\1i3M HB.i\HeTCH geHTpaAbHb[M .lI.AH nOHHMaHHH He TOAbKO 'iIiCTOTbl Ii OCK-
BepHCHIiH, HO npeJJ.OCTaB.i\HeT B03MomHOCTb npoHIiKHyrb B Cyrb BepOBaHIiH,
npaKTHKli, cogHa-\bHOrO nOpN!Ka, HKOHorpalpliH, KOCMorOHli1i Ii acxaTOAorHH
30poaCTpIi3:v!a 3 .
CeMb MaTepliaAbHblX C03 aHIiH Axypa Ma3JJ.bl: MeTaAA, 3eM.i\H, BO,'J,a,
orOHb, paCTeHIiH, JKHBOTHb[e Ii 'ieAOBeK - paCCMaTpliBalOTCH KaK cBHrgeHHble
Ii llOJ\mHb[ 6blTb 3argHrgeHbi OT OCKBepHHlOrgero BAlliIHlliI eMOHOB.
B 30poacTpliHcKliX BepOBaHlliIX OCKBepHeHHe H Bce JJ.pyrHe 1p0pMb[ 3Aa pac-
CMaTpliBalOTCH KaK eJJ.IiHb[H MeTalpIi3H'ieCKIiH a6coAlOT, a He KaK OTHOCHTeAb-
Hoe COCTOHHlie HAH JJ.Ha-\eKTIi'ieCKHH npogecc 4 .
He'iHCTOTa paCCMaTpHBaeTCH KaK COCTOHHlie AHqHOCm HAii Bergli, o ep-
JKHMOH eMOHOM, Ii geAbIO O'iHl!.!eHlliI HB.i\HeTCH 1i3rHaHlie eMOHa. C'iHTaIOT,
qTO npliHW1nliaAbHblM areHTOM, 6AarOJJ.apH KOTOPOMY He'iHCTOTa BXOlUIT B 'ie-
o
AOBeKa. HB.i\HeTCH CMepTb, T. K. aTO - «TPIiYMIp lleMOHOB» .
30poacTpliHgbi CTOAb 60HTCH OCKBepHeHIiH, '11'0 YMlipalOI!.!liH B nOCAe -
HHe MHHyrb[ JKli3HIi 'iaCTO OCTaeTCH 6e3 npliCMOTpa. T. K. He TOAbKO CMepTb,
HO H 60Ae3Hb paCCMaTpHBalOTCH KaK BceAeHHe CIiA 3Aa, a CAe OBaTeAbHO, KaK
He'iHCTOTa.
Barasniim .- no sab - O'lHCTHTeAbHaH gepeMoHHH
147
146
f .l\aBa VII
Kor a 'ieAOBeK )'MlipaeT, KaK TOAbKO Yllla OT eAHTCH OT TCAa, Ha MepT-
BOm 113 06,\aCTIi a)J.a Hana)J.aeT nasu= B qJopMe OTBpaTHTeAbHOH MyXIi, Ii KTO
6bI C aTOm BpeMeHIi Hii npHKocHYACH K TPyny, CTaHOBIiTCH HC'iIiCTb[M Ii eAaeT
He'iHCTbIM Toro, K KOMY npliKocHeTcH.
T pynHbIH yx nasu =, KaK yme OTMe'ia,\OCb, 1i3mHHeTCH H3 McpTBom npo-
Be eHlieM gepcMoHl111 sagdid.
B cMepTIi qeAOBeKa 3aKAIO'ieHO 60Ablllce, 'ieM c06cTBeHHo ero CMepTb: CIiAa
cMepTIi 3aK.\IO'ieHa B Bb[CB060m eHIiH CMA a)J.a, cnoc06HbIX 3aXBaTHTb BCC, 'iTO
HaXO IiTCH B npeAeAax IiX ocHraeMocTIi, H «OT MepTBoro 3arpH3HHIOTCH mH-
6
ByrgliC» .
OCKBCpHIiBIlJliHCH 'ieAOBeK tl,OAmeH HaXO IiTbCH B cnegliaAbHOM MeCTC
Armest-gah, rtl,e.ll.AH Hero 6y eT npOBe eHa gCpCMOHHH O'iIil!.jeHIiH, nOApo6HO
onliCaHHaH B «BIiAeB,l\aTC>} (V d. VIII.35-72; IX1-57).
.lLuI mCHrgliHb[ B nepHOtl,qJH3110AOrH'ieCKOm gHK.\a Armest-gah Ha3bIBaACH
Dastanistan, CBOCro pOtl,a «.llaxMa.ll.AH mIiBb[X>,7.
llieHl!.!liHa, TOAbKO pO I1BlllaH pe6eHKa HAIi pO HBlllaH McpTBom pc6eHKa,
TaIOKe CqIiTa,\aCb nopameHHOH BpeMeHHOM CMepTblO (Vd. 11.29).
.lLuI pli-rya,\bHOrO O'iHl!.!eHWI TeAa Ii AYlllli 30poaCTpHHcKHe mpcgb[ pa3pa-
60Ta,m gCpCMOHli1O Barasnum i no sab - «O'IHI!.!CHHe CBHTIi (tI,HeM H) HO-
'ieH>'. Barasnum i: no sab BOCXOtl,HT K OCHOBHOMY TPOHHOMY O'iHCTHTe-\bHOMY
I1pogeccy paHHeM 30poacTpHHcKOH 06rgHHb[. 3Ta gepcMoHHH TBeptl,O yrBCP4 H -
AaCb KaK rAaBHb[H O'iHCTHTeAbHb[H pH-ryaA B llOaxeMcHHAcKIiH neplio Ii Bce
u 8
crge npOBOjJ,IiTCH HpaHCKHMH 30poacTpliHgaMH H napcaMH .
Hali60Ace paHHce ynoMHHaHl1e 0 Barasnum 06Hapym11BaCTO! B «BIiACBAa-
Te» H B cro neXACBHHCKOM KO:\I1\leHTapHH. I-1MeeTcH cro OI1HCaHHe TaKmc
B «nCpCIiACKOM PIiBaHTe» B n03jJ,HecpCAHeBeKOBbIH nepHOjJ,.
nepBOHaqaAbHOH qJYHKgliCH Barasnum 6b[AO O'iHl!.!eHlie 30poacTpHHga,
KOTOPb[H 110CpCjJ,CTBOM KOHTaKTa C HaH60ACC BPCjJ,OHOCHb[M OCKsepHIiTeAeM -
MepTBe'iIiHOH - CTa,\ He'iHCTbIM (Vd. VIII.35-36; IXl-2; XIX20-21).
Y COBepllleHCTBOBaHHaH BepCHH O'lHl!.!eHlUl ACBHTIi (jJ,HCH Ii) HO'ieH, pH-ryaA
Barasnum i no sab 6b[A npCjJ,Ha3Ha'JCH M-'! 30poacTpliHgeB, CTaSlllliX pH-ryaAb-
HO He'iIiCTb[MIi 'iCpe3 npHMOH KOHTaKT C TpynOM. OjJ,HaKO, CCAIi Tpyn 6bIA
Bb[CTaBAeH .lI.AH npOBejJ,eHlUl sagdi:d, 06'bCM OCKBepHeHHH 6bIA MCHblllliM 11 OCK-
BepHeHHb[H tl,OAmCH 6b[Tb Oql1l!.!CH npOCTO nocpe CTBOM OMOBeHlUI ero TeAa
HeOCBHl!.!eHHOH MOt;OH 6b[Ka Ii BO OH (Vd. VIII.36).
OCKBcpHeHHb[H, TaKHM 06pa30M, OAmeH 6bL\ I1CKaTb «OqIiCTHTeMI)}. KO-
TOpbIH jJ,OAmCH 6bITb npaBejJ,HbIM, OCBejJ,OM.\eHHbIM B peAHfli03HOH AIITCpa-rype
Ii 3HalOrgliM O'iHCTHTCAbHb[H pH-ryaA (V d. IX. 2). T aKOH AIi'iHOCTblO 06b['iHO
6bIA mpcg. KOTOpbIH caM nOjJ,Bepra,\CH O'iHI!.!CHIiIO. 3TOT mpeg Bb[6l1paeT 'iIiC-
TOC 3a6pollleHHoe MCCTO. KOTOpOC jJ,OALKHO HaXOjJ,I1TbCH, no KpaHHcH Mepe,
Ha paCCTOHHIiH TpHjJ,gaTIi lllarOB OT BOjJ,b[, OrHH, BeTBclI 6apcoMa, IicnoAb3ye-
Mb[X B peAlirH03Hb[X gepcMoHlUIX Ii B TpCX lllarax OT npaBCjJ,Horo 'ieAOBeKa
(Vd. IX2).
t\1CCTO OqlirgeHHH, IiAIi Barasnum-Gah. pacnOAomeHO B gCHTpe ,nom
npOCTpaHCTBa, .llAH ,noro Bb[pb[BaIOT jJ,eBHTb H:\! (Av. maya), pacno ...omeH-
Hb[X no npH1\IOH AIiHIiIi. nCpBb[C llleCTb HM jJ,OAmHb[ 6b[Tb Bb[PblTb[ Ha pac-
CTOHHIiIi OjJ,Horo lllara jJ,pyr OT jJ,pyra, Mem;I;y CAejJ,YIOrgIiMIi TpeMH HMaMH pac-
CTOHHHe TaKmc jJ,OAmHO 6bITb B OjJ,IiH lllar, HO paCCTOHHIiC B TPIi lllara 6b[AO
MCLKjJ,y HMaMIi llleCTOH HAH CCjJ,bMOH. KamjJ,aH HMa 6bIAa rAy6HHoH B jJ,Ba naAb-
ga AeTOM Ii B 'iCTbIpe naAbga 3IiMOH. 3TIi HMb[ cAymliAIi MeCTOM OMOBeHIiH Ii
6b[AH BMecTIiAlirgeM AAH OMb[BaIOI!.!CH mIiAKOCTH. llilijJ,KOCTb B aTHX RMax -
HCOCBHl!.!eHHaH MO'ia 6b[Ka gomez (Av. gaomaeza) Ii BOAa (Av. ap) - CTa-
HOBIiAaCb He'iIiCTOH nOCAe KOHTaKTa C HeqHCTb[M 'ieAOBeKOM 11 jJ,O)UKHa co-
jJ,cpmaTbCH B aTI1X HMax, He KOHTaKTlipYH C jJ,pyrHMIi CBHI!.!CHHb[MIi aAeMeH-
TaMH jJ,0 TOro, KaK IicnapliTCH H O'iIiCTIiTCH COAHC'iHb[MIi A}"iaMIi. T aK KaK
HcnapeHIiC AeTOM npOIiCXO HAO 6bICTpee, HcnOAb30BaAI1 MeAKlie HMbI. 31i-
:\IOH HMb[ 6bIAii rAy6me, T. K. IicnapeHIiC 6b[AO MCAACHHee. OnpejJ,eAeHHbIX
YKa3aHliH OTHOCIiTeAbHO YCTpOHCTBa aTHX HM B «ABCCTc» HeT. T aK KaK 30-
poacTpliHgbI BepiiAIi, 'iTO 101' HBAHCTCH HanpaBAeHlieM K Hc6ecaM. a Ha ceBepe
Haxo IiTCH a , npaKTIiKOBa,\1i pb[Tbe HM, Ha'iIiHaH C ceBepa Ha lOr. Bepl1AIi,
qTO TpynHbIH jJ,eMoH YAeTIiT Ha3ajJ, K ceBCpy B a)J., nOCAe Toro KaK OH 6y eT
1i3rHaH 1i3 nOjJ,BcpralOrgerocH O'iI1I!.!CHIiIO 'ieAOBCKa. .llBlimeHlie ero K He6e-
caM Ii npOqb 1i3 a a, T. K. OH CTaA PIiTYaAbHO 'iHCTb[M, TaKmc COOTBeTCTBO-
Ba,\O 30poaCTpliHCKOH jJ,OKTpIiHe. 3Ta oplieHTagliH coxpaHeHa 30pOaCTpI1H-
CKHMH mpegaMIi H B HacToHrgee BpeMH.
3aTeM npOIi3BO,ll)lrgIiH O'iHI!.!CHHe jJ,OAmeH pIITyaAbHO OTMeTIITb 3TIi HMb[,
npO'iepTI1B 60p03 bI BOKpyr HIiX, IicnOAb3YH MeTaAAli'ieCKIiH IiHCTPYMCHT. 3TIi
6OP03jJ,b[ 'iepTHT Ha paCCTOHHli1i Tpex rnarOB B KamjJ,oM HanpaBAeHli1i OT HM.
3aTCM 'iepTHT 12 60p03 BOKpyr HM B CAetl,}lOrgeM nopMKe: a) TPH 60p03 bI
.lI.AH Orpam;I;eHlUI HM 1, 2 Ii 3; 6) TPIi 60P03jJ,b[ .lI.AH HM 1-6; B) TPIi 60P03jJ,bI,
'iT06b[ orpa)J.IiTb HMb[ 7 -9. 3TIi 60p03 bI CAymaT B Ka'ieCTBe 1i30AHTOpOB
H qJI131i'ieCKIi, Ii jJ,YXOBHO nocpejJ,CTBOM CBHTb[X CAOB. B TO BpeMH KaK O'ilil!.!ae-
MbIH 'ieAOBeK npOjJ,BliraeTCH H3 HMbI B HMY, TpynHbIH jJ,eMOH oCAa6eBaeT Ii B KOH-
gc KOHgOB 1i3rOHHeTCH.
T HmeAbIe KOMbH 3eMAH, KaMHIi I1AH 'iepCnKIi KAaAH peryAHpHO: a) MemjJ,Y
ceBcpHOH CTOpOHOH caMOH aAbHeH OT geHTpa 60p03 bI H nepBOH HMOH;
6) lllecToH 11 ce bMoH HMaMIi; B) eBHTOH HMOH Ii caMOH aAbHeH OT geHTpa
60P03jJ,OH.
T aK KaK O'il1l!.!aeMbIH HacT)'fla,\ Ha aTH 'iepenKH, ero HOrl1 He KaCaAl1Cb 3eM-
AI1 3a npe eAaMIi 60P03jJ,. r. .A. Bm1 qJyp 06paTiiA BHIiMaHlie Ha AI060nbITHoe
148
f-\aBa VII
Barasnum I" no sab - O'lHCTHTe.\bHaH gepeMoHHH
149
CXO,lJ,CTBO Mem,lJ,Y ompomeHHoH CTPYKTYPOH ,lJ,peBHem Barasnum-Gah Ii YCT-
pOHCTBOM AliTyprli'-IeCKOm TeKCTa B pIiTya-\e «f.[cHa» 9. ::tTa CHCTeMa 6apbepOB
MomeT npOIiCXO,lJ,IiTb OT BepOBaHHH, 'ITO peAHrHH caMa 3argHrgaeTcH ce:\1blO
CTeHaMIi. 3TO BepOBaHlie npe,lJ,CTaBAeHO B «.lleHKap,lJ,e>' (519. II.5-6): «Pe-
AlirliH HMeeT ceMb CTeH. Ca:\1aH ,lJ,aAbHHH OT \;!eHTpa CTeHa ,lJ,OAmHa 6bITb CBH-
Tb[M 1i3pe'IeHHeM H IiCTOAKOBaHlieM».
B Ha'IaAe O'Ilil!.!eHIiH OqlirgaeMb[H npO,lJ,BliraeTCH B nepB}'lO HMY. O'IlirgalO-
rgHH CTOHT cHapymH 60p03,lJ, Ii 'IliTaeT «XB,ua Armaiti 6AaroCKAoHHOMY»
(Av. n masca ya armaitis izaca), nOCAe qem o'Ilil!.!ae:VlblH OTBe'IaeT TaKOH me
1p0PMYAOH. B COOTBeTCTBHH C «BHAeB,lJ,aToM» TpynHb[H AeMOH Ha'IHHa-\ OCAa-
6eBaTb npH 'ITeHIiH Ka.m,lJ,Om CAOBa (Vd. IX.13). llipe\;! 3aTeM Ha-\IiBaA He-
MHoro HeocBHrgeHHoH MO'IIi 6blKa B meAe3HbIH lL\1i CBIiH\;!OBb[H KOBIll, npHBH-
3aHHbIH K KOH!J)' npyra, BOKpyr KOToporo BepeBKa 6bL\a 3aBH3aHa Y3AOM 9 pa3.
OH onpbICKIiBa-\ MO'IOH PYKH Oqlil!.!aeMoro, H60 BepliAH, 'ITO eCAIi PYKH He
OMb[Tb, Bce TeAO MomeT C,lJ,eAaTbCH HeqIiCTb[M (Vd.IX.15). PYKH ,lJ,OAmHbI
6bITb O'IlirgeHb[ Tpli pa3a. 3aTeM MO'IOH OKpOnAHAH TeAO Ha'IliHaH C mAOBbI
(HAA. 29, a, 6) Ii no HanpaBAeHli10 BHIi3: A06, 06AaCTb Mem,lJ,Y 6POBHMH, 3a.l(-
HHH 'IaCTb rOAOBb[, pOT, npaBoe yXO, AeBoe YXO, npaBoe nAeqO, AeBoe nAe'IO,
npaBaH nO,lJ,Mb[IllKa, AeBaH nOAMb[IllKa, rpY,lJ,HaH KAeTKa, cnHHa, npaBb[H: COCOK,
AeBb[H COCOK, npaBaH CTopOHa pe6ep, AeBaH CTopOHa pe6ep, nOAOBb[e opraHbI
(,lJ,AH Mym'IHH CHa'iaAa 3a.l1" 3aTeM nepe,lJ" ,lJ,AH meHI!.!HH Ha060pOT), npaBoe
6e,lJ,po, AeBoe 6e,lJ,po, npaBoe KOAeHO, AeBoe KOAeHO, npaBaH HKpa (Horli), AeBaH
HKpa (Horli), npaBaH AO,lJ,b[mKa, AeBaH AO,lJ,blmKa, BepXHHH 'IaCTb npaBOH: CTyn-
HIi, BepXHHH 'IaCTb AeBOH crynHH, nO,lJ,OIllBa npaBOH HOrl1, nOAOillBa AeBOH HO-
rn. Bepl1AH, 'ITO TpynHb[H ,lJ,e:VIOH nepeAeTaA B npaBb[H: 60AbillOH naAe\;! Horn.
Ha aTOH CTa.l(HH O'IlirgaeMbIH ,lJ,OAmeH Ha.l(aBHTb Ha 3eMAlO Ii nO,lJ,HHTb naAe\;!
Horn (Vd.IX.26). OpaBb[H: naAe\;! OKpOnAHAIi HeOCBHl!.!eHHOH MO'IOH: 6bIKa,
BeplL\H, 'ITO C aTom MeCTa ,lJ,eMOH nepeMeCTIiACH B 60AbillOH naAe\;! AeBOH HorH.
Kor,lJ,a aTOT na-\e\;! 6b[A OqHl!.!eH, TpynHb[H ,lJ,eMOH YAeTa-\ B 1p0pMe OTBpaTIi-
TeAbHOH MYXH Ha:3a,lJ, B a.l(.
3aTeM nO,lJ,Bepl'aBillemCH O'IHl!.!eHHIO 06}"-1aAii 'IliTaTb MOAIiTBY Ahunavar
«<KaK HBAHeTCH r OCnO,lJ,b» ), 3a KOTOpOH CAe,lJ,OBaAa MOJl.I1TBa K;)m na Mazda
(<<KOMY, 0 Ma:3,lJ,a»), ,lJ,0 CAOB «MaTepliaAbHbIH Mlip npaBe,lJ,HOCTI1» (Av. gaeva
astvaitis asahe) (Vd. IX.27).
C06aKa nO,lJ,BO,lJ,lL\aCb K O'IHl!.!aeMOMY nOCAe K oro pHT)'a-\bHOrO OMOBe-
HID! (Vd. VIIl.38). ::tT0 AeHcTBHe ynO,lJ,06AHeTCH pHT)'aAY BblCTaBAeHID! TPY-
nOB B3r AH,lJ,Y c06aKii lL\H nTIiy,bI sagdid C y,eAblO 1i3rHaHHH TpynHoro ,lJ,eMOHa
nasu= (IiAA. 29B).
3aTeM o'Il1rgaeMb[H Ca,lJ,IiTCH Ha KOpTO'IKIi B npOCTpaHCTBe Mem,lJ,y 60p03-
,lJ,aMIi, pa:3,lJ,eAHlOrgHMIi IllecrylO H Ce,lJ,bMYIO HMbI. OH ,lJ,OAmeH O'IHCTHTb TeAO
I j pa3 nb[AblO Ii m,lJ,aTb TaM ,lJ,0 Tex nop, nOKa BCH HeocBHrgeHHaH MOqa 6bIKa Ha
Te.\e Bb[COXHeT.
Ooc.l\e aToro OH ,lJ,OAmeH npO,lJ,BIil'aTbCH K nOCAe,lJ,HIiM TpeM HMaM, r,lJ,e mpey,
OKpOnAHeT BO,lJ,OH em TeAO. BO,lJ,OH oKponJUIAH O,lJ,liH pa:3 B nepBoH HMe, ,lJ,Ba.m-
,'(bI BO BTOpOH Ii Tplim,lJ,b[ B TpeTbeH (Vd. IX.31).
B 3aKAlO'IeHlie TeAO o'IlirgaeMom 6b[AO oKypeHo caHAaAOBbI:V1 ,lJ,epeBOM
(Av. urvasna; Av. vohu=gaona), a-\oa (Av. vohu br ti) H rpaHaToM (Av. ha-
Danaepata). Ha aTOM 3aKaH'IliBaACH plirya-\ O'ilil!.!eHHH.
.llAH 3aBepIlleHliH c06CTBeHHO Barasnum o'Ilil!.!ae:\1bIH ,lJ,OAmeH 6b[A BOHTIi
B ye,lJ,IiHeHHYIO KOMHaTY. OH He Mor npli6AlimaTbCH K orHlO, BO,lJ,e, 3eMAe,
paCTeHHHM, ml1BOTHbIM, 6AarOqeCTHBb[M AIO,lJ,HM B Te'IeHlie ,lJ,eBHTIi HO'IeH
(Vd. IX.27).
Ha 'IeTBepToe, Ce,lJ,bMOe Ii ,lJ,eCHTOe yrpo ero TeAO Ii O,lJ,em,lJ,a O'IHrgaAlicb
HeocBHrgeHHoH MO'IOH 6b[Ka H BO,lJ,OH (Vd. IX.33-35). TOAbKO nOCAe
rpeTbero OMOBeHHH OH npli06peTaA BHOBb pliryaAbHYIO 'II1CTOTY, Ii 6b[A 3aTeM
B COCTOHHIiIi B03BpaTliTbCH B 30pOaCTpl1HCKYlO 06rgliHY Ii npHKacaTbCH KO BceM
CBHTb[M TBopeHIiHM (V d. IX.36).
Cpe,lJ,HeBeKOBaH BepCHH pliTYaAa Oql1l!.!eHHH ,lJ,eBHTI1 (,lJ,HeH 11) HO'IeH Pa:3BH-
Ba \aCb OT nOCTeneHHOH :\1O,lJ,l1lpHKay,HIi ,lJ,peBHero pliTYaAa B anoxy CaCaHIi,lJ,-
CKOH ,lJ,IiHaCTI1Ii, nOCKOAbKY CaCaHIi,lJ,bI YCTaHOBlL\1i 30poaCTpH3M B Ka'ieCTBe
I'OCY,lJ,apCTBeHHOH peAHrHH I-1paHa H yCIiAHAI1 ee npOnaraH,lJ,Y. Cpe,lJ,HeBeKO-
Ab[e HCTOqHIiKIi nOKa:3bIBaIOT, 'ITO B pliTyaAe O'IlirgeHIiH ,lJ,eBHTH (,lJ,HeH Ii) HO-
<leM IiMeAHCb 3Ha'IIiTeAbHb[e OTAliqHH OT COBpeMeHHOH BepCHIi. HeKOTOpb[e
113 HIiX ,lJ,OAmHbI B03HHKHyrb ,lJ,0 Mlirpay,HH napcOB B I-1H,lJ,I1IO, nOTOMY 'ITO OHIi
6bL\1i coxpaHeHbI He3aBHCliMO napCaMI1 Ii IipaHCKI1MIi 30poaCTpHH\;!aMI1 B Te'Ie-
HHe nepHO,lJ,a ,lJ,0 B03HHKHOBeHliH 06IlllipHbIX KOMM)'HIiKay,HH Mem,lJ,Y ,lJ,BYMH 06-
!!J11 Ha:vm.
50AbIllliM 1i3MeHeHHeM, KOTopoe npoli30IllAO B Barasnum i no sab B paHHe-
Cpe,lJ,HeBeKOBbIH neplio,lJ, 6b[Aa 3aMeHa ,lJ,eBHTH HM Ii MeCTa, r,lJ,e. npliMeHHAIi
f1bIAb, Ha ,lJ,eCHTb rpynn, COCTOHI!.!IiX 113 nHTIi KaMHeH, nOAOmeHHb[X Ha 3eMAIO.
OepeMeHa npOli30IllAa, OCpOHTHO, nOTOMY, qTO 30poaCTpliHCKI1e mpey,bI nbITa-
.I\HCb CBeCTIi K MIiHIiMYMY OCKBepHeHHe 3eMAii nOCpe.lJ.CTBOMOT.lJ.eAeHI1HHe.IIiC-
10 ':'>
Tom 'ieAOBeKa KaMHHMIi OT 'IIiCTOIi 3eMAH . C1TIi KaMHIi Bce el!.!e IicnOAb3YlOT
(,aK IipaHCKlie 30poacTpIiHy,b[, TaK Ii napCbI. I-1cnoAb30BaHlie KaMHeH 6bL\0
AOKTpI1Ha-\bHO 3aKOHHO, nOTOMY 'ITO OHIi cpaBHIiBaAliCb C IpYHK\;!lieH He6a.
BepliAH, '1TO He60 COCTOHAO H3 TBep,lJ,bIX KaMHeH, TaKI1X KaK a-\Ma:3 Ii rOpHb[H
XpYCTa-\b, '1TO cAymliAO,lJ,AH 1i30AH!!I11i 3Aoro ,lJ,yxa ll .
PHryaA npOBO,lJ,HAIi TOAbKO B Te'leHlie MeCH\;!a, KOr,lJ,a 3eMAH 6b[Aa CYXOH,
TaK, 'IT06bI npe,lJ,OTBpaTIiTb OCKOCpHeHl1e OT npOCa'lI1BalOl!.!eHCH '1epe3 CbIPYIO
3eMAIO ml1,lJ,KOCTIi, Ii noaTOMY PHTYaA 06b[qHO He OTnpaBAHAH 3IiMOH. I-1paHcKlie
150
r,\aBa VII
Barasnum i no sab - OqHCTHTe \bHaH gepe:WOHHH
151
30poacTpliHgb[ coxpaHHAIi aTY npaKTIiKY. B I-1H 1i1i me napCb[ HC npoBO,ll)1T
pHrya-\ B Te'-lCHlie mK)!,.)\HBOrO CC30Ha.
.lJ,pyroH BapHaglieH, npoHCxo,ll)1l!.!eH OT nonbITKIi npeAoTBpaTIiTb pacnpo-
cTpaHeHHe HC'-IIiCTOTb[, 6b[AO nepeHeceHlie Tpex 60p03 OT CC bMOH. BOCbMOH
Ii eBHToH rpynn. COCTOHrgliX 1i3 5 KaMHeH, K '-IeTBepToH, nHTOH Ii IlleCTOH
rpynnaM KaMHeH. .lJ,onoAHHTeAbHb[e 60p03 bI 6bIAH c eAaHb[ BOKpyr aTIiX
nOCAell,HliX KaMHeH. Ha KOTOPb[X npOBO IiAH OMOBCHIiC, HcnOAb3YH oCBHrgeH-
H}'lO MO'-lY 6b[Ka, '-IT06b[ .a,aAee OrpaHH'-IIiTb 6erCTBO TpynHoro eMOHa, KOTOpbIH
C'-IHTaACH OCTaTO'-lHO Moryl!.!eCTBCHHb[M Ha aTOH CTaAHIi pliryaAa. KpoMe
TOro, HOBoe YCTpOH:CTBO 60p03 TOqHO nOBTOpHeT YCTpOH:CTBO 60p03 BOKpyr
nCpBb[X Tpex rpynn 1i3 nHTIi KaMHCH:. 3TIi 1i3MCHeHliH YCHAHBaAli OT eAeHlie
He'-lIiCTOTb[ OT c03 aHIiH, KOTopbIe 6b[AH pHrya-\bHO '-IIiCTb[MIi.
nepe apa6cKliM 3aBoeBaHlieM I-1paHa Barasnum npOBO HACH Ha OTKPb[TOH
6e3AlO HoH 3eMAe, KaK npe nHcaHO B «BH eBtl.aTc». nocAe 3aBoeBaHHR CTaAO
HC06xotl.HMbIM npOBO IiTb pHrya-\ Btl.aAH OT rAa3 MyCYAbMaH. MecTO O'-llil!.!eHlliI
CTaAH oropamliBaTb CTCHOH. 3TO 6bL\0 nOMcrgeHlie 6C3 KpbIIllIi, '-IT06b[ n03BO-
A!1Tb npOHIiKaTb O'-llil!.!alOl!.!liM Ay'-IaM CO.J\He'-lHOrO CBeTa. KpoMe Toro OHO 6b[AO
KpyrAoe, qTo6bI HC 6b[AO yrAOB. B KOTOPb[X He'-lHCTOTa, OCKBepHCHHe H Tpyn-
Hb[H: eMOH Mor Ali CKPbITbCH I2 .
30poacTpliHgb[ nb[TaAliCb C03 aTb liA.J\103lilO 6e3AlO HOH: MeCTHOCTIi, no-
KpblBaH nOA TaKIiX oropOmeHHb[X MeCT neCKOM IiAIi 3eMAeH:. 3TOT neCOK
CAvmliA TaKmc orpam eHHeM Mem y CKBepHoH Ii '-IIiCTOH: 3eMAeH:. Ha ero no-
BC XHOCTIi 6b[AIi Ha'-lep'-leHb[ 60p03 bI H nOMergaAliCb KaMHIi. 3TOT 06b['-IaH:
oAmeH 6b[A 6bITb BBetl.eH o pa3 CAeHIiH 06rgHH napCIiH:CKIiX Ii IipaHcKlix
30poacTpliHgcB, TaK KaK aToH npaKTIiKH npli epmliBaAHCb 30pOaCTpliH:gbI
I-1paHa Ii napcbI I-1H 1i1i o TOro, KaK 6b[AIi yCTaHoBAeHbI TeCHbIe KOHTaKTb[
13
Mem y HIiMIi .
«nepCH CKlie PIiBaHTbI» (594-599) co epmaT MHoro'-lIiCAeHHb[e onli-
caHIiH Barasnum I no sab. MO H<I>IiKagl'm PHTYaAa BK.i\lO'-IaAa npIiCOC HHeHlie
BToporo mpega, nHTbe OCBJIrgeHHoH MO'-lli 6bIKa O'-llil!.!aeMbIM, 3aMeHY HM KaM-
HHMH, npO'-lepqliBaHHe 60p03 H npOBe eHHe pliT)'aAa BHyrpH oropomeHHoro
Kpyr AOH CTCHOH: MeCTa. nAaH IipaHCKom Ii napCIiH:CKoro YCTpOH:CTBa 60p03
,lI.AH aTom O'-lHl!.!eHHH TalUKe aH B «PIiBaHTe» (587,595, pliC. 2, 3).
BMecTo OKypHBaHlliI O'-llirgaeMbIH notl.Bepra-\CR pHT)'aAbHOMY OMOBeHHlO
(N. P. H P. Gj. noh Suy) Ha '-IeTBepTOC, ce bMoe H ecslToe yrpo. Kamtl.oe
OMOBeHHe npOBO IiAOCb Ha rpynne KaMHeH: BHyrpH 60po3 ,lI.AH TOro, '-IT06bI
npe OTBpaTHTb pacnpOCTpaHeHHe pHT)'aAbHOH: He'-lHCTOTbI Ha 06l!.!ecTBo. nep-
Boe OMOBeHHe COCTOHAO H3 Oll,Horo OMOBeHirn HeOCBHl!.!eHHOH MO'-lOH 6bIKa H o -
HOro OMOBeHHH BO OH. BTOpoe COCTOHAO H3 Oll,HHapHoro OMOBeHlliI HeOCBHl!.!eH-
HOH MO'-lOH Ii tl.BOHHOro BO OH. T peTbe BKAlO'-Ia-\O O HO OMOBeHHe HeOCBHl!.!eHHOH
MO'-lOH: H Tpex - BO OH. B aTO BpeMR ONI\eH 6bIA '-IIiTaTbCR Sros Baj ,lI.AH
TOro, '-IT06bI 3al!.!HTliTb pHT)'aAbHOC eH:CTBo.
Ha ecHTblH eHb O'-llirgalOrgliH:CH nO.J\HOCTblO 06peTaeT pHT)'aAbH}'lO '-IIiC-
TOT)' Ii MOmeT BOHTIi B 30poaCTpliHCKOC 06rgCCTBO.
napCHHCKaH BepCHH ,noro pHT)'a..\a IiCnO.J\b30BaAaCb nOCAe MlirpagHIi B I-1H-
lilO. OHa 6bIAa nOtl.06Ha npaKTIiKe IipaHgeB 3a HCK.i\lO'-IeHlieM Toro. '-ITO O'-lli-
l!.!aeMb[H OMblBaACH caM nOCAC Bb[XO a 1i3 60p03t1.. T alUKe YCTPOHCTBO KaMHeH:
Ii 60p03 6b[AO OTAIi'-lHO OT IiX YCTpOH:CTBa B IipaHCKoM Barasnum l4 . nepBOC
OTAH'-Ilie coxpaHIiAoCb o HaIllIiX HeH.
.lJ,pymc KpynHoe 1i3MeHeHlie npOH30IllAO y napcoB B YCTPOHCTBC caMom
Barasnum Gii.h. KaK YKa3bIBaAOCb paHee, oplieHTagliH BlimeHIiH npli O'-lli-
l!.!eHIiH 6bIAa C ceBepa Ha lOr. napCHHCKaH oplicHTagliH 6b[Aa, o HaKo, C 3a-
na a Ha BOCTOK. T aKIiM 06pa30M, nO BepraBIllHH:CH O'-llirgeHHlO npOtl.BliraA-
CH no HanpaBAcHlilO BOCxo,ll)1l!.!ero cOAHga. ::ho H3MeHeHlie, KaK nOAaraCT
.lJ,m, K. l.J:OKCH, npOH30Ill \0 paHo. Kor a Bce mpcgb[ erge 6bL\H B ropo c CaH-
AmaHe B rYtl.mapaTe I-1H 1i1i H o Toro, KaK OHIi pa3 eAIiAIiCb Ha rpynnb[,
nOTOMY '-ITO coxpaHHAaCb CTaH apTHaH npaKTIiKa BO Bcex 061!.!liHaX napCOB.
OjI,HaKO B 1746 r. pa3HorAaClie B pCAHrH03HOM KaAeH ape pa3jI,eAIiAO napCHH:-
CKYlO 061!.!liHY Ha BC rpynnbl. npliBepmcHgb[ peBHOCTH (kadmi) OTpHgaAli
MHorlie napcliHcKHC H3MeHeHliR B PIiTYa..\C Ii HaCTaIiBa..\1i Ha npli:\1eHeHIiIi HpaH-
CKOH: npaKTIiKH. C 3Toro BpeMeHH mpegbI Kadmi BHOBb npliHRAIi nepBOHa-
'-Ia-\bHYlO opHcHTaglilO pliT)'a-\bHb[X 60p03 Ii KaMHCH H CeH'-IaC COCTaB.i\HlOT HX
Ij
C ceBepa Ha lOr .
Y6em eHHc. '-ITO Kam b[H 30poacTplicg ONI\CH nO BeprHyrbcH, no KpaH:-
HCH Mepe, O HOMY Barasnum B Te'ieHHC mH3HH, Bb[TCKaeT H3 nOAomeHIiR
«BHAeB aTa» (Vd. XIX.33), '-ITO YIlla '-IeAOBeKa, O'-lIiI!.!CHHom TaKIiM 06pa-
30M nOCAe IiH HBIi ya..\bHOH: CMCpTIi, MomCT 3aCTaBliTb TpcneTaTb AeMOHa.
K Ha'iaAY COBpeMeHHoro nepliOAa aTO y6C1KAeHHe COC HHHAOCb C BepOBaHlieM.
qTO Bce AlO H H3Ha'-laAbHO HCnOp'-leHbI HeqIiCTOTOH: pom eHIiH Ii MOAOKOM
MaTepH, KOTopoe C'-IIiTa-\OCb nOA}"-ICHHb[M 1i3 MaTepIiHCKOH: KpOBIi H noaTOMY
6bIAO pliryaAbHO He'-lIiCTb[M I6 . C aTIiX nop 6b[AO YCTaHOBAeHO, qT06b[ Ka1KAbIH
'-IeAOBeK nO BeprCJl O HOMY OqlirgeHHlO CBHTIi ( HeH: Ii) HO'-leH K lliITHaAgaTI1-
ACTHCMY B03pacT)', ,lI.AH TOro, '-IT06b[ 06CCneqHTb 'iHCTOTY TeAa (N. P. H P. Gj.
pa:k-i tan) Ii 3argiiTliTb YIllY nOCAe CMepTH. BepHAH, '-ITO Eor He npli6Ali3HTCH
K YIlle Ha Mocry-pa3 cAIiTeAe, CCAH OHa He nO BeprAaCb 3TOMY pliTyaAY.
T aKaH HeO'-llil!.!eHHaH YIlla, rOBopiiAIi, 1i3 aBa-\a 3AOBOHlie Ii OCTaBaAaCb Ha
MOCry O Toro BpCMeHIi, KaK CbIH HAIi HaCAe HHK npOBO H.A pHT)'aA B naMHTb
YIllIi. 30pOaCTpliH:gbI TalUKe nO Bepra-\HCb O'-lIiI!.!CHHlO, no KpaHHeH Mepe,
O HH pa3 nOCAe BOCbMIi AeT cynpymecTBa. B I-1paHe aTO 6b[AO B 06b['-Iae B Ha-
qaAe XX B.
152
f AaBa VII
Barasnum 1 no sab - O"HCTHTeAbHaH gepeMoHHH
153
B TC'-IeHHC XVIII BCKa npe,ll,TIHCbIBaAOCb, '-ITO KaJK,'lb[H KaH,'lH,'laT,lI.AH no-
CBHrgCHIiH B JKpC'-ICCTBO nO,'lBCpra-\CH, no KpaHHcH Mepc, ,'lBYM TaKHM O'-llirgC-
HIiHM: O,'lIiH pa3 ncpc,'l ncpBoH gcpeMoHlieH IiHligiiagHIi (nawar) Ii nepe,'l gcpe-
MOHHCH nocB JI;geHIiH BO BTOpylO CTcneHb JKpe'-leCTBa (martab, maratib)17.
::hOH gcpeMoHHIi JKpcg nO,'lBepra-\CH TaKJKe nOCAe CBCUlb6b[, TaK KaK ero plITY-
aAbHaH qHCTOTa 6b[Aa HapyrncHa.
BnOCAC,'lCTBIiIi TaKOC o'-llil;geHlie CTa-\O He06xo,'lIiMb[M ,lI.AH JKpcga, yqacT-
BYlOrgero B TaKOH gepeMoHHli, KaK OCBHl!.!eHlie MO'-lli 6b[Ka (nirangdin). 3TO
cnegliaAbHOe IicnOAb30BaHliC Barasnum I no sab npO,'lOAJKacrcH JKpe'-leCTBOM
CCrO,'lHH Ii B l-1paHe, Ii B l-1H,'lIiH.
T aK KaK KOHTaKT C He30poacTpliHgaMii npIiBO,'lKA K pHT)'a-\bHOH He'-lHCTOTe,
30poacTpliHgb[, KOTOpb[e 06rgaAliCb C HeBepYlOrgliMH, 06H3aHbi 6blAH nO,'lBep-
raTbCH O'-lIiI!.!CHIiIO Barasnum. B 1875 r. 30poaCTpHeg Ii em ,'lO'-lb OTKa3a-\HCb
BOHTIi B xpaM orHH B DOM6ec, nOKa OHIi He nOABeprHyrcH O'-lIiI!.!CHIiIO, qT06bl
BHOBb BepHyrb pliT)'aAbH}'lO '-IIiCTOTY, yrpaqeHHYIO 1i3-3a Tom, '-ITO OHIi C'beAH
18
nHI!.!Y, nplirOTOBACHH}'lO MYCYAbMaHIiHOM .
06pargeHHbie B 30poaCTpH3M TaKJKC 6b[AH 06H3aHbi nO,'lBeprHyrbcH aTOMY
OqlirgeHIiIO.
30poacTpliHgb[ B l-1paHe H B l-1H,'lIiH, KOTOpb[e OCKBepHHAIiCb qepe3 npH-
MOH KOHTaKT C MepTBCqliHOH, npO,'lONKaAli nO,'lBCpraTbCH O'-llirgeHIiIO ,'leBHTIi
(,'lHeH H) HO'-leH ,'laJKe,'lO KOHga XVIII BeKa.
K KOH!!)' XIX BeKa B l-1H,'l1i1i TOAbKO JKpCgbl Ii 3aMel!.!alOI!.!He IiX MlipHHe
,'lOALKHb[ 6bL\1i nO,'lBepraTbCH aTOH gepeMoHHIi ,lI.AH 06eCnC'-IeHHH c06CTBeHHOH
peAHrIi03HO-pHT)'a.\bHOH '-IIiCTOTbl H 3aMergaH MIiPHH B ;::!TOH gcpeMOHHIi.
O'-lHrgeHlie Barasnum I no sab, KOTOpOC npaKTHKyeTcH napcaMIi Ii HpaH-
CKliMIi 30poacTpliHgaMii B HOBOC BpeMH, npHMO COOTBeTcTByeT Cpe,'lHCBeKOBOMY
PHTYaAY Barasnum I no sab. PHT)'a-\, KaK CBIi,'leTeAbCTByeT . . MO,'lH,
npO,'lONKaeTCH CerO,'lHH C He60AbllIHMii 1i3MeHeHIiHMIi. B '-IaCTHOCTIi, pHT)'aA
or AH,'lblBaHIiH c06aKOH Y napCOB npOBO.ll.HT TaK: c06aKa ,'lCpJKHTCH nOMorgHHKOM
u u u19 TA
JKpega, Ii O'-lHl!.!aeMblli KacaeTCH ee nOCAe KaJK,'lOIi rpynnb[ OMOBCHIiIi . Y IpaH-
CKlie O'-llirgaeMb[e, O,'lHaKO, coxpaHHIOT npO,'lONKIiTeAbHbIH KOHTaKT C c06aKOH
u 6 20 E
B TC'-IeHHe Bcero pHT)'a-\a, ,'lepJKa B AeBOH PYRe nOBO,'lOK co aKIi. CTb 1i3Me-
u JA 21
HeHHH B BbInOAHeHli1i 9Toro pHT)'aAa Y COBpeMeHHblX 30poacTpHligeB Y IpaHa .
Onpe,'leAeHHble TO'-lKIi conpHKOCHOBeHHH C 9THM pliT)'aAOM BblHBAHIOTCH
B HH./I.}'H3Me. Y IiH,'lyCOB IiMeeTCH ,lI,BeHCUlgaTH./I.HeBHbIH O'-lHCTHTeAbHbIH pHT)'-
a-\, KOTOPOMY nO,'lBepra-\IiCb nepe,'l TCM, KaK 6paXMaH Mor npOBeCTH gepeMO-
HIiIO soma (skt.) (Av. haoma) H ,'lPYrHe BamHb[e pHT)'aAb[.
KaH,'lH,'laT ,lI.AH OqHrgCHHH H HHHgliagHH OKponAHA CBoe TeAO BO,'lOH H 3aTCM
CMa3bIBaACH MaCAOM ,lI,BYMH JKpegaMIi. 3aTeM *peg 21 pa3 HaTHpaA ero TpaBoH
darbha. nOCAC aToro HacrynaA pHT)'aA yell.l1HeHIiH, KOr,'la KaH,lI,H.lJ,aT HCUleBaA
Ha CBOIO O,'lCJK,'lY IlIKYPY '-IepHOH aHTHAonbl. Bo BpeMH YC,'lIiHeHIiH OH nO,'lBCp-
ra \CH pHTya-\bHOMY OMOBeHIiIO. 3TOT ,'lBeHCUlgaTIi,'lHeBHb[H nCpHO,'l HBAHCTCH
n03,'lHCH pa3pa60TKOH nCpBOHa'i<L\bHOrO ,'leBRTIi,'lHeBHOro H HOqHOro lIepliO,'la
JKepTBOnpIiHOllIeHIiH. OH, TaKIiM 06pa30M, COOTBCTCTBOB<L\ ,'leBHTH,'lHeBHOMY
H HO'-lHOMY ye,'lHHeHHIO Barasnum I no sab.
DpaxMaH CTaHOBK\CH PIiTY<L\bHO He'-lIiCTb[M, eCAH conpHKaC<L\CH C MepT-
Bb[M. Ho Y IiH,'lYCOB B KaqeCTBe ncpBoH O'-lHl!.!alOrgeH JKIiAKOCTIi IicnOAb3Ycr-
CH BO,'la.
CAC,'lyeT TaKJKe OTMeTIiTb, '-ITO B eBpeHcKoM peAI1rH03HOM 3aKOHe AIO,'lIi,
OCKBcpHeHHb[e 'iepe3 KOHTaKT C MepTBblM, npeTepneBalOT pIiTya-\bHOe O'-llirgC-
HHe, IicnOAb3YH BO,'lY «pa3,'leACHHH».
npHroToBAeHHe aTOH JKIi,'lKOCTIi, KOHeqHO, OTAH'-IHO OT JKIi,'lKOCTH 30poaCT-
pH3Ma. Ho 06c peAHrli1i npHnHCbIBalOT O'-lHrgalOrgce CBOHCTBO nenAY orHH,
OICllIaHHOMY C O'ilirgalOrgeH JKIi,'lKOCTblO. EBpeli, nO,'l06HO 30poacTpHHgaM,
tJ,OAJKHbl OCTaBaTbCH H30AHpOBaHHbIMIi OT 061!.!eCTBa H npOBO,'lIiTb pliT)'<L\ OMO-
BCHIiH Ha 3-H H 7 -H ,'leHb gcpeMOHHI1. HCKOTOpblC yqeHb[e C'-IIiTaIOT 9TO AOKa-
3aTeAbCTBOM 3Ha'-lIiTeAbHoro BAIiHHHH 30poaCTpli3Ma Ha IiY,'laIi3M B Te'-leHIiC
BaBIiAoHcKoro ncpHo,'li 2 .
DOAbwoe 3HaqeHliC B gcpe:\-IOHHH OqlirgeHHH npli,'laBaAOCb CaKpaAbHb[M
gli(f>pa:\1 TPIi, nHTb H ,'leBHTb (3x3), IiMeeTCH B BH,'lY TpeXKpaTHoe OMOBCHlie
B Te'-leHlie ,'leBHTH HO'-leH; ,'leBHTb HM; ,'lCCHTb (5x2) rpynn, Kam,'laH 1i3 nHTIi
KaMHCH. T pOH'-IHOCTb, corAaCHO m. .llIOMe3IiAIO, MO,'leAb, CBOHCTBCHHaH I1,'lCO-
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24
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11.1\.1\.23
f fJn6HHJ.!a Kl1pa II
B flacapra.n.ax (II B. l\O H,3,)
no: [Chirshman, 1963.
p, 134. ill. 185J
>
11.1\.1\.24
f po6HI1J.!a .4afJI1H I
(521-486 rr. i\O H.3,)
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no: [Chirshmon, 1963J
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H.I\.I\. 27
nAaH «6aWHH MOA1..J:aHHH».
no: [Hartman. 1980. pl. XH'b]
H.I\.I\. 28
CarpH (sagri) B03Ae «oaUJHI1 MOAY:aHHH» }r HaBcapH.
no: [Hartman. 1980. pl. X\'"o]
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11.1\.1\.29
Uepe IOHl1H Barasnum i no Sab
a) O'll1IJdaeMoro OKponAHIOT gomez;
6) o'll1IJdae lb!H npo,'l,Bl1raeTCH;
B) O'll1IJdae lb!H KacaeTCH PYKOH
yxa C06aKl1,
no: [Hariman, 1980]
Pl1CYHOK BblTIOAHeH XYl\O>K-
HHKO I T. n. YiJ,bIMa
flepe>KHTKl1 30poaCTpHHcKHX npeAcTaBAeHHH 0 norpe6aAbHoM 06pHAe 161
CAC,lJ,yeT OTMCTI1Tb, 'iTO Y ropgeB IOmHoro T a,lJ,ml1KIiCTaHa HeT npoqJec-
OIOHdAbHbIX 06MbIBaAbI.QI1KOB, HO TeM He MeHec cyrgecTBYCT npe,lJ,CTaBAeHlie
o caKpdAbHOH HC'iI1CTOTe TpynOB. 06b['iHO y HIiX 06MbIBalOT YMcpwero pO,lJ,-
CTBCHHIiKIi, HO I1HOr,lJ,a YMepWI1H el.Qe «npl1 mH3HH caM Bb[6HpaeT ce6c 06-
:\.lbIbdTeAeH». CYl.QeCTByeT npC,lJ,CTaBAeHl1e, 'iTO B Te'ieHl1e mli3HI1 'ieAOBeK
lOmeT 06MblTb 3-7 nOKOHHIiKOB. 3TO C'iHTaCTCH 60royrO,lJ,Hb[M ,lJ,eAOM.
Ho eCAIi OH 06MoeT 60Abwe TpynoB, TO CTaHOBI1TCH npoqJeCCI10Ha-\bHb[M
06 lb[BaAbI.QIiKOM, 'iTO C'iIiTaeTCH rpeXOM. npOqJCCCIiOHaAbHblX 06MbIBaAb-
I.QHKOS HC 6b[AO «H y Ta,lJ,mIiKOB HrH06a, Y36eKOB, Kl1prli.30B, KYP,lJ,OB, ra-
33
raY30B» .
Ha BOCTOKe r I1CCapCKOH ,lJ,OAHHbI K 06MbIBaHI11O nOKoHHoro «OTHOCI1AIiCb
KaK K 60royrO,lJ,HOMY ,lJ,eAY - "caB06", Ii MHorOKpaTHOC I1CnO.J\HeHlie pOlJ,CT-
neHHI1KaMIi Ii ,lJ,PY.3bHMIi CBoero ,lJ,OAra yconweMY HIiKaK He OrpaHH'iIiBa-\OCb.
B aTOM npOHBAHeTCH, KaK C'iIiTacr A. Map.llOHosa. «cBoe06pa3He ,,3ana,il,HbIX"
H "BOCTO'iHb[X" rpynn rHccapcKHx TaJUKIiKOB,,34. Y KI1prl130B 06MbIBaHHe co-
SepWaAH cpa.3Y nOCAe cMepTH 6AH.3Kl1e pOlJ,CTBeHHIiKIi, «'lT06b[ npli BTOpH'iHOM
06MbIBdHIiIi. KOTOpOe npOBOlJ,HAIi nocTopoHHHe AIOlJ,Ii, nOKoHHIiK 6b[A 'iHC-
3j
TbIM» .
Y Kliprl1.30B nOKoHHoro 06MbIBaAH AIO,lJ,1i O,lJ,HOrO C HHM BO.3pacTa. 3TO lJ,e-
)\iL\H 06b['-IHO «Ha TOM me MCCTe, r,lJ,e OH ACmaA nOBCpx KAeBepa IiAH nOAbIHH».
3aTeM B Te'-leHlie 40 lJ,HeH TaM CTaBHAH CBe'iH.
Ha lOre KHprH.3IiH Ha AeBOH HAIi npaBOH CTOpOHC nOMel.QeHHH B .3aBIiCHMO-
CTIi OT flOAa ycoflwero ,lJ,eAaAli yrAy6AeHHe ,lI,NI CTOKa BO,lJ,bl, Ha,iI, KOTOpbIM CTa-
SHAIi cnegl1aAbHb[H HI.QHK. nOTOM 31)' HM)' .3aKanbIBa-m H B Te'-leHHe Tpex lJ,HeH,
a 3aTeM KamlJ,bIH '-IeTBepr B Te'-leHHC copOKa .llHeH TaM 3amHraAH CBC'iH, CTapa-
AHCb HC Hac-rynaTb Ha 3TO MeCT0 36 .
KJ\a,iI,6Hl,!!e H norpe6aJ\bHble coopymeHHH. Y KapaKaAnaKOB rex AlO.lleH,
KOTOpb[e ncpCHOCIiAIi YMcpwero Ha KAa,iI,6HI.Qe, Ha.3bIBaAH «CYHCKlUI1» (6YKB.:
«KOCTHIiKI1», T. C. 0'1' CAOBa «KOCTb»). KaK C'iHTalOT IiCCAC.llOBaTeAH, CMbICA
aToro TepMIiHa BOCXO,lJ,HT K .30pOaCTpH.3M)'37.
B Ka'ieCTBe .30pOaCTpHHCKIiX 3AeMeHTOB B norpe6a-\bHb[X coopymeHIiHx Ha-
CeACHH5I Cpe,lJ,HeH fuHH HCCAC,lJ,OBaTeAHMIi BbI,lJ,CAHeTCH TaKOH Tlifl nOrpC6aAb-
HbIX CTpOCHIiH, KaK carOHa. KaK C'iHTaeT r. n. CHccapeB, OH «MOl' pa.3BHTbCH
1i.3 .30pOaCTpIiHCKIiX HaYCOB - xpaHIiA1i1.Q KOCTHb[X OCTaHKOB». T lin florpe-
6iL\bHOrO coopymeHIiH carOHa HanOMHHaCT, XOTH 11 B YMCHbWCHHb[X pa.3Mepax,
HaYCb[ nCH.lI)KHKeHTcKoro HeKpOnOAH. no MHeHl110 r, n. CHecapCBa, YMeHb-
weHHe pa.3MepOB 6b[AO CBH.3aHO C nepeXO,lJ,OM OT KOJ\AeKTIiBHbIX .3aXOpOHeHHH
K 0,lJ,HHO'iHbIM 38 .
Ho 60AbWeCeMeHHb[C (aBAO,lJ,HbIe) YCbma-\bHligbl COXpaHI1AHCb B Cpe,lJ,HCH
.i\..'1i1i Ii ,lJ,0 HaWIiX ,lJ,HeH.
B
162
f.!\aBa VIII
flepe>KHTKH 30poacTpHHcKHX npei\CTaB.I\eHHH 0 norpe6a.l\bHo:w 06pHl\e
163
B lOmHoM Xope3Me HMelOTCH norpe6aAbHb[e coopymeHl1H 60Ab'-:rHX pa3-
MepoB, Ha3bIBaeMble CKAenaMIi. I1x AAHHa 15-20 M, BbICOTa 2, -3 M.
BHyrpli OHIi pa3AeAeHbl CTeHaMH H3 naXCbl Ha HeCKOAbKO OTAeAeHHH, Ha3bl-
BaeMblX «KaT». nepeKpb[Tlie 6blBaeT, KaK npaBHAO, 11A0CKHM HAH HMHTHpyeT
CBOA. 3TH coopymeHwl npeAHa3Ha'ieHbl AMI 60AbWHX ceMeH. YMepwHx pac-
nOAaralOT TaM B 2 HAH 3 ,nama Ha Hapax.
CAeAyeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITO Ii Ha CeBepHOM KaBKa3e WHpOKO npaKTHKOBaA 9H
06b[qaH 3axopOHeHHH B Ha3eMHb[X CKAenax y aAaH (n03me - y oceTHH) .
r, n. CHecapeB BHAHT 6AHmaHWYlO aHaAOrHlO Ha3eMHb[M norpe6aAbHb[M co-
opymeHl1HM Xope3Ma B ceMeHHblX YCbmaAbHligax OCeTliH Ii IiHryl H !1 AeAaeT
BblBOA 06 06IgeM nAaCTe B aTHOreHe3e HapoAoB Xope3Ma H ocenlH .
Ha3eMHbie norpe6aAbHbie nocTpoHKH 3aqJliKcHpoBaHbI Ii B nYHHaAe,
K. I1eTTMap npHBoAHT onlicaHlie rp06HHgbi B nYHHaAe, B ceA. Ey6yp, KOTO-
poe OH CAeAaA B 1964 r. rp06HHga 6blAa pacnOAomeHa Ha BepWIiHe :o Ma.
OHa ABYXbHPYCHaH H npeACTaB.J\HJ\.a C060H Ha3eMH}'K> nOCTpOHKY (4 ,5x) ,) M)
C KeCCOHHb[M nOTO.i\KOM. B HlimH1010 KaMepy, CXOAH}'K> no pa3MepaM C Bepx-
HeH, BeAeT naHAycHb[H cnYCK. B 60KOBbiX CTeHKax IiMelOTCH no ABe HHWH.
3attHHH CTeHKa cHa6meHa Cyq>OH. T pynb[ nOMergaAli B geHTpe KaMepb[. nOCAe
Tom KaK OHIi pa3AaraAHCb, 'iepena nOMergaAli Ha cyq>y, a OCTaAbHb[e KOCTH -
B HHwax. npli'ieM B HIiWH, CAeAaHHb[e B BOCTO'iHOH CTopOHe, nOMergaAH KOCTH
Mym'iHH (B OAHY - meHaTblX, B APyrylO - HemeHaTbIX), a B HlitIIH 3anattHOH
CTOpOHbI nOMergaAH KOCTH meHrgliH (B OAHY - 3aMymHlix, a B APyrylO -
) -H
He3aMymHHx .
B cPapce A. C TeHH 3aq>HKCHpOBaA H paCKOnaA OKOAO ABYX AeCHTKOB Ha-
3eMHb[X MOrHAbHb[X coopymeHHH. CpeAli HHX OKpyrAble B nAaHe coopymeHIi)!,
ABYX- Ii TpexcryneHqaTb[e. Hali60Aee KpynHoe coopymeHlie IiMeeT BbICOry
4.4 M, a AliaMeTp 10,5 M. MeHee KpynHoe coopymeHlie IiMeeT Bb[COTY 3 M.
AHaMeTp 7 M. Ha nAOCKOCTIi cpeAHero YCTyna pacnOAOmeHb[ yrAy6AeHHH
0,6 M B IlllipIiHY, npH rAy6HHe 2-3 M. OHIi 6bIAH nepeKpb ;b[ nAHTaMH .
E. A. AHTBIiHCKIiH conOCTaBHA 3TIi coopymeHHH C Myr-xoHa . BHyrpH Ta-
KIiX coopymemIH 6b[AM 06HapymeHbi q>parMeHTb[ qeAOBeqeCKHX KOCTeH Ii He-
60raTbIH HHBeHTapb. KaK CqHTalOT MeCTHb[e mliTeAIi, paHbwe B TaKHX CO-
opymeHH}!X OCTaB.J\HAH YMlipaTb CTapHKOB. OHH Ha3blBalOT 3TH coopymeHHH
44
rope-sang .
Y p}!Aa HapOAOB CpeAHeH fuliH H3BeCTHbI BpeMeHHb[e nOMergeHHH
COAepmaHH}! TpynOB. T aK. B pe3YAbTaTe 3THorpaq>H'ieCKHX IiCCAeAOBaHHH,
npOBeAeHHbIX B BepXOBb}!X peKH WIiHr, OAHoro 1i3 npliTOKOB 3epaBwaHa.
BbI51CHHAOCb, 'iTO 1i3 ABattgaTIi KIiWAaKOB C}'l!!eCTBOBaAH He60AbWHe nOMerge-
HH}!, KYAa nOMergaAH T}!meA060AbHoro. EMY OCTaBA}!AIi Bce He06xOAHMoe,
HO HaBergaTb 60AbHom CTpom 3anpergaAOCb. KorAa 60AbHOH YMlipaA, C Hero
CHHMaAH OAemAY Ii 3aBOpa'iIiBaAH TeAO B 'iepHb[H wepCTHHOH naAac IiAIi B OBe-
qblO WKYPY. Em OCTaB.J\HAH B 3TOM nOMergeHHIi AO AHH noxopOH. 06MbIBaHHe
nOKoHHIiKa COBepWaAH B cnegliaAbHOM MeCTe Ha 6epery peKH Ha KaMeHHOH
nAHTe. nOMeIgeHHe, B KOTOpOM HaXOAIiACH YMepwHH, 3aKpbIBaAH Ha TPIi AH}!,
T. K. OHO C'iIiTaAOCb HeqIiCTbIM. B Te'ieHHe Tpex Be'iepOB Ha MorHAe ropeA KOC-
Tep, a Ha MeCTe 06MbIBaHHH B03mHraAH CBe'iH. Ha 'ieTBepTbIH AeHb npHXO)lHAIi
pOACTBeHHIiKH. Bb['iHrgaAH nOMergeHlie, 3aHOBO nOKpblBaAH CTeHbl 6eAOH rAH-
HOH Ii 3aKpbIBaAH em. Bce BergH BblHOCHAH H CmHraAH. nOA06Hb[e nOMerge-
HH}! Ii CXOAHb[H 06PHA O'iHrgeHI1H 3aq>HKClipOBaH H B HrH06e. no MHeHHIO
M. A. XaMHll2KaHOBOM, OTAeAeHlie 60AbHom HAM YMepwero CB}!3aHO C 30poa-
CTpHHCKIiM 06pHAOM BblHoca TeAa Ha AaxMl j . 3. B. PTBeAatt3e Ii 4. A6AYA-
AoeB CqIiTaIOT, "TO 3TH nOMeIgeHIiH «HB.J\HIOTCH n03AHliMH penAHKaMH 30poa-
46
CTpHIiCKoro KaTa» .
B KHWAaKe CaHrMCTOH B AOAIiHe 3epaBwaHa 06HapymeHa 60AbWaH q>a-
mAbHaH (aBAOAHaH) nOA3eMHaH yCblllaAbHliga. B HeM nOAHOCTblO HapyweHb[
MycYAbMaHcKHe npellmIcaHIiH. corAaCHO KOTOPb[M KOCTH AMI nocAeAyrorgero
BocKpeceHIiH MepTBb[X AOAmHbI COXpaH}!TbC}! B HeHapytIIeHHOM nOp}!AKe, Ii no-
KOHHb[H, 'iTo6bl He HCnb[TblBaTb CTb!Aa, AOAmeH HaXOAIiTbC}! B OTAeAbHOH
MOrHAe. B 3TOH me YCblllaAbHHge KOCTH 6blAii CAOmeHb[ B 06rgylO KY"y, 'iTO,
KaK OTMe'iaIOT C. n. nO.J\HKOB Ii A. 11. 4epeMHblX, «YKa3blBaeT Ha CXOACTBO
47
C norpe6eHHeM B occyapHHX» .
B 1977 r. H. C. Ea6aeBoH 6blAa IiCCAeAOBaHa KO.i\;\eKTHBHaH YCblllaAbHliga
B KHtIIAaKe OKCY B lOmHoM T all2KHKIiCTaHe. r ypXOHa COCTO}!Aa H3 OAHOH Ka-
Mepb[. B KOTOPYIO nOMerg<L\liCb Bce YMlipalOIgHe 'iAeHbl aBAOAa 6e3 nOAOB03pa-
CTHoro AeAeHHH. B 3TOM. KaK C'iHTaeT H. C. Ea6aeBa, ee eAHHCTBeHHoe OTAH-
'me OT CKAenOB. HaibeHHbIx B 1l0AliHe 3epaBwaHa 48 . B cepellHHe KaMepbI Ha-
XO,lJ.IiAaCb cyq>a, Ha KOTOpylO KAaAli nOKoHHHKa, 3aTeM KOCTH y6HpaAii K CTeHe
HAH B cnegliaAbHO CAeAaHHb[e B HeH AMI 3TOH geAli HlitIIH, 3aTeM raAbKOH no-
CbIllaAH 3eMAIO Ii KAaAH HOBb[H Tpyn. B 3TOM, BepO}!THO, npOHBHAHCb nepe-
mliTKH 30poaCTpH3Ma, 3anpergaBwero KAaCTb Tpyn Ha 3eMAIO.
KOHgengH}! HeLfIiCTOTb[ YMepmcro npOHli3bIBaeT Bce npeACTaBAeHHH, CB}!-
3aHHb[C C nOXOpOHHb[M pliTyaAoM B CpeAHeH fulili (KoMHaTY, B KOTOpOH
YMep LfeAOlleK, OKYPHBaAH TpaBoH HcnaHA; eCAH B AOMe HaXOAHAHCb npo-
tJ.YKTb[, OHIi CLfHTaAIiCb HeLfHCTblMIi Ii IiX HeAb3)! 6bIAO ynoTpe6J'0ITb; B AOMe
Y:\1epwero B TeLfeHHe Tpex CyrOK HeAb3H 6b[AO mTOBIiTb, OAemAa H nOCYAa,
KOTOPb[MH nOAb30BaAC}! yconwHH, 1i3blMaAaCb H3 ynoTpe6AeHIi}!). B Xo-
pe3Me 6b[TOBaAli Ha3eMHbIe 3axopOHeHHH, HeCMOTpH Ha Bce MyCYAbMaHCKlie
YCTaHOBAeHHH. CTapHKH 06b}!CHHAIi r. n. CHecapeBY, 'iTO «3apb[Tb YMep-
Wero B 3eMAIO, He nOCTpOHB eMY cKAena,- 3TO 3HaK HeYBameHIi}! K nOKOH-
HOMy» 49.
nepe>KHTKH 30poaCTpHHCKHX npel\CTaB.I\eHHH 0 norpe6a.l\bHO:W 06pHtJ,e
165
164
f.l\aBa VIII
MHorHe BeKa rocnOACTBa HCAaMa CTepAH JlpeBHlie npeACTaBAeHHH 0 3aBIi-
CHMOCTH Ha3eMHOrO cnoc06a 3axopoHeHHH OT 30poacTpHHcKliX BAH}!HHH. B Ha-
cToHrgee BpeMH 3T)' npaKTHKY 06bHCHHIOT HaAH"lIieM rpYHTOBb[X BOJl. Ho Ii 3TO
06bHcHeHlie erge pa3 HaTaAKHBaeT Ha CBH3b 3Toro cnoc06a C HMelOrgeHcH B 30-
poaCTpH3Me 60H3HblO OCKBepHIiTb BOAY MepTBbIM. B «BHAeBJlaTe» VI.1-5
JlaeTCH }'Ka3aHHe AepmaTb nOA 3anpeTOM AMi BOAb[ Y'laCTOK, r Ae 06HapymeHo
MepTBoe TeAO, B TeqeHlie rOAa.
B OJlHOH 1i3 AereHA, 3anHcaHHbIX r. n. CHeCapeBb[M B Xa3apacne. B03-
HIiKHOBeHHe Ha3eMHbIX ::mxopOHeHHH np}!MO CB}!3aHO C IipaHCKOH TpMHgHeH.
AereHJla rAaCIiT: HeKOrJla Xope3M BeA BOHHY C YIpaHOM. B HeH 6bL\ y6HT
OAIiH H3 HpaHCKHX BOeHa'laAbHIiKOB. Ero TeAO JlOArO HCKaAH. HO TaK Ii He Hd-
WAIi. T orAa HpaHCKHH gapb 3anpeTIlA 3apbIBaTb MepTBbIX B 3eMAIO. C Tex nop
u50
CTaAli XOpOHIiTb B carOHa HM 3eMAeli .
C ApeBHeH 30poaCTpHHCKOH TpMHglieH CB}!3aHbI cnOC06b[ H30AHgHH Tpyna
OT 3eMAH. Hali60Aee 'leTKO 3TH nplieMb[ BbIAeAHIOTC}! B Xope3Me. rAe capKO-
Ipar C TeAOM YMepwero 6YKBaAbHO B03HOCIiTC}! HM 3eMAeH C nOMorgblO MOrg-
Horo 1i30Alip}'K>rgero IpYHAaMeHTa. KOTOpbIH COCTO}!A 1i3 6peBeH H KaMb[Wa.
CAOH KaMb[Wa 6bIA HaCTOAbKO TOHOK, 'lTO r. n. CHecapeB npeAnOAomHA 0 ero
'lHCTO CIiMBOAH'leCKOM 3HaqeHlili, CBH3aHHOM C H30AHglieH 30poaCTpliHCKliX JlaxM
napCOB. npli 3aKAa)lKe IpYHAaMeHTa JlaXMb[ qeTb[pe JlepeBHHHbIX CTOA6a 06B}!-
3bIBalOT WHypOM 1i3 30J\OTa H wepCTII, 'lTO 03Ha'laeT. 'lTO coopymeHlie KaK 6bl
jl
napliT B B03Ayxe .
OT weHXOB Ma3apa Wox-Ii-MapJlOH r. n. CHecapeB nOAY'lHA Ba?KH}'K>
HHlpopMagHIO. 'lTO paHbwe Ha IpYHJlaMeHT carOHa 06}!3aTeAbHO KAaAH TKaHb.
YI30MITOpOM TaK2Ke cAymHA Ii peqHOH neCOK. B Xope3Me 06}!3aTeJlbHO CbIna-
AH neCOK B carOHa. nepeA TeM KaK nOAomliTb TYJla TeAO YMepwero. r. n. CHe-
capeB B CB}!31i C 3THM 06paTiiA BHIiMaHHe Ha npeJlnliCaHIi}! «BIiJleBJlaTa»
VIII.5-7, «corAaCHO KOTOPOMY 30Aa. HaB03. pa3MeAb'leHHb[H KHpnli'l HAH
KaMeHb. CYXaH 3eMAHHaH nopOAa (B03MomHO. neCOK) JlOAmHbI COCTaBAHTb
nOJlCTHAalOrgliH CAOH npH BbIHY2KJleHHOM OCTaBAeHIiH Tpyna B OC060M nOMe-
52
rgeHIiH JlOMa .11.0 ero noxopOH» .
MaTepm!.AbI, c06paHHble cPo j.l. AIOWKeBH'l B 6yxapcKoH Ii KaWKMapb-
IiHCKOH 06AaCT}!X, nOKa3bIBalOT pa3AH'lH}'K> CTeneHb coxpaHeHH}! nepemliT-
KOB 30poaCTpHHCKHX npeACTaBAeHHH Ii HX cBoe06pa3lie B CorJle. B paBHHH-
HbIX paHOHax Bce erge WHpOKO pacnpOCTpaHeHO 3axopOHeHlie B Ha3eMHbIX
CKAenax (<<carOHa»), XOT}! Ii npe06AMalOT 3axopOHeHIi}! B MorHAax KaTa-
KOM6Horo Tlina (<<ryp»). XapaKTepHO HaAH'lHe npolpeCCIiOHaAbHbIX 06MbI-
BaAbrgliKOB Ii MorHAbrgIiKOB. npH npH6AlimeHIili K BOCTO'lHbIM rpaHligaM
CorJla nOCTeneHHO CHHmaeTC}! CTpOrOCTb 3anpeTOB no OTHoweHIiIO K YMep-
weM)'. Ho no cpaBHeHli10 C Xope3MOM Bl1)leH 3Ha'lIiTeAbHb[H OTXOA OT 30poa-
CTpHHCKIiX npeAnlicaHHH. T aK, B 6yxape erge B Ha'laAe XX BeKa 6bIAO mliBO
npeACTaB,\eHHe 0 CaKpaAbHOH HeqHCTOTe TpynoB, HO BMeCTe C TeM 6b[TOBaAO
3axopOHeHHe «B6AH31i AOMa» (YCTPOHCTBO 3axopOHeHliH BHyTPIi mHAWX
KO:l>lI1AeKCOB ) j3.
nOMHHKH. nOMHHKIi }!BAHIOTCH BamHbIM 06PHAOM, CBH3aHHblM C nO'lIiTa-
[me:w JlYWH yconwero. Y HapOAOB CpeAHeH fulili OTMe'laIOT nepBbIH, Tpe-
THH, ABaAgaTb[H. COpOKOBOH AeHb co AH}! c:wepTH, nOAyroJllie Ii roAOBrgIiHY,
Y TypKMeH OAIiH H3 BamHbIX 06bI'laeB - 3aKAaHlie 6apaHa Ha 3-H. 7 -H, 40-H
JleHb H KamJlb[H roA nOCAe CMepTIi. Y IOro-3anMHb[X TypKMeH nOMIiHKH npo-
HCXO,1JIT erge H B nepBb[H, TpHAgaTbIH H COTbIH AeHb nOCAe cMepTH. 3TH
06b['IaH He CBH3aHb[ C OIpHgHaAbHOH MYCYAbMaHCKOH peAlirHeH. CAeAyeT OTMe-
THTb, 'ITO Y COBpeMeHHblX 30poacTpliHgeB YIpaHa Ii YIHJlIiIi nOMHHKH COBep-
walOT Ha 30-H AeHb. T ypKMeHb[ C'lIiTaIOT. qTO Aywa yMepwero He cpa3Y no-
naAeT B paH IiAIi B M. OHa 06bI'lHO roJl mliBeT B MorliAe, r Ae ee AonpaWIiBalOT
HeKHp Ii MYHKHP, H OTT)'Aa B Ha3Ha'leHHb[e AHH OHa nocergaeT CBOIiX 6A1i3-
KHX. 06pa3b[ HeKlipa Ii MYHKlipa, KaK C'lHTaeT C. M. j.leMHAoB, BIiAIiMO,
3aH:I>ICTBOBaHb[ H3 30poaCTpIi3:\1a, T. K. B nepBOHaqaAbHOM OpTOAOKcaAbHOM
IiCAa:we Ii B KopaHe IiX HeT. OHIi nO}!BIiAHCb B IX-X BB. nOCAe BblCrynAeHH}!
IlpOTHB M}'Ta3HAJ\IiTOB nponOBeAHHKa Awapli.
j.lHeM nO'lIiTaHH}! YMepWIiX }!BA}!eTC}! nHTHliga. 3TOT AeHb Ha3bIBaeTCH
Y rypKMeH «b[C ryHH» (<<AeHb 3anaxa»). B 3TOT AeHb Aywa npliXOAIiT K AOMY
H BJlb[XaeT 3anax nplirOTOBAeHHOH nliIJJIi. C. M. j.leMHAoB npeJlIlOAOmIiA, 'lTO
:'!TOT 06b['laH HAeT OT JlpeBHero IipaHOH3b['lHOrO HaCeAeHH}!, IiCIIOBeAYlOrgero
3OpoaCTpli3M.
PaHbwe nepCbI-30poacTpHHgbI CTaBHAH nHrgy Ii HallliTKI1 B HaYCb[ Ii Ha
KPb[WIi AOMOB, OKYPIiBaAH CBOH JlOMa, 'ITo6b[ MepTBb[e, npliXOJlHrglie B onpe-
AeJ\eHHb[H AeHb 113 MeCTa CBoero 06b['lHOro npe6bIBaHH}! K CBoeMY AOMY, orgy-
TH,\H 6b[ 6AarOAaTb 54 .
Y 6yxapcKHX eBpeeB. B OTJ\Ii'llie OT eBponeHCKIiX, coxpaHHAC}! TpH.llgaTIl)l-
HeBHb[H nOMIiHaAbHb[H gliKA. KaK CnpaBeJlAIiBO Cql1TaeT YI. M. CTe6AIiH-Ka-
MeHCKHH, 3TO pe3yAbTaT BOCnpH}!TIi}! HMH HpaHCKIiX TpaAligliH, KorAa OHH
CTaHOBHAHCb «lpapIiCe}!MW>. T. e. 6YKBaAbHO «nepCIi3aTopaMIi». B Ka'leCTBe
30poaCTpliHCKHX 3AeMeHTOB B 06W'laHX CpeJlHea3liaTCKIiX eBpeeB OH BHJlHT
MHOrO'iIiCAeHHb[e 3anpeTb[ OTHOCHTeAbHO BOAbI Ii OrH}!, nplirOTOBAeHlie pHca
B OTAeAbHOM MeWO'lKe (nAOB B MeWKe) Ii Jlp.5j.
CBoe06pa3Hb[H 06bI'laH. H3BeCTHbIH MHornM HapOAaM, - npHmli3HeHHble
1l0MliHKH - OTMe'leH HCCAeAOBaTeA}!:WH B lOmHoM T aJl)KHKHCTaHe (B KYAH-
6e, j.lapBa3e, KapaTernHe. Ha 3anMHOM naMlipe. WymaHe)56. 3TIi nOMIiHKIi
YCTpaHBaIOTC)! nOmHAb[MH AIOAb:\1Ii JlAH 6Aara cBoeH AYWH. YIHOrJla OHH BKAIO-
'IalOT nOAHblH roAOBOH gHKA Bcex nOMHHaAbHb[X 06P}!AOB. T aKlie nOMIiHKIi
166
f .l\aBa VII!
nepe>KHTKH 30poacTpHHcKHX npel\CTaBAeHHH 0 norpe6a.l\bHo," 06pHl\e
167
YCTpaliBalOT 'falQe Bcero Otl,HHOKHC nmKHAb[e AlOtI,H, 0 KOTOPb[X HeKOMY n03a-
60TI!TbOI nOCAe CMepTH. Ho 'faCTO IiX yCTpaliBalOT H nmKHAb[e AIOtI,H, OCTa-
BIiBWlie nOCAe ce6H nOTOMCTBO. B Otl,HHX CA}"faHX npOBetl,eHlie 9T0ro 06pHtI,a
pacgeHIiBaeTcH KaK npoHBAeHHe «nO'feTa H YBam:eHW[», a B ApyrHx - «KaK
npmlBAeHHe HeAoBepwl K tl,eTHM». .lleTIi qaCTO 06Hm:aloTcH Ha pOAIiTeAeH B Ta-
KIiX CAY'faHX. Ha TaKlie nOMIiHKIi C03bIBalOTCH rocTIi, pem:yrcH m:epTBeHHb[e
57
m:HBOTHble. 'iIiTaIOTOI cnegliaAbHble MOAHTBb[, WbeTOI cnegHaAbHaH Otl,em:Aa .
CYLgeCTByeT nocAoBHga, CBHAeTCAbCTBYlOrgaH 0 6AarOTBopHOCTii npHm:1i3HeH-
HblX nOMHHOK:
06b['faH 060CHOBbIBaCTCH B pCAlirH03HOM TpaKTaTC «Catl, Aap» (<<CTO nOAO-
m:eHHH» ).
YI. M. CTe6AIiH-KaMeHCKIiH CnpaBC,l[,.AHBO YKa3blBaCT, 'fTO 0 30poaCTpHH-
CKOM xapaKTcpe 3Toro 06b['faH rOBopHT He TOAbKO «'faCTH'fHOe COBnaACHIiC
Ha3BaHHH 06p}lAa (Ta)I)K. 3liHAa Aa'bBaT - nepe. 3IiHtI,e-paBaH), HO Ii TaKHe
tl,CTaAH, KaK OAeBaHHC "noKoHHHKOM" HOBOH OAem:tI,bl. 3aKAaHlie 6apaHa, Bbl-
59
nOAHCHHe Bcero rOAIi'fHOrO nOMIiHaAbHOrO gHKAa» .
DAH3KliC npCllCTaBAeHI-1H IiMelOT MeCTO y pa3HbiX HapOllOB H B pa3Hbie
3nOXIi. B HacToHrgee BpeM}I Y HeKOTopblX HapOAOB .llarecraHa B03pOm:,ll.aeTC}I
06b['faH npOBCAeHHH npHm:1i3HeHHbIX nOMIiHOK. .?KepTBeHHoe m:IiBOTHoe npli-
06peTaeTC}I Ha CpCtI,CTBa YCTpOJ.fTeAH nOMIiHOK Ii pa3AaeTC}I }"faCTHHKaM. CaM
CTapHK Tom:e Y'faCTBycT B pHryaAC. HO BCtI,eT CC6H KaK «MCPTBb[H». Y pyryAb-
u60
gCB OH Aam:C YXOAHT H3 AOMa H CKpblBaeTC}I HCCKOAbKO AHeli .
HapHAY C npHm:1i3HeHHb[MH nOMHHKaMIi, Hc06XOAIiMb[MIi ,lJ,AJI 06eCnC'feHHH
6J\ara tl,YWIi, Y HapOAOB CpeAHeH fulili Ii Ka3aXCTaHa ,lJ,AJI 6Aara llYWIi Ii TeAa
CYLgCCTBYIOT pa3AIi'fHbIC Ae'fe6HO-MarH'fCCKlie ACHCTBIiH, HawellWlie Bb[pam:e-
HHe B tIIaMaHCTBC, rAe npOCAem:IiBaIOTCH OTrOAOCKIi 30poaCTpHHCKliX npeA-
CTaB!\eHHH.
WaMaHCTBO B CpeAHCa3IiaTCKO-Ka3aXCTaHCKOM perliOHC coxpaHHAOCb
B paMKax IiCAaMa B Ka'fCCTBe HeoqJligliaAbHoro KYAbTa Ii CTaAO 'faCTblO «Ha-
pOAHoro». «6bITOBOro» IiCAaMa 61 .
,lL\liTeAbHOe BpeM}I B Ha}'Ke YAepm:IiBaAOCb npeACTaBAeHIiC, 'fTO rCHC3liC
ncpcm:IiTKOB waMaHCTBa B CpellHCH fuHIi CB}l3aH C TlOpKO-MOHrOAbCKIiM 9'1'-
HHqeCKIiM nAaCTOM (TO'fKa 3pCHHH C. E. MaAOBa. lO. B. KHop030Ba). ha
TOqKa 3peHl1H 6bL\a y6e,ll,HTCAbHO onpoBeprnyra O. A. CyxapcBoH Ii r. n. CHe-
CapeBb[M 6Z .
B HacToHrgee BpeMH IiCCAeAOBaTCAIi rOBopHT 06 IipaHCKOM BAIiHHIiIi Ha
Mm!JoAOrlilO HapOtl,OB CH6HpH 63 . lO. H. BacliAbeB H r. B. nOnOB YKa3bl-
BalOT Ha tl,peBHIiC CBH31i npellKOB HKyrOB C IiHAO-lipaHCKHMH HapOllaMIi,
pacC\1aTpHBa}l 3THMOAorHIO CAOB «Kyp6acTaH» Ii «Kb[paMaH», BOCXOtl,}IrgHx
K HMeHaM ApcBHeHpaHcKoro 60m:ecTBa Axypa Ma3Abi H cro npOTIiBHIiKa
AxpHMaHa 64 .
HCKOTOpb[e IiCCJ\etl,OBaTeAli BbICKa3b[BaAIi MHeHIiC 0 CYLgCCTBOBaHIiH Y lipa-
HO}l3bI'fHb[X HapOAOB tIIaMaHCTBa Ha OCHOBe aHaAH3a «fueCTbI» H tl,Pyrlix 30-
poaCTpliHCKIiX TeKCTOB, B TOM 'fHCAC H «Aplla BHpa3 HaMara», rAe roBOpliTC}I
o nyretIICCTB1i1i 30poaCTpHHCKoro m:pcga Blipa3a B IiHOH Mlip. qTO conOCTaBMI-
eTCH C waMaHCKOH npaKTHKOH 65 .
B 3TanHb[X pa60Tax KpynHeHwlix 3anaAHb[X HCcACAOBaTeACH. TaKIiX KaK
M. 3AHaAC Ii Cb. .?KIiHblO. OCHOBHoe BHIiMaHHC B onpeAcAcHli1i waMaHCTBa CO-
cpeAOTO'fIiBaAOCb Ha TeXHIiKe AocTHm:eHIi}l COCTOHHIi}l 3KCTa3a H 06}13aHHOCTii
« rap 60 AaCTIi xy tl AIiXIi
XYPMOH Tap,
5abtlH MYPAaH rap tlHxaHtl,
XHpBOpli 3ap».
«ECAIi TbI CBOIiMH pyKaMIi tl,aWb XOTb <!JIiHIiK (3TO A}"ftIIe, qeM), CCAH no-
CAe TBOCH CMepTIi pa3t1,atl,yr K}"fY 30J\OTa».
TOT, KTO YCTpaHBaeT TaKIiC nOMIiHKIi, 06rgaeTc}I C rOCTHMH, HO HC npli-
TparHBaeTC}I K nHrge, TaK KaK C'fHTaCTCH, qTO OH ym:c YMep. B AaAbHeHwcM
OH tl,OAm:CH 6Y.lleT BeCTIi CKPOMHb[H 06pa3 m:H3HH. T. K. OH nCpCxOtl,liT B Mlip
npeAKoB.
CYlQeCTByeT HeCKOJ\bKO 06'b}lCHCHHM npolicxom:llCHHH 3TOro 06b['IaH. B Ha-
pOlle cyrgecTByeT npCtI,cTaBAeHlie, 'fTO TaKHe nOMIiHKH YCTPOHA npopoK My-
xaMMCA HaKaHYHe CMCfITH. H B naMHTb 06 3TOM ceBepHbIe Ta)I)KHKH (Dyxapa,
CaMapKaHtI" nCH)l)KIIKCHT, XO.llm:CHT) coBepwalOT 06p}lA (<<CIiHHH naH3aM6a-
Pli») «B03pacT npopoKa». C'fIiTaCTC}I, 'fTO 62-63 ro,lla - 3TO npeACJ\ 3eM-
HOM m:H3HIi, CBepx 9T0ro B03paCTa IiAyr «AHtIIHlie rO,llbl».
no MHCHHIO D. A. AHTBHHcKoro, 3TOT 06bl'faH }IBMlCTC}I OTrOAOCKOM 60Aec
ApeBHcro 06b['faH «KOpMACHH}I YMeptIIHx», npli KOTOpOM nlirgy nOMergaAli B MO-
u 58
rHJ\y nOKOIiHoro .
no MHeHli10 H. C. Da6aeBoM, npHm:1i3HeHHb[C nOMIiHKH }IBM1IOTC}I nepc-
m:IiTKOM pHTyaAbHoro y6HCHliH CTapb[X AIOAeH. B3aMeH CBoeM tl,ytIIli CTapbIC
AIO,llH CTaAIi OTnpaBAHTb AYWY m:epTBcHHOro m:IiBOTHoro.
HaH60Aec y6CtI,liTeAbHOM HBAHeTC}I TOqKa 3peHH}I YI. M. CTe6AHH-KaMeH-
CKoro, KOTOPb[M 060CHOBaA CBH3b 3Toro 06b['faH Ta)I)KIiKOB C nepem:IiTKa 1Ii 30-
poaCTpH3Ma. AHaAOrH'fHb[M 06b['iaH 1i3BCCTCH Ii Y COBpCMeHHbIX 30poaCTpliM-
geB YIHAIiIi H YIpaHa. YI. M, CTe6AHH-KaMeHCKIiM npIiBO,llHT onHcaHHC 06p}l-
tl,a 3HHAc-paBaH (<<m:IiBaH Aywa»), KOTOpbIH ynoMHHaeT y napCOB YIHtI,li1i
.llm:. .llm:. MOAIi. MOAIiTBb[ B peAlirH03Hb[X gCpCMOHlliIX napCOB OAHHaKOBbl1i
,lJ,AJI m:IiBbIX AYW, Ii ,lJ,AJI AYW YMepWHX. 3aynoKoMHbIe cAym:6bI OCyrgCCTBMI-
JOTC}I B qCCTb Cpaowa. KOTOpbIM HBAHeTC}I nOKpOBIiTeACM BCCX AYW. T aKOM m:e
06b['faM ,lJ,AJI re6pOB onliCbIBaCT M. DOMe. He06xo,llHMOCTb COBCpWCHI-1H 3TOro
168
f.!\aBa VIII
flepe2KHTKH 30poacTpHHcKHX npel\CTaB.I\eHHH 0 norpe6a.l\bHo:w 06pHl\e
169
lliaMaHa npoBomaTb .lI,YUIH YMeplliHx B 3arp06Hb[H Mlip, BblcT)'naH B Ka'feCTBe
nClixonOMna 66.
Cpe.ll,H MHOrO'fIiCAeHHbIX HanAacToBaHIiH B Cpe.ll.Hea3liaTCKOM lliaMaHCTBe
Bbl.ll,eAHIOTOI 9AeMeHTbi 30poacTpliHcKliX BepoBaHIiH Ii nepcoHameH (HaI-l60Aee
nAO.ll,OTBOpHa B 9TOM HanpaBAeHIiI-l pa6oTa, npoBeAeHHaH O. A. CyxapeBoH,
r. n. CHeCapeBb[M, B. H. DaCI-IAOBbIM).
B HaCTO}lrgee BpeM}I, 6AaroAap}l orpoMHoMY KOAIi'feCTBY lpaKTI-I'feCKOrO Ma-
TepliaAa Ii IiCCAeAOBaHillIM BblllieHa3BaHHbiX aBTopoB, MomHO rOBOpI-lTb 0 Bbl-
AeAeHI-IIi 9AeMeHTOB 30poacTpliHCKI-IX !!epeMOHIiH B lliaMaHCTBe HapO.ll,OB Cpe.ll,-
HeH fuI-lI-l.
O.ll,HOH 1i3 TaKOBblX }lBAHeTC}I 30poacrpI-lHCKaH !!epeMOHI-I}I sagdid «orAHAbl-
BaHI-Ie co6aKoH», 0 KOTOpOH lliAa pe'fb B npell,bl)J,YLglix rAaBax.
KaK yme OTMe'faAOCb, Cyrb !!epeMOHIiIi sagdid 3aKAlOqaeTC}I B cAeAYIO-
rgeM: KOr.ll,a 'feAOBeK yMlipaeT, eMY Ha rpY.lI,b KAaAyr XAe6 Ii nO.ll,BO,lJ.HT c06a-
KY. ECAIi OHa Cbe.ll,aeT XAe6, C'fHTaIOT, 'fTO qeAOBeK YMep. A TaK KaK CMepTb
B 30poaCTpli3:\1e paC!!eHHBaeTCH KaK TPIiYMIp 3Aa, I-I MepTBb[H CTaHOBI-ITC}I ca-
KpaAbHO He'fIiCTb[M, npli'fI-lH}lH OCKBepHeHlie BceMY mliBOMY, TO c06aKa Bb[-
CT)'naeT B KaqeCTBe 6Aaroro TBOpeHli}l, Ha.ll.eAeHHOro CIiAOH 1i3rHaTb 3Aoro
.lI,yxa nasu=, KOToporo npe.ll,CTaBAHIOT B 06pa3e OTBpaTI-ITeAbHOH MYXI-I.
Nasu= Hali60Aee qaCTO ynoMIiHaeTC}I B «BH.lI,eBAaTe». PM IiCCAeAOBaTeAeH
CqliTalOT, 'fTO nO}lBAeHI-Ie 9TOro TepMIiHa BOCXO.ll,IiT KO BpeMeHI-I IiH.lI,O-lipaH-
u 6 67 H
CKOIi 0 rgHOCTI-I. aAli'flie ,noro TepMIiHa OTMe'feHO B H3b[Ke CTapb[X XO.ll,-
m:eHT!!eB. B pa3rOBopHOH pe'fli AeHIiHa6aA!!eB MomHO 6b[AO BCTpeTIiTb TaKOH
060POT: «BaH 3epli Hacx MOH.lI,arli». DYKBa..\bHbIH nepeBO.ll.: «OH nO.ll.BeprC}I
BAI-IHHI-IIO Hacxa». Hacx - 9TO HCKameHHaH 1p0pMa aBeCTHHCKoro nasu=.
nO MHeHli10 A. Mlip6a6aeBa, «OT aBeCTI-IHCKOrO ..Hacy" npOIiCXO.ll,liT 'faCTO
BCTpe'faeMb[H B CTapb[X CAOBap}lX TepMIiH ..HaCHOC". B CAOBape C. AHHIi OH
TpaKTyeTC}I KaK lpaHTaCTIi'feCKOe cyrgecTBo - 'feAOBeK, .lI,IiB, .lI,b}lBOA, nepe-
.lI,BliralOrgliHC}I Ha O.ll,HOH Hore» 68.
Ho 06paTI-IMC}I K «cPapxaHrH 3a6oHI-I TO'I,HKIi». B HeM CKa3aHO: «HacHoc
(HIiCHOC) - CKa30'iHOe cyLgecrBo C nOAY'feAOBeqeCKI-IM 06AI-IKOM, 0 KOTOpOM
rOBOp}lT, 'fTO Y Hero O.ll,Ha Hora, O.ll,Ha PYKa I-I OAIiH r Aa3, HaCHOC nepe.ll,BliraeTC}I
npb[m:KaMW>. Yme cPI-IP.ll.OYCIi ynOTpe6AHA 9TOT TepMIiH, 3a,a,aBaH Bonpoc: 9TO
'feAOBeK I-IAI-I napli (nepli)? BCTpe'faIOTC}I B nepeHOCHblX 3Ha'feHillIX: «'feAOBeK
nO.ll,06Hb[H .lI,9BY» , «.lI,9BCKlie AIO.lI.H», «BHywalOrgliH CTpax»69.
1'aKIiM 06pa30M, TepMIiH «HaCHOC» (<<HIiCHOC») ceMaHTIi'feCKIi .lI,eHCT-
BIiTeAbHO conpHKaCaeTC}I C TepMI-IHOM <<Haca». OAHaKO TOAbKO AIiHrBIiCTbI
M0JYI' pelliliTb, cyrgecTByeT I-IAI-I HeT Mem:.lI.Y 9TliMii TepMIiHaMIi reHeTI-IqeCKaH
CB}l3b.
B BepOBaHI-IHX MHorHX HapO.ll,OB c06aKa Bb[CrynaeT B Ka'feCTBe nepCOHama,
TaK Ii m IiHa'fe CBH3aHHoro C MlipOM MepTBbIX. D. A. AIiTBHHCKIiH paCCMOTpeA
BepOBaHI-I}I, CB}l3aHHb[e C c06aKOH B I-IH.lI,OeBpOneHCKOM KOHTeKCTe 70 .
Y oceTIiH MaAb'fI-lKY C !!eAblO 06epera .lI,aBaAli I-IMH CaYKY,ll,3 (<<4epHaH CO-
6aKa»), I-IAI-I MYXTap (IiMH c06aKlifl.
B apMHHCKOH MlilpOAomli cyrgecTBYIOT .lI,YXIi, npOIiCXO,lJ.Hrglie OT c06aKii
(<<ApaAe3bl»), KOTOpb[e «cnYCKaIOTC}I C He6a, ,lJ.A5I Toro qT06bl 3aAli3aTb paHbl
y6HTb[X B 6010 Ii BOCKpeCI-ITb IiX» 72.
nO'fr1i y Beex KaBKa3CKIiX HapO.ll,OB c06aKe npI-lnliCblBaeTC}I pOAb OTrOHHTb
3AbiX llYXOB, B oc06eHHOCTI-I 9TO IiMeeT OTHOllieHlie K 'fepHOH c06aKe. CAellyeT
TaKm:e OTMeTIiTb pa60T)' T. D. WenaHCKOH «C06aKa - npOBOllHIiK Ha rpaHI-I
MlipOB», B KOTOpOH aHaAH3lipYJOTC}I BepOBaHI-IH, CB}l3aHHble C c06aKOH, 6bITO-
C 73 A u
BaBllilie Ha PYCCKOM eBepe. pHIiCKO-IpIiHHo-yropcKlie napaAAeAIi BepOBa-
HIiH, CB}l3aHHbIX C c06aKoH, npOBOllliT fl. B. Bac1iAbKoB 74 .
{(CnyrHIiKoM MePTBbIX» HBAHeTCH c06aKa B BepOBaHI-IHX TH6eTueB. B TI-I-
6eTCKliX MOHaCTblp}lX COllepmaAli CB}lrgeHHblx c06aK, KOTopble nOeAaAli M}lCO
YMeplliHX MOHaXOB. KaK C'fIiTaeT 3. XYMMeAb, Kpyr BepoBaHIiH TI-I6eT!!eB,
CBH3aHHbiX C c06aKoH, BOCXOllI-lT K 06rgI-lM I-IHllOeBponeHcKHM BepoBaHI-I}lM 7j .
Ho He TOAbKO IiH.lI,oeBpOneHCKlie MaTepliaAbl COllepm:aT CBelleHIi}l, npli'fIiC-
JUlIOrglie c06aKY K MIiPy YMeplliI-lX, a TaKme MaTepliaAb[ DAIim:Hero BOCTOKa,
B 'faCTHOCTIi EmnTa. AHy6lic (rpeq.), YIHny (emn.) B emneTCKOH MlilpOAomli
60r - nOKpOBI-ITeAb YMeplliliX. Ero nO'fI-lTa..m B 06pa3e 'fepHoro lliaKaAa HAH
llliKOH c06aKii Ca6 (IiAH B BI-I.lI.e 'feAOBeKa C roAOBOH lliaKaAa HAIi c06aKIi).
.4Hy6HC I-IrpaeT ::ma'fI-lTeJlbH}'IO pOAb B nOrpe6aAbHOM pliTYaAe; O.ll.HOH H3 Bam-
HeHlliI-lX IpYHK!!I-IH AHy6lica 6bL\a nOllrOTOBKa TeAa nOKOHHoro K 6aAb3aMlipo-
BaHli10 Ii npeBpaLgeHli}l ero B MYMHI0 76 .
norpe6eHillI c06aK 06HapymeHbl B reAHOnOAe I-I B Maa,a,I-I 2-H nOA. IV TbIC.
llO H. 9. XOpOHHAH c06aK B Horax yMepllierO 'feAOBeKa, CTeAbl c06aKaM, npell-
Ha3Ha'feHHble YMeplliliM, HaH.a.eHbl B A6I-1.l1.oce. 3T1i CTeAbl HaXOllliAI-lCb BOKpyr
!!apCKlix rp06HIi!! nepBblx .lI.HHaCTHH 77 .
C06aKa BbleT)'TIaeT B pOAH CYllb6b[ 'feAOBeKa HapMY C KpOKOllHAOM I-I 3Me-
eH B ernneTcKoH CKa3Ke «06pe'feHHbIH !!apeBI-Iq» 78.
B BeTXOM 3aBeTe B KHI-Ire T OBI-ITa llBa2Kllbl ynoMIiHaeTCH c06aKa, KOTOpaH
conpoBOm,lJ.aAa T OBIiIO H fuapli}l (aHreAa PalpaliAa) B Pam MlillliHCKI-Ie
(1'OB. 5:4-19; 11:1-3).
Y 9CKI-lMOCOB HMeeTC}I MHIp 0 TOM, 'frO «m:eHLgIiHa, 1i.36liBaeMaH MymeM,
npeBpaLgaeTCH B c06aKY, .3aTeM B pa3J\Ii'fHble BH,lJ.b1 .lI.H'fIi, a nOTOM CTaHOBHTeH
IlAO.ll,OM B yrpo6e m:eHbl eBoero co6cTBeHHoro 6paTa I-I pom:llaeTC}I BHOBb MaAb-
'fHKOM» 79.
170
f.l\aBa VIII
flepe>KHTKH 30poacTpHHcKHX npetlCTaB.I\eHHH 0 norpe6a.l\bHOM 06pHl\e
171
BepOBaHHH, CB}l3aHHb[e C co6aKoH, CTOAb MHoro'fIiCAeHHb[ Y pa3Hbix Hapo-
AOB, 'fTO B HaCTO}lrgeH rAaBe npliBo,/J.HTb HX He npeACTaBAHeTC}I B03MomHbIM.
nO-BIi,/J.HMOMY, OHIi B03HliKAH cnOHTaHHO,
Ho HaAli'flie 6AaromeAaTeAbHoro OTHOWeHli}l K c06aKe Y HapO,/J.OB CpeAHeH
fuHH, Ha Haw B3r AH,/J., MomHO CB}l3blBaTb C BAH}lHlieM 30poaCTpH3Ma.
npli BceH YHIiBepCaAbHOCTIi pOAH co6aKii B peAHrM03HbiX npeAcTaBAeHlUIx
pa3AliqHb[X Hapo,/J.oB, 30poacTpH3M, nplipaBHIiBaH ee K qeAOBeKY H 6AaroMY
TBopeHHIO Axypa Ma3Abl, cnoc06CTBOBaA ,/J.AIiTeAbHoMY coxpaHeHli1O ee 3Ha-
'feHHH B 06pMHOCTII.
MYCYAbMaHe C'fIiTaIOT c06aKY He'fHCTbIM mIiBOTHbIM. OHIi Bep}lT, 'iTO CO-
6aKa 06Aa,llaeT ceMblO AYlllaMIi 80 . Hali60Aee }IpKO 3ane'faTAeA OTHoweHlie MY-
CYAbMaH K c06aKe Ca,lleK Xe,/J.aHT B nOBeCTIi «DpO,/J.H'fIiH nec» 81.
npliXO,/J. IiCAaMa npliHec B CpeAHlO1O fulilO oTpligaTeAbHoe OTHoweHlie
K c06aKe. npOli30wAa KOHTaMIiHagli}l ABYX BepOBaHIiH (6AaromeAaTeAbHoro
H He6AaromeAaTeAbHoro).
4TO me KacaeTOI peAlirM03HbiX npeACTaBAeHIiH Y HapoAOB CpeAHeH fulili,
TO MaTepHaA, CB}l3aHHbIH C C06aKOH, OT6lipaAC}I HaMIi no npli3HaKY Toro, KaK
OHa BblCryTIaAa B KaqeCTBe 6Aaroro TBopeHHH, cnoc06Horo oTnyrliBaTb 3AbiX
AYXOB, T. e. B TOH cpYHKgHli, KOTOpylO c06aKa IiCnOAH}lAa B 30poacTpli3Me,
B 'faCTHOCTIi, B gepeMoHli1i sagdid.
B gepeMoHli1i sagdid MorAIi npliHHMaTb yqacTlie TaKme H nTHgb[. C'fIiTaIOT,
'fTO IiX B3rAHA OTnyrHBaeT ,/J.eMoHoB. TaKoe npe,/J.CTaBAeHlie IiMeeTOI Ii Y Ka3a-
XOB. Ka3axH CqHTalOT, 'fTO AYXH 60}lTC}I 6epKyra. npli pOAax OHIi 6paAii 6ep-
82
Kyra Y OXOTHIiKOB Ii nOMergaAH B IOPTY .
Y mHTeAeH KYHH-Y preHqa H B ero OKpeCTHOCT}lX COXpaHliAliCb nOBepb}l,
CB}l3aHHb[e C AepBliwaMIi, 6Aaronpli}lTHO OTHOCIiBwlieCH K c06aKe. r. n. CHe-
capeB 3anliCaA AereH,/J.Y 0 AepBliwe Mawpa6e, KOTOPb[H HliqerO He 60}lAOI H
HaCMeXaAOI Ha,ll MYAAaMH. Kor,/J.a eMY nOAHecAH oTpaBAeHHYIO nHrgy, nOAolllAa
c06aKa H C'heM ee. Mawpa6 B3MOAHAC}I DOry, ,/J.a6bl OH BepHYA c06aKe mH3Hb.
C Tex nop Mawpa6 CTaA pa3BO,/J.HTb c06aK Ii XO,/J.1iA C HIiMIi. .llame B rOCT}lX OH
83
CHa'faAa KOpMIiA CBOHX c06aK .
o 6AarOmeAaTeAbHOM OTHoweHHIi K c06aKe CBHAeTe.i\bCTByeT AereH,ll,a 0 He-
Jl)KeM-eA-AIiHe Ky6pa. Y Hero 6blAH TaKHe rycTble 6POBIi, 'fTO OH AO.i\fKeH 6blA
IiX nOAHIiMaTb PYKaMli, eCAIi XOTeA Ha KorO-HIi6Y,/J.b nOCMOTpeTb. 4eAOBeK, Ha
KOToporo OH nOCMOTpeA, B TOT me Mlir CTaHOBHACH 60raTb[M. OAHa CTapyxa
nonpOCHAa ero nOCMOTpeTb Ha ee CblHa. WeHX nO,/J.HHA 6POBIi, «HO B 9TOT MO-
MeHT MaAb'fHK y6emaA, a Ha ero MeCTO ceAa co6aKa. Co6aKa 9Ta 6blAa 6omecT-
BeHHaH, OHa AeTaAa no B03,/J.YXY, a Kor,/J.a OHa yMepAa, ee noxopOHIiAIi no BceM
( ) 84
npaBHAaM C KawHHOM T. e. caBaHOM OKOAO welixa» .
Y Ta)l)KHKOB KYAH6cKOH 06AacTii 6blA0 ,/J.BOHCTBeHHoe OTHoweHlie K c06aKe.
Ee He nOqHTaAIi, HO C'fHTaAH, '{TO OHa C03AaHa H3 3eMAH, nOA06HO 'feAOBeKY.
C063Ka 'fyeT npH6AHmeHHe CBoeH CMepTIi. OHa, KaK Ii 'feAOBeK, Hymp,aeTC}I
B OTnYI,geHH H rpeXOB (06PH,/J. - nHXH,\H). £CAli X03}1liH He COBepwHT TaKOH
o6p .:t, TO ,/J.ywa c06aKii MY'faeTCH Ii He nOKIi,/J.aeT TeAO. Co6aKY ,/J.OJUKHb[ 6blAH
85 C
XOpOllHTb B caBaHe. AeAyeT OTMeTIiTb, qTO 30poacTpliligbi TaKme B cAyqae
01epTH co6aKii Bb[CTaBAHIOT ee Ha AaXMe. KaK H 'feAOBeKa, C nO}lCOM KyCTIi.
Y 30poaCTpHHgeB c06aKY nOABO,/J.HT He TOAbKO K }'MHpalOrgeMY. yconllle-
MY, HO H K qeAOBeKY, OCKBepHIiBllIeMYC}I KOHTaKTOM C MepTBb[M H CTaBweMY
BCAeACTBHe 9TorO CaKpaAbHO He'fIiCTbIM, B O'feHb CAomHOH O'fIiCTIiTeAbHOH ge-
pe IOHHl1 Barasnum i no sab - OqHll!eHH}I ,/J.eB}lTH (AHeH H) HO'feH. UeAb 9TOH
gepeMoHHH - H3rHaTb TpynHoro ,/J.eMOHa - OCKBepHHTeAH Bcero mHBorO.
npOBe,/J.eHHe 9TOH gepeMoHli1i Y IipaHCKHX 30poacTpHHgeB H napCOB I1H,/J.HH
6blAO nO,/J.po6HO onlicaHO B npe,/J.b[AyrgeH rAaBe. B AaHHOH rAaBe Ha:\1Ii npli-
BO,rJ:HTCH aHaAorHH 9TOMY 06PHAY B Aeqe6HOH Marlili Ii waMaHCTBe HapO,/J.OB
Cpe:'l.HeH .A3HH Ii Ka3aXCTaHa.
O. A. CyxapeBa, nplicyrcTBoBaBWaH Ha KaMAaHHH y paBHIiHHblX TaJI)KH-
KOB, BH,/J.eJ\a, KaK nOCAe 3aBepweHlIH KaMAaHH}I waMaHKa 6pocaAa co6aKe Ae-
neWe'iKH. H33b[BaeMb[e «IiT-KYJ\b'fa», KOTopble OHa ,/J.eAaAa caMa, BbmpOCIiB
:\1}'KY H3 ceMH ,/J.BepeH. C'iIiTaAli, qTO eCAIi co6aKa HX C'heCT, TO 6oJ\e3Hb nepeH-
,/J.eT Ha Hee. n03me, B T yrKe eH YAaAOCb BbmcHIiTb, 'fTO 9TH AeneWeqKH acco-
- ( 6 ) 86
glilipOBaJ\IiCb C ,/J.yxaMH, npli'iIiHIiBWIiMIi bOAe3Hb COXIi Ii ,/J.ap,/J. .
O. A. CyxapeBa npHBO,/J.IiT ormcaHHe 06pHAa «HOH CYK-CYX», KOTOpblH
npOBOll.HAH C geAblO 1i3rHaTb AYXOB, CTaBWHX npli'fIiHOH 6oAe3HIi. Bo BpeM}I
,noro 06pH,/J.a 3HaxapKa HAH waMaHKa norAamliBaAa 60AbHoro KYCKOM Aenew-
KH, nOCAe qero 9TOT KYCOK 6pOCaAl1 c06aKe. 3,/J.eCb, Ha Haw B3rAH,/J., npOCAe-
mHBaeTCH np}lMaH CBH3b C 30poaCTpliHCKOH gepeMoHlieH sagdid.
B 1979 r. MHe caMOH y,/J.aAOCb nplicyrcTBoBaTb npH COBepweH1i1i aHaAO-
rWiHb[X AeHcTBIiH, HO yme He llIaMaHKOH, a ropO,/J.CKIiMH mliTeAHMIi, MOAOAblMH
Ti!Aam'fKaMH r. CaMapKaH,/J.a. OAHa H3 HIiX maAOBaAaCb ,/J.pyroH Ha TO, 'fTO ee
Cr,\a3HAIi, H npocliAa nOqliTaTb MOAIiTBY, OTAOMIiB npli 9TOM KycO'feK AenelllKH
Ii nOllaB ero CBoeH npH}lTeAbHHge, KOTOpaH nOrAamliBaAa IiM AHgo nOABepr-
UJeHCH UAa3Y. nOCAe 'fero BepHYAa KYCO'feK AenelllKIi, H 60AbHaH nOAomHAa
em B CYMO'fKY, T. K. lleHCTBlie npOHCXOAIiAO B nOMergeHlili, rAe He 6blA0 co6a-
KIi, H OHa C06HpaAaCb Be'fepOM B CBoeM ,/J.Bope 6pOCliTb c06aKe 9TOT KyCOK.
B HeCKOAbKO onocpellOBaHHOH cpopMe, Ha Haw B3rAHll, CB}l3b C 30poaCT-
pHMCKOH gepeMoHlieH sagdid npOHBAHeTCH B 06pMe <<naXTa-CHAH», r,/J.e BMeCTO
,\eneWKIi llIaMaHKa rAa,/J.IiAa 60AbHoro BaTOH C rOAOBbl ,/J.O Hor (T. e. B TOM
me HanpaBAeHlili, KaK nepeMell!aAOI TpynHblH ,/J.eMOH B npogecce O'fHrgeml5l
Barasnum i no sab), KaK 6bl CMaXIiBaH 60Ae3Hb. «nOTOM 1i3 BaTbl AeAaAli
172
f.!\aBa VIII
flepe>KHTKH 30poacTpHHcKHX npelJ,CTaB.I\eHHH 0 norpe6a.\bHo," 06pHlJ,e
173
CBeTHAbHIiKIi H CTaBHAIi B pa3HbIx MeCTax, 'fT06b[ OHH OKa3aAliCb nocBHrgeH-
Hb[MH HeIi3BeCTHb[M JlyxaM, npli'fIiHIiBWIiM 60Ae3Hb. npH 3TOM rOBopHAIi:
"nYCTb 6oAe3Hb HaHtI,eT cBoero x03HIiHa".». O. A. CyxapeBa 3aqJliKclipOBaAa
3TOT 06PHJl B CaMapKaHAe, B KIiWAaKe KaqrrapxoHa 87 .
B Xope3Me 6b[AO npliHHTo nOCAe pOtl,OB 6pocaTb nOCAeJl c06aKe, C TeM,
'iT06bI B 6YAyrgeM «pe6eHoK pa3MHOmaACH KaK co6aKa»88. Ehoro MHeHHH npli-
tl,epmliBaACH r. n. CHecapeB Ii BCAeA 3a HIiM A. A. 4BbIpb 89 . Ha Haw B3rAHtI"
B 3TOM 06b[qae co6aKa cKopee BbIc'I)'naeT KaK 6Aaroe TBopeHHe, KOTopoe no-
Tpe6AHeT MepTBoe H He OCKBepHHeTCH 3TliM Ii TaKHM 06pa30M ytl,aAAeT oCKBep-
HeHHe OT mliBbIx, T. e. BbInOAHHeT q>YHKgIiH, cooTBeTCTBYIOrglie 30poaCTpHH-
CKIiM npeACTaBAeHIiHM.
B geAoM pHJle BepOBaHIiH Ii 06pHJlOBbIX tl,eHCTBIiH, CBH3aHHbIX C pOni,ll,eHIi-
eM pe6eHKa Ii nepBb[X COpOKOBbIX tl,HeH «'fHANI» ero mli3HIi, y MHOruX HapOtl,OB
Cpetl,HeH fuHIi npliHHMaAa y<IaCTlie c06aKa. OT:\1eTIiM, qTO y KapaKaAnaKOB
B cAy<Iae, eCAIi pe6eHOK 3a60AeeT nOCAe nepBb[X copoKa JlHeH, CqHTaeTCH, qTO
em CrAa31iA1i. 3T)' 6oAe3Hb Ha3bIBaAH «IiHT THHMe» (6yKB.: «c06aqbe npliKoc-
HOBeHlie»). 3Ty 6oAe3Hb H3Ae<fIiBaAH TaK: pe6eHKY Ma3aAH AHgo TeCTOM Ii nOJl-
BOJlIiAH c06aKY. OHa tl,OAmHa 6bIAa 06AH3aTb pe6eHKa Ii nporHaTb 3Aoro Ayxa,
60Ae3Hb «IiHT TIiHMe» 90.
HeKOTOpb[e 3AeMeHTbI gepeMoHIiH sagdid Ii Barasniim i no sab MomHO BbI-
HBHTb B Ae<fe6HOH MarHH KliprH30B, y KOTOPb[X pacnpOCTpaHeHO Ae<feHlie nyreM
npliKAMblBaHHH yxa rgeHKa K yxy pe6eHKa. KapaKlipru3b[ C<fHTaIOT, qTO <fepe3
yxo AemliT 6AHmaHIlmH nyrb K M03ry 'feAOBeKa. .LlAH Tom qT06bI yKpaCTb M03r
91
<feAOBeKa, JlbHBOA nOCb[AaeT <fepTeHKa notl, BHAOM MYXH «'feAeMqe» .
B03MomHO, STO OTrOAOCKH 30poaCTpliHCKliX npeJlCTaBAeHIiH 0 JleMOHe
nasu=. BMeCTe C TeM, y KHprH30B CAOBOM «<fbIMbIH» (6yKB.: «Myxa») Ha3b[-
BaIOT Jlap K 3aHHTliIO waMaHCTBOM.
KpOMe Toro, CBOIiX JlYXOB-nOMOIgHIiKOB WaMaHb[ npetl,CTaBAHAH B BH.lle
MYX, KOTopbIe MOryr npliHIiMaTb 06AHK mHBOTHbIX HAIi <feAOBeKa. T aK2Ke 3Ab[X
JlYXOB - )l2KHHOB, npliqHHHIOIgIiX Bpetl, He TOAbKO <feAOBeKY, HO H mliBOTHbIM,
92
Klipru3bI npeACTaBAHAii ce6e 'faIge Bcero B 06pa3e MYX .
Y Ta)l2KIiKOB JlOAHHbI Xyq>, eCAH B ceAeHHH KTO-TO YMHpaA, pe6eHKY JlO
copOKa JlHeH Ma3aAii cameH npaBoe yxo - 'fT06bI MepTBeg «He n03BaA» Jlyruy
6 6 u93
pe eHKa C co Oli .
B TeKCTe npH3bIBaHlliI (MYHOq,OT) TNl)KIiKCKOHwaMaHKIi Kopli KYAMYPOJl
CMPHeBoH, ony6AliKoBaHHoM O. MypOtl,OBbIM, ynoMIiHaIOTCH napli MymB,
T. e. OrHenOK.i\OHHIiKOB, 30poacTpHHgeB, KOTopbIe HBAHAIiCb JlyxaMH, npliHO-
94
CIiBWHMH Bpetl, MYCYAbMaHaM .
B XaHKIi (Xope3M) 06MbIBaAbrgHKfI MepTBbIX C06AIOJlaAH cTporoe npaBIi-
AO OTmHJITb OT TeAa YMepwero MYX.
KOHeqHO, cTpeMAeHlie OTorHaTb OT nOKOHHoro MYX - eCTeCTBeHHoe, 06-
l1\eqeAOBe<feCKOe tl,eHCTBlie. Ho CAetl,yeT OTMeTHTb, <fTO B Xope3Me OHO 6b[AO
06ycJ\oBAeHo PHTYaAOM. YIHorAa ,llAH 3Toro Bb[AeAHACH cnegHaAbHb[H <feAOBeK.
r. n. CHecapeB cpaBHIiBaeT STO C ynoMHHaeMbIM B «BHtI,eBJlaTe» TpynHbIM
_9j
jI,ey!OHOM nasu - .
npeAcTaBAeHHe 0 tl,eMOHe B 06pa3e MYXIi HMeeTCH Ii y HapOtl,OB KaBKa3a,
y KOTOPb[X TaKme 6b[A pacnpocTpaHeH 30poaCTpH3M. B apMHHcKOM 06PHAO-
BOM q>OAbK.i\Ope eCTb TaK Ha3blBaeMb[H siraki dew, KOTOpbIH npliHIiMaeT 06pa3
MYXH Ii ABlimeTCH B TeMHOTe. npeACTaBAHeTCH cnpaBeAAHBbIM npetl,nOAOmeHlie
.lJ.m. P. PacceAAa, 'fTO em npOHCXOni,ll,eHHe BOCXOAIiT K aBecTHHcKOMY Tpyn-
_96
HOYlY tleMOHY nasu - .
B pe3YAbTaTe nepeHeceHHoro HepBHo-nCIiXHqeCKOrO 3a60AeBaHIiH HeKOTO-
pble 60AbHbIe tl,OArOe BpeMH He MorAIi npHHTIi B ce6H, T. K. 3Ab[e AYXIi, OCTaB-
umeCH B IiX TeAe, nperuncTBOBaAH 3TOMY. He06xoAHMO 6bIAO nepeceAIiTb STliX
_'{YXOB. .LlAH SToro y Kliprli30B MYAAa IiAIi KTO-AIi6o, 3HaIOrgliH 3aKAliHaHlie,
pan<paWIiBaA qepen c06aKIi, T. K. C<fIiTaAI-I, 'fT0 HpKlie KpacKH npliBAeKaIOT JlY-
XOB H OHIi MOryr Bb[HTIi 1i3 TeAa 60AbHoro (HHor Aa ,llAH 3Toro IicnOAb30BaAii
'iepen AOWMIi)97.
POJ\b c06aKH Y Kliprl130B IiCKAIO<fIiTeAbHO BeAIiKa. OHa C<fIiTaAaCb nOA06-
HOi1 qeAOBeKY. Y Kliprli30B cYl1\ecTBOBaA 06b[qaH, npli KOTOpOM ceMb <feAOBeK
npHHocHAIi mepTBY - «CMaKa». ECAH ceAbMoH <feAOBeK He MOl' B CHAY pHJla
npH'fIiH npliHJITb Y'faCTlie B mepTBonpHHoweHlili, ero MomHO 6bIAO 3aMeHliTb
co6aKoi1 98 .
CAetl,yeT OTMeTHTb. <fTO Ii Y COBpeMeHHbIX 30poacTpHHgeB YIpaHa Ii napCOB
YIHllli1i TaK2Ke cyrgeCTByeT 06bI'faH, npH KOTOpOM, eCAH B peAliru03HOH gepe-
MOHIiIi OTcyrcTByeT KaKOH-AIi60 <feAOBeK, BMeCTO Hero HMO B3HTb C06aKY.
HenocpeACTBeHHoe CXOJlCTBO C gepeMoHlieH Barasniim i no sab npOCAemH-
BaeTCH B 06pHJle «Ky<IypMa» (<<nepeHeceHlie»), HBAHIOrgeMcH lleHCTBlieM, 3a-
BeplllaIOrgliM KaMAaHlie xope3MCKliX waMaHOB (nopxaHOB), Ha <fTO 06paTIlA
BHIiMaHlie erge r. n. CHecapeB 99 . lO. A. ParronOfIT OTMeTHA, 'fT() MHorue «MO-
MeHTbl SToro 06pHtI,a CBHJleTeAbCTBYIOT, 'fT0 <feAOBeK, npOXOJUiBWIiH ero, OTO-
mAeCTBAHACH C nOKOHHHKOM» 100. OTOni,ll,ecTBAeHlie 60AbHom C nOKOHHIiKOM
xapaKTepHO ,llAH WaMaHCTBa Bo06Ige, HO pM 3AeMeHTOB B JleHCTBHHX rropxaHOB
MomHo CBH3aTb C BAIiHHlieM 30poaCTpli3Ma.
B xOtl,e SToro 06pHtI,a 60AbHOrO YK.i\a,lI.bIBaIOT Ha nOA Ha cnliHe, HaKpbIBaIOT
TpeMH MeTpaMIi 6H3H, KaK 6b[ ynoJl06.J\.ID1 nOKoHHIiKY: «XYJlIi YAIiK» (<<KaK
Tpyrr»). WaMaH yKpenAHeT 10-15 CBeqeH Ha TeAe 60AbHom, nOJlCTaBKIi ,llAH
KOTOPb[X JleAaIOT H3 CMeCH r AIiHbI C KOHCKIiM HaB030M. 3TH CBe<f1i Ha3blBaIOT
"ryp xYIll 'I)'K» (MOrliAbHb[e CBe<fli), B XHBe 3TH CBe<f1i YKperrAHIOT Ha TeAe
6oAbHoro CAetl,YIOrgliM 06pa30M: «OJlHY - Ha A6y, JlBe - Ha nAe<faX, O)lHY-
174
f.l\a Ba VII I
flepemHTKH 30pOaCTpHHCKHX npetlCTaB.I\eHHH 0 norpe6a.l\bHO:W 06pH.lIe
175
Ha rpY,/J.H, ABC - Ha KHCTSIX PyK, ABe - Y Ta..,\HIi C 60KOB TCAa, tl,Be - Y KO-
ACHCH Ii ,/J.Be - Ha CTonax Hor. 3aTeM nopxaH nOCTYKHBaeT no TCAY 60AbHoro
6y6HOM, Ha'fIiHaH co A6a Ii KOHqaH n<\';\bgaMH Hor. npH 9T0:\1 OH npliKa3bIBaeT
u ( I ) 101
3A0:\1Y ,/J.eMOHY yHTH - «K}"f.» .
npH'fe:\1 CACtI,YCT nOtl,'fCpKHyrb, 'fTO TC MeCTa, KYAa nOCTeneHHO nepcMcrga-
eTCSI nasu= B npogecce npOBcAeHHSI gepcMoHHH Barasnum )" no sab, nOJ\HO-
CTblO COBna,/J.aIOT C MCCTa:\11i TCAa, arMeqeHHb[:\11i B n03llHeM 06pH,/J.e cpeAHe-
a3liaTCKIiX llIaMaHOB «KY'fYPMa» CBe'faMIi. ::1Tar 06pHtI, TaK mc H KOH'faeTCSI.
BCpOHTHO, OTroAOCKOM 9TliX npcAcTaBAcHIiH SlBASleTCSI coxpaHHBllleeCH Y Ta,/J.-
mHKOB nOBepbC, qTO Bce 60AC3HIi H HeC'faCTbSl nOKH,/J.aIOT 'feJ\OBeKa 'fepe3 Ae-
Bb[H naAeg cro Horli. BepliJ\H, 'fTO Y nOKOHHIiKa npH IicnOAHCHli1i 06pHAa Copo-
KOBoro AHH AonHCT 60AbllIOH naAeg ACBOH HorH, BCC COAepmHMoe BbIHAeT, Ii OH
HaBCKIi 1i36aBHTCSI OT cTpa,/J.aHIiH Ii ycnoKoHTcH lO2 .
CXO,/J.CTBO C 30poacTpliHcKOH gepcMoHHeH Barasniim )" no sab IiMceT Ii Ae'ie-
HIiC OT YKyca TapaHTYAa Y 1)'pKMeH-HOXYPAH. Ero onHcaHlie npliBOtl,liT K. Hop-
MYPa,/J.OB, OCHOBblBaHCb Ha MaTcpliaAax, nOAY'fCHHbIX HM 3a BpeMSI nOAeBbIX
pa60T B c. Hoxyp B TC'fCHlie pSlAa ACT, B OC06CHHOCTii B 1977 _19801'1'.103.
AC'fIiTb YKYllleHHb[X AlOtI,CH MOL'l.1i XOtl,mH, Bb[AaBaBllIIiC ce6S1 3a nOTOMKOB
AAIi H CbaTHMbI. Ho HC Kaa\jI,b[H XOJl)Ka MOl' 3aHliMaTbCH AeqCHlieM, a AHllIb Te,
KarOpb[M 1i3BCCTHbI 3aroBopb[ acpCYH (3cpCYH). XOJI)Ka tl,OAmeH ::maTb 14 3a-
KAHHaHIiH Ii 'fHTaTb HX B onpeAcAeHHoH nOCAetl,OBaTeAbHOCTIi. T ope-XOJl)Ka,
C KOTOPb[M 6eceAOB<\.;\ K. HOPMYPa,/J.OB, 6blA 1i3BeCTeH H 3a npCAeAaMH Hoxy-
pa KaK «BAa,/J.elOrgHH BOHCKOM Jl)KIiHOB».
AxYHb[ (Aliga, nOA}"fHBllIlie Bb[CllICC tl,YXOBHOC 06pa30BaHHe) Ii MYAAb[
C'fIiTaAH 3arOBopbI acpCYH HeCOBMeCTIiMb[MH C HCAaMOM. OHH ACqHAH AlOtI,eH,
yKyllIeHHblX TapaHTYAOM, 'lTeHlieM 36-H Cypb[ KopaHa (HCHH), Ho HaCCAeHlie
npC,/J.nOqliTaAO 06paI,gaTbcSI K XO,/J.maM.
XOJl)Ka ACqliA YKYllIeHHoro TapaHTYAOM TaK: CHaqa..,\a OH COBCplllaA nOAHOC
pli1)'aAbHOe OMOBCHlie (ryCAb). 3aTcM, npOqHTaB ABa paKaTa (9AeMeHTbI MO-
AHTBbl HaMa3), npHXO,/J.HA K 60AbHOMY. OH npOCIiA, 'fT06b[ 60AbHOH TaK1Ke CO-
BCpllIliA pli1)'aAbHOe OMOBeHlic. nOCTeAb 60AbHoro nOMcrgaAH B yrAY KOMHaTbI
B HanpaBAeHli1i CCBep-IOL CHa'faAa 60AbHoro KAaAIi Ha npaBblH 60K, rOAOBOH
Ha ceBep. AHgo 60AbHOro 6bIAO 06pargeHo K 3ana,/J.Y, T. e. K MeKKe. DOAbHoro
HaKpbIBaAH OACSlAOM. XO,/J.me npHHOCIiAIi oxanKY MSlTbl (Hapnb[3) HAH IiBOBblX
npyrbeB. XOJl)Ka Tpe60BaA, 'fT06b[ AHga meHcKoro nOAa C'raplllc 9 ACT Ii Mym-
CKOro nOAa CTapllIe 12 AeT, HC COBepllIliBllIlie OMOBeHHSI, nOKHHyAIi tl,OM. Oc-
TaAbHble ,/J.OAmHbl 6b[AH TIiXO CHAeTb.
XOJl)Ka Ca,/J.IiACSI 3a cnHHOH 60AbHoro B n03e, xapaKTepHoH .AASI 'fTCHHH Ha-
Ma3a, AHgOM «K MCKKC». KaK onliCblBaeT K. HOPMYPa,/J.OB: «XoAma npOH3-
HOCHA: "Bo IiMSI AAAaxa, MIiAOCTIiBoro, MIiJ\ocepAHoro, 0 npCAKIi, nocnCHTe
Ha nO:\IOI,gb!" - 6paA npaBoH PYKOH nY'fOK 1i3 10-15 CTe6ACH MSlTb[ Ii npli-
crynaA K 'lTeHIiIO acpCYHa, npOH3HOCSI 3aKAliHaHlie TaK, 'fT06b[ HX MorAIi pac-
C \bIllIaTb nplicyrcTBYlOrgHe. npli 9TOM OH conpOBOmAaA KamAYIO cppa3y 3a-
KAHHaHIiSi AcrKIiM YtI,apOM cTe6AS1MIi MSlTb[ no TCAy 60AbHoro. OH CHaqaAa
npl1KaCaACSI MHTOH K rOAOBe 60AbHoro, a 3aTeM K TeAY, BCC 6AHme Ii 6Alime
K HoraM, KaK 6b[ nOKa3bIBaH, 'fTO HA tl,OAmeH OTCTynHTb ar rOAOBbl H OKOH'fa-
u 104 (
Te \bHO BbIHTIi 1i3 HOf» T. e. B TO:\I mc HanpaBAeHHH, KaK ncpCABlil'aACSI
TpynHb[M AeMOH nasu= B gepcMoHIiH Barasniim)" no sab.- M. M.).
« npOqHTaB TpHHaAgaTYIO CTPOKY llIeCToro acpcyHa, XOtl,ma OTKpblBaA
Otl,CSI \O, 3a,/J.lipaA Py6allIKY, OCMaTpHBaA cnliHY 60AbHoro Ii npOtl,OAmaA 'fHTaTb
3arOBOpb[. nOCAC ceAbMoro acpCYHa XOAma Tpe60BaA nOAomliTb 60_'l.bHOrO Ha
npaBb[H 60K, AligOM K ce6e. OKOHqliB 'fTCHlie nOCAetl,HerO acpCYHa, XOAma
nOBcAeBaA BepHyrb naWieHTa B npemHee nOAomeHIiC - Ha AeBbIH 60K, AHgOM
"K MCKKC". OH 6pOCaA B CTOpOHy CTc6AH MSlTb[ Ii, ,/J.cpma nepc,/J. AHgOM 06pa-
LgCHHb[C KBCPXY Aa,/J.OHH, npOli3HOCHA MYCYAbMaHCKYIO MOAHTBY. 3aTCM OH
6pa \ tl,PyroH n}"fOK MSlTb[ Ii BHOBb Ha'fIiHaA qliTaTb 3aKAliHaHliSl, CAerKa YAapHH
60AbHOro MSiTOH. XO,/J.ma qliTa'l. acpCYHb[ tl,0 Tex nop, nOKa nagHeHT HC 3aCb[-
niL\. 3THM KOH'faACSI ceaHC "H3AeqeHHSI". CKa3aB oKpymalOI,gHM, 'iT06bI OHH
HC TpCBomHAIi 60AbHoro, XOJl)Ka YXOAHA AOMOH. npOCHYBllIHCb, 60AbHOH
IOj
06b[qHO qyBCTBOBaA, 'fTO IiAeT Ha nonpaBKY» .
npHMCqaTeAbHO, qTO B TCKCTC ncpBoro acpCYHa ynoMHHalOTCSI orHcno-
K.\OHHHKH:
25. ATaUJ xopp,
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51 3aBH3a.\'
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APyrOM qeAOBeK.
CAcAyeT ynoMHHyrb ergc OAIiH 9AeMCHT 30poaCTpliHCKOH gcpeMoHHH
Barasnum )" no sab, HO ymc Hcnocpe,/J.CTBCHHO B HCAaMC. Bo BpCMSI naAOMHliqC-
CTBa K Ma3apaM Y MYCYAbMaH Cpe,/J.HeH fulili 6bIA llIlipOKO pacnpOCTpaHeH
06b['faH 6paTb 3CMAIO C Ma3apOB H paCTlipaTb elO CBoe TCAO. KaK CnpaBe,/J.AHBO
0T:\1CTHA r. n. CHecapcB, 3TOT 06b['faH RBAReTCSI ncpemHTKOM PHTYaAbHOrO
O'iHI,gCHIiSi 3CMACH Y 30poacTpliHgcB, 0 KOTOpOM ynoMIiHaeTCSI B «Blitl,eB,/J.aTc»
IX.29_30 106 .
KaK 6b[AO YKa3aHO Bb[llIe, B gcpeMoHli1i Barasniim)" no sab y 30poacTpliH-
gCB YlpaHa Ii napCOB YlH,/J.HIi, O'flirgacMbIH tl,OAmeH O'fHCTIiTb TeAO nbIAblO
15 pa3.
T aKIiM 06Pa30M, cpaBHIiTeAbHb[H aHaAH3 30poacTpliHcKHX gcpeMoHHH
sagdid H Barasniim )" no sab, npOllICAllIliX ,/J.AHTeAbHOC BHyrpeHHec pa3BIiTHC C
BCpOBaHHSlMIi Ii 06pSltl,aMii cpe,/J.Hea3liaTCKIiX maMaHOB Ii 3HaxapeH, n03BOASlCT
176
f.l\aBa VIII
CAeAaTb 3aKAlOqeHlie, 'fTO B CpeJlHea3IiaTCK0:\1 llIa:\1aHCTBe OCTaAliCb CAeAbI
HeKoTOpbIX JleHCTBHH Ii npetJ,nlicaHIiH CXOAHb[X no CMbICAY Ii no lpopMe.
npl!BeAeHHbIe 9THorpalpli'feCKlie IiCTO'fHIiKIi CBH)leTeAbcTB}'IOT 0 HaAH'f1i1i
30poacTpliHcKliX npeJlCTaBAeHIiH B nOrpe6aAbHOM 06pHJle H peAHrH03Hb[X Be-
pOBaHli}lX HapoAoB CpeJlHeH fuliH Ii Ka.3aXCTaHa. CAeAyeT nOtJ,'fepKHyrb, 'fTO
caMIiMIi HOCIiTeAJiMH KYAbTYPbI 9TH npeACTaBAeHli}l He OTtJ,eAJiIOTC}I OT IiCAaMa
Ii BocnpliHIiMalOTC}I KaK MYCYAbMaHCKlie.
.3AKJ\104EHHE
nOrpe6aAbHb[H 06p}ltJ, COCTaBAJieT Ba1ImylO 'faCTb Bcex peAHrMH, H 30poa-
CTpH3M He HBAJieTC}I IiCKAIO'feHlieM. B HaCTO}lf!jeH pa60Te cAeAaHa nOnb[TKa
paCCMOTpeTb 30poacTpliHcKHe BepOBaHli}l H PIiTYaAb[, CBH3aHHb[e C norpe6eHIi-
eM, BO BceH cOBoKynHocTIi C IicnOAb30BaHHeM UlHpOKoro Kpyra MaTepliaAOB,
BKAIO'falOrglix nliCbMeHHb[e CBlilleTeAbCTBa. apxeOAOrli'feCKlie HCTO'fHHKH, AIiH-
rBHCTH'feCKlie H 9THorpaqmqeCKHe JlaHHb[e. V!3AomeHHb[e B pa60Te MaTeplia-
Ab[, paCCMOTpeHHbIe nOA yrAoM 3peHliH peKOHCTpYKgli1i IiCTOpli1i H AOKaAbHbIX
BapHaHTOB nOrpe6aAbHOrO 06p}lJla 30poacTpliHgeB, BbI}lBIiAIi, 'fTO 3Ha'iHTeAb-
HaH ero qaCTb BOCXOAIiT K 60Aee paHHIiM. 'feM caMO IpOpMlipOBaHlie 30poaCT-
pHMCKOH peAHrliH, nAaCTaM HHAO-HpaHCKHX BepOBaHIiH.
YlccAeAoBaTeAb, paCC:\1aTpIiBalOrgIiH COBpeMeHHb[H nOrpe6aAbHbIH 06PHJl,
He MOmeT 060HTliCb 6e3 06pargeHW[ B tJ,peBHeHllIeMY nepliOAY. KorAa 3aAom:eHa
6b[Aa IiJleOAOrli'feCKa}l OCHOBa noxopOHHoro 06p}lAa, OCHOBa, KOTopaH HeceT
B ce6e Hali60Aee YCTOH'fIiBbIH, rAy6IiHHb[H CMb[CA, 06YCAOBAeHHbIH 06rgeH
KOHgenglieH mH3HIi H CMepTH.
nliCbMeHHbIe IiCTO'fHIiKIi COJlepm:aT HeMaAO CBetJ,eHIiH, CBR3aHHbIX C norpe-
6aAbHb[MIi 06p}lJlaMH H pliTYaAaMIi. YlAeoAOrli'feCKOe cOtJ,epm:aHlie 30poaCT-
pHHCKOro nOrpe6aAbHOrO 06p}lJla 3alpliKClipOBaHO BO BHyrpeHHlix IiCTO'fHIiKax:
aBeCTHHCKIiX H neXAeBIiHCKIiX TeKCTax. Y m:e B «f aTax» HMeeTOI HeKOTopoe
npeACTaBAeHlie, npaBJla H3Aom:eHHoe B 06rgeH 1p0pMe, OTHOCHTeAbHO cytJ,b6bI
llYUlIi. HaH60AbllIee KOAIi'feCTBO cBeAeHIiH 06 9TliX BepOBaHli}lX cotJ,epmliTC}I
B "BIiAeBtJ,aTe».
Bepa B 6ytJ,yrgYJO mH3Hb KaK B03HarpamAeHHe IiAH HaKa3aHlie - IpYH-
AaMeHTaAbHoe apliHcKoe BepOBaHlie. B «faTax» 9Ta tJ,OKTpHHa npOCAemli-
BaeTC}I He'feTKO. B IiHAO-lipaHCKIiX TeKCTax paHHero nepliOAa HeT YKa3aHWI Ha
BepOBaHIi}l, CBH3aHHb[e C IiAeeH nepeBonAorgeHH}I YMepUlero B rpHJlyrgeM. Be-
PORTHO, peqb H.lleT 0 m:1i3HH Ii CMepTH Ha 3eMAe H CTpeMAeHli1i 6AarliMH Ae}l-
HIiHMIi npo}LI\HTb mli3Hb Ii OTJlaAHTb CMepTb. f IiMHb[ «BeA» H «MAMUleH
ABeCTb[» npeAHa3Ha'feHb[ CKopee .ANI YMHAocTIiBJ\eHH}I 60roB, Ii B COqeTaHIiH
178
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179
C Ha)I,Aem:argIiMH pHT)'aAa:\1Ii tl.OAm:Hb[ 6b[AIi COtl.eHCTBOBaTb npaBIiAbHOMY
IpYHKgHoHlipoBaHHIO 3TOro Mlipa. YIAeH cy Aa He npOCAem:HBaeTOI B «PlirBetl.e».
B «BHtl.eBtl.aTe» TeMa B03HarpaiKAeHliH nOCAe CMepTIi 3BY'lHT 60Aee onpetl. e -
AeHHO. OpTOAOKCaAbHblH 30poacTpli3M CO'leTaeT B ce6e YBaiKeHHe K MIiPY -
TBopeHHIO Axypa Ma3Ab[, HaCTaHBaH Ha YMHoiKeHHH ero 60raTcTB: «KTO ceeT
XAe6, TOT ceeT npaBeAHOCTb», KaK rOBopHTOI B «BHtl.eBtl.aTe», TaK H y6em:.lI: e -
HHe, 'lTO Mlip Bce iKe TOAbKO BpeMeHHoe nplicTaHHrge Ii HaCTO}lrgaH iKH3Hb
npHtl. eT nOCAe C\1epTH. CMepTb paCCMaTpHBaeTC}I 30poaCTpHHgaMii KaK OTAe-
AeHHe tl.YllIli OT TeAa. B «AaecTe» IiMeeTC}I qeTKOe YKa3aHlie Ha CYLgeCTBOBa-
HHe «pa3t1.eAHTeAH» (4HHBaTCKIiH MOCT) , KOTOPb[H AYllIa AOAm:Ha nepeCe'lb,
'iT06bI AOCTIi'lb 6AaiKeHCTBa. MHIpOAOrli'ieCKOMY Mb[IlIAeHIiIO CBOHCTBeHHO
CTpeMAeHlie K nOCTO}lHHOMY OrpaHIi'leHIiIO, 060c06AeHHIO npOCTpaHCTBa Ii Pa3-
tl.eAeHIiIO paHee HeAeAHMoro. npetl.CTaBAeHlie 0 pa3t1.eAIiTeAe - 3TO 06rge-MH-
1p0AOrliqeCKOe npetl.CTaBAeHlie, H B BeTX03aBeTHOM MHlpe TBopeHIiH C03H.lI:a-
TeAbHoe AeHcTBo Dora nepeAaeTC}I rAarOAOM «6a.l1,aA» , HMelOrgHM 3HaqeHHe
«pa3t1.eAHTb», «060c06AHTb», «pa3rpaHHqIiBaTb».
o TOM, 'lTO BepOBaHH}I, 1i3Aom:eHHbIe B "MAatl.IlIeH ABeCTe», COXpaH}lAIiCb
,11,AHTeAbHoe BpeMH, Mb[ )'3HaeM 1i3 co06rgeHliH MYCYAb:\1aHCKHX aBTopOB 0 no-
rpe6aAbHOM 06pRAe 30poaCTpliHgeB.
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:\1IiHaIOTCH Tpli cnoc06a 3axopOHeHIi}l: nOAom:eHlie Tpyna Ha nOBepXHOCTH 3eM-
AIi, norpe6eHHe Tpyna B 3eMAe Ii 3axopOHeHHe O'lIil!jeHHb[X KOCTeH. Bce 3TO
HailiAO nOATBepiKAeHlie B apXeOAOrM'leCKIiX naMHTHHKax YIpaHa Ii CpellHeH
fuliH. COtl.epiKargHecH B nIiCbMeHHb[X HCTO'lHIiKaX CBetl.eHIi}l 0 nOrpe6aAbHbIX
coopym:eHH}lX 30poacTpHHgeB npli BceH npoTIiBOpe'lIiBOCTH AalOT 0 HIiX AOCTa-
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3HaeM no apxeOAOrliqeCKIiM IiCCAeAOBaHHHM Ii npaKTIiKe COBpeMeHHb[X 30poa-
cTpliHgeB. Otl.HaKO apxeOAOrliqeCKHe pa60Tb[, B qaCTHOCTH, B Xope3Me, MOryr
npO}lCHIiTb COtl.epiKaHlie nliCbMeHHbIX IiCTO'lHIiKOB 0 30poaCTpliHCKliX norpe-
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BYIOT onHcaHli1O tl.aXMb[. Ha TeppliTOpHH CpellHeH fulili 06Hapym:eHb[ Ii onH-
CblBaeMbIe B «BHAeBtl.aTe» nOMergeHli}l )I.AH BpeMeHHoro xpaHeHli}l TpynOB -
KaTa H coopyiKeHIiH )I.AH Bb[CTaBAeHIiH TpynOB. ApxeOAOrli'leCKlie MaTepliaAb[
1i3 paCKonOK nOrpe6aAbHbIX naMmHHKOB CpellHeH fulili H YIpaHa nOllTBep-
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coopym:eHIiH 30poacTpHHgeB H CBIiAeTeAbCTBYIOT 0 MeCTHOM CpellHea3liaTCKOM
BapHaHTe 30poaCTpli3Ma, CB}l3aHHOM C IlIHpOKIiM pacnpOCTpaHeHlieM occyap-
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petl.eAeHHe 30poacTpliHcKOH npHHa)I,Aem:HOCTblO «AIiIlIb norpe6eHHH no occy-
apHOMY 06PHAY rAy60Ko OIlIIi60'lHO». AHaAH3 xapaKTepa H YCTpoHcTBa norpe-
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BC,11,AHBOCTIi BblBOtl.a M. DOHC 0 TOM, 'lTO B pa3BliTIili 30poaCTpliHCKHX norpe-
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npOL\etl.HTb HX reHe31ic.
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p!1HgeB C BepOBaHH}lMH H noxopOHHbIMH 06pH.lI:aMii COBpeMeHHbIX Ta,lI)KHKOB
n03BOAHAO Bb[HBIiTb Y nOCAe.ll:HHx ApeBHIiH 30poaCTpliHCKHH nAaCT.
3HaqeHlie 06pHtl.HOCTIi .lI:Aa 30poacTpliHgeB TPYtl.HO nepeogeHIiTb. BCH
iKH3Hb qeAOBeKa OnpeAeAHAaCb onbITOM npetl.IlIeCTBYlOrgliX nOKOAeHIiH, 3aKpe-
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06pH.lI:aX Ii AeHCTBillIX; BHelllHee nOBetl.eHlie 6bIAO B 60AbllleH IiAIi MeHbllleH
CTeneHIi pUT)'aAIi3IipOBaHO. KYAbT)'PY 30poacTpliHgeB, KaK H MHOrMX APYTIiX
.lI:peBHIiX HapOAOB, MOiKHO Ha3BaTb KYAbT)'pOH no npeliMyrgecTBY PIiTYaAbHOH.
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paCl\pblBalOLgHe COAepiKaHlie nOrpe6aAbHb[X BepOBaHHll H eLge 60Abllle -
nOrpe6aAbHhiX 06P}lAOB. BneqaTAeHHe, npOH3BOllHMoe Ha nyremecTBeHHHKOB
paCCKa3aMH COBpeMeHHb[X 30poacTpHHgeB 0 IiX AOKTpHHax CMepTli, BOCKpece-
HHH. CYAa, OTMe'iaAOCb HMI-I 60AbIlIe, 'leM COAepiKaHHe caMHX 3THX AOKTpHH.
'T
.Y Ka3bIBaAOCb, qTO CMepTb paC01aTpI-IBal\aCb 30poacTpHHgaMH KaK OCKBepHe-
Hlie Bcero iKHBoro. n03TOMY Ii HOCHAKH A-\H nepeHOCKIi TpynoB AOAm:Hb[ 6b[Tb
iKeAe3Hb[MH, a 6AH3Klie He AOAiKHb[ npHKacaTbCH K Tpyny. v!:a co06rgeHHH ny-
TcmecrBeHHIiKOB no I1HAHH CTaHOBIiTca HCHO, qTO BepOBaHHHM B IiHAIiBIiAY-
aJl.bHb[H CYA Hall AYiliOH YMeplllero, B nOMorgb, OKa3bIBaeMYIO eH iKHByrgliMH,
B TeqeHlie Tpex AHell nOCAe CMepTH Ii B OCKBepHeHlie CMepTblO npHjJ,aBaAOCb
60J\b1llOe 3Ha'ieHHe Ii 06pHAb[ CTporo C06.I\K)AaAI-ICb. OCHOBHaH geHHocTb 3TliX
C006LgCHHH, OAHaKO, B 60Aee IiAH MeHee TO'lHOM onHcaHIiH AeTaAeH norpe-
6aAbHoro 06pRAa.
I1HlpopMagHH, nOJ\)I'leHHaH OT 3anaAHb[X nyremecTBeHHIiKOB, 6ytl.Y'lH B
60Ablllell CTeneHH CAY'laHHOH, TeM He MeHee 'lpe3Bb[qaHHO Ha.lI,em:Ha. YIx CO-
06LgeHHR geHHbI KaK nOtl.TBepiKlleHHe IiAIi tl.OnOAHeHlie IiHlpopMagHH, nOAY-
'ieHHOll H3 PHT)'aAbHb[X TeKCTOB. .lleTaAli PIITYaAOB, COtl.epiKargHxcH B "Aae-
CTe», nOBTopHIOTC}I Ii AOnOAH}lIOTCH B 60Aee n03t1.HeH AIiTepaType (<<nepCH.lI:-
CKHX PHBaHTaX»). n03TOMY eABa AH MOm:HO COMHeBaTbCH B TOM, 'iTO 3TIi
ACTaAH BepHO OTpaiKalOT AeHCTBIiTeAbHOCTb CBoero BpeMeHIi. B c06CTBeHHO
PIITYaAbHOll Cpetl.HeBeKOBOH AIiTepaType npOCTb[e PIITYaAN .lI:peBHOCTIi nOAY-
'IalOT nO.ll:p06HYIO pa3pa6oTKY. B 60AbilieH CTeneHH 30poaCTpliHCKliH norpe-
6aAbHb[ll PHTYaA OO}l3aH CBOIiM pa3BHTlieM iKpegaM. Ho 06PHtl.b[ Ii gepeMoHli1i
He 6bIAii C03AaHlieM IiCKAlOqHTeAbHO m:pegoB, OHH 06b['lHO OCHOBb[B,UHCb Ha
180
3aK.\IO'leHHe
06rgenp1iW[TOH npaKTHKe, XOTH mpegb[ COBepweHCTBOBaAli pliTyaAb[, tl,OnOA-
HHAIi IiX 06'b}!CHeHHHMIi, 'fTO HaH60Aee OT'feTAIiBO npO}!BHAOCb B pliryaAe
Barasnum I no sab.
30poaCTpHHCKliH nOrpe6aAbHbIH 06pHtI, CAomeH, OTpamaeT CAomHYIO MIi-
pOB033peH'feCKYIO CIiCTeMY Ii BO MHOro!\! OnpeAeAHeTC}! BepOH B 3arp06HYIO
mli3Hb. r AaBHbIM KOHe'iHbIM pe3Y AbTaTOM nOrpe6aAbHb[X 06p}!tI,OB 6b[AO KaK
MomHO 60Aee nOAHoe OqlirgeHlie AYWH H TeAa YMepwero - nOMorgb tl,ywe Ha
IiHtI,liBlitl,YaAbHOM CYAe, 06eCneqeHlie tl,ywe AY'fWeH Y'faCTIi, a Tal0Ke orpamAe-
Hlie mliByrglix OT OCKBepHeHIi}!.
30poaCTpli3M - CAomHaH peAlirli03Ha}! CIiCTeMa, BKAIO'faIOrga}! 3TH-
Ko-npaBOBb[e HOpMbI H peAlirIi03HO-KYAbTOBbIe npetl,CTaBAeHHH, CK.i\NlbIBaB-
wliec}! y IiHtI,O-lipaHgeB Ha npOTHmeH1i1i tl,AHTeAbHOrO nepliOAa IiX IiCTOpliqe-
CKoro Pa3BIiTH}!. 3Y'feHlie 30poaCTpliHCKoro nOrpe6aAbHOrO 06pHtI,a He06w-
'faHHO BamHO tl,AH H3Y'IeHIi}! IiCTOplili, HCTOpliH peAHrliH H HCTOpli1i tl,YXOBHOH
Ii MaTeplia-\bHOH KYAbrypb[ paHa, AcpraHIiCTaHa, HAIiIi H Cpetl,HeH fuHH.
flPHME4AHHH
BBe eHHe
, 4maMH, 1984, c. 62.
2 Boyce. 1975, p. 328.
J Hartman, 1980, p. 2.
· Christensen, 1941, p. 29, 37.
j Keith, 1915, p. 793.
(, Herzfeld, 1947, p. 746-747.
7 AeAeKOB, 1992.
8 bOHC, 1994, c. 24.
9 PanonopT, 1996, c. 73.
10 PYCCKHH KOMHTeT .llAH H3y<;eHIDI CpetlHeH H BOCTO'lHOH fuHH, Cb[rpaBUJHH BamHYIO
pO.\b B HCCAetlOBaHHIi UeHTpaAbHOH fuHH, B03HHK B 1903 r. OH 6b[A C03tlaH npH MHHH-
crepCTBe HHOCTpaHHb[X tleA H HaXOtlHACH notl nOKpOBIiTeAbCTBOM IiMnepaTopa. PYCCKHM
KOMI1TeT.llAH H3y<;eHIDI CpetlHeH H BOCTo'lHOH fuHH 6bl.l\ TeCHO CBH3aH C rAaBHblMH MY-
3eS!MH fleTep6ypra H MOCKBbl: MY3eeM aHTpOnO.l\OrHH H ;;)THOrpaq>HH POCCIiHCKOH AKa-
.lIeMHH HaYK, 3pMHTameM, PYCCKHM MY3eeM, POCCHHCKHM HCTOpH'leCKHM MY3eeM, KYtla
nCpC.lIaBaAHCb ;;JTHOrpaq>H'lecKlie MaTePHa.\b[, c06paHHble ero COTpYAHHKaMH BO BpeMH
31;CnelJ,H!.mH, H 60AbUJaH 'laCTb PYKonliceH.
B .l\HTeparype npHBO.l(HTCH Pa3AH'IHb[e tlaTbI npeKpal!!eHIiS! tleHTeAbHOCTH PyccKoro
Ko mTeTa.llAH H3y<;eHIiS! CpetlHeH H BOCTo'lHOH fuHH: 19181'., 1921 r. Ho, KaK YCTaHOBH-
.l\a H. H. Ha3HpoBa Ha OCHOBaHHH Bb[HBAeHHb[X elO apXHBHblX MaTePHa.\OB, OH <<upeKpa-
nu CBoe CYIMeCTBOBaHlie B Mae 1923 1'.».
B. B. bapTOll.btl BblCOKO gemfA pe3YAbTaTbl tleS!TeAbHOCTH 3TOm KOMHTeTa B H3y<;eHHH
CpelJ,HeH H BOCTO'lHOH fuHH B HCTOpH'IeCKOM, apxeO.l\OrH'IeCKOM, AHHrBHCTH'IecKOM Ii ;;)T-
Horpa<!JH'feCKOM OTHOUJeHHH. (CM.: Ha3lipOBa, 1992. c. 10, 28, 32, 39.)
11 XHcMaryAHH, KpIOKoBa, 1997.
12 fueKUJIiH, 1975; 1986; 1993; Ae6etleB, 1977; AeoHoBa, CMHpHOB, 1977; fleTPY-
XHH, PaeBcKIiH, 1980; .If,06POAI06cKHH, 1982; AHToHoBa, PaeBcKHH. 1984; KbI3AacoB,
1985; MblUJKHH, 1990; OAeTHeBa, 1993; CMHpHOB, 1997; rYAHeB, OAbXOBCKHH, 1999.
13 OAbXOBCKHH, 1986, N!! 1, c. 65-66; 1995, N!! 2, C. 86-87.
14 CMliPHOB, 1997.
,; rYAHeB, 1995, N!! 2, c. 84.
16 CM.: Saliba, 1976, p. 201.
182
flpHMe'laHHH
flpHMeqaHHH
183
17 J\HTBHHCKHH, 1972, c. 72; .lI.bHKoHoBa, 1975, c. 6; HHKHTHHa, 1985, c. 3.
18 HHKHTHHa, 1985, c. 3.
19 CMHpHOB, 1994, C. 16.
2°.lf,bHKoHoBa, 1975, c. 6; CM. TaKme: HHKHTHHa, 1985, c. 3.
21 OAbXOBCKHH, 1986, c. 3.
lZ ECAI! nOHHMaTb lJ,IJ,eOAOrnlO UJHpoKO, KaK ee npetlCTaB.i\HeT cPo 50K, «KaK HeKHe TBep-
tlO YCTaHOBAeHHb[e, 3aCTbIBUme, 60.\ee HAH MeHee CHCTeMaTH3HpoBaHHb[e BepoBaHHH H geH-
HOCTH, pa3,l1,e.i\HeMb[e BceMH 'lAeHaMH COgHa.\bHOH rpyn(]b!». OJIiT. no: Saliba. 1976, p. 174.)
2J MeHTap'iHHH, 1990. c. 114: Meitarchiyan. 1990. p, 140: MeHTap'iHHH, 1992, c. 7.
f .ll.aBa I
;, ..1hHKOHOB, 1982.
;j nbHHKOB, 1998a, c. 705.
16 OO,UKKHH, 1988, c. 57.
, O aHcKHii, 1998, c. 27-30; H3blKH MHpa, 2000.
" 0 H3b!Ke "ABeCTb[» CM.: Bartholomae, 1895, Bd. 1, Abt. 1; Kellens, 1989; Kuiper,
1978: Reicheit. 1909; COKOAOB, 1961; COKOAOB, 1964; COKOAOB, 1979; PacTopryeBa.
[978; OpaHCKHp., 1988, c. 74-100; BHHOrpaiJ,OBa, 2000, c. 10-37.
19 0 11peBHenepCHtlCKOM H3b[Ke CM.: Kent, 1953; Brandenstein-Mayrhofer, 1964;
OpaHcKHH, 1988; PacTOpryeBa, 1978.
20 0 cpeAHenepCHtlCKOM H3bIKe CM.: OpaHcKHH, 1988; PacTopryeBa, 1966; Henning,
1958: Nyberg, 1928; 1931; Nyberg, 1964,
Ii OpaHcKHH, 1988, c. 27.
22 BHHOrpaA OBa . 2000, c. 10; J\HBIlIHg, 2000, c. 38.
23 BHHOrpaA OBa , 2000, c. 10.
2 OpaHcKHM, 1988, c. 96-97; J\HBUJHg, 1990, c. 5; CTe6J\HH-KaMeHcKHH, 1993,
, 7; BHHOrpaAOBa. 2000, C. 10.
2; BHHOrpaA OBa , 2000, c. 11.
26 OpaHcKHH, 1988, c, 106.
n 50HC, 1994, c. 16-17,
28 COKO,\OB, 1963-1996/1997, c. 7-8.
!'J DOHC. 1994, c. 17.
}() DOHC, 1994. c. 15.
3, 50p.c, 1994, c. 18.
J2 NIHome CTOpOHbl CAO HeHIlIeH np06AeMbl B03HHKHOBeHHH H pa3BHTHH 30poaCTpH3-
Ma, J\11'iHOCTH 3aparyIllTpbI HaIllJ\H nOtlp06HOe OCBeIgeHHe H HCC.I\etlOBaHHe B MHorOTOM-
HO 1 (ceH'iaC BbllllAO TPH TOMa) Tpytle M. 50HC «VICTOpHH 30poaCTpH3Ma» (Boyce, 1975;
eM, TaKme: Casartelli, 1908, p.130-132: Charpentier, 1923/1925, p.747-755;
Christensen. 1920. p, 1-9; Clemen, 1925, S.45-46; Desai, 1966, p.85-95; !to,
1974. p. 1-10; Klima, 1959; Lesny, 1930, s. 95-107; Luquiens, 1885, p.112-116;
f\;ock, 1949, p.272-285; Pati, 1929, p.260-274; Royer, 1874, p.1-59; Sen,
1928, p.85-92; Shahbazi, 1974, p,25-35; Spiegel, 1881, S. 629-645; Jackson,
1919; Wust, 1939, S. 234-249; Breal, 1862, p. 482-497; Ghirshman, 1963; Gnoli,
1980; Henning, 1951; Humbach, 1991; Frye, 1995; Gershevitch, 1964 H tlp.). .lI.A>< 6H6-
J\110rpa<!JHH CM. TaKJKe: J\e.AeKoB, 1992: Pearson, 1975, p. 18-37. 135-195; Weber,
Wiesenh6fer1996, S. 247-259: 427-454. MHoroe CtleAaAH B aTOM OTHOUJeHHH H OTe-
qeCTBeHHble }"-IeHble (.If,bHKOHOB, 1956; .lI.alJ,lJ,aMaeB, J\YKOHHH, 1980; J\YKOHHH, 1987;
A6aeB, 1990; J\HBmHg, 1963; J\HBIlIHg, 1990; COKOAOB, 1963; COKOAOB, 1998; CTe6-
J\HH-KaMeHcKHH, 1993; nbHHKOB, 1996; nbHHKOB, 19986). fAy60KHH aHa.\H3 CM.:
nbHHKOB, 1996, NQ 3, c. 3-23.
H HH!-!IlIe, 1990.
J Mole, 1963, p. 273; Nyberg, 1966; Herzfeld, 1947; Henning, 1951.
Jj Jackson, 1928, p. 22-24.
jb DOHC, 1994, c. 30.
I CYIgeCTBYeT MHeHHe H 0 TOM, 'iTO npoTOHpaHCKHH H npOTOHHtlHHCKHP. Ob[AH H3Ha-
qa.\bHO 6J\H3KOpollCTBeHHbl'lllH HHlIoeBponeHCKHMH .l(HaAeKTaMH. a noc.l\e pacnaiJ,a HHlIoeB-
poneHCKOH H3b[KOBOH 06IgHOCTH HaXOtlHAHl.h B TeCHblX KOHTaKTax, 'ieM 06bHCHHIOTCH 06-
IMHe MH HHX HHHoBagHH. (CM.: MaKaeB, 1977, c. 45-46; XpoMOB, 1998, C. 704,)
2 HeKOTopble aBTopbI BbItlBHraAH HeBepoHTHb!e lJ,IJ,eH 0 TOM, 'iTO nepBOHa'iaAbHaH po-
.l(HHa HHtlHHgeB HaXOtlHJ\aCb 3a nOAHpHbIM KpyrOM, HHortla KOHKPeTH3HPOBa.\H - Ha 6e-
perax 5e.l\oro MOpH, HAH B CH6HPH, HAH tlame Ha CeBepHOM nOJ\lOce. OAHHM H3 OCHOBO-
nOAomHIiKOB <<!IOAHpHOP. TeopHH» '>b[A H3BeCTHb[H HHlIHHCKHH nOAHTHK 5aA f aHraiJ,Xap
T HAaK (1856-1920). B CBH3H C tlO'Tl1meHHHMH coBpeMeHHOp. Haj'Kl1. BblBOllb! D. r. T H.I\a-
Ka npli3HaHb[ OIllH60'iHbIMH (50Hrap.i1-J\eBHH, fpaHToBcKHH, 1983, c. 8-9).
J 0 COCTOHHHH H3yqeHHocTH HHtlOeBponeHcKoH np06 \eMbI CM,: Ca<!JpoHoB, 1989; fa-
q>ypOB, 1972, c. 27-43; fpaHToBcKHH, 1970; KY3bMHHa, 1986, c. 169-174; nbHHKO-
Ba, 1998, c. 181-185; flbHHKOB, 1998a, 6, c. 704-705; KY3bMHHa, 1994,
4 n. Kpe'iMep, 3. A. fpaHToBcKHH, K. HeTMap, B. DpaHtleHIlITeHH, P. fHpIllMaH,
M. H. norpe60Ba, J\. 50Ill-fHMnepa. (CM.: KY3bMHHa, 1994, c. 7.)
; B. feHrep, O. WaAep, 3tl, MeHep, B. B. 5apTOAbt(, 3.5eHBeHHcT, B. nH3aHH,
f. KaMepoH. A MeHe. A KpHcTeHceH, 3. Xepg!J!eJ\btl, B. feoprneB. r. Mopl'eHCTbepHe,
B. nOPWIr, T. Dappoy, B. 5paHl\eHlliTeHH, X. 5eHAn, P. XaymtL\btl, P. cPpai1, M, Maiip-
xoq>ep, M. 50MC, H. XapMaTTa, A napnoAa, B. B. CTpYBe, vi. M. .lI.bHKOHOB, VI. A.\H-
eB, M. M. .If,bHKOHOB, VI. M. OpaHCKHP., B. VI. A6aeB, f. M. DOHrapkJ\eBIiH, 3. A fpaH-
TOBCKHH, T. H. EAH3apeHKoBa, 5. r. fa<!JYPoB. M. A. .lI.alJ,lJ,aMaeB. (CM.: KY3bMHHa,
1994, c. 7, CCb[AKH Ha J\HTeparypy TaM e.)
6 J\HTBHHCKHH, 1981, c. 154-155.
7 J\HTBHHCKHH, 1981. c. 160,
8 J\HTBHHCKHH. 1981. c. 161.
9 OpaHcKHH, 1988, c. 63.
10 OpaHcKHH, 1988, c. 67.
II OpaHcKHH, 1988, c. 55.
12 faMKpeAH,lJ,3e, VIBaHoB, 1980; faMKpeAH,lJ,3e, VIBaHoB, 1981, c.80-92; faMKpe-
AH,lJ,3e, VIBaHoB. 1984.
IJ .If,bHKOHOB, 1982; MepnepT, 1985, c. 39-42; KY3bMHHa, 1980, c. 34-36; J\e-
J\eKOB, 1982, c. 31-37; fpaHToBcKHH, 1998, c. 69-91.
184
flpHMe'iaHHH
flpHMe'iaHHH
185
J7 CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHH, 2000, c, 291.
J8 CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHH, 1993, c. 4.
J9 COKOAOB, 1963-1996/1997, C. 8, npHM. 2,
40 cPpaH. 1972, c. 50.
41 Duchesne-Guillemin. 1962, p. 342.
42 A6aeB, 1956, c. 26.
4J CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHH. 1993, c. 3-4.
44 CTe6A1iH-KaMeHcKHH. 2000, c. 291.
H CTe6AIiH-KaMeHcKHH, 2000, c. 291.
46 Jackson, 1919. p. 18.
47 50HC. 1994, c. 30.
48 50HC, 1994, c. 33,
49 50HC, 1994, c. 44.
;0 50HC. 1994, c. 44.
;1 CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHH, 2000, c. 296-297.
;2 «OH _ BH,llHMO, llmaMacna» (CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHH, 2000, c. 300).
j} «MAaAUlaH tlO'ib npopOKa no MaTepH npOHCXOtlHT 1i3 ceMbH Xaa'iaT-aCna (tlOCA.
"c H3AHBaIOI!JHMHCH [ceMeHeM?] KOHHMH"»> (CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHH, 2000, c. 300).
H Jackson, 1919, p. 132.
;; CM. 0 rpe'ieCKIiX HC'iIiCAeHHHX tlaTbl 3apaT}'UlTpb[: cPpaH, 1972, c. 51; CM. 06bHC-
HeHHe X. HlO6epra: Nyberg, 1966, S. 30.
;6 PaK, 1997, c. 437.
;7 cPpaH. 1972. c.52; Henning, 1951. p.41; COKOAOB, 1963/1996-1997. c.9;
.l/,bHKOHOB, 1971, c. 138-140.
;8 Henning, 1951, p. 41.
;9 J\HTepaTYPY CM.: .l/,opoUleHKo, 1982, c. 9,
60 Altheim, 1951. p. 329.
61 J\HBUJH\!. 1975. c. 320.
62 Meyer, 1908.
6J Gnoli, 1980. p. 199.
M Humbach, 1984a.
6; CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHH, 1993, c. 4; CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHH, 2000, c. 291.
66 EAH3apeHKoBa, 1972. c. 15.
67 Boyce, 1975, v. 1, p. 3, 190.
68 Boyce. 1979. p. 2.
69 50HC, 1987, c. 27.
70 50HC, 1994, c. 12.
71 Widengren, 1965, S. 61.
72 Duchesne-Guillemin, 1962. p. 137.
73 CM.: Hartman. 1980, p. 1.
74 CM.: PaK. 1997, c. 450.
7; BHHorpa.l(oBa, 2000. c. 10.
76 Gnoli, 1980, p. 227; J\HTBHHCKHH. flH'iHKHH, 2000, c. 303.
77 Gerchevitch, 1995, p. 4-5,25-27.
78 ObHHKOB, 1975, c. 57,144; ObHHKOB, 1996, c. 5-16.
79 50HC, 1987, c. 3.
80 CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHH, 1993, C. 4; CTe6AI1H-KaMeHcKHH. 2000, c. 291.
81 50ilc, 1994. c. 32.
82 50ilc, 1994, c. 33,
8J Boyce, 1992, p. 84. 97. fn. 7.
84 50HC. 1994. c. 46.
8; 50HC, 1994, c. 56. 89.
80 PaK, 1998, c. 20; CM. TaKme: Duchesne-Guillemin, 1953, p. 15-34.
87 COKOAOB, 1963-1996/1997, c. 12-13.
88 Jackson. 1919, p. 5; Jackson. 1928, p. 5.
89.l/,pe3tleH, 1977, c. 338-339.
9(1 {f\HraAIiHa. 1996, c, 21.
91 50HC, 1994, c. 263.
92 PaK. 1997, c. 434. 453.
9340pomeHKo, 1982, c. 118.
'H Kestenberg-Amighi, 1984. p. 227.
9; 50HC, 1994, c. 267.
96 cPHluep, 1997, c. 163.
97 cPHUJep. 1997, c. 162.
r .ll.aBa II
I OpaHcKHH, 1988, c. 81.
2 Humbach, 1991. pt. 1. p. 67.
J OpaHcKHH, 1988, c. 83.
· 0 COtlepmaHHH rAaB «BHl\eB,llaTa» CM. nOtlp06Hee: 5pamHcKHH, 1956-1996/1997,
c. 24-26,
j 0 AHTYprnH "f!cHa» CM.: Kotwal, Boyd, 1991.
o XHcMaTYAHH. KplOKoBa, 1997, c. 20.
7 DparnHcKHH. 1956-1996/1997, c. 23.
8 Geldner, 1886-1895,
9 Darmsteter. 1892-1893.
1(} Wolff, 1910.
11 OpaHcKHH, 1988, c. 100.
IZ YIMeHHo ;;JTa <!JopMa HMeHH, KaK YCTaHoBHA.l/,. H, MaKKeH3H. npaBHAbHa.
IJ 0 Ha.l(nHCHX KeptlHpa CM.: J\YKOHHH, 1966. C. 65-81; J\YKOHIiH, 1970, c. 26-
28; Gignoux, 1989, p. 690-699; Gignoux. 1990, p. 5-29.
14 Gignoux. 1974, p. 65; Skjaerve, 1985, S. 289,
1; HOBeHUlHe nepeBOtl b [: Gignoux, 1972; Brunner, 1974; Back. 1978: Skjaerve, 1985;
Mackenzie, 1989.
16 CM.: West, 1904, S.591-598; Tavadia, 1956, S.45-73; Menasce. 1983,
p, 1170-1176. flepeBOtlbl: Menasce, 1958; Menasce. 1973; Shaked. 1979; Mole, 1967.
S 6112
186
flpHMe'laHHH
flpHMe'iaHHH
187
17 West, 1934, S, 105; Tavadia, 1956, S. 83-86; Menasce, 1983, p. 1190-1191;
PacTOpryeBa, MOA'iaHOBa, 1981. c. 18. flepeBOtl: West, 1934.
18 XHCMaT)'AHH, KplOKoBa, 1997, c. 22.
19 YYHaKoBa, 1997. c. 148.
20 CM.: Tavadia, 1956, S.74-82; Menasce, 1983, p.1191-1194. IlepeBotlb[:
West, 1880; Anklesaria, 1956, flepeBO,iJ; Ha PYCCKHH H3blK KpaTl<OH (<<HHtlHHCKOH») Bep-
CHH «5YHtlaXHUlHa» CM.: YYHaKoBa, 1997, c. 265-312.
21 Kreynbroek, 1995, p. 171-176.
22 Tavadia. 1956, S. 88-90. IlepeBotl: West, 1882.
23 CM.: Tavadia, 1956, S. 116-120; Gignoux, 1986, p. 356-357. HOBeHUJHe ne-
peBOtlbl: Gignoux, 1984; Fereydun Vahman, 1986.
24 Tavadia, 1956, S, 111-115. HOBeHUJHH nepeBOtl: Mezhat Safa-Isfahani, 1980.
25 T avadia, 1956; Boyce, 1968a.
26 Dhabhar, 1932.
27 MeHTap'iHHH, 1993, c. 33-34,
28 Dhalla, 1963. p. 487.
29 Jackson, 1919; fpaHTOBcKHH, 1987, c. 297 H MH. ,iJ;p.
30 Huff, 1988, S. 145.
31 Jackson, 1906, p. 381.
32 Clemen, 1920,
n CM. 0 HHX: Jackson, 1919, p.6-9; fpaHToBcKHH, 1987, c,278; YIHocTpaHgeB,
1909, c. 95-98, 104; PanonopT, 1971. c, 24-27: .AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB. 1983. c, 107.
34 AnOKPH<!Jb1llpeBHHX xpHCTHaH. 1989, c. 197-218. T eKCT anOKpH<!Ja npHBotlliTCH B
nepeBOtle M. K. T P0<!JHMOBOH.
35 Firby, 1988, p. 17; Darmesteter, 1880, p. XILI.
36 Y MapKO flOAO - «513.l(H», «KpePMaH», «KpeMaH», «YICTaHIiT», «CHaaH» (Map-
KO flOAO, 1940, c. 30-32; 36-37; 244, npHM.).
37 Firby, 1988, p. 23.
380HrYAeBCKaH, 51Ky60BCKHH, OeTpYUJeBcKHH, CTpoeBa, EeAeHHgKHM, 1958,
c.226-299.
39 Teixeira, 1902, p. 196.
40 Figueroa, 1667, p. 178.
41 Valle P. della, 1670, p. 104; 1775, p. 29-31.
42 Herbert, 1626, p, 89; 1928, p. 139.
H Olearius, 1696, S. 296, YIMeeTcH H3tlaHHe Ha PYCCKOM H3b1Ke: OAeapHH AAaM. OnH-
caHHe nyreUlecTBIiH B MOCKOBHIO H 'iepe3 MOcKOBHIO B OepcHIO H 06paTHo. Cfl6., 1906.
44 Du Mans, 1890, 1969.
45 Chinon, 1671.
46 Tavernier, 1724: 1681a, v. 1. S. 191: 1681b, S. 184.
47 Theveno, 1674; 1976; 1979.
48 Chardin, 1711. v. 4, p. 132-133. .l/,Ba COKpaI,geHHb[X nepeBOtla Ha PYCCKHH H3bIK
«IlYTeUlecTBHH If\. WaptleHa»: «flYTeUlecTBHe WaptleHa no 3aKaBKa3blO» (1672-
16771'1'.) H3 »;.ypHaAa «KaBKa3CKHH BecTHHK>' 3a 1900 H 1901 1'1'. (T H<!J.I\HC: CKOpO-
ne'laTHH M. MapmpocHHga, 1902) H «flYTeUJecTBHe LUeBa.l\be WaptleHa no IlepCHH
HllpymM MeCTaM BocToKa» (COKp. nep. C q>p. M., 1937. T. 5. fA. 3. 6-8; CTeKAorpa-
<!JH'ieCKOe 1i3AaHHe YIHcTHTYTa BOCTOKOBetleHHH HM. HapHMaHoBa npH UYIK CCCp, Ha
npaBax pYKonHcH), K co»;.a-\eHHIO He BKAIO'ialOT HHTepeCYIOI,gHe Hac rAaBbl.
49 CTpeHc, 1935, c. 316.
50 Gemelli Careri, 1718.
;1 flHrYAeBcKaH, RKy60BCKHH, OeTpYUJeBcKHH, C TpoeBa, 5eAeHH!!KIiH, 1958,
c. 200-334.
;2 Oc060 CAetlYeT OTMeTHTb T aAeYUla YIytly KpYCHHCKora - MHCCHOHepa optleHa lie-
3YHTOB. OH 6bIA nOCAaH B YIpaH B 1707 r. H nOKHHYA era B 1725 r. OCHoBHoe BHHMaHHe
y,'J,eMlA onHcaHHIO A<!JraHcKoH KaMnaHHH. 3aMeTKH 0 3OpoacTpHHgax CBH3aHbl C nOMO-
!gblO, OKa3bIDaeMOH HMH a<!JraHyaM. (CM: Krusinski, 1973.)
;3 YIHTepec npetlCTaBAHIOT 3anHCKH MHCCHOHepoB optleHa KapMe.l\HTOB H He3YHTOB.
;4 Unguetils Du Perron, 1772, S. 740-752.
;; HOBHKOB, 1989, C. 7.
;6 CM.: Dupre, 1819: Boyce, 1969b, p. 216: Houtum-Schindler, 1882. S.54-56:
Benjamin, 1887; Browne, 1927; Sykes p, M., 1915; Sykes E. c., 1910.
;7 Houtum-Schindler, 1882, S, 54-56.
;8 Benjamin, 1887; Boyce. 1969a. p. 25-26.
;9 Morgan. 1894.
60 Flandin et Coste, 1851. p. 97-98; Rawlinson, 1876, p. 65.
61 fl o tlp06Hee 06 apxeoJ\OI'H'ieCKHX HCCAetl0BaHHHX B YIpaHe CM,: Huff, 1987,
p. 302-308.
62 XaOMa B «fueCTe» BbICT)'fIaeT KaK TpHetlHHblH 06pa3, CO'ieTalOI,gHH B ce6e HapKo-
TH'ieCKHH pHT)'a.\bHbIH HanHToK, pacTeHHe Ii 60»;.ecTBo. B «Betlax» HMeeTCH aHa-\OrH'iHOe
TpHe.l(HHOe 60»;.ecTBo - COMa. (CM. nOtlp06Hee: TOnoPOB, 1992, c. 579.) flpOCAaBAe-
HHiO XaoMbl nOCBHI,geHa 9-H xa (r.l\aBa) «51cHbl». CYI,geCTByeT MHomeCTBO rHnOTe3 OTHO-
CHTeAbHO HtleHTIi<!JHKagHH XaoMbl C KaKHM-AH60 pea.l\bHblM paCTeHHeM. (CM.: 50H-
rapkAeBHH, fpaHToBcKHH, 1983, C. 116; PaK, 1997, c. 146-147.)
6J Boyce, 1975.
64 Humbach, 1984b, S. 172: fpaHToBcKHH, 1987, c. 287-288,
6; cPeclOH, 1986, c. 120.
66Darmesteter, 1880, p, 31.
67 MeHTap'iHHH. 1990, C. 113-114; Meitarchiyan, 1990, p. 139-140.
68 Rajn. 1974. p. 9-12; Thomas, 1987, p. 450.
69 T OKapeB, 1964, c. 166; Widengren, 1965.
70 0 npoHCXOm.l(eHHH Ha3BaHHH «6aUJHH MOA'iaHHH» llm. llm. MOtlH nHUleT: «AHr-
J\HHCKoe BbIpameHHe ,,6aUlHH MOA'iaHHH" BnepBble 6b[AO ynoTpe6AeHo nOKOHHblM rocn0tlH-
HOM P06epToM 3aBHepoM Map<!Jli, KOTOpblH 6b[A HeKOTopoe BpeMH nepeBOtl'iHKOM C BOC-
TO'lHbIX H3bIKOB f opotlCKOra Y npaBAeHIiH 50M6eH». KpyrAaJI, nOtl06HO 6aUJHe, KOHCTPYK-
JdHH coopymeHIiH npHBeAa ero K MbICAH HcnOAb30BaTb CAOBO «6aUlHH». B nepClitlCKOM,
a TaKme B XHHi\H CAOBO khamu. , T. e. «6e3MoABHbIH, MOA'iaAHBbIH», HAH khamusi, T. e.
«MOJ\'iaHHe», 'iaCTO ynoTpe6.1\HeTCH B CBH3H C YMepUJHM. 06 YMepUleM 'IaCTO rOBopHT KaK
188
flpHMe'laHHH
flpHMe'laHHf!
189
o CTaBllIeM khamus, T. e. 6e3MOABHbIM, MOA'iaAHBbIM. fOCnOtlHH P. 3. Mapqm, KOTOPb[H
6blJ\ 3HaTOKOM BocToKa, peUJHA HcnOJ\b30BaTb CAOBO «MOA'iaHHe» B CBH3H co C.I\OBOM
«6alllHH» (Modi, 1922, p. 70, tn. 1).
71 YIHocTpaHgeB, 1909.
72 Humbach, 1961; Frye, 1970, p. 152; Gropp, 1969; Henning, 1945, p. 478-479;
Boyce, 1975, p. 109.
73 AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 112-116.
74 PanonopT, 1971.
73 Boyce, 1975.
70 Grenet, 1984; AHTBHHCKHH, 1983, c. 115-119; AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1983,
c. 135-177.
-n Gignoux, 1979.
78 AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1984, c. 170. CM. TaK e: Humbach, 1984b, p. 172; fpaH-
TOBCKHH, 1987, c. 287-288,
79 Firby, 1988.
r .ll.aBa III
18 Pavry, 1929, p. 21.
19 SOBd. XXIV.2-8; Pavry, 1929, p, 27.
10 Boyce, 1975, p. 109.
11 Yd. V. 7, 46-50; Humbach, 1961, S. 99-102; .furrnHHCKHH, Cep,oB, 1983, c. 109.
11 TepMHH kata B «fueCTe» 03Ha'iaeT <<ooMeI,geHHe», «KAaAOBaH», CnegHa.\bHO npH-
MeHHeTcH.llAH 0603Ha'ieHHH nOMeI,geHHH, Kytla npetlBapHreAbHo nepeHocHTCH TpynbI. (CM.:
Bartholomae, 1960, S. 432.)
13 KpIOKoBa, 1994-1996/1997, c. 98-99.
14 YIHocTpaHgeB, 1909, c. 100.
13 YIHocTpaHgeB, 1909, c. 101.
160arrnesteter, 1880, p. 73, fr. 3.
Z7 AIiTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 110.
lB AHTBHHCKHH, CelloB, 1983. c. 109.
19 West, 1965, p. 35, fr. 2.
3() Ohabhar, 1932, p. 106-107.
3\ Ohabhar, 1932, p. 159.
31 Ohabhar, 1932, p. 296.
jJ Ohabhar, 1932, p. 102.
34 Shahbazi, 1987, p. 852.
33 Shahbazi, 1987, p. 851.
36 Ohabhar, 1932, p, 102.
37 Ohabhar, 1932, p. 103.
38 AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 113.
39 Ohabhar, 1932, p. 104.
40 Ohabhar, 1932, p. 105,
41 AHTBIiHCKHH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 113.
41 AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 108: PanonopT, 1971, c. 25.
43 YIHocTpaHgeB, 1909, c, 104.
44 PanonopT, 1971, c. 17.
4; Ouse\ey, 1819, p. 221.
46 Shahbazi, 1975, p. 155.
47 DOpHCOB, 1940, c. 307.
48 cPHPtlOYCIi, c. 81.
49 cPHPtlOYCH, C. 607.
30 YIHocTpaHgeB, 1909, c. 106.
31 DOpHCOB, 1940, c. 307.
31 50pliCOB, 1940, c. 305.
33 YIHocTpaHgeB, 1909, c. 107.
;4 YIHocTpaHgeB, 1909, C. 106.
33 5apTOAbtl, 1966, c. 167.
36 T aK no B. A. AHBUJligy, KaK OH nOAaraeT, «Ha3BaHHe XII MecHga -'xswm (xs6m
H,\H axsom) BOCXOtlHT, BepoHTHo, K tlp.-lipaH. * xsnauma-, aBeCT. xsnaoma - «tlOBOAbCT-
80, YtlOBAeTBOpeHHe» (AHBllIHg, 1975, C. 330. npHM. 24).
1 KOCCOBH'i, 1861/1997, C. 124-125,
1 Pavry, 1929, p. 12.
3 Skjaerve, 1985, S. 299-300.
4 Gignoux, 1984, p, 155, 158: Fereydun Vahman, 1986. p. 194-195.
3 YI3tlaHHH H nepeBOtlb[: Andreas. 1882; Sanjana. 1895; Codex, 1936; Anklesaria,
1913; West, 1885; Nosherwan, 1899; T afazzoli, 1975; West, 1871; Antia, 1909; Bha-
rucha, 1912. flepeBOtl Ha pyCCKHH H3b[K OCYI,geCTBH.I\a O. M, YYHaKoBa (YYHaKoBa,
1997, c. 79-121). cPparMeHTb[ H3 ;;JTOro CO'iHHeHIiH npHBOtlHJ\H B CBOHX pa60Tax MHome
HCCAetlOBaTeAH. B HallieH pa60Te HCTO'iHHK gHTHpyeTcH no: Boyce, 1984, p. 82, Cp.: Yy-
HaKOBa, 1997, c. 84-85,
6 Boyce, 1984, p. 82.
7 Pavry, 1929. p. 12.
8 Pavry, 1929, p. 15.
9 Boyce, 1984, p. 83; Pavry, 1929, p. 94-95.
10 Pavry, 1929, p. 17.
11 Fereydun Vahman, 1986, p. 194.
11 Gignoux, 1984, p, 164-165; Fereydun Vahman, 1986, p, 198-199.
13 ,ltpyrOH BapHaHT _ XaMMlicTaraH (Hammistagan), neXJ\eBHHCKoe (hmysk"n), CM.
TaK e: Rivayat-i Hemit-i Asawahistan, 34. Mezhat Safa-Isfahani, 1980. p. 262.
H Gignoux, 1984, p. 160: Fereydyn Vahman. 1976, p. 196.
Ij Pavry. 1929, p. 19.
16 B 30poaCTpHHCKOH cpetle, KaK CAetlyeT H3 neXJ\eBHHCKO-30poaCTpHHCKHX HCTO'iHH-
KOB, 6blTOBaAO y6emtleHHe, 'iTO Kapa rpemHHKY, nonaBllIeMY B AtJ., COOTBeTCTBYeT CTeneHIi
H xapaKTepy em rpeXOBHOCTH (Rivayat-i Hemit-i Asawahustan, 16. Mezhat Safa-Isfahani,
1980, p. 256-258).
17 Gignoux, 1984, p. 202-214; Fereydun Vahman, 1986, p. 209-218,
190
flpHMe'laHHH
flpHMe'laHHH
191
f.l\aoa IV
3; AHmHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1984, c. 88.
36 fytlK OBa , 1964, c. 89.
37 PanonopT, 1971. c. 102.
38 PanonopT, 1971, c. 104.
39 5eAeHHYKHH, MapUJaK, PacnonOBa, VkaKoB, 1982, c. 216.
40 CTaBHCKHH, EOAbUJaKOB, MOH'laACKaH, 1953, c. 71.
41 CTaBHCKHH, 1952, c. 37.
4! CyxapeB, 1938, c. 15.
43 CyxapeB, 1938, c. 14.
44 HKoBAeB, 1989, c. 3.
., HKoBAeB, 1989, c. 4.
46 Oa'ioc, 1973, c. 110.
47 ilMa6aeB, 1968, c. 44-46; Oa'ioc, 1973, c. 110.
48 MaccoH, 1953, c. 24-25.
49 EYPHKOB, 1968, c. 132.
,0 Ar3aMXOtlmaeB, 1962, c. 71-72.
>t Ar3ilMxOtlmaeB, 1966, c. 108,
,! Ar3ilMXOtlmaeB, 1966, c. 108.
,3 Ar3aMXOtlmaeB, 1966. c. 106.
i4 AMtMOB Y., AAHMOB K., 1989, c. 208-209.
)) AMtMOB Y., AMtMOB K., 1983, c. 208; cPHAaHOBH'i, 1990, C. 95.
,6 CeHliroBa, 1968, c. 61.
)7 flageBH'l, 1948, c. 104.
,8 PeMneJlb, 1957, c.110.
,9 CeHHrosa, 1968, c. 55.
60 rOpH'lesa, 1989, c. 95.
6' EPUJOB, 1959, c. 166, 180.
6! .futBUlHY, 1992.
63 06eAbqeHKO, 1969; Grenet, 1984, p. 93.
64 O6eAb'leHKO, 1969, c. 97.
6, CyceHKosa, 1969, c. 104,
66 06eAb'ieHKO, 1969, c. 97.
67 06eAb'ieHKO, 1969, c. 93-96.
6S KomeAeHlw, .If,eCHT'iIiKOB, 1968, c. 174-181.
69 ilpeCBRHCKaJI, 1989, c. 159.
70 '-IBb[Pb, 1991. c. 196.
71 flOMIKOB, '-IepeMHblx, 1975, c. 266.
12 BaHH6epr, 1979, c. 52.
73 H6AOHCKHH, EO.l\eAOB, 1991, c. 8.
74 51rol\.ll.H, XOtlmaHOB, 1970, c. 78.
7, Sayast ne-Sayast, p. 284-285.
76 HrotlHH, XOtlmaHOB, 1970. c. 142.
77 PanonopT, 1971. c. 108.
)] 5HPYHIi, 1957, C. 255.
,6 5HPYHH, 1957, c. 236.
,9 EOpHCOB, 1940, c. 305.
6°50pIiCOB, 1940, c. 310.
61 HeKpacoBa, 1994; HeKpacoBa, 1995. c. 118.
62 T atlmHKCKO-PYCCKIiH CAOBapb, 1954, c. 124.
63 CJ\OBapb TatlmIiKCKOro, 1969, T. 1. c. 354.
1 T OACTOB. 1948. c. 149; PanonopT, 1971, c. 110.
2 T OACTOB, 1948, c. 148; HHAbceH, 1966, c. 30.
3 Hepa3liK, 1966, c. 90.
4 PTBeAaA3e, 1989a, c. 219.
, PTBeAaA3e, 1989a, c. 225.
6 CTaBHCKHH, EOAbUJaKOB, MOH'iaACKaJI, 1953, c. 79,
7 T OACTOB, 1948, c. 71.
6 MaHb[AOB, 1981, c. 55,
9 51ro.llHH. HHKHTHH, KOUJe.l\eHKO, 1985, c. 332.
10 PanonopT, 1971. c. 98.
II CpeHMaHoB, HcxaKoB, HcaMHMHHoB, Heq>etlOB, 1979, c. 562-563.
12 CYAeHMaHoB, HcaMHMHHoB, Ca6HpoB, Heq>etlOB, 1975, c. 513-514.
13 WHUlKHHa, 1954, c. 2.
14 WHUJKHHa, 1954, c. 2.
1J fpHropbeB, 1939, c. 145.
16 fpHropbeB, 1939, c. 149.
17 MHp6a6aeB, 1994, c. 17.
16 MHp6a6aeB, 1994, c. 19-21.
19 T OACTOB, 1948, c. 73-82.
20 PanonopT, 1971, c. 46-47.
21 PanonopT, 1991, c. 29.
22 PanonopT, 1996, c, 68; BHUJHeBCKaH, PanonopT, 1997, c. 158.
:: PTBe.I\M3e. 1978. c. 97; AHmHHCKHH, Ce.l(OB, 1984, c. 85-86; Grenet, 1984, p. 96.
PTBe.J\a.A3e, 1978, c. 109.
25 AHmIiHCKIiH, CetlOB, 1984, c. 87.
26 PTBe \iI.P,3e. 1978, c. 112.
27 AHTBIiHCKHH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 42.
26 AIiTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 41-60; 104.
29 PTBeAM3e, 1978, c. 113.
30 PmeAiI.P,3e, 1988, c. 23.
31 AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 111.
32 AHmHHCKHH, CeAoB, 1984, c. 87.
B PTBeAatl3e, 1983, c. 125-143.
14 CetlOB, 1987, c. 95.
192
flpHMe'iaHHH
flpHMe'laHHH
193
PanonopT, 1971,c. 100.
79 PanonopT, 1971, c. 68-69.
8006eAb'ieHKO, 1969, c. 94,
81 06eAb'ieHKo. 1959; 1977; 1992, c. 62.
82 flyra'ieHKOBa, 1983, c, 267,
83 cPH.l\aHOBH'i, 1990, c. 86, 93.
84 5epHUJTaM. 1950, c. 32.
8> 5epHUJTaM, 1950, c. 32.
86 5epHUlTaM, 1950, c. 33.
87 5epHUJTaM, 1950, c. 87.
88 EepHUJTaM, 1950, c. 110.
89 OageBIi'i, 1948, c. 102, 103.
90 flageBIf'i. 1948, c. 104.
91 MaM6eryAAaeB, XOtlmaHHH30B, 1978, c. 529; MaM6eryAAaeB. 1984, c.477; Pa-
nonopT,1971,c_68,
92 Hepa3HK, 1958. c. 275-276.
93 PanonopT, 1971. c. 77.
94 PanonopT. 1971. c. 77.
9> PanonopT, 1971. c. 80.
96 PanonopT, 1971. c, 86,
97 PanonopT. 1971, c. 92.
98 PanonopT, 1971. c. 96.
99 CetlOB, 1987, c. 44.
100 CeAoB, 1987, c. 44,
101 CetlOB. 1987, c. 46.
102 PTBe.l\M3e, 19896, c. 54.
103 Bnpo'ieM, eCTb tlBa HCKAIO'ieHHH. B q>OHtlax YIHcTHT}'Ta HCTOpHH, apxeOAornli H ;;)T-
Horpaq:.HH AH Pecny6AHKH T a.l(mHKIiCTaH XpaHIiTCH tlBa occyapIDI: occyapliH 6aUJeHHoro
THna 1i3 OKpeCTHOCTeH r Hccapa H occyapHH RI!JH'iHOro THna 1i3 LlaHrapbI (coo6I.!!eHlie aKa-
tleMIiKa 5, A_ J\HTBHHCKOro).
104 PTBeAa.l\3e, 19896, c. 65.
10; WHUlKHHa, 1961, c. 192-222.
106 HHAbceH, 1965, c. 116-117.
107 Ar3aMXOtlmaeB. 1961. c. 240-245.
108 Kb[3.1\aCOB, 1958, c. 155.
l faHtlYKeBHq, 1947,c. 102.
110 PanonopT, 1971. c. 40,
111 T OACTOB, 1962, c, 132.
112 PanonopT, 1971. c. 58.
113 PanonopT. 1971. c. 89.
114 PanonopT, 1971. c. 93-96.
11> flaB'iHHCKaH, 1990.
116 MKpTbI'ieB, HaHMapK, 1990, c. 170.
\11 MKpTbI'ieB, HaMMapK, 1990, c. 170.
118 flaB'iHHCKaH. 1990, c. 7; Pavchinskaia. 1994.
119 naB'iHHCKaH, 1983, c. 46-49; J\YHHHa, YCMaHoBa, 1985. c.46-51; Grenet,
1986, p. 104-105; 50roMOAOB, 1988, c. 59-66; MHHacHHg, 1990. c. 71-8!; WKO-
jI,a, 1991. c.60-68; f peHe, 1993. c.149-160; Naymark. 1993, p.3-); Puga-
chenkova. 1994, p. 227 -243, Lerner, 1995 H tlp.
120 0 pOAIi BepOBaHIiH, CBH3aHHblX C c06aKOH, B 30poaCTpHHCKOH norpe6aAbHOH 06-
pRtlHOcTH H MIiq>DAOrHqeCKHX npetlCTaBAeHIiHx CM.: J\HTBHHCKIiH, CetlOB, 1984, c. 161-
169.
121 fytl KOsa , 1964, C. 100. 109.
122 J\IITBIiHCKIiH, CetlOB, 1983. c. 46.
I2J 51roAHH, XOtlmaHOB, 1970, c. 143; J\HTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1984. c. 162.
I24 J\HTBIiHCKIiM, CeAoB, 1984. c. 165.
m YICTOpHR KHprH3cKoH CCP. 1984. BKAeHKa Memtly c. 224-225.
126 A. BetlyroBa 3a6AymtlaeTCH OTHOCHTeAbHO Ha3Ha'ieHHH nOBH30K »;.pegoB (padam),
C'iHTaR, 'iTO OHH npetlOXpaHHIOT OT B03AeHCTBHH HapKOTHKa (BetlyroBa, 1995, c. 24).
121 Grenet, 1986, p. 104-105.
128 naB'iHHCKaJI, 1983, c. 46-49; flaB'iIiHCKaH, 1987, c. 28.
129 Grenet. 1986. p. 103.
130 CTaBHcKIiH. 1961, C. 173; 50pHCOB, 1940, C. 25-49,
131 CTaBHcKHH, 1961. c. 175.
132 Oyra'ieHKosa, 1989, c. 163; Pugacencova. 1985.
\JJ Grenet, 1986, p. 120-121; fpeHe. 1987, c. 49-50.
134 HKy60B. 1987, c. 166.
11> Ghirshman, 1962, pI. 210; Shahbazi, 1987, p. 852.
136 Grenet, 1989. p. 559.
137 B OtlHOH 1i3 nOCAetlHHX pa60T no ;;JTOMY Bonpocy «AxeMeHH.l(b[ B HH.l(O-HpaHCKOM
KOHTeKCTe» m. KeAAeHC, «rOBopH 0 peAHrHH AxeMeHH.l(OB», OTMe'iaeT «AO»;.HOCTb 06bI'i-
HOH nOCTaHOBKIi Bonpoca "Eb[AH AH aXeMeHH.l(bi 3OpoacTpIiHgaMH?" Ii He06xotlHMOCTb no-
CTaBHTb Bonpoc IiHa'ie: "B 'ieM OCo6eHHOCTb Toro BapHaHTa pa3B1iTHH IiH.l(O-HpaH KoH
lilJ.eOAOrHH, KOTOPb[H OHH npetlCTaBAHIOT?". 0rMeqa>< Ha.\H'ilie B paMKax "AseCTbI no
MeHbUJeH Mepe ABYX peAHrH03HblX CHCTeM - raTH'ieCKOM H MAaAOaBecTHHcKOH (COOTHO-
UleHHe Memtly HIiMIi OCTaeTCJI HeHCHbIM: H.l(eT AH pe'ib 0 ABYX ;;JTanax pa3BIiTIIJI OtlHOH H
TOH »;.e CHCTeMb[, Ii.l\H 0 ABYX sapHaHTax He3aBHCHMoro pa3BliTHH npaHpaHcKoH cHcTeMbl),
m. KeA.l\eHC OTMe'iaeT 6AH30CTb aXeMeHH.l(CKOH peAHrHli co BTOpoH, XOTH HeKOTOpb[e 'iep-
Tbl ee C6AH:1KaIOT Ii C nepBoH». (CM.: YIBaH'iHK, 2000, c. 195.)
138 50HC. 1994. c. 69.
139 EOHC. 1994, c. 76.
140 r IipUJMaH, MHHOpcKHH, CaHI'BH. 1971, c. 43.
14' cPpaH, 1972, c. 133.
142 50HC, 1994, c. 76-77.
143 Schmidt, 1957, p. 122.
144 LlaHtlaMaeB. J\YKOHHH, 1980, c, 322.
194
flpHMe'iaHHH
flpHMe'iaHHH
195
143 Russell, 1989, p. 561.
146 Schmidt, 1957, p. 117-123; Wiesenofer, 1994, S. 83.
147 .l!.aHtlaMaeB, AYKOHHH, 1980, c. 322.
148 Frye, 1984, p. 176.
149 Boucharlat, 1988, p. 3.
130 Boucharlat, 1988, p. 4.
131 Schmidt, 1957, p. 120.
m J\HTBHHCKHM, 1983, c. 102; AHTBIiHCKHH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 114.
m Boucharlat, 1988, p. 5-6.
1;4 Grenet, 1984, p. 174-175, 185-193, 228.
m HrDtlHH, XO.l(>KaHOB, 1970; Grenet, 1984, p, 141-147.
136 Trumpelmann, 1984, p. 317.
m T riimpelmann, 1984, p. 319.
Jj6 Hinz, 1969, S. 241.
Jj9 Trumpelmann, 1984, p. 321.
160 .fu!TBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 113.
161 Gropp, 1969, S. 259.
162 Gropp, 1969, S. 260; AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 113; Frye, 1970, p. 154,
163 T riimpelmann, 1984, p, 322.
164 Triimpelmann, 1984, p. 322.
163 Trumpelmann, 1984, p. 232.
166 T rumpelmann, 1984, p. 328.
167 PanonopT, 1971, c. 18.
168 PanonopT, 1991, c. 42.
10 CTpeHC, 1935, c. 316.
11 Dhabhar, 1932, p. 139-140.
12 Firby, 1988, p. 30; Herbert, 1634, p. 89; Herbert, 1928, p. 139.
13 CTpeHC, 1935, c. 316.
H Chardin, 1711, v. 4, p. 132-133; Firby, 1988, p. 66.
13 Firby, 1988, p. 49, 75.
[6 BOHC, 1994, c. 221.
[7Dhabhar, 1932, p. 15, 157; Boyce, 1977, p.150; AHTBIiHCKHH, CetlOB, 1984,
c. 171.
18 Boyce, 1977, p. 150.
19 AKmHHCKHH, 1984, c. 170-171.
20 Le Bruyn, 1737; Le Brun, 1718.
21 Le Bruyn, 1737, p. 144-145; Firby, 1988, p. 78.
II no MHeHHIO H. K. cPHp6Ii, KopHeAHH J\e BplOH He BH.l(eA tlaXMbl J\H60, HeBepHo
HCTOAKOBaB OObHcHeHlie mpega, HMeA B Blitly cnoc06 3aXOPOHeHIDI B gapcKHx rpo6HHgax
HaKUJIi- PYCTaMa.
23 Le Bruyn. 1737, v. 2, p. 145; Le Brun, 1718, p. 389; Firby, 1988. p. 78.
24/lpYBHA, 1924. T. 2, c. 179-181.
23 Browne. 1927, p. 97.
26 Westergaard, 1845-1846, p. 352.
27 Jackson, 1906, p. 387-397,
28 Jackson, 1906, p. 381, fn. 1_
19 Modi, 1917, p. 52.
30 Menant, 1898, p. 209; Modi, 1905, p. 21, fn. 20.
3[ Jackson, 1906, p. 440.
32 Jackson, 1906, p. 337, 393-394.
33 AKmHHCKIiH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 112.
34 Boyce, 1975, p. 109, 326; AHTBHHCKIiH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 111.
33 Boyce, 1975, p. 325.
36 AKmHHCKHH, 19726, c. 209.
37 AKmHHCKHH, 19726, c. 207.
38 CM. Ta.K2Ke: Yd. VIol-9, JlBAHIOIMlieCH, KaK OTMe'iaeT nepeBotl'iIiK H KOMMeHTaTOp
3. B. Yacr, HMHTayHeH Yd. 111.21-37.
39 Modi, 1905, p. 25; Kulke, 1974, p. 19.
40 CHecapeB, 1960, c. 4-5.
41 Benjamin. 1887, p. 356; Boyce, 1940, p. 337.
42 Yd. IIIol2; KpIOKOBa, 1996/1997, c. 88.
43 Firby, 1988, p. 30.
44 Emwe, 1971, rA. 1.13, c. 32.
43 Gray, 1911, p. 505.
46 nepeceJ\HBWHCb B r PY3HIO, CB. M}"IeHIiK Pa.m.lleH mHA npli tlBope gapH BaXTaHra
ropracaAH BeJ\HKOro. '-IYBCTBYH CHAbHoe rnrOTeHHe K XPHCTHilHCTBY, OH npHHJlJ\ KpeIMe-
HHe. flpli HaIIaJI,eHHH nepcOB Ha r PY3HIO 6bIA npetliIH B IiX PYKIi Ii 3a OTKa3 OTpe'ibCH OT
r AaBa V
I C\etlyeT }"-!IiTblBaTb TaKLKe pa3Hble H3tlaHHH H nepeBOtlbl ('lT0 B npHHgHne npoJJ,eAa-
Aa H. K. cPHp6H). HaH60Aee OT'IeTAHBO HeCOOTBeTCTBIDI npOHBH.I\HCb Ha npHMepe pa3HblX
1i3tlaHHH pa60TbI fletlpo T eHKceHpbI. (CM.: Firby, 1988, p. 24.)
2 Firby, 1988, p. 49.
3 Valle P. della, 1775, p. 30. PRtl nyrerneCTBeHHHKOB. KaK C'iHTaeT H. K. cPlip6H,
TaKLKe OCHOBblBaAHCb Ha cAyxax (lK. tle TeBeHo, llm. cP. feMeAAH Kapepli, HH CTpeHC,
r. tle WHHOH). (CM.: Firby, 1988, p. 49, fn. 230.)
4 Tavernier, 1724, v.2, p.98-103, 167; Tavemier, 1681a, S.184; Tavemier,
1681b, S. 191.
3 H. K. cPHp6H nOAaraeT, 'lT0 OH IiMeeT B BHtly CTapbIH, oKpymeHHbIH CTeHOH, THn
tlaXMbI Ha BepUJIiHe XOJ\Ma (Firby, 1988, p_ 75).
6 0 npHKpenAeHHH TpynoB K cTo.l\6aM COO6l,!!aeT TaKme ltLK, cP. reMeJIAH KapepH.
(CM.: Gemelli Careri, 1719; Firby, 1988, p. 75.)
7 Valle P. della. 1670.
8 Herbert, 1634, p.89; Herbert, 1928, p. 139; Thevenot, 1687, p. 111; Thevenot,
1674b, p, 216.
9 Firby, 1988, p. 49, 69-70_
4. ..., ...
j,
196
npHMe'iaHHH
npH:we'iaHHH
197
XpHCTa nOtlBeprHyr »;.eCTOKHM nb[TKaM, nOCAe KOTOPb[X My<;eHHKa pacnHAIi Ha KpeCTe,
npoH3HB 3aTeM HtlOBHTb[MH CTpeAaMI1. KOH'iHHY CB. Pam.l(eHa «KapTAHC UxoBpe6a» OT-
HOCHT K 457 r.
47 CB. l\IY'I eHHK Pam.l(eH, 1890, c. 14.
46 Jackson, 1906, p. 398.
49 J\HTBHHCKHH, CeAoB, 1983, c. 113.
iO Jackson, 1906, p. 398.
il Boyce, 1975, p. 325-326.
i2 Humbach, 1961, S. 100-101.
i3 Darmesteter, 1880, Yd. 111.19, TeKCT H npIiM.; Yd. III.9, TeKCT Ii npl1M.
i4 Bo BCHKOM CAy<;ae, AHKeTHAb )llOneppoH, I1CCAetlYH norpe6a.AbHbIe coopymeHIDI
napCOB YIHtll1l1, OTMe'iaeT, 'iTO 3el\lAIO nOCAe pa3pYUJeHI1H tlaXMbI He06xoJJ.l1MO nepeKonaTb,
'lT06b[ ee O'iIiCTI1AH COAHe'iHble Ay<;I1, HO ;;)Toro He npOHCXOtlHAO. Ii B CypaTe I1MeAOCb TPIi
,naxMbl, coopymeHHble Ha OtlHOM MeCTe. (CM.: Unquetils Du Perron, 1772, S. 751.)
"T onopOB. 1979. c. 19.
i6 Boyce, 1960, p. 271.
,7 Jackson, 1906, p. 397.
,6 Boyce, 1975; Boyce, 1979; Boyce, 1974, p. 3-95; EOHC, 1987, c. 21-24, 37-
40; 3-e 1i3tl. CIl6., 1994, c.22-25, 38-40, 205-268. M.50HC nOCBHI.!!eHb! tlBa
TOMa «Acta Iranica» (V. 24, 25: Papers in Honor of Prof. Mary Boyce. Leiden, 1985),
B KOTOPb[X COtlepmliTCH KpaTKaH 6Horpaq>HH aBTopa 11 61i6AHorpaq>HH ee TpytlOB. CBetleHHH
o M, 50HC H npoBetleHHbIX elO HCCAetlOBaHIDIX B 06AaCTI1 aTHOrpaq:.HIi H peAHrH03HO-o6-
pH.llOBOH npaKTI1KH 30poacTpliHgeB YIpaHa npHBO.l(HT TaKme 3. A. fpaHTOBcKIiH B nOC.J\e-
CAOBHIi K PYCCKOMy H3tlaHHIO KHl1rl1 M, 50HC «30poacTpHHgbI. BepoBaHHH H 06bl'iaH»
(fpaHToBcKHH, 1987, c. 278-299), YI. M. CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKIiH B nOCAeCAOBHH K PYC-
CKOMY TpeTbeMY H3tlaHHIO KHHnI M. EOHC «30poaCTpIiMYb[...» (CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHM,
1994, c. 269) Ii M. E. MeHTap'iHHH (MeHTap'iHHH, 1987, c. 68-69).
,9 Boyce, 1974, p_ 3.
60 0 poAH 'iIiC.I\a «2» B peAHnll1 «Betl» CM.: Gonda, 1974.
6' 0 CHMBOAHKe ropbI i\HTeparypa o6umpHa. OCHoBHble MOMeHTbI OTpameHbI B pa60-
Tax: TonopoB, 1987, c. 311,314,398; 3AHatle, 1987, c. 145-158; fpaHToBcKHH, 1969,
c. 9-19; UxoBpe60B, 1987, c. 78; fuliUJeB K. A, fuHUJeB A K., 1981.
62 Boyce, 1974, p. 4.
63 YIHq>opMaTOp A. B. )lmeKcoHa, XOtla6axUI 5axpaM PaHc, C'iIiTa.\, 'lT0 paHHlie
tlaxMbI I1MIO,\11 rAHHHHbIe CTeHbl. (CM.: Jackson, 1906, p. 398.)
64 Reference to a model, 1985, p. 26-27; Oxtoby, 1987, v, 11, p, 200.
6; EpeHTbec, 1981, c. 110.
66 0 'iHCAe <<3» KaK CBHIgeHHOM 'iHCAe B BepOBaHHHX Ii gepeMOHHHX 30poacTpHHgeB
CM.: Boyce, 1977, p. 45, 57, 60, 66, 72, 103, 104,108. BamHYIO pOAb 'iHCAO <<3» I1rpa.\O
H B peAlimli «Betl». (CM.: Gonda, 1976.)
67 AHrMlHCKHH KaneAAaH feHpH J\OPtl, nOCeTHBUlHM CypaT B 16241'., npHBO.l(HT C.l\OBa
MOAlITBbl »;.peya 06 YMepUJeM: «3TOT HaUl 6paT npH mH3HH COCTOHA 1i3 'ieTblpeX 3.1\eMeH-
TOB, ceiNac OH YMep, nYCTb Kam.l(b[H npHMeT CBoe: 3eMAH - 3el\lAIO, B03tlyX - B03tlyx,
BO.lla - BOtly, OroHb - OroHb». H. K. cPHp6H OTMe'iaeT ee CXOtlCTBO C Coo6I.!!eHHHMH
_1pymx nyreUJeCTBeHHHKOB (3tlBaptla T;;JppH, fueKCaHtlpa faMHAbTOHa) 11 CMb[CAOM TeK-
CTa «5YHtlaXHUlHa» (111.14, Anklesaria, 1956, p, 41): KOrtla 'iei\OBeK YMHpaeT... Tei\O MO-
iKeT CoetlliHIiTbCH C 3eMAeH, mH3HeHHaH CH.I\a - C BeTpoM. nepBo06pa3 - C cOAHgeM Ii
LlYUla - C fravasi (Firby, 1988, p. 104). 0 CH:\-IBOAI1Ke 'iHCAa «4» B XpHCTHaHCTBe 11 HC-
_\aMe CM.: WYKypoB, 1995, c. 22-26; WyKypoB, 1999, c. 67.
68 Boyce, 1974.
69 Browne, 1927, p. 95, 97.
70 Menant, 1913, p. 154.
71 Jackson, 1906, p. 397.
72 BopoH _ CBHI.!!eHHaJI nTHya «fuecTbI», BonAOIgeHHe tlyxa n06etlbl yapcKoH CAaBbl
TaK»;.e ynoMHHaeTCH B tlpeBHenepCMCKHX nOBepbHX. (CM.: YIHocTpaHyeB, 1907, c. 94.)
n DHPYHH, 1956, c. 254,
74 nyra'ieHKOBa, 19876, c. 50, 53.
7, Browne, 1927, p. 97; Jackson, 1928, p. 20; Benjamin, 1887, p. 356.
76 Chardin, 1711, v. 3, p. 132-133; Firby, 1988, p. 66, fn. 368.
77 Boyce, 1977, p. 151, fn. 27.
78 Jackson, 1906, p. 392-393.
79 Peterman, 1976, Bd. 2, S. 204.
60 Browne, 1927, p. 98.
81 Westergaard, 1845-1846, p. 352.
62 An account. 1876; Reference to a model, 1885, p. 20-21; Boyce, 1984, p. 151-
152; Karaka, 1965, p. 208-209.
8' 50tJ,. ep, 1977, c. 681.
84 5eHAl1c, 1983, c. 13.
6, Boyce, 1979, p.221; 50HC, 1987, c.264; 50HC. 1994. c.258; Gabriel, 1974,
S. 62; 40poUJeHKo, 1982, c. 57-58.
66 J\HTBHHCKHH, 19726, c. 207.
67 Russell, 1989, p. 562.
66 Kulke, 1974, p. 19,28, fn. 5; Oxtoby, 1987, p. 200.
69 EOHC, 1994, c. 265.
90 Russell, 1989, p. 562.
',I Russell, 1989, p. 562.
92 J\HTBI1HCKHH, Ce,noB, 1983, c. 113, 117, npliM. 41.
9' HanpHMep, aHa.\1i3 norpe6a.\bHOH npaKTHKI1 TOAbKO cacaHMcKoro YIpaHa, npOBe-
.lleHHb[H P. 5YUJap.l\H, n03BOAHA BbltleAI1Tb OKOAO 10 nOrpe6aAbHblX coopymeHHH, xapaK-
TepHblX.llAH pa3.1\H'iHb[X pemOHOB YIpaHa, (CM.: Boucharlat, 1988, p. 20-22.)
94 YIHor,na YMHpalOI.!!IiH npoH3HOCH.I\ MOAHTBbI co CBHIgeHHOC.J\ymIiTeAeM, eCAH 6bIA
B COCTOHHHI1 Ctle.l\aTb 3TO. (CM.: Boyce, 1979, p. 15; )lopoUJeHKo, 1982, c. 56.)
9, BHHorpatl HaH A03a _ O'ieHb tlpeBHliH CHMBOA, conocTaB "'eMb[H C 60meCTBOM YMH-
paK)IgeH H BocKpecalOI.!!eH npl1potlb[ - CHHByUJeM. B Cpe.llHeH fuHIi HMeHeM CHHBYUJa
Ha3bIBaAH COpT BI1HOrpaAa. B Ka'ieCTBe 3AeMeHTa Ko:wn03HgHH MOTHB BHHOrpaAHOH A03b[
npHcyrcmyeT Ha HeKOTopblX CpetlHea3HaTCKHX occyapl1Hx (CapblTene, 5HH-HaH:waH,
198
npHMe'iaHHH
npHMe'iaHHH
199
Y!UJTbIXaH) H T. D.. (CM.: 5eJ\eHHgKIiH. 1954. c.79: IlaB'iIiHcKaH, PocToBgeB. 1988,
c.l00-101.)
96 B
MeCTe C TeM y 30poaCTpHHgeB CYl!JeCTByeT npetlCTaBAeHHe 06 orHe KaK O'iHCTH-
Te.l\bHOH CH.I\e. YCMHpHIOl!JeH tleMOHOB. (CM.: Ouchesne-Guillemin, 1962, p.70; .llopo-
UleHKO, 1982, c. 56.)
9i A - H '='
v. gaomaeza. e 06H3aTeAbHO MO'ia 6b[Ka. ",TO MorAa 6blTb MO'ia Ii KOPOBb[, Ii Te-
AeHKa. (CM.: Jackson, 1906, p. 387.)
98 Boyce, 1979, p, 26; .llopoUJeHKo, 1982, c. 56.
99 AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1984, c. 156.
100 Yd. II. AHgO. OTBeTcTBeHHoe 3a npOBetleHHe 06pHtlOB. Ha3bIBa.I\OCb y IipaHCKHX 30-
poaCTpHHgeB H napCOB YIHi\HH nO-pa3HOMY. (CM.: Boyce. 1977, p.139; Boyce, 1968,
p. 272; nepHxaHHH, 1983, c. 83.)
101 Boyce, 1977, p. 139.
'02
. UepeMoHIDI sagdid HMeeT MeCTO KaK Ha nepBOM ;;JTane nOrpe6aAbHoro 06pHtla, TaK
H Ha BTOpoM. OHa tlOBOJ\bHO nOtlpo6HO OCBel!JeHa B J\IiTeparype. (CM.: Boyce, 1977,
p_ 150-151; Ouchesne-Guillemin, 1962, p. 104; Jackson, 1906, p. 104; CasartelIi, 1890;
Modi, 1922, p.8. 16; YIHocTpaHgeB, 1909, c. 103, npHM.6; PanonopT, 1971, c.30;
AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1983, c. 166, npHM. 37, c. 167.) Ho OHa 3aC \ymIiBaeT 6b[Tb yno-
MHHyrOH, T. K. npH cpaBHHTeAbHOM aHa.\H3e BblHBAeHbl HeCOOTBeTCTBIiH. napcHikKHH Ba-
pHaHT TaKme OT.I\H'iaeTCH.
IOJ Yd. V1I1.14-19 (Oarmesteter, 1880, p. 97). CM. TaKme neXJ\eBHHCKlie HCTO'i-
HHKIi Od. XVII.20; Sls, 11.1-4, X.33. A. B. .ll eKcoH OTMeTHA, 'iTO tlAH gepeMo-
HHH sagdid B HaCTOHI.!!ee BpeMH HcnOJ\b3YIOT J\106ylO co6aKY. (CM.: Jackson, 1906,
p. 388-389.)
104 11 -
p,eTa.I\bHblH aHa.\H3 poJ\H c06aKH B 3OpoaCTpHHCKHX norpe6a.\bHblX BepOBaHIDIx Ha
UJlipOKOM IiHtloeBpOneHCKOM q>OHe npOBeA 5. A. AHTBHHCKHH. (CM.: AHTBIiHCKHH, Ce-
AOB, 1984, c. 161-173; AIiTeparypa TaM me.)
[05 C 6 -
J\etlyeT nOtl'iepKHyrb HaAH'ilie HHapHoH onn03HgHH c06aKa - KOUlKa, B CMblCAe
npHHa.l(Ae HOCTH nepBoH K 0PMii3tlY, BTOpOH - K AxpHMaHY. KaK OTMe'laeT M. EOHC,
«JUjii HillB<YrHbIX, c06aKa Ii KOUJKa, 6epyrcH notl 3al!JHTY tlB}'MH 06I.!!HliaMH - 3OpoacT-
pliHCKOM Ii MycYAbMaHcKoH. 3opoacTpHHgb[ npoTHBonOCTaBAHJ\H tlOCTOIiHCTBa co6aKH He-
tlOCTaTKaM KOUJKH. OHH TBeptlO BepHAH, qTO KOUJKa - C03tlaHlie TbMbl, T. e. He'iHCTOe
cYl!JecTBO». .l!.acryp XotlatlaA HHq>OpMHpOBa.l\ M. EOHC, «'iTO, eCAH OtlliH H3 BOJ\OCKOB
KOUJKH KOCHYJ\CH 6b[ nHl!JIi, Kam.l(b[H, KTO eA ee, Bbl6pOCHA 6bl ee; H 'iaUlKa, H3 KOTOpOH
eAa KOUlKa, OCTaBa.\aCb HeqHCTOH AO ceMH OMOBeHHH. Oc06eHHO 3a6oTHAHCb, 'iT06bI He
tlonYCTHTb KOUJKY B KOMHary. rtle AemaA }'MepUJHH, T. e. ee B3rAHtl, BonpeKH gepeMoHli1i
sagdid, npetlOCTaBH,\ B03MomHOCTb tleMOHaM BOHTH B TeAO».
[06 B
lieKoTopblX TeKCTax c06aKa ynoMIiHaeTcH tlame nepetl meHI.!!HHOH Ii pe6eHKOM.
TaK, B'IaCTHOCTH, B npliBOtlHMOM n. M. CaHKcoM naccame 1i3 nplinHcblBaeMoro 3opoa-
CTPy OTBeTa 06 Htlea.\bHoH Hill3HIi B COOTBeTCTBIiH C 30poaCTpH3MoM. (CM.: Sykes P. M.,
1915, p. 112.)
107 Boyce, 1977, p. 142.
[080annesteter, 1880, p. 91.
109 Boyce, 1977, p. 162.
110 KaK OTMe'iaeT E. A, AIiTBHHCKIiH, «tleTaAbHoe paCCMOTpeHHe Bonpoca 0 CMb[CAe
H npH'iHHaX npHpaBHliBaHHH B 30poaCTpH3Me c06aKH K 'ie,\OBeKY npoBeA 1O. A. Pano-
nopT». (CM.: AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1984, c. 165, npHM. 35; PanonopT, 1971, c. 28-31.)
V!HTf'peCHO TaK e cpaBHeHHe C pOAblO c06aKH B rpY3HHCKOM q:.O.\bKAOpe, rtle ee HI\IH 03Ha-
'!aeT ,,51 To e 'ieJ\OBeK», npHBOtlHMOe 5. A. AHTBHHCKHM co CCb[J\KOH Ha pa60Ty
M, f. THxoro-UepeTe.l\H. (CM.: AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1984, c,167; THxoH-UepeTeAH.
1932, c. 152.)
III Boyce, 1977. p. 118-119.
112 AHTBHHCKIiH, CetlOB, 1984, c, 166, npHM. 37; Jackson. 1906. p. 388-389.
113 Houtum-Schindler, 1882, S. 88.
114 Boyce, 1977, p. 148-149: AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1984, c. 166, npHM. 37.
115 Houtum-Schindler, 1882, S. 88.
116 Sykes P. M., 1915, p. 107.
m Jackson, 1906, p, 387,
118 Jackson, 1906, p. 387.
119 CAetlyeT OTMf'THTb, '1TO apxeOAOrH'ieCKHe MaTepHa.I\bl CpetlHeH A3HH, B '1aCTHOCTH,
MaTepH<\.,\ paCKonOK nOp;3eMHb[X CKAenOB Ha MYH'iaKTene (Hetla.\eKO OT r. nan HaMaH-
raHCKOH 06J\acTH) rOBopm 0 cYl!JecTBoBaHHH CXOtlHOro 06bl'iaH B norpe6a.\bHoM 06pHD.e
i\peBHHX q:.epraHgeB. 4peBHHe q:.epraHgbl XOpOHH.I\H yMepU]HX B nOBceAHeBHoH otle>KJ\e.
06 aTOM rOBopHT coxpaHHBUlHeCH 6blTOBble nHTHa, 3anAaTbl Ha nOtlO.l\e nJ\aTbH, nOTep-
TOCTb nOJ\HxpOMHbIX TKaHeH OT A.l\IiTeAbHoro npHMeHeHHH. HaXOtlKH TKaHeH H Otlem.l(b[ H3
\ilYH'iaKTene tlalOT YHHKa.\bHble CBetleHIiH 0 CpetlHea3HaTCKOM KOCTIOMe V-VIII BB,
(CM.: MaT6a6aeB, MaHTAHHoBa. 1995. c. 40-41.)
I O Sad Oar XII.2; Boyce, 1977, p. 150; Jackson. 1906, p. 388; Houtum-Schindler,
1882, S. 88.
121 Boyce, 1977, p, 150.
m Houtum-Schindler, 1882, S. 88,
12J AHTBHHCKHH, 1972a, c. 142.
124 AHTBHHCKHH, 1963, c. 48-51.
J2i T a.l(mIiKH KapaTerHHa, 1976, c. 122, npHM. 33.
126 Geiger, 1882, S. 306; Zaehner, 1961, p, 64, 68; AHTBHHCKHH, 1972a, c. 152.
127 Firby, 1988, p. 24,30-31,36.48-49,66,70-71, 73; Boyce, 1979, p. 178;
Sykes E. c., 1910, p.125; Benjamin. 1887, p. 58. 0 pOJ\H r.l\a3a H B3rAHtla B peAHrHH
«BeA» CM.: Gonda, 1969.
128 0 pOAH npaBoro H AeBoro B BetlHHcKoM PHrya.\e CM.: Gonda, 1972.
129 CHecapeB, 1960, c. 2-3.
130 T a.l(mHKH KapaTel'HHa, 1976, c. 130-131, npHM. 69.
B1 CHecapeB, 1983, c. 53-54.
IJl CHecapeB, 1960, c. 3.
m kTBHHCKHM, 19726, c. 105.
134 )'U1Teparypa no 3TOMy Bonpocy 06U1lipHa. YI3 nOCJ\e.l(HHX pa60T CM,: 5a6aeBa, 5ax-
TOBapUloeBa, 1979, C. 131.
200
npHMe'iaHHH
npHMe'laHHH
201
J3j Py3HeBa, 1972, c. 172.
136 Yd. V.1O-14; Jackson, 1906, p. 390.
137 YIHocTpaHjJeB, 1909, c. 100, npHM. 3.
138 AHTBHHCKHH, 1968. c. 101. 0 ceMaHTHKe «Bxolla», «tlBepH», <mopora» CM.: Wy-
KypoB, 1983, c. 76-77.
139 Ta..n.mHKH KapaTernHa, 1976, c. 137.
140 Jackson, 1906. p. 389.
HI Boyce, 1977, p. 150-151.
142 Jackson, 1906, p. 389; Boyce, 1977, p. 150-151.
143 Boyce, 1977, p. 150-15t.
144 WKOtla, 1986, c. 161, npHM. 3t.
14j 5a6aeBa. 1990. c. 15.
146 Boyce, 1977, p. 151-152.
147 Jackson, 1906, p. 198, 199, fn. t.
148 Boyce, 1977, p. 15t.
149 Jackson, 1906, p. 392.
IjO Boyce, 1977, p. 15t.
Ijl Boyce, 1977, p. 152.
HZ Cp.: norpe6a.\bHblH mMH «PlirBeAbl» RV X.t4, 16, 18, rtle «MomAa cpaBHIiBa-
eTCH C tlOMOM B 3eMAe, nOCTpoeHHOM 6oroM 3arpo6Horo gapcTBa HMOH». (CM.:
fuHUJeB K. A., fuHUJeB A. K., 1981, c. 147.) B 3TOH CBH31i He6e30CHOBaTeAbHbl MHOro-
'iIiC.I\eHHble nOnblTKIi OTe'ieCTBeHHbIX HCCAeAOBaTeAeH npH TpaKTOBKe CpetlHea3HaTCKHX oc-
cyapHeB OTOm.l(eCTBAHTb HX q>0PMY c apxliTeKrypoH mHAHI.!!. BnepBble 3Ta MblCAb 6bIAa
BbICKa3aHa H, n. OCTPOYMOBblM (OCTpoYMOB, 1907, c.42). YIx TaKme conOCTaBAHIOT
c q>OpMOH norpe6a.AbHblX coopymeHIiH. (CM.: Trever. 1934; Strelkoff, 1938, p. 452; no-
TanOB, 1938; MaccoH M. E., 1927; BeHHMapH, 1940; BopoHIiHa, 1946, c. 37; nyra'ieH-
KOBa, 1950; nyra'ieHKOBa, 1949, c. 61; KOUJeAeHKo, Opa30B, 1965, NQ 4, c. 49; Pano-
nopT, 1971, c. 8-9, 18-20, 58-59.)
Ij3 T onAeHoe MaCAO - <!TO nepBaJI nliI.!!a, KOTOpylO nO.l\y<;aeT npaBetlHHK B palO
Yt. XXII.17-18. 0 nHl.\!e rpeUJHHKa B MY CM.: Yt. XII.34-36. «Op03pa'iHoe MaCAO
BeCHbl» - tlpeBHHH aBeCTHHCKaH nHI.!!a, onliCaHHaH B Yt. XXII.18 KaK zaremaya Ii B aBe-
CTHHCKOH AHrypmH Aog:Jmadiieca. (CM.: Kaihusro M. Jamasp Asa, 1982, S. 57.) Pac-
nAaBAeHHoe MaCAO IirpaeT BamH)'IO pOAb B 30poacTpliMCKHX 06pHtlax. KaK coo6I.!!aeT
A. B. .lI,meKcoH, 3OpoaCTpHHjJbl HcnOJ\b3YIOT MOJ\OKO, HHjJO Ii pacnAaBJ\eHHoe MaCAo.
np e llHa3Ha'ieHHoe .llAH «6J\aroTBopeHHH» KOpOBbl B gepeMOH1i1i HCHa. (CM.: Jackson,
1906.p.37t.)
154 MaptlOHOBa, 1989, c. 23.
m AHTBIiHCKHH, CetlOB, 1984, c. 167.
]j6 Jackson, 1906. p. 384.
m MeAeTHHCKIiH, 1976, c. 212.
1,8 EaXTHH, 1965, c. 26.
]j9 Jackson, 1906. p. 394-395; AHTBIiHCKHH, CetlOB, 1984. c. 154.
160 Boyce, 1975, p. 154-155; AIiTBIiHCKHH, CetlOB. 1984, c. 154-155.
!61 AHTBHHCKHH. 1976. c. 54-55; AHTBHHCKHH, CetlOB, 1984, c. 160-161.
161 Boyce, 1977, p. 15t.
163 Jackson. 1906. p. 395.
164 AHTBHHCKHH. CetlOB, 1984. c. 167.
16, Boyce, 1977, p. 157.
166 KapMblUleBa. 1986, c. 168.
167 n O tlP06Hee 0 PMTYa.\ax, npoBOtlliMblX tlMI YMepUlero Ha npoTHmeHHH Bcero rotla
CM.: Ohabhar, 1932, p. 167-175.
16R Boyce, 1968b, p. 270.
169 Jackson, 1906, p. 396, fn. t.
170 5HPYHH, 1957, c. 255, 258.
m Jackson, 1906, p. 396.
172 Boyce, 1977, p. 192.
m KapMblUleBa, 1986, c. 170.
17-1 Boyce, 1977, p. 192-195.
m Jackson, 1906, p. 396.
176 Boyce, 1968b, p. 27t.
177 Boyce, 1968b, p. 27t.
178 Yd. II; OepHxaHHH, 1983, c. 83,
179 Boyce, 1968b, p. 272.
180 Saliba, 1976, p. 20t.
181 Kestenberg-Amighi, 1984, p. 326-327.
182 YrpHHOBIi'i, 1975, c. 21.
r .l\aoa VI
1 Casanowicz, 1922, p. 14.
2 Hodivala S. K., 1920, p. XXII-XXIII, 2-4.
3 Firby, 1988, p. 88.
4 Orta G. da, 1913; Firby, 1988, p. 327.
j Monserrate. 1922: Firby, 1988, p. 236.
6 H. K. cPHp6H CnpaBe.l(AHBO 3aMeTHAa, 'lTO .llm. .llmoptleHH OUJH6aeTCH, I'OBOpH 0 no-
MeI.!!eHHH TpynoB BepTIiKa.l\bHO B tlaXMe. CJ\etlYIOI.!!He nyreUJeCTBeHHIiKH (B 'iaCTHOcTH
n, MaHtlH) H3 co6CTBeHHoro Ha6AIOtleHHH onHCbIBaAH Tpynbl KaK AemaI.!!He B tlaXMe.
(CM.: Firby, 1988, p. 210.)
7 Terry, 1625; Firby, 1988, p. 210.
8 Firby, 1988, p. 105.
9 Firby, 1988. p. 113.
10 Geleynssen de Jough, 1929; Firby, 1988, p. 128.
11 Firby, 1988, p. 123.
Il Firby, 1988, p. 130.
13 Modi, 1917b, p. 25.
14 Modi, 1917b, p. 31.
15 Firby, 1988. p. 145.
202
IlpHMe'laHHH
IlpHMe'iaHHH
203
16 Firby, 1988, p. 147.
17 Unquetils Du Perron, 1772, S. 740.
18 H. R H. Prince of Wals visit, 1875. p. 78.
19 An acconut, 1876, p. 13-14.
lO Modi, 1905, p. 2-3.
II Modi, 1922, p. 52, 56,
II Modi, 1922, p. 97; S6derblom, 1911. p. 503.
l3 )\HTBHHCKHH, 1972a, c. 135-136.
l4 Karaka, 1965, p, 193-194.
lj Modi, 1905, p. 8, fn. 13; Modi, 1922, p. 61.
l6 Modi, 1905, p. 10-11; Modi, 1922, p. 61.
21 CHecapeB, 1960, c. 5.
l8 Modi, 1905, p. 26.
19 Darmesteter, 1880, p. 686-88. Modi, 1922, p, 64, fn. 1.
30 Modi, 1922, p, 64, fn. 1.
31 yhBeCTHb!H tlacryp CaCaHHtlcKOrO RpeMeHH. Modi, 1922, p. 64, fn. 2.
3l 3tlecb OH npOli3HOCHT H IH rMBHom mpega. Modi, 1922, p. 64, fn. 3.
33 Modi, 1922, p. 64-65.
34 OtlHO BpeM5I B YIpaHe H tlame B YIHi\HH MOAHTBa Geh-Sama 6blAa 3aKOH'IeHa B JJ.oMe
Ha 3TOH 'iacTY! 'ITeHHH, oCTaBlliHecH MOAHTBbI 'IHTa.\H no nym B «6aWHIO». (CM.: Modi,
1922, p. 65,)
35 Modi, 1922, p. 66.
36 YIHocTpaHgeB, 1911, c. 559.
37 Modi, 1922, p. 68.
38 S6derb!om, 1911, p. 504.
39 Dhabhar, 1932, p. 160.
40 Yd. VI.44-45. Modi, 1922, p, 70.
4' Modi, 1922, p. 245; Kotwal, 1995, p. 169.
4l Kotwal, 1995, p. 169.
43 Karaka, 1965, p. 211.
44 Menant, 1898, p. 225; Kotwa!, 1995, p. 161.
4, Kotwa!, 1995, p. 168-169.
46 Kotwal, 1995, p. 169.
47 S6derblom, 1911, p. 504.
48 Dhabhar, 1932, p. 108.
49 Modi, 1922, p. 75.
50 Masani, 1962, p. 104.
,1 Masani, 1962, p. 104.
,l Pazend _ 3anHCb TeKCTa Ha Cpe1\HenepCHj\CKoM H3blKe (neXAeBH) aBeCTHHCKHM
a.\q>aBHTOM.
53 Masani, 1962, p. 105; Modi, 1922, p. 79.
,4 Masani, 1962, p. 105; Modi, 1922, p. 80.
jj Modi, 1922, p. 80.
,6 Modi, 1922, p. 85; Masani, 1962, p. 106.
r.lI.aoa VII
I Choksy, 1989, p. 2.
1 Choksy, 1989, p. XXIV.
3 Choksy, 1989, p. XXV.
4 Choksy, 1989. p. XXVI.
5 Dannesteter, 1880, p. LXXXVI.
6 Darmesteter, 1880, p. LXXXVI.
7 Jackson, 1906, p. 383; Jackson, 1928, p. 200; Darmesteter, 1880. p. XCIV.
8 Boyce, 1975. p. 314.
9 Choksy, 1989, p. 27.
10 Boyce, 1975, p. 314, fn. 17.
11 Choksy, 1989. p. 32.
Il Boyce. 1975, p. 314.
13 Choksy, 1989, p. 32.
14 Dhabhar, 1932, p, 588, fig. 3,
15 Choksy. 1989. p. 149. fn. 23.
16 Choksy, 1989, p. 40.
17 Modi, 1922, p. 197-209.
18 Boyce, 1979, p. 193,
19 Modi, 1922, p. 130-134.
lO Boyce, 1977, p. 128.
II Boyce, 1975, p. 317, fn. 130.
II Choksy, 1989, p. 50.
l3 Choksy, 1989, p. 123-124.
l4 T IOAHHa, 1987, c. 102.
r .ll.aoa VIII
1 CHecapeB, 1969; CHecapeB, 19606; CHecapeB, 1973; CHecapeB, 1983.
1 CHecapeB, 1969, c. 134.
3 CHecapeB, 1973. c. 122.
4 Dhabhar, 1932.
5 CHecapeB, 19606, c. 5; CHecapeB, 1969, c. 135.
6 Vd. VII.14-15; CHecapeB, 1969, c. 135.
7 Yd. VI.49-51; YIHocTpaHgeB, 1909, c. 102: CHecapeB, 1969, c. 135, npHM. 46.
8 CHecapeB. 1973, c. 122.
9 CHecapeB, 1969, c. 135.
10 5a6aeBa, 1993, c. 89.
11 OBe36epAbleB, 1962, c. 166-167.
Il YIHocTpaHgeB, 1911, c. 557-560.
204
IlpHMe'iaHHH
13 5aJ1AHeBa, 1972, c, 76.
14 CHecapeB, 1969, c. 138.
n 5WIYPHH, 1950, c. 262.
16 CHecapeB, 1973, c. 126; CHecapeB, 1969, c. 125.
17 CHecapeB, 1973, c. 126.
18 CHecapeB, 1969, c. 159; CHecapeB, 1973, c. 130-131.
19 CHecapeB, 1969, c. 178.
20 CHHrx, 1953, CHecapeB, 1969, c. 178,
21 OpoHHHa, 1953, c. XVI.
22 CHHrx, 1953, c. 153; CHecapeB, 1969, c. 178, npHM. 134.
23 Masse, 1954, p. 100; CHecapeB, 1969, c. 161, npHM. 89.
24 CHecapeB, 1969, c. 162.
2> CHecapeB, 1969, c. 53-54.
26 CHecapeB, 19606, c. 2.
27 CHecapeB, 1969, c. 163-164.
28 CHecapeB, 1969. c. 172.
29 Choksy, 1989.
30 CMeK XeMHT, 1958, c. 187.
31 CHecapeB, 1969, c. 172-173.
32 CHecapeB, 1969, c. 179-180.
33 5a6aeBa, 1993, c. 64,
34 MaptlOHoBa. 1989, c. 13.
3> 5aHAHeBa, 1972. c. 68.
36 5iUIAHeBa, 1972, c. 75-76.
37 CHecapeB, 19606, c. 6; Ec6epreHoB, ATaMypaToB, 1975, c. 181.
38 CHecapeB, 1960a, c. 68, 69; CHecapeB, 1969. c. 152.
39 KY3He!,!oB, 1962; KOKHeB, 1928; J\HTBHHCKHH, 19726, c. 206.
40 CHecapeB, 1960a, c. 7-8.
41 jettmar. 1967, p. 70, fig. 12-14.
2 Stein, 1936, p. 136, 158, 196,
43 hTBHHCKHH, 19726, c. 204.
44 Stein, 1936, p. 136; J\HTBHHCKHH, 19726. c. 204.
4> XaMHtlmaHOBa, 1980, c. 288-289.
46 PTBeAa.A3e, 1989, c. 226; A6tlYAAoeB, 1996, c. 70.
47 IlOAHKOB, YepeMHblx, 1975, c. 278-279.
48 5a6aeBa, 1993, c. 76.
49 CHecapeB. 1973, c. 121.
>0 CHecapeB, 1969, c. 151.
>1 CHecapeB, 1969, c, 151. npHM. 69.
>2 CHecapeB, 1969, c. 152.
H ./\iOl1lKeBWI, 1979, c. 10-11.
>44eMHtlOB, 1962, c. 195-196.
H CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHH, 1995a, c. 436.
IlpH:\ie'iaHHH
205
>6 PaxHMoB, 1953; OHCap'lHK, 1976; IOcyq>6eKoBa, 1981; IOcyq>6eKOBa, 1987;
MaptlOHOBa, 1989; 5a6aeBa, 1989; 5a6aeBa, 1993; CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHH, 19956.
>7 CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHH, 19956, c. 111.
>8 J\HTBIiHCKHH, 19726, c. 113.
39 CTe6AHH-KaMeHcKHH, 19956, c. 103.
60 focmeBa, CepreeBa, 1996, c. 198; faAmHeB, 1991, c. 145.
61 CyxapeBa, 1960; CHecapeB, 1969; MYPO.llOB, 1992; 5aCliAoB, 1992.
62 CyxapeBa, 1960; CyxapeBa, 1975, c. 77, npHM. 171; CHecapeB, 1969.
63 T onopOB, 1981, c. 36-64.
64 5aCH.I\OB, POMaHoBa, CTengoB, 1993, c. 153.
6> Nyberg, 1938; Henning, 1951; Gignoux, 1979, p. 41-49; Gignoux, 1984.
66 Eliade, 1964, p. 41-49; Gignoux, 1979.
67 Boyce, 1977, p. 139-147; Russell, 1987, p. 344.
68 MHp6a6aeB, 1990, c. 45-46,
69 <DapxaHm 3a6oHH, 1969, c. 836,
70 J\IiTBHHCKHH, CetlOB. 1984. c. 161-169.
71 MIiAAep, 1882, c. 291; YYPCHH, 1983, c. 111; Ka.\oeB. 1971. c. 224.
72 APYTIOHHH, 1982, c. 97.
7J WenaHCKaJI, 1993, c. 71-79,
H BacHAbKoB, 1999, c. 19-22.
7> Hummel, 1958, S. 501-509.
76 Py6HHUJTeHH, 1991. c. 49-50,
77 C0061J.\eHHe emnTO.l\Ora KaH.llIillaTa HCTOpH'IeCKHX HaYK T. A_ WepKOBOH, 3a 'iTO
Mbl Bblpa1KaeM eH HCKpeHHlO1O 6.1\arollapHOCTb.
78 Ha PYCCKOM H3bIKe HMeeTCH HeCKOJlbKO nepeBOtlOB ;;)TOH CKa3KH (nepeBOtl YI. f. hB-
l1IHga, nepeBOtl YI. C. Ka!,!HeAbCOHa, nepeBOtl M. A. KOpOCTOB!,!eBa). IlocAetlHHH nepe-
BOll ee Ha PYCCKHH H3blK OCYlJ.\eCTBHA emnTOAor M. A. YerotlaeB. (CM.: YerollaeB, 1998,
c. 47-52, 235-239.) M. A, YerollaeB 06paTHA HaUJe BHHMaHHe, 3a 'iTO MbI el\lY HC-
KpeHHe 6AarotlapHbl, Ha TO, 'iTO npHpOtla co6aKH B OTAH'IHe OT KpOKOtlHAa H 3MeH ca-
KpaAbHa H cMepTb yrpomaeT gapeBH"Y HMeHHO OT c06aKH.
79 5. CaAMeH tl'AHrAlOp, 1994, c. 82.
80 CaAeK XetliUIT, 1985, c. 87 -88, npHM. 10.
81 CaAeK XetliUIT, 1985.
82 5eAeAoBcKHH, 1894 c. 386. CCbl.l\KY Ha ;;J1)' pa60ry HaM npetlOCTaBH.I\ tlOKTOp HCTO-
pH'IeCKHX HaYK B. H. 5aCHAOB, 3a 'iTO npHHOCHM eMY HCKpeHHlO1O 6AarotlapHOCTb.
83 CHecapeB, 1983, c. 152.
84 CHecapeB, 1983, c. 152, npHM. 219.
83 A6tlYABaXlitlOB, 1987,c. 127-128.
86 CyxapeBa, 1975, c. 63-64, 75.
87 CyxapeBa, 1975, c. 75.
88 CHecapeB, 1969, c. 93.
89 YBblpb, 1983, c. 133.
90 Ec6epreHOB, ATaMypaToB, 1973, npHM. 153.
206
flpHMe'iaHHH
91 5iU1AHeBa. 1972, c. 133,
9Z 5iU1AHeBa, 1972, c. 133-134,
93 AH,/.\peeB, 1957. c. 76.
94 MYPOtlOB. 1975, c. 98. 100.
9-
> CHecapeB, 1969, c. 140; PanonopT. 1971. c. 36.
96 Russell, 1987, p. 445.
97 5iU1AHeBa, 1972, c. 111.
9B DaH.I\HeBa, 1972. c. 19.
99 CHecapeB, 1969. c. 68.
100 PanonopT, 1971, c. 33.
101 CHecapeB, 1969, c. 67-69.
101 MYPOtlOB, MaptlOHOBa, 1989, c. 129.
103 HopMypatlOB. 1987, c. 142-182.
104 HOPMYPMOB, 1987, c. 173-174.
105 HOPMYPMOB, 1987, c. 174.
106 CHecapeB, 19606, c. 5.
CAOBAPb
«ABecma» - rAaBHaH cmu,geHHaH KHHra 30poaCTpH3Ma Ha aBecTHHcKOM
H3bIKe. T O'fHoe 3Ha'feHHe TepMHHa «AaecTa» He YCTaHOB,\eHO.
AMepmam (aBeCT. «6eCCMepTHe») - O,ll,HO H3 60meCTB AMewa CneHTa.
B «MAa,lI,weH AaeCTe» Cal\IOCTOHTeAbHoe 60meCTBO. nOKpOBlITeAbCTBYlOrgee
paCTeHHHM. '4acTo ynoMHHaeTCH B nape C XaYPBaTaT.
AMeuw CneHma, AM3Lua Cn3Hma (aBeCT. «6eCCMepTHbIH CBHTOH») -
3MaHagHH Axypa Ma3,l1,bl. WeCTb BbICWHX 60meCTB 30poaCTpHHcKOro naHTe-
OHa: Boxy MaHa. AllIa BaxHwTa. XIllaTpa BaHpbH. CneHTa ApMawm. Xayp-
BaTaT H A'\fePTaT.
AHxpa MaHblO, AHzpa-MaHuy (aBecT. «3AOH ,lI,YX». Cpe,ll,Henepc. AxpH-
MaH) - B 30poacTpHHcKHX npe,ll,CTaBAeHHHX BonAorgeHHe MHpOBOro 3Aa. npo-
THBHHK Axypa Ma3,l1,bI.
ACmO.LlaH (astodan - cpe,ll,Henepc. «KOCTeXpaHHAHI!\e» OT ast - «KOCTb».
dana - «BMeCTHAHrge») - MeCTO ,lI,MI xpaHeHHH O'flirgeHHblx KOCTeH y 30-
poaCTpHHgeB. Y COBpeMeHHbIX 30poacTpHHgeB I1paHa 3TO geHTpaAbHblH KOAO-
Aeg n03,l1,HeH ,lI,aXMbI. «6awHIi MOA'faHHH». KY,ll,a c6pacbIBalOT O'fHl!\eHHble KOC-
TH. Ha3blBaeMblH srada. a y napcoB I1H,lI,HH bhandar.
Axypa Ma3.Lla (aBeCT. «rOCnO,ll,b MY,ll,PbIH». «rocno,ll,b MY,ll,POCTb») - Bep-
XOBHoe 60mecTBo 3OpoaCTpH3Ma (60Aee n03,l1,HHH qJopMa 3Toro HMeHH - Op-
Ma3,l1,.OpMY3,l1,).
AUla BaxuUlma ( aBeCT. «.II.Y'lIllaH HCTIiHa». «AY'lWaH npaBe,ll,HOCTb») -
OAHO H3 60meCTB AMeIlla CneHTa. B «MAa,lI,IlleH AsecTe» caMOCTOHTeAbHoe
6omeCTBo. C qJ}'HKgHeH XpaHHTeAH «nopNlKa». paCnpOCTpaIDllOl!\erOCH no MHPy,
A06pblX 3aKOHOB H npaBe,ll,HOCTH.
Bauy - 60r BeTpa. no HpaHCKHM npe,ll,CTaBAeHIDIM. ,lI,bIXaHHe caMoH mIi.3HH.
B «PHme,ll,e» OH Ha3blBaeTCH «,lI,YWOH 60rOB». B npogecce pa3BHTIDI 30poaCT-
pHHCKOH OpTO,ll,OKCHH BbI,lI,e.NIIOTCH ,lI,Be HnOCTaCli BaHY (cpe,ll,Henepc. BaH):
BaH ,lI,06PbIH, 6AarOH H BaH 3AOH.
Bama - 60r BeTpa. nO'flITaBIllHHCH Y HH,lI,O-HpaHCKHX nAeMeH. Y,lI,peBHHX
HpaHgeB BaTa - 60r ,lI,YIOrgero BeTpa. npHHocHrgero ,lI,Om,ll,eBble 1)"iH. B «PHr-
BeAe» 60r yparaHHoro. rH6eAbHoro BeTpa.
208
C.I\OBapb
209
C.I\OBapb
«BUl1.eBl1.am» (Videvdat OT H3MeHeHHOrD aBeCTHl1CKoro Vidaeva data
«3aKOH npOTlm lI. 3 BOB») - Oll.Ha H3 KHHr «fueCTbI», '-IHTaeMaJI BO Bpel\ljj
HO'-lHbIX 60rDCAymeHHH.
BU3apwa - Oll.HH H3 lI.3BOB CMepTH.
«Bucnepel1.» (aBecT. Vispe ratavo - «Bce BAa;J,bIKH», «Bce 60meCT-
Ba») - CBOli. AHTyprH'-IeCKHX MOAIiTBeHHbIX neCHoneHHH.
Boxy MaHa, Boxy MaHax (aBecT. «6AaraJI MbICAb», «6AarOH nOMbl-
ceA») - Oll.HO H3 60mecTB A'\fewa CneHTa. B «MAa;J,weH fuecTe» caMO-
CTOHTeAbHoe 60mecTBo, Ha;J,e.i\HeMOe q>YHKgHeH nOKpOBHTe.i\H CKOTa H OCeJI,AbIX
CKOTOBOll.'-IeCKHX nAeMeH.
TapoHMaHa (aBecT. «MeCTO necHoneHIDI») - 06HTeAb 60meCTB B «.l{oMe
XBaAbI» .
«Tambl» (aBecT. gaB-a - «neCHoneHIDI», «rHMHbl»). _ Bcero HX 17.
I1x aBTopCTBO npHHaJJ,AemliT .3apaTywTpe.
T e6p 1 (ra6p - 6YKB.: «HeBepHbIe»). - T aK MYCYAbMaHe Ha3bIBaAH 30-
pOaCTpHHgeB.
j(aeHa (aBeCT. «Bepa», «peAHrHH»). - B «raTax» .l{aeHa oAHgeTBopHeT
6AarD'-IeCTHB}'IO npHBepmeHHocTb KYAbTy Axypa Ma3l1.bI. B «MAa;J,weH fue-
CTe» O,ll,HoBpeMeHHo 0603HaqaeT 30poaCTpHHCK}'IO peAlinno H meHCKoe 60mecT-
BO, a TalOKe HH.lI.MBH)I,YiL\bH)'IO Bepy '-IeAOBeKa. B COOTBeTCTBIlli C MblCAHMH, CAO-
BaMH H lI.eAaMH '-IeAOBeKa npaBell.HHKY .l{aeHa nOCAe ero cMePTIi HB.i\HeTOI B BH-
lI.e npeKpaCHOH IOHOH lI.eBbI, rpewHHKY - B 06AHKe OTBpaTHTeAbHOH cTapYXH.
j( aXMa - '-Iepe3 TepMHH dafma, BOCXOll.HT K HH)I,OeBponeHCKOH OCHOBe
dhIJlbh - «norpe6aTb», «XOpOHHTb»; nepBOHaqa.AbHO, BH)I,HMO, «MOrHAa»;
3aTeM MeCTO ANI BbICTaBAeHHH TpynoB, C geAblO oCB060m.a.eHIDI KocTeH OT
nAOTH. n03l1.HHe lI.axMbl 30poacTpHHgeB - 3TO KpyrAble coopymeHIDI B03-
BblwalO'!!HeCH Ha;J, 3eMAeH (6awHH), TaK Ha3blBaeMbIe «6awHH MOA '-IaHHH'».
3 amywmpa (aBeCT., Cpell.Henepc. 3apaTywT, q>apCH 3apll.ywT, B rpe-
'-IeCKOH nepell.a'-le .3opoaCTp) - npOpOK H ocHoBaTeAb 30poaCTpHHCKOH pe-
AHrHH.
Kama (kata) - 03Ha'faeT nOMe,!!eHHe, KYll.a npep,aapHTeAbHO nepeHOCHT
Tpynbl. u 3TH nOMe,!!eHHH lI.OAmHbI 6bITb OTlI.eAbHblMH ANI Mym'-lHH, meH,!!HH
H lI.eTeH. 06,!!eCTBeHHble nOMergeHHH TaKoro pOll.a Ha3bIBaAHCb zad marg
y HpaHcKHx 30poaCTpHHgeB H nasa xana - y napCOB.
H aCaCllAapbl - nepeHOC'-IHKH TpynOB.
Ha y (aBeCT. nasu - «Tpyn») - meHcKoe lI.3BOBCKoe C}'I!!eCTBO B Blij/,e
TpynHoH MYXH, nepCOHHq>HKagHH «He'-lHCTOTbl».
Hayc - lI.peBHHH HAH Cpell.HeBeKOBblH CRAen H3 rAHHbl, KaMHH HAH KHp-
nH'-Ia lI..i\H xpaHeHHH occyapHeB y 30poaCTpHHgeB Cpell.HeH H nepell.HeH
fuHH. 3TOT TepMHH rpe'-leCKOrO npOHCXOmll.eHIDI, 3aHMCTBOBaHHblH apa6CKHMH
H nepCH)I,CKHMH nHCaTe.i\HMH, noli. KOTOpblMH HMH nOll.pa3}'MeBaAHCb BceB03-
MomHbIe BH)I,bl nOrpe6aAbHblX coopymeHHH, H xpHCTHaHCKHX, H 30poaCTpHH-
CKHX, H H3bI'-IeCKHX, HO He MYCYAbMaHCKHX.
Occyapuu (AaT. ossuarium OT os - «KOCTb») - COCYli. ,lJ,AH xpaHeHHH
KOCTeH }'Mepwero y 30poaCTpHHgeB Cpell.HeH fuHH H I1paHa B lI.peBHOCTH.
OccyapHH 6bIBalOT rAHHHHble, KaMeHHble, aAe6aCTpoBble. I1x q>opMa 6bIBaeT
pa3HaH: q>HrypHble, «cTaTyapHble» occyapHH, npell.CTaB.i\HlOrgHe q>Hrypbl
Mym'-lHH, m.eH,!!HH, MOll.eAIi nOrpe6aAbHblX coopymeHHH, MaB30AeeB, MOryr
6blTb «H'!!H'-IHbIMH». OccyapHH YKpawalOT peAbeq>aMH, pocnHcblO, HaAenaMH.
B «nepCH)I,CKOM PHBaJITe» nOll.pa3}'MeBaeTCH, '-ITO occyapHH H aCTOll.aH - 3TO
Oll.HO H TO me, H lI.aXMa OTom.a.eCTB.i\HeTCH C acrOll.aHOM.
OcmomeKa, ocmeomeKa (rpe'-l. «KOCTexpaHHAH'!!e») - TepMHH, npHMe-
HHeMblH K HeTpaHCnOpTa6eAbHblM KOCTexpaHHAHrgaM, CKaAbHbIM HHwaM, HHO-
rll.a CK.i\enaM, MaB30AeHM.
n apCbl - HHlI.HHCKHe 30poaCTpHHgbl.
PmUHY, Pmuy (aBeCT. «npaBlI. a », «cnpaBeJI,AHBOCTb», Cpell.Henepc.
PawH) - B «MAa;J,weH fueCTe» 60r cnpaBeJJ,AHBOCTH H npaBOCYll.HH, CBH-
3aHHblH C 3arp06HblM CYll.0M.
CamUbHHm (6YKB.: «TOT, KTO npHHeCeT nOAb3Y, 6Aaro») - rpHlI.yrgliH
CnaCHTeAb MHpa.
CneHma ApMaumu (aBecT. «CBHToe 6AarOqeCTHe») - Oll.HO H3 60meCTB
A'\Iewa CneHTa. B «MAa;J,weH fuecTe» CneHTa ApMaHTH BblCTynaeT KaK
60rHHH - nOKpOBHTe.J\bHHga 3eMAH, HMeHyeTcH lI.O'-lepblO Axypa Ma3l1.bl.
C ytPa - r AHH06HTHoe B03BblweHHe (06blqHO BlI.OAb cTeH).
XWltbRcmazaH (Hamiyastagan, HAH XaMMHcTaraH - Hammistagan
«BbICOKoe c06paHHe», «MeCTO cMewaHHblx») - MeCTO, rll.e npe6bIBalOT «lI.Y-
WH }'MepWHX AlOlI.eH, '-IbH lI.06pble H 3Able lI.eAa npH mH3HH 6blAii paBHbl; He'-lTO
Hanoll.06He xpHcTHaHcKoro '-IHCTHAH,!!a.
XaYPBamam (asecT. «geAOCTHOCTb») - 0,ll,H0 1i3 60mecTB AMewa CneHTa.
n03l1.Hee BblCTynaeT KaK caMOCTOHTeAbHOe 60mecrBo C q>YHKgHHMH nOKpOBH-
Te.i\H BOll.bl.
XBap3Ha - 60meCTBeHHaJI 6AarOll.aTb, 60meCTBeHHaJI CAaBa H 60mecTBo,
oAHgeTBopHlOrgee ee.
XLuampa BaupbH (aBecT. «meAaHHaJI B,\aCTb») - Oll.HO H3 60mecTB
AV/ewa CneHTa. B «MAa;J,weH fuecTe» caMOCTOHTeAbHOe 6Aaroe 60mecTBo,
Ha;J,e.i\HeMOe q>}'HKgHeH nOKpOBIiTe.i\H He6a H MeTaAAOB, T. K. He60, no 30poaCT-
pHHCKHM npell.CTaBAeHHHM, COCTOHAO H3 MeTaAAa.
lfuHBam (<<nepeXOll.-pa3A}"-IHTeAb») - MOCT B nOTyCTOpOHHHH MHP, no
KOTOPOMY HlI.yr lI.YWH yconWHX. .l{YWH npaBell.HHKOB npOXOpjlT '-Iepe3 Hero,
a AYWH rpeWHHKOB na;J,alOT BHH3 B a;J,.
210
CAoBapb
«ReHa», «HaeHa» (6YKB.: «nOK.,\OHeHlie», «nO'fHTaHHe», «MOAeHHe» OT
aBeCT. yaz - «nO'fIiTaTb», «nOKAOHHTbCH») - rAaBHaH AIiT}'prl1'feCKaH 'faCTb
«ABecTbI». COCTOHT H3 72 rAaB - xa, HAH xaHTIi (ha, haiti); CeMHCIJ];!!aTb
rAaB «JICHbl» (28-34,43-51 H 53) Ha3bIBaIOTCH «raTaMH».
«Rwm» (6YKB.: «nO'fIiTaHHe», «BoCXBaAeHHe») - xBaAe6Hble Il1MHbl OT-
,lI,eAbHblM 60meCTBaM.
CnHCOKCOKPA EHHH
Gomez (aBecT gaomaeza) - MO'fa KpynHoro poraToro CKOTa.
Kusti - cBHI!\eHHbII1 IlIHYP, KOTOpbIH 30pOaCTpHH!!bl HOCHT B Ka'feCTBe
nOHca.
Pazend - 3am1Cb TeKCTa Ha Cpe,ll,HenepCH,lI,CKOM H3bIKe (neXAeBH) aBe-
CTHHCKHM aAqJaBHTOM.
Sagdid (<<or.i\H,lI,bIBaHHe c06aKoH») - !!epeMOHHH, B KOTOpOH Y 30poaCT-
pHH!!eB YMHpaIOl!\eMY HAH YMeprneMY nO,ll,BO,ll,HT c06aKY; !!epeMOHHH CBH3aHa
C O'fHrgeHHeM OT OCKBepHeHHH.
T ana - !!epeMOHHH 3aKACIJ];KH qJYH,lI,aMeHTa ,lI,aXMbl.
Xrafstra (aBecT. xpaqJcTpa) - «Bpe,ll,Hble» mHBOTHble H HaceKOMble,
BOAKH, 'fepenaXH, 3MeH, MYXH H ,lI,p., CqHTaIOrgHecH nOpO>K,ll,eHHHMH AHxpa
MaHbIO, npOTHBOCTOHT 6AarHM «axypOBCKHM» mHBOTHbIM. B n03,l1,HeH TPClJ];H-
!!IiH K xpaqJCTpa npHpaBHHBaAIiCb qepHOKOmHe AIO,lI,Ii.
AO
B.lf,Yf
rMI1Kl-1Y
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30
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SPA
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ApxeoAorwiecKHe OTKpbITIiH. M.
BecTHHK tlpeBHeM IiCTOpHH. M.
r ocy AapcTBeHHblH MY.3eM HCTOpli1i KY AbTypbl H HCKYCCTBa Y.36eKIi-
CTaHa. CaMapKaHA
lKYPHaA MHHHcTepcTBa HapOAHoro npOCBeI.!!eHHH. Cn6.
l-1CTOpHH MaTepHa.\bHoM KYAbrypbl Y.36eKHcTaHa. T aUJKeHT
KpaTKlie co06I.!!eHIiH l-1HCTHTYTa apxeOAomH. M.
KpaTKlie c006I.!!eHHH 0 AOKAaAax H nO.l\eBblX HCCAeAOBaHHHX YfHCTH-
TYTa HCTOpHIi MaTepHaAbHOH KYJlbTypbl AH CCCP. M.; A.
KpaTKlie coo6I.!!eHHH YfHcTHTYTa ;;JTHOrpaq>HIi. M.
MaTepHiL\bl Ii IiCCAetlOBaHHH no apXeOAOrHH CCCP. M.; A.
06I.!!eCTBeHHble HaYKIi B Y 36eKHCTaHe. T aUJKeHT
npoTOKOAbI T ypKeCTaHcKoro Kpym:Ka AlD6IiTe,\eH apxeOAorHH. T aurKeHT
POCCHMCKaJI apXeO.l\OrHH. M.
COBeTcKaH apxeO.l\orHH. M.
T PYAbI OrtleAa BocToKa r OCYAapCTBeHHoro 3pMHTama. A.
T PYAbl XOpe.3MCKOH ;;JKCneAHgIiH. M.
T PYAbl lOmHo- T YPKMeHHcTaHcKoH apxeo.l\OrW-IeCKOM KOMnAeKCHOM
;;JKCneAligHIi.tuuxa6a..ll
3THorpaq>H'-IeCKOe 060.3peHHe. M.
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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. L.
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HaAnHCIi I I T e3liCbl AOfu\aAOB 6-M BcecolO3HoM HayqHoM KOHq>epeHglili no
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JlYKOHUH, 1987 - .J\.YKOHIiH B. r. .If,peBHIiM Ii paHHeCpetlHeBeKOBbIM l-1paH. M.,
1987.
JlYHuHa, YCMaHoBa, 1985 - J\.YHIiHa C. 5., YCMaHoBa 3. l-1. YHIiKaAbHblM occya-
pliM 1i3 KaUJKaAapbH I I OHY. 1985. Bbm. 5.
JlIOIllKCBU'I, 1979 - l'uoUJKeBli'l <D. .If,. C.I\etlbl 30poaCTpliMcKHX BepoBaHIiM B norpe-
6a.\bHOM 06pHAe Ha TeppHTopli1i APeBHem CorAa (no COBpeMeHHbIM aTHO-
rpaq>Ii'leCKIiM MaTepliiL\aM) I I KpaTKoe cOAepmaHHe AOKAaAOB CpeAHe-
a3IiaTCKO-KaBKa3CKIiX qTeHIiM. AsryCT, 1979. .J\.., 1979.
MaKacB, 1977 - MaKaeB 3. A. 06I.!!aJI TeopliH cpaBHIiTeAbHoro H3bIK03HaHIiH.
M.,1977.
MaM6cmY,V1QCB, 1984 - MaM6eTYAAaeB M. PaCKonKH ropOAIiI.!!a AM6yMlipKaAa
I I AO. 1982, M.: HaYKa, 1984.
220
YICTO'lHHKH H .l\HTepaTypa
YIcTO'lHHKH H .l\HTepaTypa
221
MaM6emY t.1aeB. XO,!()/WHUR30B, 1978 - MaM6eTYAAaeB M" XOAmaHliH30B K.
PacKonKH mpoAlirga 60.'I.bUJaJI AM6ympKaAa / / AO. 1977. M.: HaYKa,
1978.
MaH , bVWB 1981 - MaHbl.l\OB 1O. n. HOBbIe AaHHble 0 nOrpe6aAbHOM 06pHAe
Xope3Ma nepBblx BeKOB H. ;;J. / / Apxeo.l\orli'lecKHe IiCCAetlOBaHIiR B Kapa-
KaAnaKIiIi. T aUJKeHT. 1981.
Map40HoBa, 1989 - MapAoHoBa A. ApxaH'ieCKlie 06PHAbI Ii BepOBaHHH mccapCKIiX
TaAmIiKOB. nOXOPOHHO-nOMHHaAbHbIM gHKA: ABTopelp. AHC. KaHA. IiCT.
HaYK. A, 1989.
MapKo nOJw, 1940 - MapKo nOAO. OYTeUJecTBHH. A., 1940.
MaccoH, 1927 - MaccoH M. E. K Bonpocy 0 npOIiCXOmAeHli1i naMHTliIiKOB ApeB-
HeM AepeBHHHoM apxliTeKrypbl, OTKpbITblX M. C. AHApeeBblM B ropax
CaMapKaHACKOM 06AaCTii / / AHApeeB M. C. no Ta)LmHKlicTaHY. TaUJ-
KeHT,1927.
MaccoH, 1953 - MaccoH M. E. AxaHrepaH. T aUJKeHT, 1953.
Mam6a6aeB, Maum,!(uHoBa, 1995 - MaT6a6aeB 5. X., MaHTtlHHOBa r. M. T KaHH
H oAemJta H3 MYHqaKTena / / ApxeoAorHH H xYAomeCTBeHHaR KYJlbrypa
UeHTpaAbHOM fulili: Te3. )LOKA. TaUJKeHT, 1995.
Meumap'tuRH, 1987 - MeMTapqliHH M. 5. POAb M. 60MC B 1i3yqeHIili 30poaCT-
pliHcKom nOrpe6aJ1bHoro 06pHAa / / KYAbTypa Ii HCKYCCTBO HapOAoB Boc-
TOKa: T e3liCbl KOHlpepeHgliH MO.\OAbIX yqeHblX. M., 1987.
MeUmap'l.URH, 1990 - MeMTap'lliHH M, 6. nOrpe6aJ1bHblH 06p H tl HpaHCKHX 30poa-
cTpliMgeB HOBoro BpeMeHIi / / YfHlpopMagHoHHblH 610AAeTeHb MAl-1KUA.
M., 1990. BbIn. 17.
Meumap'tuRH, 1992 - MeMTapqliHH M. 5. 30 p oaCTpMlicKliM norpe6a.llbHblM 06p H tl
(XpoHOAOrH'IecKlie Ii AOKaAbHble BapliaHTbI: AsTOpelp. AIiC. KaHA. HCT. HaYK.
M., 1992.
Meumap'tuRH, 1993 - MeMTap'lHHH M. 6. nePCHtlCKlie PIiBaMaTbI KaK IiCTOqHIiK
no 30poaCTpliMcKOMY nOrpe6aJ1bHoMY 06pHtlY / / 5apTOJlbtlOBCKlie qTeHIDI.
rOA AeCHTbIM: Te3licbl tlOKAaAOB H co06I.!!eHIiH. M., 1993.
Meumap'tuRH. 1996 - MeMTapqIDIH M. 6. CBeAeHHR 0 nOrpe6aJ1bHOM npaKTliKe
IipaHCKHX 30poaCTpliMgeB B XVII-XX BB. / /30. 1996. N.> 1.
Meumap'tuHH, 1999 - MeMTap'lIDIH M. 6. nOrpe6aJ1bHblM 06PHtl 30poacTpliMgeB.
M., 1999.
Me temuHcKuu, 1976 - Me.l\eTliHCKIiM E. M. nO;;JTIiKa MHlpa. M., 1976.
Mepnepm, 1985 - MepnepT H. .H. Cpy6HaJI KY.I\brypHO-HCTOpli'leCKaJI 06AaCTb / /
C p y6HaJI KY.I\brypHO-IiCTOpHqeCKaJI 06rgHOCTb. KYM6bIUJeB, 1985.
Mu,vzep, 1882 - MIiAAep B. OceTIiHcKlie ;;JTlOtlbl. YacTb BTOpaJI: l-1cCAeAoBaHIiH
/ / YqeHble 3anliCKH YfMnepaTopcKoro MOCKOBCKoro YHIiBepCIiTeTa / OT-
AeA IiCTOpHKO-IpIiAO.l\OrH'IeCKIiM. M., 1882. BbIn. 2.
MUHacRHg. 1990 - MIiHacHHg B. C. Occyaplili T aUJKeHTa Ii T aUJKeHTCKOM 06Aac-
TIi, HCTOpIDI KOMnAeKTOBaHIiH KOAAeKglili, HX IiKOHorpalpIDI H CHMBOAHKa / /
KYJlbTypa CpeAHero BocToKa. 11306pa3HTeAbHoe H npliKAaAHOe IiCKYCCTBO.
TaUJKeHT,1990.
Mup6a6aeB, 1990 - MHp6a6aeB A. .If,peBHelipaHcKlie ;;JAeMeHTbl B KYAbrype XOA-
meHTa / / WeAKoBblH nYTb: AAbMaHax. BbIn. 1. .If,YUJaH6e: l-1plpOH, 1990.
Mup6a6aeB, 1994 - Mlip6a6aeB A. .If,aXl\laKIi KYPKaTa Ii np06AeMbi 30poaCTpliM-
CKOM HtleOAOrHli B ceBepHoM CpeAHeM fulili: AsTopelp. AHC. A-pa HCT. HaYK.
.If,YUJaH6e, 1994.
MKpmbl'teB, Hau.wapK, 1990 - MKpTbl'leB T. K., HaMMapK A. l-1. Occyaplili KaK
naMHTHHKIi MemJtYHapOAHblX CBH3eM CorAa / / <POpMlipoBaHHe Ii pa3BHTlie
Tpacc BeAIiKoro UJeAKOBOrO nYTIi B UeHTpaJlbHOH fulili B ApeBHOCTH Ii
cpeAHeBeKOBbe: Te3licbl AOKAaAOB MemAYHapO)LHoro ceMHHapa lOHE-
CKO. CaMapKaHtl, 1-6 OKTH6pH 1990 r.
MYPOIWB, 1975 - MYPOAOB O. WaMaHCKIiH 06PHAOBbIM IpOAbKAOp Y Ta..l(mIiKOB
CpeAHeM 'IaCTH AOAIiHbl 3epaBUJaHa / / .If,BOCA. 1975.
MYP04oB, 1979 - MYPOAOB O. .If,peBHlie 06pa3bl MHlpO.'I.0rHH Y Ta..l(mIiKOB AOAliHbl
3epaBUJaHa. .If,YUJaH6e, 1979.
MYPO,l/,OB, Map,l/,OHoBa. 1989 - MYPOAOB 0., MapAoHoBa A. HeKOTopble TPaAH-
glioHHble nOrpe6aAbHble 06blqali Ii 06PHAbl Y TaAmliKOB / / 3THorpalpliH
B T a..l(mHKIiCTaHe. .If,YUJaH6e, 1989.
MblUlKUH, 1990 - MblUJKIiH B. H. nOrpe6aAbHaH 06pHAHOCTb Ii HeKOTopble ee
IpYHKgli1i B ApeBHeM 06I.!!eCTBe (K np06AeMe IiCCAeAoBaHIDI COgliaJlbHblX
CTPYKryp) / / Op06AeMbl ApeBHeM IiCTOpli1i CeBepHoro npliKacnIDI: T e3.
AOKA, KOHIp. KyM6bIUJeB, 1990.
Ha3upoBa. 1992 - Ha3lipoBa H. H. UeHTpa.\bHaJI fuliH B AopeBoAlOglioHHOM OTe-
qeCTBeHHOM BOCTOKOBeAeHIiIi. M.. 1992.
HeKpacoBa. 1994 - HeKpacoBa E. r. n03AHeCpeAHeBeKoBble MeMOpHaAbHO-KY.I\b-
TOBble KOMnAeKCbl 6 y xapbl Ii 5yxapcKoM 06AaCTii no apxeOAOrliqeCKIiM tlaH-
HbIM: npOIiCXOmAeHlie, pa3BIiTHe, THnOAorHH: AsTopelp. AHC. KaHA. IiCT.
HaYK. T aUJKeHT, 1994.
HeKpacoBa, 1995 - HeKpacoBa E. r. 6 y xapCKlie tlaxMbl / / OHY. 1995. NQ 5-8.
Hepa3uK, 1958 - Hepa3HK E. E. ApxeoAomqecKoe 06C.I\eAOBaHlie ropOtlHI.!!a Ky-
HH-Ya3 B 1952 r. / / TX3. 1958. T. 2.
Hepa3uK, 1966 - Hepa3HK E. E. CeAbcKlie noceAeHIiH alpplirHtlCKoro Xope3Ma (no
MaTepliaAaM 6epKYT-KaAHHcKoro Oa3Hca). M., 1966.
HUKumuHa, 1985 - HIiKIiTIiHa r. <P. ClicTeMaTIiKa nOrpe6aJ1bHoro 06pHAa nAeMeH
qepHHXOBcKOM KYJlbrypbl. M., 1985.
Hu.1bceH, 1965 - HHAbceH B. A. K Bonpocy 0 Ha3Ha'ieHIiIi corAHMcKoro 3AaHIDI
OKOAO Kalpblp-Ka.\bl nOA CaMapKaHAo!\-1 / / YfMKY. 1965. BbIn. 6.
Hu,tbceH, 1966 - HIiAbceH B. A. CTaHoBAeHlie lpeOAaAbHOH apXHTeKTypbl CpeA-
HeM fulili V-VIII BB. T aUJKeHT, 1966.
HugUle. 1990 - HligUJe <P. T aK roBOpliA 3aparycTpa / nep. 1O. M. AHTOHOB-
CKOro. M.. 1990.
HOBUKOB, 1989 - HOBIiKoB C. B. lOro-3anaAHblM l-1paH B aHTIi'lHoe BpeMH. M.:
l-13A. MrY, 1989.
06e tb'teHKo, 1959 - 06eAb'leHKO O. B. 3axopoHeHHH KOCTeM B XYMax Ii occyapIDIx
B BOCTOqHOM 'IaCTIi 6yxapcKoro Oa3lica / / l-1MKY. BbIn. 1.
222
YICTO'lHHKH H .l\HTepaTypa
YICTO'lHHKH H .l\HTepaTypa
223
06eAb1.feHKO, 1969 - 06eAb'ieHKO O. B. HeKponoAb ApeBHero MepBa. MaTe-
pHaAbl paCKonOK 1955 r. II TIOT AK3. 1969. T. 14.
06eAb1.feHKO, 1977 - 06eAb'ieHKO O. B. BnycKHble paHHecpeAHeBeKOBble 3axopo-
HeHIiH B KypraHHblX MomAbHHKax Cor.a.a II PaHHeCpetlHeBeKOBaJI KYJlbTypa
CpeAHeM fuHH-Ka.3aXCTaHa. .If,yrnaH6e, 1977.
06e,1b1.feHKO, 1992 - 06eAb'ieHKO A. B. KYJlbTypa aHTH'iHoro Cortla. M., 1992.
OBe36ep.o.bleB, 1962 - OBe36epP.bleB K. MaTepHaJlbl no ;;JTHOrpalpHH TypKMeH-ca-
pblKOB OeHAHHcKoro oa3Hca II T PYAbl I1HcTHTYTa HCTOpHH, apXeOAOrMH
H aTHorpalpHii. Cep. 3THorpalpH'ieCKaJI. Arnxa6aA, 1962. T. 6.
OAeapuu, 1906 - O.l\eapHM AJraM. OnHcaHHe nYTeUJeCTBIiH B MOCKOBHIO H 'iepe3
MOCKOBHIO B OepcHIO H 06paTHo. C06., 1906.
OAbXOBCKUU, 1986 - OJlbXOBCKHM B. C. OOrpe6aJ1bHO-nOMHHaAbHaJI 06pHllHocTb
B CHCTeMe B3aHMOCBH3aHHbIX nOHHTHM II CA. 1986. Nil
OJ1bXOBcKUU, 1995 - OAbXOBCKHM 8. C. nOrpe6aJ1bHaJI 06pHAHOCTb H COgHOAOrM-
'ieCKHe peKOHCTpYKgliH II PA 1995. NQ 2.
OpaHcKuu, 1988 - OpaHcKHM 11. M. BBeAeHHe B HpaHCKyro IpHAoAornlO. 2-e H3A.
M., 1988.
OcmpoYMoB, 1907 - OCTpOYMOB B. O. HOBbIe .a.aHHble 0 rAIiHHHblX norpe6a.\bHblX
ypHax II OTKJ\A. 1907. BbIn. 11.
naB1.fUHCKaR, 1983 - naB'iHHCKaJI A. 8. OccyapHM 1i3 MYMaKypraHa II OHY.
1983. NQ 6.
naB1.fUHcKaR, 1987 - OaB'iHHCKaJI A. 8. K HCTOAKOBaHHIO li306pameHHM Ha MYA-
Aa-KypraHcKOM occyapHH II Bonpocbl apxeOAomli, ApeBHeM HCTOpHH H ;;JT-
HorpalpHH. CaMapKaHtl, 1987.
naB1.fUHcKaR, 1990 - OaB'iHHCKaJI A. B. PaHHecpeAHeBeKoBble occyapHH Cortla
KaK HCTOpH'ieCKHM HCTO'iHHK (THnOAOrIDI, paMoHlipoBaHHe, XpoHoAornH):
AsTopelp. AHC. KaHA. HCT. HaYK. CaMapKaH.a., 1990.
naB1.fUHcKaR, PocmoBgeB, 1988 - naB'iHHCKaJI A. B., POCToBgeB O. M. Occya-
pHH H3 CapblTene III1MKY. 1988. BbIn. 22.
naMHmHuKu, 1983 - OaMHTHIiKH KYAbTypbl H HCKYCCTBa KHpm3HH: KaTaAOr
BbICTaBKH. A., 1983.
n ageBU1.f, 1948 - OageBIi'i r. 11. 3opoacTpHMcKoe KAaA6Hrge Ha T HK- T ypMace
(r. .lJ,maM6y.l\): OT..eT 0 peKornocgHpoBKe B 1939 r. 11113B. AH Ka3CCP.
Cep. ApxeoAOm'iecKaJI. AAl\Ia-ATa, 1948. BbIn. 1 NQ 46.
na1.foc, 1973 - Oa'ioc M. K. HaxoAKH occyapHblx 3axopoHeHHM Ha AlppacHa6e
B 1967 roAY II AlppaCHa6. TaUJKeHT, 1973. BbIn. 2.
nepuxaHRH, 1983 - OepHxaHHH A. r. 06rgecTBo H npaBO I1paHa B naplpHHcKHM
H CaCaHHtlCKIiM nepliOAbl. M., 1983.
nempyxuH, PaeBcKuu, 1980 - OeTpyxHH B. fl., PaeBcKHM .If,. C. COgliaAbHaJI
peaAbHOCTb - HtleOAOrIDI - nOrpe6aJ1bHblM KOMnAeKC (K npo6AeMe COOT-
HOUJeHIDI) II KOHlpepeHgMH «I1AeoAOm'ieCKlie npeACTaBAeHHH ApeBHeM-
UJHX 06rgecTB»: T e3. AOKA. M., 1980.
nuzYAeBcKaR, HKy60BcKuU, nempyU/eBcKuu, CmpoeBa, beAeHugKuu, 1958 _
OHrYAeBcKaJI H. 8., flKy60BCKHM A. 10., neTpYUJeBCKHM 11. n.,
CTpoeBa A. B., 5eAeHHgKliM A. M. I1CToPIDI I1paHa C ApeBHeMUJHx Bpe-
MeH AO KOHga XVIII BeKa. A: 113A-BO ArY, 1958.
nUCap1.fUK. 1976 - nliCap'iHK A. K. CMepTb. OOXOPOHbl II TaAmHKH KapaTem-
Ha H .If,apBa.3a. 1976. BbIn. 3.
nJ1emHeBa, 1993 - nAeTHeBa C. A. B03MomHocTii BblHBAeHIDI COgHaAbHO-;;JKOHO-
MliqeCKIiX KaTeropHM no MaTepliiL\aM norpe6aJ1bHOM 06pHAHOCTH II P A.
1993. NQ 4.
nOAHKOB, lJepeMHblx, 1975 - OOAHKOB C. 0., YepeMHblx A. 11. OOrpe6aAbHble
coopymeHIDI HaceAeHIiH AOAIiHbl 3epaBUJaHa II .If,oMycYJlbMaHcKHe BepOBa-
HHH H 06PHAbl CpeAHeM fuHH. M.: HaYKa, 1975.
nomanoB, 1938 - OOTanoB A. A. PeAbeqJbl ApeBHeM CorAliaHbl KaK HCTOpH'ieCKHM
HCTO'iHHK II B.lf,I1. 1938. NQ 2/3.
npoHuHa, 1953 - OpoHHHa A. A. OPeAHCAOBlie II CHHrx M. YrneTeHHble KaCTbl
B I1HAIiH. M., 1953.
nyza1.feHKOBa, 1949 - Oyra'ieHKOBa r. A. K npo6AeMe B03HHKHOBeHIDI UJaTpOBblX
MaB30AceB XopacaHa II MaTepliaJlbl IOTAK3. Arnxa6aA, 1949. BbIn. 1
nyza1.feHKOBa, 1950 - Oyra'ieHKOBa r. A. 3AeMeHTbl corllHHcKoH apXHTeKTypbl Ha
CpeAHea.3HaTCKHX TeppaKOTax II T PYllbI I1HCTHryTa HCTOpHH H apxeOAomH
AH Y3CCP. TarnKeHT, 1950. T. 2.
nyza1.feHKoBa. 1983 - OyraqeHKOBa r. A. I1$TlixaHcKlie ApeBHOCTH (HeKoTopble
HTom HccAeAoBaHHM 1979 1'.) II CA li}83. NQ 1
nyza1.feHKOBa, 1987a - Oyra'ieHKOBa r. A. MliaHKaAbcKHe occyapHH 11113 xy-
AomecTBeHHoH COKpOBHIMHHgbl CpeAHero BocToKa. T arnKeHT, 1987.
n y za1.feHKOBa, 19876 - nyraqeHKOBa r. A. XpaM OrHH B BeAliKoM CorAe 11113
xYAomecTBeHHoM COKpOBHrgHHgbJ CpeAHero BOCToKa. TaUJKeHT, 1987.
nyza1.feHKOBa, 1989 - Oyra'ieHKOBa r. A. .If,peBHOCTH MHaHKaAH. T arnKeHT, 1989.
nymeU/ecmBue U/eBCIAbe lliap.o.eHa, 1937 - OYTeUJecTBHe UJeBaJlbe WapAeHa no
OepcHH H ApyrliM CTpaHaM BOCTOKa: COKp. nep. C Ipp. T. 5. r A. 2. 6-8.
CTeKAOrpalpH'ieCKOe H3AaHlie VIHCTHryTa BOCTOKOBetleHHH HM. HapHMaHoBa
npH UI1K CCCP Ha npaBax pYKonHCH M., 1937.
nbRHKOB, 1975 - nbHHKOB VI. B. CpeAHHH fuHH B H3BeCTIDIX aHTH'iHOro HCTopHKa
KTecIDI. .If,YUJaH6e, 1975.
nbRHKOB, 1996 - ObHHKOB 11. 8. 3opoaCTp B HCTOpHH CpeAHeH fuHH: np06Ae-
Ma MeCTa H BpeMeHH (OnblT HCTOpHqeCKOM peKOHCTPYKgIiH) II B.lf,I1.
1996. NQ 3.
nbHHKOB, 1998a - ObHHKOB 11. B. .If,06aBAeHHH K KH.: XpOMOB A. A. rAaBa 11:
nHCbMeHHble naMHTHHKH Ha HpaHCKHX H3blKax HapOAOB Cpe.a.HeM fuHH
(AO VIII B. H. ;;J.) Ill1CTopIDI TaAmHKcKoro HapOAa. T. 1: .If,peBHeMUJaJI
H ApeBHHH HCTOpIDI I OOA. PeA. aKaA. AH Pecny6AliKH T a.l(mHKHCTaH
5. A. AHTBHHCKOro H 'lA.-KOp. AH Pecny6AliKH T a.l(mIiKHCTaH B. A. Pa-
HOBa. .If,YUJaH6e, 1998.
nbHHKOB, 19986 - nbHHKOB 11. 8. .If,peBHeHUJHe rOCYAapCTBeHHble 06pa.30BaHHH
Ill1CTopIDI Ta.l(mHKCKOro HapOtla. T. 1: .If,peBHeMUJaJI H ApeBHHH IiCTOpliH
224
YICTO'iHI1KI1 11 .l\I1TepaTypa
/ OOA. peA. aKaA. AH Pecny6AHKH T aAmHKHCTaH 5. A. AIiTBHHCKOro
H 'iA.-KOp. AH Pecny6AliKii T aAmliKHCTaH B. A. PaHoBa. .If,yrnaH6e, 1998.
n bHHKOBa, 1998 - ObHHKoBa A. T. CpeAHHH fullil H HHAoeBponeHCKaJI np06AeMa
/ / I1CTOpIDI TaAmHKCKOro HapOAa. T. 1: .If,peBHeMUJaJI H .a.peBHHH HCTOpIDI
/ OOA. peA. aKaA. AH Pecny6AliKH T aAmHKHCTaH 5. A. AHTBHHCKOro H
'iA.-KOp. AH Pecny6AliKH T aAmHKHCTaH B. A. PaHoBa. .If,yrnaH6e, 1998.
PaK, 1997 - AseCTa B PYCCKHX nepeBOAax (1861-1996) / COCT. 06rg. peA., npli-
Me'i. H CnpaBO'iHbIM pa3AeA 11. B. PaKa. Cn6., 1997.
PaK. 1998 - PaR 11. B. BBeAeHHe / / Mlilpbl ApeBHero H paHHeCpetlHeBeKoBoro
I1paHa. Cn6., 1998.
Panonopm, 1971 - PanonopT 10. A. 113 HCTOpHH peAliI'HH .If,peBHero Xope3Ma
(occyapHH). M.. 1971.
Panonopm, 1991 - PanonopT 10. A. PeAlirIDI .If,peBHero Xope3Ma: HaY<;HbIM AOK-
AaA, npeAcTaBAeHHblM B Ka'ieCTBe AHccepTagHH Ha COHCKaHHe y<;eHoM CTe-
neHH AOKTopa HCTopH'ieCKHX HaYK. M., 1991.
Panonopm, 1996 - PanonopT 10. A. PeAHmH ApeBHero Xo p e3Ma: HeKoTopble
IiTom HCCAeAOBaHliM / /30. 1996. NQ 6.
PacmopzyeBa, 1966 - PaCTopryeBa B. C. CpetlHenepCHtlCKHH H3bIK. M., 1966.
PacmopzyeBa, 1978 - PaCTopryeBa B. C. .If,peBHeHpaHcKlie H3blKii (aBecTHMcKHM
H ApeBHenepcliAcKHM) / / .H3b1KIi fuHH H AlppHKH. KH. 2: I1Htl OeB pOneM-
CKHe H3bIKH. I1paHcKHe H3bIKH. .If,apAcKHe H3bIKH. .If,paBHtlIiMCKHe H3bIKH.
M., 1978.
PacmopzyeBa, Mo,1'taHoBa, 1981 - PaCTopryeBa B. C., MOA'iaHOBa E. K. CpeA-
HenepcliAcKHM H3blK / / OCHOBbl HpaHcKoro H3bIK03HaHHH. CpetlHenepCHtl-
CKHe H3bIKH. M., 1981.
PaxUJrlOB, 1953 - PaXHMoB M. 06bI'iaH H 06PHAbl, CBH3aHHble C noxopOHaMIi
y TaAmHKOB KYAH6cKOM 06AaCTH / / 113B. AH T aAm. CCP. 1953. NQ 3.
Pe_Wne/lb, 1957 - PeMneJlb A 11. HeKponoJlb .a.peBHero Tapa3a / / KCI1I1MK.
1957. BbIn. 69.
PmBe;W/l.3e, 1978 - PTBeAa.l(3e 3. B. .If,a.IIbBep3HHcKHM Hayc / / Oyra'ieHKOBa r. A.,
PmeAa.A3e 3. B. .If,aAbBep3HHTene - KyrnaHcKHM roPOA Ha lOre Y36eKH-
CTaHa. T aUJKeHT, 1978.
PmBe/la/l.3e, 1983 - PTBeAa.A3e 3. B. MOI'HAbHHK KyrnaHcKoro BpeMeHH y.HAaHr-
Tyrn-Tene / / CA. 1983. NQ 2.
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I1AA. 15a
l-1AA. 156
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11J\A. 17
I1AA. 18
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T. n. Y.l(bIMa
SUMMARY
M. B. Meitarchian
Zoroastrians: Their funeral rite
The monograph deal with the study of the Zoroastrian funeral rite. The
Zoroastrian funeral rite is examined on the basis of the whole aggregate of
sources over the full extent of its existence, the general regularities, the chrono-
logical and local variants are traced. The all-round and retrospective study of
the Zoroastrian funeral rite by means of comparative-historical method has al-
lowed to reconstruct the significant features of the Zoroastrians' world outlook.
In the work the general characterization of the sources and the history of study
of the Zoroastrians funeral rite are given. [n the working out of the problem the
paramount importance has been assigned to the «internal» sources. The most
important among them is «Avesta», in particular - one of its main parts
"Videvdat», the significant consideration is given to the middle Persian sources
such as «Arda Viraz Namag», «Persian Rivayats», «Iranian Bundahisn»,
«Dadestan I Menog-I xrad», «Dadestan I Denlg».
In the Avestian and middle Persian texts the ideological meaning of the
Zoroastrian Funeral rite is fixed.
The information of the «external» sources are also given - in particular the
evidences of the ancient authors, the medieval authors, which wrote in Arab and
Persian languages. The most numerous among the «external» sources are the
reports of the western travelers on their journeys over Iran and India. They be-
long to the late middle ages and the Modem time. The reports of the western
travelers are valuable as confirmation of or addition to the information drawn
from the ritual texts. The archeological sources clear up in many respects the
contents of the written sources on the Zoroastrian funeral installations. [n the
monograph the analytical comparison of the Zoroastrian funeral rite and. the
material evidences of the burial of purified bones in the ancient and medIeval
Central Asia is given.
Also the symbolism of some ceremonies linked with the Zoroastrian funeral
rite is examined, in particular, the ceremony BaraSniim I no sab the purification
ceremony in connection with the death.
The confrontation of the elements of the beliefs and rites of the contempo-
rary Zoroastrians with the beliefs and funeral rites of the contemp rary popula-
tion of Central Asia and Kazakhstan has allowed to reveal the ancIent Zoroas-
trian la er inherent in the latter.
COltEPmAHHE
npeAlicAOBlie .
BBe.lleHlie. . .
f .J\aBa I
3opoaCTpli3M .
f .J\aBa II
KpaTKaJI xapaKTepliCTliKa nliCbMeHHblX IiCTO'lHIiKoB Ii IiCTopliorpalpIDI
no 30poaCTpliMcKOMY norpe6aAbHol\lY 06PHAY . . . . . . . . . . . .
f.J\aBa III
.If,peBHe- Ii cpeAHelipaHCKlie nliCbMeHHble IiCTO'lHIiKIi
Ii IiCTopWieCKlie CBIiAeTeJlbCTBa a 3opoacTpliMcKoM nOrpe6a.i\bHoM o6pHAe.
f .J\aBa IV
3opoaCTpliMcKliM nOrpe6aAbHblM 06pHA B CpeAHeM fulili Ii l-1paHe B ApeBHOCTIi
f .J\aBa V
nOrpe6iL\bHblM 06pHA IipaHCKIiX 30poacTpliMgeB HOBora BpeMeHIi . . . . . . .
f .J\aBa VI
nOrpe6aAbHbIM 06PHA napCOB l-1H.llHIi HOBoro BpeMeHIi
f .J\aBa VII
UepeMoHIiH Barasniim i no sab - O'iIiCTIiTeJ\bHaJI gepeMoHHH
B CBH31i C conpliKOCHOBeHlieM co CMepTbIO. . . . . . . . . . .
f.J\aua VIII
3THorpalpli'leCKlie IiCTO'iHIiKIi 0 nepemliTKax 30poaCTpliMcKliX npe.llCTaBAeHIiM
B nOrpe6a.i\bHOM o6pHAe Ii peAlirli03HblX BepOBaHIiHX HapOAOB
Cpe.llHeM fulili Ii Ka3aXCTaHa
3aKAIO'ieHlie
npliMe'iaHIDI
CAoBapb . .
CnlicoK COKpaIMeHIiM.
I1CTO'iHIiKIi Ii AIiTeparypa
CnlicoK HAAlOcTpagliM . .
CONTENTS
3
4
Preface. . .
Introduction
3
4
9
Chapter I
Zoroastrianism. .
9
26
Chapter II
The brief characterization of the written sources and historiography
of the Zoroastrian funeral rite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
. 42
Chapter III
The ancient and middle Iranian v;-ntten sources and historical evidences
on the Zoroastrian funeral rite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
. 65
Chapter IV
The Zoroastrian funeral rite in Central Asia and Iran in the antiquity
Chapter V
The funeral rite of the Iranian Zoroastrians of the Modern time
102
65
102
130
Chapter VI
The funeral rite of the Parcees of India of the Modern time . . . . . 130
Chapter VII
The ceremony Barasniim i no sab - the ceremony of purification
in connection with the contact with the death. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
145
155
177
181
207
211
212
241
Chapter VIII
The ethnographic sources on the remnants of the Zoroastrian notions
in the funeral rite and the religious beliefs of the peoples
of Central Asia and Kazakhstan .
155
177
181
207
211
212
241
Conclusion.
References .
Glossary . .
List of abbrevations.
Cited sources and literature
List of illustrations . . . .
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