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ISBN 985-6268-29-X
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HaXOl1.I1M.
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C.HO:>KMB, nO;tYlJMI\t:
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+
t g 1 n sin <p -=t g Y sin  <p + t gAs i n <p c 0 S <p
(1.1)
( 1.2)
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ctganp=ctgacos<p-tgAsinq>; (I 5)
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ctga 1n =ctga 1 sin<Pl-tgA.1Cos<Pl' (1.8)
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np 11
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HOCHTeJlbHO CTaTHlJeCKoH.
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sin )l = 2 h / d; t g t =S' / 1t d,
S =..S'cos}..t.
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KO ropblH B JlOJIHOH Mepe OTBet.JaJI 6bl BCCM lJepelJHCJ1eHHblM Tpe60BatlHjlM, a
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Y 12A.. Y 13A COJ[Cp)Kar OT 0..9 110 1..3 % yrJlepoll.a, 3aKaJIHBalOTCSI Ha
flep.LlOC'J b 61-63 HRC,) H 06J1a.LlalOT )tOCTaTOlJHO BblCOKOH MexaHHllec-
KOH npo--tHOC'1 blO, HO HH3KOH H3HococrOHKOCTblO H TenJ10cToHKOCThlO.
"U3KOJICrHpOnaIlHble UHCTPYMCIIT3JIbHbie CTaJIH - yr:ncpOJ{I1C-
1 ble I1Hc-rpYMeHTa.rlbHble CTaJlH C ue60-,lbWHMH .l106aBKa\1H xpO\fa, Map"
rauua, Bo..1b<ppaMa, KpeMfHi.sl H BaHa.L(H. HaM6o.aee WHpOKO npHMeHRCMblf
MapKH XBf, 9XC, 95XrCB(f), X6B<t> 3aKaJlHBafOTC» Ha TBep,lJ,OCTb J10 65
IIRC,. H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb 3THX CTaJJeH HeMlloro BbI1Ue, lleM yrJ1epO.LlHc"
TbIX+\ a Ten;10cToHKOCTb TaKa JKe lIeBblCOKaH (250-350 °C). 003TOMY 113
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LteHOM (P6M3, P6M5, P9M4), BaHa).(HCM (P9<1>5 P 12ct>34) P 14<1>4.. P 18<1>2).
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2 3

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nOBblUJCHHe pe)J(YWHX CBOHCTB 6bJCTpOpe)KYWHX CTa.aeH tlOCTHr'aeTC}I
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MapKH cTaaeH Te )J{e, HO C llo6aB.HeHHeM 6YKBhl 1\: AP6M5, 10AP6M5,
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J.J.OCTb H Ha 20-30 % PC)I(yuHie CBoHcTBa CraJIH.
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JJ.Ba pa3a BbIUJe, 4eM H3 06bILlHbIX.
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2 

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;..{o 69 HRC') Ii TennOCTOHKOCTb .LJ.O 720 °c. n03TOMY cn..laBbl HHor.na
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TeMneparype 1500-2000 °C nopOLllKOB Kap6HlloB ryroll;laBKHX MeTaJl-
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BblnOJIHjleT pOJ1b CBSl3KI1.
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BK8, BK10, BK15, BK20, BK25 (TennOCTOMKOCTb - 800-850 °C);
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TK: T5K12'1 T5K10, T14K8.. TJ5KI0.. T15K6.. T30K4, T60K6 (TCIIJIOCTOM-
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TT] OK8, TT20K9, TT2] K9 (TennocToHKOCTb - 750 °C). KpoMe Toro,
HMefOTCj( JWeJlK03epUucnlble CIIJlaBbl BK3M, BK6M (rpynna M), oco6o-
.weJlK03epHucmble - BK60M, BK100M (rpynna OM), KpynJlo3epHlIc-
n1ble - BK4.B, T15K12B (rpynna B) H BK20K, BK6KC, BKIOKC (rpyn-
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2 6

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IlpSI)J{eHHbIX pe:>KHMaX IU;IH<p0BaHHSI.
Kap6n.a KpCMHHH (SiC), l1.aM Kap6oPYHa - PC3YJ1bTaT cneKaHHJI
KBapL(eBOrO neCKa C yr.nepO.lJ.OM, BbJnycKaeTcSI B BHD,e Kap6HAa KpeMHHSI
3eJ1eHOrO (64C...62C) C CO,LlepIKaHHeM SiC He MCHee 98 % " B BH)..te
Kap6J.1.lta KpeMHMSI 4epHoro (55C...52C) C co,acp)KaHMCM SiC 95-97 %.
Kap6M.l1 KpeMHHSI 3eJleHblH 60nee Ka4ecTBeHHblH, 4eM 4epllblM, H l1C1l0Jlb-
3yeTcSI .l1JUI 3aTO'-IKM TBep,llOCn;JaBHbIX HHCTpYMeHTOB, a Kap6HJ KpeMHMSI
4epllblH - ,ll.iUI UIJIHOBaHMSI f\1aTepMa.rl0B C HH3KHM lIpe.l1eJ10M npOllHOCTH
(....yl.yHa.. 6POH3bl, JlaTYHH Ii .Qp.).
Kap6HJ..- 60pa (B 4 C) nonY4alOT npH lIJlaBKe 60pHOH KHCJIOTbl H He$TjJ-
Horo KOKca, no TBCp.1.tOCTH I1pM6JIH)I(aeTCSI K aJ1M83Y H BblnYCKaeTC}I B
BMlle nopOlllKOB H naCT .IJ.JHI AOBO)1KH Tsep,aOCnJJaBHOrO HHCTpYMeHl a M
06pa6oTKM TBCPAblX '\1MllepaJIOB, TaKMX.. KaK py6MH, KOpYII,L(, KBapL(.
AJIM83bl, B OCHOBHOM I1CKYCCTBeHHble, HOpMaJlbHOM, nOBblweHHOM M
BblCOKOH lIp04HOCTH, SlB..1jJfOTCR caMblMH TBep.QbJMJ.i M3TepH3.ilaMH M 06-
Jla,nalOT Caf\tOM BblCOKOM pe)KyweH CIIOco6HOCTblO. n03TOMY HX IlpHMeIUI-
lOT JJ.JUI BbICOKOKa\.feCTReHHOH H npOH3BO,LtMTenbHOM o6pa60TKH TBep.LI.blX
CII,,1aBOB, TBCP.l1blX MMHepaJ10B, UBeTHblX MeTaJlJlOB H HX CI1:1aBOB.
Ky6H'ICCKHH IIHTPH.lt 60pa no CBOMM CBOMCTBaM 1I04TH He YCl ynaeT
aJ1Ma3Y, HO HCnO.,1b3yeTcSI 1lJ1S1 o6pa6oTKH 4epHbiX MeTaJIJ10B ()I(ej1e30CO-
)lep)J{aw.HX), TaK KaK XMMH4eCKH HHepTeH K )l(eJle3Y H yr.:Jepo.l.l.Y.
32

P a 30 e J1 / 0630p KOllcmpYKllliZi pe:»CYUIUX UlIcmpy-""eUln06
KOIiTpOJILlible BOllpOCbl
1. Tpe60BaHHSI K PC)Kyw.eMY MaTcpHaJlY Ii B03MO)KHOCTb MX peaJIH3au.HH
B O,LJ,HOM MaTcpHaJJC.
2. rpYIUlbl pe)J(YWMx MaTepHa:loB H u.eJlcco06pa3HbIe 06nacTH HX npHMC-
lieHHSI.
3. qTO cnoco6cTBYCT nOBblllleHHIO TennOCTOH KOCTH 6blCTpOpCJKyuleH
CTaJI H?
4. B;UiSlHHe npHcaoK BOJ1bpaMa, M 0..1 H6.L1.eHa, BaHaAHSI Ii K06aJlbTa H8
CBOHCTBa 6bICTpope)Kyw.eH CTaJIH.
5. B03MO)KHOCTb McnO;lb30BaHH CTa.neM BblCOKOH I1pOH3Bo)J.HTeJlbHocTH..
CCo/1M KYJlb1)'pa TepMH4ecKoM 06pa6oTKH H 3aT01..lKM HHcTpYMeH ra 111:13-
KaSi.
6. ,[{OCToMHcTBa BblCOKOJICrHpORaHHblx 6e3YrJlcpOAMCTbIX (ltHCnepCMoHHO
TBep)J.clOUJ.HX) cn;laBOB.
7. rpYlll1bl lcTa.";loKepaMHl.lecKux TBCp,L\bIX CII;laBOB. PeKO\1CH,UauHH no
HX npHMCHeHHK>.
8. XH\1H4eCKHH COCTaB CTaJlH P 12<1>2M3K8 H <ppaKllHOHHbIH COCTaB
cnnaBa TIS K6
9. npHBJJeKaTCJlbflblC CBOMCTBa MMHepa:loKCpaI\1HKH
10. CBepXTBep)..lble pe)J(yw.l1c MaTepHaJlbl H 06;lacTH HX npHMeHcHHSI.
11. CIIoc06bl ynYllweHHSI 3KCnJlyaTaLU10HHbiX CBOHCTB 6bICTpOpe)f(yUJ,Hx
cTa.,1eM, MeTaJlo/l0KepaMH l iecKHx TBCP.L1.b1X cn;laBOB H MHHepaJloKepa-
MHKH.
12. II330BHTe pC)f(YIlJ.He MaTepHaJ1bl HaH60Jlee BbJCOKOM 1 BCPAOCTH H Tell-
;IOCTOHKOCTH.
13. MaTepHaJlbl llJHI KOPIlYCOB HHcTpYMeHToB.
14. A6pa3HBHbie MaTepHaJ1bl H peKoMcHAaUHH no HX npHMCHeHHK>.
t 5. lfTO CJlc,UyeT Y4HTbiBaTb liP" Bb160pe pe)l(YlJlerO MaTepHa;la ,UJUI
HHcTpYMeHTa KOHKpeTHoro lIa3Ha4eH"?
1.3. PE3I(bI
1.3.1. Ha3Hs1:lcllHe H THULl PC11,OB
Pe3L1.bl SlBJlSlIOTCjJ HaH60nee pacnpOCTpaHCHHblM BH)..lOM pe)l(YWHX HH-
CTpYMeHTOB. OHH HcnO.,1b3YfOTCSI .lJ)1S1 1..IepHOBOH.. 4HCTOBOH H TOHKOH 06-
pa60TKH lIJIOCKOCTeM, a TaK)KC HapY)KlIblX Ii BHyrpeHHHX IHJIMHJJ.pI14eCKHX
2 3aK 2522
3 3

Lllazyu B H. PeIKyw.Hj;i HHCTpYMeHT
H <paCOHHbIX nOBepXHOCTeH H8 CTporarIbHblX, .non6e:>KHbIX, TOKapHbtx, pe-
BOJlbBepHbIX") KapycenbHblX H paCTOt.JHbIX CTaHK3X, TOK8pHblX aBTOMaTax
M nonyaBToMaT8X " CTaHKax Cnel.{HanbHOro Ha3Hal.leHMR.
Pe3LJ.bl MO)l(HO KJ13CCH<pHLJ.HpOB8Tb no Pj(AY npH3HaKOB:
a) no TMny CT8HKa, ,l.\JHI KOToporo OHM npe,nHa3Hat.JeHbl (TOKapHble, CTpO-
ranbHble, .l10JJ6e:>KHble, pe3l.(bl ,[J.JJR TOKapHblX 8BTOMaTOB Ii no.ayaBTo-
MaTOB, pe3Ubi AIUI CneUHaJlbHblX CT8HKOB);
6) no xapaKTepy 06pa6oTKM (1.JepHOBble, t.tHCTOBble, pe3QbI .LJ)1j1 TOHKOH
o6pa6oTKH );
R) no Ha3Ha"leHHIO, T.e. no X8paKTepy BblnOJIHSleMblX I1MH TeXH0J10rH4eC-
KHX onepaUl-d:f (npoxoAHble, nOApe3Hbie OTpe3Hble, paCTot.tHble pe3b60-
Hape3Hbie H ,np..);
r) no HanpaBneHHIO no.aa4H (npaBble H JleBble), pa3J I Ht.t81OT no Ha3B3HHIO
PYKH (npaBoH UJIH neBO")") 60nbUJOH naneu. KOTOpOH YK83blBaeT H8npaMe-
HHe 110,Ll84H lIP" n0J10)KeHHH PYKH H8 pe31(e, KaK n0Ka33HO H8 pHC. 1.9, a;
,ll) 110 xapaKTepy YCT8HOBKH OTHOCHTeJlbHO o6pa6aTblB3eMoH AeTaJlH (pa-
AHaJ1bHble, pHC. J .9, e H TaHreHQHaJ1bHble, pHC. J .9, :JIC);
e) no Q>opMe Ii pacnOnO)KeHHIO ronOBKH pe3ua (npjlMble, pHc.l.9, 6;
oTorHYTble, pHC. 1.9, 8; H30rHYTble, pHC. ) .9, 2; C 01TjlHYTOH rOJJOB-
KOH, pHC. 1.9, 0);
IK) no 4>opMe nonepe4Horo ce4eHHjJ cTep*HjI (.nep)KaBKH, TeJIa) pe31..\a
(npllMoyrOJ1bHOrO, KB8.apaTHoro H Kpyrnoro cet.teHHjI);
3) no cnoco6y npHCOe,LlHHeHHjf pa60tfeii tfaCTH (ueJlbHble - pa60tjajl
48CTb (rOJlOBKa) BblnOJIHeHa BMeCTe co CTep)J(HeM ueJ1HKOM H3 pe:>KY-
ero MaTepHa.na; COCT3BHbie - C npHBapeHHoi1, HanajJHHOH HnH Ha-
KJ1eeHHOM nJl8CTHHOH pe)Kywero MaTepHana; C60pllble - pe)KYW811
""
4aCTb B BHJ],e pe:>KYt.nHX nJJaCTHH HnM BCTaBHblX HO)J(eH KpenHTCjI K
CTep)l(HfO MexaHHt.teCKH);
11) fIO poy pejKYI.Uero MaTepMana (6blCTpOpe)l(Yll.tHe, C nnaCTHHaMH TBep-
AOt'O cn..1aBa, MHHepaJ10KepaMHKH, co BCTaBKaMH H3 anMa38, KOMII03H-
Ta, caII<I>Hpa H ApyrHx pejKYIUHx MaTepHaJIOB).
B no).:{aBJUlfOeM 60J1bwMHcTBe CJIYtJaeB pe3l(bl .l1eJlafOT COCTaBHblMM
MJ1H C60pHbIMH. KOHCTpYKUHH, KorJ],a pa604ajl 4aCTb H CTep)KeHb pe3ua
BblnOJ1HeHbl u.eJIHKOM 113 peiK)'LUero M8TepH3Jla, npHMeHjlKYfc» peAKO. TaK
Ae;JaJOT 04eHb MaJJeHbKHe pe3lJ.bl H3 6bICTpOpe)KyeH CTaJIH H TBepl{OrO
cnnaB8, KpenSlTCjI OHH B cneUHa.nbHblX J],epIKaBKax.
3 4

P a 3 () e 11 I ()630p KOJ/cmpYK1{uii pe:JK'YlllUX 1IJ1cmpY.lWeHm08
11 e 461lj
1I30eH!lm6lU 88epx
( 4nepetJ)
e
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H30eNJ/h1A1U 6HU3
( HQ300)
Po dIlOA/JHbIU
6
Ae6bJli npa661U
npfJHblt
6
Aeblii Rpo6blii
omOIHv mbll
o
8npoo CUI1",empUI/HO BAedo
OmtnRHymble
v
v
Pz
s,
TOHeeHl/UOAIJHblU
1.9 KnaccHQ>HKaUJUI pe3uoB no HanpaBneHHfO nOna1JH, <l>opMe ronOBKM,
«j>opMe CTep)l(HSJ H no YCTaHoBKe
35

Illa?yu B H Pe)KYIIJ.MM HHCTpYMeHT
C60pHblH pe3eu CJIOJKHee 110 KOHCTPYKUMH H D.OpO)f(e COCTaBHOrO, HO B
M8CCOBOM H CepHHHOM npOH3B0J1CTBe OH 3KOHOMHLlHee B CB»3H C TeM, LITO
Kopnyc CJIYJKHT .aJIHTeJ1bHOe BpeMSI H 3aTparbi lia "HCTpYMeHT OTHeceH-
Hble K OJ].HOM 06pa60TaflHOM ,aeTaJ1H, MeHbllle. KpOMe Toro, KOHCTPYKUHH
C60PHbiX pe3U08 C MexaHHt.JeCKHM KpenJ1eHHeM PC)f(yt.nHX nJlaCTHH 06J1a-
)tafOT TaKHM npCHMYIUCCTBOM, KaK OTcyrcT8He BHYTpeHHI1X HanpSlJKeHHH,
R03HHKalOllU1X npH HanaMKe H3-3a HeOJ].HHaKOBOH ycaAKH MaTepHaJla KOp-
Ilyca H IIJJaCTHHbl B upouecce OCTbIBaHM1I. 3TH U3IlpR)l(eHMJl CllM)J(afOT
J13HOCOCTOHKOCTb MHCTpYMeHT8 J1 npHBo.n.j(T HHor.n.a K 3H84HTe..lbHOMY
6paKY no TPelllHHaM BO BpeMSI HaIlaMKH, 3aTO"lKH H 3KCIJJlyaTaUHH pe3UOB,
oc06eHHO OCHaw.eHHblx TBepJJ.bIMH CllJIaBaMH rpynnbl TK.
TeM He MeHee Hapjl).{Y co C60PHblMH KOHCTPYKlU1j1MH llJMpOKO HC-
nOollb3YIOTCjI M COCTaBHble pe3Ubl, KOTopble no cpaBHCHHIO co C60PHbl-
\tIH HMelOT 1I0BblllleHHYIO )f(CCTKOCTb 11 BM6poYCTOM1.JHBOCTb, \1 fO OCo-
6eHHO BaJKHO UpH BblnOJIHeHHH 06).{HP04Hb1X H OT,lteJ10t.JHbIX pa60T;
KpOMe Toro, pe3Ubi MaJlblX pa3MepOB HeB03MO)f(HO H3rOTOBHTb c60p-
HhIMH. I1cno.nb30B8HHe TepMOCTOHKHX KJJCeB ,aJ1 JJpHKJleHBaHH IJJlac-
THH 3Ha4HTeJlbHO nOBbllllaeT pa60TOCIIOc06Hocrb COCTaBHblX pe3UOB.
OCTaT04HbIe Hanpjl)KeHHSI, CBOHCTBeHHble HanaHKe, npaKTHt.teCKH OT-
CYTCTBYfOT (06pa60TKa KneeBoro coe.aHHeHHSI npOH3BO,LlHTCSI npH HH3-
KHX TeMnepaTypax, He npeBblllJafOWHX 200°C), npOCJIOHKa KnCjI pa1-
pb(BaeT uellb TepM03C, B03HHK8IOIU.YIO npH pe3aHHH, 4TO cnoc06-
CTBYCT nOBblllleHHIO H3HOCOCTOMKOCTH pe3uoB C HaKJ1eeHHbIMH nnaCTH-
HaMH. B pe3ynbTaTe CTOHKOCTb pe3uoB C H8KJleeHHblMH IIJI8CTMHaMH B
2-4 pa3a Bbll.lle. 4eM C HanaSlHHbIMH.
1.3.2. TOKapllble peJULI
06IUHC CBeeHHH. TOKapHbie pe3Ubl npe,lJ,Ha3Ha4eHbl .aJUI 06pa60T-
KH HapYJKHblX M BHYTpeHHHx QHJlHH.apHqeCKHX H cpacoHHbIX 1l0BepXHoc-
ICH KJlaCcH<»HUHpYIOTCSI OHH no YKa3aHHbiM IJpM3H8KaM. CTeplKHH pe3-
1..\08 H3rOTaBJ1HBaIOTC» H3 KOHCTpYKlU10HHOH CT3JlH, a rOJIOBKM oCHaw.afOT-
C$I HaH60Jlee BblrO.LJ,HbiM ,[(J1S1 KOHKpeTHblX YCJIOBHH pa60Tbi pe)KYWHM
MaTepHaJI0M.
COCTftBHble pe3l(bl. OCHOBHbIe THllbl COCTaBHblX TBep,lJ,OCnJI8BHbIX
pe3uoB 06ero H83Hat.SCHHS1 npe.aCTaBJ1eHbl ua pHC. t.l O.
36

P a 30 e]1 1 ()630p KOllCn1PYKlfllzi pCJlCYUIUX 11llCn1pY""telln106
111 8
0 a e 3
y-o.s  3IC
QQ
E::
l
Puc I 10 OCHOBHble THnbl TOKapUblx pe3uoB. a - npoxoHHoti OTorHYTblti,
(j - npOXOHHOH np\10H, (1 - npOXO.l1HOH ynopHbrM OTOfH)'TbIit ? --- no.npe3HOM,
0- 11MCTOBOH UIHpOKHH, e - paCT011HOM DJUI CKB03HhiX OTBepCTHH:
;)JC - paCTOIIHOR DJlS1 rJIYXHx OTBepcTHti, 3 - OTpe3HOH
Dblcnlpope.JlCYUlue cocma611ble pe3tlbl no KOHCTPYKUHH aHaJIOrH\.fHbl
IOJlbKO pe)l(YUJ.He IIJlaCTHHbl no nepHMeTpy OI.lCpt.tCHbl I1p MblMH J1HHHstMH"
l<aK H8 pMC. 1.10, a, 0, e, 3, H He lIanaHBafOTCSI, a 06blLJHO HaBapHBaIOTCL
l)blC'1 pOpCIKYW.He pe3Ubi cpaBHMTeJlbHO Ue60JlbLUMX pa3fvlcpOB }1CJ1afOT He
C fJaBapeHHOM nJ1BCTMIlOM, a C rOJlOBKOM, npHBBpeHflOM BCTbIK.
C'OCn1G611ble pe3tlbl C .IHUlIepa'iOKe/Ja.l'WUI/eCKUUU It7GCll1UJ/GUU no
I<OHC rpYKUMH lie OTJIH4alOTCSl OT TBep,lJ.OCllJlaBHbIX. n;laCl HHbl B rHe311aX
ClcplKHeH MorYT HanaHBaTbCj( - 06bIt.JHO 1I0CJle MeTaJ1J1M3aUHH npHcoe-
JlHlfjleMblX HOBepXHOCTeH IJJlaCTHHbl - I1JIM npMKJleHB3TbCj('1 t.JTO 6oJ1ec
paUHOHaJ1bHO.
Pe311bl C60PHbiX KOIICTpYK"HH. OIlH xapaKTepH3YfOTCSI BbICOKOH
)KOHOMM4HOCTbIO H pa3Ho06pa3MeM KOHCTPYKUHH.
L{J1j( 6bICTpOpe>KYWHx PC3UOB xapaKTepHO MeX8HHt.lCCKOe Kpen.lleHHe
OblCTpope)l()'llJ.eH BCTaBKH B Kopnyce pe3ua (pHC. 1.11) bblcTpOpe)l()'lllaS1
BCTaBKa 1 oTpe3Horo pe3ua KpenMTCS1 B «JlaCTOLJKHHoro» THna IIa3Y KOp-
lIyca 2 IIYTeM 3aTSlIKKM BHIITa 3 (pHC. 1.11, 6). Y TaHreHUH3J1bHOrO
IIpoxo,nHoro pe3ua 6bIcTpope)l(ywaS1 BCTaBKa 1 B BM,lJ.e IIpH3Mbi KpenHTCjI
1\ COOTBCTCTBYIOWCM J la3Y Kopnyca 2 (pHC. 1. 11 , G).
3 

UJa?)lH B 11. Pe)f(yw.MH HHCTpYMeHT
a
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r
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6-6
(
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A A-A
7-4
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Puc / /1 DblcTpopejJ(yw,He pe3Qhl C60pHOH KOHCTPYKQHH. a - TaHreHIlMMh-
HbIM; 6 - OTpe3HOH; 8 - cxeMa OTpe3KM .lleTaJIH I npM CKoweHHOH KpOMKe
OTpe3Horo pe3ua
C60pHbie KOHCTPYKIJ.HIi TBep.lJ.OCnJlaBHbIX pe3UOB HCTOpH\.feCKH pa3Bt.
Ba., lHCb c.,1e,ltYIOw.HM 06p830M.
3 8

P a 3 0 e 11 J. 0630p KOJlCmpYKlIuii pe:»cyulux UllcmpYMellm06
MexallUlleCKoe KpenlleHue cma1l0apmHblX nepema l lU6aeMblX nlla-
(/Ill/II m6ep0020 CnllQ6a nO.,10)KeHO B OCHOBY pe3ua KOHCTPYKUHI1
I U IHHTMAlU (pHC. 1.12, a), f)],e nJ1aCTHHa 2 YKnaJ]blBaeTCjI Ha CTa;Ib-
IIYIO 3aKaJJeHHYlO nO)].KJ1all.KY 1 H 3a)KHMaeTCjI IIpHxBaToM 4 npH 3aT)K-
I\C BHHTa 3. KnHH 5 C pH<pJ1eHHj(MH Ha onopHoH nOBepxHocTH npe.l10TB-
paw.aCT C)],BHr nJlaCTHHbl B pa60Te Ii 06ecne4HBaeT ee Bbll1BHiKeHHe
1l0CJIC nepeT01.JeK
Pa3HoBH)].HOCTbfO no)].06noH KOHCTPYKUHH jlBJljleTCj( pC3eQ BHHH C
l<pCIlJ1eHHeM IIJ1aCTHHbl 1 CHJlaMH pe3aHHjJ (pHC. 1. 12, 6). OpHxBaT 2 H
IIOl1npY)KHHeHHbIH lllTH<J>T 3 cn)')KaT TOJlbKO )1J1j1 npe,ltBapHTeJJbHOI'O Y.L1ep-
}1<(tHHa nJ1aCTHHbl 1. llITH<pT 4 Ilpe,noxpaHjleT nJlaCTHHY OT C,[lBHra BJ]OJ1b
v VI
tJlaBHOH pe)KyeH KpOMKH..
IlpHBeD,eHHble KOHCTPYKLlHH XOTj( M 1I0BbillJalOT KalleCTBO pe3UOB 113-3a
yc rpaHeHHjI OCTaTO"lHbIX Hanpj()KeHMH OT HanaHKH, OAHaKO 06eCne1.JHBa1OT
MaJJOe KOJUf1.fCCTBO neperOqeK, TaK K3K He ,ltOHCnonb3yeTcJI 3HalfHTe.,1bHaR
'laCTb IlnaCTHHbl, He06xOAHMa}1 .l1.J1S1 ee 3aKpeI1JleHHSI. n03TOMY YKa3aHHble
PC3Ubi He n0J1Y4HjIH WHpOKoro IlpHMeHeHHjI. bo.aee COBeprneHHOH KOHCT-
pYKUHeH pe3QOB TaKoro THfIa j(B.nSlJ1HCb pe3Ubl rA3 C MeXaHH1.JCCKHM
h:pCIIJleHHeM LJeKOH 2 H BHHTOM 6 TBepOCnJlaBHOM npH3Mbi I MHororpau-
Iloro I1JIM KpyrJ10ro CeqeHMj( (pHC. 1.12, 6). B Kopnyce pC3ua 3 npoPy6JleHO
OKIIO <»OPMbl, COOTBeTCTBYIOI.I.\eH npH3Me. BHHT 5 C KOHTpraMKoH 4 11011-
ilCp)KHBaeT npH3MY H HC110J1b3yeTcSI t'JISI perYJ1HpOBaHMj( cc BbICOTbI. 3a-
I ()llKa IJpH3Mbi npOH3BO,[lHTCjI no nepeAHeH (TOpUOBOH) nOBepxHocTH.. IIpH-
tlCM C Ka)K,[lOrO Topua MOiKHO HCn0J1b30BaTb B Ka1.JeCTBe rJlaBHOM pe)KY-
IItCM KpOMKI1 110CJ1e,[lOBaTeJ1bHO Bce rpaHH npH3MbL K03<»<I>MUHeHT HCIlOJlb-
()BaHHjI TBep,[lOrO C1JJ1aBa 3,lteCb HaMHoro Bblwe, t.teM B npeD,bl.aYIUHX
KOHCTPYKQHjlX, n03ToMY pe3Ubi TaKoro THna WHpOKO HCn0J1b3YtOTCg.
MexallUtleCKOe KpenllellUe 6cmaeOK C UanaJlHHblMU nJlaCmUHOMU
nlHepoo2o cnlla6a nOgBHJ10Cb KaK CneD,CTBHe cTpeMJ1eHHjI YBeJ1HHTb
KO:IHLJeCTBO nepeTO"leK IlJlaCTMHbl. Y pe3ua KOHCTPYKQHH BHVlVI, npel(-
CTa BJJeH Horo Ha pMC. ) .13, KJIMHOBM,l(HbIH HO)J( 2 C HanaRHHOH nnacTHHoH
MCXaHH1.JeCKH KpenHTcR K Kopnycy 1 C 1I0MOW,blO npHXBaTa 3 H BHHTa 4.
l'aKHe pe3Ub1 He 1I0JIYlJMJ1H WHpOKoro npHMeHeHHjJ B cpeJ,J.HeM MaWHHO-
c rpoeHHH, TaK KaK OHH He YCTp8HRfOT .ne<»eKTOB HanaHKH n.n3CTHHbl.
IIoA06Hbie KOHCTPYKQHH, 06J1aJ,J.aSl BblCOKOH )KCCTKOCTbtO, YA06cTBOM
3 9

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KH, KOTOpblH Y 3eHKepa H pa3BepTKM H83blBalOT yz.,rzO..'W 1/aKllOHa cnzpy-
.»eeIIHOll KallafJKU co.
B CB311 C TeM, tJTO npoueCCbl CBCpJleHHj( 11 3eHKepOBaHHj( nOXO)J(H,
r.l18BfiblH 3aJ],HHH yrOJ1 3eHKep3 HHorJ],8 3a).laIOT, KaK H Y CBepJ1a Ol B ceKyweH
11..10CKOCTH., napaJIJ1eJ1bHOH OCM. H33Ha4eHHe reOMeTpl14eCKHX napaMeTpOB
3eHKepa H p33BepTKH TaKoe )f(e, KaK H y pe3ua. Or lfapaMeTpOB pe3ua
OlJIHf.JaIOTCjI He3H34HTeJ1bHOH BenHf.JMHOH <PI (HeCKOJ1bKO MHHyr) H uyne-
BblM 311aqeHHeM 3a,LlHero BcnOMOraTeJlbHOrO yrJ1a at. 3Ta oc06eHHOCTb
KOHCTPYKL\HH CBj(3aHa C Heo6xoJ],HMOCTblO xopornero lIanpaB.,1eHHjI 3CHKe-
pa Ii pa3BepTKH 110 OTBepCTHIO M )f(enaHHeM ,lJ,JIHTCJJbIlOrO coxpaHeHHjI
l\HaMeTpa 3eHKepOB H p33BepTOK UP" HX nepeT04K3X 110 3811HHM 1I0Bepx-
HOCTj(M 3a6opHOH LJaCTH.
64

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YKa3aUHbie nap3MeTpbl 3eHKep3 H p33BepTKH paCCMOTpCHbl B CT3TM-
YCCKOM CHCTeMe KOOp,lJ,HH3T, r,ne B COOTBCTCTBHH C p3Hee IIpHBe.neHHbl-
MH onpe,lteJ1eHHj(MH OcnOBHOM IlJlOCKOCTbfO B;UleTCj( oceBaj( nnOCKOCTb
HIICTpYMeHT3, IIpOXO,ltwajl 4epe3 BepWHHY (., pe:>KYt.nero 3J1eMeHT3. Ha
pHC. 1.30 - 3TO U;IOCKOCTb 4epTe:>Ka, TaK KaK BepUIHHa C C HeH COBMe-
UleHa. flJlOCKOCTb pe33HH}I nepneHAMKYJ1j(pHa K HeM H KaCaTeJ1bHa K pe)KY-
weH KpOMKe B BepWHHe ("'. Ee CoI1C,n 113 OCHOBHOH nJ10CKOCTH - B('.
B COOTBeTCTBHM C 3TI1M (KaK iii Y pe3l\a) $OPMYJ1HPYIOTCH onpeAeJleHHSI
reOMeTpMyeCKHX lIapaMeTpOB (yrJIOB 3aT04KH) 3eHKepa H pa3BepTKM.
1.5.2. Pa3HOBH)]1I0CTH KOHCTPYKI(HH 3CIIKepOB H pS3BepToK
3eHKcpbl M pa3BcpTKM nOApa3,l.1e;UlfOTcjJ lIa rpYllllbl:
a) no OpMC 06pa6aTblB3cMOM nOBcpxHOCTM. UMJlHH.D.pHl.JeCKHC
(CM. pMC. 1 27, a, 1.30), KOHH4eCKHe (CM. pHC. 1.27, 6, 1.31) H TOpU.O-
Bhle (TOJlbKO 3eHKcpbl, CM. pHc.l.27, c);
6) no cIIoc06y KpenJleHHSI Ha CTaHKe: XBOCTOBble (,lJ.HaMCTpoM )..(0 32 MM,
pHC. 1.28, 1.33 1.34, 6) H Haca.aHbIe (ill1aMeTpOM 60Jlee 25 M\f,
pHC 1.32, 1.34, a, 6, 2);
B) no KOHCTPYKUMH pa60\.lCH yaCTH: I(CJlbHblC (pHC. 1.28, 1.32.. a. fi) Ii
C60pHbIe (pHC. ) .32, (1, 1.33, 6);
r) 110 cnoc06y 06ecIIe4eHHSI pa3MepoB. C 1I0CTOSlHHblM pa3Mep0\1
(pHC. 1.28; 1.32, a, 6) M perYoI1MpycMbIe (pMC. 1.33):
,It) 110 POAY pC:>Kym ero MaTepHaJla: 6blcTpOpe)KYl1J.He (pMC. 1.28, 1 30"
] .31  1.32, a, 6; 1.33) H TBepl.(OCIIJlaBHble (pl1c. 1.32, 6, 1 34),
e) 110 cnoc06y upHMcHeHMj( (1l0,l.(pa3,nejlj(loTCj( TOJlbKO pa3BepTKH): Ma-
WHHllbie M pY4Hble.
KOHHtlecKHc 3cHKepbl H Pa3BCpl.KH OTJlHt.laIOTCH or UM.rJMHIlpH4ecKHx
TeM, lITO 3y6bSl Y HHX paCllOJIO)KCHbl lIa KOHYCC, yrOJ1 KOTOporo paReH Yl.ay
Kouyca o6pa60TaHHoH 1l0BepXHocTH. f;laBHble pe)KYUtHe KpOMKM - BLlOJlb
Bcero 3y6a, BCIiOMOraTeJlbHblX pC)KymHx KpOMOK HeT (CM. pHc.l.27, 6, 1.31).
3y6bSl KOHH4eCKMX 3ellKepoB 3aT04eHbi ).\0 OCl pa C nO;JO:>KMTCJlbHbll\t1 3a,l]-
HHM yrJ10M. Y pa3BcpToK C l\C;lbIO 06eCIIC1.JCfnUI BblCOKOH TOLIIfOCTH pa3-
Mepa M Q>OPMbl KOIIM4eCKoro oTBepcTHSI B,ltOJ1b peJKYllJ,HX KpOMOK OCTaB-
J1eHbl KpyrJIOWJIHQ>oBaHHblc JleHT04KH C 3aAIIHM yrJIOM H3 HMX') paBHblM
HYJHO. OAHaKo .LtJISI IIOBbIWellHJI pe:>Kyt.neH clloc06HOCTM KpOMOK wMpMHa
3 3dK 2522
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KpyrJIOWJIHQ>OBaHHbIX neHTOlJeK HaMHOrO MeHbllIe, lJeM y UJiJIHH).1pH4eCKHX
pa3BepTOK, 11 He npeBblW3eT 0,15 MM. TIp" o6pa6oTKe He60JlbWHX KOHH-
4eCKHX OTBCpCTHH pa6OTalOT TOJ1bKO O-nHOH, lJHCTOBOH pa3BepTKoH (pHC.
1.31, 6). ,[Lnj( npeBpaw.eHHjJ KPYIlHblX QHJ1HH-npH1.JeCKHX OTBepCTHH B KOHIi-
1.JeCKHe, HanpHMep, B rHe3-nax lllnHH-neJ1eH CTaHKOB, HCn0J1b3YfOT KOMnJ1eKT
pa3BepTOK H3 -nBYX-Tpex W'fYK. nepBaSl, npe,l],BapHTeJlbHajl, pa3BepTKa -
C KPYIlHblM 3y60M H pe3b60H C yrJ10M YKJ10H3, paBHbJM yrJ1Y YKJIOHa
KOHyca. HanpaBJ1eHHe pe3b6bl COBna-naer C HanpaBJ1eHHeM Bpaw.eHHSI Pa3-
RepTKH B pa60Te. OH3, KaK 3eHKep, rJI3BHblMH pe)K}'WHMH KpOMKaMH AB
(pMC. 1.31, a) npeBpalQaeT QH.HHH):{pHlJeCKOe OTBepCTHe B cryneH1.JaTOe
KOHHQeCKoe. BTopaj(, npoMejJ(yr01.JHaj(, pa3BepTKa HMeeT CTPYiKKOp33,lJ,e-
J1HTeJ1bHble KaHaBKH B BH).(e ."eHTOlJHOH pe3b6bl C HanpaBJleHHeM Hape3KH,
06paTHbIM HanpaBJ1eHHIO Bpaw.eHHj( pa3BepTKH (pHC. 1.31, 6). OHa YAaJ111-
eT cryneHM, OCTaBWHeCj( B oTBepcTHH 1l0CJIe pa60Tbi nepBoH pa3BepTKH.
4 HCTOBaji pa3BepTKa OKOH1.faTeJlbHO K3J1H6pyeT oTBepcTHe BceM ).(.,'IHHOH
3y6beB, B,aonb pe)KYlUHX KpOMOK KOTOpbIX OCTaBJ1eHbl KpyrJlolllJlMcpoBaH-
Hble .I1eHTotJKH UIHpHHOH ):{O 0, 15 MM, C03,UafOWHe Tpe6yeMYfO T04HOCTb
OpMbl OTBepCTMj(.
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Haca.aHble 3eHKepbl H pa3BepTKH OTJIH43fOTCSI OT XBOCTOBblX
TOJ1bKO MeTO)J.OM KpenneHHSI. npH ,[tHaMeTpax 60nee 25 MM 3KOHOMH1.JeC-
KM BblrO):{Hee BMeCTO XBOCTOBMKa npe):{YCMaTpMBaTb KOHHLJeCKOe OTBep-
66

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YCT8n8BJIHBaeMYfO B rHe3)J.e WIJMH,neJUI CTaHKa. KpyrWHH MOMeHT nepe-
)taeTC TOPUOBOH wnOHKOH onpaBKH, Bxo,nl1.leH B wnOH04HbIM na3 H8
lopue HHC-rpYMCHTa.
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pa3BepTKH )J.HaMeTpOM CBbIWC 32 MM. 3KOHOMH4HOCTb TaKHX HHCTPY-
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BC}! p86048j( 4aCTb, 8 TOJ1bKO 3y6bj( (HO)l(H). npH Bblxo.ne 113 CTpOj(
Ol\HOrO MJIH HeCKOJ1bKHX 3y6beB MX J1erKO 3aMeHHTb. MO)l(HO BOCCTaHO-
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Kopnyca.
no cnoc06y 3aKpenJ1eHHj( HO)l(eM cywecTByeT MHoro p83HOBHllHocTeH
KOHCTPYKHH. Y HaH60nee pacnpocTpaneHllbIx, CTaHJ,1apTHbIX, 8 KJIHHO-
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ffOBH.L(Hble HO)f(H 1 C pH$neHHRMH H8 onopHoM cTopoHe (pHC 1.32, 6).
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HeHMC OT OCH Kopllyca. HO:>KH Moryr 6blTb UCjlHKOM 113 6blCTpOpe>K}'weH
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I Bep):{oro CIIJlaBa, KaK nOKa38HO Ha pMC. 1 32, 6
KOHCTPYKLlHj( C60pHOH pa3BepTKM TaKaS1 )l(C, TOJlbKO 60JlbWee '-IHCIIO
y6beB; 3y6bS1 napanJ1eJ1bHbl OCM.
PerYJJHpYCMble 3CIIKepLI H pa1BepTKH - 3TO HHCTpYMeHTbJ, lIH-
aMeTp KOTOpblX MO)l(HO l1J1aBHO H3MeHSlTb. npHMeHjlIOTCj( OHH r.,'l8BlIbIM
06pa30M B ycnoBHj(x e,ltI1HHtJHoro H MeJ1KOCepHHHoro npoH3BoLlCTB3.
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IU1H' 0,[lH8KO 3TO H3MCHeHMe AHcKpeTHo T8K, HanpHMep, Y MHCl pYMeHToB
C pM<pJ1eHHj(MH (pHc.l 32, 6) .lJ.HaMeTp MO>KHO H3MeHTb TOJlbKO H8 Y.lJ.BO-
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IIpHMepbl KOTOpblX npHBe):{eHbl Ha pHc.I.33.
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1\ 

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l1epeMeeH"eM raHKaMM 2 4epe3 Ko.nbQa 3 HO)l(eH 4 B,ltOJ1b KoplIyca 1 IIC
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IIC.aOCT8T01.JHOH T01.fHOCTH p83BepTKM TaKHMM IIJlaCTHHaMH fie OCHamafOT.
PY'IHLle pa3BepTKH IJO cpaBHeHHIO C MalllHHHblMI1 HMelOT 60Jlee
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q> (.nJIHHHaSi 3a6opHaj( 1.faCTb) Bbl3BaHO He06xo.QHMOCTblO y.aY4weHHjI Ha-
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KOH £ppe3bl He.llOCTaT04Ha - Ha Q>pe3epHYfO onpaBK}' HaCIDKHBalOT He-
CKOJlbKO cppe3, 06ecne4HB nepeKpblTMe pe)KYIUMX KpOMOK Ha CTbIKe. Ta-
KHC cppe3bl H83bIBaIOT cocma811blMU. COCTaBHblMH \tor)'T 6blTb .l.U1CKO-
Bble Q>pe3bl JlJ]SI pe3epOBaHHj( na30B, <j1acoHHble cppe3bl. Kor,lta 8 pe3y.,lb-
TaTC nepeTOt:feK 3y6beB WMpHHa $pe3bl YMeHbwaeTCSI, ee JlerKO BOCCTa-
HOBHTb, nOJIO)KHB Me)KAY COCTaBHblMH lJ8CTSlMM II pOKJ1 a.llKY. nO06HbIM
06pa30M MO)KHO COCTaBnj(Tb Ha60pbI <ppe3 )].I1j( OHOBpeMeHHOH 06pa60T-
KI1 HeCKOjlbKHX 1I0BepXHOCTeH (pMC. 1.42).
Pa3Mcpbl XBOCTOBHKa KOHl.(eBbIX Q>pe3 OlJpe)].eJlSlIOTCSI Be.l1H4MHOM
KpyrlIuer6 MOMeHTa, 3aBMCSlwero 0'1' pe)J(HMa pe3aHMSI M PyrMx lIapa-
MeTpOB 06pa60TKH.
82

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Puc I 42 <Dpe3epoBaHHe na6opoM <l>pe3 I, 2, 3, 4 - HanpaB..1eHHe cxo.na
CTPY)KKH; 5, 6 - HanpaBJ1eHHe Bpaw;eHH, 7,8- HanpaB.aeHHC oceBblX C)-Ill
3J1eMeH rbl KOHCTPYKUHM XOpOllJO OTp86oTaHHbix H IIpoBcpeHllblx H8
IIpOH3Bo.n c TBeHHoH np8KTHKe cppe3 cTaH)J.apTH30BaHbl H Ha3HalJaIQTCH no
claH)J.8pTaM.
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C060H Bpaw.aloWHHc pe3eu, 38KpenJleHHbiM B TeJle <ppC3bl. 003TOMY
lIa3Ha4elfHe H oHpe)J.eJleHHe reoMeTpH4CCKI1X lIapaMeTpoB tPPC3 TaKoe )Ke"
KaK H Y TOKapHbix pe3QoB. COOTHOllJeHHSI Me:IKD.Y yr.flaMH 3aT04KM B
pa3Hbix ceKYutHX nJ10CKOCTX JlJIj( pe3u8 H <l>pe3bl TOJKe 0)lHH8KOBbl. JJ:o-
CT8T04HO YCT8HOBMTb IJOjlO:>KeIlHe KOOPD.HH8THbIX nJlocKocTeM (OCHOBHOH
IIjlOCKOCTH H 11J10CKOCTH pe3aHHSI), pe)J(yw.Hx KpOMOK" nepe.uHei1 H 3al1l1ei1
nOBepxHocTeH, 4T06bl flOKa3aTb 3TH napaMCTpbl Ha 3CKM3e Ii 0IlPCJIC..1HTh
lIe06xoJJ.HMble 838HMOCBSl3H.
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MeHTOB, B CT8TH4eCKOH CHCTeMe KOOp)J.HHaT SI&1S1eTCj( oceBaSi I (jIOCKOCTb.,
IIPOXO)]SlWaSi 4cpe3 p8CCMaTpMBaeMYtO TOI-II<)' pe)J()'w.eH KpOI\.1KH a 1IJ10C-
KOCTb pe3aHHj( neplleH.l1HK)'JlSlpHa K OCHOBHOM 51 KaC8TCJlbHa K pe:IKywei1
KpOMKe B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM T04Ke. 3a BepUIHHY 3y6a.. pacn0J10)KeHHOrO H8
lJ.HJIHH.npe Q>pe3bl, npHHHM8tOT paCCMaTpHBaeMYIO TOt.JKY pe'>K)'U{CH KpOMKI1.
83

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l.J.H;n1H,lJ.pW4eCKaj( <ppe3a HMeeT TO.,lbKO rJ1aBHbie pe)l(YIllMe KpOMKH,
paCnOIO)KeHHble Ha HapY)f(HOM l(HJIHHJJ.pe. BCIlOMOl'aTeJ1bHbIX pe)l(YlUHX
KpOMOK HeT.
3a,lJ,HHH yrOJI <ppe3bl, KaK H pe3ua, 3a)J.aeTCj( B HOpMaJlbHOH CCKYll(Ci1
IIJIOCKOCTM, I1eplleH,.QHKYJ1j(pHOH K OCHOBHOM M I1J10CKOCTH pe3aHHSI, T.e. B
I I..'10CKOC'1 M M-M, nCplleH)..{HKYJIj(pHOM K OCM <ppe3bl B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM
r04KC pe)l(yweM KpOMKM (pHC. 1.43, a, 6). nepe.LtHHM yrOJI r B OTjlM4Me OT
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84

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pe3L(a 3aD.aeTCSI B IJJIOCKOCTH N-N, HOpM8J1bHOH K HalIpaBJleHHIO 3y6a
(pHC. 1.43, 6). DOCKOJ1bKY .L{JUI UHJJMHJJ.pH4ecKoH <PpC3bl C npSll\.fblM 3y60M
IIJJOCKOCTH M-M H N-N COBna.nafOT, TO 06a yrJ1a Y H a. 3a.llaIOTCSI B
lIJIOCKOCTH, lIepneH,LlHKY;ISlPIfOH K OCH pe3hl. YrJ1bl B ceKYWCH )J;JOCKOCTH
M-M j(BoI1SifOTCSI O.l..lJIOBpCMeHIIO nOllcpellHblMH yrJ1aMH <jJpe3bl.. COOTBeT-
C') BYKHIJ.HMH IIpOJ,J,OJlbHbIM yr.naM pe3l{a. B3aHMOCBSl3b MC)KllY HI1MH onpc-
AeJJ11 eTCj( €j1opMYJlaMH.
tgYIl =tgycosro, (119)
tg aN = tg a cos ro , (I 20)
rlJ,e 00 - yroJl HaKJIOHa 3y6a <ppe3bl, KOTOpblH y pe3ua SlB;]j(eTC}I YIJIOM
HaK..10Ha rJlaBHOH pCIKymel1 KpOMKI1.
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D.OJ1bHbIM lIepe,U,HHM yrJ10M.
3y6 TOPUOBOH <ppe3bl B JlpOeKHH H8 OCHOBHYiO njlOCKOCrb (pHC. 1 43.. 6)
II OJ I HOCTblO nOB10pj(eT TOKapHblH npSlMoH IIPOXOp,HOM pe3eu C 1""laBUbl\4
yrJIOM B nJlaHe <POI BcnOMOraTeJlbHblM YI'JIOM B nJIaHe <p J' yrJIOl\1 HaK.,10H8
11188H0l1 pC:>KyweH KpOMKH A., c nepeJ],HI1MH H 3aJtHHMH yrJ1aMH B Tpex
nJ10CKOCTSlX: r.aaBlloH ceKyeH nJ10CKOC'1 H N-N, IICpIICHtJ.HKYJlSlpHOH K npo-
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cCKymeH Il..l0CKOCTM 0--0, napaJIJleJ1bHOM OCH <ppe3bl, H B IlOIICpe1.JIIOM
ceKyeM nJ10CKOCTH R- R, nepneH.L1HKYJ1S1pHOH K OCH )pe3hl. n01TOMY
Hp0,l.10Jlblible yr.ilbl cppe3bl 4aCTO Ha3blBalOT ()(eflbIMU, a 1l0llepe4Hbie -
paOUGllbllblMU. TaK )KC Ha3blBalOT npo,U,OJ1bHble H lIonepCtJHble yr;lbl
JJ.pyrHx <ppe3.
B OTJIHllHe OT pC3l{a <ppe3a MMCC r lIepeLlHHH r /I, H 3aJlHHH a l \ yr':lhl
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K Hallp8BJ1eHMfO 3y6a. Kpo\1c Toro, 3a,l1HHM r':laBHblH yro;1 a cppe3bl 3a.aa-
eTCSI B lIo110CKOCfH R-R, nepncHJ,J,MKy.nSlpHoH K OCM <f>pe3hl, a He B rJ1aBHOH
ceKye" N-N, KaK Y pe3u.a. B 1JJ10CKOCTH N-N 38lJ.BHM yrOJI lJa3blBafOT
llOP.,WaJlbHbiM 3aOllUM Y<:lO"'4 aN. np0,l10JlbHblH nepe.il.H HM yro.a <ppe3bl Y np
paBeH yr.flY HaKJIOHa 3y6a 00. COOTHoweHMSI Me:>KtJ.y yrJ1aMH B pa3l1blX
ceKYWHX 11J10CKOCTjlX TaKHe )KC, KaK Y pe3u. a .
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8 5

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ro OTpe3Horo pe3Qa.
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KH, lJepneHjtHKYJ1j(pHble K OCM Q>pe3bl, napa.,1J1eJ[bHbl ,ltBHJKeHHIO 3aTb1J10-
B04Horo pe3Qa. n03TOMY 33,nHHe nOBepXHOCTH 3y6a, npHMblK8fOlu,He I<
3THM Y1.faCTKaM KpOMKM, j(BJlj(IOTCj( 4aCTblO TOPUOBOH rInOCKOCTM, J lepneH-
J.J.HKYJ1j(pHOH K OCM <ppe3bl, H 3a.LtHHe HOpMaJlbHble yrJ1bJ B 3TOM cnY1.Jae
paBtlbl HYJ1fO. TaKHM 06P830M, HaH60JlbWHH 3a.L1HHM yrOJI B T04Ke A 6Y.l1e1
1l0CTeneHHO YMeHbWaTbcj( BnnOTb ):to HynSl K T04K8M E H E' pe)l(yeH
KpOMKH <ppe3bl (CM. pHC. 1.41). HOpM3J1bHble nepe,nHHe yrJ1bl H3MeHSlIOT"
CSI nO):t06HbIM 06pa30M. QTo6bl He .l10nYCTHTb 3Ha4CHHH 3a,lJ.HHX yrJloB
MeHbwe 3°, npl16eralOT K pa3JIH4HbIM clloco6aM MX YBeJIH4eHHSI, B TOM
ltHCJJe K KOCOMY 3aTblJ10BaHMIO, T.e. 3aTbIJ10BaHMfO 1l0JJ. yrnoM KOCH
<ppe3hl, lJT06bl HH O,l1HH Y4aCTOK pe)l(YIl(ei1 KpOMKM cPPC3bl lie COBlla,l..laJ1 C
HallpaBJleHHCM lIepeMeeHH}I 3aTblJ10B01.JHOI"0 pe3ua. nO.l.J.p06HeC MeTO):tbl
YBCJIH4eHMSI 38):tHHX yrnoB H3JIO)KeHbl B 11.2.2.3.7.
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3a.l1aeTC BeJlH1.JHHOH 38TblJ10BaHH}I K, He06xoAHMOH .l1JUI Bb[60pa 3aTblJ10-
B04Horo Ky..aa4K8. B3aMMocB3b Me)KAY K M a. onpe,neJ1S1eTcjJ H3 KpHBO-
JH1HeHlloro TpeyronbHMKa ABC:': K BC A Btga..
TaK KaK AB=1tD/Z, TO
K=( 1tD/Z)tga.. (1.21)
Al}1 .upyrMx T04eK npoqH1JI}I 3Ha1.JeHH HOpMaJ1bHbIX yrJIOB BbI4MCJUUOT-
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tgaNt==(R/ Rx)tgasin<p x' (1.22)
r,ne a. - 3a,1.1HHH yrOJ1 Ha BeplllHHe <ppe3bl; R - pa,LlHYc <ppe3bl;
R'( - paccToHHe OT ueHTpa Q>pe3bl ):to paccM8TpHBaeMoH T04KH pe)KY-
weH KpOMKM; <Px - yrOJI Me)l():{Y KaCaTeJ1bHOH K npoeKQHH pe)l(yw.cH
KpOMKH Ha oceBYIO (OCHOBH)'IO) IInOCKOCTb B paCCMaTpHBaeMoH T01.JKe 11
nepIlCH):tHKyJISIpoM KOCH <ppe3bl, T.e. HanpaBJleHHeM 1l0J,ta4H.
86

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KOHTpOJlbHble BonpocLI
1. P33HOBMJ].HOCTH $pe3.
2. BHJ.(bl pa60T, BblnOJIHeMbIX pe3aMM.
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4. 3a4eM XBOCTOBble $pe3bl, eC."11 eCTb HacaJ.(Hble?
5. npeHMYIneCTBa 4>pe3 C MHn nepe)] C60pHbJMH )PC38MH ltpyrMx KOH'"
CTpYKllHM.
6. OnTHMaJ1bHbl J1H 3a.LJ.HHe yrJ1bl y $acoHHblX <ppe3 C 3aTblJIOBaHHbiM
3y60M?
1.7. npOTR)KKU
1.7.1. Ha3HaQCIIHe H OCIlOBHble THllbl IIpOTHiKCK
npOTSI>KKH npC.LJ.Ha3Hat.JeHbl J1JUI o6pa60TKH BHyrpeHHHx H HapY)KHbIX
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H wepoxoBaTocTbfO nOBepxHoCTeH C Ra )..\0 1,25-0,20 MKM Hx MOiKHO
OTueCTH K p33pSl.LJ.Y KOM61111MpoBaHHbix HHcTpYMeHToB, ocyw.ecTBUII{)UlMX
nOCJ1C,lJ,OBaTC;lbHO 1.JCpHOBYtO M 4HCTOBYIO 06pa60TKY. npOTH)KKa - 3TO
MHor03y6blH MHcTpYMeHT, cOBepulafOUJ,HM OD,HO rJl8BHOe JlBH)I(eHHe -
npSlMOJ1HHCMHOe lJepeMe1ueHHe OTHOCMTeJ1bHO 06pa6aTbiBaeMoH )leT3..,lM.
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Ha3blBaeMYlO 1100'beMO.:W 110 3y6 (pHC. I 44). no CBoeH CYW.HOC'I H 1I0;LI.1>eM
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BXOAe 3y6a B pa6ory. B 3TOM OTHOUleHHH pa60Ta 3y6a IIpOTSlIKKH nOXO)Ka
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pa6oTaHHoH nOBepxHoCTH. TeM IIC Meuec npouecc npoTSlrHBaHHSI npOH3BO-
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npOTSlrHBaHHe nJIOCKOCTCM B 5-10 pa3 npoH3BOllHTeJlbHee <ppe3epOBallH}1,
a npOTjlrHBaHHe oTBepcTHH npOH3RO.LJ.HTeJlbHee 1eHKcpoBaHHSI H pa3BepTbl'"
BaHHSI B 10-15 pa3. 3TO 06'bSlCHSlCTCSI 60.rIbIUOH JlJ10wa)1blO Ce4eHI1S1
8 i

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pe)K)'Utl1X KpOMOK. KpOMe TOrO, npOTjI)I(KI1 XapaKTepM3YIOTCjJ BblCOKMM
lIepMOJlOM CTOHKOeTH ()l0 500 MMH H 60Jlee), 60JlbUlOH cYMMapHoH CTOH-
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SlBJH1fOTCSI C110:>KHh1M H ,LlOpOrHM 11 HCTpYMeHTOM.
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napaMeTpbl 3y6beB npOTjI>KKM
npHMeHSIeMblC B cOBpeMeHHoM MauuiHocTpoeHHH npOTjI)f(KH pa3J]eJ1R-
lOT no Ha3Ha4eHHIO H8 ).lBe 60JlblllMe rpynnbl: 6uympellllue npOlllJl:JICKU,
HCnOJlh'3yeMble AnSI o6pa6oTKM OTBepCTMH pa3HOrO upo(ln1Jul (3aMKHYTbIX
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88

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CHJla nepeMemeHHj( wnHH.QeJUI CBepJ1HJlbHOrO CTaHKa rIP" Hape3aHMH
pe3b6bl caM03aTSlrMBaHHeM HanpaBJlCHa B CTOPOHY Po H npHBO.l1HT K
YCHJ1eHHlO OTMettCHHblX SlB..1eHMi:i.
npO<pHJlbHble 11 KOM6HHMpOBaHHbie MeT4HKM B YCJIOBHSlX pa60Tbi
caM033TJlfHBaHHeM TaK)J(e OTCTafOT no 1113ry H OCYWeCTBJ1j1IOT .l10n0J1-
HHTeJ1bHOe 60KOBoe pe3aHHe, HO TOJ1IQMHa )..{OIlOJIHHTeJlbHOrO 60KoBoro
cpe3a MeHbwe paCLJeTHOM TOJ1lUHHbl a' TeopeTH4eCKOH CXCMbI pe3aHHjI
(CM. pHC. 1.60, 6, 8). n03TOMY oceBble CHJ1bl OlJeHb cJ1a60 BJ1HSlfOT H8
MCKIDKeHHe BlIaD,HHbl pe3b6bl H pa36HBaHHe.
.
YMeHbwHTb pa36HBaHHe pe3b6bl OT B03).(eHCTBHjI oceBOM CH;lbl I1PH
nape3aHHH pe3b6bl no reHepaTopnoH cxeMe MO:>KHO nYTeM C0311aHMSI yc-
JIOBI1H, KOJ"',Lla 3Ta CHjla BocnpHHHMaeTCj( He OIlOpHblMH KpOMKaMH MeTLJH-
Ka, a CneUMaJlbHblMM 3J1eMeHTaMI1 KOHCTPYKUHM MeT4H.Ka.. CTaHKa 11.,111
lIpHcnoc06JleHHj(. KpOMe Toro, pa36MBaHHe YMellblllaeTcSI npM YMeHbwe-
HI1M oceBoH CH..1bl HJIH OrpaHMLJeHHH pe)l(ymeH cIloc06HOCT11 onopHblx KpO-
MOK MeT4MKa.
HaHnY4llJHC pe3YJ1bTaTbI 06ecne4HBalOTcj( I1PH Hape3aHHH pe3b6bl no
KonHpy, KOr.l{a MeTLfMKY coo6lUaeTcR oceBoe nepeMemeHHe, cTporo Co-
oTBeTcTBYlOwee lllary Hape'3aeMOH pe3b6bl (oceBaSi CMJla BocnpHHHMa-
eTCj( ,neTaJ1»MM KOI1Mpa), HnH npH M3rOTOBJ1eHHH nepelHcM pe3b60BoH
HanpaBJ1S110U\eH 1.JaCTH Y 4HCTOBoro MeT4HKa KOMnJ1eKTa (oceBaSi CHJla
BOC npHH H MaeTCSI pe3b60H HanpaB.rtj(lOlUeM lJaCTH).
OceBaSi CMJ1a pe38HMj( YMeHbLUaeTcj( B CJlY4ae npaBblx BHHTOBblX
cTpYJKe4HbiX KaHaBOK C 0)=30° Y MeT4HKOB .l].J]SI Hape3aHHSI npaBoM pe3b-
6bI H npM Bbl60pe COOTBeTCTBYlOWMX reOMCTpMllCCKHX rtapaMeTpOB
MeT4HKa [133, 134; 268].
115

Wazyu B.H Pe)l(YWHR HHCTpYMeHT
OrpaHHlJeHHe pe)K)'tneH clIoco6HOCTH OnOpHblX 60KOBbiX KpOMOK MeT-
4MKa AOCTMraeTCSI YMeHbUJeUlieM BeJl MqltlH bl 3aTbl.HOBaHHSI MeT1.IHKa no
npOQ>HJlfO (MeHblJle 38,nHMe yrJ1bl a. y 60J<OBbIX pe)KYIIJ,HX KpOMOK), 1131"'0-
TOB;leUMeM MeT4HKOB He38TbIJJOB8HHbl\111110 npOQ>MJ1fO HJIM 38TbIJIOBaHHbl-
MH He H8 BCe" lllMpHHe lIep3 (oceB8j( CHJ1a BocnpHHMM8eTCjI He KpOMK8MM,
a onopHblMH 60KORblMH n.:lOwa.lJ.KaMH pe3b6bl MeTt.tHKa C at =0), 3aTblJl0-
B8UHCM pe3b6bl MCT4HKa no npOQ>HJlfO H8 KaJ1M6pYIOW.CH 48CTH B 06e
CTOpOHbl OT Cepe,ltHHbl nepa (npH 38XO.Lte KaJ1116pYfOWeH 4ac fH MeT4HKa
B OTBepCTHC oceBaj( CHJ1a BocnpHHHMaeTCjI 604K006pa3Hb1MH OIJOpllblMI1
nJ1ow.8)(KaMM 1 60KOBbiX CTOpOH 3y6beB MeT4HK8) (CM. pHC. 1.58, 3).
YVlCHbJlleliHe pa36l1BallH PC3b6bl, BbI3blBaCMoro pa)..lHaJlbllblMH KOJle-
6alll1MH MeT4HKa 01' 6HeHHJI 111IlI1HlleJ1j( CTaHKa, pa)J.HaJlbHoro 6MCHM.iI
KpOMOK MeTLJMKa H8 3860pHOH LJ8CTM H JJ.pyrHMH npHLJHHaMM, t:(OCTHr8eTCSI
YMeHbllleliMeM M3ClllTa6HOCTM 3THX <j>aKTopOB HJIH OrpaHI1LJeHHeM paAH-
aJlbHblX K0J1e6aHHH MeT4HKa IJpMHY.lJ.HTeJ1bHbIM HanpaBJleHHeM ero 110 IIpH-
cnOC06JleHHIO MnM Hape3aeMOMY OTBepCTHIO.
Pe3b60Hape3Hbie ."OJlOBKH npC.lJ.H83Ha4eHbl .lJ.JIj( Hape38HHSI BHYTpeH-
HHX H HapY)KHbIX pe3b6 M IlpeJ.J,CTaBJ1S1fOT C060H KaK 6bl C60pHb(e KOHCT-
PYKUHH MeT1.JHKOB H nJ1ameK, nepbj( KOTOpblX MoryT nepCMewaTbCSI B
pa.lJ.HaJlbHOM H8I1paBJ1eHHH H p8CKpblBaTbCjI H8 BeJIHlIHHY, JI0CTaT04HYIO
.a..l Toro, 4T06bl 1I0c.,1e OKOHl.faHHj( Hape3afiHjI pe3b6bl ro.nOBKY He CBHH-
4HBaTb, a npOCTO CHSIl b C .lleTaJlM B oceBOM H8I1paB..1CHMH.
f103TOMY pe3b60Hape3HbiC rOJIOBKH, 06Jlal.{aj( BceMH IIpeHMyecTBaMI1
C60PUbiX HHCTpYMeHTOB, 06ecnC41188fOT 60nce BblCOKYIO IJpOH3BOLtMTeJlb-
HOCTb pe3b6006pa60TKH H 1l03BO.l1j(IOT peryJ1HpOBaTb p83MepbL
fl pH H 1..(11 II HaJ1 bH ble cxeM bl KOHCTPYKI..(H M pe3b60 HapC3HblX r0J10 BOK npe,iJ.-
CT8BJleHbl Ha pHC. ] .61, HX H33blBalOT ca/woomKpb16aJOu/u,,,tUCJl, T8K KaK B
KOHue Hape3aHHSI pe3b6bl lIJ1aWKH aBTOMaTHyeCKI1 yrOll81OT (pHC. 1.61, a)
HJU1 paCXOLtSlTCSI (pHC. 1.61, 6-2) JJ..il oTBoJJ.a rOJIOBOK B HCXO,lJ,IfOe nOJIO-
)KeHMe. flpH IIO.llrOTOBKe K p860 re r0J10BKa 3aKpblB8eTcj( BPYlJHYIO B
cJIYLJae pa60Tbi Ha TOKapHbix H peBo;lbBepHblx CTaHK3X. TaKHe rOJIOBKH
H83blBafOT neepaU/alOu/UJWUCJl. Y 6paU/alOU{uXCJl ronOBOK ,ltJ1j( TOKap-
HblX aBToMaToB OTKpblB8HHe M 3aKpblBaHHe r0J10BKH oCYU{CCTBJlSlCTCSI
8BTOMaTH4eCKM.
116

P a 3 () e'l I 0630p KOHcmpYK1IUti pe:JICYUlliX UIlCnlp}'We1/m()(j
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(I - rpe6ellKM, 2 - npH3Ma, 3 - Kopnyc), 6, 6, ,'" - Il.nSl HapY)KHOH pe'3b6bI C
I1."aWKa\tM 6 -- nJ10CKMMM pallHaJIbHblMM, ( - TaHreHUHaJ1bHbIMH
c - KpyrJ1bIMM pallHaJ1bHblMH (rpe6eHKaMM)
Pe/KYWHe JJleMelfTbJ IIJI3WeK K rO.!IOBKaM )(';UI BHY. peHHHx pC3h6 110
KOHCTPYKIUIH clloc06y 06pa30BaHHSI H reoMeTpH4eCKHM lIapaMeTpaM Ta-
KHe )J(C, KaK H IICpbSl Y MeTLJHKa.
nnawKH H rpe6eHKH K rOJJOBKaM )J...ljI HapY)KHbIX pe3b6 npeD,cTaBJISIIOT
C060M pe3b6oHape3Hbie rpe6eHKH HJIM pe3b60Hape3Hbie q>acoHHblC pC3l1.bl.
11 i

WaZYH B H PeIKYInHH HHCTpYMeHT
CTep)KHeBble (CM. pMC. 1.61, 6), npH3M8TH4ecKHe (CM. pHC. 1.61, 8) H
KpYr.Jlble (CM. pMC. t .61, 2) C npHCYIIJ.HMH HM reOMeTpH4eCKHMH napaMeT-
paMH H cnOC06aMH HX 06eCne4eHHj(.
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t{OM CaM03aTrHBaHH1I, npH KOTOpOM no,n B03,QeHCTBHeM OCeBblX CHJl
IlpOHCXO,QHT nO,ape3aHHe OnOpHblX CTOpOH BMTKOB Hape38eMOH pe3b6bl TaK
>Ke, K8K H IIPH Hape3aHHH MeT4MK8MH. TOJ1bKO Cpe):tHHM ,QH8MeTp pe3b6bl
Hape3aeMOrO 60JlTa CT8HOBHTCjJ MeHbllle. KOHCTPYKQH1I KpyrJ1blX pe3b60-
nape3HbiX rpe6eHOK n03BOneT YMeHblIlHTb nO):tpe3aHHe nyreM orpaHHe-
HMjI pe)KYll\eH cnoc06HOCTH OIlOpHblX KpOMOK 3a CLJeT YMeHbllleHHj(
3a,LtHHX yrnOB. TaK K8K a.=3rcsin(K-x)/R (pHC. 1.62), a BenM4HHa K -
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H 60KOBbie 3a,l:tHHe yrJ1bl H8 OIlOpHblX KpOMKax MO)KHO, yseJ1H4HB x -
npeBblllleHHe KpOMKH rpe6eHKH H3JJ. QeHTpOM ,l:teTaJ1H. 38TOQK8 lIepe,l:tHeM
1I0BepXHOCTM noD. yrJIOM A. YBenH1.JMBaeT 3H81.JeHHe x B CTOPOHY K(L1H6py-
fOl.1.lHX HHTOK, '-ITO oco6eHHO )KenaTenbHO. KpOMe Toro, yrOJI A. COBMeCTHO
C yr;loM co, KOTOpblH H83blB3erCj( Y2ll0./w omeooa cmpYJ/CKu, Hanp8BJUIeT
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nepeTo4eK o6eCne'-lHJIH rOJIOBKaM C KpyrJIblMH pa,l:tHaJ1bHbIMH rpe6eHK8MI-1
npel1MymecTBeHHoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe B MaLUHHocTpoeHHH
118

P a 3 0 e.7 J. 0630p KOllcmPYKl/Ull peJlC}'lllUX UllcmpYMellm06
Pe3L60llape3HLIe tpe3bl (.l1HCKOBble H rpe6eH\f8Tble) IlpeJ,J,H83H8lJe-
Hbl AJ1)} cppe3epOBaHHSI H8PY)I(HbiX H BHYTpeHHHX pe3b6.
)l:HcKoBLle tpe3LI jlBJHUOTCSI pa3HOBHJ],IiOCTbfO cp8COHlibIX. 3y6bjJ
OCTpOKOHe4Hble, nocne,nOB3TenbHO CMeeHbl OTHOCHTeJlbHO Jtpyr .l1pyra B
OCeBOM Hanp8BJleHHH. B pe3ynbTaTe Ha 60KOBbiX CTopon8X cppe3bl 3y6beB
B J].Ba p838 MeHbllle, 1.JeM H8 nepM$epMM (pHC 1.63, a). KIDKL\bIH 3y6
pa60T8eT TonbKO BeplllHHHoH M OJ(HOH 60KOBOH KpOMKOM. HeT BCTpe4HbiX
nOTOKOB CTPY:>KKH. OLJeHb Ma..18j( TOJI111MH8 cpe3a 60KOBOM KpOMKOM YBC-
JlMt.JHBaeTCjI B,ltBOC, YMCHbwaeTCSI KpYTSl1lJJfH MOMenl H nOBbllllaeTCSI
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11

Wa?YH B./1 Pe)KYllJ,HH HHCTpYMeHT
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(pl1c. 1.63., 6) H C006U3IOT eM BpaLneHHe (r.fIaBHoe .LtBH)KeHHe). 06pa6a-
'I blBaeMast .u.eTaJ1b Bpaw.aeTc» M COrJ1aCOBaHHO I1epeMewaeTcSl B oceBOM
HanpaBJleHHH Ha O,ltHH war 3a nOJ1HblH 060POT (J],BH)f(eHM KpyroBoH M
oceBoM lIoJ],aLJH). ,l{McKoBble <ppe3bl IJpHMeHSlIOT J],.,1jJ Hape3aHHj( pe3b6
KpynHoro lllara, B OCHOBHOM TpaneueH.LtaJlbHbIX.. 4epBSlKoB H JJ.pyrHx
pe3b6, KpoMe IJpjJMoyrOJlbHblX.
rpe6eHQaTLIe tpe3bl - 3TO TOJKe $acoHHble <»pe3bl, HO C 33Tbl.,10-
BaHHblM 3y60M. PaCII0J10JKeHHe 3y6beB KOJ1bueBoe. B IIpoQccce pa60Tbi
pe3a Bpaw.eTcjJ co CKOpOCTbtO pe3aHHjf IIPH o)..tHoBpeMeHHoM COrJlaCO-
BaHHOM BpaweHHH Ii nocTYIlaTeJ1bHoM nepeMemeHHH 33rOTOBKH HJ1H <ppe-
3bl (pHC. 1.64). B HaLJaae pa60Tbi <ppc3a nepcMewaeTc elI(c H B paH-
aJlbl10M HanpaBJ1eHMH .no Bpe33HMSI Ha nonHYfO BblCOry npoQJHJ1j( Hape33c-
MOH pe3b6bI. flonHaj( pe3b6a Ha ,aeTaJlH 06pa3yeTcSI 3a I ..25 060poTa
3arOTOBKH 4eTBepTb 060poTa He06xo.l1l1Ma J],J1S1 HCnpaB.ilellHSI JIPOQ>HJUI
Hapc3aHHoM pe3b6bl 110 BblCO re Ha Y4aCTKe Bpe3aHHj(. <I>pe3bl HCII0-,1b3YIOT
B OCHOBHOM DJUI OCTpoyrOJlbllOH pe3b6bl Hc60.Hbllloro rnara. )V1S1 Hape3a-
HMSI pe3b6 C Me;IKHM rnarOM pe3b6y H3 <ppc3e ,lteJ1afOT C Y.LI.BOeHHbIM
rnarOM, HO Ha Bcex LJeTHbIX 3y6bSlX CMewafOT ee B oceBOM HanpaBJ1CHHH
Ha BenHlJMHY lllara 110 OTHOUJeflHfO K HeJ.leTHblM 3y6bSlM.
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a - npH Hape3atll1M Hap}?KHoH pe3b6bl, 6 - npM Hape3aHMH BfI}'TpeHHeM pe3b6bl
120

P a 3 0 e '/ 1. 0630p KOHclnpYK1/uU pe:J/(VllIUX u/lcmpY,,tellmOfl
Pe3UOBbie rOJIOBKIl .aJlH CKOpocTHoro +pe3epOBaJlHH MCIJOjlh3Y-
lOT tUBI Hape33HHSI KPYHHbIX, npeMMYJI{eCTBeHHO HapY)KHbIX pe3b6 XOJ.10-
BblX BHtlTOB H 4epBSlKOB B KpynHocepMHHOM H MaCCOBOM IIpOM3B0l1CTBe 110
MeTOJJ.Y HapY)J(Horo H BHyrpeHHero KacaHHjJ. Vlx HHor.aa lIa3blBalOT 1'0-
JlOBKaMH ,LtJISI BI1XpeBOro uape3aHHlI pe3b6bl.
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r0J10BKM, pa60TalOWHe 110 MCTO,lty BuyrpeHHero KacaHMSI. KOliCTpYKrHBHO
OHM IIpeJlCTaBJISIIOT C060H Kopnyc B BMl1.e KOJlbLla C YCl aHOBJICHHblMH B
HeM TBep.nOCII;laBHbll\fM pe3uaMI1, pa60TalOWHMH 110 CXCMC pHC. 1 65.
06pa60TKa Bej\eTCSI Ha TOKapHoM CTaHKe. ,[(cTaJlb 3aKpenllSleTcSI B UCH-
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TOKaplforo CTaHKa, Bpaw.aeTClI H BMeCTe C CYIIIIOPTOM lIepel\.1ewaeTcSI R
oceBOM HanpaBJleHHI1 Ha 1.lIar pe3b6b' 3a oJJ.n 060POT ).leTaJIM. IlpoH3-
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121

llIa?yu B If PeIKYIIJ.H}I HHCTpYMeHT
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Bble lleTaJlH, 8 T810Ke BblCOKHM K84eCTBOM 06p860TaHHblX no BepXHOCTeH:
nOBbIIlleHH8j1 np04HOCTb H H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb, ,nOCT8TOlJHO BblCOK8jJ CTeneHb
T04HOCTM (8--4-jJ), HM3xajJ mepOXOBaTOCTb (R a =1,o-O,2 MKM).
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BblnOJIHjlfOT pOJ1HKaMM H nnalUKaMM, npeMMYllJ.eCTBeHHO no cxeMaM
pHC. 1.66, 8 H3 MeT3.i1JIOpe)J(YllJ.HX CT8HKax - pe3b60H8KaTHblMH ro-
jlOBKaMM H paCK8THHK8M11 (6eCCTpY)Ke4HbIMH MeT1.IHK8MH).
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1I0)..l'beMa pe3b6bI. HenO,UBH)J(HajJ nJI81UK8 06R3aTeJlbHO HMeeT 3a6opHYI()
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pacnp0CTpaHeHH8S1 cl>opMa 3a6opHoH 48CT11 - IJOJ1HOUP0<pHJlbU8jJ.
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HenepeTa4HBaeMbiX nJ1aCTHH (MHn) 06naD-alOT .l10nOlHMTeJ1bHbI1\1M npe-
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BHYTPeHHHX Hanpj()I(eHI1H, npHBHOCHMblX HanaHKOH flnaCTHH, 6blCTpblH BBO,Q
B pa60TY HOBblX peiK)'UJ.HX KpOMOK nYTeM IIOBOpOT8 nJ1aCTHH Ha CJ1e.l1YfO-
lItyfO rpaHb, J1erKMH c60p OTXO,Z:tOB TBepAoro cn.HaBa H H3H60J1ee nonllaSi HX
YTHJ1H3aUHSI, YCTpaHeHHe 3aTpaT Ha nepeTOl.lKY, COKp3eHMC TpaHcnopT-
HblX paCXOLtOB 110 nepeB03Ke HHCTpYMeHTOB H YMeHbllleHHe nJ10U(a,nH
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4eCTBa KopnYCOB. HeCMOTpH Ha 60Jlee BblCOKYIO CTOHMOCTb C60PHbiX
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PYMeHT, OTHeceHHbie K O.QHOH o6pa60TaHHOH .l1eTaJ1H, B CBst3H C YKa3aH-
HblMH .LJ.OCTOHHCTBaMH caMble HM3KHe. n03TOMY C60pHbie KOHCTPYKUHM B
YCJ10BHj(X MaCCOBoro H cepHHHoro npOH3Bo,nCTBa CJ1e,Z:tyeT HcnO.,,1b30BaTb
HaH60J1ee lllHpOKO - oc06eHHO COBpeMeHHble, C MexaHH4eCKHM Kpenne-
HHCM MIlO. HeKoTopble BH,lJ.bl MexaHH4eCKoro KpellJleHHjI HO)KeH, JlJlac-
THH H BCTaBOK npHBe,neHbl H3 pHC. 2.1-2.3.
CocTaBHble KOHCTPYKlJ.HH npHMeHSIIOTCSI npH Hc.nocTaTot.JHoH )KeCTKOC-
TH C60PHbIX WItH B CJ1Y4aj(X HeB03MO)J(HOCTH BblnOJ1HeHHj( MeXaHHl.IeCKOrO
KpenJ1eHHjI. Huor).ta OHH Mor}'T OKa3aTbC 3KOHOMH"tHee C60pHbIX. 3Tc
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3KOHOMH4HOCTb onpe/.leJ1j1eTCSI B OCHOBHOM HX nepBoHattanbHOH CTOHMO-
CTblO. no 3TOH npHlIMHe HaH60Jlee 3KOHOMHlJHblMH HHCTpYMeHT3MH pa30-
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CHT OT Bbl60pa Q>OPMbl Ii pa3MepoB nnaCTHH, a TaK)Ke OT HX pacIJoJlo-
)KeHHjI B rHe3.ne Kopnyc3. Pa3Mepbl, tj>0pMa H pacn0J10)KeIlHe I1J1aCTHH
AOJ1)KHbl y,uoBJIeTBOpSlTb CJ1Y)I(e6HoMY Ha3Ha1.lCHHIO HHcTpYMeHTa H
06ecne4HTb M3KCHMaJlbHOe 1.JHCJ10 nepeToLieK. B CJ1Y43e npeo6na.nafO-
w.ero H3Hoca no 3aAHeH HonepxHocTH (pa6oTa C TOHKHMH cpe3aMH,
06p360TKa xpynKHx MaTepH8.,10B, .llat011J.HX CTPY)KKY UaJJJ10Ma) ncpeTo4-
KH BblnOJ1H$lIOTCS B OCHOBHOM no 33,nHeM rpaHH, If llJ1aCTHH8 n03ToMY
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Ta npoTeKaeT B OCHOBHOM no nepeJHeH nOBepxHoc rM (06pa60TKa MaTe-
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183

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caMblM 3KOHOMHoe paCXOnOBaHHC nnaCTHHbl H 06Jler4aj( 3aT04KY no nepe-
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pe>KYlUero KJ1HHa. Y.aOBJ1eTBOpHTeJ1bHbJe pe3YJ1bTaTbl 06CCne1.JHBaeT yrOJl
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e - HanaHKa TOJIbKO no onopHoti nOBepXHOCTH
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I'l1l.1Hbl, HO 06ecnetJI1B3toT 60Jlee IIpo4Hoe Y):lep)KaHHe nJlaCTHHbl, 4TO
JI03BOJIj(eT J1CnOJlb30BaTb lIJ1aCTHHbl MeHbWHX p33MepoB H YMeHbwHTb
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186

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woro npOl.1eHTa 6paKa no TpClUHHaM Itl MHKpOTpeWHHaM nJJaCTHH. J(a)Ke
eCJIH TpCll(HHbl npH HanaHKe H HC 06pa3YIOTCS1"1 paCTS1rHBaI:OLUHe BHYTPCH-
HHe HanpSl)KeHH1t B nOBepXHOCTHOM CJ10e nJlaCTHHbl I10HH)K3IOT UpOl.lHOCTb
pe)K)'LQero KJ1HHa. 3TH Hanpj()KeIUUI, CKJ13.nbIBaS1Cb C HallpS1)KeHHS1MH OT
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BblUJe KpMTHt.teCKoro ypOBHSI, KOTOpblH B 3aBHCMI\tlOCTH OT TepMOCTOMKOCTH
KJ1eS1 Kone6J1eTCjf B npe,aeJlax 300--600 °c.
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HajJ cxeM8 )If Q>opMa HHCTpYMeHT8 onpe,nenRIOTCR cpaBHMTeJlbHO nerKO.
Y KOHKpeTHbIX, UIHpOKO npHMeHSIeMblX HHCTpYMeHTOB, HanpMMep, pe3-
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B) BblCOKYIO JKOHOMH4HOCTb HHCTpYMeHTa.
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nepe.LJ.HHx yrJlax H OTCYTCTBHH Ha.ane)K3merO npOTHBo.n.eMCTBHSI (IIO.Lt.Ltep-
)l(KH HHcTpYMeHTa co CTOpOHbl 3a)]HeH 1I0BepXIIOC'fH) 33TjlrHBaeT pe)KY-
Utl1H KJIHH HHCTpYMeHTa B Teno JteTaJ1H. 06pa6oTaHHaji nOBepXHOCTb
CTaHOBMTCj( BO..rlHMCTOH. n03TOMY Y TaKHX HHCTpYMeHTOB, HanpHMep, I1pO-
TsnKCK O,ltHOCTopOHHero pe3aHHj( C HanpaBJleHHeM no CTopOHe, npo-
THBOIIOJIOJKHOH 3y6bjlM (rnnOHot.JHble npOTSI)KKH), nepCJtHHe yrJlbl 60nee
1 S° He na3HalJalOT.
npH Ma;ILIX TOJ111l.HUaX cpe3a, COH3Mepl1MbiX C paJJ.HYCOM oKpyrJICHI1j1
pe)KYllI.eM KpOMKH HHCTpYMCHTa (CM. pHC. 2.15), B.HHSlHMe nepe,L\Hero yr;la
Ha CHJ1Y M pa60ry pC3aHHjI, a CT3JIO 6blTb, H H8 no.nBO TennOTbl K
pelKYWCMY KJ1HHY He3Ha1.JHTeJlbHble. TeMllepa1)'pa pe3aHHH H CTOHKOCfb
HHcTpYMeHTa onpeJ]eJ1S1IOTCjI B OCHOBHOM TellJIOOTBottSlll(eH cnoc06Hoc"
1 blO pe)Kyw.ero KJIHHa. OOTOMY .LJ...'ljI tfHCTOBblX HHCTpYMeHTOB, TaKHX, KaK
pa3BepTKM, KaJ1H6pYfOW.He 3y6bR npOTSI)KeK, nepe.L1HHH yrOJ1 60Jlee
]0-15° He peKOMeH)1yeTCj(.
OUTHMaJlbHblC 110 CTOHKOCTH BcnOMoraTe:JbHble 3a,nHMe yrJ1bl H orpa-
HI14eH\1S1 rio liX Ha3Ha4eHH10 TaKHe >Ke, KaK H ,D.J1S1 rJlaBHbiX. Hanp"tep,
BcnOMOraTeJ1bHble 3a.n.HHe yrJlbl CBepJ1, 3eHKcpOB, pa3BepTOK no YCJIOBHIO
206

P a 30 ell 2 npoeKmupoeoHue pe:JK:yUlux uHcmpYMe1lmo6
rOlJHOCTI1 06pa60TKH paBHbl HYJHO, a Y MeTLJMKOB - He 60J1ee 1 0-20'.
lfacTo BCTpe1.JaloTcj( TeXIIOJlOrU-leCKHe OrpaIlH1feHHB: npMeMJ1eMble
110 CTOHKOCTH, C Y4eTOM orpaHH1.JeHMH no T04HOCTH 06pa6oTKH.. BCIIOMO-
raTe.l1bHbie 3a.ru-nte yrJ1bl Henb3» 06pa30BaTb. npM\1epOM Moryr CJJY1KMTb
UlJlHueBbie npOTH)KKH C npSlM0604HbiM IIpo<pl1JleM.
B03MO)KHOCTH onTHMH3aUM" nepeJ,tHHx yrJIOB MHcrpYMeHToB C MHoro-
rpaHHbIMH nellepeTaLlHBaeMblMM n;JaCTMH3MH HeCKOJlbKO 0'"paIiH1IeHbl.
I1JlacTHHbi YCT3H3BJIHB3IOTC» B Kopnycax T3KHM 06pa30M" 4T06bl 3a C1.JeT
HX nOBopoT3 06ecne4HTb HY)J(Hble 3a,l.lHHe yrJlbl. nepe,nHHe yrJlbl B TaKMX
CJlY4aHx 6y,aYT H3MetUITbCSI H3 yroJ1 nOBopoT3 IIJl3CTHHbl. n03TOMY LITO-
6bl paCllJHpHTb B03MO)KHOCTH npM6J1I1)KeHHH nepe,nHMx yrJIOB T3KHX HHCT-
PYMCHTOB K OnTHMaJ1bHbIM 3Ha4CHM}JM, BblllycK3eMbic H3 pblHOK flnacrH-
lIbl HMefOT pa3Hbie 33AHHe yl....lbl. 0, 3, 5, 7, II, 15, 18, 20, 25" 27., 30°.
flepe,l1Hj(j( nOBepxHocTb nnaCTHH nnOCKa», nap3JIJleJIbHaSi OCHOBaUHIO IIJ1a-
CTHHbl (y=O), ;IH60 C BblKpYiKKOH C nepe,l.lIlHM yr;lot 110 HeH 12 HJH1 15°.
Y £IJlaCTHH c nOJlO:>KHTeJlbHbIM Uepe.LUIHM yrJ10M H3 IICpe.aHeH nOBcpxHO-
CTH B,nOJlb peiKyweH KpOMKH pacnOnO:IKeHa YIIP04IUIIOllJ.a» c»acKa, lIapa.l-
jle;lbHaH OCHOB3HI1fO IJJlaCTHHbl HJIH H3KJ10HeHH3S1 K HeMY 110).1 yrJ10M -7°.
2.2.3.4. Bbl60p 3Ha1JeHHH yrJloB B lIJ1aHe
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TOpas. Bbl3bIBaeT pe3Koe na,neHHe CTOHKOCTH np" otJeUb MaJlblX yrnax B
nJ1aHe, qTO xap8KTepHo ,nJ1H pa60Tbi pe3uoB Ii TOPUOBblX <!>pe3. Y
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3ellKepoB, pa3BepToK, feTt.tHKoB, - nOHH:lKeHMj! Cl0HKOCl H "PH l\la;lbIX <p
20

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CTeM.
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TOB CJle,ltyeT Ha3Ha4HTb B03MOJKHO MeHbWHe 3H34eHH1I <P H <Pl. 0,aH8KO H8
nYTH peanH3aUHH 3THX HaMepeHH" BCTpe1.JaeTCjI pjl,l.( orpaHH4eHMH:
a) )f(eCTKOCTb TeXHOJlOrH4eCKOH CHCTeMbl;
6) xapaKTep BblnOJIHSleMOH pa60Tbl;
B) npOH3B?.QMTeJlbHOCTb pe3aHHSI;
r) np04HOCTb HHCTpYMeHTa:
,It) TOLJHOCTb o6pa60TKH.
npH HeOCTaTOIJHOii *eCTKOCTH TeXIIOJlOfl14eCKOH CMCTeMbl Y MH"
CTPYMeHTOB 061.lJ.ero Ha3Ha t leHHSI, pa6OTalOWHX C p830MKHyrOH CHCTeMOH
p311HaJlbHblX CMJl (pe3I..{bl, TOpl.(OBble <»pe3bl), yrOJI <P YBeJlH4HB3eTC1I
BIlJ10Tb ,lJ,0 90° C ueJlblO 110BbllUeHHjI T04HOCTH o6pa6oTKH H HCKJl104eHHjI
BH6paI..(HH.
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· TOKapHblX pe3QOB tJ.J11I IIpO,nOJlbHOrO T04eHHSI C IIpeABapHTeJlbH blM
pa)lHaJJbHblM Bpe3aHHeM H8 rJ1y6HHY pe3aHHSI;
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· rOKapHbJX npOXOllHblX ynopHblX pe3IJ.OB, 06eCIIe4HBafOWHX I10.ape3KY
6YPTHK8 B KOHU,e pa604ero xo.n.a (<p=900);
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· pe3QOB, p33BepTOK H MeT411KOB ,aJljl 06pa60TKH rJIYXHX OTBepCTHH B
ynop (.lIO ,lJ.OHbllllKa, cp=30-45° Y pa3BepTOK H MeTHKOB H 90° Y
pe3uoB).
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qF-=5-15(\ B TO BpeVJSI KaK Y PYLfHbJX pa3BepTOK 1-2°.
208

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110. C YMellbllleHHeM yrJla <P TaKHX MCTLJHKOB YBCJIM\.IHBaeTCst 4HCJlO
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OAHOBpeMeHHOM YMeHbllleHHH TOJIWHHbl, nJlOllta,nb cpC3a OCTaeTCSI HeH3-
MeHHOH. B pe3YJlbT8Te paCTeT KPYTSlUJ.MH MOMeHT .!to 3HaLJeHHH, lIpeBOC-
XO)..tSllltHX ,nonYCTHMoe no npOt.JHOCTM MeT4HKa. CBblllle 50 % MCTt.JHKOB
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HHX HeJlb3S1 Ha3H848Tb MaJlble <p, XOT)I 3TO nOBbllllaeT CTOHKOCTb MeT4H-
KOB H T01.lHOCTb pe3b6006pa60TKH. fJlaBHblH yrOJI B IlJlalie or'paHMllMBafOT
3H84eHHSlMI1 12-15°.
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O.D.HOBpeMeHHO pe:>KeT He BCst 3a60pHajJ LJaCTb, a TOJlbKO Y4aCTOK .LtJ1HHOH,
paBHOM BblCOTe r8HKH. Ma.1ble <P TaKHX MeT4HKOB (/(0 3--4°) He TOJ1bKO
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M3MeHeHHSI WHpHHbl na3a npH nepeTOt.JK8X pe3bl.
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20

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H (2.4) .D.J1j( YCT8HOBJ1eHHSI CBSl3eM Me)KJ].y 3a.aHHMH yr:uaMH CBepJ1a. B
CJlyqae 38TblJ10B8HHjI B):lOJlb OCM CBepJ1a
tga. Nx=(d/dx)tgasin<p; (2.6)
tgax=(dldx)tga, (2.7)
r.ae a Nx - HOpMMbHblH 3a.z:tHHH yrOJI B T04Ke x pe)Kyu).eH KpOMKM cBepna;
v u u
a. x - npOOJ1bHbIH 38HHH yroJ1, HJIH npoCTO 3a,nHHM yrOJI B T01.JKe x;
a. - npOJJ.OJ1bHbIH 38.l1HHM yron., HJIM npocro 38JJ.HHH yroJ1 H8 nepHQ>epHH cBepna:
d - AHaMerp caepna;  - AMaMerp, Ha KOTOpOM paCIl0J10)KeHa TOLiKa x
22 

lllaz.,vH B If Pe)J(ytnHH HHCTpYMeHT
B OTJ1HI.JHe OT llepe.nHero yrJ18 38.l.lHHM yron OT nepH<»epHH K U.eHTpy
CBepn8 YBeJ1HtJHB3eTC$I. 113MeHeHHjI yr.rIOB Y x It Ow Nx 3Ha4HTeJlbHbie
(CM. T86J1. 2.4). n03TOMY 3TH yrJlbl He Mor)'T 6blTb OnTHM8J1bHbIMH 80
Bcex T04K8X pe)K)'ll.teM KpOMKH.
T a 6 -', H Lt a 2. 4. nepeAHHe 'Yx H 38AHHe a Nx yrJlbl cBep.rI8
llH8MeTpoM 20 MM C 0>=30. H cp=60.
 pact IOJJJnUl paccMHTpHB8eMOH I1apa\eTPbl
. TOttJ<H j)C)KyUCH I<pOMKH craJ1¥.JeCKHe * I<HHeMaJHtJeCI<He **
Yx aNx Yx QNx
Ha Hap)?l<HOM lUfaM:IpC 23° go 23(J J04fJ
lia llHa\1eTpC 10 MM 5(J ]3°40' 5°5(1 13°10'
Ha CI'bDe l:JlaBHOH I{ nOllcpe'IHOH -12°4(J 25° -11°40' 24°
IItXJ<POMOK
* -paccttlrraJlbI no (lDPaM 2 5 n 2 6,
** - parourraJlbI C )"leTOM m\4CHCHHH. IIpHBHOCJtMbIX \faN;HMa1LIIO BOOMO)l(lIO" nO;J;P-leH
t
HcnpaSMTb nOJIO)f(eHHe MO)f(HO n}'TeM nnOCKOH 3aTOI.JKH 38,l{HHX rJI8B-
HblX IIOBepXHOCTeM H nepe,ltHHX H8 p860tJeM Y48CTKe, K8K 3TO ,neJ18fOT y
WHeKOBblX CBep-,'.
Ha IIOnepeI.JHOM pe)KylltCH KpOMKe (nepeMbI4Ke) nepe,ltHHM yroJ1 YnJ.
CHJ1bHO OTpHU8TeJ1bHbIH (pHC. 2.29, a). H8 ee ,ltOIlIO npHxoJ]HTCjI CBblwe
50 % OCeBO" CHJ1bl pe3aHHSI. t(JlJl o6.ne211ellWl pa60mbl ceepJla nepe./WbltJ-
K)l nooma'lUealOm. Pa3J1Ht.taIOT TPH OCHOBHblX BH.lJ.8 1I0JJ.TOlfKM: 06blLlHaSi
(C:r8H,1l8pTHaSl); no MeTO.ny fA3 (fOpbKoBcKoro 8BTOM06MJlbHOro 3aBo,n8);
no MeTO,1ly )KHPOB8.
CTaHJJ;apTHaH nOJJ;TO-IKa caM8S1 IIpOCT8H H COCTOHT B BblllJJ1H<p0Bbl-
B8H"H 4aCTH Cep.Lll..\eBHHbI CBepJla H8 He6oJ1bWOH ,[t.,1MHe B)J.onb cTpy)Ke4-
HOH KaHaBKH. lIJHpHH8 nepeMbI1.JKH COKp8lll.aeTCjI H8 30-50 % 3a C4e1
.
YBeJIM4eHMjI )..tJ1MHbl pe>KYUJ.HX KpOMOK C HeKoTopblM YBenH1.JeHHeM nepeA-
HHX yr'JIOB Ha HMX (pHC. 2.30, a).
228

P a 3 0 ell 2 llpoeKnlupo6ulIue pe:»cyulux ullcmpy..ueumo6
nO.ltTotJKa no MeTO.l1Y rA3 He COKp3ut3eT WHpHHbl nepCMbI4K" 3
o6pa3yeT H3 HeH n0J10)l(HTCJ1bHbIC 3-5 0 nepeJIHHe yrJJbl C O)JJloBpeMeH-
UblM YBeJ1H1.JCHMeM rn3BHbiX nepe,ll.HHX yrJ10B y nepeMbl4KH (pHC. 2.30, 6).
Y3KYIO 4aCTb nepCMbl1.JKH (0,1-0,2 MM) Y OCH CBepJ13 He nO,ll.Ta'-fHB3IOT.
PeKOMeH.nyeTcSI np" CBepJ1eHHI1 CTanH - B ,ltB3 pa33 YMeHbwaeT oceBYIO
CHJ1Y H n04TH H8 CTOJlbKO )l(e nOBblWaeT CTOHKOCTb CBepna.
6
E-B
Puc 2.30 BMllbl nO,D.T01IeK nepeMbl1.fKH caepJIa. a - cTaHllapTHa;
6 - no MeTo.n.y rA3, {J - no MeTollY )l{lIpOBa
IIo MeToAY jKHpoBa nepeMbl4KY Bo06we Bblpe3atOT H8 lIe60JIbWOH
t{J1HHe CBepJ1a (pHC. 2.30, 6). BMeCTO BeC lIa CBepJIe 06pa3YlOTCSI ,aBe
BblcrynalOutHc KpOMKH. CBepJIO CT8nOBHTCSI KaK 6bl l1BYXBCPWHHHbIM.
3<1><I>eKTHBHOCTb n04TM TaKaS! )l(e, K8K H no MeTOAY fA3, HO 113-33 OC-
J1a6;leHHjJ BeplllHH pCKOMeH,l1yeTC}I np" o6pa60TKe 1.JyrYH8.
J(JlR YMellbweUUR mpeHWl U n06blUleHUR cmOUKocmu C6epJl 3ama l /Z1-
8alOnl 3aOllUe Y2Jlbl 6-8 0 Ha ytlacmKax K.PY2JlOUllluqJOeaHHblx JleHmO-
tleK OJlUHOU 1,5-4 .I'-L'W om eepUlUHbl 3y6a C OCTaBJleHHeM HeTpOHYTblMH
1.J8CTH JJeHTOqeK WHpHHOH )].0 0,3 MM. TaKaSl nOAT01.JKa ."eHT04eK peKO-
22

lllazYII B H PeIKYlJlI.tH HHCTpYMeHT
MeHJlyeTc y CBepJ1 .LJJISI 06pa6oTKH BSl3KHX MeTaJ1nOB, CKJ10HHbIX K HaJIM'"
llaHHIO Ha nOBepXHOCTX TpeHHSI.
K Menl00aJt.f y.,7y t luleHWl ?eOMempUU C8ep.ll Om1l0CHm nlaK:JICe 3amOIl-
KY nepeXOOHblX pe:JICY'llux KpO..\10K (ABOHHYIO 3aT04KY).
CBepJ18 t1HaMeTpOM ,lI.O 12 MM 1l0.lJ.TOtJxaM He nO.L{BepralOT, TaK Kat<
lllMpMH8 J1eHTOtJeK y HMX He6oJ1blllaSl, nepeMbltJKa KopOTKa, B CBSl3H C
l.JeM nO,[J,T04KH CJJO)J(Uble, a 3<1><I>eKTMBHOCTb HX M3J1a.
YJIY'IWeHHe rCOMeTpHH 3y6ope3HbiX AOJlOHKOB. Y ,nOJI6S1KOB ne-
peJlHMC 11 38JJ,HMe yrJJbl BJlOJlb pe)K}'l11eH KpOMKH TOJKe He nOCTOSlHHbl.
Y6e,l.lMMCj( -B 3TOM, YCTaHOBMB Me)KJlY HHMH B38HMOCBSl3b.
3y6bSl ,lt0J16J1K8 06p83YIOT MeTo,nOM 06KaTKH HHCTpYMeHTaJlbHOH peH-
Koit JUI lJo.nYLfeHI1j( 38.D.HHX yrJIOB HCXO;J.HbIM KOHTYP peHKH OT nepe,ltHeH
IJJ10CKOCTI1 H JJ,8JlbWe BJlOJlb OCH Jl0J16S1Ka paBHOMepHO CMcwafOT, IlpH6JIH'"
)KaSi ero K OCM JlOJl6S1K8. 003TOMY ,nOJI6S1K MO)KHO npe)J,CTaBHTb KaK Ha60p
6eCKOHelfHO TOHKMX 3y64aTbiX Konec C p83HbiM CMeeHHeM HcxOAHoro
KOHrypa peHKH - OT n0J10)J(HTeJIbHOrO (OT OCM) B nepe.aHeH IIjlOCKOCTH ,no
OTpHuaTCJlbHOrO (K OCH) Ha 3a,lJ,HeM TOpUe. n03TOMY B Jlt060M OCeBtM
cetleHHH JlOJl6S1Ka Y-Y (pHC. 2.31) 3a,ltHHH yrOJ1 MO)l(HO CLJHTaTb OAHHa-
KOBblM H p8BHbiM 3a,nHeMY yrJ1Y liP" BepUntHe a 8 .
3y6 JJ.OJl6S1K3 B nJl3He nOBTopj(eT pe3eu C BeKTopOM 1J0,aa'"lH S B Jlf060H
T01.fKe, nepneH,llHKYJUlpHbiM pa,LJ.HYCY-BeKTOpy Rx B 3TOH T04Ke, TaK K3K
IJ0)18l.fa 3y6a )J0..16j(K8 KPY"'OBaJI. no aHaJ10rHH C pe3UOM cetJeHHe Y-Y,
nepHeHAHKYJUlpHOe 1I0.l.1ae, Ha30BeM npOOOJlbl/bVW, x-x, no nO,L(a4e -
nonepettllblM, a N-N, HOpMaJ1bHOe K npOeKUHI1 pe)l(}'weH KpOMKM H8
OCHOBHYfO IIJIOCKOCTb, - 1/0pMa/lbllbl.W.
,l{nSi YCT3HOBJleHHjJ B38liMOCBSl3eH Me)J(.ny yrJ1aMH )J.0J16J1Ka B pa3JlHtJ-
t1blX ceKywHx nJlOCKOCTSIX BOCn0J1b3yeMCj( Q>OPMYJl8MH ,lJ,J1S1 nepeC4eT8
yr.110B pe3ua, BblnOJ1HHB nepeHHAeKcaUHfO reOMeTpHl.feCKHX nap8MeTpOB.
)].JUI npOXO.llHOro
1oKapHoro pC3ua y 'Ynp 'Y u a anp an <px
JJ.JUI .n. on6jJKa 'Y6x y Y'6 a.6x a.s a. ' 6.x 90° - ax
YpaBHCHHe (1.9) ,It.nSl pe3lj.a y J..{oJI6S1K3 npHMeT BMt1:
tg 16x =tg Y cos(90-ax)+tg 16 sin(90-a x ).
230

P a 3 () ej/ 2. npoel\mUpOaOHue peJKyILlUX ullcmpy./uellmo
x--x
-
5
y-y
"x
Puc. 2.31 CxeMa .lJ.JUI nepeC1.feTa yrJIOB .uOJl6S1Ka
X-Xl.Y-Y; N-N - 3BOJlhBeHTOo6pa3YJOU{aSi npSlMaSi (HOpMa..1bHaH K npo<pJ.t..11O);
r. - pa.nHyc OCHOBHOH OKPY)KHOCTJ.t
nepe.lUUUl nOBepxHocTb ,lt0J16j(Ka KOHM1.JeCKajl, M nepe.LI.HHH yro..1 Y B
:1l060M paMa;lbHoM Ce4eH"M o,ltHHaKoB, a B 1I0nepelJHOM cet.tCHHH X-X
y' 6x MaIl, HM MOiKHO npeHe6pe1.Jb. T04HOCTb paCt.teTOB OCTaHeTCjI IIpHeM-
;leMOH ,LI)UI Qe.neH upaKTHKH. 003TOMY ypaBHeHHe CBJl3H Mey IICpe,lJ.HM-
\1 Ii yrJlaMH ,a0J16$1Ka CJ1eD.YIOee:
tg 'Y 6x = tg 'Y sina x . (2.8)
,l(J1jf YCTaHOBJIeHHSI B3aHMOCBj(3M Me)J():ly 3a,aHMMM yrJlaMH Bocno..1b3Y-
eMCSI ypaBHeHHSlMH (1.5) Ii (1.1) TOKapHoro pe3lJ.a. C Y1.JeTOM lIepeHH,lteK-
caUHH napaMeTpoB ,lJ.J1S1 A0J16S1Ka OHH npHMyr BH,lJ.:
231

UJazyu B 11. PeIKYlludi HHCTpYMeHT
ctg a R =ctg a 6t sino. x-tg A coso. x;
tg 'Y = tg 'Y C>.x sino. x - tg A cosa x ·
PeUJHB 3TH yp3BHeHHj( COBMeCTHO C ypaBHeHHeM (2.8) OTHOCHTeJ1bHO
au\"' nO.IlY4HM:
ctga 6x = ctga B / sin a x - tg 'Y ctg a x cosa x . (2.9)
ECJut npeHe6pe"lb BJ]}tj(HHeM yrJ1a A., a 3TO BJlMJlHMe ,lteHCTBMTeJ1bHO
ne3H84HTeJ1bHOe, T3K KaK A - <l>YHKUMSI He60nbllJOrO 110 BeJ1HLJMHe I1epe)l-
UCI'O yrJJa 'Y, TO, HCnOJlb3Y ypaBHeHHe (J .5), MO)J(1I0 nOJIYIJHTb YllpoeH-
nyiO <poPYJ1Y, J,10CTaT01.lHO TO"lHYIO ,l].J1Sl eJle" npaKTHKH:
tg a 6x =tg a B sina x · (2.10)
L{eMcTBHTeJlbHO, eCJ1H IIJ) )..lOJl6Ka co cTaH,n8pTHbIMH 3H84eHHSlMH
1=5 0 H a=6° paCCLJHTaTb 3Ha4eHHSI a. Gx Ha ,QeJ1HTeJlbHOH OKPYjI(HOCTH, TO
no ypaBHeHHK) (2.9) a 6 ( 2°20', 8 no ypaBHetiHIO (2.10) - 2°. A
f1epenHweM Jj,JUI ,QoJI6S1Ka ypaBlleHHe (] .11 ).
. ,
ctg a 6x = ctg ex 8 sIn a x + ctg ex 6x cos a. x .
PewHB ero COBMeCTHO C ypaBHeHHeM (2.9) H Bblno.nHHB COOTBeTCTBY-
IOWHC IIpco6pa30BaHHSI, nOJlY4HM Rblpajl(eHHC lJ.JJSI BbI4HCJ1CHHSI 1l0nepel.J-
1I0ro 3a,l1HerO yr1la:
ctg a'6x = tg a x(ctg a B - tg 1). (2.11)
C TOI.JHOCTbfO, 11.0cTaT04HoH JI.J1S1 npaKTH4eCKHx u.eJle" BbI4HCJ1HM a' ox'
pelllHB COBMeCTHO ypaBHeHHe (1.6), nepenMc8HHoe .LUISI ,noJI6S1Ka, npMHB
A=O (ctg a'6x = ctg a 6x cosa x)" H ypaBHeHHe (2.10):
tg a.' 6x =tg a. B tg a. X. (2.12)
Yp3BHeHH1I (2.8)-(2.12) co,nep)I(aT yrOJI ltaBoI1ellHSI ax.
e os aT = r 6 / Rx (pHc.2.31), r"ae r(J - p8.AHYC OCHOBHOH OKPYjI(HOCTH
).I.ojI6Ka, a Rx - paJ,J.HYc OKPY)KHOCTM, Ha KOTOpOH pacn0J10)KeHa TO"lKa x.
L{nSi TOt.tKH, paCnOJIO>KeHHOH Ha ,lteJ1HTeJ1bHOH OKPYjI(HOCTH, cos a.Q = r B / R,
rne a..o; - yroJI ,ltaBJleHHB, paBHblH B .a8HHOM CJ1Y4ae yrny 38uellJ1eHHSI a,
a R - PMYC ,LI.eJIHTeJ1bHOH OKpy>KHOCTM. n03TOMY rs = R cos (x" a R -mz/ 2
H r =(mz/2)cosa. OKOH4aTeJlbHO HeH3BecTHblH Y roJl ex MOiKHO BblqMC-
B x
J1HTb 110 Q>opMyne:
COSC1 x =( mz/2R x ) cosa.
(2.13)
232

P a 3 i) e Jl 2 flpoeKmupoeaHue pe:JK:ylllux ullcmpy..weJ/mo8
YpaBHeHHSI (2.10) Ii (2.12), KaK Y:>Ke OTMe4anOCb, npH6JIH:>KeHHble, HO
C J10CTaTOttHOH CTeneHblO TO'-lHOCTH OTpa:>KafOT B3aHMOCBS13b Me:>K.Lty
'38,L\HHMH yrJ1aMM 3y6beB ,L\oJI6j(Ka H J1erKO nO)JJJ.alOTCSI aH8JIH3Y, KOTOpblH
BbISlBJUleT, qTO npH nepeMCU{eHMH OT BeplUHHbl 3y6a K ero OCHOB3HHIO
38,lJ.HHe HopM8.abHbte yrJlbl a. 6t H nonepe4Hbie a' 6x YMeHb1ll8IOTC.Jt BIIJ10Tb
JlO Hy.HSI Ha OCHOBHOH OKPYjI(HOCTH. TaKoH )Ke xapaKTep H CTeneHb
H3MeHeHHSI HOpMaJlbHOrO nepe,nHero yrJla (CM. ypaBHeHHe 2.8). ECTe-
CTBeHHO, \lTO CTOHKOCTb ,l:t0J16Ka HH3Kaj(. YBeJlHttHTb 60KoBbie 38JlHHe
H nepe,l:tHHe yrJJbl MO:>KHO 38 C1.JeT YBeJIHl.feHHSI yrJJOB liP" BeplllHHe:
"1 1-1 Cl B . O,nHaKO 3TO BJ1et.teT 3a C060H nOHH>KeHHe T01.1HOCTH 3y6oo6pa-
60TKH. C YBe.rIH4eHHeM 3THX yrJloB rny6HHa npo4>HoI1S1 H3.LJ;eJ1HSI hJJ Bce
60J1bWe H 60Ilbllle OT:IHt.JaeTCjI OT BblCOTbl npoqH1JUI 3y6a .Lt0J16jJKa hu
(pc. 2.32). n03TOMY .aIlSI Hapc3aHHSI KO;teC 60nce HH'3KOH T04110Cl M
I
hu
f
h 2
h'i
Puc. 2 32. H3MeHeHHe BblCOTbl npo<pH.n" .neTa.,1" C YBe;nftJeHMeM a B Ii y .non6"Ka,
h - BblCOTa 3y6a .nOJT6S1Ka; h' - rny6HHa npo<1>u.l1" .l1eTanM npM y' Ii a' ,,
K 
h" - TO )Ke " P M y" M a."
 B
233

mazyu B.I1. Pe)Kyw.HH HHCTpYMeHT
B03MO)J(HO YBe.rIM4eHHe y 110 15 0 11 as )].0 9°. 3TO n03B0J1S1eT YBe.l1H4MTb
CTOMKOCTb ).loJI6S1KOB B 3-4 pa33 no cpaBHeHHfO C ,lloJI6S1KaMH, MMeIO-
lllHMH CTaH.L(apTHble y=5° ].1 a B =6° [125].
bOKoBble nepell.HHC yrnbl J]0.,,6S1Ka MO)f(HO YBeJIHI.JI1Tb, 3arJ1y6HB nepe).\-
HIOtO 1l0BepXHoCTb 3y6a B,UOJ1b 60KOBOH pe)KyeH KpOMKH, KaK 310 ,D,e.ila-
IQT y TBep.aOCn.,1aBHbIX MHororpaHHblX HenepeTa1.fHBaeMblX l1J1aCTHH, OC-
raBJJSlSI npH 3TOM y KpOMKM HeTpOH)'TY1O MCXO):lHYfO nepe,lIHfOfO nOBepx-
HOCTb B BH.Ae nOJIOCKH He60JlblUOH WHpHHbI f (pHC. 2.33, a). nO06HbIM
o6pa30M YBcnH4MBafOT 60KOBbie IIepe,nHMe yrJ1bl l.fepBSltfHbIX 3y6ope3Hbix
<»pe3 (pMC. 2.33, 6). OcywecTBHTb TaKYfO 3aToliKY nepeJ.(HeM 110 BepXtf 0-
CTM 04eHh npocTo Y pe3 C60pHOM KOHCTPYK[MH.
,[(pyroM cfloc06 YBeJ1MqeHH nepeJ,J.HMx yrJIOB COCTOHT B TOM, t.JTO
nepe){HfOfO nOBepXHOCTb )].0J16j(Ka ,lteJlafOT He IlpOCTO KOH Ht.JeCKOH, a KOIiH-
tecKOM MHorOSIPYCIIOM, COCTOSIweH 113 HCCKOJ1bKHX KOHYCOB, OCHOBaHHSI
KOTOpblX J1e)J(aT B n.,10CKOCTH ac, nepIlCH.LJ.MKY;UIPHOH OCH )\oJI6S1Ka
(pHC 2 33, 8) Pe)l(yaSl KpOMKa UP" 3TO\t CTaHOBMTCSI IIMJI006pa3HOM,
trio B HCKOTOpOM \fepe YBeJIH4HBaeT BO;IHMCTOCTb npO<»HJ1" 3y6a Hape3a-
CMoro KO.l'eca HO B uenOM T04HOCTb 3y60,LtoJI6;leIU1S1 ){(l)Ke J10BbILUaeTCSI.
BblCOTa pe)Kywero KOHTYp3 3y6a ,lJ,OJI6S1K3 B npoeKIHH Ha H3).1e;IHe, a
CTaJIO 6blTb, Ii BblCOTa npo<pMJ1S1 3y6a H3,lteJ1HSI n04TM paBHbl BblCOTe
npOtPMJUI 3y6a ).10;I6Ka (hJ!hH)' TaK KaK Y8 no BepWHHaM IlH.il006pa3HOH
KpOMKM paBeH HYJ110 (CM. pHC. 2.33, 6). ECJIH 6bl nepe.QHjlSI nOBepxHocTb
6bIJIa K;13CCMLJCCKM KOHYCHOM HO,n yr.,10M Y K' .aa)Ke MeHbluHM, LJeM Y Y
IIpe)lJJalaeMOH KOHCTPYKUMM (CM. 06Pa3YJOUtyfO ab, pMC. 2.33, 8 ), TO
BblCOTa IIpO<pHJI JJ.eTaJ1H h 6blJ1a 6bl 60nbillC BblCOTbI IIP0<PM.,lS1 3y6a
JJ,0;16j1K8 h H . Muoroj(pycuajl nepe)]HSISI nOBepXIIOCTb OTKpblBaeT B03MO)J(-
1I0C rb YBeJ1H1.feHHSI 3a,ltHerO yrJ18 npM BepUIHHe as' ttTO 1I03BOJISIeT
.l.{onOJ1HHTenbHO nOBblCMTb CTOHKOCTb )1oJ16j1Ka 6e3 3aMeTHOrO nOHH)J(eHH
TOLfHOCTH 3y6006pa60TKH 110 cpaBHeHHfO CO CTaHl1apTHblMH .QoJ16S1Ka\1H,
HMelOWHMH y=5° H a =6°.
B
YJIY1JWeHHe reoMeTpHH ApyrHx HHCTpYMeUTOB. He6;laronpHSlT-
H3 reOMeTpHSI y OTpC3HbIX, IJpOpe3HbiX M na30BbiX cppe3, MeT4HKOB,
npoT)J(ck reHepaTopHOH H .lJ.PyrHx cxeM pe3aHMSI tJ.;Jj( 06pa60TKH BHYT-
peHHMX KOH1)'pOB.
234

P a 30 ell 2. flpoeKmUp06QIIUe pe:»cylqux uHcmpYMeHm06
a
6
6
B-B
o
c
Puc 2.33. HeKoTopble cnoco6bl YBeJutQCHHlI nepel1HHX yrJ10B 3y6ope3Hhlx
.nOJI6jJKOB (a, 6) H tlepBSlQllhlX Q>pe3 (6): h H - BbICOTa 3y6a MHCTpYMeHTa
h:J. - BhlCOTa 3y6a KOJIeCa Hape3aHHoro .lI0J16S1KOM C MHoropYCHOH opMoA
nepe.IlHeH nOBepXHOCTH, h' - BblCOTa 3y6a KOJ1eCa, Hape3aHHoro ll0J16S1KOM C
.ZI
Tpal1HQHOHHOH nepeJJ.HeH nOBepXHOCTblO ab no.a L Y k
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241

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248

P a 3 0 e 11 2 npoeKmUp06Q1IUe pejKyulUX UIlcmpYMeum06
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a cYMMapHaSi wHpHHa cpe3a 'Lh=bn, HJIH
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Ll) OIlTHM8J1bHOCTb p33MepOB no KpHTepHIO npHBe.nCHHbIX 38TpaT Ha one-
pal1HH HcnO;lb30BaUHjJ HHCTpYMeIiTa.
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IOTCjJ a TeJ10 CTaH,ltapTHbIX, onTHMH3HpyeMblx ,nJ1R KOHKpeTHOH onepaUHH,
Bbl6HpaeTCJI no raCT, TaK KaK ero lIapaMeTpbl He TOJlbKO paCC"IHTaHbl,
HO H 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO npOBepeHbl.l{ocrynHocTb It nOJ1HOTa 06pa6oTKH
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LlHeH t.{eTaJIH H 38)f(HMHOrO npHcnoc06JleHHJI. TaK'I MHHHMaJ1bHaSl J].JlHHa
pa604eH 4aCTH CBepJ1a ,nOJ1)f(Ha 6blTb paBHa rJ1y6HHe CBepJ1eHHjJ nJIIOC
pacc rO»HHe OT BepXHero Topila KOHLlYKTopnOH BTYJIKH npMcnoc06neHHSI )..\0
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256

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P a 3 0 e Jl 2. npoeKmupo6aHue peJK:ylilux UI/CmpYMeHmotJ
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ltOJ1)KHbl 6blTb TaKHMH, 4T06bl I1HcTpYMeHT MO)KHO 6bJ.,'lO H3rOTOBHTb H8
o6opy,noBaHHH, HMelOw.eMCSI B HHcTpYMeHTaJ1bHOM u.exe.
OnTHMH3anHH pa3MepOB p3601.JeH 1.J8CTH no KpHTepMfO npHBe.neHHblx
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3KoHoMH4ecKH BblrOttHaS ttJ1HHa 60J1bWe MHHHM3J1bHOH H8 BeJ1H1.JHHY
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1.teHHeM AHaMeTpa paCTeT BpeMH Bpe3aHHH (naAaeT npOH3BOAHTeJlb-
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HMOCTb <ppe3bl H CTOHMOCTb nepeT04eK, 4TO H8np8B.neHO B CTOPOHY
93aK 2522
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MO)KHO H8 OCHOBe 0llTMMI13aUHOHHOM MO,LteJ1H 110 KpHTepHIO MHHHMYMa
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B8Th HJlW pewaTb 0llTHMH3aUHOHHYlO 3a.llat.ty MeTO,[tOM npH6J1MjI(eHHH,
H3MeHjlj( C onpe.l1CJ1eHHbiM warOM 3Hat.teHM" apryMeHToB, npMBe,aeHHbiX K
ce6eCTOHMOCTH BblnOJ1HjleMOM OnepaLl.HH, K8K 3TO .aeJ18J10Cb npH onTHMH-
38UHH UJar8 3y6beB MHc-rpYMeHT8 (CM. n.2.2.6).
fio,ao6Hble onTHMH3aQHOHHble 3a.na'"lH ueJ1eC006pa3HO pelllaTb AJUI
HHCTpYMCHTOB, HCn0J1b3yeMblx B KpynHocepHHHOM M M8CCOBOM npoH380A-
CTBe, Ol.\eHHB l10nOJJHHTeJ1bHO BJlHj(HHe ewe OAHOro npHBXOA»ero t}>8KTO-
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pa - pa3HHUbi B CTOHMOCTH Cnel.{HaJlH3HpOBaHHOH H CTaHJ].8pTHOH KOHCT-
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HH30B3HO Ha OCHOBe MaCCOBoro npOH3BOJ,.J.CTB8. TaKHe HHCTpYMeHTbl B
.l1Ba-TpH p83a ;J.eweBJ1e CneUHaJIH3HpOBaHHbIX, BblnYCKaeMblX He6oJ1bWH-
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)..{eTMb, KpOMe pemeHJUI YK833HHbIX 3a,lta1.f, onpeAeIUllOT Q>OPMY H p83Me-
pbl pe)K)'WMX KOHT)'pOB H8 OCHOBe pa3MepOB npOQ>HJUI 06pa6oT8HHbiX
,lJ.eTa.,1eH C Y4eTOM cnoco6a nepeHoca p83MepOB.
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258

P a 30 ell 2. llpoeKmUp06GIIUe peJlC}'Ufux ullcmpYMeHm06
ltOBepXHocTeii), H3MepeHHbie B HOpMaJ1bHOM HJ1H paJ],MaJ1bHOM Ce1.JeHHH
3-4 (pHC. 2.41), OTnMl.JaIOTC» OT HOpMaJlbHblX pa3MepOB 1-2 .aeT8J1H 113-
'a H8J1Mt.JHSI Y HHCTpYMeHTOB nepe,ltHHX H 3aHHX yrJ10B. ECJ1M y MeT4HKOB
1{.:1j( Kpene)KHOH pe3b6bl 3THM neCOOTBeTCTBHeM npeHc6perafOT no npH4MHe
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lHOCSIT 60J1bWHX HeCOOTBeTCTBHH npo<j)HJ1eH), TO WISI cpaCOHHblX pe3UOB Ii
(pe3 BblnOJ1HjJIOT cneUHaJlbHbJe KoppeKUHOHHble paCt.JeTbl.
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M pe3bl (6) npO<pHJ1JO o6pa6aTbiBaeMoH J1eTMM: 1-2 - rJJy6MHa npOMnJl
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06KaTKH (o6KaToLlHble <j>acoHHble pe3Ubl, o6KaTotJHbie 3y60pe3Hbie HHCT-
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CHTenbHO HHCTpYMcHTa. n03TOMY napaMeTpbl npoQ>HJ1j1 HHcTpYMeHTa H
H3,neJ1HjI no Ha\.laJ1bHblM nOBepxHocTSIM (Ha\.laJ1bHaSi OKPYiKHOCTb )J.OJl6S1Ka")
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a CTpeMjlTCj( OrpaHH1.fHTb BeJIH"IHHY nepe,nHHX Ii 3a)..(HHX YI:JIOB. TaK, J])1j(
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LteJ1S1eMbIX npOH3BO,LtCTBeHHoM ueJleco06p33HOCTbfO (Y,l.106CTBO H3rOTOBJJe-
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napaMeTpaM H3,neJIHJI C Y4eTOM KHHeMaTMKH npOl..{eCca pe38HHSI H HCKa-
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He3aBMCHMO OT npMLJHH, ero BbI3bIBalO[l{HX (6HeHMe KpOMOK OTHOCHTeJ1bHO
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nJ1aCTH'-leCKHe .ae$opMaM'" B npou.ecce pe3aHI-iSl, no-pa3HOMY npOSlBJ'nHO-
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260

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pc p83BepTKH. nYCTb H - nOJle )J.onYCKa Ha H3rOTOBJleHHe OTBepCTHjJ
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poe t.taIne Bcero HMeeT Mec-
TO "PH pa3BepTbIB3HHH, HaH-
60J1blllHH npe,LteJ1bHbIH AHa-
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H nepeT04eK, HO H no npH4HHe YMeHbweHHSI D.HaMeTp3 OTBepCTHSI B
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CT3HL{apT3x, a cpe,l..tHHe 3Ha4eHHSI P max H P mtn - B cnp3B04HOH J1HTepa1)'pe
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mm max · t'
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PC3YJlbTaTe HcnblTaHH" B KOHKpeTHblx YCJ10BHSlX p360Tb1.
Al 03HaKOMJleHM C CYUHOCTblO MeTO,ltHK p3ClfeT3 n3paMeTpOB pe-
)l(Y I.l\H X KOHTypOB HHcTpYMeHToB llepeHocSlUlHX CBOH pa3Mepbl H806pa6a-
TblBaeMblC )J.eT3J1H, paccMoTpHM UPHHUHIlHaJlbHble Bonpocbl paC4eTa He-
KOTOpblX H3 HHX.
2.2.8.2. PaC'IeT HCnOJlHHTeJlbHblX pa3MepoB .lIHaMeTpa CBepJI,
3eHKepoB, pa3BepToK H MeT'IUKOB
COBMecTHoe paccMoTpeHMe pact.JeT3 MHcTpYMeHToB .nJISI 3TMX Tpex
.., u
rpY1JlI npHHSlTO no TOM npOCTOH npH\lHHe, \lTO MeTOAHKH paC\.IeTa O\.leHb
IlOXO)KHe, npHt.feM 36COJlIOTHO O,LtHHaKOBbl AJ1S1 CBepJ1, 3eHKepOB H pa3Bep-
TOK.
PaCt.JeT HCnOJIHHTeJ1bHbIX pa3McpOB ,aHaMeTpa pa3BepTKM npHBe)..\eH
Bblllle (n.2.2.8. t). 1JTO K3C3eTCSI paCt.JeTa OTKJIOHeHHH ,LtHaMeTpa CBepJ1 H
262

P Q 3 iJ e Jl 2. npoeKmUp08QHUe pe:JICyulux uHcmpYMeHmo6
3eHKepOB, TO OH OTJlHQaeTCSI JIHlllb TeM, TO a6COJl1OTHbie 3H81.JeHHlI 3THX
OTKJlOHeHHH 60nbUJe, l.JeM J1J111 p83BepTOK., TaK KaK Tpe6yeMa1l T04HOCTb
o6pa6oTKH 3THMM HHCTpYMeHTaMH 3Hat.JHTCJlbHO HI1)1(e, lleM pa3BepTK8MH.
n03TOMY OK83aJIOCb B03MO)KHbIM 3TH OTKJIOHCHHSI ,ltJ1j1 CBepJI Cl1eJI8Tb
OJJ.HOCTOpOHHHMM. OT HOMHH8JlbHOro 3Hat.JeHMSI JJ.HaMeTpa OTKJ10HeHHJI
3a.nafOTCjI B TeJ10 HHCTpYMeHTa, T.C. B MHHYC. HanpHMep, Ha 4epTe)Ke
CBepn8 J..\HaMeTpOM 20 MM p83Mep 6YJ..\eT o603Ha4eH 0 20 _ 0052. Y I.JHC-
TOBoro 3eHKepa 1I0Jle ,AOnYCK8 lIa JJ.HaMeTp paCflOJIO)KeHO TaK )l(e, KaK H
Y pa3BepTKH c Y1.JeTOM pa36HBaHHSI, 3 y 3eHKepa no,rJ. nOC,,1e)::{YIOw.ee
pa3BepTblBaHHe nOJle ,aonYCK3 ne)KHT HH)I(e ..1MH"" 0-0 HOMHHaiJbHOrO
3na\.leHH pa3Mepa. 06a OTKJ10HeHHj( JutaMeTpa OTpHuaTeJ1bHble, npHLJeM
BepXHee OTKJ10HeHHe paBHO rap3UTHpOBaHHOMY (MHHHMaJ1bHOMY) npHnyc-
KY nOt:{ pa3BepTblB8HHe. ):(onYCKH H3 pa3Mepbl pa3BepTOK, 3eHKepOB 51
CBepn npHBO,l].j(TCjJ B COOTBeTCTBYlOll1HX CTaH,lJ.apTax.
PaClfeT OTKJIOHeHHH J..\HaMCTpOB pe3b6bl MeTtlMKOB OT.t1HLJaeTCj( OT
II pCJJ. b1t:tyrnH x paC4eTOB, XOTSI B DCHOBY 1I0JlO)J(eHbl Te )l(e co06pa>KeIlHSI:
U3H6oJ1ee nonHoe HCIIO.s1b30BaHHe nOJISI J],onYCKa Ha pa3Mep 06pa6aThlBa-
CMoro H3t:teJIHSI H Het:tonyw.eHHe Bblxoa 06pa60T8HHoro pa3Mep3 3a npe-
LtCJIbl 3Toro nonSi. nonHoe Hcnonb30BaHHe nOJlSl ).(onYCKa n03BO';Ij(eT MaK-
v
CHM3nbHO paCUJHpHTb onYCK H8 npOH3Bo,nSlW.HH pa3Mep HIICTpYMeHTa H
'reM C8MbiM 06nerlfHTb M3rOTOBJleHMC H YJellleBHTb HHCTpYMeHl HeJ\o-
l.yuteHHe BbIXO,Aa pa3MepOB o6pa60TaHHbiX J..\eTaJleH 3a Ilpe,l:leJlbl
YCTaHOBJ1eHHOI"O ,ltOnYCK3 - rap3HTMj( OT nOSlBJ1eHHj( 6paKa C06JlfO):{eHl1e
3Toro npHHI..{HlIa Y MeT4HKOB OCJ10)KHjJeTClI TeM, 4TO pe3b6a MHorOMcpHa
(lIapY)I(HbIH, Cpe,LtHHH H BHyrpeHHHH .lU1a1\1CTpbl, a TalOKe lilaI"' 11 1I0;JOBHHa
yr.na npoQ>HJ111), a npOH3BO,l:lCTBeHHbIH KOHTpOJlb Kpelle)KHblX pC3b6 pe3b6o-
BblMH K8.,1116paMM OrpaHH\fHBaeT oI1HWb HaPY)KHbIH, BHYl pCHIIMH H CpC,LtfU1H
.!1HaMeTpbl. OTKJ10HeHH» wara M 110JlOBHHbi yrJ1a npocp}'UUl Kpene)KHOH
pe3b6bl He HOPMMPYfOTCjJ H K8.,lH6paMH He KOHTpo.aHpYlOTClI, HO Ha CBHH-
lJl1BaeMOCTb napbl 60JlT-raHK8 6eccnopHO BJH1j(fOT.
npeJ..\CTaBHM ce6e, 4TO 60J1T BblnOJ1Hell T04HO 110 HOMHH8.,1bHbIM 3H3-
lJeHHjJM Bcex napaMeTpOB pe3b6bl, 8 y raHKH HOMHHanbHble 3Hat.teHHlI
,nHaMeTpOB pe3b6bJ 6e3 OTKJ10HeHHH, HO eCTb OTKJIOHeHHjJ llIar3 H n0J10-
BHHbl yrna npo<pHJ1S1 pe3b6bl. TaKOH HOMHH8JlbHbIH 60J1T, XOTSI OH H ro.ll-
UbI", He CBHHTHTCjJ C paCCMaTpHBaeMOM raMKOH. UI Toro 4To6bl CBHH-
263

WaZYH B.N. Pe)f(yw.Mii HHCTpYMeHT
4HB8HHe npOH301llJ10, Heo6xo)..tHMO YBeJ1HI.IHTb CpeAHHH )..lH8MeTp pe3b6bl
raHKH Ha Be.llH4HHY IIpHBeLleHHblX K HeMY OWM60K War3 11 nOJIOBHHbl yrna
npO<»MJ1j( pe3b6bl. nOBJUleTC», TaKHM 06P830M, nOHTHe «npHBe,aeHHbIH
Cpe.L(HHM .I1HaMeTp», OTJ1Hl.JalOlUHHCSI OT C06CTBeHHO CpeJ].HerO, HJlH npOCTO
CpeAHerO, H3 BenHI.IHHY ,aHaMeTpaJ1bHbIX KOMlleHCaUHH 01llH60K lU3ra If
n0J10BHHbl yrJ1a npO$HJUI pe3b6bl. AIUl 60J1Ta OH 60J1bWe C06CTBeHHO
Cpe,aHerO H8 3TY BeJ1HttHHY, a .z:VUI raHKH, Hao6opOT, MeHbWe.
Y 1.1 HTblB8.SI 1f3J10)J(eHHoe, nonblTaeMCj{ nOCTpOHTb nOlle AonYCKa H YC-
TaHOBHTb npe.neJlbHble 3H81.1eHHjI cpe,aHero J,tHaMeTpa pe3b6bl MeT4HKa.
nYCTb HIl - HOMHHaJIbHblH npo4>HJ1b pe3b6bl, Be-Be - BepXHj{,
8 ()t:-Oc - HH)J(HjJjI rpaHHI..1bl YCTaHOBJ1eHHOrO CT8H.QapTOM nO.,1j( ,!tonYCKa
Her lIa cpeAHHH AHaMeTp pe3b6bl ratiKM (pHC. 2.43), d 2 - HOMHHaJlbHbIH,
OH )Ke If MHHHMaJ1bHO ,nonYCTHMblH, cpe.QHHH ,!\H8MeTp pe3b6bl r8HKH, a
d - MaKCHMaJ1bHO AonYCTHMblH. no CTaHJ].ap1Y npOXOAHOH pe3b60BOH
_max
K(L1H6p-npo6Ka, nOBTopSUOUJ.M" ca6o" 60JIT C TOLJHO BblnOJ1HeHHbIMH HO-
MHH8.,1bHbIMH p33Mep3MH pe3b6bl, B TOM 'lHCJ1e C HOMHHaJlbHblM d 2 ,
J:\OJ1)J(eH CBHHTHTbCjI C KOHTpOJU1pyeMoH pe3b6oH. OH, TaKHM 06Pa30M,
OrpaHHLJHBaeT HaM MeHblUHM npeAeJJbHblH cpe-nHHH AHaMeTp pe3b6bI, HO
HC co6CTBeHHO Cpe.nHHM, a npHBe.neHHblH. HaHMeHblllHH npeJ:\eJ1bHbIM
c06CTBeHHO Cpe.D.HHH t{HaMeTp pe3b6bl raHKH, COOTBeTCTBYIOHH HaM-
\1eUbweMY npHBe.l1eHHOMY,
d 2 c min = d 2 + ( f p + fa) max '
r:l]e ( f p + fa) max - HaM60JIblUee 3Ha4eHHe AHaMeTpanbHblX KOMneH-
C3UHH B03MO)KHbIX OWH60K lllara Ii 110JIOBHHbi yrJ1a npOHJUI pe3b6bl
raHKH
):(JUI HaH6oJ1ee nOJ1HOrO HCIl0J1b30BaHHjI nOJ1S1 ,ltOnYCKa pe3b6bl r8MKI1
Heo6xoAHMO, ttT06bl MHHHMaJ1bHble 3Ha1.JeHH ee co6CTBeHHO cpe.lJ.Hero
.l1H8MeTpa 6blJ1H P aBHbl d 2 . 3TO B03MO)KHO 06eCnel.lHTb MeT4HKOM C()
c mm
cpe):{HHM J].HaMeTpOM pe3b6bl d 2 MM' MeHblUHM d 2 c min H8 BeJ1H4HHY MHHH-
MaJlbHO B03MO)J(Horo pa36HBaHHjI, KaK y p83BepTKH.
d 2 C MH = d 2 + ( f p + fa) max - P min ·
3TO MHHMM8.,1bHO ,llOnycTHMbIH cpe,!tHHM J].HaMCTp pe3b6bJ MeTLJHKa
CTano 6blTb, MeT4HKa npeAeJlbHO H3HomeHHoro. B COOTBeTCTBHM C 113J10-
)l(eHHbIM nOCTpOeHHSI AJ1 onpeAeJleHHSI n0J10>KeHHjI HH)I(HeH rpaHMLJ.bll-l
264

P a 30 ell 2. npoeKmUpOeQHUe pe:»eyulux U1lCmpYMeHmo6
1I0JIHOrO nOJ1$1 onycKa H3 cpe.nHHM ,nHaMeTp pe3b6bl MeT4HKa nOK83aHbl
O.[lHOHanpaBJ1eHHbIMH cTpeJIK8MH B neBoM 48CTH (pHC. 2.43).
.
HII Hilt @
cf
ON

 Be
 HCl
t
 t: Dc
....

 . Pm in
 .  g
'6 Os "-I .
U    
 . DB 'S  
..... 
8   "  
(5-  
h 
 
Puc 2 43. CxeMa noneH .l10nyCKOB Ha HapY)KHbIH (d), Cpe.l1H HH (d 2 ) H BH)'TpeHHHH
(d 1 ) JJ.MaMeTpbl pe3h6bl MeT1IMKa. M - MeTtIHK, r - raMKa, 6. "'ft -- 1I.0nYCK Ha
H3HOC MeTtIHKa, P It P . - MaKCHMa..1bHoe H Ml1HH\1MbHOe P a36HBaHHe
max mlR
pa3MepoB;!p +1:.- .l1 M aMeTpaJ1bHble KOMneHcau,1fH OUIH6oK wara Ii nOJIOB1fHLI
yrJ1a npo£j)HJUI pe3b6bl raJiK"
HaH6oJ1bWHH npeJJeJ1bHblH pa3Mep Cpe,D,Hero l1H8MeTpa pe3b6bl r8HKH
d 2 rnax OrpaHH\utBaeTC HenpOXO,D,llbIM pe'3b6oBblM KaJl6pOM-npo6KOH. OM
HC 110JljJ(eH npOXO.lJ,HTh. Pe3b6a y 3TOI0 Ka..1H6pa KOpOTKaSl, Bcero 2-3
BHTK8., npO<}>HJ1b pe3b6bl TO)Ke YKopOt.JeH. OlllH6KM lllara H nOJlOBHHbJ yrJ18
IlpoqntJ1S1 pe3b6bl MaJlO CKa3bIBaIOTCSI H8 KOHTpOJ1e Cpe.llHCt"O lU1aMeTpa.
n03TOMY HenpOXO.llHOH Ka..1H6p np3KTH4eCKM orpallH4HBaCT HaH60.flbLUHM
npe,neJ1bHblH co6CTBeHHO Cpe,l]HHH ,1..tHaMeTp pe3b6bl raHKH. Cpe,nHHH ,nH-
26

lllazYH B.H Pe)K}'w,w" HHCTpYMeHT
aMeTp pe3b6bl MeT4HKa, 06eCne4HBafOllu,di TaKOn pa3Mep raHKH, ,LtOJIJKeH
6blTb MeHbWe ee BepXHerO npe,LteJlbHOrO pa3Mepa H8 BeJIHlfMHY M8KCH-
MaJlbHoro P 336HB8HHSI P :
max
d d -P.
2 M max 2 max max
BCPXHjJjI rpaHHua nOJlj1 ,nOIlYCKa Ha cpe,nHMH ,nHaMeTp pe3b6bl MeT1.fH-
Ka paCII0J10)KHTCj( Ha ypoBHe 2-2 (pHC. 2.43). nOJIY4HB, T8KHM 06P830M,
nO;IHoe nOJle ,nonycK8 Ha Cpe.l1HHM ,l..tH8MeTp pe3b6bl MeT4HKa, pacnpe.ne-
;IHM ero Ha H3rOTOBJleHHe H Ii H3HOC (Ha pHC. 2.43 38WTPHXOB8HO) T8K,
CM
f.J ro6bl npHBe.l1eHHbJe 38TpaTbi H8 onepaUHH Hcn011b30BaHHJI MeT4HKa
6bIJIH MM!lHMaJ1bHbIMH. npH 3TOM IIO,Q H3HOCOM IJOHHM81OT He npOCTO
YMeUbWCHHe d 2 OT Q>H3H4eCKoro HCTHpaHHjI, a r.,laBHblM 06p830M YMeHb-
weHHe d 2 Hape3aeMOH pe3b6bl no JlpH4HHe 33ryll11eHlul MeT1.JHK3 H YMeHb-
WeHHjI ero Cpe,D.HerO ,LtH8MeTpa nOC11e nepeT01.JeK 113-38 H8J1M4HSI 06paT-
HOM KOIIYCHOCTH no d'1..
3KoHOMH4ecKH Bblro,nHblH BapHaHT paCnpelJ,e11eHHJI nOJljI ,lJ,OIlycKa .a;UI
CpelJ.HMX YC110BHH npoH3Bo,nCTB8 cOBpeMeHHoro ypOBHH oroBopeH CT3H-
.1.1apT3MH. MCnOJIHHTe.,lbHble pa3Mepbl cpe.1.1Hero .aHaMeTp3 pe3b6bl HOBoro
MeT4HK3 (HaHMeHbWHH npe,neJlbHblH d 2 M mm H HaH6011bwHH npe.neJ1bHblH
d'") ) P aCC"IHTbIBaIOTCJI no cxeMe P Hc.2.43 no n p MBe,l..teHHbiM B cTafl,nap-
 M max
Tax HH)KHeMY H BepXHeMY OTKJlOHeHHJlM. CT8H.Lt3pTH30BaHbl TaJOKe OT-
KJlOfleHHSI p33MepOB OCTa;lbHbIX napaMe-rpOB pe3b6bl MeTttHKa.
PC3b6a B r3MKe MO)KeT 6blTb Hape38H8 ,lt0 OCTpa: MaKCHM8.:lbHbIM
HapYiKHblH .LU1aMeTp pe3b6bl He or'paHHtJeu. n03TOMY 3y6b1l MeT4HKa
MorYT 6blTb OCTpOBepWHHHblMH. O.lUlaKO OTBO,a TeIlJlOTbl OT OCTpblX
aepWHH 3y6beB fl110XOH, B03MO)KHbl npH)f(OfH BeplUHH np" lllJIH<pOB3HHH
pe3b6bl. B pe3Y';lbTaTe CTOHKOCTb TaKHX MCT4HKOB HH3K3j1. J103TOMY Y
MeTl.fHKOB HOPMHPYIOT BcpXHee H HH)f(Hee OTKJlOHeHHjI HapY)I(HOrO ,ltH8-
MeTpa. nOJle )].oIlYCKa HHM orpaHH4CHO cBepxy H CHM3Y (pHC. 2.43).
BepxHee OTK..10HeHHe H COOTBeTCTBYlOllUd:i eMY MaKCHM8JJbHbIH H3PY)J(HbIH
lJ,HaMe rm d Bbl6H p alOT TaKHMH, \.fT06bl illH p HHa IL10ll(a)].KH C'" Ha Be p -
· I'" M max M
WHHax pe3b6bl MeTI.JHKa 6bIJ18 He MeHec 60 % lllMpHHbl n.HOll(8AKH C
HOMHHaJlbHoro IIPO<PHJUI pe3b6bJ. HHiKHee OTKJIOHeHHe H COOTBeTCTBYIOW.H"
CMY HaHMeHbLUHH npelJ,eJlbHblM HapY)KHbIM AHaMeTp d M mln MeT4l-iKa Ha3Ha-
4alOT TaK; 4T06bl P 83HOCTb d . - d 6bJJla ,ltOCTaT04HoH J,Ujj( KOMlleHca-
M man
'"
UHH H3HOC8 MeTI.fHK3 110 Hap)')KlloMy,nHaMeTpY IJpH MHflHM3.iJbIfOH Be11M4HHe
266

P Q 30 ell 2. npoeKmUp08QHUe pe:»cylilux ulIcmpY.MeHmO
pa36HBaHHSI P Hmin (pUC. 2.43). 3.Qecb orUITb-TaKH 6YJ1blllaSi AOIUI H3Hoca-
3TO He <pH3H4eCKHH H3HOC Ii YMeHbllleHHe Hap)')KHoro AHaMeTp8 pe3b6bl
MeTttHKa B pe3ynbTaTe ueperO\feK, 8 YMeHbllJeHHe HapY:>KHoro tJ,HaMerpa
pe3b6bl raMKH B CBSl3H C 38TYn;leHHeM MeTl.IHKa.
H8HMeHblUHH BHyrpeHHHH .LUi8MCTP pe3b6bl MeT4HKa He HopMHpyeTcSI
(pHC. 2.43). Pe3b6y MO)l(HO npope3aTb .110 OCTP3, \fero npaKTHlfeCKH HH-
Kor.na He 6blBaeT H3-3a 3aKpyrJleHHJI sepWHHbl pe3b6006pa3YJOl.1(ero HHCT-
pYMeHT8. HaH60JlblllHH BHyrpeHHHH AHaMeTp d} M max ( pHC. 2.43) ,ltOn)l(eH
6blTb MeHbllle HOMHHaJ1bHOrO BHYTpeHHero luaMeTpa d} pe3b6bt raHKH H8
Be.aHttHHY, HeCKOJ1bKO 6YJ1blllYJO nO.lJ.'beM8 BHTKOB pC3b6bl raHKH OT BCIIY-
4HBaHHSI BO BpeMSI ee Hape33HHSI. npH 3TOM d l M max OTC1.fHTbIBaeTCSI He OT
,lJ.OHbllllKa Bna)..tHH pe3b6bI, a OT T04eK COnpSlJKeHHjI .L1yrH Ha L\OHblWKe C
11 pSi M060LJH blM Y4acTKOM npo<pHJ1S1 ( CM. pHC. 2.43 ). H3HOC MeT1.JHK8 npH
HOpMHpoBaHHH d} He Y1.lHTbisaeTCSI<I) TaK KaK d J pe3b6bl <popMHpyeTcSI He
MeT4HKOM, a HHCTpYMeHTaMM, rOTOBSlWHMH OTBepc I HC IIOJt HapC3aHHe
pe3b6bl.
OrKJIOHeHHj( lllar8 M lIonOBHHbl yr;la IIpO$HJUI pe3b6bl MeT4HKa npMBe-
,aeHbl B CT8H,aapT8X " TaK )l(e, KaK H ApyrHe napaMeTpbl, HOPMHPYJOTCSI
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CTeneHH TOlfHOCTH MeTttHK3 H HOMHHaJlbHblX pa3MepOB
pe3b6bl. no cpaBHeHHfO C rJ1aAKHMH QHJ1MH,lJ.pH4eCKHMH COl1p»)I(eH"MH
3t(eCb eCTb HeKOTopble oc06eHHOCTI1: 4eM MeHbUle UJar pe3b6bJ, TeM
60J1bUJe OTKnOHeHHe nOJlOBMHbl yrJIa npo<pHJISI tlJlS O.L\HOH H TOM :>Ke CTelle-
HH T01.fHOCTH MeT4HKa. 31"0 CBSl3aHO C pOCTOM lIorpeUJHOCTeH KOHTpOJ1S1
yr.aoB C YMcHbllleHHeM HX cTopon. HopMHpyeTcSI nOJIOBHHa l.laJKe CHM-
MeTpHI.JHOro yrJIa, 8 He nO;IHbIH yrOJI npo$HJ1S1, t.JT06bl H36e)KaTb pe3b6bl,
3aBaneHHoH Ha60K. OrKJIOHeHH}I e,nHflM4110ro lllara H H8KOnJ1eHHble OTKJIO-
HeHHj( H3 lJ)lHHe 25 warOB O,lJ.HH3KOBble.
CTaH,lJ.apTaMH npe.aycMOTpeHo LfeTblpe CTeneHH T04HOCTH MeTI.JMKOB
(Ht-H4 ) AnSI Hape3aHHSI pe3b6 c uocanKaMH CKOJlb)KeHWSI HARe CTene-
HH ,LtJUI 1I0ca.aOK C 3a30paMH.
KOHTpOJlbHble Bonpocbl
1. npH4JiHbi HeCOOTBeTCTBHSI pa3MepoB 06pa60TaHllbix nOBcpxHocTeM
pa3MepaM 06pa3YJOLltero HHc-rpYMeHTa.
2. MeToAMKa paCI.JCTa HCnOJ1HHTe;lbHbIX pa3MepoB l1HaMeTpOB CBepJl
3eHKepOB, pa3BepTOK H MeTlJHKOB.
2 6

illaZYH B.H. Pe)KYWHH HHCTpYMeHT
2.2.8.3. KOppeKQHOHHblH paC'IeT npOHJ1H npH3M8TH'IeCKOrO H
KpyrJloro tacoHHLIX pe3nOB
napaMeTpbl npo<l>HJ111 <l>8COHHOH nOBepxHocTH J11060H ,lJ.eTaJIM, B TOM
UfCJ1e M pe3LJ.a, 3a,na1OTC.sI B HOpM8nbHOM Ce1feHHM. ECJ1H 6bl nepe.IJ;HHH )
H 38..QHMH a yrnbl pe3QOB 6blJ1H paBHbl HYJ1IO, TO rJ1y6HHa ]-2 npocpHn
lleTa.,1" }1 pe'3ua COBnaAaru-t 6bJ (pHC. 2.44 a). Ho pa60TaTb pe3U8MH C
a==O HeS03MO)J(HO, a C y= O HepaUMOH8J1bHO* npl1 HaJlHtfHH XOT1I 6bl O,ltHOro
113 3TJ1X YfJIOB fJ1y6HHa npo$I1J111 ,lJ.eT8J1H M pe3U3 1-2' 0.IJ;HH8KOBbl TOJ1bKO
B,llOJ1b nepeAHeH rpaHH pe3Qa. B H8npaBJ1eHH1IX, HOpMaJlbHblX K (j>acoHHblM
nOBepXHOCTJlM ,lleT3J1H H pe3U8, OHM pa3Hbie (/-2;1; ]'-2' , pHC. 2.44, 6).
cJ. =Q
Puc 2.44 HecooTBeTcTBHe rJIy6HH&1 npo"nH neTaJIH
rJly6HHe npo(j>HJI" pe3ua C nepel1HHMH H 3a.l(HHMH yrJIaMH,
OTJIHllaJOWHMHC" OT HYJI": a - y=O H a =0; 6 - y >0 If <X >0
06bl1fHO <j>acoHHble pe3Ltbi YCTaHaSJ1HB8JOT H8 CTaHKe T8KI1M 06P830M,
4TO OCb Kpyr:noro pe3U3 napaJ1J1enbH8 OCM ,lJ.eTaJ1H, a HanpaBJ111IOllta.R
06p83YIOW.eH acoHHoro npoHIul npH3MaTHlfecKoro pe3ua nepneHAHKY-
J111pH3 OCM .neT3JIH. npH TaKO" HOpM8J1bHOH YCT3HoBKe ,l1J1MHbl Y4acTKoB
npOMJI1I ,l1eT3J1M Ii pe3uoB B H3npaBneHMM, nap8J1nenbHOM OCM ,l1eT8J1M,
COBnallalOT* n03TOMY KOppeKl.U10HHbie pac4eTbi LleJ1alOT TOJ1bKO ..QJ11I 011-
pe.l1 eJ1 eHH1I rny6HHbi npo$HJUI pe31J.a, B KIDK,lJ.OH Y3J10BOH 11 npOMe)K)'T04HoH
T01.JKaX npo<l>HJ111. ):V1HHbl Y1.JaCTKOB npo$HJ111 npHHHMalOTcB no ,l1eTaJ1H.
npoMejJ{)'Tot.JHble T01.JKH Bbl6HpafOT H8 KpHBOJ1HHeHHblx, B TOM ttHCJ1e
t1yroBblx, Y'laCTKax npOHJHI Ha paCCTOjlHHH 2-3 MM ,l1Pyr OT .npyra.
268

P a 3 iJ e 11 2. npoeKmupo6allue pe:JJCyulux uHcmpYMeHmo6
nOCTpOHM paC\leTHYIO cxeMY (pMC. 2.45). J(J1j( 3Toro Bbl4epTHM .l1e-
I a.:lb B ABYX npoeKQMjlX C )'3J10BbIMH TOt.tKaMH npo<pMnjl J, n H npOMe:>KY-
Puc 2.45 CxeMa K KoppeKUHoHHOMY pactfery npo€»HJUI
<j}acoHHblX pe3uoB 06hlQHOH YCTaHoBKH
269

III a?)lu B H. PeJKyw.Hit HHCTpYMeHT
T01.fHbIMH TOttKaMH 2 H 3. llepBblM HOMepOM 0603HattHM TO,",KY, C3MYIO
6JIH3KYIO K OCM .l(eT8JTH. Bce OCTaJlbHble TOIJKH UO.11YlfafOT nOCJIet{OBa-
TeJlbHO YBeJ1HI.JHBalOUJ.Hecj( HOMepa no Mepe Y)J.aJleHHSI OT u.eHTpa AeT3..1H.
KOOpJU1HaTbi T01.feK II"); 12"2... l n,r n 3MaHbi 1.Jep-rejKOM ,neT8J1H HJ1H
onpe)].eJIeHbl )].OIlonHHTeJlbHbIM paC1.JeTOM. Bbl6HpaeM no cnpaB04HoH JlHTe-
pmype nepeJJ.HHM r 11 33,lJ.H"" a yrJ1bl pe3lJ.O B , 3 TalOKe HapYJKHblH )].HaMeTp
2RJ KpyrJ1oro pe3Qa B 3aBHCHMOCTM OT rJ1y6HHbl npo$HJUI ):{eTaJ1M. B COOT-
BeTCTBMH C 3THM paCIIOJ1araeM pe3Ubi OTHOCHTeJ1bHO ,aeTaJ1H. BeplllHHY
pe3ua (TOI.JKa 1) CTaBHM Ha ypoBHe u.eHTpa AeTaJlH. npOAJ1eBaeM J1HHIUO
llepe;JHHA IIOBepXHOCTeM pe3u.oB BJleBO H BllpaBO. 113 ueHTpa )].eT8J1H M
KpyrJ10ro pe3u.a onYCKaeM H8 HHX nepneH).{HKYJlSlpbl OK HOB COOTBeT-
p
CTBeHHO. Coe,QHtu1eM Y3JIOBble T04KH, J1e)KaIUHe Ha nepe,aHHx nOBepxHoCTSIX
pe3u.oB, C ueHTpOM .rteTaJIH 0 H pe3ua O. OOJIY1.JaeM pSl,Q IIpMoyrOJ1bHbIX
p
TpeyrOJlbHHKOB co CTOpOHbl t(eTaJ1H «()Kl, 0K2, ...,OKn) C 06l.UHM KaTe-
TOM OK=h, 06WHM np1lMblM yrJIOM B T04Ke K H nepeJ].HHMH yrJlaMH
r l =r 'Y2'''.' Y n B T04Kax J ,2,...,n COOTBeTCTBeHHO. Co CTOpOHbl Kpyr.Jloro
pe3ua o6pa3YlOTc1I npSlMoyrOJ1bHble TpeyrOJ1bHHKH 0 BI, 0 B2,u..,0 Bn
p p p
C 06W.HM KaTeTOM 0 B = H H 06lUHM npjJMblM yrJIOM B T01.JKe B. YrJ1bI
p
3THX TpeyroJlbtlHKOB B T04K3X 1,2,...,n 0603HaI.JHM 'V9J' 1''V 2 '''.' 'V n.
PelllHB TpeyrOJ1bHMKH co CTOpOHbt t(eT<L1M, BbIQMCJ1HM pacCTOHHjI Me)K-
.ny 104KOH 1 H OCT<L1bHbIMH T04Ka\1H BJ].OJ1b nepe,nHeH rpaHH PC3QOB, a no
HM\1 OnpelleJIMM rJ1y6HHbl npo<pHJ111 P2'...' P" npH3MaTHt.leCKOrO pe3l(a B
Ka)KD,OM Y3J10BOH T04Ke. ECJIH pelllHM np1lMoyrOJlbHble TpeyrOJ1bHHKH co
CTOpOHbl KpYrJloro pe3Qa, TO BbI4HCJ1HM MX rMnOTeHY3bl, T.e. pallHYCbl pe3LJ.a
R.,- R B KIDK,l.J.OH Y3.,10BOH T01.JKe, He06xo):{HMble .aJljlllOCTpOeHH npo<j>wul
_ n
pC3l.(a. Pa3HOCTb pa,nHYCOB RJ - Rn - 3TO fJ1y6HH3 IIPO<pH;UI KpyrJ10ro
<j>aCOHHoro pe31.(a B T04Ke n. A;1j( 3Toro BblIlOJlHHM ,nonOJIHHTeJ1bHble noCT-
poeHHj(. B T04Kax 1,2,..., n, BOCCTaHOBHM ncpneH,aHK)'JUlpbl K J1MH"H nepe-
.l1He" rpaHH pe3QOB. PaCCTOjlHHSI OT TOI.JKH K ,QO TOlJeK 1,2,..., n 0603Ha4H'd
A ,.. A l' . . ., An' a pacCTOSlHHjI OT T04KH B .L10 T01.JeK 1,2, .. ,n o603Ha4HM
B" B 2 ,..., Bn. PacCTOHHjI OT T04KH 1 ,lJ.0 TOt.leK 2,...,n (rJly6HHY npoQ>HJUI
pe3LJ.OB B,QOJlb lIepe.L1HeH rpaHH) 0603HaI.JHM C 2 ,..., C n .
PelUHM 3aJJ.a4Y B 06w.eM BHtte. OYCTb CYMMa yrJ10B r H a paBHa 'V:
\V=y+a..
270

P a 30 e J1 2. fI poeKmUpOSQHUe pe:JlC)lUlux uHcmpYMeHmo6
113 T01.JKH n onYCTHM nepneH,rtHKYJ1S1p an H8 38,ltHIOIO flOBepXHOCTb
IIpH3MaTH1.JeCKOrO pe3Q8. TOf,rt8 Laln=90o-\V; LV In=\V. B pe3YJIbTaTe
p
P =an=C COS\lI. C A -A · A =r cos'v. A =r cOS'V · sin y =h/r ·
n n 'Y' n n l' I I I , n n I n n n
h=r 1 siny.
BblnHllleM nOJ1ytleHHble yp8BHeHHSI B nocneAOBaTeJ1bHOCTH HX pcwe-
HHSI:
1. \II = Y + a; 2. h = '1 sin y; 3. At = 'i cos y;
4. Yn =arcsinh/r n ; S.A n =rncosYn; 6. C n = An -A);
7. Pn = C n cos'tI.
TIoACTaBJ1SUI B nOol'1)'1-1eHHble ypaBueHHj( napaMeTpbl, COOTBCTCTBYfOWHe KIDK-
L10H rotlKe, non)'1-lHM 3H8lJeHHSI A 2 , A3'''o,C ,C 3 ... H rny6HHbl npo<IJHJUI P2' P 3 ...
PewHM npRMoyrOJlbHble TpeyrOJ1bHHKM co CTOpOHbl Kpyr.iIOro pe31J,a M
olJpe,lle.l1HM R 1 , ° 0.' Rn0
Rn=H/sin'¥n; H=R1sin'VI; '¥t=\V=y+a
\fJn = arctg H/B n ; Bn = B) - C'n ; B. = RI COS \V ·
BblnMllleM nOJ1YLJeHHble yp3BHeHHSI B nOCJ1e,llOB8TeJlbHOCTI1 HX pellle-
HHSI :
I. h = 1j sin y;
4. An = r n cos Y n ;
7. Bl = RI COS\fJl;
10. \Vn =arctgHIB n ;
2. AI == Ii cos Y; 3. Y n = arcsin h/r n ;
5. C n = An - AI; 6. \VI = '¥ = y + a;
8. Bn == B. -Cn; 9. H = R} sin 'VI;
I 1 . Rn = HI sin 'V n ·
nO):{CT3BHM B nOJ1ytleHHble yp8BHeHHSI BMeCTO napaMeTpOB C I1HtteK-
COM n n8p8MeTpbl KIDK):{OH KOHKpeTHOH TOtlKM (2, 3), 1I0JIYtlMM 3H84CHHSI
HCKOMblX pa.L1HycoB pe3Qa R 2 , R3... B K8)K)..lOH Y3JIOBOH TOlfKC IIpO<j)HJUI. Do
HI1M J1erKO pacc4HTaTb rJ1y6HHbl npo<f>HJlSI. R t -R 2 , Rt- R 3".
2.2.8.4. KoppeKUHoHHblii paC'IeT npotUJlH cltacoHHoH tpe3bl
)VUI YA06cTBa npeJ],cT8BJ1eHHH Bb[nOJ1HHM caMYfO IJpOCT)'iO paCLJeTHYI()
cxeMY - cxeMY 06pa60TKH Tpane1.(eHJ],aJ1bHOrO n83a <j>acoHHoH <ppe30M C
3aTblJ10B3HHbIMM 3y6bSlMH H nepe,aHHM yrJIOM Y (pHC. 2.46). no n3pa-
MeTpaM BaJa I, lA' lR H hJl )J.eTaJ1H Tpe6yeTcSI onpeJJ.CJU1Tb aHaJI0rM4Hbie
lIapaMeTpbl 3y68 <lJpe3bl B )J.BYX HanpaBJ1eHHSlx: B pal.lH3.ilbHOrvl OA H B
27]

WaZYH 8.11. Pe)KYllJ,Hit HHcTpYMeHT
nJ10CKOCTH nepe1JHeii rpaHH AE. nap3MeTpbl B p3D.H8J1bHOM HanpaBJleHMH
HY)KHbl AJ1j1 npocpMJ1MpOB3HHjI pe3U3 M WJlM$oBaHHoro Kpyra, HCn0J1b3ye-
MblX liP" 33TblJ10BaHMH 3y6beB <ppe3bl, a B nJlOCKOCTH nepe,lJ.HeH rpaHH -
JJ.JUI paC1.JeTa KaJIM6pa Ha npo<pHJlb 3y63 <»pe3bl, HHor)].a HenpaBOMepH()
Ha3blBaeMoro Wa6J10HoM.
is
IB
e.

l IR
l I,q
Puc. 2.46 CxeMa K KoppeKUHoHHOMY pacQe1)' npo(j>HJUI (j>acoHHoH (j>pe3bl:
I - npOHJIb .lIeT(L1H; 2 - npo€»MJlb 3y6a €»pe3hl B HOpMaJIbHOM ce'leHHH ABJ'
3 - npo€»HJlb 3y6a €»pe3bl B nJIOCKOCTH nepe.nHei1 rpaHH A B
H3 pHc.2.46 KpHBaj( AC. - CnHpaJ1b ApXHMe,lJ.3, O<pOpMJ1j1IOaSl 3y6
<ppe3bl no BepwHHHoH KpoMKe A. KpHBaSi BID - 3KBH,lJ.HCTaHTHa K cnH-
pa.,1H ApxHMe.u.a, 4TO BblTeKaeT 113 YClIOB"" 33Tbl.flOBaHHSI 3y6a. OHa
OLlep4HB3CT caMyfO rJ1y60KYfO TOIlI<)' npo<pHnjl 3y6a <ppe3bI. n03TOM)
BbICOTa 3y6a <ppe3bl B pa,lJ.H8nbHOM H3np3BJ1eHMH - h$ A B 1 A 1 B= C I D.
c.CJ = K - BeJ1H4MHa 33TbIJIOB3HHjI <ppe3bl HJ1H cn3J]. 3aTblJ1Ka H8 yrJ10BOM
LUare 3y6beB E. B )B2 =h A lA2 - cnaJI, 38Tb1JIK8 Ha yrne lIoBopoTa \\1.
272

P a 30 e JI 2. npoeKmupoeaHue pe:JK:yllfux uHcmpYMeHmo6
ECJ1H 6bl nepe.D.HHH yroJ1 3y6a <»pe3bl 6blJI paBell HYJ11O, TO nepe.[tHjlj(
I paHb 3y6a HaXOJlHJ1aCb 6bl 8 P3,rU18.JlbHOM CetteHHH lIa BepTHK8JlbflOH OCH
()A pHCYIIKa. OpH BpameHHH TaKOH $pe3bl no Xo.ny 4aCOBOH C1peJiKH
rJ1y6HHa npoqn1JUI AeT8..,lH, 06pa30BaHHOro <ppe30H, p3BHSlJI8Cb 6bl BblCOTe
npo<1>HJ1" 3y6a <»pe3bl AB 1 , TaK K3K Ollpe,lJ.eJIj(tOUJ.He rJly6HHY na38 C3Mbre
IIH3KHe n0J10iKeHHSI T04eK A H B 1 npo<pHJ1S1 <ppe3bl HaXO,lJ,HJ1MCb 6bl Ha
BCpTHKaJlbHOH OCM AO. nap3MeTpbl UJHpHHbl na3a I, lA' In p3BHbi 8HaJ10-
rH4HbiM napaMeTpaM 3y6a B)J.O.nb OCH <ppe3bl. T3KMM o6pa30M'I ecnH
llcpeJJ.HHH yroJI $pe3bl )'==0, TO npo4>HJ1b <ppe3bl H JcTaJ1M COBllal1.alOT.
J1HKaKHX KoppeKl.\HOHHblX pactJeTOB He H}')KHO, HO pa60TaTb TaKO" c}>pe30H
HepaQHOHaJ1bHO. nepe.nHHH yro.,'1 y=O B nOlI.aBJ'tOl.UeM 60J1bWHHCTBe cny-
4aeB He OnTHM8JlbHhIH HH no O,ltHOMY 113 Kpl1Tepl1eB. n03TOMY Y <ppe3
npe)J.YCMaTpHBalOT nepe.D.HHH yrOJ1 HY)KHOH BeJ1"HHbl, a npo$HJ1b cppe3bl
p3CC4HTbIBalOT no IIpO<pW1tO ,lleTaJIH, BbHIOJ1HSlSI TaK H8.3bIB3eMbIH KoppeK-
UHOHHblH p3C4eT.
nYCTb nepeAHHH yrOJI )'>0. Pe3J1bH3S1 nepe,aHjlSI 1I0BepXHOCTb 3y6a
cppe3bl He paAH8JlbH3. KpaHHHe TOt.tKH IIpo<pHJISI 3y63 npH Bpa1l1eHHH <ppe-
3bl C<»OPMHPYfOT rJ1y6l1uy na33, KorlI.3 npOM,lJ,yr, K8K H IIpe)Kl{e, 4epe'3
BepTHKaJlbHYfO OCb OA. T04Ka A IIpOH,ltCT na TOM )Ke ypOBHC, 3 T04Ka B
Ha ypOBHe B 2 , nepeMeCTHBWHCb ry-na 110 .nyre OKPY)KHOCTI1 paJ.(HYCOM Rr
rJ1y6Hfla na33 lI.eTWUf h 6y-neT p3BHa AB", T.e. paBHa Bblcare npO<pHJUI
 -
pe3bl IIJJfOC IIpHpaw.eHHe pa,aMyca-BeKTopa CflHpa.aH APXHMC,A8
8.p=8.h B 1 B 2 . BbltJJ1CJ1HM 3TO npHparueHHC.
YpaBHeHHe cnHpa.rIH ApXHMeaa p=b9.
dp=bd9; d6=W; b=p/9=ptga, TaK KaK no CBOHCTBaM CIlJ1paJ1H 1/9=tga.
,lLJ1j( T04KH A p -R . n03TOMY b=Rtga; dp=WRtg a .
K- (21rJz)Rtga. OTCfO,l1a tga=Kz/21tR.
OKOH\faTeJlb HO I:1h=d P = Kz'V /21t.
Bbl4HCJI11M yrOJ1 '¥, Bblp83HB ero 4epe3 y.
BHelllHHH yrOJI J3 TpeyrOJ1bHHKa AOB paBeH CYMMe BHYTpeHHHX, C HHM
He CMe>KHbIX:
J3='V+y.
\V=J3-y; J3=arcsinOE/OB=arcsin (n1/R.) ;m=Rsiny ;R 1 =R-hJl.
BblnHweM yp3BHeHHjJ B I10Cne,ltOBaTenbHOCTM J1X pel.lleHI1S1:
273

ill aYH B.I1. PC)KYUU1Ji HHCTpYMeHT
I. m=Rsiny; 2.  =R-; 3. (3= arcsin (m/) ;
4. \V=-y; 5. M=k z \V / 2n; 6. hct, =hD,-M
113 MOB onpe,neJIMM BblCOTY npo$HJUI Q>pe3bl B,nOJ1b nepe,nHeH rpaHH
h - A B.
n
ABIOB = sin \VI sin y; h n = (R 1 sin \V)! sin y.
t:{;UI Bbl1.JHCJ1eHHj( BbICOTbl npo$MJ1j1 B,l:\OJ1b nepe,nHeH rpaHH He06xo)].H-
MO nOCJleJJ.OBaTeJ1bHO peWHTb CneL1YfOlIlHe ypaBHeUHj(:
1 : m = R sin y; 2. RJ = R - hJ1; 3.  = arcsin (m / R});
4.\V=-y; 5.hn=(Rlsinw)/siny.
T3KHe paCqeTbl BblnOJ1HJlfOT AJlSl Bcex Y3JIOBblX T04eK npo<pHJlj(.
Pa3Mepbl I, lA' lH' napanJleJ1bHble OCM <ppe3bI, He HCKIDKafOTCj( H npHHH-
M310TCjI no J]eTanH.
KOHTpOJlbHble Bonpocbl
1 lJeM Bbl3BaHa He06xo)J.HMOCTb KOppeKI..(MolIHblX paCqeTOB npocJ>HJljI
<pacolIHblX pe3UOB H <ppe3?
2. ]IIcxoJ:\Hble ,llaHHble ,l])1S1 BbIlJOJ1HeHHR KoppeKUHoHHblX paCqeToB.
3. nOC;le.noa3TeJlbHOCTb pac4eTa rJIy6HHbi npo<pH;ul lIpH3MaTHt.tecKHx H
KpyrJ1blX $acoHHblX pe3IJ.OB, 8 TalOKe $aCOHHbIX pe1.
2.2.8.5. PaC1IeT '1epBH'IRbIX MOAYJlbHblX tpe3
HCXO)..(HbIMH ltaHHblMH .l1J1R pac4eT3 1.JepBSltlHbiX MO,nYJ1bHbIX Q>pe3 SlB-
J1j(IOTCj( MO.nYJlb, YI'OJ1 3auenJleHHj(, nap3McTpbl 3y6a H3pe38eMoro K0J1eC8
H npHHSlT8S1 8eJIMt.tHH3 38TbIJIOB8UHjI <ppe3bl. HMejl 3TH napaMeTpbl, MO)KHO
110 3MIJHpH4eCKMM CPopMYJlaM IlpH6JIH)KeHHO onpeACJ1HTb ra6apHTHbie (J.lH-
aMCTp, AJ1HHY) 11 noca)..\ollHble ( .llH8MeTp noca,ltOHOrO OTBepCTJUI ) Pa3-
MCpbl <ppe3bl, 8 TalOKe 1.JHCJ10 3y6beB. OJJ.HaKO B 3TOM HeT Heo6xo)].HMO-
CTH.. T8K K8K 3TH H .npyrHc napaMeTpbl KOHCTPYKLJ.MH C yeToM T01.JHOCTH
<ppe3bl (AAA, AA, A, B H:JH C) npHBe,neHbl B faCT 9324 - 80E.
Pacc4HTbiBalOT yrOJI nO,lJ.'beMa 4epBSIHoM H3pe3KH H3 JeJ1HTeJIbHOM
UMJIHH)J.f?e. no Mepe nepeT04eK .llHaMeTp ,aeJIHTeJlbHOrO UHJIMH)]pa YMeHb-
rnaeTCR. n03TOMY C ueJlblO YMeHbweHHj( OWH60K 3y6006pa60TKH 3a
paC4eTHYfO BeJ1HHHY ).J.eJ1HTeJ1bHOrO ,l.lH8MeTp3 upHHHMafOT ,ltH3MeTp Ha-
274

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1l0J10BHHY CTOqeHHOH cppe3bl, T.e. C 3y6oM, CT04eHHblM Ha 1/6 OKpY:>KHOrO
Ulara:
d d -2h -0 3K
a a ' ,
r,ne K 1tDtga s /z (CM. ypaBHeHHe 2.1).
0603HaI.JeHMjI napaMeTpOB npHBe)].etlbl H8 pMC. 1.72.
3aTeM 1183Ha43lOT yrOJ1 HaKJ10H8 CTpY>KeI.JHbIX K8HaBOK 00. m=t,
r,l1.e 't - yrOJI nOA'beM3 l.Je p Bjl4HOH Ha p e3KH, t g t=P Ind. P =P COSt
.\' x 11
(CM. pHC. 1.72).
TOftla t g 't=P 11tdcos't, HJ1H sin't=P Ind. T3K KaK P =1tm, TO
n n n n
sint=mnld. ECJlH yroJl nOD.'beMa 4epBj(I.JHOH Hape3KH t=3-5°, TO CTPY-
lKe4H3S1 K3HaBKa npj(Majl, 00=0. noc.ae 3TOrO npHcrylialOT K npo<pHJIHpOBa-
HHfO <l>pe3, onpe,lJ,eJ1eHHIO (j>OpMbl H pa3MepOB 3y6beB.
PaHee OTMe4a;lOCb, 4TO B OCHOBY KOHCTPYKUHH 1..JCpBj(1.JHOH <l>PC3bI nOJ10-
)KeHa 3y6lfaT8R peHKa c npM06oqHblM npo<pHJIeM. 3To BepHO. Ho TeM HC
MeHee 3B0J1bBeHTHble 3y6lJ3TbIe KOJleCa MorYT npaBHJ1bHO 38u.eIlJU1TbCSI
TOJlbKO C 3BOJlbBeHTHblM l.JepBJlKO\f, 60KOBb,e CTOpOHbl BHTKOB KOToporo -
BHHTOBble 3B0J1bBeHTHble nOBepXHOCTH: 3BOJIbBeHl Hble B IJOnepel.JHOM H8-
JJpaBJJeHHH H BHHTOBbJe B IJpOOJ1bHOM (B,nOJ1b HanpaBJ1ellMSI 3y6a). npOQ>MJJb
pC)f(YlUero KOHrypa 3y6a <ppe3bl (pC)K)'w.eH KpOMKH) ):(OJDKCH, TaKHM 06pa-
30M, npe,aCTaBJ1SITb C060" ;1I1H1110 nepeCe4CHHjI nOBepXHOCTeM 3BO;JbBeHT-
HOrO 4epBSlKa M Uepe,l1HeH apXHMe,i\OBOH BHHTOBOH IJOBCPXHOCTH. 3T0,aa.:le-
KO lie IIpjlM0601.JHbIH IIpO<»MJlb. KpOMe Toro, y pCallhllO" <ppe3bl pC:>KywaSi
KpoMKa - J1I1HHSI nepece4eHHj( nepe){HeH nOBepxllocTH 3y6a H 3aTblJ10B8H-
nOM 3aAHeH 1I0BepxHocTH. 3H31.JHT, <pOpM3 3aTblJ10B8HHOM 1I0BepXHocTH J(OJ1-
iKHa 6blTb TaKO", 4T06bl peJK)'UJ.aJl KpoMKa 3y6a pe3bl .ae)f(aJI3 Ha BHH'IO-
BOH 3Bo.rlbBeHTHoH 1I0BepxHocTH paHce OIlHcaHHoro 4epBSlKa H He Bblna.naJla
6bl H3 Hee npH lIepeTOLJKax. PaCC1.JHT8Tb TaKYIO OPMY 38TbIJIOBaHHOH
nOBepXHOCTH CJlO)KHO, a BblnOJlHHTb B MeTCL1011e npaKTH4eCKM HeB03MO)KHO.
n03TOMY B 1I3CTOjlw.ec BpeMSI npM6eralOT K npH6JlM)f(eHHbIM MeTO,llaM
npocpHJ1 HpOBaH HSI 4CpBSlI.IHbiX <ppe3 J1J1j1 UMJlHHJ1pH4eCKHX KOJlCC: npSlMo604-
HblH npo$HJ1b peHKH 33KJ18JlbIBaIOT B oceBOM ce4eHHH HJlH B Ce'-leHHH,
1I0pMa;lbHOM K BHHTOBOH .,1HHI1I1 4epBjlKa Ha paC1..JTHOM ,l1.eIHTenbHOM .l1H-
aMeTpe. nOrpeUJHOCTM npOQ>HJIHpOBaHMjI np" BTOpOM MeTo.ne HeCKOJlbKO
60J1bWe, oc06eHHO eCJIH yrOJI npO$HJ1j( 3y6a He CKOppeKTHpOBaH, He YBeJIH-
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2 7

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276

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tJly6HHa - 0,5-2,0 MM; r 3 =O,6-J,3 MM.
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B CJ1Y4ae npOQ>HJ1HPOB8HHjI no oceBOMY ce4eHHIO paCLJeT napaMeTpOB
ly6beB <!>pe3bl aHaJIOrHlIHblH, TOJlbKO war, TOJ1HHa 3y6a H yrOJ1 npo<pMJlj(
Ii oceBOM CeqeHHH 6Y,L(YT ApyrHMH, 8 HMeHHO TaKHMH , 4T06bl B HOpM3J1b-
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JteJ1MTenbHoH OKPY)I(HOCTH H npH BeplllHHe B HCXOAHOM ce4eHHH H B
v w
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y 38J.{Hero Topua, LJTO Heo6xo,lJ.HMO ,L\Jlj( C03..Q8HMjI 60KOBbiX 3a,ltHHX YJ:JIOB.
npH 3TOM nepeXO,L\e OT nepe,ltHerO Topa K 33LtHeMY YMeHbwalOTCSI H8-
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277

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COOTBeTCTBeHHO - npO<pHJ1b 3y6a Hape3aeMoro Koneca, 4TO TalOKe He)J.o-
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MY 3BonbBeHTbl, TO)l(e ll.O.n)J(eH 6b1TJ, nOCTOllHHbfM no BblCOTe n0J16S1Ka.
Ha OCHQB8HHH H3J10iKeHHoro MO)l(HO YTBepJK,l:laTb, lITO Y 3y6QaTOrO BeHQa
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BepwHH 3y6be8.
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06pa30BaHHbie B nonepe4HOM CeqeHHH OT OCHOBHOH OKPY)KHOCTH 3B0J1b-
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nepe,aHero K 3aAHeMY TOPQY AOJI6S1Ka H nOBOpa'-lHB81OTCR HaBCTpe1.JY t{pyr
J,tpyry. B pe3YJlbTaTe H8 .u.eJJHTeJlbHOM H ).(PyrHx LlH."'HH.npax TOJIlJ..tHHa 3y6a
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Cpe33Tb BepUJHHbl 3y6heB Hape33eMoro KOJ1eCa, B "IeM HeTpY,llHO y6e-
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278

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paM Me)K3y6beH Bna,nHHbI, a CT8J10 6blTb" H 3y6a Hape3aeMoro KOJIeC3 no
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MO 3HaTb. KpOMe Toro, Ha,no 3HaTb ,",MCJlO 3y6beB Hape3aeMOH 3y6'-1aToH
napbl, Bbl6paTb 3Ha\feHHj( J lepe,nHero H 33,aHero yrnoB ,n0J16"Ka.
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cst K HHCTpYMeHTaM, KOTopble .l10JDKHbl T01.{HO caMOYCT8HOBHTbCSI no 06-
pa68TblB8eMOH nOBepXHOCTH .l1eTaJIH, CC.aH eCTb 0118ceHHSI 4TO CT8HKOM
JTO 06ecIIet.JHTb HeB03MO)l(HO. K HHM OTHOCSlTCSI t.tHCTOBble HHCTpYMeHTbl..
r8KHe, KaK npOTSI)KKH L(Jlj( 06pa60TKH 3aMKHyrbiX KOlrrypoB" nanpHMep
KpyrJlble, p83BepTKH, MeTt.tHKH, Kor).J.8 06pa60TKa 3THMH HHCTpYMeHTaMH
BbI nOJ1 Hj(eTCjI H8 OT,aeJ1bHbIX CTaHKax HJ1H n03HI..(Hj(X MHOr0l103HUHOHHbiX
CT8HKOB nocne npetiBapHTenbHoH 06pa60TKH ,aPyrHMH HHCTpYMeHTaMH Ha
.LtpyrHx CTaHKax HJI" .ApyrHx n03HI..(HSIX CT8HKa. .[LnSi C8MOYCT8HOBKH CJ1Y-
)KaT CneUH3JJbHble JJ.ep)l(aTeJIH HHCTpYMeHTOB HJ1H naTpOHbl (Ka48fOWHecSI,
I1JI 8 BalO UJ. He, 6blCTpOCMeHHbie H T.;J..), coe;J.HHj(IOIUHe HIiCTpYMeHT co
III1IMHAeJ1eM H;111 cynnopTOM CTaHKa. npHHUMIIHMbHble cxeMbl T8K"X naT-
pOHOB npHBe.l{eHbl Ha pHC. 2.5 J. TaK, HanpMMep, nnaBalOWHM n3TpOH
06eCne1.{HBaeT COBMel.l.J.eHl1e oceH p83BepTKH H 06p868TbiBaeMoro OTBCp-
CTHj(, ecnH OCb lllnHHl.\eJHI CTaHKa 118 n03HlHH o6pa60TKH CMeweH8 OTHO-
CHTeJlbHO OCH npetJ,BapHTCJ1bHO 06pa60T8HHoro OTBepCTHSI. KpOMe Toro,
6HeHHe rnnHH,lteJUI CTaHKa B npHHl.(Mne He nepeJJ.aeTCH Ha HHCTpYMeHT H
pa36HBaHHe OTBepCTHH YMeHbIIJ8eTCSI.
Pa3HOBHHOCTH nOABH)KHbIX naTpOHOB onHcaHbl B YQe6HOH It CnpaBOQ-
HOM JIMTeparype. CYlUeCTBYIOT ,aeCj(TKH KOHCTPYKLtHH, peaJIH3YIOlltHX K8-
llaHHe, nJ18B8HMe H.,1H Ka48HHe 1-1 I1J1aB8HHe HHCTpYMCHTa OJ(HOBpeMeHHO
)0 3.11< 2522
28

Wazyu 8.11. PeiKyw.HM HHcTpYMeHT
[228; 255 Ii JlP.]. npH Bbl60pe HJIM pa3pa6oTKe KOHCTPYKUHH naTpoH8
lIe06xo,ltHMO cTpeMHTbCjI YMeHbluHTb llMCJIO I10BMiKHbIX C04JleHeHMM, B
KOTOpblX 110,[\ HarpY3KOM 80 BpeMjI pa60Tbl B03MO)l(Hbl 3aeJJ.aHHj( H npeBpa-
ll1eHHe 1I0J]BH:>KHOrO COe,ltHHeHHS B HenOJJ.BH)KHOe CO cMew.eHHbiM OTHOCH-
TCJlbHO WnHH,[\eJUI CT3HKa nOJIO:>KeHHeM HHCTpYMeHTa. CJle,nCTBHel\1 3Toro
JlBHTCSI nOBblUJeHHoe pa36HB8HHe 06pa6oTaHHoro OTBepCTHS. TpeHHC
CKOJlb)J(eHJ.UI B COt.JJleHeHHjlX lIaTpOHa CJle.ayeT 38MeHSlTb Ha TpeHHe Ka4e-
HHj( HJIH ew.e nY4we - Ha BHyrpCHHee TpeHHe B YlipyrHx 3J1eMeHTax.
OpHMcpaMH nYLfUIHX peweUHH MOiKeT 6blTb l1.i1aBaf01ll.HH IJaTpOIl H8 6a3e
CHJlb<P0H8., rO<PPHPOB8HHOH MCTa.,1J1HlJeCKOH TPy6KH, 06JIa,llalOw.eM ,AOCTa-
TOlJHOH KpyrHJ1bHOH )KeCTKOCTblO H 60JlbllJOM pa,l.U1aJ1bHOM nO)J.aTJlHBOCTbfO
(pHc.2.51, 2) liJl" 06blLJHbiM MeTaJlJ1H4eCKHH CTep>KeHb-y,aJIHHHTenb c pa-
lU1aJ1bHOH 1I0J]aTJ1HBOCTblO Ha KOHue 3aKpenneHIIOl'0 B HeM HHCTpYMeHT3
He MeHee 0,005 MM/H BMeCTO K84afOw.erocSi n8TpoH8.
a
6
6
z
Puc 2 5 J CxeMbI nOl\BHIKHbIX naTpoHoB. a - KaQalOllU1HcR ol1 H OmapHHpHblH,
6 - Kaq.aIOIllHMcSI llBYXlllapHHpHbIM; 6 - nJIaBalOlUHti; z - nJlaBalOw.HM CltJ1b-
$OHHbIM, J - XBOCTOBHK; 2 - o6oMMa; 3 - WTH<j)T; 4 - KOpnyC; 5 - pe)KY-
tUH" HHcTpYMeHT; 6 - nOBOLtOK; 7 - CMJ1b$OH; 8 - wapMK; 9 - raMKa
290

P a 30 e JI 2. n poeKmUpOeQuue pe:»CYUlux ullcmpYMellm06
6LICTpoCMeHHocTL KpenJleHIUI 04eHb B3)1(H3 ,n.nSl HHcTpYMeHToB aB-
rOMaTH3HpoBaHHbIx npoH3Bo,nCTB, r.l1e oc06eHHo He06xo,LU1MO COKp3I.U.eHMe
IIpocToeB aBTOMaTH4eCKHX nHHHH I1PH 3aMeHe 3aTYlIHBlllHXC» HHCTpYMeH-
rOB. J(nSi 3TOH l.\eJIH HClIOJlb3YfOT 6blCTpOCMeHHbie naTpOHbl .aIlSI CTep)l(-
HeBblX HHCTpYMeHTOB (CBep;l, 3eHKepOB, MeT4HKOB, p83BCpTOK), 3aLUeIlKl1
AJlj( pe3lJ.OB (CM. pHC. 1.90) H HeKOTopble ,ltPyrHe YCTPOHCTB3.
COKpal1(eHHe npocToeB ,noporocToSilUero aBToMaTH3HpoBaHHoro 060-
PYAOB8HHj( AOCTHraeTC» TalOKe HCIIOJlb30BaHHeM TaK Ha3bIBaeMOrO 6cc-
II OJJ;H aJla):{o'l HOI"O HHCTpYMeHT3, He Tpc6YfOlUero HaJla.l1KH n3 p33Mep
06P360TKH HOCJle ero YCTaHOBKH H8 CT3HKe. 113J'oTOBMTb B3aMM033MeHj(-
eMblM HHcTpYMeHT HeCJIO)l(HO, HO 1I0CJ1e nepeT04eK ero pa3Mepbl M3MeHSI-
IOTCjI. n03TOMY npe,lJJ104HTafOT BBO.l1HTb B KOHCTPYKIJ.HIO HHCTpYMeHTa
HJIM B npOMe)KYT04Hble onp8BKH-nepeX0.l1HHKH, B KOTOpblX OH YCT3HaBJ1H-
BaeTCjI, nOlJ.BH)I(Hble 3JleMeHTbi B BM,l..le BHHTOB CO c<j3epH4ccKOH r0J10BKOH,
KOTOpblMH MO)KHO 06ecne4HTb T04Hoe nO.nO:>KeHHe HHCTpYMeHTa no OJ],HOM
HJ1H ABYM KOOptUiHaTaM OTHOCHTeJ1bHO 6a30Bbix nOBepxlfocTeM CT311K3,
o6eCne\.fHBaji npH 3TOM 1I0JIYLJeHHe 3a.LlaHHb1X pa3McpoB 06P360TKH
(CM. pHC. 1.92). T04H3j1 H3CTpOHK3 HHcTpYMeHTa H3 p33Mepbl 06pa60fKH
BbIIlOJ1HjleTCj( B Cllel.u"aUbHblX npHcnoc06J1eHHjlX (CM. pHC. 1.93) HJlH npH-
60pax BHe CT3HKa, CT8HOK B 3TO BpeM.st p360TacT. l"aKYIO H3CTPOHKY
npe,aycMaTpMBalOT Y HHcTpYMeHToB )..J)ljI CTaHKOB C LJny H aBTOMaTH4ec-
KI1X RMHI1M 113 arperaTHbJX CTaHKOB.
TOQHOC1'L H 3CeCTKOCTL npHCOe,l..lHHeHHjI HHCl pYMCHTa AOJDKHa 6blTb
JlOCTaT04HOH .aJljI BbIIlOJ1HeHHjI 3anJlaHHpOBaHHOH pa60Tbl. ECTeCTBeHHO,
4TO 3TH flapaMeTpbl BbllllC )]Jlj( 4HCTOBbiX HHCTpYMeHTOB H MHCTPYMeHTOB
.LlJ1J1 BbiCOKOT04HbiX CTaHKOB, CTaHKOB C lfny. lJeM MeHbllle nepeXO,l..lHHKOB
(BT)'JlOK, ,nep)KaBOK, onpaBOK) tJ)1J1 33KpenJ1eHHJlI1HCTpYMeHTa H 4eM BblUle
T04HOCTb 6a30BbiX nOBepXHOCTeH 3J1eMeHTOB C04JleHCHHJI, TeM Bblllle
T04HOCTb H )KeCTKOCTb 3aKpellJleHHJI HHCTpYMeHTa. flapaMeTpbl TOlIHOC-
TH 6830Bb1X 3JleMeHTOB HHCTpYMeHTa H BCIlOMOraTeJlbHOH OCHaCTKH JUISI
ero 3aKpenJleHH.st npMBOJ).j(TCJI B COOTBeTCTBYlOlUHX CTaH.aapTax H cllpa-
B04HOH JlHTeparype. npH He06xOLlHMOCTH npOBepKH COOTBeTCTBHSI 3THX
lIapaMeTpOB T04HOCTH BblnOJlHJleMOH pa60Tbi npOBO)]JlT ClJeU-HaJlbHble
paC4eTbi H8 )l(eCTKOCTb Ii T04HOCTb n03HIJ.MOHHpOBaHHJI I1HCTpYMeHTa,
HCnOJIb3YSI cnpaB04H)'fO J1HTeparyPY [65; 88; 94].
291

UJa?YII B. .! e)Kyu.ud1 HHCTpYMeHT
2.3.2. BLIOOp tOpMLI 6a30Bbix nOBepxHocTeii H 3J1eMeHTOB
nepe,lJ.a'lH YCHJlHH
BH,l1bl 6830Bh1X f1oBepxHocTeii OrpaHMlJHSalOTCSI He6oJ1blllHM pSl,D,OM
KJ1aCCHQeCKHX $OpM: nJlOCKOCTb, HapHble Ii BHyrpeHHHe LJ.HJ1HHnpHtJec..
KHe H KOHM1.JeCKHe nOBepxHocTH. npH KOHCTPYHpOBaHMM pe)K)'wero HHCT-
PYMeHTa Q>OPMY 6a30BO" nOBepxuocTH Bbl6HpalOT B 3aSHCHMOCTH 01
pa3MepOB HHCTpYMeHTa M nOCa.l104HhiX MeCT CTaHKa, CTpeMj(Cb o6ecne-
"IHTb npH 3TOM Tpe6yeMYIO T04HOCTb 683MpOBaHHj( H BblCOKYIO TeXH0J10-
rM4HOCTb HHCTpYMeHTa .
DJlO£KOCTb j(BJlSleTCSI 6a3011 y pe3QOB C npH'3MaTH'-IeCKHM TenOM,
HapY>KHbIX npOTSDKeK, HO)KeH C60PHbiX HHCTpYMeHTOB, $pe3 If A0J16RKOB
(TOpUOBb[e nOBepXHOCTM, pMc.2.S2, a, 6).
HapYiKHLle UHJlHHJJ;pHqeCKHe H KOHH'IeCKHe 1I0BepxHocTH caoH-
CTBeHHbl XBOCTOBblM HHcTpYMeHTaM. 3TO HHC-rpYMCHTbl MaJlblX pa3Me-
pOB. I..(MJ1HH.apHLJeCKH" XBOCTOBMK HMelOT CBepJla, 3eHKepbl, pa3BepTKH,
6 6
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3
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Puc 2 52. ba30Bble nOBepxHocTM pe)K)'IIlHx HHCTPYMCHTOB 0603HalJeHbl )J(HpHOH
J1MHHei%. a - pe3uoB; 6 - HacallHh1X non6HKOB; 6 - CBepJI, 3eHKepOB, pa3Bep-
TOK; l.- MeT'ni1<OB; () - CBep.a, 3eHKepOB, pa.3BepTOK; e - KOHUeBblX pe3;
 - XBOCTOBLIX J{OJI6S1KOB; 3 -- H3caJ{HLIX 4>pe3;
u - Haca,nHblX 3eHKepOB , pa3BepTOK
292

P a 3 0 e J1 2. npOel\mllp08Ullue pe:J1CYlllux llucmp1WeHm06
KOHueBbie <ppe3bl ;:tHaMeTpaMH ,no 12 MM, a TalOKe WnOHO"lHble <j>pe3bl,
MeT4HKH Ii pytfHble pa3BepTKH BCCX pa3MepOB (puc. 2.52, 6,2). Kpen'lTCJI
raKHe HHcTpYMeHTbl B uaHrOBblX "JIM KYJ1aQKOBbIX llaTpOHax, YCTaHaanH-
BaCMblX B llJnHHAeJle CTaHKa. KOHHt.teCKHe XBOCTOBHKH - Y ,[l0J16J1KOB H
nepelJHCJ1eHHblX BbJUle HHCTpYMeHTOB .ltH3MeTpaMH CBblwe 6 MM
(pHC. 2.52, o,e,:JIC). XBOCTOBHKH coe,QHHj(IOTCSI co rnnHHJ1eJUIMH CTaHKOB
ffeIlOCpe.l1CTBeBHo w.n" C nOMOInblO nepeXO,LlHHKOB, H3npHMep KOHH"IeCKHX
B1YJ10K.
BHYTpeHHHe UHJlHHJtpH'IeCKHe H KOHH'IeCKUe lIoBepxHocTH
HMelOT Haca,nHble HHcTpYMeHTbl. 3To caMa 60JlbUla rpynna HHCTpYMeH-
TOB, TaK KaK OHM 3KOHOMHlJHee XBOCTOBbIX. n03TOMY TaM, r.Lle no YCJ10BHstM
p360Tbi )KeCTKOCTb H npOtfHOCTb ,nOCTaT04Hbl, HHCTpYMeHTbl ,QeJ1afOT H8-
Ca,lJ,HbIMH. QHJ1HHJJ.pH4eCKoe OTBepCTHe - Y HacaLlHblX <ppe3 H )]On6S1KOB,.
a KOHH4eCKoe - Y HaCa)]HbIX p33BepTOK H 3eHKepOB (pHC. 2.52, 3,U).
BIDKHeHwee Tpe60BaHHe K 6a30BblM nOBepXHOCTjlM - TOLfHoe pacno-
jlO)l{eHHe J.tX OTHOCHTenbHO pa604eH '-IaCTH.
YCHJIHe co CTaHKa Ha HHcTpYMeHT nepeJ).aeTCSI 3a C4eT CHJI TpeHH}1,
B03HHKafOI.l{HX Ha 6a30Bbix nOBepXHOCTjlX JlpH 3aKperIJleHHH HHCTPYMeHTa
(HHcTpYMeHTbl C fL10CKHM TenOM H I.J.HJH1H,.QpMLJeCKI1MH XBOcToBHKaMH)
HJIH no,lt ,neHcTBMeM oceBblX CHJI pe3aHH1I (HHcTPYMeHTbl C KOHH4eCKHMH
XBOcToBHKaMH). EcnH oceBblX CH.,1 pe3aHI-UI He,ltOCTaT01.JHO, npeJ-tycM3TPH-
RalOT .nonOJlHHTeJ1bHYIO 3aTjI)KKY XBOCT08MKa 60J1TOM B rHe3O WJlHH,L(eJ1j1
CTaHKa (KoHueBble tPpe3bl, XBOcToBble .n0J16j1KH), a UP" Tj()KeJlbIX YCJIOBM-
SIX pa60Tbl - eLne H )KeCTKHe 3J1eMeHTbl (TOpuoBbie 1ll1l0HKH). )KecTKHMH
1JleMeHTaMH nepeAaeTc1I YCHJ1He Y HaCa.LlHbIX HHcTpYMeBToB: TOpl(OBble
WIIOHKM y 3eHKepoB, pa3BepToK, TOPQOBblX <»pe3; npO)..lOJJbHble llJlIOHKH Y
U,HJ1HHJJ-pHLJeCKHX, ).(MCKOBbIX H oTpe3Hbix c»PC3, a TalOKe TOPUOBblX <ppe3
\1aJ1bIX pa3MepoB. ):(JUI )..loJ16jJKOB H npope3Hbix <J>pe3 ,ltOCTaT04HO CHJI
TpeHHSI, B03HMKafOWHX H8 TOPQaX I1PH 3aKpenneHHH. MeTlfHKH HMefOT
KBa.npaTbl Ha KOHu.e XBOCTOBHKa (pliC. 2.52, ?).
,l:(nst nOBblWCHHSI 3KOHOMHLIHOCTH pSlL1bl 3Hat.tCHMH npHCOe,LJJiH"1elbHbIX
pa3MepoB 6830Bb1X nOBepxHocTeH cT8Ht\apTH30B3Hbl. 3TO n03BOJIj(eT or'.
paHH4HTb HOMeUKJ1aTYPY onpaBoK, nepexoJJ.HHKOB, KaJIH6pOB )..\J1S1 HX KOHT-
pOJljI H T.,l1. B 3aSHCMMOCTH OT pa3Mepa pa604cw \.f3CT" 6a30Bbie 3,neMeH-
Tbl Bbl6HpalOTCjI no raCT, a J1j1 opHrHHaJlbHblX HHCl PYMeHToB paCClfH-
293

Wa?yu B 1'1 Pe>KYIUHA HHCTPYMeHT
TbIBalOTC1I, HO Ha3Ha\.latOTCH 6JUOKaHlllHe 60.,1bUJMe no faCT. PaCl.feTbl Ha
nep e .n a4 Y YCHJ1HH pe3aHHSI, np04HocTb, iKeCTKOCTb 11 T04HOCTb 1I03HlJ.HOHn-
pOBaBHSI MHCTpYMeHTOB H HHCTpYMeHT8J1bHbIX 6J10KOB H3J10iKeHbi B cnpa-
804..0H M Y4e6HOH J1MTeparype [65; 88; 94; 139-141].
2.3.3. Bbl60p MaTepHaJia IIpHcoe.aHHHTeJlbHOH qaCTH
MaTepH8J1bl J].J1B KopnycoB ):lOJDKHbl 06naAaTb AocTaTo4Hoi1 lIpO'iHOC-
TblO 11 TenJI0npOBoAHOCTblO, coxpaHSlTb TOI.JHOCTb pa3MepoB H <j>OpMbl
nOCJle TepMo06pa6OTKH, xopoUJo 06pa6aTblBaTbcj( H o6ecne4HBaTb Xopo-
wee coe,LuiHeHHe C pejKYUleH qaCTblO nocne CBapKH, HaBapKH M Han8HKH,
3 TalOKe 6blTb AellleBblMH H He COJ.1epjKaTb .l1e4>I1QHTHbIX 3J1eMeHTOB.
BceM 3THM Tpe60B3HHj(M B nonHoH Mepe OTBeI.JalOT KOHCTPYKQHoHHMe
yrJlepo,llHCTble CTaJ1H 40, 45, 50 H .,'1erHpOBaHHble 40X, 45X, 40XH.
Yrnepo,LU1cTble CTMH npHMeHBIOT AJ1j( .D.epiKaBOK pe3l].OB, KopnycoB
C60PHbiX pa3BepTOK, BT)'nOK, KnHHbCB, BHHTOB H ApyrHx 3J1eMCHTOB c6op-
HblX KOIfCTPYKUHH. Kopnyca OCT8J1bHbIX COCTaBHblX H C60PUbiX HHCTPY-
MeHTOB, B TOM qHCne H HO)KM no,lt HanaHHble nnaCTHHbl 113 TBepAblX
"
CllnaBOB H3rOTaBJ1HBaIOT H3 J1erMpOB8HHbiX CTaneM, B OCHOBHOM 113 CTanM
40X., KOTopaSi 06naJ.1aeT nOBblweHHOH np04HOCTbIO M 06ecne411B8e-r MeHb-
wee Kopo6JleHHe B npouecce TepMMeCKOH 06pa60TKH.
JUI TB)KeJlbIX YCJ10BMH pa6OTbl, oco6eHHO KorAa Tpe6YeTCSI BblCOKal
TBep.1..l0CTb YI H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb, KOPIlYC .ne.ilalOT 113 HHCTpYMeHTaJlbHblX
CTa;leH Y7 A, Y8A, 9XC " Lla)J(e 6bICTpOpe)KYlUeH. TaK, HanpHMep, y
CRepJI C Hana»HHbIMH l1J1aCTHHaMH TBepAoro cnnaBa H AHaMeTpoM no
1IlaCTHHaM, paBHblM .D.HaMeTpy Kopnyca, Kopnyc TpeTCj( 06 o6pa6OTaH-
HYIO nOBepXHOCTb .neTaJIM co CKOpOCTblO pe3aHHSL D03TOMY ero H3rOTaB-
JIHBalOT H3 CT8JJH 9XC MJIM 6bICTpOpe)KyeH C 110CJleAYfOlneH 3aKaJlKOH H3
BblCOKYfO TBep.LlOCTb.
2.3.4. Bbl60p cnoco6a coeJ(HHeHHH
npHcoe.aHHHTenbHo '1aCTH c pa6oei
Cnoc06bl COe)]HHeHH» pa604eH 11 npHcoeAHHHTenbHoH 4acTeH, HX npe-
HMywecB3 H HeAOCTaTKH nepel.JHCneHbl B n.2.2.1. 3.aCCb lleJIecoo6p83HO
YTOt.fHHTb HeKoropble BOlJpOCbl COe.lJ.HHeHMSI XBOCTOBHKOB HHcTpYMeHToB C
pa60t.feH t.faCTblO.
294

P 030 e J1 2 flpoe".lnupooollue pe:JlC)llllux uHcmpYJ\leHnl06
3aMaH4HBbiM JlBJ1J1eTCSI npMHUHI1 C60pHOCTH HHcTpYMeHTa, nOBblwalO-
WMH ero 3 KOHOM Ht.tHOCTb. O.llHaKO ero liejlb3J1 oCYIJ(eCTBHTb .I.lJl}l BpawalO-
IltHXCJI XBOCTOBblX HHc-rpYMeHTOB, T3K K8K OHH MaJlblX pa3MepOB H \1exa-
HH4eCKoe coe.u.HHeHHe XBOCTOBHKOB He o6ecnet.tHBaeT Ha.llIle)l(al1(CH )f(eCT-
KOCTM, npOt.tHOCTH H TOt.tHOCTH. TOJ1bKO Y BHyrpeHHHX npOTJI)I(CK Cpe.aHHX H
KpynHblx p83MepOB XBOCTOBHKH MO)f(HO CBHHtJHBaTb C pa60lJeii lJaCTbfO.
PC3b60Boe rlle3.ll0 IIPH 3TOM BblllOJIHSlfOT B XBOCTOBHKC. COOCHOCTb XBOC-
rOBHK3 C pa604eH 4aCTbIO 06ecne4MB8fOT TOt.JHOH 1I0Ca)1KOH no TOPU3M H
lU1JJHH.llpHtJeCKHM nOJlCKaM COe,ltHHSleMbIX 4aCTeH. Y OCT8JlbBbIX HHCTpY-
MeHTOB XBOCTOBHKM npHBapHBafOT BCTblK K pa60t.JeH 4aCTH MeTO.llOM 3JleK-
'rpOCBapKH I1JIM CBapKH TpeHHeM. HaH60.nee paLJ,HOH8JlbHOH j(BJISleTCSI CBap-
Ka TpeHHeM: BblIlJe K8tJeCTBO CBapHOrO WBa 11 TOt.IHOCTb coe.rUUleliH}I 381'0-
TO BOK, B 5-10 pa3 MeHbwe pacxo 3.neKTpOJHeprHH, 8 4eTbipe pa38 MeHb-
lue yrap MeT8JLna, tJHl1(e p3604ee J\,ICC10, npouecc J1erKO rJo.LU1aeTcJI aB'fO-
MaTH3au.HM H BCTpaHB8HMIO B nOTotJHble JIMHHI1 MexaHHlfecKOH 06pa6oTKHot
BblCOKM npOH3BOtl-HTeJlbHOCTb I1pou.ecca. OJ.tHaKO MeTO.ll npHeMJ1eM TOJlbKO
HJISI CBapKH UHJlHH,lJ.pH4eCKHX 3arOTOBOK. j( ,ltpyrHx <}>OpM TeJla 3arO1 OROK
peKOMeH,L\YeTCJI CTblKOBaJi 3JleKTpOCB3pKa.
2.3.5. PaC1JeT npHcoe.aHHHTeJlbHOii 1JaCTH
PaCtJeTbl npHCOe.llHHI1TeJlbHOH 4aCTH BblflOJIHSlIOT Ha nepella4Y YCHJ1HH
pe38HHjI, )KeCTKOCTb H T04110CTb n03HQMOIIMpOBaHHSI. KOHKpeTHble MCTO-
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29

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BcnOMOr8TeJ1bHbIX HHc-rpYMeHTOB.
2.8. OCHOBHbIE HAllPABJIEHIDI COBEPllJEHCTBOBAHIDI
KOHCTPYKQHH PE)KYIfX HHCTPYMEHTOB
H PA3BHTH TEOPHH HX npOEKTHPOBAHHR
CoseprneHCTBOB8HHe KOHCTPYKLlHH pe)J(Y1ll.HX HHCTpYMeHTOB, K3K H .1110-
GblX .L1PyrHx oG'beKTOB npOH3BO.LtCTBa, HanpaBJ1eHO H8 YJ1Y4111eHHe <PYHKUHO-
HaJlbHblX CBOHCTB. ISI HHCTpYMeHTOB - 3TO nOBblUleHHe Ka1.feCTB8 o6pa-
60TKH H YMeHbweHHe npHBe.neHHbiX 38TpaT H8 onepau"SlX HX HCn0J1b30BaHHSI.
B COOTBeTCTBMH C paHee npHHSlTOH KJl8CCH<pHKaUHeH MO)KHO 0603Ha1.fHTb
1.fCTblpe reHepaJ1bHblX H8llp8BJ1eHHjJ cosepweHCTBOBaHHjI KOHCTPYKLlHH:
1. OOBblllJeHHe npOM3BO,lU1reJlbHOCTH MHcTpYMeHTa.
2. YMeHbllleHHe 3HeproeMKocTH npou.ecca pe38HHSI MHcTpYMeHToM.
3. nOBblweHHe 3KOHOMHtJHOCTH HHcTpYMeHTa.
4. nOBblIlIeHHe K8t.teCTBa ):{eTaneH, 06P86OT3HHblX HHcTpYMeHToM.
Bee 3TH H8IlpaBJ1eHHSI 0603Ha1.JeHbl B pa3,aeJ1e 2. C ytJeTOM 3THX
HalIpaB.aeHHH paCCMOTpeHO perneHHe 3a):{a'-l 110 npoeKTHpOBaHHIO, M3rOTOB-
JleHMfO H 3KcnnY8Tau,HH peiKY1ll.HX HHCTpYMeHToB. TaM )J(e npHBe):{eH8
3<p<peKT}fBHOCTb Tex HJ1H HHblX MeponpHj{THH. TeM He MeHee l.(eJ1eco06-
p83HO B C)K8TOM BH,lIe, 06P83HO, B <»opMe rp8<1>a npe.L(CTaBHTb OCHOBHble
MepOllpHSITHSI no H83BaHHbIM Hanp8BJleHHSlM (pHC. 2.62 - 2.65).
322

P a 3 <> e Jl 2 flpoeKmUpOeQHUe pe:JlC}'ulUX ullcmpY.lwellmofJ
n08&tUJeHHe npOH38011HTeJt&HOCTK
COKpameHHc OtH08flOro COkpaeHMeBcnoMora. I
apeMeHH o6pa60TkH J1eTa..'1H TeJ1&Horo apeMeH" Ha i-
ro-- 3aMeHY HHCTpYMeJiTa
..... nOBhlweHHe 3KOHOMHeCKH J)e.rCTpOCMeHKhle -
.-
- BblronHoH CKOpoCTH Pe38HH,. HHCTpYMeHT&t
n.,SblweKHe TenJrOCTOKkOCTH 5ecnO,QHaJr8.ll0tfHbre
--+ pe>Kywero MaTepHa.na HHCTpYMeHThl I+--
---... nOShlweHRe H3HOcocroAxOC'T'H fi08wweHHe Ha.aexc-
+----:
- HHCTpYMeHTa HOCTH HHCTpYMeHT08
H3HocoCTOHKHe pe)f()'WHe ! TIo8bJWeHHe OJJHOPO.Q-
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.
HHCTpYMeHTOB
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pe3aHfUI
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--+ f. 
J1SUI nona'tH CO)t( ----. H 8H6poYCTOHQHBOCTH
HHCTpYMeHT8 I
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I
pe3aHHR t
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--. nOKpbmdi I apeMeHHO plItHX I+-
1 3 y6bes
Y 8eJJH'leHHe CYMMapHoro
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--+ MeHHO pe)K)'l11HMJ.f -
cpe3a MeHee 0,01 MM 3y6bSlMK
I
2 62. KOHCTPYKTHBHhle H TeXH0J10rHtteCKHe MeponpHSITHSI no nOBblweHHIO
npOH3B0)1HTCJlbHOCTH HncTpYMeHTa
323

UJaZYH B H. Pe>Kyuu.dt HHCTpYMeHT
YMeHbweHHe 3HeproeMKOCTIt npouecca
pe38HHJI
., ,
YMelibWeHHe CRJI YMeHbWeHHe CHJJ
H MOMeHTOB pe38HWI H MOMeHrOB T'peHJUI
- CTpY>KKop83lteneHHe AHTHpHK1.1HOHHble 
"PH CnO)KHOH <1>opMe -
CeqeHHJI Cpe38 no KphrrHJI
.
"- OmHMH3aUHJI reoMeTpHH ..
... .--
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. 1 nporpecc e c
pe3aHWI
Puc. 2.63. nYTH YMeHbmeHH 3HeproeMKocTH npouecca pe3aHHSI

n08blweHHe Ka1.feCTBa lteTa.1eH, o6pa6OTaHHbIX HHcrpYMeHTOM
- nOBbJWeHHe KaqeCTBa
o6pa60TaHHblX nosepxHoCTeA
HCnOnb30B3HHe pauHOH8JIhHbIX
-. nepeXOl1HhlX H 3a'lHCTHblX
pe*ylUHX KpOMOK
i
nOBblweHHe TO'fHOCTH o6pa6o-
TaHHblX noaepxHoCTeH
COBepmeHCTBOBaHHe
.... MeTOllOB pacqera
nOBblweHHe TOqHOCTH
J.t3t'OTOBJ1eHH" HHCTpYMeHTa
OnTHMH3aQHJJ reoMeTpHH
!
Puc 2 64. nyrJf nOBblmeHH" KatJCCTBa .n:eTaneH, o6pa6oTaHHblx HHcTpYMeHToM
324

P a 30 e Jl 2. npoeKmUp08QHUe pelllux ullcmpYMeHmo6
fiOBblweHHe 3kOHOMH'fHOCTH
. YMeHbweHHe nepBOHa1f8JIbHOA CTOHMOCTH

nOBDlweHHe TeXHOJlOrH'f-  .. YMeHbweHHe paCXOl1a
I. .. J10pOrOCTOI1I1HX
HOCTH
MaTeOHaJlOB
.. Y BeJlHqeHHe cpOka CnyXC6bl
C'
 . 1
nOBblweHHe nOBhJWeHKe Y 8eJtH'feHHe IIHcna
HaJ!e>KHOCTH CToAKOCTH nepHo.nOB CToAKOCTH
CM pHC 2 62 CM pMC 2 62 bOJtbwoe 'IHCnO t
neoerO'feK I
. 3XOHOMH'IeCKH BbJrO,lUfoe 8occraHoaneHHe
.. pa6oTocnoco6HoCTH

1
 +  +
3aMeKa 3aTY- Pery.rnip08aHHe
npOCTOTa tIHBWmcCSl pe- 3aMeHa pe'lC)'. nOJtO>KeHHH
neperO'fex *YWHX JCpOMOK 1QHX 3J1eMeHTOB pe*y wHX
3.neMeHT08

HHcrpYMeHTa Ha J1PyroH pa3Mep
.. npOCTOT8 H nonHon yrHJ1H3aUHH OTXO.l108 H3 J10pOroCTOJlU1MX
.. H .Qe4»HQHTHhlX pe>K)'utHX MarepHaJIOB
B03MO>KHOCTh nepepa60TKH nOnHOCI'blO oTpa60TaHHoro
Puc. 2.65. nyrH nOBblweHH" 3KOHOMHtfHOCTH pe)J{YlI(Hx HHcTpYMeHToB
325

Wac"'YH 8.11. Pe*YUtHH HHcTpYMeHT
TeopHH IIpoeKTHpoBaHHH HHcTpYMeHToB HrpaeT 06CJIY>KMBalOYIO
p0.llb. Ee pa3BHTHe uaue.r1eHO Ha nporHo3MpoBaHMe M HaY1.IHYIO pa3pa6oTKY
nyreH cOBepweHcTBOBallHjI KOHCTPYKUMH MHcTpYMeHToB, B nepBYlo Olle-
peJJ.b - H8 pa3pa6oTKY MeTO,lU1K onTMMH3alJ.HH KOHCTPYKlJ.HH "HCT-
pYMeHToB Boo6e H HHcTpYMeHToB KOHKpeTHoro Ha3Ha4eHMjI B 4aCTHO-
CTM, a T810Ke H3 C03,naHHe HOBblX BblcoKonpoM3Bo.D.HTeJ1bHbIX H BbICOKO-
l'04HbIX HHcTpYMeHToB ,llJUI HOBblX MeTO,lJ.OB 06P360TKH.
KOHTpOJlbHLle Bonpocbl
1 OCHoBHble HallpaBJ1eHIUI cOBepmeHcTBoBaHHR KOHCTPYKlJ.HH pe)Kyw.Hx
MHcTpYMeHToB.
2. KOHCTPYKTHBHble H TeXHOJlOrH4eCKHe MepOnpMjlTMjI no COKpaLJ.J.eHHIO:
8) OCHOBHoro BpeMeHM 06pa60TKH neTaJ1H;
6) BcnOMOraTeJlbHOrO BpeMeHH Ha 33MeHY HHcTpYMeHTa.
3 T1YTH YMeHbLlJeHHjI 3HeproeMKocTM npouecca pe38HHjI.
4. Cnoc06bl nOBblWeHHjI T04HOCTH Ii KaLJeCTBa nOBepxHocTeH, 06pa60-
TaHHblX HHcTpYMeHToM.
5 nYTH nOBblWeHHJI 3KOHOMHI.fHOCTH pe)K)'l.I.tHX MHcTpYMeHToB.
6. HanpaBJ1eHHSI p83BMrnjl reOp"H IlpOeKTHpOBaHHSI pe)K)'Hx MHCTpYMeHTOB.
2.9. nPIfMEP PA3PABOTKH KOHCTPYKHH
HHCTPYMEHTA no METOHKE,
H3JIOJKEHHOH B PA60TE
TeXHHQeCKOe 3anaHHe
CnpOeKTHpOBaTb MeTI.fHK tIllSl OAHOnpOXO,ltHOro Hape3aHHJl oco60 TOI.f-
HOM CKB03HOH MeTpH1.JCCKOH pe3b6bl M 16x2 B ,l..leT(L1H H3 CT(L1M 45 110
fOCT 1050-88., TBepl\OCTblO HB = 200, cr B =600 Mna, B ycnOBMjlX ce-
pHMHoro IIpOH3BoAcTBa. HHa pe3b6bl - 25 MM. ,l{onYCK cpe,aHero l\HaMer-
pa pe3b6bl - 60 MKM. IllepoxoBaTOCTb 60KOBbiX nOBepxHocTeH Ra=:.3,2 MKM.
CKOpOCTb pe3aHMjI- 6 M/MMH. Ox.;IIDKJJ,eHHe nOJIHBOM 5%-HOH 3MYJ1bCHeH
113 3MynbCOJla no rOCT 1975-75 C pacxooM 10 JI/MHH.
H3Y1.JeHUe TeXHU1.JeCKOrO 3a,aaHHB BbJjJBJ]$JeT, 'JTO 3Ta pe3b6a Ha-
MHoro TOHllee 2-" CTeneHH no rOCT 4608-81. B cnpaB04HoM .I1HTepa-
rype OTCYTCTBYIOT peKOMeHaUHH no npOeKTMpOBaHHIO MeTtJHKOB ,l..lJljf
H3pe3aHHJI TaKMX pe3b6. naTeHTHo-HH<p0pMaUHoHHLIH nOMCK 3)J.eCb Heo6-
326

P a 30 e R 2. npoeKlnUp06a1lUe pe:JlC)'UIUX ullcmpYMeHmo6
\.O)J.HM B 60JlbllleH cTeneHH, 1.JeM B cnY4ae npoeKTHpoBaHHj( HHCTpYMeH-
lOB, KOTOpble HaWJ1H OTpIDKeHMe B cnpaBOttHOH J1HTeparype.
BblnOJ1HHM rlpOeKT B COOTBeTCTBHH C npMBe,l.\eHHbiM 8JlrOpHTMOM npo-
CKTHpOBaHHj( (CM. n.2.1.2) llyreM 1I0CJleAOBaTeJlbHOrO Bbl60pa JlY4Wl1X
napHaHTOB 3J1eMeHTOB KOHCTPYKUH".
2.9.1. npoeKTHpoBaHHe pa6o'leii qaCTH
2.9.1.1. BLIOOp pezymero MaTCpHaJia
H cnocooa ero 3aKpenneHHH
no TenJ10CTOHKOCTH no.axo,aT Bce pe)l(}'WHe MaTepH8.Hbl, 3a MCKJlI04e-
JIMeM yrJJepO,l1HCTbIX Ii HH3KOJlerHpOBaHHbix cTaneH, TaK KaK CKOpOCTb
pC3aHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO Ma,1a. no np01.JHOCTH HCJlb3S1 npHMeHHTb MMHepa-
JlOKepaMHK)' H CTM. TBepJJ.ble CnJ1aBbl pe3aTb CT3JJb C HM3KHMH CKOpOC-
UI'WM He B COCTORHHH. npH HH3KOH TeMlfeparype pe3aHHJJ pe)f(ywaR KPOM-
K3 llJ1aCTHH TBep)]OrO Cl1J1aBa OCblnaeTCj(. npHeMJleMblMH jlB;UnOTC
'.OJlhKO 6blCTpOpe)K)'U1l1e CTaJIM. Hal16oJ1ee H3HoeOCTOHKMMM 113 HHX llPH
Ma:lbiX CKOpOCTSlX pe38HHj( RBJUlfOTCj( P 18 Ii CTaJI" nOBbIUleHHoi1, a TalOKe
BblCOKOH TellnocToHKOCTH, HanpHMep, P 14€I>4, P 18K5<1>2 H }.tp. no TeXHO-
JlOrH4HOCTH, oc06eHHO WJIHQ>yeMocTH (HaHMeHee CKJlOHHbl K npHiKor8M,
4TO oco6eHHO BaiKHO rIP" LUJ1H<j>OBaHHH pe3b6bl), Jlyt.tIUMMM SlBJ1S1fOTCSI
CTaJlH P18 H P6M5. 113-3a .netJ>Hl.!HT8 BOJlbcf>paM8 CT3J1b P18 n04TH He
HCn0J1b3YeTCJI. n03TOMY OKOH1.JaTeJIbHO Bbl6HpaeM CTaJ1b MapKH P6M5 110
rOCT 19265-73. no 3KOHOMH4HOCTH He1.JerO OTceHBaTb, T3K KaK OCT8-
JlaCb TOJ1bKO 0).\H3 MapKa M8TepHaJla.
BClO pa601.JYfO 1.faCTb MeT1.JHKa TaKoro p83Mepa J],eJlatOT ueJ1HKOM H3
peiKymero MaTepHaJla. 003TOMY enoco6 3aKpenneHMSI pe)Kywero M8TepH-
aJla He Bb16HpaeM.
2.9.1.2. BLI60p cxeMLI pe1aUHH
H pa3paooTKa CTPYKTYPHOH cxeMLI MeTqHKa
CxeM3 H KHHeMaTHKa pe3aHH, a TalOKe KOHCTPYKUHSI Y3na CTaHKa J].JISI
YCTaHoBKH If 3aKpenJIeHHj( HHcTpYMeHTa onpe,lteJUnOT CTPYK1)'pHYIO exe.
MY 1I0Cne,D.Hero. OT 3THX napaMeTpOB 3aBHCHT pa60TOCIlOCo6HOCTb HHCT-
PYMeHTa, B TOM 1.fHCne 06ecneLfHBaeM3S1 HM T04HOCTb H ruepoxoBaTOCTb
06pa60TaHHbiX nOBepXHOCTeH. OpaBHJ1bHbIM Bbl60p cxeMbl pe3aHHSI H
v
CTPYK1)'PH0" cxeMbl npOeKTHpyeMoro MerI.JHKa B03MO:>KeH TOJ1bKO nOC.ile
32i

Wa(?J'1/ B.M. Pe)f(fIIu,tA HHCTpYMeHT
BbUICHeHIUI npHI.JHH 06pa30B8HHj( nOrpeWHOCTeH pe3b6bl B npouecce Hape-
38HHSI.
nO,Up06HOe H3YI.JeHHe JlHTep8rypbl no 3TOMY Bonpocy ([132-134; 257;
265-268; 270] H )J.p.) nO,L\TBep,L\HnO MHeHHe, H3nO)KeHHOe B nn. 1.8.1 
4.4.6 .LI.8HHOH pa6oTbl, \lTO OCIIOBHblMH npH'IHHaMH HeTO'lHOCTH oa-
paMe .'pOB Hape3aeMoii pe3b6bl JlBJlHIOTCB oceBble H paAHaJlb-
HLle CHJlLI, B03eiicTBYIOIQHe Ha MeT'IHK. OceBble CHJlbI pe3aHMjJ
'"
BbIT(L1KMBafOT MeT4HK H3 lIape38cMoro oTBepcTHjJ, H no,n: HX B03.L(eHCTBH-
CM onopHble pe>KYHe KpOMKH MeTt.JHKa CHHM8lOT C npMJ1eJKaU\l1x K HI1M
CTOpOH pe3b6bl .neTaJ1H .LlOnOnHHTeJ1bHYfO CTpy)KKY (pMc.I.60, 2), paClllH-
pSljJ Bn8.l1HHbl Hape3aeMOH pe3b6bl, I1CK8)J(ajJ ee war H npO<»HJ1b. BHeWHMe
oceBble CHJlbl, HanpaBJ1eHHble B CTOPOHY oceBblX CHn pe3aHHjJ, HanpHMep,
CH.nbl nepeMew.eHM1I 1lIIIHHAe.,1jJ CBepJ1HJ1bHOrO CTaHKa, 8 TaJOKe paJIHaJ1b-
Hble K0J1e6aHHjJ MeT4HKa nOli ):(eHCTBHeM BHyTpeHHHX H BHeWHHX P8;:U-f-
8JlbHblX CH.n ycyry6JUUOT 3TH jfBJleHHjJ. CpeJ1HM" J.(H8MeTp HapC3aeMOH
pe3b6bl CT8HOBHTC}1 60JlbWe cpe)].Hero ):I.MaMeTpa pe3b6bl MeT"IHKa. no-
jfBJUleTCjf T8K Ha3blBaeMoe pa36HB8HHC pe3b6bl. npH 3TOM 4eM 60.J'1bUJe
p836HB8HHe, TeM 60JlbWe pacceMB8HHe p83MepOB, HI'DKe T04HOCTb pe3b-
6006pa60TKM (llia?Yll B.N. B3aHMOCBjJ3b Mey p836HBaHHeM BHyTpeH-
HeM pe3b6bl Ii ee TOLlHOCTbIOIIC6.: HaYKa - npOH'3BOACTBY. - MH.:
I1HTHn, 1963. - C. 34--40). n03TOMY Jj.JUI nOBblWeHHjI T04HOCTH
Heo6xo):(HMO YMeHbW8Tb pa36HB8HHe pe3b6bl IIpeiK.LJ.e Bcero OT B03,lteH-
CTBMjI oceBblX ClU1, a 3aTeM - pa,l1MaJ1bHblX.
BHyrpeHHHe P8.zU1aJ1bHble CHJJbl Bbl3B8Hbl palIHaJlbHblM 6HeHJ1eM pe)KY-
UJ.HX KpOMOK MeT4HKa, p83HOH llJ1HHOH rJ1aBHblX pe)KY1lJ.HX KpOMOK H8
p83HbiX nepb"X. BHewHHe pa,lJ.HaJlbHble CHJlbl - cne,l.{CTBHe pa,nHaJlbHoro
6HeHHH MeTqHKa OT HeTOqHOCTH ero YCTaHoBKH B mnHH,Qene CTaHKa HJIH
OT paD.MaJlbHOrO 6HeHHlI WI1HH.L\eJJjJ.
BjlUIHHe 3aKpY4HBaHHjI MeT4HKa IIO.L\ ,QeHcTBHeM MOMeHT8 pe3aHHjJ
(CM. n.4.4.6) 01l{YTHMO TOJJbKO ,l1J1j1 pe3b6 MeHbwe M 12 H B )J.aHHoH
pa3pa6oTKe YQHTMBaTbClI He 6Y,Qe
PeweHHe JIOCTaSJ1eHHOH 3a,na4H B03MO:>KHO no tlBYM HanpaBJ1eHHj(M:
a) HCKJ1eHHe JiJ1" XOTjI 6bl YMeHbllJeHHe oceBblX H pa).{HaJlbHbIX CI'fJl;
6) ueHTpaJ1H3al\HS1 AeHcTBI1 oceBblX H paJ,1H8J1bHblX clin.
328

P a 3 0 e 11 2 n poeKmupo6uHue peJICYUIUX uHcmpy.,\1eHm06
YMeHbllleHHjJ oceBblX 11 pa.l.1HaJlbHblX CHJ1 MO)f(HO ,ltOCTHfHyrb OflTHMH-
H\UMeH no TO"lHOCTH pe3b6006pa6oTKH reoMeTpHllecKHx napaMeTpoB
MCT4HKa: YBeJlH4eHHeM nepe)J;HHx Ii 3a.QHHX yrJ10B, 0llTHMH3aUHcH yr:na B
1)"laHe Ii yr.,1a HaKJ10H8 cTpY)KettHblx KaH3BOK [133; 268]. HaH60JIce 3<1>-
(1)CKTHBeH Bbl60p TaKoro HanpaBJleHHSI CTpY)Ke4HbIX KaHaBOK (npaBble }!,,1J1
IlpaBOH pe3b6bl H J1eBble J])UI neBoH) H yrJI8 l1X HaK.JI0Ha (OKO.s10 300)
KOTopble C03.[{8.nyr oceBYIO CHJ1Y no nOA8I.Je MeT"IHKa H CMoryT B K3KOH-
10 Mepe CKOMIIeHCHpOBaTb CHJ1Y nepeMemeHHjf [UIlHH,l1e;Jjf CBepJIH.ilbHOrO
CTaHKa, T.e. MHHHMl-i3HPYlOT H36blT04HYlO oceBYIO CHJlY, B03JJ.eHCTBYIO-
Il.{YtO Ha MeT4HK.
MO)KHO npeJ,tJlO)KHTb H cxeMbl pe3aHH, MHHHMH3HpYIOHe oceBble
CHJbl (pHC. 2.66, a, 6, 2, 0, e, 3). DOJlee paQHOHaJlbHble H3 HHX - cxeMbl
("J 11 3, TaK KaK OHH pa3BHBalOT oceBYIO CHJ1Y pe3aHH}J P p no nO.l{84e
MCT4HKa, 3Ha1.JeHHe KOTOpOH MO)KHO flo,l106paTb npH6J1H3HTeJ1bHO paB-
IIblM 3HaI.JeHHfO BueWlleH OCCBOH CHJlbI P B' H3MCHjJj( yrOJl <po B pe'3Y;lb-
raTe CYMMapHaSi oceBaSi CHJ1a P p + P B  0, a pa36HB3HHe Hape3aeMoH
pC3b6bl - MHHI1M8J1bHoe.
Pa3HOHanpaBJIellbi CHJ1bI P p Ii P 8 B CJIYl.Jae HCI10.ab30BaHHSI MCT4HKa
cxeMbl pe33HHjI 6. O,lJ.HaKO H3MeHjfTb BeJIH1.JMHY CHJlbl P p 3,I\eCb He;Jb3j(, 3
yp3BHOBeCHTb ee BHeUIHeH oceBOW CHJIOH P B HeB03MO)f(HO, TaK KaK CH.na P p
CHJ1bHO H3MeHjJeTCSI no Mepe 33XO,Lta B Hape3aeMoe OTBepCTHC 3a60pHOH
lJ8CTH MeT4liKa. MeT411K 6Y.lJ.eT CH.,1bHO no.upe3aTb JIeBYfO Jl "JIH IlpaBYfO
n CTOpOHbl pe3b6bl (pRC. 266).
MeT4HKH cxeM pe33HHj( 6 H :JIC Ot.JeHb CHJlbHO 1I0.ape33fOT OIJOpHble
CTOpOHbl n pe3b6bl (B 60J1bWeH CTeneHH MeTt.lHKH cxeMhl 6), T3K K3K P p
'" P 8 HanpaBJIeHbi B O,lJ,HY CTOPOHY.
CxeMbl pe3aHHjJ a, 0 H e HCKJTI04alOT TOJ1bKO oceBYIO CHJlY pe3aHHjI P p.
nOJ1 .l.leHCTBMeM BHeWHeH oceBOH CHJlbl P B MeT4HKH, pa6OTalOHe no 3THM
CXCMaM, no,Upe381OT npaBYlO CTOPOHY n, a or J1eBOH Jl IJOCTeneHHO OTXOtJ,51T.
npH 3TOM y pe3b6bl, <popMHpyeMoH MeT4HKaMH cxeMbl a, H8 J1eSOH CTO-
pOHe npo<l>HJljI OCTalOTCSI CTyfleHbKH, KaK H npH HapC3aHHH CTaHJ-tapTHbIMH
MeTtJHK3MH (CM. pHC. 1.60, 2). no npo<pHJlbHblM CXCMaM iJ H e Blla,lJ,HHa
pe3b6bl no 06el1M CTopOHaM, n 11 ll, q.OpMHPYeTCSI e.l1.HHOBpeMeHHO 60KOBbl-
MH pejJ(YWI1MH KpOMK8MH nOJ1HOH .zt,1HHbl nOC.ne.nHHX pelKYWHX 3y6beB.
OTCTaBaHHe MeTt.lHK8 no wary H3-38 no.npC3aHMSI IlpaBblX CTopOH n pe3b6bl
32

lllazyu B.H Pe>KYWHH HHCTpYMeHT
a
Ppo
 P,
v- P,
6
II /1,
6
.. Pp
... P,
PP l
r p.
e
Pp .
J P,
Puc 2.66 CxeMbl pe3aHH)] MeTlfMKaMH, n03BOJUlJOWHe ynpaBJUITb pa36MB8HHeM
pe3b6bl no.ll .lIeHCTBHeM oceBbIX CM: J, 2, 3... - cnOM MeTMJla, nOcne.llOBaTeJlbHO
Y.lIaJI)]eMbIe 3y6b)]MH MeTtIHKa; P - oceBa" CHna pe3aHH";
p
P B - BHeWH)]" oceBaSi CHJ1a (cuna nepeMeIl{eHHJI wnHHlIen" cTaHKa)
KIDK.lJ.blM nOCJ1eJJ.YIOInHM pe)K)'HM 3y60M Me1'lHKa 3HatfHTeJ1bHO MeHbwe
\.feM TOJ1l1(HHa cpe3a a neBoH 60KOBOH pe)K}ll.QeH KpOMKOH II (pHC. 2.66, 0).
003TOMY BeCb pe)K)'LU.HH KOHTYP 3a60pHoH "faCTH MeT4HKa Bcer.ua HaxOJJ.HT-
CjI B nJ1OTHOM KOHTaKTe C 06pa3yeMoH pe3b6oH ,neT8J1H. nO,l..\ ,neHcTBHeM
oceBOH CHJ1bI P B paClllHpjllOTCjI OT no,npe3aHHB CTOpOH n TOJlbKO nOJ1HOCTbK1
C$OpMHpoBaHHble Bna,AHHbl Hape3aeMoH pe3b6bJ. fioApe3alOT KaJlM6pylO-
LU.He 3y6bSl MeTI.IHKa, nOCJ1e.l10BaTeJlbHO BXOtlSll1(He B Hape3aeMoe oTBep-
CTHe. OAHaKo 1I0,npe3aHHe H pa36HBaHHe pe3b6bl B 3TOM CJlY4ae 3HattH-
TenbHO MeHbwe, 1.JeM MeT1JHKaMH reHepaTopHblX cxeM pe3aHH.sJ, HanpHMep,
cxeMbl a, noJ]. JJ.eHcTBHeM oceBblX CHn TaKOH )Ke aenHttHHbl. AH8J10rH4HO
BJlHjlHHe cxeMbI pe3aHHj( 3, B03MO)KHO H JIC, npH npaBHJ1bHO Bbl6paHHoii
TOJIlUHHe cpe3a 60KOBblMH pe)K)'LU.HMH KpOMKaMH MeT4HKa. He,l.{OCTaTKOM
npO<»HJ1bHOH i) H KOM6HHHpOBaHHbiX JIC H 3 cxeM pe'38HHjI, KaK 8blSlBJIeHO
HeKOTopblMH MccneAOB8HHjJMH, SlBnjleTC.sJ nOBblweHH8.sJ wepOXOB8TOCTb
60KOBbIX. CTOpOH pe3b6bJ, Hape3aeMOH B BjJ3KHX MeT8J1nax, B TOM tJMCJ1e Ii
B CTaJIH. B MeHbllleH Mepe 3TO OTHOCHTCB K cxeMe e, T8K KaK KIDK)J.bIH 3y6
336opHOM 1.J8CTH MeTLfHKa pe)KeT TO.s1bKO O,ltHOH CTOpOHOH.
330

P a 3 0 e Jl 2 llpoeKmupo6ullue pe:JJCylllux uHcmp.,vMeHmo8
MO)KHO 6bIJ10 npe.nnO)KHTb 3Ha4HTe;lbHO 60JlbllIe KOM6HHHpoBaHHbix
cxeM pe3aHHSI (KOM6HH8UHH 113 cxeM a, 6, 6, i', 0 pHC. 2.66).. HO B Ka4eCTBe
IIpHMepa -nOCTaT01.JHO paccMoTpeHHblx.
Bce cxeMbl pe3aHJ.ul, nOKa3aHHble Ha pHC. 2.66, XOTSI H MeHee TeXHO-
JlOrH4Hbl, lfeM 06ellpHHSlTaSi (CM. pHC. 1.60, a), HO pea,lH3yeMbI.
3aTbIJIOBaHHe no HapY)KHOH nOBepXHOCTH 3a6opHoH 4aCTH MCT....HKOB
cxeM pe38HHSI a, 2 11 3 MOjf(HO Bbl110nHHTb Ha pe3b60l1JJ1I1<»OBaJIbHOM
CTaHKe ClIeUHaJIbHO cnpo<pHJ1HpOBaHHbIM IllJlI'Uj>OB8.,1bHbIM KpyrOM. Pe)J()'-
InHH KOHTYP TaKoro Kpyr8 .nOJ1)KeH 6blTb 06P8THbiM pC:>Kyw.eMY KOHTYPY
1"JlaBHblx pe:>KYI..l.tHX KpOMOK MeTLJHK8.
npO€»HJlbHble 0, e Ii KOM6HHHp0B8HHble , 3, 8 TalOKe reHepaTopHble
6 H 6 cxeMbl pe3aHHSI MO)KHO 06ecne4HTb n)'TeM yroHeHMSI 3y6beB 3a6op-
HOM 1.JaCTH MeTlfHKOB ,lJ.onOJ1HHTeJlbHbIM nO,lJ.llIJlH<»OBbIBaHHeM HX npaBblx
CTOpOH (cxeMa 6), J1eBbiX CTOpOH (cxeMa 8) HJ1M 06eHX CTOpOH (cxeMbl
0-3). ,[VUI 3Toro Ha 386opHOH LJaCTH rOTOBoro MeT411Ka W;II1<PYfOT pe3b6y
YBeJlHl.JeHHOrO llIar8 JJ.J1SJ yroHeHHSI ero 3y6bCB c npaBbIX CTOpOH n HJIM
Y\feHbllleHHoro rnara JJ.JUI yroHeHHSI 3y6beB C J1eBbiX CTOpOH fl.
MeT1.JHKH cxeMbl pe3aHHSI e BblllOJIHeHbl Ha 683e MeT(IHKOB cxeMbl ()
.l10n0J1HHTe.nbHbIM COWoI1H<poBbIBaHHeM 60KOBbIX CTOpOH 3y6beB 3a60pHOH
48CTH C npaBOH Ii JleBOH CTOpOH B lllaXMaTHOM nOpllKe OT 1y6a K 3y6y
B 06xo,L\ 110 BHHTOBOH JlHIiHH. OJtl1H '3y6 1l0JJ.UIJIMOBaH CnpaBa., a C-,le.nylO-
WHH - CJleBa, H T.JJ.. B pe3YJ1bTaTe 3y6bSl MeT4HKa pe:>K}'T HC .LI.BYM}I, a
O)(HOH 60KOBOH pe)KyweH KpOMKOH. HCT BCTpe1.JHbIX nOTOKOB CTPY)KKH.
B03MO)KHO YMeHbllJeHHe llIepoxoB3roCTH 60KOBbiX CTOpOH pe3b6bl, eCoI1H
ee cpa8HHTb C H8pe33HHOH MeT\.IMKaMH cxeMbl ().
TaKHM 06Pa30M, 8HaJ1M3 cxeM pe3aHHjJ, H306pa)f(eHHb1X H8 pHc.2.66,
BbUIBHJ1, 4TO HaHMeHbwce pa36HBaHHe pe3b6bl, Hape3aHHOH MeTo.aOJ\.f
ca03aTjJrHBaHHjI Ha CTaHKax THna CBepJIHJlbHbIX, o6ccnCt.JMoalOT MeTlIH-
KH, pa60TafOw.He no cxeMe pe38HHSI 3. TeopCTH4eCKM OHM D.OnYCKaIOT
B03MO)KHOCTb HCKJU04HTb oceBYIO CMJIY, KaK cp8KTOp pa36HBaHHSI pC3b6bl.
HeCKOJlbKO xY)Ke cxeMa pe3aHHjI ?, HO OHa 60Jlee TeXHOJI01'H1.JH8 no cpaB-
HeHHlO CO cxeMOH 3. KpOMe Toro, CTOHKOCTb MeT4HKOB cxeMbl pe3aHHjI
? BblllIe, KPYTSJWHH MOMeHT MeHbllle H l1IepOXOB8TOCTb 60KOBbiX CTOpOH
PC3b6bl, Hape3aHHOH B CTaJ1H, TO:>Ke MeHbwe.
331

lllazYH 8.11. Pe)Kyw.HH HHcTpYMeHT
CTPYKTYPH8R cxeM8 MeT'IHK8 cT3H,napTHoH KOHCTPYKlJ.HH H3BeCTHa.
O.LlHaKO H3Y4eHHe npHLJHH pa36HBaHHjI pe3b6bl n03B0J1j(eT ,nonOJlHHTb
cT8ullapTHYIO C-rpYKTYpHYJ:O cxeMY MeT\.IHKa onopHblMH 3J1eMeHTaMH,
KOTopble orpaHH1.JaT pa,QHaJIbHble Kone6aHMj( MeT4MKa Ii 3aMKHyr oceBY}()
CHJ1Y Ha ce6j1. B pe3YJ1bTaTe pa3rpY3j1Tcj( onopHble pe)KYHe KpOMKI1
MeTtJHK3, YCTpaHMTcjI pa36HBaHHe pe3b6bI no.LJ. ,lteHCTBHeM oceBblX CHJI.
TaKMM 06Pa30M, peaJJH3yeTcj( BTopoe HanpaBJ1eHHe nOBblllJeHHj( T01.JHOCTI1
pe3b6bl - HeHTpaJ1H3alJ.Hj( ,l1eHCTBHs oceBblX H pa.LlHanbHblx CMJ1.
npellJ1araIOTcj( onopHble 604K006pa3Hble 3neMeHTbi Ha 60KOBbiX CTO-
pOHax pe3b6bl KaJIM6pYfOeH 4aCTM MeTI.JHKa, 06pa30BaHHble 3aTblnOBa-
HHeM npO$HJ1S pe3b6bl no cxeMe pHc.l.58, 3. 3TH 3JleMeHTbi BOCllpHHHMa-
lOT oceBble CHJlbl, H MeTt.tHK He B COCTOSlHHH pe'3aTb 60KOBblMH KpOMKaMH
Ka;JH6pYIOl1(eH 43CTH. OAHaKO B Ha1.faae pe3b6bl Ha ,lV1HHe 06blqHOH 38-
60pHOH 1.JaCTH MeTLJHK3 pe3b6a pa36HBaeTCjJ. nOHCKH nyreH MCKJlf04eHHjI
T3Koro pa36HBaHMjI npHBeJ1H K 110j(BJ1eHHfO MeT4HKOB C pa3J1HLJHOH <pOpMOH
H p33HbiM pacnOnO)KeHHeM 0110pHbiX 60tJK006pa3Hb1X 3JleMeHTOB:
· MeT4HK C Be)]ylltHMH nepbj(MH - MeT411K C qeTHblM 4MCJ10M nepbeB,
y KOToporo IlepbSl 1.Jepe3 OAHO BblnOJIHeHbl C 604K006pa3HblMH 3JleMeH-
TaMH H8 BeeH DnHHe pe3b6bJ pa60tJeH 1.JaCTH (A.c.288519 CCCP.
MeT4MK ,ltJ1jJ Hape3aHHj( T01.fHbIX pe3b6 / M.X.rOJ1b<peJlb,L(, B.B.MaTBe-
eB" B.H.Bb160i1UJ.HK, I1.R.MMpHoB A.E.):{bIXHOB. - Ony6n. B c6.:
OTKPbITHjI, M306peTeHMSI, npoMblwneHHble 06Pa3Ub1, TOB3pHble 3HaKH.-
1970, 36. - C.185);
· MeT4HK C pe)Kye-Be.nYInHMH 3y6bjlMH, Y KOTOpblX onopHble 3neMeH-
Tbl OC060H <l>OpMbl H3 BceH ,l1J1HHe pe3b6bl pa60LJeH qaCTM, HO pacno-
.s10)l(eHbl TaK, qTO 60KoBbie KpOMKH MeT4HKa Moryr pe3aTb (A.c.580954
CCCP. MeT4HK .QJJj( H3pe3aHHs T04HbiX pe3b6 / B.B.MaTBeeB,
B.H.KoHOnJleB, JO.H.KalllyrHH. - Ony6n. B 6.11., 1977, 43),
· MeT4HK pe)f(yw.e-BblfJJIDKHBafOlUHH, Cpe.L1HHH ,l1H3MeTp pe3b6bl no onop-
HblM 3JleMeHTaM KaJJH6pYfOlUeM '-IaCTH TaKoH )Ke., KaK H H3 3a60pHoH;
pe)l(yute-..Qe<»0pMHPYJOW. HH , y KOToporo Cpe)]HHH ,nHaMeTp no onopHblM
3J1eMeHTaM KaJlH6pYlOLUeH qaCTH Ha 0,01-0,03 MM Bblllle cpe,nHero
,nMaMeTpa pe3b6bl pe)KYlUHx 3y6beB Ha 3a60pHoH '-IaCTM;
· pe)l(ywe-,ne<»opMHPYIOInHH C nepBblx HMTOK pe3b6bl H .np.
332

P a 3 iJ e 11 2 npoeKmupoeauue pe:JK:ylllux ullcmpy..\.,ellmoe
YK83aHHble MeT'lHKH, no .aaHHbIM HCCJle,ltOBaHHH 4eJ1S16HHCKoro TeXHM-
(leCKOro YHHBepcHTeTa, B POCCM", 06ecnet.II,1BaloT pe3b6bl 4cTBepToH
c reueHH T04HOCTH.
HeHTpaJ1H3aQHIO ,neHcTBHSI oceBblX CHn MO)J(HO 06eCne1fHTb Hape33HHeM
pe3b6bl no KonHpy, BblnonHHB Ha MCTt.JHKe 3a,l:\HlOfO pe3b60BYlO Hanp3BJ1S1-
IOW.YIO tJaCTb (CM. pHC. 2.53, 3), KOTopaSi COBMeCTHO C KonHpHOH raHKOH
HpMcnoco6.neHHJt BOCnpHMeT oceBble CHJ1bl Ha ce6S1 Ii 06ecnet.lHT MeTI.JHKY
oceBYfO nO,l:\aqy, CTpOro COOTBeTCTBYIOYfO wary Hape3aeMOH pe3b6bl..
HCKJl104HB reM caMblM CC p836HBaHHe 1l0J( .aeHCTBHCM oceBblX CMJJ.
A1S1 HeHTpaJIH33UMH, XOTSI 6bl 1.f3CTHt.JHOH, BJ1HSlHHSI pa,l:\HaJlhHblX CHJI.,
IIpHBOASlllJ.HX K pa36HBaHHfO pe3b6bl H3-3a pa.lJ.HaJlbHbIX KOJle6aHHH MCT4H-
Ka, MO)J(HO IIpe.lJ.J10)KHTb rJ1a,l:\KYIO lJepeAHlO1O H3np8BJ1S1fOlUYIO t.J3CTb
(CM. pMC. 2.53, 0) C H311p8BJleHHeM no Hape38eMoMY OTBepCTHfO HJIH
l\ry.nKe npHcnoco6JleHHSI. Pa,l:\HaJlbHble KOJ1e6aHHSI MeT4HK8 OCT8HYTCSI B
IIpc.aeJ1ax 3330pa MelK):{y H3np8BJUlfOI.l.t-HMM nOBepXHOCTSlMH. npaKTHl.JeCKH
OC33a30pHOe HanpaBJ1eHHe MO)J(HO 06eCnet.fMTb 110 nOBepxHocTj(M pe3aHHj(
llaBHblMH pe)J(YllU1MH KpOMKaMH MeT4HKa, BblnOJIHMB H8 3aTblJI04HbiX
IIOBepXHOCTSIX 3y6beB 3a6opHoH 48CTH rop6006pa3Hbie 0l10pHbiC 3Jle\feH-
I bl (pHC. 2.67). OIlM nOQTH 1I0J1HOCTblO YCTp8Hj(fOT pa,ltHaJlbHble KOJle6a-
IIHSI MeTt.JHK8 H, C T04KH 3peHHSI T04HOCTH pe3b6006pa60TKH, SlBJISIIOTCSI
IlpeJJ,IJ01.JTMTeJ1bHblMH. OnopHble 3JleMeHTbi 06Pa3YIOT 3aTblJIOB8HMeM C
HCn0J1b30B8HHeM cneu.HaJlbHOrO KynattKa (pMC. 2.67, a) HJIM n.HOCKO" 33-
IOt.JKOH 3360pHOH 43CTH (pMc.2. 67, 6).
a
6
Puc 2.67. rop6oo6p83Hbte 3JleMeHTbi 1 Ha 3aTblJIotJHblX nOBepXHOCT,.X 3a6opHoM
tfacTH MeT'IHKa: a - 06pa30BaHbJ 3aTblJ10BaHHeM OT cneu.Ha.,'bHoro KYJIatIKa;
6 - 06pa30BaHbl n,,'JOCKOM 38TOtJKOn
333

III a<"'..VII B. J1 PeIKyw.HJt HHCTPYMeHT
Ha OCHOBe aHaJIH33, H3JI0)KeHHOrO BblWe, Bbl6HpaeM MeTI.fHK C 3a)JJleii
pe3b6oBOH HanpaBJUnOw.eH H onopHblMH rop6006p83HblMH 3J1eMeHT3MH Ha
3a60pHOM 1.JaCTH, peaJIH3YfOweH cTaHapTHYIO reHepaTopHYtO cxeMY pe3a-
HHJI (CM. pHC. J .60, a). npMHTble cTpYK1)'pHaji cxeMali cxeMa pe3aHMjJ
npe,L\CTaBJ1S1fOTCSI QeneC006pa3HbIMH, TaK KaK OHM 06eCne1.f3T HaM6oJ1ee
BblCOKYIO T04HOCTb pe3b6oo6pa6oTKH H npHeMJleMYIO TeXH0J10rH1.JHOCTb
KOHCTPYKLJ.H" MeTqHKa.
2.9.1.3. Bbl60p reOMeTpH'IeCKUX lIapaMeTpoB MeT'IHKa
nOCKOJlbKY TO'-tHOCTb pe3b6006pa6OTKM 06eCnettHBaeTcSI CTPYKTYPHOH
cxeMoM MeT4HKa, TO reOMeTpHqeCKHe napaMeTpbl MO)KHO onTHMH3HpO-
BaTb no npHBC.LJ.eHHbIM 3aTpaTaM Ha onepaUMH ero HcnO.nb30BaHHjI. 3TH
3aTpaTbi MeHbllle, eCJIM 3KOHOMM4HOCTb Ii npOH3BOAHTeJ1bHOCTb MeT4HK8
Bblllle, T.e. KOr,lJ,a OH npOl1J.e B M3rOTOBneHHH, CpOK ero CJI}?K6bl 60JlbIlIe
(BbiUJe CTOHKOCTb) M MeHblIle BpeMS1 Bpe3aHHSI.
HaY4Hbte HCCoI1eJ10BaHH}I H npOH3BO,LlCTBeHHaSi IlpaKTHKa Bblpa60TaJlH
KOHKpeTHble peKOMeH,llaUHH no Bbl60py reOMeTpMl.feCKHX H ,aPyrHx napa-
MeTpOB, KOTopble HaWJ1H OTpIDKeHHe B CTaH,LlapTax, cnpaB04HOH H ytte6-
110M JJJfTeparype. BOCnO;Jb3yeMc}I 3TMMH peKoMeH,nal.{MSlMH [237]:
· Ilepe.llHI,di yro." r- t 0°;
. 3a,aHHH r.naBHblH yroJ1 a=6°;
· 3altHHH 8cnoMoraTeJlbHblH yrOJl a. 1 =oo 20';
· rJ1aBHblH yroJl B nollaHe <p=20° (Bbl6paH MaKCHMaJIbHO B03MO)KHbIM, C
eJ1bfO COKpall(euHR JIMHbJ 3a6opHoH 4aCTH H flOBblUJeHHR npOM3B0,l1M-
TCJ1bHOCTH 3a ClIeT COKpaUteHH BpeMeHM Bpe3aHHjI H BblBepTblBaHHSI
MeTlfHKa);
· BcnOMoraTc.nbHblH yroJi B nJ1aHe <PI 06ecnelfHBaerCjI 06paTHOH KOHYC-
flOC I blO 0, I MM ua 100 MM J.\JlHHbl;
· cTpYiKe"lHble KaHaBKH npSlMble, KaK HaM60Jlee TeXHOJIOrHLlHble.
<I>opMa pa60lJHX nOBcpxHocTeM OKa3blBaeT BJIHSlHHe Ha npHBe.neHHble
1aTparbi 4epe3 CTOHKOCTb " TCXH0J10rM4HOCTb MeT4HKa. OOCKOJlhKy B
IH repaType HCT CBe,lteHHH 0 B;IH}JHHH <l>OpMbl 3THX nOBcpxHocTeM H8
CTOHKOCTb HIICTpYMeHTOB, TO Bb16HpaeM HX 110 TeXHOJ10rM4HOCTH: nepe,a-
HSI}I llOBepXHOCTb - JI;JOCKOCTb, a fJlaBHajl 33J],H»SI - KOHHlJeCKaj( 3aTbl-
jlOBallHaSi 110 cxeMe pYlC. 2.67, a.
334

P 030 e Jl 2. n poeKmUpOlJQHUe peUlux Ul/cmpYMeNmO(J
npOBepHM AOCTaTOlfHOCTb peKoMeHJJ.yeMblx 3HaqeHHH 3a,ltHHX yrnoB H
yrna B nnaHe.
rJ1aBHblH yroJ1 B nnaHe <p BJ1HjleT He TOJ1bKO Ha npOH3BOHTeJ1bHOCTb,
HO Ii Ha rnepOXOBaTOCTb 06pa6OTaHHOH nOBepxHOCTH, KPYTjlW"M MOMeHT
H CTOHKOCTb MeTI.fHK8. qeM MeHbrne <p, TeM MeHbllIe TOJlWHHa cpe3a a.
B pe3YJ1bTaTe MeHblUe wepoxOBaTOCTb 06pa6oTaHHOH nOBepXHocTH..
Bblme CTOHKOCTb MeTIfHK8, HO 60Rbille KPYTJlll(HH MOMeHT. no faCT
3266-81 .QJ1j1 MeTI.JHKOB M 16x2 MHHa 3a6opHoH l.faCTH MeT4HK8 I. .llOJ1-
IKHa 6blTb p3BHa 12 MM (pHc.2.68, a). Tor.na
tg<ptlll; tIP=sinE.
Z2,
a
If


l
p
Puc 2 68. CxeMbl .wUI paC'JeTa napaMeTpoB peJKymeti qaCTH MeTtJHKa
OKOH43Te;JbHO <parctg(P sin EI/ 1 ).
Pacc4HTauHblH no 3TOH <p o pMYJ1e yron <p p3BeH go.
TOJJUJ.HHY cpe3a MeTt.JHKOM onpeAeJIHM no cxeMe pHc.2.68, 6:
a=csin<p; c=Pln; a=(Pln)sin<p,
r)J.e P - war pe3b6bl; n - 1.JHCJlO nepbeB MeT1.JHKa.
j:(JUI cT3HAapTHbix MeTlfHKOB M 16 1.JHCJlO nepbeB n = 3 [94]. TO;lulMHa
cpe3a npH 3TOM COCTaBHT 0,093 MM.
3KcnepHMeHraTlbHbie HccneJ.\OBaHMj!, BbIIlOJ1HeHHbIe aBTOpoM (llla<yu B.N.
BnHSlHHe napaMeTpOB MeTI.JHKa Ha lllepoxoBaTocTb nOBepxHoCTeM pe3b6bl,
Hape3aeMoM MaIllHHHblMH MeT4HKaMHIIC6.: HCCJle.uoBaHHj( B 06nacTH Tex-
HOJlorHH o6p33oBaHH}J pe3b6, pe3b6006pa3YIOIUHX HHcTpYMeHToB, CT8HKOB H
33

lllazyu B 11. Pe)l(yw.Mlt HHCTpYMeHT
MeTO,aOB KOHTpOJUI pe3b6. - TY;1a: TnH, 1980. - C. 125), Bblj(BHJIH, tfTO
t.leTblpeXllepbIe MeT4HKH C <p 15° 06eCne\.fHBa1OT Ru=2 MKM npH Hape3a-
HHH pe3b6bl warOM 2 MM no KonHpy, T.e. B YCJIOBHSlX, 6JIH3KHX K npHHSlTblM
HaMH. 3ToMY 3Hat.leHHIO <p COOTBeTCTBYeT TOnl1J.HHa cpe3a a=0,14 MM.
EC.HH yrOJJ <P YBenH1.JHTb ,no 20°, TO Tonw.HHa cpe3a COCTaBHT 0,17 MM. ECTb
'"
OCHOBaHHj( nOJlaraTb, I.ffO npH TaKO" TOnlltHHe cpe3a 3aLlaHHaj( wepOXOBa-
TOCTb R a =3,2 MKM 6YLleT 06ecne4eHa. TaKHM 06P830M, nO)].TBep)K,lJ,8eM,
liTO yroJI B nnaHe <p=20° BbI6paH npaBHJIbHO, TaK K8K 33J.1aHH811 lllepOXOBa-
TOCTb 60KOBblX nOBepXIIOCTeH uape38HHOH pe3b6bI o6ecneLJHBaeTCSI C Bbl-
COKOH npOH3BO,LtHTeJ1bHOCTblO pe3b6006pa6OTKH.
OnTHM8JIbHbIH no CTOHKOCTH 3a.l1HHH yro;l a. Y 6bICTpOpeiK)'ll\HX pe3QOB,
pa60TalOWHX C TO.iI1J1HHaMH cpe38 0,17 MM (CM. Ta6JI. 2.2 ):{aHHoM pa6oTbl),
paBeH 12°. 3T0 CnpaBe,lJ.JIHBO H .wUI OCTaJ1bHbIX HHc-rpYMeHTOB. n03TOMY
.LJ.JUI npOeKTHpyeMoro MeTt.JHKa H83H81.JaeM a.=] 2°. M8Jloe 3Ha1.JeHHe a=6 CJ
peKoMeHjJ.oBaHo CnpaBOI.fHOH oI1HTeparypoH JIHWb IJOTOMY, 'ITO B CJ1Y43e
60J1blllHX a. npH BblBepTblBaHHM MeTl.fHKa 1l0,l.). cro 3aTbIJIOtfHbie nOBepxHo-
CTM B03MO)}(HO nOn8)..(aHHe CTpy)KKH H ee 3alUeMoI1eHHe; peiK)'lUHe 3y6b1l
MeT4HKa CKa.:lbIBaIOTCSI. B H8111eM c.aY4ae nOIfa,naHHe CTpy)KKH noJ]. 3aTbl-
JI04Hbie 1I0BepxHocTH MCT4HKa npe):{OTBpall(8eTCSI ero OIlOpHblMH 3JleMeH-
TaMM 1, nJIOTHO npHner'afOllJ,H\fH K nOBepxHocTSIM pe3aHHSI (CM. pHC. 2.67).
OnTHMaJlbllOCTb Bbl6paHHbix 311a4eHHH OCTaJlbHblX reOMeTpl1t.tecKHx
lIapaMeTpoB MO)KHO yr04HHTb JU1111b 3KcnepHMeHToM B KOHKpeTHblX YCJ10-
BHSlX pe3b6006pa60TKH. n03TOMY HX OCTaBJISIeM paHce npHHSlTblMH IIC
peKoMeH):{aUJuIM cnpaBot.JHoH J1HTepa1)'pbl.
2.9.1.4. Bbl60p cIIoco6oB topMHpOBaHHH H OTBo,aa CTPY3CKH H3
30Hbl pC3aHHH, paCqeT 3y6beB H TeJIa pa60Qeii lfaCTH HllcTpYMeH'ra
ua npolfHocTb H *eCTKOCTb, OllTHMH3aQHIO wara, pa3MepoB, top-
Mbl 3y6LCR H cTpy*eqHblX KSHaBOK He npOH3BO.LlHM.
CTpY)KKa, KaK Ii y Bcex MHOrOJle3BHMHbiX HHCTpYMeHTOB, CBo60,lJ.HG
CXO.LlHT 110 nepe,lJ.HeM nOBepXHOCTH, <»opMHpyeTcSI CTpY)Ke4HOH KaHaBKOH Ii
B HeH pa3MewaeTClI.
War 3y6beB, B ,lJ.aHHOM c.aY4ae nepbeB, onpeAeJISleTClI I1X I.JHCJIOM.
PeKOeH,lJ.YIOTCSI TPH nepa [6]. Bbl6HpaeM 4eTblpe, TaK K8K 3TO cTa6HJIH-
3HpyeT n0J10>KeHHe MeT411Ka B Hape3acMoM oTBepcTHw H o6;lert.JaeT T04-
Hble H3MepeHHSI lIapaMeTpoB pC3b6bl MeTtIHKa.
336

P a 30 ell 2 flpoeKmUp06GHUe pe:JK:VllIUX UllcmpYMeHm08
no ,Q8HHblM Hccne.noBaHHH B.B.MaTBeeBa [132], np04HOCTb MeT4HKa
M 16 AOCTaTOLJHa", TeM 60J1ee, 1.fTO B CBj(3H C YBeJ1Ht.teHHeM rn3BHoro yrJI8
B nnaHe ,l.lO 20 0 YMeHb1ll3eTcjJ lJHCJ10 pe)KYW-HX 3y6beB, XOT1I 1.JHCJ10 pe>KY-
11J,HX nepbeB YBe."HLJHBaeTCJI C Tpex ,[to 4eTblpex. J{OCT3T04Haj( npoLJHOCTb
MeT4HK8 MHOrOKpaTHO l1o)J.TBep)J(JJ.eHa npOH3BO,lJ.CTBeHHoM IlpaKTHKou.
OTp36oTaHHble HHCTpYMeHTaJ1bHOM npOMbJUlJ1eHHOCTbfO <»OpMbl nepb-
CB H CTpY)KeLlHbIX KaHaBOK B nonepettliOM cet.teHHH H306pa)KeHbl Ha
pUC. 2.69. OH" OTBeLJafOT sceM Tpe60BaIlHSlM, H3;IO)J(CHHbIM B 11.2.2.6
J{aHHoro noc06HjI.
KOHKpeTHble 3Ha'-leHMJI napaMeTpoB nonepe4Horo Ce4eHHJI MerlfHKa [I].
· ,[tHaMeTp cep,QLJ.eBHHbl de =O,5 d 8 MM;
. lllHPHH8 nepa b=O,28d=4,5 MM;
· pa,[tHYC H8 ,lJ.OHbll1IKe KaHaBKH r=4 MM,
. pa.lU1YC cnHHKH R onpe,l.\e.,1S1eTCSI OCT8.ilbHbIMH lIap8Melp8MH CTpY)Kell-
HOU KaH8BKI1;
. nepe)J.HHH yrOJI CIIHHOLIHOH KpOMKH 1")=-15°.
OapaMeTpbl 11, r M R 06ecnC4MBalOTCSI KaHaB04HOH <l>pe30M, LJepTe)K H
HOMep KOTOpOi1 YKa3bIBaeTCSI B TeXUH4eCKHX Tpe60BaHHSlX H8 LJepTe)f(e
BMeCTO KOHKpeTHblx 3HaqeHHH 3THX napaMeTpOB.
2.9.1.5. Onpe.aCJJeHHe pa3MepOB H c»>OpMLI pa60Qeii 'IaCTH
<l>opMa pa604eM 4aCTM 06weH3BeCTHa. 3TO B npHHI1Hne BHHT C npope-
3aHHblMH B,[tOJ1b OCH CTpY)I(e4HblMM KaHaBKaMH. nepe,LJJlj(SI 4aCTb COlllnH-
<pOB8Ha H8 KOIIYC 1'1 3aTblJIOBaHa no uapY:>KHOH nOBepXHOCTH.
HHa pa60QeH ttaCTH I (pMC. 2.68) no faCT 3266--81 COCTaBJUleT 32 MM.
j:{nHHa 3a60pHOH \.faCTI1 /) onpe.l1eJ1j(eTCjI yr.HOM B [J;laHe <p H lJ,HaMeT-
pO\1 nepe,QHero TOPUa d y .
dT=dl-O,312,5-0,3=12,2 MM.
d-d 16-12 2
,lLJII1Ha 3a6opHoH 4aCTH /. = T = '  5 MM.
2tg<p 2. 0,364
npH npHHSlToi1 110 rOCT AnHHe pa604cH 1.JaCTH ).VIHHa KaJ1H6pYlOlU e ii
48CTH
'2:;/-/1=32-5=27 MM,
(ITO COCTaBJlj(eT 13 HHTOK pe3b6bl. no ,[(aHHbIM MCCJle.LlOBaHHH aBTopa
33"

UJa?YH 8.H Pe)Kyw.HA HHCTpYMeHT
llJUI YCTOM4HBOrO nOJIO)KeHHjI MeTI.JHKa B OTBepCTHH ,aOCTaTOLJHO
4 KaJIH6pYlOWHX HHTKH. YTOQHeHHaSi JJ.J1HHa KaJlH6pYIOUJ.eM tfaCTH COCTa-
BHT 4 wara nJ1IOC 3anac Ha nepeTOI.fKH, KOTOpblH MO)KHO onpe,LI.enHTb .I1Hlllb
""
nocne pact.JeTa )),onycKaeMblx OTKJ10HeHMH napaMeTpOB MeT"'IHKa.
2.9.1.6. PaC'IeT HCnOJIHHTeJlLHblX pa3MepoB pe3b6bl MeT'IHKa
HaH6oJ1bwyfO C.Jl0)KHOCTb npe,LI.CTaBJ]jleT Ha3HaLJeHHe IlpeJ].eJ1bHbIX OT-
1<.110HeHHH cpe)].Hero AHaMeTpa pe3b6bt MeT4HKa. t:(.nSl pellleHHSI 3TOH 3a-
1184H BOCn0J1b3yeMCjJ MeTO.l1HKOM J!aHHoro I10C06HjI (cM.n.2.2.8.2) c IIP"-
BJle4eHHeM pa60T no TOt.JHOCTH pe3b6006pa60TKH.
B cootBeTCTBHH C pHC. 2.43 nOJIHblH t{OIlYCK Ha Cpe,l(HHH .D.MaMeT})
pe3b6bl MeT4HK3
T'd =TD-P _11'+1' ) +p
2N 2 max V p .J P max min'
H., 1M
T'd =TD- ( P -P ) - (f + f)
2N 2 max mm p (J. max'
rl1e TD 2 -liOnYCK H8 Cpel1HHM lU-IaMeTp Hape3aeMOM pe3b6bl ( COOTBeT-
cTB y eT nonlO H H8 P Hc.2.43); P , P . - COOTBeTCTBeHHO HaH60J1bUJee
cr max mm
H HaHMeHbWee pa36HBaHHe Cpe.nHerO AH3MeTpa Hape3aeMOH pe3b6bl;
f p +f p - IU13MeTpaJlbHbie KOMneHC8QHH OUJH6oK mara H n0J10BHHbl yrna
npO$HJUI Hape3aeMOH pe3b6bJ.
(P - P . ) - He LITO "HOe, K3K P acceHBaHHe P a3Me p OB C p e,l.{HerO
max mln
ltH3MeTpa pe3b6bl, Hape3aeMOH OJJ.HHM H TeM jf(e MeTtJHKOM 8 HeH3MeH-
HblX YCJIOBHjJX.
npOBepHM B03MO)KHOCTb HCnOnb30BaHHjI MeT4HKOB l-ro KJlaCCa T04-
HOC1 H, CaMblX T04HbiX no raCT 16925-7 I. OTKJ10HeHHe m3ra pe3b6bl
p y f8KHX MeT4MKOB J.{ollycKaCTCjI B JJpe.n.cJlax % 10 MKM, a 1101l0BHHbJ
yrJI3 npo<pHJ1Sl (J3/2 ) % 10 MHHyr. ,[{HaMeTp3JJbHble KOMneHcaUHH oWM6oK
wara M n0J10BHHbl npoQ>Hnjl Bbl4HCJIHM no <»opMYJlaM pa60Tbi [6]:
II' =Pctg( (3/2); ff}=2PA( 13/2),
J:lle  - yrOJI npo<pH.l1S1 pe3b6bl (60°); L\(f3/2) - OTKJ10HeHHe 1l0J10BHHbl yrJ1a
npo<pHJUI pe3b6bl B pa.1.UtaHax, KOTopoe MO)KHO 3aMeHHTb H8 sinA{f3!2).
B 3TOM cJ1yqae  1,732.10=t7,3 MKM, a ir, 2 .2000.0,0029=11,6 MKM.
no pe3YJlbTaT3M ony611HKoB8HHbiX pa60T aBTopa B YCJIOBHRX Hape33-
HHR pe3b6bl, 6JIH3KHX K peKOMeHJ!yeMbIM, pacceHBaHHe pa3MepOB co6-
338

P a 30 e Jl 2. l]poeKmUp06QIIUe pe:»cyulux ullcmpYMeHmo6
CTBeHHO Cpe.LJ.HerO l1HaMeTpa Hape3aeMoM pe3b6bl COCTaBJl.sIeT 20 MKM.
Tor)].a nOJ1HbIH AonycK Ha Cpe.aHHH AMaMeTp
T'd2N=60-20-17,3-ll,611 MKM.
CO\.feTaHHe HaH60JlbWHX 3H3LJeUHM npHHj(TbIX B pacLieTc lIorpewHocTew
MaJ10BepoSiTHo. CTaTHCTHtteCKoe CJIOiKeHHe norpewHocTeH 1I03BOJIHT He-
CKOJ1bKO pacillHpHTb nOJ1HbIM ,nonycK Ha CpeJ1.H"" lI.MaMeTp pC3b6bl MeT4HKa:
T'L\d2N=60-(202+17,32+11,6:)o.531 MKM.
no rOCT 11188-82 .L1.0nycK TO;lbKO Ha M3rOTOBJICHHe COCT3BJlj(eT
14 MKM. Ha H3HOC OCTaeTCSJ O'"leHb MMO. n03TOMY He06xo.IU1MO }'iKeCTO-
4MTb OTKJ10HeHI1S1 napaMeTpOB pe3b6bl MeT4MKa. Ha'3HaLIHM HX TaKHMH
lKe, KaK H J],J1j( pe3b6oBbiX KaJlH6pOB:
Td 2 = 10 MKM; L\P=::f:5 MKM; L\«(3/2)=::f: 1 0'.
TorAa T'd 2N 60-(20 2 +8,66 2 + 11,62)0535 MKM.
nOJ1YLJeHHOe 3HaLJCHHC nO,,1Horo J],onycKa na Cpell.HHM J],HaMeTp pe3b6bl
Me1 (IHKa Ha,no pa3l].e.HHTb Ha )J,Be \:IaCTH: Ha M31'OTOBJleHHC " Ha li3HOC.
no Mcpe 3aT)'I1J1eHHjJ MeT4HKa cpe.aHHM tlHaMeTp Hapc3acMoM pC3b6bl
1Ha'"lHTeJ1bHO YMeHblllaCTC}I 113-38 YBeJIH4eHHj( ynpyroro BOCCTaHOBJIeHHjJ
o6pa60TaHHbiX nOBepXHOCTeM. no )laHHbIM pa60T aBl0pa 38 7..5 MHHYT
pe3aHH1I OH YMeHbwaeTCSI 118 15 MKM. WHpHHa IIjJOUJ,a.L1KM H3Hoca no
3a,I:\HHM nOBepxHocTSIM MeT4HKa AOCTHraeT riP" 3TOM Bcero jlHWb 0,15 MM,
a no yrOJ1KaM - 0,74 MM. HeTPYJ],HO npHHfH K BbIBOLlY, '-ITO .L10nYCK H8
cpe,nHHH )..{HaMeTp pe3b6bl MeT1.1MKa (,aonYCK Ha l-i3rOTOB.neHHe) cJ1eayeT
IIpHHSlTb, KaK H ,[lJlSl pe3b60BblX KaJlH6pOB, a HMeHHO T d 2N = 10 MKM, a ua
H3HOC OCTaBMTb 25 MKM.
OTKJIOHeHMSI cpe.l1l1ero J{HaMeTpa pe3b6bl MeTlJMKa OllpCJ1CJISIeM no
pHc.2.43. B C;IY1.1ae pa36HBaHHSI cpe,aHero ,[lt1a\1CTpa Hape3aeMoM pe3b6bl
esd 2N = esD., - P ..
 maK
eid 2N = esd 2 f' - Td 2N -
ECJlH HMeeT MCCTO yca,lJ,Ka cpe,nHero AM8Me1 pa, TO
esd" N = esD., + Y ,
.I.. _ mm
eid 2N = csd 2 !\ - Td zN '
339

WazYII 8.11. Pe*yuU.fA HHcTpYMeHT
r):le esd2N - BepxHee OTKJ10HeHHe cpe}.(Hero .lX H 8MeTpa pe3b6bl MeTLfHKa;
eid 2N - HM)KHee OTK.HOHeHHe cpe,nHero ,nHaMeTp3 pe3b6bl MeTtJHKa;
esD 2 - BepxHee OTKJJOHeHMe Cpe,ltHerO t(HaMeTpa Hape3aeMoH pe3b6bl;
P , Y - COOTBeTCTBeHHO MaKCHM1bHoe p83611BaHHe MJ1H Ml-iHHM3J1b-
max mm
HajJ yca,nK8 Cpe):1Her'O ):lH3MeTpa H3pe3aeMOH pe3b6bl.
AHaJ1H3)')Ke BblnOJlHeHHblX Hcc.ae,nOBaHHH (cM.pa6oTbl aBTop3) n03BO-
JUleT Ha CTa):1HM n p oeKTH p OBaHHj( n p HHjlTb P = 20 MKM, a P . = o.
max mm
Tor.na esd 2N =+60-20 -+ 40 MKM=+O,040 MM; eid 2 N + 40-1 0 + 30 MKM=:
=+0,,030 MM.
YT04HH1b 3Hat.teHHjI P HJlM Y . MO)KHO JlHllIb 3KCne p HMeHTOM. tLrljl
max mm
7TOrO B npHHJlTblX YCJlOBH1IX pe3h6006pa60TKH CllpOeKTHpOBaHHblM MeT-
4MKOM Hape3alOT napTHIO OTBepC'fHH (He MeHee 2S liT.) " H'3MepjJlOT
c06cTBeHHo cpeHHH JlHaMeTp SiX pe3b6bl. pJlJ] H3MepeHHbix 3Ha1.JeHHH
CTaTHCTH4eCKH 06pa6aTblBalOT. nOJIY4afOT cpe)].HHe 3H84eHHjI pa36HBa-
HHH HJIH yca.llKH<t 8 T810Ke BepOjiTHble rp8HHQbf HX pacnpe.neJ1eHHjI, He06-
XOJJ.HMble )t,1j( Bbl1.JHCJ1eHHSI npe,l.1eJlbHblX 3Hat.JeHHH pa36HsaHH» Mn" yca.lJ,KM
cpeLlHero lUiaMeTpa Hape3aeMOM pe3b6bl.
[{onYCK" Ha HapY)KHbIH H BH)'TpeHHHH )!HaMeTpbJ \1eT4HKa npHHHM3eM
no rOCT J 1188-82.
BepxHee OTKJ10HeHMe HapY)KHOrO .lJ.MaMeTpa esd N =: +0, 156 MM.
H H)f(Hee OTKJ10HeHHe H3pY)l{HOrO AHaMeTpa eid N = +0, I 08 MM.
BepXHee OTKJIOHeHHe BH)'TpeHHero ,nH3MeTp8 esd lN = - 0,040 MM.
HH)f(Hee OTKJIOHeHHe BHyrpeHHero )J.HaMeTpa eid lN He Orp3HH1.fHBaeTCjI.
2.9.1.7. BLI60p cnoco6oB OTBoa TellJlOTLI H3 30HLI pe18HHH
npH CKOpOCTH pe3aHHjI 6 M/MHH TeMllep3rypa pe3aHHR HH3K3JI. OHa,
6e3YCJIOBHO, HMiKe OIlTHM3.s1bHOH no CTOHKOCTH. n03TOMY HY)I(HO 6blJ10 6bl
He OTBOJJ.HTb, 8 1I0,l.tBOlJ.HTb TCJIJ10TY K 30He pe3aHHjI. J(;1J1 1I0BblllleHJHI
CTOMKOCTH MeT4HKa B 3TMX YCJ10BHj(X oco6eHHO Ba)KHO YMeHblllHTb Tpe-
HHe Ha ero KOHTaKTHblX nOBepXHOCTSIX K84ecTBeHHOH CM83KOH. 31'0 o6ec-
nCl.JHBaeTCSI nOJlHBOM 3MYJ1bCHeH, KaK YKa3aHO B '3a,naHHH Ha npoeKTHpo-
BaHMC. 3MYJ1bCHjI XOpOLUO IIpoHHK8er B 30HY pe38HHjI H n03TOMY CMa3bl-
BaeT TpYW.HecSi 1I0BepXHocTM JIYLfllle, 4eM BJl3KHe M8CJIj(Hble Cpe,lJ.CTBa, C
Tpy.aOM npoHHKafOlUHe B 30HY pe38HHjI 113-33 nepeno.nHeHHjI CTpY)J(e4HbIX
KaHaBOK MeT4HKa CTPY)KKOi. IlOABOA CO)l( 110 KaHaJlaM B TCJle MeT4WKa
HeB03MOJKeH H3-38 MCL1blX pa3McpoB nOCJ1e).tHero.
340

P Q 30 ell 2. npoeKmUp06QUUe pe:JIC)JIl/1LX 1I11CmpYMeHm06
2.9.1.8. OKOH1JaTeJlbHaB onTHMH3aQHH
KOHCTpyKQHH pa60QCH qaCTH
BblnOJIHeHHblM paC\.IeT cpeJJ-Hero J,\HaMeTpa pe3b6bl MeTlIHKa n03B0J1Sl-
cr OIlTHMH3HpOBaTb jt,1HHY ero pa604eH qaCTH. PaHee (11.2.9.1.5) OHa
IlpHH»Ta 110 fOCT 3266-81 H COCTaBHJI3 32 MM. 113 ).10IIYCKa H3 H3HOC,
paBHoro 25 MKM (cM.n.2.9.1.6), H8 YMeHbllleHHC Cpe.11.HerO )1HaMeTpa
pC3b6bl MeT1.JHK8 OT nepeTO"leK no 3a6opHoH \iaCTH MO)KHO Bbl).1e.nHTb He
GOJlee 10 MKM, 15 MKM OCTaBJ1j(eM H8 YMcHbllleHHc cpe.n.Hcro .£lHaMeTp3
01 381)'nJ1eHMSI MeT4HKa. npH npHHSlToH 06paTHoH KOHYCHOCTH no cpe.a-
IIc\ty ).1H8Me...py pe3b6bl 0,1.100 MM 3TO cooTBeTcTByeT CTa4HBaHHIO
\1CT1.JMKa no ).1J1HHe Ha (100/0,1 )0,01 = 10 MM MJn1 Ha 5 HMTOK pe'3b6bl.
10 MM - MHHMManbHO LtOnycTHM8g BCJIHI.fHHa CTattHBaHMSI. MaKCHMa..1b-
lIaSi BeJ1H4HHa CT84HB8HHSI AOCTHrHeT 20 MM, eCJ1H MeT4HK 6Y.£leT 1131"'0-
IOBJleH C HaI16oJ1bWMM IIpe.n.eJlbHblM pa3MepOM cpellHero )(H8MCTpa.
'raKI1M 06P830M, )J.J1HHa K8J1H6pytOll1eM "taCT" l COCTaBHT 18 MM (4 HHTKH
Jl..UI Hanp8SJ1CHHjI MeT4HK8 B pa60Te 1IJ1IOC 5 IIHTOK H8 IICpCTOlIKH).
06uaSl ltJ1HHa pa604eH l.JaCTH I /1 +/2=5+ 18:=23 MM 4TO MeHbwe pCKO-
MeH]tyeMoH CTaH,rt8pTOM. MeT4HK 6Y.l1.eT 3KOHOMH l ltlee.
3KOHOMH"IHOCTb MeT'-IHKa MO:>KHO .IJ.OllOJlHHTeJlbHO nOBbICt.1Tb 3a ClIeT
ICXHOJlOrH4HOCTH. YnpocTHM 3860PHYJO LJaCTb MeT4HKa. BblnOJllfHM ec
o6I1tenpHHSlToH, 6e3 onopHblx 3J1eMCHTOB Ha 33TblJ10t.JHbIX nOBcpXHOCTSlX,
I aK KaK eCTb OCHOBaHHe nOJl8raTb, 4TO pa.llHMbH ble KO.,1e6aHHSI MeTLJ I1K8
6Y.llYT MaJlblMM 3a CqeT YMeHbUleHHSI, npOTHB peKOMeHt\yeMoro rOCT,
paJ.lHMbHOro 6HeHHSI pe)KYWHX KpOMOK H «3aw.eM.rIeHHSI» MeT l IHK8 B pe3b-
()OBOH HanpaB."1I0WCH BryJIKe npHCIIOC06J1eHH}J. TaKHM 06pa30M" npHMCM
lIepBblH B8PH8HT KOHCTPYKHM. ECJIH npC){1I0naraeMblc OrpaUH1.JCHHjI pa-
) IH(L1bHblX K0J1e6aHH" MeT\.)MKa 6yJ.1yr HeAOCTaTO'-lHbIMH., TO Hape38HHe
lIepBblX .aeTaJleH 3TO BbUIBI1T. Tor.na BepHeMCj( K nCpBOHaLJaJJbHoMY BapH-
aHT)' KOHCTPYKQHH p36oI.JeH qaCTH C onopHblMH J1eMeHTaMH Ha 38Tbl.nOlJ-
IIblX nOBepxHoCT»X MeT4HKa.
H3 3TOH CTaA"H npoeKTHpoBaHHSI aHaJ1H3 npMHS\TbIX peweHMH BblSlBHJ1,
"ITO rJ1a8HblH 3aJlHHH yrOJ1 a.=12° - 3TO KHHeMaTH4ecKHM yroJl. CTaTM-
"leCK"H 3a.n.HHM yroJ1 6y.aeT OT Hero OTJ1H4aTbC», TaK K8K nO,ltal.fa 60J1b-
IIlaJl, COCTaBJ1S1eT 2 MM H8 060POT MeT4HKa, a He 0,2 MM, K8K Y p e3 ua
1103ToMY no npHHToMY OnTMM3.ilbHOMY KMHeMaTM4ecKoMY aJ(=12° Bbl-
341

/11 a?YH 8.11. Pe)f(yuufH UHcTpYMeHT
lJUCm-IM 3HatteHHe CTaTHtteCKoro 3aAHero yma a, Heo6xo,lUfMOro .!I,ml 3a-J
T04KH MeTqMKa. I
J
tga.=tga. lC +tg<p(P/1td x ) [3]. f
Ha cpeAHeM AHaMeTpe d 2 = 14,701 MM '1
tga=tg 12°+tg200(2/1t.14 70 J )==0,2283.
YT04HeHHblH CTaTH"IeCKMH 38}J.HHH yroJl a.:=::: 13 0 .
2.9.2. DpoeKTHpoBaHHe npHCoeJJ;HHHTeJILHOH '1aCTH
MeT4MK Coe.l1MHj(eTCSI co 1l1l1HH,lJ,eneM CTaHKa nO,ltBH)KHO C HCn0J1b30Ba-
HHeM n3TpoHa nYlfllleH KOHCTPYKUHH (CM. pHC. 2.5 I, ?). XBOCTOBHK MeTt.fH-
Ka UHJ1HH.l1pHtteCKoH <pOpMbl C KBa,npaToM Ha KOHue no faCT 3266--81,
HCnOJIHeHHe 2. .l(nHHa XBOCTOBHKa 70 MM 8 ,UMaMeTp - 12,5 MM.
MaTepH8Jl XBOCTOBHKa - CT3Jlb 40X 110 faCT 4543-71. CoeAHHeM
C pa604cH 4aCTbJO cBapKoH, )J(e;laTeJlbHO cBapKoH TpeHHeM..
Pa60Tocnoc06HoCTb XSOCTOBHKa MHoroKpaTHo npoBepeH8 IIpOH3BOA-
Cl BeHHOM npaKTHKot n0310MY paCqeTbl XBOCTOBHKa H8 npO"lHOCTb, a
KBa.l(paTa lIa CMJlTHe He BbJnOJJHJleM. HcnO':Ib30BaHHe lJO.l{BH)f(HOI"'O naTpo-
Ha ).J.JI COe)]HHeHMj( MCTttHKa co UJIlHH).1eJleM Cl aHKa AeJlaeT HeHYiKHblMH
paC'"IeTbl H8 >KeCTKOCTb M T04HOCTb Jl03HLUfOHHpOBaHH)].
2.9.3. npoeKTHpoBaHHe HanpaBJIHlOlUeii qaCTH
npHHSlT8 3aJ]HSlj( pe3b60Ba HanpaBJISlfOluaSi 4aCTb C HanpaBJleHHeM no
KOH,ltYKIOpHOit BTYJlKe IJpMcl1oc06J1eHHSI. He06xo)JHMOCTb 3Toro 6blJ1a
BblSlBJICHa B npoecce IIpOeKl "pOBatHi)] pa604eit 4aCTH. HanpaBJUIIOl.l\YIO
BblIIO.l1HeM 3a O,!.tHO ueJ10e C pa60qeH 4aCTblO MeT4HKa. K HHM npHBapH-
BaeM XBOCTOBHK.
L(nHHa HaIlpa&1j1IOIUeH pasHa ,It.,1HHe HanpaB.rl)]IOJueH BTYJlKH (24 MM),
rUllOC .l1J1HHa Hape3acMoM pe3b6bl (25 MM), nJilOc J.1.aHHa 3a60pHoH 4aCTH
MeTtlHKa (5 Ml\I), I1.aIOC paccToRHwe OT Topua Hape3aeMoH t{eTaJ1H t{O
lopua H8npaBJljlIQweit BT)'JlKH (10 MM), nJ110C 3anac Ha nepe6erH (10 MM).
liToro ,ltJ1HHa COCTaBHT 74 MM. 3T0 04eHb 60;lbma .l1J1HHa. 3KOHOMH4-
HOCTb TaKoro MeT4HKa HH3Ka. He06xo.aHMO HCK8Tb .D.PYI'He pemeHMj(.
,[taHHbIH I1pHMep nO,L:tTBep)K,LlaeT BblCKa3aHHoe B pa60Te MHCHHe, 4TO
COeD.HHeHHC JlY4111HX JJJeMeHTOB He Bcer,l.l.a 06ecne4HBaeT OnTHMaJ1bHYIO
CBst1K).
342

P a 3 iJ e J1 2 n poeKmUp06QUUe peJICYu#ux ullcmpYMeHmoB
2.9.4. OnTHMH3anHR KOHCTPYKUHH MeTqHKa B ueJ10M
OTK83aBUlHcL OT pe3LooBoii H8npaBJlHIOWeii qaCTH, npHMeM
MeTttHKM C Be):{YW-HMH nepbjJMH, BOCllpMHMMafOllU1MH oceBhlC CHjlbl H C
rop6006pa3HblMM onopHblMH 3J1eMeHTaMH lIa 3aTblJI04HbiX nOBepXHOCTjlX
.a;Ul orpaHH4cHHSI pa.rUI8JIbHbIX K0J1e6aHHH MeT4MKa. BHeceM CBB3aH-
IIble C 3THM H3MeHeHHB B KOHCTpYKnHIO MeTIfHKa.
BblllHCJ1HM yron B nnaHe <p M )J)1HHY /) 3a6opHoM lJaCTI1, T8K KaK TonbKO
)(Ba pe)K)'1l.\MX nepa (LlBa BeJ..\YlUMx) :
. a.n
Sln<p = ,
p
f)J.e n - "IMCJ10 peiKYlUHX nepbeB.
npH npMH)1TO" TOJlMHe cpe3a a = 0, 17 MM
· 0, 1 7 · 2 0 7
Sin <P = 2 =, I ; <p = 9°50'.
TaKoc 3Ha1.JeHMe yrJla B flJ1aHe 06ecne4HBaeT MMUMManbHYIO pa3HOCTb
B JJIHHe pe)KYlUMX KpOMOK Ha npOTHBOllOJI0iKHbiX nepb)1X MeT4MK8, B
CB)13M C 4eM MeHbwe BeKTOp CYMMbI pa.rU18JlbHbIX CHn, MeHbllle pa36MBa-
IIHe pe3b6bl [133].
ARMHa 3a60pHoH lIaCTH MeT\.IHKa (pHc.2.68)
11 =-(d-d T )/2tg<p=( 16-12,2)/2.0 17= I ] MM.
IHHa KaJlH6pYIOw.eH lIaCTH OCTa;tacb 6e3 M3MeHeHMi1 '1 = 18 MM.
061ll-aj( AJIMH8 pa60lleH 48CTH MeT4HK8
I 1,+/ 2 =11+18 -2 9 MM,
4TO KopotJe peKoMeHAyeMoH CTaH).1apToM H8 3 MM.
ECJ1H KHHeMaTM1.JeCKH" 3a,llHHM yr01J MeT\.JHKa paBeH UYJJfO, TO ero
38).1H)1)1 nOBepXHOCTb (3aTbIJI04Ha)1) n1101'HO npMneraeT K 1I0BepXHOCTH
pC3aHMj(, 6e3 3330pa. Ha 3TOM nOBepXHOCTH .D.O.,1)KHbl H8XOAHTbCSI caMble
BblCOKHe TOI.JKH OHOpHblX 3J1eMeHTOB, OrpaHHI.JHBafOWMX p3.l{Ha.:JbHble KO-
Jle6aHHS MeT"IHKa. BbJ4HCJIHM nOJIOiKeHHe onopHblX T04eK.
nYCTb 38.D.HjJSI I1JaBH8S1 nOBepXHOCTb nepa MeT4MKa ofhc He 3aTblJ10Ba-
Ha, a npocTO tfaCTb KOHHLfeCKOHnOBepXHOCTH C yrJIOM YKJIOHa <p (pHC. 2.70).
O()2 - OCb MeTlfMKa. J1HHHM 00 2 Ii aa 1 napaJIlleJlbHbl MelK.LJ.Y c060" Oac
H 0ld8 - ABa 1I0nepetJHbiX celleHHj(, nepneH,ltHK)'JljlpHbIC OCH O()2'
343

'llaZYH 8.11. PelKyw.HH HHcTpYMeHT
d
de
Puc 269 napaMeTpbl nepbeB M cTpYiKetfHblX K8H3BOK MeTtfHK3 [31:
I - pe)l(yw.ee nepo; 2 - BelI.ywee nepo
o
Puc 2 70. CxeMa .llJUI paC1.JeTa n0J10)KeHH" onopHblx 3J1eMeHTOB Ha 3aTbIJlOtlHbi
nOBepxHocT1IX 3a6opHot11.JaCTH MeT1.JJlKa
344

P a 3 0 e Jl 2 flpoeKmupoeQHue peJKylilux uHcmpY.lt1eHmOe
Bo BpeMSI pa60Tbl MeT1.JMKa Ka:>K).1aSl ero T04Ka nepeMew.aeTCjI no
BHHTOBOi1 JIHHHH C warOM pe3b6bl p. B TaKOM cnY4ae T04Ka h, ,nBHraJiCb
R HanpaBJleHHH ba, ,nOJJjKHa nepeHTH H8 MeCTO T04KH a Ho 3TO HeB03-
MO)J(HO, TaK KaK T01.JKa b J1e>KHT Ha ypOBHe TOLJKH d, T.e. BblUIe T04KH a
Ha BeJ1H4HHY ed.
e d- aetg<p; ae=(P/3600).So.
Ho ed - 3TO cnM 3aTblJ1Ka AK, H8 yrJ1e 1I0BopOTa S.. IJpH KOTOpOM
3MHH" KHHeMaTH4eCKHH YIOJI MeT4HKa paBeH HYJ1IO, 8 38TbU104Haj( IIOBep-
XHOCTb MeTLJHKa onHpaeTCjI 6e3 3a30p8 Ha nOBepXHOCTb pC3aIlHj(. TaKHM
06Pa30M, B pa,nHaJ1bHbIX CeLleHHjlX C8Mbie BblCOKHe T04KH onopllbIX 3ne-
MeHTOB 3aTblnO'"lHblX 1I0BepXHOCTeH MeTLJHKa ,nOjl)l{lIbl ..1C:>KaTb HI1)Ke T04CK
pe)K}'uteH KpOMKH Ha Be..1H4HHY AKa = (PS/360)tg<p, HaIJpHMep, T04Ka b
J..{OJ1)J(Ha 6bITb HH>Ke TO'"lKH d H3 BeJ1HttHHY ed =AKo (pHC. 2.70).
no <P0PMYJ18M, Heo6xo,lJ,HMblM .lJ..I1j( IJpOeKTHpOBaHH 3aTbljlOB04lfbiX
KYJ I a'"l KOB, Bbl"lHCJ1HM BeJIH'"IHHbl 3aTbinOBaHHjI MeT4HKa') HCIJOJlb3yeMbie
liP" ero H3rOTOBneHHH H KOHTpOJle.
CII 3aTblJlKa H8 yrJIOBOM mare nepbeB JJ.;Ij( 06pa30BaHHjI 3aD.HCI'0
yrn8 (1 K=( 1td/ z )tga.=41ttga=41ttg 13 o2, 9 MM.
3aTblJ10BaHHe no npOH;lfO Ii HapY>KHOMY AHa1CTpy pe3b6bl pe:>KYLl.J.HX
lIepbeB KIbtga.I=4tg20'0,02 MM H8 UIHpHHe nepa.
lllHPHHY nepa b IIpHHjlJ1H MCHbUIe, 4CM pallee, a HMeHHO 4 MM BMCCTO
4,5 MM, C Qeol1bfO 06Jler1.JeHHSI 3aTblJ10BaHHSI MeTlIHKa.
Be,lJ.YLl.J.He nepbSl no HapY)J(HoMY ,ltHaMeTpy H IIpO<pHJHO pe3b6bl 3aTbl-
JlyeM OT cepe)J.HHbl nepa co ClIa,L\OM 3aTbiJIKa 0,03 MM B CTOPOHY nepe-
D.HeH nOBepxHocTH H cnHHKH 3y6a (CM. pHC. 2.69).
nOHI1jJ(eHHe 06pa3YI01UeH rpe6HJI rop6a Ha 3aTbln01.JHOH 48CTH MeT'"IH-
Ka flTHocwreJlbHO pe)f(Y1UeH KpOMKH, eCJIH 8=20°, COCTaBHT
AKa =(PS/3 60)tg<p=(2 .20/3 60)tg9° 50' O, 02 MM.
CKoppeKTMpOB8HHblH Ha yrOJ1 <p=9°50' CT8TH4CCKHH 38,nHHH yrOJl
(1= 12°25'. npHHHMaeM 12°.
2.9.5. Pa3pa6oTKa TeXIIHQeCKHX Tpe60BaHHH
TexHHt.JecKHe Tpe60BaHHJI npHHHMaeM 110 rOCT 3449-84E K8K
3KOHOMHt.teCKH BblroAHble AJUI cpeAHMX YCJ10BHH npoH3Bo)J.cTBa. Y)J(C-
34

lllazYH B.H. PeJKYllI.HH HHCTpYMeHT
CT04aeM TOJ1bKO Te H3 HHX, KOTOpble CHJ1bHO BnHjflOT H8 TO"lHOCTb
pe3b6006pa6oTKH.
TaK pa)..\HaJ1bHOe 6HeHHe pe)f(YlUHX KpOMOK Ha 3a60pHOM H KaJ1H6pylO-
weM lJaCTH MeTI.fMKa npMHHMaeM paBHblM 0,015 MM. J:{nj( ero o6ecnel.fe-
HHjI BBOAHM HOBoe Tpe60BaHHc: HepaBHoMepHocTb OKpY)I(HOro mara, KO-
Topaj( He )..\011)1(Ha 6blTb 60Jlee 0,03 MM.
OrpaHH'"IHBaeM UHKJ1Ht.teCKHe OWH6KM wara pe3b6bl MeTI.fHKa p u
(pHc.2. 71), KOTopble He BbUIBJUUOTCj( 06wenpHHj(TbIM MeTO)J.OM KOHTpO;UJ

ci
<3
t:l

:iidz
Puc 2.7/. Pa3sepTKa pe3b6bl MeT1.fHKa
wara P, KaK paCCTOjfHHSI Me)K)..\Y o,nHOHMeHHbIMH 60KOBblMM cTopoHaMH
pe3b6bl B oceBOM cet.teHHM. l\HKJIH4eCKajf 0l1JH6Ka lllara - 3TO BbIl13)J.e-
HMe pe)l(YWHx KpOMOK MeTI.JHK8 113 TeOpeTHl.feCKHX BHHTOBblX 1I0BepxHoc-
reM H8 BeJIHlIHHY M'u (pMc.2.71). npHHHMaeM Mu = 5 MKM. Tor:u,a nOJ1-
HblH )..\OIlYCK Ha cpe)J.HHH AHaMeTp pe3b6bl MeTlJHKa
T'd 2 N 60-(20 2 + 1,7322(5 2 +5 2 )+ 11 ,6 2 )° 534 MKM.
011 YMeHbWHJlCSI no cpaBHeHHIO C paHee BbII.fHC11eHHbIM (6e3 UHKJ1H-
t.JeCKOH oWH6KM wara) Bcero JJHWb HS 1 MKM. n03TOMY HHKaKHX H3MeHe-
HHH B ,lJ.OI!ycKaeMble OTKJ10HeHHSI pe3b6bl MeTl.fHKa He BHOCHM.
B CBSl3H C 1I0BblllleHHOH TOI.fHOCTblO MeTI.JHKa CJle,lJ.yeT YMeHblllHTb, 110
cpaBHeHHtO C peKOMeH,lJ.yeMoH CTaH,lJ.SpTOM, wepOXOB8TOCTb HeKOTopblX
346

P a 3 0 e.11 2 npoeKmUpOaQHUe pe:»<:ylllux uHcmpYMeHmOf3
ero nOBepxHocTeH, B nepBYfO 04epeAb 60KOBbiX 1I0BCpXHocTeH pe3b6bl, 8
lalOKe nepeAHHX H 33AHMX.
B LlHCJ1e .D.0n0J1HHTeJJbHbIX Tpe60B3HHH CJleJ.1yeT orOBopHTb BHD.bl 38-
I blJlOB8HMJI M ero napaMeTpbl, a TaK)Ke YKa38Tb, LITO 111epOXOB8TOCTb
v v
lIepeAHHX M 38AHHX nOBepXHOCTeH .llOCTHraeTC ,LJ.OBOAKOM, a He IJOJIHpO-
naHHeM, lIP" KOTOpOM HeH36eJKHbl 38BMbi pe)KYWMX KpOMOK. 113 .llonOJI-
HHTeJlbHblX BHAOB o6pa60TKH CJleAyeT 381IMcaTb 311HJI8MHpOB8HHe D.J1S
YMeHbWeHHjI TpeHIUI Ha KOHTaKTHblX 1I0BepXHOCT$lX MeTt.tHK3, ttTO n0380-
JISIeT nOBblCHTb ero CTOHKOCTb H T04HOCTb pe3b6006pa6oTKH.
TaKHM 06P330M, c Y4e1'OM 1l0JI0>KCHHM raCT 3449-84E M coo6pa)Ke-
HJ1H, H3J10)KeHHbIX Bblwe, TeXtlH4eCKHe Tpe60BaHHj( ua MeTlJHK Bbll:rUI)..I.SlT
C.iICAYlOJJJ.HM 06pa30M.
Mamepuan peJICyuleu ttacmu - P6MS no fOCT 19265-73. TBep-
tlOCTb - 63-66 HRC 3 .
MamepuaJl X6ocm06UKa - CTaJib 40X 110 fOCT 4543-71. TBep-
;..tOCTb H8 JlHHe 38 MM OT Topua - 37--45 HRC').
npeaeJlbHble OTKJ10HeHHH pa3MepoB, MM:
· cpeAHero .LU13MeTp8 pe3b6bl - -0,010;
· uapY>KHOrO AH3MeTpa pe3b6bl - -0,105;
· mara pe3b6bl - :i:O,005 H8 JJ.JlHUe 25 MM;
· n0J10BHHbl yrJ18 npocpHJ1j1 pe3b6bl - ::I: 10';
· o6weM AJIHHbl - -5;
· ,lJ.JIHHbl pa604eH \.faCTH - -3,
· AH3MeTp8 XBOCTOBHKa - -0,027
· AHaMeTpa XBOCTOBHK3 no JJ.HY KOJlbl1eBOH KaHaBKH - -0,43,
· CTOpOHbl KBa,apaTa - -0,150;
· p8J.1HYC8 KOJ1bQeBOH K8H8BKM - -1 , I ;
· paccTojJHH" OT TOPQ8 K8a,apaTa AO cepeAMHbl KOJ1bueSOH K8HaBKM -
::1:0,42;
. Ilepe,lJ.HerO yrJ1a - ::t:2°,
. 3a.l1HerO yrJla Ii yrJ1a B n;18He - ::I: 1 o.
HeTOqHOCTL paCIIOJIOiKeHHH lIoBepxHocTCH H KPOMOK, \'1M:
· pal.{H8JlbHOe 6MeHHe rJl8BHblX pe)J(YWHX KpOMOK - 0..0 1 O
· paAHaJlbHoe 6HeHHe XBOCTOBHKa, H3PYiKHOI0 H cpeAHcro }!HaMeTpa
pe3b6bJ - 0,020;
· CMell\eHHe KB8.npaTa C OCH MeT1.JHK8 - 0,075.
34

WUZYH B.H. Pe*YUUiH HHCTpYMeHT
mepOXOB8TOCTL nOBepXHOCTeii:
· 60KOBbiX CTOpOH npO<pHnjl pe3b6bl - O,32R,,;
· CTpY>Ke'"lHbIX K8HaBOK, nepe;:J.HHX H 3M.HHX rn8BHblX nOBepXHOCTeH -
O,63R;
"
· XBOCTOBHK8 - O,80R ;
"
· l..(eHTpOBblX rHe3.L1 - O,08R a ;
· OCT8J1bHbIX nOBepXHOCTeM - 5,OOR".
TeXHOnOrHQeCKHe TpeOOB8HHB:
· CTpY)J(e'"lHbIC K8H8BKH nOl1HpOBaTb;
· QeHTpOBble rHe3,D.a ,l(OBO.[tMTb;
· p360tlyIO qaCTb 3nHlI8MHpOB8Tb;
· MapKHpOBaTb. TOBapHblH 3H8K 38BO)ta-H3rOTOBMTeJUI, N2 lfepTe>K8,
M16x2, P6M5.
Pa60\.u.di 4epTeiK MeT'-IHK8 npe.aCT3BJ1eH Ha pMc.2.72.
113 npHBe)teHHblX Tpe60BaHMH OlfeHb )KeCTKHMM )1BJ1J1IOTCjI: ,ltOnYCKae-
Moe 6HeHHe I:'1aBHbIX PC:>KYW.HX KpOMOK M CB)13aHHaJI C HHM Hep8BHOMep-
HOCTb OKp)?KHoro wara; IIpe-neJ1bHble OTKJlOHeHHj( cpeAHero )J.H8MeTpa H
wara pe3b6bl. n03TOMY QelleCoo6pa3HO BblnO"lHeHHe He6011blllHX 3Kcne-
pHMCHTOB B YCJ10BH)1X 3KCIIJlyaTal..(HH MeT4HKa JJ.J1jf )'TOI.fHeHHj( 3THX Tpe-
50BaHHH. MO>KeT, OKIDKeTC)1 B03MO>KHblM HX OC1Ia6HTb.
348

P a 3 0 e 11 2 npoeKmUp06QIIUe pe:JICYUIUX UllcmpYMeHm06
6
---
.Jo-
40-
vJ
20:!:O,42
(00 Jt
TeXIIHQeCKHe TpeOOBftHHR
MalepH8..1 pa6o'fcA 'faCT" - CT8..1LP6M5 no
r OC r 19265-73 K8..'1lfTb H RC ) 63-66
'7nH.'laMHpoBaTb
2 MaTCpHa..l XROCTOSMKa - CTa.'IL 40X no rOCT
4543-71 npHBapHTh Ka..'UfTb 37-45 HRC
Ha ;JJ1HHe 38 MM OT ropu.a
3 OTK.loueHHc wara - Me>KAY JUOGblMH BKIKaMH
pC1b6b1 n8 .lL1HHC 25 MM 1 aKOe )KC 8b1na.zleHJ1C
60KOBbiX PC)KYUlJIX KPO\10K H3 Teopcmt.JecKoA
BHlrrOBoA nOBepxHocm
HcpaBlloMepHOCTb oKp)')Kuoro mara ncpbeB HC 6oJ1ee O03 \1M
3YOMI 118 PC)KYlIlHX J Ii BellYUlHX 2 nCpMJX 3aTbI'08anbi no cpe.aHCMY It Hapy;KHO\ty .ana-
MeTpaM IlapaMe'Tpbl 3aTbln08C\UIDI YKa.1aHbI lIa LJCpTC)Ke
rnaBHbIe 38l1H"e nOBepXHOCTQ Be;1YW"X 2 " pe)KywHx / nepbcB OJlMHaKOBO 3aTbl.,10SaUbi.
ronLKO pe)K)'II1He KpOMKH BellYwHX nepbeB "H*e, tleM y pClkylU.HX, H8 0,09 M\1
MapKHpoBaTb TOBapHblti 3uak $HpMbI, HOMep 1.JCpTe)Ka, M16X2, P6M5
3a,lJ.uHA yron 118 ytlaCTKe, npHJle*aUlC\1 K pC)KyweA KpOMKe
lleYK838HHble OTKJlOHeUH,. no IT 14
OCTaJlbHbie Tpe60BaIlH no rOCT 3449-84E
12
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5
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349

LLJa<:VH 8./1 Pe)K}'wHi1 HHcTpYMeHT
.' Pi\3nEJI '3 . .
" . . IIPOII3B0ll:CTBQ PEJKymIIX IfHCTPYMEHTOB
3.1. OCHOBHbIE nOJlOjJ(EHHB no PA3PA60TKE
TEXHOOrHqECKOrOnpOECCA
H3rOTOBJIEHHH HHCTPYMEHTA
3.t.l. OCHOBHble IIpeACTaBJleHHH, 1I0HHTHH H onpeeJlCHHH
CllpoeKTHpoBaTb OnTMMaJ1bHbIM no npHBeJJ.eHHblM 3aTpaTaM pC:>KY-
WHH HHCTpMeHT - 3TO cUJ,e lie 3HalJHT, LfTO TaKOH HHCTpYMeHT 6y.neM
HMeTb. Ero Heo6xoD.HMO KatfeCTBeHHO H3rOTOBHTb. TonbKO B TaKOM
CJ1YLlae HHCTpYMeHT MO:>KeT npOjJBHTb CBOlO OnTHMaJ1bHOCTb B YCJI0BHjJX
3KCIJ..1yaTau.H H .
CoI10BO "MO)l(eT" 3)..{eCb TO:>Ke He CJ1Y4aHHO. HenpaBHJ1bHaSi 3KCnJlyaTa-
U"jI CBe.l{eT H8 HeT Bce nOJIO)J(HTe.l1bHoe, 4TO 3aJJO)J(eHO B HHCTpYMeHTe
npH ero npoeKTMpOB8HHH H H3rOTOBJleHHH, H OH MO:>KeT OKa3aTbCjJ Bo06Ine
Hepa6oTocnoc06HblM.
JlSl 3Toro IIpee Bcer'o Heo6xo,nHMO p83pa6oTaTb Ka1.JeCTBeHHbIH
TeXHOJIOrH1.JeCKHH npou.ecc Ii Bbl,aep:>KaTb ero napaMeTpbl IIPH H3rOTOBJ1e-
HJiM MHcTpYMeHT8.
TeXHOJlOrH'IeCKHM IIpOQeCCOM 110 rOCT 3.1109-82 H83blB81OT
48CTb np0I13B0.l1CTBeHHor'0 npoueCC3, co,nep>KautyfO u.eJ1eHallp8BJIeHHble
D.eHCTBHSI 110 H3MeHCHHIO H (HJIH) onpe.aeneHHfO COCTOSlHHj( npe,nMeTa
Tpy.aa 3rro, no CyrH.. 4aCTb IIpOH3BOlICTBeHHoro npOl.(ecca, BKJllOLJ8fOwajJ
B ce6S1 nOCJ1e.l10B8TeJ1bHOe H3MeHeHHe p83MepoB, cpOpMbl, BHeWHero BH.aa
HnH BHYTpeHHMx CBOHCTB lIpe.aMeTa H HX KOHTpOJlb.
npOH3Boc'rBeHllblii npouecc - 60Jlee WHpOKoe 1I0HjlTHe. OH
npe.aCTa&1 jJeT co60M COBOKYIIHOCTb 8cex t(eHcTBHH IIlO,neM If Opy.a"H npo-
H3BOlJ.CTBa, He06xo,nHMb1X H8 .aaHHOM Ilpe,lJ.npHjfTHH )..{Jlj( H3rOTOBJleHH» HnH
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TeXHOJlOrH'leCKHH lIepcxOA - 3aKOHlJeHHaSi 4aCTb TeXHOJJOrI14eC-
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KOTopble He conpOBoalOTCSl H3MeHeHHeM COCTOSlIU{j( Ilpe.r\Me'l a 1 PYJ.1a,
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M3rOTOB;leHHe H3.l1eJ1Hj(" B .u8HHOM c,,1Ytfae HHcTpYMeHTa, T.e. 06ecne4HTb
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352

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pe)KYlltH" HHCTpYMeHT - 3TO, no CyrH, TO)Ke ,ueTaJ1b. n03TOMY TeXH0J10-
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PYMeH1)', npe.llonpe.lleJJj(IOT pj(,n onepaUHM, IJpHCYWHX H3rOTOB.HeUHIO TOJlb-
KO pe)KYIUHX HIICTpYMeHTOB: cBapK8, HanJI8BKa, lIanaHKa, rH.upOJU1HaMH-
\.Ie C Koe Bbl,lJ,aBJIHBaHMe H HeKoropblC .apyrHc cnoc06bl tlOJlY"IeHHSI 3arOTO-
BOK, TepMH4eCKajl 06pa60TKa, a T310Ke HeKOTopble OTJJ,eJI04Hble H cpOpMO-
06p83YIOIUHe onepaQHH MexaHH4eCKOM o6pa6OTKH.
B CBSl3H C H3J10)KeHHbIM, H36eraSi nOBTopeHHSI H3BeCTHbiX OCHOB Tex-
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nOCJle,[tOBaTeJlbHOCTb (aJlrOpHTM) p83pa6oTKH TeXH0J10rHH H3rOTOBJleHHSI
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3.1.2. DOCJleJtOBSTCJlbHOCTb pS3pa6oTKH
(SJlrOpHTM npOCKl'HpOBaHHH) l'eXHOJIOrH1.JeCKOrO IIpouecca
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LJ.HOHHOH <»OpMbl npoH3Bo)..\CTBeHHoro npOQecc3.
12 3K 2522
353

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3.1.2.2. Bbl60p <pHHHlllHbIX MeTOJ,.J.OB 06pa6oTKH, OKOH4aTCJlbHO <l>op-
MHPYlOfUHX KaLJeCTBO HtlCTpYMeHTa no KIDKllOH li3 nOBepxHocTeH.
3.1.2.3. Bbl60p 3arOTOBKM, HaH60J1ee nOllHO Y,lIOBJ1eTBopj(fOW.eH 3KOHO-
MH1.JHOMY H3rOTOBJ1eHHIO HHcTpYMeHT8 B 3a.n.aHHb1X flJ1H Bbl6paHHbix YCJ10-
BMSIX npOM3BO,D,CTBa.
3.1.2.4. CpaBHeHHe Q>0PMbl, p83MepoB H K3'"1eCTBa 3arOTOBKH C rOTO-
BblM HHCTpYMeHTOM H onpe,neJ1eHHe xapaKTepa npOMe)KyroliHblx BH,lIOB
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TeJ1bHOCTH Bcex BH,QOB o6pa6OTKH no nepeXO,QaM.
3.\.2.6. Bb160p TeXHOJlOrHLJeCKHX 6<13. Tpe60BaHHjI K HHM TaKHe iKe,
KaK H B 06I.QeM M3111HIIOCTpoeHHH: CTpeM.t1eHHe K e,QHHCTBY KOHCTPYKTOP-
CKHX, TeXH0J10fHlieCKHX H H3MepHTe.l1bHbiX 683, a TalOKe K HX IIOCTOjlHCTBY,
T.e. K HCH3MeHHOCTH npH BbIIIOJ1HeHHH pa3J1H4HbIX TeXHOJ1orH4eCKHX one-
paUHit
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TeXH0J10rH4eCKHX 683.
3.1.2.7. Bbl60p TeXHOJIOrH"ICCKoro 060PYAOB3HHjI H OCllaCTKH.
3.1.2.8 Pa3pa60TKa MapwpyrHoH TeXHO.l1orHH.
3 1 2 9 P83pa6oTKa oIleparUioHHoH TeXHOJI0rHH J1JUI YCJIOBHM cepMMHo-
1"'0 H MaCCOBoro npOH3BO,l.l,CTBa:
a) pac4eT OnepaL(HOHHbIX npHnycKoB H ,l.I,OIlYCKOB;
6) onpc,neJ1eHHe p83MepOB 11 Q>OPMbl 3arOToBKH;
B) HOpMHpOBaHHe reXHOJIOrHLJeCKHX OnepaL(HH.
3.1.2 10. CpaBHeHHc 3KOHOMHI.feCKOH 3Q>Q>eKTHBHoCTH HeCKORbKHX B3-
pHaHToB Texnpouccca H Bbl60p onTHMMbHoro.
3.1.2.11. OKOHt.f3TeJ1bHa" .nopa60TKa Bbl6paHHoro BapHaHTa TeXHono-
rHH. Pa3pa60TKa no.n.po6HblX onepaQHoHHblX KapT MeXaHHt.feCKOH, TepMH-
4ecKoH, XHMHKo-TepMHt.tecKoM 06pa6oTKH, cBapKH, HanaHKH 11 T.).{., a T3K-
)f(e KapT TeXHHLJeCKOrO KOHTpOJ1S1.
3.1.3. 0600IQCHHblH TeXH0J10rHQeCKUH npoQecc
B 60nbwMHCTBe C.l1YLJaeB He y.naeTCSI HaHTH MeTo,na 06pa6oTKH, 110-
3BOJUlIOwero HenOCpe.l1CTBeHHO nepeMTH OT 3arOTOBKH K rOTOBoMY "HCT-
354

P a 30 e Jl 3 flpOu36oocm6o pe::»cylilux uHcmpYMellmoo
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IIIHM 4HCJ10M nepexo,noB. IloJTof\1Y THIlOBOH o606welfHbiM TeXHOJIOrHlJeC-
KHH npoQecc H3rOTOBJleHHjI peJKYInero I1HCTpYMeHTa IO)J(HO npe,l.tCTaBHTb
n CJleJ.\yfOeM BHAe.
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KOBKI1, nHTbJl, lllT3MnOBKH, CBapKH.
3.1.3.2. OTIKHr 3arOTOBKH Hocne ropjl1.Jetf o6pa60TKH.
3.1.3.3. OLJHCTKa 3arOTOBKH OT OKa.,1HHbl.
3.1.3.4. 06pa6OTK3 TeXHOJI0rHtJeCKHX 6a3.
3.1.3.5. 06pa6OTKa KOH1)'pa I10BepXHoCTeM HtlCTpYMeHTa, noca,n04HblX
\feCT H 3J1eMeHTOB Kpen...leHI-UI.
3.1.3.6. 06pa60TKa cTpY)Ke1.JHb[X KaHaBOK. j( HHCTpYMeHTa C IIpHBa-
pCHHbIMH, npHnaSlHHblMH ".11M npHKJlCeHHblMH pe)KYLUHMH nJlaCTHHaMH, a
ralOKe c6opHoro HHcTpYMeHTa - 06pa6oTKa MeCT 1J0,l.( n.Hac rHHbl HJ1H
110)1(11.
3.1.3.7. 06pa6oTKa 33Tbl.,'lKa 3y6a. B IICJ<OTOpbIX CJ1YLJaSlX ce COBMe-
UtafOT C o6pa60TKoH CTpYjKe4HbiX KaHaBOK.
3.1.3.8. 06pa6oTKa BcnOMOraTeJlbHblX MeCT H KallCLlOB ).J.JlSI 1I0,nB0.l1a
CO)J(.
3.1.3.9. TepMH4ecKaSi o6pa60TKa 3aK8JlK3, OTnYCK, HlIOr).J.a MeCTHblH
BblCOKHtf OTnYCK. Y COCTaBHoro naSlHHoro HHCTpYMeIlTa, KpOMe Toro, -
lIanaHK3 nJiaCTHIi H 3alJHCTK8 npHIlOSi.
3.1.3.10. OlJHCTKa HHCTpYMeHTa OT 38rpSl3HeHHH npH TepMHLJeCKOH
o6pa60TKe.
3.1.3.11. I1cnpaBneHHe H o6pa6oTK8 TeXHOJIOrHlJeCKHX 633, 8 T310Ke
1I0ca,nOLlHbIX MeCT I10A HO)l(I-1 c60pHoro HHCTPYMeHTa.
3.1.3.12. C60pKa KopnycoB C HOJKaMH c6opHoro HllcTpYMeHT8.
3.1.3.13. 33To4Ka HHc-rpYMeHTa no nepe.nHeM 1I0BepXHocTH. Y c6op-
HblX MHcTpYMeHToB nepe.QHsul nOBepxHocTb HO)J(eM 06bl4HO 33Ta1.JHBaeTCjI
(W.ilH<pyeTcj() AO C60pKM.
3.1.3.14. I.llnHQ>oBaHHe npo<pHJHI, a Y XBOCTOBoro MHcTpYMeHTa elue M
IllJI HQ>oBaHHe XBOCTOBHKa.
3.1.3.15. 33T01.JKa no 38,[(HeH nOBcpXHOCTH, B TOM t.JMCJle 38TbIJIOBaHHe
lU!lH<pOB3HHeM 33,nHeH 1I0BepXHOCTH. Y Q>aCOHHbIX HHCTpYMeHTOB 3aTblJIO-
BaHHe COBMeInaeTCjI co illJIHQ>OB3I1HeM npo<l>MJljI.
35

Wocyu 8.11. Pe*yw.H" HHCTpYMeHT
3.1.3.16. 06pa6OTKa CTPY)KKOpa3):1eJ1HTeJ1bHbIX H CTpY)KK03aBMBalOI.l(HX
KaHaBOK.
3.1.3.17. .D;oBO,l.lKa nepe,l.lHeH H 3a;J.HeH nOBepxHocTeH.
3.1.3.18. nOBblweHHe pa60Tocnoc06HoCTM (ynpotJHeHHe) MHcTpYMeHTa
MeXaHH1.feCKHMM, repMoMexaHHtJecKHMH, XHMHKo-TepMMlfecKHMH, <PH3"-
4eCKMMH H APYfHMH MeTO,ltaMH HnH H3HeceHHeM H3HOCOCTOHKHX nOKpbl-
THH.
3.1 .3.19. MapKMpoBKa XMMHtJeCK8S1, 3neKTpoxHMM4ecK3S1, 3J1eKTporpa-
Q>H1.feCKaSl MJIM J1a3epH8S1. MeXaHHqecKYIO M3pKHPOBKY BblnOJIHSlIOT ):10
3aKa.,1KH . nocne o6pa60TKH HHcTpYMeHTa no KOHT)'PY.
3.1.3.20. OKoH43TenbHblH KOHTponb K31.1eCTBa HHcTpYMeHTa.
3.1.3.21. KOHCepBau.MSI H YllaKoBKa HHcTpYMeHToB.
TexHo.aofH4ecKHH npou.ecc H3rOTOBJleHHSI KOHKpeTHofo pe)K)'lUero MH-
cTpYMeHTa, B 38BHCHMOCTH OT BH,lta Ii <P0PMbl, BKJlI01.faeT Bce onepaQHIt It
6JJOKM onepau.HH o606w.eHHoro TeXHO.,1orM4eCKoro npou.ecc3 HJIH TOJ1bKO
4aCTb 113 HHX. KIDKAaR onepau.lijf MO)l(eT 6blTb CKOMJ10HOBaHa H3 06J13a-
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BHCHT OT KOHCTPYKU.HH HHCTpYMCHTa, npHHSlToro MCTO):1a o6pa6oTKil Ii
TeXHOJlOrHeCKoro 060PY):10BaHHSI.
KOIiTpOJlbHble Bonpocbl
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358

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35

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MO)KeT 6blTb XO,,10,l.1Haj( Ii ropj(4a'l KOBKa. $opMa 1l0nepeLiHoro ce4eHMjJ
nOJlY4eHHoH 33rOTOBKH COOTBCTCTBYCT Q>opMe 60HKOB. Cnoco6 MO)KHO
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.apyrHx HHcTpYMeHT8x. XaparcrepH3yeTcR BblCOKOH npOH3B0.l1HTeJ1bHOC-
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Mel allna.
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KOr,lta npocTpaHcTBo Me)l():\y CeKTOp8MH cB06oAHoe, pa6oHH nO).laeT K
ynopy 4 3aroToBKY 3, KOTOpa}1 npH BpameHMH BaJlKOB 2 ceKTOpaMH /
06)KHMaeTCB 11 BblTaJlKMBaeTCB 8 CTOPOHY pa604ero. T8KHM 06p830M
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1000-1050 °C co CKOpOCTblO, He AOIlYCKalOw.eH o6e3yr;lepoiKHBaHHSI H
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362

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Teol1bHOCTblO -250 3arOTOBOK B qac, a ,nJ1S1 3aBHBKH - npOH3B0J1HTe;lbHO-
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3
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CTCj( Ha IIJlaUlKH H npOKaTblBaeTCSI Me)KAY HI1U1, K8K rlPH HaKal Ke pC3b6bl
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AO 2000 3arOTOBOK B tlac. Hcno;lb3YfOT ).lJISI cBep; I .LI.HaMeTpOM 6-12 MM.
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uarpe8a B O.lJ,HY OlJepaUHK>. OO,QfOTOBJJeHHa.SJ 3arOTOBKa npOKaTb1B8e'ICj(
MeJK.I1Y ,[lBYMj( llapaMM CHHXpOHBO BpaUJ,8fOUJ.HXCSI PO;IHKOB. O.l.1Ha napa
pOJIHKOB <»opMHpyeT KaHaBKy CBepJla, 8 BTopaSi - CIIHHKY. PO;JHKH YCTa-
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363

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CIiJ1bl TpeHHjI, TaHreHUH3nbHble COCTaBJljlfOllUfe KOTOpblX C03J.,tafOT Jlapy
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pe3ynbT8Te 3arOTOBK8 nepeMemaeTCR OTHOCHTeJ1bHO pOJ1HKOB no BHHTO-
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npOH3BO,L:{HTenbHOCTb Bblllle, 4eM npH npO,lJ.OJlbHOH npOKaTKe C 33BHBKOH.
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ellte 60.l1bweH CTeneHH - no cpaBHeHHJO C BbJWJ1J.Uj>OB8HHbJMH no l..(eJJOMY
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C KOJ1bueBOH HnH BHHTOBOM H3pe3KOH, YCTaHoaneHHbie TaKHM 06P830M,
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)KeHbl C ABYX CTOpOH npOK8TbiBaeMOH 3arOTOBKH. npHHQHn npOKaTKH
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o6pa6oTKH 4epBSlKa B 30-40 pa3 Bblwe, 4eM pe3b60Q>pc3epoBaHHeM.
YMeHbweHHe 68J1J1a Kap6HLtHOH HeOJJ.HopO,ltHOCTH, nOJIY4eHHe BHTKOB C
Henepepe3aHHblMH B0J10KHaMH MeT8J1:la cnoc06cTBYIOT nOBblweHHfO CTOH-
KOCTH <l>pe3 H3 TaKHX 3arOTOBOK.
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HOCTb MeTo,aa COCTOHT B TOM, 4TO HarpeTa}1 )].0 TeMnepaTypbl
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Cj( B nO,lJ.OrpeTblH )].0 TeMneparypbl 600°C CTaJlhHOM CTaK3H C Q>HJlbepOM
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eM no.r13XHa KpHBOWHrIHOrO IIpecca, nepeMemaj(Cb no BHYTpeHHHM CTeH-
KaM CT8KaHa BHH3, Bbl1l3BJlHBaeT 1.Jepe3 Q>HJ1bep 33rOTOBKY C nonepetJHblM
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364

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HOt! rH BceCTopOHHero C)K8THj( MaTepHaJla, nOBbIl1l8eTCjI ero n.naCTH4-
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Bbl,aaBJJHB8HHe AOJliKH8 COCTOj(Tb 113 HJIHHApa KOHCTPYKUHOHHOH CTaJIH,
lia KOTOpbJH H&.neT3 TOHKaSi Tpy6Ka 11'3 CTaJ1H 6blCTpOpe)K)'U\eH.
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;111, TaK KaK <popMa 3arOTOBKH Ol.feHb 6J1H3K8 K <l>opMe rOTOBoro HHCTPY-
MeHTa. HanOJI0BHHY CHHjf(aeTCj( TpYAoeMKOCTb H3rOTOB.neHHj( HHCTpYMeH-
Ta B CBSl3H C TeM, 1.JTO 1I0t.JTH 1l0JIHOCTblO MCKJ1104aeTCSI nOCJleAYIOW8S1
jle'3BHHHa)) 06pa60TKa. B03MO)l(H8 A06aBKa npl1Ca,aOK .LJ.pyrHx XHMHlJeC-
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MO)l(HO no.nY1.J8Tb 3arOTOBKH, .n.nj( npeBpaweHHSI KOTOpblX B HHCTpYMeHT
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3arOTOBKH MOI)'T 6blTb ue.nbHo.nHTbIMH C no.nHblM npo<pHJleM 3y6beB H
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KPYIIHblX p83MepOB 3arOTOBKH COCTaBHble, KOIJ.\a pe)Kyw.He HOiKH, nJ1aCTH-
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TYPbl J1HTOH CT3JlH. 3TO npe)J()1e Bcero Kap6H.lJ.Hble .nHKBaUHH B pe3YJ1b-
TaTe - HenOCToaHHaSi 110 ,aJ1HHe TBepJ10CTb " H3HOCOCTOMKOCTb pelKyme-
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npO'-lHOCTb HHcTpYMeHTa H npHBO,lJ,j1IUHe K o6p83oBaHHIO TpelUHH. KpynHo-
3epHHcToCTb CTl'YK1)'pbl H pacnOnO:>KeHHe Kap6H,ltOB B BH,lJ,e ceTKH BOKpyr
3epeH TaK)Ke nOHH)I(alOT npO'-lHOCTb HHcTpYMeHTa.
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pacnpe,LJ;eJleuHJO Kap6H,LtOB cnoco6cTByeT ,QBOHH8j1 3aKMKa. nepBYIO 3a-
Ka;JKY BblnOJ1HjlIOT c YBeJIH4eHHoH B 5--6 pa3 Bbl.l.1ep:>KKOH np" H3rpeBe,
lfTO cnoco6cTByeT qaCTHtfHOMY paCTBopeHHIO Kap6H,l(OB, a 38TeM MX
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HblX M MeJ1KOnp0<pHJlbHbIX MHcTpYMeHToB HanpMMep, MeJlKUX KOHueBblX
cppe3 B YCJIOBHjlX cepHHHoro H MaCCOBoro npOH380.l.1CTBa.
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3JleKTpo,ahl Moryr 6blTb Tpy64aTble..
3anOJIlleHHbiC cpeppOCflnaBaMH H <p:lloca-
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1830BO" rOpeJ1KH.
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11 3T)' TeMlIepaTYPY nO,LlD,ep)l(MBalOT BO BpCMj( HanJ1aBKH.
npH BTOpOM cnoc06e Hocne HannaBKH MHOr0J1e3BHMHbIX H )..lpyrHx
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CTpYMeHTOB nepe)]. HanJlaBKOH nO)J.orpeB8fOT .lJ.0 300--600 °c.
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KOH.
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OT HCn0J1b3yeMoH B M3WHHOCTpoeHHH. TOJlbKO JJ.JIMH8 BblJleT3 H3 3a)KHMa
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ElUe J1yt.twe Cpa3Y )Ke nOCJle CBapKH 381"'010BKH CKJ1a)..lbIBaTb B ne1.Jb C
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nae-r MOJ1eKYJ1S1pHOe ex BaTbl BallHe, T.e. CBapKa.
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TpOCBapKY "3 npOH3BOACTBa pejf(ylltHX HHCTpYMeHTOB. Ero llpeHMyw.e-
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lUBe OTCYTCTBYIOT OKHC;lbl H MaKponopOKH, MeHbllle 6paKa, JlerKO aBTO-
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CBapKa B3pblBOM - TO)J(e BH.n. CBapKH AaBJleHHeM. HClIOJJb3ye1cSI
,L\JJjI nO;IY4eHH 3arOTOBOK n;IOCKoro 6HMeTaJ1.HHt.JCCKoro HHCTpYMeHTa,
HanpMMep.. npOTjJ)KeK.
CBapHBaeMble 3arOTOBKH.. 06bl\.lHO nOJIOCbl, HaK.rla,nbIBafOTCj( ,aPyr H8
JJ.Pyra nOJJ.rOTOBneHHbIMM nOt( CBapKY llJIOCKOCTj(MH H nOMelllalOTCSI B
KOHTeHHep, r).1e npOM3BOAHTCSI B3pb1B. 1..JHcTble CBapHBaeMble 1I0BepXHOCTH
C6J1HJKaIOTCjI )]0 MeJKaTOMHOro P3CCTOSlHH$I. HacTynaeT Mo..1eKYJISIpnOe
CXBaTbIBaHHe, H 06e 1I0JIOCbl npe.n.CTaBJIj(IOT C060M MOHOJIHT.
HaBapKa DJlaCTHH 6blCTpope*YlQeii CTaJlH. 3TOT MeTO)], OCHallJ,e-
HHjI K9pnYCOB H3 KOHCTPYKUMOHHOH CTa.1H pejJ(YUlHMH 3J1eMeHT8\fM H3
6blCTpOpeJKywei1 CTaJ1H 110 CBoeH IIpHpO)J.e 38HHMaeT IIpOMeJKyr04Hoe
MCCTO MeJK.L1Y CBapKOH Ii HaIl3HKOH. ):LJUI H3BapKH OJ:\HOJle3BHHHbIX HHCTPY-
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11.8, TeXHH1.feCKOH IIJI8BJleHOH 6YPbl 11 MeJ.,lH, H;IH CB8P04HYIO nacry 113
nopOillKOB <peppOCHJ1H1I.MSI, TeXHH4eCKOH COJ..lbl H nepenJl8BJ1eHHOH 6YPbl, a
T8JOKe MeJ.,lHOM 11 CTaJ1bHOH CTpY)I{eK, 38MemaHHbiX H8 )KH,L{KOM CTeKJle.
nOBepXHOCTH HOt{ H8B8PKY 06P868TblB81OT C HepOBHOCTj(MI1 t{o 0,2 MM.
nJIOCKOCTb )J,ep)J(8BKH pe3Qa nOCblnafOT nopOWKOM, YK.iJ8.llbIB8fOT nJl8CTH-
IIY, HarpeBafOT B KaMepHblX ue48X I1J1M Ha CTblKOBblX CB3pO'-lHbIX M8WH-
H8X, MaWHH8X ,L{.i'ljJ TOlJe4HOH CBapKH l(0 paCnJlaB;ICHHjJ Il0pOlllKa. nOTOM
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TpOj.{aMH M8WHHbl. noe.ae 3Toro OCYlnCCTBJ1S1101 OT)J(HI 3aKaJIKY H a6pa-
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npH H3rOTOBJlellHM MHOrOJle3BHHHbiX HI-ICTPYMCHTOB B Kopnycax 1I0,lt
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CllOW CB8p04HOH naCTbl, TOIll\MH8 KOToporo 1,0-1,5 MM. nJlaCTHHbl 33K-
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lJeCKOH ne4M )..to 700-800 °C, OKOH48TeJlbHO lIal peBalOT )(0 paCIIJlaBJleHHjJ
CBap04Horo nopOillK8 (] 280°C) B ".,laMeHHOH IIC4H, BbIHH\1aIOT H3 [JetlH H
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36

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Ni 4-5 %; Fe 5-7 0/0; FeSi 3-4 %; Zn 6-8 % 110 8ecy.
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6ypy MIIOr).1a BBO,ltS1T 8 COCTaB npHJJOSl, ecnH nOCJle.nIfHH HCIIOJlb3yel Cj( B
BMAe nopOUJKa, liTO CBOHCTBeHHO HanaHKe lI.aaCTHH H8 Kopnyca MHOrOJle3-
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T04KH - BaHHOt.JKH, B KOTopble nOCJ1e C60PKH Kopllyca C HO)l(3MH }.I
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CTaJlH COCT3BJUIeT 23 Kr.
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BalOWHX TeMllep8rypy 1260-1300 °c. npH TaKOH BblCOKOH TeMnep81)'-
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6anacb H He JIOManaCb. n03TOMY Hen;IOCKOCTHOCTb KOHT8KTHbiX nOBepx-
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Tennonepe.nat.tH OT HarpeBaeMoro Kopnyca. To )J(e caMoe )J.eJ1alOT npH
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372

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BaMH rpyunbl TK MOJKeT .nOCTHraTb 70 %.
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8JIbHbIX 3aTOlfHbiX CT8HKax no cxeMe <ppe3epOBaHH1I (CM. pliC. 3.9, a).
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eB lUJlH<PYIOT no cxeMe a PHCYHK8. 38TeM npope3alOT TeXHO.,10rHtteCKHe
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KOHTpOJlbHble BonpocLI
1. MeTO.l1bl o6pa60TKH c}>acoHHblX JIHHeM1.JaTbIX lIoBepxHocTCH H <p8COIJ-
HbJX JlOBepXHocTeH BpalJ.{eHH$I.
2. 06pa30BaHMe pHq)JleHHH H8 HO)f(8X H B na3ax KopnYCOB C60PHbiX HHCT-
PYMeUTOB.
3. CT8HKH H HX HaCTpOHK8 t1JUI $pe3epoBaHHSI cTpY)KelJlIblX KanaROK.
4. 06pa6oTK8 3y6beB KpyrJ1blX Ii WJ1Hu.eBbIX npOT}»)KeK.
5 CxeMbl o6pa30BaHHj( M UlJIM<poBaHMR 3y6beB LlOJI6RKOB.
6. TeXHOJlOrH 3aTbIJ]OBaHH 3y6beB MHCTpYMeHTOB llO H nOCJ1e 3aKa;IKH
Ii OTnYCKa.
3.4. TEPMHQECKMI 06PA60TKA
3.4.1. Ha3l1a'leHHe H BHbl TepMHtlecKoii o6pa6oTKH
TepMHtteCKaSi 06pa6OTKa OPMMPYeT $H3HKo-MexaHliLlecKHc CBOHCTBa
HHCTpYMeHTa: n1eWlocmouKocmb, npOlJlIOCmb, mBepi)ocmb, U31JOcoc:mou-
Kocmb. .lVIJi H3roT0B11eHH1I HHCTpYMeHTa MCnOJlb3YlOT TaKHe BM.nbl repMMlfec-
KOM o6pa6OTKH, KaK Om:JICU2, 3aKaJlKa, omnYCK, XUA1UKo-n1epWUlleCKaR o6pa-
6om1\a. npH HenpaBMJlbHO Bbl6paHHbix MJIM IlpM napyweHHM 3a,lJ.aHHbIX pe)KJ.1-
39

WaZYH 8.11. PeIKywHR HHCTpYMeHT
MOB TepMH"IeCKOH 06pa6OTKH HHCTpYMeHT MO)l(eT OKa38TbCJl BOo6e Hepa-
60TOCnoc06HbIM. n03TO1Y BblCOK8S1 K}'Jlb1)lpa TepMH1.feCKOH 06pa6OTKH, OCO-
6eHHO 3aK8J1KH H OTnYCK8, Ilpe,nOllpeAenSieT BblCOKOe KaLfeCTBO HHCTpYMeHTa.
3.4.2. OTiKHr
OOKHr ocyw-eCTBJ1S1IOT J])UI CHS1THSI BHyrpeHHHx HanpSl)l(eHHH It nOHH)Ke-
HHSI TBep,lJ.OCTH noc.ae ropSilfeH o6pa6OTK" ,lJ.8BJ1eH"eM (npoK3TK8, KOBKa,
IllTaMlloBKa) " CBapKH 3aroToBOK. nepe,n nOBTopHOH 3aK3nKOH HHCTpYMeH-
TOB, eCJ1H nepBHl.JH8S1 BbIIlOJ1HeHa HenpaBHJ1bHO, HHc-rpYMeHTbJ T810Ke OTIKH-
rafOT. )\rUI 3TOro 3arOTOBKY HJ1H HHcTpYMeHT narpeB810T AO TeMnep81)'pbl
830-850 °C, Bbl,lJ.epJKHBalOT npH 3TOH TeMueparype 3-4 lfaca, a 3aTeM
oxna)l(.lJ.alOT C p33JIHt.tHbIMH CKOpOCTj(MH. OpM6JIH3HTeJlbHblH pe)l(HM OTIKHra
6blcTpopeiK)'llI. e ii CTaJ1H Ilpel1CT3BJleH JJ.HarpaMMoH pHC. 3.18. bOJ1ee npe,lJ.-
nOlfTHTe;lbHblH - H30TepMH4ecKHH 01JKHr no .lJ.HarpaMMe pHC. 3.19.
8'C 83D-&50 Vox.=30-40QC QOC 850-870
750-760
V(J="O-SO'lz(lt
600
Ox AOJKOeHUe
Ha !JOMvxe
400-S0D
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6 (0
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6 9
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CTaJlH. V - CKO p OCTb
ox
OXJla>KlleHMSI, rpaD/qac
Puc. 3./9. 1130TepMHtJecKHM OTIKHr
6b1cTpope)l\yweit CTa..1H V - CKO p OCTb
ox
OXJlalK.D.eHHI, rpaJJ,/tlac
nOBblweHHe TeMlleparypbl OTIKHra H YBeJlMt.JeHHe Bblep)KKH np" 3TOH
TeMneparype cnoc06cTBYlOT 6oJ1ee nOJ1HoMY pacTBopeHHIO K3p6H.LlOB B
aycTeHHTe. nOcJ1e 3aKaJ1KH " oTl1ycKa nOJ1yttaCTcSI 60JIce J1erHpOBaHHbIH
MapTeHcHT, lfTO nOBbllllaeT KpaCHOCTOHKOCTb HHc-rpYMeHTa. O,lJ,HaKO YBe-
J1HttHBaeTCSI onaCHOCTb OKHCJ1eHHSI H o6e3yrJ1epO)f(HBaHHSI nOBepXHOCTHblX
CJ10eB 3arOTOBKH HJIH HHCTpYMeHT8. 003TOMY 06bl4HO CTpeMSlTCSI COKpa-
t.naTb BpeMj( HarpCBa CTan" riP" BblCOKHX TeMllepaTYpax.
400

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MHlfecKYIO 06pa60TKY, 3aHI1MalOWYfO npOMe)l(}'TO"lHOe MeCTO Me)f(l\Y OT-
jf(HI"OM H HenOJIHOH 33K3J1KOit CTaJib H3rpeBalOT ,lJ.0 720-780 °C, Bbl,lJ.ep-
)J(HBaJOT "PH 3TOH TeMneparype OAHH 1.jac, nOC;Je l.Jero OXJla)K)..latOT B
MaCJ1e HJ1H Ha B03Ayxe.
3.4.3. 3aK8J1K8
!.\enb 38KaJIKM - YBenHI.JHTb TBepAOCTb HHCTpYMeHTa, npeBpaTHB
HCXOAHYtO flepJlHTHYIO CTPYK1)'PY 6blcTpope)J(yweM CTaJIH B MapTeHCHT.
L{JUI 3Toro Heo6xo)1HMO HCXOt{HbIM nepJIHT npeBpaTI1Tb B aYCTeHI1T, Harpe-
Ba CTaJlb JJ.O TeMnepa1)'pbI aYCTeHHTHblX IIpCBpaIneHI1H. 3aTeM CT8J1b
6blCTpO oxnail\a3fOT B MaCJle AO TeMnepaTypbl MapTeHCHTHblX npeBpa-
eHHM, t.JTo6bl aYCTeHHT He npeBpaTHnCj( B npOMe)l(}'T04Hble CTPYKTYPbI.
nOCiJe 3Toro oxna)K,L\eHHe ,ltOJDKHO 6blTb Me,ltJleHHbIM, \.IT06bl 06eCnCLlI1Tb
60Jlee nOnHbJM pacna,L( aYCTeHI1Ta.
HarpeR. EblCTpopeiKYInaji CT8.,lb 06J1a,n3eT nOHHlKcHHOH TenJIOllpO-
BOAHOCTbfO. 003TOMY Harpea tJ.0 3aKaJ104HOH TeMlleparypbl 1200-1300 °C
Heo6xo,l.\HMO OCYW.eCTBJUITb MeAleHHO, ,aJljI Toro 4T06bl 1136ejf(3Tb 1I0j(B-
;ICHI1j1 3aKaJ10I.JHbIX TpeW.HH - cne,aCTBI1J1 BblCOKHX BHyrpellHI1X paCTJlrH-
BaIOUJ.HX Hallpj()J(eHHH B cepAucBHHe HHCTpYMCHTa OT pa3HOCTH 06beMoB
rOplfl1X 1l0BepXHocTHbiX CJIOeB HUCTpYMeHTa H OTHOCHTCJlbHO XO;IOliHOH
cepAUCBHHbI. HHcTPYMeHT CHa1.Jana Me.LlJleHIIO no)),orpeB810T )J.O TeMllepa-
TYPbl 780-840 °C, a 38TeM 6blCTpO HarpeBalOT ,no OKOH4aTCJJbHOU TeM-
Ileparypbl. DblCTpblH HarpeB YMeHbWaeT pOCT 3epHa CTaJlH H o6c3yr'Jlepo-
)J(HBaHHe nOBepxHocTHblX CJ10eB HHc-rpYMeHTa. KpynHora6apMTHbie H 4>a-
COHHble I1HcTpYMeHTbl nO)]OrpeB3fOT ABajf(Abl, CHa4ana .no 400-509 °C,
a 3aTeM o 780-840 °C_
TeMnepaTypa OKOH1.JaTenbHoro HarpeB8, npO,ltOn)J(HTeJIbHOCTb Ilo.norpe-
B3 H OKOH"laTeJ1bHOrO HarpeB3 3aBHCSlT OT ueJloro pj(.l1a <j>aKTopoB:
a) Tpe6yeMbix $H3HKo-MeXaHH1.JeCKHX CBOHCTB I1HCTpYMeHTa:
6) XMMCOCTaB8 CT3JIH;
B) TennoeMKOCTH H TennonpOBO,UHOCTH CTanl1,
r) IIpo,non)l(HTeJlbHOCTH <p330BbIX npeBpaw.eHHH H llpoueCCOB paCTBope-
HI1j( K3p6HAOB B aYCTeHHTe;
J 4 3c.lK 2522
401

lllac:vH B.I1. PeiKYIUH" HHCTpYMeHT
J1.) $H3H4eCKHX CBOMCTB HarpeBafOlI(eH Cpe):(bl;
e) KOH<pHrypau.HH H pa3Mepa HarpeBaeMoro HHCTpYMeHTa.
n03TOMY pe)KHM TepMHt.JeCKOH 06pa60TKH Ha3H8t.JaIOT Ii 3KcnepHMeH-
T8JlbHO IIpOBepjllOT He TOJlbKO AJ1S1 KOHKpeTHoro HHCTpYMeHTa "3 CTaJ1H
):t8HHOH MapKH, HO H ):(J1j( KIDK.LJ.OrO HOMepa nJ1aBKH CTaJ1H 3TOH )Ke MapKH,
M n.a)Ke ,ltIUI Kaoro IIpOKaTa CTaJlH TOM )Ke nnaBKM. YCTaHOBJleHHblM
TaKHM 06pa30M peJKHM HarpeB8 cTporo KOHTpo;IHpyeTcj( H no.z:tQep)f{HBa-
eTCj(. HallpHMep, OTKJIOHeHHe TeMnepaTypbt HarpeBa .aonycKaeTcj( B IIpe-
JJeJI8X % 10°C. BpeM)I Bbl)J,epjl(KH IIPH OKOHl.JaTeJlbHOM HarpeBe 6bICTpO-
pe)K}'lI(eH CTaJ1H B XJlOp68pHeBbix B8HHax 6-7 C H8 K8)J(.l:tbIH MH;IJ1HMeTp
Ce\fCHHSI HHCTpYMeHT8, 8 B lIe4ax C r830BOH cpeJJ.oH 10-12 c. TeMnep8-
TYP8 OKOH\.IaTCJlbHOrO H8rpeB8, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MapKM CTaJIH, K0J1e6-
.,leTCj( B npe):(eJlax 1200-1300 °c. YTOt.JHeHHble 3U8\feHHSI TeMIJCp8rypbl
H BpeMeHH Bbl.aepJKKH IlpH HarpeBe nOL( 38KaJIKY MO)KHO H8HTH B clIeu.H-
aJ1bHOM .i1HTeparype, H8npMMep, [14; 170]. I1H)KeHepY-MexaHHKY B8)KIIO
3HaTb, 4TO nOBblllleHHe TeMneparypbl OKOHI.JaTeJlbHOrO H8rpeB8 H YBeJIH'"
\feHHe BpeMeHH Bbl):(epjJ(KH "PH 3TOH TeMneparype cnoc06cTByeT 6oJ1ee
1I0JIHOMY paCTBopeHHfO Kap6H.L(OB. B PC3YJ1bTaTe Hocne 3aKaJIKH H OTUYC-
Ka nO.,1Y\faeM 60Jlee JlerHpOBaHHblH MapTeHCHT, 4TO nOBbllllaeT TBepn.OCTb
H TCnJIOCTOHKOCTb HHCTpYMeHTa. O.aH8KO IIPH 3TOM YBenHt.JHBaeTCSI on8C-
HOCTb OKHC.,1eHHSI J1 06e3yr":lepO)J(HBaHHj( 1I0BepXHOCTM HHCTpYMeHT8,
CTpYKTYpa MCTaJ1Jla CT8HOBMTCSI KpYUH03epHHCTOH, nOSlBJ1S1eTC J1e.a06y-
pHTHaSi ceTK8, 4TO nOHH)KaeT JJp04HOCTb HHCTpYMeHT8. KpOMe Toro,
YMeHbllleHHe co.nep)K8HH CB060,LUlbIX K8p6HJJ.OB B CTaJIH BCJleltCTBHe HX
60JICC I10JlHOrO paCTBopeHMj( nOHH)K8eT H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb HHCTpYMCHTa.
n03:0MY nOBbllllCHHbIe TeMlJepaTypbl HarpeBa H YBeJIH4eHHbie Bbl,ltep)KKfI
\fOJKHO peKO\feHllOB8Tb .I1Hllib .L1J1Sl I1pOCTblX HHCTpYMeHTOB, p860T8fOlI(HX
C BblCOKHMH CKOpOCTSlMH, HanpHMep, ,l])UI pe3UOB 06lI(ero U83HaI.JeHHj(.
t(Jlj( CJlO)KHOpe)KYWHX M MeJlKOnpo<pMnbHbiX HHCTpYMeHTOB, npOTSI>KeK,
3y60pe3HbIX, pe3b60Hape3HbiX M .lJ.pyrHx 1I0.l.l06Hb1X HIICTpYMeHTOB TaKoii
Hal'peB HenpHCMJleM.
OXJla3\,lteHHe. Bbl60p MeTOJJ.8 OXJ1IDK.LJ.eHH It OXJ1IDK,lJ,alOlJ..{l1X cpe).J
3aBMCMT OT COCT8B8 CTaJlH, CJIO)f{HOCTH HHCTpYMeHT8 H Tpe6yeMbix
CBOHCTB.
402

P a '3 i) e..7 3 llpOu16oocm6o pe:»cylllllX ullcmpYM'''''''' ff
OXJ1IDf(.neHHe .no TeMnepaTypbl MapTeHcHTHoro npeBpaIJJ.eHHSI cne.l1ye-.
BeCT" 6bICTpO, 4T06bl aycTeHHT HC npeBpaTHJICSI B npOMe)KYT04Hble
CTPYKTYpbl. ,l(J1j( KaiKt(OH MapKH CTaJIH cymecTByeT CBOst 1J0CTOj(HHaJi
CKOpOCTb oXJJa)l(,lteHHj(, a CTaJ1(} 6blTb, 11 CBOj( oXJIIDK.L1alOw.aj( cpe.na.
OXJ1IDf(.neHHe B HHTepBa."e TeMIIepaTYP MapTeHcHTHoro npeBpallteHHSI
(300-200 °C) cJIe.ayeT BeCTH 60.aee MC.LtJ1eHHO, TaK KaK I1PH 6blCTpblX
CTPYK1)'pHbIX npeBpauleHHj(x 06'beM MeTaJ1JIa H3MeH}leTCj( 6bICTpO, 4TO
MO)KeT SlBHTbCj( IIpH1.JHHOH JlOj(BJleHMSI TpeWHH. n03TOMY .n;UI pa3HbiX
MapOK cTaJleM M cJ>OPM HHCTpYMCHTa 4aU(e Bcel"O IIpHMeHeTCSI KO\f6HHH-
pOBaUHoe OXJla)KACHHC: CHa4ana B OJJ.HOM cpeJJ.c, 8 38TeM B D.pyrOH.
OXJ1IDKJJ.alOllJ,HMl1 cpe,naMM MOI)'T 6blTb: Bo.aa, MaCJ10, paCII.rlaBbl Ii
paCTBopbl COJleH, ll.{eJlO\feH, B03.L1YX.
HHCTpYMeHTbl 113 yr.ilepO,l.tHCTOH CTanH CJ10)KHOM KOH<I>HJypaUHH CHa4Cl-
Jla OXJ1a)K,[{aK>T B BO,lte ,AO TeMnepaTypbl 300-250 °C, a 3aTeM B MaCJIC.
npOCTble HHcTpYMeHTb' 0XJ1IDf(.n810T TO;lbKO B BO.LJ.e.
6blcTpOpe)KYIUHe HHCTpYMCHTbl npocToH <j>OpMbl OXJ1a)K.QafOT B MaCJ1C"
a Ue60JlbWOrO nonepelfHHKa (3-5 MM) ,aaJKe Ha cnOKOHHOM B03,ltyxe HJJM
IIOD. BeHTHJ1j(TOpOM.
HHcTpYMeHTbl CJIO)KHOH $OpMbl, cpacoHHblC, nO,llBeprafOT clyneH48ToH
3aK(L1Ke, T.e. KOM6HHHpoBaliHoMY OXJla)K,1JeHHfO, C enblO CUH)KetlHst .D.C-
Q>opMaUHH H B03MO:iKHOCTH nOSlB,,1CIiHSI Tpew.HH. CHalfaJl8 HHCTpYMeHT
OXJlaafOT B paCnJ1aBJ1CHHOH KaJlHeBoH CeJ1HTpe (xY)KC - B H8TpHeBoH,
pa3'be).(aeT HHcTpYMeHT) ,no TeMIIeparypbl 500-450 °C C BbIJjep>KKOH IIpH
3TOH TeMlJepaType 2-5 MHH, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CClfeHI1j( MHCTpYMeHTa.
3TO 06.naCTb TeMlleparyp uaH60JJbllJCM YCTOHlfHBOCTH aYCTeIlHTa. 3aTeM
HHc-rpYMeHT OXJla)K..QalOT Ha B03,ayxe.
A1S1 MHcTpYMeHToB oc060 CJI0jJ(HOH Q:>OPMbl, a TaK)I(e KpynHblx p33Me-
pOB H 60J1bWOM ,nJll1Hbl peKOMCH,ltyeTCj( u30n1ep:ttlur.teCKaJl 3aKaJ1Ka., 3H84H-
TeJJbHO YMeHbwalOul3j1 BHyrpCHIfHe HanpSl)KeBHst H Jle<j)opM8l\HfO. npH 3TOM
HHCTpYMeHT CHa1.JaJl8 oXJIIDf(.nalOT B COJlH C TeMnepmypoH 250--300 °C,
BblJ],ep)l{HBalOT 40-60 MHH., a 3aTeM Ha B03.D.yxe. ECJ1M TeMneparypa
COJIH 200-250 °C, TO Bbl,nep)KKa npH 3TOM TeMllepa'rype 30-40 MHH,
anbHe"Wee OXJ1IDf(.neHHe Ha B03):{yxe. 0XJ1a)l(,[{8lOWast cpe.LIa - CMeCb
e,nKHX 1.l.\eJIOLJeH N80H H KOJf B p83J1M4HOH IIpOnOpUHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT Tpe6yeMoH TeMuep8rypbI. MO)KHO HCn0J1b30B8Tb c\teCb CeJIMTp KNO;
(56 %) 11 NaN0 3 (44 %).
403

lllazYH B.I1. Pe>KYlIlHH HHCTpYMeHT
CBeTJlaH 3aKaJ1Ka. HarpeB HHCTpYMeHTa 06b14Hb1H, B COJUIHblX Ball-
Hax, a OXJJIDKJ].eHHe B p8CTBope w.enot.JeH: 80 % KOH + 20 % NaOH +
+ 6 1.faCTeH BO):\bl H8 1 00 qaCTeH l1I.c.aot.teH. QTo6bl nOBcpxHOCTb HHCTpY-
MeHTa He 6bU1a nSlTHHCTOH, nepeA HarpeBOM ero 06e3)1(HpHB81OT B ropsr1JeM
paCTBope CJ1e-nYIOIUero COCTaBa: Ha 1 J1 BO,nbl 250 r NaOH Ii 15 r Na 3 P0 4 .
3areM HHCTpYMeHT BbfCYWHBaIOT npH TeMnepmype 400--500 °C H TOJ1bKO
nOCJle 3Toro nepeHocj(T B BaHHY J1" HarpeBa no.Lt 3aK8J1KY, TaK K8K
nonaJ].aHMe BJlarH B COJISIHYfO BaHHY MO)KeT Bb13BaTb B3pblB H BbtnJleCKH-
BaHHe coneH. nOcJIe OXJ1IDKJ].eHHSI HHc-rpYMeHT npOMblBalOT B ropS14eH
Bo):\e AnSI. YA811eHHSI coneH Ii BblCYllIHBalOT "JIM CP33Y )Ke OTnYCKaIOT.
TaKaSi npOMblBKa C npOCY11JKOH npe,noxpaHSIeT HHCTpYMeHT OT KOpp03MH.
3.4.4. OTnycK
HOpM8J1bHLIH oTnycK. nOcIIe 38K8J1KH 6blcTpopeJKY1ll.eH CT8J1H B ee
CTpYKTYpe OCTaeTCSI OK0110 20 % aYCTeHMTa. B pe3YJ1bTaTe - nOHHJKeHHaSi
TBepJ10CTb HHcTpYMeHTa. KpoMe Toro, 80 BpeMSI pa60Tbi HHcTpYMeHTa no,n
B03J1eHCTBHeM TeMneparypbl pe3aHHSI aYCTeHHT KaK 6bl C8MonpOH3BOJIbHO
p8Cnaj\aeTCSI, npeBpama»Cb B M8pTeHCMT. Ka38.rlOCb 6bl, 3TO Hennoxo. Ho
6e,Aa B TOM, tfTO rIP" TaKl1X CTpYKTypHblX npeBpaweHHSlX H3MeHSleTCjf
06'beM CTaJ1H, npH1.JeM TOJ1bKO B OT.l.1eJJbHbIX 4aCTSIX HHCTpYMeHTa. B03-
HHK310T BHyrpeHHHe HanpSl)KeHHSI.. KOTopble, CKna,nbIBaSICb C H3npSl)KeHH-
SlMH OT l{eHCTBH CHJJ pe3aHHJJ, MorYT npHBeCTH K nonOMKe HHCTpYMeH-
T8. TaKHM 06P330M, npOLfHOCTb HHCTpYMeHTa nOHH)KeHa. nOHH)KeHa
TaK)Ke H H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb, TaK KaK aYCTeHHT MSlfKHH Ii 6blCTpO pa3Ma-
3bJBaeTCSI no ,neTaJ1H. fJ03TOMY oCTaBWHHCSI nocne 3aK8J1KM aYCTeUHT
Heo6xOAHMO nepeBeCTH B MapTeHCHT. 3TOM ueJ1H CJIY)KHT OTI1YCK. 3aKa-
;1eHHble HHCTpYMeHTbl 3arpY)KafOT B ne4b, HarpeBalOT D.O 525-575 °C,
Bbl).J,ep)KHBaIOT 1,0-1,5 t.Jaca H Bblrp)')KalOT AJ1S1 OCTblB8HMj( H8 B03.l.1yxe.
TaK nOBTopj(IOT ABa-TpH pa3a, T.e. ):(eJ1aIOT ABYX", TpexKpaTHblH oTnycK.
B 3TO BpeMSI npoHcxoAHT npeBpameHMe OCTaT04110ro aYCTeHHTa B M8p-
TeHCHT M BblJ1eneHHe MeJlKO.lJ.HcnepCHbIX, YCTOHlJHBblX npOTHB KoarYJIjfQHH
Kap6H,UOB, LITO Bbl3bIBaeT AHcnepCHOHHoe TBep.neHHe, Ha3blBaeMoe emo-
PUIlHOU P1eepOOcnlblO. B pe3YJ1bTaTe OCTaeTCSI 2-3 % aYCTeHHTa, nOBbl-
luaeTCSI TBep.nocTb I1HCTpYMeHTa Ha 2-3 e,aHHHl.\bl HRC 3 . Bo BpeMSI
1 JOC.ae.l.1Hero OTllYCKa OKOH4aTe.abHO CHHMafOTCj( BHYTpeHHHC HanpSl)KeHHSI,
404

P a 3d eJl 3. npoU36oi)cm6o pe:JICY'llllx llIlCmp}\1eHmO(J
liTO jJBJUleTCjI BTOpOH 33JJ.at.teH OTnYCKa. nepB8j1 38,na48 - nepeBOll
OCTaT04Horo aYCTeHHra B M8pTeHCH
06pa6oTK8 XOJIOAOM. Cpa3Y nocne 38K8.rIKH HHCTpYMeHT MO)KHO
o6pa6oTaTb X0J10AOM B iKHAKOM a30TC (-197 °C) MJIM B TBeplloM yr.JleKHC-
JIOTe, pacTBopeHHoH B 6eH3HHe (-80... -100°C). nOCJle TaKOH o6pa60TKH
B CTanH npaKTH'IeCKH He OCTaeTCjJ aYCTeHHTa H MO)KHO 060MTHCb TOJlbKO
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HHcTpYMeHTbl, npOTjJ)KKH, HO)KOBOllHble nOJIOTHa, cBep..1a, oTpe3Hbie Ii
11pope3Hbie 4>pe3bl. t{J 1S1 YMeHbllleHHR Kopo6.neHH HCn0J1b3YJOTCjJ J130Tep-
MH4eCKa» 33KaJ1Ka 11 cneu.HaJlbHble MeTO)1bl HarpeBa Ii OXJ1aJK.L(eHHR BO
BpeMSI 38KanKH H OTnycKa.
CTepiKHeBble HHcTpYMeHTbl HarpeBalOT H norpY>KafOT B oXJ1aalO'"
"
LUYIO cpe,ay CTporo no npo)..tOJ1bHOH OCM, a OCTa.lbHble - B,lJ.OJlb OCM
Manoro cet.teHHSI. Bo BpeMSI OXna)f(.l!eHM.R MHCTpYMeHT nepeMelU310T
BBepX-8HH3, QTo6bl p830pB8Tb napOBYIO py6aWKY, KOTopaSi 06pa3yeTcR
BOKpyr HHCTpYMeHTa, oxna)KJ.{aeMOrO B HcnapJOlltHXCjI cpe,nax. napoBasa
py6awKa He n03B0J1S1eT 06ecne4HTb HY)J(HYK> It paBHOMepHYfO CKOpOCTb
OXJla)J()J,eHH» co BCCMH BbITeKaIOUJ.HMM nOCJ1eJJ.CTBHHMH, rJlaBHble H3 KOTO-
410

P a 3 i) e Jl 3. flpou36oi)cmeo pe:JICyulux ullcmpYMellmo6
pblX - Kop06neHHe H He,aOCTaTOt.tHaSi HJIH nj(THHCT8j1 TBepJJ.ocTb HHCl PY-
MeHTa.
CBep.na C UMJIMH,lJ,pHlJeCKHMH XBOCTHKaMH OXJ1a)KJJafOT llpOKaTblBaliHeM
Mey ,aBYMSI CTaJlbHblMH HJJH 4yrYHHblMH I1nHT8MH C BHyrpeuHHM OX-
JlaiK)..\eHHeM BOAOH.
<l>pe3bl OTpe3Hbie Ii npope3HbiC nocne OKOllllaTeJ1bHoro HarpeBa nOll
3aKaJlKY oxnIDK,l].alOT no)]. npeCCOM C 06,lJ,YBKOH B03,lJ,YXOM. npecc caMhlH
IIpHMHTHBHbIit npe,aCTaBJ1jfeT C060H MaCCHBHoe 4yrYHHoe OCHOBaHHe B
BHAe nJlHTbl.. Ha KOTOpylO KJl3AYT He60JIbWHe 11 a KCTbl HarpeTblx <ppe3, 8
CBCPXY C JlerKHM y,ftapOM "'HaKpbIB81OT" TSI)KeJlbIM CT8.abHbIM UHJIHlljlPOM
npOTSljKKY Cpa3Y 1l0C;le OXJ1IDK.JJ.eHHSI B M8CJIC K(18)].yr H8 IIpH3Mbi H
HHD.HKaTOpO1 npOBepSiIOT ee 6MeHHe. EC..1H Heo6xoJlHMO, B 3TMX ,Ke npH3Max
PY4HbiM npeCCOM nporSliKKY npaBjlT, YCTpaHSlj( H36blT01.JIIYtO KPHBH3HY.
Bo BpeMSI OTnYCKa TalOKe B03MOiKU8 npaBKa HHCTpYMeHTa. l-IallpHMcp,
MaLUHHHbIe HOIKOBOt.JHble IIOJlOTHa 1-13 6bICTpOpe)KYIUCH C'I aJlH BbllIPSlM.tlSl-
lOT B paMK8X TMn8 THCKOB. B T3KO'vf 3aHeBoneHHOM COC') OJ(IU1H HOjJ(OBOll-
Hble 1I0J10THa 3arpYiKalOT B OTnYCKHYfO UClJb, HarpeBalOT .lJ.0 Tel\fllepary-
pbl OTIIYCKa, BbIAep)KHBaIOT HYiKHoe BpeMSI H BblrpYiKafOT H8 B03,ltyX ,LUISI
OCTblBaHHSI BMeCTe C paMKaMM.
fopj(4aSl JlpaBKa HO:)KOBOLJHbIX nOJIOTeH., npOTSDKeK., CBepl, COBMeUleHHaSi
C 3aKaJ1KOM MJ1M OTIIYCKOM, HaM60JICe paUHOHaJlbH8, TaK KaK BO BpeMj(
CTPYKTYpHblX npeBpaweHHH HHCTpYMeHT ClpeMHTCSI coxpaHMTb CBoe CO-
CTOSlHMe, IlpMJJ.aHHoe 3aHeBO.aHBaHMeM HJIM npaBKOH. B03MO)l(H8 npaBKa HIi-
ClpYMeHTa C )]OIlo..1HHTeJ1bHbIM HarpeBOM 1I0CJle 38Ka.:IKH H OTIIYCKa. 3-ro
XY)KC, I.JCM npaBKa, COBMemeHHaSi C 3aKa.:IKOH H OTUYCKOM. 3)(eCb lIpccne...
.ayeTcSI ueJlb 06eClIelleHHSI npaBKH 6e3 p83pyweHHSI HHCTpYMCHTa. npaBKa
B03MOJKHa 11 B xonO.t(HOM COCTOjlHHH, HO TOJlbKO B CJ1Y t I8S1X., Kor.na .ueQ>opMa...
UHSI HHCTpYMeHT8 He3Hat.tHTe;lbHaj(. npHMeHSleTCSI B OCHOBHOM )..I.JISI Me.iIKOrO
HHCTPYMCHT8 C HCII0J1b30BaHHeM IIpH 3TOM MO;IOTKa BeCOM 1..5 HJ1I1 3 Kr
3.4.7. O'lHCTKa HHCTpYMeliTS 1I0CJle 3aK8J1KH H 01 nYCKa
f1oCJ1e TepMM4eCKOH o6pa60TKH 1l0BepXHOCTH HHCTpYMeH'1 a 3arpSl3He-
UbI OKHcnaMH COJ1S1MH BaHB, HHOr.l1a MaCJIOM, KOTopble 3aTpY)..I,IUnOT )..I,8Jlb-
HeHlllYIO MexaHH4eCKYlO 06pa60TKY HHCTPY1CHTa H SlBJljllOTCjI 04ar8MH
KOpp03MH. n03TOMY HHCTpYMeHT 1I0LlBepralOT 04MC I'KC.
411

WaZYH B.J1. Pe)l(yw.HR HHCTPYMeHT
XHMH'IeCKaH O'lHCTKft ocyw.eCTBJUleTCSI ):\0 nOJlHOrO y):\aneHH COJleH.
Oc06eHHO 3<P<1>eKTHBHa, eCJ1H COJ1H lIe06xo,lJ.HMO y):\aJU1Th H3 eJleH Ii nop.
nOCJle):\OBaTeJ1bHOCTh OQHCTKH:
1) KHlUI4eHHe B Bo):\e 20-30 MHH .lJ.JI y):\aneHHSI rpSl3H " CJ1e):\OB Macna;
2) TpaBJ1eHHe B 15-18-npoueHTHoH COJ1S1HOH KHCJIOTe .!IIISI y):\8J1eHMjJ OKHC-
JI0B
3) HeHTpMM3aUHSI KMCJ10Tbl:
a) npOMblBKa B XOJlOLlHOH npOTOlfHOM BOlle;
6) npOMblBKa B I-npo1.(eHTHoM COAOBOM paCTBOpe npH TeMnepa1)'pe
70-90 °C B TelfeHHe 5-10 MHH;
4) lIaccHBHpoBaHHe B COAoBo-HaTpHeBoM pacTBope AJ1S1 3atnMTbi OT KOp-
p03HM.
rHLtpOnOJlHpOBaHHe BblnOJlHSleTCSI Ha arperaT3x 6apa6aHHoro " Ka-
pycenbHoro THnOB cTpyeH "'M):(KOCTM co B3BellJeHHblMH B HeM 4aCTMuaMH
a6pa3HBa.
CocTaB pa60LJeH )l(H,QKOCTH:
· 3JleKTpoKoPYHA 3epHHcToCTbfO 16-10 - 20 Kr;
· COJ.1a K8JlbI.{HHHpOBaHHaSi (Na 2 CO) - 200 Kr;
· HHTPHT HaTpH (NaN0 2 ) - 0,75 -1,00 Kr;
· BO,l.(a - 50 n.
MCI10J1b3YCTCSI He TOJlbKO AnSI OlfHCTKM MHCTpYMeHTa nocne TepMH-
4ecKoH o6pa60TKH, HO H AJISI nOJ,1rOToBKH ero nOA rMbBaHMlfeCKHe
nOKpbITHSI. 06pa60TaHHaSi nOBepxHocTb 04eHb 4HcTaSl, 3aBHCHT OT 3ep-
HHCTOCTM a6pa3MBa H YCTOH4HB8jJ OT KOpp03HH, TaK KaK nOKpblBaeTCSI
naccHBHoH nneHKOM "3 HHTpHTa HaTpHSI, H3XOASIllterOCSI B p3CTBope pa-
604e" )KH,D,KOCTH.
KOHTpOJILHLle BonpocLI
1. BH.!Ibl TepMH"IeCKOH 06pa6OTKH H HX Ha3Ha4eHHe.
2. TeXH0J10rHSI HarpeBa H oxnIDK.L(eHHSI 6b1CTpope)f()'InMX HHcTpYMeHToB B
npoLlecce 3aK8nKH.
3. Pa3HoBHAHOCTM 3aKMKH 6bICTpOpe)f(YUtMX HHcTpYMeHToB.
4. H(QH34eHHe H TeXH0J10fHSI HOpMMbHoro OTnycKa 6blCTpOpejKYInHx
HHCTpYMeHToB nOCJ1e 3aKMKH.
S. Ha3Hat.teHHe H pe)l(HMbl BblCOKoro " HM3Koro oTnycK3.
412

P a 30 ell 3. npOU36oocm6o peJICYUIUx uHcmpy..'t4ellm06
6. 060pYAoBaHHe ttnSl 1I0):lOrpeB3, HarpeBa H oTIIycKa HHCTpYMeHTOB B
npou.ecce TepMH1.JeCKOM 06pa6OTKH. Hx cpaBHHTeJlbHble ,QOCTOHHCTBa
H HeAOCTaTKH.
7. npe,l:tOXpaHeHHe HHcTpYMeHToB OT OKMCJleHHSI UP" HarpeBe JlO,Q 3aK8JI-
KY H Kopo6JleHHSI npH TepMM4ecKoM 06pa6OTKe.
8. npaBKa HHcTpYMeHToB BO Bpe",ul M nocne TepMM1.JeCKOM o6pa60TKH.
9. ,l(e<»eKTbl B HHc-rpYMeHTe B CBSl3H C HapyweHHeM pe)l(MMOB 3aK8.t'lKH
M OTnYCKa. Cnoco6bl 110):t[lep)K8HHSI pe)l(HMOB.
10. TeXHOJIOrHSI 04HCTKH HHcTpYMeHTa nOCJ1e 3aK8J1KM H OTnYCKa.
3.5. 3ATOtIKA H )(OBOKA HHCTPYMEHTOB
3.5.1. 3aT01JK8 H AOBOAKa - onep8UHH,
OKOH1JaTeJ1bHO tOpMHpYlOlQHe K8'leCTBO HHcTpYMeHT8
nocne TepMH4ecKoM 06pa60TKH MHCTpYMeHTbl lUJIHQ>YJOT, 3aTa4HBalOT
H AOBO,QSlT.
3aTO'lK8 - npOI{eCC lllnH<j>oBaHHSI ,L\BYX nepeCeK8fOll(MXCSI nOBepXHO"
cTeH HHcTpYMeHT8, o6pa3YIOwHx pe)K)'tl.\ylO KPOMKY.
oBoAKa - TOHK3S1 3aT04K8, OKOH48TeJ1bHO <POpMHPYIOw.aSl Ka1.feCTBO
p3604MX nOBepxHocTeM HHCTpYMeHTa, OCTpOry H reOMeTpHK> cro pe)l(Y-
W,HX KpOMOK.
3TH €pHHHUIHble onepaQHH .D.IDKe c <pOpMaJlbHOM T04KH 3peHHSI OKOH4a-
TeIlbHO <POpMHPYIOT Kat.teCTBO HHCTpYMeHTa. Ho ,L\3J1eKO He <j>OpM8.s1bHaSi
CTopOHa 3,L\eCb rJ1aBH8S1. 3TH onep3UHM, oco6eHHO 38T04K8, cnoc06Hbi
OKOH1.J8TeJ1bHO HcnoprHTb HHCTpYMeffT, K84eCTBeHHO BblnOJ1HeHHbIH H8
npe,nl>IAyw.MX onepau.HSlX, MJIH nOHH3MTb ero O)J(HAaeMYIO CTOMKOCTb
B 3-11 pa3. T8KHM 06P830M, 6e3 npeYBeJlHtJeHMjI MO)J(tlO CK833Tb, 4TO
Ka1.JeCTBO HHCTpYMeHT8 <POpMHPYtOT TepMM4ecKaSi 06pa60TKa H 33T01.JK8.
TepMH4ecKaSi o6pa6oTKa H npe,noTBpaweHHe ee .nc$eKTOB p3CCMOTpeHbi
Bblllle. 3,necb BIDKHO BblSlCHHTb Ae<peKTbl 3aT01.JKH, npHt.tHHbl MX B03HHKHO-
BeHHSI H MeTO)JbJ He,nonyw.eHHSI MJlM YCTp3HeHHSI ,lte<j>eKToB.
3.5.2. eteKTbl 38TOQKH H MeTOLI HX lIe,nonyweHHH UJiH
YCTp8HeHHH
PaccMoTpeHHe Ha4HeM C .neq,eKTOB caMblX npOCTblX no npHt.tHHaM
B03HMKHOBeHHSI H MeTO,a8M HeAonyeHH.
412

WaZYH 8.11. PeiKywH" HHCTpYMeHT
He BLllIep)KaHbl 3a)1aHHble yrJlLJ 3aTOQKH. B pe3YJ1bTaTe HM3Ka»
Cl0HKOCTb HHCTpYMeHTa. I1ccJ1eJ1oBaHMSlMM BbUIBJ1eHO, tlTO OTKJ10HeHMe
OT OfJTMMaJlbHblX 3H3lleHdt 33j.\Hcro yr.aa tla 2° HOHH)J(aeT CTOMKOCTb
pe3UOB B 2 pa3a, pe3 - B 5 pa3, 3 OTKJlOHCHJ.ie l1epeHero yrna Ha 5°
I10HH)J(aeT CTOMKOCTb pe3UOB B 3 pa3a.. a $pe3 8 2 pa3a. AHaJlOrHLfHOe
BJ1HSlHMe OTKJlOHeHMH OCTaJibliblX YI:T10B 3aT04KH. t..JT06bl BblJ\ep)J(aTb np"
3aTOLfKe 38l.{aHHble yrJ1bl.. He06xoLU1MO np0l13BeCTM npaBMJlbHYfO H3CTpOH-
KY CTaHKa M npHcnoco6JleHMSI.
He Bbl,acp*ana TOQHOCTL tOpMLI H paCnOJlo*ellHH paOOqHX
lIoBepxllocTCH H pe*YIUHX KpOMOK HHcTpYMeIfTa. 3.necb nopa3Y-
MeBaeTCSl T04HOCTb cpOpMbl 3atJ.HeH H Ifepe.n.HeH nOBepxHocTeM HHCTpY-
MCHTa.. 8 TalOKC pa,nHaJ1bHOe H TopUOBoe 6HeHHe pe)l(Yll(HX KpOMOK.
bJ.1eHHe pe)l()'lllMX KpOMOK nOHH>KaeT CTOMKOCTb WHCTpYf\.leHTa, TaK KaK
ero 3y6bj( HepaBHOMepHO Har'PY>KeHbL TOHUJ,HHa cpe3a BblCOKHMH 3y6bSlMH
60JbWe, 4eM HM3KHMH. npeBblweHMe npC.l:tbl.LJ.Yll1Cro 3y6a Matt 1I0CJJe,uyJO-
l11MM Ha BeJIHlJHHY a B.,11'UleT Ha CTOMKOCTb 3Toro 3y6a, KaK H YBCJlH4eHHe
TOJIl.llMHbl cpe3a MJJH llo,na4M Ha 3TO )Ke 3ua4eHMe. 3myruleHMe XOT.JI 6bl
Ol.\HOrO-BYX neperpY)KeHHblX 3y6beB Tpe6YCT lIepeT04KM MHCTpYMeHTa,
X01Si OCTaJlbHble 3y6b}) Moryr 6blTb OCTpbIMH. I1HTeHCHBHO 3a1)'II..1$1TbCR
MorYT He TO;lbKO BbICOKHe, HO M HH3KHe 3y6bSl 113-33 nOBbUlleHHoro TpCIUUl.
EC..1H, HaJlpl1'\1ep, 1l0CJ1e.nYIOWJ1H 3y6 HH)Ke l1pC,1.J.bl.nywero Ha BCJIH4MHY
nO.l!3 l 1H ua 3y6 11..111 4)'Tb MCUbwe 3Toro 3Ha4eHI1, TO 01-1 HC 6Y.l(eT pC3aTb.
Cpe3bl T0J1111MHOM MeHbwe 0,005-0,010 MM HeB03MO)KHbl. 3y6 6YJ.1eT Te-
peTbCR 0 nOBepxHocTb pe38HHjf, HcnblTblBasa C ee Cl0pOHbi 60JlbWOe HOp-
Ma.:lbHoe )..1aBJleHMe, M HHTCHCMBHO H3HaUIHBaTbCR.
HapyweHHe <pOpMbl 3a,lJ,HJ1X nOBepxHocTeH £»acoHHblX MHCTpYMCHTOB
nOflH)K3eT TOLJHOCTb o6pa6oTauHbix MMH .ncT(lJ(eH. t.{onYll1eHl-lbJe OUJM6KM
npocf>MJUI HHCTpYMCHTa nepcHOCRTC.JI Ha ,nCT8Jlb B MacuITa6e 1: 1.
CMJlbHO BJ1MUOT H8 CTOHKOCTb MaKpOOTKj10HeUMR Q>OPMbl nepeAHHx H
3ajlHHX nOBepxHocTeM B6.ilM3H pe>KyuUix KpOMOK, TaK KaK Hellocpc).,(CTBCH-
HO 113 pa6otfl1x YLJaCTKaX 3THX nOBepXHOCTeH He Bbl,lJ.epJKHBaIOTCSI YITIbl
1aTOlJKJ.1. ,[{aJKe Y TaKHX npOCTblX MHCTpYMeHTOBil K3t( pe3Ubl, re OlJeHb
IlpOCTbie OpMbl nepeL(HeH Ii 33HeH nOBepxHocTeM (J1J10CKOCTJ.1), "3aBa-
Jlbl" 3THX nol10CKOCTeH y peiKyw.MX KpOMOK YMeHb11JafOT 3HaLfeHM nepc,a-
HHX Y p H 3a,l.lHMX a. p YrJ10B BIIJ10Tb .l1.0 OTpHuaTe.11bHblX 3HaLJeHMH (pHC. 3.20).
414

P a 30 e]l 3. flpOu36oocm6o peJlCylilux ullcmpYMe1lm06
"3aBaJlLI" caMHX pe>KYlUMx KpOMOK (pHC. 3.21), KOrLta paLtHYC oKpyr-
JleHMj( pe>K)'lUeH KpOMKH p 3Ha4HTeJ1bHO 60JlbUle l.JeM Y HOpMaJlbHO 3aTO-
4eHHoro HHcTpYMeHTa (BopMa 10-15 MKM, a npM TlUaTeJlbHOH 110BOLtKe
MO>KHO UOJ1YtJHTb 3-5 MKM), TalOKe nOHH)KaIOT CTOHKOCTb MHCTpYMeHTa.
KpoMe Toro, OHM BJlIUIIOT Ha T04HOCTb o6pa60TKH \.Iepe3 ynpYI"oe BOCCTa-
HOBJleHHe o6pa6OTaHHOH IlOBepXHOCTM H YllpyrHe Lte4>opMaUHM TeXHOJ10rM-
LJeCKOH CMCTeMbl.
ctp
Puc 3.20 B1JJfHMe "3aBaJlOB" nepc-
AHeM Jf 3aJ1HeH nOBepXHOCTeR pe3lIa Ha
BeJlH 1 1JfHY pa60 t fMX yrnoB
a <a.; y <y
p p
PJfC. 3 21. 3aBanbJ pelKYIIlHx KpOM01\
no .llyre pallMycoM p
Y - YCTyn B cTpYiKe 1 1HoH KaHaBKe
nOp0)KKM, YCTynbl, "Y", Ha Ii0BepxHocTSIX CTJJY)KelfHbIX KaHaBOK MHO-
rone3BHHHbiX HHCTpYMeHTOB (pHC. 3.21) npMBOJJ.SlT K HellpaBMJlbHOMY Q>op-
MHpOBaHHIO CTPY)KKH H YXYJ.l.UJatOT ee pa3MelUaCMocTb B KaHaBKax.
OTKJ10HeHHj( <}>OpMbl <pacoHHblX 3aJ],HHX nOBepxHocTei1, <pOpMbl cTpY-
)Ket.tHoH KaHaBKH H 6HeHHe peiK)'tnHX KpOMOK HHcTpYMeHTa SlBJlSlfOTC}I
cneJ],CTBMeM HenpaBHJ1bHOH HacTpOHKH OllepaQMH 3aT04KH, B TOM 4HC.ne
npo<pHJ1HpOBaHHjI a6pa3HBHoro Kpyra. KpOMC Toro, OHH 3aBHC}lT OT HcpaB-
HOMepHoro H3Hoca Kpyra.
"3a8Mbl" pa604HX nOBepXHOCTeH Ii pe*ywJlx KpOMOK Bbl3BaHbi He-
paBHOMepHblM M3HOCOM KpYI'a, cBoe06pa3HOH Bblpa60TKOH Kpyra B 30He
nOCTO»HHoro KOHTaKTa C 3arat.tHBaeMblM HHCTPYMCHTOM (CM. pMC. 3.21).
41 

llla?YH 8.11. PeIKywHH HHcTpYMeHT
bHeHHe pe)J()'L11HX KpOMOK HHcTpYMeHTa 3aBHCHT OT HacTpoHKH onepa-
UHH M MHTeHCHBHOCTH H3Hoca lllJIHQ>oB3JlbHOrO Kpyra, a TalOKe norpelllHo-
cTeH pacno.,"JOjKeHHjI TeXHO.,10rHQeCKHX 6a3 npH 38T04Ke OTHOCMTeJlbHO
YCTaHoBolfHblX H8 pa60LJeM CT8HKe. ECTecTBeHHo, eCJlH nOCJle,nHjIjI no-
rpelllHOCTb "MeeT MeCTO, TO 6HeHHe pejKYlltHX KpOMOK HHCTpYMeHT8,
YCT3HOBneHHoro HB CTBHKe, 6yt{eT Bcerna. fiHeHHe pemYI.l.(HX KpOMOI(
<pOpMMpye-rCj( HenpaBH.ilbHOM YCTaHOBKOH HHCTpYMeHTa npH 38TOlJKe. Ao-
n0J1HMTeJ1bHbIM HCT04HHKOM 1I0jlBJ1eHMjI 6HeHHjI KpOMOK SlBJlSleTCSI "HTeH-
CHBHblH H3HOC Kpyra, lfTO npMBOl\HT K HapaCTaHMIO BblCOTbl 3y6a OT
nepBoro K nOCJ1e,llHeMY 38Ta4MBaeMOMY.
Y4HTblBaji H3JI0:>KeHHOe, HeTpy.nHO npHMTH K BbIBO,llY, 4TO j..{J1j1 YCTpaHe-
HHj( YKa3aHHbIX AeQ>eKTOB 38T04KH HHCTpYMeHTa He06xo):{HMO T01.fHO npo-
$HJIHpOBaTb H qawe npaBHTb a6pa3MBHbIH J(PYl npaBMJJbHO HaCTpaMBaTb
33T04HYfO onepaUHfO, 8 B KOHue 33TOLJKH BbIlIOJ1HSlTb BbIXajKHB8HHe,
T.e. 3aT04KY 6e3 1I0nepet.JHOH I10,A8LJH, t.JTO oc06eHHO B8jKHO ,ltJUI YMCHb-
WeHHjf 6HeHHj( pe)J()'lltHX KpOMOK HHCTpYMeHTa.
3a1y6pHHLI peiKYUlHX KpOMOK. CBOHCTBeHHbl HHCTpYMeHT8M 113
XpYllKHX pe)KYHX M8TepHaJ10B: TBep,ltOrO cn;18Ba, MHuepanOKepaMHKH,
CBepXTBept\blX M8TepMa;IOB. npe.l1eJ1 np04HOCTH Ha paCTSljJ(eHHe y
XPYUKHX M3TepHaJ10B HH3KHH. 3aT04HOH
Kpyr., c6el ajl C peiKyweH KpOMKH B HanpaB-
JlCHHH 6 (pHC. 3.22), BblpblB8eT OTt\eJ1bHbIC
t.JaCTHUbl M8TepHaJI8 HHcTpYMeHTa ("Bbl-
6HBaeT" HX), H H8 pelKYll\eM KpoMKe 06pa-
3YfOTC 3a3y6pHHbl, SlBnSllOlllHeCjI Ha48J10"'I
l1aJ1bHeHWero pa3pyweHMSI KpOMKH. KpoMe
TOrO., HHcTpYMeHTaMM C 333y6pMHaJ\fM KpO-
MOK lIeJ1b3S1 BblnO:IHjlTb 4HCTOBYIO H TOH-
KYIO 06pa6oTKY. JUI He)]OnYUtCHM1I 3a3y6-
pHil Kpyr OJ1JKeH Ha6eraTb Ha pe>KYw.ylO
KPOMKY (HallpaBJ1eHHe a Ha pHC. 3.22) H
3aCT8B;ISlTb MaTepHaJI HHCTpYMcHTa y ca-
MOH KpoMKH pa60TaTb Ha C)KaTHe, KOTOpO-
MY XOpOUIO conpOTMBJ1RIOTCJI Bce MaTepH-
aollbl, B TOM 4HCJle H xpynKHe.
416
Puc 3 22 3aTOtlKa pC3ua no
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-reM caMblM H3HOC HHCTpYMeHTa. Oco6eHHO 110JJC3Hbi l.\otljl HHcTpYMeHTOB..
pa60TalOI.ltHX B YCJ10BHSlX nOBblweHHoro TpeHHSI, 8 HMeHIIO, HHCrpYMCIITOB
C Ma;lbIMH 38)..{HHMH yrnaMH np" 06pa6OTKe B3KHX MeTa..IIIOB, CKJIOHHblX K
HaJ1HnaHHfO Ha HHcTpYMeHT. nOKpblTMjI HaHOCjlTC}1 liP" KOMffaTlfoM TeJ\tlne-
parype H8 nOJ],rOTOBJleHHble enel\l1aJ1bHbIM cnoc06ol\1 pa604Me nOBepxHocTH
HHCTpYMeHTa. ,lJ;UI YJ1Y4weHHSI CuellJ1eHHjI C OCHOBOM HHCTpYMeHTbl no.a-
BepraJOTcj( narpcBY ,no 200 °C. HH3Ka TeMneparypa 1I03BOJUICT IIpH\1C-
HHTb 3TH cnoe06bl ,llJUI HHCTpYMeHTOB 113 J1l06blX pe)J(YWHx \1a repHaJloB.
B Ka4eCTBe MaTepHaJIOB ).1JUI 1I0KpblTHH HCnOJlb3YlOT CYJlbQ>MJJ.bl H
Q>OC<paTb[ p83nHLfHblx MeTa."I..'IOB, aHrH.l1pH.Q MOJIH6.LlCHa 8 1 aK)l(C )I1I1JJaM
(<pTopco,nep)l(all(ee nOBepx Ii (}C rHo-aKTH SHoe BeWCCTBO 6 M <I> K-180 MJl H
6C<I>K-180-0S). HaH6oJ1bUJce npHMeHeHHe I10J1Y4HJ1H .l1MCYlb4>J1.!1 \10..1116-
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HHcTpYMeHToB C TaKHMH nOKpblTHjlMH B i ,5-6,0 p33 BblWe., eM 6e3 HHX,
oc06eHHo HHCTpYMeHToB C M3JlbIMH 3aAHHMH yrn8MH
B cJ1YlJae HHKeJ1b-$oc<popHoro nOKpblTH Ha 1I0BepXHocTH wllcTpYMeH-
'fa HaHOCMTCSJ CJ10H xHMH....ecKM BOCCTanOBJleHHOI 0 HHKCJISI, 06jlaJ,18tOWHH
BblCOKOH TBep.uocTbJO, lJTO Hap»).1y C C03.AaBaelbIM .a.HQ)<PY3MOllHbIM 6apb-
epoM cnoco6cTByeT ,aOIJOJJJU1TeJ1blJOMY nOBbl1l1eHMIO CIOMKOCTH MHCTPY-
MeHTa.
42

11la?YII B /1 Pe)J(ywH" HHCTpYMeHT
3.6.4. raJlLBaHllQeCKHC MeTOtlbl
3TH MeTOJJ.bl HCnOJlb3YIOTCSI J))ISI HaHccellHSI nOKpbITMH, 06Jla.nalOllJ,l1X
nOBbllueHHOH TBCp,llOCTblO, YMeHbllleHHblM TpeHHeM H .apyrHMH CBOHCTBa-
MII a TaKjf(e IIOKpbl1 MH, jlBJHIIOll\HXCSI J1H<p£pY3HOHHblM 6apbepOM Me)Kt(y
TPYlJtMMMC}I nOBepXHOCTSlMH MHCTpYMeHTa H o6pa6aTbiBaeMOH AeTaJlH.
113 Clloco60B 3TOM r'pynnbl U3H60ol1ee H3BeCTHbIM j(BJ1SleTCSI XpO,,'Wup06a-
lIue. TBep).J.OCTb xpOMa Bblwe TBep,LtOCTH 6blCTpOpe))(yllteM CTaJ1M. KpOMe
Toro, K03<1>Mu.HeHT TpeHH}J xpOMa no CTaJlH MeHbwe, 1.JeM CTa.aM no
CTaJIH. ECJ1H Y4ecTb ew.e H C03)]aHHe AH<I>Y3HOHHoro 6apbepa, TO BIIOJlHe
npaB.l.\OnOl106HO, 41'0 XpOMHpOBaHMe 1I0BblIllaeT CTOMKOCTb HHCTPYMellT3 B
2-3 pa3a. TOJIWHHa 1I0KpbITHjI lie ,ltOJ1JKHa npeBblUJaTb 5 MKM, Huatle
MOjf(HO HcnopTHTb MHCTPYMCHT, T3K KaK XpOM 60JlbWe Bcero OCa)l(J]3eTCSI
H3 KpoMKax oKpyrJ1j1S1 HX. XpoMHposaHHe oc06eHHo 1I0Jle3HO D.Jlj( YMeHb-
weHHSI HaJlHI18HHSI MII"KOrO 06pa6aTblBaeJ\.foro MeTaJIJla Ha nOBepxHocTSIX
TpeHHSI I1J1CTpYMeHTa Heol1b3J1 XpoMHpoBaTb MeJlKOpa3MepHbie II MCoI1KO-
I1pOM;lbHble HHcTpYMeHTbl 110 npMllHHC .'BOlJ.OpOJJ.HOM xpynKocTH". Bbl,Lle-
JUICl\1blH B npouecce 3jleKTpOJIH38 BOAOpOll nor.aowaeTCSI MCTaJ1J1H4eCKMM
XpOMOM Bbl3LIBaSi B HCM Blf)'TpeHtlHe HanpSl:>KCHHSI, KOTopbIe I1pHBOllj(T K
110SlB.,1efU1JO TOHllaHwHx TpCWHH H nOBblweHlIoM xpynKocTH I10BepXHOCTHO-
ro C;IOSI HHcTp)'MeHTa. .l(JU1 YAa.,JeHHSI BOJJ.opolla HHcTpYMeHT nOCJle xpo-
MMpoaallMj( CJ1ellYeT BblllCp:>KHBaTb B no,aorpeTOM )..1,0 t 80 °C MaCJle B
Te4eHHe O).tHoro- JJ.BYX 4aCOB.
I1cCJIeOBaJlaCb B03MOJKHOCTb nOKpblmUJl .'WeoblO. CTOMKOCTb HeKOTO-
pblX MHcTpYMeHToB B Ollpe,lJ,eJICHHbIX )'CJlOBHSlX pa60Tbl 1I0BblWaJlaCb.
06'bj(CHjIlOT 3TO jlBJleHHe YJ1Y4111eHHeM OTBO,L\a Tell;lOTbl H3 30Hbl pe3aHH.
TaKOH B3rJIj(Jj H8 npHpO)y SlBJleHHSI Bbl3blBaeT COMHeHHe, TaK KaK TOJlll1H-
Ha CJIOSI MeA" Bcero JlHUlb HeCKO;lbKO MMKpOMeTpOB. llIHpoKoro MCnOJ1b-
30BaHHSJ MeTOlJ. He nOJJYI.fHJ1.
3.6.5. XHMHIJeCKHe MCTO.llbl
Bo BpeMJllllJ1M<}>oBaIlHSI H 3aT04KH PC)I(YW.HX HHCTpYMeHTOB, oco6eHHCJ
6e3 c06J1JO,lJeHH}J He06xo)]M\fOH npeJ].ocTOpOJKHOCTH, B03HHKafOT npH))(OI"I-i
pa604Hx !10BepxllocTeM, KOTopbIe 3aKJl104aIOTCSI B MeCTHOM oTnycKe TOH"
yaHWMX nOBepXIIOCTllblX C;loeB Ha 3fl1X CCTax pe3KO 1I0HM)KaeTCSI TBep-
JJ.OCTb, M OHH SlBJlSlJOTCSI 04araMH 6blcTporo 3aTyIJJleHHSI HHcTpYMeHTa.
430

P a 30 e.,rl 3 npOU.J60am(l() pe.?IC"VllllIX ullcmpYJ,-"ell1no6
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I1HC HHCTpYMeHT8 B BO,l1HOM paCTBope KHCJ10T H Me,L1HOrO KYIJOpoca:
5 % CuS0 4 + 10 % H 2 S0 4 + 5 % HN0 3 . OpM 3TOM YAaJ1S1eTC}I TOHKHH
.Qe$eKTHbJH CJJOH HHcTpYMeHTa (,lJ.O 0,02 MM). fo3)'10pOBbIM" MeTaJ1J1
CTpaBJlHBaeTcj( 3Ha4MTeJ1bHO TpY.l1HCe HJlH nOlJTM He y.naJUleTCSI.
AHaJlO.'HlJHbIM 3<p$eKT AOCTMraeTCSl liP" 3J1eKTpOXHMMlJeCKOM TpaBJleHHH
B COCTaBe: 75 % OpTO<l>OCOpHOH KHCJlOTbl + 15 % cepHoH KHCJlOTbl + 10 %
XpoMoBoro aHrHApH,U3. JTOT npoecc MHor.u.a Ha3blBafOT :)}leKponO/IUpo-
6aHueu, TaK K8K 1I0MHMO CTpaBJIMBaHHSI J.te$eKl Horo CJlOSI CTpaBJ1MBalOr-
CjI MHKpoHepoBHocTH H YMeHbUlaeTCSl ruepoxoBaTOCTb 1l0BepXHocTCH MH-
cTpYMeHTa.
3.6.6. XHI\1HKo-TepMHQeCKlle MCTO,l.tLI
3TH MeTOJ]bl H3H60Jlee cTapble Ii OCHORaHbl Ha )J.i1<pq>Y3HOHHOM HaCbl-
weH"" pa604HX I10BepXHOCTeH 6blCTpOpe)l(YUlero HHcTpYMeHTa XMMHllec-
KMMl1 :)J1eMeHTaMH iii HX coeAHHeHMSlMH C ueJlbiO nOBblweHHSI H3HOCOCTOH-
KOCTH. npoueCCbl Ju'ul><PY3110HHoro HacblUJ.CHHSI npOTeKaJOT B lIe'-lax IlpH
TeMneparype 500-550 °C, 4TO SlBJIj(CTCSI .il.01l0JIHHTelbHbIM 0'1 nYCKOM
HHCl PYMeHTa, clloco6cTBYfOWHM nOBblweHHIO e'''o Kallec rBa. a JlaCbIUlC-
HHe I10BepXHOCTH MeTaJ1Jla HHCTpYMeHTa a30T0\1, yrJlepO.lJ.01 Ii cepoH
06pa3yeT HHTPHAbl, Kap6HAbi M CYJ1b<PHj.1bl )l(eJ1e3a, BOJlb$paMa H llpyrHx
3..1eMeHTOB, HaXOAJlll(HXCSI B COCT3Be CT(t,IH. HHTpH.lJ.bl 11 ,D.OnOJIHHl eJlbllhle
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CYJlb$H,abl, jJBJl}JSlCb TBepAOH CMa3KOM, YMCBbUtalOT TpeHHe B KOH raKTe
pe:>KYl.l.\HH KJn1H - M3TepMCL1 o6pa6aTbiBaCMOH ACTa.1H, \.ITO T3K)I(e CllO-
c06CTByeT nOBblWCHHIO CTOHKOCTM HHCTpYMeUTa.
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eT CTOHKOCTb HHCTpYMeHTa B ) ,5-2,0 pa3a.
JKHAKocTHoe 1(H8I1UpOBaHHe B BaHHax C paCn.ilaBOM llHaHOKHC;loro
KaJIHSl "JJM ra30Boe B nelJax C nOAat.teH OKHCH yrJlcpO.ll.a H aMMHaKa
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T3 yrJlepoAOM H a30TOM. B pe3Y;lbTaTC CTOHKOCTb HBcrpYMeHTa 1I0BblllJa-
eTCSI B 1,5-6,0 p83.
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nOBepxHocTHble CJ10H HHCTpYMeHTa HaCblwalOTCjI cepo". nOBblllleHHe
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llJa?)l1l 8.11 Pe)J(yuuii% HHcTpYMeHT
CTOHKOCTH ItHCTpYMcHTa .nOCTl1raCTCSI 3a Cl.JeT YMeHbllJeHHJI Tpeinul H8
pa60\.fHX 1I0BepXHocTX HHcTpYMeHTa. Haxo.aHT oll'aHMl.JeHHOe npnMeHe-
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1.JeCKOH o6pa6oTKH, KaK o6pa6oTK8 napOM, KorAa B OTIIYCKHYtO ne4b
UpH TeMneparype 550-600 °C nOAaeTCJI lIeperpeTblH nap. Ha nOBepx-
HOCT" HHcTpYMeHTa o6pa3yeTcSI TOHKHH (4-6 MKM), TBep,nblH H nnOT-
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J{aHHaJi rpynna MeTO,.QOB eme He.nOCTaTOqHO M3Y\feHa. 3aMe1.JeHHble
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K QJH3MI.feCKHM MeTOaM OTHOCjlTCjI: na3epHoe ynpO\fHeHHe, o6pa60T-
Ka I1HCTpYMeHTa B MarHHTHOM none, pa,lJ,Hal(HoHHOe o6nYLfeHHe M .a.p. Bce
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Tocnoco6HOCTM HHCTpYMeHTOB M3 6bICTpOpC>Kyw.cii CTaJlH.
Jla3epHoe YIiPOlfHCHHe COCTOHT B TOM, qTO 110BepXHOCTHblH CJ10H
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6blCTpO OCTblBafOWHM (B 10-100 pa3 Bblwe, 4eM "PH 06bl1.JHOH 38KaJIKe),
npHo6peTaeT MCKJllOqMTeJlbHO MeJIK03epHHC1)'1O CTPYK1YPY H nOBblweH-
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M ""KBaHT-18". npHMeHMM .LUISI Bcex peiK)'ll\MX MaTepHMoB: cTaneM, TBep-
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06pa6oTKa B 1\tal"HHTHOM nOJle - H8MarHHt.JMBaHMe MHcTpyteHTa
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432

P a 3 0 ell 3 npOU380aCm80 pe;m::Vlllux llllcnlpY1I-Iellln06
BepXHOCTHaSi TBCp,l:\OCTb, CtflliKaeTC» ypoBeHb OCTaTOllHblX paCTSll'HBaJO-
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MOJlH6.neHa, yrJ1epo)).a 11 KHCJIOpo}..(a B l1oBepxliocTHOM CJloe CTOHKOCTb
HHCTpYMCHTa B03pacTaeT B J, 7-2,3 pa3a.
nepe,l:\ pa6oToH HHcTpYMellT lIe06xo.L1HMO pa3Mar1lHTMTb.
PaAHaQHOHHOe 06JIY1.JCHHC 1I0TOKOM YCKOPCHHblX lJpOTOHOB nOBbl-
lllaeT CTOHKOCTb HHcTpYMeHToB B llICCTb pa3.
3.6.8. WH3HKo-TepMH 1 IecKHe MCTOJ_bl
CBoe Ha3BaHHe MeTO,ltbl lIonY1.IHJII1 no TOH npH4HHe, liTO <pH3HKO-Mexa-
HH4eCKHe CBOHCTB8 HHCTpYMeHTa H3MCHSlK>TC1I OT B03AeHCTBHj( TeMnepa-
TYP bl.
06paOOTK8 l"JIy6oKHM XOJlOOM HCUpaBJ1S1e r ,lle<}>CKTbl 3aKaJlKH "
OTIlYCKa HHCTpYMeHTa. KpOMC Toro, OHa OK83blBaeT M .apyrHe.. cw.e He
H3Yl.feHHbie B03J,1.eHCTBHj(, KOTopble npHBOtlSlT K I10BbIWeHMIO CTOHKOCTH
HHCTpYMeHTa B 2-5 p33, a 110 HeKOTopblM JII1Tepa'IypuhlM HCTOllHHKaM -
B 14 p33. 06pa6OTKY npOBO)J.j(T B KOM MOTe IIPH TeM l1epaT)'pe -197°C
B TelleHHe 45-90 MHH, I1HOfAa )..(0 6 'JaCOB.
06pa6oTKa XO;IOJJ.OM HC TOJlbKO 1I0BblWaeT CTOHKOCTb HHcTpYMeH18,
HO 11 cTa6HJ1H3HpyeT pe)J(yw.Me CBOHCTBa, )..(enaSi MflCTpYMeHTbl 60nee
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Horo MaUU1HOCTpoeHHSI.
AHaJl0rH4HbiM 3<p<I>eKT, 110 KOJ1MtJeCTBeHHO MellbWHM, ,l\OCTHraeTCSI OX-
;Ia)KJ..(eHl1eM 6bICTpOpe)Kyw.ero HHCTpYMeHTa LlO TeMllcparypbl -80°C B
CMeCH cyxoro Jlb,aa C 6eH3HHoM HJIH allCTOHOM. B 3TOM CJlytlae OCHOBHOC
BJ1HHHe Ha pa60Tocnoco6uoCTh MHCTpYMcHTa H OJ{UOpOJ!HOCTb ero
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CBOHCTB OKa3bIBaeT npeBpaw.eHHe OCTaT04Horo aYCTCUHTa B MapTeHCHT.
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HOCTb 06pa60TKH XOJlO)J.OM.
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p01.JHeHHSI, 3aKJUOQalOIlJJiHCj( B KpaTKoBpeMeHHoH Bbt)J.ep)KKe HHCTpYMeHTa
lIPH TeMlleparype 630-650 °C B COJ1S1HOH BaHHe C XJ10pHCTbIMH COJUIMH
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n311psnKeHHH B 1l0BCpXHOCTIIOM C110e HHCTpYMeHTa.
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(cn.r18Bbl c co,nepiK8HHeM K068J1bTa 60Jlee ) 5 %) HJIM ,!to 1000 °C (cnJ18BbI
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/LJ1j( Hape3aHMSI pe3b6bl C npHHYLlI1TeJlbHOH oceBoH lIo.aalJeH MeT"IHKa
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BalOUUfMH T04Horo corJ1aCOB3HHS oceBOH nO,Qa1.JH C nOBopOTOM MeTIIHKa,
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446

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nCpeMeU{eHHe MeT t lHKa 9 OTHOCHTeIlbHO mIlMHt{eJlJl CTaHKa B oceBOM Ha-
np3BJ1eHHH B I1lo6yw CTOPOHY.
CaMOYCTaHOBKa pe3b60Hape3Hbix rO.,10BOK t{OCTHraeTCSI 33 CtieT 'CJla-
6HHbl" B C01.f.ileHeHHH rOJIOBKH co CT8HKOM.. HJIH B Y3Jle KpenJleHHSI o6pa-
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HHCTpYMeHTa: H8ejJ(HOCTb.. )KeCTKOCTb, 6blCTpOLteHCTBHe 11 TOt.JHOCTb.
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AO.a)KU8 6blTb np04HO 33Kpen;ICH8, a nHIIOilb HMeTb Hc60JlbUIOH BblneT.
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paCnOJlar8Tb B03MO)KHO 6JlIDKe K IIJIOCKOCTH CTOJla H K WIIMH.LJ.CJHO CTaHKa
3a)KHM :>Ke;18TCJlbHO nHeBM8THt.JeCKHH M.aM J'H.L\paB..1HLJeCKMH, 06ecne4HBa-
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He nO,lJ.BH)KH8. Ho eCJ1H TOpl.(bl Ll,eT8J1Ii CHoI'1bHO nepeKOllJCHbl OTHOCHTenbHO
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t. YCJlOBHSI 3KCnJlyaTau.HH pe)J()'lllHX HHCTpYMeHTOB, CIIOC06CTBY IO lll.He
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<ppe3epHblx H pacTolfHblX CTaHKax.
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H CnOCOBbI HX YCTPAHEHHH
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npoH3Bo,!{CTBI ECJIH B e,l:lHHI14HOM IIpOM3Bo,ACTBe 1I0MHMO YBe;Il-i4eHHSI
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44

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450

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OTKa3blBaTbCSI OT UHaHHpoBaHHSI MeJ1KOpa3MepHblx M MCJIKOllpO<pHJlbHbIX
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451

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paCTeT n;Jowa.llb ce4eHH cpe33, H CBepJIO nOMaeTC;
6) tJpe3MepHoe 3aTynJleHHe pe)Kyw.ero HHCTpYMeHTa;
B) 3aUleMJ1eHHe CTPYiKJ(H B cTpy*etlHoii KallaBKe HenpaBHJlbHOH
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HeAoCTaT04eH .wl pa3Mew:eHHj( BTOpOH 1I0plJ.HH CTpY)KKH. KaHaBKa nepe-
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npaBOH pe3b6bl H JleBblX AIlSi .neBOH.
YMCHbweHHe BeKTOpa CYMMbl pa;'U1aJlbllblX CH.n t).OCTMI aCTCj( YMCHb-
LlleHMCM paHaIlbHoro 6HeHHSI rJlaBHblX pe)KYWHX KpOMOK M Bbl60pOM
OIlTHMaIlbHOrO 3HaLleHHSI yrna B nnaHe, BblpaBHHBalOlUcro )].lHnbl PCIKY-
WMX KpOMOK Ha nepbj(X MCT1.IHKa [268], a '1 alOKe YMCHbllleHHeM paJlHaJlb-
Horo 6HeHHJI wnHH,aeJ1S1 CTaHKa, 110BblweHHeM T04HOC'I H YCTanoBKH MeT-
4HKa M MCn0J1b30BaHHeM naTpOHOB CMJJhcpoHHoro Tl1na (CM. pHC. 2.51'1 c)
'4acTHt.IHaJi HeHTpaJIH3aQHH -aCHCTBHSI paJ,1H8JlbHbIX CH...-) B03MO)KHa IIY-
TeM orpaHM4eHHS1 pa.l1MaJ1bHbIX KOJle6aHHH MeT4HKa 3a C4eT TO"lHOrO
HanpaBJ1eHHj( no KOHJJ.YKTOpHOH B1)'J1Ke HJ1H Hape3aeMOl\1Y oTBepcTHIO.
B03MOJKHO Hcno..1b30BaHHe rop6006pa3HbIx 3JleMeHTOB, BblflO..1HCIIHbIX Ha
3aTblJ10LfHb1X nOBepxHocTj(X 3a60pHoH 4aCTH MeTlJHKa M BocnpHHHMalO-
UJ.HX paAH8J1bHYlO CHJIY. BnMSlHHe pa,lJ.HaJlbHblX CHJl YMeHblllacTcSI I1PH
YMeHbllleHHH p836MBaHHi pe3b6bl HOl{ )J.eHCTBHeM oceBblX CH.n. B TaKI1X
cn Y1.faSix YBeJIH4HBaeTcJI "3aw.eMJleHHe" MCT4I1Ka, orpaHM4MBal{)lue elO
panHaJlbHble K0J1e6aHHSI. C 3TOH T01.JKH 3peHI1H 1I0J1C1Hbl 60t.tKoo6pa3Hblc
MeTlIHKM (pMC. ] 58, 3) Ii oc06eHHo pe)J(ye-BblrJIIDKHBafOWHe, OT;1114alO-
utHeCSI OT 60I.JK006pa3HblX TeM, LITO He60J1bLllOe 60LlK006pa'3HOC 3aTbIJ10-
BaHl1e no npocpHJ11O BblnOJlHeHO Ha BceM )J)IHHe pe3b60BOH lIaCTI1, pe)KyeH
11 K8J1H6pYlOlUeH. McnpaBHTb ,lJ,e<peKTbl, HaBe.l.1eHHble pa)].HailbHblMM CHna-
MH, MO)KHO HCnOJ1b30BaHMeM npOQ>HJ1bHOH HJJH KOM6HUHpOBaHHOH cxeM
463

lLIaryu B H. PeiKYWMM HHCTpYMeHT
pe3aHMSI, 110 OHH, KaK YKa3hlBaJ10Cb
paHee (11.1.8.1), He peKOMeHAYIOTCjf
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APyrMx BSl3KHX MaTepManax.
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uteM Ha pa36l1RaHHe, SlBJlj(eTCSI ero
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TjlUI,erO MOMeHTa [132]. B pe3YJIbTa-
Te nepbSl MeTI.JMKa, eCJl11 OHH 6blJIH
lIap3.JIJICJlbHbl OCM, nepeK3uutBafOTCSI
M CT8HOBjlTCSI CJIerKa HaKJIOtlHblMH
I1JIM BHHTOBblMM (pHC. 4.2) BMeCTe C
nepbSlMH nOBop34HB3fOTCSI H3 TOT )l(e
yrOJl d T HaxO,ltSlUJ.HecSi H3 UHX BHTKM
pe3b6bl. YrOJI 1I0)..('bCM3 pe3b6bl MeT-
lJ11K3, H3MepeHHbiM 1t0 pe)l(YUJ.HM
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Ha caMMX nepbSlX CTalfOBHTCSI 6YJ1b-
illMM lia Be;JI14HHY dt B pe3Y;lbTaTe
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lOT 110 Hanp3BJ1eHHfO C BnaAHHaMM
lIape3aeMOM pe3b6bl a nepeK8111MBa-
fOTCSI R HHX H3 Ld't 11 paClllMpSiIOT HX
Ha BeJll1l.JHHY da (pHC. 4.2, (). npol1c-
XOJ1MT pa36MBaHI1C Hape3aeMoM pe3b-
6bl. BJII1j1Hl1e 3aKpYLJI1B3HHSI H8 PM-
6MBaHHe OW.yrHMO ,nJlSl pe3b6 M 12 H
MeHbwe. YMeHbwHTb pa36HBaHHe OT
3TOM npHI.IHHbI MO)l(HO Hcnonb30BaHH-
eM 604Ko06pa3HbIX MeTLfHKOB. 601.1-
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j1Cb BO Bn3,nHHe, He cnoco6cH pe3aTb
60KOBOH KpO\1KOM H paclllHpSlTb ee
(puc. 4.2..?) nOJlOiKl1TeJIbHble pe-
'3YJlbTaTbl .LJ.OCTHraIOTCjI 3a ClJeT
464
6
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6--2 - nO.aOJKeHHe 3y6beB MeT'IHK8
BO Bna.zU-fHe Hape3aeMOH pe3b6bl:
6 - TeOpeTHQeCKOe; 6 - pa60tJee
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60 t 1KOo6pa3HOro 3y6a

P a 3 0 e J/ 4. OCH06bl palluoJloJ/bHOU 3KCJV1yamalluu pe:»cyulllX uuc:nlpYMellmo6
MHoronpOXO,lJ.HOrO Hape38HHlI ItJIM .LtPYl'MX MeTo,nOB YMeHbWCHM1I KPYTSI-
w.ero MOMeHTa. B YCJ10BHjlX MaCCOBoro npOH3BO,lJ.CTBa MOIKHO peKoMeH-
)].OB8Tb H8pe3aTb pe3b6y Ha CneU-H8JlbHbIX CT8HK8X MCT4HKaMH, Bpama-
eMblMH 38 ,aB8 XBOCTHK8: 06bIQHblH 3a.nHHM H JJ.OIIOJIHHTeJlbHbIH lIepe-
HHH. BepOjiTHOCTb nonOMOK MeT4HKOB B TaKHX CJ1Y l laSiX TO)l(e YMeHb-
lllaeTCjI.
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MH COnpOBO)K,l:t3eTCjI TeMH )l(e j(BJ1eHHSlMH. H 3)].eCb rJlaBHblMH npHt.lHHaMH
p336HB8HHjI pe3b6bl jlBJUlfOTCSI oceBble H pa)].Ha.rJbHble CHilhl. MCpOllpHj(-
v
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pemeHHj(X aH3J10rHQHbl TeM, 4TO H flpH Hape3aHHH pe3b6bl MeT4HKaMI1.
TOJlbKO pa3HMua B TOM, 1.fTO nOJ]; p8.36MBaHHeM pe3b6bl CJle)].YeT IIOHHMaTb
He YBeJJH1.feHHe ee Cpe,ltHerO ,aHaMeTpa, a YMeHbLUeHHe.
npH Hape3aHHH pe3b6bl MeT1.fHK8MH, nnaWKaMH Ii pe3b60Hape3HblMH
rOJIOBK8MH OQeHb BIDKHO T04Hoe HaqanbHOe n0J10)l(eHHe pe3b6006p83YfO-
mero HHCTpYMeHTa OTHOCHTeJlbHO Hape3aeMoro OTBepCTHSI. ECl)H lIepBble,
XOTjJ H HenOJJHble, BHTKH pe3b6bl 6yJJ.)'T Hape38Hbi c nepeKOCOM, TO liP"
,lJ.8J1bHeHWeM Hape3aHHH OHH 6YtlyT B TaKOM )l(e HanpaBJleHHH BeCT" pe3b-
6006p8.3YfOW.HH HHCTPYMeHT. COnpOTHB.HeHHe caMoro OTBepCTHj( T8KOMY
HalIpaBJleHHIO npHBe)].eT K 1I0BblmeHHbiM 110rpeUJHOCTjlM <»OpMbl cpe):lHerO
QHJlHH-npa Hape3aeMOH pe3b6bl: OBaJ1bHOCTH, KOHYCHOCTJ.1, KopceTHOCTH
OnTHMaJlbHblMH no TOt.lHOCTM 06pa6oTKI1 napaMeTpaMI1 pa3BepTKH
jlBJI1IfOTCjI: B03MO)KHO MeHblllHe yrJlbl B nJI3He Ha pe)KYll1eH 11 KaJl116pyfO-
uteH 1.JaCTjIX, MHHHM8JJbHOe pa,ltMaJ1bHOe 6HeHHe rJ1aBHbiX H BCIiOMora-
TeJ1bHbiX pe)l(YHX KpOMOK H B03MO)l(HO 60JlbUJ8j1111HpHHa KPyrJ10111J1H<»0-
BaHHblX JJeHT04eK. TeM He MeHee HaH6o..1ee BbICOKaj( T01.JHOCTb p83MepOB
H <»OPMbl o6pa60TaHHbiX OTBepCTHH tlOCTHraercSi pa3BepTKaMH C KOJlbl.le-
BOH 38T01.fKOH (CM.pHC.l.35) C fJlaBHblM yrJlOM B f1J13He 90°. B 3THX
cnY48S1X HCKJ1104aerCjJ BHI1S1HHe Ha pa36HBaHHe OTBepcTHH paJJ.HMbHoro
6HeHHjJ rJ13BHblX peiK)'utHX KpOMOK pa3BepTKH.
4.4.7. 60JlLWaH wepoxoBaTocTL o6pa6oTaHHbix nOBepxHocTeii
Pa3J1H4afOT ABa BMJ].8 MHKpOHepOBHOCTeH Ha 06pa6oT8HHOH nOBepx-
HOCTH:
a) reOMeTpH4eCKHe;
6) HepoBHocTH, onpe)J.eJljleMble 4HCTOTOH cpe3a.
reOMeTpHtteCKHe HepOBHOCTH -- 3TO KaK 6bl CJleJ]bl pe)KYlIlero KJIMHa
H8 06pa6oT8HHOH nOBepxHocTH. H3 06TOQeHHOH nOBepXHOCTH -- 3TO
) 6 3aK 2522
465

lllU?YH B.I1. Pe)f(YWHH HHCTpYMeHT
pe3b6a C IIpOQ>MJ1eM HC60J1bUJOH BblCOTbl H C UJarOM, paBHblM 1I0Aa\te
pe3ua Ha 060POT ,neTaJIH. Ha nORepXHOCTM, )pe3epOB8HHO" TOpUOBbJMl1
Q3pe3aMM, - .nyroBble 110pOIKKM He60J1bwoi1 BbICOTbl, OTCTOlI.1Me ,ll,pyr 01
.l1pyra Ha BeJ1H4MHY nO.ua4M Ha 3y6 <l>pe3bl. HHCTpYMeHTbl C rJlaBHblM
npjlMOJ1HHCHHbIM ;:tBM)KeHHeM (CTporaHHe, npOTSIrMBaHHe) <»OpMHPYfOl
npSl M 0;111 H ei111 bl e napa., l.nen bHbl e .n.pyr .l1.pyry n 0P0)KKM. T aK He Hepo BH OCTH
npHH}lTO Ha'3b1B8Tb OCT8TOI.J:HblMH Hecpe38HHblMM CJ10SlMH (CM. CJlOH "O'
H8 pHC.. ] .60, ?; 2.11, 2..24) H H3Mepj(Tb B HanpaBJleHHH, nepneH,lJ.HKYJ1j(pHOM
llBH)KeHHIO pe)K)'lUero KJ1MHa no o6pa60TaHHoH 110 BepXHOCTH. YMcHbwe-
HHe reoMetpHl.J:eCKHX HepoBHocTeH 06eCnCI.J:MBalOT MeponpHSlTHSlMH, OCHO"
B8HHbJMH H8 reoMeTpH\.JecKHx npe)..tCTaBJ1eHH.sJX:
a) YMcHblllatOT II OA84y, 4TO KpawHe HeBbIroAHO, CHHiKaeTCj( I1pOH380)J,H-
TeJ1bHOCTb o6pa60TKH. DpaKTH1.feCKH e)]HHCTBeHHO B03MO)f(HbIH cno-
co6 npH Hape3aH"" 3y6beB o6KaTHblMH HHcTpYMeHTaMH;
6) YMeHbwafOT yrJ1bl B I1J1alle, r..'laBHbIM 06p830M BcnOMOraTCJ1bHble;
B) 3aTa4HBalOT AyroBble nepeXO)].Hble pe)KYWHe KpOMKH (pHC. 2.23, a);
r) 33TalfHBalOT 3aQHCTHbie PC)I(Yll.Uie KpOMKM (pMC. 2.24). HaM6oJ1ee 3$-
<l>CKTMBHbIH cnoco6;
.a) YMeHbwalOT nO,ltpe3aHHe pe3b6bl OT B03).(eHcTBHSI oceBblX CHJI.
K reO(\feTpM\lCCKHl\f MHKpOHCpOBHOCTJlM OTHOCJlT HepoBHocTM OT 8116-
paUMH.. KOTopble YCTpaHSIIOT paHee H3JIO)KCHHblt\.fH MeTO.l1aMH.
HepOBIfOCTH"I 33SHCSllll.He OT I.JHCTOTbl cpe3a, <POpMHPYIOTCSI H M3Mepji..
lOTClI B HallpaBJleHHH .l{RH)f(eHI1R pe)f(Yl.l.(ero K.:JHHa. OHM 06paJYlOTCR 33
CtieT n8)]HpOB, HaBonaKHB8HHjI Tj(HYlUerocSi 38 pe)f(Yll1HM KJ1HHOM rIJ1ac-
TH4Horo MeT(l;ln3, COpB8HHoro H3pOCTa H MHKpoyrny6.aeHHH HOCJ1e or).(e-
JleHHJI 3JJeMeHTOB CTPY)KKM Ha,nnOMa np" o6pa6oTKe xpynKHx MaTcpHa-
JlOB, nanpMMep, 4yrYHa. YMeHblllHTb BbICOT)' TaKHX MHKpOHepOBHOCTe
MO)KHO cJleAYIOlll.HMH MeponpHSlTHSlMM:
a) YBejlHLfeHHeM nepe):{HHX yrnoB HHCTpYMeHTa;
6) YMeHbllleHHeM n.aacTHttHOCTH 06pa6aTbiBaeMoro MeTaJlJla;
B) YMeHbllleHHeM TpeHMSI Ha KOHTaKTHblX nOBepXHOCTSIX HHCTpYMeHT8
nYTeM Bbl60pa HaH60nee nO).(XO)1S1ll(HX CO)J{, MeTOAOB ee nOaqH Ii
HaHeceHHeM aHTH<pPItKUHOHHbIX nOKpbITHH;
r) pa60TOH B 30He CKopOCTeH pe3aHHS, KOr)]8 HapOCT elUe MaJ1 (o
6 M/MHH) HJlH Y)f(e HC4e3aeT (cBblllle 40-100 M/MHH).
466

P a 3 i) ell 4. OCH06bl pallUOlla'lbl/OU 3KcIVlyamUI1"U peYlllux ullcmpy..wellnl08
4.4.8. HenOJla.aKH, CBH'JaHHble C He6Jlal'OUpHHTIIOii
MHKPOCTPYKTYPOH o6pa6aTbiBacMoii CTaJIH
HenOJlaAKH B pa60Te peiKYWHMH J1HCTpYMeHTaMH 48CTO CB)l1aUbl C
HeY.ll.OBJ1eTBOpHTeJlbHOH MHKPOCTPYK1)'pOH, o6yc.rIOBJlelltloH HellpaBHJ1bHOH
TepMMLJeCKOH 06pa6oTKoH npYTKOB MJlH nOKOBOK, Lta*e CC..1H Bce OCTaJlb-
Hble YCJ10BHjJ o6pa6oTKH 6JJarOupHjJTHbl [237]. OT MMKPOCTPYKrypbJ CTa-
11M 3aBHCjfT:
· CTOHKOCTb HHCTpYMeHTa;
· rnepOXOBaTOCTb 06pa6oT8HHOH nOBepXHOCTM;
· HaJIHn8HHjI 06pa6aTbiBaeMoro MeTaJlJla Ha 3aLJ,HHe nOBepXHOCTH HHCT-
PYMeHTa;
· BH6paU.HH co BceMH HeIl0J13.ll.KaMH.
npM BHe3anHOM nOjJBJJeHHH T8KHX Heno..la,l!OK 06S138TeJJbJlO npOBO,QT
MeT(l,1J10rpa$HlJeCKHe HCCJ1e,AOBaHHH MHKPOCTPYKrypbl CTaJIH 118 MHKpO-
CKonax C YBeJ1HtfeHHCM He MCHee x500, 4T06bl AeTa;lbHO BbUICHHTb X8-
paKTep MHKPOCTPYK1)'pbl.
MJ.1KpOCTPYKrypa "CblPOH" CTaJ1H COCTOHT H3 <peppHT8 H IICpJlHT8.
<l>CppHT - 3TO 4J.1CTOe iKeJle30. OH Ol.leHb MjJrKHH, CKJlOHCII K H8.,1Hlla1lHjlM
H8 HHcTPYMeHT, HO 06J18LJ,aeT H113KOH HCTMpalOweH cIloc06HOCTbIO, o6yc-
JIOBJJHB31Oweu BbJCOKYfO CTOHKOCTb HIICTpYMeHTa. nepJJJ1T - COC)lMHe-
HHe JKene3a c yrJ1epOAoM. Pa3JIHLJafOT 3CpHHCTbIH, nn8CTHH4aTblH H COp-
6MToo6p83Hb1H lIepnHT (UJ1aCTHH43TbIH nep.,1UT C 04eHb TOHKMMH 11laCTHH-
KaMH eMeHTHTa). eMeHTMT - 04eHb TBepLtbIH, o6nat(aeT RblCOKOH
HCTHpalOweH cnoco6HoCTblO. l{eM TOHbwe nJlaCTHHKH ueMeHTHTa, 1 CM
HCTHpalOwaSi cnoco6HOCTb Bblwe. CTOHKOCTb HHCTpYMCHTa npH pe38HHM
QeMeHTMTa HH3Kajl, HO HeT HaJIJ.1n8HHH H8 1I0BepXHOCTj(X MHCTpYMCHTa H
4MCTblH cpe3, o6ecne\.JHmUOl1JJfM M8JIYlO wepOXOBaTOCTb o6pa6oTaHIIOH
nOBepXHOCTH. 113 H3IlOiKeHHoro HeTpYJJ.HO CAeJJaTb BbIBO,lJ., 4TO COOTBeT-
CTBYIOWMM COOTHoweHHeM Ii B3aHMHbiM paCIIOnO:>KeHHCM COCTaBJUIfOllU1X
MHKpOCTpYKTYPbl MO)f(HO 06eCnetfMTb JJ,OCT3TOlfHO BblCOKHMH HY>KHble
H8M nOKa3aTeJ1J.1 o6pa6aTbIBaeMOCTM CTaJIM. B OCHOBHOM )KenaTeJ1bHbl
CTPYKT)'pbl C COCTaBJUIIOl1(HMH He6oJlbWOH 3epHHCTOCTH M paBHOMepHblM
paCnOJIOiKeHHeM no 06'beMY 3arOTOBKH. OTCYTCTBMe CKOIlJleHH" cpeppMT8
46

Wa?YH 8.11. Pe)l(ywHH HHcTpYMeHT
YMeHbwaeT H8J1HnaHHSI Ha HHcTpYMeHT It YMeHblU3eT mepOXOBaTOCTb
o6pa6OT3HHbiX nOBepxHocTeH, a OTCYTcTBMe CKonneHHM nepJlHTa nOBblUl8-
eT CTOHKOCTb HHcTpYMeHT8.
MaJloyrJlepoAHcTLle CTaJlH (cO,L\ep)f(aHHe yrJlepo,n8 ,0.0 0,3 %) AOJ1-
)KHbl HMeTb cTpYKTYPY $eppHTa Ii nn3CTHH1.IaTOrO, a JIY'4Ule - COp6HTO-
06pa3HOrO nepJ1MTa. 3epHa nepJIHTa AOJ1)KHbl 6bITb p8BHoMepHo paclloJ1o-
)KeHbl B <j)epPHTHoM nOJle. Pe3Ko Bblpa)KeHHaJi CTpo4et.tHocTb <f>eppHTa H
ero KpynHble KO.,10HMH YBenH'4HB3fOT HaJlHn3HHSI Ha HHCTpYMeHT H mepo-
XOB3TOCTb .noBepxHocTeM, o6pa60TaHHbix C HH3KHMH CKOpOCTJlMH. Ha-
6.JlIOLlaeTcSI nOBblweHHaj( CKJJOHHOCTb K BH6paHJlM, oc06eHHo B CJ1Y4ae
3epH HCTO ro nepnHTa.
CTaJlH co cpeARHM cOJlep*aHHeM yrJlepot(a (0,35-0,55 %) L\J1S1
o6ecne4eHHSI YAoBneTBopHTlbHOH CTOHKOCTM HHcTpYMeHTa Ii ManoH
wepOXOBaTOCTH nOBepx_HocTeM, o6pa6OTaHHbix C HH3KHMH CKOpOCTSlMH
pe33HHSI, AO.,'j1{Hbl MMeTb CTPYKTyPY nJ1aCTHHt.taToro nepJlHTa H <}>eppHTa B
BWL\e ceTkH H.,111 HeKpynHblx 3epeH. 3epHHcTblH nepJ1HT BMeCTO nJlaCTHH-
t.taToro npe)]1I04THTeJ1bHee "PH pa60Te C BblCOKMMH CKOpOCTSlMH. CTOH-
KOCTb pejJ(yw.ero HHCTpYMeHT3 "PH 3TOM Bblwe H lUepOXOBaTOCTb o6pa-
6OTaHHOM nOBepxHocTH y.nOBJleTBOpHTeJ1bHaSl. Pe3aHHe 3epHHCToro nepJ1H-
Ta C HH3KHMH CKOpOCT1IMH ().to 10-15 M/MHH) COJlpOBO)K).taeTCjI HaJIHna-
H"SlM", 1I0BbiUJeHHOH luepoxoBaTocTblO o6pa6oTaHHoH nOBepxHocTH C
""
xapaKTepHblMH HepOBHOCT1IMH B BHtJ.e H8tJ.pbIBOB H nOBblllleHHOH ttYBCTBH-
TeJlbHOCTblO K BM6pauHSlM M3-3a pOCT8 CHJ1 pe3aHH».
BLlcokoyrJlepOAllcTble CTaJiH AOJ1)KHbl HMeTb CTPYKTYPY 3epHHcTo-
ro nepJ1HTa. nJ1aCTHHt.taTblH nepJ1HT He AonYCKaeTC», TaK K8K CTOHKOCTb
pe)Kywero HHCTpYMeHTa npH 3TOM HH3KaSi. lllepoxoB8TOCTb o6pa6OTaH-
HblX nOBepXHOCTeH 3arOTOBOK C 3epHHCTbiM nepJ1HTOM 4yrb 60;lbllle, qeM
C lIJ1aCTHH48TbIM, HO 3H8\fHTeJlbHO HH)Ke, lJeM B CJ1yttae 3epHHCToro nep-
J1MT3 Y cpe,aHeyrnepO.l{HCTbJX CTaJJeH.. n03TOMY C T04KH 3peHHSI mepoxo-
BaTOCTH 3epHHCTblH nepJ1HT BblcoKoyrJ1epo,nHCTbIX CT8J1eH BnOJ1He npHeM-
JIeM, TeM 60.,1ee, LITO B 60nbUlHHCTBe cnYllaeB ,neTBnH 83 BblcoKoyrnepo-
,LlHCTbIX GT3.aeH nO.QBepralOTCSI nOCJ1e,nYJOtneH 3aK3J1Ke H lllJ1H<I>OB8HHIO.
HCXOL\H8S1 rnepOXOBaTOCTb nOCHe J1e3BHMHOM o6pa6OTKH B T3KHX cny"lux
He HMeeT 3HaqeHHj(.
468

P a 3 d e 11 4. OCI/06bl pallUOHaRbl/oii 3KclVlyamal/uli pelIlux ull(.:mpYMeUmO(1
Kap6H.L\bl nerHpylOUJ.HX 3J1eMeHTOB, HMelOWHeCJI B BblcoKoyrJ1epO,LtHC-
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2. KoeprHII A. H., nUKYC M. 10., UJaryn B. H. MeTaJlJloo6pa6aTbIBaJOUJ.He CTaH-
Kif, JlMHHM H HHCTpyMeHTbl. - MH.: BbIW. WK., 1979. - 574 c.
3. MeT8J1J1ope*ywHe HHcTpYMeHThl / r.H.CaxapoB, O.6.Ap6y30B,
1O n.6opoBoR M .np. - M.: MawHHoCTpOeHHe, 1989. - 328 c.
4. PeKyIItHH IDIcTp}'Mem H HHcTpYMeHTaJIhHOe o6eCneQeHHe aBTOMaTH3HpoBaHHoro
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S. POJlUH n. R MeTaJIJtope>l\ ytnHe HHcTp}'MeHTbt - KHeB: BBl!{. WK., J 974. - 399 c.
6. CeMeH'IeHKO H. H., MaTlOwHH B. M., CaxapoB  H. npOeKTHpOBaHHe MeTaJUI0-
peiKYIuHx HHCTp)'MeHToB - M : MawrH3, 1962. - 952 C
7. 1.femepHKOB C. C. MemJJJ]ope>K)'Il{He MHCTp}'MeHfbI. - M.: BbICW. WK., ) 965. - 730 c.
8. .HwepnUblH n. H., EpeMeHKo M. .11., IKHr8nKO H. H. OCHOBbl pe3aHJUl MaTepHa-
nOB If pe)l(yuuiii MHcTpYMeHT. - MH.. 8blW. WK., 1981. - 560 c.
9. fYJlHeB A. n., MaJ1HHKHHa K. A., CaBepHHa C. M. HHCTp}'MeHTaJIbHble CTaJlH:
CnpaBotJHHK - M.. MaWHHocTpOeHHe, 1975. - 272 c.
10. MeTannope*ywHH HHCTpYMeHT: KaTaJIOI: - II.I. Pe3Uhl H <l>pe3hf. - M . HMH-
Maw, 1983. - 144 C
II. MeTaJ1J10pe*ywHH HHcTpYMeHT: KaTanol': - \.1.2. HHcTpYMeHT NUl o6pa6oTKH
OTBepCTHH - M.. HHHMam, 1983. - 192 c.
12. MeT8J1J1ope*y1.QHD HHcTpYMeHT: KaTaJIOr. -\.I 3. Pe3b6oo6pa6aTblBaJOwHit,
TPy6o- H My(j>Too6pa6aTbIBalOIIJ.Hi% HHTpYMeHT. - M.: HHHMaw, 1983. - 108 c.
HHcTpYMellTaJlbHble M8TepHaJ1LI
13. rypHH M. <D., fYPHH B. <1>. nepcneKTHBHble HHcTp}'MeHTaJIbHhIe M8TepHaJJbl.-
M.. MaWHHOcTpOeHHe, 1984. - 62 c.
14. HHcTPYMeHTaJ1bHLle CTaJlH If HX TepMHtteCKaSi o6pa6oTKa. CnpaBOtfHHK I no.ll..
pe.Ll. J1.C. KpeMHeBa. - M . MeTa..1J1yprHSI, 1982. - 312 c.
15. HHcTPYMeHTaJ1bHble MarepHaJIbl H HX npHMeHeHHe. 0630p. - M.: HI1HMam,
1983.-64c.
16. KOCMaqeB H. r: HHCTpYMeHTaJ1bHble MarepHaJ1hl. -J1.: JleHm.naT, 1975. -120 c.
17. Kaqep B. A. MaTepHa..1LI peiKYUJ.Hx HHcTpYMeHToB. - XapLKoB: npanop,
1970 - 126 
18. KpeHMep f. C. npoqHOCTh TBePItbIX CTU1aBOB. - M.: MeraJlnypmJl, 1971. - 247 c.
19. KepaMH'IeCHe HHcTpYMeHT&,1bHbIe MaTepHaJIbl / rr. fHecuH, 11.11.0cHnoBa,
r . POHTaJIb If )tp., nOD: pe)t. r:r: rHecHHa. - KHeB. T3XHHKa, 1991. - 390 c.
474

JIUnlepamypa
20. lUlfWKOB B. J],., KHpHlfeHKo JO. H., KYJleWOBa M.B. CORpeMeHHoe COCTOSlHHe
It TeH.neHUHH pa3BHTIUI MaTepMa.rJoB lI.,ls( pe)f(yucro MHcTpYMeHTa. 0610p. - M .
HHMMam, 1980. - 67 c.
CM. mOK:JICe ucm0 1 1HUKU [9, 232]
Afipa3HBHbiC MaTCpHaJlLI " HIICTpYMeHTLI
21. Afipa3HBHbie MaTepHaJ1bl H MHcTpYMeHTbl. KaTa..10r-cnpaBOtIHHK I BHHHAW
- M.: HHI1Mam, 1981 - 360 c.
22. A6pa3HBIILlit HHCTpYMeHT 1'13 3JIb60pa: KaTaJIOr. - M I-IHHMaw, 1973 - 58 C
23. AJ1Ma3Hble HHcTpYMeHTbl B MawHHocTpoeHMH I nOli pell H r. KocMa"lesa.-
n.: JIeHH3J1a 1965. - 261 c.
24. fapwHH A. n., fponHHoB B. M., JlaryHoB 10. B. A6pa3HBHbie MaTepHaJIbI -
11.: MaWItHOCTpOeHlte, 1983. - 231 c.
25. KYJ1aCOB r. P. A6pa3HBHble MaTepHaJlbl H IfHCTpYI\1CHTbl -- M - J1. MaUJrH3
1960.-t02c
26. HeCMeJ10B A. (f). AJ1Ma3Hble HHcTpYMeHTbl B npOMblllLleHHOCTM. -- M. Mau.uf-
HocTpoeHHe, 1964. - 340 C
27. CHHbKOBCKHii JI. K., KOJItJeManoB H. A. COBpeMeHHhle WlMa3HbIe UL1H<j)0BaJ1bHble
HHCTpyMeJlTh1 Ii Mero.D:bl KOHTpO..1H IIX KaQCCTBa 0630p. -- M HJ1HMam. 1975. - 52 c.
28. THnaiK a6pa3HBHoro HHCTpYMeHTa 113 3..1b60pa Ita 1981-1985 rr./BHHHAW -
M.: HHH\faw, 1980. - 31 c.
CM maKJlCe UCnlOtiHUK [151).
Pe3l(bl
29. rpaHoBcKHH r. H., naHtJeHKo K. n. <l>acoHHble pe3Ubl. - M MaWUHOCTpoe-
Hue, J 972. - 309 c.
30. ,llapMaHlieB C. K. <J)acoHHble pe3Uhl - M. - Jl Mawr"3, 1950. - 142 c.
31. Jle3BHHHbie HHCTpYMeHThl "3 CBepXTBCpD.bIX MaTepl1a.,10B Ha OCUOBe HHTpHIla
60pa. KOHCTPYKUIUI H 3KCnJIyaTalUiSi pe3uoB H3 cBepxTsep;1blx MaTcpManoB Ha oc-
HOBe HMTpMJ1a 60pa. MeTOltM 1 1eCKHe pCKoMeuIlauMH I BHHHMHcTPYMeHT rr.B 60-
POBCKH" if .lIp.]. - M: HHI1MauI, 1980. - 60 c.
32. POTaUHollHoe pe3aHHe MaTepMaJ10B / n H.51mepHUb1H, A B.GopI1CeHKO, B R.JIe-
GelleB Ii .np. - MH.: I-laYKa H TCXHHKa, 1987 - 229 c.
33. t.JepHHBcKHH €D. r. COBpeMeHlJb.e Ten.aeHI1Mli pa'3BHTw-" C60PHblX pe3I.10B C
lIenepCTa(IHBaeMblMH nJlaCTHHaMI1. - M HHHMarn, 1983. - 56 C
C.lW maKJlCe ucnlO'IIIUK [240]
CBepna, JeHKepbl, pamepTKJI
34. nporpeccHBllble HHcTpYMellTbl ,U.,1st 06pa6oTKH oTBepcTHH, KOHCTPYKUM, Tex-
H0J10rust M3rOTOBJ1eHMst, 3KCn.,'TYaTaUMSI II C6. Tp. BliYlH. - M. BHHHMHcTpYMeuT:
no.n pe.lI.  11. CCMeH'leHKo., 1979. - J 04 c
35. Pa38epTKH OllHOJJe3BMHHhle TBep.nocnnaBHble. PeKoMcHllalu1H no KOHCTPYMPO-
BaHHIO Ii 3Kcn:tyaTaUHH I B.II111. -- M.: BHHHMHcTPYMeHT, 1975 - 32 c.
36. PeKYWHti J.tHCTp)'MeHT. 3eHKepbl H pa3BCpTKH. - M.. CTaHD.ap1Tli3> 1969 - 110 c.
37. TBepJJ.ocnnaBlible CBepJ1a OD.HOCTOpoHHero pe3aHn C BHYTpeHHHM nOl1BOllOM
CO)f(: MeTollHtlecKHe peKoMeHLtaUMH no I<OHCTpYHpoBafiMfO, TeXHOJIOfHH 113roTOB-
4 7 

lllaZYH B.H. Pe)f(YW;MM MHCTpYMeHT
neHMft Ii 3KCnJ1yaTau.HH / BHHI1 [A.H. MemepSlKOB]. - M.: BHI1H}IHcTPYMeHT,
1981 -68 c.
C:M maK:JICe ucm011llUKU [111, 242-245].
«I>peJbJ
38. jKypaBJ1eB C. A., IllHpHH A. Ill. <l>pe3Lr. - 11.: MaunmoCTpOeHMe, 1964. - 233 c.
39. KOphlTHblH lI.. M. pe3bl. - M.: Mawr"3, J 963. - J 15 c.
40. KOHCTPYKUHH H 3KCnJIyaTaUM" €}>pe3 TOPUOBhlX C HOjJ(aMII "3 KOMn03HTa: MeTO-
lUf'leCKHe peKOMeH,llaUHH. - M.. BHHI1HHcTPYMeHT, 1978. - 26 c.
41. KyJteBHQKHH $I. B. acoHHble tj)pe3hl. -n.: MalllHHocTpoeHHe, 1978. - 176 c.
42. TaM(ioBQeB C. C. COBpeMeHHhle KOHCTPYKIJ.HH pe3 H nepCneKTHBhl HX P83BH-
TH". - M.: BHHHHHCTpYMeHT, 1966. - 26 c.
(M. maK:»ce ucm0 1 lHUKU [246-249].
npon1"'A\lGl
43. jKHra.rnro H. H., J1eMewoHoK B. JI.., KOBJeJlb H. H. npoDDKKH J].JIft 06pa6oTI<H 0TBep-
crnti 60J1bWOH DJIHHhI / OO.lJ. 06rn. pe.a:. H.HJKImU1KO - MH.. BbIW. WK., 1973. - 124.
44. KalteB n. r: npOUlIKHbie pa6oTbI: Y t le6. noco6. - M.: BhIcrn. llI1<., 1985. - 191 C
45. MaprynHc ,lJ.. K. npOT)J(KJf nepeMeHHoro pe3aHli1J. - M. - CBep.LIJlOBcK:
MawrH3, 1962. - 269 c.
46. CKHiKeHoK B. «1>., JIeMewoHoK B.JI.., l..(ereJJbHHIroB B. n. BhlcoKonpoH3Bo.nH-
TeJIbHOe npOT$lfHBaHHe. - M.. MawMHocTpoeHHe, 1990. - 240 C
eM maKJlCe ucmOllHUKU [1/5-12/, 250-252]
Pe3b6000pa3YIOIItHe HHCTpYMeHTLI
47. J)OHPYH8C A. M. Bbl.n8BJ1HBaHHe pe3h6 6eCCTpyx<e'lHbIMH MeTtIHKaMH. 0630p.-
M.. HHI1Maw, 1976. - 55 c.
48. rpY.lIOB A. A., KOMapoB n. H. BhlcoKonpoH3Bo.nliTeJ1hHbdi pe3b6oo6p83yJOmHi1
HHcTpYMeHT: 0630p. - M : HHMMaw, J 980. - 64 C
49. 3arypcKHH B. H. nporpeccMBHLle cnoco6bl o6pa6oTKH pe3b6h1. - M.- CBep-
MOBCK; M8111rH3. 1960. - 164 c.
50. MeHbwHKoB B. M., YpnaHoB r: n., CepeJta B. C. 6eccTp)')J(e'lHble MeT'lHKH. -
M : MawHHocTpOeHHe, 1979. - 165 c
51. Hape1aHHe pe3h6hl Me'fllHK8MH-npOT1J)I(K8MH: P)'KOBo.n"wHe MaTepHaJlhI. - M..
BHHHHHCTpYMeHT, 1967. - 33 C
52. CymaHoB 1: A. Pe3b60HaKaTf{bfe roJIOBKR - M.: MawmfocrpoeFrne, 1966. - 135 c.
53. {J)PYMHH 10. JI. BbICOKOnpOH3Bo.nHTeJIbHbIH pe3h6oo6p33yroUJ.HH HHcTpYMelff. -
M.; MamHHOCTpoeHHe, )977. - 183 c.
54. 3nwTeiiH B. M., PLI08K C. H., Jl.HJJ.eHKo C. H. TBep.aoCnJI8BHble MeT'IHKH.-
KHeB: HayK. .ayMKa, t 984. - 151 c.
CM. maK:»ce UCmOtlllUKU [ /30-/32, 253]
OOKaTOqHble HHCTpYMeHTbI
55. MOHceeHt(O 0.. H., naBJIOB.1I. E., tl-H.lteHKO C. 11. TBep.noCnJJaBHble 3y6ope3Hble
HHcTpYMeHTbl. - M : MaIDHHoCTpOeHHe, 1977. - 189 c.
56. MOHceeHKo O. H. 3y6ope3Hhie HHcTpYMeHTbl, oCHaw.eHHhle nporpeccHBHblMH
pe)l(YlllHMH MaTepHanaMH. - KHeB: BHW8 WK., 1986. - 156 c.
476

JJlImepamypa
57. naBJ10B JI. E., lI.BHc 10. B. COBpeMellHble KOHCTPYKU,UH 3y6oo6pa6aTblBalO-
UUIX HHcTpYMeHToB. - M.: MalUHHOCTpOeHHe, 1972. - 40 c.
58. CHJJ.opeHKo A. K. 4epB1I 1 1Hble <»pe3bI. - M MallIHHOcTpOcHMe, 1980. - 81 c.
59. CaxapoB r: H. 06JOO'()qHble IIHCTp)'MeIITbI. - M.: MawmIocrpoeHMe, J 983 - 230 C
6Ck llIeBqeHKo A. H. COBpeMeHHblti 3apy6eJKHblii '3y6ope3HblH MHcTpYMeHT: 06-
30p. - M.: HHHMam, 1976 - 56 c.
CM. maK:JICe lICmOllllUKll [122-/29]
KOMoHHHpOBaHHble HHCTPYMCHTbI
61. iK8p.r1HKOB H. B. KOM6HHHpOBaHHhle pe)K}'llJ.Me HHCTpYMeIJTbJ. - M. - CBep-
.MOBCK. Mau1fH3, 1961. - 78 c.
CM. maK:JJCe UCmOtlllUKU [1-8].
HHcrpYMeuTbl aBTOMaTH3HpoB8HHoro M8UIHHOCTpoeHIIH
62. HHCTPYMeHT W1S1 CTaHkOB C 1..fn MHoroueJIeBblX CTallKOB If rnc /11.J1.<I>emowHH"
51.A.MY'3bfKaHT, A H.MeIUepllKOB H .lip. - M.: MauufHocTpocHHe.. 1990. -- 271 c.
63. KYJHeUOB 10. H., MaCJ10B A. , 6aHKOB A. H. OCHacTKa lL'UI CTaHKOB C 4ny -
M . MamHHOCTpOeHHe, 1990. - 512 C
64. PblBKHH r: M. HHCTpYMeHTaJIbHaR OCHaCTKa .lUJR aBToMaTH3lfpoBaHHoro npon3-
BO.l1CTBa. - M.: MaWHHoCTpOeHHe, 1972. -. - 137 c.
65. cDeJJbJJ.wTeH" E. 3. Pe)J(YI1HIM HHcTpYMeHT H OCH8CTK3 CT3HKOB C lJny;
CnpaBotJHoe noco6He. - MH . BbIW. WK, 1988 - 336 C.
CM. maK:JICe ucmO'IIlUKU [137; 138]
npOrpeccHBHble KOHCTPYKItHH HHCTPYMellToR
66. 60pOBCKHn r: B. PelK)'WHM HHcTp)'MeHT m cBepXTBepJJbrx MaTepH8..10B: 0630p.-
M.: HHMMaw, 1984. - 56 c.
67. BblcoKOnpOHJBO.ll.HTeJJbHble HHcTpYMeH1b1 H3 reKcaHMTa P / r. r. KaplOK, A B.
b01fKO If .np. - KlfeB: HaYKoBa .ll}'MKa, J 986. - t 35 C
68. J(bHKOB A. T., }lCHHcKHH r. H. nporpeccHBHblM pe)J(YWH" HHCTpYMeHT B Ma-
WHHOCTpoeHRH. - II.: MalUHHOCTpoeHHe., 1972. - 224 c.
69. HHcTPYMeHT 1'13 3J1b6opa' KaTa.,T)or. - M : HI1I1Maw, ) 976. - 60 c.
70. KOpOTKOB 10. B., HMweHHHK K. n. HHcTPYMeHT C BKJIeeHHbJMH pe>KYU1J1"'"
3J1eMeHTaMM: 0630p. - M.: HHHMam, 1983. - 67 c.
71. JIelUHHep }I. A., CBHpHHCKHH R M., "JlbHH B. B. J1e3BHMHble pe)K)'lUMc HHCT-
pYMeHTbl H3 CBepXTBep.nblx MaTepHaJlOB - KHeB: T3xHMKa, 1981. - 120 c
72. J1e3BHHHble HHcTpYMeHTbt H3 cBepxTBep.nblx MaTCptlfaJ10B Ha OCHOBe HHTpH.lI.a
6opa: MeTo.nn1feCKRe peKoMeHJ.1aUH" / B.nJKe.nb, r.B.bOpOBCKHM, R.A MY3bIKaHT,
C.'Y:MOJIO.ll.bIX. - M.: HHHMaw, 1980. - 57 c.
73. JJe3BHliHLdi HHcTpYMeHT H3 KOMn03HTa. 0630p. - M.: HI1HMam, 1979 - 52 C
74. J1blcaHoB B. C. BblcoKonpOH3B0.l1HTeJ1hHbIH HHcTpYMeHT H3 3JIb6opa. - M .
MaWHHocTpOeHHe, 1975. - 35 c.
75. MaCJ10B A. R COBpeMeHHble TeH.lleHU"H pa3BHTHSI pe)J(Y1ll.HX HHcTpYMeHToB. -
M.: HHHMaw, 1984. - 52 c.
76. MYJblKaHT .H. A., CaMoAJJOB B. C. Pe)J(YW:He HHcTp)'MeHThl C nJIaCTUHaMM H'3
6e3BoJIb<ppaMoBblx TBepJJ.blX cnnaBOB. - M.: HHHMaw, 1984 - 58 C
d7

11la<)JH 8.11 Pe>KYIll.M" HHcTpYMeHT
77. HOBbie KOHCTPYKUMM If nporpeCCHBHast TeXHOJI0rHSI npOH3BOJICTBa HHCTpYMeH-
Ta / BHI1H. - M . BHHvhfHcTPYMeHT, 1984 - 424 c.
78. npOCKYpHH f. H., JloraqeB B. 4>. npOrpeCCHBHblH pe>KylllHM HHcTpYMeHT.-
M. MaUJMHocrpoeHHe, 1979. - 43 c.
79. npeUHJHOHHLle TBepD.OCnnaBHble MOHOJ1HTHbIC peiKYIUHe HHcTp)'MeHTbI /
IG.C. TapaCeBH1.J J1 J1p. - M.. MaUJMHocTpoeHHe, 1971. - 49 c.
80. MY1blKaHT .H. A., CaMOHJ10B B. C. Pe)J(yw.uH HHCTpYMeHT 1'13 csepXToepLlblX
MaTepHaJIOB. - M.. IIHHMaUJ, 1984. - 56 c.
81. PejK)'WHe HHcTpYMeHTb[ C nnaCTMHaMH 1-13 6e3BOJIb<j)pa'dOBbIX TBepLlbtX Cn.,1a-
BOB. - M.. HHHMaw. 1984. - 60 c.
82. C60pHblH TBep.noCnJ1aBHbIH HHcTpYMeHT / nOli pe.n. T:J1.XaeTa - M : MawH-
HOCTpoeHHe, 1989. - 256 C
83. COBpeMeHHble KOHCTPYKUJtM C60pHOro HHcTpYMeHTa C MHororpaHHblMH Hene-
peTatJHBaeMblMH n.,1aCTHHaMH: 0630p / ):(. B. KO)J(eBHHKoB, I1.B. KYJIewosa If JIP -
M. HHHMaw, 1979. - 57 c.
84. 3.teKTHBHoCTb H nepcneKTHBbl npHMeHeHHSI pe)J(yw.Hx MHcTpYMeHToB H3
cBepXTBepJlblX M8TepH10B, TBep.LIblX cnrraBOB If KepaMHKH / nOJ1 peD.. B.nJKeJJ.b.-
M . BHI1HHHcTpYMeHT, 1986. - 123 c.
c..:", maK:»ce ucmOlillUKU [226, 227J.
K PA3,l{EJI Y 2
Y qeollaSi H yqe6Ho-MeToJJ:HQecK8S1 J1HTepaTYpa
85. HHcTpYMeuTa.1bHbIe CHCTeMbl aBToMaTH3MpoBaHHoro npOH1B0J1CTBa /
PH rIKMpOB, B A. rpetIHwHHKOB, B. r. J10raweB M .LIp - CaHKT-neTep6ypr.
nOJ1HTCXHMKa, 1993 - 399 c.
86. HeteJJ:oB H. A., OCHnoB K. A. C60pHHK 3aJ1a t l H npHMepoB no pe3aHHIO MeTaJI-
;10B M pelK)'lll.eMY HHcTpY\feHl)' - M MawHHocTpocHHe, 1984. - 400 c.
87. Pe*yntHH HHcTpYMeHT KYPcoBoe Ii JJ.Hn..10MHoe npoeKTHpoB8HHe Ye6Hoe
noco6Me / nOlI peJJ. E.3.$e;JbJ1WTeHHa -- MH. AH38HH TIPO, 1997. - 384 c
88. PYKOBOllCTBO no KYPCOBOMY npoeKTHpoBaHHIO AfeTaJI.,10pe/KYUJ.Hx HHcTpYMeH-
TOB / nOlI pe)].. r.H KupcaHoBa. - M. MauulHocTpoeHMe, 1986. - 288 c.
C.1W maK:»ce ytte611Y1O J7umepamypy [1-8J.
CnpaBo..HaSi Jllffepa1)'pa
89. KaucB n. r. 06pa6oTKa npOT1IrMBaHMeM. CnpaBo11HHK - M.. MalIIHHocTpoe-
HHe. 1986. - 272 c
90. KOpMCB B. A., 30TOB n.. M.., MaprOJJHII JI. C. CnpaBOItHHK HHcTp)'MeHTa.1buHf-
K8 - MH.: 6e..lapycb, 1976. - 416 C
91. KJlIfMOB 8. H., JlepHep A.C., neKapcKHH M.,l{. CnpaBo1fHHK JtHcTpYMeHTa.lb-
IUIIJ<a-KoHcTpYKTopa -.... M.: MawrH3, 1958 - 608 C
92. MCTaJIJ1000paOaTbIBalOuIHH TRepJIOCn.,1aBHblti' HHcTpYMeHT. CnpaBOttHHK /
R C CaMOHJlOB H lI.P - M : MauufHOcTpoeHMC, 1988. - 367 c.
93. PejKYIUHc HHcTpYMeHTbl, OCBaweHHble cBepXTBepJIbl\1U H KepaMHtJecKHMH Ma-
TepHanaMM n ffX npHMeHeHHe: CnpaBotfHHK / B.nJKellb H J1p. - M.. MaIIIHHocTpO-
eHJ.1e, 1987. - 320 c.
478

JTumepamypa
94. CnpaB01.JHIIK MHCTpYMcHTaJlbllu'IKa / H A Op.nHHapl1eB, r B <t>MJlMnOB"
A.H. LUeBtJeHKo M .D.p.; no.a o6w. peJJ:. M.A. 0pJUiHapl1eBa - 11 MalllHHocTpoeHMe
fleHMHrp.oT.ZJ.-Hne, 1987. - 846 c.
95. CnpaBo1111HK TeXHOJIOra-MaunfHocTpOIfTCJJR. T.2 / nO.lJ: pen. A.r.KoCIfJIOBOH,
P.K.MewepSiKoBa. - M MalUHHocTpoeuHc, 1986. - 496 c
96. CnpaB01.JHHK TeXHOJlOra no aBTOMaTHCCKMM J1HIIH'IM / no.n pell A.r.KoCHJ10-
80H - M.: MaIllHHocTpoeHHe, t 982. - 320 c.
97. lUaTHH B. n., UlaTHH 10. B. CnpaBotlHHK KOHCTpYKTOpa-HHcTpYMeHTaJ1bWHKa.
- M.: M8IllMHocTpoeHHe, 1975. - 456 c.
98. LUaTHH B. D., AeHHcoB n. C. Pe)l(ywMH 1-1 BcnoMOraTeJlbHblH HHcTpYMeHT.
CnpaBoIfHHK. - M.. MalliHHocTpoeHHe, 1968. - 420 c
CM. maKJlCe UCmOtlHUK [9].
OOWHe BonpocLI npooeKTHpOB3HHH
99. 606pOB B. <1>. BJlHSlHMe yrJla HaKJIOH8 rJIaBHOH pelK)'lIleH KpOMKH HHcTpYMeHTa
Ha npouecc pe38HHSI MeTaJIJlOB. - M MalurH3, 1962 - 151 c.
100. KHpcaHoB r. H. npOeKTHpOBaHMe HHCTpYMeHT8. KMHeMaTH'lecKHe MeTOJIbl -
M.: CTaHKHH, 1978. - 70 c.
lOt. KOHOBaJlOB E. r., CHltOpeHIro B. A., COYCb A. B. nporpeccHBllble cxeMbl pOTa-
UHOHHOro pe3aHHSI MCTaJIJIOB. - MH.: HaYK8 Ii TeXHHKa, 1972. - 269 C
102. JIJOKWHH B. C. TeopHSI BHHTOBblX nOBepxHocTeti B npoeKTHpoBaHHH pe)f(Y-
WHX MHcTpYMeHToB. - M : MawHHocTpoeHHe, 1968. - 368 c.
103. JIypbe r. 6. HaJI8D.Ka H nO.LJ.HaJIallKa pe)f(ywero UHcTpYMeHTa H8 pa3Mep. -
M.: BbIcm. UtK, 1981. - 80 c.
104. M8KapoB A.. M3HOC M CTOHKOCTb pe>I\YWl1x MHCTPYMCHTOB - M. MaUJHHO-
CTpoeHl1e, 1966. - 264 c.
I OS. HaJJ8l{Ka arperaTHbIX CTaHKOB / C.H.<1>ellopoB H J1p. - M.: MawHHocTpoeHMe..
1982. - 232 c.
106. npHMeHeHHe HOBblX HHcTpYMeHTa.,1I>HbIX MaTepHaJ10B H pe)l(Ylucro MHCTPY-
MeHTa H8 HX OCHOBe: MeTO.ZJ.MtleCKHe peKOMeH1l8IlHH / BHHHMHCTpYMeHT
lA. M. CeMeHtJeHKO H JJ.p 1. - M.. BHHHT3MP, 1990 - 100 C
107. PaC1IeT, KOHCTPYHpoB8HHe, TeXHO..1orHSI M3rOTOB:IeIlMSI H opr8HH38Ul-UI BHC.l1pe-
HM" KJ1eeBblX pe*ywMx MHcTpYMeHToB: MeTOD.MtleCKMe peKoMeuJ\8uHH / BHHHHH-
cTpYMeHT [lO.B KopoTKoBl. - M . tlI1HM8lU, 1984. - 56 c.
CM. maKJlCe UCmOllHUKU [/3-20, 62-84, /67, 189, 203, 226. 227, 232, 233J.
ABTOM8TH3HpOB8HHoe npoeKTHpOBaHHe pe*yIUHX IIHcrpYMeHToB
108. JIawHeB C. H., IOJlHKOB M. H. Pact leT H KOHCTpYHpOBaHMC MeTa..1.aopeiK)'UUfX
MHCTpYMeHTOB C npHMeHeHHeM 38M. - M.: MalllHHocTpoeHHe, 1975. - 392 c.
109. OCHOBbl npoeKTMpoBaHMlI pe)f(}'lll.Mx HHcTp)'MeHToB C npMMeHeHHeM 38M /
n.l1. wepHUbIH, 6.I1.CHHHUbIH, H H)KMraJIKO If.ZJ.P - MH . Bbnu IllK., 1979. - 304 C
110. npoeKTHpoBaHHe Ii paCqeT MeTaJ1J10pciK)'lI1ero HHcTpYMeHT8 H8 3BM /
o B. Tap8ThIHOB, rr:3eMcKOB, EO n.TapaMhlI<1fH H.ZJ.P - M BbfClli. IIJK  1991 -422 c.
npoeKfHpoB8Hlfe HHCTpYMeHTOB jJ.J1H ofipa6oTKH oTBepcTHn
111. COBpeMellH8H TeXH0J10rliH H HHcTpYMeHT .anSi o6pa6oTKH r:Iy60KHx oTsepcTHM:
0630p. - M.: HMHMam, 198). - 68 C
LA" maK:JICe UCmOllHUKU [34-37, 243]
47g

Wazy" B.H PejKynUiH HHCTpYMeHT
npoelallpOBaHJIC PeJUOB H fj)pe:J
112. JInoepMaH A. H. PactleT MHOr0J1e3BUfiHbl"{ HHcTpYMeHTOB, pa6OTalOUtHX MeTO-
]J.OM KonMpOBaHJUI. - M.: MaWr1l3, 1962. - 360 C
113. {J)paj'j.eJJb It. A. PactleT If KOHcTpynpoBaHHe cneu.nanhHoro MeTa.nnope*y..
w.ero HHcTpyMeHTa. - M.-JI.: MaUJrH3, 1957. - 196 c.
114. enKoB A. B. npo<lnfJUJpOBaHHe 3aTblnOBaHHbJX IfHcTPYMeHToB. - M.: Ma-
lUHHOCTpoeHMe, 1979. - 150 c.
CM mal<:JICe UCmO(IHllKU [29-33: 38-42: 248]
a
npoeKTHposaHHe npoTSDKeK
115. fopeUKaSl 3. . npoTHrMBaHHe C 60JIbWMMM nOl1aQaMH. - M.: MawrM3,
t 960. - 204 c.
116. )J(HraJlKO H. H., JleMewoHOK B. )).., KOB3eJ1b H. H. npOT)KKH .!1JUI o6pa6OTKI1
nOBepXHOCTeH 60JIbWOH Ll",HHbl. - MH.: BbIW. WK., 1978. - 126 c.
117. KaueR n. r: npoTIlrnBaHlfe my60KHX OTBepcTIlW. - M.: O6opoHnn, J 957. - 231 c.
118. npoTSnKKH .lI)ISI o6pa6OTKH oTBepcTHIf / J{.K. MapryJIHC, M.M.TBepcKoJt,
B.H AlllHXJ1HH H .np. - M.: MawHHocTpoeHHe, 1986. - 232 c.
119. npO'lHOCTh TBep.nocnnaBHblx pa60HX 3J1eMeHTOB ne<popMMPYIOW,MX npoTSI-
)KeK / A. M. P03eH6epr, O.A. P03eH6epr H np. - KHeB: T3xHHKa, 1971. - 122 c.
120. PaC'IeT H npoeKTHpoBaHHe TBep110CnJJaBHblX l1e<POPMHPYlOllU'IX npoTHiKeK '"
npouecca npoTSlrHBaHHSI / A.M. P03eH6ep O.A. P03eH6epr, O. K. nOCBHTeHKo }I
LIp. - KHeB: IayKoBa ll}'MKa, 1978. - 256 c.
121. lJ.{eroJ1eB A. B. KOHCTp)'HpOBaHHe IIp01}1)KeK. - M.-Jl.: MawIfn, 1960. - 352 c.
C.,\( ma1<JlCe llcmotlHUKU [43 -46, 25/ J.
npoeK7l1posaHlfe OOKaTO'lHLIX HHCTpYMellToB
122. j{HXTSlPb B. C. npoeKTHpoBaHHe MeTaJJJIOpejJ{ywero HHcTpYMeHTa (<I>pe3,
uleBepoB, WJIH<P0BaJlbllbIX KpyroB, 3yGope3Hblx rpe6eHoK, Jlo.l16S1KOB, pe3QOB, neTY-
\feK) - M.: MallllfHocTpoeHHe, 1965. - 152 c.
123. KaJl8WHHKOB C. H. 3y6ope3Hbte pe3uoBhle rOJIOBKH. - M.. MawHHocTpoe-
RHe, J 972. - 16 J c.
124. J1IOTKeBHQ E. f., BOJIttKoB A. H. PaC'JeT 3y6ope3Horo HHcTpYMeHTa. - HOBO-
1lepKaccK: Hnl1, 1978. - 80 c.
12S. MaTlOwHH B. M. 3y6oJIoJl6J1eHHe. - M.: MawrH3, 1963. - 184 c.
126. HHKHTHHa 3. A. HHCTpYKUHSI no paceTY ttepBSltJHblX t}>pe3. - M.: BHYlHMH-
cTp}'MeHT, 1966. - 96 c.
127. POM8HOB B. (!). PaCt.feTbl 3y6ope3Hbix HHcTpYMeHToB. - M.: MawwHocTpoe-
HHe, 1969 - 254 C
128. CaxapoB r. H. 06KaT01IHbJe HHcTpYMeHTbl - M.: MawHHocTpoeHHe,
1983. - 232 C
129. XapaJlaMnHeB H. C. 06KaTblBaJOw.ee npoTSlfHBaHHe 3y6beB 3y6qaThlX KOlleC I
fiep.c 6J1rapCKoro. - M.: MawliHocTpoeHMe, 1961. - 210 c.
(t lnaK:JICe ucmO'IIIUKU [55-60].
npoeKfHpoBaHHe pe:nooo6pa)yrowHx HHCTpYMeHTOB
130. KapQeB C. n. Pe3b6006pa3yrolll.HH HHcTpYMeHT. - M.: Mawrm, J 959 - 100 c
480

JJumepamypa
131. KapneR C. n. I1HcTPYMeHTbf )1.11$1 H3rOTOBJJeHJUJ pe3b6bf. - M : Mawr"3..
1955. - 252 c.
132. MaTseeB B. B. Hape38HMe TOtfHblX pc3b6. - M . MallfJiHOCTpOeHHc.. 1978. - 86 c.
133. UJaryH B. H. BJUUIHHe reoMeTpM 1 1eCKltX H I<OHCTpYKTMBHhIX napaMeTpoB Ma-
lllHHHLlX MeTQHKOB Ha pa3Mepbl pe3b6bl, Hape3aeMoii B CTaJ1Ji II
C6.: Pe3L6oo6pa3yroIIJ.Hli HlicTpj'MefiT I nOlI pelI. K <I>.PoMaHoBa - M.: HI1MMaw.
1968. - C.229-242.
134. lllaryH B. Jf., CTenaHoB C. H., CIfMOlltlJtlC A. n. BnHRHue reoMeTpMl.feCKHX
napaMeTpoB MaWMHHLIX MeT'JUKOB Ha OTK.aOHeUMSI <l>OpMhl cpellHcro UHnHHLtpa
pe3h6br, Hape3aeMoH B CTaJIHI/ Co.: MawuHocTpoeHHe M npH6opocTpoeHMe
MH.: BbIW. WK., 1974. - Bbln. 6. -C 81- 84.
CM. maKe UCmO'lHlIKU [47-54J.
npoeKTlfposaHHe IfHCTpyMelITOB NUl 8BTOl\f8Tlf3HpoBaliHoro fawHHocTpoeHIfH
135. 1)awKoB B. M., Kaues n. r. I1cflbITaHlin pe)Kyw.ero UHcTpYi\1eHTa H8 CTOH-
KOCTh. - M.: MawHHocTpoeHHC, 1985 -- ]30 c.
136. MaCJ10B A. P. HOBbIe cnoco6bl Kpen.,leHHlIIUJCTpYMeHTOB Jla MeT8..1J10pe)J{Y-
l1J.HX cTaHKax (MaWMHOCTpOHT.np-BO. Cep.HHCTPYMeHTaJIbHOe, TeXHOJlOr M MeTpo-
nor. OCHameHHe MeTaJInoo6pa6aT np-Ba: 06'30p. IJJI<pOpM. Bhln 2) - M : BHHH-
T3MP, J991. - 24 c.
J37. MaCJ10B A.  COBpeMeHHble TeHLteHUIHf B KOHCTpYHpoBallHH CneUHa.,lbHoro
peiKyw.ero Ii BcnOMOraTeJlbHOrO HHCTPYMellTa .LUISI aBT0\1aTIt3HpOBaHHbIX npOH3-
no.nCTB. - M.. BHHI1T3MP, 1985 - 48 C
138. TeXHHqeCKHe TpeooBaHHS1 II MeTOllltK8 oueHKH K31.JCCTBa pe:>Kyw.ero HHCTPy-
MeHTa )]JUI aBTOMaTH'leCKHX J1HHHit: PYKOBO.LlSll1l1te MaTepH8.,lbl / BHHH. - M.: 81-111-
HHHcTPYMeHT, 1973. - 156 c
C.w. maK:JICe ucmo'lJlulCu [62-65. 85. 87. 8HJ
npOqUOCTb, iKecTKOCTb H TO'IJIOCTb n03111111011llpOBaliltSi IIUCTpYMCHTOB
H HHCTpYMefiTaJJLHblX MOKOR
139. J1eBHH8 3. M., PeWeTOB.LI.. H. KOHTaKTHaSi iKCCTKOCTb MaUIHH. - M. MaWH-
HocTpoeHHe, 1971. - 264 c.
140. OCTacl»LeB B. A. Pactter JJ.HHaMMtJecKoH npo'IIIOCTH peiK}'lUero MHcTp)'MeHTa.-
M.: MaWHHOcTpOeHHC, 1979. - 178 c.
141. XaeT JI. r. npO'lHOCTb pe)KYIUero HHcTpYMeHTa. - M.: MawHHocTpoeHMe,
1975 - 166 C.
CM mUKJICe ucmOt/IlUKtl [65, 88, 94]
I
t
I
II
I
I
K PA3t1. EJI Y 3
YeOIIHI("
142. 6apcoB A. If., "RaHoB A. B., Knal{OBa K. H. TeXH0J10rHSI H3fOTOB:JeHH}1 pe)l()l-
luero HHCTPyMeHTa. M : MawMHocTpoeHHe, 1979 - 135 c.
143. 6apcoB A. JI. TexHo.norH" JUlcTpYMeHTaJlbHOrO npOM'3BOllCTBa - M. MawJf-
HOCTpoeHHe, 1967. - 277 c#
J44. naJleH M. M. TeXH'OJIOrHlI npOM3BO.lICTBa MCTa.a.rfopeiKYU(MX MHcTpyMeHToB.-
M.. MawHHocTpoeHHe, 1982 - 256 C
481

lllai'YII 8.11. Pe)KYllJ.Mti HHCTPYMCHT
145. naJlei1 M. M. TeXH0J10rH1I npoH3Bo.ncTBa peiK)'UJ.ero I1HCTpyMeHTa. - M.:
ManlrM1, 1963 - 484 c.
146. nOnOB C. A. 3aTOtiKa II .nOBOllKa peiK)'Illero I1HCTpYMcHTa: YtlC6HnK. - M.:
BhICW. WK., 1981. - 200 c.
147. nonoB C. A., J{HoHep .11. f., KaMeHKoBHt:1 A. C. IllJuf€poBaHHc IleTaJleit It 3a-
TO'IKa pe*ylUero HHcTpYMeHTa: YQe6HHK. - M.: BhICIlI.IlIK., 1975. - 311 c.
148. nonoB C. A., 6eJ10CToQKHR B. JI. 3J1eKTpOa6pa3HBHast 3aTot.JKa peiKYl11ero
HHcTpYMeHT8. Y t le6Hoe noco6Me. - M : BhICIII. WK , 1984. - 159 c
149. IOJlHKOB M. H., rOpfiYIIOB J;. H., KOJIeCOB H. B. npOeKTHpOBaHHe H npoH3Boll-
CTBO pe)l(YIllero HIICTpYMeHTa. - M.: MamHHOCTpOeHlfe, ] 987. - 296 c.
. CnpaBOlfHHIGI
ISO. Aopa3HBHaSi H aJlMa3Ha1l o6pa6oTKa MaTepHaJlOB: CnpaBO'lHHK / nOIl pe.n.
A.H.Pe3HHKoBa. - M.: MawHHocTpoeHHe, 1976 - 391 c.
151. Aopa3HBHbie MaTepMaJlhl M MHcTpYMeHTbI. KaTaJ10r-CnpaB01.fHMK. - M.. HI1I1-
Maw, 1976. - 390 C
152. BbICoKo3..eKTHBHbIC TeXH0J10rHQeCKHe npouecchI npoH3Bo.ncTBa HHCTPY-
MeHTa: C60pHMK-CnpaBOlJHMK / nOll pe.ZI. r.A. KOCCOBH'la. - M.: BHHI1HHCTpy-
MeHT" ] 977. - 70 c.
153. Jl.Hollep JI. f. CnpaB011HMK MOJlO.llOro 3aTOtlHHKa pe)l(yw.ero HHcTpYMeHTa. -
M.. BbICW.WK., 1990. - 208 c.
154. KapaTLlrHH A. M.,KopWYHOB I). C. 3aTO\IKa H 1l0BOllKa peiK)'llJ.ero HHCTpy-
MCHTa. - M.: MawrM3, 1963. - 271 c.
155. KamYK B. A., MeneKHH JI.. A., 6apMHH G. n. CnpaBOI.JHHK 3aTO'lHHKa. - M.:
MalllHHOCTpoeHHe, 1982. - 232 c.
156. KOCM31feB H. r. KapMaHHhlH CnpaBO'lHMK TeXH0J10ra-HHcTpYMeHTaJIbllJ.MKa -
JI . MawMHocrpOCHHC, ] 969. - 262 c.
157. nOJleBoR C. n., EBJ10KIIMOB B. JI.. 06pa60TKa HHcTp)'MeHTa.,1hHbfX MaTepMaJIOB.
CnpaBOtlHMK reXHO;JOra HHcTp)'MeHTaJIbHOrO uexa. - KlieB. T eXHHKa, 1980. - 150 c.
158. CnpaBOQIlHK no aJIMa3HOH 06pa60TKe MeTa,1,nOpe)l(yw.ero HHcTp}'MeHTa / nO):l
061U PCJ1. B. H. 6aKYJIb. - KHeB: T3xHHKa, 1971. - 208 c.
(:14 maK:JICe ucmOIiHUK [92]
OooPY110 Ba HHe H npHcnocoMeHHSI .lIJIH H3roTOBJJeHHH HHcTpYMeHTa
159. Jl.HoHep JI. f., QO.HH 3. K. 3aTOtfHbie aBTOMaThI H nOJTyaBToMaTbJ. - M.:
MaUJHHOCTpoeHHe, 1978 - 390 c.
160. Ky.apSiIDOB A. A. MeTa..1JIOpe)l(YUJ.Me CTaHKM 11)111 MHCTpYMeHTa.,1bHoro npOH3-
BOllCTBa. - M.. MawrH3, 1961. - 3 19 c.
161. KOTeJ1hHHKOB B. K. npHcnoc06J1eHM1IllJ111 H3rOTOBJ1eHMSI MeTaJIJ10pe)Kyw.ero
HHcTpYMeHTa. - M.: MaWHHocTpoeHHe, 1977. - 175 c.
162. Ooopy.aoBaHHe, peKoMeH.ZlYeMoe ):lJUI ueHTpa.,lH30BaHHoro npOM3BOJlCTBa MeTaJI-
nopeiK)'lIlero.HHcTp}'MeHTa / BHHHHHcTPYMeHT. - M.: HHI1Maw, ]979. - 116 c.
163. TcxHOJlorHqeCKHe xapaKTepHcTHKH CneUMaJ1hHOrO H cneu.HaJIH3HpOBaHHoro
THna)l(HOrO 06oPY):lOBaHH1I .l1JUI npoH3BolIcTBa pe)l(YIllero MHcTpYMeHTa. - Xaph-
KOB: YKpoprcT8HKMHnpOM, 1978. - 342 c.
482

Rumepanlypa
npOh3BOlICTBO 3aroToBoK If Tep\1I1'fecKaH o6pa6oTK8 IUlcTpYMellTa
164. ABCpHIl H. B., KaoanoB H. H. CBapKa TpellltCM B HHCTpj \1CHTIL1bHOM npoH3-
BOlICTBe. - M.-J1 : MawrJ.f3, 1962. - 75 c.
165. 6yxMaH H. A., HMweHlIlIK K. n. natiKH TBCpllOCnJ1aBHOrO HllcTpYMeHTa
M.: MawrM3, 1951. -30 c.
166. HanaliKa H JaTOqKa TBepnOCnJ1aBIiOrO HHCTpYMcHTa / H. K KY'lepoB,
B. K. nallIKoB II .np. - M.: JlecHa1l npoM-cTb, 1975 - 111 c
167. npOeKTHpOBallHe, 113rOTOBJ1eHHe II 3Kcn.,1yaTaUJiSl KJ1eCHOrO HHcTpYMeHTa /
A.A.Eop30B II .lIp. - M.: MauHIHOcTpoeHMe, 1987.
168. PeBHc M. A., JleoeneB T. A. CTpYKTYpa H cBoiicTBa .1UITOI 0 pe)l{yu{ero HHCTPY-
MeHTa. - II.: MaWHHOcTpOeHHe, 1972. - 128 c.
169. CeBepeHKo B. n.. rOpSltlee rn.npol1l1HaMHtlecKoe Bbl.LlaBJHIBaHlie pe)l(ywero
MHcTpYMeHTa. - MH.. l-IaYKa Ii TeXHHKa, 1974. - 256 C
170. CepreA'feB H. M., nettKoBcKuii A. M. Tep\1J-l'leCKaSl o6pa6oTKa pC)f(}'IlI.ero H
M3MCpHTeJ1hHOrO HHcTpYMeHTa - M MallllulocTpoeHMe, 1967 - 224 C
171. TeXH0J10rHH cBapKH, nattKH H KOHTpOJ1 3arOTOBOK pCiKywero HHcTpYMeHTa:
MeTO.lIH1JeCKHe peKoMeH.nauMH / Bll1H fK. n. H\fWeUHHK,
B. J1. fonoBMH M .np.] - M.. HHHMam, 1976 - 108 c.
172. TeXHOJlOf'HH CKJleHBaHHSI Ii pactfeT K.,1eeBblX coe.nJ-llleHHH peiKywMx HHCTPY-
MeHTOB. MeTo.nH1:JeCKHe pCKOMeHJlaQHH / BHHI1MHcTPYMeHT
[10. B. KOpOTKOB]. - M.: OIITVI BIHH, 1982 -44 C.
CI ma1\e ucnlOlillUK [/4]
UJnH(j)oBaHue II 3aT01.fa IlIfCTpYMellTa
173. A6pa311BHoe 3J1eKTp03p03HoHHoe uIJIH(l)oBaHHe MeToIUI'lccKHe peKOMCItJ1U-
LlHM. - M.: 31-1HMC, 1981. - 27 C
174. AJIMa3Hoe WJUI.oB3HHe CHHTeTWleCKHX CBCpXTBep.ublx MaTepHaJ10B / M <1>. ('CM-
KO, A. 11 rpa6 t leHKo, M. r Xo.napcBcKHti. -  XapbKoB Bnula U1K, 1980. - 191 c
175. t{HoHep J1. f., UJKYPH" 10. A. 3aTo11Ka CnUpaJlbHblX cBep..1. - M.. Maw...nu-
cTpoellHe, 1967. - 154 c.
176. 3axapeHKo H. n. 34>4>eKTHBHoCTb 06pa6oTKH HHCTpYMcHTa cBepXTBepJ1blMIt
MaTepHa.,1aMH. - M.: MaWI1HOCTpOelulc, 1982. -- 224 c.
177. 3axapeHKo H. n., llIeneneB A. A. lMa31Ia)1 3aTO'IKa TBepJ:lOCI1J1aBHOrO 'UIC I'PY.
MeHTa COBMeCTHO co CT8.,1bHOH .nep)l(aBKoit -- Kl1eB. HaYKOBa .llYMKa, 1976. .220 c,
178. 3axapeHKo M. n., CaSttenKo 10. .lI.. A..l\1a3HO-3:1eKTp0J1HTH'lecKa" o6pa6uTICn
HHcTpYMeHTa. - KHeB' HaYKoBa .n)'MKa, 1977 - 224 C
179. 3anecoB A. A., KocTellJro M. It., MapryJlllc)].. K. ne3aJ1Ma3HWI npa8Ku uun-l(IJu-
Ba.,'bHblX KpyroB - M. - CBCp.njlOBCK. Manlrl13, 1952 - 78 c.
180. "nno/uIToR r. M. A6pa'3HBHO-aJ1Ma3HaSl o6pa6oTKa. - M.: MauIHlloc'rpuc-
HHC, 1969. - 335 C
181. MYUHUKO B. H. A6pa3MBHaSi 3aTO'IKa H )10BO.llKa MeTaJ1J10pe*ywHx HIICTPY-
MeHTOB. -11.: MawHHocTpoeHHe, 1967. - 158 c.
182. HeCMeJJOB A. <D. AJ1Ma3Hble MHCTPYMCHTbl B npoMblwneHHocTH...- M.. Ma-
lllHHocTpoeHMe, 1964. - 340 c.
183. npaBKa UJ.au$oBa.,1bHbIX KpyroB 1Ma3HbIMII HHcTpYMeHTaMH 11 3UMCIU1TCJUI-
MH a..1Ma30B / nOJ:l pelJ.. l-IccMCJ10Ba - M.: MamrH3, 1960. - 104 c.
483

llla("YH B.If. Pe)Kyu.uiA JlHCTpYMeHT
184. npaBIat a,1Ma3HbIX lIUIIUJx>BaJIbHbIX KpyrOB. 0630p. - M.: HHI1Maw, 1982. -40 c.
185. nonoB C. A., ManeBcKltu H. n., Tepewelll(o JI. M. AJlM83HO-a6p83HBHa
o6pa6oTKa MeTaJlJIOB H TBep.llblX CfL'JaBOB. - M.. MalllJlHOCTpOeHHe, 1977. - 263 c.
186. THDoBhleTeXHOJIOrW4eCK1-Ie npoueccbl '3aTO'IKH It .nOBO)J.KJI UHCI'p)'MeHTa 113 6b1C"
TpOpe)f()'WeH CTa.1H KpyraMH 1i'3 ).,1b6opa: PTM. - M.: HHI1TaBTOnpoM, 1975. - 55 c.
187. Xapqcmro K. c. npaKmKa a.ThHOro UlJ1Hsamm. - 11.: J1e t 966. - t 07 c.
188. 3J1L6opOBoe WJn{(OBaHJle 6bICTpOpe)f(YUJ.Hx CTaJIeH. - XapbKoB. BHIIJ.a WK.,
1974-136c.
G"'.M. maK:J/Ce UCnlOtiHUKU [150-155; /66].
nOBhlweHHe peKyIQeft cnocofiHOCTH HHCTpYMeHTa
189. BepemaKa A. C., TpeTbHKoB If. n. Pe)l(}'utJfe HHcTp)'MeHTbl C Jf3HOCocTotIKH-
MH nOKpbITJ"'MH. - M.: MaulHHocTpoeHHe, 1986. - 190 c.
190. .lbKeJlLMaHOBa J1. M. npOfpeccHBHbIe MeTO.l{bI HaHeceHHH H'3HOCOCTOMKHX
nOKpblTMtt Ha pe)K}'luHH HHcTpYMeHT: 0630p - M.: HHHMam, 1979. -46 c.
191. MeTO.llLI ynpollHcHHR pe>Kyw.Hx MHcTp)'MeHToB If paUHOHaJlhHble 06JIaCTH HX
npHMeHeHHR: MeTo.ll peKoMeHlIauHM / Hno BHHHHHcTpYMeHT [H.H. HBanoB M
lip] - M.: BHHHHHtJ>OPM, 1988. - 59 c.
192. CMOJIbHHKOB E. A. XHMH\feCKaR H XHMHKo-TepMHqeCKaft o6pa6oTKa HHCTPy-
MeHTOB B COJUIHb(X BaHHax. - M. MaUI"HocTpoeH"e t 989. -- 3 to C
193. YnpO'lHeHHe TBepllOCnJIaBHoro pe)K)'mero HHcTpYMeHTa nOBepxHocTHblM .ne-
<l>opMHpoBaHHeM: 0630p / JI.r.XaeT, B.M. fax, 8.11. ]leBHH. - M.: HHHMallJ,
] 981. - 54 c.
194. Ynpot:JlleHHe pe*yw.Hx HHcTpYMeHToB MeTO.L{OM TepMoMexaHH 1 recKoii 06pa-
60TKH: 0630p / l.\HMHTpaKTopoceJLMaw. - M., 1985. - 47 c.
TeXHOJlOrHR HJroTOBJIellHR pWHX IIHCTpYMeHTOB
195. I)pall.neJJHC A. M. HOBa" TeXHOJIOrHR cnHpa.,1bHh1X CBepJl. - M : MawrH3,
1963. - 103 c.
196. BaCHJ1LCB C. M. npOH3BO.nCTBO OT.ZIeJ1bHbJX BHJ10B 3y6ope3Horo MHcTpyMeHTa.-
M.: 060pOHfH3, 1959. - 270 c.
197. BHUH. Hosa>1 TeXHonorH" M3fOTosneHM" MHCTpYMeHTa. - Bhln.2/ no.n pe.n..
H.C. J:{eIT'ipeHKo. - M.: Mawf"3, 1961. - ]40 c.
198. 8HMH. T eXHo.norHSI H'3rOTOBlIeHMH MeTaIIJIOpeiKYW,HX MHcTpYMeHToB. Bbln. I,
VI, VII. -M.: MamrH3, 1959-1960. -173 c.- 128 c.
199. BHIfH. TeXHOJIOrWIeCKHe npoueccbT H3rOTOBJTeHHH pe>K}'llDfX HHcTpYMeHToB.-
Bbln Ill, IV / nO)! pe.n H C. efTHpeHKo. - M.: I..(BTH cTaHKocTp. If HHCTPYM.
"pOM-Crn, 1959 - 126 c.; 183c.
200. BHHM. TeXHOJlOfH" M3roTOBJIeHHH pe3LtOB / Don peJI. H. C. ,nerT"peHKo. -
M.. Mawr"3, 1961. - 80 c.
201. 8HMH. TeXHOJIOrJUI H'3roTOBJleHH)1 MeT'lHKOB 1f3 6blc-rpope)K}'IIJ.eR CTa.;," / noli.
pe.ll. II.C..l(efTHpeHKo. - M.: Mawr"3, 1961. -43 c.
202. HJ1bBep r. f., 3H£\HHOB M. M. H3roTOBJleHHe MeJI'KOMO.IJ.YJ1bHOrO 3y6ope3Horo
HHcTp)'MeHTa. - M.: OTH BHMH. J 960.
203. OcooeHllocTH KOHcTpynpoBaHH", M3fOTOBJ1eHHR H 3KCnJIyaTaUHH pe)l(}'lllero
HHcTpYMeHTa C KJJeeBhlMH coe,nHHeHH"MH: 0630p / 10. B. KOPOTKOB, 10. R. 60po-
BOM, K o. HMweHHHK. - M.. HHMMaw, 1978 - 69 c.
484

JlU/11epamypa
'04. npOH3BO.llCTBO 11 npl1MeHeHMe B npOMblllJ;ICHHOCTI1 peJKywero HHcTpYMeHTa
H3 KepaMHKH / B. M. BenpHHueB, A. H. BJ1aCoB. A A. MaKcnMoB H .n.p. - M.. l1H-T
"l.I.BeTHHcpopMauHSI", 1978. - 32 c.
205. npOH3BO.llCTBO HenepeT8 t ll1BaeMoro pCiKyulero UHcTpYT\feHTa. 0630p. - M .
BHHHMaw, 1984. - 56 c.
206. POnUH n. , KJlHMOB B. H., Shcyocou C. 6. TeXHOJlOrHfl H3rOTOBneHHH '3y6o-
pe3Horo HHcTpYMeHTa. - KHeB: T3xlutKa, ] 982 -- 206 c.
207. Cl(JJeHBaHHe HHcTpYMeHTa If OCHaCTKH R MaUHtHOCTpOeHl111 / A. n. neTpOBa,
3. K. KOH,npamoB, 10. B. f(OPOTKOB. - M.: MaulliHocTpoeHHc, 1985. - J 84 c.
208. CeMeHtteHKo lI.. H. npOH3BOlICTBO ttepBS1tfflblX IueBepoB H8 MOCKOBCKOM HH-
cTp)'MeHTaJILHOM 38BOlle. - M.: I..(6TH, 1955. - 36 c.
209. TeXH0J10rHSI H3rOTOBneHJUI TBep.noCnJ1aBHOrO MeJIKOpa3MCpHOro KOHu.eBoro
pe>K)'m:ero HHcTpYMeHTa cnoco6oM BhIWJlHq>ORKJi / non pell H. A. COK0J10BCKOro
- M.: HHHMam, 1971. -72 C
210. TeXH0J10rHH H3rOTOBJ1eHH)I MeTtti-1KOB 1i3 CTa.rUi I [10lt pell H. C AerrpeHKo.
- M.. MawrH3, 1961. -43 c.
21 I. THnoBble TeXHonOrHtteCKMe npouecchl o6pa6oTKH .lleTanetf ne1BHHHh(M
I1HcTpYMeHToM H3 KOMnO'3I1Ta. MeTO.LUf l leCKue pCKOMeHJ1aUI-Uf / jJ A. MY3bl-
KaHT, r. B. 60pOBCKHti 11 .np. - M.. H HI1MaIlJ 1980 - 120 C
212. lUJ1eHMoBHtJ M. A., nOMepalleu 3. C. TeXIJOJlOrUSll13rOTOBJJCHMSI Jy6ope3Ho-
ro HHcTpyMeHTa. - M. - CBep)]J10BcK. MalJlrJf3, J 948. - 268 c.
CM. m01<:JICe ucmOllHUKU [34, 35; 37, 77, 107, 250, 253J
ABTOMaTH3aUltH HHCTpYMellTaJlbHOrO IIpOll3BOltCTBa
213. ABTOMaTHtJeCKHe JlHHHH B MaWHHOCTpoeHJ1H. npoeKTHpoBaHHe Jf 3Kcn."yaTa-
IUISI / nOll. pe.n.. J1. H BOJllfKeBw-J8. - T 1. - M.: MauufHocTpoeHHe.. ] 984 - - 3] 2 C
2 J 4. ABToMaTH3aUHR npOH3BOJICTBa n nOBhIIIICHi-le KaQeCTB8 1(OHUC80ro HHcTpYMeH-
Ta / n A.IOJIKOBCKI1H, r: H. KH6epeB If JIp. - M.: MaUJI1HOCTpOeHl1e, 1980. - 120 C
215. MaTaJlHH A. A., $peHKeJJb I). H., naBOB <1>. C. npoeKrnpOB8HHe TeXHO.,'OrnlfecKHX
npoueccoB 06pa6OTKH )J.eTaJlen H8 CTaHKaX C qny - 11 : 11'311-80 JICY: 1977. - 240 c.
216. MHTpo4)aHoB C. n., fYJ1bHOB 10. A., KYJ1UKOB J].. J{. ABTOMaTmal.J.MSI TeXIl0J10fH-
tlecKoti nOllroTOBKI1 cepHf..IHoro npoJf3BOJICTBa. -- M MawHHocrpoeIule, 1974 - 360 c.
217. 0pLl.HHapueB H. A., tDHJlltnOB r. B. ABTOMaTH'3aUMSI npOH3B0.L1CTBa pe)K)'wero
HHcTPYMeHTa. - JI.: MalIIHHocTpoeHHe, 1972. - 264 c.
218. TeXHOJlOrH'IeCKHe npoueccbl aBToMaTH3HpoB8HHOH 3aTotJKI1 TOPUOBblX pe3.
- M.: BHMJ.1HHcTPYMeHT, t 976. - 3 t c.
219. XpHCTHtJ 3. )].. ABToMaTH3aUHSI HHCTpYMeHTaJ1bHOrO npOlf3B0J1CTB8 - M
ManJJIHocTpoeHHe, 1964. - 216 c.
K PA3}.{EJlY 4
OpraHH3auHR HHCTpYMeIITaJ1LHOrO X03HHCTBa
220. BonoBHtJ B. A., Kep*eHueB A. <1>., cnUJlaTOB H. f. HOpMHpoBaHl1e pacxo.na
pe)l(}'II1ero HHcTpYMeHTa B MawllHocTpoeHHM - MH.. Ee;rapycb, 1989. - 176 C
221. JloKTeB A. )].., 3.neJJbCOH A. 3. PaUHOHaJIbHOe HcnO"lb30BaJlMe pC)J(ym: ero
HHcTpYMeHT8: 0630p. - M.: B}I1HT3MP, 1986. - 56 c.
485

WaZYH B 11. PeIKYWH" I-tHCTpYMeHT
222. MeTo.ll.HKa HOpMl-tpOBaHMSI pacxo.na pelK)'luero I-tHcTpyMeHT8 / BHHH rCnKT6
'OprnpHMHHcTPYMeHT" [B. 11. EpawcHKo 11 .up] - M.: HHHMalll, 1982. - 95 c.
223. ",eIlTpaJUI]OBaHllaJl 3aTOtJKa pe)KYWHx IfHcTp)'1\1eHToB Ha CTaHK03aBonax. -
M HI1HMaw, 1983. - 108 c.
Cwo maK:JICe ucmOllllUKU [272; 274, 278-280; 282; 286, 287].
061QHe Bonpocbl 3KCDJ1yaT8QHH JIHcTpYMeJJT3
224. 6epJJ.HQeBCKHii E. f. CMa3()tIHo-ox.,laiK}].aIOwMe reXHO;)orMlJeCKHe cpencTBa Jl.J'
06pa60TKH MCTaJ1JIOB pe3aHHeM: CnpaBO'JHHK / no}]. pen. c.r 3 HTe:JHca, 3.M.6ep-
JUt Hepa. - M.: MawHHocTpoeHl-te, t 986. - 352 c.
225. BJ1HHHHe aHTHpHKU"OHHbIX nOKpblTMti H8 1-t3HOC MeTaJ1JIo06pa6aTbIBalOll.(e-
ro MHcTpYMeHTa. - POCTOR. POCTOBCKMii YH-T, 1973. - 90 C
226. BblcoKonpOll3BOttHTeJ1bllble KOHCTpYKlJ.HH HHcTpYMeHT8 Hero p8U,HOH8J1bHWI
JKcn.,rIyaTaUH: C6. CTaTeH I BHHHMHcTpYMeHT., no.n pen. 10. JI. 6opoBoro. - M.:
BHHHHHcTPYMeHT, 1977. - 92 c.
227. BbIcoKonpOIl3B0.l1HTCJ1bHLIH IfHcTp)'1\leHT If3 CBepXTBep.llblx MarepHaJIOB H 06-
.naCT" ero npHMeneHJfR: C6. TPYJlOB / non pen. r: A. KOCcoBH l la. - M.: BHJ1HHH-
cTp)'MeHT, 1976 - 76 c.
228. MaJ1HKOB (f). n. naTpoHbl JJ.ilSl peiKYllU-IX HHcTpYMeHToB. -- M. - CBeplI-
:IOBCK. MawrH3, 1963. - 104 c.
229. nYTH nORbIweHIUI 3<p<peKTIfBHoCTH 3KCnJ1yaTaUHM c6opHoro pe)f()'wero HHCT-
py'eHTa C MHororpaHHblMM nn3CTHHa\fH: 0630p / A. A. DOp30B, A. 10. Kyn3rHH H
J1p. - M: {HHMaw, 1980. - 51 c.
230. naIlen C. M., BaCIIJ1beB C. B. KOHTpO:Jb COCTOSlIUUI pe)Kyw.ero HHcTpYMeHTa
Ha CT8HKax C 4ny. - M.. HHHMarn, 1983. - 52 c.
231. PaI1ItOHaJ1bHaH 3KclJ.,lyaTauuSi peiKYl1J.ero HHcTpYMeHTa B ycnoBlfx rnc M
CTaHKOB c 4fJY; MaTepua.lbJ Ce\1MUapa, - M.. M):{IITn" 1989 - ) 50 c.
232. PeKoMeuAauHII no Bbl60py MapoK 6blcTpopeiK)'UJ.HX cTa,'e D,.,lSl H3rOTOBJIeIU1S1
pe)'wero IfHCTpYMeHTa H pe>KHMOB HX 06pa6oTKli -- O.aecca nKTM, 1970. - 20 I c
233. COBpeMcHHble TCH)1eHUMH npHMeHeHHSI 6e3Bo.l1b<ppaMoBblx MHcTpYMeHTaJ1b-
HblX MaTepHaJ10B. 0630p / HI1HHHOp'" no MaIIIMHOCTpoeHHIO. - M . HI1I1Maw,
1981. - 55 c.
234. CMa30tlHO-OXJ18i1\LJ:81OIUHe TeXH0J10rnqlKHe cpe,ncTBa B npoueccax a6pa3HBHOn
06pa6OTKM: C6:rpy.aoB / no peA n. B Xy.ao6MHa. - 1bRHOBCK: 1nH, 1988. - 126 c.
235. CnpaB01.fHltJ( TCXIIOJ10ra no aBTOMaTM t leCKI1M J1HHMSIM / A.r KocHnoBa,
A r. J1bIKOB, O.M.JJ;eeB H lip. - M.. MawHHocTpoeHHe, 1982 - 320 c.
236. Cpe.acTBa KOHTpOJU' pa3MepHLlx napaMeTpOB pe)f()'l1J.HX MHcTpYMeHTOB: MeTo-
l1MlfeCKHe pCKoMcHllallHH / BllYlHHHcTpYMeHT fA. ,A. MapTblHoB, T A. CHHeJIbUlM-
I(OB] - M.. BHI1I1T3MP, J988. -46 c.
237. <l>eJ1blIUITctiH 3. H. OCHOBbl paUMOHaJ1bHOM 3KCn.JlyaT8UHH pC)f()'lU.HX HHCTpY-
MeHTOB. - M.' MalIlHHocTpoeHHe, 1965. - 179 c.
238. UlyraJl 6. E.ot CaMOHJ10B B. H. CnpaBottHMK no 3Kcn..1yaTaUltM pejf(ywcro,
YJ1apHOrO, BbICaJ1HOrO M MexaHH3MpoB8HHoro MHCTpYMcHTa. - M: MawHHocTpO-
eHMC, ] 965 - 343 c.
C./u maK:JICe lICmO C U1UKU [103-/07, /35, 138. 167, 203]
486

Jl unt epanl.,vpa
3KcnJlyaTal\IIH pC31108
239. 6J1I01\tfiepr B. A. CnpaBOtlHHK TOKapSl. -- J1 JIeI-fH3.naT, 1969 - 448 C
240. BLlcoKOnpOHJ80HTeJJLIILle KOHCTPYKUJfH pe3uoB Ii HX paUMOHaJlbHaR '}Kcn..
nyaTaUHSI. - M.: Mawr"3, 1959 - 240 c.
241. PeKOMeH.l181(HH no paUnOHaJ1bHOM )KCnJJyaTaUM" pen<yw.ero MHcTpYMeHTa Ha
TOKapHbix cTaHKax c qn - M : BHHI1T3MP, 1986 - 44 c.
3KcrtJlyaTau lt H CBepJl, 3ellepo8, pa3BcpToK
242. BH"". BblcoKonpOH3B0J1HTenhHhle KOHCTPYKUHH 3eHKepoB H pa3BepToK H
MX paUHOHaJIbHaSi 3KcnnyaTaUMSI / BHHI1., nOll pen. M. H J1apMHa. - M.: Maw-
rH3, 1960. - 168 c.
243. BLICOK'OnpOH3BO.llHTeJJbHLle KOHCTPYKUMH CBepJI M HX paUMoHa.,1bHaSl 3Kcn-
J1yaTaUHSI / nOLl pelle M. H. JIapHHa - 4 J - 2. -- M.. LJ.YlHTHM, 1960. - 102 c.
244. CnpaBOqHHK CSepJTOBWMKa / E.3.<I>eJIbJ.{WTeMH, 3.R HBaWHH, M.A.KopHHe-
BWI. - MH.. BblW WK., 1986 - 336 c.
245. 1.fepHLlwe8 E. H., 1.IepHblweB B. E. CnpaBO-IHHK CnepJIOBUIHKa - M.: MaIU-
rH3, 1962. - 324 c.
CAt. maKJlCe UCmOtlHUKU [34, 35, 37].
3KcnJlyaTaUJIH 4Jpe3
246. AHcepOB M. A. CnpaBOtJHoe pYKonOJ1CTBO (ppe3epOBlJUiKa. -- ]],; .neJJH3Dar,
t 964. - 263 c.
247. BbICOICOnpOHJBOJ{HTCJlLHLIC KOHCTPYKUHI1 <J)aCOlfHbIX <pPC3 I1 HX paUIfOHaJIb-
HaS! 3KcnnyaTaUlfSi / nOl{ pe.n. M. H J1apMHa. - M . Mawrw3, 1961. -- 175 C
248. JlapHH M. H. B'blCOKOnpOM3B0.l1HTC-,1bHble KOHCTPYKUHH <ppe3 11 HX paUHOHaJIL-
HaSl3KcnnyaTaUHjI. - M.: MawrH3, 1957 - 272 c.
249. nHKYC M.IO., nHKYC H. M. CnpaBOtlHI1K (J)pe'3epOBWMKa - MH . BbIU1. WK.,
1975. -304 C.
CM. maK:»ce UCmOtiHUK [40].
3KCnJ1yaTallHH IlpOTHiKCK
250. 6aKJIYHoB E.)1.. npOTRK". KOHcTPYKunR, TeXHOJIOrHR M3rOTOB,,1eHMR M 3Kcn-
nyaTaUMSI. - M.: MawrH3, 1960. - 167 c.
251. BblcoKonpoH3BOllHTeJ1bHblC KOHCTPYKUI1H npOTSDKCK M HX paUHoHa.,1bHast 3KC-
nnyaTaUHSI / BHHH., non pell. M.H.flapHHa. - M.: MawrH3, 1960. - 120 c.
252. npORKHH H. cJ). npOTSlrHBaHHe TPYJlHOo6pa6aTbIBaCM'bIX MaTepHa..10B. - M .
MawMHOCTpoeHMe, ] 978. - 119 c
3KcnJlyaT8uHH pe3b0006pa3YlOlllltX JlIlCTpYMeHToR
253. KapueB c. n. KOHCTpYKU"M, npOH3BOJlCTBO n 3KcnJlyaTaUMSI pe3b6oo6pa3YIO-
wero HHcTpyMeHTa. - M.: MawrH3, 1962. -- 70 c.
254. KOpOJleB E. r. PaC'leT H npoeKTHpoBanne naTpoHoB J].JUI Hape3aHMSI pe3b6bt
MeTllHKaMH Ha cTaHKax C t{n - M.: BHI1HHHcTpYMeHT, 1989. - 18 c
255. KY3LMeHKo A. <1>., naWKO A. M. nporpeccMBHble KOHCTPYKUHM BcnOMora..
TeJ1bHOrO MHcTpYMeHTa .IlJlSl 06pa30BaHMSI BHYTpeHHHx pe3b6 B aBToMaTM3HpoBaH-
HOM npoH3Bo.ncTBe JleT8JIef% aBTOM06HJIeH. - TO:JbSlTTH. cbMJ1M(L1 HWMTaBTonpoM.
1988 - 53 c.
48 

WaZYH B./1 PelKywn" HHcTpyMellT
256. TaypHT r. 3. nOJIY'feHHe TOtlHblX HapY){(HLIX pe3h6 - KneB: T3xHHKa,
1974. - 114 c.
257. WarYH B. M. TO'lHOCTh pe3h6bl H 3KCnJIyaTalJ.H" MeT 1 1HKOB 1/ npOMhlWJICH-
HOCTh EenopyccHH. - 1965. - Ji2 4. - C. 5-8.
3KcnnyaTauHH 3y60pe3HLlx HHeTpYMeHTOB
258. AllaM }I. H., OBYMHH r: r# CnpaBOtlHHK 3y6ope3a. - M.: MauulHocTpoeHHe,
1971. -232 c.
259. Me,LISe,ltHUKOB C. 11. BhJCOKOnpOH3BOJlHTeJJbHOe 3y6oHape3aHHe 4>pe3aMH. -
M.: MawHHoCTpoeHHe, ] 981. - 104 c.
260. npOH3BOJJ.CTBO 3y6 t laTblx KOJlec: CnpaBOtJHHK I nO.lt pe.lt. E.A.Taiiua. - M.:
MawHHocTppeHMe, 1975. - 728 c.
3KcDJlyaT8QHSI aOpaJHBHoro ItHcrpYMellT8
261. AllalfbSlH B. A. Oco6eHHocTM 3KcnnyarnUHH a6pa3lfBHoro, aJIM83HOro n 3Jlb-
6opoBoro HHcTp)'MeHTa. - M.: MawHHocTpoeHMe, 1976. - 32 c.
262. AOpaJHBllaH H aJIMaJHa" o6pa6oTKa MaTCpH3Jl0B. CnpaBoIIHHK I no.n pen.
A H Pe3HHKOBa. - M MaIUJIHOCTpoeHHe, 1977. - 391 c.
Cu. UClnO'-lIlUKU [J 73- J 88].
HenOJJ8.l{KH c pe*fI1(HMH HHcTpYMeHTaMll1f cnocooLI ox YCTpaHeHHH
263. J;aJlaOaHOB A. H. KpaTKHti cnpaB01JHI1K TeXH0J10ra-MawHHocTPOHTeJIlI. - M:
H 311aTeJlhCTBO CTaHlIapTOB. 1992.
264. <l>eJ1L,nwTeiiH 3. H. KaK nyqwe HCnOJIb'30B8Tb pe)f()'UlHH HHCTPYMeHT (OCHO-
Bbl paUHOH<L1bHoti 3KcnJlyaTaUH"). - MH.: rOCH311aT 6CC 1960. - 272 c.
265. llJ aryH B. H. K ROnpOCY 0 BJIHRHHIi cKOpocrn pC3aHHR H CMa3hfB3JOllte-OXJIa>K'.l(a-
IOlllHX IKHllKocTeH Ha pa3Mephl pe3b6bl, Hape3aeMoH MeTtlHKaMH II C6 : nporpeCCHB-
liaR TCXHo-"orHSI M8WHHOCTpoeHH". BLln. 2. - MH.: Bb111I WK., J 971 - C. 20 - 25.
266. lIJaryll B. H. Pa.lUlaJIbHhle H TaHreHlJ.Ha.,'lbHbTe CHJIbI, a TaKlKe YCJ10BHR o6TeKa-
IHISI peiKYIUero J<.,1HHa B CMCTeMe <paKTOpOB onpe.neJI"lOlIU1X KattecTBO pe3b6bl, Ha-
pe3aeMoH MaWHHHblMH MeT t lHK8MM II C6.. MCC;JenOBaHH$I B 06:IaCTJ.i TeXHOJJOfHH
o6paJoBaHH" pe3h6, pe3b6oo6pa3yroUlMX HHcTpYMeHToB, CTaHKOB U MeTO.ltOB KOHT-
pOJI" pe3b6. - TYJIa: Tnl1, 1981. - C. 87 - 91.
267. UlaryH B. If. B,,1HSlHHe YC.,.TOBHM pa60Tbl na p83Mephl pe3b6bl, Hape3aeMoM
MaUJMHHblMH MeT1JHKaMH.11 C6. nporpeccHBHaSi reXHOJIOrH" MaIDHHocTpoeHMSI -
MH.. BhIW. WK., 1970. - C.122 - 128.
268. WaryH B. H. Bbl60p BbIrO.llHblX 3Ha'lenHH yrna 3a6opHoro KOH)'ca MeTlJHKOB. 1/
npOMbIIDJIeHHOCTb Ee..1opycCHH -- 1968. - .N2 2. - C. 59 - 60.
269. lUaryH B. 11.., PycbJR B.lI., YwaKoB A. A. BJUfHHHe MeTo.na KpenneHHll PaJ-
BepTKH H8 T011HOCTb o6pa6oTaHHblx oTBepcTHt1 II C6 · TexHo..10rliSl aBTOM06HJ1eCT-
poeHHSI. - Jig 1, (12). - Cep"" XIV. - M.: HHHTaBTonpoM, 1971. - C.49-50.
270. llIaryH B. M. iloBblIlleHHe T011HOCTH pe3b6, Hape3aeMbIx MeT1JHKaMH II C6.:
3<1>tJ>eKTHBRble MeTOllhl HCn0J1b30BaHHSI pexcywero MHcTp}'MeHTa. - MH., 1963.-
C. 118- 130.
CA-I. nlaKJlCe UCmO'-lHUKU [94, 238]
488

Jlunlepamypa
HopM8mBH8H JUlTepa-rypa:
a) TOKapl/ble pa60111bl
271. HOpM8TlfBbi pejl{HMOB pe3aHIoI }1." MlforoIfIfCTpYMCHTa,lbHbD{ paoOT. - M.:
MawHHocTpoeHHe, 1970. - 59 c.
272. OfimeMawHHocTpOHTeJJbHble HopMaTHBbl pCiKHMOB pe3aJUul. TOKapHble "
KapycellhHLle pa60TLI (BL16op HHcTp)'MeHTa, pe)J(lfM08 pe'38HIHI.. onpe.neJ1eHHe pac-
xOlla HHCTpYMeHTa). - M.: HHH1\taw, 1985 - 92 c.
273. 06weM8WHHOCTpOHTeJ1bHble YKpynHeHllblc HOpMLI BpeMeHH Ha pa6oTbl, BbJ-
nOJlWleMble Ha MeTaJlJ10pe'"Yl1tHX CTIUIKax. ellH1Uf'Itloe.. MeJ1KOCCpH"lfOe Ii cpel1Hcce-
p"HHOe npOH3BO.nCTBO. - M.: HI1HTPy.aa - LJ.I. r oKapHblc 11 TOKapllo-KapyceJ1bHble
CTaHKH, 1983. - 191 c. - 4.5 rOpH30HT(L1bHo-pacm c lHbre CTaUKH, 1988. - 233 c.
274. OoweM8wIIHocTpoHTeJlblible 1I0p\4aTHBbl pejl{l1\toB pC3aJnUI, HOpM H3Hoca "
pacxo.na pe3uoB C MHn "3 6e3BOJlbpaMOBbIX T8CplI.bIX CnJl8BOB. - M. IIHHHH-
€»OPM, 1983. - 41 c.
275. OOtneMaIUHlloCTPOHTeJ1bllble lIopMaTuBbl RpeMeHlf 11 peJK"MOB pe3aHH" Ha
TOKapHo-8BTOM8THble pa60TbJ. -1.J. J. PeBOJ1bBCpHble J.t MHOI OUlnUHlIe..lbHble ropH-
30HTaJlbHbie aBTOMaTbl / I..{6TH rKCCCP no Tpy.n.y 11 COUHaJlbllb1f BonpocaM
M.: 3KoHoMHKa, 1989.
6) CmpOZa'1bllble U (}o:16eJIClible pa60nlbl
276. OfiWeI\1aWHHOcTpOHTeJ1LHLle YKpynHeHHble HOpMhl BpeMeliH H8 pa6oTbl,
BbrnOJIHReMble H8 MeTaJt.t10pe)J(YWJfX CT3HK3X eJ.{JHIH'lHoe.. MeJIKOCepHMHoc J1 cpel1-
HeCep"HHOC npoH3Bo.lJ.CTBO. - tI.4. CTpOraJIbllbJC 11 Llon6e)KHhIC CTallKI1 - M
HHMTPY.ZI.a, 1989. - 207 C.
6) C6epJleHUe, .3 ellKep 08 all lie, pa3(lepmbl611l1Ue
277. OfimeM8WHHOCTpOHTeJlbHLle HOpMaTImh( peIKJi\fOB pe3aHJfSl CBepnaMH "3 COBpC-
MeHHbIX Mapol( 6bfcrpope)K)'UlHX CTaJ1efi Bpe\fCHHbre. -- M.. I-IHHMarn, 1978 - 48 c.
278. OfiweMawHHocTpOHTeJ1bHble HopMaTl1BbI no liJHOCY, CTOMKOCTH H pacxollY
CnHpaJIbHLIX CBepJ1 BpeMeHHble. - M . HHI1\t1aul, 1980 - 40 c.
279. 06meMawHHOCTpoHTeJ1bHLle HopMaTHBbl pe)KHMOB pe3aHHSI, HOpM H3HOC8 H pac-
xOJJ,a 3eHKepoB In 6blcrpope)K)'Uleh C'T3J1M. BpeMcHHbJe - M HHHMaw) 1984 - t 32 C
280. 06weMawHHOCTpoHTeJlbHLle HOpMaTItBbl PC)«HMOB pe3anMSI, HOpM IDHoca " pac-
xOlla pa3BepTOk In 6Llcrpope)f{}1UeH CTaJlH BpeMcHHhle. - M. Hl1l1Mam, 1984. - 56 C
?) d>pe3epHbl e pa60mbl
281. O()weMawHHocTpOHTeJlbHble HopMaTHBhJ pe)f(HMOB pelaJlIHI pc3aMM TOp-
UOBblMH C MexaHl¥feCKHM KpenneHMcM MHororpaHHblx TBep.noCnJlaBHbIX nJIaCTHH.
BpeMeHHble. - M.: HHMM8W, 1978. - 58 c.
282. OfiweM8wHHoCTpOHTeJlbHbie HopMaTHBbl pejl{HMOB pe38IJMSI, 1I0pM M3Hoca Ii
paCXO.lla pe3aMH TOpUOBbIMH, OCHaUteHHblMH BCTaBKaMH M3 cBepXTBep.llblX CMHTe-
THtIeCKHX MaTepHaJIOB. BpeMeHHble. - M HI1HMaul, 1985. - 53 c.
283. OomeM8wHHocTpOHTeJ1bHble HopMaTIiBbl pCiKMMOB pe3aHIiSl, HOpM H'3HOCa Ii
pacxo.lla J(OHueBbIX pe3 113 6LICTpope;Kyw.eH CTaJIH. BpeMeHHbte . - M.: HHH-
Maw, 1982. - 60 c.
489

illa;YH B 11. Pe)KYWH" HHcTpYMeHT
284. OOlUeM8wIIHocTpOHTeJlLHble YKpynHeHHble HOpMbl BpeMeHH Ha pa6oTbl,
BbIno..1HSle\1hle Ha MCTaJ1..1opeIKYWHx CTallI<ax ellHHIItlHoe, MeJIKOCepHnHoe It cpeJI-
HecepMMlloe npoM3BollCTBO - 1l.2. CBCpnUJJbHble If pe3epHble CTanK". - M.:
IHHTPYlIa, 1983 - 191 c.
0) flpOnlJlJICllble pa60mbl
285. 06weM8wHllocTpOHTeJlLHLIe HopMaTHBbl pe)f(HMOB pe3aHHSI H BpeMeHH ){JUI
TeXHH'leCKoro HOpMHpOBaHJUI pa60T Ha npoT")J(H&IX CTaHKax. MaccoBoe, KpynHo...
cepldtHoe, CcpHHHoe, MeJIKOCepnHHoe, ellHHHtlHoe npOH3BOJICTBO. - M.: HI1H-
Maw, 1969. - 199 c.
e) Pe3b6oo6pa6omKa
286. OOWe\18mHHOCTpOIITeJlbllble HopMaTHBhl pe)J(HMoB pe3aHHSI, HOpM M3Hoca H
pacxo){a MaWHHHblX MeTtlHKOB H3 6blCTpopeIKYl1(eH CTaJlH. BpeMcHHble. - M.:
IHHMallI 1982. - 32c.
287. OomcMawHHocTpOHTeJ1bllLIC HopMaTHBbl pe)J(HMoB pe3aHH", HOpMbl H3Hoca 11
pacxo.na nJ1aIUeK KpyrnbIx M3 - M ] 2 npH Hape38HHII pe3b6bl H8 JIeTaJHIX 113 KOHCT-
PYKUHOHHblX yrnepollHCTbIX CTaJteH. BpeMeHHble. - M.. HHHMaul, 1983. - 20 c.
288. OoweM8wIIIIOcTpOHTeJlbHbie HopMaTHBbl pe)KHMOB o6pa6oTKH pe3b6 pe3h-
60naKaTHblMH H pe3b6on8pe3HblMH ro..l0BKaMH, HOpM H3Hoca H pacxolla. - M.:
HI1I1Maw, J 982. - 77 c.
:JIC) Pa60nlbl HG cmallKax c lfflY
289. HOpMHpoBaHHe onepaIlHA, BblnOJ1HSleMblX H3 MeTannope)l()'IUHx CT3HKax c
Llny: - M.: HHHMalu, 1975. - 144 c.
290. OoweMaWHHOCTpOHTeJ1LHbIC HopMaTMBbI pe)J(M\fOB pe3aHH" WISI 06pa6OTKH KOH-
ueBhlMH <l>pe3aMH Ha CTaHKax c lIny: BpeMeHHble. - M.: HHHMam, 1980 - 70 c.
291. OoweM8wHHOCTPOHTeJ1bHble HopMaTHBbl pe)f(MMOB Pe38HH")11IS MHoroueJIeBblX
CTaHKOB €»pe3epHo-cBepnW1bHo-paCTOlIHOn rpynnbl. - M.. BHHHT3M 1986. - 158 c.
292. OomeMalUJIIIOCTpOHTCJlbHble HopMaTHBbl BpeMeHH Ii pe)J(HMbl pe3aHH" lVI"
HOpMHpOBaHHn pa6oT, BblnOJIHSleMblX Ha YHHBepca.,1bHbIX H MHOrOueJIeBblX CT8HKax
c Lln)Z - 4.2. - M.. 3KoHoMHKa, 1990. - 472 C.
3) Jle38UUUQJl o6pa6omKQ 6 tfe.no
293. OomeM8uIHHOCTpOHTCJlbHbie HOpM3THBbl pe)J(HMoB pe33HH1I. - T.t /
A.A. J10KTeB, M.<t> fYWHH, B.A.6a1)'eB M .lIP. - M. MaurnHOCTpoeHHe, 1991. - 640 c.
294. nporpeccHBHble pelKYII1He 11 HCTp}'MeHTbl H peiKHMbl pe33HHs MeTaJIJIOB
CnpaBotlHHK / B.I1.EapaH t IHKoB, A.BJKapHKoB, H.A.IO.l1HH, A H.Ca.l1blxoB. - M.:
MaIlJHHocTpOeHHe, 1990 - 400 c. ,
295. PeiKHMbl pe3aHH MeTaJI..lOB: CnpaBo11HHK / IO.B.EapaHoBcKHH, JI.A.EpaxM8H,
A.H fllMeBH'! Ii lip. - M.: HI1HTaBTonpoM, 1995. - 456 c.
296. PeiKHMbl pe3aHHSI TpyltHOo6pa6aTblBaeMblx MaTepHa..l0B: CnpaBotlHHK /
51.11 fypeBMtt, H.B.ropOXOB, BJ1.3axapoB H .l1p. - M M3WHHoCTpOeHHe, t 986. - 240 c.
490

, "."t" tI. .11111.
COEP/KAHHE
nPEHCJIOBHE ...................... ........... .................
PA3EJI 1.
OJ>30PKOHCTPYKQHHPE)KYInHXHHCTI-YMI.:II'I'C)II . h
1.1. OCHOBHble npell.CTaBJ1eHHH, nOHSlTIIH H onpeJleJIeHHA ...........
1.1.1. PelK)'lludt HHcTpYMeHT. Onpe.l1eJIeUHC, Ha3HaQeHHe, Tpc6oluUlltM, lei'" '".1'''''
t.
onmMa.JJbHOCTH. _........ ............ ......... . ........ .......................... ,
t.
1.1.2. 3JleMeHTbl KOHCTPYKUHM H COCTaBHblC lJaCTH HHcTpYMeHTu. J>c*YIIUtn
I01HH - OCHOBa KOHCTPYKQHH JIf06oro pe)l(YllI.ero HHcTpYMeHT8 ................ ..
1.1.3. feOMeTpH1.JeCKHe napaMeTpbl pe:>Kyu.lero KJ1HHa ....................oo... .
1.2. MSTepHsnbllU1H H3roTOBJIeHHSI Peil\YuUtx HHcTpYMeHTOB .......... ..
C)
II
-y')
-
1 2.1. 06IJJ.He nOJIO)l(eHHR.. ....... . ... . .. . ......... . ...................... ......... .
.,.,
-
1.2 2 HHcTp)'MeHTaJIbHhle CTanM M CII;taBbl . ........ ........... . .. . . 12
1.2.3. MeTaJIJIOKepaMH1.JeCKHe TBep.lJ.hle cn;taBbl ....... . .......... .............. .......... .. 1h
1.2.4. MHHepaJIOKepaMHKa .............. ......... . . ....... .. ........ .......... ......... . ... ':1J:}
1.2.5. CBepxTBep.nbte HHcTp)'MeHTaJlbHble MaTepHaJ1bl ........ . ........ ......... ........ 29
1.2.6. MaTepHaJ1blllJUI KOpnyCOB HHcTpYMeHToB ... ......... . ....... . ......... . ...... 31
t .2.7. A6pa3HBHble MaTep"a.,'bl ..... ........ ........ ......... ..... ......... .... ...... ..... 31
1.3. Pe3Qbl .......... .................... . .....
........ ............ 33
1.3.1. Ha3Ha l leHHe "TJfnbl pe3uoB ..... ...... .... ..................... ... ....... ........ ..... ........ 33
1 3.2. TOKapHbte pe3Uhl ................... ...... ........ ...... ......... ........ ....... .. 36
1.3.3. CTpOfaJIhHhle H .l10:I6e)l(HhIe pe3uhl ...... ..... ......... .... ...... .................. . 48
1.4. CBepJl a .............................. ........ . . . . . . .. ". .. . . ......... .. .. ... .. . . .... . . . . . .. 51
1.4.1. Ha3Ha t {eHHe, 3JIeMeHThi KOHCTPYKIJ.H" M reOMeTp"tJecKHe napaMeTpb1
CnHpaJIhHOrO CBepJIa ....................... ..... ........ . ........ ..... . .. .... .... .... 51
1.4.2 Oco6eHHocTH KOHCTPYI<UHH cBepJl pa3HOro Ha3H81.JeHHSI ...... ...... . ..... 55
1.5. 3eHkepbl H paJBepTKH ............. ......... .................. .......... ... .... ........ 61
1 5.1. Ha3Ha1.JeHHe, 3JIeMeHTbi KOHCTpYKUHH H reOMeTpl11.JeCKHe napaMcTpbl
3eHKepOB '" pa3BepTOK ............ ............................. .. ........ .. ....... ...... ....... .. ..... 61
1.5.2. Pa3HOBH.l1HOCTH KOHCTpYKUHM 3cHKepoB H pa3BepTOK .
... .. 65
1.6. {J)pe3LI . .. .... ........ .................. .. .. . . . . .. . ...... .. . . .... . . . . . . . .. ... . '.. .. . . . .... 72
1.6.1. Ha3Ha'leHHe It pa3HOBH.lI.HOCTM <»pe3 ... ...... .. ....... ........ ...... ... .... ...... .... 72
1.6 2. 3JIeMeHTbi KOHCTPYKUHH 11 reoMcTplitJecKHe napaMeTpbl <ppe3 ............. ..... 79
1.7. npOTR)KJ(H .. ....... ......... ........ ................. . ............. ..... ........ ............... ........... .. ff7
1.7.1. Ha3Ha1.JeHMe H OCHOBHble mnbl npOT)1j1(eK .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... .... ... frI
491

WO(-';H B.I1. Pe)J(YWM" HHCTpYMeHT
1.7.2 3JIeMeHTL1 KOHCTPYKIJ.HH H reoMeTpMtJecKHe napaMeTpLI npoT)J)J(eK ............ 89
1.7 3. OC06eHHocTIi KOHCTp)'KQHM npOTSI)I(eK pa3HblX THnOB .................................. 92
1.8. Pe1bOoo6pa1YlOwue IIHCTpYMeHTbI ............ ............. ..... ........ ........................ 103
] 8 1. Cnoc06LI 06pa30BafUUI pe3b6LI Ii pe3b60Hape3Hble HHcTpYMeHTbl ........... 103
I 8.2. Pe3L60HaKaTHble HHcTpyMeHTbI ......... ........... ...... ........ ... ...... ........ ............. 121
t .8.3. Pe3b60IllnHoBanbHble HHcTp)'MeHTbl ....... ................................................ 124
1.9. 3yfiope3Hble HHCTpYMeHTbl ............. ... ............... ......... ......... ........ ...... ....... ..... 124
1.9. J. Cnoc06bl Hape3aHHH 3y6 t laTblx H3.l1enHi'i .................................................... 124
J .9.2 3y6ope3HLle HHcTpYMeHThI, pa60TaJOInHe no MeTO.Z1Y KonHpoBaHHSI......... 125
1.9.3. 3y6ope3Hble HHc-rpYMeHTbl, pa6oTalOIUHe no MeTo.ay 06KaTKH ................. 129
1.10. KOM6HHHpOB8HHbIe HIICTpYMeHTLI ... ............................................ ........... 146
1.10.1. Onpe.ne;seHHe, Ha3HalfeHHe, 3eKTHBHOCTb H 06nacTL npHMeHeHlul .... . 146
].10.2. P83HOBH.l1HOCTH KOM6HHHpoBaHHblx HHcTpYMeHToB ................................. )47
1.11. A6p83HBHble IIHcTpYMeHTbl. . .......... ..................... ............ ................ ....... 149
I.] ] .1. Ha3Ha t leHMe If €»opMa a6pa3HBHblX HHCTpYMeHToB ................................ . ]49
1.11 2. KOMnoHeHTbt H xapakTepHCTHKH a6pa3HBHbIX HHcTpYMeHTOB .................. 150
1.12. HHCTpYMeHTbI 8BTOM8TH3HpoB8HHOro M8WHIIOCTpoeHHH . ....................... 155
1.12.1. Pe)l{YUJ.He HHcTpyMeHTbl ........................ ......................... ............ ........... 155
1.12.2. BcnoMoraTenLHble HHcTp)'MeHTbT .... ............................ .. ........................ 166
P A3EJI 2.
npOEKTHPOBAHHE PEjKYlQHX HHCTPYMEHTOB ...... .. 171
2.1. nOl{XOJILI Ie npOeK'fHpOB8HHIO ..... ......... ......... . .... .............. .... ..... ................ .. 171
2.1.1. l!enb 4 3alIa1.fH If MeTOlIbl npoeKTHpoBaHHlI................................................... 171
2 ] .2. AJ1rOpHTM Ii .lIHaJ1eKTliKa npoeKTHpoBaHH ................................................. 1\72
2 J 3. TeXHff'IeCKOe 3a.ll8HHe Ha npOeKTHpOSaHHe ................................................ 174
2.2. npoeK'THpOBaHHe paOOqeH 'I8CTI' ..... .......... ..... ..... .. ...... ....................... ..... .... 176
2.2.1. Bb[60p pe*yw.ero MaTepMaJIa H cnoco6a ero 3aKpenJleHHlI ....................... 176
2.2.2. Bb160p cxeMLI pe3aHHlI H pa3pa60TKa CTpYKTypHOH cxeMbl HHcTpyMeHTa. 187
2.2.3. BLI60p reoMeTpHtJecKHx napaMeTpoB . ................ .... ............. ...................... 196
2 2 4 Bbl60p cnoco60B OpMHpoBaHHH H OTBO.l1a CTp}')KKH H3 30HLI pe3aHIfSl.... 238
225 PaCtfeT3y6beB HTena pa601Jei1 1.JaCTH HHcTpYMellTa
Ha npOttHOCTL If JkeCTKOCTb .. ........... ........ .......... ............ ....... .... ...... ......... ........ ..... 245
2.2.6. OnTRMH3aIIHSlllIara, p83MepoB, 4>OpMbl 3y6LeB H cTp}')Ke1JHbtx KaHaBOK .. 246
2.2.7. Onpe.lIeneHJfe ra6apHTHhIX pa3MepOB Ii Q>OPMbl pa601.Jeti tracTH ................ 255
2.2.8. Onpe.lIeneHHe p83MepoB H cpOpMbl npoM3B0.l1S1tQHX KOH1)'pOB .................... 258
492

<. 'O(}ep.JlCOIIUe
2.2.9. Bbl60p cnoco6oB ()TlnJtu 1CIIJIUII.1 n. uUI"'I'.I&UIIUI .... 286
2.2.10. OKoHlfaTenbJlaJi OtlTJtMU unUUII\olt'1 PVI, I Ull1 pue.utlcn 'f'C 111. ....... 288
2.3. npoeKTHpOB8HHe npHCOeJlllltI.TeJ n,lIoft "IU' 111 ....... 289
2.3. t. Bbl60p cnoco6a npHcoeJtIlHcuHM lut\: I PYMCIII" k C I nlll(Y ...... . ........... .... 289
2.3.2. Bbl60p <popMbl6a30Bblx nOBepxlloc Icn It UICMCIII un IU:Pl'}UIIIU YC"J1Mti 2fJ2
2.3.3. Bbl60p MaTepHaJla npHcoelUnUt1 CJlhllUn line I It ... '" .... 294
2.3.4. Bbl60p cnoco6a coellHHeHHR npICOCJtl11111ICJII.fI()1t 'fue I It C pu60 1 re". ... 294
2.3.5. PaClfeT I1pHCOe.lIHIiHTenbHoA '18C'f1t. ..... . .... . ....... ..... "'" 295
2.4. n pOeKTHpOB8HHe HanpSBJ1RIOUteA 'tacorn .. . ... . .. 297
24.1. OueHKa Heo6xo.llRMOCTH HanpaBJUffOUlclt 'UJcrlf ... 297
2.4.2. Bbl60p cnoco6a HanpaBJleHIUI HHCTpYMcflla H pUGulc .. ........ ..... 297
2.4 3. BbI60p MaTepHaJ1a HanpaBJUlIOUleA 1IaCTII.. ..... .. 298
2.4.4. Bbl60p MeCTa pacnonojJ(eHH" HanpaBJUnOUlHx 'lac.. en H cnocn6n ux
coelIHHeHH)) C MlfCTPYMCHTOM ...................................... ...... ........ ..... ............... "l!1:J
2.4.5. KOHcrpYKTMBHoe o<popMneHMe Hanpl1BnJllOlIlC 'laCTU .............. .. ........ 300
2.5. Pa3paooTKa TeXHH1IeCKHX TpeOoB811HJi ........ ................ ..... ... ....... ....... ... 302
2.6. OpraHH3auHH n poekTHpOBaHHH HIICTpYMeHT8 .. . ...... . . . . . . . . . ... .. ..... .... 305
2.7. OCOOeHHOCTIt npOeKTUpOB811HH HCTpYMeHTOB aBTOMaTIIJllpOB81fllOrO
MaWHHOCf()C)eHHH ...... ....... ................ ..... .......... ........ ....... ........ ...... ... 308
2.7.1. npOeKTHpOBaHHe peiKYUJ.HX MHcTpYMeHToB .. .... ...... .... ..... . .... 308
2.7.2 npoeKTMpoBaHHe BcnOMoraTenbHblX HHcTpYMeHToB . ..... ....... .... .... 313
2.8. OCHoBHble nanpaBJ1eHHH cOBepmeHcTBoBaHIiH KOIICTpYKIUfii PC/KY1QIIX
HHCTpYMeHTOB H p83BHTHH TeopHH HX npoeKTHpOB8fllfSi ... ........ ...... 322
2.9. npHMep p83paooTKII KOHCTpYKIlHH IIHCTpYMeHT8 no MeTOJlIfKe,
H3J10*eHHo'ii B paooTe . .................... ....... ...... ....... ..... ..... .... ..... ......... 326
2.9.1. npoeKTMpoBaHHe pa601JeH IfaCT" ........... '.' ...... ..... ...... ...... ..... .... 327
2.9.2 npOeKTMpOBaHHe npHcOe.lIHHHTenbHoH 'JaCTH . ....... ..... .............. ..... ... 342
2.9.3. npOeKTHpOBaHMe HanpaBJunowen 'laCTM .... ...... ...... ...... ...... . ..... . .... . 342
2.9.4. OJJTHMH38UJUI KOHCTPYKUHH MeT l lHKa B ueJlOM .... ....... .... . ..... . 343
2.9.5 Pa3pa60TKa reXHWleCKHX Tpe6oBaHMM.. ..... ...... ... .... .. .. . .... 345
P A3J13.
npOH3BO,ZJ:CTBO PEJKYHX HHCTPYMEHTOB ............. 350
3.1. OCHoBHble nonOiKeHHH no p83paooTKe TeXHOJIOrn1leCKorO nponecca
H3roT0BJ1eHHH HHC'TpYMeHT8 ............... .............. .... ... .... ... ......... . . 350
3.1.1. OCHoBHbte npe.ncTaBJ1eHMSI, nOHHTMSI 11 onpe.lleJleHMSI.. ... ... .... .... .... ... 350
492

Wa?yu B.rl PeiKYWMM MHcTpYMeHT
3.1.2. nOCJIe.noB3TeJILHOCTb paJpa60TKM (anropHTM npoeKTlfpoBaHM")
rex HOjJorli 1 teCKOro npouecca .. ..... ....... ............... ........ ......... ......... .. ....... ......... 353
3.1.3 0606weHHb1M TeXHOJlOrHtleCKH" npouccc ......... ........... ............................. 354
3.2. 3Tanbl paJpa60TKH TeXHOJIOnlqeCKOrO IIpouccca .......................__............... 356
3.2.1 H3yqeHHe TeXHH'leCKoro 3a.n.aHIUI " Bbl60p BMRa Ii oprauH3auHoHHoH
$OpMLI npoH3BoncTBeHHoro npouecca .................................... .......... ............ . 357
3.2.2. Bb160p <l>HHHlDHbIX MeT0110B McxaHHtJeCKOH o6pa6OTKM . .......... ............... 357
3.2.3 BbJ60p 3arOTOBKH ... ....... ....... ................. ........ ................................ . .. 357
3 2.4. Bbl60p ..npoMeiK)'Tot.tHLIX BnnOB o6pa6oTKH ............................................... 378
3 2.5. Pa3pa6OTKa TeXHOJIOrHtfeCKOrO MapwpYTa .. . ............................ .............. 378
3.2.6. Bbl60p TeXHOJlOrlNeCKHX 6a'3 ... . .... . .......................... . ........ ........... ... 378
3.2.7. nocne.nYJOwHe 3Tanbl pa3pa6OTKH TeXHOJIOrHtleCKoro npouecca ........... .. 381
3.3. HeKoTopLle BII.l{bl MeXaHHqeCKOH o5paooTKH ...... ........ ........ .......... ......... 383
3.3.1. 06WHe nOJlOiKeHHsr ....... ....... ....... . ..... .......... ............................. ....... 383
3 3 2. 06pa6oTKa $acoHHbJX nOBepxHocTeH .......... ....... ........ . ........ ........... ..... 383
3.3 3. 06pa30BaHHe pH<}>JleHtd;t Ha HOJKaX H B naJax KopnycoB C60PHLIX
MHCTPYMCHTOB ... ..... ..... ....... ....... . ............... . ............................... ......... 386
3 3.4. <l>pe3cpoBaHHe CTp)'IKC'IHLIX KanaBOK ....... . ........ ....... ........... ...... ..... 387
3.3.5. 06pa'30BaHHe n nocnc.nYJ<}maSi o6pa6oTKa 3y6LeB npoTSliKeK . ........ ........ 391
3.3.6 06p33oBaHHe Ii nocne.n.)'I0111,aSl o6pa6oTKa 3y6LeB JIO]l6S1KOB ..... 393
3 3.7. 3aTbInOBaHMe 3y6beB HHcTpYMeHToB ... .. ...... ........ ....... ........... ....... .. '395
3.4. T CpMHIfCCKaSl OopaooTKa ... ... . . . ... ... .. ...... 399
3 4 I. Ha3HaeHIfe It 8MRbi TepMn1.JeCKoft o6pa6oTKM ....... ........ 399
3.4.2 OIIICHr . .... ........ ....... ..... . ........ . ........ ........ ..... . ...... 400
3 4.3 3aKaJI Ka ........ ....... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . ..... . . .. ... . ...... . . . . . ... .... 40 1
3 4.4. OTnycK .. . ......... . ....... ...................... ............ ........ ....... ..... .... ...... ... ...... 4()4
3 4 5. HarpeBaTeJIbHOe 06oPYRoBaHMe lIJISl TepMM'IecKoH o6pa6oTKH ........ . ....... 406
3.4.6. 06ecnelfeHMe KatleCTBa TepM HtfeC KOH o6pa6oTKH ............ ......................... 409
3.4.7. OtlIfCTka HHcTpYMeHTa nocne 3aKaJIKIf If oTnycka ... .......... .................. ..... 41 J
3.5. 3aT01.JKa H llOBOJ],Ka HHcTpYMeHToB. .. ..... ..................... ...... ...... .... ........ ....... 413
3.5 1 3aTOQKa If ,llOBo.nKa-onepaUHH, OKOHllaTe..1HO OPMMPYlOllnle KaqeCTBO
MHCTpYMeHTa .. . ......... ....... . ......... ...... ...... .... ........ ..................... ......413
3.5 2. AeeKTbI3aTOlJKH If MeTo.nbl MX Hen.onyweHHSl "]11-1 ycTpaHeHlfsr................ 413
3.5.3. 06opYlloBaHHc, KpyrM, peIKMMbl3aTOtlKM H n090.nKM. npaBKa
WI1IfOBaJlbIibIX KpyroB ... ........... ......... ................. .............. ........................... 424
494

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