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306eToHHblX KOHCTPYKU,URX. B :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIX KOHCTPYKl1,HHX npH
HarpY3KaX, 6JIH3KHX K pa3pYUlalOIl\HM, HanpH:>KeHHH B paCTHHYTOH ap-
MaType H3 MHrKOH CTaJIH KJIaCCOB A-I, A-II, A-III .lI.OCTHraIOT npe-
218
){eJIa TeKY'IeCTH. B apMaType HaqHHalOT npOHBJIHTbCH nJIaCTH'IeCKHe
){e<l>opMal.(HH, npH 3TOM HanpH:>KeHHH OCTalOTCH HeH3MeHHbIMH H paB-
/lbIMH npe.lI.eJIy TeKyqeCTH. TaK KaK .l1.e<l>opMall,HH paCTHHYTOH apMa-
TYPbI paCT}'T, TO H paCTHHYTbIH 6eTOH, HaXO.lI.HIl\HHCH B ClI,enJIeHHU
C apMaTypOH, TaK:>Ke .lI.e<t>opMHpyeTcH H B HeM B03HHKalOT TpeIl\HHbI.
O.lI.HOBpeMeHHO C:>KaTbIH 6eTOH B CeqeHHH npeTepneBaeT 3HaqHTeJIbHbIe
J{e<l>0pMall,HH C:>KaTHH. TaKoe COCTOHHHe KOHCTPYKlI,HH nOJIyqHJIO na-
3BaHHe nAaCTUtteCKoeo w.apHupa.
B03HHKHoBeHHe nJIaCTHqeCKOrO mapHHpa B CTaTHqeCKH onpe.lI.eJIH-
MOH KOHCTPYKlI,HH He.lI.OnycTHMO, TaK KaK B 3TOM CJIyqae KOHCTPYKlI,HH
CTaHOBHTCH reOMeTpHqeCKH H3MeHHeMOH, 'ITO .lI.eJIaeT ee HenpHrO.lI.HOH
J{JIH 3KCnJIyaTall,HH. D03TOMY B03HHKHOBeHHe nJIaCTHqeCKoro mapHHpa
MO:>KHO .lI.onycTHTb TOJIbKO B TaKO" KOHCTPYKlI,HH, r.lI.e HMeIOTCH JIHmHHe
CBH3H, T. e. B CTaTHqeCKH HeOnpe.lI.eJIHMOH CHCTeMe.
l-IcXO.lI.H H3 CKa3aHHoro, BH.lI.HO, qTO eCJIH B CTaTHqeCKH HeOnpe.l1.e-
JIHMOH KOHCTPYKlI,HH YMblUlJIeHHO nOHTH Ha TO, qT06i:.I B CeqeHHHX
C HaH60JIbUlHMH H3rH6alOIl\HMH MOMeHTaMH c03.lI.aTb nJIaCTHqeCKHe
mapHHPbl, TO 3TO npHBe.lI.eT K TOMY, qTO MbI HCKYCCTBeHHO OrpaHHqHM
BeJIHqHHY H3rH6alOIl\HX MOMeHTOB B 3THX CeqeHHHX. YMeHbmenHe
BeJIH'IHHbI H3rH6alOIl\HX MOMeHTOB .lI.aeT B03MO:>KHOCTb 3KOHOMHTb
apMaTYPY, CHH3HTb CTOHMOCTb KOHCTPYKlI,HH, ynpocTHTb CTbIKH, YHH-
<l>HlI,HpOBaTb apMHpOBaHHe KOHCTPYKlI,HH. B pH.lI.e CJIyqaeB yqeT nepe-
pacnpe.lI.eJIeHHH YCHJIHH B CTaTHqeCKH Heonpe.lI.eJIHMbIX KOHCTPYKl{HHX
.lI.aeT 3KOHOMHIO apMaTypbI .lI.O 20 ... 30%.
O.lI.HaKO cne.lI.yeT nOMHHTb, qTO B03HHKHOBeHHe nJIaCTH'IeCKOrO
mapHHpa Be.lI.eT K HeYBeJIHqeHHIO H3rH6alOIl\ero MOMeHTa, HO B TO :>Ke
caMoe BpeMH nJIaCTHqeCKHe .lI.e<l>opMall,HH paCTHHYTOH 30Hb! npO.lI.OJ1-
:>KalOT HapaCTaTb, 'ITO MO:>KeT npHBeCTH K qpe3MepHOMY paCKpbITHIO
TpeIl\HH B paCTHHYTOM 6eTOHe. D03TOMY .lI.JIH OrpaHHqeHHH UlHpHHbI
paCKpblTHH TpeIl\HH H3rH6alOIl\HH MOMeHT B nJIaCTHqeCKOM mapHHpe
CJIeJI.yeT YMeHbmaTb He 60JIee qeM Ha 30% no cpaBHeHHIO C ynpYrHM
paCqeToM.
YqeT B03MO:>KHOCTH B03HHKHOBeHHH nJIaCTHqeCKHX mapHHpoB
H BbITeKalOIl\ee H3 Hero nepepacnpe.lI.eJIeHHe YCHJIHH UlHpOKO HCnOJI-
3yeTcH npH paCqeTe :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIX Hepa3pe3HbIX 6aJIOK H nJIHT.
B MOHOJIHTHbIX Hepa3pe3Hb1X :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIX KOHCTPYKl{HHX
nepepacnpe.lI.eJIeHHe H3rH6alOIl\HX MOMeHToB .lI.OCTHraeTCH .lI.pyrHM
cnoco60M. MOHOJIHTHOe 6aJIOqHOe nepeKpbITHe COCTOHT H3 Tpex OCHOB-
HbIX 3JIeMeHToB: rJIaBHOii 6aJIKH, BTopOCTeneHHOH 6aJIKH H nJIHTb!
(pHC. 10.54). Bce TPH COCTaBHb1e qaCTH nepeKpbITHH HMelOT O.lI.HY
}I TY )Ke paCqeTHYIO cxeMY - MHOrOnpOJIeTHYIO Hepa3pe3HYlO 6aJIKY.
PaCqeT rJIaBHOH 6aJIKH nO.lI.06eH paCqeTY c60pHoro Hepa3pe3Uoro
pHreJIH, C TeM JIHUlb OTJIHqHeM, qTO HarpY3Ka Ha 6aJIKY npHHHMaeTcH
B BH.lI.e cOCpe.lI.OTOqeHHbIX CHJI, npHJIO:>KeHHbIX B MeCTax onHpaHHH BTO-
pocTeneHHbIx 6aJIOK.
PaCqeT BTopocTeneHHoii 6aJIKH Be.lI.eTCH KaK Hepa3pe3HoH KOHCT-
PYKlI,HH, npH 3TOM BeJIHqHHa H3rH6alOIl\Hx MOMeHTOB C y'IeTOM nepe-
219

pacnpe.lI.eJIeHHH MOMeHTOB BCJIe.lI.CTBHe B03MO:>KHOro B03HHKHOBeHHH
nJIaCTl1qeCKHx rnapHHpOB Ha onopax npHHI1MaeTCH paBHOH (.lI.JIH 6aJIOK
C paBHblMH HJIH OTJIIOHMHCH He 6aJIee qeM Ha 20% npOJIeTaMH):
B KpaHHHx npOJIeTax H Ha ,KpaHHHx npOMe)KYToqHblX onapax:
M= (q+v)/2/11 (B ynpyro.H nOCTaHo.BKe M on =p/2/9,5; M npoJl =
=qI2/12,8) ;
B OCTaJIbHblX npOJIeTax H Ha OCTaJIbHbIX onopax: M= (q+v)/2il6
(B ynpyroH naCTaHOBKe M on =p/2/12; M npoJl =pl2/24). 3nlOpa H3rH6a-
IOIl\HX MaMeHTOB, nacTpo-
eHHaH no. 3T,I1M <l>o.pMYJIaM.
Ha3blBaeTCH paBHOJ,WJ,teHT-
HOU.
r JIaBHbIe H BTopocTe-
neHHble 6aJI'KH apMHPYIOTCH
1 cBapHbIMH KapKacaMH JI3
apMaTypbI KJIaCCOB A-I,
A-II, A-III Ii cBapHbIMH
CeTKaMJI H3 npo.BOJIOKH
KJIaCCa Bp-I. DpHMep ap-
MHpaBaHHH BTopocTeneH-
HaH MOHo.JI,HTHaH 6aJIKH
naKa3aH Ha pHC. 10.44, 6.
)l(eJle306eToHHble nJlH-
Tbl. )I(eJIe3o.6eToHHbIe nJIH-
TbI HCnOJIb3YlOTCH B KaqecTBe nepeKpblTHH H nOKpbITHH 3.lI.aHHH. Pe:>Ke
nJIHTbI CJIY:>KaT 3JIeMeHTaMI1 .lI.pyrHx Ko.HC1'PYKlI,HH, HanpHMep nJIHTbI
.lI.Opo)K'Horo nOKpblTmr, <l>Y'H.lI.aMeHTHbIe nJIiHTbl H T. n.
Do. cTaTHqeCKOH cxeMe Bce :>KeJIe3a6eTOHHbIe nJIHTbI MO)KHa pa3-
.lI.eJII1Tb Ha cJIe.lI.YIOIl\He .lI.Be rpynnbI: 6aJIaqHble nJIHTbl (BKJIlOqaH pa3-
pe3HbIe H Hepa3pe3HbIe) H nJIHTbI, onepTble no. KaHTYPY. DJIHTa
CQHTaeTcH pa60TalOIl\eH no 6aJIaqHaH cxeMe, eCJIH OTHOUleHHH ee
npOJIeTOB IdI23,0; B 3TaM cJIyqae nJIHTa pa60TaeT KaK 6aJIKa npo-
JIeTOM, paBHblM MeHbrneMy npOJIeTY nJIHTbI (pHC. 10.55, a). ECJIH
OTHaUleHHe CTOpOH nJIHTbI IdI2<3, TO. nJIHTa pa60TaeT B .lI.BYX HanpaB-
JIeHHHX (pHC. 10.55, 6). ECJII1 nJIHTa anHpaeTCH no .lI.BYM CTopOHaM.
TO aHa BCer.lI.a pa6aTaeT .no 6aJIOqHaH cxeMe.
JJ A.UTbl nepeKpblTUU. B KaqeCTBe nepeKpblTHH 3.lI.aHHH HCnOJIb3Y-
IOTCH nJIHTbl pa3JIHQHOrO THna. B KapKaCHblX 3.l1.aHHHX npHMeHHIOTCfl
nJIHTbl MHoronYCTOTHbIe C Kpyr JIbIMI1 H aBaJIbHbIMH nYCTOTaMH, pe6pH-
CTble C nOJIKaMH B C:>KaTOH HJIH paCTHHYTo.H 3aHe, Kop06qaTble H .lI.p.,
B naHeJIbHbIX 3.lI.aHHHX qaIl\e HCnOJIb3YlOT )KeJIe306eTo.HHble nJIHTbl
CnJIOUlHoro CeqeHHH.
Bce nJIHTbI, KpOMe CnJIOUlHbIX, CTapalOTCH MaKCHMaJIbHO a6JIer-
qHTb, y.a.aJIHH 6eTOH H3 paCTHHYTaH H Cpe.lI.HeH 30H, r.a.e HanpH:>KeHHH
HeBeJIHKH. DpH paCqeTe nJIHT HX <l>H3HqeCKOe CeQeHHe 3aMeHHeTCH pac-
qeTHbIM, B KOTOpOM Bce pe6pa nJIHTbI 06'be.a.HHHIOTCH B O.lI.HO. TaKHM
06pa30M, MHoronYCTOTHaH nJIHTa, onepTaH Ha .lI.Be CTOpOHbI, pa60TaeT
PHC. 10.54. MOHOJIHTHoe 6aJIO'lHOe nepeKpbITHe:
1 - nJJHTa; 2 - BTopOCTenCHHaH 6aJJKa; 3 _ rJI8BHaH
68J1K8
220
I1H a P e6pHCTaH nJIHTa
I'IK 6aJIK8 .lI.BYTaBpOBoro nOnepeqHOrO CeqeH '. . 30H e
\. 6aJIKa C nOJIKOH B C:>KaTOIi .
, naJIKOH: BBepxy - KaK TaBpOBaH CTO aHbI BbIqHC-
PaCqeTHbIe yCHJIHH B nJIHTaX, epTbIe;:'::: 6aJIK' B' nJIHTaX,
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PHC. 10.55. )l(eJIe306eTolIHble nJIIITbI nepeKpbITlIii:
a - 6anotJnaH nnHTa; 6 - nnUT8, onepT8H no KOHTYPY
bIe onopbI - KaK B Hepa3pe3HblX
onepTbIX eIl\e H Ha npOMe:>KYTO:HHH YCHJIH. DJIHTbI, onepTbIe no
6aJIKaX C yqeTo.M nepepacnpe.lI. e HbI aCK bIBalOTCH KaK nJIaCTHHKH
KOHTYPY Ha TPH HJIH qeTbIpe cTapo ,p HHH DpH 3TOM npHHHMaeT-
C cooTBeTCTBYIOIl\HMH rpaHHqHbIM:oYB nJIHTI onepTbIe no. KOHTYPY.
C H BO BHHMaHl1e TO 06CTOHTeJIbCT , ,
221

51BJIHIOTCH CTaTHqeCKH HeOnpe.lI.eJIHMbIMH KOHCTPYKlI,HHMH H B HH
l{eJIeC006pa3HO yqeCTb B03MO:>KHOCTb 06pa30BaHHH JIHHeHHbIX nJiaCTH1
qeCKHx UlapHHpOB. KOH cnoco6 paCqeTa Ha3bIBaeTCH MeTO.lI.OM npe
iJe/lbH020 paBHOBeClJR.
EaJIOqHbIe nJIHTbI MOrYT 6bITb KaK npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHO HanpmKeHHbI'
MH, TaK H 6e3 npe.n.BapHTeJIbHOrO HanpmKeHJ.iH apMaTypbI. BbICOT
npe,l{BapHTeJIbHO HanpH:>KeHHbIX nJIHT 06bIqHO COCTaBJIHeT 1/ 20 ... 1/ 25 H
npOJIeTa. IlIHpHHa ITJIHT, KaK npaBHJIO, He MeHee 1,2 M H He 60JIe
3 M, npOJIeTbI MorYT )J.OCTHraTb 12 M H 60JIee. B pe6pHcTbIX nJIHTa
KpoMe pacqeTa B npO.lI.OJIbHOM HanpaBJIeHHH .lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHO paCcqH
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pe6pa, TO pacqeT nOJIKH Be.lI.eTCH KaK nJIHTbI, onepTOH no KOHTYPY
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PHC. 10.56. Pe6pHcTaH JKeJle306eToHHaH nJIHTa nepeKpblTHH
222
6 H 3TOM H3rH6alOIl\HH MOMeHT B
118CTHQHO 3aIl\enJIeHHaH B pe pax, np M- (q +v)f2/ll.
a onope npHHHMaeTcH paBHblM - A III
II OJI Ke, B npOJIeTe H H 6 nJIHTaX Ha3HaQaeTCH KJIaCca _ ,
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o HanpH:>KeHHW KJIaCCOB -, , ,
CCJIH HeT npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHOr pe.lI.apHTeJIbHOrO HanpH:>KeHHH.
K-7, K-19, B p -I1 - npH HaJIHqHH OJIHHeTCH H3 apMaTypbI KJIaCCOB
IIonepeqHaH apMaTypa B pe6pax BbI IOTCH CTeKaMH H3 npOBOJIOKH
A-II, A:lII, Bp-I. DOJIKH nJIHT aPcMHKYnJIHTbI nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 10.56.
KJIaCCa Bp-I. ApMHpoBaHHe pe6pH TO 51BJIHIOTCH TaK Ha3blBaeMbIe
BeCbMa nepcneKTHBHbIM BH.lI.OM nJIHT BYX- TpeXKOHTypHbI-
Kopo6qaTbIe HaCTHJIbI. OHH MorYT 6bITb o:;ToaT 30 M. B nycTOTax
MH H 60JIee. DpOJIeT Kop06qaTbI n=;HJIOrHqeCKHe Tpy60npO BO .lI. bI ,
TaKHX nJIHT MO:>KHO pacnOJIaraT HH qTO n03BOJIHeT oCB060.lI.HTb
B03.lI.YX OBO .lI. bI H .lI.PyrHe KOMMyHHKall" (p HC 10.57, a). Ha pHC.
OT HHX nOJIe3HOe npOCTpaHCTBO 3.lI.aHHH. .
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P 10 57 Kop06'laTble JKeJIe306eToHHble nJIHTbI:
HC. . . . 6 _ THnbl JJ.BYXKopo6'1aTblx HaCTHJlOB
a - 061L\Hi! BHJJ. 3JJ.aHHSJ,
223

Dpo.lI.oJIbHaH pa60qaH apMaTypa paCnOJIaraeTCH B 6aJIOqHbIX
TIJIHTaX B p6pax. B MHoronYCTOTHbIX (C KpyrJIblMH nYCTOTaMH) nJIH-
"Tax Bb1COTOH MeHeeOO MM npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHO HanpH)KeHHaH pa60qaH
npOAOJIbHaH apMaTypa .lI.OJI)KHa pacnOJIaraTbCH TaK, 'IT06bl paCCTOHHHe
Me)K.lI.Y CTep:>KHHMH He npeBbIUlaJIO 600 MM. B OCTaJIbHbIX CJIyqaHX
paCCTOHHHe Me)K.lI.y CTep:>KHHMH He .lI.OJI:>KHO npeBbIUlaTb 400 MM. 00-
nepeqHH apMaTypa B 6aJIOIJHblX nJIHTaX YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH B npH-
()nopHoH 30He no paC<EeTY, a B Cpe.lI.HeH qaCTH npoJIeta - KOHCTPYK-
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PHC. 10.58. )l(eJle306eTOHHble pe6pHcTbIe nJIHTbI nOKpblTHii:
a - .lIJIHHOJI 12 M; 6 - .lIJlHHOJI 6 M
224
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HOMy apMI1pOBaHHIO 6aJIOK. B MHOrOnYCTOTHb1X nJIHTaX BbICOTOH MeHee
:300 MM nOnepeqHYIO apMaTYPy .n:onycKaeTcH He YCTaHaBJIHBaTb, eCJIH
6eTOH B COCTOHHHH BocnpHHHMaTb nOnepeqHylO CHJIy, qTO npOBepHeTCH
paCqeTOM.
DJIHTbI, onepTb1e no KOHTYPY, apMHpYIOTCH B O.lI.HOM HJIH .lI.BYX
HanpaBJIeHHHX B COOTBeTCTBHH C :mlOpOH MOMeHTOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
paCqeTHOH cxeMbI, npH 3TOM paCqeTHOe CeIJeHHe npHHHMaeTCH npHMO-
yrOJIbHbIM. DonepeqHaH apMaTypa B TaKHX nJIHTaX, KaK npaBHJIO,
He YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH. Pa60IJaH apMaTypa 06bIIJHO npHHHMaeTCH KJIaC-
COB A-III, Bp-I.
flJ/.UTbt nOKpbtTUU. B nOKpbITHHX 3.lI.aHHH HCnOJIb3Y10T, KaK npaBH-
JIO, pe6pHcTble nJIHTbI. ECJII1 npOJIeT, nepeKpbIBaeMbIH nJIHTOH, He-
60JIblllOH, .11.0 12 M BKJIlOqHTeJIbHQ, TO nJIHTa HMeeT nocToHHHylO BbICO-
TY. THnOBble pe6pHCTbIe nJIHTbI nOKpbITHH 0.lI.H03Ta)KHoro npOMbIlliJIeH-
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6aJIKa Ha .l1.BYX onopax. )l(eJIaHHe OTKa3aTbCH OT .lI.OpOrocTOHIl\HX
f! MaTepHaJIOeMKHX CTpOnHJIbHbIX KOHCTPYKlI,HH B BH.lI.e <l>epM H 6aJIOK
npHBeJIO K HHTeHcHBHoMY nOHCKY HOBbIX KOHCTPYKTHBHb1X pellleHHH
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npOJIeT». Pa3pa60TaH lI,eJIbIH pH.lI. nJIHT «Ha npOJIeT», xapaKTep pa60-
7bI KOTOpbIX npH6JIH:>KaeTCH K npocTpaHcTBeHHoH KOHCTPYKl{HH.
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B Cepe.lI.HHe npOJIeTa H COCTaBJIHeT 1/ 20 ...1115 npOJIeTa, y nJIHT npOJIeTOM
18 M Bb1COTa B npOJIeTe paBHa 1000 MM, a Ha onope - 145 MM, Y nJIHT'
npOJIeTOM 24 M BblCOTa paBHa COOTBeTCTBeHHO 1500 MM. OqepTaHHe
BepXHeH nOBepXHOCTH npHHHMaeTCH B BH.lI.e napa60JIbl. DpO.lI.OJIbHble
pe6pa npoeKTHpYIOTCH KeCCOHHoro THna C BepTHKaJIbHbIMH pe6paMH
H MHHHMaJIbHOH TOJIIllHHOH CTeHKH, paBHoH 40 MM.
Pe6pHCTble MaJIOYKJIOHHble nJIHTbI D-06pa3Horo CeqeHHH npOJIeTOM
18 H 24 M YKJIOHOM 3,3% MorYT HMeTb nepeMeHHYIO no TOJIIl\HHe
nOJIKY HJIH nOnepeqHble pe6pa B nOJIKe C lllarOM 1500 (pHC. 10.60).
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06blqHO COCTaBJIHeT 3 M.
Pe6pHcTble MaJIoYKJIOHHble nJIHTbI THna 2T H3roTaBJIHBalOTCH npo-
JIeTOM 6, 12, 18 H 24 M. OHH MorYT 6bITb nocTOHHHOH BbICOTbI npH
He60JIbUlHX npOJIeTaX HJIH HMeTb He3HaqHTeJIbHbIH YKJIOH I : 30. Dpo-
AOJIbHble pe6pa y .lI.aHHbIX nJIHT HMelOT nocToHHHYIO TOJIIl\HHY (pHC.
8--1345 225

61, a}. nJIHTbI 2T BblrO.lI.HO OTJIHqalOTCH OT n-06pa3HbIX TeM qTO
B nonegeqHOM HanpaBJIeHHH H3rH6alOIl\He MOMeHTbI pacnpe.lI.eJIHTCSl
o HHX OJIee paBHOMO, TaK KaK npOJIeT nOJIKH YMeHbUlaeTCH B.lI.Boe
HaKO npH C03.lI.aHHH nOKpbITHH H3 TIJIHT 2T B03HHKalOT TPY.lI.HOCT
B onHpHHH Ha HHX 3eHHTHbIX <l>oHapeH, nOTOMY qTO Harp 3Ka OT
<l>oHapeH npHJIaraeTCH Ha KpaH KOHCOJIbHOrO CBeca nOJIKH nJIHbI qTO
3HaQHTe 2 JI T bH0 6 YCJIO.>KHHeT H Y.lI.OpO:>KaeT ee apMHpOBaHHe. IlIH p ' HHa
nJIHThI 0 blqHO paBHa 3 M.
a)
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PHC. 10.59. )KeJIe3oOeToHHble nJlHTbl nOKpblTHii CHa npOJIeT»'
a - nJlHTa nen; 6 - MHTa I()I{C .
226
nJIHTbI rHnep60JIHqeCKOrO OqepTaHHH npe.lI.CTaBJIHIOT C060H .lI.JIHH-
HylO nJIHTY npOJIeTOM 12, 18 H 24 M H llJHpHHOH, KaK npaBHJIO, 3 M.
TaKaH nJIHTa pa60TaeT KaK 060JIOqKa OTpHlI,aTeJIbHOH rayccoBoH KPH-
BH3HbI, 06paMJIeHHaH npO.lI.OJIbHb1MH 60pTaMH H TOpll,eBb1MH .lI.Ha<l>par-
MaMH (CM. pHC. 10.59, 6).
PIIC. 10.60. EOJlbIllenpOJleTHaH MaJloYKJIOHHaH D-06pa3HaH OJIHTa
BbICOTY ceqeHHH nJIHTbI-060JIOqKH B cepe.lI.HHe npOJIeTa npHHHMB-
lOT paBHOH 1/ 25 ...1115 npOJIeTa. CTpeJIY nO.lI.'beMa B npO.lI.OJIbHOM Ha-
npaBJIeHHH npHHHMalOT paBHOH 1/60... 1 /40 npOJIeTa. B nOnepeqHOM
CeqeHHH rHnep60JIHqeCKHe nJIHTbI-060JIOqKH MoryT HMeTb KOpbITO-
06pa3HbIH npo<l>HJIb HJIH HMeTb npO.lI.OJIbHOe pe6po (Ha3bIBaeMoe
HHOr.lI.a KHJIeM) (pHC. 10.61, 6). nJIHTa-060JIOqKa paCCqHTbIBaeTcH
KaK 6aJIKa Ha .lI.BYX onopax c nOnepeqHbIM .lI.BYTaBpoBbIM HJIH KpeCTD-
06pa3HbIM CeqeHHeM.
nJIHTbI THna ncn (<<npOMCTpoHnpOeKT») npe.lI.CTaBJIHIOT C060H
KOHCTPYKl{HIO npOJIeTOM 12, 18 M H 60JIee. BepxHHH nOJIKa HMeeT
He60JIbiliOH YKJIOH, a npo.lI.OJIbHble pe6pa BbInOJIHeHbI B BH.lI.e 6a3-
pacKocHoH <l>epMbI C JIOMaHbIM HH:>KHHM nOHCOM TpeyrOJIbHOrO OqepTa-
HHH (CM. pHC. 10.59, a). BbIcoTa nJIHTbI B cepe.lI.HHe npOJIeTa npHHH-
MaeTCH paBHOH 1/ 20 ... 1115 ee npOJIeTa. IIIHpHHa nJIHTb1 paBHa 3 M.
BOJIbllienpOJIeTHble nJIHTbI nOKpbITHH H3rOTaBJIHBalOTCH H3 Bb1COKO-
npOqHbIX 6eTOHoB KJIaCCOB B25... B40. B nJIHTaX npOJIeTOM 60JIee
12 M HCnOJIb3yeTcH npO.lI.OJIbHaH npe.l1.BapHTeJIbHO HanpH:>KeHHaH apMa-
Typa KJlaCCOB A-IV, K-7, K-19, Bp-II. B nJIHTaX npOJIeTOM MeHee 12 M
MO:>KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHO HanpH:>KeHHYIO apMaTYPY
KJIaCCOB A-IV, A-V, A-VI, a TaKJKe KaHaTHYIO H npOBOJIOqHYIO apMa-
8* 7

TYPY. TIonepeqHYIO paCqeTHYIO apMaTYPY npHHHMaIOT, KaK npaBHJIO,
KJIacca A-III, KOHCTpTHBHaH apMaTypa MO:>KeT 6blTb KJIaCCOB A-I,
A-II, Bp-I. ;
t fO.4. KOHCTPYKI4HH ,qepeBJlHHIoIX 6anoK
B Tex CJIyqaHX, KOr.lI.a copTaMeHT JIeCOMaTepHaJIOB He n03BOJIHeT
06eCneqHTb nepeKpbITHe 3a.lI.aHHoro npOJIeTa 3JIeMeHTaMH H3 lI,eJIbHOH
.lI.peBeCHHbI, npHMeHHIOT 6aJIOqHble KOHCTPYKlI,HH COCTaBHoro CeqeHHH.
K KOHCTPYKlI,HHM nOCTpOeqHOrO H3rOTOBJIeHHH OTHOCHTCH 6aJIKH H3
COCTaBHblX 6pYCbeB Ha nJIaCTHHqaTbIX HareJIHX CHCTeMbI B. C. ,LI,epe-.
BHfHHa (pHC. 10.62). BaJIKa COCTOHT H3 .lI.BYX HJIH Tpex 6pycbeB, coe-.
.lI.I1HeHHbIX Me:>K.lI.Y C060H nJIaCTHHqaTbIMH HareJIHMH H3 TBep.lI.oH .lI.pe-
BeCHHbI (.lI.y6a HJIH aHTHcenTHpoBaHHoH 6epe3bl). TIJIaCTHHqaTbIe Ha-l
N 1,50 t 1,50 f fiOO t tr

  'w .,
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.". 1
  1500 J 740
PIIC. 10.61. )KeJIe306eToHHble D.ijHTbI «Ha npOJIeT»:
a - THn 2T; 6 - rHnep60JIHQeCKHe nnHThI-06.nO':lKH; B - THnb1 1l0nepel1Hb1X CeLIeH"H
228
B HOM CJlBHry 6pYCbeB H 3aCTaBJIHIOT HX pa-
TCJIH npenHTcTBylOT 3aHM B y 0 " a p H 3TOM Y HeCYIl\aH cnoc06HOCTb
6 e"MHoe eJIoe. JIar 
OTaTb KaK  C y Il\eCTBeHHO 60JIbUle qeM .lI.BYX HJIM
6 THHqaTbIX HareJIHX '..
aJIOK Ha nJIac $eHHbIX .lI.Pyr Ha .lI.pyra 6e3 KaKOH-
Tpex .lI.epeBHHHbIX 6pYCbeB, nOJIO
JIH60 cnH3H. J1 HIOT Ha 6aJIKI1: npHMoyrOJIbHOrO no-
LI. JIee Hble 6aJIKH pa3.lI. e u
omaTOK CKJIeeHHbIX Me:>K.lI.Y C060H no nJIa-
H MH COCTOHIl\He H3 u
nepelJHOrO ceqe , aMH H3 KJIeeHOH .lI.peBeCHHbI H CTeH-
CTH .lI.OCOK; KJIee<jJaHepHbIe C nOHC
KaMH H3 BO.lI.OCTOHKOH <l>aHe p b ( 1. 1063 ) 06JIa.lI.a1OT cYIl\eCTBeHHbIMH
LI. Hble 6aJIKH pHC. .
OIl\aTOKJIee 6 10 wraK MOHOJIHTHbIe; H3rOTOBJIHIOTCH C
. OHH P a OTa T I'
.llOCTOHHCTBaMH. U bICOTbI' B HI1X MO:>KHO P all,HOHaJIbHO
HHeM 60JIblIJOH 13 ,
nOnepeqHbIM ceqe tIeCTBa no BbICOTe CJIOH H3 nepBo-
M P a3JIHqHOrO Ka .
pa3MecTHTb .lI.OCK JOT B HaH60JIee HanpH:>KeHHbIe 30HbI
ro HJIH BToporo copTa YKJIa.lI. bIBa
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rHnep60JlH'IeCKHX nJlHT
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PIle. 10.62. )J.epeBHHHasr
6aJlKa CIICTeMbi B. C. D.e-
peBHfllHa
6aJIKH, a CJIOH H3 .lI.OCOK BToporo HJIM
npH:>KeHHble MeCTa. TpeTbero copTa - B MeHee Ha-
.IT.Oll{aTOKJIeeHble 6aJIKH 06blqH
npH BbICOTe ( l Is -=-- 1 / ) 1 III 0 .lI.eJIalOT npOJIeTOM OT 6 .lI.0 24 M
. 12 . HpHHa 6aJIOK 0
y06cTBa onHpaHHH naHeJIeH H 6 npe.lI.eJIHeTCH H3 YCJIOBHH
YKJIOH .lI.BycKaTHoH 6aJIKH npHH:M:e:eIHH MOHTa:>KHOH :>KeCTKOCTH.
B .lI.BycKaTHblx 6aJIKaX n H aBHOM pe.lI.eJIax 2,5...10 %.
CeqeHHe C MaKCHMaJIbHbIM p Ht epHo pacnpe.lI.eJIeHHOH HarpY3Ke
onaCHoe) He COBna.lI.aeT C nOJIOPMaJIbHbIM HanpH:>KeHHeM (HaH60JIee
3aHHoe CeqeHHe OTCTOHT OT on:eHHeM HaH60JIbUlerO MOMeHTa. YKa-
pbI Ha paCCTOHHHH x=lho/(2 he).
n]m
PHC. 10.63. )J.oIllaTOKJleeHble 6aJlKH"
a - C BOJlHHCTOfi <J>3HepHo. . 6'
HOi\ cTeHKoH; B _ C JJ.olU,a:on:cTceT;H - c rrpHMoi\ 4>aHep..
230
KJIee<l>aHepHbIe 6.aJIKH (pnc. 10.63, 6) HaH60JIee lI,eJIeC006pa3HbI
npOJIeTOM 15 M. KJIee<l>aHepHble 6aJIKH npHMeHHIOT J).BYTaBpoBoro HJIH
I\Op06qaTOrO ceqeHHH. nOHca 3THX 6aJIOK Y.lI.aJIeHbI OT HeHTpaJIbHOii
oCH, n03TOMY MaTepHaJI B HHX HCnOJIb3yeTcH HaH60JIee 3<l><l>eKTHBHO.
CTeHKa. H3 BO.lI.OCTOHKOH <l>aHepbI 06eCneqHBaeT He06xo.lI.HMYIO CBH3b
Me:>K.lJ.Y nOHCaMH.
BblrO.lI.HOH KOHCTPYKTHBHOH <l>OpMOH HBJIHeTCH 6aJIKa co CTeHKOH
H3 BOJIHHCTOH <l>aHepbI (pHC. 10.63, a). B 3TOM cJIyqae B nOHcax .lI.eJIa-
lOT KPHBOJIHHeHHbIe na3bI, B KOTopble Ha KJIelO BCTaBJIHIOT BOJIHHCTYIO
CTeHKY. OTHOUleHHe BbICOTbI BOJIHbI K ee .lI.JIHHe Y Bcex BH.lI.OB 6aJIOK
1l0JI:>KHO COCTaBJIHTb OT 1/8 .lI.0 1/14. EaJIKH C BOJIHHCTOH cTeHKoH HMe-
lOT TOJIbKO onopHbIe pe6pa :>KeCTKOCTH. BbICOKaH YCTOHqHBOCTb BOJI-
HHCTOH CTeHKH n03BOJIHeT 06XO.lI.HTbCH 6e3 npOMe:>KYTOqHbIX pe6ep
:>KeCTKOCTH. npOJIeT HX KOJIe6JIeTCH OT 8 .lI.0 9 M. 113rOTOBJIHIOT 6aJIKH
Ha cnell,HaJIbHbIX aBToMaTH3HpoBaHHbIx nOTOqHbIX JIHHHHX. npOH3BO-
HTeJIbHOCTb JIHHHH .lI.OCTHraeT 10... 12 6aJIOK B MHHYTY.
BecbMa nepcneKTHBHOH KOHCTPYKTHBHOH <l>OpMOH HBJIHIOTCH .lI.epe-
BHHHble 6aJIKH, apMHpoBaHHbIe CTaJIbHbIMH CTep:>KHHMH. ApMHpoBaHHe
nOBbIUlaeT ee HecYIl\YIO cno-
C06HOCTb, He )ABeJIHqUBaH npH
3TOM ra6apHTa 6aJIKH. B Ka-
qeCl'Be apMaTYPbI HCnOJIb3yIOT
Kpyr JIbIe CTep:>KHH pepHO.lI. H . qe -
CK'oro npo<l>'HJIH C npe.l1. eJIOM
TeyqeCTH He MeHee 400 Mna.
na3bI B .lI.epeBe He .lI.OJ1:>KHbI
npeBbIUlaTb .lI.HaMeTp CTaJIbHO-
ro CTep:>KHH 60JIee qeM Ha
1,5 MM. BpOll,eHT apMHpOBa-
HHH .lI.OJI:>KeH 6bITb He 60J1ee 4:
11=Aa/(bho.l00%) <4%.
PaCCqHTbIBalOT apM.HpO-
BaHHble epeBHHHble KOHCT-
PyKlI,HH no npHBe.lI.eHHbIM reo-
MeTpHtteCKHM xapaKTepHcTH-
KaM, a HX nonepe'-lHOe CeqeHHe 99,9
paccMaTpiHBalOT npH 3TOM KaK
lI,eJI.oe.
npHMep 10.8. Tpe6yeTcH 3anpo-
eKTHpoBaTb CeqeHHe ABycKaTHO"
;J.OIl\aTOKJIeeHOii 6aJIKH npRMoyrOJIbHOrO CelJeHHH npOJIeTOM 11,75 M, YKJiOH C=
= 1 : 20. PaC'IeTHaH HarpY3Ka C yqeTOM C06cTBeHHoro Beca 6aJIKH q= 17 KH/M; HOp-
MaTHBHaH qn=13 KH/M (pHC. 10.64).
npHHHMaeM WHPHHY nonepeqHOrO ce'leHHH b= 14 CM, BblCOTY B cepeAHHe npOJIeTa
h= 102,3 CM, T. e. 1111,5>1/15, BbiCOTa Ha onope h on =72,6 CM.
npOBepHeM MaKCHMaJIbHble HOpMaJIbHble HanpHlKeHHH B paC'IeTHOM ce'leHHH:
x  Iho/ 2h c = 1175..72,6/2.102,3 = 417 CM.
m

@
268,7
PHC. 10.64. K npHMepy 10.8 paC'IeTa .nepeBHH'
HO" 6aJIKH
231

BbICOTa 6aJlKH B 3TOM Ce'leHHH
hI =' h Oll + ix = 72,6 +.J.... 417 = 9 3 5
20 ' CM.
PaC'IeTHbIH H3m6alOIUlIii MOMeHT
Mx = q (I - x) ..::...  17 (11 75 - 4 17 ) 
2 ' , 2 =268,7 KH.M.
PaCqeTHble conpOTHBJleHHH 1I3rH6
C 6 0rnacHo CHHD 11-25-80 n n II HH C!: 2 aTHIO Ha3Ha'iaeM AJIH ApesecHHbI 2-ro co p Ta
OTbi mb m m ' ... . , C BBeAeHHeM K03!fJ"'H
C3B 384 7 6 6 , T cn H K03!f>!fJHl\HeHTa HaAelKHOCTH no H 'I-' l\HeHTOB ycnoBHH pa-
_ . or11a Ru =R = 15m I a3HaqeHHIO l'n cornaCHO CT
HanpHJKeHHe B paC'IeTHOM ce'lHIIII b m 6 m cJl ¥n=15. 1.0,86. !/.0,95 = 13,6 MDa.
ax = Mx/W = (268,7.10 6 )/(20,4.10 6 ) = 13,2 < 13,6,
W = bh 2 _ 140.935 2
6 - 6 = 20,4.10 6 MM3.
!.B:K o Y no n p P e 0'lHOCTH no CKaJlblBaHHIO npoH3Bo11HM
B onopHOM Ce'leHHH. DOnepe'lHaR
Q== 17.11,75 _
2 2 -99,9 KH.
PaCQeTHOe
conpOTHB.eHHe CKaJlbIBaHHIO BAOJlb BOJlOKOH
AJJH ApeBeCHHI>l 2-ro copTa
Rs= 1,5mbmcJI/Yn= 1,5.1.1/0,95= 1,58 Mila,
CKanbIBalOIUHe HanpHJKeHHH
't = QS _ 99,9.10 3 .3
lb - 2.726.140 = 1,48 MDa< 1,58 Mila.
DporH6 B cepeAHHe npOJleTa 6aJlKH Hax
4.33. DpeABapHTeJlbHO BbI'IHCJlHeM OAHM COrJlaCHO CHHD 11-25-tlO n. n. 4.32.n
k = 0,15 + 0,85ho/h = 0, 15 + 0,85.72,6/102,3 = 0,753;
c =- 15,4 + 3.8h o /h = 15,4 + 3,8.72,6/102,3 = 18 I'
fo=  _ 13.11,75 4 .10 12 .12 ' ,
384 EI - 384 10.140.1,023.10 12 =25,7 MM.
Tor.n.a
f = (/o/ k) [ I + C ( !!... ) 2 ] =  [ I + 18, I ( 1,023.10 3 )J -
I 0,753 11 ,75.1(}3 -38,8 MM
HJlH OTHOCHTeJlbHblii npom6 //[-1/302
o6ecne'leHa. - < 1/300, T. e. He06xoAHMaH lKCCTKOCTb 6anKH
P A3AEJ1 3
nnOCK"E KOHCTPYK"'.... 3AAH..rt
H COOPYHCEH..rt
rIlABA 11
IDEPMbI
t H.t. 06naCTM npMMeHeHMII M xapaKTepHwe npMMepw
«1>epMa _ peUleTqaTaH KOHCTPYKlI,HH, COCTOHIl\aH H3 CTep:>KHeH, 06-
pa3YIOIl\HX reoMeTpHqeCKH HeH3MeHHeMYIO CHcTeMY H pa60TalOIl\HX Ha
oceBl>le YCHJIHH. 06JIaCTb npHMeHeHHH <l>epM BeCbMa UlHpoKa: nOKpbI-
THH npOMbIUlJIeHHbIX H 06Il\eCTBeHHbIX 3.lI.aHHH, MOCTbI, MaqTbI, pa.lI. HO -
6aUlHH, onopbI JIHHHii. 3JIeKTponepe.lI. aqH .
«1>epMbI no cpaBHeHHIO C 6aJIKaMH 60JIee 3KOHOMHqHbI no 3aTpaTe
MaTepHaJIa, O)l.HaKO 60JIee TpY.lI.OeMKH B H3roTOBJIeHH H . ECJIH npoJIe T
)1.0 18 M 3KOHOMHqeH .lI.JIH 6aJIOK, TO npH npOJIeTe CBbIUle 24 M <l>epMbI
HBJIHIOTCH 60JIee Bblro.lI.HOH KOHCTPYKTHBHOll <l>OPMOii..
Pa3JIHqalOT <l>epMbI: 6aJIOqHble - pa3pe3Hble, Hepa3pe3Hble, KOH-
COJIbHble, apOqHbI, paMHbIe H KOM6HHHpoBaHHble (pHC. 11.1),
a)
IAAAA./VV'\I
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6) rvrvV'J
!J) ' ,. I
J\/V\/\.T'\I
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PHC. 11.1. THnbI 4>epM:
a _ 6aJlo'lHaH; 6 _ JJ.BynpOJleTHaSJ Hepa3pe3HaSJ; 6 - ABYXKOHconbHaH; e-
..I'0'lHaH; iJ _ paMHaH; e - KOM6HMHpOBaHHaH
233

no OqepTaHHIO nOHCOB <l>epM
neL(HeBH.lI.HbIe, C napaJIJIeJIbHIM pa3JIHqalOT Ha: TpeyrOJIbHhle, Tpa-
(pHC. 11.2). H nOSIcaMH H nOJIHrOHaJIbHbIe
no pacxo.lI.Y MaTepHaJIOB HaH60JI
H nOJIHrOHaJIbHbIe <l>epMbI nOCK ee pall,HOHaJIbHbI TpaneL(HeOH.lI.HbIe
K OqepTaHHIO 3nlOpbI H3rH6alOIIl.HOJIbKY OqepTaHHe HX nOHCOB 6JIH3KO
a YCHJIHH 0 nOHcax pacnpe.lI.eJIeHb :H;:H::POPOJIeTHOH 6aJIKe,
J
k I -l-
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a)
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2KZ1S2rQrsz
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PHC. 11.2. 01JepraHHH cJIepM H HK pemeTOK:
a - TpeyroJlbHaSJ: 6 - TpaneqHeBH.IIHaSJ' 8 n
H8SJ; iJ - paCKOCHaH peweTKa' e _ P8C;'OC;;' p:aJlJleJlbHblMH nOSJcaMH; z - nOJlHrOHaJlb'
weTKa C nO.llBeCKaMH; U _ wpeHreJlbHa TKa co cToAKaMH; "" - paCKOCHaH pe-
'1eCKaSJ peweTKa; 111 _ nOJlypacKOCHaSJ pee:eTKa, IC - KpeCTOBaH peweTKa; /I - pOM6H-
no OqepTaHHIO pemeTKH <l>epM pa3JIHIJalOT Ha:
1) pacKocHbIe (npOCTO paCKOCHaH, paCKOCHaH co CTOHKaMH P a c -
KOCHaH C nO,AOeCKaMIf); ,
2) UlnpeHreJIbHbIe; OHH lJaCTO npHMeHfllOTC
06Il\eCTBeHHhlx 3.lI.8HHflX, B MOCTax. lllnpHHr:JI: :H:hI\:
YMeHbUleHHfl paCqeTHOH .lI.JlHHbI nOHCHhlX CTep2KHeH a TaK2Ke ,A
.lI.OTBpaIIl.eHHfl MeCTHoro H3rH6a nOHCOO' t ,AJlfl npe-
t
234
3) KpecTOBbIe; 3TH peUleTKH npHMeHHIOTCH .lI.JIH <l>epM, pa60TalOIl\HX
lIa .lI.ByCTOpOHHIOIO HarpY3KY, HanpHMep CBH3eBb1e <l>epMbI;
4) pOM6HqeCKHe H nOJIypacKocHble. «1>epMbI C TaKHMH peUleTKaMH
06JIa.lI.a1OT 60JIbUlOH :>KeCTKOCTblO H npHMeHHIOTcH B 6aUlHHx, MaqTaX,
MOCTax.
no <l>YHKlI,HOHaJIbHoMY 3HaqeHHIO pa3JIHqalOT <l>epMbI CTpOnHJIbHble
If nO.lI.CTpOnHJIbHble. nO.lI.CTpOnHJIbHble HCnOJIb3YlOT B Tex CJIyqaHX, Kor-
J{a .lI.JIHHa naHeJIeH MeHbUle, qeM Ular KOJIOHH. 3TH <l>epMbI MOHTHPYIOT
B.lI.OJIb 3.lI.aHHH no p5I.lI.aM KOJIOHH H 5IBJI5IIOTCH onopaMH JI.JIH npOMe-
.>KYTOqHbIX CTpOnHJIbHbIX <l>epM.
t 11.2. Pa60Ta qJepM no,q HarpY3KoM M MX paclfeT
CYIl\eCTByeT rJIy60KaH aHaJIOrHH Me:>K.lI.Y pa60ToH <l>epM H 6aJIOK
(pHC. 11.3). ECJIH MbICJIeHHO «pa3Ma3aTb» pacKocbI H npeJI.CTaBHTb HX
B BH.lI.e CnJIOUlHOH CTeHKH Me:>K.lI.Y nOHcaMH <l>epMbI, TO 6Y.l1.eT Ha6JIIO-
.lI.aTbCH aHaJIOrHH Me:>K.lI.Y pa60TOH 6aJIKH H <l>epMbI; TaK, YCHJIHH B nOH-
cax <l>epMbI npH6JIH:>KeHHO onpe.lI.eJIHIOTCH:
NII-:::::::M/h; (Il.l)
oj
1
4
 9
l l 
1 1

6)
(0
QmOk -=qlj2
o
M max =ql2jo
PHC. 11.3. Pa60Ta !fJepMbI no.n. HarpY3Koii:
a - paC1.jeTH3H CxeM3 ijJepMLI; 6 - 3KBHB8neHTH3H 6anKa; B - 3nJOphi MOMeH-
TOB H nOnepeqHhIX cHn; 1 - BOCXOJUll.l{He pacKochl; 2 - BepxHHi\ naRC; 3 - HHC-
XO.D.HI.l{He paCKOCbJ; 4 _ HH>KHHA" nOHC
235

YCHJIHH B paCKOCaX
Np-::::::::.Q/sin a,
(11.2)
r.lI.e M - H3fH6alOIl\HH MOMeHT B 6aJIKe; h - BblCOTa <l>epMbI; Q__
nOnepeqHaH CHJIa B 6aJIKe; ex - yroJI HaKJIOHa pacKocoB (pHC. 11.3).
n03TOMY HaH60JIbllIHe YCHJIHH HMelOT nOHCHbIe CTep:>KHH B Cepe.lI.H-
He npOJIeTa, a paCKOCbI - pacnOJIO:>KeHHbIe 6JIH:>Ke K onopaM.
npH 3TOM Ka:>K.lI.bIH CTep:>KeHb <l>epMbI pa60TaeT JIHUlb lIa paCTH:>Ke-
HHe HJIH C:>KaTHe. BepXHHH nOHC <l>epMbI C:>KaT, a HH:>KHHH - paCTHHYT.
YCHJIHH B paCKocax qepe.lI.YIOTCH: Bce BOCXO.lI.HIl\He OT onopbI paCKOCbI-
C:>KaTbI, a HHCXO.lI.HIl\He K Cepe.lI.HHe npOJIeTa - paCTHHyTbI.
HarpY3KH B BH.lI.e COCpe.lI.OTOqeHHbIx CHJI npHKJIa.lI.bIBaIOTCH B Y3JIaX,
qT06bI H36e:>KaTb MecTHoro H3rH6a CTep:>KHeH. npH nOM Y3JIbI <l>epM
CqHTalOTcH llIapHHpHbIMH.
CYIl\eCTByeT 60JIbUlOe KOJIHqeCTBo pa3JIHqHbIX nO.lI.XO.lI.OB K paCqeTY
<l>epM. npH HenO.lI.BH:>KHbIX HarpY3Kax: MeTO.lI. Bblpe3aHHH Y3JIOB, MeTO,n:
CeqeHHH, MeTO.lI. MOMeHTHblx TOqeK, .lI.HarpaMMa MaKCBeJIJIa - KpeMO-
HbI; npH nO.lI.BH:>KHbIX HarpY3Kax - MeTO.lI. JIHHliH BJIHHHHH.
B cJIyqae MHorOKpaTHO CTaTH'IeCKH HeOnpe.lI.eJIHMblX <l>epM lI,eJIeco-
06pa3HO npOBO.lI.HTb paCqeT Ha 3BM.
<1>epMbI BocnpHHHMalOT nOCTOHHHbIe HarpY3KH: c06CTBeHHbIH Bec,
Bec KpOBJIH, <l>oHapH, CBH3eH, KOMMYHHKall,HH H T. n., BpeMeHHbIe Ha-
rpY3KH: nO.lI.BeCHOH TpaHcnopT, CHer, BeTep. npH onpe.lI.eJIeHHH OceBbIx
YCHJIHH Heo6xo.lI.HMO yqHTbIBaTb caMoe HeBb1rO.lI.HOe 3arpY:>KeHHe <l>epM
BpeMeHHOH HarPY3KOH. YCHJIHH onpe.lI.eJIHIOT .lI.JIH Ka:>K.lI.Oro 3arpY:>Ke-
HHH OT.lI.eJIbHO. 3aTeM COCTaBJIHIOT Ta6JIHlI,y COqeTaHHH H B KaqeCTBe
paCqeTHbIX YCHJIHH 6epYT TaKoe COqeTaHHe nOCTOHHHbIX H BpeMeHHbIX
HarpY30K, KOTopoe .lI.aeT HaH60JIbUlee 3HaqeHHe oceBoro YCHJIHH B pac-
CMaTpHBaeMOM CTep:>KHe.
i 11.3. Onpe.qeneHHe YCMnMH . crepHCHn clJepM
rpacIJMlteCKMM cnoco6oM (.qMarpaMMa MaKcRenna - KpeMoHIoI)
CHaqaJIa onpe.lI.eJIHM rpa<l>HqeCKHM cnoc060M onopHbIe peaKl{HH
<l>epMbI, H306pa:>KeHHOH Ha pHC. 11.4, a.
1-H Enan. Onpe.lI.eJIHeM BeJIHqHHY H MeCTOnOJIO:>KeHHe paBHO.lI.ei'lcT-
BYIOIl\eH HarpY3KH Ha <l>epMY. .lJ.JIH Enoro nocTpoHM CHJIOBOH MHOro-
yroJIbHHK (pHC. 11.4, 6). OTJIO:>KHM H3 npOH3BOJIbHOH TOqKH a B npH-
HHTOM MacllITa6e CHJI O.lI.HY 3a .lI.pyroH CHJIbI PI. P 2 , P a , napaJIJIeJIbHO
JIHHHHM HX .lI.eHCTBHH. PaBHO.lI.eHcTBYIOIl\aH HarpY3KH Ha <l>epMY paBHa
no BeJIHqHHe .lI.JIHHe oTpe3Ka, 3aKJIIOQeHHOro Me:>K.lI.y HaqaJIOM CHJIbI PI
H KOHlI,OM' CHJIbI P 3 B CHJIOBOM MHoroyrOJIbHHKe B cooTBeTcTBYIOIl\eM
MacllITa6e CHJI. Ha pHC. 11.4, 6 paBHO.lI.eHcTBYIOIl\aH HarpY3KH paBHa
oTpe3KY ab, H3MepHB KOTOpbIH B npHHHTOM MacUlTa6e CHJI, nOJIyqaeM
R=P 1 + P 2 + P 3 = 15 KH + 15 KH + 20 KH=50 KH.
2-H Enan. Onpe.lI.eJIHM HanpaBJIeHHe onopHbIX peaKlI,HH <l>epMbI. I1c-
XO.lI.HM H3 Toro, qTO paBHO.lI.eHcTBYIOIl\aH peaKlI,HH RA H RB (pHC. 11.4,
236
6) .lI.eHcTByeT no JIHHHH, COBna.lI.alOIl\eH C j]HHeH .lI.eHCTBHH paBHo-
.lI.eHcTBYIOIl\eH HarpY3KH Ha <l>epMY H paBHa eH no BeJIHqHHe.
113 npOH3BOJIbHOH TOqKH C npOBO.lI.HM JIYQH K HaqaJIY H KOHlI,y
Ka:>K.lI.OH CHJIbI .lI.eHCTBYIOIl\eH Ha <l>epMY (pHC. 11.4, 6) ,- JIyqH ca, ca),
cb), cb. Tenepb CTpOHM BepeBOqHbIH MHoroyrOJIbHHK (pHC. 11.4, B .
1 6000 f 6000 1 6000 t 6000 r
oj P,."" I':" I'"  
J 4 E
B I 2 5 6
t II A A R 6 t 
I(
8)
,
,
,
/
It
c
z)
JJ.uazpaMMa
MQ/icBenna- KpeMaHbl
5;6
Macwmab
Ell
) 
, I 'I"?7 ,3 I 
t -48 +52 t
R A =24 Rb=26
PHC. 11.4. DOCTpocHHe llHarpaMMbI MaKcBeJJJJa-
KpeMoHbI:
a - O(')03HaQeHHe BHeWHHX H BHYTpeHHHX nonefi; tj - on:
HIi" B - nOCTpoeHHe CHJ10BOrO M
JJ.eJleHHe onopHblX peaKI\ , MbI' a _ pacnpeJJ.eJle.
royroJtbHHKa; z - nOCTpoeHH J].HarpaM .
HHe YCHJlHI! B CTep>KHHX q,epMbI
.lJ.JIH ,:noro H3 npOH3BOJIbHOH TOqKH npoBo.lI.HM JIHHH, n ( apaJIJIe;)Hi1
JIyqy ca .lI.0 nepeCeqeHHH C JIHHHeH .lI.eHCTBHH CHJIbI 1 TqKa . M
TOqKH l npOBO.lI.HM CHJIbI P 2 (TOqKa 2). .lJ.aJIee H3 T::HeH n:eo:coTH
JIHHHlO napaJIJIeJIbHYIO JIyqy cb 1 , .lI.0 nepeCeIJeHHH C
CHJlbI P (TOqKa 3). 113 TOqKH 3 npoBo.lI.HM JIHHHIO, napaJIJIeJIbHYIO JIY-
qy cb rlPO.lI.OJI:>KHB nepBYIO H nOCJIe.lI.HIOIO CTOpOHbI BepeBOqHOrO MHoro-
yroJIHHKa .lI.0 HX nepeCeqeHHH, nOJIyIJaeM TO:KY 4, IJepe3 KOTOPYIO
npOXO.lI. HT paBHO.lI.eHcTBYIOIl\aH onopHblx peaKlI,HH <l>epM!>I. Ta KaK <l>ep-
3-M nan. Onpe.lI.eJIHeM BeJIHqHHbI onopHbIx pealI,HH. H R .lI.OJI:>KHa
Ma no.lI. .lI.eHCTBHeM HarpY30K PI, P 2 , Pa H peaKlI,HH RA B HbIH
HaX0.lI.HTbCH B paBHOBeCHH, TO CHJIOBOH MHoroyrOJIbHHK, COCTaBJIeH
237

H3 u3THX CHJI, .lI.OJI:>KeH 6bITb 3aMKHYT. HanpaBJIeHHe paBHO.lI.eiicTBYIO-
ll{eH P HarpY3KH HaM H3BeCTHO (OTpe30K ab, pHC. 11.4, 6), npOBO.lI.HM
npHMylO ck, 3aMbIKalOIl\YIO BepeBOqHbIH M'HoroyrOJIbHHK B TOqKaX nepe-
CeqeHHH C HanpaBJIeHHHMH onopHbIx peaKlI,HH. 3aTeM Ha pHC. 11.4, 6
npOBO.lI.HM napaJIJIeJIbHYIO ck H nOJIyqaeM onopHbIe peaKl{HH RA H RB.
CMbICJI .lI.HarpaMMbI MaKCBeJIJIa - KpeMoHbI 3aKJII01JaeTCH B nOCJIe-
.lI.OBaTeJIbHOM nOCTpoeHHH CHJIOBbIX MHoroyrOJIbHHKOB .lI.JIH Ka:>K.lI.OrO
Y3JIa <l>epMbI H COBMell{eHHH HX Ha O.lI.HOM qepTe:>Ke. TaK KaK .lI.JIH Ka:>K.lI.O-
ro Y3JIa MO:>KHO COCTaBHTb TOJIbKO .lI.Ba He3aBHCHMbIX ypaBHeHHH paB-
HOBeCHH (npOeKlI,HH Bcex CHJI H YCHJIHH, CXO.lI.Hll{HeCH B Y3JIe Ha BepTH-
KaJIbHYIO H ropH30HTaJIbHYlO OCH), TO nOCTpOHTb 3aMKHYTbIH CHJIOBOH
MHoroyrOJIbHHK Y.lI.aeTCH JIHllib .l{JIH Y3JIOB, B KOTOpbIX CXO.lI.HTCH He 60-
JI.ee .lI.BYX CTep:>KHeH C HeH3BeCTHbIMH YCHJIHHMH. n03TOMY HaqHHaTb
CTpOHTb .lI.HarpaMMY CJIeJI.yeT BCer.lI.a C Y3JIa, B KOTOpOM CXO.lI.HTCH .lI.Ba
CTep:>KHH.
PaccMoTpHM <l>epMY, H306pa:>KeHHYIO Ha pHC. 11.4, a. npH 3TOM
BeJIHqHHbI onopHbIx peaKlI,HH H3BeCTHbi.
YCJIOBHMCH BHYTpeHHHe nOJIH Ha cxeMe 0603HaqaTb MaJIbIMH lW<l>-
paMH, BHeUlHHe - 6YKBaMH. nOJIeM 6Y.lI.eM Ha3bIBaTb qaCTb nJIOCKOCTH
OrpaHHqeHHYIO CTep:>KHHMH <l>epMbI HJIH BeKTopaMH CHJI. EY.lI.eM 06xo
.lI.HTb <l>epMY H Ka:>K.lI.bIM ee Y3eJI no 1JaCOBOH CTpeJIKe.
nOCTpoeHHe .lI.HarpaMMbI HaqHHaeM C nocTpoeHHH MHoroyrOJIbHHKa
BHellIHHX CHJI. 1-13 npOH3BOJIbHOH TOqKH A (pHC. 11.4, 2) OTKJIa.lI.bIBaeM
BeJIH1JHY CHJIbI RA, nOJIyqaeM TOqKY b. 06XO.lI.H KOHTYP <l>epMbI no
qaCOBoH CTpeJIKe H3 nOJIH b B nOJIe c, nepeceKaeM CUJIY PI. OTJIO:>KHM
ee Ha pHC. 11.4, 2 H3 TOqKH b B MaCllITa6e H nOJIyqaeM TOqKY c, .lI.aJIee
H3 TOqKH C OTJIO:>KHM CHJIY P 2 H nOJIyqHM TOqKY D. 1-13 TOqKH D OTJIO-
:>KHM CHJIy P 3 H nOJIyqHM TOqKY E, OT 3TOH TOqKH OTJIO:>KHM peaK-
lI,HIO RB. ECJIH CHJIOBOH MHoroyrOJIbHHK 3aMKHYJICH, TO peaKlI,HH onop
<l>epMbI onpe.lI.eJIeHbI npaBHJIbHO.
HaqHHaeM CTpOHTb CHJIOBbIe MHoroyrOJIbHHKH .lI.JIH Y3JIOB <l>epMbi.
HaqHeM C onopHora Y3JIa, r.lI.e CXO.lI.HTCH .lI.Ba CTep:>KHH. 1-13 TOqKH A
npOBO.lI.HM ropH30HTaJIbHYlO npHMylO, napaJIJIeJIbHYIO CTep:>KHIO A-I
<l>epMbI .lI.0 ee nepeCeqeHHH C npHMoH, npOXO.lI.HIl\eH napaJIJIeJIbHO
CTep:>KuHIO B-1 <l>epMbl. TOqKY nepeCeqeHHH .lI.BYX npHMbIx 0603Ha1JHM
TOqKOH 1.
A6coJIIOTHaH BeJIHqHHa YCHJIHH BbIpa:>KaeTCH Ha .lI.HarpaMMe .lI.JIHHOH
oTpe3Ka, COe.lI.HHHIOIl\ero TOqKH, cooTBeTcTBYIOIl\He nOJIHM <l>epMbi. Ha-
npHMep, YCHJIHe B CTep:>KHe B-1 onpe.lI.eJIHeTCH Ha .lI.HarpaMMe BeJIHqH-
HOH oTpe3Ka B-1 (CM. pHC. 11.4).
P.JIH onpe.lI.eJIeHHH 3HaKa YCHJIHH B CTep:>KHHX paccMaTpHBaeM Ka:>K-
.lI.bIH Y3eJI H Ha3bIBaeM YCHJIHe no HOMepaM nOJIeH B nOpH.lI.Ke 06xo.lI.a
Y3JIa no qaCOBOH CTpeJIKe. HanpaBJIeHHe YCHJIHH H, CJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHO,
era 3HaK OTBeqalOT HanpaBJIeHHIO YCHJIHH Ha .lI.HarpaMMe. HanpHMep,
YCHJIHe N B-1 Ha JI.HarpaMMe BbIpa:>KaeTCH oTpe3KoM B-1 npH 06xo.l1.e
onopHoro Y3JIa no 1JaCOBOH CTpeJIKe. TaKHM 06pa30M, nOJIyqaeM HYMe-
238
pall,HIO YCHJIHH B-1. :::hOH HYMepall,HH Ha .lI.HarpaMMe cooTBeTcTByeT
HanpaBJIeHHe OT TOqKH B K TOqKe 1, T. e. K Y3JIY. CJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHO, YCH-
JIHe N B- 1 - C:>KHMalOIl\ee.
i f1.4. CTanloHlole c1JepMIoI
CTaJIbHbIe <l>epMbI pa3.lI.eJIHIOT Ha TH}I{eJIbie H JIerKHe. TH:>KeJIbIe-
3TO <l>epMbI MOCTOBbie npOJIeTOM 50... 100 M, BocnpHHHMalOIl\Ue no-
.lI.BH:>KHbIe, .lI.HHaMHqeCKHe HarpY3KH. JIerKHe - 3TO, KaK npaBHJIO, CTpO-
nHJIbHbIe <l>epMbI npOJIeTOM .lI.0 42 M, HaH60JIee UlHpOKO npHMeHHIOTcH
B npOMbIUlJIeHHOM H rpa:>K.lI.aHCKoM CTpOHTeJIbCTBe. PaccMOTpHM OCHO-
Bbi npoeKTHpoBaHHH CTpOnHJIbHbIX <l>epM.
CTpOnHJIbHbIe <l>epMbI HaH60JIee 3KOHOMH1JHbI npOJIeTOM 24 ... 42 M.
B HaCTOHIl\ee BpeMH reOMeTpHqeCKHe cxeMbI CTaJIbHbIX CTpOnHJIbHbIX
<l>epM YHH<l>HlI,HpOBaHbI. THnU3all,HH Ha OCHOBe YHH<l>HKall,HH reOMeTpH-
qeCKUX pa3MepOB CYIl\eCTBeHHO CHH:>KaeT TpY.lI.OeMKOCTb HX H3rOTOBJIe-
HHH. B OCHOBY YHH<l>HKall,HH <l>epM C PYJIOHHOH KpOBJIeii nOJIO:>KeHbI MO-
.lI.YJIb npOJIeTa npOH3BO.lI.CTBeHHbIX 3.lI.aHHH, naHeJIb d=300 CM H Tpe-
yrOJIbHaH peUleTKa C B03MO:>KHOCTblO .lI.06aBJIeHHH mnpeHreJIH npH KpO-
BeJIbHbIX nJIUTaX UlHpHHOii 1,5 M (pHC. 11.5).
2  J 
Y . WW 
,j. 1 4 24000 
y !
+ 1":" '-V  '\. }
PHC. 11.5. THnoBbie CTanbHble cJIepMbI:
J - HH>KHHA nORC; 2 - aepxHHA nORc; 3 - cToilKH; 4 - pacKocw; 5-
wnpeHreJlbHaR pemeTKa
nporu6 <l>epM npe.lI.OTBpaIl\aeTCH YCTPOHCTBOM CTpOHTeJIbHOfO nO.D,'b-
eMa, T. e. H3rOTOBJIeHHeM <l>epM C 06paTHbiM BbIfH60M. npH nJIOCKHX
KpOBJIHX CTpOHTeJIbHhlii nO.lI.'beM npHHHMalOT paBHhlM npofH6y OT CYM-
MapHOii HOpMaTHBHOH HarpY3KH nJIIOC 1/ 200 npOJIeTa.
OCHOBHbIe THnbI nonepeqHbIX CeqeHHii CTpOnHJIbHbIX <l>epM: napHbIe
HJIH O.D,HHOqHhle yrOJIKU, TaBphl, Tpy6h1 (pHC. 11.6).
CMeIl\eHHe oceii nOflCOB <l>epM npH H3MeHeHHH CeqeHHii B paCqeTe
He yqHTbIBalOT, eCJIH OHO He npeBhlmaeT 1,5 % BbiCOThI nOHCHbiX
CTep:>KHeii.
06bIqHO pa3pymeHHe <l>epM npOHcxO.lI.HT OT nOTepH YCToiiqHBOCTH
C}I{aTbiX CTep1KHeii, npH 3TOM CHJIbHO CKa3bIB81OTCfl HalJaJIbHhle nOfHy-
239

THH CTep:>KHeH, B03HHKalOUJ;He npH HeaKKypaTHoH TpaHCnOpTHpOBKe HJIH
MOTa:>Ke. BJIHHHHe 3MO:>KHbIX nOrHYTHH Ha pa60TY C:>KaTbIX CTep:>K-
Helf peUleTK H3 yro.hKOB, KpOMe OnOpHbIX, yqHTbIBalOT K03<l><l>HlI,HeH-
TOM YCJIOBHH pa60Tbl ,\,e=O,8 npH rH6KOCTH CTep:>KHeH A60.
y
I
_ I X
I
Xo
/
/ y,
x iF ib- x
Y Y Y
ffi I !
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UIU I
I
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I /X O
m
-,r--X
xl' I
PHC. 11.6. OCHoBHble THnbI nOnepe'lHblX ce'leHHii CTeplKHeii !fJepM
DOTe pH YCTOHqHBOCTH C:>KaTbIX CTep:>KHeH 3aBHCHT OT YCJIOBHH 3a-
KpenJIeHHH B Y3JIax, n03ToMy paCqeTHble .lI.JIHHI, xapaKTepH3YIOIl\He
3TH YCJIOBHH 3aKpenJIeHHH, HBJIHIOTCH Ba:>KHeHllIeH xapaKTepHCTHKOH
npH nO.lI.60pe CeqeHHH. PaCqeTHble .lI.JIHHbl npHHHMalOT B COOTBeTCTBHH
C Ta6JI. ILl lf pHC. 11.7. DOMHMO 3TOro .lI.JIH CTep:>KHeH <l>epM YCTa-
HOBJIeHbl npe.l1.eJIbHble rH6KocTH (Ta6JI. 11.2).
Ta6Auu,a 11.1
PaCtleTHhle .n.nHHhI
HanpaBneHHe nOTepH
YCToliqHBOCTH
onopHLIX
paCKOCOB
H CToeK
npO'lHX
CTep>KHCil
peweTKH
nOHeOD
B nJlOCKOCTH !fJepMbI 1" 0,8
H3 nJlOCKOCTH !fJepMbl III 1
n p H M e 'I 3 1I H e. 0603H3'1eHHSJ, npHHHTble B Ta6J1. 11.1 H Ha pHC. 11.7: 1-
reOMeTpH'leCKaH .u.nHH8 CTep>KHH (paccToHHHe Me>KJI.Y u.eHTpaMH yanoa) B n310-
CKOCTH 4>epMbJ; I) - paCCTOHHHe Me>KJI.Y yanaMH, 33KpenneHHbJMH OT CMel.l{e-
HHH H3 nJIOCI(OCTH 4>epMbJ; Lx - paClleTH8H .u.nHH8 npH nOTepe YCToAtfHBOCTH
B nnOCKQCTH cpepMhl; Lou - TO me, H3 nnOCKOCTH 4>epMbL
B KaqeCTBe reOMeTpHqeCKOH .lI.JIHHbl CTep:>KHH Lx B nJIOCKOCTH <l>ep-
Mbl H .lI.JIHHbl L y H3 nJIOCKOCTH <l>epMbl npHHHMalOTCH HaHMeHbllIHe pac-
CTOHHHH Me:>K.lI.Y TOqKaMH CTep:>KHH, 3aKpenJIeHHbIMH OT CMeIl\eHHH co-
OTBeTCTBeHHO B nJIOCKOCTH H H3 nJIOCKOCTH <l>epMbi. .IT.JIH BepXHero
nOHca .lI.JIHHa L y npHHHMaeTCH paBHOH paCCTOHHHIO Me:>K.lI.Y Y3JIaMH
KpenJIeHHH K HeMy pacnopOK HJIH CBH3eH (pHC. 11.7).
240
BepXHHe nOHca <l>epM, KaK npaBHJIO, C:>KaTbl H HMelOT l=Ly. Do-
3TOMY H3 YCJIOBHH paBHOYCTOHqHBOCTH HaH60JIee 3KOHOMHqHblM 6blJIO
6bI CeqeHHe H3 .lI.BYX HepaBHOnOJIOqHbIX yrOJIKOB, nOCTaBJIeuHHblX Ma-
JIblMH nOJIKaMH B CTOpOHy ix i y . O.lI.HaKO H3-3a He6oJIbUlOH UlHpHHbI
!I
+x
i
t- x
Y
PHC. 11.7. PaC'IeTHbie
.n.JlHHbI CTeplKHeii !fJepM
B 6ecnporOHilOM nOKpbl-
THH
nOHca TaKaH <l>epMa HeY.lI.06Ha npH TpaHCnOpTHpOBKe H MOHTa:>Ke". Do
3THM C006pa:>KeHHHM npH l=ly IIaIl\e npHMeHHIOT CeqeHHe BepXHero
nOHca H3 .lI.BYX paBHonOJIOqHbIX yrOJIKOB.
HH:>KHHe nOHca <l>epM pa60TalOT Ha paCTH:>KeHHe. COOTHOllIeHHe
paCqeTHbiX .lI.JIHH He BJIHHeT Ha HX npOqHOCTb, a TOJIbKO Ha npe.lI. eJIb -
HYIO rH6KOCTb. HaH60JIee pall,HOHaJIbHblM H3 YCJIOBHH TpaHcnopTHpo-
BaHHH H MOHTa}l{a 6Y.lI.eT CeqeHHe H3 HepaBHOnOJIOqHblX yrOJIKOB, no-
CTaBJIeHHblX 60JIbUlHMH nOJIKaMH B CTOpOHbi.
Ta6/luu,a 11.2
3J1eMeHTbl <pepM
C>KaTbIe
PaCTHHYTLle
np" CT3-
THtlecKOA:
H3rpY3Ke
DOHca, onopHbIe pacKocbl 180-60a 400
H CTOllKH, nepe.n.alOlIJ. He
onopHble peaKu. HH
3J1eMeHTbI, KpoMe YKa3alI- 21O-60a 400
IIblX B n. 1
BepxHHe nOHca <jJepM, He 220
3aKpenJleHHbIe B npou.ecce
MOHTalKa
3J1eMeHTbI cBH3eii, a TaK- 200 400
lKe CTeplKHH, cJIYJKalIJ. He
AJIH YMeHbllleHHH paC'IeT-
Hoii AJIHHbI ClKaTbIX CTep)K-
Hell, H .n.PYrHe HeHarpYlKeH-
Hble 3JIeMeHTbI
n p H M e 'I a H H e. I1=N/(q>AR II V C )' HO He MeHee 0.5.
OnopHble paCKOCbI 6e3 UlnpeHreJIbHOH peUleTKH HMelOT O.lI.HHaKOBYIO
paCqeTHYIO .lI.JIHHY KaK B nJIOCKOCTH <l>epMbI, TaK H H3 nJIOCKOCTH. Do-
3TOMY JIyqUlee .lI.JIH HHX CeqeHHe H3 HepaBHOnOJIOqHbIX yroKoB, no-
CTaBJIeHHbIX MaJIblMH nOJIKaMH B CTOPOHY. ECJIH :>Ke onOpHbIH paCKOC
241

HMeeT rnnpeHreJIb, YMeHbUlalOIl\HH B.lI.BOe ero paCqeTHYIO .lI.JIHHy B r;,
CKOCTH <l>epMbI, TO B 3TOM CJIyqae BblrOllHbI TaK:>Ke HepaBHOnOJIOqHbIe
yrOJIKH, HO nOCTaBJIeHHbIC"MaJIbIMH nOJIKaMH BMeCTe. B 3TOM CJIyqae
06eCneqHBaeTCH ero paBHOYCTOHqHBOCTb 'Ax='Ay.
npOMe:>KYTOqHbIe paCKOCbI H CTOHKH npH C:>KHMalOIl\HX YCHJIHHX npo-
eKTHpYIOT H3 paBHOnOJIOIfHbIX yrOJIKOB (i x =0,8 i y ), qTO XOpOUlO CO-'
OTBeTCTByeT COOTHOUleHHIO HX paCqeTHblX .lI.JIHH B nJIOCKOCTH H H3
nJIOCKOCTH <l>epMbI (lx= 0,8 ly). PacTHHYTble 3JIeMeHTbI perneTKH MO-
rYT npHHHMaTbCH H3 HepaBHOnOJIOqHbIX yrOJIKOB, eCJIH MO:>KHO no.lI.O-
opaTb HX CeqeHHe C MeHbUleii: nJIOIl\allblO. CTOHKH <l>epM, K KOTOpbIM
npHMbIKalOT CBH3eBbIe 3JIeMeHTbI, qaCTO npoeKTHpYIOT KpeCTOBoro ce-
qeHHH. B 3TOM cJIyqae HX rH6KOCTb onpe.lI.eJIHeTCH HaH60JIbUleH pac-
qeTHoii: .lI.JIHHOii: H3 nJIOCKOCTH <l>epMbI H MHHHMaJIbHblM pa.lI.HYCOM HHep-
lI,HH iXo'(CM. pHC. 11.6).
npH npoeKTHpoBaHHH CTep:>KHeH H3 .lI.BYx yrOJIKOB, YCTaHOBJIeHHblX
C 3a30poM, HX cOBMecTHYIO pa60TY 06eCneqHBalOT npOKJIa.lI.KaMH, pac-
CTOHHHe Me:>K.lI.Y KOTOpblMH He .lI.OJI:>KHO npeBblUlaTb: .lI.JIH C}I{aTblX
CTep:>KHeH 40 i H .lI.JIH pacTHHYTblX 80 i, r.lI.e i - pa.lI.HYc HHepll,HH Ok
Horo yrOJIKa OTHOCHTeJIbHO BepTHKaJIbHoii: OCH, napaJIJIeJIbHOH nJIOCKO-
CTH npOKJIallOK (pHC. 11.8). B npe.lI.eJIax .lI.JIHHbI C:>KaTorO 3JIeMeHTa
CJIe.lI.yeT CTaBHTb He MeHee .lI.BYX npOKJIa.lI.OK.
DpH OTCYTCTBHH COe.lI.HHHTeJIbHblX npOKJIa.lI.OK no.lI. .lI.eii:cTBHeM C:>KH-
MalOIl\HX CHJI Ka:>K.lI.bIii: yrOJIOK pa60TaJI 6b1 OT.lI.eJIbHO H HeCYIl\aH cno-
C06HOCTb CTep:>KHH 6bIJIa
6bI MeHbUle. O.lI.HHOqHbIH
yrOJIOK HMeeT 3HaqH-
TeJIbHO OOJIbUlYIO fH6-
d<OCTb, TaK KaK I1PH pac-
qeTe CJIyeT 6paTb ero
MHHHMaJIbHblH pa.lI.HYC
HHepll,HH OTHOCHTeJIbHO
OCH Xo (pHC. 11.8, 6).
BCJIe){CTBHe orpaHH-
qeHHOCTH .lI.JIHHbI npoKa-
Ta, a TaK:>Ke no TpaHc-
nopTHblM YCJIOBHHM <l>ep-
MbI 60JIbUlHX npOJIeTOB
pa36HBalOT Ha OT.lI.eJIb-
Hble oTnpaBOqHble Map-
KH, Ha3HaqaH MOHTa:>K-
Hble CTblKH B Cepe.lI.HHe
npOJIeTa. B lI,eJIHX no-
BblUleHHH nOBTopHeMocTH H CHH}I{eHRH TpY.lI.OeMKocTH 'H3rOTOBJIeHHH
CTpOnHJIbHble «pepMbI qJIeHHT Ha .lI.Ba cOBepmeHHo O.lI.HHa'KOBblX 'B3aH-
M03aMeHHeMblx OmpaBoqHblX 3JIeMeHTa. DpH KOHCTpYHpoBaHHH CTbI-
KOB nJIOIl\a.lI.b CeqeHHH CTblKOBblX 3JIeMeHTOB npHHHMalOT He MeHbUle
nJIOIl\a.lI.H CeqeHHfl cTblKyeMblx 3JIeMeHTOB, Ha IpRC, 11.9 nOKa3aH TH-
  I
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PHC. 11.8. P33MemeHHe Coe.ll.HHHTeJlbHblX npOKJI3.n;OK
B CTepJKHHX cJIepM:
tI - 06JqHA BHA cTep*H>J; 6 - paC'IeTHoe ce'leHHe npH Ha-
.nH'IHH npOKJlBAKH; 8 - npH OTCYTCTBHH npOKJlBAKH; 1- npo-
XJlaAKH
242
IIOBOH CTbIK .lI.BYX CTaJIbHbIX nOJIy<l>epM Ha bICOKOnpoqHbIX 60JITaX.
IlaCTO CTbIKH BblnO.nHHIOT H Ha MOHTa:>KHOH CBapiKe. KOHCTpY.KlI,HH
l'TbIKOB <l>epM CHMMeTpH1JHbI.
OnOpHbIe Y3JIbI <l>epM HMelOT pa3H006pa3HYIO KOHCTPYKlI,HIO B 3aBH-
('HMOCTE OT YCJIOBHH OnHpaHHH.
lv
6 30000 6
11.
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50 n.80 80 80 n .60 50

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2-2
100 100
tli
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1-1

50
PHC. 11.9. MOHTaJKHbIe CTbIKH !fJepMbI Ha BbicOKOnpO'lHblX 60J1TaX
.to P M C60KY Ha KOJIOHHbI
lllHpoKO pacnpOCTpaHeHO onHpaHHe 'fie H qe
( HC 11 10) BepTHKaJIbHaH onopHaH peaKlI,HH <l>epMbI nepe.lI.aeTC -
p . .  CTOJIHK TaKoe perneHHe Ha.lI.e:>KHO B pa60Te, npocTo B
:o:H H MOHT:>Ke H .lI.OnycKaeT KaK :>KeCTKOe, TaK H UlapHHpHoe
243

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..

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t L 
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<?
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'onpH:>KeHHe C KOJIOHHOiL npH :>KeCTKOM COnpH:>KeHHH <l>epMbI C KOJIOII-
IIoil H3rH6alOll{HH MOMeHT B Y3JIe BocnpHHHMaeTCH napOH CHJI, npHJIO-
iKeHHOH K BepXHeMY H HH:>KHeMY nOHcaM. npH 3TOM 60JITbI, npHKpen-
JIHIOIl\He BepXHHH nOHC K KOJIOHHe, pa60TalOT Ha paCTH:>KeHHe, a BCpX-
IIMH <l>JIaHell, - npHHHMaeTCH .lI.OCTaTOqHO TOJICTbIM, t>20 MM.
B CJIyqae UlapHHpHoro onHpaHHH .lI.OCTaTOqHO npHHHTb TOHKHH <l>JIaIlCI(
10 ... 12 MM, H era H3fH6 npHBe.lI.eT K YMeHbUleHHIO yCHJIHH H .lI.0 Hynsl.
TaKHM 06pa30M, H3rH6alOIl\HH MOMeHT 6Y.lI.eT paBeH HYJIIO, qTO COOT-
neTcTByeT UlapHHpHoMY COnpH:>KeHHIO <l>epMb1 C KOJIOHHOH; Ha pHC. 11.10,
6 npe.lI.cTaBJIeH HHOH BapHaHT UlapHHpHora COnpH}I{eHHH C KOJIOHHOfl.
n pUMep 11.1. Tpe6yeTcH 3anpoeKTHpoBaTb cTaJlbHYIQ cTponHJlbHyIQ !fJepMY H3
napHblX yroJlKOB npOJleTOM 24 M AJIH MocKBbI (pHC. 11.1 1 H 11.12).
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PHC. 11.1 I. K npHMepy 11.1 paC1JeT8
!fJepMbI Ha cHMMeTpH'IHYIQ narpY3KY
MaTepHaJl CTeplKHeii !fJepM - CTaJlb MapKH BCr3nc6-1, .R II = 240 MDa=24 KHfcM 2
(t20 MM), !fJacoHoK- BCT3cn5-1 no TY 14-1-3023-80.
T OJlIUHHa !fJacoHoK 12 MM. C60p nt>CTOHHHbIX HarpY30K BbInOJIHen B Ta6J1. 11.3.
HOpM8THBHYIQ HarpY3KY OT CHera onpeAeJlHeM no <jJopMYJIe (5) CHHD 11-6-74:
Pn = PoC ,= 1.1 = I KHfM2.
PaC1JeTHaH narpY3Ka OT CHera
P = pnY! = 1.1,58 = 1,58 KH/M2,
TAe Vi - K03<jJ!fJHU.HeHT HaAelKHOCTH no CHerOBoii HarpY3Ke, npHHHMaeMbIii B 3anRCR-
245
PRC. 11.10. ConpHlKeHHH !fJepMbI C KOJlOHHOii:
Cl - >KeCTI<oe; 6 - mapHHpHoe; i - <!>JlaHel\; 2 - onopHblll CTOJIIiIt

MOCTH OT OTHOllielIHH CHerOBOii HarpY3KH Pn K HopMaTHBHOMY Becy nOKpbITHH gn np"
Pn/g n = 1/2=0,5; Vj= 1,58. PaC'IeTHbie cocpeAOTO'leHllbie CHJlbI OT BpcMellHoM Ha.
rpY3KH, npHKJlaAbIBaeMbie B .lI.IIHX Y3JJaX !fJepMbI,
Fp= PdB= 1,58'3-12 =57 KH.
B KpaHHHx Y3J1ax !fJepMbI cocpeAOTO'leHHaH CHJla OT BpeMeHHoH lIarpY3KH paBHa
0,5 F p = 28,5 KH.
PaCl/em Ha cHeo6VIfJ HaZpVJKY no II 6apiJaHmy
+---=- 3000"8 = 2LfOfJO
I n 57 57 57 28,5
B
c
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Macwmao YCII/llltl
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8. 9
PHC. I I. 12. K npHMepy 11.1 paC'IeTa !fJCPMbI lIa lIecHMMeTpH'lHYIO lIarpY3KY
PaC'leTHNe cocpeOTO'leHHblC CHJJbI OT nocToHHHOM HarpY3KH
F p = 2,5.3-12 = 90 KH.
PaccMaTpHBaeM ABe cxeMN 3arpYlKeHHH !fJepMbI: 3arpylKeHHe ncero npQ,lleTa cJIep-
Mbi nOCTOHHHOH H BpeMeHHoH lIarpY3Koii; 3arpYJKeHHe Bcero npOJleTa !fJepMbI nOCTOHH-
HOM H nOJlOBHHbI npOJlera BpeMeHHoii HarpY3Koii.
YCHJlHH B CTepJhHHX !fJepMbI onpeAeJJHeM pa3AeJJbHO ,nJJH KaJKAOH HarpY3KH no-
CTpoellHeM AHarpaMMb! MaKCBeJIJla - KpeMollbl. DpH BbI'lep'lHBaHHH cxeMbI !fJepMbl
YKJlOHOM npeHe6peraeM, a 3a paC'leTHYIQ BbiCOTY npHHHMacM paCCTOHHlIe MelKAY OCH-
246
Ta6/luqa 11.3
HaHMeHoaaHHe HarpY3XH
HopMaTHHaSJ
HarpY3Ka,
KH/M'
1(03<1"I,"I\H-
eHTbJ
Ha.u.e>KHOCTH
no HarpY3Ke
PaC'IeTHaH
Harpy3Ka,
KH/M'
fpaBHiiHaH 3amHTa, 6=
=15...20 MM
fH,nPOH30JIHUHOHHblii KO-
BCp H3 'IeTblpeX CJlOCB PY-
(SepOHAa Ha 6HTYMHOii Ma-
CTHKe
Ac4JaJIbTOBaH CTH>KKa, 1'1=
= 20 MM
YTcnnHTeJJb H3 nCH06eTOH-
HblX nnllT, 1'1=80 MM,
OJIOTHOCTbIQ p=580 Kr/M 3
IlapoH30JIHl\HH H3 cJI0JlbrO-
M30Jla
CTaJlbHOIi npo4JIIJlHpOBaH-
HblH HaCTHJI
DporOHbI pClllCT'IaTbie
CBH3H nOKpblTHH
<1>epMa
1,3
1,3
0.4
0,26
0,3
0,2
0,4
0,4
1,3
1,3
0,52
0,52
0,5
0,16
0,12
0,05
0,3
1,3
1,05
1,05
1,05
1,05
0,06
0,17
0,13
0,055
0,32
HToro
H""'2,5
Hn=2
MH nOHCOB. JJ.HarpaMMy KpeMOHbI Bcnc,ncTBHe CHMMCTpllH 4JepMbI II HarpY3KH CTpOHM
JlH nonOBIIHbI 4JepMbI.
YCHJIHR or Bcex BHAOB 3arpYlKeHHii CBOAHM B Ta6nHl\y paC'ICTHbiX YCHnHA (Ta6JJ.
11.4) H HaxoAIIM paclieTHBIe YCIIJJHH.
HaH6oJU,lllee ClKHMalOl11.ee YCIIJlIIC B BepxHcM nOHCC 4JepMbI- 1180 KH. 3aAaB-
Too/luqa 11.4
XapaKTep HarpY>KeHHH
CYMMa
DOCTOHHHOi!
HOMep OT Dono- OT DOCTOHH- H HBH-
3JJeMeHT CTep>KHH aHHHoro OT nonHoro HoA paC'IeT- 60nbmeA
38rpy>KeHJlII 38rpY>KeHHSJ HoA apeMeHHoA,
CHerOM. xH CHerOM, KH H8ri1XH. xH
BCPXHHA DOftC r-2 -230 -345 -540 - 885
<13 -230 -345 -540 - 985
e-5 -230 -460 -720 -1180
f-6, -230 -460 -720 -1180
f-8, I
f-9 -115 -345 -540 I - 885
HIIlKHHii DOHC A-I 142,5 199,5 315 515
A-4 255 400 655 1055
A-7 145 400 655 1055
A-IO 57 199,5 315 515
247

llpoaoJl:J/Cellue m6Jl. 11.4
XapaKTep HarpY>KeHHSJ
CYMMa
nOCTOHHHOfi
HOMep OT nOJIO- OT nOJIHOrO aT nOCTO- H HaH6onb
3neMeHT CTep>KHH BHHHoro 3arpY>KeHHH HHHOD mei!
3arpY>KeHHSJ CHerOM. paC'IeTHoil BpeMeHHoA.
CHerOM. KH HarpY3KH, KH
KH .KH
PaCKocbI B-1 -200 -280 -443 - 723
1-2 120 200 315 515
3-4 - 40 -120 -190 - 310
4-5 - 40 40 60 100
6-7 80 40 60 140
7-8 - 80 -120 -190 - 310
9-10 80 200 315 515
10-' - 80 -280 -443 - 723
CTOHKH 2-3 - 57 - 57 - 90 - 147
5-6 - 28,5 - 57 - 90 - 147
8-9 - 0,0 - 57 - 90 - 147
UIHCb B nepBOM npH6J1HlKeHIIH K03!fJ!fJHHeHTOM npOAOJIbHOrO H3fH6a 1jJ=0.8, onpe-
AeJlHeM Tpe6yeMYIQ nJlOmaAb nonepe'IHoro Ce'leHHH napHbI.x yrOJIKOB (Ta6J1. 11.5);
A> N/('fRyVC> = 1180/(0,8.24.0,95) = 65 CM2,
fAe Vc=O,95-K03!fJ!fJHHeHT YCJlOBHH pa60TbI (CM. Ta6J1. 6, CHHD 11-23-81 *). Do
copTaMeHTY YfJlOBOH paBHOnOJIOqHOii CTaJlH npllHHMaeM paBH060KHe YfOJIKII:
160X 11; A=68,8 CM 2 ; i x =4,95 CM; il/=7 CM.
BblqHCJIHeM !fJaKTH'IeCKHe fH6KOCTH:
Ax = Ix/ix = 30014,95 = 60;
Ay = Iy/iy = 300/7 = 43.
Do Hall60JIbUIeii rH6KOCTH onpeAeJlHeM IjJ=O,805. DpoBepHeM YCTOHqHBOCTb:
CJ = N /('fA) = 1180/(0,805.68,8) = 21 ,4 KH/cM2 < VeRy = 0,95.24 = 22,6 KH/cM2.
CJleAOBaTeJlbHO, YCTOH'IHBOCTb CTeplKHH 06eCneqeHa. DPH 3TOM !fJaKTH'IeCKaH HaH-
60JIbUIaH rll6KOCTb CTeplKHH MeHbUIe npeAeJIbHoH. OnpeAeJiHeMOii no Ta6JI. 11.2:
. ( 1180 )
[A] = 180 - 60 0,805.68,8.24.0,95 = 180-56 = 124 >60.
Hall60JlbUIee paCTHrHBaIQmee YCHJllle B HHlKHeM nOHce 1055 KH. Tpe6yeMaH fiJIO-
maAb nOnepeqHorO CeqeHHH H3 napHbIX yrOJIKOB:
N 1055
A >-= =46 CM2.
RyVe 24.0,95
Do copTaMeHTY yrJloBoii HepaBHOnOJIOqHOH CTaJlH npllHHMaeM HepaBHo60Klle yroJl-
KH 60JlbUIHMII nOJIKaMII B pa3Hble CTOpOHbI:
160X IOOX 10; A=50,6 CM 2 >46 CM 2 ; i x =2.84 CM; il/=7,77 CM.
c1>aKTHqeCKHe fH6KOCTH MeHbwe npe.n;eJIbHO .n;onYCTHMOH (CM. Ta6J1. 1I.2). YCJlOBRe
npO'lHOCTH MOlKHO He npOBepHTb, nOCKOJlbKY !fJaKTHqeCKaH nJlOmaAb yroJiKa 60JIbUIe
Tpe6yeMoii.
AHaJlOrH'IHO AeJlaIQT nOA60p CeqeHHH H ApyrHx CTeplKHen !fJepMbI.
248
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249

S 11.5. Co.peMeHHltle KOHCTpyKT".H.... C1JOPMItI C1JepM
CTpeMJIeHHe CHH3HTb MeTaJIJIoeMKOCTb H TpY.lI.OeMKOCTb H3rOTOBJIe..
HHH peUleTqaTbIX KOHCTPYKlI,Hii, pa60TalOIl\Hx Ha H3rH6, npHBeJIO K no..
HBJIeHHIO HOBbIx KOHCTPYKTHBHblX <l>OpM <l>epM: C nOHcaMH H3 UlHpOKO-
nOJIOYHbIX TaBpOB (pHC. 11.13); C nOHcaMH H3 UlHpOKOnOJIOqHbIX .lI.BY-
TaBpOB H peUleTKoH H3 npHMoyrOJIbHbIX rHYTocBapHblx npo<l>HJIeA
(pHC. 11.14); Tpy6qaTbIe <l>epMbI; <l>epMbI H3 rHYTbIx npo<l>HJIeii; npe.lI.-
BapHTeJIbHO HanpH:>KeHHbIe <l>epMbI (pHC. 11.15).
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PRC. 11.14. <1>epM3 C 00-
RcaMH H3 UIHpOnOJlO'l-
HbiX ABYTaBpOB
250
<1>epMbI C nOHcaMH H3 UlHpOKOnOJIOQHbIX TaBpOB BbIrO.lI.Hee <l>epM H3
cnapeHHbIX yrOJIKOB no Macce MeTaJIJIa Ha 10... 12 %, no TPY.lI.OeMKO-
CTH H3rOTOBJIeHHH Ha 15... 20'% H no CTOHMOCTH Ha 10... 15 %. 3KO-
HOMHH .lI.OCTHraeTCH 3a CqeT YMeHbUleHHH pa3MepoB <l>acoHoK H .lI.JIHHbI
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PHC. 11.15. <1>epMa C npeABapHTeJlbHO HanpRJKeHHOH 3aTHJKKOH
UlHpOKonOJIOqHbIX .lI.BYTaBpOB. PeUleTKa BbInOJIHHeTCH H3 napHbIX HJIH
O.lI.HHOqHbIX yrOJIKOB.
<1>epMbI C nOHcaMH H3 UlHpOKOnOJIOqHbIX .lI.BYTaBpOB n03BOJIHIOT
YMeHblliHTb pacxO.lI. MeTaJIJIa BCJIe.lI.CTBHe OTCYTCTBHH <l>acoHoK, a pe-
meTKa H3 3aMKHYTbIX ruYTocBapHbIx npo<l>HJIeH TaK:>Ke npHBO.lI.HT K 3KO-
HOMHH CTaJIH H3-3a 60JIee BbIro.lI.HOH pa60TbI CTep:>KHH Ha npO.lI.OJIbHbIH
H3rH6 npH C:>KaTHH.
Tpy6qaTbIe <l>epMbI 3KOHOMHqHbI no pacxo.lI.Y CTaJIH BCJIe.lI.CTBHe TO-
ro, qTO TPy6a HaH60JIee BbIrO.lI.HaH KOHCTPYKTHBHaH <l>opMa CeqeHHH
npH pa60Te Ha npO.lI.OJIbHbIH H3rH6. DpH 3TOM 06eCneqHBalOT repMeTH-
3all,HIO BHYTpeHHeH nOJIOCTH TPy6bI, qTo6bI npe.lI.OTBpaTHTb KOpp03HIO
MeTaJIJIa. B Tpy6qaTbIX <l>epMax HaH60JIee pall,HOHaJIbHbI 6ec<l>acOHOq-
HbIe Y3JIbI C HenOCpe.lI.CTBeHHbIM npHMbIKaHHeM CTep:>KHeH peUleTKH K
nOHcaM.
<1>epMbI H3 ruYTocBapHbIx 3aMKHYTbIX npo<l>HJIeH npoeKTHpYIOT C
6ec<l>acOHOqHbIMH Y3JIaMH. 3TH <l>epMbI HMelOT Te :>Ke npeHMYIl\eCTBa,
qTO H TPy6qaTbIe, O.lI.HaKO BCJIe.lI.CTBHe .lI.e<l>HlI,HTHOCTH Tpy6 CeqeHHS.I
CTep:>KHeH H3 rHYTocBapHbIx npo<l>HJIeH 60JIee npe.lI.nOqTHTeJIbHbi.
Dpe.lI.BapHTeJIbHO HanpH:>KeHHbIe <l>epMbI HaxO.lI.HT UlHpoKoe npHMe-
HeHHe B cTpOHTeJIbCTBe. OHH HMelOT MeHbUlHH (.lI.0 20 %) pacxoJI. CTa-
JIH no cpaBHeHHIO C <l>epMaMH B Tpa.lI.HlI,HOHHOM HCnOJIHeHHH BBe.lI.eHHe
CTaJIbHOH npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHO HanpH:>KeHHOH 3aTH:>KKH BbIrO.lI.HbIM 06pa30M
nepepacnpe.lI.eJIHeT YCHJIHH B CTep:>KH51X H YMeHblllaeT nporH6bI <l>epM.
Oco6eHHo BbIrO.lI.HbIM OKa3bIBaeTCH npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHoe HanpH:>KeHHe B
<l>epMax H3 aJIIOMHHHeBbIX CnJIaBOB. B <l>epMax npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHoe Ha-
npH:>KeHHe MO:>KeT 6bITb oCYIl\ecTBJIeHO 3aTH:>KKaMH, a B Hepa3pe3HbIx
<l>epMax - HCKyccTBeHHbIM CMeIl\eHHeM onop. 3aTH:>KKH CJIe.lI.yeT pa3-
MeIl\aTb TaK, qTo6bI B pe3YJIbTaTe HX HanpH:>KeHHH B HaH60JIee Harpy-
:>KeHHbIX CTep:>KHHX B03HHKJIH YCHJIHH, 06paTHbIe no 3HaKY YCHJIHHM OT
.lI.eHcTBYIOIl\eH HarpY3KH.
251

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HCene306eTOHHItIX 
)I(eJIe306eTOHHb1e <l>epMb1 Tpe6YIOT MeHbUle MeTaJIJIa, qeM CTaJIb-
HbIe, O.lI.HaKO no CTOHMOCTH OHH .lI.opo:>Ke CTaJIbHb1X (HHOr.lI.a .lI.O 15 %).
)I(eJIe306eToHHbIe <l>epMbI 06JIa.lI.a1OT pH.lI.OM npeHMYIl\ecTB no cpaBHe-
HHIO co CTaJIbHbIMH, B OCHOBHOM 3TO CBH3aHO C 3KoHoMHeH CTaJiH H no-
BbImeHHOH KOpp03HOHHOH CTOHKOCTblO. 3KOHOMHqeCKH lI,eneC006pa3HbJ
:>KeJIe306eToHHbIe <l>epMb1 npOJIeTOM 24 M H 60JIee.
nO.lI.CTpOnHJIbHb1e }KeJIe306cTOHHbIe <l>epMbI HCnOJIb3yIOTcH npH ma-
re KOJIOHH 12 M (pHC. 11.16, a) HJIH, pe:>Ke, 18 M (pHC. 11.16, 6).
KpenJIeHHe nO.lI.cTpOnHJIbHbIX <l>epM K KOJIOHHaM ocyIl\ecTBJIHeTCH
c' nOMOIl\blO .lI.yroBoH cBapKH 3aKJIa.lI.Hb1X .lI.eTaJIeH. CTpOnHJIbHbIe <l>ep-
MbI KpenHTcH K HH:>KHeMY nOHcy nO.lI.CTpOnHJIbHbIX <l>epM C nOMOli{blO
aHKepHbIx 60JITOB H MOHTa:>KHbIX cBapHbIx UlBOB.
nO.lI.CTpOnHJIbHbIe <l>epMbI BbInOJIH51IOTCH H3 6eToHa KJIaCCa 830...
... B40 H apMHpYIOTCH npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHO HanpH:>KeHHOH apMaTYPoH C Ha-
TH:>KeHHeM Ha ynopbI. B KaqeCTBe apMaTypbI HCnOJIb3yeTcH KaHaTHaH
HJIH CTep:>KHeBaH, MO:>KeT HCnOJIb30BaTbCH H npOBOJIOqHaH apMaTypa.
HarpY3Ka OT CTpOnHJIbHbIX <l>epM nepe.lI.aeTCH Ha nO.lI.CTpOnHJIbHbIe
<l>epMbI COCpe.lI.OTOqeHHO B ypOBHe HH:>KHero n051ca (pHC. 1l.16, a, 6, B,
0) HJIH (pe:>Ke) BepxHero (pHC. 11.16, e). nO.lI.CTpOnHJIbHbIe <l>epMbI
paCCqHTblBalOTcH C yqeTOM :>KeCTKOCTH Y3JIOB Ha npOqHOCTb H TpeIl\HHO-
CTOHKOCTb.
ApMHpoBaHHe nO.lI.CTpOnHJIbHbIX <l>epM nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 1l.17. no
cnoco6y onHpaHHH :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIe <l>epMbI MorYT 6bITb C onHpaHHeM
Ha KOJIOHHbI B ypoBHe BepxHero HJIH HH:>KHerO nOHca.
<1>epMbI C onHpaHHeM B YPOBHe HH:>KHerO nOHca MorYT 6bITb C na-
paJIJIeJIbHbIMH nOHcaMH C HHCXO.lI.HIl\HM (pHC. 1l.18, a) HJIH BOCXO.lI.H-
Il\HM KpaHHHM paCKOCOM; nOJIHrOHaJIbHOH (Tpanell,HeBH.lI.HOH) <l>OpMbI
(pHC. 11.18, 6) C He60JIbUIHM, .lI.O 5 % YKJIOHOM BepxHero nOHca; cer-
MeHTHbIMH C OqepTaHHeM, 6JIH3KHM K napa60JIHqeCKOMY, XOTH H COCTO-
HT H3 npHMOJIHHeHHbIX OTpe3KOB (pHC. 1l.18, B), 3TH <l>epMbI HaH60JIee
3KOHOMHqHbI, HX apMHpOBaHHe nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 11.19, a; apoqHb1MH
C KpHBOJIHHeHHbIM BepxHHM nOHCOM H pa3pe:>KeHHOH H JIerKOH peUleT-
KOH.
XapaKTepHoii: KOHCTPYKTHBHOH <l>OpMOii: :>KeJIe306eToHHbIX <l>epM HB-
JIHIOTCH 6e3pacKocHbIe H KOM6HHHpoBaHHble <l>epMbI (pHC. 11.18, e, 0).
K 3TOH rpynne OTHOCHTCH <l>epMbI HJIH COBceM He HMelOIl\He paCKO-
COB, HJIH 6e3 paCKOCOB B Cpe.lI.HeH qaCTH npOJIeTa.
OTCYTCTBHe paCKOCOB n03BOJIHeT nponYCKaTb CKB03b <l>epMbI pa3-
JIHqHbIe KOMMYHHKall,HH, YCTpaHBaTb Me:>K<l>epMeHHbIe TeXHHqeCKHe 3Ta-
:>KH H T. .lI.. B TO :>Ke BpeMH OTCYTCTBHe paCKOCOB npHBO.lI.HT K 06pa30-
BaHHIO B nOHcax H cToHKax 3HaqHTeJIbHbIX H3rH6alOIl\HX MOMeHTOB H
K He06xO.lI.HMOCTH 3aMeTHO pa3BHBaTb CeqeHHH 3JIeMeHTOB. no paCXO.lI.Y
MaTepHaJIOB H CTOHMOCTH 3TH <l>epMbI B 1,5...2,5 pa3a 60JIee 3KOHO-
MHqHbI, qeM paccMoTpeHHbIe BbIUIe.
252
PHC. 11.16. OCHoBHbIe THnbI nO.ll.cTponHJlbHbIX lKeJle306eToHHbIx
.pepM:
a, 6. B. iJ - npH onHpaHHH cTponHnbHblx clJepM no HH>KHeMY nOJicy; 2..-
IIPH 0llHp3HHH no BepXHeMY nOHCY

ApMHpOBaHHe 6e3paCKOCHOH <l>epMbI CerMeHTHOrO OqepTaHHH nOKa
3aHO Ha pHC. 11.l9,j;.
B <l>epMax C onHfHiHHeM B ypOBHe BepxHero nOHca B03HHKaeT 06bJ1J
HO OqeHb BbIrO.lI.HOe pacnpe.lI.eJIeHHe YCHJIHll. KaK npaBHJIO, Bce 3JIe
MeHTbI, KpOMe HH:>KHero 110HCa, OKa3bIBalOTCH C:>KaTbIMH. 3TO n03BOJIJI
eT nOJIyqaTb pelIIeHHH. 3KOHOMHqHbIe no paCXO.lI.Y MaTepHaJIOB. TaKHi
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'CBH3eH. npH HX HCnOJIb30BaHHH nOJIyqaeTC.H HJIH nJIOCKaH, HJIH MaJIO
YKJIOHHaH' KpOBJIH.
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ro paCCTOHHHH Me:>K.lI.Y KOJIOHHaMH - OHH OKa3bIBalOTCH .lI.OCTaTOqHO 3<l>
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KOJIOHH Ha BbICOTY <l>epMbI. Ho oco6eHHO 3HaqHTeJIbHbIM OKa3blBaeTC
3<l><l>eKT npH pacnOJIO:>KeHHH <l>epM B.lI.OJIb MeHbUlero paCCTOHHHH Me}K
Y KOJIOHHaMH C onHpaHHeM Ha HHX KpynHopa3MepHNX naHeJIell npo
254
JleTaMH 18...24 M. npH TaKoll
paCKJIa.lI.Ke <l>epMbI He 3aHHMalOT
pa60qHH ra6apHT nOMeIl\eHHH H.
lJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHO, Y.lI.aeTCH YMeHb-
IUHTb BbICOTy 3.lI.aHHH Ha pa3Mep,
paBHblH BbICOTe <l>epMbI, YMeHb-
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JIOrHH H3rOTOBJIeHHH, CBH3aHHaH
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HanpH:>KeHHbIX ,pacKocoB.
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npOJIeTa 06bIqHO Ha3HaqalOT
paBHOH 1/8... 1 /10 npOJIeTa. no
YCJIOBHHM nepeB03KH He peKO-
MeH.lI.yeT-CH .lI.eJIaTb <l>epMbI BbICO-
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napaJIJICJIbHbIMH nOHcaMH H Tpa-
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onHpaHHH naHeJIeH nOKpbITHH Ha
BepXHHH nOHC .lI.0JI:>KHa Ha3Ha-
'laTbCH He MeHee 20 -eM npH na-
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pa3MepoB MeHee 20 CM - 2 CM)
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pellieTKoH, KOr.lI.a 3JIeMeHTbI pe-
lIIeTKH rOTOBHTCH 3apaHee B OT-
PHC. 1l.18. OCHOBHbIe THnbl CTpOnHJlbHbIX
lKeJle306eToHHbIX cJIepM:
a  c napannenbHblMH nOHCBMH; 6 - Tpaneu.He-
BJt:J1HBH; B  cerMeHTHaST paCKOCHBJI; Z - 6e3pac-
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HeHH5.lMH, HO n03BOJISIeT .lI.eJIaTb 3JIeMeHTbr peUleTKH He60JIbrnor.o 'ce-
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BaHHH BCeH <l>epMbr llmpHHY paCKOCOB. H CTOeK H MapKY 6eTOHa npH-
XO.lI.HTCH Ha3HaqaTb TaKHMH :>Ke, KaK .lI.JIH nOHCOB, qTO npHBO.lI.HT K nepe-
paCXO.lI.Y 6eTOHa H lI,eMeHTa.
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KH <l>epMbr .lI.eJIalOT lI,eJIbHbrMH HJIH COCTaBHbrMH. B nepBOM CJIyqae BCH
<l>epMa rOTOBHTCH H nepeB03HTCH lI,eJIHKOM, BO BTOpOM - <l>epMa .lI.e-
JIHTCH Ha qaCTH, KOTopbre nepe.lI. MOHTa:>KOM C06HpalOTCH C nOMOblO
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npHMeHHTb KaK HCKJIlOqeHHe, Kor.lI.a YCJIOBHH TpaHcnopTHpOBKH He no-
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ropo.lI.Y B03HHKalOT 3aTpY.lI.HeHHH C <l>epMaMH .lI.JIHHOH 30 M H 60JIee).
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:>KeCTKOCTH CTep:>KHeH. BO-BTopbrx, :>KeCTKOCTb 3JIeMeHTOB :>KeJIe306eTOH-
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TpeIl\HH B 3JIeMeHTe <l>epMbi.
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6alOIl\He MOMeHTbI npHBO.lI.HT K yBeJIHqeHHIO IIJHpHHbr paCKpblTHH Tpe-
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Tbr B npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHO HanpH:>KeHHOM HH:>KHeM nOHce H Bbr3bIBalOT B
HeM 60JIee paHHee 06pa30BaHHe TpeIl\HH, a BnOCJIe.lI.CTBHH - HX 60JIb-
rnee paCKpblTHe.
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OT.lI.eJIbHbrX 3JIeMeHTOB OKa3bIBaeTCH HeCYlI..{eCTBeHHbrM H MO>KeT He
yqHTbIBaTbCH. Ho, KaK nOKa3bIBalOT 3KcnepHMeHTbr, MOMeHTbr MorYT
HeCKOJIbKO YXY.lI.lllaTb aHKepoBKY apMaTypbr B Y3JIax. KpoMe Toro, eCJIH
$epMa KOHCTpYHpyeTcH KaK COCTaBHaH, TO B 30He CTbrKa HH:>KHHX nOH-
COB nOJIY<l>epM, pelllaeMoro C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM MOIl\HbrX 3aKJIa.lI.Hbrx
CTaJIbHbrx .lI.eTaJIeH, MOMeHTbr H B npe.lI.eJIbHOM COCTOHHHH .lI.OCTaTOqHO
BeJIHKH H .lI.OJI:>KHbI yqHTbIBaTbCH npH paCqeTe CTbrKOBbrx HaKJIa.lI.OK H
CBapHbrx UlBOB.
BJIHHHHe :>KeCTKOCTH Y3JIOB Ha BeJIHqHHY npO.lI.OJIbHbrx CHJI H Ha Be-
JIHqHHY nporH60B <l>epMbr HeCYIl\eCTBeHHO H MO:>KeT He yqHTblBaTbCH,
T. e. BblqHCJIeHHe npO.lI.OJIbHblJl.CHJI H nporH60B MO:>KeT BeCTHCb no Ulap-
HHpHOli: cxeMe,
npoeKTHpOBaHHe Y3.nOB *ene306eTOHHblX epM, B Y3JIaX >KeJIe30-
9-1345
257

6eTOHHbIX <l>epM .lI.JIH Ha.lI.e}KHOCTH nepe.lI.aqH YCHJIHH OT O.lI.HOro 3JIeMeH-
Ta <l>epMbl K .lI.PyrOMY C03.lI.aIOTCH YUlHpeHHH (BYTbI), n03BOJIHIOIl\He
06eCneqHTb aHKepOBKY apMaTYPbl perneTKH <l>epMbl B nOHcax HJIH p3-
MeCTHTb .lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHYIO apMaTYPY, KOTopaH nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHO BJIHHeT
Ha Tpem;HHOCTOHKOCTb Y3JIOB <l>epMbI H aHKepOBKY apMaTypbI 3JIeMeH-
TOB perneTKH.
Y3JIbI apMHpYIOTCH OKaHMJIHIOIl\HMH rHYTblMH apMaTypHbIMH CTep>K-
HHMH. fioMHMo OKaHMJIHIOm;eH apMaTypbI YCTaHaBJIHBalOTCH BepTH-
lVaJIbHbIe XOMYTbI .lI.HaMeTpOM 6... 10 MM C rnarOM 100 MM. OKaHMJIHIO-
m;aH apMaTypa H XOMYTbI 06'be.lI.HHHIOTCH CBapKOH B KapKaCbl.
OnopHbIH Y3eJI }KeJIe306eTOHHblX <l>epM paCCqHTbIBaeTCH Ha CJIyqaH
06pa30BaHHH B HeM HaKJIOHHOH TpeIl\HHbI. On biT npoeKTHpOBaHHH no-
3BOJIHeT Ha3HaqaTb BbICOTY onopHoro Y3JIa He MeHee 80 CM .lI.JIH cer-
MeHTHblX H apOqHbIx <l>epM H He MeHee 60 CM - .lI.JIH TpaneUHeBH.lI.HbIX
cIJepM H <l>epM C napaJIJIeJIbHblMH nOHC3MH. AHKepoBKa npO.lI.OJIbHOH ap-
MaTypbl JIyqUle 06eCneqHBaeTCH KapKacaMH C HaKJIOHHO pacnOJIO>KeH-
HbIMH xOMYTaMH, XOTH OHH 60JIee CJIO:>KHbI B H3rOTOBJIeHHH. YroJI Ha-
KJIOHa XOMYTOB peKOMeH.lI.yeTCH npHHHMaTb TaKHM, qTo6bI OHH 6blJIH
nepneH.lI.HKYJISIpHbI OCH KpaHHero 3JIeMeHTa BepXHero nOHca. War 3THX
XOMYTOB CJle.lI.yeT npHHHMaTb paBHblM 10 CM.
fipOMe:>KYTOqHbIe Y3JIbI <l>epM paCCqHTblBalOTcH Ha Ha.lI.e:>KHOCTb 3a-
aHKepHBaHHH apMaTypbI nOHCOB H 3JIeMeHTOB peUleTKH. PeKOMeH.lI.yeT-
CH 3anycKaTb C:>KaTYIO apMaTYPY 3a rpaHb Y3JIa Ha paCCTOHHHe He Me-
Hee 15 d .lI.JIH pacKocOB H CToeK H 20 d .lI.JIH BepxHero nOHca.
npoeKTHpOBaHHe CTIJIKOB COCTaBHIJIX >Kene306eTOHHblX c1JepM. ECJIH
HH}KHHH nOHC 3aapMHpOBaH nyQKaMH H3 BbICOKOnpOqHOH npOBOJIOKH
C aHKepaMH (HanpHMep, B BH.lI.e 3HKepHOH KOJIO.!J,KH H KOHYCHOH np06-
KH), TO CTblK peUlaeTCH cpaBHHTeJIbHO npOCTO. B 3TOM CJlyqae aHKepbI
Ha.lI.e:>KHO npH:>KHMaIOT 3aKJIa.lI.HYIO .lI.eTaJlb K 6eTOflY H He06:>KaTbIX
yqaCTKoB 6eTOHa He B03HHKaeT,
ECJIH HH:>KHHH nOHC apMHpOBaH CTep:>KHHMH HJIH ceMHnpOBOJIOqHbI-
. MH KaHaTaMH, He HMelOIl\HMH Cnell,HaJIbHbIX aHKepOB, TO .lI.OCTaTOqHOe
06:>KaTHe 6eTOHa HacTynaeT Ha yqaCTKaX, Y.lI.aJIeHHbIX OT TOPUOB 3JIe-
MeHTOB. 3aKJIa.lI.HaH .lI.eTaJIb B 3TOM CJIyqae pernaeTCH B BH.lI.e .lI.BYX ceK-
lI,HH (CM. pHC. 8.14), qeM o6eCneqHBaeTCH Ha.lI.e:>KHOe 3aKpenJIeHHe .lI.e-
TaJIH B 06:>KaTOM 6eToHe. BHYTPH CeKlI,HH 3aKJIa.lI.HbIX .lI.eTaJIeH YCTa-
HaBJIHBalOTCH ceTKH KOCBeHHoro apMHpoBaHHH.
B 060HX THnax CTblKOB pacqeTY nO.lI.JIe}KaT coe.lI.HHHTeJIbHble Ha-
KJIa.lI.HbIe H cBapHbIe UlBbl.
npoeKTHpoBaHHe CeqeHHH 9neMeHTOB 1Kene306eTOHHblx clJepM, Ce-
qeHHe Bcex 3JIeMeHTOB BepXHero nOHca peKOMeH.lI.yeTcH Ha3HaqaTb O.lI.H-
n3KOBbIM, npHqeM UlnpHHa CeqeHHH BepxHero nOHca .lI.OJI}KHa paBHHTb-
CH UlHpHHe CeqeHHH HH>KHerO nOHca. OpHeHTHpOBOqHO Tpe6yeMYIO nJIO-
Il\a.lI.b CeqeHHH BepXHero nOHca Ab MO>KHO onpe.lI.eJIHTb no <l>opMYJIe
A _ ' N
b- ,
. q,8(Rb +O,03R se )
258
r.lI.e N - HaH60JIbUlee YCHJIHe C:>KaTHH (npH n> 1); R - paCqeTHOe
3HaqeHHe npH3MeHHoH npOqHOCTH .lI.JIH paCqeTOB no !-H rpyne npe-
.lI.eJIbHbIX COCTOHHHH C yqeTOM K03<l><l>HlI,HeHTOB YCJIOBHH pa6oTbI, Rse -
paCqeTHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe apMaTypbI C:>KaTHIO.
PeKOMeH.lI.yeTcH Ha3HaqaTb CeqeHHe BepxHero nOHca TaKHM 06pa-
30M qTo6bI rH6KOCTb CeqeHHH A= lo/b He npeBbIrnaJIa 20. 3.lI.eCb /0-
paceTHaH .lI.JIHHa B HanpaBJIeHHH B03MO>KHOH nOTepH YCTOHqHBOCTH;
b - cooTBeTcTBYIOIl\HH pa3Mep CeqeHHH; /0 - npHHHMaeTcH no CHHO
2.03.01-84. u
ECJIff 06eCneqeHO C06JIIO.lI.eHHe YCJIOBHH A20 H BepxHHH nOHC ap-
MHpyeTcH CTep:>KHeBOH apMaTYPOH. HMelOIl\eH <l>H3HqeCKYIO nJIOllla.lI.KY
TeKyqeCTH (CTaJIH KJIaCCOB A-I... A-III), TO npOBepKY npOqHOCTH ce-
qeHHH .lI.onYCKaeTCH npOH3BO.lI.HTb KaK .lI.JIH lI,eHTpaJIbHO C:>KaTbIX 3JIe-
MeHTOB no <l>opMYJIe (9.7).
ECJIH A>20 HJIH apMaTypa He HMeeT nJIOIl\a.lI.KH TeKyqeSTH, TO ce-
qeHHe paCCqHTblBaeTCH KaK BHell,eHTpeHHO C>KaTOe CO CJIyqaHbIM 3KC-
lI,eHTpHCHTeTOM ea. BeJIHqHHa e a npHHHMaeTCH HaH60JIbrneH H3 CJIe.
.lI.YIOIl\HX Tpex 3HaqeHHH: 1/600 I; 1/30 b HJIH 1/30 h.. ECJIH HMeeTCH
BHeY3JIOBOe 3arpY:>KeHHe BepxHero nOHca, TO nOCJIe.lI.HHH .lI.OnOJIHHTeJIb-
HO paCCqHTblBaeTCH Ha MeCTHbIH H3rH6 KaK Hepa3pe3HaH 6aJIKa, H npo-
BepKa npOqHOCTH CeqeHHH npOBO.lI.HTCH no <l>OPMYJIM BHeueHTpeHHoro
C>KaTHH Ha COOTBeTCTBYIOIl\He 3HaqeHHH npO.lI.OJIbHOH CHJIbI H H3rH6alO-
Il\ero MOMeHTa.
OpH Ha3HaqeHHH KOJIHqeCTBa apMaTypbl As CJIe.lI.yeT C06JIIO.lI.aTb YC-
JIOBHe M=As/AbfJ,min, r.lI.e 3HaqeHHH fJ,mln B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT rH6KO-
CTH A=/o/i npHHHMalOTCH no CHHO 2.03.01-84.
OpH Bcex CJIyqaHX B CeqeHHH He CJIe.lI.yeT CTaBHTb MeHbllie qeM qe-
TbIpe CTep:>KHH 0 8.
PaCqeT C:>KaTbIX 3JIeMeHTOB peUleTKH Be.lI.eTCH TaK :>Ke, KaK H paCqeT
3JIeMeHTOB BepxHero nOHca. .
CeqeHHH 3JIeMeHTOB peKOMeH.lI.yeTcH Ha3HaqaTb HCXO.lI.H H3 <l>OPMY-
JIbI (9.7), npHHHMaTb pa3MepbI CeqeHHH C C06JIIO.l1.eHHeM YCJIOBHH A .
20 H, KpoMe Toro, He npHHHMaTb CeqeHHH MeHee 15X 10 CM. OpH
HCnOJIb30BaHHH 3aKJIa.lI.HOH peUleTKH .lI.OnYCKaeTCH nOHH:>KaTb KJIaCC 6e-
TOHa no cpaBHeHHIO C KJIaCCOM 6eTOHa nOHCOB, HO npHHHMaTb ee .lI.JIH
C:>KaTbIX paCKOCOB.
1I.JIH paCTHHYTbIX 3JIeMeHTOB peUleTKH CHaqaJIa nO.lI.6HpaeTCH nJIO-
Il\a.lI.b apMaTypbI, Tpe6yeMaH .lI.JIH o6ecneqeHHH npOqHOCTH, a 3aTeM
npOH3BO.lI.HTCH paCqeT UlHpHHbI paCKpbITHH Tpem;HH npH .lI.JIHTeJIbHOM
H KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM .lI.eHCTBHH HarpY3KH. Pa3MepbI CeqeHHH npHHHMa-
IOTCH TaKHMH, qT06bI 6bIJIO 06eCneqeHO pacnOJIO:>KeHHe apMaTypbI, Tpe-
6yeMoH no paCqeTY, HO He MeHee 15XlO CM. ApMaTypa npHHHMaeTCH
nepHO.lI.HqeCKOrO npo<l>HJIH. KOJIHqeCTBO apMaTypb1 .lI.OJI:>KHO 06eCneqH-
BaTb C06JIIO.lI.eHHe YCJIOBHH fJ,fJ,m1n, t, r.lI.e fJ,mln, t . 0,0010 H .lI.OJI:>KHO
6bITb YCTaHOBJIeHO He MeHee 4 0 8. MHHHMaJIbHbIH KJIaCC 6eTOHa-
B15.
9*
259

Pa3MepbI CeqeHHH HH:>KHerO nOHCa Ha3HaqalOT H3 YCJIOBHH, qT06b1
HanpH>KeHHH B 6eT B MOMeHT 06:>KaTHH He npeBblUlaJIH .lI.OnYCTHMO-
ro ypOBHH, YCTaHoBJIeHHoro HopMaMH.
DJIOIl\a.lI.b apMaTypbl B HH:>KHeM nOHce nO.lI.6HpaeTCH no BeJIHqHHe
HaH60JIblllerO paCTHrHBalOIl\erO YCHJIHSI KaK B lI,eHTpaJlbHO paCTHHYTOM
3JIeMeHTe.
B KpaHHHX naHeJIHX HH:>KHero nOHca peKOMeH.lI.yeTcH He .lI.OnYCKaTb
TpeIl\HH OT HopMaTHBHblX HarpY30K, qTO 3HaqHTeJIbHO YJIyqrnaeT YCJIO-
BHe aHKepOBKH Hanp5!raeMOH apMaTypbl B onopHOM Y3JIe.
Bce paCTHHYTbIe 3JIeMeHTbl <l>epM .lI.OJI:>KHbl Y.lI.OBJIeTBopHTb YCJIOBH-
HM HOpM Ha UlHPHHY paCKpbITHH TpeIl\HH OT pa3JIHqHbIX BH.lI.OB Ha-
rpY3KH. ApMHpOBaHHe <l>epMbl nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 11.19.
1'11.7. CDepMIoI H3 ApeBecHHIol
B nOKpblTHHX 3.lI.aHHH npHMeHHIOT o.lI.HOnpOJIeTHble <l>epMbI. PeKo-
MeH.lI.yeMble cxeMbl H THnbl <l>epM, HX OCHOBHble xapaKTepHcTHKH npH-
Be.lI.eHbI B Ta6JI. 11.6. <1>epMbl H3rOTaBJIHBalOT H3 KJIeeHoi'I HJIH l..{eJIbHOH
(npe.lI.nOqTHTeJIbHO H3 6pycbeB) .lI.peBeCHHbl. 1I.JIH npOJIeTOB .lI.O 12 M
npHMeHHIOT .l1.OIlaTble <l>epMbl. B <l>epMax H3 KJIeeHoi'I .lI.peBeCHHbI Bepx-
HHe nOHca BbInOJIHHIOT Hepa3pe3HblMH.
nepe.lI.aqa HarpY3KH Ha <l>epMY OT nOKpblTHH MO:>KeT 6bITb Y3JIOBaH
H BHeY3JIOBaH. npH Y3JIOBOi'I nepe.lI.aqe HarpY3KH B Y3JIaX BepxHero
nOHca yKJIa.lI.bIBalOT nporOHbl, nepe.lI.alOIl\He .lI.aBJIeHHe OT nOKpblTHH Ha
<l>epMY. B 3TOM cJIyqae BepxHHi'I nOHC <l>epMbl pa60TaeT TOJIbKO Ha
oceBble YCHJIHH. npH KOHCTpYHpOBaHHH .lI.epeBHHHblX <l>epM Ba:>KHeH-
UlHM BonpOCOM HBJIHeTCH lI,eHTpHpOBaHHe CTep:>KHei'I <l>epM. LIaIl\e Bcero
lI,eHTpHpYIOT Y3JIbI no reOMeTpnqeCKHM OCHM CXO.lI.HIl\HXCH B Y3JIe 3JIe-
MeHTOB.
DpH BHeY3JIOBoi'I nepe.lI.aqe HarpY3KH B BepXHeM nOHce <l>epMbl no-
MHMO oceBblX YCHJIHi'I B03HHKalOT H3rH6alOUJ,He MOMeHTbl OT MeCTHoro
H3rH6a. 1I.JIH YMeHbrneHHH 3Toro MOMeHTa Y3JIbI lI,eHTpHpYIOT He no
reOMeTpHqeCKoi'I OCH nOHca, a no JIHHHH, CMeIl\eHHoi'I Ha HeKOTopb1H
3KClI,eHTpHCHTeT e (pHC. 11.20).
nporH6bl <l>epM HBJIHIOTCH CJIe.lI.CTBHeM He TOJIbKO ynpyrHx .lI.e<l>op-
Mall,HH, HO H PblXJIbIX, HanpHMep OT HenJIOTHOCTeH B Coe.lI.HHeHHHX npH
H3rOTOBJIeHHH. KpOMe TOro, C TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH B03paCTalOT .lI.e<l>op-
Mall,HH nOCJIeJI.CTBHH, CYIl\eCTBeHHO YBeJlHqHBalOlII,He 06Il\He nepeMeIl\e-
HHH. POCT nporH6oB npOHCXO.lI.HT npeHMYIl\eCTBeHHO B nepBbIe .lI.Ba-
TPH rO.lI.a 3KCllJIyaTall,HH. B nOCJIe.lI.YIOlII,He rO.lI.bI npHpaIl\eHHH nporH-
60B HeBeJIHKH.
BepxHHi'I nOHC KJIeeHbIX cerMeHTHblX <l>epM OqepqeH no .lI.yre. Ero
peKOMeH.lI.yeTcH H3rOTOBJIHTb Hepa3pe3HblM Ha BeCb npOJIeT. B KOH-
CTPYKTHBHOM OTHOUleHHH BepxHHi'I noSic npe.lI.CTaBJISIeT C060H naKeT,
CKJIeeHHbli'I H3 .lI.OCOK nJIaUlMH, HMelOIl\HH npHMoyrOJIbHOe CeqeHHe. 3JIe-
MeHTbl perneTKH cerMeHTHblX <l>epM H3rOTOBJIHIOT JIH60 H3 6pYCbeB, JIH-
60 H3 K,1IeeHoH .lI.peBeCHHbl. CerMeHTHble <l>epMbI npOJIeTOM .lI.O 24 M
260
Ta6.AUlfa 11.6
KpaTKaJl npone. HIL npHM&-
xapaKrepH- 1(0HCTPYKTHBHaJi cxeMa ThI, M qaHHe
CTHK3
H3 ueJIbHOR H  } 9...15 1/6 CoeAHHe-
KJIeeHOR Ape- HeHHH:
BeCHHbI, J1.0- MeTaJlJlH-
llla Tble qeCKHe
J<.- L L 3y6'1aTbie
'I nJlaCTHHbI
. MorYT
)J.ollJ,aTbie  } 12...18 1/6... 1/7
npHMe-
HHTbCH
COlleTa-
J L  HHH C nOA
CTpOnHJJb-
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BepxHHR no- 9 n' 18 1/6 .n 1/8 blh=
HC H3 6pYCb- 8)i, =1/4...
eB HJlH KJIe-  J- .n 1/6
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CHHbI
l L L
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MeTaJlJIOAe-  JH 15 n. 21 1/6 BepxHHH
peBHHHbIe C nOHC H
BepxHHM nOH- 6pYCbeB;
COM H3 6py- MOlKeT
L L L 6bITb C
CbeB HJlH KJIe- 0 1
eHOR Ape Be- cTaBHoro
CHHbI celleHHSl
MeTaJlJlOAe-  1H 9... 18 1/6... 1/5 -
peBHHHbIe
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f-- L L
1
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Hble C60pHbIe Tbi B Y
H3 KJJeeHbIX JIax co
3J1eMeHTOB Ha AHHHIOTC
BKJIeeHHblX  L  Ha 60J1T
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BKJIlOqHTeJIbHO >KeJIaTeJIbHO nOJIHOCTblO H3rOTOBJIHTb Ha 3aBO.lI.e H .lI.0-
CTaBJIHTb Ha MeCTO ¥OHTa:>Ka B rOTOBOM BH.lI.e. B OnOpHblX Y3JIaX, r.lI.e
CXO.lI.HTCH CTep>KHH t He60JIbUlHMH YCHJIHSIMH, OCYIl\eCTBJIHIOT CTpOrOe
lI,eHTpHpOBaHHe BCeX 3JIeMeHTOB. l...{eHTpoM OnopHOro Y3JIa HBJIHeTCH
TOqKa nepeCeqeHHH YCHJIHH B BepXHeM H HH:>KHeM nOSICaX H onopHoii
pe3HH.
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t t t t t t t t t f t t t
A
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cJIepMa H3 KJIeeHOH .lI.peBe-
CHHbI
j
l= locos
TpeyrOJIbHbIe <l>epMbI npHMeHHIOT .lI.JIH KpOBeJIbHbIX MaTepHaJIOB, .lI.0-
nYCKalOIl\Hx 3HaqHTeJIbHblH YKJIOH. OTHOlIIeHHe BbICOTbI <l>epMbI B KOHb-
Ke K npOJIeTY npHHHMaIOT, He MeHee: .lI.JIH lI,eJIbHO.lI.epeBHHHbIX <l>epM 1/5,
.lI.JIH <l>epM C MeTaJIJIHqeCKHM HH:>KHHM nOHCOM 1/6. 0PH 3TOM yKJIOH
BepxHero nOHca H3MeHHeTCH OT 1 : 2,5 .lI.O 1 : 4. BepxHHH nOHC BbInOJI-
HSIIOT H3 KJIeeHbIX 6JIOKOB HJIH 6PYCbeB. PaCTHHYTbIe CTOHKH 06bIqHO
BblnOJIHHIOT H3 KpyrJIOH CTaJIH. B 60JIbUlHHCTBe CJIyqaeB BepXHHe nOH-
ca nOMHMO npO.lI.OJIbHOro C>KaTHH pa60TalOT H Ha H3rH6 OT BHeY3JIOBOH
HarpY3KH, n03TOMY OHH pa60TalOT KaK C:>KaTO-H30ruYTbIe CTep:>KHH.
TpeyrOJIbHbIe <l>epMbI Ha JI060BbIX Bpy6Kax HBJIHIOTCH O.lI.HHM H3
CTapblX THnOB .lI.epeBHHHbIX KOHCTPYKlI,HH nOCTpOe'lHOro H3rOTOBJIeHHH,
TeM He MeHee OHH npHMeHHIOTCH B COBpeMeHHOM CeJIbCKOM CTpOHTeJIb-
CTBe H B HaCTOHIl\ee BpeMH.
262
PaCKOCbl <l>epM 06bI'lHO COe.lI.HHHIOT C nOHcaMH Ha JI060BbIX Bpy6-
KX O.lI.HHM 3y60M H .lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHO KpenHT 60JITaMU HJIH cK06aMH.
J],JIH CHH:>KeHHH HanpH:>KeHHH B oCJIa6JIeHHbIX Bpy6KOH CeqeHHSIX nOH-
COB <l>epM lI,eHTpHpOBaHHe B onopHbIX H npOJIeTHblX Y3JIaX npOH3BO.lI.HT
no lI,eHTpy OCJIa6JIeHHOrO CeqeHHSI nOHca (CM. puc. 2.8).
Ocb6eHHocTHMH paCqeTa .lI.epeBHHHbIx <l>epM SIBJISIeTCH o6H3aTeJI-
HOCTb onpe.lI.eJIeHHH nepeMeIl\eHHH C yqeTOM nO.lI.aTJIHBOCTH COe.lI.HHeHHH.
OPH paCqeTe CTaTHqeCKH HeOnpe.lI.eJIHMblX <l>epM Heo6xo.lI.HM y'leT nOJI
3yqeCTH .lI.epeBHHHblx 3JIeMeHTOB.
rJlABA 12
A.PKM M P A.MbI
S 11.1. ApKJf
ApKa KaK HecYIl\aH KOHCTPYKlI,HSI 6bIJIa H3BeCTHa B rJIy60KoH .lI.peB-
HOCTH. rH6KHH CTep:>KeHb, CTHHYTbIH TeTHBoH, npHMeHHJICH He TOJIbKO
KaK opY>KHe HalIIHX npe.lI.KOB, HO H KaK HeCYIl\aH KOHCTPYKI..{HSI JIerKHX
:>KHJIHIl\. TaK, lIIepeBH3aHHbIe Me:>K.lI.Y C060H nyqKH TpOC'rHHKOBbIX cTe6-
JIeH H CerO.lI.HH npHMeHHIOTcH .lI.JIH apOK npH coopY>KeHHH XH)I{HH nOJIY-
I..{UJIHH.lI.pHQeCKOH <l>OpMbl B Me:>K.lI.ype%e THrpa H E<l>paTa.
B03BO.lI.HJIHCb apKH H H3 npHpO.lI.HbIX KaMHeH, KOTopbIe XOpOlIIO pa-
60TalOT Ha C:>KaTHe. BY.lI.yqH nOJIO>KeHHbIMH O.lI.HH Ha .lI.pyroH, KaMHH,
qaCTO 6e3 cBH3ylOIl\erO HX pacTBopa, 06pa3YIOT 3aMKHYTblH CBO.lI. KO-
TOpbIH, BocnpHHHMaH HarpY3KY, nepe.lI.aeT ee C BepxHHx KaMHeH Ha
HH:>KHHe. fipH 3TOM BepXHHH KaMeHb Ha3bIBaeTCH 3aMKOBhIM H .pacuu-
PRC. 12.1. Apo'lHble CBO.ll.bI H3 K8MHH
paeT 60KOBbIM )1.aBJIeHHeM COCe.lI.HHe C HHM KaMHH, a Te COOTBeTCTBeH-
HO C:>KHMaIOT HH:>KeJIe:>KaHe. TaKHM 06pa30M, Bce 3JIeMeHTbI B CBO.lI.e-
apKe C:>KaTbI npO.lI.OJIbHOH CHJIOH' (pHC. 12.1). H3rH6alOIl\ue MOMeHTbI
H nOnepeqHaH CHJIa, KOTophIe B03HHKalOT npu 3TOM, COCT3BJIHIOT He-
3HaqHTeJIbHYlO .lI.OJIIO BHYTpeHHHx YCHJIHH.
Onl:lCaHHbIH BbIlIIe xapaKTep pa60ThI apKH He 3aBHCHT OT npHMe-
26.3

HHeMhlX CTpOHTeJIbHbIX MaTepHaJIOB: MeTaJIJIa, .lI.peBeCHHbI, :>KeJIe306e-
TOHa HJIH KaMHH.
B XO.lI.e pa3BHTHH apOqHbIX KOHCTPYKlI,HH MHOroo6pa3HO BapbHpO-
BaJIaCb reOMeTpHH apOK. Oapa60JIHqeCKHe, 3JIJIHnCOBH.lI.HbIe H CTpeJIb-
qaTbIe, KpyroBbIe apKH - 3TO JIHUlb OCHOBHbIe reOMeTpHqeCKHe <l>OpMbI
(pHC. 12.2).
a) 6) .
D. J)-
.J. z J.. -J. 1 J...J. z .I--
PHC. 12.2. reOMeTpH'IeCKHe
cJI0pMbI apOK:
a - 3nnHnTH'leCK8J1; 6 - KPY"
rOB8J1; B - CTpenb'l8T8H
COBepUleHCTBOBaHHe npe.lI.CTaBJIeHHH 0 CTaTHqeCKOH pa60Te apOq-
HbIX KOHCTPYKlI,HH npOHCXO.lI.HJIO .lI.OJIrHM nYTeM - OT 3MnHpHqeCKHX
3HaHHH K HayqHO 060CHOBaHHbIM MeTO.lI.aM paCqeTa.
Pa3JIHqalOT apKH 6eCmapHHpHbIe, .lI.BYXUlapHHpHbIe, TpeXmapHHp-
HbIe (pHC. 12.3, a - B). CaMbIMH TH:>KeJIbIMH H MaTepHaJIOeMKHMH H3
HHX HBJIHIOTCH TpeXmapHHpHbIe apKH, O.lI.HaKO, 6Y.lI.yqH CTaTHqeCKH
Onpe.lI.eJIHMhlMH, OHH He qYBCTBHTeJIbHbI K HepaBHOMepHOH OCa.lI.Ke <l>YH-
.lI.aMeHTOB H n03ToMy npHMeHHIOTCH Ha npOCa.lI.OIJiHb1X rpYHTax. Eecmap-
HHpHbIe apKH - TPH pa3a CTaTHqeCKH HeOnpe.lI.eJIHMbIe CHCTeMbi. HaH-
60JIbUlHe MOMeHTbI B03HHKalOT Y MeCT npHCOe.lI.HHeHHH K <l>YH.lI.aMeHTaM.
OHH BeCbMa qYBCTBHTeJIbHbI K HepaBHoMepHbIM OCa.lI.KaM H TeMnepa-
TYPHbIM B03.lI.eHCTBHHM, n03ToMy npHMeHeHHe HX OrpaHHqeHO Henpo-
Ca.lI.oqHbIMH rpYHTaMH. l1.ByxmapHHpHbIe apKH, HBJIHHCb O.lI.HH pa3 CTa-
THqeCKH HeOnpe.lI.eJIHMbIMH CHCTeMaMH, HaH60JIee ynoTpe6HTeJIbHbI.
06Il\HM CBOHCTBOM .lI.JIH apOK HBJIHeTCH BHemHHH pacnopHocTb. Pacnop
nepe.lI.aeTcH Ha <l>YH.lI.aMeHTbI, n03ToMY OHH nOJIyqalOTCH MOIl\HbIMH H
pa3BHTbIMH B ropH30HTaJIbHOM HanpaBJIeHHH. HaH60JIee HeBbIro.lI.HbIM
3arpY:>KeHHeM .lI.JIH apoK HBJIHeTCH O.lI.HOCTOpOHHHH HepaBHoMepHaH Ha-
rpY3Ka, a HaH60JIee onaCHoe CeqeHHe pacnOJIO:>KeHO Ha 1/4 .lI.JIHHbI ap-
KH. OpH paCqeTe apOK qaCTO nOJIb3YIOTCH Ta6JIHlI,aMH (Ta6JI. 12.1).
reHepaJIbHbIMH pa3MepaMH apoK HBJIHIOTCH npOJIeT 1 H CTpeJIa
nO.lI.'beMa f, HaHBbIrO.lI.HeHUlHe COOTHOUleHHH C TOqKH 3peHHH MHHHMaJIb-
Horo pacxo.lI.a MaTepHaJIa: f/l= 1/4 ... 1/6. YBeJIHqeHHe CTpeJIbI nO.lI.'be-
Ma f - Ha06opoT.
CeqeHHe apKH MO:>KeT 6bITb CnJIOUlHhlM (.lI.JIH npOJIerOB 30...60 M)
H peUleTqaTbIM (.lI.JIH npOJIeTOB 50...200 M). BbIcoTa CeqeHHH apKH Ha-
3HaqaeTCH 06bIqHO h/l= 1/30... 1/40 .lI.JIH CnJIOUlHbIX CeqeHHH H h/l=
= 1/40... 1/60 .lI.JIH CKB03HbIX CeqeHHH (pHC. 12.3).
CaMaH JIerKaH no pacxo.lI.Y MaTepHaJIa HBJIHeTCH apKa, .lI.yra KOTO-
pOH OqepqeHa no napa60JIe, O.lI.HaKO Ha npaKTHKe qae Bcero npHMe-
HHIOT OqepTaHHe OCH no .lI.yre OKPY:>KHOCTH. 3TO BbI3BaHO TeM, qTO
OKPY>KHOCTb HMeeT BCIO.lI.Y nocToHHHhlH pa.lI.HYc KpHBH3HbI B OTJIHqHe
264
liT .lI.pyrHx THnOB KpHBhlX, qTO BbIrO.lI.HO npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH apKH, TaK
KaK npH 3TOM nOJIyqaeTCH HaH60JIbUlaH YHH<l>HKall,HH OTnpaBOqHbIX
apOK H CTbIKOB Me>K.lI.Y'HHMH.
YCHJIHH, .lI.eHCTBYIOIl\He no OCH apKH, B CeqeHHH Ha paCCHHHH 
OT onopbI, onpe.lI.eJIHIOTCH no <l>opMYJIaM. Mx=M6 - Hy, N x -.
= Q6 sin a + H cos a; Qx= Q6 cos a - H Sin a, r.lI.e H - pacnop,
a) 6) )


f 1 } + 1 }
CnflOWH6Ie
I>U 'llR ""ene30OemoH
cn.nOUlHDCmeH'IOm6/e Kfle"n< pO'
Heml1f1f1UVeCKUe iJpeAecuHa
I IT I I]
CK603H61e Mem'llflflutteCKue
B
C8 L1t l i
PHC. 12.3. CxeMbi apoK H HX nOnepe'lHbIe Ce'leHHH:. '1aTble a KH
a _ 6ecmapHHpHaSJ; 6 - JJ;ByxmapHHpHaSJ; 8 - TpexmapHHpHaSJ, Z - pemeT P
f . Y rOJI Me:>K.lI.Y KaCaTeJIbHOH K
y - Op.lI.HHaTa OCH apKH; Ymax= , a - none
OCH a KH H ropH30HTaJIblO; M6 H Q6 - 6aJIOqHbIe MOMeHTbI H -
peqHa CHJIa nOJIyqeHHbIe npH paCCMOTpeHHH apKH KaK 6aJIK C TeM
:>Ke n OJIeTO. KaK BH.lI.HO H3 <l>OPMYJI, B apKe BeJIHqHHbI H3rH alOIl\HX
MOMeTOB H nOnepeqHbIX CHJI Bcer.lI.a MeHbUle, qeM B 6aJIKe, n603T:::
CTpOHTeJIbHaH BbICOTa CeqeHHH apOK Bcer.lI.a MeHbme, qeM B aJI bI.
ApKa HBJIHeTCH 3JIeMeHTOM, B KOTOpOM B03HHKalOT TPu H CHJIB x
<l>aKTopa - npeo6JIa.lI.alOaH npOJI.OJIbHaH CHJIa, -He60JIbUlOH H3rH alO-
265

266
....
c:-i
....
g.
:::I


c.
o
 :z::
...
1:1,
.....
(.0
'-
...
-
1:10
.,
.,
::t
..
...
OJ
C.
00
'-
-
1:10
01
Q;'
'"
:II
:r:
c.
o
c:
o
-.:
Q;'
00
--

""
.....
C'I
--


kl-

'-
0>
00
0>
o
......
..,.
-
.......
..,.

+
- c:::r
o 
.....
o
--'"
-
(.0 00--
....... 00 '"
'" 
..... 0 C'I
-- I
$"....0: C':)  
+00- ..... (.0 
 --=: Q,
jj /I  c: I-
.cc:;.


o
;.:
... / .....
-(.0
1:10_
00
.....
-
1:10

00
.......
-
1:10
C':)
JI-
.,
..
'"
>-
c.
....
..
:r:
.. t>
:E  
'"
>< I
u
'"
'"
.. <1:1
c.
..
c
'"
I-
Il\HH MOMeHT H nOnepeqHaH CHJIa. Y CHJIHH B 3JIeMeHTaX CKB03HbIX apOK
nOCTOHHHOH BbICOTbI (j>Hc. 12.4) onpe.lI.eJIHIOT B BepxHeM IIOHce:
N sup = -(N xfL2/h -Mx/h);
B HH}f{HeM nOHce
N ili /= -(NxfLl/h+Mxl h );
N d = Qx/cos ( - a);
B BepTHKaJIbHblX CTOHKax
Nc=Qxlcos a,
B pacKocax
r.lI.e Ui - paCCTOHHHe OT lI,eHTpa TH}f{eCTH celleHHH .lI.O cooTBeTcTBYIOIl\e-
ro nOHca.
ApKa MO}f{eT nOTepHTb 06Il\YIO YCTOHqHBOCTb KaK B nJIOCKOCTH, TaK
H H3 CBoeH nJIOCKOCTH. HaH60JIee BepoHTHoH <l>OpMOH nOTepH YCTOH-
---

.c::

PHC. 12.4. K Bonpocy pacnpe.ll.eJleHHH
YCHJlHM B 3J1eMeHTax CKB03HOH apKH
qHBOCTH apKH B cBoeH nJIOCKOCTH SlBJIHeTCH S-06pa3HaH KpHBaH C TOq-
KOH neperH6a, 6JIH3KOH K Cepe.lI.HHe .lI.JIHHbI apKH. OpOBepKOH 06Il\eH
YCTOHqHBOCTH apKH HHOr.lI.a onpe.lI.eJIHeTCH BbICOTa ee CeqeHHH. "4eM
60JIblIIe BbICOTa CeqeHHH apKH, TeM 60JIbUle ee MOMeHT HHepll,HH H.
CJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHO, YBeJIHqHBaeTCH ee YCTOHIlHBOCTb B BepTHKaJIbHOH
nJIOCKOCTH. .l1.JIH 06eCneqeHHH YCTOHqHBOCTH apOK H3 cBoeH nJIOCKO-
CTH He06xo.lI.HMa nOCTaHOBKa ropH30HTaJIbHbIX cBH3eH H pacnopOK
Me:>K.lI.Y COCe.lI.HHMH apKaMH. OpH 3TOM paccTOHHHe Me:>K.lI.Y nporOHa-
MH, pacnopKaMH He .lI.OJI:>KHO npeBbIUlaTb 16... 20 UlHPHH nOHca apKH
(pHC. 12.5).
)l(eJIe306eToHHbIe apKH, KaK npaBHJIO, .lI.eJIalOT .lI.ByxUlapHHpHbIMH
co CTpeJIOH nO.lI.'beMa f= (1/6 ... 1/8) I. Pacnop apKH 06bI'!HO BOcnpH-
HHMalOT 3aTH:>KKOH. KOHCTPYHpoBaHHe :>KeJIe306eToHHbIx apoK BbInOJI-
HHeTCH no 06Il\HM npaBHJIaM .lI.JIH BHell,eHTpeHHo C>KaTbIX 3JIeMeHTOB.
CeqeHHe apKH MO:>KeT 6bITb npHMoyrOJIbHbIM HJIH .lI.BYTaBpoBbIM C CHM-
MeTpHqHbIM apMHpoBaHHeM. 3aTH:>KKa BbInOJIHHeTCH npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHO
267

U<lnpH:!KeHHOii, apMaTypa B Heii nO.lI.6HpaeTCH KaK B lI,eHTpaJIbHO paCTH-
"YTOM 3JIeMeHTe C yqeTOM TpeIl\HHOCTOHKOCTH. .l1.JIH TorO qT06bI YMeHb-
JIIHTb npOBeC 3aTH>KKH, ee nO.lI.BeUlHBalOT K apKe C nOMOIl\blO Cnel{HaJIb-
IIblX CTaJIbHblX HJIH }f{eJIe306eTOHHbIX nO.lI.BeCOK, HMelOIl\HX mar 6 M.
BblcoTa H UlHpHHa nonepetJHoro CeqeHHH apKH npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHO Ha-
.lIIaqalOTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT npOJIeTa h= (1/30 ... 1/40) I; b = (1/2,5 ...
.. 1/2) h.
BJIHHHHe rH6KocTH :>KeJIe306eToHHoii apKH Ha ee pa60TY yqHTbI-
113eTCH YMeHbUleHHeM paCqeTHOH .lI.JIHHbI OCH apKH S B nJIOCKOCTH ap-
KH: .lI.JIH TpexmapHHpHoii apKH - 0,58 S, .lI.JIH .lI.ByxUlapHHpHoH-

-L 2
- ..
11/1\ VI\V J VI\V\!/
I 1\ 1\ 1\ 1\
II
II
./ -
;r

Iz
1
i
l '"
I
1-1
- 2
Jr-'T;t'
*-UWDL ,C-
.... <:>
- <:>
;t c-..
C'J
 
PHC. 12.5. KOMnoHoBKa apOqHoro nOKpbITHH:
1- apKH; 2 - CB>J3H
LJ
l = 11000
+1....
 
1+
 -r-t "t:s L
q=3 ( II ::::::::::::::::::: P 
I 901,61,41

-I' 34 1 L
I. · [[]  f!f
-W-'44 i=
rt A iP! if-
ffi 18 g €)
1-3
+-4
I :-t 2-2
 I m


I 14 I 18 I

. -'-
"
_ _J I
o
{
k 2300 
{II:
1:} 
PHC. 12.7. TpexwapHHpHaH .lI.epeBHHHaH apKa CHCTeMbi B. C. llepeBHrHHa
PHC. 12.6. ApMHpoBaHHe JKeJle3o(jeToHHoii apKK
269

0,54 S, .lI.JIH 6ecUlapHHpHoH - 0,36 S. ApMHpoBaHHe :>KeJIe300eToHHoH
apKH nOKa3aHO Ha . 12.6.
TpexUlapHHpHaH epeBHHHaH apKa CHCTeMbI B. C. ,lJ,epeBHrHHa BbI-
nOJIHHeTCH H3 .lI.BYX COCTaBHbIX 6aJIOK, pacnOJIO:>KeHHbIX no.lI. yrJIOM
.lI.pyr K .lI.pyry H COe.lI.HHeHHbIX B KOHbKOBOM y3JIe .lI.epeBHHHbIMH HaKJIa.lI.-
KaMH, a B onopax - 3aTH:>KKOH: H3 npo<l>HJIbHOii HJIH KpyrJIOH CTaJIH
,(pHC. 12.7). DJIarO.lI.apH 3KClI,eHTpHQHOCTH npHCOe.lI.HHeHHH B onopHbIX
Y3JIaX 3aTH:>KKH H KOHlI,OB 6aJIOK .lI.pyr K .lI.pyry B KOHbKOBOM y3JIe.
o
PHC. 12.8. CTpeJIb'laTaH apKa H3 .lI.peBecHHbI
B npHMOJIHHeHHbIx 3JIeMeHTax apKH HCKyccTBeHHo C03.lI.aIOTCH H3rH-
6alOIl\He MOMeHTbI 06paTHoro 3HaKa no OTHOUleHHIO K H3rH6alOll{H'M
MOMeHTaM OT BepTHKaJIbHOH HarpY3KH. 3TO n03BOJIHeT YMeHbUlHTb ce-
qeHHe 3JIeMeHTOB H npHBO.lI.HT K 3KOHOMHH .lI.peBeCHHbI. YKa3aHHbIe ap-
KH BbInOJIHHIOTCH npOJIeTOM 12 M H HMelOT CTpeJIy nO.lI.'beMa OT 1/2 .lI.0
1/8 l. ,lJ,epeBHHHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI C:>KaTO-H30rHyTbI, a CTaJIbHaH 3aTH:>KKa
pa60TaeT Ha paCTH:>KeHHe.
BecbMa 3KOHOMHqHbI CTpeJIbqaTbIe TpexUlapHHpHbIe apKH H3 KJIe-
eHoH .lI.peBeCHHbI (pHC. 12.8).
270
t U.l. PaM"
PaMbI npe.lI.cTaBJIHIOT Co()oii: n.nOCKHe, reOMeTpHqeCKH HeH3MeHHe-
MbIe KOHCTPYKHH, COCTOHIl\He H3 npOJIeTHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, Ha3bIBaeMbIX
pHreJISJMH,  COnpH:>KeHHbIX C HHMH BepTHKaJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB. Ha3bI-
BaeMbIx CTOHKaMH paMbI.
npHMeHHIOTcH paMHbIe CHCTeMbI B BH.lI.e O.lI.HOnpOJIeTHbIX, MHoronpo-
JIeTHbIx H MHOr03Ta:>KHbIX paM pa3JIHqHOH reoMeTpHqeCKOH KOH<l>Hry-
oj
 . P ,f -o!!n!!.-
6) n +- w n +A . +:"w
H H H H
-- -- -- w- ,,--
<0 t A t B +A +B <0
ODD
o
D
PHC. 12.9. Pa60Ta paM B npe.ll.eJJbHOM COCTOHHHH non; .lI.eiiCTBHeM:
a - BepTHKaJlbHOil HarpY3KH; 6 - ropH30H1'aJlbHOil HarpY3KH
211

pal.\HH. nepeXO.lI. K paMHblM CHCTeMaM 06YCJIOBJIeH He06xo.lI.HMOCTblO
nOJIyqeHHH 60JIee :>KTKOH KOHCTpyKlI,HH H CBH3aHHOrO C 3THM YMel:!b-
UleHHeM paCXO.lI.a MTepHaJIa.
XapaKTepHOH OC06eHHOCTbIO pa60TbI paM C :>KeCTKHMH Y3JIaMH HB-
JIHeTCH Ta, qTO npH 3arpY:>KeHHH TOJIbKO pHreJIH B pa60TY BKJIlOqalOTCH
H KOJIOHHbI, T. e. Bce 3JIeMeHTbI paMbI .lI.e<l>OpMHPYIOTCH (pHC. 12.9).
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CeqeHHH pHreJIeH H KOJIOHH paMbI pa3.lI.eJIHIOTCH
Ha CnJIOUlHOCTeHqaTble (pHC. 12.10, a) H CKB03HbIe (pHC. 12.10, 6)
(peUleHaTbIe); no OqepTaHHIO pHreJIeH OHH MorYT 6bITb npHMOJIHHeH-
HbIe (ropH30HTaJIbHbIe H HaKJIOHHbIe), nOJIHrOHaJIbHbIe H KpHBOJIHHeii:-
Hble (pHC. 12.10,8).
aj
I'
------
<:::>
-
-
"=>
1-1
iF:
l'
17J50
oj
8)
2)
L= 12000...24000
L= 12000... 24000
PHC. 12.10. npHMepbI CTaJlbHbIX H .lI.epeBHHHbIX paM:
a - CTBJIbHBfI cnnOWHOCTeHtJaTBH; 6 - perneTtJaTBH; B. Z - .n.epcBBHHble cnnOllIHO-
C1'eH'laTble; 1 - II1BeJIJlep; 2 - ro<J>PHpoeaHHblll JlHCT
272
Ta6.1!uqa 12.2
CxeMa paMbI, HarpY3KH, 3nlOpbl MOMeHTOB
( I.h )
BHYTpeHHHe YCHJlHI! 11--
1,1
q Me
a P b
pM
H A
..
HD
..
%
B
c wMMe
.. n' 1
H
, A
"H
ql2
MB = Me = 4 (2k + 3)
2k + 1 ql2
M max = 2k + 3 T '
H = ql2
4h (3 + 2k)
Me
3 Pab
MB =MD="2 1(3+ 2k) ·
3 Pab
H ="2 Ih(3 +2k)
Me
ph 2 6 + 3k
Me=-
8 3+2k
ph 2 6 + 5k
MB=T 3+2k
ph 6 + 5k
HA=T 3+2k .
ph 2
RA= -RD =-e;z'
HD=ph-HA
Wh
MB=Me=- .
2
W
H=-
2
273

PaMHe KOHCTPYKQHH HaXO.lI.HT npHMeHeHHe B 3.lI.aHHHX H cooPY-
:>KeHHHX 06Il{eCTBeH,ijPrO Ha3HaqeHHH - BbICTaBoqHX naBHJIbOHax, Te-
aTpax, pHKax, cnopTHBHx 3aJIaX; B coopY:>KeHHHX npOMUlJIeHHOro
Ha3HaqeHHH - aBHac6opOqHX Qexax, aHrapax, CY.lI.OCTpOHTeJIbHbIX
3JIJIHHrax, npOMUlJIeHHX 3.lI.aHHHX H .lI.p.
BbICOTa pHreJIeii 06qHO npHHHMaeTCH H3 YCJIOBHii HaHMeHbUleH
Macc B npe.lI.eJIax 1/12... 1/ 20 npOJIeTa. .
MaJIaH BbICOTa pHreJIeH paM - Ba>KHoe HX npeHMYIl{eCTBO no cpaB-
HeHHlO C 6aJIOqHbIMH CHCTeMaMH, TaK KaK OTnpaBOqHbIe MapKH pHre-
JIeH nOJIyqalOTCH qaCTo ra6apHTHbIMH no YCJIOBHHM TpaHcnopTHpOBKH.
PaMHe CHCTeM 3<l><l>eKTHBH B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH H3rH6HaH )ReCT-
KOCTb KOJIOHH 6JIH3Ka I< :>KeCTKOCTH pHreJIeH. C YMeHbUleHHeM :>KeCTKO-
CTH KOJIOHH pHreJIH nepeCTalOT HcnTblBaTb pa3rpY:>KalOIl{ee BJIHHHHe
onopHX MOMeHTOB H HX CeqeHHH OCTalOTCH TaKHMH :>Ke, KaK H B 6a-
JIoqHoii CHCTeMe.
1{JIH 60JIbUlHHCTBa npocTeiiUlHX paM HMelOTCH Ta6JIHU, HanpHMep
Ta6JI. 12.2, H <l>OPMYJI, C nOMOIl{blO KOTOpX MO:>KHO onpe.lI.eJIHTb xa-
paKTep H BeJIHqHHy BHYTpeHHHx YCHJIHii B paM ax. B CJIyqaHX 60JIee
CJIO:>KHX paM paCqeT npOH3BO.lI.HT MeTO.lI.OM CHJI HJIH nepeMeIl{eHHH,
H3yqaeMX B Kypcax CTpOHTeJIbHOii MexaHHKH. ECJIH :>Ke KOJIHqeCTBo
HeH3BeCTHX B paCCqHTBaeMoii paMe BeJIHKO, TO paCqeT ee BpyqHYIQ
CTaHOBHTCH TpY.lI.OeMOK Hero npOH3BO.lI.HT no rOTOBM nporpaMMaM Ha
3BM.
PaCqeT paM, KaK H apOK, npOH3BO.lI.HT Ha Bce .lI.eiiCTBYIOIl\He HarpY3-
KH, a npH npOJIeTax 60JIee 50 M H Ha TeMnepaTypHe B03.lI.eiiCTBHsL
TIpH 3TOM paCqeT Be.lI.yT OT.lI.eJIbHO Ha Ka:>K.lI.ii BH.lI. 3arpY:>KeHHH, a 3a-
TeM COCTaBJIHIOT .lI.JIH Ka:>K.lI.Oro H3 paCqeTHblX CeqeHHii paMbI HJIH apKH
HaHHeBrO.lI.HeHUlHe KOM6HHaQHH YCHJIHH, T. e. .lI.eJIalOT Ta6JIHlI,Y Coqe-
TaHHH.
flpUMep 12.1. Tpe6yeTcH onpe.ll.eJIHTb YCHJIHJI B .lI.ByxwapHHpHoA paMe, HarpYlKeH-
HQA paBHOMepHO pacnpeeJ1eHHOA paCqeTHoA HarpY3KoA q==20 KH/M H ropH30HTaJlb-
Hoii cocpeOTOqeHHOA HarpY3KoA W=60 KH. TIpH 3TOM 1 2 ==1,5 M 4 , 1 1 ==0,5 M4, 1==
=30 M, h== 10 M (pHC. 12.11).
B Ta6JIHl\8X HeT paMbi C YK83aHHbIM KOMnJleKCHbIM BHOM HarpYlKeHHH, O.ll.HaKO
Ha KalK.lI.bIA BH 3arpYlKeHHSI B OTJleJ1bHOCTH B Ta6JIHQaX HMelOTCH pe3YJlbTaTbI. EHH-
CTBeHHaH oC06eHHOCTb - 3TO HanpaBJleHHe cocpeOTOqeHHOH CHJIbI W (B Ta6JIHuaX
OHa HanpaBJleHa B JlpyrylO CTOpOHy).
)J.JlH peWeHHSI 3aaqH BOCnOJIb3yeMcSI npHHUHnOM He3aBHCHMOCTH .lI.eiiCTBHSI CIIJI,
C nOMOll{blO KOToporo pewaeTCSI nOaBJlHlOlI{ee 60JIbWHHCTBO 3a.ll.aq CTaTHKH.
npHHl\Hn He3aBHCHMOCTH JleACTBHH CHJI COCTOHT B cJleYlOlI{eM: 3!fJ4>eKT, BbI3bIBae-
MbIii B COopYlKeHHH KaKOH-JIH60 CHCTeMoii CHJI (B HaweM CJIyqae q+ W), paBeH aJl-
re6p8H'IeCKoA CYMMe 3cJ1cJ1eKToB, BbI3bIBaeMbIX KalK.lI.OH HarpYSKOH B OTeJ1bHOCTH. no-
3TOMY CJleJlyeT CJIOlKHTb 3nlOpbI BHYTpeHHHX YCHJIHH OT HarpY30K q H W MelKy C060H.
TIPH 3TOM Y paMbI, HarpYlKeHHOii CHJlOH W, BH.lI. 3nlOpbI H BeJIHqHHbI opHHaT 6YYT.
KaK B Ta6JIHue, JlHWb C TOH pa3HHl\eA, '1TO HanpaBJleHHSI 3nlOp H SHaKH 6YJlYT IIHbI-
MH. ::ha OC06eHHOCTb 06'bHCHHeTCH HHbIM HanpaBJIeHHeM COCpeJlOTOqeHHoH CHJIbI W,
qeM B Ta6m-ll\e.
Dp e .ll.BapHTeJ1bHO BbI'IHCJlHeM
K=.!.!. !..==I O.
/1 1 0,5 30 '
274
BbI'IHCJlHeM onopHbIe peaKUHH OT BepTHKaJlbHOH HarpY3KH:
ql 20.30
q12 = 20.30 2 =90 KH; RA=RB= 2==
H = 4h (2K + 3) 4.10 (2.1 + 3)
= 300 KH;
"' . . H= W / 2 = 60/2 ==30 KH; RA=-RB=20 KH.
OT ropH30HTaJlbHOH HarpY3KH.
w= 601<1'/
-* I=JO t-
al u}
 JJJJJJJ  
900 90 n
+ =
-gO -30 -30 60 ...
.... .. t . t
t -+ JOO t .-20 20 t 280 320
O 
 +e) = n- J20 0)
  m  60 -IZ0
90 -gO -JO -JO  ,)
*) JI/
'j  + 11111111IIIIII =F1
.  -20 +20 Z80 320
JOO
PHC. 12.11. K npHMepy 12.1 paC'IeTa paMbI
@
0)
CHJlbI OT BepTHKaJlbHOH Ha-
BbI'lHCJIHeM MOMeH1bI, nOnepe'lHbIe H npO.ll.OJIbHbIe
rpY3KH:
M 2 =M 3 =90.10=900 KH'M (pHC. 12.11,6);
Q2 = -Q3=90 KH (pHC. 12.11,8);
N pur ==90 (pHC. 12.11, z);
OT ropH30HTanbHoii HarpY3KH:
M 2 ==M 3 =30.10=300 KH'M (pHC. 12.11, iJ);
Q -Q3=30 KH (pHC. 12.11, e);
Qpu - (300+300)/30=20 KH (pHC. 12.11,3/C).
275

CYMMapHble YCHJIHH nOJlY'IaeM, aJlre6paH'IeCKH CKJla.l(blBaH HX OT .l(BYX BH.l(OB 3a-
rpYJKeHHSI:
M 2 =900-300=600 KH'M;
M3 = 900+300= 1200 KH'M (pHC. 12.11, u);
Q2=90-30=60 KH;
Q3=90+30=120 KH (pHC. 12.11,K);
N pBc =90+30=120 KH;
N cT . n =300-20=280 KH;
N cu =300+20=320 KH (pHC. 12.11,.I!).
OKOH'IaTeJIbHble 3nlOpbl MOMeHTOB, nOnepe'lHbIX H npo.n.OJIbHbIX CIIJi nOKa3aHbI Ha
pHC. 12.1 I, U, K, /l.
aMa, KaK H apKa,- nJIOCKaH KOHCTPYKlI,HH H .lI.JIH ee reOMeTpHqe-
CKOuH Heu3MeHHeMOCTH CTaBHT CBH3H, KOTOpble HBJIHIOTCH HeOT"beMJIe-
MOH qaCTblO coopY)KeHHH (puc. 12.12).
1-/ J
' ri
J [=50000...120000  .
2-2
J

- - -
I v-2 I >.
/' )
)
....
I IX I X J><1XD
l'

PHC. 12.12. KOMnOHoB-
Ka paMHoro nOKpblTIISI:
/ - paMbI; 2 - BepTHKaJlb'
Hhle CBH3H; 3 - ropH30H.
TaJIbHble CBH3H

HaH60JIee CJIO)KHbIMH KOHCTPYKTUBHbIMH Y3JIaMU B apKax H paMax
:HBJIHIOTCH OnopHbIe H KJIlOqeBbIe UlapHupbl. OnopHbIe UlapHupbl 6bIBa-
lOT Tpex TunOB: nJIUTOqHbIe, nHTHUKOBbIe U 6aJIaHCUpHhle.
fIJIHTOqHble UlapHupbI (puc. 12.13, a) UMelOT Hali60JIee npoCTylO
KOHCTPYKlI,HIO. fIpHMeHHIOT HX npH cpaBHUTeJIbHO He60JIbUlUX onopHbIx
.n.aBJIeHHHX.
fIHTHHKoBbIe UlapHHpbl (puc. 12.13, 6) UMelOT CneHaJIbHOe onop-
Hoe fHe3.lI.O-nHTHHK, B KOTOpbIH BCTaBJIHeTCH 3aKpyrJIeHHaH onopHaH
qaCTb. fIHTHHK 06b1qHO BbInOJIHHIOT JIHTblM. B MeCTe nepe.lI.aqu onop-
Hblx .lI.aOJIeHHH nHTHHK U onopHYIO qaCTb yKpenJIHIOT pe6paMH )KeCT-
KOCTH.
276
BaJIaHCUpHbIe UlapHupbl (puc. 12.13, 8) npHMeHHIOT B HaH60JIee
TH)KeJIbIX apKax U paM ax. K.OHCTpyKlI,HH HX COCTOHT H3 BepXHero H
IIH)KHerO 6aJIaHCHpOB, B rHe3.lI.a KOTOpblX YKJIa.lI.blBaIOT nJIOTHO npu-
l'HaHHYIO lI,UJIUH.lI.pHqeCKyJO lI,an<l>y. ApKY npUKpenJIHIOT K BepXHeMY
lJaJIaHCHPY Qepe3 nJIHTy, KOTOPYIO npHBapHBalOT K KOHTYPY onopHoro
CeqeHUH apKH U npUTHrUBalOT 60JITaMH K 6aJIaHCHpy.
PHC. 12.13. OnopHble rnapHHpbl apoK H paM:
a - nJlHTO'lHbli!; 6 - n>JTHHKOBbliI; 8, 2 - 6aJlaHCHpHblii
B KJIlOqe TaK)Ke npUMeHHIOT nJIUTOqHble HJIH ,6aJIaHCHpHble UlapHH-
pbI, KOTOpble npoeKTHpylOT aHaJIOrUqHO OnopHbIM. ,lJ,JIH H3rOTOBJIeHHH
OnOpHblX U KJIlOqeBbIX UlapHHpOB npHMeHHIOT JIHTbe. fIpH 3TOM HCnOJIb-
3YlOT HU3KoJ'IerupOBaHHbIe CTaJIH MapOK 15J1 H 35J1.
,lJ,JIH OnOpHblX Y3JIOB paM 60JIee xapaKTepHO 3aIl\eMJIeHHe B <l>YH-
.lI.aMeHTax. 3aIl\eMJIeHUe B <l>YH.lI.aMeHTax CTaJIbHbIX H .lI.epeBHHHblX paM
OCY-lU,eCTBJIHeTCH <l>YH.lI.aMeHTHbIMH 60JITaMH. fIpu nOM npH B03.lI.eH-
-GTBHH BeTpa H HHbIX ropH30HTaJIbHbIX HarpY30K, oco6eHHO qaCTO npH
OTCyTCTBUU CHerOBbiX HarpY30K Ha KpOBJIe, B <l>YH.lI.aMeHTHbiX 60JITaX
B03HHKaeT paCTH)KeHUe CO CTOpOHbI paCTHHYTblX BOJIOKOH B CTOHKax
paMbi. fI03TOMY <l>YH.lI.aMeHTHbie 60JITbi pa60TalOT Ha paCTH)KeHHe U
277

CeqeHHe HX .lI.OJI)KHO 6b1Tb nO.lI.06paHO Ha H3H6oJIee OnaCHYIO KOM6ltHa
lI,HIO HarpY30K, T, e Ha TaKylO, npH KOTOpOH YCHJIHe paCTH)KeHHH B
4!YH.lI.aMeHTHbIX 60max 6Y.lI.eT HaH6oJIbUlHM.
PHreJIH )KeJIe300eTOHHblX paM pa60TalOT KaK H3rH6aeMble 9JIeMeHII
TbI, 3 CToiiKH - KaK BHell,eHTpeHHO C)KaTbIe. DOnepeqHOe CeqeHHe PH'
reJIeii MO)KeT 6b1Tb npHMoyrOJIbHbIM UJIH .lI.BYTaBpOBblM, CTOHKH paMbi
qame Bcero .lI.eJIalOT npHMoyrOJIbHOrO CeqeHHH. ApMHpOBaHHe pHreJIeH
H CToeK paM npOH3BO.lI.HT-
CH no 06Il\HM npaBHJIaM
apMiHpOBaHHH H3ru6aeMbIX
.. H BHell,eHTpeHHO C}KaTbIX
9JIeMeHTOB. Pa60qaH apMa-
Typa YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH C
yqeTOM 3all{eMJIeHHH pHre-
JIeH B CTOHKax, qaCTb ee
3aBO.lI.HTCH B CTOHKU, a
... qaCTb apMaTYPbl CToeK 3a-
BO.lI.HTCH B pHreJIb.
Ba}KHbIM MOMeHTOM np"
KOHCl1pYKTHpOBaHHH )KeJIe-
306eTOHHbIX paM HBJIHeTCH
apMHpOBaHHe Y3JIOB. Dp"
COnpH)KeHHH pHreJIeii co
CTOHKaMH no.lI. npHMbIM yr-
JIOM .B03HHKaIOT 3HaQUTeJIb-
HbIe C)KHMalOll{He HanpH-
)KeHHH, B03HHKalOIl\He BO
BHYTpeHHeM yr JIe paMbI, "
J
PHC. 12.14. ApMHpoBaHHe Y3.na paMHoro conpsuKe-
HHSI lKe.ne306eToHHoro pHre.nSl C KOJlOHHOH
-r
IT
PHC. 12.15. ApMHpOB<lHHe KOHbKOBoro Y3JIa lKe.ne306eToHHoH paMbI
pa.cTHrHBalOIl\He HanpmKeHHH, KOTOpbIe B03HHKalOT 6JIH)Ke K .BHern-
HeMy KpalO. 4T06bI YMeHbIUHTb BeJIHqUHy C}KHMalOIl\Hx HanpmKeHHH B
Y3JIe, BXOJ],HmHe yrJIbI .lI.eJIalOT co CKocaMH-BYTaMH, a paCTHHYTYIO ap-
MaTYPy pacnOJIaralOT no KPHBOii, 3aBO.lI.H ee B CTOHKH H pHreJIH pa-
MbI (pHC. 12.14).
278
B KOHbKOBOM Y3JIe paMbI BogHHKaeT BepTHK3JIbH3H COCTaBJIHlOrnaH
\. '1,lHii B pHreJIe, KOTopaH cTpeMHTcH oTopBaTb KOHeK OT pHreJIH. 4TO-
fib! ::noro He npOH30UlJIO, B Y3JIe YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH .lI.onOJIHHTeJIbHaH
IIOnepeqHaH apMaTypa, KOTopaH .lI.0JI)KHa BocnpHHHMaTb BepTHKaJIbHYIO
COCTaBJIHlOmylO N YCHJIHii B npO.lI.OJIbHblX paCTHHYTblX CT.ep}KHHX apMa-
A
<::>

....
1-1
l = 10000...12000
<0
-t=
f.-
.',
II

PHC. 12.16. )J.epeBHHHaH paMa CnJlOIliHOrO Ce'leHHSI
.
TYPbI, HMelOll{HX nJIOIl\a.lI.b
As (puc. 12.15): N =
= O,7RsAs COS, (V/2) r.lI.e
V - BXO.lI.HIl\Hii yrOJI B pa-
CTHHYTOH 30He Y3JIa.
,lJ,onOJIHHTeJIbHaH none-
peqHaH apMaTypa B KOHb-
KOBOM Y3JIe YCTaHaBJIHBa-
eTCH Ha .lI.JIHHe S = :!5
=h tg(3/&y). 
,lJ,epeBHHHble paMbI
cTIJIOUIHOro CeqeHHH 06b1q-
110 BblnOJIHHIOT no Tpex-
lIlapHHpHoii txeMe, a CTOH-
KH H pHreJIH npiHHHMalOT
PRC. 12.17. )J.epeBHHHaH rHYTOKJIeeHaSI paMa
IIpHMoyrOJIbHOro CeqeHHH
(pHC. 12.16). )l(ecTKocTb
Y3JIa coeJ],HHeHHH pHreJIH co cToHKaMH o6eCneqeHa H30rHYTblM,H CTaJIb
IIbIMH BKJIa.lI.blUlaM.H .lI.BYTaBpOBoro CeqeHHH. BpYCbH CToeK H pHreJIeH
:Ja)KaTbI Me>K.lI.Y nOJIKaMH .lI.BYTaBpa-B'KJIa.lI.blUIa, n09ToMY H3rH6alOaJ,He
MOMeHTbI B03HHKalOIl\He B Y3JIe, BocnpHHHMalOTcH YKa3aHHbIM ,BlUIa-
}{bIUleM, H 33BO.lI.HTCH B nponHJIbI 6pycbeB .pHreJIH H CTOHKU. BpYCbSi
279
1-1
::;

I
10
gOOD

CToeK H pHreJIH TIl{aTeJIbHO npHTopll,OBblBalOTCH, qeM H 06eCneqHBaeTCJI
BOCnpHHHTHe C:>KHMi,IOIl\HX npO.lI.OJIbHbIX CHJI B Y3JIe COnpmKeHHH. O.lI.HH-
.lI.Ba CTH:>KHblX 6oJIT(f H HeCKOJIbKO rB03.lI.eH Heo6xo.lI.HMbI .lI.JIH BOCnpHHH-
THH paCTHrHBalOIl\HX YCHJIHH OT BeTpOBOH HarpY3KH. DpH npOJIeTax
.lI.O 12 M TaKHe paMbI MorYT 6bITb 3<l><l>eKTHBHo HCnOJIb30BaHbI .lI.JIH c6op-
Ho-pa36opHbIX 3.lI.aHHH MHOrOll,eJIeBOrO Ha3HaqeHHH.
BecbMa BblrO.lI.HbI .lI.epeBHHHbIe fHYTOKJIeeHbIe paMbI npOJIeTOM .lI.O
24 M (pHC. 12.17). DpoqHOCTb Y3JIa Coe.lI.HHeHHH CToeK C pHreJIeM o6ec-
neqeHa BbIrH60M CKJIeHBaeMbIX TOHKHX .lI.OCOK, nJIaBHO nepeXO.lI.HIl{HX
OT O.lI.HOrO 3JIeMeHTa K .lI.PyroMY. OTHoUleHHe pa.lI.Hyca KpHBH3HbI K TOJI-
Il\HHe H3rH6aeMbIx .lI.OCOK .lI.OmKHO Ha3HaqaTbCH B npe.lI.eJIax 200 ... 250.
qTo6bI npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH nOJIypaM B fHYTblX .lI.OCKax He 06pa30BblBa-
JICb TpeIl\HHbI H He B03HHKaJIH .lI.onOJIHHTeJIbHble H3rH6Hble HanpH-
:>KeHHH.
r llABA 13
O&ECnEI.fEHHE fEOMETPHI.fECKOA tfEH3MEHSIEMOCTH
nnOCKHX KOHCTPYKLI,HA
1{JIH 6e3aBapHHHOH pa60TbI nJIOCKHX KOHCTPYKlI,HH Ha HarpY3KH,
.lI.eHCTBYIOIl{He B pa3JIHqHbIX HanpaBJIeHHHX, .lI.OJI:>KHa 6bITb 06eCneqeHa
npOCTpaHCTBeHHaH HeH3MeHHeMOCTb coopY:>KeHHH B lI,eJIOM. reOMeTpH-
6)
...-
---- "-
-- XJ
----- "-
___ X2
Y X
1
6)"
2)
x"
11
x,
XJ'
Xz
X"
PHC. 13.1. BepTHKaJlbHble CBH3H B KapKace 3.n.aHHH:
a - OJtHHOQH3H paM3 noli. .neACTBHeM ropH30HTanbHblX CHn; 6 - CHCTeMa paM. 3aBH
38HHblX CBH3HMH; 8 Z - BapH8HTbI nOCT3HOBKH CBH3eA B 38BHCHMOCTH OT BblCOTbl
pa M; 1 - pacnopKH; 2 - .lIHarOHaJlH H pacKocbl
280
'ICCKaH HeH3MeHHeMOCTb B npOCTpaHCTBe nJIOCKHX HeCYIl\HX KOHCTPYK-
({HH 06eCneqHBaeTCH nOCTaHOBKOH CBH3eH. Pa3JIHqalOT .lI.Ba THna CBH-
3eH: rOpH30HTaJIbHbIe H BepTHKaJIbHbIe. u
OT.lI.eJIbHO CTOHIl\aH nJIOCKaH paMa (pHC. 13.1, a) 6Y.lI.eT HeycToH-
qHBOH no.lI. .lI.eHCTBHeM CHJI, HanpaBJIeHHbIX nepneH.lI.HKyJIHpHO nJIOC-
KOCTH paMbI xoz. 1{JIH o6ecneqeHHH reOMeTpHqeCKOH HeH3MeHHeMOCTH
ce nOJIO:>KeHHH H3 nJIOCKOCTH xoz MO:>KHO CBH3aTb ee BepTHKaJIbHblMH
CBH3HMH H ropH30HTaJIbHblMH pacnopKaMH C COCe.lI.HeH nJIOCKOH paMoH
(pHC. 13.1, 6). B 3TOM cJIyqae o6e paMbI 6y.lI.yT npe.lI.CTaBJIHTb reOMeT-
pHqeCKH HeH3MeHHeMylO B npocTpaHcTBe CTep:>KHeBYIO CHCTeMY, cnoco6-
HYIO npoTHBoCTOHTb pa3JIHqHbIM HarpY3KaM. K 3TOH npocTpaHcTBeHHo
YCTOHqHBOH CHCTeMe MoryT npHMbIKaTb 06bIqHble nJIOCKHe paMbI. 1{JIH
reOMeTpHqeCKOH HeH3MeHHeMOCTH .lI.OCTaTOqHO HX CBH3aTb ropH30HTaJIb-
HblMH pacnopKaMH 1 C YCTOHqHBOH cHcTeMoH H3 .lI.BYX paM Ha OCHX
XI H X2.
CHCTeMa CBH3eH 3<l><l>eKTHBHO pa60TaeT npH yCJIOBHH, ecml yrOJI
HaKJIOHa CBH3eH ex. 6JIH30K K 45°. CHcTeMbl cBH3eH MorYT 6b1Tb pa3-
JmqHblMH (pHC. 13.1,8).
CBH3H BblnOJIHHIOT H3 CTaJIH H, KaK npaBHJIO, npoeKTHpYIOT HCXO.lI.H
H3 HX pa60Tbl Ha paCTH:>KeHHe, n03ToMy "PH B03.lI.eHCTBHH HarpY30K
aJZIJZSlO
6) NN l><1
PHC. 13.2. Pa60Ta cBH3eH B KapKace 3JJ.aHHH:
a - BHJJ.bI cB>J3eil; 6 - pa60Ta CBSl3eil (nYHKTHpOM nOKaaaHa Hepa(\01'alOaJl CBSJ3b); 8, Z-
npHMepbl paCCT8HOBKH CBfl3cA B paMHhlX KapK8C8X
281

3JIeMeHTbI CBH3eH, B KOTOpbIX B03HHKaeT YCHJIHe C:>KaTHH, CqHTalOT He-
pa60qHMH, T. e. KaK 6Y.lI.TO HX neT, a Bee yCHJIHH BOCnpHHH-MaIOT JIHUlb
paCTHHYTble CBH3H (pHC. 13.2, a).
B CTaJIbHbIX H :>KeJIe306eTOHHblx KapKacax BepTHKaJIbHble CBH3H no
OCHM KOJIOHH YCTaHaBJIHBalOTCH B Cepe.lI.HHe Ka:>K.lI.OrO TeMnepaTypHoro
6JIOKa. Eho .lI.eJIaeTCH C ueJIblO YMeHbUleHHH BJIHHHHH TeMnepaTypHbIx
HanpH:>KeHHH Ha KapKac 3.lI.aHHH B npO.lI.OJIbHOM HanpaBJIeHHH.
CHcTeMa CBH3eH nOKpblTHH npe.lI.Ha3HaqeHa .lI.JIH 06eCneqeHHH rrpo-
cTpaHcTBeHHoH pa60TbI H npH.lI.aHHH npocTpaHcTBeHHOH >KeCTKOCTH H
reOMeTpHqeCKOH HeH3MeHHeMOCTH KapKacy, .lI.JIH BocnpHHHTHH ropH30H-
TaJIbHblx HarpY30K OT BeTpa H 06eCneqeHHH YCTOHqHBOCTH OT.lI.eJIbHbIX
3JIeMeHTOB KapKaca. CBH3H nOKpbITHH pa3JIHqalOT: ropH30HTaJIbHble-
no BepxHHM H HH:>KHHM HOHcaM H .BepTHKaJIbHble.
LI:JIH 3JIeMeHTOB CTaJIbHblX CBH3eH npHMeHHIOT npoKaTHble npo<l>HJIH:
yrOJIKH, UlBeJIJIepbI, Tpy6b1 KpyrJIOro HJIH npflMoyrOJIbHOrO cetleHHH.
rOpH30HTaJIbHbIe CBH3H YCTaHaBJIHBalOT B TOpll,ax TeMnepaTypHoro
6JIOKa .lI.JIH BocnpHHHTHH BeTpoBblX .narpY3PK H nocJIe.lI.YIOIl\eH nepe.lI.a-
qH YCHJIHH OT HHX qepe3 pacnopKH H BepTHKaJIbHble CBH3H Ha <l>YH.lI.a-
MeHT (pHC. 13.2,6, 8).
B JKeJIe306eTOHHblX KapKacax .lI.JIH 06eCneqeHHH YCTOHqHBOCTH CTpo-
nHJIbHblX KOHCTPYKlI,HH, HMelOlI1HX 60JIbUlYlO BblCOTy Ha onope, YCTa-
PHC. 13.3. Pa3MemeHHe
l'BSl3eii B TeMnepaTypHbIX
6JIOKaX 3.l(aHHSI
282
HaBJIHBalOTCH BepTHKaJIbHble CBH3H B onopHOM CeqeHHH CTponHRbHblX
KOHCTPYKlI,HH (pHC. 13.3). DpH He60JIbUlOH BbICOTe CTpOnHJIbHOP KGH-
npYKlI,HH Ha onope .lI.0 800 MM 3TH CBH3H .lI.OnYCKaeTCH He yCTaHaBJ'8-
BaTb, HO npH 3TOM CTaJIbHble 3aKJIa.lI.Hble .lI.eTaJlH pHreJIH COe.lI.HHHIOTCH
CBapKOH C 3aKJIa.lI.HblMH .lI.eTaJIHMH KOJIOHHbI.
B :>KeJIe306eTOHHOM KapKace MeTaJIJIHqeCKHe CBH3eBble <l>epMbI B
ropH30HTaJIbHOH nJIOCKOCTH yCTaHaBJIHBalOTCH B Topll,ax 3.lI.aHHH TOJIbKO
B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIH eCTb B03MO:>KHOCTb nepe.lI.aqH 3HaQHTeJIbHblX yCH-
JIHH, B03HHKalOIl\HX OT BeTpOBOH HarpY3KH Ha TOpell, 3.lI.aHHH, C <l>axBep-
KOBbIX KOJIOHH Ha HH:>KHHH nOHC CTpOnHJIbHOH KOHCTpyKlI,HH. ECJIH pOJIb
CTpOnHJIbHOH KOHCTpyKUHH HrpaeT :>KeJIe306eToHHaH 6aJIKa, TO CBH3H
no HHJKHeMY nOHCY He yCTaHaBJIHBaIOT, TaK KaK HH:>KHHH nOHC 6aJIKH
.l1.0CTaTOqHO pa3BHT H3 nJIOCKOCTH H, KaK npaBHJIO, cnoc06eH caMOCTOH-
TeJIbHO BocnpHHHMaTb yCHJIHH, nepe.lI.alOlI1HeCH K HeMy OT KOJIOHH <l>ax-
BepKa. ECJIH pHreJIeM nOnepeqHOH paMbI CJIY:>KHT <l>epMa, TO ropH30H-
TaJIbHbIe CBH3H 06H3aTeJIbHbI (pHC. 13.4).
B CJIyqaHX, KOr.lI.a paCCTOHHHe Me:>K.lI.Y HeCYll1HMH KOJIOHHaMIH BeJIH-
KO, yCTpaHBalOT BcnOMOraTeJIbHblH KapKac, Ha3bIBaeMblH <l>axBepKoM.
<1>axBepK COCTOHT H3 CToeK H pHreJIeH, KOTopble BocnpHHHMalOT Bep-
a)
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PHC. 13.4. <1>axBepK 3.l(aHHH:
a-a - nOnepe'lHOe Ce'leHHe CTaJlbHblX <J>axBepKoBblx KOJIOHH; e, "" - npHBJl3Ka 4>axBepKOBI>IX
KOJIOHH
283

HaJIbHble H rOpH30HTaJIbHbIe HarpY3KH OT CTeH. iliar CToeK 06bIII8
ui HHMalOT H3 yCJIOBHSI COH3MepHMOCTH co CTaH.lI.apTHbIMH orpa:>K.lI.alO
OHMH KOHCTpyKlI,HHMA 6 M. Ha3HaqeHHe <l>axBepKa - Bocn HHHTb BeT-
aB:c;:i3:aKarp3KH OT CTeHooro orpa1K.lI.eHHH H pe.lI.aTb HX
eHT eHH C. pH 9TOM CTOHKH <l>axBepKa pa60TalOT Ha BHe.
KPCO H3re6.C:>KaTHe, a pHrenH - Ha nOnepeqHbIH H3rH6, qaIl\e Bcero
PY K C lI, Ma <l>axBepKa onpe.lI.eJIHeTCH MaTepHaJIOM orpa}K.lI.alOIl{HX KOHCT-
H, HaJIHqHeM npoeMOB .lI.JIH OKOH H BOp
pa3JIHqHblX KOMMYHHKall,HH ,(pHC. 13.4). OT, a TaK:>Ke nponycKoM
CT nOnepeqHble CeqeHHH CTaJIbHOrO <l>axBepKa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOH-
JI'OiHH CTeH H BblCOTbI 3.lI.aHHH BbInOJIHHIOT H3 06bIqHblX, UlHpoKono
.lI.BYTaBpoB HJIH COCTaBHbIX cBapHblx CeqeHHH (pHC. 13.4, a-a
P A3AEll 4
npOCTP AHCTBEHHblE KOHCTPYKL\HH
B cOBpeMeHHoM CTpOHTeJIbCTBe npHMeHHIOT .lI.Ba KJIaCCa KOHCTpyK-
THBHbIX CHCTeM nOKpbITHH: nJIOCKHe H npoCTpaHcTBeHHbIe.
B nJIOCKHX KOHCTpyKlI,HHX He Y.lI.aeTCH nOJIHOCTblO HCnOJIb30BaTb
npOqHOCTHbIe CBOHCTBa MaTepHaJIOB, TaK KaK MHorHe Heo6xo.lI.HMbIe
:,')JIeMeHTbI, HanpHMep CBH3H, pa60TalOT npH onpe.lI.eJIeHHOM COqeTaHHH
HarpY30K, a B OCTaJIbHblX CJIyqaHx HBJIHIOTCH 6aJIJIaCTOM.
HecyrnaH cnoco6HOCTb npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIX KOHCTPYKlI,HH o6eCneqH-
BaeTCH reOMeTpHqeCKOH <l>OpMOH HJIH CTPYKTypHbIM pacnOJIO:>KeHHeM
3JIeMeHTOB KOHCTPYKlI,HH. B03HHKalOIl\He YCHJIHH pacnpe.lI.eJIHIOTCH no
BceH nOBepXHOCTH, 6JIarO.lI.apH 9TOMY OTHOUleHHe TOJIIl\HHbI KOHCTPYK-
l{HH K ee npOJIeTY MO:>KeT .lI.OCTHraTb npe.lI.eJIbHO MaJIOH BeJIHqHHbI. TaK,
B CH9TJIe '(CiliA) nocTpoeH MOHOJIHTHbIH }KeJIe306eToHHbIH KynOJI .lI.Ha-
MeTpOM 201,5 M npH TOJIIl\HHe 060JIOqKH Bcero 13 CM, qTO MeHbllIe 1/500
npOJIeTa, B TO BpeM KaK B KYPHHOM HHlI,e OTHOllIeHHe .lI.HaMeTpa K TOJI-
Il\HHe CKOpJIynbI COCTaBJIHeT 1/100.
B HaUleH CTpaHe Cpe.lI.H 60JIbUlenpOJIeTHbIX }KeJIe306eToHHbIx o6oJIo-
qeK, npeBbIUlalOIl\HX 100 M, CJIe.l1.yeT OTMeTHTb ToproBbIH lI,eHTp B r. 4e-
JIH6HHCKe (102X102 M) H KpbITbIH KaTOK B r. MHHcKe (103X103 M).
Ba:>KHeHUleH oco6eHHocTbIO npocTpaHcTBeHHbIx KOHCTPYKlI,HH HBJIH-
eTCH .lI.0CTaTOqHO qaCTOe COBMeIl\eHHe B HHX HeCYIl\HX H orpa:>K.lI.alOIl\HX
<l>YHKlI,HH. CTaTHqeCKaH pa60Ta npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIX KOHCTPYKIlHH BbI-
rO.lI.Ho OTJIHqaeT HX OT nJIOCKHX, a apxHTeKTypHbIe H HH}KeHepHbIe
BonpocbI 3.lI.eCb npHo6peTalOT rapMOHHqHOe e.lI.HHCTBO.
3KOHOMHqHOCTb H KOHCTPYKTHBHaH IleJIecoo6pa3HOCTb npOCTpaHCT-
BeHHbIX KOHCTPYKlI,HH B03pacTaeT npH YBeJIHqeHHH npOJIeTa. OCHOBHbI-
MH MaTepHaJIaMH .lI.JIH npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIx KOHCTpyKlI,HH HBJIHIOTCH }Ke-
JIe306eTOH, MeTaJIJI, .lI.epeBo.
rIlABA 14
MHOrO:nA>KHblE 3AAHHSI
MHor03TalKHbiMlI Ha3bIBaIOTCSI 3.n.aHHSI BbiCOTOii 30 M (8... 10 3TaJKeii) H 6oJIee.
BbiCOTHbIMH C'IHTaIOTCH 3AaHHH Bb\Ille 100 M (28... 35 3TalKeii).
DOHBJleHHe MHOr03Ta>KHbIX 3.n.aHHii B XIX B. 06ycJlOBJIeHO pacIllHpeHHeM npoMbIIll-
JleHHOrO npOH3 BO .ll.CTBa, HaY'IHO-TeXHH'IeCKOii peBOJ1IOQHeii, 3Ha'lHTeJlbHbIM pOCTOM 1'0-
pO.ll.cKOrO HaCeJleHHH, CTpeMJleHHeM K 60Jlee 3KOHOMHOMY paCXO.ll.OBaHHIO 3eMJIH, co-
xpaHeHHIo npHpo.n.HbJX 30H BOKpyr H BHYTpH ropO,l(OB, COKpaw.eHHIo HHJKeHepHbIx KOM- .
MYHHKaIl,HH, TpaHcnopTHbIX H .lI.pymx CHCTeM rOpO,l(CKOrO oocJlyJKHBaHHH. B HaCTOH-
w.ee BpeMH Ha6J1IO,l(aeTCH YBeJIH'IeHHe pOCTa 3TaJKHOCTH KpynHbIx rOpO.ll.OB.
285

TOJI'IKOM K nOSlBJleHHIO MHOI'03TaJKHbIX 3AaHHH nOCJlYJKHJlO H306pCTeHHe JlH!fJTB
B 1851 I'. 3TO J{aJIO B03MOlKHOCTb CTpOHTb 3AaHHSI Tpa.l(HUHOHHoI'o THna C Hecym:HMH
BepTHKaJIbHbIMH KOHCTp}'iKII,HHMH H3 KHpnH'Ia BbJCOTOii .1(0 lO.n 15 3TalKeii. Ho .n.aJlb-
HeHIlIHH pOCT 3TalKHOCTH C.I(eplKHBaJlCSI TeM OOCTOHTeJlbCTBOM, '1TO npH BbICOTe 3.n.aHIII1
.50 3TalKeH H 60Jlee TOJIUl.HHa Hecym:Hx CTeH H3 KHpnll'la CTaHOBIIJIaCb '1pe3MepHOM.
HanpHMep, 3.1(aHHe B 100 3TalKeH .n.OJllKHO HMeTb TOJIUl.HHY CTeH B ypOBHe nepBOI'o
.3TalKa nopHD;Ka 5 n. 7 M. ECTeCTBeHHO, '11'0 CTOJIb TOJICTbIe CTeHbI He MOI'YT Y.I(OBJIC-
TBOpHTb HaUlHM npeACTaBJIeHHHM 0 UeJIeC006pa3HOCTH.
HAelO CTpOIlTeJlbCTBa KapKaCHOI'O 3.n.aHHH 60JlbUlOii BbICOTbI HHOI'.n.a npHnHCbIBa-
lOT aMepHKaHl\Y Y. JI. )J.lKeHHH, KOTOpbIH cnpoeKTHpOBaJI nepBbIH B AMepHKe He60-
cKpe6, nocTpoeHHbIH B 1883 I'. B LlHKaI'O. A KJIIO'I K peUleHHIO Bonpoca 0 nyTHX no-
BbJUleHHH 3TalKHOCTH 3.n.aHHH, KaK YTBeplK.n.aIOT, no.n.CKa3aJI )].lKeHHH CJlY'IaH, KOI'A3
(lH no.nOlKHJI O'leHb TH>KeJIYIO KHHI'Y Ha OTH'IbIO KJIeTKY, c.n.eJlaHHYIO H3 TOHKOH npo-
BO"OKH. no npHHLlllny npOCTpaHCTBeHHO-CTep>KHeBOrO KapKaca H 6bIJI 3anpoeKTHpOBaH
nepBbIii He6ocKpe6: CTaJIbHOH KapKac C caMoHecYUl.eii CTeHOBoii KHpnH'IHOH KJIaAKoi\.
3TO 3.n.aHHe co CTaJIbHbIM KapKaCOM B TO BpeMSI C'IHT3J10Cb rHraHTCKHM - B HeM 6bIJ10
.l(eBSlTb 3TalKeii. )].oJlI'oe BpeMH cpe.n.H BbJCOKHX 3AaHHH nepBeHcTBo .n.eplKaJl He60CKpe6
«3MnaHp CTeHTc DHJI.n.HHI'», HMelOUl.HH o6U1.YIO BbICOTY 381 M, C'IHTaH BCH'IaIOUl.YIO ec
pa.n.HoTeJleBH3HoHHYIO Ma'lTY.
B MHOI'03TalKHblX 3.n.aIIHHX BbICOTOH .1(0 100 M npHMeHHloTcSI 06bI'IHO lKeJle306e-
TOHHbIe Hecym:He KOHCTPYKLlHII, a BbIllie - CTaJlbIIble.
B HallieH CTpaIIe B 50-x ro.n.ax 6bIJ1 nocTpoeH B MocKBe pHA BbICOTHbIX .n.OMOB:
I'JIaBIIbIH Kopnyc Mry, HMelOUl.HH BbICOTY 240 M, lKHJlbIe .l(OMa Ha KOTeJIbHH'IeCKOH H8-
6epelKIIoH, Ha nJlOUl.aAH BoccTaHHH II T. 11. 3TH 3AaHHSI CTaJIH lI,eHTpaMH apxHTeKTYP-
HbiX aHCaM6JIeH. Hx MeCTOnOJlOlKeHlIe XOpOUlO CO'leTaeTCH C peJlbe!fJOM MOCKBbI, ce
flJIaHHpOBKOH. 3TO nOA'IepKHB3eT oco6yIO Ba>KHOCTb 3pxHTeKTypHoro 06JIHKa 3.n.aHHH,
He06xo.n.HMOCTb CIICTeMHOH 3aCTpOHKlI I'opo.n.3. B HacTOSlUl.ee BpeMH B MOCKBe H .n.PY-
THX I'opO.l(ax c03.n.aHbI Bblpa3HTeJIbHble aIICaM6J1H C MHOI'03TalKHbIMH BbICOTHbJMH 3.n.a-
1IHSlMH.
KOHCTPYKTU8Hble pemeHUJl MH020aTa3ICHblX 38aHUU.
BbI60p KOHCTpyKTHBHoro perneHHH MHOr03Ta:>KHOrO 3.lI.aHHH .lI.0JI:>KeH
-oCHOBblBaTbCH Ha TeCHoii CBH3H C o6-heMHO-nJIaHHpOBOQHblM perneHHeM
H O.lI.HOBpeMeHHO Y.lI.OBJIeTBOpHTb Tpe60BaHHHM Ha.l1.e:>KHOCTH H .lI.OJIrO-
BeqHOCTH, HH.lI.YCTpHaJIbHbIM MeTO.lI.aM nOJIHoc6opHoro .lI.OMOCTpoeHHH,
pall,HOHaJIbHOrO HCnOJIb30BaHHH KOHCTPYKlI,HOHHblX MaTepHaJIOB, TeXHO-
JIOrHqHOCTH MOHTa:>Ka. 3HaqHMOCTb npaBHJIbHOrO BbI60pa KOHCTPYKTHB-
HOro peUleHHH C pOCTOM ::na:>KHOCTH 3.l1.aHHH B03paCTaeT.
KOHCTPYKTHBHaH CHCTeMa, COCTOHIl\aH H3 HecyIl\HX 3JIeMeHTOB, npH-
3BaHa 06eCneqHTb npoqHOCTb 3.lI.aHHH B npOll,eCce CTpOHTeJIbCTBa H 3KC-
nJIyaTall,HH, a TaK>Ke ee YCToiiqHBOCTb H :>KeCTKOCTb npH .lI.eHCTBHH pa3-
Ho06pa3HblX HarpY30K H B03.l1.eiicTBHii.
K OCHOBHbIM HeCYll{HM 3JIeMeHTaM KapKaca OTHOCHTCH: CTep:>KHH
(KOJIOHHbI, 6aJIKH), BocnpHHHMalOIl\He oceBbIe H H3fH6alOIl\He YCHJIHSJ;
nJIHTbI HJIH .lI.HCKH, BocnpHHHMalOIl\He oceBbIe H H3rH6alOll{He yCHJIHH
(CTeHbI, CnJIOUlHbIe HJIH C npoeMaMH) HJIH HarpY3KH, .lI.eiiCTBYIOLUHe H3
HX nJIOCKOCTH (nJIHTbI nepeKpbITHH); npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIe, nOBbIrnalOIl\He
-o6Il\YIO :>KeCTKOCTb 3.lI.aHHH, 06'be.lI.HHHIOIl\He KOHCTpyKlI,HH 3.lI.aHHH B e.lI.H-
Hoe lI,eJIoe (HapY:>KHbIe 060JIoqKH, H.lI.pa :>KeCTKOCTH).
KOM6HHaUHH 3THX OCHOBHbIX 9JIeMeHTOB 06pa3YlOT KapKac 3)laHHH.
ECTeCTBeHHO, H3 HHX MO:>KHO COCTaBHTb HeOrpaHHqeHHOe KOJIHqeCTBO
KOHCTpyKTHBHbIX cxeM. B npaKTHKe CTpOHTeJIbCTBa nOJIyqHJIH pampo-
CTpaHeHHe CJIe.lI.YIOll{He KOHCTPYKTHBHbIe cxeMbI.
286
6eCKapKaCHaH (naHeJIbHaSl) (pHC. 14.1). :::ha CHCTeMa COCTOHT 83
P bIe nor py :>KeHbI c06CTBeHHbIM
I\J10CKHX BepTHKaJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, KOTO 1-'0 1M
nCCOM H 6JIarO.lI.apH 9TOMY XOpOUlO conpOTHBJIHIOTCH ropH30HTaJIbHb
narpY3KaM.
PHC. 14.1. OaHeJlbHoe 3AaHHe
u 6bITb peKOMeH-
BeCKapKaCHaH cxeMa HecyIl\8X uKOHCTPYKlI,HH MO>KeT OqHbIe peUle-
.l1.0BaHa .lI.JIH CTPOHTeJIbCTaoH p 'a:HrH:=:P BbICOTe 3a-
HHH Tpe6YlOT MOHOTOHHOH n OJIeTbI nOMeIl\eHHH
HHH. BeCKapKaCHaH CxeM8 HCKJIlOqaeT 60JIbrnHe  B 6eCKa p KaCHOH
K}Ke HX H3MeHeHHSI no BbICOTe 3.lI.aHH .
;:: ::r09Ta}KHOrO 3.lI.aHHSI BCIO COBoKynHocTb Harpy30K, KaK BCp-
87

THKaJIbHblX, TaK H rOpH30HTaJIbHblX, BOCnpHHHMaeT nepeKpeCTHaH CHC-
TeMa CTeH. OeCKapKaCHbIe 3.lI.aHHH HaUlJIH UlHpOKOe npHMeHeHHe npe:>K-
..lI.e BCerO B :>KHJIHIl\HOM CTpOHTeJIbCTBe, a TaK:>Ke B rOCTHHHlI,aX, 06Il\e-
JKHTHHx H T. .lI.. O.lI.HaKO 6eCKapKaCHbIe 3.lI.aHHH CTpOHTCH, KaK npaBHJIO,
He60JIbUlOH BblCOTbI, .lI.0 50 M, pe.lI.KO -.lI.0 75 M. oecKapKacHaH cxeMa
HecYIU:HX KOHCTPYKlI,HH
Tpe6yeT pa3BHToH 6a3b1
HH.lI.YCTPHH c60pHoro :>Ke-
JIe306eTOHa.
KapKacHo - paMHaSi
(pHC. 14.2). )KecTKocTb
3.lI.aHHH 06eCneqHBaeT,cH
paMaMH .C :>KeCTKHMH Y3-
JIaMH COnpH:>KeHHH KO-
JIOHH H pHreJIeif, qTO nO-
3BOJIHeT C03.lI.aTb BepTH-
KaJIbHbIe H ropH30HTaJIb-
HbIe lf.CKH :>KeCTKOCTH.
KapKacHaH cxeMa He-
CYUlHX KOHCTPYlI,HH no-
3BOJIHeT H3MeHHTb nJIa-
HHPOBKY 3.lI.aHHH no ero
BblICOTe, H3-3a OT'CYTCT-
BHH nepeKpecTHoH CH-
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MeHHTb nJIaHHpoBKY 3.lI.a-
HHH B CJIyqaHX H3MeHe-
HHH TeXHOJIOrHH, 3aMe-
Hb1 060PY.lI.O,BaHIfH H B
.lI.pyrHx CJIyqaHX, qTO xa-
paKTepHo .lI.JIH npOMblUlJIeHHblX 3.lI.aHHH; npoH3BOHTb 3aMeHy caHH-
TapHo-TeXHHqeCKHX H .lI.pyrHX KOMMYHHKall,Hif npH npOBe.lI.eHHH peMoH-
Ta B rpa:>K.lI.aHCKHx ,maHHHX.
KapKacHO-CTBOJIbHaH (pHC. 14.3, a). )KecTKaH paM a BocnpHHHMaeT
ropH30HTaJIbHbIe Harpy3KH npH pa60Te ee 3JIeMeHTOB npeHMYIl\eCTBeH-
HO Ha H3rH6. TaKaH cxeMa .lI.e<l>opMHpoBaHHH MO:>KeT npHBeCTH K 3Ha-
lIHTeJIbHbIM ropH30HTaJIbHbIM nepeMeIl\eHHHM HJIH Hell,eJIeco06pa3HOMY
nOBbIUleHHIO MaTepHaJIoeMKOCTH Y3JIOB COnpH:>KeHHH 3JIeMeHTOB 3.lI.aHHH.
BBe.lI.eHHe CTBOJIa HJIH H.lI.pa :>KeCTKOCTH n03BOJIHeT CYIl\eCTBeHHO yBe-
.JIHqHTb :>KeCTKOCTb 3.lI.aHHH. O.lI.HOBpeMeHHO B CTBOJIaX MO:>KHO pacnOJIa-
raTb CHCTeMbI HH:>KeHepHOro 060PY.lI.OBaHHH 3.lI.aHHH, BKJIlOqaH
TpaHcnopT.
Kopo6qaTO-CTBOJIbHaH (pHC. 14.3, 6). OpH BbICOTe 3.lI.aHHH 60JIee
.50 3Ta:>Keif 3<l><l>eKTHBHblMH no pacxo.lI.Y MaTepHaJIOB CTaHOBHTCH KOH-
CTPYKTHBHble cxeMbI, OCHOBbIBalOIl\HeCH Ha npHHlI,Hne nepeHoca Hecy-
Il\HX BepTHKaJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB Ha HapY:>KHYIO nOBepxHocTb 3.lI.aHHH.
.3TO npHBO.lI.HT K 3HaqHTeJIbHoMY nOBblUleHHIO 06Il\eH :>KeCTKOCTH 3.lI.a-
./'
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PHC. 14.2. KapKacHo-paMHoe 3J(aHHe
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npHHHToe HM ynpOIl\eHHe H KaKOBa MO:>KeT OKa3aTbCH nOrpeUlHOCTb
paCqeTa. Bcex 3<l><l>eKToB, CBH3aHHbIX C KOHKpeTHbIM KOHCTPYKTHBHbIM
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paCqeTa H nOCJIe.lI.ylOIl\ero aHaJIH3a. I1Hor.lI.a 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOe HCCJJe-
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TaKaH CHCTeMa 060CHOBaHa npH peUleHHH 3.lI.aHHH B MOHOJIHTHOM Ba-
pHaHTe HJIH co CTaJIbHbIM KapKaCOM, KOr.lI.a C03.l1.aHHe :>KeCTKHX Y3JIOB
He COnpH:>KeHO co 3HaqHTeJIbHblM nepepaCXO.lI.OM CTaJIH.
296
I1CXO.lI.H H3 aHaJIH3a OTeqeCTBeHHoro H 3apy6e>KHOrO onbITa CTPOH-
TeJIbCTBa, MO:>KHO CKa3aTb, qTO CBH3eBblH KapKac co CeUl:IMoo:
CKB03HblMH BepTHKaJIbHbIMH CBH3HMH nOJIyqHJI HaH60 A P aHbIH
acn OCT aHeHHe B C60pHblX :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIX 3.lI.aHHHX. ,
aM-CB3eBOH KapKaCbl pal{HOHaJIbHbI npH CTaJIbHblX HJIH MOHOJIHT-
HblX :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIX KOHCTPYKl{HHX. Ka3bIBaeT nO.lI.aT-
CYIl\eCTBeHHoe BJIHHHHe Ha :>KeCTKOCTb .lI.Ha<l>parM 0 6 u
JIHBOCTb COe.lI.HHeHHH, HX BJIHHHHe. yqHTblBalOT CHH:>KeHHeM H3rH HOH
:>KeCTKOCTH CBH3eBbIX 3JIeMeHTOB. . COOTBeTCT-
fo H30HTaJIbHaH BeTpoBaH HarpY3Ka, onpe.lI.eJIeHHaH B .
P CHH DoM 06blqHO 3aMeHHeTCH Ha 3KBHBaJIeHTHYIO paBHoMepHo
BHH co , 3 yCJIOBHH paBeH-
pacnpe.lI.eJIeHHYIO HarpY3KY, KOTOpylO onpe.lI.eJIHIOT H HHH OT .lI.eHCTBH-
CTBa H3rH6alOIl\HX MOMeHTOB OT Hee B OCHOBaHHH 3.lI.a ,
E H 3 n aHHe HMeeT BblCOTY
TeJIbHOH 3nlOpbl BeTpOBoro .lI.aBJIeHHH. CJI 1-'0 u Bb _
60JIee 40 M, TO Heo6xo.lI.HM yqeT .l1.HHaMHqeuCKOro .lI.euHCTBHH BeT p a 6 . 1_
COTHoe 3.lI.aHHe He .l1.0JI:>KHO HMeTb yCKopeHHH npH .lI.eHCTBHH BeTpa OJIb
UlHX 15 CM/C 2 . u Ho p MaTHBHoH
DporH6bl Bepxa MHoro3Ta:>KHOrO 3.lI.aHHH OT .lI.eHCTBHH
BeTpoBoH HarpY3KH He .lI.OJI:>KHbl npeBblUlaTb 1/1000 BblCOTbl 3.lI.aHHH.
OCHOBHble Tpe60BaHHH K pa3MeUJ,eHHIO CBSl3eii B KapKaCHbiX 3)J.a-
HHSlX. CBH3H HBJIHIOTCH Heo6xo.lI.HMbIM C TOqKH 3peHHH :::
YCTOHqHBOCTH H npOqHOCTH 3JIeMeHTOM MHOr03Ta:>KHbIX HHO 3TH-
3.lI.aHHH I1x pacnOJIO:>KeHHe Ha nJIaHe 3.lI.aHHH .lI.HKTyeTc HMe BKe
MH Tpe'60BaHHHMH; qTO eCTeCTBeHHO MernaeT CBo60.lI.HOH ::HtBoH3e_
H BbI3 bIBaeT He06xo.lI.HMOCTb CqHTaTb nepBHqHblM pa3MeIl\
e .+. Y HKlI,HOHaJIbHbIX H
BblX 3JIeMeHTOB, a BTOPHqHblM - Y.lI.OBJIeTBOpeHH 't'
apXHTeKTypHblX Tpe60BaHHH K 3.l1. I HH5 3Ta:>KeH (.lI.O 45 M), nOJIO>KeHHe
ECJIH 3.l1.aHHe He BbICOKoe, .lI.0 ... T e60BaHH
CBH3eBblX 3JIeMeHTOB MO:>KHO B pH.lI. e CJIyqaeB nO.lI.qHHHTb He p eKTYPHO-
HM n p OqHOCTH H :>KeCTKOCTH 3.lI.aHHH, a T p e6oBaHHHM 6 apXHT ue -
C\ Y nUlHTb P a OTY 3.lI.aHHH B -
nJIaHHpOBoqHOrO peUleHHH. oTO MO:>KeT yx 1-'0 u HO I103BO-
JIOM KaK CHCTeMbl npHBeCTH K Y.lI.OpO:>KaHHIO KOHCTPyKl{HH,
, n p HMe p TeXHOJIOrHqeCKHe, qTO
JIHeT pellIHTb .lI.pyrHe Ba:>KHble 3a.lI.aqH, Ha
npHBO.lI.HT B KOHeqHOM CqeTe K BbIHrpblUlY. 0 HMeHHO
.lI.JIH 3.lI.aHHH BbIUle 50 M MO:>KHO CKa3aTb 0.lI.H03HaqHO, qT .
CBH3eBble 3JIeMeHTb1 .lI.HKTYIOT BCIO KOMnOHOBKY u3.lI.aHHH, qTO .l1.H :;o:
JIeTBOpeHHH Tpe60BaHHH :>KeCTKOCTH H YCTOHqHBOCTH Heo x CBH3e
C06JIIO.lI.eHHe HeKOTopblX 3MnHpHqeCKHX npaBHJI pacnOJIO:>KeHHH -
BblX 3JIeMeHTOB. H KOMnOHOBKe
OCHoBHble T p e60BaHHH KOTopble npe.lI.'bHBJIHIOT np
, . JIHqeCTBO CBH3eBblX 3JIe-
CBH3eBbIX KapKaCHbIX CHCTeM, CJIe.lI.YIOIl\He. KO
MeHTOB B 3.lI.aHHH CJIe.lI.yeT CBO.lI.HTb K MHHHMYMY. Heo6xo.lI. HM YIO :>KeCT-
KOCTb H YCTOHqHBOCTb 3.lI.aHHH JIerqe 06eCneqHTb YBeJIHqeHHeM pa3Me-
pOB CBH3eH a He pOCTOM HX qHCJIa; CHCTeMa CBH3eBblX 3JIeMeHTOB .lI.OJI-
:>KHa OBeTBopHTb CJIe.lI.YIOIl\eMY Tpe60BaHHIO: B COCT3B CBH3eBor u O
3JIeM:a .lI.OJI:>KHO BXO.lI.HTb He MeHee Tpex nJIOC!<HX COCTuaBHblX qaCTeH,
nJIOCKOCTH KOTOpblX He nepeceKalOTCH HH O.lI.HOH npHMOH.
297

HaH60JIee Bb1ro.lI.HO paCnOJIO:>KeHHe CBH3eH, npH KOTOpOM lI,eHTp TH-
:>KeCTH H lI,eHTp H3rH6a 3,lWtHHH COBna.lI.aIOT C JIHHHeH .lI.eHCTBHH paBHO-
.lI.eHCTBYIOIl\eH BeTpOBOH H'arPY3KH. OqeBH.l1.HO, qTO TaKOMY Tpe6oBaHHIO
JIerKO Y.lI.OBJIeTBOpHIOT 3.lI.aHHH, CHMMeTpHqHbIe OTHOCHTeJIbHO .lI.BYX
OCeH, H C CHMMeTpHqHOH OTHOCHTeJIbHO 3THX :>Ke oeeH CHCTeMOH CBH3eH.
I1MeHHo 3THM 06'bHCHHeTCH TO, qTO OqeHb MHorHe BbICOTHbIe 3.lI.aHHH
HMelOT B nJIaHe npOCTYIO <l>OPMY npHMoyroJIbHHKa, KpeCT8 H T. n.
.lI.JIH eJIO:>KHbIX B nJIaHe 3.lI.aHHH CJIe.l1.yeT CTpeMHTbCH C6JIH3HTb l{eHTp
TH:>KeCTH 3.l1.aHHH H l{eHTp H3rH6a. Ho Bee paBHO B 3TOM CJIyqae 3.lI.aHHe
6Y.l1.eT HCnbITblBaTb KpyqeHHe BCJIe.lI.CTBHe .lI.eHCTBHH BeTpOBOH HarpY3KH:
pa3MepbI CBH3eBbIX 3JIeMeHTOB B nJIaHe CJIe.lI.yeT HaqHHaTb B npe.lI.eJIax
1/6... 1/10 BbICOTbI Ha.lI.3eMHOH qaCTH 3.lI.aHHH. YMeHbUleHHe pa3MepOB
CBH3eH B nJIaHe npHBO.lI.HT K YBeJIHqeHHIO HarpY3KH Ha HHX H nOBbIUlaeT
CTOHMOCTb.
rJlABA IS
nEPEKPECTHO-CTEPH<HEBWE KOHCTPYKL1,HH
B nOKpbITHHX C nJIOCKHMH HeCYIl\HMH KOHCTPYKlI,HHMH (paMaMH,
<l>epMaMH, 6aJIKaMH) npOMe:>KYTOqHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI - nporOHbI, BocnpH-
HHMalOIl\He pacnpe.lI.eJIeHHYIO HarpY3Ky H CBH3H, 06eCneqHBalOIl\He
npOCTpaHCTBeHHylO :>KeCTKOCTb, He 06JIerqalOT pa60TY OCHOBHbIX KOHCT-
PYKl{HH. npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIe CTep:>KHeBbIe KOHCTPYKlI,HH OTJIHqalOTCH
TeM, qTO He HMelOT BcnOMOraTeJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, a B pa60TY BKJIlOqa-
IOTCH Bce CTep:>KHH. TaKHe KOHCTPYKl{HH xapaKTepH3YlOTCH perYJIHpHO-
CTblO CTpoeHHH H Ha3bIBalOTCH CTpYKTypaMH. I1x Ba>KHeHllIeH oco6eH-
HOCTblO HBJIHeTCH YHH<l>HKal{HH H THnH3al{HH CTep:>KHeH H Y3JIOBbIX
3JJeMeHTOB, 3aBO.lI.CKOe H3rOTOBJIeHHe KOTOpbIX MO:>KeT 6bITb JIerKO aB-
TOMaTH3HpOBaHO.
K .lI.OCTOHHCTBaM CTPYKTYP OTHOCHTCH: apxHTeKTypHaH BbIpa3HTeJIb-
HOCTb H MHoro06pa3He npOCTpaHCTBeHHbIx <l>OpM; nOBbIllIeHHaH :>KeCT-
KOCTb, n03BOJIHIOIl\aH CHH3HTb CTpOHTeJIbHYIO BbICOTY KOHCTPYKl{HH;
a)
YT
6 24 6t
.
PHC. 15.1. HaH60JIee pacnpoCTpaHeHHble cxeMbI CTPYKTypHblX nJIHT H
xapaKTep I1X onllpaHHH:
a - H8 KB8J1.paTHOM nJIaHe; 6 - Ha TpeyrOJIbHOM nJIaHe; B - Ha ll1eCTHyroJlb 4
HOM nJIaHe
298
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PIIC. 15.2. BapHaHTbI onHpaHHR CTPYKTypHblX nJlIlT Ha KOJIOHHbl:
a - Ha Y3J1bl HH>KHero nOMca; 6 - Ha CTep>KHeBYIO KanHTeJlb; B - Ra 6aJlo'lRblA
CKpecT»; Z -:- C nOMOlltblO nOABeCKH Ha BaRTaK
PHC. 15.3. CBapHble pJIOBble coe)l.HHeHHR CTPYKTypHbIX KOHCTpYKII,HH:
a -l.{HHHCI( (CCCP): J - B3RHaM cBapKa; 2 - TPy6'1aTbIA CTep>KeHb; 6 - «OKTanJlaTT»
(<I>Pr): J - nOJlblA CTaJlbHol! lliap; 2 - Tpy6'1aTblA CTep>KeHb

Ha.lI.e>KHOCTb H Hepa3pYUlaeMOCTb KOHCTPYKlI,HH npH BbIXO.lI.e H3 CTpOR
OTeJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, O 06YCJIOBJIeHO HX MHOrOKpaTHOH CTaTHqeC-
KOH HeOnpe.lI.eJIHMOCTblO; KOMnaKTHOCTb npH TpaHCnOpTHpOBKe; 6bICTpO-
Ta C60PKH H MOHTa:>Ka; XOpOUlaH COnpOTHBJIHeMOCTb .lI.eHCTBHIO n0.lI.BH:>K-
HbIX COCpe.lI.OTOqeHHbIX HarpY30K, HanpHMep OT nO.lI.BeCHbIX KpaH6aJIOK
H KOHBeHepOB.
He.lI.OCTaTKaMH CTPYKTYPHbIX KOHCTPYKl{HH HBJIHIOTC'H: OTHOCHTeJIb-
HO BbICOKaH CTOHMOCTb npH Y3JIaX 60JITOBOrO THna, TaK KaK Tpe6yeTcH
MeXaHHqeCKaH o6pa60TKa .lI.eTaJIeH Y3JIOB, :>KeCTKHe Tpe60BaHHH K
.lI.OnycKaM Ha .lI.JIHHY npH Y3JIaX 60JITOBOrO THna, npH HeKOTOpbIX THnaX
Y3JIOB nOBbIllIeHHaH TpY.lI.OeMKOCTb MOHTa:>KHOH C60PKH H CBapKH.
BCTpeqalOIl\HeCH He.lI.OCTaTKH TeCHO CBH3aHbI C KOHKpeTHbIM BH.lI.OM
KOHCTPYKTHBHOrO peUleHHH Y3JIOB COnpH:>KeHHH CTep:>KHeH.
.lI.Hana30H npOJIeTOB CTPYKTypHbIX KOHCTPYKIlHH BeCbMa UlHpOK, Ha-
qHHaH OT THnOBOH CTPYKTYPHOH nJIHTbI pa3MepOM B nJIaHe 12)(18 M
H KOHqaH KOHCTPYKl{HHMH npOJIeTOM 60JIee 100 M, HanpHMep naBHJIbOH
51noHHH Ha 3KCnO-70 apxHTeKTopa K. TaHre.
06JIaCTb npHMeHeHHH CTPYKTypHbIX KOHCTPYKIlHH pa3Ho06pa3Ha-
3TO nOKpbITHH npOMbIUlJIeHHbIX 3.lI.aHHH, aHrapoB, 3peJIHIl\HbIX H cnop-
THBHbIx cooPY:>KeHHH, BbICTaBoqHbIX naBHJIbOHOB, Mara3HHOB H T. .lI..
TIoCTpoeHHbIe Ha OCHOBe perYJIHpHOH MO.lI.YJIbHOH ceTKH C KBa.lI.paTHbl-
300
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I I
1 I
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6
5
4
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PIIC. 15.4. DOJITOBble yJJlOBbie COe.ll.IIHe-
HHSI CTpYKTypHbIX KOHCTpYKII,Hii:
a - cMepo» (4)Pf); 6 - CHHnnoH CTHJI»
(S!noHHH); B - clOHHcTpaT» ICmA}; 1- Y3-
JlOBOI! 3J1e>leHT; 2 - CTep>KeHb; 3 - Kpene}{{'
HblA 60JlT; 4 - HaKOHe'lHHK CTep>KHH; 5 - 00-
BOJJ.KOBaH BTYJlKa; 6 - lliTH<PT; 7 - c<pepH'Ie-
CKaH llial!6a; 8 - ral!K3 C KOHTpraAKoA
z
MH, npHMoyrOJIbHbIMH HJIH TpeyrOJIbHbIMH HqeHKaMH, OHH HMelOT pas-
JIUqHbIe OqepTaHHH B nJIaHe. HaHMeHbUlHM paCXO.lI.OM MaTepHaJIa OT-
JIHqalOTCH CTPYKTypbI Ha KBa.lI.paTHOM, TpeyrOJIbHOM HJIH MHoroyrOJIb-
HOM nJIaHe C CHMMeTpHqHbIM OnHpaHHeM (pHC. 15.1), qeM 6JIH:>Ke K
KBa.lI.paTY B nJIaHe nOKpbITHe, TeM BbIrO.lI.Hee npHMeHeHHe CTPYKTYPHbIX
rrJIHT.
OnopbI MorYT 6bITb nO.lI.Be.lI.eHbI npaKTHqeCKH no.lI. Ka:>K.lI.bIH Y3eJI,
n03ToMy HX pa3MeIl\alOT TaKHM 06pa30M, qT06bI 3nlOpbI H3rH6alOIl\HX
MOMeHTOB H nOnepeqHbIX CHJI 6bIJIH BbIpoBHeHHbIMH, a HX HaH60JIbUlHe
3HaqeHHH YMeHbUleHbI.
Y3JIbI onHpaHHH CTPYKTypHbIX nJIHT Ha KOJIOHHbI peUlalOTcH pa3Ho-
06pa3Ho (pHC. 15.2). B03MO:>KHO HenOCpe.l1.CTBeHHoe onHpaHHe qepe3
Y3JIbI BepxHero HJIH HH:>KHerO nOHca Ha KOJIOHHY (pHC. 15.2, a), 60JIee
pacnpocTpaHeHo onHpaHHe qepe3 KanHTeJIb B BH.lI.e CTep:>KHeBOH nHpa-
MH.l1.bI (pHC. 15.2, 6) HJIH Ha KpecToBbIe 6aJIKH (pHC. 15.2, 8). HHOr.lI.a
CTPYKTYPHYIO nJIHTY nO.lI.BeUlHBaIOT Ha BaHTbI, qTO n03BOJIHeT YBeJIHqHTb
Ular KOJIOHH (pHC. 15.2, z). BbIrO.lI.HO npHMeHeHHe Hepa3pe3HbIx CTPYK-
TypHbIX nJIHT, Onl1palOIl\HXCH Ha perYJIHpHYIO ceTKY KOJIOHH, pa3MeIl\eH-
HbIx no KOHTYPY HJIH BHYTPH nJIaHa. OT cxeMbI onHpaHHH KOHCTPYKl{HH
3aBHCHT xapaKTep pacnpe.lI.eJIeHHH H BeJIHqHHbI YCHJIHH B CTep:>KHHX H.
CJIe.lI.OBaTeJ1bHO, pacxo.lI. MaTepHaJIOB.
)
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301

Cfpy'KfYPHbIe nJIHTbl BbInOJIHHIOT qaIl\e B MeTaJIJIe, pe:>Ke B .lI.epeBe.
npHtieM rl'bIrO.lI.fBI KOM6f1HHpOBaHHbIe MeTaJIJIO.lI.epeBHHHbIe KOHCTPYK-
IlHH, B KOq'OPbI ;Y3JIo!tIe 3JIeMeHTbI H Kpene:>KHbIe .lI.eTaJIH BbInOJIHHIOT
B MeTaJIJI, a ctep:>KHeBbIe - B .lI.epeBe. PaIlHOHaJIbHbI TaK:>Ke CTPYKTYP-'
Hble n.inhbl C H")KHell nOHCHOH ceTKOH H paCKocaMH H3 MeTaJIJIa, a
BepHHH {IOHCHalCeTKa 3aMeHeHa pe6pHCTOH :>KeJIe306eTOHHOH nJIHTOH.
MeTaJIJIHqecKdecTep:>KHH CTPYKTYPHbIX KOHCTPYKlI,HH BbInOJIHHIOT
H3 fpy6, yrOJIKObbIX npo<l>HJIeH. npOKaTHbIX .lI.BYTaBpOB. a CTep:>KHH .lI.e-
peBHHHbIX ROHCTPYKIJ;H1i - H3 IJ;eJIbHO.lI.epeBHHHbIX 6PYCbeB HJIH <l>aHep-
HbIX Tpy6.
,lJ,JIffHY CTep:>KHeH B crPYKTypHbIX nJIHTaX MaJIbIX H Cpe.lI.HHX npOJIe-
TOB npHHHMalOT OT 1,5 .lI.0 3 M, a B nJIHTaX 66JIbUlHX npOJIeTOB OHH
.lI.OCTHraIOT 10 M. 'OnTHM::IJIbHbIH no paCXO.lI.Y MaTepHaJIa yrOJI HaKJIOHa
paCI}OCoB K nOHcaM CTPYKTypHbIX nJIHT COCTaBJIHeT OKOJIO 45°.
Y3JIOBbte COe.lI.HHeHHH BbInOJIHHIOT Ha cBapKe HJIH 60JITax. CBapHoH
Y3eJI, pa3pa60TaHHbIH B
UHHHCK HM. B. A. Ky-
qepeHKO (pHC. 15.3, a),
HMeeT HaHMeHbUlHH pac-
XO.lI. MaTepHaJIa -- .lI.O
3 % OT MaCCbI 'CTep:>K-
HeH -- H OTJInqaeTCH :BbI-
COKHMH npOqHOCTHbIMH
KaqeCTBaMH, B CBH3H C
qeM 6bIn npHMeHeH B
pH.lI.e 60nblllenpOJIeTHbIX
coopY:>KeHHl1, HanpHMep
B nOKpb1THH 3.lI.aHHH aB-
TocepBnca Ha BaplllaB-
CKOM Ulocce B MocKBe.
HMelOIl\ero TpeyronbHbIH
nnaH co CTOPOHOH 120 M.
cnopTHBHoro 3ana B Hp-
KYTCKe nponeToM 42 M.
pbIHKa B TonbHTTH 60X
X60 M H .lI.p. CBapHoH
Y3eJI «OKTanJIaTT» (pHC.
15.3, 6) Tpe6yeT 60JIb-
Uloro 06'beMa CBapKH Ha
.MOHTa:>Ke, B CBH3H C qeM
60JIee TPY.lI.OeMOK. LUH-
pOKoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe
BO MHorHX 'CTpaHax MH-
pa nOJIyqHJI Y3eJI «Me-
po» (pHC. 15.4, a), KO-
TOpbIH OTJIHqaeTCH 6bI-
CTpOTOH MOHTa:>KHOH
6
PHC. 15.5. Y3JIOBOe COO.z(HHeHHe «OKTaHT» (CCCP):
J - Y3J10Ho/! 3J1eMeHT; 2 - CTep>KeHb; 3 - Kpene>KHbliI 6oJIT;
4 - HaKOHe'lHHK CTepI'KHH; 5 - lliail6a; 6 - lliTaMOOHaHHble
<pacoHKH
302
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PI'IC. 15.6. DonpoeHHe CTpyKTYPHbIX nJIIIT no 3aKOHaM KpHCTaJlJlOrpa!fJH'leCKOH
CHMMeTpHH:
a - C KB8J1.paTHblMH H1.JeHK8MH; 6 - C TpeyroJlbHhlMH }1qeiiK8M-H; B - C npHMoyroJlbHhlMH
Jl'IeAK8 MH
C60pKH. Ero He.lI.OCTaTKaMH HBJIHIOTCH CYIl\eCTBeHHbIH paCXO.lI. MeTaJI-
JIa (.lI.0 20% OT MaCCbI CTep:>KHeH) H 60.'IbUlaH TPY.lI.OeMKOCTb H3ro-
TOBneHHH Y3JIOB, CBH3aHHaH C He06xo.lI.HMOCTblO MeXaHHqeCKOH 06pa-
60TKH, qTO Y.lI.opO:>KaeT ero. HecYIl\aH cnoc06HoCTL 3Toro Y3na orpa-
HHqeHa npe.lI.eJIbHbIM y.cHJIHeM 60JITa Ha pa3pblB. B ClllA nOJIyqHJI
303

pac.npOCTpaHeHHe Y3eJI «IOHHCTpaT» (pHC. 15.4, B), B KOTOpOM K Y3-
JIOBOH llITaMnOBaHHOH <l>acoe, BbInOJIHeHHOH H3 CTaJIH, Ha 60JITaX
BHaXJIeCTKY npHKpenJIeHbI CTep)KHH H3 OTKpbITbIX 'npo<l>HJIeH. B Hno-
HHH pa3pa60TaH Y3eJI «HHnnOH CTHJI» (pHC. 15.4, 6) B BH.lI.e yceqeH-
HOH C .lI.ByX CTOpOH nycTOTeJIOH c<l>epbI, K 'KOTOpOH KpenHTcH Tpy6qa-
TbIe CTep)KHH C nOMOIl\blO oceBbIX 60JITOB, :BBHHqHBaeMbIX B pe3b60-
BbIe OTBepCTHH CTep)KHeH C ,npHMeHeHHeM Cnell,HaJIbHOrO HHC'l'pYMeH-
Ta. lllHpoKoe pacnpoCTpaHeHHe B KapKacax COJIHeqHbIx 3JIeKTpOCTaH-
lI,HH nOJIyqHJI Y3eJI «OKTaHT», pa.3pa60TaHHbIH .B MApxH (pH'C. 15.5),
KOTOpbIH H3rOTOBJIHeTCH H3 lllTaMnOBaHHbIX <l>acoHoK, CKpenJIeHHbIX
Ha cBapKe. OH OTJIHqaeTCH TeXHOJIOrHqHOCTblO H3rOTOBJIeHHH H HH3-
KOH CTOHMOCTblO.
MeTo.lI.bI paCqeTa CTPYKTYP pa3.lI.eJIHIOT Ha TOqHbIe H npH6JIH)KeHHbIe,
npHqeM TOqHbIe MeTO.lI.bI OCHOBaHbI Ha npe.lI.CTaBJIeHHH KOHCTPYKlI,HH
B BH.lI.e npoCTpaHcTBeHHoH CTep)KHeBOH MO.lI.eJIH, KOTopaH HBJIHeTCH
MHorOKpaTHo CTaTHqeCKH HeOnpe.lI.eJIHMoH. OpH pacKpbITHH CTaTHqeC-
KOH HeOnpe.lI.eJIHMOCTH HCnOJIb3YIOT KJIaCCHqeCKHe MeTO.lI.bI cTpOHTeJIb-
HOH MexaHHKH, TaKHe, KaK MeTO.lI. nepeMeIl\eHHH HJIH MeTO.lI. KOHeqHbIX
3JIeMeHTOB. Ha HX OCHOBe pa3pa60TaHbI CTaH.lI.apTHbIe nporpaMMbI pac-
qeTa Ha 3BM, HanpHMep AOP-5, «MHP A)K.» , «CTPECC» H .lI.p.
OpH6JIH)KeHHbIe MeTO.l1.b1 paCqeTa OCHOBaHbI Ha npe.lI.CTaBJIeHHH
CTep)KHeBOH KOHCTPYKlI,HH B BH.lI.e KOHTHHyaJIbHOH MO.lI.eJIH, T. e. CnJIOUl-
HOH nJIHTbI, HJIH B BH.l1.e nepeKpecTHbIx 6aJIOK .lI.BYX H Tpex HanpaBJIeHHH.
YCHJIHH B CTep)KHHX onpe.lI.eJIHIOT HCXO.lI.H H3 BeJIHqHHbI H3rH6alOIl\HX H
KPYTHIl1.HX MOMeHTOB H nOnepeqHbIX CHJI, B03HHKalOIl\HX B nJIHTe-MO.l1.e-
JIH. .lJ.JIH pa3JIHqHbIX cxeM CTPYKTYPHbIX nJIHT COCTaBJIeHbI <l>OPMYJIbI
nepexo.lI.a OT YCHJIHH B nJIHTe-MO.lI.eJIH K YCHJIHHM B CTep)KHHX CTPYK-
TypbI.
reOMeTpHqeCKHe cxeMbI CTpYKTypHbIX KOHCTPYKlI,HH 6epYT HaqaJIO
B KpHCTaJIJIOrpa<l>HH. OHH o6pa3YIOTcH B pe3YJIbTaTe MHoroKpaTHoro
nOBTopeHHH CTep)KHeBbIX MHororpaHHHKoB, JIH60 BnHCbIBalOTCH B MO-
.lI.YJIbHYIO peUleTKY, nOCTpoeHHYIO Ha OCHX KpHCTaJIJIOrpa<l>HqeCKOH CHM-
MeTpHH (pHC. 15.6). OpH 3TOM Y3JIOBbIe 3JIeMeHTbI, B KOTOpbIX CXO.lI.HTCH
CTep)KHH, .lI.OJI)KHbI o6eCneqHBaTb B03MO)KHOCTb peaJIH3all,HH 3THX Ha-
npaBJIeHHH.
rJ1ABA 16
KYnOnA
KynoJI - O.lI.Ha H3 CTapeHUlHX KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX <l>OpM. B .lI.peBHOCTH
KynOJIa B03BO.lI.HJIHCb H3 eCTeCTBeHHoro KaMHH H .lI.epeBa. OepBbIe yno-
MHHalH1H 0 npHMeHeHHH MeTaJIJIHqeCKHX 3JIeMeHTOB B KynOJIOCTpOeHHH
OTHOCHTCH K XVI B. - BpeMeHH paClI,BeTa apxHTeKTypbI HTaJIbHHCKOro
B03p0)K.lI.eHHH. OpH cTpOHTeJIbCTBe C060pa CB. OeTpa B 1558 r. MH-
PHC. 16.1. CTeplKHeBbIe CTaJlbHble H .lI.epeBSlHHble KynOJIa:
a - pe6pHcTble; 6 - pe6pHCTo-KOJlbI<eBble; B - e - CeT'IaTble
304
1
I
])=24...100/'1
1
I
D =24...200/'1
t
}
D = 24._JOO /'1
t
J I t
D=24...300/'1
e)
:-...
i'
'J
"
l/
V
-'f: )01 \I.

l D=24...300/'1 t

KeJIbaH.lI.)KeJIO npHMeHHJI HOBOe KOHCTPYKTHBHOe peUleHHe lI,eHTpaJIbHO-
ro KynOJIa .l1.HaMeTpoM 42 M. OH BnepBbIe B cTpOHTeJIbHOH npaKTHKe
OTKa3aJICH OT KJIa.Q'tlftf MaCCHBHbIX CTeH H KOHTP<l>OpCOB H B KaqeCTBe
onopHoro KOJIbl{a, BocnpHHHMalOIl\ero pacnop, npe.lI.JIO)KHJI )KeJIe3HbIH
l.{HJIHH.lI.pHqeCKHH 6apa6aH.
KOHCTPYKI.{HH KynOJIOB. KynoJIa 06JIa.lI.a1OT 60JIblllOH pxHTeKTYPHoH
BbIpa3HTeJIbHOCTblO, BbICOKHM K03<l><l>HlI,HeHTOM HCnOJIb30BaHHH nepe-
Kpb1BaeMoH nJIOIl\a.lI.H, HH3KOH MaTepHaJIOeMKocTblO. CaMbIe 60JIblllHe
npOJIeTbI 3.l1.aHHH pa3JIHqHOrO Ha3HaqeHHH nepeKpbITbI KynOJIaMIf. Kyno-
.JIa - 3TO 06'beKTb1 60JIbUlOH rpa.lI.OCTpOHTeJIbHOii 3HaqHMOCTH. I1x Mec-
TOnOJIO)KeHHe H BHeUlHHH 06JIHK .lI.OJI)KHbI 6bITb COrJIaCOBaHbI C 06Il\HM
apxHTeKTypHbIM 3aMbICJIOM. OHH 6bIBaIOT CTep)KHeBbIe (.lI.epeBHHHbIe
H MeTaJIJIHqeCKHe) H THna o60JIOqeK ()KeJIe306eToHHbIe H .lI.epeBHHHb1e).
CTep)KHeBbIe .l1.eJIHTCH Ha pe6pHcTbIe, pe6pHCTO-KOJIbll,eBbIe If CeTqa-
TbIe (pHC. 16.1).
Pe6pHcTbIe npe.lI.CTaBJIHIOT C060H HecYIl\YIO cHcTeMY H3 .lI.BYx- HJIH
TpexUlapHHpHbIX pacnopHbIx apoK, pacnOJIO)KeHHbIX Ha nJIaHe no Kpyry.
Me)K.lI.Y apKaMH YCTaHaBJIHBalOT nporoHbI, nO.lI..lI.ep>KHBalOIl\He KpOBJIIO.
Pacnop apoK BocnpHHHMaeTcH onopHbIM KOJIbl.{OM, KOTopoe CJIY)KHT
YCJIOBHOH 3aTH)KKOH .lI.JIH Ka)K.lI.OH apKH. KynoJI BeHqaeT KOJI, bll,O pa60-
TalOIl\ee Ha C)KaTHe.
Pe6pHCTO-KOJIbll,eBbIe KynOJIa npe.lI.CTaBJIHIOT C060H cHcTeMY apo'K,
Coe.lI.HHeHHbIX Me)K.lI.Y C060H KOJIbll,eBbIMH nporoHaMH. ApKH H KOJIbl{a
06pa3YlOT e.lI.HHYIO npoCTpaHcTBeHHYIO KOHCTPYKlI,HIO. KOJIbl.{a CJIY)KaT
YCJIOBHbIMH 3aTH>KKaMH .l1.JIH apoK. TaKoH KynOJI JIerqe pe6pHcToro,
nOCKOJIbKY B O.lI.HOBpeMeHHYIO pa60TY BKJIlOqaIOTCH Bce 3JIeMeHTbI.
CaMbIMH JIerKHMH HBJIHIOTCH CeTqaTbIe KynOJIa. B lI,eJIHX YHH<l>HKa-
l.{HH H CTaH.l1.apTH3all,HH CTep)KHeBbIX H Y3JIOBbIX 3JIeMeHTOB B OCHOBY
reOMeTpHqeCKOH pa36HBKH KynOJIa 6epYTcH npaBHJIbHb1e MHororpaH-
HHKH. TaKHx MHororpaHHHKoB nHTb: TeTpa3.lI.p, Ky6, OKTa3.lI.p, .l1.0.lI.eKa-
3.lI.p, HKOCa3.lI.p. Y HHX paBHbIe rpaHH H pe6pa. HaH60JIbUlee qHCJIO rpa-
HeH HMeeT .l1.Ba.lI.l{aTHrpaHHHK (HKoCa3.lI.p) (pHC. 16.2).
TIpH BBe.lI.eHHH .lI.BYX THnOB rpaHeH HKoCa3.lI.p MO)KHO TpaHc<l>opMH-
pO Ban B 80-rpaHHHK. npH nHTH pa3HbIX THnax rpaReH - B 320-
rpaHHHK.
B CeTqaTOM KynOJIe Ka)K.lI.bIH CTep)KeHb HBJIHeTCH pa60qHM, n03ToMY
KynOJI HBJIHeTCH MHoroKpaTHO CTaTHqeCKH HeOnpe.l1.eJIHMOH KOHCTPYK-
l.{HeH. Eho HBJIHeTCH Ba)KHbIM npeHMymecTBoM CTep)KHeBbIX KynOJIOB.
Pa3pYllIeHHe KaKOrO-JIH60 O.lI.HOro 3JIeMeHTa He npHBO.lI.HT K 06pYllIeHHIO
BceH KOHCTPYKl{HH, nOCKOJIbKy B pa60TY BKJIlOqalOTCH CMe)KHbIe 3JIe-
MeHTb!. KynoJI HBJIHeTCH BeCbMa Ha.l1.e)KHOH H «)KHByqeH» KOHCTPYKlI,H-
eH. B KynOJIaX BJIHHHHe Ha.lI.e)KHOCTH OT.lI.eJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB HMeeT
MeHbUlee 3H8qeHHe, qeM B nJIOCKHX CTaTHqeCKH onpe.lI.eJIHMbIX KOHCT-
PYKl{HHX.
Onpe.lI.eJIHIOIl\HMH BH.l1.aMH HarpY3KH .lI.JIH KynOJIOB HBJIHIOTCH C06CT-
BeHHbIH Bec KOHCTPYKlI,HH H CHerOBOH nOKpOB. ECJIH KynOJI HMeeT 60JIb-
306
6)
PHC. 16.2. DpaBIIJIbHble MHororpaHHHKII: 3
6 Ky 6' 8 _ OKT33JJ.P' 2 - JJ.0JJ.eKa9JJ.p; iJ - HKOC 9JJ.P
a - TeTp a9 .l1p; -, '
liOH nO.l1.'beM, TO MO)KeT OKa3aTbCH CYIl\eCTBeHHbIM BJIHHHHe Ha pa60TY
KOHCTPYKlI,HH BeTpOBOH HarpY3KH. . 6 _
9JIeMeHTaMH JII060ro )KeJIe306eTOHHOrO KynOJIa HBJIHIOTCH. 0 OJIOq
Ka, KOTOpaH 06pa3yeTcH no <l>opMe nOBepXHOCTH B:pCHO:
KOJIbll,O (pHC. 16.3,.a). B pH.l1. e CJIyqaeB, KO:.lI. a B B KOTO bIM BCT aH-
YCTpaHBaeTcH cBeToBoH HJIH a3pall,HOHHbIH <l>oHapb, P P
6)
2)
PHC 163 )KeJJe306eToHHble KynO.JIa: 1\
. .' 6 H JlHTHblil C 3eHHTHblM <l>OHapeM; 8 - C60pHbl Me-
a - MOHOJlHTHbliI; - M? 0 _ 60 Hblil MepH.lIHOHaJJbHO-KOJlbeBoi! pa3pe3-
pHJJ.HOHaJlbHOH paspe3KH, 2 C P
KH; 1 _ onopHoe KOJIbIJ.O; 2 - 3eHHTHOe KOJIb1J,O
307

BaeTCH B npOeM, 06pa3yeMbIH OTCeqeHHeM CerMeHTa OT nOBepXHOCT'
KynOJIa, KynOJI CHaO)KaeTCH BepXHHM <l>OHapHbIM KOJIbII;OM (pHO
16.3, 6).
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BH.lI.a 06pa3YIOlI.{eH 060JIOqKH KynOJIa MorYT 6bITil
IlIapoBbIMlI, eCJIH 06pa3YIOlI.{aH - qaCTb OKPY)KHOCTH, 3JIJIHnTHqeCKHMH
(eCJIH 06pa3YIOlI.{aSl- qaCTb 3JIJIHnca) HJIH KOHHqeCKHMH (ecJIli 06pa-
.BYIOlI.{aH - npHMaH). B nepBoM cJIyqae pa.lI.HYC KpHBH3HbI nOBepxHocTH
KynOJIa HBJIHeTCH nocTOHHHOH BeJIHqHHOH, Bo BTOpOM - nepeMeHHOif.
2 B TpeTbeM - pa.lI.HYC KpHBH3HbI paBeH 6eCKOHeqHOCTH.
l(ynOJIa MorYT 6bITb Y.lI.06HO COqJIeHeHbJ C .lI.PYfHMH KOHCTPYKIlllHMH
nOKpbITHH, HanpHMep C KOJIbll,eBbIMH raJIepeHMH, HJIH CO.lI.ep>KaTb B ceoe
KaKHe-JIH60 apXHTeKTypHbIe HJIH <l>YHKlI,HOHaJIbHbIe oc06eHHOCTH (OKHa.
cpe3bI H T. n.).
)l(eJIe306eTOHHbIe 060JIOqKH KynOJIOB 06bIqHO CqHTalOT nOJIOrHMH.
eCJIH CTpeJIa nOJI,'beMa KynOJIa COCTaBJIHeT 1/5 OT .lI.HaMeTpa OCHOBaHmI.
CYlI.{eCTByeT JI,Ba OCHOBHbIX cnoc06a CTpOHTeJIbCTBa )KeJIe306eTOHHbJX
KynOJIOB - MOHOJIHTHbJH H C60pHbIH. MOHOJIHTHbIe 060JIOqKH KynOJIOB.
}<:lK npaBHJIO, .lI.eJIalOT rJIa.lI.KHMH, qT06bI He YCJIO)KHHTb onaJIy60qHbIe
H apMaTypHbIe pa60TbI. fIepBbIMli COBeTCKHMH )KeJIe306eTOHHbIMH KY-
nOJIaMH, peUleHHbIMH B MOHOJIliTHOM 6eTOHe, 6bIJIH nOKpbITHH MOCKOB-
CKoro nJIaHeTapHJl (1927 r.), HOBOCH6HpcKoro rop O .l1.CKOro TeaTp8
(1934 r.), MOCKoBcKoro TeaTpa caTHpbI (1939 r.).
C60pHbIe 060JIOqKlI KynOJIOB .lI.eJI a lOT, KaK npaBHJIO, pe6pHCTbIMH_
qTO n03BOJIHeT 3HaqHTeJIbHO YMeHbUlHTb TOJIlI.{HHY, H3 3JIeMeHTOB MepH.
.D.HOHaJIbHOH (pliC. 16.3, B) HJIH MepH.lI.HOHaJIbHO-KOJIbl{eBOH (pHe.
16.3, 2) pa3pe3KH. fIpH 3TOM c60pHbIe .lI.eTaJIH KynOJIOB MorYT ObITb
KaK KpHBOJIHHeHHbIMH, TaK H nJIOCKHMH.
PaCqeT KynoJlOB. KynoJI npe.lI.CTaBJIHeT C060H TOHKocTeHHYIO 060-
JIOqKY BpalI.{eHHH, n03ToMY paCqeT KynOJIOB Be.lI.eTCH C HCnOJIb30BaHHel'd
COOT-BeTcTBYJOlI.{HX TeopHit HaH60JIbUlee pacnpoCTpaHeHHe nOJIyqHJIa
6e3MoMeHTHaH (MeM6paHHaH) TeopHH 060JIOqeK.
JI:ame CeTqaTbIe CTep)KHeBbIe KynOJIa C .lI.OCTaTOqHOH .lI.JIH npaKTHKH
TOqHOCTblO MO)KHO paCcqHTbIBaTb no 6e3MoMeHTHoH TeopliH. fIpH nOM
cTep.)J{HeBaH cxeMa KynOJIa 3aMeHHeTCH 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH CnJIOUlHOH 000-
JIOqKOH.
Cor JIaCHO :::nOH TeopHH B KynOJIax B03HHKaeT JIHUlb .lI.Ba B3aHMHO
nepneH.lI.HKYJIHpHbIX nOBepxHocTHbIX YCHJIHH 1 1 - MepH.lI.HOHaJIbHOe Ii
1 2 - KOJIbII;eBoe. fIpHqeM npH paBHOMepHO pacnpe.lI.eJIeHHOH HarpY3Ke
BepxHHH qaCTb KynOJIa C)KaTa KaK CHJIaMH Tit TaK II CHJIaMH 1 2 , a B
HH)KHeH qaCTH KynOJIa nOHBJIHIOTCH KOJIbl{eBbJe YCHJIHH paCTH)KeHHR
(pHC. 16.4, a). JI:JISI nOJIYUlapoBoro KynOJIa yroJI 51°49' onpe.lI.eJIHeJ'
rpaHHqHYJO JIHHHIO nepexo.l1.a OT YCHJIHH C)KaTHH K YCHJIHHM paCTSI)Ke-
HHH (npH 3arpymeHHH c06cTBeHHbIM BecoM).
B peaJIbHbJX KOHCTPYKl{HHX 060JIOqKa KynOJIa He onepTa CBo60.lI.HO.
a HMeeT ynpyroe 3aKpenJIeHHe B onopHOM KOJIbII;e. Eho oco6eHHO xa-
paKTepHO JI,JISI meJIe306eTOHHbIX KynOJIOB. B CBH3H C 3THM Ha onopHOM
KOHType B03HHKaeT .lI.onOJIHHTeJIbHblii H3rH6aJOlI.{HH MOMeHT H pacnop
308
a)
E' 
\
\
------ :\ ----
" /
, /
PHC. 16.4. Pacnpe.n;eJIeHHe YCHJlHH B KynMe:
tJ - 06l1{3H cxeM8 H8npH)I{eHHOrO COCTOHHHH; 6 - Mepu.Q,HoH3JIbHble H KoJtbn,eBble YCHJIHH
T cHeroBOIl HarpY3KH; B - OT co6cTBeHHoro Beca; e - KpaeBhle H3rH6alOHe MOMeHTbI

BCJIe.lI.CTBHe TOro qTO KOJIbll,O BOCnpHHHMaeT pacnop H conpOTHBJIfI.
eTCH CB060.lI.HbIM nepeMeIl\eHHHM 060JIOqKH Ha KOHType, B 060JIOqKe
B03HHKaeT H3fH6 B MepH.lI.HOHaJIbHOM HanpaBJIeHHH. 30Ha H3rH6a HMeeT
JIOKaJIbHbIH xapaKTep H 6bICTpO 3a.
TyxaeT no Mepe Y.lI.aJIeHHH OT onop.
Horo KOJIbll,a (pHC. 16.4, 2).
B onopHOM KOJIbll,e nOM HMO
pacnopa H 0 .lI.eHcTByeT eIl\e H3rH.
,6alOIl\HH MOMeHT Mo, KOTOpbIH HB-
JIHeTCH CJIe.lI.CTBHeM B3aHMO.lI.eHCT-
BHH KOJIbll,a H 060JjOqKH, H MOMeH-
TbI Hoe (pHC. 16.5). 003TOMY onop-
Hoe KOJIbll,O nO.l1.Bep)KeHO O.lI.HOBpe-
MeHHQ, H3rH6y If paCTH)KeHHIO.
3a.lI.aqa onpe.l1.eJIeHHH KpaeBbIX
Y.CHJIHH B KynOJIe BnepBbIe 6bIJIa
peUleHa n. n. naCTepnaKOM B
1925-1927 rr. K.paeBbIe YCHJIHH.
KaK npaBHJIO, cYIl\e(:TBeHHo 60JIb-
Ule no BeJIHqHHe, qeM MeM6paH-
HbIe, n03ToMY npH apMHpoBaHHH
JKeJIe306eToHHbIx KynOJIOB YCTaHaBJIHBalOT .lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHYIO pa.lI.H-
aJIbHYIO H KOJIbll,eBYIO apMaTYPY .l1.JIH BocnpHHHTHH KpaeBbIx yCHJIHH.
HOpMaJIbHbIe YCHJIHH B c<l>epHqeCKOM KynOJIe, HMelOIl\eM pa.lI.HYc
KPHBH3HbI R, OT cHerOBoH HarpY3KH p, paBHoMepHo pacnpe.lI.eJIeHHOH
no ropH30HTaJIbHOH nOBepxHocTH, B TOqKe C yrJIOBOH KOOp.lI.HHaTOH 'IjJ.
onpe.lI.eJIHIOTCH no <l>opMYJIaM: 1'1 =-Rp/2; 1' 2 =-pR/2 cos (2..p).


PHC. 16.5. YCHJlHH B onopHoM KOJlb-
ne
AI
S
Af
PHC. 16.6. ApMHpoBaHHe lKeJIe306CTOHHoro KynoJla
HOpMaJIbHbIe YCHJIHH B c<l>epHqeCKOM KynOJIe OT c06CTBeHHorO Beca
nOKpbITHH paBHbI: 1' 1 =-gR/(I-cos ..p); 1' 2 =-gRcos 'IjJ-1'l' 3nlOpbl
HOpMaJIbHbIX YCHJIHH B nOJIyc<l>epHqeCKOM KynOJIe OT YKa3aHHbIX Ha-
310
rpY30K nOKa3aHbI Ha pHC. 16.4, 6. MepH.lI.HOHaJIbHOe YCHJII-ie nOBCIO.l1.Y
C)KHMalOIl\ee, a KOJIbll,eBOe - pacTHrHBaeT HH)KHIOIO qaCTb KynOJIa.
Ha onopHoe KOJIbll,O .l1.eHcTByeT ropH30HTaJIbHaH npOeKlI,HH YCHJIHH
T), KOTopaH HBJIHeTCH pacnopoM Ho. Pacnop onpe.l1.eJIHIOT no <l>opMYJIe
Ho=1'1 COS'IjJon.
B onopHoM KOJIbll,e no.lI. .l1.eHcTBHeM paBHoMepHo npHJIO)KeHHOrO pac-
nopa Ho B03HHKaeT paCTHrHBalOIl\ee yCHJIHe Non=HoR sin ..pon.
ApMHpoBaHHe KynOJIa ocyIl\ecTBJIHeTCH KOHCTPYKTHBHO, B 30Hax,
HcnbITbIBalOIl\HX C)KaTHe YCHJIHHMH 1'1 H 1'2, CTep)KHHMH 0 5... 6 MM
KJIaCCa Bp-I, A-Ill C UlarOM 15... 20 CM.
Pa60QaH apMaTypa AsIl, BocnpHHHMalOIl\aH KOJIbl{eBbIe pacTHfHBa-
IOIl\He YCHJIHH 1'2, YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH no paCqeTY. B 30Hax .l1.eHCTBHH MO-
MeHTOB M Tpe6yeTcH YCTaHOBKa paC'leTHOH apMaTypbI AslII. 0110pHoe
KOJIbll,O apMHpyeTcH KOJIbll,eBOH apMaTypOH AsIV, BocnpHHHMalOIl\eH
paCTHrHBalOIl\ee YCHJIHe Non. 3Ta apMaTypa MO)KeT 6bITb npe.lI.BapH-
TeJIbHO HanpH)KeHHOH HJIH 06bIqHOH (pHC. 16.6)_
r JlABA 17
06onOlfKH
OpOCTpaHCTBeHHbIe KOHCTPYKl{HH B BH.l1.e 060JIOqeK llIHpOKO pac-
IJpOCTpaHeHbI B npHpO.l1.e. EJIarO.lI.apH H30rHYTOH nOBepXHOCTH 060JIoq-
I\H, BCTpeqalOIl\HeCH B npHpO.lI.e, BeCbMa npOqHbI, HeCMOTpH Ha MaJIYIO
!IX TOJIIl\HHY. .IJ.oCTaTOqHO BcnOMHHTb HHqHylO H opeXOBYIO CKOpJIyny,
60JIblllOe pa3Ho06pa3He <l>OpM peqHbIX H MOpCKHX paKOBHH, naHl{bIpb
qepenaXH H paKa. B 060JIOqKaX MHOrOqHCJIeHHbIX npHpO.lI.HbIX KOHCT-
PYKlI,HH BbIpa)KeH C<l>OPMYJIHpOBaHHbIH apXHTeKTopOM O. n. HepBH
IIpHHlI,Hn «pa60TbI no <l>opMe». MHorHe reOMeTpH'leCKHe npHHlI,HnbI no-
CTpoeHHH, 3aHMCTBOBaHHbIe H3 apCeHaJIa oKpY)KalOIl\eH npHpO.lI.bI,
HaUlJIH B Hallie BpeMH OTpa)KeHHe B
COBpeMeHHoii: KOHcTPYKTHBHOH <l>opMe
o60JIO'leK.
K.JIaCcH<l>HKaUHH BH.l1.0B 060JIOqeK
'IaIl\e Bcero npOBO.l1.HTCH Ha OCHOBe
reOMeTpHqeCKOH TeopHH nOBepxHo-
CTeH. PaccMoTpHM npOH3BOJIbHYlO nO-
BepxHocTb (plf,c. 17.1). 4epe3 JII06ylO
TO'lKY, JIe)KaIl\YIO Ha nOBepxHocTH,
"v!O)KHO npOBecTH 6eCKOHeqHOe KOJIH-
'IeCTBO nJIOCKOCTeH, KOTopbIe npH ne-
peCeqeHHH C nOBepxHocTblO 06pa3YlOT PRC. 17.1. 3.lIeMeHT 060.1I0'lKR
I\pHBbIe; Ka)K.lI.aH H3 3TH X KpHBblX
HMeeT B OKpeCTHOCTH TOqKH m onpe-
,1eJIeHHYIO KpHBH3Hy p= llr, r.l1.e r - pa.l1.HYC KPHBH3HbI. .D.JIH Ka)K-
;'I.0H TO'lKH nOBepxHocTH MO)KHO HaHTH .l1.Be B3aHMHO nepneH.lI.HKy.'JHp-
Hb1e KpHBble, HMelOIl\He HaH60JIbllIHH H HaHMeHbllIHH pa.lI.HYc KpHR"'
Hb1. CooTBeTcTBYIOIl\He HM KpHBH3Hb1 Ha3bIBalOTCH rJIaBHbIMH. Opo-
311
x

H3Be.lI.eHHe rJIaBHbIX KPHBH3H Ha3bIBaeTCH raYOCOBOH KipRBH3HOH: p=
=P1iP2. E'CJIH p>O, TO 060JIOqKa OTHOCHTCH K 060JIoqKaM C nOJIO)KH
TeJIbHOH rayccoBoii KpHB'H3HOH, eCJIH p<O-IK 060JIOqKaM C OTpHI\
TeJIbHOH raYCCOBOH KpHBH3HOH, eCJIH p=O, T. e. O.lI.HH H3 pa.lI.HYCO
KpHBH3HbI 6eCKOHeqHO BeJIHK, TO TaKaH 060JIOqKa CqUTae'I'CH 060JI01J
KOH HYJIeBOH raYOOOBOH KPHBH3HbI.
060JIOqKH, nOBepXHOCTb KOTOpbIX 06pa30BaHa nocTynaTeJIbHJ:iI
nepeMell{eHHeM nJIOCKOH KpHBOH no HeKOTopOH .lI.PyroH nJIOCKOH KPH
BOH, Ha3bIBaJOT 060JIOqKaMH nepeHoca HJIH TpaHCJIHlI,HOHHbIMH.
060JIOqKB, KOTopble MO)KHO 06pa30BaTb BpaIl\eHHeM OTpe3Ka KP
BOH (HJIH npHMOH) BOKpyr HeKOTopOH OCH, Ha3bIBalOT 060JIOqKaMH Bpa
Il\eHHH. npHMepOM 060JIOqeK BpaIl\eHHH MO)KeT CJIY)KHTb KynOJI H lI,H
.1]HH.lI.pHqeCKaH o60JIoqKa.
C TOqKH 3peHHH B03MO)KHOCTH pa3BepHYTb nOBepxHocTb 6e3 pa3pbl
BOB HJIH CKJIa.lI.OK Ha nJIOCKOCTb pa3JIHqalOT. pa3BepTbIBalOIl\HecH H He
pa3BepTbIBalOIl\HeCH nOBepXHOCTH. npHMepOM MorYT CJIY.>KHTb lI,HJIHHA
pHqeCKaH HJIH KOHHqeCKaH nOBepXHOCTH.
B cOOTBeTcTBHH C OTHOCHTeJIbHOH BeJIHqHHOH CTpeJIbI nO.lI.'beMa 060
JIOqKH pa3.lI.eJIHIOT Ha nO.lI.'beMHCTbIe H nOJIOrHe. ECJIH f/l> 1/5, TO 060
JIOqKa CqHTaeTCH nO.lI.'beMHCTOH, eCJIH f.ll< 1/5, TO nOJIOrOH.
no xapaKTepy KPHBH3HbI Cpe.lI.HHHOH nOBepXHOCTH pa3JIHqalOT 060
JIOqKH O.lI.HHOqHOH H .lI.BOHKOH KpHBH3HbI: nOBepxHocTb O.lI.HHOqHOH KPH
BH3Hb1 H30rHYTa B O.lI.HOM HanpaBJIeHHH, nOBepxHocTb .lI.BOHKOH KPHBH3
HbI H30rHYTa B .lI.BYX HanpaBJIeHHHx.
no KOHCTPYKTHBHbIM npH3HaKaM pa3JIHqalOT: OT.lI.eJIbHO CTOHIl\H€
Hepa3pe3HbIe; MHOrOBOJIHOBbIe; rJIa.lI.KHe H pe6pHCTbIe (06bIqHO BbInOJI
HHeMbIe H3 .>KeJIe306eTOHa); CeTqaTbIe (06bIqHO 'BbInOJIHHeMbIe H3 Me
TaJIJIa HJIB .lI.epeBa).
Kor.lI.a rOBopHTCH 0 <l>opMe 060JIOqeK, HMeeTCH B BH.lI.y reOMeTpHft
Cpe.lI.HHHOH nOBepXHOCTH, T. e. nOBepXHOCTH, KOTopaH .lI.eJIHT TOJIIl\HHY
060JIOqKH nOnOJIaM. OTHOCH Cpe.lI.HHHYIO nOBepXHOCTb K .lI.eKapTOBoH
CHCTeMe KOOp.lI.HHaT, 06bIqHO HCnOJIb3YIOT ypaBHeHHe: z=f(x, y), r.lI.e
x, y, z - a6ClI,HCCbI, 0p.lI.HHaTbI H annJIHKaTbI TOqeK Cpe.lI.HHHOH nOBepx-
HOCTH.
Pa3JIHqHbIM nOBepXHOCTHM COOTBeTCTBYIOT H pa3JIHqHbIe ypaBHeHHH.
CBSl3bIBaJOIl\He KOOp.lI.HHaTbI ToqeK nOBepXHOCTH. C .lI.pyroH CTOPOHbI.
O.lI.Ha H Ta )Ke nOBepXHOCTb B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ee pacnOJIO)KeHHH OTHO-
CHTeJIbHO KOop.lI.HHaTHbIX oceH MO)KeT onpe.lI.eJIHTbCH pa3HbIMH ypaBHe-
HHHMH (Ta6JI. 17.1).
nOHSITHe 0 CTaTHqeCKOH pa60Te H paCqeTe o60JIOqeK. 060JIOqKH
06JIa.lI.a1OT KpHBH3HOH B O.lI.HOM HJIH .lI.BYX HanpaBJIeHHHX H OTHOCHTeJIb-
HO TOHKOCTeHHbI, n03ToMY B HHX B03HHKalOT B Cpe.lI.HHHOH nOBepxHocTH
YCHJIHH C)KaTHSI HJIH paCTH)KeHHH B O.lI.HOM HJIH .lI.BYX HanpaBJIeHHHx.
H3rH6aJOIl\He MOMeHTbI B 60JIbUlHHCTBe CJIyqaeB npOHBJIHIOTCH JIHUlb B
OrpaHHqeHHbIX 30Hax, HanpHMep B6JIH3H KOHTypa 060JIOqeK, npH 3TOM
BeJIHqHHbI H3rH6alOIl\HX MOMeHTOB cYIl\ecTBeHHo MeHbUle, qeM B nJIHTaX,
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT <l>OpMbI nOBepxHocTH 060JIOqKH H HanpaBJIeHHH .lI.eR-
312
T a6.ltul/a 17.1
aCKH3
YpaBHeHHe nOBepXHOCTH
()apa1)ona
a)
0)
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3J1JIHnTH'IeCKHH napa60JIOH.lI.:
fa fb
z=-x 2 +-y2
a2 b 2
nOBepXHOCTb nepeHoca C KpyroBbIMH
HanpaBJIHIOIaIlMII II o6 pa3YIOIaH MH:
z = Rl + R2 V R - x 2
- Jf R2 - y2
rHnep60JIHQecKHH napa60JIOHA:
h
z=-xy
ab
rHnep60JIHQeCKHH napa60JIOHA:
fa fb
z=-X 2 _-y2
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8)
KOHOHA C napa60JIHQeCKOH HanpaBJIHIO-
IaeH:
f
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313

llpOOO/l:J/CeHue ra6/l. 17. [
3cKH3
YpaBHeHHe nOBepXHOCTH
:l
e)
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C4>epH'lecKaH nOBepxHocTb (Kyno.):
X 2 +y2+Z2_R2=O
UHJlHH.lI.pH'leCKHe 06OJJO'lKH:
/1 >/2 - .lI.JlHHHaH o60Jlo'lKa.
/1 </2 - KopoTKaH 060JIO'lKa
CTBHH HarpY3KH BO B3aHMHO nepneH.lI.HKYJIHpHbIX HanpaBJIeHHHX MorYT
B03HHKaTb YCHJIHH pa3Horo HJIH O.lI.HorO 3HaKa. DOJIbUlYIO pOJIb HrpalOT
H KaCaTeJJbHbIe HanpH)KeHHH, oc06eHHO B6JIH3H MeCT npHMbIKaHHH K
onopHoMY KOHTYPY.
B KaqeCTBe OCHOBbI .lI.JIH paCqeTa 60JJbUlHHCTBa npHMeHHeMbIx B Hac-
TOHIl\ee BpeMH o60JIOqeK npHHHTa TeXHHqeCKaH TeopHH. COrJIaCHO 3TO
TeopHH MaTepHaJJ o60JJOqeK paccMaTpHBaeTcH KaK H.l1.eaJIbHO ynpyrHH
H CqHTaeTCH CnpaBe.lI.JIHBOH rHnOTe3a npHMbIx HOpMaJIeH (aHaJJOrHqHast
fHnOTe3e nJIOCKHX CeqeHHH B 6aJIKax). .IJ.JIH nOJIYtIeHHH OCHOBHbIX ypaB-
HeHHH TeXHHqeCKOH TeopHH He06xo.lI.HMbI 3HaHHH .lI.H<l><l>epeHlI,HaJJbHOrO
H HHTerpaJIbHOrO HCqHCJIeHHH.
B TeopHH paCtIeTa 060JIOqeK OTMeqalOT .lI.Be xapaKTepHbIe np06JIe-
Mb1: onpe.l1.eJIeHHe HanpH)KeHHO-.l1.e<l>OpMHpoBaHiIOfO COCTOHHHH 3a.l1.a-
HOH KOHCTPYKlI,HH npH pa3JIHqHbIX HarpY3Kax; onpe.lI.eJIeHHe xapaKTep-
HbIX napaMeTpoB KOHCTPYKlI,HH, 06ecneqHBalOIl\Hx ee 3<l><l>eKTHBHoe n9-
Be.lI.eHHe npH pa3JJHtIHbIX HarpY3Kax.
HaH60JIee nOJIHO pa3pa60TaHa nepBaH np06JIeMa. B 3TOH 06JIaCT
HMelOTCH KpynHbIe .l1.0CTH)KeHHH OTeqeCTBeHHbIX yqeHb1x: B. 3. BJIaCoB.
A. A. rB03.lI.eBa, B. B. HOBO)KHJIOBa, A. P. p)KaHHlI,bIHa H .lI.p.
B nOCJIe.lI.HHe rO.l1.bI pa3BHBalOTcH MeTO.l1.bI paCqeTa, yqHTbIBalOIl\He
reOMeTpHqecKYIO H <l>H3HqecKYIO HeJIHHeHHOcTH, HaJIH:,IHe TpeIl\HH B 6e-
TOHe H cooTBeTcTBYIOIl\ee nepepacnpe.lI.eJIeHHe YCHJIHH.
314
DJIarO.lI.apH pa3BHTHIO BbIqHCJIHTeJJbHO.H. TeXHHKH Y.lI.aJIOCb pa3pa60-
TaTb qHCJIeHHbIe MeTO.lI.bI 06ecneqHBalOIl\He peUleHHe BonpocOB HanpH-
)KeHHO-.lI.e<l>opMHi>oBaHHoo COCTOHHHH. B COBeTcKOM COJ03e B 3TOH 06-
JIaCTH MHoro C.lI.eJIaHO A. <1>. CMHpHOBbIM, JI. A. P03HHbIM H .lI.PyrHMIf
yqeHbIMH. E.lI.HHCTBa nO.lI.XO.lI.a K peUleHHIO 3a.lI.aq paCqeTa Y.lI.aJIoC'b .lI.0-
6HTbCH 6JIarO.lI.apH npHMeHeHHIO paCqeTHOrO MeTO.lI.a KOeqHbIX 3JIe-
MeHTOB.
OCHoBHbIe npHHl\Hnbl KOHCTPYHpoBaHHSI o60JIOqeK. OCHOBHOH lI,eJIblO
KOHCTpYKTopa .lI.OJI)KHO 6bITb BceMepHoe CHH)KeHHe TPY.lI.03aTpaT H
TOHMOCTH Ha Bcex CTa.lI.HHX - H3rOTOBJIeHHH, TpaHcnopTHpoBaHHH H
B03Be.lI.eHHH.
060JIOqKY CJIe.lI.yeT npoeKTHpoBaTb, cTpeMHcb K B03MO)KHO MeHbllIe-
MY qHCJIy pa3HOTHnHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB npH MaKCHMaJIbHOH HX nOBTopHe-
MOCTH. OpH 3TOM 3JIeMeHTbI CJIe.lI.yeT npoeKTHpOBaTb TeXHOJIOrHqHbIMH
no H3fOTOBJIeHHIO H ra6apHTHbIMH .lI.JIH nepeB03KH, a KOHCTPYKlI,HIO B lI,e-
JIOM - npOCTOH H Y.lI.06HOH B MOHTa)Ke. Y3JIbI H CTbIKH .lI.OJI)KHbI 6bITb
Ha.lI.e)KHbI H npOCTbI BO BpeMH MOHTa)KHOH C60PKH; oc060e BHHMaeHe
JIe.lI.yeT 06paIl\aTb Ha Ha.lI.e)KHOCTb onopHbIX Y3JIOB.
OpH npoeKTHpOBaHHH )KeJIe306eTOHHbIX 060JIOqeK .lI.JIH ynpOIl\eHHH
<l>OpMbI OnaJIy6KH peKOMeH.lI.yeTcH OqepTaHHe KpHBOJIHHeHHbIX 3JIeMeH-
TOB BbI6HBaTb no .lI.yre OKPY)KHOCTH, TaK KaK .lI.yra OKPY)KHOCTH HMeeT
nOCTOHHHYIO KPHBH3HY no .lI.JIHHe.
fHnapbl. Cpe.lI.HHHaH nOBepXHOCTb 060JIOqKH fHnap npe.lI.CTaBJIHeT
C060H JIHHeHqaTYJO Hepa3BepTbIBalOll{YIOCH nOBepxHOCTb. I.J:epe3 JII06ylO
TOqKY Ha rHnape npOXO.lI.HT .lI.Be nepeCeKalOll{HeCH B 3TOH TOqKe npHMbIe,
lI,eJIHKOM JIe)KaIl\He Ha nOBepXHOCTH. OTCIO.lI.a YTBep)K.lJ.eHHe: rHnap-
nOBepXHOCTb JIHHeHqaTaSl, Co CTpOHTeJIbHOH, 3KCnJIyaTall,HOHHOH, KOH-
CTPYKTHBHOH H apXHTeKTypHOH TOtIeK 3pCHHH rHnap 06JIa.lI.aeT MHOfHMH
nOJIORi.HTeJIbHbIMH KaqeCTBaMH: JIHHeHqaTOCTb nOBepXHOCTH n03BOJIHeT
ynpocTHTb KOHCTPYKTHBHbIe peUleHHSI, KOTopbIe BbInOJIHHIOT H3 npHMO-
JIHHeHHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, JIerKO opraHH3yeTcH OTBO.lI.,BO.l1.bI C nOBepXHOCTH,
nYTeM COqeTaHHH HeCKOJIbKHX 060JIOqeK B O.lI.HY COCTaBHYIO MO)KHO no-
JIyqHTb pa3Ho06pa3HbIe apXHTeKTypHO BbIpa3HTeJIbHbIe peUleHHSI Ha
KBa.lI.paTHOM, npHMoyrOJIbHOM H MHoroyrOJIbHOM nJIaHax.
B CTpOHTeJIbCTBe 060JIOIIKH paCCMaTpHBaeMoro THna npHMeHHIOT
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MeHTOB - aCHMrHnOJIOH.lI.; 060JIOqKH C KOHTypOM, COCTOHIl\HM H3 KpHBO-
JIHHeHHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB - TpaHCrHnOJIOH.lI.. Cpe.lI.HHHaH nOBepXHOCTb 060-
HX BH.lI.OB O.lI.HHaKOBa - 3TO rHnep60JIHqeCKHH napa60JIOH.lI.. ACHMrH-
nOJIOH.lI. BbIro.lI.eH npH C03.lI.aHHH CTep)KHeBOH 060JIOqKH H3 CTaJIbHbIX
HJIH .lI.epeBHHHbIX npHMOJIHHeHHbIx 3JIeMeHTOB. TpaHCrHnOJIOH.lI. qaCTO
npHMeHHIOT npH BbInOJIHeHHH HecYIl\Hx 3JIeMeHTOB H3 KaHaTOB HJIH
BaHT, XOpOUlO pa60TalOIl\HX Ha paCTH)KeHHe.
KOHOH.lI.a.nbHble 060JlOQKH. Cpe.lI.HHHaH nOBepXHOCTb KOHOH.lI.a npe.lI.-
CTaBJIHeT C060H JIHHeii:qaTYIO Hepa3BepTbIBalOIl\YIOCH nOBepXHOCTb.
nOKpbITHHM H3 KOHOH.lI.aJIbHbIX 060JIOqeK CBOHCTBeHHbI MHorHe nOJIO-
315

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OCBeIl\eHHe nOM.eIl\eHHH. JIHHeHqaTOCTb 060JIOqKH, B CJIyqae ee BbInOJI-
HeHHH H3 JKeJIe306eTOHa, n03BOJIHeT BbInOJIHHTb onaJIy6KY H3 npHMOJIH-
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PHC. 17.2. KOHCTpYKUHH I{HJlHH,lI,pH'lecKOiJ: JKeJIe306eToHHoiJ: 060JIO'lKH:
a - pa36HBK8 Ha c60pHble 3JIeMeHTbI; 6 - npHMep .lIJlHHHOI! >KeJle306eToHHoll 060JlO'lKH; B - ap'
MHpoBaHHe 60pToBoro 3J1eMeHT8 HJJHH.lIpH'IeCKoi! 060JlO'lKH; 2 - apMHpOBaHHe nJlHTbI; 1 - MY'
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316
BaTb KaK qaCTHbIH <:JIyqaii KOHOH.lI.a, B KOTOpOM 06e HanpaBJIHIOIl\He
npHMOJIHHeHHbl.
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JIOqeK npHMeHHIOT B BH.lI.e MHOrOnpOJIeTHbIX nOKpbITHH rne.lI.OBOrO THna,
r.lI.e KOHOH.lI.aJIbHbIe 060JIOqKH pacnOJIaralOTCH O.lI.Ha 3a .lI.pyroH B.l1.0JIb
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npH:>KeHHOH apMaTYPoH, B BH.lI.e 6aJIOK npHMoyrOJIbHOrO HJIH .lI.BYTaBpo-
Boro nOnepeqHOro CeqeHHH.
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MOM 3JIeMeHTe (pHC. 17.3, a). B .lI.aHHOM cJIyqae BblCOTY C:>KaTOP 30HbI
*
c::
PHC. 17.3. HanpHJKeH-
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Mact=O,8Rb2RyfJlJ (Ry si;c ec -a o ).
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As = <Rb 2 R/)/)/Rs'
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Ke .lI.eHCTBYIOT KaCaTeJIbHbIe yCHJIHH, .l1.0CTHralOIl\He HaH60JIbUlHX 3Haq
HHH Ha onopax. OHH HaXO.lI.SITCH no <l>opMYJIe conpOTHBJIeHHH MaTepH
JIOB 1:= QSI (Ib).
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KOHCTPYKlI,HH B Hell onpe.l1.eJIHIOT HOpMaJIbHbIe YCHJIHH Ny H N x, Kaca-
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HHH YCHJlHH B .lI.JlHHHOH 060JIOqKe. nO.lI. .lI.eHCTBHeM HarpY3KH B HJIHH-
pHqeCKOll 060JIOqKe B MeCTax .lI.eHCTBHH pacTHrHBalOWHx HanpH:>KeHHH
B03HHKalOT TpewHHbI (CM. pHC. 17.3, 6).
B 30He npHMbIKaHHH 060JIOqKH K TOpI{eBoMY :weMeHTY B03HHKalOT
MeCTHbIe MOMeHTbI Mx. XapaKTep :mlOp 3THX H3rH6alOIl\Hx MOMeHTOB
3aBHCHT OT cnoc06a onHpaHHH 060JIOqKH Ha TopueBoH 3JIeMeHT. IhrH-
6alOIl\He MOMeHTbI Mx 6bICTpO 3aTyxalOT no Mepe Y.lI.aJIeHHH OT TOpll,e-
BOH .lI.Ha<l>parMbI, T. e. OT KpaH 060JIOqKH; n03ToMy xapaKTep .lI.e<l>opMH-
pOBaHHH 060JIOqKH B 3TOfI 30He Ha3bIBalOT KpaeBbIM 3<l><l>eKToM.
reOMeTpHqeCKHe napaMeTpbI 060JIOqKH Ha3HaqalOTCH HCXO.lI.H H3 ee
npOJIeTOB. IloJIHaH BbICOTa nOKpbITHH hI COCTaBJIHeT, KaK npaBHJIO,
(1/15... 1/1O)i 1 . ECJIH IiCnOJIb3yeTcH npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHO HanpH:>KeHHaSi
apMlTypa B 60pTOBOM 3JIeMeHTe, TO BbICOTY 060JIoqKH MO:>KHO CHH3HTb
.lI.0 (l/8 ... 1/6) il. TOJIlUHHa lI,HJIHH.lI.pHqeCKHX 060JIOqeK COCTaBJIHeT 3..,
... 5 CM B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cnoc06a B03Be.lI.eHHH nOKpbITHH (B MOHOJIHT-
HbIX - 60JIbllIe). .lJ.JlH Toro qT06bI H36e:>KaTb nOTepH MeCTHOH YCTOHqH-
BOCTH, B lI,HJIHH.lI.pHqeCKHX 060JIOqKaX peKoMeH.lI.yeTcH C03.lI.aBaTb none-
peqHbIe pe6pa C UlarOM 7-y R y 6.
110 pe3YJIbTaTaM CTaTHqeCKOrO paCqeTa 060JIOqKH KaK npoCTpaHcT-
BeHHOH CHCTeMbI nO.lI.6Hpa1OT CeqeHHe apMaTypbI 060JIOqKH.
Ha HaH60JIbllIee 3HaqeHHe YCHJIHH N x (B cepe.lI.HHe npOJIeTa i 1 )
paCCqHTbIBalOT npO.lI.OJIbHYIO pa60qyIO apMaTYPY AsI=NxmaxIRs.
1'13 3TOro KOJIHtIeCTBa apMaTypbI B 60pTOBOM 3JIeMeHTe pacnOJIara.
lOT 80% nOJIyqeHHOH nJIOIl\a.lI.H apMaTYPbI, a OCTaJIbHYIO pacnOJIaralOT
B pacTHHYTOll YCHJIHeM N x 30He c06CTBeHHO 060JIOqKH. B 60pTOBOM
3JIeMeHTe :>KeJIaTeJIbHO npHMepHo 2fa OT 06Il\ero KOJIHqeCTBa apMaTypbl
B HeM paCnOJIO:>KHTb BHH3Y (pHC. 17.4, 6).
B pacTHHYTbIX 30Hax 060JIOqKH, KOr.lI.a HanpH:>KeHHH MeHbUle Rbt.
apMaTYPY YCTaHaBJIHBalOT KOHCTPYKTHBHO He MeHee 0,2% CeqeHHH 6e.
TOHa.
318
B C:>KaTbIX YCHJIHeM N x 30Hax 060JIOqKH YCTaHaBJIHBalOT KOHCTPYK-
THBHylO apMaTYPY AsH nJIOIl\a.lI.blO He MeHee 0,2% CeqeHHeM 6eToHa.
C:>KHMalOIl\He YCHJIHH Ny Ma.nbI H OHH BocnpHHHMalOTcH 6eToHoM TaK
:>Ke, KaK KaCaTeJlbHbIe YCHJIHH N xy.
y
y
PHe. 17.4. Paenpe.n.eJJeHHe YCHJlHH B AJlHHHblX l\HJlHHApH'Ie-
CKHX 060JlO'lKax:
a. 6. B - OpMaJIbHble CHJIbI; 2, iJ - H3rH6aJ01.I.1.He .MOMeHTbl; e - apMH-
pOB8HHe 060nOQKH
113rH6alOIl\He MOMeHTbI BbI3bIBaJOT He06xo.lI.HMOCTb apMHpOBaHHH
060JIOqKH KaK H3rH6aeMoro 3JIeMeHTa apMaTYPOH AslII B COOTBeTCTBHH
CO 3HaKOM 3lllOpbI My (pHC. 17.4, z).
B6JIH3H .lI.Ha<l>parM C.lI.BHraJOIUHe YCHJIHH N xy npHHHMalOT HaH60JIb-
Ulee 3HaqeHHe H BbI3bIBalOT rJIaBHbIe pacTHrHBalOIl\He yCHJIHH N mt, Ha-
319

npaBJIeHHbIe nO.lI. yrJIOM 45° K npO.lI.OJIbHOH OCH 060JIOqKH. rJIaBHbIe
paCTHrUBalOIl\He YCHJIHH BOCnpHHHMaJOTCH apMaTYPOH AsH H AsIII.
ECJIH :}Toro He.lI.OCTaTOqHO, TO yrJIOBbIe 30HbI 060JIOqKH apMHpYIOTCH Ha
YCHJIHe N mi, npHqeM apMaTypa AsIV MO}KeT pacnOJIaraTbCH B BH.l1.e
ceTOK HJIH CTep:>KHeH, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX no.lI. yrJIOM 45°.
113rH6alOIl\He MOMeHTbI Mx BbI3bIBalOT H3rH6 30H 060JIOqKH, npHMbI-
KalOIl\HX K TOpll,eBbIM .lI.Ha<l>parMaM. ApMaTypa As v YCTaHaBJIHBaeTcS[
B 3THX 30Hax B COOTBeTCTBHH co 3HaKOM 3nlOpbI Mx.
KopoTKHe lI,HJIHH.lI.pHqeCKHe 060JIOqKH (npH 11112< 1) paCCqHTbIBalOT
B HanpaBJIeHHH MeHbUlero npOJIeTa KaK 6aJIKY. ECJIH 060JIOqKa O.l1.HO-
npOJIeTHaH H O.lI.HOBOJIHOBaH, TO nJIOIl\a.lI.b npO.lI.OJIbHOH apMaTypbI B
OOpTOBOM 3JIeMeHTe onpe.lI.eJIHIOT no <l>opMYJIe As=MaetlRsz.
OpH 3TOM nJIeqo BHYTpeHHeH napbI npHHHMalOT paBHbIM z=O,55 hI.
TOJIIl\HHY KOpOTKOH 060JIOqKH npHHHMalOT 6 ... 8 CM npH npOJIeTaX 1 1 =
=6... 12 M. DeTOH Ha3HaqalOT KJIaCCa B20... B35. DOpTOBOH :)JIeMeHT
B BH.lI.e 6aJIKH npHMeHHIOT TOJIIl\HHOH d= (1/50... 1/75)1 1 H BbICOTOH
h 2 = (1/10...1/15)1 1 .
060JIOqKY apMHpYJOT KOHCTPYKTHBHO ceTKOll H3 CTep:>KHeH 0 5...
m 6 MM, C UlarOM 10 no 15 CM. B6JIH3H 60pTOBbIX 3JIeMeHTOB H .lI.Ha<l>parM
CTaBHTCH .lI.OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIe ceTKH, TaKHe :>Ke, KaK H OCHOBHbIe. TOpll,eBaH
.lI.Ha<l>parMa BbInOJIHHeTCH B BH.lI.e apKH C 3aTH:>KKOH, pe:>Ke B BH.lI.e 6pyca.
060JlOqKH nOJlO)KHTeJlbHOH raYCCOBOH KPHBH3HbI. )KeJIe306eTOHHbIe
060JIOqKH, onHcaHHbIe no nOBepXHOCTH, HMelOIl\eH nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHYIQ
raYCCOBY KPHBH3HY, HBJIHIOTCH HeCKOJIbKO 60JIee 3KOHOMHqHbIMH no
cpaBHeHHIO C lI,HJIHH.l1.pHqeCKHMH. KOHCTPYKlI,HH 060JIOQKH nOJIO:>KHTeJIb-
HOR rayccoBoH KpHBH3HbI COCTOHT H3 H30rHYToH B .lI.BYX HanpaBJIeHHHX
1'OHKOCTeHHoH nJIHTbI (KoTopaH MO:>KeT 6bITb rJIa.lI.KOH "JIH C pe6paMH)
H .lI.Ha<l>parMaMH, pacnOJIO:>KeHHbIMH no nepHMeTpy 060JIOqKH. 060JIoq-
Ka MO:>KeT onHpaTbcH KaK no BceMY KOHTYPY Ha KOJIOHHbI, TaK H JIHllIb
B yrJIOBbIX TO'lKaX (pHC. 17.5, a).
.lI.JISI ynpOIl\eHHH paCqeTa H CTpOHTeJIbCTBa 060JIOqKH nOJIO:>KHTeJIb-
HOll KPHBH3HbI qaIl\e Bcero npoeKTHpYIOTCH Ha npHMoyrOJIbHOM nJIaHe.
OOBepxHocTb 060JIOqKH MO:>KeT 6bITb onHcaHa no nOBepxHocTH 3JIJIHn-
1'HqeCKOrO napa60JIOH.lI.a, Topa, llIapa H MHOrHX .lI.pyrHx. OpH He60JIb-
illHX OTHOUleHHHX BbICOTbI nO.lI.'beMa K pa3Mepy B nJIaHe (He 60JIee qeM
1: 5) BH.l1. nOBepxHocTH He3HaqHTeJIbHO BJIHHeT Ha pa60TY 060JIOqKH.
Ope06JIa.lI.alOmHMH yCHJIHHMH, onpe.lI.eJIHIOIl\HMH HanpH:>KeHHO-.lI. e -
<pOpMHpoBaHHoe COCTOSIHHe 060JIOqKH nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHOH KPHBH3HbI, HBJIH-
IOTCH 6e3MoMeHTHbIe YCHJIHH: HOpMaJIbHbIe N x H Ny, KaCaTeJIbHbIe N xy
H 3aBHCHIl\He OT HHX rJIaBHbIe pacTHrHBalOIl\He H C:>KHMalOIl\He yCHJIHH
N mi H N me. 113rH6alO\'J.He MOMeHTbI npllypOqeHbI K 60pTOBbIM .lI.Ha<l>par-
MaM 060JIOqKH, HOCHT JIOKaJIbHbIH xapaKTep KpaeBoro 3<l><l>eKTa.
HanpH:>KeHHO-.lI.e<l>opMHpOBaHHoe COCTOHHHe 060JIOqKH nOJIO:>KHTeJIb-
HOH raYCCOBOH KpllBH3HbI B 3HaqHTeJIbHOH Mepe 3aBHCHT OT BH.l1.a .lI.Ha-
<pparMbI. ECJIH B paCqeTaX 060JIOqKH MO:>KHO npHHHTb, qTO .lI.Ha<l>parMbI
JII060ro BH.lI.a HBJIHIOTCH a6COJIIOTHO rH6KHMH 1-.\3 CBoeH nJIOCKOCTH, TO 0
pa60Te .lI.Ha<l>parM B HX nJIOCKOCTH He06xo.lI.HMO CY.lI.HTb 60JIee TOqHO.
320
ECJIH OnOpHbIH KOHTYP 060JIOqKH COCTOHT H3 :>KeCTKOR B ee nJIOCKO-
CTH 6aJIKH HJIH npe.lI.CTaBJIHeT C060H CnJIOUlHYIO cTeHy, TO TaKYIO .lI.Ha<l>-
parMy npHHHTO CqHTaTb a6COJIJOTHO :>KeCTKOR B ee nJIOCKOCTH, B 3TOM
CJIyqae HOpMaJIbHbIe YCHJIHH no KOHTYPY paBHbI HYJIIO.
B TOM CJIyqae, KOr.lI.a 060JIOqKa no nepHMeTpy onHpaeTCH Ha pH.lI.
6JIH3KO CTOHIl\HX KOJIOHH, TaKoe onHpaHHe Ha3bIBalOT llIapHHpHO-nO.lI.-
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PHC. 17.5. Pa60Ta lKeJle306eToHHoiJ: 060J10'lKH I10JlOJKHTeJlbHoiJ: rayccOBoii
KpHBII3Hbl:
 - KOHCTpYK!1HSJ 060JlO'lKH; 6, 8, e - pacnpe.lleJleHHe BHYTpeHHHX YCHJlHIl n H
2 eCTKoM. lliapHHpHOM H ynpyro-no.llaTJlHBOM onHpaHHH no KOHTYPY' J _ nJlHJa'
- KOHTypH3SJ .lIHacpparMa . .
11-1345
321

BH:>KHbIM. npH TaKOM OnHpaHHH B.lI.OJIb KOHTypa OnOpHbIe KOHCTPYKlI,HH
He MorYT BocnpHHHMaTE KaCaTeJIbHbIe YCHJIHH, nepe.lI.alOIl\HeCH C 060-
JIOqKOH Ha onopHbIH KOHTYP, n03ToMY KaCaTeJIbHbIe YCHJIHH no nepu-
MeTpy OTCyTCTBYIOT, T. e. Nxy=O.
ECJIH onopHbIH KOHTYP npe.lI.CTaBJIHeT c060ii: KOHCTPYKlI,HIO, HMelO-
I1{YIO KOHeIIHYIO :>KeCTKOCTb B cBoeH nJIOCKOCTH, HanpHMep KOHTypHbIe
6PYCbH. 6aJIKH HaH60JIbUleH BbICOTbI, TO TaKHe KOHTypHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI
MO:>KHO YCJIOBHO CqHTaTb CB060.lI.HO .lI.e<l>0PMUpYIOIl\HMHCH KaK B HX
nJIOCKOCTH, TaK H U3 Hee. B 3TOM CJIyqae HOpMaJIbHbIe YCHJIHH, .lI.eHCTBY-
IOIl\He B.lI.OJIb KOHTypa, He paBHbI HYJIIO, TaK :>Ke KaK H KaCaTeJIbHOe
YCHJIHe.
LlJIH nOJIHOH KapTHHbI HanpH:>KeHHOrO COCTOHHHH 060JIOqKH He06xo-
.lI.HMO 3HaTb BeJIHqHHY H HanpaBJIeHHe .lI.eHCTBHH rJIaBHbIX YCHJIHH B HeH,
OTopbIe onpe.lI.eJIHIOTCH no <l>opMYJIe
N m1 (1I) Nx:N y I V( NX;N y Y+N;y'
a yrOJI, no.lI. KOTOpbIM OHH HanpaBJIeHbI KOCH x, HaXO.lI.HT no <l>opMYJIe
tg 2 a= + 2N xy /(N x -N y ). PeUleHHe ypaBHeHHH, onHCbIBalOIl\HX HanpH-
.>KeHO-.lI.e<l>opMHpoBaHHoe COCTOHHHe 060JIOqKH nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHOH rayc-
COBOH KPHBH3HbI, 3aBUCHT OT MaTeMaTUlleCKoro MeTO.lI.a, npHMeHHeMoro
.lI.JIH HaXO:>K.lI.eHHH 3Toro peUleHHH. n03TOMY pe3YJIbTaTbI, nOJIyqeHHbIe
pa3JIHqHbIMH MeTO.lI.aMH, MorYT HeCKOJIbKO OTJIHqaTbCH .lI.Pyr OT .lI.Pyra.
Pacnpe.lI.eneHHe YCHJIHH B 060JIoqKe nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHOH raYCCOBOH KPH-
BH3HbI, He HMelOIl\eH pa.lI.HYc KpHBH3HbI R Ha KBa.lI.paTHOM nJIaHe pa3-
MepOM 2a)(2a, 3arPY:>KeHHOH paBHOMepHO pacnpe.lI.eJIeHHOH HarpY3Koii:
q. nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 17.5. npHBe.lI.eHHbIe 3HaqeHHH YCHJIHH B xapaKTep-
HbIX TOqKaX nOJIyqeHbI MeTO.lI.OM KOJIJIOKall,Hii:.
B npHKoHTYPHOH 30He 060JIOqKH B03HHKalOT MeCTHbIe H3rH6alOIl\He
MOMeHTbI. BbI3BaHHbIe pe3KHM H3MeHeHHeM H3rH6HoH :>KeCTKOCTH 060-
JIOqKH B MeCTe ee ConpH:>KeHHH C .lI.Ha<l>parMeIlHbIMH KOHCTPYKlI,HHMH.
XapaKTep pacnpe.lI.eJIeHHH KpaeBbIx H3rH6alOIl\Hx MOMeHTOB B 060JIoq-
Kax nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHOH rayccoBoH KPHBH3HbI nO.lI.06eH 3nlOpaM H3rH6alO-
Il\HX MOMeHTOB Mx B lI,UJIHH.lI.pHqeCKHX 060JIOqKaX H 3aBHCHT OT cnoco-
6a onHpaHHH c06cTBeHHo 060JIOqKH Ha .lI.Ha<l>parMY. LlJIHHa 30Hbl Kpae-
Boro 3<l><l>eKTa, yqHTblBaeMaH npH KOHCTpYHpOBaHHH, He npeBblUlaeT
lKP.34J=:n;S. npH :>KeCTKOM (MOHOJIHTHOM) COnpH:>KeHHH 060JIOqKH C .lI.Ha-
<l>parMoH HaH60JIbUlHH MOMeHT, pacTHrHBalOIl\Hii: BepxHlO1O nOBepxHocTb
060OqKIi, paBeH M x max=qS2/2. HaH60JIbUlHH MOMeHT, pacTHrHBalO-
Il\HH HH.>KHIOIO nOBepxHocTb 060JIOqKH, M x m1n=qS2/1O H .lI.eHcTByeT Ha
paccToHHHH Xmin=:n;S/2. npH mapHHpHoM (C60PHbIii: BapHaHT) conp}!-
.>KeHHH 060JIOqKH C .lI.Ha<l>parMoH HaH60JIblliHii: H3rH6alOIl\HH MOMeHT
pacTHrHBaeT BHyTpeHHee BOJIOKHO 060JIOqKH M max =qS2/6; OH .lI.eHcTBY-
eT Ha paccToHHHH x max =:n;S/4 OT TOqKH onHpaHHH. Bo Bcex npHBe.lI.eH-
HbIX <l>opMYJIaX napaMeTp S=O,76y RfJ, r.lI.e R - pa.lI.HYC 060JIOqKH B
paccMaTpuBaeMoH nJIOCKOCTH, fJ - TOJII1{HHa 060JIOqKU.
322
AHaJIH3 HanpH:>KeHHOrO COCTOHHHH o6"OJIOqeK nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHOH rayc-
COBOH KPHBH3HbI nOKa3bIBaeT, qTO HaH60JIee 3<l><l>eKTHBHbIMH C TOqKH
3peHHH pa60TbI 6eToHa HBJIHIOTCH 060JIOqKH, KOTopbIe HCnbITbIBalOT
..l1. B yxocHoe C:>KaTHe no 60JIbUleH qaCTH cBoeH nOBepxHocTH. B TaKOM
HanpH:>KeHHOM COCTOHHHH HaXO.l1.HTCH 060JIOqKH, HMelOIl\He :>KeCTKHH H
CB060.lI.HO .lI.e<l>opMHPyeMbIH KOHTYP. B 3THX CJIyqaHX HOpMaJIbHbIe YCH-
JIHH N x H Ny HBJIHIOTCH C:>KHMalOIl\HMH B Ka:>K.lI.OH TOqKe 060JIOqKH.
30HbI paCTH:>KeHHH B03HHKalOT JIHUlb B yrJIOBbIX 30Hax 060JIOqKH H
06YCJIOBJIeHbI .lI.eHCTBHeM r JIaBHbIX pacTHrHBalOIl\HX YCHJIHH N mi =N mt
(pHC. 17.5, 6. z).
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TYPY, nOM HMO rJIaBHbIX paCTHrHBalOIl\HX YCHJIHH, .lI.eHCTBYJOll{HX B yrJIO-
BbIX 30Hax (30HbI paCTH:>KeHHH HMelOT B 3TOM CJIyqae 3HaqHTeJIbHO
66JIbUlYIO npOTH:>KeHHOCTb, qeM B .lI.PYfHX CJIyqaHX onHpaHHH 060JIOqeK
Ha .lI.Ha<l>parMY), HMelOT MeCTO 3HaqHTeJIbHbIe HOpMaJIbHbIe pacTHfHBa-
IOIl\He YCHJIHH, KOTopbIe xapaKTepHbI .lI.JIH 30H npHMbIKaHHH 060JIOQeK
K .lI.Ha<l>parMaM (pHC. 17.5, B).
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HOH KpHBH3HbI 3aBHCHT OT KOHTYPHbIX KOHCTPYKlI,HH, apMHpOBaHHe 060-
JIOqKH .lI.OJI:>KHO BbInOJIHHTbCH B COOTBeTCTBHH C yCHJIHHMH, B03HHKalO-
ll{HMH B HHX no.lI. .lI.eHCTBHeM BHeUlHeH HarpY3KH.
B 060JIOqKaX, HMelOIl\HX CB06o.lI.HO .lI.e<l>opMHPyeMbIH KOHTyp, apMa-
TYPY no paCqeTY CTaBHT B 30Hax rJIaBHbIX paCTHfHBalOIl\Hx YCHJIHH, ee
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yrJIOM 45°. B npHKOHTypHbIX 30Hax CTaBHTCH paCqeTHaH apMaTypa AsH.
BocnpHHHMalOIl\aH H3rH6alOIl\He MOMeHTbI KpaeBoro 3<l><l>eKTa. Bce nOJIe
nJIHTbI apMHpyeTcH KOHCTPYKTHBHOH ceTKOH H C nJIOIl\a.lI.blO AsIIl He
MeHee 0,2% nJIOIl\a.lI.H CeqeHHH 6eToHa B Ka:>K.lI.OM HanpaBJIeHHH (pHC.
17.6). ApMaTypa, BocnpHHHMalOIl\aH r JIaBHbIe pacTHfHBalOIl\He YCHJIHH,
MO:>KeT 6bITb npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHO HanpH:>KeHHoH.
11*
323

HaH60JJbUlHe KaCaTeJIbHbIe YCHJIHH B03HHKalOT B MeCTaX COnpH:>Ke-
HHH 060JIOqKH C .lI.Ha<l>parMOH. 3TH yCHJIHH BOCnpHHHMalOTCH Cnell,HaJIb
HbIMH paCqeTHbIMH KOHCTPYKTHBHbIMH CBH3HMH B BH.lI.e UlnOHOK, BbInYC
KOB apMaTypbI H T. n., KOTOpbIe 061>e.lI.HHHIOTCH B e.lI.HHOe lI,eJIOe 3aMO
HOJIHqHBaHHeM.
B 060JIOqKaX, HMelOIl\HX UlapHHpHO-nO.lI.BH:>KHOe OnHpaHHe Ha KOH
TypHbIe KOHCTPYKl{HH, .l1.06aBJIHeTCH paCqeTHaH apMaTypa, BOCnpHHHMa-
lOIl\aH paCTHrHBalOIl\YIO COCTaBJIHIOIl\YIO HOpMaJIbHbIX YCHJIHH, .lI.eHCTBY-
IOIl\HX B.lI.OJJb KOHTypa, ee nJIOIl\a.lI.b AsIV = N x(y)f Rs. ApMHpoBaHHe 060-
JIOqKH nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHOH rayccoBoH KpHBH3HbI nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 17.6.
.llHa<l>parMbI 060JIOqeK, BbInOJIHeHHbIe B BH.lI.e <l>epM, apoK, 6pycbeB,
6aJIOK H .l1.PYfHX 3JIeMeHTOB, KOHCTPYHPYIOT no aHaJIOrHH C nO.l1.06HbIMH
KOHCTPYKlI,HHMH 06bIqHbIX nOKpbITHH. OpH 3TOM CJIe.lI.yeT ytIHTbIBaTb,
qTO nOM HMO BepTHKaJIbHOH HarpY3KH Ha .l1.Ha<l>parMbI nepe.l1.alOTCH C.lI.BH-
ralOlUHe YCHJIHH C 060JJOqKH.
KOHCTpYHpOBaHHe 060JIOqeK nOJIO:>KHTeJIbHOH raYCCOBOH KPHBH3HbI
MO:>KeT 6bITb pa3JIHqHbIM. 060JIOtIKa MO:>KeT c06HpaTbCH H3 C60PHbIX
nJIOCKHX nJIHT pa3MepOM 3X3 M C nOCJIe.l1.YlOlUeH CBapKOH 3aKJIa.lI.HbIX
.lI.eTaJIeH H 3aMOHOJIHqHBa-HHeM UlBOB. 060JIOqKY MO:>KHO paCtIJIeHHTb Ha
lI,HJI HH .l1.pHtIeCKHe naHeJIH pa3MepOM 3X12 M HJJH Ha l{HJJHHpHqeCKHe
H Tpanel{HeBH.l1.HbIe nJJHTbI pa3MepOM 3X6 M. B JII060M CJIyqae MOHTa:>K
060JIOtIeK Tpe6yeT JJeCOB, .l1.0CTaTOqHO TPY.lI.OeMOK H HY:>K.lI.aeTCH B BbICO-
KOKaqeCTBeHHOM BbInOJIHeHHH pa60T.
fHnep60JIHIJeCKHe napa60JIOH.lI.b1. 113 Bcero MHoro06pa3HH <l>OpM
060JIOqeK OTpHlI,aTeJIbHOH raYCCOBOH KPHBH3HbI paCCMOTpHM nOKpbITHe,
HMelOIl\ee npHMoyroJIbHbIH nJIaH, npH 3TOM JIHHHH rJIaBHbIX KPHBH3H
cpe.lI.HHHO H nOBepXHOCTH HanpaBJIeHbI B.l1.0JIb .lI.HarOHaJIeH OCHOBaHHH
(pHC. 17.7).
060JItIKa, onHcaHHaH no TaKoH nOBepxHocTH, o6J1a.l1.aeT HHTepec-
HbIM CBOHCTBOM: npH paBHOMepHo pacnpe.l1.eJJeHHOH HarpY3Ke B HeH
OTCYTCTBYIOT HOpMaJJbHbIe YCHJIHH N x H Ny, a KaCaTeJIbHbIe YCHJJHH N xy
nOCTOHHHbI no BceH 060JIOqKe. TaKHM 06pa30M, 060JIOtIKa Ha'XO.l1.HTCH B
YCJJOBHHX qHCTOrO C.lI.BHra.
B rHnape TaKoro BH.lI.a rJIaBHbIe pacTHrHBalOIl\He H rJIaBHbIe C:>KHMa-
IOIl\He YCHJIHH paBHbI Me:>K.lI.Y C060H H paBHbI KaCaTeJIbHoMY YCHJJHIO
N mt=-N mc=Nxy=qabf (2f).
vB HanpaBJIeHHH rJIaBHOH OTpHlI,aTeJIbHOH KPHBH3HbI (BorHYTocTH)
.lI.eHCTBYIOT rJIaBHbIe paCTHrHBalOIl\He YCHJIHH, a B HanpaBJIeHHH rJIaB-
HOH nOJIO:>KI;!T.ebibHOH KPHBH3HbI (BbWYKJIOCTH) - rJIaBHbIe C:>KHMalOIl\He
YCHJJHH.
KaCaTeJIbHbIe CHJIbI nepe.lI.alOTCH C 060JIOqKH Ha KOHTypHbIe KOHCT-
PYKUHH. KOHTYPHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI .lI.OJI:>KHbI BocnpHHHMaTb KaCaTeJIbHbIe
YCHJIHH, 3TO JIerKO oCYIl\eCTBHTb, eCJJH 060JIOqK<8. onHpaeTcH Ha :>KeCTKHe
B cBoeH nJIOCKOCTH CTeHbi. B 3TOM cJIyqae HHKaKHX .l1.0nOJIHHTeJIbHbIX
KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX MeponpHHTHH npOBO.l1.HTb He CJIe.lI.yeT, nOTOMY qTO
caMH CTeHb1 BocnplfHHMalOT KaCaTeJIbHbIe YCHJIHH OT nepe.l1.alOll{HXCH C
060JIOqKH.
324
ECJIH KOHTypHbIe 3JIeMeHTbt perneHbI B BH.lI.e <l>epM, apOK, 6aJIOK, TO
B 3TOM CJIyqae B03HHKaeT ropH30HTaJIbHaH peaKlI,HH, paBHaH CYMMe
npOeKlI,HH KaCaTeJIbHbIX YCHJIHH Ha ropH30HTaJIbHYIO OCb (pHC. 17.7,6).
.llJIH Toro qT06bI BocnpHHHTb 3TY peaKlI,HIO, He06xo.l1.HMa YCTaHoBKa
ynopoB HJIH YCTPOHCTBO .lI.HarOHaJIbHOH 3aTH:>KKH. KOHTypHbIH 3JIeMeHT,
6)
i 
. 
 6 Rb
A . Za B i ;INXY
b
x
2)
:;
PRC. 17.7. Pa60Ta rHnep6oJIH'IeCKOrO napa60JlOHna:
a _ K3K .D.BYXKOHCOJlbHOi% CHCTCMbI; 6 - pa6oT3 J].Hacl>parMbl; B - onHp3HHe fHnapa H3
l.J.eTblpe T01.J:KH; 2 _ apMHpOB3HHe 060JI01:lKH; ,1 - 33TsnKK3
peUleHHbIH B BH.lI.e <l>epMbI, HaXO.lI.HTCH nO.l1. .lI.eHCTBHeM KacaTeJIbHbIX CHJI,
.!I.eHCTBYIOIl\HX Ha era BepXHHH nOHC (pHC. 17.7,.8). B 3TOM cJIyqae JJer-
KO BH.lI.eTb, qTO BepTHKaJIbHaH peaKlI,HH onopbI A paBHa HYJJIO, n03TOMY
HH:>KHHH nOHC H perneTKa KOHTYPHOH <l>epMbI HaXO.lI.HTCH B HanpH:>KeH-
HOM COCTOHHHH. Eho npHBO.l1.HT K TOMY, qTO 060JIOtIKa <l>aKTHqeCKH
onHpaeTcH Ha .l1.Be onopbI (pHC. 17.7, 6), TOr.lI.a KaK .l1.Be .lI.Pyme onopbl
B pa60Te nOKpblTHH He yqaCTBYIOT. v
YKa3aHHbIe oc06eHHOCTH pa60TbI 060JIOqKH OTpHlI,aTeJIbHO H raycco-
BOH KPHBH3HbI npHBO.lI.HT K TOMY, qTO ee pa60TY MO:>KHO pCCMaTpHBaTb
KaK .lI.BYXKOHCOJIbHYIO CHCTeMY, Ka:>K.lI.aH KOHCOJIb KOTOpO KaK 6bI 3a
Il\eMJIeHa B .lI.PyroH no .lI.HarOHaJIH C BbInYKJIOH KpHBH3HO H . B Ka:>K.l1.0H
KOHCOJIH B03HHKaeT B BepXHeH 30He paCTH:>KeHHe, KOTopoe BbI30BeT B03-
HHKHOBeHHe TpeIl\HH B 6eTOHe (pHC. 17.7, a), a B BepxHeM nOHce KOH-
TypHbIX <l>epM nOHBHTCH C:>KaTHe. 3KcneJ1HMeHTbI, npOBe.lI.eHHbIe Ha.lI. MO-
.lI.eJIHMH 06OJJoqeK OTpHlI,aTeJIbHOH rayccoBoH KPHBH3HbI, nO.lI.TBep.lI.HJIH
onHcaHHble oc06eHHocTH pa60Tbl rHnapoB TaKoro BH.l1.a.
rJIaBHbIe pacTHrHBalOIl\He YCHJIHH .lI.OJI:>KHbI BocnpHHHMaTbcH pa60-
qeH apMaTYPoH. HaH60JIee ueJIecooqpa3HO pacnOJIaraTb apMaTYPY B
325

nJIOCKOCTH .lI.eHCTBHH YCHJIHH .N mt (CM. pHC. 17.17, z), O.lI.HaKO B 3TOM
cJIyqae apMaTypa HBJIHeTCH KpHBOJIHHeHHOH, qTO .lI.eJIaeT HeB03MO:>KHbIM
npHMeHeHH npe.l1.BapHTeJIbHOrO HanpH:>KeHHH. OOTOMY 'laCTO HCnOJIb3Y-
eTCH .lI.pyroH cnoco6 apMHpoBaHHH - apMaTypa pacnOJIaraeTCH B.lI.OJIb
CTOpOH oHypa 060JIO'leK. B 3TOM cJlyqae apMaTypa nOJIyqaeTCH npH-
MOJIHHeHHOH, 'lTO n03BOJIHeT npe.lI.HanpHqb ee.
rIlABA 18
BHCHE nOKPWTH
BHCHqHMH Ha3bIBalOT nOKpbITHH, B KOTOpbIX OCHOBHbIe HecYIl\He 3JIe-
MeHTbI, nepeKpbIBalOIl\He npOJIeT (KaHaTbI, TpOCbI, MeM6paHbI), pa60-
TalOT Ha paCTH:>KeHHe. PaCTHHYTbIe 3JIeMeHTbI qaCTO BCTpeqalOTCH B
npHpO.lI.e. TaK, HanpHMep, naYTHHa H JIHaHbI HBJIHIOTCH BHCHqHMH CHCTe-
MaMH. OpHMepbI HCnOJIb30BaHHH BHCHqHX KOHCTPYKlI,Hii qeJIOBeKOM 3a-
neqaTJIeHbI eIl\e B HaCKaJIbHbIX H306pa:>KeHHHX, a HX HCTOpHH HaqHHa-
eTCH OT nO.lI.BeCHbIX MOCTHKOB H3 JlHaH H .lI.OXO.lI.HT .lI.0 COBpeMeHHbIX
60JIbUlenpOJIeTHbIX BHCHqHX MOCTOB H TeHTOBbIX nOKpbITHH.
O.lI.HaKO .lI. KOHlI,a XIX B. BHCHqHe CHCTeMbI .lI.JIH nOKpbITHH 3.lI.aHHH
H coopY:>KeHHH npaKTHqeCKH He npHMeHHJIHCb, qTO 06'bHCHHeTCH cpaB-
HHTeJIbHO HH3KOii npOqHOCTblO HCnOJIb30BaBllIHXCH MaTepHaJIOB B OC-
HOBHOM paCTHTeJIbHOrO H :>KHBOTHoro npOHCXO:>K.lI.eHHH. 11 TOJIbKO C pa3-
BHTHeM npOMbIUlJIeHHOCTH H HaqaJIOM npOH3BO.lI.CTBa KaHaTOB nOHBH-
JIaCb B03MO:>KHOCTb HCnOJIb30BaTb BbICOKYIO npO'lHOCTb CTaJIH B BHCHqHX
CHCTeMax.
5)
a)
-- 
--
--
-----....--

2)
 {t-
PHC. 18.1. DpocTpaHcTBeHHble !fJOPMbI BHCH'IHX nOKpblTHiJ::
U, 6 - ceJJ.JlOBH.lIHble; B - I\HJlHH.lIpH'IeCK3S1; Z - c xpe6ToBoll 6anKoil
326
BHCH'lHe nOKpbI!HH HaUlJIH npeHMYIl\eCTBeHHoe npHMeHeHHe B 60JIb-
UlenpOJIeTHbIX coopY:>KeHHHx-cnopTHBHbIX, 3peJIHIl\HbIX H .lI.p. OHH npH-
MeHHJIHCb TaKHMH H3BeCTHbIMH apxHTeKTopaMH, KaK K. TaHre. J1e Kop-
6103be. 3. CaapHHeH, P. Cap:>Kep. O. <1>peH, M. HOBHlI,KHH H .lI.p.I1HTepec
K BHCHqHM nOKpblTHHM 06'bHCHHeTcH 60JIbUlHM pa3Hoo6pa3HeM HX reo-
MeTpHqeCKHX cxeM H apxHTeKTypHoH BbIpa3HTeJIbHOCTbIO npoCTpaHcT-
BeHHbIX <l>OpM (pHC. 18.1). 3<l><l>eKTHBHOCTb BHCHqHX CHCTeM 06'bHCHHeT-
CH npe06JIa.lI.aHHeM B HHX O.lI.HOrO BH.lI.a YCHJIHH - paCTH:>KeHHH, qTO
n03BOJIHeT HCnOJIb30BaTb BbIcoKOnpOqHbIe MaTepHaJIbI, 3HaqHTeJIbHO
06JIerqHTb nOKpbITHH, ynpocTHTb MOHTa:>K H nOBbICHTb HX 3KOHOMHq-
HOCTb, oc06eHHO "PH nepeKpbITHH 60JIbUlHX npOJIeTOB. BHCHqHe KOHCT-
PYKlI,HH cnoc06HbI 3<l><l>eKTHBHO nepeKpbIBaTb npOJIeTbI OT 40 .lI.0 300 M.
a B MOCTOBbIX KOHCTPYKlI,HHX -.lI.0 1000 M H 60JIee.
B03Be.lI.eHHbIe B CCCP BHCHqHe nOKpbITHH He YCTynalOT JIyqUlHM
MHpOBbIM 06pa3u.aM. a pH.lI. KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX peUleHHH H B03Be.lI.eHHbIX
COOpy:>KeHHH no BeJIHqHHe npOJIeTOB H opHrHHaJIbHOCTH He HMeeT aHa-
JIOrOB B MHpOBOH npaKTHKe. HanpHMep yHHBepCaJIbHbIH cnopTHBHbIH
3aJI B J1eHHHrpa.lI. e C BHCHqeH 060JIOqKOH nOKpbITHH .lI.HaMeTpoM 160 M.
OJIHMnHHCKHH CTa.lI.HOH Ha npocneKTe MHpa B MocKBe C 3JIJIHnTHqeCKOH
MeM6paHoH nOKpbITHH pa3MepoM B nJIaHe 224X 183 M, OJIHMnHHCKHH
nJIaBaTeJIbHbIH 6acceHH C ce.lI.JIOBH.lI.HbIMH BHCHqHMH <l>epMaMH nOKpbI-
niH npOJIeTOM 104 M, BeJIOTpeK B KpbIJIaTCKOM B MocKBe C nOKpbITHeM
B BH.lI.e .lI.BYX ce.lI.JIpBH.lI.HbIX MeM6paHHbIx 060JIoqeK (pHC. 18.2) H .lI.p.
OpHopHTeT B C03.lI.aHHH MeM6patlHbIX KOHCTPYKlI,HH npHHa.lI.JIe:>KHT
BbI.lI.alOIl\eMYCH PYCCKOMY HH:>KeHepy B. r. IllyxoBY (1853-1939), KO-
TOpbIH nepeKpbIJI CTaJIbHOH MeM6paHoii naBHJIbOH .lI.HaMeTpoM 25 M Ha
BceMHpHoH BbICTaBKe B HH:>KHeM HOBropO.lI. e B 1896 r.
OCHOBHbIMH He.lI.OCTaTKaMH BHCHqHX KOHCTPYKlI,HH HBJIHIOTCH HX no-
BblUleHHaH .lI.e<l>opMaTHBHocTb H HaJIHqHe 60JIbUlHX pacnopHblx YCHJIHH.
.lI.JIH BocnpHHHTHH KOTOpbIX He06xo.lI.HMO YCTPOHCTBO cnell,HaJIbHbIX
onopHbIx KOHCTPYKlI,HH H CJIO:>KHbIX aHKepHbIx yCTpOHCTB (pHC. 18.3).
QT06bI YMeHbllIHTb KHHeMaTHqeCKHe nepeMemeHHH (Heynpyme ne-
peMeIl\eHHH, onpe.lI.eJIHeMbIe H3MeHeHHeM ee reOMeTpHqeCKOH cxeMbI).
BHCHqHe nOKpbITHH qaCTO npoeKTHpYIOT co Cnell,HaJIbHbIMH CTa6HJIH3H-
PylOIl\HMH YCTpoHcTBaMH H npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHO HanpHralOT.
npHMeHReMble MaTepHaJibl. .D.JIH HecyIl\HX 3JIeMeHTOB BHCHqHX no-
KpbITHH npHMeHHIOT apMaTypHYIO CTaJIb A-V, A-VI, nyqKH BbIcoKonpOq-
HOH npOBOJIOKH, cnHpaJIbHbIe KaHaTbI, CBHTbIe H3 <l>acoHHoH npOBOJIO-
KH _ 3aKpbITbIe (pHC. 18.4). H TpOCbI .lI.BOHHOH CBHBKH, CJIe.lI.yeT 3aMe-
THTb, qTO CBHBKa KaHaTa BbI3bIBaeT B OT.lI.eJIbHbIX npOBOJIOKaX .lI.onOJIHH-
TeJIbHbIe H3rH6HbIe HanpH:>KeHHH, n03ToMY ero npOqHOCTb, T. e. paCqeT-
Hoe pa3pbIBHoe YCHJIHe. Bcer.lI.a MeHbUle CYMMapHOH npOIlHOCTH COCTaB-
JIHIOIl\HX ero npOBOJIOK npH YCJIOBHH HX pa60TbI TOJIbKO Ha paCTH:>KeHHe.
CBHBKa KaHaTOB TaK:>Ke YMeHbUlaeT HX npO.lI.OJIbHYIO :>KeCTKOCTb, a no-
CKOJIbKY B npOll,eCce TpaHcnopTHpOBKH nJIOTHOCTb CBHBKH HapYUlaeTCH.
.lI.JISI nOBbIUleHHH :>KeCTKOCTH H cTa6HJIH3all,HH MO.lI.YJIH ynpyrocTH KaHa-
327

24,0

.J.  y.  
.54104 JOOOO 54104 
Ta nepe.lI. MOHTa:>KOM .peKOMeH.lI.yeTcH npOH3BO.l1. HTb ero npe.lI.BapHTeJIb-
HYIO BbITH:>KKY.
.D.JIH MeM6paHHbIX nOKpbITHH npHMeHHeTCH MaJIoyrJIepO.l1.HCTaH HJIH
HH3KOJIerHpOBaHHaH nOJIOCOBaH CTaJIb, HanpHMep nOKpbITHe YHHBep-
CaJIbHoro CTa.l1.HOHa Ha npocneKTe MHpa B MOCKBe BbinOJIHeHO H3 CTa-
JIH 14f2 TOJIIl\HHOH Bcero 5 MM.
 ,_.. ..".,
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PHC. 18.3. AHKepHbIe YCTpoikTBa onop:
a _ aHKepHaH CTeHK3; 6 _ 3HKCp C KYMYJl>JTHBHoJI nHTolI; 6 - OJJ.HHO'lHbliI >KeJle306eTOH-
IIblll aHKep
<::>


B KaqeCTBe HeCYIl\HX 3J1eMeHTOB BHCHqHX
nOKpbITHH npHMeHHIOT TaK:>Ke 6aJ1KH .lI.epeBHH-
Hb1e npHMoyrOJIbHotO ceqeHHH HJIH CTaJIbHble
H3 npOKaTHbIX npo<l>HJ1eH. 06J1a.l1.aH Onp e .l1. e -
JIeHHOH H3rH6HOH :>KeCTKOCTblO, TaKHe ,6aJJKH
pa60TalOT KaK paCTHHYTO-H30rHYTbIe 3JIeMeH-
TbI, KOTOpbIe HHOr.l1.a Ha3bIBalOT meCTKHMH
HHTHMH. OHH He HY:>K.l1.aIOTCH B YCTpOHCTBe
cnell,HaJJbHbIX CTa6HJIH3HPYIOIl\HX CHCTeM .l1.JJH
HeH3MeHHOCTH <l>OpMbI H MeHbllIe nO.l1. Be praJOT-
CH B03.l1.eHCTBHIO HepaBHOMepHbIX Harpy30K. Pile. 18.4. DOnepe'lHOe ce-
AHKepHble YCTpOHCTBa H onopHble KOHCT- '1eHHC 3aKpbITOrO KaHaTa
PYKI.{HH. AHKepHbIe 3aKpenJIeHHH HecyIl\HX HH-
Tell pa3Ho06pa3HbI H 3aBHCHT OT THna HHTeH H KOHCTPYKlI,HH onopHoro
KOHTypa. HaH60JIee YHHBepCaJIbHbIM KpenJIeHHeM KaHaTOB Bcex BHJI,OB
HBJIHIOTCfI TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIe 3aJIHBHbIe aHKepb1, B CTaKaHax KOTOpbIX
KOHl{bI npOBOJIOK 3arH6alOTCH 11 3aJIHBalOTCH JIerKonJIaBKHMH CnJIaBa-
MH UAM 9-1,5, CO.l1. e p:>KaIl\HM11 lI,HHK, aJIIOMHHHH H Me.l1.b (pHC. 18.5).
.D.mI 3JIeMeHTOB, BbinOJIHeHHbIX H3 KpyrJIbIX cTepmHeH, npHMeHHIOT aH-
KepbI C raHKaMH, KOTopbIe HaBHHqHBalOTCH Ha Hape3HoH KOHell, cTep:>K-
HH HJIH, qT06bI He YMeHbllIaTb paCqeTHOrO CeqeHHH CTep:>KHH, Ha npH-
BapeHHbIH BCTbIK YTOJIIl\eH HbIH OTpe30K.
MaTepHaJIOeMKOCTb H TpY.l1.0eMKOCTb onopHoro KOHTypa H aHKepHbIX
YCTPOHCTB COCTaBJIHIOT 3HaqHTeJIbHYIO .lI.O JIIO 06Il\HX 3aTpaT, n03TOMY
npe.lI.nOqTHTeJIbHbI 3aMKHYTbIe onopHbIe KOHTypbI, BocnpHHHMalOIl\He
ropH30HTaJIbHbIe COCTaBJIHIOllI.He paCTHrHBalOIl\HX YCHJIHH HHTeH. TIpH
329
PHC, 18.2. IloKpblTHe BeJlOTpeKa B KpbIJlaTCKOM

a)
6)
3TOM H3 3aMKHYTbIX KOHTypOB HaH60JIee BbIfO.lI.HbIMH CJIe.lI.yeT npH3HaTb
KOHCTPYKlI,HH KpyrJIOH' H 3JIJIHnTHqeCKOH <l>OPM, H3fOTOBJIHeMbIe npe-
HMYIl\eCTBeHHO H3 :>KeJIe306eTOHa. ,II,JIH BOCnpHHHTHH pacnopa TaK:>Ke
npHMeHHIOT OnOpHbIe KOHCTPYKllHH B BH.lI.e paM, nHJIOHOB H OTTH:>KeK,
3aaHKepeHHbIX B rpYHT (CM. pHC. 18.3). 3KOHOMHqHbIM peUleHHeM
HBJIHIOTCH" <l>epMbI 51BepTa, B KOTOpbIX C03.lI.aeTCH npe.lI.BapHTeJIbHOe Ha-
npH:>KeHHe BaHT (pHC. 18.6).
KOHCTPYKTHBHbIM pa3Ho06pa3HeM OTJIHqalOTCH H Y3JIbI nepeCeqeHHH
BaHT, KOTopbIe He .lI.OJI:>KHbI .lI.OnYCKaTb B3aHMHoro npOCKaJIb3bIBaHHH
HHTeH, HO 06eCneqHBaTb BepTHKaJIbHOe nepeMeIl\eHHe Y3JIOB B npe.lI. e -
JIax ynpYfHX .lI.e<l>opMall,HH (pHC. 18.7).
CB
..  ..
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1-1
PHC. 18.5. AHKepHble 3aKpeOJleHHH HecYlUHx HHTeii:
a - aHKep C KOHYCHOi! np06Koi!; 6 - 3aJlHBHoi! aH Kep, '
e - aHKep C rallKoi!
..
...
..
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1t 1
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..
..
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PHC. 18.7. Y3JIbI I1CpCCC'ICHIIH BHCHqHX HHTeii:
a _ JJ.BYX H3npaBJleHHiI; 6 - Tpex H3np3BJleHHiI
PHC. 18.6. KOHCTPYKllHfI 4JePMbI SluepT8
OCHOBb1 paCqeTa. TIepBbIMH pa60TaMH B 06JIaCTH TeopHH paCqeTa
rH6KHx HHTeH 6bIJIH TPY.lI.bI pYCCKHx yqeHbIX J1. <1>. HHKOJIali H
H. H. MIiTHHcKoro, ony6JIHKOBaHHbIe B XIX CTOJIeTHH. B TeopHIO pac-
qeTa BHCHqHX CHCTeM 60JIbUlOH BKJIa.lI. TaK:>Ke BHeCJIH COBeTCKHe yqeHbIe
11. M. Pa6IiHOBHQ, C. A. lLanJIIiH, P. H. Mall,eJIHHCKHH, B. K. KaqYPHH,
B. P. KYJIb6ax H .lI.p.
TIpH pa60Te BHCHQeH HHTH nepeMeIl\eHHH HeJIHHeHHO 3aBHCHT OT
Harpy3KH, T. e. nepeMeIl\eHHH pacTYT 6bIcTpee YBeJIHqeHHH HarpY3KH.
TIpH 3TOM xapaKTepHoH oc06eHHocTbIO pa60TbI HHTH HBJIHeTCH H3Me-
HeHHe ee reoMeTpliqeCKOH <l>OpMbI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HarpY3KH
(pHC. 18.8). ECJIH .lI.JIH Tpa.l1.HlI,HOHHbIX KOHCTPYKlI,HH nOKpblTHH orpa-
HHqHBaeTCH .lI.OnYCTHMbIH npofH6, TO .lI.JIH BHCHqHX KOHCTPYKlI,HH oc060e
331

.... irl-1_Lqtn-1j_uif ...
3HaqeHHe HMeeT KpHBH3Ha
npOBeCa HHTH HJIH HCKpHBJIe-
HHe nOKpbITHH H3 yCJIOBHH He-
nOBpe:>K.lI.aeMOCTH KpOBJIH nO.l1.
if 'li' HarpY3KOH. Il03ToMY B BHCH-
.... --t- -------- -" '" qHX nOKpbITHHX qaCTO npHMe-
 I  HHIOT MHrKYIO' 3JIaCTHqHYlO
a.} l 1 KpOBJIIO, a caMy BHCHqylO CH-
_ _ CTeMY CTa6HJIH3HPYlOT pa3-
JIHqHbIMIi cnoc06aMH. B COOT-
PIIC. 18.8. I13McHcHHC reoMcTpll1l HHTH B 3a- BeTCTBHH C 3THM pa3JIHqalOT
BIICIIMOCTII OT 3arppKeHlIH HecYIl\He H cTa6HJIH3HpYIOIl\He
p HHTH (pHC. 18.9).
qeM aCqeT HHTH YCJIO:>KHHeTCH ee paCTH:>KHMOCTblO no.lI. HarpY3KoH H
Ha n;:; HHTb, TeM 60JIblllYIO norpeUlHOCTb BHOCHT npHMeHHeaH
rHnOTe3a 0 HepaCTH:>KHMOCTH HHTH. IlpH 3TOM pa3JIHqalOT
a)
lSZ {H}7
2

2) 2
5)
l

PJlC. 18.9. Cnoc06bl BocnpH-
HHTHH pacnopa BaHTOBblX CII-
CTeM:
a - HaKJlOHHblMH TpH6YHaMH; 6-
paMHhlMH nHnaHaMH; B - 3aaHKe
peHHblMH OTTSUKK8MH; Z - onop-
HblM KOnbLl,OM; 1 - HecYl1.l8H H8RM
Ta; 2 - cm6HJlH3HpYIOll.\aH BaRTa
>f--
)f--

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332
nOJIOrHe HHTH _ co CTpeJIOH nporH6a MeHee 1/8 npOJIeTa H HHTH C 60JIb-
UlHM npOBeCOM - CO CTpeJIOH nporH6a 60JIee 1/8 npOJIeTa.
Oc06eHHOCTH pa60TbI HHTH Tpe6YlOT .lI.JIH ee TOqHOrO paCqeTa npH-
MeHeHHH .lI.H<l><l>epeHlI,HaJIbHOrO H HHTerpaJIbHOrO HCqHCJIeHHH. .II.JIH npH-
6JIH:>KeHHOrO paCqeTa MO:>KHO OrpaHHqHTbCH npOCTeHUlHMH <l>OpMYJIaMH,
npaBOMepHbIMH npH yCJIOBHH HepaCTH:>KHMOCTH HHTH. IlOCKOJIbKY HHTb
pa60TaeT Ha paCTH:>KeIme, TO B JII060M ee CeqeHHH H3rH6alOIl\HH
 9
...  ----
1
I P I/v 2 + H2
_______ iJ
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l
PIIC. 18.10. K paCqeTY OAHHOqHOH HIITII
MOMeHT paBeH HYJIIO. CJIe.lI.OBaTeJIbHO, YCJIOBHe paBHOBeCHH CHJI
(pHC. 18.10) MO:>KHO 3anHcaTb B BH.lI.e Mx - Hy=O, OTKY.lI. a y=MxIH,
r.lI.e Mx _ CYMMa MOMeHTOB Bcex CHJI, .l1.eHcTBYIOIl\HX Ha HHTb, qHCJIeH-
HO paBHbIx H3rH6alOIl\eMY MOMeHTY B CeqeHHH 06bIqHOH 6aJIKH; y-
Op.l1.H HaTa nporH6a HHTH; H - pacnop HHTH.
rIlABA 19
nOHSlTHE 0& 3KOHOMH'IECKOrt 3cPcPEKTHBHOCTH
CTPOHTEnbHblX KOHCTPYKL\Hrt
OCHOBHbIe BH.lI.bI HecylUHx KOHCTPYKlI,HH B CTPOHIl\HXCH B HaCTOHlUee
BpeMH 3.lI.aHHHX - :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIe, CTaJIbHbIe H .lI.epeBHHHbIe. Be.lI.yIl\ee
nOJIO:>KeHHe Cpe.lI. H HHX 3aHHMalOT C60pHbIe :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIe KOHCTpyK-
HH, .lI.JIH npOH3BO.lI.CTBa KOTOpbIX C03.lI.aHa MOIl\HaH BbICOKOpa3BHTaH
6a3a.
Onpe.lI.eJIeHHe 06JIaCTeH 3<l><l>eKTHBHOrO npHMeHeHHH :>KeJIe306eTOH-
HbIX, CTaJIbHbIX, .lI.epeBHHHbIX KOHCTpyKlI,liH H KOHCTPYKlI,HH H3 .lI.pyrHx
MaTepHaJIOB HBJIHeTCH TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHqeCKOH 3a.lI.aqeH. rpaHHlI,bI,
XllpaKTepH3YIOIl\He 06JIaCTH 3<l><l>eKTHBHOrO npHMeHeHHH KOHCTPYKlI,HH
H pa3JIHqHbIX MaTepHaJIOB, HenpepbIBHO H3MeHHIOTCH B CBH3H C nocTO-
H1-IHbIM TeXHHqeCKHM nporpeCCOM B 06JIaCTH CTpOHTeJIbCTBa. CJIO:>KHOCTb
TXHHKO-3KOHOMHqeCKOH np06JIeMbI 060CHOBaHHH 06JIaCTeH pall,HOHaJIb-
HorO npHMeHeHHH KOHCTPYKlI,HH H3 pa3JIHQHbIX MaTepHaJIOB COCTOHT B
TOM, qTO Ha BbI60p MaTepHaJIa BJIHHeT OrpOMHOe qHCJIO <l>aKTOpOB. IlpH
60JIbUlOM MHoro06pa3HH THnOB 3.lI.aHHH H cyIl\eCTBeHHbIX pa3JIHqHHX
B \IlPHP0.lI.HO-KJIHMaTHqeCKHX H 3KOHOMHKo-reorpa<l>HqeCKHX YCJIOBHHX
pHOHOB HaUleH CTpaHbI He MO:>KeT 6bITb 0.lI.H03HaqHbIX peKOMe H .l1. a ll,HH,
KacalOlUHXCH npHMeHeHHH KaKOrO-JIH60 O.lI.Horo BH.lI.a KOHCTPYKlI,HH.
333

He06xo.lI.HMO HCXO.lI.HTb H3 3KOHOMHqeCKH OnTHMaJIbHOrO COqeTaHH
KOHCTPYKl{HH H3 pa3JIHq'\IbIX MaTepHaJIOB, C TeM qT06bI 06eCneqHTb
MHHHMaJIbHbIe' HapO.lI.HOX03HHCTBeHHbIe 3aTpaTbI Ha H3rOTOBJIeHHe,
TpaHCnOpTHpOBKY, B03Be.lI.eHHe H 3KCnJIyaTall,HIO KOHCTPYKl{HH.
BbI60p BapHaHTOB KOHCTPyKTHBHbIX peUleHHH peKOMeH.lI.yeTcH npo-
H3BO.lI.HTb Ha OCHOBe COnOCTaBJIeHHH TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHqeCKHX nOKa3a-
TeJIeH. ,II,JIH 06eCneqeHHH CpaBHHMOCTH BapHaHTOB KOHCTPYKlI,HH .lI.OJI:>K-
HbI HMeTb O.lI.HHaKOBoe Ha3HaqeHHe, 6bITb paCCqHTaHHbIMH Ha O.lI.HHaKO-
BbIe HarpY3KH, 3anpOeKTHpOBaHbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C .lI.eHCTBYIOIl\HMH
HOpMaMH H .lI.JIH O.lI.HHX H TeX :>Ke KJIHMaTHqeCKHX, CeHCMHqeCKHX, rpyH-
TOBbIX YCJIOBHH H YCJIOBHH 3KCnJIyaTall,HH.
HaH60JIee eMKHM nOKa3aTeJIeM, XapaKTepH3YIOIl\HM TY HJIH HHYIO
KOHCTPYKTHBHYIO <l>OPMY, HBJIHIOTCH npHBe.lI.eHHbIe 3aTpaTbI:
fl j =C]\+E H K j +3/E H , (19.1)
r.lI.e fl i - npHBe.lI.eHHbIe 3aTpaTbI no i-MY BapHaHTY; CD, - ce6ecToH-
MOCTb CTpOHTeJIbHO-MOHTa:>KHbIX pa60T, HJIH CTOHMOCTb «B .lI.eJIe»; E H -
HopMaTHBHbIH K03<l><l>HlI,HeHT 3<l><l>eKTHBHoCTH KanHTaJIbHbIX BJIO:>KeI1HH.
paBHbIH 0,12, KpoMe paHoHoB KpaHHero CeBepa, r.lI.e E H =0,08; Kj-
cYMMapHbIe Y.lI.eJIbHbIe KanHTaJIOBJIO:>KeHHH B npOH3BO.lI.CTBeHHbIe <l>OH-
.lI.bI; :3 - Cpe.l1.HerO.lI.OBbIe 3KCnJIyaTal{HOHHbIe 3aTpaTbI no paccMaTpH-
BaeMoMY BapHaHTy.
Ilpe.lI.noQTeHHe .lI.OJI:>KHO OT.lI.aBaTbCH BapHaHTY C MHHHMaJIbHbIMH
npHBe.lI.eHHbIMH 3aTpaTaMH.
CTOHMOCTb KOHCTPYKl{HH «B .lI.eJIe» HBJIHeTCH BeCbMa Ba:>KHbIM 3KO-
HOMHqeCKHM nOKa3aTeJIeM. OHa onpe.lI.eJIHeTCH C YQeTOM paCXO.lI.OB Ha
H3rOTOBJIeHHe KOHCTPYKl{HH, HX TpaHcnopTHpOBaHHe H MOHTa:>K:
C]J,= [(C K . 3 +C T )1(3.C +CM+H] K3.yKnn' (19.2)
r.lI.e C K . 3 - 3aBO.lI.CKaH CTOHMOCTb KOHCTPYKl{HH, BKJIlOqalOIl\aH CTOH-
MOCTb 113rOTOBJIeHHH H MaTepHJIOB; C T - CTOHMOCTb TpaHcnopTHpoBa-
HHH KOHCTPYKlI,HH; K3.C - K03<l><l>Hl{HeHT, yqHTbIBalOIl\HH 3arOTOBHTeJIb-
HO-CKJIa.lI.CKHe paCXO.lI.bI, npHHHMaeMbIH 1,02 .lI.JIH Bcex KOHCTPYKlI,HH.
KpoMe CTaJIbHbIX, .lI.JIH KOTOpbIX K3. c= 1,0075; C M - CTOHMOCTb MOHTa-
:>Ka; H - HaKJIa.lI.HbIe paCXO.lI.bI, npHHHMaeMbIe B pa3Mepe 16,8% OT
CTOHMOCTH npHMbIx 3aTpaT, a .lI.JIH MeTaJIJIHqeCKHX KOHCTPYKllHH H =
=8,25%; K3. y - K03<l><l>HlI,HeHT, yqHTbIBalOIl\HH Y.lI.OpO:>KaHHe pa60T
B 3HMHee BpeMH H npHHHMaeMbIH .lI.JIH .lI.epeBHHHbIx KOHCTPYKl{HH 1,02...
...1,04; .lI.JIH :>KeJIe306eToHHbIX KOHCTpYKlI,HH 1,01 ...1,49; KnJl- K03<l><l>H-
lI,HeHT, YQHTbIBalOIl\HH nJIaHOBbIe HaKOnJIeHHH, paBHbIH 1,06.
BKJIa.lI. Ka:>K.lI.Oro CJIaraeMOro B <l>OPMYJIY (19.2) pa3JIHqeH. HeKoTo-
pbIe CJIaraeMbIe, HanpHMep TpaHcnopTHbIe paCXO.lI.bI, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
paHoHa cTpOHTeJIbCTBa 06JIa.lI.a1OT 60JIblllOH H3MeHQHBOCTblO. IlpHMep-
Hoe COOTHomeHHe Me:>K.lI.Y CJIaraeMbIMH, BX0.lI.HIl\HMH B <l>OPMYJIY (19.2).
.lI.aeT Ta6JI. 19.1.
KaK BH.lI.HO H3 Ta6JI. 19.1, HaH60JIbUlaH .lI.OJIH 3aTpaT cBH3aHa C pac-
XO.l1.0M cTpOHTeJlbHbIX MaTepHaJIOB, n03ToMY Bonpoc CHH:>KeHHH MaTe-
334
pHaJIOeMKOCTH cTpOHTeJIbCTBa HBJIHeTCH I.J.eHTpaJIbHbIM B TeXHHqeCKOH
nOJIHTHKe. He MeHee 3HaqHMbIMH HBJIHIOTCH BonpocbI CHH:>KeHHH CTOH-
MOCTH H3rOTOBJIeHHH H MOHTa:>Ka. 06paIl\aeT Ha ce6H BHHMaHHe HH3KaH
CTOHMOCTb npoeKTHbIx pa60T, COCTaBJIHIOIl\aH 2...3% OT 6Il\HX 3aTpaT
Ha cTpOHTeJIbCTBO, XOTH OT KaqeCTBa npoeKTHbIx peUleHHH 3aBHCHT 06-
Il\8H CTOHMOCTb. B CBH3H C 3THM Ta6/1uu,a 19.1
60JIbUlaSi pOJIb OTBO.lI.HTCH nOBbIUle-
HHIO KaqeCT.Ba npoeKTHbIx peUleHHH.
Ba:>KHbIM 3TanOM S c03.lI.aHHH 3KOHO-
MHqHbIX npoeKTHbIx peUleHHH HBJIHeT-
CH BapHaHTHoe npoeKTHpoBaHHe. B
paMKax BapHaHTHoro npoeKTHpOBa-
HHH CTaBHTCH BonpocbI onTHMH3all,HH
npoeKTHbIx peUleHHH.
IloHBJIeHHe H nocToHHHoe cOBep-
UleHCTBOBaHHe BbIqHCJIHTeJIbHOH Tex-
HHKH n03BOJIHJIH :BbI.lI.BHHYTb H.lI.elO aB-
TOMaTH3HpoBaHHoro nOHCIKa MHHH-
MaJIbHOH no 3aTpaTaM KOHCTPYKlI,HH. TaKoro .pO.lI.a 3a.lI.aqH Ha3bIBalOT
3a.lI.aqaMH OnTHMaJIbHOrO npoeKTHpoBaHHH HJIH onTHMH3all,HOHHbIMH
3a.lI.aqaMH. I1cnoJIb3YH MeTO.lI.bI MaTeMaTHqeCKOrO nporpaMMHpOBaHHSI,
MO:>KHO peUlaTb 3a.lI.aQH I.J.eJIeHanpaBJIeHHOrO nOUCKa KOHCTPYKlI,HH, 3a-
TpaTbI Ha C03.lI.aHHe KOTOpOH MHHHMH3HPyIOTCH nO IKaKOMY-JIH60 KPH-
TepHIO KaqeCTBa, HanpHMep no MHHHMYMY 3aTpaT MaTepHaJIa v HJIH nO
CTOHMOCTH, HaKOHell, no npHBe.lI.eHHbIM 3aTpaTaM. BbI6paHHbIH KpHTe;
pHH KaqeCTBa Ha3bIBaeTCH lI,eJIeBOH <l>YHKL{HeH, MHHHMYM KOTOpOH
HY:>KHO HaHTH. 1.J:acTo MHHHMYM L{eJIeBOH <l>YHKII,HH HaXO.lI.SlT npH Y.lI. OB -
JIeTBOpeHHH pH.lI. a orpaHHqeHHH Ha YCJIOBHSI :>KeCTKOCTH, np01JHOCTH,
YCTOHqHBOCTH H HeKoTopbIX KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX OrpaHHqeHHSlX. eJIeBYIO
<l>YHKlI,HIO H OrpaHHqeHHSI K HeH 3 a.nHCbIB a JOT  onpe.lI.eJIeHHOH aTe-
MaTHqeCKOH <l>opMe. IlocJIe COCTaBJIeHHSI TaKOH MaTeMaTHqecKOH MO-
.lI.eJIH npHcTynalOT ,K ee peUleHHIO TeM HJIH HHbIM MeTO.lI.OM MaTeMaTH-
qecKoro npOrpaM.MHpOBaHHSI. B pe3YJIbTaTe nOJIyqalOT On12 H MaJIbHOe,
T. e. HaH60JIee BbIrO.lI.HOe, TeXHHqeCKOe peUleHHe. v
CYIl\ecTBYIOIl\aH CTpYKTypa CTOHMOCTH cTpOHTeJIbHbIX KOHCTPYKlI,HH,
npaKTHKa cTpOHTeJIbCTBa H 3KCnJIyaTall,HH BbISlBHJIH, qTO npH 60JIbUlHX
npOJIeTaX 80... 100 M, BbICOTax, HarpY3Kax H CJIO>KHbIX rpYHToBbIX YCJIO-
BHHX, r.lI.e c06cTBeHHbIH Bec KOHCTPYKlI,HH COCTaBJIHeT 60JIbWyIO qaCTb
Boex .lI.eHCTByIOIl\HX HarpY30K, - BbIrO.lI.HbI CTaJIbHbIe H .lI.epeBSlHHbIe
KOHCTPYKlI,HH, a npH MaJIbIX H Cpe.lI.HHx npOJIeTaX, r.lI.e Tpe6yeTcH Mac-
CItBHOCTb, BbICOKHe 3aIl\HTHbIe KaqeCTBa, BbIrO.lI.Hee >KeJIe306eToHHbIe
KOHCTPYKlI,HH.
.D.JIH cTpOHTeJIbCTBa Ha CeBepe 60JIee 3<l><l>eKTHBHbI CTaJIbHbIe v Hecy -
Il\lIIe H JIerKHe orpa:>K.lI.alOIl\He KOHCTPYKlI,HH. ,II,JIH ceBepHbIx paHoHoB
cTpaHbI CTOHMOCTb TpaHcnopTHbIX pacxo.lI.OB oqeHb BbICOKa H .lI.OCTHraeT
40...50% 06Il\eH CTOHMOCTH cTpOHTeJIbCTBa. TaKHM 06pa30M. 3a.lI.aqa
nOBbIUleHHH 3<l><l>eKTHBHoCTH cTpOHTeJIbCTBa Ha CeBepe .lI.OJI>KHa pe-
335
BH.lIbI 3aTpaT
npOl\eHTHoe
COOTHomeHHe
npoeKTHpOBaHlIe
CTOHMOCTb MaTe-
pHaJIa
H3rOTOBJIeHHe
fpaHcnopTHbie pac-
XOAbJ
!v\OHTaJK
2...3
40...60
20... 25
5...7
15... 25

UlaTbCH nYTeM CHH:>KeHHH MaCCbI, nOBbIUleHHH CTeneHH 3aBO.lI.CKOH ro-
TOBHOCTH, C60pHOCTH. .LI.oCTaBKY KOHCTpYKI.J.HH CJIe.lI.yeT OCYIl\eCTBJIHTb
HaH60JIee 3<l><l>eKTHBHbIMH BH.lI.aMH TpaHCnOpTa, BnJIOTb .lI.0 aBHall,HH.
YBeJIHqeHHe ceikMHqHOCTH paHoHa CTpOHTeJIbCTBa C 6 .lI.0 9 6aJIJIOB
nOBbIlliaeT (npH npOqHX paBHbIx YCJIOBHHX) 3<l><l>eKTHBHoCTb npHMeHe-
HHH CTaJIbHbIX KapKaCOB H npo<l>HJIHpOBaHHoro CTaJIbHOro HaCTHJIa. 3TO
06'bHCHHeTcH TeM, qTO C YMeHbllieHHeM MaCCbI YMeHbUlaeTcH H HarpY3Ka
OT CeHCMHqeCKOrO B03.lI.eHcTBHH.
Ha npaBHJIbHbIH BbI60p KOHCTpYKlI,HH H MaTepHaJIOB BJIHHeT TeMne-
paTypHO-BJIa:>KHOCTHbIH pe:>KHM, HaJIHqHe XHMHqeCKH arpeccHBHbIX B03
.lI.eUCTBHH B npoll,ecce npOH3Bo.lI.cTBa. B YCJIOBHHX BbICOKOH BJIa:>KHOCTH
6e3 XHMHqeCKOH arpeCCHH npeHMYIl\ecTBa :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIX KOHCTPYK-
lI,HH no cpaBHeHHIO co CTaJIbHbIMH HJIH .l1.epeBHHHbIMH C TOqKH 3peHHH
CpOKOB CJIY:>K6bI H 3aTpaT Ha peMOHTbI HeCOMHeHHbI.
B YCJIOBHHX XHMHqeCKH arpeCCHBHbIX Cpe.lI. 3aIl\HTe .lI.OJI:>KHbI nO.lI.JIe-
:>KaTb Bce BH.lI.bI KOHCTPYKlI,HH, B TOM qHCJIe H :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIe, npHqeM
qaCTO .lI.OJIrOBeqHOCTb C60PHbIX :>KeJIe306eTOHHbIX KOHCTPYKl{HH onpe.lI.e-
JIHeTCH He CTOJIbKO .lI.OJIrOBeqHOCTblO caMoro 6eTOHa, CKOJIbKO .lI.OJIrOBCq-
HOCTblO CTaJIbHbIX 3aKJIa.lI.HbIX .lI.eTaJIeH.
n pH C03.lI.aHHH HH.lI.HBH.lI.yaJIbHbIX apXHTeKTypHbIX <l>OPM, BbIpa3H-
TeJIbHbIX KOMnJIeKCOB CJIO:>KHOH KOH<l>Hrypall,HH npe.lI.nOqTeHHe CJIe.lI.yer
OT.lI.aBaTb KOHCTPYKl{HHM H3 .lI.peBeCHHbI.
Cnell,H<l>HqeCKHe CBOHCTBa KJIeeHOH .lI.peBeCHHbI n03BOJIHIOT C03.lI.a-
BaTb 3CTeTHqeCKH BbIpa3HTeJIbHbIe pa3Ho06pa3HbIe apXHTeKTypHble
<l>OPMbI, r.lI.e HPKO BbIHBJIHeTCH TeKTOHHKa .lI.epeBa.
.LI.peBecHHa, MOHOJIHTHO COe.lI.HHeHHaH CHHTeTHqeCKHMH KJIeHMH Ha
BbICOKOMexaHH3HpOBaHHOH 3aBO.lI.CKOH 6a3e, .lI.aJIa npHHl{HnHaJIbHO HO-
BbIH nOJIHMepHbIH CTpOHTeJIbHbIH MaTepHaJI. OH OTJIHqaeTCH OT HaTY-
paJIbHOH .lI.peBeCHHbI 60JIbllieH MeXaHHqeCKOH npOqHOCTblO, .lI.OJIrOBeqHO-
CTblO H Ha.lI.e:>KHOCTblO. npH 3TOM coxpaHHIOTCH: MaJIaH Macca, JIerKOCTb
06pa60TKH, B03MO:>KHOCTb C03.lI.aHHH KOHCTPYKl{HH JII06bIX <l>OPM, BbICO-
KaH KOpp03HOHHaH CTOHKOCTb H MOp030CTOHKOCTb, MaJIbIe K03<l><l>HlI,HeH-
TbI TenJIonpOBO.l1.HOCTH H TenJIOBOCnpHHTHH B CYXOM COCTOHHHH.
CJIe.lI.yeT yqecTb, qTO .lI.peBeCHHa BOCnJIaMeHHeTCH npH 270°C H aK-
THBHO ropHT. TeM He MeHee MaCCHBHbIe KOHCTPYKlI,HH H3 KJIeeHOH .lI.pe-
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onpe.lI.eJIHIOTCH npOll,eCCOM C60pKH, XapaKTepOM H rpY30nO.lI.'beMHOCTbIO
MOHTa:>KHbIX MeXaHH3MOB Ha CTpOHTeJIbHOH nJIOIl\a.lI.Ke.
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348
KOCTb XapaKTepH3YT qHCJIOM lI,HKJlOB 3aMOpaHBaHHH H OTTal!BaHHH.
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6e3 nOTepH 3KCnJIyaTall.HOHHbIX KaqeCTB.
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CTH UlHpe, qeM nOHHTHe npOqHOCTH. HanpHMep, nOHJIeHHe He.l1.0 n YCTH-
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KOTOpbIX onpe.lI.eJIHIOTCH TpaHcnopTHb1MH Cpe.lI.CTBaMH H ra6apHTaMH.
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JYKlI,HH 0,5 q, :>KeJI'e306eToHHbIX - 1 ." 2 q, 6eTOHHblX 2... 5 q.
nnaCTHqHOCTb _ CBOHCTBO MaTepHaJIOB H3MeHHTb 6e3 HapYUleHHH
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6e3 pa3pYUleHHH.
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349

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rypal{HIO, YCJIOBHH OnHpaHHH H 3aKpenJIeHHH, <l>H3HQeCKHe KOHCTaHTbI.
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CTBeHHbIX nJIOIl\a.lI.HX.
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.lI.a C YKa3aHHeM Hx <l>OPMb1, pa3MepOB, MaCCbI, e.lI.HHHlI,bI .lI.JIHHbl, reo-
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0603HaQeHHH KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX ,1JIeMeHTOB 3.lI.aHHH_ H cOOPY:>KeHHH C
lI,eJIblO HX MaKCHMaJIbHOH nOBTopHeMOCTH H H3rOTOBJIeHHH 60JIbUlHMH
napTHHMH C npHMeHeHHeM THnOBbIX TeXHOJIOrHQeCKHX npOl{eCCOB.
TeXHOJIOrHQHOCTb - 3TO cOBoKynHOCTb CBOHCTB KOHCTPYKlI,HH, 06yc-
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aTaUHIO.
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