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Author: Карневская Е.Б. Курочкина З.Д. Мисуно Е.А.
Tags: английский язык учебники и учебные пособия по английскому языку лингвистика языкознание изучение языков
ISBN: 978-985-19-3791-8
Year: 2019
Text
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УДК 811.111(075.3)
ББК 81.2Англ 922
К24
Р е ц е н з е н т ы:
каф. иностр. яз. Белорус. гос. пед. ун та им. Максима Танка
(зав. каф., канд. филол. наук, доц. Н. Г. Оловникова);
методист Минской гос. лингв. гимназии колледжа № 24
В. В. Дармоян
К24
Карневская, Е. Б.
Английский язык : на пути к успеху / Е. Б. Карневская, З. Д. Курочкина, Е. А. Мисуно. — 16 е изд., пересмотр. — Минск : Аверсэв, 2019. — 448 c.
ISBN 978 985-19-3791-8.
Пособие содержит упражнения и тесты, направленные на обучение и тренировку лексико грамматических структур и явлений, отобранных в соответствии с учебной программой средней школы по английскому языку. В книгу также
включены тесты по чтению, способствующие развитию навыков смыслового
восприятия письменного текста.
Пособие предназначено для поступающих в вузы, в которых английский
язык изучается как основная специальность. В то же время оно может быть полезно для самых разных категорий лиц, желающих усовершенствовать знание
английского языка.
УДК 811.111(075.3)
ББК 81.2Англ922
Учебное издание
Карневская Елена Борисовна
Курочкина Зоя Дмитриевна
Мисуно Екатерина Антоновна
Английский язык
НА ПУТИ К УСПЕХУ
16 е издание, пересмотренное
Ответственный за выпуск Д. Л. Дембовский
Подписано в печать 20.03.2019. Формат 60×84 1/16. Бумага офсетная. Печать офсетная.
Усл. печ. л. 26,04. Уч. изд. л. 19,10. Тираж 5100 экз. Заказ
Общество с дополнительной ответственностью «Аверсэв».
Свидетельство о государственной регистрации издателя, изготовителя,
распространителя печатных изданий № 1/15 от 02.08.2013.
Ул. Н. Олешева, 1, офис 309, 220090, г. Минск.
Email: info@aversev.by; www.aversev.by
Контактные телефоны: (017) 268 09 79, 268-08-78.
Для писем: а/я 3, 220090, г. Минск.
Государственное предприятие «Издательство “Белорусский Дом печати”».
Свидетельство о государственной регистрации издателя, изготовителя,
распространителя печатных изданий № 2/102 от 01.04.2014.
Пр. Независимости, 79, 220013, г. Минск.
12+
ISBN 978985-19-3791-8
© Карневская Е. Б., Курочкина З. Д., Мисуно Е. А., 2005
© Карневская Е. Б., Курочкина З. Д., Мисуно Е. А., 2019,
с изменениями
© Оформление. ОДО «Аверсэв», 2019
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Книга “On the Way to Success” ориентирована, в первую очередь, на
выпускников средних школ, лицеев и гимназий, готовящихся к по
ступлению в университеты и колледжи, в которых английский язык
изучается в качестве основной специальности.
В то же время данное пособие может быть полезным для самых раз
ных категорий лиц, изучающих английский язык и желающих усо
вершенствовать свои знания от начального до среднего и средне
продвинутого уровней владения языком.
По своему содержанию и структуре пособие направлено на подго
товку учащихся к выполнению различных видов заданий, традици
онно включаемых в письменные лексико грамматические тесты.
В отличие от пособий, являющихся по своему назначению сборни
ками тестов, “On the Way to Success” направлено преимущественно
на обучение и тренировку грамматических и лексико грамматиче
ских явлений и структур, отобранных в соответствии с программой
средней школы по английскому языку и с заданным уровнем владе
ния языком. Это видо временные формы глагола в действительном
и страдательном залоге и модальные глаголы; формы сослагатель
ного наклонения в предложениях нереального условия; употребление
инфинитива и герундия после различных глаголов; числительные,
местоимения, артикли и предлоги; степени сравнения прилагатель
ных и наречий; притяжательный падеж и множественное число су
ществительных; согласование подлежащего и сказуемого; слово
образование, порядок слов в предложении и средства смысловой
связи между частями предложения. Включены также образцы ми
нидиалогов, иллюстрирующих употребление различных разговорных
формул, и примеры так называемых “легко смешиваемых слов”. Как
показывает опыт, выбор правильной реплики для завершения пред
лагаемой коммуникативной ситуации и дифференциация семанти
чески сходных слов в контексте представляют значительную труд
ность для неносителей английского языка.
Первая, обучающая часть пособия, состоит из 12 разделов, каждый
из которых содержит, помимо практических упражнений, наиболее
общие правила образования и употребления грамматических явле
ний и структур, подлежащих активному усвоению на данном этапе.
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Вторая и третья части пособия содержат лексико грамматические
тесты (часть 2) и тесты по чтению (часть 3). С целью ознакомления
учащихся с различными принципами составления теста пособие
включает лексико грамматические тесты двух типов: интегрирован
ные (Integrated Tests) и дифференцированные по видам заданий
(Classified Tests).
Цель тестов по чтению — развитие навыков смыслового восприятия
письменного текста, предполагающих умение определять основную
идею текста, устанавливать причинно следственные связи между
упоминаемыми событиями и выделять существенные для понима
ния детали. Выполнение заданий тестов по чтению поможет уча
щимся с большей точностью подходить к переводу английского тек
ста и опираться на ключевые фразы при обсуждении содержания
отрывка.
Ко всем упражнениям, тестам в конце пособия имеются ключи.
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PART I
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
AND VOCABULARY IN USE
1. THE ENGLISH VERB
1.1. THE ACTIVE VOICE
1.1.1. THE PRESENT SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) AND THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
(PROGRESSIVE) TENSEFORMS
For study
A. THE PRESENT SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) TENSE
FORMATION
Table 1
Affirmative
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
have
work
go
has
works
goes
have
work
go
Negative
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
Interrogative
do not
does not
do not
Do
have
work
go
Does
Do
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
have?*
work?
go?
Contractions:
do not = don’t
does not = doesn’t
As seen from the table above, the Present Simple (Indefinite) in affirmative
sentences coincides in form with the Infinitive without the particle to except
the 3rd person singular, when the ending s/es is added to the verb.
I work — he works; you play — she plays;
we finish — it finishes; I cry — she cries
* The notional verb have (иметь) can be used without the auxiliary do (does). However,
in the interrogative and negative sentences the form with the auxiliary verb is more
widely used in present day English, e.g. Do you have classes on Saturday?
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The ending s/es has three variants of pronunciation: [s], [z], [Iz]. (See
the table below.)
Table 2
[s]
after voiceless
consonants
[z]
after voiced consonants
and vowels
[Iz]
after [SS, Z, tS
tS,
dZ
dZ, s , z ]
puts [pUts]
writes [raIts]
sits [sIts]
reads [ri˘dz]
gives [gIvz]
buys [baIz]
changes [»tSeIndZIz]
dresses [»dresIz]
marches [»mA˘tSIz]
In interrogative and negative sentences the Present Simple tense takes the
auxiliary “do” or “does” (for the 3rd person singular) with the exception
of the verb to be which does not need an auxiliary. Subject questions do
not take an auxiliary either.
Do you like eating out or do you prefer cooking at home?
Does she wear a uniform at work?
What kind of uniform does she wear?
Why do you think it isn’t right?
I don’t feel like going out tonight.
He’s very forgetful, isn’t he?
There’s nothing wrong with the car, is there?
Who helps you about the house?
What makes you think so?
USAGE
The Present Simple (Indefinite) tense denotes:
1. Habitual facts or repeated actions, which are normally indicated by
adverbials of frequency such as often, always, usually, seldom, rarely,
sometimes, never, generally, as a rule, every day (week, month, etc.),
every other day (week, month, etc.), once a week(day, month, etc.).
My brother plays tennis every other day.
Are you never late for classes?
They seldom* watch television at home, do they?
2. Universal truths and permanent characteristics, situations or states.
The sun sets in the west.
She teaches English at school.
Do you like rainy weather?
His parents live in London.
* Remember that statements containing the adverbs seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly (or hardly
ever) are followed in disjunctive questions by an affirmative question tag. Nick hardly ever
comes to see you, does he?
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3. Present actions and states going on at the moment of speech with the
socalled stative* verbs which include
z
verbs of sense perception: see, hear, notice, taste, smell, etc.
It smells like a hospital in here.
The meat tastes spicy.
I don’t see anyone in the room. Where are they all?
z
verbs of mental activity: understand, think, believe, remember, know,
forget, mean, suppose, recognize, etc.
Do you recognize me?
What does he mean?
Who do you think will win the game?
Do you know what he is speaking about?
z
verbs of feelings and emotions: like, dislike, hate, love, wish, want, prefer,
care, etc.
I prefer dogs to cats.
Which of these dresses do you like best?
Do you want anything to drink? — I want a glass of juice, please.
Jill really hates housework.
z
verbs of possession: have, belong, own, possess, etc.
Who does this car belong to?
They have a big new house.
4. Future actions
in subordinate clauses of time and condition after the conjunctions when,
as, after, before, while, as soon as, till (until), if, in case.
z
When the water boils, I’ll turn off the gas.
I’ll join you as soon as I get a note from you.
You won’t get slim, if you eat so many sweets.
z
for scheduled facts and events such as flights, train arrivals, departures,
itineraries which are worked out officially and are certain to take place.
The flight leaves at 2 p.m. (according to the timetable)
You arrive at Basel at 6.30 a.m. local time. (according to the itinerary)
* About the possibility of using the Present Continuous with some of the stative verbs see Part B
of this Unit (The Present Continuous Tense) and the list of stative verbs in the Supplement.
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B. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE
FORMATION
The Present Continuous tense is formed with the help of the auxiliary
“be” in the appropriate form and the Present Participle of the main verb.
Table 3
Affirmative
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
am
is
are
Contractions:
am = ’m
are = ’re
is = ’s
Negative
I
working
am not
Interrogative
Am
He
She is not working Is
It
We
You are not
Are
They
I
he
she working?
it
we
you
they
are not = aren’t
is not = isn’t
When ing is added to a verb there may be some changes in spelling:
a) final e is omitted: have — having; make — making;
b) ie is replaced by y: lie — lying; die — dying;
c) the consonant following a short vowel is doubled: put — putting;
get — getting.
USAGE
The Present Continuous tense denotes:
1. An action happening now. This may mean “at the actual moment of
speaking” or “at/during a period of time including the moment of speaking”.
We are packing the things now and the kids are playing in their room.
Peter is still sleeping. Don’t wake him up.
It’s raining all day.
“Now” may also have a broader sense and mean “about the moment of
speaking”.
He is studying at Oxford. (He may actually be on vacation at the
moment of speaking.)
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He’s teaching French and learning Greek. (He may not be doing
either at the moment of speaking.)
The purpose of using the Present Continuous tense for actions which do
not coincide with the moment of speech is to show that they have a limited
duration. In other words, they are temporary, not permanent actions.
As seen from the examples above, the present moment (both in the
narrower and broader senses) is indicated by time adverbials such as at
the moment, now, at present, just now, right now, etc. To show the duration
of an action over a period of time, adverbials like all (the) morning, all
day, all night, the whole night, these days, still, etc. are used.
2. Prearranged future actions, i.e. actions that have been planned or
intended by the speaker*.
My father is leaving for Rome tonight.
We are having a party on Saturday.
Nick is running a marathon next week.
3. Actions of unusual frequency with adverbials of permanence and repetition
such as always, constantly, etc. In these cases the Present Continuous
gives an utterance an emotional colouring, mainly of a negative kind:
irritation, annoyance, reproach, etc.
You are always finding fault with me.
Why are you complaining all the time?
Notice the difference in meaning:
She always worries about her children. (The Present Simple with
“always” is used here to denote a regular, habitual state.)
She is always worrying about trifles. (The Present Continuous with
“always” is used here to express the speaker’s irritation about
smb’s habit.)
The Present Continuous is not generally used with stative verbs (see the
list on p. 7). These take the Present Simple for actions going on at the
moment of speech.
Note that some verbs can be stative in one meaning and non stative in
another. Such verbs can be used in the Present Continuous form when
the verb expresses an activity (an event), not a state.
* Compare with the Present Simple for future actions, which is used in formal situations,
when the action does not convey the speaker’s plan.
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State
The soup smells delicious.
What do you think of the project?
Kate looks wonderful today.
Activity
She is smelling the rose.
What are you thinking about?
They are looking at the blackboard.
Compare the use of the Present Continuous (Progressive) and the Present Simple
(Indefinite) tenseforms.
1. What are you doing, Jane? Are you still looking for your gloves? You
are always losing your things!
2. Faxes are slowly disappearing because we can do so much more on
the Internet using electronic systems, which are immediate and cheap.
3. I’m learning to drive a car. Next month I am getting my driving
licence.
4. The cereal contains all the important vitamins.
5. We usually grow beans in our garden but this year we are not
growing any.
6. Do you understand the problems they are discussing?
7. Do people in your country depend a lot on technology in communication?
8. You will help us a lot if you continue your investigation.
9. Mike doesn’t speak English, does he?
10. Listen to them! What language are they speaking?
11. The Moon goes round the Earth.
12. These days more and more women are going into traditionally male
jobs, aren’t they?
13. How many meals a day do you usually have?
14. Could you call later, please? Mr. Richards is having lunch now.
15. Don’t worry. Father is coming back soon.
16. Skill comes with practice.
Practice
1. Choose between the Present Simple (Indefinite) and Present Continuous
(Progressive) tenseforms.
1. They usually sit/are sitting for hours without saying a word.
2. She is keeping/keeps her room tidy, as a rule.
3. Don’t ask me what spinach is tasting/tastes like. I’ve never tried it.
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4. Ann is applying/applies this ointment every other day.
5. We are seeing/see each other only occasionally.
6. Next week we sign/are signing a contract.
7. Could you turn off the television? Nobody watches/is watching it now.
8. How do you get/are you getting to your office?
9. The water in this lake seldom is freezing/freezes in winter.
10. Water doesn’t exist/isn’t existing on the Moon.
2. Choose the appropriate adverbial of time.
1. Dave always stays at the office since/till six o’clock.
2. She makes strawberry jam every year/recently.
3. It’s freezing hard for a long time/now.
4. People continually/traditionally prepare coloured eggs at Easter.
5. They are having some financial difficulties lately/now.
6. I’m feeling rather run down recently/at present, doctor.
7. Carol rarely/usually reads a lot and is extremely well informed.
8. The company is looking for people with experience lately/now.
9. I don’t go swimming very much as a rule/now and again.
10. The new school opens at once/next week.
11. We are eating in the kitchen during/while this cold weather.
12. What do you usually do in the afternoon/this afternoon?
13. Mary is going to be a film star once/one day.
14. More and more young people have careers nowadays/recently.
15. My father shaves in a day/every other day.
3. Open the brackets using the Present Simple or Present Continuous tense
forms. Note that in some of the sentences both tenseforms are possible.
1. Have you got a light? — Sorry, I (not/smoke).
2. My wife has never been to France. She (plan) to go there next
summer.
3. The plane (take) off at ten and (land) at eleven thirty.
4. Students often (think) that exams (be) a nuisance.
5. Peter seldom (tell) the truth. You can’t believe everything he (say).
6. You (understand) what he (talk) about?
7. I (love) this song. It always (bring) back so many happy memories!
8. What you (do)? — I’m an accountant.
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9. The steak (taste) good, doesn’t it?
10. Your brother (be) a student now? — Yes, he (study) at university.
11. Ann (play) the piano better than Susan. And who (play) now? — I
(think) it (be) Susan.
12. Stop disturbing me! Can’t you see I (work)?
13. (Be) this information up to date? (Include) it the most recent changes?
14. She often (take) my dictionary but seldom (remember) to bring it back.
If tomorrow she (ask) for the dictionary again, I shan’t give it to her.
15. What a beautiful dress you (wear)! You (look) gorgeous in it!
16. He is a night watchman. He (work) at night and (sleep) in the
daytime.
17. He is so naive that everyone (take) advantage of him.
18. They (say) if you (see) a black cat, you (not/have) good luck.
19. The company (move) its headquarters to a new location.
20. If Peter (continue) to drive his car carelessly, he’ll get into trouble.
21. You (hear) this noise downstairs? What can it be?
22. Have you heard about Brian? He (work) on a new project now.
23. She (dislike) asking people for a favour.
24. If I (be) free in the evening, I’ll repair your bicycle.
25. Stop talking! You (put) me off, and I (try) to concentrate.
26. She (give) two concerts in London next week.
27. The doctor (say) that Jason (suffer) from stress and he should take
some time off work.
28. Why you (smell) the meat? It (not/be) fresh?
29. She always (let) me down!
30. You (believe) in God?
31. You always (complain) about the weather!
32. Sometimes that girl really (annoy) me. She (consider) herself an
expert on everything!
33. I’m afraid you can’t see my daughter at the moment. She (have) a
music lesson. She always (have) it on Friday mornings.
34. She (be) still ill, but she (get) better now.
35. It often (rain) here at this time of the year?
36. Don’t interrupt me while I (talk) to somebody else.
37. He’s a doctor, but he (not/practise) at the moment.
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38. What he (do)? — He (try) to get the car started.
39. Good news (be) always welcome.
40. You constantly (change) your mind.
41. Where you (come) from? — I (come) from Russia.
42. Flowers always (make) a good present.
43. I always (look) forward to spring.
44. What he (mean) by saying this? It (sound) strange.
45. I (write) to my parents twice a month.
46. She always (be) late for classes!
47. I (write) this letter to you while the children (play) on the beach.
48. If we (start) at nine, we’ll have plenty of time for the shops. We (be)
free till half past four.
49. They always (tell) him everything. So I (think), he (know) about it
already.
50. This carpet (cost) only 30 dollars. Why not buy it?
51. He still (try) to find a job but there (not/be) much work available
at present.
52. Believe me, I (think) about you all the time.
53. I (not/know) how they (make) both ends meet. They (have) six
children and (not/earn) very much.
54. My mother (think) that wind surfing (be) dangerous.
55. The police still (investigate) the case.
56. People (like) stability in life.
57. They (open) a new McDonald’s tomorrow.
58. The English (believe) that their home (be) their castle.
59. Mike (arrive) in three days. We can’t wait until he (come). Everyone
(look forward) to seeing him.
60. Mrs. Jones seldom (travel) outside the village where she (live), does
she?
61. When he (have) a problem to solve he will work at it until he (find)
an answer.
62. The equator (run) round the middle of the earth.
63. I (like) to listen to music, it (help) me to relax after a busy day.
64. When snakes (lose) their skins?
65. I (think) that people who (live) in small villages are more relaxed
and friendly.
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66. My brother (not/care) very much what he (look) like.
67. What (make) you think so?
68. A hot air balloon (float) because hot air (be) lighter than cool air.
A hot air balloon (consist) of a basket in which the pilot and the
crew (stand), a gas burner and a large balloon.
69. As soon as doctors (find) an answer for AIDS, they will be able to
cure people.
70. You (look) great after your holiday! — Thanks, I (feel) wonderful!
71. You can borrow my Walkman as long as you (not/lose) it.
72. Have I told you about how Ann (get on) at college?
73. He (be) intelligent but he (lack) common sense.
74. The house (be) in good condition but it (need) to be repainted.
75. He (waste) his time looking for a job there, they (not/ take) any
staff on now.
76. The man who (live) opposite us sometimes (come) over for a cup of
coffee.
77. She (find) it easy to make friends.
78. If I (have) a headache I generally (take) an aspirin.
79. In England it always (rain) and the wind constantly (blow)!
80. If you (heat) ice, it (melt).
81. Don’t take the newspaper away! I still (read) it.
82. How I (look) in this dress? It (suit) me?
83. Much of eastern England (have) a soil that (produce) crops of a very
high yield.
84. Let’s sit for a while. My feet (ache).
85. I (see) no way of avoiding the problem.
86. At the moment the company (reorganize) its departments.
87. The early bird (catch) the worm.
88. Scotland (occupy) the northern part of Great Britain, (not/ do) it?
89. Good news! Sue and Paul (come) to stay with us.
90. Can you close the window? It (freeze) in here.
91. My cousin (attend) a university in the Midwest which (specialize)
in astronomy.
92. Every time cigarettes (go) up in price, many people (try) to stop smoking.
93. The food that Mother (cook) in the kitchen (smell) delicious.
94. Whenever it (rain) very hard, the stream (overflow).
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95. No wonder the house (be) so cold! You always (leave) the doors open!
96. The film (be) very confusing. You (understand) what (go) on?
1.1.2. THE PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) AND THE PAST CONTINUOUS
(PROGRESSIVE) TENSEFORMS
For study
A. THE PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) TENSE
FORMATION
The Past Simple is formed by adding ed to the stem for regular verbs and
by changing the root vowel or by some other changes for irregular verbs
which need to be memorized. The form of the Past Simple is the same for
all persons.
Table 4
Affirmative
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
worked
came
Negative
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
did not
Interrogative
work
come
Did
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
work?
come?
Contractions: did not = didn’t
When ed is added there are sometimes changes in spelling: 1) the
consonant letter following a stressed short vowel is doubled, e.g. stop –
stopped; 2) the letter ‘y’ at the end of the word is replaced by ‘ie’, e.g.
study – studied.
The pronunciation of the ending ed depends on the type of the
preceding sound.
Table 5
[t]
after voiceless
consonants
[d]
after voiced consonants
and vowels
[Id]
after [tt, d]
watched [wÅtSt]
worked [w˘kt]
stopped [stÅpt]
lived [lIvd]
played [pleId]
used [ju˘zd]
studied [»st√dId]
mended [»mendId]
rented [»rentId]
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USAGE
The Past Simple tense is used to denote:
1. A single past action or a past state. Reference to the past is typically
indicated by time adverbials such as ago, last year (week, month),
yesterday, the other day, in 1997, last (time), etc.
Ann spent a lot of money on books yesterday.
It didn’t rain last night.
When did you go to the cinema last?
She started learning the piano at the age of five.
Note that the Past Simple can be used with an adverbial denoting a period
of time in the past (for five years, for a few minutes, etc). In such cases
emphasis is placed on the reference of the fact to the past, not on the
duration of the activity.
I baked the cake for 30 minutes.
They lived in Brest for five years before the war.
2. A succession of single past actions.
I entered the office, looked around and came up to the secretary.
3. Habitual past actions or states.
I often went cycling last summer.
When it is desired to emphasize a contrast between the past and the present
the construction used + Infinitive with the particle to is preferable.*
He used to smoke forty cigarettes a day till he finally gave up
smoking.
Do you play golf? — No, but I used to when I lived in the
country.
Did she really use to play lotteries?
The shops didn’t use (usedn’t) to open on Sundays in those
days.
* Note the difference in meaning between used to do smth and be (get) used to smth or
to doing smth, e.g.
We used to go to the cinema a lot but we never get the time now.
It’s hard to understand Scottish people if you’re not used to their accent.
I’m not used to walking long distances.
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The construction would + Infinitive without the particle to is also used to
describe repeated past actions (but not states). It is more common for
written language and often occurs in reminiscences.
When we worked in the same office, we would have coffee
together.
4. Reported present time actions in Indirect Speech after the reporting
verbs (say, tell, ask, wonder, etc.) in the Past Simple according to the
rules of Sequence of Tenses.
Table 6
Direct Speech
Indirect (Reported) Speech
1. Jane said to me: “I am never
late for classes”.
1. Jane told me (that) she was
never late for classes.
2. Ann asked me: “When do you
usually have breakfast?”
2. Ann wondered when I usually
had breakfast.
B. THE PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE
FORMATION
The Past Continuous tense is formed with the help of the auxiliary was/
were and the Present Participle of the main verb.
Table 7
Affirmative
I
He
was
She
It
We
You were
They
working
Negative
Interrogative
I
He
was not
Was
She
It
working
We
You were not
Were
They
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
working?
Contractions:
was not = wasn’t
were not = weren’t
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USAGE
The Past Continuous (Progressive) tense denotes:
1. An action in progress at a definite moment or at a definite period of
time in the past. These are indicated normally by adverbial modifiers
such as at 5 p.m., at that time yesterday, at the moment, at the time*,
from two to three last Friday, between three and four yesterday, all the
morning, the whole day, etc.
It happened while I was living in Bristol.
At one o’clock she was having lunch.
What were you doing yesterday at seven p.m.?
It was raining the whole morning yesterday.
The moment in the past can also be expressed by the context or by an
adverbial clause of time.
I looked out of the window. The sun was shining and the birds
were singing.
When I came in he was lying in bed.
Obviously, the action of the subordinate clause of time in such cases is
simultaneous with that of the principal clause. However, the two actions
are not always identical in character. One can be an action in progress
(i.e. a long action) whereas the other may be an event (i.e. a short action)
which “interrupts” the given long past action. The adverbial clause is
typically introduced by when in such cases.
We were going down in the lift when suddenly it stopped.
There can be situations with two parallel long actions. These are both
expressed either by the Past Continuous or by the Past Simple tenses, or
there may be a combination of the Past Continuous and the Past Simple.
Two simultaneous actions in progress are typically linked by the
conjunctions “while” or “as”.
Jane was cooking while I was laying the table.
While we were packing (packed) the suitcases, Bill was talking
(talked) to the travel agency.
* Similar to the meaning of now in the Present Continuous tense, the adverbials at the
moment, at the time may actually mean both at and around a particular moment in the
past. The meaning of the Past Continuous in the latter case is that of a temporary past
activity contrasted to a permanent past activity by the Past Simple tense. The Past
Continuous, like the Present Continuous, is not generally used with stative verbs.
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Note that when the two actions are not simultaneous, i.e. when one action
happened after the other, the Past Simple is used for both.
When Brenda arrived I was telephoning Jim. (She arrived during
my telephone conversation.)
When Brenda arrived I telephoned Jim. (I telephoned after her
arrival.)
2. A past action of unusual frequency to convey a feeling of annoyance or
irritation with adverbials of frequency like always, constantly. (Compare
with a similar use of the Present Continuous.)
When he was a teenager he was always making trouble.
3. Present time actions in progress in Reported speech after the reporting
verbs say, tell, ask, wonder, etc. in the Past Simple (according to the
rules of Sequence of Tenses).
Table 8
Direct Speech
Indirect (Reported) Speech
1. Jim said: “Is it freezing hard
today?”
1. Jim said that it was freezing
hard that day.
2. James asked Kate: “Are you
doing anything special tonight?”
2. James asked Kate if she was doing
anything special that night.
3. Mike asked: “What are you
cooking for dinner, mum?”
3. Mike asked his mum what
she was cooking for dinner.
Compare the use of the Past Simple (Indefinite) and the Past Continuous
(Progressive) tenseforms.
1. It was a cold winter night. It was snowing hard and I wanted to get
back home quickly.
2. Jack fell off the ladder when he was painting the ceiling.
3. Yesterday evening we waited for him in the office for nearly an hour.
We gave up in the end and went home.
4. What were you doing on the corner of the street last night around
9 o’clock? — I was waiting for a bus to go down town.
5. When I opened the envelope I was delighted to see a picture of my
friend’s family.
6. I dropped my bag when I was running for a bus.
7. Peter was wearing a white shirt and grey trousers when I saw him.
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Practice
1. Choose between the Past Simple and Past Continuous (Progressive) tense
forms.
Thomas Edison started/was starting work on the railway when he was
twelve, selling newspapers and snacks. There were long periods with nothing
for him to do so he built/was building himself a little laboratory in the
luggage van where he could carry out experiments when he didn’t sell/
wasn’t selling things to passengers. Another thing that he occupied/was
occupying himself with was reading. He joined a library and read/was
reading every single book in it. One day, when he waited/was waiting at
a station he noticed/was noticing a small boy who played/was playing by
the track, unaware that a train approached/was approaching. Edison ran/
was running out and grabbed/was grabbing the child just in time. The child’s
father was so grateful that he offered/was offering to teach Edison to be
a telegraph operator. Edison accepted the offer and soon he had/was having
regular lessons. After a year, he was good enough to get a job in the telegraph
office. He continued to read and experiment, whenever he had/was having
time. At twenty one he left/was leaving the telegraph office to devote all his
time to be an inventor. He went on/was going on to invent the electric light
bulb, the phonograph and the movie camera.
2. Choose the suitable adverb.
1. Everyone was talking but stopped then/the moment Mr. Smith
entered the room.
2. I lived in Glasgow until/by the time I was fourteen.
3. While/Once I was chewing a piece of meat, my tooth fell out.
4. James always let me know at the time/whenever he was going to be
late.
5. Now, Mr. Star, what were you doing between/by ten and ten thirty
last night?
6. It wasn’t until/up to last year that they could afford to buy a car.
7. I was sitting at my report by 5p.m./at 5p.m.
8. When/While I got to the cinema Jack was waiting for me.
9. He was smoking quite a lot these days/those days.
10. When/During I was shopping I met Max, my sister’s boy friend.
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3. Open the brackets putting the verbs in the Past Simple or the Past Continuous
tenseforms.
1. When the door bell (ring) he (stand) up and (go) to the door.
2. It (rain) hard this morning when I (wake) up.
3. While I (have) breakfast this morning, my sister (phone) from Mexico.
4. When I (see) his face, I (realize) my mistake.
5. When I (be) at school we (learn) a poem each week and then (recite)
it from memory.
6. Yesterday morning he (wake up) late and (miss) his breakfast.
7. When he (work) in the garden he (hurt) his knee.
8. Linda (come) up to the shop just when the shop assistant (close)
the door.
9. I (look) out of the window and (see) that it (snow) hard.
10. When the parents (come) from the theatre yesterday evening, the
children (be) asleep.
11. When the guests (arrive) Mrs. Black still (cook) dinner.
12. Tom (not/want) to lend us the money at first but then he (agree).
13. The illness (get) worse and worse. In the end he (go) into hospital
for an operation.
14. I (walk) along the road yesterday when I (meet) an old friend of
mine. She (go) to the post office.
15. We (see) an accident when we (wait) for the bus.
16. It was an amazing coincidence. Just as I (write) to Ann, she came
to my house to see me.
17. I (go) to sleep at 3 o’clock this morning and (wake) up an hour
later at 4 o’clock.
18. He (give) up his job as a journalist and (become) a teacher.
19. While we (be) on holiday, we (spend) most of our time swimming
and sailing.
20. When my car (break) down I (phone) a garage.
21. It (get) dark so we (decide) to make for the nearest village and find
somewhere to stay.
22. Ann (show) me a photograph and then (go) to the kitchen for some
drinks.
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23. Sally (lie) in bed when her mother (enter) the room.
24. This (use) to be a station and all the London trains (stop) here. But
two years ago they (close) the station and (give) us a bus service instead.
25. I (go) to Jack’s house but (not/find) him in. His mother (say) that
she (not/know) what he (do) but (think) he probably (play) football.
26. We (cycle) along the road when we (see) a huge lorry.
27. “What you (do) between 9.00 and 10.00 yesterday?” (ask) the
detective. — “I (clean) my house”, said Mrs. Jones. “I always clean
my house on Saturday mornings.”
28. Although he (agree) with me on most points, there (remain) one
on which he was unwilling to yield.
29. We (arrive) as they (leave).
30. She (weep) bitterly while she (tell) her story.
31. As Mary (get) out of the boat her foot (slip) and she (fall) into the
water.
32. While I (wait) for the bus I (notice) a group of tourists who (listen)
intently to a guide.
33. I (try) to explain the situation to my parents, but they just (not/
understand) what I (talk) about.
34. She (injure) her ankle while she (jog) in the park.
35. I (feel) rather worried. It (get) darker and colder, but there (be) still
no sign of the rescue helicopter.
36. How often you (visit) your cousins when you (be) in the States last
year?
37. John’s children (use) to be well behaved but now they are quite
naughty.
38. While I (row) across the lake I (lose) one oar.
39. At school I (dislike) the maths teacher because he always (pick)
on me.
40. Nobody (watch), so the little boy (take) a packet of sweets from the
shelf and (put) it in his pocket.
41. The plane (crash) into a bridge because it (fly) too low.
42. The streets (look) deserted. Large flakes of snow (fall) on the ground.
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43. Last fall I (drive) along a free way when I (run) out of gas. Luckily
a passing truck (stop) and the driver (offer) to give me a lift.
44. When they (walk) through the countryside they (see) a ruined
mansion.
45. While we (clean) the attic, we (come) across our grandmother’s old
school books.
46. The driver (fall) asleep as he (drive) along.
47. I (not/understand) what (go) on. Several people (shout) at me and
one (wave) a newspaper in front of my face.
48. The article (say) that crime (grow) at a rapid rate, especially in
urban areas.
49. At six o’clock this morning I (have) a wonderful dream, but then
the alarm (go) off.
50. Laura (not/wear) her glasses that morning, so she (not/notice) what
kind of car the man (drive).
51. We (not/go) to the skating rink, because the ice (be) too thin.
52. While travelling about England last summer, I (find) myself in a
quiet sleepy village in Norfolk.
53. She said she (get) more forgetful as she (grow) older.
54. The only thing I disliked about him when we (study) at college was
that he always (borrow) my things without asking.
55. While the boys (skate) they (slip) on the thin ice and (fall) into the
water.
56. The sun (shine) so brightly that Maria (have) to put on her sunglasses.
57. Bobby always (make) up excuses for being late when he studied at
school.
1.1.3. THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)
TENSEFORMS
For study
FORMATION
The Present Perfect tense is formed with the help of the auxiliary have/has
and the Past Participle of the main verb.
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Table 9
Affirmative
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
have
has
have
Contractions:
have = ’ve
has = ’s
Negative
I
worked
come
have not
Interrogative
Have
I
He
She has not
Has
worked
It
come
We
You have not
Have
They
he
she
it
we
you
they
worked?
come?
have not = haven’t
has not = hasn’t
USAGE
The Present Perfect tense denotes:
1. Completed actions connected in their result with the present either due
to the recentness of the action and actual evidence of its result or due
to the importance of a past action for the present situation. The
completion of an action is often expressed by the adverbial “already”
in affirmative sentences and “yet” in questions and negatives.
I’m afraid I’ve forgotten my key.
Do you want some more coffee? — No, thanks, I’ve already had
enough.
Has your younger brother left school yet?
She hasn’t found the dog yet.
To show that a completed past action is not only linked with the present
moment in the result but is also very close to it in time the adverbials
recently, lately and just are used.
Fuel prices have increased recently.
Mary has just gone out.
Just now, however, which means “a moment ago” is used with the Past
Simple.
Mary went out just now.
There can be no adverbial in the sentence when the present evidence of
the result of a completed past action is clear from the context.
My mother is upset because I’ve lost my watch.
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The importance of a completed past action for the present stands out
clearly in complex sentences with superlative constructions, ordinal
numerals or “the only” in the principal clause.
It’s the best salad I have eaten in this restaurant.
It’s the second time I have seen this film.
This is the only place he’s been to.
This is the first time I’ve felt really relaxed.
The Present Perfect for completed actions can be used with some adverbials
of definite time, particularly, the adverbials today, this morning, this week,
this year, etc., when the periods of time are not over and include the moment
of speech.
The secretary has emailed three letters this morning. (and it is
still ‘this morning’)
I haven’t had a spare minute today. (and «today» is not over)
These adverbials are used with the Past Simple when they indicate the
time of an event in the past.
This morning was awfully busy, I didn’t even have time to go out
for lunch.
2. Incomplete actions that started in the past, lasted over a period of
time and are still taking place in the present. The Present Perfect in
this meaning is typical of stative verbs (not used in the continuous
aspect) but is not limited to them. The starting point of the action is
expressed by an adverbial with ‘since’ or an adverbial clause of time
with the conjunction ‘since’*; while an adverbial with ‘for’** is used to
denote a period of time up to present.
I haven’t heard from him since we left school.
There have been quite a few changes since the new owner came to
the shop.
For the past year, the shop has sold cheeses from all over the
world as well as fruit, flowers and vegetables.
* Note that in the subordinate clauses of time with the conjunction ‘since’ the Past Simple
is used: … since we left school; … since the new owner came… .
** Remember that adverbials with for are used with the Past Simple as well. Notice the
difference in meaning between the two tense forms.
John has lived in London for two years and he knows the city quite well.
When he was a child he lived with his grandparents in London for two years.
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The adverbs ever, never, lately, recently, always, often, all my life, so far,
etc. are also often used with the Present Perfect to denote incomplete past
actions connected with the present.
Have you ever ridden a helicopter?
You have never tasted papaya, have you?
She’s been here several times before.
Compare the use of the Past Simple and the Present Perfect tenseforms.
1. We bought this house years ago.
2. Have you ever thought of selling your house?
3. You’ve painted the living room walls different colours! It looks
great! — Yes, and I’ve bought new curtains too.
4. The last time we decorated the flat was about three years ago.
5. How long have you lived at your current address?
6. She used to feel really homesick when she first moved here.
7. Have you read any good science fiction novels lately?
8. Chemistry has never been my favourite subject. I liked Maths when
I studied at school.
9. Sam hasn’t drunk alcohol since he got into a car accident.
10. I bought everything I needed and went straight home.
11. We’ve had this car for six years, and it still looks brand new.
12. That’s where I used to live in my childhood.
13. Where is your key? — I don’t know. I’m afraid I’ve lost it. — But
when did you see it last?
14. Peter was meeting someone that night so I stayed at the office and
worked for a few extra hours.
15. What an amazing story! I’ve never heard anything like it!
16. Well, she doesn’t seem to be very happy, does she? – Well, she’s been
under a lot of pressure lately.
17. From a business point of view, the advantages of using email systems
have allowed us to work at a much faster rate than in the past.
18. I haven’t written a letter for ages. I just find the phone a whole lot easier.
Practice
1. Choose between the Present Perfect and the Past Simple tenseforms.
1. Hello, Mr. … er… Mr. — I’m sorry, I forgot/have forgotten your
name.
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2. News just came in/has just come in of an earthquake in Southern
Mangrovia. According to the first reports the quake struck/has struck
just after midnight last night.
3. The shop where you bought/have bought your computer closed/
has closed down.
4. I have often wondered/often wondered what he does for a living.
5. He was/has been ill before Christmas, but he has been/was fine
since then.
6. Things have been/were difficult since Sharon has lost/lost her job.
7. Paul was/has been keen on music since childhood.
8. Did you two meet/Have you two met before? David, this is Ann.
9. Did you see/Have you seen Jane by any chance? There’s a letter for her.
10. This is the only occasion that I have seen/saw him wearing a tie.
2. Choose the appropriate adverbial of time.
1. I can’t remember when/how long I have had this CD player.
2. Have you eaten asparagus before/already?
3. Did you live here in/since 1995?
4. I always got up at six lately/in those days.
5. She fell asleep an hour ago/for an hour.
6. I haven’t paid for my ticket still/yet.
7. We’ve known each other since/for many years.
8. They haven’t seen Carol since/for last year.
9. Actually I had dinner with Paul last night/lately.
10. The other day/Lately Nick received a parcel from home.
11. Have you spoken to the manager still/yet?
12. I’ve seen Margaret quite often lately/from time to time.
13. Ruth bought a portable computer since then/last year.
14. Sorry, but I haven’t finished that work already/yet.
15. The price of petrol has risen considerably last time/over the past year.
3. Open the brackets using the Present Perfect or the Past Simple tenseforms.
1. I (shout) at them and they (run) away.
2. What’s the best film you ever (see)?
3. Simon is not at home. He (go) to a football match.
4. It was such a wonderful performance that we (applaud) for fifteen
minutes.
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5. Why do you look so sad? Anything (happen)?
6. Jaime lives in Venezuela; he never (see) snow.
7. I (not/wake) at 7 o’clock yesterday, because my mother (not/be) at
home.
8. Anyone (see) my dictionary? I can’t find it.
9. A lot of rain (fall) last week.
10. When I (get) home late yesterday evening my dad (be) very angry.
11. I (know) Helen for 10 years. We (study) at university together. She
was one of the best students.
12. Alexander Fleming (invent) penicillin in 1928.
13. The house they (buy) looks much larger than ours.
14. I (order) a taxi to take me to the airport. So we’ll be on time.
15. You (cut) your finger! How it (happen)?
16. Peter (not/eat) all the bread and butter, he (leave) some on the plate.
17. He (be) interested in jazz ever since he (leave) school.
18. We (have) a lovely time in Wales. — So you (enjoy) your holiday,
didn’t you?
19. I (use) to like swimming but I don’t now.
20. I never (see) so many beautiful girls as here at the party.
21. My elder brother (have) a car for two years already. He (buy) it in
France.
22. Jane (recover) yet? — No, she is still in hospital.
23. My watch (stop). I must take it to the watchmaker’s.
24. Shakespeare (be) born in 1564 and (die) in 1616.
25. My brother really (grow) up since he (leave) home, he seems much
more mature now.
26. We (run) out of sugar. Can you go and get some from the shop?
27. My son is an actor. He already (appear) in several films.
28. What your father (give) you for your last birthday?
29. You (see) Tom? — Yes, I (talk) with him an hour ago.
30. Are you the boy whose dog (make) a terrible noise at night? — I’m
sorry, but you are mistaken, sir. I never (own) a dog.
31. What (happen) there? — The dog (bite) the boy when he entered
the garden.
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32. You (know) each other before? — Yes. We first (meet) 3 years ago.
33. He (take) off his pullover, (lie) down on the sofa and (start) to read
a magazine.
34. I don’t keep pets now but I (use) to keep a dog when I (be) a boy.
35. I (iron) Jim’s shirts this morning and in the afternoon I (do) the
shopping.
36. Why are you limping? — I (twist) my ankle.
37. The plane (take) off from London at 9.00 and (land) in Geneva at
10.30.
38. Joanna (not/change); she is the same as ever.
39. When I (switch) on the dishwasher, the machine (make) a loud
noise.
40. People always (want) to be able to fly like birds in the sky.
41. I once (play) a guitar which (have) only five strings.
42. I never (teach) a class where the students are so lazy.
43. I (lose) a button. I don’t suppose I’ll ever find it.
44. The slower you eat the more you will think you (eat).
45. You (be) already late for classes twice this week, Nick.
46. What a surprise! You’re the very person I (want) to see so much.
47. They say the police already (catch) both of the thieves.
48. When we (be) kids, we (love) the beach very much, so we (use) to
spend all our holidays at the sea.
49. You (make) up your mind yet? What you (decide) to do?
50. She (slip) her arm under his and (give) him a nudge.
51. It was a wonderful holiday. We (have) great fun.
52. Since when you (lose) sight of him?
53. Anyone (leave) a note for me?
54. The employment office (call) me twice since I (move) to Los
Angeles.
55. When we (live) in the north the water pipes (use) to freeze every
winter and we (have) to call in a plumber.
56. People (use) to come at the weekends, but during the week I (be)
alone in that huge house.
57. You (work) as a mechanic before? — Yes, I (use) to change flat tires.
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58. We (see) him at the summer course in London.
59. All the shirts (fit) your father perfectly so far.
60. Although I (study) French for years I have difficulties in speaking
the language.
61. John whose grades are the highest in the school (receive)
a scholarship.
62. Yesterday we (have) supper with the neighbours of ours.
63. We (not/give) him a thing to eat since he (arrive).
64. Jerry (fail) his exams. He’ll have to take them again.
65. It’s ages since I last (see) a decent comedy film on television.
66. We understood that it (be) just a slip of the tongue.
67. The police (find) the bomb yet?
68. When I (go) to book a ticket to Athens, I (find) that the flight (be)
full.
69. I’m not disappointed with today’s result. After all we (win) ten
matches already this season.
70. I never (do) anything like it before. We’ll have to start from scratch.
71. My computer (break) down again. It’s time for me to buy a new
word processor.
72. I can’t afford a holiday abroad until I (pay) back all my debts.
73. They always (bring) flowers when they came to visit me.
74. The butcher (cut) some steak, (wrap) it up and (hand) it to me.
75. Since the baby (be) born, they (have) a lot of sleepless nights.
76. I’m sorry for her. She (have) bad luck all her life.
77. Jack (climb) quite a number of mountains but he never (be) to Everest.
78. He (give) up smoking yet? When he (do) it?
79. What’s up? You (hurt) your ankle? How you (do) it?
80. Graffiti art (begin) in New York city in the 1970s and immediately
(create) a public sensation. But the attitude to graffiti art (change)
since then. The best known graffiti artist Carlos Rolon (have)
exhibitions throughout the world.
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1.1.4. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)
AND THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSEFORMS
For study
FORMATION
The Present Perfect Continuous tense is formed with the help of the
auxiliary have/has been and the Present Participle of the main verb.
Table 10
Affirmative
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
have
has
have
Negative
I
been
working
have not
Interrogative
Have
He
She has not been
Has
working
It
We
You have not
Have
They
I
he
been
she
working?
it
we
you
they
USAGE
The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) tense is used to denote:
a) an action which started in the past and has been in progress up to the
present and including the present or b) a past action of certain duration
completed by the present moment and having visible results or effects in
the present. Depending on whether the activity is still continuing at the
moment of speech or has been completed by this time the inclusive and
exclusive meanings of the given tense form are distinguished. To denote
the period of time or the starting point of the action, adverbials with “for”
and “since” are normally used.
He’s been repairing his car for an hour. (He is still doing it. —
inclusive)
It has been raining since morning. (And it is still raining now. —
inclusive)
Your jacket is torn again! You’ve been fighting. (But are not fighting
at the moment of speech. — exclusive)
The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) tense is similar to the Present
Perfect Simple in emphasizing connection between a past action and the
present moment. The difference between these tense forms is that the
Present Perfect Continuous is used for more temporary actions and
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situations and emphasizes the duration of the activity. The Present Perfect
Simple is used for more permanent situations and expresses an idea of the
completion of an action emphasizing the importance of the result of the
action for the present.
This young actress has acted in 6 films and they’ve all been a
success.
She’s exhausted. She’s been working nonstop for the past six
months.
Note the difference between the Present Perfect Continuous and the Present
Perfect tenses from the point of view of Russian English and English
Russian translation.
1. — You look hot.
1. He’s run all the distance to the
— I’ve been running all the way.
finish fairly well.
Я бежала всю дорогу…
Он пробежал всю дистанцию…
2. I’ve been learning irregular
verbs all afternoon.
Я учил…
2. I’ve learnt irregular verbs.
(= I know them)
Я выучил…
3. Sorry about the mess —
I’ve been painting the house.
Я крашу дом…
3. I’ve painted two rooms since
lunchtime.
Я покрасил…
Note also the difference in the translation of the Present Perfect Continuous
Inclusive and Exclusive.
I’ve already been chopping
vegetables for the salads since
early morning.
(Pr. Perf. Cont. Inclusive)
Я уже режу овощи для
салатов с самого утра.
— Your eyes are red!
— I’ve just been chopping onion
for the salad.
(Pr. Perf. Cont. Exclusive)
Я резала лук для салата.
Compare the use of the Present Perfect Continuous, the Present Perfect Simple
and the Present Continuous tenseforms.
1. Someone has been eating my chocolates. There are only six left.
2. Someone has eaten all my chocolates. The box is empty.
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3. Have you decided where to go? — Not yet. We have been thinking
about it for the whole week.
4. Why are you crying? What’s wrong? Has anyone been rude to you?
5. I remember meeting your brother last summer, but I haven’t seen him
this year. What has he been doing since then?
6. Have you done your homework yet, Liz? — No, I’m still doing it.
I’ve been busy since morning.
7. Have you had a good evening? — Well, I’ve been watching this film
on television but it’s rubbish, so I think I’ll turn it off now.
8. Oh, David, I’ve been looking for you! Your mother sends her love. I’ve
just been speaking to her on the phone.
Practice
1. Choose the appropriate tenseform.
1. A. What have you done/have you been doing with my knife? Where
is it?
B. I’ve put it back in your drawer.
A. (taking it out) What have you done/have you been doing with it?
The blade’s all twisted! Have you been using/Have you used it to
open tins?
2. A. Do you see those people on that little sandy island? They have
been waving/have waved their handkerchiefs for the last half hour.
I wonder why.
B. They need help. The tide is coming in and very soon that island
will be under water. Have you sat/have you been sitting calmly
without doing anything to help them?
A. I have never been/have never been being here before. I haven’t
been hearing/haven’t heard about the tides here.
3. What’s up? What are you looking for/have you been looking for?
Have you lost/Have you been losing something?
4. A. Are you /Have you been still painting your country house?
B. Yes. And I’m doing/I’ve been doing it since last Monday. I hope
it’ll look beautiful when it’s finished.
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2. Open the brackets using the Present Perfect Continuous/Present Perfect/
Present Simple/Present Continuous tenseforms.
1. How long he (live) in Manchester? — All his life. He was born there.
2. Mr. Woods (not/feel) well for over a month.
3. They (be) in London now. They (live) there for the last six months.
4. I (learn) Spanish since last year.
5. How many driving lessons you (have) lately?
6. They (repair) the road all this week, but they (not/finish) it yet.
7. Where you (be)? I (wait) for you for over an hour.
8. I (type) this report since yesterday and I’m only half way through.
9. Your mum is still in the kitchen. She (cook) all morning. — Yes.
We (expect) guests tonight.
10. You are out of breath. You (run)?
11. It (rain) since yesterday evening. I wonder when it’ll stop.
12. I (die) of thirst. Is there a water fountain near here?
13. My daughter (study) English at London University. She (be) there
for two years.
14. Don’t rush me. I (work) as fast as I can.
15. I (read) some of his poetry. It’s not bad.
16. Sorry about the mess. I (redecorate) the kitchen. I already (paint)
the windows.
17. You won’t believe it, but I (wait) two months for my phone to be
repaired.
18. Oh look, the sky (get) darker and darker. I think it’s going to rain.
19. You look tired. — Yes, I (work) non stop all day.
20. Since when he (learn) Chinese? — Since he got to university.
21. We (build) this garage ourselves and hope to finish it within the
next two months.
22. We (not/finish) cleaning the machines yet. We need some more
time to do it.
23. You look tired. I think you (work) hard lately and you (not/get)
enough fresh air and exercise.
24. It’s the most beautiful house I ever (see).
25. Oh, you (have) a shave! You look strange without a beard.
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26. I (borrow) books from this library since we moved here.
27. It (rain) steadily for three days on end now.
28. I (not/see) you for ages. What you (do)?
29. She (be) on the phone for half an hour now. Who she (talk) to?
30. He (collect) stamps ever since he was a small boy.
31. He never (believe) in the importance of women’s education.
32. I (study) hard of late. I’ve got exams next week.
33. It (get) harder and harder to find time.
34. Jimmy always (have) cold and chest problems.
35. You’re very late. — I (talk) to Henry and he just goes on and on.
36. It is the first time he (clean) his own boots.
37. Where are my newspapers? — Helen (look) through them.
38. Older people (become) more isolated now.
39. I know that since January he (be) in charge of the marketing
division.
40. Katia says she (be) very tired recently. She (work) almost sixty
hours a week for the past month.
41. My daughter in law (try) to find a job since she graduated from
university.
42. How long you (be) a hairdresser?
43. The police (investigate) the break in at the college since last
September.
44. She always (be) obsessed by her appearance.
45. They are so scruffy because they (camp) all week.
46. I’m fed up. I (wait) for the bus since three o’clock.
47. Carol already (make) ten phone calls and it’s only nine o’clock.
48. She’s obviously very unhappy. She (sit) alone in her bedroom for
most of the day.
49. Paul and Jean (go) out together for about a year now.
50. I can smell something nice. What you (cook)?
51. He always (argue) or (fight).
52. I’m afraid my nails are a bit dirty. I (work) in the garden.
53. I’m afraid I (break) one of your glasses.
54. You look exhausted. What you (do)?
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55. Since I last stayed at this hotel, they (put) their prices up.
56. The police (arrest) the man who is suspected of committing the murder.
57. Since I (break) my leg I (depend) on my daughter to see to the
shopping and housework.
58. He (apply) for jobs without success for months now.
59. The hall (hold) 300 people on some occasions, though you’d
hardly believe it.
60. Sorry about the mess! The workmen (install) a new boiler in the
bathroom all morning.
61. The success of the agricultural show (depend) very much on the
weather in recent years.
62. Up to now the discount (apply) only to children under 10. From
next month we (plan) to extend it to children under 16.
63. Food prices (rise) so rapidly in the past few months that some
people have been forced to alter their eating habits.
64. Although Max (cook) for many years, he still doesn’t know how
to prepare French foods in the traditional manner.
3. All these sentences contain errors. Correct them.
1. When have you left school?
2. How long is she feeling unwell?
3. I’ve met such a nice person before never.
4. I’m waiting for you since four o’clock.
5. She never wrote a letter by hand since she had bought a computer.
6. I wonder where have you been all this time.
7. I am learning English during five years.
8. You never know how he has been going to react.
9. She has tripped over the cat and fell nearly over.
10. Look! I found a ten pound note! — Where have you found it?
11. Margaret has been taking driving lessons now.
12. In recent years terrorism has been becoming a greater threat.
13. The rain has come suddenly and has soaked all the washing.
14. Ever since we have met, you have never asked me what I prefer to do.
15. How long do you live here?
16. I am interested in sports since my childhood.
17. What are you doing since you left Cambridge?
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1.1.5. THE PAST PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
TENSEFORMS
A. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
For study
FORMATION
The Past Perfect tense is formed with the auxiliary had and the Past
Participle of the main verb.
Table 11
Affirmative
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
had
worked
seen
Negative
Interrogative
I
He
She
had not worked Had
It
seen
We
You
They
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
worked?
seen?
Contractions:
had = ’d
had not = hadn’t
USAGE
The Past Perfect tense denotes a past event (action or state) that happened
before another past event. In other words, the Past Perfect Tense is used to
denote an action in the distant past which is contrasted to another action
which is less far away in the past. This priority can be indicated by an
adverbial phrase with the preposition “by” or by a subordinate clause of
time with the conjunctions after, before, no sooner ... than, hardly ... when,
scarcely ... when. It may also become clear from the logical relations
between clauses or sentences in a context.
The letter had arrived by the end of the week.
By March the snow hadn’t melted yet.
Had they left before the trouble started?
They hadn’t yet started eating by the time I arrived at the party.
Hardly had we put up a tent when it started to rain.
(or We had hardly put up a tent when it started to rain.)
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No sooner had he arrived than he was told to start back again.
I could see from his face that he had received bad news.
I hadn’t eaten all day so I was very hungry when I got home.
I couldn’t get into the car. The boys had hidden the car keys.
When I started studying abroad, I panicked a little because I had
never used email in my life before, even though I had had a
computer at home for quite a while before I actually went off to
university.
Note that when there is a simple succession of past actions (without their
being contrasted in time) the Past Simple is used for each event.
I got to the stadium at 7.15 and the game started at 7.30.
She thanked him for his hospitality. They shook hands and he
wished her a pleasant journey.
The Past Perfect is commonly used in Reported (Indirect) Speech after
the reporting verbs such as say, tell, ask, explain, wonder, etc. in the Past
Simple.
She wondered who had left the door open.
She said she had bought a lovely pair of shoes.
When Direct Speech is transformed into Reported Speech, the adverbials
of ‘absolute past’ are replaced by ‘relative’ indications of time: “yesterday”
is replaced by “the day before” or “the previous day”, “ago” by “before”,
“last night” by “the previous night”.
I asked if the Browns had left the day before.
We knew David had left school two years before.
Notice that the Past Perfect in Reported Speech is the result of changing
two tense forms from Direct Speech into Indirect: the Past Simple and
the Present Perfect.
Table 12
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1. Ann said to me: “Graham
has lost his new watch”.
1. Ann told me that Graham had
lost his new watch.
2. Ann said to me: “Bob went
to a disco last Sunday”.
2. Ann told me that Bob had gone
to a disco the previous Sunday.
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B. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
FORMATION
The Past Perfect Continuous tense is formed with the auxiliary had been
and the Present Participle of the main verb.
Table 13
Affirmative
I
He
She
had
It
been
We
You
They
Contractions:
had = ’d
working
Negative
Interrogative
I
He
She
had not
It
been working Had
We
You
They
I
he
she
it
we
you
they
been
working?
had not = hadn’t
USAGE
The Past Perfect Continuous is used to denote a past activity of certain
duration that was a) still going on at a given later time in the past (inclusive
meaning), or b) completed by a given later moment in the past with a
visible result (exclusive meaning).
When she arrived I had already been waiting for three hours.
I had been using the machine for some time before I realized
there was no ink in it.
Paul had a headache because he had been sitting in the sun.
When used in Reported (Indirect) Speech, the Past Perfect Continuous
replaces both the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Continuous of
a Direct Speech sentence (if the reporting verb is in the Past Simple).
Table 14
Direct Speech
1. Mrs. Brown said: “I have
been working hard all day
and I am very tired”.
2. Jane asked: “Was it still
raining when you arrived?”
Indirect (Reported) Speech
1. Mrs. Brown said she had been
working very hard all day and
she was very tired.
2. Jane wondered if it had still
been raining when he arrived.
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Compare the use of the Past Perfect Simple, the Past Perfect Continuous and
the Past Simple tenseforms.
1. She ran downstairs to open the door, but it was too late. The postman
had already gone.
2. She apologized and said she had already had lunch.
3. He had been smoking for 20 years before he finally gave it up last year.
4. All the roads were blocked: it had been snowing all night long.
5. I had hardly got off the tram when it suddenly started moving.
6. I felt awful after dinner. I had eaten too much.
7. It turned out that Patric had broken his leg the previous morning.
8. I was pleased to see my old college friends at the conference last
week as we hadn’t seen each other since we finished our course.
9. Maggie took a hot bath after she had been working in the garden all
afternoon.
10. I had a pleasant surprise when I got to my room: someone had put
some flowers there for me.
Practice
1. Choose the appropriate tenseforms: the Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect
Continuous or Past Simple.
1. He turned off the electric light. It had been burning/had burnt all
night.
2. Nobody bothered to inform me that the school decided/had decided
to have a special holiday that Friday.
3. Paul offered/had offered me another drink but I decided I drank/
had drunk enough.
4. I knew I did/had done well in my exams even before I received the
official results.
5. I saw/had seen right away it was the place I looked/had looked/had
been looking for all my life.
6. As soon as he raised his eyes I knew/had known that we met/had
met before.
7. Excuse me, I had ordered/ordered a coffee half an hour ago. Is it
ready yet?
8. She finished/had finished most of the work by the time her boss arrived.
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2. Choose the appropriate adverbial of time.
1. She was working in the garden at/by that time.
2. Scarcely had the bell gone when/than the students filled the
corridor.
3. The other day/One of these days he called on me to return the book
he had borrowed.
4. The sun had no sooner hidden behind the clouds than/when we
heard the first claps of thunder.
5. The letter hadn’t arrived by/until the end of the week yet.
6. I had tidied up the flat at/by that time.
7. It wasn’t up to/until 1995 that Robert could afford to go on holiday
abroad.
8. They had discharged Nick from hospital before/till we came.
9. His father had been running a bookshop during/for two years.
10. They reached the top of the mountain by/in four hours.
11. I had finished my homework at/by supper time.
12. They lived in Newcastle by/in 1983.
3. Open the brackets using the appropriate tenseforms.
1. By the time I (get) to the station the train (leave).
2. Patrick’s mother (be) very angry when he (come) home late because
she (worry) about him all evening.
3. The children (start) a fire. They (play) with matches.
4. Brenda (disappear) before I (have) time to talk to her.
5. Bruce (go) to hospital because he (cut) his hand while he (try) to
mend a broken window.
6. It (be) more than a month before I (realize) what (happen).
7. When Jack (not/arrive) by 6 p.m. I (know) he (miss) the bus.
8. When I (meet) him he (work) as a plumber for a year or so.
9. We scarcely (start) eating when there (be) another scream.
10. We (look) through the agreement before we (sign) it.
11. I (be) very pleased when my son (find) my watch because we (look)
for it for hours.
12. Nina (think) she (leave) her purse in a locker in the changing
room the day before.
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13. I (wake) up and (look) out of the window. Everything (be) white.
It (snow) all night.
14. Not until I (look) at my watch did I realize how much time (pass).
15. Karen (admit) that she (make) a mistake and (apologize).
16. Isabel (send) a postcard to the girl she (make) friends with while
she (attend) a language course.
17. They (run) out of petrol because Paul (use) the car several times
before.
18. When we (get) to the airport we (hear) that they (cancel) all the
flights.
19. When our teacher (see) what Tom (do) she (be) absolutely furious.
20. My old watch (work) very well for many years before I (drop) it.
21. I (run) out of money but luckily I (be) able to borrow enough to get
home.
22. I (have) to be early the next morning, so I (excuse) myself and
(leave) the party.
23. He (keep) his job although the manager (threaten) to sack him
several times.
24. When Mr. Gabb (come) out of the water, he (find) that somebody
(take) all his clothes.
25. After the movie (finish) they (decide) to get something to eat.
26. Many modern medicines were not invented by western scientists
but by tribal people who (use) them for generations before Europeans
(arrive).
27. It was not surprising that she (start) getting a bad toothache. She
(not/go) to the dentist for two years.
28. Her work (look) really neat because she (use) the computer.
29. The chairman’s main fault was that he persistently (interrupt) the
speakers before they (finish).
30. After she (dress) and (eat) her breakfast, Linda (rush) off to her
office for a meeting with her accountant.
31. Peter already (see) that musical before he (read) the review about it.
32. When I (go) into the room I could smell cigarette smoke. Obviously
somebody (smoke) in there.
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33. Because Jasper (make) an appointment with his dentist beforehand
he (hope) he wouldn’t have to wait long, although there (be) a lot
of people in the waiting room when he (arrive).
34. By the time Bill (leave) school, he (learn) to speak French and
German. When he (be) at university he (learn) Italian and Spanish.
35. Yesterday Jenny (send) me a very apologetic letter explaining why
she (not/do) what she (promise).
36. Ann only (work) there for a few days when she (decide) to leave.
37. The bank (tell) me last week there (be) no money in my account.
I (spend) it all.
38. The label (come) off the tin and I didn’t know how to cook the meat.
39. When I (get) back after lunch, Jean (tell) me that somebody (phone)
when I (be) out.
40. They (get) married in 1990, just a year after they (meet).
41. While I (try) to get my car started, a passing car (stop) and the
driver (offer) to help me.
42. Penicillin was discovered when Alexander Fleming (find) some
mould growing on a laboratory dish he (leave) beside the window.
43. David (admit) that he (hit) the other car, but (say) he (not/damage) it.
44. Jane (miss) the party because no one (inform) her about it.
45. It (turn) out that they (use) that business for quite a time as a screen
for their drug dealing activities.
46. Hardly Harry (start) working when he (realize) that he (need) to go
to the library.
47. As Lucy (walk) home, she (try) to remember what (happen).
48. Because Sam and Tony already (do) all the work themselves, they
(be) unwilling to give the results to John.
49. By the time Liz (be) eighteen she (study) English for six years.
50. Hopi Indians (raise) cotton to make cloth for centuries before the
arrival of Europeans in the American Southwest.
51. We (fly) for twenty minutes when the pilot (announce) we (have)
to go back because of bad weather.
52. By the time the last marathon runner (cross) the finishing line,
nearly everyone (go) home.
53. The house (burn) to the ground by the time the fire brigade (arrive).
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4. Correct errors where necessary.
1. The jumper was shrinking when I had washed it.
2. Mike got really exhausted in his first marathon because he didn’t
run such a long race before.
3. The light in the room showed that Mr. Simpson had been waiting
for me.
4. The Titanic had been travelling to New York when it hit an iceberg
and sank in the Atlantic.
5. The footballer ran towards the goal when he fell over.
6. George said that he didn’t decide yet which side to support.
7. I took the decision after I have spoken to him.
8. Bill was working at the same problem for two hours when Jack
phoned him and asked if he solved it.
9. I knew that Nick had boarded with an American family since his
arrival and he had been learning a great deal about American
habits and customs.
10. I found out why my pen friend didn’t get my letters. I’ve been
sending them to the wrong address!
1.1.6. WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE ACTIONS IN ENGLISH
A. THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
For study
FORMATION
The Future Simple (Indefinite) tense is formed with the help of the auxiliary
shall/will and the Infinitive of the main verb without to.
Table 15
Affirmative
I
We
He
She
It
You
They
44
shall/
will
work
will
Negative
I
We
Interrogative
shall/will
not
He
She
It
will not
You
They
Shall/
Will
I
we
Will
he
she
it
you
they
work
work?
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Contractions:
will (shall) = ’ll
shall not = shan’t
will not = won’t
In modern English will is preferable with all persons. Any difference
between shall and will disappears in everyday speech, where the contractions
I’ll and we’ll are normally used.
USAGE
The Future Simple (Indefinite) tense denotes:
1. A predicted future action, a happening which is inevitable and out of
anybody’s control.
Next year I’ll be 18.
Spring will come soon.
In 100 years’ time there will be a lot more people in the world than
there are now.
Reference to the future is typically indicated by adverbials of time such as
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in a week (month, year), next year, in
2010, etc.
Sometimes reference to the future is clear from the situation.
Spring has come, so the snow will start melting, the birds will
come back home.
2. An action which the speaker regards as possible, probable or likely to
happen in future (near or remote).
I’m sure he’ll get better.
I don’t think I’ll go out tonight, I’m too tired.
No doubt you’ll enjoy the performance.
I don’t think Ann will pass her exams easily. She was idling away
her time during the term.
Do you think they’ll win the match?
I’ll probably be a bit late this evening.
3. An action decided on spontaneously, out of circumstances (i.e. an action
which is not part of a plan).
Don’t lift the suitcase. I’ll help you.
It looks like rain. I’ll take my umbrella then.
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Close in meaning to the last case is the use of the Future Simple in complex
sentences with clauses of time and real condition. It must be remembered
that the Future Simple is found only in the principal clause, whereas the
subordinate clause takes the Present Simple or the Present Perfect (to
express a completed action).
After you return home you’ll notice a lot of changes.
It’s pouring down. We’ll get wet through if we go out.
When you see Jane again, you won’t recognize her.
Come on! Mum will be worried if we are late again.
I won’t send the parcel until I hear from you.
I shan’t phone you until I have done my homework.
Note: In object clauses after the conjunctions if (whether) or when, a future
activity is expressed by one of the future tense forms.
I don’t know if the weather will improve.
I wonder when you will come back after your holiday.
In Indirect Speech when the reporting verb in the principal clause is in the
Past tense, the Future Simple is replaced by the Future in the Past and
adverbials like tomorrow, next week, etc. are replaced by the next day, the
next week, etc.
We knew that Christie would phone the next week.
Brian informed us that he would go to university the next year.
B. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE
FORMATION
The Future Continuous (Progressive) tense is formed with shall/will be +
the Present Participle of the main verb.
Table 16
Affirmative
I
We
He
She
It
You
They
46
shall/
will
Interrogative
I shall/will
We
not
be
working
will
Negative
He
She
It
You
They
will
not
Shall/
Will
I
we
Will
he
she
it
you
they
be
working
be
working?
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Contractions:
will (shall) = ’ll
shall not = shan’t
will not = won’t
In modern English will is preferable for all persons (see the Note for the
Future Simple).
USAGE
The Future Continuous tense denotes:
1. An action which will be in progress at a definite moment or a period of
time in the future. The future moment or period of time are indicated
either by an adverbial phrase (at 3 p.m., at this time tomorrow, all night,
during holidays, from 8 to 12, etc.) or by another future action (usually
in the Present Simple or Present Continuous in clauses of time).
I’ll be working in the library at 10 tomorrow.
The children will be doing their homework when I come back
from work.
I’ll be buttering the bread while you are slicing the tomatoes.
From 8 till 12 I’ll be busy at university. I’ll be having classes at
this time.
Similar to the Present Continuous, the Future Continuous is used to
express a predicted (prearranged) action. The peculiarity of the Future
Continuous is that it generally refers to a not so immediate future action
as the Present Continuous, e.g.
Peter is leaving for London tomorrow.
Just think, in a few weeks I’ll be lying on the beach, doing nothing!
Do you think they will be meeting us at the airport?
2. In Indirect Speech when the verb in the principal clause is in the Past
tense form the Future Continuous tense is replaced by the Future
Continuous in the Past.
She said the children would be sleeping when she arrived home.
C. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
FORMATION
The Future Perfect tense is formed by means of the auxiliary verb shall/
will and the Perfect Infinitive of the main verb.
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Table 17
Affirmative
I
We
shall/
will
He
She
It
You
They
Negative
I shall/will
We
not
have
He
gone by She
will 4 o’clock It
You
They
will
not
Interrogative
Shall/
Will
have
gone by
4 o’clock Will
I
we
he
have
she
gone by
it 4 o’clock?
you
they
USAGE
The Future Perfect tense denotes an action viewed as completed before
a definite future moment indicated by an adverbial with the preposition
“by” or by another future action. It may also denote a future action covering
a certain period of time up to or including the given future moment (with
stative verbs, i.e. verbs not used in the Continuous aspect).
I think she’ll have finished the essay by Monday.
By the time you get back Mike will have left.
He’ll have been in this business for five years by next summer.
D. THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE
FORMATION
The Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) tense is formed with the help
of the Future Perfect from of the auxiliary verb to be and the Present
Participle of the main verb.
Table 18
Affirmative
I
We
shall/
will
have
been
He
She will
It
have
You been
They
48
Negative
I shall/will
not
We
have been
working
Interrogative
Shall/
Will
He
working
She will not
It have been
Will
You
They
I
we
have been
he working?
she
it
you
they
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USAGE
The Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) denotes an action lasting for
a period of time up to or including a certain future moment. This future
moment can be indicated by an adverbial with the preposition “by” or by
another future action. As with all the perfect continuous tenses the Future
Perfect Continuous is preferred to the Future Perfect Simple when the
speaker wants to emphasize the duration of an action over a period of time
by the given future moment.
By five o’clock I’ll have been doing this crossword puzzle for two hours.
By the time he arrives in London Max will have been driving for
nearly five hours.
E. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE
This tense form is used to denote a nearfuture action which arises out of
arrangement or plan and is sure to happen. It is frequently associated with
the verbs of movement (go, come, arrive, fly, move, etc.), but other groups
of verbs are used as well.
I’m leaving tomorrow.
My dad is flying to Paris tonight.
Wednesday won’t do, I’m afraid. I’m attending a conference.
She says she’s babysitting tonight.
Note the use of the Continuous forms of the verbs “see”, “hear” in the
meaning of “meet”, “learn” in colloquial English.
I’m seeing the dentist tomorrow.
F. THE CONSTRUCTION “TO BE GOING + INFINITIVE”
This is used to denote:
1. A plan or personal intention.
Bill is going to sell his car.
What are you going to do at Christmas?
2. Predicted future events, based on concrete evidence.
Look at the clouds! Isn’t it going to rain?
He is definitely going to get better. (There are signs of recovery.)
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G. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
This tense is used to express a definite future arrangement in a more
formal language. This usage is typical of time tables, routines and
itineraries, e.g.
The train leaves at 6 a.m. tomorrow.
First we have lunch at a cafe, then we visit the Art Gallery and
afterwards we go to the Opera.
Compare the use of various tenseforms to express a future action in English.
1. I am sure you’ll have lots of fun at the party.
2. It’s Jane’s birthday in August. She will be sixteen.
3. Phew! It’s hot here. — Yes, it is. I’ll turn on the air conditioning.
4. She said she would go to college if she did well in her exams.
5. I think she’ll have heard all about it by the time I see her.
6. It’s very cloudy. I think it is going to rain.
7. Our guests arrive on the 11.50 train the day after tomorrow.
8. They are opening an exhibition here next year.
9. How long will you have been studying English by the end of the year?
Practice
Open the brackets using an appropriate Future tenseform where necessary.
1. I (take) my sun glasses in case it is sunny.
2. I don’t think I can join you because my aunt and uncle (stay) with
us this weekend.
3. You don’t work in class! I (phone) your mother about this.
4. I (watch) television from eight o’clock to midnight.
5. When you (repair) my bike, Daddy? — I (do) it tomorrow if I have
time.
6. It’s so crowded in here. I think, I (faint). — I (take) you outside for
a while.
7. I don’t know when the concert (be) over.
8. If he doesn’t come I (be) upset.
9. By the end of the summer he (teach) me to work with the computer.
10. Have a good time in Italy! — Thanks. I (send) you a postcard.
11. I think you (like) Nick when you meet him.
12. I (cook) spaghetti in case you get hungry.
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13. I feel terrible. I think I (have) to go to bed.
14. This is an excellent machine which (give) you many years of service.
15. They (move) to a new flat next week.
16. This time tomorrow I (lie) on the beach.
17. If you ask I’m sure he (offer) to help.
18. What you (do) tomorrow evening?
19. We (visit) Vienna on Tuesday, then (go) to Paris on Wednesday and
only afterwards we (spend) a few days in London.
20. Either you keep quiet or I (have) to ask you to leave.
21. We both hope that your leg (be) better in a couple of weeks and you
(be) able to come to the wedding.
22. I never thought Jack (be) so much upset.
23. I (have) another English lesson this week.
24. I (see) you at the conference.
25. The bus (leave) at eight o’clock on Monday morning.
26. We (go) to visit Estonia this summer. We’ve already received the
visas.
27. As soon as I (hear) the results I (let) you know.
28. Supposing it (snow). What we (do)?
29. Look at the sun! It (go) to be a hot day tomorrow.
30. When they (find out) about this, there (be) trouble.
31. I was sure he (be) late.
32. When the train (arrive) tomorrow night?
33. He felt that he (have) to count on himself only.
34. They told us they (go) to the States in three weeks.
35. You (work) late tomorrow night?
36. This parcel looks heavy. I (take) it to the post office for you.
37. Can you meet Jack at the station, please? He (arrive) at nine o’clock
on the train from Oxford.
38. Quick! The museum (close) in a quarter of an hour.
39. It is still raining so I think I (have) to take an umbrella.
40. They assured us that we (not/regret) if we (join) them in the disco.
41. You (have) to stay at home until you (get) rid of your bad cough.
42. According to the weather forecast snow (fall) by the end of
December.
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43. Autumn has come. The trees (lose) their leaves in a few weeks.
44. They (not/go) to the football match tomorrow, because they (work)
at that time.
45. He told me that when he (be) in Japan for five years he (write)
a book.
46. By the time you (get) back, Simon (leave).
47. Please, don’t wear outdoor shoes in the gymnasium, or you
(damage) the floor.
48. What you (say) if you (see) her?
49. The Stones (be) married for thirty years in May.
50. I have to be back at 3.30, so I (leave) before lunch.
51. By the end of the month she (work) in this company for three years.
52. Why don’t you come with us? We (go) to have a lot of fun.
53. I (take) my exams on Monday so I think I (stay) in on Saturday
night.
54. The children (be) really hungry when they (get) home because
they (run) around all afternoon without any food.
55. Why don’t you come round at 9 o’clock? The children (go) to bed
at that time so it (be) nice and peaceful.
56. I (not/go) to speak to her until she (apologize).
57. Martin asked me if I (help) him with English.
58. We (drive) over five hundred kilometres by the time we (reach) the
border.
59. You (be) sick if you (eat) more chocolate.
60. Look out! We (go) to hit the car in front.
61. Don’t phone too early because I (put) the baby to bed.
62. By the time I (qualify) I (study) law for six years.
63. He was not quite sure when his parents (come) home.
64. Bob didn’t know if the timetable for the next week (change).
65. By the time you (get) back, all the food (go).
66. You (not/be) able to enter the building if you (not/have) your identity
card.
67. The doctor told Carol that a week in the country (make) her feel
better.
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68. When I (learn) a thousand English words, I (be) able to read
a newspaper?
69. We (return) the reference material to the check out desk after we
(examine) it.
70. Tom promised that he (phone) us again at the weekend.
71. The film probably (not/finish) until midnight.
72. We were anxious if the police (find) the criminal.
73. Hopefully she (cook) dinner for us by the time we (get) home.
74. I’m sure if we don’t get there before seven they (eat and drink)
everything.
75. I hope you (not/forget) your promise by tomorrow.
76. You (see) Nick tomorrow by any chance?
77. I’m sure you (recover) by then from the shock of meeting Jason
here.
78. I (stay) up late tonight to watch a film on television.
79. By Christmas I (work) in this office for ten years.
80. A new video shop (open) today. I (meet) my friends there this
afternoon.
***
A: What you (do) tonight?
B: I (try) to finish my homework because I (go) to my cousin’s wedding
on Saturday and I (not/be) able to do it then.
A: What time the wedding (start) on Saturday?
B: The ceremony (begin) at 2 o’clock, then I (go) to the party in the
evening.
A: (be) any of your friends there?
B: Well, my cousin says I can bring a friend. You (do) anything on
Saturday night?
A: No, but I (feel) shy if I don’t know anyone.
B: Never mind. It (be) a big party and I’m sure you (have) a great
time.
A: O.K., then. Thanks very much.
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***
Dear Mum,
by the time you receive this letter I (finish) my final exams and, whether
they went well or not, I (celebrate). I (start) looking for a job at the end of
the summer because I (go) on holiday around Europe for a month, starting
next week. Sue (probably/come) with me, although she’s not sure yet. If
she does, I’m sure we (have) a great time. I (see) her this evening, as usual,
so I expect she (tell) me her decision then. Anyway, my first exam (start)
at 9 o’clock tomorrow so I (drive) down to the library to do some last
minute revision. Even though I (study) Russian for four years by the time
these exams are over, I feel I’ve still got a lot to learn about the language.
Give my love to Sam and Rover.
Yours,
Jason
***
Dear Debbie,
since you want to know what I (do) next week, I thought I (write) and let
you know. It (be) a very busy week. On Monday I (go) to York. I probably
(be) there for three days and by Wednesday I (meet) every important artist
in the town. If everything goes well, I (go) to Newcastle on Thursday
morning. There I (meet) the chairman of the Arts Council. Then on Friday
and Saturday I (visit) several small towns in the area to see what their
galleries are like. By Sunday I (travel) for days and I imagine I (be) very
tired. So it looks like I (not/come) to your party on Sunday night. Sorry! I
hope you (invite) me to the next one. Give my love to Mike.
Love,
Susan
1.1.7. MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICE ON THE USE OF VARIOUS TENSEFORMS
IN THE ACTIVE VOICE
1. Present Simple/Present Continuous
I work in a large office with about thirty other people, most of whom I
(know) quite well. We (spend) most of the day together, so we have all
become friends. In fact, most of my colleagues are so interesting, that I
(think) of writing a book about them!
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Take Helen Watson, for example. Helen (run) the accounts department.
At the moment she (go) out with Keith Ballantine, one of the sales
representatives, and they (seem) very happy together. But everyone except
Helen apparently (know) that Keith always (make) eyes at Susan Porter.
But I (happen) to know that Susan (dislike) Keith. “I can’t stand people
who (apologize) all the time!” she said to me. “And besides, I know he
(deceive) poor Helen. He (see) Betty Wills from the overseas department”.
And plenty of other interesting things (go) on. For instance, every week
money (disappear) from the petty cashbox. When you (realize) that
someone in your office is a thief, it (upset) you at first. But I also (try) to
catch whoever it is before the police are called in. I’m not going to tell you
who I (suspect). Well, not yet anyway!
2. Present Simple/Present Continuous
Dear Aunt Ruby,
I just (write) to tell you how much I (appreciate) the money you sent me,
and to tell you how I (get) on in my first term at college. I (study) very
hard but at the moment I (spend) a lot of time just making friends. I still
(stay) with my friend Jean and I (look) for somewhere of my own to live.
Only a few of the first year students (live) in college here and I (seem) to
be spending a lot of time travelling backwards and forwards. I (go) to
lectures every morning and most afternoons I (study) in the library. In fact
I (write) this letter instead of an essay on “Macbeth”. I (think) I’ll buy
some new clothes with the money you sent. Everything (cost) a lot here,
and I (save) to buy a winter coat. It (get) really cold here in the evenings.
I (know) lots of other students and generally speaking we (have) quite
a good time socially! I also (learn) to drive.
See you shortly.
Love,
Sue
3. Present Simple/Past Simple/Future Simple/Present Continuous/Present
Perfect
Dear Mr. Harrison,
James (come) back to school on Monday and my husband (ask) me to
explain the situation to you.
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James (recover) just from his gripe, but the doctor (tell) me yesterday to
keep him home for a few more days to be on the safe side. We hope he
(not/miss) anything important since the term (begin).
We would like to ask you to watch over him for a while and not to let him
take part in games or gymnastics for a week until he (be) well again.
James (be) so keen on games that he (try) to play before he (be) fit enough
unless someone (keep) an eye on him.
We (provide) him with all the clothes on the list except the red athletics
vests and the blue shorts. He already (grow) out of last year’s pair, but we
only (discover) this yesterday and the local shop (not/have) any in stock.
I (send) them by post as soon as I (buy) some.
We (be) very happy that James (take) to boarding school life so well last year
and we trust he (continue) to be happy this year. We both (be) very grateful to
you for being so helpful last year and look forward to having another talk with
you when we (come) to the parent teacher meeting next month.
Yours sincerely,
K. Williams
4. Present Simple/Past Simple/Future Simple/Present Continuous/
Present Perfect
Dear Ashton,
I’m sorry I (not/write) to you for so long, but I (be) very busy lately. All
last month I (have) exams and (have) to study very hard.
Anyway I (stop) studying now, and I (wait) for my exam results. As you
see from my letter, my address (change) and I (live) in Leeds now.
My family (move) here three months ago. I hope when you (come) to
Britain in the summer, you (visit) me. I (be) at home till the middle of
August. Then I (go) on holiday to Scotland. Hope to hear from you shortly.
Love,
Sarah
5. Present Simple/Past Simple/Present Perfect/Present Perfect Continuous
My wife and I (live) in our present house in the country for five years. We
(move) here after our second child (be) born. We (live) in town for ten
years, and then (decide) that as soon as we could afford it we (move) away
from the smoke and the noise of the city centre, which we finally (do) in
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1985. We never (regret) it. We (be) reminded of the wisdom of our decision
every morning when we (draw) the curtains to see open fields stretching
before us. When the children (have) breakfast they (rush) outside to play
which they (do) whatever the weather.
6. Present Simple/Future Simple/Present Continuous/Present Perfect
Actually we (think) of moving. My wife (accept) a new job which she
(start) next month. As soon as she (start) she (have) a journey of fifteen
miles there and back and I (not/ think) that she (realize) just how tiring
this business (be). I already (decide) that I (get) in touch with some estate
agents. I (not/feel) happy until we (find) a house closer to my wife’s job.
I wonder what the children (say) when they (hear) that we (move).
7. Present Simple/Past Simple/Future Simple/Present Continuous/Present Perfect/
Present Perfect Continuous
Dear Ann,
I (receive) your letter about two weeks ago and (try) to find time to write you
back ever since. I (be) very busy lately. For the past two weeks I (have) four
tests, and I (have) another test next week. In addition, a friend (stay) with
me since last Thursday. She (be) fond of sightseeing, so we (spend) a lot of
time visiting some of the interesting places here. Between showing her the
city and studying for my exams, I barely (have) enough time to breathe.
Right now it (be) 3 a.m. and I (sit) here for five hours doing my studying.
My friend’s plane (leave) at 6.05, so I (decide) not to go to bed. That’s why
I (write) to you at such an early hour in the day. I (get) a little sleepy, but
I would rather stay up. I (take) a nap after I (get) back from taking her to
the airport.
How you (get) along? How your classes (go)? Please, write soon.
Love,
Mary
8. Present Simple/Past Simple/Present Continuous/Past Continuous/Present
Perfect/Present Perfect Continuous
You (hear) the latest news? Jane (get) married soon! When I first (hear)
about it, two days ago, I (ring) her up to congratulate her. “We (think)
about it for a long time”, she said, “but we only (make) up our minds
recently. We (quarrel) so many times since we first (start) to go out together,
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but we always (make) it up. You (remember) that Mark (go) to the USA
two years ago? And all the time he (work) there, I (go) out with someone
else but I (know) Mark (be) the person I really (love). Since he (come)
back we (not/quarrel), so we (think) we’ll be happy. He (live) quite near
me now, so we (see) more of each other. And frankly speaking we (grow)
more tolerant of each other’s faults lately. We (not/have) an argument
since the day before yesterday!”
9. Present Simple/Past Simple/Present Continuous/Past Continuous/
Present Perfect/Present Perfect Continuous
— What you (do) with yourself lately? I (not/see) you for over a month.
— I (be) to Stockholm since I last (see) you.
— Really? How long you (be) there and what you (do)?
— Nearly three weeks. I (do) some research at the Royal Library. I think
I already (tell) you that I (work) on a book about Scandinavia.
— Yes. How it (go)?
— Not so bad. I (hope) to have it in the hands of the publisher by the end
of the year.
10. Present Simple/Past Simple/Present Continuous/Past Continuous/Present
Perfect/Present Perfect Continuous
Yes, I’m at Georgina’s house this evening. What I (do) here? I (babysit).
She and her husband (go) to a party. Four — four children. They (be)
usually rather wild. I (babysit) here once when they all (start) screaming.
But they (be) very good at the moment. I can see the youngest now in the
room next door. She (eat) a huge box of chocolates that Georgina (give)
me before she (leave). The others (find) a tin of paint and happily (paint)
the walls of the kitchen. They (assure) me that they (do) this before and
that their mother and father (have) no objection then. I only (hope) that
they (tell) me the truth. One of them (get) himself in a bit of a mess. I (try)
to clean him up with paint remover, but so far without much success.
11. Present Simple/Past Simple/Present Continuous/Past Continuous/Present
Perfect/Past Perfect/Past Perfect Continuous
Brenda Pearl (join) our firm ten years ago. She (work) for the previous five
years with an advertising company and (acquire) much useful experience.
For the first eight years with us she (work) in the Sales Department and
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(work) there when I (become) Managing Director. Since then she (work)
as my personal assistant and (prove) herself to be outstandingly capable
on many occasions. She (work) on the top floor, in an office next to mine,
but at the moment she (work) in London on a special assignment.
12. Past Simple/Past Continuous/Past Perfect
Last week I (have) a funny experience. I (be) on my own in the house
because my husband (go away) on a business trip. The first evening
I (feel) rather tired as I (spend) the day shopping and cleaning. After
supper I (watch) television for a while and then (decide) to go to bed
early. I just (go) to lie down when I (hear) the sounds of men’s voices,
talking quietly. I (be) terrified. I (get) out of bed, and (creep) downstairs.
The voices (come) from the sitting room. I (tremble) all over. I slightly
(open) the door and then (laugh) with relief. In my tiredness I (forget) to
turn off the television…
13. Past Simple/Past Continuous/Past Perfect/Present Simple/Future Simple
The Australian Salute
Before I (visit) Australia, an Australian friend in London (tell) me that
I (learn) the Australian salute there. “What’s that?” I (ask). “You (find out)
when you (get) there”, he (say). I (arrive) in Sydney 2 weeks after my talk
with the friend and (stay) at a nice hotel near a beautiful beach. I never
(visit) Australia before and I (enjoy) my stay immensely. I (swim) every day
and (lie) in the sun. One day an Australian friend (suggest) a tour into “the
bush”*. I (agree) at once. The first thing I (notice) when we (be) in the bush
(be) the flies. After a while I (remember) the conversation I (have) in London
before I (come) there. “What’s the Australian salute?” I (ask) suddenly, as
I (wave) my right arm to keep the flies away. “That’s it!” my friend (say), as
he (wave) back!
14. Past Simple/Past Continuous/Past Perfect/Past Perfect Continuous
I (go) to London for the first time in 1990 when I (be) just a child. My
parents (be) already there many times so they (know) the city well. But
they never (be) there with a child, so they saw a different side of London
* the bush — большие пространства некультивированной земли в Австралии, по
крытые кустарниками.
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with me. We (go) out every day and (have) a fantastic time. My parents
(study) English for many years so they (have) no difficulty with the
language. It (rain) while we (be) there but we (pack) all our waterproof
clothes so it (be) no problem. When the time (come) to leave, I (feel) quite
sad because I (have) such a good time.
15. Past Simple/Past Continuous/Past Perfect
This time last year I (cycle) in the rain along a country road in France
with a friend of mine. We (decide) to go on a cycling holiday in Normandy.
Neither of us (be) to France before, but we (know) some French from our
time at school and we (manage) to brush up on the basics. Now we (won
der) if we (make) the right decision. We (plan) our route carefully in
advance, but we (forget) one important thing, the weather. It (rain) solidly
since our arrival and that night we (end up) sleeping in the waiting room
at a railway station. Then the next morning as we (ride) down a steep hill
my bike (skid) on the wet road and I (fall off). I (realize) immediately that
I (break) my arm, and after a visit to the local hospital I (catch) the next
train to Calais for the ferry home. Unfortunately my parents (not/expect)
me home for a fortnight, and (go) away on holiday. So I (spend) a miserable
couple of weeks alone, reading “Teach Yourself French”.
16. Present Simple/Past Simple/Future Simple/Present Perfect/Past Perfect/Past
Perfect Continuous
Yesterday I (receive) a phone call from an old friend who I (not/hear) from for
months. I (ask) him what he (do) lately, and he told me that he (spend) the
past three months sailing around the world on an old fashioned sailing ship.
I always (love) everything to do with the sea, so I was very excited to hear that
he (manage) to do something so thrilling. I (ask) him if we (can) get together
soon and (make) him promise that he (bring) all the photos he (take). When
he (come) next week, I’ll expect him to tell me exactly what the trip (be) like.
17. Past Simple/Present Continuous/Present Perfect/Past Perfect/Past Perfect
Continuous
Yesterday evening Sally (miss) the last bus home because she (work) late at
the office, so she (decide) to get a taxi. She (get) into the first one that
(come) along, but immediately (regret) that she (do) so, because the driver
(seem) a bit crazy. After he (go) through the third red light at top speed
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Sally said, “You (drive) a bit too fast. Please slow down. I (be) in two car
accidents already in my life”. “That’s nothing”, (reply) the driver. “I (be)
in over a hundred!”
18. Present Simple/Past Simple/Past Continuous/Past Perfect/Past Perfect
Continuous
I (walk) down the street the other day when I (bump) into an old friend of mine.
We (be) friends at university but we (lose) touch. We (talk) for a few minutes
and he (tell) me that he (work) with computers for the past two years. I (can)
hardly believe it; he (do) a drama degree at university and (act) in several
films when he was younger. It (be) funny how things (turn out) sometimes.
1.2. THE PASSIVE VOICE
1.2.1. VERB TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE
For study
FORMATION
The Passive voice is formed with the help of the auxiliary be in the
appropriate tense form and the Past Participle of the main verb (see Table 19).
Table 19
Tense
Present Simple
Past Simple
Future Simple
Present Cont.
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
Structure
am/are/is +
Past Participle
was/were +
Past Participle
shall/will be +
Past Participle
am/are/is being +
Past Participle
was/were being +
Past Participle
have/has been +
Past Participle
had been +
Past Participle
will have been +
Past Participle
Example
English is spoken here.
His leg was hurt in an
accident.
The matter will be
discussed tomorrow.
She is being interviewed
now.
I felt I was being watched.
My brother has never
been beaten in tennis.
The bridge had been built
by winter time.
Everything will have been
done by Tuesday.
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Note 1: Future Continuous Passive (will be being + Past Participle) and
Perfect Continuous Passive (have been being + Past Participle, etc.) are
unusual and are not normally used.
Note 2: Passive Infinitives are used with “to” or without “to” in the same
way as Active Infinitives, e.g.
The pupils must be warned about the change in the timetable. The
letter doesn’t have to be sent tomorrow.
USAGE
The use of the verbtenses in the passive voice is determined by the same
principles as in the active voice. Yet a passive construction is not merely
a transformation of an active one. It shows that the subject of the sentence
is not the doer of the action but the receiver of it. Due to the difference in
meaning the passive voice is mainly used when it is necessary to shift the
focus from the doer of the action to the action itself, which is generally
typical of more formal speech.
Customers are requested to ask for a receipt.
When were you told about the new rules?
The floor is filthy. It must be scrubbed.
Practice
Open the brackets using the appropriate passive forms.
1. The Tower of London formerly (use) as a prison.
2. Progress (make) every day in the world of science.
3. He saw that the table (push) into the corner.
4. Empty bottles must (throw) away, the sooner the better.
5. Photographs (take) after the ceremony.
6. I never (speak) to like that before.
7. Ann (show) how to bath a baby by her elder sister.
8. A big battle (fight) here 200 years ago.
9. These books must not (take) away from the reading room.
10. Milk (use) for making butter and cheese.
11. In some countries women still (deny) the right to vote.
12. My uncle recently (make) a captain.
13. She fell into the water because she (push).
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14. We (suppose) to take your remark seriously?
15. They say she (interview) for the job tomorrow.
16. The newspaper (deliver) before I got up this morning.
17. Milk can (buy) at the shop on the corner.
18. We (tell) there would be a private bathroom for every room.
19. Next week we (tell) who will be in charge of the department.
20. I phoned the police when I found out that my passport (steal).
21. A new plug for the television must (buy).
22. Smoking (not/allow) in this part of the building.
23. I (tell) that fifty people (invite) to the reception.
24. The National Gallery (restore) at the moment.
25. During the Gulf War many oil wells in Kuwait (damage).
26. He (arrest) by a security guide, who later admitted he had made
a mistake.
27. When I entered the room Richard still (examine).
28. I wonder who else is going (invite).
29. Oranges usually (treat) with wax and then (store) in large boxes.
30. We can’t take the car yet: it still (repair).
31. The windows are really dirty: they (not/clean) for years.
32. Do you need (wake) up in the morning?
33. The local cinema (close) down three years ago.
34. Very few typewriters (sell) these days.
35. It (estimate) that after it (open) the bridge (use) by four million
people to cross the river each year.
36. Simon says he regrets giving up studying French at school, as now
he (offer) a job in France.
37. Sarah felt unhappy that she (not/pick) for the basketball team.
38. Trafalgar Square looks much better now that some of the buildings
(clean).
39. The cat nearly (run) over but luckily the driver stopped just in time.
40. Suzy recently (choose) to represent her school at the national youth
festival.
41. The principle of free medical care for everyone (establish) in Britain
in 1948.
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42. Chris was informed that he (select) to go on an expedition through
the jungle.
43. When the film “Titanic” came out it (praise) highly by critics.
44. Nowadays ordinary letters (replace) gradually by email.
45. Although the puppy (sweep) out to sea by the huge waves it managed
to swim back.
46. The police suspected that the jewels (hide) in the van.
47. I recently (ask) to give a talk about how to prepare students for
examinations.
48. Customers (request) to leave their bags at the desk when trying on
footwear.
49. Her brother is in hospital now. He (treat) for a stomach ulcer.
50. I just (tell) you wished to see me.
1.2.2. MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICE ON THE USE OF VARIOUS TENSEFORMS
IN THE ACTIVE/PASSIVE VOICE
1. Bernard and Francis Bashet (be) brothers. They (live) in Paris and
(work) with new sounds and shapes for making music. But they always
(not/do) this, though; for a long time Bernard (manage) a factory and
Francis (run) a business in Argentina. Then about 30 years ago they (take)
their savings and (begin) the work they (do) now. First they (learn) about
how classical musical instruments (make). And since that time they
(begin) inventing their own musical instruments. Now their lives (be) quite
varied. They still (invent) new instruments; but Bernard recently (start)
working with children as well. He (help) them to discover music without
having to read written notes. He and Francis sometimes (travel) too giving
concerts on their instruments or setting up exhibitions. Bernard’s main
complaint? The telephone. “When an artist (work)”, he said, “and he (have)
to run to the telephone, something (break) inside. I (agree) with the sculptor
who once (say) that freedom for an artist (mean) having a secretary”.
2. It (rain) when we (arrive) at the coast but by midday the rain (stop). We
(think) the rain (last) all day and we (be) very glad it (not/do) because we
(want) to go for a swim. We (find) a cafe where we (offer) a nice meal. By
the time we (finish) lunch the sun (come) out and the temperature (rise) to
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30 degrees. We all (run) down to the beach and after we (change) into our
swimming things we (dive) in the sea.
3. I remember going on holiday abroad for the first time. I just (leave)
school. I (study) very hard for my final exams. And I (feel) that I (need)
a holiday. A friend of mine (want) to come as well so we (look) at some
brochures from the travel agent’s. We (read) for about an hour when my
friend (find) the perfect holiday — two weeks in Hawaii. We (be) very
excited about it. Finally the day of our holiday (arrive). We just (leave) the
house when the phone (ring). I (run) back into the house, but the phone
(stop) by the time I (reach) it. When we (arrive) at the airport we (learn)
that our flight (delay) for six hours. We (get) up very early and rushed to
the airport, all for nothing.
4. As soon as little Michelle (take) to hospital her ankle (Xray) and the
X ray plates (give) to the doctor. He (examine) her ankle thoroughly and
(decide) that it (have) to be put in plaster at once. Although her ankle (be)
painful, she (not/cry) and everybody (say) how brave the girl (be). Now
Michelle’s ankle gradually (get) better and the doctor just (tell) her mother
that he (be) able to take off the plaster next Monday. Then she (send)
home if everything (be) all right.
5. One morning last week I (realize) that my bike (steal) from my garden.
I (phone) the police and two officers (come) to my house the next day.
I (ask) if I (see) or (hear) anything. I (tell) them I (be) out that evening,
and (not/notice) anything suspicious when I (return) home.
Before the policemen (leave) they (tell) me that I (inform) as soon as the
bike (find). However, there (be) a happy ending to this story. In the evening
I (phone) by a friend of mine. “By the way,” she (say), “if you (need) your
bike, I (bring) it back this afternoon. I (borrow) it a couple of days ago”.
6. Dear Mum and Dad,
Just a quick note as I (be) in a tearing hurry. Guess what — I just (interview)
by a journalist who (ask) me lots of questions about how I (get) on here in
America. There (go) to be an article about me in the local paper. Fame at
last! I (send) you a copy as soon as it (come) out. Anyway, the journalist
(wonder) if I (enjoy) my stay and how long I (be) in the States. He also
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(ask) me a rather embarrassing question: ”You (like) American food?”
You know I can’t stand it! He also (want) to know why I (come) to the
States and what I (remember) most and best about the country when
I (come) back home. I (find) those questions difficult to answer as I only
(be) here two weeks. Don’t forget to show the article to everyone!
Love,
Andrej
7. With about 200.000 words in current usage, English (regard) as the
richest of the world’s languages. Few other languages can match this word
power. English (owe) its exceptionally large vocabulary to its ability to
borrow and absorb words from outside. Atomic, jeans, khaki and sputnik
(be) just a few of the many words that (come) into use quite recently. They
(take) or (adopt) from Italian, Hindi, Greek and Russian.
This process of borrowing words from other languages (go) on for more
than 1000 years. When the Normans (cross) over from France to conquer
England in 1066, most of the English people (speak) Old English, or Anglo
Saxon — a language about 30.000 words. The Normans (speak) a language
that (be) a mixture of Latin and French. The Normans (give) us “mansion,
city, place”, the Anglo Saxons — “king and town”. Latin and Greek (be)
a fruitful source of vocabulary since the 16th century. The Latin words
mini, maxi and the Greek word micro (become) popular adjectives to describe
everything from bikes to fashions.
8. It (be) last May while we (take) our annual holiday in Brighton that
our house (break) into. All our TV and video equipment (steal), but the
worst thing of all (be) that the final draft of my husband’s latest novel
(tear) into pieces. Of course you (hear) about people who (have) their
properties vandalized and whose priceless possessions (take), but it (be)
a terrible shock, when it (happen) to you, when you know that your home
(invade) and that your most intimate belongings (examine) by strangers.
9. Case notes of a nurse
Ward Sister Sarah Browne is responsible for the welfare of 28 patients on
two wards at the London hospital where she (work) for the last 6 years.
She (direct) a staff of 12 working in three shifts. There are also as many as
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15 student nurses who (assign) to the ward at any one time. It (calculate),
she says, that 200 people — doctors, nurses, visitors, students — (move)
through her general and acute medical ward in a day. Sister Browne, who
is 39, (qualify) as a nurse 20 years ago. She (work) as a clinical teacher
and (do) research into psychotherapy for former smokers. Her working
week easily (exceed) the 37 hours she is supposed to work.
08.45
09.38
11.33
12.18
15.01
15.55
The morning report (just/end) and Sister Browne (listen) as a
qualified nurse (explain) the insulin injection she is about to
give to a diabetic patient.
Sister Browne (chat) by the bedside of an 85 year old woman
who (wait) for a place in a home for two and a half years.
Sister Browne (just/interrupt) by a telephone call. Whatever
she (do), she finds herself being summoned to deal with
queries and occasional emergencies. Whenever she (enter)
a room, she (switch) on a light by the door to show staff and
patients that she (arrive). All the nurses (wear) flat white shoes
which are essential to lessen the strain of being on their feet
virtually all day. The floors are hard but Sister Browne says
she (get used) to them and hardly (notice) her aching feet any
more.
Sister Browne (have) a kind word with an elderly patient who
(recently/admit) and is very concerned about her dog and four
cats. Pets are a particular problem for elderly patients who
(live) alone for some time.
Sister Browne (joke) with a patient who is about to (take) to
another part of the hospital for an X ray. The ward (specialize)
in chest diseases and Sister Browne (ban) smoking.
Now that her shift nearly (finish) Sister Browne (snatch)
a moment’s rest before driving home. She will be up again at
six tomorrow to do the same shift.
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1.3. MODAL VERBS
1.3.1. CAN, COULD, BE ABLE
For study
z
Can combines the ideas of possibility and ability. Be able is possible
instead of can, but can is more usual. Can has only two forms: can
(present) and could (past). So to be able to is sometimes used to replace
the missing tense forms.
z
With reference to the past could is used to say that someone had the
general ability to do something.
He could speak three foreign languages.
z
When it is necessary to emphasize that someone managed to do
something in one particular situation, was/were able to is used.
z
The negative couldn’t is possible in all situations.
The fire spread quickly but everyone was able to escape.
She can (is able to) speak two foreign languages. (mental ability,
capability)
They spoke in low voices and she couldn’t hear what they were
talking about. (physical ability)
You can buy paper and pencils at the stationer’s. (possibility)
I can’t wait any longer. My class starts in 5 minutes. (absence of
possibility)
I could swim when I was 5.
David wasn’t able to play in the match yesterday. He had hurt his
leg.
If you take a taxi you will be able to catch the train.
Practice
Insert can (can’t), could (couldn’t) or the appropriate form of to be able to.
1. I … play tennis in my youth, but I … play it any more.
2. You … buy powder and lipstick at the perfumer’s.
3. If she has enough money, she … go to the seaside.
4. I am afraid I … settle this problem till Friday.
5. The vase was so beautiful that I … help buying it.
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6. My grandmother liked music. She … play the piano very well.
7. The noise was deafening. I … hear anything.
8. The tennis match wasn’t easy but I … win it.
9. He didn’t want to come but in the end we … persuade him.
10. I work hard at French. I hope I … speak French fluently in a couple
of months.
11. No wonder Jack … get to college. He is so hardworking.
12. Mrs. Lawrence has to wear glasses. She … see very well.
13. Paul felt much better on Sunday, and so he … play in the match.
14. It was dark. We … see a thing.
15. They were whispering so I … hear what they were saying very clearly.
16. I … buy that book because I didn’t bring any money with me.
17. I’m sorry, but I won’t … come to the party on Saturday.
18. I … finish all the work you wanted me to do yesterday.
19. The manager wasn’t in the office for very long, but we … speak to
him for a few minutes.
20. On entering the house I … smell something burning in the kitchen.
21. I am usually very good at tennis, but yesterday I… beat my brother.
22. When we lived on the coast, we … swim in the sea every day.
23. If you don’t tell me what your problem is, I … help you.
24. I got home early last night, so I … watch my favourite programme
on TV.
25. I … eat anything when I was younger, but now I have to be more
careful.
26. Fortunately he … convince the police that he was innocent.
27. Smoking … lead to serious illnesses.
28. If I pass my exam I … study a secretarial course next term.
1.3.2. CAN, COULD, MAY, WOULD
For study
z
May, like can, denotes possibility.
You may find his number in the telephone book.
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z
z
z
May, can and could are used to express a request or to ask for permission.
In the latter meaning can is used informally, especially if the speaker is
talking to someone she/he knows fairly well. It is usually not considered
as polite as may or could, which are equally polite.
Can (could) you do me a favour? (request)
Can (could) you tell me the way to the nearest postoffice? (request)
Can (could, may) I use your phone? (asking for permission)
Can (could, may) I borrow your dictionary? (asking for permission)
May I keep the dictionary till Monday? No, you may not. (negative
reply to a request for permission with may)
Would (you) is used to express a polite request. The difference between
Would (you) and Could (you) in this meaning is slight. Compare, e.g.
Would/could you pass me the salt, please?
Would also expresses an offer.
Would you like to join us?
Would you like me to give you a lift?
Would you like a cup of coffee?
Practice
1. Turn the instructions into polite requests.
1. Give me your full name.
2. I can’t hear you very well. Speak up.
3. Give me a little more time.
4. Tell me when you are ready.
5. Do the shopping on your way home.
6. Tell them that I called.
7. Give me some advice about buying a computer.
8. Wait here for just a minute.
9. Finish the work by yourself.
2. Complete the situation asking people to do something, asking for permission
to do something or offering something.
1. The person in the next room has some music on very loud. How
do you ask him politely to turn it down? (… ?)
2. You are at a friend’s. You want to make a phone call. (… ?)
3. You need a clean sheet of paper. The student sitting next to you has
got one. (… ?)
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4. Your neighbour is going out for a walk. You want to ask her to post
a letter. (… ?)
5. A friend of yours has dropped in for a chat. You offer her some tea
or coffee. (… ?)
6. You are carrying a tray. Ask someone to open the door for you.
(… ?)
7. Your teacher has just explained a new grammar rule. You want to
ask her a question. (… ?)
8. A friend from another city phones to tell you she will be coming to
your town for two weeks next month. You want her to stay with
you. (… ?)
1.3.3. MUST, HAVE TO, TO BE TO
For study
z Must and have to both express necessity or obligation. Must is usually
stronger than have to and can indicate urgency. On the other hand,
must is used to express necessity from the speaker’s point of view, while
have to expresses necessity imposed by circumstances and is rendered
into Russian as приходится, вынужден.Remember that questions and
negative sentences with the modal verb ‘have’ are formed with the help
of the auxiliary ‘do’.
I must write to Ann. I haven’t written to her for ages.
Ann’s eyes are not very good. She has to wear glasses.
Do you ever have to work overtime?
In negative sentences to have to denotes absence of necessity.
It was my day off so I didn’t have to get up early.
z
To be to is used to express obligation resulting from an arrangement.
We are to discuss it next week.
You work too much. You must have a rest.
I had to take a taxi to be in time for the appointment.
I didn’t have to walk. A friend of mine gave me a lift.
Did you have to change trains?
You don’t have to stay late. The work isn’t urgent.
We are to sign the contract on Tuesday.
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Practice
Complete the sentences with the modal verbs must, have to or to be to in the
correct form.
1. We … leave yet. We’ve got plenty of time.
2. She seems to be in trouble. We … help her.
3. Our luggage is very heavy. We … take a porter.
4. When you come to London again, you … come and see us.
5. The child hasn’t recovered yet. He … stay in bed for another day.
6. They have a lot of work at the office so she … work on Saturdays.
7. You … tell it to anyone. It’s a secret.
8. He is very rich so he … earn his living.
9. Come on. We … be late.
10. These old houses … be pulled down in a few months.
11. The conference … open in a few days.
12. You really … make less noise. I’m trying to concentrate.
13. My brother is a milkman. He … get up very early.
14. The doctor says you … take these tablets three times a day.
15. Mother is away so we … look after ourselves.
16. The car broke down, so we … walk.
17. Soldiers … disobey a superior officer.
18. How often you … buy petrol for the car?
19. I … speak Italian very much since I came to Rome. Everyone keeps
talking to me in English.
20. Your temperature is a little high. You … stay in bed for the next few
days.
21. When a fire broke everyone … leave the building.
22. At present there is disagreement over how children … be taught to be
polite.
23. They … announce the winners on April 12th. It’s scheduled.
24. “I simply … have a holiday”, said Jean. “I haven’t had one for three
years”.
25. I’m getting fat. I really … try to lose some weight, like the doctor said.
26. You … turn off the electricity before you mend the socket.
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1.3.4. MUSTN’T (MUST NOT) AND NEEDN’T (NEED NOT)
For study
z
Mustn’t (must not) is used to express prohibition and is translated into
Russian as нельзя.
The baby is asleep. You mustn’t shout. (Do not do this!)
z
Needn’t (need not) + the infinitive without to is used to express lack of
necessity.
You needn’t say anything if you don’t want to.
I can hear you quite well. You needn’t shout.
z
Note that needn’t (not mustn’t) is used in a negative answer to a question
with must. Compare, e.g.
Must I return the books today? — Yes, you must.
Must I return the books today? — No, you needn’t. You can do it
tomorrow.
z
Note also that the verb need can be used as a notional verb, i.e. with an
infinitive with to following it, and the auxiliary do/does in interrogative
and negative sentences.
He has left the army and doesn’t need to wear a uniform any more.
Do we need to take a bus to get to the bank?
Practice
Complete the sentences with the modal verbs must and need in the correct
form.
1. I’ve bought everything, so you … go shopping.
2. She has recovered and … stay in bed.
3. Tom gave me a letter to post. I … forget to post it.
4. Shall I turn on the light? — No, you … . It’s still light in the room.
5. The work isn’t urgent. You … do it today.
6. Must he speak to the manager? — No, he … . The matter isn’t very
urgent.
7. The meeting is very important. We … be late.
8. You … take an umbrella. It isn’t going to rain.
9. Look after the books, please. You … lose them.
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10. I … forget my keys or I won’t get in.
11. You … bring sandwiches. We can stop at a cafe.
12. You … wear your best clothes. You can wear what you like.
13. You … make any noise going into the house. It’s very late and
everybody’s asleep.
14. My room is a mess, but I … clean it before I go out tonight. I can do
it in the morning.
15. Bill is in the darkroom developing the negatives of the photos he took
on his last trip to Peru. You … open the door because the light will
ruin the pictures.
16. You … exert yourself. You’re still not fully recovered from your surgery.
17. Thank goodness we … eat fish again tonight. Dad didn’t catch any
today.
18. He has retired. He … work any more.
19. We … check the figures again. I think they are right.
20. In this school pupils … smoke. They … wear school uniform, but they
… wear dirty clothes.
21. You … take a jacket. It’s rather warm.
22. Sally and Dave … attend the meeting, but the sales staff… miss it, as
several matters concern them.
1.3.5. MUST AND MAY
For study
Must is used to express a strong degree of certainty about a situation. May
expresses uncertainty and doubt.
You’ve been travelling all day. You must be tired. (I am sure that
you are tired.)
Ann isn’t at home. She may be at the office. (Perhaps she is at her
office.)
Practice
Complete the situations with must or may.
1. Do you know if David is at home? — He … be in his office but I am
not sure.
2. Are they British? — Yes, they … be British.
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3. That dress you bought yesterday is very good quality. It … be very
expensive.
4. Where’s Ann? — I don’t know. She … be at the library. She sometimes
goes there after classes.
5. He’s got a few cars, a yacht and a helicopter. He … be very rich.
6. Do you know if Ann likes ice cream? — She … but I am not sure.
7. Dave isn’t answering the phone. He … be out.
8. I had my keys a moment ago. They … be here somewhere.
9. Is that a famous person over there in the middle of that crowd? — Yes,
it … be. Everyone’s trying to get her autograph.
10. Have you heard anything from Edd? Is he still in Africa? — He … be,
or he … be already on his way home. I’m just not sure.
11. I hear Laura has been offered a job at a top computer firm. — That’s
wonderful. She … be very pleased.
12. Is that volcano dormant or active? — Active. According to experts, it
… erupt again in the very near future.
13. We ought to call before we drop in on Peter and Mary. They … be
busy.
14. I hear Joe has received a scholarship and will be able to attend the
university. — Wonderful. He … be very happy to have the matter finally
settled.
15. Isn’t Margaret’s daughter over 16? — She … be. I saw her driving
a car, and you have to be at least 16 to get a driver’s licence.
16. It can’t be true. It … be a lie.
17. This dog … belong to Harry. It’s got his address on its collar.
18. Where is Paula? — She … be in the garden. I remember father asking
her to help him.
1.3.6. SHOULD AND OUGHT
For study
Should and ought to are very similar in meaning. They are both used to
talk about obligation and duty, to give advice, and to say what we think it
is right for people to do.
You ought to/should read this story. It’s great fun.
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There is sometimes a small difference. Should or ought are used when
talking about one’s own feelings, but ought is preferable when talking about
“outside” rules, laws, moral duties, etc.
John ought to visit his parents more often.
You should think over this offer once more before rejecting it.
You’ve been coughing a lot recently. You shouldn’t smoke so
much.
I think Tom should accept the job offer.
I don’t think you should work so hard.
They ought to ban smoking in public places.
I ought to do more exercise. My doctor says I’m very unfit.
Practice
Complete the situations giving your opinion about something or advising people
to do or not to do something.
1. Your friend has a bad toothache. Advise him to go to the dentist. (… .)
2. Tell someone it’s best they don’t decide in a hurry. (… .)
3. Your sister is complaining of a headache. Advise her to go for a walk.
(… .)
4. A friend of yours thinks she’s overweight. Advise her to take regular
exercise. (… .)
5. Tell your brother it’s best he doesn’t spend all his wages as soon as he
gets them. (… .)
6. Your sister has spent a weekend at her friend’s country house. You
think it’s the right thing for her to write a letter of thanks. (… .)
7. A friend of yours says she’s sorry for being rude to her parents. You
think it’s best she apologizes to them. (… .)
1.3.7. MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICE
Complete the sentences using the correct form of modal verbs.
1. Don’t you know cigarettes are bad for you? You … smoke.
2. You … type the letter today. It’s very urgent. But the report isn’t so
important. You … type the report today.
3. I … stay late at the office tomorrow. We’re very busy at the moment.
4. Each passenger … take one bag onto the plane.
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5. … I borrow your ladder, please? — I’m sorry, I’m using it at the
moment.
6. I learned to swim very early in my life. I … swim when I was three.
7. I … come and see you tomorrow. I’ll be at work.
8. … you like to visit the museum?
9. You worry too much. You … take everything so seriously.
10. When I was young, I… work long hours. But children today … work
hard.
11. We … get up early, but we can if we want.
12. You … wear your best clothes. You’ll get them dirty.
13. Have you done this puzzle? — Yes, and I’ve got the same answer as
you. It … be correct.
14. I’m going to do a parachute jump next week. — But you’re seventy
three years old! You … be mad.
15. The fence fell down in the storm. Luckily I … repair it myself.
16. … you mind passing the sandwiches along, please? Thanks.
17. If you take your camera with you, you … take some photos.
18. … we have our room key, please? — Certainly, sir.
19. We … invite Majorie. She’s a wonderful company.
20. We … invite the Bells. They invited us last time.
21. The hot weather doesn’t seem to bother you! — When I had my farm,
I … work in the hot fields for hours.
22. I need some help with this table. … you lift the other end, please?
23. Why are you so late? — I … take my aunt to the airport. The traffic
was terrible!
24. I hear a dog barking. It … be Rover, my neighbour’s dog.
25. Do you hear that squeak? What is it? — I don’t know. It … be a mouse.
Isn’t that what a mouse sounds like?
26. She often travels to Spain. Luckily, she speaks Spanish, so she … rely
on an interpreter when she’s there.
27. You … give your tropical fish too much food or they’ll die.
28. … you mind taking me down town on your way to work this morning?
29. If you want to make some new friends you … join some clubs so you
can meet people who have similar interests.
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30. You … finish your work on this project before you go on vacation.
You’ll probably lose your job if you don’t.
31. My car is in a terrible condition. I … get a new one before the police
stop me.
32. He … be at his cottage in the country, because I remember him
asking me if I wanted to go with him.
33. You … go into details unless people ask questions. But remember you
… give anyone the idea that their job is at risk.
34. People … treat animals in a better way but they don’t always do so.
35. I think children … be allowed to watch violent cartoons.
36. If you want to stay alert, you … avoid large meals.
1.4. CONDITIONALS
For study
z
Complex sentences with a subordinate clause of condition are divided
into two broad groups — sentences of real condition (Conditionals
Type I) and sentences of unreal condition (Conditionals Types II and III).
z
In Type I Conditionals the verbs in the principal and the subordinate
clauses are both in the Indicative Mood and the situation is regarded
as real and likely to happen in the present or future, if the given
condition is fulfilled.
If you wait for a minute, I’ll wrap the parcel for you.
If he doesn’t get a promotion, he’ll resign.
In conditional sentences of Type II an unreal condition refers to the
present or future. The verb predicate in the subordinate clause in such
cases is in Subjunctive II Present (which coincides in its form with the
Past Simple), and the verb predicate in the principal clause is in the
Conditional Mood Present (should/would + Indefinite Infinitive). The
situation in this case is regarded as unreal, imaginary or unlikely to
happen. Yet, there is, at least in theory, a possibility of the desired action
to be realized. Such sentences are typically used to give advice, to make
a polite request or to express desires or intentions.
z
I’d be* grateful to you, if you did me a favour.
* Would is replaced by its contracted form.
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If I didn’t have to do this urgent work, we’d spend more time
together.
If I were* you, I’d accept the offer.
z
In conditional sentences of Type III an unreal condition refers to the
past. The situation in Type III Conditionals is regarded as unreal “for
ever” and denotes unfulfilled plans, regrets and wishes which are
impossible to realize.
The verb predicate in the subordinate clause of Type III Conditionals is
in Subjunctive II Past (which coincides in form with the Past Perfect) and
the verb predicate of the principal clause is in the Conditional Mood
Past.
If I hadn’t been held up in the traffic jam, I would have arrived on
time.
If you had warned me to take proper measures, I wouldn’t have
got into trouble.
z
Note that all the above patterns can also be used with continuous
forms.
If the weather were/was warmer, I’d be feeling better.
If you had been listening, you’d have heard what I said.
In the principal clause of unreal conditional sentences (Type II and Type
III) should/would may be replaced by the subjunctive form of the modal
verbs can/may — could/might — to express unreal possibility.
If you hadn’t helped me, I might/could not have succeeded.
z
There are also conditional sentences of a Mixed Type in which the
condition refers to the present/future and the consequence – to the
past, or vice versa.
If you were more diligent, you’d have achieved better results at the
last exam.
If Fleming hadn’t discovered penicillin, there would be more fatal
cases every year.
* The verb to be in Subjunctive II Present has two forms were and was; was is
generally used in informal language, though for many native speakers were sounds
more correct.
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Practice
1. Choose the correct variant.
1. If Jane … so clever, she … an intelligent solution to her family
problem..
1) hadn’t been; wouldn’t find
2) weren’t; wouldn’t have found
3) wasn’t; wouldn’t have been found
4) wouldn’t be; wouldn’t have found
2. If I … Mary was back, I … her to my birthday party.
1) knew; would invite
2) have known; will invite
3) had known; would have invited
4) would know; would invite
3. I … the film if my DVD … .
1) would be recorded; didn’t break
2) would have recorded; hadn’t broken
3) would record; hadn’t been broken
4) would be recording; weren’t breaking
4. If Sally … there … five of us.
1) came; will be
2) comes; would have been
3) came; would be
4) is coming; were
5. If you … into Peter by any chance, tell him to call me.
1) had run
2) will run
3) were run
4) run
6. If I really … what you want, I … you.
1) know; could probably have helped
2) knew; could probably help
3) had known; could probably be helping
4) have known; can probably help
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7. If it … during our barbecue, we … much more fun.
1) hasn’t been raining; would have
2) weren’t raining; would have had
3) hadn’t been raining; would have had
4) won’t be raining; we’ll have
8. If we … to pack all the luggage, we … by the nine o’clock train.
1) managed; would go
2) had managed; would be going
3) would manage; will go
4) manage; would have gone
9. If you … me you were coming, I … you from the station.
1) have told; would collect
2) had told; would have collected
3) told; would be collecting
4) tell; would collect
10. If I … you, I … my time reading that novel.
1) am; won’t waste
2) were; wouldn’t waste
3) have been; won’t have wasted
4) had been; wouldn’t waste
11. If he … so stubborn, they … an agreement at the last meeting.
1) isn’t; may have reached
2) hadn’t been; may reach
3) weren’t; might have reached
4) haven’t been; might be reached
12. If I … toothache as bad as that, I … to a dentist.
1) would have; would immediately have gone
2) will have; will immediately go
3) had had; will immediately have gone
4) had; would immediately go
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2. Use the form of the verb in brackets in accordance with the form of the verb
used in the principal or subordinate clause.
1. He’ll be furious if he ever (find) out about this.
2. If you (lend) me your car, I’d get to work on time.
3. If they hadn’t told us, we (not/find) the way.
4. We would have enjoyed the play better if it (not/be) so long.
5. The dog would have bitten you if it (not/tie).
6. I wouldn’t do that if I (be) you.
7. If they made me an offer, I first (think) it over.
8. If you don’t look after your plants, they (die) very quickly.
9. If the island were still a tourist attraction, last week’s earthquake
(cause) many deaths.
10. If he had done well at his exams, he (have) a more enjoyable holiday
now.
11. What would you do if you (tell off) unjustly?
12. If you (call) a cab, you could arrive at the office on time.
13. I would have left work earlier if my boss (give) me permission.
14. My father (can/be) a star in the 1980s if he had tried.
15. Elizabeth could get better results if she (pay) more attention to her
work.
3. Open the brackets using the appropriate verbforms in both parts of the
complex conditional sentences.
1. If I (be) in your place, I (make) a little more effort.
2. If she (not/eat) those mushrooms, she (not/suffer) from food
poisoning.
3. If she (be) on holiday now, we (not/be) able to contact her.
4. What you (do) if you (miss) the last bus?
5. If he (warn) me earlier, I (change) my plans.
6. If I (bring) a pullover with me, I (not/be) cold now.
7. If she (be) more qualified, she (give) that vacancy last year.
8. If you (tell) me you were cold, I (put) the fire on.
9. If they (not/encourage) me, I (not/be) able to cope with the
situation.
10. If the lake (freeze), we (go) skating.
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11. If we (know) that the tour was as bad as that, we (not/go) there.
12. What you (do) if the teacher (catch) you cheating on the test?
13. Take care! If you (fall) off the bike, you (break) your leg.
14. If he (not/see) the other car, there (be) a serious accident.
15. If we (not/take) the wrong turning, we (not/arrive) late.
16. If you (like) Nicole Kidman, you definitely (love) this film.
17. If I (come) to the party, you (give) me a lift home?
18. I (not/cook) so much food if I (know) they were not coming.
19. If they (play) a bit better, they (win) the match.
20. If you (see) someone committing a robbery, you (call) the police?
21. If you (not/stay) out late last night, you (not/be) tired now.
22. If he (not/apologize), we (not/be) friends again.
23. If I (know) it was John, I (speak) to him.
24. If he (not/forget) to put his watch on before leaving home, he (not/
be) late for work.
25. If I (can’t/fall) asleep, I (count) sheep or (read) a book.
26. You (not/have) such a bad cough now if you (not/stand) in the
rain so long.
27. If you (not/hurt) your leg when you were playing football you (be)
able to participate in the coming race.
28. If I (know) you were back from your holiday, I (phone) you.
29. You (tell) anyone if you (win) a large amount of money on the
lottery?
30. If I (can/have) your attention for a moment, I (be) very grateful.
31. If you (can/live) anywhere in the world, where you (choose)?
32. If Rob (know) how hard the training was, he (not/enter) for the race.
33. If we (leave) the house earlier, we (not/have) to stand in a queue now.
34. Jane (not/finish) music school, if her teacher (not/encourage) her.
35. It (be) easier for me to wash your muddy trousers, if you (leave)
them to soak in water first. Why didn’t you do that?
36. If Sam (be) aware of the company’s financial problems, he (not/
agree) to take the job with them.
37. If you (smoke), you (risk) damaging your health.
38. If he (be) more tolerant, it (be) easier to get along with him.
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39. If I (take) a job like this, it (mean) earning less money.
40. If you (finish) the work, we (not/be) in such a mess now.
4. There is a mistake in each of the following sentences. Find the mistake and
correct the sentences.
1. He will definitely pass the exam if he did more work.
2. If you ran faster, you would have caught the bus. Now you’ll have
to wait for another one.
3. She would have been more interesting to deal with if she didn’t
complain all the time.
4. If I have more time, I’d take up tennis.
5. If I were you, I’ll send them an invitation to the party.
6. If he passes all his exams at the first attempt, he’d have a much
longer holiday now.
7. If she hasn’t taken an umbrella, she would be soaked to the skin.
8. What you would do if you lost your job?
9. If the election campaign hadn’t been a success, he wouldn’t have
been in power now.
10. If I am you, I wouldn’t go out in such weather.
11. If Steven wasn’t driving so fast this morning, the police wouldn’t
have stopped him for speeding.
12. If you didn’t give me a lift, I will be late for the meeting.
13. If I had followed his advice, I wouldn’t have been in so much
trouble now.
14. If the food in that restaurant was not so spicy, I’d have enjoyed it
more.
15. If we had arrived one minute later, we will miss the train.
16. I will be able to lend you some money if I sold my car.
17. If they had put the price of petrol up once more, I’ll sell my car.
18. If I’m rich, I’d give a lot of money to charity.
19. Would it be all right if I had had a day off?
20. If he hasn’t been speeding, he wouldn’t have had the crash.
21. If it didn’t rain last night, the streets wouldn’t be wet now.
22. If you were to go down the High Street today, you didn’t recognize it.
23. If you made a mistake filling out the form, you will have to get
another one.
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24. It’s a good thing you didn’t come to see the play. If you came, you
wouldn’t have enjoyed it.
25. If she saw the cat crossing the road, the accident wouldn’t have
happened.
26. Nobody would have come to the concert if we hadn’t so many
famous names.
1.5. WISHCLAUSES
For study
z
In a complex sentence with an object subordinate clause, introduced
by the verb “wish” in the principal clause, the verb predicate in the
subordinate clause has the form of either Subjunctive II Present or
Subjunctive II Past. If the action refers to the present or future,
Subjunctive II Present is used. In this case it expresses the speaker’s
wish or desire which is hardly realizable (unlikely to happen).
I wish you changed your mind (but you don’t).
She wishes she were taller (but she is not).
I wish I were going on holiday with you (but I am not).
z
If the action refers to the past, Subjunctive II Past is used. In this case
it expresses the speaker’s regret about a past situation.
I wish you had gone to the football match last Sunday.
It was great! (but you didn’t)
We wish they hadn’t panicked when the fire started. (but they did)
z
The verb predicate in the object subordinate clause may also have the
form of would + Indefinite Infinitive. In this case the subject of the
object subordinate clause and that of the principal clause do not denote
the same thing or person.
I wish they would stop arguing.
I wish the weather would improve.
This construction expresses the speaker’s desire for someone or something
to change the existing state of things in the present or future. It is
emotionally coloured and is often used to criticise somebody or complain
about something.
I wish you would stop looking at me like that.
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Practice
Open the brackets using the appropriate verbform.
1. I wish he (find) a job that he likes!
2. They wished they (know) what to do.
3. I wish you (tell) me about that misfortune.
4. I wish you (not/make) so many mistakes in your last test.
5. I wish you (stop) watching television while I’m talking to you.
6. She wishes they (not/treat) her so badly.
7. I wish you (not/act) like a child.
8. I wish people (protect) nature.
9. She wished her son (play) fewer computer games.
10. I wish you (not/mind) my joining you.
11. She wishes I (spend) more time swimming last summer.
12. I wish we (not/leave) in the morning.
13. I wish you (be) more interested in your studies.
14. I wish you (stop) making so much noise late at night!
15. I wish my car (be) as fast as yours.
16. I don’t like the service here! I wish we (go) to another restaurant.
17. I wish I (study) more when I was at school.
18. They wished they (book) tickets in advance.
19. I wish you (find) the missing money.
20. I wish you (keep) quiet for a while!
21. I wish I (not/spend) so much money on holiday.
22. I wish I (listen) to the lectures, I might have done better in the test.
23. He wishes he (not/resign) because he can’t find a job now.
24. I wish you (stop) complaining.
25. He wished he (study) more seriously at school, then he could have
got into university.
26. I wish he (stop) bothering me.
27. She wished she (not/gain) so much weight. All her clothes were
too tight.
28. My uncle dropped out of college after six months, now he wishes
he (finish) the course.
29. I wish I (have) some time to relax.
30. She wishes she (not/speak) so rudely to her boss.
31. I wish you (not/speak) with your mouth full.
32. I wish you (go) outside to smoke.
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33. I wish I (not/enter) the poetry competition. I knew I didn’t get
a chance of winning.
34. I wish you (not/leave) your clothes all over the floor!
35. I wish my sister (not/ask) mother for money so often.
36. The island is really beautiful and we all the time wish you (be)
here to enjoy it with us.
37. I wish he (phone) me to say that he wasn’t coming to work today.
38. I’m really tired today. I wish I (go) to bed earlier last night.
39. I wish people (stop) judging others by their appearance.
40. I wish his arguments (sound) more convincing.
1.6. INFINITIVE AND GERUND
For study
The Infinitive and the Gerund are non finite forms of the verb, or verbals.
They have much in common as they both have some nominal and some
verbal features. Like the verb the Infinitive and the Gerund can be Active
or Passive, Indefinite or Perfect and function in a sentence as the Subject,
Object, Attribute or the Predicative.
The Gerund, besides, is similar to the noun in that it can be preceded by
a noun in the Possessive case, a possessive pronoun and a preposition.
Table 20
Forms of the Infinitive
Active
Passive
I’d like to speak English
fluently.
Continuous Infinitive He seems to be sleeping now.
He seems to have already
Perfect Infinitive
left school.
Perfect Continuous
He seems to have been
Infinitive
having problems all this time.
Indefinite Infinitive
He wants to be given
another chance.
He is glad to have been
invited to the party.
Infinitive with to
The Infinitive is preceded by the particle to:
z
After some verbs: afford, allow, decide, hope, manage, etc. (See List 1
below.)
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z
I can’t afford to buy these shoes.
I hoped to meet him there.
He allowed me to use his computer.
They persuaded him to take up music.
After some predicative adjectives glad, difficult, easy, sorry, happy,
obliged, etc. (See List 2 below.)
I am glad to have been presented with a watch.
It is difficult to read English books in the original.
It was really kind of you to help me.
In wh clauses, i.e. in subordinate clauses introduced by an interrogative
word
I don’t know what to say.
We are not sure how to begin the conversation.
We are still considering where to move to.
In constructions with too and enough
He is clever enough to understand it.
She is too young to drive a car.
After the modal verbs have (to), be (to), ought (to)
z
I’ll have to change my plans.
We ought to respect old age.
We are to meet at 5 p.m.
In the construction used to do smth.
z
z
z
When I was a child I used to spend my holiday at my granny’s.
After would like, would love, would hate
z
I’d like to take a piece of cake.
List 1. Verbs followed by the Infinitive with to
advise*
ask
continue
afford
begin
convince
agree
can’t bear
decide
allow
can’t stand
encourage
appear
choose
expect
arrange
consider
fail
finish
forbid
forget
go on
happen
hate
* The verbs in bold type may take an object before the Infinitive.
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help
hope
intend
invite
learn
like
love
manage
mean
need
offer
order
permit
persuade
plan
prefer
prepare
promise
propose
refuse
regret
remember
remind
require
seem
start
stop
teach
tell
try
want
warn
List 2. Predicative adjectives* followed by the Infinitive
afraid, anxious, ashamed, careful, cruel, curious, delighted, difficult,
disappointed, happy, hard, eager, easy, exciting, glad, important, interested,
interesting, keen, kind, lucky, necessary, obliged, pleasant, pleased, possible,
proud, ready, sad, shocked, sorry, surprised, unable, upset, useful
Infinitive without to
The Infinitive does not take the particle to:
z
After the modal verbs must, may/might, can/could, should, shall, will,
would, need
I can drive you to the airport.
He must be very exhausted after all that work.
Shall I do it now?
z
After the verbs see, hear, watch, notice, feel**, let, make, help*** (in
a “complex object” construction)
She saw the boys climb over the fence.
I felt him touch my shoulder.
They didn’t let us stay there.
* Some of the verbs and adjectives in Lists 1 and 2 can be followed by the gerund as well:
I’m afraid of telling (to tell) her the truth. He likes travelling (to travel).
** If the verbs of sense perception are followed by an object + Infinitive (without to), the
action is considered to be completed: Last week I saw him cross the street and come up
to the kiosk. If the same verbs are followed by an object + Participle I, the action is
considered to be in progress: I saw him crossing the street as I was riding on a bus.
*** The verb to help may or may not take to with the infinitive: Andy said he would help us
(to) move the furniture.
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z
z
In the construction with Why not…
Why not invite them to dinner?
After the expressions would rather, had better
I’d rather not go out tonight.
You’d better help me now.
Table 21
Forms of the Gerund
Active
Passive
Indefinite Gerund
I like travelling.
He dislikes being critisized.
Perfect Gerund
He is ashamed of
having cheated us.
He is proud of having been
awarded a diploma.
The Gerund is used:
1. Without a preposition
z
z
after verbs which take a direct object and are, therefore, never followed
by a preposition: begin, consider, go, start, keep, mention, mind, etc.
(See List 3 below.)
Would you consider joining us?
after the constructions It’s no use, It’s no good, It’s no trouble, It’s
worth, It’s nice
It’s no use worrying about it.
It’s worth making an appointment before you go.
It’s nice seeing you again.
2. With a preposition
z
z
90
after some verbs taking a prepositional object (verbs with dependent
prepositions): agree to, complain about, succeed in, accuse of, suspect
of, etc. (See List 4 below.)
She congratulated him on winning the prize.
We insisted on their coming to the meeting.
after some predicative adjectives taking a prepositional object: capable
of, good at, fond of, keen on, upset about, etc. (See List 5 below.)
He was annoyed about being overcharged.
She was keen on playing tennis.
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z
after nouns with dependent prepositions: interest in, reason for, etc.
(See List 6 below.)
He’s taken great interest in studying lately.
There’s no point in getting angry.
List 3. Verbs followed by the Gerund without a preposition
admit
escape
leave off
put off
advise
excuse
like
recommend
allow
fancy
love
regret
appreciate
feel like
mean
require
avoid
finish
mention
risk
burst out
forbid
mind
start
can’t bear
forget
miss
stop
can’t help
forgive
need
suggest
can’t stand
give up
permit
teach
continue
go on
postpone
try
consider
imagine
practise
understand
deny
intend
prefer
want
keep (on)
prevent
deserve*
enjoy
learn
propose
List 4. Verbs followed by the Gerund with a preposition
accuse of
hear of
agree to
insist on
apologize for
look forward to
approve/disapprove of
object to
believe in
persuade smb into
blame for
praise for
complain about
prevent from
concentrate on
punish for
congratulate on
rely on
count on
succeed in
depend on
suspect of
be/get used to
thank for
devote to
think about/of
forgive for
*
After deserve, need, want, require the Gerund has a passive meaning: The car needs
repairing. The water requires filtering.
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List 5. Adjectives followed by the Gerund with a preposition
afraid of
angry with smb for doing smth
annoyed with smb for doing smth
ashamed of
capable of
delighted at
disappointed at
fond of
happy about
interested in
keen on
pleased at
proud of
responsible for
sorry for/about
surprised at
tired of
upset about
List 6. Nouns followed by the Gerund with a preposition
apology for
objection to
chance of
point in/of
difficulty in
reason for
experience in
surprise at
interest in
way of
If we compare the lists of verbs and adjectives used with the Infinitive or
the Gerund, we will find a number of verbs in the lists of both kinds. The
most frequently used verbs not restricted to one verbal (the Infinitive or the
Gerund only) are presented in List 7.
List 7. Verbs followed either by the Infinitive or the Gerund
advise* (against)
finish
love
remember
agree (to)
forbid
mean
require
allow
forget
need
start
can’t bear
go on
permit
stop
can’t stand
hate
prefer
teach
begin
intend
propose
try
consider
learn
recommend
want
continue
like
regret
Some of these verbs like begin, start, continue, need, want, require and others
can be followed either by the Infinitive or the Gerund without much difference
in meaning while with other verbs the choice of the verbal (Gerund or Infinitive)
depends on their meaning in the given context.
The verbs advise, allow, forbid, permit, recommend are followed by the Gerund when
they have no object, but by the Infinitive when they have an object.
The doctor advised taking a course of antibiotics.
The doctor advised him to take a course of antibiotics.
*
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He continued working/to work after everybody else had left the office.
I intend telling/to tell her what I think about it.
Your hair needs cutting/needs to be cut.
The notes and examples below show how the meaning of the verb
determines the choice of the verbal:
 When verbs like (can’t) bear, like, love, hate, prefer are followed by the
Gerund they tend to refer to a general activity, whereas followed by the
Infinitive, they are mainly used for particular occasions.
I hate deceiving people.
I hate to deceive him but I can’t tell him the truth.
I can’t bear telling people bad news.
I can’t bear to tell him the bad news.
I prefer seeing documentary films.
I prefer to stay alone just now.
 Begin/start
Normally there isn’t much difference in the use of the Infinitive or the
Gerund after them, but after progressive (continuous) forms of begin
and start, the Infinitive is preferable.
I’m beginning to feel bored.
The Infinitive is also preferred with the verbs realize, understand and
know.
Only now I started to realize how much she had done for me.
 Forget/remember are used with the Infinitive to express a future activity.
Don’t forget to visit the Browns.
 Forget/remember are used with the Gerund to express a past activity.
I’ll never forget visiting the Browns. They are such agreeable people.
 Go on + Infinitive means to stop one action and start another.
First they discussed all the items of the agenda and went on
to discuss the budget.
 Go on + Gerund means to continue (about the same activity).
She went on walking even though it was late.
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 Mean + Infinitive means to intend, plan to do smth.
The builders mean to finish the garage by the end of the week.
 Mean + Gerund is used to show the result of smth.
This new job means living abroad.
 Propose + Infinitive means to intend, plan.
What do you propose to do now?
 Propose + Gerund means to suggest smth. (it sounds more formal than
suggest)
He proposed dealing with the problem without delay.
 Regret + Infinitive means to announce bad news.
I regret to tell you that the meeting has been cancelled.
 Regret + Gerund means to feel sorry about a past action.
I regret buying (having bought) this car because it is always
breaking down.
 Stop + Infinitive means to stop temporarily, pause with the purpose to
start another activity.
They stopped to admire the scenery.
 Stop + Gerund means to finish, stop permanently, give up an activity.
They stopped talking when the teacher entered the classroom.
 Teach/learn
These verbs are followed by the Gerund when they refer to lessons or
subjects of study.
Mr. Snow teaches skiing in the winter.
She goes to college twice a week to learn typing.
The Infinitive is used when the result of the study is meant.
I taught myself to type.
I learnt to drive when I was 17.
 Try + Infinitive means to attempt.
I tried to warn him but it was in vain.
 Try + Gerund means to do smth as an experiment to see what will happen.
Try taking an aspirin! You’ll feel better.
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Practice
1. Choose the appropriate form of the verbal.
1. It’s no use ... over spilt milk.
1) to cry
2) cry
3) crying
4) of crying
2. The car stopped ... up a hitch hiker.
1) to picking
2) to pick
3) picking
4) in picking
3. It isn’t worth ... about it. Forget it.
1) to worry
2) to worrying
3) worry
4) worrying
4. He’ll never forget ... raw fish for the first time.
1) eating
2) to eat
3) at eating
4) being eaten
5. He doesn’t have enough strength ... up the box.
1) to lifting
2) lifting
3) to lift
4) to being lifted
6. Can I suggest ... less as the best way to lose weight?
1) to eat
2) to eating
3) at eating
4) eating
7. He could never get used ... with his right hand.
1) writing
2) to write
3) to writing
4) at writing
8. He can’t afford ... a new washing machine now.
1) buying
2) buy
3) to buy
4) to buying
9. She’s too young ... experience in this field.
1) having
2) to have
3) in having
4) to having
10. If you don’t listen to the radio, why ... it off?
1) not to switch
2) not switching
3) not switch
4) no switching
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11. I’d rather … a two room flat.
1) renting
2) to rent
3) rent
4) rented
12. I regret ... you that your services are no longer required.
1) telling
2) having told
3) to have told
4) to tell
13. They like ... you before they give you a loan.
1) to interview
2) to have interview
3) interviewing
4) having interviewed
14. She’s beginning ... why she can’t have her own way.
1) understanding
2) to understand
3) to understanding 4) to be understanding
15. Bill is a good driver and he likes ... off when people are watching.
1) to show
2) to showing
3) showing
4) to be shown
16. I’d rather ... off the TV. It’s getting on my nerves.
1) to turn
2) turning
3) to be turning
4) turn
17. She’d better … me angry.
1) not making
3) not to make
2) not made
4) not make
18. I offered ... her with the dishes but she refused.
1) helping
3) to help
2) to helping
4) having helped
19. They stopped ... fax machines about five years ago.
1) to make
2) making
3) to making
4) make
20. I heard someone ... the door and ... it behind them.
1) opening, slamming
2) to open, to slam
3) open, slam
4) of opening, of slamming
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21. I propose ... about their behaviour.
1) complain
2) to complain
3) complaining
4) to complaining
22. After opening the hospital the Prince went on ... the staff.
1) meeting
2) meet
3) to meet
4) to meeting
23. You’d better … me a message.
1) to leave
2) leave
3) have left
4) leaving
24. The actress wore dark glasses ... .
1) not to recognize
2) not recognizing
3) not being recognized
4) not to be recognized
25. If he thinks he’s capable ... a house on his own, he’s living in a
fantasy world.
1) to be building
2) building
3) to build
4) of building
26. Don’t try ... things too quickly. Set yourself realistic targets.
1) doing
2) to do
3) having done
4) to doing
27. He is down to earth enough ... that he won’t succeed without hard
work.
1) realizing
2) to be realized
3) to realize
4) to realizing
28. That’s very strange – I clearly remember ... the letter in this drawer,
but it’s not here now.
1) putting
2) to put
3) to be putting
4) to have put
29. You’d better … this wire, you may get a shock.
1) not to touch
2) not touching
3) not touch
4) not having touched
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30. I’d rather … something to eat.
1) to have
3) be having
2) having
4) have
2. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the Gerund or Infinitive.
In some sentences prepositions may be needed.
1. I remember ... (love) books about animals when I was a child.
2. We can’t work here if you keep on ... (make) so much noise.
3. Could you lend me your bike? I need ... (go) to the other side of the
town.
4. It was getting dark so we decided ... (make) for the nearest village
and find somewhere ... (stay).
5. I’m really looking forward ... (hear) from Sue, she has not contacted
me since our holiday.
6. I regret ... (give) up playing the piano in my childhood.
7. Alex has put off ... (go) to the dentist again though his tooth is
aching him terribly.
8. I love ... (read) science fiction because you are transported into a
strange and exciting world.
9. We’ll have ... (face) up to the fact that we can’t afford ... (go) to the
South in the summer.
10. My sister and I enjoy ... (sing) in the school choir.
11. (Learn) ... an instrument is not just a question ... (like) music.
You’ll have ... (prepare) to practise as well.
12. I sincerely apologize ... (cause) you so much trouble.
13. Pam has never seen animals in the wild: she’d love ... (go) on safari.
14. I offered ... (give) him a lift but he refused.
15. Jean ran all the way to the station and managed ... (leap) onto the
train just before it left.
16. If you want ... (do) your best in these exams, you should avoid ...
(sit) up late.
17. She’s thinking ... (specialize) in Russian poetry when she goes to
university.
18. I must remember ... (buy) Kate a card.
19. In England you must be eighteen ... (vote).
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20. I’m terribly bad ... (remember) people’s names.
21. I used ... (like) Nina, but I stopped when she started ... (lie) to me.
22. Do you think he’ll carry on ... (study) after he’s finished school?
23. Kate refused ... (answer) my question. She just looked at me and
shook her head.
24. If you fancy ... (get) away from it all, why not ... (take) a two day
city break?
25. O.K. I’ll give you a hand. I’ve got some time ... (spare).
26. If you’re not sure how ... (use) a phrasal verb, look it up in the
dictionary.
27. I’ll never get used ... (live) in a cold climate.
28. I wish it would stop ... (rain)!
29. I regret ... (say) that I won’t be able to come to the party but I hope
you’ll have a good time.
30. On his way home he stopped at the newsagent’s ... (buy) a
newspaper.
31. I don’t know how the accident happened. I remember ... (feel)
very tired, but that’s all. The rest is a complete blank.
32. Young people like to feel that they are independent enough ... (make)
their own decisions without ... (consult) their parents.
33. The twins can’t stop ... (eat) chocolate – they find it irresistible!
34. Jane didn’t let her worries... (interfere) with her work.
35. I started ... (realize) what he had done for me.
36. He hates ... (spend) money on car repairs.
37. I regret ... (tell) you that your application has not been successful.
38. I’m used ... (get) up early every day so you can ... (count) on me ...
(be) there on time.
39. The car needs ... (clean) so I’m going to get it done this afternoon.
40. I saw him ... (put) the file into his briefcase and ... (leave) the office.
41. He prefers ... (be) on his own now.
42. You rely on your parents far too much. You’ll have ... (start) ...
(do) things for yourself – they can’t ... (do) everything for you.
43. Hotel bills have ... (pay) on the day of departure.
44. The customs officer made me ... (open) my suitcases.
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45. We noticed him ... (enter) the building carrying a huge bag.
46. I suggest ... (buy) a second hand car for the time being.
47. Let’s try ... (mix) these ingredients and see what happens.
48. I once tried ... (bake) my own cake but it was a disaster.
49. Would you prefer ... (think) about our offer and phone us in a
couple of days?
50. She heard the clock ... (strike) two before she went to bed.
2. THE ENGLISH NOUN
For study
Nouns are words that name persons, places, things, feelings and ideas.
In English, as in other languages, nouns can be classified in several ways.
First of all there are common and proper nouns.
Common nouns:
Proper nouns:
house, axe, lake, rain, sugar, love
Jane, London, Spain, Cyprus
Common nouns are further classified according to their meaning into
concrete, abstract, material and collective nouns.
Concrete nouns:
Abstract nouns:
Material nouns:
Collective nouns:
building, window, box, teacher
anger, love, kindness, warmth
flour, light, soup, bacon, sausage
team, family, crew, staff, army
As in Russian, Belarusian and other languages, English nouns vary in
gender, case and number.
The peculiarity of the category of gender in English is that it has no
grammatical distinctions. The general rule is that nouns denoting living
beings have the so called “natural” gender and can be classified as
belonging to the masculine (a man, a boy, an uncle, a gentleman — he) or
the feminine (a woman, a girl* — she).
Lifeless things as well as babies and animals, if their sex is unknown,
belong to the neuter gender (a child, a dog, a lion — it).
Only some nouns denoting jobs and social status are different in form for
males and females: a widow (f) — a widower (m); a prince (m) — a princess
(f); a waiter (m) — a waitress (f); a tiger (m) — a tigress (f), etc.
* The names of vessels in English are treated as feminine nouns, e.g. a boat, a ship — she.
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2.1. THE CASE OF ENGLISH NOUNS
For study
There are two cases in English: the common case and the possessive case.
My brother — my brother’s job
Nick — Nick’s friends
The possessive case is used to denote the possession of particular things,
qualities and characteristics.
The rules for the formation and pronunciation of the possessive case are
the following:
z Singular nouns and names form the possessive case by adding ’s.
the driver’s fault, Roger’s project
If a name ends in the letter “s”, either ’s or only an apostrophe (’) is added.
Charles’s (or Charles’) address
St. Thomas’s (or St. Thomas’) Hospital
No matter how the possessive form is written in such cases, it is normally
pronounced as [Iz].
If two or more names form a single team or group, ’s is added to the last
name only.
Liz and Mary’s desk
But ’s is added after each name to show individual possession.
Mozart’s and Beethoven’s music
z
Regular plurals form the possessive case by just adding an apostrophe (’).
my daughters’ clothes, MPs’ responsibility
z
Irregular plural nouns form the possessive case by adding ’s.
the children’s toys, sheep’s pastures
z
Compound nouns form the possessive case by adding ’s to the last word.
my brotherinlaw’s parents
This rule also applies to compound titles and time periods.
Henry the Eighth’s marriages
the Secretary of State’s visit
a week or two’s time
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z
Indefinite and negative pronouns replacing nouns in a sentence can
also have the possessive case forms.
everybody’s duty, nobody’s business
If the pronoun is used in combination with some other words, the
possessive case is formed by adding ’s to the last word.
somebody else’s mistake
each other’s houses
The noun in the possessive case can be used on its own when it refers to:
y where someone lives
y medical practitioners
at my aunt’s, at the Watsons’
the dentist’s, the doctor’s
y shops and business
z
the butcher’s, the hairdresser’s,
the chemist’s*
The pronunciation of ’s depends on the sound that precedes it. It is
similar to the pronunciation of the plural nouns ending in s/es.
[s]
Pat’s hat; Jack’s job; a month’s club
[z]
Ben’s opinion; the worker’s club
Iz
Iz]
an actress’s career, the boss’s office; Mrs. Page’s jam
[Iz
As seen from the examples given above, possessive forms are typically used
with nouns denoting living beings. These are, in particular:
y proper and common
personal nouns and
indefinite pronouns
replacing them
y collective nouns
the teacher’s salary, my father’s glasses,
the Stones’ cottage, somebody’s umbrella,
St. Paul’s Cathedral
the team’s sporting spirit, the committee’s
decision
y nouns denoting animals
z
the pig’s sty, a swallow’s nest
The possessive case may also be used with some groups of nouns
denoting lifeless things:
y geographical names
America’s policy, Hong Kong’s future
y institutions
the European Economic Committee’s
members
* When we refer to well known stores an apostrophe before s is usually omitted: Macys,
Harrods (or Harrod’s).
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y time references
an hour’s delay, a month’s salary, today’s
“Guardian”, ten minutes’ drive
y ”money’s worth”
a pound’s worth of chips
y reference to cars,
planes, ships
the car’s exhaust, the plane’s engine
Practice
1. In each of these sentences there is a mistake in the use of the possessive
case. Correct the mistakes by putting an apostrophe (’) in its proper place
and adding the final where necessary or crossing out the markers of the
possessive case.
1. My uncle is my father brother.
2. He enjoys visiting friend houses.
3. When I was in Moscow, I stayed at a friend house.
4. These gloves look familiar. I think they are Mary.
5. The villa they are borrowing belongs to his brother’s in law’s parents.
6. Quite a few diplomats are assigned to our city. Almost all the
diplomat children attend a special school.
7. I’ve got three aunts. All of my aunt homes are within a walking
distance of my mother apartment.
8. The childrens’ clothes were dirty and I put them into the washing
machine.
9. As the English say, one’s home is ones’ castle.
10. There were a lot of spelling mistakes in Ann and Liz essays.
11. Somebodys’ gain is often somebody else loss.
2. Translate the Russian fragments into English using possessive nouns. Insert
articles where necessary.
1. They went on playing the piano in spite of the (соседских)
complaints.
2. There are so many problems in (сегодняшний) world.
3. Do you know my (сестер) husbands?
4. It would cost me (месячную) salary.
5. The (женская) clothes are sold on the third floor.
6. The university is (в десяти минутах) ride from the dormitory.
7. The factory manufactures cheap (для медсестер) uniforms.
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8. Tom and Paul are married. Their (жен) names are Cindy and
Jane, respectively.
9. It is (горожан) right to know what the city is going to do about the
housing problem.
10. It was (пешехода) fault, not (водителя).
11. There’s a new (врачебный) surgery on the corner of Greenfield Street.
12. The (писателя) house contained a fascinating collection of old
photographs.
13. The results of the (ученых) analyses of the (обезьян) behaviour are
very interesting.
14. I’m quite frightened of my (шурина) dog. He seems very aggressive
to me.
15. The (пациента) heartbeat seemed to be rather irregular.
16. The village nearest to my (дедушкин и бабушкин) house is four
miles away, their farm is very isolated.
17. It’s (чейто еще) umbrella, it’s not mine.
18. (Толстого и Тургенева) styles are quite different.
19. They had respect for (один другому) opinions.
20. She is quite sensitive to (других людей) problems.
21. (Смитов) luggage hasn’t arrived yet, has it?
22. As a result of the (пилотов) strike, all flights have had to be
cancelled.
23. She married Paul despite her (родителей) disapproval.
24. They’ve just announced there’ll be (часовая) delay of the flight.
25. On my way to (булочная) I met James, a friend of mine.
2.2. THE NUMBER OF ENGLISH NOUNS
For study
According to number nouns in English can be in singular and plural.
a table — tables, a cup — cups, a boat — boats, etc.
However, only countable nouns have both singular and plural forms.
Uncountable nouns which include material and abstract nouns are used
mainly in the singular* form.
water, weather, courage, love, anger, etc.
* Sometimes uncountable nouns take a plural form when different types of the substance
are meant. The wines of Australia are now of similar quality to many from France.
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Most countable nouns are made plural by adding s/es. These are regular
plural nouns. The rules of their formation are the following:
z
s is added to nouns ending in
a) vowels or single consonants
a bee — bees, a book — books, a dog — dogs, a horse — horses
b) y preceded by a vowel
a day — days, a toy — toys, a boy — boys
z
es is added to nouns ending in
a) s, sh, ch, x, z
a dress — dresses, a box — boxes, a bench — benches
b) o preceded by a consonant
a potato — potatoes, a hero — heroes, an echo — echoes
but: a kilo — kilos, a piano — pianos, a photo — photos, a radio — radios
c) y preceded by a consonant where y is changed into i
a story — stories, a city — cities, a lily — lilies, a penny — pennies*
d) f where f is changed into v
a wife — wives, a leaf — leaves, a half — halves, a shelf — shelves
but: a roof — roofs, a chief — chiefs, a proof — proofs, a cliff — cliffs
Note that some words have two plural forms.
a scarf — scarfs/scarves, a hoof — hoofs/hooves
The pronunciation of the plural ending s/es depends on the sound
preceding the ending.
Table 22
[s]
[z]
[Iz]
after voiceless
consonants
after voiced consonants
except
[z, dZ] and vowels
after
[s, z, Z, S, dZ, tS]
risks
carrots
attempts
rings
views
cows
slices
bushes
matches
* Compare: a penny — 8 pennies (отдельные монеты)
a penny — 8 pence (8 пенсов, цена, сумма).
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Irregular plural nouns
z
Some nouns are made plural by changing their root vowel or by adding
the ending en.
ox — oxen
man — men
woman — women
louse — lice
mouse — mice
child — children
foot — feet
tooth — teeth
goose — geese
Some nouns remain unchanged in the plural:
a) a sheep — sheep
a deer — deer
b) a means — means
a works — works
z
a craft — craft
a fish — fish
a series — series
a species — species
With compound nouns it is usually the final component that is made
plural: bookcases, postmen, forgetmenots, grownups, takeoffs, but:
passersby, fathersinlaw, womendoctors.
It must be remembered that some nouns in English are always
a) plural both in form and meaning
arms, glasses, clothes, goods, pyjamas, scales, scissors, etc.
Where are your clothes?
Your jeans are dirty. Change them.
b) plural in form but singular in meaning
billiards, draughts, dominoes; physics, maths, economics; mumps,
measles; news
No news is good news.
Measles is an infectious disease.
His maths is poor.
c) singular in form but plural in meaning.
cattle, police, people
The police are investigating the case.
There are so many people around.
To express the plural meaning some uncountable nouns are used in
combination with such words as a piece(s), a slice(s), a lump(s), an item(s),
a bar(s), a loaf(ves), an article(s), etc.
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news (sing)
advice (sing)
coal/sugar (sing)
bread (sing)
coffee/tea (sing)
furniture (sing)
chocolate (sing)
lemon (sing)
items of news
pieces of advice
lumps of coal/sugar
loaves of bread
a cup of tea/coffee
articles of furniture
bars of chocolate
slices of lemon, etc.
Some nouns can be uncountable or countable but with different meanings.
room (uncount) — место
a room (count) — комната
work (uncount) — работа
a work (count) — произведение
iron (uncount) — железо
an iron (count) — утюг
paper (uncount) — бумага
a paper (count) — газета
glass (uncount) — стекло как материал
a glass (count) — стакан
stone (uncount) — камень как строительный материал
a stone (count) — камень
coffee/tea (uncount) — напитки
a coffee/a tea (count) — чашка кофе/чая
2.3. SUBJECTPREDICATE AGREEMENT
For study
COUNTABLE NOUNS AS SUBJECTS
z
The subject of a sentence in English normally agrees with the predicate.
This means that they have the same number: singular or plural.
According to the general rule a singular subject takes a singular verb
and a plural subject takes a plural verb.
An hour is a period of time equal to 60 minutes.
(a singular subject + a singular verb)
Opening hours are from 10 to 6 every day.
(a plural subject + a plural verb)
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z
The agreement of a verb with its subject is not changed by any
interrupting words (phrases, clauses).
The day, that we spent on the beach, was enjoyable.
sing.subject
attributive clause modifying the subject sing.verb
The three days that we spent in London were unforgettable.
pl.subject
z
attributive clause modifying the subject pl.verb
In sentences with a compound nominal predicate the subject and the
predicative noun normally coincide in number. When the subject and
the predicative noun do not have the same number, the linking verb
agrees with the subject, not with the predicative noun. Compare, e.g.
The most exciting event was the rowing finals.
sing.
sing.
pl.
The rowing finals were the most exciting event.
pl.
z
pl.
sing.
There are special rules of agreement for compound subjects:
 When the words forming a compound subject are joined by either …
or, or neither … nor, the verb agrees with the closer word. A singular
verb is used if the last word is singular and a plural verb if it is plural.
A pencil or a pen is fine for the test.
Either Ann or Jane is always nearby to help you with the computer.
Neither the President nor his representatives are to attend the
meeting.
 When compound subjects are joined by and or both/and, the verb is
always plural. However, when nouns joined by “and” denote a single
unit, as in combinations like bacon and eggs, bread and butter, fish and
chips, fruit and cheese, sausage(s) and mash, etc., the verb is singular. If
they are thought of as “separate”, they take a plural verb. Compare,
e.g.
Fish and chips is a popular meal in Britain.
Fish and chips make a good meal.
 Compound subjects in book or film titles, etc. are also treated like
singular ideas and used with a singular verb.
“The Sunday Times” is a popular magazine.
“Romeo and Juliet” is one of Shakespeare’s most popular plays.
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z
In sentences beginning with “here” or “there”, the verb is singular, if
a noun in such a sentence is singular. If the noun is plural, the verb is
plural, too.
Here comes a taxi.
Here come two buses.
There is an old man sitting on the bench.
There are two scales of temperature used in science.
If the noun phrase following the verb in such sentences consists of two or
more nouns in an enumeration, a singular verb is used if the first noun is
singular or uncountable. A plural verb is used when the first noun is plural.
When I opened the fridge there was only a bottle of milk, some
eggs and butter.
When I opened the fridge there were only some eggs, a bottle of
milk and butter.
z
When the subject of an attributive clause is a relative pronoun (who,
which or that), the verb in the clause must agree with the word preceding
the relative pronoun.
Bart caught a trout that was 18 inches long. (Since trout is singular,
the verb is also singular.)
Find the titles of three books that deal with space exploration.
(Since books is plural, the verb is also plural.)
If an attributive clause is preceded by the expression one of in the main
clause, then the verb in the clause is plural.
Patience is one of the requirements that make a good leader.
z
№
When an indefinite pronoun or a quantifier is used as a subject, the verb
must agree in number with that particular pronoun. (See the chart below.)
Table 23
Form
of the verb
1 Singular
Examples
Pronouns/Quantifiers
anybody, anyone,
anything, everybody,
everyone, everything,
nobody, no one,
nothing, somebody,
someone, something
Someone tells him these silly things,
and he believes every word without
question.
Nothing stands in the way of Caroline
when she puts her mind to a problem.
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№
Form
of the verb
Examples
Pronouns/Quantifiers
Each employee has to sign a
contract.
Neither of the boys is good enough
for the team. (formal writing)
a great/good deal of, A great deal of research has already
a large/small amount been completed.
of, a large/small
The number of students
quantity of, little,
considering college increases each
a little, much,
year.
the number (of)
There was little difficulty in getting
the visa.
Both of the stories appear equally
both, either, few,
a few, neither, many, true.
several, a couple of, A number of students intend to go
to college.
a number of**
Many of the tapes are broken.
all, any, no, not any, All the furniture was destroyed by fire.
Most of the book was bound in
none***, some,
suede.
a lot of, lots of,
Most of the world’s diamonds come
plenty of, half of,
from
Africa.
most of
Most of the bread is fresh.
each, either, every,
neither*
2 Plural
3 Singular/
Plural
* Either and neither as pronouns are usually singular in formal writing, but often plural in
speech when they are followed by a plural noun or a pronoun. Compare, e.g.
Either of them have (formal has) promised to help me.
Neither of the books are (formal is) very interesting.
** The expressions the number of and a number of differ in the way they agree with the
verb. The number of takes a singular verb, and a number of takes a plural verb. Compare,
e.g.
The number of students at our college increases each year.
A number of students of our college intend to take part in the conference.
*** None, unlike either or neither is usually plural in formal writing but often singular in
speech when it is followed by a plural countable noun or a pronoun. But when none is
followed by an uncountable noun, the verb is always singular. Compare, e.g.
None of the books are/is very interesting.
None of them have/has been to Paris.
None of the stolen money has been found.
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UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS AS SUBJECTS
Uncountable nouns are generally singular in form and take a verb in the
singular. The most common uncountable nouns of this type are those
which denote:
 Food and drinks; liquids and gases
bacon, beef, bread, cabbage, caviar, chocolate, flour, fruit*, mustard, mutton,
poultry**, sausage, yogurt; gas, hydrogen, ink, oil, oxygen, petrol, shampoo,
steam, smoke, water, etc.
Rice is grown in India and China.
In England most bread is made from wheat.
This shampoo is for dry hair.
When water boils it changes into steam.
 Some kinds of plants, herbs, flowers and cereals
barley, grass, jasmine, lilac, mint, moss, nettle, rye, wheat, etc.
Nettle has leaves with hairs which may sting.
Rye gets ripe at the end of July.
 Textiles and fabrics; materials and metals; clothing
brass, canvas, china, copper, denim, flax, leather, linen, plastic, rubber,
satin, velvet, wood, wool, etc.
Denim is a strong cotton cloth used for jeans.
Plastic isn’t recycled.
 Some diseases, illnesses and treatment
asthma, cholera, flu, malaria, ointment, pneumonia, etc.
Malaria is a disease that causes fever and shivering.
Ointment is a substance containing oil and fat.
* The noun “fruit” is usually used in the singular. The plural form “fruits” can be used to
denote different kinds of fruit or when the meaning is figurative. All the fruit has gone.
This dish is made from a mixture of four different summer fruits. He enjoyed the fruits of
his labour.
** The word “poultry” is generally used in the singular but it can take a plural verb if it
means “farmyard birds” such as hens, ducks, etc. Poultry is rather cheap today. But: Our
poultry are kept at the bottom of the garden.
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 Some sports and games
badminton, camping, cricket, football, golf, jogging, racing, etc.
Cycling is an outdoor kind of sport.
 Time and natural phenomena
air, dawn, fog, lightning, thunder, twilight, rain, smog, snow, weather, etc.
Smog means thick fog.
The weather* is unpredictable in England.
 Abstract notions: feelings, generalizations, ideas, states, etc.
accommodation, advice, anger, applause, assistance, attention, business,
charity, countryside, courage, damage, education, evidence, experience**,
housework, homework, information, intelligence, knowledge, luck,
permission, progress, sadness, traffic, travel***, work, etc.
Andrew’s accommodation seems luxurious.
The advice she gave me was good but I didn’t listen.
His knowledge of ancient history is poor.
z
Some uncountable nouns are plural in form but singular in meaning
because they name single things. Such nouns usually take a singular
verb. Here belong:
 Academic subjects ending in ics
economics [«i˘k´»nÅmIks] — экономика
ethics [»eTIks] — этика
linguistics [lIN»gwIstIks] — лингвистика
mathematics [«mQT´»mQtIks] — математика
mechanics [mI»kQnIks] — механика
optics [»ÅptIks] — оптика
phonetics [f´U»netIks] — фонетика
* The word “weather” can have a plural form in the expression in all weathers. He goes
jogging “in all weathers”.
** If the word “experience” means something which happened to someone, it is countable
and can have a plural form. Failing an exam was a new experience to me. We had lots
of exciting experiences last week.
*** The word “travel” can have a plural form in some fixed expressions. “Gulliver’s Travels”
is a novel by Jonathan Swift. Did he go to Africa during his travels? His travels in India
have provided good material for a book.
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physics [»fIzIks] — физика
politics [»pÅlItIks] — политика
statistics [st´»tIstIks] — статистика
Physics is a difficult subject.
 Illnesses
diabetes [«daI´»bi˘ti˘z] — диабет
herpes [»h˘pi˘z] — лишай
measles [mi˘zlz] — корь
mumps [m√mps] — свинка
rabies [»reIbi˘z] — бешенство
rickets [»rIkIts] — рахит
shingles [»SINglz] — опоясывающий лишай
Measles is in most cases a relatively harmless disease.
 Sports activities and games
athletics [QT»letIks] — атлетика
billiards [»bIlI´dz] — биллиaрд
bowls [b´Ulz] — игра в шары
checkers [»tSek´z] — американские шашки
darts [dA˘ts] — метание дротиков
dominoes [»dÅmIn´Uz] — домино
gymnastics [dZIm»nQstIks] — гимнастика
Darts is a very competitive sport.
z
The group of uncountable nouns plural in form but singular in meaning
also includes the noun news.
The news from our partners seems very encouraging.
z
There are some uncountable nouns which are plural in form and always
take a plural verb. These are:
 Garments consisting of two parts
braces [»breIsIz] — подтяжки
jeans [dZi˘nz] — джинсы
leggings [»legINz] — легинсы
overalls [»´Uv´rç˘lz] — комбинезон
pants [pQnts] — брюки, штаны
pyjamas [pI»dZA˘m´z] — пижама
shorts [Sç˘ts] — шорты
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tights [taIts] — колготки
trousers [»traUz´z] — брюки
The child’s jeans need washing.
His trousers were new and fitted him perfectly.
 Tools and instruments consisting of two parts
binoculars [bI»nÅkj´l´z] — бинокль
glasses [»glA˘sIz] — очки
scales [skeIlz] — весы
scissors [»sIz´z] — ножницы
sunglasses [»s√n«glA˘sIz] — темные очки
The kitchen scales are in the corner.
Where are my scissors?
 Some other nouns
arms [A˘mz] — оружие
authorities [碻TÅrItIz] — власти
belongings [bI»lÅNINz] — пожитки
brains [breInz] — умственные способности
clothes [kl´UDz] — одежда
congratulations [k´n«grQtju˘»leIS(´)nz] — поздравление
contents [»kÅntents] — оглавление, содержание, содержимое
customs [»k√st´mz] — таможня, таможенные пошлины
expenses [Iks»pensIz] — расходы
goods [gUdz] — товары
looks [lUks] — вид, наружность
manners [»mQn´z] — манеры, умение держать себя
memories [»mem´rIz] — воспоминания
regards [rI»gA˘dz] — поклон, привет
riches [»rItSIz] — богатства
stairs [ste´z] — лестница
talks [tç˘ks] — переговоры
wages [»weIdZIz] — заработная плата
The British authorities are investigating the problem.
Sports goods are sold on the second floor.
The talks are going ahead between the Government and the Unions.
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z
Some collective nouns having a singular form although they are plural
in meaning, take a singular verb. (See the list below)
baggage, crockery, cutlery, equipment, furniture, hair*, jewellery, linen,
luggage, machinery, money, rubbish, stationary, etc.
The furniture was delivered yesterday morning.
His luggage is too heavy.
Money doesn’t always bring happiness.
Her hair is beautiful.
However, some of the nouns singular in form but plural in meaning, must
be followed by a plural verb: people, cattle, the clergy, the military, the
police.
Some people are never satisfied.
The cattle are fed on barley and grass.
There are collective nouns which can be used either with a singular or
a plural verb**. The choice depends on whether we see the group as a
whole or as a group of individuals. Here belong the following nouns:
choir, committee, company, crew, crowd, band, family, government, group,
population, public, staff, team, university, etc.
Very often it doesn’t matter whether the verb is singular or plural.
z
The team was/were playing well.
The family is/are gathering for Christmas.
z
Words expressing amounts, measurements, or weights usually have
a plural form but are often considered to be a singular unit and take
a singular verb.
Six months is needed to complete the project. (Six months is one
period of time.)
These words can be followed by a plural verb when they are thought about
as separate units.
Six months have passed since school began. (The six months are
being thought about as six individual months.)
* Note: If we consider each hair separately, we say one hair, two hairs.
The cat left her loose hairs all over the floor.
** Many of these nouns with a singular form can have a regular plural form, too.
family — families, government — governments
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When the subject is a fraction or a percent (per cent), the verb agrees with
the object that follows the preposition “of ”.
Two thirds of the planet’s surface is covered with water.
Two thirds of Chad’s exports were cotton.
90 percent of most food is water.
About 70 percent of accountants here are women.
Practice
1. Make the following plural nouns singular, observing spelling changes where
necessary.
Knives, churches, parties, houses, keys, policies, stores, stories, babies,
people, lives, pence, youths, garages, scarves, passers by, tomatoes, families,
umbrellas, halves, mosquitoes, watches, bees, plays, leaves, pennies, pianos,
sisters in law, cloths, pen friends
2. Make the following singular nouns plural, putting each noun into the
appropriate column below.
Photo, goose, sheep, kilo, piano, belief, mouse, chief, zoo, tooth,
handkerchief, radio, foot, proof, thief, solo, louse, grief, woman, volcano,
leaf, swine, hero, wolf, echo, half, cliff, scarf, hoof
pianos
roofs
men
deer
tomatoes
shelves
3. Group the following nouns in accordance with their type, putting them in
the appropriate column.
Advice, species, politics, staff, clothes, measles, shorts, money,
knowledge, darts, news, means, goods, jeans, physics, series, luggage,
rubbish, draughts, scissors, clergy, army, tights, research, weather, cattle,
accommodation, works, jewellery, company
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furniture
crossroads
crew
scales
maths
people
4. Translate the Russian fragments of the sentences into English:
a) observing the spelling of plural nouns.
1. How many (зоопарков) are there in your country?
2. I helped him put up some (полок) in his bedroom.
3. (Помидоры) are my favourite vegetables.
4. Last night the storm did much damage to the (крышам) of the
houses.
5. In these two (фотографиях) Ann and Linda look very much alike.
6. Her (обязанности) included cleaning and cooking.
7. (Зубы) should be brushed twice a day.
8. Most male (олени) have horns in the shape of (ветвей).
9. (Ученые) do a lot of research to find cures for various (болезней).
10. There were so many flowery (кустов) with large shiny (листьями).
b) observing the use of singular/plural nouns and subject/predicate agreement.
1. Buses (являются средством) of transport.
2. The (ножницы) in the sewing box (необходимо) sharpening.
3. In my new job the (деньги) much better.
4. Go straight for two blocks and at the (перекресткe) turn round.
5. None of the (пассажиров были) injured.
6. As far as I remember (биллиард был) one of his favourite games.
7. At present (полиция) looking for a black haired man in his twenties.
8. The (новости) not very encouraging, I am afraid.
9. The Frosts family (все собираются) here for Christmas.
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10. Unfortunately (есть немного) information about the college.
11. (Аэробика) really popular these days, particularly with older people.
12. Five hundred thousand dollars (были) donated to build a new
hospital.
13. His (советы) always useful.
14. Your toast and marmalade (лежат) on the tray.
15. A great number of scientists (изучают) this unusual phenomenon
now.
16. (Статистика) a comparatively new subject at our University.
17. Draughts (часто играют) in his family.
18. I’ve collected (серию статей) on this issue.
3. THE ARTICLE IN ENGLISH
For study
The article is a part of speech which is used before the noun and has the
function of a noun determiner. A similar function is performed by
possessive, demonstrative and indefinite pronouns or nouns in the Possessive
case. However, only one determiner can be used before an English noun:
an article, a pronoun or a possessive noun. As regards the use of the article,
there are three possibilities in English: the indefinite article (a/an), the
definite article (the) and the absence of article, or the so called zero article.
My brother works in a large garage in Brighton.
Mary has always wanted to be a scientist.
Cars and buses are a major source of pollution in cities.
Did you enjoy the party you went to on Saturday?
You ought not to waste money on smoking.
The choice of an article depends, in the first place, on the type and the
form of the noun: countable/uncountable, singular/plural (see Table 24)
and, in the second place, on the context in which the given noun is used.
It must be remembered, though, that the use of articles with some groups
of nouns, e.g. geographical names, names of museums, theatres, etc.,
does not depend on the context.
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Table 24*
Type of nouns
countable singular
a/an
the
a man
a map
a word
the man
the map
the word
the men
the maps
the words
the water
the music
the money
countable plural
—
uncountable
(nouns of material,
abstract nouns)
—
No article
(zero article)
—
men
maps
words
water
music
money
A. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
The original meaning of a/an (one) explains why it is used only with
countable nouns in the singular.
Here’s a hundred pounds.
Don’t use your plate as an ashtray.
The main function of the indefinite article is generally defined as classifying,
i.e. referring a person, an animal, an object or a thing to a class of similar
objects, things, etc.
This is a journal and that is a magazine.
A lawyer is a person who helps people with legal problems.
The classifying function is closely connected with the meaning of
indefiniteness (any representative of a class, not a particular one) and novelty
(this person, object, etc. is introduced in the context for the first time).
Last Sunday we found a small black puppy in the park and brought
it home.
I saw a pretty girl of about 20 in the corner of the room. Her face
was unusually pale.
Somebody threw a large snowball at me as I was walking along
the road.
A noun with the indefinite article may have one or more descriptive attributes
preceding or sometimes following it (as in the examples above). In such cases
* The table is taken from: Michael Swan. Practical English Usage. — Moscow, 1984. p. 66.
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the class to which the noun belongs becomes narrower, e.g. a class of girls is
narrowed to a class of pretty girls of about 20. It must be pointed out that the
“zero article” also has the meaning of indefiniteness and novelty, so whenever
the situation requires the use of “a/an”, but the type or the form of the noun
(uncountable or countable plural) does not permit it, the zero article is used.
This car doesn’t use petrol, it’s batterypowered. (uncountable
material noun)
Intelligence is something you are born with, not something you learn.
(uncountable abstract noun)
The most frequent uses of the indefinite and the zero articles are
demonstrated by the following sentence patterns:
z
a predicative noun
My younger sister is a firstyear student.
Is it tea or coffee, waiter?
They are experienced engineers.
z
a nounobject not mentioned in the context (after “have”, “have got”,
“see”, “buy”, “eat”, etc.)
She has a regional accent.
We went to the market to buy tomatoes and cucumbers.
I never eat garlic.
Are you interested in science?
z
a singular or plural noun after “there is (are)”
There is a new pizzeria near my house
There were two candidates for the job.
While there is life — there is hope.
There is still a long way to go.
z
exclamatory sentences beginning with “what”
What an amazing story!
What juicy oranges!
What tender meat!
z
after “such” as an intensifying adjective.
He is such a wise man!
You shouldn’t say such words!
It is such lovely weather!
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B. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
The article “the” derives from the Old English demonstrative pronoun “se”
(that), which accounts for definiteness as its basic meaning: both the speaker
and the hearer know the thing (object, event, person) being talked about.
The definiteness of the thing, object, etc. arises from:
z an earlier mention of the noun in the context
Sue and Frank have got two children: a girl and a boy. The girl is
a college student and the boy is still at school.
And then I saw a man playing the harp. The man was dressed as
a clown.
A man came up to a policeman and asked him a question. The
policeman didn’t understand the question and so he asked the
man to repeat it.
I found some cheese and yogurt in the fridge. The cheese was
absolutely stale.
z the presence of a specifying (particularizing) modifier (a prepositional
phrase, an attributive clause, etc.)
Who was the woman you were talking to just now? (attributive
clause)
The house beyond the church was for sale. (prepositional phrase)
z the uniqueness of the object or group of objects denoted by the noun: the
sun, the moon, the earth, the world, the horizon, the equator; the Queen
(of this country), the kitchen (of this house), the children (belonging to
a particular family), etc.
We usually have breakfast in the kitchen. (there is one in our flat)
Shut the door! (there is only one open)
I had some trouble with the car. (I own one car only)
The definite article is not restricted in its usage by the type or form of
noun: it can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.
Wow! The sand is really hot! (an uncountable noun of material)
The film wasn’t good but we liked the music. (an uncountable
abstract noun)
Come and look at the horses! (a countable noun, plural)
The definite article can also precede a proper noun. It is used with nouns
denoting the name of the whole family, e.g. the Browns; geographical names
such as waterways, e.g. the Indian Ocean, the Volga, the Naroch (but Lake
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Naroch); mountain ranges, e.g. the Alps, the Urals; the names of cardinal
points, e.g. the South, the North; with substantivised* adjectives denoting
a group of people (national, social, etc.), e.g. the English, the French, the
Dutch, the rich, the poor (compare with an English poet, a French magazine,
a Russian song, a German athlete). At the same time no article is used with
the names of the continents, e.g. Asia, Europe, countries, e.g. Russia,
Belarus, France; mountain peaks, e.g. Everest; towns, e.g. Liverpool; names
of streets, e.g. Oxford Street, Fleet Street (but the High Street)**.
There are a great number of word combinations and phrases in English in
which the use of the indefinite, definite or zero article does not depend on
the context (see the lists below). Memorizing such word combinations
will help the learner to cope with the difficulties of using the English
article.
z the indefinite article
as a matter of fact
as a result
as a rule
at a distance (of 5 km)
at a glance
at a gulp
be a success
be a failure
be at a loss
do smb a favour
for a change
give (smb) a hand
go for a holiday
go for a walk/ride/swim
go on a trip/tour/
excursion
have (have got) an idea
have a bath/shower
have a bite/a meal/
a snack
have a cold /a fever
have a go/a look/ a try
have a good time
have (a) headache/
toothache/backache/
stomachache
have a rest
have a smoke
have a swim
have a wash/a
shower/ a bath
in a bad temper
in a good humour
in a good/bad mood
in a hurry
in a line
in a loud/ low voice
in a mess
in a minute/moment
in a nutshell
in a queue
in a rush
in a sense
in a way
in a while
in a whisper
in a word
in a year or two
it’s a pity
it’s a pleasure
it’s a shame
once a year/week, etc.
take a degree
tell a lie
to a (certain) degree
to a (certain) extent
* Субстантивированные — выступающие в функции существительного.
** For a more detailed coverage, particularly concerning the use of the article with geographical
names, topical groups of nouns, etc. see “A Grammar of the English Language” by
V. Kaushanskaya, L, 1974; К. Н. Качалова, Е. Е. Израйлевич. “Практическая грам
матика английского языка”. М., 1995; I. P. Krylova, Е. М. Gordon. “A Grammar of
Present day English”. Practical Course. M., 2001, V. Evans “Round Up 6. English
Grammar Practice”. Longman, 2001 and other books.
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z
the definite article
at the beginning (of a
lesson, a show, etc.)
at the crossroads
at the end (of a lesson,
a show, etc.)
at the latest
at the moment
at the seaside
at the time
at the top of
be in the way
be on the safe side
by the time
by the way
do the best
do the cooking/
the washing up/
the shopping
for the sake of
for the time being
in (the) winter/summer
in the afternoon/
evening/morning
in the centre of
in the dark
in the day time
in the distance
in the doorway
in the end
in the long run
in the meantime
in the middle
in the North/South/
West/East
in the original
in the past/present/
future
in the picture
in the rain
in the shade
in the singular/plural
in the sky
in the street
in the sun
keep the bed
keep the house
lay the table
make the bed
make the most/
the best of smth.
most of the time
on the contrary
on the left/right
on the one hand
on the other hand
on the spot
on the whole
out of the question
over the horizon
the day after tomorrow
the disabled
the handicapped
the homeless
the injured
the needy
the old/young
the only place (but an
only child)
tell the time
the other (of two)
the other day
the poor/rich
the right route/way
the same/all the same
the same opinion
the sick
the unemployed
the wounded
the wrong side/way
to tell the truth
under the impression
under the influence (of)
the zero article
arm in arm
ask for permission
at college/school/
university
at dawn
at daybreak
at dinner
at dusk
at first sight
at home/school/
college
at midnight
at night
at noon
at present
at sunrise (sunset)
at twilight
at work
beyond recognition
by accident
by bus/train/sea/air, etc.
by chance
by mistake
by name
z
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by phone/radio
do homework
do housework
do research
for sale
from beginning to end
from east to west
from head to foot
from side to side
get into trouble
get out of bed/town
go home/down town
go to hospital/school/college/
university/prison/church
hand in hand
have breakfast/lunch/tea/dinner/
supper
have (great) fun
in (for) fun
in charge
in debt
in demand
in despair
in detail
in doubt
in hospital
in trouble
in bed
in fact
in future
in person
in search (of)
in time
in secret
in service
in sight
in spite of
it’s fun
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it’s (high) time to do smth. (but
It’s the last time I / you, etc. do
smth.)
keep time
leave school/home/college
lose control (of)
make fun (of smb.)
make progress
on account (of)
on behalf (of)
on board the ship
on condition (that)
(be) on fire
on hand/at hand/off hand
on holiday
on leave
on sale
on time
out of control
out of date
out of order
out of place
out of sight
pay attention (to)
play football/tennis, etc., but to play
the piano/violin, etc.
shake hands (with)
speak English/French, etc., but the
English/French, etc. language
stay/invite for lunch/tea/dinner
step by step
study mathematics, physics,
history, but the history of Art,
the history of Greece, etc.
take care (of)
take refuge
a kind/sort of place/book/house
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Compare the use of the article in these sentences.
1. A cat often purrs when it is contented.
2. The cat sleeping on the porch belongs next door.
3. My father bought a shirt and a pair of shoes for himself. The shoes
were very expensive.
4. The price of petrol is going up. The petrol I bought yesterday was the
cheapest in the area.
5. Happiness is often the product of honesty and hard work.
6. They would like to stay at a hotel, but the hotels here are very expensive.
7. We’ll go for a walk if the sun comes out.
8. This is the last time I do you a favour.
9. Thank you for the favour you’ve done for me.
10. Peter has a charming wife and two children. The two children are twins.
11. It’s high time for the children to be in bed.
12. I didn’t see the dog when I walked into the room because it was
under the bed.
Practice
1. Choose “a”, “an” or “–”.
1. Since I had … bad headache last night, I couldn’t go out.
2. As far as I know she didn’t make … very impressive progress.
3. We had … lovely weather ... last week.
4. He has just given me … very helpful advice.
5. Mr. Heyman was considered … excellent music teacher.
6. Did you have … good time at your dacha?
7. Every dark cloud has … silver lining.
8. You ought to buy ... new alarm clock and mobile phone.
9. ... lightening and ... thunder don’t frighten me as they did during
my childhood.
2. Choose “a/an” or “the”.
1. … student must use his ID card to be admitted to … library.
2. If … person expects to play … guitar well, he must be willing to
practise often.
3. Ann looked everywhere for … badminton net. It was in … attic.
4. Who do you suppose was at … meeting?
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5. … woman who is giving … speech is … university teacher.
6. What do you think of … discussion that followed … meeting?
7. … melon is ripe, juicy and has … sweet taste.
8. Unless … rain stops … picnic will be held under … pavillion.
9. Can you hold … lid down so I can lock … suitcase?
10. My sister works in … large hospital in London. She is … doctor.
11. … weather was lovely when I woke up yesterday morning: … sun
was shining and there was … beautiful blue sky.
12. My car has broken down and I’ll have to check … engine.
13. … ambulance took … poor woman to hospital only at 7 p.m.
14. Who is … person who borrowed my umbrella?
15. They gave Anna … guitar for Christmas. She is very good at playing
… guitar, … piano and … violin. On … whole, she is … very gifted girl.
16. These jeans are cheap. I bought them at ... small shop somewhere
near … General post office.
17. Ann went to … best dressmaker to ensure that her wedding dress
fitted her like … glove.
18. Everything he has said is … lie. He made up … whole story.
19. … boutique opposite my house is having … sale.
20. Isn’t he … man who plays … violin in your orchestra?
21. … village of Baydon where he lived as … child, has now become
part of … town.
22. Are you … person who telephoned here … hour ago?
23. If I’m accepted for … job, I’ll have to start at … beginning of
September.
24. Will you send me … report as soon as it’s finished?
25. You shouldn’t be taking … shower now. … taxi’s coming in twenty
minutes.
26. As soon as he had saved enough money he bought … new computer.
27. It was … very stormy night. … wind was howling and … rain was
beating against … window.
28. There was … accident which held up all … traffic coming into town.
29. Obviously we aren’t going for … walk in … rain.
30. It’s pleasant to play … game of tennis on … warm summer
afternoon.
31. … student at … back of … class was reading … newspaper.
32. … elephant’s trunk is very strong, it can hold … log of wood.
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33. You eat too little: that amount wouldn’t keep … sparrow alive.
34. … shirts on … washing line must be dry now.
35. … small room was crammed with … furniture.
36. What is … capital of India? — Delhi.
37. What do you think of Margaret? — She is … extremely nice person.
38. I’ve got … book about… life of John Kennedy.
39. Pauline asked me … question to which I could hardly give ... reply.
40. Do you have … sleeping bag by any chance?
41. … nail went right through … wall.
42. They thought that … car was too expensive.
43. … festival will be opened … day after tomorrow.
44. Linda stopped … car to let … black cat run across … street.
45. My mother was surprised at … cleanliness of … room.
46. … job brought Paul … great satisfaction.
47. You must contact … manager and tell him about … telegram. It is
… urgent telegram.
***
Once upon a time, there was … cat and … dog who lived in … small
house. One day … cat said to … dog, “This place is too small for us — we
need … bigger house”. … dog agreed. “We could even have … garden where
I could bury my bones”. “Well, I’m not sure … garden is a good idea”,
said … cat. “Who would cut … grass?” “We could employ … cat to do it”,
said … dog. “Why not … dog?” said … cat. And so they never left … small
house because they couldn’t agree.
***
Last summer we went to … seaside for two weeks. Unfortunately, we hadn’t
booked … accommodation before we went, and we had … awful time
finding … room to stay in. … only room we could find was very small, but
it had … lovely view of … sea and was only two minutes from … beach. …
weather was very hot, and on … first day I stayed out too long. I got …
terrible sunburn and had to stay in bed … next day. After that, however,
everything went well and we had … wonderful holiday.
3. Choose “the” or “–”.
1. What … lovely weather we are having today!
2. What … charming people your parents are!
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3. … Johnsons are going to visit … USA and … Canada in … summer.
4. … wood is much dearer than it used to be. In fact, … wood I used to
make … shelves in … living room cost me a pretty penny.
5. … pollution is one of … greatest problems facing … mankind.
6. … moon and … earth both go round … sun.
7. How delicious … cake is!
8. They have two holiday homes, one in … mountains and … other at
… seaside.
9. For … further information phone … number below.
10. Many people think that … bears are … gentle animals but they can
be very aggressive.
11. Don’t eat in this restaurant. … food is awful there.
12. When I was at … school I was really bad at … History.
13. … flood did a lot of … damage to … monuments of … city.
14. … chopsticks are used a lot in … Japan.
15. I learnt … French at … school, but when I tried to speak it, …
French didn’t understand me.
16. It’s more difficult to play … violin than to learn to play … tennis.
17. … government has promised to spend more on … health and …
education.
18. … police showed him lots of photographs but he wasn’t able to pick
out … man who’d robbed … bank.
19. They gave me … incorrect information.
20. … letter is from … Browns with whom I stayed … last summer.
21. … time is … money.
22. Oh, look at … time, we’d better get moving.
23. It was … only time I had ever seen her lose her temper.
24. It’s … time you were more serious.
25. … film takes us back to … time of … American war of …
Independence.
26. We are not going on … holiday this year — we are trying to save …
money.
27. … silence was suddenly broken by a loud scream.
28. … money he borrowed from his uncle was of little help.
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29. … boiling kettle filled … kitchen with … steam.
30. I don’t mind staying at … home and looking after … children this
afternoon.
31. If you went to … Indonesia for … summer you would enjoy it
there.
32. … Royal Hotel was almost completely destroyed by fire last Saturday.
33. You can’t expect … kindness and … support from your family if
you don’t give … same to them.
34. … guests didn’t have to clear up after … party. … staff did all …
cleaning … next day.
35. … birds can fly high in … sky.
36. They managed to arrive on … time despite … heavy snow storm.
37. … National Gallery is located in … Trafalgar Square.
38. In spite of … fact that … music was quiet … neighbours complained.
39. … government plans to help … poor and … unemployed.
40. … temperature will drop significantly during … afternoon.
41. … drought this year has been less severe than last year.
42. I enjoy talking to … old people.
43. Arthur Clarke began writing … science fiction in … 1930s.
44. Could you turn down … music? It’s too loud.
45. Cover … pan with a lid when … sauce has boiled and let it simmer.
46. He promised he would never bet on … horses.
47. He is having … financial difficulties now.
48. … blood is thicker than … water.
49. … Sahara, … largest desert, stretches across … north of … Africa.
50. … Uncle Tom and … Aunt Margaret are going to visit their son
Tommy at … university.
51. Have you heard that … Thompsons are moving from … Springfield
to … Indianapolis?
52. … learned people of … ancient world knew … Earth was round.
53. … archeologists now believe that … craft of … metallurgy first started
in what is now … Thailand.
54. … Chinese always produced … best bronze items to be found in …
ancient world.
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55. … earthworm is very beneficial to … fertility of … land.
56. … police continuously directed … traffic during … heavy downpour.
***
Dear Susan,
Well, I’ve been here in … New York for two weeks now. I’m having … time
of my life. I am staying with my parents’ friends, … Browns. So far I’m
not missing … home at all. … Americans are very different from … English.
I noticed this … moment I arrived at … Kennedy Airport, where most
people were very friendly. I’ve done a lot of sightseeing since I arrived. I’ve
seen all … famous sights. … ones I liked best were … Statue of Liberty and
… Times Square. We are going to … Washington … next week. I’m looking
forward to visiting … President’s home, … White House. Mr. Brown won’t
be able to come with us as planned though, because he has … flu. He was
going to drive us there but now we are going by … bus instead. Give my
love to your mother and father and … family. I’ll be … home for …
Christmas.
Love,
Caroline
4. Miscellaneous practice.
1. I had … cup of … coffee and some toast for ... breakfast this
morning. … coffee was delicious.
2. He is trying to find … job, but there isn’t much work available at …
present.
3. Would you like to travel round … world?
4. It was … excellent holiday. We had … great fun.
5. I’d like … hamburger, please.
6. Could you switch off … TV? Nobody is watching it.
7. Most of … land in this region belongs to … small farmers.
8. … architect designs … buildings.
9. I find … History … interesting subject.
10. They studied … history of the Spanish Civil War at … school.
11. … instruction was so complex that I couldn’t understand it.
12. It’s … film about … homeless people.
13. Do you get on with … neighbours who live ... next door?
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14. Noticing … door was open, I decided to go in. It turned out to be …
museum.
15. Slamming … door, Carol drove off in … car her father had given
her as … present.
16. … blind people often have … excellent sense of … smell.
17. When Sally was on … holiday in … Alps, she broke her leg and had
to stay in … hospital for two weeks.
18. … sweets were wrapped in … silver paper.
19. She looked at me with … strange smile.
20. We never eat … white bread at home.
21. No news is … good news.
22. … air is very fresh today.
23. I’m … vegetarian. I don’t eat … meat or … fish.
24. Do you like … English beer?
25. … acting was poor, but we enjoyed … music.
26. There’s nothing like … whipped cream for me.
27. … vase is … kind of pot for holding flowers.
28. Don’t buy … artificial silk, we must have … real silk.
29. Being … man of … fixed views he refused to listen to our arguments.
30. Have you heard … news?
31. When I came in he was lying on … bed.
32. What … strange ideas you have!
33. As far as … mathematics is concerned it was … complete failure.
34. Every Sunday he went to … church.
35. Either … Germany or … Holland will win … World Cup.
36. I have never seen such … huge crowd of … people.
37. Many people eat in … Chinese restaurants in … London.
38. Several of … passengers were hurt and one of them was taken to …
hospital.
39. Measles, which is … children’s disease is dangerous for … adults.
40. … Prime Minister is to make … statement tomorrow.
41. Mike became … furniture salesman after leaving … school.
42. There were more people on … beach than in … water.
43. It’s … pity he made … fool of himself.
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44. Which do you prefer: … classical or ... popular music?
45. Amundsen was … first man to reach … South Pole.
46. He used to tell such … funny stories.
47. … family who live opposite our house are ... French.
48. Because he had run out of … money, he had to look for … job.
49. Tom went hunting in … afternoon. When he returned, … dinner
was on … table.
50. Her father has been involved in … automobile accident recently.
51. I dislike … idle talk. It’s … sheer waste of … time.
52. … children go to … school by … bus.
53. I bought … pound of … bacon and … loaf of brown bread at …
grocery.
54. … children who learn easily should start … school as early as
possible.
55. Have you got … few minutes? I’d like to have … chat with you.
56. Running has been … very popular sport in … United States for …
several years now.
57. Browns Ltd is … large company in … Manchester. It makes … soap.
58. Europe and … America are separated by … Atlantic Ocean.
59. … Elbrus is … highest peak of … Caucasian mountains.
60. … sonnet is … poem of … fourteen lines.
61. … view from above … shore was magnificent.
62. … old woman was cared for by … nurse from … hospital.
63. Don’t you think that … scissors in … sewing box need sharpening?
64. Their lives became … misery after … disaster.
65. It was … love at … first sight that brought … couple together.
66. … tortoise is … sort of … reptile.
67. … wounded were taken to … nearest hospital.
68. I live next to … nursing home for … very old.
69. Living away from … home will do him … enormous amount of
good.
70. … cost of … living in Sweden is higher than in … other countries of
… Europe.
71. … wrecked liner is still lying on … sea bottom.
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72. Never speak ill of … dead.
73. There are … shops at … either end of … street.
74. Most of … people complain about … weather here.
75. I’m warning you! … next person who does that will be in … trouble!
76. … dictionary is … book in which the words of … language are listed
alphabetically.
77. … bomb is … weapon which explodes and damages … large area.
78. I’ll send you … letter. It’s best not to talk about such things on …
phone.
79. I can’t understand … text; … language is very difficult.
80. I’d invited five people to … party. Out of … five people, only John
and Mary could come, … others couldn’t.
81. … doctor who examined … sick children was very gentle.
82. Ask Paul, he is … only one who knows … answer.
83. … Smith’s bookshop is in … Oxford Street opposite … Barclays
Bank.
84. At … end of … busy day … sleep is … best tonic.
85. You can lead … horse to … water but you can’t make him drink.
86. I couldn’t make out what … passage said.
87. Jack wears … glasses because he has … poor eyesight.
88. … air is full of… smoke, … dust and … other harmful substances.
We must do something to reduce … air pollution.
89. I like to read … good literature.
90. … Japanese have … long and interesting history.
91. … people might think you’re … little crazy, but talking to yourself
is … good way to practise ... English.
92. He irritates … people by talking in … funny voice all … time.
93. You can really help … environment by using … unleaded fuel.
94. It would be more sensible for him to save his money instead of
spending it like … water.
95. Don’t drink … coffee in … evening if you have trouble sleeping at …
night.
96. I’m not very happy with … kitchen but it will have to do for … time
being.
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97. She’s quite … lively person compared with … rest of her family.
98. Let’s wait till … wind drops before we put … tent up.
99. … discovery of … radium marked … beginning of … new era of …
medicine.
100. … house in which I grew up no longer exists.
101. … man was accused of having stolen … woman’s purse.
102. … teacher reminded … students of their assignment.
103. … teacher encouraged us to consult … dictionary whenever we
were uncertain of … spelling of … word.
104. I tried everything but… baby still wouldn’t stop crying.
105. Linda offered to look after my cat when I was out of … town.
106. … best part of our trip was … crossing of … Sahara Desert.
107. We spent three weeks camping near … Lake Garda in … Italy.
108. I have … stunning view of … Mount Kilimanjaro from my window.
109. Even if I had … money, I wouldn’t want to live in … Bahamas.
110. I decorated … children’s bedroom as fast as I could. In … week it
was done.
111. I didn’t have … time to phone him at … weekend. I’ll do it … next
week.
112. I went to … theatre last night and saw … fabulous play. I thought it
was good, anyway, but I read in … papers this morning that …
critics had slammed it.
113. Your daughter has … beautiful voice. Her interest in … singing
must be encouraged.
114. … child can’t be given everything he or she wants.
115. … hospital here is very old and can no longer serve … needs of …
community. … new hospital should have been built here long ago.
116. When James is feeling … bit low he usually treats himself to …
meal in … good restaurant.
117. This is … first time I’ve driven … sports car.
118. If you want to have … sound sleep try to drink … glass of … milk
before … bedtime.
119. … people often have … very good idea of what colours suit them but
they still buy … wrong colour clothes.
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120. He slipped and … wine spilled all over … carpet.
121. Brian seems … ideal person for … job.
122. After studying … languages at the university Steven became …
interpreter at … United Nations.
123. It’s very important for … parents to encourage … independence in
their children.
124. I saw … woman coming up … path to … house. It was … woman
I had seen at … station … day before.
125. My mother loves … Italian operas even though she can’t understand
… words.
126. … Neil Armstrong, … first man on … moon, used to work for NASA.
127. The police were called in to deal with … situation.
128. … people think … climate in … Mediterranean is … best in … world.
129. I finally found … book under … pile of … old newspapers and …
magazines.
130. … council has passed … new law about riding … bikes on …
sidewalks.
131. In … late evening, I often see … rabbits at … edge of … yard.
132. … art of writing began in … Mesopotamia, … modern country of …
Iraq, … millennium and … half before it appeared in … China.
133. Many people are severely allergic to … poisonous plants such as …
ivy (плющ) and … hemlock (болиголов).
134. To produce their fine silk, … silkworms feed chiefly on … mulberry
(шелковица) leaves.
135. Do you know … white haired man who is feeding … pigeons?
136. It was … lovely house but … stairs were too steep for … old people.
137. If you give me … hand with … dishes, we can go out together.
138. There has been … dramatic rise in unemployment in … past ten years.
139. Every morning I had to sort out … mail and distribute … faxes,
before I could have … cup of coffee.
140. We spent … wonderful evening with … Stones.
141. … gentle wind was blowing through … trees.
142. … room was completely empty so some of us sat down on … floor
while … others leaned against … wall.
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***
1. I find it very difficult to be optimistic. To tell … truth I have applied for
130 jobs in … last two years and it’s always … same story. Come back
when you’ve got … bit of experience. I mean, how can I get … experience
if nobody wants to give me … job?
2. Dear Carol,
Just … note to say thank you for … lovely day yesterday. It was really very
hard to get back to work after such … relaxing time. Delicious food, good
company, … beautiful garden — it really felt like … mini holiday. … kids
had … great time too, and are still talking about … dog and … pool.
Would you like to come over to us … next weekend? You could come for …
lunch on … Saturday or … Sunday, and we could go for … walk in … hills
afterwards if … weather is good. Looking forward to seeing you all next
weekend, and with … lot of thanks again for yesterday.
Love,
Jane
3. … man had … row with his wife. This made him leave … home later
than usual so he drove to work very fast. While he was going round …
corner, … dog ran across … road. … man stamped on … brakes, … car
skidded (… road was in … very bad condition), … man lost control of his
car and crashed into … lorry which was parked on … double yellow line.
4. Portrait of a family: … Bartons
There are three adults and two children in this family. … children are
Ben, aged twelve, and little Stella, who is four. Their parents are Andrew
and Marion. … other adult is Leslie, who’s Andrew’s brother. He is
twenty four. They live in … Newcastle, … large city in … north east of
England.
On weekday mornings everyone gets up early; Andrew Barton works for …
company, which manufactures … computers. He leaves at seven o’clock.
He likes to avoid … rush hour, he says. Marion suspects that really he
likes to avoid … breakfast with … children, who are very noisy.
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Ben catches … school bus at eight fifteen. Leslie is at … university, studying
… physics. He lives away from … home during term time, so he avoids …
noise, too.
Stella doesn’t go to … school yet, of course. Next year, she will start at
… nursery school where Ben used to go. Her mother is looking forward
to this as it will mean that she can go back to … work. Before her
marriage, she lived in London, where she worked for … National
Gallery, in … Trafalgar Square. She is hoping to find … same sort of
job in … Newcastle.
5. Tina wants to buy a car. She has come to see Brian, who is trying to
sell his.
T: So, you don’t say much in your advertisement. Is this … old car?
B: Four years old. Come and have … look at it.
T: Were you … first owner?
B: No. I got it two years ago.
T: Have you driven it … lot?
B: Well, I drive to my office in … city centre five days … week, but
I don’t use it much at weekends.
T: I see. Now, … thing is, I’m … doctor. I’ve just started work at …
hospital in Hills Road. I’m on call … lot of the time and I have to
find … car which is really reliable. … car I used to have was always
breaking down and giving me … problems.
B: Oh, this one’s very good. It may not be … fastest car around, but it
always gets there eventually. And it’s got … new set of … tyres.
T: Right. It’s good to know that. Can I go for … test drive?
B: Hm, actually, that’s not possible right now.
T: Why not?
B: Well, basically. I’m afraid it won’t start. You see, … battery is flat.
6. It was … wonderful day. We went to … beach in our old Volvo and …
children played all day in … sea. Mary and I walked along … beach in …
sunshine, looking at … birds and collecting shells. We had … meal at …
little restaurant on … way home, and drove back late at … night.
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7. I want to thank you for … lovely kitten. I call her Sheba and she has
some lovely ways. If you hang … piece of … string in front of her she
always tries to catch it. Sometimes she plays with … little rubber mouse if
I throw it in front of her. On … warm days she lies outside in … garden.
When Mrs. Ross, … cleaner, is working here, Sheba often chases … vacuum
cleaner. But Mrs. Ross says she’s … best cat in … world and we all agree
with her.
8. … robots are common in industry and perhaps they will soon be
common in the home. … robot working in the home must be able to
behave like … human. You can ask it to make … breakfast for you! “I’d
like … pot of … coffee, please, and … boiled eggs”. — “How many,
sir?” — “Two, please”. You wouldn’t have to worry about bringing friends
home to dinner. “I’ve brought … friends for … dinner”, you would say,
“please prepare … meal for six”. Your robot would be … cook, … servant
and … cleaner and perhaps it could even do … shopping. “We haven’t got
… tomatoes”, you would say. “Be … good robot and get some from …
supermarket”. … robots would never need to sleep and would never
complain. But I wouldn’t want them wandering round … house at …
night!
9. I really can’t understand why some pupils feel bored when … history is
discussed. Maybe they get … wrong idea about it at … school. For me,
though, … subject is … most important part of … education. This is because
there are some very worrying trends in … modern life. Knowing about …
development of … society in … previous centuries helps us to understand
… society we live in now. We must place … high value on … historical
research if … survival of … human race is to be assured. It’s … matter of …
life and … death.
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4. PRONOUNS
4.1. PERSONAL, POSSESSIVE AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
For study
Table 25
Personal
Subjective
Objective
case
case
z
Possessive
Proper
Absolute
I
you
he, she, it
me
you
him, her, it
my
your
his, her, its
mine
yours
his, hers, its
we
you
they
us
you
them
our
your
their
ours
yours
theirs
Reflexive
myself
yourself
himself,
herself,
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Personal pronouns in the subjective case are used as the subject of a
sentence and personal pronouns in the objective case are used as an
object of a sentence.
Possessive proper pronouns are used before a noun as an attribute.
Possessive absolute pronouns are mainly used as a predicative. They are
never followed by a noun.
In phrases like a friend of mine, that house of theirs, that brother of yours,
etc. possessive absolute pronouns are used as an attribute.
It’s not my book, it’s yours.
It isn’t her car, hers is brown.
Which coats are theirs?
A friend of mine is coming to see me.
z
Reflexive pronouns are used in a sentence after the verb and show that
the subject does an action to or for the subject.
He fell down and hurt himself.
He made himself a sandwich.
There aren’t many verbs in English which must always be used with
reflexive pronouns: absent oneself, avail oneself (of) and pride oneself (on).
Audrey prides herself on her cooking.
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Reflexive pronouns are often used with the following verbs: amuse, behave,
blame, cut, dry, enjoy, hurt and introduce.
She has no reason to blame herself for what has happened.
There are some verbs with meanings that suggest that they require a reflexive
pronoun but which are not used with reflexive pronouns: afford,
concentrate, relax, rest, wonder, etc.
We can’t afford a new car.
When a reflexive pronoun is placed after the subject or at the end of the
sentence it emphasizes the fact that the subject and not someone else does
the action.
You yourself saw it. You saw it yourself.
z
Note that the basic meaning of the structures by + reflexive pronoun
(by myself, etc.) and on + possessive pronoun (on my own, etc.) is
“alone; without another person; without help from anyone”.
I don’t like to go to the theatre on my own.
She painted the kitchen by herself.
Practice
1. Choose the correct pronoun.
1. Bob is one of (our, us, ours) best pupils.
2. It isn’t (my, mine) bag. I’ve left (my, me, mine) at home.
3. I’ve just waxed the floor. Don’t walk on (itself, it, its) yet.
4. Let (they, them, their) read the story again.
5. I know you are nervous about the exam, but you should pull (you,
yours, yourself) together before it starts.
6. Now that he was famous, he heard a lot about (him, himself, he)
on TV and radio.
7. (Your, You, Yours) house is not far from (our, us, ours).
8. Whose cigarettes are these? They may be (our, ours) cigarettes. Oh,
yes, they are (our, ours).
9. (Our, Ours) car is faster than (their, theirs).
10. There’s no need for you to come, I can carry the shopping (mine,
myself, itself).
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11. We know (they, them, theirs) very well and both Peter and Nell
know (we, us, ours).
12. You can do it without (mine, my, me) help but not without (they,
their, theirs).
13. I wish you helped (yourself, myself, me) with the housework more
often.
14. Amy was only three when she started to wash and dress (her,
herself, itself).
15. This suitcase isn’t (us, our, ours). There’s somebody’s name on it.
16. This is not (my, mine, me) car. (My, Mine, Me) is a 1980 model.
17. Could you help me sort out these things? I cannot tell which are
(your, you, yours) and which are (we, our, ours).
18. (You, Your, Yours) ticket is on the table and where is (her, she, hers)?
19. He came out of the interview looking pleased with (him, himself,
itself).
20. Can I borrow (your, yours, you) umbrella? — I’m sorry, it isn’t (me,
my, mine).
21. I’m sorry, but he’s busy. Do you mind waiting for (he, him, his)?
22. Who told you about it? — A friend of (you, your, yours).
23. Don’t ask for help. Do it (you, yourself).
24. Did he enjoy (him, his, himself) at the party?
25. Jill had lived by (itself, herself, her) before (her, hers) marriage, but
now she was happy with her husband in (their, theirs) new house
which (her, hers) husband had built (him, himself, itself).
2. Complete the sentences using personal, possessive and
reflexive pronouns.
1. There can be no doubt that Shakespeare … wrote this play.
2. We were in the park on … own.
3. My roommate and I have to share a bookshelf. She keeps … books
on the top two shelves, and I keep … on the bottom two shelves.
4. Just between you and … , I think Tom is going to lose … job.
5. Our house is almost the same as our neighbours’ house. The only
difference is that … is grey and … is white.
6. Jason has only … to blame for the mistake he made.
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7. Your cassette player sounds better than … .
8. My washing machine can switch … off.
9. The children arranged the party by … .
10. Mrs. Collins is better now. I saw … down town yesterday.
11. Romeo and Juliet killed … .
12. Promising that she would call later in the day, Linda excused …
and hurried off.
13. The children were vaccinated to protect … against the disease.
14. The neighbours hardly know him because he keeps himself to … .
15. Did you cook the pizza … or did you buy it ready made?
16. The President … opened the exhibition.
***
Last summer, six months after the wedding, Jill bought … a land rover
and she had two weeks’ holiday in Mexico with her friend Annie. They
travelled by … all over the country, camping by the roadside. One night
they became frightened. They told … that it was silly, but they kept hearing
a noise. After that they stayed in hotels. Jill’s husband was very pleased
when she got home. He hadn’t enjoyed … at all without … .
4.2. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS SOME/ANY/NO
For study
Go over the examples with the pronouns some/any/no.
There is some butter in the fridge.
Is there any butter in the fridge?
Some people don’t like to get up early.
Тherе is no money left.
There isn’t any money left.
z
Although the basic meaning of some/any is “a small amount of
something”, some may also have the meaning of “какой то, какая
то” and any — the meaning of “любой”.
Some man wants to see you, Harry.
Come at any time you like.
You can’t get any book you like.
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Some is mainly used in affirmative sentences and any in interrogative and
negative sentences. However, in conversational speech some can be found
in questions, which are requests or offers, or which expect the answer
“yes” (Would you like some tea?) and any can be found in affirmative
sentences (in the meaning of “любой”). See the example above.
Any is also used with hardly (I have hardly any money left.), with the
preposition without when without any means with no. (He started his car
without any difficulty.) and in indirect questions. (I asked them if there
were any other problems to solve.)
z The indefinite pronoun one is used instead of repeating a singular noun
and ones is used instead of repeating a plural noun.
Would you like a drink? — No, thanks, I’ve just had one.
I like all his records but his earliest ones are the best.
The definite article is used before one and ones when reference is made to
a particular singular thing or particular plural things.
I found a lot of books on the subject but I couldn’t find the one
I wanted.
These are not his gloves. The ones he left were brown.
The combination one of + the possessive or demonstrative pronoun + plural
noun is used when we talk about one among a few or many.
She’s one of the brightest students in the class.
I’d like one of those red scarves.
One can be preceded by an adjective or the indefinite pronouns another/
the other, the demonstrative pronouns this/these; that/those.
I don’t need this racket any more. I’ve just got a new one.
This hat is too big for me. Can you show me another one?
That dress is too bright. I prefer this one.
Practice
Complete the following sentences with some/any/no/one.
1. I’ll lend you … tie except the red … .
2. She gave me … excellent advice, which was very helpful to me.
3. Whether capital punishment is really a deterrent, as … people
claim, is questionable.
4. … people don’t need an alarm clock in the morning.
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5. Ask if they’ve got … flights going cheap.
6. There can hardly be … doubt that he is the best tennis player in the
world.
7. John gave me … good advice, but I didn’t take … notice.
8. My car is very old and it might break down at … time.
9. Although he was born in Spain … of his earlier poems were written
in French.
10. There’s … knowing what might happen.
11. I asked all the students in the class, but none of them answered …
of the questions.
12. He couldn’t find … books on geography at the local library.
13. I’ve got … idea what time it is; my watch is broken.
14. He wants … more pudding. You can take it away.
15. The meal we had at home was better than the … at that restaurant.
16. Most people like Tom but … don’t.
17. … people are early risers.
18. The police searched the area but couldn’t find … clues.
19. The race will be held in … weather.
20. I went to the manager to get … information.
21. Go and ask him for … paper. I haven’t got … in my desk.
22. He didn’t have … of the typical symptoms of cholera.
23. Have … more jam. It’s very good indeed. — No, thank you. I don’t
want … .
24. I don’t like my new bag. The … I had before was more spacious.
25. … time ago I came across this photo in an old magazine.
26. Tomorrow there’ll be a little free time to do … shopping, but today
there isn’t a moment to spare for … other business.
27. I’ll sort out these old letters and throw … away.
28. In … countries military service is compulsory.
29. Phone me … time you like tomorrow. I’ll be at home all day.
30. I like … water sports, but not all of them.
31. … news is good news.
32. Unfortunately she took … notice of my warning.
33. I missed the ten o’clock train and had to travel on the next … .
34. A car crashed into a queue of people. … of them was killed.
35. There was … surprise when the news was announced.
36. I wonder if there is … sugar left.
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4.3. COMPOUND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS SOME/ANY/NO +
ONE/BODY/THING/WHERE
For study
Go over the examples with the compound pronouns someone/somebody,
something, somewhere, anyone/anybody, anything, anywhere, no one/
nobody, nothing, nowhere*.
There’s someone at the door.
Somebody wants to see you.
He’s gone somewhere.
I want to tell you something important.
Is anyone ready?
Can anybody help me?
Anyone can do it. It’s easy.
No one helped me.
The book is nowhere to be found.
Nothing can be more important at the moment.
z
The use of these compounds in different types of sentences is similar to
that of some, any and no from which they are formed (see 4.2). However,
the syntactic function of the compound pronouns in a sentence is
different: they are used as an object or subject while some, any, no are
used as attributes.
Don’t sit idle. Do something. (object)
Someone’s knocking at the door. (subject)
Some people are hard to please. (attribute)
No man is wise at all times. (attribute)
z
Note the meaning of the pronouns everybody, everyone, everything and
everywhere:
everybody/everyone = all people;
everything = all things;
everywhere = in all places.
Everybody/Everyone liked his new song.
Everything is fine in her life at the moment.
Robert is very sociable. He makes friends everywhere he goes.
* Note that somewhere, anywhere, nowhere are sometimes defined as adverbs.
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Practice
Complete the following sentences with someone (somebody), anyone
(anybody), nobody (no one), something, anything, nothing, somewhere,
anywhere, nowhere.
1. It’s too dark here. I can’t see … .
2. This has got … to do with you, so don’t interfere.
3. They went … at all during the holiday.
4. It was very disappointing. Absolutely … happened.
5. I think there’s … wrong with the car.
6. Did you turn the oven off? I think I can smell … burning.
7. It’s good to get out and do … active at lunch break, isn’t it?
8. I hope you’ll be successful in finding … to live.
9. Was there … interesting in the paper yesterday?
10. I don’t usually go shopping with a certain item in mind, but if ...
catches my eye I’ll buy it.
11. Everyone was listening to the guide. … said anything.
12. She’s so famous that she can’t go … without being recognized.
13. I looked all over the house for her, but couldn’t find her … .
14. Are you going … today? — No, I am not. I am too tired.
15. … understood the rule and the teacher had to explain it again.
16. If you are not sure of an answer it’s always better to have a guess
than to write … .
17. I can’t add … to what I’ve said.
18. There is … waiting for you in the lobby.
19. He’s so naive that … can take advantage of him.
20. For … who is in such a responsible position, he is surprisingly
lacking in common sense.
21. The accident looked serious. Fortunately … was injured.
22. What I love doing more than ... in the world is making a garden
out of complete wasteland.
23. This place is full. Shall we go … else?
24. I don’t think there is … in the office.
25. I am bored. I’d like to go … tonight.
26. I left the house without saying … to her.
27. There’s … more disappointing than arriving at the airport to discover
that your luggage has been left behind.
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28. She’s standing over there, near the bookshop. I think she is waiting
for … .
29. I can’t find my keys … . I’ve looked all over the house.
30. The bus was completely empty. There wasn’t … on it.
31. It’s a stupid idea. Ask … and they will tell you.
32. I don’t know … who speaks Chinese.
33. Make sure you haven’t forgotten … .
34. He’s very selfish. He never thinks about … but himself.
35. She’s very greedy. She’ll do almost … to avoid spending money.
36. … who smokes runs the risk of getting cancer.
***
1. Jill is lonely because she doesn’t know … in her new village. Everybody
in her village is old. They are all over sixty. Jill has been living in the
village for three weeks, but still … has talked to her. But yesterday … in the
shop did smile at her. She doesn’t have a car and at weekends she gets
bored because there is … to do.
2. I always go to work by train. It’s much more relaxing than going by car.
You can look at the countryside or read a newspaper, and there’s usually
… interesting to talk to. When I go to work early, I am often alone and
there is … else on the train. But when the waiter walks through and asks:
“Does … want tea or coffee?”, I feel better.
4.4. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS MUCH, MANY AND THEIR
EQUIVALENTS A LOT OF, PLENTY OF, A GREAT/LARGE
NUMBER OF, A GREAT/GOOD DEAL OF, A LARGE/GREAT
AMOUNT OF
For study
Go over the examples with the pronouns much, many, a lot of.
Are there many plants in the city?
He doesn’t have many friends.
— with countable nouns
Is there much snow on the ground?
We haven’t much money left.
— with uncountable nouns
He’s read a lot of English classics.
— with both countable and
I’ve got a lot of work to do this morning.
uncountable nouns
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The indefinite pronouns much and many are used preferably in
questions and negative sentences. Much and many are used in
affirmative sentences when they are preceded by too or so.
I have too many problems on my hands.
I have so many offers that I don’t know what decision to take.
A lot of is more common in informal language.
The expression a large/great number (of), instead of many (of), is used
with countable nouns in statements, mostly in formal situations, while
a good/great deal (of), instead of much (of), is used with uncountable
nouns.
It requires a great deal of money and a large number of dedicated
people to run a school.
Plenty of is usually rather informal. It is used both for countable and
uncountable nouns. It suggests “enough and more.”
There are plenty of illustrated magazines at the newsagent’s.
Don’t rush. There’s plenty of time.
A lot and a great deal can also be used as adverbs.
We enjoyed our holiday a lot.
He doesn’t often speak, but when he does he says a great deal.
Practice
Complete the sentences with much, many, a lot of, plenty of, a large number
of, a great deal of, etc.
1. There isn’t … international news in the local paper.
2. In the last twenty four hours too … things happened.
3. There is too … sugar in my coffee.
4. I don’ t have … sympathy for him. It’s his own fault he lost his job.
5. I don’t have … patience with incompetence.
6. His work is well paid but doesn’t give him … satisfaction.
7. Martin spent … time in hospital last year.
8. You’ll have to work at English as … as possible.
9. There were twice as … women at the meeting as men.
10. I haven’t … time for study and that’s why I have so … mistakes in
my homework.
11. There were so … lovely gifts for sale in the shop that I couldn’t
decide what to buy.
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12. There isn’t … furniture in the flat.
13. Have you got… work to do tonight?
14. I have so … things to do that I don’t know which to do first.
15. I haven’t met … of these people.
16. Do you want some of the pudding? I’ve got too … .
17. The new factory provided jobs in a region where there was not …
employment.
18. There are too … things he can’t explain.
19. The story sounded so convincing that … of us were taken in by it.
20. He didn’t earn … money and couldn’t rent a big flat.
21. … questions need to be considered before a decision can be made.
22. The doctor has so … patients that he has to work at least 12 hours a day.
23. I think there’s too … violence on television.
24. How … progress has your country made in improving the quality
of medical care?
25. I found … information in this book.
26. Doctors believe that only a tiny … people are at risk.
27. I’m sorry to say, but you’ve got … mistakes in your last test.
28. There’s been … change here lately.
29. Make sure she eats well and gets … fresh air.
30. They’ve helped us … .
4.5. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS LITTLE, FEW, A LITTLE, A FEW
For study
Go over the examples with the pronouns little, few, a little, a few.
I received a few letters yesterday. (with a countable noun)
There are few job opportunities here. (with a countable noun)
Very few customers complained about the price. (with a countable
noun)
There is still a little snow on the roofs of the houses. (with an
uncountable noun)
There isn’t much food left. There’s only a little. (with an
uncountable noun)
They won’t win. There is too little hope. (with an uncountable
noun)
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Few, little are used to emphasize the fact that the quantity or number is
less that expected or less than desirable.
The weather was rainy, so few people came to see the match.
There’s little time. We must hurry up.
A few, a little are used to state the positive fact that there is some quantity.
I have a little time, so we can sit and talk for a while.
There are a few people who are willing to help.
z
After very, too, so the pronouns little and few are used, while after
“only” a little or a few are typical.
She did very little work during the term. I won’t be surprised if she
fails in her exams.
There isn’t much new information in the article. There’s only
a little.
Practice
Complete the sentences with little, few, a little, a few.
1. There was very … rain that autumn.
2. When she sold her house she only took … furniture with her and …
personal possessions.
3. … of his songs were popular and eventually he gave up his music
career.
4. John has too much money and too … sense.
5. Stephen King has been writing horror stories since he was seven
years old, but in his early years he had … success.
6. He’s sure he will save … thousand pounds by the end of the year.
7. He worked hard but achieved … .
8. He is not sociable. He has … friends.
9. I enjoy my life here. I have … friends and we have a lot of fun
together.
10. It’ll take … time, but I’m sure you’ll learn the rules of cricket
eventually.
11. There’s been a shortage of water because there has been very …
rain recently.
12. Pass me the jug please. There’s … milk in my coffee.
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13. She can ski … but she can’t skate.
14. I don’t think he can afford it. He earns very … .
15. There’s no need to hurry. We still have … minutes left.
16. It was very cheap. It only cost … pounds.
17. I tried to help but there was … I could do.
18. He said very … , practically nothing in fact.
19. … days later, the truth dawned on me.
20. I can’t decide now. I need … time to think it over.
21. He expected … people, but no one came.
22. … customers have come in and spent … money, but on the whole
trade has been rather dull.
23. The group have brought very … luggage, only … suitcases, but I’ll
need … help to carry them up the stairs, because some of them are
heavy.
24. He is very successful even though he has very … education.
25. Jack is usually very helpful but he had … advice for us this
time.
26. If your door squeaks, put … oil on the hinges.
27. We did very … business during the recession but … customers
continued to spend … money on jewellery.
28. This car isn’t expensive to run. It uses … petrol.
29. This town isn’t well known and there isn’t much to see. … tourists
come here.
30. … people voted for him; he is not popular.
4.6. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER, NONE
For study
Go over the examples showing the meaning and use of the pronouns both,
either, neither, none, either … or, neither … nor.
Both these hotels are very good.
Both of these hotels are very good.
Both of us (them) can speak English.
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Both Ann and Peter are fond of skating.
Both the hotels are very good. You can stay at either of them.
The hotels are both very comfortable. (They are both very
comfortable.)
You can park on either side of the street.
I don’t know what she does. She is either a secretary or a nurse.
Both the hotels are good. Neither of them is too expensive.
He is neither British nor American. He’s Australian.
Is he British or American? — Neither. He’s Australian.
None of the children like milk.
z
Both, either, neither are used when we are talking about two things or
people. After either, neither the verb is usually used in the singular
form. When neither, either are followed by the preposition of the verb
can be either in the singular or in the plural.
Neither suit fits.
Neither of the suits fits/fit.
Both the girls speak French. Neither of them speaks English.
When a negative statement is followed by another negative fact or a negative
response, the latter is expressed with the help of either (not “too” or “also”)
or neither (nor) in short responses.
Compare
I speak Italian.
— My son also speaks Italian.
— My son speaks Italian too.
— So does my son.
I don’t speak Italian. — My son doesn’t speak Italian either.
— Neither (Nor) does he (my son).
None is used when talking about more than two things, persons or
events. After none with countable nouns the verb can be used both in
the singular and in the plural forms. A plural verb is more usual.
None of my friends are keen on football.
None with uncountable nouns requires only a singular verb.
None of the cake was left.
z Neither … nor + affirmative verb is a way of combining two negatives.
She wanted neither tea nor coffee.
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After the construction neither … nor where two singular subjects are joined,
the verb is generally used in its singular form, though in an informal style
a plural verb can also be used.
Neither John nor Mary was (were) at home.
Either … or is used to convey alternatives.
You can make an appointment either for Thursday or for Friday.
Practice
Complete the following sentences with the suitable pronouns.
1. It was a very good football match. … of the teams played very
well.
2. Which of the two films do you prefer? The first one or the second
one? — Actually I didn’t like … of them.
3. We didn’t like the hotel. It was … clean … comfortable.
4. He lost … his book and his glasses.
5. … of the two pictures is satisfactory.
6. You can have … of these books, but not both.
7. … of the people I met were English.
8. I am afraid … of the local newspapers make much of a profit now.
9. We couldn’t go to a restaurant because … of us had any money.
10. Is it your car or your sister’s? — … . It’s my father’s.
11. He took the open book in … his hands and came to her side.
12. … of his opponents spoke at the meeting.
13. I think we are … a little bit overtired.
14. We took a few photographs but … of them were very good.
15. … of my family are rich.
16. Have your parents got a car? — No, … of them can drive.
17. … the train nor the bus stops at Winsford, so it’s best to come … by
car … by underground.
18. They are both very impolite. … Bob … Jenny replied to my
invitation.
19. I don’t think cricket is an exciting game. – … do I.
20. The hotdog wasn’t very expensive, and the cheeseburger wasn’t … .
21. … you keep quiet … I’ll have to ask you to leave.
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22. I am looking for opportunities … in this country … abroad.
23. I received two job offers, … of which I accepted.
24. Jerry is engaged in several business ventures. … of them is profitable.
25. The couple living in the house next door are … college professors.
26. I didn’t meet … his sister … his brother.
27. Most of the students read … the books but they didn’t find anything
very useful.
28. Which of these shirts would you prefer? — … will do.
29. … of these hotels are good, … of them would be all right.
30. … my wife and I like French cooking.
31. … of the boys have ever driven a tractor.
32. There’s enough room here. You can sit on … side of the table.
33. … of the TV programmes are worth watching tonight.
34. Ten actors auditioned for the part but the director felt that … of
them was really suitable.
35. I didn’t look up the word in the dictionary. The other students
didn’t do it … .
36. Jane wasn’t happy with the results … .
4.7. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ANOTHER, (THE) OTHER,
(THE) OTHERS
For study
Go over the following examples showing the use of the pronouns another,
(the) other, (the) others.
Both of my brothers work. One of them is a driver and the other is
an engineer.
Can I have another cup of tea?
Some people like coffee, other people like tea.
Some people like coffee, others like tea.
Why are you sitting here alone? Where are all the others/the other
students?
z
The other is used with the meaning “the second of the two”.
There were only two sandwiches left. I took one and Sally took
the other.
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Another is derived from an other and is used, accordingly, with nouns
in the singular only. It can mean a “different one” or “the same again”.
I don’t like this bag. Will you show me another?
Shall we have another drink?
Note the use of another in the structure another + number + plural noun
with the meaning “more”.
It will take another ten minutes to finish the job.
z
Others and the others are used in the sentence as nouns with the
meaning “other people or things”. Others means “several more apart
from those already mentioned” and the others means “the rest”.
Some people like this kind of music but others hate it.
When I returned I saw Fred and Sarah watching television. The
others have already left.
z
Each other and one another are both used when we talk about the
relationship between two people.
Alice and Ashton don’t like each other.
They exchanged addresses with one another.
Practice
Complete the following sentences with the pronouns other, others, the other,
the others, another.
1. I’ve got two sisters. One of them is a nurse, … is still a student.
2. Only two of us are here. … students have already left.
3. Her two sons were playing in the garden. She turned her eyes from
one to … .
4. There was … pause.
5. This hat is too small for me. Can you give me … one, a size
bigger?
6. Alec whispered something from … side of the table.
7. Some people like spring, … prefer summer.
8. She went to the kitchen and came back with … cup of tea.
9. I’ve brought two of the books you gave me. I’ll bring … books next
Friday.
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10. I’m not doing any English, I’m busy with … things now.
11. Three parachutes opened one after … .
12. He entered the room and saw Mike and Martha sitting on the
sofa. He looked first at one, then at … .
13. He wanted to get to … side of the river.
14. I’ve lost my cigarette lighter. I’ll have to buy … one now.
15. Some people are lazy, … are energetic. Most people are a mixture
of both.
16. Excuse me, waiter. Could you bring me … fork? I dropped mine on
the floor.
17. Only two countries in South America, Bolivia and Paraguay, are
inland. All of … have coastlines.
18. Washington is one of the five states of the United States which
borders on the Pacific Ocean. What are … states?
19. I’ll finish the report soon. Give me … twenty minutes and I’ll be
ready to go with you.
20. My sister has two children. One of them is five and … is seven.
21. Some people like to take vacation in the mountains, … prefer the
seashore.
22. The Anderson twins are identical. They look alike, and they think
alike. Sometimes when one begins a sentence, … finishes it.
23. Scandinavia consists of four countries. One is Denmark, … are
Finland, Norway and Sweden.
24. The car I bought last year turned out to be a real disaster! I’ll never
buy … one of the same make.
25. Some babies begin talking as early as six months; … babies don’t
speak until they are more than two years old.
26. Bob is no longer young. It’s going to be difficult for him to find …
job.
27. There are several means of mass communication. The newspaper
is one. Television is … .
28. A screwdriver won’t do. Is there any … tool you can use?
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Shop assistant:
Customer:
Shop assistant:
Customer:
Shop assistant:
Customer:
Shop assistant:
Customer:
Shop assistant:
Customer:
Shop assistant:
Customer:
***
At a Shop
Can I help you?
I’d like to buy some cassettes. What kinds do you have?
Well, we have two kinds. These play for 60 minutes,
and … play for 90 minutes.
Don’t you have any … that play for 45 minutes?
Sorry, but we’re out of those at the moment.
Oh, well. I’ll take two of the 60 minute ones.
All right.
Wait a minute. I think I’ll get … one, too.
So, you want three all together.
Right. By the way, is there … music store around here?
I really do need some 45 minute cassettes.
Well, there are two … in the neighbourhood. One is in
Bond Street, and … is in Uxbridge Street.
Thanks.
4.8. PRONOUNS EACH/EVERY
For study
Go over the following examples.
I asked every person in the room the same question and each
person gave a different answer.
They spend a fortnight in the mountains almost every year.
Each member of the team got a prize.
Each of us needed a good rest.
z
We use every when we think of a whole group with the meaning “all of
them”; we use each when we think of the members of a group separately,
one at a time.
z
Note that each refers to two or more people and things, but every can
only refer to more than two. For example, in a game between two
players you can talk about each player but not every player, but in a team
game you can say each player or every player.
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Before of followed by a personal pronoun only each is used.
z
Only the pronoun every is used in such phrases as every other day,
every now and then, every possible measure, almost every person in the
room.
Practice
Complete the sentences with the appropriate pronoun.
1. They believe … word he says.
2. I asked … student in class, but none of them could answer my
question.
3. The boys ate … cake on the plate. They didn’t leave anything to the
girls.
4. The match was very exciting and our team scored twice in … half.
5. … child at the party was given a present to take home.
6. … orange costs ten pence.
7. I see Jack almost … day.
8. … of the children was given a piece of paper and a crayon.
9. … time I ask her about her brother she doesn’t seem to know
anything new.
10. What a wonderful movie. I enjoyed … minute of it.
11. I still see her … now and then.
12. … of the kids arriving for the first time is shown around the school.
13. … item of the programme ought to be carefully checked.
14. You’ll have to apply the ointment … other day.
15. The airline takes … possible precaution to ensure the safety of its
passengers.
16. Nearly … house in the village was damaged during the recent storm.
17. From next year … baby in the country will be vaccinated against
measles.
18. There were tears streaming down … side of her face.
19. … actor in London was there and the feeling in the audience was
unforgettable.
20. … member of the staff must attend the meeting.
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***
The Miltons are all going on holiday this year. They have looked at …
brochure in the travel agent’s and they’ve decided to go to Portugal. They
went to an island last year but … beach they went to was filthy. Tom was
sick … day and Jane was bitten by insects on … leg. … time the twins went
swimming they nearly drowned and Mary got an infection in … ear when
she wore the cheap earrings she bought in the market.
4.9. PRONOUNS ALL/WHOLE
For study
Go over the following examples.
All children should complete the primary course.
All the students stopped talking.
You must all come on time.
We are all busy.
We are all listening.
We all knew what to do.
He soon lost all hoре of becoming a professional tennis player.
I didn’t see the whole film/all the film. I missed the first part.
But: I finished all the coffee. (with uncountable nouns)
Compare the word order: the whole…/all the… .
Before place names, the whole of is mainly used: the whole of Europe.
In some common time expressions, both whole and all are possible: the
whole afternoon/night/week — all afternoon/night/week; the whole time —
all the time; my whole life — all my life.
Practice
Complete the sentences with the appropriate pronoun. Insert the where
necessary.
1. Did you remember to switch off … lights?
2. Have you spent … money I gave you?
3. The weather was terrible yesterday. We spent … day at home.
4. Did you understand … information I gave you?
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5. She was hiding in the room … time.
6. He is trying to make up for … the classes he missed.
7. The fire destroyed … building.
8. … I’ve eaten today is a sandwich.
9. Do … of your friends take part in the contest?
10. He didn’t say where he was going. … he said was that he was going
away.
11. On Saturday Alan spent … day fixing his motorbike.
12. Nick has spent his … life in Bristol but he wasn’t born there.
13. You should think twice about lending him … that money.
14. The environment is an issue which concerns us … .
4.10. DEFINING (RELATIVE) PRONOUNS WHO(M)/WHOSE/
WHICH/THAT
For study
Go over the following examples.
The man who spoke to us wasn’t English.
Dr. Jones is the professor who(m) I told you about.
Dr. Jones is the professor about whom I told you/that I told you about.
She was late for the train, which didn’t surprise me in the least.
Did you see the letter which/that came this morning?
She’s the girl whose brother works in the postoffice.
Practice
1. Complete the sentences with the appropriate pronoun.
1. We now have two extra bedrooms, … is an advantage over our old
house.
2. Most of the people … work in Peter’s office are very nice.
3. People … outlook on life is optimistic are usually happy people.
4. Have you seen the book … was on this table?
5. The man … we spoke to wasn’t very nice.
6. Mr. and Mrs. Allen are the people … child was injured in an
accident.
7. She ignored my warning, … was thoughtless of her.
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8. The woman … answered the phone asked me to call back later.
9. Mary has two brothers. Do you know the one … lives in America?
10. What’s the name of the man … plays James Bond?
11. The money … I left on the table seems to have disappeared.
12. The man … bicycle I borrowed lives next door.
13. Carl is the one … desk is next to mine.
14. It takes John much longer to get to and from work than before, …
is quite tiring for him.
15. The pianist … played at the concert last night is internationally
famous.
16. The restaurant … Bob recommended was expensive.
17. The woman … lives next door to us is a weathercaster on a local
TV station.
18. The speech … we listened to last night was informative.
19. The people about … the novelist wrote were factory workers and
their families.
20. The cold weather … swept in from the north damaged the fruit crop.
21. Hunger and poverty are worldwide problems to … solutions must
be found.
22. A barrel is a large container … is made of wood and metal.
23. The chair … Sally inherited from her grandmother is antique.
24. I read about the child … life was saved by her pet dog.
25. You need to talk to a person … you can trust. You will feel better if
you do.
2. Complete the following texts with the appropriate pronouns.
1. We’ve got a small house … we built ourselves. At the back of the house
is Lake Geneva. In the summer the lake is full of boats … carry passengers,
… work or shop in other towns and villages. The house next door to ours is
owned by a German couple … we see quite often. The people … house is
immediately opposite ours have lived here for generations and are also
friendly. There is a small shop … sells food and drink, but of course we go
into Lausanne for things … we can’t buy locally.
2. Andrew James owns three summer cottages … he rents out to visitors.
There are people … return every year and some … he now calls friends.
Many visitors, however, are less than satisfactory. The cleaners … go into
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the cottages at the end of the week are often shocked. They find hairdye …
adults have left on the bathroom walls, drawings … bored children have
put on bedroom walls; kettles … smell because visitors have boiled fish in
them. There are people … spill a mug of coffee on the carpet and leave it
there. They do not report television sets … are broken or glasses they have
smashed. One family took home a temperature knob … only fits one
particular make of cooker. At the end of each week, Mr. James and his
wife search for spoons … guests have dropped in the dust and check
cushions … they have turned round to hide the food stains.
3. Daniel Defoe … was born in London in 1660 is the author of “Robinson
Crusoe” … has become a children’s classic. The book was based on the
experiences of a sailor called Alexander Selkirk. It’s curious that Crusoe
… we think of as a kindly man is really a typical colonist. Defoe …
techniques are still employed in newspaper offices today has been called
the first English novelist, but he was really a great journalist. This is why
his best book is a wonderful reconstruction of the Great Plague of 1665.
4. The people … are employed to tell us what the weather is going to be like
are called weather forecasters. The ones … write the forecasts … appear in
the newspapers don’t usually write their names under the forecasts … they
make. But this is not true of those … faces become familiar to us on TV, and
they are the ones … we blame if their forecasts are wrong. They are not
people … I feel sorry for, though, because they always speak as if they knew
all the answers and never admit the mistakes … they made the day before.
4.11. IT IS AND THERE IS COMPARED
For study
z
It is used to replace a noun from the preceding context or to refer to a
thing, an action, a situation or weather, time and distances.
I’m looking for an umbrella but I can’t find it.
It’s nice to meet you again.
It’s a quarter to five.
It’s not far from where she lives.
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z
There is used to say that something exists somewhere or happens to
somebody and is often used to introduce smth. It can be used in the
same context to give additional information about the same thing or
object.
There’s a new film I want to see.
There were only twelve students in the class.
Is there anything wrong with your car?
There’s a letter for you. It came this morning.
z
Compare the following examples to prevent confusion between the two
forms:
1. It is + adjective/noun
It’s sunny today.
It’s not my problem.
there is + noun
There’s been a lot of sunshine lately.
There’s a problem I want to
discuss with you.
2. It is and there is when talking about time and distances
It’s time to go to bed.
It’s a fiveminute walk
from here.
There’s enough time for a quick
meal.
There’s still a long way to go.
Practice
Complete the sentences with it or there and the verb to be in the correct form.
1. … … very difficult for some people to imagine life without a car.
2. In a lot of cities … … so much congestion that none of the traffic
can move during the rush hour.
3. I’m afraid … … some bad news for you in the letter.
4. … … a complete waste of time I think.
5. … … much tourism here at this time of the year.
6. … … hard to understand what he means.
7. … … a few interesting music events coming up in our city this
month.
8. For music fans … … great to see Robin Andrews appear on the
stage.
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9. … … twenty questions in the questionnaire and he answered them
all.
10. … … a pleasure to do business with such an efficient organization.
11. … … high time you passed your test.
12. … … as foggy today as … ... yesterday.
13. … … a lot of crime in the city this year.
14. … … no proper roads in Britain until the Romans built some 2,000
years ago.
15. … … a fish and chips restaurant round the corner. … … quite nice
I think.
16. … … a lot of stories about Robin Hood, but … … known exactly
who he was or what he did.
17. … … a nice town but … … much to do in the evenings.
18. … … no improvement in the economic situation over the last three
months.
19. The house is really nice. … … a beautiful cottage with a thatched
roof. In front of the house … … a rose garden.
20. … … a wide choice of things to do at this sports club.
21. … … a month since we visited grandma.
22. … … that easy to set up your own business.
***
1. Robert returned home and checked for messages on his answerphone.
… … one message. “This is Ellie”, he heard. “… … something I must tell
you and … can’t wait till tomorrow. … … just after 6.30 now. Please call
back. … … urgent”. Robert had spoken to Ellie that afternoon and she
hadn’t said that … … a problem of any kind.
2. The Dome is one of London’s most famous buildings. In fact, … … one
of the biggest buildings ever constructed. … … enough space inside the
Dome for thirteen Concert Halls, so … … surprising that … cost an
incredible £ 758 million! … … over 30 restaurants, bars and cafes here
which serve food and drinks throughout the day. … … also a lot of gift
shops there.
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4.12. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS THIS/THESE,
THAT/THOSE
For study
Go over these examples.
This song is very popular at the moment.
I’m not going anywhere this weekend.
This is a very nice restaurant, isn’t it?
These tours attract a lot of holiday makers.
These are very important findings.
That man over there is a wellknown artist.
That holiday in Italy was the best he’d ever had.
That wasn’t the right thing to say.
Those days remained in his memory for ever.
As is clear from the examples, the given demonstrative pronouns can be
used both as nouns and as adjectives.
z Used as adjectives, the demonstrative pronouns this/these, that/those
agree with the following noun in number.
This armchair is very comfortable.
These exercises are quite difficult.
What does that notice say?
This/these, that/those can be used with one/ones when there is some idea
of comparison or selection.
This umbrella is too heavy. I’ll take that one.
Which of the bags do you like more? — This black one.
z Used as nouns, this and that can represent a previously mentioned fact
or idea.
He’s jogging. He does this every morning.
She said she’d lost her purse. She was very upset about that.
z
z
That/those can be used instead of a noun already mentioned. In this
case the pronoun can be followed by a defining relative clause.
Biker tours are popular with people who want to go on an amazing
journey. These tours are greatly enjoyed by those who love
motorbikes, travel and great scenery.
This can be used in introductions.
Helen (to James): This is my niece Sally.
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Practice
Complete the following sentences with the demonstrative pronouns this/these,
that/those.
1. Do you see … bird over there? It’s a crane.
2. Mike isn’t coming home at Christmas … year.
3. The lyrics in pop songs sometimes have less rhythm than … in
poetry and the words and ideas in songs are usually easier to
understand than … in ‘serious’ poetry.
4. In the future, cities are going to be more pleasant places to live in.
… change is starting to happen today.
5. … is the first time I’ve done … tour, so I’m a bit nervous.
6. We won’t be in town … weekend. We are going camping.
7. Look at … ads, Jane. Why don’t you apply for the care assistant’s
job?
8. These tours are suitable for … who are not keen on long journeys.
9. Where’s Susan? She promised to be here at six sharp. Oh, there
she is. … ’s her in the blue dress.
10. We should give priority to … in need.
11. Here we are at last. Look at … beach! It has never been cleaned!
12. They have shown that unemployed people can change not just
their lives, but … of others.
13. … is the first time I’ve had a job which I feel is worth doing.
14. The assistant said she would finish typing the report … day.
15. Is … a microwave over there? When did you buy it?
16. It’s always unbearably hot at … time of the year.
17. Allan has worked overtime for the last three months. … is how he
has managed to save some money.
18. Tim hurt his leg and wasn’t able to play in the football match. He
was very upset about … .
***
“… won’t take long”, said Mr. Brandon, as Robert sat down. “Here, look
at … report”, he said, handing Robert a file. “Are … figures correct?”, he
asked, pointing at a table on the last page of the report. “Yes”, said Mr.
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Brandon gravely. “And … is why we have to take immediate action. The
company needs to cut costs quickly and … report shows us the way
forward”.
Mixed practice
Complete the sentences with the appropriate pronouns.
1. If you can spare me … time, I’d like to make … suggestions.
2. There’s so … work to do that we haven’t … time to spare.
3. I come home so tired that I can do … work in the evenings.
4. We couldn’t find the person … car was blocking our driveway.
5. There are … of chocolate biscuits here. Would you like … one?
6. We didn’t have … petrol left. So we had to look for a filling station.
7. I like … fruit except bananas.
8. Many people are multilingual, but very … people speak more than
ten languages.
9. Very … of the medical staff come from the local area.
10. I thought I had met … of the people here but I don’t know … of them.
11. Being a parent has brought him … happiness.
12. How … homework did the teacher assign?
13. I think … lemon juice on fish makes it taste better.
14. John overslept and missed his plane to Paris. He was angry at …
for not checking his alarm clock before going to bed.
15. Sue, please help … to some more cake.
16. Whenever we have problems in life, we have to be careful not to
waste too much time feeling sorry for … .
17. We should ask … if we are doing … in our power to solve this problem.
18. I enjoyed watching everyone on the beach. … people were playing
volleyball, while … were picnicking.
19. My report is due today, but I need … week to finish it.
20. Joe and Frank work as a team. They get on well with each … .
21. There aren’t … jobs available in this area at the moment.
22. She made the soup by mixing … meat with rice.
23. Can you help me? I need … information.
24. Our weather is cloudy in winter. We don’t get … sunshine.
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25. … of the birds has its own cage.
26. Alex bought a bicycle … is specially designed for long distance
racing.
27. People … don’t get enough sleep may become short tempered and
irritable.
28. Only … of the films shown at this cinema are suitable for children.
29. We’ve done a lot in the hope of attracting more customers but so
far there’s been very … response. The trouble is that … people don’t
have any money to spare. We’ll need … luck to make a profit this
year.
30. I have read … book this author has ever written.
31. Before giving her answer she looked at … of the children in turn.
32. We’ve drunk … the water. There isn’t … more left.
33. … student has to fill in a questionnaire.
34. Everybody arrived late, … didn’t surprise me in the least.
35. If that doesn’t work, you’ll have to find … way of solving the
problem.
36. Cactuses need very … water.
37. Do you know any … people who might have a reason to do this?
38. This museum may be closed but … tourist places are open.
39. On the … life became much quieter after John had left.
40. It rained … the time we were on holiday.
41. You have your … life ahead of you.
42. This is the moment we … have been waiting for.
43. In a football match … team has eleven players.
44. I felt very tired and had … energy, so I stayed at home.
45. … who walks across the hills in this weather does so at their own risk.
46. There aren’t … opportunities for people who don’t have good
qualifications.
47. The … world is concerned about the ozone layer.
48. The children have … appetite. They hardly eat … .
49. Did the children behave … while I was away?
50. … people learn languages easily, … find it very difficult.
51. It was so foggy, I couldn’t see … of the signposts.
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52. Life is so much simpler in a small town. I can’t imagine living …
else.
53. … critic seems to agree that it is … of the best films ever made.
54. He criticized the article and said that … of the things in it were
true.
55. Do you have … hobbies apart from playing sports?
56. I know that the details are correct because I checked them … .
57. She spoke to … member of the staff individually.
58. … of these two ideas will work so we’d better think of … else.
59. The people … are involved in these programmes feel they have been
given the opportunity to do … worthwhile.
60. Here the children can make as … noise as they want and … are
… complaints from neighbours because the thick walls are
soundproof.
61. If Diane had more money, she would buy a house of … own.
***
1. A: What did you think of the end of term show at the art college this
year?
B: Well, … of the sculptures were quite original, I thought, but I
didn’t think much of … of the paintings. It seems to me that they take …
care to teach them the fundamentals of painting or drawing these days.
… , even a child of five, could have produced most of the pictures they
had on show.
2. A: Would you like … more cake?
B: Yes, please. It’s really good. Did you make it … ?
A: Yes, I did. I got the recipe from … website. I don’t remember exactly
which, but there are quite … where you can get food tips and recipes.
B: Really? That sounds useful. Could you give me … addresses? I can
never think of … new to cook.
3. Darren isn’t happy in his new job. He doesn’t earn … money even
though he has … responsibilities. Very … companies he has worked for in
the past have paid him so … money for so … work. He has sent …
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applications to other companies, but there are very … jobs and too …
people looking for work these days. Darren has … hope of finding anything
better.
4. These days more people are learning how to use computers. … of them
have to because of their work, … just want to play games, … are actually
interested in computing. These days you don’t need … money to buy
a computer and … knowledge of computing is required to use one. There
are … of different uses for them, such as letter writing and keeping
accounts.
5. The school trip is tomorrow and I want to remind everyone of a few
things. I don’t want … to miss the bus. Last year … pupils were left behind
because they arrived late. … are hardly … seats left on the coach, so remem
ber to put your bags and coats in the boot before you get on. … will be
allowed to smoke on the coach. I hope you will all bring warm clothes.
Does … have … questions? Good. If you remember what I’ve said, … will
be … problems.
5. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
For study
z
The majority of English adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding
ly: slow — slowly; kind — kindly; simple — simply; typical — typically;
strange — strangely. Adverbs are used in a sentence as adverbial
modifiers and refer to the verb.
I had a strange dream last night. He looked at me strangely.
The runners made a slow start. They started the race slowly.
z
It must be remembered that the ending ly does not always belong to an
adverb. The following words, although they end in ly, are adjectives,
not adverbs: cowardly, motherly, fatherly, brotherly, friendly, silly, lively,
lovely, manly.
Note that these adjectives do not have an adverb derived from them and,
since an adjective cannot be used as an adverbial modifier in a sentence,
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an adverbial phrase is used in such cases: in a silly way; in a friendly
manner, etc.
He behaved in a silly way. He spoke to us in a friendly manner.
z
Some adverbs have the same form as the corresponding adjectives:
fast, hard, long, wrong, late, high, straight, etc.
I came on the fast train. The train came quite fast.
They were speaking in low voices. He bent low over the engine.
There are also a few adjectives and adverbs which end in ly. Most of
them have been derived from nouns denoting a period of time: daily,
monthly, weekly, hourly, early.
It is my daily duty. (adj.)
Most newspapers are delivered daily. (adv.)
z
Some adverbs have two forms (with ly and without ly). In most cases
they differ in meaning.
late (поздно) — lately (в последнее время)
Don’t sit up late. I haven’t seen Mike lately.
hard (усердно, много) — hardly (едва)
You must work very hard. I could hardly understand you.
pretty (довольно) — prettily (приятно)
The film was pretty good. The child smiled prettily.
near (возле) — nearly (почти)
Don’t go far away, stay somewhere near. It’s nearly time to start.
free (бесплатно) — freely (свободно)
Children under five can travel free.
When the gate is raised, the water can flow freely.
high (высоко) — highly (очень)
He lifted the ball high over his head. My father is a highly respected
man.
deep (глубоко) — deeply (тщательно, сильно)
We had to dig deep to find water. His remarks were deeply
embarrassing.
sharp (точно) — sharply (резко)
They met at 5 sharp. The road turned sharply to the left.
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short (резко, внезапно) — shortly (вскоре, в скором времени)
It’ll reach you shortly. He’s stopped short.
cheap — cheaply
They travelled cheaply. He bought (sold) the car cheap.
clear (на расстоянии) — clearly (отчетливо)
She spoke loudly and clearly. Stand clear of the painted wall.
easy — easily
I found the way easily. Take it easy.
fair — fairly
They never treated him fairly at school. You must play fair.
z
Adjectives (not adverbs) are used as a predicative after link verbs such
as appear, be, become, feel, grow, look, seem, smell, sound, taste, turn.
The omelette tastes/smells good.
She looked beautiful in her new dress.
She felt happy on the day we met. (But: She felt well/unwell; she
looked well/unwell.)
Note that the verbs appear, grow, look, turn can be used both as link verbs
and as notional verbs. In the latter case they are followed by an adverb.
She looked kindly at the boy. (notional verb)
She looked kind and quiet. (link verb)
He grew impatient.
The company’s profits grew slowly but steadily.
Practice
Choose the correct variant.
1. The floor looks clean/cleanly.
2. The plane landed safe/safely on the runway.
3. When the wind started to blow I grew anxious/anxiously.
4. This list of names appears complete/completely. No more names
need to be added.
5. The crowd yelled wild/wildly when the team scored a goal.
6. The merchant looked honest/honestly, but she wasn’t. When I got
home I discovered that she had cheated me.
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7. Most of the students did (well/good) in their tests.
8. The contract offer sounded (fair/fairly) to me, so I accepted
the job.
9. Jim felt (terrible/terribly) about forgetting his son’s birthday.
10. A rose smells (good/well).
11. As dawn approached, the sky became (lighter/lightly).
12. Bert spoke (confident/confidently) when he delivered his speech.
13. I don’t think this milk is spoiled. It tastes (fine/finely) to me.
14. Dogs make loving, trainable and (gentle/gently) pets.
15. Tina is always patient and speaks (sensitively/sensitive) when
helping her friends with their problems.
16. When people are tired they walk (slow/slowly).
17. I listen to the radio a lot but I (hard/hardly) ever watch television.
18. I tried (hard/hardly) to remember her name but I couldn’t.
19. We (hard/hardly) know each other.
20. Kate is a (hard/hardly) worker.
21. She used to be a great musician, but she (hard/hardly) plays at all
now.
22. You know your boss thinks (high/highly) of you.
23. The hill rose (high/highly) above the landscape.
24. I always feel (full/fully) whenever I eat a curry.
25. I am (full/fully) aware that you are not allowed to stop on
a motorway.
26. Helen has to work (late/lately) tonight.
27. Life on the farm was (pretty/prettily) hard.
28. The card allows you to travel (free/freely) for a month.
29. It took (near/nearly) two hours to reach the place.
30. The accident happened (short/shortly) before midday.
31. The detective was watching him (close/closely) waiting for a reply.
32. The idea is now (wide/widely) accepted.
33. Don’t sit too (near/nearly) to the screen.
34. All citizens can now travel (free/freely) among member states.
35. I was halfway through my explanation when Jack cut me (short/
shortly).
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36. The museum is (easy/easily) accessible by car.
37. His eyes were (wide/widely) open.
38. The birthday card arrived three days (late/lately).
39. Go (easy/easily) on her, she’s having a really hard time at the
moment.
40. Better (late/lately), than never.
41. Things have been going (bad/badly).
42. I don’t understand why she spoke so (rude/rudely).
43. I know him (fair/fairly) well, but I wouldn’t say we were (real/
really) close friends.
44. She has been acting very (strange/strangely) (late/lately).
45. Open the window (wide/widely). It’s stuffy in here.
46. His (clumsy/clumsily) fingers couldn’t untie the knot.
47. Parents must be (firm/firmly) with their children.
48. Don’t be too (hardly/hard) on him. He is very young.
49. His teachers think very (high/highly) of him.
50. They were (warm/warmly) dressed in coats and scarves.
***
Linda and Larry are at a restaurant.
Larry: You look (beautiful/beautifully) tonight, Linda.
Linda: Thanks, Larry. This is a great restaurant! The food tastes (good/
well); and the band sounds (terrific/terrifically).
Larry: Yes. They really play (beautiful/beautifully), don’t they? Hey, would
you like to dance?
Linda: Sure.
Larry: It feels (nice/nicely) to dance again. You know I haven’t danced
since our wedding.
Linda: Be careful! Those people are really dancing (bad/badly).
Larry: You’re right. They look (dangerous/dangerously).
Linda: Oh, my toe! Let’s sit down.
Larry: Good idea. How about some coffee? The people next to us have
just got coffee, and it smells (wonderful/wonderfully).
Linda: That sounds (nice/nicely).
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5.1. DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
For study
REGULAR COMPARISONS
Table 26
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
short
tall
easy
famous
careful
warm
shorter
taller
easier
more famous
more careful
warmer
the shortest
the tallest
the easiest
the most famous
the most careful
the warmest
The hotel is cheaper than I expected.
It’s the cheapest hotel in the town.
This film is more interesting than the film we saw last week.
It’s the most interesting film I’ve ever seen.
This film is less interesting than the film we saw last week.
This film is the least interesting I’ve seen this year.
The hotel is much cheaper than I expected.
This film is much more interesting than the film we saw last
week.
It’s as warm today as it was yesterday.
It’s not as warm today as it was yesterday.
It’s not so warm today as it was yesterday.
Remember
1) to change y into i when the adjective ends in y
dry — drier — the driest
easy — easier — the easiest
2) to double the final consonant followed by a short vowel
big — bigger — the biggest
wet — wetter — the wettest
There are some exceptions to the rules of formation of comparative and
superlative adjectives.
z
One syllable adjectives ending in ed and the adjectives real, right,
wrong do not take er, est, but are used with more, most
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z
bored — more bored — the most bored
real — more real — the most real
Two syllable adjectives ending in y, ow, er, le and the adjectives
common, handsome, pleasant, polite, stupid can have either more and
most or er and est, e.g.
easy — easier — the easiest or more easy — the most easy
clever — cleverer — the cleverest or more clever — the most clever
simple — simpler — the simplest or more simple — the most simple
narrow — narrower — the narrowest or more narrow — the most
narrow
handsome — handsomer — the handsomest or more handsome —
the most handsome
polite — politer — the politest or more polite — the most polite
pleasant — pleasanter — the pleasantest or more pleasant — the
most pleasant
stupid — stupider — the stupidest or more stupid — the most stupid
IRREGULAR COMPARISONS
Table 27
Positive
Comparative
good
bad
far
far
near
near
late
late
old
old
better
worse
farther
further
nearer
nearer
later
latter
older
elder
Superlative
the best
the worst
the farthest (about distance)
the furthest (about time and distance)
the nearest (about distance)
the next (about order)
the latest (about time)
the last (about order)
the oldest (about age)
the eldest (for seniority;
used only attributively)
The weather is getting worse instead of better.
His office is further/farther away than mine.
For further information contact Mr. Williams.
The nearest cafe is five minutes’ walk from here.
The next news bulletin comes in ten minutes.
Have you heard the latest news?
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The last train leaves in half an hour.
Tim is the oldest of the three friends.
Ted is three years older than Ben.
My elder brother is a fireman.
The eldest of my brothers is twentyseven.
Practice
1. Use the correct form of the adjectives in brackets. Insert the where necessary.
1. Health and happiness are (important) than money.
2. I prefer this armchair. It’s (comfortable) than the other one.
3. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be much (expensive).
4. She is a very intelligent student. She is (intelligent) student in our
school.
5. This hat is too small for me. I need a (big) size.
6. The station wasn’t as (near) as I had expected.
7. Her illness was (serious) than we at first thought.
8. It’s (funny) story I’ve ever heard.
9. My salary isn’t so (high) as yours.
10. This furniture is too expensive for me. I would like to buy (cheap)
furniture.
11. It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere (quiet)?
12. He is (famous) singer in the country.
13. A big car is (expensive) to run than a small car.
14. I’m getting too old. This job is for a (young) man.
15. Children nowadays seem to be much (noisy) than they used to be.
16. You certainly look (happy) than you did yesterday.
17. When the children get a bit older they will need a (big) house.
18. I know the exams are (difficult) time of the year for students.
19. He was much the same as I had remembered him, though he had
grown (heavy) and (thickset). But his hair was even (curly) and he
had a (pleasant) expression.
20. They were suspicious of us at first but eventually they became
(friendly) and (relaxed).
21. Considering everything you have done for them, they ought to be
(willing) to help.
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22. He’s one of (stupid) people I’ve ever met. He parked his car in
(narrow) street in the village, and when another driver complained,
he just got angry and awkward. In the end, a policeman came and
fined him. Perhaps he’ll be (careful) in future.
23. Scientists claim oil pollution is (common) cause of death among
sea birds.
24. The last exam was quite easy and I began to feel (confident) about
my results.
25. The report confirms that smoking is (important) cause of lung cancer.
26. Insects are (resistant) to radiation than large animals.
2. Use the correct form of the adjectives in brackets. Insert the where necessary.
1. Who was (late) person to leave the building yesterday?
2. (Near) train for Cardiff leaves in an hour.
3. They realized their plan without (far) difficulties.
4. Nell is three years (old) than her husband.
5. Her (old) brother is a well known pianist.
6. The car was parked in (far) corner of the yard.
7. You will get (far) instructions in a few days.
8. It’s (bad) weather we’ve had for a long time.
9. Can you tell me the way to (near) post office?
10. Hilda is (old) in the family.
11. What do you think of his (late) play? — It’s (good) play I’ve seen
this year.
12. I’m looking forward to his (near) letter.
13. Who’s (good) footballer in the team?
14. She’s actually a good deal (old) than she looks.
15. My (old) daughter does nearly all the housework.
16. Mercury is (near) to the Sun and Pluto is (far).
17. You should get the patient to (near) doctor’s as soon as possible.
18. Your ability to remember things gets (bad) as the years go by.
19. Are there any (far) questions?
20. Other students had poorer results. He isn’t (bad) student in the class.
21. Concerning your application, I’m afraid we have no (far) news.
22. The bus starts from the castle, which is (old) surviving building in
the town.
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Mixed practice
A. Complete using comparatives of the adjectives in brackets; add than when
necessary.
“Oh, why is English such a difficult language! I think it is (difficult) French.
Sometimes I feel that my English is getting (bad), not (good)! When you
first start learning English, it seems (easy) other languages and the grammar
looks (much/ simple). However, when you become a little (advanced), it
gets a lot (complicated). There are also so many words in English! The
dictionary I bought when I first came to Britain is far too simple. I’m
already looking for something (big) and (comprehensive)”.
B. Put the adjectives in brackets into the correct form. Add the or a/an, where
necessary.
1. Two weeks ago I went down town to buy a birthday present for my (old)
sister. You couldn’t meet (wonderful) person than her. She is one of (charming)
women I know. She is also (generoushearted) person I’ve ever met. Mother
says she could be a bit (tidy) than she is. Anyway, the present I wanted to
buy her had to be (good) I could afford. Eventually, I came across (beautiful)
scarf I had ever seen. Imagine my disappointment when I discovered the
next day that Mother had bought her exactly the same scarf.
2. One of (embarrassing) experiences that can happen to anyone is to meet
old friends, and not recognize them. I once had to welcome a group of
students at the airport. I knew (old) person, a Madame Dufort, would be in
charge of them, and when the group appeared, this woman came towards
me, smiling, and said: “Doctor, what a pleasant surprise!” If I had been
(quick) and (intelligent) I would have said brightly: “How nice to see you,
my dear!’ as if she were my (old) friend, but I just stood there, my face
getting (red) and (red), trying to remember her. The (bad) thing about it was
that she got even (embarrassed) than I was, and said: “You don’t remember
me,” still not giving me (slight) clue. Fortunately, my wife, who is (quick
thinking) and (wellmannered) than I am, said: “Of course he does, Nicole,
but he’s (absentminded) person in the world”. Nicole had been a student of
mine years before, but she looked much (old), her hair was going grey, and
her face had more lines on it than is usual at her age. She had got married, too,
so her name was changed, and I find names (easy) to remember than faces.
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5.2. DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
For study
REGULAR COMPARISONS
Table 28
Positive
slowly
reluctantly
Comparative
Superlative
more slowly
more reluctantly
most slowly
most reluctantly
IRREGULAR COMPARISONS
Table 29
Positive
well
badly
little
much
far
Comparative
Superlative
better
worse
less
more
farther
further
best
worst
least
most
farthest
furthest
With adverbs of two or more syllables the comparative and superlative
degrees are formed by putting more and most before the positive form.
Adverbs consisting of one syllable and the adverb early form the degrees by
adding er, est.
Ann works harder than most of her friends.
You should go to bed earlier.
Could you speak more slowly, please?
Amy speaks French less fluently than Mark.
The team played worse than before.
I liked Linda best of them all.
They all talked a lot but Fiona talked (the) most.
He moved as quietly as he could.
Practice
1. Use the correct form of the adverbs in brackets.
1. It’s becoming (hard) and (hard) to find a job.
2. Your work isn’t very good. I’m sure you can do (well) than this.
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3. You’re standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit (far)
away?
4. Martin drove (slowly) than usual.
5. We have to walk (fast) than this if we want to catch the train.
6. This word is (widely) used in spoken English than in written English.
7. Let me ask him. I know him (well) than you do.
8. Jim did (badly) in his examination than he had hoped.
9. Could you speak a bit (distinctly), please?
10. I don’t play tennis much now. I used to play (often).
11. We should run (fast) if we want to catch the bus.
12. The Earth goes round the Sun (quickly) than the Jupiter.
13. If you want to pass your exams, you should do your homework
(regularly).
14. David plays football and tennis much (well) than last year.
15. She always arrives at work much (early) than anyone else.
16. The children are behaving far (badly) than they normally do.
17. Of all animals in the world, which one lives (long)?
18. He speaks French (correctly) than his sister.
19. John is studying a lot (hard) than usual now that his exams are
getting closer.
20. They normally play (well) than they did last night.
21. She runs (fast) of all the girls in her class.
22. Mike can play the guitar (well) than Sarah.
23. They arrived (early) than I had expected.
24. If he had driven (carefully), he wouldn’t have got into an accident.
25. Of all children Helen writes (fast).
26. She sings (beautifully) than anyone else I’ve ever heard.
27. Eight is late — could you possibly get here any (early)?
28. My mother cooks much (good) than me.
29. She wished she had spoken (politely) to her boss.
30. The tide was coming in (rapidly) than we expected.
31. He doesn’t play football now. He used to play (often).
32. After two weeks at the seaside she felt (well) than she could ever
remember.
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33. The (much) you read, the (soon) you enlarge your vocabulary.
34. They put out the fire much (quickly) than we had expected.
35. These days he takes all the things (seriously).
2. Use the correct form of the adjectives and adverbs in brackets. Add the
where necessary.
1. Dear Carmen,
Thanks for letting me stay in your villa in Spain last month. It was (good)
holiday I’ve ever had. It was (much) fun than last year in France. I think
Spanish people are (friendly) than French, and I could communicate
(easily) in Spanish, although I still found it (difficult) than German. The
weather was much (warm) than in England, where we’ve had (bad)
summer in over ten years.
Love,
Larry
2. Last night I saw (bad) film I’ve ever seen. It was even (bad) than Rocky
IV. It lasted three hours and, believe me, it was (boring) three hours in my
life. The acting was dull, and the story even (dull). I was very disappointed,
as I had left work (early) than usual especially to see it.
3. Translate the Russian fragments into English.
1. My mother and I are (гораздо ближе) than we were when I was a
teenager.
2. He’s been behaving (смешно) lately.
3. This time you’ve done your test (более внимательно) than last
time.
4. Arsenal scored (гораздо лучше) in the final minute of the game.
5. Eventually the tennis champion’s greater experience began to tell,
and he won (легко) in the end.
6. (Худшее) of it is that I could have prevented the accident if I had
got there five minutes earlier.
7. They promised him a (более высокую) salary in the new job.
8. The price of coffee sank (ниже) at the beginning of the year.
9. When I took the washing out of the machine it looked (грязнее)
than when it went in.
10. The exam turned out to be (гораздо сложнее) than I thought it
would be.
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6. THE ENGLISH NUMERAL
For study
Numerals are subdivided into two groups: cardinal (количественные чис
лительные) and ordinal (порядковые числительные). See the table below.
Table 30
Cardinal and Ordinal Numerals
Cardinals
1 —
2 —
3 —
4 —
5 —
6 —
7 —
8 —
9 —
10 —
11 —
12 —
13 —
14 —
15 —
16 —
17 —
18 —
19 —
20 —
30 —
40 —
50 —
60 —
70 —
80 —
one [w√n]
two [tu˘]
three [Tri˘]
four [fç˘]
five [faIv]
six [sIks]
seven [»sevn]
eight [eIt]
nine [naIn]
ten [ten]
eleven [I»levn]
twelve [twelv]
thirteen [»T˘»ti˘n]
fourteen [»f碻ti˘n]
fifteen [»fIf»ti˘n]
sixteen [»sIks»ti˘n]
seventeen [»sevn»ti˘n]
eighteen [»eI»ti˘n]
nineteen [»naIn»ti˘n]
twenty [»twentI]
thirty [»T˘tI]
forty [»fç˘tI]
fifty [»fIftI]
sixty [»sIkstI]
seventy [»sevntI]
eighty [»eItI]
Ordinals
the first [f˘st]
the second [»sek´nd]
the third [T˘d]
the fourth [fç˘T]
the fifth [fIfT]
the sixth [sIksT]
the seventh [sevnT]
the eighth [eItT]
the ninth [naInT]
the tenth [tenT]
the eleventh [I»levnT]
the twelfth [twelfT]
the thirteenth [»T˘»ti˘nT]
the fourteenth [»f碻ti˘nT]
the fifteenth [»fIf»ti˘nT]
the sixteenth [»sIks»ti˘nT]
the seventeenth[»sevn»ti˘nT]
the eighteenth [»eI»ti˘nT]
the nineteenth [»naIn»ti˘nT]
the twentieth [»twentIIT]
the thirtieth [»T˘tIIT]
the fortieth [»fç˘tIIT]
the fiftieth [»fIftIIT]
the sixtieth [»sIkstIIT]
the seventieth [»sevntIIT]
the eightieth [»eItIIT]
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Cardinals
90
— ninety [»naIntI]
100 — a/one hundred [»h√ndrId]
200 — two hundred
1,000 — a/one thousand [»Tauz´nd]
1,345 — a/one thousand three
hundred and forty five
z
Ordinals
the ninetieth [»naIntIIT]
the (one) hundredth [»h√ndrIdT]
the two hundredth [»h√ndrIdT]
the (one) thousandth [»TaUz´ndT]
the (one) thousand three hundred
and forty fifth
In cardinal numerals which consist of tens (десятки) and units (еди
ницы) the two words are hyphenated (пишутся через дефис).
56 — fiftysix, 91 — ninetyone
z
When cardinal numerals ending in one (like thirtyone, fiftyone) are
used before a noun, they require the plural form of the noun.
thirtyone students, fortyone years
(Compare with Russian тридцать один студент, сорок один год, where
the noun is used in the singular.)
z
The numerals hundred, thousand and million used in the singular are
always preceded by the Indefinite article a or the numeral one.
a hundred, one hundred and fiftytwo
z
When the numerals dozen, hundred, thousand or million are preceded
by a number other than one, they do not take the ending s.
400 children (four hundred)
5,900 people (five thousand nine hundred)
8,600,000 dollars (eight million six hundred thousand)
z
The numerals dozen, ten, hundred, thousand, million* take the plural
ending s and of + a plural noun if they are not preceded by another
numeral or a pronoun.
millions of stars, dozens of eggs, thousands of books,
hundreds of thousands of people, etc.
but: many thousand people, two hundred chairs, three dozen eggs
* Unlike the numerals hundred, thousand the numeral million can be used in the plural
form before an “of phrase” even when it is preceded by another numeral. Compare:
three million people, millions of people and three millions of people but five hundred/
thousand letters, hundreds/thousands of letters.
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z
Cardinal numerals are used to indicate the number with nouns like
page, sentence, exercise, room, chapter, volume, paragraph, apartment,
tram, etc. In such cases the numeral is placed after the noun and the
noun is used without an article.
Read lesson 8 on page 93.
However, ordinal numerals can sometimes be used here as well.
Paragraph 3, or the third paragraph
World War II, or the Second World War
In similar cases in Russian ordinal numerals are preferable.
Читайте урок восьмой на девяносто третьей странице.
As regards the names of kings and queens, only ordinal numerals are used
here.
Henry VIII Henry the Eighth
Elizabeth II Elizabeth the Second
Peter I Peter the First
Dates are written and read in the following way:
1st September, 1986 = The first of September nineteen (hundred
and) eightysix
May 5, 2006 = May the fifth, twenty hundred and six or two
thousand six
In British English dates are written numerically with the day first and in
American English the month comes first.
10/4/2005 = 10th April, 2005 (British)
4/10/2005 = 10th April, 2005 (American)
Cardinal numerals are also used to denote decades. In these cases the
numeral takes the definite article and the ending s.
the 50s, the 70s, the 1980s = the fifties, the seventies, the nineteen
eighties
However, an apostrophe (’) after the numeral may also occur here.
In the early 60’s of the last century platform shoes were all the
vogue.
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Useful Phrases with Numerals
1. What shoe size are you? — I take (a) size 38 in shoes.
2. She is (a) size 12 in clothes.
3. The flat is roughly 360 square feet in size.
4. My bedroom is three metres by four.
5. She is two years older than me.
6. We were half an hour late.
7. Your flat is twice as big as ours.
8. She is a threemonthold baby.
He is a twentyyearold youth.
Nick is a child of six.
9. He is doing seventy kilometres an hour.
10. He is leaving by the six thirtyfive train.
11. I’ve told you about it a thousand times (thousands of times).
12. It’s a twominute walk from my house or
It’s (a) two minutes’ walk from my house.
13. He’ll be back in half an hour.
14. An hour and a half is enough for the test.
15. He graduated from the University in the year of 2005.
16. Today is 25° above zero in the shade.
17. They were in their (early/mid/late) teens when I first met them.
18. She was a beautiful woman in her (early/mid/late) thirties.
Practice
1. Choose the correct variant.
1. Jonathan can’t be ten years old! He behaves like … boy most of the
time.
1) a five year old
2) five years old
3) fifth year old
4) five year old
2. James’ mother is forty two now. She is in her … .
1) early forties
2) mid forty’s
3) early fortieth
4) early forty’s
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3. The population of Minsk is about … .
1) two millions people
2) two million people
3) two millionth of people
4) two million’s people
4. Davy is only 4 months now. He’s … baby.
1) a four month old
2) a fourth months old
3) the fourth month old
4) four months old
5. The company is going to employ a few … people.
1) dozens
2) dozen
3) dozenth
4) dozen of
6. These cases weigh more than three … pounds.
1) hundreds
2) hundred of
3) hundreds of
4) hundred
7. The closure of the factory is likely to cost … jobs.
1) a hundred
2) hundreds of
3) hundreds in
4) the hundredth
8. Linda takes … in shoes.
1) the size 36
3) a size 36
2) the size 36th
4) 36th size
9. This breathtaking story takes place in Chicago in … .
1) 1930th
2) the 1930s
3) the 1930th
4) a 1930s
10. In … time people will own solar powered cars.
1) hundred years
2) the hundredth year
3) a hundred years’
4) a hundreds year
11. Our … journey about Italy was fabulous.
1) two week
2) two weeks
3) two week’s
4) two weeks’
2. Translate the fragment in brackets into English using the appropriate
numerals.
1. The lecture will be held in (аудитории 212).
2. You can see (тысячи звезд) in the sky.
3. I was given (двухнедельный) holiday.
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4. Every (пятый) person has a personal computer.
5. My elder brother is (на 5 лет старше, чем) you.
6. We’ve been waiting for delivery now for about (полтора месяца).
7. (Вторая) part of the lesson was devoted to practising the language
in pairs.
8. I needn’t have run all the way to the station. The train was late (на
10 минут).
9. The waxworks in Madam Tussaud’s are visited by over (два мил
лиона) people a year.
10. (Первые) settlements appeared in North America in (восемнад
цатом) century.
7. PREPOSITIONS
7.1. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
For study
Go over the following examples.
at
after
before
by
during*
for*
He is taking his driving test at four o’clock.
He rests at weekends but works hard from Monday till (until)
Friday.
We left home at noon/at dawn/at night.
Julia’s on holiday at the moment/at the time.
She came to Paris at the end of August.
Can you give me a ring after/before the concert?
The report must be finished by the end of the week.
My parents met during the war.
I saw my parents for a few days in the summer.
We have lived here for more than three years.
Are you going home for Christmas?
from ... to I usually work from 9 to ten.
in
Mike is coming in three days. (через 3 дня)
We met in the afternoon/in the morning/in the evening.
It usually snows in winter/in December.
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on
Tom was born in 1970.
Women wore long skirts in those days.
It rained hard on Saturday/on Saturday morning.
The exhibition opens on 12th October.
It’s nice to be here on such a lovely day.
(but: in such good weather)
since
We’ve lived here since last year.
But: No preposition is used with the time expressions given below:
I got a letter from my Italian friends yesterday/the day before
yesterday/last Saturday.
till / until Can I stay till the weekend?
*Note: For is used for a period of time the action takes, took or will take
place. During is used to say when the action happened. E.g. My father was
in hospital for six weeks during the summer.
Practice
Complete the following sentences.
1. Most people go out … Friday night but I have to be in bed … 11
o’clock.
2. My brother is a doctor. He often comes home late … night.
3. Where’s George? He is still at work. He will stay there … 5 o’clock.
4. It happened … the war: … August 1943 to be precise.
5. You must finish this work … the end of the week.
6. I took my English exam the day … yesterday.
7. A notice at the door read “Opening hours: … 7 a.m. … 5.30 p.m.”.
8. Do sit down. Mr. Brown will join you … a moment.
9. Could you come to see me … Saturday morning?
10. My parents have lived in this city … five years already.
11. The train leaves … five minutes.
12. … Saturday I am at home … five o’clock.
13. I didn’t drive a car … winter.
14. He’s been interested in music … quite a long time.
15. Are you doing anything special … the weekend?
16. There was a storm … the night: it rained … three or four hours.
17. The film started … seven and ended … nine.
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18. Sorry, I haven’t written to you … such a long time.
19. The wedding took place … the middle of June.
20. We’ll arrive in New York … three hours.
21. He’s going to stay in Paris … more than a week.
22. He phoned me just … you left.
23. He came to London … 13th June.
24. They hope to finish work … Thursday next week.
25. I’ve been sitting here … 9 o’clock, but no one has phoned yet.
26. We waited … half past nine but he didn’t come.
27. I saw Sue … my visit to London.
28. The weather tends to be somewhat unpredictable … this time of the
year.
***
1. I went skiing … Christmas. We flew from Heathrow … 4 o’clock … the
afternoon … 20th December, and got to Salzburg … the early evening. The
roads were icy, and we didn’t get to the hotel … 2 o’clock … the morning.
Unfortunately, I fell and hurt my leg … the first day, and had to spend
a few days in bed. But I got up … Christmas Day and … the next morning
I went skiing again, but I wasn’t very good at it.
2. I was born in Manchester … the late 1940s. I went to university … 1967.
I had a good time there, especially … my last year. So a few months ago
I decided to go back and see it again. I went … the end of June. The
students were all on holiday, and the town was full of tourists, as it always
is … summer, and I didn’t enjoy my visit very much. It wasn’t the same as
it had been … the 60s, when I was a student there.
3. A: How long have you been here?
B: … Saturday. I’ve only been in the States … a couple of months.
A: Really? You haven’t been very long. How long have you studied
English? Your English is very good.
B: I’ve studied English … about ten years … I was thirteen.
A: Well, I’ve studied Spanish … I was in the eighth grade, and I still
can’t speak it!
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7.2. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
For study
Go over the following examples.
above
among
at
There’s a lamp above the table.
They are among the best hockey players in the world.
Write your names at the top/at the bottom of the page.
Let’s meet at the cinema/at the theatre/at my place/at Ann’s.
I meet her at/on the corner of the street almost every morning.
He lives at 21 Central Avenue.
The nearest house is at a distance of 4 miles.
between She is sitting between Mike and Peter.
by
The house is situated by a small river. (у реки)
in
There’s a park in the picture*.
A bird is singing in the tree*.
There are a few clouds in the sky*.
There isn’t a TV set in my room.
She’s sitting in an armchair. (but: on a chair/at the table)
There’s a fountain in the middle of the square.
I live in Central Avenue not far from the station.
She lives in a small town in the north of England.
She is in bed/in hospital. (but: at work/at home/at school/at
university)
They saw a group of people in the distance.
The armchair is in the corner of the room.
Laura lives in a tworoom flat.
in front of Kate is sitting in front of/behind/opposite Mike.
behind
opposite
on
In England they drive on the left.
Our flat is on the third floor.
They live on the outskirts of Paris.
There’s always so much work on a farm. (but: in a field)
over
A piece of paper was stuck over/below the picture.
below
to
Finland is to the north of Russia.
under
I dropped the pen under the table.
*Note the difference between the English and Russian phrases in the
picture, in the sky, in the tree (на картине, на небе, на дереве).
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Practice
Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions.
l. They have a nice flat … the centre of Moscow.
2. Shall we meet …. your place?
3. There are a lot of places of interest … this part of the city.
4. I found this baby bird … the foot of a tree.
5. I usually sit … this armchair. It’s very comfortable.
6. I couldn’t see much … the theatre. There was a fat man sitting …
me.
7. It can be dangerous when children play football … the street.
8. Coffee will be served … the dining room.
9. Scotland lies … the north of England.
10. What’s going on … the corner of the street?
11. I won’t be … home tomorrow. I’ll be … Ann’s.
12. The Alps are … the south of Europe.
13. The train was … the platform.
14. They waited … the station for a long time.
15. Don’t you remember Jane? She’s the girl we met … Oxford Street
last week.
16. Don’t sit … that chair. It’s broken.
17. It’s dinner time. The family are … the table.
18. The weather is sunny. There isn’t a single cloud … the sky.
19. I found a coin … the floor … the sofa.
20. My friend works … a chemist’s … the town centre.
21. My grandparents live … 42 London Road, … a flat … the top
floor.
22. We were driving along Harbour Street when the car … us stopped
suddenly and we crashed into it.
23. Do you know where the cafe is? — It’s … the bank and the school.
24. I wouldn’t like an office job. I couldn’t spend the whole day sitting
… the desk.
25. She eventually found her passport … the clothes in her drawer.
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7.3. PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTION AND MOVEMENT
For study
Go over the following examples.
along
across
at/in
for
from
Drive along the road as far as the bridge.
We walked across the bridge to the other side of the river.
The train arrives at the station/in Minsk in an hour.
When is he leaving for Italy?
They are flying from Amsterdam to Paris tomorrow.
He took the keys from the table.
into
Come into the house. It’s cold outside.
He got into the car and drove away.
off
He got off the bus at the wrong busstop.
on
He got on his bicycle and rode away.
Take the books out of the bag.
out of
Turn left when you come out of the wood.
to
I am going to the seaside for the weekend.
I have never been to Rome but I’ve been to Paris.
through They walked through the forest.
up/down The children ran up and down the stairs.
Practice
Complete the sentences.
1. Ships come … the port of Cardiff … all parts of the world.
2. He pushed his way … the crowd of people to get to her.
3. He lost his key and had to climb … the house through the
window.
4. She returned … Moscow after a month at the Black Sea.
5. My son is going … school next year.
6. Will they take the child … hospital?
7. It was almost midnight when we arrived … the station.
8. They are leaving … Japan next Tuesday. They will stay for
a fortnight in Tokyo.
9. As soon as you arrive … London give me a call.
10. If the weather stays fine we shall go … the seaside for the weekend.
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11. When we arrived … the airport we went directly … our hotel by taxi.
12. I’ve been … Canada but I haven’t been … Africa.
13. I was going … Berlin on business when, by accident, I got … the
wrong train.
14. He got … the car and started the engine.
15. My brother has been … Paris three times.
16. When I came … the hotel room I started to take my clothes … my
suitcase.
17. Robert came … the telephone box and got … his car.
18. When the letters arrive … the local post office, the daily deliveries
are made.
19. Who was the first person to swim … the English Channel?
20. We walked … to the top floor.
21. She’ll go … college if she gets good grades in her exams.
22. Mrs. Wood got … the bus and walked … the street towards the post
office.
23. He enjoyed the peace and quiet as he walked … the forest.
7.4. PREPOSITIONS WITH THE MEANING OF
POSSESSION, REFERENCE AND IDENTIFICATION
For study
Go over the following examples.
for I have a personal reason for not going there.
No cure for this disease has been found yet.
of Her nephew was a little boy of five.
His wife is a teacher of biology.
This is a photograph of my parents.
Her daughter was a goodlooking woman of about 25.
by Have you read any books by Jack London?
to Тhеу are trying to find a solution to the problem.
Terrorist activities pose a real threat to peace in the world.
I haven’t received a reply to my letter/an answer to my question.
Have you got the key to the back door?
Did you get an invitation to the party?
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Practice
Complete the following sentences.
1. I’ve never met Carol but I’ve seen a photograph … her.
2. The cause… the fire in the hotel last night is still unknown.
3. Ann showed me a photograph … the hotel where she stayed during
her holiday.
4. He turned out to be a handsome man … about 30.
5. Have you seen the picture … the town as it looked 1000 years ago?
6. His name was written on the cover … the book.
7. I’m reluctant to criticize him because he’s a good friend ... mine.
8. The job … a pilot is very demanding.
9. We could hear the noise … the passing traffic.
10. The legs … the trousers were too long.
11. Hamlet was written … Shakespeare.
12. There are no simple solutions … the problem of overpopulation.
13. This is a picture … their country house.
14. We regret to inform you that your request ... a loan has been
refused.
15. The key ... a successful career is to find a job that you really
enjoy.
16. I don’t like the idea … staying in town on such a hot day.
17. The tomb … Tutenkhamun was discovered in Egypt in 1922.
18. A galaxy is a collection … millions … stars.
19. I can’t think of an answer … your question.
20. I have written several times but I haven’t received a reply … my
letters.
21. He says he has never seen any paintings … Turner.
22. Emily didn’t give us a convincing reason … not coming to the
party.
23. I can’t see the attraction ... spending all day on the beach.
24. Her friends’ messages ... sympathy were a comfort ... her during
her illness.
25. The spread of drugs is a threat … the stability of the country.
26. A complete rest is the best cure … your disease.
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7.5. PREPOSITIONS WITH NOUNS AS ADVERBIAL
MODIFIERS
For study
Go over the examples of prepositions with adverbial modifiers
after verbs.
at/in Lunch will be available if you book a table in advance.
He was very reluctant to do it at first, but in the end he agreed.
The car came round the corner at full speed.
by
He’s a doctor by profession.
He’s very shy by nature.
Every buttonhole is made by hand.
They met by chance.
Sorry, I did it by mistake.
The teacher knew all the pupils by name.
You can reserve the tickets by phone.
They decided to go to Bristol by sea/by bus/by train/by air.
I go to work by bus/by tram/by taxi/by car.
I’ll send the letter by post/by fax/by email.
for
I’d like to go to France for a holiday/on holiday.
What would you like to have for breakfast/supper/dinner/lunch?
The rain has stopped. Let’s go for a walk.
in
I went to work in my car.
I like walking in the rain.
He spoke in a loud voice so that everybody could hear him.
You are not allowed to write in pencil. You must write in ink.
Kate doesn’t enjoy singing in public.
on
It’s not far. We can go there on foot.
He went to Japan on business.
I’ve never met her. I’ve only spoken to her on the phone.
I listened to the news on the radio.
I saw a very interesting film on television last night.
The London train arrived on time at 8.30. (But: We ran all the way to
the station and were just in time to catch the train.)
with She cut the bread with a knife.
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Practice
Complete the following sentences.
1. I think you can get there … bus.
2. We were just … time to see the Queen arrive.
3. She learned about the exhibition quite ... chance.
4. Can I get to Yalta … sea?
5. I only had a cup of coffee … breakfast.
6. If you send the book … post it should get there by Friday.
7. You must write your name … ink.
8. I took Tom’s hat … mistake.
9. We still have some time. Let’s go … foot.
10. To escape, he had to break the window … a chair.
11. He began to speak … a low voice.
12. I picked up the wrong suitcase at the airport … mistake.
13. Is there anything interesting … television tonight?
14. The journey takes ten minutes … bus and about 25 minutes …
foot.
15. Robert didn’t come to work … his car yesterday. His car had broken
down and he had to come … taxi.
16. Statistically, the safest way of travelling is … air.
17. I know him … name, but I’ve never actually seen him.
18. Nobody wanted to buy his car, so … the end he had to give it away.
19. She isn’t here this week. She’s gone to Canada … business.
20. Violent films should not be shown … television.
21. We decided to travel to Australia … boat.
22. Don’t write to me between 2 and 16 June. I’ll be … holiday then.
23. It annoys me when he starts to speak … such a loud voice.
24. The chairman wants the conference to start exactly … time.
25. It’s Mrs. Blake … the phone. She says it’s urgent.
26. Be careful if you are walking home … the dark.
27. … the end, it was proven that he was a liar.
28. I didn’t have a bottle opener, so I had to open the bottle …
a screwdriver.
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7.6. PREPOSITIONS WITH AN OBJECT AFTER
“PREPOSITIONAL” VERBS
For study
Go over the examples of prepositions with an object after the following
verbs.
He was accused of damaging the car.
Never ask for money you have not earned.
I think we’d better apologize to them for waking them up.
I don’t approve of your behaviour.
Who does this house belong to?
Mike borrowed $15 from me.
Have you called on Mrs.Price? (=Have you visited Mrs.Price?)
Margaret came across those old books in the attic.
She cares deeply for him.
In his speech the politician commented on the international
situation.
She doesn’t seem to care about the effect smoking has on her.
She complained to the manager about the poor working conditions.
But: She complained to me of a headache.
Don’t look out of the window. Concentrate on your work.
The report consisted of two parts.
The unemployed depend on state support.
He fell ill with pneumonia and had to stay in bed.
It’s not easy to get rid of bad habits.
Have you heard about Peter? He got married last month.
Have you ever heard of William Thackerey?
I haven’t heard from him for a month.
A strange thing happened to me last night.
The teacher had to explain the grammar rule to the pupil again.
She insisted on our staying to lunch.
They invited us to the party.
Everyone laughed at his joke.
I usually listen to the news on the radio.
They lived on bread and butter for weeks.
Look at the rainbow. Isn’t it beautiful?
I have looked for the book everywhere but I can’t find it.
Don’t worry. I shall look after the children.
I’m looking forward to seeing you in September.
I looked through the magazines while I waited for you.
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It never occurred to me to invite David to the party.
Your party prevented everybody from sleeping last night.
In such a situation one must rely on one’s common sense.
Jane reminds me of a girl I was at school with.
Please remind her about the meeting.
Ann ran into a former school classmate last week.
We’ve run out of bread.
She was shivering with cold.
His sister is suffering from allergy.
Has anyone sent for a doctor?
Can I speak to the manager, please?
How much do you spend on clothes?
I talked to her half an hour ago.
People say I take after my father.
I’ll take care of the flowers while you are away.
Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
We are thinking of going out tonight. (=have an idea)
What do you think of this play? (=have an opinion)
Before giving a final answer, think carefully about what I said.
(=consider, concentrate the mind on)
Don’t worry about lunch. It’ll be ready in a moment.
Sorry I haven’t written to you for such a long time.
Practice
Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions.
1. We had to send … an electrician to mend the switch.
2. I have been thinking ... joining the library but I haven’t had time
yet.
3. I looked … my dog everywhere but couldn’t find him/her.
4. He’s very selfish. He only thinks … himself.
5. Can you explain … me what you mean?
6. The man sitting opposite me kept looking … me.
7. It didn’t occur ... me to ask him … the proof of his identity.
8. The police are looking … the boy who disappeared from home last
week.
9. I’m thinking … the children. How can we help them?
10. He boasts ... being the best athlete in the team.
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11. His books have been translated … many languages.
12. We waited … Jim for half an hour but he didn’t come.
13. They didn’t have much money, so they were looking … cheap
accommodation.
14. I don’t think much … this show.
15. What are you laughing …? I can’t understand what’s funny.
16. My uncle suffers ... multiple sclerosis and is dependent ... my aunt
to look ... him.
17. When I looked … my watch, I couldn’t believe that it was so late.
18. In today’s world people seem to be very anxious and suffer … stress.
19. It isn’t my car. It belongs … Mike.
20. I apologize … breaking your drill.
21. We can’t rely ... our car. It keeps breaking down.
22. I’ve been waiting … an opportunity like this all my life.
23. He complained … the manager … the poor service at the
restaurant.
24. I can’t concentrate … anything at the moment.
25. I borrowed an umbrella … a friend of mine.
26. I insist … knowing what happened.
27. I’m looking … a present for Laura. Can you think … anything?
28. When I arrived at the station it occurred ... me that he might have
forgotten I was coming.
29. I can’t think … any reason why the accident happened.
30. You look sad. What are you thinking …?
31. She listened … my story sympathetically.
32. Doesn’t he have a job? What does he live …?
33. He asked me to look … the document and then sign it.
34. I’ve been looking … a cup to match the one I broke.
35. I am afraid he has never heard … Michaelangelo.
36. I haven’t heard … Sarah yet. I hope she will write soon.
37. I am bored. Can’t you think … something we can do?
38. The road construction in the town centre prevented us … driving
through the centre of the city.
39. I can’t imagine your mother approving … what you are doing.
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40. You can’t accuse her … negligence like that.
41. He’s very forgetful. His children always remind him … his wife’s
birthday.
42. Some parts of the city remind me … my home town.
43. We often call ... our next door neighbour.
44. He takes ... his mother; he has blue eyes and fair hair too.
45. I came ... this photograph by accident when I was cleaning the attic.
46. Critics commented unfavourably … his new play.
7.7. PREPOSITIONS WITH A NOUN OR GERUND AFTER
A VERBAL PHRASE BE/GET + ADJ./PART. II
For study
Go over the examples of prepositions in these verbal phrases.
He seems not to be afraid of anything.
Don’t be angry with me. I did it by mistake.
He is not ashamed of what he did. In fact he seems to be proud of it.
Everyone was astonished/surprised/shocked by/at the news.
The children were thrilled to see that the ground was covered
with snow.
The bus was crowded with people.
He was disappointed/satisfied/pleased with the examination results.
I’m not familiar with this technique.
Is this area familiar to you?
This town is famous for its handwoven carpets.
Are you fond of classical music?
He is guilty of theft.
I’m afraid I am not very good at dancing.
I’m grateful to you for all your help.
Everyone was impressed by/with the performance.
I don’t think he is interested in football.
I’m not very keen on going out tonight.
Don’t be late for classes.
It was nice/kind/generous/clever of him to act like that.
It was mean/stupid/rude of him to act like that.
These shoes are made of natural leather.
He’s married to his friend’s sister.
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The film was not popular with the public.
The Browns seem to be proud of their son.
Brazil is rich in minerals.
Mr. Howard is responsible for the general management of the
company.
He can’t be so rude to people.
I am sorry for the animals in a cage.
He said he was sorry about breaking the window.
I’m a bit short of money. Can you lend me some?
It’s typical of him to behave like that.
I’m tired of getting up early every day.
I’m not used to driving on the left.
I’m worried/upset/anxious about the present situation.
Practice
Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions.
1. There’s nothing to be afraid … now.
2. If you are interested … literature you may join our literary society.
3. Kate has always been good … languages.
4. It is said that this diet is rich … vitamins.
5. My mother was angry … me for my bad behaviour.
6. The Welsh are very proud … their language.
7. Ann really doesn’t want to move. She’s grown fond ... the
apartment.
8. The floor of the forest was thickly covered … moss.
9. Paul is getting anxious … his future career.
10. Hurry up or you’ll be late … the plane.
11. It’s so typical ... Chris never to admit being wrong.
12. I didn’t think I could ever get used … living in a big city after living
in the country.
13. They were both very keen ... the idea of going to live in the country.
14. The manager was satisfied … Bill’s work and offered him a pay rise.
15. I’m surprised … the number of people who still believe whatever
advertisements say.
16. I was late … the office again this morning; that is why the boss
seems to be angry … me.
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17. She was upset ... missing her favourite quiz show on television.
18. It is important ... everyone to like what they do for a living.
19. I’m surprised ... how much things have changed recently.
20. Nick is ill … the flue. He won’t be coming tonight.
21. Sydney in Australia is famous … its Opera House.
22. Our teacher is very good … explaining things.
23. Are you worried … your driving test?
24. I’m tired … eating potatoes every day. Why can’t we have rice for
a change?
25. To tell you the truth, I’m not very keen … seeing him again.
26. If you are not satisfied … the service at the hotel, you should
complain to the manager.
27. I’m surprised … you, forgetting your briefcase like that.
28. It was good … you to help Dave with his homework.
29. The public is interested … the new courses offered by the Open University.
30. We’re angry ... Alex for cancelling the meeting at the last moment.
31. He’s quite nice but I wouldn’t like to be married … him.
32. Parents are responsible ... protecting their children from any harm.
33. Are you familiar … this type of machine?
34. His essay is full … mistakes.
35. The jury found him guilty … murder.
36. He was astonished ... the lack of security at the airport.
7.8. PHRASAL VERBS
For study
Go over the following phrasal verbs.
break down — ломаться (о машине)
break out — начинаться (о войне, эпидемии)
break up — распадаться, разрушаться
bring up — воспитывать
call off — отменить
carry on — продолжать
carry out — выполнять, осуществлять
check in — регистрировать(ся) (в отеле и т. д.)
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clear out — очищать; выяснять
clear up — проясняться (о погоде)
do up — делать ремонт (квартиры)
fill in — заполнять (бланк, форму) (Am. fill out)
find out — узнавать, выяснять
get on (with smb.) — ладить (с кемлибо)
get up — вставать, подниматься
give away — выдавать, обнаруживать
give in — уступать, сдаваться
give up — отказываться, бросать (привычку)
go/keep on — продолжать(ся)
grow up — расти; взрослеть
let down — подводить
look into — рассматривать (проблему), расследовать
look up — искать (чтолибо в справочнике)
make out — разбирать, понимать
make up — составлять; использовать косметику
put off — откладывать
put on — надевать (пальто и т. п.)
see off — провожать
set off — отправляться (в путь)
set up — организовывать, устанавливать
settle down — устраивать(ся), налаживать(ся)
speak up — говорить громче
speak out — высказываться, высказываться откровенно
take off — снимать (шляпу и т. п.); взлетать (о самолете)
take up — браться за чтолибо; занимать (о времени)
think over — обдумывать
throw away — выбрасывать
try on — примерять; пробовать
turn/switch on — включать
turn/switch off — выключать
turn out — оказаться; выключать
turn over — переворачивать (страницы)
turn up — появляться (неожиданно)
wake up — просыпаться, будить
write down — записывать
write out — выписывать
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Practice
Complete the following sentences with the correct postpositions.
1. Don’t turn … the radio. Give us a moment’s peace.
2. Take … your jacket. It’s hot here.
3. Before you leave the house make sure that you have turned … the
gas and electricity.
4. I’ll tell him the news as soon as he turns ... .
5. Wake me … in half an hour.
6. You must carry … the instructions on the packet exactly.
7. They bring … their children very properly.
8. Our car is extremely reliable. It hasn’t let us ... once in the last ten
years.
9. I tried … the jacket to see if it fitted me.
10. The teacher told the pupils to write … their homework.
11. The weather’s horrible, isn’t it? I hope it’ll clear … later.
12. I can’t hear you very well. Can you speak … a bit?
13. The children have grown … since I saw them last.
14. I was so tired that I couldn’t get … in the morning.
15. I need to clear … my wardrobe.
16. Eventually my watch turned … in a coat pocket.
17. Robert gave … playing football years ago.
18. Did anyone find … what their new address was?
19. Can you read the inscription? — No, I can’t make it … .
20. When you are learning a new language you often have to look …
new words in the dictionary.
21. The epidemic broke … in the early part of January.
22. I’m sure they will carry … the project.
23. The housing development was put … because of the increased
expenses.
24. They turn … the street lights at the same time every morning.
25. He doesn’t get … with his family. That’s why he doesn’t live at home.
26. He wanted to talk to me but I kept … working and refused to listen.
27. The printing machines are always breaking … .
28. After his fourth attempt he gave … trying to pass the driving test.
29. You can throw … the packet; it’s empty.
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30. We went to see them … at the station and waved till the train was
out of sight.
31. Without my glasses I can hardly make … the words on the page.
32. They decided to put … their wedding until the summer.
33. They’ve gone to the airport to see their daughter … .
34. The rain stopped and the sky cleared ... .
35. I got angry with my friend for letting me ... .
36. I hear that Joan and Steve are breaking … .
37. In the end I gave … and accepted the job on their terms.
38. His accent will give him … at once.
39. The police have promised to look … the accident.
40. To my surprise, it turned … that I was wrong.
41. They’d like to see their daughter settle … , get married, and have kids.
42. The children were asked to choose their favourite poem and write it ....
43. He set ... for work an hour ago.
44. It is always advisable to check ... early to get a good seat on your flight.
45. These three articles make ... the whole book.
46. Do you know how to set ... a tent?
47. Roger took ... painting for a while, but he soon lost interest.
48. Don’t forget to fill ... your boarding cards.
49. Turn ... and look at the next page.
50. The meeting took … a whole morning.
51. The two boys get ... well most of the time.
52. Don’t forget to write … a cheque before you leave.
53. The concert was called … because of the singer’s illness.
54. We have just had our flat done … .
55. Think it … before giving a final answer.
7.9. PHRASALPREPOSITIONAL VERBS
For study
Go over the following phrasalprepositional verbs.
catch up with — догнать
come/go down with — заболеть
come up with — придумать, изобрести
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cut down on — уменьшить, сократить
do away with — кончать, покончить
drop in on — зайти (к комулибо)
go in for — заниматься (чемлибо)
keep away from — избегать, остерегаться
keep up with — не отставать
look forward to — ждать с нетерпением
put up with — терпеть, мириться
stand up for — защищать
Practice
Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions and
postpositions.
1. To make a good journalist you have to keep … … current affairs.
2. When he is in one of his moods I try to keep … … him.
3. Because of the economic crisis the company had to cut … … the staff.
4. Don’t worry. I’m sure he will come … … some solution to the
problem.
5. Do drop … … us if you are in the neighbourhood.
6. By making a short cut, he managed to catch … … his friends.
7. You’ll never lose weight unless you cut … … the amount of fatty foods.
8. Thank you for the invitation. We are looking … … seeing you.
9. In Great Britain death penalty was done … … long ago.
10. The workers stood … … their rights by going on strike.
11. The dog was old and could not catch … … the fox.
12. Laura isn’t coming with us tonight. It seems she’s gone … … a cold.
13. I wonder who first came … … the idea of wearing seatbelts in cars.
14. I think we have some time to spare. Why don’t we drop … … Mike?
He lives nearby.
15. If you live in the centre of a big city you have to put … … a lot of noise.
16. Are you thinking of going … … the race?
17. Keep the children … … the fire.
18. Garry got tired quickly and couldn’t keep … … the other runners.
19. Joe doesn’t get … … his family. That’s why he doesn’t live at home.
20. She couldn’t put … … his temper and eventually moved to another
place.
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Mixed practice
Insert the correct prepositions and postpositions where necessary.
1. She’s very bright and quick! She learned to use a computer … no time.
2. A week after the wall was repainted it was covered … graffiti again.
3. Some people thought that the object … the sky was a UFO bringing
visitors … another planet, but it turned … to be a small plane.
4. The lift has broken … again, but it doesn’t matter. We live … the
first floor.
5. The success or failure … a new product depends, to a large degree, …
the ingenuity of the advertising campaign.
6. I’m writing to complain … the way the staff behaved in your shop.
7. She was involved … the school orchestra and was responsible …
setting up the German Society. She was always very popular … her
fellow pupils.
8. Children brought … in big cities cope better … the stresses of urban life.
9. The bad weather meant that the bridge wasn’t completed … time.
10. I told him he couldn’t hope to catch a big fish … a small rod like
that, but he insisted … trying.
11. When I got … the station I saw it was crowded … people waiting …
trains delayed because … bad weather.
12. I was woken up … the middle of the night … a helicopter going
overhead.
13. Jane cared … her disabled mother until her death last year.
14. He doesn’t seem to care … his appearance at all. He always looks
untidy.
15. I know it’s unkind to laugh … her, but her new hairstyle looks so
funny.
16. We used to see each other regularly, but I haven’t heard … her …
last year.
17. The concert was given … the people I had never heard … .
18. I’ve always wanted to grow my hair, but my parents don’t approve
… long hair.
19. I’m thinking … advertising for someone to take care … my garden.
20. A monkey was sitting … the tree throwing nuts … anyone who
walked past.
21. I think you should get rid … this old washing machine. It’s not
just … … date — it should be in a museum!
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22. … the people I know there’s no one who sings as well as you do.
23. I signed the letter … behalf of the manager.
24. Many animals are … danger of becoming extinct.
25. This restaurant has a good choice … vegetarian dishes.
26. He goes to the gym three times a week … average.
27. The type of car you need depends … your lifestyle.
28. Contrary … what the papers say, the Prime Minister will not retire.
29. I didn’t have enough money so I paid … credit card.
30. You can always count … me if you need help.
31. It’s typical … her not to admit she’s made a mistake.
32. This film is similar … the one we watched last week.
33. The reason … the delay was a problem with the plane’s engine.
34. Tina’s baby daughter is named … her grandmother.
35. John has to deal ... a lot of difficult situations in his job.
36. They didn’t suсceed … finishing their project … time so they didn’t
get a bonus.
37. Do you want it or not? Come on, make … your mind.
38. The truth is that there’s no easy solution … your problem.
39. She paid him a compliment … his taste … clothes.
40. I’m flattered that you have such a high opinion … my work.
41. Nora is optimistic … her chances … getting the job.
42. We are both confident … finishing the job … time.
43. I’m not really fond … this kind of music. I prefer music you can
dance … .
44. The original painting and the copy look the same … me.
45. I may go … tonight but it depends … how long my homework takes me.
46. When you leave home you’ll have to do everything … your own.
47. Sally feels that she has let her parents … by failing all her exams.
48. I was nervous before the exam but I calmed … once it had
started.
49. She finds fault … all kinds of things in my flat — even the colour of
the walls.
50. Hilary’s boss thinks highly … her because she’s very good … her job.
***
1. Sandra was … bed. She waited … the postman to arrive. While she lay
there she was thinking … the application she had made for the scholarship.
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Suddenly she got …, put … her dressing gown and went … the bathroom.
While she was having a shower she heard the postman. He knocked … the
door and her mother opened it. When Sandra entered … the breakfast
room, a letter was lying … the table.
2. I’m a member … a group who spend weekends looking … footpaths,
building walls and planting trees. We are not paid … what we do but we
enjoy it very much. You don’t need any previous experience but it helps if
you are fond … gardening. The most attractive thing about it is that you
meet … other people interested … nature and preserving the countryside.
3. We were late as usual. My husband had insisted … doing his packing …
himself, and when he discovered that he couldn’t manage he’d asked me …
help … the last moment. So we had an hour to get … the airport. Luckily,
there wasn’t much traffic … the road and we were able to get there just … time.
4. Archeologists and historians are more and more worried … the Italian
city … Venice, one … the world’s most important historical cities. Venice,
built … the seventeenth century … the Doges of Venice, is visited … more
than one million people … a year. But Venice’s buildings are … danger.
Their foundations are shaken … the vibrations from passing ships. Many
parts … the city are often flooded and these floods cause damage too.
Worried residents and experts … all over the world are looking … ways to
stop the damage and preserve Venice.
5. Unexpected guests are good … you. The phone rings, the friends you
haven’t seen … ages are arriving … a few hours, and you realize … horror
that you haven’t changed the sheets … the spare bedrooms … months, that
all the dirty dishes have been … the sink since the weekend, and that
you’ve been wearing the same frock … three days.
6. Last year I went … a trip which was an absolute disaster. I was going to
Berlin … business when, … accident, I got … the wrong train. We were …
the way to Brussels before I realized my mistake. … the end I got … Berlin
twenty four hours later than I had expected.
7. Last year my family went … holiday to Thailand. We went … air; it was
a very long journey but we were very well looked after … the plane … all the
stewardesses. We stayed … a large hotel … the outskirts of Bangkok. We
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were given a wonderful suite … the top floor … the hotel. The most enjoyable
day I had was when we went … a trip … boat, down the river to the crocodile
farm. We had a wonderful holiday.
8. If you are going … a shopping centre, make sure you have already decided
which shops you want to visit. This will help to cut … … the time you have
to spend … your shopping trip as well as keeping you … wandering around
window shopping. If possible try to do your shopping … weekdays, or if you
have to do it … the weekend, go early … the morning to avoid the crowds.
8. WORD FORMATION
8.1. NOUNS FROM VERBS
For study
Table 31
The typical suffixes forming nouns from verbs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
age
al
ance
ation
ence
er
ion
pass — passage
arrive — arrival
ignore — ignorance
admire — admiration
depend — dependence
employ — employer
confuse — confusion
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
or
ment
sion
tion
ure
у
ее
detect — detector
improve — improvement
divide — division
invent — invention
fail — failure
recover — recovery
employ — employee
The nouns in the box below do not follow the above patterns:
advise — advice
behave — behaviour
believe — belief (beliefs)
fly — flight
grow — growth
hate — hatred
know — knowledge
live — life (lives)
lose — loss
choose — choice
complain — complaint
die — death
practise — practice
prove — proof (proofs)
serve — service
speak — speech
think — thought
weigh — weight
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Practice
1. Go over the list of nouns derived from verbs and group them according to
the suffixes used.
accept — acceptance
admit — admission
advertise — advertisement
announce — announcement
apply — application
approve — approval
arrange — arrangement
assist — assistance
attend — attendance
attract — attraction
celebrate — celebration
combine — combination
confess — confession
continue — continuation
decide — decision
deny — denial
describe — description
dictate — dictation
disappoint — disappointment
discover — discovery
divide — division
educate — education
elect — election
employ — employment
excite — excitement
exist — existence
explain — explanation
hesitate — hesitation
imagine — imagination
imitate — imitation
impress — impression
improve — improvement
inhabit — inhabitant
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insist — insistence
interrupt — interruption
introduce — introduction
invade — invasion
invent — invention
marry — marriage
mix — mixture
operate — operation
pass — passage
perform — performance
permit — permission
possess — possession
prefer — preference
prepare — preparation
produce — producer
produce — production
protect — protection
punish — punishment
qualify — qualification
receive — reception
refer — reference
refuse — refusal
repeat — repetition
research — researcher
restore — restoration
revise — revision
satisfy — satisfaction
solve — solution
suggest — suggestion
translate — translation
treat — treatment
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2. Complete the sentences forming nouns from the verbs in brackets. The
required suffix is prompted by the given number (see Table 31).
1. The … of America was made in 1492 by Christopher Columbus.
(discover, 13)
2. I can’t tell the … between butter and margarine. (differ, 5)
3. Susie takes after her father in … . (appear, 3)
4. The … to the park is through the gate over there. (enter, 3)
5. The American … of this word is different from the British. (use, 1)
6. The police said they were awaiting further … . (develop, 9)
7. There is a … at the bottom of the letter, but I can’t make it out.
(sign, 12)
8. I made an … to see the dentist tomorrow. (appoint, 9)
9. The film didn’t come up to our … at all. (expect, 4)
10. It will be very helpful if you continue your … . (investigate, 7)
11. The government is due to announce its economic … shortly.
(propose, 2)
12. Three boys in the school had the same name, which caused
some … . (confuse, 7)
13. My uncle was given a medal in … of his service. (recognize, 11)
14. This is the city’s … district, full of cinemas and theatres.
(entertain, 9)
15. We should be ready for the … at 5 sharp. (depart, 12)
16. He considered himself a … . He hadn’t succeeded in anything
(fail, 12)
3. Check your memory and use the appropriate form of the nouns to fill the
gaps in the following sentences.
1. The staff at this hotel is excellent. They give very good … . (serve)
2. We’ll have to stay at this hotel. There’s no … . (choose)
3. You need more … if you want to speak good English. (practise)
4. He can’t get over the … of so much money. (lose)
5. She has a very wide … of modern arts. (know)
6. The police suspect him of being guilty but they have no … . (prove)
7. The college expects a high standard of … from its students. (behave)
8. Can I see the manager? I have a … about my room. (complain)
9. I can’t give my … today because I’ve got a sore throat. (speak)
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8.2. NOUNS FROM ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS
For study
Table 32
The typical suffixes of nouns derived from adjectives and nouns
ance
cy
ence
(i)ness
ity
1
2
3
4
5
important — importance
decent — decency
silent — silence
lazy — laziness
popular — popularity
6
7
8
9
th
dom
ship
hood
warm — warmth*
king — kingdom
friend — friendship
child — childhood
The nouns below do not follow the above patterns:
10
11
12
cold — cold
poor — poverty
proud — pride
13
14
high — height
hot — heat
Practice
1. Go over the list of nouns derived from adjectives and nouns and group them
according to the suffixes used (1–9).
absent — absence
beautiful — beauty
certain — certainty
citizen — citizenship
convenient — convenience
cruel — cruelty
curious — curiosity
dark — darkness
elegant — elegance
equal — equality
fit — fitness
foolish — foolishness
generous — generosity
independent — independence
insistent — insistence
likely — likelihood
parent — parenthood
patient — patience
*
perfect — perfection
possible — possibility
present — presence
private — privacy
quiet — quietness
sad — sadness
scholar — scholarship
shy — shyness
sick — sickness
similar — similarity
sleepy — sleepiness
stupid — stupidity
tidy — tidiness
tired — tiredness
ugly — ugliness
weak — weakness
wicked — wickedness
In nouns formed with the suffix th there is often a change of the root vowel, e.g.
strong – strength, long – length, broad – breadth, etc.
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2. Complete the sentences forming nouns from the adjectives and nouns in
brackets. Note that the number in brackets corresponds to the number of
the required suffix or form in the table (p. 214).
1. … is one of the world’s greatest problems. (poor, 11)
2. I think it shows … of character to admit you are wrong. (strong, 6)
3. He is a writer of remarkable … . (able, 5)
4. I’ve been told that you have a … for a computer operator. (vacant, 2)
5. The … of the road is not great enough to take large trucks. (wide, 6)
6. … is the mother of invention. (necessary, 5)
7. … on the screen is one of the most topical issues. (violent, 3)
8. If you want to find a good job you should gain more … . (confident, 3)
9. The … of the water in this lake is more than twelve metres.
(deep, 6)
10. He is famous for his … . He gives large sums of money to charity.
(generous, 5)
11. … bills must be paid regularly. (electric, 5)
12. After staying in England for a couple of months he spoke English
with greater … . (fluent, 2)
13. Please have a little … . We’ll have to wait for another hour.
(patient, 3)
14. The … of this bus service is about one every ten minutes.
(frequent, 2)
15. She has a close … with her daughter. (relation, 8)
16. According to a survey, the … of this television channel has increased
over the last three months. (popular, 5)
17. The thief was caught on a … camera. (secure, 5)
18. I will always remember the … of the welcome I received in your
country. (warm, 6)
19. To bring up children to be normal, well adjusted human beings
requires great … , and perhaps a bit of luck. (wise, 7)
20. In the … we couldn’t make out if there was anyone at the entrance.
(dark, 4)
21. Everybody drank a toast to the future … of the young couple.
(happy, 4)
22. He won a … to a university. (scholar, 8)
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23. Jack was very proud. He got a new job with more money and … .
(responsible, 5)
24. It was with a certain amount of … that he left. (reluctant, 1)
25. The incident left him with feelings of anger and … . (bitter, 4)
26. All we want for our countries is peace and … . (brother, 9)
8.3. ADJECTIVES FROM NOUNS AND VERBS.
VERBS FROM NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
For study
Both adjectives and verbs can be derived from nouns and verbs (see Table 33).
Table 33
The typical suffixes forming a) adjectives from nouns and verbs;
b) verbs from nouns and adjectives
a) adjectives from nouns and verbs
1 able to avail — available
2 ant indignation — indignant
3 ate to consider — considerate
4 ent to depend — dependent
5 ful power — powerful
6 ible to respond — responsible
7 ic, energy — energetic
ical history — historical
8 al
profession — professional
9 ive to attract — attractive
10 less power — powerless
11 ly
friend — friendly
12 ory to introduce —
introductory
13 ous mystery — mysterious
14 у
rain — rainy
b) verbs from nouns and adjectives
15 en strength — to strengthen
short — to shorten
16 ify
terror — to terrify
simple — to simplify
17 ise/ memory — to memorize
ize
z Compare the meaning of the suffixes ful and less:
ful means “having”, “with”, e.g. beautiful, careful, harmful, peaceful,
successful, useful.
less means “without”, “lacking”, e.g. careless, friendless, harmless,
homeless, useless.
Note that the suffix ly is used both in adverbs and adjectives. (See Part I, 5.)
Note that the formation of the verbs in the box below does not follow the
pattern of forming verbs in Table 33.
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breath — to breathe
belief — to believe
courage — to encourage
danger — to endanger
large — to enlarge
proof — to prove
relief — to relieve
rich — to enrich
smooth — to smoothe
practice — to practise
Practice
1. Go over the lists of a) adjectives made from nouns and verbs and b) verbs made
from nouns and adjectives and group them according to the suffixes used.
a) agriculture — agricultural
alphabet — alphabetical
ambition — ambitious
anger — angry
courage — courageous
democracy — democratic
envy — envious
fortune — fortunate
health — healthy
help — helpful
honour — honourable
humour — humorous
hunger — hungry
luck — lucky
music — musical
mystery — mysterious
nerve — nervous
passion — passionate
b) dark — to darken
deaf — to deafen
deep — to deepen
fright — to frighten
identity — to identify
ideal — to idealize
length — to lengthen
pure — to purify
ripe — to ripen
sharp — to sharpen
weak — to weaken
science — scientific
sense — sensitive
thirst — thirsty
wave — wavy
week — weekly
to adapt — adaptable
to create — creative
to cure — curable
to agree — agreeable
to decide — decisive
to enjoy — enjoyable
to predict — predictable
to prepare — preparatory
to prevent — preventive
to suit — suitable
to talk — talkative
to value — valuable
wide — to widen
worse — to worsen
quick — to quicken
terror — to terrify
simple — to simplify
straight — to straighten
broad — to broaden
height — to heighten
thick — to thicken
sweet — to sweeten
fat — to fatten
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2. Complete the sentences using the appropriate derivatives of the words in
brackets.
1. Those wires look a bit … . If I were you I would be more careful.
(danger, 13)
2. English weather is very … . It’s often different from day to day. (change, 1)
3. Long leather boots were extremely … at one time. (fashion, 1)
4. The country exports … over two million tons of rice. (year, 11)
5. Until the situation has settled down, it is not … to travel to that
country. (advise, 1)
6. He’s looking forward to starting his new job, but at the same time
he’s a bit … . (nerve, 13)
7. I’m very pleased with my job. It’s a very … company to work in.
(friend, 11)
8. I think people who help the old, sick and … are the salt of the
earth. (home, 10)
9. He’s not very … . What he needs is someone to look after him and
do everything for him. (care, 5)
10. Jack is always in trouble though the rest of the family are … ,
honest people. (respect, 1)
11. The report which doesn’t contain all the necessary facts is … and
makes a bad impression. (use, 10)
12. A lot of people wear jeans and sweaters because they are cheap and
… . (practice, 8)
13. Smoking is … to health and in many countries a warning is printed
on every packet of cigarettes. (harm, 5)
14. A taxi, sometimes called a cab, is the most … way of travel.
(comfort, 1)
15. It takes … patience to teach small children. (consider, 1)
16. The magazine was full of stories of the private lives of … people.
(fame, 13)
17. It was … of you to drop all the plates. (care, 10)
18. Don’t eat those mushrooms. They may be … . (poison, 13)
19. Pack the glasses carefully. They’re … . (break, 1)
20. I think it’s … to book rooms in a hotel in advance. (advise, 1)
21. Firemen wear … clothing, otherwise they would get burnt. (protect, 9)
22. My sister is a very … person. She paints and makes sculptures.
(create, 9)
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23. The two countries signed an agreement on trade and … cooperation.
(culture, 8)
24. They hardly ever argue — I think they’re very … of each other’s
faults. (tolerate, 2)
25. I find that advertisement … to women. (offend, 9)
26. Foreign travel will … your experience. (broad, 15)
27. Allan doesn’t like it if you … him. (critic, 9)
28. The day will begin dark and cloudy but it will … later. (bright, 15)
29. The burglar was … by his fingerprints. (identity, 16)
30. The situation might become slightly … . (problem, 7)
8.4. NEGATIVE PREFIXES
For study
The prefixes dis, il, im, in, ir, un change the meaning of words from
positive into negative. They are used with different parts of speech.
z
z
to obey – to disobey (v), legal – illegal (a), patience –
impatience (n), definite – indefinite (a), regular – irregular (a),
rest – unrest (n), usually – unusually (adv).
The same negative prefix is usually used with all derivatives of a word.
possible — impossible — impossibility; but: pleasant — unpleasant,
displeased, displeasure; comfortable — uncomfortable,
discomforted, discomfort; fortunate — unfortunate, misfortune.
Some words have two negative forms.
convenient — inconvenient, unconvenient
decisive — indecisive, undecisive
Practice
1. Go over the list of words with negative prefixes and group them according
to the prefixes used.
conscious — unconscious
curable — incurable
dependent — independent
expensive — inexpensive
experienced — inexperienced
tidy — untidy
usual — unusual
to agree — to disagree
to appear — to disappear
to approve — to disapprove
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familiar — unfamiliar
formal — informal
friendly — unfriendly
grateful — ungrateful
happy — unhappy
honest — dishonest
important — unimportant
legal — illegal
literate — illiterate
logical — illogical
lucky — unlucky
mature — immature
patient — impatient
pleasant — unpleasant
popular — unpopular
possible — impossible
punctual — unpunctual
regular — irregular
respectful — disrespectful
responsible — irresponsible
similarity — dissimilarity
to believe — to disbelieve
to inherit — to disinherit
to like — to dislike
to lock — to unlock
to obey — to disobey
to pack — to unpack
to satisfy — to dissatisfy
to tie — to untie
to trust — to distrust
ability — inability
balance — imbalance
belief — disbelief
comfort — discomfort
employment — unemployment
experience — inexperience
fortune — misfortune
happiness — unhappiness
qualification — disqualification
respect — disrespect
rest — unrest
2. Add a negative prefix to the adjective whenever it is required by the context.
1. It is the most … believable story I’ve ever heard.
2. I am afraid this is a very … convenient arrangement.
3. The country became … dependent soon after the end of World War II.
4. My parents … approve of early marriages.
5. John left his job because he was … able to deal with such a large
amount of work.
6. When the ambulance came, the man was … conscious after being
knocked down by a car.
7. It’s his first job and he is very … experienced.
8. We had a long talk but we still … agree on a number of points.
9. Last summer I stayed in Paris for two weeks. It was an … forgettable
experience.
10. It was dark in the corridor and it took us ages to … lock the door.
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11. Early autumn is … usually warm and dry in this region, but last
autumn there wasn’t a single warm day.
12. The sitting room looks … tidy after last night’s party.
13. Sailing in a boat during the storm was a very … pleasant experience.
14. The weather is … usually warm for this time of the year.
15. He’s usually rather … patient and … friendly, but I must say he
was very sympathetic when I told him about my family problems.
16. I hope he is … skilled enough to cope with the job.
17. He just can’t stop talking. He goes on and on about totally …
important things.
18. We were surprised that he … appeared without saying a word to
his friends.
19. Some of the spectators … agreed with the referee’s decision.
20. Although we quarrel a lot we generally … agree on the most crucial
points.
21. The English verbs fall into two groups: regular and … regular verbs.
22. It is … legal to bring goods into a country without paying tax.
23. I wouldn’t like to share a flat with an … tidy person.
24. I’d never thought he would be … able to take part in the competition
after such a serious illness.
Mixed practice
A. Fill in the gaps with an appropriate derivative of the word in brackets.
1. I had a … with the boss about the work I was doing, so I left. (agree)
2. It’s a good idea in theory, but rather … . (practice)
3. He isn’t fit for such a … job. He’s … at making decisions. (response,
hope)
4. Most people nowadays regard television as a … rather than a luxury.
(necessary)
5. Having our passports stolen was a rather … start to our holiday.
(fortune)
6. I did a very stupid thing, but … nobody saw me. (luck)
7. I wasn’t looking forward to the journey, so I was … when it was
cancelled. (relief)
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8. I like this car. It’s always been very … . (rely)
9. You are always … . Isn’t there anything that makes you happy? (misery)
10. It was a very … experience and it took a long time to get over it.
(upset)
11. The road signs were so … that I didn’t know which way to go.
(confuse)
12. I’m afraid he’s got very … habits. (irritate)
13. It was only after a great deal of persistence that I got a … answer.
(satisfy)
14. It takes a lot of determination to … in a … business. (success, compete)
15. His arrogant attitude made him … with the other people in the
office. (popular)
16. That was a rather … remark. You’ve obviously upset him. (tact)
17. I don’t know why they bother to print these bus timetables. They
are completely … . (rely)
18. Don’t you think it’s rather … to play your music so loudly at night?
(consider)
19. That was an … thing to say. You know how … she is. (kind, sense)
20. I must … these trousers. They are too long for me. (short)
21. Don’t try to do things too quickly. Set yourself … targets. (real)
22. Landing a space craft on the moon was a great … for mankind.
(achieve)
23. He may be a good actor, but as a singer he is a complete … . (fail)
24. They rejected the candidate because he was totally … . (suit)
25. I wouldn’t say they were rich, but they’re certainly … . (wealth)
B. Use the words given in capitals at the end of each line to form a derivative
word that fits in the space in the same line.
Architects responsible for the ________ of many CONSTRUCT
skyscrapers believe that a tall building must always
have a certain minimum _____ but that there is no WIDE
limit to its absolute ______. This means that the HIGH
skyscrapers of the future are likely to be even taller.
Engineers agree with this, but there is ____ over the AGREE
best shape for very tall, slim buildings. The effects of
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wind ____ mean that cylindrical designs have enjoyed
some ____ in recent years, and these are quite
pleasing to the eye.
Would these tall buildings of the future offer more
than a ____ view? Some believe tall towers could
contain all the _________ for modern living. The
____ of these vertical villages would travel up and
down between their home and work zones and would
_____ need to journey to the ground level.
PRESS
POPULAR
WONDER
REQUIRE
INHABIT
RARE
***
The site of the town of Winchester was a ___ place
for a ___, at the point where a river cut through the
chalk of the ___ hillsides. A simple camp at St
Catherine’s Hill was the ___ known use of the site. It
was the Romans who finally established the town and
___ it with a defensive wall for the protection of their
people and trade.
With the ___ of its first cathedral in the seventh
century, the town became an important ___ centre.
Later, King Alfred, who had ___ pushed back the
invading Danes, moved his palace to Winchester. The
town then experienced rapid ___, and its ___ role in
English history was underlined in 1066 when the
conquering Normans, like Alfred, made Winchester
their capital.
NATURE
SETTLE
SOUTH
EARLY
ROUND
BUILD
RELIGION
SUCCESS
DEVELOP
CENTRE
С. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate derivatives of the words from the
list above.
1. FRY POLITE (two times) EMBARRASS DIFFICULT CHINA
When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately
start meeting (1)________ . The problem with (2)________ is that an
action which is polite in one country might not be seen as polite in another.
For example, a westerner who has been asked to go to a meal with a
(3)________ host may be given (4)________ rice at the end of the meal.
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Now, the correct signal to show you do not want to eat any more — that
you are full and have had enough — is not to finish the rice on the plate.
However, the poor Englishman, or Frenchman, not wishing to seem
(5)________, finishes the rice, only to find to his (6)________ that his
plate is full once again.
2. PEACE FAMILIAR DAY ROB
VARY BREAK OCCASION
In most major cities in the world, violence is accepted as a feature of
(1)________ life. Stories of (2)________ and personal attack are
common and high crime figures are taken for granted. But a recent
phenomenon is causing concern in Britain, that of rural violence. In
small country towns, usually considered to be (3)________ and trouble
free, (4)________ of violence are becoming more frequent. This violence
is of (5)________ kinds: sometimes it’s Saturday night drunkenness, with
young people having too much to drink and then fighting with one another
or attacking property; (6)________ there is shooting by people who have
got hold of a gun. The police in rural areas are now having to deal with
situations with which they were formerly (7)________ .
3. SCIENCE REAL GENERAL
KNOW SUCCESS ADVANCE
School exams are, (1)________ speaking, the first kind of tests we take.
They find out how much (2)________ we have gained. But do they
(3)________ show how intelligent we are? After all, isn’t it a fact that
some people who are very (4)________ academically don’t have any
common sense?
Intelligence is the speed at which we can understand and react to new
situations and it is usually tested by logic puzzles. Although (5)________
are now preparing (6)________ computer technology that will be able to
‘read’ our brains, for the present tests are still the most popular way of
measuring intelligence.
4. WIDE FORTUNE LEAD
IDENTITY SUSPECT LIKE
Can computers help the police to (1)________ criminals? Experts now
think computers can make it easier for the police to find people they want
to question.
At present, the system most (2)________ used by the British police is
called Photofit. Witnesses describe a (3)________ and then a picture is
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built up like a jigsaw, using five different sets of features. These are: hair,
eyes, nose, mouth and chin. This system can be very helpful in finding
criminals but only in one case out of twenty. Quite often Photofit pictures
are (4)________ . There are two reasons for this. Firstly, the picture may
look nothing at all like the person the police are looking for. Secondly, the
(5)________ may be so general that it is not at all helpful. And
(6)________ , this can lead to the arrest of an innocent person.
5. OFFEND MOTOR INSURE THIEF VALUE CRIME
Apart from your home, your car is probably your most (1)________
possession. It is also your most vulnerable. Car and CD players
(2)________ make up over a quarter of all recorded crime. Together they
cost everyone a lot of money. It takes up police time to deal with these
(3)________, taking (4)________ through the courts is expensive and
of course, (5)________ end up paying higher (6)________ premiums.
6. THREATEN DESTROY POLLUTE
POISON STRICT EMIT
Britain is a less polluted country than it was thirty years ago. Coal
burning is (1)________ controlled in areas like London, which no
longer suffers the (2)________ smogs that killed people in the 1950s.
Attempts have been made to landscape areas of wasteland, to repair
and restore the old canals and to clean up Britain’s rivers. But despite
these efforts various (3)________ to the environment remain: acid
rains caused partly by (4)________ from power stations, the rise in
the number of cars on the roads, the (5)________ of the sea and the
(6)________ of old buildings.
7. RESPECT EXPLAIN CREATE
INHABIT INVADE SURPRISE
The image of the fairy as a tiny, angel like (1)________ goes back to
about the 17th century. But before that time, fairies were very different.
They were thought to be cruel and dangerous. They were feared so much
that people rarely spoke out loud of ‘fairies’, preferring to use more
(2)________ names such as ‘the little people’ or ‘the hidden people’.
One (3)________ is that stories of fairies are folk memories of the pre
Celtic (4)________ of Britain. The (5) ________ of the Celts was an
awful event for this island. It would not be (6)________ if some form of
memory of such an important event should survive to this day.
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8. MUSIC SERVE INHERIT ENTERTAIN
COLLECT ISOLATE
The folk songs of Britain are part of a rich (1)________ of music, dance
and drama handed on from generation to generation by ordinary people
for hundreds, sometimes thousands of years. Until the 19th century Britain
was largely an agricultural society. In its small, (2)________
communities people made their own (3)________ and each village had
its singers, story tellers and (4)________. Often there would be a village
band made up of self taught players providing music for every occasion,
from the church (5)________ on Sunday to the village dance on Saturday
night. Through the work of numerous (6)________ much of the repertoire
of the old singers has been preserved.
9. NEW PRACTICE EFFECT CHARMING
HOT WEALTH
The thatched roof is an essential part of the (1)________ of the English
countryside. Thatching is the oldest of all the building crafts (2)________
in Great Britain. Although thatch has always been used for cottages and
farm buildings, it was once used for castles and churches, too. In the 18th
century thatch became popular with the (3)________ owners of the
English country estates. The craft of thatching has changed very little
since the Middle Ages. Over 800 full time thatchers are employed in
England and Wales today, maintaining and (4)________ the old roofs as
well as thatching newer houses. Many property owners choose thatch not
only for its beauty but because it is an (5)________ defence against the
cold and the (6)________.
10. PLACE SHORT SUIT DEPRESS
SOLVE LONELY
Twenty to thirty storey buildings were thought to be ideal (1)________
to the problem of house (2)________ and lack of space in urban areas.
At first, the ultra modern apartments were very popular with city dwellers,
and hundreds of blocks had been built before anyone began to doubt that
they were (3)________ places for people to live in. Scientists say that
people who live in such houses may suffer from (4)________ and deep
(5)________. At present in London and many other cities they are going
to (6)________ high rise blocks by the so called “low rise” blocks, at
most six storeys high.
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11. MAJOR ADVERTISE FREQUENT CONTINUE
PRODUCTION BROADCAST
In the 1930s broadcast stations in the USA wondered what type of
programmes they should broadcast during the daytime. They decided to
(1)________ serials that would be on the radio every afternoon telling a
(2)________ story. Knowing that the (3)________ of the audience would
be women, the (4)________ decided that the women in the serials would
be strong characters and the men weak. As the radio stations were paid by
advertising, these programmes always had (5)________ and, since one of
the most (6)________ advertised products was soap, the programmes
became known as Soaps or Soap Operas.
12. REDUCTION EASY SMOKE ADEQUATE PRODUCE
ESTABLISH
Should smoking in public places be banned? The ‘public places’ would
include school, restaurants, public transport, cinemas and theatres. Some
people believe that outdoor seating areas, such as stadiums, should also
become (1)_______ zones. Many (2)_______ already recognize the
problem of passive smoking and try to (3)_______ its effects by
segregating smokers and non smokers. However, more often than not,
these measures are (4)_______ and don’t take into account the fact
that smoke drifts (5)________ .
The government does a few things to support the anti smoking campaign
but the amount of money the government spends on the campaign is small
compared with the amount tobacco companies spend on advertising their
(6)________.
13. BEHAVE LONG ACCESS MISTAKE ABLE RESTRICT
If children are to become ‘natural’ readers, their reading must be developed
and speeded up. They should be given lots of (1)________ books, and
plenty of time both at school and at home to read them. It means
(2)________ of television time, too. It is also important that children see
reading as an ordinary part of adult (3)________. Children copy adults.
Teachers and parents often complain that children won’t read. In the next
breath these same adults either explain that they themselves are too busy
to read or discuss the previous evening’s television programme at
(4)________. Two (5)________ messages are being transmitted to
children: Don’t read, watch TV. Learning to read doesn’t stop when you
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leave school. It should go on throughout life. You can lose your
(6)________ to read if you don’t use it regularly.
14. LIMIT COURAGE PREDICT EXCEPT YEAR DESCENT
America is and has always been a land of immigrants. With the
(1)________ of the native American Indian, there is no United States
citizen who is not an immigrant or a (2)________ of an immigrant.
Immigration into this continent started in the 1600s and continued non
stop and unrestricted until the late 1800s. Vast amounts of land were
available for the taking and opportunities were (3)________. To people
in Europe and other parts of the world, where economies were often
(4)________, this “new world” offered promise and hope. Since the
United States was a new nation with a lot of open spaces immigration
was (5)________. In 1921 the first U.S. immigration quota system was
introduced. It allowed only a pre set number of immigrants to enter the
country (6)________.
15. DECIDE HOPE AWARE PERSON POLLUTE ADD
EDUCATE KNOW INFORM PROMOTE
There is no greater protection from environmental hazards than
(1)________. Many of today’s schools are committed to bringing
environmental (2)________ into the classroom. Unfortunately, many
students are (3)________ of the problems concerning the environment
but (4)________ this new project will help them to be better informed in
the future. The curricula will include the (5)________ of classroom
projects, in (6)________ to community events. They will also provide
students with specific (7)________ about the effect of (8)________ on
health and the ecosystem. In this way, students will be able to make more
intelligent (9)_______ concerning the environment and learn how they
can (10)________ make a difference.
16. ATTRACT LUXURY CENTRE NATURE SPOIL SIGNIFY
DEEP MODERN ESTABLISH ENTIRE
One of the many impressive sights in England is the Roman Baths in the
county of Somerset. This was one of the most (1)________ finds ever
unearthed in Britain. The Great Bath was the (2)________ point of the
Roman bathing (3)________ over 2000 years ago. It was fed with hot
water from the Sacred Spring and provided a great opportunity to enjoy a
(4)________ warm swim. The bath is lined with sheets of lead and is 1.6
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metres in (5)________. Access is by four steep steps that (6)________
surround the bath. This is no ordinary Roman Bath site. Even now, people
benefit from these (7)________ springs of hot water buried deep beneath
this now (8)________ city. Bath’s (9)________ Roman site is one of
the most popular tourist (10)________ in Britain today.
17. GRADUATE TRAIN TRANSLATE (three times) ABLE AVAIL
EUROPE AGENT CURRENT
I am writing to apply for the post of freelance (1)________ advertised in
the Guardian on February 27th. I graduated in English and (2)________
Studies at the University of Naples in 2000. After (3)________ I worked
for six months as a (4)________ in a local trade journal but decided that
I didn’t like the job and left to study for my exams. I passed these in June
2001 and then went on to work for a series of small (5)________
(6)________ in my home town.
I am (7)________ looking for a more permanent position which will
allow me to improve my skills and develop as (8)________. I think your
company will benefit from my experience and my (9)________. I am
(10)________ for interview any time next week.
That’s all for now,
Robbie.
18. DETECT CREATE INVESTIGATE FAITH
COMPANY VARY SOLVE FAME MURDER ELEMENT
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a doctor who became (1)________ for his
(2)________ stories. His (3)________, Sherlock Holmes, is probably
the best known private (4)________ in crime fiction. Each case is
(5)________ documented by his friend and colleague Doctor Watson,
who usually (6)________ him to the scene of the crime. The victim may
have been tricked, robbed or (7)________, but Holmes never misses a
clue and almost (8)________ arrives at a (9)________ to the mystery.
“(10)________, my dear Watson!”
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9. WORD ORDER
9.1. TYPICAL SCHEMES AND EXAMPLES OF WORD ORDER
IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF QUESTIONS
For study
A. GENERAL/DISJUNCTIVE/ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS
1
2
3
4
5
auxiliary
(modal, linking)
verb
subject,
subject
group
main verb,
predicative
object,
object group
adverbial
modifier
Have you given up smoking?
May I have a look at your photos?
Do you remember our trip to Brussels?
It rained last night, didn’t it?*
Was anyone late for the meeting or did they all come on time?*
Is there any money in the box or is there not (or not)?*
B. SPECIAL QUESTIONS
All types of special questions except questions about the subject of the
sentence
1
2
3
4
5
6
interrogative
word
auxiliary
verb
subject
group
main
verb
object
adverbial
modifier
Questions about the subject of the sentence beginning with who, what,
which, whose
1
2
3
4
interrogative
word
predicate
object
adverbial
modifier
Who lives in that old brick house?
Which of the cars is yours?
What can I do to help you?
Whose dog barks every night?
* Note that the second part of an alternative question and the question tag of a disjunctive
question take the same word order as in a general question. See the supplement for the
use of question tags (Supplement 3, p. 444).
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Practice
Put the words in the right order to make up an interrogative sentence.
1. time/he/on/always/come/his/to/does/classes?
2. you/to/a/can/shall/airport/order/me/take/the/I/taxi/or?
3. long/studied/English/how/you/have?
4. English/well/father/as/does/mother/speak/as?
5. delivers/your/in/who/newspaper/morning/the?
6. Kate/for/waiting/is/who?
7. rich/wanted/he/to/and/be/he/famous/didn’t?
8. afford/this/can/holiday/a/year/you?
9. an/did/last/accident/he/have/week?
10. moved/London/live/has/Manchester/still/does/to/she/or/in/Ruth?
11. told/to/him/before/six o’clock/who/come?
12. the/any/were/in/photographs/there/bag?
13. sent/doctor/they/have/for/a?
14. listening/the/are/students/what/to?
15. advised/the/police/accident/who/you/tell/about/to/the?
16. to/ride/like/horse/would/a/you/learn/to?
9.2. STATEMENTS WITH DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS
For study
I’ll tell my sister the truth.
(indirect object) (direct object)
I’ll tell her the truth.
I’ll tell the truth to my sister.
Practice
Put the words in the right order to make up a statement.
1. to/pass/plate/John/please/the
2. them/haven’t/told/I/accident/about/the
3. to/children/the/I/taking/Zoo/am/the
4. didn’t/pocket/elder/to/I/money/son/any/send/my
5. you/if/mind/ask/questions/do/I/some?
6. good/was/idea/it/a/to/him/way/ask/the
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7. trying/skates/put/Mr Winkle/was/to/on/his
8. want/from/anything/him/I/to/don’t/take
9. director/with/his/not/satisfied/the/was/secretary
10. says/him/anything/he/nobody/told
11. got/a/test/the/he/mark/very/for/good
12. me/forget/send/a/to/don’t/post card
9.3. POSITION OF ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS OF PLACE AND
TIME IN A SENTENCE
For study
Note that the place is usually put before the time.
I didn’t see you at the party on Saturday night.
I’ve been walking around the town all morning.
We learned a lot of things at school today.
Practice
Put the words in the right order to make up a sentence.
1. the/haven’t/since/been/I/last/to/year/theatre
2. don’t/to/Sundays/go/on/we/school
3. students/last/meeting/the/to/didn’t/Wednesday/come/the
4. evening/the/at/walk/he/for/in/usually/a/goes/five o’clock
5. to/going/London/next/few/am/a/I/days/week/for
6. Sweden/left/ago/she/town/two/her/for/years
7. should/the/to/every/dentist/months/you/go/six
8. I’ll/to/tonight/think/early/go/bed/I
9. drives/work/every/to/Ann/car/her/day
10. sure/are/there/by/get/8 o’clock/we/to
9.4. WORD ORDER IN STATEMENTS CONTAINING ADVERBS
OF FREQUENCY AND DEGREE OF COMPLETENESS
For study
He always goes to work by car.
My parents have always lived in London.
I have never seen such a professional performance before.
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We are not always late. We are usually on time.
She doesn’t usually smoke.
Have you finished writing the letter yet?
He is still writing the letter.
Note: Adverbs of frequency (always, often, seldom, never, ever, usually,
normally, rarely, etc.) and the adverbs already, almost, hardly, nearly, still
come after the auxiliary verb but before the main verb. In short answers
they are put before the auxiliary.
She often goes to London on business. — Yes, she often does.
Practice
Put the words in the right order to make up a sentence.
1. don’t/work/on/I/Sundays/usually/to/have
2. has/probably/home/gone/he/early
3. you/take/a/ever/don’t/break?
4. this/before/seen/you/ever/have/painting?
5. posted/have/yet/letter/you/the?
6. they/at/talking/about/5 o’clock/were/football/still
7. says/never/late/he/for/is/his/work/he
8. name/I/remember/his/can/never
9. television set/often/our/down/breaks
10. has/very/always/been/she/generous
9.5. THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES BEFORE A NOUN
For study
Position
before
the noun
1
2
3
Adjectives
adjectives that tell you what something is for:
an expensive tennis racket
adjectives that say what something is made of:
an expensive steel and nylon tennis racket
adjectives which tell you the origin of something — where it
comes from:
Spanish leather sports boots
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Position
before
the noun
4
5
6
7
Adjectives
colour adjectives:
black Spanish leather sports boots
adjectives of shape and size:
a large red Dutch brick dwelling house
adjectives of age:
an old large brown German glass beer mug
adjectives of overall assessment and quality:
a beautiful young tall browneyed Italian girl
Practice
1. Put the words in the right order to make up a sentence.
1. colour/a/they/bought/new/have/television set
2. all/liked/the/Italian/I/brown/most/shoes/of
3. chose/blouse/blue/an/she/silk/expensive
4. brick/was/house/it/old/an
5. gave/beautiful/few/he/red/her/roses/a
6. jeans/and/man/leather/a/jacket/the/black/wearing/blue/was
7. a/fair haired/sister/his/girl/smart/is/young
8. large/eyes/has/Mary/round/got/brown
9. leather/pair/shoes/I/of/new/need/sport/a
10. old/slippers/put/woolen/she/on/her
11. bought/a/I/white/lovely/marble/Turkish/chess set
12. for/a (an)/had/brown/beef/we/dinner/enormous/German/
sausage
2. Put the adjectives in the correct order.
Dear Sir,
I am writing to you because I left a (leather/large/brown) suitcase on the
7.45 train to London yesterday. In the suitcase there is a (plastic/digital/
little) alarm clock and a pair of (silk/black/expensive) pyjamas. There is
also a (lovely/satin/long) dress, which is a present for my wife, and
a (Chinese/beautiful/gold) chain which I would hate to lose. Finally, there
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is a (black/leather/plastic) folder containing confidential government
papers, so it is very important that my suitcase is found and returned to
me as soon as possible.
Yours faithfully,
Paul Daniels
10. TEXT CONNECTORS
10.1. TIME CONNECTORS AFTER/BEFORE/WHEN/AS/
WHILE/AS SOON AS/SINCE/TILL/UNTIL
For study
Go over the following examples.
After I got back home I read the letter once again. (после того,
как)
Christmas will be over before you finish the decorations. (прежде, чем)
When I last saw you, you lived in Washington. (когда)
I saw him as I was getting off the bus. (когда)
They arrived while we were having dinner. (в то время, как)
Buy your tickets as soon as you reach the station. (как только)
A lot has happened to me since I last wrote to you. (с тех пор, как)
I didn’t learn to drive until I was thirtythree. (до тех пор, пока не)
Practice
1. Choose the correct time connector.
1. While/When I had locked all the doors I went to bed.
2. He fell off the chair while/until he was changing the light bulb.
3. They waited when/until everybody was there before/until they started
the meeting.
4. I broke my leg as soon as/while I was skating.
5. I’m not going to stop work now. I’ll keep going as soon as/until I finish.
6. After/while we’ve finished lunch we’ll do the washing up.
7. As/till I was walking around the supermarket I met a friend of
mine.
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8. When/while Jessica finishes her degree she intends to work in her
father’s company.
9. The man was hit by a car as soon as/while he was running across
the road.
10. While/As soon as Martin saw the fire, he telephoned the fire
department.
11. We haven’t met as/since we attended the conference in Brighton.
2. Combine the following sentences to show time relationships between the
ideas. Make the necessary changes.
1. A small stone struck the windshield. We were driving down the
gravel road.
2. Nancy had been jogging for half an hour. She began to feel tired.
3. You won’t improve your ability to speak English. You should learn
to relax more.
4. I turned off the light. I left the room.
5. I won’t return the books to the library. I’ll first finish my research
project.
6. I’ll finish working on the car. We’ll all go for a walk.
7. We met last summer. I was studying in London.
8. I’ll wait. Someone will get back.
9. I was watching TV. The telephone rang.
10. They arrived at the station. The train had left.
10.2. TEXT CONNECTORS DENOTING CONTRAST
ALTHOUGH/THOUGH/EVEN THOUGH/IN SPITE OF/
DESPITE/BUT/HOWEVER/NEVERTHELESS
For study
Go over the following examples.
Although the sands are very long, few people bathe. (хотя)
The children weren’t interested, although (though) the donkey rides
were attractive. (хотя)
Even though she disliked jazz she enjoyed the concert.
In spite of (despite) the bad weather we went out for a walk.
(несмотря)
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She speaks French well but my brother speaks it better.
Allan seems capable as a financial adviser. However, I wouldn’t
trust him with my money. (однако)
Ann’s father gave her some good advice, nevertheless (but) she did
not follow it. (тем не менее)
Practice
1. Complete the sentences with one of the connectors denoting contrast.
1. This is a cheap pen, … it writes well.
2. … yellow looks good on you, it doesn’t look very good on me.
3. I put on my sunglasses … it was a dark cloudy day.
4. … she has a job, she doesn’t make enough money to support her
four children.
5. I’m glad that my mother made me take piano lessons when I was
a child … I hated it at the time. Now I play the piano every day.
6. The earthquake damaged the bridge across the river … they were
able to cross the river in a boat.
7. … I was dead tired, I walked all way home.
8. Bob ate a large dinner … he is still hungry.
9. I finished all my work … I was very sleepy.
10. … her doctor warned her, Carol continues to smoke nearly two
packs of cigarettes a day.
2. Combine the following sentences to show the relationship of contrast. Make
the necessary changes.
1. A storm was approaching. The climbers continued their trek up
the mountains.
2. I washed my hands. They still looked dirty.
3. I had a lot of studying to do. I went to the cinema anyway.
4. They have a car. They rarely use it.
5. He has a number of relations living nearby. He never visits them.
6. She said she didn’t want to change her job. She may change her
mind.
7. She doesn’t enjoy her job. She works hard.
8. They were late. They didn’t hurry.
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9. The weather was bad. We enjoyed the outing.
10. David’s dad did his best to teach him to drive. David failed his
driving test.
10.3. TEXT CONNECTORS DENOTING REASON AND RESULT
(CAUSE AND EFFECT): BECAUSE/AS/SO/AS A RESULT/
THEREFORE/THAT’S WHY/SINCE
AND PURPOSE: SO THAT/SO AS
For study
Go over the following examples.
I bought an umbrella because I thought it would rain. (reason,
cause) (потому что)
As it was raining I bought an umbrella. (reason, cause) (так как)
Since it looks as though it might rain, I’ve bought an umbrella.
(cause, reason)(так как)
He was late so he ran to the station. (effect, result) (поэтому)
It was raining, that’s why/therefore we stayed at home. (effect,
result) (поэтому, вот почему)
We missed the last bus and as a result we had to walk all way home.
(effect, result) (и в результате)
He talked quietly so as not to disturb anybody. (purpose) (чтобы)
Linda stayed at work late so that she could complete the report.
(purpose) (чтобы)
Practice
1. Choose the correct connector.
1. As/As a result it was such a beautiful day, we decided to have a
picnic.
2. It was his birthday because/so we decided to buy him a present.
3. Kate brought a video camera so as/so that to film their holiday.
4. The banks were closed and since/as a result we couldn’t get any
money.
5. They took away the scissors from the child so as/so that he wouldn’t
cut himself.
6. I’m tired out, as a result/that’s why I am going home.
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7. George has got a new job, because/that’s why he’s so pleased with
himself.
8. Since/As a result a diamond is extremely hard it can be used to cut glass.
2. Combine the following sentences to show the relationship of reason and
result.
1. I couldn’t repair my bicycle. I didn’t have the right tools.
2. The post office was closed. I couldn’t post my parcels.
3. All of the students have done poorly on the test. The teacher has
decided to give it again.
4. People use cream in summer. They want to protect their skin.
5. John has poor eyesight. He has to sit in the front row.
6. Mark is overweight. His doctor has advised him to exercise
regularly.
7. The workers have gone on strike. All production has ceased.
8. They put bars on the lower windows. No one could climb in.
9. Sophie broke her leg in two places. She had to wear a cast and use
crutches for three months.
10. Cars have become more complicated. Mechanics need more
training than in the past.
Mixed practice
A. Choose the correct variant.
1. Some people like to sing … they are taking a bath.
a) although
b) after
c) while
2. I enjoy tennis on TV … I prefer playing it.
a) although
b) despite
c) since
3. … she has a well paid job, she never has any money.
a) Despite
b) As
c) Even though
4. … she left school she started working in a bank.
a) Before
b) After
c) Since
5. Mike borrowed some money and … he was able to go on holiday
with his parents.
a) because
b) as a result c) after
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6. She managed to write … her hand was injured.
a) despite
b) although
c) while
7. The sky was gray and cloudy. … we went to the beach.
a) Nevertheless b) As a result c) Despite
8. I’ve only been to the cinema once … I got out of hospital.
a) as soon as
b) until
c) since
9. … I had nothing for lunch but an apple, I ate dinner early.
a) Although
b) Since
c) Despite
10. Please walk carefully … the walkway is slippery.
a) that’s why
b) because
c) until
11. … she seldom eats at home she is good at cooking.
a) As
b) Since
c) Even though
12. John didn’t feel well. … he didn’t go to work yesterday.
a) Nevertheless b) Therefore
c) In spite of
13. He insisted that he was right … the fact that everyone disagreed
with him.
a) in spite of
b) while
c) though
14. Joe jumped into the river to rescue the little girl who was drowning
… he wasn’t a good swimmer.
a) even though b) despite
c) since
15. I won’t leave … I find the keys.
a) while
b) until
c) before
16. The sea looked dangerous … we didn’t go in for a swim.
a) as
b) so
c) though
17. He’s probably one of the most famous authors of our times. … , he
leads a simple life and avoids the public eye.
a) Despite
b) Therefore
c) Nevertheless
18. You won’t be treated with respect … you find a job.
a) although
b) unless
c) despite
19. … his excellent references he wasn’t accepted onto the postgraduate
course.
a) Even though b) However
c) Despite
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20. Have an extra sandwich for lunch … we don’t have time to eat
later.
a) while
b) when
c) in case
21. Sarah put her keys in her pocket … she won’t lose them.
a) so that
b) so as
c) because
22. Emily put on her boots … not to get her feet wet.
a) so that
b) so as
c) because
23. He’s a very skilful carpenter, … he’s extremely clumsy at home.
a) therefore
b) yet
c) despite
24. I did not support his view. … , I disagreed strongly.
a) Although
b) On the contrary c) On the other hand
25. … there are no more questions to discuss, we can finish the meeting.
a) As
b) Unless
c) So that
26. He worked for the same company all his life … he retired.
a) and
b) until
c) unless
27. … you’ve already met each other, I don’t need to introduce you.
a) Despite
b) While
c) Since
28. There had been a few robberies in the neighbourhood, … everyone
locked their doors.
a) so that
b) so
c) since
29. She gave up her job … she could take care of her mother.
a) in order
b) so that
c) because
30. I’ll take a sleeping bag … I have to stay overnight.
a) so that
b) in case
c) that’s why
31. You will do well on the essay questions … you answer each question
completely.
a) as
b) since
c) as long as
32. Those chemicals are not dangerous … they are combined.
a) although
b) unless
c) while
33. We will stick to the schedule … there are no objections.
a) unless
b) as long as
c) until
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34. Alex waxed the car … it looked brand new.
a) until
b) before
c) as
35. Will you wait in the car … it’s time to leave for school?
a) if
b) until
c) in case
36. They left very early … not to be late.
a) so
b) so that
c) so as
37. He drove his father’s car … he doesn’t have a licence.
a) despite
b) however
c) even though
38. “Are we still going to the gym on Friday?” – Yes, … I have to work
late again.”
a) in case
b) as long as
c) unless
39. When you are on a diet you have to resist the temptation to eat …
you feel hungry.
a) because
b) that’s why c) even though
B.
1. At first when I came in this morning I thought I would talk about
childhood illnesses, (so, but, on the contrary) then I was asked to say
something about safety in the home. (So, So that, So as) I’ll begin with that.
People don’t realize that homes are dangerous places. (By the way, Whereas,
In case) the dangers on the roads are obvious, the dangers in the home
aren’t understood. By the way, I read in the paper this morning a good
example of this. A five year old boy had to be rushed to hospital (that’s why,
because, while) he pulled a boiling kettle off a stove and burnt himself.
Let’s consider the danger of poisoning. Some people think that (despite,
provided, while) they store things like household cleaners out of sight of
children, everything will be all right, (so, so that, but) they forget that
children love to explore and taste everything. Remember, access by children
must be prevented.
2. Gold has always been a scarce metal. (Therefore, That’s why, However),
it is a metal with certain extremely desirable characteristics. (On the
contrary, For example, In addition), it can easily be hammered into different
shapes, (despite, because, owing to) its extreme softness. (However,
Moreover, As well as), it can be drawn into a wire, with one gram of metal
stretching to a length of nearly three kilometres.
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(Thanks to, As well as, In addition to) its use in jewellery, gold has found
other, more practical applications. For instance, gold is an excellent
conductor of electricity and (however, moreover, hence) extremely useful
in the electronics industry, for items (such, such as, as well as) electrical
contacts.
11. WORD CHOICE
For study
WORDS EASILY CONFUSED
The words in each group below are close in meaning and may even
correspond to the same word when translated into Russian (or Belarusian).
Despite the similarity they cannot be used to replace one another because
each word has a specific (different) meaning. In addition to semantic
peculiarities, they may also have syntactical differences. Some verbs
synonyms, for example, are followed by a direct object in the sentence,
while others require an indirect object. It is important for a learner of
English to know the prepositions that are used with an indirect object after
each verb. Often learners find it difficult to differentiate between parts of
speech or forms of the same word, e.g. adverb/adjective; present participle/
past participle.
hard/hardly
interesting/interested
Confusion can be caused, too, by words different in meaning but having
a resemblance in spelling or/and pronunciation.
lose/loose
quite/quiet
A. VERBS
bite/beat
do/make
reach/achieve
get/have
remember/remind/recall
point(to)/show
bring/take/fetch
go/come/walk
fall/drop
fit/suit/match
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hear/listen (to)
forget/leave
lie/lay
rise/raise
wait(for)/expect
drive/ride
steal/rob
lend/borrow
pass/take
see/look/watch
study/learn/teach
speak/say/talk/tell
wear/ put on /dress/
to be dressed(in)
leave/stay(in, at)/remain
suggest/offer/propose
sit/seat/set
B. ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS/CONJUNCTIONS
happy/lucky
easy/light
tall/high
hard/hardly
interesting/interested
exciting/excited
heavy/difficult/hard
empty/free/vacant/spare
bare/naked
like/as
either/too/also
still/yet/already
late/lately/(the)latest
happily/luckily
at least/at last/finally
so/such
except/besides
still/else/other/more
among/between
C. NOUNS
pair/couple
play/game
cook/cooker
shade/shadow
country/state
food/meal
language/tongue
place/seat/room/space
hour/clock/o’clock/watch
road/street/way/path
event/case/incident/accident
land/earth/soil/ground
Practice
Choose the right word.
A. Verbs
1. Could you … these books back to the library next time you go?
a) fetch
b) bring
c) take
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2. My friend … two hours in the snow for a bus.
a) expected
b) waited for
c) spent
3. It’s too noisy here. I can’t … anything.
a) listen to
b) hear
c) feel
4. How did your mother … here so quickly?
a) take
b) get
c) bring
5. Who can it be? I’m not … any visitors.
a) waiting for
b) expecting
c) seeing
6. Don’t 1)… excuses! You didn’t 2)… your homework and that’s
that!
1) a) do
b) make
c) bring
2) a) have
b) make
c) do
7. Please … her about it as quick as possible. It’s urgent.
a) talk
b) speak
c) tell
8. It doesn’t … long to get there.
a) last
b) have
c) take
9. This dog is dangerous. It has already … me.
a) beaten
b) bitten
c) barked
10. He … he’d be back in an hour.
a) spoke
b) said
c) told
11. Peter … at the picture hanging over the sofa.
a) watched
b) saw
c) looked
12. Could you … me a favour and lend me your notebook?
a) give
b) make
c) do
13. We … to the news every night.
a) hear
b) expect
c) listen
14. You needn’t tell me, I … about it yesterday.
a) listened
b) heard
c) recognized
15. I couldn’t see who … by.
a) crossed
b) passed
c) entered
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16. If you want to say something … your hand.
a) rise
b) put
c) raise
17. Mother is … sandwiches in the kitchen.
a) making
b) doing
c) getting
18. I know I always 1)… a lot of mistakes, but I am really 2)… my
best.
1) a) do
b) have
c) make
2) a) gaining
b) doing
c) making
19. Look after my case. I’ll … and pick it up later.
a) go
b) become
c) come
20. We are sorry about the noise we … last night.
a) became
b) did
c) made
21. He’s busy at present. He’ll … you in 30 minutes’ time.
a) watch
b) look
c) see
22. I’m having difficulty in … what you say.
a) hearing
b) listening
c) answering
23. My wife wants James to give up tennis and … law.
a) learn
b) study
c) know
24. Stop 1)… so much noise! I’ve got to 2)… a very important phone
call.
1) a) making
b) doing
c) bringing
2) a) perform
b) do
c) make
25. They last … to see us at Christmas.
a) went
b) took
c) came
26. I think he … too hard.
a) learns
b) studies
c) teaches
27. Did you … to anyone at the conference?
a) feel
b) say
c) speak
28. Can I borrow your car? I’ll … it back in an hour.
a) carry
b) take
c) bring
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29. I dislike … housework.
a) doing
b) making
c) acting
30. Take a day off and 1)… nothing for a change. It won’t 2)… you any
harm. In fact it will probably 3)… you the world of good.
1) a) have
b) do
c) make
2) a) bring
b) make
c) do
3) a) give
b) do
c) make
31. I’m afraid I’ve … my umbrella at home.
a) forgotten
b) carried
c) left
32. I threw myself flat on the bed and … motionless for 10 minutes.
a) lied
b) lay
c) laid
33. I don’t think she’s … the truth.
a) saying
b) talking
c) telling
34. I’ve … his telephone number.
a) forgotten
b) left
c) carried
35. … the tent down on the grass and I’ll try to see how to put it up.
a) lie
b) lay
c) do
36. I didn’t want to 1)… a fuss, but I really feel that I need to 2)… a
formal complaint. They hadn’t 3)… the job properly at all.
1) a) have
b) do
c) make
2) a) present
b) offer
c) make
3) a) done
b) got
c) made
37. They left at ten o’clock, so I … they’ll be here soon.
a) wait
b) expect
c) intend
38. Nothing you do will … any difference.
a) do
b) become
c) make
39. Can you … me ten pounds until the weekend, please?
a) lend
b) borrow
c) owe
40. Why don’t you … Jack’s bicycle? I’m sure he wouldn’t mind.
a) lend
b) borrow
c) return
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41. Could you … these letters to the post office for me?
a) bring
b) take
c) fetch
42. I want to … notes while the teacher is explaining.
a) write
b) do
c) make
43. I’m going into hospital soon. Will you … and visit me?
a) go
b) come
c) arrive
44. No one will … your ring if you put it into the safe.
a) rob
b) steal
c) hide
45. … me to post the letter when we go past the post office.
a) memorize
b) remember c) remind
46. Last night my uncle was stopped and … of his very valuable
watch.
a) robbed
b) stolen
c) borrowed
47. I … seeing him somewhere before.
a) remind
b) memorize
c) remember
48. I didn’t realize they were 1)… fun of me. I suppose I 2)… a fool of
myself.
1) a) having
b) doing
c) making
2) a) turned
b) did
c) made
49. None of the keys … the lock.
a) match
b) fit
c) suit
50. We … she should consult her lawyer.
a) suggest
b) offer
c) intend
51. I’m afraid this job doesn’t … me.
a) fit
b) match
c) suit
52. Can you … me some money till Friday?
a) borrow
b) lend
c) earn
53. I don’t think you should buy this dictionary. You can … one from
the library.
a) borrow
b) lend
c) carry
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54. She looks happy. She has been … a job in London.
a) offered
b) suggested
c) proposed
55. I’ll … you my car if you promise to drive it carefully.
a) borrow
b) allow
c) lend
56. If you leave your money here it will be … .
a) robbed
b) disappeared c) stolen
57. Have you a hat to … my dress?
a) fit
b) match
c) suit
58. When my neighbour learned that I was ill she … to take my dog for
a walk.
a) offered
b) suggested
c) supposed
59. These colours do not … .
a) fit
b) match
c) suit
60. He worked hard but … very little.
a) reached
b) achieved
c) arrived
61. By the time the travellers … the village they had got wet through.
a) reached
b) achieved
c) arrived
62. Carol looked happy. She had … her driving test.
a) taken
b) passed
c) did
63. I won’t be able to join you. I am … my History exam tomorrow.
a) taking
b) passing
c) doing
64. I … a shirt when I was shopping but I didn’t buy it because it was
too big.
a) tried on
b) put on
c) dressed up
65. I can’t … to buy that expensive sports car.
a) afford
b) spend
c) pay
66. If you want to become a professional pianist, you need to … every day.
a) exercise
b) practise
c) train
67. My aunt doesn’t … of dogs in the house.
a) agree
b) allow
c) approve
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68. I tried to get exactly the same colour, but I’m afraid it doesn’t …
your shirt at all.
a) suit
b) match
c) fit
B. Adjectives, Adverbs, Participles
1. I’m getting on … with the local people here.
a) nice
b) good
c) well
2. I saw a … play at the theatre last month.
a) well
b) good
c) best
3. He is much … than his brother.
a) higher
b) taller
c) more
4. I must stay in bed today. I feel … .
a) badly
b) well
c) bad
5. Sally looks … . She’s won the competition.
a) happily
b) happy
c) luckily
6. Peter speaks … English.
a) good
b) well
c) nice
7. They laughed … .
a) happily
b) happy
c) lucky
8. No wonder she’s won the scholarship. She’s worked so … .
a) hardly
b) hard
c) hardy
9. Ann was … to pass her entrance exams. She’s a student now.
a) successful
b) merry
c) lucky
10. They must have … one child.
a) at all
b) at least
c) at last
11. Malcolm thinks the exams were dead … .
a) light
b) easy
c) easily
12. … we found the children in the wood.
a) At all
b) At last
c) At least
13. Peter’s pretty … at tennis, isn’t he?
a) well
b) best
c) good
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14. Did anyone help you? — No one. I was just … .
a) happy
b) merry
c) lucky
15. I prefer to go by sea. Ships do not travel fast, but … you can relax.
a) at all
b) at least
c) at last
16. He convinced us of the need for … work.
a) difficult
b) heavy
c) hard
17. I wanted to go to Spain, but in the end I went nowhere … .
a) at all
b) at least
c) at last
18. I’m … in buying new furniture for my lounge.
a) interesting
b) interest
c) interested
19. The story was so … she couldn’t tear herself away from the book.
a) excited
b) exciting
c) excitement
20. Let’s stay inside. It’s … raining.
a) still
b) yet
21. She felt … before the interview.
a) excited
b) exciting
c) already
c) excitement
22. I’ve started to learn Greek, but I haven’t got very far … .
a) still
b) yet
c) already
23. I haven’t heard from my sister … .
a) late
b) lately
c) latest
24. At ten o’clock this morning John was … in bed.
a) yet
b) still
c) already
25. This car uses so much petrol you can … afford to run it.
a) hardly
b) hard
c) nearly
26. Her mother will be angry if she stays out … .
a) late
b) lately
c) latest
27. Let me help you. The suitcase is too … for you to carry.
a) heavy
b) difficult
c) hard
28. Have you heard the … news?
a) late
b) lately
c) latest
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29. The idea was very … to the new manager.
a) interested
b) interesting c) interest
30. The Urals are not as … as the Alps.
a) tall
b) long
c) high
31. She works … a guide in one of the tourist agencies.
a) as
b) like
c) as if
32. This white dress looks … a wedding dress.
a) as
b) like
c) as well
33. This is nice material. It feels … silk.
a) as
b) like
c) exactly
34. He is known to his friends … a very dependable person.
a) as
b) like
c) as though
35. I don’t know him very well … . He’s just an acquaintance.
a) also
b) too
c) either
36. Ruth is a very sensible girl. She is dependable, … .
a) also
b) too
c) either
37. Linda is … efficient and polite to the customers.
a) so
b) such
c) too
38. Fred is … a good mixer. He’s always the centre of any group
he’s in.
a) so
b) such
c) very
39. Max is good at tennis. He can … play badminton.
a) also
b) too
c) either
40. It is said that when people are married for a long time they even
begin to look … .
a) alike
b) same
c) equal
41. The … traffic made him late for work.
a) strong
b) thick
c) heavy
42. I’m starting a new job next week. I’m quite … about it.
a) exciting
b) excited
c) excitable
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43. I turned off television in the middle of the programme because it
was very … .
a) bored
b) boring
c) boringly
44. We were all … when we heard about the disaster.
a) horrified
b) horrifying
c) horrible
45. The kitchen hadn’t been cleaned for years. It was really … .
a) disgusted
b) disgusting
c) disgustable
46. Diana teaches young children. It’s a hard job. At the end of the
day’s work she’s often … .
a) exhaustible b) exhausting c) exhausted
C. Nouns
1. Tom has bought a new … of trousers.
a) pair
b) couple
c) double
2. I worked till six … last Friday.
a) hours
b) clocks
c) o’clock
3. I ordered some seeds for the garden a … of days ago.
a) pair
b) couple
c) double
4. I prefer gas … to electric ones.
a) cookers
b) cooks
c) cooking
5. There’s a narrow winding … from our village to the next one.
a) way
b) road
c) street
6. Chess is a very slow … .
a) game
b) play
c) act
7. My father is a very good … .
a) cooker
b) cook
c) cooking
8. It’s a long … from here to the station.
a) way
b) road
c) street
9. He’s going to stage one of Shakespeare’s early … .
a) games
b) plays
c) acts
10. I’m hot. Let’s sit in the … .
a) shadow
b) shade
c) sun
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11. It’s a science fiction story about a man without a … .
a) shadow
b) shade
c) umbrella
12. They are used to walking all the … to school.
a) street
b) road
c) way
13. It was late but we stayed for another … .
a) o’clock
b) clock
c) hour
14. When we entered the hall we discovered that all the … had been
occupied.
a) places
b) seats
c) room
15. The car is too small. There isn’t enough … for four.
a) place
b) seat
c) room
16. The best … for the picture is over the mantelpiece.
a) place
b) seat
c) room
17. ВВС broadcasts programmes in several … .
a) tongues
b) languages
c) sounds
18. His mother … is Welsh. He speaks English with a Welsh accent.
a) tongue
b) language
c) speech
19. A funny … happened to me at the railway station.
a) incident
b) accident
c) case
20. A few people were injured in a railroad … yesterday.
a) incident
b) accident
c) case
21. I believe it was a clear … of carelessness.
a) incident
b) accident
c) case
22. My doctor gave me a(n) … for some medicine.
a) description
b) prescription c) inscription
23. Her new job offers her the … to work at the company’s office in Tokyo.
a) occasion
b) probability c) opportunity
24. Scott took up a new … as an English professor at a university.
a) occupation b) work
c) post
25. Oh, what a … ! I’ve locked myself out.
a) nuisance
b) trouble
c) worry
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26. This ship has a … of fifteen people.
a) team
b) crew
c) company
27. I lost my … when I broke my favourite cup.
a) character
b) mood
c) temper
28. A jacket is an article of … .
a) cloth
b) clothing
c) clothes
29. The … from the gate was overgrown with weeds.
a) passage
b) path
c) road
30. I enjoyed the dessert so much that I had a second … .
a) course
b) dish
c) helping
12. CONVERSATIONAL FORMULAS AND PHRASES
Make sure you know the typical English conversational formulas: greetings,
farewells, apologies, gratitudes, warnings, wishes, instructions, polite
responses, questions, remarks.
1. Check yourself by crossing out from each group of formulas below the one
that does not belong to the group.
1. Good morning.
Good afternoon.
Good evening.
Hello.
How do you do.
What a lovely day.
2. Good bye.
Bye bye.
See you later.
Haven’t seen you for ages.
So long.
3. Thank you.
Thanks a lot.
Help yourself.
Many thanks.
4. Sorry.
Excuse me.
It’s a pity.
Pardon.
I beg your pardon.
5. You are welcome.
Not at all.
Don’t mention it.
What a shame.
It’s my pleasure.
6. How are you?
How are you getting on?
How do you do?
How are things with you?
How’s life?
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7. I’m fine, thank you.
I’m quite well.
She’s very nice.
Not very well, I’m afraid.
Not too bad, thank you.
8. What do you do?
What’s your job?
What’s your occupation?
What are you doing?
What’s your profession?
9. Where do you come from?
What’s your native town?
Where are you from?
Where are you going?
10. Have a nice time.
Enjoy yourself.
Have a good journey.
Good luck!
Have some more tea.
11. I’d love to.
That would be very nice.
No, nothing special.
I’m afraid, I can’t.
No, thank you.
12. Look out!
Mind the step!
Take care!
Stop talking!
Steady on!
2. Match the stimulus utterances from the left column with the responses from
the right column.
1. How do you do.
Good morning.
See you later.
Thank you very much.
Have a nice holiday.
You are welcome.
How do you do.
Thank you.
Morning.
Bye.
2. Not very well, I’m afraid.
How are you?
Hello.
I’m afraid I must be going.
Give my love to Helen.
Must you really?
Thanks, I will.
I’m sorry to hear that.
Hello.
Fine, thanks.
3. Thanks for everything.
Can you give me a lift?
Would you pass me the newspaper?
Can’t you stay a bit longer?
Have a sandwich.
Here you are.
I’m afraid not.
Don’t mention it.
Thank you.
Certainly.
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4. Good luck!
Happy weekend to you.
Would you mind waiting for a moment?
Another cup of tea?
How’s life?
No complaints.
Yes, please.
Thanks.
Not at all.
The same to you.
5. Can we go now?
Let me carry your suitcase.
I’m sorry I’m late.
Good bye.
How are things with you?
Yes, of course.
That’s all right.
That’s very kind of you.
Bye, keep in touch.
Not too bad.
3. Try to spot the errors in the following minisituations. Note that there are
mistakes of different kinds, i.e. spelling, grammatical, lexical (word choice)
and communicative. All in all there are 22 cases of incorrect usage here.
1. Be quite! You are two noisy.
2. Who’s books are those? — They are theres.
3. Thank you so much. — Please.
4. Have some tea. — I had already had some.
5. How are you? — Not too badly.
6. May I go in? — Yes, certainly.
7. Mr. Brown, this is my friend Ann. — Have a nice time, Ann.
8. Pass me the bread, please. — Hear you are.
9. How do you do? — Very well, thanks.
10. Good buy. And thanks for everything.
11. How are you? — Quite good, thank you.
12. Nice to see you. — The same to you.
13. I’m sorry I’m late. — That’s very well.
14. Can I go now? — You are welcome.
15. I’m afraid I must be going. — I am afraid not.
16. I’m awfully sorry. — That’s all write.
17. How are things with you? — Not too badly, thank you.
18. And how’s your daughter? — She’s very nice.
19. See you late. Bye.
20. Have a nice holiday. — Yes, please.
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PART II
EVALUATION OF LEARNERS’
SKILLS IN THE USE
OF ENGLISH
1. CLASSIFIED TESTS
TEST 1
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. Why you (switch) on the TV? — Because I always (watch) TV on
Thursdays at four o’clock. — But you (watch) an advert at the
moment, (aren’t/don’t) you?
2. The police (not/find) the criminal yet.
3. If you (press) the wrong buttons, the machine will break down.
4. Children (not/allow) to play football in the streets.
5. There was little time left, but they (drive) at top speed and (get) to
the airport in time for the check out.
6. The biggest event in Terry’s life (happen) by chance. He (be) 22 and
he just (leave) college.
7. If you (go) to the dentist’s regularly, you will avoid tooth decay.
8. Letters to the editor (appear) daily in nearly every newspaper.
II. Use the right article.
1. … man had … blue eyes, … black hair and … long nose. He was
dressed in … strange uniform.
2. When I was … child, I never ate … cheese.
3. Excuse me. Could you tell me … way to … Picadilly Circus?
4. She always takes … bath before going to … bed.
5. Her parents have … small farm in … Yorkshire.
6. Edward had to go to … hospital for some tests.
7. ... supersonic plane travels faster than ... speed of ... sound.
III. Choose a suitable preposition.
1. Thanks for looking (on, at, after) me when I was ill.
2. People have always been kind (with, on, to) me.
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3. I’m sorry to say but the letter didn’t reach (at, to, –) me.
4. We are searching a solution (for, to, at) the problem.
5. I’ll see you (at, on, in) ten days’ time.
6. He suffers (with, from, of) allergy every spring.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. My priority is to find (anywhere, nowhere, somewhere) to live first,
and then I can start thinking about getting a job.
2. (Any, No, Some) people think it’s unlucky to walk under a ladder.
3. I earn (fewer, less) money than a postman.
4. It’s (not, no, neither) use crying over spilt milk.
5. Not having (many, much, a lot) money is not the same as being
completely broke.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. I think your … has got lost.
2. Charles Rolls was known as a keen racing … .
3. The car stopped and an … dressed woman got out.
4. Allan is not only disturbing the whole school but
he is setting back his own academic … .
5. At this cafe they offer a good … of desserts.
APPLY
MOTOR
EXPENSIVE
ACHIEVE
SELECT
VI. Choose the right variant.
1. Who’s Susan?
a) She’s a pharmacist.
b) She is my cousin.
c) She is a smart girl.
2. What do you do?
a) I’m listening to music.
b) I’m a hairdresser.
c) I’m James’ sister.
3. What’s the matter with you? 4. Can you tell me the way to the
a) I’m a student.
market square?
b) I’ve got a stomachache.
a) Sure, it’s over there.
c) I’m shy.
b) That’s all right.
c) Here you are.
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
I live in Sweden, but (every, any) summer I (like, would like) to travel
to Britain to visit my family and friends. I hate flying (so, as) last
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summer I decided that for (a change, an exchange) I would travel by
(coach, foot). According to the brochure I was (given, taken) at the
travel agency the (journey, voyage) sounded (wonderful, wonderfully),
at (least, last) in theory. But in fact (it, there) was a nightmare from
start to (finish, ending).
TEST 2
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. It (be) a cold winter night. It (snow) hard and I (want) to get back
home quickly.
2. I never (work) so hard in my life as now when I (write) my diploma
paper.
3. I (learn) riding a bike when I (be) five years old. I (ride) for 20 years
already.
4. I (sail) across the lake, when a large wave suddenly (hit) the boat
and it (turn) over.
5. I never (wear) a tie to work and I (refuse) to start now.
6. No sooner I (reach) the door than I (realize) it (lock).
7. As I (cross) the road I (see) Alice coming out of the bookshop. She
(say) she (buy) some English books in the original.
8. We found the key we (look) for lying under the sofa.
II. Choose the right article.
1. This record is exactly … same as … last one they made.
2. He missed … train. That was … reason he arrived late.
3. If you heat … water to 100 °С it boils.
4. My family sometimes stays at ... little fishing village located near ...
Lake Huron.
5. Don’t smoke in … cinema. It’s forbidden.
6. It took us a lot of time to find … cheap accommodation.
7. … people work to earn … money.
III. Choose a suitable preposition.
1. This story is similar (with, of, to) the one we discussed last week.
2. He was standing (in, at, on) a distance of five metres from me.
3. He was born (in, on, at) March 5.
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4. She’s very bright. She learned to use the computer (at, in, over) no
time.
5. He often fell (in, on, with) love when he was young.
6. She examined the problem (in, by, for) detail before trying to solve it.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. I have (little, few, a few) interest in politics.
2. There are (not, no, none) letters for you this morning, sir.
3. I can see you tomorrow, but (no, neither, not) on Tuesday or
Wednesday.
4. They went on holiday with two friends of (them, their, theirs).
5. Would you like some more cheese? — Yes, but only (a few, a little, few).
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. Some people find holidays boring and … .
2. We are very busy this week. Can you work … ?
3. The … of the same thing happening twice will
be of little comfort to most people.
4. Agatha Christie was found nine days after her … .
5. I regret to tell you that your application has been … .
INTEREST
TIME
PROBABLE
APPEAR
SUCCESS
VI. Choose the right variant.
1. She is not very tidy.
a) And I am not.
b) Nor am I.
c) So am I.
2. Have a nice weekend!
a) Thanks and the same to you.
b) Don’t worry.
c) I will.
3. Good luck on Monday!
a) Yes, I will.
b) And to you.
c) Thanks a lot.
4. Jane doesn’t like coffee.
a) Me too.
b) Yes, she doesn’t.
c) Doesn’t she?
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
Ann Jones is one of (the most, more) interesting people I have (ever,
even) met. She is only (25, 25 years) (but, and) she has travelled to
(over, more) 20 countries of the (world, earth). Five years (ago, before)
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she was a (typist, typewriter) in Manchester, but she decided to (give
up, refuse) her job and (see, watch) the world. Since (then, that) her
life has changed (perfectly, completely).
TEST 3
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. If the weather (keep) fine we (stay) here until the end of the
month.
2. She said she already (buy) all the Christmas presents.
3. At the moment I (consider) whether or not to apply for that job
I saw in the paper.
4. I (turn) round and (see) a girl at the far end of the street. She (call)
for help.
5. What you (think) of the chairman’s report? — The facts (sound)
very convincing.
6. I don’t think the weather (change) for the better. But if it (do) we
(go) on an outing.
7. After the plane (take) off one of the engines (start) to make a terrible
noise.
8. Five years (pass) before she saw her brother again.
9. The young painter had no idea at all that he (award) a prize.
II. Choose the right article.
1. … robbers had left by … time the police arrived.
2. What were you doing when you heard … news?
3. When you are typing … letter remember to type … date at … top and
to sign your name at … bottom.
4. It’s … best salad I’ve ever eaten. Can you give me … recipe?
5. When … door bell rang, he just stood near for … moment before
opening it.
6. ... sun wouldn’t affect you so much if you protected yourself with
... suncream.
III. Choose a suitable preposition.
1. The initials V.I.P. stand (at, to, for) Very Important Person.
2. It hurt the eyes to look (on, at, in) the sun.
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3. I’ve bought this cake (on, to, for) your birthday.
4. It’s fortunate that Ally didn’t hurt herself when she fell (of, off,
down) the bicycle.
5. She’s very particular (about, of, with) her food and there are some
things she’ll never eat.
6. Francis hurried to work (in, with, for) fear of being late.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. She wore a coat to protect (her, herself, oneself) from the cold.
2. I have two packs of cards. One is on the table, (another, other, the
other) is in the drawer.
3. (Nobody, Any, Someone) can do it but you.
4. I think rock music is just (a lot, many, much) of noise.
5. I couldn’t believe my eyes when I realized that (my, mine, myself)
was the winning ticket.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. This article deals with the problem of … in some
African countries.
2. Contrary to what she expected everybody
supported the … .
3. There has been a great … in his English recently.
4. His illness made him … of concentration.
5. … , nobody was injured in the accident.
POOR
PROPOSE
IMPROVE
CAPABLE
FORTUNE
VI. Choose the right variant.
1. I’m awfully sorry.
a) Don’t mention it.
b) That’s O.K.
c) It serves you right.
2. How are you?
a) Don’t worry.
b) And how are you?
c) I’m fine, thank you.
3. Could you pass me
the paper?
a) Yes, I could.
b) Yes, I will.
c) Here you are.
4. Will you open the drawer
for me?
a) What do you want?
b) Do it yourself.
c) Sure, no problem.
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VII. Choose an appropriate word.
This summer is (so, such) hot. London is already (full, filled) of tourists
and (there, it) is (heavy, hard) to find room to walk (along, across) the
pavement in some areas, (especially, specially) in Piccadilly. It’s
(almost, rather) impossible to work in this (hot, heat). Most of the time
we (drink, eat) iced cokes in the office and (fun, fan) ourselves with
pieces of (typed, typing) paper.
TEST 4
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. I (bring) you a gift. You (like) it?
2. Whenever I (stop) by your house, you (be) never there. Isn’t it funny?
3. It was Jane’s birthday last Sunday. Knowing her taste I (make) up
my mind to buy her a large box of chocolates.
4. The weather (get) better and better. I (feel) spring in the air.
5. Her plane (leave) at 6.40 tomorrow. I (promise) to take her to the airport.
6. Everybody realized of course that I (be) a foreigner.
7. It turned out that the windows (smash) with a hammer taken from
the tool shed.
8. Since her stay in England her English (improve) a lot.
II. Use the right article.
1. I’m always forgetting … people’s names.
2. … only thing that matters is to find … way home.
3. Even her most dedicated fans couldn’t call her new play … great
work of theatre.
4. North Wales seems … good place for … holiday.
5. Don’t be angry with me. I’ll fix … roof when I’ve got ... time.
6. There’s nothing like … cheese for me for … breakfast.
III. Choose a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. I arrived (to, at, –) home feeling very tired.
2. We have a few computers (in, on, at) our disposal.
3. She’s careless (about, for, with) money and frequently gets (for, at,
into) debts.
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4. I didn’t feel very well when I woke (down, on, up).
5. You’ll find the sport results (in, by, on) the back page of the
newspaper.
6. I wasn’t surprised that they objected (at, to, of) his proposal.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. Yesterday we had supper with the neighbours of (our, us, ours).
2. She left the house without saying (something, anything, nothing) to
(somebody, nobody, anybody).
3. (None, no, not) of the people I met there were English.
4. I’m sure it wasn’t Susan (which, who, she) broke the vase.
5. Not (every, all, many) the stories about this film are true.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. Can you recommend me a good tablet against … ? AIRSICK
2. The only … of the flat is that it’s a bit too small.
ADVANTAGE
3. The first edition of the book can sometimes
be very … .
VALUE
4. He couldn’t … his fear of flying.
COME
5. Although it was … , he couldn’t help laughing. POLITE
VI. Choose the right variant.
1. My father was in hospital for six weeks.
a) For what?
b) How much?
c) For how long?
2. I’d like to help you.
a) You mustn’t.
b) You would, wouldn’t you?
c) You needn’t, thank you.
3. What is he doing there?
a) It’s none of your business.
b) I really don’t know.
c) I never know.
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4. My room is much larger than yours.
a) Is it?
b) Isn’t it?
c) Is it not?
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
I decided to become a car mechanic. It seemed (such, so) exciting,
like an (adventure, advantage). So I (made, did) a course in car
mechanics. I (enjoyed, joined) learning about a car bit by bit until
I (realized, understood) every part of it, and how every part (fitted,
suited) in with the rest. I also enjoyed taking an engine (at part, apart)
and then (putting, placing) it together again! And when I succeeded
(there, it) (seemed, looked) like a miracle to me!
TEST 5
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. I’m afraid I can’t see the boat because the weeds near the lake
(ruin) the view.
2. She says she (not/see) a good film since she saw Titanic.
3. He (fall) off his bike quite a few times but so far he (not/break) any
bones.
4. The restaurant (be) open for six months when a strange thing happened.
5. She (use) to play the piano beautifully although she (not/play) so
well now. She (say) she (not/practise) as much as when she (study)
at a music school.
6. You ever (meet) the man who (live) next door?
7. I’m worried about Susie. She (complain) of a sore throat for a couple
of days.
8. The detective (notice) that one of the suspects (tremble).
II. Use the right article.
1. … plane didn’t fly because of … storm.
2. My sister left ... school last year and went to ... college. She also left
... home because ... college is in Bristol, ... different city.
3. … tractor can pull … plough faster than … donkey can.
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4. Bill doesn’t like … record Jack has bought.
5. Jack drinks … water with every meal.
6. … large quantity of petrol escaped from the tank.
7. This is ... employee who will replace Mr. Rogers.
III. Choose a suitable preposition.
1. It’s exciting to feel the plane take (up, in, off).
2. I have to be (at, on, in) home (on, in, by) 5.
3. We got stuck in a traffic jam (in, at, on) the way to the airport.
4. I picked (up, on, of) this brochure when I was (at, in, over) Sydney
last.
5. Tom is ill. He wasn’t (in, on, at) work today.
6. I’d like to go out for dinner (for, with, in) a change.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. Luke once forged a note from his mother excusing (him, himself,
oneself) on the grounds of a stomach upset.
2. Some people like the sea, (other, others, no) prefer the mountains.
3. Only (few, a few, the few) people are perfectly bilingual.
4. I invited them both but (none, no one, neither) agreed to come.
5. I’m keeping my eyes open for (one, other, another) job, as I don’t
like the one I’ve got.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. Animals could be … in supporting mental health.
2. The new hairstyle changed Linda beyond … .
3. The trip was quite … in spite of the weather.
4. Can you think of a … to the problem?
5. The doctor was … that the side effects of the
drug will disappear after a few days.
USE
RECOGNIZE
ENJOY
SOLVE
CONFIDE
VI. Choose the right variant.
1. Please remind me to post the letters.
a) Not at all.
b) Here you are.
c) I will.
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2. How often do you have to travel on business?
a) Not many times.
b) Twice a month, normally.
c) For a long time.
3. Have you got a light?
a) Don’t worry.
b) Don’t bother.
c) Here you are.
4. She is still in hospital.
a) Isn’t she?
b) Is she?
c) When?
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
Jane Fonda is an actress (which, who) is (good, well) known for her
(roles, rolls) in films. Her first (cinema, film) was “Tall Story” in 1960
and for several years her (image, character) was as a Hollywood “sex
symbol”. At the (year, age) of 32 she changed her beliefs and values
and started to take (place, part) in (politics, policy). She (told, spoke)
against the Vietnam war and became (very, enough) unpopular in
Hollywood at that time.
TEST 6
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. He has an important project to finish by next week, so he (work)
hard at the moment.
2. In my opinion economics (be) a very boring subject.
3. Tony (give) another six months to finish his research.
4. He (be) interested in physics since childhood.
5. What you (do) since you (leave) college?
6. She (use) to bring me little presents when I (be) a child.
7. Write to me when you (get) there. I (look) forward to your letter.
8. Believe me, I (tell) you all I know on the subject.
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II. Use the right article.
1. We’ll have to wait until … photos are ready.
2. … police are looking into … matter now.
3. I’ve told him … lot of times that I don’t know who’s broken …
window but he doesn’t believe me.
4. It took him some time to get used to ... darkness of ... forest.
5. I’m afraid Mr. Brown is on … holiday till … end of … month.
6. Charles, who was … oldest, led … boys to … place where the boat
was tied up under … shelter of some bushes.
III. Choose a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. I’m afraid he takes your help (on, at, for) granted.
2. Medicines should be kept (from, out of, in) the reach of children.
3. If there’s no agreement by next week the fishing unions will go (to,
into, on) strike.
4. I’ll be moving (to, for, at) a new address (in, on, at) the end of
September.
5. I was surprised (over, by, with) Dan’s decision to give (in, up, out)
his work and move to Sidney.
6. Suddenly a fight broke (up, out, in) between two boys (out, at, in)
the classroom.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. The suitcase is too heavy for (me, myself, oneself) to carry.
2. Do (each, many, somebody) of your friends speak English?
3. George is (much, little, more) richer than most people.
4. There isn’t (much, many, none) international news in the local paper.
5. The painting reminds me of (other, the other, another) one in the
National Gallery.
6. The headmaster wished them (everybody, all, many) good luck.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. We are very grateful for the … you gave us.
2. The room was decorated with … posters
and photographs.
ASSIST
COLOUR
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3. In the summer, many beaches are so
overcrowded that you can … find a place to sit.
4. The animals in the zoo are … on the keepers for
food.
5. There has been a … in pollution in the city this
month.
HARD
DEPEND
REDUCE
VI. Choose the best response.
1. Have you had dinner yet?
a) Never mind.
b) Don’t bother.
c) Not yet.
2. What’s your brother like?
a) He’s fine, thank you.
b) His name is Paul.
c) He’s very kind and gentle.
3. I don’t like cornflakes with milk. 4. Would you like a cup of tea?
a) And I don’t.
a) I wouldn’t.
b) Me too.
b) I could do with one.
c) Nor do I.
c) I don’t like tea.
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
Last weekend I got (off, out) all my last year’s summer (clothes, cloths)
and decided that they looked (terribly, terrible) old and out of (fashion,
time). (So, as) on Saturday I (went, came) shopping. (More, Most)
people in London (wear, dress) very (smart, smartly) and (it, there) is
important in my (study, job) to (look, see) good.
TEST 7
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets
1. Kate often (ring up) her mother in London when she (study) at
Manchester University.
2. The house looks so much bigger now that we (paint) the walls in
brighter colours.
3. When I (get) home I (make) myself a cup of coffee and (switch) on
the TV.
4. It is half past ten now. John is outside and (check) his car. He says
he (be) ready in an hour or so.
5. If we (not/hurry), all the tickets (sell) by the time we (get) there.
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6. Hardly the train (leave) the station, when there (be) an explosion.
7. The police (issue) already a warrant for Adamson’s arrest.
8. I (lend) my new CD to a friend a week ago, but it (not/return).
II. Choose the right article.
1. When I was 20, I went to … United States. Travelling by … plane
was too expensive, so I decided to travel by … соach.
2. I’ve just bought … new car. And where’s … car you bought last
year?
3. It was such … wonderful performance that we applauded for fifteen
minutes.
4. They are discussing … matter at … moment.
5. On … second thoughts I decided to accept their proposal.
6. She was never at ... loss with ... new subject.
III. Choose a suitable preposition.
1. It was very dark and the children were shaking (in, from, with) fear.
2. He likes to do things (by, in, on) his own.
3. He finally decided to give (in, up, out) smoking.
4. They had to put (in, up, off) the wedding because of his father’s
illness.
5. Have you heard (from, –, about) Alison’s party?
6. I’m angry with him for letting me (out, through, down) like that.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. He was in (no, not, none) need of help.
2. (All, Every, Each) the work was done in one day.
3. I think this video film is (less, least) interesting than the one you
brought last Saturday.
4. Would you like (any, some, not) more juice?
5. I was tired and so were (the others, everyone, all).
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. There is a … for a receptionist in the company at
the moment.
2. Do they have any evidence to support this … ?
VACANT
ACCUSE
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3. I’m sorry about my … . I had no … of hurting you. BEHAVE,
INTEND
4. Don’t expect him to turn up on time.
He’s very … .
PUNCTUAL
5. The headmaster gave me … to be absent from
PERMIT
school for two days.
VI. Choose the best response.
1. He hasn’t spoken to Ann.
a) And I haven’t.
b) Me too.
c) Nor have I.
2. I’m not at all sorry.
a) Are you?
b) Don’t you?
c) Aren’t you?
3. Shall I do it for you?
a) No, you will not.
b) No, you must not.
c) No, you needn’t,
thank you.
4. I’ve got some news.
a) You are welcome.
b) I’m all ears.
c) Help yourself.
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
A lot of (Japan, Japanese) parents “arrange” (marriages, weddings) for
their children. This is because they (feel, fill) that marriage (affects,
effects) not only the young (pair, couple) but the (whole, all) family.
They believe that (there, it) is important that the young (men, people)
have the (same, alike) interests and that they (go, come) from the same
social (background, platform). A lot of (arranging, arranged) marriages
are (success, successful) and (help, aid) the tradition of the Japanese
family to continue.
TEST 8
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. Where (be) the manager? — I just (see) him. He (talk) on the
telephone.
2. You ever (face) with such problems?
3. They (go) to get married. The wedding (be) next Saturday.
4. I (write) this letter to you while the children (play) on the beach.
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5. They say the building opposite this one (contain) a superb library.
6. Since the eruption (begin), all the villages on the slopes of the
volcano (evacuate).
7. He was sorry that he (offend) us. He said he (not/intend) to be rude.
8. My muscles ached after I (complete) the exercises.
II. Use the right article.
1. Last year he worked for … big company in … Brussels. … company
employs over 4000 people.
2. … capital of … USA is not … biggest city of … country.
3. What do you think of … Harrisons? — I don’t like … husband
much but … wife is … very nice woman.
4. Drinking … hot milk before you go to … bed is supposed to help you
sleep.
5. We had … lovely time in Spain. — So you enjoyed … holiday, didn’t you?
6. ... life requires ... oxygen to exist.
III. Choose a suitable preposition.
1. After we had travelled (for, by, at) miles, there was still no sign (in,
of, about) the town which was marked (in, on, at) the map.
2. We must study the contract (with, for, in) detail before signing it.
3. Edward is determined to achieve success (with, on, at) any cost.
4. They washed their clothes (by, at, in) hand.
5. The other person who sits (on, at, by) our table is Mrs. Hunt.
I haven’t found (up, out, off) anything (for, in, about) her.
6. I’m not sure that this is a change (of, in, for) the better.
7. Shannon will finish her painting (on, in, at) time for the next week’s
art show.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. I don’t have (something, anything, nothing) to do this afternoon.
2. (Few, Little, All) progress has been made so far.
3. The Allens don’t have (many, much, plenty) money.
4. Nearly (each, every, all) house in the village was damaged during
the recent storm.
5. One boy played the guitar while two (other, others, another) sang.
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V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. When you make your … , make sure you’re
polite about it.
2. It was … of you to ask about his girlfriend. You
know she’s left him.
3. His arrogant attitude made him … with the
other people in the office.
4. I won’t tolerate your … any more.
5. It takes a lot of determination to … in a
competitive business.
COMPLAIN
TACT
POPULAR
RUDE
SUCCESS
VI. Choose the best response.
1. Are you free tonight?
a) I’m all right.
b) Why do you ask?
c) Never mind.
2. Did you like the film?
a) I always did.
b) I never did.
c) It was so boring.
3. Sorry to keep you waiting.
a) No at all.
b) You are welcome.
c) That’s all right.
4. I have a bad headache.
a) Take a pill, then.
b) Don’t worry.
c) Do your best.
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
Work plays a very important role in (Japan, Japanese). Because work
is (so, such) important, a child — (especially, specially) a boy, — must
work very (heavy, hard) indeed. He begins to (study, teach) (serious,
seriously) as (soon, long) as he starts (going, coming) to school, because
if he doesn’t (take, pass) all his exams, he won’t go to a good university
and won’t be (able, capable) to get a good (work, job) (too, either).
TEST 9
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. If you (not/stay) in bed for a couple of days at least, you never (feel)
better.
2. Kate (stand) in front of the mirror when somebody (knock) on the door.
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3. By the time she (be) 50, she (live) in this country for most of her life.
4. I am afraid I have to inform you that your application for funding
(turn) down.
5. His horse (be) lame so he (have) to finish the journey on foot.
6. You (cut) your finger. Look, it (bleed). Put a plaster on it.
7. When he (finish) packing the furniture the whole room (be) in a
mess.
8. Celebrations during the holiday traditionally (include) caroling,
exchanging gifts and sharing meals with friends. — I (hear) about
caroling before, but I (not/know) what it’s like.
II. Choose the right article.
1. Betty was … typist in … office. Sally was … saleswoman in … store
where they were having tea.
2. He is ... political figure of ... great importance.
3. You must contact … manager and tell him about … letter.
4. This plant is … biggest in the corporation.
5. Someone stole … lot of … money from this bank … last year.
6. … air is so close today.
7. ... most of ... island’s inhabitants are ... peasant farmers.
III. Choose a suitable preposition.
1. George finished his studies (in, at, on) midnight.
2. How dare you? Take your hands (of, off, out of) me at once!
3. When I got (for, into, to) the car this morning I found that the radio
had been stolen.
4. Please, could you explain this rule (–, for, to) me?
5. She doesn’t live (in, on, at) the city centre. She lives (in, on, at) the
outskirts.
6. How did David react (on, to, at) the bad news?
7. She has always prided herself (with, on, at) her ability to paint.
IV. Chose a suitable pronoun.
1. His theory is very complicated: very (a few, few, little) people understand it.
2. Only two of us are here. (The other, Other, Others) guests have already
left.
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3. How many of the university teachers do you know personally? —
(Neither, None, No).
4. I’m writing to a friend of (my, mine, me).
5. There are (any, no, some) easy solutions to energy conservation.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. It was only after a great deal of persistence that
I got a … answer.
2. His sudden disappearance is rather … .
3. Can you make out the … on this letter?
4. It was with a certain amount of … that he left.
5. Sandra is not … for this job, she’s too reserved.
SATISFY
PUZZLE
SIGN
RELUCTANT
SUIT
VI. Choose the best response.
1. Can I borrow your dictionary?
a) I’m afraid so.
b) I’m afraid not.
c) I’m very much afraid.
2. Where shall we meet?
a) We may or we may not.
b) You will see me.
c) Any place you like.
3. Are you doing anything this evening?
a) It’s nothing at all.
b) It’s great fun.
c) I’m not sure yet.
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
A Typical Day in Australia
In summer the sun comes (up, down) quite early and it is already
warm by 7.00 a.m. Most (peoples, people) live (near, nearly) a beach
or a big swimming (pool, pull), so very often all the families (go, come)
for an early morning swim. The young mothers (which, who) don’t
(work, walk) spend a lot of the day at the (beach, bench). (It, There) is
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a healthy (way, road) for young (children, parents) to (grow, rise) up
and nearly (every, each) child can swim (good, well). It (makes, does)
them a lot of good.
TEST 10
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. She (lie) in bed all morning yesterday. She (say), she (have) a splitting
headache.
2. The waiter (take) my plate away before I (finish) eating.
3. In recent years, the company (put) a lot of money into developing
advanced technology.
4. I (be) so tired last night that I (fall) asleep as soon as I (touch) the
pillow.
5. I hear Tom (find) a new job at last. He (search) for a job for quite a
time.
6. There (be) many significant changes in Britain in the postwar period.
7. He reported to the minister that an agreement with the unions
(reach).
8. On their arrival at the resort they (meet) by a guide.
II. Use the right article.
1. They were able to finish … race, weren’t they?
2. Newspapers are normally delivered twice … day.
3. … burglars did little damage to … house apart from breaking …
windows.
4. I’m glad you liked … steak. I’ll give you … recipe.
5. It was sharp of you to notice … mistake. I don’t think anyone else did.
6. Do you know … name of … restaurant’s owner?
7. As ... historian I’m interested in how ... people lived in ... past.
III. Choose a suitable preposition.
1. According (for, to, by) the Bible, Jesus Christ was born (on, at, in)
a stable.
2. There’s no sign (at, in, of) snow coming this Christmas.
3. The tree was hung (by, in, with) presents for all the family.
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4. Look (out, at, on)! That tree is going to fall (at, on, to) you.
5. We drove swiftly (on, across, along) the narrow winding road that
led (in, to, at) the hills.
6. I can always rely (of, at, on) my parents in times of trouble.
7. They tried to leave the country as they were afraid (of, over, for)
their own lives.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. She never does very (much, many, a lot). Sometimes she watches TV
or looks through (some, few, any) magazines.
2. There’s (some, any, no) point in arguing. I’ve made up my mind.
3. Mr. Rowling always imposes his choice on (another, others, other)
people. He never lets them decide for (them, themselves, theirs).
4. There has been (many, a lot, much) of rain recently.
5. (A few of, Few, Little) people study Latin nowadays.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. It’s … of Ruth to refuse to admit that she’s
wrong; she’s very stubborn.
2. An experienced test pilot earns a … amount
of money.
3. The police became … of two men looking
into all the cars.
4. The report criticized the low … standards at
the centre.
5. I hate wearing these formal clothes. I’m going
to put on something … .
CHARACTER
CONSIDER
SUSPICION
SAFE
COMFORT
VI. Choose the best response.
278
1. Why not go to a disco?
a) That’s why.
b) That’s a good idea.
c) That’s the trouble.
2. I want to ask you something.
a) Do it again.
b) Don’t bother.
c) Go ahead.
3. Who’s that man over there?
a) He’s an architect.
b) He’s very clever.
c) He’s my brother in law.
4. Come and have lunch with us.
a) With pleasure.
b) I like it.
c) Not at all.
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VII. Choose an appropriate word.
I’m Anna Gonzales from Brazil. (It, There) is eight years (since, from)
I started to learn English. My (bigger, biggest) problem is pronunciation.
(I’d love, I love) listening to English pop music (which, what) is a (great,
large) (way, road) of learning new (vocabulary, dictionary). My dad’s
a businessman and he (uses, used to) English all the (time, period). He
(speaks, talks) it (fluent, fluently). He wants me (to speak, speak) it
(good, well) enough so that I can (enjoy, join) his (company, campaign).
TEST 11
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. We (not/make) a decision where to spend the holiday yet.
2. I’m sure Mike didn’t realize that he (offend) you.
3. Shakespeare (be) born in 1564 and (die) in 1616. He (live) in
Stratford for most of his life but he (live) in London when Queen
Elizabeth (die) in 1603.
4. When they (argue), I was afraid that the argument (end) in a fight.
5. Is that 703485? — No, I’m afraid you (dial) the wrong number.
6. She (come) in and (say) that the kettle (boil).
7. After I (post) the letter I (remember) that I (forget) to put on a stamp.
8. The culture of these islands (change) a lot since the advent of
tourism.
II. Use the right article.
1. All … first three runners received … prize.
2. Tom looks as if he has enjoyed … party.
3. Nowadays ... people have begun to realize that ... bogs are ... precious
resource.
4. … painting reminds me of another one at … National Gallery.
5. We came in quietly so as not to wake … baby.
6. How wonderful … weather is! I’m going to … beach.
7. I prefer playing … football rather than watching it.
III. Choose a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. Why can’t you cut the cake (onto, into, by) ten pieces?
2. First we’ll send you a letter and invite you (on, to, in) an interview.
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3. A car drew (down, up, on) (in, at, on) the Swan Hotel and a young
man got (from, out, through).
4. When did you arrive (to, in, at) the airport?
5. Very few people live (to, in, –) the age of one hundred nowadays.
6. Why are you so angry (to, on, with) us?
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. (No, Not, None) two people look alike.
2. (My, Mine, Me) room is as hard to clean as (your, yours, you).
3. By the age of six, children should be able to dress (them, theirs,
themselves).
4. I don’t think I can wear this shirt for (other, another, others) day. It’s dirty.
5. When questioned about the Government’s defence plans, the
Minister gave very (a little, little, a lot of) information.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. His wife is looking for a part time job, because
they are having … difficulties.
2. His bedroom … the park.
3. There will be a lot of … in the country unless the
government creates new jobs.
4. He wouldn’t be so … in the morning if he went to
bed earlier.
5. The laser beam is quite … and is widely used by
medics.
FINANCE
LOOK
EMPLOY
SLEEP
HARM
VI. Choose the right variant.
1. When are they going to buy this house?
— Don’t you know? They finally decided
a) not to be.
b) not.
c) not to.
2. I can’t play the violin.
a) I can’t too.
b) I can’t neither.
c) I can’t either.
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VII. Choose a suitable response.
1. Shall I give anyone a lift?
a) Oh, it’s very kind of you.
b) Give it to me.
c) Don’t.
2. Where are you from?
a) From the library.
b) It doesn’t matter.
c) From Canada.
VIII.Choose an appropriate word.
I’m in my early (fifties, fiftieth). I’m very (tall, high), and (quite,
quiet) heavily built. I have straight (hair, hare), but I’m going (bald,
bold), so (it, there) isn’t a lot of it left. I have a grey (beard, brow)
and moustache. My eyes are blue, and I (wear, dress) glasses. I don’t
think I’m very (well, good)looking, (and, but) I’m (not, no) bad
looking (also, either). I (probable, probably) (look, see) younger than
I (do, am).
TEST 12
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. Many of the exhibits (damage) in the fire, and some totally
(destroy).
2. When the satellite (launch) next week, scientists (be able) to
investigate the rings around Saturn in more detail than ever
before.
3. How long you (be) married? — For twenty five years. I (be) a student
then.
4. If Sally (stay) here till the end of the week, I (take) her to the theatre. —
That’s OK. She (leave) next Monday, by the evening train.
5. That evening I (have) dinner with an uncle of mine. At the opposite
table I (see) a woman whose face (seem) familiar to me. Yet, I (not/
can) remember where I (see) her.
6. I know you (hide) something unpleasant from me, but I (want) you
to be honest with me.
7. I (tell) the other day that Jim (break) his leg.
8. I wonder why they (not/phone) you back. — May be they (not/get)
the message.
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II. Use the right article.
1. Have you got … few minutes? I’d like to have … chat with you.
2. I prefer cooking with … oil, as it’s better for you than … butter.
3. It was … luxurious hotel, … best I’ve ever stayed in.
4. There was such … long queue that we decided not to wait.
5. … students will be writing … test in … Room 405.
6. … head of … department made … brief report.
III. Choose a suitable preposition.
1. Who’s the old lady all dressed (on, in, to) green?
2. (At, By, To) the time they reached the hotel they had got wet (over,
through, in).
3. Can you help me to look (at, through, for) my glasses?
4. These pens came (in, into, for) use some ten years ago.
5. I look forward (on, to, by) your next visit, dear.
6. The window of my room faces (at, –, into) the garden.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. There’s much (fewer, less, least) water in the river than usual.
2. Though his theory is fairly complicated, there are (few, a few, the
few) people who understand it.
3. (Neither, None, No) part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted.
4. Learner drivers are not allowed to drive on (them, their, theirs)
own.
5. I’m not going (somewhere, nowhere, anywhere) tonight.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. Tim was … to sit his exam as he was laid up
with a bad cold.
2. The ship … without trace soon after entering
the area known as the Bermuda Triangle.
3. You must not enter this area unless you are
wearing … clothing.
4. The club refused my … because I wasn’t
wearing a tie.
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5. Taking lots of vitamin C is believed to increase
your … to colds and flu.
RESIST
VI. Choose a suitable response.
1. Have a good day.
2. Thank you for the lift.
a) I’ll have.
a) Me too.
b) No, I shan’t.
b) You are welcome.
c) Thanks and the same to you.
c) The same to you.
3. Did you enjoy the film?
a) Yes, it was great.
b) Yes, I enjoyed.
c) Yes, I enjoy it much.
4. What was the weather like?
a) I liked.
b) Like what?
c) It was windy.
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
I must (write, to write) at once to thank you for your (lovely, lively)
present. I like it (so, such) much! I can’t (tell, say) you what I (fell,
felt) when I opened the parcel and (found, found out) a (pair, couple)
of beautiful socks. I am (particularly, particular) touched because I can
(see, look) at a (glance, sight) that they’re (hand, arm) knitted. You
can’t (buy, sell) socks (as, like) that in the shops!
TEST 13
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. By the smell in the room and his guilty expression I could tell that
Alex (smoke) a cigarette.
2. I hear there (be) a barbecue at the college last Saturday. You (have)
a good time?
3. Nick (pass) his driving test yet? — Yes, he (pass) it in October.
4. Look! The paper (peel) in the sitting room and the hall; in fact the
whole flat (need) redecorating.
5. You (try) using this new cordless telephone?
6. Which man is your husband? — The man in a grey hat. He (wave)
his handkerchief at me.
7. I (feel) sorry that Bob (not/keep) his word.
8. A lot of meetings already (hold) by the local council, but nothing
(decide) yet.
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9. Hardly we (have) time to digest our lunch when they served us
afternoon tea.
II. Use the right article.
1. Listen to her beautiful voice. She sings like … angel.
2. Did your advertisement get any result? — I’ll say! We advertised for
… night watchman and … next night we were robbed.
3. … majority of workers decided to go on strike.
4. They say … hard working person works like … beaver.
5. … milk in that jug is very cold. You shouldn’t drink such … cold
milk.
6. ... vegetarianism is probably as old as ... time itself. Many of ...
world’s cultures are vegetarian.
III. Choose a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. Can you look (for, up, at) a word in the dictionary (for, to, by) me,
please?
2. Are you listening (at, to, in) me? Why are you looking (out of, up,
to) the window all the time?
3. I hate travelling (in, on, by) underground. It’s too crowded.
4. I can’t help knocking things (down, of, up). I’m such a clumsy
person.
5. I thought I had left my umbrella (in, on, at) home but in fact I had
been carrying it all day (in, at, on) my bag.
6. He was advised to give (in, over, up) all hope of becoming
a professional singer.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. The (fewer, less, least) cars there are the (least, fewer, less) pollution
there will be.
2. Somebody is wrong: (neither, either, both) you or me.
3. There is probably (less, fewer, least) fossil fuel in the world than we
think.
4. She is a very quiet person. She doesn’t generally say (many, a lot of,
much).
5. This coat is (more, much, most) cheaper than mine.
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V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. The children got rather … on the coach journey
there, but they loved the visit to the medieval
castle.
2. Global warming is caused by carbon … .
3. The company has taken … for the accident.
4. The senior staff have to attend the … committee
meeting.
5. The scientist was finally … in proving the
theory.
BORE
EMIT
RESPONSIBLE
MONTH
SUCCESS
VI. Choose a suitable response.
1. Most children like animated cartoons.
a) So will I.
b) So do I.
c) So shall I.
2. Have you been to Piccadilly Circus and Trafalgar Square?
a) Not yet.
b) Not much.
c) Not now.
3. I’m going out for a walk.
a) Take the dog with you, will you?
b) It’s very kind of you to do so.
c) Have a nice trip.
4. What do you think of jogging?
a) Nothing.
b) It’s fun.
c) It’s funny.
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
I went to (study, teach) medicine in London as a pupil to a famous
(surgeon, sergeant) and (while, during) in London I started to study
navigation (because, that’s why) I had always wanted to travel. (Soon,
Sooner) I was (offered, suggested) a (job, work) as a (ship’s, sheep’s)
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doctor and I (accepted, rented) it. At (first, the first) the (journey, hiking)
was (pleasant, pleasantly), (but, and) in the Pacific we ran into a storm,
the ship (sank, drowned) and (every, everybody) on board (except,
besides) me was drowned. I managed to swim to an (isle, island), but
I was (so, such) tired when I reached (land, soil) that I fell (fast, fastly)
asleep on the sand.
TEST 14
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. It (rain) hard this morning when I (wake up). It (seem) the rain
(fall) the whole night.
2. I never (be) to India, but I (go) to Pakistan last summer.
3. When I (be) a child, my parents never (let) me watch TV after 8 p.m.
4. She (be) sixteen now but I thought she (be) older.
5. They (try) to find a solution to this problem ever since I (get) to
know them.
6. When the lake (freeze) it’ll be safe for ice skating.
7. Yesterday I (tell) that you (have) a vacancy for a computer operator
in a couple of months.
8. No sooner the boat (leave) the harbour than it started to sink.
9. I don’t believe that computers ever (replace) teachers.
II. Use the right article.
1. I don’t think I’ve ever met … child who doesn’t like chips.
2. … government ought to do something about housing.
3. … knife shouldn’t be used as … screwdriver.
4. … plane crashed while it was being tested.
5. Some people believe in … life after … death.
6. … music which excites me is 1930s jazz.
7. While they were sailing up … west coast, they ran out of … food.
III. Choose a suitable preposition.
1. A strange thing happened (to, with, at) me the other day.
2. I came (into, across, against) this beautiful picture quite (by, with,
at) chance.
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3. I’m waiting (–, to, for) the rain to stop. I must go (at, to, on) the
post office.
4. I was upset that I had done so badly (in, with, at) the exam.
5. The driver of the car was injured (at, in, on) the accident.
6. (In, On, For) the whole we were satisfied (over, by, at) the result.
7. I like coffee. In fact I can’t do (with, without, out of) it.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. You don’t need to go shopping — we’ve got enough food for
supper — (few, little, a few) eggs and (a few, a little, little) bread
and cheese.
2. The girl to (which, whom, that) I was talking is a reporter.
3. (Each, Every, All) chair and table looks freshly painted.
4. (Either, Both, Neither) the magazines and that book were left in the
study hall.
5. Don’t blame (myself, me, oneself). Blame (you, yourself, ourselves).
6. There is a book store on (the other, another, other) side of the street.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. At the present rate of … , world resources of oil
will be depleted in 30 years.
2. Remember to get a … for your photocopies.
3. Women are widely believed to be much more …
than men, but some recent research has
challenged this notion.
4. The management believe these measures will
make the company more … .
5. He’s very proud of his … to pick up languages
easily.
CONSUME
RECEIVE
TALK
PROFIT
ABLE
VI. Choose the right variant.
1. Where’s the money?
a) I’ve spent them.
b) Here they are.
c) It’s in the purse.
2. Mary dislikes mushrooms.
a) So do we.
b) Neither do we.
c) Neither we do.
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VII. Choose the best response.
1. We are going to a disco.
a) It’s up to you.
b) It doesn’t matter.
c) Have a nice time.
2. Is Jack still in hospital?
a) I don’t care.
b) Never mind.
c) I’m afraid so.
VIII.Choose an appropriate word.
I am (interested, interesting) in sport, (especially, specially) athletics,
and I (run, race) seven or eight kilometres (every, some) day.
I particularly (entertain, enjoy) cross country running where you have
to run along fields, jump (over, above) streams and so on. (While,
During) I’m running I think about (all, every) sorts of things and at
the (end, finish) of a run I’m (surprising, surprised) to (find, learn) that I’ve
managed to (solve, save) a problem (that, what) was on my (mind, brain).
TEST 15
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. The children (stop) chattering as Miss Hughes (enter) the
classroom. Then they (stand up).
2. When I (start) practising as a physician I (live) in a small
community on the east coast of Lake Huron.
3. I (give) you a lift to the station tomorrow if you (like).
4. Tropical fruits often (fly) to northern cities by jet.
5. At the party he (make) a speech. He (thank) all those who (support)
him at that difficult moment of his life.
6. He (be) out of job for half a year.
7. We had to go on holiday because our house (redecorate).
8. Economics (become) an increasingly popular course at university
in recent years.
II. Use the right article.
1. I have … terrible cold and I am staying in … bed today.
2. Paul spent half of his life in … Far East.
3. … Smiths had … son and … daughter. … son was in … Army and …
daughter was training to be … teacher.
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4. She was … first woman to cross … Atlantic in … canoe.
5. I don’t like … milk in my coffee, and I take only … little sugar.
6. … person riding … bicycle on … pavement is … hazzard for …
pedestrians.
III. Choose a suitable preposition.
1. Brian is well able to care (at, of, for) his younger brother.
2. He put (up, on, off) making a decision for as long as possible, but
eventually he made (up, on, into) his mind and bought the car.
3. Will you turn (on, down, up) the music? Little Kitty is sleeping.
4. You must apologize (on, for, of) disturbing them.
5. He doesn’t want to take part (at, on, in) any more conferences.
6. You must sew (in, on, up) those loose buttons.
7. A committee was set (in, up, of) to carry (away, out, in) the project.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. There are too (much, many, plenty) mice in the barn.
2. She became (that, so, such) scared that she began to cry.
3. There isn’t (many, a lot, much) room for so (many, plenty, few) people.
4. There was (not, none, no) chance of escape.
5. I hate opera and they don’t like it (too, neither, either).
6. (Either, Both, Neither) Joe or Lola writes the sports column (each,
every, any) week.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. Please ask me if you need any … .
2. The members of the United Nations agree
to settle disputes by … means.
3. He moved to the city because he didn’t like
the … of the country.
4. The magician made the rabbit … .
5. “It’s not my … to make the coffee”, the
girl said.
ASSIST
PEACE
LONELY
APPEAR
RESPONSIBLE
VI. Choose the right variant.
1. Do you want tea or coffee?
a) I don’t want.
2. You don’t have a light, do you?
a) Yes, I don’t.
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b) Either will do.
c) I don’t want tea nor coffee.
b) No, I don’t.
c) Yes, I haven’t.
VII. Choose the best response.
1. What’s the matter?
a) I’ve cut my finger.
b) It’s O.K.
c) It doesn’t matter.
2. I’ve got to go.
a) Have you really?
b) That’s nice.
c) You are welcome.
VIII.Choose an appropriate word.
Oxford. (Pale, Pail) grey and (gold, golden) buildings, green lawns
and trees bursting with blossom. (This, There) is the most beautiful
(place, space) I have ever been to. (It’s, Its) both peaceful and (exciting,
excited). I’m standing at St. Anne’s College with Linda (which, who)
is a student (here, there). Linda and I haven’t seen each other (since,
as) we both left (school, college).
TEST 16
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. He said he (not/think) he (see) us somewhere before.
2. He (give) a gold watch as a reward for his successful work.
3. There’s no need to rush. We (not/leave) before six.
4. Everyone who (visit) the town (fall) in love with it.
5. It usually (hurt) when I (bend) down.
6. He (be) furious when she said he never (make) a good teacher.
7. Be careful! If you (tease) the cat, it (scratch) you!
8. One hundred and seventy thousand pounds (not/be) enough to buy
a house in this area.
9. The audience burst out laughing and the interpreter realized that
he (make) a mistake.
II. Use the right article.
1. You can keep … book because I won’t take it back to … library until
… end of … month.
2. Has anyone left … message for me?
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3. … people from … warm countries generally have … hard time getting
used to the winter in … Belarus.
4. … poorest people in … country live in this area.
5. … lake Baikal is … deepest lake in … world.
6. … last two pages of … diary were missing.
7. In ... science fiction the hero often encounters ... creatures from ...
outer space.
III. Circle a suitable preposition.
1. A car nearly hit me. Luckily, the driver stopped (on, in, at) time.
2. Stop talking to me (with, by, in) that stupid voice.
3. Would you like to go (on, for, at) a swim or is it too cold (to, with,
for) you?
4. Please fill out the form (by, with, in) ink.
5. I like walking (under, in, by) the rain.
6. He hasn’t written to me (for, since, from) September.
7. Some teachers accuse video games (by, with, of) distracting students
(from, away, off) schoolwork.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. I am sure he doesn’t have (some, any, no) evidence for his accusations.
2. (Every, Both, Either) athlete and coach attends the athletic banquet
at the end of the school year.
3. Hardly (someone, anyone, no one) turned up to watch the match.
4. You can come (some, any, every) day you like.
5. I have (not, none, no) wish to change my plans.
6. Sally is taller than any (another, others, other) girl in her class.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. I was … to receive your card expressing your
sympathy.
2. I have never felt as … as I did when I watched
the horror film.
3. Technology plays an … important part in our
daily lives.
TOUCH
TERRIFY
INCREASE
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4. I have two locks on the door for extra … .
5. They have got plans to … the office.
SECURE
MODERN
VI. Choose the right variant.
1. Did you enjoy the performance?
a) Yes, I enjoyed.
b) Yes, it was great.
c) Yes, I was enjoying.
2. Do you have to go to the University tomorrow?
a) No, I don’t.
b) No, I haven’t.
c) No, I can’t.
3. How about making a picnic?
a) I’ll tell you how.
b) I’m all for it.
c) Don’t bother.
4. Who’s Bennett Smith?
a) He’s a taxi driver.
b) He’s very smart.
c) He is Jane’s new boy friend.
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
This morning we (stood up, got up) and left the college before 6 a.m. to
(join, invite) in the celebrations. I (lent, borrowed) a bicycle and we
cycled to Magdalen College. I think it’s the most beautiful college (of,
from) all. Even though (it, there) was (so, such) early, there were lots of
(people, peoples) out in the streets. The girls were (dressed, wearing) hats
covered with flowers. Everyone stood under the tower of Magdalen Chapel
and when the (watch, clock) struck six from the (top, bottom) of the
tower, the choir boys started to sing. They sang English folk songs.
TEST 17
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. He (apologize) saying he (not/mean) to hurt us.
2. My sister is very upset: she (not/invite) to the party.
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3. When I (get) into the car this morning I (find) that the radio (steal).
4. Will you look after the kids while I (go) shopping?
5. This is my new car. It (run) very well.
6. I hope you (not/throw) away the present Uncle Stanley (give) you
for your birthday.
7. This kind of fish usually (serve) with white sauce.
8. Several marine species (lose) since the coral reef was destroyed.
9. You won’t lose weight if you (eat) snacks between meals.
II. Use the right article.
1. … police have no idea where … jewels are.
2. … moment … train stopped at … platform, I called … porter who
carried my luggage to … station and found me … taxi.
3. Slamming … door, Carol drove off in … car her father had given her
as … present.
4. There’s going to be … foggy and … cold weather next week.
5. This is … last time I do you … favour.
6. As ... choir sang, ... audience applauded several times.
7. Anyone providing information which leads to ... recovery of ...
painting will be rewarded.
III. Choose a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. As she couldn’t do the crossword puzzle she gave it (off, on, up).
2. (At, To, By) the time I got to the cafe, it had been shut.
3. The boy was punished (at, on, for) smoking.
4. When did his interest (at, in, on) social work begin?
5. Can you explain (for, to, –) me why you didn’t turn (out, down,
up) last night?
6. It is strange experience coming (back, up, down) to the place where
you were born and brought (out, back, up).
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. If it rained (little, less, least) in this country (much, plenty, more)
tourists would come here on holiday.
2. Please help (you, yours, yourself) to anything you want to drink.
3. I don’t know what’s wrong with (me, myself) today. I keep breaking
things.
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4. It’s a nuisance having to wait, but we haven’t got (much, many,
little) choice.
5. I’ve never in my life met a man with (so, such, not) a loud laugh.
6. The train stopped at (each, every, all) little station.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. His performance as Hamlet was rather … .
2. I don’t think that’s an entirely … answer.
3. Please accept our sincere apologies for the … .
4. I wrote to them to express my gratitude for
their … .
5. You need … to make a speech in public.
DISAPPOINT
TRUTH
UNDERSTAND
HOSPITABLE
CONFIDENT
VI. Choose a suitable response.
1. Which would you like?
a) Everything.
b) Only one.
c) Either.
2. Where are the other photos?
a) Don’t bother.
b) Never mind.
c) Just over there.
3. Would you like some more ice cream?
a) No more, thank you.
b) None, thank you.
c) Not at all, thank you.
4. Could you pass me the sauce?
a) I’d love to.
b) I could.
c) Here you are.
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
Dear Mr. Prior,
Thank you for (coming, going) for an interview (last, latest) Thursday.
We have (considered, discussed) your application (careful, carefully),
but regretfully we are (unable, disabled) to offer you the (post, seat).
(While, Till) your secretarial skills are well up to the standard required
I did not (fill, feel) that your (command, skill) of French was (good,
well) enough for our (purposes, goals). May I (offer, suggest) that you
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might (do, make) better to look for a (job, work) involving routine office
work (which, what) won’t need French (as, like) a working language.
With kind regards, yours (sincere, sincerely).
Alan Lomax
TEST 18
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. Did I tell you about how Jane (get on) at college?
2. When the furniture (deliver)? We (wait) for two weeks already.
3. The stone (sink) the minute it (hit) the water.
4. Bruce tells me he (not/have) a holiday this year yet.
5. Those pyramids (build) around 400 A.D.
6. I (learn) yesterday that his car (break) down.
7. I (be) married to you for sixteen years and I still (not/know) what
(go on) inside your head.
8. The committee usually (raise) their hands to vote “Yes”.
9. After giving him several tests doctors finally came to the conclusion
that Paul (contract) malaria.
II. Use the right article.
1. … dietician is … doctor who helps … people to choose … right food.
2. First I wrote my name at … top of … page.
3. I’m afraid Mr. Brown is on … holiday until … end of … month.
4. … goods were in … good condition and arrived on … time.
5. Don’t worry, it’s all right now. … situation is completely changed.
6. … secretary wasn’t very co operative and wouldn’t give me …
information I wanted.
7. They need someone who can speak with ... British accent.
III. Choose a suitable preposition.
1. I was frightened (by, with, to) death.
2. One feature of modern day society is dependence (for, on, to)
computers.
3. Would you care (of, for, to) a cup of tea?
4. Stop looking (to, on, at) me like that — it’s getting (at, on, in) my
nerves.
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5. You are very sorry (of, with, for) her, aren’t you?
6. There’s someone outside the window, but I can’t make (up, out,
for) who it is.
7. The postal strike resulted (in, at, with) many delays (of, at, in)
delivery.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. There’s (someone, anyone, no one) on the phone who wants to speak
to (your, you, yours) mother.
2. At weekends I do all my housework on one day so (another, other,
the other) day I’m free to relax.
3. You’ve got (many, much, plenty) of time, so don’t complain.
4. You can’t sail when there is (not, no, none) wind.
5. If that doesn’t work, you’ll have to think of (other, the other, another)
way of solving the problem.
6. (Some, It, One) can’t make an omelette without breaking eggs.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. When I explained my problem he was very … .
2. It was … of you to go out without telling me where
you’d gone. I was worried.
3. We are very grateful to Mr. Williams for his …
in donating this wonderful painting to the museum.
4. He got angry because we all … with him.
5. I’m afraid I’m rather … . Could you explain
from the beginning again?
SYMPATHY
THINK
GENEROUS
AGREE
CONFUSE
VI. Choose a suitable response.
1. There’s hardly any milk left.
a) That’s fine.
b) I don’t want any.
c) It’s fun.
2. I wouldn’t like to get up so early.
a) And I wouldn’t.
b) Me too.
c) Neither would I.
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3. Sorry to keep you waiting.
a) Don’t say so.
b) Don’t mention it.
c) That’s O.K.
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
My brother Hank has a strange eating (custom, habit) at breakfast. Each
morning he (expects, waits) until the (last, latest) moment to (get, stand)
up. Then he (must, has) to rush to (catch, grasp) the bus, so he eats
breakfast as he moves (along, around) (lifting, picking up) his books and
coat. Mother (keeps, holds) trying to get him to (seat, sit) down, (but,
and) Dad (says, tells) at least he is eating. And a glass of milk with
a (peace, piece) of toast is better (than, then) no breakfast at all.
TEST 19
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. I (ask) her what (happen) but she just (look) at me with a strange smile.
2. It’s a bit trivial to talk about the beauty of autumn, but this year it
(be) the prettiest I remember. According to the experts, it (be) the
warm and wet summer that (cause) the intensity of the colours.
3. Laura (sing) professionally since 1978 when she (record) her first
song.
4. Wye College (situate) in the village of Wye in the beautiful area of
Kent.
5. Trinity College closely (associate) with the University of London
since 1876.
6. Measles (be) still a fairly serious disease in some countries.
7. Alice told her mother that she (have) to undergo some medical tests
the next week.
II. Use the right article.
1. We never eat … white bread at … dinner.
2. Four people were taken to … hospital after … fire at their home
early this morning. They left … hospital after some treatment for …
minor burns.
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3. Who’s that girl over there? Her face is familiar to me. — I think
she’s one of … girls who came for … job interview … other day.
4. Several of our players were injured, including ... goalkeeper.
5. My granddad was wounded during … war.
6. I like Jane. She has … lot of … warmth. She is … kind of … person
you can trust.
III. Choose a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. You mustn’t travel (by, on, at) a bus without a ticket.
2. We’ll be getting (of, off, out of) the train (in, through, at) ten minutes.
3. It takes some years to develop a real skill (in, with, on) skating.
4. I think the play is a bit weak (on, about, at) the end.
5. I wouldn’t like to go (to, for, in) a foreign country without knowing
a little of the language.
6. The lifeboat was raised (out, from, out of) the water and the rescued
man was helped (out, in, up) on to deck.
7. They made sandcastles on the beach, but the waves soon washed
(off, away, down) their work.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. He’s made (so, such, this) much money that he doesn’t need to
work (any, no, some) more.
2. I got home at 6. To my surprise (neither, either, both) of my parents
was there.
3. I find (this, such, so) sort of attitude offensive.
4. (Every, Each, Some) time you use my dictionary you forget to put it
back on the shelf.
5. (Something, Anything, Nothing) you do will make any difference.
6. Nora is the only person (which, who, whose) understands me.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. There was a lot of … because nobody knew where
to go.
2. The instructions are very … . I don’t understand
what I’m supposed to do.
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3. There is no technology for absolutely safe … of
nuclear waste.
4. He was disappointed about his … to get promotion.
5. The incident left me with the feelings of anger
and … .
DISPOSE
FAIL
BITTER
VI. Choose the right response.
1. Do you sometimes work
on Saturday?
a) Why?
b) No, I don’t.
c) What for?
2. Where is Adriano Morri
from?
a) He’s from next door.
b) He is a tourist.
c) He’s from Italy.
3. Do you like dancing?
4. May I use your telephone?
a) I used to, when I was younger.
a) I am very sorry, indeed.
b) I prefer dancing.
b) It’s a pity.
c) I have learned to dance.
c) I am afraid not.
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
On that morning the office looked (quite, quiet) different. In fact it
(hard, hardly) ever looked (like, as) that at all. All the (employers,
employees) were standing (up, about, out), chatting and smoking. At
the far (end, edge) of the room a man must have just (told, said) a very
(fun, funny) story, and (there, it) was (a loud, aloud) burst of laughter
just (when, while) Mary came in.
TEST 20
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. Shortly after the war my brother and I (invite) to spend a few days
with an uncle.
2. When he (lock) the car door he (remember) he (leave) the keys inside.
3. Everything (come) to him who (wait).
4. Slow down. You (go) too fast. There (be) a speed limit of 30 kilometers.
5. I (be) afraid we (not/be able) to come over to see you next Sunday,
as you (suggest). Tom’s mother (come) to spend the day with us. —
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What about the Sunday after that — the twenty second? — We (be)
free that day and we (love) to come. We (look forward) to seeing
your new house.
6. You (freeze) if you (not/put) a coat on. The weather (change) since
the morning.
7. Oh, I (know) exactly what you (mean). Things like that (drive) me
crazy too.
8. I wish I (not/tell) James my secret. Now everyone knows.
9. If I (be) you I wouldn’t interfere; sometimes it’s better to let sleeping
dogs lie.
II. Choose the right article.
1. It is … wonderful part of … England and … scenery resembles …
Switzerland. As … matter of … fact, we had such … good time that
we have decided to have … holiday there again … next year.
2. Her husband is on … business trip so she has to look after … children
all by herself.
3. Before I had … car of my own I used to spend … lot of … time
waiting for … buses.
III. Choose a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. The plane went (into, from, out of) control, but the pilot managed
to land it safely.
2. The smell of herbs reminds me (–, of, on) my childhood.
3. He must be here (for, by, to) nine o’clock. As soon as he turns (out,
up, in) tell him to come (on, in, up) and wait (for, –, during) a few
minutes in the office.
4. I’d like to go climbing (on, at, –) next weekend. You know I’m fond
(about, over, of) it.
5. It’ll all come right (on, in, at) the end. I’m sure (in, over, of) it.
6. Early (in, on, at) the morning the train approached (–, to, at) the
seaside town where I was going to spend my holidays.
IV. Choose a suitable pronoun.
1. Even an old car is better than (no, none, neither).
2. Look out! (Any, Some, A few) of the oil has spilled out onto the floor.
3. (Every, All, Everyone) in the tour buses is eager to get started.
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4. (Somebody, Anybody, Everybody) has forgotten to turn off the car
lights.
5. Rome is famous for (it’s, its, it) architecture.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. I don’t think that … is right in any
circumstances.
2. He called at a very … time. We were right in
the middle of the dinner.
3. There’s a lot of … in areas with high
unemployment.
4. I did well at school because the teachers …
me to work hard.
5. It’s not like him to lose his temper like that.
I think he’s been under a lot of … at work
recently.
VIOLENT
CONVENIENCE
HARD
COURAGE
PRESS
VI. Choose the right response.
1. Good luck at your exams.
a) Yes, I will.
b) And at your.
c) Thanks a lot.
2. Tea or coffee?
a) Give tea.
b) Rather tea.
c) Tea, please.
3. Have a good picnic!
a) I really will have.
b) Don’t worry.
c) Thanks a lot.
4. Isn’t she clever?
a) I’m afraid so.
b) She doesn’t.
c) Rather!
VII. Choose an appropriate word.
(Rising, Raising) a puppy is not (easy, light). My brother and I have
(found, founded) that first we have to (defend, protect) anything
chewable, (like, as) a shoe (lying, laying) on the floor. (Rising, Raising)
costs of veterinary (fees, fines) and dog food (make, do) it expensive to
(keep, hold) a puppy. But the effort will seem (justifying, justified) when
we all (sit, seat) back and enjoy a healthy, (good, well) trained dog as
a member of the family.
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TEST 21
I. Use the correct tenseform of the verbs in brackets.
1. Since the beginning of the term, Brian (read) three novels. Right now
he (read) “A Farewell to Arms”. He (read) that novel for the past
three days. He (intend) to finish it next week. In his lifetime he (read)
many novels, but this is the first Hemingway’s novel he (read) ever.
2. It’s noon. The mail should be here soon. It usually (deliver)
sometime between noon and one o’clock.
3. In my opinion Kacey (elect) tomorrow because she (be) honest,
knowledgeable and competent.
4. It was the first time he (clean) his own boots.
5. The fact that there will be only a few people attending the meeting
(not/discourage) the organizers. That’s why the meeting (not/
cancel).
6. They wonder where they (be) now if they hadn’t moved to the
country.
7. I wish he (not/lose) his temper each time his favourite team fails to win.
II. Use the right article.
Our first fishing trip of … summer was … memorable affair. My brother
Peter and I got up at … dawn and packed our fishing equipment. …
sun was shining and … sea was calm when we climbed into … little
motor boat tied to … quayside. We knew we wouldn’t be able to go
fishing again until … evening high tide, so we had prepared … picnic
and taken some bottles of … drink.
III. Fill in a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. The passage is taken … the novel “Jane Eyre” … Charlotte Bronte,
which was first published … 1847. Jane’s parents were dead and she
had been brought … … her relatives. … the age … ten she was sent
away … home … her first school.
2. The children were all upset. Some … them were … tears.
3. Please, try to speed … the process. We need these documents … delay.
4. Why don’t you share the bike? You can ride it … turn.
5. During the sales in the shops, lots of people were looking to buy
things … low prices.
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IV. Translate the Russian fragment into English.
1. Don’t (повышай) your voice. I can hear you (хорошо).
2. Before you buy a boat, you ought to (научиться) to swim.
3. She looked (удивленной) when she was (сказали) how much the
treatment would cost.
4. I’m tired of (слушать) to her endless complaints.
5. I’ve eaten only two apples. Where are (остальные)?
6. When I cut my hand, my mum used her scarf (как) а bandage to
stop the bleeding.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. The … boy ignored the teacher’s request to be quiet. OBEY
2. We were received in a … , … furnished room.
SPACE,
COMFORT
3. Why on earth should you put on this … dress!
SHAPE
4. I couldn’t make out his … .
SIGN
5. We were … surprised at his … to help us.
GREAT,
REFUSE
6. He arranged all the books … on the shelf.
NEAT
7. The police are investigating a series of bank … in
ROB
South Wales.
VI. Spot the errors and correct them.
1. I know Ann for two years.
2. What a nasty weather it is today!
3. Let’s go, can we?
4. Paul has got used to live on his own.
5. Is it central heating in your house?
6. I wonder why hasn’t he come to work today.
VII. Supply an appropriate stimulusutterance.
1. ___________ — No, you needn’t, thank you.
2. ___________ — The same to you.
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TEST 22
I. Use the correct tenseform of the verbs in brackets.
1. I have a lorry trip ahead of me tomorrow, so I think I’d better go to
bed. But let me say good bye now because I (not/see) you in the
morning. I already (leave) by the time you (get) up.
2. My grandfather never (fly) in an airplane, and he (have) no
intention of ever doing so.
3. I (study) English here for the last two months. My English (get)
better, but I still (find) it difficult to understand lectures.
4. I’m sorry I (be) late. I (hold) up by the rush hour traffic. It (take)
me thirty minutes to get here instead of fifteen.
5. The animals that (bring) for the zoo (be) so weak from their long
journey across the ocean that they could scarcely walk.
6. If Paul drove a car he (give) that job he applied for last week.
7. I wish I (remain) at home. The film was so boring that I fell asleep
in the middle of it.
II. Use the right article.
1. When he was … child he went to … school which was about fifty
miles away from … home, so he stayed there … whole term.
2. I had … strange dream … last night. I dreamed that I was in … bed
when suddenly I heard … dog barking, then scratching at … front door.
3. Paul, as usual, was … first to arrive at … party we gave … last Saturday
and … last to leave. And for … most of … time he just stood near …
bar drinking … beer.
4. We spent two days in … mountains. On one day we went hiking and
on … other we went fishing.
III. Fill in a suitable preposition or postposition.
Mrs. Laura Taylor is a person who really believes … keeping fit. She is
45 but looks … least 10 years younger. Now listen … her story.
“It all started about two years ago. … those days things were very
different. I was overweight. I never got any exercise. I used to stay …
home all day. I never went … … the fresh air, except to do the shopping.
One day I looked … myself … the mirror. “My God” I thought. “I look
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terrible”. … that time I’ve completely changed my life. I started jogging
… the park, doing yoga exercises … the fitness centre and eating less
meat but more vegetables. I’ve lost weight and feel much healthier
than I used to.”
IV. Translate the Russian fragment into English.
1. In cold countries many people (носят) fur coats.
2. My new boots don’t (подходят) me because I hadn’t properly tried
them on when I bought them.
3. If you study English (усердно), you will be able to get a very good
(работу).
4. Madonna (сделала) her first album in 1983.
5. I’ll (сделаю) my best but I can’t promise (ничего).
6. You must (научиться) to recognize poisonous mushrooms.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. It’s your own … to check that all doors and
windows are … .
2. I won’t waste any more of your … time.
3. How much … experience do you have in
working with computers?
4. At last we’ve found good quality furniture
at … prices.
5. Jane’s … showed in her voice.
6. This pie looks really … !
7. It’s really … when decent folk are afraid
to leave their homes.
RESPONSIBLE
LOCK
VALUE
PRACTICE
REASON
NERVE
TEMPT
GRACE
VI. Spot the errors and correct them.
1. The lilac is smelling so good!
2. No sooner he had touched the pillow than he fell asleep.
3. We were received very warmly and friendly there.
4. Excuse me, is there a possibility of having meal here?
5. The police is looking into this incident.
6. What washed powder do you use?
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VII. Supply an appropriate stimulusutterance.
1. ____________ — Rather!
2. ____________ — Don’t mention it.
TEST 23
I. Use the correct tenseform of the verbs in brackets.
1. The weather (be) terrible lately. It (rain) off and on for two days and
the temperature (drop). It (be) only 10° above zero now. Just three
days ago, the sun (shine) and the weather (be) pleasant. The weather
certainly (change) very quickly here. I never (know) what to expect.
Who (know)? When I (wake) up tomorrow morning, maybe it
(snow).
2. I was supposed to take a test yesterday, but I (not/admit) into the
testing room because the exam already (begin).
3. When Chris (lose) her job she (get) very depressed, so we all (try) to
cheer her up.
4. All the roads to the north (block) by snow that’s why we (can/not)
reach the place at the appointed time.
5. Even if I had worked harder, I don’t think I (pass) the maths
exam.
6. I wish my brother (not/smoke) in the house, but he can’t get rid of
his bad habit.
II. Use the right article.
1. In many countries, you need … business card if you want to make
… good impression. To … foreigner, it makes it easier to understand
your name and … job you do. Make sure you include your name,
… name of … company you work for, and … position you hold.
2. There was … earthquake in my hometown last year. It was just …
small one, but I could feel … ground shaking.
3. He lent me … thousand pounds, which was exactly … amount
I needed to solve my problem.
4. The Mayor praised … rescue team for their courage.
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III. Fill in a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. Frenchmen call it “La Manche” but … the English, it is the English
Channel, one … the world’s most extraordinary pieces … water. …
centuries the Channel has been Britain’s defence … invaders. It has
also been the only way … the Continent, a highway crowded …
ships.
2. Keep away … Paul; he is … a really bad mood this morning.
3. Although their marriage was not a happy one, they decided to stay
together … the sake … their children.
4. Mary said … me that she didn’t want to be dependent … her parents
… another three years.
5. … then nobody has ever known the reason … his disappearance.
IV. Translate the Russian fragment into English.
1. We had (такое) a pleasant time!
2. (Есть) is something I want to ask you about. (Это) is very
important.
3. (Или) you know the answer (или) you don’t. Make up your mind.
4. He spent (так много) money on the house that (в конце концов)
he went bankrupt.
5. She couldn’t remember where she had (оставила) her umbrella.
6. At first Ann found her new school quite strange, but she gradually
(привыкает) to it. got used
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. Many … are still … about the value of this
… programme.
2. Students soon get … if you criticize them
too often.
3. Peter spoke so … that we could … hear him.
4. Bill says that … Latin or Ancient … is a waste
of time.
5. I think that men drive more … than women.
SCIENCE,
SCEPTIC,
SEARCH
COURAGE
QUIET,
HARD
LEARN,
GREECE
AGGRESSION
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VI. Spot the errors and correct them.
1. How cloudy sky is!
2. You’d better not to go there alone.
3. Is it any time left?
than
4. No sooner had I got
into
the
bath
when the telephone rang.
caught
5. Donna has been catching in traffic for over an hour.
6. Paul will awarded medal for his bravery.
VII. Supply an appropriate stimulusutterance.
1. ____________ — Are you?
2. ____________ — Yes, sure.
TEST 24
I. Use the correct tenseform of the verbs in brackets.
1. — Yesterday I (have) a terrible day.
— What (happen)?
— First I (fail) a test, or at least I think I did. Then I (drop) my
books while I (walk) across the campus and they (fall) into a mud
puddle. And finally my bike (steal).
— Oh, poor you!
2. Tom (want) to be a lawyer when he (grow) up.
3. Yesterday at a cafe, I (see) Judy, an old friend of mine. At first,
I (not/recognize) her because she (lose) at least fifty pounds.
4. What? He got married again? At this rate, he (have) a dozen wives
by the time he (die).
5. You (avoid) the traffic jam if you had set out a bit earlier.
6. I wish I (train) as a vet not as a doctor.
II. Use the right article.
1. As soon as I left Deal, I saw … low flat cloud, iron grey and then
blue, across … Channel. … closer I got to … Dover, … more clearly
it was defined. I walked on and saw it was … series of headlands. It
was … France.
2. … question was difficult. None of … pupils knew … answer.
3. … village has changed beyond … recognition since we were there last.
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4. I’m very pleased to announce … name of … winner.
5. … bank offered us … loan on … very favourable terms.
III. Fill in a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. During an attack … flue, the patient should sleep as much as possible.
He should go … bed … the first signs … fever. It’s important to protect
the body … cold and … this reason the patient should stay … bed. But
there must be fresh air … the bedroom. Patients need oxygen, and air
flowing … one closed room … another is not a substitute.
2. Parkgate School, Cheshire was founded … 1894 … Dr. Henry
Proctor and was amongst the first … a series … new schools which
had a considerable influence … England and the Continent. The
aim was to provide boys … a wider and more balanced education
than had been customary. … that time it was not accustomed …
admitting girls.
IV. Translate the Russian fragment into English.
Hardly
1. The papers were (лежали) on the table waiting to be signed.
2. (Ни один) of his friends phone him any more.
3. Let’s find a bench (в тени).
4. The kids (сделали) a terrible mess in their room.
5. I can (едва ли) taste (что) I’m eating because of my cold.
else
besides
6. Will there be anyone (еще) we know at the party (кроме) Will and
Kacey?
mustn't
make
7. These tablets may (сделать) you feel drowsy, so you (нельзя) drive.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. The jury found him … of murder.
2. He laughed … and embraced his brother.
3. Don’t take it … . She is rude to everyone.
4. Ingrid has such a … smile.
5. My son is … asking me for money!
6. There followed an … silence.
7. The … of tonsils is not a very … operation
nowadays.
GUILT
HEART
PERSON
ARM
CONTINUE continually
COMFORT
REMOVE,
COMPLICATE
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VI. Spot the errors and correct them.
1. She likes walking under the rain.
2. Where are the others photos?
3. Your clothes is so dirty. You’d better change it.
4. She had been waiting in the cold so long that her feet were feeling
numb.
fit
5. George looks great today. His new suit matches him like a glove.
6. Wind power offers a solution to energetic problems.
energy
VII. Supply an appropriate stimulusutterance.
1. ____________ — Not at all.
2. ____________ — Yes, please.
TEST 25
I. Use the correct tenseform of the verbs in brackets.
1. It (rain) hard yesterday morning, but by the time I was to leave
home, the rain (stop).
2. Wake up! You (sleep) long enough. It (be) time to get up.
3. I (write) to Diana last week but she (not/answer) my letter yet. I still
(wait) for a reply.
4. Jean said she (not/can) afford that ring, as it (cost) too much.
5. San Francisco (lie) to the north of Los Angeles.
6. Since my classes (begin) I (not/have) much free time. I (have) several
big tests to study for lately.
7. The mayor (speak) positively about the project that (make) by our
team.
8. I wish we (discuss) the issue in detail, we would be having fewer
problems now.
9. If I had taken those vitamin pills you gave me, I (feel) more energetic
now.
II. Use the right article.
When was … last time you had … holiday? And did you organize …
trip or did you take … package tour? These days … most people choose
… package tour especially if they go abroad on … holiday. But in …
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past it was very difficult. In … fact, before … middle of … nineteenth
century, travelling for … pleasure was rare and expensive, and only …
few rich people could afford it. … man who changed all this and
brought in … age of … mass tourism was Thomas Cook.
III. Fill in a suitable preposition or adverb.
The population … Oxford is about 115,000, … whom approximately
14,400 are university students. The University consists … 36 independent
colleges. The colleges choose their own students and provide them …
tutors (known as “dons” … the Latin dominus).The basis of tuition is
the tutorial, … which students meet … their tutor once or twice a week.
… every tutorial a student will prepare a written essay … which this or
that problem must be argued. The system … Oxford education relies …
strong motivation and encourages independent thought and work.
IV. Translate the Russian fragment into English.
1. The rain was (такой) heavy that it (сделал) our picnic
impossible.
2. She’s (единственный) person (кто) understands me.
3. Where’s the money I have (дал взаймы) you?
4. That’s the best film that’s ever been (сделан) on this subject.
5. He tore up my photo, (что) upset me greatly.
6. She’s warned me that the box (пахнет) faintly of fish.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. Ann read the letter with a … expression on her face.
2. You will find science lessons active and … .
3. You will work in small groups and be taught how
to use the … … .
4. The Art Department at our school aims at …
the interests and skills of all pupils, to the
best of their … .
5. She walked with … ease after the … .
PUZZLE
VARY varied
EQUIP,
SAFE
DEVELOP ing
ABLE
RELATE,
OPERATE
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6. Whether you stay or leave is a matter
of total … to me.
DIFFER
VI. Spot the errors and correct them.
1. Have we got enough of bread?
2. I stayed in bed all day instead of go to work. instead of +Ving
3. Were you at the meeting on last Monday morning?
4. In the past week I worked extremely hardly.
banks
5. The river broke its shores and the village was flooded.
6. Milk, butter and cheese are diary products. dairy
VII. Supply an appropriate stimulusutterance.
1. ____________ — Me too.
2. ____________ — That’s all right.
TEST 26
I. Use the correct tenseform of the verbs in brackets.
1. It was a nice example of team work. While I (paint) in the sweat of
my face, Ricky (sit) in an armchair giving directions — until Jane
(come) in and the roles (reverse).
2. We (not/deliver) you any further goods until your debts (pay).
3. Mr. Davis! It (be) the third time I (try) to get you on the phone this
morning. Where you (be)?
4. “Everyone (know) what a large proportion of British cars (produce)
in the Midlands but not everyone (realize) what a difficult time the
industry (go) through at the moment”, the manager said.
5. Her face was red as she (forget) the sun cream.
6. If he hadn’t enjoyed the dessert, he (not/ask) for another helping.
7. I wish Tim and Sarah (not/separate). It caused their children great
distress.
II. Use the right article.
Peter … Great started building St. Petersburg in 1703. He imported
… Italian architects to make its buildings bigger and better than
anywhere else in … Europe. … grandiose and colourful architecture
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with its surprising blues, greens and pinks, would look tasteless in
more southern climates, but here … colours go beautifully with …
snow and … pale winter light.
III. Fill in a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. Last year we went … a package tour. Everything was organized …
us: the flight, the hotels and the entertainments. It was all included
… the price.
2. Drunkenness is responsible … many road accidents.
3. I suppose his early age must be taken … consideration.
4. We had to come back early … holiday because we had run … …
money.
5. I’m really not used … being treated like that!
6. As you see, we were not to blame … the delay … your flight taking …
… Gatwick. The delay was due … circumstances … … our control.
IV. Translate the Russian fragment into English.
1. She went running (из) the room.
2. I didn’t enjoy the party, because I was (скучала).
3. (За обедом) they kept silent.
4. Do you have enough money (при себе) to pay for the meal?
5. I can buy some food (после работы).
6. I’ll be (скучать по тебе). missing
7. This is very nice material. It feels (как) silk.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. … a second hand car is a … business.
BUY, RISK buying
2. The front row is … … for the family of the bride. FULL,
RESERVE
3. Eric has a … interest in … cuisine.
LIVE, EAST
4. Simple … measures will reduce the risk of … .
PREVENT,
INFECT
5. I can … afford to rent a house on my … income. HARD,
MISERY
6. His arguments sounded very … .
PERSUADE
persvaisive
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VI. Spot the errors and correct them.
1. I very like going to parties.
2. I didn’t let him to know what I was thinking about.
3. Why not to invite them to the party?
4. Could you explaintome the way of doing this?
5. The earthquake caused severe injury to the building.
6. I can’t afford myself a long holiday because I’m short of money.
VII. Supply an appropriate stimulusutterance.
1. ____________ — Not in the least.
2. ____________ — Nor have I.
TEST 27
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. I (go) to Bristol tomorrow to visit my aunt. I already (book) a seat
on the train. It (leave) Manchester at 10.
2. It was the first time he (participate) in the tournament.
3. I (travel) round Europe by train when I first (meet) Christian.
4. The baby sitter (tell) the children that after they (choose) the story
they (want), she (read) it to them.
5. Since 1782, the bald eagle, which (signify) power and courage, (be)
the national emblem of the United States.
6. By the time we (get) to the auction the painting (sell).
7. If more people used recyclable products our cities (be) less polluted.
8. Now that he is older, Fred wishes that he (not/waste) his youth on
gambling.
II. Use the right article.
1. When I leave … school, I want to go to … university to study …
natural history. I’m very fond of … animals, and I would like to
study them in their natural surroundings.
2. … coffee contains more caffeine than … tea.
3. He took … great deal of trouble to make … party … success.
4. I can’t give you … decision immediately. I’ve got … few things to do
before I can look at … project.
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5. … accidents are generally caused by … people driving too fast. This
is certainly true of … accident I had last year.
III. Fill in a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. I sat uneasily … the edge … the chair, while she poured tea … the cups.
2. We are sick and tired … listening … her excuses.
3. The building was badly damaged … the fire.
4. Thousands … people are living … misery … the earthquake.
5. He promised to pick me … … the station, but he didn’t. That’s the
second time he has let me … this week.
6. If you are not satisfied … the service … this hotel, you should
complain … the manager.
7. Carry … with your work while I answer the phone.
IV. Translate the Russian fragments into English.
1. If a story is (волнующая), you are (взволнован) when you read it.
2. She did nothing (кроме) complain the whole time she was here.
3. Where (еще) did you go (кроме) Rome?
4. If her nose were (немного) shorter she would be (довольно) pretty.
5. What time did Jim say he would (придет)?
6. (В конце концов) I got the job I wanted.
7. I have (нет) wish to change my decision.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. … theory isn’t easy to understand.
2. He wasn’t … a stranger — I had met him
once before.
3. You ought to get some antibiotics for that ear … .
4. Please, state your name, address and … .
5. I’m sure I wouldn’t have the … to sit sewing
all day.
6. Her illness was caused … by the worry and stress.
7. … of consumer goods has increased … the world … .
RELATE
EXACT
INFECT
OCCUPY
PATIENT
MAIN
PRODUCE,
THROUGH,
LATE
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VI. Spot the errors and correct them.
1. Nick was late for two hours yesterday.
2. None of his parents realized the danger.
3. It is no time to lose.
4. As soon as I’ll get home I’ll have a shower.
5. Since she tried hard, she couldn’t meet the deadline.
6. I’m sorry saying that I was disappointed with your service.
VII. Supply an appropriate stimulusutterance.
1. ____________ — Neither would I.
2. ____________ — No, I don’t.
TEST 28
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. I (not/teach) this month. I (work) on a special project.
2. Although Vito (be) here for a long time, he never (forget) the beauty
and traditions of his homeland.
3. Unfortunately, the brothers (move) the furniture in an uncovered
truck when it (start) to rain.
4. John thinks that he (lose) his history book last Tuesday when he
(stop) at the gymnasium on his way home.
5. The music for the opera which (perform) next month, (write) by
one of the students in the music department.
6. In what country he (tell) you he (live) before he (come) to the United
States?
7. Mr. Barnaby is a very friendly man but I wish he (not/be) so
stubborn at times.
8. If the crew hadn’t been on duty for eighteen hours, without a break,
the tragedy (not/happen).
II. Use the right article.
My father always enjoyed working late claiming he could get … better
work done without the usual bustle (суета) to distract him. However,
while working in … Japan he found this practice impossible. He was
in … charge of … large office, and because of … Japanese respect for
hierarchy (иерархия) none of … staff would leave before he did. Finally
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… good idea hit him. One afternoon at five, he put on his coat, said his
good byes in … loud voice and took … leisurely stroll around … block.
When he returned to … office it was empty.
III. Fill in a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. He was the sort … person who immediately made you feel … ease.
2. Brazil is rich … mineral resources.
3. I told her … her face exactly what I thought … her.
4. Bob can’t concentrate … anything these days. He must be … love again.
5. We insist … the highest standards … cleanliness … the hotel.
6. He may seem tough and cruel, but … heart he’s kind and generous.
7. Jane takes … her mother. … fact they look very similar … each other.
IV. Translate the Russian fragments into English.
1. I was working (в качестве) a waiter in the summer and the boss
made us work (как) slaves.
2. There was (такая) a big queue outside the cinema that we couldn’t
get in to see the film.
3. You look so (обеспокоенным). What’s troubling you?
4. Kate didn’t feel like joining us (тоже).
5. I wonder (кто из вас) has got the (меньше всего) mistakes.
6. I’m sorry to say but Hayden did very (плохо) in his History exam.
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. You may experience some … for a few days after
the operation.
2. I need an … opinion from someone who is not
involved.
3. She was found alive but … .
4. As a “comprehensive” school we strive to create
a … environment with high … standards where
everyone feels … and … .
5. We were … impressed by the … tour.
COMFORT
OBJECT
CONSCIOUS
CARE,
ACADEMY,
COMFORT,
STIMULATE
EXTREME,
GUIDE
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VI. Spot the errors and correct them.
1. He hardly ever at home.
2. You never panic like that, are you?
3. She’s kept us waiting for such long time.
4. What else books by this author have you read?
5. I suggest to change our opening hours to suit customers.
6. If I was you, I’d take more pride in my work.
VII. Supply an appropriate stimulusutterance.
1. ____________ — Sorry, I can’t.
2. ____________ — Of course, you may.
TEST 29
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. People in Britain (come) of age at 18, when they (be) officially adults.
2. Yesterday morning the postman (complain) that my dog recently
(try) to bite him.
3. I (take) some of my pupils to Oxford tomorrow on a sightseeing
tour. — Really? It (be) possible for my daughter to join the party?
It always (be) a dream of hers to see Oxford with her own eyes.
4. We (tell) to enter the room very quietly because the patient who just
were being (operate) on might be sleeping.
5. My brakes (not/test) yet when I (come) to pick up my car; in fact,
tested
the brakes (test) as I (walk) into the service station.
6. If Polly hadn’t watched the horror film she (not/feel) so terrified now.
7. I wish I (learn) another foreign language when I was at school.
II. Use the right article.
… ambitious farmer, unhappy about … yield of his crops, heard of …
highly recommended new corn seed. He bought some and produced
… crop that was so abundant that his astonished neighbours came
and asked him to sell them some of … new seed. But … farmer, afraid
that he would lose … profitable competitive advantage, refused to sell
… seed to … neighbours. … second year … seed did not produce quite
so good … crop, and when … third year crop was still worse, it suddenly
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dawned on … farmer that his prize corn was being pollinated (опы
лять) by … inferior grade of the corn from his neighbours’ fields.
III. Fill in a suitable preposition.
1. I’m writing … you with reference … your advertisement …
a computer programmer, which appeared … the Daily Telegraph
yesterday. I’m very interested … the possibility … working … your
company and am therefore enclosing my Curriculum Vitae.
2. David has a back injury that may prevent him … playing …
tomorrow’s game.
3. You can count … Jane — she always keeps her promises.
4. I was ashamed … having lied … my mother.
5. I’m sorry I haven’t been … much help … you.
6. Please help yourself … more: there’s plenty … everything.
7. They will carry … the threat if you don’t do as they say.
IV. Translate the Russian fragments into English.
1. Try to (сделать) your best to finish the work on time.
2. I need to (взять взаймы) your bicycle for a moment. Can you tell
me (какой) is yours? — (Мой) is the black one over there.
3. These apples are (гораздо) sweeter than (остальные).
4. In his long career (в качестве) an actor, he’s always wanted to appear
(как) Hamlet, but he’s never wanted to be (как) him in real life.
5. (Пока) I was waiting I read a magazine.
6. Do you think the coat (сидит) me well?
V. Complete the sentences using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. If you leave your things … around, you shouldn’t
be … if you lose them.
2. His life changed … when he moved to Denmark.
3. I’m afraid I am really … for time at the moment.
4. I wandered around the city centre to kill time
before my … .
5. I had been staring at the computer screen all
evening when a … suddenly struck me.
LIE, lying
SURPRISE
COMPLETE
PRESSed
APPOINT
SOLVE
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6. It’s … the architecture which gives the
place its … .
PART,
PERSON ality
VI. Spot the errors and correct them.
1. I’m sorry I forgot my day book at home.
2. What does winter like in your country?
3. Bob offered giving us a lift.
4. It was a meeting whose importance I didn’t realize at that time.
5. The salesman asked me that I could sign the receipt.
6. He’s looking for his little brother tonight as their parents are going
out.
VII. Supply an appropriate stimulusutterance.
1. ____________ — Not at all.
2. ____________ — Not in the least.
TEST 30
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
1. Microwave ovens (make) cooking fast and easy. If you (buy)
a microwave you (be able) to cook a frozen dinner in five minutes.
2. When I (arrive) home last night, I (discover) that I (forget) my key.
My roommate (be) asleep, but I (have) to wake him up by knocking
loudly on the door.
3. By the time the rainy weather (begin) Mr. Check and his son Brian
(build) a new roof on their house.
4. Right now Max (be) in hospital. He (treat) for a bad burn on his
hand and arm.
5. I just (move) into a new apartment. I (not/meet) any of my neighbours
yet.
6. What percentage of the people in the world (be) illiterate?
7. The baby sitter for whose care Mrs. Pelt’s children (leave), (fall)
asleep while she (read) the children a story.
8. I wish I (read) the contract more carefully before I signed it.
9. If his mother didn’t give way to his every whim, Jim (not/be) such
a spoilt child.
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II. Use the right article.
Twice … week … Belgian riding … bicycle crossed … German border
and he always carried … suitcase filled with … sand. Each time …
customs officials searched … suitcase, they never found anything
illegal. Sometimes they even emptied out all … sand, expecting to
find … jewellery, … watches or … drugs. But always there was
nothing but sand. They couldn’t think what … Belgian was
smuggling. It was many years later, long after … Belgian had
vanished from … scene, that they learnt … truth. He had been
smuggling … bicycles.
III. Fill in a suitable preposition or postposition.
1. The construction … this supermarket will be completed … half
a year.
2. Julia spends far too much money … those spoilt kids … hers.
3. This is the only copy … the book … existence: all the others were
destroyed by the fire.
4. It was raining when we arrived … the coast, but … midday the rain
had suddenly stopped.
5. Never put … … tomorrow what you can do today.
6. If I was walking … the forest and suddenly came face … face …
a bear, I’d quickly climb … the nearest tree if there was one.
7. Have you decided (about, on, at) the date of your wedding yet?
IV. Translate the Russian fragments into English.
1. It’s the (самый смешной) film I’ve ever seen.
2. One man’s meat is (другого) man’s poison.
3. (Каждая) country has (свои) customs.
4. The last drop (делает) the cup run over.
5. She’s (сказала) me that she applies this ointment (через день).
6. You have seen too (много) horror films (недавно).
V. Complete the sentence using appropriate derivatives of the words in
capitals.
1. We couldn’t ride because the road was being … .
2. We all have to do some … before the exam.
WIDE
REVISE
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widened
revision
321
3. Lying on a … beach with an … dip in
clear blue water, can be one of the most …
ways of spending a holiday.
4. According to the … figures during the past
years, the most popular … for the British
people was … . 35 million people …
walked two miles or more.
SAND, OCCASION
RELAX
LATE
ACTIVE
WALK, REGULAR
VI. Spot the errors and correct them.
1. I don’t wanttonothing else to eat.
2. I’d like you join us.
3. Does the scarf cost as many as the kerchief?
4. The police has already been called, hasn’t it?
out
5. According to an eye witness, the fire broke up early in the
morning.
6. If we saved some money we would have gone to South America last
year.
VII. Supply an appropriate stimulusutterance.
1. ___________ — Not yet.
2. ___________ — Are you?
TEST 31
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
It (1) … (be) a warm summer night and a bright full moon lit up the
country lanes as I (2) … (drive) slowly home. I (3) … (hike) in the
mountains all day with three of my friends. We (4) … (look) forward
to a big meal and a hot shower but we (5) … (have) no idea that it was
going to be a while before we could enjoy these creature comforts. We
(6) … (head) gradually uphill for some time when, up ahead, there (7)
… (appear) a sharp bend. I (8) … (slow) down.
II. Use the right article or preposition where necessary.
When I first moved here I had the peace and quiet I needed to write
the novel I was working (1) … . The shop below sold (2) … wool and
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knitting accessories and there were a few other specialised shops in (3)
… street. They’ve all gone now. They couldn’t compete (4) … shopping
malls and supermarkets which were springing (5) … everywhere. (6)
… wool shop turned into (7) … hairdresser’s and now you wouldn’t
believe what I have to put (8) … with. If it isn’t loud music, it’s the
television (9) … full volume, and then there’s everyone shouting above
the noise of the hairdryers. I’ve had words with them (10) … more
than one occasion, but they just ignore me.
III. Complete the sentences by choosing the right word from those given below.
For nearly twenty years Donald Williams has worked as one of the
Tower of London’s Yeoman Warders, (1) … known to tourists as
Beefeaters. Donald lives in a flat right at the (2) … of the Byward
Tower, one of the gatehouses.
The Tower of London is famous for its ravens, the large black birds (3)
… have lived there for over three centuries. Donald was immediately
fascinated by the birds and when he was (4) … the post of Raven
Master he had no hesitation in (5) … it. “The birds have now become
my life and I’m always (6) … of the fact that I am (7) … a tradition.
The legend says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to
enemies, and it’s my job to (8) … sure this doesn’t happen.”
1. a) more
b) better
c) sooner
d) very
2. a) peak
b) top
c) height
d) summit
3. a) those
b) there
c) which
d) who
4. a) proposed
b) applied
c) presented
d) offered
5. a) accepting b) expecting
c) doing
d) receiving
6. a) satisfied
b) aware
c) pleased
d) happy
7. a) holding
b) maintaining c) supporting d) lasting
8. a) keep
b) be
c) make
d) remain
IV. Choose the right word and complete the sentences using appropriate
derivatives.
DANGER DESTRUCT REDUCE PERFORM POLLUTE
INCREASE CRITIC PLACE
The motor car is blamed for everything from rising (1) … levels to a
(2) … in road open spaces. And yet, while the car continues to be an
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easy target for (3) …, after a hundred years on the road there seems
little doubt that it’s here to stay.
Nowadays the car is being re designed to make driving more suited to
(4) … crowded highways. The car of the future will also be less (5) … of
the environment. Petrol will be (6) … by electric or hydrogen power.
On board computer systems will record important data about a vehicle’s
(7) … and warn drivers when they are going too fast or driving (8) … .
V. There are four mistakes in the following text. Spot the errors and correct
them.
In urban areas we have about three colds a year and they have caused
not by wet feet or seating in a draught, but with a virus, or rather
many viruses which are always changing so that a vaccine prepared
from one is useless against the next. But every year the pharmaceutical
companies spend millions of pounds trying persuading us that the
product will banish the miseries of sneezing, running noses, sore
throats, headaches and coughs.
VI. Read the text and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word that should not be there. If a line is correct, put a
tick (v) by the number. If a line has a word which should not be there, write
the word down.
1. _______
2. _______
3. _______
4. _______
5. _______
6. _______
7. _______
8. _______
9. _______
10. _______
The Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean
are one of the natural wonders of the world.
They are situated a one thousand kilometers
from the South American coast and are home
up to many rare animals. The islands belong
to Ecuador, and 97 per cent of the area is a
national park. However, despite of this
protection, the park is in danger. The most
serious threat comes from illegal fishing,
which it is slowly destroying marine life.
VII. Think of one word which can be used to complete the sentences.
Mary Davidson grew up on Lundy, a small island in the Atlantic, (1)
… her father was an administrator. She was the (2) … child on the
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island and her greatest friends were pet animals. She (3) … her days
swimming and playing with her sheepdog. On the island she and her
parents were three (4) … the island’s permanent inhabitants for eight
years. When she was sent to boarding school on the mainland it was
difficult for her to (5) … on with other girls at school and she looked
(6) … to her holidays when she could go back to the island.
VIII.Translate into English the fragment of the sentence given in brackets.
1. Lunch will be available if you book the table (предварительно).
2. At the end of the match the players (пожали) hands.
3. It is very difficult to phone you in London as your number is always
(занят).
4. I had to get up early the next morning, so I (извинился) myself
and left the party.
TEST 32
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
a) If Amy (1) … (have) a party on Saturday, I can tell John to bring his
flashing lights. He (2) … (work) on the lights last night when I called
round and I expect he (3) … (fix) them by the weekend. Do you
know if Amy (4) … (decide) whether to have a birthday party or not?
b) Gordon Jones lives and works in Greenland. He (5) … (live) here
for two years. He wishes he (6) … (live) somewhere warmer though.
If he (7) … (work) in Portugal, for example, he wouldn’t have to
wear warm clothes all the time. “If I (8) … (know) Greenland was
so cold, I’d never have come here,” he says.
II. Use the right article or preposition where necessary.
I bought my flat in (1) … Chelsea (2) … the money I made as a stunt
woman in (3) … Bond film. I’ve been here (4) … the 1960s. I live above
a supermarket, which was (5) … nuisance at first: I was regularly
woken (6) … by people stacking shelves (7) … night, and then, of course,
there were early morning deliveries. However, (8) … owners were very
reasonable when I complained and they sound proofed (9) … ceiling,
which helped cut (10) … the noise.
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III. Complete the sentences by choosing the right word from those given below.
According to the World Wild Fund, the polar bear could be (1) … with
extinction and a large number of other animals (2) … to very small
populations by global warming in Arctic regions. Warmer winters are (3)
… for the thinning and disappearance of ice sheets in many parts of the
Arctic. This (4) … in a situation where polar bears are at risk of starvation
(5) … they cannot travel to their normal breeding and hunting grounds.
Even in places where there is (6) … much ice around, polar bears are
under (7) … because they rear their young ones in snow caves. Due to
the warmer weather, they can suddenly (8) … burying the young
animals inside.
1. a) risked
b) faced
c) endangered
d) harmed
2. a) shortened
b) lessened c) reduced
d) disappeared
3. a) responsible b) guilty
c) accused
d) warned
4. a) turns
b) proves
c) expects
d) results
5. a) and
b) so that
c) that’s why
d) because
6. a) yet
b) still
c) already
d) also
7. a) danger
b) risk
c) threat
d) harm
8. a) collapse
b) break
c) crash
d) fall
IV. Choose the right word and complete the sentences using appropriate
derivatives.
RESIDE DELIGHT PARTICULAR MARVEL FIT POSSIBLE
EXCELLENT PROUD
Sheldon Hotel is a hotel which caters for people who expect quality.
Guests can enjoy (1) … views out to sea from our sun lounge. There
are many (2) … for (3) … walks around the park lanes and surrounding
villages. The hotel has a (4) … centre and swimming pools for the
exclusive use of (5) … . The hotel (6) … itself on the (7) … of its
accommodation and food. We give a warm welcome to everyone, but
(8) … enjoy having families with young children.
V. There are four mistakes in the following text. Spot the errors and correct
them.
The problem with American parks system is that too many people are
visiting the system. It’s said there are ruining the plants with the
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pollution from their cars, scaring the animals, destroying by their
amounts the experience of being in a wild place the parks are supposed
to propose. The basic argument is over what much should be done in
the parks to satisfy human visitors.
VI. Read the text and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word that should not be there. If a line is correct, put a
tick (v) by the number. If a line has a word which should not be there, write
the word down.
1. _______
2. _______
3. _______
4. _______
5. _______
6. _______
7. _______
8. _______
9. _______
10. _______
11. _______
My childhood memories of my father are about
pretty vague. He wasn’t a powerful presence
because he wasn’t at home much. It’s only
but now that I’m a father myself I can
understand what a sort of person he is. He’s
kind and understanding. I can talk to him
more openly than I’ve ever done. Since my
children were born, I’ve seen much more of
Dad than I used him to. I love to see the
pleasure he gets from them. The children
have bridged some of the gap between us.
VII. Think of one word which can be used to complete the sentences.
All countries have their national heroes and heroines. We usually
learn about these people through our history lessons at school. Heroes
and heroines are often leaders (1) … fought against a more powerful
enemy. But not all heroes and heroines are leaders. Mother Teresa (2)
… loved and admired all (3) … the world. She proved that individual
action can (4) … a difference and that if (5) … of us does what he or
she (6) …, the world will change.
VIII.Translate into English the fragment of the sentence given in brackets.
1. I’m afraid he takes your help (за должное).
2. It’s not easy (приспособиться) to these changes.
3. My brother was (заболел) ill yesterday and is now in hospital.
4. Have you got a (лишний) ticket for the performance?
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TEST 33
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
It still (1) … (rain) hard when we (2) … (reach) the woods, but by that
time we (3) … (get) so wet that it didn’t seem to matter. The rain (4) …
(pour) down all round us. We never (5) … (feel) so wet in our lives but
we (6) … (laugh). We thought how nice it (7) … (be) when we (8) …
(reach) our hotel to take off our wet clothes and get into a hot bath.
II. Use the right article or preposition where necessary.
We all make mistakes. Our company is not (1) … exception, and (2)
… rare occasions our customers have cause (3) … complaint. We pride
ourselves (4) … our quick, efficient and courageous way (5) … putting
(6) … things right.
Please start (7) … having (8) … word with our customer satisfaction
officer. There’s every chance that he can resolve your problem (9) …
your complete satisfaction. If goods are faulty, he can arrange (10) …
immediate refund or replacement.
III. Complete the sentences by choosing the right word from those given below.
Much of the pre prepared food we eat today contains additives of one
(1) … or another. It is often argued that adding chemicals to food (2)
… our diet less wholesome than it was in the past, before the (3) … of
such additives was discovered. Is this really true? In 1872 a pioneer in
investigating adulterated food, Dr Hassal, discovered that a variety of
(4) … chemicals and contaminates were to be found in (5) … foodstuffs.
He found, among other things, alum and chalk added to bread, and
copper and lead added to other foods, to (6) … colour. Foods, consumed
by the well off, such as ice cream, were (7) … as bad and were often
(8) … with foreign materials.
1. a) class
b) sort
c) thing
d) division
2. a) influences
b) makes
c) spoils
d) harms
3. a) outcome
b) result
c) affect
d) effect
4. a) toxic
b) deathly
c) poisoned
d) fatal
5. a) frequent
b) general
c) unusual
d) common
6. a) put
b) show
c) give
d) make
7. a) only
b) just
c) about
d) quite
8. a) contaminated b) spoiled
c) intoxicated d) poisoned
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IV. Choose the right word and complete the sentences using appropriate
derivatives.
APPLY EXTREME VARY HIGH VACANT RELY PERSON RECEIVE
A (1) … has arisen for a (2) … at the show rooms of Melton Cars. The
successful (3) … will be required to work from 2.00 p.m. to 8 p.m.,
Tuesdays to Saturdays. The ideal candidate will be (4) … smart, (5) …
and have a very pleasant (6) … . Duties will be quite (7) …, including
dealing with incoming and outgoing mail.
In return we offer a (8) … attractive salary and excellent working
conditions.
V. There are four mistakes in the following text. Spot the errors and correct
them.
By the time he was 13, Howard had made up his mind to become an
artist. His father would have prefer him to have followed a more
academic career, but he left school at 16 and came to art college. His
father was disappointed, but he hadn’t no choice but to support him
and try to take proud in his achievements.
VI. Read the text and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word that should not be there. If a line is correct, put a
tick (v) by the number. If a line has a word which should not be there, write
the word down.
1. _______ Tourism on the Galapagos Islands is an
2. _______ important source of income. Foreign tourists
3. _______ bring in such much needed foreign currency
4. _______ and this can help the islands to buy equipment
5. _______ and the other goods from abroad. But
6. _______ although tourism is seen as a positive thing,
7. _______ it is too has caused problems. Tourism
8. _______ means hotels, pollution and overcrowding.
9. _______ The vast majority of holiday makers never
10. _______ consider the effect of tourism on environments
11. _______ that they visit. They are the only interested
12. _______ in their own enjoyment.
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VII. Think of one word which can be used to complete the sentences.
I was brought up in a very ordinary but very happy home. The great
love of my life since I was a small girl was writing, (1) … my father
thought was surprising (2) … they didn’t consider (3) … educated
people. I trained to be a nurse but whenever I had free time I wrote. (4)
… soon became obvious to me that much as I loved nursing, I loved
writing more. I went to America and did a degree in creative writing.
I returned back to England a decade (5) … . I’ve had several volumes
of poetry published (6) … then.
VIII.Translate into English the fragment of the sentence given in brackets.
1. They were pleased with his work and (предложили) him a
permanent job.
2. He is determined to achieve success at any (ценой).
3. The children (заболели) down with flue one after another.
4. You have to pay a fine if you do not return your library books (во
время).
TEST 34
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
a) By the time we (1) … (reach) the town center it was packed with
people. Trees decorated with coloured lights blinked at every corner
and if I hadn’t known about the centenary celebrations, I (2) …
(think) it was Christmas.
b) I’m so desperate I wish I (3) … (not/move) to this place. It’s not a
bad place but it’s so quiet. If only there (4) … (be) more people my
age here, then I wouldn’t feel so lonely. I thought I (5) … (enjoy) the
quiet life of the village, but I feel so lonely here. Luckily, it (6) …
(stop) raining at last so I’ll be able to go for long walks in the field.
If I (7) … (listen) to what my friends said I (8) … (not/be) in such a
situation now.
II. Use the right article or preposition where necessary.
Linda Williams lives on (1) … Sark, a small island, which she visited
twenty three years ago and where she has lived ever (2) … . She says
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she came to the island (3) … a day trip and knew (4) … once that she
wanted her home there. (5) … 1565, (6) … people of this island have
ruled themselves, adopting some mainland laws and rejecting others.
(7) … change comes very slowly. The island remains free (8) … cars,
airports and hotels. (9) … island life isn’t everyone’s idea of an idyll.
No wonder islanders suggest that those who are thinking (10) … moving
from mainland should spend a winter on an island.
III. Complete the sentences by choosing the right word from those given below.
Pet food is a (1) … business and there are firms concerned to (2) …
you believe that your dog will suffer if you do not buy it some special
biscuit. In (3) …, dogs require a well balanced diet, (4) … human
beings, (5) … that they do not need fruit and vegetables (6) … their
bodies produce their own vitamin C.
In the same (7) … beauty parlours for dogs would like you to think
that it will be unhappy if it does not have its hair combed. Some dogs
may benefit, but the essential point to remember is that you should
take it regularly to a vet to (8) … that it is healthy.
1. a) valuable
b) profitable c) expensive
d) useful
2. a) force
b) bring
c) make
d) get
3. a) addition
b) case
c) detail
d) fact
4. a) also
b) as
c) like
d) similar
5. a) besides
b) except
c) so
d) just
6. a) consequently b) however c) that’s why
d) because
7. a) point
b) way
c) action
d) case
8. a) ensure
b) assure
c) provide
d) care
IV. Choose the right word and complete the sentences using appropriate
derivatives.
EMBARRASS SHOP SPECIAL CHANGE RECEIVE AFFECT THINK STRESS
The holiday season is one of the most (1) … times of the year, (2) …
when it comes to shopping. (3) … are faced with long queues at the
tills and last minute shopping trips. At times like this it’s good to
remember that it’s the (4) … that counts, not the gift. You are buying
gifts to show your love and (5) … . Make sure that you save all your
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sales (6) … in case something needs to be returned or (7) … . It’s also
a good idea to buy some spare presents and pre wrap them, as this can
save you from (8) … moments and last minute trips to the shops for
people you have forgotten.
V. There are four mistakes in the following text. Spot the errors and correct
them.
My son is an artist. As an artist and a man who is expressing itself, he
is on top of things. In a way, I envy him because he was able to do that
he wanted to do. I’d hoped to learn as an engraver, but my father
wouldn’t support my apprenticeship. I suppose because my own talent
was wasted I made a point to encourage my son’s, and I think it has
been well worthwhile.
VI. Read the text and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word that should not be there. If a line is correct, put a
tick (v) by the number. If a line has a word which should not be there, write
the word down.
1. _______ The best time to buy a puppy is there when
2. _______ it is between six and eight weeks old so that
3. _______ it can have transfer its affection for its mother
4. _______ to its master. If puppies have not established
5. _______ a relationship with a human being until they
6. _______ are over three months old, their most
7. _______ strongest relationship will always be with
8. _______ dogs. If they are being kept in kennels for
9. _______ this length of time, they are likely to be too
10. _______ shy when they are brought out into the world
11. _______ to become good pets.
VII. Think of one word which can be used to complete the sentences.
When our shop opens, you’ll find we (1) … a lot to offer. (2) … will be
a wide range of the best products on the display. As well (3) … new
phones, the shop will feature many extra items to (4) … phoning easier
and cheaper. To make sure you understand how we can help you,
there will always (5) … experienced and highly trained staff (6) …
hand to answer any questions and to give advice without obligation.
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VIII.Translate into English the fragment of the sentence given in brackets.
1. The chairman (предложил) to finish the debates and close the
meeting.
2. Despite its (сильное) traffic, London is a very attractive city.
3. I broke the vase (нечаянно).
4. Can you (посоветовать) a good tablet against airsickness?
TEST 35
I. Use the correct tenseforms of the verbs in brackets.
Ever since the day I decided to move to London I (1) … (worry) whether
the decision I (2) … (take) was the right one. As I already (3) … (sell)
my house and (4) … (arrange) a new job, it is too late to change my
mind. However, since then I (5) … (hear) a lot of negative things about
living in the capital. But I always (6) … (want) to live in a big city and
so when I (7) … (offer) a job in my company’s London office, I (8) …
(grab) at the chance.
II. Use the right article or preposition where necessary.
There is nothing worse than someone who is always late. Lateness
can be (1) … charming eccentricity — for a little while. (2) … trouble
is that Mr or Mrs Unpunctual soon starts causing inconvenience (3)
… other people. For example, after accepting the offer of (4) … lift to
work the following morning, he or she will fail to turn (5) … at the
pick up point (6) … the agreed time. There’s sure to be a convincing
reason: lost door keys or a cat stuck up an apple tree. Why not arrange
to meet by a certain time and stick (7) … it? People know what (8) …
deadline is. They accept that they have to be (9) … time and they
usually are. ‘By ten o’clock’ should mean ‘sorry, but that’s when I set
(10) … without you’.
III. Complete the sentences by choosing the right word from those given below.
Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects
on the world’s climate. Many scientists (1) … the blame for recent
natural disasters on the increase in the world’s temperatures and are
(2) … that, more than (3) … before, the Earth is at (4) … from the
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forces of the wind, rain and sun. (5) … to them, global warming is
making extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and droughts, even
more (6) … and (7) … sea levels all around the world to (8) … .
1. a) give
b) put
c) take
d) have
2. a) persuaded
b) assured
c) convinced
d) believed
3. a) yet
b) never
c) once
d) ever
4. a) threat
b) danger
c) risk
d) harm
5. a) Concerning
b) Regarding c) Depending
d) According
6. a) strict
b) severe
c) strong
d) heavy
7. a) making
b) causing
c) risking
d) moving
8. a) raise
b) rise
c) arise
d) lift
IV. Choose the right word and complete the sentences using appropriate
derivatives.
DISTINCT ANNUAL NATION ENVY SURE SUCCESS
VARY RESPONSIBLE
The school has a large sports field and has an (1) … record sporting
successes. They do not make (2) … between the sexes in sport: girls
may play football if they wish, boys may play netball.
The school is aware of its (3) … to the wider community, and organizes
(4) … activities for old people in the town. A major fundraising event is
also held (5) …, the proceeds of which go to a (6) … charity chosen by
the pupils. The teachers want their pupils to (7) … academically and
they also try to (8) … that pupils leave school as well balanced young
people ready to play a part in the life of the community.
V. There are four mistakes in the following text. Spot the errors and correct
them.
Children need toys because many adult skills are developed from
playing with them. Children who study to construct model aircraft
are using their arms to a purpose. Children who decide jigsaw puzzles
are using their minds. Above all, children’s imagination is stimulate
by playing with objects.
VI. Read the text and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word that should not be there. If a line is correct, put a
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tick (v) by the number. If a line has a word which should not be there, write
the word down.
1. _______ Different breeds of dogs require different
2. _______ training methods. German shepherd dogs,
3. _______ for example, respond enough favourably to
4. _______ mild punishment but terriers usually resent
5. _______ it and become more aggressive. The best way
6. _______ to train a dog is by reward, not punishment,
7. _______ but the reward must have be immediate so
8. _______ that the dog connects it with that what it has
9. _______ done. In general it is better to teach a dog by
10. _______ preventing it from doing the things than by
11. _______ punishing it afterwards.
VII. Think of one word which can be used to complete the sentences.
Seen from the air, cities (1) … as London and Los Angeles appear to
be covered in a blanket of cloud. Car manufacturers and city planners
are now working (2) … to try and control the number of vehicles and
improve the way (3) … run to make them (4) … polluting. One major
advance forward has been the development of the electric car. Using
batteries, these vehicles are (5) … to move quietly around cities creating
very (6) … pollution.
VIII.Translate into English the fragment of the sentence given in brackets.
1. (Любой) car will do more than 120 miles an hour. They are both good.
2. The two brothers are physically very much (похожи) but their
personalities are completely different.
3. He congratulated the winner (от имени) of all the staff.
4. I know that I have (подвел) down my family and I feel ashamed.
TEST 36
I. Choose the correct tenseform from the variants given below.
Dear Shirley,
How are you? We’re all fine! Since we (1) … to our new house last
month, we (2) … to feel settled. We are so delighted that it (3) … . The
house has quite a few advantages over our old one, actually. Firstly,
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it’s much bigger, with an extra bedroom that we’ll need badly when
the baby (4) … . Secondly, it’s much nearer the town center so we
don’t feel so isolated. It only (5) … ten minutes to walk into town so I
won’t have to use the car so often. I might even lose some weight!
Another advantage is that we now have a large garden. We (6) … a
swing in the garden for Katie and we (7) … of getting a dog. However,
there is one disadvantage. Our new neighbours seem to be quite noisy
and we (8) … to complain to them. Anyway, we are very happy and we
hope you and Martin will come and visit us soon.
Love,
Patricia
1. a) have moved
b) moved
c) were moved
d) have been moved
2. a) are beginning
b) begin
c) have begun
d) began
3. a) was finally built
b) finally built
c) has finally been built
d) had finally been built
4. a) is born
b) will be born
c) would be born
d) will have born
5. a) is taking
b) takes
c) is taken
d) has been taking
6. a) have already been put
b) are already put
c) have already put
d) put already
7. a) even think
b) are even thinking
c) even have thought
d) even thought
8. a) are already having
b) are already had
c) have already had
d) already had
II. Choose the correct article or preposition from the variants given below.
I once read (1) … article in which (2) … author described the terrible
things her pets got up to. The poor woman had to put up (3) … chewed
furniture, fur everywhere and ‘accidents’ on her carpet. But she had
not only dogs and cats, but also (4) … pet alligator that lived in the
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bath, a goat and finally a llama. The animals came one by one. At first
they were small but as (5) … time passed they began to get bigger and
bigger. The neighbours began to laugh (6) … Mrs Higgins. Many people
disapproved (7) … her. This animal loving woman had actually turned
her house (8) … a mini zoo. But this would not really have mattered if
she had lived in a large country house or (9) … a farm, but the fact was
that Mrs Higgins and her seventy three pets lived in (10) … one bedroom
house with a tiny garden in central London.
1. a) the
2. a) the
3. a) to
4. a) –
5. a) a
b) a
b) an
b) with
b) the
b) the
c) an
c) –
c) at
c) a
c) an
d) –
d) a
d) on
d) an
d) –
6. a) with
b) at
c) by
d) to
7. a) of
b) with
c) on
d) by
8. a) for
b) into
c) by
d) on
9. a) on
b) at
c) in
d) by
10. a) the
b) an
c) –
d) a
III. Complete the sentences by choosing the right word from those given below.
I’m in my final term at school and I’ll be going to university after the
summer. Some of my friends have (1) … to take a gap year, so they
won’t start their (2) … for twelve months. They are (3) … that they will
(4) … useful experience before becoming a student. But I’m not so sure.
My sister went travelling for six months two years ago. Of course she
(5) … a good time, but she didn’t really learn anything. Quite the
opposite — she (6) … out of the habit of doing routine things. She got
up late every morning, lay on the beach all day and went dancing
every night. She didn’t do any part time (7) … and so she didn’t learn
any new (8) … . The trip also cost her a fortune.
I am personally looking forward to starting university — the sooner
you start, the sooner you finish.
1. a) decided
b) solved
c) judged
d) concluded
2. a) career
b) employment
c) course
d) study
3. a) supposed
b) considered
c) convinced
d) thought
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4. a) gain
b) win
c) take
d) achieve
5. a) got
b) experienced
c) enjoyed
d) had
7. a) job
b) work
c) thing
d) labour
8. a) qualities
b) training
c) skills
d) qualifications
6. a) came
b) because
c) got
d) stayed
IV. Choose the right word and complete the sentences using appropriate
derivative.
OBEY RELEVANT CRITIC COURAGE LEGAL EXPERIENCE
People are (1) … of parents who can’t control their children but
according to statistics, (2) … among teenagers is increasing. It is (3) …
for children to miss school, but many of them do so. Experts say that
the younger the parents, the bigger the danger that their (4) … as adults
will affect their children’s schooling. Children must be (5) … not to
think of school as an (6) … part of life.
V. Read the text and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word that should not be there. If a line is correct, put a
tick (v) by the number. If a line has a word which should not be there, write
the word down.
1. ______ I don’t think I’ll ever forget it being
2. ______ 22. It was being an incredible year
3. ______ for me. I’ve never been more sadder
4. ______ than on the day I said good bye to
5. ______ my family. I had been offered a new
6. ______ job in Australia. It was a such great
7. ______ opportunity that I really couldn’t to
8. ______ refuse. The job I was going to do
9. ______ there it was for a software company
10. ______ was located in Sydney. They promised a
11. ______ good salary, and the people seemed really too nice.
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VI. Think of one word which can be used to complete the sentences.
I believe in the saying ‘live and let live’, but our relationship with our
neighbours has gone from bad to (1) … . The (2) … for the bad feeling
is their dog. They bought it two months (3) … and it barks all day and
all (4) … . When we complain they say it’s (5) … a puppy. Do I have to
wait (6) … it grows up?
VII. Translate into English the fragment of the sentence given in brackets.
1. He agreed to go to the wedding (ради) his daughter’s happiness.
2. One of the reasons I hate going to these company dinners is that I
have to (наряжаться).
3. Tickets for the concert were (в таком большом спросе) that they
were sold out within half an hour of going on sale.
4. But for you the children would have turned everything (вверх дном).
TEST 37
I. Choose the correct tenseform from the variants given below.
One of the most beautiful places I (1) … to is Andalusia, in the south
of Spain. I (2) … there for the first time a few years ago when I (3) …
a friend of mine who lived in the area. I (4) … in the north of Spain for
a few years but I (5) … the south of the country. I (6) … for the
differences I had to experience. The first thing I noticed was the accent
of the local people — it was so different from what I (7) … to. The
second thing that (8) … me was unusual friendliness of the people
there.
1. a) was
b) have been
c) had been
d) was being
2. a) have come
b) was coming
c) came
d) had come
3. a) was visiting
b) have visited
c) had visited
d) was visited
4. a) had been living
b) was living
c) had lived
d) was lived
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5. a) haven’t yet visited
b) hadn’t yet visited
c) didn’t yet visit
d) wasn’t yet visiting
6. a) haven’t prepared
b) hadn’t prepared
c) hadn’t been prepared
d) aren’t prepared
7. a) used
b) was using
c) was used
d) was being used
8. a) has struck
b) stricken
c) stroked
d) struck
II. Choose the correct article or preposition from the variants given below.
Making decisions is (1) … practical matter. Before making a decision
we must think about (2) … situation (3) … which it is to be made. For
example, we need to decide if there is really (4) … need to make a
decision (5) … all and whether or not it’s necessary to make the decision
now. What will happen if (6) … decision is put (7) … ? One acceptable
method of making a decision (8) … this case is simply to throw (9) …
die (жребий). Although this method might seem irrational (10) …
you there’s quite a lot of sense to it.
1. a) –
2. a) the
3. a) to
4. a) –
5. a) for
b) the
b) a
b) at
b) the
b) in
c) a
c) an
c) on
c) a
c) at
d) an
d) –
d) in
d) an
d) to
6. a) a
b) the
c) –
d) an
7. a) off
b) up
c) down
d) in
8. a) at
b) for
c) in
d) on
9. a) –
b) an
c) the
d) a
10. a) to
b) with
c) for
d) about
III. Complete the sentences by choosing the right word from those given below.
The twentieth century has (1) … many spectacular technological
developments but never more so than in transport. Up until 1820’s
when the steam engine was invented, transport on land (2) … on human
and animal (3) … and its efficiency depended on the development of a
decent road (4) … . Similarly, sea travel depended upon muscle (5) …
and unpredictable winds. The nineteenth century depended (6) … on
steam to power trains and boats, and these were used to transport goods
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and passengers, but it wasn’t until the invention of the motor car that
road transportation (7) … important once again. But, of course, the
most important (8) … has been in air transport.
1. a) felt
b) watched
c) witnessed
d) viewed
2. a) relied
b) based
c) fixed
d) supported
3. a) muscle
b) ability
c) strength
d) force
4. a) diagram
b) system
c) plan
d) structure
5. a) energy
b) drive
c) vigour
d) power
6. a) hardly
b) seriously
c) heavily
d) strongly
7. a) seemed
b) became
c) started
d) began
8. a) gain
b) break
c) creation
d) breakthrough
IV. Choose the right word and complete the sentences using appropriate
derivative.
SELECT IMPORTANT DAY FRIEND BROAD COMMUNICATE
It’s surprising how (1) … changes. When people are young, they have
a large number of friends with whom they are in (2) … contact. As
teenagers, they often become more (3) … and their circle of friends is
normally smaller. However, the (4) … of friends grows. Teenagers often
prefer to confide in a best friend, while being completely (5) … with
all adults. Later, people develop different levels of friends. Their circle
of friends starts to (6) … and they have different groups to relate to.
V. Read the text and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word that should not be there. If a line is correct, put a
tick (v) by the number. If a line has a word which should not be there, write
the word down.
1. _____ I travelled a lot of as a child, which
2. _____ was lucky because I saw great sights,
3. _____ but it wasn’t until much rather later
4. _____ that I appreciated them. Some places
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5. _____ were so more interesting than I had
6. _____ imagined them.
7. _____ Others places didn’t really interest me
8. _____ such much. New York station, for
9. _____ example. Who could to imagine a
10. _____ more impressive building? It’s a fine
11. _____ example of architecture if though
12. _____ it’s just a railway station.
VI. Think of one word which can be used to complete the sentences.
The International Language School is holding an end of term party
on the evening of 22 October and I (1) … wondering if you would
(2) … us with information on the catering services your firm offers.
(3) … will be 20 to 30 people attending, but I will be (4) … to give you
a (5) … exact number nearer the (6) … .
VII. Translate into English the fragment of the sentence given in brackets.
1. They are unlikely to call an election in the next two months, (не
правда ли)?
2. I’m sure Tom will give you (помощь) to move the fridge.
3. “I’m (не в настроении) to listen to your pathetic excuses,” she said.
4. The two children, who had been missing for three days, were found
(целыми и невредимыми) hiding in an abandoned mine shaft.
TEST 38
I. Choose the correct tenseform from the variants given below.
I (1) … on behalf of my firm to make a complaint regarding the service
your hotel provided at our annual convention (совещание). Firstly,
the bus which (2) … us from the train station to the hotel did not have
enough seats and as a result, many delegates (3) … to stand. When we
finally arrived at the hotel, we found our rooms dirty and messy. It
seemed they (4) … for weeks. Later we had dinner at your restaurant.
The food was tasty but the waiter was very rude to us. Moreover, when
the bill (5) … he wouldn’t accept a cheque and insisted we should pay
by cash or credit card. Finally, you (6) … the location of your hotel as
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‘central “when, in fact, it (7) … four miles from the centre which was
most inconvenient. I (8) … forward to receiving a letter of apology and
an offer of compensation.
1. a) write
2. a) was transporting
b) am written
b) was transported
c) am writing
c) was being transported
d) have been writing
d) has transported
3. a) forced
b) were forcing
c) were forced
d) has forced
4. a) hadn’t been cleaned
b) haven’t cleaned
c) haven’t been cleaned
d) aren’t cleaned
5. a) was presenting
b) was presented
c) presented
d) had presented
6. a) had described
b) were describing
c) have been describing
d) were described
7. a) was located
b) had located
c) located
d) had located
8. a) have looked
b) am looking
c) am looked
d) have been looking
II. Choose the correct article or preposition from the variants given below.
The report published in (1) … last week’s edition of the Standard looks
at trends (2) … spending. Firstly, the report draws (3) … attention
(4) … the sharp increase in personal debt. The average person today is
5,330 in debt compared with 3,540 in 1997 according to (5) …
Office of National Statistics, (6) … rise of over 50 %. The average
income, on (7) … other hand, has risen (8) … only 23,5 per cent in the
same period. The report suggests that while the average person will
spend their money (9) … consumer goods, they are not interested in
paying for financial services which contribute (10) … savings.
1. a) –
b) the
c) a
d) an
2. a) on
b) in
c) at
d) to
3. a) the
b) –
c) an
d) a
4. a) by
b) for
c) in
d) to
5. a) –
b) an
c) the
d) a
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6. a) the
b) –
c) a
d) an
7. a) –
b) the
c) an
d) a
8. a) by
b) at
c) for
d) to
9. a) in
b) for
c) at
d) on
10. a) –
b) to
c) on
d) at
III. Complete the sentences by choosing the right word from those given below.
Certain (1) … of animals are in danger for many reasons. It (2) … that
humans are the biggest (3) … to the survival of a range of animals
from fish to tigers. We are hunting, poaching and polluting the (4) …
habitats of a great (5) … of species. To begin with, people hunt tigers
for their (6) … skins and even for their bones. Elephants are killed for
their tusks, which can be (7) … into things such as piano keys,
ornaments and jewellery. Turtles and pandas are also hunted: turtles’
eggs are (8) … to be a delicacy and panda furs can be sold for very high
prices.
1. a) types
b) species
c) kinds
d) sorts
2. a) looks
b) proves
c) seems
d) sees
3. a) risk
b) destruction
c) threat
d) damage
4. a) natural
b) physical
c) normal
d) real
5. a) amount
b) sum
c) number
d) figure
6. a) worthy
b) priceless
c) precious
d) valuable
7. a) made
b) done
c) created
d) consisted
8. a) seen
b) considered
c) viewed
d) looked
IV. Choose the right word and complete the sentences using appropriate
derivative.
RELAX SOCIOLOGY INTENSE RETIRE COMPLETE EMPLOY
Some people stop work and look forward to a long (1) …, but a (2) …
in the field of ageing has said that opinions are changing. Many older
people don’t want to stop work (3) … and take up a life of (4) … .
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Instead, they hope to continue in some sort of paid (5) … but to work
less (6) … .
V. Read the text and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word that should not be there. If a line is correct, put a
tick (v) by the number. If a line has a word which should not be there, write
the word down.
1. ____ Thank you for your birthday
2. ____ card. It was such very kind of
3. ____ you to send to me a present. I
4. ____ had a so fantastic time on my
5. ____ birthday. We went to one of the
6. ____ most nicest restaurants in
7. ____ town. I was tried oysters for the
8. ____ first time, but to tell to you the
9. ____ truth I would never have them
10. ____ again. Mum and Dad had been
11. ____ invited all the family to dinner
12. ____ so that made ten out of us altogether.
VI. Think of one word which can be used to complete the sentences.
(1) … careful about the colour of the car you (2) … going to buy.
Experts (3) … said that the value of a second hand car can vary by up
to 10 % just because of its colour. (4) … seems that today nobody
wants white cars. In fact, white is (5) … unpopular that it can reduce
the value of the car by thousands of euros when the owner decides to
sell it. But if you go for silver, you won’t have (6) … problems in re
selling.
VII. Translate into English the fragment of the sentence given in brackets.
1. I saw John (на днях). He sends his regards.
2. He seldom makes public appearances, (не правда ли)?
3. (Ничего нет лучше) a long, hot bath to help you relax after a hard
day at work.
4. Paul (предложил) to give Jean a lift into town.
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TEST 39
I. Choose the correct tenseform from the variants given below.
Recycling is a very important subject and one that (1) … more so all
the time. Recycling (2) … waste and is good for environment. But
what do recycling centers do with the things we throw away? I (3) …
out some very interesting information. Recycling paper (4) … the biggest
success all these years. In 1920, in the USA, more than 20 million
tons of paper (5) … into birthday cards, cereal boxes and hundreds of
other useful things. Paper is the easiest material to recycle and, as
David Dougherty of Clean Washington said, “You can use it six times
over, then burn what (6) … to create energy. Wisconsin cow farmer
George Plenty has the most interesting use for recycled paper: he uses
it instead of straw in his barn. “It’s cheaper than straw,” he said, “but
even if the price (7) … the same, I (8) … back.”
1. a) is become
b) is becoming
c) has been become
d) has become
2. a) reduces
b) is being reduced
c) reduced
d) has been reduced
3. a) find
b) have found
c) have been found
d) am finding
4. a) is being
b) is
c) has been
d) has been being
5. a) turned
b) were turning
c) were turned
d) have been turned
6. a) leaves
b) is leaving
c) has been leaving
d) is left
7. a) will be
b) would be
c) were
d) would have been
8. a) wouldn’t go
b) wouldn’t have gone
c) won’t go
d) didn’t go
II. Choose the correct article or preposition from the variants given below.
(1) … career choice is one of the most important decisions made in
life. My sister is a teacher and she insists that it is (2) … career you
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should choose only if you genuinely enjoy the company of children.
Sometimes she thinks she was stupid to choose (3) … job where she
works very long hours for so little money, but on (4) … whole I think
she’s happy (5) … her choice. My brother (6) … the other hand is a
policeman. He risks his life for twenty thousand pounds (7) … year
and has to put up (8) … people who behave like fools. Still he doesn’t
complain (9) … his work either. He says, he gets a great deal of
satisfaction (10) … helping people.
1. a) The
2. a) –
3. a) a
4. a) –
5. a) at
b) A
b) the
b) an
b) the
b) of
c) –
c) an
c) the
c) a
c) with
d) An
d) a
d) –
d) an
d) in
6. a) on
b) –
c) for
d) at
7. a) the
b) a
c) –
d) an
8. a) to
b) by
c) for
d) with
9. a) about
b) of
c) at
c) from
10. a) in
b) out of
c) at
d) with
III. Complete the sentences by choosing the right word from those given below.
When Brat Cliff left school, he wanted to become an airline (1) …,
but since he had poor sight he (2) … to enroll at the School of Air
Traffic Control in Chicago instead.
Today Brat is one of the thousands of people around the world who
monitor the skies twenty four hours a day. Aircraft are (3) ... by radar
and appear on screens in front of the controllers as little white dots.
Brat and his (4) … watch where the aircraft are flying, while (5) …
sure that they maintain safe (6) … between one another. This not only
helps to (7) … air crashes in the sky, but also (8) … the number of
delays at airports. Another task of an air traffic controller is to (9) …
pilots if their own navigational systems fail. Brat finds his job exciting
but tough because of the huge (10) … of stress involved.
1. a) driver
b) pilot
c) rider
d) steward
2. a) announced
b) considered
c) suggested
d) decided
3. a) noticed
b) observed
c) searched
d) looked
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4. a) friends
b) classmates
c) colleagues
d) partners
7. a) prevent
b) block
c) hold
d) pause
5. a) doing
b) making
c) proving
d) having
8. a) fails
b) reduces
c) narrows
d) drops
6. a) blanks
b) gaps
c) places
d) distances
9. a) show
10.
b) guide
c) suggest
d) accompany
a) number
b) sum
c) size
d) amount
IV. Choose the right word and complete the sentences using appropriate
derivative.
RELIGION DAY USUAL PAINT MOVE SKILL
Salvador Dali was a Spanish (1) … and a member of the Surrealist
(2) … . Dali’s paintings are famous for their brilliant colours and
(3) … drawn details. His paintings from the 1920s and 30s use dream
imagery and (4) … objects, and present them in an (5) … way. His
later paintings often have a (6) … theme and are more classical in style.
V. Read the text and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word that should not be there. If a line is correct, put a
tick (v) by the number. If a line has a word which should not be there, write
the word down.
1. _____According to superstition there are a lots of
2. _____occasions when you can to make a wish.
3. _____For example, when you blow out at all the candles
4. _____on your birthday cake, or if whether
5. _____you can catch a falling leaf in autumn.
6. _____However yet, whatever the reason for making a
7. _____wish, secrecy is one of utmost importance if
8. _____you want to make your wish to come true, so
9. _____you remember never to tell anyone what you
10. ____wished for.
VI. Think of one word which can be used to complete the sentences.
Last week I (1) … shopping for electronic gadgets and it is amazing
(2) … you can spend your money on (3) … days. (4) … were all kinds
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of electronic equipment to choose (5) … . However, the gadget I liked
the best (6) … the walking desk which has a treadmill and exercise
bike installed underneath.
VII. Translate into English the fragment of the sentence given in brackets.
1. We have very (мало общего) with one another.
2. This job is unlikely to offer career prospects, (не так ли)?
3. The bank refused to (дать взаймы) him any more money.
4. I can’t (отличить) the difference between them; they are identical.
TEST 40
I. Choose the correct tenseform from the variants given below.
I think the most exciting and as it turned out later, the most dangerous
thing I (1) … is trekking in Nepal. It (2) … a few years ago while I
(3) … around Asia with a friend of mine. He (4) … long before to leave
the cities and the beaches behind us and do something different. First
we went to a small town in the foot hills of the Himalayas and from
there did our trek. We walked about 10 kms every day. One day as we
(5) … the river way below us on a tiny bridge I suddenly lost my
footing and nearly fell into the river. The bridge (6) … from side to side
until I (7) … back up.
I (8) … so scared in all my life.
1. a) did ever
b) had ever done
c) have ever done
d) have ever been done
2. a) has happened
b) happened
c) was happening
d) was happened
3. a) had travelled
b) was being travelled
c) was travelled
d) was travelling
4. a) had decided
b) decided
c) has decided
d) had been decided
5. a) were crossed
b) had crossed
c) were crossing
d) were being crossed
6. a) was swinging
b) had been swinging
c) was swung
d) was being swung
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7. a) pulled
b) had been pulled
c) was pulling
d) was being pulled
8. a) had never been
b) never was
c) have never been
d) was never being
II. Choose the correct article or preposition from the variants given below.
Burton was (1) … tiny little fellow, not more than five feet four (2) …
height and very slender, with white hair and blue eyes. I suppose he
was (3) … sixty when I knew him. He was always neatly dressed (4) …
accordance with his age and station.
It happened that we were both staying at (5) … Grand Hotel in
Yokohama and one day he asked me to dine with him. I think (6) …
chief thing that struck me about Burton was his kindliness. There was
something very pleasing (7) … his mild blue eyes. His voice was gentle
and you could not imagine he could raise it (8) … anger. He seemed
to have been something of (9) … athlete in his youth. You also felt that
he could not bear to hurt (10) … fly.
1. a) –
b) a
c) the
d) an
2. a) at
b) on
c) in
d) by
3. a) in
b) across
c) around
d) about
4. a) at
b) in
c) by
d) to
5. a) –
b) a
c) the
d) an
6. a) a
b) an
c) –
d) the
7. a) at
b) in
c) by
d) on
8. a) in
b) with
c) at
d) for
9. a) the
b) an
c) a
d) –
10. a) –
b) the
c) an
d) a
III. Complete the sentences by choosing the right word from those given below.
Robin Williams, a famous American comic actor, was creative and
gifted from an early age. He was a/an (1) … child and at school was
a (2) … pupil: he wrestled, ran across country and worked (3) … at his
studies. When he was sixteen his father took early retirement and
(4) … the family to Tiborn, near San Francisco. While Robin was
studying at Claremont Men’s College, he (5) … theatre and, as a result,
he abandoned his books. Although his father was at first very displeased
when Robin won a full scholarship to New York’s (6) … Drama
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School, he did not stand in his (7) … . In a (8) … of years he (9) … to
San Francisco, a city for which he felt real (10) … .
1. a) imaginary
b) imaginative
c) fantastic
d) mythical
2. a) model
b) classic
c) superior
d) super
3. a) easily
b) quickly
c) hard
d) hardly
4. a) drove
b) moved
c) fetched
d) travelled
5. a) found
b) discovered
c) invented
d) developed
6. a) admired
b) respectful
c) known
d) famous
7. a) way
b) road
c) track
d) route
8. a) number
b) pair
c) several
d) couple
9. a) arrived
10. a) connection
b) returned
b) attraction
c) approached
c) affection
d) reached
d) pride
IV. Choose the right word and complete the sentences using appropriate
derivatives.
NERVE POSSIBLE POPULAR SPECIAL ORDER VEGETABLE
Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis is a deadly brain (1) … found amongst
cows. As this medical term is almost (2) … for the majority of ordinary
people to say, the illness is (3) … known as Mad Cow Disease. What is
Mad Cow Disease exactly? Many British farmers in the 80s fed their
cows food made from the bones and organs of other animals, (4) …
sheep. Cows are basically (5) … and it is thought that the meat based
diet they were fed caused the disease of the brain and (6) … system.
V. Read the text and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct
and some have a word that should not be there. If a line is correct, put a
tick (v) by the number. If a line has a word which should not be there, write
the word down.
1. _____ The Los Angeles is well known for both the high
2. _____ level of its air pollution and the efforts which
3. _____ made to control it. However, the City of Angels, is
4. _____ not neither unique nor the worst
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5. _____ one example of a polluted city.
6. _____ Tokyo has such a serious air pollution
7. _____ that oxygen masks are been supplied to policemen
8. _____ who direct traffic on busy enough roads.
9. _____ Ankara, Mexico City and Buenos Aires face with
10. _____ similar problems.
VI. Think of one word which can be used to complete the sentences.
Colour has always (1) … a great factor in making cars. Henry Ford,
(2) … example, made the Model T (3) … in black — not because it
looked better, (4) … because it was the cheapest colour to (5) … a car
at that time. Even as late (6) … the mid 1950s one third of all cars that
were sold in Britain were black.
VII. Translate into English the fragment of the sentence given in brackets.
1. She has to work overtime to get this finished on time, (не так ли?)
2. Do you mind if I (одолжу у тебя) your camera?
3. That green skirt doesn’t (подходит к) your orange jacket.
4. Margaret had learnt the poem (наизусть) so that she could recite
it in class.
2. INTEGRATED TESTS
IN THESE TESTS YOU WILL COMPLETE THE SENTENCES IN EACH PASSAGE
BY CHOOSING A WORD FORM OR STRUCTURE FROM THE VARIANTS GIVEN
A) IN BRACKETS; B) AFTER THE TEXT.
1. (Many, Much) people now (think, are thinking) that (the, –) teachers
give pupils too (many, much) homework. They (say, tell) that (it, there) is
unnecessary for children to work at (home, house) in their (free, vacant)
time. (Moreover, However) they argue that (most, the most) teachers do
not (proper, properly) plan the homework tasks they give to pupils. The
result is that pupils (must, have) to repeat tasks (what, which) they (had
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already, have already) done (at, in) school. (Recently, Nowadays) in Greece
many parents complained (about, for) the difficult homework which
teachers gave to their children. (–, the) parents said that most of the
homework was a (spending, waste) of time, and they wanted to (stop, halt)
it. Spain and Turkey are two countries which (stopped, ended) giving
homework recently. (In, At) Denmark, West Germany and several (another,
other) countries in Europe, teachers (cannot, aren’t able to) set homework
at weekends. In Holland, teachers (allow, let) pupils to (stay, settle) at
school to (do, make) their homework. The children are (free, independent)
to help (one another, themselves). (Similar, Alike) arrangements (also, too)
exist in some (Britain, British) schools.
2. Oxford is the most popular tourist attraction (in, at) Britain after London
and Stratford upon Avon. Oxford is famous (by, for) its university (what,
which) is (the, a) oldest in Britain and the third oldest in Europe.
The University has thirty five (separate, apart) colleges. For (many, plenty)
years, only five of (this, these) colleges were for women. (However, Anyway)
since 1979 (near, nearly) all the colleges have (accepted, received) both
men and women. Oxford is (not, no) only a university city, it is also a
(market, bazaar) town where (ordinary, usual) people live and work. With
over one million visitors (a, the) year, it is very difficult for the (residents,
residence) of Oxford to live their (day, daily) life. Sometimes they (feel, are
feeling) that the city (does, do) not belong (–, to) them.
3. Because Britain is quite (a, the) small island, (no one, neither) lives
(farther, further) than 75 miles (from, of) the sea. As soon as summer
(comes, will come) thousands (people, of people) in cars (make, do) their
way to the sea. (Many, Much) parents (is, are) willing to (sit, seat) (on, in)
crowded beaches, in (traffic, transport) jams and sometimes (in, on) bad
weather to give (their, theirs) children a seaside holiday.
4. Well, here I am in England. I (have arrived, arrived) at Dover a week
ago and I’m just beginning to settle (down, up). (The, –) journey was
(awful, awfully)! We had (to land, land) at Antique because of a storm (so,
as) the (journey, travel) took more (than, as) thirteen (hours, clocks)!
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The (house, home) is very nice. It’s (more big, bigger) than (our, ours) in
St. George. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson both go to (work, job). Mrs. Wilson
(works, is working) in a department store (what, which) is in (the, –) centre
of Dover. She is very kind and wants me (to have, have) a (good, well) time
in England. They are taking me (somewhere, anywhere) special this
weekend. I hope it’s London! Mr. Wilson (owes, owns) a video rental shop.
Dover is a bit (bored, boring). It’s (full, filled) of tourists because it’s (where,
were) people (take, bring) the ferry (to, in) France. (They, There) are quite (a
few, a little) beaches down the (coast, bank) but they (aren’t, don’t) like the
beaches in Grenada and (–, the) water here is much (more cold, colder)!
5. (А, The) day before yesterday I went for an interview with a film
(company, campaign). (А, Thе) job sounded (interested, interesting) and
(there, it) wasn’t (bad, badly) paid (too, either). I was (terrible, terribly)
nervous. I (dressed, wore) my brown velvet suit (even, ever) though my
black boots didn’t (go, suit) with it very (good, well).
I even decided (to spend, waste) some money and (went, came) to (the, –)
hairdresser’s.
The interview was (in, on) a (large, big) building near Piccadilly. I (talked,
told) to (a, the) head of the publicity department. It was (quite, quiet) an
informal interview and very (pleasant, pleasantly). The boss kept (say,
saying) they (want, wanted) someone really (neat, neatly) and efficient (as,
so) the publicity department was very (big, great) and very important.
6. I have been (waiting, waited) a long time for January and (it’s, its) frosts
(to begin, begin). And they are here at (last, least)! Now, thanks heavens,
I (can, will be able) to curl up in front of (a, the) fire and (relax, recreate).
I’ll (look, see) out of the window at the beautiful frost (covered, covering)
every (blade, blades) of grass on (my, mine) precious lawn, and I’ll think
with (great, large) satisfaction that (it, there) is absolutely nothing I (can,
need) work at in the garden till the frost (will lift, lifts). Don’t misunderstand
me. I love my garden. I’m (English, the English) after (all, everything).
(Since, For) years I (have, was) lived gardenless (in, on) a London flat but
I (have longed, longed) for a garden so (many, much)! Now that I’ve got
(one, the one) I (adore, have adored) it!
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7. Dear Helen,
Thank you very much for your letter and news (from, out of) Cornwall.
I’m (no, not) very brown (yet, still) (and, but) I (am having, have been
having) a marvellous holiday. We’ve (got, get) a boat (called, calling)
“Julliette”; (it, there) is a small motor cruiser.
So far, we (had travelled, have travelled) more than forty miles already.
Yesterday we (have visited, visited) Norwich Cathedral, (what, which) is (near,
nearly) a thousand (year, years) old! We bought some (food, meal) in the big
market (to, for) take back to (a, the) boat and then (visited, attended) the
famous Old Barge Inn, which (is, was) built in the 14th century. I (write,
am writing) to you on (board, the board) “Julliette”. Peter and John (fish,
are fishing), (but, and) they (hadn’t, haven’t) caught (nothing, anything) yet!
I hope to see you when I (‘ll get, get) back (next, the next) week.
Love, David
8. What are you doing (at, in) the moment? Perhaps you (draw, are drawing)
(in, with) a pencil! Perhaps you (try, are trying) to open (a, the) bottle (of,
with) beer. Or perhaps you are (simple, simply) reading this (passage, novel),
but soon you will have (to turn, turn) to (next, the next) page. In all (this,
these) actions you are using (your, yours) hands. (A, –) hand is a marvellous
machine. It is one of (most, the most) precious (parts, particles) of your
body. It can (to work, work) quickly and it (rare, rarely) gets (tired, tiring).
It (controlled, is controlled) by one of the biggest (part, parts) of your (brain,
mind), and when you (move, are moved) (a, the) finger (hundred, hundreds)
of messages come (from, out of) the brain to help you.
(In, At) the end of your fingers (there, they) are thousands of (nerves,
nervous). They (make, do) a (fascinated, fascinating) job. They (say, tell)
you when a cup of (tea, the tea) is too hot, for example. And try to play
(the, a) guitar or (a, the) piano without your hands.
But if you (is, are) a criminal, you might want (to forget, forgetting) them.
If your fingerprints are (found, looked for) you (will not, don’t) escape
(because, that’s why) unfortunately, your fingerprints are (unique, unusual).
9. We had a (frightened, frightening) experience a month ago. One evening we
were in the lounge as (usual, usually). We (watched, were watching) television
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when we suddenly heard a noise in the dining room at the back (of, off) the
house. The room in (which, that) we were sitting was at the front (of, from) the
house. We (ran, raced) into the dining room and (found, founded) everything
(on, in) the floor — someone had (done, made) a terrible (mess, message). But,
by (the time, time) we got (there, here) the burglar (had gone, went). If he
hadn’t dropped a large silver dish (on, to) the glass table, we (won’t, wouldn’t)
have heard (nothing, anything). Fortunately, he didn’t (have, take) time to steal
(much, many). Mr. Legge (that, who) lives (next, the next) door, saw the burglar
(to run, running) away and gave a (good, well) description (–, to) the police.
10. I (got, stood) up (at, in) half past eight. I (dressed, put on) but didn’t
wash because I was (late, lately). I (hadn’t, didn’t have) my breakfast (too,
either), but (took, was taking) a sandwich (to, for) eat on the (way, road) to
school. Normally I walk (at, to) school, but the bus (came, went), so I got
(on, in) it. I (was, had been) in school at ten to nine — ten minutes (early,
earlier). When the English class started, the teacher (said, told), “Where’s
your (homework, housework), Susan?” and I thought, “Oh, dear! My
English homework (is, has been) on the kitchen table at (home, house)”.
(That, There) was (the, a) start of (the, a) terrible day.
11. I had (to go, go) to hospital two years (ago, before) because I had (a, the)
stomachache. (It, There) was actually (rather, more) serious (so, as) I had
to (stand, stay) in hospital (for, since) two weeks.
I liked the hospital. (The, –) food was (good, well) (although, despite) we
had to get (up, down) at seven (hour, о’clock) (for, to) breakfast, and the
(nurses, sisters) were great. (Each, Any) bed had a special radio, (that,
which) I liked. The beds weren’t very (comfortable, convenient) though,
and (it, there) was difficult to (sleep, slip). (The, –) kids were nice (and,
but) I was (homesick, airsick) and I (missed, longed) my family. I was
really (excited, exciting) to (see, look) our dog Snowy and our cat Bert
when I (got, was getting) home. The medicine they gave me was (disgusted,
disgusting) — it tasted (like, as) poison — but I (had, ought) to drink it
because it stopped me feeling (awful, awfully). They (found out, learned)
that some fish I ate had (done, made) me ill, so I never (eat, have eaten)
fish now. That’s (a, the) good thing too, because I (like, dislike) fish.
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12. One of my (great, large) ambitions is to (study, learn) how to pilot
a balloon on (my, mine) own. My father (who, which) is (a, the) balloonist,
(takes, brings) us all ballooning with him (every, all) weekend. I’m (the
only, only) one who (rides, drives) with him (in, on) the basket. The
basket is (fastening, fastened) to the bottom of the balloon (with, by)
nylon ropes.
Sometimes I (pilot, am piloting) the balloon on my own when (a, the)
wind isn’t (too, rather) strong and (it, there) is in the right (direction, way).
But Dad always (stays, leaves) with me in the basket.
13. Gorillas are (the, –) largest of all the animals. A (male, mail) gorilla
can be 180 cm (tall, high) and (weigh, weight) 200 kg.
Gorillas are very strong (and, but) they don’t often (fight, struggle). (In,
on) fact (there, they) are (peaceful, quietly) animals.
Gorillas (live, leave) in small family groups of (about, around) fifteen. In
a group (there, it) is one strong (older, elder) male, some young males and
(a few, few) females with (their, its) babies.
14. Robert Burns loved common (people, peoples) and (wrote, had written)
about them. (Once, One) day when he (had walked, was walking) near the
docks, he (heard, had heard) a cry for help. He ran towards (–, the) water.
Just then (a, the) sailor jumped (of, off) a boat that (had stood, stood) near
the dock, (began, had begun) to swim towards (a, the) man (who, which)
(was called, was calling) for help and saved him.
The man who (was saved, saved) was (a, the) rich merchant. He (thanked,
had thanked) the brave sailor and gave him (a, the) shilling. (–, The)
people who (was, were) watching the scene protested (loud, loudly) when
(the, a) rich man (was giving, had given) him only (a, the) shilling. (But,
And) Burns stopped them and (said, told), “Let him (alone, lonely). (A, The)
gentleman is, of course, (a, the) best judge of what his life is (worth, cost)”.
15. (Have, Had) you ever heard an Englishman (say, to say) ‘touch wood’
and then put his (hand, arm) on the (nearest, next) thing to him (that,
what) is (done, made) of wood? It is the English version of an old
superstitious (habitual, habit) known in (various, variety) ways in (the, a)
number of countries.
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When a man (on, in) ancient (time, times) had (said, told) something
(boasting, boastful) or optimistic, he always touched (a, the) sacred (object,
subject) in order to protect (him, himself) against Divine punishment for
his arrogance. (At, In) Christian times the wood (what, which) he (was
touched, touched) represented the wood of the Cross. In America (however,
although) they (say, tell) instead “knock on wood”.
16. William and Brian (were playing, had played) tennis yesterday when it
(started, starts) to rain. Brian went (home, to home) but William was very
(bored, boring). He (decides, decided) to go out in the car. He was (driven,
driving) along the street when he (saw, had seen) Jennifer, (a, the) friend
from (work, job). She was (looking, seeing) at some clothes in a shop window
when she (heard, was hearing) William (to call, call) her name. Jennifer
(got, came) into (a, the) car (next, near) to William and they (talked, told)
for (a, –) long time. They (are, were) still talking when (a, the) policeman
arrived and (spoke, told) to William. He pointed (on, to) a large “No
Parking” (sign, sigh).
William was very (worrying, worried). “Please, don’t (give, bring) me
a (parked, parking) ticket”, (but, and) the policeman (who, that) was cold
and wet and hungry didn’t want to (hear, listen) to William.
17. We are (so, such) pleased to hear your (good, well) news and we love
the name you have (chosen, chose) — Daniel James sounds (greatly, great).
We hope Jemma isn’t too (jealous, jealousy) of her new brother. Is she
treating him (kind, kindly)?
We had intended (come, to come) and see you next weekend but I (hurt,
was hurting) my back (a few, few) days ago and now I (can’t, couldn’t)
drive very (comfortably, conveniently). I (was repairing, repaired) the garage
roof when I (was falling, fell) off the ladder! I (didn’t, hadn’t) hurt myself
(bad, badly), thank goodness!
Anyway, we’ve decided (to have, having) a short (break, interval) next month
and spend it with some friends, who live (near, nearly) you, so (while,
until) we (stay, are staying) with them, we’ll come (over, about) and see
you all. In the meantime, take care (of, for) yourselves, will you? We’ll
look forward (seeing, to seeing) you all again.
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18. Dear Stephanie,
I’m writing (to tell, say) you about (a, the) discussion I had with my father
(last, the last) weekend. We (talked, said) for several (o’clock, hours) and
I told (him, his) all about the plans we’ve (made, done) for our business. At
first he wasn’t very (interesting, interested), he (said, told) he (didn’t think,
wasn’t thinking) we were (old enough, enough old) to run a business. However
I told him that we (have, had) already seen the bank manager (which, who)
said that the plan (seems, seemed) realistic. (So, Thus) then he sat down and
asked me (to talk, to tell) him how (many, much) money we’d (must, need) to
start with, and where we (sold, would sell) the stuff we made and so on.
Eventually he said (to, for) me, “OK, it’s a (well, good) plan. (Say, Tell)
Stephanie that I’ll (borrow, lend) you some money to get started”. (Honest,
Honestly), I couldn’t believe he (will, would) say it! Isn’t it (greatly, great)?
I’m really looking forward (for, to) seeing you next week so we can (tell,
talk) to him together and get things going.
All the best, Neville
***
1. A: Are you going to the meeting tomorrow?
B: Where …(1)… going to be?
A: At the home of some friends …(2)… .
B: …(3)… is it going to start?
A: If everyone …(4)… there on time, at about 8.30.
B: What are we going to …(5)… ?
A: Well, in this district a lot of parents have young children. They’re
not …(6)… school but there isn’t …(7)… for them.
B: So what can we do?
A: We must find someone …(8)… a big garden. Then we need
a teacher who likes children and can …(9)… .
B: …(10)… of my friends have big gardens, but I’ll still come to
the meeting.
A: Good.
1. a) is it
b) it is
c) is there
d) there is
2. a) to us
b) of us
c) to ours
d) of ours
3. a) Which hour 4. a) will get
b) Which time
b) shall get
c) What hour
c) get
d) What time
d) gets
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5. a) talk about
b) speak on
c) tell on
d) say about
6. a) old enough to
b) old enough for
c) enough old to
d) enough old for
7. a) somewhere other
b) somewhere else
c) anywhere other
d) anywhere else
8. a) having
b) which has
c) who have
d) with
9. a) look after it
b) looks after it
c) look after them
d) looks after them
10. a) Not any
b) Nobody
c) Neither
d) None
2.
Wednesday, 20 July
Dear Fred,
Thanks for your letter. It was …(1)… from you. Your new job sounds very
interesting and you …(2)… with it. I am still with the same firm that
I joined five years ago when we …(3)… . …(4)… I am happy there, I must
say that I sometimes feel that I …(5)… to move, but here in Bakewell there
are only …(6)… companies.
I like this town. What I like …(7)… living here is that it is quiet. Perhaps
I should say it was quiet …(8)… these big lorries started coming through the
town. Anyway, they only come through during the day, never …(9)… night.
If you have time before the end of the summer, why don’t you come and
…(10)… with us one weekend? That would be very pleasant.
I hope you are still well. Write again soon.
Yours, Terry
1. a) well to listen
b) well to hear
c) good to listen
d) good to hear
2. a) look pleased
b) seem pleased
c) look pleasing
d) seem pleasing
4. a) Although
b) Already
c) Because
d) Through
7. a) more about
b) most about
c) more of
d) most of
5. a) ought
b) should
c) would
d) must
8. a) as long as
b) as far as
c) when
d) until
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3. a) left school
b) left the school
c) have left school
d) have left the school
6. a) some
b) any
c) few
d) a few
9. a) during
10. a) live
b) at the
b) pass
c) in
c) stay
d) at
d) rest
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3. A:Hello, Mr. Fletcher. You look rather tired this morning.
B: I expect I do. I …(1)… to bed until four o’clock.
A:…(2)… a difficult journey back from Scotland, then?
B: Yes. The business trip was successful but the train arrived four hours
late and I …(3)… a taxi. In the end I …(4)… home and found my
wife …(5)… the door and she didn’t hear me when I rang the bell.
A:So what …(6)… then?
B: I thought I …(7)… to get in by breaking the kitchen window but
I cut …(8)… hand on the glass and fell on the dustbin. My wife
woke up and rang the police, thinking I was a thief. When they
came, they asked me …(9)… to the police station with them. But
my wife explained what had happened. The next time I …(10)…
in London late at night I’ll go to a hotel.
1. a) didn’t get
b) wasn’t
c) haven’t got
d) haven’t been
2. a) Had you
b) Did you have
c) Were you having
d) Have you had
3. a) must take
b) must be taking
c) must have taken
d) had to take
4. a) arrived in
b) arrived to
c) got
d) got to
5. a) has locked
b) had locked
c) locked
d) was locked
6. a) did you do
b) did you
c) you did
d) have you done
7. a) must
b) have
c) will have
d) would have
8. a) me the
b) myself the
c) my
d) me
9. a) that I went
b) that I would go
c) to go
d) for going
10. a) shall arrive
b) will arrive
c) am arriving
d) arrive
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4. Artists …(1)… draw pictures on the pavement with chalk used to be a
common sight …(2)… different parts of London, but …(3)… now.
Sometimes the pictures are very good. This is proved by the fact that one of
the …(4)… favourite tricks is to draw a pound note and see …(5)… try
…(6)… . The police usually treat pavement artists kindly and …(7)… in the
law against drawing on the pavement …(8)… the artist is …(9)… he gets a
large crowd around him and this prevents other people …(10)… freely along
the street.
1. a) who
2. a) at
b) which
b) for
c) what
c) by
d) whose
d) in
3. a) there are only left a few
b) there are only a few left
c) they are only left a few
d) they are only a few left
4. a) artists
b) artists’
c) artist’s
d) artist
5. a) the lot of people that
b) the amount of people what
c) how many people
d) how much people
6. a) picking up it
b) picking it up
c) to pick up it
d) to pick it up
7. a) there is nothing
b) there is anything
c) it is nothing
d) it is anything
8. a) even
b) whether
c) if not
d) unless
9. a) so good as
b) as good as
c) so good that
d) as good that
10. a) that they pass
b) that they don’t pass
c) from passing
d) to pass
5. Dear Juliet,
Thank you for your letter, which …(1)… here yesterday. It is a pity the
weather in Scotland was so bad; we have not had …(2)… weather here,
…(3)… . My mother says it is the …(4)… summer she …(5)… . While
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I …(6)… along the coast road the other day, there was a terrible storm. I
could not see and was afraid I …(7)… an accident, so I stopped the car
and waited …(8)… . Some people say men drive …(9)… than women but I
don’t agree. It …(10)… me a long time to get home, but at least I arrived
safely.
1. a) arrived
b) arrived to
c) has arrived
d) has arrived to
2. a) a good
b) good
c) one good
d) some good
3. a) also
b) too
c) either
d) neither
4. a) more bad
b) most bad
c) worse
d) worst
5. a) can remember
b) can remind
c) may remember
d) may remind
6. a) drove
b) had driven
c) have driven
d) was driving
7. a) had
b) had had
c) would have
d) will have
9. a) more careful
b) most careful
c) more carefully
d) most carefully
8. a) for the storm passing
b) for the storm to pass
c) the storm passing
d) the storm to pass
10. a) has taken
b) took
c) takes
d) was
6. There was a nasty …(1)… at Newton crossroads yesterday morning.
A bus overturned, and …(2)… of the passengers were badly …(3)… .
Several …(4)… helped to pull people out of the wreckage and give them
first aid …(5)… help arrived. Soon the injured …(6)… to the nearest
hospital …(7)… ambulance but …(8)… so many that the casualty
department there …(9)… difficulty in treating them all. Most of the
passengers …(10)… to be suffering from severe …(11)… .
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1. a) event
b) accident
c) happening
d) emergency
2. a) few
b) the few
c) some
d) any
3. a) pained
b) wounded
c) knocked down
d) injured
4. a) bystanders
b) supporters
c) audience
d) spectators
5. a) while
b) until
c) unless
d) after
6. a) were brought
b) took
c) were taken
d) brought
7. a) with
b) on
c) in
d) by
8. a) there was
b) it was
c) they were
d) it were
9. a) have
b) had
c) has had
d) had had
10. a) had been found
b) founded
c) were found
d) had found
11. a) surprise
b) shock
c) worry
d) nervousness
7. I am going to the Mediterranean for my holidays next week. I …(1)… to
stay with my grandfather in the country. He is …(2)… man and always
…(3)… cheerful but I …(4)… be with my friends though I wouldn’t like
…(5)… by …(6)… so I’m going to Mallorca with Jane and Elizabeth.
Elizabeth …(7)… there before. She is looking forward to …(8)… on the
beach all day. Of course the weather there is …(9)… in England. They say
it is very hot there at the moment, so I hope it is …(10)… fine when we
arrive.
1. a) usually go
b) am usually going
c) usually am going
3. a) looks
b) looks like
c) looks to be
2. a) an old wonderful
b) an old and wonderful
c) a wonderful old
4. a) would better
b) would better to
c) would rather
5. a) him upsetting
b) upsetting him
c) to upset him
6. a) saying
b) telling
c) telling to
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7. a) has been
b) has gone
c) went
9. a) more good than
b) better than
c) better that
8. a) laying
b) lie
c) lying
10. a) already
b) no longer
c) still
8. I had a bad tooth so my wife …(1)… to the dentist. “It …(2)… serious”,
she said, “but you …(3)… make sure”. At first I …(4)… . Going to the
dentist’s always …(5)… something that happened when I was a child.
I went to the dentist’s to …(6)… and the dentist …(7)… was usually there
was ill. I asked his assistant to give me gas …(8)… the pain. When I woke
up, he was …(9)… my mother for having taken the wrong tooth out.
I explained this to my wife. “…(10)… coward you are!” she said.
1. a) said me to go
b) said me that I went
c) told me to go
d) told me that I went
3. a) had better
b) would better
c) had rather
d) would rather
5. a) remembers me of
b) remembers me to
c) reminds me of
d) reminds me to
7. a) what
b) which
c) who
d) whom
9. a) apologizing
b) apologizing to
c) pardoning
d) pardoning to
2. a) may be not
b) may not be
c) must be not
d) must not be
4. a) denied going
b) denied to go
c) refused going
d) refused to go
6. a) have a tooth taken out
b) have taken out a tooth
c) take a tooth out
d) take out a tooth
8. a) for not feel
b) for not feeling
c) not to feel
d) so as not to feel
10. a) So
b) Such a
c) What
d) What a
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9. A:Hello, Janet. What was the film like last night? Is it worth …(1)… ?
B: I wish I …(2)… tell you, but we didn’t manage to see it.
A:I thought you said you …(3)… going to the Ritz.
B: I know. But …(4)… hundreds of people outside the cinema when
we got there. If we …(5)… the film was going to be so popular,
John would have booked the tickets in advance, but we didn’t
expect that …(6)… .
A:So what …(7)… ?
B: We waited outside for half an hour, but it was no good, so we
…(8)… home and watched the television.
A:What a pity! That …(9)… disappointing.
B: Yes. I’ve told John that the next time we …(10)… to the cinema,
we’ll get the tickets beforehand.
1. a) see
b) to see
c) seeing
d) to be seen
2. a) should
b) would
c) might
d) could
3. a) are
b) were
c) have been
d) should be
4. a) there were
b) there have
c) they were
d) they have been
5. a) had known
b) would have known
c) knew
d) should have known
6. a) so much people would come
b) so many people would come
c) there would come so much people
d) there would come so many people
7. a) did you
b) were you doing
c) you did
d) did you do
8. a) went to
b) were going to
c) went
d) were going
9. a) should have been
b) ought to have been
c) must have been
d) had to be
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10. a) will have gone
b) shall go
c) will go
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10. Every Thursday I have lunch with my old friend Jason, …(1)… I have
known …(2)… we were at school together. Last Thursday, he arrived late,
…(3)… was unusual because he always comes on time. I asked …(4)…
late. “I’ve had a bit of a shock”, he said. “On my way here, a little girl ran
out in front of the car. …(5)… I managed to brake in time, I can’t help
thinking of what would have happened if I …(6)… killed her. I …(7)… to
my wife, …(8)… warned me that the roads would be icy today and suggested
…(9)… by train. But I insisted …(10)… by car.”
“Well, shocks like this are typical of …(11)… ,” I said. “…(12)… the child
wasn’t hurt, there’s no need to worry. In your position, if I …(13)… she
was all right, I’d forget about the whole thing.”
“Yes, perhaps you’re right”, he said. “All the same, I wish I …(14)… my
wife’s advice. I had to stop for a minute because I was trembling so much
that I …(15)… go on”.
1. a) that
b) for
c) which
d) whom
2. a) for
b) since
c) when
d) while
3. a) that
b) this
c) what
d) which
4. a) him why he was
b) him why was he
c) to him why he was
d) to him why was he
5. a) Although
b) However
c) In spite
d) In spite of
6. a) had
b) may have
c) should have
d) would have
7. a) had to listen
b) must have listened
c) should have listened
d) would have listened
8. a) that
b) which
c) who
d) whom
9. a) me come
b) me to come
c) to me coming
d) I should come
10. a) for coming
b) in coming
c) on coming
d) to come
11. a) modern life
b) modern living
c) the modern life
d) the modern living
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12. a) Although
b) In case
c) So long as
d) Unless
13. a) know
b) was knowing
c) knew
d) would know
14. a) had taken
b) took
c) should have taken
d) would have taken
15. a) couldn’t
b) hadn’t to
c) may not
d) might not
THINK OF ONE WORD WHICH CAN BE USED TO FILL IN EACH GAP
IN THE TEXTS BELOW.
1. Florence Nightingale is seen 1) … many people as the founder of the
nursing profession. Known 2) … The Lady with the Lamp, she helped
save lives of thousands of sick and wounded soldiers. She was also a role
model for women 3) … wanted careers.
Florence was 4) … in 1820 into a wealthy British family. As she grew 5) …
she had a special calling to help others. At the 6) … of 33 she organized
a hospital for women in London. Then in 1854, Britain and France went
to war with Russia. Florence was asked to take 7) … of soldiers who were
dying 8) … to the terrible hospital conditions. She made the hospital a clean
and organized place. When she returned to England, she set 9) … a training
school for nurses. She was the first woman 10) ... receive the medal called
the British Order of Merit.
2. The language “Esperanto” is about 120 years 1) … . It doesn’t come
from 2) … country. It was created 3) … a Pole, Pr. L. L. Zamenhof. The
word “Esperanto” means someone 4) … hopes.
Sadly, the fact that Esperanto doesn’t have 5) … own country or culture
causes some problems. For example, 6) … country uses Esperanto in
schools, and 7) … people learn it 8) … their own language. Its speakers
come 9) … all over the world, but they also have their 10) … languages. At
the moment 11) … are only around two million speakers of Esperanto in
the world but more 12) … 700 million speakers of English!
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3. Geraldine always wanted to be a ballet dancer, from a young age. She
started lessons 1) … she was only five years 2) … . She 3) … determined to
get to the top. She knew 4) … to achieve her dream. She needed to be very
hard working, eat properly and get enough sleep. Her parents were very
5) … of their daughter and her talent. 6) … she was tiny 7) … a small
child, she quickly grew taller. Soon the worst happened: she became 8) …
tall for classical ballet. She was very sad about this, but her teacher told
her to be positive and suggested that she take 9) … Modern Dance.
Geraldine followed her advice, and became a very successful dance
teacher. She tells all her pupils that however 10) … you work, some things
are a question of luck.
4. Sarah and Robbie both work in a fashion boutique in London. But they
are more 1) … just colleagues — they are brother and sister. Their parents
own the shop. They weren’t very close 2) … they were young. Sarah is
eight years older 3) … her brother and they used to argue a lot. Then
Sarah 4) … to college and 5) … a degree in fashion, and started working for
her father. Robbie tried to go his own way. But about two years ago he
joined Sarah in the family shop after all. Actually, it’s worked out brilliantly.
They are good 6) … different things. Robbie is interested in display and the
look of the shop, but Sarah decides 7) ... clothes they sell. They get 8) …
much better now, and even see each 9) … outside of work! Their business
talents are different, but they 10) … like the same music and movies.
5. One of the 1) … famous April fool hoaxes was on April 15, 1957, on
BBC television. The programme “Panorama”, a serious news
programme still running today, showed a short film 2) … a family of
Swiss spaghetti farmers who grew spaghetti on trees. The TV audience
watched 3) … Swiss family pulling pasta off the “spaghetti trees” and
putting it 4) … baskets. The programme said 5) … was lots of spaghetti in
Switzerland that year, because it had been a warm winter and 6) ...
hadn’t snowed very much, so the spaghetti had grown very well. Almost
7) … well as in Italy, in fact. Surprisingly, many viewers believed the
programme! The BBC was flooded 8) … calls, and when curious viewers
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asked how they could grow their 9) … spaghetti trees, the BBC reportedly
replied that they should place a sprig of spaghetti in a tin of tomato
sauce and hope for the best.
One reason that people believed it is that spaghetti was not a common
food in Britain in the 1950s and 10) … considered by many to be foreign
and very exotic.
6. MSF stands 1) … Medecins Sans Frontières, which in English can
2) … translated 3) … Doctors Without Frontiers. This charity works 4) …
over the world, where it does two things. Firstly, it tries to provide medical
help whenever this is needed, regardless of race, gender, religion or politics.
Secondly, it aims to let people know about global problems, 5) … as poverty,
which occur in many different parts of the world. MSF doctors work in
emergency situations in 6) … than eighty countries. Doctors always go
where they 7) … needed most. They help countries too poor to support
medical services over a long time. One example of MSF’s work is in Brazil.
The invasion of the outside world into Indian life 8) … brought diseases
9) … the Indians never had before. “White diseases” 10) … now become
common among the Indians and MSF is working with them in 11) ... to
train health workers to recognize these diseases faster.
7. While David’s friends collect pictures of football players, he prefers 1) …
collect pictures of birds. When he 2) … school, he wants to go to university
and study zoology. He enjoys 3) … at birds and reading about them more
than anything 4) … . David decided to take 5) … birdwatching when he was
very young. His dad is a birdwatcher and always used to take David whenever
he went on birdwatching trips. Now his dad sometimes lets him go on his
6) … . David’s friends 7) … most of their free time playing basketball, but as
8) … as David finishes his homework, he takes his binoculars and bird book
and sets out for the forest not far from 9) ... he lives. He sits under a tree and
waits quietly 10) … a bird arrives. Sometimes he manages to see some really
rare birds even it he does have to wait a long 11) … for them to appear. But
he doesn’t 12) … waiting. When he spots a bird he hasn’t seen before, he
looks it up in his bird book and goes home feeling happy.
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8. Sydney Opera House 1) … opened in 1973. Since 2) … it has appeared
on T shirts, postcards, in books, on travel programmes and in millions of
photo albums. Thanks 3) … its unique shape, Sydney Opera House is one
of the 4) … photographed buildings in the world!
The building was built by a Danish architect 5) … John Utzon. Utzon
gave the building its unusual look 6) … creating a roof which looked 7) …
palm tree fronds. Work first started on the Opera House in 1957. The
Australian government gave Utzon $7 million and just four years 8) …
finish it. Unfortunately, there were lots of delays 9) … well as money
problems, so the Opera House wasn’t actually finished 10) … 1973. By
then the total cost of the building was over $100 million!
Today the Opera House is 11) … of the busiest performing arts centres in
the world. It has around 3,000 events every year 12) … are watched by over
two million people.
9. One of the strongest global products today is “Coca Cola”. In Great
Britain alone over 10 billion “Coca Cola” products 1) … consumed each
year. 2) … fact in many countries soft drinks 3) … become more popular
than traditional drinks. Tea 4) … to be Britain’s number one drink, but
today the average British person drinks 188 litres of soft drinks 5) … year,
but only 157 litres of tea.
Why is “Coca Cola” 6) … popular? The main reason is its powerful
marketing. The Coca Cola company sponsors global events. From Beijing
to Boston, people know the “Coca Cola” brand. Positive slogans 7) … as
“Things Go Better with Coke”, “It’s the Real Thing” and “Coke is It”
associate “Coca Cola” with good experiences 8) … feeling happy. Yet 9) …
“Coca Cola” is an American company, only 10) … third of its sales are in
North America. Most of its sales are from the rest of the world.
10. Nowadays almost 1) … teenager has access to the Internet. Most people
surf the Internet on computers in their homes. A 2) … people go to cyber
cafes. However, cyber cafes are mostly used by people 3) … travel abroad.
This is because it is cheaper to email family and friends than to 4) …
a phone call.
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Young people use the Internet 5) … many different reasons. A lot of young
people use the Internet at school to get interesting stuff for homework and
projects. Many also use it 6) … email their friends.
People are using the Internet 7) … and more, for everything 8) …
entertainment to research. Teenagers 9) … have Internet access also visit
fan sites and chat rooms. In the future, the Internet will be accessible not
10) … on computers, 11) … also on mobile phones. Shopping will become
more popular with young people in the future as 12) … .
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PART III
EVALUATION OF
LEARNERS’ SKILLS IN
READING
COMPREHENSION
TEST 1
Read the text carefully and do the exercises that follow.
I am now more than glad that I did not pass into the grammar school five
years ago, although I was disappointed at the time. I was always good at
English, but not so good at the other subjects. I am glad that I went to the
secondary modern school, because it was only constructed the year before.
Therefore, it was much more hygienic than the grammar school.
I am seventeen years of age, and left school two years ago. I had my
A certificate for typing, so I got my first job in a solicitor’s office. Mum was
pleased with this, and Dad said it was a first class start, as it was an old
established firm. I must say that when I went for the interview, I was surprised
at the windows, and the stairs up to the offices were also far from clean.
I was to start on the Monday, so along I went. They took me to the general
office, where there were two senior hand typists and a clerk. You should
have seen the mess! There was no floor covering whatsoever, and it was so
dusty everywhere. The box files were falling to pieces and all the old papers
inside them were crumpled. The worst shock of all was the tea cups. It
was my duty to make tea, mornings and afternoons. Miss Bewlay showed
me where everything was kept. It was kept in an old orange box, and the
cups were all cracked. There were not enough saucers to go round, etc.
After three days I told Mum and she was upset, most of all about the
cracked cups. So Mum gave me my own cup to take to the office.
I. Mark the statements below as “True” or “False”.
1. If the girl had been good at all the subjects she would have passed
into the grammar school.
2. The building of the secondary modern school was much newer
than that of the grammar school.
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3. The girl was good at typing.
4. The girl’s parents thought she was lucky to get a job in a
solicitor’s office.
5. The girl was surprised at the clean windows of the building.
6. The girl didn’t like the office because it was very untidy.
7. The girl’s mother was upset because her daughter’s duty was to
make tea mornings and afternoons.
II. Write questions for these answers.
1. The secondary modern school was more hygienic than the grammar
school. (Which … ?)
2. Two years ago. (When … ?)
3. The girl’s father said her job was a first class start. (Who … ?)
4. The solicitor’s office was an old established firm. (Alternative)
5. It was the girl’s duty. (Whose … ?)
6. No, it was very untidy. (General)
7. They were kept in an old orange box. (Where … ?)
III. Choose appropriate Russian equivalents for the following English phrases
and sentences.
1. I am more than glad…
a) Я более рада…
b) Я более, чем рада…
c) Я больше не рада…
2. …although I was disappointed at the time.
a) …хотя какое то время я испытывала разочарование.
b) …хотя в то время я испытала разочарование.
c) …хотя мое разочарование было недолгим.
3. …left school two years ago.
a) …оставила школу два года назад.
b) …ушла из школы два года назад.
c) …окончила школу два года назад.
4. It was a first class start.
a) Это был первоклассный старт.
b) Это было прекрасным началом.
c) Это было лишь самое начало.
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5. I was to start on the Monday.
a) Я приступила к работе в понедельник.
b) Я стартовала в понедельник.
c) Я должна была приступить к работе в понедельник.
6. There were not enough saucers to go round.
a) He хватало на всех блюдец.
b) Не было достаточно блюдец для круглого стола.
c) Не хватало блюдец, куда ни посмотри.
TEST 2
Read the text carefully and do the exercises that follow.
I found the puppy by the roadside one summer evening. I had no idea how
much trouble a growing dog could cause. My cleaning and repair bills
doubled; I could never be sure of finding an undamaged pair of shoes and
an unchewed copy of the astrophysical journal. But finally, the puppy
became a well trained dog. She was the only dog that was ever allowed to
come into the Observatory. She lay there quietly for hours while I was
busy, quite happy if she could hear my voice from time to time. The other
astronomers also became fond of her, but from the beginning she was my
dog, and obeyed no one else. Not that she always obeyed me.
She was a beautiful animal, about 95 per cent Alsatian. It was because of
that missing 5 per cent, I think, that her masters abandoned her. (I still get
angry when I think of it.) Except for two dark patches over her eyes, she was
a smoky grey, and her coat was soft and silky. She was very intelligent, and
when I was discussing spectral types of evolution of stars with my colleagues,
it was hard to believe that she was not following the conversation.
Even now I cannot understand why she became so attached to me, as
I have made very few friends among human beings. Yet when I returned to
the Observatory after an absence she would go almost frantic with delight,
all the time uttering small squeaks of joy, which seemed strange for so
large a dog. I tried not to leave her for more than a few days and though
I could not take her with me on overseas trips, she accompanied me on
most of my journeys.
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I. Mark the statements below as “True” or “False”.
1. The puppy often damaged the narrator’s shoes and journals.
2. Dogs weren’t generally allowed to come into the Observatory.
3. The dog obeyed the narrator only.
4. The narrator thought that the dog’s masters had lost it.
5. The dog was so intelligent that she followed the narrator’s
conversations with his colleagues.
6. The narrator was a very sociable person.
7. The narrator couldn’t take the dog on all his trips.
II. Write questions for the following answers.
1. Yes, the puppy caused his master a lot of troubles. (General)
2. Yes, they were fond of the dog, too. (Disjunctive)
3. The dog was a smoky grey. (What … ?)
4. Because she wasn’t 100 per cent Alsatian. (Why … ?)
5. The narrator has made very few friends. (Alternative)
6. When her master returned to the Observatory after an absence.
(When … ?)
7. No, he couldn’t take her with him. (General)
III. Choose appropriate Russian equivalents for the following English phrases
and sentences.
1. I had no idea how much trouble a growing dog could cause.
a) Я не представлял, что подрастающая собака доставляет одни
хлопоты.
b) Я не представлял, сколько хлопот может доставить подрас
тающая собака.
c) Я не думал, что вырастить собаку доставит мне много хло
пот.
2. My cleaning and repair bills doubled.
a) Мои счета за уборку и починку выросли вдвое.
b) На уборку и починку у меня теперь уходило вдвое больше
времени.
c) Уборки и починки стало в два раза больше.
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3. She was the only dog that was ever allowed to come into the Observatory.
a) Она была единственной собакой, которой когда либо раз
решалось заходить в Обсерваторию.
b) Она была единственной собакой, которой было разрешено
жить на территории Обсерватории.
c) Она была одинокой собакой, которой всегда разрешалось
заходить в Обсерваторию.
4. …from the beginning she was my dog.
a) …в начале она была моей собакой.
b) …начать с того, что это была моя собака.
c) …с самого начала она была моей собакой.
5. Not that she always obeyed me.
a) Но не всегда она подчинялась только мне.
b) Но и мне она подчинялась не всегда.
c) Она никогда мне не подчинялась.
TEST 3
Read the text carefully and do the exercises that follow.
When I went to a seminar at Berkley I took my dog Laika with me. We
were staying with University friends. They obviously did not like having
a monster in the house but reluctantly let Laika sleep in the living room.
“You needn’t worry about burglars tonight”, I said. “We don’t have any in
Berkley”, they answered rather coldly.
In the middle of the night, it seemed that they were wrong. I was awakened
by a hysterical barking of Laika, which I had heard only once before —
when she had first seen a cow and did not understand what it was. Angry,
I got up and went to the door to silence Laika before she awoke my hosts,
if it was not already too late. She was scratching frantically at the door,
pausing from time to time to give that hysterical barking.
“If you want out”, I said angrily, “there’s no need for all that fuss”. I went
down, opened the door and she took off into the night like a rocket.
It was very quiet and still with the moon struggling to get through the fog.
I stood in the morning haze waiting for Laika to come back when the San
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Francisco earthquake, one of the strongest in the 20th century, began. What
happened afterwards, I would prefer to forget. The Red Cross did not take
me away until late the next morning because I refused to leave Laika. As I
looked at the destroyed house where were the bodies of my friends, I knew
that I owed my life to her. But the helicopter pilots thought that I was mad
like so many of the others they had found among the fires and the ruins.
After that we were never apart for more than a few hours.
I. Mark the statements below as “True” or “False”.
1. The narrator’s friends were not very willing to let Laika sleep in the
house.
2. Laika’s behaviour in the middle of the night was very unusual.
3. Laika awoke everyone in the house by her hysterical barking.
4. Very unwillingly the author had to follow Laika outside.
5. The narrator didn’t notice anything out of the ordinary while he
was waiting for Laika.
6. The narrator doesn’t remember what happened after the earthquake
began.
7. After what happened in San Francisco the dog and his master
became inseparable.
II. Write questions for these answers.
1. We were staying with University friends. (Who … ?)
2. He went to the door to silence Laika. (What … ?)
3. She was scratching at the door and barking hysterically. (What … ?)
4. Yes, he was angry with the dog. (Disjunctive)
5. It was very quiet and still outside. (Alternative)
6. The San Francisco earthquake began. (What … ?)
7. Because he refused to leave his dog. (Why … ?)
III. Choose appropriate Russian equivalents for the following English phrases
and sentences.
1. We were staying with University friends.
a) Мы оставались у друзей по университету.
b) Мы остановились у друзей по университету.
c) Мы стояли с друзьями по университету.
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2. When she had first seen a cow…
a) Когда она в первый раз увидела корову…
b) Когда она первой увидела корову…
c) Когда она сначала увидела корову…
3. …there’s no need for all that fuss.
a) …незачем так волноваться.
b) …незачем так злиться.
c) …незачем поднимать такой шум.
4. What happened afterwards, I would prefer to forget.
a) О том, что случилось потом, я предпочел забыть.
b) О том, что случилось потом, мне нельзя забывать.
c) О том, что случилось потом, я предпочел бы забыть.
5. The Red Cross did not take me away until the next morning.
a) Работники Красного Креста увезли меня только на следу
ющее утро.
b) Работники Красного Креста не увезли меня и на следую
щее утро.
c) Работники Красного Креста увезли бы меня, если бы не
наступило утро.
6. We were never apart for more than a few hours.
a) Нас никогда не разлучали более, чем на несколько часов.
b) Мы никогда не расставались более, чем на несколько часов.
c) Мы никогда не прощались, расставаясь на несколько часов.
TEST 4
Read the text carefully and do the exercises that follow.
Susie accepted a friend’s invitation to spend the winter in Italy. Margaret
had not written to her, and she could not make herself write to her. In
Rome Susie had news of Haddo and his wife. They had spent some time
there, and the little English circle was still talking of their eccentricities.
Haddo had excited attention by the extravagance of his costume and
manner, and Margaret by her beauty. She was seen in her box at the opera
every night, and her diamonds were the envy of all women. But suddenly
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the pair had disappeared without saying a word to anybody. It was reported
that they were now in Monte Carlo.
Susie had intended to pass the spring on the Riviera, but when she heard
that the Haddos were there, she hesitated. She did not want to run the risk
of seeing them, and yet she had a keen desire to find out exactly how
things were going. At last curiosity won and she went to Monte Carlo.
After two or three days she saw them at the tables, but they were so absorbed
in their game that they did not notice her. Margaret was playing, but
Haddo stood behind her and directed her movements. Susie was unable to
recognize in her the girl who had been her friend.
Susie learned that the Haddos had rooms in the most expensive of the
hotels. They knew few English, but seemed to prefer the society of those
foreigners whose wealth and eccentricities made them the centre of that
little world. Several times when Susie saw Margaret, she seemed to be in
the highest spirits. Then the same thing that had happened in Rome
happened here again; they suddenly disappeared.
I. Mark the statements below as “True” or “False”.
1. Before her journey to Rome Susie didn’t have any news of Margaret.
2. The stay of Margaret and her husband in Rome didn’t pass
unnoticed.
3. Margaret attracted everybody’s attention not so much by her beauty
as by her diamonds.
4. Susie had hesitated for some time before she decided to go to
Monte Carlo.
5. Susie went to Monte Carlo because she wanted to know more about
her former friend.
6. Margaret looked very different from what she used to be.
7. Most of the people with whom the Haddos mixed were English.
II. Write questions for the following answers.
1. She accepted her friend’s invitation. (Whose … ?)
2. Susie had news of Haddo and his wife in Rome. (Where … ?)
3. Because she heard that the Haddos were there. (Why … ?)
4. No, she didn’t want the Haddos to see her. (Disjunctive)
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5. She wanted to find out exactly how things were going. (What … ?)
6. Because they were absorbed in their game. (Why … ?)
7. They had rooms in the most expensive of the hotels. (Where … ?)
8. They knew few English. (Alternative)
III. Choose appropriate Russian equivalents for the following English phrases
and sentences.
1. She could not make herself write to her.
a) Она не могла себя заставить написать ей.
b) Она никак не могла написать ей.
c) Она не могла не написать ей.
2. Haddo had excited attention by the extravagance of his costume
and manner.
a) Хаддо волновал людей экстравагантностью своего костю
ма и манер.
b) Хаддо привлекал внимание экстравагантностью своей одеж
ды и манер.
c) Хаддо обращал внимание на одежду и манеры поведения.
3. The pair had disappeared without saying a word to anybody.
a) Парочка исчезла в полном молчании.
b) Они оба исчезли, не сказав никому ни слова.
c) Они оба ускользнули, не поговорив ни с кем.
4. And yet she had a keen desire to find out exactly how things were
going.
a) И еще у нее было острое желание узнать, как идут дела.
b) Ей все еще очень хотелось разузнать всю правду.
c) И все же ей очень хотелось узнать точно, как обстоят дела.
5. She seemed to be in the highest spirits.
a) Она казалась очень взволнованной.
b) Она, казалось, была в прекрасном настроении.
c) Казалось, что она была навеселе.
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TEST 5
Read the text carefully and do the exercises that follow.
Profulla Mohanti qualified as an architect in India and came to Britain to
study town planning. Mohanti describes some of his experiences in Britain.
Although I had stayed in England for over a year, it was difficult for me to
understand the British mind. Travelling to the office every day by train
I watched people hiding their faces behind newspapers. They rarely talked
to each other, occasionally lifting their eyebrows to look at their fellow
passengers. But when I started a conversation under the pretext of the
weather I found many had a natural gift for gossip. They would go on
telling me all about themselves and their families. Sometimes I was even
given their telephone numbers and asked to look them up. At first I took
their invitations at face value, but when I rang and heard the surprised
tone “Who?”, I felt embarrassed and pretended I had got the wrong number.
I had to learn to say “please”, “sorry”, “thank you”, whether I felt it or not.
Once, when buying a ticket at Waterloo, I forgot to say “please”. The man
at the counter was offended and would not give me the ticket until I had
said “please”. When he handed me the ticket he said, “Say “thank you””.
As I was getting into the train, an Englishwoman pushed me with her
shoulders, said “sorry”, and hurried inside to take the only vacant seat.
On the way to the office one morning a man collapsed in my compartment.
At Waterloo everybody left, but I stayed with him until the ambulance
arrived and was an hour late getting to the office. I was told it was not my
job to look after strangers.
I. Mark the statements below as “True” or “False”.
1. Profulla thought the British mind was difficult to understand.
2. Profulla was the first to talk to his fellow passengers.
3. Profulla’s fellow passengers were pleased when he gave them a ring.
4. Profulla was accustomed to saying “please” and “sorry” when he felt it.
5. The Englishwoman who pushed Profulla apologized but he thought
she wasn’t really sorry.
6. Several people offered their assistance when a man collapsed in
Profulla’s compartment.
7. Profulla’s boss didn’t approve of his behaviour at Waterloo.
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II. Write questions for these answers.
1. It was difficult. (Alternative)
2. The pretext of the weather. (What … ?)
3. They told him about themselves and their families. (What … ?)
4. Yes, he thought their invitations were sincere. (Disjunctive)
5. When buying a ticket at Waterloo. (When … ?)
6. He said: “Say “thank you””. (What … ?)
7. Until the ambulance arrived. (How long … ?)
8. Because he was an hour late for his office. (Why … ?)
III. Choose appropriate Russian equivalents for the following English phrases
and sentences.
1. It was difficult for me to understand…
a) Меня понимали с трудом…
b) Было трудно для меня понять…
c) Мне трудно было понять…
2. They would go on telling me…
a) Они рассказывали мне…
b) Они расскажут мне…
c) Они продолжали рассказывать мне…
3. I was… asked to look them up.
a) Меня … просили взглянуть на них.
b) Меня … приглашали заглянуть к ним.
c) Меня … просили смотреть на них почтительно.
4. An Englishwoman… hurried inside to take the only vacant seat.
a) Англичанка … быстро прошла в вагон и заняла единственное
свободное место.
b) Англичанка … поспешила вовнутрь для того, чтобы только
занять вакантное место.
c) Англичанка … быстро прошла вовнутрь и заняла только
одно свободное место.
5. I was an hour late getting to the office.
a) Я целый час добирался до конторы.
b) Я добрался до офиса, когда было поздно.
c) Я опоздал на работу на один час.
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TEST 6
Read the text carefully and do the exercises that follow.
Gary Kasparov, who became the youngest ever world champion at the age
of twenty two is the most exciting chess player since the American Bobby
Fisher, who retired ten years ago. He is like a magnet with its powerful
magnetic field. The power and glamour which characterize his style of
chessplaying are also present in his private life.
From an ethnic minority group in Baku on the Caspian Sea he has rapidly
become enormously popular amongst Soviet chess enthusiasts. This has
led to bitter rivalry with the established Russian chess star, Anatoly Karpov.
The two players have totally different approaches to chess and to life.
Kasparov is lively, flamboyant, athletic. He enjoys soccer, badminton,
swimming, cycling and jogging — and he brings the energy and excitement
of these sports to his chess. Because of this flamboyant style, Kasparov’s
games are a joy to watch and bring the Grandmasters to their feet in
applause. Karpov, in contrast, appears gentle, conservative, not very strong.
But his cool appearance hides a will of iron which enables him to be the
world’s top chess player for ten years. He works hard, he is sensible and
reliable. He uses accuracy, technique and a profound understanding of
the game. Opponents say that when you play Karpov you feel like you are
playing a brain surgeon. He takes you apart with a minimum pain. Playing
Kasparov, on the other hand, is like facing a whirlwind and having the
breath knocked out of you with every move.
I. Mark the statements below as “True” or “False”.
1. None of the world chess champions was younger than Kasparov.
2. There has never been a more exciting chess player than Kasparov.
3. The two players have different approaches to chess but not to life.
4. Kasparov attracts other Grandmasters by his flamboyant style.
5. Karpov is gentle and not very strong.
6. Karpov’s understanding of the game is profound but he lacks will
and strength.
7. Playing Kasparov is less exciting than playing Karpov.
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II. Write questions for these answers.
1. He retired ten years ago. (When … ?)
2. He comes from Baku on the Caspian Sea. (Where … ?)
3. Yes, they are totally different. (General)
4. He enjoys soccer, badminton and other sports. (What … ?)
5. Kasparov’s games are a joy to watch. (Whose … ?)
6. Karpov works hard. (Alternative)
7. Yes, he understands the game profoundly. (General)
8. His will of iron enables him to be the world’s top chessplayer for ten
years. (What … ?)
III. Choose appropriate Russian equivalents for the following English phrases
and sentences.
1. …who retired ten years ago.
a) …который ушел в отставку 10 лет назад.
b) …который оставил шахматы 10 лет назад.
c) …который уединился 10 лет тому назад.
2. Karpov, in contrast, appears gentle.
a) Карпов в контрасте выглядит спокойным.
b) Карпов только по контрасту кажется спокойным.
c) Карпов, напротив, кажется спокойным.
3. …his cool appearance hides a will of iron.
a) …за его холодным внешним видом прячется железная воля.
b) …за его спокойной внешностью скрывается железная воля.
c) …его холодная внешность говорит о железной воле.
4. …you feel like you are playing a surgeon.
a) …ощущение такое, что вы играете с хирургом.
b) …ощущение такое, что вы играете хирурга.
c) …вы расположены играть как хирург.
5. …on the other hand …
a) …по другую сторону …
b) …с противоположной стороны …
c) …с другой стороны …
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TEST 7
Read the text carefully and do the exercises that follow.
Young people in Britain are concerned most about getting a job, about
nuclear war and weapons and about famine and world poverty. But around
a quarter of those interviewed said nothing much concerned them at all.
These are the main findings from a national sample of 10—17 year old
young people interviewed in October, 1991 and asked two main questions:
which of the problems facing this country today worries you most. They
were also asked what other problems they thought important.
Of national problems, unemployment is the most widely felt, followed
closely by nuclear weapons and war. Third are crime and violence. These
were the only widespread concerns, although many other problems were
mentioned by fewer young people.
Age was a major influence on what worried youngsters. For instance,
there was a dramatic rise in concern about unemployment as a major
problem as respondents got older. Worries about nuclear questions also
increased with age while younger people were more bothered about violence
and crime. Famine and poverty were more likely to be mentioned by 10—
11 year olds than 16—17 year olds.
Young people, especially as they grow older, appear to share many, if not
all, of the concerns of their parents. Young people are also worried by
issues as diverse as the Channel Tunnel and the spread of litter,
overpopulation and acid rain.
I. Mark the statements below as “True” or “False”.
1. Every young man in Britain is concerned about getting a job.
2. Young people were asked about the problems, that they face in their
everyday life.
3. A lot of young people are worried about crime and violence.
4. The problems young people are worried about depend on their age.
5. Younger children are not worried about famine and poverty.
6. Younger children share their parents’ concerns more than older
children.
7. None of the interviewed mentioned such issues as overpopulation
and acid rain.
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II. Write questions for these answers.
1. Around a quarter of those interviewed. (How many … ?)
2. The young people were from 10 to 17. (How … ?)
3. Unemployment worries young people most of all. (What … ?)
4. Yes, other problems were mentioned, too. (Disjunctive)
5. Age was a major influence. (What … ?)
6. Younger children are more bothered about violence and crime.
(Alternative)
7. Older children are worried about unemployment and nuclear
weapons. (What … ?)
8. Yes, they are worried about much the same problems. (General)
III. Choose appropriate Russian equivalents for the following English phrases
and sentences.
1. …nothing much concerned them at all …
a) …это не имеет к ним никакого отношения …
b) …их вообще ничего не беспокоит …
c) …их абсолютно ничего не интересует …
2. …the main findings …
a) …основные находки …
b) …основные открытия …
c) …основные результаты …
3. …what other problems they thought important …
a) …какие еще проблемы они считают важными …
b) …о каких других проблемах они серьезно думают …
c) …о каких еще важных проблемах они думают …
4. …as respondents got older …
a) …когда возраст опрашиваемых увеличился …
b) …по мере того, как увеличивался возраст опрашиваемых …
c) …так как возраст опрашиваемых увеличился …
5. …a dramatic rise …
a) …трагичное увеличение …
b) …драматичное увеличение …
c) …разительное увеличение …
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TEST 8
Read the text carefully and do the exercises that follow.
Some friends of mine dropped in for a chat the other day and we talked till
two in the morning. We were talking about all the rebuilding that’s been
going on in our town over the past few years. About ten years ago the local
council started pulling down a lot of old buildings and putting up modern
blocks of flats in their place. This was the first phase of a redevelopment
plan and it seemed a good idea as long as they pulled down the slums
which were falling apart anyway. However, when the first phase was over,
the council wanted to go ahead with the second phase. This involved
pulling down well built old houses in the town centre to clear out the area
to make room for a modern indoor shopping centre. The conservationists
couldn’t stand by while perfectly adequate buildings were destroyed. After
numerous protest meetings the council were forced to stop. A committee
was set up to look into the situation. When the committee’s report came
the council had to give up the idea of building the shopping centre where
they had originally planned. Unfortunately they’ve come up with an
alternative scheme, which is to build the shopping centre in the area I live
in. What they want to do is to knock down my house!
I. Mark the statements below as “True” or “False”.
1. The friends talked about the rebuilding of the town till late at night.
2. Old buildings were pulled down to make room for modern blocks
of flats.
3. The towners approved of the first phase of a redevelopment plan.
4. They had pulled down a few well built old buildings in the town
centre before anyone could protest.
5. Nothing could force the council to stop.
6. The committee supported the conservationists.
7. The council gave up the idea of building a shopping centre in the
town.
II. Write questions for these answers.
1. About ten years ago. (When … ?)
2. Yes, it seemed a good idea. (Disjunctive)
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3. No, there wasn’t enough room for it. (General)
4. A modern indoor shopping centre. (What kind of … ?)
5. Because the conservationists held numerous protest meetings. (Why
… ?)
6. When the committee’s report came. (When … ?)
7. They plan to build the shopping centre in the area where the narrator
lives. (Where … ?)
III. Choose appropriate Russian equivalents for the following English phrases
and sentences.
1. …the other day …
a) …на другой день …
b) …на днях …
c) …через день …
2. …as long as they pulled down the slums …
a) …пока они сносили трущобы …
b) …поскольку они сносили трущобы …
c) …как только они снесли трущобы …
3. The conservationists couldn’t stand by …
a) Защитники окружающей среды не могли находиться рядом
…
b) Защитники окружающей среды не могли поддержать …
c) Защитники окружающей среды не могли оставаться безу
частными …
4. A committee was set up to look into the situation.
a) Для того, чтобы разобраться в ситуации, была создана ко
миссия.
b) Для того, чтобы исправить положение, была создана ко
миссия.
c) Комитет был организован, чтобы наблюдать за ситуацией.
5. …they’ve come up with an alternative scheme …
a) …они приступили к выполнению альтернативного плана …
b) …они предложили альтернативный план …
c) …они пришли с альтернативным планом …
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TEST 9
Read the text carefully and do the exercises that follow.
A stranger who happens to be close to some school building at the moment
of the beginning of the mid morning break will be astonished at the
transformation that takes place during this moment. Whether they have
anything particular to do or not, schoolchildren are always in a hurry at
break. There is only a precious quarter of an hour of freedom, and so
much can be done in it. It is a source of wonder to adults that young
children seem to have so much energy to spend on useless pursuits — or so
they seem to an adult point of view. But to the child, they are the vital part
of the day, and hours of dull lessons are endured for the sake of these few
brief moments of freedom.
Sometimes an onlooker can catch sight of the pathetic figure of the child
who does not mix happily with other children. He stands alone at the side
of the playground, hands in pockets, envying his more sociable class
mates. It must be very hard for them. But often such children have a hidden
store of imaginative or inventive energy which comes out later in life and
makes them writers or artists or great reformers. Such were the poets Byron
and Shelley, who were never popular among their school fellows but who
made their names as the man who is different from the ordinary crowd of
human beings.
I. Mark the statements below as “True” or “False”.
1. The changes in children’s behaviour at breaks are striking.
2. The mid morning break is a brief moment of freedom for children.
3. To an adult point of view, children spend too much energy
uselessly.
4. To the child, lessons are the vital part of the day.
5. Not all the children can mix happily with other children at
breaks.
6. No child ever remains alone on the play ground.
7. Children who are not sociable sometimes have a hidden store of
imaginative and inventive energy.
8. Byron and Shelly didn’t have many friends in their school days.
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II. Write questions for these answers.
1. He will be astonished at the transformation that takes place during
the mid morning break. (What … ?)
2. They are always in a hurry at break. (When … ?)
3. For a quarter of an hour. (How long … ?)
4. That children have so much energy to spend on useless pursuits.
(What … ?)
5. No, some of them stand alone on the playground. (General)
6. Yes, it must be very hard for them. (Disjunctive)
7. Byron and Shelley weren’t. (Who … ?)
III. Choose appropriate Russian equivalents for the following English phrases
and sentences.
1. A stranger who happens to be close to some school building…
a) Незнакомец, имеющий отношение к какой либо школе…
b) Незнакомец, который окажется близким к какому нибудь
школьному зданию…
c) Посторонний человек, который случайно окажется возле
какого нибудь школьного здания…
2. Whether they have anything particular to do or not, schoolchildren
are always in a hurry at break.
a) Независимо от того, приходится им что нибудь делать спе
циальное или нет, школьники всегда спешат на перемене.
b) Нужно делать что нибудь особое или нет, школьники на
перемене всегда спешат.
с) Независимо от того, есть ли у них какое то конкретное за
нятие или нет, школьники нa перемене всегда спешат.
3. …who does not mix with other children.
a) …который не смешивается с другими детьми.
b) …который не играет с другими детьми.
c) …который не мешает другим детям.
4. It must be very hard for them.
a) Это должно быть очень трудным для них.
b) Им, должно быть, очень тяжело.
c) По отношению к ним это очень жестоко.
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5. …which comes out later in life.
a) …которая проявляется позже.
b) …которая приходит в более позднюю жизнь.
c) …которая выходит позже в жизни.
TEST 10
Read the text carefully and do the exercises that follow.
Margaret is a cleaner and she works night hours. She gets home about
6.30, gets the children ready for school, then starts on her own
housework. Some days she goes to bed for two or three hours, others she
doesn’t go to bed at all. She often goes two or three days without any
sleep. At first she found it hard, but that was because she had never done
any cleaning before. She soon got used to it. She also got used to the
reaction of other people when she told them what she did for a living.
“They think just because you’re a cleaner you don’t know how to read
or write”, says Margaret. “But it’s about the only job I can do at the
moment that suits me, what with the children and everything. I don’t
dislike my work, but I can’t say I’m mad about it. If they opened a factory
round here and the hours and pay were the same as I’m getting now,
then I’d rather take a job there. I’ll give myself another year or eighteen
months at the cleaning. The children will be much older then. Though
what I’ll do I’m not sure”.
The fact that she’s working all night doesn’t worry Margaret at all. Unlike
some buildings where there’s very little lighting — and where a cleaner
who had an accident could easily not be found for hours because no one
else is working on her floor — the building where she works is fully lit all
night, and the women work in groups of three. “I’m doing the job because
I have to. But since I’ve got to be here night after night I try and enjoy
myself. We all have a good laugh, so the time never drags”.
I. Mark the statements below as “True” or “False”.
1. Margaret goes to bed for two or three hours every day.
2. Margaret has got used to her daily routine because she likes cleaning.
3. People think that all cleaners are uneducated people.
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4. Cleaning is the only job that Margaret can do at the moment.
5. Margaret would take a job at a factory but there is no factory in the
neighbourhood.
6. In a year or so Margaret is going to look for another job.
7. Margaret doesn’t mind working at night.
8. The time passes quickly because Margaret works with three other
cleaners.
II. Write questions for the following answers.
1. She’s a cleaner. (What … ?)
2. No, she goes to bed for two or three hours only. (Disjunctive)
3. Because she had never done any cleaning before. (Why … ?)
4. Because it’s the only job that suits her at the moment. (Why … ?)
5. For another year or eighteen months. (How long … ?)
6. She is not sure what she’ll do then. (What … ?)
7. It is fully lit all night. (Alternative)
8. No, the women work in groups of three. (General)
III. Choose appropriate Russian equivalents for the following English phrases
and sentences.
1. She often goes two or three days without any sleep.
a) Она часто обходится без сна в течение двух или трех
дней.
b) Она часто ходит в течение двух или трех дней, не имея воз
можности поспать.
c) Она часто страдает от бессонницы в течение двух или трех
дней.
2. But it’s about the only job that suits me, what with the children and
everything.
a) Но это практически единственная работа, которая меня
устраивает из за детей и всех прочих дел.
b) Но это практически единственная работа, которая устраи
вает меня, детей и всех остальных.
c) Но это почти единственная работа, которая меня устраива
ет, что касается детей и всего.
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3. I’d rather take a job there.
a) Я бы, возможно, работала там.
b) Я бы скорее принялась за работу там.
c) Я бы предпочла работать там.
4. But since I’ve got to be here night after night…
a) Но хотя мне приходится бывать здесь каждую ночь…
b) Но поскольку мне приходится бывать здесь каждую ночь…
c) Но с тех пор, как я бываю здесь каждую ночь…
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ANSWER KEYS
1. THE ENGLISH VERB
1.1. THE ACTIVE VOICE
1.1.1. THE PRESENT SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) AND THE PRESENT
CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSEFORMS
1 (p. 10)
1. sit; 2. keeps; 3. tastes; 4. applies; 5. see; 6. are signing; 7. is watching;
8. do you get; 9. freezes; 10. doesn’t exist.
2 (p. 11)
1. till; 2. every year; 3. now; 4. traditionally; 5. now; 6. at present; 7. usually;
8. now; 9. as a rule; 10. next week; 11. during; 12. in the afternoon; 13. one
day; 14. nowadays; 15. every other day.
3 (p. 11)
1. don’t smoke; 2. is planning; 3. takes off, lands; 4. think, are; 5. tells, says;
6. do you understand, he is talking; 7. love, brings; 8. do you do; 9. tastes;
10. is, studies; 11. plays, is playing, think, is; 12. am working; 13. is, does it
include; 14. takes, remembers; 15. are wearing, look (are looking); 16. works,
sleeps; 17. takes; 18. say, see, don’t have (won’t have); 19. is moving;
20. continues; 21. do you hear; 22. is working; 23. dislikes; 24. am; 25. are
putting me off, am trying; 26. is giving; 27. says, is suffering; 28. are you
smelling, isn’t it; 29. is always letting; 30. do you believe; 31. are always
complaining; 32. annoys, considers; 33. is having, has; 34. is, is getting;
35. does it often rain; 36. am talking; 37. isn’t practising; 38. is he doing, is
trying; 39. is; 40. are constantly changing; 41. do you come, come; 42. make;
43. look forward; 44. does he mean, sounds; 45. write; 46. is always being;
47. am writing, are playing; 48. start, are; 49. tell, think, knows; 50. costs;
51. is still trying, isn’t; 52. am thinking; 53. don’t know, make, have, don’t
earn; 54. thinks, is; 55. are still investigating; 56. like; 57. are opening (open);
58. believe, is; 59. is arriving, comes, is looking; 60. travels, lives; 61. has,
finds; 62. runs; 63. like, helps; 64. do snakes lose; 65. think, live; 66. doesn’t
care, looks; 67. makes; 68. floats, is, consists, stand; 69. find; 70. are looking,
feel (am feeling); 71. don’t lose; 72. is getting; 73. is, lacks; 74. is, needs;
75. is wasting, are not talking; 76. lives, comes; 77. finds; 78. have, take;
79. is always raining, is blowing; 80. heat, melts; 81. am still reading; 82. do
I look, does it suit; 83. has, produces; 84. are aching; 85. see; 86. is
reorganizing; 87. catches; 88. occupies, doesn’t it; 89. are coming; 90. is
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freezing; 91. attends, specializes; 92. go, try; 93. is cooking, smells; 94. rains,
overflows; 95. is, are always leaving; 96. is, do you understand, is going.
1.1.2. THE PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) AND THE PAST CONTINUOUS
(PROGRESSIVE) TENSEFORMS
1 (p. 20)
started; built; wasn’t selling; occupied; read; was waiting; noticed; was playing;
was approaching; ran; grabbed; offered; had; had; left; went on.
2 (p. 20)
1. the moment; 2. until; 3. while; 4. whenever; 5. between; 6. until; 7. at
5 p.m.; 8. when; 9. those days; 10. when.
3 (p. 21)
1. rang, stood, went; 2. was raining, woke; 3. was having, phoned; 4. saw,
realized; 5. was, learnt, recited; 6. woke up, missed; 7. was working, hurt;
8. came, was closing; 9. looked, saw, was snowing; 10. came, were; 11. arrived,
was still cooking; 12. didn’t want, agreed; 13. was getting, went; 14. was
walking, met, was going; 15. saw, were waiting; 16. was writing; 17. went,
woke; 18. gave, became; 19. were, spent; 20. broke, phoned; 21. was getting,
decided; 22. showed, went; 23. was lying, entered; 24. used to be, stopped,
closed, gave; 25. went, didn’t find, said, didn’t know, was doing, thought, was
probably playing; 26. were cycling, saw; 27. were you doing, asked, was
cleaning; 28. agreed, remained; 29. arrived, were leaving; 30. was weeping,
was telling; 31. was getting, slipped, fell; 32. was waiting, noticed, were
listening; 33. was trying, didn’t understand, was talking; 34. injured, was
jogging; 35. was feeling, was getting, was; 36. did you visit, were; 37. used to
be; 38. was rowing, lost; 39. disliked, was always picking; 40. was watching,
took, put; 41. crashed, was flying; 42. looked, was falling; 43. was driving,
ran, stopped, offered; 44. were walking, saw; 45. were cleaning, came; 46. fell,
was driving; 47. didn’t understand, was going on; 48. said, was growing;
49. was having, went; 50. wasn’t wearing, didn’t notice, was driving; 51. didn’t
go, was; 52. found; 53. was getting, was growing (grew); 54. studied, was
always borrowing; 55. was skating, slipped, fell; 56. was shining, had; 57. was
always making.
1.1.3. THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)
TENSEFORMS
1 (p. 26)
1. forgot; 2. has just come in, struck; 3. bought, has closed down; 4. have
often wondered; 5. was, has been; 6. have been, lost; 7. has been; 8. Have you
met; 9. Have you seen; 10. have seen.
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2 (p. 27)
1. how long; 2. before; 3. in; 4. in those days; 5. an hour ago; 6. yet; 7. for
many years; 8. since; 9. last night; 10. The other day; 11. yet; 12. lately;
13. last year; 14. yet; 15. over the past year.
3 (p. 27)
1. shouted, ran away; 2. have ever seen; 3. has gone; 4. applauded; 5. Has
anything happened; 6. has never seen; 7. didn’t wake, wasn’t; 8. Has anyone
seen; 9. fell; 10. got, was; 11. have known, studied; 12. invented; 13. have
bought; 14. have ordered; 15. have cut, did it happen; 16. hasn’t eaten, has
left; 17. has been, left; 18. had, enjoyed; 19. used; 20. have never seen; 21. has
had, bought; 22. Has Jane recovered; 23. has stopped; 24. was, died; 25. has
grown, left; 26. have run; 27. has already appeared; 28. did he give; 29. Have
you ever seen, talked; 30. made, have never owned; 31. happened, bit; 32. Have
you known, met; 33. took, lay, started; 34. used, was; 35. ironed, did; 36. have
twisted; 37. took, landed; 38. hasn’t changed; 39. switched, made; 40. have
always wanted; 41. played, had; 42. have never taught; 43. have lost; 44. have
eaten; 45. have already been; 46. have wanted; 47. have already caught;
48. were, loved, used; 49. Have you made, have you decided; 50. slipped,
gave; 51. had; 52. Have you lost; 53. Has anyone left; 54. has called, moved;
55. lived, used, had; 56. used, was; 57. Have you worked, used; 58. saw;
59. have fitted; 60. have studied; 61. has received; 62. had; 63. haven’t given,
arrived; 64. has failed; 65. saw; 66. was; 67. Have the police found; 68. went,
found, was; 69. have won; 70. have never done; 71. has broken; 72. pay (have
paid); 73. brought; 74. cut, wrapped, handed; 75. was, have had; 76. has had;
77. has climbed, has never been; 78. Has he given up, did he do; 79. Have
you hurt, did you do; 80. began, created, has changed, has had.
1.1.4. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE)
AND THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSEFORMS
1 (p. 33)
1. have you done, have you done/have you been doing, Have you been using;
2. have been waving, have you been sitting, have never been, haven’t heard;
3. are you looking for, Have you lost; 4. Are you still painting, I’ve been doing.
2 (p. 34)
1. has he been living (has lived); 2. hasn’t been feeling; 3. are, have been
living (have lived); 4. have been learning; 5. have you had; 6. are repairing
(have been repairing), haven’t finished; 7. are, have been waiting; 8. have
been typing; 9. is cooking, are expecting; 10. have you been running; 11. has
been raining; 12. am dying; 13. is studying, has been; 14. am working; 15. have
read; 16. have been redecorating (am redecorating), have already painted;
17. have been waiting; 18. is getting; 19. have been working; 20. has been
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learning; 21. are building; 22. haven’t finished; 23. have worked (have been
working), do not get (are not getting); 24. have ever seen; 25. have had;
26. have been borrowing; 27. has been raining; 28. haven’t seen, have you
been doing; 29. has been, is she talking; 30. has been collecting; 31. has never
believed; 32. have been studying (have studied); 33. is getting; 34. has always
had; 35. have been talking; 36. has cleaned; 37. is looking; 38. are becoming;
39. has been; 40. has been, has been working (has worked); 41. has been
trying; 42. have you been; 43. have been investigating; 44. has always been;
45. have been camping (have camped); 46. have been waiting; 47. has made;
48. has been sitting; 49. have been going; 50. are you cooking (have you been
cooking); 51. is always arguing or fighting; 52. have been working; 53. have
broken; 54. have you been doing; 55. have put; 56. have arrested; 57. broke,
have been depending (have depended); 58. has been applying; 59. holds; 60. are
installing (have been installing); 61. has depended; 62. has applied, are
planning; 63. have been rising; 64. has been cooking.
3 (p. 36)
1. When did you leave school? 2. How long has she been feeling unwell? 3. I
have never met such a nice person before. 4. I have been waiting for you since
four o’clock. 5. She has never written a letter by hand since she bought a
computer. 6. I wonder where you have been all this time. 7. I have been
learning English for five years. 8. You never know how he is going to react.
9. She tripped over the cat and nearly fell over. 10. I have found a ten pound
note! – Where did you find it? 11. Margaret is taking driving lessons now.
12. In recent years terrorism has become a greater threat. 13. The rain came
suddenly and soaked all the washing. 14. Ever since we met, you have never
asked me what I prefer to do. 15. How long have you lived here? 16. I’ve been
interested in sports since my childhood. 17. What have you been doing since
you left Cambridge?
1.1.5. THE PAST PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
TENSEFORMS
1 (p. 40)
1. It had been burning; 2. had decided; 3. offered, had drunk; 4. had done;
5. saw, had been looking; 6. knew, had met; 7. ordered; 8. had finished.
2 (p. 41)
1. at; 2. when; 3. The other day; 4. than; 5. by; 6. by; 7. until; 8. before;
9. for; 10. in; 11. by; 12. in.
3 (p. 41)
1. got, had left; 2. was, came, had been worrying; 3. started, had been playing;
4. had disappeared, had; 5. went, had cut, was trying; 6. was, realized, had
happened; 7. hadn’t arrived, knew, had missed; 8. met, had been working;
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9. had scarcely started, was; 10. had looked, signed; 11. was, found, had been
looking; 12. thought, had left; 13. woke, looked, was, had been snowing;
14. looked, had passed; 15. admitted, had made, apologized; 16. sent, had
made, was attending (attended); 17. ran, had used; 18. got, heard, had cancelled;
19. saw, had done, was; 20. had worked, dropped; 21. had run, was; 22. had,
excused, left; 23. kept, had threatened; 24. came, found, had taken; 25. finished
(had finished), decided; 26. had used, arrived; 27. had started, hadn’t gone;
28. looked, had used; 29. had been interrupting, finished; 30. dressed (had
dressed), ate (had eaten), rushed; 31. had seen, read; 32. got, had smoked;
33. had made, hoped, were, arrived; 34. left, had learned (learnt), was, learnt;
35. sent, didn’t do, had promised; 36. had worked, decided; 37. told, was, had
spent; 38. came; 39. got, told, had phoned, was; 40. got, had met; 41. was
trying, stopped, offered; 42. found, had left; 43. admitted, had hit, said, hadn’t
damaged; 44. missed, had informed; 45. turned, had used; 46. had Harry started,
realized, needed; 47. was walking, was trying (tried), had happened; 48. had
done, were; 49. was, had been studying; 50. raised; 51. had been flying,
announced, had; 52. crossed, had gone; 53. had burnt, arrived.
4 (p. 44)
1. The jumper shrank when I had washed it. 2. Mike got really exhausted in
his first marathon because he hadn’t run such a long race before. 3. The light
in the room showed that Mr. Simpson had been waiting (was waiting) for me.
4. The Titanic was travelling to New York when it hit an iceberg and sank in
the Atlantic. 5. The footballer was running towards the goal when he fell over.
6. George said that he hadn’t decided yet which side to support. 7. I took the
decision after I had spoken to him. 8. Bill had been working at the same
problem for two hours when Jack phoned him and asked if he had solved it.
9. I knew that Nick had been boarding (had boarded) with an American
family since his arrival and he had learnt a great deal about American habits
and customs. 10. I found out why my pen friend hadn’t got my letters. I had
been sending them to the wrong address!
1.1.6. WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE ACTIONS IN ENGLISH
(p. 50)
1. I’ll take; 2. will be staying; 3. I’ll phone; 4. I’ll be watching; 5. will you
repair, I’ll do; 6. I’ll faint, I’ll take; 7. will be over; 8. I’ll be upset; 9. will
have taught; 10. I’ll send; 11. you’ll like; 12. I’ll cook; 13. I’ll have; 14. will
give; 15. are moving (will be moving); 16. I’ll be lying; 17. he’ll offer; 18. are
you doing (will you be doing); 19. visit, go, spend; 20. I’ll have; 21. will be,
you’ll be; 22. would be; 23. I’m having; 24. I’ll be seeing; 25. leaves; 26. are
going; 27. hear, I’ll let; 28. it snows, will you do; 29. It’s going; 30. find out,
will be; 31. he would be; 32. does the train arrive; 33. would have; 34. would
go; 35. Will you be working; 36. I’ll take; 37. is arriving; 38. closes; 39. I’ll
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take; 40. we wouldn’t regret, joined; 41. You’ll have, get (have got); 42. will
have fallen; 43. will lose; 44. won’t go, they’ll be working; 45. had been,
would write; 46. get, will have left; 47. you’ll damage; 48. will you say, see;
49. will have been married; 50. I’ll leave; 51. she’ll have been working; 52. We
are going; 53. I’m taking (I’ll be taking), I’ll stay; 54. will be, get, will be
running; 55. will have gone, will be; 56. I’m not going, apologizes; 57. I
would help; 58. We’ll have driven, reach; 59. You’ll be, eat; 60. We are going;
61. I’ll be putting; 62. qualify, I’ll have been studying; 63. would come;
64. would change; 65. get, will have gone; 66. won’t be, don’t have; 67. would
make; 68. learn, will I be; 69. We’ll return, examine (have examined);
70. would phone; 71. won’t finish; 72. would find; 73. she’ll have cooked, get;
74. they’ll have eaten and drunk; 75. you won’t have forgotten; 76. Will you
be seeing; 77. you’ll have recovered; 78. I’ll stay; 79. I’ll have been working;
80. is opening (opens), I’m meeting (I’ll be meeting).
***
are you doing; I’ll try (I’ll be trying); I’m going; I won’t be; will the wedding
start; begins; I’ll go (go); Will any of your friends be; are you doing; I’ll feel;
It’ll be; you’ll have.
***
I’ll have finished; I’ll celebrate; I’ll start; I’m going; will probably come;
we’ll have; I’m seeing; she’ll tell; we’ll start (starts); I’m going to drive (I’ll
drive); I’ll have been studying.
***
I’m doing; I would write; will be; I’m going; I’ll probably be; I’ll have met;
I’ll go; I’ll meet (I meet); I’ll visit (I visit); I’ll have travelled (I’ll have been
travelling); I’ll be; I won’t come; you’ll invite.
1.1.7. MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICE ON THE USE OF VARIOUS
TENSEFORMS IN THE ACTIVE VOICE
(p. 54)
1. know; spend; am thinking; runs; is going out; seem; knows; is always making
(makes); happen; dislikes; apologize (are apologizing); is deceiving (deceives);
is seeing; are going on; disappears; realize; upsets; am also trying; suspect.
2. am writing; appreciate; am getting; study; am spending; am still staying;
am looking; live; seem; go; study; am writing; think; costs; am saving; is
getting; know; are having; am learning.
3. is coming; has asked; has just recovered; told me; hasn’t missed; began; is; is;
will try; is; keeps; have provided; has already grown; discovered; doesn’t have;
I’ll send; buy (have bought); are; took; he’ll continue; we are both; come.
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4. haven’t written; have been; had; had; have stopped; am waiting; has changed;
live (am living); moved; come; you’ll visit; I’ll be (I’m); I’ll go (I’m going).
5. have been living (have lived); moved; was born; lived (had lived); decided;
should (would) move; did; have never regretted; are; draw; have had;
rush; do.
6. are thinking; has accepted; starts (is starting); starts (has started); she’ll
have; don’t think; has realized (realizes); will be (is); have already decided;
I’ll get in touch; I won’t feel happy; find (have found); will say; hear; are
moving (will be moving).
7. received; I’ve been trying; have been; have had; am having (I’ll have); has
been staying; is; have spent; have had; is; have been sitting; leaves; have
decided; am writing; I’ve got; I’ll take; get (have got); are you getting; are
your classes going.
8. have you heard; is getting (will get); heard; rang; have been thinking; have
only made; have quarrelled; started; have always made; do you remember;
went; was working; was going (went); knew; was; loved; came (has come);
haven’t quarrelled; think; lives; see; have grown; haven’t had.
9. have you been doing; haven’t seen you; have been; saw; were; did you do
(were you doing); did (was doing); have already told; am working; is it
going (has it been going); hope (am hoping).
10. am I doing; am baby sitting; have gone; are; was baby sitting; started;
are; is eating; gave; left; have found; are painting; assure (have assured);
have done; had; hope; are telling (have told); has got; have been trying.
11. joined; had been working (had worked); had acquired; worked; was working;
became; has been working (has worked); has proved; works; is working.
12. had; was; had gone away; felt (was feeling); had spent; watched; decided;
was just going to lie down; heard; was; got; crept; were coming (came);
was trembling (trembled); opened; laughed; had forgotten.
13. (had) visited; told; should learn; asked; will find out; get; said; arrived;
stayed; had never visited; enjoyed (was enjoying); swam; lay; suggested;
agreed; noticed; were; were; remembered; (had) had; came (had come);
asked; waved (was waving); said; waved (was waving).
14. went; was; had been; knew; had never been; went; had; had been studying;
had; was raining; were; had packed; was; came; felt; had.
15. was cycling; had decided; had been; knew; had managed; were wondering
(wondered); had made; had planned; had forgotten; had been raining
(had rained); ended up; were riding (rode); skidded; fell off; realized;
had broken; caught; were not expecting (had not expected); went (had
gone); spent.
16. received; hadn’t heard; asked; had been doing (had done); had spent;
have always loved; had managed; asked; could; made; would bring; had
taken; comes; was.
17. missed; had worked; decided; got; came; regretted; had done; seemed;
had gone; are driving; I’ve been; replied; I’ve been.
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18. was walking; bumped; were; had lost; talked; told; had been working
(had worked); could; did; acted; is; turn.
1.2. THE PASSIVE VOICE
1.2.1. VERB TENSES IN THE PASSIVE VOICE
(p. 62)
1. was formally used; 2. is made; 3. had been pushed; 4. must be thrown;
5. will be taken; 6. I have never been spoken to; 7. has been shown (was
shown); 8. was fought; 9. must not be taken; 10. is used; 11. are still denied;
12. has recently been made; 13. had been pushed; 14. Are we supposed;
15. will be interviewed; 16. had been delivered; 17. can be bought; 18. We
were told; 19. we’ll be told; 20. had been stolen; 21. must be bought; 22. isn’t
allowed; 23. I’ve been told, were invited (I was told, had been invited); 24. is
being restored; 25. were damaged; 26. was arrested; 27. was still being
examined; 28. to be invited; 29. are usually treated, stored; 30. it is still being
repaired; 31. haven’t been cleaned; 32. to be woken up; 33. was closed; 34. are
sold; 35. is estimated (has been estimated), opens, will be used; 36. has been
offered; 37. hadn’t been picked; 38. have been cleaned; 39. was run over (had
nearly been run); 40. has recently been chosen; 41. was established; 42. had
been selected; 43. was praised; 44. are gradually replaced; 45. had been swept;
46. had been hidden (were hidden); 47. I have recently been asked; 48. are
requested; 49. is being treated; 50. I’ve just been told.
1.2.2. MISCELLANEOUS PRACTICE ON THE USE OF VARIOUS
TENSEFORMS IN THE ACTIVE/PASSIVE VOICE
(p. 64)
1. are; live; work; didn’t do; managed (had managed); ran (had run); took;
began; are doing; learned; are made (were made); have begun; are; are still
inventing (invent); has started; helps; travel; works; has; breaks (is broken);
agree; said; meant (means).
2. was raining; arrived; had stopped; thought; would last; were; didn’t; wanted;
found; were offered; finished; had come; had risen; ran; had changed
(changed); dived.
3. had left; had studied; felt; needed; wanted; looked; had been reading (had
read); found; were; arrived; were leaving; rang; ran; had stopped; reached;
arrived; learnt; had been delayed; had got.
4. was taken; was X rayed; were given; examined; decided; would have; was; wasn’t
crying (didn’t cry); said; was; is getting; has told; will be; will be sent; is.
5. realized; had been stolen; phoned; came; was asked; had seen; (had) heard;
told; had been; hadn’t noticed (didn’t notice); returned; left; told; would
be informed; was found (had been found); was; was phoned; said; need; I’ll
bring; borrowed.
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6. am; I’ve been interviewed; has asked; I’m getting; is going; I’ll send; has
come (comes); wondered; was enjoying; had been; asked; do you like;
wanted; had come (came); would remember; came; found; have been.
7. is regarded; owes; are; have come; have been taken; adopted; has been
going; crossed; spoke; spoke; was; gave; have been; have become.
8. was; were taking; was broken; had been stolen (was stolen); was; had been
torn (was torn); have heard (hear); have had; have been taken; is; happens;
has been invaded; have been examined.
9. has been working (has worked); directs; are assigned; has been calculated;
move; qualified; works; does; exceeds; has ended; is listening; is explaining;
is chatting; has waited; has been interrupted; does; enters; switches; has
arrived; wear; has got; notices; is having; has been admitted; have lived; is
joking; to be taken; specializes; has banned; has finished; has snatched.
1.4. CONDITIONALS
1 (p. 80)
1. (2); 2. (3); 3. (2); 4. (3); 5. (4); 6. (2); 7. (3); 8. (2); 9. (2); 10. (2);
11. (3); 12. (4).
2 (p. 82)
1. finds; 2. lent; 3. wouldn’t have found; 4. hadn’t been; 5. hadn’t been tied;
6. were; 7. would first think; 8. will die; 9. would have caused; 10. would have
(would be having); 11. were told off; 12. called; 13. had given; 14. could have
been; 15. paid.
3 (p. 82)
1. were, would make; 2. hadn’t eaten, wouldn’t be suffering (wouldn’t have
suffered); 3. were, wouldn’t be; 4. would you do, missed; 5. had warned, would
have changed; 6. had brought, wouldn’t be; 7. were, would have been given;
8. had told, I’d have put; 9. hadn’t encouraged, would have been; 10. freezes,
we’ll; 11. had known, wouldn’t have gone; 12. would you do, caught; 13. fall,
you’ll break; 14. hadn’t seen, would have been; 15. hadn’t taken, wouldn’t have
arrived; 16. like, you’ll definitely love; 17. come, will you give; 18. wouldn’t
have cooked, had known; 19. had played, would have won; 20. saw, would you
call; 21. hadn’t stayed, wouldn’t be; 22. doesn’t apologize, won’t be; 23. had
known, I would have spoken; 24. hadn’t forgotten, would have been; 25. couldn’t
fall, I’d count, read (can’t fall, count, read); 26. wouldn’t have, hadn’t been
standing; 27. hadn’t hurt, would be; 28. had known, would have phoned;
29. Would you tell, won; 30. could have, would be; 31. could live, would you
choose; 32. had known, wouldn’t have entered; 33. had left, wouldn’t have;
34. wouldn’t have finished, hadn’t encouraged; 35. would have been, had left;
36. had been, wouldn’t have agreed; 37. smoke, you’ll risk; 38. were, would be;
39. took, it would mean (take, means); 40. had finished, wouldn’t be.
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4 (p. 84)
1. ... would definitely pass ... . 2. If you had run faster ... . 3. She would be
more interesting … . 4. If I had more time … . 5. … I’d send them an invitation
to the party. 6. If he had passed … . 7. If she hadn’t taken … . 8. What would
you do … . 9. … he wouldn’t be in power now. 10. If I were you … . 11. If
Steven hadn’t been driving so fast this morning … . 12. If you hadn’t given me
a lift, I would have been late. 13. … I wouldn’t be … . 14. If the food in that
restaurant hadn’t been so spicy … . 15. … would have missed the train. 16. I
would be able to lend you … . 17. If they put the price of petrol up … . 18. If
I were rich … . 19. … if I had a day off. 20. If he hadn’t been speeding … .
21. If it hadn’t rained … . 22. … you wouldn’t recognize … . 23. … you would
have to get another one. 24. If you had come … . 25. If she had seen the cat
crossing the road … . 26. … if we hadn’t had so many famous names.
1.5. WISHCLAUSES
(p. 86)
1. found; 2. knew; 3. had told; 4. hadn’t made; 5. would stop; 6. wouldn’t
treat; 7. wouldn’t act; 8. protected; 9. would play; 10. wouldn’t mind; 11. had
spent; 12. hadn’t left; 13. were; 14. stopped; 15. were; 16. had gone; 17. had
studied; 18. had booked; 19. had found (found); 20. kept (would keep);
21. hadn’t spent; 22. had listened; 23. had not resigned; 24. would stop; 25. had
studied; 26. would stop; 27. hadn’t gained; 28. had finished; 29. had; 30. hadn’t
spoken; 31. wouldn’t speak; 32. would go out; 33. hadn’t entered; 34. wouldn’t
leave; 35. wouldn’t ask; 36. were; 37. had phoned; 38. had gone; 39. would
stop; 40. sounded (had sounded).
1.6. INFINITIVE AND GERUND
1 (p. 95)
1. (3); 2. (2); 3. (4); 4. (1); 5. (3); 6. (4); 7. (3); 8. (3); 9. (2); 10. (3); 11. (3);
12. (4); 13. (1); 14. (2); 15. (3); 16. (4); 17. (4); 18. (3); 19. (2); 20. (3); 21. (2);
22. (3); 23. (2); 24. (4); 25. (3); 26. (2); 27. (3); 28. (1); 29. (3); 30 (4).
2 (p. 98)
1. loving; 2. making; 3. to go; 4. to make, to stay; 5. to hearing; 6. giving;
7. going; 8. reading; 9. to face, to go; 10. singing; 11. learning, of liking, to
prepare; 12. for causing; 13. to go; 14. to give; 15. to leap; 16. to do, sitting;
17. of specializing; 18. to buy; 19. to vote; 20. at remembering; 21. to like,
lying; 22. studying; 23. to answer; 24. getting, take; 25. to spare; 26. to use;
27. to living; 28. raining; 29. to say; 30. to buy; 31. feeling; 32. to feel, to
make, consulting; 33. eating; 34. interfere; 35. to realize; 36. spending; 37. to
tell; 38. to getting up, count, being; 39. cleaning; 40. put, leave; 41. being/to
be; 42. to start, doing, do; 43. to be paid; 44. open; 45. enter; 46. buying;
47. to mix; 48. to bake; 49. to think; 50. strike.
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2. THE ENGLISH NOUN
2.1. THE CASE OF ENGLISH NOUNS
2 (p. 103)
1. neighbours’; 2. today’s; 3. sisters’; 4. a month’s salary; 5. women’s; 6. a ten
minute; 7. nurses’; 8. wives’; 9. the citizens’; 10. the passer by’s, the driver’s;
11. doctor’s; 12. writer’s; 13. scientists’, monkeys’; 14. brother in law’s;
15. patient’s; 16. grandmother and grandfather’s; 17. someone else’s;
18. Tolstoy’s and Turgenev’s; 19. each other’s; 20. other people’s; 21. The
Smiths’; 22. pilots’; 23. parents’; 24. an hour’s; 25. the baker’s.
2.3. SUBJECTPREDICATE AGREEMENT
4 (p. 117)
a) 1. zoos; 2. shelves; 3. tomatoes; 4. roofs; 5. photos; 6. duties; 7. teeth;
8. deer, brunches; 9. scientists, diseases; 10. bushes, leaves.
b) 1. are a means; 2. scissors need; 3. money is; 4. crossroads; 5. passengers
were; 6. billiards was; 7. the police are; 8. news is; 9. are gathering; 10. there
is little; 11. aerobics is; 12. was; 13. advice is; 14. is; 15. are studying;
16. statistics is; 17. is often played; 18. a series of articles.
3. THE ARTICLE IN ENGLISH
1 (p. 125)
1. a, –; 2. –; 3. –; 4. –; 5. an; 6. a; 7. a; 8. a; 9. –, –.
2 (p. 125)
1. a, the; 2. a, the; 3. the, the; 4. the; 5. the, a, a; 6. the, the; 7. The, a; 8. the, the,
the; 9. the, the; 10. a, a; 11. the, the, a; 12. the; 13. The, the; 14. the; 15. a, the,
the, the, the, a; 16. a, the; 17. the, a; 18. a, the; 19. The, a; 20. the, the; 21. The,
a, the; 22. the, an; 23. the, the; 24. the; 25. a, the; 26. a; 27. a, the, the, the;
28. an, the; 29. a, the; 30. a, a; 31. A, the, the, a; 32. An, a; 33. a; 34. The, the;
35. The, –; 36. the; 37. an; 38. a, the; 39. a, a; 40. a; 41. The/A, the; 42. the;
43. The, the; 44. the, a, the; 45. the, the; 46. The, –; 47. the, the, an.
***
a, a, a; the, the; a; the; a; a; the; the; a; the; a; the; the.
***
the; –, an, a; the, a, the, the; the, the; a, the; a.
3 (p. 127)
1. –; 2. –; 3. The, the, –, the; 4. –, the, the, the; 5. –, the, –; 6. The, the,
the; 7. the; 8. the, the, the; 9. –, the; 10. –, –; 11. The; 12. –, –; 13. The,
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–, the, the; 14. –, –; 15. –, –, the; 16. the, –; 17. The, –, –; 18. The, the,
the; 19. –; 20. The, the, –; 21. –, –; 22. the; 23. the; 24. –; 25. The, the, the,
–; 26. –, –; 27. The; 28. The; 29. The/A, the, –; 30. –, the; 31. –, the;
32. The; 33. –, –, the; 34. The, the, the, the, the; 35. –, the; 36. –, a;
37. The, –; 38. the, the, the; 39. The, the, the; 40. The, the; 41. The; 42. –;
43. –, the; 44. the; 45. the, the; 46. –; 47. –; 48. –, –; 49. The, the, the,
–; 50. –, –, the; 51. the, –, –; 52. The, the, the; 53. –, the, –, –; 54. The,
the, the; 55. The, the, the; 56. The, the/–, the/a.
***
–; the; the; –; –, the; the, –; the; the, the, –; –, –; the, the; the/–; –; the;
–, –.
4 (p. 130)
1. a, –, –, The; 2. a, –; 3. the; 4. an, –; 5. a; 6. the; 7. the, –; 8. An, –; 9. –, an;
10. the, –; 11. The; 12. a, –; 13. the, –; 14. the, a; 15. the, the, a; 16. –, an, –;
17. –, the, –; 18. The, –; 19. a; 20. –; 21. –; 22. The; 23. a, –, –; 24. –;
25. The, the; 26. –; 27. A, a; 28. –, –; 29. a, –; 30. the; 31. the; 32. –; 33. –,
a; 34. –; 35. –, –, the; 36. a, –; 37. –, –; 38. the, –; 39. a, –; 40. The, a; 41. a,
–; 42. the, the; 43. a, a; 44. –, –; 45. the, the; 46. –; 47. The, –; 48. –, a;
49. the, –, the; 50. an; 51. –, a, –; 52. The, –, –; 53. a, –, a, the; 54. –, –;
55. a, a; 56. a, the, –; 57. a, –, –; 58. a, the; 59. –, the, the; 60. A, a, –; 61. The,
the; 62. The, a, the; 63. the, the; 64. a, the; 65. –, –, the; 66. A, a, –; 67. The, the;
68. a, the; 69. –, an; 70. The, –, the, –; 71. A/The, the; 72. the; 73. –, –, the;
74. the, the; 75. the, –; 76. A, a, the; 77. A, a, a; 78. a, the; 79. the, the; 80. the,
the, the; 81. The, the; 82. the, the; 83. –, –, –; 84. the, a, –, the; 85. a, the;
86. the; 87. –, –; 88. The, –, –, –, –; 89. –; 90. The, a; 91. –, a, a, –; 92. –,
a, the; 93. the, –; 94. –; 95. –, the, –; 96. the, the; 97. a, the; 98. the, the;
99. The, –, the, a, –; 100. The; 101. The, a; 102. The, the; 103. The, a, the, a;
104. the; 105. –; 106. The, the, the; 107. –, –; 108. a, –; 109. –, the; 110. the, a;
111. –, the, –; 112. the, a, the, the; 113. a, –; 114. A; 115. The, the, the, A;
116. a, a, a; 117. the, a; 118. a, a, –, –; 119. –, a, the; 120. the, the; 121. an, the;
122. –, an, the; 123. the/–, –; 124. a, the, the, the, the, the; 125. –, the; 126. –,
the, the; 127. the; 128. –, the, the, the, the; 129. the, a, –, –; 130. The, a, –, –;
131. the, –, the, the; 132. The, –, the, –, a, a, –; 133. –, –, –; 134. –, –;
135. the, the; 136. a, the, the/–; 137. a, the; 138. a, the; 139. the/–, the/–, a;
140. a, the; 141. A, the; 142. The, the, the, the.
***
1.
2.
3.
4.
the, the, the, a, –, a.
a, a, a, a, a, The, a, the, the, –, –, –, –, a, the, the, a.
A, a, –, the, a, the, The, the, the, the, a, the, a, the.
the, The, an, –, a, the, a, –, the, –, the, the, –, –, –, the, –, the, –, the,
–, the, –.
5. an, a, the, a, the, a, the, a, the, a, a, The, –, the, a, –, a, the.
6. a, the, the, the, the, the, the, a, a, the, –.
7. the, a, –, a, –, the, the, the, the, the.
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8. –, A, a, –, a, –, –, –, –, a, the, the, the, the, –, a, the, –, the, –.
9. –, the, –, the, the, –, –, the, the, the, the, –, –, the, the, a, –, –.
4. PRONOUNS
4.1. PERSONAL, POSSESSIVE AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
1 (p. 140)
1. our; 2. my, mine; 3. it; 4. them; 5. yourself; 6. himself; 7. Your, ours;
8. our, ours; 9. Our, theirs; 10. myself; 11. them, us; 12. My, theirs; 13. me;
14. herself; 15. ours; 16. my, Mine; 17. yours, ours; 18. Your, hers; 19. himself;
20. your, mine; 21. him; 22. yours; 23. yourself; 24. himself; 25. herself, her,
their, her, himself.
2 (p. 141)
1. himself; 2. our; 3. her, mine; 4. me, his; 5. theirs, ours; 6. himself; 7. mine;
8. itself; 9. themselves; 10. her; 11. themselves; 12. herself; 13. them;
14. himself; 15. yourself; 16. himself.
***
herself, themselves, themselves, himself, her.
4.2. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS SOME/ANY/NO
(p. 143)
1. any, one; 2. some; 3. some; 4. Some; 5. any; 6. any; 7. some, any; 8. any;
9. some; 10. no; 11. any; 12. any; 13. no; 14. some; 15. one; 16. some;
17. Some; 18. any; 19. any; 20. some; 21. some, any; 22. any; 23. some, any;
24. one; 25. Some; 26. some, any; 27. some; 28. some; 29. any; 30. some;
31. No; 32. no; 33. one; 34. Some; 35. no; 36. any.
4.3. COMPOUND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS SOME/ANY/NO/ + ONE/
BODY/THING/WHERE
(p. 146)
1. anything; 2. nothing; 3. nowhere; 4. nothing; 5. something; 6. something;
7. something; 8. somewhere; 9. anything; 10. something; 11. Nobody;
12. anywhere; 13. anywhere; 14. anywhere; 15. Nobody; 16. nothing;
17. anything; 18. someone; 19. anyone; 20. someone; 21. no one; 22. anything;
23. somewhere; 24. anybody; 25. somewhere; 26. anything; 27. nothing;
28. somebody; 29. anywhere; 30. anyone; 31. anybody; 32. anybody;
33. anything; 34. anybody; 35. anything; 36. Anybody.
***
1. anybody, no one, somebody, nothing. 2. someone, no one, anybody.
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4.4. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS MUCH, MANY AND THEIR
EQUIVALENTS A LOT OF, PLENTY OF, A GREAT/LARGE NUMBER
OF, A GREAT/GOOD DEAL OF, A LARGE/GREAT AMOUNT OF
(p. 148)
1. much; 2. many; 3. much; 4. much; 5. much; 6. much; 7. a lot of; 8. much;
9. many; 10. much; 11. many; 12. much; 13. much; 14. many; 15. many;
16. much; 17. much; 18. many; 19. many; 20. much; 21. A lot of; 22. many;
23. much; 24. much; 25. a lot of; 26. number; 27. a lot of; 28. a lot of;
29. plenty of/a lot of; 30. a great deal.
4.5. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS LITTLE, FEW, A LITTLE, A FEW
(p. 150)
1. little; 2. a little, a few; 3. few; 4. little; 5. little; 6. a few; 7. little; 8. few;
9. a few; 10. little; 11. little; 12. little; 13. a little; 14. little; 15. a few; 16. a
few; 17. little; 18. little; 19. A few; 20. a little; 21. a few; 22. A few, a little;
23. little, a few, a little; 24. little; 25. little; 26. a little; 27. little, a few, a
little; 28. little; 29. Few; 30. Few.
4.6. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER, NONE
(p. 153)
1. Both; 2. either; 3. neither … nor; 4. both; 5. Neither; 6. either; 7. None;
8. none; 9. none; 10. Neither; 11. both; 12. None; 13. both; 14. none; 15. None;
16. neither; 17. Neither, either … or; 18. Neither … nor; 19. Neither; 20. either;
21. Either … or; 22. both … and; 23. neither; 24. None; 25. both; 26. either …
or; 27. both; 28. Either; 29. Both, either; 30. Both; 31. None; 32. either;
33. None; 34. none; 35. either; 36. either.
4.7. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ANOTHER, (THE) OTHER,
(THE) OTHERS
(p. 155)
1. the other; 2. The other; 3. the other; 4. another; 5. another; 6. the other;
7. others; 8. another; 9. the other; 10. other; 11. another; 12. the other; 13. the
other; 14. another; 15. others; 16. another; 17. the others; 18. the other;
19. another; 20. the other; 21. others; 22. the other; 23. the others; 24. another;
25. other; 26. another; 27. another; 28. other.
***
the others, other, another, another, others, the other.
4.8. PRONOUNS EACH/EVERY
(p. 158)
1. every; 2. every; 3. every; 4. each; 5. Every; 6. Each; 7. every; 8. Each;
9. Each; 10. every; 11. every; 12. Each; 13. Every; 14. every; 15. every; 16. every;
17. every; 18. each; 19. Every; 20. Each.
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***
every, every, every, each, each/every, each.
4.9. PRONOUNS ALL/WHOLE
(p. 159)
1. all the; 2. all the; 3. the whole; 4. all the; 5. all the; 6. all; 7. the whole;
8. All; 9. all; 10. All; 11. the whole; 12. whole; 13. all; 14. all.
4.10. DEFINING (RELATIVE) PRONOUNS WHO(M)/WHOSE/
WHICH/THAT
1 (p. 160)
1. which; 2. who/that; 3. whose; 4. which; 5. who/that; 6. whose; 7. which;
8. who/that; 9. who/that; 10. who; 11. which/that; 12. whose; 13. whose;
14. which; 15. who; 16. which/that; 17. who/that; 18. which; 19. who/whom;
20. which/that; 21. which; 22. which/that; 23. which/that; 24. whose;
25. who/whom.
2 (p. 161)
1. which/that, which/that, who/that, who/whom, whose, which/that, which/
that.
2. which/that, who, who/whom, who, which/that, which, which/that, who/
that, which/that, which, which/that, which/that.
3. who, which, who/whom, whose.
4. who/that, who/that, which/that, which/that, whose, who/whom, who/
whom, which/that.
4.11. IT IS AND THERE IS COMPARED
(p. 163)
1. It is; 2. there is; 3. there is; 4. It is; 5. There is; 6. It is; 7. There are; 8. It was;
9. There were; 10. It is; 11. It is; 12. It is, it was; 13. There has been; 14. There
were; 15. There is, It is; 16. There are, it is not; 17. It is, there is not; 18. There
has been; 19. It is, there is; 20. There is; 21. It has been; 22. It is not.
***
1. There was, There is, it, It is, it is, there was.
2. it is, There is, it is not, it, There are, There are.
4.12. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS THIS/THESE, THAT/THOSE
(p. 166)
1. that; 2. this; 3. those, those; 4. This; 5. This, this; 6. this; 7. these; 8. those;
9. That; 10. those; 11. that; 12. those; 13. This; 14. that; 15. that; 16. this;
17. This; 18. that.
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***
It, this, those/these, that, this.
Mixed practice (p. 167)
1. some, a few; 2. much, no; 3. no; 4. whose; 5. a lot, another; 6. any; 7. all;
8. few; 9. few; 10. a lot, many/any; 11. a lot of; 12. much; 13. some; 14. himself;
15. yourself; 16. ourselves; 17. ourselves, everything; 18. Some, others; 19. another;
20. other; 21. many/any; 22. some; 23. some; 24. much; 25. Each;
26. which/that; 27. who; 28. some; 29. little, many/a lot of, a little; 30. every;
31. each; 32. all, any; 33. Every; 34. which; 35. another; 36. little; 37. other;
38. the other; 39. whole; 40. all; 41. whole; 42. all; 43. each; 44. little;
45. Everyone; 46. many; 47. whole; 48. little, anything; 49. themselves; 50. Some,
others; 51. any; 52. anywhere; 53. Every, one; 54. none; 55. any; 56. all; 57. each;
58. Neither, something; 59. who, something; 60. much, there, no; 61. her.
***
1. some/many, some/many, little, Anybody/Anyone.
2. some, yourself, some, a few, any, anything.
3. much, a lot of, few, little, much, some, few, many, little.
4. Many/Some, some, some/others, much, little, a lot.
5. anybody/anyone, some/a few, There, any, No one/nobody, anyone, any,
there, no.
5. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
(p. 172)
1. clean; 2. safely; 3. anxious; 4. complete; 5. wildly; 6. honest; 7. well;
8. fair; 9. terrible; 10. good; 11. lighter; 12. confidently; 13. fine; 14. gentle;
15. sensitively; 16. slowly; 17. hardly; 18. hard; 19. hardly; 20. hard; 21. hardly;
22. highly; 23. high; 24. full; 25. fully; 26. late; 27. pretty; 28. free; 29. nearly;
30. shortly; 31. closely; 32. widely; 33. near; 34. freely; 35. short; 36. easily;
37. wide; 38. late; 39. easy; 40. late; 41. badly; 42. rudely; 43. fairly; really;
44. strangely; lately; 45. wide; 46. clumsy; 47. firm; 48. hard; 49. highly;
50. warmly.
***
beautiful; good; terrific; beautifully; nice; badly; dangerous; wonderful; nice.
5.1. DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
1 (p. 177)
1. more important; 2. more comfortable; 3. more expensive; 4. the most
intelligent; 5. bigger; 6. near; 7. more serious; 8. the funniest; 9. high;
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10. cheaper; 11. quieter; 12. the most famous; 13. more expensive; 14. younger;
15. noisier; 16. happier; 17. bigger; 18. the most difficult; 19. heavier; more
thickset; curlier; more pleasant; 20. more friendly and relaxed; 21. more
willing; 22. the most stupid; the narrowest/the most narrow; more careful;
23. the most common; 24. more confident; 25. the most important; 26. more
resistant.
2 (p. 178)
1. the last; 2. The next; 3. further; 4. older; 5. elder; 6. the farthest; 7. further;
8. the worst; 9. the nearest; 10. the eldest; 11. latest; the best; 12. next; 13. the
best; 14. older; 15. eldest; 16. the nearest; the farthest; 17. the nearest;
18. worse; 19. further; 20. the worst; 21. further; 22. the oldest.
Mixed practice (p. 179)
A. more difficult than; worse; not better; easier than; much simpler; more
advanced; more complicated; bigger; more comprehensive.
B. 1. elder; a more wonderful person; the most charming; the most generous
hearted; tidier; the best; the most beautiful.
2. the most embarrassing; the oldest; quicker; more intelligent; oldest;
redder and redder; The worst; more embarrassed; the slightest; more quick
thinking and well mannered; the most absent minded; older; easier.
5.2. DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
1 (p. 180)
1. harder and harder; 2. better; 3. farther; 4. more slowly; 5. faster; 6. more
widely; 7. better; 8. worse; 9. more distinctly; 10. more often; 11. faster;
12. more quickly; 13. more regularly; 14. better; 15. earlier; 16. worse;
17. longest; 18. more correctly; 19. harder; 20. better; 21. fastest; 22. better;
23. earlier; 24. more carefully; 25. fastest; 26. more beautifully; 27. earlier;
28. better; 29. more politely; 30. more rapidly; 31. more often; 32. better;
33. more; sooner; 34. more quickly; 35. more seriously.
2 (p. 182)
1. the best; more; more friendly (friendlier); more easily; more difficult;
warmer; the worst.
2. the worst; worse; the most boring; duller; earlier.
3 (p. 182)
1. much closer; 2. in a funny way; 3. more carefully; 4. much better; 5. easily;
6. The worst; 7. higher; 8. lower; 9. dirtier; 10. much more difficult.
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6. THE ENGLISH NUMERAL
1 (p. 186)
1. (1); 2. (1); 3. (2); 4. (1); 5. (2); 6. (4); 7. (2); 8. (3); 9. (2); 10. (3); 11. (1).
2 (p. 187)
1. room 212; 2. thousands of stars; 3. a two week; 4. fifth; 5. 5 years older
than; 6. a month and a half; 7. The second; 8. 10 minutes late; 9. two million;
10. The first, the eighteenth.
7. PREPOSITIONS
Mixed practice (p. 208)
1. in; 2. with; 3. in, from, out; 4. down, on; 5. of, on; 6. about; 7. in, for,
with; 8. up, with; 9. on; 10. with, on; 11. to, with, for, of; 12. in, by; 13. for;
14. about; 15. at; 16. from, since; 17. to, of; 18. of; 19. of, of; 20. in, at;
21. of, out of; 22. Among; 23. on; 24. in; 25. of; 26. on; 27. on; 28. to;
29. by; 30. on; 31. of; 32. to; 33. for; 34. after; 35. with; 36. in, on; 37. up;
38. to; 39. on, in; 40. of; 41. about, of; 42. of, on; 43. of, to; 44. to; 45. out,
on; 46. on; 47. down; 48. down; 49. with; 50. of, at.
***
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
in, for, about, up, on, to, on, –, on.
of, after, for, of, –, in.
on, by, for, at, to, on, on.
about, of, of, in, by, by, –, in, by, of, from, for.
for, for, in, in, in, for, in, for.
on, on, by, on, on, in, to.
on, by, on, by, at, on, on, of, on, by.
to, down, on, from, on, at, in.
8. WORD FORMATION
Mixed practice (p. 221)
A. 1. disagreement; 2. unpractical; 3. responsible; hopeless; 4. necessity;
5. unfortunate; 6. luckily; 7. relieved; 8. reliable; 9. miserable;
10. upsetting; 11. confusing; 12. irritating; 13. satisfactory; 14. succeed;
competitive; 15. unpopular; 16. tactless; 17. unreliable; 18. inconsiderate;
19. unkind; sensitive; 20. shorten; 21. realistic; 22. achievement; 23. failure;
24. unsuitable; 25. wealthy.
B. construction; width; height; disagreement; pressure; popularity; wonderful;
requirements; inhabitants; rarely.
***
natural; settlement; southern; earliest; surrounded; building; religious;
successfully; development; central.
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С. 1. 1) difficulties; 2) politeness; 3) Chinese; 4) fried; 5) impolite; 6) embar
rassment.
2. 1) daily; 2) robberies; 3) peaceful; 4) outbreaks; 5) various; 6) occasionally;
7) unfamiliar.
3. 1) generally; 2) knowledge; 3) really; 4) successful; 5) scientists; 6) advanced.
4. 1) identify; 2) widely; 3) suspect; 4) misleading; 5) likeness; 6) unfortunately.
5. 1) valuable; 2) thefts; 3) offences; 4) criminals; 5) motorists; 6) insurance.
6. 1) strictly; 2) poisonous; 3) threats; 4) emissions; 5) pollution; 6) destruction.
7. 1) creature; 2) respectful; 3) explanation; 4) inhabitants; 5) invasion; 6) sur
prising.
8. 1) heritage; 2) isolated; 3) entertainment; 4) musicians; 5) service;
6) collectors.
9. 1) charm; 2) practised; 3) wealthy; 4) renewing; 5) effective; 6) heat.
10. 1) solution; 2) shortage; 3) suitable; 4) loneliness; 5) depression; 6) replace.
11. 1) produce; 2) continuous; 3) majority; 4) broadcasters; 5) advertisements;
6) frequently.
12. 1) smokeless; 2) establishments; 3) reduce; 4) inadequate; 5) easily;
6) products.
13. 1) accessible; 2) restriction; 3) behaviour; 4) length; 5) unmistakable; 6) ability.
14. 1) exception; 2) descendant; 3) limitless; 4) unpredictable; 5) encouraged;
6) yearly.
15. 1) education; 2) information; 3) unaware; 4) hopefully; 5) promotion;
6) addition; 7) knowledge; 8) pollution; 9) decisions; 10) personally.
16. 1) significant; 2) central; 3) establishment; 4) luxurious; 5) depth; 6) entirely;
7) natural; 8) modernized; 9) unspoiled; 10) attractions.
17. 1) translator; 2) European; 3) graduating; 4) trainee; 5) translation; 6) agencies;
7) currently; 8) translator; 9) abilities; 10) available.
18. 1) famous; 2) detective; 3) creation; 4) investigator; 5) faithfully;
6) accompanies; 7) murdered; 8) unvariably; 9) solution; 10) elementary.
9. WORD ORDER
9.1. TYPICAL SCHEMES AND EXAMPLES OF WORD ORDER
IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF QUESTIONS
(p. 231)
1. Does he always come to his classes on time?
2. Can you take me to the airport or shall I order a taxi?
3. How long have you studied English?
4. Does father speak English as well as mother?
5. Who delivers your newspaper in the morning?
6. Who is Kate waiting for?
7. He wanted to be rich and famous, didn’t he?
8. Can you afford a holiday this year?
9. Did he have an accident last week?
10. Has Ruth moved to London or does she still live in Manchester?
11. Who told him to come before six o’clock?
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12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Were there any photographs in the bag?
Have they sent for a doctor?
What are the students listening to?
Who advised you to tell the police about the accident?
Would you like to learn to ride a horse?
9.2. STATEMENTS WITH DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS
(p. 231)
1. Pass the plate to John, please.
2. I haven’t told them about the accident.
3. I am taking the children to the Zoo.
4. I didn’t send any pocket money to my elder son.
5. Do you mind if I ask you some questions?
6. It was a good idea to ask him the way.
7. Mr. Winkle was trying to put on his skates.
8. I don’t want to take anything from him.
9. The director was not satisfied with his secretary.
10. He says nobody told him anything.
11. He got a very good mark for the test.
12. Don’t forget to send me a post card.
9.3. POSITION OF ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS OF PLACE AND
TIME IN A SENTENCE
(p. 232)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
We haven’t been to the theatre since last year.
We don’t go to school on Sundays.
The students didn’t come to the meeting last Wednesday.
He usually goes for a walk at five o’clock in the evening.
I am going to London for a few days next week.
She left her town for Sweden two years ago.
You should go to the dentist every six months.
I think I’ll go to bed early tonight.
Ann drives her car to work every day.
We are sure to get there by 8 o’clock.
9.4. WORD ORDER IN STATEMENTS CONTAINING ADVERBS
OF FREQUENCY AND DEGREE OF COMPLETENESS
(p. 233)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
414
I don’t usually have to work on Sundays.
He has probably gone home early. (Probably he has gone home early.)
Don’t you ever take a break?
Have you ever seen this painting before?
Have you posted the letter yet?
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6. At five o’clock they were still talking about football. (They were still
talking about football at five o’clock.)
7. He says he is never late for his work.
8. I can never remember his name.
9. Our television set often breaks down.
10. She has always been very generous.
9.5. THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES BEFORE A NOUN
(p. 234)
1. They have bought a new colour television set.
2. I liked the brown Italian shoes most of all.
3. She chose an expensive blue silk blouse.
4. It was an old brick house.
5. He gave her a few beautiful red roses.
6. The man was wearing a black leather jacket and blue jeans.
7. His sister is a young smart fair haired girl.
8. Mary has got large round brown eyes.
9. I need a pair of new leather sport shoes.
10. She put on her old woolen slippers.
11. I bought a lovely white Turkish marble chess set.
12. We had an enormous brown German beef sausage for dinner.
10. TEXT CONNECTORS
10.1. TIME CONNECTORS AFTER/BEFORE/WHEN/AS/WHILE/
AS SOON AS/SINCE/TILL/UNTIL
1 (p. 235)
1. When; 2. while; 3. until; before; 4. while; 5. until; 6. After; 7. As; 8. When;
9. while; 10. As soon as; 11. since.
2 (p. 236)
1. A small stone struck the windshield while we were driving down the
gravel road.
2. After Nancy had been jogging for half an hour she began to feel tired.
3. You won’t improve your ability to speak English until you learn to relax
more.
4. I turned off the light before I left the room.
5. I won’t return the books to the library until I have finished my research
project.
6. After/When/As soon as I finish working on the car we’ll all go for a walk.
7. We met last summer when/while I was studying in London.
8. I’ll wait till/until someone gets back.
9. The telephone rang while/when I was watching TV.
10. When they arrived at the station the train had left.
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10.2. TEXT CONNECTORS DENOTING CONTRAST ALTHOUGH/
THOUGH/EVEN THOUGH/IN SPITE OF/DESPITE/BUT/HOWEVER/
NEVERTHELESS
1 (p. 237)
1. but; 2. Though/Although; 3. though/although; 4. Though/Although/Even
though; 5. though/although; 6. but; 7. Though/Although/Even though; 8. but;
9. although/though; 10. Though/Although/Even though.
2 (p. 237)
1. A storm was approaching, nevertheless (but), the climbers continued their
trek up the mountains.
2. I washed my hands but they still looked dirty.
3. Though I had a lot of studying to do I went to the cinema.
4. Even though they have a car, they rarely use it.
5. Though he has a number of relatives living nearby, he never visits them.
6. She said she didn’t want to change her job. However, (but) she may change
her mind.
7. She doesn’t enjoy her job, nevertheless she works hard.
8. In spite of/Despite being late they didn’t hurry.
9. In spite of/Despite bad weather we enjoyed our outing.
10. David’s dad did his best to teach him to drive. However, David failed his
driving test.
10.3. TEXT CONNECTORS DENOTING REASON AND RESULT
(CAUSE AND EFFECT) BECAUSE/AS/SO/AS A RESULT/
THEREFORE/THAT’S WHY/SINCE
1 (p. 238)
1. As; 2. so; 3. so as; 4. as a result; 5. so that; 6. that’s why; 7. that’s why;
8. Since.
2 (p. 239)
1. I couldn’t repair my bicycle because I didn’t have the right tools.
2. The post office was closed, that’s why I couldn’t post my parcels.
3. Since all the students have done poorly on the test, the teacher has decided
to give it again.
4. People use cream in summer so as to protect their skin.
5. John has poor sight that’s why he has to sit in the front row.
6. Mark is overweight that’s why his doctor has advised him to exercise
regularly.
7. The workers have gone on strike. As a result all production has ceased.
8. They put bars on the lower windows so that no one could climb in.
9. Sophie broke her leg in two places, so (that’s why) she had to wear a cast
and use crutches for three months.
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10. Cars have become more complicated, therefore mechanics need more
training than in the past.
Mixed practice (p. 239)
A. 1. while; 2. although; 3. Even though; 4. After; 5. as a result; 6. although;
7. Nevertheless; 8. since; 9. Since; 10. because; 11. Even though;
12. Therefore; 13. in spite of; 14. even though; 15. until; 16. so;
17. Nevertheless; 18. unless; 19. Despite; 20. in case; 21. so that; 22. so
as; 23. yet; 24. On the contrary; 25. As; 26. until; 27. Since; 28. so;
29. so that; 30. in case; 31. as long as; 32. unless; 33. as long as; 34. until;
35. until; 36. so as; 37. even though; 38. unless; 39. even though.
B. 1. but; So; Whereas; because; provided; but. 2. However; For example;
owing to; Moreover; In addition to; hence; such as.
11. WORD CHOICE
A. VERBS (p. 244)
1. c; 2. b; 3. b; 4. b; 5. b; 6. 1b, 2c; 7. c; 8. c; 9. b; 10. b; 11. c; 12. c; 13. c;
14. b; l5. b; 16. c; 17. a; 18. 1c, 2b; 19. c; 20. c; 21. с; 22. a; 23. b; 24. 1a, 2c;
25. c; 26. b; 27. c; 28. c; 29. a; 30. 1b, 2c, 3b; 31. c; 32. b; 33. c; 34. a; 35. b;
36. 1c, 2c, 3a; 37. b; 38. c; 39. a; 40. b; 41. b; 42. c; 43. b; 44. b; 45. c; 46. a;
47. c; 48. 1c, 2c; 49. b; 50. a; 51. c; 52. b; 53. a; 54. a; 55. c; 56. c; 57. b;
58. a; 59. b; 60. b; 61. a; 62. b; 63. a; 64. a; 65. a; 66. b; 67. c; 68. b.
B. ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS, PARTICIPLES (p. 250)
1. c; 2. b; 3. b; 4. c; 5. b; 6. a; 7. a; 8. b; 9. c; 10. b; 11. b; 12. b; 13. c; 14. c;
15. b; 16. c; 17. a; 18. c; 19. b; 20. a; 21. a; 22. b; 23. b; 24. b; 25. a; 26. a;
27. a; 28. c; 29. b; 30. с; 31. а; 32. b; 33. b; 34. a; 35. c; 36. b; 37. a; 38. b;
39. a; 40. a; 41. c; 42. b; 43. b; 44. a; 45. b; 46. c.
C. NOUNS (p. 253)
1. a; 2. c; 3. b; 4. a; 5. b; 6. a; 7. b; 8. a; 9. b; 10. b; 11. a; 12. c; 13. c; 14. b;
15. c; 16. a; 17. b; 18. a; 19. a; 20. b; 21. c; 22. b; 23. c; 24. c; 25. a; 26. b;
27. c; 28. b; 29. c; 30. c.
CLASSIFIED TESTS
TEST 1 (p. 258)
I. 1. have you switched, watch, are watching, aren’t you; 2. haven’t found;
3. press; 4. are not allowed; 5. drove, got; 6. happened, was, had just
left; 7. go; 8. appear.
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II. 1. the, –, –, a, a; 2. a, –; 3. the, –; 4. a, –; 5. a, –; 6. –; 7. A, the, –.
III. 1. after; 2. to; 3. –; 4. to; 5. in; 6. from.
IV. 1. somewhere; 2. Some; 3. less; 4. no; 5. much.
V. 1. application; 2. motorist; 3. expensively; 4. achievement; 5. selection.
VI. 1. b; 2. b; 3. b; 4. а.
VII. every; like; so; a change; coach; given; journey; wonderful; least; it;
finish.
TEST 2 (p. 260)
I. 1. was, was snowing (snowed), wanted; 2. have never worked, am writing;
3. learnt, was, have been riding; 4. was sailing, hit, turned; 5. I’ve never
worn, refuse; 6. had I reached, realized, was locked; 7. was crossing
(crossed), saw, said, had bought; 8. had been looking.
II. 1. the, the; 2. the, the; 3. –; 4. a, –; 5. the; 6. –; 7. –, –.
III. 1. to; 2. at; 3. on; 4. in; 5. in; 6. in.
IV. 1. little; 2. no; 3. not; 4. theirs; 5. a little.
V. 1. uninteresting; 2. overtime; 3. probability; 4. disappearance;
5. unsuccessful.
VI. 1. b; 2. a; 3. с; 4. c.
VII. the most; ever; 25; but; over; world; ago; typist; give up; see; then; completely.
TEST 3 (p. 262)
I. 1. keeps, we’ll stay; 2. had already bought; 3. am considering; 4. turned,
saw, was calling; 5. do you think, sound; 6. will change, does, we’ll go;
7. had been doing; 8. had taken, started; 9. would be awarded (had been
awarded).
II. 1. the, the; 2. the; 3. a, the, the, the; 4. the, the; 5. the, a; 6. the, –.
III. 1. for; 2. at; 3. for; 4. off; 5. about; 6. for.
IV. 1. herself; 2. the other; 3. nobody; 4. a lot; 5. mine.
V. 1. poverty; 2. proposal; 3. improvement; 4. incapable; 5. fortunately.
VI. 1. b; 2. c; 3. c; 4. c.
VII. so; full; it; hard; along; especially; almost; heat; drink; fan; typing.
TEST 4 (p. 264)
I. 1. have brought, do you like; 2. stop; 3. made up my mind; 4. is getting
better and better, feel; 5. leaves, have promised; 6. was; 7. had been
smashed; 8. has improved.
II. 1. –; 2. the, the; 3. а; 4. а, а; 5. the, –; 6. –, –.
III. 1. –; 2. at; 3. about, into; 4. up; 5. on; 6. to.
IV. 1. ours; 2. anything, anybody; 3. none; 4. who; 5. all.
V. 1. airsickness; 2. disadvantage; 3. valuable; 4. overcome; 5. impolite.
VI. 1. с; 2. с; 3. b; 4. a.
VII. so; adventure; did; enjoyed; understood; fitted; apart; putting; it; seemed.
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TEST 5 (p. 266)
I. 1. ruin; 2. hasn’t seen; 3. fell, hasn’t broken; 4. had been open; 5. used,
doesn’t play, says, doesn’t practise, studied; 6. have you ever met, lives;
7. has been complaining; 8. noticed, was trembling.
II. 1. the, the; 2. –, –, –, the, a; 3. a, a, a; 4. the; 5. –; 6. a; 7. the.
III. 1. off; 2. at, by; 3. on; 4. up, in; 5. at; 6. for.
IV. 1. him; 2. others; 3. a few; 4. neither; 5. another.
V. 1. useful; 2. recognition; 3. enjoyable; 4. solution; 5. confident.
VI. 1. c; 2. b; 3. c; 4. b.
VII. who; well; roles; film; image; age; part; politics; spoke; very.
TEST 6 (p. 268)
I. 1. is working; 2. is; 3. has been given; 4. has been; 5. have you been
doing (have you done), left; 6. used, was; 7. get, I’ll look (I’m looking);
8. have told.
II. 1. the; 2. the, the; 3. a, the; 4. the, the; 5. –, the, the; 6. the, the, the,
the.
III. 1. for; 2. out of; 3. on; 4. to, at; 5. by, up; 6. out, in.
IV. 1. me; 2. many; 3. much; 4. much; 5. another; 6. all.
V. 1. assistance; 2. colourful; 3. hardly; 4. dependant; 5. reduction.
VI. 1. c; 2. c; 3. c; 4. b.
VII. out; clothes; terribly; fashion; so; went; most; dress; smartly; it; job;
look.
TEST 7 (p. 270)
I. 1. rang up, was studying (studied); 2. have painted; 3. got, made, switched
(get, I’ll make, switch); 4. is checking, will be ready; 5. don’t hurry, will
have been sold, get; 6. had the train left, was; 7. have already issued;
8. lent, hasn’t been returned.
II. 1. the, –, –; 2. a, the; 3. a; 4. the, the; 5. –; 6. a, a.
III. 1. with; 2. on; 3. up; 4. off; 5. about; 6. down.
IV. 1. no; 2. all; 3. less; 4. some; 5. the others.
V. 1. vacancy; 2. accusation; 3. behaviour, intention; 4. unpunctual;
5. permission.
VI. 1. c; 2. c; 3. c; 4. b.
VII. Japanese; marriages; feel; affects; couple; whole; it; people; same; come;
background; arranged; successful; help.
TEST 8 (p. 272)
I. 1. is, have just seen (just saw), is talking; 2. have you ever been faced;
3. are going, is (will be); 4. am writing, are playing; 5. contains; 6. began,
have been evacuated; 7. had offended, hadn’t intended; 8. had completed.
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II. 1. a, –, the; 2. the, the, the, the; 3. the, the, the, a; 4. –, –; 5. a, the;
6. –, –.
III. 1. for, of, on; 2. in; 3. at; 4. by; 5. at, out, about; 6. for; 7. in.
IV. 1. anything; 2. Little; 3. much; 4. every; 5. others.
V. 1. complaint; 2. tactless; 3. unpopular; 4. rudeness; 5. succeed.
VI. 1. b; 2. c; 3. c; 4. а.
VII. Japan; so; especially; hard; study; seriously; soon; going; pass; able; job;
either.
TEST 9 (p. 274)
I. 1. I don’t stay, you’ll never feel; 2. was standing, knocked; 3. was, had
lived (had been living); 4. has been turned down; 5. was, had; 6. have
cut, is bleeding; 7. had finished, was; 8. include, have heard, don’t
know.
II. 1. a, an, a, the; 2. a, –; 3. the, the; 4. the; 5. a, –, –; 6. the; 7. –, the,
–.
III. 1. at; 2. off; 3. into; 4. to; 5. in, on; 6. to; 7. on.
IV. 1. few; 2. The other; 3. none; 4. mine; 5. no.
V. 1. satisfactory; 2. puzzling; 3. signature; 4. reluctance; 5. suitable.
VI. 1. b; 2. c; 3. c.
VII. up; people; near; pool; go; who; work; beach; it; way; children; grow;
every; well; does.
TEST 10 (p. 277)
I. 1. lay (was lying), said, had; 2. had taken, finished; 3. has put; 4. was,
fell, touched (had touched); 5. has found (found), has been searching
(has searched); 6. were; 7. had been reached; 8. were met.
II. 1. the; 2. a; 3. the, the, the; 4. the, the; 5. the; 6. the, the; 7. a, –, the.
III. 1. to, in; 2. of; 3. with; 4. out, on; 5. along, to; 6. on; 7. for.
IV. 1. much, some; 2. no; 3. other, themselves; 4. a lot; 5. Few.
V. 1. characteristic; 2. cousiderable; 3. suspicious; 4. safety; 5. comfortable.
VI. 1. b; 2. с; 3. с; 4. а.
VII. It; since; biggest; I love; which; great; way; vocabulary; uses; time; speaks;
fluently; to speak; well; join; company.
TEST 11 (p. 279)
I. 1. haven’t made; 2. had offended; 3. was born, died, lived, was living,
died; 4. were arguing, would end; 5. have dialed; 6. came, said, had
boiled (was boiling); 7. had posted, remembered, had forgotten; 8. has
changed.
II. 1. the, a; 2. the; 3. –, –, a; 4. the, the; 5. the; 6. the, the; 7. –.
III. 1. into; 2. to; 3. up, at, out; 4. at; 5. to; 6. with.
IV. 1. No; 2. my, yours; 3. themselves; 4. another; 5. little.
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V. 1. financial; 2. overlooks; 3. unemployment; 4. sleepy; 5. harmless.
VI. 1. c; 2. c.
VII. 1. a; 2. c.
VIII. fifties; tall; quite; hair; bald; there; beard; wear; good; but; not; either;
probably; look; am.
TEST 12 (p. 281)
I. 1. were damaged, were totally destroyed; 2. is launched, will be able;
3. have you been, was; 4. stays, I’ll take, is leaving; 5. was having, saw,
seemed, couldn’t, had seen; 6. are hiding, want; 7. was told, had broken;
8. didn’t phone, hadn’t got.
II. 1. a, a; 2. –, –; 3. a, the; 4. а; 5. the, a, –; 6. the, the, a.
III. 1. in; 2. by, through; 3. for; 4. into; 5. to; 6. –.
IV. 1. less; 2. a few; 3. No; 4. their; 5. anywhere.
V. 1. unable; 2. disappeared; 3. protective; 4. entrance; 5. resistance.
VI. 1. c; 2. b; 3. a; 4. c.
VII. write; lovely; so; tell; felt; found; pair; particularly; see; glance; home;
buy; like.
TEST 13 (p. 283)
I. 1. had been smoking; 2. was, did you have; 3. has Nick passed, passed;
4. is peeling, needs; 5. have you tried; 6. is waving; 7. felt, hadn’t kept
(feel, hasn’t kept); 8. have been held, has been decided; 9. had we had.
II. 1. an; 2. a, the; 3. the; 4. a, a; 5. the, –; 6. –, –, the.
III. 1. up, for; 2. to, out of; 3. by; 4. down; 5. at, in; 6. up.
IV. 1. fewer, less; 2. either; 3. less; 4. much; 5. much.
V. 1. bored; 2. emission; 3. responsibility; 4. monthly; 5. successful.
VI. 1. b; 2. a; 3. a; 4. b.
VII. study; surgeon; while; because; soon; offered; job; ship’s; accepted; first;
journey; pleasant; but; sank; everybody; except; island; so; land; fast.
TEST 14 (p. 286)
I. 1. was raining, woke up, seemed, had fallen (had been falling); 2. have
never been, went; 3. was, let; 4. is, was; 5. have been trying, got; 6. freezes
(has frozen, is frozen); 7. was told, would have; 8. had the boat left;
9. will ever replace.
II. 1. a; 2. the; 3. а, а; 4. the; 5. –, –; 6. the; 7. the, –.
III. 1. to; 2. across, by; 3. for, to; 4. at; 5. in; 6. on, by; 7. without.
IV. 1. a few, a little; 2. whom; 3. each; 4. both; 5. me, yourself; 6. the other.
V. 1. consumption; 2. receipt; 3. talkative; 4. profitable; 5. ability.
VI. 1. c; 2. a.
VII. 1. c; 2. c.
VIII. interested; especially; run; every; enjoy; over; while; all; end; surprised;
find; solve; that; mind.
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TEST 15 (p. 288)
I. 1. stopped, entered, stood; 2. started, was living (lived); 3. I’ll give, like;
4. are flown; 5. made, thanked, had supported; 6. has been; 7. was
being redecorated; 8. has become.
II. 1. a, –; 2. the; 3. the, a, a, the, the, the, a; 4. the, the, a; 5. –, a; 6. a, a,
the, a, –.
III. 1. for; 2. off, up; 3. down; 4. for; 5. in; 6. on; 7. up, out.
IV. 1. many; 2. so; 3. much, many; 4. no; 5. either; 6. either, every.
V. 1. assistance; 2. peaceful; 3. loneliness; 4. disappear; 5. responsibility.
VI. 1. b; 2. b.
VII. 1. a; 2. a.
VIII. pale; golden; this; place; it’s; exciting; who; here; since; school.
TEST 16 (p. 290)
I. 1. didn’t think, had seen; 2. was given (has been given); 3. are not leaving
(won’t leave); 4. visits, falls; 5. hurts, bend (I’m bending); 6. was, would
never make; 7. tease, it’ll scratch; 8. isn’t; 9. had made.
II. 1. the, the, the, the; 2. a, the; 3. –, –, a, –; 4. the, the; 5. –, the, the;
6. the, the; 7. –, –, –.
III. 1. in; 2. in; 3. for, for; 4. in; 5. in; 6. since; 7. of, from.
IV. 1. any; 2. every; 3. anyone; 4. any; 5. no; 6. other.
V. 1. touched; 2. terrified; 3. increasingly; 4. security; 5. modernize.
VI. 1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. c.
VII. got up; join; borrowed; of; it; so; people; wearing; clock; top.
TEST 17 (p. 292)
I. 1. apologized, hadn’t meant (didn’t mean); 2. hasn’t been invited;
3. got, found, had been stolen; 4. go; 5. runs; 6. haven’t thrown, gave;
7. is usually served; 8. have been lost; 9. eat.
II. 1. the, the; 2. the, the, the, a, the, a; 3. the, the, a; 4. –, –; 5. the, a;
6. the, the; 7. the, the.
III. 1. up; 2. by; 3. for; 4. in; 5. to, up; 6. back, up.
IV. 1. less, more; 2. yourself; 3. me; 4. much; 5. such; 6. every.
V. 1. disappointing; 2. truthful; 3. misunderstanding; 4. hospitality;
5. confidence.
VI. 1. с; 2. с; 3. а; 4. с.
VII. coming; last; considered; carefully; unable; post; while; feel; command;
good; purposes; suggest; do; job; which; as; yours; sincerely.
TEST 18 (p. 295)
I. 1. was getting on (is getting on); 2. will it be delivered, have waited (have
been waiting); 3. sank, hit; 4. hasn’t had; 5. were built; 6. learnt, had
broken; 7. have been married, don’t know, is going on (goes on);
8. raise; 9. had contracted.
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II. 1. a, a, –, the; 2. the, the; 3. –, the, the; 4. the, a (–), —; 5. the; 6. the,
the; 7. a.
III. 1. to; 2. on; 3. for; 4. at, on; 5. for; 6. out; 7. in, in.
IV. 1. someone, your; 2. the other; 3. plenty; 4. no; 5. another; 6. One.
V. 1. sympathetic; 2. thoughtless; 3. generosity; 4. disagreed; 5. confused.
VI. 1. b; 2. c; 3. c.
VII. habit; waits; last; get; has; catch; around; picking up; keeps; sit; but;
says; piece; than.
TEST 19 (p. 297)
I. 1. asked, had happened, just looked (was just looking); 2. has been (is),
is (was), has caused (caused); 3. has been singing, recorded; 4. is situated;
5. has been associated; 6. is; 7. would have.
II. 1. –, –; 2. –, a, –, –; 3. the, a, the; 4. the; 5. the; 6. а, –, the, –.
III. 1. on; 2. off, in; 3. in; 4. at; 5. to; 6. out of, out; 7. away.
IV. 1. so, any; 2. neither; 3. this; 4. every; 5. Nothing; 6. who.
V. 1. confusion; 2. misleading; 3. disposal; 4. failure; 5. bitterness.
VI. 1. b; 2. c; 3. a; 4. с.
VII. quite; hardly; like; employees; about; end; told; funny; there; a loud;
when.
TEST 20 (p. 299)
I. 1. were invited; 2. locked (was locking), remembered, had left; 3. comes,
waits; 4. are going, is; 5. am, won’t be able, (have) suggested, is coming,
we’ll be, we’d love, are looking forward; 6. you’ll freeze, don’t put, has
changed; 7. know, mean, drive; 8. hadn’t told; 9. were.
II. 1. a, –, the, –, a, –, a, a, –; 2. a, the; 3. a, a, –, –.
III. 1. out of; 2. of; 3. by, up, in, for; 4. –, of; 5. in, of; 6. in, –.
IV. 1. none; 2. some; 3. everyone; 4. somebody; 5. its.
V. 1. violence; 2. inconvenient; 3. hardship; 4. encouraged; 5. pressure.
VI. 1. с; 2. с; 3. с; 4. с.
VII. Raising; easy; found; protect; like; lying; rising; fees; make; keep;
justified; sit; well trained.
TEST 21 (p. 302)
I. 1. has read, is reading, has been reading, intends, has read, has ever
read; 2. is usually delivered; 3. will be elected, is; 4. had cleaned;
5. doesn’t discourage (hasn’t discouraged), hasn’t been cancelled (won’t
be cancelled); 6. would be; 7. wouldn’t lose.
II. the; a; –; the; the; a; the; the; a; –.
III. 1. from, by, in, up, by, at, of, from, to; 2. of, in; 3. up, without; 4. in; 5. at.
IV. 1. raise, well; 2. learn; 3. surprised, told; 4. listening; 5. the others; 6. as.
V. 1. disobedient; 2. spacious, comfortably; 3. shapeless; 4. signature;
5. greatly, refusal; 6. neatly; 7. robberies.
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VI. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
VII. 1.
I have known Ann…
What nasty weather…
Let’s go, shall we?
Paul has got used to living on his own.
Is there…
I wonder why he hasn’t…
Shall I help you to clear the table? 2. Have a nice day.
TEST 22 (p. 304)
I. 1. I shan’t see, I’ll have already left, get up; 2. has never flown, has;
3. I’ve been studying, has got (is getting), find; 4. I am, I’ve been held,
has taken (took); 5. had been brought (were brought), were; 6. would
have been given; 7. had remained.
II. 1. a, the, –, the; 2. a, –, –, a, the; 3. the, the, –, the, –, the, the, –; 4. the,
the.
III. in; at; to; in; at; out; into; at; in; since; in; in.
IV. 1. wear; 2. fit; 3. hard, job; 4. made; 5. do, anything; 6. learn.
V. 1. responsibility, locked; 2. valuable; 3. practical; 4. reasonable;
5. nervousness; 6. tempting; 7. disgraceful.
VI. 1. The lilac smells so good!
2. No sooner had he touched…
3. We were received in a friendly way there.
4. Excuse me, is there a possibility of having a meal here?
5. The police are…
6. What washing powder…
VII. 1. He sounds optimistic, doesn’t he? 2. Thanks for helping us.
TEST 23 (p. 306)
I. 1. has been, has been raining, has dropped, is, was shining, was, changes,
know, knows, wake up, will be snowing; 2. wasn’t admitted, had begun;
3. lost, got, were all trying (tried); 4. were blocked, couldn’t; 5. would
have passed; 6. wouldn’t smoke.
II. 1. a, a, a, the, the, the, the; 2. an, a, the; 3. a, the; 4. the.
III. 1. for, of, of, for, from (against), to, with; 2. from, in; 3. for, of; 4. to,
on, for; 5. Since, for.
IV. 1. such; 2. There, It; 3. Either, or; 4. so much, in the end; 5. left; 6. got
used.
V. 1. scientists, sceptical, research; 2. discouraged; 3. quietly, hardly;
4. learning, Greek; 5. aggressively.
VI. 1. How cloudy the sky is!
2. You’d better not go there alone.
3. Is there any time left?
4. No sooner had I got into the bath than the telephone rang.
5. Donna has been caught…
6. Paul will be awarded…
VII. 1. I am very tired. 2. Will you help me? (Have you heard about it?)
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TEST 24 (p. 308)
I. 1. had, happened, failed, dropped, was walking, fell, was stolen; 2. wants,
grows (has grown); 3. saw, didn’t recognize, had lost (has lost); 4. he’ll
have had, dies; 5. would have avoided; 6. had trained.
II. 1. a, the, the, –, the, a, –; 2. the, the, the; 3. the, –; 4. the, the; 5. the,
a, –.
III. 1. of, to, at, of, from, for, in, in, from, into; 2. in, by, in, of, on, with,
at, to.
IV. 1. lying; 2. none; 3. in the shade; 4. made; 5. hardly, what; 6. else,
besides; 7. make, mustn’t.
V. 1. guilty; 2. heartily; 3. personally; 4. disarming; 5. continually;
6. uncomfortable; 7. removal, complicated.
VI. 1. She likes walking in the rain.
2. Where are the other photos?
3. Your clothes are so dirty. You’d better change them.
4. She had been waiting in the cold so long that her feet felt numb.
5. His new suit fits him…
6. …energy problems.
VII. 1. Thanks a lot for your help. 2. Shall I give you another kiwi?
TEST 25 (p. 310)
I. 1. was raining (rained), had stopped; 2. have been sleeping long enough
(have slept), is; 3. wrote, hasn’t answered, am still waiting; 4. couldn’t,
cost; 5. lies; 6. began, haven’t had, have had; 7. spoke, had been made;
8. had discussed; 9. would feel.
II. the; a; a; a; –; a; –; the; –; the; the; –; a; the; the; –.
III. of; of; of; with; from; at; with; for; in; of; on.
IV. 1. so, made; 2. the only, who; 3. lent; 4. made; 5. which; 6. smells.
V. 1. puzzled; 2. varied; 3. equipment, safely; 4. developing, abilities;
5. relative, operation; 6. indifference.
VI. 1. Have we got enough bread?
2. I stayed in bed all day instead of going to work.
3. Were you at the meeting last Monday morning?
4. In the past week I worked extremely hard.
5. The river broke its banks…
6. …dairy products.
VII. 1. I’m really happy to see you. 2. Sorry for disturbing you.
TEST 26 (p. 312)
I. 1. was painting, was sitting, came, reversed; 2. shan’t (won’t) deliver, are
paid (have been paid); 3. is, have been trying (have tried), have you
been; 4. knows, is produced, realizes, is going; 5. had forgotten;
6. wouldn’t have asked; 7. hadn’t separated.
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II. the; –; –; the; the; the; the.
III. 1. on, for, in; 2. for; 3. into; 4. from, out of; 5. to; 6. for, of, off, at, to,
out of.
IV. 1. out of; 2. bored; 3. at dinner; 4. on you; 5. after work; 6. missing you;
7. like.
V. 1. buying, risky; 2. fully, reserved; 3. lively, Eastern; 4. preventive, infection;
5. hardly, miserable; 6. persuasive.
VI. 1. I like going to parties very much.
2. I didn’t let him know what I was thinking about.
3. Why not invite them to the party?
4. Could you explain to me the way of doing this?
5. …caused severe damage…
6. I can’t afford a long holiday…
VII. 1. I’ve caused you so much trouble. 2. She hasn’t been to London yet.
TEST 27 (p. 314)
I. 1. am going, have already booked, leaves; 2. had participated; 3. was
travelling, met; 4. told, had chosen, wanted, would read; 5. signifies,
has been; 6. got, had been sold; 7. would be; 8. hadn’t wasted.
II. 1. –, –, –, –; 2. –, –; 3. a, the, a; 4. the, a, the; 5. –, –, the.
III. 1. on, of, into; 2. of, to; 3. by; 4. of, in, after; 5. up, at, down; 6. with,
at, to; 7. on.
IV. 1. exciting, excited; 2. but; 3. else, besides; 4. a little (a bit), rather
(fairly); 5. come (arrive); 6. In the end (eventually); 7. no.
V. 1. Relativity; 2. exactly; 3. infection; 4. occupation; 5. patience;
6. mainly; 7. production, throughout, lately.
VI. 1. Nick was two hours late yesterday.
2. Neither of his parents realized the danger.
3. There’s no time to lose.
4. As soon as I get home I’ll have a shower.
5. Although/Though she tried hard...
6. I’m sorry to say…
VII. 1. He wouldn’t like to be left alone. 2. Do you speak Italian?
TEST 28 (p. 316)
I. 1. I haven’t been teaching (haven’t taught), have been working; 2. has
been, has never forgotten; 3. were moving, started; 4. lost, stopped; 5. will
be performed, is (has been) written; 6. did he tell, had lived, came; 7. were
not; 8. wouldn’t have happened.
II. –; –; –; a; the; the; a; a; a; the; the.
III. 1. of, at; 2. in; 3. to, of; 4. on, in; 5. on, of, at; 6. at; 7. after, in, to.
IV. 1. as, like; 2. such; 3. worried; 4. either; 5. which of you, the fewest; 6. badly.
V. 1. discomfort; 2. objective; 3. unconscious; 4. caring, academic, com
fortable, stimulated; 5. extremely, guided.
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VI. 1. He’s hardly ever at home.
2. You never panic like that, do you?
3. She’s kept us waiting for such a long time.
4. What other books by this author have you read?
5. I suggest changing…
6. If I were you…
VII. 1. Would you like to go to a disco tonight? 2. May I take your pen for a
while?
TEST 29 (p. 318)
I. 1. come, are; 2. complained, had recently tried; 3. I’m taking, is, has
always been; 4. were told, had just been operated; 5. hadn’t been tested,
came, were being tested, walked; 6. wouldn’t feel (be feeling); 7. had
learned.
II. an; the; a; a; the; the; a; the; the; the; the; a; the; the; the.
III. 1. to, to, for, in, in, of, for; 2. from, in; 3. on; 4. of, to; 5. of, to; 6. to,
of; 7. out.
IV. 1. do; 2. borrow, which, mine; 3. much, the others; 4. as, as, like;
5. while, fits.
V. 1. lying, surprised; 2. completely; 3. pressed; 4. appointment;
5. solution; 6. partly, personality.
VI. 1. I’m sorry I’ve left my day book at home.
2. What is winter like in your country?
3. Bob offered to give us a lift.
4. It was a meeting the importance of which I didn’t realize at that time.
5. …asked me if I could.
6. He’s looking after his little brother…
VII. 1. Thank you ever so much. 2. Do you mind my opening the window?
TEST 30 (p. 320)
I. 1. make, buy, will be able; 2. arrived, discovered, had forgotten, was,
had; 3. began, had built; 4. is, is being treated; 5. have just moved,
haven’t met; 6. are; 7. had been left, fell, was reading; 8. had read;
9. wouldn’t be.
II. a; a; a; the; a; –; the; the; the; –; –; –; the; the; the; the; –.
III. 1. of, in; 2. on, of; 3. of, in; 4. at, by; 5. off, till (until); 6. through, to,
with, up; 7. on.
IV. 1. the funniest; 2. another; 3. every, its; 4. makes; 5. told, every other
day; 6. many, recently.
V. 1. widened; 2. revision; 3. sandy, occasional, relaxing; 4. latest, activity,
walking, regularly.
VI. 1. I don’t want anything else to eat.
2. I’d like you to join us.
3. Does the scarf cost as much as the kerchief?
4. The police have already been called, haven’t they?
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5. …the fire broke out…
6. It we had saved some money…
VII. 1. Have you both had dinner? 2. I am so tired today.
TEST 31 (p. 322)
I. 1. was; 2. was driving; 3. had been hiking; 4. were looking; 5. had;
6. had been heading; 7. appeared; 8. slowed.
II. 1. on; 2. –; 3. the; 4. with; 5. up; 6. The; 7. a; 8. up; 9. at; 10. on.
III. 1. b; 2. b; 3. c; 4. d; 5. a; 6. b; 7. b; 8. c.
IV. 1. pollution; 2. reduction; 3. criticism; 4. increasingly; 5. destructive;
6. replaced; 7. performance; 8. dangerously.
V. In urban areas we have about three colds a year and they are caused not
by wet feet or sitting in a draught, but by a virus, or rather many viruses…
But every year the pharmaceutical companies spend millions of pounds
trying to persuade us…
VI. 3. a; 5. up; 7. of; 10. it.
VII. 1. where; 2. only; 3. spent; 4. of; 5. get; 6. forward.
VIII. 1. in advance; 2. shook; 3. engaged; 4. excused.
TEST 32 (p. 325)
I. a) 1. is having; 2. was working; 3. will have fixed; 4. has decided.
b) 5. has lived; 6. lived; 7. worked; 8. had known.
II. 1. –; 2. with; 3. a; 4. since; 5. a; 6. up; 7. at; 8. the; 9. the; 10. down.
III. 1. b; 2. c; 3. a; 4. d; 5. d; 6. b; 7. c; 8. a.
IV. 1. marvellous; 2. possibilities; 3. delightful; 4. fitness; 5. residents;
6. prides; 7. excellence; 8. particularly.
V. The problem with American parks system is that too many people are
visiting the system. It’s said they are ruining the plants with the pollution
from their cars, scaring the animals, destroying by their numbers the
experience of being in a wild place the parks are supposed to offer. The
basic argument is over how much should be done in the parks to satisfy
human visitors.
VI. 1. about; 4. but; 5. a; 9. him.
VII. 1. who; 2. is; 3. over; 4. make; 5. each; 6. can.
VIII. 1. for granted; 2. to get used; 3. taken; 4. spare.
TEST 33 (p. 328)
I. 1. was still raining; 2. reached; 3. had got; 4. was pouring; 5. had never
felt; 6. were laughing; 7. would be; 8. reached.
II. 1. an; 2. on; 3. for; 4. on; 5. of; 6. –; 7. by; 8. a; 9. to; 10. an.
III. 1. b; 2. b; 3. d; 4. a; 5. d; 6. c; 7. b; 8. a.
IV. 1. vacancy; 2. receptionist; 3. applicant; 4. extremely; 5. reliable;
6. personality; 7. varied; 8. highly.
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V. By the time he was 13, Howard had made up his mind to become an
artist. His father would have preferred him to have followed a more
academic career, but he left school at 16 and went to art college. His
father was disappointed but he had no choice but to support him and try
to take pride in his achievements.
VI. 3. such; 5. the; 7. is; 11. the.
VII. 1. which; 2. because; 3. themselves; 4. It; 5. ago/later; 6. since.
VIII. 1. offered; 2. cost; 3. went; 4. on time.
TEST 34 (p. 330)
I. a) 1. reached; 2. would have thought; b) 3. hadn’t moved; 4. were;
5. would enjoy; 6. has stopped; 7. had listened; 8. wouldn’t be.
II. 1. –; 2. since; 3. on; 4. at; 5. Since; 6. the; 7. –; 8. from; 9. –; 10. of.
III. 1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. c; 5. b; 6. d; 7. b; 8. a.
IV. 1. stressful; 2. especially; 3. Shoppers; 4. thought; 5. affection; 6. receipts;
7. exchanged; 8. embarrassing.
V. My son is an artist. As an artist and a man who is expressing himself, he
is on top of things. In a way, I envy him because he was able to do what
he wanted to do. I’d hoped to train as an engraver, but my father wouldn’t
support my apprenticeship. I suppose because my own talent was wasted
I made a point of encouraging my son’s...
VI. 1. there; 3. have; 6. most; 8. being.
VII. 1. have; 2. There; 3. as; 4. make; 5. be; 6. at.
VIII. 1. proposed; 2. heavy; 3. accidentally; 4. recommend.
TEST 35 (p. 333)
I. 1. have been worried; 2. took; 3. have already sold; 4. arranged; 5. have
heard; 6. have always wanted; 7. was offered; 8. grabbed.
II. 1. a; 2. The; 3. to; 4. a; 5. up; 6. at; 7. to; 8. the; 9. on; 10. off.
III. 1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. c; 5. d; 6. b; 7. b; 8. b.
IV. 1. enviable; 2. distinction; 3. responsibilities; 4. various; 5. annually;
6. national; 7. succeed; 8. ensure.
V. Children need toys because many adult skills are developed from playing
with them. Children who learn to construct model aircraft are using
their hands to a purpose. Children who solve jigsaw puzzles are using
their minds. Above all, children’s imagination is stimulated by playing
with objects.
VI. 3. enough; 7. have; 8. that; 10. the.
VII. 1. such; 2. hard; 3. they; 4. less; 5. able; 6. little.
VIII. 1. Either; 2. alike; 3. on behalf; 4. let.
TEST 36 (p. 335)
I. 1. b; 2. c; 3. c; 4. a; 5. b; 6. c; 7. b; 8. c.
II. 1. c; 2. a; 3. b; 4. c; 5. d; 6. b; 7. a; 8. b; 9. a; 10. d.
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III. 1. a; 2. c; 3. c; 4. a; 5. d; 6. c; 7. b; 8. c.
IV. 1. critical; 2. disobedience; 3. illegal; 4. inexperience; 5. encouraged;
6. irrelevant.
V. 1. it; 2. being; 3. more; 6. such; 7. to; 9. it; 10. was; 11. too.
VI. 1. worse; 2. reason; 3. ago; 4. night; 5. only; 6. until/till.
VII. 1. for the sake of; 2. dress up; 3. in such great demand; 4. upside down.
TEST 37 (p. 339)
I. 1. b; 2. c; 3. a; 4. c; 5. b; 6. c; 7. c; 8. d.
II. 1. c; 2. a; 3. d; 4. c; 5. c; 6. b; 7. a; 8. c; 9. d; 10. a.
III. 1. c; 2. a; 3. d; 4. b; 5. d; 6. c; 7. b; 8. d.
IV. 1. friendship; 2. daily; 3. selective; 4. importance; 5. uncommunicative;
6. broaden.
V. 1. of; 3. rather; 5. so; 6. them; 7. places; 8. such; 9. to; 11. if.
VI. 1. am; 2. provide; 3. There; 4. able; 5. more; 6. time/date.
VII. 1. are they; 2. a hand; 3. in no mood/not in the mood; 4. safe and sound.
TEST 38 (p. 342)
I. 1. c; 2. a; 3. c; 4. a; 5. b; 6. a; 7. a; 8. b.
II. 1. a; 2. b; 3. b; 4. d; 5. c; 6. c; 7. b; 8. a; 9. d; 10. b.
III. 1. b; 2. c; 3. c; 4. a; 5. c; 6. d; 7. a; 8. b.
IV. 1. retirement; 2. sociologist; 3. completely; 4. relaxation; 5. employment;
6. intensively.
V. 2. such; 3. to; 4. so; 6. most; 7. was; 8. to; 10. been; 12. out.
VI. 1. Be; 2. are; 3. have; 4. It; 5. so; 6. any.
VII. 1. the other day; 2. does he; 3. There is nothing like; 4. offered.
TEST 39 (p. 346)
I. 1.
II. 1.
III. 1.
IV. 1.
V. 1.
VI. 1.
VII. 1.
b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. c; 5. c; 6. d; 7. c; 8. a.
a; 2. d; 3. a; 4. b; 5. c; 6. a; 7. b; 8. d; 9. a; 10. b.
b; 2. d; 3. b; 4. c; 5. b; 6. d; 7. a; 8. b; 9. b; 10. d.
painter; 2. Movement; 3. skillfully; 4. daily; 5. unusual; 6. religious.
a; 2. to; 3. at; 4. whether; 6. yet; 7. one; 8. to; 9. you.
went; 2. what; 3. these; 4. There; 5. from; 6. was.
little in common; 2. is it; 3. lend; 4. tell.
TEST 40 (p. 349)
I. 1. c; 2. b; 3. d; 4. a; 5. c; 6. a; 7. b; 8. c.
II. 1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. b; 5. c; 6. d; 7. b; 8. a; 9. b; 10. d.
III. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b; 5. b; 6. d; 7. a; 8. d; 9. b; 10. c.
IV. 1. disorder; 2. impossible; 3. popularly; 4. especially; 5. vegetarian;
6. nervous.
V. 1. The; 2. which; 4. not; 5. one; 7. been; 8. enough; 9. with.
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VI. 1. been; 2. for; 3. only; 4. but; 5. paint; 6. as.
VII. 1. doesn’t she; 2. borrow; 3. match; 4. by heart.
INTEGRATED TESTS
(p. 352)
1. many, think, –, much, say, it, home, free, moreover, most, properly, have,
which, have already, at, recently, about, the waste, stop, stopped, in, other,
cannot, allow, stay, do, free, one another, similar, also, British.
2. in, for, which, the, separate, many, these, however, nearly, accepted, not,
market, ordinary, a, residents, daily, feel, does, to.
3. a, no one, farther, from, comes, of people, make, many, are, sit, on,
traffic, in, their.
4. arrived, down, the, awful, to land, so, journey, than, hours, house, bigger,
ours, work, works, which, the, to have, good, somewhere, owns, boring,
full, where, take, to, there, a few, coast, aren’t, the, colder.
5. the, company, the, interesting, it, badly, either, terribly, wore, even, go,
well, spend, went, the, in, large, talked, the, quite, pleasant, saying,
wanted, neat, as, big.
6. waiting, its, to begin, last, will be able, the, relax, look, covering, blade,
my, great, there, can, lifts, English, all, for, have, in, have longed, much,
one, adore.
7. from, not, yet, but, am having, got, called, it, have travelled, visited,
which, nearly, years, food, to, the, visited, was, am writing, board, are
fishing, but, haven’t, anything, get, next.
8. at, are drawing, with, are trying, a, of, simply, passage, to turn, the next,
these, your, a, the most, parts, work, rarely, tired, is controlled, parts,
brain, move, a, hundreds, from, at, there, nerves, do, fascinating, tell,
tea, the, the, are, to forget, found, will not, because, unique.
9. frightening, usual, were watching, of, which, of, ran, found, on, made,
mess, the time, there, had gone, on, wouldn’t, anything, have, much,
who, next, running, good, to.
10. got, at, dressed, late, didn’t have, either, took, to, way, to, came, on, was,
earlier, said, homework, is, home, that, the, a.
11. to go, ago, a, it, rather, so, stay, for, the, good, although, up, o’clock, for,
nurses, each, which, comfortable, it, sleep, the, but, homesick, missed, excited,
see, got, disgusting, like, had, awful, found out, made, eat, a, dislike.
12. great, learn, my, who, a, takes, every, the only, rides, in, fastened, with,
pilot, the, too, it, direction, stays.
13. the, male, tall, weigh, but, fight, in, they, peaceful, live, about, there,
elder, a few, their.
14. people, wrote, one, was walking, heard, the, a, off, stood, began, the,
who, was calling, was saved, a, thanked, a, the, were, loudly, the, had
given, a, but, said, alone, the, the, worth.
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Answer Keys
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15. have, say, hand, nearest, that made, habit, various, a, in, times, said,
boastful, a, object, himself, in, which, touched, however, say.
16. were playing, started, home, bored, decided, driving, saw, a, work, looking,
heard, call, got, the next, talked, a, were, a, spoke, to, sign, worried, give,
parking, but, who, listen.
17. so, good, chosen, great, jealous, kindly, to come, hurt, a few, can’t,
comfortably, was repairing, fell, didn’t, badly, to have, break, near, while,
are staying, over, of, to seeing.
18. to tell, the, last, talked, hours, him, made, interested, said, didn’t think,
old enough, had, who, seemed, so, to tell, much, need, would, sell, to,
good, tell, lend, honestly, would, great, to, talk.
***
(p. 359)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1. a; 2. d; 3. d; 4. d; 5. a; 6. b; 7. d; 8. d; 9. c; 10. d.
1. d; 2. b; 3. a; 4. a; 5. a; 6. d; 7. b; 8. d; 9. d; 10. c.
1. a; 2. b; 3. d; 4. c; 5. b; 6. a; 7. d; 8. c; 9. c; 10. d.
1. a; 2. d; 3. b; 4. b; 5. c; 6. d; 7. a; 8. d; 9. c; 10. c.
1. a; 2. b; 3. c; 4. d; 5. a; 6. d; 7. c; 8. b; 9. c; 10. b.
1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. a; 5. b; 6. c; 7. d; 8. c; 9. b; 10. c; 11. b.
1. a; 2. c; 3. a; 4. c; 5. c; 6. a; 7. a; 8. c; 9. b; 10. c.
1. c; 2. b; 3. a; 4. d; 5. c; 6. a; 7. c; 8. c; 9. b; 10. d.
1. c; 2. d; 3. b; 4. a; 5. a; 6. b; 7. d; 8. c; 9. c; 10. d.
1. d; 2. b; 3. d; 4. a; 5. a; 6. a; 7. c; 8. c; 9. d; 10. c; 11. a; 12. c; 13. c;
14. a; 15. a.
(p. 368)
1. 1. by; 2. as; 3. who; 4. born; 5. up; 6. age; 7. care; 8. due; 9. up; 10. to.
2. 1. old; 2. one; 3. by; 4. who; 5. its; 6. no; 7. no; 8. as; 9. from; 10. own;
11. there; 12. than.
3. 1. when; 2. old; 3. was; 4. how; 5. proud; 6. Though (Although); 7. as;
8. too; 9. up; 10. hard.
4. 1. than; 2. when; 3. than; 4. went; 5. got; 6. at; 7. what; 8. on; 9. other;
10. both.
5. 1. most; 2. about; 3. the; 4. into; 5. there; 6. it; 7. as; 8. with; 9. own; 10. was.
6. 1. for; 2. be; 3. as; 4. all; 5. such; 6. more; 7. are; 8. has; 9. which (that);
10. have; 11. order.
7. 1. to; 2. leaves; 3. looking; 4. else; 5. up; 6. own; 7. spend; 8. soon;
9. where; 10. until; 11. time; 12. mind.
8. 1. was; 2. then; 3. to; 4. most; 5. called; 6. by; 7. like; 8. to; 9. as;
10. until; 11. one; 12. which.
9. 1. are; 2. In; 3. have; 4. used; 5. a; 6. so; 7. such; 8. of; 9. though;
10. one.
10. 1. every; 2. few; 3. who; 4. make; 5. for; 6. to; 7. more; 8. from; 9. who;
10. only; 11. but; 12. well.
432
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READING COMPREHENSION TESTS
TEST 1 (p. 373)
I. 1. True; 2. True; 3. True; 4. True; 5. False; 6. True; 7. False.
II. 1. Which school was more hygienic?
2. When did the girl leave school?
3. Who said the girl’s job was a first class start?
4. Was the solicitor’s office a new or an old established firm?
5. Whose duty was it to make tea?
6. Was the general office clean?
7. Where were the tea cups kept?
III. 1. b; 2. b; 3. c; 4. b; 5. c; 6. a.
TEST 2 (p. 375)
I. 1. True; 2. True; 3. True; 4. False; 5. False; 6. False; 7. True.
II. 1. Did the puppy cause his master a lot of trouble?
2. The other astronomers were fond of the dog, weren’t they?
3. What colour was the dog?
4. Why did the dog’s masters abandon her?
5. Has the narrator made many or few friends?
6. When would the dog go frantic with delight?
7. Could the man take the dog on his overseas trips?
III. 1. b; 2. a; 3. a; 4. b; 5. b.
TEST 3 (p. 377)
I. 1. True; 2. True; 3. False; 4. True; 5. True; 6. False; 7. True.
II. 1. Who was staying with University friends?
2. What did the man do when he heard Laika barking?
3. What was Laika doing at the door?
4. The narrator was angry with the dog, wasn’t he?
5. Was it quiet and still or windy outside?
6. What happened while the man stood outside waiting for Laika to
come back?
7. Why didn’t the Red Cross take the man away until late the next
morning?
III. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. c; 5. a; 6. b.
TEST 4 (p. 379)
I. 1. True; 2. True; 3. False; 4. True; 5. True; 6. True; 7. False.
II. 1. Whose invitation did Susie accept?
2. Where did Susie have news of Haddo and his wife?
3. Why did Susie hesitate before going to the Riviera?
4. Susie wanted to meet the Haddos in the Riviera, didn’t she?
5. What keen desire did Susie have?
6. Why didn’t the Haddos notice Susie?
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7. Where did the Haddos have rooms?
8. Did the Haddos know many or few English?
III. l. a; 2. b; 3. b; 4. c; 5. b.
TEST 5 (p. 382)
I. 1. True; 2. True; 3. False; 4. True; 5. True; 6. False; 7. True.
II. 1. Was it difficult or easy for Mohanti to understand the British mind?
2. Under what pretext did Mohanti start a conversation?
3. What did Mohanti’s fellow passengers tell him about?
4. Mohanti took the invitation of his fellow passengers at face value,
didn’t he?
5. When did Mohanti forget to say “please”?
6. What did the man at the counter say?
7. How long did Mohanti stay with the sick man?
8. Why weren’t they pleased with Mohanti at the office?
III. 1. c; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a; 5. c.
TEST 6 (p. 384)
I. 1. True; 2. False; 3. False; 4. True; 5. False; 6. False.
II. 1. When did the American chessplayer Bobby Fisher retire?
2. Where does Kasparov come from?
3. Are the two players’ approaches to chess and life different?
4. What sports does Kasparov enjoy?
5. Whose games are a joy to watch?
6. Does Karpov work hard or little?
7. Does Karpov use a profound understanding of the game?
8. What enables Karpov to be the world’s top chessplayer for ten years?
III. 1. b; 2. с; 3. а; 4. а; 5. c.
TEST 7 (p. 386)
I. 1. False; 2. False; 3. True; 4. True; 5. False; 6. False; 7. False.
II. 1. How many young people aren’t concerned about anything?
2. How old were the young people interviewed in October, 91?
3. What national problem worries young people most of all?
4. Other problems were also mentioned by the interviewed, weren’t they?
5. What was a major influence on what worries уoungsters?
6. Were younger people more bothered about violence and crime or
about unemployment?
7. What were older children worried about?
8. Do young people share any concerns of their parents?
III. 1. b; 2. с; 3. а; 4. b; 5. c.
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TEST 8 (p. 388)
I. 1. True; 2. True; 3. True; 4. False; 5. False; 6. True; 7. False.
II. 1. When did the council start pulling down old buildings?
2. Pulling down slums seemed to be a good idea to the towners, didn’t it?
3. Was there enough room for a modern shopping centre in the town centre?
4. What kind of shopping centre did they plan to build?
5. Why were the council forced to stop?
6. When did the council have to give up the original idea?
7. Where do they plan to build the shopping centre now?
III. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. а; 5. b.
TEST 9 (p. 390)
I. 1. True; 2. True; 3. True; 4. False; 5. True; 6. False; 7. True; 8. True.
II. 1. What will a stranger be astonished at?
2. When are schoolchildren always in a hurry?
3. How long does the mid morning break last?
4. What is a source of wonder to adults?
5. Do all the children mix happily with other children at break?
6. It must be hard for some children to stand alone at the side of the
playground, mustn’t it?
7. Who wasn’t popular among school fellows?
III. 1. c; 2. c; 3. b; 4. b; 5. a.
TEST 10 (p. 392)
I. 1. False; 2. False; 3. True; 4. True; 5. True; 6. True; 7. True.
II. 1. What does Margaret do?
2. Margaret has a seven hour sleep every day, doesn’t she?
3. Why did Margaret find cleaning hard at first?
4. Why did Margaret take the job of a night cleaner?
5. How long is Margaret going to keep her present job?
6. What is Margaret planning to do in a year or eighteen months?
7. Is the building where Margaret works lit all night or in the evening only?
8. Does Margaret work alone?
III. l. a; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b.
435
Answer Keys
© ɈȾɈ «Ⱥɜɟɪɫɷɜ», 2019
SUPPLEMENT
1. IRREGULAR VERBS
Base Form
Past Simple Form
arise [´»raIz]
awake [´»weIk]
arose [´»r´Uz]
awoke [´»w´Uk],
awakened
[´»weIk´nd]
be [bi˘]
was [wÅz]
bear [be´]
bore [bç˘]
beat [bi˘t]
beat [bi˘t]
become [bI»k√m] became [bI»keIm]
begin [bI»gIn]
bend [bend]
bind [baInd]
bite [baIt]
bleed [bli˘d]
began [bI»gQn]
bent [bent]
bound [baUnd]
bit [bIt]
bled [bled]
blow [bl´U]
break [breIk]
blew [blu˘]
broke [br´Uk]
breed [bri˘d]
bred [bred]
bring [brIN]
brought [brç˘t]
build [bIld]
burn [b˘n]
burst [b˘st]
built [bIlt]
burned [b˘nd]
burst [b˘st]
buy [baI]
catch [kQtS]
bought [bç˘t]
caught [kç˘t]
choose [tSu˘z]
cling [klIN]
chose [tS´Uz]
clung [kl√N]
436
Past Participle
Translation
arisen [´»rIz´n]
awoken
[´»w´Uk´n]
возникать
будить,
просыпаться
been [bi˘n]
borne [bç˘n]
beaten [»bi˘tn]
become [bI»k√m]
быть
переносить
бить, ударять
становиться,
случаться
begun [bI»g√n] начинать
bent [bent]
сгибать, гнуть
bound [baUnd] связывать
bitten [»bItn]
кусать, жалить
bled [bled]
кровоточить,
истекать кровью
blown [bl´Un]
дуть, развевать
broken
ломать,
[»br´Uk´n]
разбивать
bred [bred]
выводить,
разводить
brought [brç˘t] приносить,
вызывать
built [bIlt]
строить
burnt [b˘nt]
жечь, гореть
burst [b˘st]
взрываться, вне
запно разразиться
bought [bç˘t]
покупать
caught [kç˘t]
ловить,
схватывать
chosen [»tS´Uz´n] выбирать
clung [kl√N]
цепляться,
прилипать
On the Way to Success
© ɈȾɈ «Ⱥɜɟɪɫɷɜ», 2019
Base Form
come [k√m]
cost [kÅst]
creep [kri˘p]
cut [k√t]
deal [di˘l]
dig [dIg]
draw [drç˘]
dream [dri˘m]
drink [drINk]
drive [draIv]
dwell [dwel]
eat [i˘t]
fall [fç˘l]
feed [fi˘d]
feel [fi˘l]
fight [faIt]
find [faInd]
flee [fli˘]
fling [flIN]
fly [flaI]
forbear [f碻be´]
forbid [f´»bId]
forget [f´»get]
forgive [f´»gIv]
forsake [f´»seIk]
Past Simple Form
came [keIm]
cost [kÅst]
Past Participle
Translation
come [k√m]
cost [kÅst]
приходить
стоить,
обходиться
crept [krept]
crept [krept]
ползать
cut [k√t]
cut [k√t]
резать
dealt [delt]
dealt [delt]
заниматься,
иметь дело
dug [d√g]
dug [d√g]
копать
drew [dru˘]
drawn [drç˘n]
рисовать, тащить
dreamed [dri˘md], dreamed [dri˘md], мечтать, видеть
dreamt [dremt] dreamt [dremt] сны
drank [drQNk]
drunk [dr√Nk]
пить
drove [dr´Uv]
driven [»drIv´n] водить,
управлять
dwelt [dwelt],
dwelt [dwelt],
жить, обитать
dwelled [dweld] dwelled [dweld]
ate [et]
eaten [»i˘tn]
есть
fell [fel]
fallen [»fç˘l´n]
падать
fed [fed]
fed [fed]
кормить
felt [felt]
felt [felt]
чувствовать
fought [fç˘t]
fought [fç˘t]
бороться,
сражаться
found [faund]
found [faund]
находить
fled [fled]
fled [fled]
убегать, спасать
ся бегством
flung [fl√N]
flung [fl√N]
бросать,
швырять
flew [flu˘]
flown [fl´Un]
летать
forbore [f碻bç˘] forborne
удерживаться,
[f碻bç˘n]
воздерживаться
forbade [f´»beId] forbidden [f´»bIdn] запрещать
forgot [f´»gÅt]
forgotten [f´»gÅtn] забывать
forgave [f´»geIv] forgiven [f´»gIvn] прощать
forsook [f´»sUk] forsaken
оставлять,
[f´»seIk´n]
отказываться
437
Supplement
© ɈȾɈ «Ⱥɜɟɪɫɷɜ», 2019
Base Form
Past Simple Form
freeze [fri˘z]
froze [fr´Uz]
get [get]
got [gÅt]
give [gIv]
go [g´U]
grind [graInd]
grow [gr´U]
gave [geIv]
went [went]
ground [graUnd]
grew [gru˘]
hang [hQN]
have [hQv]
hear [hI´]
hide [haId]
hit [hIt]
hold [h´Uld]
hurt [h˘t]
hung [h√N]
had [hQd]
heard [h˘d]
hid [hId]
hit [hIt]
held [held]
hurt [h˘t]
keep [ki˘p]
kept [kept]
kneel [ni˘l]
knelt [nelt]
know [n´U]
lay [leI]
lead [li˘d]
learn [l˘n]
leave [li˘v]
knew [nju˘]
laid [leId]
led [led]
learned [l˘nd],
learnt [l˘nt]
left [left]
lend [lend]
lent [lent]
let [let]
let [let]
lie [laI]
light [laIt]
lay [leI]
lit [lIt], lighted
[»laItId]
lost [lÅst]
lose [lu˘z]
438
Past Participle
Translation
frozen [»fr´Uz´n] замерзать,
замораживаться
got [gÅt]
получать,
становиться
given [»gIvn]
давать
gone [gÅn]
идти, ехать
ground [graUnd] точить, молоть
grown [gr´Un]
расти,
выращивать
hung [h√N]
висеть, вешать
had [hQd]
иметь
heard [h˘d]
слышать
hidden [»hIdn]
прятать
hit [hIt]
ударять, поражать
held [held]
держать
hurt [h˘t]
повредить,
ушибить
kept [kept]
держать,
хранить
knelt [nelt]
становиться
на колени
known [n´Un]
знать
laid [leId]
класть
led [led]
вести
learned [l˘nd], учиться
learnt [l˘nt]
left [left]
оставлять,
уезжать
lent [lent]
давать взаймы,
одалживать
let [let]
позволять,
сдавать в наем
lain [leIn]
лежать
lit [lIt], lighted зажигать,
[»laItId]
освещать
lost [lÅst]
терять
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Base Form
Past Simple Form
make
mean [mi˘n]
made [meId]
meant [ment]
meet [mi˘t]
pay [peI]
put [pUt]
quit [kwIt]
read [ri˘d]
ride [raId]
ring [rIN]
rise [raIz]
met [met]
paid [peId]
put [pUt]
quit [kwIt],
quitted [»kwItId]
read [red]
rode [r´Ud]
rang [rQN]
rose [r´Uz]
run [r√n]
saw [sç˘]
say [seI]
see [si˘]
seek [si˘k]
sell [sel]
send [send]
set [set]
ran [rQn]
sawed [sç˘d]
said [sed]
saw[sç˘]
sought [sç˘t]
sold [s´Uld]
sent [sent]
set [set]
sew [s´U]
shake [SeIk]
shed [Sed]
sewed [s´Ud]
shook [SUk]
shed [Sed]
shine [SaIn]
shoot [Su˘t]
show [S´U]
shrink [SrINk]
shone [SÅn]
shot [SÅt]
showed [S´Ud]
shrank [SrQNk]
shut [S√t]
sing [sIN]
sink [sINk]
shut [S√t]
sang [sQN]
sank [sQNk],
sunk [s√Nk]
Past Participle
Translation
made [meId]
meant [ment]
делать
значить, подра
зумевать
met [met]
встречать
paid [peId]
платить
put [pUt]
класть
quit [kwIt],
оставлять,
quitted [»kwItId] покидать
read [red]
читать
ridden [»rIdn]
ездить верхом
rung [r√N]
звонить, звенеть
risen [»rIz´n]
вставать,
подниматься
run [r√n]
бежать
sawn [sç˘n]
пилить
said [sed]
говорить, сказать
seen [si˘n]
видеть
sought [sç˘t]
искать
sold [s´Uld]
продавать
sent [sent]
посылать
set [set]
ставить, поме
щать, заходить
(о солнце)
sewn [s´Un]
шить
shaken [»SeIk´n] трясти
shed [Sed]
проливать
(кровь, слезы)
shone [SÅn]
светить
shot [SÅt]
стрелять
shown [S´Un]
показывать
shrunk [Sr√Nk] садиться,
сокращаться
shut [S√t]
закрывать
sung [s√N]
петь
sunk [s√Nk]
тонуть
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Base Form
Past Simple Form
Past Participle
sit [sIt]
slay [sleI]
sat [sQt]
slew [slu˘]
sat [sQt]
slain [sleIn]
sleep [sli˘p]
slide [slaId]
sow [s´U]
slept [slept]
slid [slId]
sowed [s´Ud]
speak [spi˘k]
spoke [sp´Uk]
spend [spend]
spent [spent]
slept [slept]
slid [slId]
sown [s´Un],
sowed [s´Ud]
spoken
[»sp´Uk´n]
spent [spent]
spil [spIl]
spread [spred]
spring [sprIN]
stand [stQnd]
steal [sti˘l]
stick [stIk]
sting [stIN]
strew [stru˘]
spilt [spIlt],
spilled [spIld]
spun [sp√n],
span [spQn]
spoiled [spçIld],
spoilt [spçIlt]
spread [spred]
sprang [sprQN]
stood [stUd]
stole [st´Ul]
stuck [st√k]
stung [st√N]
strewed [stru˘d]
stride [straId]
strike [straIk]
strode [str´Ud]
struck [str√k]
string [strIN]
strung [str√N]
strive [straIv]
swear [swe´]
strove [str´Uv],
strived [straIvd]
swore [swç˘]
sweep [swi˘p]
swept [swept]
swim [swIm]
swam [swQm]
spin [spIn]
spoil [spçIl]
440
spilt [spIlt],
spilled [spIld]
spun [sp√n]
spoiled [spçIld],
spoilt [spçIlt]
spread [spred]
sprung [spr√N]
stood [stUd]
stolen [»st´Ul´n]
stuck [st√k]
stung [st√N]
strewn [stru˘n]
Translation
сидеть
убивать, подав
лять (чувство)
спать
скользить
сеять
говорить
тратить, прово
дить (время)
проливать
прясть
портить
распространять
прыгать
стоять
красть
приклеивать
жалить
разбрасывать,
покрывать
stridden [»strIdn] шагать
struck [str√k]
ударять,
бастовать
strung [str√N]
натягивать,
завязывать
striven [»strIv´n], стремиться
strived [straIvd]
sworn [swç˘n]
клясться,
ругаться
swept [swept]
мести,
подметать
swum [sw√m]
плавать
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Base Form
Past Simple Form
Past Participle
swing [swIN]
take [teIk]
teach [ti˘tS]
tear [te´]
tell [tel]
think [TINk]
throw
thrust [Tr√st]
tread [tred]
swung [sw√N]
took [tUk]
taught [tç˘t]
tore [tç˘]
told [t´Uld]
thought [Tç˘t]
threw [Tru˘]
thrust [Tr√st]
trod [trÅd]
understand
[«√nd´»stQnd]
wake [weIk]
understood
[«√nd´»stUd]
woke [w´Uk]
swung [sw√N]
taken [»teIk´n]
taught [tç˘t]
torn [tç˘n]
told [t´Uld]
thought [Tç˘t]
thrown [Tr´Un]
thrust [Tr√st]
trodden [»trÅdn],
trod [trÅd]
understood
[«√nd´»stUd]
woken [w´Ukn]
wear [we´]
weep [wi˘p]
win [wIn]
wind [waInd]
wore [wç˘]
wept [wept]
won [w√n]
wound [waUnd]
worn [wç˘n]
wept [wept]
won [w√n]
wound [waUnd]
wring [rIN]
write [raIt]
wrung [r√N]
wrote [r´Ut]
wrung [r√N]
written [»rItn]
Translation
качаться
брать
учить, обучать
рвать
рассказывать
думать
бросать
совать, толкать
ступать
понимать
просыпаться,
будить
носить (одежду)
плакать
выигрывать
виться, заводить
(часы)
скручивать
писать
2. STATIVE VERBS
admire*
agree
adore
appear
astonish
be*
believe
belong
*
[´d»maI´]
[´»gri˘]
[´»dç˘]
[´»pI´]
[´»stÅnIS]
[bi˘]
[bI»li˘v]
[bI»lÅN]
восхищаться
соглашаться
обожать
появляться, казаться
удивлять, поражать
быть
верить
принадлежать
The verbs marked with an asterisk(*) can be found in Continuous forms, especially in
conversational speech.
441
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concern
consist
contain
[k´n»s˘n]
[k´n»sIst]
[k´n»teIn]
касаться, иметь отношение
состоять
содержать
cost
[kÅst]
стоить, иметь стоимость
depend
[dI»pend]
зависеть
deserve*
desire
despise
detest
dislike
doubt*
envy*
exist
expect*
feel*
fit
forget*
guess
hate
have*
hear*
hope*
imagine*
impress
include
involve
know
lack*
last*
like
love
matter
[dI»z˘v]
[dI»zaI´]
[dI»spaIz]
[dI»test]
[dIs»laIk]
[daUt]
[»envI]
[Ig»zIst]
[Iks»pect]
[fi˘l]
[fIt]
[f´»get]
[ges]
[heIt]
[hQv]
[hI´]
[h´Up]
[I»mQdZIn]
[Im»pres]
[In»klu˘d]
[In»vÅlv]
[n´U]
[lQk]
[lA˘st]
[laIk]
[l√v]
[»mQt´]
заслуживать
желать
презирать
ненавидеть, питать отвращение
не любить, испытывать неприязнь
сомневаться
завидовать
существовать
ожидать
чувствовать
соответствовать, подходить
забывать
догадываться, предполагать
ненавидеть
иметь
слышать
надеяться
воображать
производить впечатление
включать
включать в себя
знать
нуждаться, недоставать
длиться
нравиться
любить
иметь значение
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need
notice*
mean
owe*
own
please
possess
prefer
[ni˘d]
[»n´UtIs]
[mi˘n]
[´U]
[´Un]
[pli˘z]
[p´»z´s]
[prI»f˘]
нуждаться
замечать
иметь в виду
быть должным
иметь, владеть
хотеть, изволить; угождать
обладать
предпочитать
reach*
realize
recognize
remember
resemble
satisfy
see
seem
sound
smell*
stop
suppose
surprise
survive*
suspect
taste*
understand
want
wish*
[ri˘tS]
[»rI´laIz]
[»rek´gnaIz]
[rI»memb´]
[rI»zembl]
[»sQtIsfaI]
[si˘]
[si˘m]
[saUnd]
[smel]
[stÅp]
[s´»p´Uz]
[s´»praIz]
[s´»vaIv]
[s´»spekt]
[teIst]
[«√nd´»stQnd]
[wÅnt]
[wIS]
достигать
осуществить, осознавать
узнавать
помнить
походить
удовлетворять
видеть
казаться
звучать
пахнуть; чувствовать запах
останавливаться, прекращать
предполагать
удивлять
выжить; пережить
подозревать
иметь вкус
понимать
хотеть
желать
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3. SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES IN THE USAGE OF DISJUNCTIVE
QUESTIONS (TAGQUESTIONS)
The first part of a disjunctive question containing negative adverbs/
pronouns like never, no, none, neither, nothing, nobody or words with a
negative meaning such as hardly (ever), scarcely, rarely, seldom, little, few
is followed by an affirmative question tag.
The first part of the disjunctive question
Questiontag
She seldom complains,
It has hardly rained this summer,
There’s little time left,
Very few tourists visit this godforsaken place,
None of the audience remained indifferent,
Neither Monday nor Tuesday suits him,
Nothing means more than the truth,
Nobody likes to be made fun of,
does she?
has it?
is there?
do they?
did they?
does it?
does it?
do they?
Mind that in question tags the pronoun it is used to refer to nothing and
everything while the pronoun they refers to nobody (one), somebody (one),
everybody (one).
The first part of the disjunctive question
Questiontag
Nothing has changed here,
Everything went wrong,
Everybody felt confused and disappointed,
Nobody is perfect,
Someone must know how to handle this,
has it?
didn’t it?
didn’t they?
are they?
mustn’t they?
Note a few more peculiarities of the usage of question tags.
The first part of the disjunctive question
Questiontag
That’s the problem,
I suppose he’s very tired,
Don’t forget to post the letter,
Give my love to your parents,
I’m late,
Let’s sit in the shade,
Let’s give him another chance,
isn’t it?
isn’t he?
will you?
will/would you?
aren’t I?
shall we?
shall we?
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LITERATURE
Abbs В., Freebairn I. Blueprint. — London, 1989.
Abbs В., Freebairn I. Building Strategies. — Longman, 1989.
Alexander L. G. Longman English Grammar Practice. — Longman
Group UK Limited, 1992.
Beaumont Digby and Granger Colin. The Heinemann English Grammar. —
Heinemann, 1989.
Bernstein L. Arena. — Collins ELT, 1990.
Fowler W. S., Pidcock J., Rycraft R. Incentive English. — Nelson, 1979.
Fowler W. S., Pidcock J. Synthesis. — Nelson, 1991.
GartonSprender J., Greenhall S. Flying Colours 2. — Heinemann, 1991.
Gethin Hugh. Grammar in Context. — Nelson, English Language
Teaching, 1992.
Harmer J., Elsworth S. The Listening File. — Longman, 1990.
Hartley В., Viney P. Streamline English. — Oxford, 1985.
High Life, January, 1995.
Jones Leo. Cambridge Advanced English. — Cambridge University Press,
1993.
Jones Leo. Progress Towards First Certificate. — Cambridge University
Press, 1990.
Leech G., Svartvik J. A Communicative Grammar of English. — Longman
Group UK Limited, 1993.
Mohamed S., Acklam R. Intermediate Choice. — Longman, 1995.
Mugglestone P., O’Neill R. Third Dimension. — Longman, 1990.
Murphy R. English Grammar in Use. — Cambridge University Press,
1992.
O’Neill R., Mugglestone P. Fourth Dimension. — Longman, 1992.
Swan M., Walter C. The Cambridge English Course. — Cambridge
University Press, 1991.
Taylor Abdulazis H., Stover A. D. Academic Challenge in Russian. —
Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall, 1989.
Thomas B. J. Intermediate Vocabulary. — London, 1989.
The Guardian, January, 1995.
Walker E., Elsworth S. Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students. —
Longman, 1994.
445
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© ɈȾɈ «Ⱥɜɟɪɫɷɜ», 2019
CONTENTS
ВВЕДЕНИЕ ...........................................................................
3
PART I. ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY IN USE ...........
5
1. THE ENGLISH VERB ............................................................
1.1. The Active voice .......................................................................
1.1.1. The Present Simple (Indefinite) and the Present
Continuous (Progressive) tense forms .........................
1.1.2. The Past Simple (Indefinite) and the Past
Continuous (Progressive) tense forms ..........................
1.1.3. The Present Perfect and the Past Simple
(Indefinite) tense forms ..............................................
1.1.4. The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive)
and the Present Perfect Simple tense forms ..................
1.1.5. The Past Perfect and the Past Perfect Continuous
tense forms .................................................................
1.1.6. Ways of expressing future actions in English .................
1.1.7. Miscellaneous practice on the use of various
tense forms in the Active voice .....................................
1.2. The Passive voice ......................................................................
1.2.1. Verb tenses in the Passive voice .....................................
1.2.2. Miscellaneous practice on the use of various
tense forms in the Active/Passive voice .........................
1.3. Modal verbs .............................................................................
1.3.1. Can, could, be able .....................................................
1.3.2. Can, could, may, would ...............................................
1.3.3. Must, have to, to be to .................................................
1.3.4. Mustn’t (must not) and needn’t (need not) ...................
1.3.5. Must and may .............................................................
1.3.6. Should and ought ........................................................
1.3.7. Miscellaneous practice ................................................
1.4. Conditionals ............................................................................
1.5. Wish clauses ............................................................................
1.6. Infinitive and gerund .................................................................
5
5
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
THE ENGLISH NOUN ..........................................................
The case of English nouns .........................................................
The number of English nouns ....................................................
Subject predicate agreement .....................................................
5
15
23
31
37
44
54
61
61
64
68
68
69
71
73
74
75
76
78
85
87
100
101
104
107
3. THE ARTICLE IN ENGLISH ................................................. 118
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4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
4.9.
4.10.
4.11.
4.12.
PRONOUNS ...........................................................................
Personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns ................................
Indefinite pronouns some/any/no ..............................................
Compound Indefinite pronouns some/any/no +
one/body/thing/where ...............................................................
Indefinite pronouns much, many and their equivalents a lot of,
plenty of, a great/large number of, a great/good deal of,
a large/great amount of .............................................................
Indefinite pronouns little, few, a little, a few ................................
Indefinite pronouns both, either, neither, none ...........................
Indefinite pronouns another, (the) other, (the) others ..................
Pronouns each/every ................................................................
Pronouns all/whole ...................................................................
Defining (relative) pronouns who(m)/whose/
which/that ................................................................................
It is and there is compared ........................................................
Demonstrative pronouns this/these, that/those ..........................
139
139
142
145
147
149
151
154
157
159
160
162
165
5. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ............................................... 170
5.1. Degrees of comparison of adjectives .......................................... 175
5.2. Degrees of comparison of adverbs ............................................. 180
6. THE ENGLISH NUMERAL ................................................... 183
7.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.
7.6.
7.7.
7.8.
7.9.
PREPOSITIONS .....................................................................
Prepositions of time ..................................................................
Prepositions of place .................................................................
Prepositions of direction and movement ....................................
Prepositions with the meaning of possession,
reference and identification .......................................................
Prepositions with nouns as adverbial modifiers ..........................
Prepositions with an object after “prepositional” verbs ...............
Prepositions with a noun or gerund after a verbal
phrase be/get + adj./Part. II ......................................................
Phrasal verbs ............................................................................
Phrasal prepositional verbs .......................................................
8.
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
WORD FORMATION .............................................................
Nouns from verbs .....................................................................
Nouns from adjectives and nouns ...............................................
Adjectives from nouns and verbs. Verbs from nouns
and adjectives ...........................................................................
8.4. Negative prefixes ......................................................................
188
188
191
193
194
196
198
201
203
206
211
211
214
216
219
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9. WORD ORDER .......................................................................
9.1. Typical schemes and examples of word order in different
types of questions .....................................................................
9.2. Statements with direct and indirect objects .................................
9.3. Position of adverbial modifiers of place and time
in a sentence .............................................................................
9.4. Word order in statements containing adverbs of frequency
and degree of completeness .......................................................
9.5. The order of adjectives before a noun .........................................
10. TEXT CONNECTORS ............................................................
10.1. Time connectors after/before/when/as/while/
as soon as/since/till/until ..........................................................
10.2. Text connectors denoting contrast although/though/
even though/in spite of/despite/but/however/
nevertheless ..............................................................................
10.3. Text connectors denoting reason and result (cause
and effect) because/as/so/as a result/therefore/
that’s why/since ........................................................................
230
230
231
232
232
233
235
235
236
238
11. WORD CHOICE ..................................................................... 243
12. CONVERSATIONAL FORMULAS AND PHRASES ............... 255
PART II. EVALUATION OF LEARNERS’ SKILLS
IN THE USE OF ENGLISH ............................................................. 258
1. CLASSIFIED TESTS ............................................................... 258
2. INTEGRATED TESTS ............................................................ 352
PART III. EVALUATION OF LEARNERS’ SKILLS
IN READING COMPREHENSION ................................................... 373
ANSWER KEYS ....................................................................... 395
SUPPLEMENT ....................................................................... 436
LITERATURE ......................................................................... 445
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