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6 ON J'.q 0'1 1. OCHOBbI nporpaMMHo-KoHcjJHrYPHpyeMoro PCJAHO
nB/IF BB BB BB ('" \!fIi ('<rift".!
ReaJjComplex Text Text Text
Digltal/ Flow Cnt! Flow Cntl Flow Cnt! X£l'q£r,
Analog Aux Bits Aux Bits Aux Bits
11 f ffl>aoq
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Aux: Special purpose I/O for AntennaDiversity,
Remote Contxo ljD is p la y Local Control Selective Encryption ;J!I"'V:Q 1'11('11. 'I (
I: Information; C: ControIJStatus'"
q n 9f IF: Intermediate Freq q ({. R,rr :r '\IJ r (' 1111
rut fJA PIlC. 1.1. ApXHTeKTYPa PaAHOCTaHqHH nKP 911;' 0'1
c d :if C! 1f{U""0'1 '.6-J) rI.d 'oj -..
9hee\i',r npe06pa30BaaM.s:I C Pt{ Ha nLl OTpaJKaeT MMaMMahbaO aeo6xOAMMYro
annapaTHYro 06pa60TKY BbJCOKO'laCTOTHOrO (Bt{) MOAYhMpOBaE:HOro CMrJiaha B npM-
eMaMF; M nepeAa. QnpeAeheHHoe annapaTHOe npe06pa30BaHMe npMHMMaeMQ-
ro/nepeAaBaeMoro CMrHaha Heo6xOAMMO B hro60H cPYHKl\MOHahbHOH CXeMe PaAMOC-
'J;'aE:JJ;H,M, TaK KaK peahbHO HeB03:M0)KHO nOAKhro'lMTb IJ;An/ AIJ;TI HenOCpeACTBeHHO
K aHTeHHe AJI,.s:I npeo6pa30BaHM.s:I BbICOKO'laCTOTaOrO CMrHaha. TIpaKTM'leCKM ::Ihe-
\<teaT RF /IF MO)KeT BKhro'laTb nOhOCOBbIe cPMhbTpbI (TI <P) AJI,.s:I MOAYhMpOBaHHO-
ro CMrHaJl.a, CMeCMTehb, YCM.TI.MTeJl.b MOW;HOCTM (YM) nepeAaT'lMKa MJl.M MaJl.omy-
M.s:IW;MH YCMJl.MTeJl.b (MillY) npMeMHMKa, onopHblH B"Ll reHepaTOp (Or}: MOAYJI..s:I-
Top/AeMOAYJI..s:ITOP M T.A.
MOAeM (Modem) npeACTaBJI..s:IeT npe06pa30BaTeJl.b AIJ;TI/IJ;ATI M nporpaMMHbJe
onepaJJ;MM no Bb1I10hHeHMro cPYHKqMH cPM3M'leCKOrO ypOBH.s:I: qMcPpoBa.s:I cPMJl.bTpa-
JJ;M.s:I, MOAYJI..s:IJJ;M.s:I/ AeMOAYh.s:IJJ;M.s:I, PC1AMO'laCTOTHa5£ M TaKTOBa5£ CMHxpOHM3aJJ;M.s:I, c6op-
Ka/pa36opKa naKeTOB M T. n. >U _JJU".J;; N, q 1$1:;[1>. sa
TIpoJJ;eccop (Optional Link PROC) BblnOJl.IDIeT cPYHKJJ;MM KaHaJl.bHOrO nOAYpoB-
H.s:I MAC no ynpaBJl.eHMIO M cTa6MhM3a.n;MM napaMeTpoB annapaTypbl PClAHOKaE:aJl.a
(RF /IF) M 3Jl.eMeHTOB aHTeHHocPMAepHoro TpaKTa. AnnapaTypa npoJJ;eccopHoH 'lac-
m MO)KeT BKJl.ro'laTb cneJJ;MaJl.M3MpOBaHHbIe nporpaMMMpyeMbIe Jl.OrM'leCKMe MHTer-
paJl.bHbJe cxeMbl (TIAMC MJl.M FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array), l\McPPOBbJe
CMrHaJl.bHbIe npoJJ;eccopbI (DSP, Digital Signal Processors), npoD;eCCopbJ 06w;ero Ha-
3Ha'leHM.s:I (GPP, General Purpose Processor).fff ;r:)
rr OCHOBHbIM napaMeTpOM, onpeAeJl..s:IroW;MM apxMTeKTYPY npMeMonepeAaT'lMKa
paAMOCTaE:l\MM TIKP, .s:IBJI..s:IeTC.s:I pacnOJl.O)KeHMe AIJ;TI/IJ;ATI OTHOCMTehbHO npMeM-
HOH/nepeAarow;eH aHTeHHbl. TIpeACTaBJl.eHMe MI'HaJl.a B D;McPPOBOM BMAe M ero no-
cJl.eAYIOW;a5£ D;McPPOBa5£ 06pa60TKa o6eCne'lMBaroT MaKCMMaJl.bHOe Ka'leCTBO Bb1I10h-
H.s:IeMbJX cPYHKJJ;MH M MaKCMMaJl.bHYro rM6KOCTb B COOTBeTCTBMM C ocaoBHblM Tpe6o-
BaE:MeM MHOrOCTaE:AapTHOro pe)KMMa pa60TbI PClAHOCTaHD;MM TIKP. ;
Ii C ::ITOH TO'lKM 3peaM.s:I aeo6xoAMMO pacnOJl.araTb npe06pa30BaT€JI.M AIJ;TI/IJ;ATI
MaKCMMahbaO 6J1.M3KO K aHTeaHe. C APyroH CTOpOHbJ, D;McPPOBa5£ 06pa60TKa CMe-
CM MHO)KeCTBa npMHMMaeMbIX/cP0pMMPyeMblx Bt{ CMraaJl.OB 6e3 npeABapMTehbHoH
frO
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Pnc. 1.2. TIpMeMorrepeAaT'lMK «MAeaJ\.bHoih> paAMocTaHD;MH TIKP
J- -.'i
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<pMJ\.bTpa11;MM M/M.7I.M npeo6pa30BaHM5I 'laCTOTbI MO)KeT npeA'h5IB.7I.5ITb nOBblllleHHble
Tpe6oBaHM5I no CKOpOCTM pa60TbI, AHHaMM'le}:K.Q.MY Aaq,:;!OHY L 3HepronOTpe6.71.e-
HMIO <PPOBbIX YCTPOHCTB. TIepexoA OT Henpep:bIBHoro npeACTaB.7I.eHM5I CHrHa.7l.a K
AMcKpeTHoMY onpeAe.7l.5IeTC5I KOMnpoMMccOM Me)KAY lllMpOKMMM <PYHK11;HOHa.7l.bHbIMM
BO;31VIO)KHOCT5I:rm pa,ll,MOCTaH11;HM, C OAHOH CTOpOHbI, M pa3YMHbIMH 3KCn.7l.yaTa11;HoH-
HbIMM napaMeTpaMH npM YC.7I.OBMM BbIIIO.7l.HeHH5I Tpe60BaHHH CTaHAapTOB 3.71.eKTpO-
MarHMTHoH COBMeCTMMOC'1'H - C APyrQH. f
TIpMeMonepeAaT'lMK «MAeaJI.bHOH» PClAHocTaH11;HM TIKP A0.7l.)KHa MMeTb MMHM-
Ma.7l.bHYIO nporpaMMHo-yrrpaB.7I.5IeMYro arrnapaTHYIO 'laCTb, He 3aBMC5Im;yIO OT pa6o-
'leH 'laCTOTbI, BMAa MOAY.7I.5I11;M.M M llll:IpMHbI KaHa.7l.a, M YAOB.7I.eTBOp5ITb Tpe6oBaHH5IM
CTaHAapTa 9MC. YnpOm;eHHa5I <PYHK11;HoHa.7l.bHaSI cxeMa TaKOH PClAMOCTaH11;HH nOKa-
3aHa Ha pMC. 1.2, rAe APY - aBTOMaTM'leCKa5I perY.7l.HpoBKa YCM.7I.eHM5I; AFt{ - aB-
TOMaTH'leCKa5I perY.7l.HpOBKa 'laCTOTbI; APM - aBTOMaTM'leCKaSI perY.7l.MpoBKa MOm;-
HOCTM. "'!!1' r>"'"f:J. 1;
AnnapaTHaSI 'laCTb npMH.i;1:Ka f!:K.7I.JQ'laT nepecTpaHBaeMblH BXOAHOH TI<p,
MillY C <pYHKeH aBTOMaTM'leCKOH perY.7l.MpOBKM YCM.7I.eHM5I M AIJ;TI. TIoC.7I.eAHMH
npeABap5IeTC5I aHTMa.7l.aH3MHrOBbIM (anti-aliasing) .<1>liq, KOTOPUH BbIIlQllr5IT Tex-
HM'leCKYIO <PYHK11;HIO COnp5I)KeHH5I nO.7l.0CbI 'laCTOT aHaJ\.orOBoro CMrHa.7l.a C 'laCTOTOH
BbI6opOK AIJ;TI. TIpMH5ITbIH CMrHa.71. B 11;HcppOBOM BHAe nocTynaeT B rrp011;eccop, rAe
M npoM3BoAM:I.;.Q\. er9 Aa)\;QJje;r;g:9-5I o6pa6oTKa: OCHOBHaSI Ce.7l.eK11;M5I OTHOCMTe.7l.bHO
CMrHaJ\.OB Ha COceAIillx KaHaJ\.ax, OrrTHMa.7l.bHaSI <pM.7I.bTpa11;H5I, AeMOAYASI11;H5I, CMHX-
pOHH3a11;H5I M AeTeKTMpoBaHHe. 1'1 "" \'f!
Arrrrapanra5I 'laCTb IIepeAaT'lMKa BK.7I.IO'laeT IJ;ATI, rrepecTpaHBaeMblH <pM.7I.bTp M
YM. Ha BbIxoAe IJ;ATI pacrrO.7l.araeTC5I BocCTaHaB.7I.MBaIOIIJ;HH <pM.7I.bTp (Reconstruction
Filter, Anti-Imaging Filter), KOTOPbIH)3bIrrO.7l.H5I.E;;T rrOAaB.7I.eHMe B crreKTpe aHa.7l.OrO-
Boro Bq CMrHa.7l.a rrapa3MTHbIX 'laCTOT IJ;ATI. AHaJ\.M3 apXHTeKTYpbI PClAMocTaH11;MM
TIKP (CM. pMC. 1.1) M IIpMeMorrepeAaT'lHKa «HAea.7l.bHoH» PClAMocTaH11;HM HKP (CM.
pMe, 1.2) M.7I..7I.IOCTPMPYIOT TeHAeH11;HIO YMeHbllleHM5I anrrapaTHoH o6pa6oTKM C OAHOB-
peMeHHbIM YBe.7l.M'leHMeM AO.7l.H rrporpaMMHoH o6pa6oTKM PClAMOCMrHa.7l.0B, KOTOPYro
MO)KHO pea.7l.H30Ila:J:'1?J:peAc.TBaMH. MOTI H, TaKHM o6pa30M, 06'h5ICH5IIOT B03HMKHOBe-
HMe HOBOH o6pa30BaTe.7l.bHOH rrapa,ll,MrMbI, CB5I3aHHOH C TIKP. Ai.,.l1 On ..ttr L'

8
01ilJU>Q 0'1 1. DCHOEN rrporpaMMHo-KoHc]:mrYPHpyeMoro Pa.A HO
1.1.3. CBPeMeHHble TeHAeH,-\IIIM nplllMeHeHIllSI nKP
Ha ceroAH5!:illHHM AeHb paSBHTHe rrporpaMMHo-arrrrapaTHblX cpeACTB IIKP rro-
SBOJl.5!:eT :rOBOpHTb 0 BOSMO:>KHOCT5!:X o6pa6oTKH CHrHa.l\.OB B rrporpaMMHOM BHAe Herro-
cpeACTBeHHO Ha Hecym;eM "iaCTOTe PMHOCHrHa.l\.a sa C"ieT BbICOCKOpOCTHbIX Al1;II,
HarrpHMep, ADC124000 TI C paSp5!:AHOCTbro 12 6HTOB H CKOpOCTbro 4 r6abjc [3].
Ho 3TO rrOKa eAHHH"iHble rrpH.l\.OJKeHH5!:, rAe CTOHMOCTb H 3HeprorrOTpe6.l\.eHHe He 5!:B-
.l\.5!:roTC5!: rrpeII5!TCTBHeM. BO.l\.billHHCTBO JKe COBpeMeHHblX rr.l\.aT IIKP HCrrO.l\.bsyroT
anrrapaTHoe npeo6pa30BaHHe C pq Ha IIq, OIJ;IIPOBKY Ha IIq H rrOC.l\.eAYrom;HM
IJ;HcPpOBOH rrepeHOC B 06.l\.aCTb Oq (pHC. 1.3). .
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-a>", Ii f'Ii f. , " KypCOB f t
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ArrrrapaTHa5I "iaCTb, OTBe"iarom;a5I sa o6pa6oTKY paAHOCHrHa.l\.a Ha pqjIIq,
BK.l\.ro"iaeT II<:P, cMeCHTe.l\.H, YM rrepeAaT"iHKa, MillY npHeMEHKa, or H rrpeAYc-
MaTpHBaeT rrpQrpaMMHo-yrrpaBMIeMYro APY, APq H APM (CM. pHC. 1.3).
IIpOI'paMMHO-arrnapaTHa5I "iaCTb, OTBe"iarom;a5I 3a o6pa6oTKY HH3KO"iaCTOTHo:rO
HHcPOpMaIJ;HOHHOro CHrn:aJl.a, BK.l\.ro"iaeT npeo6paSOBaTe.l\.H Al1;IIjl1;AII H npoIJ;eccop,
peaJ\.H3yrom;HH nporpaMMHbIe orrepaIJ;HH rro BbIITO.l\.HeHHro cPYHKIJ;HH cPH3H"ieCKOrO H
KaHa.l\.bHOI'O YPoBHeH, TaKHX KaK IJ;HcPPOBa5I cPH.l\.bTPaIJ;H5!:, MOAY.l\.5!:IJ;H5!:j AeMOAY.l\.5!:-
IJ;H5!:, "iaC'rOTEa5I H TaKTOBa5I CHHxpOHH3aIJ;H5!:, c60pKajpa36opKa naKeTOB, yrrpaB.l\.e-
HHe rrapaMeTpaMH o6pa6oTKH PMHOCHI'HaJ\.a Ha BqjIIq.  " .J.f;:. ..iRQ(
IIporpaMMHa5I pea.l\.H3aD;H5!: a.l\.rOpHTMoB nepeAa"iH, npHeMa H o6pa6oTKH CHrHa-
.l\.QB paAHOCB5!:3H B IIKP HaH6o.l\.ee rH6Ko H orrepaTHBHo peaJ\.H3yeTC5!: YHHBepCa.l\.b-
HbIMH GPP. IIoKa3aTe.l\.bHbIM npHMepoM nOAo6:aQM ycrreillHoH pea.l\.H3aI1;HH 5!:B.l\.5!:eT-
C5!: rrOBbIIlleI;IHe rrpOH3BOAHTe.l\.bHOCTH 6a30Bblx CTaHIJ;HH (BC) GSM npH 3aMeHe me
GPP Ha 6o.l\.ee cOBpeMeHHbIe B KOHIJ;e 90-x rOAOB; nporpa:MMHQe 96ecne"ieHHe BC
npH 3TOM He rroTpe6oBaJ\.OCb MeH5!:Tb BOBce [3]. I'Jl
OAHaKo A.l\.5!: a60HeHTcKHx CTaHIJ;HH (AC) rrpaKTH"ieCKH pea.l\.H30BaTb aHa.l\.OrH"i-
JibIH 3cPcPeKT OT HCrrO.l\.b30BaHH5!: 60.l\.ee cOBpeMeHHbIx GPP OKa3a.l\.OCb 3aTpYAHH-
TeJ\.bHblM no rrpH"iHHe cym;ecTBeHHoro nOBbIilleHH5!: 3HepronOTpe6.l\.eHH5!: H CTOHMOCTH

1.1. AeKI:\HH. OCHOBbI nporpaMMHo-KoHqJHrypHpyeMoro paAHo
9
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AnnapaTHbIe Cpe)l,cTBa ITKP
j>
AnilapaT- Tpe6oBaHH5I no npOH3BO)l,HTe.hbHOCTH H 3HeproilOTpe6.heHHID ITpaKTH'ie-
Hble M5i BbIIIO.hHeHH5I onepaD;HH no nepe)l,a'ie, npHeMY H o6pa6oTKe CKoe HC-
cpe)l,CTBa CHrHa.hOB pa,ll,HOCB5I3H B peaJ\.bHoM BpeMeHH nO.l\b30BaHHe
GPP 1. IlIHpoKJ1e B03MOJKHOCTJ1 C.hOJKHbIX BbI'iHC.heHHH, xpaHeHH5I )l,aH- BC
1"L.. HbIX, peKoHqmrypaD;HH IT 0, BblCOKoe 3HepronOTpe6.heHHe iJ '''-{
DSP CneD;la.hH3HpOBaHbI M5i a.hrOpHTMoB U;OC, nmpOKl!I:e B03Mq- AI; '-t.)j
HOCTH peKoHqmrypaD;HH ITO M5i a.hrOpJ1TMOB U;OC, HJ13KOe ::t
p
3HepronOTpe6.heHHe :)
FPGA BblcoKonpOH3BO,ll,HTe.hbHble napaJ\J\e.hbHble BbI'iHC.heHH5I, B03- f BC
MOJKHOCTb peKoHqmrypaD;:H:IiJ: qo, 6p.he"e .J1bI.C;p!<Qe 3HeprQ,J;JOTpe6- ',,:,;
.heHHe, 'ieM y DSP .,
ASIC >' BbICOKa5I npOH3BO)l,HTe.hbHOCTb, HH3Koe 3HeprOnOTpe6.heHHe, AC J1 BC
OTcyTCTByeT B03MOJKHOCTb peKoHqmrypaD;mr ITO. ITO,ll,XO,l.l,5IT ) J1I5\!i'
p. f M5i BbICOKOnp0J13BO)l,HTe.hbHbIX onepaD;HH :t
[3]. B a60HeHTcKHx YCTpoHcTBax npeArro-
'iTHTeAbHO HcnOAb30BaHHe KOMrrAeKca arr-
napaTHb1x cpeACTB 06pa60TICH: DSP-npo-
:o;eccopOB, FPGA H cne:O;HaAH3HpOBaHHblx
HHTerpaAbHb1X cxeM ASIC (Application- MeMeHHaJI
Specific Integrated Circuit). ", pa3pa6OTKa
1 Tpe60BaHH5I no npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH H
3HepronOTpe6AeHHIO AA5I onepa:o;HH no 06-
pa60TKe CHrHaAOB paAHOCB5I3H B peaAbHOM
BpeMeHH, npeA'b5IBA5IeMbIe K arrnapaTHbIM
cpeACTBaM ITKP TaKOBb1 (Ta6A. 1.1), 'iTO
HcnOAb30BaHHe OAHHX AHII!b GPP OKa3bl-
BaeTC5I HeAOCTaTO'iHb1M - He06xOAHM KOM-
npOMHCC MeJK!>y B03MOJKHOCTbIO peKOHcPH-
rypa:o;HH nporpaMMHoro 06eCne'ieHH5I (ITa)
H BpeMeHeM pa3pa60TKH AJl.5I annapaTHb1X cpeACTB ITKP (pHC. 1.4). }." 1
MO)!\HOK.oHcTaTHpOBaTb, 'iTO HcnOAb30BaHHe eAHHOH arrnapaTHOH nAaTcPOp-
Mbl ITKP AA5I nOMepJKKH pa3HblX CTaHAapTOB PClAHOCB5I3H, Bem;aHH5I H HaBHra:O;HH,
TaKHX KaK, 2G, 3G, 4G, WiFi, Bluetooth, GPS, FM, DVB B AC OKa3aAOCb HeKOH-
KypeHTocnoc06HblM [3]; B cMapTcPoHax, HarrpHMep AA5I KaJKAoro H3 cTaHAapToB HC-
rroAb3yeTC5I OTAeAbHa5I MHKpocxeMa ASIC. C OAHOH CTOpOHb1, Ka3a.l\,OCb 6bI, YBeAH-
'ieHHe pa3AH'iHb1X CTaHAapTOB CB5I3H, Bem;aHH5I H HaBHra:O;HH, AOAJKHb1 6b1AH 6b1,
rro HAee, npHBeCTH K HeKOTopOMY <<nOTOAKY», KorAa AA5I KaJKAoro H3 CTaHAapTOB
HCnOJ.I.J;>30BaTJ';> OTAeAbHYIO MHKpocxeMY ASIC B AC CTaHeT He:o;eAeco06pa3Ho, OAHa-
KO ycrrexH B MHHHaTIOpH3a:O;HH, 3HepronoTpe6AeHHH H CTOHMOCTH pellIeHHH ASIC
TaKOBb1, 'iTO B HHllIe >AC T>aKqrQ «IJO'I'OAKa» nOKa He npeABHAHTC5I [29]. B BC TaKHe
B03MOJKHOCTH ITKP, KaK llIHpoKonoAocHoCTb, nepecTpaHBaeMocTb H B03MOJKHOCTb
H3MeHeHH5I ITa H, COOTBeTCTBeHHo, arrrpeHAa 6e3 Heo6XOAHMOCTH 3p.MeHb1 rrnapaT-
Horo 06eCne'ieHH5I, OKa3aAHCb AOCTaTO'iHO npHBAeKaTeAbHbIMH, HeCMOTp5I Ha 3Hep-
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10
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1. OCHOBbI nporpaMMHo-KoHcpHrYPHpyeMoro P8AHO
1
C APyroH CTOpOHbI, nepcneKTHBbI I1KP, 6e3YC.I\.OBHO, eCTb B 06.1\.aCTH pa3BHTH5.I:
KOfHHTHBHoro PaAHO, CHCTeM BoeHHoH PMHopa3BeAKH, PMHOnOAaB.I\.eHH5.I:, HaBHra-
H H CB5.l:3H H, KOHe"IHO, 06pa30BaHH5.I:. COBpeMeHHbIe o6pa30BaTe.l\.bHbIe TeHAeHIJ;HH
xapaKTepH3YIOTC5.I: Il!HpOKH:M J1pOHIJIfOBeHHeM HHHOBa.u;HOHHbIX cPOpM 06yqeHH5.I: B
BbICillHX TeXHH"IeCKHX yqe6HbIX 3aBeAeHH5lX [30]. I1pHMeHHTe.l\.bHO K 06.1\.aCTH Te.l\.e- I
KOMMYHHKaIJ;HH H PMHOCB5.l:3H aHa.l\.H3 onbITa p5.l:Aa 3apYlfltbtX. BY39B n03BO.l\.5.l:eT
rOBopHTb 0 B03HHKHOBeHHH HOBOH o6pa30BaTe.l\.bHOH napaAHrMbI, CB5.l:3aHHOH C Ha-
l lI.A 00 liii:,U.o 4n ..,.. II' I
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rrq rrepeHOCHTC5I 13 AHarra30H Oq: CHa'tJ:aJl.1,1 CHrHaJl. rrocTyrraeT Ha 1,1HTH3J1.aH3HHr013bIH
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'tJ:1,1CTOT rrpeo6p1,130131,1HH5I, HJl.H, KaK 3TO H1,13bIBaroT B J1.HTep1,1Type rro IJ;OC, HCKJl.ro-
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Re1,1ltek RTL2832U q,YHKU;HoHHpyeT CJl.eAYrom;HM o6pa30M. Tro:aep HcrroJl.b3yeT HH3-
KYro rrq 3,75 MfU; H ocym;ecT13Jl.5IeT rrOHH)Karom;ee rrpeo6pa3013aHHe C pq CHrHaJl.1,1 C
:rmrpHHOH rrOJl.OCbI 6 MfU; Ha rrq 3,75 MfU;. AaJl.ee rrpHH5ITbIH CHrHaJl. Ha 3TOH rrq
rrocTyrr1,1eT Ha aHTH3J1.aH3HHr013bIH q,HJl.bTp AeMoAYJl.5ITOpa, a 3aTeM Ha AIJ;rr C fade :;::
= 28,8 MfU;. rrocJl.e AHCKpeTH3aU;HH H K13aHTOBaHH5I Ha AIJ;rr 13bIrrOJl.H5IeTC5I U;Hq,-
p0130e rrOHH)Karom;ee rrpe06pa30131,1HHe C rrq AO HYJl.e130H 'tJ:1,1CTOTbI (Oq) C rrOMOm;bIO
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RadioAddress: '0'
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2.1. Aa6opaTopHoe aaHJIT¥re. MHTepcpeHc YCTpoHcTBa RTL-SDR B Matlab
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CKpMnT 2.1. IIpMeM ,LJ;aHHbIX YCTpoikTBOM RTL-SDR
% HHHHanH3an;H5! CHCTeMHoro o6'beKTa +xsdr YCTpOHCTBa RTL-SDR
rxsdr = comm.SDRRTLReceiver('O',... Xta j
'CenterFrequency',88.ge6,..., £
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radiolnfo = info(rxsdr); a
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% HHHqHarrH3HH CHCTeMHoro 06neKTa rxsdr YCTpOHCTBa RTL-SDR  X1
xsdr = comm. SDRRTLRecei ver; . Ie  3I' ooax '$ A0'J)9M
% HHHHarrH3 MaCCHBa nepeMeHHOH AnH npHeMa aHHMX rxdata dofi fjT
rxdata = []; Ii. \d' X'1 J>T O'J'
% npneM 10 Ka,n;pOB n HX 3aIJHCb),B nepeMeHHyro ;!j:?i'atfl) q } fy \ 1: 1,4
for p=l: 10 ASf 13 9V.11:) JfT T fiTJI9
L rxdata = [rxdata; rxsdrOJ; _ ._. >__' _
end
% OCB0601ll',!!;eHHe YCTpOHCTBa RTL-SDR OT CHCTeMHoro rxsdr ) U$t'lqfI J 'TI;lU ")
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IIepeCTpOHKa "iaCTOTbl ocyrn;ecTB.J\.SIeTCSI B IIapaMeTpe CenterFrequenc;;; CHCTeMHoro
06'beKTa rxsdr KOMaHAOH rxsdrCenterFrequency. v Os:, ,> 1::1: bJ1 i n:,c>
CKpHllT 2.3. IIpHeM CHrHaJIOB YCTPOHCTBOM RTL-SDR C ,lI;BYX 'faCTOT
% HHHqHanH3HH CHCTeMHoro 06neKTa rxsdr YCTpoHcTBa RTL-SDR I >[
rxsdr = comm.SDRRTLReceiver('O'.... v r e  1  ' G
'CenterFrequency' .88.ge6,... 
'SampleRate' .250000. ... NO.'{ .'Ib \'Ion- '><, 11
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25
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rxs4r = CC>t1\UI..SDRRTLRecej,.ver;
% mffiqna1IH!UL'l MaccJ.U1/ia nep&M.eH!iOM AJIR XIpHeMa ,naHHb!X rxdata
rxdata = [);
% .np*eM 10 Ka;wOB Jf J.1X SamtCb B r!apeM.e-UE)'1O }:ta
yfO.r: p=1:10
I l rx.:! = (r)tdata; rxsdr 0 ]; 1 tf; J
end
% 0".060""0",,e YCTPOCT'. RTJrSDR oe cue..""o<'O rxsdr !> >0
release (rxsd:r);
.
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'EnableTunerAGC',true,. ..
'OutputDataType','double');
% npHeM 10 Ka,n;pOB CHCTeMHNM o6DeKToM
for p=1:10
rqt?J rxsdr();
sf, '0' ! I
i
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rxsdr YCTpOHCTBa RTL-SDR
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end
% nepecTpoHKa eHTpabHoH aCTOTN
rxsdr.CenterFrequency = 103.1e6;
% npHeM 10 Ka,n;pOB CHCTeMHM 99eKoM Ha HOBOH aCTOTe
for p=1:10
rxdata2 = rxsdr(); a1
end Tr''l:R , ' n
% oCBo6oeHHe YCTpoHcTBa RTL-SDR OT CHCTeMHoro rxsdr
release(rxsdr);
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I1p.\fMep aHaJ\.M3a cneKTpa C RTL-SDR npeAcTaBJ\.eH B CKpMnT 2.4.
CKpUITT 2.4. AHaJIU3 CITeKTpa YCTpoiicTBOM RTL-SDR
% HHHHarrH3aqHR napaMeTpOB YCTpoHCTBa B CTpYKType rtlsdr
rtlsdr.tunerfreq 936.0e6; % eHTparrbHaR aCTOTa, r
rtlsdr . gain 1 25; % YCHeHHe, ,lJ;13
rtlsdr.fs 2.4e6; % aCTOTa ,lJ;HcKpeTH3aqHH, r
rtlsdr.frmlen 4096; % pa3Mep Ka,n;pa, BN6opOK
rtlsdr . datatype ' single' ; % Tim Bb!XO,lJ;HX ,lJ;aHHX "::}/i
rtlsdr . ppm 0;;1 % KoppeKHR C,lJ;BHra aCTOTN, ppm
sim_time 1; % BpeMR MO,ll;eRpOBaHHR, C
% cHcTeMHNH o6DeKT npHeMHMKa RTL-SDR G
obj_rtlsdr = comm.SDRRTLReceiver(... f' i
'CenterFrequency' , rtlsdr. tunerfreq, . . .
, EnableTunerAGC' , false,...
'TunerGain', rtlsdr.gain,...
, SampleRate' , rtlsdr. fs, ...
'SamplesPerFrame' , rtlsdr . frmlen, . . .
'OutputDataType', rtlsdr.datatype
'FrequencyCorrection', rtlsdr.ppm);
% cHcTeMHH o6DeKT aH&nH3aTopa cneKTpa
obj_specfft = dsp.SpectrumAnalyzer(... s:
, Name' , , AHaH3aTop cneKTpa',...
'Title', 'Spectrum Analyzer FFT',. ..
'SpectrumType', 'Power density',... 
, FrequencySpan' , , Full' , . . . q
'SampleRate', rtlsdr.fs);
% cHcTeMHH o6DeKT clleKTpOrpaMMN E
obj_specwaterfall dsp.SpectrumAnalyzer(...
'Name', 'CneKTpOrpaMMa',...
s:
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AJ\.5I XpaHeHH5I napaMeTpoB npHeMHoro YCTpoikTBa RTL-SDR 3anOJ\.H5IeTC5I
cTpYKTypa rUsdr. AaJ\.ee npoH3BOAHTC5I HHHU;HaJ\.H3a5I CHCTeMHbIX 06'heKToB: npH-
eMHHKa objJtlsdr, aHaJ\.H3aTopa cneKTpa obj-specflt H c:p:eKTPQrpaM,:MJ:Lg'pj-spec-
waterfall. A.l\.HTeJ\.bHocTb KaApa rtlsdrfrmtime onpeAeJ\.5IeTC5I OTHomeHHeM MHHbI
K1iAPa rtlsdrfrmlen K "qaCTOTe AHCKpeTH3an;HR rtlsdrfs. D;HKJ\. upHeMa opraHH3yeT-
C5I B Te"qeHHH AJ\.HTeJ\.bHOCTH BpeMeHH MOAeJ\.HpOBaHH5I sim_time; npHH5ITbIe Ka,zI,PbI
cpa3Y o6pa6aTbIBaIOTC5I CRCTeMHbIMH 06'heKTaMH aHaJ\.H3aTopOB cneKTpa. '308::>0.,
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MaKcHMaJ\.bHo-peKoMeHAOBaHHa5I "qaCTOTa AHCKpeTH3aD;HH pa,zl,HonpHeMHHKa
RTL-SDR Ha OCRoBe TIOHepa R820T COCTaBJ\.5IeT 2,8 MrU;, n03ToMY npH KaJKAOR
HacTpoRKe Ha u;eRTpaJl.bHYIO "qaCTOTY fe, aHaJ\.H3HPyeTC5I Y"qacToK cneKTpa mHpHHOR
He 60Aee 2,8 MrU;. AJ\.5I cKanHpoQ,HIDI ARgI!g.30Ha pa.6Q"qHx. "qacToj!' 25.._.1750 MrU;
Heo6xoAHMO ocym;ecTBJ\.5ITb nepeHacTpoRKY u;eHTpaJ\.bHoR "qaCTOTbI He MeHee "qe:M
 
"qepe3 KaJKAbIe 2,8 MrU;: fC(i+1) = feCi) + 2,8 MrU;. POl> f-._ 1:
Ha pHC. 2.3 npeACTaBAeH npocKaHHpoBaHHbIR YCTPORCTBOM RTL-SDR AHana30H
"qaCTOT 25...1750 MrU;. I1pHMep CKaHHpOBaHH5I cneKTpa YCTPORCTBOM RTL-SDR
2 5 v1'!1T  -RH9qa .\.( 8!!!!(/' "I
npeAcTaBJ\.eH B CKpHnTe .. .H . TH '!M9BQI' 9d'OO !I
CKpHrrT 2.5. CKaHHpOBaIIHe )J;Harra30Ha qaCTOT YCTPOHCTBOM RTL-SDR j do
% CKaHHpOBaHHe Hana30Ha aCTOT, XD p9 1'19
% npHHHMaeMoro YCTpoikTBOM RTL-SDR "Ie i,([ T f14
% nOcJIe BhInOJIHeHHH npocKaHHpOBaHHbIH.8 f!;
% wrana30H npeCTaBJIHeTCH Ha rpapHKe 1. 1: .L 3'
clear all; olc;  'It i: r'1.re'h'
% napaMeTphI YCTpoHcTBa RTL-SDR -rb.. i'iqy £:.:I"J"
location 'bonch_spb';% MeCTOnOJIOJKeHHe It':! no &"]:(
start_freq 25e6; % HHJKHHH aCTOTa CKaHHpOBaHHH
stop_freq 1750e6; % BepxHHH aCTOTa cKaHHpOBaHHH
rtJ,.sdr. id ' 0' ; % HeHTHpHKaTop ()'I.6 f."
rtlsdr.fs 2.4e6; % aCTOTa HcKpeTH3aqHH, r
rtlsdr . gain 40; % YCHJIeHHe, ,n;B ty ,f q
rtlsdr.frmlen = 4096; % pa3Mep BhIXOHoro Ka,LIpa, B6opOK
rtlsdr . datatype = , single' ; % THn BbIXOHbIX aHHhlX..
rtlsdr . ppm = 0; % KoppeKH CBHra aCTOTbI, ppm
% napaMeTphI CKaHHpOBaHIDf Hana30Ha aCTOT Tf"::>9
nfrmhold = 20; % HCJIO rrpHHHMaeMhIx Ka,LIpOB
'Title', 'Spectrum Analyzer Waterfall',...
, SpectrumType' , , Spectrogram' , . . .
'FrequencySpan', 'Full',...
, SampleRate' , rtlsdr. fs) ;
% BhIHCJIeHHe JIHTeJIbHOCTH Ka,LIpa
rtlsdr.frmtime = rtlsdr.frmlen/rtlsdr.fs;
run_time = 0; % HHHHaJIH3aqHR BpeMeHH MOeJIHpOBaHHR
% KJI npHeMa o OKOHaHHH BpeMeHH MOeJIHpOBaHHR
while run_time < sim_time
% rrpHeM Ka,LIpOB OT YCTpoHcTBa RTL-SDR
rx_data = obj_rtlsdr();
% BH3YaJIH3aHH cneKTpa Ii cneKTpOrpaMMhI no TIpHRsrThIM KaM
obj_specfft(rx_data);
obj_specwaterfall(rx_data);
% HHKpeMeHT BpeMeHH MOeJIHpOBaHHH JIHTeJIbHOCTbID Ka,LIpq
run_time = run_time + rtlsdr.frmtime; 1 M T
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end
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x 1O-5,!1,uan  30u: 15 Mr" - 1750 Mrl\. Bin Width = 10.9375 J<rQ. Number of Bins = 1 7952. ",epeu aCT oeJ< 1234
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e 25...1750 MPo; E 1: 'i $J!:oq' "jI c
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fft_hold 'avg'; % o6pa6oTKa ED'*': "max" HJIH "avg" '" ,;!
nfft 4096; % pa3MepHocTb ED4> !J'-' [h", 1 1, <
dec_factor 16; % KQ3, HHMHH> JI rpaHKa
% nepeKpblTHe ED,*, JIH KOMneHCa1\HH![ fj L J 13 '>L
% 3eKTa cKpyrJIeHHH HJIbTpa (roll-off)
overlap = 0.5; 
% HCJIO Ka,n;pOB JIH c6poca
% (OHCTKH) 6yepa nOCJIe nepeHacTpollKH "1" j;;j !W ...
nfrmdump = 100;
% Harra30H CKaHHpOBaHHH B [1\ x Mg {J
rtlsdr.tunerfreq = start_freq:rtlsdr.fs*overlap:stop__freq; IJJ IJJ ! 1
% npOBepKa BepXHero npeeJIa HaIIa30Ha CKaHHpOBaHF!H J ,.J ) t
if ( max (rtlsdr . tunerfreq) < stop_freq ) r d '1 "'J L !-"1
% eCJIF! IIpeeJI Harra30Ha CKaHHpOBaHHH MeHbwe BepxHeii '.J
% aCTOT@ CKaHF!pOBaHHH, 06aBJIHeTCH rtlsdr.fs*overlap 
rtlsdr.tunerfreq(length(rtlsdr.tunerfreq)+1)
max(rtlsdr.tunerfreq)+rtlsdr.fs*overlap; 1 h X
PIlC. 2.3.
end rn
% oeHKa HCJIa nepeHacTpoeK npHeMHHKa
% RTL-SDR no HCJIY aCTOT Hana30Ha 'f ,"" i'
nretunes = length(rtlsdr.tunerfreq); 0
% pa3pem€HHe TIO -qaCTOTe "f1 1 9 P' :n H.
freq_bin_width = (rtlsdr.fs/nfft); }
% OpMHpOBaHHe WKaJI@ aCTOT cKaHHpyeMoro HaIIa30Ha
freq_axis = ... n ()
(rtlsdr.tunerfreq(1)-rtlsdr.fs/2*overlap : ... o) ?
freq_bin_width*dec_factor . . . .
(rtlsdr.tunerfreq(end)+rtlsdr.fs/2*overlap)-... !
freq_bin_width) /1e6; .:. ...11:£_:1 '\
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% BeKTpop-CTpOKa pa3MepOM nfft RR XpaHeHRR En
rtlsdr.data_fft "" zeros(l,nfft);
% MaTpRa pa3Mepa [nfrmhold x nfft*overlap] R XpaHeHRR
% 6ROKOB nepeynopoeHHoro En c KOMneHcReM nepeKpTRR
fft_reorder "" zeros(nfrmhold,nfft*overlap);
% MaTpRa pa3Mepa [nretunes x nfft*overlap/dec_factor]
% RR XpaHeHRR Bcex 6noKoB En c KOMneHcaReM nepeKpbITRR
fft_dec "" zeros(nretunes,nfft*overlap/dec_factor);
% MHRHanR3RR CRCTeMHoro o6eKTa comm.SDRRTLReceiver
obj_rtlsdr "" omm.SDRRTLReceiver(...
rtlsdr. id, . . . - ---
1<
'Center Frequency , , rtlsdr. tunerfreq(l),. . .
'EnableTunerAGC', false,...
'TunerGain', rtlsdr . gain, ...
'SampleRate', rtlsdr.fs, ...
'SamplesPerFrame' , rtlsdr . frmlen, . . .
'DutputDataType' , rtlsdr . datatype ,...
'FrequencyCorrection', rtlsdr.ppm);
% RHHanR3aHR KMX-HRbTpa eHMaTopa 
obj_decmtr "" dsp.FIRDecimator(. . . i IF f
'DecimationFactor', dec_factor,... ,'" 1
'>Numerator' , firl (300,l/dec_factor));
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% MHRn;HanR3HR TaMMepa Haana CKa:;tHpOBaHHR
tic; disp(' '); " k
tune_progress"" 0; % nepeMeHHaH axTRBHOCTR CKaHRpOBaHHR
% n;HKR no Rcny nepeHacTpoeK'f! M0- '. '1' '{ UI m 1: B'Jr'ijoqD
for ntune "" l:l:nretunes
% HacTpoMKa YCTpOMCTBa RTL-SDR Ha n;eHTpanbHYID acToTY
obj_rtlsdr.CenterFrequency "" rtlsdr.tunerfreq(ntune);
% oT6paCBaHHe Ka,n;pOB RH ORCTKR 6yepa 
for frm "" 1: 1 :nfrmdump ,}(J
% npReM Ka,n;pa aHHNX YCTPOMCTBOM RTL-SDR 31 ""
rtlsdr.data"" obj_rtlsdr(); U9C .
end \. "'l,Q 0"') TT n 4> iU. !.lIt'! 11
% oTo6peHHe TeKyeM n;eHTpanbHoM aCTOTN ;a 0
disp( [' fc "" ',.. .s;,)oq<):) RJ_,n. ('
num2str(rtlsdr.tunerfreq(ntune)/le6),' Mfn;']); v r,q 
01 ""
..&
1 " l,i)
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% HKR no Hcny npHHRMaeMNx Ka,n;pOB nfrmhold A ,,' RH1ber, NHIi)1I:> fill<;-!',1.J$!i....
for frm "" 1: 1: nfrmhold ",;) :t pe"! jU1'A ..'b:9f!!Y:t '.cf-.alj"I
% npReM Ka,n;pa ,n;aHHNX YCTPOMCTBOM RTL-SDR ..f&!II;r.t, if! )qn \
rtlsdr . data "" step(obj_rtlsdr); (91:1 q{);tl;l > (penh iI :xbaI ".dXJ' )U
% RCKJIIO'1eHRe nOCTOHI:!HOM COCTaBnIDOeM oqm<G]!;) OSSnBNJI rr....'t \
rtlsdr.data "" rtlsdr.data - mean(rtlsdr.data); H£OqRh OT;,)b 
% En / / find fft [ +ve , -ve] h A I I rl;tt:!a.J:lp$1:]:'!€tw.. i:b.aH-r
rtlsdr.data_fft "" abs(fft (rtlsdr. data,nfft)) '; b 'Wt 1;iI:t-.t) ,I
% nepeynopoeHHoe En: 3aTIHCb B MaTpRy
% fft_reorder nfrmhold 6noKoB En; B pe3ynbTaTe qT 9q
% nORY'1aeTCH MaTpRa fft_reorder pa3MepoM  :
% [nfrmhold x overlap*nfft] C nepeKpBaroHMRCH be 
% OTC'1eTaMH Ha nOJIOTenbHNX R OTpRn;aTenbHx 9T }
% 'tIaCToTax [ -va ) +ve ] (.:tJ; \ .tf  [j"I
% -ve 1>'1 Jot;') ;)J', 
fft_reorder(frm,(1:(overlap*nfft/2)))
rtlsdr.data_fft«overlap*nfft/2)+(nfft/2)+1:end );
% 5
fft_reorder(frm,«overlap*nfft/2)+1:end ))
rtlsdr.data_fft(1:(overlap*nfft/2));
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2.1. Aa6opaTopHoe 3aH5'ITHe. MHTepcjJeHc YCTpoHcTBa RTL-SDR B Matlab
29
end , ",
% o6pa6oTKa BM6opOK EIT B MaTpHe fft_reorder
% no CTo6aM; B pe3YJIbTaTe nonyaeTcH BeKTop-cTpoKa
% fft_reorder_proc pa3MepoM [1 x overlap*nfft]
if strcmp(fft_hold,'avg') R % HaxoeHHe cpeero
fft_reorder_proc = mean(fft_reorder);
else if strcmp(fft_hold,'max') % HaxoeHHe MaxcHMYMa
fft_reorder_proc = max(fft_reorder); ,
end ,»,.  .'
% errMaHH BM6opOK EIT B BeKTop-cTpoKe fft_reorder; 4 
% B pe3ynbTaTe nOJIyaeTcH BeKTop-cTpoKa pa3MepoM
% [1 x overlap*nfft/dec_factor], KOTopaH 3anHcMBaeTcH
% B MaTpHy fft_dec pa3MepOM {,
% [ntune x overlap*nfft/dec_factor] c HHeKcOM ntune ry
fft_dec(ntune,:) = step(obj_decmtr,fft_reorder_proc')';
% nporpecc BMnonHeHHH CKaHHpOBaHHH ·
% B % KIe 10% (ntune*10/nretunes)
if floor(ntune*10/nretunes) -= tune_progress
tune_progress = floor(ntune*10/nretunes);
disp([' npOCKaHHpOBaHO = ',...
n um 2str(tune_progress*10),'%']);
end
% ITepeynopHOHBaHHe ,lJ;aHHbjX B BeKTpop-CTPOKY_
fft_masterreshape = ... ) d-
reshape(fft_dec',1,ntune*nfft*overlap/dec_factor);
y_data = ((fft_masterreshape/nfft).2)/50; 1
y_data_dbm = 10*log10(((fft_masterreshape/nfft).2)/50);
% ITocTpoeHHe rpaHKa npOCKaHHpOBaHHOrO rrana30Ha( .
subplot (2,1,1) ; (-._ »! Ie!
plot (freq_axis,y_data, 'r', 'linewidth' ,2);. axis('tight');
xlabel('qacToTa, Mr'); 
(\0 ., C}po,...,j,>q a ( njl,8
ylabel('MomHOCTb (HarpY3Ka 50 OM), BT'); grid on;
title(['Arrana30H: ',num2str(start_freq/1e6),' Mr
num2str(stop_freq/1e6), , Mr. Bin Width = ',...
num2str(freq_bin_width*dec_factor/1e3),...
, Kr. BinsNum = ',num2str(length(freq_axis)),...
'. ITepeHacTpoeK " num2str(nretunes)]);
%xlim([start_freq/1e6,stop_freq/1e6]);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(freq_axis,y_data_dbm,'linewidth',2); axis('tight');
xlabel('qacToTa, Mr');
ylabel('MomHocTb (HarpY3Ka 50 OM), E'); grid on;
% I1HHl\HarrH3arrH TaHMepa 3aBepmeHID! CKaHrrpOBaHHH
disp(' '); disp([' run time  ',num2str(toc),'s']); disp(' ');
% coxpaHeHHe aHHMX cKaHHpOBaHHH B aHn
filename = ['rtlsdr.rx_',num2str(start_freq/1e6),...
'MHz_',num2str(stop_freq/1e6),'MHz_',location,'.fig'];
savefig(filename); i
TIpH OAHOKpaTHOH HaCTpOHKe Ha u;eHTpaJl.bHYIO qaCTOTY Ie aHaJl.H3HPyeTCSI yqac-
TOK cneKTpa OT Ie - Is/2 AO Ie + Is/2. TIo YMOJl.qaHHIO qaCTOTa AHCKpeTH3aIJ;HH
paAHonpHeMHHKa RTL-SDR Ha OCHOBe TIOHepa R820T YCTaHaBJl.HBaeTC5I paBHOH
Is = 2,8 MfU;, n03ToMY npH oAHoKpaTHoH HacTpoHKe aHaJl.H3HpyeTC5I yqaCTOK cneK-
Tpa OT Ie - 1,4 MfU; AO Ie + 1,4 MfU;. BCJl.eACTBHe HepaBHOMepHOCTH NiX TIOHe-
pa R820T Ha rpaHHU;ax aHaJl.H3HpyeMoro yqaCTKa cneKTpa CJl.eAYeT YCTaHaBJl.HBaTb
qaCTOTY AllCKpeTH3aIJ;Jm MeHbme 3HaqeHH5I 2,8 Mfu;. '1::':JoA 'i
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clear all; clc; .1
% HHHanH3aMH rrapaMeTpOB YCTpoHcTBa B CTpYKType rtlsdr
rtlsdr.tunerfreq 1200.0e6; % OHaeMaH fc, r
rtlsdr.fs 2e6; % aCTOTa HcKpeTH3aHH, r
rtlsdr. frmlen 4096; % pa3Mep Ka,n;pa, Bbl6opOK
rtlsdr.ppm 0; % KoppeKHR CHra aCTOT, ppm
sim_time 10; % BpeMH MoenHpOBaHHR, C
% HHHHanH3aqHH CHCTeMHOrO o6oeKTa comm.SDRRTLReceiver
obj_rtlsdr = comm.SDRRTLReceiver(...
'CenterFrequency' , rtlsdr. tunerfreq, . . .
'EnableTunerAGC', true, ...
'SampleRate', rtlsdr.fs, ...
'SamplesPerFrame' ,'" rtlsdr.frmlen,...'
'OutputDataType', 'double'....
, FrequencyCorrection', rtlsdr.ppm);
% HHHManH3aqHR CMCTeMHoro o6oeKTa aHanH3aTopa crreKTpa
obj_specfft = dsp.SpectrumAnalyzer<. .. ;.
, Name' , ' AHanH3aTop crreKTpa',...
'Title', 'Spectrum Analyzer FFT',...
'SpectrumType', 'Power density',...
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'SampleRate', rtlsdr.fs,...
'SpectraIAverages', 50, ... ,
'FrequencySpan', 'Start and stop frequencies',
'StartFrequency', -200e3,
'StopFrequency', 200e3);',
% BHCJIeHMe AllHTenbHOCTH Ka,n;pa
rtlsdr.frmtime = rtlsdr.frmlen/rtlsdr.fs;
run_time = 0; % MHHHanH3aqHR BpeMeHH MoenMpOBaHMR
while run_time < sim_time
% rrpMeM Ka,n;pOB OT YCTpOHCTBa RTL-SDR
rxsig = obj_rtlsdr();
% MCKnIDeHHe rrocToRHHOH COCTaBnRIDeH
rxsig = rxsig - mean(rxsig);
% oTo6peHMe clleKTpa rrpMHHMaeMoro CMrHana
obj_specfft(rxsig);  
% BHcneHMe aCTOTHoro CBMra B r M ppm
offset_f = freqoffset (rxsig) ;.' % r
offset_ppm = (-offset_f/rtlsdr.tunerfreq)*1e6; % ppm
disp(['cBMr = ',num2str(offset_f),' r',... ' "
" KoppeKMR = " num2str(offset_ppm), ' ppm']);
% MHKpeMeHT BpeMeHH MoenHpoBaHHR nHTenbHOCTbID Ka,n;pa
run_time = run_time + rtlsdr.frmtime; (P> ;h.;
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fft.sig = fft(rxsig,nfft); { eb o
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fft_sig = fftshift(fft.sig); };.,.t t
% HaxoeHHe HHeKca MaKCHManbHoH BM60pKH fft.sig O
[-, max.idx] = max(fft_sig); 
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offset.idx = max.idx-1-nfft/2; £x N 
% OTo6paEeHHe HHeKca cBHra aCTOT B 3HaeHHe cBHra aCTOT
freq.offset = offset.idx*del ta.f; " 9qH h,i" .r
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function freq_offset = freqoffset(rxsig)
% rxsig - BXOHOH CHrHan Tf 
% freq.offset - CBHr aCTOT, r n
nfft = 8192; % pa3MepHocTb En 3" 4 m...n f""
fs = 2e6; % aCTOTa cKpeTH3aqHH BXOHoro CHrHana, r
delta_f = fs/nfft; % En pa3pemeHHe no aCTOTe II fft bin
% BbI'IHCHeHHe En CHrHana rxsig: [+ve freqs , -ve freqs] 'h
fft_sig = fft (rxsig,nfft) ;'*( lJ.Jj' lD 1, 1-
% npeo6pa30BaHHe CHrHana fft.sig: [-ve freqs , +ve freqs]
fft.sig = fftshift (fft.sig) ; '1 ;l 'J. t m
% HaxoeHHe HHeKca MaKCHManbHoH BM60pKH fft_sig N
[-, max_idx] = max(fft_sig); 1 b
% OeHKa HHAeKCa cBHra aCTOT no HHAeKCY max_idx:
% npeo6pa30BaHHe max.idx nx CHMMeTpHH OTHOCHTenbHO 0
offset.idx = max.idx-1-nfft/2; (;1'U J,.,
% OTo6paEeHHe HH,L\eKCa cHra aCTOT B 3HaeHHe cBHra aCTOT
freq.offset = offset.idx*delta.f; x ait 
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J-6F 1," ....0 ,) Jl  j no d:>rtM'1 d (
17. YCTaHOBHTb IIapaMeTpbl 6J1.0Ka FIR Decimation (pHC. 2.35).
N 8f
;:} 1\.. TOT

46
.
1
2. I1HTepcpeHc YCTpoHcTBa RTL-SDR B MatlabjSimulink
ffij Qlock Parameters: FIR DeCImation 1>=0,2 Mf"
! fIR Decimn (IMSI<) (Iinl<)
Apply an fIR ftfte( to tru1lnput
, U5lng a polyphase filter
.,
.:
...
t!
x
Decimation fadDr:
filter structure:
Input processing: .fb1mrn; as cha (fr<ltne based)
Rate options'
output buffer mitial conditions:
PRC. 2.35. I1apaMeTphl 6J\.oKa 'FIR Decimation
EilStock Pafttmeters: RTl-SDR Receiver fs::;:2 Mf LI
x

H!)'t:N Or
PRC. 2.36. Ka.7\,JJ;PPOBKa 'IqCTQT;p1 YCTpoikTBa RTL-SDR
a 1))1:01\...> I.T ',a:;:6rI t> q
18. l1JiHII;Ha,JI.H3HpOBaTb 6AOK Mat1ab Fun<;:tion <PYHKeH OII;eaKH CABHra 'iaC-
TOT (CM. CKpHTIT 2.7). ) ] u::mu .f'I'1.f' ()1\0I<IqT"n qE!! irrr< 'T'

2.3. .1I.a6opaTopHoe 3aH5ITHe. KaJ!.H6poBKa <IaCTOTbI YCTpoikTBa RTL-SDR
47
19. I1pocJ\.eAMTb H3MeHeHHe -qaCTOTbI AHcKpeTH3arJ;HH OT 6J\.oKa RTL-SDR Recei-
ver AO cpYHKU;HH ou;eHKH CABHra -qaCTOT B 6J\.oKe Matlab Function: YCTaHoBJ\.eHHbIH
K03cpcpHU;HeHT AeU;HMarJ;HH 10 B 6J\.oKe FIR Decimation npHBOAHT K nOHHJKeHHIO
'laCTOTbl AHCKpeTH3arJ;HH C 2 MfU; AO 200 KfU;. -.
20. BbIITOJ\.HHTb KaJ\.H6poBKY -qaCTOTbl RTL-SDR: AMI 3Toro CJ\.eN'eT HHHU;H-
aJ\.H3HpOBaTb napaMeTp FrequencyCorrection 6J\.OKa RTL-SDR Receiver 3Ha-qeHHeM
BbI'lHCJ\.eHHoro CABHra -qaCTOT B ppm (pHC. 2.36). (
21. Y6eAMTbC.5I B pe3YJ\.bTaTax KaJ\.H6pOBKH no nOKa3aHH.5IM c-qeT-qHKOB CABHra
B fU; H ppm, a TaKJKe no aHaJ\.H3aTopy cneKTpa: nocJ\.e KoppeKTHoH KaJm6pOBKH
MaKcHMYM cneKTpa npHHHMaeMoro CHrHaJ\.a AOJ\.JKeH oT06paJKaTbC.5I Ha OTMeTKe 0
fU;, a 3Ha-qeHHe CABHra -qaCTOTbI B ppm AOJ\.JKHO paBH.5ITbC.5I O.
22. I10BTOpHTb KaJm6poBKY Ha APyroH Hecym;eH -qaCTOTe H CAeJ\.aTb BbIBOAbI 06
a6coJ\.IOTHOM (B fu;) H OTHOCHTeJ\.bHOM (B ppm) -qaCTOTHOM CABHre. J:.(rfj
Tf1 1:
->'1
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II1HTepcPeiik YCTpoiiiC"lt US!, '1F > '>1
B MatlabjSimulink J r')iOl,j El ' Ii
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3.1. na6opaTopHoe 3aH5rfll1e. IIIHepec YCTpoiiiTBa "I"\P 
:'1 RP B Mab/S.l,link rJ nnT : 13 )ry">'''' ::T :q N 1 a
() IJ;eJIb 3aHSITMSI: H3Y'iHTb HHTep<peHc YCTpoHcTBa USRP B Matlab. 1[:MH M
06HapY)KeHHe YCTpoHcTBa USRP B CI10 }4atlab B03MO)KJiO npH nOAKJ\.IO'ieHHOM
K USB nopTY YCTpoHcTBe USRP nocJ\.e KoppeKTHoH YCTaHoBKH COOTBeTCTBYIOm;ero
APaHBepa H BbInOJ\.H5IeTC.5i KOMaHAOH tindsdru B pa60'ieH o6J\.acJi Matlab. I1pHMep
o6HapY)KeHH.5i USRP B210 npeACTaBJ\.eH B cKpHnTe 3.1. BOJ\.ee nOAPo6HaJI HH<pOP-
MaD;H.5i 0 nOAKJ\.IO'ieHHOM YCTpoHcTBe USRP B03Bpam;aeTC.5i KOMaHAon probesdru.
CKpMnT 3.1. 06HapY>KeHI-Ie YCTpoii:cTBa USRP B210 B cno Matlab
» findsdru
Checking radio connections...
ans=
struct with fields:
" "
.'"
Platform: 'B210'
IPAddress: "
SerialNum: 'F4E642,
Status: 'Success'
J1HTep<peHCOM YCTpOHCTBa USRP B CI10 Matlab .5iBJ\..5iIOTC.5i: CHCTeMHblH 06'beKT
npHeMHHKa comm.SDRuReceiver H CHCTeMHbIn 06'beKT nepeAaT'iHKa comm.SDRu-
Transmitter.
3.1.1. napaMeTpbl 06'beKTa
comm.SDRuReceiver jcomm.SDRuTransmitter
CHCTeMHblH 06':beKT npHeMHHKa comm.SDRuReceiver nOJ\.Y'iaeT AaHHble C YCT-
poncTBa USRP C nOMOm;bIO APaHBepa UHD (Universal Hardware Driver) H nepeAaeT
RX B Matlab B BHAe BeKTopa-cTOJ\.6n;a HJ\.R MaTpRD;bI H <PYHKn;RoHRPyeT KaK RCTO'q-
HRK AaHHbIX B Matlab (source). AJ\5I C03AaHR.5i 3K3eMnJ\..5ipa rx CHCTeMHOrO 06'beKTa
npReMHRKa comm.SDRuReceiver B pa6o'qeH o6J\.acTR Matlab cJ\.el>YeT BbInOJ\.HHTb
KOMaHAY'rx = comm., SDRuReceiver YKa3aB THn R cepRHHbln HOMep o6HaPY)KeH-
Horo YCTpoHcTBa (cKpHnT 3.2).
CKpMnT 3.2. MHMU;HaJIM3HSI npHeMHMKa comm.SDRuReceiver USRP B210
»rx = , comm.SDRuReceiver('Platform','B210','SerialNum','F4E642)
rx =
comm.SDRuReceiver with properties:
Platform: 'B210'
SerialNum: , F4E642 ,
ChannelMapping: 1
CenterFrequency: 2.4500e+09
LocalOscillatorOffset: 0
Gain: 8
PPSSource: 'Internal'

3.1. .1I.a6opaTopHoe 3aIDITlfe. I1HTepcjJeHc YCTpoHcTBa USRP B MatlabjSimulink 49
P'
'Internal'
32000000
512
'int16'
'Same as transport
362 0, \>
u
ClockSource:
MasterClockRate:
DecimationFactor:
TransportDataType:
tj; OutputDataType:
SamplesPerFrame:
EnableBurstMode: false
C:rcTgMHbIH 06'beKT epeAaT'lHKa comm.SDRuTransmitter nepeAaeT AaHHble Ha
YCTPOHCT:aO USRP c nOMOIJJ;bIO APaHBepa UHD H3 Matlab B BHAe BeKTOpa-CTOJ\.6D;a
HJl.H MaTpHD;bI H <PYHKD;HoHHPyeT KaK nOJ\.Y'laTeAb AaHHblX H3 Matlab (sink). AA5I co-
3AaHH5I 3K3eMnA5Ipa tx CHCTeMHoro 06'beKTa nepeAaT'lHKa comm.SDRuTransmitter B
pa60'leH o6J\.acTH Matlab CAeAYeT BbIITOJ\.HHTb KOMaHAY tx =:;: comm.SDRuTransmit-
ter, YKa3aB THn H cepHHHbIH HOMep o6HapyeJHjOrO YCTpoHC;:TBa (cKpHnT 3.3). rl:);
! CKpHrrT 3.3. IfHHn;Ha.JIH3au;HSI rrepep,aT"IHKa comm.SDRuReceiver USRP B210
»tx = comm.SDRuTransmitter('Platform','B210','SerialNum','F4E642')
tx = "J "
comm.SDRuTransmitter with properties:
r,rtl: :n /F\.r ¥
data type'
II
N,/1.:)6 l, '11 Platform: 'B210'
-'I SerialNum: 'F4E642'
ChannelMapping: 1
Center Frequency: 2.4500e+09
LocalOscillatorOffset: 0 .,'
n Gain: 8 '
PPSSource: 'Internal'
ClockSource: 'Internal' 4> .$...'
MasterClockRate: 32000000 ?\ fJ ':I
In,terpolationFactor: 512 ?f',J. ,(1
TransportDataType: ' int16'':JH 'i(; s'- ,jJI
&N. EnableBurstMode: false l"> I
Pe3YJ\.bTaTOM HHHD;HaJl.H3aIJ;HH 3K3eMnJ\.5Ipa nepeAaT'lHKa/npHeMHHKa 5IBJ\.5IIOTC5;
FapaeTpbI cHqelv):HOro 06rKTa no YMOA'laHHIO (Ta6J\.. 3.1). I
I AJ\.5I yrrpaBAeHH5I CHCTeMHbIMH 06'beKTaMH comm.SDRuReceiver H comm.SDRu-
Transmitter HcnOAb3YIOTC:5I MeTOAbl info, step H release. a
TIpHMep HHHD;HaJ\.H3aD;HH C:HCTeMHoro 06'beKTa OAHOKaHaJ\.bHoro rrepeAaT'lHKa H
rrpHeMHHKa rrpeAcTaBAeH B cKpHrrTax 3.4 3.5 COO7'BeTCTBeHHO. !
CpHrrT 3.4. IfHHIJ;HaJTH3an;HSI op,HOKaHaJIhHOI'O rrepep,aT'IHKa USRP B210
% HHMMarrM3MH OHOKaijbHOrO nepeaTMKa Ha USRP B210 j
txradio = ... >kH' ",
I comm.D:uTransmitter« 'Platform' ,'B210.' : 'SerialNum' , 'F4E642, );
txradio.ChannelMapping = 1; % cxeMa KaHarrOB
txradio.CenterFrequency = 2.5e9; % eHTparrbHaH aCTOTa
txradio.LocalOscillatorOffset = 0; % CBHr aCToT Or
txradio . Gain = 20; "'- % KY "'>"'j' "
txradio.PPSSource = 'Internal'; % BHYTpeHHMH MCTOHMK PPS
txradio.ClockSource = 'Internal'; % BHYTp. MCTOHMK CMHXp.
txradio.MasterClockRate = 32e6; % TaKTOBaH aCTOTa
txradio.InterpolationFactor = 512; % KOJMMeHT HHTepnOJIHHH
txradio.TransportDataType='int16'; % Tun TpaHcnopTHX aHHX
txradio.EnableBurstMode = false; % OTKn. naKeTHOrO peuMa
% oCBo6oJK,JJ;eHUe CMCTeMHoro 06'beKTa txradio .:-!!
release(txradio);
, {
i'
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fJ,%f.jf
"1
1
IJ[{'

50
:in III
Ta6J\.Ha 3.1
>r 1[:-
ITapaMeTpbI otYbeKTa comm.8DRuReceiver / comm.8DRuTransmitter
I1apaMeTp Ha3Ha'leHHe 'Ill
Platform THn YCTpoHcTBa. YmpOHCTBa N200, N210, X300, X310 HMeIOT napaMeTP
IPAddress. YCTpoHcTBa B200, B210 HMeIOT napaMeTp 8erialNum
IP-aAPec YCTpoHcTBa. ITo YMOJ\.'laHHIO napaMeTp paBeH 192.168.10.2.
ITpH )'Ka3aHHH HeCKOJ\.bKHX IP-aAPecoB, HX cJ\.ep,yeT pa3,l1,eJ\.HTb 3amI-
TOH WIM np06eJ\.OM, HanpHMep '192.168.10.2, 192.168.10.5' YKa3bIBaeT
IP-ClAPeca ,lI,BYX YCTPOHCTB. ITapaMeTp IPAddress HcnOJ\.b3yeTC5! M5I YCT-
pOHCTB N200, N210, X300, X310 T Y crr"- Ii l£M K
CepHHHbII1 HOMep YCTpoHCTBa. I1apaMeTp 8erialNum HcnOJ\.b3yeTC5! M5I
YCTPOHCTB B200, B21O. AJ\.5I onpe,ll,eJ\.eHH5I cepHHHoro HOMepa no,ll,KJ\.IO-
'le:aHoro YCTpOHCTBa CJ\.ep,yeT BbmOJ\.HHTb KOMaHAY findsdru 1\1 !:'
CxeMa KaHaJ\.OB (MHorOKaHa.ll.bHOro) YCTpOHCTBa. ITo YMOJ\.'laHHIO napa-
MeTp ChannelMapping paBeH 1. AJ\.5I YCTPOI1CTB N200, N210 napaMeTp
npe,ll,CTaBJ\.5IeT BeKTop-cTPOKY pa3MepoM 1 *N, r,ll,e N - 'lHCJ\.O IP ClApe-
COB B nOJ\.e IPAddress. AJ\.5I O,ll,HOKaHaJ\.bHoro YCTpOI1CTBa B200 napaMeTp
paBeH 1. AJ\.5I ,lI,BYXKaHaJ\.bHOrO YCTpOI1CTBa B200 napaMeTP paBeH 1, 2
HJ\.H [1 2]. AJ\.5I ,lI,ByxKaHaJ\.bHbIX YCTPOHCTB X300, X310 napaMeTp pa-
BeH 1, 2 HJ\.H [1 2], eCJ\.H B nOJ\.e IPAddress YKa3aH O,ll,HH IP a,ll,pec; eCJ\.H
B nOJ\.e IPAddress YKa3aHo N IP (!,lI,peCOB, Tor,ll,a napaMeTp npe,ll,CTaBJ\.5IeT
BeKTop-cTPOKY pa3MepoM lx2N. ITpH YKa3aHHH HeCKOJ\.bKHX IP-aAPecoB
B nOJ\.e IPAddress, KaHaJ\.bI B nOJ\.e ChannelMapping HYMepYIOTC5! B no-
pKe cJ\.e,ll,OBamU'I IP- a,ll,pecoB. HanpHMep, npH I\:CnOJ\.b30BaHHH YCT-
pOHcTBa X300 I\: 3Ha'leHI\:I\: '192.168.20.2, 192.168.10.3' B nOM IPAddress
cxeMa KaHaJ\.OB ,lI,OJ\.7KHa 6bITb npe,ll,cTaBJ\.eHa 3Ha'leHHeM [1 2 3 4] B no-
J\.e ChannelMapping, npH 3TOM KaRaJ\.bI 1 H 2 OTHOC5!TC5! K YCTPOHCT-
BY C aAPeCOM 192.168.20.2, a KaHaJ\.bI 3 I\: 4 - K YCTPOHCTBY C aAPeCOM
192.168.10.3 (' c1 "
U;eHTpaJ\.bHa5I 'laCTOTa YCTpOHCTBa Ie B rj no YMOJ\.'laHIDO 2,45e9 r.
ITpe,ll,CTaBJ\.5IeTC5! CKaJ\.5IpoM I'IJ\.H BeKTop-cTpOKOH. AHana30H 3Ha'leHHH
Ie 3aBHCHT OT THna YCTpoHCTBa U8RP. ITpH HCIIOJ\.b30BaHHH MeTO,ll,a step
M5! H3MeHeHH5! :o;eHTpMbHOH 'laCTOTbI Ie CJ\.ep,yeT c06J\.IO,lI,aTb cJ\.ep,yro-
:r:o;He npaBHJ\.a: M5I O,ll,HOKaHaJ\.bHoro YCTpOHCTBa (8180) Ie npe,ll,CTaB-
J\.5IeTC5! CKaJ\.5IpOMj M5I MHOrOKaHaJ\.bHOrO YCTpOHCTBa (MIMO) Ie KaHa-
J\.OB, pa60TaIOI:o;HX Ha O,ll,HOH Hecy:r:o;eH, npe,ll,CTaBJ\.5IeTC5! CKaAHpOM; a M5I
KaRMOB, pa6oTaIO:r:o;Hx Ha pa3HbIX HecyIJJ;HX, Ie npe,ll,CTaBJ\.5IeTC5! BeK-
 'I 0 TOpOM CTpOKOH, HanpHMep, [70e6 100e6], r,ll,e 3J\.eMeHT BeKTopa CTpOKH
Center Frequency COOTBeTCTBYeT cxeMe KaHaJ\.OB B nOJ\.e ChannelMapping.
A:Asr B210 B pe7KHMe MIMO Ie npe,ll,CTaBJ\.5IeTC5! CKaAHpOM IR(!'"
LocalOscillatorOffset C,lI,BHr 'laCTOTbI onopHoro reHepaTopa (Or) hOoffset B rj no YMOJ\.'la-
HIDO paBeH 0 r. AHana30H B03M07KHbIX 3Ha'leHH:I!: ILOoffset 3aBHCHT
OT Tl\:na YCTpollcTBa U8RP. hOoffset He BJ\.H5!eT Ha PClAHO'laCToTY (F4:)
npHHHMaeMoro CHrHaJ\.a IRF, O,ll,HaKO OH BJ\.IDIeT Ha npOMe7KYTO'lHyIO
'laCTOTY (ITY:) YCTPo:l!:CTBa U8RP (CM. pHC. HH7Ke).
IP Address
n
6A ",r
8erialNum
ChannelMapping
El lfl
CenterFrequency
>)1RJl.6..t<. F.1fHRI
en
>{'.)
\d
a
3. I1HTepq,eik YCTpoifcTBa USRP B MatlabjSimulink
rp')
"  { ,0
/"+J""""", fLOofI"')( Is JLOoffMA :J 
C,!1BIII"IacTOTLI or \ CiIBIII"IacTOThI or n C'5'1:
Ie - eHTpMbHa5I 'laCTOTa YCTpOHCTBaj B H,lI,eaJ\.e IRF - Ie = O. I1a- '(
paMeTp ILOoffset BBO,ll,HTC5! M5I nOBbImeHH5I H36HpaTeJ\.bHOCTH. TIPH HC-
nOJ\.b30BaHHH MeTO,ll,a step M5I H3MeHeHIDI ILOoffset CJ\.ep,yeT co6J\.IO,lI,aTb
CJ\.ep,yIOI:o;He npaBI\:J\.a: M5I O,ll,HOKaHaJ\.bHoro YCTpo:l!:cTBa (8180) hOoffset
lU bl..K. tJ 

3.1. Jl.a6opaTOpHoe 3aH5ITHe. I1HTepcpeik YCTpoikTBa USRP B MatlabjSimulink 51
I1apaMeTp
Gain
,J:'.., .rc
if a ,,1'
Clock-Source
Decimation-Factor
) J.)p
InterpolationFactor
J
Transport- DataType
Output- DataType
'1) 1
uJ'i
I1poAO.lUfCeHHe Ta6.1\.. 3.1
Ha3Ha'leHHe
f
rrpeACTaB.I\.5ieTC5i CKa.l\.5ipOM; ;JVl5i MHorOKaHaJ\.bHoro YCTpoHcTBa (MIMO)
hOoffset A0.l\."J'KeH 6blTb paBeH HY.I\.IO (orpaHH'leHHe UHD)
K03q,qmIJ;HeHT YCHJ\.eHH5i (KY) YCTpoHcTBa USRP B AB; rro YMoJ\.'la-
HHIO paBeH 8 AB. AHarra30H 3Ha'leHHH onpeAeJ\.5ieTC5i THrrOM YCTPOHCT-
Ba USRP. I1pH HCrrO.l\.b30BaHJiIH MeTOAa step AJI5f. H3MeHeHH5i KY CJ\.eAYeT
c06J\.IOAaTb cJ\.eAYIOIJJ;JiIe rrpaBHJ\.a: AJI5f. OAHOKaHaJ\.bHoro YCTpoHcTBa
(SISO) KY rrpeAcTaBJ\.5ieTCSI cKaJ\.5ipOM; ;JVl5i MHorOKaHaJ\.bHoro YCTpoi!:cT-
Ba (MIMO) KY KaHaJ\.OB, pa6OTaIOIJJ;Hx C 0AHHaKOBblM YCHJ\.eHHeM, rrpeA-
CTaBJ\.5ieTC5i CKaJ\.JipOM; ;JVl5i MHoroKaHaJ\.bHoro YCTpoHcTBa (MIMO) KY
KaHaJ\.oB, pa60TaIOIJJ;HX C pa3HblM YCHJ\.eHHeM, rrpeACTaB.I\.5ieTCSI BeKTopoM
CTpOKOH, HarrpHMep [32 30], rAe 3.1\.eMeHT BeKTopa CTpOKH Gain COOTBeT-
cTByeT cxeMe KaHa.l\.OB B rro.l\.e ChannelMapping ,
I1CTO'lHHK CHHxpoHMrrYJ\.bCOB; rro YMO.l\.'lamflO HCrrO.l\.b3yeTC5i BHYTpeH-
HHH HCTO'lHHK aI:HXpOHMrrYJ\.bCOB 'Internal'. B pe"J'KHMe 'External' HC-
rrOJ\.b3yeTC5i BHemHHH HCTO'lImK CHHxpOHMrrY.I\.bCOB C TaKTOBOH 'laCTOTOH
10 MrIJ;. Ha YCTPOHCTBax cepHH B rropT BHemHero HCTO'lHHKa CHHXpO-
HMrrYJ\.bcoB rrOMe'leH KaK '10 MHz', a Ha YCTpoHcTBax cepHH N H X rropT
BHemHero HCTO'lHHKa CHHxpOHMrrY.I\.bCOB rrOMe'leH KaK REF IN
KO:9q,q,HIJ;HeHT AeIJ;HMaIJ;HH (KA) CHcTeMHoro 06'beKTa rrpHeMHHKa
comm.SDRuReceiver; rro YMOJ\.'laHHIO paBeH 512. AHarra30H KA 3aBHCHT
OT THrra YCTpoHcTBa JiI MO"J'KeT rrpHHHMaTb CJ\.eAYIOIJJ;He 3Ha'leHH5i: a) IJ;e-
J\.ble 3Ha'leHH5i OT 1 AO 3 (TO.l\.bKO ;JVl5i YCTPOHCTB cepHH B JiI X); 6) IJ;e-
J\.ble 3Ha'leHH5i OT 4 AO 128; B) 'leTHble 3Ha'J:eHH5i OT 128 AO 256; r) 3Ha'J:e-
HH5i, KpaTHble 4, OT 256 AO 512; A) 3Ha'J:€HIDI, KpaTHble 8, OT 512 AO 1024
(TOJ\.bKO AJI5f. YCTPOHCTB cepHH X). KA HCIIOJ\.b3YeTCSI rrpH rrOHH"J'KaIOIJJ;eM
rrpeo6pa30BaHHH 'J:aCTOTbI C I1Ll AO aLl \
KO:9q,q,HIJ;HeHT HHTepnOJ\.JiIJ;HJiI (KI1) CHCTeMHoro 06'beKTa rrepeAaT'J:HKa
comm.SDRuTransmitter; rro YMoJ\.'J:aHHIO paBeH 512. AHarra30H KI1 3a-
BHCHT OT THrra YCTpoHcTBa H MO"J'KeT rrpHHHMaTb cJ\.eAYIOIJJ;He 3Ha'J:eHH5i:)
IJ;eJ\.bIe 3Ha'leHH5I OT 1 AO 3 (TOJ\.bKO ;JVl5i YCTPOHCTB CepJiIH B H X); 6) IJ;e-
.l\.bIe 3Ha'J:eHH5i OT 4 AO 128; B) 'J:eTHbIe 3Ha'J:eHH5i OT 128 AO 256; r) 3Ha-
'leHIDI, KpaTHble 4, OT 256 AO 512. KI1 HcrrOJ\.b3yeTC5i rrpH rroBblmaIOIJJ;eM
npe06pa30BaHHH 'J:aCTOTbl C aLl AO I1Ll
TJiIrr TpaHcrropTHbIx AaHHblx; rro YMO.l\.'laHHIO 'intI6'. MO"J'KeT 6bITb 'int8'
H 'int16'. War KBaHTOBaHH5i AJI5f. 'int8' B 256 pa3 60J\.bIIIe, 'J:eM ;JVl5i
'int16', rrO:9TOMY AOCTHraeTC5i rrpHMepHo BABoe 60J\.bma5i CKOpOCTb 06-
pa6OTKH. I1crrO.l\.b3yeMblH rro YMO.l\.'J:aHHIO TIm 'intI6' 03Ha'J:aeT, 'J:TO CHH-
q,a3HCUi H KBaApaTYPHCUi KOMrrOHeHTbl 06pa6aTbIBaeMoro CHrHaJ\.a npeA-
CTaB.I\.5iIOTCSI 16 6HTaMH, a KOMrrJ\.eKCHCUi BbI60pKa CHI'HaJ\.a rrpeACTaB.I\.5i-
eTCSI 32 6HTaMH "
THrr AaHHblX BblXOAHoro CJiIrHaJ\.a CJiICTeMHOro 06'beKTa rrpHeMHHKa
comm.SDRuReceiver; rro YMO.l\.'J:aHHIO 'Same as transport data type', 'J:TO
03Ha'J:aeT HCrrO.l\.b30BaHHe Toro "J'Ke THrra AaHHblx, 'J:TO JiI AJI5f. Transport-
DataType ('int8' JiIJ\.H 'int16'): a);JVl5i THrra TpaHcrropTHbIX AaHHblX 'int8'
cllHq,a3Ha5i H KB<lApaTYpHa5i KOMrrOHeHTbl BblXOAHoro CllrHaJ\.a rrpeA-
CTaB.I\.5iIOTC5i 8 6HTaMH H rrpHHHMaIOT 3Ha'J:eHH5i B AHarra30He [-128, 127];
6) AJI5f. THrra TpaHCrrOpTHblX AaHHblX 'intI6' cHHq,a3Ha5i H KBaApaTypHa5i
KOMrrOHeHTbl BblxoAHoro CHrHaJ\.a rrpeACTaB.I\.5iIOTC5i 16 6HTaMH H rrpHHH-
MaIOT 3Ha'J:eHH5i B AHarra30He [-32768, 32767]. TJiIrr AaHHblX BblxoAHOro
CllrHaJ\.a MO"J'KeT rrpHHHMaTb TaK"J'Ke 3Ha'J:eHH5I 'double' C rrJ\.aBaIOIJJ;eH 3a-
II5iTOH YABOeHHOH TO'lHOCTll B AHarra30He [-1, I] H 'single' C rrJ\.aBaIOIJJ;eH
3arr5iTOH 06bl'J:HOH TO'lHOCTH B AHarra30He [-1, 1]
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CKpHIIT 3.5. HHHn;HaJIH3an;HH OOKaHaJILHOrO rrpHeMHHKa USRP B210
% MHHHaH3aqHH OOKaHabHOro rrpHeMHHKa Ha USRP B210 vi!
rxradio = ... I" t ") I
comm.SDRuReceiver('Platform', 'B21O', 'SerialNum', 'F4E642't;
rxradio. ChannelMapping = 1; % cxeMa KaHMOB 
rxradio.CenterFrequency = 2.5e9; % eHTpMbHaH 'IaCTOTa
rxradio.LocalOscillatorOffset = 0; % CBllr 'IaCTOTM Dr
rxradio.Gain = 20; J % KY ,
rxradio.PPSSource = 'Internal'; % BHYTpeHHHll llCTO'IHHK PPS
rxradio.ClockSource = 'Internal'; % BHYTp. llCTO'IHHK CHHXp.
rxradio.MasterClockRate = 32e6; % TaKTOBaH 'IaCTOTa 
rxradio.DecimationFactor = 512; % K09HHeHT eHMaqHH
rxradio.TransportDataType='int16'; % THn TpaxcnopTHMx aHHMX
% THn BhIX. aHHblX > '1" f N ':> Y
rxradio .OutputDataType = , Same as transport data type';
rxradio.SamplesPerFrame = 362; % 'IHCnO BhI6opOK Ha Kp
rxradio.EnableBurstMode = false; % OTKn. naxeTHoro peMa
% oCBo6oeHHe CHCTeMHoro o6DeKTo rxradio if <
releal;je(rxfa4o); 1< C  \i ,j Ub f:,
1 f l\C)liJT ("v
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"({llC.I\.O BbI6opOK Ha KaAP BbIxoAHoro CllrHa.l\.a CI'ICTeMHOro 06'beKTa npH-
eMHHKa comm.SDRuReceiver; no YMO.l\.'IaHllK> paBHo 362. 3Ha'leHI'Ie na-
paMeTpa cor.l\.acYeTc5f C pa3MepoM KaApa Ethernet (1500 6allT) Hll:>Ke.l\.e-
:>Kam;ero npOTOKO.l\.a  p .". I;;R
On:U;ll5f naKeTHOrO pe:>KllMa MO:>KeT npllHI'IMaTb 3Ha'!eHll5f true H.I\.H false;
no YMO.l\.'IaRHK> false. ITpll HHll:U;llaAH3a:U;IDi 3Ha'leHHeM true BK.I\.K>'laeT-
C5f naKeTHbIH pe:>KHM nocAeAoBaTeAbHoH o6pa6oTICH KaAPOB 6e3 nepe-
rpY3KH HAH HeAorpY3KH YCTpoHcTBa USRP. B naKeTHOM pe:>KI'IMe MO:>KHO
npOBOA5fTC5f HCCAeAOBaHI'I5f, KOTopble He.l\.b35f BbIIIO.l\.HHTb B pea.l\.bHOM
BpeMeHll. B naKeTHOM peJKI!:Me YKa3bIBaeTC5f '!llCAO KaAPOB B IIiU'::eTe
NumFrameslnBurst"  I
c {- -;.t:; t
"({HC.I\.O KaAPOB B naKeTe; no YMO.l\.'!aH1<UO paHo 100. NumFrameslnBurst
aKTI'IBHpyeTC5f B naKeTHOM pe:>KHMe, T. e. npH EnableBurstMode = true
TaKTOBasi 'laCTOTa r.l\.aBHOrO 3<IAaK>m;ero reHepaTopa B r:u;. 8TO 'laCTO-
Ta fTaKT, C KOTOpOH pa60TaK>T AIJ;IT H IJ;AD. AHana30H /TaKT 3aBHCHT
OT YCTpOHCTBa USRP: a) M5i cepHH N fTaKT = 1e+8; 6) M>I cepHH B
B OAHOKaHaJ\.bHOM pe:>KHMe fTaKT .l\.e:>KHT B npeAe.l\.ax OT 5e6 AO 56e6;
M>I B210 B ABYXKaHaAbHOM pe:>KHMe fTaKT ::;; 30,72 Mr:u;; no YMOJl.'ia-
HHK> 32 Mr:u;; B) M5i cepHH X fTaKT MO:>KeT npHJm¥p-Tb 3¥(j,!,ID!H 16,
184.32e6, H.I\.ll 200e6; no YMO.l\.'IaHllK> 200e6 I
I1CTO'IHHK CHrHaAa PPS (pulses per second); no YMO.l\.'IaHllK> HCnO.l\.b3Y-
eTC5f B:ayTpeHHllH HCTO'IHI'IK PPS 'Internal'. B pe:>KI'IMe 'External' HC-
nO.l\.b3yeTC5f BHelliHRH RCTO'IHllK CllrHaAa PPS M>I CRHxpOHH3a:U;llH He-
CKOJ\.bKHX KaHaAOB MHOrOKaRaAbHbIX YCTPOHCTB USRP
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3.1.2. napaMeTpbl 6J10KOB SDRu Transmitter \/I SDRu Receiver
B Simulink ,:' I'{. .. f;, n -., ,
'I f6F.t>te OH- 1ST 'H(J 8  ,... '
f I1HTepcpeHcoM YCTpOHCTBa USRP B cno Simulink 5iBJ\.5ieTC5I 6J\.OK nepeAaT'lHKa
SDRu Transmitter H 6J\.OK npHeMHHKa SDRu Receiver H3 6H6J\.HoTeKH Communica- I
tions Toolbox Support Pkage fQr USRP(R) J0.p.dio (P¥f', ,1). ,
BJ\.oK SDRu Receiver nOJ\.yqaeT AaHHbIe C YCTpoHcTBa USRP H nepeAaeT H:x!
B Simulink; 6J\.OK SDRu Transmitter nepeAaeT AaHH1>Ie Ha YCTPQHCTBO USRP H3
Simulink. AaAee npoaHaJ\.H3HpyeM napaMeTpbI 6J\.OKOB SDRu Transmitter H SDRu

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}
} Aerospace BIockset
,. AudioSysremTooIbox
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) Commun_T_
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Communi""tiOO!i Toolbox SuPl>;'rt Pe,!Of RJ'!,-SDR Ra<Iio
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d:
Receiver B Simulink; AMI 6bICTpOI'O AocTyrra K 6J\.OKaM CAe"yeT BblTIOJ\.HHTb KOMa
sdrulib B pa60"ieH 06J1.aCTH Matlab. . .} ,,''''
p, Y Ka3alUUI K BbIIIOJIHeHHIO F" 'C_ P V ii H
- 
1. C03AaTb HOBYro MOAeJl.b B Simulink H Ao6aBHTb B Hee 6J\.OK SD Ru Transmitter.
OTKpbITb IIapaMeTpbI 6.ll.oKa SDRu Transmitter H y6eAHTbC5.I, "iTO THII H cepHHHbIH
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! Receiver

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3. HHTepcjJeik YCTpoHcT13a USRP 13 MatlabjSimulink
HOMep YCTpoikTBa USRP YCTaHoBAeHbI BepHo. M3HTb napaMeTpbI nepeAaT"IHKa
USRP (pHC. 3.2). AMI. BbIBOAbI AaHHbIX 0 nepeAaT"IHKe USRP Ha/KaTb KHonKY
Info 13 OKHe napaMeTpOB.
IlapaMeTpbI 6AoKa SDRu Transmitter, nOMHMO nepe':IHCAeHHbIx B Ta6A. 3.1,
BKA:EO"IaroT em;e HHAHKaTOp Enable underrun output port, KOTOpbIH CAY/KHT HH-
AHKaTopOM HeAorpY3KH USRP 13 pe/KHMe peaA.bHOrO BpeMeHH: HYAeBoe 3Ha"IeHHH
HHAHKaTopa 03Ha"IaeT, "ITO Ha nYTH OT CIIO Simulink AO YCTpOHCTBa USRP no-
Tepb AaHHbIX HeT; npH eAHHH"IHOM 3Ha"IeHHH MO/KHO",Kol1c'faTHpoR-Tb HeAorpY3KY
YCTpoHcTBa USRP. AM! HCKJUO"IeHH5! HeAorpY3KH 13 peaAbHoM BpeMeHH MO/KHO YBe-
AH"IHTb K03cPQmIJ;HeHT HHTepnOA5!u;HH.
2. C03AaTb HOBy:EO MOAe{l.b 13 Simulink H Ao6aBHTb B Hee 6AOK SDRu Receiver.
OTKpbITb napaMeTpbI 6AoKa SDRu Receiver H y6eAHTbC5!, "ITO THn H cepHb.J
HOMep YCTPOHCTBa USRP YCTaHOBAe:HbI BepHO. M3Y"IHTb napaMeTpbI npHeMHHKa
USRP (pHC. 3.3). AA5! BbIBOAbl AaHHbIX 0 npHeMHHKe HaJKaTb KHonKY Info 13 OKHe
 - '"'-" ..... "><¥. "
napaMeTpoB. r" fI£ r t C, p: , 0
DapaMeTpbI 6AoKa SDRu Receiver, nOMHMO nepe"IHCAeHHbIx 13 Ta6A. 3.1, BKA:EO-
"IaIQT em;e HHAHKaTOp Enable Overrun output port H napaMeTp Sample time. Ila-
paMeTp Sample time YCTaHaBAHBaeT BpeM5! AHcKpeTH3au;HH 13 Simulink. MHAHKaTOp
Enable Overrun output port n03BOA5!eT OIJ;eHHTb cPYHKu;HOHHpOBaHHe YCTPOHcTBa
USRP Ha npHeM 13 pe/KHMe pea,AbHoro BpeMeHH, KorAa IlK He ycneBaeT npHHHMaTb
AaHHbIe OT YCTpOHCTBa USRP. HYAeBoe 3Ha"IeHHH HHAHKaTopa neperpY3KH 03Ha-
"IaeT, "ITO Ha nYTH OT YCTpOHCTBa USRP H OT USRP AO IlK nOTepb AaHHbIX He
6bIAO; npH eAHHH"IHOM 3Ha"IeHHH HHAHKaTOpa MO/KHO KOHCTaTHpOBaTb neperpY3KY,
T. e. nOTep:EO naKeTOB OT YCTpOHCTBa USRP AO DK. AA5! HCKAIO"IeHH5! neperpY3KH 13
peaJ\.bHOM BpeMeHH MO/KHO YBeAH"IHTb K03cPcPHIJ;HeHT AeIJ;HMau;HH, HAH /Ke YMeHb-
illHTb "IaCTOTY AHCKpeTH3aIJ;HH.
3.2. lla6opaTopHoe 3aH5ITVle. KaJlVI6pOBKa '..IaCTOTbl
YCTpoiikTBa USRP B Matlab
:U;eJIb 3aHSITlUI: a) H3HTb CKpHnT nepeAaT"IHKa M5f. KaAH6poBKH "IaCTOTbI
YCTpoikTBa USRP; 6) H3Y"IHTb CKpHnT npHeMHHKa AA5! KaAH6poBKH "IaCTOTbl YCT-
pOHcTBa USRP; B) npOBeCTH KaJ\.H6pOBKY npHeMHHKa YCTPOHCTBa USRP.
3.2.1. nepeAaT'iIliK All}'! KaJllll6pOBKill 'iaCTOTbl USRP
CKpHnT 3.6 nepeAaT"IHKa M5! KaAH6poBKH USRP npeAcTaBAeH HH/Ke.
CKpHIIT 3.6. CKpHIIT IIepe.n;aT'fHKa .n;,rm KaJIH6pOBKH 'faCTOTbI USRP
clear all; clc;
Fs = 200e3; % qacToTa RCKpeTn3aHH, BN6opOK B C
% HHRHarrH3H napaMeTpOB CRHYCON
TxSine.Frequency = 100;
TxSine.Amplitude = 1;
TxSine.ComplexOutput = true;
TxSine.SampleRate = Fs;
TxSine.SamplesPerFrame = 2048;
TxSine . OutputDataType =' double' ;
% I1HRI\HarrR3aI\HH CHCTeMHoro 06'beKTa dsp. SineWave r,A; a] ",,11 !;: f "mtl
hSineSource = dsp. SineWave (... ar. I..U> r

3.2. lla6opaTopHoe 3aHHTHe. KaJI.H6pOBKa qaCTOT:bT YCTpoi1cTBa USRP B Matlab 55
-..", ..... ,,
'Frequency', TxSine.Frequency, ...
'Amplitude', TxSine.Amplitude,...
'ComplexOutput', TxSine.ComplexOutput,
'SampleRate', TxSine.SampleRate, .,.
'SamplesPerFrame', TxSine.SamplesPerFrame,
, OutputDataType', TxSine. OutputDataType) ;
% 06HapyeHlle rrOKnIDeHHOro YCTpoHcTBa USRP
connectedRadios = findsdru;
% MHllllanH3ll Tllrra YCTpOMCTBa USRP
txradio.Platform = connectedRadios.Platform;
% MHllllanH3all cepllMHoro HOMepa YCTpoHcTBa USRP
txradio.SerialNum = connectedRadios.SerialNum;
% MHHllanH3H rrapaMeTpoB rrepeall YCTpoHcTBa USRP
txradio.MasterClockRate 20e6; % TaKTOBag aCTOTa, r
txradio.CenterFrequency = 450e6; % eHTpanbHag aCTOTa
txradio.Gain = 40; % YCHneHlle, B
% K03lllleHT HHTeprrOnHHH 1
txradio.lnterpolationFactor = txradio.MasterClockRate/Fs;
% MHllllanH3aH cHcTeMHoro o6DeKTa comm.SDRuTransmitter
txradio = comm.SDRuTransmitter( ... r' Jij
'Platform', txradio.Platform, ...
'SerialNum', txradio.SerialNum, .. ."
, MasterClockRate ' , txradio . MasterClockRate ,
, CenterFrequency' , txradio. CenterFrequency -...
TxSine.Frequency,...
'Gain', txradio.Gain,...
, InterpolationFactor', txradio.lnterpolationFactor);
% MHllanH3 CHCTeMHoro o6DeKTa dsp.SpectrumAnalyzer
hSpectrumAnalyzer dsp.SpectrumAnalyzer(...
'Name', 'CrreKTp rrepeaHHOH CllHYCO',...
'Title', 'CrreKTp rrepeaHHOH CllHYCO',...
, FrequencySpan', 'Full',
'SampleRate', Fs, ...
'SpectralAverages', 50, ...
, FrequencySpan', 'Start and stop frequencies',
'StartFrequency', -10e3. ...
'StopFrequency', 10e3);
% rrepeaa CHHYCOH n 3a,n;aHHoro llcna Ka,n;pOB
TotalFrames = 20000;
for iFrame = 1: TotalFrames
sinewave = hSineSource(); %
txradio(sinewave); %
hSpectrumAnaer(sinewave);%
end "J' ' <
% OCBo6oeHlle CHCTeMHX o6DeKToB {
release(txradio); release(hSineSou¥e);
release(hSpectrumAnalyzer); .
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3.2.2:... npll1eMtilliK AllS1 KaJ11116pOBKIll '-IaCTOTbl U$RP .'3( Wits') 'l"3,\/j.
CKpHTIT 3.7 TIpHeMHHKa AM! KaJI.H6pOBKH USRP TIpeACTaBAeH HHJKe. 11 q
CKplIITT 3.7. CKplIITT ITplIeMHIIKa ,l],JIH KaJIu6pOBKII qaCTOTbI USRP
clear all; dc; 11  -j
Fs = 200e3; % acToTa llcKpeTH3llll, BN6opOK B c
TotalFrames = 1000000; % qHCnO Ka,n;pOB ARR rrpHeMa
% 06HapyeHlle rrOKnIDqeHHOrO YCTpoHcTBa USRP i
connectedRadios f: findsdru; ,', T' 1'1 .lV'
% HHllllanH3aHR THrra YCTpoHcTBa USRP
rxradio.Platform = connectedRadios.Platform;
% HHHllanH3aH cepllHHoro HOMepa YCTpOHTBa USRP
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rxradio.SerialNum = connectedRadios.SerialNum; PW
% HHHHanR3HH napaMeTpOB npHeMa YCTpoHcTBa USRP
rxradio.MasterClockRate = 20e6; % TaKTOBaa aCTOTa, r
rxradio.CenterFrequency = 450e6; % eHTpanbHaa aCTOTa
rxradio. Gain = 40; % YClmeHHe,,l\E .;:,\, yfl
rxradio.DecimationFactor = rxradio.MasterClockRate/Fs; r
rxradio.SamplesPerFrame = 4096; % BM6opOK B K8,LIpe
rxradio.OutputDataType =' double' ;
TotalFrames = 20000; % HCJIO K8,LIpOB (! "I,i",
% HHRHanH3aHH CHCTeMHoro o6eKTa comm.SDRuReceiver
rxradio = comm.SDRuReceiver(... "oq:t')\ fi 9H'H 0"1
'Platform', rxradio.Platform, ... vLbJlli
'SerialNum', rxradio.SerialNum, ... v£q&n
'MasterClockRate', rxradio.MasterClockRate, ...
'Center Frequency', rxradio.CenterFrequency,... r
'Gain', rxradio.Gain, .,.
'DecimationFactor', rxradio.DecimationFactor,...
'SamplesPerFrame', rxradio.SamplesPerFrame,..
'OutputDataType' , rxradio . OutputDataType) ; \-'
% HHHHanH3HH CHCTeMHoro o6eKTa dsp.SineWave
hSpectrumAnalyzer dsp.SpectrumAnalyzer(...
'Name', 'CneKTp npHHHToH CHHYCOHI',...
'Title', 'CneKTp npHHHToH CHHYpH,L\M',...
'SpectrumType', 'Power density'...
'FrequencySpan' , 'Full' , .
'SampleRate', Fs, .,.
'SpectralAverages', 50, ...
'FrequencySpan', 'Start and stop frequenci',...
'StartFrequency', -10e3, ...
'StopFrequency', 10e3);
% DpHeM CHHYCOH,llM ARH 3aHHOrO HCJIa KpOB
for iFrame = 1 : TotalFrames
[rxsig, len] = rxradioO;
if len > 0
hSpectrumAnalyzer(rxsig); 1
offset_f = freqoffset(rxsig,Fs);
disp(['c,l\BHr = ',num2str(offset_f),' r']);
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end
end
% OCBo6oeHHe cHcTeMHMX o6eKToB
release(rxradio); release(hSpectumAnalyz);j $
3.2.3. KaJ11116pOBKa 'iaCTOTbl npllleMHIIIKa USRP
". j' I
KaAH6pOBKa "<laCTOTbI YCTpORCTBa USRP ocym;ecTBA5leTC5l no HHTepcpe:Hcy CHC-
TeMHoro 06'beKTa comm.SDRuReceiver B Matlab nYTeM. H3MepeHH5l n KoppeKD;HH
CABHra "<laCTOT nepeAa'lH/npHeMa B npHeMHHKe. 1 .,J1') "'" Iu. t"l -'J Rdr 1
AA5l H3MepeHH5l CABHra "<laCTOT nepeAa"<ln/npHeMa MeJKAY ABYM5l YCTpO:HCTBaMH
CJl.eAYeT OAHOBpeMeHHO 3anYCTHTb nepeAaT"<lnK (CKP:HnT 3.6) Ha OAHOM YCTpO:HCTBe
USRP H npHeMHHK (cKpHnT 3.7) ""... Ha ApyrOM YCTpO:HCTBe USRP. \ t. JI1'1 j)iU
napaMeTp n;eHTpaAbHO:H "<laCTOTbI txradioCenterFrequency CHCTeMHoro 06'beKTa
nepeAaT"<lHKa AOJl.)KeH 6bITb paBeH napaMeTPY n;eHTpaAbHO:H -qaCTOTbI rxradioCenter-
Frequency cnCTeMHoro 06'beKTa npHeMHHKa. AA5l BbInOAHeH {<aA,H6poBKH nepe-
AaT-qHK USRP nepeAaeT Ha n;eHTpaAbHO:H "<laCTOTe txradioCenterFrequency rapMG-
HH"<leCKH:H CHrHaA (CHHYCOHAY) C "<laCTOTO:H TxSineFrequency, n03TOMY n;eHTpaAb-
t co
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paBHO:H txradioCenterFrequency - TxSineFrequency. ff Q IN;) 1'1;1' V
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x
;:,"'''''
' . ' . . . . r    :--:"
; Pausefm TxSine.Amplitude = 1;
, COntinuefcn TxSine = 2048;
J 1 StopFcn
PreSavefcn
PootSavefcn
CJosefi:n
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txradio.MasterCIocl<Rate = 20e6; % TaKTOI!a!! """'OT3, fll
txraalO.Centerfrequency = 450e6; % lIeHTpbHa" <UlCTOT3
txradio.Gain = 'KI; % YOl11eHIIe, A6
% Ko3t!><PlIl\If/!HT lIHTepOOJlJu.\11I1
txradio.lnterpolationfactor = txradio.
PIIC. 3.8. I1HHIJ;Ha.l\.H3aIJ;H5£ napaMeTpoB MOAe.l\.H nepeAaT'iHKa USRP AlI.5£ Ka.l\.H6pOBKH
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3. I1HHU;Ha.l\.H3HpOBaTb napaMeTpbI 6.1\.OKa Sine Wave MOAe.l\.H nepeAaT'i:HKa
USRP eOr.7l.aeHO pHe. 3.9: aMn.l\.HTYAa TxSineAmplitude, 'i:aeTOTa TxSineFrequeney
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Frequency (Hz):
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I Resetting states when re-enabled:
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.constant
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treat the cOIIstmt value as ill I-D !\IT<\}'. OthefWise,output a matrIX
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'Constant value' is a vector and 'Interpret vector parameters as I-D' is on, 1>i!:qlh
treat the constant value as a 1-D array. OtlwrwiSe, output a matrix with the
same dimensions ilS the constant value.
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Constant value:
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PRc.3.11. IIapaMeTpbl 6J1.0Ka SDRu Transmitter MOAeJl.H uepeAaT'iHKa USRP
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'iaCTOTbl Ha rrJ\.aTe USRP B210 C HcrrOJ\.b30BaHHeM 6J1.0Ka SDRu Receiver (pHC. 3.12).
2. OTKpbITb rrapaMeTpbI MOAeJ\.H rrpHeMHHKa USRP AJl.5I KaJl.H6pOBKH "IaCTOTbI
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upHeMa YCTpoMcTBa USRP (pHC. 3.13) rro aHaJl.OrHH co cKpHrrToM 3.7.
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Receiver
F4E642

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Model pre-load function:
fs = 200e3; % '"ia<;ToTa ,IIIIC1<peT\I3aLlIllf, BCI6opot< B C
Initfcn
Startfcn
PauseFcn
contInuefcn
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% HlI\II1anIl3aL\ll . . ., npl1eMa ycrpoikrea USRP
rxradlO.Ma = 20e6; % TaKTOsaJI 'UICTOTa, rLi
rxradio. " 4S0e6; %aR 'IaCTOTa
rxradio.Galn = 40; % YCl1J1el<Me. A6
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AMI oeHKH pa3Mepa K11ApOB Nframe (Probe width) H BpeMeH1'I rrepeAa"<IH K11Apa
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. SJ9)1aI
o Probe width
o Probe sample time
.0 Detect complex signal
PlfC. 3.15. HacTpoHKa napaMeTpOB 6J\.oKa Probe MOAeJ\.H npHeMHHKa USRP
5. I1HHHaJ\.H3HpoBaTb rrapaMeTpbI 6J\.oKa SDRu Receiver MOAeJ\.H IIpHeMHH-
Ka USRP corJ\.aCHO pHC. 3.16: THrr H cepHHHbIH HOMep YCTpoHcTBa USRP, eHT-
paJ\.bHaH ":IaCTOTa rxradio.CenterFrequency, YCHJ\.eHHe rxradioGain, ":IaCTOTa rJ\.aBHO-
PO 311AaIOIIJ;erO reHepaTopa rxradioMasterClockRateFrequency K03cpcl:)HHeHT AeH-
MaHH rxradioDecimationFactor, BpeMH AHcKpeTH3aIJ;HH I/Fs, ":IHCJ\.O Bbl6opOK Ha
KaAP rxradio.SamplesPerFrame. 
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(cKpHrrT 3.8).
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function freq_offset = freqoffset(rxsig, Nframe, Tframe)
% freq_offset - CBHr aCTOT, r
% rxsig - BXOHOH CHrHan
% Nframe - Hcno BN6opOK B npHHHMaeMoM Kpe
% Tframe - BpeMg nepeaH Kpa
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Fs = 1/Ts; , % aCTOTa ,D;HCKpeTH3aHH 1:}{'oHoro CJ,!rJiana, r
nfft = 2048; %"pasMepHocTb Bn
delta_f = Fs/nfft; % En paspemeHHe no aCTOTe II fft bin
% BNHcnHHe En CHrHana rxsig: [+ve freqs , -ve freqsJ
fft_sig = fft(rxsig,nfft);
% npeo6pasoBaHHe CHrHana fft_sig: [-ve freqs , +ve fre . q .. 
fft_sig = fftshift(fft_sig); \
% HaxoeHHe HHeKca MaKcHManbHoH BN60PKH fft 4 sig
[-, max_idxJ = max(fft_sig);
% OeHKa HH.n;eKca cBHra aCTOT no HHeKcy max_idx: -!titI..J',.!fJ!iP oJ
% npeo6pasoBaHHe max_idx ng cHMMeTpHH OTHOCHTenbHO 0 r', .,' It fH h .:aM
offset_idx = max_idx-l-nfft/2; N .. >i. A!fJq9J:
% OTo6peHHe HH.n;eKca cBHra aCTOT B 3HaeHHe cBHra aCTOT
freq_offset = offset_idx*delta_f; iU". "'qII '> ? {nOli. {1
end ( '1' 'VA::},!i") .51, nr<n\upf' rr  j, l:r If }" 11.'"
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e(t) = cos(21r fe t ) , "iaCTOTa H cpa3a KOToporo B TO"iHOCTH IIOBTOp5IIOT OlIopHoe KOJ\.e-
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A
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A  A A j
= '2 cos(21rfb t ) + [4 cos(27f(2fc - fb)t) + 4 cos(21r(2fe + fb)t)j. J (4.2)
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67
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At "
= 2 [cos(27r fe t + 0) cos(27r(fe - .fb)t) + cos(27r fe t + 0) cos(27r(fe + fb)t)] =
A >,..L:_... ->- A tt "
= "4 [cos(27r(2fe- [b)t+0)+cos(27r fb t + B )]+"4 [cos(27r(2fe+ fb)t+0)+cos(27r fbt-B)] =
A A'
  [COS(27rfbt++COS(: fbt-B)]+"4[COS(21r(2{e+ fb)t+0)+COS(27r(2(e- fb)t+B)] =
= 2 cos(27r fb t ) cos(O) + "4 [cos(27r(2fe + fb)t + 0) + cos(27r(2fe - fb)t + B)]. (4.4)
IIocAe <PH'll B'll KOMrrOJieHTbI YABOeHHOH Hecyru;eH qatToTbI 6YAYT oTqmAbTpo-
BaHbI H CHrHaA Ha BbIXOAe <PH'll 6YAeT paBe:tf . .
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cos 2 (A) = !(1 + cos(2A)), nOAycmM JilU'{ l' t"J J8 W$Ll'K{fI d R.:>T H.d$:MC
Xl(t) = yet) cos(2n1e t ) = (91(t) cos(27f Jet) - 92(t) sin(27f Jet)] cos(27f Jet) =
.£ :N A 1H5r': = 91(t)cos2(27fJet) _ 92(t) sin(27f',Jet) cos(27fje t ) = '1\,... L H !
'U 4 ». 1 )[J >. 1 .X /,"Ui J:H 0 c r I
,}tH = 2 91 (t)(1 +,cos(47fJct)] - 2 92 (t)sin(47f .) f:f1A 3 t t 
1 [ 1 1. ] 5Mq
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"I b ttfi'" r fJ IJICO. > ') a: U; I
X2(t) = y(t)( - sin(27f Jet)) = (91(t) cos(27f Jet) - 92(t) sin(27f Jet)] ( - sin(27f Jet)) =
v1\.ort PI:: = -91(t)cos(27fJct)sin(27fJet) + 92(t)sin2(27fJet)::;:: ") li i t-
" J, 1. 1 >]' \', ':Jq a &1'1'5
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= 92(t) - D91(t)Si(47fJet) + 92(t)Cos(47fJet)]. J dT (4.9)
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HaqaJ\.bHa5I cpa3a KOToporo OTJ\.1iqaroTC5i OT TaKOBOH B MOAYJ\.1ipOBaHHOM C1irHaJ\.e Ha
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,,,
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X1(t) = yet) cos(2nJct + e) = [91 (t) cos(2n Jct) - 92(t) sin(27r Jct)] cos(27r Jct + e) =
= 91(t) cos(27r Jct) cos(27r Jct + e) - 92(t) sin(27r Jct) cos(27r Jct + e) =
'1 > 1 ) ,'''' 1 "
= 2 91 (t)[cos( -e) + cos( 47r Jc + e)] - 2 92 (t) [sin ( -e) + sine 4Jct + e)] = :)
ar1 1 '"
= 2 [91(t) cos(e) + 92(t) since)] + 2 [91(t) cos( 47r Jc + e) - 92(t) sine 4Jct + e)]. (4.11)
C1irHaJ\. Ha blxoAe <P Hll 6YAev paBeH l,.. 1c, RG .,
Zl(t) = LPF{X1(t)} = [91(t)cos(e) + 92(t)sin(e)].
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(4.12)
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- cos(A + B)] nOJ\.yqHM
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X2(t) = y(t)( -- sin(27r Jct+e)) = [91(t) cos(27r JCt)-92(t) sin(27r Jc t )] ( - sin(27r Jct+e)) =
= -91 (t) CQs(27rJct) sjn(27r Jct + e) + 92(t) sin(27r Jct) sin(27r Jct + e) =
1 "... 1 ",.
= -2 91 (t)[- sine -e) + sin(47rJct + e)] + 2 92 (t)[cos( -e) - cos(47r Jct + e)] =
 
= [-91(t) since) + 92(t) cos(e)] - [91(t) sine 47r Jc -t:-e) + 92(t) cos( 4Jct + e)].( 4.13)
., 1', "" p" 't.4,of. ,vj;\,l "
C1irHaJ\. Ha BbIxoAe <P Hll 6YAeT paBeH
.
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( 4.14)
TaK1iM 06pa30M, np1i KBCtApaTYPHoH AeMoAYJ\.5iIJ;H1i co CAB1irOM cpa3bl e AeMo-
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. _$&>..it "", ',., 1 (">') J.
! 1 Zl(t) = 2[91(t)COS(e) + 92(t)sin(e)]; ".." h (4.15)

70
4. KOMII.l1eKCHbIe CHI'Ha.l1bI H cIIeKTpbI
'1 Z2(t) = [-91(t)Sin(B) + 92(t)cos(B)). S 1A.Sa}i  (4.16)
"1U>.) ", N '{roA
B _Tp"iH9M :HAe (4,lp):g (4.16) B :tIeKOTopblIt
"" !;:q' MOMeHT BpeMeH:H t MOJKHO npeACTaB:HTb KaK  nAsa:
1 .-r'4- [:] = [:::B :] [:] , :;> (4.17)
\ \ T
PaCCMOTp:HM B.l1:H5iH:He q,a30BOI'O CAB:HI'a Ha AeMO-
AYJ\.:HpOBaHHblIt C:HI'HaJ\.. AonycT:HM, "iTO B HeKoTopblIt
, MOMeHT BpeMeH:H AeMOAYJ\.:HpOBaHHblIt C:HI'HaJ\. MOJKHO
g, 2z , I , npeACTaB:HTb Ha KOMII.l\.eKCHO:H nJ\.OCKOCT:H (q,a30BOM
PRC. 4.5. MJ\..llrocTpan;:HSI '- nOpTpeTe) B np5iMOYI'OJ\.bHoIt C:HCTeMe KOOPA:HHaT
B.II.H5lliHSI cpa30BOI'O CAB:HI'a (P:Hc. 4.5) TO"iKOIt C KOOPAHHaTO:H 91 no OC:H x (C:HH-
Ha. :KMnJ\.e:KCHoIt nJ\.OC:KOCTH q,a3Ha5i COCTaBJ\.5Irom;a5I) :H KOOPA:HHaTO:H 92 no OCH y
(KBaAPaTypHa5I OCTaBJ\.5IIOm;a5I). TOI'Aa BJ\.H5IHHe q,a30BOI'O CABHI'a Ha HCXOAH:bIIt
f1_
CHI'HaJ\. C KOOPAHHaTaM:H (91,92) MOJKHO HHTepnpeTHpoBaTb Ha q,a30BOM nopTpe-
Te KaK ero nOBopOT Ha fJ B cJ\.eAYIOm;d MOMeHT BpeMeHH, B pe3YJ\.bTaTe KOTOpOI'O
nOJ\.yqaeTC5I C:HI'HaJ\. C KOOPAHHaTaMH (2z 1 , 2Z2), I'Ae K03q,q,HIJ;HeHT 2 Y"iHT:bIBaeT Mac-
IDTa6:HpOBaHpIy HCXOAl!BE CHI'HaJ\.a B pe3YJ\.b';t'i!Te nOBopoTa cor J\.aCHO (4.17).
ECJ\.H B npHH5ITOM CHI'HaJ\.e npHcYTcTByeT "iaCTOTHblIt CAB:HI', TO q,a30BbID: CABHI'
, ,
6YAeT :H3MeIDITbCSI, T. e. B = B(t), a AeMOAYJ\.HpOBaHHbIH C:HI'HaJ\. 6YAeT nOBOpa"iH-
BaTbC5I. A KoneHCaIJ;HH {"j:fCToZ'H:bIX CHI'O HCnl\.b3YI?f. fI q,q3gPOIt aB-
TonOACTpO:HK:H "iaCTOTbl. \ \  ). )
h 
\...J elf..
Q
rnj
'; 1
g2
4.1.5. KBaApaTYPHa51 MOAYlI5I411151 III AeMoAYlI5ILlIII5I B KOMnJleKCHOiii
cPopMe I \rud"-,\,  ("hO){ )t]  f{' rq I \
CxeMbI KBaApaTypHO:H MOAYJ\.5IIJ;HH H AeMoAYJ\.5IIJ;HH, a TaKJKe HX MaTeMaTH"ieC-
KYro TpaKToBKY MOJKHO cym;ecTBeHHO ynpocTHTb, HcnOJ\.b3Y5i KOMnJ\.eKCHoe npeA-
CTaBJ\.eHHe C:HI'HaJ\.OB (pHC. 4.6). <1\' t- }ma ,\ T 1"')" } '-. )a!a(h L,J:)
M1'1:!
{.
'.....{
- ((£\+ \
g,(t)
Re
) i i
;;:)
z,(t)
Re
(,

".C:
 \ 
jgi t ) " jZ2(t
Im '. ,\ 1 exp(j2rrfJ) \ Im I
p ,t.) [{I' '" +. ,. r<> \)(\)1 'l.".ICi",J,. +/13, m J
PRC. 4.6. KBaAPaTYPHCUI MOAYJ\.SID;HSI H AeMoAYJ\.SID;HSI B KOMnJ\.e:KCHOH cpoPMe
', t£i '<,'"' 'lY bH .\fjf '7 T
1\ 0603Ha-crnM "iepe3 9( t) KOMnJ\.e:KCH:bIH CHI'HaJ\., BKJ\.ro"iarom;HIt Bem;eCTBeHHyro
. r >!J} i iI.L"
91 ( t) H KOMn.l\.eKCHYro "iaCTb 92 ( t): \ .
"J,lJ \I Jdf;cP ( f5J!.p I:) ( t )  l ( t ) +"'/ 2 ( t ) . 1:1'-1: 1-Iqn ,'v.6qdr):M, ( 4.18 )
II c> >.....rrOiAAW..l':!o:)i 9 9 9,')  R.6Hf;. <fHil:l1)iS -, v-t
I'Ae 91 (t) - :HHq,opMaIJ;HOHH:bIH CHI'aJ\. CHHq,a3HOH COCTaBJ\.5iIOm;e:H; 92 (t) - H:tl:CPOp-
MaIJ;HOHHbIH C:HI'HaJ\. KBaApaTypJiOH COCTaBMIIOm;e:H KBaApaTypHo-MOAYJ\.HpoBaHHOI'O
cnI'HaJ\.a yet). ITYCTb e j27i !ct = cos(21r Jet) + j sin(21r Jet) - KOMnJ\.eKCHa5I 3KCDOHeHTa

4.1. J\.eKLfHJI. KBa.4paTYPHaH MOAY.ll5ILfHH
71
Hecyrn;eM 'IaCTOTbl, TorAa KOMn.ll.eKCHbIM MOAY.lI.RpOBaHHbIM CRrHa.ll. MOJKHO npeAcTa-
BHTb C.lI.eAYIOrn;HM 06P,,30M: 10.-. J \ ,f,"' ;, :'>_.
vet) = 9(t)27rfct = [91(t) + j92(t)][cos(27f Jet) + j sin(27f Jet)] =
= [91 (t) cos(27f Jet) - 92( t) sin(27f Jet)] +j [91 (t) sin(27f Jet) + g2(t) cos(27f Jet)] .
\.. V Jf oJ \. V .J
RW} W} ,
J....._
(4.19)
!
Bem;eCTBeHHa5I 'iaCTb KOMn.ll.eKCHOro MOAY.lI.HpOBaHHoro CRrHaJ\.a vet) npeACTaB-
.lI.5IeT C060M B COQTBeTCTBHH C (4.6) Bem;ecTBeHHbIM KBClApaTYPHo-MOAY.lI.HpOBaHHbIM
CHrHaJ\. y ( t ):

Re{v(t)} = [gl(t)cos(27fJet) -- 92(t)sin(27fJet)] = yet).
(4.20)
,
AonYCTRM, 'iTO yet) AeMOAY.lI.HPyeTC5I onopHbIM KO.ll.e6aHHeM, 'iaCTOTa KOToporo
C 06paTHbIM 3HaKOM B TO'iHOCTH nOBTOp5IeT MOAY.lI.HpOBaHHbIM CHTHa.ll., TorAa, no
<PoPMY.lI.aM cos 2 (4) = 0,5(1 + cos(2A)), sin 2 (A) = 0,5(1 - cos(2A)) R sin(2A) =
= 2 sine A) cos( A) nO.ll.Y'iHM KOMn.ll.eKCHbIM AeMOAY.lI.HpOBaHHbIM CHrHaJ\.:
.J
x(t) = y(t)e- j27rfct =
= [91(t) cos(27f Jet)  92(t) sin(27f Jet)][cos(27f Jet) - j sin(27f Jet)] =
= gl(t) cos(27f Jet) cos(27f Jet) - j91(t) cos(27f Jet) sin(27f Jet)-
\ r
-g2(t) sin(27f Jet) cos(27f Jet) + jg2(t) sin(27f Jet) sin(27f Jet) =
n --,.. (, -.
= gl(t) cos 2 (27f Jet) + jg2(t) sin 2 (27fJe t )-
-92(t) sin(27f ft) Cos(2;'jet) - j gl (t) cos(27fJet) sin(27f Jet) =
1 ' t t 1 \
r <: G 2g1(t)[1 + cos(47fJe t )]+ j292(t)[1- cos(47fJe t )]-
- 92( t) sine 47f Jet) - j 91 (t) sine 47f Jet).
.
"
'"
o
,J,.\,,1 r
(4.21 )
TIoc.lI.e <pHll nO.ll.Y'iMM
" X <I
»\. \> 1 ,.
z(t) = LPF{x(t)} = 2[gl(t) + jg2(t)].
r--
r
(4.22)
-,
vb (4.15), (4.16) M (4.22) C.lI.eAYeT 3KBRBa.ll.eHTHOCTb Bem;ecTBeHHoro M KOMn.ll.eK-
CHoro npeACTaB.lI..EL:f5!3ClApaTYPHOM MOAY.lI.5ID;HM R AeMOAY.lI.5ID;HR...:- _'_
4.1.6. CneKTpbl KBaApaTYPHoVi MOAYJ151LtIllIll III AeMOAYJ151LtIllIll
\
11
8CKM3 crreKTpaJ\.bHoro npeACTaB.lI.eHH5I KB3.APaTYPHOM MOAY.lI.5ID;HH M AeMO/lY.lI.5I-
D;HR npeACTaB.lI.eH Ha pMC. 4.7: a - cneKTp KOMn.ll.eKCHOro MH<popMaD;HoHHoro HY:
CHrHa.ll.a get) (4.18) Ha HY.lI.e:eoM 'iaCTOTe; 6 - cneKTp KOMII.lI.eKCHOro MO/lY.lI.HpOBaH-
Horo CMrHa.ll.a vet) (4.19) Ha Hecyrn;eM 'iaCTOTe Je; e - cIIeKTp Bem;eCTBeHHoro MO/lY-
hHpOBaHHOrO CMrHa.ll.a y( t) (4.20) Ha Hecyrn;eM 'iaCTOTe Je cMMMeTpH'ieH OTHOCMTe.ll.b-
HO HY.lI.eBOM 'iaCTOTbI; 2 - cneKTp KOMII.lI.eKCHOro AeMOAY.lI.HpOBaHHoro CMrHaJ\.a x( t)
(4.21) IIOC.lI.e IIoHH'JKaIOm;e'i:o npe06pa30BaHM5I 'iaCTOTbl; iJ - cneKTp KoeKcHoro
AeMoAY.I.),HPQBaUf[O_r cRrua z(t) (4 22) UiLI;!;P;OAe <PUll. ')If'" d.l <u,q

72
4. KOMn.11eKCHbIe CIirHaJ!.bI Ii cneKTpbI
l '11 /"I '"
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2..< " --'" ClITHaJI v(t)
1 exrJj2l1fit) ..JJ.'i:i: K JT" ', '>;.
j; 2/c f ' .00
T."'Rt
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MI)lliIpOBaHIIbIH
ClITHaJI y(t)
I 
2/c f
KOM1IJ!ClCCHbIH
2 ,-------- ).\cMo)IyJIIIpOBaHHLIii ClITHaJI
....'x exp(f1;II;kt)"', x(t)
Itr:)'l L\
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I I '  ' I I z(t)
'7/c /c 0 /c 2/c f
Pllc.4.7. CneKTpa.11bHOe npeACTaB.I\.eHMe KBCiApaTypHoH MOAY.115ID;m:r M AeMoAY.I\.SID;M5I
p '\ '" :>(, \1
4.1. 7. KOMneHca4111 ....acTOTHoro c.qBJ.llra npJ.II KBa.qpaTYPHo
.qeMo.qYJ1LlIIIIII " 1 L\.' " ) \
, In \\ +.('\r:)aw(\)Q
AonycTMM, "'ITO npMH5ITbIH CMrHa.l\. yet) AeMOAY.11MpyeTC5I onopHbIM KOJ\.e6aHMeM,
"'IaCTOTa KOTOpOro (Ie + l:J.J) OT.!\.:I'!"'Iae'rC5I OT 'raICOBOH a MOAYJ\.MpOBaHHOM CMrHMe Ie
Ha BeJ\.Ii"'IMHY "'IaCTOTHoro CABMra l:J.I, TorAa, no aHa.110rMM C (4.21), nOJ\.Y"'IMM KO:M-
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0 & ClITHaJI y(t) O'IOHJ
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'7/c fi 0 j; '7/c f
N I'tI rlr",_---_____, .... 
BaHIIbIH
-4+ 2 J>.' ..... CHI'HaJI x(t)
xexp (l21t(f.+1lf)f)
M"{A ,
"'"
PH '7/c .f< I' 0 fi ,f< '7/c f
,j
0 2 t1)H'I KOMIIJIel<cHLIii IjIHJILTpOBaHHbIH
)q f()1 '-III ,----- -----.. .hI' y} 1) \ CHf'HaJI z(t) £ .Hi::>
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",...,v.<5. '7/c /c fi 0 fi /c to;, '7/c f
TnJOl! >;!'MC -0 i \. " ,
2  CKOppeRTHpOBaHIIbIH M
0 x exp(fZ1tht)
( f,.. v. .'" " KOMWlCKCHLIH CHrHaJI z(t) ,"'.
10 2/c l j; f. 0 fi {,j fc 2/c J
PIIC. 4.8. CneKTpa.l\.bHOe npeACTaB.11eHMe KOMneHcaD;MM "'IaCTOTHoro cABMra

4.2. llpaKTH"IeCKOe 3aHHTHe. KOMII.l1eKCHbIe CHrHa.l1bI H cIIeKTpbI
73
ITJ\.eKCHbrH AeMOAYJ\.HpoBaHHbIM CHrHaJ\.
x(t) = y( t)e- j27r (fc+l1f)t = [g1 (t) cOS(2'l1-!et)  g2( t) sin(27r Iet)]e-j27rfcte-j27rl1ft.
I ,
AeMOAYJ\.5Ul,J!f.5! C "tJ:aCTOTHbIM CABHrOM 111 COOTBeTcTByeT cABHry CIIeKTpa AeMO-
AYJ\.HpOBaHHoro CJ!f.rHaJ\.a Ha -111. AJ\.5! KOMIIeHcarvrH 3Toro "tJ:aCTOTHoro CABHra IIPH- .
H5!TbIR CHrHaJI. HY:>KHO YMHO:>KHTb Ha KOMIIJ\.eKCHYro 3KCIIOHeETY C 06paTfibIM 3HaKOM
qaCTOTHoro CABHra, T. e. Ha ej27rl1ft. I 1  J
,.
9CKJ!f.3 CIIeKTpaJ\.bHoro IIpeACTaBJ\.eHJ!f.5i KOMIIeHCaIJ;J!f.H "tJ:aCTOTHOI:'O CABJ!f.ra IIpeA-
CTaBJ\.yH Ha pHC. 4.8: e - cIIeKTp Be;w;ecTBeHHoro MOAYJ\.HpoBaHHoro CJ!f.rHaJ\.a yet) Ha
Hecy;w;eM "tJ:aCTOTe Ie; Z - CIIeKTp KOMIIJ\.eKCHoro AeMOAYJ\.HpOBaHHoro CHrHaJ\.a x(t)
(4.23) IIOCJ\.e IIOHJ!f.:>Karo;ro;ero IIpe06pa30BaHH5i "tJ:aCTOTbl; iJ - CIIeKTp KOMIIJ\.eKCHoro
AeMOAYJ\.J!f.pOBaHHoro CHrHaJ\.a z(t) Ha BbIXOAe <PHq; e - CIIeKTp CHrHaJ\.a z(t) IIOCJ\.e
KOppeKIJ;J!f.J!f. "tJ:aCTOTHOrO CABHra. .
4.2. npaKTlI1yeC,KOe 3aHTlI1e. KOMnJ1eKCHble ClI1rHaJ1bl
111 cneKTpbl
4.2.1. ClllrHaJ1bl III cneKTpbl B BeLLleCTBeHHoiii cJ:>opMe
PaCCMOTpJ!f.M oc06eHHOCTH Be;w;eCTBeHHoro IIpeACTaBJ\.eHJ!f.5! CHrHaJ\.a BO BpeMeH-
HOR H "tJ:aCTOTHOR 06J\.aCT5iX Ha IIpHMepe CHrHaJ\.a H3 CYMMbI Tpex rapMOHJ!f.K (pHC. 4.9,
 .1
CKpHIIT 4.1) .'
Sl(t) = 10 cos(27r100t) + cos(27r200t) + 4 cos(27r300t); "1
S2(t) = lOcos(27r97t) + cos(27r203t) + 4cos(27r302t).
. :;-.,,; "'''''''-'
CKpHrrT 4.1. OCIJ;HJlJlOrpaMMa H crreKTp CHrHaJla B Bem;ecTBeHHoii: <popMe
clear all; clc; a "'" J; }.
% HHRRarrR3R TIapaMeTpOB JQ
fs = 10240; % 'tfaCTOTa HGKpeTH3an;HH £)!'I'!
T_max = 1; % BpeMS! Mo,n;eJIRpOBaHRS! J
t = (O:l/fs:(T_max-l/fs)); % BpeMeHHaR lliKaJIa , i
fl1 = 100; % aCTOTa l-H rapMoHRKR sl
f12 = 200; % aCTOTa 2-H rapMoHRKR sl
f13 = 300; % aCTOTa 3-H rapMoHRKR sl
f21 = 97; % aCTOTa l-H rapMoHRKR s2
f22 = 203; >.1 % aCTOTa 2-H rapMoHRKR s2
f23 = 302; % aCTOTa 3-H rapMoHRKR s2
Al = 10; % aMTIJIRTy,n;a l-H rapMoHRKR"'"
A2 = 1;  % aMTIJIRTy,n;a 2-H rapMoHRKR
A3 = 4; % aMTIJIRTy,n;a 3-H rapMoHRKR
% cYMMapHhIH CRrHarr s 1 R s2 £ n '. '/ >}NC f
sl = Al*cos(2*pi*fll*t) + A2*cos(2*pi*f12*t) + A3*cos(2*pi*f13*t);
s2 = Al*cos(2*pi*f21*t) + A2*cos(2*pi*f22*t) + A3*cos(2*pi*f23*t);
% <pOpMllpoBaHHe HMIIYJIbCa ,n;JI£ KoppeKTHocTH OTo6pa1K€HH5I <l>a30Boro cneKTpa ir .4
r = zeros(l, length(t)); efT.' k\f ' t ,j)i
r(i) = 0.01; yl."" \.,: r; Yf.. =;. s2.t r; Jtt'
% OIJ;eHKa EniJ>
Nfft = 1024; % pa3MepHOCTb EniJ>
Xl = (l/Nfft)*fft(yl,Nfft); % BhICJIeHRe EniJ> sl
X2 = (1/Nfft)*fft(y2,Nfft); % Bh!RCJIeHRe EniJ> s2
f = (O:Nfft-l)/Nfft*fs; % aCTOTHaR illKaJIa
% TIOCTpOeHRe rpapRKa OCIJ;RJIJIOrpaMMh! R CTIeKTpa CRrHarra sl
figure(l); Q
( 4.24)
( 4.25)

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0.03 0 100 200 300 400 0
I(ftr 'A. ') ..acwra (rl1) y. 1')1  ,J
100 200 300 400
"ac'roTa (rq) .u '{'J "}i
PHC. 4.9. OCI\HJ\.J\.orpaMMa H cneKTp TpexToHaJ\.bHoro CHI'JiaJ\.a
t liP \, 0,. dQ \1 "- t
(-') ('
subplot(2,3,1); plot(t,yl,'b-','LineWidth',2); grid on; xlim([O 0.03]);
title('ocqHorpaMMa s_{l}(t)'); xlabel('BpeMa (c),); ylabel('aMnHTya');
subplot(2,3,2); stem(f,abs(Xl),'r','LineWidth',2); grid on; xlim([O 400]);
title('cneKTp S_{l}(f)'); xlabel('acToTa (r)'); ylabel('aMnJIMTYa');
subplot(2,3,3); stem(f,rem(angle(Xl),pi),'k','LineWidth',2);
grid on; axis([O 400 0 pi]); title('cneKTp a3 S_{l}(f)');
xlabel( 'acToTa (r)'); ylabel ('a3a (pa,n;)'); >, a (" t
% nocTpoeHMe rpaMKa OCMOrpaMMN H cneKTpa CHrHaJIa s2
subplot(2,3,4); plot(t,y2,'g','LineWidth',2); grid on; xlim([O 0.03]); 11
title('ocqHorpaMMa s_{2}(t)'); xlabel('BpeMa (c)'); ylabel('aMTIHTYa');
subplot(2,3,5); stem(f,abs(X2),'c','LineWidth',2); grid on; xlim([O 400]);
title('cneKTp S_{2}(f)'); xlabel('acToTa (r)'); ylabel('aMnHTya');
subplot(2,3,6); stem(f,rem(angle(X2),pi),'k','LineWidth',2);
grid on; axis([O 400 0 pi]); title('cneKTp a3 S_{2}(f)');
xlabel('acToTa (r)'); ylabel('a3a (pa,n;)');
AHaJ\.H3 rpacpHKOB Ha pHC. 4.9 n03BO.hSleT CAeJ\.aTb BbIBOA 0 TOM, 'lTO BI1<P
CHrHaJ\.a OT'ieT.hHBO AeMOHcTpHpyeT CneKTpaJ\.bHble COCTaB.hSlIOIIJ;He Tpex OTAeJ\.b-
HbIX rapMOHHK. AJ\..5!".p'!I'Ha.hOB (4.24) H (4.25) napaeTpbl 'laC;:fpT AH,Kpenr
is = 10240 r H pa3MepHOCTH BI1<P N FFT = 1024 BbI6paHbl TaK, 'lT06bI pa3pemeHHe
po 'laCTOTe COCTaB.hSl.hO ibin = is/N FFT = 10 r. AJ\.Sl CHrHa.ha (4.24) rapMOHHKH
i1 = 100 r1 h = 200 r H h = 302 r, KpaTHble ibin, 0AH03Ha'lHO pa3pemeHbl
onepan;HeH BI1<P, a BI1<P mrHaJ\.a (4.25) C rapMoHHKaMH it = 97 rn;, h = 203 rn; H
h = 302 r OT'leT.hHBO AeMoHcTpHpyeT pa3MbIBaHHe cneKTpa KaJKAoH H3 rapMoHHK
r . !
BCJ\.eAcTBHe Toro, 'lTO OHH nepecTaJ\.H 6blTb KpaTHbl napaMeTpy .tbin H, C.heAOBaTe.hb-
HO, pa3pemaTbcSl no 'laCTOTe. .t ,- 1
OCUHlIJlOrpafMa 5 1 (t)
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J\.eHH5I K KOMCHOMY J\.eJKHT cpOpMYJ\.a 9iiJ\.epa ,. .,
e jw = COS(wt) + jsin(wt), (4.26)
rAe w = 27rf - yrJ\.oBa5I acToTa; j 'IT p, at - BpeMSI. BCJ\.eAcTBHe eTHOCTH
<PYHKD;HH Konmyca H HeeTHOCTH CPYHKD;HH cHHyca cnpaBeAJ\.HBo cJ\.eAYIOIIJ;ee:
e- jw = cos(wt) - j sin(wt). J
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e jwt + e- jwt
cos(wt) = 2 ;
. wt _ e-jwt
sm(wt) = 2j
PaCCMOTpHM npeAcTaBJ\.eHHe CHrHaJ\.a H3 CYMMbl Tpex rapMoHHK BO BpeMeHHoii H
'laCTOTHoii 06J\.acTSIx B KOMnJ\.eKcHoii cpopMe. I1cnoJ\.b3YSI (4.30), BbIpaJKeHHe (4.24)
MOJKHO npeAcTaBHTb cJ\.eAYIOIIJ;HM o6pa30M (pHe. 4.10, cKpHnT 4.2): 1 11
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Sl(t) = 1Ocos(27r100t) + cos(27r200t) + 4cos(27r300t) =
( ej27flOot + e-j27floot ) ( ej27f200t + e-j27f200t ) ' ( ej27f300t + e-j27f300t )
=10 2 + 2 +4 2 h =
= 527flOOt + 0, 527f200t + 227f300t + 5e-j27flOot + 0, 5e-j27f200t + 2e-j27f300t . (4.32)
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clear all; clc;
% HHHHanH3aqHR napaMeTpOB
fs = 10240; '.( 1':1:' {
I_max = 1;
t = (O:l/fs:(T_max-l/fs»;
fl = 100;
f2 = 200;
f3 = 300;
Al = 10;
A2 = 1;
A3 = 4;
LX,
% cYMMapHn CHrHan
s3 = Al*cos(2*pi*fl*t+pi/4) + A2*cos(2*pi*f2*t+pi/6) + A3*c08(2*pi*f3*t);
% OpMHpOBaHHe HMTIynbca nR KoppeKTHocTH oTo6peHllR a30Boro cneKTpa
r = zeros(1,length(s3»; r(1) = 0.01; y3 ;: 83 + r; >,;t r I
% oeHKa Bn c npRMoyronbHblli OKHOM 
r ",,, 1
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% 'IaCTOTa l-n rapMoHHKH
% 'IaCTOTa 2-n rapMoHHKll
% 'IaCTOTa 3-n rapMoHHKH i
% aMnnHTYa l-n rapMoHHKll
% aMnJIllTya 2-n rapMoHHKH
% aMTInHTYa 3-n rapMoHHKH
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Nfft = 1024; i., J I % pa3MepHOCTb En<1J d T Off:$:O
X3 = (l/Nfft) * fftshift(fft(y3,Nfft»; % BNqRCneHRe En<1J
f = « -Nfft/2) : (Nfft/2) -1) /Nfft*fs; So % qaCTOTHaJI mKaJIa -- (') I
% rrOCTpOel!Re rpa4>RKa OCURJIJIOrpaMMb! \ " , \1 _, I(
o 9 ) ", +-'/1 /1';
figure(1); I . _ .
subplot(3,2,[1 2]); plot(t,s3,'b-','LineWidth',2); grid on; 
title('ocURJIJIorpaMMa s_{3}(t)'); xlim([O 0.03]);
xlabel('BpeMH (c)'); ylabel('aMrrJIRTya'); 
% rrocTpoeHHe rpa4>HKa YCTopoHHero crreKTpa
subplot(3,2,3); stem(f,abs(X3),'r','LineWidth',2); grid on;
title('ycToPoHHRM crreKTp S_{3}(f)'); axis([-400 400 0 6]); ,.()
xlabel('qacToTa (fU)'); ylabel('aMrrJIHTya');
% rrocTpoeHHe rpa4>RKa 4>a30Boro crreKTpa I!oq'"''''f' q'£rT aN'1/. .lP\.f3 "1"1
subplot(3,2,4); stem(f,rem(angle(X3),pi),'k','LineWidth',2); grid on; ,0 Ol 
title('4>a30BNM cneKTp S_{3}(f)'); axis([O 400 0 pi]);. 1
xlabel('qacToTa (fU)'); ylabel('4>a3a (pa,n;)'); \ « '+ j T !i.\!
% rrocTpoeHRe BeeCTBeHHOM R MHRMOH qaCTeM cneKTpa
i = find(abs(X3) > 0.01); % ReKCN cecTBeHHNx KOMrrOHeHT
subplot(3,2,5); stem(f(i),real(X3(i»,'g','LineWidth',3); grid on;
title('BeecTBeHHaJI qaCTb cneKTpa S_{3}(f)'); axis([-400 400 -6 6]);
xlabel('qacToTa (fu)'); ylabel('aMnnRTYa'); v r \
subplot(3,2,6); stem(f(i),imag(X3(i»,'c','LineWidth',3); grid on;
title('MHRMaJI qaCTb crreKTpa S_{3}(f)'); axis([-400 400 -6 6]);
xlabel('qaq:o::J;a (fu)'); ylabel('aMnJIHTya'); j} I' 'It. '
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clear all; clc; t
% !1HHlJ,HaJIH3aIJ;H5I rrapaMeTPQB
fs = 10240;
T _max = 1;
t = (0:1/fs;(T_max-1/fs));
f1 100;
f2 200;
f3 300;
A1 10;
A2 1;
A3 4;
% cYMMapHMH CHrHaJI
s3 = A1*cos(2*pi*f1*t+pi/4) + A2*cos(2*pi*f2*t+pi/6) + A3*cos(2*pi*f3*t);
% OpMHpOBaHHe HMrrynbca n5I KOppeKTHOcT» oTo6peHH5I a30Boro crreKTpa
'::
% qaCTOTa AHCKpeTH3aIJ;HH
% BpeM5I MoenHpOBaHH5I
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% qaCTOTa 2-H rapMoHHKH
% qaCTOTa 3-R rapMoHHKH
% aMrrnHTya 1-R rapMoHHKH
% aMrrnHTya 2-R rapMoHHKH
% aMrrnHTya 3-R rapMoHHKH
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r = zeros(1,length(s3));
r(l) = 0.01; y3 = s3 + r;
% oeHKa En c rrpHMoyronbHM QKEQM
T'"
Nfft = 1024; % pasMepHocTb En
X3 = (l/Nfft) * fftshift(fft(y3,Nfft)); % BHCJIeHHe En
f = «-Nfft/2):(Nfft/2)-1)/Nfft*fs; % aCTOTHaa mKana ft.
% rrocTpoeHHe rpaHKa oCHnnorpaMMbI "
figure (1) ; 1 l-f)"I't\!'!(» 01 - (
subplot(3,2,[1 2]); plot(t,s3,'b-','LineWidth',2); grid on;
title('ocHJInorpaMMa s_{3}(t)'); xlim([O 0.03]);
xlabel('BpeMH (c),); ylabel('aMrrnHTya');
% rrocTpoeHHe rpaHKa BYCTopoHHero crreKTpa
subplot(3,2,3); stem(f,abs(X3),'r','LineWidth',2); grid on;
title('BycTOPOHHHH crreKTp S_{3}(f)'); axis([-400 400 0 6]);
xlabel('acToTa (r)'); ylabel('aMrrJIHTya'); \ ,
% rrocTpoeHHe rpaHKa a30Boro crreKTpa . \./
g = rem(angle(X3),pi);
subplot(3,2,4); stem(f,g,'k','LineWidth',2); grid on;
title('asoBH crreKTp S_{3}(f)'); axis([O 400 0 pi]);
xlabel('acToTa (r)'); ylabel('a3a (p)');
% rrocTpoeHHe BeecTBeHHoH H MEHMOH acTeH crreKTpa
i = find(abs(X3) > 0.01); % HHeKC cyecTBeHHx KOMrrOHeHT
subplot(3,2,5); stem(f(i),real(X3(i)),'g','LineWidth',3); grid on;
title('BeecTBeHHaa aCTb crreKTpa S_{3}(f)'); axis([-400 400 -6 6]);
xlabel('acToTa (r)'); ylabel('aMrrnHTya'); i
sUbplot(3,2,6); stem(f(i),imag(X3(i)),'c' , 'LineWidth' ,3); grid on;
title('MHHMaa aCTb crreKTpa S_{3}(f)'); axis([-400 400 -6 6]);
xlabel('acToTa (r)'); ylabel('aMrrnHTYa');
MCnOJ\.b3Y5l (4.30), BblpaJKeHHe (4.33) MOJKHO npeACTaBHTb B BHAe
S3(t) = 5(ej(27rlOOt+7r/4) + e-j(27rlOOt+7r/4)) + 0,5(ej(27r2oot+7r/6) + e- j (27r200t+7r/6)) +
+ 2(ej27r30ot + e-j21f30ot) = 5e321flOotej7r/4 + 5e-j21flOote-j1f/4 + 0,5e321f2ootej1f/6 +
+ 0,5e-j21f2oote-j1f/6 + 2e327r300t + 2e-j21f30ot. (4.34)
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+5(cos(7r /4) - j sin(7r /4))e-j27rlOot+0,5(cos(7r /6)  j sin(7r /6))e-j21f2oot+2e-j21f30ot =
= 5(1/J2 + jl/J2)e321flOot + 0,5( -/3/2 + jl/2)e321f2oot +P2ej21f30ot+ '.,,3 E9
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= [ e321f100t+ J3 e327r2oot+2e327r300t ] + [ e-j21rlOO . t+ J3 e-j27r2oot+ 2e-j27r30ot ] +
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12. Ao6aBHTb B MOAeJl.b 6.11.0K Error Rate Calculation H3 6H6.11.HOTeKH Communi-
cations Toolbox/Comm Sinks (pHC. 4.36).
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Poco 4.36. BJl.oK Error Rate Calculation H3 6H6.11.HOTeKH Communications
II Toolbox/Comm Sinks AO}> s: .n'!lw.o A 01
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13. Ao6aBHTb B MOAeJl.b ABa 6.11.0Ka Display H3 6H6.11.HOTeKR Simulink/Sinks
(pRC. 4.37). '" ..
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4.3. npaKTlI'ieCKOe 3aH5ITlIe. MOAY.lllIpOBaHHbIe ClIrHa.llbI 1I cneKTpbI
91
14. Ao6aBHTb B MOAeJ\.b 6J\.OK Constellation Diagram H3 6H6J\.HoTeKH Communi-
cation ToolboxjComm Sinks (pHC. 4.38).
== S,mulink Library Browser
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> AudioSystemTOOIbox
) Automate<! DriVing Sysrem TOOIbox:1
v Communications Toolbox F
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NCC
PHC. 4.38. BJ\.oK Copstellatiop Diagram H3 6H6J\.HoTeKH Communication Tool-
box/Comm Sinks
15. Ao6aBHTb B MOAeJ\.b IIHTb 6J\.OKOB Spectrum Analyzer H3 6H6J\.HoTeKH DSP
System Toolbox/Sinks (pHC. 4.39).
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16. I1HHIJ;HaJ\.H3HpoBaTb IIapaMeTpbl MOAeJ\.H CKpHIITOM 4.4 B pa3AeJ\.e Pre-
LoadFcn MeHIO Callbacks (pHC. 4.40).
CKpHnT 4.4. MHJiJlQIaJIH3aqHH napaMeTpoB Mo,n;eJIH HJIJIIOCTpaqHH KOMneHcau;HH
qaCTOTHoro C,n;BHI'a npH KBa,LI;paTYPHoii MO,n;YJIHIJ;HH/ ,n;eMo,D;yJIHIJ;HH
% pr434setup; % CKpHITT HHHHarrH3HM rrapaMeTpOB
clear all; cIc;
fc = 10e6; % HecYaH aCTOTa (r)
rsym = 1e6; % CHMBOnbHaH CKOpOCTb (CHMB/C)
nsamp = 50; % Hcno McKpeToB Ha CHMBon
M = 4; % pa3MepHocTb KAM
hMod = comm.RectanguIarQAMModuIator(M); % 06ceKT MoynRTopa
fs = rsym * nsamp; % aCTOTa HcKpeTH3HH (r)
nsym = 8; % nHHa HnbTpa B CHMBonax
beta = 0.2; % K03ppHHeHT crnaxuBaHHH
EbNO =30; % OTHoweHHe 3HeprHM 6HTa K CnM wYMa (E)
% OeHKa MOHOCTH CHrHarra ITocne RnbTpHH H MoynRHM
sigpower = sum(abs(constellation(hMod».2)/M/nsamp;
% OeHKa aClli ITOnOCOBoro pa,n;HocHrHarra
% K03ppHHeHT 10*log10(2) YHTMBaeT YMeHbweHHe MOHOCTH BeeCTBeHHoro
% ITOnOCOBoro pa,n;HocHrHarra ITO CpaBHeHMID C MOHOCTbro KOMITneKCHOH orH6aroeH
SN = EbNO + 10*log10(log2(M)/nsamp) + 10*log10(2);
17. CoeAHHHTb 6J\.OKH MOAeJ\.H corJ\.aCHO cxeMe Ha pHC. 4.24.
18. YCTaHOBJITb IIapaMeTpbI 6J\.oKa Bernoulli Binary Generator (pHC. 4.41).
!)jsplay

92
Tn" ""SIT':; 'R "
4. KOMIIJ1eKCHbIe CHI'HaJ1bI H cIIeKTpbI
q' ':is''''
1ft mIl 0.) Ii
C'M'
 MPlOpe<tI.., pr434 1 fIcr:t£II:t2no8 01' a dJ\.9
......--.-,.
Main Callbadcs HIstoty DescrIption Data
Model callbacks I Model pre-Ioad function:
. I N
pr434setup; ... CXpMl1T MH"Ja'I''''
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X'l8
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f '-- Properties/Callbacks ..-.
to/O
d(l &:?iSTOliJl) b F
 Sloclc. Parameters. Bernoulli Binary Generator
,,
x
"",..F'\"P
Bemoulh Binary Generator of'
Generate nmdom BemouOl distributed binary numbelS.
SOurce code 'll 0' \.
+,
l.OA8 .u t. ")uq
Parameters
Au
;t
r'
Probability of zero 10.5 1m ! tt, dTBt1
."..__...-.--<"".,. 18 \ ou 0
SOurce of Initial seed: AulD ., \ > .">'. .
-; ---'""",:'".."",'- """""
SatY¥>ie time: (M) 1[1
Samples per frame: 2(M) I
output data type: '--"-_....-._.-
..........
"'T-."""'"'--
SImulate using: Interpreted execution . -_..>i,. ,
___L ; "]
PlfC. 4.41. TIapaMeTPbl 6hoKa Bernoulli Binary Generator
19. YCTaHoBHTb napaMeTpbI 6hoKa Rectangular QAM Modulator Baseband
(pHe. 4.42).
&L...k 0 T UA< {UoJlA ::u. .t- J\..8 Of
EiJ Block Parameters: Rectangular QAM ModulatOf Baseband X
8't<r Af:.£ c! Rectangular QAM Modulator: . . (mas1<)(IInk) e/T. "'" ","T "...I
Modulate the input signal USIng the rectangular quadrature amplitude A :)
modulation method.
If'!
n-
{

'iJbfiOJ
) };;' X'-' l
This block accepts a scalar or column ved:nr Input signal.
r 'm >'1
The Input signal can be either bits or Integers. When you set the 'Input type'
parameter to 'BIt'. the Input width must be an Integer multiple of the number
of bits per symbol.
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1.;:+
R'T 0 n 'r T')AP
qll 8 't
')1
.",
(
I Main Data ' >
ir Parameters ----r-
I! M-ary number: I t<4
 Input type: BIt
I >
it ' > . ordering: 'Gray
.JI
t--::: -----
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( PlfC. 4.42. llapaMeTpbl 6hOKa Rectangular QAM Modulator Baseband I

4.3. npaKTIf'IeCKOe 3aHJITIfe. MOAY.lI.IfpOBaHHbIe CIfrHa.ll.bI If CIIeKTpbI
93
20. YCTaHoBRTb napaMeTpbl 6.1\.OKa Raised Cosine Transmit Filter (pRC. 4.43).
x
-
 Block Parameters: Raised Cosme Transmit Fitter
Raised COsIne Transmit Filter (mask) (link)
Upsample and filter the Input signa! using a normal or square root raised
cosine fIR filter,
MaIn Data T j'-
Filter shape: .. root
RoIIotf factDr: [ beta
Filter span in symbols: I nsym
I
Output samples per symbol:  p
Unear amplitude fil1Er gain 1 1
!Input processing: Elements as channels
I Rate options: '''' nnUfttl1ite
Ii (:21 Export filter ,. . 10 workspace
; . . variable name: I rcTxFilt
I
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1 m I
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PRC. 4.43. IIapaMeTpbI 6.1\.OKa Raised Cosine Transmit Filter
21. YCTaHoBRTb napaMeTpbl 6.1\.OKa Sine Wave (exp(j2pifc)) (pRC. 4.44).
22. YCTaHoBRTb napaMeTpbI 6.1\.OKa AWGN Channel (pRC. 4.45). 
OJ Block P...m...... eop(j2ptfcj
Sine Wave (mask) cr"k)
Output samples of a sinusoid TO!J'!f1'n1e more than one sinusOid
, ent., a vector of values fOlIl1e AmpUtude, Frequency
and Phase _ parill11£lerS.
MaIn Da ta Types }
AmplItude: 11 !ill
Frequenty (Hz): If< I I!!
Phase_(rad): 10 l ill
Sample mode' DiscreIe
OUtput complexity,
ComputatIon method. Trigonometric ft:11
sample time. I l/fs
samples per frame. 1 1
_ng states when re-enabIed' [Restart at time zero
L_ ;r-"" --' w.'___.">'W.
 ("" Cancell [ Help
PRC. 4.44. IIapaMeTpbI 6.1\.OKa Si 
Wave (exp(j2pifc))
x
IS1 Block Parameters:: AWGN Channel
x
I
AWGN OIannei (mask) (link)
Add white GaussIan noise 10 the Input signa!. The Input signa! can be real or
c:ompIex This block supports multiChannel processing
l
. When using etther of the valiance modes with complex inputs, the varJance
values are equally divided among the real and imaginary components of the
Input signal. . I
Parameters
f >
InltJal seed 1 61
10
I
".....?"-...,...,..-,---".....,.."O'!",.,--...,..,.........-,,,",,,
Mode: Slgna!.!?noIse ratio (SNR) "'x,,', i .
SNR(dB)
ISNR  J
Input signal power. referen<:ed to 1 ohm (watt$) Isrgpower If i)
I1!J f
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PRc.4.45. fIapaMeTpbI 6.1\.OKa AWGN
Channel
23. YCTaHOBHTb napaMeTpbI 6.1\.OKa Sie Wave (exp(-j2pifc)) (pRC. 4.46).
24. YCTaHoBRTb napaMeTpbI 6.1\.OKa Sine Wave (PhasefFreq Corerection)
(pRC. 4.47). . u · 8!..

94
1i 1d1'
rn:) SkI
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Ej 810<kParamet.." exp(-j2pifc)
Sloe Wave (mask) (<<ok)
OUtput samples of a Sin
. ente,.
OUtput complexity:
. Computat!Qn method:
i
Sample time:
J Samples pI!T trame:
, I
Resetting states when rl!"l!1\llbled: 'Restrtat!l\1\e
PIIC. 4.46. napaMeTpbl 6J1.0Ka Sine
Wave (exp(-j2pifc))
4. KOMlIl1eKCHbIe CIfrHa.llbI If cneKTpbI
fil" Block Parameters: PhBsFreqvency Corf:rectton
x
Main
: Amplitude;
Pile. 4.47. napaMeTpbl 6J1.0Ka Sine
Wave (Phase/Frequency Corerection)
25. YCTaHoBHTb napaMeTpbI 6J1.0Ka Digital Filter Design (pHC. 4.48).
"T-" j i j i -J iJ'i t-  t"l
Iii Block Parameters: DIgital Filter DesIgn 0
...
<f
> .f.:) Pile. 4.48. napaMeTpbl 6J1.0Ka Digital Filter Design "IC ,Ll':)\{. t.:,.
(nod 'n!o:) JYn''1\;illi [q)  II (>J q . II J'"v. <'
26. YCTaHoBHTb napaMeTpbI 6AoKa Raised Cosine Receive Filter (pHC. 4.49). q)

4.3. llpaKTHTieCKOe 3aH5ITHe. MOAY.lI.HpOBaHHbIe CHrHa.ll.bI If crreKTpbI
95
 Block Parameters: Rafsed Cfslne ReceIVe Fitter
Raised CosIne Receive filter (mask) (link)
filter the Input, and, If se. downsample. using a normal or square root
raised cosine FIR filter.
r?
-l'r't
x
ao
'I'N e
t Main Data Types
I Parameters' -.,,---,.---
,; filter shape. Square root
I; RoIIoff factor: I beta
j filter span In symbols: I nsym
"
f Input samples per symbol: I nsamp
jl
! DecimatJon factor: r;;;;p
-------:ll l ..
1 0 i
1 0 I '
lID
1 01
: 1
II
Rate opIIons: !ow  '"
I I . : 0 .. ,,::---. -_ ':''':''';:''' j
. =_".. >... _.. ,.,.....JJ.,.-..o _ ,. :;:.:J
!, DedmatJon offset: 1 0
! ",.
1 Unear amplitude filter gain: 1 1
Input processing:
> . as channels
, . based
;:I
-,' "
OK I r cancel I r" Help 
PRc.4.49. TIapaMeTpbI 6.11.0Ka Raised Cosine Receive Filter
11-
I
27. YCTaHoBHTb napaMeTpbl 6J\.oKa Rectangular QAM Demodulator Baseband
(pHC. 4.50).
 Block Parameters: Rectangular QAM Demodulator Ba.eband
x
,- .
QAM . : > . . (mask) (link)
the Input signal using the rectangular' .
amplitude modulation method
This block accepts a scalar or co1urm vector Input s19nal.
When you set the 'Output type' parameter to 'Integer'. the block always performs Hard dedslon ulatlon
When you set the 'output type' parameter to 'BIt', the output width Is an Integer mu1tlple of the number of bits per symbol. In
this case. the 'DecIsion type' parameter allows you 10 select 'Hard decIsiOn' demodulation. 'log.llkellhood ratio' or 'Approximate
Iog-hkellhood ratio'. The output values for " . . ., ratio and Approximate Iog-likellhood ratio dedslOn types are of the same
data type as the input values.
I ; + .,.> .".-,... '","
i Main '. Data:rYP'\S .
 ''''., l1li ..... ,,"
I Par.tmeters >---
j!
ji M-ary number: I fo'j
I I
! outputtype: ,Bit. .
".......'"'"
1m
![
140
I Decision type. Hard decision
!
Constellation ordet1ng. Gray
! NormaliZation method: r Min. d!Sb'nce between symboIs'---'>-
Minimum distance rz-
Phase offset (rad): 
1jI . - ....----
--
'.'I , ,.,t"'."i. -/"c_"'"'f'" "".'.' -,...."'C"."
I'
'" f'
1 0
1 m
'ID
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cancel
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Poco 4.50. TIapaMeTpbl 6.11.0Ka Rectangular QAM-DemQ_dulator Baseband Jcpt

96
e' "I1J' R 1-" 619 >, 9td.
4. KOMII.l1eKCHbIe CHI'Ha.l1bI H CIIeKTpbI
28. YCTaHOBMTb napaMeTpbI 6.1\.OKa Buffer (pMC. 4.51).
 Btock Parameters: Buffer
x
PRc.4.51. napaMeTpbl 6.1\.oKa Buffer
29. YCTaHoBMTb 3epJKKYB 6.1\.OKe Error Rate Calculation (pMC. 4.52).
1
 Block Parameters: Error Rate:
i'"'

:1
compute the error rate of the ret;l!ived data by comparing It to a delayed
version of the transmitted data. Th1! block output Is a three-element vector
c::onsisting of the error rate, foHowed by the number of errors detected and
1'he total number of \K1k pared. ThIs vector
e OJall'O
6'1':)\1' ':
rf aq)
Patameters
T
',-
Pu:C. 4.52. 3C1AepJKKa B 6.1\.OKe Error Rate Calculation
30. BbmO.1\.HMTb MOAe.1\.MpOBaHMe M y6eAMTbcH B KoppeKTHocTM cneKTpoB CMI'Ha-
.1\.OB: a) KOMn.1\.eKCHbIH MHcpopMan;MOHHbIH Hq CMI'HaJI. Ha HY.1\.eBOH "laCTOTe; 6) KOM-
n.1\.eKCHbIH MOAY.1\.MPOBaHHbIH CMI'Ha.ll. Ha Hecym;eH "laCTOTe; B) Bem;eCTBeHHbIH MO-
AY.lI.MpOBaHHbIH CMI'Ha.ll. Ha Hecym;eH "laCTOTe; I') KO¥II.lI.eKCHbIH AeMOAY.1\.HpOBaHHbIH
CMI'HaJI. noc.lI.e nOHMJKarom;eI'O npeo6pa30BaHMH "laCTOTbl; A) KOMn.ll.eKCHbIH AeMoAY-
J\.MpoBaHHbIH CMI'HaJ\. Ha BbIXOAe 4>Hq (PHC. 4.53). 

97
4.3. llpaKTHQeCKOe 3aH5ITHe. MOAY.lI.HpOBaHHbIe CHI'Ha.lI.bI H cneKTpbI
 a) ICOMnlle.ICOtbIM H4 CHrHilll
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10
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20
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PIIC. 4.53. CneKTpbI CHI'HaJl.OJ3 npR KBaAPaTypHoH MOAYJl.IDJ;RR R AeMoAYJl.5ID;RR

31. YCTaHOJ3RTb rrapaMeTpbI 6J\.OKa Cou.-
stellation Diagram (pRC_ 4.54).
en 32. BbIllOJ\.HRTb MOAeJ\.RpOJ3aHRe R y6eARTb-
C51 J3 KoppeKTHoM oTo6pa)KeHRR q,a30J30rO rropT-
peTa rrpRHRMaeMoro CRrHaJ\.a (pRC. 4.55,a).
3.3. ;e13ecTR q,a30J3bIH CAJ3Rr J3 6J\.oKe Phase/
Frequency Offset (pRC. 4.56).  M !to rI
34b1IlQJ\H';I'kMoAeJ\.Rp0J3aHRe R y6eARTb-
C51 J3 HaJ\.R'iHR rr0J30pOTa CRrHaJ\.bHoro C03J3e3AR5I
Ha q,a30J3Jilli CAJ3HI' (PIiC. 4.55,6). RII.,IS, 
.,. Visuals - (onstellatlon Properties; (onstellatlon Dla. . X
t Main Display Reference constellation ''''"J):1",
'J. -:J-I F
I
I
"I 
!i
Samples per symbol: 1 1
. Offset (samples) 1 0
Symbols to display 1 200
" A
, I OK
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..
PIIC. 4.54. IIapaMeTpbI 6J1.0-
Ka Constellation Diagram
AH L, ...tsoq I
00

98
-r H. 'I.lJI.f.H'ULj 't'Ii!-tlf 4. KOMIIJ1eKCHbIe CHI'HaJlbI H cIIeKTpbt
iii Constellation D"'9"'"
I
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F
<1>a30Bbli!: nopTpeT npmIHMaeMOro CHrHa.ha B OKHe Constellation Diagram:
a - KoppeKTHblR, 6e3 nOBopOTa; 6 - nOBepHYTblR Ha 45°
r -
f
I5J Block P.r.",",ers: Phose/Frequency Offset X
1
PRC. 4.55.
b
::r
Phase/Frequency orket (mask) (Hnk)
Apply a frequency and phase offi;et to the Input signal
Parameters
l'
!)\'"  " r Lli  '
,. __1-___
!\
Phase offset (<leg).
145 -
o frequency offset from port
q
) fr equency offset (Hz)
fO
J
. --- ]
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PRc.4.56. l1HH:O;Ha.hH3a:O;H$'I cpa30BOrO CABHra B 6.hOKe Phase/Frequency Offset
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Frequency Corerection) C.heA'jeT BBeCTH 3HaqeHHe cpa30Boro CABHra C npoTHBono-
.hOJKHbIM 3HaKOM (pHC. 4.57)." \...-.J
36. BbIIIO.hID!Tb MOAe.hHpOBclliHe H y6eAHTbC$'I B KoppeKTHoM oTo6paJKeHHH cPa-
30Boro nopTpeTa npHHHMaeMoro CHrHa.ha (CM. pHC. 4.55).
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37. TIOBTOpHTb nn. 33-36 M$'I ou;eHKH B.hH$'IHH$'I qaCTOTHoro CABHra: BBec-
TH qaCTOTHbIR CABHr B 6.hOKe Phase/Frequency Offset; BbIIIOAID!Tb MOAeAHpOBa-
HHe H y6eAHTbc5I B HaJillqHH 3cPcpeKTa Bpam;eHH5I CHrHaJ\.bHoro C03Be3AH5I co CKO-
pOCTblO qaCTOTJiOrO CABHra; M5I KOMneHcaU;HH qaCTOTHoro CABHra B 6AOKe Sine
Wave (Phase/Frequency Corerection) BBeCTH 3HaqeHHe qaCTOTHoro CABHra C npo-
THBOnO.hOJKHbIM HaKQM. >:)wq) 
38. Ou;eHHTb 3epJKKY, BHOCHMYro 3.heMeHTaMH HMHTaqHOHHOH MOAeAH; 3a-
AepJKICa onpeAeA5IeTCn aBTOMaTHqeCKH 6AOKOM Find Delay H YCTaHaB.hHBaeTC5I B
6.hOKe Error Rate Calcultion 51 KoppeKTHoH ou;eHKH Bep05lTHOCTH 6HTOBbIX omH-
60K (CM. pHC. 4.52). OJ ,  «
39. TIpoBecTH MOAeAHpOBaHHe AJI.5I 3aAaHHoro AHana30Ha OTHomeHHH EbN H

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40. 113MeJiHTb pa3MepHocTb CHrHa.l10B KAM H ITOBTOpHTb MOAe.l1HpOBaHHe ITO
IT. 39. CpaBHHTb ITO.l1Y'leHHbIe pe3Y.l1bTaTbI C H3BeCTHbIMH TeOpeTH'leCKHMH.
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Sine Wave (mask)(link)  v > ;1".
Output samples of a sinusoid. To generate more than one slnU50ld
simultaneously, enter a vector of values for the Amplitude, Frequency. and
Phase offset pariUlleters.
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Amplitude r 1
F requency (Hz) 
ase offset (rad) : 1';/4
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AMnJl.HTYAHM MOAYJl.5i5i AM (Amplitude Modulation) nepeHOCHT HHcpopMa-
IJ;HOHHbIH CHrHaJl. Ha HecYIl\YIO qaCTOTY, B pe3YJl.bTaTe qero nOJl.yqaeTC5i PMHOCHrHaJl.
AM-DSB (Double Sideband) C ABYCTOPOHHHM cneKTpoM, CHMMeTpHqHbIM OTHOCH-
TeJl.bHO HecYIl\eH qaCTOTbI. Pa3J1.HqaIOT AM C nepeAaqeH AM-DSB-TC (Transmitted
Carrier) H nOAaBJl.eImeM AM-DSB-SC (Suppressed Carrier) HecYIl\eH qaCTOTbI, a
TaKJKe OAHOnOJl.OCHYIO aMnJl.HTYAHYIO MOAYJl.5iIJ;HIO C nOAaBJl.eHHOH 60KOBOH nOJl.OCOH
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HH4JOpMOHm.rH OJ1YnHpOBIlliHhUI
Ht c'W}a;&, se(t) 1;" an qaeTC5i nepeMHOJKeHHeM HH<popMaIJ;HOHHOro CHr-
HecyIIllIII !>!' [ q,aJl.a Si(t) Ha caJ\.HecYIl\eH (t) (pHC5.1):
Pnc.5.1. CTPYKTYPHM cxe- N I'jfA)I 0) Sam-dsbsc(t)::;= Si(t)Se(t). I (5.1)
Ma AM c nOAaBJl.eHHOH T ",8, ." 1\ '>0 l' 31".) n
HeCYlr.\eH (AM-DSB-SC) PaCCMOTpHM'MOAYJl.5iIJ;HIO AM-DSB-SC Ha
npHMepe rapMOHHqeCKOrO HH<pOpMaIJ;HOHHOrO
CHrHaJl.a Si (t) C aMnJl.HTYAOH Ai H qaCTOTOH Ii:
Si(t) = Ai COS(21T fit) = Ai COS(Wi t ),
(5.2)
rAe Wi = 21T fi' CHrHaJl. JieCYIl\eH C aMnJl.HTyAoH Ae H qaCTOTOH fe
Se(t) = Aecos(21Tfet) = Aecos(wet).
(5.3)
MOAYJl.HpOBaHHbIH CHrHaJl. Sam-dsb-sc (t) onpeAeJl.5ieTC5i BbIpaJKeHHeM
Sam-dsb-sc(t) = A cos(wit)Ae COS(Wet). (5.4)
ITo cpopMYJ\.e cos(A) cos(B) = O,5[cos(A - B) + cos(A + B)] H3 (5.4)
Sam-dsb-sc(t) = AAe (COS(W e - Wi)t + COS(W e + Wi)t). (5.5)
TaKHM 06pa30M, B cJl.yqae rapMOHHqeCKOrO HHcpopMaOHHoro CHrHaJ\.a cneKTp
MOAYJl.HpOBaHHoro CHrHaJ\.a AM-DSB-SC COAepJKHT ABe COCTaBJl.5iIOIl\He Ha qaCToTax
(fe - Ii) H (fe + Ii) (CM. HHJKe pHC. 5.3).
B cJl.yqae HH3KOqaCTOTHoro (Hq) HH<pOpMaIJ;HOHHOro CHrHaJ\.a Si(t) C mHpHHoH
nOJl.OCbI fb fIJ; MOAYJl.HpOBaHHbIH CHrHaJl. AM-DSB-SC 6YAeT HMeTb mHpHHY 2fb fIJ; H
cOAepJKaTb BepxHIOIO H HHJKHIOIO 6oKoBble nOJl.OCbI, pacnOJl.OJKeHHble cHMMeTpHqHO
OTHOCHTeJl.bHO HecYIl\eH qaCTOTbI fe.

5.1. llpaKTH'ieCKOe 3aHJITHe. AMlIAHTYAHaH MOAYAHHH
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101
PaCCMOTpHM MOAYJU1lJ;HIO AM-DSB-SC Ha TIpHMepe Hq HHcPopMalJ;HOHHOro CHr-
HaJ\.a Si(t), COCT08ro;ero H3 CYMMbl 'ieTblpex rapMOHH'ieCKHX CHrHaJ\.OB: .
Si(t) = Ail cos(21f filt) + A i2 cos(21f Ji2t) + A i3 cos(21f fi3 t ) + A i4 cos(21f Ji4t). (5.6)
MOAYpOBaHHbIH CHrHaJ\. Sam-dsb-sc (t) QupeAeJ\.He'!5H BblpaJKeHHeM
Sam-dsb-sc(t) = [Ail cos(21f Jilt) + A i2 cos(21f fi2 t ) + A i3 cos(21f Ji3 t ) +
, +Ai4COs(21f.fi4t)]Aecos(wct). (5.7)
TIo IlArHH C (5.5) BblpaJKeHHe (5.7) MOJKHO TIpeACTaBHb CAeAYlOro;HM 06-
pa30M:
Sam-dsb-sc( t) =
== Ai Ae >os( We 'il)t + cos( We + Wil)t) + AiAe ( cos( We - Wi2)t + cos( We + wdt) +
A> A'-'-' -> '" ., A. A
+ z e (cos( We - (.ui3)t + cos( We + Wi3)t) +  e (cos( We - Wi4)t + cos( We + Wi4)t).
(5.8)
TaKHM 06pa30M, B cAyqae Hq CHrHaJ\.a, 06pa30BaHHoro CYMMOH 'ieTblpex rap-
MOH,HK, CTIeF;Tp MOAYAHpOBaHHoro C:0:rHaAa AM-DSB-SC COAepJKHT BoceMb rapMO-
HHK Ha 'iaCToTax, CHMMeTpH'iHbIX OTHOCHTe.l\.bHO Hecyro;eH 'iaCTOTbI fe (CM. HHJKe
pHC. 5,4).
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1. TIOCTpOHTb MOAe.l\.b J3 SimuJink AJ\.H BpeMeHHoro H CTIeKTpa.l\.bHOrO TIpeACTaB-
.l\.eHHH AM C TIOAaB.I\.eHHOH Hecyro;eH AM-DSB-SC (pHe. 5.2).
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103
single. Ai
single. fi
single. ph
k
= 1;, % aMrrEHTya rapMoHHecKoro CllrHana
= 1e3; % aCTOTa rapMoHllecKoro CHrHana
= pi/2; % HaanbHaff a3a rapMoHllecKoro CllrHana
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% 06pa30BaHHOrO
bband1.Ai = 1;
bband1.fi = 1e3;
bband1.ph = pi/2;
Hq HHopMaqHoHHoro CHrHaEa,
CYMMOH eTNpex rapMoHHecKHx CHrHanOB
% aMrrEHTya 1-ro rapMoHHecKoro CllrHaEa
% aCTOTa 1-ro rapMoHHecKoro CHrHana
% HaanbHaff a3a 1-ro rapMoHMecKoro CllrHana
lJ \
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bband2.Ai = 2;
bband2.fi = 2e3;
bband2.ph = pi/2;
% aMrrEHTya 2-ro rapMoHHecKoro CHrHaEa
% aCTOTa 2-ro rapMoHHecKoro CllrHana
% HaanbHaff a3a 2-ro rapMoHllecKoro CHrHana
J.i (' \> 1
aMrrnHTya 3-ro rapMoHHecKoro CllrHana
aCTOTa 3-ro rapMoHHecKoro CllrHana
HaanbHaff a3a 3-ro rapMoHHecKoro CllrHana
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bband3.Ai = 3; %
bband3.fi 3e3; %
bband3.ph = pi/2; %
% rrapaMeTpN Hecymero CllrHaEa &
carrier.Ac = 1; % aMnnllTya Hecymero CllrHana
carrier.fc  20e3; % aCTOTa Hecymero CllrHana £
carrier. ph = pi/2; % HaanbHaff a3a Hecymero CllrHaEa
% aMnEllTya 4-ro rapMoHHecKoro CllrHana j.
% aCTOTa 4-ro rapMoHHecKoro CllrHarra
% HaanbHaff a3a 4-ro rapMoHHecKoro CllrHana
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bband4.fi = 4e3;
bband4.ph = pi/2;
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time_span=3e-3; % mKa BpeMeHll EH oT06peHHH OCllEEOrpaMM
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filter_order=1000; % nopHOK llEbTpa fllEb6epTa (EH MonHllll AM-SSB) ila
3. BbITIOAHHTb MOAeAHpOBaHHe H TIOAY'IHTb OCn;HhJ\.OrpaMMb ,H cueKTPbI CHr-
HaJl.a AM-DSB-SC AMI CAY'Ia5I rapMOHH'IeCKOrO HHcPopMan;HOHHoro CHrHaJl.a (CM.
pHC. 4.3) H M5f. CAY'Ia5f. Hq HHcPOpMaIJ;HOHHOro CHrHMa, o6pa30BaHJIOrO CYMMOi:i
'JeTblpex I'apMOHH'IeCKHX HI'HaJl.OB (4.36) (pHC. 5.4): f 0'r a) 
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s(t) ::;;: cos(21T1000t) + 2cos(21T2000t) + 3cos(21T3000t) + 4cos(21T4000t).
t .i t-
1'13 aHaJl.H3a CTIeKTpOB, TIpeACTaBAeHHbIX Ha pHC. 5.3 H 5.4, cAeAYeT, 'ITO B MO-
AYJl.HpOBaHHoM CHI'HaJl.e AM-DSB-SC OTCYTcTByeT Hecym;a5I, a B OCn;HAJl.OI'paM,¥ax
MOAYAHpoBaHHOI'O CHI'HaAa AM-DSB-SC OTCYTcTByeT oI'H6arorn;a5I HHcP o pMan;I1oH-
Horo CHI'HaJl.a.
5.1.2. AMnJw1TYAHa51 MOAYJl5lLlIll51 (AM-DSB- TC)
i";"
AJl.5f. AeMOAYAJIn;HH CHI'H?l-0B AM-DSB-SC Tpe6yroTC5f. KOI'epeHTHble AeMOAYA5f.-
TOPbl BCJl.eACTBHe OTCYTCTBH5f.' HHcPopMan;HoHHoi:i oI'H6arorn;ei:i (Hecym;ei:i) B MOAYAH-
pOBaHHOM CHrHaJl.e AM-DSB-SC. AJl.bTepHaTHBHbIM cUOC060M aMTIAHTYAHoi:i MOAY-
Jl.5f.n;HH 5IBA5f.eTC5f. aMTIJl.HTYAHa5f. MOAYA5f.n;H5I C TIepeAaHHoi:i Hecyrn;ei:i AM-DSB-TC,
KOI'Aa MOAYAHpoBaHHbli:i CHI'HaJl. Samsl:-tc(t) TIOJl.Y'IaeTC5f. TIepeMHO:>KeHHeM CYMMbI
HHcPopMan;HOHHOI'O CHI'HaJl.a Si(t) H TIOCT05IHHOi:i COCTaBJl.5f.rorn;ei:i Ao Ha CHI'HaJl. Hecy-
m;ei:i sc(t) (pHC. 5.5): J 4¥U'U> " ." 1/ 
, 1" q <if !() t 11'!'}'
Sam-dsb-tc(t) = [Ao + Si(t)]Sc(t).
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(5.9)

104
t,v p';')
T1
5. AMIIJtHTYAHaH MOAYJtHLfHH
8;(t) 8 am -dsb-sc(t) 0 PaccMoTpHM MOAYJl.5IIJ;mo AM-DSB-
HHclJoPMIlIIHOIlHbli1: MOJIYIIHPOBaa!fJ;!1i TC Ha npHMepe rapMoHH"tJecKoro HHcPOp-
CHman CHrHan MaIJ;HOHHOro CHrHaAa (5.2), H CHrHaJl.a
Ao(t) Hecym;eH (5.3), TorAa MOAYAHpOBaHHbIH
Pllc.5.5. CTPYKTYPHM cxeMa AM (AM- CHrHaA Sam-dsb-sc(t) onpeAeJl.5IeTC5IBbIpa-
DSB- TC ) .. '" "'''' 1."1.''' A i
SIn: O"Jj JKeHHeM 1 1: >; J J HJllL- d
Sam-dsb-tc(t) = [Ao + Ai cos(wit)]Aecos(wet). (5.10)
BblpaJKeHHe (5.10) MOJKHO npeAcTaBHTb CJl.eAYIQm;HM o6pa30M:
..ba : iJ_' "'I "1
Sam-dsb-tc(t) = AoAecos(wet) + A i2 A e (COS(W e -.!"Wi)t + COS(W e \+ Wi)t).
C 1rUeTOM HH A eKca :M;QI\1rJl.5ITTHH is -{ ,.
J . r-v' .... .T""
"n.r..u
(5.11)
"' f .Ed"
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C' m = A/Ao .p + ,,,'(£ .. (5.12)
BbIpaJKeHIDI (5.10) H (5.11) MOJKJiO npeACTaBHTb CJl.eAYrom;HM o6pa30M: P;' J cI
'" H:au
Sam-dsJ:>-tc(t) = Ao[l + mcos(wit)]Aecos(wet) = "I  H
= AoAecos(wet) + Aoem (cos(we - wdt + COs(we +'Wi)t). M (5.13)
TaKHM o6pa30M, B cAy-qae rapMoHH"tJecKoro HHcPOpMaIJ;HOHHOro CHI'HaJ\.a cneKTp
MOAYJl.HpOBaHHoro CHrHaJl.a AM-DSB-SC COAepJKHTTpH cneKTpaJl.bHble COCTaBJ\5iro-
m;He Ha "tJaCTOTax (fe- Ii), (fe+ Ii) H Hecym;eH "tJaCTOTe fe. BepxHHe nHKH aMnJl.HTYA
MOAYJl.HpOBaHHoro CHrHaAa BocnpOH3BOA5IT orH6arom;yro HHcPopMaIJ;HOHHOrO CHrHa-
",1'1. -;1.).....A J..l Jill.,\,.
J1.a (CM. HHJKe pHC. 5.7). '.., <;!':HT A ')GF \ 00<1 - 
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SamRF(t) = AoAe cos(wet) + AAe (cos(We - Wi)t + cos(w e + Wi)t). (5.25)
+ 3 W
 IToAcTaBHB (5.25) B (5.24) H HCllOJl.b30BC;:; e- j jWIot ;::: COS(Wlot) - j sin(wlot), no-
.TI.Y"lHM CHrHaJ\. KOMn.TI.eKCHOH orH6aroeH:  
IT
Sbband(t) = SamRF(t)e-jwIot = AoAecos(wet)(COS(Wlot) - j sin(wlot»+
+ AAe (cos(w e - Wi)t + cos(we + Wi)t)(cos(W}ot) - j sin(wlot)).
(5.26)
r-
ITo cos(A) cos(B) = ![cos(A - B) + cos(A + B») H cos(A) sin(B) = ![sin(A +
no
B) - sin(A - B») blpaJKer:He (5.26) MOJKHO npeAc;..b CJI.:M o6o:... n
Sbband(t) = A o2 A e [cos(w e -Wlo)t+ cos(we +WIo)t - j sin(w e +Wlo)t + j sin(wc -Wlo)t)+
A . A MOJUIU"t. [I r- a WHY 61' > ."fj 1
 e » )
+ [coS(We-Wi -Wlo t+coS(We-Wi +Wlo)t+...:-os(Wet.Wi -WIo)t+COS(We+Wi +Wlo t-
-j sin(we-wi+WIo)t+ j sin(we-wi -Wlo)t- j sin(we+wi+WIo)t+ j sin(we+wi -WIo)t).
. r-; (5.27)
IT< · r- I . r- J_ - IM 1c J
ITocJl.e <I>Ht.I nOJl.yqH:M ,.l,...-t q x }+- ,>' I
'J , - JJI' - J .... i\
SRTL-SDR(t) = LP F[Sbbang(t») = AAe [cos(w e - WIo)t + j sin(wc - Wlo)t) +
+ AAe [COS(We-Wi-WIO)t+COS(We+Wi-WIO)t+j sin(we-wi-Wlo)t+j sin(We+Wi-Wlo)t).
 I.'
-____ -- +J 1, .1__ --;- (5.28)
 
BCJl.H qaCTOTa onopHoro CHrHaJ\.a paBHa qaCTOTe Hecym;ero KO.TI.e6aHH5!: We = WI o ,
a <pa30Bble CABHrH MeJK,ny onopHblM H HeCHM CHrHaJ\.aMH OTCYTCTByroT, BblpaJKe-
HHe (5.28) MOJKHO npeAcTaBHTb CJl.eAYJOm;H:M o6pa30M:
Alol In< I
m '11ft AoAe -}- . ;.
 -S'pR(t) =  [cos(O) + J sm(?»)+ __ ')
A A" f"t
+  4 ' e [cos( -wit) + Cos(wt) + j sin( -Wit) + j sin(wit»). 5.29)
!<LfJfN' Y lJ  .t "1
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SJ\ stp(t) = Re[sRTL-SDRJt») =  + [cos( -wit) + COS(Wit»), (5.O)
a MHHMasI (KBCiAPaTYPHasI) COCTaBJl.5!:rom;asI onpeAeeTC5!: BblpaJKeJiHeM 1> (') >IIF
(t.) t \ )'";\<' - r kA  i
Sqp(t) = Im[sRTL-SDR(t)] = jT[sin( -Wit) + j sin(wit»). (5.31)
...t6M S {T } 8<.1 M :> I M
ITpH HaJl.HqHH qaCTOTHoro CABHra WI!. = We - Wl o MeJK,ny onopHbIM H HeCHM

5.2. TIpaKTlrgeCICOe 3aHJITHe. AMlIJl.HTYAHaJI AeMOAYJl.JII{HJI
113
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SRTL-SDR(t) = A0 2 A e [COS(WL',t) + j sin(wL',t)] + \' "JiM!',
+ AAe [COS L',t - Wit  :- O S(WL',t _ Wit) + j sin(wt.t - Wit? + .i n('iL',t +tit2j; (5}2)
'>  't -?-
113 (5.32) CAeAYeT Bem;eCTBeHHa5I (cHHcpa3Ha5.l:) COCTaBJl.5.l:rom;a5I:! '
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(5.33)
a MHHMa5I ( KB aApaTYPHa5I) COCTaBJl.5.l:rom;a5I: %1".4- (;
.r J t ."" 1., :liE-I 'I
Sqp(t) = ImlsRTL-pR(t)] ] j Ao2Ae sin(wL',t),: j AAe [sn(WL',t - Wit) + sin(wL',ttWit)t].
T m (5.,3,4)
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File Tools View Playback Help
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CKpHnT 5.2. ,l];eTeKTHpoBaHHe oI'H6arow;eii: CHI'HaJ1a AM-DSB-TC q
% HHHHanH3HH napaMeTpOB
Fs = 22050; % qaCTOTa HcKpeTH3aHH Fs
numSampIes = 10000; % qHCnO BN6opOK
DownsampIeFactor = 15; % K03HHeHT rrOHHeHHH Fs
frameSize = 10*DownsampIeFactor; % pa3Mep Ka,L\pa
% C03aHHe CHCTeMHoro 06DeKTa dsp.SineWave nH
% TOpMHpoBaHHH BYX rapMOHHqeCKHX CHrHanOB:
% H"LJ TOHanbHoro CHrHana H B"LJ CHTHana HecyeH AM  N A0
sine = dsp.SineWave([0.4 1], [10 200], .. '.. "'. .'
'SampIesPerFrame' ,frameSize, ... ...",»' '.' J,- .j..,
'SampleRate' ,Fs); J .j€ \ QU:15M T r"
% C03aHHe CHCTeMHoro o6DeKTa mr rrepBoro MeToa: l\OM &l'
% 4>H"LJ J1H H"LJ THJ1bTpIrn rrocne B03Be.n;eHHe B KBa,L\paT
Ipl = dsp.FIRFiIter('Numerator',... J
firpm(20,[0 0.030.1 1],[1 100]»;
tiJ Kpos.atUte OfM6atOlq6i tta O(Hoae:
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% H <PWI ,lJ;JI5I. ,lJ;eTeKTHpOBaHH5I. orH6aIOllleH B
N = 60; % nopz,n;oK q,HJIbTpa rHJIb6epTa qA5 UoNU'Un M4HAUJQH t4IdHH -l,'(qsA
hilbertTransformer = dsp.FIRFilter( 'Numerator',...) )lCq"... TN -:lna l>Tq30d1I.N1
-C firpm(N, [0.01 .95], [1 1], 'hilbert'); H8£q MOAl> :'l:) PH F. RJ\.&R RGlIl
delaY=dsp.DeaY('Length',N/2); £P5HH 0 It:)'T'<r Ag JT "1Qsa,,,"A Kl'ITC
Ip2 = dsp. FIRF11 ter ( 'Numerator' , . . . ;' "if''''.'' .. "Y
M firpm(20, [0 0.03 0.1 1], [1 1 0 0]»); X n MeqTd.lUI ils,tU_-s3wIp },{..£ JK
% C03,lJ;aHHe CHCTeMHi>IX 06'beKTOB ocwmorpa<l>oB RS,JIOI.6<hi'IO (S: C TIIN 'I I C ::>Nq)
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% Hero HtJ orHaIOllleH ,lJ;JI5I. MeTO,lJ;a 1 X .... '.1 lJ · > >
scopel = dsp. T1meScope ( ... , 11 · " Co. C*r.r '1f
'NumInputPorts' ,2, ... 1> n 11
'Name','eTeKTHpOBaHHe B03Be,lJ;eHHeM B KBa,n;paT H <PHtJ',
'SampleRate',[Fs,Fs/DownsampleFactor], ...
'TimeDisplayOffset',[(N/2+frameSize)/Fs,0],
'TimeSpanSource','Property',
>. --,-
'TimeSpan',O.45, ...
'YLimits',[-2.52.5]);
pos = scope1.Position; 'I1'fT' 'it
% C03,lJ;aHHe CHCTeMHhlX 06'beKTOB OCHJIJIOrpa<l>oB ,lJ;JIH oTo6paJKeHH5I.
% BXO,lJ;HOrO BtJ pa,n;HocHrHa.na Ii ero HtJ orIi6aIOllleH ,lJ;JIH MeTO,lJ;a 2
scope2 = dsp. TimeScope ( ... n 
'NumInputPorts' ,2, ... t"Y!'- ""t-
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'Name','eTeKTHpOBaHHe npeo6pa30BaHHeM rHJIb6epTa', ... 
'Position'. [pos(1)+pos(3) ,pos(2:4)], ...
'SampleRate', [Fs,Fs/DownsampleFactor], ...
'TimeDisplayOffset', [(N/2+frameSize)/Fs,O] ,
'TimeSpanSource','Property',
'TimeSpan',0.45, ...
'YLimits' , [-2.5 2.5]);
% HKJI o6pa6oTKH 
for i = l:numSamples/frameSize
sig = sineO;
sig = (1 + sig(:,l)) .* sig(:, 2); % AM ff
% . MeTo,lJ; 1: BOBe,lJ;eHH B ?a.r\l'T  HtJ-.!JIbTP  H..1-- >--f y-u.f
S1gSq = 2 * S1g .* s1g; - 
sigenvl = sqrt(lpl(downsample(sigsq,DownsampleFactor))); Dr
% MeTo,lJ; 2: Ha OCHOBe npeo6pa30BaHHH rHJIb6epTa
gCl
sige = abs(complex(O, hilbertTransformer(sig») + delay(sig);
sigenv2 = Ip2(downsample(sige,DownsampleFactor));
% oTo6paJKeHHe BXO,lJ;HOI;:9 BtJ pa,n;Hoc:arHa.na 11 ro HtJ QI'H lIIeii cHl'DfflP'-')
scope1(sig,sigenv1); S:OqT&HSqSlI 1I,Il8 H)1RHN \
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J\.e b H 3HaMeHaTeAe a. TaKJKe AJl.Si BH3YaJl.H3a11;HH A LIX cPHJ\.bTpa CAYJKHT fvtool.
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'IHCAHTeAe b H 3HaMeHaTeAe a. ITpHMep CHHTe3a <1>HLI H cPHAbTpa rHAb6epTa IIpeA-
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CKpHllT 5.3. CHHTe3 <pHJIbTpOB KOMaH)J;oH firpm
% CHHTe3 Hq: firpm(20, [0 0.03 0.1 1], [1 100])
n1 =20; % nopg,n;oK <jJHJIbTpa
f1=[0 0.03 0.1 1]; % mKarra HOpMHpOBaHHX qaCTOT
a1 = [1 1 0 0]; I. % lDKarra HOpMHpOBaHHbIX aMTIJIHTY.n;
b1=firpm(n1,f1.a1); % CHHTe3 (Ko3<jJ<jJHHeHToB) <jJHJIbTpa
[h1,w1]=freqz(b1,l,512); % 3anHCb AqX <jJHJIbTpa
figure(l); subplot(2,l,l); .
plot(f1,a1,w1/pi,abs(h1),'linewidth',2); grid on; I O
legend('earrbHaH AqX','PearrH30BaHHaH AqX'); title('AqX Hq');
xlabel('HopMHpoBaHHaH qaCTOTa (\omega/\pi), pa,n;'); ylabel('AMny.n;a');
%fvtool (b1,1) ;
% CHHTe3 <jJHJIbTpa fHJIb6epTa: firpm(32. [0.1 0.9], [1 1], 'hilbert') q I e 2
U 0/f'( NJ.'D<:.IY (.. \.:
n2=32; 10 nopg,n;OK <jJHJIbTpa
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[h2,w2]=freqz(b2,1,512); % 3anHCb AqX <jJHJIbTpa
figure (1) ; subplot(2,l,2); ..,. . fiAt., '} .
plot (f2, a2, w2/pi, abs (h2) . ' linewidth' ,2); grid on; '1 f' -j" 
legend('H.n;earrbHaH AqX','PearrM30BaHHaH AqX');title('AqX <jJMJIbTpa fHJIb6epTa');
xlabel('HopMHpoBaHHaH qaCTOTa (\omega/\pi), pa,n;'); ylabel('AMnJIHTy.n;a');
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Signal Oper-..s
Sinks

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PIfC. 5.29. B.I\.oK From Multimedia File B 6H6.1\.HOTeKe DSP System ToolboxjSources
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 Block Parameters: From Multimedia Fife
from Multimedia file 4
Reads multimedia fi containing audio, VIdeo, or aydlo and VIdeo data.
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multimedia flies.
For non- Windows platforms, this bled< reads
audio AVI flies, and VIdeo only, mmpressed or
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[E:EJ Deta..___.>.
Parameters ><.. --..---.-
tFtle name' }\dcsdr\audto_sources\musk3_mono48kHz.Wav\ Browse.. ,
1 621 Inherit sample time from file 11 C
1, Number of times to play file:  l ill
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t Samptes per audio channel: 1600 f i
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PIfC. 5.30. YCTaHoBKa rrapaMeTpoB 6.1\.OKa From Multimedia File
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Reads multimedia fi containing audio, video, or audio and video data.
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audio AVI fi, and VIdeo only, or
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Main  Data Types I
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4. YCTaHoBHTb napaMeTpbI cpIiAbTpa FIR Rate Conversion fs = 120 kHz: K03cp-
cpIiD;HeHT IiHTepnoASID;HIi 5, K03cpcpIiD;HeHT AeD;HMaD;IiIi 2, IiHIiD;HaAIi3aD;H5i firpm(50,
[0 15e3 24e3 240e3/2]/(240e3/2), [1 1 0 0], [1,1), 20) (pIiC, 5.32).
I5iI Block Parameters: FIR Rate <>nversion: is= 120 kHz
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"iaCTOTbI AIiCKpeTH3ar.:J;HIi cnrHaJ\.a co 120 KfD; AO 200 KfD; (120x5/3). fIapaMeTpbI
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PRC. 5.33. fIapaMeTpbl <pIiJl.bT}Ja FIR Rate Conversion: fs=200 kHz

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5. YCTaHoBHTb napa:MeTpbI <pHJ\.bTpa FIR Rate Conversion fs=200 kHz: K03cP-
cPHI.J;HeHT HHTepnoJ\.H.u;HH 5, K03<PcPHI.J;HeHT AeI.J;HMaI.J;HH 3, HHHI.J;HaJ\.H3aI.J;HH firpm(lOO,
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Toolbox Support Package for USRP(R) Radio.sAOr tC ( ., I
7. CoeAHHHTb 6J\.OKH B MOAeJ\.H USRP AM-DSB-SC H YCTaHOBHTb peJKHM MO-
AeJ\.HpOBaHHH «Accelerator» (pHC. 5.34).
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1. C03AaTb MOAeJ\.b rrepeAaT"iHKa USRP AM-DSB-TC (pHC. 5.37).
muslc3 mon048kHz wav Audio
A. 48001! Hz. 16 M. mono
x(2n15)
x{3n15)
FIR Rate FIR Rate
Conver91Ot1 Conversion
£,UU'"T£A$J"lI R 1$-120 kHz {/ 19"200 kHz
Plfc.5.37. MOAeJ\.b nepeAaT'iHKa USRP AM-DSB-TC
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Convert.\!Je jnto the data type and scaling of the output
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rtlsdr_gain = 30; % YCRneHHe B E
rtlsdr_fs = 240e3; % aCTOTa HcKpeTH3RR
rtlsdr_ppm = 47; % KoppeHH aCTOTbI B ppm
rtlsdr_frmlen = 256*25; % pa3Mep Kpa aHHNX (KpaTeH 5)
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DOYnsampleFactor = 5; % KOSHqHeHT eqHMHH
rtlsdr_fc = rtlsdr_fc-40e3; % fc c yeToM CHra 40 Kr
rtlsdr_frmtime = rtlsdr_frmlen/rtlsdr_fs; % BpeMH Ka
% cHcTeMHK o6DeKT npHeMHHKa RTL-SDR
obj_rtlsdr = comm.SDRRTLReceiver(...
'CenterFrequency', rtlsdr_fc,...
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'TunerGain', rtlsdr_gain,...
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'SamplesPerFrame', rtlsdr_frmlen,..
'OutputDataType', rtlsdr _datatype, . . .
'FrequencyCorrection', rtlsdr_ppm);
% cHcTeMHK o6DeKT HnbTpa-eHMaTopa
obj_decmtr = dsp.FIRDecimator(...
'DecimationFactor', DOYnsampleFactor,...
'Numerator' , . . .
firpm(100, [0 15e3 20e3 (240e3/2)]/(240e3/2),...
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% o6DeKT aHaJIHSaTOpa crreKTpa MoynHpOBaHHOrO CHrHaJIa
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'Name'. 'H MoynHpOBaHHH AM CHrHaJI Ha rrq'....
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'SpectrumType'. 'Power density'....
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'ShowLegend', true....
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t 'Name'. 'eMoynHpoBaHHwH HHOpMHOHHH CHrHaJI Ha O'....
'Title'.'eMoynHpoBaHHH HHOpMHOHHWH CHrHaJI Ha Oq'....
'SpectrumType'. 'Power density'....
'FrequencySpan'. 'Full'.... 
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scopel = dsp.TimeScope( ...
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rtlsdr_data = obj_rtlsdr(); % rrpHeM a,L\pa aHHWX
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data_bpf = obj_bpf(rtlsdr_data);
% oTo6paxeHHe cneKTpoB MOYJIHpOBaHHOrO 0 JUi.OnJdH
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data_dec = obj_decmtr(env_mag);  :1.- mO  3 A
% cneKTp Hq eMoynHpoBaHHoro CHrHaJIa Ha Oq 8 8
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scopeHreal(data_bpf) .data_dec); "tA9(\V XmIlImrB a ..a j MA OJt.6H'Ul:>
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run_time = run_time + rtlsdr_frmtime; '(;C{H 11'1 qQ'I' JT8 M ESq
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TC B 3TOH nO.l\.oce nO.l\.Y'IH.I\.OCb 6bI pa3MecTHTb TO.l\.bKO ABa Bem;eCTBeHHbIx CHI'Ha.l\.a
C nO.l\.OCOH 5 Kr:u;: OAHH CRrHaJl. 3aIDl.l\. 6bI rro.l\.ocy B 06.1\.aCTH HY.I\.eBOH T.J:aCTOTbI B
AHarra30He OT 0 AO 5 Kr:u;, a BTOpOH CHrHaJI., MO,ny.I\.HpOBaHHbIH Bem;ecTBeHHoH nOA-
Hecym;eH cos(27r Jet) C Jsc = 10 Kr:u;, 3aIDl.l\. 6bI no.l\.ocy OT 5 AO 15 Kr:u;, TaK KaK npH
AM-DSB-TC nO.l\.YT.J:aeTCSI ABe 60KOBbIe nO.l\.OCbI. A,BYCTOPOHHHH cneKTp MY.I\.bTH-
n{l-eKCHpOBaHHoro CHrHaJl.a npeACTaB.I\.eH Ha pHC. 5.76.
npH MO.!l)'JIJll\HH HHcjJOPMoHHoro cHI"Hana CH2 BellleCTBeHHOH nO)J.HeC}'IIIeH 10 nl\
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CH2 H CHI
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J ITpH MY.I\.bTHn.l\.eKCHpOBaHHH CHI H CH2, KorAa CHrHa.l\. CH2 Mo,ny.l\.HpyeTcSI Be-
m;ecTBeHHoH nOAHecym;eH 10 Kr:u;, nO.l\.YT.J:aeTC5I cHMMeTpHT.J:HbIH ABYCTOPOHHHH
cneKTp C 06pa. 'H2 II 06.1\.aCTH OTpH:u;aTe.I\.bHbIX T.J:aCTOT. TScTQnGfl C.'"
EC.I\.H AJl.SI MO,ny.I\.SI:U;HH HHcPopMa:U;HoHHoro CHrHaJl.a CH2 HCnO.l\.b30BaTb KOMn.l\.eK-
CHYIO nOAHecym;yro e:i 2w fc t C Jse = 10 Kr:u;, TO ABYCTOPOHHHH CneKTp MY.I\.Tn.l\.eK-
CHpOBaIIHOrO CHrHa.l\.a OKa'f<eTCSI HeCHMMeTpHT.J:HbIM (pHe. 5.77). QV C 
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C illllpnHoH 10 Kr:u; B IIOJ\.oce OT -15 AO -5 Kr:u;.
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11 Passband edge frequency (HZ): 1 4e3
J, Stopband edge frequency (Hz). 
II Maximum pamand ripple (dB): 1 1
II Minimum stopband -"uatlon (dB): 1 100
II 0 Inherit sample rate from Input
II Input sample rate (Hz): 1 48e3
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6. YCTaHOBHTb napaMeTpbl nOAOCOBblX q,HAbTpOB (Bandpass Filter) (pHC. 5.84).
151 Block Parameters: Bandpass Filter CH2
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: > ... filter
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. Design options
frequency
frequency . ." ___ . _ ' h"'!=
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. . . frequency 2: 164.5e3 -----1 Stopband frequency 2: 1 65e3
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6.1. npaKTlIIl.IeCKOe 3aHTllle. nOcTaHoBKa 3a,[J,al.llll
aBTono,[J,cTpoKIII l.IaCTOTbl
6.1.1. npOI.llCXO>K,QeHllle q,a30Bblx 1.11 ...aCTOTHbIX C,QBlllrOB
PaccMoTpHM nOIDITHe 'iaCTOTHOH CHHXpOHH3an;HH Ha npHMepe PaAHOnpHeMHHKa
RTL-SDR. AJl.5! npHeMa PaAHOCHrHaJl.a Heo6xoAHMO ocym;ecTHTb HaC'I'pOHKY Hecy-
m;eH 'iaCTOTbI fe H mHpHHY nOJl.OCbI npHHHMae:MOrO CHrHaJl.a, onpeAeJl.5!eMYlO Aonyc-
THMOH 'iaCTOTOH AHCKpeTH3an;HH fs (pHC. 6.1). ofJWtJ -J
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OnopHa;! aCTOTa npHeMHHKa He MOJKeT TO'iHO COBnaAaTb C Hecym;eH 'iaCTOTOH
fe npHHH:MaeMOrO PaAHOCHrHaJl.a BCJl.eACTBHe 3cPcPeKTOB npH PPB H HeCTa6HJl.bHOCTH
onopHoro reTepOAHHa npHeMHHKa. CTa6HJl.bHOCTb 'iaCTOTbI onpeAeJl.5!eTOi OTKJl.OHe-
HHeM 'iaCTOTbI reTepOAHHa OT HOMHHaJl.bHOrO 3Ha'ieHH5! H xapaKTepH3yeTC5! OTHome-
HHeM /'o.f / f, rAe /'o.f - BeJl.H'iHHa YXOAa 'iaCTOTbI, f - HOMHHaJl.bHOe 3Ha'ieHHe 'iaCTO-
Tbl. OTKJl.OHeHHe 'iaCTOTbI B ppm H3Mep5!eTOi B 'iaCT5!X MHJV\.HOHHOH 10- 6 (part per
milliQn - ppm) H YKa3bIBaeTC5! B HacTpoHKax RTL-SDR (CM. pHC. 6.1). HanpHMep,
AJl.5! HOMHHaJl.bHOH 'iaCTOTbI f = 10 Mrn; OTKJl.OHeHHe B 1ppm COCTaBJl.5!eT BeJl.H'iH-
HY yxoAa /'o.f = 10 rn;. AJl.5! KO:MneHCaD;HH 'iaCTOTHoro CABHra B nOJl.e Frequency
correction B HacTpoHKax RTL-SDR BBOAHTC5! cooTBeTcTBYIOm;a5! nonpaBKa B ppm.
PaccMoTpHM 5J1.H5!HHe 3<p<peKToB PPB Ha npo6J1.eMY CHHXpoHH3aD;HH. ECJl.H 6bI
PaAHOKaHaJl. He BHOCHJI. 6bI HH 'iaCTOTHbIX, HH cPa30BbIX CABHrOB, MOJKHO 6bIJl.O 6bI
Radio . . . C>;H
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Center frequency (Hz) ; l02.5e6
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sampling rate (Hz). f 25Oe3
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6.1. IIpaKTHTieCKOe 3aHRTHe. IIocTaHoBKa 3aAaTiH aBTonoAcTpoHKH TiaCTOTbI 161
rrpeArrO.1l.0JKl'lTb, 'ITO MeJKf:;;j Teppl'lTOpHa.1l.bHO pa3HeceHHblMH p<lAHorrepeAaT'IHKOM
l'l p8.Al'lOrrpl'leMHln}o eCTb 06m;l'l:H KaHa.1l. cpa30BO:H l'l 'IaCTOTHO:H Cl'lHxpoHl'l3aU;l'lH, KO-
TOpbI:H rr03BO.1l.5IeT l'eHepHpoBaTb oAl'lHaKoBble orropHble KO.1l.e6aHl'l5I Ha rrepeAa'Ie H
rrpl'leMe (pl'lC. 6.2).
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B ..  KaHaJI CHHXpOHH3aItHH
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OAHaKo p<lAH0KaHa.1l. BHOCHT l'l 'IaCTOTHble, l'l cpa30Bble cABHl'H B rrpHHl'lMaeMbI:H
Cl'll'Ha.1l., rr03ToMY rrapaMeTpbl Cl'll'Ha.1l.a orropHoro reTepOAl'lHa rrpl'leMHl'lKa OT.1I.l'l'IaIDT-
C5I OT rrapaMeTpOB rrpHHl'lMaeMOl'O paAHOCl'll'Ha.1l.a.
<Pa30Bble CABl'll'l'l B orropHblX KO.1l.e6aHl'l5IX MOJKJiO 06'bCHHTb HeHY.1I.eBbIM Bpe-
MeHeM pacrrpOCTPaHeHl'l5I paAl'lOBO.1l.H MeJKf:;;j rrepeAaT'Il'lKOM l'l rrpl'leMHl'lKOM, KOTO-
poe 3aBHCHT OT paCCT05IHl'l5I MeJKf:;;j Hl'lMH. TaK, Harrpl'lMep, eC.1I.H rrepeAaT'Il'lK l'l
rrplteMHH!< HerrOABHJKHbI, TO MeJKf:;;j orropHblMl'l KO.1l.e6aHl'l5IMl'l 6YAeT Ha6.11.IDAaTbC5I
rrOCT05IHHbI:H cpa30BbI:H CABl'll' () (pl'lC. 6.3). 'J A
1I1a30BLlH CJIIIHT e
".aJrJ
CHruM n .
(a60HeHTCKOro TepMHHaJIa)
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q
11
'4acToTHbie CABHl'l'l B orropHblx KO.1l.e6aHl'l5IX MOJKHO 06'b5ICHl'lTb rrOCT05IHHO H3-
MeH5IIDm;l'lMl'lC5I cpa30BbIMl'l CABl'll'aMH BC.1I.eACTBl'le OTHOCl'lTe.1l.bHOl'O ABl'lJKeHl'l5I rrepe-
AaT'Il'lKa l'l/l'l.1I.l'l rrpl'leMHl'lKa (3cpcpeKT AorrIT.7l.epa). TaK, Harrpl'lMep, eC.1I.l'l rrepeAaT'Il'lK
(AC) ABl'lraeTC5I HaBCTpe'IY rrpl'leMHl'lKY (BC), 3TO rrpl'lBOAl'lT K rrOBbillIeHl'lID 'IaCTOTbI
rrpHHHMaeMol'O 6a30BO:H CTaHU;He:H Cl'll'Ha.1l.a (pl'lC. 6.4). J 'in Y,F
PaccMoTpl'lM rrpl'lMep paCCTpO:HKl'l rrepeAaT'Il'lKa l'l rrpl'leMHHKa OTHOCl'lTe.1l.bHO
HecYUJ;e:H 'IaCTOTbI fe = 100 MrU; C YXOAOM rro 'lac TOTe Ha 5000 ppm. B pe3Y.1I.b-
TaTe yxoAa 'IaCTOTbl rrepeAaT'Il'lKa BHl'l3 Ha Be.1l.l'l'IHHY ""f = 5000.10- 6 fe, rrO.1l.Y'iaeM
fetx = 995 jy1Tu;, Q" B pe3Y.1I.bTaTe YXOAa 'IaCTOTbi rrpl'leMHl'lKa BBepx Ha TY JKe Be.1l.l'l-
'Il'lHY ""f = 5000. 10- 6 fe, rro.1l.YQaeM ferx :;;:;; 99,5 MrU; OCU;H.7I..7I.Ol'paMMbI orropHblX
nrl'Ha.1l.0B l'eTepOAl'lHa rrepeAa'J"UIKa J1: rrpl'leMHl'lKa C paCCTpO:HKO:H rro 'IaCTOTe rrpeA-
CTaB.1I.eHbl Ha pl'lC. 6.5 (cKpl'lrrT 6.1). JQ;I1'!qorro OT:> HT:>OHc..Am1

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, JJ;BH>KeHIDI AC HaBCTpe'l)' EC, .
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PHc.6.4. npHMep B03HHKHOBeHHfl 'laCTOTHoro CABHrji B HeCTaIJ;HOHapJiOM
\ PCiAHoKaH _ - r'l
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Xl 1.'"' A "'>" ",n V '" 13 Xi
CKPIUI:J: 6.1. OCD;HJIJIOrpaMMbI CHrHaJIOB nepe)J,aT'lHKa H npHeMHHKa C paccTpoii-
Koii no "laCTOTe e \ "'. sJ:P fi::rd 7 .J1 I
clear all; cle;
% MHHHarrH3aqHH napaMeTpOB
stabili ty=5000;
ppm=le-6;
fe=le8;
df=stability*ppm*fe;
ftx = fe-df;
frx = fe+df;
fs = 100*fe;
T_max = le-7;
t = (O:l/fs:(T_max-l/fs))';
stx = sin(2*pi*ftx*t);
srx = sin(2*pi*frx*t);
% noeTpoeHHe roeHnnorpaMM
figure (1) ;
plot(t,stx,'b-','LineWidth',l); hold on;
plot(t,srx,'r-','LineWidth',l); grid on;
title('oeHnnorpaMMM onopHMx enrHanOB reTepoHHoB');
xlabel('BpeMH (e)'); ylabel('aMnnHTya'); , Jd
legend('nepeaTHK', 'npneMHHK'); ,
AJI..5! KOMneHCaIJ;HH 'iaCTOTHbIX H cPa30BbIX CABHrOB B PaAHOnpHeMHHKe peaJl.H-
3yeTC5I npOI.:(eAYPa 'iaCTOTHOH H <pa30BOH CHHxpOHH3aI.:(HH. B cHcTeMax I.:(HcPpOBOH
CBfl3H nOMHMO -qaCTOTHOH H cPa30BOH CHHXpOHH3aI.:(HH HcnoJl.b3yroTC5I npOI.:(eAYpbl
,'i _, :t,J.. 
BpeMeHHoHjcHMBOJl.bHOH CHHXpOHH3CJ,I.:(HH.. ',. '. ,
, 1 -.. !<;1. f ",e Jf
6.1.2. KorepeHTHa III HeKorepeHTHa ,QeMO,QYJlLlIIIIII t .
.. ECJl.H 'iaCTOTa H cPa3a Hecym;eH npHHHMaeMoro PaAHOCHrHMa onpeAeJl.eHbl H
TO'iHO BocnpOH3BOA5ITC5I CHI'HMOM onopHoro reTepoAHHa npHeMHHKa, TO rOBOp5IT
o KOrepeHTHOH AeMOAYJl.5II.:(HH. OAHaKO BCJl.eACTBHe 3<PcPeKTOB npH PPB H HeCTa-
6HJl.bHOCTH 'iaCTOT OnOpHbIX reTepOAHHOB nepeAaT'iHKa H npHeMHHKa rOBOpHTb 0
MO CHTIlaJI nepep;aH na
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% eTa6HnbHoeTb aeTOT B ppm
% ppm
% STanOHHaH aeTOTa
% yxo aeTOT m
% aeTOTa reTepoHHa nepeaTHKa
% aeTOTa reTepoHHa npHeMHRKax
% aeTOTa HeKpeTH3H
% BpeMJ.! MoennpOBa:a:RH
% BpeMeHHaH mKana
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6.1. IIpaKTHqecKoe 3aHHTHe. IIocTaHoBKa 3aAaqH aBTOnO,ll,CTpOHKH qaCTOTbI 163
B03MOJKHOCTH KorepeTHO:H AeMoAYJ\.HH 6e3 CHHxpoHH3aU;HH npH OAI'!'J'CH. Ta-
aMI'! cnOCq6aMH CHHxpoHH3aU;HH MorYT 6bITb: Bo-nepBblx, nepeAaqa Hecyru;e:H qac-
TOTbI, KaK, HanpHMep, B CHrHaJ\.e AM-DSB-TC; BO-BTOPbIX, H3BJ\.eqeHHe Hecyru;ei!
qaCTOTbI H3 npHHHMaeMoro CI1THaJ\.a H ee BocnpoH3BeAeHHe CHrHaJ\.OM onopHoro re-
TepOAHHa npHeMHHKa. Y 3THX cnoco6oB eCTb KaK AOCToHHcTBa, TaK H HeAoCTaTKH.
I1pH nepeAaqe CHrHaJ\.a Hecym;e:H MOru;HOCTb nepeAaTqHKa pacxoAYeTcH AOCTaTOqHO
,
paCTOqHTeJ\.bHo, TaK KaK Hecyru;asr He COAepJKHT nepeAaBaeMO:H HHcPopMau;HH, OAHa-
KO 3TO ynporu;aeT peaJ\.H3aU;HIO npHeMHHKa. I1pH H3BJ\.eqeHHH Hecyru;e:H qaCTOTbI H3
npHHHMaeMoro CHrHaJ\.a MOru;HOCTb nepeAaTqHKa paCXOAYeTCH 6oJ\.ee 3KOHOMHO, Ok
HaKo, YCJ\.OJKHHeTCH peaJ\.H3H npHeMHHKa. PaccMoTpH1M npHMep HeKorepeHTHO:H
AeMoAYJ\.HU;HH C paCCTpO:HKO:H no qaCTOTe /"..f Ha npHMepe rapMOHHqeCKOrO CHrHaJ\.a
A sin(27r fbt) AJl.H CJ\.yqasr, KorAa Hecym;asr He nepeAaeTCH, KaK, HanpHMep, B AM-
DSB-SC (pHC. 6.6). ( >> 1 t
J,. I
Asin(2nfi,t)
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Poco 6.6. AeMOAYJI5fJ1,JII5I rapMOHHqeCKOrO CHrHaJ\.a C paCCTpO:HKO:H no qaCTOTe
£ MOAYJ\.HpOBaHHbI:H rapMOHHqeCKH:H CHrHaJ\. MOJKeT 6bITb npeACTaBJ\.eH no cPop-
MYJl.e cos(A) sin(B) = O,5[sin(A + B) - sin(A - B)] cJ\.eAJ'1OILJ;I1:M o6pa30M: 4J !\
A L :> .'-1) Ji == \
s(t) = 2 [sin(27r(Jc + fb)t) - sin(27r(Jc - fb)t)]. (6.1)
AonYCTHM, qTO qaCTOTa reTepoAHHa npHeMHHKa OTJ\.HqaeTCH OT qaCTOTbI P8.A HO -
CHrHaJ\.a s(t) Ha /"..f, TorAa AeMOAYJ\.HpOBaHHbI:H CHrHaJ\.
x(t) = cos(27r(Jc + ft..)t)  [sin(27r(Jc + fb)t) - sin(27r(Jc - fb)t)] =
=  [sin(27r(2fc + fl'1 + fb)t) -  sin(27r(18 - fb))] -
-  [sin(27r(2fc + 18 - fb)t) -  sin(27r(18 + fb))] . (6.2)
I1ocJ\.e cP H4 8"4 KOMnOHeHTbI YABoeHHO:H Hecyru;e:H qaCTOTbl 6YAYT OTcPHJ\.bTpO-
BaHbI 1'1 1'13 (6.2) nOJ\.yqHM
u(t) = LPF{x(t)} =  [sin(27r(Jb + 18)t) + sin(27r(Jb - 18)t)]. (6.3)
CpaBHeHHe BblpaJKeHHe (6.3) C HCXOAHbIM cHrHaJ\.oMA sin( 27r fbt) n03BOJ\.HeT cAe-
J\.aTb BbIBOA 0 TOM, qTO qaCTOTHbI:H CABHr /"..f npHBeJ\. K H3MeHeHH1O cPOpMbI nepe-
AaHHoro rapMOHHqeCKOrO CHrHaJ\.a. I1pH OTCYTCTBHH pacC'rpO:HKH no qaCTOTe, KorAa
/"..f = 0 1'13 (6.3), nOJ\.yqHM \.
'0' 'i
'1.
u(t)N=O =  sin(27r f,t).
!aCT' .,
(6.4)

164
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11,. ""'-'/> TOT' '"t} 
6. 4>a30BaJr aBTonoAcTpoHKa qaCTOTbl
PaeeMOTpHM AeMoAYJl.5I1O e paeeTpo:etKoH no qaeTOTe H 6e3 Ha npHMepe rap-
MOHHqeeKOrO eHrHaJl.a Asin(27rIbt) e qaeTOTOH Ib = 1 KrU; Ha Heeym;eH Ie = 10 KrU;
Ha npHMepe MOAeJl.H B Simulink Ha pHe. 6.7. JI. 'I$] H 11 ld'I T
Y Ka3aHlUI K BblllOJIHeHHIO It"'" S9 N H 010'" JI flOT:) sr
1. C03AaTb MOAeJl.b KorepeHTHoro (6e3 paeeTpOHKH no qaeTOTe/<pa3e) H HeKO-
repeHTHoro (e paeeTpOHKOH no qaeTOTe/cpa3e) npHeMa eHrHaJl.a (pHe. 6.7). It vqIl
nAO J&q'J 111!Jq:; l"1i H  T:JS("
t.:H Id "';)£P A  NlmSPl\.affl M6Nqn O>ti,1t6 .)1tOqnv OTe 0"
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MOAeJl.b AeMoAYJl.5IIJ;HH rapMOHH':IeCKOrO CHrHaJl.a C paccTpoHKOH no ':IaCTOTe
H6e3 -
'IN;) O"'OX:>f.WNl uq£'I R4,-R..I\. A MaD") q
q 2. YeTaHoBHTb napaMeTpbl 6J1.0Ka Sine Wave AJI.5I a) rapMOHH':IeeKOro eHrHaJl.a
A sin(27r Ibt) e qaeTOTOH Ib = 1 KrU; (pHe. 6.8,a) H 6) or nepeAaT':IHKa C ':IaCTOTOH
Ie = 10 KrU; (pHe. 6.8,6).
;;Y) !{ ,(..\\ ,) '" jf'
nepe,Q8HHbliiCWMlln
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Cosine Wave Tx
Cosine Wave Rx
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SIne Wave (mask) (Iri;) fil't '''y
Output samples d a slnusokt To generate ""'"" than one SInUSoId
entEr a YI!Ctor of values fur the AmplItude, frequency,
and Phase offset
:, t;(i'il T .
MaIn Data Types
Amplitude. 1 1
frequency (Hz): 1 1000
!
. Phase offset (rad). 1 0
1
Sampfe mode: Discrete
f
Output complexity. Reel
., I. method: THgonometric, fen
 time. fiIlOOe3
I"
> Samples per frame' 1 1
1
Resetting stalles when re-enabIed' Restart at time tero
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SIn.. Wave ("""*) (Ink) .
Duq>IIt'd" SinuIiOId. To More than one $InusDId
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1 m
1m
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Amplitude. 1 1
frequenqo (Hz): 1 10e3
"'- offset (rad), I r:f 2
Sample mode: )jsaet\!
1 m
l ID
l ID
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!.CJu!put  II.oIiI
. . .. 1IIII\:hod:  rcn
1 m ! Sample" tIfnoJ': I t!100e3 >
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"iTo6bI OTcPHJ\.bTpoBaTb KOMnOHeHTbI YABoeHHOH Hecyrn;eH TjaCTOTbI.
4. YCTaHoBHTb napaMeTpbI 6J\.oKa Sine Wave M.SI or npHeMHMKa: a) Ie = 1Q KrIJ;
M5I AeMoAYJ\.5IIJ;MH 6e3 paccTpoHKM no "iaCTOTe (pMC. 6.lO,a); H 6) Ie = 10,5 KrU; M5I
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a - KorepeHTHa5I AeMoAYJ\.5IJJ;H5I 6e3 paccTpoHKH no 'laCTOTe; 6 - HeKorepeHTHa.SI
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5. BbITIOAHHTb MOAeAHpoBaHHe H npoaHaAH3HpoBaTb OCD;HAAorpaMMbI H cneK-
TpbI npnHHMaeMblx CHrHaAOB Ha pHC. 6.11." k
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OCD;ID\.Jl.OrpaMMbl H cneKTpbI nepeAaHHoro H AeMoAYJl.HpOBaHHoro rapMOHH'ieC-
KHX CHrHaJl.OB 6e3 paccTpoMKH no 'iaCTOTe H cPa3e npeAcTaBAeHbI Ha pHC. 6.11,a, H3
KOTOpblX CAeAYeT, 'iTO cPopMa KorepeHTHO AeMOAYAHpOBaHHOrO CHrHaJl.a nOBTOp5J:-
eT cPOPMY nepeAaHHoro CHrHaAa C K03q,q,HD;HeHToM 0,5 CorAaCHO (6.4). OCD;HAJl.O-
rpaMMbI H cneKTpbI nepeAaHHoro H AeMoAYAHpoBaHHoro rapMOHH'ieCKHX CHrHaJl.OB
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npeACTaBAeHbI Ha pHC. 6.11,6, H3KOTOpbIJ} C/l.eAYeT, 'iTO <popMa HeKorepeHTHO Ae-
OAYAHpOBaHHoro CHI'HaJl.a H3MeHHAaCb no cpaBHeHHKI nepeAaHHbIM CHrHaAOM.
6. YCTaHoBHTb 'iaCToTY fc ;= 10 KrD; B 6AoKe Sine Wave AMI. or npneMHH-
Ka AMI AeMOAYA5!D;HH 6e3 paCCTpOMKH no 'iaCTOTe (pHC. 6.1O,a), BHeCTH <pa30Bb1M
CABHr, BblnOAHHTb MOAeAHpOBaHHe H npOaHaJl.H3HpOBaTb OCD;HJV\.orpaMMbI H cneK-
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2. KaK BAH5IeT <pa30BbIM CABHr Ha AeMoAYJl.5IIJ;HIO npHHHMaeMoro CHrHaJl.a:
a) KorepeHTHa5I AeMoAYA5IIJ;H5I 6e3 paccTpoHKH TIO <.J:aCTOTe;
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CHHxpOHH3aIJ;HH. B 'iaCTHOCTH, npH HcnOAb3QBaHHH PSK CHrHaAOB Tpe6yeTC5I npo-
H3BOAHTb pa3AH'ieHHe TIepeAaBaeMblX CHMBoAoB'no <pa3e. Ho onopHble reHepaTopbI
Ha nepeAaIOIIJ;eM H npHeMHoM CTopOHax He MorYT 6bITb KOrepeHTHbl, n03TOMY npH-
6eralOT K CAeA5!IIJ;HM KOHTypaM (neTA5IM), n03BOA5J:IOIIJ;HM npOH3BOAHTb nOACTpOMKY
reHepaTopOB onopHbIX CHrHaJl.OB AMI KorepeHTHOM AeMOAYA5ID;HH. TaKHe CAeA5J:IIJ;He
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(D<P) H reHepaTop, ynpaBA5J:eMbIH Hanp5J:JKeHHeM (rYH).
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TepaType loop filter), KOTOpblM <popMHpyeT ynpaBA5J:lOIIJ;ee Hanp5J:JKeHHe (H.l\.H CHr-
HaA OITIH6KH) vet), H reHepaTOp, ynpaBA5ieMbIM Harrp5J:JKeHHeM. <PA npeAHa3Ha'ieH
AA5I q,OpMHpOBaHH5I CHrHaAa pa3HOCTH <pa3 MeJKAY npHHHMaeMblM PaAHOCnrHaJl.oM
H CHrJIaAOM, reHepHpyeMbIM reTepOAHHOM npHeMHHKa. rYH TIpeAHa3Ha'ieH AJl.5J:
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KO'iaCTOTHbIX (Bq) COCTaB.I\.5iIOm;HX H3 CHrHa.l\.a pa3HOCTH cpa3 Ha BbIxoAe CPA. nepeA
paCCMOTpeHHeM npHHnOB CPYHKoHHpoBaHIDi KOHTypa CPAnt.! paCCMOTpHM pa-
60TY ero KOMnOHeHTOB. !) IT uA( iX ioN .AAV. A teA JI
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CHrHa.l\., nponOpn;HOHaAbHbIH pa3HOCTH cpa3, Ha3bIBaeTC5i CHrHaAOM cPa30BoH OillH6-
KH H AMI HAea.l\.bHOrO CPA MO>KeT 6blTb npeACTaB.I\.eH BbIpa>KeHHeM >I ..
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rAe Oi(t) - cPa3a npHHHMaeMoro paAHOCHrHa.l\.a B MOMeHT BpeMeHH t; Oo(t) - cPa3a
CHrHa.l\.a reTepoAHHa npHe*,HHB M0:t:1eHT BpMeHH t; Kp - K 3cPcPeHT YCH.I\.e-
HH5i CPA. CPa30BbIH AeTeKTOp, KaK npaBH.I\.O, peaJUlI3yeTC5i B cPopMe nepeMHO>KHTeJUI
npHHHMaeMoro PClAHOCHrHa.l\.a H CHrHaAa reTepOAHHa npHeMHHKa, Ha BbIXOAe KO-
Toporo HMeeTC5i HH3KO'iaCTOTHa5I: (Ht.!) KOMnOHeHTa, nponOpOHa.l\.bHa5I: pa3HOCTH
"N AO N
cpa3, H BbICOKO'iaCTOTHa5i (Bt.!) KOMnOHeHTa (pHC. 6.13).
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( x(t) = cos(27r fit + Oi(t)), .1'i.B£qt"'l qOT N (6.6)
a CHrHa.l\. reTepoAHHa npHeMHHKa (rYH) cP T1 T "'ff a
li & f :RN}!1\ O'lH3N,UN<P<P- J\."''t'H'';
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R9 Ha BbIxoAe nepeMHO>KHTe.l\.5i cPa30Boro AeTeKTopa nO.l\.Y'iHM JJ)i ..no J\.SH
):>0 Ml S R 1 V :)'R. '1 ill (l"-A
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R = O,5[sin(27r(!i - fo)t + (Oi(t) - Oo(t))) - sin(27r(fi + fo)t + (Oi(t) + Oo(t)))]. (6.8)

6.2. .l\.eKl{HH. KOHTYP cpa30BoH aBToIIoACTpOHKH qaCTOTbI
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npM paBeHcTBe qaCTOT npM1U1l4So PClAMOCMrHa.l\.a Ii M CMrHa.l\.a reTepoAMHa
npMeMHMKa fa. M3 (6.8) nO.l\.yqMM J;q'IOO'HH o.ll.:nli-' '1
yet) = 0,5sin(B>i(t) - Bo(t)) - 0, 5sin(47rlit + B 1 (t) + Bo(t)). '1u8. (6.9)
}.ft, NVV 1 II ]I A MId cP q J:t d'O
113 ABYX C.l\.araeMbIX Ha BbIXOAe nepeMHOJKMTe.l\.SI tp A TO.l\.bKO H4 KOMIJOBS!n:J'9-
3aBMCMT OT pa3HOCTM cPa3 (Bi(t) - Bo(t)); Bq KOMnOHeHTa Ha YABoeHHoH qaCTOTe no-
AaB.l\.SIeTCSI neT.l\.eBblM cPM.l\.bTpOM. B YCTaHOBMBmeMCSI peJKMMe C.l\.eJKeHMSI 3a cP a30H ,
KorAa pa3HOCTb cPa3 MeJKAY npMHMMaeMbIM PClAM<icMrHa.l\.OM M CMrHa.l\.OM reTepOAMHa
rrpMeMHMKa Ma.l\.a, MOJKeT 6bITb MCnO.l\.b30BaHO IIpM6.l\.MJKeHMe sin(x)  x, He.l\.MHeH-
HblH 3.l\.eMeHT BblqMC.l\.eHMSI cMHyca MOJKeT 6bITb JiCK.l\.IOqeH, TorAa CMrHa.l\. omM6KM
Ha BbIXOAe rrepeMHOJKMTe.l\.SI tp A MOJKHO onpeAe.l\.RTb KaK
  JJO
e(t)  o,(Bi(t)  B o (9) _= OjBe(t). (6.10)
C yqeTOM K03<PcPMIJ;MeHTa YCM.l\.eHMSI tpA Kp M nOAaB.l\.eHMSI neT.l\.eBblM cPM.l\.bTpOM
CMrHa.l\.a Ha YABoeHHoH qaCTOTe yrrpaB.l\.SIIOID;MH CMrHa.l\. Ha BbIXOAe n tp nponop:U;Mo-
Ha.l\.eH CMHYCY pa3HocTM <pa3 rrpMHSIToro M orropHoro CMrHa.l\.OB: 1
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rrpeACTaB.l\.eHbl3 TMna ntt> MSI KOHTYPOB tt>Anq 1-ro, 2-ro M 3-ro nopSIAKoB. Jt
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nopSIAOK ntp MOJKeT 6bITb 3ClAaH 3HaqeHMSIMM ero K03<PcPM:U;MeHTOB: a) ntp.
TMrr 1: Kl -:f; 0, K 2 = 0, K3 = 0; 6) ng>. TMn 2: Kl -:f; 0, K 2 -:f; 0, K3 = 0; B) ntt>.
TMn 3: Kl -:f; 0, K 2 -:f; 0, K3 -:f; O. B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT qMC.l\.a MHTerpMpYIOID;MX BeT-
BeH B KOHType cPa30BOH aBTOnOACTpOHKM qaCTQ1l1j: pa3AMqaI9T tp Anq 1- ro nopSIAKa
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neT.lI.eBOrO cPH.lI.bTpa H OAHoro HHTerpaTopa rYH (Ta6.l1.. 6.1). ) >
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C.lI.eMIIIJ;H:H KOHTYP cPa30BO:H aBTonOACTpO:HKH 'iaCTOTbI AO.ll.JKeH nOCTOHHHO Bec-
TH conpOBOJKAeHHe BxoAHoro CHrJiaJl.a no cPa3e. CooTBeTcTBeHHo, reHepaTOp, BXO-
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HpH Jl.wepaType VCO (voltage C n olle<t RsciJl t.qr) , MrJiOBeHHa51 'iaCTOTa CHrHa-
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HOH 'iaCTOTOH HacTpoHKH f H ynpaBJl.HIOIIJ;HM BXOAOM,
PRC. 6.16. reHepaTop,
yrrpaBJI.5leMbIH HanpmKeHHeM KOTOpbIH MOJKeT nepeCTpaHBaTb BbIXOAHYIO 'iaCTOTY
rYH OT 3Ha'ieHIDI f. B aHaJl.OrOBOM rYH ynpaBJl.51-
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vet): 'ieM 6oJl.bme pa3HocTb cPa3, Te:M 60Jl.!LIIIe nepeCTpaHBaeTCH BbIXOAHasI 'iaCTOTa
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e(t) H cHHyca set) Ha nepeCTpoeHHOH 'iaCTOTe (pHC. 6.17,a).
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L_ _ _:..J _ B IUlT - e , 1]N"['  I JPI'I' uXARqon 01-E H
rapMOmt'ieCKHH CHrHaJl. KocHHyca Ha BbIxoAe aHaJl.OrOBOro rYH B MO:MeHT Bpe-
:MeHH t MOJKeT 6bITb npeACTaBJl.eH C.lI.eAYIOIIJ;HM BbIpa)KeHHeM: 4>n XOAR£[(lI1
4>n (8 0 AD", A 0 '1  - A 0 = 0  A r -fn
z;.. . e(t) = cos(27rfot + e(t», .1 0 I () ' I (6.12)
-'1. XlI,III [\q'! l:nl. f;A.. ..,. '1  1.  1. un.
rAe (J(t) - q,a3a rYH, nO.ll.Y'ieHHasI B pe3YJl.bTaTe HHTerpHpOBaHHH ynpaBJl.51IOIIJ;ero
-1'
) c 31m]
c[m]
'--- B,
\
CIITHaJIl.J:
:
[R'I}

6.2. J\eKLfHH. KOHTYP q,a30BoH aBToIIoACTpOHKH 'laCTOTbI
171
Harrp5DKeHIUI v(t) B MOMeHT BpeMeH:H t:
r
rv..
e(t) = Ko it v(t) dt,
(6.13)
fAe K [PClA/B] - YC:HAeH:He (qYBCTB:HTeJl.bHOCTb) aHaJl.OfOBOfO rYH.
I10Jl.Ha5.I: cPa3a C:HfHa.JI,.il lj:a BblxoAe rYH (Bce 'iTO rroA KOC:HHYCOM) MO)KeT 6b1Tb
rrpeACTaB.1I.eHa BbIpa)KeH:HeM
t -;(
<1>(t) = wot + Ko 1 v(t) dt,
(6.14)
fAe Yf.1l.0Ba5.I: 'iaCTOTa w CB5I3aHa C 'iaCTOTO:H f COOTJiOmeH:HeM Wo = 27r fo, a MfHOBeH-
Ha5.I: 'iaCTOTa Ha BbIXOAe rYH 5IB.1I.5IeTC5I rrpO:H3BOAHO:H rro BpeMeH:H 0'1' rrO.1l.HO:H cPa3b l
<1>( t) :H rrporrOpIJ;:HOHa.1l.bHa TeKyrn;eMY yrrpaB.1I.5IlOrn;eMY Harrp5I)KeH:H1O v( t):
(1 .HI ,HUBJ I w(t) = d<1>(t)jdt = Wo + Kov(t). aT (6.15)
'1> ""'1 flC fI :J
rYH B IJ,H<PPOBOii <popMe B aHf.1l.05I3bI'iHO:H .1I.:HTepaType rrp:HH5ITO Ha3bIBaTb
NCO (numerically controlled oscillator). B IJ;HcPPOBOM rYH yrrpaB.1I.SIIOrn;HM Harrp5I-
)KeHHeM AJl.5I NCO 5IB.1I.5IeTC5I A:HCKpeTHblii cPH.1I.bTpOBaHHbl:H C:HfHaJl. pa3HOCT:H cPa3
vIm]. BbIXOAHb1M:H C:HfHaJl.aM:H rYH 5IB.1I.5IIOTC5I AHCKpeTHb1e rapMOH:H'ieCKHe C:Hf-
Ha.1l.b1 KOC:HHyca elm] :H C:HHyca 8[m] Ha rrepeCTpOeHHO:H 'iaCTOTe (c. pHC. 6.17,6).
rapMOH:H'ieCK:H:H C:HfHaJI. KOC:HHyca Ha BbIXOAe IJ;HcPPOBOfO rYH B AHcKpeTHb1:H MO-
MeHT BpeMeH:H m:
I
elm] = cos(27r f01nT + elm]), i Q (6.16)
- a.rq rl
fAe T - rrep:HOA A:HCKpeT:H3aIJ;HH; elm] - cPa3a rYH, rro.1l.Y'ieHHq5I B pe3Y.1l.bTaTe
C> 
CYMM:HpOBaH:HSI 1M Bb160pOK yrrpaB.1I.5IIOrn;efO Harrp5I)KeH:H5I vIm] 'itju
01q
M
elm] = Ko L vIm], j 1
m=O 'UCIii
(6.17)

fAe Ko [PClA/B] - YC:H.1I.eH:He ('iYBC'I'BH:re.1l.bHOcTb) IJ;HcPPOBOfO ryH. 10 XL
PaccMOTpHM p:omi;iroBge cPYHKIJ;HOlilipOBaHHe IJ;HcPPOBOfO rYH. BBeAeM rrOIDI-
T:He mara rrp:Hpam;eHH5I fL cPa3bI elm] 3a OAHY A:HCKpeTHYIO BbI60PKY, TOfAa, eC.1I.H
rrpeArrO.1l.0)KHTb, 'iTO fL cP:HKC:HpOBaHO, cPa3a IJ;:HcPPOBOfO rYH B A:HCKpeTHb1:H MOMeHT
BpeMeH:H m MO)KeT 6b1Tb rrpeACTaB.1I.eHa Bblpa)KeHHeM
;)
[m] = e[m - 1] + JL[m] ,
Nql1 q
H\. toa: rlJR,t! ..\
.m
...
(6.18)
fAe elm] Ha BbIXOAe IJ;:HcPPOBOfO rYH :H3MeH5IeTC5I Ha 27r 3a cPHKC:HpOBaHHOe 'i:HC.1I.O
Bb160pOK. I1oc.1I.e TOfO KaK cPa3a orrpeAe.1l.eHa, rrpe06pa30BaH:He T:Hrra cPa3a-aMrr.1l.:HTY-
Aa C.1I.Y)K:HT AJl.5I cPOpM:HpOBaHH5I aMrrJl.:HTYAbI Bb1XOAHOfO C:HfHaJl.a KOC:HHyca/C:HHyca.
Waf orrpeAe.1l.5IeT CKOpOCTb rrp:Hparn;eH:HSI cPa3bI :H, C.1I.eAOBaTe.1l.bHO, 'iaCTOTY feHep:H-
pyeMoro CHfHaJl.a; 'ieM 60.1l.bme mar, TeM Bblme 'iaCTOTa.
PaCCMOTp:HM rrp:HMep (P:Hc. 6.18, CKp:HrrT 6.2) cPOpM:HpOBaH:H5I C:HfHa.1l.a elm] Ha
BbIXOAe IJ;HcPPOBOfO rYH rrp:H ABYX 3Ha'ieH:H5IX Ji. Ti;iK, rrp:H fL = 7r /6 cPa3a elm]
{i.!\J1E;mHTCSI Ha 27r 3a 12 BbI60pOK, a rrp:H fL = 7r /12 - 3a 24 BbI60PK:H.

172
EoP h.doQ'r;) 6. CPa30BaH aBTorroAcTpoHKa "IaCTOTbI
5 10 15 20 25 30
valIo '] £, 51'lE 0 0 HHA..e BWoPKH In :> £ €.f ) £Tl. '1':>.61" 'l'l ':JA
PHc.6.18. OCIJ;HJl.Jl.OrpaMMbl cpa3bl H rap:MOHH"IeCKOrO CHrHa.ha Ha BbIXoAe IJ;HcppoBoro
\ OIH  ;n:rot rYH '"'It9;nTv':l£"'T 8HGlJ\.RON;UqOrI tin II (\1cI
) 9 1\ H
(61 f)
H'
dTr.:W T9)K()M (MO:)
25 [I.N"" 30 [8 ASQJ ,<-,1
cp .\'<J5HAOn
8H J\.6£T,JA9q J
(!>I a)
(e CKpHnT 6.2. OCHJIJIOl'paMMbI 4>a3bI H l'apMOHH'IeCKOI'O CHI'HaJIa Ha BbIXO,Ll;e H4>-
pOBOI'O rYH npH ,LI;BYX p83HbIX npHpam;eHH»X 4>a3bI
clear all; ;:rr 1 iI. :&01 JE"" r'I £) f[ fq pli)8 c...q>R;J;I R H",.1
M= [0: 30] ; nV H\r 1 MOa:o. c. l 0 (r.MO b"'((Ol.tnO) U.6)I 91Ilt!rr 0 t1
mul=pi/6; mu2=pi/12;  >. ""\ .a..
thetal=zeros(i,length(M»; tr 'p!:J:tl!\ R.,... ...,,:)R  ::11\1.11
theta2=zeros (i,length (M) ) ; .)ft11 !d1: -R H 1£1 111-6 IOl 3 [r J
f m=2:1ength(M) "'. i"' £:8, r J:i;) N f I) .D HH:> 1t i\;J)1i
\ theta1(m)=theta1(m-l)+mul; . .
OJ theta2(m)=theta2(m-1)+mu2; SAo a JS .rt «:»f AI5!I'IR  -iG
end f"" m qa .!
subplot (2,1.1) ;
plot(M,thetal/pi,'o-'); hold on;
plot(M,theta2/pi,'s-'); grid on;
legend('\pi/6', '\pi/12','location','northwest'); 
ylabel('\theta [pa,n;]'); xlabel('HHeKc B6opKH m')'
subplot (2,1,2) ; RImS A.... n
plot(M,cos(thetal),'o-'); hold on;
plot(M,cos(theta2),'s-'); grid on;
legend('\pi/6', '\pi/12','location','northwest');
ylabel('cos(\theta)'); xlabel('eKc B6opKH m');
TaKHM 06pa30M, 'iaCTOTa CHrHa.l\.a elm] Ha BblXOAe IJ;HcPPOBoro rYH MOJKeT
ynpaBMITbC5i 'iHC.I\.eHHO. 3Hasi 'iaCTOTY AHCKpeTH3an;HH J H HYJKHYro 'iaCTOTY reHe-
'1
pHpyeMoro CHrHaJ\.a Id, MOJKHO onpeAe.l\.HTb Tpe6yeMblH mar npHparu;eHH5i -U SlIT
..
TH9MOM mn<req<'l NAB. 14 \.)'10 ft = 27r Id/ Is.  .p,,\\ OD' dTRjK(' 0 (6.19)
ASOtI .m, 0 'r fW
TaK, HanpHMep, npH Is = 100 rn; Hid = 10 rn; nO.l\.y<lHM ft = 27r/1O. TIpH cPHKCHpO-
BaHHOM ft n;HcPPOBOH rYH n03BOMIeT reHepHpOBaTb AHCKpeTHblH CHrHa.l\. C HYJKHOH
nOC05i1WAaCOTOH Id; npH T 14 M5f.cPOPlWpOBaHH5i elm] AOCTaTO'iHO Ta6.1\.Hn;bJ
co 3Ha'ieHH5i:MH elm] B HHTepBa.l\.e (0, 27r). ",,!;s"" (Yl0'1 JT)! c0Tdfi
£:') C.l\.eACTBHe He09xoAHJ40CTH nOCT05iHHOrO C.I\.eJKeHH5i KOHTYPOM <pAUq 3a npH-
HHMaeMblM paAHOCHrHa.l\.OM Y rYH AO.l\.JKHa 6bJTb pea.l\.H30BaHa B03MOJKHOCTb AHHa-
MH'ieCKOH nOACTpOHKH 'iaCTOTbl BbIXOAHoro CHI'HaJ\.a. B n;HcPPOBOM rYH 3TO 06ecne-
'iHBaeTCH AHHa:MH'ieCKHM marOM npHparu;eHH5i cPa3bl, KorAa B AHCKpeTHblH MOMeHT
BpeMeHH 1 3Ha'ieHHe ft onpeAeMIeTC5i ABY:M5i C.I\.araeMblMH:
£E:o. c;' - 'i AA<LD ......'(,....... 'iU
> st: ft[m] = ftq + fta[m],
i
('
.
:)N' )lpHq!tn
\.ft
0'10aoqcPM1-1 A0,JUdd
S (6.20)

6.2. AeK.qHH. KOHTYP cjJa30BoH aBTol1OACTpOHKH qaCTOTbl
173
rAe Itq - cpHKcHpoBaHHoe 3Ha'leHHe npHpam;eHHSI cpa31:>I AMI.. <POP:MHPQp.HHSI CHrHa-
Aa HYJKHOH Ha'laJ\.bHQ 'laCTOTbl, a Ita[m] - nepeMeHHoe 3Ha'leHHe npHpam;eHHSI cpa-
3bI AASI AHHaMH'leCKOH nOAcTpoHKH 'laCTOTbl BblxoAHoro CHrHaAa. 3Ha'leHHe Ita[m]
onpeAeNIeTCSI CHrHaJ\.OM pa3HOCTH <pa3 vIm] H Ko[paA/B]:
):Jtt;Ja HJ'( . U UJ n
()
'Iv !ns

Ita[m] = Kov[m].
()
qn H'l'1 HJ\
q oil,. e (6.21)
CTPYKTYPHaSI cxeMa :O;HcppoBoro rYH npeACTaBAeHa Jia pHC. 6.19. ITo YMOA-
'laHHIO YCHAeHHe :o;HcppoBoro rYH paBHO eAHHH:o;e: K = 1 p/B. ITocAeAoBaTeAb-
HOCTb npo:o;eAYP B CTPYKTYPHOH cxeMe Ha pHC. 6.19 HAeT cnpaBa-HaAeBo H OTpaJKaeT
MeCTO rYH B :o;enH 06paTHoH CBSI3 KOHTypa cpAn4. OmH6Ka, cpopMHPyeMaSI cpA,
CTpeMHTCSI K HYAIO no Mepe Toro, KaK 'laCTOTa CHHTe3HpOBaHHoro rYH CHrHaAa
YCTpeMASIeTCSI K 'laCTOTe BXOAHoro CHrHaJ\.a, T. e. KorAa ABa CHrHaAa Ha BXOAe cpA
CTaHOBSITCSI cHH<pa3Hbl, a CHrHaA Ha BbIxoAe ITCP npH 3TOM CTaHOBHTCSI nOC TO SIHHbIM.
3axBaToM Ha3blBaeTCSI COCTOSIHHe KOHTypa CPAn4, KorAa BblXOAHaSI 'laCTOTa rYH
CTaHOBHTCSI paBHoH 'laCTOTe npHHHMaeMoro paAHOCHrHaAa, a CHrHaA pa3HOCTH cpa3
yet)  Be(t) YCTpeMNIeTCSI K HYAIO; <pHAbTpOBaHHblH CHrHaA pa3HOCTH cpa3 vIm] H
mar I!Eam;eHHSI cpa3bI ItlmJ CTaHOBSITCSI npH 3TOM nOCTOSIHHbIA . /t.15cf:' t Om.tl,,)
>8 gO,! " 0 '1'\''1 MOT€
3'1{CfR lIi 1<1c. f>N 5£ JlR
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t;'l nC:
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ox.
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tl>a3;aMI1JlHTY,!\a HaKoIUIeHHe l}>bI  Hac'lpomGl war, ) VT
.>)i 'r:)£; M
PIIC. 6.19. CTpYKTYPHaSI cxeMa HcppoBoro rYH
:>
a: H9J\.P
QS IdTOT:J.6P
Ii
a
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'1 bY, n
I'D ACP q {THO:1t H'\.J8
a£ OBTCTJ£F __
B AHTepaType no pHoaBToMaTHKe omH6KH npHHSITO pa3AeASITb Ha CTaTH'leC-
KHe H aCTaTH'leCKHe. OIlIH6Ka Ha3blBaeTCSI CTaTH'leCKOH, eCAH B peJKHMe CAeJKeHHSI
cpHAbTpoBaHHblH CHrHaA omH6KH (ynpaBASIIOm;HH CHrHaA rYH) v t = const H OT-
AH'leH OT HYASI, H Ha3blBaeTCSI aCTaTH'leCKOH, eCAH vet) = 0.. ()
ITOSICHHM 3TO Ha npHMepe. ITYCTI:> neTAeBOH cpH,AbTp OTCYTCTByeT, TorAa CHr-
HaA omH6KH Ha BblxoAe CPA e(t) paBeH CHrHaAY <pHAb'rpoBaHHoH omH6KH vet), T. e.
vet) = e(t). B YCTaHOBHBmeMCSI peJKHMe conpOBOJKAeHHSI nOAHble cpa3bI npl J[T Jro
CHrHaAa (6.6) H CHr:tii;VI.a Ha BbIxoAe rYH (6.7) nOAHOCTblO cOBnaIOT:' TorAa npH
paBeHcTBe 'laCTOT npHHHMaeMoro paAHocHrHaJ\.a f H CHrHaAa Ha BbIxoAe rYH fo
... "t
paccor AaCOBaHHe nOAHOH cpa3bl MOJKHO 3anHcaTb ;KaK CH" ")

Jt.N
Be(t) = Ko l t vet) dt.
o
,dM
(6.22)

174
F 1iuo:) 6. 4'>a30BaH aBToIIoAcTpoHKa qaCTOTbl
nYCTb paccOrJl..acQBaHHe q,a3 nOCT05IHljO, T. e. Be(t) = Be = const. npOAHcpcpe-
peHpoBaB 06e aCTH (6.22) no BpeMeHH, MOJKHO BbIpa3HTb v(t): U K'I{R 1511.
J l\ IfH31.6b :JH'I dBejdt = Kov(t) = 0 =} v(t) = O. ji flM.6H! (6.23)
.It \ fl)! M -JR.,..''''.I\
ECAH rYH ynpaBJl.5IeTC5I HenocpeAcTBeHHo CHrHaJl.OM omH6KH C BblXOAa cpa30-
Boro AeTeKTopa, TO npH paCCOrJl.aCOBaHHH no q,a3e BXOAHoro CHrHaJl.a H onopHoro
CHrHaJl.a MbI nOJl.YHM aCTaTHeCKYro omH6KY. 1-
T1' 1\1 I';j
Tenepb paCCMOTpHM, KaK nOBeAeT ce65I ::ITa CHCTeMa, eCJl.H npHH5ITbIH CHrHaJI.
(6.6) H CHrHaJI. Ha BbIXOAe rYH (6.7) OTJl.HHbI He TOJ\.b.KO no q,a3e, HO n no aCTOTe,
- 3
TorAa npH fi - fo = !if paccorJ\.aCOBaHHe IlOJl.HOH cpa3bI MOJKHO 3aIlHcaTb KaK
,L, R.6.M'{qID4qo<p S:>I J I 1. <P S t co f.tOR'tsq '0 1m ...1 8 H  OT:)SM
117 H'J.n !iwt + Be(t) = K Q [ v(t) dt, qt, OIl OJ >:>1 .« (6.24)
tp B. .6H ISf '11 £ £ 'I 9 T "Of 10 0 OB OX8 STOT.) P :>I RJ F '\. l'
rAe !iw - aCTOTHoe paCCOrJl.aCOBaHHe. npOAHq,q,epeHIJ;HpOBaB 06e aCTH {6.24) no
Bpe:MeHH, MOJKHO BbIpa3HTb q,HJl.bTpOBaHHbIH CHrHaJI. omH6KH v(t): R' U
l' -.t £'lJS v(t)=!iwjKo. .p:IeTOT,)F itOHB.J5qP..::>T (6.25)
r TaKHM 06pa30M, IlPH aCTOTHOM paccorJ\.acOBaHl'1:H MbI IlOJl.yqRM cTaTHecKYro
omH6KY: cpa30BbIH AeTeKTop IlOKa3bIBaeT TeKym;ee q,a30Boe paccOrJl.aCOBaHHe, IlPH
::ITOM rYH erO:KOM;neHcHPyeT, HO B cJ\.e,ll,yIOm;HH MOMeJiT BpeMeHH OHO CHOBa B03-
HHKaeT H3-3a aCTOTHOro Ha6era cpa3bI H CHOBa q,a30BbIH AeTeKTOp ero cpHKcHpyeT.
B 3TOM cJ\.yae rYH IlOCTO$IJiHO «HaKpyqRBaeT» CBOlO cpa3Y, IlbITOJ.!Cb CKOMIleHCH-
pOBaTb TOT cpa30BbIH Ha6er, KOTOpbIH B03HHK B pe3YJl.bTaTe aCTOTHoro paccorJ\.aco-
BaHH5I. npn CTaTHeCKOH omH6Ke KOJiTyp Bce em;e B COCT05IJiHH BeCTH CJl.eJKeHHe
3a CHrHaJl.OM. .,. "-'" jl\l]e .------, I [mp,
I _..
npOAOJ\.JKOJ.! paCCMOTPeHHe AaHHoro IlpHMepa, MOJKHO BBeCTH KBaApaTHHbIH
J\.eH B paccorJ\.aCOBaHHe IlOJl.HOH q,a3bI, KOTOpbIH 6YAeT xapaKTepH30BaTb H3MeHeHHe
- - "
aCTOTbI BO BpeMeHH. B ::ITOM cJ\.yqae omH6Ka 6YAeT J\.HHeHHO 3aBHceTb OT BpeMeHH
H KOHTYP (2-ro IlOp5IAKa) He CMO}KeT OTCJ\.e}KHBaTb TaKOH CHrHaJl..
B IlpHBeAeHHOM IlpHMepe aCTaTHeCKOJ.! omH6Ka 6bIJl.a TOJ\.bKO B cJl.yae IlOCTO-
5IJiHOrO paCCOrJl.aCOBaHH5I. B ::ITOM cJ\.yae rOBOp5IT 06 aCTaTH3Me IlepBoro IlOp$IAKa.
ECJl.H KOHTYP <PAUll o6ecIleHBaeT aCTaTHeCKyro omH6KY v(t) = 0 IlPH q,a30BoM
H aCTOTHOM paccor J\.aCOBaHH5IX, TO rOBOp$IT, TO KOHTYP HMeeT BTOpOH IlOP5IAOK
aCTaTH3Ma. B ::ITOM cJl.yae KOHTYP <PAUll OTCJ\.eJKHBaeT CHrHaJl. H IlPH H3:MeHeHHH
ero "aCTOT. .. .p feHH, T. e. IlPH KBaAPaTH'lliOM Jl.eHe B paCCOrJl.aCOBaHHH IlOJl.HOH
q,a3bI. Ha IlpaKTHKe KOHTYP <PAnt.! AoJ\.}KeH OTCJl.e}KHBaTb He TOJ\.bKO IlOCT05IHHOe
q,a30Boe paCCOrJl.aCOBaHHe, HO H aCTOTHoe paCCOrJl.aCOBaHHe, KOTopoe MO}KeT MeA-
Jl.eHHO MeH5ITbC$I BO BpeMeHH. TaKM 06pa30M, HaM He06xOAHM KOHTyp C IlOP5IAKOM
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nOp5IAOK aCTaTH3Ma KOHTypa <PAnt.! IlOJl.HOCTbro oIlpeAeMe.;'C5I IlOP5IAKOM Ilepe-
AaToHoH xapaKTepHCTHKH KOHTypa. AJ\.5f 06eCIleeHH5I KOHTypa BToporo IlOp5IAKa
aCTaTH3Ma He06xOAH:MO, To6bI IleTJl.eBOH q,HJ\.bTp 6bIJI. nepBoro IlOp5iAKa. rapaHTH-
1'f'"T
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B03MO}KHO TOJl.bKO B 'iaCTHblX CJl.yqOJ.!X, nO::lTOMY KOHTypbI C IlOP5iAKOM aCTaTH3Ma
BbIme BToporo HCIlOJl.b3YIOTC5I B HCKAro'iHTeJl.bHbIX CJl.yqOJ.!X, a HX IlOCTpoeHHe -
HeTpHBHaJl.:bHOJ.! 3aAa'ia. \,  \. »\

6.3. JIpaKTJf<:leCKOe 3aHHTHe. MOAeJlb KOHTypa <PAJIt:[
175
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6.3. npaKTIIILJeCKOe 3aH5ITllle. MO,D,eJlb KQ TYP CPLOY
6.3.1. MO.QeJlb cPa30Boro .QeTeKTopa = HqIJ \ \Gq O
[JI.5 W
.... '1'0'"
PaCCMOTpHM oco6eHHOCTH <PYHK:qHO-
HHpOBaHHH cpa30Boro AeTeKTopa, peaAH-
30BaHHoro Ha OCHOBe nepeMHOJKHTeJUi.
Y Ka3aHlUI K BbIIIOJIHeHIUO
1. C03AaTb MOAeJ\.b q,a30Boro Ae-
TeKTopa Ha OCHOBe nepeMHOJKHTeJ\.H
(pHC. 6.20).
2. Ao6aBHTb B MOAeJ\.b ABa 6J\.oKa
Sine Wave H3 6H6J\.HoTeKH Simulink/So-
urces (pRC. 6.21).
:: Simulink library Browser

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f1v
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Pllc.6.20. MOAeJ\.b (J;>A Ha OCHOBe p:epe-
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v SimuIInk '"
Commonly Used B1ocI<s
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Desttboard
Disa<te  
lDgic and Bit Operobons
up Tables RepeatJng Repeating
_01"""_ Sequence Sequence
Model v_  Staif
ModeI-WodeUtJtlties  _,  E} 
Ports .. SUbsysrems ..
Signa! AtIributes
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PIIC. 6.21. BJ\.OK Sine Wave B 6H6.11.HOTeKe Simulink/Sources
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3. OTKpblTb napaMeTpbl MOAeJ\.H CPA B MeHIO File/Model Properties/Model
Properties H B oTKpbIBmeMcH OKHe B pa3AeJ\.e Callbacks/PreLoadFcn HHHU;Ha.ll.H3H-
P OBaTb qaCToT Y A HcK p eTH3aU;HH I s = 200 MfU; (p HC. 6.22 .
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New %.\ <eW .U -to ».,  . Model callbacks Model pre-Ioad fun<;tIon:
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176
?l1Ac:'t> .>ITVTl 6. CPa30Ba5I aBTonoAcTpoHKa qaCTOTbl
4. YCTaHoBHTb napaMeTpbI 6AOKOB Sine Wave corAaCHO pHC. 6.23: yrAOBM iaC-
TOTa WI = 27r Is/20 pa./c npH Is :::;: 200 Mrq cooTBeTcTByeT qaCTOTe It = 10 Mrq;
W2 = WI' BbInOAHHTb MOAeAHpOBalme (pHC. 6.24).
H"!''mH'
-....
I!iJ r odc:Paramet.ers.: Sine Wave1
Sine wove ""."...».-_...».. -'
Dutput" sine wave:
,
')t,
4!!."
O(t) = Amp"SIn(FrEq*t+Phase) + BIas
Sine type . > the technique used. The parameters In
the two types are related through:
samples per period = 2*1'1 I (Frequency " sample time)
Number of offset samples = Phase * Samples per period I (2*1'1)
USe the ., . sine type If I\\IInEr1caI problems due to running fur
large times (e g. overflow In absolute time) occur.
""....-s _....
SIne type
11me (t): USe simulation time
Amplitude.
1 1
BIas:
1 0
f1equency (rad/see):
1 2°pi°(f!if20)
FI1ase (rail):
1 0
Ii
5ampIe time:
I l/fs
121 Interpret vector parameters lIS I-D
..if'
'.;--j ....;
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()I(.], J!TP: 
x  Blod,P.r.moters: Sine Wave2 '1
")0 MHqTOM:J;) C{
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SIne Wave
.tj 1'"\ .-«"
1
output" sine waw:
1 t ,,,' " ))' t
O(t) = Amp"SIn(Freq*t+FI1ase) + BIas
f:"
SIne type determines the .. . technique used. The patame!2rs In
the two types ale related through: "
 .J->
'j
samples per period = 2°p! I (Frequency ° mpIe time)
Number of offset samples = '!-' 0 Samples per period p0pi) ,"
USe the > . >. . sine type if numerical pr!!ue tp.f\!O!'I"9 fpt ,'1 , '
large IIrnes(eg. overflow In absolute time) ocwr. "', .. >, >
T
Pa.." *-..- ... ., ...1,
.. Slnetype..11me based
..-- Ttme(t): :U,tif11e ------'--'----,._-<..,..-::_;"
Amplitude:
IW 1 1
>j
1 m
1 m
1 00
BIas:
1 m 1 0
Frequency (radfsee):
l ill 12°P/°(1s"1.0/20)
Phase (rail).
IW ro-
sample lime:
I [!.! 1 l/fS
121 Interpret vector parameters as 1-0
- -
IU
1 m
<1
@

0' "
..Y{"'I;,''!C
. ! = cancel] L Help J
PHC. 6.23. napaMeTpbI 6J1.0KOB Sine Wave
\ f 'i f! RJ\ "I} Ide"l .- _mO £
5. BHecTH 'laCTOTHbIH CABHr .!3 CHrHaJl. IJ'TOPOH CHHYCOHA,bI: YCTaHoBHTb W2 =
= 27rIs .1,05/20 PM/C, qTO npH Is = 200 Mrq cooTBeTcTByeT h = 10,5 Mrq; cABHr
J)
qaCTOT h - It = 0,5 Mrq. BbInOAHHTb MOAeAHpOBaHHe (pHC. 6.25).
OcqH.J\AOrpaMMa H cneKTp CHrHaAa Ha BbIXOAe cpa30Boro AeTeKTopa npH pa-
BeHCTBe qaCTOT ABYX CHrHa.J\.OB It = h = 10 Mrq npeACTaBAeHbI Ha pHC. 6.24.
AHaAH3 cneKTpa n03BOMIeT CAeAaTb BbIBOA 0 Jia.J\.H'lHH ABYX COCTaBMIIOID;HX: Ha
HYAeBoR qaCTOTe H Ha YABoeHHOR qaCTOTe h + h = 20 Mrq.
OCqH.J\AOrpaMMa H cneKTp CHrHaAa Ha BbIXOAe cpa30Boro AeTeKTopa npH pa3-
AH'lHbIX qaCToTax ABYX CHrHaAOB h = 10 ¥:rq, h = 10,5 Mrq npeACTaBAeJibI Ha
pHC. 6.25. AHa.J\.H3 cneKTpa n03BOMIeT CAeAaTb BbIBOA 0 HaJl.HqHH ABYX COCTaB-
MIIOID;HX: Ha pa3HocTHOH qaCTOTe h - h = 0,5 Mr:u; H Ha YABoeHHoH 'lac TOTe
h + h = 20,5 Mrq. AHa.J\.H3 ocqH.J\AOrpaMMbI Ha pHC. 6.25 n03BOMIeT cAeAaTb
BbIBOA 0 ee qaCTOTHoH MOAYA51qHH pa3HocTHOH qiKTOTOH.
6. YCTaHOBHTb OAHHaKOBbIe qaCTOTbI h = h = 10 Mrq H pa3HbIe cpa3bI 0 1 = 0
H O 2 = 7r /3 PM B 6AOKax Sine Wave. BbIIIOAHHTb :MOAeAHpo13cume (pHC. 6.26).
AHa.J\.H3 oCqH.J\AOrpaMM Ha pHC. 6.26 npH paBeHCTBe qaCTOT ABYX CHrHa.J\.OB 11=
= h = 10 Mrq H pa3J1.HqHbIX Ha'laAbHbIX cpa3ax 0 1 = 0 PM H O 2 = 7r /3 n03BOA51eT

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. PHC. 6.24. OCD;HJV\orpaMMbl H cneKTpbl CHrHaJl.OB Ha BblXOAe CPA
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PHC. 6.26. OCJUl.OrpaMMbl H cneKTpbl CHrHa.hOB Ha BblxoAe CPA npH 0AHHaKOBblX
'laCToTax h = h = 10 Mrq H pa3HblX cpa3ax Bl = 0 PaA H B 2 = 1T/3 paA
  
CAeJ\.aTb BbIBOA 0 CMeeHHH no aMnJ\.HTYAe CHrHaJ\.a Ha YABoeH HoH 'laC TOTe; cneKTp
npOH3BeA HIDI CHr!laJ\. aHrH cneKTPY Ha p HC.> 6.2S  !
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6.3.2. MOAellb neTlleBoro cjJlIIllbTpa
PaccMoTpHM oco6eHHocTH CPYHKoHHpoBaHHH neTJ\.eBoro cPHJ\.bTpa.
YKa3aHIUI K BbIIIOJIHeIIIO """v M'4
1 1. C03AaTb MO eJ\.b neTJ\.eBoro cPHJ\.bTpa THna 1
loop Filler In (pHC. 6.27).  1\,r I i I 
!. 2. Ao6aaHTb B MOAeJl.b 6J\.OK Gain (pHC. 6.28),
6J\.OK In (pHe. 6.29) H 6J\.OK Out (pHC. 6.30) H3 6H6-
loop Filter Out J\.HOTeKH Simulink/Commonly Used Blocks.
1 3. YKa B 6J\.o Ke _ Ga in napMeTp ye HAeHH5I
PHc.6.27. MOAeJ\.b K1. ,,
neT.heBOrO cpH.hbTpa THna 1 4. CcPOp:MHpOBaTb nOAcHcTeMY neT.heBOrO cPHJ\.b-
pn. - Tpa THna 1: BbIAeJ\.HTb 6J\.OKH MOAeJ\.H n4> THna 1 :e:a
pHC. 6.27 H HaJKaTHeM npaBoH KHonKH MbImH BbI6paTb nYHKT MeHIO Create Subsys-
tem From Selection, B pe3YJ\.bTaTe nOHBHTCH nOACHCTeMa ncp 'f}!na 1 (PHe. 6.31).
5. HacTpoHTb napaMeTpbI nOACHCTeMbI neTJ\.eBoro cPHJ\.bTpa THna 1: BbIAe-
J\.HTb 6J\.OK nOACHCTeMbI H HaJKaTHeM npaaoH KHonKH MbImH BbI6paTb nYHKT Me-
HIO Mask/Create Mask (pHe. 6.32); B OTKpbIBmeMe5I OKHe Mask Editor nepeHTH B

179
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8
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Operator
Mux
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loop Fd'o<Inl _....,,
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Poc.6.31. <POpMHpOBaHHe nOACHCTeMbl neTJl.eBOrO cPHJl.bTpa THna 1
L filter 1
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p"qwrements
LJnear AnalysIs
Cf"e-ate' Modell\1sk... CtrlShlft+M
Poc.6.32. Bbl60p n}'HKTa MeHlO MaskjCreate Mask 6J1.0Ka neTJl.eBOrO cpID\.bTpa THna 1
01;1 qO d.t..A\1lm!:uan8 DbA 'fOllS 8 .»Iq

180
IJ.. 6q'{TB 6. 4Ja30BaJI aBTorroAcTpoHKa TlaCTOT.DT
3aK.I\.aA K Y Parameters & Dialog H, Hcno.l\.b3YH peAaKTOp Edit, A06aBHTb Ha3BaHHe
. MacKHpyeMoro napaMeTpa Kl (proportional path) B KO.l\.OHKe Prompt H YKa3aTb co-
OTBeTCTByrom;He HMH napaMeTpa Kl B KO.l\.OHKe Na:r:ne (pHC. 6.33).
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Icon & Ports Parameters & Dsalog Imtlabzabon Documl!.nt4tton
Controls r t..,
I? Parameter Prompt Name
I  Edit I %<Ma.kType> DestGroupVar
Clte<:k box %<.kOescnptlon> D..cT..tVar
POPUP =.
@1 Combo box ,. ; WI.l Kl (proportIonal path) Kl
 Radio button
"U" Slider
.Dtal
[jj Spmbox Drag orClck Item. on left palette to add to dialog.
X Unit Use D....t" key to remove Item. from d.alog.
 T..t Area
r Constramt Ma nagetJ f OK] [ Cane", J r Help 1 r :!..
>Mi,lCK>HPQBKa napaMeTpa Kl 6.J1.0Ka neT.I\.eBOrO cPH.I\.bTpa THna 1
6. C03AaTb MOAe.l\.b neT.I\.eBOrO <pH.I\.bTpa
c., , N
THna 2 (pHC. 6.34). .
7. A06aBHTb B MOAe.l\.b ABa 6.1\.OKa Gain,
6.1\.OK In, 6.1\.OK Out H 6.1\.OK Delay H3 6H6-
.l\.HOTeKH SimulinkjCommonly Used Blocks
(pHC. 6.35).
8. A06aBHTb B MOAe.JI.b 6.1\.OK Add H3
6H6.1\.HOTeKH j SimulinkjMath Operations
(pHC. 6.36).
9. YKa3aTb B 6.1\.OKax Gain napaMeTpbl
YCH.I\.eHHH Kl H K2 (C:M. pHC. 6.34).
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Tpa THna 2
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 S,multnk library Browser
.. q, 1 hiIbert filter
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8 Propertieo
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Type
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Item location
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10. CcPoPMHPOBaTb rroAcHcTeMY rreTJl.eBOrO cPHJl.bTpa THrra 2: BblAeJl.HTb 6.71.0-
KH MOAeJl.H DeI> THrra 2 Ha pHC. 6.34 H HaJKaTHeM rrpaBoH KHorrKH MbIIDH BbI6paTb
rrYHKT MeHIO Create Subsystem From Selection, B pe3YJl.bTaTe rrO$iBHTC$i rrOACHCTeMa
DeI> THrra 2 (pHC. 6.37). ".-
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format
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11. HaCTpOHTb rrapaMeTpbI rrOACHCTeMbI DeI> THrra 2: BbIAeJl.HTb 6J1.0K rrOACHC-
TeMbl H HaJKaTHeM rrpaaOH KHorrKH MblIDH BbI6paTb rrYHKT MeHIO Mask/Create Mask
(pHC. 6.38); B OTKpbIBIDeMC$i OKHe Mask Editor rrepeHTH B 3aKJI.a-AKY Parameters &
Dialog H, HCrrOJl.b3Y$i peAaKTop Edit, Ao6aBHTb Ha3BaHHe MacKHpyeMbIX rrapaMeTpOB
K1 (proportional path) H K2 (integral path) B KOJl.OHKe Prompt H YKa3aTb COOTBeT-
CTBYIOe HMeHa rrapaMeTpOB B KOJl.OJiKe Name (pHC. 6.38)
m Ma$kEt;lttor: loop Filter Type 2
-
ICon & Ports P.tramet:ers & Dtalog ImtlallZatlOn Docu'!!entat,on
Controls .. D..log box
s_ + A
Nam
DescGroupVar
De«: ToxtV.r
'M!metitJ'Gf<i\lP"{1I,
K1
K2
£dit
H.! Check box
 Popup
[g! Combo box
<!l Rad.o button
"iJ" Slider
 .DiaI
'j [jjj Spmbox
:t;Untt ,
fI'1j Text Area
Prompt
%<Ma$kType>
%<Mo<kOescnpbon>
,1'«:11 cleu,
'>#1
1 mI#2
Kl (proportlona' path)
K2 (Integral path)
Drag 0' Click lIems In Ift palette to add to dialog. iii
U$e Delete key to remove ttms from d.alog,
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Name
Prompt
Type
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Item location
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6.3. IIpaKTH'IecKoe 3aHHTHe. MOAe.l!.b KOHTypa <PAIItJ
185
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188
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Plfc.6.57. I1apaMeTpbI rrOACHCTeMbI rYH
 Block Parameters: Sine WlfVe
Sine Wave '
Output a sine wave:
x
::r-
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1
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onopHblM CHrHa.l\.OM rYH, KaK, HanpHMep, B CHC'l'eMax:. cnYT,flHKOaOH CB5I3H H HaBH-
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KBaApaTHqHOe H3MeHeHHe cPa3bI, H.II..II.IOCTpHpyroHe OCTaTOqHYIO OillH6KY KOHTypa
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BbIH CABHr B YCTaHoBHBmeMCSI peJKHMe KOMneHcHpyeTC5I C HY.ll.eBoH OillH6KOH KOH-
TypOM <PATIt{ l-ro, 2-ro H 3-ro nOp5IAKOB; 6) qaCTOTHbIH CABHr B YCTaHoBHBilleMC5I
peJKHMe KOMneHcHpyeTC5I C HY.ll.eBoH omH6KoH KOHTypOM <pATIq -ro H 3-:ro nop5IA-
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KOB; KOHTp <pATIq l-ro nop5IAKa KOMneHcHpyeT qaCTOTJibIH CABHr C OCTaTOqHOH
OillH6KOH; B) YCKopeHHe qaCTOTHoro CABHra B YCTaHOBHBilleMC5I peJKHMe KOMneH-
cHpyeTC5I C HY.ll.eBOH omH6KOH KOHTypOM <pATIq 3-ro nOp5IAKOB; KOHTp <pATIq 2-
ro nop5IAKa KOMneHcHpyeT YCKopeHHJ;: 'iaCTOTHOro CABHra C OCTaTOqHOH OillH6KOH;
KOHTp <P ATIq 1- ro nOp5IAKa He cnpaB.II.5IeTCSI C KOMneHcan;HeH AHHaMHqeCKOrO H3-
MeJieHH5I qaCToTHoro CABHra  _ M_ _ _ 
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KOMneHcHpoBaTb cpa30BbIH CAB.F C HY.ll.eBOH OillH6KOH npH paBeHcTBe qaCTOT H pa3-
HbIX Haqa.ll.bHbIX cpa3ax npHHHMaeMoro paAHoCHrHa.ll.a H onopHoro CHrHa.ll.a rYH; 6)
n03BO.1U'!eT KOMneHCHpOBaTb qaCTOTHbIH CABHr C OCTaTOqHOH omH6KoH npH pa3JibIX
qaCTOTax npHHHMaeMoro PaAHOCHrHaJ\.a H onopHoro CHrHaJ\.a rYH; B) JieJ<;O:t,meH-
cHpyeT AHHaMHqeCKOrO H3MeHeHH5I qaCTOTHoro CABHra.  V"I m'S<P 4l .......0'1
-0 KO'Hmyp rIJAnT.f 2-20 nop.R.tma e ycma'Hoeuewe.Mc.R. pe:>fCU.Me: a) KOMIIeH-
cHpyeT cPa30BbIR H qaCTOTHbIH cABHr C HY.ll.eBOH omH6KoH IIPH pa3HbIx qaCToTax H
JiaqaJ\.bHbIX cpa.3.ax. npHHHMae:MOrO PaAHoCHrHaJ\.a H oIIopHoro CHrHaJ\.a rYH; 6) KOM-
neHcHpyeT qaCTOTHbIH CABHr C OCTaTOqHOH omH6KoH npH AHHa:MHqeCKOM H3MeHeHHH
'iaCTOTHoro CABHra :MeJK!>y IIpHHHMaeMoro PaAHOCHrHaJ\.a H onopHoro CHrHaJ\.a rYH.

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C HYJ\.eBOH OillH6I\oitJIPU :rp.K HaqaJ\.bHbIX paccorJ\.aCOBaHHHX no "laCTaTe H cP a3e
MeJKf:.Y npHJiHMaeMbIM PaAHOCHrHaJ\.OM H onopHbIM CHrHaJ\.OM rYH .
B 60J\.billHHCTpaKTHgCKHX <;;J\.yqaeB CHHxpOHH3an;HH AMi KOMneHcan;HH qac-
TOTHbIX H cPa30BbIX CABHrOB MeJKAY npHHHMaeMblM paAHOCHrHaJ\.OM H onopHbIM CHr-
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AeHHe nepeXOAHoro npon;ecca H cnoc06HOCTb CJ\.eJKeHH5I KOHTypa <I:>AI1q. <I:>a30BasI
aBTonOACTpOHKa qaCTOTbI <pYHKn;HOHHpyeT KaK CHCTeMa aBTOMaTHqeCKOrO perYJ\.H-
pOBaHH5I, nOACTpaHBaIO:rn;a5I cPa3Y ynpaBJ\.5IeMOrO reHepaTopa TaK, qT06bI aHa 6bIJ\.a
paBHa cPa3e BXOAHoro PaAHocnrHaJ\.a. B KOHType <I:>AI1q cpaBHHBaIOTCH cPa3bI BXOA-
Horo PaAHOCHrHaJ\.a H CHrHaJ\.a rYH, nocJ\.e qero BbIBOAHTCH CHrHaJ\. OillH6KH, COOT-
BeTCTByro:rn;HH pa3HoCTH MeJKf:.Y 3THMH cPa3aMH. CHrHaJ\. OillH6KH npOXOAHT AaJ\.ee
qepe3 I1<I:> HH3KHX qaCTOT H HcnOJ\.b3yeTcH B KaqeCTBe ynpaBJ\.HIO:rn;ero AJ\.H rYH.
ECJ\.H BbIxoAHaH qaCTOTa rYH OTKJ\.OHHeTCH aT BXOAHOH, TO CHrHaJ\. OillH6KH YBe-
J\.HqHBaeTCH, B03AeHCTBY5I Ha rYH B CTOPOHY YMeHbilleJiH5I OillH6KH. B YCTaHOBHB-
illeMCH peJKHMe (COCT05IHHH paBHO!3eCHH) BblXOAHOH CHrHaJ\. rYH <pHKcHpyeTC5I Ha
"laCTaTe BxoAHoro I1peAnOJ\.araeTCH, "ITa HaqaJ\.bHasI qaCTOTa rYH npH6J\.H3HTeJ\.bHa
paBHa "laCTaTe BXOAHoro PaAHOCHrHaJ\.a. ECJ\.H <pa3a reHepaTopa 3ana3AbIBaeT OT-
HOCHTeJ\.bHO <pa3bI BXOAHoro CHrHaJ\.a, cPa30BbIH AeTeKTOp H3MeH5IeT ynpaBJ\.HIO:rn;ee
HanpHJKeHHe Ha reHepaTope, "ITa npHBOAHT K era YCKopeHHIO. AHaJ\.orHqHO, eCJ\.H
cP a3a CMe:rn;aeTCH, 06rOIDIH cPa3Y BXOAHoro, <pa30BbIH AeTeKTOp H3MeH5IeT HaIIp5IJKe-
HHe AJl.5I 3aMeAJI.eHH5I reHepaTopa. I1<I:> crJ\.aJKHBaeT pe3KHe H3MeHeHHH ynpaBJ\.H-
lO:rn;ero Hanp5IJKeHHH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, nepeXOAHOH npon;ecc aBTonOACTpOHKH npeACTaBJ\.HeT C060H
aAanTan;HIO BblXOAHoro CHrHaJ\.a rYH K npHHHMaeMOMY paAHOCHrHaJ\.Y no "laCTa-
Te H cPa3e H onpeAeJ\.HeTC C.II.ef:.YIO:rn;HMH <paKTopaMH: a) nOp5IAOK KOHTypa <I:>AI1q
(nOPHAOK I1<I:»: onpeAeJ\.HeT OillH6KY B YCTaHOBHBilleMCH peJKHMe; 6) nOJ\.oca npo-
nYCKaHHH I1<I:>: qeM HH)i{e nOJ\.oca nponycKaHH5I, TeM MeHbille illYMOB, HO AOJ\.bille
nepexoAHoH npon;ecc aAanTan;HH; B) AeMnHHr-cPaKTOp onpeAeJ\.HeT xapaKTep H CKO-
pOCTb npon;ecca aAaIITau;HH. X p.p  A fiG J1 "A
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CH 3HaqeHH5I nepeA BXOAOM B YCTaHoBHBilleHcH peJKHM; npH ( > 1 nepeXOAHOH npo-
n;ecc xapaKTepH3yeTcH MeAJI.eHHbIM :eXOAOM B YCTaHoBHBilleHcH peJKHM; npH ( = 1
nepexoAHoH npon;ecc 3aHHMaeT HaHMeHbillee BpeM5I nepeA BXOAOM B YCTaHoBHBilleH-
CH peJKHM. C OAHOH CTOpOHbl, 60J\.billHe 3Ha"leHH5I ( n03BOJ\.HIOT 6bICTpO AOCTHraTb
YCTaHoBHBillerocH peJKHMa, a MaJ\.ble 3HaqeHHH ( npHBoAHT K 60J\.ee MeAJI.eHHoMY
BXOJKAeHHIO KOHTypa <I:>AI1q B YCTaHoBHBilleHcH peJKHM. C APyroH CTOpOHbI, MaJ\.ble
3HaqeHH5I ( n03BOJ\.HIOT KOHTYPY <I:>AI1q OTCAeJKHBaTb He3HaqHTeJ\.bHble H3MeHeHHH
napa:MeTpa, n03ToMY npH Bbl60pe 3Ha'leHHH ( ;HYJKeH 6aJ\.aHc MeJKf:.Y CKOpOCTblO ne-
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cpaKTopa ( (CKPHnT 6.3). Ii £. . q!lot -1qfI VA
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MeHee npHroAeH AJI.5I OTCJl.eJKHBaHIDI H3MeH5IIOID;HXC5I BO BpeMeHH BXOAHbIX cHrHaJ\.oB;
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nepexoAHoH npon;ecc, "tJ'1'O 'I'aKJKe HeJKeJl.aTeJl.bHO. B npHJl.OJKeHH5IX pHOCB5I3H npeA-
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-5 65 n n £EIP
.. eKLlIMI. epeAaTOl.jHa xa aKTeplf1CTIf1Ka KOHTypa
ct>AnLJ:1 <j 'i )U ') ...(. }, £€ RI 9
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B HaCT05IID;eM pa3AeJl.e 6YAe'1' BbInO.Jl;ljJ:!R' a) aHaJl.H3 nepeAaTO"tJHOH CPYHK11;HH
n;HcppOBoro KOH'1'ypa <PAIIq 2-ro nOp5IAKa B z-06J1.aCTH; 6) aHaJl.H3 nepeAaTo"tJHoH
cpYHKn;HH aHaJl.OrOBOro KOHTypa <;>kIJi 2-ro {fop5IAKa B S-06J1.aCTH; B) BbIBOA BbIpa-
JKeHHH, CB5I3bIBaIOID;HX K03cpcpH11;HeHTbI KOH'1'ypa <PAIIq, noJl.ocy "tJaCTO'1' H A3MnHHf
cpaK'1'Op Ha OCHOBe 3KBHBaJl.eHTHOCT gJITYP AIIq 2-ro nOp5l:AKa B Z-06J1.aCTH H S-
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Ae'1'eKTopa Kp H 11;HcppOBoro rYH Ko. R.4J:STruiAS J,;XI"}lloq dT:JlI
1tqn6.5.1. nepeAaTO'iHa xapaKTepCTIIIKa aHallorOBOM 4>Any "IHN1J A
-0'1 MOAeJl.b KOHTypa aHaJl.OrOBOH <PAIIq 2-ro nOp5l:AKa AJI.5I aHaJl.H3a nepeAaTO"tJJiOH
xapaK'1'epHCTHKH B S-06J1.aCTH nOKa3aHa Ha pHC. 6.74. II'
'i f['- .Pt & \fbA 
L'UI
1'tfi ;}OA
X(s)
------------------,
TIC!>: F(s)

.4-1
8HflOHl'iTJ1l
SId.fo.SV "Icr
6(s)
+--
BhIXO,L\
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6.5. AeK.qH5I. IIepeAaTO'iHa5I xapaKTepHcTHKa KOHTypa t:PAIItJ
201
rYB 2:II';CefpHpyeT <Pt'tJl,RTpOilHHIij: !;HfHaJ\. _QmH6KH COf J\.aCHO (6.13), CJ\.eAOBa-
TeJ\.bHo, efO rrepeAaTO'iHasI xapaKTepHcTHKa paBHa Ko/ s, a <pHJ\.bTpoBaHHbIH CHf-
HaJ\. omH6KH (6.11) B J\.HHeapH30BaHHoH MOAeJ\.H KOHTypa <PATILI BbIpa2J<aeTC1! Ki&K
pa3HocTb <pa3. 0603!Ia<mM 'iepe3 8( s) H 8( s) o6pa3bI rro AarrJ\.acy BxoAHOro H BbI-
XOAHOfO CHfHaJ\.a cooTBeTcTBeHHo, TOfAa rrepeAaTO'iHa5I xapaKTepHcTHKa KOHTypa
aHaJ\.ofoBoH <P ATILI 2- fO rrOp5IAKa prrpeAeJ\.1!eTC5I BbIpaJKeHHeM
"
R(s) = 8(s) . u O:mLd!.G''"q 11 ) (6.26)
. ___ ._' 8(s)
S {. f
(\' OrrepaTopHoe ypaBHeHHe J\.¥HeaIJH30BaHHofo KOHTypa aHaJ\.ofoBoH <PATILI 2-fO
"l )1 i>
rrOp5IAKa orrpeAeJ\.5IeTC5I BblpaJKeHHeM . I
J1.])  ,)> ibf£< Cf' ') r" K K J £;
0> '1 8(s) = Kp[8(s) - 8(s)] [ Kl +  ] ...J!., v P i \ (6.27)
s s
fl;:.e rrepeAaTO'iHasI YHKn;H5I rreTJ\.eBOfO cpHJ\.bTpa palma
, ? - \ J K 2
F(s)=Kl+-,
,  <;{ / 1: j' 1 S F,!> A
J{
(6.28)
. '\
0"
N
t3,
a rrepeAaTO'iHa5I cpYHKqH5I rYH paBHa
'!..
l
"; ---J
.;I"
Ko
V(s) = -.
. s
f'l J{" .(.
(6.29)
BBeAeM 0603Ha'ieHHe ·
YH IT '
k,
.t ,,
[ 1 K2 ] Ko
(3 = K p Kl + - -,
, f S S
1",5
(6.30)
>'p 0$.)
TOfAa rrepeAaTO'tmyro xapaKTepHcTHKY (6.26) MOJKHO rrpeAcTaBHTb B BHAe
J ). 1 C1£Q , l
> >, 8(s) (3
R(s) = 12\ ( ) = _ 1 (3 .
R v.<J S +
Jf
....r t'J --;. ([
(6.31 )
1"! 
d:
TIoAcTaBHB (6.30) B (6.31), rroJ\.Y'iHM
.0< 8(:)'"1_; 'eJ Kp [Kl + !S;-]!S;- =
 8s) ,. 1+Kp[Kl+ 2 ] o
KpKIKo KpK2KO
+
s S2
1 + KpKIKo + KpK2 K O .
s S2
(6.32)
, 
YMHOJKHB 'iHCJ\.HTeJ\.b H 3HaMeHaTeJ\.b B (6.32) Ha s2, rroJ\.Y'iHM
J"I  .'
'\; 8(s) _ KpKIKos + KpK2 K O
,J 8(s) - S2 + KpKIKos + KpK2KO'
'"'t:»jJ:t,: -
'.
,S'I
(6.33)
j!"'t ?'1
AJ\.5I ynpom;emm BBeM cJ\.eAYrom;He 0603Ha'ieHH5I:
2(wn = KpKIKo; w = KpK2KO,
TOfAa BblpaJKeHHe (6.33) MOJKHO rrpeACTaBHTb KaK
R _ 8(s) _ 2(wn s + w
(s) - 8(s) - S2 + 2(wn s + w '
1
it
(6.34)
:t, \;j A () .;i"'" )..!
llw ! (6.35)
!

202
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,tOJ\. lRT'J 6. CPa30BaH aBTOITOACTpOHKa "laCTOTbI
J)'i I:.
£. TIOA}"'iMJUI, "lTO AMHeapM30BaHHbIH KOHTyp aHaAoroBoH <PATIt{ 2-ro IIOp5IAKa
IIpeACTaBA5IeT C060H <P1;'!J\.bTP BToporo IIOp5IAKa C pe30HaHCHOH 'laCTOTOH Wn M KO-
3<pq)MeHTOM 3aTyxaHM5I (A€MIIMHr-<paKToPOM damping factor) (. :Lt. If
KOMIIJ\.eKCHbIH K03<P<PMI1;MeHT IIepeAa"lH KO:HTypa <PAll4 paBeH d) dTJO
.<i,. ;) "H'-lb H( I.h"J ) _ w + 2(w n jw ..: rs::.1 0'1° ( ' 6 ':/.(' 6)
.,,1  JW - 2 2 + 2 1" .' O';t-1;: .PIl1 i 4> !'PflO '.Y.
w n - W ."wnJw
f}t{x AMJieapM30BaHHOrO KOHTypa <P ATIt{ \>\
w + 4(2WW2
i 4J IH(jw)1 = (w _ W 2 )2 + 4(2WW2' q\ (JHOOI r; (6.37)
'Z'J)'d UT XIIII.,.f  r
PaccMoTpMM OCHOBHble COOTHOmeHM5I B .,I\.MHeapM30BaHHOM KOHType <PAIF-L
(\ TIpM W = 0 At{X KOHTypa <PAll4 paBHa IH(j. 0)1 = 1. TIpM W = W n IIOA}"'iMM
IH("w )1 = w + 4(2w = Jl + 4(2 :::; J 1 11 : if'"", (6.38)
J n 4(2W 4(2 2( J l + 4(2
\-. (" \
Ha pe30HaHCHOH "laCTOTe A t{X AMHeapM30BaHHoro KOHTypa <P All4 BcerAa 60Ab-
me eAmrnI1;bI, IIpM"leM IIPM YCTpeMJ\.€HMM ( K HYAIQ IH(jwn)1 CTpMMTC5I K 6eCKOHe"l-
HOCTM. TIpM W -t 00 IIOAyqMM
(f ?
lim JH(jw)I:::;!im  = lim .! = o.
w-+oo w-+oo V W4+W2 w-+oo W Pl-
(r TaKMM 06pa30M, A4X KOHTypa J'rt{ y6bIBT KaK Ijw (20 ABjAeKaAa).
2.5 , PaCCMOTpMM "laCTOTbI, IIPM KOTOpblX
i
IH (jw) I JJT:;J . AJ\5I 3T0 He06xOAMMO pe-
mMTb ypaBHeHMe (6.37) IIPM IH(jw) I = 1 OT-
HOCMTeAbHO "laCTOTbl w. B03BOA5I B KBaApaT
,. {
H IIepeHOC5I 3HaMeHaTeAb B AeBYro "laCTb, IIO-
AyqMM 11 l  ) g (0£ \ I1Na£TJ,AOn
(w - W 2 )2 + 4(2WW2 = w + 4(2WW2 ::::}
::::} (w - w 2 )2 = w. __ _. _.L (6.4;0)
)\ - (p )(-9
0.5 I 2 2.5 i PaCKpblBaH CK06KM H IIpMBOA5I IIOA06-
PMC. 6.75. 3aBHCMMOCTb IIe- Hble, IIOAyqMM
1'> "'.",,, M'B '" l< a
peAaTOqHOH xapaKTepHcTHKH w 4 _ 2WW2:::; 0, (6.41)
<PAnt.! OT AeMIIHHNpaKTopa \ t'  A d (? )0
 A) '.\ \ OTKYAa'w = 0 H W = V2wn. TIpHMep A4X
AMHeapH30BaHHoro 1COHTYP <PAnt.! IIOKa3aH Ha pHC. 6.75 (CKpHIIT 6.4).
CKpMIIT 6.4. llepe.n;aTO'lHasJ: xapaKTepMcTMKa «1IAllq 2-ro IIopSl.n;Ka !{AA
clear all;
w=[0:0.01:3];
wn=1;
d=[0.25 0.5 0.75 1];
for i=1:1ength(d)
( num=wn-4+4*d(i)-2*wn-2*w.-2;
den=(wn-2-w.-2).-2+4*d(i)-2*wn-2*w.-2;
(6.39)
2 ,»....
1.5 ->

0.5
o
o
()l
J I
. .
01.\ r 11 "
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n:
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_ .  _ . _H
203
H=sqrt(num./den);
plpt(w,H,'linewidth',2); hold on;
x;,  n
r'?'-1
end
grid on; xlabel('\omega'); ylabel('IH(j\omega) I');
legend('\zeta=O.25', '\zeta=O.5', '\zeta=O.75'. '\zeta=1.0');
9KBMBaJIeHTHasI mYMOBa5I nOJIoca KOHTypa cI>Anq. AJ\.5I aHaJ\.H3a Ka-
'ieCTBa pa60TbI KOHTypa <J? AllLI npH B03AeHCTBHH aAAHTHBHOrO 6€J\.oro raYCCOBCKOrO
mYMa (ABfIll, AWGN) Ha BXOAe HCnOJ\.b3yroT nQH5ITHe 3KBHBaJ\.eHTHOH mYMOBOH
nOJ\.OCbI Bn, onpeAeJ\.5I€MOH BblpaJKeHHeM'r ( J i, >"J
'\t. "
r (X)
Bn = 'H(0)'2 1 IH(jwW dw.
<,
(6.42)
l105ICHHM cPH3H'ieCKHH H reOMeTpH'ieCKHH CMbICJ\. 3KBHBaJ\.eHTHoH mYMOBOH no-
J\.OCbI. llYCTb Ha BxoAe HamerQ J<OHTypa,<J?AllLI, npeACTaBJ\.5IJOru;ero C060H <pHJ\.bTp
C nepeAaTO'iHOH xapaKTepHCTHKOH H(s), AeHcTByeT ABfIll co CneKTpaJ\.bHOH nJ\.OT-
HOCTbJO MOru;HOCTH (CllM) N. llpH npOXOJKAeHHH mYMa 'iep€3 Ham <pHJ\.bTp OH
H3MeHHT CBOH xapaKTepHCTHKH H Ha BbIxoAe 6YAeT HMeTb AHcnepCHJO, paI3HYro (J2.
llOCKOJ\.bKY A LIX cPHJ\.bTpa MOJK'.j:':K,I},.J;>.HO MeH5ITb5I B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT napaMeTpOB,
TO H AHCnepCH5I mYMa Ha BblXOAe TOJKe 6YAeT MeH5ITbC5I, XOT5I nOJ\.oca nponYCKaHH5I
cPHJ\.bTpa no YPOBHIO -3 AB OCTaeTC5I nOCT05IHHOH, KaK H cneKTpaJ\.bHa5I nJ\.OTHOCTb
MOru;HOCTH mYMa Ha BbIXOAe N. B HameM cJ\.Y'iae npH cPHKcHpoBaHHoH pe30HaHc-
HOH 'iaCTOTe MbI MOJKeM MeH5ITb AeHfl:r-cPaKTop ( H nOJ\.Y'iaTb pa3J\.H'iHble A LIX
npH OAHOH nOJ\.oce KOHTypa <J?AllLI no ypOBHJO -3 AB. Ho MbI 3HaeM, 'iTO eCJ\.H
B35ITb HAeaAbHbIH <J?Hq, TO npH cPHKCHpOBaHH9H CllM 1'{ mYMa Ha BxoAe <pHJ\.bTpa
AHCnepCH5I mYMa Ha BbIXOAe 6YA€T 3aBHceTb TOJ\.bKO OT nOJ\.OCbl HAeaJ\.bHoro <J?Hq.
TaKHM 06pa30M, 3KBHBaJ\.eHTHa5I mYMOBa5I nOJ\.oca cPHJ\.bTpa BaKE nOKa3blBaeT, Ka-
KYro ABYCTOpOHHroJO noJ\.ocy HAeaJ\.bHOrO <J?Hq HaA0 B3kTb, 'iT06bI nOJ\.Y'iHTb TaKYro
JKe AHCnepOrJO Ha BbIXoAe (J2, 'iTO H npH npOxOJKAeHH 'iepe3 Ham <pHJ\.bTp. B 3TOM
cP H3H 'i€CKHH CMbICJ\. 3KBHBaAeHTHOH mYMOBOH nOJ\.OCbI. PaCCMOTpHM reOMeTpH'ieC-
t, '. : i 1. ".1 IVJ.J:J,U.n u
KYro TpaKTOBKY Ha pHC. 6.76. "1'
Ha pHC. 6.76 nOKa3aHbI AqX IH(jw)1 :ii  ("
H KBaAPaT AqX IH(jw)12 KOHTypa IH(jill n )1 2
<J?Allq. llJ\.Oru;aAb nOA KBaApaToM AqX
3amTpHXOBaHa J\.HHH5IMH. llp5IMoyroJ\.b-
HHKOM nOKa3aH HAeaJ\.bHblH <J?Hq, nJ\.o-
I
ru;aAb nOA KBaApaTOM A qX KOToporo
(mTpHxoBKa C€TKOH) paBHa nJ\.oru;aAH nOA r
KBaApaTOM AqX KOHTypa <J?Allq. OCHO-
.J 1':
L-
BaHHe 3Toro np5IMoyrOJ\.bHHKa eCTb noJ\.o- PRC. 6.76. feOMeTpR'ieCKa5I TpaKToBKa
BHHa 3KBHBaJ\.eHTHOH mYMoBOH nOJ\.OCbI 3KBHBaJ\.eHTHoH mYMoBOH nOJ\OCbI
(TaK. KaK Mbl pacCMOTpeJ\.H TOJ\.bKO B OARY CTOPOHY nOJ\.OJKHTeJ\.bHbIX 'iaCTOT). B 3TOM
reOMeTpH'ieCKa5I TpaKTOBKa 3KBHBaJ\.eHTHOH mYMOBOH nOJ\.OCbI KOHTypa <J?Allq [32].
AJ\.5I paC'i>€'J'a 3KBHBaJ\.eHTHoH mYMoBoH nOJ\.OCbI KOHTypa <J? Allq Heo6xoAHMO
Bbl'iHCJ\.HTb HHTerpaJ\. ..,  .,!'\u
ill
_ j 'PO t w + 4(2WW2
Bn - 2 (2 _ 2)2' 4(2 2 2 dw,
o w n > , w + WnW
(6.43)

204
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6. c4JasoBaH aBTolIoAcTpoHKa 'laCTOThI
B pe3YJl.bTaTe HHTerpMpOBaHM5I nOJl.yg:aeTC5I cJl.eAYIOrn;ee BblpaJKeHMe: .r
.d i'1 ....v
W n ( 1 )
B'Q ="2 (+ 4( . ..J
,., , (' .il
.f' ,LJ;HHaMHqeCKHe xapaKTepHcTHKH KOHTypa <I»Anq. nYCTb KOHTyp <pAnq
npoH3BoAMT 3axBaT CHHycoHAa.ll.bHOrO cHrlJi'I.,?I..a a.1lJ\,H1YAbI.Ll ;r:rP1LJ1aqa.ll.:bHOM qac-
TOTHOM paccOrJl.aCOBaHHM 11f B YCJl.OBH5IX AeHCTBH5I aAAHTMBHoro 6eJl.oro rayccoB-
CKoro mYMa co cneKTpa.ll.bHOH n.ll.OTHOCTbIO MOrn;HOCTM N. BpeM5I 3axBaTa AaHHOrO
CHrHa.ll.a CKJl.Q.AbIBaeTC5I H3 3aXBaTa no qaCTOTe t f H no cPa3e t p :
\(\;'\} \ (\ H
t 3 = tf +t p ,
rAe tf  4b.P/B c; t p = 1,3/Bn c. ) :' ,f
 B BbIpaJKeHMH (6.45) 3KBHBa.ll.eHTHaJI mYMoBa5I nOJl.oca\;paJKeHa B rep:u;ax.
MaKCHMaJl.bHOe qaCTOTHoe paccOrJl.aCOBaHHe b.fmax. npH KOTOpOM B03MOJKeH 3a-
HO -. \ ni \.J.!:'IJLWV V1"
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8 Sf.{ n T b.fmax  2v2:7rB n (, M j'j i 'i)l (6.46)
f' 1 ,) H'1'C; 1 0 "Q'!' tit" >i f, C :r:lN:
rAe Bn - 3KBHBa.ll.eHTHaJI mYMOBa5I nO.ll.oca B rep ax; <: - AeMnMHr-cPaKTOp.
n  Q
AMc:r.;epCH5I mYMa o:u;eHK1. cPa3bI Ha BblAe KOHTy:e a _(a30BbI!r mx. M ) 30H)J)'D
XP)._ "'"Eq '\ ') 2 NoBn dTR ISM 114'''''' L.n STOT
'{' 0'", = - A2 ' A ',.,,' .II. (6.47)
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fty r>n (, <1V /1l>\;! 1 V
xapaKTepHCTHKH B Z-06J1.aCTH nOKa3aHa Ha pHC. 6.77.  . . H
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iellHO. TorAa nepeAaTOqHaJI xapaKTepHCTHKa IJ;HcPPOBoro KOHTypa <pAnq 2-ro
nOp5IAKa onpeAeJl.5IeTC5I BblpaJKeHHeM A Cl'!9'1 n cil'N '( JNP
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H z = e( z) .
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6.5. J\.eKI{HJr. nepeAaTo<iHaJr xapaKTepHcTHKa KOHTypa cpAnLJ
205
YpaBHeHMe Jl.MHeapM30BaHHoro IJ;mppOBOro KOH-
Typa 4>AITli 2-ro rrOp5IAKa orrpeAeJl.5IeTC5I Bblpa:>Ke-
HMeM . " 1
} ,
e(z) = Kp[e(z) 8(z)] x
x [K1 + K 2 1 _1Z-1 ] [KO 1 -;-1 ]' (6.51)
. r J, .,. }
I1peo6pa3yeM BblpaJKeHMe (6.51) K B MAY \
8 . () = [ KpKo1 1 Z-l_l l+ KpKo:2 1 Z-l_l 1 1 -1 ] [e(Z) _ 8(z)].1.
JO) -Z -Z-Z
BBeAeM 0603Ha"leHHe  1\ J iJ V. :;
-1 -1 1
ex = K p KoK1 z 1 + K p K o K 2 - 1 Z _ 1 1 '
1 - Z- - z- 1 - z-
-  IT
TorAa rrepeAaTO"lHYro xapaKTepHcTHKY (I1X) (6.48) MO:>KHQ p:peAcTaBHTb B BHAe
H z = 8(z) = 
() e( z) 1 + ex' 1 !
I10AcTaBHB (6.53) B (6.54) rrOJl.Y"lHM i 
, '
f ( ij(Z) Kp K oK11 -;-1 + Kp K oK21 -;-1 l_lZ-I
e(z) - /" T . Z-I Z-l 1
1 + Kp K oK1 1 _ Z-I + Kp K oK2 1 _ Z-I 1 _ Z-I
V"If . { /
YMHO:>KHB -.iHCJl.HTeJl.b H ;iraMeHaTeJl.b B (6.55) Ha (1 _'Z-1)2, rrOJl.Y"lHM
I1epeAaTO"lHasI <PYHKIJ;M5I rreTJl.eBOrO <pHJl.bTpa
(pHC. 6.78) palma
1
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>,. 1- z
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(6.5,0)
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pOBoro KOHTypa 4>AITLJ::
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6.6. npa!<TJf"'fec!<oe 3aH5ITJfe. CHHTe3 KOHTypa tPAnt{ c 3aAaHHbIMH napaMeTpaMH 211
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c:PaKTOp <: H mYMOBa5I IIOAoca Bn. ANiI Kl H3 (6.76) cAeN'€T
j> ).1 .;:r .\.',C '-1 4 r Bn T ,.. "! f '
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ECAH mHpHHa mYMoBoM IIOAOCbl MaJ\.a B cpaBHeHHH C qaCTOTOM AHCKp€TH3an;HH,
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x
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Moth ()pe\'obon$ RepeaUno RepeetIng Signal 
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6.6. IIpaKTHTfecKoe 3aH5ITHe. CHHTe3 KOHTypa CPAIILJ C 3a,l!,aHHbIMH napaMeTpaMH 215
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% YCTaHoBKa nepBllHX napaMeTpOB 1!
fs = 10e6; % aCTOTa llCKpeTH3allll
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% pacceT BTOpHHMX napaMeTpOB
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% nponOpHOHaJIbHMH K09HqHeHT n
K1 = (4*d*eta)/(Ko*Kp*(1+(2*d*eta)+eta-2));
% HHTerpaJIbIH K09HHeHT n
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% nepeMeHHe MOeJIHpoBaHHH
n = 15000; % HCJIO B6opOK
ferr = 4500; % omm6Ka aCTOTN BXOHoro CHrHaJIa (f)
awgn = 0.05; % cnepcHH ASfII1 N6
11. OTKpblTb napaMeTpbI MOAeJlH KOHTypa 4>AIT4 B MeHIO File/Model Proper-
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. AeMrrHHr-cpaKTop ( ::;;:: 0,707;
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. K03cPcPHIJ;HeHT yeHJleHH5i rYH K = 1;
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lllar npHpam;eHH5i J-Lq MOJKeT 6blTb paCC"tJHTaH rro cPopMYJle (6.19): SA0M. a:oq
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6.6. IIpaKTH<:J:eCIwe 3aHRTHe. CHHTe3 KOHTypa c1>AIILJ C 3aAaHHbIMH rrapaMeTpaMH 217
K03<pqm:U;HeHT Kl MOJKeT 6bITb paCC'<lHTaH no cPopMY.1\.e (6_.89)' . I }
K = 1:'\1 4('17 :TI 4.0,707.0.0019 '1  0 0106.
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(6.45). A.1\.sr C.1\.Y'<la5l Bn = 10 Kfn; BpeMR BaTa onpeAe.1\.Tcsr CYMMOH BpeMe
3axBaTa no '<laCTOTe t f H no cP a3e t p : e u 0 
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CKpHnT 6.6. MHHIlnlJIH3aHH napaMeTpoB MOeJIH AM-DSB-TC C <DAIl'l
fs = 48e3*10; % aCTOTa HcKpeTH3aqHH
fc = fa/S; ,It"-'- _II
% napaMeTpbl. KOHTypa et>AlI1.j '} r 11'  _ p , _
A = 1; % aMnnHrya BXOHoro CHrHana
T = l/fa; % nepHo HcKpeTH3aqHH
Kp = A/2; % K034xt>HHeHT YCl!neHH? 4>}:\ 61-' NTR 6
Bn = 1000; % mYMOBaH nonoca, r
Ko = 1; % K034xt>HHeHT YCHneHHH rYH (HOpMHpOBaH K fs)
d = 0.707; % eMrmHr q>aKTOp ""'B'!. P' M -o'B.t '(Arw *" q F"-,
% oeHKa K034>4>HHeHToB lIet>
Kl = (4*d*Bn*T)/(Ko*Kp*(d+1/(4*d))); P''(JI.:> a 1<. l,lL6eRHQQXHN) HTO",P5P 6RJi
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 Model Properties: pI1i71_AM_DSB_TC_Pll
x
PostloadFcn
Inltfcn
startfcn
PausefCn
Contlnuefcn
5topfa1*
PreSaveFcn
PostSaveFcn
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Model pre-load fun<;1lOn:
% pr671setup,m
% HH"_ . , 'MOAen.. f,,--
fs = 48e3*10; 
fc = W5;
% > ., > KOmypa <l>AI1'i
A = I; % aMf1fll1TYAa 8XOAHQrO CWHCIlliI
T = I/fs; % nepl10A AIfCI(peT..3aIj....
Kp = N2; % yorneHH <I>.Q
Bn = 1000; % wyMOBaR 11OIIOCa. fll
Ko = I; % K03C\Xt»IlIHeH"t VCKJ1eH11fl rYH (
d = 0.707; % AEM/lKHr $aKTop
% Q4eHKa . n<l>
Kl = (4*d*Bn*T)/(Ko*Kp*{d+l/(4*d)));
K2 = (4*(Bn*T)"2)1(Ko"Kp*(d+l/4*d)"2);
f i
t to
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.
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% nOCTpoeHHe rpapHKa no 3aBepmeHHH MOeJIHpOBaHHH
figure(1); plot(lo_freq.time,lo_freq.signals.values,'b');
hold on; grid on;
plot(tx_freq.time,tx_freq.signals.values,'r','linewidth',2);
xlabel('BpeMR, c'); ylabel('qacToTa, r'); xlim([O 0.01]);
legend('qacToTa Ha BMxoe rVH','qacToTa HecyeH');
 Mode! P,opert,...: pr671J\M_OSB_ TC_Pll
--
x
PreloadFcn*
PostLoadFal
Inltfcn
startFcn
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Simulation stop function:
% /locrpoeH..e rpa$oKll no 3CI"1UJeHIII1
flgure(1);
plot(lojreq.tlme.IoJreq signals,values, 'b'};
hold on; grid on;
pIot(txJreq.tlme,tx..Jreq.signats.vaiues, 'r';lInewldth',2}; .
xlabel{'BpeM, c'); ylabef(''1acrOTa, f<l'); x1Im([O 0 OlD;
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 Block Parameters: To Multimedia File
-,.
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222
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YKa3aTb B HHX Ha3BaHHe napaMeTpOB Hecym;e:H qaCTOTbI nepeAaHHOrO CHrHaJl.a
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x
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QUadratude VCO (mask)
This VCO provides both cosine and sine oulputs. The quiescent
frequency and sensitMty of the VCO can be defined via the mask
(and these apply to both sine and cosine outputs). The block also
provides the '. frequency as an output. "
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 Block Parameters: FIR InterpolatIOn X
FIR Interpolation (mask) (link)
Upsample the input SIgnal by an Integer.valued factor. then apply an fIR filter. The blocl< scales the filter . by the
interpolation factor and Implements the fIR filter using a polyphase structure.
source
@ DIalog parameters
o Input port
o filter object
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! Main Data T .-
If Parameters .--.-- -->-----»->-----.>--.-
il f!Rfiltercoeffiaents: Iflrl(3S.1f5} "
I: Interpolation factor: 1 5
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Apply an fIR fI1ter to the Input signal, It1en downsampIe the signal by an Integer-valued factor. The block implements the FIR filter
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o Input port
o filter object
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Main Data Types
Paramelers
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I ... flKtor; 1 2
I ffter structure: Direct form
1
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! Rate options: Allow rnultir.lle processing
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using a poI filter stI!Jcture, '>
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7.1. llpaKTH"leCKOe 3aHHTHe. HcppoBaH MaHHlIY.llHL\HH
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PilC. 7.12. B.I\.OK Time Scope H3 6H6.11.HOTeKH DSP System Toolbox/Sinks
j.} ."" _t..t\.1Y,
.. Configulat"onPrcpertles; Tune Scope
x' iiJ Time Scope
121 Open at SImulation start
o DIsplay the full path
Number of input ports:
sample time:
Input .
Maximize axes:
Plfe.7.13. HaCTpOHKa 6.11.0Ka Time Scope Time Scope B pa3Ae.ll.e View/Configuration
Properties AJl.5f npHeMa qe-Tblpex CHrHa.ll.OB
j)i.-
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File- Tools f I Simulation
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Pilc.7.14. HaCTpOHKa 6.11.0Ka Time Scope Time Scope B pa3Ae.ll.e View/Layout A.II.5f
oTo6paJKeHH5fX qeTblpex CHrHaJl.OB Ha OTAe.ll.bHblX OC5fX KOOPAHHaT
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8. HacTpoHTb 6.1\.OK QPSK Modulator Baseband Ha npHeM 6HTOB, oTo6paJKeHHe
HX KOAOM rp::m H pacnO.1\.OJKeHMe CHMBO.1\.OB co CABMrOM 1r /4 (pHC. 7.15). AMI BbIBOAa
BeKTopHoH AMarpaMMbI HaJKaTb «View Constellation» (pMC. 7.16).

240
r
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x
7. [4H4>POB85I MaHHlIYJ!.HLfHH
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Input type: 'BIt.
constellation ordering:
Phase offset (fad):
- T 
Puc.7.15. HaCTpoHKa 6.1\.OKa QPSK Modulator Baseband
iii Figures - pr7121QPSK Modultor Bas.bnd: Constellation View 0 X
File Edit View Insert Too\s Debug Desktop Window Help .. !  X
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9. HacTpoHTb 6J\.OK QPSK Demodulator Baseband Ha BbIBOA 6HTOB, rrpHeM C
JKeCTKHMH pemeHH5IMH, oTo6paJKeHHe 6HTOB KOAOM rp351 H pacrrOJ\.OJKeJiHe CH.MBOJ\.OJ3
co CABHrOM 1f /4 (pHC. 7.17).
 Block p,.meters: QPSK DemodultOf Bs.b.nd
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Constellation ordering:
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PRc.7.17. HaCTpOHKa 6.1\.OKa QPSK Demodulator Baseband :tic' qOT f:l8

7.1. IIpaKTH"IecKoe SaH5iTHe. HcppoBa5i MaHHnY.ll.5iI{H5i
241
10. HacTpoHTb 6AOK Bernoulli Binary Generator Jia cPOpMHpoBaHHe 6HTOBO-
ro nOTOKa C paBHOBep05!THbIM CO,ll,epJKaHHeM HYJ\..eH H e,ll,HHHD;, CJ\..e,ll,Y1OID;HX C 6HTO-
BOH CKOpOCTblO Rb H rpynnHpyeMblx B KMPbI pa3MepoM 2 6HTa Ha CHMBOA <pM-4
(pHC. 7.18). .".
=-
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Xt n .f
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Bernoulli Binary Generator " '!
Genelilte IiIndom Bernoulli . . >. binary n\llt1ber:s.
Source code
Palilmeters
Probability c:lzero: '  -
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1 m
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Source of Initial seed' Auto __>_,",-!_-""""__ >;;.:,,:;
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1
Sample time.
Samples per frame:
Output data type'
flt 1 m
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PlfC. 7.18. HacTpOHKa 6J\..oKa Bernoulli Binary Generator
a. 5 A 0 Ci.'l'll JiB g q n ,q a liA td S ,l5. sq J..J
11. VIHHD;HaJ\.H3HpoBaTb napaMeTp Rb B pa3,l1,eAe PreLoadFen J4e1UO .10orl. ¥l
Properties (pHC. 7.19). II..J. 3Icin.
.. pr112' . S,muilnk
file Edit view DISplay
New t'"
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Open Recent
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50",,1>&.,
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Statefk>w Preferences
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·  \0 .  . j. <13  Model callbacks J Model pre-Ioad function. -r
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PlfC. 7.19. VIHHIJ;:aaJl.H3aIJ;H5! napaMeTpa Rb B pa3,l1,eJl.e PreLoadFcn B MeHIO Model
Properties
[ 
12. 3anyeTHTb MO,ll,eAb Ha BbITIOAHeHHe H npOaHaJlli3HpOBaTb oTo6paJKeHHe 6H-
TOB B CHMBOAbI no OCD;HJl.AOrpaMMaM eHHcPa3HoH H KBMPaTYPHoH cocTaBJ\..5!IOID;HM
(pHC. 7.20).
13. Onpe,ll,eAHTb no OCIJ;HJl.AOrpaMMaM (CM. pHe. 7.20) ,lI,Jl.HTeAbHOCTb 6HTa Tb
H ,lI,AHTeAbHoeTb eHMBOAa Ts.

242
7. L{HcPpoBa5I MaHHlrY.ll5ILfH5I
H31-£1-1 E8 fIj-tj
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
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Time (us)
PRc.7.20. OC;;IJ;H.II.7I.OrpaMMbl 6HTOB H CHMBOJ\.OB C CHHcpa3HOH H KBaAPaTYPHOH
1 <; C J ] FOCTaBJ\.5!IOII:\HMH qT;Jhh a \ ' 
14. B pa3AeJ\.e MOAeJ\.H Display jSignal & Ports BKJ\.lOqHTb oTo6paJKeJUie THIIOB
AaHHbIX Port Data Types H y6eAHTbC5i, qTO Ha BblXOAe MOAYJVlTOpa - KOMnJ\.eK-
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BH5:£X aMHTHBHoro 6€.1\oro raYCCOBCKoro mYMa (ABrlll, AWGN, Additive White
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Operatnf Saturation Scope "C;: \" :mq)
BJ\.oK Relational Operator R3 6H6J\.HoTeKH ShnuUnkjCommonly Used
Bloc.ks >. '- T4:Ic!>{dJl.. A N
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PRc.7.22.

7.1. IIpaKTH"IecKoe 3aH>ITHe. HcppoBa>I MaHHIlY.lJ.>II1;H>I
243
2. Ao6aBMTb B MO,1\e.lJ.b 6.l\.OK Relational Operator M3 6M6.l\.MOTeKM Simulink/Com-
monly Used Blocks (pMC. 7.22) M HacTpoMTb ero Ha OrrepaIJ;MIO «He paw.o>/ (pMC. 7.23)
,1\J\5I OTo6paJKeHM5I omM6o'iHO rrpMH5ITbIX 6MTOB.
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JV J.w.l '¥ '1"t _,fI
3. Ao6aBMTb B MO,1\e.l\.b 6.l\.OK AWGN Channel M3 6M6.l\.MOTeKM Communication
Toolbox/ Channels (pMC. 7.24) M HacTpoMTb ero Ha ,1\06aB.l\.eHMe mYMa C rrapaMeTpa-
MM: Eb/NO = 0 ,1\B, ':mC.l\.O 6MTOB Ha CMMBO.l\. 2, Ts = 2/ Rb (pMC. 7.25).
....  - 1";/ .i i'- \..:. ,(''-
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EiJ Block Parameters: AWGN Channel X
Poc.7.24.

J.t.WGN OIannef 'ma) (lin!<)
Add white GausSIan I1Of5e to the input slgnJ, The Input
mmpfex. ThIs block supports multithanhel processing.
X\
'!M1en using  of the valiance modes with complex
valUes areegually divided  t!!e real an4
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244
RU- \).(UN116M Rwoad:nll1 7. L(HcppoBaH MaHHl1YAHI{HH
4. YCTaHOBHTb BpeMH MOAeAHpOBaHH5i 20/ Rb, 3arrycTHTb MOAeAb Ha BbIIIOAHe-
HHe H npoaHaAH3HpoBaTb 6HToBbIe omH6KH (pHC. 7.26). 0 q r I
1 8F-=i=m+=PTff
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 18 18 2!)
Time (us) >,
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io -------J:::.L--> r= - =_ ..--r---> -;L .-=.D- == .. --'I _e EJ
02" 6 8 W g M   2!)
Time (us)
lo :--rB--'F j r I--t----f==p_.>tm
02" 6 8 W g M   2!)
Time (us)
Puc.7.26. B03HHKHOBeHHe 6HTOBbIX onm60K
B 6Ji.OKe AWGN Channel mYM MOJKHO 3(IAaBaTb -qepe3 CAeAYIOID;He napaMeTpbI:
OTHomeHHe CHrHaA/mYM SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio), OTHomeHHe 3HeprHH 6HTa K
Cpe!(Tpa4-bHoH rrAq]liocTH MOID;HOCTH mYMa (CTIM) Eb/NO H OTHomeHHe 3HeprHH
CHMBOAa K CTIM mYMa Es/N o . MeTpHKa SNR HAH OTHomeHHe CHrHaA-mYM (OCllI)
orrpeAeA5ieTC5i I<:aK OTHomeHHe MOID;HOCTH CHrHaJ\.a Ps [BT] B HHQ:>OpMaIJ;HOHHOH rro-
Aoce F [r] K MOID;HOCTH mYMa PN [BT]:
...
SNR = Ps/P N .
(7.1)
MOID;HOCTb mYMa P N orrpeAeA5ieTC5:I npOH3BeAeHHeM ABYCTopoHHeH CI1M mYMa
H YABoeHHoH HHQ:>opMaHoHHoH nOAOCbI -qaCTOT:
PN[BT] = N o /2 [BT/r] . 2F [r] = NoF [BT].
a1 C y-qeT<:" {7.2) BbJ;I)Jc:?;<eHHe (7.1) MOO rrpeAc!.,BHTb J3 BHAe
SNR = Ps/NoF.
i c,
I1YCTb n [c] - MHTeAbHOCTb 6HTa, TorAa 6HTOBa5:I CKOpOCTb
Rb/Tb [6HT/C].
I1YCTb Ts [c] - MHTeAbHOCTb CHMBOAa, TorAa CHMBOAbHa5:I CKOpOCTb
Rs = 1/Ts [CHM/C].
9HeprH5:I 6HTa orrpeAeA5:IeTC5:I BbIpaJKeHHeM
Eb = Psi Rb [BT/6HT/C]; Rs [CHM/G]  F [r],
n03TOMY H3 (7.2) 3HeprH5i HAH CI1M mYMa
No = PN/Rs [BT/CHMB/C].
"J
;;'1:'.
(7.2)
yc 3D 1
I
(7.3)
(7.4)
(7.5)
(7.6)
(7.7)
OTHOmeHHe Eb/NO C y-qeTOM (7.6) H (7.7) orrpeA€J\.5:IeTC5:I BblpaJKeHHeM
Eb Ps Rs (7.8)
£M"{nI :m:FioAe£ooA I$It No := Rb P N ' a .6:)!'-1 sl l' "m<I

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7.1. IIpaKTlr<lecKoe 3aH5ITHe. HcPpoBa5I MaHHnYJUIL{H5I
245
0'" 1-13 BbIpa)KeHHSI (7.8) MO)KHO Bblpa3l'ITb MOUJ;HOCTb IllYMa Pf( \.) iI: \
Ps Rs { \. tf i
P N = Rb Eb/ No ' E..Jia 611.0 t
ri- HO
OTHOIllem' b/No 6bI'iHO 3MaeTcSI B [AB], n03ToMY AJl,5f. nepexoAa K [BT] Bbl-
pa)Kelllie (7.9) MO)KHO npeAHTb CJl.efi IOUJ;HM 06pa30M: ",,:PIt
 (0  P _ Ps Rs II
At N - Rb lO(E b INo)/lO'
-,., AJl.5f. Cl'IfHaJl.OB cpM-2 Rs = RbI a AJI.5I cpM-4 Rs = Rb/2, n03ToMY 1'I3 (7.10): q
':i:li: a \ "'f. m;
( ) _ Ps . ( ) _ Ps/2 '"'[
P N BPSK - lO(EbI N o)/lO I P N QPSK - lO(E b /N o )/lO ' (7.11)

(7.9)
(7.10)
v13BecTHoM MeTpHKOM Ka'ieCTBa cPPOBOfO paAHOnpl'IeMHI'IKa B YCJl.OBI'I5f.X IllYMa
SlBJl.5f.eTC5f. BepOSITHOCTb 6l'ITOBOM OIlll'I6KI'I (BER, Bit Error Rate), OAHaKO 06eCne'iHTb
H3MepeHI'Ie 3TOM BeJl.I'I'iHHbI AJI.5! OTAeJl.bHO B35f.TOM nOACI'ICTeMbI npHeMHI'IKa MO)KHO
He BcefAa, H, KpOMe TOfO, He BcefAa no HeM MO)KHO onpeAeJl.HTb I'ICTO'iHI'IK B03HHK-
HOBeHHSI OIlll'I60K B CI'ICTeMe IJ;Hc:PPOBOM CBSl3H.
ECTeCTB«:!HHOM MepoM I'ICKa)KeHI'ISI cPPOBbIX KBMpaTypHblX Cl'IfHaJl.OB SlBJl.5f.eTCSI
Mepa OTKJl.OHeHH5f. TO'ieK c03Be3AH5f. OT CBome Opl'Ifl'IHaJl.bHblX nOJl.O)KeHHM. PaccMOT-
pl'IM ABe MeTpl'IKH, KOTopble noJl.Y'iI'IJl.I'I Hal'I60Jl.bIllee pacnpOCTpaHeHHe.
Modulation Error Rate (MER) - K03c:PcPl'I- Q
eHT MOAYJl.5f.IJ;HOHHbIX OIlll'I60K - 3TO OTHOIlleHHe 01 0
cpeAHeM MOUJ;HOCTI'I CI'IMBOJl.a K CpeAHeM MOUJ;HOC-
TI'I OIllH6KH, BbIpa)KeHHOe B AB. TIpl'I onpeAeJl.eHl'I1'I
cpeAHeM MOUJ;HOCTI'I OIlll'I6KI'I I'ICnOJl.b3yroT nOH5f.Tl'Ie
BeKTopa OIlll'I6KI'I Perror = Prx - P tx , T. e. pa3HOCTI'I
BeKTopOB Me)KAY nepeAaHHblM I'I npl'IH5f.TblM CI'IMBO-
Jl.aMH (pHC. 7.27).
110
TIYCTb i-M nepeAaHHblM CHMBOJI. Ha BeKTopHoM
AHafpaMMe onpeAeJl.5f.eTC5f. KaK Ptx(i) = {Itx(i),
Qtx (i)} , a npHH5f.TbIM CI'IMBOJI. Prx (i) = { Irx (i),
Qrx(i)}, TOfAa MOAYJ\.b OTKJl.OHeHH5f. npHH5f.TOfO CHM-
BOJl.a OT nepeAaHHoro paBeH Perror(i) = IPrx(i) - Ptx(i)1 = {IIrx(i) - Itx(i) I , IQrx(i) -
- Qtx(i)I}. K03cPcPl'IIJ;HeHT MOAYJl.5f.IJ;HOHHbIX OIllH60K MER MO)KJiO onpeAeJl.HTb yc-
peAHeHHeM no aHCaM6J1.IO i = 1,..., N npHHSlTblX N CI'IMBOJl.OB:
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PRC. 7.27. OnpeAeJl.eHHe
BeKTopa OIllH6KH Ha npH-
Mepe CHrHaAOB QPSK
Nt N
MER = 101 LPtJi)/LP;rpr(i),
i=l i=l
(7.12)
fAe KBMpaT MOAYJl.5f. BeKTopa nepeAaHHOfO CHMBOJl.a paBeH
is
Pt;(i) = I;x(i) + QAi),
J
..
(7.13)
a KBaAPaT MOAYJl.5f. BeKTopa OIllH6KH P';'ror(i) paBeH
P;"ror(i) = (Prx(i) - Ptx(i))2 = (Irx(i) - Itx(i))2 + (Qrx(i) - Qtx(i)?,
(7.14)

246
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1J Constellation Olagram
File Tools View Help
Nn -i-..T -: i a IBet
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In-phase Amplitude_
( PRC. 7.29. On;eHKa EVM IIPH E;b/No = Q AB BpeeHH MOAeJ\.HpoBaHIDI 200/ Rb
<fA,AiX £,
7. I..{xq,poBaH MaHHl1YJlHlfHH
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rAe Itx(i) H Qtx(i) - cHHcpa3Ha5I H KBaA,PaTypHa51 KOOPAHHaTbI i-ro nepeAaHHOrO
cHMBoJ\.a, a Irx(i) H Qrx(i) - cHHcpa3Ha5I H KBaA,PaTypHa5I KooPAHHaTbI i-ro IIPH-
IDrTOrO CHMBOJ\.a CHrHaJ\.a. 
AOIIOJ\.HHTeJ\.bHoH MeTpHKoH Ka'leCTBa n;HcppoBoro PCiAHoIIpHeMHHKa 5IBJ\.5IeTC5I
MOAYJ\.b BeKTopa omH6KH (EVM, Error Vector Magnitude). 9TOT napaMeTp n03BOJ\.jf-
eT KOJ\.H'leCTBeHHO ou;eHHTb omH6KH AeMOAYJ\.5IqHH U;HcppOBbIX CHrHaJ\.OB H 'lYBCTBH-
'ff-eH K J\.I06bIM HCKax<:eHH5IM, BJ\.H5IIOIu;HM Ha aMIIJ\.HTYAY H cpa30Byro TpaeKTopHIO
AeMOAYJ\.HpOBaHHbIX CHrHaJ\.OB. AJ\.5I Ka'leCTBeHHoro n05ICHeHH5I napaMeTpa EVM
paCCMOTpHM BeKTopHbIe AHarpaMMbI npHIDrTbIX CHrHaJl.OB npH Eb/NO = 100 AB
(pHC. 7.28) H Eb/NO = a AB (pHC. 7.29). AJ\.5I oT06pa)KeHH5I MeTpHKH EVM B 6J\.oKe
Constellation Diagram ClI.eAYeT Ha)KaTb KHOIIKY Signal Quality.
'. U U ij
Ii) Constel1abon Diagram
6W{ID .... Nq
File Tools Vi.... Help
d'" J1 @. f8f(i.er  71   -:I t3lr
RMS EVM (%) 0.0
Peak EVM (%) 00
Ayg EVM (dB) -103.3
Peak EVM (dB) tHS -910
Ayg MER (dB) 103 3
,.Jfi,l! 0 N3¥BC!:)
I . 64 £xaa
Ou;eHKa EVM IIPH Eb/NO = 1-0Q AB H BpeIDLM.oAe.l}Hp.:. . - 2f;O/Rb
l'\  :mq) II
J, MR:J 1tId:HH cr 0 X T i IT
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. Settings
t,-1easurement Interval fC rr ::-:-
EVM normalization' 'Aver
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Reference constellatIOn' E . P SK .. J
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EVM normalization lAverag >..
Reference constenatlon' j QPSK '!
Ayg> reference power 1
Reference phase offset ./4
.
.
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.
RMS EVM (%) 642
Peak EVM (%) 1411
Avg EVM (dB) -38
Peak EVM (dB) 30
Avg MER (dB) 38
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onopHblM BeKTopaMH, 06YCJl.OBJl.eHHaH mYMoM H HCKaJKeHHHMH, O'IeHb MaJl.a, a EVM
cTpeMHTcH K HYJl.IO' 11, Ha060poT, 60Jl.bmOe 3Ha'IeHHe EVM nOApa3YMeBaeT, 'ITO
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BeKTopa, 'ITO MOJKeT 6blTb BbI3BaHO TOJl.bKO mYMOM H HCKaJKeHHHMH (CM. pHC. 7.29).
113 cpaBHeHHH BbIpaJKeHHM (7.12) H (7.15), a TaKJKe cpeAHHx ou;eHOK VM H
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paBHa CHMBOJl.bHOM CKOpOCTH, TO MER 'IHCJl.eHHO paBHQ YCTaHaBJl.HBaeMoMY B 6J1.0Ke
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PHc.7.37. Yce"'leHHaH HMnYJl.bCHaH H "'laCTOTHaH xapaKTepHcTHKa OPMHPYlOero
HJl.bTpa HaHKBHcTa M!iI. a - 10 CHMBOJl.OB; 6 - 4 CHMBOJl.OB 'C" Nq
\ 1-M:)5  )
nepeAaBaeMoM HHcPopMaHH, T.e. h(t H ) = 0 npH ItHI > 10 H jtHI > 4 COOTBeTCTBeHHO
(cKpHnT 7.1). 1.JX cPOpMHPYIOero cPHJl.bTpa COOTBeTCTBYIOero yce"'leHHOM h(t H )
CTpOHJl.aCb B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HOpMHpoBaHHoM 'IaCTOTb1 .fH = fT.
CKpHnT 7.1. HMnYJIbClIaB H QaCTOTlIa51 xapaKTepHcTHKa <POpMHPYIOru;ero <p HJIb -
Tpa npH yceQeHHH (<peIlOM1I rH66ca)
% eHOMeH fR66ca
clc; clear all;
sps=10; % 'iRCnO BbI6opOK Ha Cill1Bon Xf IdH.<>1"1I
N=4; % 'iRCnO CRMBOnOB -I I-
tT=[-10:1/sps:l0]; % HOpMRpOBaHHOe BpeMH tiT
for i=1:length(tT) 1\ == !d' £:>nP iuHMI
if abs(tT(i))<N
ht(i)=sin(pi*tT(i))./(pi*tT(i));
else ......
ht(i)=O;
('h \
( " ..llqJI er l'..... &H
qOH T NT)()M" s€ a XJdHP!U\.
qS:h a TO A :>OM1!l;)H8$ e:
--
'''". ...
\

end
\
o fl. o
\J
end
ht(isnan(ht))=l;
subplot (2, 1 , 1) ;
plot(tT,ht,'linewidth',l); grid on; axis('tight');
title(['MX C Y'ie'ieHHeM,n;o N=',num2str(N),' CHMBOnoB']); HR
L=length(ht); NFFT=2-nextpow2(L); J.'LIG "RHA lU1'1
hf = fft(ht,NFFT)/L; hf = fftshift(hf);
)IW Ii IUlR'{ttNH .t l' TON :>
fT=(-NFFT/2:NFFT/2-1)/NFFT*sps; >
subplot (2,1,2) ; I qt1 NT aqT
plot(fT,10*log10(abs(hf))); grid on; xlim([-2 2]); LIB  L
title(['QX C Y 'ie'ieHHeM no N=' num2str(N) , CHMBOJIOB'])' to 0 JsTj
M' " ed
113 1.JX Ha pHC. 7.37 CJl.e,.yeT, 'ITO yce'IeHHe l1X C 10 AO 4 CHMBOJl.OB npHBoAHT
K YBeJl.H'IeHHIO ypOBH!iI. 60KOBbIX J1.eneCTKOB. KpoMe Toro, nO!iI.BJI.!iI.eTC!iI. HepaBHo-
MepHocTb B nOJl.oce nponycKaHH!iI. cPHJl.bTpa. 3TOT 3cPcPeKT Ha3bIBaelc!iI. cPcPeKToM
rH66ca. AJI.!iI. ero YMeHbmeHH!iI. HaHKBHcTOM 6b1J1.0 npeAJl.O}KeHO npoH3BecTH crJl.a-
}KHBaIme cPpoHTa 1.JX HAeaJI.bHOrO cPHJl.bTpa, pacmHpHB ero, HO B OTJl.H'IHe OT yce-
'IeHH!iI. h(t) 3TO pacmHpeHHe nO,ll.£>cbI cPHJl.bTpa MO}KHO CAeJl.aTb perYJl.HpyeMbIM, KaK
nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 7.38. >4
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7. I{HcppoBa51 MaHHUYJUr.qH51
"llX cPHAbTpa CTaHOBHTC5! KYCO'iHOH H OnHCbI]3aeTC5I Bblpa,)KeHHeM
1,
IH(f)1 =
 (1 + cos ( 7r; [If I - \1 ]) ) ,
1-(3
eCAH If I < 2T ;
1+(3 1+(3
eCAH 2f' < If I < 2f'; (7.23)
1+(3
eCAH If I > 2f" 
I 0 I
I I
----------------
, lIT TJsa
PIIC. 7.38. cI>OpMHpyroH
cpHAbTp HaHKBHcTa npH IH(f)1 = { HI +_cos(7rTJ)), eCAH , If I < liT;
annpOKCHMHH CPPoHTa QX 0, T ecJU!: If I > liT.
npHnOAH5!TbIM KOCHHYCOM f Xi-" (7.24)
Cr AaJKHBaHHe cPpoHTa B 'iaCTOTHOH 06AacTH cor AaCHO TeopeMe 0 cBepTKe COOT-
BeTcTByeT YMHOJKeHHIO HX (7,)  Be.!;,QO.e QISJIO' JI'fl I T T1tJ1I)1')
cos(7r(3tIT) H p,)'t
h(t) = sinc(tIT)w(t); w(t) = 1 _ (2(3tIT)2 '   (7.25)
0,
IH{f)1 /1 
2T
I I I
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I I
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B6AH3H cPpoHTa HAeaJ\.bHasI QX annpOKCHMH-
pyeTC5! cPyHKJJ;HeH npHnOAID1TOrO KocHHyca. ITa-
paMeTp (3, KOTOpbIH H3MeH5!eTC5! OT 0 AO 1 3ClAaeT
.HHTepBaJl., Ha ;KOTOpOM npOHCXOAHT annpoKcHMa
JJ;IDL ITpH (3 = 0 H:MeeM HAeaAbHbIH <pH"ll, npH
(3 = 1 HMeeM cPOpMHpyroHH cPHJl.bTp C "llX B BH-
nn r ft "
. e npHnoAID1TOrO KocHHyca:
Ha pHC. 7.39 (CKpHnT 7.2) nOKa3aHbI HX h(t H ) cPHAbTpa HaHKBHCTa npH pa3-
JU!:'iHbIX (3 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HOpMHpoBaHH,,<?FO BpeMeHH t H = tiT, a TaKJKe "llX
IH(fH)1 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HOpMHpoBaHHoH 'iaCTOTbI fH = fT. ('1'1)
J!,!naB .a Kr"l',..<TBK8
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«npHnOAH5!TbIH KOCHHYC» 0  il1 Ii M
!\ ,. tie l \ (T1"r j'l
CKplinT 7.2. MMnYJIbCHlUI H qaCTOTHlUI xapaKTepHCTHKa tl>oPMHpYIOIQerO «!>HJIb-
..,
Tpa TilDa «npHnop;UHTbIH KOCHHYC»
clear all; J
tT=[-4:0.01:4]; % HOpMHpoB,Hoe BpeMH tIT
beta=[O.l 0.5 1.0];
figure(l); subplot(2,l,1); j(h :r
for i=l:length(beta) f ){
for j=l: length (tT) ..(;"
ht(j)=trrt(tT(j), beta(i»;
end uq
plot(tT,ht,'linewidth',l); hold on;
\ ! So: o!qd
\ lrnsds Oho! 01 Tt ;to
 X }) I.:t ;t
'I 1K.t  l
M$X JI
'!JtrI ;>altOr d:t:)OHqSM
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mj)J
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end
legend('beta=O.l', 'beta=0.5', 'beta=1.0'); grid on;
title('HMnynbcHaH XapaKTepHCTHKa'); xlabel('t/T'); axis('tight');
. .
Qt't ,
a

7.2. npaKTIrrreCKOe 3aH7ITHe. 4>opMHPYIOII{He qJH.l1bTpbI
253
fT=[-2:0.01:2] ;
subplot(2,1,2);
for i=l:length(beta)
for j=l:length(fT)
hf(j)=frrt(fT(j), beta(i));
end
plot(fT,hf,'linewidth',l); hold on;
end
legend('beta=O.l', 'beta=O.5', 'beta=1.0'); grid on;
title('acToTHag XapaKTepHCTHKa'); xlabel('fT'); axis('tight');
% YHKHH H oeHKH HMnYJIbCHOH XapaKTepHCTHKH
function ht=trrt(tT, beta)
wt=cos(pi*beta*tT)./(1-(2*beta*tT).-2);
ht=sinc(tT).*wt;
end
% YHKHH nH oeHKH qaCTOTHOH xapaKTepHcTHKll
function hf=frrt(fT, beta)
if abs(fT)«1-beta)/2
hf=l;
elseif abs(fT»(1+beta)/2
hf=O;
else
hf=O.5*(1+cos(pi/beta.*(abs(fT)-(1-beta)/2)));
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PHC. 7.40.
end
end


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(l)YHKI\UOHUpOBaHUe 4>oPMuPYIOw;ero 4>UJ1bTp Tuna «npuno,a;mITbIH
KOCUHYC»
clear all; clc;
L=4a; % Ha HnbTpa
R=1e6; % CHMBOnbHaH CKOpOCTb 1 MCHM/C
Fs=8*R; % aCTOTa HcKpeTH3H (nepeHcKpeTH3Hfi B 8 a3)
T=1/R; % AnHTenbHOCTb CHMBOna
Ts=1/Fs; % nepHo HcKpeTH3aHH
beta =0.5; % K03HeHT CrnaxHBaHHfi
% CHHTe3 HnbTpa THna "npHnO,D;IDITOrO KocHHyca" I
if mod(L,2)==0
M=L/2 ;
else
M=(L-1)/2; % AnH HeeTHNX L
0.9
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0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
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% nfi eTHbIX L
..

Puc.7.41. MMnY.ll.bCHaH xapaKTepHcTHKa <pop-
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Ii
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end
g=zeros(1,L);
for n=-M:M
num=sin(pi*n*Ts/T)*cos(beta*pi*n*Ts/T);
den=(pi*n*Ts/T)*(1-(2*beta*n*Ts/T)-2); )£ a
g(n+M+1)=num/den;
if (1-(2*beta*n*Ts/T)-2)==0 od
g(n+M+1)=pi/4*sin(pi*n*Ts/T)/(pi*n*Ts/T);
p) <:' 
Iq
It
'I: .T'I ri
b 9
!Wii' i -1
b
end L stcf '1 0""" 9fP)b 1
if n==O ) ::j JWRTO ::1101 £;1:t
g(n+M+1)=cos(beta*pi*n*Ts/T)/(1-(2*beta*n*Ts/T)-2); .o an RBPX!t 
" n-) ;t:n;;t=.d 1: WJ}
1't &jco
Jv* (T) [;3
ba

end
figure (1) ;
% impz(g,1); % oTo6paxeHHe HX qHpOBoro HnbTpa
stem(g); grid on; axia('tight');
title('HMnynbCHaH XapaKTepHCTHKa');
% OpMppOBaHHe 6HnonHpHbIx CHMBonOB
data=2*(rand(1,1000»=0.5)-1;
% nepeHcKpeTH3Hfi CHMBOnOB
output=upsample(data,Fs/R);
% cBepTKa CHMBonOB C MX HnbTpa
y=conv(g,output); ( (s;teo r) (T ) ds'
% y=filter(g,1,output); % HnbTpHfi CHMBOnOB C HX HJIbTpa
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1); - T
stem(data); axis([0,20,-1.5,1.5]); grid on;
title('CHMBOnbI Ha Bxoe HnbTpa');
xlabel('BbI6opKH'); ylabel('AMnnHTya');
end
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255
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(y); axis([O,160,-1.5,1.5]); grid on;
title('CHMBonN Ha BNXOAe HnbTpa');
xlabel('BN6opKH'); ylabel('AMTInHTYAa'); 11
% OeHKa crreKTpa CHTHarra I .
L=length(y); NFFT=2-nextpow2(L); >
FFTY=fft(y,NFFT); FFTY=abs(FFTY)/L;
NumPts=ceil«NFFT+1)/2); 
FFTY=FFTY(1:NumPts);
f1=(O:NumPts-1)*Fs/NFFT;
figure (3) ;
plot(f1,20*log10(abs(FFTY))); grid on;
xlabel('acToTa, r');ylabel('AMrrnHTYAa, AE');
title('CrreKTp cHTHana')
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7.3. npaKTwieCKoe 3aHflTlIIe. UlIIcPpoBoe npeo6pa30BaHlIIe
yaCTOTbl i
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7.3.1. nOcTaHoBKa 3aAaYill LllllcPpoBoro npeo6pa30BaHIII5I yaCTOTbl
TIpH paCCMOTpeHHH apXHTeKTypbI P3AHOCTaHIJ;HH TIKP B pa3A. 1 6blJ\.O BBeAeHO
nOHS'ITHe npeo6pa30BaHHS'I 'laCTOTbI, KOTopoe MOJKeT 6bITb KaK IJ;HcPPOBbIM, TaK H aHa-
J\.orOBbIM. C cOBepllIeHcTBoBaHHeM 3J\.eMeHTHO:H 6a3bl TIKP Ha6J\.IOAaeTCS'I TeHAeH:o;HS'I
nepexoAa OT aHaJ\.orOBoro K :o;H<PPOBOMY npeo6pa30BaHHIO 'laCTOTbI, B TOM 'lHCJ\.e B
06J\.aCTH Hecy:rn;HX paAHO'laCTOT (FY:). TeM He MeHee B HaCTOS'I:rn;ee BpeMS'I B P3A HO -
CTaHIJ;HS'IX TIKP HaH6oJ\.ee pacnpoCTpaHeHHbIM OCTaeTCS'I nOAxoA, cor J\.aCHO KOTOPOMY
IJ; H cPPOBa5I o6pa6oTKa CHrHaJ\.a ocyru;eCTBJ\.S'IeTCS'I Ha HH<pOpMaD;HOHHO:H (Baseband) H
npOMeJKYTO'lHO:H 'laCTOTe nq (IF, Intermediate Frequency), a npeo6pa30Balme CHr-
HaJ\.a C nq Ha pq ocy:rn;ecTBJ\.S'IeTCS'I B aHaJ\.orOBOM BHAe. B HaCTQS'I:rn;eM pa3AeJ\.e
paccMoTpHM MeToAbl IJ;H<PPOBOro nOBbIllIaIO:rn;ero (DUC, Digital Up Conversion) H
nOHHJKaIO:rn;ero (DDC, Digital Down Conversion) npeo6pa30BaHHJI 'la<::TOTbI. TIpH
peaJ\.H3a:o;HH MeTOAoB DUC H DDC HcnOJ\.b3yeTCS'I MHorOCKOpOCTHa5I o6pa6oTKa CHr-
HaJ\.a C npeo6pa30BaHHeM C 'laCTOTbI CHMBOJ\.bHO:H CKOpOCTH fsymbol AO 'laCTOTbI pa-
60Tbl AI.J;TI/I.J;ArJ fsystem. 0- 'K
I.J;H<ppoBoe nOBbIllIaIO:rn;ee npeo6pa30BaHHe 'laCTOTbI DUC peaJ\.H3yeTCS'I B nepe-
AaT'lHKe: B pe3YJ\.bTaTe HHTepnOJ\.S'IIJ;HH 'laCTQTa AHC}l:peTH3aD;HH nOBblllIaeTCS'I C 'lac-
TOTbI fsymbol AO 'laCTOTbl I.J;ATI fsystem (pHC. 7.60).
I.J;HcPpoBoe nOHHJKaIO:rn;ee npeo6pa30BaHHe 'laCTOTbl DDC pe.aJ\.H3yeTCS'I B npH-
eMHHKe: B pe3YJ\.bTaTe AeIJ;HMaIJ;HH 'laCTOTa AHcKpeTH3aIJ;HH nOHHJKaeTCS'I C 'laCTOTbI
AI.J;TI fsystern AO 'laCTOTbI fsymboJ, Ha KOTOpO:H YA06Jio ocyru;ecTBJ\.S'ITb CHMBO.7l.bHyroU
'laCToTHYIO J:tniXpa3a:o;HIO (pHC. 7.61). 8 A

264
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N I1rr dlJ,f" f fill'> MO £H RJ\6'I )() £11 IN <pH,n
Cor .1\.aCHO TeopeMe HaHKBHCTa, MHHHMaJ\bHO He06xo,n,HMa5:! 'iaCTOTa AHcKpeTH-
3aIJ;HH AOJ\.JKHa 6bITb BbIme YABoeHHoH BepxHeH 'iaCTOTbI HcxoAHoro HHq,opMaOH-
Horo CHrHaJ\a. A.1\.5f. 3KOHOMHH BbI'iHC.1\.HTeJ\.bHbIX pecypcp:!3 npH 06pa60TKe 'iaCToTY
AHcKpeTH3aH CHrHa.1\.a n;eJ\.eco06pa3JiO nOHHJKaTb AO MHHH:Ma.1\.bHO Jie06xOAHMOH
(Aen;H:Man;H5f.). OAliaKQ JIOrAa 'iaCToTY AHcKpeTH3an;HH He06xoAHMO nOBbICHTb (HH-
TepnOJlJi5f.), HanpHMep B pa,a,HOCTaH5f.X TIKP npH pa60Te Ha nepeAa'iY npe06-
pa30BaHHe C HHcpopMaoHHoH Ha npOMeJKYTO'iHYIO 'iaCToTY ocym;eCTBJlJieTC5f. n;Hq,-
pOBbI:M nOBbImaroIIJ;HM npe06pa30BaHHeM 'iaCTOTbI (npH npHe:Me npe06pai3c;>Bq.HHe C
npOMeJKYTO'iHOH B 06.1\.aCTb HHcpOpMan;HOHHbIX "racToT ocym;ecTBJlJieTC5f. q,pOBbIM
nOHHJKalOm;HM npe06pa30BmmeM 'iaCTOTbI). 1 ",,4.11 Jdn I " IdTO'r
}oJ PaCCMOTpH:M Aen;HMaIJ;HIO HcxoAHoro CHrHa.7I.a B n;e.1\.oe 'iHC.1\.O pa3 Ha rrpHMepe
M = 4. AeMaIJ;H5f. - 3TO npon;ecc nOHHJKeHH5f. 'iaCTOTbI AHCKpeTH3aH HCXOA-
Horo CHrHaJ\a. TaK, HanpHMep, npH 'iaCTOTe AHcKpeTH3aH HcxOAHor<;> CHrHa.7I.a
is = 80 Mrn;, nOC.1\.e AeMan;HH B M ::;; is/ id pa3 'iaCTOTa AHCKpeTH3aIJ;HH CTa-
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265
HeT Id = 20 Mrn;; Aen;HMan;H5I B He:n;eJl.Oe qHCJl.O pa3, HanpHMep B 3/4 AO 60 Mrn;,
TaKJKe B03MQ.2iS.Ua. Ae:n;HMgn;H :eKJl.IQqaeT ABa 3Tarra: HCKJl.lOqeHHe BbI6opOK AJl.5I rro-
HHJKeHH5I HCXOAHOH qaCTOTbl AHcKpeTH3an;HH H rrpeABapHTeJl.bHaJI HH3KOqaCTOTHa5I
cpHJl.bTPa:n;H5I ANI orpaliHgeJi5I rrOJl.OCbl HcxOAHoro CHrHaJl.a. TIOJiHJKeHHe qaCTOTbl
AHcKpeTH3an;HH B 1M pa3 03HaqaeT, qTO OCTaHeTC5I OAHa H3 M Bbl6opOK HcxoAHoro
CHrHaJl.a, a OCTaJl.bHble (M - 1) Bl>L6opOK 6Yf:>.YT HCKJl.IOqeHbl. TaK, HarrpHMep, rrpH
M = 4 rrocJl.e Aen;HMaIJ;HH OCTaHeTC5I TOJl.bKO KaJKAaJI qeTBepTaJI BbI6opKa.
PaccMOTpHM rrpHMep rrOHHJKe 51 qaCTOTbI AHcKpeTH3an;HH B !'vI = 4 pa3a C Is
AO Id B qaCTOTHOH 06J1.aCTH Ha pHC. 7.62,a: crreKTp HcxoAHoro CHrHaJl.a rrOBTOp5I-
eTC5I Ha qaCTOTe AHCKpeTH3an;HH Is; cneKTp qrHaJl.a rrocJl.e rrOHHJKeHH51 qaCTOTbl
AHCKpeTH3an;HH C Is AO Id HaqHHaeT rrOBTOp5ITbC5I Ha qaCToTax, KpaTHblX :n;eJl.OMY
qHCJl.Y HOBOH qaCTOTbl AHCKpeTH3an;HH Id' HaJl.OJKeHHe crreKTpOB CHrHaJl.OB rrocJl.e
rrOHHJKeHH5I qaCTOTbI AHCKpeTH3an;HH rrpOHCXOAHT, eCJl.H nOJl.oca HCXOAHoro CHrHaJl.a
rrpeBblmaeT rrOJl.OBHHY HOBOH qaCTOTbl AHCKpeTH3an;HH Id/2 (pHC. 7.62,6).
HeT KOMnOHeHT 1IfA IT, HCXOJ(HLIH ECTI. KOMnOHeHTLl
BLlmef1/2 cneKTp BbJillef/2
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t : CneKTp Hocne nOHIDKeHHJI t ECTI, CneKTp nocne nOHIDKeHHJI
LMmm"M: t 
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1.12 I. Ij2 I.
 
PIIC. 7.62. TIpHMep nOHHJKalO1IJ;ero rrpeo6pa30BaHH5I qaCTOTbl B 111 = 4 pa3a: a - 6e3
HaJl.OJKeHIDJ crreKTpOB; 6 - C HaJl.OJKeHHeM cneKTpOB J
(_ _ !-> ,.11 _.
AJI.5! HCKJl.IOqeHH5I HaJl.OJKeHH5I crreKTpOB rrepeA rrOHHJKaIOm;HM AHCKpeTH3aTO-
pOM HCrrOJl.b3yeTC5I TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIH aHTHaJl.aH3HHrOBbIH cpHJl.bTp. qacToTa cpe3a
aHTHaJl.aH3HHrOBoro <I>Hq paBHa Id/2! HJl.H Js/(2M) H HCKJl.IOqaeT 3cpcpeKT HaJl.O-
JKeHH5I CrreKTpOB (pHC. 7.63). >f)NH OE:6QOO on s: E '"
HCXO,l\HLlH
cneKTp
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b AHrHaJlaH3HHf'OBbIii
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PIIC. 7.63. Aen;HMaTop: aHTHaJl.aH-
3HHr0BblH cpHJl.bTp H nOHHJKalO1IJ;HH
AHcKpeTH3aTop \0"
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H PaccMoTpHM HH'J;eprrOJl.5In;HIO HcxoAHoro CHrHaJl.a B n;eJl.oe qHCJl.O pa3 Ha npH-
Mepe L = 4. I1HTeprrOJl.5IIJ;H5I - 3TO rrpon;ecc rrOBblmeHH5I qaCTOTbl AHCKpeTH3an;HH
HcxoAHoro CHrHaJl.a. TaK, HanpHMep, rrpH qaCTOTe AHCKpeTH3an;HH HCXOAHoro CHr-
HaJl.a Is = 10 Mrn; rrocJl.e HHTeprrOJl.5IIJ;HH B L - 4 pa3a qaCTOTa AHcKpeTH3an;HH
CTaHeT I u = 40 Mrn;. TIOJ3blIIIeaHe qaCTOTbl AHcKpeTH3an;HH B L pa3 03HaqaeT,
qTO Ha KaJKf:>.YIO Bbl60PKY HcxoAHoro CHrHaJl.a A06aBJl.5IeTC5I (L - 1) HOBblX BbI6opOK.
PaccMoTpHM rrpHMep nOBbl:r:I:WHH5i qaCQTbI AHcKpeTH3an;HH B L = 4 pa3a c Is AO
Iu B qaCTOTHOH 06J1.aCTH Ha pHC. 7.64: crreKTp HcxOAHoro CHrHaJl.a nOBTOp5IeTC5I Ha

266
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cneIcrp meHH.I1 aCTOTbI AHCKpeTH3H C Is AO
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AO Iu/2; 3TH CneKTpMbHbIe 06pa3bI Ha
aCTOTe AHCKpeTH3an;HH Is HcxOAHoro
CHrHaJl.a nOMeJKaT cpHJl.bTpan;HH.
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pa30B HCnOJl.b3yeTC.I1 TaK Ha3bIBaeMDI$i pe-
KOHCTPYKD;HOHJibIH (BOCCTaHaBJl.HBaIOm;HH
cpHJl.bTp, reconstruction filter, anti-imag-
ing filter). t.JacToTa cpe3a peKoHcTpYKD;H-
OHHOrQ CPH paBHa Is/2 (pHC. 7.65).
TaKHM 06pa30M, AMi nOBbImeHH.I1/
nOHRJKeHH.I1 aCTOTbI AHcKpeTH3aD;HH HC-
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HTOroB cneIcrp nOJl.b3yeTC.I1 MHorocKopoCTHasI 06pa60TKa
CHrHaJl.OB. HH3KoacToTHa.l1 MHorocKopo-
CTHasI cpHJl.bTpan;H.I1 HCnOJl.b3yeTC.I1 KaK
} npH nOBbImaIOm;e:M, TaK H npH nOHHJKaIO-
m;e:M npe06pa30BaHHH aCTOTbI. BOJl.bmHe
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PHc.7.64. IIpHMep rroBbImaIOID;ero OTHOmeHH.I1 Rmultirate = Isystem/Isymbol
rrpeo6pa30B aHHr\'Ia CTOL = 4; pa3a YCJKH.I1 IO:r, p¥ CHTeJl.bHyro pe MH3 .-
n;HIO <t>Ht.J, n03ToMY Ha rrpaKTHKe npHMeIDtIOT KacKaAbI H3 HeCKOJl.bKHX c:pHJl.bTpOB.
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AJI..I1 MHorOCKopOCTHOH 06pa60TKH CHrHa.JI.OB HCnOJl.b3yroTC.I1 KaCKaAHbIe HHTer-
pa.JI.bHo-rpe6eHa.T. CPIf TPbI (cascaded integral-comb filters CIC), HameAmHe mH-
pOKoe npHMeHeHHe B 3aAaax AeD;HMH H HHTepnOMin;HH. rJl.aBHasI OTJl.HHTeJl.b-
HasI oc06eHHOCTb CIC cpHJl.bTpOB 3aKJl.IOaeTC.I1 B TOM, TO OHH He Tpe6yroT onepa-
D;HH YMHOJKeHH.I1, TO Ae.JI.aeT HX BeCbMa I1pHBJl.eKaTeJl.bHbIMH npH aIIIIapaTHOH pea-
Jl.H3an;HH Ha FPGA H.JI.H DSP. CIC cpH.JI.bTpbI HCnOJl.b3yroTC.I1 AJI.S! npe06pa30BaHH.I1 C
60.JI.bmHM OTHomeHHeM Rmultirate = Isystem/isymboJ, OAHaKO BC.JI.eACTBHe npHcymeH HM
HepaBHOMepJiOCTH A t.JX HCIIO.JI.b3YIOTC.I1 B COBoKynHOCTH C KO:MneHcHpyrom;HMH KI1X
cpH.JI.bTpaMH (CFIR, Compensating FIR). <t>OpMHPYIOm;He/cOrJl.aCOBaHH1?Ie CPHJ\.i;>TPbI
RRC TaKJKe nOBbIIIIaIOT /noHHJKaIOT acToTY AHcKpeTH3HH. PaccMoTpHM npHMep
CHHTe3a KaCKaAa H3 Tpex CPHJl.bTpOJ3 M.I1 nOBblmaIOm;ero npeo6pa30BaHH.I1 aCTOTbI
C 1,5625 Mrn; AO 100 Mrn;. At.JX KaJKAOrO H3 c:pHJl.bTpOB no OTAeJl.bHOCTH (RRC,
CFIR, CIC) H pe3YJl.bTHpyrom;M NIX KaCKaAa H3 Tpex cpWl.bTpOB npeACTaB.JI.eHa
Ha pHC. 7.66 (cKpHnT 7.4). q'tJftm:1 )3" 8q.... ..

7.3. npaKTH'IeCKOe 3aHHTHe. HcPpoBoe npeo6pa30BaHHe 'IaCTOTbI
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PHC. 1.66. NIX KaAoro H3 cpH.J\.bTpOB no OTAe.J\.bHOCTH (RRC, CFIR, CIC) H
pe3Y.J\.bTHpyroID;a5I NIX KaCKClAa H3 Tpex cpH.J\.bTpOB (RRC+CFIR+CIC)
a \ ""'" x
CKpHnT 1.4.
qaCTOTbI (DUC)
% CHHTe3 KaCKa HnbTpoB  nOBNillaromero rr (DUC):
% (1) Square Root Raised Cosine (RRC)
% (2) CIC Compensation Filter (CFIR)
% (3) Cascade Integrate Comb Filter (CIC)
% CKOpOCTH: 1.5625 Mr 6.25 Mr 12.5 Mr 100 Mr
% KOHHeHT L: RRC(*4) CFIR(*2) CIC(*8)
-
1-
% napaMeTpN HnbTTpa RRC
RRC.rolloff = 0.22; % KOHHeHT CrJIaxHBaHHR HnbTpa RRC
RRC.order = 34; % nopoK HnbTpa RRC (MeHbme HnbTpa Ha 1)
RRC.Lfactor = 4; % KOHHeHT HHTepnOJIRHH HnbTpa RRC
% CHHTe3 HnbTpa RRC C 3aHHNMH napaMeTpaMH j
dRRC = fdesign.pulseshaping(RRC.Lfactor,... .
'Square Root Raised Cosine','N,Beta',...
RRC.order,RRC.rolloff);
hRRCtemp = design(dRRC);
hRRC = dsp.FIRInterpolator(RRC.Lfactor, hRRCtemp.Numerator);
set (hRRC, 'FullPrecisionOverride' ,true);
J11'1 '1,11
% napaMeTpbl HnbTTpa CFIR
CFIR.Lfactor =2; % KOHHeHT HHTepnOJIRHH CFIR
CIC.D 1; r % .n;HepeHaJIbHaR 3epJKKa CIC
CIC.N 5;' % Hcno ypoBHeH HnbTpa CIC
CIC.R 8; % KOHeHT HHTepnOJIRHH CIC
CFIR.Fp 1e6; % aCTOTa nonocbl nponycKaHHR CFIR
CFIR.Fst 2e6; % aCTOTN nonocbl 3arp. CFIR
CFIR.Ap 0.2; % HepaBHOMepHocTb AX B nonoce npon. CFIR, .n;E
CFIR.Ast 80; % OCna6JIeHHe AX B nonoce 3arp. CFIR, .n;E
CFIR.Fs 12.5e6; % aCTOTa .n;HcKpeTH3HH Ha Bblxo.n;e HnbTpa
% CHHTe3 HnbTpa CFIR c 3aHHhIMH napaMeTpaMH
dCFIR = fdesign.interpolator(CFIR.Lfactor,'ciccomp',
CIC.D, CIC.N, CIC.R, 'Fp,Fst,Ap.Ast', ... .
CHHTe3 KaCKa,LJ,a <PHJ1bTpOB ,D,J1I1 nOBbIIlI<lIOLQero npeo6pa30BaHHII

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'1d:n1.li 7. HCPpOBaJI MaHHl!YJUiIfHH
....()T')f)P SB.tu.1l0
CFIR.Fp, CFIR., Fst CFIR.Ap, CFIR.Ast, CFIR.Fs);
hCFIR = design(dCFIR,'equiripple','SystemDbject',true);

% napaMeTpN HnbTTpa CIC
CIC.Fs = 100e6; % aCTOTa HCKpeTH3HH Ha BNXoe Hnbrpa CIC
% CHHTe3 HnbTpa CIC C 3aHHNMH napaMeTpaMH
hCIC = dsp.CIClnterpolator(CIC.R, CIC.D, CIC.N);
% K03ppHHeHT MacWTa6HpOBaHHH HnbTTpa CIC
CIC.K = 1/(CIC.R-CIC.N); 
1
% CHHTe3 KaCKa HnbTpoB
hCASC=dsp.FilterCascade(hRRC,hCFIR,hCIC);
fv(1)=fvtool(hRRC,'Fs',6.25e6,'ShowReference','off'); hold on;
addfilter(fv(1), hCFIR,'Fs',12.5e6,'ShowReference','off');
addfilter(fv(1), hCIC,'Fs',100e6,'ShowReference','off');
addfilter(fv(1), hCASC, 'Fs', 100e6,'ShowReference','off');
hold off; grid on; title('AQX KaCKa HnbTpoB RRC+ FIR+ C');
legend(fv(1),'RRC','CFIR','CIC','RRC+CFIR+CIC');
TIOCTpOHM MOAeJ\.I> M5! nOBbImarom;ero npeo6pa30BaHH qaCTOTbI HCXOAHOrO
CHrHaJ\.a C 1,5625 MrU; AO 100 MrU; KaCKClAOM H3 Tpex cPHJ\.I>TpOB: RRC, CFIR, CIC.
Y Ka3aHlUI K BbITIOJIHeHMIO on N J P K'1
1. C03AaTI> MOAeJ\.I> M nOBbIIIIalOm;ero npe06p&30BaHH qaCTOTbI KCI,,!;ICClAOM H3
Tpex cPHJ\.I>TpOB: RRC, CFIR, CIC (pHC. 7.67).
IiUfN o£sqi)o ql <TJ OlJUUJd80D Rr QOqT. f.1 ;f! ;{
1 )
1
(
o
1"1""
,
1m:
'
'i
e::ts
'I
iii

1 (
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INq..r.)
Id'TOT"J P
E ':
T'> Co-'
" Y
ql> \'
jj
SUI

I:
beiu jj ::to
161 i. A,! ."A
,)Jt.b }!1ti'tdJi1tS1f
.;J ;I IF.tn
, "I C ';]
Poco 7.67. MOAMI> DUC C KaCKaAOM 1r3 Tpex cpHJl.bTpOB: RRC, CFIR, CIC
)
2. MHHU;HaJ\.H3HpoBaTI> MOAeJ\.I> B pa3AeJ\.e Callbacks/PreloadFcn :MeHIO File/Mo-
del Properties/Model Properties/qacToToM AHCKpeTH3aIJ;HH fs = 1e8 H qCPHnT9N
7.3.1 (pr73LDUC...setup) CHHTe3a cPHJ\.I>TpOB RRC, CFIR, CIC. iI-8 a::)
3. YCTaHOBHTI> napaMeTpbI 6J\.oKa Bernoulli Binary, B TOM qHCJ\.e nepHOA AHC-
r 
KpeTH3au;HH (0.5*CIC.R*RRC.Lfactor*CFIR.Lfactor)/fs (pHC. 7.68). err"
TIpH qaCTOTe AHCKpe'1;'H3aIJ;HH Is =100 Mru; H K03cPcPHD;HeHTax HHTepnoJ\.-
IJ;HH cPHJ\.bTpOB L RRC = 4, L CFIR = 2 H LCIC = 8 MHTeJ\.bHOCTb 6HTa, 3ClAaHHM
A 'IT
B 6J\.oKe Bernoulli Binary, COCTaBHT Tb = 0,5(LRRCLcFIRLcIC)/ Is = 0,32 MKC, a
MHTeJ\.l>HOCTb CHMBOJ\.a 4>M-4 Ha BI>IXOAe MOAYMITOpa nOJ\.yqHTC paBHOM Ts =

7.3. npaKTH'leCKOe 3aH5ITHe. QH4>poBoe npeo6pa30BaHHe 'laCTOTbI
269
 Block Parlmeters: Bernoutl, Binary Generator
x
Bernoulli Binary
.. Generate random IIemouIli distributed binary numbers.
Source code
.,.j.
J
Parameters

Probability of zero.  .5
1 m
1
l
Source of Initial seed. !Auto _ _______._____ >_?_I
Sample time. C.R*RRC.Lfactor"CFlR.Lf [il
Samples per frame: 12 lID
Ii!
output data type. boolean-+-r',:>---------
----...-"-......_........
Simulate using:  xecut!on
f1$t .R
8"19t
a:
tiJtCNO
PIIC. 7.68. napaMeTpbl 6.11.0Ka Bernoulli Binary
OK
canceI"'rylF Help .
"
o\' r
uq
......J... ''"
= 2n = 0,64 MKC; qaCTOTa CJ\..eAOBaHIUI CHMBOJ\..OB npH 3TOM paBHa 1,5625 Mr:o;.
I1ocJ\..e <pHJ\..bTpa RRC qaCTOTa AHcKpeTH3aIJ;HH nOBbICHTC5I B LRRC = 4 AO 6,25 Mr:o;;
nocJ\..e <pHJ\..bTpa CFIR qaCTOTa AHcKpeTH3aIJ;HH nOBblCHTC5I B LCFIR = 2 AO 12,5 Mr:o;;
a nocJ\..e cpHJ\..bTpa CIC qaCTOTa AHcKpeTH3a:O;HH nOBblCHTC5I B L CIC = 8 AO 100 Mr:o;.
AJ\..5I nocJ\..eAY:EOm;eH o6pa6oTKH B CIC cpHJ\..bTpe 6YAeM B MOAeJ\..H, HaqHHa5I C MOAY-
.1I.5ITOpa <1>M-4, HcnOJ\..b30BaTb npeAcTaBJ\..eHHe 'iHceJ\.. C <pHKcHpoBaHHoH TOqKOH.
4. YCTaHoBHTb napaMeTpbI 6J\..oKa QPSK Modulator Baseband: B 3aKJ\..aAKe Main
YCTaHoBHTb oTo6paJKemre 6HTOB B CHMBOJ\..bI KOAOM rp35I (pHC. 7.69,a), a B 3aKJ\..aAKe
Data Type YCTaHoBHTb THn BbIXOAHblX AaHHblX fixedt(1,16) (pHC. 7.69,6).
Ei! Bio<:k Parameters: QPSK Modulator Baseband
QPSK Modvlator : . . (mask)(link)
Modulate the input signal using the quaternary phase shift
keying method
x
-
 Block Parameters: QPSK Modulator Baseband
QPSK Modulator . . . (mask) (nnk)
Modulate the input signal using the quaternary phase shift
keying method.
x

r'Main Data Types
Parameters . ----
11 Input type. Bit
"
: Constellation ordering: Gray
'I
I! Phase offset (rad) 
1 ,,:--
>-
i MaIn
Data Types
VIew
... t:
II !
... l'
i output data type
I W!n
fi. _i
r t
Data Type
I 1bcdt(1.16)
v i
»
-'1
I
I
I
r
-+-r>'' f
OK I Lpncel'1l Help "-1
a)
()K
Cancell Help
6)
'f'
PIIC. 7.69. napaMeTpbl 6.11.0Ka QPSK Modulator Baseband: a - 3aKJ\..aAKa Main; 6-
l 3aK.1I.aAKa Data Type Jl,Jfi At' A-
I 't[ TXHVn :R
5. Ao6aBHTb B MOAeJ\..b ABa 6J\..OKa CIC Interpolation H 'ieTblpe 6J\..oKa FIR
Interpolation H3 6H6J\..HoTeKH DSP System ToolboxjFilteringjMultirate Filters
(pHC. 7.70). jA I I (,   M' er ,.. -,),),6q
t 6. I1HH:O;HaJ\.H3HpoBaTb 6J\..OKH FIR Interpolation NIX H3 cKpHnTa 7.3.1: cpHJl.bTp
RRC - CHCTeMHbIM 06'beKTOM hRRC (pHC. 7.71,a), a <PHJ\..bTP CFIR - «HcTeMHbIM

270
";) P 5'"iRf>8.0'" >(" ,)9f"n
.hR 7. I4Hq,poBaH MaHImYAHltHH
o x
ii Slmubnk LIbrary B,owser
"" 'V- I_savchtenn "'I . . . ... (1)
>_ _> _...> >__ .__1__>
DSP 9jIIom ,... , FIIor4
r w. :TOOIbo>:
>Esbmation
v fittenng
Adaptive Filters
filter Oesogns
R1ter ImDlementalJOn$
__ Filters
) _functIOnS
Quan\izef5
> 5ignaI
SognaI Operations
SinI<s
Sou-c..
<
:.,.,"
EJ A
  
I
I
ac Complex Bandpass Dyadic Analysis Dyadic Syn1hesjs
Interpolation Dedmata filter Bank Filter Bank
-.. dMoOut G c:J G I
.(2111]1
HI>l
validln voIJdOuo
fIR Rate (00_ fIR Rate fIR fIR
HOl Optimized  Decimation I ...
A'
I
J
!
...
> i
_I
PHC. 7.70. BJl.OKH q,HJl.bTpOB HHTepnOJI.5ITOpOB CIC Interpolation H FIR Interpolation B
6H6J1.HOTeKe DSP System ToolboxjFilteringjMultirate Filters
1>1 a q
06'beKTOM hCFIR (pHfi; 7.71,6); Y 060HX cPHJl.bTPO BbI6paTb peJKM o6pa6oTKJ1
«Elements as channels (sample based)>>'rr n
,.. "' v u,", r m :1'.{ NA F v.nn bqTdI 4' 10
a JId ';:j fYTT'dJ'. Hq> .3
[!iJ 81o<k Paramet= FIR Intepolatlon1 X ijJ Block Paramet.." fiR Int<rpolot.onl X
fIR In!elpdation (mask) (fink) )"'c, f
Up68mp1e the trpJt SIgnal by an Int£gor-v/llued factn1. d1en apply '''' fIR
tlfter The bled< sca!es the filter coeffldents by the . factor and
implements 11>1> FIR filter 0SII1g II polyp/lMe struaIIe .' >,
Coeffldent JUUrC& 15 t'; .b ';;;;
o DiaIag .
o Input poll:
@ filter object
OAuto
(?' "1' :
I Main Data Types -
!
Pa....-.. ->-
/ J filter object: I hRRC
Iinput.. .:.,.
,_opIfons: Allow nwl!lram .
II Output buffer Initial C<Jf1dItIons 1 0
II
.
fIR IntelpOlat1on (maoIc) (hnlc) "J;;,r.t: r..'<i.f\ 'i! J'
UpOample the Input SIgnal by ill! lnteg<!I'-valuod factn1, d1en apply an fIR
ftJter. The bled< scales the filter coefficients by the factDr and ,
lmp/emeQtsthe fiR filter u5ing a strudure.
!ic ..; ,)t.:t,:1.!_t\ 1}!
,
.
"'i "f' ,-,_'o'"_
JtJi
it. ' 0 Dialog parl\fMbin
o Input port
{."q @ filter object '"
o Auto
J. Of} t q{!
'''x'
i
..r.l'-j
).,",<1.
"f!
d:l
'',; ,,'-.;' j .t
-\ 5 AJ,
..-,.1." 11
.__,; ",.:i-..,.._....

Main Data Types
-'J
l it i t filter object. I hCFiR
I"
l ill I,
.. f:
Csamplebosed)
Input ptCaI55ing. ..,
R.1te opIIOnS. Allow mu1!lrale . .
Output buffer initial 0JndIII0ns" 1 0
!ill
(........ based)
--
II
I f[ !
\}
If
It
View Riter Response
VIew FII!er Re;pcnse
 ;.: Cancel "l HoIp  r Cancel 'I r- .'i
 
I1apaMeTpbl 6J1.OKOB FIR Interpolation AJ\.H q,HJl.bTpa RRC (a) H q,HJl.bTpa
CFIR (6)
PHC. 7.71.
(\
7. I1HHD;HaJI.H3HpOBaTb 6.11.0KH CIC Interpolation cHHTe3HpOBaHHO:H B CKpHllTe
7.3.1 NIX hCIC; BbI6paTb peJKHM o6pa6oTKH «Elements as channels (sample based»>
H llYHKT «Allow multirate processing» (pHC. 7.72).
1 8. Ao6aBHTb B MOAMI;> 6.11.0KH Gain H3 6H6.11.HOTeKH SimulinkjCommonly Used
Blocks H YCTaHOBHTb: B 3aKJl.aAKe Main K03cPqmn;HeHT MacIDTa6HpOBaHH5! CIC.C,
paccHTaHHbIH B cKpHllTe 7.3.1 (pHC. 7.73,a); B 3aKJl.aAKe Signal Attributes cJl.eAY-
eT YKa3aTb THn BbIXOAHbIX AaHHbIX fixedt(1,16) H npeAe.1l.bI HX H3MeHeHH5! (-1; 1)
(pHC. 7.73,6). 'I: aJfq P  Y'JfIR

7.3. llpaKTJI"IeCKOe 3aHHTJIe. [4JIcjJpoBoe npeo6pa30BaHJIe "IaCTOTbf
271
51 Bla<k Param';;s: OOnt.rpoIZn2 X
., ac Interpolation j
Apply a Cascaded I . . . . Inte<po!ator fllter to the Input signal.
-1
The Inputs and ouIpUts of this block have a signed fixed-point data type
with zero bias. You must have a fixed-Point DesIgner license to use this
block.
t
source
o Dialog parameters
@fllterobject
r
.)j
Parameters '.
j
filter object var1able I hCIC
Input .: El<!ments as channels (sample based)
Rate options: Allow multi.$!. >
,"'
J
. filter Response
.'
OK
I [ CancelJ [, p ]
o
l' '}
8
'!l
PHc.7.72. TIapaMeTpbI 6J\.oKa CIC Interpolation
ie'
(!]I BlockP",.met.rs: Gaon
., &::18 S.
x  Block Paramote<s: Gaon
GaIn
x
Gain
Element-wiSe gain (y = K "u) or matrix gaIn (y = K*u or Y = u*K)
EIement_ gain (y = K.*u) or matrix gaIn (y = K*u Of Y = u*K)
''1
Gain:
...
Main Signal
Dut:put minimum.
1 m 1 -1
Parameter
It
1 Main
Signal AtI1tbutes
Parameter
y...
output maximum:
I[iJ 11 1
1 m
j lac.K
Mu .
I
I
I
.. :
"u
output data type: 1.16) QJ V....... vi
o Lock ouIput data type setting against changes by the fixed-point tools
Integer rounding mode: Floor
o Saturate on Integer overtIow
.>1
.
OK I r_'-"!
I I 0)
PHC. 7.73. TIapaMeTpbI 6J\.oKa Gain: a - 3aKJ\.aAKa Main; 6 - 3aKJ\.aAKa Signal At-
1 I toe> l' tributes I r
9. YCTaJiOBHTb BpeM MOAe pOBaHH 4096/ is. BbIITO.l\.HHTb MOAe.l\.HpOBaHHe H
rrpoaHaJ\.H3HpOBaTb crr eKTp (p HC. 7.74) H OCD;H.l\.J\.orpaMMbI (pHC. 7.75). I'
  .i . .1 ", .. ,  :
100 
-60 -40 -30 ;ZO .10 0 10 20 30'" 40 50
Frequency (MH2)
 
Poc.7.74. CrreKTp CHrHaJ\.a Ha BblXOAe KaCKaAa cpHJ\.bTpOB (RRC+CFIR+CIC)
"} M1 · S. d. "IOqT:>£H 
OK
I 'T'
Help
...
t
6)

272
Sir
ooer II chilli 7. HrppoBaH MaHHrrYJl.H!fHH
i" Wt . " \b" "dr''''' A .. 
.Q v \ / \ / \/ \ / V \ -,_. - -
< iHt jf:
o 5 ro  ro    
Time (us)
t _
O 5 ro  ro    
Time (us)
i _
o 5 10 15
ro
Time (us)
i 
: - - --. -- --- .- .-.- .-- =- . --'
o 5 ro  ro    
Time (us)




PRc.7.75. OCn;H.l\,AOrpaMMbl CHrHaJl.OB Ha BblXOAe :M0AYJl.5ITOpa Isym H Ha BblXoAe
no J:I q,HJl.bTpOB RRG, GFIR, GIG
Aopa6oTae:M npeAhl,lI,ym;yro MOAeJl.b, BKJl.IO"tJHB B Hee nepeHoc Ha nOAHecym;yIO
"tJaeTOTY Ie = 40 Mfn;.
Y Ka3aHlUI K BbITIOJIHeHHIO
1. Ao6aBHTb B npeAblAYID;YIO MOAeJl.b 6J\.OKH Product H Add H3 6H6J\.HOTeKH
SimulinkjMath Operations; TaKJKe Ao6aBHTb B MOAMb 6J\.OKH Sine Wave H3 6H6-
J\.HOTeKH SimulinkjSourees (pHe. 7.76).
x{nJ4) x{nI2) CIC Fitter
r Filter: Filter Filter:
I I1RRC Irrc hCFIR IdIr hCIC
)tlH: XEE C ft "f
1. -f1:t
x{nJ4) x{nJ2] CICF,lter
Filter: Fitter: Filter: '1
hRRC hCFIR hClC
-or .--,.--.- -
r.
...... --'- ----'--_-.1.-

PRc.7.76. MOAeJl.b DUG C nepeHOCOM Ha nOAHecym;yro 'iaCTOTY
q + F!!o 'l'd.W 1t 6 6JIJi1\6. "'1;::1 q:nren" t>.... .m'i
2. HacTpoHTb napaMeTpbl 6J\.OKOB Sine Wave Ha nq Ie = 40 MfU; (pHC. 7.77).

7.3. IIpaKT¥qecKoe 3aHHTHe. [4Hq,poBoe npeo6pa30BaHHe qaCTOTbl
273
r:ij Block Parameters cos
Sine Wave
putput II wave.
OCt) = Amp*Sln{Freq*t+Phase) + 81as
X BlockPa..met"'" Sin -
Sine Wave
Output a sine wave:
-,.--., 
x
"'''(''r
I
Sine type determines the computational technique used The .
In the two types are related through
1
O(t) = Amp"Sln(Freq*t+Phase) + BIas
Sine type determines the technique used. The .
In the two types are r through.
I
Samples per period = 2*pi I (Frequency * Sample time)
I
Number of ofuet samples = Phase * Samples per period I (2*pi)
Samples per period = 2*pi / (frequency · Sample time)
Number of offset samples = Phase * Samples per period / (2*pI)
Use the . .. . sine type If numerical problems due to tunnlng for Use the sampl<1:-basecI sine type If numt!flcal problems ck!e to runn1ng for
large tI (e.g. overflow In absolute time) occur L large limes (e.g. overflow in absolute time) occur. !Ii
!Ii !II
paran-. '" Parameters
_.m .,-:..,"",*_-.,._."""--."..,..',,,L .....-.;;...,. ,:i,
Sine type" l1me based Sine type .Iiri1e
11me (t).
Amp!Itude
rl
1M
11me (t)
Amp!Itude
11
I]
simulawn Ii:ne
..,,,.;.___-,l'_",-d., _. ,__.""
'
BIas.
10
I'I'eqOO1Cy (rad/see)'
I fc*2*pi
Phase (rad):
lJJi£ _
!Ii
Sample time:
IUts
1;2) Interprel-
""
Bias.
....
,..,
m 10 :
i 1
1 I'I'eqOO1Cy (rail/see).
I] 1 *2;pi ==-= -' I]
Phase (rad). II
'T-T  1} ro:= >._.__._______> _ I]
H J
as I-D
sample time'
1 ..!i lE ts
 (j...
1;2) Interpret vector pararnetf!B as 1-0
[iJ
. ,}"t" J .,,
OK I L cancel :] L, Help -j 0 OK I ! ..... ! r Help :1
 
Plfc.1.11. DapaMeTpbl Sine Wave: a - AJ\5I cHH<pa3HoH H 6 - KBD.ApaTYPHoH
.J'  I.. COB.II.HIOHX fWq::1i a -.tuir Ji( IH
3. HacTpoHTb rrapaMeTpbl 6.11.0Ka Time Scope: B pa3Ae.1l.e Configuration Proper-
ties B MeHIO Time YKa3aTb Time Span 1024/ Is (pHC. 7.78) AJl.5I oTo6pa/KeHH5I OCD;H.II.-
.ll.OrpaMMbl B OrpaHH"CleHHOM MaCillTa6e (pHC. 7.79). \) Lp'01':>6'p
B.
(t)
81 (")
-4'
.
.... '9nfigurabon Properties: Time Scope
x
M ain mI!. . logging
f 11me span:! 1 1024/fs ,
1\ TIme span overrun action: Scroll
I I 11me units: MetrIc (based on Ttme Span) ._ I
. 1 . TIme display ofuet: _..,-__ t
1 11me-axis labels: 'AU
II 1;2) Show time-axJs label
L_.",  """
"...
 ' I " I; fl..
. II'IM  m'
o X
,.
..rr-..
I!pI>!V
a '11.JQ
M I:I
1)  .AI
3
o
r""'-
..I
OK
I L. c;kt
('
t
\1
I PlfC. 1.18. HacTpoHKa 6.11.0Ka Time Scope 't J
.. III1X
4. HacTpoHTb rrapaMeTpbl 6.11.0Ka Spectrum Analyzer: B pa3Ae.1l.e Spectrum
Settings Configuration Properties B MeHIO Trace Options y6paTb ra.1l.0"ClKY Two-Sided
Spectrum A.1I.5I oT06pa/KeHH5I OAHOCTOPQHHerO c:g:eKTpa (pHC. 7.80).

274
1dTO'J'
tlt"J>EtQ€£>qOC> In oa()q,c\?
7. Il,HcppoBaH MaHHlIYJl.Hl{HH
0>' , I
OJ
]!
"8-
E
< I r.
.002
-0.04 II
-0.06
0
I'
I
..++-
2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10
Time (us)
 Spectrum Analyzer
POCo 7.79. OCD;H.h.hOrpaMMa CIfi'HaJ\.a B MacmTa6e Time Span 1024/ fs
o
x
FII. Tool. View Somulat,on Help
:;:-J"T-=TtJrI1L ___._ __rj 
101;
..
-1 f
E
<D
'D
or Trace options
Units ' dBm
Awrages 
Reference load ! 1
Scale t Linear
I -
Offset (Hz) !!I
D Two-suSed spectrum
Normal trace
D Max-hold trace
D M,n-hold trace
.
.
.
.
.
o 5 ro ffi      
Frequency (MHzl
50
POCo 7.80. HaCTpOHKa 6.11.0Ka Spectrum Analyzer AMI oTo6paJKeHHH OAHOCTopoHHero
cneKTpa
@ 
7.3.3. nOHIII>KalOLLlee npeo6pa30BaHille 'iaCTOTbl q:M.6q f1 'r T t q
HH:JKe TIpeACTaB.1\.eH CKpHTIT CHHTe3a KaCKCiAa cpH.1\.bTJ}OB AJs5f. TIOHH:JKaIO:m;ero TIpe-
o6pa30BaHH5:! qaCTOTbI (DDC) (CKpHTIT 7.5). OA() Id{IT .w;q.s I dTU ""'1':) H t
11. CKponT 7.5. COHTe3 KaCKa,u;a <POJ1hTpOB ,lI;J1SI nOHlnKaroero npeo6pa30BaHoSI
qaCTOThI (DDC) \ Kl'fSPH k 011.
% CHHTe3 KaCKa,L\a HnbTpoB H nOHaDerO (DDC) nq:
% (1) Cascade Integrate Comb Filter (CIC)--'"
% (2) CIC Compensation Filter (CFIR)
% (3) Square Root Raised Cosine (RRC)
% CKOpOCTH: 100 Mr 12.5 Mr 6.25 Mr 1.5625 Mr
% KOHHeHT M: CIC(*8) CFIR(*2) RRC(*4)
% napaMeTpbl HnbTpa CFIR (CIC)
""
% CHHTe3 HnbTpa DCFIR C 3a,L\aHHblMH napaMeTpaMH a
dDCFIR = fdesign.decimatorDCFIR.Mfactor,'ciccomp',
DCFIR.Mfactor
DCIC.D
DCIC.N
DCIC.R
DCFIR. Fp
DCFIR.Fst
DCFIR.Ap
DCFIR.Ast
DCFIR.Fs
. 'i
2;
l'
,
5'
,
8;
le6;
2e6;
0.2;
80;
12.5e6;
% K03HHeHT eHMHH DCFIR
% HepeHHanbHaH 3a,L\epa DCIC
% qHCnO ypoBHeH HnbTpa DCIC
% K03HHeHT eHMHH DCIC
% qaCTOTa nonocbI nponycKaHHH DC FIR
% qaCTOTbI nonocbI 3arp. DCFIR
% HepaBHOMepHocTb AqX B nOJIoce npon. DCFIR, E
% ocna6neHHe AqX B nOJIoce 3arp. DCFIR, E
i qaCTOTa HKpe H3' BblXoe HTp-
'f. H
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275
DClC.D, DClC.N, DClC.R, 'Fp,Fst,Ap,Ast', ...
DCFlR.Fp, DCFlR., Fst DCFlR.Ap, DCFlR.Ast, DCFlR.Fs);
hDCFlR = design(dDCFlR,'equiripple','SystemObject',true);
1m "l
q
..,..
% napaMeTpN MHbTTpa DClC
DClC.Fs = 100e6; % aCTOTa cKpeTH3HH Ha Boe
% CMHTe3 MHbTpa DClC c 3aHHNMM napaMeTpaMH
hDClC = dsp.ClCDecimator(DClC.R, DClC.D, DCiC.N);
% K03MHeHT MacwTa6MpoBaHM MHbTTpa DClC
DClC.K = l/(DClC.R-DClC.N); R
N of
a
MHbTpa DClC
JAM ,
1lAf'" If.
1dS.
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b58£d L1
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% napaMeTp MHbTTpa DRRC 
DRRC.rolloff 0.22; % K03HHeHT CrJIaxMBaHMR MJIbTpa DRRC
DRRC. order = 34; % nopRoK HJIbTpa DRRC (MeHbwe HHbTpa Ha 1)
DRRC.Mfactor = 4; % K03HeHT eHMHH MHbTpa DRRC
% CMHTe3 MHbTpa DRRC c 3aHHbIMH napaMeTpaMH (} d} 0
dDRRC = fdesign. pulseshapingCDRRC . Mfactor . . . . A,6.'I"i.6& 6
r 'Square Root Raised Cosine','N Beta',... t
DRRC.order,DRRC.rolloff); iiA qn N tal
hDRRCtemp = design(dDRRC);  .
hDRRC = dsp.FlRDecimator(DRRC.Mfactor, hDRRCtemp.Numerator);
set (hDRRC, ' FullPrecisionOverride' , true) ; ) 1dM '-.(1..
YKa3aHIUI K BbIIIOJIHeHHIO
lJ
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del Properties/Model Properties/AonO.l\.HHTe.l\.bHo CKpHllTOM 7.5 (pr734-DDC-setup)
CHHTe3a cPH.I\.bTPOB Aen;HMaTOpoB RRC, CFIR, CIC.
3. Ao6aBHTb ABa 6.1\.OKa CIC Decimation H 'ieTbIpe 6.1\.OKa FIR Decimation H3
6H6.1\.HOTeKH DSP System Toolbox/Filtering/Multirate Filters.
4. l1HHn;Ha.l\.H3HpoBaTb 6.1\.OKH Kl1X cPH.I\.bTpOB-Aen;HMaTopoB FIR Decimation:
cPH.lI.bTp DRRC - CHCTe:MHbIM 06'beKTOM hDRRC, <pH.I\.bTp DCFIR - CHCTeMHblM
06'beKTOM hDCFIR; y 060HX <PH.I\.bTPOB BbI6paTb pe>KHM o6pa6oTKH «Elements as
channels (sample based»>.
5. l1HHn;Ha.l\.H3HpoBaTb 6.1\.OKH CIC Decimation cHHTe3HpOBaHHO:H B cKpHnTe 7.5
AY:X hDCIC; BbI6paTb pe>KHM o6pa6OTKH «Elements as channels (sample based)>>
All 1 . .'') 6Q:II =  11)1
H nYHKT« ow mu tlrate processmg». ..
6. Ao6aBHTb B MOAe.l\.b 6.1\.OKH Gain H3 6H6.1\.HOTeKH Simulink/Commonly Used
Blocks H YCTaHOBHTb: B 3aK.I\.aAKe Main K03<PcPHn;HeHT MaclliTa6HpoBaHHSi DCIC.C,
paCC'iHTaHHbIH B cKpHnTe 7.5; B 3aK.I\.aAKe Signal Attributes C.I\.el>YeT YKa3aTb TIm
BbIXOAHbIX AaHHbIX fixedt(1,16) H npeAeJ\.bI HX H3MeHeHH5i (-1; 1). .,

7. YCTaHOBHTb BpeM5i MOAe.l\.HpOBaHH5i 2048/ is. BbIIIO.l\.HHTb MOAe.l\.HpOBaHHe H
1;-.. .J1
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PHc.7.82. OCn;H.I\J\.OrpaMMbI CHrHaJ\.OB noc.I\.e HHTepnOMln;HH (C.I\.eBa) H Aen;HMan;HH
 (crrpaBa)' .....
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8. HaCTpOHTb BH3ya.l\.H3an;H1O MHorOCKopOCTHOH o6pa6oTKH CHrHaJ\.OB: B MeHIO
MOAeJ\.H Display/Sample Time BbI6paTb nYHKT «Colors» H «Sample Time Legend»
........
(PRC. 7.83). 
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277
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Fite Edit VIeW 0Isp\ay Dtagram S1fT1UJatfOO Analysis Cod 1001s Hell"
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. f:-  =. :.-. ,.' ".:::/  vv-...
C I £.....&-.wng. 1.\ Off \) ['CIe.Ix) 1M Isym Ix)
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J. ryOA;I('r) r'
( .. Sample Tlm.l.gend rT 0
, pr13sjiDC_demodulation- 0
Color Description Value
1._ Fixed in Minor Step _ __ n r
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° D,wele 2 12 5000e+006 (1/period)
1 $ ti.
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9. B OI<;He AereHAbI MHorocKOpOCTJiOH o6pa6oTKH CHrHaAOB nOCTaBHTb raAO"<iKY
«Show discrete value as I/Period» (pHC. 7.84).
10. TIpOaHaAH3HpOBaTb MOAeAb DUC/DDC C yqeToM eTOB AereHAbI MHoroc-
KOpOCTHOH 06pa60TKH CHrJiMOB (pHC. 7.85).
11. Y6eAHTbC5'lJ3 n03TanHoH HHTepnO.J\5Il.\HH CHrHaAa Ha nepeAaIOm;eH cTopoHe:
C 1,5625 AO 6,25 MrU; cPHAbTpOM RRC (L RRc = 4), C AO 6,25 AO 12,5 MrU; q,HAbTpO:M
C.FIR (LCFIR = 4) Ii C 12,5 AO 100 MrU; cPHAbTpOM CIC (LCIC = 4). Y6eAHTbcH B
n03TanHoH Ael.\H:Mal.\HH CHrHMa Ha npHeMHoH CTOpOJie: co 100 AO 12,5 MrU; cPHAb-
TpOM OCIC (M DCIC = 8), C 12,5 AO 6,25 MrU; q,HAbTPO:M DCFIR (M DCFIR = 2) H
C 6,25 AO 1,5625 Mru; cPHAbTPOM DRRC (M DRRC = 4).
7.4. npaKTL11l.feCKOe 3aHTL11e. YacToTHa CL11HXpOHL113a4L11
7.4.1. nOCTaHoBKa 3a,qa'-llll '-IaCToTHoii! CIIIHxpOHIII3a4111111
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npeABapHTeAbHaJI "<iaCTOTHM H CHMBOAbHaJI (BpeMeHH<l5i) CHHxpOHH3aU;HH. TIpeA-
nOAOJKHM, "<iTO npeABapHTeAbHaJI CHMBO.hbHaJI CHHxpOHH3al.\HH BbInOAJieHa H pac-
CMOTpHM BonpOCbI "<iaCTOTHOH CHHXpOHH3art;HH npH npHeMe U;HcPPOBbIX CHrHaAOB.
MOJKHO BbIAeJI.HTb CAeAYIOm;He KaTeropHH paccorAaCOBaHHH "<iaCTOT H q,a3 nepe-
AaHHoro H npHHHToro cHrHaAOB (pHC. 7.86): a) "<iaCTOTa onopHoro reHepaTopa (Or)
npHeMHHKa paBHa Hecym;eH "<iaCTOTe npHHHToro CHrHaAa, OAHaKO eCTb paCXOJKAeHHe
no cPa3e; 6) "<iaCTOTa or npHeMHHKa OTAH"<iaeTCH OT Hecyw;eM "<iaCTOTbI npHHHToro
CHrHaAa; B - "<iaCTOTa or npHeMHHKa HenpepbIBHO H3MeHHeTCH no cpaBHeHHIO C
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-,
I
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pa"<iHJ,3aeTCH Ha yrOA cPa30Boro CABHra () (pHC. 7.86,a); B pe3Y.hbTaTe q,HKcHpoBaH-
Horo qaCTOTHoro CABHra CHrHaAbHoe C03Be3AHe nOBOpa"<iHBaeTCH C cPHKcHpoBaHHoM
CKOpOC'rblO (pHC. 7.86,6), npH 3TOM CKOpOCTb nOBopoTa onpeAeAHeTC5'I BeAH"<iHHOM
qaCTOTHoro CABHra; B pe3YAbTaTe nepeMeHHoro "<iaCTOTHoro CABHra CHrHaAbHoe co-
3Be3AHe nOBOpa"<iHBaeTC5'I C YCKopeHHeM, ecJI.H "<iaCTOTHbIH CABHr HapaCTaeT, HAH 3a-
:MeAJl,eHHeM, eCAH "<iaCTOTHbIH CABHr y6bIBaeT (pHC. 7.86,s).
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C03Be3AHH npHIDrTOrO CHrHMa OTKAOIDrIOTCH OT onopHbIX TO"<ieK npHeMa, "<iTO, B
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ro Cl'IrHaJ\.a nonaAaJ\.1'I B onopHble TO-qKI'I npl'IeMa. PaCCMOTpl'IM ABa cnoc06a -qaCTOT-
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npl'IeMHI'IKa, paBHoH -qaCTOTe I'I cpa3e Hecym;eH npHHI'IMaeMOro Cl'IrHaJl.a, 5IBJ\.5IeTC5I
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pOBoro nOHHJKaIOm;erO npe06pa30BaHl'I5I -qaCTOTbI DDC (Pl'Ic. 7.87).
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f I iii:: 
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paTYPHOH COCTaBJ\.5IIOm;HX I(mT) H Q(mT), rAe m - I'IHAeKC BbI60PKI'I, aT - MH-
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6oJl.ee nOAXOA5Im;HH MOMeHT Ha I'IHTepBaAe nepeAa-q1'I CI'IMBOJl.a. ANj{ 'iaCTOTHon C;;I'IH-
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rrOJ\.b3YIOTC5I ABa rrOAxOAa. TIpH rrepBOM rrOA-
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'laCTOTHOH CHHXpOHH3aIJ;HH, KorAa nepeAaHHblH CHMBOJ\. HeH3BeCTeJi. TIpH TaKOM
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. -
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nepe:MeHHOH 'laCTOTOH or, npeACTaBJ\.eHHOH Jia pHC. 7.87, ocym;ecTBJ\.5IeTC$I Ha 'lac-
TOTe AHCKpeTH3aHH npHIDIToro CHrHaJ\.a r( rnT) C BblxoAa AlJ;TI; Ha 'laCTOTe cJ\.e-
,
AOBaHH5I CHMBOJ\.OB pa60TaeT TOJ\.bKO 6J\.OK cpa30Boro AeTeKTopa, n03TO:MY C TO'lKH
3peHH5I Bbl'lHCJ\.HTeJ\.bHbIX pecypco H 6bICTpOAeHCTBH5I AaHHaH cxeMa $IBJ\.51eTC5I He
caMblM eJ\.eco06pa3HblM pemeHHeM.
"
Y Ka3aHIUI K BbIIIOJIHeHll1O
!lJUi\Jj
Q
'1
OQeHKa CHMB0JI8
'\oi RJWl t
(isym[k],[k])
P
" BLI6opI<II CHMB0JI8
/ (/(kT.) , Q(kT.»
, , Qs(k)..o I
/  Q,(k) I
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o
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1( 6
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n
J:(
9
o
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iOE.
1
(7.26)
.UTE'
. ,jIJ!T II
L Co6paTb MOAeJ\.b 'laCTOTHoH CHHXpOHH3. HH C rrepeMeHHoH 'laCTOTOH or
\
.89). oMi!Q.u+\AO:1 on $AO
TIoAC!'Jg' 14 V 1:1 114' C06HpaIOTC5I aHaAOrH'lHO MOAeJ\.5I:M B pa3A. 5.
2. I1HHIaJ\.H3HpoBaTb 14oAeJ\.b;6 pa3AeJ\.e Callbacks/PreloadFcn MeHIO File/Mo-
del Properties/Model Properties/ CKpHIITOM 7.6 (pr74LQPSK-synch_setup). :lHq
(p

7.4. llpaKTH<J:ecKoe 3aHJITHe. L[acTOTHaJI CHHxpoHH3a:qHJI
281
r - r-'-
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-.----..
110..
r
-+
b
o
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t
f.e.
qTI I;[ L:I'l'OT::I 6Jm ..acTOT8 rYH
PIlC. 7.89. MOAe.ll.b qaCTOTHoH CHHxpoHH3aD;HH C rrepeMeHHOH qaCTOTOH or
CKpllnT 7.6. IIapaMeTpbI MO)J;eJIIl qaCTOTHoll CIlHXpOHIl3aIJ;1l1l C nepeMeHHoll qac-
TOTOll or I I "\
Rbit = 100e3; % 6HTOBafl CKOpOCTb
Rsyml = Rbit/2; % CHMBOHbHafl CKOpOCTb
fs = 2.4e6; % aCTOTa HcKpeTH3aHH AQTI
interp = fs/Rsyml; % K03HeHT rrepeHcKpeTH3HH  
fc = 600e3; % HecYII\afl aCTOTa, r +
fe = 400; % acToTHMH CHr, r
% rrapaMeTpM KOHTypa ATIq
T = 1/fs; % rrepHo HcKpeTH3HH
Kp 1/2; % KY .n;
Bn = 2000; % myMOBafl rrOJIOca, r
Ko = O. 1 ; Ul.> % KY rYH 111 Jd).()L6Q !<A to"1OE:. q
d = 0.707; % eMrrHHr cpaKTOp 6: B
% K03HHeHTM TI
K1 = (4*d*Bn*T)/(Ko*Kp*(d+1/(4*d))); 
K2 = (4* (Bn*T)-2)/(Ko*Kp* (d+1/4*d)-2) ; 'ioq T  .... '"
A.lI5J. BOCrrpOH3BeAeHHJI 3cPcPeKTa qaCTOTHoro CABHra B 6.11.0KaX rrOBblillaIOm;erO
npe06pa30BaHH5I qaCTOTbl BHOCHTCSI "IaCTOTHhIH CABHr fe. Y sq
3. YCTaHOBHTh BpeM5I MOAe.ll.RpOBaHH5j: 50000/ fs. BhlnO.ll.HHTb MOAe.ll.HpOBaHHe H
npOaHa.ll.R3HpOBaTh OCD;H.ll.Jl.OrpaMMbl nOACTpoHKH "IaCTOTbI (pHC. 7.90).
113 oC:qH.ll.Jl.OrpaMM Ha pRC. 7.90 c.II.el1YeT, "ITO nOAcTpoH;Ka "IaCTOTbI ocym;ec-
B.II.5IeTC5I npRMepHo 3a 10 :MC.
4. IIpoaHa.ll.H3HpoBaTh CHrHa.ll.bHble c03Be3AH5I B npon;ecce nOACTPQHKH "IaCTO-
TbI (pRC. 7.91). saO!r":> It

282
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Time (msl 1..
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Time (mal
Puc.7.90. nO,ll,CTpoHKa 'iaCTOTbl B npon;ecce MO,ll,e.r.HpoBaHIDI
-b'
, /"q: ..... ,  '"
! 05 /
-,. ,- 0.5 \- 0>5
f .
-,
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t t
('
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6)
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6) \,
1 1
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118
0)1
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uq -1
A 'i>l 
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PRC. 7.91. I1S:MeHeHHe cpa30BoH ,lI,HCrpaM:Mbl CHrHaJl.bHOrO c03Bes,lI,IDI: a - B
Haqa.r.e nO,ll,CTpOmm; 6 - B Cepe,ll,HHe nO,ll,CTpOHKH; e - B KOHn;e nO,ll,CTpOHKH
7.4.3. LJacTOTHaS'l CIIIHxpOHIII3aLlIIIS'l C nOCTOS'lHHoiA... 'iaCToToiA
,q,eM o,q,yml LIlli III ff r JI,(pqJ€ RN_A uq')d RAt.
PacCMOTpH:M cxeMY '<laCTOTHOH CHHXpOHH3aI.J;HH C <pHKcHpoBaHHoH '<laCTOTOH or
npHeMHHKa (pHC. 7.92). IdS: worc r:u JJ..O R,M" dTRaQIL. f
npH ,lI,eMOAY.7\5IH C <pHKcHpoBaHHoH '<laCTOTOH or nO,ll,CTpOHKa '<laCTOTbI oCY-
eCTB.7\5IeTC5I: B HH<pOpMaI.J;HOHHOH no.r.oce '<laCTOT (Baseband). CJ\.e,ll,cTBHeM no,ll,06-
Horo nO,ll,XO,ll,a 5IBJ\.5IeTC5I: Heo6xo,ll,HMOCTb o6paTHoro nOBopOTa C03Be3,l1,H5I:. 'RAa
BbI'<lHcJ\.eHHe cPa30Boro C,lI,BHra, KaK H B -npe,ll,bIAYeH cxe:Me, ocym;ecTBJ\.5IeTC5I
Ha OCHOBe Bep05ITHOrO npHIDIToro CHMBOJ\.a no pa3HOCTU cPa3 BbI60pKH npHIDITO-
*I:

7.4. npaKTH<leCKOe 38.H5ITHe. IJacTOTHa5I CHHXpOHH 3a 14 H5I
283
cI>lI3oBLIH.l\eTeKTOp
TIpHHJlTLle
BLI60PKH
1{mT)
BLI60pKH B OTC'IeTax
MaKCHM}'Ma (CHMBOJIbHWI
CHHXPOHH3IU.\H11)
- sin(8[k])
isym[ k]
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{
Puc.7.92. CxeMa qaCTOTHOH CHHxpoHH3aIJ;HH C cpHKcRpoBaHHOH qaCTOTOH or
<)HK6lfoqn, !l '\0
ro CRMBOJ\.a e T H Bep05iTHOrO IIepeAaHHoro CHMBOJ\.a e s . B OTJ\.H'lHe OT IIpeAbIAY-
m;eH cxeMbI, <PYHKD;HOHHpOBaHHe 60NllPfI<;T.Ba AOKOB cxeMbI, IIpeAcT'1]!J\.eHHoH Ha
pHC. 7.92, ocym;ecTBJ\.5ieTC5i Ha 'laCTOTe CJ\.eAOBaHH5i CHMBOJ\.OB, II03TOMY C TO'lKR
3peJiH5i Bbl'lHCJ\.HTeJ\.bHbIx pecypCOB H 6bICTpOAeHCTBH5i AaHHM cxeMa 5iBJ\.5ieTC5i D;e-
J\.eco06pa3HblM pemeHReM. qN<p€,ONA&q 8
YKa3amui K BblTIOJIHemHO qn S QTdf P "-J.U '(q ..qoct> I ('
6A 1. Co6paT\> _MoAeJ\.b 'laCTOTHOH CHHxpOHH3aD;HH C cPHKcHpoBaHHoH 'laCTOTOH
or (pHC. 7.93). ([2tJ An  1 fI P. ..p
r
x
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Un
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L
J-
l
q
Puc. 7.93. MOAeJ\.b qaCTOTHOH CHHXpOH:[43au;RR f cpHKCRpOBaHHOH qaCTOTOH or
I1epeAarom;a.sr 'laCTb aHaJ\.orR'lHa IIpeAbIAYm;eH MOAeJ\.H, II03TOMY Ha pHC. 7.93
He IIOKa3aHa. 
2. HHHD;Ha.J\.H3HpoBaTb MOAeJ\.b B pa3AeJ\.e CKpHilTOM 7.4.1, 3aMeHHB 3Ha'leHHe
mYMoBoH IIOJ\.OCbI Ha 25 {rD;. !EJ\. to ,i:MUm, R1" A.e.'T!} 00 T H<
3. Co6paTb IIocHcTeMY o6paTHoro IIoBopOTa C03Be3AH5i (pHC. 7.94).

284
UU F'V
1'11::> R6
7. HcPpoBaR MaHHUYJiHqHR
tnI"
IJn
1
tt
r
J
1
ow
II
1)\1;t 
+- 2
.". It cos_error
JJ  I . ".- . 'Wr
t' t..y- - I
-- j
J
t
-'
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sin_error
PlfC. 7.94. TIoAcHcTeMa o6paTHoro nOBopoTa c03Be3AH5I
AOTu 15 fj :> 'O'- "t'O M e  ':I"lq
4. YCTaHOBHTb BpeM5I MOAeJl.HpOBaHH5I 50000/ Is. BbInOJl.HHTb MOAeJUlpOBaHHe,
npOaHaJl.H3HpOBaTb oCJI..7I.OrpaMMbI, a TaKJKe BeKTopHyro AHarpaMMY CHrHa.7l.bHOrQ
c03Be3AH5I H y6eAHTbC5I B nOAcTpoHKe 'laCTOTbI.  '11..m s"'.-.J
'\A ) , e <) 
7.5. na6opaTopHoe 3aHs:lTllle; Lt.lllcppoBas:l MaHlllnY/ls:l4 111 s:1 cut" m'
B paAIII03cplllpe Mldh 5
7.5.1. c:t>OPMIIIPytoL4l11ii1 cPl>111bTP B nepe,qaTmKe USRP Run A-V:
:A PaCCMOTpH:M npHMeHeHHe q,OpMHpyrom;ero q,H.7I.bTpa npH nepeAa'le CHrHaJl.a
4>M-4 B PBAH03cpHp n.7l.aTOH USRP B210 (pHC. 7.95). (t '\ :>Rq) 1
1
HHu .
K__..(t)
I
I
I
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pa,!\HOCHI'HaJI
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r
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1.., IT).t T ::: j-.J B210 I , ''--'I
Y Ka3aHlUI K BbInOJIHeHll1O
1. 206paTb MOAe.7l.b nepeAa'lH C¥!:!i?,.7I.OB <t>M-4 n.7l.aTOH USRP B210 C q,OpMH-
pyrom;HM cpH.7I.bTpOM THna «KopeHb H3 npHnOAIDIToro KocHHyca» (pHC. 7.96).
l -. .. 11
1n
SORu
<!at Transmitter
p F4E642
")H'
tQ\, .;ptq _ .
t OUI
r t
,)c.
IIfR
N 
PlfC. 7.96. MOAMb nepeAa'IH CHrHa.7l.0B 4>M-4 n.7l.aTOH USRP B210 C cpOpMHpyrom;HM
cpH.7I.bTpOM THna «Kope!lb H3 npHnoM5ITO;rO KocHHyca» I

7.5. J\.a6opaTopHoe 3aHHTHe. U:HCPpOBaH MaHHrrYAHL{HH B paAHo3cjJHpe
285
2. MHHaAH3HpoBaTb 6J1.0K Bernoulli Binary Generator AJ\.HTeJl.bHOeTblO nepe-
Aa"'IH 6HTa Tb = 1/ R b ; 6HToBaH eKopoeTb Rb = 100 K6HT/e (pHe. 7.97).
 Block Parameters: Bemoulll Binary Generator X
Bernoulli Binary Generator
Generate random Bernoulli distTibuted binary numbers. !I . '
Source code ' II
.". ,.,. .. >.. ..->.... ._.- -.> .. .."C. ;\1-;.,,,,_.>
. f>arameters
Probability of zero: 10.5 1 m
r - --,....,.........,-...,
Source of Initial seed: Auto "".. . . . .  .
_"",,,,_,_,' :J:;:' , ' , ., -,.,,",'-, , ' ". ,_.. ':". ..._,
If.i]
1 m
>, sample time:
samples per frame:
OUtput data type:
-
Simulate using: ,Interpreted executJon
l 
1I 'q f' ,.,
OK II Cancel
Hal.
Apply
Puc. 7.97. I1HHl\HaJl.H3al\HH 6J1.0Ka Bernoulli Binary Generator
3. MHHaJl.H3HpOBaTb 6J1.0K QPSK Modulator Baseband (pHe. 7.98).
EiJ Block Parameters: OPSK Modulator Baseband
X
QPSK Modulator :. .. nd (mask) (fink)
Modulate the Input signal using the quaternary phase shift keying method.

-r
'"
I ' Main ( .. . Ty. .... W&'_ ."',, -- 
I :::: :' ='--':=  >." =:' :- "'- -------=---: .!I
t:;:(;:; -- ---  I
!
L. tff .-,,,!-,
..
.....,"'"'"".,"7'.
OK I t Cancel"] r He!. 0- I
Puc. 7.98. I1HHl\HaJl.H3al\HH 6J1.0Ka QPSK Modulator Baseband
IIoeJl.e MOAYJl.5.I:I.J;HH 4>M-4 CHMBOJl.bHa5i eKopOCTb eTaHeT Rs = Rb/2 = 50 KeJlI.M/c.
4. MHHaJl.H3HpOBaTb 6J1.0K Raised Cosine Transmit Filter (pHe. 7.99).
IIocJl.e cPOpMHPYIOm;ero cPHJl.bTpa C nepeAHcKpeTH3aIJ;HeM B 4 pa3a (napaMeTp
Output samples per symbol = 4) "'laCTOTa eJl.eAOBaHHH BbI6opOK CTaHeT paBHoM
Is = Rs . 4 = 200 rn;. K03cPQmn;HeHT CrJl.a:>KHBaHHH cPHJl.bTpa paBeH ranof =
0.5, n03ToMY noJl.ocy eHrHaJl.a MO:>KHO B nepBoM npH6J1.H:>KeHHH onpeAeJl.HTb KaK
BW = Rs(1 + ronof) = 75 Krn;.
5. MHHn;HaJl.H3HpOBaTb 6J1.0K SDRu Transmitw (PJlI.C 7.100).

286
-sqrr Old ""'1.
1qNm ON,.,., E\. tuQl1,V.'{n..UUi R6Eioq<pliJ! 7. L{HcppoBaJI MaHHl1YJUILfHJI
MB:)
err ),l 
OHfl&l
 01
Ji
, Main I Data Types ,,_
Parameters
I filter shape: Square root __
! RoIIoff factor: 1 0.5
i' filter span In symbols: 1 12
It output samples per symbol: 1 4
ft' Unear amplitude filter gain: 1 1
I! Input processing: I CoIu!TV\5 as channels (frame based)
   --- --"
OK I Ca J . (:Help --;
PlfC. 7.99. I1HHlJ;HaJl.H3alJ;HJI 6.1\.OKa Raised Cosine Transmit Filter
,..
oe'i'
) .,
EiI Blo<kP..ametm,!S.dCD5tn.TrmsmotFIIter 15a ]T01tO dT'"
RaI,S!!d Co5,I Transmit filter (mask) (link) "i ,
Upsample and filter the Input signal using a normal or square root raised
cosine FIR filter.
x .6UPNHN '"
1 = ,,1' £THO NP£,6,
'4
.;+ 4M-l'1'''&'' -' 'f' 't.li,,-;:'-: 4t"7;"""-";+' y.,.:'.Ii.-.J };t-",;;,_,,,
----- --I'
I  
l ill-it
II !] 1
 I
--"' i
1 oM
i!i1 Block Parameters: SDRu Transmitter
:>yq
x
D)
SDRu Transmitter (mask) (link)
if,
Send data to the Universal Software Radio " . >
l,C._
NMiN,umtN €
(USRP)
i,_ .J"y A ,"-'...
Radio ConnectIoo
I
Platform: 8210
Ii _.>"'-.- >, > . . .
SeI1aI number: 2 . v I Lefresh Device list.
Info
J
_.__--d.
Radio Properties
01anneI mapping: l!
Source of center frequency: Dialog" i
I center frequency (Hz): 1 1200e6
nt6I'1
"
[tl
3Li1
10
troJ
Sour", of LO offset.
I >
LO offset (Hz):
I
ofgaln:
GaIn (dB):
Dialog
PPS source:
1 0
DlaJ0!L
170
Internal
1 m
.
-''-''"->''
!ill
Oock source:
..
Internal
8.6
l:!q_
Master dock rate (HZ):
]606
£ 51
)
t»!. .. 'j' DI:L- t
factor: 1 30 1m '
J
-"".f:',..",
"'A on
J\.Btn N 
.JMqocP J!i.:)O fI
4 qul)
()O  'rl = ,,\
1\.01 'lO'1'EO[1 a 0
OK I 'Cancei 1 - HeI. {fQ1 + _1.) q _. tra
I1HHlJ;Ha.1\.H3alJ;HJI 6.1\.OKa SDRu Transmitter N,UNHN ?
Data
"'1
dTk
SaBq
ASqW
Transport data type: Intl6
T£TJ 'f q
o Enable underrun output port
o Enable burst mode""
PlfC. 7.100.

7.5. Aa6opaTopHoe 3aH5ITIfe. IfcPpoBa5I MaHJmYJl.5II{If5I B PaA Ifo3 cP If pe
287
06paTHM BHHMaHHe Ha TO, qTO YCTpQiC'I.J20 JJSEP B210 pa60TaeT Ha qaCTOTe
Master clock rate = 6e6 r:u; C K03cPQ:mD;HeHToM HHTeprrOJI51D;HH Interpolation factor
= 30, rro3ToMY CHrHaJ\. Ha BXOA 6JIDKa SDRu Transwitter AOJ\.JKeH rrocTyrraTb C qac-
TOTOR (Master clock rate/ Interpolation factor) = 200 Kr:u;. TaK KaK Ha BbIXOAe
cPOpMHpyrom;ero cPHJ\.bTpa qaCTOTa CJ\.eAoBart'tfI Bbl6opOK paBHa Is = Rs .4 = 200
r:u;, AaHHoe YCJ\.oBHe BblTIOJ\.H5IeTc.SI; B cJ\.yqae eCJ\.H Is < 200 KrD;, Ha BXOAe 6J\.oKa
SDRu Transmitter BblrrOJ\.H5IeTC5I HHTeprrOJ\.5ID;H5I AO qaCTOTbI 200 KrD;. )1>'1
6. Ao6aBHTb B MOAeJ\.b 6J\.OK Buffer H3 6H6J\.HoTeKH DSP System Toolbox/Signal
Management/Buffers H HHHD;HaJ\.H3HpoBaTb ero rrapaMeTpb1 (pHC. 7.101). )IV.
. -...1 t OT6 tIN to J:> (I 'i 1
 )  Block Parameters: RaiSed Cosme Re<:etvl! Fitter X
r _ » ro
Raised Cosine Receive Filter (mask) (link)
Filter the Input. and, If selected. downsample, using a nonnaI or square root
raised cosine FIR filter
Main Data .!¥£"'S
ParametelS ._,..
-------»>1
II
:JR
I, FIlter shape:. root
p -.l1R r RoIlofffactor. 1 05.
.'{R11307!  Fdter span In symbols" 1 12
I Input  per symbol: 1 20
j. DeCImatIOn factor: 1 1 J.3.n oF .u..
\. .. offset: 1 0
i Unear amplitude filter gain: 1 1
11
I Input processing: I . I
i
II Rate options: Allow rnu1tIrate .
I
, 0 Export filter. . L to workspace
I
;i
L.._
1 m
I lf
1 [1 I
1f;] !
10 :
1 r!J
I
aJ'j 0::1 
q
H s:
VIeW Filter Response
i
I

!
if
OK I ! Cancel J Help 1 
PHC. 7.101. I1HHD;HaJ\.H:3aIJ;Ha pJ\.oKa Buffer
o .
-20 >
.100
-100
-80
-80
-40
.20 0 20
Frequency (kHz)
40
60
80
100
PHc.7.102. CrreKTp rrepeAaBaeMoro B PaAHo3qmp CHI'HaJ\.a <PM-4 rrocJ\.e
g,O'pMHpyrom;eif cpHJ\.bTpaIJ;HH
t:I HGR-..I l' N. 1-01 '\" l
By<pep 3aAaeTC5I rrapaMeTpOM Output buffer size = 1000 H CJ\.YJKHT AJl.5I rpyrr-
rrHPQatlI::ra BbI6opOK, rrocTyrrarom;HX Ha 6J\.OK SDRu Transmitter, C D;eJI.bIO corJ\.aco-
BaHH5I CKopocTeif pa60TbI MOAeJ\.H B Simulink H YCTp9fu;llU,sEP B21O. .;)1

288
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!it! -':)11 7. HcPpoBaJI MaHHnYJlJIL{HJI
7. YCTaHOBHTb BpeM5i MOAeJlHpOBaHH5i inf, BbInOJlHHTb MOAeJlHpOBaHHe H npo-
aHaJ\.H3HpOBaTp cneKTp nepeAaBaeMoro B PaAHosqmp CHrHaJ\.a (pHC. 7.102). fu>M
;) Y6eAHTbC5i, qTO mHpHHa cneKTpa CHrHaJla cooTBeTcTByeT On;eHKe nepBoro npH-
6AHJKeHM5i BW = R s *(1+rollof) = 75 KPn;. t£1 ob 19.t8Jj!) aTOT
o 7.5.2. COrJ1aCOBaHHbl cplllJ1bTp B npllleMHIIIKe RTL-SDR P 0'1 ;war qNMqOQ:>
£; (' -?Xu H { ")() rr
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, 116
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u -illJ OAu dJtA :M a d;T!l8i"uv IJ
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COrJlaCOBaHHbIM <pHJlbTPOM THna «KopeHb H3 npHnOAH5iTOrO KocHHyca» (pHC. 7.103).
R1l-SDR
Receiver
PHC. 7.103. MOAeJlb rrpHeMa CHrHa.J\.OB Cl>M-4 H3 PC1AHosqmpa rr.J\.aTOH RTL-SDR C
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l1l1I
2. ¥fHHn;HaJ\.H3HpOBaTb 6JlOK RTL-SDR Receiver (pHC. 7.104).
 Block Parameters: RTl-SOR Roc"",..
..0
X
RTl-SDR ReceIver (mask) (link)
Receive data from an RTl-5DR radio.
II,
Radio Connection
Radio address: I q
...:%,,,,
,--7--- Info --!
_______J
II
Radio .
.
Sou/Q! of center frequency: j DIalog
JI ..
Center frequency (Hz): 1 1200e6
Sou/Q! of gain.
Sampling I'I! (HZ): I le6
I
Frequenc:y cotrectIon (ppm): r 47
_ , <," ,'it, ' -r--' .
"..............
1 ° 1
I w
!IIi ...
g..iI
It
Data Tral\$fer Configuration
o LoSt samples output port
o Latency output port
output data type: r
Samples per frame: 1 4096
o Enable burst mQde
<;J
1 m
i
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PHC. 7.104. MHHa.J\.H3an;ID!: 6.J\.OKa RTL-SDR Receiver
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3. 11HH:qHaJl.H3HpOBaTb 6J1.0K Raised Cosine Receive Filter (pHC. 7.105).
 Block Paritmeters: RaISed Cosine Recerve Filter
x
Raised Cosine Receive Filter (mask) (1Ink)- "',., 1
Filter the Input. and, If selected. downsample, using a normal or square root
raised cosine fIR filter. ';
,J
Main Data Types ,
Parameters
_./ .,,:__.....::i
",A
filter shape: I '
f> Rolloff factor' 1 0.5
I filter span in symbols: 1 12
, tt
I Input samples per symbol. 
Decimallon factor' 1 1
I' . offsgt: 1 0
I Unear amplitude filter gain: 1 1
n""'" _.
I!]XII , . > , : Columns as channels (frame based)
!I Rate options: Allow mu1t!rate processing
If Ofxportfllter . . IDwotkspace
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IL
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PHC. 7.105. I1HHD;Ha.l\,H3aD;H5I 6.1\,OKa Raised Cosine Receive Filter
r
AJ\.5I corJ\.aCOBaHHoro npHeMa CHrHaJ\.OB <popMa 11X (Filter shape: Square root),
K03<p<p u D;HeHT crJ\.aJKHBaHH5I (Rolloff factor) H yceqeHHe <pHJ\.bTpa (Filter span in
symbols) B 6J\.oKe Raised Cosine Receive Filter npHeMHHKa AOJ\.JKHbI COOTBeTCTBO-
BaTb aHaJ\.orHqHbIM napaMeTpaM <pOpMHpyrom;ero <pHJ\.bTpa B 6J\.oKe Raised Cosine
Transmit Filter nepeAaTqHKa. TIapaMeTpbl Imput samples per symbol H Decimation
factor MorYT OTJ\.HqaTbC5I. 3Haqemre Decimation factor ;;::: 1 03HaqaeT, qTO <pHJ\.bTp
He ocym;eCTBJ\.5IeT nOHHJKarom;ero npeo6pa30BaHH5I qaCTOTbl AHCKpeTH3a:U;HH. TIapa-
MeTp Imput samples per symbo13aBHcHT OT qaCTOTbl AHcKpeTH3a:U;HH npHHHMaeMoro
CHrHaJ\.a (B HameM npHMepe paBHa 1 Mr:u;) H CHMBOJ\.bHO:R CKOpOCTH nepeAaBaeMOrO
CHrHaJ\.a (B npeAbIAYm;eM npHMepe nepeAaTqHKa CHMBOJ\.bHa5I CKOpOCTb paBH5IJ\.acb
Rs = 50 KCHMj c): pa3AeJ\.HB qaCToTY AHCKpeTH3aD;HH npHHHMaeMoro CHrHaJ\.a 1 Mr:u;
Ha YCTaHoBJ\.eHHoe qHCJ\.O Bbl6opOK Ha CHMBOJ\. Imput samples per symbol = 20, no-
J\.yqHM qaCToTY cJ\.eAoBaHH5I Bbl6opOK 50 Kr:u; Ha BblXOAe corJ\.aCOBaHHoro <pHJ\.bTpa
npHeMHHKa, qTO cooTBeTcTByeT qaCTOTe cJ\.eAOBaHH5I CHMBOJ\.OB Ha BxoAe <POpMHPy-
rom;ero <pHJ\.bTpa nepeAa'J;: K . , bl>' NJi () R >IN'" A-. -.I' t a '\
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cHHyca» - <pOpMHpyrom;H:R <pH.lI.bTp B nepeAaTqHKe H corJ\.aCOBaHHbI:R <pHJ\.bTp B
npHeMHHKe - o6eCneqHBaIOT HYJ\.eBYro MeJKCHMBOAbJiYro J HTep<pepeHD;Hro. a
4. A06aBHTb B MOAeAb 6AOK Matrix "TCate!1a.te 11::i.Q.nQ,I\.HOTeKH SimulinkjMath
Operations (pHC. 7.106).  SA

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Continuous
Doshboard
I £}  B ,.
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MinMax ""'"""" Polynomial
Running 
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Logic and I!II Oper-.s
pT_
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npHeMa CHrHaJ\.OB H npoaHaJ\.H3HpoBaTb cneKTp npHHHMaeMoro CHrHaJ\.a AO H nocJ\.e
corJ\.acoBaHHoH cPHJ\.bTpan;HH (pHC. 7.107).
:;J Spectrum AnalyZl!l
o X
Filo Tools View SimulatIOn Help
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cPHJ\.bTpan;HH CJ\.eAYeT, 'iTO cor J\.aCOBaHHbIH cPHJ\.bTp 3Ha':IHTJ\.1':a. oCJ\.a6J\. e 'i C-
TOTHbIe <;>CTaBJ\.5IlOHe BJie nOJ\.OCbI 'iaCTOT nEHHHMaeMoro CHI'HaJ\.a. 6XSH rN'1ll
7.5.3. nepeAaTl.JIIIK AJ151 04eHKLII l.JaCTOTHoro CABlllra tqem £qTdAHcP O'I9p:I
Ha npaKTHKe 'iaCTOTa or npHeMHHKa MO:>i<:eT cyecTBeHHO OTJ\.H'iaTbC5I OT Hecy-
eH 'iaCTOTbI npHHHMaeMoro CHrHaJ\.a, n03TOMY AJl.5I ycnemHoro npHeMa n;H<ppo-
BhIX CHrHaJ\.OB Jieo6xOAHMa npeABapHTeJ\.bHa5I npon;eAYPa rpy60H On;eHKH qaCTOTHO-
ro CABHra. AJ\.5I BbInOJ\.HeHH5I nOH npOn;eAYPbI AaJ\.ee C<popMHpyeM MOAeJ\.H nepe-
AaT'iHKa H npHe:MHHKa. f  Jliq) Bao <t.619qO

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291
"Y Ka3aHlUI K BbII10JIHeHHIO ....... ..
1. Co6paTb MOAeJ\.b rrpHeMa CHrHaJ\.OB <t>M-4 H3 PMHo3qmpa rrJ\.aTOH RTL-SDR C
corJ\.aCOBaHHbIM cPHJ\.bTpOM THrra «KopeHb H3 rrpHrrOAH5.l:TOrO KocHHyca» (pHC. 7.108).
In' ,,- Out'
SDRu
data Transmitter
F4E642
Due OJ 4 AO 200 .rl\
Puc. 7.108. MOAeJl.b rrepeAaT"tJ:HKa M5f OD;eHKa "tJ:aCTOTHoro CABHra
2. I1HHD;HaJ\.H3HpOBaTb 6J\.OK Bernoulli Binary Generator MHTeJ\.bHOCTbIO rrepe-
Aa"tJ:H 6HTa Tb = 1/ Rb; 6HTOBa5.I: CKOpOCTb Rb = 2 K6HT/C (pHC. 7.109).
""'"
E1l Block Parameters: Bernoulli Binary Generator
x
Bernoulli Binary Generator
Generate random BemouUi distributed binary numbers.
SOUrce code
........
l
Iity qf: lo.5 . -----.J ITI
Source of initial seed: 4Auto F'::-='?::C=-==-_::
Sample time: fii2e3 Iffi
Samples per frame:   m
Output data type:
boolean
'""("-"J'7--"'""""'-'7"--rT'

uq
Simulate using:  execution
OK I r canceil r- He! -,
Puc. 7.109. J1HHD;HaJl.H3aD;H5f 6J1.0Ka Bernoulli Binary Generator
I1ocJ\.e MOAYJ\.5.l:D;HH <t>M-4 CHMBOJ\.bHa5.I: CKOpOCTb CTaHeT Rs = Rb/2 = 1 KCHM/C.
3. I1HIUHaJ\.H3HpoBaTb 6J\.OK Raised Cosine Transmit Filter aHaJ\.orH"tJ:HO cPop-
MHpYIO:m;eMY cPHJ\.bTPy rrpeAbIAY:m;ero rrepeAaT"tJ:HKa.
I1ocJ\.e cPOpMHpYIO:m;ero cPHJ\.bTpa C rrepeAHcKpeTH3aIJ;HeH B 4 pa3a "tJ:aCTOTa cJ\.e-
AOBaHH5.I: Bbl6opOK CTaHeT paBHoH is = Rs' 4 = 4 KrD;. K03<PcPHD;HeHT crJ\.a)KHBaHH5.I:
cPHJ\.bTpa paBeH roHof = 0.5, rro3ToMY rroJ\.ocy CHrHaJ\.a MO)KHO B rrepBoM rrpH6J\.H)Ke-
HIm orrpeAeJ\.HTb KaK BW=R s *(I+roHof)=6 KrD;.
4. I1HHD;HaJ\.H3HpOBaTb 6J\.OK SDRu Transmitter aHaJ\.orH"tJ:HO rrpeAbIAYID;eMY rre-
peAaT"tJ:HKY.
5. AJ\5I rrOBbIllIeHH5f "tJ:aCTOTbI AHcKpeTH3aD;HH C 4 KrU; Ha BbIXOAe <POpMHPYIO:m;e-
ro cPHJ\.bTpa AO 200 KrU; Ha BXOAe 6J\.oKa SDRu Transmitter paCCMOTpHM rrOACHCTeMY
rrOBblllIaIO:m;ero rrpeo6pa30BaHH5.I: "tJ:aCTOTbI DUC (pHC. 7.110).
FIR
.. . . '-"20 or
FIR
Inter 8110n '-"100 .r"
lowpass Finer
fc=3 orl\
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292
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PHC. 7.111. BMK FIR Interpolation H3 6H6.11.HOTeKH DSP System Toolbox/Filtering/
01" !iq) J\TNO Multiat:.Filtrs RSa:OTNO \)\ f _ t 5T NP:GA
II: Slmulonk llbra'Y Brows., 0 X
-+ $ IEntersearmterm vl . .CJ.'" (j
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v FIItonng IIR HaIIbancI In¥me Sine Fillet -
Ad_Fillets I
Fillet DesIgns  H =   r
Fillet I1npIomentation Median NyquIst
_fIIbn ,..,
) MatI> Functions "
Median Notd>-Peak ,.., NyquIst Fillet
< ) Filter "
PHc.7.112. B.II.oK Lowpass Filter H3 6H6.11.HOTeKH DSP System Toolbox/Filtering/
Filter Designs
 Block Paramet.,s, FIR IntOlpolatoon fs=20 Kr'l x
FIR Intelpolatton (mask) (link)
Upsample the Input SIgnal by an . . ." factor, then apply an FIR filter. The block scales the filter. c, by the
interpolation fA(.tQr,i!I\d Impts the FIR ftJter using a polyphase structure. " .,.'
--t
SOUfC2
:> \ @ Dialog ,
-qU 0 Input port f H>, 1 f b. f i ',.Ii i' "it"
1 0 I9lter object ." ", ,.>i 
91\ 0 Autoo'jJ1i:' "J ll-t, )?+:. (",'-'>;11") c( f.:{ 1L';S't;::) .t,'JJr
R. aIn ,taT_ ----.-'1'" --<i.-------- _ __ __ -n,"
-9 I FIR filter . . > : Ifirpm(75.[O 1.5I!J 21!3 20E!J/2}1(20d/2), [11 0 OJ. [I IJ.20j
S I I Interpolation factor: 1 5
!I Input processing: Columns as channels frame based
Ii Rate opIjons" Allow muftlrate . . > .
 output buffer initial conditions: 1 0
IL___.__.__ (O _4- qJ ?. ____.._...__>
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PHC. 7.113. MHHqHa.ll.H3aqH5I nepBoro <pH.II.bTpa HHTepnO.ll.5ITOpa FIR Interpolation
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293
 Blode Pa,ameters: Lowposs Filterlc:2.r
Lowpass Alter
Design a fIR or I1R Iowpass fotter
Source code
-"II
x
Main Data Types
f Parametets
I Filter type.
o Design minimum order lliter
"'"
I
l ill '
1 m
l ill
1 m
Passband edge frequency (Hz): 1 2e3
stopband edge frequency (Hz): 1 3e3
II
MjJxImum. . > . ripple (dB)' 1 0.1
Minimum stopband attenuation (dB). 1 80
o Inherit sample rate from Input
Input sample rate (Hz): 1 20e3
---1ill
j
,
, SImulate using'
>/I(ffl Filter Response

;) L, , J C Cancel J L Help
PRC. 7.114. YIHMMaJl.M3aIDI nepBoro <PHY: Lowpass Filter
EiI Blode Parameters: FIR Interpol/ItJon fs= 100.r
x
fIR Interpolation (mask) (I,nk)
Upsample the Input signal by an > . factor, then apply an fIR fitter. The block scales the IIlter
. factor and implements the fIR IIIter using a polyphase stnJcture
> . by the
Coeffldent source
@ DIalog parameters
o Input port
o filter object
o Auto
Main Data !.
Parameters
_.'. _,.___ ."",,_,," ,......,.,i......_.._.... __..*'...,;..,__._-'..,,
FIR filter, .' 1"rpm(75.[0 5e3 l0e3 l00e312]1(100e3/2). [11 0 0]. [11], 20)
factor: 1 5
1m
1 m
Input processing. Columns as channels (frame based)
"" "."':'C'" -.....
Rate options. I\Ik)W multirate processing
! Output buffer Initial conditions: 1 0
!
""'. ". 7'9r'1',_-""H
_..,._,._,-....-.----._- ......-:;--,_....,...- .......,....-. "!'""-',._.-----
View FIlter
1 m
:;7"'"""'!!
It
.
01( I - Cancel J [ Help
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PRC. 7.115. YIHMMaJl.M3aIDI BTOpOro cpMJl.bTpa MHTepnOJl.HTOpa FIR Interpolation
":i 
TIoBblmaro:rn;ee npe06pa30BaHMe "tfaCTOTbI ocy:rn;ecTB.lI.HeTcH KaCKaAOM <pH.lI.bTPOB
B TPH 3Tana: C 4 AO 20 KrU; (L = 5), 3aTeM C 20 AO 100 KrU; (L = 5) H, HaKOHeu;,
co 100 AO 200 KrU; (L = 2); noc.lI.e KaJKAOrO <pH.lI.bTpa HHTepnOMITOpa A06aB.lI.HeTC.5l
<pHlf C "tfaCTOTaMH cpe3a 2 KrU;, 3 KrU; H 5 rU; COOTBeTCTBeHHO. flJ'r,IIR. CJ3THH
6. Ao6aBHTb B nOAcHcTeMY DUe 3 6.l1.0Ka FIR Interpolation H3 6H6J\.HOTeKH
DSP Sys1em ':roQlb9x/Filtering/lvIultirate Filters (pHC. 7.111) I'[ TPH 6.l1.0Ka Lowpass
Filter H3 6H6.l1.HOTeKH DSP System Toolbox/Filtering/Filter Designs (pHC. 7.112).

294
OOHc:bm &0 n 1UtttIU', r- -lUiV. E mb.. 7. Hq,poBaH MaHHnYJUII.fHH
OJ Block Paramet.,., Lowposs Filter le=3 ocr'!..
Lowpass Filter
DesIgn a fIR or UR Iowpass filter
Source code
 = ----,;;-- --
; f2I DesIgn minimum order litter
I
i Passband edge frequency (Hz): 1 3eJ
I Stopband edge frequency (Hz): 1 10eJ
f Maxtmum ,. .. . ripple (dB) 1 0.1
I! Minimum stopband _nuatlon (dB): 1 80
I 0 Inherit sample rate from 0"Iput
1 Input sample rate (Hz): /WOe3
t
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........-
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- I I]!
1 m I
l ill
l ill
 li1
IIiew Filter '. ..
Simulate using:
. . exea4ion
OK I [ Cancel] tiel;"']
PRC. 7.116. I1HHHMHa:wI BToporo Cl>Hq Lowpass Filter
bi! Block Parameters: FIR Interpolatton 10=200 ocr 1\ X
fIR Interpolation (mask) (bnk)
UpsampIe the Input signal by an . . " . . factor, then apply an fIR filter. The block scales the fflter . > .. by the
interpolation factor and Implements the fIR filter using a po1yphase structure.
Coeffldent source
"'(-""';!
@ Dialog .
o Input port
o filter object
o Auto
_''i.\,
Main Data Types
Parameters .._._>- .- .-_. ..-....-> .._. -- .>- -.- -'"''"-'''
I fIR filter . IlIrpm(75.[0!ie3 15e3 200e3/2]1(200e3/2), [11 00], [1 1], 20)
Interpolation factor: 1 2
l
--.--J m I
1 m
Input processing:
I Rate options' 'JIow multlrate . . >
I output buffer Initial conditions: 1 0
"...... -...............
"-.,.,.'t't!?
.
l ill
VIew Filter. . . .
_'_K__"_ .....---ro-..'............ ________"_...""',,::__-_ .....--_.___. -__-r'-___"_-.-,. _.,_
o I OK I   Cancel J r HeIp_ J
"I qO"f]" 'I. TBl'f T RJQ1.6
PRC. 7.117. I1HHaJl.H3aH5I TpeTbero cpHJl.bTpa HHTeprrOJl.5ITOpa FIR Interpolation
sOl, r lI.Hcp MOASX:U;. R,:)'!'el\a'J' "O Jd'rCi F 68 !JT  t
7. I1HHaJI.H3HpOBaTb nepBbr: KMX cpHJl.bTp HHTepnOJlJiTOp KOMaHAOH
firpm(75, [0 1.5e3 2e3 20e3/2]j(20e3/2), [1 1 0 0], [1 1], 20) H KmcpcpHHeHTOM
HHTepnOJl.5IH L=5 (pHe. 7.113) H nepBbIH <PHI{ (pHe. 7.114). 41
]VI 8. MHI'IHaJ\.H3HpOBaTb BTOpOH KMX cpHJl.bTp HHTepnOJl.5ITOp KOMaHAOH
firpm(75,[0 5e3 10e3 100e3/2I!(100e3/2), [1 1 0 0], [1 1], 20), [1 1 0 0], [1 11, 20)
H KM L=5 (pHe. 7.115) H BTOpOH <PHI{ (pHe. 7.115). qealVieTQHAOzW e.R I9.ilr"I

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295
 Block Parameters: lowpass Filter fc=5.r q
x
Lowpass Filter
DesIgn a FIR or IIR Iowpass filter
SOurce code
f Main Data 1)'peS
1 1 Paramebi!rs
f Filter type:
/0 DesIgn minimum order filter
I
i Passband edge frequency (Hz): I Se3
! . . . . edge frequency (Hz): 1 1Se3
'1 Maximum passband ripple (dB): 1 0.1
I MInimum' ... . -..- (dB): 1 80
II
I I 0 Inherit sample rate from Input
I Input sample rate (HZ): 1 200e3
II
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9. I1HHn;HaJl.H3HpOBaTb TpeTHH KI1X cPH.1\.bTp HHTepnO.1\.HTOp KOMaHAOH
firpm(75,[0 5e3 15e3 200e3/2]/(200e3/2), [1 1 0 0], [1 1], 20) H Kl1 L=2 (pHe. 7.117)
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fIR · (mask) (1Ink)_- -'i!
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110 I Por! A2 flnpull
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Coote, Frequency 433000000 MHz _ ___>
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; General Settings r AWGN Settings I Power Met!'! Settings t. Marker Selectlo!) AWGN Grap.!i.-L--""-'"'--
VO t PM A2 (Input)
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EXA2 (InPUt)
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Optlmllalton _.__._____ >_ PXB Calculates Signa! Power __
Noose Power Omlmllallon PXB Calculates NOise Power In Channel
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! NOise PO\'.'Or In Channel displays the power of the nOlso In the channel that IS output from the e'1emal device !
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T mal $ljJmli to NoISe RaM 11 15 d8 !
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Si:1-F,E:, , !i2t!: 05.06 36 PM Af;If 07 2011:
::.nt.r Fr.q: 433.000010 MHz Radio Std: None
rrig: Fro. Run AvgIHold:>10/10
'Alton. 10 dB Rldlo Dovl.o: BTS
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Marker 1 -.. Hz
NIFGain:Low
10 dB/div
.g
350
Ref -25.00 dBm
450
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span 100 kH i
Sweep 143.9 ms
Occupied Bandwidth
73.693 kHz
Total Power
-1.1 dl3Q1
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Transmit Freq Error
x dB Bandwidth
-822 Hz
72.99 kHz
OBW Power
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99.99 %
-26.00 dB
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6.2.3. TIeTJl.eBoii <PHJl.bTp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 169
6.2.4. reHepa':t'op, ynpaBJI..sle:Mblii HanpIDKeHHeM. . . . . . . . .. ................ 170
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6.3. TIpaKTH'IeCKOe 3i}H5ITHe. MOAMb KOHTypa <pAnll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 175
6.3.1. MOAeJl.b <pa30Boro AeTeKTopa. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..... ... . . . . 175
6.3.2. MOAeJl.b neTJl.eBOrO <pHJl.bTpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :-:: . . . . . . . . . .. 178
6.3.3. MOAeJl.b <pa30BOro AeTeKTopa H neTJl.eBOrO <pHJl.bTpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184
6.3.4. MOAeJl.b KOHTypa CI>ATIt! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -::-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
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001 6.4.4. TIapaMeTpbl <PYHKIJ;HOHHpOBaHIDI KOHTypa CI>ATIt!.................. 197
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