Author: Аксёнова М.
Tags: издания для определенного назначения всеобщая история всемирная история энциклопедия для детей
ISBN: 5-94623-078-6
Year: 2004
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12
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13
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32
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KHX nOTonax COXpaHHJIaCL B wYMepCKHx npe)];aHH-
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KOTOphIH mYMephI C'IIHTaJIH He TOJIbKO CBoeH peB-
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illYMephI CHJIbHO OTJIlftlaJIHCb OT oKpymaBlliHx HX
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COCTaBJIeHhI MHOrOTOMHbIe CJIOBapH WYMepCKoro Sl3hI-
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creneHHO CTaJIO HCHO, 'tITO .n;peBHemYMepCKHH Sl3bIK
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TaIOTCSI nO):tbICKaTb HM .pO.n;HlOt H Ha KaBKa3e, H B
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no "ta3bIB8JI CTeHLI rJIHHOH, tlT06bI OH He pa3BaJIH-
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npe,ZJ;MeT1d YTBapH H .n;eTCKHe HrpYWKH. illYMepbI
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IT ceu pa60TaJI Tax: H3 CbIpoH rJIHHbI H3roTOBJI.HJIaCh
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CTaHOBHJIHCb TBepAhIMH, KaK KaMeHb. CaMbIe paH-
HHe 3aDHCH npHHMJIe:>KaT XpaMOBhIM 'IIHHOBHHK8.M -
OHH OJImHbI 6bIJIH CtIHTaTb, CKOJIbKO 3epHa, MaCJIa
H MSlca npOH3Be eHO B X03.HHCTBe, CKOJIbKO BhIAaHO
pa60THHKaM Ha nponHTaHHe, CKOJlhKO OCTaJlOCh B
pacnOp.HmeHHH xpaMa. ApXeOJIOrH HayqHJIHCb CKJIa-
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IIOJIyqaTb, eCJIH OCYWHTb 60JIOT8 H npOBeCTH BO,AY
K CYXHM yqacTKaM.
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e HH.HJIaCb C no.n;3eMHbIMH rpYHTOBbIMH Bo aMH, a
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45
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46
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CKOM npe,n;meCTBeHHHKe 6YMarH, H3rOTOBJIHBmeMCH
CJIOmHbIM cnoc060M H3 pacTeHHSI nanHpyc, - H co-
XpaHHJIHCb ,n;o HamHX AHeii.
OJIroe BpeMH erHnTHHaM y,naBaJIOCh oxpaHHTb
,nOJIHHY HHJIa OT qYJKe3eMHbIx BTOpJKeHHH. 3a nep-
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O,nHH pa3 6hIJIa 3aBOeBaHa KOqeB:bIMH nJIeMeHaMH
rHKCOCOB OKOJIO 1710 r. ,no H. s. (CM. CT. .BoeHHoe
,neJIO peBHero BOCTOKa.). MeHhme 'tleM Qepe3 200
JIeT 3aBOeBaTeJIeH H3rHaJIH, H ErHneT BCTynHJI B
snoxy ,nJIHTeJI:bHOrO paCnBeTa. O,nHaKo no coce,nCTBY
C HHM, B ITepe,n;Heii A3HH, o,nHa 3a ,n;pyroH CTaJIH
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CTpaHY B ,nOJIHHe HHJIa 3aBOeB8.JIH CHaq.aJIa aCCH-
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o BeJIHKOM npOmJIOM CBoeH pO)J;HHhl.
H He YCTynHJIH MO HOH erHneTCKoli ,n;epmaBe HH
Ha nOJIe 6paHH, HH B HCKYCCTBe )J;HnJIOMaTHH.
HaqaBmHecSI B KOH e XIX B. paCKonKH B neHT-
p8JIbHbIX paiiOHax MaJIOH A3HH (coBpeMeHHaH Typ-
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CTOJIHneH XaTTyca pacnOJIaraJICH HMeHHO 3)J;eCL. Ap-
XeOJIOrH HanIJIH COTHH rJIHHHHLIX nJIHTOK nOKphITLIX
nHChMeHaMH. 3HaqKH Ha MHorHX nJIHTKax OKa38JIHCh
3HaKOMLI yqeH:bIM - 3TO 6LIJIa aKK CKaH KJIHHOnHCL
XeTT:bI nepeHHJIH ee Y :>KHTeJIeH MeiK)J;ypeqhs.
59
I
LlPEBHV1111 BOCTOK
IIpotIecT:b HX, O HaKO, He Y aJIOC:b - Ha nHCH 6hIJIH
COCTaBJIeHhI Ha HeH3BeCTHOM (xeTTCKOM) SI3bIKe. Pac-
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MaJIyID A3HIO - C 3ana a, C BaJIKaHCKOro nOJIYOCT-
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61
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64
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BeHHe Mem,zw 3JIJIHHH3HPOB8.HHOH QaCTbIO HaCeJIeHH.H,
no.n;.n;epmaHHoH npoKypaTopoM reCHeM c:l>JIOpOM, H
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HH30H B HepycaJIHMe 6hIJI nepe6HT, H BOCCTaHHe
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70
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po.n;. OCTaBmeeC.H B mHBhIX HaCeJIeHHe 6hIJIO npOAa-
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K MbICJIH peWHTb np06JIeMY IIaJIecTHHbl nyreM Ha-
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a Ha MeCTe pa3pymeHHoro xpaMa XOTeJI nOCTpOlITb
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8H,l];H Be OCTaBJI.HJI 003 BHHM8HH.H U coce eii. He-
CKOJIbKO COTea TbIC.H HHLCKHX paTHHKo:a CJIO)KH-
JIH rOJIOBbI 80 BpeM.H Doxo a npOTHB rocy)];apCTBa
HaHblOe aa lOre.
O.u;Ha>KAhI npeACKa3aTeJIb npe.u;peK: .IIory6.HT
QHHh XYC h1, 'liTO Ha ceBepet. BCTpeBO:>KeHHhIH ro-
cy aph OTp.H)tHJI TLIC.HqH JIID eH Ha nocTpoHKY 060-
pOBHTeJIDBoro B8Jla npOTHB .ceBepHbIX )];HKapeHt.
B03Bo STOT Ban nOCJIaJIH H Bcex HecnpaBe JIH-
BLIX cy.u;eii. TaK 6hIJIO nOJIOmeHO Ha1laJIO CTPOH-
TeJIbCTBY BaRb JIH 11811 1IaH (CTeHLI .lVIHHOH B 10 TbIC.
JIH) - BeJIHKOH KHTaHcKoH CTeHLI. CnycKaSlcb B
)];OJIHHhI H BnOJI3aH Ha ropHhIe Kp}"IH, OHa paCT.H-
HYJIaCb C aan8Jta ua BOCTOK. MHorne nOKOJIeHH.H KH-
TaH eB npHCTpaHBaJIH HOBbIe CTeHhI H 6amHH, no)];-
HOBJISL1IH CTapLIe.
HHh IIIH-XY8.H)tH He 3HM YAep)KY B CBOHX npH-
XOT.HX. BCHKUH pa3, KOr)];a ero BOHCKO cOKpymaJIO
BJI8CTD KOro-JIH60 113 BJI eTeJIbHhIX KH.H3eH, nHHb-
CKHH BJI8AbIKa nOBeJIeB8JI nOCTpOHTh ce6e TaKoR me
)];BOpe , KaK y nOBepmeHHoro rOCYAapSl. Ko )];BOP-
r(8M P cnOJIOmeHHblM 38 npe eJIaMH CTOJIH:rtbl, npo-
KJIa;:thIBaJIH oropomeHBbIe BaJI8.MH .u;oporu.
¥CLInaJILHHD.a HHb illH-xyaH,ltH MO>KeT nOT.H-
raTbCSI C nHp8MH aMH t}>apaOHOB .D:peBHero ErHDT8.
B Te eHHe 37 JIeT 720 TLIC. eJIOBeK CTpOHJIH ee a8
LlPEBHIfIJ7t KIfITAJ7t I
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CocyA «Ty..
6POH3a.
KHTaA. II TblCR"teAeTHe AD H. 3.
rope JIH. BHaqaJIe B rope BbIpLIJIII rpOMaAHYIO .HMY,
)];OKOnaBmHCh )];0 Tpex KJIIO'Ieii. BOJJ;Y OTBeJIH, H OT-
BepCTHH 3aJIHJIH Me)];LIO. Ha.n; HMOH HaCbIn8JIH KYP-
raH, 3aCa.D;HB ero )];epeBbSlMH If KYCTapHHK8.MH. HO
MOrHJIhI H CTeHhI BhIJIO>KHJIH OTnOJIHpOBaHHLIMH
KaMH.HMH H .HmMoii. Ha nOJIY nOCT8.BHJIH Mo.u;eJIH
CB.H eHHbIX rop H HanOJIHeHHbIe PTYTblO no.u;06H.H
Mopeii H peK C nJIaBalO HMH no HRM 30JIOTLIMH H
cepe6p.HHhIMH nTH 8.MH. IIoTOJIKY npHJJ;8.JIH BH.u; He6a
C pa3JIH HbIMH CBeTHJI8MH. BMecTe c UHHb IIIH-xy-
aHAH B MOrllJIY nOJIOmHJIH HeCKOJILKO COTeH ,l\eBY-
meK, B TOM qHCJIe H eC.HTL ceCTep rocy.u;ap.R.
BCKope nOCJIe KOH'IlfHLI nepBoro xyaH)];H BcnbIX-
HYJIa Me)K yyc06H a. IIo6e,l\HTeJIeM B CXBaTKe 3a
BJIaCTb BLImeJI JIID BaH, BOJIOCTHOH Ha'tlaJIbHHK. OH
nOJIomHJI Ha1laJIO AHHaCTHH P8HHeH, HJIH 3an HoR,
XaHL (206 r. l1.0 H.3. - 25 r. H. a.).
IIpeKpaTHTL pa360H If KpOBOnpOJIHTHe, BOCCTaHO-
BHTb pa3pymeuHoe BO BpeMH Me)K,l\yyc06u LI X03S1H-
CTBO - TaKOBhI 6bIJIH CTpeMJIeHHS HMnepaTopa HO-
BOH l1.HHaCTHH. .3a y6HHCTBO - CMepTL y6HHu.e, a8
paHeHHe Ii pa360H - COOTBeTCTBYIO ee HaKa3a-
HHet - rJIaCHJI )];OrOBOp, 3aKJIIO'IIeHHbIH JIIO BaHoM
co cTapeHWHHaMH QUHb. OH OTMeHHJI )KeCTOKHe 3a-
KOHLI IJ.HHLCKOH HMnepHH.
IIo OKOHqaHHH BOHHLI C conepHHKaMH JIIO BaH
cpa3Y pacnYCTHJI 'IIaCTL apMHIi, pa3pemHJI 6bIBlliHM
93
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BOHHaM 3aH.HTbCH CeJIhCKHM X03HHCTBOM H peMeC"
OM. OAHOBpeMeHHO 6 a oTny eHa Ha CBo6oAY
'tJ:aCTL nO.D;HeBOJILH:bIX JIIO.D;eH.
IIoJIHTHKa BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH CeJILCKOrO X03.HHCTBa,
npOBOAHBWaSlC.H Ha nepBhIX nopax cy ecTBOBaHH.H
.D;HHaCTHH XaH:b, .u;8.JIa CBOH DJIO)J;bI. PaHee 3a6po-
meHH:bIe H nYCTYIO He 3eMJIH 06peJIH BJIMeJIL eB
H CTaJIH nJIO,l\OpO)];H MH. IIo)];'beMY CeJILCKOX03S1HCT-
BeHHOrO npOH3BOJJ;CTBa cnOC06CTBOBaJIO COBepmeHCT-
BOBaHlie OPY.D;HH H npHeMOB arpOTeXHHKH. (c 'YnOJI-
HOMOqeHHLIH no H3LICKaHHIO 3epHat qmao ro
npHMeHHJI MeTOA CMeHbI nOJIeH, T. e. TpeXnOJILHYIO
cHcTeMY. TOT me qmao fo H306peJI napHYIO coxy.
B Hee BnpSlraJIH ABYX 6LIKOB, ynpaBJI.HeMbIX TpeM.H
naXap.HMH. .D:JI.H YBeJIlftIeHH.H nJIO H o6pa6aTLIBae-
MLIX 3eMeJIb paCmHp.HJIaCb HppHran;HOHHaSl CHCTeMa.
PeMOHTHpOBaJIHCL Ii coopy.maJIHCL pe'tJ:HLIe AaM6LI H
KaHaJILI. IIpH npaBHTeJISlX AHHacTHH XaHL HeqHHOB-
HLIH JIIOA nOJIy'tJ:HJI B03MomHOCTL pa3pa6aTLIBaTL
nOJIe3H:bIe HCKonaeMLIe. B n;apcTBoBaHHe HMnepaTopa
BSHL-AH HaCeJIeHHIO pa3pemHJIH CBo6o.D;HO 3aHHMaTL-
C.H 06:bIqeH COJIH 11 meJIe3a. Pa3BHTHIO peMeCJIa
cnoco6CTBOBaJIH c03.D;aBaeMLIe Ka3HoH .meJIe30.D;eJIa-
TeJILHbIe MacTepcKHe. B HHX pa60TaJIH HCKycHLIe
MacTepoBLIe.
ITepBLIM np8BHTeJI.HM .D;OMa XaHL npHlliJIOCL Yl1.e-
JIHTL OCHOBHoe BHHMaHHe BOCCTaHOBJIeHHIO pa3py-
meHHoro Me)K)];yyco6H aMH X03S1HcTBa. Eo BpeMeHH
BCTynJIeHHH Ha npeCTOJI rOCYA8p.H JIm qa (140-
87 IT. .D;O H. 3.) n;eHTpanLHaSl BJIaCTL OKpenJIa, O)KIIB-
JIeHHe npOH3BO CTBa nOnOJIHHJIO Ka3HY. MomHo
6DIJIO 06paTHTb CHJILI Ha pacmHpeHHe rpaHHn;. JIIO
"13 OnpaB,l);:bIBaJI CBoe HMnepaTopCKoe HMH - Y -,l);H
(rocy AapL- BOHH).
Ho BOHRLI 6DIJIH pa30pHTeJILHhl .D;JI.H CTpaHLI.
MHOmHJIHCh H8.JIOrH B Ka3HY. H3-3a BOHH He XBaTa-
JIO PYK 11.1ISI peMOHTa opOCHTeJILHLIX coopymeHHH.
¥qaCTHJIHCL HaBOAHeHHSI H 3aCYXH. Pa30peHHe 3a-
XBaTHJIO H )];epeBHID, Ii ropo)];. ¥me B KOHn;e n;apCT-
BOBaHH.H ¥-AH HapO.D; CTaJI 6paTLC.H 3a opymHe. IIpH
npeeMHHKe ¥-)];H Ha'tJ:aJIHCL 6YHTLI B caMOH CTOJIHne.
HMnepaTopCKHH TpOH 3aXB8THJI caHOBHHK BaH
MaH H B 9 r. H. 3. npOB03rJIRCHJI ce6.H npaBHTeJIeM.
)];JIJI YKpenJIeHH.H CBoeH BJIaCTH OH npHcTynHJI K
pe$opMaM. OTBeTOM Ha HHX .HBHJIHCL MO HLIe Ha-
pO.D;HbIe BLIcTynJIeHH.H - BOCCTaHH.H . KpaCHo6po-
94
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KHTaH.
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BLIX. , KOTopLIe RpaCHJIH ce6e 6pOBH B KpaCHhIH
BeT, 'tJ:To6LI OTJIH1J:aTLC.H OT BORBOB BaH aHa
.mHTeJIeH 3eJIeHLIX JIeCOB)) (O.D;HH H3 O aroB BOCCTa-
HH.H 6LIJI B ropax JIYJIHHL WaHL, qTO 3HaqHT ropbl
3eJIeHLlX JIeCOB.).
Ha BOJIHe BhlcTynJIeHHH npOTHB BaR MaHa, y6H-
Toro B 23 r., BhI BHHYJICSI JIIO CIO. B 25 r. OR npH-
H.HJI THTYJI rocy apH, nOJIo.mHB Ha'llaJIO BOCTO'tlHO -,
HJIH II03AHeH, XaHLCKOH HHaCTHH (25-220 rr.).
BOCTOqHOH OHa Ha3LIBaJIaCL nOTOMY, qTO CTOJIH a
6hIJIa nepeHeceHa C 3an8,Zl;a - H3 ropo.Aa 'tJaH8.HL -
Ha BOCTOR, B ropo.D; JIO.HH.
B SIIOXY BOCTO'tJ:HOH XaHL JISI BLlnJIaBKH 1l}TY-
HR H BLInapHBaHH.H COJIH CT8JIH npHMeHHTb rH,q-
paBJIHqeCKHe B03.D;YXO.D;YBKH y neqeH, KOTop e
pa60TaJIH Ha npHpO HOM ra3e. BhIJI HaH,l\eH cno-
co6 H3rOTOBJIeHHSI JJ;emeBOH 6YMarH H3 )J;peBeCHOH
KOpLI, O'tJ:eCKOB KOHOnJIH, TpSlnL.R, CTapLIX p 6o-
JIOBHLIX CHaCTeH.
HOBa.H .D;HHaCTH.H 6LIJIa BOHHCTBeHHoii. BeJIHCh
BOHHhI C CeBepHhIM BbeTHaMOM, np8BHTeJI:bH Ita
ROToporo OTKa3aJIaCL nJIaTHTh JJ;aHL KHTaHCKO Y
BOpy; O)KeCTOqeHHO CpamaJIHCL KHTaHCKHe BOHCKa
C XYHHaMH B D:eHTpaJILHOH A3HH.
BHyTpH CTpaHbI TaK>Ke llIJIa 60pL6a. CMepTeJILHhIM
YJJ;apOM .D;JI.H .D;HHaCTHH BOCTO'tJ:HaH X8.HL UOCJ1Y'KHJIO B
184 r. KpeCTLSlHCKoe BOCCTaHHe .meJITIUX nOBSl30K
(TaKHe nOBSl3KH HOCHJIH Ha rOJIOBax nOBCT8HIUd). IIa-
.D;eHHe .D;HBaCTHH JJ;OBepmHJIa MeJK c06HD:a qJIHOB
ROB H 3eMJIeBJI eJILn;eB. IIocJIe,l(HHH roCYAapL Bo -
TO'tJ:HOH XaH& C.RHb- H 6LIJI YBe3eH H3 CTOJI H CT
3aJIOmHHKOM BOeHaqaJIbHHKOB ,l(yu qmo H ao 80.
06a, KaK H HX npe.D;WeCTBeHHHK BaR MaR, C'tIHT8lOT-
C.R BeJIHqaHmHMH H3MeHHHRaMH B HCTOpHIi K aR,
H60 OHH npe.D;aJIH CBoero rOCYAap.H.
C na,neHHeM BOCTO'tJ:HOH X8.HhCKOH AHH8CTHH e
Hoe KHTaHCKoe rocy apcTBO paCD8.JIOCb Ha TP ca-
MOCTO.RTeJILHLIX I:(apCTBa: BaH CO cTo.1I1fI(eii B JIOH-
He, Y CO CTOJIHn;eH B D:3.HHLKaHe II my co CTO eH
B qaH Y. HacTynHJI nepHO,n; Tpoen;apCTBHH, "IaB-
mHMCSI C 220 no 280 r. H cOnpOBO)K 8.BmHHCH Me>K-
Ayyco6H:u;aMH H CMYTaMH. B 263 r. BOHCK8 apCTBa
BSH YHH'tJ:TomHJIH n;apCTBO illy, B 280 r. - nOKO-
pHJIH apCTBO ¥. C 265 r. npaBH aSl ):tHHaCTHH
Ha3LIBaJIa ce6.H 3aII8,ZI;HOH U;3HHL. 'tJepe3 eCJlTh JIE T
nOCJIe 06'be HHeHH.H CTpaHhI BCDhIXHYJI HTem BOCb-
.ilPEBH5ISI SlnOH 51
I
MH KHH3eH, nOTOM npOH30mJIO BTopmeHHe 3an -
HhIX 11 ceBepHldX KO'tJ:eBhIX nJIeMeH B paHOH eHT-
paJIbHOH paBHHHbI.
B 316 r. ,ltHHaCTH.H 3an Ha.H 3HHL 6blJIa Bbl-
Hy eHa nepeHeCTH CTOJIHII.Y Ha lOr. B 318 r. ee
npaBHTeJID 6hIJI CBeprHYT, H CTaJIa npaBHTL )J;HHac-
THSI BOCTOqHaSl 3HHL (317-420 rr.) co CTOJIHu.eH
B 3HHbKaHe (HbIHe HaHKHH). B 420 r. TpOH 3a-
XBaTHJI BOeH8't1aJILHHR JIIO lOii, OCHOBaB )J;HHaCTHIO
CYH. HaQ8JICSI nepHo IO)KHLIX )];lfHacTHH. KHTaH-
LlPEBH5I5I 5InOHV151
.rOBOp.HT, eCTD npeKpaCHa.H cTpaHa, oRPymeHHa.H co
Bcex CTOpOH roJIy6LIMH rOpaMH. IIotleMY 6:bI He nOH-
TH TYAa? - 06paTHJICSI HBapo R CBoeMY 6paTY Mu.y-
C3. BocnpHHHB ero MOJIqaHHe RaK COrJIaCHe, HBapo
pemHTeJILHO )J;068.BHJI: - IIoH)J;eM TYAa..
TaR, cornaCHO npe,naHHIO, npoH30mJIO nepeCeJIeHHe
JIIO;J;eH WIeMea T3HCOH If H,lJ;3YMO C OCTpOBa KIOCIO Ha
OCTpOB XOHCIO. HBapo nOC HJI CBOHX JIIOJJ;eii Ha KO-
pa6JIH H OTnp8.BHJIC.R B nYTL. CeML JIeT AJIHJIC.R no-
XOA. OHH 060rHYJIH 6epera po.n;Horo KIOCIO, BblmJIH B
HnoHcKoe ope H BbIC HJIHCL Ha 3an HOM n06epe-
,)KLe XOHCIO. IIpoABHraHcL Ha BOCTOR, OHH nOCeJIH-
JIHCL Ha paBHHHHbIX 3eMJI.RX, ROTopbIe n03.n;Hee co-
CTaBHJIH BJI eHH.H C03)J;aHHOro HMH rocYJJ;apcTBa HMaTo
H aBHJIHCh eHTpoM CT8.HOBJIeHHSI anOHCRoro Hapo.n;a.
O,z:r;HaKO MBapo RaK Bpara BCTpeTHJIH CTapeHmH-
RbI nJIeMeH, pSHee 060CHOBaBIlIHXCH B 3THX MeCTax.
OHH OKa38JIH CHJIbHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe npHweJIbu.aM-
3aBOeBaTeJIHM. Oco6eHHO yrropHo CpamaJIHCL MeCT-
HLIH CTapellimma HaraCYH3-XHRO II ero CTOpOHHHRH.
HBapo npHmJIOCL ,z:r;ame nOKHHYTL HMaTO. TOJILRO
nOCJIe rH6eJIH Bpara OH co CBOHMH COnJIeMeHHHKa-
MH BepHYJICSI TYAa.
IIoceJIHBmHcb Ha HOBOM MeCTe, HBapo, KaR rJIa-
CRT JIere a, nepBLIM ,z:r;eJIOM BLICTpoHJI CBHTHJIH e .n;JIS
XpaHeHHSI Tpex BOJIme6HhIX npe)J;MeTOB: MeTaJIJIH'tJ:e-
CKom 3epK8JIa, Meqa H .HWMOBOro OmepeJIb.H. CorJIac-
HO nOBepLHM, ux nepe.n;aJIa KaR 3HaRH BJIaCTH CBO-
eMY BHYKY - 60ry HHHHrH - 60rHH.H COJIHu.a
AMaT3pacy. 06JI8,ltaHHe lIMH )J;8.B8JI0 HBapo nOBoA npH-
qUCJIHTL ce6H K HaCJIe.n;HHKaM 60rOB H ClIHTaTL CBOIO
BJIaCTL 60mecTBeHHOH. CBOHMH 3aBOeBaTeJIbHLIMH no-
XO,l\aMH OR nOJIOmHJI HatlaJIO 06pa30BaHHIO 06 enJIe-
MeHHoro COI03a no rJIaBeHCTBOM Bom eH, a n03,l\Hee
apeH - T3HHO. HBapo, RaR C006m;8lOT .HnOHCKHe
JIeTOnnCH, np8BHJI C 660 no 585 r. AO H.3. IIocJIe
CMepTH ero HapeKJIH ,n3HMMY-T3HHO - He6eCHbIH HJIH
BomecTBeHHbIH apb.
Ha'tJ:HHaJI C 3HMMY-T3HHO, BJIaCTL B pO)J;Y npa-
BHTeJI.H fl. aTO nepeXO HJIa no HaCJIe.n;CTBY. BH a'tJ: a-
JIe napL MaJIO OT JIH'tJ:8.JIC.R no CBoeMY nOJIOmeHHIO OT
rJI8.B:bI rocnOJ];CTBYIO ero pO)J;a HJIH BOm,l\H nJIeMe-
HR HO nOCTeneHHO ero BJIaCTL pacnpOCTpaHHJIaCL H
Ha OCT8.JIbH:bIX BO)K,l\eH flM8TO. C YBeJIH'tJ:eHHeM RO-
eCTBa HeHOB apCRoro pOAa CTaHOBHTC.H 06 -
tlae. H8AeJI.RT:b HX 3eMJIeH.
CRHM rocy,n;apCTBaM IOmH:bIX AHHaCTHH npOTHBO"
CTO.HJIH rocy)];apCTBa, C03,lJ;aHH:ble B CeBepHOM KHTae
ApeBHeMOHrOJILCRHM HapO)J;OM C.RHb6H. Bo rJIaBe HX
CTOHJIH npaBHTeJIH H3 )J;IIHaCTHH CeBepHaH BaH, Ce-
BepHa.H H H CeBepHa.H qmoy.
HeCMOTpa Ha Mem.n;yyc06HD;bI xaBLCKHX npa-
BHTeJIeH, K 3TOMY BpeMeHH npOH30nIJIO CT8.HOBJIeHHe
H ynpOqeHHe 06 HOCTH X8.HbCROrO HapO)J;a, OCHOBaH-
HOH Ha eAHHCTBe .R3LIKa, nHCbMeHHOCTH H 06:bltIaeB (B
nepBYIO O'tJ:epe.n;b 06bIQaa nO'tJ:HTaHHH npe KOB).
BamHLIe rrpe06pa30BaHHH B CTpaHe CB.H3aHLI C
.n;eSlTeJILHOCTbIO ap.H CY)J;3HHa (97-30 rr. )];0 H.3.).
OH, R8R CBH)J;eTeJIbCTBYIOT .HnOHCKHe JIeTOnHCH,
BnepBLle BBeJI HaJIOrH )J;BYX BH,lJ;OB. MY)K'IHHLI AOJI)K-
Hid 6hIJIH nOC:bIJIaTL u.apro A06bI'IY CBOHX .JIYRa H
CTpeJI., T. e. .n;06bIToe HMH Ha OXOTe, a ,)KeH H-
H:bI - CCH3)J;eJIH.H PYKt, T. e. TRaHH. CYA3HH BeJI BOH-
HLI C HenO)J;BJIaCTHbIMH eMY HHOpO naMH. lIo
tIeTldpeM HanpaBJIeHII.HM OT HMaTo OH nOCJIaJI Boe-
Ha'tJ:8.JILHHKOB C HaRa30M: .ECJIH HaH yrC.H nIO)J;H, He
npH3H8lO He HalliHX BeJIeHHH, B3S1Th BOHCRa H no-
BeprHYTb 3THX JIIO)J;eH Ha3eML».
CBOHM HMeHeM - a OHO nepeBO.D;HTCH RaR .OH,
ROTOpLIH nO'tJ:HTaeT 60rOB., - CYA3HH 06a38H TOMY,
'tJ:TO 6LIJI He TOJILRO u.apeM, HO H BepXOBHblM )Kpe-
U.OM HMaTO.
B CTpaHe 6LITOBaJI 06:bI'tJ:aH XOpOHHTL BMeCTe C
u.apeM HJIH 'tJ:JIeHaMH u.apCRoro pO)J;a mHBblX JIIO,l\eH.
IIpe,n;aHHe rJIaCHT, t{TO napb CyiiHHH, CMeHHBWHH
Ha npeCTOJIe CYJJ;3HHa, 6LIJI nOTp.HCeH 3peJIHm;eM 3a-
KanLIBaHHSI JIIO)];eH B 3eMJIIO. OH CRa3aJI CBOHM Co-
BeTHHKaM: .maJIL 3aCTaBJIHTh Tex, KTO JII06HJI Koro-
HH6YAL npH ero )KH3HH, CJIe,l\OBaTb 3a HIIM H nOCJIe
ero CMepTH. XOT.H 3TO If CTapbIH 06LI'tJ:aH, HO 3a'tJ:eM
C06JIIO)J;aTL ero, eCJIH OH nJIoxoii? IIo.n;YMaHTe, KaR
npHOCTaHOBHTL CJIe)J;OBaHHe 3a YMepIlIHM?t. Ha)];o-
YMHJI Haxo.n;tIHBbIH rJIaBa rOHtIapOB HOMH-HO-CYRY-
H3. OH npe.n;JIOmHJI 3aMeH.HTL )KHBLIX JIIOAeH HX rJIH-
H.HHLIMH H306pameHHHMH. HAe.H npHIlIJIaCL :rtaplO no
BKYCY, TaR H CTaJIH ,l\eJIaTL.
B HMaTO cy ecTBOBaJI 06:bIQaH, no KOTOPOMY
Ram)J;blH HOBLIH apL nepeHOCHJI npemHlO1O CTOJIHU.Y
Ha HOBoe MeCTO, HO B npe eJIax CTpaH:bI. TaK no-
cTynaJIH no ,lJ;BYM npHqHHRM. Bo-nepBLIX, H3-38 60-
.H3HH mHTb B .n;OMe YMepmero, KOTOpbIH 6:bIJI He
TOJILRO ,lJ;BOpU.OM, - TaM XpaHHJIHCb CB.HT HH. CO
BpeMeHeM C03)J;aeTCH 06 ee CB.RTHJIH e .HnOHCKHX
n;apeH B MC3. TaR nOBeJIeJIa 60rHHSI COJIHn;a AMaT3-
pacy n;apeBHe HMaTO, )J;OtIepH u.apH CYHHHHa. C Tex
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114
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.HBJI.HBWeHC.H QaCTblO KYJIbTypbI rOMepOBCKOH rpe HH,
npHCYTCTBYIOT B n03Max KaK OTrOJIOCKH aneKOH H
COBepweHHO He3HaKOMOH n03TY 3nOXH. OH He npet{-
CTaBJI.HeT, KaK ));eHCTBOBaJIH 60eBhIe KOJIeCHH bl -
rJIaBH8.H y.napHa.H CHJI8 B CpameHH.HX BpeMeH MHKeH-
CKOH rpeD:HH. ,n:JIH aBTopa 3TO npOCTO TpaHcnopTHoe
Cpe));CTBO: repOH nO));'Le3m8eT Ha KOJIeCHH e K MeCTY
CXBaTKH, a 3aTeM cpamaeTC.H neWHM. OnHcaHHe ap-
CKHX ,n;BOpl(OB B n03Me .O.nHcCe.H» nOKa3blBaeT, qTO
8.BTOp HWIero He 3HaeT HH 0 BO));OnpOBo.ne, HH 0 cppe-
CKax, YKpaW8BWHX CTeHbI MHKeHCKHX BOp OB, HH
o nHCbMeHHOCTH, HCqe3HysweH C rH6eJIblO axeHcKoH
KYJIhTYPhI. C03));aHHe 3nINeCKHX n03M OT));eJIeHO OT pe-
aJIbHblX C06bITHH qeTbIpbM.H-n.HThlO CTOJIeTHHMH. O
3Toro BpeMeHH CKa38HH.H 0 TPOHHCKOH BOHHe nepe,n;a-
BaJIHCh neB aMH-83.naMH H3 nOKOJIeHH.H B nOKOJIeHHe
H3YCTHO. Kam,n;bIH CK83HTeJIh H KaiK oe HOBoe nOKO-
JIeHHe BHOCHJIH B HHX CBoe nOHHMaHHe C06bITHH H
nocTynKoB repoeB. TaKHM 06pa30M, HaK8nJIHBaJIHCh
117
I I AHH1YHOCTb
omH6KH, nO.HBJISlJIHCL HOBhIe ClOmeTHbIe eTaJIH, 3Ha...
QHTe.1ILHO HCKIDKa1O e nepBOH8'tJ:8JIhHbIii CMbICJI. O HO
c06hITHe, B6HpaH B ce6S1 pyrHe H 06paCTa.H n03TH'tJ:e-
CRHMH .no,n;p06HOCTSlMHt, nOCTeneHHO MOrJIO npeBpa-
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Me rHCC8pJIhIK, He OK83hIBaIOT, 'tJTO HaH.D;eHHoe no-
CeJIeHHe SlBJI.HeTC.H HMeHHO Tpoeii.
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po a TpOH r,n;e-TO B ceBepO-3anMHOM paiioHe Ma-
JIOH A3HH HeB03MomHO. oKYMeHT:bI H3 apXHBa
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Ba, Mor eCTBeHHoe rocy,n;apCTBO, c KOTOphIM OHH
COnepHlftlaJIH 3a rocnO CTBO Ha,lJ; 3THMH ropo,n;aMH.
YqeHLIe CqHTaIOT, qTO AXXH.fIBa - 3TO CTpaH8
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JIaCb. Mo.meT 6hITb, 3TO 3anMHaSi '118CTb aJIO
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B8.JIKaHCR8.f1 rpeD;H.H. MemAY XeTTcKoH )tep>KaBO-
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,n;y axeH 8.MH H T'poeH xeTTCKHe ,n;OKY' eHThl He p C-
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HOBe n03MbI, cnpeCCOB8JIHCb Boe,n;HHO co6hITW1 paaHhIX
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qHHHTb ce6e paiiOH TpO hI (3TO y,lt8eTCH npOCJIe TD
qepe3 TparHtleCKHe cY b6bI repoeB-axeiiueB noc.."Ie B3JI-
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MOpSl., KOTopoe nOTp.HCJIO BeCh JtpeBHHH IIp Cpe
3eMHOMOpb.H B KOHn:e XII B. ,n;o H.3.
COAOH. 3AKOHOM TEAbCTBO B LlPEBHE rPEU
COJIOH, ChIH 3KceKeCTHAa, BOmeJI B HCTOpHIO ,n:peB-
HeH rpe HH KaK BeJIHKHH pecpopMaTOp, OCHOBaTeJIL
nOJIHCHOH eMOKpaTHH AcpHH. CpeJ];H CBOHX COBpeMeH-
HHKOB H Y nOCJIe,n;YIO HX nOKOJIeHHH 3JIJIHHOB OH
nOJI:b30BaJICSI CJIaBOH BeJIHKOrO n03T8 H My pe a. Co-
JIOH 6bIJI 3BnaTpH,n;OM H npOHCXO.D;HJ1 H3 O'tJ:eHb peB-
Hero H 3H8THoro apHCTOKpaTHqeCKOrO po.n;a.
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T06bI pa360raTeTb: 6eAHOCTh He 6bIJIa B no eTe, a
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eT 6bITb 60raThIM, orOBapHBa.HCb, npaB a, 'liTO ero
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60raTCTBOM: n03,n;Hee qac AJISI paCnJI8TbI npH)I;eT)).
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COJIOHa 60raTeJIH, 3a.HHMa.HCb pOCTOB H'tJ:eCTBOM H
06pa a.H B pa6CTBO CBOHX OJImHHKOB. COJIOH C H-
TaJI TaKOH cnoc06 o60ra eHH.H HeCnpaBe)l;JIHBbIM H
06paTHJICSI K MOpCKOH TOprOBJIe. OH CTaJI Kynl(OM
H nYTemeCTBeHHHKOM. .naJIbHHe CTpaHbI MaHHJIH MO-
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HOCTblO Ha.mHTb COCTO.HHHe. Ero mHBOH H JI10603Ha-
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.na.me B npeKJIOHHOM B03paCTe OH He nOTep.HJI HHTe-
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118
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ropomaHe CqHTaJIH HecnpaBe JIHBhIM 6e3pa3 eJIhHO
rocnO CTBO apHCTOKpaTHH B cy ax H ynp eH
JIoMKa Tp8)1;Hl(HOHHbIX YCToeB .mH3HH 60JIe3HeHHO
OT3bIBaJIaCb B C03HaHHH JIIO eH. T,fImeJIo 6bI.1IO JKHTL
KpeCTbHHHHY, nonaBmeMY B ,n;OJIrOByK> Ka6 II
nOTep.HBmeMY Bepy B cnpaBe.D;JIHBOCTb CHJThHhIX. C
6e3bICXO.D;HOH TOCKOH CMOTpeJIH Ha .mH3Hb apHCTO'"
KpaTbI ----- npOKJIHH8S1, npH3bIB8S1 KapbI He6ecBhIe aa
rOJIOBbI .cBoeMbICJI.H eH qepHHt, He BH;:tH Hwrero
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cI>eorHH)I;, H3rHaHHhIH H3 pO Horo ropo a, YBep?'"I:
<cJIyqwa.H )l;OJI.H )l;JIH CMepTHbIX ----- Ha CBeT HHKor"-a
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JIyqeH» .
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nafa.atOTCR cl\a6b1e H 6efa.Hble, HX Yfa.ep>KaT, a CHAbHble H 60raTbie
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pee TOT KaKO'1 npefa.nOl\aral\ AHaxapcHC, 4eM TOT, Ha KOTOpblH
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ro 3aKOHa OH Ha3Ha4HA WTpacp. HHrfa.e He aep)KHBaTb rHeB -
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n03TOMY 3aKOHOfa.aTeAb npH COCTaBAeHHH 3aKOHOB fa.OA)f(eH HMeTb
B BHfa.Y TO, LITO B03MO)f(HO M5I '"IeAOBeKa, ecl\H OH X04eT HaKa3 -
r:saTb MaAO 4HCAO BHHOBHblX C nOAb30i:1, a He MHorHX - 6e3
nOAb3b1 (nl\yTapx. COAOH, XXI).
co,neHCTBOBaTb YTBepm,neHHIO HOBOH CO HanbHo-no-
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HHMaJI aKTHBHoe yqacTHe B nOJIHTHqeCKOH )KH3HH
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pe,nHoro nopameHHSI a$HHcKoe HapO Hoe c06paHHe
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'tJTO OHH Tyr me peIIIHJIH Ha'tJaTb BOHHY C MerapJIHa-
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6bIJI OTBOeB8.H, a COJIOH npH06peJI 3Ha'tJIITeJIbHbIH no-
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TO BbIcTynJIeHHe cYMacme,nmero ero COOTe'tJeCTBeHHH-
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COJIOHa BbIpa3HJIH CBOIO BOJIIO.
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120
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136
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