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8. ICTopi51 YKpa'iHcbKo'i cj>inococj>iL................................................ 83
9. AianeKTKa 51K yeHH51 npo p03BTOK.....................n.............. 98
10. cDinococj>cbKe BeHH51 npo 6yrr51..........................n................. 112
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llOCTMOl\epHHH eceHl1iam3M rpYHTyeTbC>I He Ha Ha'I)'p8JIicTH'IHIH,
a Ha aHTjJorroJ1ori'lHiH MeTaljJi3HlV. QiJ1iCHiCTb l\iHCHOCTi rri3HacrbC>I He
Qepe3 ni3HaHHH CBhy, a Qepe3 ni3HaHH5I JIIO,nHHH. nlO.D.HHa, a He n03a-
mo.n;CbKa npnpO,l],a, E OCHOBHOIO MO,lJ.eruIIo )J,IDI Q,inicHoi JIiiiCHOCTi Ta
)J,)I(epeJIOM aHarroriii AJUI MMCJIeHHH, oCKinbKM peqi nOBHHHi nnHaBaTHC.H
Ta nO.HCHIOBaTHC.H 3a )];OnOMOrolO ni3HaHHH ITIO.lJ.HHH, a He HaBIIaKH.
216
llOCTMOl\epH - l1e ljJiJ10COIjJCbKHH eceHl1i8JIi3M, OCroJ1bKH BiH y6a'lae
TepTH H cyrrepe'lHOCTi MOl\epHY Ta cKpyme CTaHOBHII1e, y >IKe rroTjJan-
JI.HlOTb MHcreQ,TBO, HaYKa i peJIiri.H, .HKIl10 BOHR i30ITbOBaHi o.l{He B 0)];-
Horn, a TaKO}K KOHcTa-ry€ TY 06CTaBHHY, Il10 U;e He OCTaHHE CJIOBO B lX-
HbOMY P03BHTKY, a ITRIlle Horo XH6HHii IllJIHX, .HKHH MO}Ke 6yrH no)];orra-
HHH 3aBl(JlKII HOBiM iHTerpal1ii" I1HX l1apHH A)'xoBHoro B JKHTIeBoMY cBin.
K03Jl06CbKU II. llOCTMOl\epHa KY J1b 'I)'pa.
217

CJ\OBHIiIK nepcoHaJ\ii1
T
ABrYCTiH ABpMiH (354-430) - XpHCTHJIHCbKHH 60l'OCrrOB i (jJirro-
co(jJ, rrP.C)1CTaBHHK naTjJHCTHKH. A. niMaB (jJirroco(jJCbKOM}' OCMHcrrCHHIO
OHOBHI p06rrCMH XpHCTHJIHCbKOro cBiT06a'lCHHJI. IIpOBi)11111H npHlIT(Hrr
(jJlJI?CO(jJll A. - EoI' e rrCpBHHHHM, BHIl(OIO cyrniCTIO, Il(O Mae HC3aJ1CJK-
He l?HYBaH!lH, TBopeM CBiry. A. BHBO,lWTb nOnO}KeHHH npo BHIl.{iCTb
'!\yTIll HM TIJIOM, Bom lli\l\ p03)'MOM. BH3HaBaB, Il(o B rri3HaHHi Eora Bipa
Mae )10nOBHIOBaTHCb P03YMOM, 8JIC npH )1oMill)'BaHHi BipH. P03BHHYB
XpHCTH>IHCbK)' KOHl1cnl1ilO BCCCBiTHbOi iCTOpii >IK pC3)'nbTa-ry )1ii EoJKCC-
THHO.. npoBlI):(iHH.SI. ABTYCTIiHi E BDJIHBOBOIO TeiEIO peJIirifuIol
(jJlJIOCO(jJll I B HaIll 'lac. GCHOBHI TBOpH: «CrrOBW», «IIpo rpM
EO>KHH».
A.lIOpHO Tcollop (1903-1969) HiMCl1bKHH ljJinocoljJ, rrpe)1CT!iBHHK
<1>paHKljJypTCbKOi IllKonH, cOl1ionor, Kynb-ryponor, O)1HH i3 Haii6inbIllHx
TCOpCTHKiB KynbTypH MOllepll)'. 3Ha'iHY nonyJIJ!pHicTb A. oTjJHMaB 3a-
B,IJ;HKH cBoiii KOHIJ;enrrii HeraTHBHol .n;iarreKTHKH jJK ni3HaBaJIbHOrO MeTO-
.!\y, >IKHH )1ae 3MOry 1I0naTH 06MCJKCHiCTb 1jJ0pM8JIbHO-nori'lHHX CXCMa-
Tll3MiB i .HMae onHB!cTb «cyrrepc'InHBO MIICrrHTll rrpo cyncpc'IHoCTi».
3a A., IjJIJIOCOIjJIJI 1CTOpli 6a'lllTbCJI >IK MCTOAonoriJi BCC3ar8JIbHOI'O 3anc-
pC'ICH: a AiancKTHKa TpaK-ryeT>I HHM J!K cnoci6 p03KJIMaHHJI, )1C-
crpY.Kl111 BCbor «AaHOI'O». GCHOBHI TBOpH: <<):(i8JICKTllKa rrpocBimcHHJ!)
B CI11BaBTOpCTBI, «BTOpHT!ipHa OC06HCTicTb», «<1>inocoljJiJI HOBOi MY3H-
KIm, «HeraTHBHa JJ;laJIeKTHKa», «EcTeTHq}{a TeopisI» Ta iH.
AHBKciMBHJ1P (610--540 pp. .110 H.C.) - AaBHborpcl1bKHH Ha-ryp(jJi-
noco<1J, npe.n:craBHHK MiJIeTcbKol IlIKOJ1H. A. BBiB nOHSITIJI nepIlloocHO-
BII -=- «Apxc» (rrO'laToK) i BBIDKaB TaOIO rrcpIllOOCHOBOIO al1ci1poH.
AI1CllpOH Me BnaCTllBOCTl 6C3KOHC'IHOCT1 Ta Bi'lHOCTI, HMincHHH TBOp-
-qOIO ClinOID 1 € npntJHHOIO BCe3araJIbHOrO BHHI1KHeHHH Ta 3IlliKHeHHH.
OcHOBHHH TBip: «IIpo rrpHpo'!\y».
218
ApiCTOTCJ1L CTBrHpHT (384--322 )10 H.C.) - JJ.aBHLOrpCl\b KHH ljJi-
noco4J Ta BQeHOO-eHIJ;HlUIoneMICT, 3aCHOBHHK rrepnnaTeTHQHOi IlIKOJIH
(JIiKCH). IICpIllHM i3 MllcnHTcrriB AHTH'lHOCTi 3)1iHcHllB crrp06y AaTH Ha-
YKOBC 061"pyIlTyBaHHR ljJinoroljJii Ta ljJinocoljJcbKC 06rpYH-ryBaHH>I HayK.
Ea30BOIO y A. e KopCrrJIl1iJI MaTepii i 1jJ0pMll, MaTepianbHoi Ta 1jJ0p-
M8JIbHOi rrpH'IHH rrpH npoBiJJHiH poni oCTaHHbOI. Bcynepc'I IInaTOHY,
BBIDKaB, 1110 IjJOpMB, CHJJ.OC iCHye HC >IK 1ll0Cb OKpCMC 1l!0JJ.0 Bi)1110BiJJHOi
MHOJKllHH yrBOpeHh, a B caMiii MHO)KllHi, .RK neBHHii ClllJIbHHH npe.lU1KaT
l1HX YWOpCHb. MaTCpiJI rroCTIIC TYT >IK '1HCTa MOJKnHBicTb, rrOTCHl1llt pc-
'Ii; 1jJ0pMa - J!K pC8JIi3al1iJI TaKoi MOJKJlllBOCTi; pyx - >1K rrpol1c c rrepe-
XO.!\y BiJJ MOJKnHBOCTi JJ.O JJ.iiicHOCTI, aJ<'l)'ani3al1iJI MaTcpii '1CpC3 Ii BTi-
nCHHJI B KOHKpCT1l11X pC'Iax. 311B'lHC Micl1C y ljJinoco(jJii A. rrociJJae CTIlKa
Ta rroniTHKa. ,[(0 HaIlloro 'lacy 36epcrnacb nllIllC '1aCTllHa rrpal1 b A.
GCHOBHi THOpH: «<1>i3HKa», <<MCTaIjJi3HKa», «IIorriT11l(a», «IIocTllKa».
Ee.rm ,[(cHiM (HapoJ\HBCJI y 1919) - aMepHKaIICbKHH cOl1iorror, (jJi-
nocoljJ. GJ\HH i3 rrpoBiJJHHx TCOpCTHKiB cl1ieHTHcTcbKO-TcxHoKpaTH'lHoro
Hanp>IM)' y cycrrinbc1B03HaBcTBi. IICBHHH 'lac (30-Ti - 40-Bi pOKH XX CT.)
6YB rrpHXHrrbHHKOM COl1i8JIiCTH'lHoi iJ!;conorii m MapKCH3MY. Bi)1 KiHl1JI
40-x pp. XX CT. CTae aKTHBHHM rr060pHHKOM KOH1jCIll1i1 AciJ!;conori3B11ii,
a B 50-Ti pp. XX CT. rrcpCXOAI1Tb JJ.0 p03p06nCHHJI Tcopii nocTiH.D.)'cTjJiarrb-
Hom cycrrirrbcTBI\. BH3Ha'l8JIbHHM rrpHHl1HrroM KyJIbTYPIl BBaJKae rrcpm
3a Bee caMopo3BHTOK CniJIbHOTH.
GCHOBHi THOpH: «IIPHXiJJ nocTiH.l1ycTjJi8JIbHOrO CYCIlinbcTBa: crrp06a
cOl1i8JIbHOrO rrepeJJ.6a'lcHHR», «COluaJ1bHi HaYKH nicJ1JI ,[(pyroi CBiToBOi
BiHHH», <<KoM)'HiTapH3M Ta Horo KpHTHKa».
EepJ\H£B MHKOJ1B OJ1CKCBHJ1pOBH'I (1874--1948) - pocmcbKHH
Ta yKpaiHcbKHH pcniriHHIIH ljJirrocoljJ, TCOpCTHK «HOBoro XPHCTIIJIHCT-
BID), ny6ni11HCT. <1>inocoljJcbKa CHCTCMa E. rpYH-ryeTbCll Ha HH311i 3aClJ)1-
HHqHX well: i.n.e.Sl CBo6o,lUf; in;e.st TBOpqOCTi Ta 06'€KTI:IBall,ii; in:e.Sl oco-
6HCTOCTi; iJJC>I Mcm.pi3H'lHOrO, ccxaTonori'lHOrO cCHcy iCTOpii. IIopJIJJ.
3 C. M. EynraKoBHM, II. E. CrpYBC, C. JI. <I>paHKOM E. CTaB OAHielO
3 I'OnOBHHX ljJiryp ljJinocoljJcbKOI'O pyxy, >IKC Brreprnc 3aJ!Bllrro rrpo cc6c
36ipHHKOM «IIp06nCMH iJ!;C8JIi3M}'» (1902), rrOTiM - 36ipHllKOM «BCXll»,
T!i CT8JIO nO'IaTKOM pcrririHHo-ljJinocoljJcLKoro BiJJ.]J0JDKCHH>I Y Poci;:. <1>i-
nocoljJCbKi rrorJIJl.!1H ECp)1JleBa TjJaHcljJopMYB8JIllCJI BI.!1 MapKcH3MY .110 ljJi-
nocoljJii OC06HCTOCTi i CBo60)1H y JJ.Yci pcniriHHoro CK3HCTCl111iani3MY
i rrepcOH8JIi3MY.
GCHOBHi rrpal1i: «<1>inocoljJi>I CB060AH», «CMllCJ1 TBOp'lOCTi (!J:OCBiJJ
BHrrpaBllaHHJI nIOAHHH)>>, «BlITOKH i CMHcrr pocii1cblCoro KOMYHi3MY»,
«<1>inoco.piJI HepiBHOCTi».
219

EPYH .tlX<PAaHO <lJiJlJ1inno (1548-1600) - iT8JIiHCbKHH ljJiJ1o-
coljJ, pemrIHHHH M!,CJ1HTeb, rroer. ,[(oMiHiKaHcLKHH MOHax, HKHH '1epe3
3aHHTIH aCTp.ooMICIO BHHIllOB Ha OCMIICJ1eHHJl cBiT06YI10BH, lIJO HOro
l\epKB KB8JIlIjJIKYB8JIB HK cpecL. Y l\eHTpi HOro YBalli - rrpoooeM8
CI1lBBl)JHOllleHID1 J1IOI1HHH HI< ocpi.!!Horo MiKpOKOCMY TIl BcecBiTy HI(
MaPOKOC, nOIllKY rapMOH11 J11O)1HHH 3 KOCMOCOM '1epe3 MBri'lHY opo
raHl3al\ llO .n YHBH I BI10CKOH8JIeHHJI iHTeJ1eKTY HI< MOH!II1Horo Bi.!!06pa-
JKeHH YHlBepYMY OCHOBOIO 6YTIH Y ljJirrocoljJii" E. BHC'l)'IlBC MOHa,l\a HK
€)J;HICTb MaTeplculbHoro if i.r\eaJIl,HOro.
OcHOBHi T",?pH: <Dpo TiHi i.!!eH», « Dpo rrpH'IllH)', nO'IaTOK i €I1H-
He», «npo 6e3KIHeQmCTh, BcecsiT i CBiTH}).
BepHJl)JCLKHii B0.l:lHMHp IBaHoBH" (1863-1945) - YKpai"HcL-
KHH BeHHI1-Haypa.rrlCT 1 MMCllHTenh-eHQHIUIOne,1J;HCT, 3aCHYBaB BqeHIDI
rrpo 6lOCljJepy H HOCljJepy  reHeTH'Iny MiHep8JIorilO, reoxiMilO, Teope-
THK HB)'K03HaBCTBB I OpraHI3BTOp Ha)'KH, cniB3aCHOBHHK i rreplllHH rrpe-
3HJ]eHT YKP.ai"HKoi" AK!II1eMii" HaYK (1918). IQe 3a JKHTIH - 0)1HH i3
BH3HaHH": JIl,l\epB npHp0I103HBBCTBa. HaHr0J10BHimOio Y ljJi.!!ocoljJcbKiii
TBOp'lOCT! B. C l)JJI rrepexol1}' 6iocljJepil B HoocljJepy. Ha HOro I1}'MKY,
rrOHBB Homo Sapiens Ta p03BHTOK cycniJ1bCTBB rrpHBeJ1H 110 HOBoro
1jJ0poYTBopeHHJI eHepir - «eHeprir J1IOI1CLKOi" KYJ1brypH». QJI 6ioxiMi- .
'1Ha H COl\laJIbHB eH.epnJl P03YMY (HacaMrrepel1, HBYKOBOY I1}'MKH) Ta cep-
l\Jl J1)J,HHH C pymlCM rrepeTBOpeHHJl 6iocljJepH B HOOCljJepy, «l\BpCTBB
JKHBOI pe'lOBHHH» - B «l\BpCTBO p03)'MY». BHHHKHeHID! HOOCljJepH
B. nOB Jl3BBB, .OKpeMa, 3 BHX0l10M 11lHpOKIIX HBpO,lJ,HHX MBC HB BpeHY
TBOpeHHJlITOp11, 3 l1e":'OKpBTH3 an iclO l1epJKBBHOrO J1BI1}'.
OCHOBHI TBOpH: «EIOCljJepa i HOOCljJepB», «HaYKOBB I1}'MKB HK rrJ1aHe-
TapHe HHllle», «Dpo HB)'KY», <<,[(eKiJ1bKa CJ1iB rrpo HOOCljJepy», «3BIIHCKH
HBryP8JIICTa».
. BH)J,ML6aH)J, BiJILreM (l848---1915 - HiMel\bKHH ljJinoco<jJ-
Jj{a.rrlC? raBa eHCbKOl IlIKOJIH HeOKaHTlaHCTBa. Bi.n.OMHii npal(HMH
3.ICTOp11 1jJlJ10coljJ11, HKY p03rJJJlJ]aB JlK npOl\ec YCBi.!!oMJ1eHHJl i BTiJ1eHHJl
l\HHOCTH. BBBJKBB, 1110 ljJiJ1ocoljJiJl C «B'IeHHJlM npo 3ar8JIbH03HB'IYl11i
WHHOCT!». !'B30M 3 TIIM, HB I1}'MKY B., ljJiJ1ocoljJiJl He crrpOMOX<HB OCTa-
:O'lHO BHpUlIHTIl nHTBHHJl rrpo Bi.!!HollleHHJl MiJK 3BKOHaMH npHpO)J,H
Il\IHHOCTHMIl KYJ1bTYpH. TOMY iI rrpe,l\MeTOM MBC 6YTH He Te, lIJO c, B TC,
lIJO MBC 6YTII - l)JC8JIH.
OHOBHi TBOpH: «DpeJ1lOl1iY», «Dpo CB06011}' BOJ1i», «<lJiJ1ocoq,iJl KYJ1b-
TypH 1 TpBHCl\eI1CHT8JILHHH i.!!eaJ1i3M».
220
BHllleHCLKHH IBaH (6J1H3bKO 1550 - MiJK 1621-1633) - HBHBH3-
IIB'IHiIllHH YKpBYHCbKHH rrHcbMcHHHK-rrOJ1eMicT, ljJiJ1ocoq, KiHl\H :x:'1 -:-
1I0'lBTKY XVII CT. CrriBp06iTHH'IaB 3 OCTp03LKHM KYJ1bTYHO-OCBITHlM
OCepCI1KOM nbBiBCLKHM 6PBTCTBOM. B. - npe,l\CTIlBHHK MICTHKO-BCKC-
TH'IHOrO HrrpHMY B YKpaYHcLKiH q,iJ10COIjJCLKiH I1}'Ml\i KiHl\H XVI -
1l0q. XVII CT., HKHH 6YB OpiCHTOBBHHH HB rpCKO-Bi3auriiicbKi i I1BBHbO-
PYCbKi I1}'XOBHi l\iHHOCTi. DiJ]rpYHTHM rrOrJJJl,l\iB B. HB rrJ?06J1CMH rri3HaH-
IIJl, Mop8JIi, rrpBBa, MOBH, OCBiTH CJ1yryBBJ1B 3Br8JIbHoq,lJ10COIjJCLKB KOH-
l1CI1l1iJl crriBBi.!!HoIllCHHJI Eora, CBiTY i J1IOI1HH':'. CCHC J1IOI1CLKrO JKHTI.H
B. B6B'IBB Y Ha6YTIi J11O,lJ,HHOIO HBHBHlI{oro piBID! I1}'XOBOCTI, rreyeBTi-
J1eHHJI iI Y «BHYTpiIllHIO» J11O,l\HHY '1Cpe3 BXOI1JKCHID! Y MICTH'IHHH CTIlH
«o60JKeHHJI».
OCHOBHi TBOpH : «KHHJKKB», <<KpBTKOCJ10BHbIH OTBer .Derpy CKBp-
re», «3aQHIIOK MYoro llaTbIHHKa 3 rnyilbIM PYCHHOM» Ta tH.
J
!
,
rere.rn. reopr BiJILreJILM <lJpi)1pix (1770-1831) - BlUlaTHHH Hi-
Mel1bKHH ljJiJ1ocoljJ, JlKIIH CTBOpHB HBH6iJIbI1lY i HBHp03r8JIy»<cHiIllY
B iCTOpiY ljJiJ10CocjJCbKOi" I1}'MKIl l1i8JIeKTHKo-ew:icTH'IH!.: CHCTCMY - HK
lBBepIlleHHJl 3axi.!!HocBporreHcLKoi" KJIaCH'IHOI q,InocoljJu ,l\aHoro HoopH-
MY. ,[(yx -l\CHTp8JIbHC rrOHJlTIH B'ICHHJI r. HHM BHOKpCMJ1CHO TpH BH
JJYxy: cy6'EKTI:iBHH, a60 iH.Il.HBiAybHHii;, 06'£KTHHHH, ao CyCITlJIb:
HHH. a6conIOTHllll, 000 BCe3araJlbHHH. Cy6 €KTHBHHH LlYx MICfHTb TaKt
HBY: BHTpOrrOJ1orilO (rrpcI1Mer-l1}'llIB Y crriBBi.!!cCCHHi 3 TirrOM); IjJc-
HOMeHOrrorilO (CBi.!!OMiCTb i caMocBi.!!oMiCTL - ClIIBBl)JHOllleH cy6'.CK-
THBHoro i 06' €KTHBHoro); nCHxoJ1oriIO (.aYXOBHl BJ1aCTHBOCTl IHJUfB1lI.a,
1110 p03rJJJl,l\aIOTLCJl HK caMocTiiiHHH .npecT 110CrriI1JKeH). 6'CK-
THBHHH I1}'X oxorrJ1lOC rrpBBO, MOp8JIbHICTL .1 CHCTCMY 3BH.'!BIB. QeH BllJ]
I1}'xY Bi.!!TBOPIOC BCi OCHOBHi BCKTH cycmJ1LBB. TpcT!. BHI1I1}'XY -:-
HaH3Br8JILHiIllHH, B6c0J1IOTHHH. Moro rrpCI1MCT 1 cljJepH 1111 - BeCL CBIT
(T06TO CBiTOrJJJI,l\). r. p03pi3ID!C TPH HOro q,OpMII: MIlCTel\TBO, PCJ1irilO,
ljJirrocoIjJilO. . .
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «<lJeHOMeHOrrOnJl I1}'xy», «HB)'Ka rronKII», «EHl\HK-
rrorrcl1iJl q,irrocoljJCLKHX HBYK», «<I>irrocoq,iJl rrpaBB», «<lJirrocoljJiJl iCTopiY»
TaiH.
i
,
repaI<JIiT (540 - 475 pp. 110 H.C.) - l1aBHborpel\bKHH cpirrocoljJ, oc-
HOBorrOrrOJKHHK l1i8JICKTHKH JlK Y'ICHID! npo p03BHTOK. DeplllOOCHOBOIO
BBBJKaB BOroHb, HK HaH6irrLill PYXOMY i 3MiHny CTHXilO. CBiT r. p03rJIJl-
l1aB HK ,lJ,HHBMi'lHHH, 3MiHHHH YHBCJ1iI10K £I1HOCTi Ta 6op0Tb6n rrpOTHrrc-
JKHOCTCH. Ee3rrcpepBHHH rrpOIlCC Pyxy, CTBepI1JKYBBB r., Bi.!!6YBBCTbCH
3rHO 3i CBiTOBHM 3aKOHOM - «JIoroCOM».
221

repAep :HoaH r?TcJ>piJ1 .(1744-1803) - HiMel1bKHH cJ>inocoq,.
lll(.CI1CTaBHHK q,mocoq,11 llpOCBlTHHl\TBa. llpOBmHc MiCl\c Y q,inocoq,n r,
3aHMaJOTb rrp06ncMH KynbTypH. 06rpYHToBYBaB mclO, 1110 3aC3I1H Kynb.
TYpH KO)!(H'?ro H!e0!I.Y BH3Ha'ialOTbCH oc06nHBOCTHMH Horo iHTcncJ<.
TY8JIbHOrO H CMOl\1HHOr >KHlTH. BHpirnanbHHM '1HHHlIKOM ix q,opMYBaHo
HR BBa>KaB oc06nHBOCTl rorpatjJi'lHoro CepCI10BH11Ia Ta rocrrol1ap'loro
>KHlTH. BcnHKY YBary npHl1InHB rrp06rrCM Hal\ioH8JIbHHX MOB, JlI(i BBa.
>KaB ronOBHHM 3aco60M 36epC>KCHHa «Hal\IOH8JIbHOi iHI1HBiJ(y8JIbHocri»
TIl p03BTKY 3ar8JIbHOn1011CbKOi KynbTYpH B l\inoMY. 06crOlOWlB Te3}'
npo E)],HICTb MHCJIeHH.SI Ta MOHR. BBa)KaB, Il.{O HeBirCEMHHM npaBOM KO>.K..
Horo Hapol1)' C rrpaBo Ha CYBepCHiTeT.
. OcHoi TB':?H: «TpaKTaT rrpo rroxO)1)KcHHH MOBID), «I.z\ei crocoBHO
q,InOCOq,l1lcropl1 nlOl1crBa».
rhML IHOKeHTiii (6nH3bKo 1600-1683) - BHI1aTHHH q,inocoq,
60rocn?, rpoM.cbKHH l1!a'l YKpaiHH. OCBiTy 31106YB Y KucBo-Mom
lliIHCbKIH aKa.l(eMll, no 3aKIHqeHHI .RKoi npo)J;oBJKIIB HaBqaHHH 3a KOp.lI. O -
HOM. 3 .!645 p. - rrpoq,ccop, a 3.r0l1oM i pCKTop KHcBo-MomnaHCbKoi
aKal1":"lI. llpelIc.T1IBHK aK3I1eMI'IHoro apicTOTcni3MY. llepcKoHaHHH
y paUloHlI;"bHOCTl CT, BBa)1(aI? 1110 iCTlIHY MO)1(Ha 3HaHTH, 110cml1>KY-
'1H HaCnI1IK £0)1('.'1 I11HnbHOCTl - CTBOpCHOi npupoou, aKa YHBnanaCH
HOMY C)'KynHcTIO II1C8JIbHHX cyrnocTCH - YHi6epcaniu 3aKopiHcHHX
Y HBKOnH11lHIX pax. Y BHpi11lCHHi rrp06rrcMH YHieepc:v.iu TH)1(iB 110
nOMlpKOBaHoro BaplllllTa cXOnaC'1Hoi: pC8JIiCTH'IHOi: Tpal1lfl\ii:. llpo6-
rrcM}' :r!"I1IfH p03rml1IaB 3 rr03HUlH CBo60I1H BOni. CeHC )1(HTIH B6a'laB Y
TBOp'lIH rrpal\l Ha 6naro cycrrinbCTBa.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «TBip rrpo BCIO q,inocoq,ilO», «<1>inocoq,cbKi aKcio-
MH», «MHp 3 60rOM nIOI1HHi».
rOOOC TMac (1588-1679) --:- aHrniHCbKIIH q,inocoq" rromTWIHllH
TC<pCTI1K.. <1>mocOIpcbKa KOHl\CIlUla r. p03ropTaETbCH '1epe3 rrocj,ilIo
HHH aH8JII: cno'laKY rrpHpOI1H Tina B3arani, rroTiM nlOl1lfHH i 3aBep11lY-
ETbCH rr0lIlTHKO-(Jnnoco.pCbKOIO 110KTpHHOIO. llpH'IHHHiCTb - ronoBHHH
3aKoH, HKOM}' IIi)\IIoPMKoBam Bi.n.H011leHHJI Mi)1( rimIMIf. MCXaHi'lHHH pyx,
1110 rrcP':.l1acTbca '1epe3 KOHTaKT ol1Horo npHpOI1Horo Tina 3 iH11IHM _
HCKpaHH rrpHK1I3I1l1ii 3aKOHY rrpH'IHHHOcri. ,[(yx a60 I1)'MKa - l\C ;He-
MaTepl8JIbHa MaTepl», TOMY 3 TO'lKIf 30PY 3aKOH)' npH'lHHHOCTi C cyne-
pC'lHICTIO B)1(e y BHXI,l(HHX rrOHHlTJIX.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «CK1I3I10Bi 3aKOHY, Mop8JIi Ta rrOmTHKID), «)]eBia-
q,alD), «llpo nIOI1HH)'».
222
rYMinLOB JIeB MHKOJ1aHOBH'I (1912--:-1992) - OciHCb. iCTO-
pHK, eTHorpaq" q,inocoq,. CBm:pmHicTb q,mocoq,cbKO-ICTOpH'IHOI KOH-
l\cnl\ii r. rronaraE rrepen;yciM y BHXil1HHX ycraHoBKax: 1) efHOC Bl13Ha-
qa€ HK coU;ioiCTopHqHe YTBOpeHH.Sl i B TOM )Ke 'lac erreMeHT eTHoeHo3Y;
2) ernoreHe3 BHcTyrrac HK HeniHiHHHH, rronir1CHTpH'IHHH rrpOl\CC BHHHK-
HeHHa, p03BH'I1<y, 3aHcrraJl)' eTHociB; 3) icrOpH'lH! 3I1iHCHCHHR. rroB'H3Y-
K)TbC.R He 3 nporpeCOM OAHici moncbKol IJ.MBini3aQli, a 3 aKTHBHICTIO ,[(HC-
Kpernllx YTBOPCHb - ernociB.. . .n
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «ETHoreHe3 Ta 6lOcq,epa 3eMnI», «PHT";'H €Bpa311.
Erroxll Ta l\HBini3al\ii», «rcorpaq,iH ernocy B iCTOPllqHllH rreplOl1»
)J,eKapT PeHe (1596-1650) - q,paHI.\Y3bKHH q,inocoq" MaTeMaTll i
npHpO.n;o3HaBeQ,b, OCHOBOllOnO>KHHK £BpODeHCbKOrO KJIacHQHOro p8l{lO-
H8JIi3MY. B'IeHHR )J,. i HanpJIM y q,inocoq,ii rrpHpol103!!aBCTBa, o rr1'o-
1l0B)l{HB Horo iJ(ei, Ol1ep)1(aB Ha3BY «KapTe3iaHCTBO». Horo pal\ lOH a.r: 13M
E OI1I1HM i3 l1)1(epen q,inocoq,ii llPOCBiTHHUTBa. Haron011lYIO'lli Ha l1Iei
€,D:Hocri HayK, ,[(. BIXnKaB, ruG ayreHTHQHHM aco6oM i oCMHceHIDI
C q,inocoq,ia, q,YHl1aMCHT HKOi craHoBHTb MCTaq,13HKa. HaHO'leBH.l\HIM
i BO)1HO'IaC 110CTOBipHHM TBepI1)1(eHHJIM, HKe MO)1(e cnyrYBaTH a Hapl)1(-
HUH KaMiHb €)J;HHOi CHCTeMH HaYK, E 3a ,[(., fre33. «MHCJIIO, OT)Ke ICHYIO».
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «MipK)'BaHHa rrpo MeTO)1», «rCoMeTpiH», «OCHOBH
q,inocoq,ii».
)J,eMoKpiT (460--370 pp. 110 H.C.) -l1aBHbOrpel\bKHH q,inocoq"
)"ICHb )]eBKinna. OI1HH i3 3acHoBHHKiB aToiC'rH'Ioro B'IeHH. .IT e p11l0-
OCHOBOIO cBiTY .n. BBa)l(aB aTOMH - HenO.lUJIhHl, BlqHl, He3MIHHl acTKH
MaTepii, Il.{O nocTiiiHo pyxalOThcJI B nOp0)l{Heql. nO£)1HaHHH aT?MlB TBO-
pDTb Tina, mi111lTOBxYBaHHa aToMiB npHBOl1lfTb 110 ix 3arH6cm. . po-
rnal1aB CBiT 3 rr03Hl\iH l1eTepMiHi3MY - OTOTO)1(IlIOBaB rrpllqHHHICTb 13
He06xi.z1HicTIO Ta 3anepe'lYBaB BHrraI1KOBiCTb. P03p06JICHa )J,. KOHl\Crruia
aToMi3MY 3)];iiicHHJIa BeJIHqe3HHH BllJIHB Ha nOJJ;aJIbIllHH p03BHTOK HaYKH.
OCHOBHHH TBip: <<BenHKHH l1iaKOCMOC».
)J,blOi )J,)KOH (1859-1952) - aMepllKaHcbKHH q,inocoq" cHcreMaTH-
3aTop npafMaTll3M}', 3aCHOBHHK 11IKOnH iHCTpyMCHT8JIi3M}'. llpafMaTll3M,
3a )J,., CTBOpllB rrepcBOpoT y q,inocoq,cbKiH TpaI1Hl1ii, piBH03HaqHll 110
B'IeHHR KorrepHiKa, 60 rrepeH11I0B Bil1 BHB'IeHHa rrp06neM C":MllX q,Ino-
COq,iB 110 rrpo6JICM nlOI1HHH. BH3Ha'iaB TpaI\Hl\iHHY. q,inocoq,l HK «Ha-
TYP8JIi3M», a BnacHY ii BepcilO - JlI( <<iHCTpyMCHfa1I13M». )J,. nl1I K pecnlO-
BaB, 1110 Horo q,inocoq,cbKa TBOp'licTb H8JIe)1(IlTb 110 rrapal1H:MH rrpara-
TH3M}' H eMnipll3M}' B l\inoMY. BBIDKaB, 1110 p03YMHa pOTI1Ul HcTIl6mb
Hocri cBiTY Heol1MiHHO rrepel16a'lac rpaHll'lllHH CT)'I1lHb Bl1IrrOBI.I\8JIbHO-
223

CTi iHTeJIeKTYaJIbHOi aKTIfBHOCTi JIIOJJ.IfHIf, a ni3HaBaJIl,HY .n;iHJIbHiCTI:. JIIO-
.11HHH CJIi,l1 TOW BBIDKaTH npaKTH'IHOIO, HKII10 BOHa E C<jJCKTHBHOIO Y BH- 1
pimCHHi >KHTTEBHX 3aB.11aHb.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «IIIKOJIa i cycrrirrbCTBO», «,[(OCJIU:1)!{CHHR 3 nori'lHOI
Teopil», «J1i6epani3M T3. COQ,iaJIbHa .n;iSI», «ni3HaHHH Ta ni3HaHe».
EH£eJIbC <lJpi.zlpix (1820--1895) - HiMCl1bKHH MHcnHTcnb, rpo-
MaJ\CbKHH .11iH'I, O.11HH i3 3acHoBHHKiB MapKcH3MY. Pa30M 3 K. MapKCOM
p03p06HB .11i8JICKTH'IHHH i iCTDpH'IHHH MaTepiani3M. ronOBHHM rrpHHI1 H -
nOM ljJirrocOIjJil E. 6yno «BCnHKC OCHOBHC nHTIlITIIH Bciei, OC06nHBO HOBiT-
HbOI ljJinocoljJii» - rrpo Bi.rIHOIIlCHHR MHCJICHHR .110 6YTTH, JIYXY .110 rrpH-
pOJJ.If, npo nepBHHHiCTh qlf BTopHHHiCTb OCTaHHl>oi, npo ni3HaBaHHicTb
CBiTY. P03BHBaB i,l1ci rrpo Hep03pHBHicTb MaTepii: i pyxy, rrpo e.11HicTb
rrpOCTOpy i 'lacy. P03p06HB MaTepi8JIicTH'IHY KOHI1Crrl1ilO aHTpOrrOcol1io-
rCHC3Y. P03p06HB pll)\ rrp06nCM ,l1ianCKTH'IHOi noriKH.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «AHTH-,[(lOpiHD>, «,[(iaJICKTHKa npHpO.11H», «IIoxo.11-
>KeHIDI CiM'i, npHBaTHoi BJIaCHOCTi i .n;ep}KaBID}.
ErriKyp (342-270) - .11aBHbOrpCl1bKHH ljJirrocoljJ, nOCJIi,l1oBHHK
aTOMicTIfQHOrO BqeHIDI. BBiB nOH5ITHI Ll.oBinbHoro B.mxHneHIDI aToMm
Bi.11 CBOei rpaeKTopii: pyxy, '1HM 3aIlepC'IHB .11CTepMiHi3M ,[(CMoKpHTa i 06-
rpYH1YBaB HWlBHicTb y nlOJJ.HHH CBo60.11H Borri. ronoBHa l1iHHicTb nlO.11Cb
Koro >KHTTH, 3a E., - HaCOrrO.11a, nU:1 HKOIO P03YMia i1JXOBHi PaJ\ond: rri-
3HaHHR, MY.11piCTb, l\Py)!{6y, II1nHXCTHicTb, crroKiHHHH i PaJ\iCHHH CTIlH
JIYxy. IIpll3Ha'lcHHH <jJinocoljJii, 3a E., - HaB'IHTH nlO.11HHY >KHTH ri.z;Ho,
36epiraTH JIYIIICBH)' piBHoBary, 3BinbHHTH it Bi,l1 crpaxy CMepTi i BKB3aTH \
II1lliIX .110 ll{aCTH. CBOIO ljJinoco<jJCbKY CHCTCMY BHKJIaB y '1HCJICHHHX rrpa- j
I1HX (6illiI 300), 3 HKHX 36epcrnaCb HCBcnHKa '1BCTHHa.
OcHOBHi TBOpH: «ronOBHi JIYMKH», «JIHCT .110 rCpo.11 OTI1 », «JIHCT.110 1 1 .
MCHCKCH».
I
I
EproM POTTepllaMCLKHH, ,[(c3H)1epiH (rrCCB,1(OHiM repxap.11a rcpxap,1(-
ca) (1466-1536) - Hi,l1cpnaH,1(CbKHH MHcnHTcnb, Tconor, rrHCbMCHHHK
.1106H Bi):qJO.11)!{CHHJ!, 3aJKHB CJIaBH ni,l1epa eBporrcHcbKOro ryMaHi3MY.
HaB'IaBCH i BHKJIaJ\aB y []apH)!{i, 3ro.110M - y ronOBHHX Kynbl}'pHHx
I1 CH rpax €BporrH. IIpoTc 3Ha'iHoi: rronynJlpHocTi Ha6YB HK rrHCbMCHHHK-
caTHpHK. HaHBi,l1oMiIIlHH TBip E. - «IIoxB8JIa rnYIlOTi», B JlKOMY BiH
rri.n.n;ae HHII1iBHiH KPHTHl1i KpaHHOll{i CXOnaCTH'IHOi nCCB.11 0M Yl\POCTi.
CYTHicTb nOrJIJl.L\iB E. rroJIJlrae B CB060.11i Ta HCHOCTi JIYxy, MHpon106CTBi,
3.11 0 pOBOMY rnY3.11i, OCBi'lCHOCTi, Orr03Hl1ilO J!KIIM CTIlHOBJIJlTb <jJaHaTH3M,
HeBirnacTBo, HacHJIbCTBO, nHQ,eMipcTBO, YCKJIa.n;HeHicTh.
224
1
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «IIpc3HpcTBO cBiTY», «IIoxB8JIa rnyrroTi», «IIpo
CB060JIY Bonh>, «IIoCJIi,l1oBHHK EniKypID>.
EpiyreHa loaHH CKOT (810--877) - CCpC.11HbOBi'lHHH ljJinocoIjJ. Ha
OCHOBi HcoIIJIaTOHi3MY p03p06HB CBOe MicTHQHC '1CHHJI. Eor BHCl}'nae
HK HC cTBOpeHa 8JIC TBOp'la rrpHpO.11a i HK MCTa BCIX CTBOpCHHX HHM pc-
'1CH, JIYXOBHHX'i MaTepi8JIbHHX. <1JinocoljJiJl E. Ha6nH)!{aCTbCH .110 rraH-
TCGMY. .
OCHOBHHH TBip: «IIpo p03rr0.11ln rrpHpoJlID>.
[napioH KHi:BcLKHii (?-1053) - YKpalHcbKHH pcniriHHHH MHnH:
Tcnb XI CT. rrcpIIlHH MHTpononHT 3 pyciB. 3aIlo'laTKyBaB. TConOn'l1
i ljJinoco<jJCbi 3aCa,1(H XpHCTHRHCTBa KH1BCbKoro. L COIDJ 6IJIJI BHTOKIB
<jJinocoIjJCbKoi:, iCTOpH'lHOi:, pcrririHHoi: JIYMH KpalHCbKoro HapOJIY.
O,l1Ha 3 npoBU:1HHX U:rCH L - iCTOpiJl HK pC8JI13aI1lJl Eo)!{oro IIJIaI?Y pyxy
Hapo.11iB .110 XpHCTHJlHCbKOi: 6rraroTi. 3 .103H!-\iH XPHCTHJIbKOi C'THKH
p03rnJl.11 aB .11epJKaBHi rrpo6ncMH KHlBCbKOI Pycl, 06CTo1OBaB II .11 C p>KaBHY,
pcniriHHY, HanioH8JIbHY HC38JICJKHicTb.. MHcnHTcrrb aKI1CHl}'BaB YBar:-
Ha i,l1cI P03BHTKY Mop8JIi H HCMIIH)''10CTI rrepcxoJIY Bl.11 JKOpCTOKoro pc
naMcHl}'BaHHJI rroBC,1(rnKH nlOJJ.HHH ,1(0 cB060.11HOro BH60py HCIO MOp8JIb-
HHX HOpM. M 0 Eora
OCHOBID TBOpH: «CnoBO rrpo 3aKoH i Enaro.11aTb»,« onHTBa .11
Bm ycid 3eMJIi Harnol», «CnoBirWHHH BipH».
KaMIO AJlLOep (1913-1960) - IjJpaHI1Y3bKIIH ljJin.ocoljJ-<:I?HC-re:-
l1i8JIiCT, nHCbMCHHHK, ,1(paMal}'pr. n:CHTp8JIbH TCMa IjJIJIOCIjJIl - rr -
TaRHJI npo CCHC nlO.11CbKOro 6YTTH. Y 3araJIbHIH ncpcrrCKTHBI CK3HCTCH-
l1iHHOrO ljJirrocoljJCTBYBaHHJI KaMIO .11oXOJJ.HTb BHCHOBKY, ll{0 iCHYBaHH
nlO.11 HHH a6CYP.11 HC . €,1(HHC, Il{0 Mac CCHC. - I1C nlOHa, JlKa II1YKae I1H
CCHC. €,!(IIHIIH BHxi.11 i3 a6cyp!I.Y - «6YHT» HK nOCTlHHC rpHBaHHJI 3MIH,
TBOp'lOCTI, CB060,1(1I. C . .'" CT H
OcHOBHi TBOpH: «EYHTIBHa nlO.11HHa», «MiljJ rrpo I3I",a»,« OPO-
HiH», «P03,1(YMH HaJ\ CMepTHHM BHpOKOM».
KapHan PYIIOJILt!> (1891-1970) - HiMCl1bKO-aMepHKHCbKHH ljJi-
nocoljJ i noriK rrpoBU:rHJIH rrpe.l1CTIlBHHK nOri'lHOrO rr03HTBI3M}', aKTHB-
HHH Y'lacHIIK ;<BU:1CHCbKOro ry]YfKa». K. .110BO,1(HB, ll{0 B pl3HHX rany3J1
rrpHpO,l1HH'lHX i COl1i8JIbHI;'X Ha BHKOpHCTOBycrbCJI O,1(HH 3m:8JIbHHH
MeTO.n; nepeBipKIf rinOTe3 1 Teopllf, a nOHHTTH, BHKOPHCTOBYB.?l B HHX
MO>KyTb 6YTH 3BC.11CHi, 3a .110rrOMOrolO oc06nHHX <<nporr03HI1IH 3::;0
HJI» (orrepal1iOHarrbHHX BH3111l'lCHb i nocTyrraTIB 3Ha'leHHJI), .110 .11
3aranbHoro 6a3HCY - nOH5ITb, 11\0 MH B)KllBa£MO .lUUI OITHCY 3HaHOMOrO
225

YCiM IjJi3H'IHOro CBiTY, "KIIH HaC OTO'lYC (T.3B. ljJi3iK8JIi3M). BIDKIlHBHM
pe3YJIbTaTOM K. B aH8JIi3i clIiBBi,r(HoIIIeHHJI Teopil i AOCBiJ1)' C cTporo
1jJ0pM8JIi3oBaHa KiJIbKicHa TeOpm JIOri'lHOI iMOBipHOCTi, T06To cTyrreHJI .
iHJ(yKTHBHOrO, 000 HMOBipHOrO, rri,r(TBepWKeHHJI TeopiL
OCHOBHi TBOpJl: «JIori'lm rri,r(CTaBJI iMOBipHOCTi», «KOHTHHYYM iH-
,DJ'KTHBHHX MeTo.z:riB».
K03JIOBCbKH IIeTep (HapoA. 1952) - HiMel1bKHH ljJiJIocoq" cOl1ioJIor
Ta eKOHOMicT. CTBOpHB HOBY TeOpeTH'IHY cHcTeM)' ljJirrocoljJil rocrro-
ABpCTBa - eTH'IHY eKoHoMilO. IHTerpYIO'IHM ljJaKTOpoM CIlCTeMH BBaJKaC
rrp HH l1l1rr crrpaBellJIHBOCTi. )J,OCJIi,r(HIIK K)'JIbTypH rrocTMoAepHY. IIiAKpec-
JIIO€ ii' aHTpOnOMOpHicThy llJ1lOpani3M, a TaKO}l{ BeJIHqe3He 3HaqeHHH
peJIirii, "Ka YTBepAJKYC B K)'JILTypi "Kocn cra6iJIbHOCTi Ta }'IIiBepCaJIb-
HOCTi. Bi,r(Mi'lac BnJIIIB 3MiH, 1I!0 Bi,r(6YBalOTbc" B rany3i 1jJi3I1KH, Ha 1jJ0p-
MYBaHHJI rrocTMoliepHi3MY.
OCHOBHi mopH: «IIpIlHl1HITH CTH'IHoi eKoHoMii», «ETHKa KarriT8JIi3-
M)'», «IIocTMoAcpHa K)'JIbTypa».
KOHT OnoCT (1875-1798) - IjJpaHl1}'3bKHH ljJiJIocoljJ, OAHH i3 I . '
3acHoBHHKiB ljJiJIocoljJiI rr03I1THBi3MY Ta cOl1ioJIorii. IIpoBi,r(Ha i,r(c" rr03H- 
THBi3M)' - HaYKa i ljJinocoq,iJI rroBIIHHi 30cepc.l1llTHCb Ha caMHX "BHlI!ax,
a HC Ha rrHTaHHJIX rrpo IX rrpH'IHHlI. BBiB B 06ir TepMiH «ool1ioJIoriJI» 3a-
MicTb pamIIIc BJKIIBaHOro «COl1i8JIbHa IjJi3HKa». l.r1c1 K. MaJIH BeJIHKIIH
BrrJIIIB Ha 1jJ0pM)'BaHIDI cOl1ioJIori'lHOI HaYKH Ta ljJinocoq,ii lIeorr03I1TH-
Bi3MY. OCTaHHJI, 3aH03H'IHBIIIJI Y K. HeraTHBHe BiAHOIIICHHR AO TpaAH-
l1iHHHX ljJiJIOCOIjJCbKHX rrp06JICM, BBaJKaC ix 6e33MicTOBHOIO MeTaljJi3H-
KOID y oCKinbKH BOHR OPMYJIIOIOThCH 3a .n.orrOMorolO rrOHHTb, }lid He MO-
>K)'Tb 6YTH rriMaHi CMrripll'IHiH rrcpeBipl1i.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «Kypc rr03HTHBHOI ljJiJIocoljJii» (1869), «CJlCTeMa
rr03J1THBHOi rrOJIiTIIKH 000 ool1ioJIori'lHHH TpaKTaT» (1851-1854), «)J,yx
rr03I1THBHOi ljJiJIocoljJil».
KorrepHiK MUKOJIaH (1473-1543) - rrOJIbCbKHH aCTpoHoM,
AepJKaBHHH AiJl'l, JIiKap, aBTOp reJIiOl1eHTpJl'lHoi CHCTCMH cBiTY. IIep-
IIIHH BJlKJIaA HOBOi reJIiOl1elITpH'IHOI rilIoTe3H rrOAaHO B pyt<orrHcy, HHHi
Bi,r(OMOMY rri,r( HB3BOIO «M8JIHH KOMClITap». rorroBHlIH TBip K. - KHHra
«IIpo o6epTaHH" He6ccHlIx cljJep», B 'UOH BiH 06rp}'llTYBaB i,r(CIO npo
06epTaHHJI 3cMJIi HaBKOJIO COHIVI i HaBKOJIO CBOcY oci. THM CaMHM 6YJIa
rriMaHa cyMHiBY iCTHHmCTb reOl1CHTpJl'lHOI CHCTeMJI IITOJIOMeJI, 3ri,r(Ho
3 JIKOIO B l1CHTpi CBiTY rrcpe6}'Bac 3CMJIJI, a HaBKorro Hel 06epTa£TbCJI
COHl1C Ta iHIIri nmHCTH. BaroMHM C BHCooK K. B p03BJlTOK TpHroHOMCT-
pH (JIK CIjJCPH'IHOi, TaK i rrJIOIl!HIIHOi).
226
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «M8JIHH KOMeHTap», «IIpo 06CpTaHHJI Hc6eCHHx
cljJep».
KY3aHCbKHH MUKOJIaH (CrrpaIDKHC npi3BIIII!C Kpc6c) (1401-1464)-
HiMel1bKHH ljJirrocoq" Tcorror, Y'lCHlIH. 3 1448 p. KapAHH8JI pJlM-KaTo-
JIIIl1bKOi l1epKBH, BiAOMHH PCJIiriHHHH AiJI'I. 3aHMa" TaKOJK AOcJI1AJKeH-
H>lMH B rany3i MaTeMaTIIKH, aCTpOHOMil, reorpaq,1I .T0.?1 0 . Y. P03YM,'ffi1
Eora "cKpaBo BH"BHBC" OllHH i3 rrpoBwmx npHHl\HlliB HOro q,lJIOCOq,1I -
npHHI1HII 36iry rrpoTHJIeJKHOCTeH (JIT. coincidentia OPl!.0sltorum) a CMC:
Ear C TpaHCl1eHAeHTHlIM 1I!0AO CBITY (YHlBepCYMY) H_ OAHO'lCHO IM-
HeH1HHM, rrpncyrniM Y KO}l{Hili Horo .qaCTHl, HexaH OHaHMeHllIlH.
JIlOlIHHa, 3a K., - l1C MiKPOKOCM, rroAI6HHH AO MaKpoKocM)', B "KOMY
3AiHCHIOCTbCJI CliHicTb 6oJKCCTBeHHoro i rrpHPOAHOro.
OCHoBm THOpll: «IIpo B'ICHC He3HaHHR», «IIpo BTaCMHlI'ICHOro Eo-
ra», «ArroJIoriH BQeHoro He3HamUI», «Bi3iH Eora», «npo 3Jlaro.n:y BIPH».
JIaKPya JKaH (1900--1986) - IjJpaHl1}'3bKHH ljJiJIocoljJ, 0!'1H:' i3
rrpOBi,r(HHX rrpeACTaBHlIKiB rrcpcoHani3MY, rrl?arHc. rrO£AHaTH peJI1rlHO-
i,r(C8JIiCTH'IHC B'ICHHJI npo JIlOlIHHY 3. pal1I0H8JIICTH'IHOIO. Tpa,J:{IICIO
B iCTOpilljJiJIocoljJiL BBaJKac rrCpCOH8JI13M HC OKpCMOIO Te'llCIO Y IjJmo-
coljJii, a IjJYHAaMCHTaJlbHOIO iHTCHl1iclO 5npaBJKHbOrO IjJlJIOCoq,cbKoro
aHani3Y. Y XX CTOJIiui KOHl1errl1iJIMH, HaII6lJll,1lI AyxOTBOpCHHM':' oco-
6HCTicHHMH iJJ,eHMH, 3ri,[(HO 3 11., £: rrepCOHaJI13M, eK3HCTeHIUaJI13M
i MapKCH3M. HaH6iJlbIIIe 3Ha'lCHHR Y ljJiJIocoljJii JI. HaJla€ rrp06J1CM3M
mO.ll.CbKOl B3a£MHOCTi, CmJIbHOCTi nlO.ll.CbKI1X .ll.Onb. .
OCHOBHi TBOpll: «OC06HCTicTb i JII060B», «MapKCH3M, CK3J1Cl:CHljla-
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I\CHHHI<)'. 3i6paHi BOC,lI,HHO, BOHlI yrnopHJIH 3paJOK ljJiJIOcoljJcbKo-rYMa-
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.l\H». HacKpi3Hc IJ,JIJ! ljJiJIOCOIjJCbKOro cBiT06a'lCHHJI M. IIHTaHHJI-I\CBi3
<<11(0 JI 3HalO?», 3aCTOCOBaHC 1\0 pCJIirii, M8JIO HacJIil\KOM BmrroBmb rrpo
HcCrrpOMOJKHicTb JIIO.l\HHH rri3HaTH bora i paJOM 3 THM - rrpo iI BmKpH-
TiCTb 1\0 CrrpHMHJlTIII bOJKOi: MHJIOCTi M 6JIarol\aTi. OTJKC, '1epC3 CKcrrTH-
I1H3M YMO)l(J]HBJIIOBaBCIIllIJI"" .l\0 BipH.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «IIO.l\OpoJKHi 3aIIHCH», «HOTaTI<H».
Mop TOMac (1478--1535) aHrJIiHcbKHM ):\cpJKaBHHM .l\i"", cccicT.
O.l\HH i3 6JIH3bKHX .l\P}'3iB EpaJMa POTrcpl\aMcbKoro. IIol\iJIIIB iioro
OI1iHKY paHHboxpHCTHIIHcbKoi: CTHKH. «YTOrrill» - HaMBil\OMiuIHM TBip
M. HaJBa MOro rrOXOI\HTb Bm rpH 3Ha'lCHb I\BOX rpCI1bKHX CJIiB: ou-topos
(<<HcicHYIO'IC MicI1c») Ta eu-topos (<<rapHc MicI1c»). B «YTOIIii» 3MaJIbO-
BYCTbCII mC8JIbHC MicTo-l\epJKaBa" B IIKOM)' cycrriJIbHi Ta rroJIi'rwmi iHC-
TII'I)'I1ii KCpYIOTbCJI Y CBOIH .l\illJIbHOCTi HopMaMH p03YMY. HaMBHllIolO
MCTOIO i 6JIarOM JKHTIII Y I1bOMY i.l\CanbHOMY, 3 TO'IKH 30py M., CYCrriJIbCT
Hi € 3a.n;oBOneHHH, BTixa. M. TaKO}l{ TopKaBCH TIHTaHb .n.ep:>KaBHoro KOHT-
ponlO 3a OCB.iTOIO, peniriHHoi TepTIHMOCTi, couiaJIbHol piBHOCri 1.10noBi-
KiB i JKiHOK. MopaJIbHi OpiCHTaI1ii iH,l\HBma MalOTb 6yrn crrpllMOBaHi Ha
.ll.OTpHMaHHSI I1pHpO.ll.HI1X 3a)J.oBoneHb, CXBaJIbHe CTaBJIeHIDI 11.0 npOCTOTH,
HaBiTb crrpOlllcHOCTi Y cTocYHKax Ta 3acY.l\JKCHHR rrparnCHHJI 1\0 6araTc-
TBa M CTaHOBHX rrcpeBar. )],0 3a.l\OBOJICHb BHIlIOro faTYHKY, 1lI0 ix Mac
I\OMOITHCJI iH.l\HBi.l\, M. TaKOJK Bi,!J,HOCHB llIYKaHHR 1\0Bi'lHOro 6Hilra, IIKC
38JIC)I(HTb 01\ bOJKOro rrpoBH,l\iHHJI.
OCHOBID TBOpH: «YTorrill».
MYHbc EMMaHyeJIb (1905 - 1950) -ljJpaHl'\y3bKHM ljJiIIocoljJ-i.l\ca-
JIiCT, 3aCHOBHHK IjJpaHI1Y3bKoro rrepcOH8JIi3MY. B OCHOBi MOro B'ICHHJI
JICJKHTb BH3HaHHII a6cOJIIOTHoi I1iHHOCTi OC06HCTOCTi ilK BHIlIOi: I\YXOBHOi:
CYTHOCTi, OCHOBHOro KpHTCpilO COI1i8JIbHOro rrporpccy. BHCTYIIaB 3a
YTBCP.l\JKCHHR rrpiopHTCTY OC06HCTOCri BmHOCHO 6y;l1b-IIKHX KOJICKTHB-
HRK COU;iaJIbHHX CHCTeM, eKoHoMiqHOI i MaTepianbHol Heo6xmHOCTi.
IIpOTHCTaBJlJllO'IH rrOHJlTIII «iH,l\HBm» i «OC06HCTicTb», M. p03p06HB
rrporpaM)' <<ITepCOH8JIiCTCbKOi: i 06111HHHOi pCBOJIlOuii», IIKa rrcpcl\6a'l8JIa
232
«coI1i8JIi3aI1ilO» OCHOBHHX ran}'3CM BHp06HHI1TBa, rrpHMaT rrpaI1i Ha.l\
KarriTaJIOM, YCYHeHIDI KJIaciB TOll!O.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «MaHiljJcCT Ha cnyJK6i rrCpCOH8JIi3MY», «BcTyrr .l\0
CK3HCTCHI1i8JIi3MY», «ll(o TaKC rrCpCOH8JIi3M», «IICPCOH8JIi3M».
OpTera-i-racceT Xoce (1883-1955) - icrraHcbKHM ljJiJIocoljJ.
Y I1CHTpi YBam MOro ljJirrocoljJii: - COI1i8JIbID rrp06rrcMH. Brrcplllc Y 3a-
xi.r\Hiii ljJirrocoIjJii BHKJlaB roJIOBHi rrpHHl1HIIH .tI0KTpHHH «MacoBOro cyc-
rrirrbCTIJa». B3acMO.l\ilO JIIOI\HHH H cycrriJIbCTBa ljJiJIocoIjJ p03rJUI.l\aB Kpi3b
IIPH3M)' OC06HCTicHOi BmrroBmanbHocri. HaMpa,!1HK8JIbHilllHM BBaJKaB
nO)],111 nlOJ],crna Ha ABa THI1H: JIIO.n.eii, CnpOMOJKHllX Ha 3YCHJIlliI a60 IIIJUI-
XCTCTBO, Ta IOp6y - MHOJKHHY JIIO.l\CM 6C3 rrCBHHX '1CCHOT, rrpoc'I)' KiJIb-
KicTb, 1110 rrcpCTBOpHJIaCII Ha COI1ianbHY 03HaKY 6C30c060BOro «3ar8JIb-
HOro THIIy».
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «bYHT Mac», «ll(o TaKC ljJiJIocoljJiJl», «)],cryMaHi3aI1iJl
MHCTeQTBa».
IIe'l'lei AypeJIio (1908--1984) - iT8JIiiicbKHH CKOHOMicT, rpOMa.l\Cb-
KHM .l\iJI'I, 3aCHOBHHK PHMCbKOro KJIy6y. B OCHOBi MOro rrOrJIJl,l\iB rrOKJIa-
JJ,eHe BH3HaHH.H nlO.ll.CbKOro JKIfTTH BJIru:OIO U;iHHicTlo. BJIcYBalO1.1JI iMrre-
paTHBH BHJKHBaHHJI JIlOl\CTBa Ta MOro I1irriCHOCTi, II. CCpCI\ CBOIx rrpiopH-
TCTHI1X 3aB.l\aHb HaJHBaB - cniBp06iTHHI1TBO Ta B3acMII}' 1\0rroMory JIIO-
JJ;eH, COl(iaJIbHO-eKOHOMi1.1HHH p03BHTOK, rroJJ;OJIaHIDI 3JIJI)].Hin Ta JIIOJJ;Cb-
KHX c'IpaJK)\aHb TOIllO.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «McJKi 3poCTaHHII».
I
nOllrrep KapJI PauMOH,l\ (1902-1994) - aHrIIiMCbKHM ljJiJIocoljJ,
JIOriK, cOI1ioJIor. rOJIOBHOIO MCTOIO ljJiJIocoljJii: BBaJKaB BHB'ICHHR 3pOC-
TaHHSI HaYKOBOro 3HaHHSI, OC06JIHBO - HaYKoBol KOCMOJIorii. OCTaHH.H
€ rrpo6JIeMOlO rri3HaHHSI cBiTY, BKJIIOQalO1.1H Hac caMHX SIK 1.1aCTIfH CBiTY.
3arrpOrrOH)'BaB rrpHHl\Hrr ljJam,cHljJiKaI1ii Ha rrpOTHBaIy rrpHHIIHITY BCpH-
ljJiKallii. BmCTOIOBaB opraHi'lHY C.l\HiCTb TCOpCTH'lHOro Ta cMrripH'IHOrO
piBIDB opraHi3aI1ii 3HaHHJI. Bi.l\OKpCMJICHHR HaYKOBoro 3HaHHII Bm HC-
HaYKOBoro, Ha)'BH Bm «MCTaljJi3HKH» rr03Ha'iaB ilK CYTICBO 3Ha'lYII1C Ha
rrpOTHBaIy opiCHTallillM Ha po3p06JICHHR KpHTCpiiB 3Ha'iCHHII. 3pOCTaH-
DR Ha)'BOBOro 3HaHHJI II. TpaKTYBaB IlK OI\HHH'IHHM BHrra,!10K 3araJIbHHX
rrpOI1CCiB cycniJIbHllX 3MiH. P03p06HB TcopilO TpbOX cBiriB: CBiTY IjJi3WI-
HI1X mmru:; CBiTY Cy6'€KTHBHIfX CTaHiB CBinOMOCTi; CBiTy 06'€KTHBHoro
3MicTY MHCneHH.H i npe.ll.MeTiB nlO.ll.CbKOI CBi.n;OMOCri rr03a Cy6'CKTOM, O
rri3Hac. CycrriJIbHHM iI\C8JIOM II. BHCTyrr8JIO «BiI\KPHTC CYCrrirrbCTBO»,
BJIa,!1a p03}'MY, crrpaBC.l\JIHBOCTi, piBHOCri.
233

OCHOBHi rrpar(i: «JIoriKa HaYKOBoro AocJIi)(JKeHHJI», «BiAKpHTe CYC-
rrinbCTIJO Ta HOro Bopom», «3nHAeHlnCTb iCTOPIU(H3M)'», «06'CKTHBHe
3HaHHJI. EBOmol.(iHHHH rrmxiA», «Pe8JIi3M Ta MeTa HaYKH» Ta iH.
lliaTOH (crrpaBJKHC iM'JI ApicTOKJI) (347-427 AO H.e.) - AaBHbO-
rpel.(bKHll !jJinoco!jJ, rrOCTaTb >IKOro CT8JIa yoc06JIeHH>IM !jJinoco!jJii >IK
TaKoI. II. CTBOplOC TeopilO eif):(ociB (meH) >IK He3MiHHllx, Bi'lHHX, Herro-
AiJIbHllX 3proIDB YCboro CYlI1oro. Eif):(OCH yoc06mOIOTb CrrpaBJKHC 6YTIJI,
>IKe C He3MiHHHM, Bi'lHO rrepe6YBac i >IK TaKe rrpOTHcnjiTb 'l)'TICBOMY
CBiTY, 1110 BeCb 3aHypeHHll Y npOl.(ec HeCKiH'IeHHoro CTaHOBJIeHHR. CBiT
eif):(ociB - He npocTa CYKyrrHicTb rrepIII03proKiB, a Ma£ CBOIO BrrOpJlj\Ko-
BaHicTb. HaHBHII1HM eif):(ocoM C meJl EJIara. Bci pe'li I.(bOro CBiTY - nH-
IIIe '1yrrcBi BiA6HTKH eif):(ociB, ix HeAOCKOHanl BiA06paJKeHHJI. IIi3HaHHR
Y II. - I.(e npHra.n.yBaHHJI .n.yIIIelO roro, 1110 BOHa 3H8JIa Y cBiTi meii.
OCHOBID TIJOpH: <<,I(epJKaBa», «cI>eAOID>, «TiMeH», «KpHTiih> Ta iH.
lliOTiH (205 - 270) - AaBHWrpel.(bKHH !jJiJIocOIjJ, 3aCHOBHHK He-
OrrJIaToHi3M)'. II. p03rJIJlj\aB CBiT >IK pe3YJIbTaT eMalfal.(ii €AHHOro (Eo-
)l{eCTBeHHOi rrepIIIoocHoBH, Bi'lHOi, 6naroi). JIIOAHHa C yoc06neHHRM
CBiTy - MiKPOKOCMOM, 60 rrocAH)'c TinO, .n.yIIIY i p03}'M. 'z:\YllIa nlOAHHH
rrOB'Jl3aHa 3 CBiTOBOIO .n.yllIeIO, eMaHal.(iclO €AHHOro. TOMY II. 6a'lHB
ceHC JKHTI>I B CXOAJKeHHi .n.yIIIi AO €AHHOro '1epe3 MicTII'IHe rri3HaHH>I
i .n.yXOBHe caMOBAOCKOH8JIeHHJI.
OCHOBHHH mip: «EHHeaJ\H».
IIOTeOHSI OneKcaHilP OrraUaCOBU'I (1835-1891) - YKpalHCbKIfH
MOB03HaBel.(b, eTHonor, !jJinococjJ. IIpoljJecop XapKiBCbKOro }'HiBepCHTe-
TY, 'lJIeH-KOpeCrrOHAeHT IIeTep6yp3bKoi AKaAeMir HaYK. ,Z:\OKTOpCbKHH
cryrriHb 3A06}'B Y 1874 p. 3a rriHrBicTIf'lHY rrpal.(l0 «13 HOTaTOK 3 PO-
ciHCbKoi rpaMaTHKH», 1110 CT<U1a eTarrHOIO Y po3BHTKy BiT'lH3HRHQi cjJino-
noriI. CrrlfpaBC>I Ha iAelO o. rYM60nbATa npo MOBY >IK AiJlJIbHicTb !J.Yxy,
rrpo TBOpeHHJI !J.YMKH MOBOIO. BBaJKaB, 1110 cBocpiAHicTb Hal.(ioHaJIbHOi
MOBH 3 rrpHTaMaHHHM 1M crroco6oM 6a'leHHJI cBiTY BH3Ha'iaC BHYTpillIHIO
cjJOPM)' CJIOBa. MOBa AJIJI II. £ iCTopH'IHOIO q,opMOIO HapoAHoro !J.Yxy,
BOHa OKpeCJIIOC Hal.(ioHaJIbHY cBocpmHicTb crrmbHOTH. 06cTOlOBaB melO,
o KO)!{Ha Ha..QiOHaJ1bHa MORa € e.lJ;HHO BJIaCTHBQIO .D;IDI ,D;aHoi Hau.ii crro-
C060M crrpHiiMaTH CBiT Ta MIfCJIHTH HOro. CmepAJK}'BaB rrpaBO KOJKHOi
Hal.(ioH8JIbHOi KyJIbT)'p1l Ha CaMOCTIHHHH p03BIITOK.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «IIpo AeJlld CHMBOnH Y CJIOB'>IHCbKiH HapOAHm rro-
e3ii», <<tI:YMKa i MOBa», «IIcl1xoJ1oriH noemQHOrO i np030BOro MHCJIeH-
HH» Ta iH.
234
IIpOlwnOBII'I cJ)e04>au (1681-1736) - YKpaIHCbKIIH MIICJIHTeJIb,
6orocJIoB, l.(epKOBHHH .tIiJI'!. IIoHM AeCSlTb pOKiB 6YB rrpocjJecopoM i peK-
TOpOM KHcBo-MorHJIJlHcbKoi aKMeMii, BIIKJlaAaB rroeTHKy, pllTOpllK}',
cjJinococjJilO, MaTeMaTHKY, TeonorilO. MHCJIHTeJIb BBaJKaB, 1lI0 Eor JIK
rrpeABi'lHa M)'ApicTb i BCeAOCKOH8JIIfH p03}'M iCH}'BaB AO 6YTI>I cBiry
i C HOro rrepllIOnpU'IHHOIO i TBopueM. J1APOM Y'IeHHJI II. rrpo CBiT06YAO-
BY C rrOHRTI>I rrpHpOAHoro (cjJi3H'IHOro) TiJIa, >IKe BiH po3rJIJIAaB JIK cy6-
CTaHl.(ilO, IIIO CKJJa.l\aITbCJI 3 MaTepii i cjJOPMH. CYTI£Be Micl.(e B TBOpax
II. BiABeAeHO rrp06JIeMi nlOAHHlI Ta Mop8JIi, TeopiI )1epJKaBH i rrpaBa.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «MHCTeI.(TBo pHTOpHKH», «IIpaBAa BOni MOHapIIIoi Y
rrpH3Ha'ieHID crrMKocMuJl cBod AepJKaBH», «,Z:\YXOBHHH perrraMeHT».
IIpoTarop (480--410) - )1aBHborpel.(bKHH !jJiJIocOIjJ, O)1HH i3 3aCHOB-
HIIKiB COcjJiCTHKH. 3arrpoBaJ\HB Y cjJirrocOIjJilO rrpHHuHrrH Cy6'CKTHBi3MY
'fa pem1THBi3MY, BmHocHocTi Ta YMOBHOCTi nlO.D:CbKOrO ni3HaHHSI. Te3a
II. - «JIIOAHHa C MipolO Bcix pe'leH» 03HaMeH}'B8JIa rroBopoT )1aBHbO-
rpel.(bKOI !jJiJIoco!jJii AO rrp06neMH rrIOAHHH.
OCHOBID TIJOpH: «IIpo iCTHH)'», «IIpo EoriB», «AHTllJIoriKa».
PacceJl J>epTpaH (1872-1970) - aHrrriHcbKHH cjJirrococjJ, rroriK,
rpOMaJ\CbKHH )1N'!, 3aCHOBHlIK cy'!acHoi cjJirrococjJii rrori'lHoro aH8JIi3Y,
naypeaT H06eJliBcbKOi npeMir 3 rriTepaTypH. cI>irrococjJCbKa eBOJIlOl.(iJl
P. 3B'JI3aHa 3 rrepeX0)10M Bm nJIaTOIDBCbKOro pe8JIi3M)' i nOrOl.(eHTpH3-
MY )10 IOMiBCbKOro rr03HTHBi3M)' i apiCTOTCrriBCbKoro THrry pe8JIi3MY. 3a
P. CymlCTb cjJirrocOIjJCbKOro rri3HaHHR rroJIJlra£ He B rrpO>ICHeHID cjJiJIO-
COIjJCbKOi TepMiHonorir, a B cHcTeMaTH'!HOMy p03}'MiHID HaBKonHllIHwro
cBiTY. JIori'lHHH aH8JIi3 MOJKe CrrpllJlTH cjJinococjJcbKOM)' rri3HaHHIO nH-
llIe TOAi, KonH BiH crrHpaCTbCJI Ha HaYKoBO 06rpYHToBaHY OHTonorilO,
3 JlKOIO MalOTb 6YTII Y3roAJKeID MOBHi 3ac06H aH8JIi3Y.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «AH8JIi3 CBiAOMOCTi», «AH8JIi3 MaTepiI», <dcropiJl
3axmHoi !jJinocOljJii», «JIIOAcbKe rri3HaHHJI: HOro 06cJlr Ta Me)l{i».
,
Pycco JKau-JKaK (1712-1778) - !jJpaHl.(y3bKHii !jJirrocOIjJ, rrpeAc-
TaBHHK IIpocBiTHHI.(TBa, rrHCbMeHHHK. HarOnOllI}'BaB, 1110 HepiBIDcTb MiJK
nlOAbMH Mac iCropll'lHllH xapaKTep i rrOpO)1JKeHa rrpHBaTHOIO BJIaCHicTIO.
P. rriMaB roCTpiH KpHTIIl.(i TOrO'laCHY I.(HBim3al.(ilO, 1110 TpHMa£TbCJI Ha
HepiBHOcTI i JKOpCTOKiH eKCI1JIyaTal.(ii Hapo!J.Y Ta rrpoTHCTaBJIJlB 1M <<ITPH-
pOAHHH CTaH», 3a >IKOro JIIO)1H 6ynH <<piBHlIMH i CB060AHHMII» i He 3a-
3HaB8JIH THCKY 3 60Ky BITa)1H Ta «rrpllM)'COBHX 3aKoHiB».
OCHOBHi mopH: «MipKyBaHH>I rrpo rrOXO)1JKeHHR Ta rrpH'IHHH HepiB-
HOCTi MiJK nIOAbMH», «IIpo cycnmbHllH AOroBip», «CrroBmb».
j
235

CapTp 1KaH-llOJ1b (1905-1980) -ljJpaHI1Y3bKHM ljJiJ1ocoIjJ, rrHCb-
MeHHHK, J1aypeaT Ho6eJIiBCbKOI IIpeMiI 3 J1iTepaT)'pH, aKY BiH Bi;:(MOBHB-
CM rrpHiiIDITH, 3aCHOBHllK aTeicTUQHOro eK3HCTeHQiaJIi3MY cpeHOMeH0J10-
ri'lHoro CrrpaMYBaHHa. CIIHpalO'IHCb Ha OCHOBHi i;:(er eK3HCTeHlji8JIi3MY,
C. 6y.L1YC CBOIO «ljJeHoMeHOJ1ori'lHY OHTOJ1orilO» Ha pa,!\HK8JIbHOM)' rrpo-
THCTaBJIeHHi .!\BOX pi3HOBH.!\iB 6yrra: «6yrra-B-c06i», 1l!0 3aMiHIOC 06'cK-
THBHY .n:iiicHiCTl. Ta «6YTnl-}J;JHI-Ce6e», TOTO}l{HOrO «nlO.ll.CbKiii peaJIb-
HOCTi», T06TO CBi;:(OMOCri. «byrra-B-C06i» XapaKTepH3YCThCa OOCOJIIOT-
HOIO HepYXOMiCTlO, rraCHBHicTlO, HenpOHHKHiCTlO )J;lliI CBi.n;OMOCTi TOO.
3YCTpi'l CBi.l\OMOCri 3 6aflJlY>KHM 6yrraM BHKJIHKac rro'lyrra <<HY.l\OTID).
Ha Bi;:(MiHY Bi.l\ «6yrra-B-C06i», «6yrra-.l\JIJI-ce6e» BH3Ha'iaCTliCa OOco-
nlOTHOIO PyxOMiCTlO, I11IHHHiCTlO, aKTI1BHiCTlO Ta rrOp0}l{HeqelO. CBin;o-
MicTb He MaE Hiqoro cy6cTaHuiiiHoro, BOHa iCHY€ lll111Ie B Mipy Toro, RK
3'aBJIaCThCJI. CBi;:(OMicTb (<<Hill!o») CTae BH3Ha'l8JIbHOIO xapaKTepHcrn-
KOIO J11O.l\CbKOro 6yrrJl.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «HY.l\OTa», «EK3HCTeHl:riani3M C rYMaIll3M», «KPHTH-
Ka .l\i8JIeKrn'lHoro P03YM}'».
CeHeKa JIyuiM AHHeM (5 .l\0 H.C. - 65 H.e.) - pHMCbKHM q,iHocoq"
.l\PaMaTypr, rroeT, nep)l(aBHHM .l\iJrq, O.l\HH i3 rrpoBinHHx rrpe.l\CTaBHHKiB
CTOlljH3MY. C. OTOTO)l(HIOBaB bora 3 rrpHpO.l\OIO, a rrpHp0.L1Y - 3 borOM.
Ha;::J; CBiTOM TIaRY£: non51 .JIK I)O}l{eCrneHHa BOn51, IrKY lllO,lJ;HHa He B 3M03i
3MiHllTH. C. CTBepl\JKYBaB, IIIO J11O.l\HHa 3.l\aTHa .l\OCJlITH MY.l\pocri, aKa
JJ;03BOHTb BH3Haqarn qHHKH P03YMOM, a He 06cTaBHHaMH, .n.OCHITH
BHYTplIlIHboro crrOKOIO 1 M)')I{HOCTi, ro'XOBHOi He3aJIe}l{HOCTi Bin; 30BHi-
IIIHix o6cTaBHH JKIfTDI.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «MOP8JIbHi J1HCTH .l\0 JIYljHlIiJl», <<,I(oCJIin)l(eHHJI rrpo
rrpHpony», «IIpo ll!aCJIHBe )I(Hrra».
c.WBOpOl\a rpHropiH CaBH'I (1722-1794) - yKpalHCbKHH ljJino-
coljJ, IIHcbMeHHllK, rre.l\aror, HaB'IaBCa y KncBO-MorIlJIJlHCbKiM aKalleMil,
.l\e 3.l\06YB rpYHTOBHY, B T.'1. M ljJi.uOCOIjJCbKY ocBiTY. C. 06Hpoc )I(HrrJl
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r8JIbHOCBporreMcbKoI ljJiJIocoljJcbKol TJJaJlHuil i BO.l\HO'lHC C 3aKoHoMip-
HHM Hac.ui;:(KoM p03BHTKY yt<palHcbKol nyMKH XVI - XVIII CT. XapaK-
TepHHMH pHcaMH ljJiJIocoljJil C. C Ii ni8JIOri3M i CHMBo.ui'lHO-o6p83HHM
CTHlIb MHCJIeHHJI. 3aca,!\HlI'I01O C KOHl!errljiJl rrpo <<.uBi HaTypID) i «TJJH
CBiTH», HaMBaJKJIHBiIIIOIO np06JIeMolO - rrp06.ueMa JIIOl\CbKOro ll!aCTa.
cI>iJIocoljJil C. BJIaCTHBe 3ocepe.l\)I(eHHR Ha .u1O.l\HH03HaB'IiM, e11lKO-
rYMaHicTiWHiii npo6JIeMaTHQi, aKueHTYBaHH.sI i nmHeCeHHJI B fllO,lJ;HHi iI
.L1YXOBHOI rrepIIIoocHoBH.
236
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «HapKic.», «P03MOBJI npo Te: rri3HaM ce6e», «bO-
pOTwa apxHCTpaTHra MHxaiJIa 3 caTaHOIO, rrpo lje: J1eI"KO 6YTH .l\06PHM»,
«P03MOBa rr' aTH rrO.l\0p0)l(Hix rrpo iC11IHHe ll!aCT>1 B )I(HTII (TOBal?Cb.<a
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1
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CopOldH lliTHpHM OJ1eKcaH.!\pOBH'I (1889-1968) - POCiMCb[<HH
coljioJ1or, ljJiJ1ocoIjJ. 3aKiH'IHB IOpHJIH'IHHM ljJaKYJ1bTeT IIeTep6yp3bKoro
yHiBepcHTeTY (1914). 3BepTaBcJI..l\0 aH8JIi3.y IIIHJ?Oro KOJ1a COljl8JIbHllX
>!BHIl!, Y '1HCJIi rrepurnx - rrpaljl 3 MOp8JI!, pemf11, rrparo. Y 192.2 pO1
C 38JIHlIlaC PocilO Ta rrepelJKJ]JKae .l\0 CIliA. 3 1930 p. Kepyc COljI0J10n-
'1HM ljJaKYJ1bTeTOM B rapBap.l\CbKoMY YHiBepcH.Teri. ):IiarH3 Hallloro
'lacy, .l\0 >IKoro npHXO.l\HTb c., - lje KpH3a 3aXIl!r_o CycI1IbCTBa Ta
iioro KYJ1bryPH, KpH3a MHCTeUTBa M Ha}'KH, IjJIJIOCOIjJII H MOp8JIl, crroc06y
JKHrra M HOpOBiB.
OCHoBm TBOpH: «IIepe)l(HTKH aHiMi3MY y 3HpaID) (1910), «IliJ1106
B .l\aBHHl1)'» (1913), «3J10'lHHHicTb Ta Ii rrpH'IHHID).
Teilap .tie Illapl\eH ll'cp (1881-1955) - IjJpaHI1Y3b!<HM ljJiJIocoljJ,
rr8JIeOHT0J10r, aHTpOrrOJIOr, KaTOJlHljbKHM TeOJ1Or. T. 3.l\IHHHB cnp06y
1jJ0pMyBaHH>! HOBoro CBiTOrJIJI.l\Y, aKHM 6)TB rrOKJIHKaHHH BpJlryBarn
JIIO.l\CTBO Bi.l\ .L1YXOBHOI KpH3H. ):IJIJI ljbOro Bili rrOC.l\rryBaB Ha.Koy Teo-
piIO eBOJIIOu;ii 3 eneMeHTaMH MOJJ.pHi30BaHoi ,:,pI:tCT..sIHCbKOI MICTHKIl,
CTBOpHBIlIH MOHiCTlNHY KOHQ.eIIIUIO, B ?CHOBI HKOI ne>KHTh !1...0IDITDI
eHeprii. EHepriJi p03rJIJlI\8JIaCa HlIM aK aKICTb, npHTaMaHHa caMIH MaT:.
pil, M O.l\HO'lHCHO aK .L1YXOBHa CHJIa, 1l!0 crrOHYKae KOCMOC .l\0 eBOJIlOljll
i crrpaMOBYC Ii. .
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «bO)l(eCTBeHHe cepe.l\OBHll!e», «5IK a Blp)'lO», «Bcryu
B XpHC11IJlHCbKe JKHrra», «cI>eHoMeH JIIO.tIHHlI», «HaYKa i XPHCTOC».
TiwIix llaYJ1b (1886--1965) - HiMeljbKO-aMepHKaHcbKHM XPHCTH-
>!HCbKHM MHCJIHTeJIb, ljJiJlocoljJ KYJILTypH. OCHOBHi rrp06 J1eMH TBOp-
'1ocTi T. - XpHCTHJlHCTBO i l<)'J1bTypa. KOHuerrljiJI T. - 8JIbTepHaTHBa
.l\BOM Kpai1HOCT>!M rrpoTecTaHTcbKol TeoJ1oril: 3 O.l\HOrO 601<)', BOHa rrpD-:
THCTOITb «JIi6ep8JIbHiM TeoJloril» 19 CT., IIIO p03'1HJI bora y M_Op8JII
i cBiTCbKiii KYJ1bTypi, a 3 iHIIlOro - C. K'cpKeropy ! <<):\I8JIeKTH'IHIH TeD-:
Jlorii» .l\JIJI aKHX bora i CBiT a6COJllOTHO He MO)l(Ha rropIBHIOBaTH.
T. Boa'JKae, 1l!0 6YTIa JIIO,[\HHH - C.l\HHHii KJIIO'I no byrra aK TaKoro. v
PeJIiriMHiCTb - lje i € CTaH rpaHH'IHOI T)'p6011l rrpo 6e3YMOBHlIH
3MicT byrra, '1epe3 1l!0 BOHa BH3HaCTbCa T. IjJYH.!\aMeHT8JIbHOIO xapaKTe-
pHCTHKOIO JlIOJlHHH. . '
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «TeoJIoI1J1 KYJILT)'pH», «CHCTeMarn'lHe 6oroCJIOB a».
237

. TOHH6i PHOJIb,/\ p:.>K03e4> (1889-1975) - aHmiHcbKHH iCTOpHK,
4>IJIoco4>. cI>iJIOC04>CbKI IHTepecH T. 6YJIH 3ocepe,/\JKeHi Y c4>epi ,/\OCJli,n-
JKeHH":. rrp06eM 4>iJloc?(jJii .icTOpil. ba30BOIO i,/\eclO (jJiJlOCrnjlCbKO-icTO-
pH'IHOI TeOpl! T. 6YJIa l,l1e>I 1cHYBaHH>I JIOK8JIbHHX Bi,nHOCHO 3aMKHeHHX
I\HBiJI.i3al\iHHHX CniJlbHOT (crro'laTKY BiH BlU\iJlH 21 TaKy CrriJlbHOTY,
a rrOT.IM 3)irrHHBC>I Ha 13), KOJKHa 3 >IKHX Mac CBOIO BJlaCHY iCTOpilO. Cy,
KyrrHlCTb ICTOp1.H I\HX .I\HBirri3al\iHHlIX CrriJlbHOT (CTHCJlO - I\HBiJli3al\iH)
YfBOPIOC BCeCB1THbO-ICTOpH'IHHH rrpOl\ec. 3ri,nHO 3 T., rrorrpH BCIO He-
rrOBTopHicTb KO)l{HOi 3 IJ;HBini3aldii:, 1M I1pHTaMaHHi i1 JJ;eJlKi CniJIbHi xa-
paKTepHCTHKH, HacaMrrepe,/\ 3aKOH «BHKJlHKy Ta Bi,/\rroBi,/\i». 3a I\HM 3a-
KOROM, OKH HBiJIi3ald.H CnpOMOJKHa H8 a.n;eKBaTHe cnpUllIDI1TJI if Ha..
rreJKHY Bl,l1rrOBl,l1b Ha KOJKeH HacryrrHHH 3 HH3KH BHKJIHKiB iCTOpM'IHOro
p03BHTKY, BOHa pyxaCThC>I rrOCTyH8JIbHO.
vOC.HOHi TBOpH: .<,L(ocrri,/\JKeHHR iCTOpii», «CBiT i 3axi,/\». <dCTOpH'I-
HMH rrl.l\Xl,l1'/\o peJllflm.
To4>4>JIp EJIBiH (apo,/\. 1928) - aMepMKaHcbKHH (jJirroco.p-(jJyTO-
pOJlor, COI\IOJlOr, ny6J1lI\HcT. IIpo(jJecop KOpHeJlbCbKoro YHiBepcHTery.
rOJlOBHa TeMa TBOpiB T. - cTpaTeriJi BMJKHBaHHJI JllOnCbKOI I\HBiJli3a!1iI
B yoax rrpHcKopeHoro HapOCTaHH>I 3MiH, KpH30BHX JlBHIlI, 1lI0 rropo,/\-
}K.eHl 31TKHeHHRM «XBHJlb!) I.1HBini3aQiiiHOrO p03BHTKy, 3Mill.1eHIDI BJIa;:J;H 
rrl,/\ BrrJlHBOM HOBHX rrocTlH.11YCTpi8JIbHHX peamH.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «cI>yrypOIllOK», <<TpeT>I XBHJlJI}}, «IIepen6a'lcHHR i rrc-
p e .L1Y MOB H>}.
. WOMa AKBiHCblmH (AKBiHaT) (1225-1274) - cepe,l(HbOBi'lHllH
lJIOCO, Teonr, cHcTeMTH3ap CXOJIaCTlUili H8 OCHOBi XpHCTUJIHCb-
KOro aI?ICToTeJl13MY: OpMrlH8JIbHICTh HOro TBOp'lOCTI rroJlJ!rac B rrpHcTO- ,
cyaHHl BqeHIDI ApICTOTeJll[ MaH)I(e He 3MiHlOlOQH Horo, AO XPHCTHHHCb- l
KOv ,l(OrMH, 3acTOCYlHH>I I,l1Cll HconJlaTOHi3MY. B iCTOpilO .piJlocrnjliI
Y.HIlIOB RK BHAarn.Hll HCJIHTeJIb, HKHH rOnOBHI1M npHHIJ;HIIOM iPiJIOCO-
.pI! BBaJKaB rapMOHIIO B1PH Ta p03)'MY. BBaJKaB, 11\0 P03YM 3,l(aTHMll pa- .
1\I08JIbHO ,l(OBCCTH 6YTTJI bora. CTBOPHB uiJlicHY .piJlOCO.pCbKy CMCTCMY
TOM13M)'.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «IIpo icTIllI}'>}, «C}'Ma TcoJlorii}}, «IIpo Bi'lHicTb cBiry}}.
p"aHK <?eMeH JItO,/\BirOBHQ (1877-1950) - pOCiHCbKHH .piJloco(jJ.
PCJIlrlHHO-(jJIJIOco.pcbKa CHCTCMa cI>. H8JICJKHTh ,l(0 Tpa,/\Hl\if BCCC,/\HOCTI
if oxapaKTepH30BaHa HHM. HK LI.OCBi.n. «rraHTelcTHqHoro OHTOJIOri3MY».
OC>IrHCHH>I 6YTTJI, 3a cI>., Bln6YBaCThCJI '1epC3 6C3l1OCCpC,l(HlO B3B£MO,l(ilO
cy6'£lcra i3 BccoxorrHHM 6YTUlM, MiCTH'IHC C,l(HaHH>I i3 BCCC,/\HHHM A6-
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yrriThMi)}.
4>pamro IBaH HKOBH'I (1856--1916) - I1HCbMCHHHK, yqCHHH
i rpoMa.n:cbI<HH '/\iJl'l, PCBOJIlOl\iHHHH ,/\CMO."'paT. Y 193 p. 3axn.CTHB ,/\OK-
TOPCbKY )J.HcepTa,"ilO y Bi,/\CHCbKOMY. }'Hffi.epCMT.CTl. CPC,l( .(jJIJIOCO(jJCb-
KHX iHTepcciB cI>paHKa BHpi3HJlIOTbCJI ICTOpIOCO(jJIJI, (jJI.JlOCrnjlIJI ,:<YJlbTYI?H
i (jJiJlOcrnjlcbKa aHTporroJloriJl, eCTCTMKa, CTHKa, OI\I8JIbHa (jJIJIOC(jJIJI.
<DiJlOCO(jJCbKi rrornH,[IH cI>. 3a3H8JIH BrrHBY cBporrcHcbKoro n03umU6l3MY.
cI>. BHp06J1J!c HOBi rri.n:XO,/\M ,/\0 P03YMlHlUl ICTopHqHOrO I1pOI\y JlK cy-
rrcpc'IJlHBOI C,l(HOCTI I1porpccy i pcrpccy, BH3Ha'l8JIbHOIO PYIllIHH?1O c
JlOIO iCTOpil BBBJKaB KyrrbTYPY, IIKa C «mo,l(CKHM 06J1H'I'lRM}} ICTOpll.
c:.06011HHH p03BHTOK JlIO,/\CbKOI OC06HCTOCTI ilK BTIJICHlUl 3arbHO-
JlIO,/\CbKHX l\iHHOCTCH Ta i,/\C8JIiB p03r1lJ!,/\aB y HCp03pHBHOM)' 3B H3KY
3 rrOBHOuiHHHM JKHTTJlM i po3BMTKOM Ha,"il. .
OCHOBID TBOpn: «MHCJli 0 CBOJIlOl\iI B iCTOpil JlIO,/\CbKOCT1}}, «13 CCK-
periB rroernqHoi TBOpqOCTi», «IIo3a Me)l{8.MH MOJKJIHBoro», «I.l1-o TaKe
rrocryI1}}.
4>pOMM Epix (1900--1980) - HiMCl\bKo.-aMcpMKaHcbKHH rrMXOJlOr
Ta (jJiJlocrnjI, onHH i3 roJlOBHHX I1pC,l(CTaBHHKIB cI>PHK(jJYPTCbKOl KOJIH
(KpMrnqHa Tcopi>I, a60 HCOMapKCH3M) Ta HCrnjlPClU\H3MY. II03H,"lJI cI>.
(jJOpM)'£TbCJI Ha OCHOBi CHHTC3Y rrHXOaHJll3Y, MapKcMMY, (jJlJlo.c0(jJCb:
KOj aHTporroJloriI Ta CK3HCTCHui8JI13M)'. IIuv:ac KPHTHI\I HaTyp8JIICTH'IHI
3aca,/\H (jJpcHniBCbKoI KOHI\Crrl\li OC06HCTOCTL H rrpoTHBary 610On3M)'
<DpeH,/\a BHCYMC I1pMHI\HII COl\i.8JIbHOro ,/\CTCpMIH13M)1. Y I\CHTI }'B8I'H
<D. _ cHTyal\i>I mo,l(HHlI y cycrrlJIbCTBI - TOH CK3HCTCllI\lbHMH KOH(jJ-
rriKT Ta p03,l\BOCIDCTb oc06M, JlKi BMHHKa.IOTb ':'CpC3 Hc06xIJIHICTb caMO-
BH3Ha'iMTHCb y '1YJKoM)' nJlJ! oc06HcTocTI CBlTI. IIcpcrrcKTHBY JI,/\CbKO-
ro p03BHTKY B6a'lac y rrepcTBopCHHi CyqacHOro «>:BOpOro CI1IJ1bCTBa}}
Ha 3aca.n:ax CTBOpCHHH YMOB ,l(JIJ! B,/\OCKOH8JICHH I pC8JI13a,"u :rooporo
rroTcllI\iaJIY JllOnHMH (<<ry'MaHiCTHqHMH pa,/\HK8JI13M}} Ha OCHOBI ,/\OMIHY-
BBHHJI mo60Bi ,/\0 JKHTTJI).
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «BTc'Ia Bi'/\ cBo60,/\H>}, <<.JIIO,l(HHa nJlJ! cc6c)}, «MaTH
'1H 6ym?}}.
XaHllerrep MapTiH (1889-1976) - HiMCl\bKHH (jJiJlocrnjI. TOp-
'1icTh mmro Mana BHpilll8JIbHMH BIIJlHB Ha (jJopMyBaHlUl cy.:aCH}l (jJw<:..
CrnjlCbKoi rcpMCHCBTHKII, CK3HCTCHUi8JIi3, aH:porroorn, (jJlJlocrnjllI
MOBH, rrOCTCTpYKryP8JIi3MY Ta rrCMXOaH8JI13Y. JlOCO(jJI>I TI1YMaQIlJlaCH
X. JlK YIDBCpC8JIbHa (jJCHOMCHOJlori'lHa OHTOJlOr>I, 11\0 Mac 3a cry TCMa:
TH3a,"ilO p03MaiTTH BlU\m 6yrr>1 CYIl\oro, crroc16 OCHrHCHHR IX C,/\HOCTI
239


Y rroHJlTIi EYTIJI (JIK TaKOro) Y Me>Kax €HHOro Tp aHC l1 e H,l1eHT8JIbHOrO
ropH30H .(qacy). 3aCTOCOBY€ ljJeHoMeHOrrori'lHHH MeTO I1JIJI aH8JIi3y
p03}'MY H ICHYBHHJI JllOHHH 3 .MeTOlO BHJlBJleHHJI ix rreperorMOB. Ha
I1 bO M)' lllJIJiXY, Bl,l(MOBJlJllO'IHCb BIA KJIaCH'IHlIX rrOHRTb «MaTepii» <</lY-
xy», «Cy6'€KTa» i «O?'€KTa», BH3Ha'la€ CB060A)' JlK cYIl\e, 1110 Bepllle
p03KpHBac CBOlO CyrnICTb.
OC':'OBHi TBOpH: «Il(o TaKe MeTaljJbHKa?», «Il(o TaKe MHCJleHHJI?»:
«CyrHICTb p03}'MY», «EYTIJI i 'lac».
XaHiHrrOH CaMlOeJ1L-lliTep (HapOI\. 1927) - rrpo<jJecop rapBapACb-
KOro }'HIBepCHT,?T)', Ae BiH oKpiM TOro 06iHMac rrocaror AHpeKTOpa IHc- .
THT)'T)' CTpaTen'lHHX ):(OCJl1)J)KeHb i € roJlOBOlO rapBapAcbKoi AI<1l,l(eMii
Mi>KHapOAHH !a :riOH8JIbHllX AOCJlm>KeHb. 06rpYHTOBY€ HacKpi3He
3Ha'leHHR .I1HB.:'l3al1H AJlJl rroAlllOro rrocT)'rry JlIOACTBa. Ha iioro JIYM-
KY, UHBlnl3aI.Ul npluiIllnH Ha 3MIHY JJ.ep}l{aBaM Ta i,neonorUlM, CTaJIH no-
T)'>KHHM ljJaKTOpOM iAeHTHljJiKal1ii AJlJl CrriJlbHOT JllOAeH Ta pyrniHHOlO
CHJ1010 cyqacHoi rn06a.rrbHol rroniTHKH.
OCHOBHi THOpH: «IIpOTHCTOJlHHJI I1HBiJIi3al1iii Ta 3MiHa CBiTOBOro rro-
P>lL{KY».
XeihiHra HraH (1872-1945) - AaTcbKHH iCTOPHK, ljJiJlocoIjJ
Kyrrb!ypH. T.BOp'lI rrolllYKH X. 6yrrH HaH6iJlblllOlO MipOlO 30cepeIDKeHi Ha
AOCJlJKeHHI '\JOPM cBiTOBmHOllleHHJI i MHCJleHHJI y nbHbOMy CepeI\-
HbOBI'I'II Ta 1jJ1Jl0COIjJCbKOM)' aHarri3i rrpo6rreMH rpH. 06rpYHT}'BaB Ha-
CKpI3He 3Ha'leHHJI rpH y p03BHTKY OCHOBHHX KYJlbT)'pHHX 1jJ0pM JllOACT-
Ba --:..He. HllIe Y MHCTeI1TBi,. a H ljJiJlocoljJii, HaYl1i, rroJli11ll1 i , lOpHcrrpy-
A eH I1 11 , .BlHCbKOBO".)' peMeJll. l.r1e8JI rapMoHii, 3a x., rrOJlJl1'a€ y 368JIaH-
C}'BaHHI A)'XOBHlIX I MarepI8JIbHHX l1iHHOCTen.
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «CYTIHKH CepeAHbOBi'l'lJl», <<JIlOAHHa rpalO'Ia».
IlleJlep MaKC 1871928) - HiMel1bKHH ljJiJlococp i Cl1ioJlor,
OAHH 13 3acHOBHHK1B 1jJ1JlOCOljJCbKOi aHTpOrrOJlori1. JIlOIIHHY p03rJlJlAac
JlK oc06y, JlKa € 30CepeAJKeHHJlM A)'XOBHHX aKTiB. ):(yx rrpOJlBJlJl€ ce6e
B ?l. JI!OAHH, 6YA)''1H AYXOBHO!O iCTOTO!O, HOci€M l1iHHOCTeH, € BiJlb-
Ha I Bl,l(KpHTa CBIT)'. JIK BH111Y l1iHHiCTb p03rJ1>lL{a€ Eora, a JlI060B AO Eo-
ra - JlK BHlllY 1jJ0pM)' Jl1060Bi. IIepeJKHBaHHJI l1iHHOCTeii. 3a ill. - He
rrCI1XiQHHH, a KOCMiqHHH aRT. '
OCHOBHi TBOpH: «CTaHOBH111e Jl!OAHHH B KOCMOci», <d1po Bi'lHe B Jl!O-
,lJ;HHi», «<DeHoMeH TpariqHOro».
IOpKeBH'I IIaMljliJl ):(aHHJlOBH'I (1827-1874) - HaHBH3Ha'iHiIlIHH
}'KpaiHcbKHH ljJiJIocoIjJ. IO. 06rp}'HToBY€ p03yMiHHR ljJiJIocoljJii JlK l1iJlic-
240
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B YCiH nOBHOTi fiorD peJIiriHHHX, iHTeJIeK1)'aJIhHl1X,. eTHQHI1X T CCTe-
TH'IHHX MOMeHTIB. ):(OBO,lJ,JI'IH OAHaKOBY HecrrpoMOHlCTb JIK e",:mpH3MY,
TaK i pal1iOH8JIi3MY Y crrpaBi 1jJ0pm1HHJI TaKoro 111J1.lCHor.o CBlTOrJIJlA)',
IO. 3iHCHlOBaB pinIy'lHH KpOK Y 6IK «KOHKpcTHoro l,l(e3J.I13M?,»' 1110? Ha
Bi.n.MiHY am i.z1e8JIbM)' a6cTpaKTHoro, rrepeA6a'la€_ BKopIHeHICTh IjJmo-
COIjJCbKOro MHCJIeHHJI B a6COJIlOTIiO CYlllOMY JlK HOro rreplllOrrO'laTKY.
IO. - OAHH i3 TeopeTHKiB ljJiJIocoIjJiI cepl(Jl (KOPA O l1 eH TpH3MY). _
OCHOBHi THOpH: «l.r1eJl» (1859), «3 Ha}'KH rrp? Jl!OACbKHH A)'x»
(1860), «Cepl1e i iioro 3Ha'leH':'JI Y A)'XOBHOM)' JKHTII Jl!OAHHH, 3a B'IeH-
HJlM CJIOBa EO>Koro» (1860) Ta IH.
Hcrrepc KapJI (1883-1969) - HiM':l1bii ljJiJIocoljJ. i rrcHiaTp,
OAHH i3 3acHoBHHKiB ljJiJlocoljJii eK3HCTeHI1I8JI13: 3a JI. '\JIJ1OCOIjJIJI rro-
BHHHa JJ.arn JJIO,lJ;HHi Opi€HTHpH lCHYBaHHJI Y CHITI, «BHCBlTnHTH eK3H:
TeHl1ilO» Ta 3AiHcHHTH «cTpH60K AO 6e3}'MOBHoro 6YTIJI». B KOHl1enl1I
JI. 6YTIJI Ma€ narpiHHe 3Ha'leHHJ!: L IIpeAMeTHe 6YTIJI, a60 «6YTIJI Y BI-
Ti»; 2. EK3HCTeHl1iJl a60 rr!OAbKa caMICTb, JlKa He MO>Ke 6yrH 06 €K-
11IBOBaHOlO; 3. TpaHCl1eH,l1eHI1IJ1 JlK «OXOrrJllOlO'Ie» - He36arHeHa Me)l{a
6y Ab-JlKoro MHCJIeHHJI. CrrpaB>KHe A)'XoBHe >KHTIJI HapOAJKY€TbCJI rrepeA
JlHl1eM «a6cypAHHx CHTYal1iH», JlKi 3YlllY!OTb Jl!OAC OCMHCJIHTH c
iCH)'BaHIDI Y cBiTi, IUO BHBO,lJ.HTb CI11JIKYBaHHSI nlOJJ;CI1 Ha eK3HCTCHll.ll1-
HHH piBCHb. .
OCHOBHi TBOpH: <<,I(YXOBHa CHTyal11Jl 'lacy», «CeHC Ta rrpH3Ha'leHHJI
iCTopii», «<I>iJIocoljJiJl».
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241

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1. ApMCTOTeJIb. CO'lIlHeHWl: B 4-x T. - M.: MbICJIb, 1975.
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