Author: Гарагуля С.И.
Tags: языки языкознание строительство английский язык
ISBN: 978-5-222 -18653-4
Year: 2011
Text
Серия
Высшее образование)
С. И . Гарагуля
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ я з ы к
р я СТУДЕНТОВ
СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ
Learning Building Construction
in English
Рекомендовано
Государственным образовательным учреждением
высшего профессионального образования
«Московский государственный лингвистический университет»
в качестве учебного пособия для студентов,
обучающихся по специальностям ВПО
270102 «Промышленное и гражданское строительство»,
270105 «Городское строительство и хозяйство»,
120303 «Городской кадастр», 270114 «Проектирование зданий»
Ростов-на-Дону
«ФЕНИКС»
2011
УДК 811 111 69 0(0758)
ББК 81 2Англ-923
КТК 8032
Г20
Рецензенты:
доктор филологических наук, профессор О Н Прохорова
(Белгородский государственный университет)
доктор технических наук, профессор А Г Юрьев
(Белгородский государственный технологический
университет им В Г Шухова)
Гарагуля С. И .
Р2о Английский я зы к для студентов строительных специ
альностей. Learning Building Construction in English :
учебное пособие / С. И. Гарагуля.
—
Ростов н/Д :
Феникс, 2011.
—
347, [1] с.
—
(Высшее образование).
ISBN 978-5 -222 -18653-4
Учебное пособие построено на базе вузовского стандарта
курса иностранного языка для неязыковых вузов и рассчита
но на профессионально-ориентированный этап обучения. Ос
новная цель учебного пособия — развитие и совершенствова
ние умения читать и переводить оригинальную литературу по
специальности, а также навыков устной речи и аудирования
в пределах пройденной тематики. Уделяется особое внима
ние расширению словарного запаса по строительному делу,
изучению и тренировке грамматических структур, которые
характеризуются высокой частотностью употребления в на
учной речи
Предназна чено для студентов ин женерно -строител ьных ву
зов, может быть рекомендовано магистрантам, аспирантам,
научным работникам и широкому кругу специалистов-прак-
тиков, желающих повысить свой уровень владения проф ес
сиональным английским языком.
УДК 811.111 69 0(075 8)
ISBN 978-5 -222 -18653-4
ББК 81.2Англ-923
© Гарагуля С И , 2011
© Оформление ООО «Феникс», 2011
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов
инженерно-строительных вузов, обучающихся по специально
стям «Промышленное и гражданское строительство», «Город
ское строительство и хозяйство», «Городской кадастр», « Про
ектирование зданий» и др. Оно может быть рекомендовано
магистрантам, аспирантам, научным работникам и широко
му кругу специалистов-практиков, желающих повысить свой
уровень владения профессиональным английским языком.
Пособие построено на базе вузовского стандарта курса ино
странного языка для неязыковых вузов и рассчитано на про
фессионально-ориентированный этап обучения.
Основная цель учебного пособия —развитие и совершен
ствование умения читать и переводить оригинальную л итера
туру на английском языке по специальности, а также навыков
устной речи и аудирования в пределах пройденной тематики.
Уделяется особое внимание расширению словарного запаса по
строительному делу, повторению грамматических структур ба
зового курса и их тренировке.
Весь материал учебного пособия разделен на 12 уроков-тем
(Units) и включает части Supplementary Reading s Tapescripts.
Каждый урок-тема, посвященный конкретной инженерно
строительной проблематике, состоит из четырех разделов
(Sections): Vocabulary and Word Study, Grammar, Reading and
Speaking и Listening and Speaking.
Раздел Vocabulary and Word Study знакомит студентов с пр о
фессиональной лексикой, которая определяется содержанием
текстов в пределах изучаемой темы. Активный словарь отра
жает наиболее важные понятия и явления, представленные в
литературе по строительству. Терминологическая лексика зак
репляется в разнообразных упражнениях, которые построены
и расположены по принципу «от простого к сложному» —
от уровня слова, словосочетания, предложения до уровня
4
Английский я зык для студентов строительных специальностей
сверхфразового единства. Имеются упражнения на словооб
разование, многозначность, определение значений именных
словосочетаний с препозитивными определениями, узнава
ние интернациональных слов и терминов
В разделе Grammar представлены коммуникативно-ори
ентированные задания, нацеленные на развитие грамматичес
ких навыков чтения специальной литературы на английском
языке. Грамматический материал включает преимуществен
но те явления, которые характеризуются высокой частотнос
тью употребления в научной речи. Прежде всего, это отно
сится к структуре предложения, формам страдательного зало
га, модальным глаголам, неличным формам глагола и др.
Каждый раздел Reading and Speaking содержит три аутен
тичных текста - А, В и С, объединенных тематикой урока и
системой упражнений, которые ориентированы на овладение
студентами основными видами чтения и обучение говорению.
Текст А, рассматриваемый в качестве основного, предназна
чен для изучающего чтения. К нему даются предтекстовые и
послетекстовые упражнения. Предтекстовые задания пресле
дуют цель формирования навыков прогнозирования и умения
вести беседу общего содержания по теме урока. Упражнения
послетекстового этапа способствуют развитию монологичес
кой речи —констатировать факт или высказать мнение, сде
лать короткое сообщение или обобщение. К данному тексту
предусмотрено задание на чтение определенного абзаца вслух.
Тексты В и С предполагают формирование навыков ознако
мительного, просмотрового или поискового чтения. Упраж
нения к этим текстам направлены на определение основной
темы или идеи текста, поиск конкретных данных, использо
вание определенной информации в соответствии с коммуни
кативными задачами.
В разделе Listening and Speaking представлены задания к
двум аудиотекстам, которые могут быть прочитаны препода
вателем или звучать в записи. Небольшие по объему тексты
монологического характера непосредственно связаны с темой
Предисловие
5
урока. Контроль понимания осуществляется с помощью воп
росно-ответных упражнений, путем заполнения таблиц/схем
и др. Цель заданий состоит в понимании общего смысла про
слушанного текста, нахождении или извлечении конкретной
информации, которые служат основой для краткого изложе
ния содержания аудиотекста, дискуссии по теме и т.д.
В разделе Tapescripts приводятся тексты для аудирования
К этой части учебника студенты обращаются на заключитель
ном этапе работы над разделом Listening and Speaking, что
позволяет им проверить правильность понимания текста, а
также выявить непонятные фрагменты, выписав и выучив
незнакомые слова.
Раздел Supplementary Reading включает дополнительные
тексты без заданий (статьи из британского журнала “New Civil
Engineer International”) , которые могут быть использованы
как для работы в группе, так и для самостоятельной работы
студентов. Они либо расширяют информацию по строитель
ству, представленную в уроках-темах, либо освещают новые
проблемы в области строительства.
Материалы настоящего учебного пособия прошли апроба
цию на занятиях со студентами различных групп и уровней
архитектурно-строительного института Белгородского государ
ственного технологического университета им. В.Г. Шухова.
Автор считает своим долгом выразить искренню ю пр и
знательность рецензентам —доктору филологических наук,
профессору Ольге Н иколаевне Прохоровой за детальный
анализ рукописи и ценные критические замечания, а также
доктору технических наук, профессору Александру Гаври
ловичу Юрьеву за консультации по отбору материала для
данного пособия.
Автор
UNIT 1
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1.
Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
“Building Engineering as a Discipline” and translate the given
1. build (built) [bild] v — строить
buildingn— здание, строение, сооружение; строитель
ство
buildingdesign [di'zain] — проектирование зданий
They buildnew houses in that area. Types ofbuildingsmaybe
classified according to the rolein the community. M odem building
constitutes a vital element of national industry
2. construct [kan'strAkt] v — строить, сооружать
construction [ksn'strskjn] n— строительство, стройка
building construction —домостроение
They are planning to construct a new supermarket near our
house. The factors that condition the selection of materials for
construction include availability, cost and physical properties.
During building construction, several things went wrong.
3. building engineering Lendji'marirj] — строительство граж
данских зданий
и ш 1 . BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
U
civil engineering ['sivl] — гражданское строительство
structuralengineering['strAktfral] — проектирование зда
ний и сооружений
Building science and building engineering are fields of study
concerned with the technical performance ofbuildings, building
materials, and building systems. I am doing a civilengineenng
course at the university, which is veryhard,but I am reallyenjoying
it. Structuralengineeringhas made rapid strides in the last century.
4. air-conditioning['eakan.dijriirt] n— кондиционирование
air-conditionern— кондиционер
Buildings have air-conditioning. There are many similarities in
the way an air-conditionerworks to the way a refrigerator works.
5. mean [mi:n](meant [ment])v— значить; подразумевать
means [mi:nz] n— средство, способ;ресурсы
bymeansof— посредством
The redlightmeans“Stop” . Theydidn’t provide me with any
meansoftransport. The tests were marked bymeansofa computer.
6. diverse[dai'va:s] adj—разнообразный,разный
diversity [dai'va:siti] n— разнообразие, многообразие
The growing building industry offers diversejob opportunities.
He has a great diversityof interests.
7. impact [Tmpsekt] — n воздействие, влияние
The computer hashad (made) agreat impacton modem life.
8. measure ['теза] —nvмера; измерять, иметь размеры
measurement['тезэтэт] п—размер, измерение
We take certain measuresto reduce the consumption of the
m aterial. She measuredthe table This table measurestwo metres
L_l
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
by one metre. We can find the size of something by means of
measurement.
9 vary['ѵеэп] v — менять, изменять, варьировать
various ['vearias] adj— различный,разный, разнооб
разный
variety [va'raiati] n — разнообразие
Steel variesconsiderablyinitsmicrostructure. Thedemandfor
variousbuilding materials is enormous. A wide varietyof mass-
produced elements are now available.
10. maintain [mein'tein] v — обслуживать, содержать в ис
правности, поддерживать, сохранять, содержать
maintenance ['meintanans] п— уход, содержание в ис
правности, текущий ремонт, поддержка, содержание,
сохранение
Some floor matenals are easy to maintain. These operations
involve the construction, maintenanceof structures, grounds, and
so on.
11. structure ['strAktJb]n— конструкция, сооружение, стро
ение, здание, конструкция
building structure — строительная конструкция, здание
Wood structureswere very common in earliertimes. The more
insulation we provide, the more the building structure costs.
12. foundation [faun'deijn] и — фундамент
First they laid thefoundation, and then they built the walls.
13. computer-aideddesign (CAD) [kam/pju:ta(r)'eidid] — ав
томатизированное проектирование
Today, the use of Computer-Aided Design techniques has
revolutionised design and construction processes within the industry.
UNIT1 . BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
h
14. facility[fa'siliti]n—устройство, приспособление, обо
рудование; сооружение; (pi.) условия, возможности ,
средства
A newfacilityhadbeenbuiltjust outside the city to process all
the sewage. The new factory has enabled to bring research and
development activities under the same roof as all production
facilities
15. perform [рэТзта] v— исполнять, выполнять, совершать
performance[pa'fomans] n— производительность, эф
фективность, кпд; эксплуатационные характеристики;
работа
They perform a considerable amount of building work at the
factory. This enables us to ensure the goodperformanceofthe beams.
16. utility[ju:'tiliti]n—(pi.) инженерные сети; коммуналь
ные услуги; коммунальные предприятия обслуживания
(сооружения)
conservation utility[.konsa'veijn] —управление по охра
не природы и рационального природопользования
The introduction of urban utilitiesimproved life in the city
17. survey['sa:vei] [ss'vei] n v — топографическая съемка
(служба);производить топографическую съемку, меже
вать
surveyingп—съемка, промер, картирование
surveyor [ss'veia] п— геодезист, маркшейдер
Surveysare madefor manypurposes, such asthedetermination
of areas, and the plotting of maps. They started tosurveythe piece
of land that the new motorway will pass through. Surveyingis
employedto measure and locate lines and angleson the surface of
the earth. Many new instruments are employed to facilitate the
surveyor’s w o rk .
18. apply [э'ріаі] ѵ— использовать, применять
applied science ['saians] — прикладная наука
application [,aepli'keijh] n — применение, использо
вание
This building m ethod is successfully appliedin different cities
and towns in this country. Application ofplastics in the building
field widensfrom yearto year.
19. operate ['opareit] v — работать, приводить в действие
operation п —работа, операция, эксплуатация
The instrument was set to operate at a certain pressure. All
operationson the site are minimized.
20. renovate ['renaveit] v— восстанавливать, возобновлять
renovation [,гепэи'ѵеі/п] n—реконструкция, восстанов
ление
The house wasrenovatedbythe current owners to provide m odem
living. The stadium is re-opening after a three-year renovation.
2.
Read and translate the following international words. Look
up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the
part of speech.
Activity n, function n, effect n, global adj, m anifestation n,
natural adj, produce v, integrate v, technology n, design n v,
discipline n, interdisciplinary adj, manager n, management n,
operation n,traditional adj, ventilation n, mechanical adj, acoustics
n, project n, methodology n, cycle n, efficiency n, career n,
budget n v, logistics n, tender n, resource n.
10JАнглийскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
и ш 1 . BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 1
3. M atch the pairs of synonyms from A and В and translate
them.
A
В
1. repair
a. impact
2. operation
b. means
3. construction
c. application
4. appliance
d. foundation
5. restoration
e. diverse
6. use
f. maintenance
7. base
g. performance
8. way
h. facility
9. influence
i. building
10. various
j. renovation
4. M atch the verb on the left with a suitable item on the
right. U se each item once only.
1. do
a. an air-conditioner
2. measure
b. a house
3. install
c. utility services
4. carry out
d. managementprinciples
5. build
e. the windows
6. train
f. measurements
7. apply
g. among CAD systems
8. take
h. a civil engineering course
9. provide
i. as a surveyor
10. vary
j. building design
5.
Make the following sentences complete by translating the
words and phrases inbrackets.
1.
The inventive monitoring method consists m determining
loads applied to (строительные конструкции). 2 .The newowner
ilJ - Английский: [ДЛЯстудентовстроительныхспециальностей
wants to (реконструировать) the building he bought. 3 . The
building engineering programme is presented (посредством)
lectures, tutorials, seminars and case studies. 4 The company
seeks a building engineer to (использовать) and (обслуживать)
all building equipment and systems. 5. Adegree coursein (проек
тирование зданий и сооружений)takesfouryearsin the UK.
6.
The city engineer (произвел топографическую съемку) the
property to amendthe map. 7.Forpeople interestedin the many
well-paying careers in (домостроение), this association offers
numerous educational and career resources. 8 .This courseprovides
students with an understanding ofthe characteristics of а (разно
образие) of materials used in building. 9 . The company hired a
contractor to (выполнить) construction work on a new building.
10. What does the term utility(значить)9
6.
Read and translate the following word combinations which
come from the texts of the Unit. Mind the use of nouns as
attributes in preposition. Look up your dictionary if necessary.
Example
a) archbuilding — арочное здание
b)marketbuilding — зданиерынка
c) exhibitionbuilding — зданиедля выставки
Power distribution, indoor air quality, project management,
construction management, design engineer, cost engineer, process
engineer, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air-conditioning)
engineer, facility manager, operation manager, computer
programming, the life cycle of a building, energy efficiency,
control systems, earthquake resistance, wind effects, career
possibilities, soil m echanics, building service systems, craft
traditions, materialproperties andperformance, safety standards,
site safety, construction delays, construction technologies, tender
documents, quality control, building construction project, local
building authority regulations, highway construction, on a per
square metre (foot) basis.
UNIT1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 3
7.
Study the followingpatterns showing the ways some nouns
are formedfrom verbs. Complete the charts. Some ofthe missing
words are from the texts of the Unit. Read and translate them
into Russian. Use your dictionary to help you with the
pronunciation.
Pattern 1
I Verb + -er/-or
—
>Noun |
The -er/-or suffixes are usedfor aperson whodoes
an activity and for things which do aparticularjob.
Example,build — строить -> builder — строитель
Verb
Noun
manage
______________________
compute
______________________
direct
______________________
design
______________________
survey
______________________
contract
______________________
elevate
______________________
I Verb+ -ment—>Noun
The -ment suffixis usedfor an act or result of something.
Example, achieve — достигать —>achievement —достижение
2ІІАнглийский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
Verb
Noun
manage
--- ---------------- -
environ
--- ---------------- -
develop
--------------------
arrange
------------- -------
establish
--------------------
improve
--------------------
elevate
--------------------
Pattern 3
Verb + -ion/-ation/-ition/-sion/-tion -» N oun
The -ion/-ation/-M on/-sion/-tion suffixes are used
for an act, state, or result of something.
Example:construct — строить
construction — строитель
ство
Verb
Noun
educate
_____ ______________ ___
manifest
_ __________ ___________
renovate
_____ ______________ ___
found
______________________
integrate
____ _________ _________
ventilate
_____ ______________ ___
distribute
_____ ______________ ___
decide
_____ _________ _____ ___
execute
_ _________ __________ __
operate
_________________
_
UNIT1 . BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
lii
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8. Arrange these words in the right order. U se a capital letter
to begin each sentence. Mark each rewritten sentence SVQM
P T to show Subject, Verb, Object, Manner (How?), Place
(Where?), Time (When?).
Example
worked, till 5 o’clock, Peter, at the plant.
—
(S) Peter (V)
worked (P) at the plant (T) till 5 o’clock.
1.
well, I, English, speak.2 .begins, in September, my term.
3. use, for many, scientists, computers, different purposes.
4. an old, mathematics, science, is. 5 . from the university, will,
an engineer, he, be, aftergraduation. 6 . the knowledge of, today,
is, very, English, important. 7 . begin, at 9 o’clock, in the
morning, the lectures. 8 . tomorrow, will, in Rome, be, she.
9. every, year, leave, schools, millions of, secondary, children.
10. the term, attend, during, and, lectures, seminars, students.
11. a cottage, in the suburbs, constructed, of Moscow, they.
12. statistical, in their work, use, the researchers, methods.
9. Read and translate the following complex sentences with
different types of subordinate clauses. Use your dictionary if
1.
Technical occupations require more training as a greater
technicalknowledge is required. 2 . Construction colleges offer a
specialized learning environment for students who want to learn
how to understand basic concepts aboutbuildingprocesses. 3 .The
industry experts havepredicted thatthere willbe more than 45,000
new constructionjobsin Scotland overthe next decade. 4 . In the
fields of architecture and civil engineenng, construction is a process
16
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure.
5. That this type of cables must be placed correctly is essential.
6. Once the design is completed by the design team, a number of
construction companies may be asked to make a bid for the work.
7. A construction project is a complex net of contracts and other
legal obligations, each of which must be carefully considered.
8. Construction managers may travel considerably when they are
responsible for activities at many sites. 9. Although the construction
work is not dangerous, injuries can occur. 10. What is important
is the correct sequence of building operations.
10.
Read and translate the following complex sentences with
relative clauses in which the relative conjunctions are left out.
Example
I haven’t seen the fax we received this morning.
— Яневидел
факс, который мы получили сегодня утром.
1.
The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for
their users and to successfully fulfil the function they are designed
for. 2. There are lots of different types of engineering. The one
thing they have in common is that they use Maths and Science to
improve industry and manufacturing. 3. The report he made after
the delegation had visited ou r plant shows th at he has finally realized
the importance of the work we are doing here. 4. The noise I heard
was caused by the arrival of the lorries with new products. 5. The
way the weight of the components of concrete is determined is
specified by the requirements of the project and the various local
building codes and regulations. 6. The type of houses the constructors
were building was part of the great construction boom.
UNIT 1 . BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 7
11. In some of these sentences you don’t need who, which or
that. If you don’t need these words, put them in brackets like
this: (who), (which), (that).
Example
The job that he got wasn’t very interesting, (that can be left out)
The people who work in the office are highly skilled experts, (who
is necessary here)
1. The technique that they used in structures was worked out by
the design team. 2. A number of advantages that ceramic tiles
offer to builders make them an attractive proposition. 3. Prospects
will be best for people who have a bachelor or higher degree in
construction science. 4. The students who we met at the construction
site were having practical training. 5. Different plastics which
architects use for decorative purposes include glass fibre.
12. Read and translate the following emphatic sentences it is
that/which/who into Russian.
Example
It is the data that (which) are reliable. — Именно эти данные
являются надежными.
1. It is this method that speeds up construction work. 2. It is
the college which offers a course in building construction. 3. It
was Lomonosov who first discovered the law of conservation of
energy. 4. It is only by performing a lot of experiments that progress
can be made. 5. It is the construction management course that
covers several areas of construction science and basic business
practices.
18
Английский языкдл я студентов строительных специальностей
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13. Before you read Text 1A “Building Engineering as a
Discipline” , discuss these questions with your groupmates or
teacher.
a) Do you know how building construction began?
b) Is there any difference between civil engineering and building
engineering?
c) Is building engine ering a big subject?
d) Why is building engineering very important in modem life?
e) What building engineering courses are usually taught at higher
educational institutions?
f) What degrees do building engineering academic programmes
provide?
14. Read Text 1A to find out if your answers are right or
wrong. The following phases may be helpful: Quite so. Exactly.
It’s (partly) true. Just the opposite. I don’t think so. That’s right.
That’s wrong.
• TEXT 1A
Building Engineering as a Discipline
Building construction is an ancient human activity. It began
with the purely functional need for a controlled environment to
moderate the effects o f climate. Constructed shelters were one means
by which human beings were able to adapt themselves to a wide
variety of climates and become a global species.
Building construction today is a significant part of industrial
culture, a manifestation of its diversity and complexity and a
measure of its mastery of natural forces, which can produce a widely
UNIT 1 . BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
19
Institution of Civil
Engineering headquarters in
London
varied built environment to serve
the diverse needs of society.
Education in the field of
Building Engineering as one of
the areas of civil engineering is
the study of the integrated
application of engineering
principles and technology to
building design and architecture.
Building engineering is an
interdisciplinary engineering
subject that offers a general
engineering approach to the planning, design, construction,
operation, renovation, and maintenance of buildings, as well as
with their impacts on the surrounding environment. The discipline
requires pertinent knowledge integrated from traditional well-
established disciplines: civil engineering for building structures an d
foundation; mechanical engineering for heating, ventilation and
air-conditioning system (HVAC), and for mechanical service
systems; physics for building science, lighting and acoustics;
electrical engineering for power distribution and control; chemistry
and biology for indoor air quality; architecture for form, function
and specifications; economics for project management.
Building engineering students are ideally train ed in all phases o f
the life cycle of a building, and learn to appreciate buildings as an
advanced technological system requiring close integration of many
sub-systems and their individual components. Technical problems
and appropriate solutions are studied to improve the performance of
the building in areas, such as energy efficiency, construction
management, HVAC and control systems, advanced building
materials, earthquake resistance, wind effects on buildings,
computer-aided design.
The building engineering graduate may work as a consulting
engineer, design engineer, project manager, construction manager,
cost engineer, facility manager, conservation-utility director,
20 Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
HVAC engineer, operation manager, process engineer, or in
research and development, among other career possibilities.
Building engineering academic programmes normally provide
an accredited academic degree. The completed degree may be
designated as a Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science,
Bachelor of Technology or Bachelor of Applied Science depending
upon the university or institute. The length of study is four years
and the programme consists of basics of engineering and sciences
(technical drawing, engineering mechanics, mechanics of
materials, thermodynamics, mathematics, computer programming,
surveying), subjects in building engineering sciences (structural
analysis a nd design, soil mechanic s, building engineering systems,
building economics, construction management, thermal
environment and building service systems). In some programmes,
elective courses allow students to specialize in one or more sub
disciplines.
Graduates may pursue a postgraduate degree, such as a Master
of Engineering, Master of Applied Science, an Engineer’s degree,
or a Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering. The Master and
Engineer’s degree may consist of either research, coursework or a
mixture o f the two. The Doctor o f Philosophy consists o f a significant
research component and it is often viewed as the entry point to
academia.
15. Find in T ext 1A the paragraph about the areas in which
building engineering graduates may work and translate it into
Russian.
16. Read aloud paragraph 3.
17. Explain the following references.
a) Building construction today is a significant part of industrial
culture, a manifestation of its diversity and complexity and a
measure of its mastery of natural forces.
What does the pronoun its refer to?
U N IT 1 . BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
21
b) Building engineering is an interdisciplinary engineering
discipline that offers a general engineering approach to the
planning, design, construction, operation, renovation, and
maintenance of buildings, as well as with their impacts on the
surrounding environment.
What does the pronoun their refer to?
c) Building engineering students are ideally train ed in all phases
o f the life cycle of a building, and learn to appreciate buildings as
an advanced technological system requiring close integration o f many
sub-systems and their individual components.
What does the pronoun their refer to?
d) The Master and Engineer’s degree may consist of either
research, coursework or a mixture of the two.
What are those two?
e) The Doctor of Philosophy consists of a significant research
component and it is often viewed as the entry point to academia.
What does the pronoun it refer to?
18. Underline or mark the main ideas of Text 1A and retell it
in English.
19. Skim Text IB “History of the Building Industry” and try
to understand what it is about. Give a brief overview of its
structure and contents.
• TEXT IB
History of the Building Industry
In early times there were few specialist builders. People
constructed their homes from whatever material was available where
they lived. The only large buildings were communal ones such as
granaries and places of worship for their gods. In ancient Egypt,
Английский язы к для студентов строительных специальностей
Greece, and Rome, large buildings were financed by the rulers of
the country and built by slaves who had been captured in battle.
Stone was used if it was available and where it was not, brick
making industry developed.
After the end of the Roman Empire in the 4th century AD there
was very little large-scale building done in Europe for about six
hundred years. There were two kinds of buildings other than cottages
and farm buildings: castles and churches. Building a cathedral was
such a vast undertaking that someone was required to organize all
the craftsmen needed for the work. This was usually a master
stonemason.
At the time of the Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries a
new sort of building specialist emerged. He was usually a philos
opher or artist, rather than a craftsman, who would get together
a team of building workers and make arrangements to pay them.
This was the beginning of the profession of architecture.
The Industrial Revolution in
the 19th century brought to an
end the craft traditions in
building. Many new functional
buildings were put up in the big
towns that were developing —
buildings that were not planned
to be beautiful but were there to
Building construction for
house machinery and the workers
several apartment blocks
who operated it. They had to be
built quickly and cheaply. The
building materials were brought across the country on the new canals
and railways that were quickly constructed to get the raw materials
for industry and the finished products to the places where they were
needed.
When the railways were built, tunnels were dug, and bridges,
aqueducts, and roads were built. New materials such as steel were
introduced and engineers were trained to use them. Advances in
science meant that building designers could calculate in advance
U NIT 1 . BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 23
how a building should be constructed to ensure that it would stand
up, instead of relying on a system of trial and error, for it sometimes
happened that a building would collapse while it was being built.
It was important to calculate accurately the cost of materials and
labour, and there came to be so much competition for doing the
work that a system of tendering developed. Different contractors
would calculate what it would cost to complete a project and then
the lowest estimate would be chosen. The quantity surveyor emerged
in the late 19th century as a professional specialist in building
finance, who could accurately predict the cost of a project.
In the late 19th century, all kinds of new technological
developments alfected the building industry. The emergence of the
skyscraper in Chicago, United States, was made possible not only
by the use of steel framing in the structure, but also by the invention
of the elevator, the telephone, and air conditioning.
The present state of building construction is complex. There is
a wide range of building products and systems which are aimed
primarily at groups of building types or markets. The design process
for buildings is highly organized and draws upon research
establishments that study material properties and performance, code
officials who adopt and enforce safely standards, and design
professionals who determine user needs and design a building to
meet those needs. The construction process is also highly organized;
it includes the manufacturers of building products and systems, the
craftsmen who assemble them on the building site, the contractors
who employ and coordinate the work of the craftsmen, and
consultants who specialize in such aspects as construction
management, quality control, and insurance.
20. Identify the topic of each paragraph of Text IB.
21. Complete the sentences choosing the best variant
corresponding to the contents of Text IB.
24 Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
1) In early times people constructed their homes from
a) stone available.
b) any material available.
c) bricks.
2) At the time of the Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries
a new sort of building specialist was
a) a master stonemason.
b) a craftsman.
c) an artist.
3) In the 19th century advances in science meant that
a) a system of trial and error was relied on.
b) design calculations were introduced.
c) new materials began to be used.
4) The construction of the skyscraper was made possible by
a) the use of steel framing, the invention of the elevator, the
telephone, and air conditioning.
b) the use of steel framing.
c) the invention of the elevator and air conditioning.
5) Now the construction process is highly organized because
a) it includes the manufacturers o f building products.
b) it involves design professionals.
c) it involves different sorts of building experts.
22. Read Text 1C “Construction Projects” and answer the
following questions. Discuss your answers with your groupmates.
a) What does a construction process involve?
b) What is required for the successful execution of a construction
project?
c) How many types of construction are there?
d) Who ensures positive end results o f construction projects?
UNIT 1 . BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
25
e) Why can the cost of construction vary?
f) What is the negative outcome of residential construction?
g) What are the new methods of construction characterized by?
h) Why is industrial construction a very important part of the
construction industry?
• TEXT 1C
Construction Projects
In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction
is a process that consists of the building or assembling of
infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale
construction is a feat of multitasking. Normally the job is managed
by the project manager and supervised by the construction manager,
design engineer, construction engineer or project architect.
For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is
essential. Those involved with the design and execution of the
infrastructure in question must consider the environmental impact
o f the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, site safety,
availability of materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public
caused by construction delays, preparing tender documents, etc.
In general, there are two types of construction: building construction
and industrial construction. Each type of construction project
requires a unique team to plan, design, construct, and maintain
the project.
Building construction is
the process of adding structure
to real property. The vast
majority ofbuilding construction
projects are small renovations,
such as addition of a room, or
renovation of a bathroom . The
owner of the property often acts
as labourer, paymaster, and
design team for the entire
f1
♦4••- -fr—«fro—.
Construction on a building
in Kansas City
26 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
project. However, all building constructionprojects include some
elementsin common — design, financial, and legalconsiderations.
Manyprojects ofvarying sizes reach undesirable end results, such
as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/orlitigation reason. Those
with experiencein the field makedetailed plans and maintain
careful oversightduring the projectto ensure apositive outcome.
Residential constructiontechnologiesand resources must conform
to local building authority regulations and codes of practice.
Materials readily available in the area generally dictate the
construction materials used (e.g . brick versus stone or timber).
The cost of construction on aper square metre basisforhouses
can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations,
economies of scale (custom designed homes are always more
expensive to build) and the availability of skilled workers.
Residential and all othertypesofconstruction cangenerate alot of
waste, carefulplanning isneeded again here.
The popular method of residential construction in the United
States is woodframed construction. As efficiency codeshave come
into effect in recent years, new construction technologies and
methods have emerged. University Construction Management
departments are on the cutting edge of the newest methods of
construction intended to improve efficiency, performance and
reduce constructionwaste.
Industrial construction, though a relatively small part of the
entire construction industry, is a very important component.
Owners of these projects are usually large, for-profit, industrial
corporations. These corporations can befound in such industries
as medicine, petroleum, chemical, manufacturing, etc. Processes
in these industries require highly specialized expertise in planning,
design, and construction. As in building and heavy/highway
construction, thistype ofconstruction requires a team ofindividuals
to ensure a successfulproject.
Предисловие 27
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23. Listen to the Text “Buildings: First Impressions”.
Study the following commentary:
Hampton Court Palace — дворец с парком на берегу реки
Темзы близ Лондона, королевская резиденция до 1760г.
a) Answer the questions that follow.
1.What isthe most strikingfeature ofBritishtowns and cities?
2. What does a British individual house look like?
3
How do you understand the English proverb: “An
Englishman’s home ishis castle”?
4.When did councils startbuilding blocks offlats?
5.Are blocks offlats popularin Britain?
6.What isthe favourite building materialin Bntain today?
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
1A of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about some features of British buildings.
d) Tell your groupmates about the block of flats/the private
house you live in.
24. Listen to the Text “Some Trendsin theHistory ofBuilding”
about the evolution of dwellings and a number of trends of the
history of building.
a) As you listen, fill in the chart.
The firsttrend
The second trend
The third trend
The fourth trend
28 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
IB of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text.
UNIT 2
GREAT CIVIL ENGINEERS
Ш
SECTION 1
VO CABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1.
Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
“Vladimir G. Shukhov” and translate the given sentences.
1. tower [Чаиэ] n—башня; небоскреб, высотное здание
broadcasting tower ['bradkaistip] —радиобашня
The Eiffel Toweris an 1889 iron towerlocated in Paris that has
become one ofthe most recognizable structures in the world.There
are over 4,000 rowerblocks, homes for about 800,000 people.
2. flank[flaeijk]v— располагатьпобокам, примыкать
The central street isflankedby two slender octagonal towers.
3. curve [кэ: v] n— кривая; закругление
The weight isdistributed along thecurveofthe arch.
4. roof[ru:f]n— крыша, кровля, кровельное покрытие
rooferп— кровельщик
The concrete roofoithe new four-storeybuilding wasput on.
Rooferswork outdoors and at heights, and use ladders and scaffolding.
5. stress n—(механическое) напряжение
Building designers have to know about stress.
30 j Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
6. deform [di'fo:m] v —деформировать(ся), коробить(ся)
deformation п—деформация
Heat deforms plastics. The amount and character of the
deformations are connected with the chemical composition and
physical structure of engineering materials.
7. beam [bi:m] n—балка
straightbeam [ streit] — прямая балка
Beamsare very important membersin many structures.
8. shell n— оболочка, каркас, обшивка
grid (lattice) shell [ laetis] — сетчатая (решетчатая) обо
лочка
After the fire, all that was left was the burned-out shellofthe
building. Asgridshellsbecame more popular new solutions were
developed in terms of choice of material. The Shukhov Tower
experiences minimum wind load due to its latticeshellstructure.
9. metal structure — металлическая конструкция
Themetalstructuresofthe building were assembled on the site.
10. cause [ka:z] v — быть причиной, вызывать
Unsatisfactory organization of work causesdelays.
11 tensile['tensail] adj—работающий на растяжение
An earthquake may move the arch and cause tensileforcesin it.
12.
storey ['sto:ri] n — этаж
Allbuildings ofthe factory were two-storeybuildings.
13.
vault [vo:lt] n v— свод; возводить свод
vaulting n— свод, возведение свода
UNIT 2. GREAT CIVIL ENGINEERS 3 1
glassvaulting— стеклянный свод
high-pitch vaulting — высокий свод
Thevaultand the dome were evolved in the East. The center
pieceofthislarge complex is a five-storeybrick house with internally
cast-iron columns and brick vaulting.
14.
concrete ['kor)kri:t] nadj—бетон; бетонный
Concreteis capable ofwithstanding high temperatures.
15. truss[trAs]n—ферма
steeltruss — стальная ферма
It isnecessary to place trussesto carry the ends ofthe beams.
16. high rising (rise) building ['raizig] — высотное здание
Ahigh-risebuildingisdefined as abuilding 35 meters orgreater
in height, which isdivided into occupiable levels.
17 innovation [.mau'veijn] n—нововведение, новшество
bringinnovations — вводить новшества
innovative ['inaveitiv] adj—новаторский, передовой
The new system in the university canteen was a welcome
innovation. Som e innovations were brought to construction.
A number of innovative fa3ade systems are available including
composite panels.
18. develop [di'vetap] v — разрабатывать, развивать
developmentn—развитие, разработка; застройка
A laminate hasbeendevelopedwhich is suitable forboth inside
and outside use. It has developedinto a very large city. He had
some important developmentsin building construction. The new
developmentmodifies an existing environment.
ill
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
UNIT 2. GREATCIVILENGINEERS 33
19 supportIsa'po-.t](iv - опора, поддерживать, подпирать
Asimplebeam is one thatlieson twosupportsattheends Beams
are used tosupport floors in buildings
20 locate [lau'keit] v — располагать, назначать место
(syn.) place v — помещать, размещать
The entrance to the house islocatedon the south side. The
framesareplacedbetween end walls and spaced at 3metre centres.
2. Read aud translate the following international words. Look
op their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the
part of speech.
4. Match the noun(s) on the left with a suitable item on the
right. U se each item once only.
1. A roofer
2. A broadcasting tower
3 Deformation
4. A steel truss
5.A vault
6. A grid shell
7.Theconstruction company
8.Steelbeams
9. V .G . Shukhov
10. M etal structures
a. changes an object.
b. is semicircular in shape.
c. carry loads
d. brought innovations.
e. were erected.
f. sends radio and TV signals.
g.developed roofsystems.
h. builds and repairs roofs.
l. was pioneered by Shukhov.
j. comprises triangular units.
Architect n, analysis я, industrial adj, innovation n, gallery
n, hyperboloid я, hyperbolic adj, calculation я, membrane я,
optimal adj, theoretical adj, reservoir я, baige я, protection я,
transmission я, cyhndncal adj, elite adj, arch я, arcade я, terminal
я, onginally adv, gigantic adj, parabola n, grandiose adj, rotation я.
5. Replace the underlined words with the wordsbelow.
a) flank b) roof c) support d) shell e) storey
f) vaulting g) truss h) cause i) place j) innovation
3. Match the pairs of antonyms from A and В and translate
them.
A
1. improve
2 ngid
3. low rising building
4 straight
5 solid
6 regressive
7 stoppage
8. low -pitch vaulting
В
a. high rising building
b. innovative
c. high-pitch vaulting
d. deform
e. development
f. tensile
g. curve
h. lattice
1 Only the framework of the building stood after the fire.
2 The wooden beams form a rigid structure to support a roof.
3 The survey examinedtheimpact ofcurrent modernizationwithin
the construction industry. 4 . They installed a protective covering
that forms the top ofthebuilding. 5 .They managed to solve the
technical aspects ofdomingthatbuilding.6. Laigebeamsbearthe
damaged wall.7 .Thisapproach may lead to the improvement in
construction planning and managem ent. 8 . Hotels and rooming
housesstill fine the streets in thistown. 9 .They decided to locate
a new construction site just 30 miles from the city centre.
10. M any firms are likely to consider renovating or constructing
m ulti-floor buildings.
ill
Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
UNIT 2. GREATCIVILENGINEERS 33
19 supportIsa'po-.t](iv - опора, поддерживать, подпирать
Asimplebeam is one thatlieson twosupportsattheends Beams
are used tosupport floors in buildings
20 locate [lau'keit] v — располагать, назначать место
(syn.) place v — помещать, размещать
The entrance to the house islocatedon the south side. The
framesareplacedbetween end walls and spaced at 3metre centres.
2. Read aud translate the following international words. Look
op their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the
part of speech.
4. Match the noun(s) on the left with a suitable item on the
right. U se each item once only.
1. A roofer
2. A broadcasting tower
3 Deformation
4. A steel truss
5.A vault
6. A grid shell
7.Theconstruction company
8.Steelbeams
9. V .G . Shukhov
10. M etal structures
a. changes an object.
b. is semicircular in shape.
c. carry loads
d. brought innovations.
e. were erected.
f. sends radio and TV signals.
g.developed roofsystems.
h. builds and repairs roofs.
l. was pioneered by Shukhov.
j. comprises triangular units.
Architect n, analysis я, industrial adj, innovation n, gallery
n, hyperboloid я, hyperbolic adj, calculation я, membrane я,
optimal adj, theoretical adj, reservoir я, baige я, protection я,
transmission я, cyhndncal adj, elite adj, arch я, arcade я, terminal
я, onginally adv, gigantic adj, parabola n, grandiose adj, rotation я.
5. Replace the underlined words with the wordsbelow.
a) flank b) roof c) support d) shell e) storey
f) vaulting g) truss h) cause i) place j) innovation
3. Match the pairs of antonyms from A and В and translate
them.
A
1. improve
2 ngid
3. low rising building
4 straight
5 solid
6 regressive
7 stoppage
8. low -pitch vaulting
В
a. high rising building
b. innovative
c. high-pitch vaulting
d. deform
e. development
f. tensile
g. curve
h. lattice
1 Only the framework of the building stood after the fire.
2 The wooden beams form a rigid structure to support a roof.
3 The survey examinedtheimpact ofcurrent modernizationwithin
the construction industry. 4 . They installed a protective covering
that forms the top ofthebuilding. 5 .They managed to solve the
technical aspects ofdomingthatbuilding.6. Laigebeamsbearthe
damaged wall.7 .Thisapproach may lead to the improvement in
construction planning and managem ent. 8 . Hotels and rooming
housesstill fine the streets in thistown. 9 .They decided to locate
a new construction site just 30 miles from the city centre.
10. M any firms are likely to consider renovating or constructing
m ulti-floor buildings.
34 I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
6. Read and translate the following groups of sentences paying
attention to the words in italics which can function as a noun
and a verb, or a verb and an adjective, or a noun and an adjective,
with the same form. They can have similar ordifferent meanings.
Look up yourdictionary if necessary.
1. a . Did the speaker stressthe need forbetter education?
b. Stresscan lead to the building collapsing.
c. Theyplace too much stresson money and position.
2. a . He mentioned the causeofstructural failure.
b.Thesefactscausean increaseinthe span ofthebeam.
c. Don’t stay away withoutgood cause.
3. a . They should concretethegardenpath.
b.Thiscausedthe expansion ofthe concretefloor.
c. The walk was paved with concrete.
4. a . Beamsoflightpenetrated the darkness.
b. The transmitter beamsradio waves all over the country.
c. A frame consists of beams and columns with
foundation.
5. a . Various materials can be used to construct a water
tower.
b. The high mountains towerover the little town.
c. Piles were driven for a platform to support a tower
crane.
7. Study the following patterns showing the ways some nouns
are formed from verbs and adjectives, and some adverbs are formed
from adjectives. Complete the charts. Some of the missing words
are from the texts of the Unit. Read and translate them into
Russian. U se your dictionary to help you with the pronunciation.
Pattern 4
IVerb/Adjective +-ance/-ence
-»Noun|
The -ance/-ence suffixes are used
foran action, or quality of something
UNIT 2.GREATCIVILENGINEERS
Example, accept-принимать -> acceptance — принятие
depend — зависеть -» dependence — зависимость
resist
appear
elegant
abundant
important
exist
occur
absent
convenient
different
Pattern 5
Verb+-ure->Noun
The -ure suffixis used for an act or condition ofsomething.
Example,fail —разрушаться -> failure — разрушение
depart
disclo se
please
expose
mix
close
Verb/Adjective
Noun
Verb
Noun
2*
36 Английский лзы к д лл студентов строительных специальностей
Pattern 6
I Adjective + -ly
-
» Adverb |
Exampleexact — точный
exactly — точно
Adjective
Adverb
independent
_______________ ____
correct
___________________
equal
___________________
cheap
___________________
obvious
___________________
proper
___________________
frequent
_______ __ ________
_
rapid
___________________
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
A. Complete the tense chart. Use the verb write for the
Active Voice.
ACTIVE
Simple
Continuous
Present
h e writes
w e are writing
Past
Future
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
UNIT2.GREATCIVILENGINEERS 37
B. Compare the following sentences and translate them.
1.
They cleanthe office every day. They arecleaningthe office
now. They havecleanedthe office for two hours. They have been
cleaning the office for two hours 2 They cleaned the office
yesterday. They havejust cleanedthe office. They were cleaning
the office when the boss came. Theyhadcleanedthe office when
the boss came. They hadbeencleaningthe office for two hours
whenthebosscame.3
. 1think they willcleanthe office tomorrow.
They willbecleaningthe office when the boss comes. They will
havecleanedthe officebythe time the boss comes. They willhave
beencleaningthe officefor two hours when the boss comes.
9.
Write the following sentences in the negative form. Then
change them to general, alternative, special (beginning with the
question-words given in brackets) and tag questions.
1.They constructed two houseslast year. (When?What? How
many? Who?) 2. My friends are building their own house now.
(What? When? Who? Whose?) 3 He has known him for a long
time. (Who? How Long?)4.The office usually closes at 7o’clock
in the evening. (When? Whattime? What1****678)5.The chief engineer
willbe visitingthe construction site in the suburbs ofthe town from
2o’clocktill4 o’clocktomorrow. (Where?When?Whattime?Who?)
6.Theyhadbuilta new hospitalbefore I came to thattown. (What?
When?Who?)7.Thedesigner was using a computerinthe office
at3o’clockyesterday.(Where?What? When?Whattime?Who?)
8. My fellow students will have their field training during the
vacation. (When?What? Who?Whose?) 9.They willhavefinished
constructionbythe end oftheyear. (What?When?Who?) 10.We
havebeen developing this product fortwo years. (What? How long?
Who?)
38 I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
10. Fill the gaps with the correct form of the verb. Translate
the sentences into Russian.
1.
The number of people working in building construction
_
_
_
_
_
(go down). 2 . The manufacture of these structures
._________
(grow) over severaldecades. 3
. 1am sure they__________
(offer) him a new job next week 4. By the mid-1990s, the
country’s production ofbuilding materials_________ (double). 5.
Technical requirements inbuilding construction_________ (grow)
day to day now. 6 . They_________(take up) repairs for various
roads last year. 7 The builder says h e _________ (finish) the roof
bynext Saturday 8. They_________(make)products at the lowest
possible cost at that time. 9. Many construction projects usually
_________
(suffer) from financial problems. 1 0 .1 __________(work)
at the plant for three yeas when my brother arrived. 11 . The
company __________(make) new typesofproducts atthistime next
year. 12.When Mr. Brown retires next year, he_________ (work)
for this company for25 years.
11. Read and translate the following sentences into Russian
paying attention to the predicates used in the Simple, Continuous,
Perfect and Perfect Continuous forms.1
1.
Abouttwo thousandphotos and negatives madebyVladimir
G. Shukhovhave survived untilthisday. 2 .Theyhavebeen working
out a new production plan fortwo weeks. 3 .Citieswillgrow, but
the growth must be controlled. 4 .Vladimir G. Shukhov brought
a lot of innovations to the oil industry and the construction of
numerous bndges and buildings 5. They were conducting an
interesting expenment on the construction site from 9 o’clocktill 12
o’clockyesterday.6 .Atpresent thisdepartment isconducting tests
on new matenals. 7 .Afterthe exhibitionhad closed, the tower of
rare beauty wasboughtbythe well-knownMaecenas andplaced m
hisestate. 8 . Steeltrusses are clearlyvisible, and they demonstrate
the elegance ofthe grandiosebuilding. 9 .VladimirG. Shukhov’s
UNIT2.GREATCIVILENGINEERS 39
innovative and exquisite constructions still grace many towns across
Russia. 10 . The investigation has shown that, if properly used,
tower cranes will effect considerable savings m building costs by
avoiding the necessity for double handling of materials and by
enabling largepieces of a structure to beprefabncated on the ground
andthen hoisted into position 11.Hehasknown the chiefengineer
for three years.
12.
Read and translate the following sentences with used to
(раньше, прежде, когда-то, в прошлом).
Example
Не usedtobe an engineer.
—
Когда-то он был инженером.
1.
Building operations used to stop in very bad winter
conditions. 2 . I used to have a car, but 1sold it. 3 .The factory
usedto bein the citycentre. 4 .He used towork as a construction
workerbefore he started his ownbusiness. 5 . Did he use to live in
thattown whenhe was a child?6.1didn’t use to drive to work.
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13.
What do you know about Vladimir G. Shukhov? Read the
statements given below and say if they are right or wrong. If the
statements are not right, make the necessary corrections.
a) V.G . Shukhov developed hyperboloid structures.
b) Based on the calculations ofthe optimal diameter and wall
thickness ofpipelines, Shukhov designed the first Russian oil
tanker.
c) V.G . Shukhov contributed to the development of new
architectural formsin Russia.
40 Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
d)Thefirsthypeiboloid structure in the world wasthe steellattice
37-meter tower built by V.G Shukhov for the 1896 All-Russia
industnal and art exhibitioninNizhniy Novgorod.
e) Petrovsky Passage, an elite department store, and the Kiyevsky
RailTerminal m Moscow were designedbyV.G . Shukhov.
0 The Shukhov radio tower, also known as the Shabolovka
tower, is not a hyperboloid structure.
14.
Read Text 2A to find out ifyou are right or wrong. Use
the introductory phrases given in Unit 1.
• TEXT 2A
Vladimir G. Shukhov
Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (1853—
1939) was a great Russian engineer, scientist
and architect renowned for his pioneering
works on new methods o f analysisfor structural
engineenng that led to breakthroughs in
industnal design. Besides the innovations he
broughtto the oilindustry and theconstruction
of numerousbridges and buildings, Shukhov
wasthe inventorofa new familyofdoubly-
curved structural forms. These forms based
on non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry are
known today as hyperboloids of revolution.
Shukhov developed not only many varieties of light-weight
hyperboloid towers and roofsystems, but also the mathematics for
their analysis.
V.G Shukhov is referred as the Russian Edison He was one
of the first to develop practical calculations of stresses and
deformations ofbeams, shells and membranes on elasticfoundation.
These theoretical results allowed him to design the first Russian oil
tanker, new types of oil tanker barges, and oil reservoirs The
UNIT 2 . GREATCIVILENGINEERS 41
same principle of the shell on an elastic foundation allowed
calculating the optimal diameter, wall thickness and fluid speed for
the fluid pipelines.
V G. Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist
architecture of earlySoviet Russia. As aleading specialist of metallic
structures (hyperboloid structures, thin-shell structures, tensile
structures), he may be compared with G. Eiffel. Shukhov’s
innovative and exquisite constructions stillgrace many towns across
Russia.
Forthe 1896All-Russia industnal and art exhibition in Nizhniy
Novgorod V.G . Shukhov built the steel lattice 37-meter tower
which became the first hyperboloid structure in the world. The
astonishing hyperboloid steelgnd shellcauseddehghtofthe European
specialists. Afterthe exhibition had closed,the tower of rarebeauty
was bought by the well-known Maecenas of that time Yu.S .
Nechayev-Maltsov andplaced in his estate Polibino, Lipetskoblast,
where ithaspreserved untilnow underthe state protection. In the
subsequentyears, Shukhovdeveloped numerous structures ofvanous
hyperboloid steelgnd shells and used them in hundreds of water
towers, sea lighthouses and supports forpowertransmission lines.
The hyperboloid structures appeared abroad only 10 years after
Shukhov’s invention.
PetrovskyPassageisan elite department store openedinPetrovka
Street in downtown Moscow in 1906.VladimirShukhovdesigned
a covered arcade with two wide three-storey galleries covered with
high-pitched semi-cylindrical glassvaulting. The second storeys of
opposite galleries are connected by exquisitelydesigned ferroconcrete
catwalks. In the 1990s, the shop was revamped asthe centre ofone
ofthe most expensive shopping areasin Europe.
The Kiyevsky RailTerminal is one ofthe nine railterminals of
Moscow. The station was built between 1914 and 1918 m the
Byzantine Revival style. Originally named the Bryansk Rail
Terminal, itwas designedby Ivan Rerbeig andVladimirShukhov;
itisconsidered animportantlandmark ofarchitecture and engineenng
ofthe time. The station building isflanked by a gigantic landing
42 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
platform which is distinguished by its simplicity and constructive
boldness. The platforms arecovered by massiveglassed arch structures
intheform ofaparabola. Open-work steeltrusses areclearlyvisible,
and they demonstrate the elegance ofthegrandiosebuilding.
The Shukhov radiotower, alsoknown astheShabolovka tower,
isabroadcasting tower in Moscow designed byV. Shukhov. The
160-metre-high free-standing steel structure was built in the period
of 1919 — 1922. It is a hyperboloid structure. Due to its lattice
structure the steelshelloftheShukhov Towerexperiences minimum
wind load (the main hazard forhigh-rising buildings). The tower
sections are single-cavity hyperboloids ofrotation made ofstraight
beams, the ends of which rest against circular foundations. The
towerislocated afew kilometers south oftheMoscow Kremlin.
Shukhov is also reputed forhis originaldesigns of more than
180bridges across the Volga, Yenisey, Dnieper, and other rivers.
15. Find in Text 2A the paragraph saying about the structure
of the Shukhov radio tower and translate it into Russian.
16. Read aloud paragraphs 2 and 3 ofText 2A.
17. Explain the following references.
a) Theseformsbased on non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry
are known today ashyperboloidsofrevolution.
What does the demonstrative adjective thesereferto?
b) V. Shukhov developed the mathematics for theiranalysis.
Whatdoesthepronoun theirreferto?
c) V.G . Shukhov is referred to as the Russian Edison.
Who is Edison referred to?
d) he maybecompared with G.Eiffel.
Who is G.Eiffelreferred to?
e) itisconsidered an important landmark ofarchitecture and
engineering ofthe time.
Whatdoesthepronoun itreferto?
UNIT 2 . GREATCIVILENGINEERS 43
f)
Th. station building is flankedby agigantic landing platform
which isdistinguishedbyitssimplicity and constructive boldness
Whatdoes thepronoun itsreferto?
18. FindinText 2A some key words and expressions to speak
about V.G . Shukhov’s innovations in building engineering and
architecture. Retell the Text in English.
19. Skim Text 2B “V.G . Shukhov’s Biography” and try to
understand what it is about and what information is new to you.
• TEXT 2B
V.G . SHUKHOV 'S BIOGRAPHY
VladimirShukhov wasbom inthetown ofGraivoron, Belgorod
uyezd, Kursk gubemiya (in present-day Belgorod oblast) into a
petty noble family. His father Grigory Shukhov was a minor
governmentofficial,promoted forhis effortsintheCrimeanWar.
ForawhileGrigory served as Mayor ofGraivoron and later asan
administrator in Warsaw
In 1864Vladimir entered St. Petersburg gymnasium from which
he graduated with distinction in 1871 During his high school years
he showed mathematical talents, once demonstrating to his
classmates and teacher an originalproofof the Pythagorean theorem.
The teacher praised his skillsbut he failed the
grade for violating the guidelines of the
textbook.
After graduating from the gymnasium,
Shukhov entered the Imperial Moscow
TechnicalSchoolin whichhisteachers mcluded
Pafnuty Chebyshev, Aleksey Letnikov, and
Nikolay Zhukovsky. In 1876 Shukhov
graduated from the school with distinction and
a Gold Medal. Chebyshev proposed him a
job as a lecturerin mathematics atthe Imperial
44 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Moscow TechnicalSchool,but Shukhov decided to seek ajobin
the industry instead.
ThereuponShukhov wentto Philadelphiato work on the Russian
pavilion attheWorld’s Fairandto studytheinner workings ofthe
Amencan industry. During his stay in the US Shukhov came to
know a Russian-Amencan entrepreneur, AlexanderBari who also
worked on the organization ofthe Fair.
In 1877 Shukhov returned to Russia and joined the drafting
office of the Warsaw-Vienna railroad. Within several months,
Shukhov’s frustration with standard and routine engineenng made
him abandon the office andjoin a military-medical academy. On
hiscoming to Russiain 1877,Banpersuaded Shukhov to give up
hismedical education and to assume the office ofChiefEngineerin
a new company specializing in innovative engineenng. Shukhov
worked with Ban forthis company until the OctoberRevolution
Their works revolutionized many areas ofcivil engineering, ship
engineenng, and oil industry.The thermal cracking method,the
Shukhov cracking process, was patented byVladimirShukhov in
1891
Shukhov always found time for a passionate hobby —
photography. The photographic works of Shukhov opened new
trends ahead oftheirflourishing offine art photography. He made
photos in vanous genres: city landscape, portrait, constructivism.
Abouttwo thousand photosand negatives madebyShukhov have
survived until this day.
After the October Revolution Shukhov decided to stay in the
Soviet Union despite having received alluringjob offersfrom around
the world. Many signal Soviet engineering projects ofthe 1920s
were associated with his name. In 1919heframed his slogan: “We
should work independently from politics. Thebuildings, boilers,
beams are needed and so are we” . In the later 1930s he retired
from engineenng work. Shukov died on February 2, 1939 in
Moscow and wasbuned atthe NovodevichyCemetery
UNrT2.GREATCIVILENGINEERS 45
20. Identify the topic of each paragraph of Text 2B.
21. Answer the following questions.
a) Where was V.G . Shukhov born9
b)What familywas hebom into?
c) Why did the high school teacherpraise Vladimir’s skills?
d) Did V.G . Shukhov work as alecturer in mathematics atthe
ImperialMoscow TechnicalSchool?
e) Why did V.G . Shukhov go to Philadelphia?
f) What innovationsdid V.G . Shukhov bring to civil and ship
engineenng, working with Ban9
g)What was V.G . Shukhov’s hobby?
h) Did Shukhov receive anyjob offersfrom around the world?
22.ReadText2C “John Smeaton — theFirstCivilEngineer”
and answer the questions. Discuss your answers with your
groupm ates.
a) Why isJohn Smeaton regarded as the father ofthe civil
engineenngprofession?
b)What was John Smeaton’s research into powersources?
c)WhatwasJohnSmeatoncharged withbythePresidentofthe
Royal Society?
d)What were JohnSmeaton’sdevelopments inthe field ofthe
engineering use ofcement and concrete?
e) Why is the depth of John Smeaton’s influence on civil
engineeringphenomenal?
f)WhydidJohn Smeaton wantpractisingprofessional engineers
to dine together?
g)What led to the founding ofthe Intuition ofCivil Engineers?
46 IАнглийский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
• TEXT 2С
John Smeaton — the First Civil Engineer
В
John Smeaton firstdescribed himselfas a
civil engineer m 1768. In doing so, he
identified a new profession that was distinct
from that ofthe military engineerswho, since
ancienttimes, had undertaken the construction
of all public infrastructure. Thus, at the time,
civil engineering encompassed all non-m ilitary
engineering. Although in 1847, after a frenzy
of railway construction, mechanical
engineering bifurcated from civil engineering
as an independent discipline.
An innovative and intelligent man, Smeaton remains one of
the most revered professionals of engineering and is regarded as
the father ofthe civil engineering profession.
The son of a Yorkshire lawyer, John Smeaton was born in
1724, in Austhorpe, Leeds, UK . Before his 16th birthday, while
still at school, his talent for engineering and use of mechanical
toolspossessed him to assemble aturning-lathe. Smeaton proceeded
to become an instrument-maker. His research into windmills,
watermills and other sources of power resulted, in 1754, in a
systematic set of scientific expenments that made it clearthat an
overshot waterwheelis more efficient than an undershot wheel.
In 1756the President ofthe Royal Societyfamouslychaiged Smeaton
withthe construction ofthe Eddystone Lighthouse, a structure required
to warn shipsawayfrom the Eddystone rocks, 14miles southwest of
Plymouth. Smeaton’s design, which remains a symbol of the
profession, was completed in 1759 and lasted until 1881.
Smeaton’s industry resulted in two developmentsthat made an
important contribution to the success ofthe Eddystone Lighthouse.
First, he used a new kind ofinterlocking stone construction, and
second, he developed a water-resistant (hydraulic) mortar to bind
the blocks togetherby mixingblue lime and pozzolamc material
UNIT 2 . GREATCIVILENGINEERS
from Italy. Smeaton’s observation that thebest hydraulic cements
were those madefrom limestone containing certainproportions of
clayey material are regarded asthe starting point ofthe modem
engineering use ofcement and concrete.
Today Smeaton remains one of civil engineering heavy
weights — thebreadth anddepth ofhisinfluence arephenomenal.
In his career, Smeaton designed the first successful Eddystone
Lighthouse, greatly improved on Newcomen’s steam engine, and
designed windmills, watermills, canals and bridges.
JohnSmeaton died onthe28October, 1792.
Hisenduring legacy ismore than the engineering works, some
ofwhich remain as monumentstothegreatmanhimself.Notonly
is he widely regarded as the founder of the civil engineering
profession, buthis methods ofconstruction site management and
supervision are stillin use today.John Smeaton clearlyunderstood
that managing people correctly was as important as design and
construction.
It was Smeaton’s desire that practising professional engineers
should dine together — so that they mightgetto know one another
better and thereby avoid potential hostility that might arise in their
public dealings — that spawned the formation ofthe Society ofCivil
Engineers in 1771.
While the Society remains as a social society today, it is true
that the conceptofco-operation in competitionbetween engineers
led to the founding ofthe Institution ofCivil Engineers in 1818.
23.
Listen to theText “The FatheroftheAmerican Skyscraper”
about the American civil engineer and architect William Le Baron
Jenney.
Study thefollowing commentary.
theLeiterBuilding — здание магазинафирмы “Лейтер”
t
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
48 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
a) Answer the questions that follow.
1.When and where wasWilliamJenneyborn7
2.Wheredidhebeginhisformal education7
3.WhydidhemovetoPans7
4. Who was his classmate?
5.Where did William Jenneybegin his own architectural office?
6.What building isJenney most famousfor?
7 What is the design ofthisbuilding7
8.What methoddidhe useto reduce theweightofthebuilding?
9. How did he solvethe problem offireproofconstruction?
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
2A of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about William Jenney.
d) Tellyour groupmates about some otherAmerican or British
civil engineers and architects you know.
24. Listen to the Text “Nikolai V. Nikitin”.
a) You will hear the numbers given below in the chart. Say
what these numbers refer to.
1907
1930
1932
1937
1957
3
1973 240
1949
1953
85
540
1963
1967 500
42
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
2B of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text.
UNIT 3
JOBS IN CONSTRUCTION
Ш
SECTION 1
VO CABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1.
Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
“Occupations in the Construction Industry” and translate the
given sentences.
1. occupy['akjupai] v— занимать (помещение и т п.)
occupation [pkju'peijn] п—род занятий, профессия
trade — профессия, ремесло; производство, промыш
ленность
trade worker(labourer) — промышленный рабочий
constructiontrade worker — строительныйрабочий
The family occupied a small flat. Please state your name,
address, and occupation. The building industry comprises skilled
and unskilled workers in many trades. Having completed the
preparation ofthe site, thetrade workersbegin the initial stage
2. contractor [kan'traskta] n— подрядчик
constructioncontractor — строительный подрядчик
general contractor — генеральный подрядчик
subcontractor LsAbkan'traekta] n — субподрядчик
Thecontractorshould also be aware of all thesubcontractors so
that thebest sequence ofbuilding operations canbe secured.
5 0 Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
3. sewer ['s(j)u.s] ѵ — канализационный коллектор
sewerage ['s(j)u:9rid3] п — канализационная система
install a sewerage system — прокладывать (устанавли
вать) канализационную систему
The removal of all kind of liquid waste is usually done by means
o f sewers which are a part of a sewerage system.
4. relate (to) [ri'leit] v — относиться, иметь отношение
closely related —тесно связанный
The form of a building component is related to the way in which
it is used Air-conditioning is closely related to ventilation.
5. carpentry ['ka:pantri] — плотничье дело, плотничьи ра
боты
carpenter ['kccpsnta] п — плотник, столяр
The coming of the Iron Age brought tools which made possible
the developm ent o f carpentry. A carpenter checks vertical and
horizontal work.
6. plumbing І'рілтіг)] n — водопроводная система
plumber ['ріл т э] n — водопроводчик
Great technological advances have been made in plumbing. As
soon as theplumbers have finished their work, the carpenters begin.
7 schedule ['Jedju:l] n — график, режим (работы), распи
сание
complete a job on schedule — закончить работу по гра
фику
The building was completed on schedule.
8. plaster ['pla:sta] n v — штукатурка; штукатурить
apply plaster — наносить штукатурку
plasterer n — штукатур
UNIT3.JOBSINCONSTRUCTION 51
A float (мастерок) is a tool for smoothing theplaster on a
wall. Theplasterer usually shows up after all the internal walls
were built.
9. reinforce [,ri:in'f3:s] v — укреплять, усиливать
reinforcementn—арматура, армирование, укрепление
Toreinforceordinary concrete structures is to introduce steel
rods. There are two kinds of reinforced concrete: with ordinary
reinforcementand concrete with prestressed reinforcement.
10. site n— место работ, территория строительства
construction (building)site — стройплощадка
Thesiteforthe new factory has notbeen decided.Thebuilding
materialsproduced are transported to theconstructionsites.
11. order ['o:da] nv — заказ; порядок; приказ; заказывать
obtain an order [sb'tein] — получать заказ
inorderto — для того, чтобы
Your orderis nearly ready. The house is in good order. They
orderedsome new finishing materials. Careful thought had to be
given to the composition ofthe plastic inordertomake itfireproof.
12.
employ[im'pbi] v— нанимать (наработу);использовать
employer[inTpbia] и — наниматель, работодатель
Only high quality cement should be employedfor reinforced
concrete work. He asked his employerfor a pay rise.
13.hang (wall)paper — оклеивать обоями
paperbanger — оклейщик обоев
Mywife wants tohangpaperson the wall but I would ratherpaint
them. Paperhangers,like mostpersons who work in the decorating
industry, tend to have an eye for colour, texture, and form.
52 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
14. mason ['meisn] п— каменщик; производить кладку
brickmason — каменщик
masonry ['meisnri] п— кирпичная или каменная кладка
Skilled labouris required forgood stone masonryconstruction
because the defects leftby a careless mason cannot be rectified easily.
15. supervise['s(j)u:pavaiz] v— наблюдать, контролировать
supervision [,s(j)u:p3'vin3n] n— надзор, контроль
supervisorn —бригадир,руководитель работ
superintendent [,s(j)u:p3rin'tend3nt] n — управляющий,
руководитель, заведующий
He supervisedthe labourers on the construction site. He can
only operate the machine under supervision. The supervisor will
showyouhowto workthe machine. Thesupenntendant\sincharge
ofbuilding.
16. varnish['vQ-.nif]v — лак, олифа; покрывать лаком
stain лѵ— краска; протрава, морилка; красить; протрав
лять
Varnishplays an important role in finishing wooden surfaces.
Painted surfaces arevarnishedto enhance their appearance ofthe
paint. Stainisused to changethe colour ofvarioustypesofcheap
quality wood. The wooden doors werestainedbrown.
17. partition [pa:'tijn] — перегородка, внутренняя стена
Partitionsseparate space from space.
18. glaze [gleiz] v — вставлять стекла, застеклять
glazier['діешэ] n— стекольщик
Therearedifferenttypesofglazingcompoundsthat can be used
toglazewindows. Theheating contractor works at the same time as
the glaziers.
UNIT3. JOBSINCONSTRUCTION 53
19 insulate ['insjuleit] v — изолировать
insulation [,insju'leijn] n — изоляция, изоляционный
материал
Many housescouldbe warmerifthey wereinsulatedagainst heat
loss. Mud was used forfilling the spacesbetween bricks and acted
as concrete and insulation.
20. finish ЛѴ- отделка поверхности (результат); отделы
вать
applyfinishes — отделывать поверхность
finishing materials — отделочные материалы
Builders often finish surfaces m plastic materials. The natural
finishesofmatenalsprovide the decorative effect The factory shows
some very interesting uses offinishingmaterials.
2. Read and translate the following international words. Look
up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the
part of speech.
Segment n, general adj, residential adj, commercial adj,
infrastructure n, tunnel n, coordinate v, specialize v, portion л,
panel n, electrician n, communication n, select v, decorative adj,
interior n adj, exterior n adj, asphalt n, thermoplastic n, column
n, form v, excavation n, assist v, code n, organizational adj,
phase n.
3. Match the words with the definitions below.
a) plumber
b)paper hanger
c) supervisor
d) contractor
e) employer
f) trade worker
g) glazier
h)plasterer
l) mason
j) carpenter
5 4 Английский язы к для студентов строительных специальностей
1. а person who manages
2. a worker skilled at applying plaster
3. a person who gives a job to others
4. a person skilled at making and repairing wooden objects
5. a person who cuts and fits glass
6. a person skilled at sticking wallpaper on the walls o f a room
7. a person who builds or works with stone or brick
8. a person or firm that promises to do work at a fixed rate
9. a skilled worker
10. a person whose job is to fit and repair water pipes, bathroom
apparatus, etc
4.
Match the English word combinations with the Russian
equivalents.
1. to complete on schedule
2. to build a partition
3. to reinforce masonry
4. to apply a varnish
5. to install insulation
6. to supervise a project
7. to install sewerage
8. to relate to construction
9. to apply finishes
10. to apply plaster
11 to select an occupation
12. to glaze a window
a. армировать кладку
b. руководить проектом
c. отделывать поверхность
d. относиться к строительству
e. выбирать профессию
Г закончить по графику
g. наносить штукатурку
h. застеклять окно
i. устраивать изоляцию
j. построить перегородку
k. прокладывать канализацию
l. нанести лаковое покрытие
5.
Read and translate the following sentences. Pay attention
to the meaning of the words and word combinations given below.
I. a) finish v — отделывать
b) finish n — отделка поверхности
c) finisher n — рабочий-отделочник
UNIT3.JOBSINCONSTRUCTION 55
d)finishing nadj—окончательная отделка; отделочный
e)finished adj— обработанный
I. The wood has a beautiful finish. 2 . The finished surface
must have a uniform appearance. 3.They showed two good ways
to insulate and finish a foundation wall. 4 . Sensitive people with
allergies or respiratory conditions often request certain finishing
materials. 5 .A finisherperforms the last step in a manufacturing
process. 6 .Afterallthe interiorfinishing isdoneinstallthe carpet
so thatthereisnodamagedoneto it.
II. a) order v — заказывать; приказывать
b)ordern — заказ; приказ; порядок
c)inorderthat—стем,чтобы
d)inorderto — для того, чтобы
e) out of order — неисправный
1.
Thiscompanyisone ofthe very fewplaceswhereyou can
place an orderforlumber and related building materials on-line.
2. The house isingood order. 3.We orderhighquantitiesat our
suppliers in order not to run out of material during a building
phase. 4 .You willhave to obey my orders. 5. In order to give
timber a new chance as a construction material, the different
research development and marketingprograms should aim atquick
usage ofthe new techniques in timber engineering construction.
6. Themachineisout oforder. 7 .He ordered me to stand up.
8. She checked allherfiguresin orderthatthe report mightbe as
accurate aspossible.
III.
a) site n — участок, место(положение)
b)onsite — на строительной площадке
c) website — сайт вИнтернете
d)site v — располагать, выбирать место
1.Protectivehelmets mustbe worn on site. 2 .Thecompanyis
trying to decide whereto site the newfactory.3 .Shehas ajob on
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
а building site. 4. The site for the new factory has not been decided
yet. 5. Visit o ur website to check out the latest deals on building
materials. 6. Students in this major prepare for careers managing
and inspecting construction sites and buildings.
6. Read and translate the following word combinations which
come from the texts of the Unit. Mind the use of nouns as
attributes in preposition. Look up your dictionary if necessary.
Construction industry, civil engineering construction
contractors, trade contractors, construction trade workers, brick
masons, insulation workers, first-line supervisors and managers,
construction management occupations, field manager, waste water
treatment plants, design and construction processes, specialty trade
contractor, conceptual development stage, site preparation,
construction site activities.
7. Study the following patterns showing the ways some nouns
are formed from verbs and adjectives. Complete the charts with
nouns of the following verbs. Some o f the missing words are from
the texts of the Unit. Read and translate them into Russian. Use
your dictionary to help you with the pronunciation.
Pattern 7
Verb + -age -» Noun
The -age suffix is used for an action, result,
or cost of something.
Example, cover — покрывать -> coverage — покрытие, охват
Verb
Noun
sew
___ ___ ____ ___ ___ _
break
___ ____ ___ ___ ___ _
UNITВ. JOBSINCONSTRUCTION 57
store
stop
waste
pack
use
Pattern 8
Verb + -al —>Noun
The -al suffix is used for an action o f something.
Example, renew — обновлять -н> renewal — обновление
Verb
Noun
remove
_________________
dismiss
_________________
deny
_________________
arrive
Pattern 9
Verb + -ant -> Noun
The -ant suffix is used for a person o r thing that does an activity.
Example: assist — помогать —>assistant — помощ ник
Verb
Noun
consult
_________________
occupy
_________________
58 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
inhabit
account
Pattern 10
I Adjective+ -ity-» Noun~|
The -ity suffix is used for quality.
Example,complex — сложный -» complexity — сложность
Adjective
Noun
a
c
tiv
e
______________________
p r o d u c t i v e ______________________
f
a
t
a
l
______________________
secure
_____________ _________
fo
r
m
a
l ______________________
diverse
creative
______________________
familiar
_____________ _________
responsible
_____________ _ ________
a
b
l
e
______________________
electnc
____________
UNIT 3 . JOBS IN CONSTRUCTION 5 9
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
A. Complete the tense chart. Use the verb make for the
Passive Voice.
PASSIVE
Simple
Continuous
Present
it is made
th ey are being made
Past
it
it
Future
they
Present Perfect
they
Past Perfect
it
FuturePerfect
they
B. Compare the following pairs ofthe sentences and translate
them (Active Voice vs. Passive Voice).
1. They often discuss this film. This film is being discussed
now. 2 . They have discussedthis film for two hours. This film
has been discussed for tw o hours. 3 . They discussed this film
yesterday. The film was discussed yesterday. 4 . They have just
discussedthis film. This film Aasjust beendiscussed. 5 . They were
discussingthis film when she came. This film was beingdiscussed
when she came. 6 . They haddiscussedthis film when she came
The film hadbeendiscussedwhen she came. 7 . I think they will
discussthis film tom orrow. This film willbediscussedtomorrow.
8. They willhavediscussedthis film by the time she comes. The
film willhavebeendiscussedby the time she comes.
9. Rewrite the active sentences as passive ones and translate
Example
My relatives are constructingthe house.
—
The house isbeing
constructedby my relatives
6 0 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
1 General contractors build residential, industrial and
commercial buildings. 2 . They were specializing in one type of
construction at that time 3.They havejust obtained some orders
for their work from the general contractor 4 The electricians
installed the building electncal systems last week. 5 . The insulation
workershad covered structures with insulating matenalsby the end
ofthe week. 6. The plumbers are maintaining manydifferent types
ofpipe systems now. 7. The plasterers will apply concrete to extenor
wallsin a week 8 They willhaveplanned thejobbythe end of
the month
10. Complete the following sentences. Use the passive form
(Simple, Continuous or Perfect) of the verbs in the brackets.
1. The work_______(execute) in team now. 2 . The first
buildings _________ (construct) by hand or with simple tools.
3 By 1993, 1.5 million council houses_________ (sell) in Great
Bntain. 4 . The components_________ (prefabncate), including
all weldedjoints, by the time the construction begins. 5 . In the
near future, thepresent structure ofBuildingConstruction studies
_________
(modify) by the implementation of Bologna Process.
6. Technical changesin thebuilding industry_______(stimulate)
bylargehousingprogramsin the recent years. 7 . Thehotel_________
(build)on the edge ofthe lake atthat timelastyear. 8 . Construction
workers_________ (employ) in the construction industry and work
predominatelyon construction sites.
11. Read and translate the following sentences into Russian
paying attention to the predicates used in the Passive Voice.
A ) Example
Atmost universitiesthe academicyearisdividedinto three terms.
—
Вбольшинствебританскихуниверситетовучебный голраз
делен/делится натри семестра.
UNIT3.JOBSINCONSTRUCTION 61
1.
Construction is usually done or coordinated by general
contractors. 2. The building materials have been delivered to the
construction site on time 3.Decisions regardingdaily construction
activities willbe made at thejobsite. 4 . Management of overseas
construction projects usually entails temporary residence in the
country in which the project isbeing carried out. 5 . The sites and
vehicles had been protected by signs and barricades.
B ) Example
He wasoffereda newjob.
—
Ему предложили новую работу.
1.
Thecarpenter will be shown whatto do. 2.The supervisor
is usually brought papers to sign at 4 o’clock in the afternoon
3. The trade worker has been asked to bring the tools. 4 They
were met at the railway station by theirfriends. 5.The plumber
was told to finish his work on time.
C ) Example
The painting was attentively lookedgt.
—
Накартину внима
тельно смотрели.
1.
Thebrick mason was sentforashe wastheonly oneto do
thatjob. 2 . Each student was spoken to separately. 3 .This author
was referred to in that journal. 4 . This building method will be
dealt with at the next stage of construction. 5 .The finaldecision
was arrived at aftertwo hours’ discussion.
12.
Read and translate the following sentences with emphatic
inversion.
1.
Included in thisdevelopment ofindividuals arebasic technical
skills coupled with an understanding ofthe economic and social
process that influences the building industry. 2 . Attached to the
office building are a laboratory, a workshop and a canteen.
3. Completed properly and expeditiously is every phase of the
project. 4 .Neverbefore had we received such results. 5 .Working
at thisdesign are many consultant experts.
62 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13. Before reading Text ЗА“Occupations in the Construction
Industry”, discuss thesequestions with your groupmates orteacher.
a) What segments istheconstruction industrydividedinto?
b) What are thegeneral contractors’ responsibilities?
c) What is the difference between a general contractor and a
specialty trade contractor?
d) What areas ofthe construction industry are construction trades
workers employed in0
e) Who assists construction trades workers?
0 What are construction managers’duties?
g) Who is responsiblefor completing aproject on schedule?
14. Read Text ЗА to find out ifyou are right or wrong. Use
the introductory phrases given in Unit 1.
• TEXT ЗА
Occupations in the Construction Industry
The construction industry isdivided into three major segments.
Theconstmction ofbuildings segment includes contractors called
general contractors who build residential, industrial, commercial,
and other buildings. Heavy and civil engineering construction
contractors build sewers, roads, highways, bridges, tunnels, and
otherprojects related to infrastructure. Specialty trade contractors
perform specialized activities related to all types ofconstruction such
as carpentry, painting, plumbing, and electrical work.
Construction isusuallydone orcoordinated bygeneral contractors
who specialize in one type of construction such as residential or
commercialbuilding. They takefull responsibility forthe complete
job, except forspecifiedportions ofthe workthat maybe omitted
UNIT3.JOBSINCONSTRUCTION 63
from the general contract. Although
general contractors maydo aportion
ofthework with their own crews, they
often subcontract most ofthe work to
heavy construction or specialty trade
contractors.
Specialty trade contractors usually
do the work of onlyone trade, such as
painting, carpentry, or electrical
work, oroftwoormorecloselyrelated
trades, such asplumbing and heating.
Beyondfittingtheir work tothat ofthe
other trades, specialty trade contractors
have no responsibilityfor the structure
as a whole. They obtain orders for
their work from general contractors,
architects, or property owners.
Construction trades workers are employed in a large variety of
occupations that are involved in all aspects of the construction
industry. Bnck masons build and repair walls, floors, partitions
and other structures with bnck, panels, concrete block, stone,
and othermasonry matenals. Carpenters construct, erect, install,
or repair structures made of wood, such as partitions, putting in
doors and windows, building stairs, and laying floors. Electncians
install, connect, test, and maintain building electrical systems
which can also include lighting, climate control, security, and
communications. Glaziers are responsible for selecting, cutting,
installing, replacing, and removing all types of glass. Insulation
workersline and cover structures with insulating materials. Painters
and paperhangers stain, varnish, and apply other finishes to
buildings and other structures and apply decorative coverings to
walls and ceilings. Plumbers install, maintain, and repair many
different types ofpipe systems. They may also install heating and
cooling equipment and mechanical control systems. Plasterers apply
plaster, concrete, and similar matenals to intenor and exterior
64 IАнглийскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
walls and ceilings. Roofers repair and install roofs made of tar or
asphalt and gravel, rubber or thermoplastic, metal or shingles.
Reinforcing iron and metal workers place and install iron or steel
girders, columns, and other structural members to form completed
structures or frameworks of buildings, bridges, and other
structures. Lastly, construction labourers perform a wide range of
physicallydemanding tasks at construction sites, such as excavation,
waste removal, and demolition. Many construction trades workers
perform their services with the assistance ofhelpers. These workers
assist trades workers and perform duties requiring less skill.
First-line supervisors and managers ofconstruction trades and
extraction workers oversee trades workers and helpers and ensure
that work is done well, safely, and according to the code. They
plan the job and solve problems as they arise. Those with good
oiganizational skills and exceptional supervisory ability may advance
to construction management occupations, including project
manager, field manager or superintendent. These workers are
responsibleforgetting a project completed on schedule byworking
with the architect’s plans, making sure that materials are delivered
on time, assigning work, overseeing craft supervisors, and ensuring
that every phase of the project is completed properly and
expeditiously They also resolve problems and make sure that work
proceeds without interruptions.
15.
Find in Text ЗА the paragraph describing different
construction trades workers’ occupations and translate it into
16. Read aloud paragraphs 2-3 .
17. Explain the following references.
a)
theyoften subcontract most ofthe work to heavy construction
or specialty trade contractors.
Whatdoes thepronoun theyreferto?
и ш 3. JOBS IN CONSTRUCTION 65
b) They often obtain orders for their work from general
contractors, architects, or property owners
Whatdoesthepronountheyreferto?
c) Theseworkers assist trade workers .
What does the demonstrative adjective theserefer to?
d) Theyalso resolveproblems and make surethat workproceeds
without interruptions.
Whatdoesthepronoun theyreferto?
e) Theymay also install heating and cooling equipment
Whatdoesthepronountheyreferto?
18. Underline or mark the main ideas ofText ЗА and retell it
in English.
19. Skim Text 3B “Construction Managers” and try to
understand what it is about and what inform ation is new to you.
• TEXT 3B
Construction Managers
Construction managersplan, direct, coordinate, and budget a
wide variety of construction projects, including the building of all
types of residential, commercial, and industnal structures, roads,
bridges, wastewater treatment plants, and schools and hospitals.
Construction managers may supervise an entireproject orjustpart
of one. They schedule and coordinate alldesign and construction
processes, including the selection, hinng, and oversight of specialty
trade contractors, such as carpentry, plumbing, or electrical, but
they do not usuallydo any actual construction ofthe structure.
Construction managers are managers who oversee construction
supervisors and personnel. They are often called project managers,
3 Зак 312
бб I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
constructors, construction superintendents, project engineers,
construction supervisors, or general contractors.
These managers coordinate and supervisethe construction process
from theconceptualdevelopment stagethroughfinal construction,
making surethattheprojectgets completed on time and within the
budget. They often work with engineers, architects, and others
who are involved in theprocess. Given the designs forbuildings,
roads, bridges, or otherprojects, construction managers supervise
the planning, scheduling, and implementation ofthose designs.
Large construction projects, such as an officebuilding or an
industnal complex, are often too complicated for oneperson to
manage. Accordingly, these projects are divided into various
segments: site preparation, including clearing and excavation of
the land, installing sewage systems, and landscaping and road
construction; building construction, including laying foundations
and erecting the structural framework, floors, walls, and roofs;
and building systems, including protecting against fire and
installing electrical, plumbing, and air-conditioning systems.
Construction managers maybein chaigeofone or severalofthese
activities.
Construction managersdetermine thebest wayto get materials
to the site and the most cost-effective plan for completing the
project. They divide all required construction site activities into
logical steps, estimating and budgeting the time required to meet
established deadlines. Doing this may require sophisticated
scheduling and cost-estimating techniques using computers with
specialized software.
Construction managers also manage the selection ofgeneral
contractors and trade contractorsto complete specificphasesofthe
project which could include everything from structural metalworking
and plumbing to painting, installing electricity and carpeting.
Construction managers determine the labour requirements of
the project and, in some cases, supervise the hiring and dismissal
ofworkers. They oversee theperformance of alltrade contractors
UNIT 3 . JOBS IN CONSTRUCTION 6 7
and are responsible for ensuring that all work is completed on
schedule.
Construction managers direct and monitor the progress of
construction activities through construction supervisors or other
construction managers They are responsible for obtaining all
necessary licenses and, depending upon the contractual
arrangements, for directing or monitoring in compliance with
building and safety codes, other regulations, and requirements set
by the project insurers. They also oversee the delivery and use of
materials, tools, and equipment, workers’safety and productivity,
and the qualityofthe construction.
Working out of a main office or out of afield office at the
construction site, construction managers monitor the overall
construction project. Decisions regarding daily construction
activities aregenerallymade atthejobsite.
Managers mighttravel considerablywhen the construction site is
not close to their main office or when they are responsible for
activities attwo or more sites. Management ofoverseas construction
projects usuallyentails temporary residence in the country in which
theproject isbeing earned out.
20. Find in Text 3B the information about construction
managers’ duties and responsibilities in the following areas and
describe them:
a)designprocess coordination;
b) supervision of a project;
c) contractural arrangements;
d)personnel’s selection and overseeing;
e) construction site activities.
21. Say whetheryou agree or disagree with the views expressed
inText 3B. Prove your points of view.
3*
68 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
22.
Read Text ЗС “Construction Site Safety” and find the
answers to these questions. Discuss your answers with your
groupmates or teacher.
a) Why isconstruction considered to be the most dangerous
working area?
b) Whyisitdifficultto control work environment?
c) What are the main safetyhazards on site?
d) Who is regarded as a non-worker?
e) What are safety signs and barricades urgently required at
construction sites?
f) What regulations and organizationsplace requirements on
employers to protect workers’safety?
• TEXT 3C
Construction Site Safety
Construction isthe mostdangerous landbased work sectorin
Europe (thefishingindustrybeing moredangerous). In the European
Union, the fatal accident rate is nearly 13workersper 100,000 as
against 5 per 100,000 for the all sector average.
In the U.S . there were 1,225 fatal occupationalinjuriesin the
construction sector in 2001 with an incidence rate of 13.3 per
100,000 employed workers. For the same year the construction
industry experienced 481,400 nonfatal injuries and illnesses at a
rate of7.9per 100full-time workersin theindustiy. Construction
has about 6% of U.S . workers, but 20% of the fatalities — the
largest number offatalities reported for any industiy sector.
Theproblem isnotthat thehazards and risks are unknown, itis
thatthey are verydifficultto control in a constantlychanging work
environment.
The leading safetyhazards on site are fallsfrom height, motor
vehicle crashes, electrocution, machines, and being struck by falling
objects. Some of the main health hazards on site are asbestos,
solvents, noise, and manual handling activities.
UNIT 3 . JOBS IN CONSTRUCTION
Many construction sitescannot completelyexclude non-workers.
Road construction sites must often allow traffic to pass through.
Thisplaces non-workers at some degree of nsk.
Road construction sites are blocked-off and traffic is redirected.
The sites and vehicles are protected by signs and barricades.
However, sometimes even these signs and barricades can be a hazard
to vehicle traffic. For example, improperly designed barricades
can cause cars that stnkethem to roll over or even be thrown into
the air. Even a simple safety sign can penetrate the windshield or
roofofa carifhitfrom certain angles.
Under European Union Law, there are European Union
Directives in place to protect workers, notably Directive 89/391
(the Framework Directive) and Directive 92/57 (the Temporary
and Mobile Sites Directive). This legislation is transposed into the
MemberStates and places requirements on employers and others
to assessand protect workers’health and safety.
In the United States the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration sets and enforcesthe standards concerning workplace
safety and health.
23. Listen to the Text “Construction Careers”.
a) Answer the questions that follow.
1. Are construction careers the sameindifferent countries?
2. What is thefirst tier ofconstruction careers characterized by?
3. Whatisspecific ofthe second tier ofconstruction careers?
4. What isthe third tier ofconstruction careersbased on?
5. How are furthereducation qualifications obtained in Britain?
6. How many construction-related apprenticeships were
commenced in Britain in2007?
7.Whatprofessions require more legal responsibility?
*
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
7 0 Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
ЗА of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about different construction careers.
d) Tell your groupmates about any construction career your
relatives or friends made.
24. Listen to the Text "Construction Engineers” .
a) As you listen, make notes under the following headings.
1 The areas in which construction engineers are involved.
2. The design of structures in the 19th - 21st centuries
3 Construction engineers’ role on the building site
4, Construction engineers’ skills.
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
3B of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about construction engineers’ responsibilities.
UNIT 4
A LIVING PLACE
ffl
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1.
Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
“Building Styles” and translate the given sentences.
1. range ['reintfe] n v — ряд, серия, диапазон, интервал,
предел; колебаться в пределах, классифицировать, про
стираться
We will continue with ourplanned rangeofproducts. Course
aggregaterangesinsizefrom20 mm to40 mm.
2. add v — добавлять, прибавлять, присоединять
additive ['aedativ] n—добавка, присадка, примесь
addition['aedifn] n—добавка, присадка
inadditionto — вдополнение к, кроме того, к тому же
Ifthe resistance ofallthe elements ofthe roofstructure isadded,
thisgives the total or overall thermal resistance. This is the most
effective protection against freezing without the use ofharmful
chemical additives. In additiontogiving ageneral introduction to
computers, the course alsoprovidespractical experience.
3.dwellingn— жилище, индивидуальный жилой дом
The cityplan must be flexible so that it may renew its dwellings.
72 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
4.
mansion ['maenfnj п— жилой дом, особняк
A handsome mansionwas erected upon a new site.
5 condominium [(konda'mini3m] n—амер. многоквартир
ный дом (в котором квартиры находятся в частном вла
дении)
This is a luxurious pnvate condominium comprising 16 villas
withprivate gardens and also alarge swimmingpool.
6. tenement ['tenomont] n— многоквартирный дом, сда
ваемый в аренду
The tenement blocks on each side of the street, comprising
21 flats, are to be sold off.
7. blockofflats — многоквартирный жилойдом
Many new blocks offlatsare to be built according to the new
development plan.
8. timber-framedbouse —деревянный каркасный дом
detachedhouse[di'taetft] — отдельно стоящий жилой дом
semi-detachedhouse(semis) —дом издвух квартир
duplex house ['dju.pleks] — амер. двухэтажный дом,
дом-дуплекс(с квартирами, расположенными одна над
другой)
ranch-stylehouse['ramtfstail] —дом типа ранчо
apartmenthouse[o'pcntmont] — многоквартирный дом
mobilehouse ['maubail] — передвижной дом
terracedhouses['terost] —домарядовой застройки
People in the world’s coldest climates prefer to live in timber-
framehouses. M any British people think that a detachedhouse is
the best type ofhouse to have Plot 5 is a three bedroom semi
detachedhousewith parking space. This bedroom duplexhouse is
locatedjust 10 metersfrom the sea. A 15th century toweris attached
UNIT4. A LIVING PLACE 73
to a neat ranch-style house. Apartment houses are mostly built to
suit urban conditions Mobilehouses have very small wheels and
are rarely moved from their usualplace
9.
studio ['stju.-d isu] (syn.) loft n — однокомнатная квар
тира
Alarge studioapartment in thisblock islocated within walking
distance to the tube.
10.housing estate[l'steit] —район жилой застройки
Large modem housingestatesadjacentto the school contrast with
thefarm land opposite the site.
11.housingdevelopment — застройка жилого квартала
The sites are based within the East ofScotland and are mainly
larg e v olu m e housing developments.
12. tiled roof[Tailed]— черепичная крыша
pointed roof — остроконечная крыша, островерхая
крыша
thatched roof ['Gaetft] — соломенная, тростниковая
крыша
This redbrick house built with atiledroofissituated in a nice
area with agarden shed. It is a huge, handsome building with a
central ring of slender iron pillars supporting apointed roof. The
cottage looked so strange with its low white walls and thatchedroof.
13. extend [ik'stend] v — расширять (дом и т.п .), удлинять
Thewalls can be moved and reconstructed toextendthe shop.
14. rather than ['гсиЗэ] — а не, вместо
Ican do itnow ratherthantomorrow.
74 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
15. despite [di'spait]prep— несмотря на
Despitesurplus housing on the market, many families still rely
on social housing construction.
16. contain [kan'tein] v — содержать, включать, вмещать
The formula includes sand and minerals which containoxides
of aluminum, iron calcium and magnesium.
17. date (from) v — существовать (с какого-л . времени),
относиться к определенному времени, вести начало (от
чего-л .)
This type ofhouse datesfromVictorian times.
18.pulldown v — сносить (сооружение)
Inoldtownsand citiesthehouseswhichnolongermeetmodem
requirem ents have beenpulleddown.
19. similar (to) ['simob] adj— подобный, схожий, по
хожий
similarity[^simo'Iaeroti] n— подобие, сходство
My house is similartoyours. How much similarity is there
between these two building styles?
20. close (to) ['klaus] adv — близко
Cement should be stored as closetothe mixers as possible.
2.
Read and translate the following international words. Look
up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the
part of speech
Public adj, style n, associate v, apartment n, basic adj, plus
n, mobile adj, trailer n, cottage n, bungalow n, extremely adv,
pair n, separate adj, professional adj, modernize v, character n,
UNIT4. A LIVING PLACE 75
popular adj, start v, double adj, asbestos n, drainage n, fix v,
equivalent adj.
3. Match the pairs of synonyms from A and В and translate
A
В
1. close
a. resemblance
2. extend
b. include
3. studio
c. house
4. similarity
d. lengthen
5. semi-detached house
e. impressive house
6. dwelling
f. variety
7. range
g. near
8. contain
h. semis
9. mansion
l. additive
10. addition
j. loft
4. M atch the verb on the left with a suitable item on
right. Use each item once only.
1. lay
a. chemical additives
2. build
b. an apartment in atenement
3. range
c. from the 10th century AD
4. use
d. a tiled roof
5. live
e. down an old block offlats
6. date
f. in quantity and intensity
7. sell
g. fashionable with people
8. pull
h. offa ranch-style house
9. rent
i.in an apartment house
10. become
j. a timber-framed house
76 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
5. Make the following sentences complete by translating the
words and phrases in brackets.
I.
Themap shows the range of(застройки жилых кварталов)
around Manhattan. 2 . Technically, а (многоквартирный дом,
в котором квартиры находятся в частном владении) is а
collection ofindividual home units along withtheland upon which
they sit 3. Large numbers of(дома рядовой застройки) were
builtin the suburbs oflargeAustralian citiesin the 1850s 4. (Кро
ме) buying and selling used trucks, the company is also adealer
for new construction equipment. 5 . The decision was taken for
political(а не) military reasons. 6 .Although steelframingis(схо
жий) traditional framing in the construction process, the
construction matenals are vastlydifferent, and builders need to be
trained to use them correctly. 7 . Spacious and dignified apartments
ofthe (район жилой застройки) are especiallyexquisite due to
highly individual designer approach. 8 . Look up and you will see
our building, a tall building with а (остроконечная крыша). 9 .
(Несмотря на) being enthusiastic about having agreen roof, we
really had no idea how to construct one. 10. Cottage housing
provides an option that preserves thepnvacy andpersonalspace of
а (отдельно стоящий жилой дом) in asmaller and less costly
unit.
6. Read and translate thefollowinggroups of sentences paying
attention to the words in italics which can function as a noun
and a verb, or a verb and an adjective, or a noun and an adjective,
with the sameform. They can have similar ordifferent meanings.
Look upyour dictionary if necessary.
1. a. Thecompanyputs out alargerangeofbuilding matenals.
b.Building styles rangefrom modem to country ones
c. They installed a new electnc range.
2. a. Thesechurchesdalefrom the 12th century.
b. This construction method is very up-to-date.
c. I can’t read the dateon this letter.
UNIT4. A LIVING PLACE 77
3. a . Manyfamilies are in need ofbetterhousing.
b.That machine should beprotected bya metalhousing.
c. The main housingproblem is m renovation ofbuildings.
4. a . The shops close on Sundays.
b.The house is closeto the park.
c. The two brothers are very close.
5. a . They live in the top flat.
b. The roof ofthis building isflat
c. His carhad aflattyre
7.
Study the following patterns showing the ways some nouns
are formed from adjectives and other nouns. Complete the charts
with nouns. Some ofthe missing words are from the texts ofthe
Unit. Read and translate them into Russian. Use your dictionary
to help you with the pronunciation.
Pattern 11
Adjective/Noun + -ian —►Noun
The -ian suffix is used for aperson skilledin or studying
the stated subject.
Example', technical — технический —>technician — техник
Adjective/Noun
Noun
electric
______________________
historic
______________________
mathematics
______________________
optical
______________________
political
______________________
78 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Pattern 12
Noun + -ist
Noun
The -ist suffix is used for a person who studies, produces,
plays, or operates.
Example,economics — экономика
- » economist—экономист
Noun
Noun
science
______________________
physics
______________________
tour
______________________
novel
______________________
education
______________________
type
______________________
Pattern 13
I Adjective + -ness
-»Noun|
The -ness suffixis used for a condition, quality,
or degree ofsomething.
Example happy — счастливый —>happiness — счастье
Adjective
Noun
effective
______________________
attractive
______________________
aware
______________________
kind
______________________
friendly
______________________
weak
______________________
UNIT 4. A LIVING PLACE 79
Pattern 14
IAdjective/Noun+-cy -> Noun |
The -cy suffix is used for a state or quality.
Example,accurate —точный —»accuracy —точность
Adjective/Noun
Noun
deficient
efficient
_______
dependent
_______
frequent
___________ ___________
consultant
______________________
president
_____________ ____ _____
agent
_____________ ____ _____
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
Usethemodelverbs must(должен), can (могу,умею), may
(можно, разрешено), should(следует/совет/), oughtto (следу
ет /упрек/)to complete the sentences. There maybe morethan
©
1.
It’s too farto walk from here to the station. You ... take a
taxi. 2 . Sarah got the job because she ... speak five languages.
3. The windows are dirty. I
...
clean them. 4.You ... use a
dictionary. 5
. 1likethishotel room. You ... see thelakefrom the
window.6.It’sagoodfilm.You...seeit.7.He...takemy
book. 8.We ... go to the bank today.Wehave no money.
9. Whenyou aredriving,you ... wear a seatbelt. 10.We ... see
80 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
the lakefrom our window 11.Ifyou have time, you ... visitthe
museum. It’s very interesting. 12 . I
...
come and see you
tomorrow. 13 She ... use this computer program. 14. Your
salary isvery low. You ... look for anotherjob. 15. Mary is a
very interesting person. You . meet her. 16. Take an umbrella
with you when you go out. It ... rain later. 17 Sandra ... drive
but she hasn’tgot a car 18.Tomorrow thegameisveryimportant
for us. We .. win. 19. Students ... bring textbooks into the
examination room. 20 . It’s late and you’re very tired. You ... go
to bed.
9. Refer the following sentences to the past and the future by
changing the forms of the modal verbs must (have to/be to), can
(could, be able to), may (be allowed to); use them in the negative
and interrogative. Translate the sentences into Russian.
A)1.He mustreadthebook.2.Asecretary mustcometo work
in time. 3. We mustpass the examination m English.4 . I must
finish the translation in time 5. He must work hard.
B) 1.She can translate thissentence from English into Russian.
2 Jane can continue herstudiesat the correspondencedepartment.
3. 1can hire a carfrom our localgarage 4. Dr Parker can see
you at twelve on Tuesday. 5. They can use a computer to do
calculations.
C) 1.You may stop workearlytoday.2 The students may use
thislibrary.3. He maytake mybike. 4 .John may use my office.
5. You maygo home afteryour lectures.
10. Read and translate the following sentences with the modal
verbs expressing degrees of certainty and possibilityin the present
and in the future: must (наверное, должно быть), may/might
(вероятно, возможно), can’t(неможетбыть).
1.
Не maylive in an apartment in the downtown area ofthe
city 2.You are a building engineer, aren ’t you?That mustbe an
UNIT4. ALIVING PLACE 81
interestingjob. 3. I may ask you to help me later 4 Mary must
get very tired in herjob She does the same thing everyday. 5. He
might not be working today. 6 That can’t be John, he is in
London.
11. Read and translate the following sentences with the modal
verbs expressing degrees of certainty, possibility or obligation in
the past.
Example
He musthave lost hispen somewhere.
—
Он должнобыть где-
то потерял свою книгу.
You shouldhave done thatjob.
—
Вам следовало{бы)сделать
эту работу.
1.
Most ofthesepipes must havebeen hiddenfrom view inthe
finished house. 2 . Council houses were so badly built that they
should have beenpulled down ten years ago. 3 .They can’t have
builtthe house oftheir own out ofthe nearest available materials.
4. This technology must have been applied to a newly designed
building. 5 . These building experts should have become involved
more actively in the construction process. 6 . This type ofhouse
may nothave become a mansion.
12. Read and translate the following sentences into Russian
paying attention to the meaning and use of the modal verbs and
their equivalent forms.
1.
The foundation has to be strong enough to hold up the
building. 2 . Wet plaster must be given a few weeks to dry out
before that can bedone. 3. The designer mustplan the relationship
between theposition ofthe crane, thelocation ofthe heavierloads
to be lifted, and the position where they are to be placed in the
building. 4 . An apartment with only one room may be called a
studio or a loft. 5 . While the foundations are being built, the
82 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
main drains must be laid to connect up to the public sewers. 6 .
Travel from Western France across to the Urals and you willbe able
to see citiessurroundedbymodem high-rise blocks offlats. 7. He
can’t havefinished thatjobyesterday.8 Once the foundation and
floorwerecomplete, the mainpart ofthe house couldbebuilt up.
9.Allconstructionpreparations may have been completed last week
10. The consulting engineersare ofthe opinion that a steel frame
ought to be used in the interests ofthe speed of construction. 11
Plaster might be applied straight on to back walls. 12. The first
courses ofbricks willhave to bebuiltcarefully,forthe wholebuilding
will rest on them. 13 .Heavytimbers shouldbe usedforsupporting
the roof. 14.They willbe allowed to beginwork inside the house
when the outer shellis complete. 16.He shouldhave movedfrom
a house into a bungalow. 17. Since the 1980s, council tenants
havebeen able to buy their own homes very cheaply ifthey have
lived in them for overtwo years. 18 . Ifrents are high nearwhere
people work, they have to commute long distances by carorbus
every day.
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13.
Before you read Text 4A “Building Styles”, study the
statements given below. Do you think they are true or false?
a) There are only old buildings in Britain.
b)There are alot oflarge houses in the United States.
c)Americansdon’t like to live in city centres.
d)There are a lot ofdifferent types ofhousesin the US.
e) Villages are not pleasant places to live.
f)Adetached houseisthe mostprestigioustype ofhouse.
g)Asemi-detached house isthe most expensive type ofhouse.
h)Onlyworkingpeople livein terraced houses.
l) Cottages are regarded asdream homesbysomepeople,
g) Blocks offlats were builtbecause they didn’t need any repair.
UNIT4. ALIVING PLACE 83
14.
ReadText4A. Find the answers to the true/false statements.
There is one statement for each paragraph. Discuss your answers
with your groupmates.
• TEXT 4A
Building Styles
Houses and publicbuildings in Britain and the US have been
builtin a range ofstylesand materials. Old and new stand sideby
side. In Britain there are timber-framed houses, buildings ofbrick
or stone, and modem concrete and glass structures. Many US
architectural styles came originally from Europe.
In the US there isplenty ofspace, exceptinbig cities, so many
housesare laigeandhave alot ofgarden around them. Most are
detached,butthere are alsoduplexes. Ranch-stylehouses arebuilt
on one flooronly.Mansions are verylargehouses where nchpeople
live. Some types ofhouses are associated with certainparts ofthe
country. New York City, for instance, is famous for its
brownstone, tall, narrow buildings named after the material used
tobuild them. In the Midwestthere are many woodenframe houses
withpointed roofs. The South has wooden housesbuiltbefore the
CivilWarin the antebellum style. But all over the US houses are
built in many different styles.
ManyAmericanspreferto live
in the suburbs rather than in a
city centre in order to have a
pleasant environment andplenty
of space. They often live on
housing developm ents, areas
where allthe houses werebuiltat
the same time and are similarin
style.
In cities manypeople rent an
apartment in an apartment
building.Apartments usuallyhave
8 4 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
no more than three bedrooms, and are often rented furnished.
An apartment with only one room may be called a studio or a
loft. A building in which the apartments are owned by the people
wholiveinthem is called a condominium or a co-op. Poorpeople
maylivein apartments intenements in thedowntown area of a
city, in small, very basic houses or in mobile homes. Despite the
name, many people keep their mobile home in a trailerpark and
never move it.
Many people in Bntain live in the suburbs consisting of new
housing estates, while others were originally villagesthat havebecome
joined to the town as it hasgrown. Villages are considered to be
pleasant places to live, as they are quieter and less polluted than
towns and are closer to the countryside. They usually contain a
range of houses, including old cottages and new houses and
bungalow s.
Mosthousesarebuiltofbnck with atiled roof, thoughsomeare
built of stone. The largest and most expensive type ofhouse is a
detached house, which is not joined to other houses and has a
garden all roundit. Detached houseshave at leastthreebedrooms
and one ortwo bathroomsupstairs, and one or moreliving rooms
plus a separate dining room and kitchen downstairs.
Semi-detached houses, or semis, are extremelycommon. They
are builtinpairs with one housejoined to the otheralong one side.
These houses usually have two or three bedrooms. There is a separate
garden at thefront andthebackforeachhouse.
Terraced housesdate from Victorian and Edwardian times and
were built mainlyforworking-classpeople. Four or more houses
are joined togetherin a row. Terraced houses were originallyquite
small. Most have now been extended andbathrooms added, and in
some towns theyhavebecomefashionable withprofessionalpeople.
Cottages are small, very old villagehouses. Some have thatched
roofs. Manyhavebeen modernizedinsidebut still keep the wooden
beams and otherfeaturesthat are thoughtto give them character.
Some people think of a country cottage as their dream home.
Bungalowshave one storey, and this makesthem especiallypopular
with olderpeople They are mostlyfound in villages or on housing
estates.
High-rise blocks offlats, sometimes over 20 storeys high with
several flats on each floor, were built in many towns in the mid
20th century. Manyhavesincebeen pulleddownbecause they needed
a lot ofrepairs and becausepeople did not like living in them
15. Find in Text 4A the paragraph saying about the type of
houses most British people prefer to live and translate it into
Russian.
16. Read aloud paragraphs 6—7 .
17. Explain the following references.
a)
.
Oldand newstand side by side.
What do the adjectives oldand new refer to?
b) Theyoften live on housing developments.
Whatdoesthepronoun theyreferto?
c) otherswere originally villages that havebecom ejoined to the
townasithasgrown.
What doesthepronoun othersreferto?
d) Theyusually contain a range ofhouses, including old cottages
and new houses andbungalows.
Whatdoesthepronoun theyreferto?
e) some are built of stone.
Whatdoesthepronoun somereferto?
f) this makes them especially popular with olderpeople.
Whatdothepronounsthisand themreferto?
86 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециаль>.<ктей
18. Find in Text 4А some key words and expressions to speak
about different types of houses in Great Britain and the United
States of America. Retell the Text in English.
19. Skim Text 4B “Building Houses” and try to understand
what it is about and what information is already known to you.
important to prevent them from cracking or shifting. While the
foundations arebeing built, the main drains must belaid to connect
up to thepublic sewers.
Atimber-framedbuildinghas concrete foundation walls on top
of a footing of concrete, and then timbersills which are anchored
to the concrete while it isstillwet. In brick-built housesthe courses
ofbncks start on top ofthe concrete foundations. The first courses
of bricks must be built carefully, for the whole house will rest on
them
Once the foundations and floor are complete, the mainpart of
the house can be built up. In timber-framed houses the main
supportingjoists are sometimesmade ofsteel or reinforced concrete.
Heavy timbers mustbe usedfor supporting the roofand stairs and
fordoor and window frames; for the rest ofthe structure lighter
timberis used. In brick-built houses the walls arebuiltup indouble
layers and thewoodenframeworkfordoors and windows as well as
• TEXT 4B
Building Houses
In order to understand how a
house is built we must start at the
beginning. The first thing to do is
to level the ground and make the
foundations. These are usually made
of concrete which is poured into
trenches dug in the ground. They
have to be strong enough to hold
up the building, and so it is
UNIT 4. A LIVING PLACE 87
thewoodenjoistsforthefloors areincorporated asworkgoes on.
Asthe house risesitisnecessary to provide scaffolding and platforms
forthe workersto stand on. Thisis made ofsteeltubing withplanks
laid across, ladders to go up and down, and hoists to lift up the
building materials.
Theroofofthe house maybeflat or sloping.Raftersof wood
are laid across, which are then covered with slates ortiles. In some
places they are called shingles. They maybe made ofany material
that is waterproof, including clay, concrete, metal, and asbestos.
They arelaid so thatthey overlap and letthe water run off.
A timber-framed house must be covered with either timber,
bricks, or some othercovering to finish the walls. There will also
probably be an insulating layer of, for instance, glass fibre, to
keep the house warm and dry. This willbe put in between the
living space and the roofto prevent heat escaping upwards. Brick-
builthouseshaveinsulationput in the cavitybetween the walls and
below the roof.
When the outer shell is complete, work can begin inside the
house. The walls are usually lined withplaster. This may be applied
straighton to brick walls oritmay comein theform ofplasterboard,
which is attached to the walls on strips of wood calledbattens.
Later it will be painted or papered for decoration; wet plaster
must be given afew weeks to dry out before that can be done.
Plastering must be carefully timed to fit in with the work of the
plumbers and electricians.
Plumberslay the pipes for the water supply, heating system,
and drainage. They alsohaveto fixthedrainagepipes on the outside
ofthehouse, which willjoin upto thedrains and sewers, and put
in the bathroom and kitchen fittings to which the pipes are
connected. Mostofthesepipeshavetobehiddenfrom viewinthe
finished house and so some ofthem willbefixed so that they are
behind theplaster afterithasbeen applied, and some willbe under
the floorboards. Similarly, the electric wires and fittings will mostly
be embedded in plaster or laid under the floors. Sometimes the
wires are encased inplastic tubes which are laid around the edge of
88 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
the floors and window frames. The plumber and electrician also
work togetherin installing such things as central-heatingboilers.
Atthe same time, carpenters will be workinginside the house
finishingthe wooden floors, staircases, window frames anddoors,
as well asfitting cupboards. Last ofall,thepainters and decorators
come in to paint the house inside and out.
20. Identify the topic of each paragraph ofText 4B.
21. Complete the sentences choosing the best variant
corresponding to the contents ofText 4B.
1)Thefoundationshave to be strong enough
a) to prevent them from cracking.
b) to levelthe ground.
c) to support the building.
2)The house will rest on
a) a concrete foundation.
b) the first courses ofbricks.
c) top of a footing of concrete.
3) Scaffolding and platforms are provided for the workers
a) to stand on.
b) to lift up the building m aterials.
c)to go up anddown.
4)Slates are made of
a) clay.
b) wood.
c) any waterproofmaterials.
5) Drainagepipes are connected to
a) the bathroom and kitchen fittings.
b) the drains and sewers.
c) the floorboards
6) The lastthing to do in the house is
a) to install central heating boilers.
b)to finishthewoodenfloors, window frames anddoors.
c) to paint the house.
22.
Read Text 4C “Houses and Homes” and find the answers
to these questions. Discuss your answers with your groupmates.
a) How doyou know thatyou are m anothercountry?
b) What were the reasons to constructblocks offlats?
c) What problems do people face, living in blocks offlats?
d)What isthe basic idea ofhome for the English?
e) How do the English distinguish a flat from a house?
f) What is the differencebetween the wordshouseand home?
g) How does ahouse qualifyasold in Russia and England?
• TEXT 4C
Houses and Homes
Every country has its distinctive housing. Crossfrom England
into Scotland or from France into Germany or Spain, and you
know instantlythatyou are in another country. Itispartly amatter
of architecture, partly a matter of the way people choose to
domesticate their immediate surroundings.
The English are distinctive in
their aversion to flats and their
devotion to rows ofsmall brick
houses. Travel from Western
France across Europe to the Urals
andyou willsee citiessurrounded
by modem blocks of high-rise
flats. The details of architecture will
vary,but all countries have found
that the obvious solution to cheap
new housing to accommodate
90 [ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
families moving in from the countryside ordemanding improved
conditionswithin the towns isto buildblocks offlats. They stand
in rows and clusters, not beautiful, not spacious, but convenient
and efficient. The problems are similar: noise, cramped public
areas, unpredictable water supplies, brokenliftsbutthey are homes
for millions of people who prefer them to the more primitive
conditions they have left. In England, however, this is not so.
Ofcourse some English people enjoy flat-life, but for the vast
majonty ofthem, thebasicidea ofhomeis abnck house with
rooms upstairs and downstairs. And already the English have a
confusion ofterms in translating to and from Russian. TheEnglish
use the word housefor a dwelling intended for one family. They
would never say of ablockofflatsthat itis a house, and hence
“ DOM” has no exact equivalent in English. They alwaysdistinguish
a flat from ahouse, notbecause ahouseisgrander(it maybe a
tiny section of a row of dwellings) but because the flat is still
unusual, exceptin city centres where itisunusualto live anyway.
Thewordhomeismuch morepersonal, much warmer:yourhome
istheplacewhereyou live whichyou have created — its furnishings
but alsoits atmosphere, your sense ofotherpeoplewholivein it,
yourfeelings about itspast as well asitspresent. Something ofthe
Russianfeeling abouttheprivacy ofkitchensisfound in the English
word home.
The Russians have a habit ofdescribing anything builtbefore
about 1955as “old”. In England ahousedoes not qualifyasold
unless it was built at least a hundred years ago. The English still
havehundreds ofthousands of reallyold houses, builtbetween the
14thand 18th centuries scattered throughout the country. They are
considered very desirable and are very expensive even if they are
small. Many ofthem are strikinglybeautiful. At the other end of
the scale are bungalows, small brick houses of only one storey,
built especially for the elderly Many older people move from a
house into a bungalow.
UNIT4. A LIVING PLACE 91
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23. Listen to the Text “Building”.
a) Answer the questions that follow.
1. What does building refer to9
2.What needsdobuildings serve9
3.Whattypes ofbuildings are mentioned in the text9
4 What is the reason for high ground prices9
5. What are the advantages ofmulti-storeyedbuildings?
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
4A of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the T ext about different types of buildings.
d) Are there any multi-storeyed buildings in your town? Ifyes,
describe them.
24. Listen to the Text “Skyscrapers”.
a) Which of these statements are true and which are false?
1. Skyscrapers were developed in the 20th century as a result of
technological advancement.
2. Thegroundbeneath the city ofNewYorkis not solid enough
to bearthe weight ofskyscrapers.
3. American architects were experimenting with steel ratherthan
iron.
4. High-nse buildings were requiredforthosepeoplewho wanted
toliveandworkinabigarea.
5. Skyscrapers are useful wherelandis not cheap.
92 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
6. The streets in which skyscrapers are built may be overcrowded
at the end ofthe day.
7. High-rise buildingsdo not have any disadvantages.
8. Skyscrapers can hardly make the surroundings attractive.
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
4B of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about high-rise buildings.
UNIT 5
BUILDING MATERIALS
Ш
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1.
Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
“Materials Used in Budding” and translate the given sentences.
1. clay['klei]n— глина
sandn— песок
wood n— дерево, древесина, лесоматериалы
lumber амер.[ТлтЬэ] (syn). timber n — пиломатериал,
строительный лес
rock n— горная порода, камень
Thesoilwas removeddownto the naturalclay.Mixitwithwashed
sand. My desk is made of wood. They got thelumber to build a
house. Tobuild this tunnel we had to cutthroughthe solid rock.
2.apartfrom[a'pa.t] — не говоряуже о,кроме, не считая
Apartfrom civil engineering, my interest is mathematics.
3. occur [a'ka:] v — происходить; встречаться, попадаться
Ifabody issubjected to external loads, deformations occurin it.
4.process ['prauses] [prau'ses] nv — процесс; обрабатывать
Weare using a newprocessto make concrete. The information
isbeingprocessedby the computer.
94 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
5. last [la:st] v — продолжаться, длиться
lasting — прочный, долговечный, длительный
The construction ofthe cottage lastedtwo years. Stone is the
longest lastingbuilding material.
6. denseadj— плотный, густой, непроницаемый
density['denssti] — плотность, концентрация
The concrete, when finally placed, must be denseand must
closelysurround the reinforcement. Anew internal wall surface is
created using a very strong, very versatile, high densitypolyethylene.
7. mortar ['mo:t3] n— строительныйраствор
Thejoints are filled with mortarmade of cement and sand.
8. board [bD-d]n—доска, пиломатериал, панель, лист
plank[plserjk] n— планка, доска (толщиной 5-10 см)
For this board, special types of timbers are carefully chosen.
While the steel frame isbeing erected, the wallplanksare fixed.
9. bend n v — изгиб, колено; изгибать, гнуть
bendingп— изгибание, сгибание
The wire bendseasily. Wood can be flexible under loading,
keeping strength while bending.
10.
mould(mold)['mould] n— форма, пресс-форма, опа
лубка
moulding(molding)n— формовка, прессование
A molten substance, such as metal, or a plastic substance is
poured orforced into amouldand allowed to harden. Themoulding
of bricks and tiles is only a part of the manufacture of ceramic
products.
UNIT 5 . BUILDING MATERIALS 9 5
11. daybrick — глиняный кирпич
cinder brick [smdo] — шлаковый кирпич, зольный
кирпич
cinderblock —блок из шлакобетона, шлакоблок
Claybrickscanbeformedin a moulding Compared with other
wall materials, cinderbricks have excellent properties and a low
price. Low-cost bricks include cinderblock made mostly with
concrete
12. aggregate ['aegrigat] n— заполнитель
The maximum size oftheaggregateshould not greaterthan one
quarter ofthe minimum thickness ofthe finished concrete.
13.binder ['bainda] n— вяжущее, вяжущий материал
Concrete is a compositebuilding material comprised ofaggregate
and a binder (cement).
14. strength [strepG] n— прочность, сила
tensile strength ['tensail] — прочность нарастяжение
strengthen ['streijGn] v — укреплять, усиливать
Threebasic factors in architecture — convenience, strengthand
beauty — are alwayspresent and interrelated in the best structures.
The purpose of reinforcing is to provide a material with a high
tensile strength. They strengthenedthe wall with metal supports.
15. reinforced concrete [,ri:info:st'kor)kri:t] — железобетон
Reinforcedconcrete'Masused in these structural elem ents.
16. bar[ba:] n— арматурный пруток, арматурное железо
rebar[n'ba:] v— арматурный стержень
This type of concrete is strengthenedby barsof steel.Afterthe
formwork has been installed, a grid of three rebars is tied to the
outside oftheformwork.
96 Английский язык длястудентов строительных специальностей
17. concern [kan'ssm] пѵ— забота, беспокойство, отноше
ние, интерес; касаться, иметь отношение, заботиться,
беспокоиться
concerningprep— относительно, касательно
Many new building matenals are environmental hazards, which
havebecome abig concernto all. He wrote to me concerningour
constructionbusiness.
18. available[з'ѵеіІэЫ]adj— наличный, имеющийся врас
поряжении
availability [э,ѵеі1э'Ьі1эгі] п — наличие
In some localities water is available m unlimited quantities.
The lack of availabilityofbuilding materials led to a decrease in
new housing construction.
19. produce [pra'dju:s] v — производить, выпускать
product['prodAkt] n— продукт, изделие
man-madeproducts— искусственная продукция
production[pra'dAkJn] n— производство, изготовление
These plantsproducelarge amounts ofprefabricated units and
elements Thelayout ofthefactory willdepend on the type ofthe
productsto be manufactured.One ofthegreatest advantages ofman
madeproductsis theirlow cost. The system for housing provision
relied on the centralizedproduction ofbuilding materials.
20. due to ['dju:tu:] prep — благодаря
Hissuccessis entirely duetohard work.
2.
Read and translate the following international words. Look
up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the
part of speech.
Product n, synthetic adj, typically adv, categorize v,
manipulation n, minimally adv. press v, verticallyadv, mixture
UNIT 5. BUILDING MATERIALSj 97
«, modern adj, transport n, colour n, organic adj, tolerance n,
combine v, dam n, cementn,determine v, compression n, clinker
n, crane n, paste n.
3.
Match the pairs of antonyms from A and В and translate
them .
A
1. unobtainable
2. straighten
3. dispersed
4. end
5.be avoided
6. weaken
7. natural
8. indifference
В
a. strengthen
b. dense
c. man -made
d. concern
e. bend
f. last
g. occur
h. available
4.
Match the noun(s) on the left with a suitable item on the
right. Use each item once only.
1. Mortar
2. Bricks
3. Steel
4. Clay
5. The boards
6. Reinforced concrete
7. Clay
8. A moulding
9.The brickwork strength
10. A binder
a. were put down as afloor.
b.depends on the materialquality.
c. is strengthened by bars.
d. is used to form clay bricks.
e. has high tensile strength.
f. is used in adhesive applications.
g. was pressed into steel moulds.
h. acts as a cementing material,
l. are put togetherto form a wall,
j. is plastic.
4 Зак 312
98 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
5. Replace the underlined words with the words below.
a) process
b) timber
c) due to
d) bend
e)
apart from f) aggregate
g) produce
h) board
i) lasting
j) concerning
1.
Thanks to this project, small companies can manufacture
affordable building materials locally, using their own resources.
2 We have aproblem with the airtemperature m this room. Itis
too cold.Thisisbecause ofinadequate thermal insulation. 3.They
encouraged the research activities on approaches and methods with
regard to building materials and construction technology. 4 . The
properties of concrete are directly related to those ofits constituents.
5.That was a new method to treat cement-basedbuilding materials
hydrothermally. 6. Reinforced concrete comes cheap and will
support structures for a long amount oftime, but itis considered
to be less strong and durable than bnck buildings. 7 . Various
building m aterials and auxiliary building materials can be
manufactured from waste glassin an environmentallysound way.
Except for light-weight concrete and plaster these are, above all,
glass wool mats for purposes of sound and heat insulation.
8. M odem western style home is often built with lumberframes
and fitted with bricks. 9 Wood is used for construction purposes
when cut or pressed into lumber, such as planks. 10. They are
studying an elasticbend ofabeam underload.
6. Read and translate the following word combinations which
come from the texts of the Unit. Mind the use of nouns as
attributes in preposition. Look up your dictionary if necessary.
Construction purpose, stone-like material, concrete
construction, steel rods and bars, external surface covering, metal
alloy,heat tolerance, polyurethane foam, world wide scale, bridge
supports, airfield runway, steel reinforcement, cem ent layer, metal
UNIT 5 . BUILDING MATERIALSJ 99
box-like mould, stiff-clay process, extrusion machine, clay
particles, rail trucks, calcium silicate bricks, sand lime bricks,
brick shape.
7.
Study the following patterns showing the ways some nouns
are formed from other nouns and som e adjectives are formed from
nouns. Complete the charts. Some ofthe missing words are from
the texts ofthe Unit. Read and translate them into Russian. Use
your dictionary to help you with the pronunciation.
Pattern 15
Noun + -ship-> Noun
The -ship suffix is used for especially a status, condition,
or skill.
Example, citizen — гражданин -» citizenship — гражданство
Noun
Noun
leader
- ---- ---------------------- ---- ---
student
----------- ---- ------------------ -
friend
----------- ---- ------------------ -
relation
----------- ---- ------------------ -
member
--- ---------------------- ---- -----
partner
- ---------------------- ---- ---- ---
proprietor
- --------- ---------- ----------- ---
space
--------------------------- ---- ---
4*
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
Pattern 16
I Noun + -fill
- > Adjective |
The -fill suffix m eansfull oforhavingthequalityofthenoun
Example, success — успех -> successful — успешный
Noun
Adjective
cane
______________________
power
______________________
duty
______________________
use
______________________
harm
______________________
Pattern 17
INoun + -less-» Adjective j
The -less suffix means without.
Example, use — польза
- » useless — бесполезный
Noun
Adjective
effort
______________________
help
______________________
meaning
______________________
motion
______________________
hope
______________________
harm
UNIT 5 . BUILDING MATERIALS 1 0 1
Pattern 18
Noun + -ic -» Adjective
The -ic suffix means like, or connectedwith.
Example, atom — атом
-> atomic —атомный
Noun
Adjective
cube
-- --- ----- --- ---- --- -------- --- ---
economy
----- -- -- ------------ -- -----------
acid
------- -- -- ------------ -- -- -------
linguistics
------- -- -- ------------ -- -- -------
magnet
--------- -- -- ------------ -- -- -- ---
symbol
--- -- -- -------------- -- -- ---------
bureaucrat
______________________
patnot
------- -- -- ------------ -- -- -------
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
Read and translate the following sentences paying attention
to the different forms of the infinitive and their meaning.
1. I’dliketogohome earlytoday.2 .It’s nicetobesittinghere.
3. I’m gladtohaveleftschool.4 .Hedoesn’t liketobeinterrupted
whilehe’sworking.5
. 1remembertohavebeenaskedthisquestion
6 I’d like tohavebeensittingthere when she walked in. 7 . She
asked me nottoforgettopostthe letter 8. I was sorry nottohave
phonedyou. 9 .We must makecarefulplans. 10.I would rather
goby myself.
102I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
9. Read and translate the sentences with infinitives used as:
a) Subject
Example
Toreadbooks in bad light is harmful.
—
Читать книги при
плохом освещении вредно.
1.
То be a professional in building construction requires study
at a university or college. 2 . To fill the gapsbetween the cement
particles was veryimportant. 3 .Toincrease durability ofconcrete
was necessary. 4 .To shorten the setting time of concrete was all
thatthey wanted 5.To work inbuilding construction wasthe dream
of his life.
b) Adverbial m odifier
Example
We must work hard tomasterEnglish.
—
Мы должны много
работать, чтобыовладетьанглийским языком.
Тоimprovehis English he went to England.
—
Чтобы улуч
шитьанглийский язык, он поехал в Англию.
1.
After being formed, bricks are loaded on rail trucks and
pushed into driers, and then into kilns to be fired. 2 . Different
formsofmortar were usedto holdthe stonestogether. 3 .Toproduce
glasswith different colours o r characteristics additives are very often
addedtothe mixture when making.4 .To make reinforced concrete
the steel rods are held inposition and the concrete poured round
them. 5 .Windows havebeen used since the invention ofglassto
cover small openings in a building. 6 . A timberframe is covered
withbricks to provide an outer covering.
c) Object
Example
He hopestofindagoodjob.
—
Он надеется найтихорошую
работу.
UNIT 5. BUILDING MATERIALS 1 0 3
1.
Concrete is strong in its resistance to loads trying to crush it
(compression), but much weakerin resisting forces that tend to
pull it apart (tension). 2 . Bricks were more flame retardant than
wood, and cheap to produce. 3 .Concrete ispreferred to natural
rock, whichisdifficultto extract from theground and whichhasto
beworkedto the required shape. 4 .Itisimportant notto use too
much water asthis will make the concrete weak.5 .Any forces
tending to pullthe reinforced concrete apart willbe resisted bythe
great strength ofthe steelbars.
d) Attribute
Example
The road toconnectthese two towns isbeing built.
—
Дорога,
котораядолжнасоединитьэти два города, строится.
Неге isthe text tobetranslated.
—
Вот текст, которыйнужно
{надо) перевести.
1.
Windowsprovided humans with the ability to both letlight
into rooms while atthe sametimekeepinginclement weatheroutside.
2. They designed the building structures to successfullysupport and
resistthe loads which act on them. 3 .Facingbricksto be usedin
the outer walls ofbuildings can begiven aroughortextured surface.
4.Arches called trusses are used to span the area to be left open.
5.The first degree in CivilEngineering to be awarded to a woman
in the USA wasgranted by Cornell University to Nora Blatch in
1905.
e) Part of a predicate
Example
The problem was togetthere in time.
—
Задача состояла в
том, чтобы добратьсятудавовремя.
1.
Anotherway wasto span alarge space which canbe used as
a dome. 2.Theeffectisto compressthe row ofblocks sothatthey
form a beam orgirder. 3.The problem isto control the hazards
104 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
and risks to construction workers m a constantly changing work
environment. 4 . The main objectives of earthquake engineenng
are to understand the interaction of structures with shakyground
and foresee the consequences ofpossible earthquakes. 5 . One of
the construction surveyors’tasks isto survey existing conditions of
the future work site.
10. Replace the group of words in bold type by an infinitive.
Translate the sentences.
Example
He was thefirstman whocameto the party.
—
H e was thefirst
tocometo the party.
—
Он первым пришел на вечеринку.
1.
Joseph L. Lambot wasthe first man whodeveloped reinforced
concrete in France in 1849. 2 . Everybody was late except me.
I was the only one who arrived on time 3. Fiona was the only
student whopassedthe exam. 4 .NeilArmstrong wasthe first man
whowalkedontheMoon. 5.He wasthefirst manwhoswamthe
English Channel.
11. Read and translate the following sentences paying special
attention to the use of the Objective and Subjective Infinitive
A) Objective Infinitive Construction (Complex Object).
Example
He wants me togohome.
—
Он хочет, чтобыя пошелдомой.
Iexpect himtowriteto me -Я надеюсь, что он напишет
мне.
1saw themgoto the park.
—
Я видел, как онипошлив парк.
I saw themgoing to the park.
—
Я видел, как они шли в
парк.
Imade himdothatjob.
—
Я заставил егосделатьэту работу.
UNIT 5. BUILDING MATERIALS 105
1.
We consider ultra-lightweight concrete to be one ofthe most
fundamental bulk materials of the future. 2 . They wanted the
manager to organize all the workers needed for constructionjobs
3. I heard you break something. What was it? 4. They made
construction workers wear the personalprotective equipment —
hard hats, steel-toe boots and high visibilityjackets. 5 1 saw her
pick up theparcel, open itand take out abook.6 .They expected
the students to pass an exam on mathematics to start building
construction studies. 7 . I saw bricklayers constructing brickwork
and plumbers installing drainage systems.
B) Subjective Infinitive Construction (Complex Subject).
Example
Thisman is said toknoweverybody here.
—
Говорят, что этот
человек знает здесь всех.
Неisknown tobeagoodstudent.
—
Известно, что он хоро
ший студент.
The child seemed to be sleeping.
—
Казалось, что ребенок
спит.
They are likely to comeback on Tuesday.
—
Вероятно, они
вернутсяво вторник.
1.
This type of concrete isknown to have reinforcement in the
form of wires. 2 . Reinforced concrete is said to crack in tension
ratherthan in compression. 3 .Steel rods are sure to be embedded
m the mixture, thus forming reinforced concrete 4. Sand lime
bricks are reported to be madebypressing a mixture of moist sand
and limeintobnck shapeby machine. 5 .Thefinal strengthofthe
cement paste islikely to be reached in three weeks 6.Concrete is
usually considered not to shnnk due to hydration.
1 0 6 Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
12. А). Read and translate the following sentences paying
attention to the For-to infinitive Construction.
Example
He spoke loudlyfor them (thepeople) to hearhim.
— Он гово
рил громко, чтобы они (люди) его слышали.
It is necessaryfo r us to do this work.
—
Нам необходимо сде
лат ь эту работу вовремя.
It is necessaryfo r society to allocate resources economically.
—
Необходимо, чтобы общество экономно размещало ресурсы.
1. It was important for them to calculate accurately the cost of
materials and labour. 2. It is necessary for building engineers to
have an understanding of different technical disciplines as projects
often involve many of them at the same time. 3. It makes sense for
builders to use many naturally occurring substances, such as clay,
sand, wood and rocks for construction of buildings. 4. This makes
it possible for construction people to use synthetic polystyrene or
polyurethane foam as part of a structural insulated panel where the
foam is sandwiched between wood or cement. 5. It was possible
for them to make concrete
on the building site. 6. It is increasingly common for many
builders to reduce the size of reinforced concrete beams if the
reinforcement is stretched before the concrete is poured into position.
B) Rewrite these sentences using the For-to Infinitive
Construction.
Example:
She can’t come. (It’s impossible ) — It’s impossible for her to
come.
1. Nick shouldn’t change his job just now. (It would be a
mistake ...) 2. Can Mary come to the meeting? (Is it possible ...?)
3. Pete shouldn’t go to Africa. (It’s a bad idea ...) 4. The meeting
UNIT 5. BUILDING MATERIALS 1 0 7
needn’t jtart before seven. (There is no need ...) 5. I ’ll be happy if
you take holiday. (I’ll be happy ...) 6 .1want the children to go to
a good school. (I’m anxious ...) 7. The car should have regular
services. (It’s important...)
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13. Before reading Text 5A “M aterials Used in Building” ,
discuss these questions with your groupmates or teacher.
a) What naturally occurring and man-made building materials
do you know?
b) What areas is the use ofbuilding materials usually segmented
into?
c) W hat is the longest lasting building material?
d) What is specific of wood used in construction?
e) What types of bricks do you know? What are the advantages
o f bricks?
f) What materials are bricks made from?
g) Why is concrete the predominant building material in this
modem age?
h) What materials is concrete made from?
i) What type ofbuildings is metal used for?
j) What did glass as a building material provide people with?
k) What do you know about the use ofplastics for construction
purposes?
l) What insulation materials are used in buildings?
m) Are there any environmental problems of using and producing
building materials?
108I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
14. Read Text 5А to find out ifyou are right or wrong.
• TEXT 5A
Materials used in Building
Building m aterial is any
material which is used for a
construction purpose. Many
naturally occurring substances,
such as clay, sand, wood and
rockshavebeen used to construct
buildings, Apart from naturally
occurring materials, many man
made products are in use, some
more and someless synthetic. The
use of building materials is
typically segmented into specific trades, such as carpentry,
plumbing, roofing and insulation work.
Building materials canbe categorizedinto two sources, natural
and synthetic. Natural building materials are those that are
unprocessed or minimallyprocessedby industry (lumber orglass).
Synthetic materials are made in industrial settings after human
manipulations (plastics and paints).
Rock is the longest lasting building material available. It is a
very dense material so itgivesa lot ofprotection too. Dry-stone
wallshavebeenbuiltforaslong ashumanshaveput one stone on
top ofanother. Eventuallydifferent forms of mortar were used to
hold the stones together, cementbeing the most commonplacenow.
Woodis aproduct oftrees and sometimes otherfibrousplants
used for construction purposes when cut or pressed into lumber
and timber, such asboards orplanks. Wood can be very flexible
under loads, keeping strength while bending, and is incredibly
strong when compressed vertically.
A bnck is ablock made ofkiln-fired material, usually clay or
shale. Clay bricks are formed in a mould, or in commercial
UNIT 5. BUILDING MATERIALS 109
manufacture more frequentlybyextruding clay throughadie and
then wire-cutting them totheproper size. Brickshavebeen used as
a building material since the 1700s This was probably due to the
fact that it was much moreflame retardant than wood, and cheap
to produce. Cinder blocks replaced clay bricks in the late 20th
century. They are made mostly with concrete.
Concrete is a composite building material made from the
combination of aggregate and abinder. After mixing, the cement
hydrates and eventually hardens into a stone-like material. This is
the material referred to by the term concrete. For a concrete
construction of any size, as concrete has a low tensile strength, it
isstrengthened using steel rods orbars. This strengthened concrete
iscalled reinforced concrete. Concrete hasbeen thepredominant
building material in this modem age due to its longevity, formability,
and ease oftransport.
Metal is used as structural frameworkforlargerbuildings such
as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering.There are many
types of metals used for building. Steel is a metal alloy whose
major component isiron, and isthe usual choice for metal structural
building materials. It is strong, flexible, and if treated well lasts a
long time.
Clearwindows have been used since the invention ofglass to
cover small openings in a building. They provided humans with
the abilityto both let lightinto rooms while at the same tune keeping
inclement weather outside. Glass which is very brittle isgenerally
made from mixtures of sand and silicates in a very hot fire stove
called a kiln. Additives are very often added to the mixture when
making to produce glasswith different colours or characteristics.
The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic
organic polymerization products. Plastics vary immensely in heat
tolerance, hardness, and resiliency. Combined with this
adaptability, the general uniformity ofcomposition and lightness of
plastics ensures their use in almost all industrial applications today.
More recently synthetic polystyrene orpolyurethane foam has
been used on a limited scale. It is light weight, easily shaped and
110 Английский языкдля студентов строительных специальностей
an excellent insulator. It is usually used as part of a structural
insulated panel where the foam is sandwiched between wood or
cement.
Nowadaystheproduction ofraw materialsforbuildingpurposes
ison aworld wide scale. Environmental concerns are alsobecoming
a major worldtopic concerning the availabilityof certain matenals,
and the extraction ofsuch largequantities needed forthe human
habitat.
15. Find in Text 5A the paragraphs saying about the use and
production of bricks and concrete in construction and translate
them into Russian.
16. Read aloud paragraphs 1 and 2 ofText 5A.
17. Explain the following references.
a) so itgives a lot ofprotection too.
What does thepronoun itreferto?
b) They are made mostly with concrete.
What doesthe pronoun theyreferto9
c) itis strengthened using steel rods or bars.
What does thepronoun //referto?
d) Itis strong, flexible, and if treated well lasts a long time.
What doesthepronoun itreferto?
e) Itislight weight, easily shaped and an excellent insulator.
Whatdoesthepronounitreferto?
f) Itisusually used as part of a structural insulated panel
What doesthepronoun itreferto?
и Ш 5 . BUILDING MATERIALS 111
18. Underline or mark the main ideas of Text 5Л to speak
about different types of building materials. Retell the Text in
English.
19. Skim Text 5B “Concrete” and try to understand what it is
about and what information is known to you.
• TEXT 5B
Concrete
Concrete is akind of artificial rock made from hydraulic cement,
crushed stone orgravel, and sand. Ithas thegreat advantage that it
can be made in whatever shapeis needed. Forthis reason concrete
is preferred to natural rock, which isdifficult to extract from the
ground and which has to be worked to the required shape.
By meansof concrete itispossibleto form such parts ofbuildings
as walls, floors, beams or columns, bndge supports and girders,
dams, roads and airfield runways, or blocks of stone of anydesired
shape. Concrete maybedelivered ready-mixed,but itis one ofthe
fewbuilding matenals that can be made on the building site.
In the making of concrete, the proportions ofthe sand,gravel,
and Portland or similar cement are carefully measured.The strength
of the concrete is partly
determinedbythe amount of
cement in the mixture. More
cement wouldgiveastronger,
more durable mix, but would
be more expensive. It is
important notto usetoo much
water as this will make the
concrete weak. On the other
hand, the concrete must be
packeddenselyinthe moulds,
which cannot be done ifthe
mixture is too dry. Producing
A modern building: Boston City
Hall is largely constructed of
concrete, both pre-cast and
poured-in-place.
112 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
concrete ofgood quality istherefore a skilledbusiness Nowadays
mechanical vibrators are used to make strong compact concrete from
fairly dry mixes.
Concrete is strong m its resistance to loads trying to crush it
(compression), but much weaker in resisting forces that tend to
pullit apart (tension). It is nottherefore suitable by itselffor making
beams or otherparts liable to bebent or pulled. To overcome this
weakness, steel rods maybeembeddedin the mixture, thusforming
reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete wasfirst developed m France
by Joseph L. Lambot m 1849. To make reinforced concrete the
steel rods are held in position and the concrete poured round them.
The concrete bonds to the steel reinforcement. Anyforces tending
to pull the reinforced concrete apart will be resisted by the great
strength of the steel rods, or bars. Nearly all concrete used for
buildings and structures is reinforced.
The size of reinforced concrete beams can be reduced if the
reinforcement isstretchedbefore the concrete ispoured into position
and the pull maintained until the concrete ishard and strong.The
stretching force is then removed and, as a result, the beam is
compressed.Thistype ofconcrete usually hasreinforcement in the
form of wires and is known as prestressed concrete. Sometimes
separate blocks ofconcrete are made with holesthroughthem. Cables
ofwire are threaded through these holes so that the concrete blocks
are likebeads on a string.The cables are fetched, wedgesareplaced
in the holes ofthe endblock, and the cables are then released.The
effectisto compressthe row ofblocks sothattheyform abeam or
girder.
Lightweight concrete can be madeby includingprocessed clinker
or airin the mix. Concrete can be made in different colours or
painted with specialpaint. Different patterns can be made on the
surfaceby using different types ofshuttenng. Sometimes the cement
layer on the surface is removed afterthe concrete has set to expose
the stones. Thisis called exposed aggregate. Concrete can be used
forthin roofs called shells overlarge spaces such asgymnasiums or
aircraft hangars. The thin slab is strengthened by curving.
UNIT5. BUILDING MATERIALS 1 1 3
Pre-cast concrete is concrete already made into building sections
for later use in housing, bridges, and other structures. They are
taken to the site, liftedbycranes, and fixed togetherwith concrete.
20. Identify the topic of each paragraph of Text 5B.
21. Complete the sentences choosing the best variant
corresponding to the contents of Text 5B.
1) Concrete has the great advantagebecause
a)itismadefrom hydraulic cement, crushed stone orgravel,
and sand.
b)itismadein any shape.
c) ithas to be worked to the required shape.
2) Concrete is the building material that
a) canbe made on thebuilding site.
b) can’t be delivered ready-mixed to the building site.
c) can support walls, floors, beams, columns, girders.
3)Thestrength ofconcrete isdeterminedbythe quantity of
a) sand and gravel.
b) water.
c) cement.
4) To make concrete stronger
a) it should be put underloads.
b) steel rods shouldbe embedded.
c) it should be put under compression or tension.
5)The reinforced concrete beam is compressedbecause
a) it is stretched.
b) the stretching force is removed.
c) holes are made through it.
114I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
6) Lightweight concrete can be madeby using
a) processed clinker or air.
b) different types of shuttenng.
c) exposing the stones.
22.
Read Text 5C “Bricks” and find the answers to these
questions. Discussyour answers withyourgroupmates.
a) Why are bricks considered to be the most lasting of man
made building materials?
b) Whatways arebricks madein?
c) What isthe soft-mud processcharacterizedby?
d) What does the stiff-clay process consist in?
e) What isspecific ofthepressedbnckprocess?
f) When arebacks readyforfinng?
g) Whatprocessproducesthebacks oflightsandycolour?
h) What advantages do lighterbrickshave?
i) Whatfactorsdoesthe colour ofclaybricksdepend on?
j) What are oversizebricks called?
• TEXT 5C
Bricks
Goodbricks are the most lasting ofman-madebuilding materials.
They are not much affected bythe weatherand,ifabuilding catches
fire, bnckwork resists the effects of fire longer than most other
formsofconstruction. Backs are fairlysmall and light and therefore
easy to handle, but when they are bonded together with mortar
they make extremelystrong structures. Good bnckwork needs very
little maintenance, lasts for a long time, and looks attractive.
Bnckisformedin threeways, the soft-mud, stiff-clay, andpressed
brick processes. In the soft-mud process, clay is mixed with water
to form a stiffpaste which isthen thrown by hand or forced by
machine into wooden or metal box-like moulds of the size of a
brick. Sand or water is sprinkled on the inside ofthe moulds to
keep the clay from sticking. Thesand or water alsogivesthe brick
a pleasant finish. Such bricks are called sand-struck or water-
struck bricks. The soft, wet bricks are removed from the moulds
for drying.
In the stiff-clayprocess, theground clayismixed withwaterin
a long trough containing a revolving shaft withblades. Theblades
mixtheclay withwaterasthey revolve and atthesametimepushit
forward into an extrusion machine. This forces it through a
rectangular opening. Itisextruded in a longbarofthe length and
width of a brick. A movingbelt carries the clay barto a cutter,
whichis a metalframe with a number ofwires stretched acrossit.
Thewires arebroughtdownon thebarto cutitintobricks, which
are then dried. Bricksformed in this way are known as extruded
wire-cutbricks.
In thepressedbnck system, the clayissemi-dry, and ispressed
bya heavy machine into metal moulds under such highpressure
that the clayparticleshold together. Becausepressedbnckhas very
little water, it needs little drying.
After being formed, bncks are
loaded on railtrucks andpushed into
driers, and then into kilns to be
fired. Drying takes two to three days
and then the bricks are ready for
finng.
Clay is the matenal most often
associated withbricks, but since the
late 19th century othermaterials have
been used. For example, calcium
silicatebricks, sometimesknown as
sand lime bricks, are made by
pressing a mixture of moist sand and
lime into brick shape by machine.
Thebricks are then steamed under
high pressure in an autoclave. This
process produces bricks of an
UNIT 5 . BUILDING MATERIALS\2±
The world's highest
brick tower of
St. Martin's Church in
Lands hut, Germany,
completed in 1500
Ja
116 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
attractive light sandy colour which can be textured and pigmented
in a variety of ways
Not all bricks are completely solid Some have frogs in them.
They make it easier to press and fire the bricks and reduce the
weight Lighterbricks are easierto handle and cheaperto transport.
Nowadays many machine-madebnckshave holesin them for similar
reasons. These are called perforated bricks. Specials as the name
suggests, are bricks made for a specific purpose They are usually
shaped to fitanglesand curves orto produce adecorative effect.
The colour of claybncks depends on severalfactors. The type
of clay used, chemicals in the clay, the supplyofoxygen while the
bncks arebeingfired, and the temperature thebricks reach dunng
firing. The colours vary from dark purple to light yellow. Facing
bricks to be used in the outer walls ofbuildings can be given a
rough or textured surface, or they may be glazed to add to their
attractiveness.
Sand-lime bricks are naturally white, off-white, or pink,
depending on the sand used to make them. By addingpigments,
any coloursfrompalepastelsto darktonescan beproduced.
Blocks are essentially oversize bricks — commonly about the
size of six bricks. They may be made of clay or concrete. Clay
blocks are hollow; concrete blocks may be solid or hollow. The
advantage ofblocks overbricksisthatbuilding canbe earned out
faster with them.
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23. Listen to theText “Roman Concrete”.
Study thefollowing commentary:
The BathsofCaracalla —термы римского императораКара-
калла (186—217 гг.)
ThePantheon — Пантеон, в Риме памятникдревнеримской
архитектуры (ок 125 г. н .э .)
UNIT 5 . BUILDING MATERIALS 117
a) Answer the questions that follow.
1.What components wasRoman concrete madefrom?
2. Why wasconcrete regarded as a revolutionary material9
3.What isthedifferencebetween Roman concrete and modem
structural concrete?
4.Whyhavemany Roman structures survived to thepresent
day?
5.Whattechnique did the Romans use in their structures?
6.When was the secret ofRoman concrete lost?
7.Whopioneered the re-use ofconcrete?
8.What aggregates are used in modem concrete?
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
5A of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about the use and production of concrete.
d) Tell your groupmates about the modern use of concrete
based on the information to be collected.
24. Listen to the Text “From the History of Brickmaking”.
a)
As you listen, fillin the chart to describe the periods of the
development of brickmaking.
Sun-dried bricks
The invention of a brick kiln
The spread of the ancient craft
o f bnckmaking
The loss of brickmaking art
The revival ot brickmaking art
The replacement of timber
framework for brick-built walls
b)
Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
5B of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about brickmaking.
UNIT 6
BUILDING SCIENCE
Ш
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1.
Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
“Strength ofM aterials” and translate the given sentences.
1. strengthofmaterials — сопротивление материалов
compressive strength[kam'presiv] — прочность на сжатие
fatiguestrength [fa'tkg] —усталостная прочность
impactstrength['impaekt] —работа деформации при удар
ном изломе, ударная вязкость
staticstrength['staetik]— статическая прочность, проч
ность при статической нагрузке
yield strength[ji:ld] —условный предел текучести
Thisbook covers requirements for an engineenng undergraduate
course on strengthofmaterialsand structures. One ofthe essential
properties of concrete is its compressivestrength. The process is
applied to high performance equipment where itisnotpossible to
increase thefatiguestrengthby adding m ore m aterial. Impactstrength
on reinforced concrete structures was estimatedbythis method.We
investigated the resistance to fracture in relation to thestaticstrength
and structure oftwo beams. Priorto theyieldstrengththe material
will deform elastically and will return to its original shape.
2.damage['daemicfe] nv— повреждение, разрушение, де
фект; повреждать, разрушать, наносить ущерб
Thiswilldo alot ofdamageto thebeam. Firesdamageparts of
buildings and whole buildings.
12 0 Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
3 fail ['fell] v — повреждать, разрушать, выходить из
строя
failure ['feilp] п — разрушение, авария, сбой, неисп
равность
brittle failure [britl] — хрупкое разрушение
compressive (compression) failure — разрушение при сжа
тии
ductile failure ['dAktail] — вязкое (пластическое) разру
шение
tensile failure — разрушение при растяжении
The roofjointfailed because of the roof heating up. Frost action
causes serious failures o f concrete. One of the most important
charactenstics of the structural strength o f steels is th e resistance to
brittle failure. The complexities of compressive failure become
apparent when a solid block o f matenal is squeezed between parallel
plates. Damage models can be used to predict ductile failure in
metal forming processes. The standard way to measure tensile
strength is to use a small bar with uniform width and to pull at
each end until the barfails.
4. prevent (from) [pri'v ent] v — предотвращать, предохра
нять
Temporary end stops should be used to prevent concrete from
flowing along the bottom o f th e shutters and segregating.
5. dimension [dai'menjn] n — размер, объем
A room has three spatial dimensions, length, height and width.
6 strain [strein] n v — деформация, напряжение, натя
жение
The change of dimensions in a matenal due to a stress is called
strain.
UNIT 6. BUILDING SCIENCE 1 2 1
7 withstand [wid'staend] v — противостоять, выдерживать
Reinforced concrete can usefully withstandbending load.
8. bear ['Ьеэ] (bore, borne) v -поддерживать, служить
опорой
bearingn—опора
bearingreactions — опорноедавление
The bndge must bearthe weight ofthe cars and trucks. The
experiment was an investigation into the practicability offixing
precast units directlyon to theirbeam bearings.An expenmental
technique is described for the measurement ofbearingreactions
in bridge slabs.
9. enable [і'пеіЫ] v — давать (создавать) возможность
All floors must be constructed before the roofis put on and
waterproofed toenablefinishing work to begin.
10. implement v — выполнять, осуществлять, реализовы
вать
The construction committee’s suggestions willbeimplemented
immediately.
11. be subjected to [sab'djektid] — подвергаться
Abeam is a structural element that issubjectedtoforces acting
perpendicular to it.
12. deflection [di'flekfn] n— прогиб, упругаядеформация
Thedeflectionofabeam depends on its length, its cross-sectional
shape, the material, where the deflecting force is applied, and how
thebeam is supported.
122 I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
13. shear stress ['/іэ] — касательное напряжение
tensile stress —растягивающее напряжение
Shearstressiscalculated based on the pnnciple ofconservation
of momentum. There aresomekinds of matenals which cannot
w ithstand tensile stress.
14. tension['tenfn] n—растяжение, натяжение
Concrete has a much higher strength when it is under
compression thanithaswhenitissubjected to tension.
15. assess [a'ses] v — оценивать
assessment[a'sesmant] n— оценка
They tried toassessthe damage to the building.Thisorganization
provides theassessmentand control ofconstruction products.
16. capable (of)['keipabl] adj— способный
capability [,кеірэ'ЬіЫі] n— способность, возможность,
мощность, производительность
А new sports hall capable ofaccommodating 6,000 people has
recently been completed. The engineer explained the technical
capabilities of the building structure.
17. fulfil [ful'fil] v — выполнять, исполнять
fulfilment[ful'filmant] n— выполнение
This type offinishesfulfilsdifferent functions.
18. increase ['ipkriis] [in'kriis] nv — возрастание, увеличе
ние; возрастать, увеличивать
decrease['di:kri:s][,di:'kri:s] nv—уменьшение, сниже
ние, падение; уменьшать, снижать, падать, убывать
Anincreasein the volume ofbuilding can onlybe achieved by
greater productivity. By using industrial methods of construction
UNIT б. BUILDING SCIENCE 123
the speed ofconstruction maybeconsiderably increased.Itispossible
toconsiderablydecreasethebuilding costsbyusingprefabncation.
19. expand [iks'paend] v — расширять, увеличиваться в
объеме
expansion[ik'spaenjn] n—расширение, растягивание
Thousands of country towns expandedinto great industrial or
commercial centres. Thesite allowsforfurther expansionto double
the present size ofthe factory.
20. displace [dis'pleis] v — выдавливать, вытеснять
displacementn— перемещение, сдвиг, смещение
The denser cold water sinkstodisplacethe heated water, which
isforced to nse. We candescribequantitativelythe amount oflateral
displacementofthe beam.
2. Read and translate the following international words. Look
up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the
part of speech.
Collection л, focus n v, phenomena n, optimize v, prevent v,
specific, hyperstatic adj, permanent adj, service n, esthetics n,
reaction n, neutralize v, equilibrium л, gravitational adj, term n,
trend л, stress n, express v, compressive adj, oppose v, limit n,
manner n, thermal adj.
3. M atch the words with the definitions below.
a) tensile failure
c) compressive strength
e)
tension
g) shear stress
i) yield strength
b) tensile stress
d) compressive failure
0 fatigue strength
h) impact strength
j) bnttle failure
1 2 4 Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
1 the condition of being stretched
2. the ability of a material to resist shock loading
3 the resistance of a material to a force tending to tear it apart
4 the ability of a metal to tolerate gradual progressive force
without permanent deformation
5 collapse caused by compression
6 the form of stress in a material that tends to produce cutting
rather than stretching or bending
7. the strength of a substance under tension
8. a complete fracture of the specimen in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of loading
9. the maximum stress a matenal can endure for a given
number of cycles without failure
10. the ability of a material to resist forces attempting to crush it
4. Match the following English words and word combinations
with the Russian equivalents.
1. fulfil
2. assess
3. dimension
4. deflection
5. displacement
6. implement
7. prevent
8 strength of materials
9. decrease
10. ductile failure
11. failure
12. capability
13 enable
14. withstand
15. bear
a. прогиб, упругая деформация
b. давать возможность
c. выполнять, осуществлять
d. разрушение, неисправность
e. уменьшать, снижать
f. оценивать
g. вязкое разрушение
h. противостоять, выдерживать
i. способность, производительность
j. поддерживать, служить опорой
k. выполнять, исполнять
l. сопротивление материалов
т . сдвиг, смещение
п. предотвращать, предохранять
о размер, объем
иш6. BUILDING SCIENCE 125
5. Fill the gaps with the suitable words below.
1. a) compress
b) compressible
c) compressive
d) compressibility e) compression
f) compressor
I.There are manyproblemsin which abeam is supported on a
foundation exerting adistributive reaction on the beam ofintensity
proportionalto the 2.In order to select the appropnate size of a
for construction use, it is necessary to know what construction
devices are to be powered by the compressed air. 3
building
materials are used to reduce the pressurestransmittedto foundations
and slabs. 4 . W ood is strong when we it vertically. 5. Bending
occurs when a straight materialbecomes curved; one side squeezes
together in compression, and the other side stretches apart in
tension. 6 .A material which can resisthigh forces hastheproperty
of high strength.
II. a) expand
b) expanse
c) expansion
d) expansible e) expansibility
d) expansive
1.A resin composition containing less than 5percent by weight
of wholly inorganic clayparticles is welldispersed. 2. Construction
oftheportison avast of600 acres with aunique state-of-the-art
cargo handling facilities. 3 . The application of concrete is the
effective way to solve thedefect problems ofpiles. 4 . They studied
the effects ofvariousfactors on the of concrete forlargedams. 5.
Thismaterial can whenthe temperature nses or when the moisture
content increases. 6 .This system isprovided to allow for of the
water.
6. Read and translate thefollowinggroups of sentences paying
attention to the words in italics which can function as a noun
and a verb or an adjective, or a noun and an adjective or a
participle, with the same form. Look up your dictionary ifnecessary.
126 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
1.
a. A limiting straindefines the failure of reinforcement.
b. A strainlimit of 1% should be applied.
c. Ifthe stress is small, the matenal may straina little.
2.
a. The strength properties ofthis type of steel m ay increase.
b. No increasein the construction charges willbe made.
c. Residential construction is on the increase.
3.
a Storm caused a lot ofdamageto the house.
b.The flood damageprevention measures should be taken.
c. Earthquakes can damageunreinforced masonrybuildings.
4.
a.A loadbearingwall camestheparts ofthehouse uponit.
b.The columns bearingthe.load mustbeproperly located.
c. A steelbeam bearingwasinstalled on concrete masonry.
5.
a. The matenal was subjectedto the applied load.
b.They subjectedthe beam to vanous tests.
c. They tested the structures subjectedto wind forces.
7.
Study the following patterns showing the ways some adjectives
are formed from nouns or verbs. Complete the charts. Some of
the missing words are from the texts of the Unit. Read and
translate them. Use your dictionary to help you with the
pronunciation.
Pattern 19
JNoun + -al -» Adjective |
The -a l suffix m eans oforconcerning.
Example, addition —дополнение -» additional —дополни
тельный
Noun
Adjective
physics
______________________
practice
______________________
UNIT б . BUILDING SCIENCE 1 2 7
mechanics
mathematics
gravitation
axis
structure
Pattern 20
I Noun/Verb + -ous
- > Adjective |
The -ous suffix means causingorhaving.
Example, fame — известность
- > famous— известный
Noun/Verb
Adjective
advantage
____ ______ ____________
simultaneity
____ ______ ____________
continue
_____ ______ _____ ______
vary
___________ ______ _____
Pattern 21
I Noun/Verb + -ary -> Adjective |
The -aiy suffix means oforconcerning.
Example,inflation —инфляция -> inflational — инфляци
онный
Noun/Verb
Adjective
supplement
_ ______ __________ _____
custom
----------------------------------
volunteer
----------------------------------
128 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
imagine
benefit
Pattern 22
Noun/Veib + -аЫе/іЫе Adjective
The -able/ible suffixes mean havingastatedquality
or condition o r can be done.
Example accept— принимать -> acceptable — приемлемый
Noun/Verb
Adjective
compress
_____________________
recover
_____________________
accept
_____________________
suit
_____________________
flex
_____________________
value
_____________________
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
Read and translate the following sentences paying attention
to the forms and functions ofthe Present Participle.
a) Attribute
Example
Theplayingboy ismy son.
—
Играющиймальчик — мой сын.
The boyplayinginthegarden is my son.
—
Мальчик, играю
щийвсаду, — мойсын.
UNIT 6. BUILDING SCIENCE 129
The bridge beingbuiltacross the river willbe verybig.
—
Мост,
строящийся(которыйстроится)черезреку,будет очень боль
шим.
1.
Building science is the collection of scientific knowledge that
focuses on the analysis and control of the physical phenomena
affecting buildings. 2 This job being managed by the project
manager and supervised engineer will be done on time. 3 . The
strength of materialsgives the value ofthe bearing reactions ofthe
hyperstatic structures. 4. Hydration involves many different reactions
often occurring at the same time. 5 .Young’s modulus describes
the tendency of an object to deform along an axis when opposing
forces are applied along that axis. 6 The designbeing prepared by
the highlyskilled experts’team willbe completed next month.
b) Adverbial m odifier
Example
(While) readinghe was making some notes.
—
Читая, он де
лал заметки.
Havinglostthe key he couldn’t get into the house.
—
Потеря в
ключ, он не мог попасть вдом
Beingbuiltof wood the bridge couldn’t carry heavy loads.
—
Так как мост бш построен(будучипостроенным) из дерева,
он не мог выдержать тяжелых нагрузок.
Havingbeen translatedinto many languages Tolstoy’s books
becameknown all overthe world.
—
Послетогокаккниги Тол
стого былипереведенына многие языки, они стали известны
во всем мире.
1.
Ingeneral stones are used asbasic structural componentsin
buildings, while mudis used to fillin the spacebetween, acting as
a type of concrete and insulation. 2 . To perform successfully in
the construction industry students must develop their skillsin the
technical aspects of construction while applying usefulconstruction
management practices and tools to maintain control and provide
5 Зак 312
130I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
optimal decisions. 3 . Having looked through all the documents
and letters he called his secretary. 4 . Having been in the building
and constructionbusinessfrom the verybeginning wehave much
previous expenencefrom thebuildingpoint ofview. 5.Construction
managers coordinate and supervise the construction process from
the conceptual development stage through final construction, making
sure that the project gets completed on time and within budget.
6. Having been repaired the device began working much better.
7. Having examined the relationship between stress and strain we
determined the elastic modulus. 8 .When purchasing a new house
the buyerhas lesslegalprotection than whenbuying a new car.
9.
Read and translate the following sentences paying attention
to the forms and functions of the Past Participle.
a) Attribute
Example
Heshowed us some magazines receivedby theirlibrary.
—
Он
показал нам журналы, полученныеихбиблиотекой.
The telegram sentwas signedby the director.
—
Отправленная
телеграммабыла подписанадиректором.
There are a few broken chairs in the room.
—
В комнате не
сколько сломанныхстульев.
1.The strain increases until the stresses are sufficientto neutralize
the force applied, when the body is again in a condition of
equilibrium. 2 . Strength of materials studies the mechanical
properties of matenals used in the construction industry. 3 . We
are going to studythe stress state causedbysqueezing the material.
4 The strength ofstructures ofequal cross sectional arealoaded in
tension isindependent of cross section geometry. 5 . The elastic
modulusisthe stress required to cause asampleofthe matenalto
double in length. 6 . Increased strength and durability are also a
part ofthedriveto reduce the environmental footpnnt ofthebuilt
environment bythe efficient use ofresources.
UNIT б. BUILDING SCIENCE 131
b) Adverbial modifier
Exam ple
When questioned, Ididn’t know whatto answer.
—
Когда меня
сталирасспрашивать, я не знал, что ответить.
1.Themodulus of rigiditydescnbes the tendency ofan objectto
shear when acted upon bytheforces. 2 .Once certified, the engineer
is designated the title of the professional engineer. 3. Design
considerations will include strength, stiffness, and stability ofthe
structure when subjected to loads which maybestatic, or dynamic.
4 When faced with unexpected events or delays, construction
managers shouldbedecisive and work well underpressure.
10.
Mind the use of the Present and Past Participles in the
pairs of the following sentences. Read and translate them into
Russian.
Example
The book written by this engineer describes new trends in
construction.
—
Книга, написанная этим инженером, описы
вает новые направления в строительстве.
Thebookdescribingnew trendsin construction iswrittenbythis
engineer.
—
Книга, описывающаяновые направления в стро
ительстве, написанаэтим инженером.
1.Some types ofplasticsproduced at thisplant provide some
decorative effects. Some types ofplasticsproviding some decorative
effects are produced at this plant. 2 M any plants producing precast
reinforced concrete are in operation in this country now. Many
plants being in operation in this country now produce precast
reinforced concrete. 3 . Microcomputers invented in the 1970shelp
much in research work. Microcomputers helping muchin research
work were invented in the 1970s. 4 . The report on new building
methods madebyBobisbeingdiscussed now. Thereport on new
building methods being discussed now was made by Bob.
1 3 2 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
5. M aterials behaving in this manner are called elastic. M aterials
called elasticbehave in this manner.
11. Translate what is given in brackets using the Present and
Past Participles.
1.The sheer size and scope ofthe construction industry means
thatthe (сопровождающийся) economicimpact willbehuge. 2.
While (выполняя) complex calculations we can apply computers.
3. (Послетого, как мне сказали) the title ofmy report on strength
of materialsIdecided togoto thelibraryto work at it.4 .People
(работающие) in their ownbusiness should calculate the cost of
their own time (потраченное) in running the business. 5.Tensile
stress isthe stress state (вызванный)byan (приложенный) load
that tends to elongate the material in the axis ofthe (приложен
ный) load. 6. (Выполнив) the terms ofthe contract they refused
to do some otherjobs atthe construction site. 7 .The new housing
project (строящийся) in this town will be in the form of a huge
circle. 8. (Оценивая) delays in construction work, they can
improve the way the construction team membersinteract. 9.(Выб
рав) thegeneral contractor, the company must take steps to satisfy
their needs. 10 The building costs largely depended on the (ис
пользованный) matenals.
12. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention
to the Absolute Participle Construction.
Example
The weather beingfine, we started for a walk.
—
Так как
погодабылахорошая, то мы отправились на прогулку.
Муsisterhaving comeback, I went to see her.
—
После того
какмоясестравернулась, я пошел навестить ее.
1.All thingsbeing equal, concrete with a lower water-cement
ration makes a stronger concrete than that with ahigherratio. 2.
UNIT б. BUILDING SCIENCE 133
Residential as well as all other types of construction generating a
lotof waste, carefulplanningisneeded in this area 3.They finished
the experiment, the result being quite satisfactory 4. The work
having been finished, the workers left the construction site.
5.Most industries make use ofa variety ofmachines, each machine
carrying out a different operation. 6 Some cement plants are very
large, their annualproduction exceeding 3,000,000 tons ofcement.
7. Thenew methodshavingbeen introduced, the labourproductivity
went up. 8 . The student knowing English well, the examination
didnot lastlong.9 .An externalforcebeing applied, a deformation
takes place. 10. The new method having been studied in detail,
theplant management decided to introduceitat theplant.
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13.
What do you know about strength of materials? Read the
statements given below and say if they are true or false. If the
statem ents are not true, make the necessary corrections.
a) The strength of matenals is one of the fields of building
science.
b) The strength of materials only studies bearing reactions of
structural systems.
c) The strength of materials does not cover dimensions and
choice of materials.
d) A deformation takesplacewhen the materialisin a state of
stress.
e) Strain expresses the deformation change.
f) Compressive stress elongates the material in the axis ofthe
applied load.
g) Tensile stress reduces the length ofthe materialin the axis of
the applied load.
134I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
h) Shearstress causes opposing forcesto act alongparallellines
of action.
1) Yield strength, compressive strength, tensile strength, fatigue
strength, and impact strength are not the terms in the strength
of materials.
14.
Read Text 6A “Strength ofMaterials” and say ifyou are
right or wrong. Discuss your answers with your groupmates or
teacher.
• TEXT 6A
Strength of Materials
Building science is the collection of scientific knowledge that
focuses on the analysis and control of the physical phenomena
affecting buildings. This includes the detailed analysis ofbuilding
materials and building envelope systems. The practicalpurpose of
building science is to provide predictive capability to optimize
buildingperformance and understand orpreventbuildingfailures.
Oneofthe fields ofbuilding scienceisthe strengthof materials.
Itspurpose isto determine the dimensions ofthe constructionsin
orderto resistto strains which theyhaveto withstand, or to check
ifa specific construction is able to withstand certain strains. The
strength of materials alsogives the value ofthebeanng reactions of
thehyperstaticstructures. Itenables to ensure thegoodperformance
of the beams under the permanent and
service loads. Furthermore, this science
studies the mechanical properties of
materials usedin the construction industry.
The strength of materialsis also the studyof
dimensions and choice of materials to
implement in a construction. To design a
mechanical part, a structure, it is initially
to imagine the forms and geometrical
skeleton which fulfil the specific functions;
HP
A material loaded in
a) compression,
b) tension,
c) shear.
UNIT б. BUILDING SCIENCE 135
then, it is to determine the quantities of matter necessary and
sufficient to achieve these forms and to ensure a resistance without
damage to the object with all the strainsitwillbe subjected to during
its service. This dimensioning calls upon calculations that forecast
theperformance ofthe object whosedesignmust combine thebest
conditions of security, economy, and esthetics.
In general, when an external force is applied to a body, a
deformation takes place; this is called the strain. This deformation
causes forces to be set up in the internal structure ofthe material,
andthe materialisthen said to be in a state ofstress. The strain
increasesuntil the resulting stresses are sufficient to neutralize the
appliedforce when thebodyisagainin a condition ofequilibrium.
Deformationofthe materialisthechangeingeometry when stressis
applied in the form offorce loading, gravitational field, thermal
expansion, etc. Deformation isexpressedbythedisplacementfield
ofthe material. Strain or reduced deformation is a mathematical
term to express the trend of the deformation change among the
materialfield.For uniaxialloading —displacements of a specimen
(forexample, a bar element) it is expressed as the quotient ofthe
displacement and the length ofthe specimen. Deflection is a term
to describe the magnitude to which a structural elementbends under
a load.
There are three kinds ofstresses: compressive, tensile and shear.
Compressive stress isthe stress state caused by an applied load that
acts to reduce the length ofthe materialin the axis ofthe applied
load, in other words the stress state caused by squeezing the
material. Compressive strength for matenals is generally higher
than that oftensile stress. Tensile stress is the stress state caused by
an appliedload thattendsto elongate the materialin the axis ofthe
applied load, in other words the stress caused by pulling the
matenal. The strength of structures of equal cross sectional area
loaded in tension isindependent ofcross sectiongeometry. Shear
stress isthe stress state caused byopposingforce acting alongparallel
lines of action through the material.
136 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
There aresome strength terms in the strength of materials. Yield
strength isthe lowest stress that givesperm anent deformation in a
matenal.Compressive strength isa limit state of compressive stress
that leads to compressivefailurein the manner ofductilefailure or
in the manner ofbrittle failure. Tensile strength is a limit state of
tensile stress that leads to tensile failure in the manner ofductile
failure (yield as the first stage of failure, some hardening in the
second stage and break after apossible neckformation) orin the
manner of brittle failure (sudden breaking in some pieces with a
low stress state). Fatigue strength is a measure ofthe strength of a
matenal or a component under cyclicloading, and is usuallymore
difficult to assess than the static strength measures. Impact strength
is the capability of the material in withstanding by the suddenly
applied loads.
15.
Find inText 6A theparagraph saying about some strength
terms used in the strength of m aterials and translate it into
16. Read aloud paragraph 2 ofText 6A.
17. Explain the following references.
a)Itspurpose isto determinethedimensions ofthe constructions
inorder to resist to strains which they have to withstand
What does thepronoun itsreferto?
b) //enables to ensure thegoodperformance ofthebeams under
the perm anent and service loads.
What doesthepronoun itreferto?
c) thisscience studies the mechanical properties of materials
used in the construction industry.
What doesthe demonstrative adjective thisreferto9
UNIT 6. BUILDING SCIENCE 137
d) it is to determine the quantities of matter necessary and
sufficientto achieve theseforms
What does the demonstrative adjective theserefer to?
e) thisis called the strain.
Whatdoesthepronounthisreferto?
f) itisexpressed as the quotient of the displacement and the
length ofthe specimen.
Whatdoesthepronoun itreferto?
g) Compressive strength for matenals isgenerally higher than
that of tensile stress.
Whatdoesthepronounthatreferto?
18. Find in Text 6A some key words and expressions to speak
about the strength of materials. Retell the Text in English.
19. Skim Text 6B “Stress-Strain Relations” and try to
understand what it is about and what information is known to you.
• TEXT 6B
Stress-strain Relations
Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its previous
shape after stress is released. In many materials, the relation
between applied stress and the resulting strain is directly proportional
to acertain limit, and agraph representing those two quantities is
a straightline. Theslope ofthisline isknown asYoung’s modulus,
or the modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity is the
mathematicaldescription of an object or substance tendency to be
deformed elastically(i.e . non -permanently) when aforce is applied
to it The elastic modulus of an object isdefined as the slope ofits
stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region
138I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
^
stress
strain
Wherelambdaisthe elastic modulus; stress istheforce causing
thedeformation dividedbythe area to which the force is applied;
and strain isthe ratio ofthe change causedbythe stressto the original
state ofthe object. An alternative definition isthat the elastic modulus
isthe stress requiredto cause asampleofthe matenalto doublein
length.This is not realisticfor most materials as the value isgreater
than theyield stress ofthe material orthepoint where elongation
becomes nonlinear, but some may find this definition more
intuitive.
Specifying how stress and strain are to be measured, including
directions, allowsfor many types of elastic moduli to be defined.
The threeprimary ones are:
-
Young’s modulusdescribes tensile elasticityorthe tendency
ofan objectto deform along an axiswhen opposing forcesareapplied
along that axis; itisdefined as the ratio oftensile stressto tensile
strain. It is often referred to simply as the elastic modulus.
-
The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity descnbes the
tendency of an object to shear when acted uponby opposing forces;
it isdefined as shear stress over shear strain. The shear modulus
ispart ofthe derivation ofviscosity.
-
The bulk modulus describes volumetric elasticity, or the
tendency of an object to deform in alldirections when uniformly
loaded in all directions; it is defined as volumetnc stress over
volumetnc strain, and is the inverse of compressibility. Thebulk
modulusis an extension ofYoung’s modulus to threedimensions.
Plasticity or plastic deformation is the opposite of elastic
deformation and is accepted as unrecoverable strain. Plastic
deformation is retained even after the relaxation ofthe applied stress.
Most materials in the linear-elastic category are usually capable of
plastic deformation. Brittle materials, like ceramics, do not
experience any plastic deform ation and will fracture under relatively
low stress. Matenals such as metals usually expenence a small
amount ofplastic deformation before failure while soft or ductile
polymers willplastically deform much more
20. Give a brief overview of the structure and contents ofText
6B.
21. Answer the following questions.
a) What is elasticity?
b) What is the type ofthe line representing applied stress and
the resulting strain?
c) What are thedefinitions ofmodulus ofelasticity?
d) WhatdoYoung’s modulus, the shear modulus andthebulk
modulusdescribe?
e) What isplastic deformation?
f) What materials experienceplastic deformation9
22. Read Text 6C “Nanotechnology and Construction” and
answer the questions. Discuss your answers withyour groupmates.
a) What is nanotechnology?
b)Whyisthe size ofparticles soimportant in nanotechnology?
c) Is nanotechnology a new science?
d)Whatprospects does nanotechnology offer?
e)What will constructionbenefitfrom nanotechnology?
0 What nano-sizedparticiplesare applied to building matenals?
g)What holdsback the development ofnanotechnology?
h) When will the advances in the use of nanotechnology arrive?
• TEXT 6C
Nanotechnology and Construction
Nanotechnology isthe use ofvery smallparticles of material either
bythemselves or bytheir m anipulation to create new large scale
materials. The size ofthe particles is very important because at the
lengthscale ofthe nanometre, 10-9 m, the properties ofthe matenal
actuallybecome affected. The precise size at which these changes
are manifested variesbetween materials, but is usuallyin the order
140[Английскийязы к д л я студентовстроительныхспециальностей
of 100 nm orless. Nanotechnology isnot a new science and itis
not a new technology. Itisrather an extension ofthe sciences and
technologies that have already been in development for many years
and itisthelogicalprogressionoftheworkthathasbeendoneto examine
the nature ofour world at an ever smaller scale. A nanometre is a
billionth of a metre. The recent developments in the study and
m anipulation of materials and processes at the nanoscale offer the
tantalizing prospect ofproducing new macro materials, properties
and products.
The construction business willinevitablybe abeneficiary ofthis
nanotechnology, in fact itisalreadyin thefields ofconcrete, steel
and glass Concrete is stronger, more durable and more easily
placed, steel tougher and glass self-cleaning. Increased strength
and durabilityare also apart ofthednveto reducethe environmental
footprint ofthebuiltenvironmentbythe efficient use of resources.
This is achievedboth priorto the construction processbya reduction
inpollution during the production of materials (e.g . cement) and
also in service through efficient use of energy due to advancements
in insulation.
Two nano-sized particles that stand out in their application to
construction materials are titanium dioxide (Ti02) and carbon
nanotubes(CNTs) Theformerisbeing usedforitsabilityto break
down dirt or pollution and then allow it to be washed offby ram
water on everything from concrete to glass and the latter isbeing
used to strengthen and monitor concrete CNTshave many more
properties, apart from exceptional strength, that are being researched
in computing, aerospace and other areas and the construction
industry willbenefitdirectly or indirectly from those advancements
as well.
Cost and the relatively small number ofpractical applications
for now hold back much of the prospects for nanotechnology.
However, construction also tends to be afragmented,low research
onented and conservative endeavour and this plays against its
adoption of new technologies, especially ones that appear so far
removed from its core business. Materials are construction core
UNIT 6. BUILDING SCIENCE 1 4 1
business and the prospects for more changes are significant in the
not too distant future. In fact, the researchers surveyed and predicted
that many advances would arrive within fiveyears. The sheer size
and scope ofthe construction industry means that the accompanying
economic impact will be huge. In order to capitalize on the effects
of nanotechnology on thebusiness, however, much morefunding
for construction related research, increased interdisciplinary
working between researchers and communication between those
researchers and industry is needed.
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23. Listen to theText “The ElasticTheory ofStructures”.
a) Answer the questions that follow.
1. What was a significant achievement of the first industnal
age?
2. What was itused for?
3. The namesof somefamous scientists are mentioned in the
text:L Euler, Th. Young, L. Navier, S. Whipple, A. Ritter,
J.C . Maxwell, and O. Mohr. What contributions did they
make to the elastictheory ofstructures?
4. What were the structures ofthe 19th century designed and
fabricated with?
5. Why did the elastic theory form the basis of the structural
analysis untilWorld War II?
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
6A of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about the elastic theory of structures.
142IАнглийскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
d)
Give some examples of the use of the elastic theory of
structures from your own experience.
24.
Listen to the Text “Nanotechnology's for Real in the
Building Industry”
a) Complete the sentences according to theText.
1. Nanotechnology is sometimes___________as all____________,
w ith little real-w orld___________.
2. Take the __________ that we live and___________in, forinstance.
3. You will find ___________ used to create stronger steel,
___________ glass, solar-collecting fabrics, and ev en____________
concrete
4. Solar-collecting___________ is the first of a new wave of
building components that___________solar radiation into___________ .
5.
__________ steel is more corrosion_____________ than
conventional steel, and can reduce___________costsby up to 50%.
6 Smog-eating concrete isproducedby___________a nanolayer
oftitanium dioxide to__________ , which triggers a catalytic reaction
that__________ . m a ny pollutants in contact with the___________.
7. At the very least, these materials ___________ building
__________
costs, leaving more moneyforother___________ , and they
can help clean up the___________.
8. And for every nanomaterial ___________ today, there are
___________ s e v e nty more in ___________ and development, meaning
that building___________ and architecture are in for some big
___________ thanks to small technology.
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
6B of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about nanotechnology.
UNIT 7
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
“Structural Systems” and translate the given sentences.
1. cladding n—облицовка, обшивка(стен здания)
exterior cladding [ik'stiaria] — наружная обшивка
These angles provide a space to fix the top of the cladding.
There are many different styles and m aterials in exteriorcladding.
2. laminated veneer lumber['laemineitidѵэ'піэ] —ЛВЛ -брус,
конструкционный материал, изготовленный по техно
логии склейки нескольких слоев шпона
plywood['plaiwud]п—фанера, клееная фанера
Laminated veneer lumber(LVL) offers several advantages over
typical milled lumber: it is stronger, straighter, and more uniform.
Thebase is madefrom top qualityplywoodwith a rounded edge.
3. span n v— пролет; перекрывать
In thisbuilding steelbeamshavebeen usedbecause long spans
are involved.Theprecast concrete panels spanbetween thebeams.
144I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
4. joistf'djoist] я —опорнаябалка, перекладина, ригель
I-joist я — двутавр, двутавровый профиль
floorjoist — балка пола, балка междуэтажного пере
крытия
openwebjoist —балочнаяферма
woodjoist —деревяннаябалка
The walls support thejoists which carry the floor. I-joists are
known for their value when it comes to size, strength, and
reliability. The spaces for thefloorjoists can be clearly seen. The
mam function ofanopenwebjoististo providedirect supportfora
roofor afloordeck andtotransfertheloadimposed onthedeckto
the beams and columns. Woodjoists should not be built into
separating walls.
5. align [э'іаіп] v — выравнивать, центровать
alignment я — выравнивание, центровка
The resultofthese shearing strains isthat thefibersbecom e aligned
at right angles to the shear stress. Fine I-beam alignmentin high-
risebuilding construction was required.
6. glue [glu:] я v — клей; клеить
glued laminatedbeam — клеёный брус, многослойный
клеёный брус, клеёный профилированный брус
Theforce on one sheet ofwood istransmitted through theglueto
anothersheet of wood.The thin sheets ofwood aregluedtogether.
7. fabricate ['faebrikeit] v — производить, изготовлять
prefabricate v— изготавливать заводским способом
prefabrication я — заводское изготовление
prefabricated adj— сборный, готовый
The new cement makes itpossible tofabricatereinforced concrete
products of high strength. Industrialised building means a high
degree ofprefabrication applied to domestic or other construction
so asto reduce siteworkto minimum. Cranes are used forassembling
large-sizeprefabricatedelements.
UNIT 7. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 1 4 5
8. roof truss — стропильная ферма
This is a high sloping ceiling attached directly to the roof trusses
and rising all the way to the top of the house.
9. strut n — стойка, распорка, сжатый элемент (конст
рукции)
lumber strut —деревянная стойка
The formwork is put on the strut and the whole is concreted.
10. purlin ('pa: lin] n — прогон, обрешетина
The helicopter was used to hoist and place in position prestressed
concrete purlins.
11. brace ['breis] n v —растяжка, скоба, перекладина, стой
ка, распорная балка; скреплять, связывать, придавать
жесткость
bracing п — связи жесткости, система связей, креп
ление
The paper describes the economical placing o f braces in the
walls of a rectangular building. We had to brace the walls when we
put the new roof on. During this phase the bracing is fixed.
12. shape ['Jeipj n — профиль, форма
T shape n —тавровый профиль
channel ['tfaenl] n — швеллер, швеллерный профиль
angle [ aerjl] n — уголковый профиль, уголок
It is climate which determines the shape and construction of
most buildings. The roof and floor frames are made up o f beams
and channels. Steel angles are fixed across the ends o f the beams.
13. weld v — сваривать, варить
welding n — сварка
The bottom of each column is welded to a base plate. Welding
can be done in many different environments, including open air,
under water and in outer space.
146 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
14. rod п — стержень, прут, рейка
Therodsare placed nearthebottom ofthe concretebeam.
15. in-situ concrete [m'sitju:] —бетон, уложенный на строй
площадке; монолитныйбетон
precast reinforced concrete — сборный железобетон
A bnck is not fabricated on the site as т-situconcrete, but is
prefabricated. It isprecastreinforcedconcretethat provided the high
scale of construction in this country.
16. exceed [ik'si.d] v — превышать, превосходить
Thegarage must not exceed30mi in thefloor area.
17. slab n— плита, панель
concrete slab —бетонная плита, бетонная панель
floorslab — плита (панель) перекрытия, плита настила
пола
hollow slab ['Ьэіэи] — пустотная плита
Theslabsact as permanent formwork and provide verygood
insulation. A few weeks later, the concrete slabs were laid across
the tunnelto form the roof. Thefloorslabsmeasure 3 x 5 m and
theyhavebeen mounted simultaneouslywith the main structure of
the building.
18. framing ['freimirj] — каркас, рама, деревянная конст
рукция
frame(framing)construction — каркасная конструкция,
рамная конструкция
balloonframing[ba'hr.n] —деревянныйбалочно-стоеч
ный каркас(здания)
Since the early 1920s, almost all homes have been built using
w ood framing construction. Balloonframmg'HZ& employed in m any
two-storey housesbefore 1930.
UNIT 7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTSJ 147
19. bolt ['bault] n v — болт; скреплять, стягивать болтами
anchorbolt['aspкэ] — анкерный болт
bolted connection — болтовое соединение
Each base plate isfixed to a concrete column base by two bolts
The beams are boltedto steel columns.
20. girderf'ga.da] n— главная балка, балочнаяферма
Thegirders support smaller beams.
2. Read and translate the following international words. Look
up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the
part of speech.
Standard n, base n v, constant adj, economical adj,profile n,
catastrophic adj, configuration n, dominant adj, horizontal adj,
universal adj, radius n, moment n, result n v, condition n,
distribution n, neutral adj, cylindrical adj,position n v, accuracy
n, stable adj, exclusively adv, stable adj, resistance n, platform
n, section n, double v, barrier n
3. Match the pairs of synonyms from A and В and translate
A
1. manufacture
2. bar
3. facing
4. framework
5. form
6. vault
7. screw
8. line arrangement
9. preassembly
10. soldering
В
a. span
b. prefabncation
c. fabricate
d. bolt
e. welding
f. alignment
g. framing
h. shape
i. rod
j. cladding
148 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
4.
Match the verb on the left with a suitable item on the
right. Use each item once only.
1 glue
a. to a centre line of a wall
2 exceed
b. a column to the steel channel
3 brace
c. a concrete slab on the ground
4 align
d. wood sheets together
5 install
e. a distance of 1 metre
6 weld
f. angles to connecting plates
7 span
g. the length ofthebeam
8 cast
h. a house
9. bolt
i. a girder to support smallerbeams
10. prefabricate
j. masonry wallsduring construction
5.
Make the following sentences complete by translating the
words and phrases in brackets.
1.There is minimalfnctionbetween thebolt and the wood in
the (болтовое соединение). 2.With the panels made of(сбор
ный железобетон),buildings up to 5 floorshigh canbe constructed
without columns or beams. 3 . It is seen as an easier installation
and abetter solutionfor supporting roofs as opposed to the use of
dimensional(деревянные стойки) and(обрешетина) asbracing.
4. А (швеллер) is widely used in building practice as a beam.
5.Steel is usedfor(каркасная конструкция)becauseithashigh
tensile and compressive strength. 6 .(Деревянная балочно-сто
ечная конструкция) of residential and commercial buildings
increased in the twentieth century and continues to be the standard
building form. 7 . Steel (уголки) tie the frame together and also
provide a place to fix the top of the cladding. 8 . (Пролет) is the
clear distance between the supports of an arch, beam of (стро
пильная ферма).9 .A concrete (плита перекрытия) wasputin
place. 10 . (Монолитный бетон) is strong, durable, stable,
readilyavailable and relatively economic in terms of construction
UNIT 7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 1 4 9
and life time maintenance. 11 The thickness of (фанера) used
should notbelessthan6 mm in thistypeof shutter. 12.Theroof
consists of a waterproof covering and a roof structure, which is
made oftimber(опорная балка) and wood-wool slabs
6. Read and translate the following word combinations which
come from the texts of the Unit. Mind the use of nouns as
attributes in preposition. Look up your dictionary if necessary.
Wood products, roof construction, laminated veneer lumber
functions, support walls, wood I-joists, roof rafters, ceilingjoists,
a standard truss, top and bottom chords, concrete floor slabs,
hand-held wrenches, a beam and girder system, wood and steel
construction, handmade timberformwork,floor elements, metal
connectors, structural compression members, steel-frame
buildings, abeam profile, gravity loads, high strength steel tendons
(пучковая арматура), moment carrying capacity, a highwaybndge,
a beam force, a beam support, a force or flexibility method, a
direct stiffness method, steel trusses.
7. Study the followingpatterns showing the ways som e adjectives
are formed from verbs and nouns. Complete the charts. Some of
the missing words are from the texts of the Unit. Read and
translate them. Use your dictionary to help you with the
pronunciation.
Pattern 23
Verb + -ent/-ant -> Adjective
The -ent/-ant suffixes mean havingquality.
Example:differ — различаться -> different — различный
150I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальноггей
Verb
depend
correspond
dominate
exist
distance
Adjective
Pattern 24
Verb + -ive —>Adjective
The -ive suffix m e ans having a tendency, character, or quality.
Example:construct — строить -> constructive — строи
тельный
Verb
Adjective
produce
-- --- ---- ---------- ---- --- --- ---- -
act
- --- ---------- --- --- --- -- --- --- ---
attract
- --- ---------- --- --- --- -- --- --- ---
create
- --- ---------- --- --- --- -- --- --- ---
effect
------- ---- --- ---- --- ---- ------ ---
Pattern 25
Verb + -y
—
>Adjective
The -y suffix m eansfull or converted with, tending to,
like or typical of.
Example:sun — солнце -> sunny — солнечный
им и 7. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 151
Verb
Adjective
cloud
_________________
m ight
_______ ________ __
worth
_____________ ____
smoke
_______ ________ __
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
Read and translate the following sentences paying attention
to the forms and functions of the Gerund.
a) Subject
Example
Smokingis not allowed here.
—
Курить (курение) здесь не
разрешается.
1. Knowing English is helpful for any building engineer.
2. Cutting stones and timbersbecame possible with the invention
of tools. 3. Learning to use a computer is important for every
civil engineer. 4 .Adding heatto a substance does not always cause
a rise ofitstemperature. 5. Maintainingthe equipmentingood
condition helpsstudentsto make experiments well.
b) Part of a Predicate
Example
His greatest pleasure is readingbooks.
—
Самоебольшоеудо
вольствие для него — это чтение(читать)книг(и).
1.In Russia, mostofthehousesbuiltafterWorldWar11were
big, usually 5-10 stories high, with small apartments. In these
boroughs, thegoal was saving space and creating as m any apartments
152I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
as possible. 2 . Seeing is believing. 3 . The most common floor
finishiscarpeting, most of whichis now made of syntheticfibres.
4. Our aim isfinding new waysofusing this materialin thebuilding
industry. 5 .The problem to be discussed is making a new program
for a computer.
c) Direct Object
Example
Ilike readmgbooks. — М не нравится читать (чтение) книги.
Tom likes being read such books.
—
Том любит, когда ему
читаюттакие книги.
Irememberhavingseenthisfilm.
—
Я помню, чтоя смотрел
этот фильм
Irememberhavingbeentoldaboutthisfilm.
—
Я помню, что
мнерассказывалиоб этом фильме.
1.At the building site, precast members arejoined togetherby
a number ofmethods, including weldingtogethermetal connectors
cast into them or pouring a layer ofin situ concrete on top of
floor members, bonding them together. 2 . If you like wearing
highheelsandbeautifulclothes, you may notbehappy on abuilding
site. 3 . They expected being given further assistance. 4 . Most
local authorities started providing social housing, mainly forelderly
people with low incomes. 5 . He remembers having been shown
this project.
d) Indirect Object
Example
I am pleased with his learningEnglish.
—
Я доволен тем, что
он изучаетанглийский язык.
We are interested inbeinginvitedto the first night.
—
Мы за
интересованы в том, чтобынаспригласилина премьеру.
Не reproached himselfforhavingsaidit.
—
Он упрекал себя
за то, что сказал это.
Не was surprised athavingbeen asked about it.
—
Он был
удивлен, чтоего спросилиоб этом.
UNIT7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 153
1. The municipal engineer serves local or state government
directly in planning and supervising the construction and
management ofwater-supplyand sewage-disposal systems, roads
and bndges, public-transport systems, publicbuildings, and many
other significantfeatures of modem life. 2 . Myfriend isgood at
speakingEnglish andGerman. 3 .WhenI was at school,Ithought
ofworking inconstruction. 4 .Thesedecisions are connected with
planning, organizing, directing and controlling the work to be
done. 5 . The investors insisted on being informed about the
financialposition ofthe projectthey supported.
e) Attribute
Example
Idon’t likehis manner ofreading.
—
Мнененравится его
манера чтения.
1. It is seen as an easier installation and a better solution for
supporting roofs as opposed to the useoflumber struts andpurlins
as bracing. 2. There are three historically common methods of
framing a house. 3 . The task of building the project is the
responsibility of a firm of contractors. 4 . Civil engineering is the
profession ofdesigmng and executing structural worksthat servethe
generalpublic. 5 . Mathematical methodsfordetermining the beam
forces include the moment distribution method, the force or
flexibility method and the direct stiffness method.
f) Adverbial M odifier
Example
We ennch ourknowledgeby readingbooks.
—
Мы обогаща
ем свои знания, читая (чтением)книги.
Не entered the room withoutbeingnoticed. — Он вошел в ком
н а т у незамеченным.
1. Glued laminated beams are created by glueing the faces
together to create beams. 2 . The energy effectiveness of stone is
154I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
considered abigdraw-back, as stone ishard to keep warm without
using large amounts of heating resources. 3 . For moving smaller
volumes ofpeople and freight, hydraulic elevators are used. 4 .After
hardening, thefloor surfaceis machme polished to expose the marble
chips. 5 . The lightest and most efficient structural shapeisthebar
joist, a standard truss made with angles for the top and bottom
chords, joined by welding to a web made of a continuous bent
rod.6 .Theconceptofa staticallydeterminate structure — thatis,
a structure whoseforces couldbedeterminedfrom Newton’s laws
of motion alone — was set forth by Otto Mohr in 1874, after
havingbeen used intuitively forperhaps 40 years.
9. Use the Gerund ofthe verbsinbrackets. Define thefunctions
of the Gerund and translate their sentences.
1.Thegovernment created companiesthat employedpeople in
(to build)dams and roads, houses and parks. 2 .Weknew nothing
about his (to have been sent) to New York. 3. There is a big
difference between (build) a house and (design) a computer
system. 4 . Building isthe process of(construct)buildings asdistinct
from the art or science of(design)buildings, which is architecture.
5.Some or allthejointsbetween thebeams and columns are rigidly
joined togetherby (weld) the steel or (pour) the concrete in situ.
6. They began (talk) about the state of the building market.
7. (Load) heavy weights requires great skill. 8 . He is proud of
(havewon)in the chesstournament. 9 . In (proportion) the mix,
the aggregates are graded in size. 10. Asbestos is capable of
(withstand)veryhightemperatures, and atthe same time (deflect)
heat. 11 .The lightest and most efficient structural shapeisthebar
joist, a standard truss made with angles on the top and bottom
chords, joinedby (weld)to a web of a continuousbent rod.
10. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention
to the verbal noun.
Example
There are three turnings to the right.
UNIT7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 155
Mysisterdoesthe cookingin the house.
The makingof concrete is difficult.
Themeat willbefine with slow cooking.
This writingishard to read.
Ihavedone some shoppingthismorning.
I. In industrialized countries the mixing and delivery ofliquid
concrete to building sites have been mechanized. Ifthe span is
larger, the increasing load requires a local thickening of the slab
around the columns. 2 .Theprogram focuses on the understanding
of construction technology, construction management and
production management processes. 3 . Ifthe span is larger, the
increasing load requires some thickening of the slab around the
columns. 4 . It is now very difficult to find cheap housing for
rent. 5 . Wall sheathing, usually a plywood or other laminate, is
usually applied to the framing prior to erection, thus eliminating
the need to scaffold. 6 .Thiseccentric loading creates an internal
moment, and, inturn, increasesthe moment carrying capacityof
the beam. 7 . Lintels are the horizontal members placed over
window, door and other openings to carry loads to the adjoining
studs. 8 .The coming ofthe industrial age marked a major change
in the role ofthe building engineer.
II. Find the sentences in which the -ing form is a) a verbal
noun or b) a gerund. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1.The piles are put in place by driving them into the ground
withlarge mechanical hammers. 2 . The development ofbronze,
and lateriron, technologyin thispenodled to the making ofmetal
tools for working wood, such as axes and saws. 3 . The drawings
were erased during thefinalfinishing ofthe wall surfaces. 4 . Portland
cement is easily manufactured by burning shale and limestone.
5.Openings were cut throughthe framing and sheathing as required.
6.The average waiting time for an elevator between pressing the
call button and amval mustbelessthan 30 secondsin an office
156],
156 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
building and less than 60 seconds in an apartment building.
7 Adding sound-absorbent materialto a hallimprovesitforspeech
but detracts from its musical qualities. 8 . In buildings with fully
controlled atmospheres, doubleglazingis common to reduce heat
transfer and both interior and extenor condensation on theglass.
9 Exterior wall studs are the vertical members to which the wall
sheathing and cladding are attached. 10 Trusses arehollowed-out
in which the stresses are channeled into slender linear members
made of rolled shapes that are joined by welding orbolting into
stable triangular configurations.
12,
Compare the -ing forms — the Gerund, the Verbal Noun
and the Present Participle in the following sentences. In every
case state the subject and the predicate. Translate the sentences
into Russian.
1. Membersthat spanfloors and roofs are usuallypretensioned,
another prestressing technique, which is similar in principle to
post-tensiomng. 2 .A beam is a structural element that iscapable
ofwithstanding loadprimarilyby resistingbending 3.The making
ofclearplate glass wasperfected inthe late 19th century.4 Under
gravity loads, the original length ofthe beam is slightly reduced to
enclose a smaller radius arc at the top ofthe beam, resulting in
compression. 5.With the coming ofbuilding science, there was a
furtherdivision oflabourinthe designprocess. 6 .Balloonframing
using a technique suspending floorsfrom the walls was common
until the late 1940s. 7 . Framing is a building technique based
around structural members whichprovide a stableframeto which
interior and exterior wall coverings are attached and coveredby a
roofcomprisinghorizontal ceilingjoists and sloping rafters (together
forming a truss stmcture). 8 . A precise theoretical understanding
ofthe truss, and major use ofitinbuildings, did not come until
the 19th century. 9 . The standard rolled shapes are frequently used
as beams and columns, the wide flange, or W shape, being the
most common. 10. Platform framing often forms wall sections
UNIT 7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
horizontally on the sub-floorprior to erection, easingpositioning
of studs and increasing accuracy while cutting the necessary
manpower. 11 . In Egypt the extracting, moving, and working of
stone were costly processes, and thequarrying of stone was a state
monopoly.
13. Before you read Text 7A “StructuralSystems”, discuss the
following questions with your groupmates or teacher.
a)Do youknow what structural systems are9
b)Whatparts ofabuilding canbe madefrom wood?
c) How does laminated veneerlumberfunction?
d) What are I-joists used for?
e)What advantagesdo manufactured trusseshave?
f)Whyissteel one ofthe major structural materials9
g)What structural shapesdo youknow?
h) How are steel frames erected at the building site?
i)What is in situ concrete used for?
j)What is the oldest framing system?
k) What is pretensioning?
l)What methods are used tojoin precast elements together?
m)Whatisthedominantform ofconstructioninRussia9
14. Read Text 7A to find out if your answers are right or
wrong.
The structures ofbuildings are mostly skeleton frames of various
types. New domestic housing in many parts ofthe world today is
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
• TEXT 7A
Structural Systems
158I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
commonlymadefrom timber-framed construction. Woodproducts
are becoming abiggerpart ofthe construction industry.They may
be usedinboth residential and commercialbuildings as structural
and aesthetic materials. Inbuildings made ofothermatenals, wood
is still found as a supporting material, especially in roof
construction, in interiordoors and theirframes, and as exterior
cladding.
Laminated veneerlumberfunctionsasbeamsto provide support
over large spans, such as removed support walls and placeswhere
dimensional lumber is not sufficient, and also in areas where a
heavyload isbearing from afloor, wall or roof above on a short
span. Wood I-joists are used forfloorjoists on upperfloors. They
are engineered forlong spans and are doubled up in placeswhere
a wallwillbe aligned overthem. Gluedlaminated beams are created
byglueing the facestogether to create beams. By glueing multipie,
common sized piecesoflumbertogether act as one largerpieceof
lumber. Manufactured trussesareused inhome construction asa
pre-fabricated replacement for roof rafters and ceilingjoists. It is
seen as an easierinstallation and abetter solution for supporting
roofs as opposed to the use oflumber struts and purlins as
bracing.
Steel is one ofthe major structural materialsinbuildings. It
isa strong and stiff material. It can be quickly fabncated and
erected. The lightest and most efficient structural shape is the
bar(or open web)joist, a standard truss made with anglesfor
the top and bottom chords,
joined by welding to a web
made of a continuous bent
rod. It is used almost exclusively
tosupportroofsand can span up
to 45 metres. Thestandard rolled
shapes are frequently used as
AsteelI-beam,in thiscase
beams and co,umns’ the Wlde
usedto support woodbeams
flanBe’ or W shaPe- bein8 the
inahouse.
most common. Where steel
UNIT7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 159
beamssupport concrete floor slabspoured onto a metal deck, they
can be made to act compositelywith the concrete.
Steel columns arejoined to foundations withbase plates welded
tothecolumns andheldbyanchorboltsembeddedintheconcrete.
The erection of steel frames at thebuilding site can proceed very
rapidly,because allthe pieces can be handled by cranes and allthe
bolted connections canbe made swiftlybyworkers withhand-held
wrenches.
Reinforced concrete is also a major structural material in
buildings. In situ concrete is used forfoundations and for struc
tural skeleton frames. Theoldest framing system is thebeam and
girder system, whose form was derived from wood and steel
construction: slabsrest on beams, beams rest on girders, andgirders
rest on columns in a regular pattern. This system needs much
handmade timberformwork, and in economies wherelabouris
expensive other systems are employed.Oneisthepanjoist system,
a standardizedbeam and girder system of constant depth formed
with prefabricated sheet-metal forms. The simplest and most
economical floor system is the flat plate where a plain floor slab
rests on columns spaced apart. Ifthe spanislarger, the increasing
load requires a local thickening of the slab around the columns.
Concrete columns are of rectangular or circular profile and are
cast in plywood or metal forms. The reinforcing steel never exceeds
8percent ofthe cross-sectional area to guard against catastrophic
brittle failure in case of accidental overloading.
Precast concrete structural members are fabricated under
controlled conditions in afactory. Members that span floors and
roofs are usually pretensioned, another prestressing technique,
which is similar in principle to post-tensioning. Precast prestressed
floor elements are made in a number of configurations. These
include beams of rectangular cross section, hollow floor slabs,
and single- and double-stem T shapes. Precast concrete columns
are not usually prestressed and have projecting shelves to receive
floormembers. At the building site, precast members are joined
together by a number of methods, including welding together
160 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
metal connectors cast intothem orpounng alayerofin situ concrete
on top of floor members, bonding them together. Precast
prestressed construction iswidelyused, and itisthe dominantform
of construction in Russia and Eastern Europe
15. Find in Text 7A the paragraph saying about reinforced
concrete regarded as one of the major structural materials in
buildings and translate it into Russian.
16. Read aloud paragraph 6 of Text 7A.
17. Explain the following references.
a) They may be used in both residential and commercial
buildings as structural and aesthetic matenals.
Whatdoesthepronountheyreferto?
b) Theyare engineered forlong spans and are doubled up in
placeswhere a wall willbe aligned overthem.
Whatdoesthepronountheyreferto?
c) Itis a strong and stiff material.
Whatdoesthepronoun itreferto?
d)Itcan be quicklyfabricated and erected.
Whatdoesthepronounitreferto9
e)Itisused almost exclusivelyto support roofs
Whatdoesthepronoun itreferto?
0 theycanbe made to act compositelywith the concrete.
Whatdoesthepronountheyreferto?
g)
These include beams of rectangular cross section, hollow
floorslabs, and single- and double-stem T shapes
Whatdoesthepronounthesereferto?
UNIT7. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 161
18. Underline or mark the main ideas of Text 7A and retell it
in English.
19. Skim Text 7B “Beams” and try to understand what it is
about and what information is known to you.
•TEXT 7В
Beams
A beam is a structural element that iscapable of withstanding
load primarily by resisting bending. The bending force induced
into the material ofthebeam as a result ofthe external loads and
external reactions to theseloadsis called abending moment.
Beamsgenerally carry verticalgravitationalforcesbut can also
beusedto carryhonzontalloads(i.e . loadsdue to an earthquake or
wind). The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns,
walls, or girders, which then transferthe force to adjacent structural
compression members.
Beamsarecharacterizedbytheirprofile(the shape oftheir cross-
section), their length, and their material. In contemporary
construction, beams aretypicallymade ofsteel, reinforced concrete
orwood.One ofthemost commontypesofsteelbeamistheI-
beam orwide-flange beam (also known as a universalbeam or,
for stouter sections, a universal column). This is used in steel-
framebuildings and bridges. Othercommonbeam profiles are the
C-channel, the hollow structural sectionbeam, thepipe, and the
angle.
Internally, beams experience compressive, tensile and shear
stresses as a result ofthe loads applied to them. Typically, under
gravity loads, the originallength ofthe beam is slightly reduced to
enclose a smaller radius arc at the top of the beam, resulting in
compression, while the same onginalbeam length atthebottom of
the beam is slightly stretched to enclose a larger radius arc, and so
isundertension. Above the supports, thebeam isexposed to shear
stress.
6 Зак 312
162 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
There are some reinforced concrete beams that are entirely in
compression. Thesebeams are known asprestressed concrete beams,
and arefabncatedto produce a compression morethan the expected
tension underloading conditions. High strength steel tendons are
stretched whilethebeam iscast overthem. Then, when the concrete
has begun to cure, the tendons are released and the beam is
immediately under eccentnc axial loads. This eccentric loading
creates an internal moment, and, in turn, increasesthe moment
carrying capacityofthebeam. They are commonlyused on highway
bridges.
Mathematical methodsfordetermining thebeam forces(internal
forcesofthe beam and the forces that are imposed on the beam
support) include the moment distribution method, the force or
flexibility method and the direct stiffness method.
Mostbeamsin reinforced concrete buildings have rectangular
cross sections, but the most efficient cross section is a universal
beam. A universalbeam is onlythe most efficient shape in one
direction ofbending-up anddownlooking at theprofile as an I. If
thebeam isbent side to side, itfunctionsasan H whereitisless
efficient. The most efficient shape forboth directions in 2D isa
box(a square shell), howeverthe most efficient shapeforbending
in any direction is a cylindrical shell or tube. Efficiency means
that forthe same crosssectional area(volume ofbeam perlength)
subjected to the same loading conditions, the beam deflects less.
Other shapes, like L (angles), C (channels) or tubes, are also
used in construction when there are special requirements.
20. Give a briefoverview oftbe structure and contents ofText7B.
21. Relate each heading to the corresponding paragraph of
Text 7B.
a) Beam profiles.
b) Beam forces.
c)Abending moment.
UNIT 7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 163
d) Beam shapes.
e)The stresses experienced byabeam.
f) The loads carried by abeam.
g)Prestressed concrete beams.
22.
Read Text 7C “Framing Construction” and answer the
questions. Discuss your answers with your groupmates.
a)What sort ofbuilding technique isframing?
b)What membersdoes wallframing include?
c)What are the common methods offraming?
d)What ispost andbeam framing characterizedby?
e)What is specific ofballoon framing?
f)What does platform framing consist in?
g) Why isa multiplestudpost used at extenor comers?
h) What supports the upper floors, ceiling and roof?
i)What are loadbeanng and non-loadbearing walls?
j)What are lintels constructed of?
k) When are the assembled sections nailed together?
• TEXT 7C
Framing Construction
Framing isabuilding techniquebased on structural members
which provide a stable frame to which interior and exterior wall
coverings are attached and coveredby a roofcomprising horizontal
ceilingjoists and sloping rafters (togetherforming a truss structure)
or manufactured pre-fabricated roof trusses — all of which are
covered by various sheathing materials to giveweather resistance.
Wall framing in house construction includes the vertical and
horizontal members of extenor walls and interiorpartitions, both
of bearing walls and non-bearing walls. Studs, wall plates and
lintels serve as a nailingbase for all covering material and support
the upperfloorplatforms, whichprovide the lateral strength along
a wall.The platforms maybe the boxed structure of a ceiling and
6*
1 6 4 | Английский язы кдля студентов строительных специальностей
roof, or the ceiling and floorjoists of the storey above. There are
three historicallycommon methods offraming ahouse.
—
Post and beam framingisnow usedinbarn construction.
—
Balloon framing using a technique suspending floors from
the walls was common until the late 1940s, but since that time
platform framing has become the predominant form of house
construction.
—
Platform framing often forms wallsections horizontally on the
sub-floor prior to erection, easing positioning of studs and
increasing accuracy while cutting the necessary manpower. The top
and bottom plates are end-nailed to each stud with two nails. Studs
are at leastdoubled at openings, thejack stud being cut to receive
the lintels (headers) that are placed and end-nailed through the
outer studs.
Wall sheathing, usuallyaplywood or otherlaminate, is usually
applied to theframingpriorto erection, thus eliminating the need
to scaffold. A multiple-stud post made up of at least three studs is
generally used at exterior comers and intersections to secure a good
tie between adjoining walls and to provide nailing support for the
interiorfinish and exterior sheathing. Comers and intersections,
however, must be framed with at least two studs. Nailing support
for the edges ofthe ceiling is
required atthejunction ofthe
wall and ceiling where
partitions run parallel to the
ceiling joists.
Wall framing in house
construction includes the
vertical and horizontal
members ofexteriorwalls and
interior partitions. Studs,
wallplates and lintels serve as
a nailing base for all covering
material and supportthe upper
floors, ceiling and roof.
A two-story wooden-frame
house under construction —
the location of the upper floor
platform is readily discerned
by the widejoists between the
floors, and the upper structure
rests on this platform.
UNIT7 . STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS 165
Exterior wall studs are the vertical members to which the wall
sheathing and cladding are attached. They are supported on abottom
plate orfoundation sill and in turn support the top plate. Interior
partitions supporting floor, ceiling or roof loads are called
loadbeanng walls; others are called non-loadbeanng or simply
partitions. Intenor loadbearing walls areframed in the same way
as extenor walls.
Lintels (headers) are the horizontal members placed over
window, door and other openings to carry loads to the adjoining
studs. Lintels are usually constructed of two pieces of lumber
separated with spacers to the width ofthe studs and nailed together
to form a single unit. The preferable spacer material is rigid
insulation.
The complete wall sections are then raised and put in place,
temporarybracesadded and thebottom plates nailed through the
subfloorto the floorframing members. Once the assembled sections
are plumbed, they are nailed together at the corners and
intersections. A stnp ofpolyethylene is often placed between the
mtenorwalls and theextenor wall, and abovethefirsttopplate of
interior walls before the second top plate is applied to attain
continuity of the air bam er when polyethylene is serving this
function. A second top plate usuallylaps thefirstplate at the comers
and partition intersections and, when nailed in place, provides an
additional tie to theframed walls.
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23. Listen to the Text “A Horizontal Support”.
a) Answer the questions that follow.
1.Whatisabeam?
2.Whatmaterialscanbeamsbe madeof?
3.What forces are beams usuallysubjected to?
166[ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
4.What conditions are reinforcedbeams used under?
5.What elements can beams rest on?
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
7A of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about beams.
d) Tell your groupmates aboutbeams based on the information
to be collected.
24. Listen to the Text “Roof”.
a) Which of these statements are true and which are false?
1.The roofdesign depends on the climate ofthe place in which
a building is located.
2.The roof of abuilding protects people from rain and sun.
3. Where it often rains, the roof slopes steeply.
4. It is convenient to live in a house with sloping sides.
5. Triangular frameworks are called trusses.
6.In the MiddleAgesthewoodenframe ofthe roofwashidden
by a ceiling.
7.The hammer-beam roofincreased the effect of height and
space.
8.The waterproof covering of apitched roofis made ofthick
slabs ofbaked clay.
9. Sheets of weatherproof roofing-felt help to keep out rains.
10. When a roof covers a large space, wood trusses are used.
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
7B of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about different types of roofs.
UNIT 8
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
ffl
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
“Engineering for Buildings” and translate the given sentences.
1. safe['seif]adj—безопасный, надежный
safety ['serfti] n— безопасность, надежность
A safeconstruction plan follows all safetyregulations.
2. collapse [ka'laeps] n v — разрушение, выход из строя,
крушение;разрушаться, ослабевать, выходить из строя
A failure in tensile strength may result in the collapse of the
beam. Buildings tend to collapseduring an earthquake.
3. utilize [juitilaiz] v — использовать, утилизировать
In her newjob her talents willbebetter utilizedthan before.
4.goal['gaul] n— цель, задача
achieve a goal[a'tfi:v] — достичь цели
The firm managed toachievesafetygoalsthrough incentive pay.
5. scale ['skeil] n— масштаб, шкала; сводить к определен
ному масштабу, определять масштаб
House building is being carried out on a large scale. This
thermometerhastwoscalesmarked onit.In a mapdrawnto the
scale1 :50,000, one centimeter represents half a kilometre.
168I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
6.be distinct from [di'stirjkt] — отличный (от других)
Those two construction plans are quite distinctfrom each other.
7. emerge[Ттэ:cfc] v— появляться
emergence[Ттэ:cfcans] n— появление
Some new theones emergedon Egyptianpyramid construction.
The 1980ssaw theemergenceof many new building practices.
8. deal (with) [di:l] v — иметь дело (с), рассматривать
вопрос
In the building field we usually dealwithcomplex plastics.
9. service['sa: vis] n— служба, обслуживание; (pi.) комму
никации, инженерное оборудование здания
serviceability [,sa:visa'biliti] п — полезность, пригод
ность, эксплуатационная надежность, работоспособ
ность
They require access to the ceiling void to install theservices. In
civil engineenng, serviceabilityrefers to the conditions under which
a building isstill considered useful.
10. carry out v — проводить, выполнять
Alloperations can becarriedouton the top ofthe concrete slab.
11. entire[in'taia] adj— полный, совершенный, целый
entirely[in'taiali] adv— полностью , всецело, совершенно
The20th century sawdeep changes inthe entirerange ofbuilding.
The units can be put up by unskilled labour, entirelybyhand, and
without the use of mechanical equipment.
12 swayn v— качание; качаться, наклоняться
Thisnew typeofconstruction isperfectlysafe;but in the search
for a perfect construction, another factor has entered — sway.
Like trees, tall buildings must be able toswayin the wind.
U N I T 8 . STRUCTURALENGINEERING 1 6 9
13. linear [Ч іп іэ ] adj—линейный
A linear dimension is measured along a straight line.
14. retain [ri'tein] v — удерживать, поддерживать, сохра
нять
A building with a large volume in relation to its surface area
retains more heat.
15. advance [ad'vams] n v — продвижение вперед, успех,
прогресс; продвигаться вперед, делать успехи, р азви
ваться
There have been great advances in building construction in the
last 50 years. The construction plan is advancing well.
16. behave [bi' heiv] v — работать (о конструкции, материале)
behaviour [bi'heivja] n — работа, свойства, характерис
тика, поведение (системы)
Metals behave in different ways when heated. A system o f equations
that describes the nonlinear behaviour o f beams is presented.
17. technique [tek'ni:k] n — методика, метод, способ, про
цедура, технический прием, технология
An interesting new technique for constructing concrete roofs
was developed by the structural engineering department.
18. conform (to) [ksn 'fam] v — соответствовать (чему-л .),
согласоваться (с), приспосабливаться, подчиняться (пра
вилам)
19. precise [pri'sais] adj — точный, определенный
precisely [pri'saisli] adv — точно, определено
accurate ['aekjurat] adj — точный, тщательный
170I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
accurately ['aekjurstli] adv — точно
This makes iteasyforthe surveyorto takeprecisemeasurements
foranypoint ofthe area. The coming ofthe Iron Agebroughttools
which made possible fine accurate stone cutting. Loads can be
calculated accurately
20. term [ta:m] n—срок; термин
intermsof —сточки зрения
That was his second term as Prime Minister. This is a
comprehensive dictionary ofconstruction termsand building industry
terminology listed m alphabetical order. Roughcarpentry isthejob
oftheframing caipenter intermso/construction.
2. Read and translate the following international words. Look
up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the
part of speech.
Criteria n, discomfort n, empirical adj, utilize v, install v,
revolution n, pyramid n, formalize v, dynamic adj, creativity n,
license v, accredit v, professional n adj, elastic adj, topographic
adj, client n, summarize v, process n, adaptation n, atmosphere
n, final adj, fund n.
3. Match the pairs of antonyms from A and В and translate
them .
A
1. differ
2. disappearance
3. incomplete
4. curved
5. stand
6. similar
7. inexact
8. risk
В
a. entire
b. collapse
c. precise
d. conform
e. safety
f. emergence
g. linear
h. distinct
UNIT 8 . STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING I 1 7 1
4.
Match the noun(s) on the left with a suitable item on the
right. Use each item once only.
1.A technique
2. The advance
3. The goal
4. The building sway
5. The term
6. Serviceability
7. A structural engineer
8. The structure
a. can’t be achieved.
b. checks the beam strain.
c. is for three years.
d. was provided for.
e. shows strange behaviour.
f. was developed.
g. was taken into account.
h. was made in construction.
5. Replace the underlined words with the words below.
a) carry out
b) techniques
c) utilize
d) retain
e) accurate
0 sway
g) emerge
h) behave
i) services
j) collapse
1.Agreat amount ofeffortisspent onthe correct application of
formulas. 2 . Research in the field progressed the general
understanding ofhow steelbeams act under singleand combined
loads. 3. They regularly perform urgent repairs of construction
equipment at thisplant. 4 . Thisbridgecan falldown under the
weight of the train. 5 . Design professionals and builders should
work in an integratedprocessin orderto specifyand make use of
materials in a manner that will reduce or eliminate waste.
6. Some cracksinbeams can appearduring construction 7.During
recentyears an interesting change hasbeengraduallybrought about
m the various methods ofbuilding construction employed m Russia.
8. The pipes and cables which penetrate the floor/ceiling system
must incorporate an approved fire stopping system or must be
enclosed in fire resisting shafts. 9 What isthe legal temperature a
building must keep in the winter in this area? 10. They developed
some methodsfortesting structurespermitted to move to and fro.
172 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
6.
Read and translate the following groups of sentences paying
attention to the words in italics which can function as a noun
and a verb, or a verb and an adjective, or a noun and an adjective,
with the same form. They can have similar ordifferent meanings.
Look up your dictionary if necessary.
1. a He isfamiliar with building construction terms.
b. The contract specifies the termsofemployment.
c. She thought of everything in termsof money.
2. a . I know how to convertFahrenheitto the centigradescale.
b. Scalethe old paint from the ceiling.
c. I am looking for a large-scale map.
3. a . He usually dealswith such problems effectively.
b. Thisbook dealswiththe life ofV.G . Shukhov.
c. The company dealsin building materials.
4. a . Thecompany wantsto hire asafedriver.
b. Put your valuables in the safe.
c. They created safeworking conditions at the plant.
5. a . Theygave me an advanceof a month’s pay.
b. He did hisjob in advance.
c. He could advance a new theory.
7.
Study the following patterns showing the ways some verbs
are formed from adjectives or nouns. Complete the charts. Som e
of the missing words are from the texts of the Unit. Read and
translate them. Use your dictionary to help you with the
pronunciation.
Pattern 26
Adjective/Noun + -en
-
»Verb
Example,broad — широкий -» broaden — расширять
UNIT 8 . STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 173
Adjective/Nom
Verb
strength
--- -- -------- -------
length
----- -------- -- -----
wide
----- -- -------- -- ---
weak
----- ---------- -----
quick
--- -- -------- -------
Pattern 2 7
IAdjective/Noun+-ate-»Verb j
Example, motive — мотив
- > motivate — мотивировать
Adjective/Noun
Verb
regular
--------- -------------------------
active
--------- -------------------------
stimulus
----------------------------------
ongin
----------------------------------
orchestra
----------------------------------
Pattern 28
j Adjective/Noun + -ise/-ize - » Verb |
Examplespecial — специальный -> specialize- специализи
роваться
Adjective/Noun
Verb
formal
____________________
_
m
o
dem
_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
ind
u
s t r i a l ______________________
174I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
computer
summary
Pattern 29
jAdjective/Noun + -ify/ -fy
-
»Verb[
Example: diverse — разнообразный —►diversify — разнооб
разить
Adjective/Noun
Verb
pure
______________________
simple
______________________
specific
______________________
intense
______________________
$
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
Read and translate the following sentences with one (ones)
used as indefinite pronouns meaning everyone/anyone and as
substitution words. Use your dictionary ifnecessary.
Example
Oneshouldbe careful when crossing the street.
—
Следуетбыть
осторожным при переходе черезулицу.
1don’thaveapen. I mustbuy one.
—
У меня нет ручки. Я
должен купитьручку.
1.Sometimesone can findbricks ofa muchlarger sizethan a
normal one. 2.One can’tleam English m a month.3.Concrete
UNIT 8. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 175
structural frames have the advantage of costing less than steel ones,
but they must usuallybe reinforcedby steel to carry loads 4. One
can’t get a driving licence until one is eighteen. 5. Most gardens,
even small ones, have flowers and a lawn. 6 Currently, the main
distinction which causes one to speak ofcomputer-aided architectural
design (CAAD) rather than computer-aided design (CAD) lies m
the dom ain knowledge (architecture-specific objects, techniques,
data, and process support) embedded in the system. 7.One should
know the difference between civil engineering and building
engineering. 8 . People thinking ofbuying a house ask a realtor to
show them several houses. When they decide on one, theydiscuss
the price with the people who are selling it 9. In early times the
only large buildings were communal ones such as granaries and
places of worship for their gods. 10.
“ Isiteasytogo campingin
the country?” — “Yes, but one is not allowed to camp where one
likes. One can only use camp-sites.”
9.
Read and translate the following sentences paying attention
to the meaning and uses of that (those).
Example
Give me thatpencil (those pencils), please — Дайте мне,
пожалуйста, тот карандаш (me карандаши).
The price ofgold ishigherthan thatofsilver.
—
Цена на золо
то выше ценысеребра.
The fax thatarrived in the morning is in your file — Факс,
которыйприбылутром, находится в вашей папке.
I think that he is right.
—
Ядумаю, чтоон прав
1.Only with the understanding ofstructuraltheories that emerged
during the 19th and 20th centuries the professional structural
engineer came into existence. 2 . Cavity walls have a heat-flow
rate that is50percent ofthat ofa solid wall. 3.The second system
isdeep structure which means that the operationsperformedby the
computer have natural limitations. 4 . Structural engineering is a
field of engineering dealing with the analysis and design of structures
176 I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
that support or resist loads 5.The upperlimitof concrete strength
issetby that ofthe stone used in the aggregate. 6 .The traditional
method usesjoists similar to those offloor construction to span
between extenor walls 7. Complex building regulations were
imposedbycity authonties to ensure thatbuildings were structurally
sound and stable, thattheyhad enough lightand air around them,
and that they looked nght. 8 .Now that lack ofhousing isasocial
problem, especially with the high nse in house pnces. 9 . The
foundations ofthose buildings support considerably heavierloads
than those of residential buildings. 10. The people constructed
thosehousesfrom whatever matenal was available where they lived.
11. Structural engineering design utilises a relatively small number
ofbasic structural elements to build up structural systemsthat can
be very complex. 12. Building design professionals include those
licensedbythe state — such as architects and structural, mechanical,
and electrical engineers — who must formally certify that the building
they design will conform to allgovernmental codes and regulations.
10.
Read and memorize the prepositions oftwo or more words.
Translate the given sentences.
1 according to согласно ч ет 7
2 apart from не считая кроме,
іе говоря уже о
3 as to относительно, что ка
сается
4aswellasтакжекак
5 because of благодаря, из-за
6 by means of посредство и
lie to благодаря всіедствие
8 in addition to в допознениек
11 in spite of несмотря на
A ct ordtng to the timetable the tram leaves at
8 15am
Father was the onlyone who knew you
thoroughly, apart from me
Mr Pike inquired as to the exchange pnce
This article is interesting as well as useful
I couldn't get to work because of my illness
Thoughts are expressed b \ means o f words
Our success was due to luck
In addition to giving a general introduction to
computers, the course alsoprovides practical
experience
Iwill waitforyoumfront oftheshop
He stood on the chair in order to reach the
top shelf.
In spite o f the threat of war, he says he
remains confident that peace is possible____
UNIT8. STRUCTURALENGINEERING 177
12 instead of вместо
He accepted the realities instead o f resisting
them.
In view o f his youth, the police have decided
not to press charges
He couldn’t read the speech himself, on
account of a sore throat
Flights were delayed owing to the stnke
With regard to your recent application, I am
afraid we are unable to offer you the job
Thanks to the new netw ork, clerks will be
able to deal with all the payments at one
time
13 in view of ввидi, принимая
во вн иман ие
14 on account of из-за по при
чине, вследст вие
15 owing to из-за, б тгодаря
16 with (in) regard to что ка
сается относительно
17 thanks to біагодаря из за
вследст вие
11. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention
to the prepositions o f two or more words.
1. This document forms an agreement between the client and
the design team as to the expected building size and performance.
2. Computer-aided architectural design (CAAD) refers to the use
of any computational technique m the field of architectural design
other than by means of architecture-specific software. 3. There
was a tax o n bricks in England. From 1784 to 1850 you were taxed
according to the number of bricks you used in a building. 4 In
Egypt, in spite of the heavy loads that stone structures created,
foundations were o f a surprisingly improvised character, made of
small blocks of poor quality stone. 5. Bricks were very popular as
a building material from 1700 to 1900s. This was probably due to
the fact that it was much more flame retardant than wood in the
ever crowding cities, and cheap to produce 6. Apart from naturally
occurring matenals, many man-made products are in use, some
more and some less synthetic. 7. The complexity of modem
structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer
in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they
are subjected to. 8. The design of a building begins with its future
user or owner, who has in mind a perceived need for the structure,
as well as a specific site and a general idea of its projected cost.
9. In addition to general knowledge of building science, the design
178 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
team collects specific data related to the proposed building site
10. Made from clays, and easierto use than stone because oftheir
size and standardization, bricks made possible the construction of
the arches, vaults, and domes that were popular in Europe from
theRoman era on.
12.
Supply the missing prepositions oftwo or more words from
exercise 10. One or more answers may be correct.
1. In the 15th centurybrick remained quite expensive the cost
ofthefuel needed to fireit, and itwasused mainlywhere there was
no readily available stone. 2 . The company has had a successful
year, the improvement in export sales. 3. These mappings are
abstractions that are introduced discussthe process ofdesign and
deployment ofCAAD systems. 4 .There is a separate garden each
house. 5 . Now, the financial cut-backs, the plants have been
closed. 6 . The first program was installed in the 1960’s to help
architects save time drawing theirblueprints. 7 . the fact that all
the other members ofthe group aregoing, Ithinkyou shouldgo
too. 8. He couldn’t go to work in Africa his poor health.
9.
construction equipment, foreign orders saw a netdecreaseby
19per cent. 10. Architects direct the work of engineers, many
other consultants m such specialized areas as lighting, acoustics,
and verticaltransportation.
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13.
What do you know about structural engineering? Read the
statements given below and say if they are true or false. If the
statements are not true, make the necessary corrections.
a) Structural engineenng can only be studied on its own right.
b) Structural engineers are involved in the design ofstructures.
UNIT 8. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 179
c) Structural engineering design uses a large number ofbasic
structural elements.
d) Pyramids are regarded as the most common major structures
because their forms are stable and scaled.
e)The theory ofstructures existed and was widely used throughout
ancient and medievalhistory.
f) The profession of a structural engineer took shape in the
Renaissance.
g) The architect and the structural engineer were different
professionsbefore the industrial revolution.
h) A structural engineer is considered to be fully qualified after
completing a three-year course of studyat college or university.
14.
Read Text 8A “Engineering for Buildings” and say if you
are right or wrong. Discuss your answers with your groupmates.
• TEXT 8A
Engineering for Buildings
Structural engineering isa field of engineering dealing with the
analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads.
Structural engineenng isusuallyconsidered a specialty within civil
engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right.
Structural engineers are most commonly involvedin the design
of buildings and large nonbuilding structures but they can also be
involved in the designof machinery, medical equipment, vehicles
or any item where structural integrity affects function or safety of
the item. Structural engineers must ensure theirdesignssatisfygiven
designcriteria, predicated on safety(eg. structures must not collapse
without due warning) or serviceability and performance (eg.
building sway must not cause discomfortto the occupants).
Structural engineering theory isbased upon physicallaws and
empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different
landscapes and materials. Structural engineering design utilises a
relatively small number ofbasic structural elements to build up
180 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
structural systems that can be very complex. Structural engineers
are responsible for making creative and efficient use of funds,
structural elements and matenals to achieve thesegoals.
Structural engineering hasexisted since hum ans first started to
construct their own structures. It dates back to at least 2700 BC
when the step pyramidforPharaoh Djoserwasbuiltby Imhotep,
the first engineer m history known by name. Pyramids were the
most common major structures builtbyancient civilizationsbecause
the structural form of a pyramid is inherently stable and can be
almost infinitely scaled (asopposed to most otherstructural forms
which cannot belinearlyincreased in sizeinproportion to increased
loads).
Throughout ancient and medievalhistory most architecturaldesign
and construction were earned outbyartisans, such as stone masons
and carpenters, rising to the role of masterbuilder. No theory of
structures existed, and the understanding of how structures stood
up was extremely limited and based almost entirely on empirical
evidence of “whathad workedbefore” . Knowledgewasretainedby
guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures were
repetitive, and increases m scale were incremental.
No record exists of the first
calculationsofthe strength ofstructural
members orthebehaviourofstructural
material, but the profession of a
structural engineer only really took
shape with the industrial revolution and
the re-invention of concrete. The
physical sciences underlying structural
engineenng began to be understood in
the Renaissance and have been
developing ever since.
Structural engineenng became a
more defined profession with the
emergence of the architecture
profession as distinct from the
UNIT 8. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 181
engineenng profession dunng the industrial revolution in the late
19th century. Until then, the architect and the structural engineer
were oftenone and the same — the masterbuilder. Onlywiththe
understanding ofstructuraltheonesthat emergeddunng the 19th
and 20th centunes the professional structural engineercame into
existence.
The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant
understanding ofboth static and dynamic loading, and the structures
that are available to resistthem. The complexityofmodem structures
often requires agreatdeal of creativityfrom the engineerin order
to ensure the structures support and resistthe loads they are subjected
to. A structural engineer will typically have a four or five year
undergraduate degree followed by a minimum ofthree years of
professional practice before being considered fullyqualified
Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned
societies and regulatorybodies around the world (forexample, the
Institution ofStructural Engineers in the UK).
15. Find in Text 8A the paragraphs saying about the history
of structural engineering and translate them into Russian.
16. Read aloud paragraphs 8 and 9 ofText 8A.
17. Explain the following references.
a) theycan also be involved in the design of machinery
Whatdoesthepronoun theyreferto?
b) structural elements and materials to achieve thesegoals.
Whatdoesthedemonstrativepronounthesereferto?
c) first started to construct theirown structures.
What doesthepronoun theirreferto?
d) the structures that are available to resist them.
Whatdoesthepronoun themreferto?
182 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
е)
and resist the loads they are subjected to.
Whatdoesthepronountheyreferto?
0 2700; 19 (twice); 20
What do these numbers referto?
18. Find in Text 8A some key words and expressions to speak
about structural engineering. Retell the Text in English.
19. Skim Text 8B “Building Dsign” and try to understand
what it is about and what information is known to you.
• Text 8B
Building Design
The design of a building begins with its future user or owner,
who hasin mind aperceived need forthe structure, as well as a
specific site and a general idea ofits projected cost. The useror
client brings these factsto a team ofdesign professionals composed
of architects and engineers, who can develop from them a set of
construction documents that define the proposed building exactly
and from which it can be constructed.
Building designprofessionals include those licensed bythe state,
such as architects and structural, mechanical, and electncal
engineers, who must formally certifythat the building they design
will conform to allgovernmental codes and regulations. Architects
are the primary design professionals; they orchestrate and direct the
work of engineers as well as many other consultants in such
specialized areas as lighting, acoustics, and vertical transportation.
The design professionals draw upon a number of sources in
preparing their design. The most fundamental ofthese isbuilding
science, which hasbeengraduallybuiltup overthe past 300years.
This includes the parts ofphysical theory that relate to building,
such as the elastic theory of structures and theories of light,
electricity, and fluid flow. There is also a large compendium of
UNIT 8. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 183
information on the specificproperties ofbuilding matenals that can
be applied in mathematical models to reliably project building
performance. There is also a large body of data on criteria for
human comfort in such matters asthermal environment, lighting
levels, and sound levels that influence a building design.
In addition to general knowledge ofbuilding science, the design
team collects specific data related to the proposed building site.
These include topographic and boundary surveys, investigations of
subsoil conditionsforfoundation and water-exclusiondesign, and
climate data and otherlocal elements.
Concurrentlywith the collection ofthe site data, the design team
works with the client to better define the often vague notions of
building function into more precise and concrete terms. These
definitions are summarized in abuilding space programme, which
givesa detailed written description ofeach required space in terms
of floor area, equipment, and functional performance criteria.
Thisdocumentformsanagreementbetweentheclient andthedesign
team asto expected building size andperformance.
The processbywhichbuilding science, sitedata, and thebuilding
space program are used by the design team is the art ofbuilding
design. Itisa complexprocess involving the selection ofstandard
building systems, and their adaptation and integration to produce
a building that meets the client’s needs within the limitations of
government regulations and market standards. These systems have
becomedividedinto a number ofclearsectorsbythebuildingtype
for which they are intended. The design process involves the
selection of systems for foundations, structure, atmosphere,
enclosure, space division, electricaldistribution, water supply and
drainage, and otherbuilding functions. These systems are made
from alimited range of manufactured components butpermit a
wide range ofvariationinthefinalproduct.Oncethesystemsand
components havebeen selected,thedesignteam preparesa set of
contract documents consisting ofa wntten text and conventionalized
drawingsto describe completelythe desired building configuration
in terms of the specified building systems and their expected
184[Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
performance When the contract documents havebeen completed,
the final costs ofthe building can usually be accurately estimated
and the construction process canbegin.
20. Identify the topic of each paragraph of Text 8B.
21. Answer the following questions.
a) What does the design of a building begin with?
b) Whodevelops constructiondocuments?
c) What are design professionals’ responsibilities?
d) What sources do design professionals use to prepare their
design?
e) What site inform ation is required for design engineers?
f) What is abuilding space programme?
g) What is the definition ofthe art ofbuilding design?
h) What does the design process involve?
22. Read Text 8C “Computer-Aided Architectural Design”
and answer the questions. Discuss your answers with your
groupmates.
a) What software programs are used in the building design?
b) What isCAAD?
c) Whywas CAAD developed as a distinct class ofsoftware?
d) What isthe differencebetween CAD and CAAD9
e) What systems doesCAAD have?
f) What makes it easy to perform arithmetical operations
effectively?
g) What isthe two-way mapping ofactivities?
h) Does the design process cover the complete life cycle of a
building?
i) What is meant bya design continuum?
j) How is agraphical approach usedin the designprocess?
UNIT 8. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING 185
• TEXT 8C
Computer-AIDED Architectural Design
Computer-aided architectural design (CAAD) software programs
are the repository ofaccurate and comprehensive records ofbuildings
and are used by architects and civil engineers.
The first program wasinstalled in the 1960’sto help architects
save timeinstead ofdrawingtheirbluepnnts. Computer-aideddesign
alsoknown asCAD wasoriginallythe type ofprogram that architects
used, but since CAD couldn’t offer all the tools that architects
needed to complete a project, CAAD developed as adistinct class
o f software.
AllCAD andCAADsystems employ adatabase withgeometric
and otherproperties ofobjects; they allhave somekind ofgraphic
user interface to manipulate a visual representation rather than
thedatabase; and they are all more orless concerned with assembling
designsfrom standard and non-standardpieces. Currently,the main
distinction which causes one to speak ofCAAD ratherthan CAD
lies in the domain knowledge (architecture-specific objects,
techniques, data, and process support) embedded in the system.
A CAAD system differsfrom otherCAD systems in two respects
-
It has an explicit object database of building parts and
construction knowledge.
-
It explicitly supports the creation of architectural objects.
In amoregeneral sense, CAAD also refers to the use of any
computational technique in the field of architectural design. For
example, software which is specifically developed forthe computer
animation industry (e.g . Maya and 3DStudio Max)isalso used in
architectural design.
CAAD hastwo typesofstructures m itsprogram. Thefirst system
issurface structure which provides agraphicsmedium to represent
three dimensional objects using two dimensional representations
Thesecond system isdeep structure which meansthattheoperations
performed by the computer have natural limitations. Computer
hardware and machinelanguagesthat are supported bythese makeit
easy to perform anthmetical operationsquicklyand accurately.
Здесь должны быть стр 186 и 187
188[ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
b)
Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
8B of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about a structural engineer’s responsibilities
and duties.
UNIT 9
SURVEYING
Ш
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
“Surveying Techniques” and translate the given sentences.
1. accomplish [a'komplij] v — совершать, выполнять, до
стигать, доводитьдо конца, завершать
accomplish an objective [ab'cfcektiv] —достичь цели
They managed to accomplish their construction project We
accomplish this objective through a broad range of project
management and construction services.
2. gather['дэеЭэ]information — собирать информацию
The company gathered some information on the building
construction market.
3. cadastral survey[ka'dasstrsl 'sa:vei] — кадастровая съемка
constructionlayout survey —разбивка стройплощадки
land survey — полевая съемка, геодезическая съемка
Acadastralsurveyinvolves the mapping, tracing and recording
of private and public land resources. Constructionlayout surveys
superimpose the information shown onplans to the construction
sitesothe various trades canconstruct buildings, roads and utility
190 I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
systems. Thecourseaims to producegraduates with skillsin land
surveyandprepare them for careersin the management ofproperty.
4. elevate ['elrveit] v — поднимать, возвышать
elevation [,eli'veijn] n— высотная отметка, вертикаль
ная проекция, профиль, фасад, вид сбоку(начертеже)
Youcan gain abetter understanding ofhow we are working to
elevatethe surveying profession. A topographic surveylocates natural
and man-madefeatures with elevations.
5. execute ['eksikju:t] n— выполнять, осуществлять
execution [,eksi'kju:Jn] — производство, выполнение
We execute all kinds of survey. Construction planning is a
fundamental and challenging activity in the management and
executionof construction projects.
6. boundary[Ъаипблп] n— граница, межа, линия раз
дела
boundary corner — землемерный знак (угол) границы
propertyboundary ['propati] — граница владения
establishboundaries — устанавливать (определять) гра
ницы
A railway line runs along the eastern boundary.Aboundarycomer
is the point of intersection of two boundary lines. Survey maps
show legalpropertyboundariesand ow nership ofphysical features.
How do land surveyors establishboundaries?
7. measuringtape (tape measure) ['тезэп д 'teip] —рулет
ка, измерительная (мерная) лента
Acarpenter should use ameasuringtape.
8. instrumentn— инструмент; прибор, аппарат
measuringinstrument — измерительный инструмент
UNIT 9. SURVEYING 191
Theinstrumentan electrician uses to check that a power circuit
is working properly is a voltmeter. All measuringinstruments are
subjectto varying degrees of errors and measurement uncertainty.
9. level n adjv — горизонт, уровень, отметка; нивелир,
уровень (инструмент); горизонтальный; нивелировать,
выравнивать
levellinginstrument — нивелир; ватерпас
Awide use ofscientificinventions has raisedbuilding to a new
higher level. The building has one storey which is raised above
groundlevel.A carpenter uses a spint levelto check vertical and
horizontal work. The site needs to be level.You should build on
thelevel, not on the slope. She levelledoffthe wet concrete with a
piece of wood.
10. calibrate ['kaelibreit] v — калибровать, градуировать;
проверять, выверять; (геод.) компарировать
Не calibratedthe weighing machine. How willyou allow the
user tocalibratethe thermometer to his desired settings?
11. plane n —плоскость, уровень, горизонт
planeofreference — координатная плоскость
Cementing materials are usually used for joining different
planes. A plane of reference acts as a guide to the location of
other planes.
12. theodolite [Ѳі'Ddalait] n— теодолит
Atheodeliteis used by surveyors for measuring angles.
13. area ['еэпэ] n—участок, район, площадь, территория
Theareaofa surface in the room is measured in square metres.
192 I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
14. improve [шГргшѵ]ѵ—улучшать, совершенствовать
improvementп—улучшение, усовершенствование
Construction business prospects have improved enormously.
Yourwork shows considerable improvement
15. resolution[,rez3'lu:Jn] n— разрешающая способность,
разрешение;разложение(на составляющие)
angular resolution — угловаяразрешающая способность
They used a special method for improving resolution of the
theodolite. Angularresolutionis the minimum angular separation
at which two equaltaigets can be separated when atthe same range.
16. measuringrod —промернаярейка
There are various types of measuringrodsdesigned foridentifying
the length and width ofspecific objects.
17.pegn—кол, колышек
Theewerefourpegsstuck in the ground.
18. plat[plaet]—(амер.)план или съемка в горизонтальной
проекции, карта
City, town or villageplatsshow subdivisions into blocks with
streets and alleys.
19. axis (pi. axes) ['aeksis] (['aeksi:z]) n — ось
axial['aeksial]adj— осевой, продольный
The long axisofthe building is oriented east-west. For axial
loading the effect ofthe mean stress is shown.
20. equip [fkwip] v — оборудовать, оснащать
equipment[I'kwipmant] n— оборудование, оснащение
The schoolbuilding isequippedwith air-conditioning. Speeding
up construction hasbeen made possible through using allkinds of
building equipment.
UNIT 9. SURVEYING 193
2. Read and translate the following international words. Look
up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the
part of speech.
Distance n, trigonometry n, legal adj, cadastral adj, register
v, accumulation n, reduce v, compass n, barometer n, indication
n, differential n, object n, private adj, locate v, verify v, correct
adj, aluminum n, orientate v, correspond v, copy n v,
interpretation n, meteorology n, perpendicular adj, lense n, prism
n, autom atically adv.
3. Match the words with the definitions below.
a)
resolution
b) level
c) peg
d) elevation
e) plane
f) axis
g) theodolite
h) measunng rod
i) measuring tape
j)cadastral survey
1. a centre line to whichparts of a structure maybe referred
2. a flexible form of a ruler
3. an architect’s drawing of one side of a building
4. the meansbywhich landboundaries are established/relocated
5.thepower of aninstrument to giveaclearpicture ofthings
6. an instrument having a sequence of marks at regularintervals
7.ashortpieceofwood ormetalusedto marksomething
8. an instrument used for measunng angles
9. an instrumentforshowing whether asurfaceishonzontal
10. a flat surface
4.
Match the following English word combinations with the
Russian equivalents.
1. plane of reference
а. разбивка стройплощадки
2. execute land survey
b. землемерный знак границы
3. establish boundaries
c. установить оборудование
7 Зак 312
194 IАнглийский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
4. construction layout survey
5. gather information
6 accomplish an objective
7 install equipment
8 angular resolution
9. boundary comer
10. elevate a profession
d. координатная плоскость
e. угловоеразрешение
f. поднять профессию
g. собирать информацию
h. выполнять полевую съемку
i. достичь цели
j.устанавливать границы
5.
Read and translate the following sentences. Pay attention
to the meaning of the words and word combinations given below.
I. a) area — участок, район; площадь
b) residential (housing)area — жилой район
c)bearing area — площадь опоры, несущая поверхность
d) a cross-section(al) area — площадь поперечного
сечения
I. Resistance isprovidedbytransferring the thrust force to the
soilthroughthelargerbeanng area oftheblock suchthatthe resultant
pressure against the soil does not exceed the horizontal bearing
strength ofthe soil. 2 . It is a nice starter home by a park, the
least expensive house in an expensive area, and reallyfits all ofour
requirements. 3 . When a plane cuts through an object, an area is
projected onto theplane. Anyplanecanbe used to cutthroughthe
surface, but when thatplaneisperpendicularto an axis ofsymmetry,
it projection is called a cross-sectional area. 4 . Safe driving m
residential areasisimportant. 5 .Thegardenistwelve square metres
m area. 6 . The area is also fast developing as a recreational and
retirement housing area with a large number of foreigners now
living in the area plus housing developments that have been
implemented by local entrepreneurs.
II. a)instrument — инструмент; прибор
b) surveyinginstrument — геодезический инструмент
UNIT 9 . SURVEYING 195
c) measuringinstrument — измерительный инструмент
d) levelling instrument — нивелир, ватерпас
e)instrumentation — контрольно-измерительные приборы
1. The newest requirements m instrum entation and test
equipment demand even higher speeds and new levels ofprecision.
2. This company manufactures, markets, imports and exports a
wide range of measunnginstruments of world-renowned brands.
3.Surveyinginstruments are used forthe accurate measurement of
features, orientation and absolute positioning oflarge scale objects
in engineering, construction, mapping, industry, defense and
other applications. 4 .The use oflevelling instrum ents is essential
to variousparts ofthe construction process, rangingfrom investigating
the original site to locating the building on the site, and establishing
grades and elevations ofvariousparts ofthe structure. 5 . Instruments
used in surveying operations measure vertical andhorizontal angles,
and distance.
6.
Read and translate the following word combinations which
come from the texts of the Unit. Mind the use of nouns as
attributes in preposition. Look up your dictionary if necessary.
Three-dimensional spaceposition, land maps and boundaries,
data analysis, property boundaries, land survey data, space
delineation, data accumulation, construction layout surveys,
precision measurements, land ownership, a measunnginstrument
level, air pressure, a sea level, a boundary surveyor, boundary
comers, an instrumentlocation, reference marks, a standard map
grid, a tape measure, rocket launch technology, horizontal axis
error, measurementprocedure.
7*
196I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
7.
Study the following patterns and complete the charts. Read
and translate them into Russian. U se your dictionary if necessary.
Pattern 30
Ire-+Verb->Verbj
The re- prefix means a repeated action, again in a new and
a better way.
Example, consider — рассматривать —>reconsider — пере
сматривать
Verb
Verb
define
----------------------------------
distribute
----------------------------------
examine
----------------------------------
open
----------------------------------
read
----------------------------------
construct
----------------------------------
Pattern 31
un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, dis- + Adjective/Verb ->
Adjective/Verb
The un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, dis- prefixes have a negative or
opposite meaning.
Example, able — способный —>unable — неспособный
a) un- isthe most common, e.g . unusual;
b) in- is often used before words with a Latin origin, e.g .
invisible;
UNIT9. SURVEYING 1 9 7
c)im- is usedbefore some wordsbeginning with morp,e.g.
impolite;
d) il- can be used before /, e g. illegal;
e) ir- is used before a few words beginning with r, e g.
irreplaceable;
f) dis- is used before some adjectives and verbs, e.g . dislike.
Adjective/Verb
Adjective/Verb
acceptable
_____________________
employed
_____________________
adequate
_____________________
formal
_____________________
perfect
_____________________
probable
_____________________
literate
_____________________
logical
_____________________
regular
_____________________
responsible
_____________________
agree
_____________________
believe
_____________________
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8.
Read and translate the sentences in the left and right
columns into Russian. Say whether the action of the object clause
precedes, follows or is simultaneous with the action of the principal
clause in these sentences. Mind the sequence of tenses.
198[ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Example
Не saidthat he worked(wasworking)at the plant.
—
Он ска
зал, что работает на заводе.
Не saidthat he had worked at the plant.
—
Он сказал, что
работал на заводе.
Не saidthat he wouldwork at the plant.
—
Он сказал, что
будет работать на заводе.
1Неsays heneeds aholiday
2.ShethinksthatIwent home
early.
3Theyknow Peterwill see
them later
4Myfriendsays hecanspeak
French.
5.Hesays hehas seen thatbook
on the teacher’ s table.
6.HesaysI am wasting my
time.
7.Janesays shemay arrivelater.
8Hethinks shehas been
sleeping
9.Marysays heshould gotothe
dentist’s
10.Sarahsays shemust finish
the report__________________
Hesaid thatheneeded a
holiday
ShethoughtthatIhadgone
home early
Theyknew Peterwould see
them later.
Myfriendsaidhecould speak
French
Hesaid hehad seen thatbook
on the teacher’ s table
HesaidIwas wasting mytime
Janesaid shemightarrive later
Hethought shehad been
sleeping.
Marysaid heshould gotothe
dentist’s.
Sarahsaid shemust (had to)
finish the report____________
9.
Read and translate the following sentences into Russian
paying attention to the rules of the sequence of tenses.
1.He reported that thebuilding industryhaddeveloped from the
process of using natural materials forbuilding simple shelters in
early times to the complex industrialprocessof modem times 2.
He saidthat many ofthe materials usedthen were made m factories
and were often partly put togetherbefore they even reached the
building site. 3. The last halfofthe 18th century saw the unfolding
of a series of events, primarily in England, that later historians
would call the first Industrial Revolution, which would have a
profound influence on society as a whole as well as on building
technology. 4
. 1told them that we were starting a new company.
5. The article said that large buildings as factories, warehouses,
schools, and hospitalshad to bebuilt of materials that would bear
heavy weights. 6 The teacher explainedto the studentsthat arches,
called trusses, had been used to span the area to be left open.
7. He told us that high-rise buildings could be described as
skyscrapers. 8 . The second industrial age saw the reemeigence of
concrete in a new composite relationship with steel, creating a
technology that would assume a major role inbuilding construction.
9. He reported thatthere were specialtechniquesusedinbuilding
skyscrapers which were described in a separate lecture. 10 . The
teachertold his studentsthat we mightputthebuildings around us
into two groups: commercial, industrial, or institutional buildings,
and smaller, residential ones.
10.
Put the sentences in the past as shown. Use the rules of
the sequence oftenses.
Example
He sayshe likesthisjob.
—
He saidhe likedthatjob.
1.I am sure that trusses maybe made of wood, metal, or
reinforced concrete. 2.He doesn’t know that concrete isgenerally
reinforced using steel rods or bars. 3. He says there were few
specialist builders in earlytimes. 4 .He says she is earning a lot of
money now. 5.I wantto askyouwho will win money onthe
lottery.6 . He sayshe hasjust changed hisjob because he wants to
earn more money.7.She wantstoknowhow much money she
may need to buy this cottage. 8 . She asks me when the building
industries of most Western countriestook the form in which wefind
them today. 9 . She says she paid $2,000 for her computer, but it
isn’t worth very much now. 10.Thearticle says that new building
materials willbe used and engineerswillbe trained to use them.
_______________________________________________________
UNIT 9. SURVEYING I 199
200 [Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
11. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
a) Statements
Example
Bob said, “Iknow this rule.”
—
Bob saidthat heknewthat rule.
Bob saidtous, “ / knowthis rule.”
—
Bob toldusthat heknew
that rule.
1.He said, “Mygrandfather was a surveyor.” 2. Mary said to
us, “The simplest methodfor measuringheightiswith an altimeter.”
3.They said, “Thisjob willbe done in steps.” 4.John said to his
father, “I wantto goto a restaurantbut Idon’t have enough money.”
5.He said to Nick, “Ididn’t understand the differencebetween a
theodolite and a levelinstrument.”
b) Requests and orders
Example
He saidtome, “Switchthe computer on, please.”
—
H e asked
me toswitchthe computer on.
She saidtome, “Don’t waste money.”
—
She toldme not to
wastemoney.
1.The teacher said to his students, “Give two examplesofthe
basic tools used in surveying and building to transfer, measure, or
set horizontal levels.” 2 .1asked myfriend, “Help me to solve this
problem, please.” 3. He said, “Don’t buy these books, Tom.”
4. He said to us, “Read articles on building construction in any
English or American journal or newspaper to improve your
construction engineering vocabulary.” 5. The teacher said to us,
“ Don’t make so many mistakesinyourEnglish test papers.”
c) General (Yes/No) questions
Example
Alan askedme, “Doyougoto university?” — Alan askedme if
(whether) I wentto university.
1. He asked, “Did you live in a detached house outside
Birmingham?” 2. She asked her friend, “Is your house small?”
3. We asked him, “Have you moved into a two-bedroomed
municipalhouse?”4. Shewantedto know, “Can you affordto go
on holiday this year?”5. Myfriend asked me, “Willyou buy an
apartment next year?”
d) Special (wh-) questions
Example
She asked,
“ What didyou discuss at the seminar on
Surveying?” — She askedme what'fithaddiscussedat the seminar
on Surveying.
1. The teacher asked us, “What surveying equipment isused in
Russia?” 2. He asked me, “How much did you pay foryour
English-Russian dictionary?” 3. He asked his friend, “When can
you invite me round to see your mobilehouse?”4.Sheasked me,
“What is the difference between an automatic level and a self
levelling level?” 5. He asked me, “When will you have your field
training?”
__ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ ____ ____ ____ __ U N I T 9. SURVEYING | 201
12.Askfortheinformation using Couldyou tellm e?/ Doyou
to know ?
1. What house would you rather live in? 2. Is your house
detached?What sort isitifnot? 3.Whatfloordo youlive on?4.Is
your house in a quiet residential area? 5. In what style is the
architecture of the local cathedral? 6. What is special about the
building of the university you go to?
202 I Аипннкиийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13. Before you read Text 9A “Surveying Techniques”, discuss
the following questions with your groupmates or teacher.
a) What surveying instruments do you know?
b) What scientific knowledge do surveyors use for surveying?
c) What associated servicesdoesland surveying include?
d)Whyhassurveying alwaysbeenimportantinthedevelopment
ofhuman environment?
e)What modern uses of surveyingdo you know?
f) How can a surveyor measure a slope?
g) How wasacompassimproved?
h) Why are levels calibrated?
i) How istheheight of a mountaindetermined?
14. Read Text 9A to find out if your answers are right or
wrong. Discuss your answers in pairs.
• TEXT 9A
Surveying Techniques
Surveying or land surveying is the technique and science of
determining the terrestrial orthree-dimensional spaceposition of
points and the distances and anglesbetween them. These points are
usuallyon the surface ofthe Earth, and are often used to establish
land maps andboundariesfor ownership or governmentalpurposes.
In order to accomplish their objective, surveyors use elements of
geometry, engineenng, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and
law .
Furthermore, a particular type of surveying known as land
surveying is the detailed study or inspection by gathering information
through observations, measurements in the field, questionnaires,
UNIT 9 . SURVEYING 203
or research oflegal instruments,
and data analysis in the support
of planning, designing, and
establishing ofproperty boundaries.
It involves the re-establishment of
cadastral surveys and land
boundariesbased ondocuments of
record and historical evidence, as
well as certifying surveys of
subdivision plats/maps, registered
land surveys,judicial surveys, and space delineation. Land surveying
can include associated services, such as mapping and related data
accumulation, constructionlayout surveys, precision measurements
of length, angle,
elevation,
area, and volume, as well as
horizontal and vertical control surveys, and the analysis and
utilization ofland survey data.
Surveyinghasbeen an essential element in the development of
thehuman environment since thebeginning of recordedhistory(5000
years ago) and it is a requirement in the planning and execution of
nearly every form of construction. Its most familiar modem uses
are in the fields of transport, building and construction,
communications, mapping, and thedefinition oflegalboundaries
for land ownership.
Historically,distances were measured using a varietyofmeans,
such as chains withlinks ofa knownlength,forinstance a Gunter’s
chain or measuring tapes made of steel. In order to measure
horizontaldistances, these chains or tapes wouldbe pulled according
to temperature to reduce sagging and slack.Additionally, attempts
to holdthe measuringinstrumentlevel wouldbe made. In instances
of measuring up a slope, the surveyor might have to “break” the
measurement — that is, raise the rearpart ofthe tape upward,
plumbfrom where the last measurement ended.
Horizontal anglesweremeasured using a compass which would
provide a magnetic bearing from which deflections could be
measured. This type ofinstrument was later improved with more
204I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
carefully scribed discs providing better angular resolution, as well
as through mounting telescopes with reticlesfor more precise sighting
atop the disc. Additionally, levels and calibrated circles allowing
measurement ofvertical angleswere added.
The simplest methodfor measuring heightiswith an altimeter —
basically a barometer — using air pressure as an indication of
height, but surveying requiresgreaterprecision. A variety of means,
such asprecise levels, havebeen developed to do this. Levels are
calibrated to provide a precise plane from which differentials in
height between the instrument and the point in question can be
measured, typically through the use of a vertical measuring rod.
With the triangulation method, one first needs to know the
horizontal distance to the object. The height of an object can be
determined by measuring the angle between the horizontalplane
and the line throughthat point at a knowndistance and the top of
the object. In orderto determine the height of a mountain, one
shoulddo thisfrom the sealevel,but here the distances can be too
great and the mountain may not be visible. So itisdone in steps,
first determining the position of one point, then moving to that
point and doing a relative measurement, and so on until the
mountain topisreached.
15. Find in Text 9A the paragraph saying about land surveying
and translate it into Russian.
16. Read aloud paragraphs 4 and 5 ofText 9A.
17. Find in Text 9A the definitions of the following terms and
translate them into Russian:
a) surveying;
b) chains;
c) a compass;
d) an altimeter;
e) a levelling instrument;
UNIT 9 . SURVEYING
L lif
f) calibrated circles;
g) a triangulation method.
18. FindinText 9A some key words and expressions to speak
about surveying techniques. Retell the Text in English.
19. Skim Text 9B “Land Surveying” and try to understand
what it is about and what information is known to you.
• TEXT 9B
Land Surveying
The aim of cadastral surveysisto re-establish and mark the comers
of original land boundaries. The first stage is to research relevant
records such asland titles (deeds), survey monumentation (marks
on theground)and anypublic orprivate records thatprovide relevant
data. The job of a boundary surveyor retracing a deed or prior
surveyisto locate such m onuments and verifytheir correct position.
Overtime, development, vandalism and acts of nature often wreak
havocon monuments, so theboundary surveyoris often forced to
consider other evidence such as fence locations, woodlines,
monuments on the neighboringproperty,parole evidence and other
evidence.
Monuments are the marks on theground that define location
Pegs are commonlyusedto markboundary comers. Smallpegsin
the ground and steel rods are used as instrument locations and
reference marks, commonly called survey control. Marks should
bedurable andlonglasting, stable so the marksdo not move over
time, safefromdisturbance and safeto work at.Theaim isto provide
sufficient marks so some marks will remain for future re
establishment of boundaries. Examples of typical man-made
monuments are steel rods, pipesor bars with plastic, aluminum
or brass caps containing descriptive markings and often bearing the
license number ofthe surveyor responsible for the establishment
206[ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
ofsuch.Thematerial and marking used on monumentsplacedto
markboundary comers are oftensubjectto state laws/statutes.
A total station or GPS (Global Positioning System) isset-up
over survey marks which wereplaced aspart of aprevious survey,
or newly placed marks. The datum is established by measuring
between points on a previous survey and a rotation is applied to
orientate the new survey to correspond with the previous survey or
a standard map grid The data are analysed and comparisons are
made withthe existing recordsto determine evidence which canbe
used to establishboundarypositions. The distance oflinesbetween
theboundary comers andtotal stationpositions are calculated and
used to set out and mark the comersinthefield.Checks are made
by measuring directly between peg places using a flexible tape.
Subdivision ofland generally requires thatthe external boundaiy is
re-established and marked using pegs, and the new internal
boundaries are then marked. Aplat (survey plan) anddescription
(depending on local and state requirements) are compiled, thefinal
report is lodged with the appropriate government office (often
requiredbylaw), and copiesareprovidedto the client.
Many properties have considerable problems with regards to
improper bounding, miscalculations in past surveys, titles, and
others. Also manyproperties are created from multiple divisions of
a larger piece over the course of years, and with every additional
division the risk of miscalculation increases. The result can be
abutting properties not coinciding with adjacent parcels, resulting
ingaps and overlaps. Theart comes in when a surveyor must solve
a puzzle using pieces that do not exactlyfittogether. In these cases
the solution isbased upon the research ofthe surveyor, and following
established proceduresfor resolving discrepancies.
20.
Give a brief overview of the structure and contents of
Text 9B.
UNIT 9. SURVEYING 207
21. Complete the sentences choosing the best variant according
to Text9B.
1)Aboundary surveyor’sjob is
a) to mark the comers ofthe landboundaries desiredbya
customer.
b) to provide some relevant data.
c) to locate marks on theground.
2) Pegs are used to
a) verifytheboundaries.
b) locate boundaries.
c) make work safe.
3) To establish boundary positions
a) evidence ofthe existing records is used.
b) the distance between points on a previous survey is
measured.
c) the globalpositioning system is set up.
4) Checks are made by
a) marking the comers in the field.
b) measuring the distance between pegs.
c) subdividing land.
5) Many properties have problems regarding
a) abutting them.
b) multiple divisions of a land piece.
c) improper calculations.
22. Read Text 9C “Surveying Equipment” and answer the
questions. Discuss your answers with your groupmates.
a) Whyisa theodolite regarded as a key surveying instrument?
b) What does a theodolite consist of?
208 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
c) What are both axesof a theodolite equipped with?
d) What is a horizontal axis error?
e) How isthe sight axisdetermined?
f)Whyare horizontal axis, collimation, and index errors taken
into account in the choice ofthe measurement procedure?
g) How is a theodolite adjusted?
h) How is a levelling instrument operated?
1)Why are self-levelling instruments preferred on sites?
j) What is a digital electronic level?
• TEXT 9C
Surveying Equipm ent
Aslate asthe 1990sthe basic tools used inplanarsurveying were
a tape measure, a theodolite and a level.
Atheodolite is an instrument for measuringboth horizontal and
vertical angles. It is a key tool in surveying and engineering work,
particularly on inaccessible ground, but theodolites have been
adapted for other specializedpurposes
in fields like meteorology and rocket
launch technology. A modem theodolite
consists ofa movable telescope mounted
within two perpendicular axes — the
horizontal ortrunnion, andthe vertical
axis When the telescope is pointed at
a desired object, the angle of each of
these axes can be measured with great
precision, typically on the scale of
arcseconds.
Both axes of a theodolite are
equipped with graduated circles that can
be read out through magnifying lenses.
Thevertical circle should read90° when
and usedfortopographic the sight axis is horizontal, or 270°
surveying.
when the instrument is in its second
An optical theodolite,
manufactured in the
Soviet Union in 1958
UNIT9. SURVEYING 209
position, that is, turned over or plunged. Half of the difference
between the two positions is called the index error.
The horizontal and vertical axes of a theodolite must be
perpendicular. The condition where they deviate from
perpendicularity and the amount bywhichthey do is referred to as
a honzontal axis error. The optical axis ofthe telescope, called the
sightaxisand definedby the optical center ofthe objective and the
center of the crosshairs in its focal plane, must similarly be
perpendicular to the horizontal axis. Any deviation from
perpendicularity isthe collimation error.
Ahorizontal axis error, a collimation error, and an index error
are regularly determined by calibration and are removed by
mechanical adjustment at the factory in case they grow large. Their
existence istaken into account in the choice ofthe measurement
procedure in order to eliminate their effect on the measurement
results.
Atheodolite is mounted on itstripod headby means of a
forced centeringplate containingfourthumbscrews, or in some
m odem theodolites, three, for rapid levelling Before its use,
a theodolite mustbeplaced precisely and vertically overthe point
to be measured — centering — and itsvertical axis aligned with
local gravity — levelling.
The levelinstrument isan optical instrument used in surveying
and building to transfer, measure, or sethorizontal levels. Itisset
up on a tripod and, depending on the type, either roughly or
accurately set to a levelled condition using levelling screws. The
operatorlooksthrough theeyepiece ofthe telescope while an assistant
holds atape measure orgraduated staffvertical atthepoint under
measurement.
The instrument and staff are used to gather and/or transfer
elevations (levels) during site surveys or building construction.
Measurementgenerally startsfrom abenchmark withknown height
determined by a previous survey, or an arbitrary point with an
assumed height.
210 Английский язы кдлл студентов строительных специальностей
An automatic level, self-levelling level or builder’s auto level,
includes an internal compensator mechanism (a swinging prism)
that, when set close to level, automatically removesany remaining
variation from level. This reduces the need to set the instrument
truly level, as with a dumpy or tilting level. Self-levelling
instruments are the preferred instrument on building sites,
construction and surveying due to ease of use and rapid setup time.
Adigital electronic levelisalso set level on a tripod and reads a
bar-coded staff using electronic laser methods. The height ofthe
staff where the levelbeam crosses the staffis shown on a digital
display.This type oflevel removes interpolation ofgraduation by a
person, thus removing a source of error and increasing accuracy.
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23. Listen to theText “Surveying as a Career”.
a) Answer the questions that follow.
1.What expertsdoes civil engineeringdepend on?
2.What areas and structures are surveyorsinvolvedin?
3.What does a surveyor’s work include?
4.What scientific knowledge must a surveyorhave?
5.Should a surveyorbe good at legal aspects inhis work?
6. Should a surveyorbe able to operate surveyinginstruments?
7. Why issurveying a distinct profession apart from engineering
inthe USA?
8.What is required to get a qualification of a surveyor?
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
9A of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell theText abouta surveyor’s responsibilities and duties.
UNIT 9. SURVEYING 211
d)
Tellyourgroupmates about one ofyourrelatives orfriends
working as a surveyor.
24. Listen to the Text “M odern Theodolites” .
a) Complete the sentences according to the Text.
In today’s theodolites, the__________ ofthe horizontal and vertical
___________ is usually done____________ .
The readout isdone by a
rotary___________ , which can be absolute, e.g . using Gray codes,
or incremental, using___________light and dark radial____________ .
In the latter case the circles___________rapidly, reducing angle
___________ to electronic____________oftimedifferences.
Additionally,latelycomputer-controlled___________sensors have
been added to thefocalplane ofthe telescope___________both auto-
tatgeting and the__________measurement of residual target offset.
All this is ___________in embedded software.
Also, many modem theodolites, costing up to ___________apiece,
are __________________ with integrated electro-optical distance
measuring___________ , generally infrared based, allowing the
___________ in one go of complete___________ vectors which can then
be ___________to a pre-existing____________system in the area by
___________
of a sufficient number of control___________ .
This
___________ is called a resection solution or free station position
___________
and is widely used in ___________ surveying. The
instruments, “ intelligent” theodolites called___________tacheom eters
or “total stations”, ___________ the necessary operations,___________
data into internal registering units, or into external data___________
devices. Typically, ruggedized___________are used asdata collectors
for th is ___________ .
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
9B of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about theodolites.
UNIT 10
FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
“Foundations” and translate the given sentences.
1. transfer ['trassnfa:] [trasns'fa:] n v — перенос, передача;
переносить, передавать, перемещать
transfer aload — передавать нагрузку
They used the device for the transfer of loads from floors to
columns. Heat can betransferredthrough copperbut not through
wood
2 deepfoundation — фундамент глубокого заложения
floatingfoundation ['fbutirj] — плавающий фундамент
friction foundation [frik/n] — висячий свайный фунда
мент
pilefoundation ['pail] — свайный фундамент
shallow foundation ['Jaelau] —фундамент мелкого зало
жения
slab-on -gradefoundation — сплошной фундамент
There may be a lot of conditions which may require deep
foundations for ensuring stability and durability of a structure.
When the soil is so soft that even friction piles will not support the
building load, the final option is the use of afloatingfoundation.
A pilefoundation provides a common solution to all difficult
UNIT 1 0 . FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS 213
foundation site problem s. A shallowfoundation transfers building
loads to the earth very near the surface. A literature review was
undertaken to identifysome problems with respectto the construction
o f slab-on -gradefoundations.
3. footingn—фундамент, основание; опора
spreadfooting —фундамент на естественном основании
Asquarefootingisthe simplest and mosteconomicalto beprovided
under pillars or columns. In case of spreadfootings, the base of
the member transmitting load to the soil is made wider so as to
distribute the load over wider area.
4. embed [im'bed] v — погружать, заглублять, вмонтиро
вать
Thebeam wasembeddedinafoundation.
5. layer ['Іеіэ] n — слой, пласт, ряд
layer ofsoil — грунтовый слой
In makingbeams, care shouldbe taken to avoidplacing concrete
in layers. The thin layerofsoilthat covers most ofthe earth’s land
surface is vital to human survival.
6.pilenv—свая, столб
drive a pile — забивать сваю
driven pile — забитая свая
bearingpile — несущая свая, свая-стойка, свая-колонна
helicalpile['helikl] — спиральная свая
frictionpile — висячая свая
prefabricatedpile — готовая свая (заводского изготовления)
steelH-pile — стальная свая из широкополочного дву
тавра
Piles are driven into the ground by different methods. Driven
piles maintain their shape during installation. Bearingpiles act as
214I Английский язы к для студентов строительныхспециальностей
pillars, supporting the superstructure and transmitting the loaddown
to the level at which it can be safely borne by the ground. The
helicalpilesare placed to the depth and soil strata to develop the
required loads. Frictionpiles are dnven in the type of soil whose
strength does not increase with depth. Theprefabricatedpile is
useful for any kind of works and presents an increased strength
against tensile and compressive stresses. A steelH-pileis used in a
varietyofconstruction projects includingheavyhighway, public and
industrial works, etc.
7.concretepad —бетонная подушка
Pouring aconcretepadisnot much differentthan pouring any
typeofconcrete slab.
8. caisson['keisan] — свая -колонна, кессонная свая
The shape and size of a caisson depends upon the nature of
structure.
9. pier ['ріэ] n — бык, опора, стойка, столб
Make sure that thepierislevel vertically, using a verticallevel.
10. stabilize ['steibalaiz] v — укреплять, обеспечивать ус
тойчивость, стабилизировать
Itisnecessarytostabilizetheground under the foundation.
11. bearing(load)capacity [ka'passati] — несущая способность
Thebearingcapacityof an I-beam canbe limitedbythree different
capacities.
12. settle t'setl] v — садиться, осаждаться, давать осадок
settlement ['setlmant] n— осадка, оседание
differentialsettlement [,difo'renfl] — неравномерная осадка
UNIT 1 0 . FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS 215
The six-storeybuilding ofthe Insurance Company settledseveral
inches at its northeasterly comer. Most houses experience some
degree of settlement within the first few years after construction.
Differential settlement in a high rise building is dangerous.
13. stiffn — жесткий(оконструкции), крепкий, негибкий
stiffness п —жесткость, устойчивость
For this puipose deep and ^/^foundations are usuallyrequired.
Thestiffnessofthe framing system prevented the collapse ofthe old
building.
14. heave [hi:v] n — вздувание, вспучивание грунта; пу
чение
frostheave — пучение (грунта) при замерзании
Themodelforpredicting theheave ofthe soil wasbased on the
variation of pressures with depth. Frost heave is a fundamental
process dominating over soil surfaces in cold regions.
15. scour ['skaua] v — размыв, подмыв; размывать, под
мывать
foundationscour — размывфундамента (основания)
Erosion and scourreducethe embedment ofthefoundationinto
the soil. The bridge failure was the direct result of thefoundation
scourdue to flooding.
16. swell v — набухать, разбухать, вспучиваться, вздуваться
swelling п — вспучивание, выпуклость, разбухание
If the soil becomes saturated and swells, upheaval of the
foundation can occur. Foundations constructed on these clays are
subjected to large uplifting forces caused by theswelling.
216 Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
17. shrinkLfrigk] v— давать усадку,усыхать, сжиматься
shrinkage ['jiirkictj]п—усадка, усушка, сжимание
Unless kept continually wet, modern concretes shrink after
hardening. Soilshrinkageisthe process ofsoil material contracting
to a lesser volume, with the loss ofwater on drying.
18. crack [kraek]nv— трещина; трескаться, раскалываться
Thisresulted in an increase in the formation of cracksin the
underside ofthe beam. The window crackeddown the middle.
19. raft[ra:ft] n—сплошнойфундамент, опорная плита
Further construction was started only afterthe curing oftheraft
had been fully done.
20. distort [dis tD:t] v — перекашивать(ся), деформиро
ваться)
Metal distorts under stress.
2. Read and translate the following international words. Look
up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the
partofspeech.
Category n, stabilize v, adequate adj, geotechnical adj,
structurally adv, stratum n, rare adj, diameter n, principle n,
collapse n, recommend v, form n, geology n, machine n,
residential adj, total adj, normally adv, seasonal adj, alternative
n adj.
3. Match the pairs of synonyms from A and В and translate
them.
A
1 ngid
2. expand
В
a. beanng capacity
b. transfer
UNIT 10. FOUNDATIONSOFBUILDINGS 217
3. column
4. reinforced concrete layer
5. subsidence
6. transmit
d. stiff
e. pile
f. heave
g. swell
h. raft
c. shrinkage
7. base
8. ground
9. load capacity
10. a supporting structure
i. foundation
j. settlement
11. compression
12. bulging out
k. soil
l. pier
4.
Match the verb on the left with a suitable item on the
right. Use each item once only.
5.
Make the following sentences complete by translating the
words and phrases in brackets.
1. Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the
axial load applied to а (фундамент глубокого заложения) and
the resulting axial movement. 2 .Indicationsof(неравномерная
осадка) are verticaldistortion orcracking ofmasonry walls, warped
interior and exterior openings, sloped floors, and sticking doors
and windows. 3. Minor(трещины) are structurallyharmful only
iflong-term moisture leakage through the (трещ ины) adversely
1. scour
2. place
3. embed
4. pour
5. form
d. theground
e. a beam
f. settlement
g. concrete in layers
h. cracks
i. a foundation
j. a load
a. a pile
b. a concrete pad
c. under stress
6. transfer
7. stabilize
8. experience
9. drive
10. distort
218[Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
affects building elements. 4 . Ifthe foundation embedment into the
ground is not sufficient to account for erosion and (размыв) that
may occur overthe life ofthe building, the building isvulnerable
to collapse under design flood and wind conditions. 5 . A deep
foundation is used to transfer a load from a structure through an
upper weak(грунтовый слой)to astronger anddeeper(грунто
вый слой). 6 . Tallbuildings often rest on many small (кессон
ные сваи). 7 . А (фундамент на естественном основании)
supports the weight (load) from the exterior orfoundation walls.
8.
In construction siteswhere settlement is not a problem, (фун
даменты мелкого заложения) provide the most economical
foundation systems. 9 .The ultimate objective ofany (забитая свая)
is to carry some kind ofload coming from a variety of sources.
10. The two most important design requirements for building
structures are the strength and (жесткость).
6.
Read and translate thefollowinggroups of sentences paying
attention to the words in italics which can function as a noun
and a verb with the same form. They can have similar ordifferent
meanings. Look up your dictionary if necessary.
1. a . The university hasbeen famous since itsfoundation.
b. The workers are laying thefoundation of a new building.
c. Thisfoundationprovides money for medical research.
2. a . They usuallypilethe boxes on the table.
b.Therewasaneatpileofbooksin the comerofthe room.
c. Thepilewas driven into the ground.
3. a . The sweater will shrink when washed.
b.Abadharvest causedthefarmer’s income to shrink.
c. These processes cause the concrete to shrinkslightly.
4. a . The two sides have at last reached a settlement.
b.Settlementisthe common cause offoundation problems.
c. There are some empty lands awaiting settlement.
5. a . This type ofpanels does not transfervertical loads.
b. She asked for a transferto the Moscow office.
c. The load transfertakesplacefrom the slabs to the beams.
UNIT 10. FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS 219
7. Defineparts ofspeech. Translate the words ofthe same root.
1. found —founder — foundation — foundational;
2. build — rebuild —buildable — builder — building;
3. differ — difference — different — indifferent — differently —
differentness — differentiable — differentiability —
differential — differentially — differentiate — differentiation;
4. structure — structural — structurally — structuralize —
structuralism;
5. support — supportable — supportability — supportably —
supporter — supportive — supportively— supportiveness;
6. reinforce — reinforceable — reinforcement — reinforcer;
7. wood — wooden —woodenly—woodenness —woody;
8. place — replace — displace — peaceable — placer —
placement;
9. excavate — excavation — excavator;
10.
operate — operation — operational — operationally —
operative — inoperative — operator.
8.
Read and translate the following types of conditional
sentences.
a) Real conditionals
Example
Ifhe hastime, he willdothis work.
—
Если у него будет
время, он сделаетэту работу.
1.Ifasteelgilderprovidedin a structure isfound to be weak
and flexible, it will be strengthened by suitable means. 2 . Ifthe
foundation of a building yields and raptures the structure, then
littlewillbe done to improve the situation. 3 . Iftheboring machine
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
220I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
isnot equipped with a rockauger, then socketing ofthe hard rock
layer willbedone withthe helpofaheavy chisel whichisdropped
from a height of about 1.5 metres by suspending itfrom a tripod
stand attached to a winch crane. 4 . Ifthesebuildings do not have
basements in cold climates, insulated concrete or masonry frost
walls willbe placed under all exterior nonbearing walls to keep
frost from under the floor slabs. 5. Ifa column acting as a load
beanng memberin abuildingisfound to beinadequate, it willbe
made safe by providing reinforcements or by introducing
intermediate columns.
b) Unreal conditionals referring to the present and future
Example
Ifhe hadtime, he woulddothis work.
—
Если быу него было
время, он бысделалэту работу.
1.Ifthebeams were spaced moredistance apart, there wouldbe
a danger ofthe concrete filling not acting monolithicallywith the
beam, resulting in the failure ofthe foundation. 2 . Ifthe foundation
layout werepartlybuiltup ofbeam and column construction, straight
barswouldbeprovidedbothattop andbottom ofthebeams. 3.If
they used the rightwater-cement ratio, they wouldproduce concrete
of high strength and durability. 4 . Ifthe nature of soil and the
loading conditions were uniform overthe entire site ofthe building,
the distribution ofpressure couldbe safelyassumed to be uniform
and thedanger ofunequal settlement would be minimized. 5 .Ifa
designcalledforthe use ofa crane, itwould be stronglydesirable
thattheloads shouldbe ofthe same weight.
c) Unreal conditionals referring to the past
Example
Ifhe hadhadtime yesterday, he wouldhave donethis work.
—
Если быу него вчера быловремя, он бысделалэту работу.
1.Ifthefoundation had notbeen takendeep insidetheground,
rain water would not have scoured the soil above the foundation.
UNIT10.FOUNDATIONSOFBUILDINGS 221
2. Ifthe foundation trenches hadbeen dug to depth greater than
shown on the drawing or as requiredbythe competent authority,
no earth filling wouldhavebeen allowed inbringing thefoundation
bed to the proper level. 3. Ifthe management of the plant had
applied effective methods last year, the production level would have
certainly increased. 4 . Ifyou had had more time at yourdisposal
last week, they would have certainly asked you to take part in that
work. 5. If sufficient data had been collected, a more definite
solution could havebeen obtained.
9. Read and translate the following conditional sentences paying
attention to inversion.
Example
Hadhe time, he woulddothis work.
—
Если быу него было
время, он бысделалэту работу.
1.Had they helped us, the researchprogram would havebeen
realized.2.WereIinthecity,Iwouldattendhislecture. 3.Had
hepointed out allthedrawbacks, we would havefound the waysto
solve the problem. 4 . Had hejoined our expedition, he could
have learnt many interesting things. 5. Should the guests come
earlier, no one will be here to greetthem.
10. M atch the beginnings and endings.
l.Iflgetapayrise,
a) if I found a wallet.
2 .1 would give it back
b) I’ll take you out for dinner.
3. If I were a manager,
c) he wouldn’ t have passed his
exams.
4. If it weren’t so cold,
d) would you want to?
5 If you don’t pay the bill,
e) I will do it tomorrow.
6. If I don’ t have time to finish
today,
f) I could take a photo.
7. If he hadn’t worked so hard,
g) I could have contacted you
222I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
8. If I had had my cell phone
yesterday
h) I would go for a walk.
9 If you could live to be 100
i) you will get a warning
letter.
10. If I had a camera,
I would give everybody ten
weeks’ holiday.
11. Write conditional sentences to match these situations.
Example
That book is too expensive. I’m not going to buy it.
—
Ifthe
book weren7so expensive, I wouldbuyit.
She didn’t pass the exam. She didn’tgo to university.
—
Ifshe
hadpassedthe exam, she wouldhavegoneto university.
1. It’s raining. We can’t have lunch in the garden. 2 . You
went for ajob interview. You were late. You didn’t get thejob.
3.I’m in ahurry.I won’tstaytodinner. 4.Herfathergaveher
some money.She wasable to buy ahouse. 5.Ihave to work
tomorrow evening, so I can’t meet you 6. She is not in your
position. She isn’t able to adviseyou. 7 . Paul went on holiday to
Paris. He met Mary, his wife. 8.Sandra walked to walk in the
rain. Shegot wet.9 .Wedon’tvisityouvery oftenbecauseyoulive
so far away. 10. He’s not a millionaire. He won’t buy you a
palace.
12. Put in the correct verb form. Make each sentence refer to:
a) the present or the future, and b) the past.
a) 1.When you___________(go) to Paris, willyou see Nicole?
2. Ifyou ________ (live) in Paris, yo u ____________(become) bored
ofallthebeautiful wine andfood?3.You alwaysdrive too fast and
the police___________(arrest) you if they ____________(see) you.
4.The exam was verydifficult, so it’s unlikely now, but ifRichard
___________ (pass), h e___________ (go) to university. 5 . IfI___________
UNIT10. FOUNDATIONSOFBUILDINGS 223
(be) better qualified, I ___________(apply) for the job. 6 . If you
(have) longer legs, y o u ___________ (be able to) run
faster.
b) 1. Ifmy computer_________(not crush) yesterday, I
___________ (finish) my work. 2 . W e____________(get)better tickets
for the concert ifw e___________(book) earlier. 3 . Y ou ____________
(win) ifyou________(run) abit faster. 4. Ifyou____________(learn)
Italian at school, she____________ (enjoy) her last holiday to Italy
more. 5. Ifthey___________(not cut) off the electricity yesterday,
I___________(finish) my work. 6 . Ifyou remember the map, we
___________ (not get lost).
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13.
Before you read Text 10A "Foundations”, discuss tbe
following questions with yonr groupmates or teacher.
a) Whatisafoundation?
b) Whattypesoffoundationsdoyouknow?
c) What isashallowfoundation?
d) Whattypesofshallowfoundationsdoyouknow?
e) What is a deep foundation usedfor?
f) Whattypesofdeepfoundationsdo youknow?
g) Who designsfoundations?
h) What aspects shouldbe takeninto accountwhendesigning a
foundation?
224I Английский яэыкдля студентов строительных специальностей
14. Read Text 10А and say ifyou are right or wrong.
• TEXT 10A
Foundations
A foundation is a structure that transfers loads to the earth.
Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow
foundations and deep foundations.
A shallow foundation is usually embedded a meter or so into
soil.One common typeisthe spreadfooting which consists ofpads
of concrete or other materials which extend below the frost line
and transferthe weightfrom walls and columnsto the soilorbedrock.
Anothercommon typeisthe slab-on -gradefoundation where the
weightofthebuilding istransferred to the soilthrough aconcrete
slab placed at the surface.
A deep foundation is used to transfer a load from a structure
through an upper weaklayer of soilto a strongerdeeperlayer of
soil.
There are different types of deep foundations including helical
piles, impact driven piles, caissons, piers, and earth stabilized
columns The naming conventionsfordifferenttypes offoundations
vary among different engineers. Historically, piles were wood, later
steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned concrete.
Foundations are designed
to have an adequate load capacity
with limited settlement by a
geotechnical engineer, and the
foundation itself is designed
structurally by a structural
engineer.
The primary design concerns
are settlement and bearing
Shallowfoundations of a
capacity. When considering
house versus the deep
settlement, total settlement and
foundations of a skyscraper.
differential settlement are
UNIT10.FOUNDATIONSDFBUILDINGS 225
normallyconsidered. Differential settlement iswhen one part of a
foundation settles more than anotherpart. Thiscan cause problems
to the structure the foundation is supporting. Itis necessarythat a
foundation is not loaded beyond its bearing capacity or the
foundation will fail.
Other design considerations include scour and frost heave.
Scouris whenflowing water removes supporting soilfrom around
a foundation (like a piersupporting a bridge over a river). Frost
heaveoccurswhen waterin thegroundfreezesto form icelenses.
Changesin soil moisture can cause expansive clay to swell and
shrink. This swelling can vary across the footing due to seasonal
changes orthe effects ofvegetation removing moisture. The variation
inswellcan cause the soilto distort, cracking the structure overit.
This is aparticularproblem forhousefootings in semi-arid climates
such as South Australia, Southwestern US, Turkey, Israel, Iran
and SouthAfrica where wetwinters arefollowedbyhotdry summers.
Raft slabs with inherent stiffness havebeen developed in Australia
with capabilities to resistthis movement. When structures are built
m areas ofpermafrost, special consideration mustbe given to the
thermal effect the structure will have on the permafrost. Generally,
the structure isdesigned in a waythat tries to preventthe permafrost
from melting.
15. Find in Text 10A the paragraph saying about the influence
of soil on foundations and translate it into Russian.
16. Read aloud paragraphs 5—6 .
17. Explain the following references.
a)
Thiscan cause problems to the structure the foundation is
supporting.
Whatdoesthepronounthisreferto?
8 Зак 312
226[Английский языкдлястудентов строительных специальностей
b) isnot loaded beyond itsbearing capacity
Whatdoesthepronoun itsreferto?
c) Otherdesign considerations include
What does the adjective otherrefer to?
d) This swelling can vary across the footing due to seasonal
changes
What does the demonstrative adjective thisrefer to?
e) cracking the structure over it.
Whatdoesthepronounitreferto?
f) Raft slabs with inherent stiffness have been developed in
Australia with capabilities to resist thismovement.
What does the demonstrative adjective thisreferto?
18. Underline ormark the main ideas of Text 10A and retell it
in English.
19. Skim T ext 10B “Foundations of Residential and Industrial
Buildings” and try to understand what it is about and what
information is already known to you.
• TEXT 10B
Foundations of residential
and industrial buildings
Thefoundationsin residential and industrialbuildings support
considerably heavy loads. Floorloadings range from 450 to 1,500
kilogramsper square metre, and the full range offoundation types
isused forthem Spread footings are used, as are pile foundations,
which are of two types, bearing and friction.
A bearing pile is a device to transmit the load of the building
throughalayer of soiltoo weakto take the load to a strongerlayer
of soil somedistance underground; thepileacts as a column to
carrytheloaddownto thebearing stratum. Solidbearingpileswere
originally made of timber, which is rare today; more commonly
they are made ofprecast concrete, and sometimessteelH-pilesare
used.Thepilelengthmaybeamaximum ofabout60metresbutis
usually much less. The pilesareput in placebydriving them into
theground with laigemechanicalhammers. Hollow steelpipesare
alsodriven, and theintenors are excavated andfilled with concrete
to form bearing piles; sometimes the pipe is withdrawn as the
concrete ispoured.
Analternative to thebearingpileisthe caisson. A round holeis
dug to a bearing stratum with a drilling machine and temporarily
supported by a steel cylindrical shell. The hole is then filled with
concrete poured around a cage of reinforcing bars; and the steel
shell may or may notbeleftinplace, depending on thesurrounding
soil.Thediameter ofcaissons variesfrom one to three metres. The
frictionpileofwood or concrete isdriveninto softsoil wherethere
is no harder stratum for beanng beneath the site. The building
load is supported by the surface friction between the pile and the
soil.
When the soilis so soft that even friction pileswill not support
thebuilding load, the final optionisthe use of afloatingfoundation,
making thebuildinglikea boatthat obeysArchimedes’principle —
itisbuoyed upbythe weight ofthe earth displaced in creating the
foundation. Floating foundations consist offlat reinforced concrete
slabs or mats or of reinforced concrete tubs with wallsturned up
aroundthe edgeofthe matto create alarger volume.
Ifthesebuildings do not havebasements in cold climates, insulated
concrete or masonry frost walls are placed under all exterior
nonbearing walls to keep frost from under the floor slabs.
Reinforced concrete foundation wallsforbasements mustbe carefully
braced to resist lateral earth pressures. These walls m ay be built in
excavations, poured into woodenforms. Sometimesa walliscreated
by driving interlocking steel sheetpiling into the ground, excavating
on the basement side, and pounng a concrete wall against it.
228[ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Deeper foundation walls can also be built by the slurry wall
method, in which a linear series of closely spaced caisson-like
holes are successively drilled, filled with concrete, and allowed to
harden, the spacesbetween are excavated by special clamshellbuckets
and also filled with concrete. D uring the excavation and drilling
operations the holes arefilled with a high-density liquid slurry which
braces the excavation against collapse but stillpermits extraction of
excavated material. Finally, thebasement isdug adjoining the wall,
and the wallisbraced against earth pressure.
20. Give a brief overview of the structure and contents of
Text10B.
21. Relate each heading to the corresponding paragraph of
Text 10B.
a) Caissons.
b) The slurry wall method.
c) Bearing piles.
d) Reinforced concrete foundation walls.
e) Some specific features offoundations.
f) Floating foundations.
22. Read Text 10C “Deep Foundations” and answer the
questions. Discuss your answers with your groupmates.
a) What is the difference between a deep foundation and a
shallow foundation?
b) Why is a deep foundation preferred over a shallow
foundation?
c) What are the other names of adeep foundation?
d) What are driven foundations characterized by?
e) Whatisthestructure ofpilefoundation systems?
f) How areboring techniques employed fordrilled piles?
g) What do dryboring methods consist in?
h) What is specific of wetboring?
UNIT 10. FOUNDATIONSOFBUILDINGS 229
• TEXT IOC
Deep Foundations
A deep foundation is a type offoundation distinguished from
shallowfoundationsbythedepth they are embeddedinto theground.
There are many reasons ageotechnical engineerwould recommend
a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, but some ofthe
common reasons are verylargedesignloads, a poor soil at shallow
depth, or site constraints (like property lines). There are different
terms used to describe different typesofdeep foundationsincluding
piles, drilled shafts, caissons and piers. The naming conventions
may vary between engineering disciplines and firms. Deep
foundations canbe made out oftimber, steel, reinforced concrete
andpre-tensioned concrete. Deepfoundationscanbeinstalledby
eitherdriving them into theground ordrilling a shaftand fillingit
with concrete, mass or reinforced.
Prefabricated pilesare driven into the ground using a piledriver.
Driven piles are either wood, reinforced concrete, or steel.
Woodenpilesaremadefrom trunks oftalltrees. Concrete pilesare
available in square, octagonal, and round cross-sections. They
are reinforced with rebar and are often prestressed. Steelpiles are
either pipe piles or some sort ofbeam section (like an H-pile).
Historically, woodpileswerespliced togetherwhen thedesign length
was too largefor a singlepile; today splicingiscommon withsteel
piles, though concrete piles can be spliced with difficulty.
Driving piles, as opposed to drilling shafts, is advantageous
because the soil displaced by driving the piles compresses the
surrounding soil, causing greater friction against the sides ofthe
piles, thus increasing theirload-bearing capacity.
Foundations relying on drivenpilesoften havegroups ofpiles
connected by a pile cap (a large concrete block into which the
heads ofthe pilesareembedded)to distribute loads which are larger
than one pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles are typically
230I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
connected withgradebeamsto tie thefoundation elementstogether;
lighterstructural elements bear on thegradebeams while heavier
elementsbeardirectlyon thepilecap.
Rotary boring techniques offer laiger diameter piles than any
otherpiling m ethod and permitpile construction through particularly
denseorhard strata Construction methodsdepend on the geology
ofthe site, inparticular, whetherbonngisto be undertaken indry
ground conditions or through water-logged but stable strata, i.e .
wetbonng.Boringisdone untilthehard rock or softrocklayeris
reached in the case ofendbeanngpiles.
Iftheboring machineis not equipped with a rockauger, then
socketing ofthe hard rock layerisdone with the help of a heavy
chisel which is dropped from a height of about 1.5 metres by
suspending itfrom a tripod stand attached to a winch crane. The
socketingiscarried out untilthe desireddepth within the rocklayer
hasbeen attained. The depth within the rock layeris considered to
beequalto thediameter ofthepileinhard rocklayers andistaken
to be equalto 2.5 timesthe diameter ofthepilein soft rock layers.
Dryboring methods employ the use of a temporary casing to
sealthepilebore through water-bearing or unstable strata overlying
suitable stable matenal. Upon reaching the design depth, a
reinforcing cageisintroduced, concrete ispoured in thebore and
broughtup to the requiredlevel.Thecasing canbe withdrawn or
left in situ.
Wetboring also employs a temporary casing through unstable
ground and is used when the pile bore cannot be sealed against
wateringress. Bonngisthen undertaken using adiggingbucket to
drill through the underlying soils to design depth. The reinforcing
cage islowered into the bore and concrete isplaced by a tremie
pipe.
UNIT 10. FOUNDATIONS OF BUILDINGS 231
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23. listen to the Text “Foundations ofLow-Rise Buildings’*.
a) Answer the questions that follow.
1.What are the criteria for foundation stability?
2.Whyisitimportantthatthefoundationbottom bebelowthe
maximum winterfrost level?
3.What isthe maximum frostdepth?
4.What are foundationsoflow-risebuildings characterizedby?
5.What materials canfoundationwallsbebuiltof?
6.What arethedifferencesbetweenbricks and concrete blocks?
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
10A of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) RetelldieText about some specific features ofthe foundations
of low-rise buildings.
d) Tell your groupmates about foundations based on the
information to be collected.
24. listen to the Text “Pipe Piles”.
a) As you listen, fill in the chart.
The dnving of pipe piles
The construction of pipe piles
The protection of pipe piles
2 3 2 Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
The calculation o f the structural
capacity o f pipe piles
The areas in which pipe piles are
us ed
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
10B o f the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about a steel driven pile foundation.
UNIT 11
BUILDING THE WALLS
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
“ Bricklaying and Concrete Blocks” and translate the given
1. lay(laid)bricks ['lei] — класть кирпич
bricklaying['bnkjeii)]n— кладка кирпича
bricklayer['Ьгік,1еіэ] n—каменщик по кладке кирпича
brickwork ['brrkw3:k] п — кирпичная кладка (соору
жение)
gaugedbrickwork[geidjd] — кладка с узкими швами
Thebricks should belaidon a full bed of mortar. When you
come to actual bricklaying,you will note that yourbricks have an
indent on one face. During weeks 13, 14 and 15the steel erectors
work simultaneously with the bricklayerswho build thebrickwork.
That gives the desired illusion of tight joints in quality gauged
brickwork.
2. joint ['cfeoint] — шов кирпичной кладки, соединение,
стык
mortarjoint — шов с заполнением строительным раст
вором
point mortarjoints — расшивать швы (кладки)
234 Английскийя длястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Thefewerthejointstobe madebetween members, thespeedier
the erection willbe. Mortarjointshave an effect on the appearance
ofbrickwork.The timetopointmortarjointsiswhen the mortaris
hard.
3. course [ko:s] n—ряд (кирпичной кладки)
lay a course — класть ряд (кирпичной кладки)
All thecoursesshould be(aidtruly horizontal.
4. plumbІрілт] nadjv— отвес, грузило; вертикальный
Bricklayer uses aplumb to check verticality. Is this wallplumb?
5. cavitywall ['kaevati] — пустотелая (полая) стена, стена
с воздушной прослойкой
solid wall — сплошная стена
Cavitywallsare made oftwo layers with a smallgap or cavity
between them. Solidwallshave no such a gap and this allows
more heatto passthrough them than through cavitywalls.
6. fitv— пригонять, приспосабливать, собирать, монти
ровать
fittogether— пригонятьчасти
Lay a row ofdrybricksfirstto seethattheyfitin thedesignated
space. Brickworkisusually made ofbrickswhose measurements are
1•2 •4, so that they canfittogetherin manypositions.
7. rub v — натирать, притирать, затирать
rubbersn—специальный легкорежущийся кирпич; сла
бообожженный кирпич из кремнеземистой глины
Analternate method istosimply rubthe mortaroverthe surface.
Rubbersare relatively softbricks that historically havebeen used to
create fine cut and rubbed, and carvedbrickwork.
UNIT 11 . BUILDING THE WALLS 235
8. лепеег [ѵэ'тэ] n v — кирпичная облицовка стены;
шпон, однослойнаяфанера; облицовывать; обшивать
фанерой
veneeredbrickmasonry—облицованная кирпичная кладка
Because the masonry veneeris non-structural, it must be tied
backto thebuilding structureto prevent movement under wind and
earthquake loads. Bnck veneersare produced as a thinnerbrick
productwhichis usuallylessthenhalfthe size of normalbrick sizes.
9. absorb [ab'so:b] v — поглощать, абсорбировать, впиты
вать
absorption [ab'so:pJn] n— поглощение, абсорбция
Thepower ofabricktoabsorbwateris measuredbytheinitial
ra te o f absorption.
10. pattern ['paetnj n — образец, модель, узор, рисунок,
форма
brick(work)pattern — система кирпичной кладки
Most towns today have a characteristic functional pattern.
Abrickworkpattern simply requires you to lay out straight courses.
11. stucco ['sUkau] n— наружная штукатурка
Stuccoisapplied wet and hardensto a very dense solid.
12. impart [im'pcut] v — передавать, давать, придавать
impart strength— придавать прочность
Mortar not only acts as a cementing material but also impart
strengthto the work by holding the individual bricks together.
13. appear[э'ріэ] v — показываться; появляться
appearance[s'piarans] n—внешний вид;появление
The town of the future is already appearing among us today.
Russian cities are growing and their appearance is changing.
236I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Theappearanceof new materials resulted ingreatbuildings erected
dunng the following centuries.
14. void n — пустота, пора, полость
Voidscause a serious loss in strength of concrete.
15. bondnv— перевязка кирпичной кладки, связь; соеди
нять, связывать
Flemish (Dutch)bond —фламандская перевязка
headerbond['heda] — тычковая перевязка
Englishbond — английская (цепная) перевязка
rat-trap bond — кладка в один кирпич (кирпичи на
ребро)
stretcherbond['stretfa] — ложковая перевязка
Thebricks canbe arranged in a variety ofpatterns giving nse to
different types ofbonds. The bricks were strongly bondedtogether.
Flemishbondrendersthe appearance oftheface work more attractive
and pleasing. Headerbondpermits better alignment and as suchit
isused for walls curved on plan. In Englishbondone course consists
ofbncks withtheirendstowardtheface ofthewall, andthe next
course consists ofbncks withtheirlengthsparallel to theface ofthe
wall. In therat-trapbondbncks are placed on edge in 1:6 cement
mortar.
16. metaltie [tai] — металлический анкер
Structuralbonding ofmasonry walls maybeaccomplishedbythe
use ofmetaltiesembeddedin connectingjoints.
17. durable[djuarabl] adj—долговечный, прочный
durability[,djuara'bil3ti] n—долговечность, прочность
The fundamental object in proportioning this material is the
production of a durable material. The major characteristics of
aluminum in which the architectisinterested are its durabilityand
light weight.
UNIT 11 . BUILDING THE
18. splitadjv — расколотый,разрезанный,разделенный,
разъемный;раскалывать, разделять
Itismuch moredifficulttosplitmasonry unitsthan itisto cut
them to length. Splitbricks and blockslookbad.
19. proper['props] adj—правильный, соответствующий
properly adv— должным образом, как следует, пра
вильно
In building structures special attention mustbe paid to theproper
use of materials. The town must workproperlybut itshould also
givepleasure to those who look at it.
20. moisture ['moistfs] n— влага, влажность
This soil needs moisture.
evaporate [i'vaepsreit] v — испаряться, выпариваться
The smallpool ofwater evaporatedin the sunshine.
2. Read and translate the following international words. Look
up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the
part of speech.
Interval n, absorption n, garage n, granite n, ideal adj,
industrialize v,
travertine n, individual adj, potential adj,
degradation n, practical adj, circulate v, progress n v, complex
adj, artistic adj,block n, select v, qualify v, utilitarian adj, visual
adj, finish v n, extensive adj, alternately adv, perpendicular n
adj,base n v, oppose v, protective adj, initial adj.
3. M atch the pairs of antonyms from A and В and translate
them.
A
1. disconnection
2. disappearance
a. solid
b. bond
В
238I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
3. inappropriate
4. horizontal
5. exude
6. mismatch
7. penetrable
8. fragile
9. whole
10. untie
c. appearance
d. split
e. plumb
f. durable
g. joint
h. absorb
i. proper
j. fit
4.
Match the noun(s) on the left with a suitable item on the
right. Use each item once only.
1. The courses
2. The building
3 Stucco
4. A bricklayer
5. Headerbond
6. Rubbers
7.A metaltie
8. M ortar joints
9.Abrickwork pattern
10.A plumb
a. is applied wet.
b. were pointed.
c. create carved brickwork.
d. was embedded in connectionjoints.
e. are laid horizontally.
f. is required to lay straight courses.
g. has a brick veneer.
h. checks verticality.
l. is used for curved walls,
j. builds walls.
5. Replace the underlined words with the words below.
a) bond
e) impart
i) moisture
b) evaporate
f) split
j) fit
c) cavity wall
g) rub
d) veneer
h) appearance
1.Non-loadbearingbrick facing was applied to a wall to give
appearance of solid-bnck construction. 2 .The architect changed
the look ofthe building from M editerranean to a more typical Florida
look. 3.Thewater inthe reservoir candrv upin the hot summer.
4. Temporary partitionsdividethe space into three rooms. 5.These
beams are suitable where loads are great or spans are large.
6. Bricklayers spread abed of mortar with a trowel (aflat, bladed
UNIT11.building the walls 239
metaltool withahandle),place thebrick on the mortarbed, and
then press and tap the brick into place. 7 . Almost all homes,
apartments, and commercial buildings can experience leaks,
flooding, or otherforms of excessive indoordampness at some
point. 8 .The inventionprovides adirect connection ofthebricks
to the wall supporting structure suchthatthe supportforthebricks
isnot dependent upon the non-structuralbackingboard. 9 .The
shape of an archgivesitgreat strength. 10 .The air space shouldbe
continuous throughoutthehollow wallin orderto obtain thefull
benefit ofthe space.
6. Read and translate the following word combinations which
come from the texts of the Unit. Mind the use of nouns as
attributes in preposition. Look up your dictionary if necessary.
Mortar joints, the weather resistance, cavity wall insulation,
cinder concrete, concrete masonry units, a water absorption rate,
industrial style buildings, a stucco surface, a block wall, block
voids, steel rebar, wall strength and stability, steel reinforcement,
road sound control walls, face patterns, masonry construction,
frost damage, a masonry wall surface, earthquake prone regions,
masonry piers, surface features, garden wall bond, one brick
thickness, insulation properties, air cavity, a kitchen garden,
metal products, a mortar layer, stainless steel wire.
7. Using a dictionary complete the chart with the appropriate
word form. In some cases there maybe more than one answer.
Verb
Noun
Adjective
Adverb
1
construct
2
evaporative
3
fitly
4
measure
5
serviceability
6
expansive
7
produce
8
additionally
9
occupational
10
vary
240 [ Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
8. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention
to the functions ofthe verb to be
Example
Hispen ison the table.
—
Его ручка находитсяна столе.
Не wasaskedto come.
—
Его попросили прийти.
Не waswaitingforher at 10 o’clockyesterday.
—
Он ждалее
вчера в 10 часов.
Неistocome at3o’clock.
—
Он долженприйти в3 часа.
1. Each layer ofbricks is called a course. 2. Masonry is the
building of structures from individual units laid in and bound
togetherby mortar. 3 Where the bncks are to remain fullyvisible,
thisisknown asface-work.4 .Apartments rents are high, so I am
looking at adsfor roommates. 5 .The thickness ofa wall which is
to be considered in evaluating the quantity ofbrickwork is called
nominalthickness ofa wall.6 .Wateris usedin mixingthe mortar
to produce a paste in which the bncks can be firmly bedded.
7. Concrete masonry units are usually much laigerthan ordinary
bricks and so are muchfasterto layforawall of agiven size. 8 .
Mobile homes are becoming more popular, because they are
comfortable and inexpensive 9 There is aproblem when I type.
There must be a problem with the keyboard 10.When a wall is
built ofbncks, the bricks are set in mortar.
9. Read and translate the following sentences paying special
attention to the functions of the verb to have.
Example
He hasa new car.
—
Унего естьновая машина. (Он имеет
новую машину.)
UNIT 1 1 . BUILDING THE WALLS 241
Hehassentaletterto herthismorning.
—
Сегодня утром он
послалей письмо.
Не hasbeen waitingforherfor two hours.
—
Онждетеев
течении двух часов.
Не hastoget up early every day.
—
Ему приходится (он вы
нужден)вставатьрано каждый день.
1.Whenyouhavedecided which areayou are interested m and
thought realisticallyabout what sort ofperson you are, then you can
decide what sort of engineer you want to be. 2 The blocks
sometimeshavegrooves or othersurfacefeatures added to enhance
thisinterlocking, and some dry set masonry structuresforego mortar
altogether. 3. The bricklayer has to be very skillful to keep the
courses exactlylevel and the thickness of mortarbetween each course
of bricks the same throughout the length and depth of the wall.
4. M athematicians and scientists (and their universities) havebeen
electronically exchanging information overthe Internet since the
mid-70s. 5 .Some suburbs consist ofhousing estates, while others
were originally villagesthat havebecomejoined to the town asithas
grown. 6 . Hehasbeen waitingfor a municipalhousefor the last
three years. 7.When bncks are built in curves, as in arches or
curved walls, thebncklayerhas to shape the bricks in order to fit
them together. 8. A concrete block typically has a lower water
absorption ratethan abnck.9 .Thesystem hasbeenprogrammed
not onlywithgrammatical rules, but also with the analysis ofa vast
quantity ofoffice correspondence. 10 .1am movingto LosAngeles
in the fall,but I have to find someplace to live.
10.
Complete the following sentences, using the verbs a) to be
or b) to havein different functions. Put the verb to create into the
most suitable active or passive tense form.
a) 1. The first labour union_________in 1905. 2 . The first
labour union______________next year. 3. The first labour union
____________
last year (arrangements/plans). 4 . The first labour
242 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
union______________when the plant began doing well. 5 . They
_____________
thefirstlabour union whenhebecamethedirectorof
the plant.
b) 1. The first labour union____________this year. 2 . The
first labour union_____________ to protect the workers’ rights at the
plant now (necessity). 3 . H e______________the first labour union
at the plant this year. 4 . H e______________the labour union to
protect the workers’rights atthe plant now (necessity). 5 .Thefirst
labour union___________a lot of members now.
11. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention
to the lunctions of the verbs shall/will.
Example
I (we) shallwritea letter to him.
—
Я напишуему письмо.
Shall1readthistext? —Мне читатьэтот текст?
Thefirstpayment shallbemade withinfivedays afterthe delivery
ofthe cargo.
—
Первый платеж долженбыть(будет)произве
ден в течение пяти дней после доставки груза.
You willseehertomorrow.
—
Вы увидите ее завтра.
Willyouclose the window? —Закройте, пожалуйста, окно .
1.Will you be happiest working in an office, in afactory, or
outdoors?2.Willyoushut thedoor, please?3.We shall attend the
professor’s lecture on building constructiontomorrow. 4 .According
to the specification the stone used shallbe hard, sound and free
from defects of anykind 5.What shall Isay whenthephonerings
and someone asksforyou?6.Almost everything we usein modem
life is made by engineers. For example, if a manufacturer wants
a faster car, a small personal stereo, or a better pen, they will
ask adesign engineerto find apractical solution. 7 . According to
the specification asfar aspossible the stones selected for the face
work shall be nearly equal in size. 8 . I shan’t tell anyone what
happened. 9 .Willyou turn down the sound,please? 10.Shall we
stay in this country orgo abroad1*****7
UNIT 11. BUILDING THE WALLS I 243
12.
Read and translate the following sentences paying attention
to the functions of the verbs should/would.
Example
He shouldhelp them .
—
Ему следует(Он должен) помочь им.
Wouldyou mind opening the window? — Будьте добры от
крыть окно.
Не wouldgoto the cinem aifhe had time.
—
Он пошел быв
кино, если быу негобыло время.
Не said he wouldreturn soon.
—
Он сказал, что он скоро
вернется.
She wouldsitforhours on the riverbank.
—
Она бывалосиде
ла часами на берегуреки.
1.Atthe time ofthe Renaissance inthe 15th and 16th centuries
a new sort of building specialist emerged. He was usually a
philosopher or artist, rather than a craftsman, who would get
togethera team ofbuilding workers and make arrangementsto pay
them. 2 . If non-concrete (clay-based) bnck is to be used, care
shouldbe taken to selectbricks suitable forthe climate in question.
3. What general principals would you keep in mind while
supervising brick work under construction? 4. He would finish his
project ifhe weren’t ill.5. In the 19thcentury, different contractors
would calculate what itwould costto complete a project and then
the lowest estimate would be chosen. 6.Thebricks shouldbelaid
on a fullbed of mortar. 7 .He wouldhavedone thatgreatdiscovery
earlierifhe had had better conditions for work. 8 .Allthejoints
should be properly filled with mortar so that no cavity is left in
between. 9 . Advances in science meant that building designers
could calculate in advancehow abuilding shouldbe constructed to
ensure that itwould stand up,instead ofrelying on a system oftrial
and error, forit sometimeshappened that abuilding would collapse
whileit wasbeingbuilt. 10 Wouldyoupleasebe quiet? I’m trying
to concentrate.
2441Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
SECTION 3
READING AND SPEAKING
13. Before you read Text 11A “Bricklaying and Concrete
Blocks”, think about the statements given below and say if they
are true or false.
a) Thebricks mustbe carefullybonded in orderto provide for
the mixing of mortar.
b) Bricks have lower water absorption than concrete blocks.
c) Cavity walls do not prevent heat from escaping from the
building.
d) Thebricklayerhas to be skilfulto keep each layer ofbricks
horizontal.
e) Softbricks or rubbers can be built with thin mortarjoints
after shaping them.
f) Concrete blocks are usedforthe walls ofindustrialbuildings.
g) Astucco surface is a sort ofdecoration.
h) Surface-bonding cement does not make a wall stronger.
14. Read Text 11A and find out the answers to the true/false
statements. Discuss your answers inpairs.
• TEXT 11A
Bricklaying and Concrete Blocks
When a wall is built of bricks, the bricks are set in mortar.
Mortar consists of a mixture of sand and eitherlime or Portland
cement or, more often, a mixture ofthe two. Enough water is
used in mixing the mortar to produce apaste in which the bricks
can be firmlybedded. The bricks must be carefully arranged, or
bonded asitiscalled,in the wallin orderto produce a structure
ofgood strength and appearance, the pattern of the brickwork
depending on thebond which is used.Thepointing orfinishing of
UNIT 11. BUILDING THE WALLSj 245
A mason laying mortar on
top of a finished course of
blocks, prior to placing the
next course.
mortar joints is also given careful I
attention since it affects the
appearance and the weatherresist
ance ofthe wall.
Each layer ofbricksis called a
course and thebricklayerhasto be
very skillful to keep the courses
exactly level and the thickness of
mortar between each course of
bricks the same throughout the
length and depth ofthe wall.The
corners of the walls must be
absolutely upright.
Nowadaysthe outer walls ofbuildings oftenconsist of an outer
and inner wallwithaspace ofabout5centimetresbetween them,
the two layersbeing held togetherat intervalsby small metalties.
These cavity walls, as they are called,help moisture evaporate better
than solid walls. A layer ofinsulating materialis often put m the
space between the wallsto prevent heat escaping from thebuilding.
Thisisknown as cavity wallinsulation.
When bricks are built in curves, as m arches or curved walls,
thebricklayerhasto shape thebricksin orderto fit them together.
Sometimesquite softbricks called rubbers are used; these can be
rubbed on ahard stone in orderto shape them so accuratelythat
they canbebuiltwiththin mortarjoints. Work ofthistypeisknown
as gaugedbrickwork anddemandsgreat skill.
Blocks of cinder concrete, ordinary concrete, or hollow tile
are genencallyknown asconcrete masonry units. They are usually
much largerthan ordinarybricks and so are much fasterto layfor
a wall of a given size. Furthermore, cinder and concrete blocks
typicallyhavemuchlower water absorption ratesthanbrick.They
are often used asthe structural corefor veneeredbrick masonry, or
are used alone forthe walls offactories, garages and otherindustrial
style buildings where such appearance is acceptable ordesirable.
Suchblocks often receive a stucco surfacefordecoration. Surface-
246I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
bonding cement, which contains synthetic fibersfor reinforcement,
issometimes used in this application and can impart extra strength
to a wall. Surface-bonding cement is often pre-coloured and can
bestained orpainted thus resulting in afinished stucco-like surface.
Theprimary structural advantage ofconcreteblocks m comparison
to smaller clay-based bncks is that a concrete masonry unit wall
can be reinforcedbyfilling the block voids with concrete with or
without steel rebar. Generally, certain voids are designated for
filling and reinforcement, particularly at comers, wall-ends, and
openings while other voids are left empty. This increases wall
strength and stability more economically than filling and reinforcing
allvoids Steel reinforcement canbe embeddedinhorizontal mortar
joints ofconcrete block walls. The introduction ofsteel reinforcement
generally results in a concrete masonry unit wall having much
greater lateral and tensile strength than unreinforced walls. Some
concrete blocks are coloured, and some employ a split face, a
technique that results intwoblocksbeing manufactured as one unit
and later splitinto two. Thisgives the blocks a rough facereplicating
the appearance of natural, quarried stone, such as brownstone.
For applications such as roadway sound control walls, the face
patterns maybecomplex and even artistic.
15. Find in T ext 11A the paragraph saying about the advantages
of concrete blocks over clay bricks and translate it into Russian.
16. Read aloud paragraph 5.
17. Explain the following references.
a) itaffects the appearance ofthe wall.
Whatdoesthepronounitreferto?
b) Thisisknown as cavity wallinsulation.
Whatdoesthepronoun thisreferto?
c) in order to fit them together.
Whatdoes thepronounthemreferto?
UNIT 1 1 . BUILDING THE WALLS 247
d) thesecan be rubbed on ahard stone
Whatdoesthepronoun thesereferto?
e) Theyare usually much largerthan ordinarybricks
Whatdoesthepronountheyreferto?
0 Theyare often used as the structural corefor veneeredbrick
masonry
Whatdoesthepronountheyreferto?
g)
Thisincreases wall strength and stability more economically
than filling and reinforcing all voids.
Whatdoesthepronounthisreferto?
18.FindinText 11Asomekey words and expressionsto speak
about bricklaying. Retell the Text in English.
19. Skim Text 11B “Masonry” and try to understand whatit
is about and what information is already known to you.
• TEXT 11B
Masonry
Masonry isthebuilding ofstructures from individual units laid
in andbound togetherbymortar; the term masonrycan also refer
to the units themselves. The common materials of masonry
construction arebrick, stone such as marble,
granite, travertine, limestone; concrete
block, glass block, and tile. Masonry is a
highlydurableform ofconstruction. However,
the materials used, the quality ofthe mortar
and workmanship, and thepattern m which
the units are assembled can affectthe durability
ofthe overall masonry construction.
248IАнглийский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
Headerbond
Masonry iscommonly used forthe walls of
buildings, retaining walls and monuments.
Brick and concreteblock arethe most common
types of masonry inuse inindustnalized nations
and maybe eitherweight-bearing or a veneer.
Concrete blocks, especiallythose with hollow
cores, offer various possibilities in masonry
construction. They generally provide great
compressive strength and are best suited to
structures with light transverse loading when the cores remain
unfilled. Filling some or all ofthe cores with concrete or concrete
with steel reinforcement (typically rebar) offers much greater tensile
and lateral strength to structures.
The use of materials such asbnck and
stone can increase the thermal mass of a
building,giving increased comfort in the heat
ofsummer andthe cold ofwinter, and canbe
ideal forpassive solar applications. Brick will
not require painting and so can provide a
structure with reduced life-cycle costs, although
sealing appropriately will reduce potential
spallingdue to frostdamage. Non-decorative
concrete blockgenerally ispainted or stuccoed
if exposed. The appearance, especially when well crafted, can
impart an impression of solidity and permanence. Masonry is
heat resistant and thus providesfire protection. M asonry walls are
more resistant to projectiles, such as debris from humcanes or
tornadoes than walls of wood or other softer, lessdense materials.
Extreme weather causes degradation of masonry wall surfaces
due to frostdamage. This type ofdamage is common with certain
types ofbrick, though rare with concrete block. If non-concrete
(clay-based) bnck is to be used, care should be taken to select
bricks suitable for the climate m question. Masonry tends to be
heavy and must be built upon a strong foundation (usually reinforced
concrete) to avoid settling and cracking. Ifexpansive soils(such as
I Flemishbond
UNIT11 . BUILDING THE WALLS 249
adobe clay) arepresent, this foundation needs to be quite elaborate
and the services of aqualified structural engineer maybe required,
particularly in earthquake prone regions.
Masonry boasts an impressive compressive strength (vertical
loads) but is much lower in tensile strength (twisting or stretching)
unless reinforced. The tensile strength of masonry walls can be
strengthened by thickening the wall, or bybuilding masonrypiers
(vertical columns or ribs) at intervals. Where practical, steel
reinforcements can be added.
Thestrength of a masonry wallis not entirelydependent on the
bond between the building material and the mortar; the friction
between the interlocking blocks of masonry isstrong enough to
provide agreat deal of strength on its own. The blocks sometimes
have grooves or other surface features added to enhance this
interlocking, and some dry set masonry structures forego mortar
altogether.
Solid masonry without steel reinforcement tends to have very
limited applications in modem wall construction. Whilesuch walls
can be quite economical and suitable in some applications,
susceptibility to earthquakes and collapse is a major issue. Solid
unreinforced masonry walls tend to be low and thick as a
consequence.
Solidbrickwork is made oftwo or more layers ofbricks withthe
units running horizontally (called stretcherbricks) bound together
with bricks running transverse to the wall (called headerbricks).
Each row ofbricks isknown as a course. The pattern of headers
and stretchers employed gives nse to different bonds such as the
common bond (with every sixth course composed ofheaders), the
English bond, and the Flemish bond (with alternating stretcher
and headerbrickspresent on every course).There are no significant
utilitarian differencesbetween mostbonds, but the appearance of
the finished wall is affected. Vertically staggered bonds tend to be
somewhat stronger and lessprone to major cracking than a non-
staggeredbond.
250j_Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
20. Identify the topic of each paragraph of Text 11B.
21. Answer the following questions.
a) What is masonry?
b) What are the common materials of masonry construction?
c) What arethe mostcommon typesofmasonry?
d) Whydo concrete blocks offer variouspossibilitiesin masonry
construction?
e) What are the advantages ofbricks and stone?
f) Doesmasonryprovide fire protection?
g) What are the disadvantages of masonry?
h) What can helpto avoid the settling offoundations?
i) How can the tensile strength ofa wallbe strengthened?
j) Whatdoesthe strength of a masonry walldepend on?
k) Whydoessolid masonry without steel reinforcement have
limited applications?
l) What are stretcher and headerbricks?
22. Read Text 11C “Brickwork” and find the answers to these
questions. Discuss them with your groupmates.
a) How isbrick masonry produced?
b) How isFlemishbond created?
c)What is a common variation ofFlemish bond?
d)What isthe advantage of rat-trap bond?
e)Wherewasrat-trapbondin common use?
f)What is acommon?
g) What do commons usuallyfeature?
h) What are ties used for?
i) Why are ties expensive?
UNIT 11. BUILDING THEWALLS 251
• TEXT 11C
Brickwork
Brickwork masonryisproduced when abricklayer usesbricks
and mortar to build up structures such as walls, bridges and
chimneys. Brickwork is also used to finish openings such asdoors
or windowsinbuildings made ofother materials. Where thebncks
are to rem ain fully visible, as opposed to being covered up by plaster
or stucco, this isknown asface-work.
Flemishbond, alsoknown asDutchbond,hashistorically always
been considered the most decorativebond, and forthis reason was
used extensively for dwellings until the adoption of the cavity wall.
It iscreated by alternately laying headers and stretchers in a single
course. The next course islaid so that a headerlies in the middle
ofthe stretcher in the course below. Again, this bond is one brick
thick. It is quite difficult to lay Flemish bond properly, since for
best effect all the perpendiculars(vertical mortarjoints) need to be
vertically aligned. If only one face of a Flemish bond wall is
exposed, one third ofthebricks are not visible, and hence maybe
of low visual quality. This is a better ratio
than for English bond, the main rival of
Flemishbond forload-bearing walls.
A common variation found in early 18th
centurybuildings is glazed-headed Flemish
bond,in which the exposedheaders areburned
until they vitrify with ablackglassy surface.
Rat-trap bond, also known as Chinese
bond, is a typeofgarden wallbond in which
the stretchers and headers are laid on their
sides, with the base of the stretcher facing
outwards. This gives a wall with an internal
cavitybndgedbythe headers, hence the name.
The main advantage ofthisbond is economy
in use of bricks, giving a wall of one brick
thickness withfewerbncks than asolidbond.
252 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Rat-trapbond wasin common usein Englandforbuildinghouses
offewerthan threestoreys uptotheturn ofthe20thcentury andis
today still used in India as an economicalbond, as well forthe
insulation properties offered by the air cavity. Also, many brick
walls surrounding kitchen gardens were designed with cavities so
hot air could circulate in the winter, warming fruit trees or other
produce spread against the walls, causing them to bloom earlier
and forcing earlyfruitproduction.
InUKbuildingyards what many would referto as a housebrick
isknown as acommonwithlargerbreezeblock-like materialsbeing
called solids Mortar is often referred to as mud due to its
appearance Commons usually feature afrog, an indent in one
surface that faces up during laying. This is packed with mud as
laying progresses and helps add lateral strength to the layer, as
opposed to the vertical strength formedbythe compressive weightof
thebrickwork on itself. Tiesare metalproductsthat are approximately
the length of a common. They are used to tielayers ofbrickwork
into one another. This is particularly important if a building is
constructed with an inner and outer wall featuring a cavity where
the ties willbe placed through the cavitybetween mortarlayers in
the two walls. Thisallowsthe two wallsto functionbetter as one
structural unit without filling the cavity with a solid material and so
lowering its insulative properties. Ties are simply lengths ofstainless
steel wire, around twice as thick as that used to form a steel coat
hanger, and have a loop at eitherend that isburied in the mortar
as the wallprogresses. Due to being stainless and reasonablythick,
they are also somewhat expensive. However, ties mustbe stainless
to avoidthem rotting in the alkaline conditions createdbythe cement
inthe mortar.
UNIT11 . BUILDING THE WALLS 253
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23. Listen to the Text “Masonry Walls”.
a) Answer the questions that follow.
1.Why are masonry walls used in multistoreyed buildings?
2.What materials are masonry wallsbuilt of?
3. Where are cavity walls used?
4.What is aheat-flow rate ofcavity walls?
5. What type offraming isused with masonry construction?
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
11A of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about some specific features o fthe foundations
of low-rise buildings.
d) Tell your groupmates about cavity walls based on the
information to be collected.
24. Listen to theText “VeneerMasonry”.
a) As you listen, make notes under the following headings.
1 The structure of a masonry veneer wall
2 The construction o f the brick veneer
3 The materials used for a masonry veneer wall
254I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
4 The wall insulation
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
11B of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about a masonry veneer.
UNIT 12
FINISHING THE INSIDE
ffi
SECTION 1
VOCABULARY AND WORD STUDY
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text
“Interior Finishes of Commercial and Industrial Buildings” and
translate the given sentences.
1. gypsum ['djipsam] n— природный гипс
gypsum board — сухая штукатурка, гипсовая стеновая
плита
Gypsumis used in a wide variety of applications. The partition
wall made withgypsumboardwasfixed on timberframe work.
2. readily ['redili] adv — легко, быстро, без труда
The outstanding characteristic of concrete is that it can be
manufactured easdy.
3. meet theneeds — удовлетворять потребностям
An area ofdwellings, however well designed, is not by itself
sufficient tomeettheneedsof the inhabitants.
4. sandwichpanel['sasnwidj.paenl]— многослойная панель
Sandwichpanels are incredibly useful m aterials to form strong
lightweight structures used m everyday life.
256 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
5 enclosure [ш'кіэизэ] п— оболочка, корпус, ограждение
А significantportion ofthe field ofbuilding science relates to the
design and operation ofthe building enclosure.
6. grout['graut] n—жидкий строительныйраствор
grout mix — цементный раствор
Groutisgenerally composed of a mixture of water, cement,
sand and sometimes fine gravel. Thegroutmixshould have high
flow and shrinkage properties.
7. suspend [sa'spend] v — вешать, подвешивать
suspended ceiling — подвесной потолок
Two laige vertical rods anchored in the girders were used to
suspendthe girder sectionsfrom the overhead truss. The partitions
are fixed to the suspended ceilings.
8. tile ['tail] n v — кровельная черепица, облицовочная
плитка, кафель; крыть черепицей, выкладывать плит
ками
ceramic tile [ss'raemik] — керамическая плитка, чере
пица
vinylcompositiontile ['vaml] — виниловая плитка
Cement, bricks and tilesare the main building materials used in
the construction ofbuildings. Theceramictileson the floor cannot
be scratched easily by people walking on them . Vinylcomposition
tileshave high resilience to abrasion and impactdamage.
9. terrazzo [te'rartsau] n—бетон типа “тераццо” (с запол
нителем из цветной каменной крошки), пол из бетона
“тераццо”
When the terrazzo is thoroughly dry, helpers grind it with а
gnnder, which issomewhatlike afloorpolisher, only much heavier.
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE INSIDE I 257
10. epoxy resin[l'poksi]— эпоксидная смола
Epoxyresinis an exceptional adhesive for wood, metal, glass,
stone, and someplastics.
11. drywall[,drai'wo:l] n— гипсокартон
Hanging and finishing drywallrequires certain skills.
12. fire resistance — огнестойкость
Fireresistanceindicates how well abuilding component holds
back fire and prevents itfrom penetrating from one room to another.
13. coat ['ksut] nv— слой, покрытие; покрывать, грунто
вать
finish coat — отделочный слой
applycoat — наносить слой, покрытие, грунт
skim coat — накрывочный слой (трехслойной штука
турки)
This wall will need two coatsofpaint. Finishcoatisthe last coat
appliedon the surface after the under-coat isproperly dry. Skim
coat is an ideal material to cover and level defects in concrete.
14. nail['neil] n v — гвоздь; забивать гвозди
screw [skru:] nv — винт, болт, шуруп; привинчивать
Неhammered anailintothe wall andhung apicture on it.We
nailedup the windows ofthe old house. I needfour strong screws
forfixing the cupboard to the wall. He screwedthe handle to the
door.
15. secure [si'kjua] v— укреплять, закреплять, зафиксиро
вать
Attach thebeam with wood screwsthat are theproperlength to
properly securethebeam.
9 Зак 312
258IАнглийский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
16. lime ['laim] п— известь
limeputty ['pAti] — известковое тесто
Limehasbeen used inbuilding techniques for over5,000 years.
The process for creating limeputty involves the combination of
lime chalk with water to produce a variety ofdifferent products.
17. lath [1q:0]n — штукатурная сетка (решетка)
lathnail — штукатурный гвоздь
The new lathswill then be painted to match the existing finish.
Lath nails are standard looking, with a long smooth shaft and a
flat head, and can be used for a number ofpurposes.
18. transparent [traens'paerant] adj— прозрачный
translucent [traens'lu:snt] adj— полупрозрачный
Glassistransparentbut wood is opaque. Some recommendations
were developed fordesigning sheet glassin translucentstructures in
industrial and socialbuildings.
19.doorframe —дверная коробка, рама
If thedoorframebreaks, there is limited opportunity for repair.
20. taper(ing)[Чеірэ(гц))] adj— конусообразный, сужива
ющийсякконцу
Each reinforced concrete wall column is made up offourtapering
columns with floorslabs spanning between them.
2.
Read and translate the following international words. Look
up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the
part of speech.
Perforate v, synthetic adj, institutional adj, vinyl adj,
composition n, adhesive n adj,prevalent adj, substrate n, amateur
n adj, ornamentation n, identical adj, acrylic adj, laminate v,
optional adj, contrast n, primitive adj,perfection n, ingredient n.
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE INSIDE 259
3. Match the words with the definitions below.
a) grout
b) nail c) drywall d) lime
e) screw
0 enclosure g) lath h) tile
i) gypsum
j) terrazzo
1. a longflat narrow piece ofwood/metal used to supportplaster
2. concrete floor finish containing chips of marble
3. a wideplasterboard used to cover walls, ceilings orpartitions
4. a piece ofbaked clay used for covering roofs, walls, floors
etc
5. a thin mortar used to fill cracksin masonry
6. a soft white chalklike substance from which plaster is made
7. exterior assemblyenclosing the interior space of abuilding
8. a thinpointedpieceof metal forhammering into wood
9. a type of nail that is driven into something by a twisting
action
10.
a white substance obtainedbyburning limestone
4.
Match the English word combinations with the Russian
equivalents.
1.grout mix
2. transparent
3. epoxy resin
4. finish coat
5. translucent
6.gypsum board
7. meet the needs
8. suspended ceiling
9. lime putty
10. ceramic tile
11. fire resistance
12. sandwich panel
a. сухая штукатурка
b. подвесной потолок
c. огнестойкость
d.цементный раствор
e. известковое тесто
f. многослойная панель
g. керамическая плитка
h. эпоксидная смола
i. прозрачный
j. полупрозрачный
k. отделочный слой
l.удовлетворять потребности
260 [ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
S.
Read and translate the following sentences. Pay attention
to the meaning of the words and word combinations given below.
I. a) ready adj— готовый
b)readyathand — находящийся подрукой
c) readiness п— готовность
d) in readiness — наготове
e) readilyadv— легко, без труда
I. The evaluation of site readiness is necessary to identify aspects
of the site that may affect a project outcome. 2. A well-built
birdhouse should be durable, rainproof and readily accessible. 3.
The excavator is ready to dig on the construction site. 4 . W ater
and sewer pipeswerestackedin readinessfor building construction.
5.
Palm computing devices are ready at hand. 6 . Ready-mix
concrete helpsto reduce construction-site pollution. 7 . Bricklayers
desire a mortar notto be sticky, enabling thebricklayerto readily
transfer the mixed mortar from the surface ofhis trowel onto the
masonry elements being laid.
II. a)frame n— конструкция, сооружение, каркас, рама
b)frameofroof— стропильная система крыши
c) roofframing — несущие конструкции крыши
d)framework п—рамная конструкция, каркас
e) withintheframework of — в рамках, в пределах чего-л .
1.This house usestrusses forthe roofframing. Trusses are pre
fabricated, tnangulated wooden structures used to supportthe roof.
The alternative is to build up the frame ofthe roofwith 2x8s and
2x10s. 2 . The indicated circumstances should be considered in
designwithin the framework ofthe geotechnical system. 3 . Ifyou
choose to build atimberframe home, yourfirst choice is whether
to cuttheframe on or offsite. Ifyoucutyourownframe offsite,
don’t forgetto budgettime and moneyforgetting all ofthe frame
timbers to the building site. 4 . The block of office buildings was
builtofconcrete on a steelframework.
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE INSIDEJ 261
6.
Read and translate the following groups of sentences paying
attention to the words in italics which can function as a noun
and a verb, or a verb and an adjective, or a noun and an adjective,
with the same form. They can have similar or different meanings.
Look up your dictionary if necessary.
1. a . They gave instructions for installing ceramic wall tile.
b. He added beauty to hishome with new tileflooring.
c. They gave some advice how to tilea wall.
2. a . Afterthe first coatofbasepaint dries, apply another one.
b It is very cold, so wear a heavy coat.
c. Coatxhtsurface with two layers ofpaint.
3
a Make the windows securebefore leaving the house.
b. They could securethe connectingplates to thebeams.
c. This company can securea good civil engineeringjob.
4. a. They could nottaperthe widthofabeam at eitherend.
b. The structures have a slightinward taper.
c. They are studying the axialbehaviour oftaperbeams.
5. a . The growljoints have been filled.
b. Wipe tileswith a damp cloth to remove excessgrowl.
c. Grout alljoints other than areas that need to be left as
expansionjoints.
7.
Using a dictionary complete the chart with the appropriate
word form. In some cases there maybe more than one answer.
Verb
Noun
Adjective
Adverb
1
dividable
2
secure
3
insulation
4
flexibly
5
useful
6
resist
7
comparative
8
suspension
9
directly
10
binder
SECTION 2
GRAMMAR
262 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
8. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention
to the meaning and use of the modal verbs and their equivalent
forms.
1. Flooring must support whateverloads are to be placed within
the structure, and it musttransmititsload tothe structural frame.
2. M any new functional buildings had to be built quickly and
cheaply. 3 A goodpaint should stick well to the surface and should
be able to seal the porous substrata. 4. The quantity surveyor
emerged in the late 19th century as a professional specialist in
building finance, who was able to accurately predict the cost of a
project. 5.An entire house canbedrywalledin one ortwo daysby
two expenenced drywallers, and drywall is easy enough to use that
it can be installed by many amateur home carpenters. 6 . Each
coat should be permitted to dry thoroughlybefore the next coat is
applied. 7 . These partitions are expensive compared with gypsum
board and must be moved to justify the greater initial cost.
8. Hundreds of new apartment homes are to be built for the
population. 9 . The plastered surfaces may be finished in a variety
offorms. 10.Most oftheearlyhousesbuiltinAmerica were suited
to farm life, as it was not until citiesbecame manufacturing centres
that colonists could survive without farming as their major
occupation.
9.Define thepart ofspeech and thefunction ofthe words with
the -ed ending in the following sentences.
1. Very early in the history ofGreek architecture plaster of a
finewhite lime stucco was used, such hasbeenfound at Mycenae.
2. For their finest work the Egyptians used a plaster made from
calcined gypsumjust like platter ofPans ofthe present time, and
W
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE INSIDE 1 263
their methods ofplastering on reeds resemble in every way our
lath, plaster, float and set work. 3 . There are two main methods
used in construction oftheintenor walls of modem homes, drywall
and plaster. 4 . The removable panels are supported on agrid of
formed sheet-metal tee bars which are suspendedby wires. 5. Space-
division systems in these buildings make use of gypsum board
partitions, usuallyapplied to a framework offormed sheet-metal
members attached to thebuilding structure. 6 .Where accessibility
isnot important and a smooth finishisdesired, suspendedgypsum
board ceilings canbe used. 7 .Drywall constructionbecameprevalent
as a speedier alternative to using plaster based interior finish
techniques, which involved forcefully spreading a substrate of coarse
plaster onto the walllath-work beforefinallyapplying the smoother
finish coat, each layer added in succession and all by hand.
8.Whilemost toolshave remained unchanged overthe centuries,
developments in modem materials have led to some changes.
9.Concreteblockis usedin unfinished spaces and forfire-resistive
partitions. 10 .The pyramidsin Egyptcontain plasterwork executed
atleast fourthousandyearsago.
10. Identify the -m g forms and translate the following sentences.
1. After removing the old paint, the cleaned surface is given
two or three coats of the paint, to obtain the desired finish.
2. Being permeable to moisture, emulsion paints can be applied
on wet surfaces. 3 . Space-division systems in these buildings are
readily demolished and rebuilt at relatively low cost, meeting the
need for flexibility in such buildings. 4 . Having obtained the
necessaiy results, we stopped our experimental work. 5 . Mud
plaster isgenerallyappliedin two coats, thefirst coatbeing 13 mm
thick whilethethicknessofthesecond coatiskept6mm. 6 .Drywall
fasteners aregaming populanty inboth residential and commercial
construction. 7 . The surface of the patches ofplaster serves as
gaugesfor maintaining even thickness oftheplasterbeing applied.
8. Painting enables the masonry and concrete work to resist
264[Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
disintegration, thereby extending the life ofthe structure. 9 . After
the sheets are secured to the wall studs or ceilingjoists, the seams
between drywall sheets are concealed usingjointtape, and several
layers ofpaint compound. 10 . Depending upon the availability of
the materials, the choice ofplaster for any particular location is
governed by weather conditions and the finish desired.
11. Read and translate the following sentences in which the
Infinitive is used in different functions.
1.Thesurfaceto beplasteredispreparedinthe same manneras
thatforlime or cementplaster. 2 .To ensurethe requiredthickness
the patches of plaster are applied horizontally. 3 . The most
importantpurpose ofaddingpigmentin apaintisto make an opaque
coating to hide the surface to bepainted. 4 . During theprocess of
finishing, a solution oflimeputtyisapplied on the surfaceto make
the surface smooth and workable. 5 .Plastering isrequired to provide
a satisfactory base fordecorating the surface by white-washing or
painting.6 .In drywall a specializedform of sheet rockknown as
greenboardis screwed onto the wall-frames ofthe hometo form the
interior walls. 7 .Painting with the spraygun is considered to be a
highly developed and efficient m ethod of applying all types of
protective coatings. 8 . Plastering is the process of covering rough
surfaces with a plastic material to obtain an even, smooth and
durable surface. 9 . The seams are covered with mesh tape and then
the seams and the screw heads are concealed with the drywall
compound to make the wall seem as one uniform piece. 10.This
type ofsheet rock isdesigned to absorb the moisture oftheplaster
and allowit to clingbetterbefore itsets.
12. Use the word given and other words to complete the
second sentence so that it means the same as the first one. You
must use between two and five words, including the word given.
1 Itlooks asifthey leftlast night.
seem
T h e y ________________________________________l a s t n i g h t .
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE INSIDE 265
2. Please sing us another song, John.
persuade
They tried to _____________________________________a n o ther song.
3.The explanation wasso complicatedthat I couldn’t understand it.
too
The explanation________________________________ to understand.
4.They sayhe’s livingin Moscow.
said
H e _____________________________________i n M o s c o w .
5.He’s too youngtosee thefilm.
enough
H e is n ’t ________________________________________to se e th e film .
6.1don’t suppose you know where helives, doyou?
happen
D o _____________________________________ w h e r e h e live s?
7.Why did you allow them to leave early yesterday?
let
You sh o uldn ’t __________________________________ early yesterday.
8. Older people often have difficulty finding ajob.
difficult
I t ’s o f t e n _____________________________________ f i n d a j o b .
9. If I were you, Kate, I ’d wear a different pair of shoes.
advised
H e ___________________________________ a different pair of shoes.
10. I’d ratheryou came at six o’clock.
prefer
I _________________________________________ c o m e a t six o ’c l o c k .
здесь должны быть стр. 266 и 267
Floor finishes in commercial and institutional uses make
considerable use of synthetic-fibre carpeting and vinyl composition
tile. In areas of higher traffic harder surfaces may be used, for
example, cut stone tiles of marble or granite, ceramic tile applied
with epoxy adhesive to the substrate or terrazzo. Terrazzo is made
in two ways, traditional and thin-set. In the traditional form a
four-centimetre layer of cement and sand grout ispoured over the
substrate; a grid of metal divider strips to control shrinkage cracks
is set on the hardened surface, and grout mix o f coloured cement
and marble chips is poured between the stnps. After hardening,
the surface is machine polished to expose the maible chips and metal
dividers. Thin-set terrazzo is made by placing the metal strips and
pouring the binder and marble chips onto the subfloor without the
underbed of cement and sand. It is generally possible only when
epoxy resins are used in place o f cement binders. Terrazzo is available
in many colours, and it forms a hard, smooth, and durable surface
that is easily cleaned.
15. Find in Tex t 12A the paragraphs saying about different
types o f partitions and translate them into Russian.
16 . Read aloud paragraph 3.
17. Explain the following references.
a) They are readily demolished and rebuilt at low cost
What does the pronoun they refer to?
b) They are often used for fire-resistivUprotective enclosures
What does the pronoun they refer to?
c) Ceiling finishes in these buildings create a sandwich space
What does the demonstrative adjective these refer to?
d) to change the service elements located above it
What does the pronoun it refer to?
268 I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE INSIDE 269
e) itforms a hard, smooth, and durable surface that is easily
cleaned.
Whatdoesthepronoun itreferto?
18. Underline or mark the mainideas ofText 12A and retell it
19.
Skim Text 12B “Drywall” and try to understand what it is
about and what information is already known to you.
• TEXT 12B
Drywall
Drywallisthe term used for a common method ofconstructing
interior walls and ceilings using panels made ofgypsum plaster
pressedbetween two thick sheets ofpaper, then kiln dried. Many
such panels are made with fiberglassinstead ofpaper to prevent
moldgrowth, whichis common withpaperthathasbeen exposed
to water due to plumbing leaks orfloods. Drywall construction is
used globally for the finish construction of interior walls and
ceilings. Drywall construction became prevalent as a speedier
alternative to using plaster-based interior finish techniques, which
involved forcefully spreading a substrate of coarse plaster, known
as thebase made up ofthe scratch coat and brown coat, onto the
wall lath-work before finally applying the smoother finish coat,
each layer added in succession and allby hand. Drywall, by
contrast to plaster, requires hand finishing only atthe fasteners and
joints. The drywall process requires less labour and drying time,
lending its name to the panels used in the assembly.
Asopposedto a week-longplaster application, an entire house
can bedrywalledin one ortwo daysbytwo experienceddrywallers,
and drywallis easy enough to use that itcan be installedbymany
amateurhome carpenters. In large-scale commercial construction,
the work ofinstalling andfinishing drywallis often splitbetween the
drywall mechanics, or hangers who install the wallboard and the
270 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Example ofdrywall
hung vertically with
joint compound
tapers and mudmen, or float crew who
finish the joints and cover the nailheads
withdrywall compound.
Drywall is cut to size using a large
T-squarebyscoringthepaper on thefront
side (usually white) with a utility knife
breaking the sheet along the cut, scoring
the paper backing, and finally breaking
the sheet in the opposite direction. Small
features such asholesfor outlets and light
switches are usually cut using a keyhole
saw or a small high-speed bit in a rotary tool. Drywall is then
fixed to the wall structure with nails, glue ordrywall screws. Drywall
fasteners are gainingpopulanty inboth residential and commercial
construction. Drywall fasteners are used for supporting interior
drywall comers and replacing the non-structural, wood or metal
blocking that traditionallywasused to install drywall.Theirfunction
serves to save on material and labour expenses, to increase energy
efficiency, and to make plumbing installation simpler.
After the sheets are secured to the wall studs or ceilingjoists,
the seams between drywall sheets are concealed usingjoint tape,
and several layers ofthe compound sometimes called mud.This
compound is also applied to any screw holes or defects.
Alternatively, for a better finish the entire wall may be given a
skim coat, a thin layer offinishing compound, to minimise the
visualdifferencesbetween thepaper and mudded areas afterpainting.
Anothersimilar skim coatingisalwaysdone in a process called
veneer plastering, although it is done slightly thicker. Veneering
uses a slightlydifferent specialised setting compound (finish plaster)
that containsgypsum andlimeputty.Thisapplication usesblueboard
whichhas specialtreatedpaperto accelerate the setting ofthegypsum
plaster component. Thissetting hasless shrinkage than the air-dry
compounds usedindrywall, so itonlyrequires one coat. Blueboard
hassquare edgesratherthan the tapered-edge drywallboards. The
tapered drywallboards are used to countersink the tape in taped
UNIT 12. FINISHING THE INSIDE 271
jointing whereas the tape in veneerplastering isburiedbeneath a
level surface.
20.Give a briefoverview ofthe structure and contents ofText
12B. Relate each heading to the corresponding paragraph.
a) The drywall installation.
b) Veneer plastering.
c) The trade workers installing drywall.
d) Drywall finishing.
e) The areas in which drywall is used.
21.Complete the sentences choosing thebest variant according
to Text 12B.
1)Gypsum plasterpanels are made with
a) paper.
b) fiberglass.
c) clay.
2) The drywall process requires
a) much labour.
b) plaster finishing.
c) manual finishing.
3) A house canbe drywalledby
a) carpenters.
b) hangers.
c) tapers.
4) Drywall is cut to size using
a) a high-speed bit.
b) a keyhole saw.
c) a utility knife.
5) Finish plaster contains
a) clay.
b) lime.
c)gypsum andlimeputty.
22.
Read Text 12C “Plasterwork” and find the answers to
these questions. Discuss them with your groupmates.
a) What does plasterwork referto?
b) What is theprocess ofcreatingplasterwork called?
c) Why isplasterwork regarded as one ofthe most ancient of
building techniques?
d) What were aplasterer’s tools inEgypt?
e) Where wasplaster of a fine white lime stucco used?
1) What are the changes in modem plasterers’tools?
g) What are specific features ofdrywall and plaster?
h) What are the differencesbetween veneerplastering and the
drywall method?
• TEXT 12C
2 7 2 J Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Plasterw ork
Plasterwork refersto construction orornamentationdone with
plaster, such as a layer ofplaster on an interior wall or plaster
decorative moldings on ceilings or walls. This is also sometimes
calledpargeting. Theprocess ofcreatingplasterwork calledplastering
hasbeen used inbuilding constructionfor centuries.
Plasterwork is one ofthe most ancient ofbuilding techniques.
Evidence shows thatthe dwellings of primitive man were erected in
a simplefashion withsticks and plastered with mud.Thepyramids
in Egyptcontain plasterwork executed atleastfourthousand years
ago, probablymuch earlier, andyet hard anddurable atthepresent
time. From recentdiscoveriesithasbeen ascertainedthatthe tools
ofthe plasterer ofthat time were practically identical in design,
shape andpurpose with those usedtoday. Fortheirfinest workthe
A plasterer covering a wall,
using ahawk (in his left
hand) and float (in his
right hand)
UNIT 12 . FINISHING THE INSIDE
Egyptiansused aplaster made from
calcined gypsum just like plaster
of Paris of the present time, and
their methods ofplastering on reeds
resemble in every way our lath,
plaster, float and set work. Hair
was introduced to strengthen the
material.
Very earlyinthehistory ofGreek
architecture plaster ofa fine white
limestucco was used, such hasbeen
found at Mycenae. The art had
reachedperfectioninGreece more
than five centuriesbefore Christ, andplaster wasfrequently used
to covertemplesexternallyand internally, in some cases even where
the building was of marble. It formed a splendid ground for
decorative painting.
Tools and materialsinclude trowels, floats, hammers, screeds,
scratching tools, utility knives, laths, lath nails, lime, sand, hair,
plaster ofParis, a variety of cements, and various ingredients to
form colour washes. While most tools have remained unchanged
over the centuries, developments in modern matenalshave led to
some changes. Trowels constructed from steel are available in a
polycarbonate material that allows the application of certain new
acrylic-based materials without staining the finish. Floats
traditionallymade oftimber are often finished with alayer ofsponge
or expandedpolystyrene.
Thereare two main methods usedin construction ofthe interior
walls of modem homes, drywall andplaster. In drywall a specialized
form ofsheet rock known asgreenboard(ycleptbecause on the outer
paper coatingisgreenish)isscrewed onto the wall-frames(studs)
ofthe home to form the interior walls. Attheplace where the two
edgesof wallboards meetthere is a seam. These seamsare covered
with mesh tape and then the seamsandthescrewheads are concealed
withthedrywall compoundtomakethewallseem asone uniform
274 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
piece. Laterthisispainted or wallpapered overto hide the work.
Thispro-cess is called taping and those who usedrywall areknown
as tapers.
Veneerplastering differsfrom the drywall method in a number
of ways. The two most notable differences are that a thin plaster
coat coversthe entire wall and notjust the seams, and secondlythe
drywall compound is a thick paste whereplaster method uses a
great deal of water and is applied very wet. Anotherdifference is
that wallsintended to beplastered are hanged withblueboard (named
as such forthe industry standard ofthe outerpaperbeing blue-
greyin colour).This type of sheet rock isdesigned to absorb some
ofthe moisture oftheplaster and allowsit to clingbetterbefore it
sets. Plastering is also a one-shot one-coat application; taping
usuallyrequires sanding and then adding an additional coat since
the compound shrinks asitdries. From a supplyside the cost of
plaster and drywall are approximatelythe same, but thelabour cost
o fplastering is usually much greater.
SECTION 4
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23.
Listen to the Text “Interior Finishes of Residential
Buildings” .
a) Answer the questions that foDow.
1.What do interiorfinishes define?
2.What isthe most widelyused wallfinish?
3. How is wet gypsum plaster cast?
4.What areasisgypsumboard usedin?
5.What are the finishes ofdoors?
6.Where are plastic laminates used?
7. What finishes are used for floors?
UNIT 1 2. FINISHINGTHEINSIDE 275
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
12A of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about different types of interior finishes.
d) Tell your groupmates about some other types of interior
finishes based on the information to be collected.
24. Listen to the Text “Plaster Slabs”.
a) Which of these statements are true and which are false?
1.Nowplaster slabs are usedinthe areasin which work should
be finished quickly.
2. Plaster slabs are finished with a coat for ceilings.
3. Plaster slabs are nailed to fireprooffloors.
4. Slabs are grooved forpartitions.
5.Iron rods are installedin slabsto reduce the work strength.
6.A keyed surface of slabs requires finishing.
7.A finished surface may bepainted before making thejoints.
8. Partitions can alsobeformed with metaljoints.
b) Check your answers with your groupmates and Tapescript
12B of the Text. Look up the words you do not know in the
dictionary.
c) Retell the Text about plaster slabs.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
TEXT 1
CIVIL ENGINEERING'S IMAGE — A FIVE -YEAR UPDATE
by Les Ham ill, Liz Hodokinson
Five years ago thisjournal reported that the civil engineering
profession was relatively invisible to youngpeople that universities
were struggling to fill places and that many practitioners were
dissatisfied. Since then there has been a welcome improvement.
The same authors now find that civil engineering isfeatured regularly
on television, applications to universities are up and practising
civil engineers seem happier. This coincides with civil engineers
enjoying a relatively high workload and being offered improved
salaries and more flexible, family friendly working patterns.
Unchanged, however, isthe verylow proportion ofwomen entering
the profession.
In May 2003 the authors published a paper in “Civil
Engineering” describing the “invisibility” of the civil engineering
profession, its relatively poorimage in schools and how this might
be improved.Thispaper reviews the changes that have taken place
during the lastfiveyears. In 2003 a number offactors were adversely
affecting civil engineering's image. These are summarised briefly
below.
— Applications to study civil engineering at university had fallen
by around 50% between 1995 and 2001, resulting in the closure of
some courses.
-
In 2000, 61% of accepted home applicants to engineering
and technology degree courses held A/AS-levels and 15% of a
Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC) national
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 277
diploma or general national vocational qualification (GNVQ).
UsuallyА-level entrants to civil engineering must have mathematics
but, in 2001, a 29% failure rate in the “new ” AS-level maths
(introduced aspart ofthe 2000 curriculum reforms) significantly
reduced the number ofcandidatesforthefullА-level.Compared
to its BTEC national diploma predecessor, the advancedgeneral
national vocational qualification (AGNVQ) contained insufficient
mathematics.
-
Many young people associated engineering with car mechanics
and dirty, manual, low-status work. Civil engineering and
construction were alsoperceived by many as adirty, manualjob
that couldpotentiallybe “boring” .
-
Surveys indicated that around 70% of sixth-form students
claimed to “know nothing” about civil engineering and
construction, and 62% would not considerit asa career.
-
The image ofa male-dominated construction industry was
unattractive to manygirls and someboys.
-
The starting salary ofgraduate civil engineers was relatively
low, which discouragedpeople fromjoining the profession.
-
82% of practising civil engineers thought that they were
undervaluedbytheir employer and64% had consideredleavingthe
industry in the last year.
The authors made a number of suggestionsfor improving the
image of civil engineering. These included increasing the starting
salaries ofgraduates, engaging in apublic relations campaign involv
ing positive news releases and television programmes, and a
sustained commitment to positively promoting the profession in
schools through the use of exciting hands-on activities and work
experience. When consideringthe changes ofthe lastfiveyears, it
is useful to consider how they fit into a longer time frame. The
business writer, Charles Handy, claimed that many things are
cyclical and can be represented bythe sigmoid curve — like a sine
curve or horizontal S. The curve represents relative success with
time, and may be used to chart anything from the rise and fall of
empires to aproduct’s life cycle. Both civil engineering's workload
and universities’recruitment are cyclical.
278I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециаленчетей
Universities ’ recruitment increases.
Onegood numencalindicator ofthe “health” ofcivilengineering
is how many school students w sh to enter the profession. The
number of home civil engineering applicants to the Universities
and CollegesAdmissions Service (UCAS) reached the bottom of
the current section ofthe sigmoid curvein 2002, and then experienced
a modest increase. This benefits both the construction industry,
which hasbeen struggling to recruit enoughgraduate civil engineers,
and universities’civilengineenngdepartments, which need sufficient
students to remain economicallyviable.
The University of Plymouth, where both authors work, runs
separate degree courses that lead to chartered and incorporated
engineerstatus. Despite more UK students now going to university
than ever before, the number ofhome students admitted to the
chartered coursein the 2000sislowerthan in the 1980s. Inbetween
there have been highs (96 students) and lows (25). Many factors
influence these numbers, including the image and popularity of
civil engineenng compared to itscompetitorprofessions.
In 1997 anything associated with computers and electronic
engineenng was seen aspositive and futunstic. The highpoint of
computing’s sigmoid curve was2001, whenthere were24054home
applicants to UCAS forcomputer science; in 2006 there were 10
684, a fall of 56%. Applications for electronic and electrical
engineering have also fallen sharplyin the last few years. Theirloss
may have contnbuted to civil engineering’s recovery.
Anotherinteresting long-term fluctuation isthepercentage of
students admittedto the course at PlymouthwithA-Ievels.At around
60% itiseffectivelythe same in the mid-2000s asin the early 1980s.
Again, there havebeen highs(82%)and lows(25%).Almost all of
these students have apass in А-level maths, a subject which itself
has experienced fluctuating popularity. Following the 2000
curriculum reforms, there was a29% failure inAS-level maths in
2001, which resulted in a 19% reduction in candidates forA-levcl
maths andfurther maths in2002.
The resulting alarm triggered adjustm ents to the maths A-level,
whichfrom 2003 onwards hasbeen monitored independently of
furthermaths. Since 2003, theproportion ofcandidates achieving
the highest grade, A , has increased steadilyto 44% in 2007, with
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 279
a further 21% obtaining grade B. Thisis relatively high compared
to many othersubjects. There hasbeen some debate asto whether
or not this represents a real improvementin standard. Some suggest
that schools arebeing very selective about who they allow to take
А-level maths, others that grade inflation has occurred.
It isbeneficial to civil engineering that the possibility of achieving
highgrades now appears to be encouraging students to takeA-level-
mathsandfurthermaths. Indeed,2007sawthe highest number of
candidates since 2000. Vocational qualifications have also
experienced somedifficulties. In the mid-1980sthe BTEC national
diploma wasrevised;initially it contained insufficient maths, but
thiswasrectified sothatin 1993itprovidedthe majority ofentrants
to Plymouth’s course. The BTEC nationaldiploma wassuperseded
by the mathematically weak AGNVQ and these students started
arriving at Plymouth in 1995.Theill-conceivedAGNVQ wassoon
replaced and,by2002, Plymouth received students with the new
BTEC nationaldiploma. Thiscan contain two mathsunits, but
frequentlyonlyoneistaken (out ofa total of18)somathematics
may representonlyaround6% ofthe course. Thisis muchlessthan
the maximum of 33% obtained from three А-levels. Thus new
nationaldiploma students are often relativelyweakin mathematical
skills. In the 2000s, BTEC national diploma students represent
a minority ofPlymouth’s entry.
Civil engineering education suffers from two continuing
problems:Britain’s aversionto mathsand thelower academic status
afforded to construction. In 2007,plans arewell advancedin schools
for the new “work-related” 14—19 diplomas. These are the
equivalent oftwo to threeА-levelsinlength ofstudyand willprovide
another route into higher education. Available from September
2008, subjects include engineering and construction and the built
environment. TheUK EngineeringProfessors’Council complained
that the new engineeringdiploma contained only around one-sixth
ofA-level maths, which isinsufficient. Atthe eleventhyear, some
additional mathematicshasbeen added. The construction diploma
contains muchless mathematics, and itisdoubtfulthat, byitself,
it will enable students to be successful on university chartered-level
engineering degree courses.
280I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Civil engineering’s improving image.
The Institution ofCivilEngineers is to be commended forits
contributions to the media through reports such as “The State of
the Nation” and forits efforts to promote civil engineering through
publications like “The Little Book of Civilisation” .
Civil
engineering has also been the subject of a variety of entertaining
television programmes, a recent example being National
Geographic’s “Megastructures” series, which featured the design
and construction ofthe BuijAl-Arab hotel andTheWorld islands
in Dubai. Such programmes help overcome the invisibility ofthe
profession and are to be welcomed.
Although civil engineering’s popularity, as gaugedby university
applications, has increased recently, engineering as a whole still
has image problems. Despite an overall 18% increase in home
applicants to UCAS between 1994 and 2006, engineering’s share
ofthe total fellfrom around4.8% in 1994to 3.2% in2003 and 2.9%
in 2006.
However, the UK isnot alone:Australia and Germany are also
experiencing a shortage ofgraduate engineers. In Germany, where
engineering is traditionally a respected profession, the declining
status of engineering isbeingpartially attributed to the rise ofthe
environmental movement in the 1970s, which caused people to
questionthe impact oftechnology on societyand the environment.
In 2003 the authors described a similar reaction in the UK. Civil
engineering had a favourable image in the 1980s and early 1990s,
when prestigious projects like the Thames Barrier and Channel
Tunnel were headline news. This image was tarnished by
environmentalprotests atTwyford Down, Newbury and elsewhere.
As concerns about climate change increase, will there be a new
cycle of environmentalprotests? In M arch 2008 nationaltelevision
news gave extensive coverage ofprotestors opposed to airtravel and
the extension ofHeathrow airport.
Ofall ofthe engineering disciplines, civil engineering is arguably
best placed to overturn the environmentally unfriendly, boring
image. There are many exciting and importantprojects currently in
the news, including improvementsto railways and new sports stadia
such asfacilitiesforthe London 2012 Olympics. The fate offlooded
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 281
New Orleans underlined what mighthappen to London ifthe Thames
Barrier and its associated flood defences are not upgraded in the
next 20 years. Major proposed urban developments such as the
Thames Gateway arepossible onlywith adequate flood defences.
The widespread flooding experienced across central England during
the summerof2007not onlyhighlighted theimportance offlood
defences, but also reminded everyone that a water supply and
adequate sewerage should not be taken forgranted. Ifglobal warming
makes Britain’s climate more extreme, theproblem ofcoping with
floods and droughts maybecome more challenging.
Ofcourse, image is also influenced by earningspotential. Here
there is mixed news for civil engineering. Civil engineers are still
relatively poorly paid compared to professional engineering as a
whole. Additionally, in 2003 surveys appeared to indicate that the
majority of civil engineerswere unhappy with their chosenprofession
and that 64% would consider leaving. In contrast, in 2007 they
were apparendythe happiest intheirfield, with58% being “always
happy” and only 21% saying they would considerleaving. Working
on a wide variety of projects contributed to this new-found
happiness, which coincides with the industry enjoying a relatively
high workload while a scarcity of civil engineering graduates has
contributed to higher salaries. However, the industry is cyclical.
Thenext downturn may reduce salaries andbenefitsagain, increase
problems with the retention ofqualified engineers, and make the
profession less attractive to school students.
There continues to be much good workbeing done in schools to
promote engineering careers, and many ofthese involve hands-on
activities designed to be inspirational. There is some loose
coordinationofactivitiesbut, as in2003, there canbe a confusingly
large number of competing events available to teachers. To some
extent this isinevitable, as different professions, careers, and trades
compete to secure thebest supplyofindividuals. Foryoungpeople
in schools it can be rather bewildering, especially since careers
guidance continues to be minimal, which isperhaps one reason
why stereotypes are so hard to change and manypupils continue to
opt forwhat they know orfeelis a safe or traditional choice.
282 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Women т civil engineering.
Just as nursing isfrequently criticised forbeingpredominandy
female, so engineering iscnticised forbeingpredominantly male.
Women now represent around 56% ofallhome university applicants,
but civil engineering does not reflect this. In 1994, 11% of the
home applicants to civil engineering were women, 15% in 2000
and 13% in 2006. Here it is more of a horizontal line than a
sigmoid curve.
One obviousbarrierto women entering engineering isthe gender
biasinА-level subjects: in 2007womenformed69% ofthe candidates
in English but only 22% in physics and 40% in maths, this last
showing a small but steady increase recently. Other reasons why
women are not attracted to engineering, and to civil engineeringin
particular, havebeen discussed elsewhere.
Arecent surveybyAtkins suggestedthatfearsabout unequalpay
and careeropportunities are stillprevalent in construction and deter
women from entering.In2003, around 38% ofthe students entering
architectural studies, but only 13% ofthe architecturalprofession
as a whole, were women. Thisdiscrepancy was not attributedto a
poorcareerchoice or a lack of academic orpractical ability,but
to the failure oftheprofessionto retain women.
Someofthe reasons women leave could also affect men. These
include low pay, long and inflexible or non-family-fnendlyworking
hours, macho culture, sidelining, unequalpay, sexism and lack of
returner training after maternity leave. Recommendations to
counterthis include embedding ofgender equality inuniversities’
curricula, inclusion of equal-opportunities practice in the
professionalbodies’codes ofpractice, more affordable and flexible
continuing professional development, mentoring and advisory or
helpline support.
Many civil engineering companies have adopted more flexible,
family-friendly working patterns and benefits that are no doubt
appreciated byall employees. Nevertheless, the industry isstill male-
dominated and relatively unattractive to women. Itis, of course,
perfectly reasonable ifwomen decide that they do not want to be
engineersafterhaving had accessto good careers advice, andperhaps
SUPPLEMENTARY READ ING 283
having taken part in one ofthe many experiential activities on offer
from universities and industry. It isdisappointing ifthey are deterred
from entering the profession through ignorance of what itis really
likeor unintentionaldiscrimination once they get there However,
everyone agrees that engineering needs to lecruit the best young
minds — and halfofthesebelongtowomen
Conclusion.
Civil engineering is in better health now than in May 2003.
The profession is more visible than itwas, the decline m university
applicants has reversed,graduate shortages combined with a high
workload means employment and starting salaries are relativelygood,
and most engineersarefairiyhappy in their work.
However, civil engineering is a notoriously “boom and bust”
industry, and one of narrowprofit margins. The dangeristhat the
next downturn in workload will reduce salaries again and re-establish
a macho long-hours culture atthe expense of many ofthe flexible,
family-friendly workingpractices that have been adopted. Thiscan
only result in the profession regaining its “unhappy” tag with a
relatively low status, a poorimage and recruitment and retention
problems.
Theclimatic extremes ofthe summer of2007, whether a blip
of nature or a precursor ofglobal warming,havebroughtto the
public’s attention theproblems offloodprotection, drainage, water
supplies, sanitation and transportation systems. There have been
fewbetter opportunitiesforthe civilengineeringprofession to present
itselfas the keyproviderofthe essential servicesthat have solong
been taken forgranted. Civil engineering isnot about the past, it
isabout the future, and civil engineerscan make adifference.
The time to ensure thefuture iswhen things aregoing well and
the highpoint ofthe sigmoid curvehas notyetbeen reached. Bythe
time thepeakhaspasseditistoo late. Theprofession should aim to
maintain into the future the progressthat has alreadybeen made,
continue to improve the areasthat are still unsatisfactory andgive
some thoughtto new initiativesthat mightbeintroducedto enhance
furtherboth the image and the reality ofcivil engineering.
(New Civil Engineer International, November, 2008)
284I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
^ТЕХТ 2
ENGINEERING DESIGN IN THE TIME
OF THOMAS TELFORD
by Bill Addis
Thomas Telford, the Institution of Civil Engineers’ first
president, was bom 250yearsago thisyear. Hiscareerspanned a
half-centurythat saw some ofthe most remarkable changesin the
way European engineersapproached thedesignofbuildings, bridges
and machines Thispaper reviewsthe development of engineering
design, science and education during Telford’s era, revealing that
Britain wasthen farbehind France, Germany and other European
countries. Through the work of Telford and others, Britain’s
engineers embraced the practical experimental approach that
scientists throughout Europe had developed in the eighteenth century
to generate new engineering knowledge and understanding. Bythe
early nineteenth century Britain was emerging as a leading
engineenng nation.
The eraspannedbyThomasTelford’s life(1757—1854)isusually
characterised asbeing the period when wrought and cast ironbegan
replacing the traditional materials of stone, bricks and timber for
the construction of buildings, bridges and machines. However,
these were notthe only changesto the world of engineering.
Thesame halfcentury saw many otherdevelopmentsthat affected
how engineers undertook design and construction. These
developments were takingplace all over continental Europe — from
Scandinavia to Russia, Italy and Spain — and news ofthem usually
travelled fast, either through open visits by leading engineers, via
non-techmcal travellers, or by means of military and industrial
espionage
Telford was a gregarious man — indeed, promoting contact
between engineerswasone ofhis reasonsforbecomingpresident of
the newly formed Institution ofCivil Engineers in 1820 — and itis
more than likelythat he was aware of everything mentionedin the
following review of the world of engineering design during his
lifetime.
SUPPLEMENTARY READ ING 285
Buildin g with new materials.
Concrete.
Telford’slife coversthehalf-century whenthe useofconcrete
becamefirmlyestablishedin the construction industry. It had been
widelyused m France in marine engineering and forbridge foun
dationsby the mid-eighteenth century.
John Smeaton (1724-1792) discovered hydraulic cement on a
trip to the Netherlands and experimented to achieve thebest mix
designbefore using itforconcrete (orbeton asitwasthen called)
in his Eddystone lighthouse (1756-1759) and in the foundations
ofHexham Bridge (1777). Bythe early nineteenth century, itwas
being widelyused m Britain in the construction ofthe docks and
harbours, for examplein London’s docks, as foundationsforthe
docks andbuildings and for mass concrete walls.
Telford used abed of concrete for the foundations ofhis St
Katherine’s docks(1826).Althoughthe chemistry ofconcrete was
established in the late eighteenth century, mainly by French scientists
such asVicat, the modem understanding of mix-design was not
gained until the early twentieth century through the work of US
engineering scientist DuffAbrams.
Wrought iron.
Wroughtiron hadbeen in widespread use in Europe since the
late middle ages, both formilitary use — armour, cannon , other
enginesofwar and shipbuilding, and for civil use — intools and
forload-bearing applicationswhere timber wasinsufficientlystrong,
stiff, or durable. Notable uses were for tied masonry arches in
many large churches, a practice dating from the sixth century in
theMiddleEast, andtheiron chainsusedinthedome ofStPeter’s
in Rome (1550-1570) and by Christopher Wren at St Paul’s
cathedral in London (1670-1710). Most large timber roofs had
iron straps to carry tension forces acrossjoints and support long
timber tie-beams. Wren used iron ties to support a mezzanine
flooratHampton Court near London, and to helpsupport large,
first-floor bookcases at Trinity College library in Cambridge.
Makingbest use ofJeanTijou, hisFrench iron master atStPaul’s,
Wren also used wroughtiron in 1692-1693 to make columnsto
supportthebalconyinhis refurbishment ofthe chapel ofStStephen
at the House ofCommonsmWestminster.
286 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Cast iron.
The use of cast iron in Europe also had its origins in military
applications — notablythebarrels ofcannoninGermanyfrom the
mid-fifteenth century. The columns used to support the kitchen
chimneyinamonastery nearLisbonin 1752werealmost certainly
an exampleof marketdiversificationbythe local cannonfoundry.
Smeaton was one ofthefirst engineersinthe 1750sto use castiron
consistentlyforthe components of millsthat were most subjectto
wear, and the first all-cast-iron machinery for a flour mill was
builtin 1784.Thefirst cast-iron I-section rails were made byJessop
in the 1780s.
The iron bridge, completed in 1779 in Shropshire near the
modem town ofTelford, was builtasa massive advertisementfor
new uses of cast iron, and a number of nearby churches featured
the earliest use ofcastironin an architectural context, where columns
were used to support balconies. Cast-iron columns in industrial
buildings were used by William Strutt (1756—1830) in a number
ofbuildingsin the DerwentValley,beginning withthe cotton mill
in Derby in 1792 — 1793. The first cast-iron floor beams were
used byThomas Bage in the flax mill at Shrewsbury in 1796-1797.
Steel.
The manufacture ofboth wrought and castiron improvedduring
thisperiod, both as a result ofthe direct practical experimentation
in foundries and also using the results obtained by a number of
scientists, notably bythe Frenchphysicist Reaumur, whose book
“The art of converting iron into steel and making cast iron softer”
(more malleable), was published in 1722, and the Swedish
metallurgistT.0 . Bergmann, who established the important effect
ofcarbon content on the properties of alloys ofiron in the 1760s.
Riveted, wrought-iron boilersfor steam engineswere being made
from the 1750sand flatsections and rods ofwroughtiron werebeing
rolled (rather than hand-forged) in Sweden in the 1740s and in
England from the early 1780s.
Making buildings more fireproof.
The increase in use of wrought and cast iron in buildings was
largelya consequence of many fires in theatres and in multi-storey
factories and warehouses that had often resulted in terrible loss of
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 287
lifeaswell astheloss ofbuildings and the expensive manufacturing
or theatncal stage m achinery inside
The French architect Jacques-Germain Soufflot wasprobably
the first to take what would now be called a fire-engineering
approach to the design of buildings for his theatre in Lyons,
completedin 1754.He notonlysoughttoavoidtheuseofflammable
materials, he also installed water tanks and hosepipesabove the
stage, he created strict compartm entalisation between the stage,
dressing rooms and auditorium, and the stairwayswere made entirely
ofstone and enclosedbysturdyfiredoors.
Towards the end ofhis life (1781) he wasresponsible for the
first all-iron, fireproof rooftruss, in the Louvre palace. This idea
was used a few years later by the architect Victor Louis in his
Theatre Francais in Paris, which had an iron rooftruss spanning
22 m aswell as a ceiling to the auditorium made using fireproof
poteries — hollow clay pots and iron. News of this fireproof
construction soon reachedWilliam Strultin Derbyshire, who used
hollow claypotsin some ofthejack archesin hisfireproofmills and
warehousesfrom 1792.DruryLanetheatre inLondon wasthefirst
to be fitted with an iron safety curtain in 1794.
Material strength a nd stiffness.
One characteristic of engineers is that they use calculations to
raise their confidence that aproposed designwill work. Forload-
bearing applications, the two key quantities are the strength and
stiffness of materials. In Telford’s time, theseproperties of materials
were effectivelyembodiedfor common applicationsin well-known
standard dimensions of, for example, timberfloorbeams or roof
trussesofvarious spans. Thedimensions ofthe elements ofmasonry
buildings and retaining walls were also wellknown among the special
ist dealing with these crafts; thistradition wentback many centuries.
The useofiron, however, presented new challenges. Not only
were itspropertieslittleknown in the mid-eighteenth century,but
there were no long-established standard designsand, most impor
tantly, being a manufactured material, its properties varied
significantly according to the source ofthe iron.
It was both the needfor engineersto know materialsproperties
and thegeneral inquisitivenessofscientiststhat led to thegrowth of
288IАнглийскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
materials testing m the early eighteenth century. The most notable
was Petrus van Musschenbroek,professorofphysics atthe University
of Utrecht and later at Leyden, whose encyclopaedic book of
materials properties, published in 1729, became a standard
reference work for over a century. Many scientists in continental
Europe followed Musschenbroek’sexample in the second halfofthe
century. Whereas finding an explanation of the stiffness and strength
of materials such astimber, iron andbrickwork was still farin the
future (the earlytwentieth century), this was not true ofthe strength
and stiffness of soil.
The first such explanation, based on imagining an idealised soil
as a senes of spheres, was made m the 1690s. Charles Augustin
Coulomb (1736 — 1806) was building on the theoretical work of
severalFrench scientists when hepublished his seminalpaper on
the subject in 1773. Nevertheless, the use ofthis modem approach
to soil mechanics was nottaken upbyengineersin Bntain untilthe
mid-nine-teenth century when simple design rules for earth
embankments, dams and retaining walls began to be replaced by
analytical methods
Developing structural theory.
By Telford’s time, scientists of materials and structures were
ableto relate the strength and stiffnessofbasic structural elements
—
beamsand columns — to the strengths ofthe materials, measured
in tension or compression. M usschenbroek had also already
demonstrated in the 1720s that the buckling load for a column
varies directly with its cross-section and inversely as the square of
its length. Thiswasconfirmed in theoretical terms in the 1750sby
Euler who introduced the conceptof second moment of area and
proved the relationship that bears his nam e using theoretical
mechanics.
The fact that in, for example, 1780, engineers did not use the
approach fortimber elements wasbecause there wasno need to do
so — there was alreadysufficientprecedent. Thischanged with the
use of cast iron which,beingboth new and expensive, demanded
a rigorousapproach to designing minimum-weight structures. The
cast-iron columns usedby Strutt in 1792were cruciform in section
to achieve anincreased second moment of area whilebeing easyto
SUPPLEMENTARY READ ING 289
cast. They were also thicker at their mid-height, the better to
resist failurebybuckling. By 1800 more efficient hollow, cylindrical
columns ofconstant sectionhad replaced the cruciform type.
The very earliest cast-iron beams, both for railway tracks by
Jessop in 1780 and inbuildingsby Bage in 1796, had longitudinal
sections that reflectthe bending moment — either “fish-belly” or
“ hog-back” . Bageperformed competent calculationsforthe strength
ofhisironbeams and confirmedhispredictionswithprooftests.
Although theparallelogram offorces was well understood bythe
late eighteenth century,Telforddid not see the analysis offorcesin
pin-jointed frames ortrusses. The main reason wasthat frameworks
forroofs and bridges were still seen mainly asstructures for resist
ing bending (i.e . solid beams with large holes), rather than an
assemblage of tension and compression elements. Nevertheless,
the first “rational” and potentially statically-determinate iron roofs
were constructed in his lifetime, for example in severalbuildings
in Birmingham and in Manchesterbetween 1810 and 1825.
Full-scale and model testing.
Since Musschenbroekperformed most ofhis tests to establish
materialproperties, the size ofspecimen hadbeen consideredlargely
irrelevant. However, engineersknew that many phenomenawere
not independent of scale. From the mid-eighteenth century,
engineers — such asthose atthe RoyalMilitaryAcademy atWoolwich
and the Ecole desPonts et Chaussees — began testingfull-sizebeams
and columns oftimber and ironto verifypredictionsbased on tests
ofreduced-scale components and on the theoretical understanding
of internal stressesgenerated inbending and buckling.
Telford,for example, built several models ofthe chainsforhis
Menai suspensionbridge in 1814 — including one 15m long at a
scale of1:20 —to establish the tension atthe ends and to verifythe
shape ofthe chain underbridge-deck loads. Engineersatthistime
were notyet using dimensionless constants to scale up the resultsof
model tests — a technique developed firstin the 1860sfor hydro
dynamics by William Froude and first exploited in the design of
dams and concrete structures in the 1930s. Nevertheless, models
were sometimesusedby engineers, for example Telfordbuilt several
models ofthe chainsforhisMenai suspensionbridgein 1814 —
10 Зак 312
290[ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
including one 15 m long at a scale of1:20 —to establishthe tension at
the ends and to venfythe shape ofthe chain underbridge-deckloads.
Drawing in three dimensions.
While plans, sections and perspective drawings were well
established before the eighteenth century, these were oflimited use
in dealing with complex three-dimensionalgeometry.Thisproblem
attracted the growing interest of engineers in the early eighteenth
century, especially for drawing large stones of irregular shape —
the science of stereotomy. By drawing stones before construction
began it was possible to prefabricate all the stones necessary to
construct a vault, for example, and then assemble them quickly —
very m uch more quickly than the traditionaltechnique of cutting a
stone only when the adjacent stones beneath and to the side had
been cut and placed. Although this technique was well established
in the whole of continental Europe by around 1740, it was little
used in Britain and there is no evidence that Telford used it.
The method of graphical representation familiar today as
orthographic, or third-angleprojection, was devisedbythe French
engineer Gaspard Monge (1746-1818). Called “descriptive
geometry”byhim, itwasdeveloped as a new means ofsetting out
fortificationsin rugged terrainin orderto balance the cut and fill
and also “defile” thefortification — which means ensuringdefending
cannon could attack key surrounding areas and that thefort was not
vulnerable to attackbycannon mounted on nearbyvantagepoints.
Thewholeprocess was extremelycomplex to calculate using three-
dimensional co-ordinate geometry, highlyprone to error, and could
take several weeks.
Imagine the surprise ofhis commanding officer when the young
Monge completed thistask in onlyafewdays. The commandant’s
first reaction was disbeliefbut, on checking the work, this turned
to wonder. Monge’s technique was quicklydeclared a state secret
and, by around 1800, was taught in all the French military
academies. Its use gradually escaped into civilprojects and the public
domain, including England,bythe mid-nineteenth century.
Facilitating calculations.
The calculations that could be perform ed using drawings and
geometrical constructionshadbeen enhancedbythedevelopment
oforthographicprojectionby Monge.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING J 291
Generally speaking, though, it was the surveyors rather than
draftsmen who were the most numerate among those involved in
construction. Their work involved mapping the terrain and
landscape, setting out new works such asbridges, roads and canals,
as well as estimating the quantities of matenals involved, including
excavations, cut and fill, and construction matenals rangingfrom
brick, dressed stone, mortar, timber and iron to glass, lead and
tiles forbuildings. Land surveying required great accuracy that could
be achieved onlyby hand calculations and the use of six-, eight- or
sometimes ten-figure tables of loganthms, tngonometnc ratios,
squares, cubes and roots.
By the late eighteenth century there was a small but growing
number of engineers, especiallyin continental Europe, who were
highlytrained in mathematics and were familiar with both complex
analytical geometry and calculus. Belidor’s book “Architecture
Hydraulique” (1737-1753) was the first engineering book to use
calculus, for calculations of water flow. Nevertheless, such
sophisticated mathematics wasbeyond most engineers’ abilities and
needs.
Most significant of all, thisperiod saw engineers starting to use
the slide rule for calculations that required no more than three-
figure accuracy — that is most oftheirday-to-day calculations. The
slide rule had been devised in the 1620s, very soon after the
inventionoflogarithms, and was used mainlybyastronomers and
navigators. By about 1770itwasknown to some engineers, but we
can onlyguessat how widespread its use was.
The firm of Boulton & Watt recognised the usefulness of the
slide rule and,from the mid-1770s, began making what came to be
knownas “Soho Scales” — nam ed alterthe company’s Birmingham
works — as a sideline to its steam-engine business. The first
guidance in an engineeringbook on how to use a slide rule wasin
“A Treatise ontheSteam Engine” byJohn Farey(1827), at atime
when slide rulesgenerallystill did not have moving cursors to ease
their use.
AlthoughTelford wouldhavebeen aware ofthe useofcontour
linesto showdepths ofthe sea, which weredevisedbythe French
geographer Ph. Buache in 1737, he did not live to see the rapid
10*
292 [ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
developments in the graphical representation of numerical data
during the 1840sthat increased the speed ofperforming engineering
calculations. Charts devisedby Leon Lalanne, the pioneerofthis
technique, showed, for example, how to represent an entire year’s
data for temperature and wind speeds in a single diagram. He
alsopublished charts for multiplication or division ofnumbersby
graphical means.
Improving engineering education.
The specialist education of civil engineers grew out of various
schools of military engineering in continental Europe, especially
in France, in the late seventeenth and earlyeighteenth centuries.
The first school of engineering open to the public wasin Prague,
now in the Czech Republic, in 1707 — a school that proudly
celebrates its history back to 1344, when the Prague Public
Engineering and MetallurgicalSchool wasfounded.
The famous Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees opened in Paris in
1747under the directorship ofthe bridge engineer Jean-Rodolphe
Perronet. The Ecole des Mines followed in 1783 and the first of
many ecolesd’arts et metiers,which were ratherless academic than
the Ecole des Ponls et Chaussees, though hardly lessprestigious,
opened in 1780.The EcoleCentraledesArts et Manufactures was
formed in 1829.Otherschools were opened to addressthe technical
needs ofcraftsmen too, forinstance the Ecole Royale Gratuite de
Dessin — the RoyalFree SchoolofDrawing — which wasfounded
in 1766.
Theidea ofpolytechnical education, dedicated to harmonising
theory and practice, spread through continental Europe with
remarkable speed. Seven polytechnic schools were formed in
Germanyin the first 30yearsofthe nineteenth century. InAustria
schools were formed in Prague (1806),Vienna (1815) and Cracow
(1833). There were no similar schools in Britain during thisperiod.
The establishments that served anything like the role ofthe continental
polytechnics were a number of military academies that trained
engineersforthe army and navy, the most famous ofwhich was the
Royal MilitaryAcademy at Woolwich in east London, established
in 1741.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 293
Edinburgh University was the first to offerlectures on applied
mechanicsinthe 1790s, but such a course was not intended aspart
of a programme to produce academically trained engineers.
Engineers in Britain were largely self-educated in their spare time
untilthe mid-nineteenthcentury.
Publishing books a n d periodicals.
The first comprehensivebooks on civil engineering, which also
served many ofthe needs of military engineers, were bythe military
engineer Bernard Forest de Belidor (1697-1761). His first,
published in 1729, was “LaScience desIngenieurs”. Despite its
title, however, it contained relatively little engineering science as
we know it(science m eant bodyofknowledge).
Belidor’s second book, “Architecture Hydraulique” (1737—
1753), in four volumes, was radically different. Its style and
mathematical rigourfollowed that of a scientific textbook.These
books were followedby many more written bythe engineerswho
gavecoursesatthegrowing number ofpolytechnicsin continental
Europe.
Both Smeaton andTelfordhad copiesofBelidor’s “Architecture
Hydraulique” in theirlibraries and Telford owned many more of
the French classic engineering texts published in his lifetime,
including the encyclopaedic “Art of Building” by Jean Rondelet
(1805-1810) and books describing bridge projects by Perronet
(1788) and Wiebeking (1810) at a time when there was nothing
equivalentinEnglish.He also owned severalGermanbooks — six
byJacob Leupold,datingfrom the 1720sand abook on hydraulic
engineering by Wiebeking (1811-1813). Of the books in English
in the libraries ofSmeaton andTelford, thegreat majority were on
m athematics and physics.
While anumber of scientific academies, especially in France,
publishedpapers ofinterest and relevance to engineersduring the
eighteenth century, thepapers ofthe Ecole NationaledesPonts et
Chausees were the first entirely devoted to civil engineering. The
firstperiodical,published with the intention ofkeepingprofessional
engineers informed ofdevelopments, was produced in 1797 by
Johann Eytelwein (1764-1849), an engineer in Berlin’s building
departm ent.
294 [ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Conclusion.
For the whole of the eighteenth century and well into the
nineteenth century, France led the world in terms of developing
engineering science and trying to use it in engineering design.
Nevetheless, Smeaton and Telford were among the world’s leading
engineers, and Britain saw many ofthe world’s leading engineering
projects. The marked contrast in the nature and level of engineers’
education, and their approach to engineering designbetween Britain
and continental Europe, remained wellinto the twentieth century.
(New Civil Engineer International, May, 2008)
^ TEXT3
WINDY CITY WONDER
by Jessica Rowson
Clever engineering has meant that North America’s tallest
residentialbuilding willbe solid as a rock despite its windy location.
Nestled among the forest ofskyscrapers on the Chicago skyline,
the 92 storey Trump Tower is currently notching its way up to
become the city’s second tallestbuilding.The 415 m tower willbe
completed in January 2009.The stepped concrete building hasbeen
designed to reflectthe height of nearby buildingsby architect and
engineer for the project Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM).
The first step aligns with the 130 m high Wrigley Building, the
second the 179m high Marina CityTowers, and the third the 212 m
high IBM Plaza, known as330 North Wabash.
As important as these steps — also known as setbacks — are
architecturally, they also have an important engineering role as they
each contain an outrigger stability system. These 5.3 m deep by
1.7 m wide concrete monoliths transferlateral loadsbetween the
perimeter columns and the central core. SOM associate partner
Robert Sinn explains that the lateral shear resistance of the core
and overturning resistance ofthe perimeter structure are mobilised
by linking them at discrete levels using outrigger trusses or beams.
He adds that this meansjust a few heavier vertical elements are
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 295
needed on the perimeter to keep the building stable, freeing up
the facade.
The outrigger beams take up a storey height and are heavily
reinforced. In some areas conventionalbars are even replacedby
an equivalent area of steel plate to ease congestion. Contractor
Bovis Lend Lease is using self compacting concrete to penetrate
densely reinforced areas. Surprisingly, the tall building does not
require dampers to limit its movement. This is because of the
stabilising effect ofthe heavy concrete core and columns and the
setbacks. The asymmetric setbacks change the cross section ofthe
building, so changing the frequency of
wind passing it This
means that vortices, which would causethebuildingto move more,
cannotbuild up.
Any massivebuilding needs massivefoundations. Thebuilding
sits on 30 m long piles founded on bedrock.A permanent steel
liner, which seals the excavation, cuts through 18 m of stiff clay
and 12 m ofboulders andfractured rockto form a socketin solid
rock. On completion the Tramp Tower willhold the record for
the world’s highest residentialbuilding,but only forayear. Alter
that it willbe dwarfedby the 610 m, 150 storey Chicago Spire.
Finite element analysis.
Engineershad to deal with theinherentproblem ofthe uneven
load distribution of a massive, asymmetrical building and its
tendency to move sideways underitsownweight. Thesolutionwas
to carry out a time-based finite element analysis on the structure so
that movements could be predicted and compensated for during
construction. BovisLend Leaseused these resultsto make millimetre
adjustments at every storey to bring thebuildingback to plumb.
Non-linear analysis predicted the short and long term
displacementofChicago’s Trump Tower, whichincluded the effects
ofcreep and shrinkage. Ifno horizontal correction hadbeen made
during construction, the roofcould have moved300 mm out ofline
due to the combined effects ofgravity, creep and shrinkage.
Foundations.
A 3m deeppiled raft waspoured continuouslyoveraperiod of
22 hours. The concrete was poured using conveyor belts so that
veryfewvibrators were needed;the temperature had to be carefully
296[ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
controlled as the concrete cured due to the raft thickness Ifthe
differentialtemperature across the depth was too laige, stresses would
set up and lead to micro cracking.
(New Civil Engineer International, October, 2007)
^TEXT 4
" ROSSIA" WITH LOVE
by Jessica Rowson
Europe’s tallest skyscraper isbeing built in Moscow. Ifyou’re
thinking of designing a tall building, make it at least 600 m or
nobody willbat an eyelid. Moscow’s latest addition to the 600 m
plusclub isthe 612 m high, RossiaTower, a cool 2 m higher than
the Chicago Spire. Rossia’s site is currently being cleared to make
way forwhat will be Europe’s tallest building. The skyscraper will
incorporate retail and office space, a hotel and apartments on its
120floors, three ofthem below ground level.
To the untrained eye, Rossiais an elongatedpyramid, or rocket
shaped structure, but on the inside, the structure tells a different
story. At its base there are three colossal, high strength concrete
abutments clamping the whole structure down. Each abutmentforms
thebase ofthree wings ofthebuilding, from which columns radiate.
The wings converge at a central spine, or concrete core, which
runs thefullheightofthe tower. ConsultantsW aterman International
and Halvorson havedesignedthe steelframe and composite floor
structure. The plan andprofile ofthe building take on the efficient
geometry of a triangle to achieve maximum stability using the
minimum amountofmaterial.
Initially architect, Foster & Partners, designed the tower as
three discrete blocks, arranged in aY shape inplan. But this meant
that each block wastoo slender, having a heightto width ratio of
10:1.
“ Structural solutions were possible for this option of
independent towers, but at these aspect ratios, the solutions would
be inefficient,” explains W aterman International project director
Hugh Docherty. The decision was made to merge the blocks, so
SUP PLEMENTARY READING J 297
they leaned into the central core The sloping parallel columns
could then brace the corelaterallyaswell as carrying verticalloads.
The resultwas a more efficient heightto width ratio of5:1. “ So in
terms ofheightto base, thebuildingissquat,” saysDocherty The
design was starting to look like the familiarform of a cable stayed
mast. However instead of tension cables, Rossia uses the sloping
columns to act in compression — propping the central core and
essentiallyacting like three dimensional arches.
The fan columns carrygravityload and wind overturning forces
as direct axial loads. And as the weight of the building and its
inhabitants exceeds the design wind load in the majority of the
columns and core, there is little tension in the system. Piling
contractor Soletanche is currently building a diaphragm wall on
the site, but it will be at least sixyearsbefore the 100 m tall mast
crowns thebuilding.
The tower’s three wings comprise steel and concrete columns
whichfan out from the three massive abutments atthe base. Visually,
this gives the form of a tripod supporting the rest ofthe building —
a structural form known forits efficiency. “Three legged stools are
great. With four legs you start to bring in redundancy,” says
Waterman International project director Hugh Docherty. Having
established the path for vertical and lateral loads, the remaining
challenge was torsion. The facade of the wings is stiffened by a
series of “reverse fan columns” whichtriangulate thefacade. “ The
wings are designed as boxes with crossed bracing. These resist
twisting,” he explains. The rigidfacade isfurther stiffened by steel
chevronbracing up to the fourth floor on the outer edge of each
wing. This provides sufficient torsional stiffness. But a structure
with sloping columns causes otherproblemsin theform ofhorizontal
loads amassing at the base. “We used tension ties in the raft to stop
the feet from spreading.We could havepropped against diaphragm
walls or relied onfriction, buttension ties werethe most controllable
option,” says Docherty. The construction sequence requires the
fanning columns to be designed for erection loads Later they will
be encased in reinforced concrete to achieve the final strength for
permanent loads.
(New Civil Engine er International, February, 2008)
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^ТЕХТ 5
KARACHI CRACKER
Building a super tall tower in Karachi calls for international
know-how and an understanding oflocal subcontractors’capabilities.
In Karachi, Pakistan’s second city, a tall building is
characterised as anything over 10 storeys. The loftiest have reached
20.So itisno overstatement to say that the 78 storey Karachi Port
Tower, construction of which is scheduled to start this year, will
transform the city’s skyline. Compared to the Buij Dubai, which
will be the world’s tallestbuilding at 146 or more storeys, 78 storeys
doesn’t sound so remarkable. But KarachiPort Towerwillbe the
tallest building on the Indian subcontinent. Building on this scale
in Pakistan is a one-off and poses some interesting challenges.
Nobodyin the country hasevercarried out a site investigationfor
a building of this size before. Exceptionally deep and large
foundations are required but localbatching plants are not equipped
to produce concrete in the volumes and strength required. The
specialist falsework, formwork, cranage and concrete pumping
equipment needed for ultra-nigh buildings does not yet exist in
Pakistan.
“ Construction will require international know-how, but with
localknowledge. Threejoint ventures offoreignmain contractors
withlocalfirms have been shortlisted,” revealsMott MacDonald
director Steve Gregson, who is leading structural, facade,
mechanical and electrical, and fire engineering. “ But whichever
of the three is selected, they will be heavily reliant on local
subcontractors.” Throughout the designprocess a close eye hasbeen
kept on buildability and making the structure suitable for local
conditions and skills.
Client KarachiPortTrust isthe port authorityand operator and
isalso a majorproperty and infrastructure owner. Itisundertaking
the project on a speculative basis. In addition to office space it also
wants housing, a hotel and a conference centre, and it specified
“som ething iconic” . Mott MacDonald and architectAedas won
the design competition last year and are taking the design to “detailed
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 2 9 9
concept” stage. Offices will occupyground level upto floor58, a
hotel will take up floors 59 to 76 and the top two floors will be
apartments and leisure facilities. The contractor willbe appointed
to deliver the $396 M plus scheme under a FID1C design and
build contract.
Steel construction is rare in Pakistan, so Karachi Port Tower
will be built from concrete. It will consist of a cylindrical core
ringed by columns at the building perimeter. Structurally, square
cores are stiffer, Gregson notes. The cylinder was specified for
architectural reasons and to achieve spatial efficiency within the
circularfootprint ofthetower. Butlack ofstiffnesshasbeen more
than made upforbyincreasingthediameter ofthe core to 31.5 m
and tying in the ring ofperimeter columns.
The core size and other aspects ofthe structural design were
dictated by the post-9/11 rethink of fire evacuation from tall
buildings, drivenbyMott MacDonald’s fire specialists. “You used
to be told ifthere’s a fire, evacuate using the stairs,” saysJustin
Garman, one ofMottMacDonald’sfire engineers. “ButtheWorld
Trade Center disaster showed that stair capacity wasn’t enough,
and that some people were physically incapable ofdescending tens
ofstoreysbystair.
“So now, for very tall buildings, lifts are being looked on as
integral to the fire evacuation strategy.” Lift capacity has been
designedfor an officepopulationdensityofonepersonper11 m2,
so there willbe a lot ofthem. KarachiPortTower willbe equipped
with a combination of express and local lifts. High-speed lifts,
movingpeopleoverlarge numbers offloors, will bedoubledickers.
Passengers will then catch locallifts from transition zones to their
destined floor.
Overthe height ofthe towerthere willbe three transition zones.
Structurallythese are very different to the tower’s typical open plan
floors. Floor slabs throughout the tower will be 260 mm thick
post-tensioned concrete, stiffenedby a400 mm deep edge beam.
Columns willbe tied into the circular ring by an 850 mm-deep
downstand. But the two-storey transition zones wifibe offar heavier
construction, with thicker floor slabs and heavily reinforced
concrete outriggershear walls running from the core to the building
ЗООIАнглийскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
репmeter columns. Each zone willhouse a technicalfloordedicated
to building services, and a fire-proofed refuge It is to these refuges
that people willbeled iffirebreaks out. They willbe speeded to
ground level in express lifts.
The transition zone shear wallsplay an important role in linking
the core and columns. Gregson saysthat at the lowest ofthe technical
floors the stiffening effect ofthe outriggerwalls is minimal. “When
we modelled the structure wefound wedon’t need outriggerwalls
there, so we’ve omitted them and gained a significant cost saving.”
Design has had to deal with the old problem of axial shortening
between core and columns underdead load. This occurs when a
structural memberis squashedbythe weight ofthe structure above.
The tallerthe column, thegreaterthedegree ofpotential shortening.
Sized purely for structural efficiency, columns would have
shortened by more than 75 mm, Gregson notes “You can allow
for a degree of axial shortening by introducing a slight camber
into the floor slab. That camber comes down as you build the
structure up, and the floor ends up level.” But a greater than 75
mm correction was at the edge oftechnical feasibility. Columns
have therefore been sized to reduce stress and shortening. In plan
they are elongated triangleswith rounded comers, measuring 2 m
wide by 3 m deep. Column sizes diminish as they rise up the
building — first in width, then in depth.
Gregson saysthat lowerdown the tower, axial shortening could
havebeen reducedby specifying very high-strength concrete. “ But
we want to keep the concrete mix within the realms ofwhat isfeasible
in Pakistan.” Achieving C 100 would require the use ofexotic additives
andprecise mix control. C65 concrete willbe easierto batch and
m ore foigiving in construction.
Concessionsto thelocal construction market have alsobeen made
in the arrangement of columns and in the tower’s foundations.
“W e initially looked at following the spiral with the colum ns, so
they wouldhavebeen raking,” recallsGregson. However, “to make
them work it would have required very heavy reinforcement and
precise steel fixing. Because there’s no precedent forabuilding of
this height in Pakistan, we felt it sensible not to add avoidable
complexity.” Thoughcolumns are oriented to the curvature ofthe
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 301
facade, an alternative way ofexpressing the spiral wasfound, says
Gregson. “The spiralis achieved by cantilevering the floorplate by
just over 3 m on opposing sides ofthe tower. Asyougo up the
tower, the cantilever moves around a few degrees.”
(New Civil Engineer International, M ay, 2008)
^TEXT 6
WARSAW WONDER
Careful adaption of an existing two-storeybasement in Poland’s
capitalhas meantthat itcan take the increasedloadfrom the new
54-storey Zlota44 residentialtower.
Warsaw, Poland’s capital, is something of a surprise. The city
was almost destroyed in the Second World Warand fewer than a
fifth ofits buildings were left standing. Its redevelopment under
the country’s post-war communistgovernment was, for the most
part, relatively modest, with the notable exception ofthe impec
cably reconstructed old town.
Elsewhere, stark, system-based construction produced ahard-
to-love, M odernist architecture known as social realism. In recent
years the city hasembraced the obligatoryglass-and-steellook ofthe
modem city.Butthattoo is setto change withanincreasing number
of iconic landmarkbuildings by high-profile international archi
tects in the pipeline.
A new movement.
Zlota 44 is a 192 m-tall residential tower designed by US-
based architect DanielLibeskind, who wasbom in Poland to parents
who had survived the Holocaust. The building is part of a new
movement that is, according to Libeskind, redefining Warsaw
“ through culture, fashion and an unrivalled approach to living” .
Thismaybeso, buttheproject could alsoplay animportant role
in redefining Poland’s fledgling geotechnical community. Foun
dation designon theprojectisbyArup, whose Polishgeotechnical
group is led by Mariusz Leszczynski. Leszczynski, who cut his
teeth working as ageotechnicaldesignerforBuro Happold in the
302 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
UK, says Poland’s geotechnical sector is largely underdeveloped.
Most geotechnical and foundation design work, he says, is carried
out by structural engineers who are “geotechnicalby experience”.
A few university professors ran consultancy practices as a sideline and
they aredeemed custodians ofthe nation’s geotechnicalknowledge.
ForArup, ithasbeen something of an uphillstruggle to develop
a market for top-end consultancy based around geotechnical
expertise within a commercial private business. But through projects
such asZlota 44,Arup’s geotechnical capability isbeginning to be
recognised among Poland’s wider engineering community and, more
importantly, the development and investment community. Arup’s
foundation design has taken practical Polish geotechnical
engineenng to new heights of sophistication, as well as saving the
client money. Developer Oreo G roup’s gleaming new 54-storey
edifice will occupy a centralWarsaw location across the road from
the imposing Palace ofCulture and Science, an architectural show
case from the communist era.
Oreo’s site was previously occupied by a seven-storey office
development constructed in 1989, with two basement levels all
founded on a raft. When built, it was the first application of
diaphragm wallsin the city.A major challenge is the factthat the
site is constrained on all sides, with neighbouring buildings just
600mm from thebasement wall.Theoriginalintention to provide
fourorfive levels of underground carparking would have meant
not onlya majordemolitionjob to remove the existing thickbase
ment raft, but also aphenomenal amount of monitoring and a
very costlylegal undertaking — even assuming construction went
exactlyto plan.
Armed with thisknowledge, Oreo rethought and redesignedthe
building’s lowerfloors, making use ofjust twobasementlevels and
allowing a combination of commercial and carparking to extend
up to the eighthlevel.Structuralloads at foundationlevel were of
the order of600KPa-800KPa, but rather than providing a deep-
piled solutionArup investigated whether itcould be designed as a
piled raft system.
These would be designed similar to those used in Frankfurt,
where piles are designed purelyto limit settlement, rather than to
carryloads. As alocaltwistto this approach,Ampproposed using
SUPPLEMENTARYREADING 303
singlediaphragm wallpanels asbarrettes. From a construction point
of view this meant the original diaphragm wall could be left in place,
the old raftshaved off, and a new raftcast on top ofit. Thenew
raft wouldbe 2 m thickbelow the tower area, reducing to a thickness
of 1.5 m elsewhere.
This approach wouldproduce a much less expensive founda
tion. Leszczynski realised this approach required investigation using
3D finite element analysisto determine whetherit would work as a
true piled raftand also to determinehow the connectionbetween
the barrettes and the raft affectedthe behaviour ofthefoundation.
An accurate determination ofthe length ofthe barrettes was also
needed.
Leszczynski’s hunch.
For Leszczynski, it was vital that the analysis accounted for
soil-structure interaction and that a more sophisticated soil model
thanM ohrCoulomb was used.Theapproach meantAmphadto
commission a much more comprehensiveground investigation than
istypicalin Poland, on thebasis thatthere wouldbelittlepoint in
doing a complexfinite element analysisifit were not confident it
had correctly identified the ground conditions.
The investigation included eight boreholes and eight cone
penetration tests, with shear-wave velocity measurements to
determine strain ratios. By taking samples and reconstituting these
at their insitu density, Arup was able to correlate the ground stiffness
to its grading and density. This confirmed Leszczynski’s hunch
supported by observed settlements in existing buildings in Warsaw
that the ground was much stifferthan allowedforin conventional
analysis.
In profile, the ground at the site comprised the thick and
ubiquitous blanket of made ground, present throughout Warsaw as
an uncomfortable reminder of the war. Below this, the natural
groundis made up oftwolayers ofboulder clay, the resultoftwo
glaciations.
This clay, says Leszczynski, is “a very good material, very
stiff, not susceptible to swelling and has a high content ofgravel
and boulders” . Theboulder clay horizons are underlain byavery
dense interglacial gravel and sand and, below this, a stiffTertiary
Clay, similar to London Clay at about 40 m. Amp used MIDAS
304I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
GTS finite element software. This indicated that the foundation
barrettesdid not need to extendto thedeep clay and couldbe short
ened from 20 mto 17.5 m.
It also showed that apinned, ratherthan afixed, connection
between the raftand thebarrettes wasbetterin terms ofbending
moments, althoughthis created the need to “beefup” the steel in
the raft locally The analysis also showed that, perhaps counter
intuitively, the load is actually carriedby thebarrettes, resulting is
very little strain at raft level. Leszczynski feels Arap’s design has
certainlyledto abetterunderstanding oftheground andfoundation
behaviour.
Foundation work was carried outbycontractorInkom, which
installed the 17.5 m long,0.8 mby2.8 m barrettesthrough slots cut
in the foundation raft. Leszczynski was concerned that creating
these slots and exposing the underside ofthe original raft could lead
to a softening below it. As aprecaution, Inkom injected grout at
lowpressurebelow the raft around the slot locations. In addition it
prestressed thebarrettes bybase-grouting them, although this was
primarily to mitigate against potential construction errors, rather
than a necessarypart ofthedesign.
Foundation work was complete when NCEI visited the site and
the structure was three storeys above ground. Provided Poland’s
residential market ridesthroughthe credit crunch,general contractor
Besix shouldbe completing the projectbyautumn nextyear.
(New Civil Engineer International, January, 2009)
^TEXT 7
DOWNTOWN
by Adrian Greeman
Birmingham’s latest development includes a 44 storey-tower
with afive storeybasement. Bachy Soletancheisjust finishing the
foundations.
Birmingham, England haslong had a reputation as a windswept
concretejungle, the resultofroadfocused re-developmentin the
SUP PLEMENTARY READING 305
1960s. But a wave ofnewdevelopmentismodernisingthe citycentre
withfriendlier mixed use schemes. One ofthebiggestistransforming
a bleak space close to the Snow Hillstation, the city’s second central
railway station. For years the area has been mainly rough ground,
used for carparking alongside a main road, with railwaylinesnearby
and assorted 1960sconcrete multistorey carparks.
Now steel frame blocks are rising on a three part site being
developed by Ballymore for mixed use, with offices, retail space
and hotel floors above. Largest will be a development with two
towers on the square site atthe end, one ofthese afuture landmark
with 44 floors, the city’s highest building. Landscaped space will
alsobe over afive-storeybasement car park fillingthe whole 96,000
m 2 space. To create this large volume and tower foundations,
groundwork specialist BachySoletanche hasbeen installing adeep
contiguouspiled wall around the sitethissummer. In recent weeks,
as the large excavationinsidegot underwayinside, ithasbeenback
on site to install aline ofground anchors in the wall.
“Thesearefortemporary supportofthewallduringthebasement
construction,” explains contracts managerSteve Mallinson. “Once
the concreted base slab and floors are in place they willprovide all
the structural support needed andthe anchors willbe cutthrough.”
The tendons will remain in theground afterwards. “We alsohad to
do ten plunge columnsforthe site approach ramp within the main
wall,” says Mallinson. These hefty steel H-section columns,
surrounded by pea gravel inside their pile casings, are gradually
being exposed again as the site excavation proceeds.
Contractor PC Harrington is doing the excavation and base
concreting at present. But until recently Bachy has unusually had
the site to itself. “We were effectively a main contractor,” says
Mallinson, “ installing security and site welfare, arranging spoil
disposal and concrete deliveries.”
Itwasa change, he says, not having to interleavebetween other
work, though with two support cranes, two Bauer BG 22 piling
rigs, spoil heaps, reinforcement deliveries and site accommodation
to deal with, the site became full enough. As the 241 piles in the
perimeter wall were installed he even had to block offtwo ofthree
site entrances, which meant some careful logistics were needed.
306 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
For the 220 m length ofthe main wall, project design consultant
WSP had opted for contiguous piles, “which isthe right choice,”
saysMallinson, “because thegroundisdry andyoudon’t need any
interlocking.” Pilesare 750 mm diameter.
The wallwillholdback theground which comprises afew metres
of fill, then a 3-5 m thick sand layer whichbecomes weathered
sandstone furtherdown andgraduallymorecompetent rock. “ The
bedrocklayer slopesfrom 2 m to 14 mdown acrossthe site andthe
pilesmustbe up to 17.5 m deep,” says site engineerMathew Brown,
“ though they average out a little less.”
To get through this fairly soft ground should be relatively
straightforward. Bachy hoped to work with continuous flightpiling
mainly, whichisquick and economical. Butthere is always abut.
On this site itwasobstaclesintheground, remnants ofthe 1960s,
including various road underpasses and subways. “A lot of it was
grubbed out in a preparatory contract,” says Brown. “ But there
was some left where it would have caused undermining of the
highway.”
The obstacles were mainlyseveral metres down and up to 3 m
thick. To get through meant using the full strength ofthe Bauer
rigs in straight boring mode — the dual purpose rigs could be
converted for such workin about24 hours and thendrovethrough
the hard matenal with tungsten carbide boring heads. “We had site
investigation data but did further probe piles at various locations
aroundtheperimeterto work out what we coulddo withtheCFA
and what wouldtake the harder casedbored work,” saysMallin
son. Inthe end about 30% boredpiling was needed, somewhatless
than Bachyhad estimated, which meantitcame out ahead.
Butthere is often anotherbut. Thesandstone and sand caused
difficulties withboth types ofpiling “because porous ground tends
to suck the moisture out ofthe concrete,” saysMallinson. “That
made itstifierand harder to getthepre-made reinforcement cages
inafterthe augur was withdrawn.” Bachyswitched to a more fluid
mix and a highly disciplined pile procedure where cages were
positioned within a minute ofthe augurbeing withdrawn.
For the ten top-down piles Bachy installed abasicbored pile
with casing and then used its specialplunge column rig to achieve
the 5 mm accuracy neededforpositioning theI section steel columns.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 307
A steel frame sitting on the casingshad three sets of hydraulic rams
forprecision adjustment ofthe central steel while it was fixed with
around 5 m ofconcrete atthepilebase. Peagravelfillsthe casing.
The 12 weeks’ schedule met, Bachyretiredfor a month while the
excavation began, returning in late October to begin anchoring.
Some 70 anchors go in, a row of one every three piles. Each is
15 m long and 178 mm diameter, driven by a Casagrande M6
articulating rig.
Fivestrand reinforcementbundlesfrom Diwidag aregrouted into
thebottom 6 m or so ofthe anchor which runs at a 45°inclineinto
the sandstone. Thattoo hasgone to schedule and the site is now
almost readyforthe main worksbycontractorAltius.
The Snow Hill development as it will look.
Snow Hilldevelopment includes 56,000 m2of office space, a
five-star hotel and 332 luxury apartments in a 44-storey tower,
five major new public spaces which — itishoped — will create a
new core to Birmingham’s commercial heartland Kier Group is
the main contractor with Arup heading up the mechanical and
electrical engineering contract, whileAlan Baxter Associates isthe
structures and highways consultant. Ballymore Properties is the
developer ofthe Snow Hillproject. It has worked on 22 city centre
projects in Liverpool, Luton, Bristol and London. In London’s
Docklands, current schemes include Pan Peninsula, Ontario Tower
and Leamouth Peninsula.
(New Civil Engineer International, February, 2008)
^TEXT 8
OPEN PLAN SURGERY
by Andrew Mylius
Opening up thebasement ofStPancras Station’s Midland Grand
Hotel has called for radical re-engineering ofits foundations.
Getting miners, their excavation equipment and construction
materials into the tight spacesbeneath the Midland Grand Hotel
fronting London’s St Pancras Station was like playing sardines,
says Claire Carr. She is overseeing a surgical operation to remove
308[ Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
wallsin the old hotelbasement to create a direct linkbetween King’s
CrossSt Pancras Underground stationin front ofthe Midland Grand
Hotel, and St Pancras International railway terminus, which is
immediatelybehind it.
“ Eurostar will start using the station in November. We’re
creating easy through-access forpassengers movingbetween the
London Underground and high speed trains,” says Carr. She is
section managerforCORBER, a joint venture between Costain,
Laing O’Rourke, Bachy Soletanche and Emcor Rail, which is
carrying outthe rejuvenation ofStPancras station. Itisdoing the
work forLondon & ContinentalRailways, owner and operator
ofHigh Speed 1, formerly known as the Channel Tunnel Rail
Link.
Carrsaysthatto supportthe hotel’s seven storeys of neo-gothic
brickwork, wallsin thebasement chambers were up to 1.5 m thick,
carrying point loads of500 kN. The space was divided into four
rooms, roughly7m square, two eitherside ofa 3 m wide corridor.
Doors giving access to the corridor, and from the corridor into
each of the rooms, were between 800 mm and 900 mm wide.
“Spacewithin the chambers waslimited, and thedoorwaysformed
extremelytightbottlenecks on movements ofpeople and materials,”
Carrsays. Opening thebasement up to create spaceforfree-flowing
passenger movementfollows a60-pomt method statement. “We’ve
arrived at thepoint where we’ve got a large open plan areadotted
withcolumns—we’vecome alongway,” Carrsummarises.
Alongside working in confined spaces, one of CORBER’s key
challenges was to limit settlement “Our work strategy has been
governedbythe requirementto keep settlementto under5 mm,”
saysCarr. Instrumentation hasbeen installed on the upperfloors
ofthe hotel to keep tabs on thebuilding response to changesbeing
earned outto itsfootings.
Work started 17months ago with the excavation of3 m by2m
pitsto locate the hotel coibelledbnckfoundations. These werefound
6mdown, beanng ontoLondonClay.Ateam ofminersemployed
by Costain carried out the excavation work, using timber props
and shonng to support the sides of the holes. “Because of the
SUPPLEMENTARYREADING 309
conditions m which we’re working, we’ve gone back to very
traditional methods and materials,” Carr notes “Timber’s far easier
to use than steel in tight spaceslike this.”
Withfooting levels established,ground was taken down to the
same level throughout the basement area. Powered wheelbarrows
and a small conveyorwere usedto removespoil astwo mini-diggers
toiled away. Next, 1mwide, 4 .5mdeep reinforced concrete strip
foundations were cast either side of the walls to take temporary
works loading. “We needed very substantial foundations to take
propping forces when it came to opening up the walls,” Carr
explains. Opening up the wallsinvolved taking cores at high level,
wherethey metthe edgesofvaults making upthebasementjack arch
ceiling. Subcontractor Shepley inserted I-section needles through
theseholes supportingthem onproppedI-beams runningflush with
and eitherside ofthe walls.
“We were strictlyprohibitedfrom opening up more than25% of
the wall at once, so we had to install the needle using a hit one,
missthree, hitone pattern. Once we’d been around allthe walls
once, we wentback anddidthesame again and again.” Grout was
used to fill cavitiesin thebrickwork ofthe topmost section of wall,
sandwichedbetween thelongitudinalI-beams. Thegrout alsoflooded
the voidbetween the wall and the web and innerflanges ofthe I-
beams, creating a composite steel-masonry-steel sandwich. Only
when thegrout had achievedfulldesignstrengthwereprops supporting
the I-beamsjacked imperceptibly, relieving the walls ofload. This
enabled slots to be cut in the walls. Reinforced concrete saddles
were cast, bridgingbetween the strip foundations, on which new
cast iron columns werepositioned.With all ofthe columnsinplace
it was finally possible to cut out the remaining brickwork. Floor
levelbetween the stnp foundationswas raised to the same heightby
placing mass concrete.
(New Civil Engineer International, February, 2007)
310 Английскийлзыкдллстудентовстроительныхспециальностей
^ТЕХТ 9
BASEMENT BUILD UP
by Jessica Rowson
Chicago’s horizonisskyscraperheaven, but soon one building
will stand head and shoulders abovethe rest.JessicaRowson reports
from the Windy City.
When built, the 150-storey Chicago Spire willbe 610 m tall.
Compared to theproposed 54 m tallFreedom Tower on Ground
Zero in New York and the currenttallestbuilding in the United
States — the 110-storeySearstowerinChicago which stands442 m
tall — this will be a real skyscraper among tall buildings. It is
designedby Spanish engineerarchitect SatiagoCalatrava. N ot only
willthe height makeitstand outfrom the crowd,but italsohas a
ratherunusual shape asittwistsinto a spiral which soars skywards.
The floorplate isbased on a circle but the edge ispinched into
cantileverpoints at even spaces around the outside, giving itthe
appearance of a wide toothed cog.The cantilevers willbe rotated
to give the facade the appearance of a very elegant helterskelter.
“ Itlooks complicated,but there’s high repetition which means
lesscost,” says D. McLean vicepresident ofthe Spire’s structural
consultant Thornton Tomasetti. “The [concrete] core remainsin
the same position, but the floorplates appear to slowly rotate in
plan with each change in floor elevation. However the columns
and the innerfloorplates are repeated at each level and the edges
ofthefloor slab rotate.” Allgreatthings must start somewhere and
this project begins with some heavy duty ground work. Twenty,
3 m diameter rock caisson piles will support the building central
circular core and there are seven outer columns at ground level
withafurtherpair ofthe3 mdiameter rock caissonsbeneath each
ofthese.
The rock caisson piles are large diameter concrete pilesinstalled
withapermanent casingtypicallyused when veryhighloads need
to be supported. These huge piles pass through the eight-storey
basement and socketinto thebedrockto an averagedepth of3 m.
Workers have already installed all ofthe 3 m caisson piles as well as
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 311
smaller intermediate bell or under-reamed piles. These under
reamed pilessupportthe columnsthat will in turn support floor
slabsin the eight-storeybasement.
Therearetwo typesofbasement column, both areformedby
driving 25 m long, 910 mm diameter tubular casings into the
ground. The bottom of these casings forms piles below lowest
basement slab. Most are filled with reinforced concrete up to ground
level. Where the loads aregreatest the casings are onlyfilled with
reinforced concrete up to basement slab level. Steel drop-in
columns are thenplaced on top ofthem to form supportsforthe
basement floors. The casings are later removed before basement
excavation workbegins. “ To construct the steel drop-in columns
we terminatethe concrete caisson atthebottom basementlevel and
leaveanemptyshaft,” saysMcLean.
A steel column is hung into the shaftjust above the installed
caisson. Thebaseplate area ofthe steel column is concreted in
place and left to cure. Later the shaft isfilled with sand or weak
slurry to prevent the clay collapsing when the steel casing is
removed.” Itisimportantto preventtheground around the steel
columns collapsing afterthe casings are removed,because thereis
a risk that underground voids could make the areas around the
columnsdangerousto work in.
The basement willbe constructed top downfrom theground
floor. The finished ground floor slab will brace the walls. The
outriggersusually run through the core wallsleaving space forlifts,
stairs and services. Butthe Spire’s circular shape and circular core
meant thatthedesignershad to find adifferent solution. “ Normally
cores are rectangular and the main structural elements can be
installed through the core,” says McLean. “With a circular core
one cannot do that asthediagonal elements intersect atthe core
centre making itverydifficultto fitanything in the triangular spaces.”
“Wedecided on a ring system around the core walls connected
at two floorlevels, which would not interfere with the inner core
layout. The ring elements are horizontal steeltrusses which encircle
the core wall.” In addition, it was decided to include the outer
column transfers within these outrigger systems. These outrigger/
transfer levels were situated at levels 35 to 40, 72 to 74,109 to
111and 142to 144 and designated as space forthe plant rooms.
312[английский язык длястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Thebuildingfloorsareframedin compositesteel. “We needed
concrete for a robust core, but an all concrete construction would
haveresulted in verylarge columnsin thelowerpart ofthebuilding,”
saysMcLean. “Withsteel we can use smallercolumns.” McLean
saysthe one veryimportant issue in composite construction isthe
differential movement between the concrete core and the steel
columns. Concrete shrinks and creeps over time whereas steel
shortens underloading,but at a different rate. This is not such a
problem with low rise buildings or buildings which are all steel or
all concrete, as the columns and cores shrink atthe same rate. The
core of the Spire isbeing constructed above its final elevation so
that there is a slight fall in the level of the slab from the core
outwards. As the concrete core shrinks, the floor level should
approach aflatsurfaceThe mainbasement work hasyetto startbut
tenders for a general contractor have been invited. When one is
chosen the Spire will really start to motor.
(New Civil Engineer Inter national, November, 2008)
^TEXT 10
BIRD'S NEST SUPERSTRUCTURE
by Andrew Mylius
As it nears completion China’s bird’s nest Olympic stadium is
shouting for attention.
Beijing’s architecturally flamboyant Olympic stadium is not
universally admired. “The stadium bird’s nest motifis an insultto
birds,” spluttered German structural engineering luminary Jorg
Schlaich at a symposium in Beijing last month, oiganised bythe
InternationalAssociation for Shell & Spatial Structures.
“ It uses huge quantities of steel,” Schlaich complained, “far
more than necessary to enclose 100,000 seats. It is a grossly
inefficient structure.” W arming to his theme, Schlaich advised:
“Good engineering should be about solving a problem as
economically as possible, using the least possible materials. It should
never be subjugated to art whatever art is.” That is a debate, of
course, that Schlaich should have had with clientforthe stadium,
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 313
the Beijing Organising Committee for the 2008 Olympic Games
(BOCOG), before it decided to build the structure now neanng
completion. Thestadium has consumed ajaw dropping45,0001of
steel but to stunning visual effect.
Welding ofthefinal structural membersistaking place; theprecast
concrete supports for the seating bowl have been installed, with
seating and mechanical/electrical fit out following close behind.
Beijing’s Olympicstadium isdueto openforbusinessthistime next
year. Questions of “good engineering” aside, design and
construction of the stadium have been remarkable challenges.
Consultant Arup had the task ofturning an architectural conceptby
Swiss architect Herzog & De Meuron into somethingbuildable.
“Herzog & De Meuron put a lot of effort into making the
structure unconventional,” said head ofArupSportJayPamshin
2004. “Columns are skewed offthevertical.There’s not a concourse
with a straight edge. The whole effort has concentrated on creating
an exciting space.” The stadium measures 230 m wideby 330 m
long and 55 mhigh. Structurallyitiscomposed oftwo independent
parts — the bowl, which is afairly conventional precast reinforced
concrete structure, and the steel exteriorfacade and roof.
The roofhas a “Pringle-like” geometry, denved bytaking a
smallpatch from the insideface of a vast toroid. Atits edges, the
roofflowsinto smooth comers, creating a seamless transition into
the facade, which slopesinwards towardsits base at 14°from the
vertical. Herzog& DeMeuron sketchedthefacade and roofas a
random scribble, from which Arup had to establish a clear
structural order. Thiswasachievedby disguising primary structural
members amid a web of secondary steelwork.All members share
the same section of1.5 m2.Thishasbeen so effectivethat isdifficult
to seethatthereis a structuralsystem that hasbeen repeated around
the stadium perimeter.
Roofandfacade areinterconnected.Thestadium performslike
a collection ofgiant portalframes. Twenty-fourperimeter columns
consist oftwoouter chords and a singleinner chord — allprimary
members. Theserisefrom a singlepoint, diverging astheygo and
wrap around the comerbetween facade and roofto continue across
the roof. At the centre ofthe roofthere is an elliptical opening
314|_Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
ringed by а 10 m deep truss. Each primary member strikes a
tangent off the ellipse and, on reaching the far side of the roof,
wraps around the comer, returning to the ground via another
column.
Secondary steelwork provides tnangulation between the main
structural elements. Stairs threaded between the inner and outer
chords of the columns provide further bracing up to sixth-floor
level.Arupdirector MichaelKwok says that inprimary members
subjected to the highest loads steel thickness is up to 100 mm.
Chinese main contractors Urban Construction and Citic
subcontracted fabrication ofthe complex curvedbox sections making
up the stadium multiple trusses to ship builders in Shanghai and
Zheianjang.
“ China has some ofthebiggest shipyardsin the world.
The hulls of ships are curved in every dimension, so this project
was not especially difficultfor them ,” says Kwok. Sections were
transported to Beijingbyroadin 12 m to 15m lengthsand assembled
into larger units weighing up to 60 t before being lifted into
position. Allconnections are welded.
Kwok saysthe pace ofconstruction hasbeenblistering. Ground
breaking wasinDecember2003.Boredpilefoundations wereinstalled
through 2004 — each column isfounded on 30 to 40 piles of800
mm to 1,000mmdiameterand20mto40 mlong,dependingon
ground conditions. Columns are implanted in the high strength
concrete pile caps and thebox sectionshavebeen concrete filledto
several metres aboveground level, creating monolithic connections
with theground.Thisis necessary to helpcope with horizontalforces
fromwind, crowd dynamic and seismicloading, saysKwok. Erection
of the first column took about a month, he recalls. “ Once the
contractors hadbeen throughthelearningprocess on thefirst column,
though, things progressed rapidly.”
Massive temporaryprops were required to support each column
and the central nng truss. Onlywhen all ofthe columns hadbeen
pieced together was the interlinking grid of primary members
installed to support the nng truss. “ The contractors wanted to weld
in the secondary members as they wentbefore de-dropping. “We
did some uigent re-analysis and reached a compromise. Some of
the secondary members went inbeforede-propping, whichhappened
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
iii!
in September, and they’re putting in the last of the secondary
members now.” Removal ofthetemporaryprops wastelevised —it
was a three day operation — capturing on camera Kwok’s relief
thatthe roofbehaved as expected. “ Deformation was270 mm atthe
centre ofthe roof, more or less as we’dpredicted.”
To cope withthe stresses resultingfrom thedeflection, secondary
members’plate thickness wasincreasedlocallyand diaphragms were
added to brace them internally. Kwok admits that China’s
constructionboom meantthat steel and skilledfabricators werein
equally short supply at times. Things were very tight in terms of
delivery against schedule attimes. That’s had someimpact on cost
but the project’s stillwithin itsYuan 3.2bn ($4084M)budget.”
(New Civil Engineer International, January, 2007)
^TEXT 11
CASTLES IN THE SKY: HOW NEW YORK CITY'S
COLOSSAL SKYSCRAPERS WERE CONSTRUCTED
Highabovethe streets ofManhattan, the teams ofriveters worked
to a set routine. As an enormous crane hoisted each steel beam
into placeon thegrowingEmpireState Building, a workman called
the “heater” warmed each nvetin aportablefurnace until itglowed
cherry-red, removed it with tongs and tossed it to a “catcher”,
perched precariouslyon the very edgeofnothing. Usuallyhe caught
itin his “catching can”, but sometimeshe missed.Using tongs,
the catcher knocked off the cinders and lodged the rivet in the
prepared hole. Anotherworkmate helditfirmlywith the aid of a
heavy steel bar, while a third smashed the rivet into place with a
compressed airhammer.
It took 60 000 tons of steel to build the Empire State. The
beamsandgirders were castinPittsburgh, and withinaday ortwo
of being made, each numbered piece had been transported to
Manhattan, hoisted into position and riveted into place. There
was little storage space available on site, so elaborate charts and
timetables were used to monitorprogress and to ensure that deliveries
keptprecise pace with the erectors’and riveters’schedules.
316 [Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Careful organisation builds a giant.
The charts listed every lorrydue to arrive, what it would carry,
who would be responsible for it and where it ought to go. Each
beam washoisted by crane to the appropriate floor, then transported
to wherever it was required on a miniature railway system. This
methodical approach worked exceptionallywell and on occasions
thebuilding roseby more than a storey in a single day.
The EmpireState 102 storeys werefinishedin record time. It
tookjust six months to complete the 381 m buildinginstead ofthe
anticipated 18 months, featthat set new standards ofefficiencyfor the
constructionindustry.Butitwas 1931,in the earlyyearsofthe Great
Depression, and much ofthe space remained unlet.Thebuilding was
dubbed “The Empire State Building” . It had cost $24 million to
construct, which was cheap atthe time, but forthe firstfew years a
major source ofincome usedbythedeveloperto payproperty taxes
was ticket salesfor the observatories on the 86th and 102nd floors.
From the top on a clearday, itispossible to see 80 km away.
A skyscraper m ade o fsteel.
The steel skeleton of the riveted structure means that it is
immensely strong — thebuilding swaysless than 6 mm on the 85th
floor in a strong wind. In July 1945 an off-course US Air Force
bomber, travelling at a speed of400 km/h infog and rain, crashed
into the 78th and 79th floors. The three man crew and 11people in
the building were killed,but the structure suffered no permanent
damage. Survivors recall that the building simply rocked a couple
oftimes.
Manhattan’s distinctive skylinestarted to take shape when steel
began to be used for tall buildings. Earlier buildings had been
made from a vanety of materials, including stone, brick, wood
and cast iron But a masonrybuilding tallerthan about ten storeys
would have required supporting walls so thick at the base that there
would be hardly any floorspace on the ground floor and, before
lifts were invented, building height was limited to the number of
steps people were prepared to climb. One of Manhattan’s most
striking earlyskyscrapers, builtbetween 1901 and 1903 was Flatiron
building. It owes its unique shape to the narrow tnangular site it
occupiesatthejunction ofBroadway and 5thAvenue at 23rd Street.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 317
Twenty storeys high, its riveted steel frame is clad in French
Renaissance-style stonework.
Taller and taller.
The Flatiron may alsohavebeen the firstbuilding to create strange
aerodynamic effects in the surrounding streets. Even today,
Manhattan’s tall buildings create unusual wind currents, causing
snowflakesto float upwards. Beforelong, the Flatiron wasdwarfed
byother skyscrapers, including theW oolworlh Building, completed
in 1913. The architect, Cass Gilbert, chose the Gothic style for
the 60-storey tower. The structure itself was made from steel and
the extenor completely clad in terracotta. It could house 14000
workers, servicedby 19lifts and 2800 telephones — an astonishing
numberfor the time.
When thebuilding wasfinished it won immediate praise from
the public — but some architectural purists were aghast, their
sensibilities offended by Gilbert’s use of Gothic detail purely for
decorative effect, rather than for structural purposes. This was
contrary to the modernist stricture that “form should follow
function” .
(Reader’s Digest: How Was It Done 9
The Story o f Human Ingenuity Through the Ages, 2000)
^TEXT 12
HONG KONG — BASTION OF BAMBOO SCAFFOLDING
by Muthukaruppan Ramanathan
HongKong’sskylineisdominatedbysomeofthe world's tallest
buildings. Nevertheless, the city still usesbamboo scaffolding for
much ofits construction work — a traditional skill passed down
over 5000 years. Bamboo is sustainable, lightweight and cheap
and, as long asitremainsfairlydry, a good construction material
with significant mechanical properties. Researchers, engineers,
environmentalists andbureaucratshavetaken anincreasing interest
in the craft, such that regulations and practice continue to be
improved and refined. However, to alleviate remaining design and
safety concerns a structuraldesign code is needed.
318I Английскийлзыкдлистудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Hong Kong continuesits long-standing tradition ofusingbamboo
scaffolding for new construction, renovation, repair work and
signage. The city stands alone from the rest of the world in
recognizing the sustainability ofbamboo over steel and aluminium
and hasprogressively raised training and safety standards ofbamboo
scaffolders. Bamboo scaffolding had previouslybeen used in many
parts of southeast Asia and mainland China but has mostly now
been replacedby metal scaffolding. Except, that is, in Hong Kong,
home to five ofthe world’s 25 tallestbuildings. Itsbamboo scaffolders
remain unperturbed by the ever-increasing heights at which they
weave theirbamboo webs.
Working with giant grass.
According to Chinese legend the craft dates back 5000 years,
whenYau Chao-Shi, a mythological character whose birthday is
stillcelebrated, taughthispeople how to construct nest-likebamboo
shelters in trees. Bamboogrows up to 30 m tall. It reaches its full
height in one year and persists for several years without growing
taller or wider, making it technically a grass rather than a tree.
It is nevertheless the world’s fastest growing woody plant and, as
such, isparticularly usefulfor stabilising nveibanks and preventing
slope erosion. Bamboo stems can be harvested after three years and
are self-renewing, with new shootsproducedfrom the roots without
replanting. The circular hollow stems make light and, when
seasoned, tough constructionpoles that can be used without further
processing or finishing.
Some 1250 species and 150 traditional applications havebeen
identified forbamboo. Millionsofpeople live in houses made of
bamboo inparts ofcentral and north America andAsia. Itprovides
floor decking, wall panels, rafters, ceilings, roofs, doors and
windows. Bamboo is also usedforbuilding fencesand lighttraffic
bndgesin south Asia. Traces ofbamboo scaffolding are stillseenin
south China, butin Hong Kongitcontinuesto be extensivelyused,
researched and improved.
The traditional art ofbamboo scaffolding hasbeen passed on
from one generation to the next with little written information.
However, with increasing interest from the construction industry,
educationalinstitutions, statutory departments and promoters of
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGJ 319
sustainable resources, therehasbeen a steadygrowth inthe number
of written regulations, guidelines, codes, conferences and publica
tions on the subject. The focus in Hong Kong is on the locally
availablebambootypes, namelykaojue and maojue, the nominal
external diameters of which at base are 40 mm and 75 mm
respectively.
The Code ofPracticeforScaffolding Safely wasfirst published
in 1995bytheHong Kong LabourDepartment. Thecodeprovided
practicalguidelines to the construction and maintenance ofboth
bamboo and m etal scaffolds. It gave broad material specification
and minimum requirementsforthe configuration ofcommonlyused
scaffold types. Loads on working platforms supported by the
scaffolds, however, were provided only for metal scaffolds.
Aseparate codeforbamboos, entitledCode ofPracticeforBamboo
Scaffolding Safety, was published in 2001. This included the
minimum imposedloads on workingplatforms and aperformance
specification.
In 2006, the Hong Kong Buildings Department published
Guidelines on thedesignand construction ofbamboo scaffoldsto
supplementthe LabourDepartment code. Theguidelinesprovide
recommended practice forthe design, erection, maintenance and
dismantling ofbamboo scaffolds. Ifscaffoldlayouts need to deviate
from the guidelines, the Buildings Department recommends a
performance-baseddesignbyacorporate civil or structural member
ofthe Hong Kong Institution ofEngineers. Aftergauging industry
reaction, the BuildingsDepartment will considerpublishing a code
ofpractice in thefuture.
Forms o f bamb oo scaffolding.
Bamboo scaffoldingisusedinitsvariousforms according to the
utility. Double-layeredbamboo scaffolds are most commonlyused
innewconstruction and alsoin major renovation. External works
such as rendering, painting, wall tiles and plumbing are carried
out from a continuous working platform laid between the inner
and outer scaffolds. The innerlayeris erected at about 200 mm
from thebuilding edge, andtheouterlayerat about600 mmfrom
the inner layer. There are many variations to form, articulation,
types ofbamboos and spacingbased on specific site requirements
and the craftsmen’s training and preference.
320 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
Forthe outerlayer, large-diameter (75mm) maojuepoles are
used asthe main verticalposts spaced at about 1— 3 m centres.
They rest on firm ground at ground level and on steel brackets
securely fixed to the structural members ofthe building at higher
levels. Buildings Department guidelines require these steel brackets
to be provided at 15m verticalintervals or every fifthfloor. Each
post should rest on one steelbracket, and the horizontal spacing
between the brackets should not exceed 1—3 m. Smaller40 mm
diameter kaojue poles are fixed as standards (uprights) between
each pairofmaojueposts.
The posts and standards are connected by mao jue ledgers
(horizontals), with a vertical spacing of about 600-750 mm. The
scaffolders sit and put their leg over the ledgers and fix the tier
above it. The upright standards and posts are alsolapped by them
sitting in this position. The 600-750 mm gap spacing isjust
convenient working distance which is the height between the
scaffolder’ship and shoulder. This way, thejoints and members
are load-tested during the erection stage itselfby the scaffolder’s
own weight. Cross-biacmg isprovidedby usingkaojuepolesinclined
at an angle of45-60°. Fortheinnerlayer, kaojuepoles are used
formain posts and ledgers; the intermediate standards are generally
not necessary.The main posts ofboth layers are supported bythe
same set oftriangular steelbrackets.
Scaffolds are tied to buildings using6 mm diameter horizontal
mild-steel wires at vertical and horizontal spacings not exceeding
6.6 m and 3 m respectively.These are referred to as “putlogs” though,
unlike putlogsin metal scaffolding systems, which transmit vertical
platform loads into the building wall, putlogs in bamboo scaffolding
provide lateral restraint and wind resistance. They are provided at
closer spacing higher up, where wind forces can be significant.
Workingplatformsfor carrying out external works are normally
vertically spaced at2m. The maximum imposedload on working
platformsvariesbetween 0—75 kPa (very lightduty) to 3 kPa (very
heavyduty)inthe LabourDepartment’s code. The code requires
that no morethantwo workingplatformsintheformercase and no
more than one workingplatform in the latter case shouldbe in use
in anybay, thatisthe spacebetween two adjacent standards along
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 321
the face of the scaffold. In the double-layered system, kao jue
transom, poles spanning between the ledgers are used to support
the workingplatforms, and are thereforeprovided at every platform
level and witha maximum horizontal spacing ofabout 15-2 4 m.
Single-layered bamboo scaffolding isgenerally used to provide
protective cover to renovation works on existing buildings where
working platforms are not necessary. Itis also used for some new
construction, for example where external curtain glass walls are
designed to beinstalled aslargepanels. Such scaffolds are also used
in demolition, where all demolition works are carried out from
inside the building including removal of external features. It is
mandatory to fit tarpaulin sheets to contain demolition dust and
debris, but these need to be removed during typhoons. Fixed external
ratherthan internal ledgers facilitate the removal oftarpaulins.
However, single-layered scaffolds are less safe than double-
layered scaffolds and usageisdiscouraged.They are not included in
eitherthe LabourDepartment’s code orthe Buildings Department
guidelines. For minor repair works, including external plumbing,
air-conditioning unit replacements and concrete or rendering
repair, truss-outbamboo scaffolds are commonly used.Thisislight-
duty, short-duration work and small-diameter kaojue poles are
used. The standards, ledgers and raking poles are all supported by
triangular steel brackets, which in turn are securely fixed to the
structural elements ofthe building Putlog ties restrain the top of
the standards.
Bamboo scaffolding is also used to erect many of the large
cantilevered advertising signs frequently seen over Chinese streets
In Hong Kong, the maximum allowedlength to heightratio is4:3
and the scaffold shouldbe erected in a manner not to obstructthe
traffic flow below. Such scaffolds are usually supported by steel
wires orhang-poles securely fixed to the structural elements ofthe
building.The lowerlevelis usuallydecked out with woodenplanks
to act as a working platform.
Lashing connections.
Joints in bamboo construction have always been tricky. The
poles are neither perfectly straight nor round, they have nodes at
irregular spacings and their thickness varies. Despite such
Зак 312
'322 I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
limitations, practitionershave developed many connection details
over the years. Lashing poles with soakedbamboo stnps was the
preferred methodfor a longtime, butthe stnpsdecayed and needed
constant attention and replacement.
By the late 1970s, nylon stnps had replaced bamboo strips.
The new stnps made erection faster and they also lasted longer,
but connectionsstilltended to weaken overtimedue to weathenng.
Thisledto Hong Kong researchersspecifying engineered connections
through experimental investigation. The recommended value for
basic characteristic resistance for each lashing is 1.1 kN with a
partial safety factor of 1.1 -1 .25 .
The nylonstnps are well-specified, with a minimum ultimate
strength of0.5 kN, a width of5.5
—
6mm and a thickness of0.85
—
1mm. The overlap oftwo lashedbamboo poles shouldbe 1.5 -
2 m, and the distance between the lashings should not be greater
than300 mm.
Othermaterials such asputlogs, anchorbolts and steelbrackets
are specified in the BuildingsDepartmentguidelines. The established
specificationsforbamboo poles, however, were giveninthe Labour
Department’s earlier codes. Thepoles shouldbe3-5 yearsold and
air-dried in verticalpositions underindoor conditions for at least
3 months before use; they should be free from cracks, irregular
knots and worm-eaten spots.
Despite bamboo and lashing materials having been specified,
the effort ofcodifying the design data is still ongoing.
Engineering characteristics.
One ofthe disadvantagesindesigningbamboo structures isthe
lack ofstructural designdata and established mechanicalproperties.
Building codes overtheglobehaveyetto embracebamboo, though
a draft code onbamboo structural design is under review. Basic
mechanicalpropertieshavebeen dealt withby many authorsbut,
unlike timber, bambooproperties do not relate to speciesbecause
ofthe dependency on otherfactors such asgeographicallocation
and age.
Morerecent research onbamboo scaffolding carried out at Hong
Kong PolytechnicUniversitywith the support ofthe International
Network forBamboo and Rattan hasthusconcentrated on thelocally
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 323
availablekaojue and maojue varieties. The studiesindicated that
despite large variations in diameter, wall thickness and moisture
content, representative values of mechanical properties could be
arrived at. Two failure modes, namelyend bearing and splitting,
were identified in compression tests. End-bearing failures were
mainlydue to high moisture content. Forbending tests, splitting
and local crushing wereidentified as reasonsforfailure
Based on a systematic experimental investigation on column-
buckling behaviour ofbamboo members, researchers found that
load reduction due to columnbuckling issignificantand accordingly
developed alimit-state designmethod.Twofailure modes, namely
overall buckling and localbuckling, were identified respectivelyin
mao jue(long column-wet) andkaojue(short column-wet) members
inmost ofthe cases.
The engineenng charactenstics ofstructuralbamboos are similar
to those oftimber and codification along similar lines to timber
should be the next logical step. If the Hong Kong Buildings
Department publishes a code ofpractice forbamboo scaffold asit
hassuggested, thiswould lead to promotion and wider acceptance
ofbamboo as abuilding material worldwide.
Training a nd safety.
In the past, the skills required for erecting bamboo scaffolding
were taughtby a master scaffolderthrough a traditional apprentice
system that would lastfor3years. However, apprentices can now
pick up the skill within a year through on-job training or by
attending a Construction Industry Training Authority training
course.
After working in industry for at least 4 years, a scaffolder can
take the CITA trade test, which consists of a 0.5 h written
examination followedbya 6 hpracticaltest in which the candidate
is required to:
-
inspect an erected scaffold and rectifythe defects;
-
dismantle the scaffold safely;
-
re-erect the scaffold.
In 2006, 268 candidates applied for the test and 62% passed.
Apartfrom the extent ofworkcompleted andquality ofworkmanship,
candidates are also assessed on their safety-consciousness.
11*
324I Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
All scaffolders in Hong Kong are required to wear safety
harnesses, fall arrestors and independent lifelines. Scaffolds must
alsobeinspected byacompetentperson — a CITAtrade test holder
with at least 10years’experience — every2weeks and more often
during tropical cyclones and strong monsoons. The main
contractor’s full-time supervisor should alsoinspectthe integrity of
the scaffolds regularlyand record findingsin stipulated forms.
Despitethetraining and skillofHong Kong’sbamboo scaffolders
and the government’s associated code and guidelines, serious
accidents continue to occur, mostlyin truss-outbamboo scaffolds
Theoverall accident rate in Hong Kong’s construction industry in
the past few years is around 60 for every 1000 workers. A total of
3835accident cases were recordedin 2004, 3548 in 2005 and 3129
(projected) in 2006. The numbers offatal accidents during these
years are 17, 25 and 17 respectively. Repair and maintenance
projects account forthe majorityofthe accidents. Nearlyhalfofthe
fatal accidents are grouped under “fall of person from height”
involving truss-outbamboo scaffolds, unfenced edges, ladders and
so on.
Many ofthe accidents in truss-outbamboo scaffoldshave resulted
from failures ofthe supportbracket anchorbolts. The difficultyin
fixing the anchorbolts from inside the building iscited as a major
cause. Inadequacy ofsecurefixtures oflifelinesto anchoragepoints
has also been noted in many cases. Industry, institutions and
government departments are working together in addressing the
problem .
Metal versus bamboo.
Unlike metal scaffoldpoles, bamboo polesdo not need oiling,
painting or covered storage. They are much lighter and easier to
handle, leading to fast erection: one worker can erect 75-100 m2
ofdouble-layeredbamboo scaffolding aday, some 6-8 timesfaster
than for a similar metal scaffold.Also, the cost ofbamboo poles
isonlyabout6% ofthe cost ofsteelpoles.
Bamboo scaffolds aregenerallysplitinto 15 m tall frames with
those above ground level supported by steel brackets fixed to the
main structure. Theheavier weightofmetal scaffolding meansthat
verticalloads are usuallytaken allthe waydown to thebase. Thisis
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 325
workable for medium-rise buildingsbut for a multi-storeybuilding
of, say, 124 m height, itisestimated that standards willbe required
in groups of three at base with double at intermediate levels.
Intermediate steel brackets, ifdesigned, would alsobe massive. In
HongKong, wherehigh-risebuildings are a norm and many urban
sites areboundedbybusy streets, shopping arcades and pedestrian
bridges, treble and double metal scaffolds would not be practical
Bamboo also has a much lower carbon footprint than metal.
For Hong Kong it iscultivated in the neighbouring Guangxi province
inabundance, andthen transported to Hong Kong along the Pearl
River simply by lashing the poles together and floating them
downstream. Depending on the type ofscaffolding,bamboopoles
can be reusedthree to fivetimes.
A city of oldand new.
Hong Kongisaforward-looking citybut one which also values
itstraditions and customs. For example, century-old tramcarspass
slowlythroughthe heart ofthe central district while state-of-the-art
mass-transittrains speedthrough tunnelsbelow and traditionaldim-
sum restaurants sit alongside the latest fast-food outlets.
(New Civil Engineer International, March, 2009)
TAPESCRIPTS
• TAP ESCRIPT 1A
BUILDINGS: FIRST IMPRESSIONS
What makes the look ofBritish towns and citiesdistinctive? The
most striking feature isthe lack ofblocks offlats People preferto
live in individual houses — units with their own front doors and
sometimesgardens Perhaps thissays something aboutthe national
character; a love of privacy and a lack of interest in the wider
community. There is a proverb: “An Englishman’s home is his
castle” . Whateverthe deeper reasonsforit, the resultisthat British
towns and cities are full oftwo orthree-storey houses. Onlyin the
1950sand -60s councils started building tall blocks offlats in the
American style;butthese havebeen very unpopular, and the cheaper
ones are now beingdemolished.
Anotherdistinctive feature ofBritishbuildingsisthe use ofbrick.
Some of the oldest monuments, like Hampton Court Prlace or
Queens’ College, Cambridge, are made ofbrick. It remains the
favourite materialfornew housestoday.While the rest ofthe world
prefers concrete, for some reason the British taste isforbrick, at
least in smaller buildings.
• TAP ESCRIPT I B
SOME TRENDS IN THE HISTORY OF BUILDING
Human shelters were at firstvery simple and perhaps lasted only
a few days or months. Over time, however, even temporary
structures evolved into such highly refined forms as the igloo.
Graduallymore durable structures began to appear, particularly after
TAPESCRIPTS 327
the advent of agriculture, when peoplebegan to stayin one place
forlong periods. The first shelters were dwellings, but later other
functions, such asfood storage and ceremony, were housedin sep
arate buildings. Some structuresbegan to have symbolic as well as
functional value, marking the beginning ofthe distinction between
architecture and building.
The history ofbuilding ismarked byanumber oftrends. One
is the increasing durability of the materials used. Early building
materials were perishable, such as leaves, and branches. Later,
more durable natural materials — such as clay, stone, and timber —
and,finally, synthetic materials — such asbrick, concrete, metals,
and plastics — were used.Anotheris aquest forbuildings of ever
greaterheight and span; this was made possiblebythe development
of stronger materials and by knowledge ofhow materialsbehave
and how to exploitthem to greater advantage. A third majortrend
involves the degree of control exercised over the interior
environment of buildings: increasingly precise regulation of air
temperature, light and soundlevels, humidity, odours, air speed,
and otherfactorsthat affect human comforthasbeenpossible. Yet
anothertrend isthe change in energy availableto the construction
process, starting withhuman muscle power and developing toward
the powerful machinery used today.
• TA PESCRIPT 2A
THE FATHER OF THE AMERICAN SKYSCRAPER
William Le BaronJenney (1832-1907)wasanAmerican civil
engineerand architect whobecame known as the Father ofthe
American skyscraper. Jenney wasbom inFairhaven, Massachusetts
on September 25, 1832. Jenney first began his formal education
at the Lawrence Scientific school at Harvard in 1853,but transferred
to Paris to get an education in engineering and architecture. He
graduated in 1856, one year after his classmate, Gustave Eiffel,
the designerofthe EiffelTower. In 1861,he returned to the US to
join the Union Army as an engineerin the CivilWar. Afterthe
war, in 1867, Jenney moved to Chicago, Illinois and began his
328IАнглийскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
own architectural office, which specialized in commercialbuildings
and urban planning.
In 1998, Jenney was ranked number 89 in the book “1,000
Years, 1,000 People. Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped
the Millennium” . Jenney is best known for designing the ten-
storey Home Insurance BuildinginChicago. Thebuilding wasthe
first fully metal-frame skyscraper, and is considered the first
skyscraper. It was built from 1884 to 1885, enlarged in 1891, and
demolished in 1931. In his designs, he used metal columns and
beams, instead ofstone and brickto support the building’s upper
levels. The steel needed to support the Home Insurance Building
weighed onlyone-third as m uch as a ten-storeybuilding made of
heavy masonry. Using this method, the weightofthebuilding was
reduced, thus allowing the possibility to construct even taller
structures.
Later, he solved the problem offireproofconstruction for tall
buildings by using masonry, iron, and terracotta flooring and
partitions. He displayed his system in the Letter Building, also
builtin Chicagobetween the years 1889and 1891.
• TA PESCRIPT 2B
NIKOLAI V. NIKITIN
Nikolai Vasilyevich Nikitin was a construction engineer and
structural designer of the Soviet Union, best known for his
monumental structures. Nikitin wasborn in Tobolsk, Siberia in
1907 to the family of a typographical engineer. In 1930, Nikitin
graduated from the Tom sk Technological Institute with training in
construction.
In 1932, he designed the tram station ofNovosibirsk. By 1937,
hewasliving and workingin Moscow. He turned his attention to
calculations and design offoundations and supporting structures.
In 1957 he was appointed chiefdesigner ofMosproekt Institute
for the Planning of Housing and Civil Engineering Construction
in the City ofMoscow. Nikitin died on 3 March 1973
His selected works are Moscow State University’s 240 m high
mainbuilding (atthe time ofitsconstruction itwasthe tallestbuilding
TAPESCRIPTS 3 2 9
in Europe, built from 1949to 1953); LuzhnikiStadium, colossal
85- meter statue on the Mamayev Kurgan heights overlooking
Volgograd, “The Motherland Calls” and many others.
AmongNikitin’s works — theOstankinoTower — hasgotthe
most fame. Standing 540 metres tall, it is a television and radio
tower in Moscow. Itis named afterthe Ostankinodistrict ofMoscow
in which it is located. Its construction began in 1963 and was
completed in 1967.The tower wasthe first free-standing structure
to exceed 500 m in height. It surpassed the Empire State Building
to become the tallest free-standing structure in the world. The
Ostankino Tower has remained the tallest free-standing structure
in Europe for 42 years.
• TA PESCRIPT ЗА
CONSTRUCTION C AREERS
There are many routes to the different careers within the
construction industry which varyby country. However, there are
three main tiers ofcareersbased on educationalbackground which
are common internationally:
unskilled and semi-skilled — general site labour with little or
no construction qualifications;
skilled — on -site managers who possess extensive knowledgeand
experience in their craft or profession;
technical and management — personnel with the greatest
educational qualifications, usually graduate degrees, trained to
design, manage and instruct the construction process.
Skilled occupations in the UK require further education
qualifications, often in vocational subject areas. These qualifications
are either obtaineddirectlyafterthe completion ofcompulsory education
or through “on thejob” apprenticeship training. In the UK, 8500
construction-related apprenticeships were commenced in 2007.
Technical and specialised occupations require more training as
a greater technical knowledge is required. The professions, like a
civil engineer, a building services engineer, a project manager,
a quantity surveyor structural engineerand others hold more legal
responsibility.
330IАнглийский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
• TAPESCRIPT ЗВ
CONSTRUCTION ENG INEERS
Construction engineers engage in the design of temporary
structures, quality assurance and quality control,building and site
layout surveys, on site material testing, concrete mix design, cost
estimating, planning and scheduling, safety engineering, matenals
procurement, and cost engineering andbudgeting.
To complete projects construction engineers relyon plans and
specifications created by architects, engineers and other
constructors. During most ofthe 20th century structures havebeen
first designed then engineering staff ensure it isbuilt to plans and
specificationsbytesting and overseeing the construction. Previous
to the20th century and more commonlysincethestart ofthe21st
century structures are designed andbuiltin combination, allowing
forsite considerations and construction methods to influence the
design process.
Keeping a workplace safe is a key to having a successful
construction company. Itisthe construction engineer’sjob to make
sure that everythingisconducted correctly. Construction engineers
are alsoinvolved heavilywiththe constructionschedule anddocument
control as well asbudget and cost control.Their role on site isto
provide construction information, including repairs, requests for
information, change orders and payment applications.
Construction engineers should have strong understanding for
math and science, but many other skills are required, including
cntical thinking, listening, learning, problem solving, monitoring
and decision making. Construction engineers have to be able to
think about all aspects ofa problem and listen to others’ ideas so
thatthey can leam everything about a projectbefore itbegins. They
must maintain project control oflabour and equipment for safety,
to ensure the project is on schedule and monitor quality control.
When a problem occurs it is the construction engineer who will
create and enact a solution
TAPESCRIPTS 331
• TAP ESCRIPT 4A
BUILDING
In architecture, construction, engineering and real estate
development the word buildingmay referto one ofthe following:
any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or
sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or an act of
construction. Buildings come in a wide amount of shapes and
functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide
number offactors, from building materials available, to weather
conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and
aesthetic reasons. Buildings serve several needs ofsociety — pnmanly
as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide
privacy, to store belongings and to live and work.
Residentialbuildings are calledhouses/homes, thoughbuildings
containing large numbers ofseparate dwelling unitsare often called
apartment buildings/blocks to differentiate them from the more
“individual”house. Buildingtypesmay rangefrom one-room wood-
framed, masonry, or adobedwellingsto multi-milliondollarhigh-
risebuildings able to house thousands ofpeople.
Increasing settlement density inbuildings and closerdistances
between buildings is usually a response to high ground prices
resulting from manypeople wanting to live close to work or similar
attractors. A multistoreyedbuilding isa building that has multiple
floorsabove ground in the building. Multi-storeybuildings aim to
increase the area ofthe building without increasing the area ofthe
land thebuildingisbuilt on, hence savingland and, in most cases,
money.
• TAPESCRIPT 4B
SKYSCRAPERS
A building many storeys high wasfirst called a skyscraperin the
1880sin the United States. They were developed in the lastpart of
the 19th century as a resultoftechnological advancement and the
social conditions at that time. They are now often referred to as
332 Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
high-risebuildings. The city ofNew York set the skyscraperpattern.
Becausethegroundbeneath the citystreetsis rock,itissolid enough
to take the heaviest loads without subsiding as softer earth would
do, and therefore it is well suited to bearing the weight of tall
buildings.
Architects and civil engineers all over the United States were
experimenting, especially with steel which was much lighterthan
iron. These tall buildings were required so that millions ofpeople
mightbe able to live and work in a comparatively small area. If
skyscrapers are built the population of a whole town can live on
quite a smallplot ofland. Thisis useful where land is expensive.
Skyscrapers have certain disadvantages. Ifthey are built in a
street ofordinary width, where the peoplewho workin them come
pouring out at the end ofthe day, the street willbe overcrowded.
Moreover, a skyscraper throws a long shadow, thereby keeping
the sun from agreat many peopleat certainhours. Two skyscrapers
built nearone another wouldbe aptto trap the fumes ofpetrol in
the spacebetween them. To overcome these difficulties a scheme
called zoning was introduced in the United States in the 1930s,
whereby skyscrapers had to be set a certain distance from other
buildings, depending on their height. Modern skyscrapers are
usuallybuilt with open spaces, pedestrian precincts, or shopping
centres at street levels to make the surroundings more attractive.
• TA PESCRIPT 5A
ROMAN CONCRETE
During the Roman Empire, Roman concrete was made from
quicklime, pozzolana, and an aggregate ofpumice. Concrete, as
the Romansknewit, was in effect a new and revolutionary material.
Laid in the shape ofarches, vaults and domes, itquicklyhardened
into a rigidmass, free from many ofthe internalthrusts and strains
which trouble the builders ofsimilar structures in stone orbrick.
Modem structural concrete differsfrom Roman concrete in two
important details. First, its mix consistency is fluid and
homogeneous, allowing it to be poured into forms rather than
requiring hand-layering together with the placement of aggregate,
TAPESCRIPTS 3 3 3
which, in Roman practice, often consisted of rubble. Second,
integral reinforcing steel gives modern concrete assemblies great
strength in tension, whereas Roman concrete could depend only
upon the strength ofthe concrete bonding to resist tension.
Thewidespread use of concrete in many Roman structures has
ensured that many survive to the present day.The BathsofCaracalla
in Rome arejust one example ofthe longevity of concrete, which
allowed the Romans to build this and similar structures acrossthe
Roman Empire. Many Roman aqueducts and Roman bridges have
masonry cladding to a concrete core, a technique they used in
structures such as the Pantheon, the dome ofwhichis concrete
The secret ofconcrete was lostfor 13 centuries until 1756, when
the Bntish engineerJohn Smeaton pioneered the use ofhydraulic
lime in concrete, using pebbles and powdered brick as aggregate.
Portland cement was first used in concrete in the early 1840s.
• TAPESCRIPT 5B
FROM THE HISTORY OF BRICKMAKING
Bricks were first used forbuilding in the Middle East. More
than 6,000 years ago the Sumerian people livingin the valley ofthe
Tigris and Euphrates riversdiscovered that the muddy claydeposited
bythe two rivers wasidealforbuilding. The clay was mixed with
water and straw and pressedinto rectangular moulds. The bricks
were thenturned out ofthe moulds andleftto dryin the sun. Sun-
dried bricks such as these, known as abode after the clay from
which they are made, are still used forbuilding in warm, dry regions
throughout Africa and South America. Adobe is cheap and can
last for centuries.
The next development in the history ofbrickmaking came around
4,000yearsago when the brickkiln wasinvented in the valley ofthe
Tigris and Euphrates. Brickmakers found that ifbricks were fired
after theyhad been dried in the sun, they were harder andbetter
able to withstand damp. The earliest type ofkiln was a beehive
shaped mound ofdriedbricks with arches atthebottom in which the
fires could be lit. Later kilns were perm anent buildings in which
334J Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
the bricks were slowlyheated up and allowed to cool over aperiod
of fourdays.
From the Middle East, the ancient craft ofbrickmaking spread
westward to Egypt and the Mediterranean and eastward to India
and China. Roman builders brought bricks to Britain in the 1st
centuryAD,but when the Roman Empire fellin the 5th century,
the art ofbrickmaking waslost forsome 600 years. It was revived
by the Italians in the 11th century and spread quickly throughout
northern Europe. Bythe mid-17th centurybrick-built walls were
replacing the old timber frameworks in buildings.
• TA PESCRIPT 6A
THE ELASTIC THEORY OF STRUCTURES
A significant achievement of the first industrial age was the
emergence ofbuilding science, particularly the elastic theory of
structures. Withit, mathematical models couldbe used to predict
structural performance with considerable accuracy, provided there
was adequate quality control ofthe materials used.Althoughsome
elements of the elastic theory, such as the Swiss mathematician
Leonhard Euler’s theory of column buckling (1757), were worked
out earlier, the real developmentbegan with the English scientist
ThomasYoung’s modern definition ofthe modulus of elasticityin
1807. Louis Navierpublished the elastic theory ofbeamsin 1826,
and three methods of analyzing forces in trusses were devisedby
Squire Whipple, A. Ritter, and James ClerkMaxwellbetween
1847 and 1864.The concept of a statically determinate structure —
thatis, a structure whoseforces couldbedeterminedfrom Newton’s
lawsofmotion alone — was setforthbyOtto Mohrin 1874, after
having been used intuitively for perhaps 40 years. Most 19th-century
structures were purposelydesigned and fabricated withpinjoints to
be statically determinate; it was not until the 20th century that
statically indeterminate structures became readily solvable. The
elastic theory formed the basis of structural analysis until World
WarII, whenbomb-damagedbuildings were observedto behavein
unpredicted ways and the underlying assumptions ofthe theory were
found to require modification.
TAPESCRIPTS
-
lili
• TAPESCRIPT 6B
NANOTECHNOLODY'S FOR R EA L
IN THE BUILDING INDUSTRY
Nanotechnology issometimes seen as allhype, with little real-
world application. But nanomaterials are already all around us
Takethebuildingsthat we live and workin, forinstance. You will
find nanotechnology used to create stronger steel, self-cleaning
glass, solar-collecting fabrics, and even smog-eating concrete. And
not only are these nanomaterials present in ourbuildings, they are
makingthem betterplacesto live and work.
Self-cleaning glass has a nanoparticle coating dirt can’t stick
to, eliminating the need for expensive and dangerous manual
window washing on tall buildings. Solar-collecting fabric is the
first of a new wave ofbuilding components that convert solar
radiation into electricity That means no more applying unattractive
solarpanels to the roof,but instead integrating energyproduction
into building facades. Nanocomposite steel is more corrosion
resistant than conventional steel, and can reduce installation costs
byup to 50%.And the quantity required to make abuilding may
be up to 40% lessthan conventional steel. Smog-eating concrete is
producedbyapplying a nanolayer oftitanium dioxide to concrete,
which triggers a catalytic reaction that destroys m any pollutants in
contact with the surface. At the very least, these materials reduce
building m aintenance costs, leaving more money for other
improvements, and they canhelpclean up the environment. They
can reduce energy costs as well.Andfor every nanomaterial available
today, there are approximately seventy more in research and
development, meaning that building construction and architecture
are in for somebig changes thanks to small technology.
• TAP ESCRIPT 7A
A HORIZONTAL SUPPORT
Abeam is a structural component mainly working inbending
through the agency ofvertical forces and that transmits to the bearing
points the loads that are applied to it.Abeam is alengthened and
3 3 6 I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
horizontal support made ofmetal, wood, reinforced orprestressed
concrete and whose section has been studied for agood bending
strength Beams are mainly subjected to bending moments and
shearing forces. Simplebeams are made up of onlyone piece, of
a section calculated to withstand the strains that aim at making
them bending. When the strains become too strong, reinforced
beamsorcompoundbeams arethen used.Beams rest
-
either on abearing with restraint (cantilever) or are restrained
atboth ends (exceptional);
-
either on a cantilever and are then presented as continuous
beams to which havebeen added a number of extra articulations
in order to free oneself ofthe consequences ofthe difference in
level ofthe supports,
-
either on two free bearings, free and restrained; they are
independent or isostaticbeams. Thesebeams work on the positive
bending moment in the middle of span and with simple shearing
force on bearing,
-
either on several bearings (beam in continuity); they are
continuous orhyperstaticbeams. This type ofbeam bears on one
hand apositivebending moment much weakerthan anindependent
beam; but, on the other hand, when on bearing, it bears an
important negativebending moment as well asthe shearingforce.
• TAP ESCRIPT 7B
ROOF
The roof of abuilding often reflects the climate ofthe place in
which thebuilding islocated since itprotects the people initfrom
rain and sun. Indry countries the roofisflat and canbe used as an
outdoor room when the sun is nottoo hot Whereitoften rains the
roofusuallyslopes sothatthe wet can run offit, and where there are
snowfalls, the roofslopes steeplyso thatthe snow will slide off and
notbuild upinto athicklayer. A roofthat slopesis called apitched
roof.
After a time people found it inconvenient to live in a house
with sloping sides, so they built upright walls and laid big beams
TAPESCRIPTS 3 3 7
called tie-beams acrossthe top at regulardistances from each other
Then they put up the triangular frameworks resting on the tie-
beams. These triangles ofbeams are called trusses A ridge-piece,
purlins, and rafters were used to complete the skeleton ofthe roof.
In the MiddleAgesthe woodenframe ofthe roofwas not hidden
by a ceiling on the inside and was often richly decorated. To increase
the effect ofheightand spacethehammer-beam roofwasdesigned
Thishad no tie-beams, but instead there were shortbeams sticking
out from both walls, and to thesebeams othertimbers called struts
were fixed to support the mam rafters.
The waterproof covering of a pitched roof is usually of tiles,
slates, or shingles. Tiles are thin slabs ofbaked clay, generally red
or brown in colour. Stripsofwood calledbattens are fixedto the
outside ofthe rafters, usually oversheets of weatherproof roofing-
felt which help to keep out draughts and wind-blown snow The
tiles, shingles, or slates are then hung on by projecting pieces called
mbs, or nailed or clipped to the battens in regular horizontal
rows or courses. Flat roofs usuallyconsist ofboards covered with
overlapping sheets of roofing felt coated with bitumen When a
roof has to cover a large space, steel trusses are used instead of
wood. Large flat roofs maybe made of reinforced concrete with a
waterproof covering.
• TAPESCRIPT 8A
STRUCTURAL BUILDING ENGINEERING
Structural building engineering includes all structural engineering
related to the design of buildings. It is the branch of structural
engineering that is close to architecture. Structural building
engineering is prim arily driven by the creative manipulation of
materials and forms and the underlying m athematical and scientific
ideas to achieve an end which fulfills its functional requirements
and is structurally safe when subjected to all the loads it could
reasonablybe expected to experience. This is subtly different from
architectural design, which isdrivenbythe creative manipulation
of materials and forms, mass, space, texture and light to achieve
an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic.
338 Английскийязыкдлястудентовстроительныхспециальностей
The structural design for abuilding must ensure thatthebuilding
isable to stand up safely, able to function without deflections or
movements which may cause fatigue ofstructural elements, cracking
or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for
occupants. It must account for movements and forces due to
temperature, creep, cracking andimposedloads. Itmust also ensure
that the design ispracticallybuildable within acceptable manufacturing
tolerances ofthe materials. Itmust allow the architecture to work,
and thebuilding servicesto fitwithin thebuilding and function(air
conditioning, ventilation, electrics, etc). The structural design of
a modembuilding canbe extremelycomplex, and oftenrequires a
large team to complete.
• TA PESCRIPT 8B
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
Structural engineers analyse, design, plan, and research
structural components and structural systems to achieve designgoals
and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants. Their
worktakes accountofsafety,technical, economic and environmental
concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic and socialfactors.
Typical structures designed by a structural engineer include
buildings, towers and bridges. Other structures such as oil rigs,
space satellites, aircraft and ships may also be designed by a
structural engineer. M ost structural engineers are employed in the
construction industry, howeverthere are also structural engineers
in the aerospace, automobile and shipbuilding industries. In the
construction industry, they work closely with architects, civil
engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, surveyors,
and construction managers.
Structural engineers ensure that buildings and bridges are built
to be strong enough and stable enough to resist all appropriate
structural loads in orderto prevent or reduce loss oflife orinjury.
They also design structures to be stiffenough to not deflect or vibrate
beyond acceptablelimits. Fatigue maybe an important consideration
forbridges and for aircraft design, or for other structures which
TAPESCRIPTS 3 3 9
experience a large number of stress cycles over their lifetime
Consideration is also given to durability of materials against possible
deterioration which may impair performance over the design
lifetime.
• TAP ESCRIPT 9A
SURVEYING AS A CAREER
The basic principles of surveying have changed little over the
ages, but the tools usedby surveyorshave evolved tremendously
Engineering, especially civil engineering, depends heavily on
surveyors.
Wheneverthere are roads, railways, reservoir, dams, retaining
walls, bridgesorresidential areasto bebuilt, surveyors are involved.
They establish theboundaries oflegaldescriptionsand theboundaries
ofvariouslines ofpoliticaldivisions. They also provide advice and
data for geographical information systems, computer databases
that contain data on land features and boundaries.
Surveyors must have a thorough knowledge of algebra, basic
calculus, geometry, and trigonometry. They must also know the
laws that deal with surveys, property, and contracts. In addition,
they must be able to use delicate instruments with accuracy and
precision. In the United States, surveyors and civil engineers use
units offeet wherein a surveyfoot isbroken down into lOths and
lOOths.
In most states ofthe U S , surveying isrecognized as adistinct
profession apart from engineering. Licensing requirem ents vary by
state, howeverthese requirements generallyallhave a component
ofeducation, experience and examinations. In the past, expenence
gained through an apprenticeship, together with passing a senes
ofstate-administered examinations, was required to attain licensure
Nowadays, most states insist uponbasic qualification of adegree
in surveying in addition to experience and examination
requirements.
340IАнглийский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
• TA PESCRIPT 9В
MODERN THEODOLITES
In today’s theodolites, the reading out of the horizontal and
vertical circlesis usually done electronically.The readout isdone
bya rotary encoder, which can be absolute, e.g . usingGray codes,
or incremental, using equidistant light and dark radialbands. In
the latter case the circles spin rapidly, reducing angle measurement
to electronic measurement oftime differences. Additionally, lately
computer-controlled display sensors havebeen added to the focal
planeofthe telescope allowingboth auto-taigetmg and the automated
measurement of residual target offset. All this isimplemented in
embedded software.
Also, many modern theodolites, costing up to $10,000 apiece,
are equipped with integrated electro-optical distance measuring
devices, generally infraredbased, allowing the measurement in one
go of complete three-dimensional vectors which can then be
transformed to a pre-existing co-ordinate system in the area by
means of a sufficient number of control points. This technique is
called a resection solution orfree station position surveying and is
widelyused in mapping surveying The instruments, “ intelligent”
theodolites called self-registering tacheometers or “total stations” ,
perform the necessary operations, saving data into internal
registering units, or into external data storage devices. Typically,
ruggedized laptops are used asdata collectorsforthispurpose.
• TAP ESCRIPT 10A
FOUNDATIONS OF LOW-RISE BUILDINGS
All foundations must transmit the building loads to a stable stratum
of earth. There are two criteria for stability: first, the soil under
the foundations shouldbe able to receive theimposed load without
more than about 2.5 centimetres of settlement and, second, the
settlement should be uniform under the entire building. Itis also
importantthatthebottom ofthefoundationbebelow the maximum
winter frost level Wet soil expands as it freezes, and repeated
TAPESCRIPTS 341
freeze-thaw cycles can move the building up anddown, leading to
possible displacement and damage. M aximum frost depth varies
with climate and topography It can be asdeep as 1.5 metres in
cold continental climates and is zeroin tropical and some subtropical
areas.
The foundation systems forlow-rise residentialbuildings are
suitable for their light loads; nearly all are supported on spread
footings, which are of two types — continuous footings that
support walls and isolatedpad footings that support concentrated
loads. The footings themselves are usually made of concrete
poured directlyon undisturbed soilto a minimum depth of about
30 centimetres.
Foundation walls canbebuilt ofreinforced concrete or masonry,
particularlyconcrete block. Concrete blocks are ofa standard size
largerthan bricks and arehollow, forming agrid ofverticalplanes.
They are the least expensive form of masonry — using cheap but
strong material — and theirlarge size economizes on the labour
required to lay them. Their appearance and weatheringproperties
are inferiorto those offired masonry,but they are satisfactoryfor
foundation walls, in someplacestimberfoundation walls and spread
footings are used Excavation for foundations is the most highly
mechanized operationin thisbuilding type; itisdone almost entirely
withbulldozers andbackhoes.
• TAPESCRIPT 10B
PIPE PILES
Pipe pilesare a type of steel drivenpile foundation and are a
good candidate for battered piles. Pipe pilescan bedriven either
open end or closed end.Whendriven open end, soil is allowedto
enter thebottom ofthepipeor tube. Ifanemptypipe is required,
a jet of water or an auger canbe used to remove the soilinside
following driving. Closed end pipe piles are constructed by covering
thebottom ofthepilewithasteelplate orcast steel shoe. In some
cases, pipe piles are filled with concrete to provide additional
moment capacity or corrosion resistance.
342IАнглийский язык для студентов строительных специально' тей
In the United Kingdom, thisis not generallydone in order to
reduce the cost. In these cases, corrosionprotection isprovidedby
allowing for asacrificial thickness of steel orby adopting a higher
grade of steel. Ifa concrete filledpipe pileis corroded, most ofthe
load carrying capacity of the pile will remain intact due to the
concrete, whileitwillbelost in an emptypipepile.
The structural capacity ofpipepilesisprimarilycalculated based
on steel strength and concrete strength (iffilled). The thickness of
the steel consideredfordetermining capacity istypicallyreducedby
1/16 in. compared to the actual pipe to account for corrosion.
Steelpipe piles can either be new steel manufactured specifically
for the piling industry or reclaimed steel tubular casing previously
used for otherpurposes such as oil and gas exploration.
• TAPESCRIPT 11A
MASONRY WALLS
Structural masonry walls are primarily used in multistoreyed
buildings, where they offergreater load-bearing capacity and fire
resistance. Brick and concrete block are the major materials, brick
being favoured for exterior surfacesbecause ofits appearance and
durability. Solidbrick walls are rarelyused due to the higherlabour
and material costs; composite walls ofbrick andblock orblock alone
are common.
Cavity walls are used in colder climates; in these, two with
verticallayers of masonry are built on either side of alayer of rigid
insulation. The wythes arejoined togetherby steel reinforcement
that runs through the insulation and is laid in the horizontal masonry
joints at intervals. Cavity walls have a heat-flow rate that is 50
percent ofthat of a solid wall.Timberfloor and roof construction,
similar to balloon framing, is used with masonry construction;
and there is also some use ofprecast prestressed hollow concrete
panels which are fireproof and can span up to nine metres.
SUPPLEMEMARY READING 343
• TA PESCRIPT 11B
VENEER MASONRY
A masonry veneer wall consists ofmasonry units, usuallyclay-
based bricks, installed on one or both sides of a structurally
independent wall usuallyconstructed of wood or masonry. In this
contextthe brick masonry isprimarily decorative, not structural.
Thebrick veneeris generally connected to the structural wallby
bnckties (metal strips that are attached to the structural wall, as
well asthe mortarjoints ofthebrick veneer).There istypicallyan
airgapbetween the brick veneer and the structural wall.As clay-
based brick is usually not completely waterproof, the structural wall
will often have a water-resistant surface (usually tar paper) and
weep holes can be left at the base of the brick veneer to drain
moisture that accumulates inside the air gap. Concrete blocks,
real and cultured stones, and veneer adobe are sometimes used in
a very similar veneer fashion.
Most insulated buildings that utilize concrete block, brick,
adobe, stone, veneers or some combination thereoffeature interior
insulation in the form offiberglassbatts between wooden wall studs
or in the form of rigid insulation boards covered with plaster or
dry wall. In mostclimatesthisinsulationis much more effective on
the exterior of the wall, allowing the building interior to take
advantage ofthe aforementioned thermal mass ofthe masonry. This
technique does, however, require some sort of weather-resistant
exterior surface overthe insulation and, consequently, isgenerally
more expensive.
• TAPESCRIPT 12A
INTERIOR FINISHES OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Interior finishes and space-division systems define the living
spaces within residentialbuildings with a range ofboth natural and
synthetic materials. The most widely used wall finish is gypsum
board, a prefabricated form oftraditional wet plaster. Wet gypsum
plaster is cast between paperfacings to form large panels that are
344IАнглийский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
nailed to lighttimber or metal frameworks Thejoints between the
panels are filled with a hard-setting resin compound, giving a
smooth seamless surface that has considerable fire resistance. Gypsum
board forms the substrate to which a number of other materials,
including thin wood-veneered plywood and vinyl fabrics, can be
applied with adhesives. In wet areas such as kitchens and bathrooms,
water-resistant gypsum board is used, sometimes with the addition
of adhesive-applied ceramic tile.
Doors in residential buildings are usually of the hollow, core
type, with thin veneers of wood glued over a honey-comb paper
core and solid wood edge strips: door frames are typically made of
machined timber shapes. Plasticlaminates bonded to particleboard
are extensivelyused forbuilt-in cabinets and countertops. The most
common floorfinish is carpeting, most of whichis now made of
synthetic fibres, displacing the traditional wool and cotton. It can
be easily maintained and its soft visual and tactile texture as well as
its sound-absorbing qualities make it attractive for residential use.
Hardwoods — primarilyoak,birch, and maple — are also usedfor
floors, both in the traditional narrow planks nailed to plywood
decks and asprefabricated parquet elements which are applied with
adhesives. In wet or hard-use areas vinyl-composition tiles or
ceramic tiles are used.
• TAPESCRIPT 12B
PLASTER SLABS
For partitions and ceilings, plaster slabs are now in general use
when work has to be finished quickly. For ceilings they require
simplyto be nailed to thejoists, thejoints being made with plaster,
and the whole finished with a thin setting coat. In some cases,
withfireprooffloors, forinstance, the slabs are hung up with wire
hangers so as to allow a space of several inchesbetween the soffit of
the concrete floor and the ceiling. For partitions the slabs frequently
have the edges tongued and grooved to form abetter connection;
often, too, they are holed through vertically, so that, when grouted
in with semi-fluid plaster, the whole partition isbound together,
SUPPLEMENTARY READING 345
as it were, withplasterdowels. Where verygreat strength isrequired
the work may be reinforced by small iron rods through the slabs.
This forms a very strong and rigid partition which is at the same
time fire-resisting and oflightweight, and when finished measures
onlyfrom two to fourinches(102 mm)thick.
The slabs maybe obtained either with a keyed surface, which
requiresfinishing with a setting coat when the partition or ceiling
isin position, or a smooth finished face, which maybe papered
or painted immediately the joints have been carefully made.
Partitions are also formed with one or other ofthe forms of metal
lathing fixed to iron uprights andplastered on both sides. So strong
is the result that partitions ofthis class only two or three inches
(76mm) thick were used fortemporary cellsforprisoners at Newgate
Gaol during the rebuilding of the new sessions house in the Old
Baileyin London.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Высшая школа, 1978.
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турных и строительных специальностей.
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строительству и новым технологиям.
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LIBLIOGRAPHY 3 47
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Режим доступа: http://en.wikipedia.org.
CONTENTS
П р е д и с л о в и е .............................................................................................................. 3
UNIT 1. BUILDING C ONSTRUCTION............................................................... 6
UNIT 2. GREAT C IV IL E N G IN E E R S ............................................................... 29
UNIT 3 . JO BS IN CONSTR UCTION.................................................................49
UNIT 4 . A LIVING P L A C E ....................................................................................71
UNIT 5. BUIL DING M AT ERIALS ...................................................................... 93
UNIT 6 . BU ILDING S C IE NC E..........................................................................1 1 9
UNIT 7 . STRUCTURAL E LEM ENTS................................................................143
UNIT 8 . STRUCT URAL E N G IN E E R IN G ..................................................... 167
UNIT 9. S U R V EY ING ...........................................................................................189
UNIT 1 0. FOUNDATIONS OF B U IL D IN G S ................................................ 212
UNIT 1 1. BUIL DING TH E W A L L S ................................................................233
UNIT 1 2 . FINISH ING TH E IN S I D E ............................................................ 2 5 5
SUPPLEM ENTARY READ ING ............................................................................276
T A P E S C R IP T S ..........................................................................................................326
B ib li o g r a p h y ..........................................................................................................3 46
Серия
«Высшее образование»
Гарагуля Сергей Иванович
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ
Learning Building Construction in English
Ответственный
за выпуск
Корректор
Художник
Верстка:
Кузнецов В.
Семенова О.
Тимофеева Е.
Патулова А.
Сдано в набор 28 01 2011 г. Подписано в печать 25.07 2011 г
Формат 84 х 108 1/ 32 Бумага типографская.
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