Германия. История цивилизации за 2000 лет Т.1 - Шерр И.

Author: Шерр И.
Tags: всеобщая история история религия культура история германии военные действия реформация римская империя серия народы земли
ISBN: 985-454-248-3
Year: 2005
Similar
Германия. История цивилизации за 2000 лет Т.2
Германия. История цивилизации за 2000 лет. Том 1
Германия. История цивилизации за 2000 лет. Том 2
Римская цивилизация
Text
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Иоганн Шерр

ГЕРМАНИЯ
ИСТОРИЯ
ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИИ ЗА 2000 ЛЕТ
том I

УП «Минская фабрика
цветной печати»

2005

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13
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14
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15
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16
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IlocJie 3Tl1X Bcryn11TeJihHhIX 3aMeqaHHii 51 HeMe.n;JieHHO HaqHHaro Mo.ii paccK a3. IlycTb BbIIIIeCKa3aHHOe CJIY)Kl1T pyqaTeJibCTBOM, qTO OH 6y.n;eT
6ecnp11cTpaCTeH, XOT5111 KpenKO KopeHHTC51 B naTPl10TttqeCKOM qyBCTBe ... l.JT06hI o6JieNI1Th HarJI5I.n;HOCTh ueJioro, 51 rrpHHI1Maro OOhIKHOBeHHoe .n;eJieHHe HeMeuKoii 11cTopH11 Ha TPl1 nep110.n;a: cpe.n;HHe BeKa, BpeMR PecpopMauHI1 11 HoBoe BpeM5I. IlepBbIB nep110.n; 51 xapaKTep113yro B OCHOBHOM KaK KaTOJIHKO-pDMaHT11qecKHii,
BTOpoii: HbIB.

KaK npOTeCTaHTCKl1-TeGJIOrnqecKHii, ~ -

B 11300pa)KeHHI1 ope81iOCmu

KaK qeJioBeqfiO-CBOOo,ll;-

51 6bI )KeJiaJI npe.n;CTaBHTb no B03MO)KHOCTI1

o6-

HOBJieHHoe npe.n;.n;Bep11e Moero 11cropttqecKoro 3,ll;aHH51. Ilp11rJiaIIIaJI qflTaTeJI51 BoiiTH, 51 n03BOJIIO ce6e no)KeJiaTb, qT06bI OH He Mor nO)KaJIOBaTbC51 Ha He.n;ocTaTOK
naTPl10TflqecKoro qyBCTBa 1111cTopflqecKoii BepHOCTH. MHe rrpl1.n;eTCJI paccKa3aTb
MHOfO neqaJibHOfO, ropbKOro, y)KaCHOfO, HO TaK)Ke 11 MHOfO BbICOKOfO,
6Jiaropo.n;Horo, npeKpacHoro, CJiaBHoro. AB Heno.n;KpaIIIeHHoii 11cTHHe 11cTop1111
3aKJII0qaeTCJI y.n;HBI1TeJibHa51 c11Jia YTeIIIeHH5I. J13 ee cephe3Hoii KHI1fH CJibIIIIl1TC51
He TOJibKO np11roBop HeyMOJII1MOro cy.n;hl1, HO 11 Beiu11ii: fOJIOC npopoKa.

17

Cmapbtu .Mbt uapoa y)K ue.MUibt,
Ho eJtaaemb ceo6oauo cJtoeo.M
JI uutb menepb yt{,UfflbCJl cmaJtu,
He nopa Jtu no-ue.MeUiKU
H a.M u aeucmeoeamb Yt{,UfflbCJl!
Jlozay

19

KHu2a nepeaR

,Il;PEBHOCTb 11 CPE,Il;Hl1E BEKA

I
JJ:PEBHOCTb
Kapmw-ta cmpau'bt. - IIpoucxo)Kaeuue, nepeo6'btmuoe omettecmeo u UM.R zep.Mauu,ee. - Omuoweuue K PU.My. - Ceep)Ke11,ue pUMcKozo uza. - ¢I'ep.Ma1-tUR.»
Tau,uma. - lfucllo )KUmeJteu. - He.Meu,Kue nJte.Meua. - Opy)Kue, eouua u oxoma.
- Ilup'bt. - CKomoeoacmeo. - >KUJtuw,a. - oae)Kaa. - >Ke1-tW,U1-t'bl. H e.;11.eu,Ko-zep.MaucKaR pellUZUR.. - Ceeepuo-zep.MaucKoe peAuzuo3uoe ytteuue.
EozocJty)Keuue. - 06paw,euue K opaKyllaM. - Ilecuu u cazu. 06w,ecmee1-l1-t'bte u noJtumuttecKue ycJtoeUR.. - Ilpaeo u cya.

•

M1

.ll;OJDKHbI MCIIbITaTb ol.JeHI> crpamme

II CBoeOOpa3Hoe qyBCTBO, ecJrn:, y.z:i;ep)l(J.{]XIB B IlaMHTII BM)J; fepMaHMM TOro BpeMeHM,
1lpe.ll;CTaBMM

ce6e, l.JTO Mbl )J;Be TbIDI':IM Jier TOMy Ha3a)J; npDJieraeM Ha)J; 3TOM crpattoii:.

Bo BpeMH 3TOro TIOJiera Mbl BM)J;MM 6ecKOHel.JHl>IB Jiec,

Ha)J; O.ll;Ho00pa3HOM M Mpal.fHoii:

I IOBepXHOCTblO KOTOporo B03BbIIIIaIOTCJI ropbl, ITO.ll;OOHI>Ie ocrpoBaM B JiecHOM Mope.

r.

Ea1'hn.

~,llepeBWI

c

ll.OMaMH

Ha

CBa.SIX~

20

r.

Bai1:rn.

~HeMeUKHH ,ll.eBCTBeHHblH Jiec~

Mory'-n1e BO,ll;bI, Hecym11ec51 B 6oJiburnx pe'-!HbIX 6acceiiHax M Bna.n;a10m11e
B Mope cpe,n;M nycTbIHHbIX 6eperoB, npoceKH, HOBHHbI 11 noceJieHM51, pacce.HHHbre KOe- r.n;e, BHOC51T MaJIO pa3H006pa3H51 B JieCttyIO KapTHHY' 6ecnpe,n;eJibHa51
MOHOTOHHOCTb KOTOpoii: HaITOMHHaeT BH,ll; OKeaHa H, no.n;o6HO ITOCJie,n;HeMy'
cnoco6tta rrpOH3BO,ll;HTb B03BbIIIIeHHOe BITe'-!aTJieHHe.
B 3THX 06III11pttbIX 3eMJI.s:i:x, na,n;eJieHttbIX cypoBbIM KJIHMaToM ceBepttoro
Jieca, cTapbie repMaHU:bI crropHJIM c ,n;11KHMH 3Bep.HMl1 3a 06Jia.n;att11e TeppHTOpHeii:, Ha KOTOpoii: u:apcTBOBaJil1, Bpa:>K,n;y51 Me:>K,n;y co6oii:, Moryq11ii: 6H30H 11
KOCMaTbIH Me.n;Be,ll;b. 5ICHbie BOCITOMHHaHM51 06 3TOH repMaHCKOH rrepB06bITHOH
JieCHOH :>Kl13Hl1 coxpaHl1JIHCb H ,ll;OIIIJIH

.n;o

Hae B :>KHBOM ::irroce, KOTOpbIH ,ll;bI-

IIll1T apoMaTOM CTaporo Jieca.
BcTyrra.s:i: B cyMpaK .n;peBHl1X tteMeU:K11X JiecoB, MbI Bl1,ll;HM ttapo.n;, pa3 ,n;eJiettHb1ii:

Ha

MHO:>KeCTBO

6oJibIIIHX

H

MeHbIIll1X

rrJieMeH

H

rrpe.n;CTaBJI.HIOIIJ;HH BO MHOfHX oco6eHHOCT.HX CBOero 6bITa nopa3HTeJibHOe
CXO,ll;CTBO co CB060,n;HbIMH KaBKa3CKHMH ttapo.n;aMM HaIIIero BpeMeHl1. Mbl
He fOBOp11M 3.z:i;ecb 0 TOM 3HalJ:l1TeJibHOM corJiac1111 B 06pa3e MblCJieii:, B
HpaBax 11 o6bI'-!a51X'

KOTOpoe '-!aCTO nopo:>K,n;aeTC.H 0,ll;HHaKOBbIMH

KJI11MaTH'-!eCKl1MH B03,n;eii:cTBl1.HMH H o.n;11ttaKOBbIMH ycJioB11.s:i:M11 :>K113Hl1. Mbr
3aMeTl1M TOJibKO, '-!TO COU:HaJibHOe ,n;eJieH11e KaBKa3CKHX rrJieMeH, a.n;blfOB,
rrpe:>K,n;e Y:eM pyccKHe IlOKOp11JIH 11 11CTpe6HJIH HX HJIH BblfHaJIH 113
OTe'-!eCTBa, 11CKJIIO'-!HTeJibHO TO'-!HO COOTBeTCTBOBaJio repMaHCKOMy o6mecT-

21

BeHHOMy opraHl13MY II03,ll.Heihneii: .n.peBHOCTl1. 1IeTbipe TaMOilIHl1X COCJIOBl151 MJIM KJiacca: IIIlIMCbl
(KH513b5I), y3.n.eH11 (.n.Bop51He), 1IcpoKOJibTCbI (KperrocT1-1b1e) M IIIlll1JibTbI (pa6bI) COOTBeTCTBOBaJI11 co CJIOBl151M Nobiles, Ingenui, Liti 11 Servi B repMaH cKoii Cl1CTeMe KaCT.
Ilpo11cxo:>K,ll,em1e HeMeu;Koro 1-1apo,ll,a Tep51eTCJI B
TOM CKa301.JHOM .n.a1111 BpeMeH, TaMHbI KOTOpoii: HeYTOMMMbie 11CCJie,ll.OBaTeJil1 Hallil1X ,ll.Heii CTapaIOTC51
pa3ra.n.aTb, HO

™K

.n.o

c11x rrop em;e He ycrre1111 rrp11Bec -

Ha,ll.Jie:>Kam;eMy BCeCTOpOHHeMy pa3b51CHeHMIO.

CpaBH11TeJibHoe 513bIK03HaHMe, KaK 113BeCTHO,
OKa3aJIO He06bIKHOBeHHO Ba:>KHbie yc11yrM B .n.eJie
OCBem;eHl151 ,ll.OMCTOp111!eCKOfO MpaKa, M yKa3aHl151M
3TOM HayK11 Mbl B oco6eHHOCTl1 o6513aHbl TeM o6CT051TeJibCTBOM, 1.JTO rrpo11CXO:>K,ll.eH11e 11 rrepB06bITHOe
OTel.JeCTBO repMaHIJ:eB rrepeXO,ll.51T MaJIO - IIOMaJiy 113
M11cp111IeCKOM TeMHOTbI B 11CTOp111!eCKMe cyMepK11.
HeMUbl COCTaBJI51IOT BeTBb BeJil1KOM

U1ldozep.!tW1l-

C1WU ceMbl1 Hapo.n.oB, KOTOpa51 OXBaTbIBaeT BOCTOl.J-

HbIX apMiiueB (11H,ll.l1MUeB) 11 3arra,ll.HbIX ap11ii:ueB
(MpaHueB), ,ll.aJiee 3JIJil1HOB M 11TaJib51HU:eB, HaKOHeu,
CJiaB51H, KeJibTOB 11 repMaHUeB.
Mb1 .n.oJI:>KHbI, c11e.n.0BaTeJibHO, OTHecT11 rrepB06b1THy10 po.n.11ey repMa1-iu:eB Ty.n.a, OTKy.n.a BbIIlleJI BeJI11Kl1M IIOTOK ap11iicKOM ceMbl1, 11MeHHO, Ha cpe.n.Hea311aTcKy10 CIIJIOilIHYIO B03BbIIlleHHOCTb, Ha,ll. KOTOpoii:
rro.n.H11MaeTC5I IIaporraM113 111111

f 11H.n.yKylll,

OTrrpaBJI5151

113 CBOMX Bel.JHbIX CHeroB l1H.n. Ha IOr, a 0Kcyc Ha ceBep. HeMeuK11ii Hapo.n., TaK11M o6pa3oM, rrp11Ha.n.11e:>K11T K KaBKa3CKOM pace, 11 nepB06bITHbIM OTel.JeCTBOM
ero 6bIJil1 BbICOKl1e ropbl. 06m;11e KOpH11 B 513bIKe,

22
M,ZJ,ea.JUICTMqecKMH OCHOBHOH TOH MMpocosepu;aHMH, MHOrOqMc.JieHHble qepTbl
cxo.n.crna B pe.JIMrMM M HpaBax .n.0Kasbrna10T ero po.n.cTBO c apnH:u;aMM. MHorosHaMeHaTe.JibHO yKa3bIBaIOT TaK>Ke Ha 3TO po,ZJ,CTBO CXO,ll,Hbie qepTbl .n.peBHeMH,ZJ,MHCKMX M .n.peBHeHeMeU:KMX repoMqecKMX rrpe,ZJ,aHMH, B oco6eHHOCTM )Ke
aHa.JIOrMH Me)K,ZJ,y MH,ZJ,MHCKMM repoeM KapHa M HeMeU:KMM 3MrcppM,ZJ,OM.
Kor.n.a OT,ZJ,e.JIMJICH repMaHCKMH OTpOCTOK OT apMHCKOro KOpHH, KOr,ZJ,a repMaHU:bI ,ZJ,BMHYJIMCb M3 rrepB06bITHOH CTpaHbl apMHU:eB
rrpaBll.lllICb K EBporre,

.n.o

(Airyana vaedsha)

M Ha-

CMX rrop He y.n.a.Jioch orrpe.n.e.JIMTb ,ZJ,OCTOBepHo; HO

MO)KHO c.n.e.JiaTb HeKOTOpb1e rrpaB.n.orro.n.o6Hbie rrpe.n.rro.JIO)KeHMH. OT,ZJ,e.JieHMe
repMaHu;eB OT 60.JibllIOH apMHCKOH ceMbM rrpOM30111.710, IIO-BM,ZJ,MMOMy, rrpe)K,ZJ,e,
qeM apMHU:bI rrepeIIIJIM OT KoqeBOH rraCTyIIIeCKOH )KM3HM K oce,ZJ,JIOMy seMJie,ZJ,e.711110. 3To rrpe,ZJ,IIOJIO)KeH11e OCHOBbIBaeTCH Ha HCHOM COOTBeTCTBMM caHCKpMTCKOro 11 HeMeu;Koro H3bIKOB B Tex CJIOBax, KOTOpbie OTHOCHTCH K CKOTOBO,ZJ,CTBY

uxan, HeMeu;Koe ochse - 6b1K; caHcKp. go, HeM.
kuh - KOpOBa; CaHCKp. vardha, CTapOHeM. barach - CBMHbH; caHcKp. hansa,
HeM. gans - rycb; caHcKp. avis, cTapoHeM. ouwi - oBu;a M .n.p. ). Eo.Jiee mro,

(Harrp11Mep, caHcKp11TcKoe

Hl1Tb 3TOfO COOTBeTCTBl1H o6pbrnaeTCH, KaK TOJibKO Mbl OT rracTy111eCKl1X TepMMHOB nepexo,ZJ,MM K seMJie,ZJ,e.JibqecK11M. TaK KaK seMJie,lJ,e.JibqecKaH KYJibTypa
y 11H,ZJ,11HCKl1X 11 MM,lJ,OIIepc11,ZJ,CK11X (HpaHcK11x) ap11:H:u;eB BO,ZJ,BOp11.7IaCb, IIO-Bl1,ZJ,11MOMY, He paHee

XII

CTOJieT11H

.n.o

P.

X.,

TO 0Tc10.n.a 6b1.JI0 BbIBe,ZJ,eHo

3aKJIIOqeH11e, qTQ OT,ZJ,e.JieH11e repMaHu;eB 11 11X ,ZJ,Bl1)KeH11e K sarra.n.y np01130III.710 B 3TO BpeMH 11.7111 paHbIIIe.

B

KaKOM OTHOIIIeHl111 HaXO,ZJ,11TCH repMaHCKOe

rrepece.JieH11e K 3.71.7111H0-11Ta.Jil1HCKOMY' CJiaBHHCKOMY 11 Ke.JibTl1HCKOMY

-

Hel13BeCTHO. l{OCTOBepHO TO.JlbKO TO, qTQ Ha 10re EBpOIIbl ace.JIM rpeKM 11 11Ta.7111HU:bl, B cpe,ZJ,11He -

Ke.JibTbl, K BOCTOKY sa Hl1Ml1 -

CJiaBHHe, a Ha ceBepe -

repMaHU:bI.
1.JTO KacaeTCH 11MeH11

zep.frtaHUiC8,

,ZJ,aHHOro HeMeu;KOMY Hapo.n.y 11 pO,ll,CTBeH-

HOMY c Hl1M CKaH,ZJ,11HaBCKOMY' TO 3TO 11MH 6bIJIO, 6bITb MO)KeT' ,ZJ,aHbIO yBa)KeHl1H, KOTopy10 coce.n.11 HeMu;eB IIJiaTl1.7111 11X BOl1HCKOH ,ZJ,06.JieCTl1. Ero He CJie.n.yeT cq11TaTb rrp0113BO,ZJ,HbIM, KaK 3TO onm6oqHo ,ZJ,e.Jia.JIOCb npe)K,lJ,e, OT JiaTl1HCKOro CJIOBa
«BOMHbI~,

germanus.

OHO 03HaqaeT «JIIO,llJI KOIIbH~, «Boopy)KeHHbie JIIO,lJ,11~,

TaK KaK CTaporepMaHCKOe CJIOBO

ger

11CII0.71b30Ba.JIOCb B 3HaqeHMl1

«KOIIbe~. IIpo6oBa.JIM TaK)Ke rrpOM3BeCTl1 11MH repMaHu;eB OT Ke.JibTMHCKOro
CJIOBa

gazrm

II.JIM

garm -

111yM, rrpe.n:rro.71araH, qTO Ke.JibTbI, CTa.JIK11BaB11111ecH

Ha Htt:)KHeM Pe:H:tte c repMaHCKMM n.JieMetteM ryHrpoB, ,lJ,a.JIM MM HasBaHMe

IIIY-

MHm:i1x, KpMKYHOB, rpoMKO peBym;Hx B cpa)KeHim. Ho, Ka)KeTcH, tta.n;o rrpe,n;-

ger. Co6crneHHO, 3To MMH ,lJ,OJI)KHO 6brno
germannen, c TaKIIM )Ke OKQHqaHMeM, KaK CJIOBO alemannen.
60.Jiee MHrKaH cpopMa germani BMecm germanni o6bHCHHeTCH reM, qm 3TO

rroqecTb rrpon:sxO)K,lJ,eH11e OT c.JIOBa
npoM3HOCMTbCH
Ho

MMH TOJibKO B PIIMCKMX M fa.JI.710pMMCKMX yCTax rrpeBpaTfIJIOCb B o6m;ee IIMH

23
HeMueB. IlepB06bITHOe HaUIIOHaJibHOe HMH repMaHUeB 6hIJIO, Ka)KeTCH,

Teutonen, rrepeHeceHHoe Ha Hapo.n; OT ero Mmjm1IecKoro po.n;oHal.JaJihHHKa
Teut (Tuisto) mrn BepHee Deut, rroToMy l.JTO B cTapoHeMeUKOM H3hIKe B
Hal.JaJie 3Toro cJIQBa rrIIcaJiocb MHrKoe Th. l1MH Teut o6Hapy)KIIBaeT cBoii
.n;peBHIIM MIIcpH1IeCKHM xapaKTep 6JIII3KIIM po.n;CTBOM c o603Hal.JeHIIeM IIOHHTIIH
6o)Kecrna B IIH.n;orepMaHCKIIX H3hIKax (deva,

deutsch

daeva, k6i:;,

deus, diewas). CJioBo

diet - CTapoHeM. diot
Hapo.n;HbIM) II OT diutan, deuten - TOJIKOBaTb,

rrpOH3BO,ll;HJIOCb, BIIp01IeM, TaK)Ke OT

(rrpIIHa,ll;Jie)Kall{IIM K Hapo.n;y,

060.HCHHTh. CymecTBOBaHHe HeMeuKoro H3hIKa KaK HaUIIOHaJibHoro, B
rrpoTHBOIIOJIO)KHOCTb poMaHCKHM 513bIKaM, BrrepBbie 3aCBH,ll;eTeJibCTBOBaHO
.n;oKyMeHTaJibHO B

813

ro.n;y OT P.

theodisca). Ho TOJibKO B

x

X.

(lingua theutisca, theotisca, theudisca,

CTOJienrn, BO BpeMeHa HMrrepaTopa 0TTOHa

BeJIHKOro, IIOHBHJIOCb II BOIIIJIO IIOHeMHory B o6mee yrroTpe6JieHIIe
HaUHOHaJihHoe HMH

Deutsche

(Teutonici, Theutones), oxBaTbrna10m;ee Bee

HeMeUKHe IIJieMeHa. 0TTOH BeJIHKIIii rrepBbIM Ha3bIBaJICH B ocpHUHaJibHbIX
aKTax KopoJieM HeMueB (rex Teutonicorum).
Ilo-BH,ll;HMOMy, repMaHUbl H3 CBoeii asIIaTCKOM po.n;HHbl OTIIpaBIIJIHCb CHa1.JaJia B CKaH,ll;HHaBIIIO, B KOTOpoii, 6Jiaro.n;apH ee OT,ll;eJibHOMY IIOJIO)KeHHIO,
CTaporepMaHCKIIH 6bIT y.n;ep)KaJICH ,ll;OJibIIIe II l.JHIUe, l.JeM B caMOM fepMaHHH,
Ky.n;a BrrocJie.n;cTBIIII rrpoHIIKJia l.JaCTb Hapo.n;a H3 CKaH.n;HHaBHH, HaCIIJihCTBeHHo OTTeCHHH KeJibTOB Ha sarra.n;. B KaKHe BpeMeHa rrpOH30IIIJIO rrepe.n;BH)KeHHe
repMaHueB c ceBepa Ha IOf, HaM He fOBOpHT HII carH, HH HCTOplIH.
Mo)KeT 6bITb, CJie.n;yeT CMOTpeTb Ha rrepexo.n; KHMBpOB H TeBTOHOB 1Iepe3
Ailblibl, KaK Ha cJie,ll;CTBIIe Toro 6po)KeHHH, KOTOpbIM IIOCTerreHHOe ,ll;BH)KeHHe
repMaHUeB K 10ry HalIOJIHHJIO HeMeUKHe Jieca. 3THM 3HaMeHHTbIM ~OXO,ll;OM
.n;Byx HeMeUKHx rrJieMeH repMaHUhI BrrepBhie BCTYTIHJIII Ha cueHy BCeMHpHoii
HCTOpHH. BoeHHbIH reHHH MapHH II .n;HCUIITIJIHHa pHMCKHX JierHOHOB OTBpaTHJIH eme, rrpaB.n;a, OT l1TaJIHH rp03HOe Harra.n;eHHe ceBepHblX BapBapoB, HO
rrepe.n;BII)KeHIIe KHMBpOB H TeBTOHOB 6bIJIO TOJibKO Hal.JaJibHbIM, CJIY)KHJIO, TaK
CKa3aTb, rrpopo1IeCKOH rrpeJIIO,ll;Heii K TeM y)KaCHbIM HaIIIeCTBIIHM, KOTOpbIMH
repMaHUhI AOJI)KHbI 6bIJIII BrrocJie.n;cTBIIH coKpyIIIIITh PIIM. 3aMel.JaTeJibHO,
BIIp01IeM, l.JTO y)Ke rrepBbIM Illar HeMueB Ha cueHe BCeMIIpHOM HCTOpHII, rroxo.n;
KHMBpOB H TeBTOHOB, 6hIJI 03HaMeHoBaH OCHOBHbIM He.n;ocTaTKOM HeMeUKOH
HaTypbI: He.n;ocTaTKOM IIOJIHTHl.JeCKOfO CMbICJia, CMeTJIIIBOCTII H TaKTa. Ilpa.n;e.n;
MHxeJib • .n;e6IOTHpOBaJI KaK xpa6pb1ii rrpocTocpHIIH.
l1cTOpIIH PMMa 6hIJia Tor.n;a lICTOpIIeH MIIpa. IlepBoe IIOHBJieHIIe repMaHI{eB -

O,ll;HH II3 31IH30,ll;OB pIIMCKOM lICTOpIIII B TO MHOf03HaMeHaTeJibHOe Bpe-

MH. 5IpoCTHaH 6opb6a rrapTIIM IIOTp.HcJia

.n;o OCHOBaHHH TO rpoMa.n;Hoe 3,ll;aHIIe,

*MttxeJib IOMOpttCTttqecKoe BOITJIOIIJ,etttte HeMeu;Koro ttapo,D,a, TO:lKe, qTo l{MOH
liyJIJib y attrn11:qatt, ttJitt M.D..H C:m y aMepttKattu;eB.

24
KOTOpoe 6bIJIO coopy)KeHo BOeHHbIM H a,JlMHHHCTpaTHBHbIM HCKYCCTBOM PIIMa.
Eopb6a IIIJia y)Ke He H3-3a pecrry6JIHKH HJIH MOHapXHH, a TOJibKO H3-3a Toro,
KOMY .n:ep)KaTb B pyKax e.n:HHOBJiacrn:e. MapHM II CyJIJia OAIIH 3a .n:pyrHM caMbIM rpy6bIM o6pa3oM IIOJib30BaJIHCb BepxoBHOH BJiaCTbIO. BeJIHKM so:HHa c
pa6aMH

(73- 71 rr . .n:o

P.

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H 3arosop Kan:r.JIHHbI

(63

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.n.o P. X.) BCKpbIJIH

BHyTpeHHHe .H3BbI rocyt:1:apcrna, a HCTopH.H o6onx TpnyMBHpaTOB HeonpoBep)KHMO .n:oKa3bIBaeT, qTo CB060.n:Hb1e rocy.n:apcrneHHbie yqpe)K.n:emrn MoryT npoUBeTaTb TOJibKO Ha noqBe HpaBCTBeHHOll qn:cTOTbI H Be.JIIrno.n:yrnHoro rraTpHOTH3Ma H qTo HMeHHO pecrry6.JIHKa HeMbICJIHMa TaM, r.n.e HeT pecny6JIHKaHCKHX
rpa)K.n:aHCKHX .n:o6JieCTe:ii:.
IIo6e.n:n:s CBoero correpHHKa IloMrre.H ( 48 r . .n:o P.

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pbIX rrpIIMOpCKMe repMaHUbl Ha3bIBaIOTCJI
Ile -

zepMUOJiaMU,

a OCTaJibHbie -

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M

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a IlJIMHMH-CTapIIIMH co CBOCH CTOpOHbl fOBOpMT

B. Jhrn,ll,eHIIIMHT. «llHp ,ll,peBHHX repMam-1eB1>

30
o IUITM rn1eMeHax mm po.n;ax (genera) repMami;eB, II Ha3brnaeT eu11awwe, u11zeeo11oe, ucmeeo11oe, zep.Muouoe II neeu,u11oe. To"(rno onpe.n;eJIHTh H yKa3aTh
npOHCXO)l(,ll;eHMe HeMeUKIIX nJieMeH B .n;peBHee 11 B .n:peBHeihrree BpeMH - .n:eJIO
COBeprneHHO HeB03MO)l(HOe. 3.n;ech, 11 Ha MH0fl1X .n:pynix nyHKTaX repMaHCKOH
.n:peBHOCTII, yqeHhIH cnop He npeKpanITCH HIIKOr.n;a.
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qJieHOB II no CBOeMy Moryiuecrny. TOJibKO 6oJihIIIaH o6iuaH onaCHOCTb MOrJia
coeti;HHIITb tl;JIH COBMeCTHOro ,.ri;e:iiCTBIIH pa3p03HeHHbie nJieMeHa, 60JibIIIeii qaCTbIO )l(IIBIIIMe Me)l(ti;y co6oii BO Bpa)l(ti;e. B o6bJqHoe BpeMH TOJibKO eti;HHCTBO
513bIKa, HpaBOB II peJIHflI03HbIX npeti;CTaBJieHMH CBH3blBaJIO IIX CJia6bIMII y3aMII. l13 ,.ri;peBHIIX COI030B HeMeUKIIX IIJieMeH 6bIJllI oco6eHHO 3aMeqaTeJibHbl no
CBOeMy BJIIIHHIIIO Ha cy,.ri;h6y o6iuero OTeqecrna CJieti;yIOIUHe TpH: onHCaHHbIH
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BbIIIIe no TOH )Ke npeKpacHoli peKe y6uu (rrpH KeJihHe), mpeeupbt (y TpHpa),
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ceBepy OT Jfane), mee1<:mepbt (B Eepre), xepyc1<:u (no o6e cTopoHbI fapua),
6py1<:mepbt (B 0cHa6pIOKCKOH o6JiaCTH) II K ceBepy OT HIIX - Xa.Ma8bl II a11zpueapuu. Me)l(,.ri;y Be3epoM H 3McoM cHti;eJIH, MO)l(eT 6bITh, yrroMHHaeMhie
TaUIITOM ayJtzu6u11bt II xa3yapbt. IIo 6eperaM ceBepHoro MOpH X03HHHIIqaJIH
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HOCIIJIO coell,HHeHHe MHOI'IIX IIJieMeH, 3aHIIMaBIIIIIX o6rnIIpHoe rrpocTpaHCTBO
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KoTopoe 6hIJIO Cll,eJiatto Tau11ToM.
IlIIcaTeJIH ll,peBHOCTII ell,HHOrJiaCHO npH3HaIOT B repMaHuax Hapo..a. B
BbICIIIeH CTeneHII CBoeo6pa3HblH, KaK B <l>H3HqecKOM, TaK II B
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sinceram et tantum sui similem gentem exstitisse). BbICOKHH pocT,

31

K. BaiiraH;:J;T. <iB

~oManrneM Kpyry~

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:lo

6erneHCTBa, II ,ll;O.llroe BpeMa BHyrnaBilllIH pHMJiaHaM y)l(aC rro.z:i: IIMeHeM

furor·teutonicus.

32
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cBoeM paccKa3e o 6IIrnax c ApIIOBIICTOM, Ue3aph o"l!eHb :>KIIBO II3o6pa-

:>KaeT TOT y:>Kac, KOTOpbIH qyBCTBOBaJIII pIIMJIHHe rrpII CBOeM rrepBOM Bpa:>K.n.e6HOM CTOJIKHOBeHIIII c HeMu,aMII, II ern.e B HaIIrn: ,l(HII 3TOT y:>Kac rrepe.a: '*HeMeu;KIIMII :>KeJie3HbIMII cep.n.u,aMII~

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K. Baii:raHJJ,T. «DIITBa c

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33
II CHa6)1(eHHbie KOpOTKIIM II Y3KIIM )l(eJie3HbIM OCTpIIeM, 6bIJIII OL{IIHaKOBO
y,a:o6HbI AJI51 6pocaHII51 BAa.Jih II AJI51 pyKorranrnoro 6051.

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6bm

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K. BaH:ratt,n:T.

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34

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~Bo3Bpamemie

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cBa;:i:h6b1~

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Ll,OCTOHHbIM CBo6o,ZJ;HblX My)KqHH. BpeMH, KOTOpoe He

6bmO

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BOHHOH, rrpoBO,ll;HJIOCb B JieHHBOM IIOKOe lI.lllI B IIHpllleCTBax, KOTOpbIMH
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K Hrpe. Iluma HX COCTOMa rrpeHMyilleCTBeHHO H3 XJie6a, CBepHyBrnerocH MOJIOKa H LI,~. HarrHTKOM HX, KOTOpbIB OHH JII06HJIH qpe3MepHO, 6bm COK, ,ll;OObITbIH
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quandam similitudinem vini corruptus), KaK roBopHT MeTKoe Bb1pa)Kettue
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E,ZJ;HHCTBeHHoe Lf.OCTOHHOe yrroMHHaHHH ttapoLI,HOe 6oraTCTBO LI,peBHeii fepMaHIIH COCTOHJIO B CTa,ZJ;aX. IloqBa, o6pa6oTKa KOTOpoii 6bma rrpe,ZJ;OCTaBJieHa
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35

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OT pHMJI51H.
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36

X. Eattlll.

~L{Bop .11,peBtterepMaHcKoI1 3HaTII»

aHrJIIFiamrna: my house is my castle (Moil .n;oM CKaJI .n;epeBH51 He o6pa30BbIBaJia CB513HbIX y

JIIIU;

M051 KperrocTb); repMaH-

OHa COCT051Jia Il3 HeCKOJibKIIX,

OT,n;eJibHO CT051ll1IIX .n;nopoB, pacce51HHbIX Ha o6nrnpHoM rrpoCTpaHcrne. fopo)].a
6bIJIII rrpOCTO HeHaBIICTHbI )].peBHIIM repMaHuaM. 0HII CMOTpemI Ha IIX CTeHbI
KaK Ha cTecHeHIIe MyJKecrneHHO CBo6o.n;HoH JKII3HII. Kor)].a Bo npeM51 BOMH
UIIBIIJIIICa TeBKTepbI rrpnrnarnaJIII y6neB rrocpe.n;crnoM rrocoJibCTBa )].eilcrnoBaTb c HIIMII 3aO)].HO II CBeprHyTb 06ll1IIMII CIIJiaMII IlfO pIIMJI51H, TOf)].a OHII,
rrpeJK11:e ncero, HacTa1rnaJIIl Ha TOM, ~ITo6bI KeJibH, 3HaMeHIITaJI pIIMCKaJI KoJIOHIIR, OCHOBaHHaJI IIMIIepaTpII11,e:H ArpIIIIIIIIHOH, 6bIJI pa3pyrneH, KaK OIIJIOT
pa6crna, B cTeHax KOToporo mo.n;n TepmoT cso10 xpa6pocTb.
Ilpocrn II rpy6a, KaK BC51 JKII3Hb, 6brna TaKJKe II 011:eJK.n.a repMaHueB. CaMbIM yrroTpe6nTeJibHbIM, a y 6e)].HbIX .n;aJKe elJ:IIHCTBeHHbIM IIJiaTbeM. 6bIJI IIJiam
IIJIII XIITOH II3 3BepIIHbIX KOJK IIJIII II3 XOJICTa, CKperrJieHHbIM Ha JieBOM IIJie1Ie
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MOJKeM .n.orrycTIITb, 'ITO O,ll,eJK.n:a 3aJKIIT01IHbIX JIIO)].eH II JKeHll1IIH He TaK CIIJibHO
OT,ll,aBaJia rrepso6bITHOH JieCHOH JJ;IIKOCTbIO; MYJK1IIIHbl HOCIIJIII KOpOTKIIH, IIJIOTHO npIIJieraIOIIIIIM KaqnaH c pyKaBaMII, csepx KOTOporo Ha6paCbIBaJIC5I IIJiaIII
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37
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Ca.Mo

co6oi1: pa3yMeeTcH, 'ITO 3HaKoMcrno c pIIMJIHHaMH

AOJI)KHO 6bIJIO IIOBecTH 3a co6oii IIOCTerreHHoe )].OilOJIHem1e lI yKparneHIIe OlJ;e)l{)J;bI
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K. Ball:raH,n:T.

.rl{oMaIIIHRR cueHa~

38
CaMOH CBeTJIOH CTOpOHOH B HpaBax CTapblX repMami;eB OKa3bIBaIOTC.H
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B. JimmettrnMHT. ~BeJie,n:a, rrpopoqm:.ta 6pyKTepoB~

39
qT06b1 yrnrnTMTb HaJIO)l(eHHYIO .n;aHb. Ho ecJIM xy.n;o)l(HMK rpeK M .n;eJieII pMMJI51HMH HMKor.n;a He MOf.llM OCB06o.n;MTbC51 OT CBOero B3f.7151,ll;a Ha )l(eHlll;MHY KaK
Ha cym;ecrno IIO,ll;1IMHeHHoe M ,ll;a)l(e HeqMCTOe, -

B TeHM repMaHCKMX JieCOB BbI-

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n

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111 HMH .n;Ba.n;u,aTMJieTHero Bo3pacTa.

B

.n;peBHeiiIIIee BpeM51, no Bceii Bepo51THOCTH, )l(eHMX, no.n;ttoc51 no.n;apKM

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llOKyrrKa HeBeCTbl IlOJiyqMJia 60J1ee CMMBOJIMqecKoe 3HaqeHMe M CTaJia Hanrn.n;110 11:m6pa)l(aTb co6oii OCB060)1(,ll;eHMe HeBeCTbl M3-ITO,ll; po.n;Hoii oneKM OTU:OBfKOro ,ll;OMa M ee nepexo.n; B po.n; M no.n; ITOKpOBMTeJibCTBO )l(eHIIxa. Ilo.n;apKM
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40

K. Bali:rett;::i;T. «.ll:peBtterepMattcKaH

CBa;::i;b6a~

cppaMOH II Me1:10M; co CBOeii CTOpOHbl HeBeCTa rrpIIHOCIIJia )KeHIIXY BOeHHOe
soopy)KeHIIe. OcTaJihHoe rrpII.ZJ;attoe )Kettrn:IIH MorJio 3aKJII01:1aTbC51 TOJibKO B
,ZJ;BII)KIIMOM IIMyrn:ecTBe, no Kpai1:ttell: Mepe B ,ll;peBHOCTII, IIOTOMY 'ITO TOr,ZJ;a )KeHrn:1rna He IIMeJia rrpasa BJia,ZJ;eTh 3eMJieii. ToJibKO B rrectt51X II carax cJiy1:1aeTC5I, 'ITO ,ZJ;eBa B co6paHIIII o6rn:IIHbl CB060,ZJ;HO BbI6IIpaeT ce6e My)Ka; B 3TOM
MO)KHO BII,ZJ;eTb BOCIIOMIIHaHIIe 0 .ZJ;peBHeM apIIHCKOM o6bI1:1ae; B lIH,ZJ;IIHCKIIX
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)Ketty II ee JII06oBHIIKa, ecJIII OH 3axBaTbIBaJI IIX B MIIHYTY rrpecry11JieHII5I; ern:e
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41
ttyro Ka3Hb rrorpe6emrn: 3a)l(IIBO. Brrpo"l!eM, rrcrrpaBJUUI rrpe)l(HIOIO Hecrrpane.uJIIIBOCTb, 3TO JI03,llHeihnee 3aKOHO,llaTeJibCTBO pacrrpocTpaHIIJIO CBOIO cypoBOCTb
II Ha My)l(a, Hapyrnarom;ero cyrrpy)l(eCKYIO BepHOCTb. ToJibKO CMepTb ,llOJI)l(Ha
6brna pa3B513bIBaTb 6paqHbie Y3bl. BrrpoqeM, .n;a)l(e H cMepTb cqrrTaJiacb B 3TOM
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.[(HII IIH.[(IIHCKaH, cJie.l(OBa.Tia 3a My)l(eM B Monrny; Ha cenepe 3TOT OObNail y.n;ep-

B. Jirrn.n;emnMIIT.

~repMattcKoe

)KeprnorrpHHoIIIeHIIe MepTBbIM~

42
)KaJICH ropas.n;o .n;oJibIIIe, qeM B fepMaHHH. YMnpaH Bc11e.n; sa My)KeM, )Ketta
rrpno6peTaJia ce6e Bceo6m:ee yBa)Kettne; ocrnBaHCb rroc11e My)Ka B )KHBbIX, otta
IIOKpbIBaJia cefo1 II030pOM. IlpoKOIIHll paccKa3bIBaeT, qTO y repyJIOB o6bPiaiI
xopoHHTh )Kett BMecTe c MY)KbHMH y .n;ep)KHBaJICH

.n;o V H VI CTOJieTHH xpnc-

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qTo Toro IIOKOHHHKa, 3a KOTOpbIM )KeHa CJie.n;yeT B MOrHJIY' T51)KeJibie BOpOTa
rrpettcrro.n;tteiI He y.n:apHT no I151TKaM. B ~CeBepHoiI care~ fyttHrHJib.ZJ;a yMHpaeT

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ypo.n;JIHBhIX .n;eTeiI .n;eiicTBHTeJibHO TOIIIDIH B 6oJiorax.

K caMhIM

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crryTHHIJ;a B cqaCTbH H HeOiaCTbH; .n;oMa OHa 3aHHMaJiaCh npoCTbIM noJieBhIM H
.ZJ;OMaIIIHHM X0351HCTBOM, IllJla TaK)l(e 3a My)KeM B rroxo.n;, rrpHHOCIIJia eMy nrrm:y
H IIIITbe, H CBOHMII peqaMH BOCnJiaMeHHJia ero 6oeByIO xpa6poCTb. PaccKa3bIBaIOTC51 J];a)Ke rrpHM:epbl, qro )KeHm;HHbl CBOHMH HaCT051TeJibHblMH MOJib6aMH,
6pocaHcb HaBcrpeqy orcryna10m;HM H, narroMHHaH HM o nosopttoM rrJiette,
BOCCTaHaBJIHBaJIH nopHJJ;OK B IIOKOJie6aBIIIHXC51 p51JJ;ax repMaHCKHX BOHHOB H
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MCTHTeJibHOCTH H KpOBO)KaJ];HOCTII repMaHCKIIX )KeHm;HH coxpaHHJIOCb MHOro
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3aaa

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rpy.n;h~.

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DhIJIO, BepoHTHO, Mttoro )KeCTKoro, pe3Koro, My)KCKoro B Hx rrpHBhNKax II BO
BCeM HX o6pam;eHIIII. ,llaJihHeiIIIIeii pa60Te IJ;HBHJIH3aIJ;IIII 6bIJIO rrpe.n;ocTaBJieHO
passepttyrh rrx 60J1ee He)l(Hbie H KpOTKIIe Kaqecrna H rrpeJieCTH.

43

B. Jhrn.n;ettIIIMHT. «B noxo.n;e:i>

B

pemirH03HhIX npe,ll,CTaBJiemu1x Hapo,ll,a Bb1paJKaeTc.sI o6bIKHOBeHHO BO

Bceii CBoeii rJiy61rne HaCT05Illia51 CYIIIHOCTb ero xapaKTepa, IIOTOMY qTO B 3TJIX
rrpe,ll,CTaBJiemrnx, KaK B cpoKyce, CXO,ll,HTC.sI Bech MIIP H,ll,eH, 06pa111aI011IHXC.sI
B II3BeCTHOM qeJIOBeqecKOM 06111ecrne, JI IIOTOMY qTo II3 3TOro u:eHTpa IICXOMT
BCe OT,ll,eJibHbie JiyqJI ero B3rJI.sI,ll,OB Ha MHp II Ha iKII3Hb. CMeJIOCTb, yrropcTBO, ,ll,IIKOCTb, 06HapyiKHBaI0111IIeC.sI BO Bcex rrpO.sIBJieHII.sIX CTaporepMaHCKOro
xapaKTepa, CTaHOB.sITC.sI II03TOMY BnOJIHe noH.sITHbIMII TOJibKO npII 3HaKOMCTBe c TOM peJIIIrHeii, IIO,ll, B.iIII.sIHHeM KOTOpoii Hapo,ll, .ll.YMaJI, rDBOpIIJI II ,ll,ellCTBOBaJI. Ho 3,ll,eCb H3MeH.sIIOT HaM Hanm ,ll,peBHIIe nyTeBO,ll,IITeJIH, IIOTOMy qTo,
11e yMe.sI npOHHKHYTbC.sI CBoeo6pa3HOCTblO 3TOll ceBepHoii MHcpOJIOrHII, OHM
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11peAMeTy ,ll,OCTOBepHO JI ,ll,eJibHO noqTII TOJlbKO TO, qTo repMaHU:bl cqJITaJIII
llOMe111eHIIe 6oroB B CTpOeHH.sI HeCOOTBeTCTBYIOlll.HM IIX BeJIW-IHIO, JI BMeCTo
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MOJKeT elll,e 6bITb npII3HaIIO COBepmeHHO .sICHbIM JI 3aKOH"lleHHbIM; MHOroe B HeM
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upcMeHII, II MHOJKeCTBO HapO,ll,HblX IlOBepHH, KOTOpbie II Tenepb e111e HaXOMTC.sI

44
B xo,a:y n: on1eqaTaJIHCb B 6ecqn:cJieHHhIX Mmpax n: carax, coxpattn:JIHCb H3
BpeMeH ,a:aJieKoii repMattcKoii ,a:peBHOCTH. lfro6h1 Y3HaTh rrx H3hiqecKIIM xapaKTep, CTOlIT TOJibKO y,a:aJilITb 6oJiee mrn MeHee lICKYCHO HaJIO)KeHHbie, lIHOr,a:a
oqeHb JiefKlie xpn:CTn:aHCKlie KpaCKII. 3aTO tte6Jiarorrpn:HTHbie CJiyqaiiHOCTR R
B oco6eHHOCTR 6JiaroqecTlIBaH HpOCTb XplICTliaHCKlIX MRCCROHepoB OCTaBlIJilI
HaM TOJibKO caMbie 6e,a:Hbie IIlICbMeHHbie CBH,a:eTeJibCTBa 0 HeMeU:KOM H3bJqeCTBe,
no Kpaiitteii Mepe caMhie 6e,a:Hbie IIO,a:JilIHHbie ,a:oKyMeHTbl H3bJqCCKOM peJiliflilI.
CTporo roBopH, MbI 11.0 caMoro rrOCJie11.ttero BpeMeHn: 3HaJIH TOJibKO /I.Ba tte6oJibnrnx a.JIJIU:Tepn:py101u:n:x CTlIXOTBOpeHlIH, ,a:Be MarRqecKn:e cpopMy Jlbl, KOTOpbie
no CBoeMy co,a:ep)KaHlIIO HeCOMHeHHO OTHOCHTCH K H3biqecKOM :moxe. feopr
Baiiu: ttarneJI RX B 6n:6JIHOTeKe Mep3e6yprcKoro co6opttoro KaIIRTYJia, 5IKOB
fplIMM RX II3,a:aJI. IlepBoe lI3petiem1e OTHOCJITCJI K pa3perneHlIIO Y3 BOeHHOIIJieHHOro, BTOpoe -

K lICU:eJieHlIIO BblBRXHYTOH HOflI y JIOilla,a:n:. 06e cpop-

MYJibl HarrncaHbl Ha CTapOTIOpRHfCKOM Hapeqn:R R qn:TaIOTCH TaK:

I) Eiris sazun idisi sazun hera duoder
suma hapt heptidun suma heri lezidun
suma club6dun umbi cuoniwidi
insprinc haptbandun invar vigandun.
2) Phol ende Wodan vuorun zi holza
du wart demo Balderes volon sin vuoz birenkit
thu biguolen Sinthgunt, Sunna era suister
thu biguolen Friia Volla era suister
thu liguolen Wodan so he wola conda
sose benrenkt sose bluotrenki sose lidirenkt
ben zi bena bluot zi bluoda
lid zi geliden sose gelimidii sin.
Ilo rrepeBo,ny BaKepttareJIJI 3TO 3HaqRT:

1) IlpeJK,n:e cu,n:eJIH JKeHIUHHbl, CH,n:eJIH TaM H CHM:
OAHH Y3bI CBH3bIBaJIH, .n:pyrue y,n:epiKHBaJIH Bo:iicKo,
,n:pyrue cpblBaJIH BepeBKll AJIH KOJieH.
0CBo6oJK,n:a:HcH OT OKOB, yxo.n:u OT BparoB!

2) <!>oJI ll Bo,n:aH noeXaJill B Jiec;
TaM y JIOilla,n:u DaJib,n:epa CBllXHYJiaCb Hora;
TaM 3aroBopMJia ee CttHTryHT M CyHHa, ee cecTpa;
TaM 3aroBopnJia ee <!>p1rn: M <!>oJia, ee cecTpa;
TaM 3aroBopMJI ee Bo,n:aH, KaK OH yMeJI,
JI BblBMX Horn, JI BblBJIX KpOBJI, H BblBllX 'IJieHa,
Hora K Hore, KpOBb K KpOBM,
qJieH K 'IJieHy, KaK CKJieeHHbie.

45
K ;:)TIIM H3bP:IeCKIIM peJIIIKBII5IM rrpIIcoe,n:IIHIIJiacb em;e o,n:Ha ttaxo,n:Ka, TaK
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cesepHbIM MCTOqHMKaM o63op CKaH,n:MHaBCKOfO peJIIIfII03HOf0 yqeHII5I II,
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46
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47
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55
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pytt. YIT0Tpe6JI.SIBIII11ec51 ITPII 3TOM ITp11eMbI ti:OKa3bIBaIOT B TO )Ke BpeM.SI, l.J:TO
B ,npeBHeii fepMaHMII cy:w:ecTBOBaJIO l.J:TO-TO Bpo,ne 6yKBeHHOH CMCTeMbl ITllCbMeH. Ha OTJioMaHHhIX BeTKax cppyKToBoro ti:epeBa, -

K 3TOMY pa3p.SI;J:Y ,nepe-

BbeB ITPMl.fllCJI.SIJIC.SI TaK)Ke M 6yK, oco6eHHO l.J:aCTO YITOTpe6JI.SIBIIIHHC.SI B 3TOM
CJiyl.fae, -

Bbipe3aJIIICb IIJIII Hau;apaIThIBaJIMCb pa3Jilll.J:Hbie 3HaKH. IloTOM 3TM

BeTKM lIJIII ITaJIOl.J:Kll paCCbIIIaJIMCb KaK ITOITaJIO Ha 3eMJIIO, ITO,n6rrpaJIMCb
OIT.SITb, M IIX CMbICJI MCTOJIKOBbIBaJIC.SI ITO 3HaKaM, HJIM TaK, l.J:TO lI3 OT,ZJ;eJibHbIX
6yKB, ITO Mepe Toro, KaK OHM ITO,ZJ;HMMaJIMCb, COCTaBmIJIOCb KaKoe-m16y,nb CJIOBO, MJIII )Ke TaK, l.J:TO MM.SI Ka)K,ZJ;OH OTt{eJibHOH 6yKBbl ITpllBOLJ;MJIOCb B COOTHOIIIeHIIe c TeM ,ZJ;eJIOM, ITO ITOBOAY KOToporo ,l(eJiaJIOCb ra,n;aHIIe.
3TO ,npeBHerepMaHCKOe 6yKBeHHOe ITlICbMO He 6hIJIO o6:w:epacITpOCTpaHeHHbIM 3HaHMeM, M IT03TOMY OHO ITOJIYl.J:IIJIO Ha3BaHMe pym1l.feCKOfO ITIICbMa
(oT cJiosa

Runa -

TaiiHa). Bo speM.SI cpe,nHMX BeKOB pyHhI e:w:e ,noJiro

Bbipe3aJillCb Ha t1;epese MJIM Bbipy6aJIMCb Ha KaMHe, B oco6eHHOCTM B CKaHmrnaBMM.
B fepMamrn BP.SIA JIM cy:w:ecrnoBa.110 oco6oe 3aMKHyToe cocJioBMe )Kpeu:oB
H )KpMu;. Ka)K,l(bIH CB060,ntth1ii MY)Kl.fMHa 6b1JI )Kpeu:oM csoero ,noMa, Ka)K,ZJ;bIH
CTapIIIMH -

)Kpeu;oM csoeii o6rn:MHbI. Ho TaK KaK, ITO sepoBaHH.SIM repMattu;eB,

B )KeH:W:MHe 6hIJIO qTo-TO CB.SI:W:eHHOe, TO Ha )KeH:W:HH ITpeMMyrn:ecTBeHHO M B03JiaraJIHCb )Kpe1IeCKHe o6~13aHHOCTH. 0,nHOH H3 rJiaBHbIX CTOpOH )Kpe1IeCKOro

60
CJiy)KeHJUI 6bIJIH HCCJie,[(OBaHHe cy.n:b6bI, rrpopnu;aHHe. )KeHIIJ;HHbI, o.n:apeHHbie
B 3TOM OTHOIIIeHHH 6oJibIIIHMH crroco6HOCT51MH, IIOJlb30BaJIHCb oco6eHHbIM yBa)KeHHeM, KaK 3TO BH,[(HO H3 rrpHMepa BbIIIIeyrroM51HYTOM BeJie,[(bl H H3 .n:pyrnx
CJiyqaeB, 0 KOTOpbIX TaK)Ke 6bIJIO CKa3aHO BbIIIIe. OcttoBaHHeM 3TOfO yBa)KeHlI51 6bIJIO, 6eccrroptto, yqettne o Hopttax. IloCTerrettttoe nepettecettne nx Kaqecrn Ha rrpopnu;aTeJibHHIJ;

(Volur, Walen)

Mo)KeT 6bITb 51CHO rrpocJie)KeHo. Ho

rroqi:naHHe 3THX BCIIJ;HX )KCHIIJ;HH, KOTOpbIC, KpoMe rrpopHU,aHMH, 3aHIIMaJIIICb
Bpaqe6HbIM lICKycCTBOM, ,[(QJl)KHQ 6bIJIO c TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH rrpeBpaTHTbC51 B
HeHaBHCTb lI )KCCTOKOe fOHCHHe.
Mo)KHO cMeJio YTBep)K.n:aTb, qTo rrpe.n:aHH51 o cTaporepMaHcKHX BaJiax B
XpHCTHaHCKOe BpeM51 ,[(OCTaBHJIH TBopqecKOM CHJie TeOJIOfHqecKOM lI HCCJIC,[(OBaTeJibCKOM ¢attTa3HH IIOBO,[( H306peCTII TY COBOKYIIHOCTb 06b1qaeB II MHeHIIM,

B. JI1rn,L\emnMHT.

~ KuMBpttiicKue )KPMU:bI~

61
KOTOpa51 .n:o HaIIUIX BpeMeH o6osHa-ciaeTC51 HMeHeM ~KOJIJJ:OBCTBa~. KOJIJJ:OBCTBO, 0 KOTOpoM Mbl B CBOeM MecTe 6y.n:eM fOBOpHTb rro.n:po6Hee, rrpouBeTaJIO
TaK>Ke lI B HerepMaHCKHX 3eMJI51X, HO 3THM He orrpoBepraeTC51 Harne MHeHHe,
IIOTOMY "CJ.TO CTapa51 HapOJJ:Ha51 peJIHfH51 y pa3JIH"lJ.HbIX Hapo.n:oB o6Hapy)KHBaeT 3Ha"CJI1TeJibHOe CXOJJ:CTBO, KaK B OCHOBHbIX MbICJI51X, TaK J1 BO BTOpoCTerreHHbIX rro.n:po6HOCT51X.
KaK TOJibKO Hapo.n: rrepexo.n;HT H3 rroJio)KeHH51 JJ:HKOCTH B Kpyr KYJibTYPhI,
OH Ha"CJHHaeT cos.n:aBaTb II03TH"CJ.eCKHe rrpo51BJieHH51 CBOeiI .n:yxOBHOH )KH3HH.
TaKHe rrp051BJieHH51 oco6eHHO OXOTHO rrpHB513bIBaIOTC51 K .n:eJiaM rrpe.n;KOB lI
rrpHHHMaIOT rrpeMMyIUeCTBeHHO 3IIH"CJ.eCKHH xapaKTep y)Ke IIOTOMy, l!TO pe651-cieCKa51 HaHBHOCTb yxBaThIBaeTC51 sa MaTepHaJibHYIO CTopoHy )KlI3HH.
fJiy6oKO-II03TH1IeCKMH .n:yx rrpOHM3bIBaeT co6oi1: BCe repMaHCKOe lI CJIY)KHT
HaM rropyKOH, l!TO 6o)KeCTBeHHa51 HCKpa II033HH IIbIJiaJia B fepMaHHH co BpeMeH ce.n:oH: ,n:peBHOCTH. l{o KaKOH CMCJIOCTH lI ,n:o KaKoro Morymecrna IIOtJ:HHMaJiaCb y .n:peBHHX repMaHueB c1rna B006pa)Kemrn -

OCHOBHOe ycJIOBHe BC51-

KOH II033HH, BMJJ:HO M3 repMaHCKOH MHCpO.!IOfHH, Ha.n: MaTepHaJIOM KOTOpoiI
paHbIIIe MorJia yrrpa)KH51TbC51 II03TH"CJ.eCKa51 .n:e51TeJibHOCTb.
CTapb1e rreCHH o TyHcKo H ero CbIHe MaHHe, JiereH.n:apHbIX po.n:oHa-ciaJihHMKax HeMeuKoro Hapo.n:a, 6hIJIII TaK)Ke Mmlm-ciecKoro co.n:ep)KaHH51. 3TH necHH TaUHT Ha3bIBaeT e.n;HHCTBeHHbIMM HCTOpH-cieCKMMII naM51THHKaMH l{peBHeH
fepMaHHH, II .n:eiICTBI1TeJibHO, 3IIH'IeCKa51 Hapo.n:Ha51 neCH51 saMeH51Jia co6oil
HCTOpIIorpaqm10. IIposhI eiue ne 6bI.JIO.

r.

IlieHJie6ep. ~PymP-IeCKMH KaMeHb Ha 0. P10rem>

62
Eo11ee IICTOpIIqecKIIM co.n;ep:a<aHIIeM OTJI~aJIIICb, 6e3 COMHeHmI, II03.n;Heii:nme rrecHII o rro.n;BIIrax ocBo6o.n;IITemI ApMIIHa, rrecmr, KOTOpb1e eme B KOHue rrepBOfO CTOJieTIIH Harneii: 9pb1 3ByqHo rreJIIICb HeMeUKIIMII IIJieMeHaMII. IlecHII pa3.n;aBaJIIICb Ha rrMprnecrnax repMaHueB, M c rrecHHMM OHM IIIJIII B cpa)KeHMe. Ilo c11a6eiirneMy MJIM CMJibHeiirneMy 3BYKY 6oeBoii rrecHII OHM CTapa.TIMCb
yra,n:aTb IICXO.LJ; 6opb6b1; II09TOMy OHII, 3aT.HfIIBaH CBOIO rrecHIO, .n;ep)KaJIII TaK)Ke rrepe.n; ry6aMM Brra,n:IIHY IIIMTa, qT06bI 3BYK pa3,n:aBaJICH rpoMqe. 0TCIO,n:a
BOeHHa.H rreCHH rroJiyqMJia Ha3BaHMe
,n:peBHeceBepHoro c110Ba

bard hi -

6apaum

(II1MTOBa.H rreCHH, OT

IIIIIT ).

HeKOTOpbie peBHHTeJIII HeMeUKOll Hapo,n:HOCTII BbIBeJIM OTCIO,n:a 3aKJIIOqeHHe, qTO B L(peBHeii fepMaHIIH cymecTBOBaJia oco6a.H Koprropa:u;HH II09TOB
H rreB:U:OB, KOTOpbie Ha3bIBaJIHCb 6ap.n;aMM, HO 3TO 3aKJIIOqeHIIe COBeprneHHO HeOCHOBaTeJibHO M 06yc110BJIMBaeTCH rreperryTbIBaHMeM repMaHCKMX HpaBOB
C KeJibTO-faJIJlbCKMMM.
qTO KacaeTCH <PopMbl .n;peBHMX MM<P~eCKMX M BOeHHbIX rreceH, K KOTOpbIM
rrpMcoe,n:MH.HJIIICb, 6bITb MO)KeT' caTMpMqecKMe, pyraTeJibHbie II 3ara,n:oqHbie
rreCHII, TO BCero BepOHTHee 6y,n:eT rrpe,n:rrOJIO)KIITb, qTo OHa rro.n;qHH.HJiaCb 3aKOHY aJIJIIITepa:u:1rn, KaK MbI 3TO BII,ll;MM BO Bcex OCTaTKax .n;peBHeiirneM: repMaHCKOll II033MH.
QqeHh rrpaB,n:orro,n:o6Ho, qTo .n:peBHeii:rnaH ,n:oxpMCTHaHCKaH HeMe:U:KaH rro93MH 3aHMMaJiaCb rrpeMMyllleCTBeHHO JJ:BYMH r JiaBHhIMH CIO)KeTaMH -

caroM: 0

3ttr<PpII.n;e, y6MBIIIeM ,n:paKoHa, II caroii: o BOJIKe lfaeHrpMMMe M 11Mce PeiiHrapTe (BTO 3HaqMT XIITpb1ii:, B yMeHhllIMTeJihHOM Ha HII)KHeHeMe:U:KOM Reineke).
Ilo KpaiiHeii Mepe, 9TII earn CBOMMM KOpHHMM YXOMT ,n:aJieKO B rny60Ky10 repMaHcKyIO .n;peBHOCTb, qTQ .n;oKa3bIBaeTCH crre:u:M<PMqecKIIM MM<PIIqecKM-.H3biqeCKMM xapaKTepoM rrepBoii M HaHBHOll 11ecttoii: rrepB06bITHOCTbIO IIOCJie,n:Heii:.
06pa6oTKa o6eMx HaqaJiaCb, 6bITb MO)KeT, y)Ke Tor.n;a, KOr,n:a HeMe:U:KMH H3bIK
TOJibKO OT.n;eJIMJICH c .n;ocTaToqttoii: orrpe.n;eJieHHOCTblO OT o6mero KOpHH H3bIKOB CaHCKpMTCKoro II BeH,n:CKOfO, KeJibTCKOfO, 9JIJIIIHO-MTaJIIIllCKOro, CJiaB.HHCKOfO M repMaHCKOfO.
"llTOObI JJ:OIIOJIHIITb 3T)' KapTIIHY .n;peBHe:H fepMaHIIII, H~O eme o6paTIITb BHIIMaHIIe Ha IIOJIHTlfqecKMe II IOpII,n:IIqecKMe ycJIOBIIH .n:peBHerepMaHCKOii )Kll3HII.
MHoro 6hIJIO roBopeHo II crrern o cTapotteMe:u;Koii cno6o.n;e. HerrpocTIITeJibttoe He3HaHIIe II rrpoCTMTeJibHbIH 3HT)'3Ha3M o6mIIMII CIIJiaMII IIOCTapa.TIIICb yKpaCIITb rocy .n:apCTBeHHOe X03.HRCTBO .n:peBHMX repMaHli;eB TaKIIM CIIHHMeM
cno6o,n:hI, <PattTaCT~eCKIIii: 6JieCK KOTOporo He Mor YCTOHTb rrepe.n: CBeTOM 6ecrrpIICTpacTHOro llCCJie,n:oBaHIIH. IlpaB.n;a, B .n;peBHerepMaHCKOH CB06o,n:e, rrpoTMBOIIOCTaBJieHHOH fHIIJIOCTII pIIMCKOfO MIIpa, Jie)KaJilf 3~aTKM BTopoM: IOHOCTII EBpOIIbl, HO rrpaB,n:a II TO, qTo 0 CB06o.n:e B TerrepernHeM CMbICJie, TO eCTb
o pacrrpocTpaHeHIIII neqHbIX qeJioneqecKHX rrpaB Ha Bee K11acch1 Haumt, He

63
6bIJIO H pe1IH. DblJIH TaM eB060,/l.Hble JIIO,/l.H -

TOl.J:HO, HO pa6oB 6bIJIO

ropa3,/l.O 6oJibIIIe.
Beeb Hapo,ll. paerra,ll.aJie51 rrpe)l{,ll.e Beero Ha ,ll.Ba 6oJibIIIHX eoeJIOBHH: Ha
eBo6o,l(HbIX HJIH rrpHBHJiernpoBaHHbIX H Ha HeeBo6o,l(HbIX HJIH 6eerrpaBHbIX.
IloeJie,/l.HHe 6bIJIH 3Hal.J:HTeJibHO MHoroqneJieHHee rrepBbIX. Bo Bee BpeMeHa
roeIIO,l(HH, HMeHHO ,/].JI.H TOfO, l.J:T06bI 6bITb roeIIO,l(HHOM, HY)l{,ll.aeTe.H BO MHOfHX pa6ax. CoeJIOBJie CB060,l(HbIX JI eoeJIOBJie pa6oB rro.n:pa3,l(eJIHJIJieb BIIOeJie,/l.eTBHH Ka)l{,ll.Oe Ha ,ll.Ba pa3pH,ll.a: rrepBoe (Adalinge,

Edelinge,

B

eTapbIX

Ha 6Jiaropo,n:HbIX eBo6o,n:HhIX

3aKoHax

nobiles) H

eBo6o,n:HhIX ( Gemeinfreie, ingenui MJIJI liberi), BTopoe -

rrpoeThIX

Ha KperroeTHbIX,

o6H3aHHblX eJiy)l(HTb HJIH IIJiaTHTb o6poK (Liten, liti), H Ha eo6CTBeHHblX
pa6oB (Sehalke, servi). Pa6h1 -

coeJIOBHe, o6pa30BaBIIIeec51 H3 BOeHH0-

1IJieHHbIX, IIOJIO)l(IUeJibHO eTaBMTe51 .n:peBHMMH 3aKOHaMM Ha O,ll,HY ,l(OCKY c
)l{MBOTHbIMH.
HeMeu;KHH pa6 6hIJI BelllbIO, TOBapoM, opy.n:neM MeHbI; roerro,n:MH Mor 6e3HaKa3aHHO 6MTb ero, yBel.J:HTb, y6nBaTb, IIOTOMy l.J:TO no .n:peBHerepMaHeKMM
ey.n:e6HbIM yernBaM TOJibKO eBo6o,n:Hbie JIIO,/l.M HaXO,/l.HJIHeb rro.n: IIOKpOBHTeJibeTBOM 3aKOHOB. KperroeTHhie MJIH JIHTbI OTJIMl.J:aJIMeb OT IIIaJibKOB TeM, l.J:TO MM
6bIJIM rrpe.n:oeTaBJieHbl OT roerro.n: yqacTKH 3eMJIII ,l(JIH o6pa6oTKII II ,l],JI51 IIOJib30BaHM.H 3a II3BeeTHbie yeJiyrlI If yrrJiary o6poKa (Feod) II l.J:TO OHM MOfJIII rrpo,n:aBaTbe.H TOJibKO BMeCTe e TOH 3eMJieH, Ha KOTOpOH 6bIJIM rroeeJieHbl.
Ha 3KOHOMIIl.J:eeKIIX OTHOIIIeHII.HX KperroeTHbIX K 3eMJieBJia,lJ,eJibIJ;aM OCHOBbIBaeTe51 Bbipa6oTaBIIIa51C5I BIIOeJie,l(CTBHII JieHHa51 IIJIM cpeo,lJ,aJibHa51 e1IeTeMa
(IIMeHHo OT

Feod).

KperroeTHOMy, KOHel.J:HO, 6brno JIYl.J:IIIe, qeM HaeTo.HmeMy

pa6y' eo6eTBeHHO B TOM OTHOIIIeHMM, l.J:TO eMy rrpe,l1,0eTaBJI51Jiaeb B03MO)l{HOCTb
3apa6aTbIBaTb JI Ha)l{MBaTbe51, H TaKHM o6pa30M BbIKyrraTbC.s:I BIIOeJie,l(CTBMII M3
pa6erna, O,l(HaKO Ha,l.1,0 3aMeTMTb, l.J:TO IIOTOMKII BOJihHOOTrryII1eHHOfO JIIITa TOJibKO B TpeTbeM IIOKOJieHIIM Hal.J:IIHaJIM IIOJib30BaThC.H BeeMII rrpaBaMM eBo6o,ll.HbIX
JIIO,/l.eH. IloKa OH 6bIJI KpeIIOCTHbIM, OH, IIO,l(06Ho pa6y, He MMeJI rrpaBa )l{aJIOBaTbe51 M II05IBJI5IThe5I JIMl.J:HO B cy,lJ,e, a ,lJ,OJI)l{eH 6bIJI BhI61IpaTh ee6e rrpe.n:ernBMTeJI51 M3 eBo6o,n:HblX JIIO,/l.eH.
KaK )l{ecToKo rrocryrraJIII c pa6aMII, BH)J;HO y)l{e H3 TOH cTaTbM 3aKoHa, l.J:TO
pa6y, yJIMl.J:a10111eMy roc110,n:MHa B 11peeTyrrJieH1IM, He eJie,ll.yeT ,lJ,aBaTh BephI.
qeM 60Jibllle 6ecrrpaBHOCTb HeCB060,ll.HbIX, TeM 60Jihllle rrpMBIIJierMM CBo6o.n:HbIX. 0,n:HII CB060,ll.Hble MMeJIM rrpaBO HOCIITb opy)l{IIe, OHM O,l(HH HMeJIH MecTO H fOJIOe B HapO,ll.HOM eo6paHIIH, OHM 0,lJ,HH MOfJIII 6bITb o6BMHIITeJI51MII, eBII,n:eTeJI51MII If ey,/l.b5IMM, OHII 0,lJ,HII MOfJIII MCIIOJIH.HTb o6H3aHHOeTII )l{peu;oB.
TaKIIM o6pa30M, 6oroeJiy)l(eH1Ie, 3aKOHO,lJ,aTeJiberno, a,lJ,MMHMeTpau;M.H II ey,lJ,e6Ha51 BJiaeTb HaXO,l(IIJIIIeb IIeKJIIOl.J:IITeJibHO B IIX pyKax. 0

,/].eMOKpaTMl.J:ee-

KOH eTpye, rrpOXO,/l.HIIleH 1Iepe3 .n:peBHerepMaHCKYIO )l{H3Hb, MO)l{HO II03TOMY

64
fOBOpIITb TOJibKO B TOM CJIY'!ae, ecJIII orpattWIIIBaTb IIOHHTIIe

Hapoo

MeHbllIIIH-

CTBOM rrpIIBIIJierIIpOBaHHblX rocrro.n:' CB06o,n:HblX.
Co6cTBeHHO )Ke ,n:JIH Hapo,n:a .n:peBHeHeMeU,KaH CBo6o,n:a COCTOHJia B TJI)KeJiblX pa6ornx II JIMIIIeHMHX, B 60JibllIIIX o6poKax, 6apIII,IIHe II rraJI01IHbIX y.n:apax. Ero y1IaCTb, y1IaCTb KperrocTHbIX M pa6oB, 6brna o1IeHb rre1IaJibHa. Ott
,n:OJI)KeH 6bIJI pa6ornTb ,n:JIH rrpa3,n:HbIX rocrro.n: M 3a Ka)K,n:bIM rrocryrroK rro,n:BepraTbCH )KeCTOKMM HaKa3aHirnM. EecrrpaBHbIH B 3TOH )Klf3HII, Hapo.n: He IIMeJI
TaK)Ke Ha,n:e)K,n:bI Ha 3arpo6noe 6Jia)KeHCTBO: TOJibKO CBo6o,n:HbIM JIIO,n:HM 6bIJI
OTKpbIT ,n:ocTyrr B BaJiraJIJIY ByOTaHa.
B caMOH ,n:aJieKOH ,n:peBHOCTM rrpMBMJierrrpoBaHHOe COCJIOBIIe COCTaBJIHJIOCb
M3 o,n:HMX a,n:aJIIIHfOB (KOTOpbie Ha3bIBaJIIICb TaK)Ke lICKOHII CB06o,n:HbIMII, BCer,n:a CBo6o,n:HbIMII), BJia,n:eBIIIMX aJIJIO,n:OM, T.e. CBo6o,n:HbIM IIOMeCTbeM, rrepexo.ll:MBIIIMM 113 pyK B pyKH no rrpaBy rrepBopo,n:crna. 3eMJieBJia,n:ett11e H ,n:BopHnCTBO CHa1IaJia 6bIJIII COBeprneHHO TO)K,n:ecTBeHHbIMII IIOHHTlIHMII. Ilo3TOMY If
caMo CJIOBO

Ada[ IIJIII Adel

rrpott3BO,n:IITCH OT

Ha,n:o 3aMeTIITb, 1ITO 3TO TOJIKOBaHHe MHeHIIe, 6y,n:m 6b1 CJIOBO

Adel

Oda[ (Od -

rroMeCTbe), o,n:ttaKo

crropttoe, TaK KaK cyIII,eCTByeT .n:pyroe

3Ha1IIIJIO rrepBoHa1IaJibHO po.n: (genus) c rro6o1!-

HbIM CMbICJIOM 6Jiaropo,n:cTBa, TaK T01IHO, KaK 1I B cpe,n:HIIe BeKa ropo,n:CKHe
rpa)K,n:atte ,n:BopHHCKoro rrponcxo)K,n:ettnH Ha3bIBaJIHCb

pooa.Mu ( Geschlechter).

CocJIOBIIe rrpocTbIX cBo6o,n:HbIX o6pa30BaJIOCb rrotteMHory II3 mrryIII,eHHbIX Ha
BOJIIO JIHTOB.
CB06o,n:HblX -

I-fa

a,n:aJIIIHfOB C03,n:aBaJIOCb BIIOCJie,n:CTBHH BbICIIIee, H3 rrpoCTblX

HlI3IIIee .ll:BOpHHCTBO, Me)K,n:y TeM, KaK .n:py)KMHbl, co611paBIIIJieCH

BOKpyr OT,n:eJibHbIX 3HaMeHIITbIX BHTH3eif, c,n:eJiaJIIICb pacca,n:HJIKaMH BOeHHOro
.ll:BOpHHCTBa, IIOJIY1IlIBIIIero oco6eHHO Ba)KHOe 3Ha1IeHIIe BO BpeMH rrepeceJieHJIH
napo,n:oB. BJia,n:eTeJIIo aJIJio,n:a rrpnHa,n:Jie)KaJia orreKa H rocrro,n:cTBO na.n: ero
ceMe:H:crnoM (Sippschaft); ero po,n:crneHHIIKII My)KcKoro 11 )KeHcKoro rroJia

(Schwertmagen

II

Spill IIJIH Spindelmagen) 6bIJIH o6H3aHbI eMy rrocJiyIIIaHneM,

Haxo,n:IIJIIICb rro.n: ero pJKOH. HecKOJibKO aJIJio,n:oB B cBo6o,n:HoM co103e cocTaBJIHJIH
MapKy IIJIII 06III,1rny. E,n:irncrno MHTepecoB coe,n:JIHHJIO H3Becrnoe 1IIICJIO o6III,HH B

zay (Gau),

06III,ecrnennb1e ,n:eJia Kornporo o6cy)K.ll:aJIHCb n pernaJIMCb B co6panlIH

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162 000

TpynoB, c TeM, qrn6b1 BTOprttyTbC.H B Bepx-

lllOIO l1TaJilIIO. fonop.siT, qTo KpacHopeqMe pHMCKOfO enRCKOIIa JlbBa rro6y/ll1JIO ero 3aKJIIOqlfTb MMpHbiii .n:oroBop c MMneparnpoM BaJieHTMHMaHoM

III.

BcKope IIOCJie 3TOro CMJlbHOe M3Bep)KeHMe KpOBM, IIpMKJIIOqMBIIIeec.si c BeJ111KMM 3aBOeBaTeJieM B HOqb nocJie ero )KeHMTb6bI Ha npeKpaCHOR 6ypryH,n:C KOH rrpMHu;ecce l1JibJJ.MKO, IIOJIO)KMJIO KOHeu; )KM3HM ATTMJibl

(453

ro,n).

c

II HM BMeCTe nor116Jia Ta CMJia, KOTOpa.si no.n:.n:ep)KMBaJia e,n:MHCTBO B u;apcrne
ryHHOB, M 3TO u;apCTBO BCKope pacrraJIOCb Ha CBOM Bpa)K,n:e6Hble .n:pyr .n:pyry
COCTaBHbie qacnI.

76

A. cpott Xall,n:ett.

~BepttoCTb

LJ;pyry LJ;O caMoii

cMeprn~

77
3To BpeM.H Bceo6ru:ero pasJio:>Kemrn, Boccos,[l,amrn H paspyrneHH.H rocy,ll,apcTB rrpHBeJIO sa co6oll: HaKOHeu OKOH<IaTeJibHYIO rH6eJib 3arra,[1,HOH PHMCKOH HMrrepHH. MHoroqHcJieHHbie repMaHcKHe ,ll,py:>KHHbI, HaxomrnrnMeCJI: Ha
pHMCKOH cJiy:>K6e H y:>Ke fOCIIO,ll,CTBOBaBillHe cpaKT~eCKH HaJJ: lfraJIHeH, IIOTpe6oBaJIH OT rrocJie,ll,Hero sarraJJ:Horo HMrrepaTopa PoMyJia ABrycTy Jia cpopMaJibHoii ycTyITKH O,ll,HOH TpeTH HTaJibHHCKOH TeppHTOpHH. IloJiyqHB OTKa3, OHM
CBeprJIM HMrrepaTopa c rrpeCTOJia H IIOCaJJ:HJIH Ha ero MeCTO CBOero rrpe,ll,BO,ll,HTeJI.H, repyJia 0,ll,oaKpa, KOTopoMy, KaK fOBOpHT rrpe,ll,aHIIe, O,ll,HH xpHCTHaHCKHH MHCCHOHep CeBepIIH rrpe,ll,CKa3aJI ero B03BbIIlleHHe, KOr,ll,a OH eru:e 6bIJI
y ce6.H Ha po,ll,HHe, B HopHKe

(486).

IIocJie rraJJ:eHH.H 3arraJJ:HOH PHMCKoii HM-

rrepHH 0,ll,OaKp B TeqeHHe ,/],BeHa,l],uaTH JieT fOCIIO,ll,CTBOBaJI Ha,/], l1TaJIHeH c THTYJIOM KOpO.lIH, Kor.n:a BH3aHTHHCKHe IIO,lJ;CTpeKaTe.libCTBa rro6y.l(HJIH KOpOJI.H
OCTfOTOB Teo,ll,OpHxa BTOprttyTbC.H B l1TaJIHIO.
IIocJie CMepTH ATTHJibI OCTfOTbI OCB060,ll,H.iIHCb OT CJia6o HaJIO:>KeHHOfO Ha
HHX Mra ryHHOB. B "IJHCJie

200 000

qeJIOBeK, crroco6HbIX HOCHTb opy:>KHe, B co-

rrpOBO:>K,ll,eHHH :>KeH H ,ll,eTeH, OHH IIO,ll,H.HJIHCb H3 CBOHX )KHJIHll; B IlaHHOHHH
rr MH3HH H HarrpaBMJIHCb B l1TaJIHIO. fiJIH3 BepoHbI 0,ll,oaKp 6bIJI rro6e:>K,ll,eH
Teo,ll,opttxoM, KOToporo HeMeUKHe carH Ha3bIBaIOT )lMTprrxoM fiepHCKHM (BepoHCKHM), H rro6e,n;1ueJib OCHOBaJI OCTfOTCKOe KOpoJieBCTBO, KOTOpoe BKJIIOqaJIO B ce6.H BCIO l1TaJIHIO H rrpocTHpa11ocb ,ll,O )lyHa.H B ABcTpHM. Teo,ll,opttx
C,ll,eJiaJI CBOHX fOTOB BJia,[l,eJibUaMH BCeH 3eM.TIH H rrpe,ll,OCTaBHJI HM HCKJIIoqHTe.TibHOe rrpaBO HOCHTb opy:>KHe. Ho BMecTe c TeM OH co.n;ell:cTBOBaJI C.TIH.HHHIO
pHMCKHX H repMaHCKHX 3.TieMeHTOB B a,/],MHHHCTpaUHH, 3aKOHO,ll,aTe.TibCTBe H
o6pase :>KH3HH. OH TaK:>Ke o6ttapy:>KHBa.TI pacrro.TIO:>KeHHe crracaTb ocTaTKH
npeBttell: o6pasoBaHHOCTH. Bo BpeM.H ero uapcTBOBaHH.H :>KH.TIH rr rrHca.TIH
noc.Tie,ll,HHH 3HaMeHHTbIH cpH.lIOCOcp ,ll,peBHero MHpa D03UHH, KHHra KOTOporo:
«06 yTerneHH.HX, ,ll,OCTaBJI.HeMbIX cpH.TIOCOcpHeH B Hec~aCTHH~, XOT.H H
BHyrneHHa.H .H3biqecKHM Hay"IJHbIM ,ll,YXOM, C,ll,e.TiaJiaCb, O,/],HaKo, .TII06HMOH
KHHfOH cpe,ll,HeBeKOBbIX y"IJeHbIX, H HCTOpHK KacCMO,ll,Op, MMeBillHH O"IJeHb
:ma"IIHTe.TibHoe BJIH.HHHe Ha cpe,nHeBeKoBoe o6pa3oBaHHe. EMy rrprrHatJ:.Tie:>KHT
H3BeCTHOe ,/],e.TieHHe BCex HayK, cqHTaBillHXC.H Heo6XO,ll,HMbIMH ,ll,.TI.H IIIKO.TibI, Ha
TaK Ha3bIBaeMoe

trivium

(rpaMMaTMKa, pMTOpMKa, ,ll,HaJieKTIIKa) ;:J:JI.H HH3IllHX

KJiaccoB, H TaK HasbrnaeMoe

quadrivium

(apncpMeTHKa, MY3bIKa, reoMeTpM.H,

acTpOHOMM.H) ,ll,.TI.H BbICillHX KJiaccoB; 3TH yqe6Hbie rrpe;:i:MeTbI ITO,/], HMeHeM ceMH
cso6o;:i:HbIX HCKYCCTB C,/],eJiaJIMCb H OCTaJIHCb OCHOBOH H yqe6HbIM MaTepHaJIOM
ncero cpe,ll,HeBeKoBoro rrperro;:i:aBaHH.H.
Me:>K;:i:y TeM ocTrOTcKoe BeJIH"IJHe B l1Ta.TIHH rroc11e cMepTH Teo,ll,opIIxa
cTaJio 6bICTpo K.TIOHMTbC.H K yrra,nKy. IIoc.Tie :>KecTOKHX cpa:>KeHMH ocTrOTbI,
11ecMOTp.H Ha repoH3M CBOHX rrpe,ll,BO,ll,HTe.Tiell:, ToTH.TibI M TeHH, 6bI.TIH
110.n;aBJieHbI BOeHHblM HCKYCCTBOM BH3aHTHHCKHX apMMH, KOTOpbie BOCTOqHbIH

78
HMnepaTop lOCTHHHaH nocJiaJI B lITamuo no.n. npe,ll,BO,ll,HTeJibCTBOM CBOHX
reHHaJibHbIX noJIKOBo.n.ueB, BeJincapIDI n Hapseca. IIocJie na.n.eHIDI ocrroTcKoro
uapcTBa

(554)

Hapsec ynpaBJIHJI I-fram1eii KaK npomrnuneii BocToqtto:H.

HMnepnH ,ll,O TeX nop, noKa, He3a,l],0Jlf0 ,ll,O ero CMepTH, He6Jiaro.n.apHOCTb ,ll,BOpa
He no6y.n.HJia ero npnsBaTh sa A.n:hnbI repMaHcKoe IIJieMH Jiottro6ap.n.oB, )KHBirree
B ITaHHOHHH, Ky.n.a OHO nepemJio c 6eperoB Hn)Ktteii 3Jib6bI. Jlottro6ap,ll,bI
npHIIIJIH no.n. HaqaJibCTBOM CBOero KOpOAA A.n:b6yrrna II OCHOBaJIH B Bepxtte:H.
I1TaJIHH JIOHro6ap.n.cKoe KopoJieBCTBO. A.n:b6yHH He,l],OJifO rocnO,ll,CTBOBaJI B CBOHX
HOBbIX BJia,l],eHHHX, Hero CMepTb npe,ll,CTaBAAeT oqeHb HpKHH npnMep ,ll,HKOCTH
H rpy6ocTH Toro BpeMeHH. B Onb51HeHIIH nrrpa OH npHHY,ll,HJI CBOIO )Ketty
PosaMyH,ll,y, .n.oqb y6rrToro HM KopoAA renII,l],oB KyttHMyH,ll,a, BbIIIHTb ns qepena
ee oTua, Kor.n.a 3TOT qepen, npeBpaiuettHbIH B qamy, 06xo.n.11JI rocTeii no
repMaHCKOMY 06b1qaIO. PosaMytt.n.a OTOMCTHJia sa 3TY )KeCTOKOCTb, no.n.KynHB
ueHOH CBOHX npeJieCTeii y6rriiuy' KOTOpbIH HanaJI Ha crrniuero KOpOJI51 JI
yMepTBHJI ero. Jiottro6ap.n.cKoe KopoJieBCTBO npocyiuecTBOBaJio eiue .n.Ba
cToJieTHH 11, HaKoHeu, B

VIII

BeKe c.n.eJiaJiocb .n.06b1qe:ii ¢paHKCKoro

saBoeBaTem1 KapJia.
C!>paHKII, )KHBIIIIIe no HII)KHeMy Peiitty 11 B 5eJihfHH, .n.eJIHJIHCb Ha pnnyapcKnx 11 caJinqecKHX ¢paHKOB. Kor.n.a BeCbMa XHTpbI:ii, 6eccoBecTHbIH H sa.n.opHbIH XJIO,ZI,BHf C,l],eJiaJIC51 noBeJII1TeJieM nocJie,ZI,HIIX, OH cyMeJI nocpe,n:CTBOM
COI03HOfO ,ll,OfOBOpa no,ZI,qJIHHTb ce6e H nepBbIX; saTeM OH co Bce:H. TR)KeCTbIO
¢paHKCKOfO MoryiuecTBa o6pymHJICR Ha aJieMaHHOB, pacnpoCTpaHHBIIIHX CBOII
BJia,ll,eHHH BHII3 no Pe:H.tty' JI peIIIIITeJibHO pa36IIJI HX B 6oJiblIIOM cpa)KeHHII
np11 QI0Jihnnxe

(496),

Me)K.n.y AxettoM II noHHOM. PacmnpIIB ¢paHKCKoe KO-

poJieBCTBO BBepx no Pe:H.tty

.n.o HeKKapa,

noToM, nocJie no6e,ZI,bI Ha,n: 6yprytt-

.n.aMH, ,ZI,O PoHbI, II nocJie noKopeHIDI BecTroTOB, )KHBIIIHX BO C!>paHUIIH, ,ZI,O fapOHHbI, -

no6e.n.nTeJib o6paTHJICR B xpIICTHaHCKYIO Bepy II ,ll,OCTOHHbIM o6pa-

30M OTKpbIJI co6o:H. p.H,ZI, Tex
eMy .n.yxoBeHCTBO, -

xpucmummeiiwux

KopoJie:ii, -

3TOT TIITYJI ,n:aJio

KOTOpbie BO HM51 H no.n. noKpOBOM peJIHfHH COBepIIIaJIH

caMbre ornpaTHTeJibHbie 3JIO,ZI,eRHHR. ToT ycnex, c KOTOpbIM XJIO,ZI,BHr noJib30BaJICR xpIICTHaHCTBOM ,ZI,JIR npoBe,n:eHHR CBOHX noJIHTHqecKHX nJiaHOB, noKa3bIBaeT c y)KaCaIOiue:H. Bbipa3HTeJibHOCTbIO, KaK HI13KO peJIHfHR ynaJia y)Ke B

VI

cTOJieTHH c rnii H,ZI,eaJihtto:H. BhICOTbI, Ha KOTopoii B03HHKJia. B caMoM .n.eJie,

OHa C,ZI,eJiaJiaCb c Ol{HOH CTOpOHbl -

caMbIM CMeIIIHbIM I1 B TO )Ke BpeMR HeTep-

nHMbIM ¢eTIIIIIII3MOM, c .n.pyroii CTOpOHbI, caMbIM noKOpHbIM II y.n.o6HbIM BCnoMoraTeJibHbIM cpel{CTBOM aecnoTH3Ma, II TOJibKO UBezyiueMy BpeMeHH pbIUapCTBa 6bIJIO cy)K,ZI,eHO npII,ZI,aTb eii: CHOBa 6oJiee IIl{eaJibHbIH OTTeHOK, npoBe,ZI,R
B n033IIIO II B o6iuecTBeHHbie HpaBbI JIOfIIqecKHe CJie,ZI,CTBII.SI noKJIOHeHHR MapHH. IlopoqttocTb XJIO,ZI,BIIra c.n.eJiaJiacb HacJie.n.cTBeHHbIM ,ZI,OCTOHHHeM ero
,ZI,HHaCTIIII, KOTOpaH Ha3bIBaeTC.H MepoBHHrCKOH no HMeHH .n.peBHero JiereH,ZI,apHOfO

79

0. KmrnJie. «Hap3ec»

0

f i BOCTotcy' OT .l pHHHH 'la

;J

rEPMAHIUI
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0

50

100

KaponuuroB.
1: 13 500 ooo.
200

300

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Apx. o3Hattaem ApxuenuCKoncmao
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0

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(BECTEPCAJibT)

I

10

82
po.n.otta'1aJibHIIKa, Kopom1 cppaHKOB MepoBe51. CaMa51 6esttpaBCTBeHHa51 cpattrns1u1 HanpacHO CTapaJiaCb 6bI npII.LJ.yMaTb TaKIIe nopoKII II y:>KaCbl, KaKIIe
6bIJIII coBeprnetttto o6bIKHOBeHHbI B .n.oMe MepommroB. CaMoe rpy6oe cyeBepIIe, caMa51 ,ll.IIKa51 '1YBCTBeHHOCTb, KJI51TBOnpecTyilJieHIIe, npe.n.aTeJibCTBO, KpoBOCMerneHIIe, OTpaBJieHII51, y6IIRCTBa pO,ll.CTBeHHIIKOB, caMa51 YTOH'1eHHa51
3JIOCTb M :>KeCTOKOCTb -

BOT rJiaBHbie '1epTbl TOR KapTIIHbl, KOTopyIO onIICaJI

KJiepIIKaJibHbIR JiemnIIceu Toro BpeMeHII fpIIropIIR TypcKMR (B

595 r.).

Ho ,ll,aJlbIIIe Bcex noIIIJIII B CBOMX 3JIOll,e51HM51X ,ll.Be cynpyrM MepOBMHfCKIIX
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noKa3aJia, '1TO Otta MO:>KeT npOM3BeCTM no qacTM KOJIOCCaJibHOR nopo'1HOCTM.
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HO saKaH'1MBa10ma51c51 cMepTbIO BpyttrIIJib.lJ:bI, K0Topy10 KJioTap

II,

CbIH ee

CMepTeJibHOR HenpM51TeJibHIIUbl <l>pe.n.eryHLJ.bI, no6eL1,MJI, B3HJI B nJieH, TPII ,ll.H51
nbITaJI M HaKOHeu npIIKasaJI npMB513aTb K XBOCTY ,ZJ;MKOfO KOH51 II TaKIIM 06pasoM pasMeTaTb no noJIIO
ConocrnBMM

3TJ

(613).

cuetty c KOH'1IIHOH Arrb6yMtta; npRnoMHMM, KpoMe mro,

'1TO B OLJ.HOR M3 MepOBIIHfCKIIX Me:>K.n.oyco6HblX BORR, B 0,ll.HOM cpa:>KeHMII, o6e
CTOpOHbl LI.PaJIMCb c TaKMM O:>KeCT0'1eHIIeM, '1TO y6MTbIM y:>Ke HeKy.n.a 6bIJIO na.n.aTb Ha seMJIIO II '1TO TpynhI, CTMCHYThie Me:>K.LJ.Y p51LI.aMII 6oll:uoB, ocTaBaJIMCh
Ha ttorax M nepe.n.BMfaJIIICh KaK :>KIIBb1e; TOf,ll,a HaM tteTpy.n:tto 6y.n.eT npe.n.crnBIITb ce6e 3BepcKyIO ,ll.MKOCTb TOfO nepMo.n.a, Kor.n.a COBepIIIaJIOCb nepeceJieHIIe
Hapo,ll.OB. MepOBIIHfCKIIe KOpOJIII no.n. KOHeu TaK o.n.p51XJieJIII, '1TO no.n. IIMeHeM
npa3aJ-lblX IIJIM JleJ-lU6blX, KaK MX Ha3bIBaeT IICTOpM51, CTaJIII BeCTM 6eccMbIC-

JieHHOe cymecrnoBaHIIe; IIX .n.oMorrpaBMTeJIII (Majordomus) sa6paJIII B pyKII
BCIO rocy.n.apcTBeHHYIO BJiaCTb, 3Ta BJiaCTb Cll,eJiaJiaCb HacJie,ll.CTBeHHOll B ceMellCTBe Ilmrntta f epIICTaJibCKoro, HaKotteu Ma:>Kop.n.oM IlIInMH KopoTKIIH HII3JIO:>KMJI rrocJie.n.ttero Mepommra II c.n.eJiaJIC51 caM KOpOJieM cppaHKOB

(752) -

Bee 3TO s.n.ech ttesa11eM paccKashrnaTh rro.n;po6tto. Hesa11eM TaK:>Ke pacrrpocTpaH51ThC51 II o TOM, KaK CbIH Ilmrntta, KapJI, npossaHHhIR BeJIIIKIIM, rrpeBpaTIIJI
cppaHKCKOe KOpoJieBCTBO B MIIpOBYIO MOHapXMIO, KaK OH noKOpIIJI ce6e BCIO
fepMaHIIIO, no6e.n.IIB II HaCIIJibCTBeHHO o6paTMB B xpIICTIIaHCTBO caKCOB, KOTOpble IIO,ll. Ha'1aJibCTBOM CBoero repo51, repuora BIITJKIIH.l(a, 3alIIIIIIIaJIII .n.peBHerepMaHCKYIO HaUMOHaJibHOCTb II peJIIIfMIO; KaK, HaKotteu, noJiy'1IIB IIMnepaTopcKyIO Kopotty HS pyK nanhI JlbBa

III, -

3Toli cuettoli rrarrb1 BrrocJie.n.cT-

BIIII .l(OKa3bIBaJIM CBOe rrpaBO YTBep:>KLl,aTb repMaHCKMX KOpOJieii B IIX catte, OH BOCCTaHOBIIJI 3arra.n.ttyIO IIMnepIIIO

(800),

II KaK B TO :>Ke BpeM51 OH noJio-

)KIIJI OCHOBam1e CBeTCKOMY MorymecTBY nan, 3aKpenMB sa HIIMII seMJIII, 110.n.apeHHbie ero OTUOM, II no.n.apIIB HM co CBOeR CTOpOHbl HOBble BJia,ll.eHMH.
KapJI .n.ocTaBMJI pernIITeJibHYIO no6e.n.y pIIMCKOMY xpIICTIIaHcTBY tta.n. repMaHCKIIM 513bNeCTBOM. OH xoporno IIOHHJI, KaKIIe BcnoMoraTeJibHbie cpe.n;CTBa

83

<l>. Ke1IJiep. «CMepTb

BpyttntJib,UbI~

84
,ZJ,OCTaBJI51eT COI03 c TaKOM uepKOBhlO, KOTOpa51 rrp1I3HaeT II.z:i;elO BepxOBHOM BJiaCTII, IICXOMIUeM Herrocpe.z:i;cTBeHHO OT 6o:>Kecrna II OTBeTCTBeHHOM TOJihKO rrepe.z:i;
HIIM O,ZJ,HIIM, II rrporroBe.z:i;yeT B OTHOIIIeHIIII K 3TOM BJiaCTII rraCCIIBHOe H 6e3ycJIOBHOe IIOBIIHOBeHIIe. fepMaHuaM 3Ta II.z:i;e51 6bIJia eme COBeprneHHO HelI3BeCTHa. IlpaB,ZJ,a, qaCTbie COIIPIIKOCHOBeHIIH c 3arra,ZJ,HhIMII H BOCTOqHhIMII p1IMJIHHaMII II03HaKOMIIJIII repMattueB c p1IMCKIIMII rocy.z:i;apcTBeHHhlMII cpopMaMII, "l!TO
,ZJ,OKa3hIBaeTC51 IIOHBIIBIIIIIMIICH y HIIX IIOCTerreHHO, BO BpeMH rrepeceJieHIIH Hapo,a:oB, p1IMCKIIMII TIITyJiaMII Rex, Dux, Comes, Ho TOJihKO KapJI rrpo1I3BeJI
B repMaHCKOM rocy,a:apcrneHHOM yCTpoH.crne TO 6oJihrnoe rrpeo6pa3oBaHIIe,
BCJie.z:i;cTBIIe KOToporo BepxoBHaH BJiaCTh rrepenrna OT ttapo.z:i;Horo co6pamrn
CBo6o.z:i;HhIX JIIO.z:i;eH.

cH,

(Thing)

K oco6e rocy.z:i;apH. Co BpeMeH KapJia Ha"CJ1IHaeT-

TaKIIM o6pa30M, HOBhlM rrepHO,ZJ, rocy.z:i;apcrneHHOM :>KII3HII, H BMeCTe c TeM

HOBhIM rreplIO,ZJ, HeMeuKOM UIIBIIJIII3aUHH -

B. JI1rn,D;eHIIIMIIT.

~M36pattIIe

KaTOJIIIKO-repMaHCKHM. Mbl pac-

Ilmnrna Kop01reM~

85

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~Kopottau;n:.si:

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cMoTpMM ero rro.n:po6Ho, HO rrpe.n;BapnTeJibHO c.n;eJiaeM ttecKOJibKO 3aMe1Iamrrr
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IlocJie nepeceJieHIIH ttapo.n;oB HeMel(KaH Ky JibTypa yTpaTMJia CBOIO caMoCTOHTeJibHOCTb II nO)J;1IIIHIIJiaCb BO BCex OTHOIIIemrnx BJIMHHIIIO poMaHCKOll o6pa30BaHHOCTII. PoJvta1-taMU 'tta3bIBaIOTCH, KaK M3BeCTHO, Te cMernaHHbie Hal(IIM,
KOTOpbie rrpOII301IIJIII OT CJIIIHHMH repMaHCKIIX 3aBOeBaTeJierr c noKopeHHbIM
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cppaHI.(Y3bl, IICnaHI.(bl II rropTyraJibl(bl. 3aBOeBaTeJIII CMeIIIaJIII TaKJKe CBOH
513bIK c 513bIKOM no6eJKJ];eHHbIX PIIMAAH, II TaK KaK nocJieJJ;HIIR 6bIJI 6oJiee pasBIIT II pa3pa6ornH, TO OH ecTeCTBeHHbIM o6pa30M HaCTOJlbKO IIO)J;1IMHIIJI ce6e
60J1ee rpy6b1e Hape1III5I no6eJJ;1ITeJ1eiI, 1ITO B npe:>KHIIX rrpOBIIHI.(IIHX 3arra.n;HOR
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Ha3bIBaeMbIR po.MaHCKUU H3bIK, Me:>KAY TeM, KaK 1IIICTaH JlaTblHb OCTaBaJiaCb
ITOCTOHHHO H3blKOM l(epKBII II yqeHbIX. PoMaHCKIIR 513blK AOBOJlbHO ));OJITO
rocrro,n:CTBOBaJI BO Bcex poMaHCKIIX 3eMJIHX, noKa II3 Hero, nplI .n;aJibHeiirneM

86

<1>. Batt,ll,epep.

~KapJI BeJIHKHH~

06oco6Jiemu1 OT,UeJibHbIX poMaHCKMX HaUJIOHaJibHOCTeii, He BbI,UeJIIIJIIICb B
CBOIO o-ciepe,Ub pa3.7III"l!Hble poMaHCKIIe Hape'IIDI. IlmTII"llecKa.H cpopMa poMaHCKOfO
.H3bIKa ycBOMJia ce6e C"lleT CJIOfOB M KOHe"llttyIO p:rrcpMy; nOCJie,UHH.H, no MHeHMIO o.n:HIIX, nepernJia B poMaHCKYIO n033MIO M3 HOBOM JiaTIIHCKOM, pasBepttyBrneM:c.H B
pMMCKo-u:epKOBHOM CTIIXOTBOp-ciecrne, MJIM )Ke, no o-cieHb npaB.n:ono.n:o6HoMy MHeHIIIO .n:pyrIIX, 6bIJia 3£i.IIMCTBOBaHa M3 6oraToi1: p:rrcpMaMII no331IM apa6oB B

87

3.

K.iIHMIII. ~Ilptt ,a:Bope KapJia BeJittKoro>.>

l1crramrn. PoMaHCKaJI II033IDI ,a:eiicrnoBaJia CIIJibHeiinrnM o6pa30M Ha cpe,a:HeBeKOBYIO HeMeuKyIO, II TaKIIM o6pa30M, poMaHCKaJI KOHetfHaJI pmpMa, y.IKe
patto BbITeCHIIJia repMaHcKyIO tta1:1aJibHYIO. KaK 3,a:ecb, TaK II Boo6me, repMaHUbI, CMemaBIIIIICb c IO.IKHbIMII Hapo.n;aMII, IIOTep51JIII TOJibKO c 0,ll;HOH CTOpOHbl,
1IT06bI BbIIIrpaTb c ,a:pyro:H:. IlOTep51 IIX rrepB06bITHOH IICTOpIIII, IIX HaUIIOHaJibHOH repOIItfeCKOH carII, Toro cpytt,a:aMeHTa, Ha KOTOpOM OCHOBbIBaeTC51 caMoCT051TeJibHOe IICTOpII1IeCKOe pa3BIITIIe Hapo.n;a, B03Harpa.IK,a:aeTC51, ITO KpaiIHeiI
Mepe .no HeKOTOpoiI CTerreHII, TeM o6CT051TeJibCTBOM, 1:ITO 3JiaCTII1:IHOCTb IOra
CM51f1:IIIJia cypoBOCTb II ,[(IIKOCTb ceBepHOH CIIJibI II lfTO rpy6oCTb repMaHCKoro
cpeo,naJIII3Ma HaillJia ce6e crraCIITeJibHblll rrpoTIIBOBeC B BeCeJIOH IIO,[(BII.IKHOCTM IO.IKHOH ttapo.a;tto:H: .IKII3HII. KpoMe Toro, He HY.IKHO yrrycKaTb II3 BIIJJ:Y, 1:1rn
o6MeH ceBepHblX II IO.IKHbIX rrpe.n;aHIIH, MIIcpOB II car HaKOIIIIJI TaKoiI II03Tll1:1ecKllll KaITIITaJI, KOTOpblll TBOp1:1ecKa5I ,a:e51TeJibHOCTb II03TOB Bee eme He MO.IKeT IICTOII{IITb. HaKOHeu, CBOHCTBeHHbIH IO.IKHbIM Hapo,a:aM pa,a:OCTHbIH B3rJI51,[(
Ha .1Kll3Hb, cpI13ll1IeCKll OCBe.IKeHHblll HamecTBlleM ceBepHbIX IIJieMeH, rrpOI13BeJI
TO BOlfeJIOBetfeHlle -

B Jiy1:1meM CMbICJie 3TOro CJIOBa! -

KOTOpoMy rro.n;Bepr-

HYJICH B KaTOJIIIUII3Me IIy,a:eHCKII-cypoBblll CIIIIpIITYaJIIICTCKIIH ,a:orMaT.
XpnCTllaHCTBo, Bb1po.n;IIBmeec51 B rpy6b1iI cpernrnII3M, 6hIJIO rro.n;H51TO KaTOJIIIUII3MOM B ccpepy llCKyccrna. TaK KaK OH, o.n;eBaJI IIJIOTblO .n;orMaTI11:IeCKllll
CKeJieT, XOTeJI ,a:eiICTBOBaTb 6oJiee Ha 1:1yBcTBa II cep,a:ue, 1:1eM Ha YM 1:1eJI0BeKa,
TO OH C03,[(aJI xpIICTIIaHCKOe llCKYCCTBO II rrpII,ll;aJI xy,[(O.IKecTBeHHYIO cpopMy

88
BCeMy 6orocJiyJKeHIUO, O/KlIBlIB CHOBa lI rrplIJIO/KlIB K .n:eJiy II03Tffl:IeCKOe CJIOBO, MY3bIKy, apxMTeKTypy, CKYJibrrTypy, JKMBOIIMCb M .n;aJKe .n:paMaTw1ecKoe
HCKYCCTBO. PocKOIIIHO cpaHTaCTnqecKaJI CHMBOJIMKa KaTOJIM:ll;M3Ma COCTaBJIHeT
KopeHb

po.MmtmUJW,

IJ;BeTa cpe.n;HeBeKOBOM /KlI3HM. 3To CJIOBO -

poMaHCKOe,

H TeJIOM CBOlIM poMaHTMKa TaKJKe o6H3aHa poMaHCKlIM Hapo.n;aM, HO .ll:YIIIY
B.ll:OXHYJIO B Hee repMaHCTBO. 3TOM .ll:YIIIOM HBJIHeTCH poMaHCKlIM JII060BHbIM
n.n:eaJI, rrpeBpaIIJ;aIOIIJ;lIM JKeHIIJ;MHY B cpe.n;oToqMe IKM3HM. JlyqM 3TOro HOBOfO
COJIHIJ;a JII06mi: BbIIIIJIM 6JIMJKaMIIIMM o6pa30M M3 IIOKJIOHeHMH MapMM, KOTOpoe 6bIJIO rrpMHHTO repMaHIJ;aMH c 3HTY3Ma3MOM, IIOTOMY qTQ OHO COOTBeTCTBOBaJIO .n:peBHerepMaHCKOMy o6oJKaHMIO JKeHIIJ;MHbl. EJiaro.n:apJI CBOeMy IIOKJIOHeHMIO 3TOMy KYJibTy, repMaHIJ;bl YHHqTQ/KlIJIM TO rrpe3peHHe, c KOTOpbIM
arrOCTOJibl H OTIJ;bl IJ;epKBH rrpe.n:rrMCblBaJilI CMOTpeTb Ha JKeHIIJ;MHy. Ilpe3pHTeJibHbIM TOH arroCTOJia IlaBJia lI cypoBbie BbipaJKeHMH, B KOTOpbIX OTIJ;bl IJ;epKBlI
OT3bIBaJilICb 0 JKeHIIJ;MHe lI 06 OTHOIIIeHMHX K Hett, 6bIJIM McrrpaBJieHbl TOJibKO
poMaHTMKo:H. fepMaHCKMM 3a.n;yIIIeBHbIM xapaKTep ee OKPYIKHJI JII060Bb CMHHMeM CBHTOCTH. CJie.n;yIOIIJ;HM rrpMMep IIOKaJKeT' HaCKOJibKO B3fJIH.Zl:bl repMaHIJ;eB Ha IIOJIOJKeHHe JKeHIIJ;HHbl OTJiliqaJIMCb OT B033peHMM rrepBo6bITHOfO xpMCTMaHCTBa. B 0.ll:HOM CTapoii HeMeIJ;KOM MlICTeplilI H306paJKaeTCH CBa.n;b6a B
KaHHe. MaTb l1ncyca rrpocnT ero .n:ocTaBHTb BMHO. B EBaHreJIHM CbIH rrpocTo
orneqaeT MaTepu: ~)KeHIIJ;MHa, qTQ MHe .n:o Te6H 3a .n:eJIO? » Ho HeMeIJ;KMM II03T
3aMeHHeT 3TY peqb CJIOBaMH: ~ 1 1MCTaJI JKeHIIJ;HHa lI MaTb MOH». fepMaHCKaJI

Minne

(oT CTapoBepxHeHeMeIJ;KOfO CJIOBa

JII060Bb K

Eary

meinan

BCIIOMMHaTb, JII06MTb),

lI K JKeHIIJ;MHe, COCTaBJIHeT .n:aJKe .Zl:YIIIY poMaHTMKH, TQqHQ TaK,

KaK pbIIJ;apcTBO, Bbipa6oTaHHOe CHaqaJia poMaHCKMMH Hapo.n:aMH, COCTaBJIHeT ee TeJio. BrrpoqeM, 3.n;ecb eme He MeCTo roBopMTb rro.n:po6Ho o pbmapcrne,
MMHHe lI poMaHTMKe.
PaccMaTpMBaJI Te M3MeHeHHH, KOTOpbie 6bIJIM rrpoH3Be.n;eHbI B KYJibrypHoii
/KlI3HlI repMaHIJ;eB BBe.n;eHMeM xpMCTMaHCTBa, HCTOpHK .ll:OJIJKeH 6pOClITb
B3fJI5I.Zl: Ha Te o6cT05ITeJibCTBa lI cpe.n:crna, rrpM co.n:e:HCTBMM KOTOpbIX COCTOHJIOCb 3TO BBe.n;eHMe. PMMCKMe errMCKOIIbl, KOTOpbie c HeH3MeHHOM HaCTQMqlIBOCTblO .n:o6HBaJilICb rocrro.n;CTBa Ha.n: xpMCTMaHCKOM IJ;epKOBbIO, CKOpo .ll:OJI/KHbl
6bIJIM 3aMeTMTb, KaKoe rrpMpaIIJ;eHMe BJIMHHHH lI MorymecTBa rrpOH30M.ll:eT .ll:JIH
HlIX, Kor.n:a ceBepHbie Hapo.n;bl 6y.n;yT rrpMBJieqeHbl B JIOHO il;epKBH.

,llJUI

BbIIIOJI-

HeHMH 3TOro rrpe.n:rrpMHTMH OHM HaIIIJIM TaKMe opy.n;MH, KOTOpbie COBepIIIeHHO
COOTBeTCTBOBaJIM HaMeqeHHOM IJ;eJIM; B caMOM .n:eJie, BCJIKlIM 6ecrrp1ICTpacTHbIM
qeJIOBeK .ll:OJIJKeH 6y.n;eT C03HaTbCH, qTo Te MlICCMOHepbI, KOTOpbIX pMMCKlIM
rrpeCTOJI IIOCbIJiaJI 3a A.libIIbl, CMOTpH no o6CTOHTeJibCTBaM, o6Hapy1KMBaJilI B
CBoeii rrpocBeTMTeJibCKOM .n:eHTeJibHOCTM CTOJibKO /Ke XlITpOCTlI, CKOJibKO lI MyJKeCTBa, CTOJibKO JKe ycryrrqMBOCTlI, CKOJibKO lI 3HeprMM. l1x Hepa36opqlIBOCTb
OTHOCMTeJibHO cpe.n:crn o6nHCHHeT 6bICTPOTY lI orpOMHOCTb MX ycrrexoB. YJKe

89
B IV cToJienm B,[{OJib no PeM:Hy H rro llyHaIO, Be3,n:e, r,n:e cymecrnoBaJIO pHMcKoe rocrro,n:CTBO MJIH PHMCKOe BJllUIHHe, 6bIJIII OCHOBaHbl XplICTIIaHCKIIe uepKBII II eIIIICKOIICTBa, r.n:e TOJibKO plIMCKIIe KOJIOHIIII npe,n:cTaBJIHJIII ,[{JIH HIIX 60Jiee rnep,n:bie ToqKII OIIOpbI. Koe-r,ZJ,e MIICCIIOHepbl no co6cTBeHHOH IIHIIU1IaT1IBe
3aHIIMaJIIICb 06pamem1eM HeBepHbIX, Harrp1IMep, B A.lleMaHIIII II no MaM:Hy,
TaK qTo B HaqaJie VIII CTOJieTIDI xp1ICT1IaHcrno, IIOJib3YHCb noKpOBIITeJibCTBOM
cppaHKOB, rrpoHIIKJIO y:>Ke ,n:aJieKo B HeMeUKIIe Jieca, oTqacTII .n;a:>Ke .n;o CaJibI
II 3Jib6bI. Ho HaCTOHtnlIM OCHOBaTeJieM XplICTIIaHCKOH uepKBII B fepMaHIIII,
rrp1I.n;aBnrnM eM: rnep.n;y10 HOpMy H cpopMy, c.n;eJiaJICH B1IHcpp1I.n;, Ha3BaHHbIH
Eomrcpau1IeM ( 680 - 755), KOTopbIM cpopMaJibHO 6hIJI yrroJIHoMoqeH rrarrcKIIM
rrpecToJioM o6pamaTb repMaHueB. Ila.n;eH1Ie .n;peBHero .n;y6a, CTOHBIIIero 6JIII3
feM:cMapa B fecceHe, rrocBHtneHHoro llottapy II rroq1ITaBIIIeroc51 KpyroM Ha .n;aJieKoM rrpocTpaHCTBe HaUIIOHaJibHOH CBHTbrneM:, rro.n; y.n;apaMII B1IHcpp1I,ll;OBa
rnrropa B03BeCTIIJIO rror1I6eJib repMaHcKoro 513b1qecrna. Bepy10mHH .n;o xaH-

3.

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:>KeCTBa, cpaHaTHK, HO, rro.n;o6Ho 6oJihIIIeii
qacTH cpaHaTHKOB, 06Jia.n;a10mHM: 3HaqlITeJibHOH ,ll;OJieM: ,ll;HIIJIOMaTHqecKoro JiyKaBCTBa, bOHHcpauHM: 6bIJI 6esycJIOBHO rrpe.n;aH pHMCKOMY rrpecTOJIY' OT KOTOporo OH
IIOJiyqHJI caH rrepBoro apxHeIIHCKOIIa
MaiIHUCKoro (Mainz - Moguntia). OcHOBbIBaH MOHaCTblpH H errHCKOIICTBa, BBO,ll;51 co6opb1 .n;yxoBettcrna II .n;pynie yqpe:>K.n;eHHH, OH yrrpoqHBaJI cymecTBOBaHHe
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eMy CJIHIIIKOM xopOIIIO.
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qm pacrrpocTpaHettHe xpIICTHaHCTBa cpe,n:ii
repMaHueB 6bIJio rrpeHMymecrneHHO .n;eJioM
y6e)K,ll;eHIDI. C KaKHM ornpamemieM MHorne
HeMeUKHe ITJieMeHa CMOTpeJIH Ha HOBYIO peJIHfIIIO, KaK OHII rrpOTIIBIIJIIICb CB513aHHOMY
c Hett B3Hocy .n;ecHTIIHbl, ,ll,OKa3bIBaeT B oco6eHHOCTII yrropCTBO caKCOHUeB, KOTOpoe
KapJI BeJIIIKIIH ycrreJI sa.n;yIIIIITb TOJibKO
peKaMII KpOBII.
3,ZJ,eCb, KaK II rrpII BCex BeJIIIKIIX rrepeBOpoTaX, ,ZJ,eJIO rrpoIICXO,ZJ,HJIO oqeHb HeorrpHTHO. 0 .n;yxoBHOM IIOHIIMaHIIH xpIICTII-

90

B. JI1rnAeHIIIMHT.

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aHcrna y Macchi o6paru.eHHbIX He 6bIJIO II pecm. qero He ycneBaJIM c.n;eJiaTb 6ecrreqHoCTb, J1106onbITCTBO II MaTepIIaJibHblH pacqeT, TO COBepIIIaJIOCb XIITpOCTbIO
M HaCHJrneM. IloJrnTeIICTIIqecKIIe peJIIIrIIII caMII ITO ce6e He TaK HeTeprrIIMbl,
KaK MOHOTeIICTCKIIe. IlmToMy .n;peBHIIM repMami;aM 6bIJIO He CJIIIIIIKOM Tpy.n;HO B qIICJIO CBOIIX 6oroB rrpIIH.HTb HOBOfO 6ora -

XpIICTa.

c IIy.n;eiicKIIM HeroBOIO, KOTOpbIH npIIKa3bIBaJI OTIJ:Y npIIHeCTII B )l(eprny
co6cTBeHHOfO CbIHa, IIM TaK)l(e HeTpy.n;HO 6bIJIO IlOMIIpIITbC.sI, IlOTOMY qTQ OHM
IIMeJIII 06b1qaii pe3aTb JIIO,Zl;eH Ha )l(epTBeHHIIKax CBOIIX 6oroB. XpIICTIIaHCKIIH
,Zl;b.HBOJI COBep111eHHO COOTBeTCTBOBaJI IIX JIOKII, TaK TOqHo, KaK IIX IIOJiy6oraM
II reHII.HM COOTBeTCTBOBaJIII xpIICTIIaHCKIIe CB.sITbie. qy.n;eca Topa II 0.n;IIHa
IIOMOraJIII IIM BepIITb B qy.n;eca xpIICTIIaHCKIIX 6oroB; yqeHIIe 0 6eccMepTIIII
.LJ:YIIIII TaK)l(e He 6bIJIO IIM qy)l(.l{o, II .n:orMaT BTOporo IIpIIIIIeCTBlrn oqeHb JierKO Mor IIOKa3aTbC.sI IIM BapIIaHTOM IIX Mmpa 0 cyMepKax 6oroB.
KaK CIIJibHO .n:eiicrnyeT Ha ,n:y111II JIIO,n:eiI qyBCTBeHHoe BeJIIIKOJiem1e, -

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91
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TeM Jierqe 6bIJIO OBJia,l{eTb 3TOM rrpIIB5I3aHHOCTbIO, qTo Ty3eMHOM 5I3biqecKOM
KaCTbl )f(peu:oB, IIHTepeCbl KOTOpbIX IIIJIII 6bI Bpa3pe3 c IIX BJilI5IHIIeM, B fepMaHIIII BOBce He 6bIJIO.
IlpocBeTHTeJIII CTapaJIHCb TaK)f(e C,l(eJiaTb nro HOBOH peJiliflilI no B03MO)f(HOCTH JiefKHM ,l(JI5I o6parn;eHHbIX. 0HII y,n:oBJieTBOp5IJilICb Te.M, qTO
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ce65I

Bo,n:oii Kpern;eHHR, rro,n:BepraJIHCh rrocJie qepecqyp rpy6oro rrpecTyrrJieHHR
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fepMaHIIII 6hIJIII CBHrn;eHHIIKH, KpecTIIBIIIIIe no HMH XpIIcTa II rrpII 3TOM
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B

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92
MeqTaTeJibHOCTM M MX BJIMHmie Ha cepJJ:u:a MyJKqJrn, M xpMCTMaHCKMe rrpMHU:eCCbI, Bbll{aHHbie 3aMyJK sa H3biqeCKMX rocyl{apell., rrpott:3BeJIM MHOfO"'IMCJieHHbie
qyJJ:eca o6paiu;emrn, TeM 6oJiee, ~o caMb1ll. rpy6brn BapBap Bce-TaKM He Mor 6b1Tb
HaCTOJlbKO fJIYIIbIM, qT06bI He 3aMeTMTb patto MJIJI II03l{HO, KaKJle BblfO/{bl l{JIH
pacnmpeHJIH M yKpeIIJieHJIH rrponsBOJlbHOH BJiacrn rrpno6perneT OH, o6eiu:M HapoJJ:y sarpo6Hoe B03HarpaJKJJ:eHMe sa YTPaTY seMHbIX rrpaB JI tt:Myiu:ecrn.
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eMy B ropJio 3MeIO, KOTOpM JI Jl3fpb13Jia BHyTpeHHOCTJI 3TOMY CTpal{aJibU:Y.
TaKJIM o6pasoM, 06paiu:eHJ1e K xpJ1CTJ1aHcrny 6bIJIO 6oJibIIIeH "'laCTbIO qJ1cTo BHeIIIHMM, HO HeJib3H, Ol{HaKo, OTptt:u;aTb, qTo y nocJiel{yIOIIJ;JIX IlOKOJieHMH
HOBOe yqeHMe, KaK OHO ycTaHOBJIJIOCb B u:epKBM, CTaJio IIOHeMHory BXO/{JITb
B IlJIOTb JI KpOBb. fepMaHCKJIH xapaKTep pa3BepHyJI BCKOpe CBOIO peJIJlfJI03-

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93
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KpoMe Toro, II3BHe, co CTOpOHbl BOIIHCTBeHHOfO MaroMeTaHCTBa, CTaJia
rp03lITb orracHOCTb, KOTOpa.51 ClIJlbHO co.n:eH:cTBOBaJia BHyTpeHHeMy yKperrJieHlIIO xpIICTIIaHcKoro MIIpa. KoHeqHo, .ZJ:aJibHeH:rnee pa3BIITIIe 3TOM orracHOCTII
6b1JIO OCTaHOBJleHo BeJIIIKOM rro6e.n:oM:, KOTOpyIO cppaHKCKIIM Ma)l(Op.ZJ:OM KapJI
MapTeJIJI BO rnaBe xpIICTIIaH o.n:ep)l(aJI rrpII IlyaTbe

(732)

HM apa6aMII, rrpo-

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cpe.n:HeBeKOBOM IICTOpIIII 51BJl5IeTC51 IIMrrepaTop KapJI, KOTOporo co BpeMeHII ero
ycrrernHoM: BOMHbI c apa6aMII B 11crraHIIII can1 II IICTOpIIH JII06MJIII IIso6pa)l(aTh,
rrpeIIMyIUeCTBeHHO, KaK xpIICTIIaHCKOro repo51 II IIOJIKOBO.ZJ:Ua, KaK 3aIUHTHIIKa
II rro6opHIIKa xpIICTIIaHCTBa, rrpII3HaHHOfO .n:a)l(e caMIIMII MaroMeTaHaMH, rroCbIJiaBIIIIIMlI K HeMy IIOCOJlbCTBa. Mbl B03BpaTIIMC51 K HeMy' 6pOCIIB CHaqaJia
6erJlbIM B3fJl51.ZJ: Ha CKY.ZJ:HOe JIIITepaTypHoe :iacJie.n:IIe' OCTaBJleHHOe HaM .n:o
KapJIOBIIHfCKOM 3IIOXOM.

3.

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94
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repMaHU:hI 6bIJIH o,n:apeHbI crroco6HocThIO rreTh H .n:eiicTBHTeJihHO HacJiaJK,n:aJIHCh rreHHeM, 8TO Mbl 3HaeM ,n:OCTOBepHO.
Ho eCJIH Mbl OCTaBHM B CTOpOHe aHrJiocaKCOHCKoro ~EeOBYJibCpa~, TO
Ha,n:o 6y.n;eT CKa3aTb, qTo H3 rrepB06bITHblX JieCHbIX rreceH HeMel_J:KOH .n:peBHOCTH .n:o Hae .lJ:OIIIJIH TOJibKO caMbie CKY,ll;Hble OTpbIBKH. Ha rrepBOM IIJiaHe CTOHT TYT yJKe yrroMHHYTbie BbIIIIe Mepse6yprcKHe MarHqeCKHe cpopMyJibl, a Ha BTOpOM -

.n:peBHeHIIIaH, coxpaHHBIIIaHCH TOJibKO OTpbIBKaMH,

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HaM HeHsBe-

CTHO, HO yJKe B oqeHb paHHee BpeMH Mbl BCTpeqaeM CTpaHCTBYIOIIJ:HX rreBU:OB, KOTOpbie rrepe.n: Hapo.n;oM H KHH3MIMH

Cl>. BaH.l(epep.

~3KKexap,n:

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11

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95
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Ha U:IITpe HJIII Ha ry ,n:Ke.

-q TO

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B ~ITeCHe 0 HII6eJiyHrax~, CTapbIH KOpOJib B ~EeoByJibcp~, II fopaH.n: B ~ry11.pyHe~.

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nrn.

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VIII

II

IX

BeKOB TaKHe CTIIXH CBH3bIBaJIIICb Me)l(IJ.Y co6oii aJI-

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repMaHcKoii IT033IIH. B ITpoIIcIIIe1J.IIIeii cyMarnxe .n:peBHHe ITJieMeHHbie carII II3rnall.HJIHCb II3 ITaMHTII repMaHCKHX .Hapo,n:OB. 06pall(eHIIe B xpHCTIIaHCTBO H
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<D. KeJIJ1ep. «3KKexapJ.J. II MottaxII II3

Pa:Hxettay~

96
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1)

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CKHH, Pro.nerep H3 BexJiaptta, MpmppH,ll TropHHrettcKIIH II .npyrIIe 6oraTbipII
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2)

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B. JlMHJJ:eHIIIMMT. «Toii:)J;eJIMHJJ:a BbI6wpaeT ce6e

cyrrpyra~

97

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HJIJI

IX

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98

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99
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q1IcJia npOCTbIX CB060.ll.HbIX JIIO,ne.H qpe3Bbiqall:HO CIIJlbHO

('()/{ettCTBOBaJIO TaKJKe TO II3MeHeHMe, KOTOpoe 6hIJIO BbI3BaHo B COCTaBe apMIIH
llOCHHbIMII npIIeMaMM BparoB IIMneplIII B CJie,nyIOIUIIe CTOJieTIUI. HoBhie apMIIII

n<um:

COCTaBJl.HTbC.H npeIIMYmecTBeHHO II3 KOHHIIU,bI, a KaBaJiepIIHCKa.H cJiyJK6a

rpc6oBa.n:a 60JibIIIell 3a:>KIITQqHQCTII II TaKoro BOIIHCKOro HaBbIKa, KOTOpbIH
t\hlJI HeCOBMeCTIIM

c CeJibCKMMII 3aH.HTII5IMII;

no3TOMy BOeHHOe ,n;eJIO Bee 6oJihIIIe

l'TcUIO cocpe,noToqIIBaTbC.H B pyKaX ABOp5IHCTBa, II IIOJIO:>KeHIIe 3TOI'O COCJIOBII.H
<'T<UIO tJ,eJiaTbC.H 6011ee IICKJIIOqIITeJibHbIM B TOR :>Ke Mepe, B KaKoii Hapo,n CTaJI
11opa6omaTbC.H.
TaKa.H MottapxII.H, KaKyIO octtoBaJI KapJI, HeMbICJIIIMa 6e3 npaBIIJibHOii
ctmnattcoBo:H: CIICTeMhI. KopoJieBCKIIe ,noxo,nbI cocrn.HJIII II3 npo,n;yKTOB IIMe-

ttHif KopoJieBCKoro ,n:oMa (KopoHHbIX ,a;oMeHoB), KOTOpbIMH Kap11 ynpaBJI.HJI

100
noepe,a:eTBOM TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX naJiaTHbIX noeJIOB (Kammerboten): H3 JieHHbIX
(cpeo,a:aJibHbIX) o6pOKOB e BaeeaJioB; H3 KOpoJieBeKHX nOIIIJIHH, KOTOpbIMH rnpfOBJI51 6bIJia o6peMeHeHa npH eaMOM eBoeM B03HHKHOBeHHH; H3 yniaeTH51 roey,a:aperneHHOro Ka3Ha1Ie:ikrna B IIITpacpax; HaKOHeu:, H3 pesyJibTaTOB cpHeKaJibHOro npaBa HaeJie,a:oBaHH51, B eHJIY KOTOporo HMyiu:eerno 6es,a:eTHbIX BOJibHOOTnyiu:eHHbIX OTXOAHJIO B KasHy. KapJI yMeJI sHa'IHteJibHO yBeJIH'IHBaTb 3TH
HeTO'IHHKH ,IJ;OXO,IJ;OB noepe,a:eTBOM npaBa eHJibl, KOTOpoMy BO Bee BpeMeHa
npHHa,a:Jie:amT nepBoe MeCTo. Kor,a:a OH rryTeIIIeeTBOBaJI, OH HaBH3bIBaJI eo,a:ep)l(aHHe eBoero ,IJ;BOpa TeM o6IUHHaM, B6JIH3H KOTOpbIX OH oeTaHaBJIHBaJieH; H3
3TOfO BbIMoraTeJibeTBa pa3BHJIOeb BnoeJie,a:eTBHH MHO)l(eeTBO ,a:eHe)l(HbIX H
HaTypaJibHbIX noBHHHOeTeii. IIpoe3)1(aIOIUHX KOpoJieBeKHX 1IHHOBHHKOB TaK)l(e BeJieHO 6bIJIO o6eene1IHBaTb npo,a:OBOJibeTBOBHeM 6eenJiaTHO; H, HaKOHeu:,
TO )Ke paenopH)l(eHHe 6bIJIO paenpoeTpaHeHO H Ha BeIO KOpoJieBeKyIO apMHIO
BO BpeM51 noxo,a:oB. CBoeMy nepBOMy HMneparnpy fepMaHH51 o6513aHa TaK)l(e
BBe,a:eHHeM npHMbIX no,a:aTeii; KapJI npeBpaTHJI B e)l(ero,a:HyIO onpe,a:eJieHHYIO
nOBHHHOeTb TOT ,a:o6pOBOJibHbIH ,a:ap, eoeT051BIIIHH H3 eKOTa H noJieBbIX IIJIO,IJ;OB,
KOTOpbIH, no eJioBaM TaU:HTa, HeMeU:KHe nJieMeHa B ,a:peBHOeTH no,a:HoeHJIH
BpeM51 OT BpeMeHH eBOHM npaBHTeJI51M.
L{eenOTH'IeeKoe npaBHTeJibeTBO Bes,a:e H Beer,a:a CTpeMHTe51 nO,IJ;'IHHHTb ee6e
IOeTHU:HIO. KapJI TaK)l(e ,a:ep)l(aJieH 3TOro npaBHJia H noeTaBHJI ey,a:e6Hoe Be,a:oMeTBO B Henoepe,a:erneHHYIO saBHeHMOeTb OT KOpOJieBeKOH BJiaeTH. Cy,a:bH, KOTOpbIM OH ,a:aJI HasBaHHe Scabinii, Bee eiu:e BbI6HpaJIHeb eo6paHHeM eBo6o,a:HbIX JIIO,a:eiI, HO BJIH51HHe KOpOJieBeKHX 1IHHOBHHKOB Ha BbI60pbl npeBpaIUaJIH
noeJie,a:Hne B nyeTy10 cpopMaJibHOeTb. CoTeHHbie rpacpbI ( Centenarii), npe,a:ee,a:aTeJibeTBOBaBIIIHe B o6iu:HHHbIX ey,a:ax, rayrpacpbI, npe,a:ee,a:aTeJibeTBOBaBIIIHe B OKpy)l(HblX ey,a:ax ( Gaugeriehte), noeJibl HJIH paeebIJibHbie rpacpbl
(missi), KOTOpbie 1Iepes Ka)l(,a:b1e Tpn MeeHu:a o6be3)1(aJIH 6oJiee o6IIInpHbie
o6JiaeTH ,IJ;Jl51 Ha6JIIo,a:eHH51 sa ey,a:aMH H AJI51 peIIIeHH51 ,a:eJI, OTKJIOHeHHbIX HJIH
sa,a:ep)l(aHHbIX rpacpoM, - Bee 3TH JIHU:a HasHa'IaJIHeb KopoJieM. Bb1e11Ieii HHeTaHU:Heii e1IHTaJie51 KOpoJieBeKHH npH,a:BopHbIH ey,a: no,a: npe,a:ee,a:aTeJibeTBOM
ncpaJibU:rpacpa. Cy,a:bI Bee eiu:e oeTaBaJIHeb ey,a:aMH npHe51)1(HbIX, HO KOpOJieBeKaH BJiaeTb B351Jia HX no,a: eBOIO oneKy H TaK)l(e eyMeJia 3Ha1IHTeJibHO orpaHH'IHTb ny6JIH1IHOeTb ey,a:e6HbIX saee,a:aHHH, JIY1IIIIee pyniaTeJibeTBO 6eenpHeTpaeTHOro ey,a:a, noeTpOHB s,a:aHH51 Ha Tex MeeTaX, r,a:e npOH3BO,IJ;HJie51 ey,a:, H
nepeHee51 saee,a:aHH51 H3-IIOA OTKpbITOfO He6a B saMKHYTbie eTpoeHH51, B KOTOpbIX 6bIJIO MeHbIIIe npoernpa. YroJIOBHoe npaBo paeIIIHpHJIOeb 1Ipe3BbI1IaiiHo:
BMeeTO ,a:eHe)l(HbIX IIITpacpoB eTaJIH n051BJI51Tbe51Bee1Iaiu:e, ,a:a)l(e H AJI5I eBo6o,a:- '
HbIX JIIO,a:eii, TeJieeHbie HaKa3aHH51 H eMepTHaH Ka3Hb HJIH, no KpaiiHeii Mepe, '
ny6JIH1IHOe 6ee1IeeTbe. BnoeJie,a:eTBHH epe,a:Hne BeKa o6Hapy)l(HJIH noeTOHHHO:
B03paeTaIOIUYIO H306peTaTeJibHOeTb B npHMeHeHHH BHeeJIHU:bI H KOJieea, TaK j
j

101
qTo nopeMHbie H 3aCTeHoqHbie rrpHCJIY)KHllI<H H IIOMOIIJ:HHKH IIaJiaqeii COCTaBHJIH CKOpo MHoroqncJieHHOe COCJIOBHe.
TaK KaK KapJI pH,n:oM c HacIUrneM ,n:aBaJI MecTo H pa3yMy, TO OH ocTaBHJI
rrp1rnpaqHoe cyrn:ecrnoBaHHe rroJIHTHqecKoMy Moryrn:ecrny Hapo,n:Horo co6paHHH CB06o,n:HbIX JIIO,n:eii. )lBa pa3a B ro.n:, oceHbIO H BeCHOM (MaMCKOe IIOJie),
aJIJIO,n:HaJibHbie H cpeo,n:aJibHbie BJia,n:eJibI{bl BCe ern:e co6HpaJIHCb .lJ:JIH rrpHHHTHH H yrnep)K,n:eHHH 3aKOHOB. 3TH co6paHHH, KOTOpbie 6bICTpo rrpeBpaTHJIHCb
B II03,n:Heiinrne rocy.n:apCTBeHHbie qHHbl, COCTOHJIH rro.n: KopoJieBCKHM Be,n:eHHeM, H, rro.n:o6HO BCeM .n:pyrHM OTrrpaBJieHHHM rocy,n:apCTBeHHOM )KJl3HM, 6bIJIH
TaK orryTaHbI HOBOM KopoJieBcKoii 610poKpaT11eii, qTo o caMOCTOHTeJibHOM .n:eHTeJibHOCTM HX Heqero 6bIJIO JI ,n:yMaTb. Ilp11 6oJiee rpy6bIX cpopMaX OHM 6bIJIJI
COBeprneHHO IIOXO)KH Ha Te IIaJiaTbl HOBeiirnero KOHCTMTYU:MOHaJIM3Ma, KOTOpbIM II03BOJIHeTCH pernaTb TaK, KaK Toro )KeJiaeT rrpaBJITeJibCTBO. ToJihKO B03BbIIIIa10rn:McH Ha,n:O BCeM JIJiqHOCTb KapJia MO)KeT o6nHCHHT~ TOT rpoMa,n:HbIM
nepeBopoT' KOTOpbIM OH rrpOH3BeJI BO Bcex OTIIpaBJieHJIHX repMaHCKOM )KH3HH. BMeCTe c HHM pa3pyrnHJIOCb ero rop,n:oe MOHapxnqecKoe 3,n:aHHe. IlpH ero
npeeMHHKax o6Hapy)KJIJIOCb, qTo KOpOJieBCKaH BJiaCTb y)Ke He MO)KeT crrpaBJITbCH c .lJ:BOpHHCTBOM, KOTOpoe BMeCTe c .n:yxoBeHCTBOM CTaJIO IIOJib30BaTbCH
npMBHJierHeM CBo6o,n:bI OT rro,n:aTeM

(Immunitiit)

H HaqnHaIOIIJ:aHCH HeIIOKOpHOCTb

npaBHTeJibcrny KOTOporo CTaJia 06Hapy)K11BaTbCH y)Ke B

IX

cToJieTHH peBHO-

CTHbIM IIOCTpOeHHeM yKperrJieHHbIX 3aMKOB. JleHHaH apMCTOKpaTHH HaqaJia
npHCBaHBaTb ce6e HaCJie,n:cTBeHHOe rocrro.n:crno Ha,n: CBOHMH JieHaMH, KOpOJieBCKHe BaCCaJibl rrpeBpaTHJIHCb B BeHI{eHOCI{eB, CTpeMHIIJ:HXCH K IIOJIHOM He3aBHCJIMOCTH, H ,n:aJIJI cpeo,n:aJibHOM CJICTeMe TaKoe pa3BHTHe, KOTOpoe COBeprneH110 IIOfJIOTHJIO 6bI CB06o.n:y rrpOCTbIX JIIO,n:eii, eCJIH 6bI OHa He HaIIIJia ce6e y6e11rnrn:a B rroCTerreHHO pacu:BeTa10rn:11x ropo.n:ax.
KopoJieBCKM BJiaCTb KapJIOBHHroB HarnJia ce6e ycep,n:Hy10 COI03HMU:Y B
I{epKBJI, KOTOpoii OHa OKa3bIBaJia BCeB03MO)KHOe IIOKpOBJITeJibCTBO. I1HTepeCbl o6enx 6hIJIM CBH3aHbI Me)K.n:y co6oii TecHeiirnHM o6pa3oM. UepKOBb yrrpo4ttBaJia peJIMfJI03HbIM OCBHIIJ:eHMeM rro6e,n:y KOpOJieBCKOM BJiaCTJI Ha,n: .n:peBHerepMaHCKOM .lJ:BOpHHCKOM pecrry6JIHKOM, a KOpOJieBCKJIM Meq IIOMOfaJI u:epKBJI
Jl(rneprnMTb xp11cT11aHH311poBaHHe

f epMaHMM.

)lapeHMe TOM 3eMJIM, Ha KOTO-

poii 6bIJIH OCHOBaHbl u:epKBH JI MOHaCTblpM, JI BBe,n:eHJie .n:ecHTJIHbl, KOTopy10
«IIpOIIOBe,n:OBaJIJI peBHOCTHee, qeM eBaHreJIMe~ JI yrrJiaTa KOTOpoii 6bIJia rocy;iapcTBeHHbIM 3aKOHOM ¢paHKCKOM MOHapx1111, 3aJIO)KHJIH cpyH,n:aMeHT CBeTCKOfO Moryrn:ecTBa u:epKBH. UepKOBHI>Ie caHOBHHKH, apxnerrHCKOIIbI, errHcKoIIbI JI a66aTbl IIOJiyqJIJIJI B JieHHOe BJia,n:e1me HaCeJieHHbie 3eMJIJI JI BCTYIIMJIH,
TaKMM o6pa3oM, B rrepBbie pH,n:hI BeJibMO)K MOHapx11H. UepKOBHbie rroMeCTbH
He IIJiaTHJIJI rro,n:aTeM, HO He 6bIJIH H36aBJieHbl OT BOeHHOM IIOBHHHOCTJI. H113mee .n:yxoBeHCTBO 6bIJIO rro,n:aBJieHO Moryrn:ecTBOM BbICIIIero.

102
B u:epKBII y.n;ep)KaJiocb pIIMCKoe rrpaBo, BJIIIHHIIe Kornporo Ha HeMeu:Koe
rrpaBo co BpeMeHeM CTaJio ,n;eJiaTbCH Bee 6oJiee qyBCTBIITeJibHbIM. Bb1c11Iee .n;yxoBeHCTBO cy,n;IIJIOCb KOpoJieBCKIIM cy,n;oM, HO pellleHIIe rrpOII3HOCIIJIOCb sace.n;aTeAAMII, paBHbIMII rro.n;cy,n;IIMbIM. HIIs11Iee .n;yxoBeHcTBo cy,n;IIJIOCb MeCTHbIM
eIIIICKOIIOM, He TOJibKO BO Bcex .n;yxoBHblX ,n;eJiax, HO ,n;a)Ke II B rpa)K,n;aHCKIIx;
B yroJIOBHbIX )Ke CJiyqa51x, r.n;e rrpecryrrJieHIIe 6bIJIO ,ll;OKa3aHO, rrplirOBOp ,ll;OJI)KeH 6bIJI rrpOII3HOCIITbC51 CMelllaHHbIM cy.n;oM, COCTaBJieHHbIM II3 .n;yxoBHblX II
cBeTCKIIX JIIIU:. 3aBIICIIMOCTb repMaHcKoli u:epKBII OT PIIMa 6brna ycTaHOBJieHa c caMoro HaqaJia II OCTaJiaCb HeOTMeHeHHoli; Ha rrepBOM HeMeU:KOM co6ope (

743)

eIIIICKOIIbl IIOKJI51JIIICb IIOBIIHOBaTbC51 rrarre. H paBbl .n;yxoBeHcTBa y)Ke

c caMbIX paHHIIX rrop o6Hapy)KIIBaJIII BeJIIIqai1:11Iy10 pacrryru;eHHOCTb. XoTH
6paK KJIIIpIIKOB eru;e 6bIJI TeprrIIM, o.n;naKO rrpeJI1060,n;e5IHIIe II pasBpaT 6bIJIII
y HIIX B rropH,n;Ke Beru;ei1:. Hx o6paru;eHIIe c )KeHru;IIHaMII cqIITaJIOCb rroJIO)KIITeJibHO He sacJiy)KIIBaIOru;IIM HaKa3aHmI, ecJIII OHO orpaHIIqIIBaJIOCb TeM, qTO
HasbIBaJIOCb Tor.n;a «rrpocrnii: JiacKoii:~. Oco6b1e saKOHbI HasnaqaJIII Mepy HaKasaHIIH sa pa3JIIIqHbie CTerreHII IIOIIOBCKOro OIIb51HeHII51. ,l..{yxoBeHCTBY 6bIJIO
sarrperu;eHO HOCIITb opy)KIIe, HO B TeqeHIIe BCex cpe,n;HIIX BeKOB eIIIICKOIIbl II
a66aTbl, Bbie3)KaBIIIIIe BepxoM B IIOJIHOM Boopy)KeHIIII BO rnaBe CBOIIX .n;py)KIIHHIIKOB H KperrKO py6IIBIIIIIeC51 MeqoM rrpII Ka)K,ll;OM y.n;o6HOM cJiyqae, COCTaBJI51JIII oqeHb o6bIKHOBeHHOe 51BJieHHe.
BII,n;H, TaKHM o6pa30M, qTo B 3IIOXY KapJIOBHHfOB IIepapXII51 H KOpOJieBCKM BJiaCTb IIIJIII pyKa 06 pyKy B yru;ep6 repMaHcKoii:

CBo6o.n;e,

MbI He ,n;OJI)KHbI

sa6bIBaTb, qTo HX COI03 6bIJI TaK)Ke IIOJie3eH ,ll;JI51 ,n;eJia U:IIBHJIH3aU:IIII. XOT51
TyT, pasyMeeTC51, CHJibHO .n;eii:CTBOBaJIO CTpeMJieHIIe ,ll;OCTaBHTb u:epKOBHO-pllMCKOMy 3JieMeHTY H xpllCTHaHCKOH KOpoJieBCKOH BJiaCTll IIOJIHYIO rro6e.n;y Ha,ll;
513biqecKllM repMaHCTBOM, o,n;HaKO ,ll;OCTOBepHbIM OCTaeTC51 TO, qTo HeMeU:KM
IIIKOJibHM CHCTeMa, qTo BCe HOBOe o6pasoBaHHe fepMaHHII ,ll;OJI)J{Hbl rroqIITaTb
B IIMrrepaTope KapJie cBoero ocHoBaTeJIH H rroKpOBllTeJIH. KapJI 6brn peBHOCTHO rrpe,n;aH HayqHbIM CTpeMJieHll51M ll y)Ke B speJiblX JieTaX CTapaJIC51, KaK
paccKashrnaeT HaM ero rnii:HbIH ceKpernpb n 6rrorpacp

9zwaapd

(3ii:Hrap.n;),

IIOIIOJIHIITb 3HaqrrTeJibHbie rrpo6eJibl CBOero IOHOIIIeCKOro o6pasoBaHH51. OH roBOpIIJI IIO-JiaTbIHll, IIOHHMaJI rpeqecKHH 513bIK H OXOTHO rrpOBO,ll;HJI BpeM51 B
Kpyry yqeHbIX, KOTOpbIX OH co6paJI rrpH CBOeM ,ll;BOpe. YKpallleHlleM 3TOro
Kpyra 6bIJIH aHrJiocaKcoHeu:

AllbKYWt,

TOJibKO qTo yrroMHHYTbIH 3rnHrap.n; II
KYHH (yMep a66arnM B Type B

804

TeodyJtbcp, a66aT AdeJtzapd,
llaeeJt lf.uaKOH (BapHecpprr.n;) . AnberrrrcKorr

r.) 6bIJI rrprrsBaH ,n;JIH BOCIIHTaHIIH llMrre-

parnpcKIIX .n;eTeii:, KOTOpbIX y KapJia 6bIJIO qeThipHa.n;U:aTb, -

saKOHHbIX H He-

saKOHHb1x; HO IIOBe,n;eHHe ero BOCIIHTaHHHKOB H, B oco6eHHOCTH, BOCIIHTaHHIIU:
c,n;eJiaJIO MaJio qecTII ero rre.n;arorlfqeCKllM Tpy.n;aM. ,l..{oqepn KapJia BeJIH oqeHb
,n;BycMbICJien11y10, ,n;a)Ke pasBpaTHJIO )KII3Hb.

0

,n;Byx ns HIIX, EepTe H POTpy.n;e,

103
Mbl Y3HaeM AOCTOBepHO, 1ITO OHR HMeJIH rro6oqHblX ,z::i;eTeii, Ii 3TO y:>Ke ,z::i;aeT HaM
IIOIDITHe 0 TOM, "LITO rrpOHCXO,ll;liJIO rrpH HMrrepaTopcKOM ABOpe, rJiaBa KOTOporo
caM 6bIJI B BbICIIIeH CTerreHH rrpe,z::i;aH CJiaCTOJII06mo. KaK JierKO HMrreparnp OTHOCHJICH K JII060BHbIM liHTpHraM, Bli,ZlHO li3 li3BeCTHOH JiereH,ll;bl 0 ero .noqepH 3MMe Ii ee JII060BHHKe 3rHHrap,z::i;e.
KapJI rrpHBe3 c co6oi1: H3 l1TaJIHH 30,Zl1IHX AJIH rrocTpoiiKH H yKparneHHH
CBOHX BeJIHKOJieIIHblX rrcpaJibU:OB (,ZlBOpU:OB, OT palatium) B AxeHe Ii l1HreJibCreiiMe H AJIH pa3BHTHH u:epKOBHOii apxHTeKTYPbI. OTTy,z::i;a :>Ke BbIIIHCaJI
OH MY3bIKaHTOB AJIH ycoBeprneHCTBOBaHHH u:epKoBHOro rreHHH. Ilo,z::i; BJIIIHHHeM 3Tl:IX poMaHCKHX xy,z::i;o:>KHHKOB B fepMaHHli IIOHeMHory B03HHK TOT xy.no:>KecrneHHbIH CTHJib, KOTOpbIH, IIOA HMeHeM po.MaHClWZO, rrpe,z::i;rnecTBOBaJI repMaHCKOMY. HecMOTpH Ha 3TO rroompeHHe poMaHcKoro 3JieMeHTa, H3 KyJibrypHbIX cTpeMJieHHii KapJia BbirJIHAbIBaeT HeMeU:KHii o6pa3 MbICJieii. Ott rro6y,z::i;HJI
ero, HeCMOTpH Ha ero KaTOJIH"LleCKOe ornpameHHe K repMaHCKOMy H3bJqeCTBY'
COCTaBHTb co6paHHe .no-xpHCTHaHCKHX repOH"LleCKHX rreceH' 3aIIHCaHHblX li3
ycT Hapo,z::i;a; 3TO co6paHHe eme B

XII

cToJieTHH HaXO.llHJIOCb B pyKoIIHCH BAH-

rmm, HO c Tex rrop OHO, K CO:>KaJieHHIO, HC1Ie3JIO 6e3 CJie,z::i;a; TO :>Ke rraTpHOTHqecKoe HacTpoeHHe rro6y,z::i;nJio ero rrpe,z::i;rrHcaTb 3aKoHoM rrperro,z::i;aBaHne HeMeu:Koro H3bIKa B MOHaCTblpCKHX I.IIKOJiax. 3,z::i;ecb, B MOHaCTblpCKHX I.IIKOJiax,

B.

PmpIIITaJih. ~B MoHaCTbipcKoiI IIIKOJie~

t04
B03HHKIIIMX no MbICJIII ArlbKYMHa, KOTOpbIH caM co;:i:ep:a<aJI IIIKOJIY rrpH MMIIepaTOpCKOM rrpIIABOpHOM Jiarepe (Schola palatina), HaXO):{IIJIIICb rnaBHbie pacCa):{HIIKII o6pa3oBaHII51 KapJIOBIIHrcKoro rrepHo;:i:a. Kotte-crno, TO 6b1JI0 "lfy)K,n:oe
o6pa30BaHHe, 11epKOBHO-JiaTHHCKOe, He BbipocIIIee Ha1IIIOHaJibHbIM IIBeTOM H3
Hapo,n:HOH )KH3HH; HO, BO BC5IKOM CJiy1Iae, TO)Ke 6bIJIO o6pa30BaHIIe.
3;:i:ecb He MeCTO pacrrpoCTpaH51TbC51 0 rrpoHCXO)K,[(eHHH II ycTpOHCTBe MOHaIIIeCTBa. BceM H3BeCTHo, l.J:TO MOHaIIIeCTBO, octtoBaHHoe acKeTHl.J:HbIMH Me1ITaTeJI5IMH B

IV

CTOJieTIIH B rrycTbIH51X ErHrrTa, y)Ke B

V

CTOJieTHH 5IBJI51eTC51

11epKOBHbIM y1Ipe)K,n:eHHeM II 3aTeM 6bICTpo pacrrpocTpaH51eTC51 no BCeM CTpaHaM, o6panrnIIIHMC51 K xpIICTIIaHcTBy; 'ITO BOCTO'IHblM MOHaCTbipHM .ll:aJI ycTaB
CB. BacIIJIHH, Me)K,n:y TeM, KaK 3a1Ia,[(Hble IIOJIY1IIIJIH CBOH ycTaB II03,[(Hee, OT
oeHe,[(HKTa HypcHHCKoro, OCHOBaTeJI51 3HaMeHHToro rrepBoro 6eHe,[(HKTHHCKOro MoHaCTbip51 MottTe-KaccHHO

(529);

HaKotte11, l.J:TO PMOM c 6ette,n:HKTHH1Ia-

MII IIOHBHJIOCb c Tel.J:eHHeM BpeMeHH MHO)KeCTBO ,n:pyrHX MY)KCKHX II )KeHCKHX
MoHaIIIecKHX op,n:eHOB. KaTOJIHl.J:eCKHe MOHacTbipH ( claustra), rrpeBpaTHBIIIHecH
BIIOCJie,[(CTBHH B rHHJIOe, Hecrroco6ttoe K )KH3HH II II03TOMY o6:w:eBpe,n:Hoe yqpe)K,[(eHHe, B cBoe BpeM51 II ,n:o CBoero pa3JIO)KeHH51, 6eccrroptto ,n:eJiaJIH ,n:o6pb1e
II BeJIHKIIe ,n:eJia. K HX ,n:peBHeHIIIeH HCTOpHH rrpHMeHHMbl BIIOJIHe CJIOBa

~pa3yM CTaHOBHTC51 6esyMHeM, 6Jiaro,n:e51HHe -

f eTe:

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pa1IHOHaJIHCTCKHM IIO)KHMaHHeM IIJiel.J:eH K MOHaCTblpCKOH )KH3HH B rrepBbIX ee
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c,n:eJiaJIO B CBoeM po,n:e rrorrbITKY YHH1ITO)KIITb 3TO rrpoTHBope1IHe. Otto, KOHel.J:Ho, OIIIH6JIOCb B Bb16ope cpe,n:crn; HO ero rrepBOHal.J:aJibHOe CTpeMJieHHe TeM He
Mettee 6bIJIO BIIOJIHe crroco6tto rrpHBJieKaTb 1IIICTbie II 6.Tiaropo,n:Hbie yMbI.
.l{apOBIITble IOHOIIIH, IIpHBe,n:eHHbie B y)KaC rrepBbIM )KeCTOKHM CTOJIKHOBeHHeM HX IOHOIIIeCKII B03BbIIIIeHHOro o6pa3a MbICJieH c OTBpaTIITeJibHOH ,[(eHCTBHTeJibHOCTbIO, HeCJIH CBOH H,n:eaJibl -

y BC51Koro BpeMeHH 6bIBaIOT CBOH -

B MOHaCTblpb, 1IT06bI TaM IIOCTpOHTb HM aJITapb, sa:w:II:W:eHHblH peJIHrH03HblM
aBTOpHTeTOM OT paspyIIIeHH51 HJIH OCKBepHeHH51 co CTOpOHbl ,[(HKHX op,n:;
II My)KH, C03peBIIIHe B 6o51X HJIH B rocy,n:apcrneHHblX 3a6ornx, crapa.TIHCb
CM5Ir"lfHTb B MOHaCTblpCKOH THIIIH 60.Tib pa301IapoBaHH51, npe,n:aBa51Cb 3aH5ITH51M, IIOJie3HbIM ,[(JI5I COBpeMeHHHKOB II ,[(JI5I IIOTOMCTBa. TaKHM o6pasoM, HarrpHMep, BbIIIIeyrroM51HYTblH pHMCKHH HCTOpHK KaccHo,n:op y,n:aJIHJIC51 OT
cyeTHblX 6ypb rrpH,n:BOpHOH )KH3HH B OCHOBaHHhlH HM caMHM KaJia6pHHCKHH
MOHaCTblpb, B KOTOpOM cosep11aTeJibHa51 acKeTHl.J:Ha51 )KH3Hb ,[(OJI)KHa 6bIJia
coe,n:HH51TbC51 c 0,[(HOH CTOpOHhl c

3aH51TH5IMH .n:peBHeH HayKoH II c

BOCIIIITaHHeM IOHOIIIeCTBa, a c ,n:pyroil CTOpOHhl
BO,[(CTBOM II ca,n:OBO,[(CTBOM.

c 3eMJie,n:eJIIIeM' CK OTO-

105
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TOJibKO rpy6oe HeBe)J(eCTBO, coe,l(IIHeHHOe c caMbIM 6eccoBeCTHbIM )KeJiam1eM
IIO)J(IIBIITbCR 3a C1IeT HapO,l(HOro cyeBepmI II c CaMOM HII3KOM lJYBCTBeHHOCTbIO.
Ho PR,l(OM c HIIMII 6bIJIII II TaKIIe MOHaIIIeCKIIe o6mecTBa, KOTOpbie c caMbIM
qecTHbIM ycep,l(IIeM BbIIIOJIHRJIII rrpIIHRTYIO Ha

ce6R I(IIBIIJIII3aTOpCKYIO MIICCIIIO.

l1MeHHO .l(peBHeii:nrnM repMaHCKIIM MOHaCTblpRM II MOHaCTblpCKIIM IIIKOJiaM,
CBR3aHHbIM c HIIMII co BpeMeH KapJia, rrpIIHa,l(Jie)J(IIT Ta 3acJiyra, 1ITO OHII ocHOBaJIII B repMaHCKIIX Jiecax II 110,l(BIIHYJIII Brrepe,l( MaTepIIaJibHYIO II yMCTBeHHYIO KYJibTYPY cpe.l(II Toii: y)J(acttoii: pacrrymettHOCTII II O.l(II1IaJIOCTII, KOTopaR
IIOCJie,[l;OBaJia 3a HeCJibIXaHHOM cyMaTOXOM rrepeceJieHII5I Hapo.z:i;pB. 06pa3I(OM

K. PMcc.

~PeKOHCTPYKUM.SI UMCTepuHattcKoro MoHaCTbip.H May1Ib6poHH 06pa3ua cpe,ll,HeBeKoBoro MoHaCTbipcKoro coopy:>KeHM.H»

106
MOHaCTblpCKHX IIIKOJI, Ha KOTOpbie HMrrepaTop KapJI o6paII1aJI caMoe )KHBOe
BHIIMaHIIe, cneJiaJiaCb IIIKOJia, yCTpoeHHaJI B IlOl:ITeHHOM <DyJib,ll;CKOM MOHaCTbipe B

804

rony

Fpa6aHoM MaepoM (776-856),

HacT051II1IIM ocHoBaTeJieM

MOHaIIIeCKOR yqeHOCTII B fepMaHIIII; 3a 3TOR IIIKOJIOR IIOCJie.ZJ;OBaJIII CKOpo yqIIJlIIIIIa B C. fanJieHe, fIIpIIIay, PeiixeHay, BeiiceH6ypre, KopBee II npyrIIe.
fJiaBHbIM rrpenMeTOM rrperronaBaHM51 6bIJIII B 3THX 3aBeneHM51X BbIIIIeyrroMHHyTble TpIIBIIYM II KBanpIIBIIYM ceMII CB060.ZJ;HbIX IICKYCCTB II JiaTIIHCKIIR 513bIK.
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pyKOIIIICeii) MHOfHX JIHTepaTypHbIX COKpOBHIII KJiaCCHl:leCKOR npeBHOCTH. Ilo
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6bIJIII HaytIHTb CTOJlb MHoroMy~, crracJIHCb OT ry6IITeJibHOro BapBapcTBa Hal:IIIHaIOII1HXC51 cpenHHX BeKOB B KeJibH xpHCTIIaHCKHX MOHaxOB, ,ll;Jl51 TOro l:IT06bI
6onpcrny101u:11ii B HIIX nyx KpaCOTbl II ryMaHHOCTII BIIOCJie,ll;CTBIIH c HOBOR CIIJIOR IIpOJIMJI CBOII JiyqII Ha IIOMpal:leHHbIR MIIp. CaMo IIOJIO)KeHIIe .ZJ:YXOBeHCTBa,
yrrpaBJI51BIIIero MOHaCTbipCKIIMII IIIKOJiaMII, rro6y)K,ll;aJIO ero, KpoMe JiaTIIHCKOrO
513bIKa, pa3BIIBaTb TaK)Ke II HeMeU:KIIR. ToJibKO rrocpencTBOM IIOCJie.ZJ;Hero OHO
II MOfJIO neiiCTBOBaTb Ha Hapon. ,l.{JI51 IIIKOJlbHOro yqeHII51 6bIJIII COCTaBJieHbl
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rrponoBe,ll;Hbie). TaKIIe CJIOBapH H cpopMyJibl, OTHOC51II1IIeC51 OTl:laCTII na)Ke K
VIII cToJieTIIIO, rrpIIHanJie)KaT K npeBHeRIIIIIM rraMHTHIIKaM HeMeu;Koro 513bIKa
II, cJienoBaTeJibHO, B BbICIIIeii cTeneHII 3aMel:laTeJibHbI .ZJ;JIH ero pa3BIITIIH 4 • Ho
Ha 3TOM nyxoBeHCTBO He OCTaHOBIIJIOCb. PeBHOCTHO Bpa)K.ZJ:Y51 co BpeMeH fioHII<Pau:IIH rrpOTHB 513bil:leCKOR HapO,ll;HOR IT093HH, OHO O,ll;HaKO IIOH51JIO, l:ITO
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789

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XoTH npeBHeHaU:IIOHaJibHaJI 513bil:lecKaJI repoIItiecKaJI necHH rroHeMHory 3a-

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107
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«Kpucme»,

pa:J)J,eJieHHOM Ha II.HTb KHMr, OH CTapaJIC51 c 0.[{HOH CTOpOHbl M3JIO)KMTb
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108
)lm1 Hero rJiaBHOe ,ll,eJIO 3aKJIIOqaeTC51 He B paccKase, KaK OHO ,ll,OJI)KHO
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HCTHHHbIH, )KeJia51 rrpH 3TOM B TO )Ke BpeM51 ,ll,OCTaBHTb OTeqecTBeHHOMy 513blKy yBa)KeHHe B Kpyry o6pa30BaHHbIX JIIO,ll,eH.
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B CeH-faJIJieHe, Hens6e)KHO

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c ce,a:bMOro CTOJieTH51 rrepB0-

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ceJibCKHM X03HMCTBOM, CTpOHTeJibHbie rrpHeMbI BO BpeMH KapJIOBHHfCKOM 3IIOXI1 TaK)Ke IIO,ll,BHHYJIHCb Brrepe,ll,. Ha MecTe ,ll,peBHerepMaHCKOM Xll)KllHbI, rpy6o
IIOCTpoeHHOM I13 ,ll,peBeCHbIX CTBOJIOB, o6Ma3aHHOM fJIHHOM, IIOKpbITOM KaMbIIIIOM, 6e3 OKOH I1 JieCTHHU, Ha MeCTe XH)KllHbI, B KOTopoH: JIIO,ll,H I1 CKOT )KHJIH
3HMOM BMCCTe, CTaJIH MaJIO-IIOMaJiy IIOHBJIHTbCH TaKHe )KHJibie CTpOeHH.H, KOTOpbIC 6bIJII1 Heo6XO,ll,I1Mbl rrpH pa3BI1THI1 3eMJie,ZJ,eJIHH I1 CKOTOBO,ll,CTBa I1 )KeJiaTeJibHbI ,ZJ,JI.H 6oJiee qeJioBeqttoro cyll.(eCTBOBaHH.H . .l{a)Ke )KHJIHII(a KperrocTHbIX CTaJIH ,ZJ,eJIHTbCJI Ha H36y, aM6ap I1 CKOTHbIM ,ZJ,Bop; yca,ZJ,b6bI )Ke 3eMJICBJia,ZJ,eJibUCB COCTOJIJIH B aTO BpeMJI I13 roCIIO,ll,CKOfO ,ll,OMa (sala), rrorpe6a

r.

Eayapmpall:H,ri;. ~rocrro,ri;cKllH ,rl;BOp~

111
(cellaria), 6am1 (stuba), KJia;::(OBOH (spicarium), 3aKpoMoB (grania), KOHIOIIItrn M KOpOBHMKa (scuria), OBqapHM (ovile) M CBMHOH 3aKyTbl (porcaritium).

K

3TOMY rrpttcoe.n.MHHJICH ern:e oco6b1il .n.oM JJ..IIH )l(eHrn;MH (genicium MJIM
screona), r.n.e OHM pa60TaJIM rrp.s:I.IIKOH IIJIII TKaIJ;KMM CTaHKOM, rroqeMy 3TO rroMern:eHMe M Ha3blBaJIOCb TaK)l(e rrpoCTO MaCTepcKOH IIJIM TKau;KOH. 3.n.ecb )l(eHll{lIHbl rrpOBO.ll:lIJIM 60JibIIIYIO qaCTb TOfO BpeMeHII, KOTopoe He 6bIJIO IIOfJIOID:eHO
3a6oTaMM no .n.oMaIIIHeMy X0351MCTBY' 3.ll,eCb OHII CII.n;eJIM c rrpH)l(eH Ha KOJietrnx II c BepeTeHOM B pyKax ( caMorrp.s:IJIKII 6bIJIII rrpII.n;yMaHbl TOJibKO B
cToJieTIIII) IIJIM MCKYCHOM pyKoM: rrpMBO.ll:MJIII B ,n:BII)l(eHMe TKau;KMH qeJIHOK,
:JaHMMa.s:ICb TaKOH pa60TOM, KOTOpa.s:I JJ:OJiroe BpeM.s:I .n;oCTaBJIHJia rJiaBHblll MaTepHaJI JJ:.7I5I OJ],e)l(.ll:bl BCero ceMeHCTBa, pa6ornil, KOTOpa.s:I Jie)l(aJia Ha KOpoJieBCKOH

xv

0. Kmvwe. <0:Ilpe,1J,CTaBJiem1e rrpoeKTa ,l],BopnoBoli 'IaCOBHM B AxeHe
KapJiy BeJIMKOMY~

rEPMAHIUI

80 upeMena llMnepaTopou ~
CaKconcKo:H H Cl>pauKoncKoH
,IJ;HHaCTHH.
MacmTa6 1:12 ooo ooo

w .5

0

I'eozpaf/ju'lecKux

w

w

MU/lb.

06'bJICHeHue:
3aMOK
MK.
MapKa

0 03HaqaeT

50

45

5

O. I'e.tlbZO.llUHiJ

114
JJ,O"CJ:epH TaK

:>Ke

T01:1HO, KaK Ha KpeCTb5IHKe HJIH Ha KpenOCTHOH CJiy:>KaHKe.

l{o1:1b HMneparnpa OTToHa BeJIHKoro, JlyHTrap.a.a, cynpyra KoHpa.a.a, repu;ora
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1:1TO B BOCnOMHHaHHe 06 3TOM Ha.a. ee MOfHJIOH 6bIJIO noBeIIIeHO 30JIOTOe
BepeTeHo. PHJJ.OM c TKa1:1ecTBOM noJioTeH, HeMKH paHo Ha1:1aJIH 3aHHMaTbCH TKaHbeM rnepCTHHbIX MaTepHii:, H HaCKOJibKO OHM ycoBeprneHCTBOBaJIHCb B 3TOM
.a.eJie, BHJJ.HO H3 CJIOB aHrJiocaKCOHCKoro u;epKOBHoro HCTOpHKa D3JJ.bI o TOM,
1:1TO MOHaXHHH y:>Ke B

VII

CTOJieTHH nOJib3YHCb CBOHM MaCTepCTBOM B TKa1:1e-

CTBe, .a.apHJIH CBOHM mo60BHHKaM .a.parou;eHHbie OJJ,e:>KJJ,bI; CTaJIO 6bITb, H B
.a.peBHeHIIIHe BpeMeHa B :>KeHCKHX MOHaCTblpHX yMeJIH o6xoJJ,HTb o6eTbI u;eJIOMyJJ.pHH. IloKa noKpoii: My:>KCKHX H :>KeHCKHX nJiaTbeB OCTaBaJICH Boo6me npoCTbIM H 6e3bICKYCHbIM, :>KeHII(HHbI, KpOMe BepeTeHa H 1:1eJIHOKa, pa6oTaJIH TaK-

:>Ke

HO)l(HHIJ;aMH H HfJIOIO, H B cpe.a.HeBeKOBbIX CTHXOTBopeHHHX BCTpe1:1aIOTC5I

MHOfHe npeJieCTHbie cu;eHbI, B KOTOpbIX KH5IfHHH KpOHT nJiaTbH, a CJiy:>KaHKH
IIIbIOT cKpoeHHoe.

0

no3JJ,Heii:rneii: yrnH1:1eHHOCTH :>KeHCKoro pyKoJJ,eJibH B Bnoxy

npHJJ.BOpHOH )l(H3HH 6y.a.eT CKa3aHO HH:>Ke.
Bo3BpamaHcb K ceJibCKoii: apxHTeKType KapJIOBHHrcKoii: 3noxH, MbI 3aMeTHM, 1:1TO CHa1:1aJia yrroMHHYTbie CTpOeHHH CKJiaJJ,bIBaJIHCb 60JibIIIeii: 1:1aCTbIO H3
o6TecaHHbIX 6peBeH. KaMHH H KHprrn:1:1 6bIJIH peJJ.KH. BHyTpH JI.OM rrpe.a.crnBJIHJI OJI.HO rrycToe rrpoCTpaHcTBo 6e3 rreperopo.a.oK. Cpe.a.tt 3TOfO rrpocTpaHcTBa B03BbIIIIaJIC5I CTOJI6, IIOJJ.IIHpaBIIIHH KpbIIIIY (Firstsul). Ho CKOpo Ha1:1aJIH
IIOKpbIBaTb )l(HJIHII(a .a.paHKOH H BBOJJ,HTb rreperopOJJ.KH H JieCTHHIJ;bI. IlplI HMrrepaTope KapJie II rrocJie Hero Ha1:1aJIH CTpOIITb KaMeHHbie .a.oMa. He TOJibKO
3HaMeHIITbie IIMIIepaTOpCKIIe mpaJibll;bI B AxeHe, I1HreJihreii:Me II .a.pyrlIX MeCTax, HO II MHOflie fOCIIOJJ,CKIIe JJ.OMa B IIOMeCTb5IX KapJia 6bIJIH IIOCTpoeHbI H3
KaMH5I. B OJI.HOM II3 HIIX 6bIJIO TPII )l(IIJibIX IIOKOH, OJJ.IIHHa.a.u;aTb MaCTepCKIIX,
JI.Be KJiaJJ,OBbie II OJJ.IIH rrorpe6. Bech JI.OM 6bIJI OKpy:>KeH CTOJI6aMII II rrplI HeM
6bIJIII JI.Be KpbIThie raJiepelI. B 1:11IcJie .a.oMarnHeii: YTBapH o6o3Ha1:1eHbI: IIJITb
rrepHH II TIOqmKOB, JI.Ba MeJJ,HbIX II rneCTb :>KeJie3HbIX KOTJIOB, :>KeJie3HbIH rro.a.CBe1:1HIIK, caJicpeTKII JJ,JI5I CTOJIOBOfO rrp1I6opa, IIOJIOTeHu;e, JJ,aJiee -

:>KeJie3Hble

ceprrbI, 3acTyrrhI, TonopbI, 6ypaBbI II npo1:1ee. UeHa Me6JI1IpoBaHHoro ropo.a.cKoro JJ.OMa B

895

ro.a.y o603Ha1:1eHa B JJ,BeHa.a.u;aTb IIIIIJibJJ,JIIIHfOB (Schildlinge),

II 3TO .a.aeT HaM nOBOJJ. CKa3aTb 3JJ,eCb HeCKOJibKO CJIOB 0 .a.peBHerepMaHCKOH
MOHeTHOH CIICTeMe.
He roBopJI o Tex MHoro1:11IcJieHHbIX II3MeHeHIIHX, KOTOpbIM HeMeu;KaH MOHeTHaH CIICTeMa no.a.BepraJiacb y pa3JIII1:1HbIX nJieMeH c

V

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VIII

cToJieTHH,

Mbl 3aMeTIIM TOJibKO, 1:1TO Boo6me y:>Ke Tor.a.a cymecTBOBaJIO pa3JIH1:11Ie Me:>KJJ.Y
ceBepHO-HeMeIJ;KIIM c1:1eTOM no TaJiepaM II IO:>KHO-HeMeIJ;KHM no ryJibJJ,eHaM; y
caKCOHIJ;eB Ha cpyHT cepe6pa nplIXOJJ,IIJIOCb no

12

IIIIIJibJJ,JIIIHfOB IIJllI TaJiepoB,

a y cppaHKOB, aJieMaHHOB H 6aBapu;eB B cpyHTe cepe6pa C1:11ITaJIOCb

20

ryJib-

115
,a;eHOB (Solidi). 30JIOTOM COJllI,71; paBH5IJIC51

40

cepe6p51HhIM AIIHapH5IM, a cepe6p51-

HhIM IIIIIJlb,IJ;JllIHf -

12 AIIHap1I5IM.

cPYHT 30JIOTa.

3oJio-

72

ThlX ryJib,IJ;eHOB cqlITaJIOCb no

Ha

<DpaHKCKIIM 30JIOTOM

COJII1,[( OTHOCHJIC51 K cepe6p5IHOMy' KaK
K

12,

40

CaKCOHCKIIM cepe6p51HbIM IIIIIJlb,71;-

JllIHf -

K <PpaHKCKOMY' KaK

12

K

20.

<D. BaH;::i;epep.

Cepe6p51HhIM IIIIIJihAJIIIHr II soJioToiI A1I-

~cepe6pHHbIH rporn»

ttap1IiI 6bIJIII II,IJ;eaJibHbIMII MOHeTaMII, noroMy qTo Ha caMOM ;:i;eJie II3 30JIOTa qeKaHIIJIIICb TOJibKO ryJib,IJ;eHbI, II3 cepe6pa -

TOJibKO AIIHaplIII. IlpaBo qeKaHIITb MOHeTy 6bIJIO KOpOJieBCKOM pera-

JIIIeiI, II y)Ke XJIO,IJ;BIIf qeKaHIIJI 30JI0Tble ryJib,IJ;eHbl co CBOIIM n05ICHbIM II30-

c TeqeHIIeM BpeMeHII KOpOJIII ;:i;apOBaJIII npaBO qeKaHIITb MOHe-

6pa)KeHIIeM.

ry OT,IJ;eJibHbIM KH513b5IM, 6apoHaM, enlICKOnaM II a66aTaM, BnOCJie,IJ;CTBIIII TaK)l(e II ropo,n;aM. lJTo KacaeTc51 u:eHhI ;:i;eHer B TO BpeM51 cpaBHIITeJibHO c
renepeIIIHeiI, TO ;:i;eHbflI 6hIJIII Tor;:i;a no KpaiIHeiI Mepe B TPIIAU:aTb pas ;:i;opo)Ke, a MO)l(eT 6bITb II TOro 60JihIIIe. PoCJiblM 6hIK CTOIIJI B TO BpeM51 ;:i;Ba cepe6p51HbIX IIIIIJlb,IJ;JIIIHra, Tenepb OH CTOIIT OT BOCbMII,7J;eC5ITII AO CTa II 6oJiee
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1000

YBHAIIM, qTo

3

HMnepCKlIM ryJlb,IJ;eHaM, Mbl

cepe6p51HblX COJIIIAOB COCTaBJ15IJia COCTOJIHIIe, paBHOe, no

TenepeIIIHeiI u:eHe ;:i;eHer'
paBH5IJIC51

30

30 000

I 3 cepe6p51HhIM,

1

TO

ryJlh,IJ;eHOB' lI TaK KaK 30JIOTOM IIIHJlb,n;JIIIHr

1000

soJIOThIX IIIHJihAJIHHfOB ou;eHIIBaJia co-

6oiI IIMyiu:ecrno, 3KBHBaJieHTHoe TenepeIIIHHM

100 000

ryJih,n;eHOB. KaKoe rpo-

Ma;:i;Hoe pasJIHqlie B noKynKax II c;:i;eJIKax, B HasHaqemm IIITpa<PoB, BO Bcex
o6iu:ecTBeHHbIX II qacTHblX ycJIOBII5IX AOJI)KeH 6hIJI np01I3B0,7J;IITb cqeT Ha 30JIOTO IIJllI Ha cepe6po, -

II pou:BeTaHHe

5ICHO caMO co6mo.

npOMbIIIIJieHHOCTll II ToprOBJllI Bbl3bIBaeTC51 TOJibKO

rpa)K,IJ;aHCKOM CB06o;:i;oiI. Ho rpa)K,n;aHCKOM CB060,7J;bl He 6hIJIO BO BpeMeHa
KapJIOBIIHroB. ToJibKo nplI caKcoHcKoiI IIMnepaTopcKoiI ;:i;l1HaCTIIII cBo6o;:i;a
('TaJia B03HIIKaTb BMeCTe c pa3Bl1TIIeM ropo;:i;oB, c KOTOpbIMII OHa HepasJiyqHa.

I le

AOJI)KHO O,IJ;HaKO )Ke YTBep)K,n;aTb, qTo6bI B KapJIOBIIHfCKOe BpeM51

llpOMbIIIIJieHHa51 ;:i;e51TeJibHOCTb II TOproBJIJI eiu:e COBCeM He IIIeBeJIIIJllICb.
llpe)l(Ae Bcero, o6HTaTeJIH MOHaCTb1peiI y6eAHJIHCb B Heo6xo,n;IIMOCTH np1Io6peTaTb peMecJieHttyIO CHOpOBKy, qrn6bI YAOBJieTBOp51Tb co6cTBeHHbIM nOTpe6HocTHM, KOTOpbie, BCJie,IJ;CTBIIe o6iu:ecTBeHHOfO CO)l(IITH51, y)Ke paHbIIIe nO,IJ;H51JI HCb Bblllle nepBo6bITHbIX nOTPe6HOCTeiI rpy6bIX lI pasp03HeHHbIX 0,IJ;HO,ZJ;BOpllCB. Kor;:i;a peMecJieHHoe npoHSBOACTBO noCTeneHHO paspocJIOCh B MOHaCTbI-

116

AxeHCKIIM

co6op

117
p.HX II IIO,l{ IIX 3allJ,IITOH, TOr,n:a yMHbie MOHaXII He 3aTpy,n:HIIJIIICb ,n:o6bITb ce6e
rroTpe6IITeJieii. IIoJih3Y.HCb TeM o6cTO.HTeJibCTBOM, "l!TO B 60Jib11me uepKOBHhie
rrpa3,n:HIIKII, Ha Po)K,n:ecrno, Ha IIacxy, Ha T pOIIUbIH ,n:eHh, Ha
BeJIIIKOJierrHeii1m1ii rrpa3,n:HIIK Eo)KII.H TeJia 6bIJI BBe,n:eH TOJihKO B
TIIII -

Y crreHIIe

XIII

-

CToJie-

II TaK)Ke B rrpa3,l{HIIKII MeCTHbIX CB.HTbIX TOJIIIbl Bepy10ru,ero Hapo,n:a

CTeKaIOTC.H B MOHaCTblpII, MOHaxII ycTpOIIJIII .HpMapKII.

B

rrpa3,l{HIIK, KOHe"l!HO,

CJIY)KIIJiaCb TOp)KeCTBeHHa.H o6e,n:H.H (messe), II TaK KaK rrpa3,l{HIIK II TOpr TeCHeHIIIIIM o6pa30M coe,n:IIH.HJIIICb Me)K,n:y co6oii, TO II IIOCJie,l{HlIH IIOJIY"CJIIJI TaK)Ke
Ha3BaHIIe

messe.

TaKIIM o6pa30M KaTOJIIIUII3M 3,l{eCb OII.HTb o6Hapy)KIIJI CBOII

CBeTCKIIe TeH,n:eHUIIII, "l!TO Mbl HIICKOJibKO He IIOCTaBIIJIII 6bI eMy B yKop, eCJIII
6bI CIO,n:a He rrpIIMeIIIaJIOCb c caMoro Ha"llaJia HII3KOe Ha,n:yBaTeJibCTBO pa3HblMII cpoKycaMII, rro,n:,n:eJibHbIMII -qy,n:ecaMII II MOilJ,aMII. Ho KaK TOJlbKO KaTOJIIIqecKa.H poMaHTIIKa BOBJieKaJia B KpyrII CBOero BJIII.HHII.H KaKyIO- HII6y,l{b
rrpaKTII"l!eCKYIO CTopoHy )KlI3HII, -

HaIIpIIMep, B 3TOM cJiy-qae, TOproBJIIO, -

TaK OHa, B CKOpOM BpeMeHII, OT MaJiblX Ha"llaTKOB yMeJia B03BbICMTbC.H .n:o
BeJIMKIIX pe3yJibTaTOB. Kor.n:a MOHaCTblpM OCHOBaJIII ToprM, KOTOpbie OHM
cyMeJIII rrpeBpaTIITb B rrpeBOCXO,l{Hbie MCTO"l!HIIKM ,l{OXO,l{OB, BbIXJIOIIOTaB ce6e
MOHeTHbie lI TaMO)KeHHbie rrpIIBMJiefIIII, TOr,n:a, BMecTe c TeM, 6bIJia IIOJIO)KeHa
OCHOBa ropo,n:CKOH o6ru,MHbl, KOTOpa.H CKOpO yKperrMJiaCb lI pa3pOCJiaCb.

B. Lb1Q.

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118
.l{pyrIIM ropo.n:cKHM o6nurna.M KOpoJieBCKHe mpa.TibU;bl M CeJibCKHe ,noMa JJ:OCTaBMJIH
)KeJiaHHhre rnqKM orropbr; 3,necb, rro.n: tterrocpe.n:crnetttto:H 3alllMTOM KopoJieBCKOro MorymecTBa, peMecJiettttoe TPY ,noJI1061Ie Mor JIO IIOJib30BaTbC.SI
cpaBHMTeJibHO 6oJibIIIe:H 6e3orracttocTbIO. HaKotteu; Te MeCTa, B KOTOpbIX cocpe,noToq1rnaJiacb ToproBJI.SI c coce,nHMMH ttapo,naMH, npe,ncTaBJI.SIJIM caMhIM
ecTeCTBeHHbIM ITOBOJJ: K yCTpOMCTBY ropo,nCKMX rroceJieHMM, qTO ,noKa3bIBaeTC.SI pattHMM B03HMKHOBeHMeM Bap,noBMKa, Mar.n:e6ypra, 3pcpypTa, Perettc6ypra H Jlopxa. K .n:peBHettIIIHM ToproBbIM nyHKTaM rrp1rna,nJie)KaJI TaK)Ke KeJibH,
COCTaBJI.SIBIIIMM TOqKy coe,nMHeHM.SI ceBepo-3arra,nHbIX M IOro-3ana,nHbIX
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H KpoMe HJIX MbI ttaxo,nnM eme, y)Ke B VIII H IX CTOJieTJI.SIX, CTpac6ypr,
BopMc, <!>pattKcpypT, B10pu;6ypr, BaM6epr, <!>10pT, 3:HxIIITe,nT, ll!JieTIIIITMT,
3aaJibcpeJibJJ:, <!>opxre:HM, Mep3e6ypr, faJIJie, Ilaccay, Jl1IHU:, Betty, 3aJibU:6ypr, UiopJix, Ba3eJib, Kyp, Octta6pIOK, Mn:tt,neH, BpeMeH, faM6ypr JI MHorJie .n:pyrJie, KOTOpbie pa3yMeeTC.SI 6oJibIIIeM qacTblO TOJibKO qTO B03HJIKaJIII.
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.ll.PYfllX CTpaHax, TaK MB fepMaHMH, TeM 6oJiee, qTo ,neHbfll JJ:OJI)KHbl 6bIJIH
B03Harpa)K,naTh ero sa Te rpy6bre rrp11TecHeHM.SI, KOTOpbIMH OH 6bIJI no,naBJieH.
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119
Xprrcrn:attcKo-repMaHcKaJI KYJibrypa, octtoBaHHaJI MMrrepaTopoM KapJioM,
lfYTb He rrorrr6Jia OKOH~IaTeJibHO BO BpeMH orrycTOIIIHTeJibHbIX BO"HH, KOTOpbie
ero rrpeeMHHKH BeJIH Me)Kti;y co6oii H, KpOMe TOro, BbIHY)Kti;eHbl 6bIJIH BblCTaIrnaTb rrpOTHB CJiaBHH, HOpMaHHOB H MatJ;bHpOB (BeHrpoB). Y)Ke BO BpeMH u;apCTBOBaHHH CbIHa KapJia, cJia6oro JlIOti;OBHKa nJiaro1IeCTHBoro

(814-840),

KOTOpblH ropa3ti;O 6oJibllle roti;HJICH B MOHaxrr, 1.JeM B rrpaBHTeJIH TaKoro 60JibIIIOro rocyti;apcrna, KapJIOBHHfCKOe BeJIHl.JHe CTaJIO 6bICTpo KJIOHHTbCH K yrrati;Ky. Me)Kti;oyco61rn CbIHOBeii JlIOti;OBHKa rroBeJIH 3a co6o:H: B

843

ro.n;y pa3.n;eJie-

HHe cppaHKCKOH MOHapXHH, KOTOpoe 6bIJIO ycTaHOBJieHO 3HaMeHHTbIM Bepti;eHCKHM ti;oroBopoM. JlOTap rrOJIYl.JHJI HTaJIIIIO c Eypryttll:Heii: rr c rrMrrepampcKoii
Kopotto:H:, KapJI JlbICbIM -

<Dpattu;MIO, JIIO,n;OBHK -

fepMaHHIO, 1101.JeMy ero

J1 Ha3bIBaIOT repMaHCKHM.

C

Bep.n;ettcKoro ti;OroBopa Hal.JHHaeTCH, TaKHM o6pa3oM, caMOCTOHTeJibHoe

11 Hal{HOHaJibHOe rocy.n;apcrneHHoe cyiu:ecTBoBaHrre fepMaHHH. Otto corrpoBo)K-

AaJIOCb 3Ha1.JMTeJibHbIM ocJia6JiettrreM KopoJieBcKoro Moryiu:ecrna. OrpaHMl.JeHttocTb H 6ecCHJIHe KapJIOBHHfOB rro6yti;HJIH HX B Tpy.n;ttoe BpeM.H B3.HTbCH 11. B
fepMatt11.11. 3a cpe,n:cTBO, B BbICllieii: cTerrem1 orracttoe ,n:JIH 11.x 3Ha1.JeHH5I. qT06b1 IIO,ll;HHTb BOCHHOe ,n;eJio, OHM BOCCTaHOBHJIH .n;peBHerepMaHCKOe 3BaHHe rep-

f. cDpam:i:. «Hawecrnue

MaJJ;MipOB~

120
u,oroB, yrrpa3.n;HeHHoe HMrrepaTopoM KapJioM, H rrpe.n:ocTaBHJIH repu,oraM,
rrpaBHTeJI51M MapoK (MapKrpacpaM) lI .n:pyrHM BeJibMO:>KaM HacJie.n;crneHHYIO
BJiaCTb, KOTOpa51 IIOCJIY:>KHJia OCHOBaHHeM .Zl:Jl51 BblCIIIeii apHCTOKpaTHH lIMIIepHH. KapJIOBHHrH cKopo ii:oJI:>KHbI 6bIJIH IIOH51Tb, 1ITO 3Ha1IHT :na aprrcToKpaTH51. Korii:a KapJI ToJICTbIH (876-887), K0Topb1ii rrocJie cMepTH cBorrx 6paTbeB H 6Jirr:>Kaii:IIIHX po.n:crneHHHKOB eme pa3 co6paJI B O.lJ:HH pyKrr II01ITH Bee
HacJie.n;cTBO CBoero BeJIHKoro rrpa.n:e.n:a, B036y.lJ:HJI Hero.n;oBaHrre HeMeU,KHX
BeJibMO:>K CBoeii: Hecrroco6HOCTbIO lI po6oCTbIO, TO ::ITH BeJibMO:>KH co6paJIHCb B
Tprr6ype Ha Peii:He, 6e3 tt:aJibHHX OKOJIH1:IHOCTeii HH3JIO:>KHJIH ero H B03BeJIH Ha
rrpecTOJI ero rrJieM51HHHKa, repu,ora ApHyJibcpa KapHHTHHCKoro. ,llrrHaCTH51
KapJIOBHHroB rrpeceKJiacb B fepMaHMM co cMepTbIO 6e3,ll;eTHoro chrna ApHyJibcpa, JlIO,ll;OBHKa ,llHT51TlI (911 ), II IIOTOM OKOH1IaTeJibHO BbIMepJia B JIHU,e 6e3.aeTHOro JlIO.lJ:OBHKa JleHHBoro <l>paHu,y3cKoro (987). Torii:a <l>paHU.H51 rroIIIJia K IIOJIHTH1IeCKOMY e.n;HHCTBY lI K u,eHTpaJIH3aU,HlI rro.n: rocrro.n;CTBOM .ll:HHaCTHH KarreTHHroB, ocHoBaHHOii fyro KarreTOM, a HCTOpH51 f epMaHHH rrpHH51Jia .n:pyroii: o6opoT. BbICIIIa51 aprrcTOKpaTH51 rrp1106peJia B fepMaHHH TaKyIO
CHJiy, 'ITO OHa 6bIJia B COCT051HHH rro.n:.n;ep:>KHBaTb napTHKYJI5IPH3M. Ho TaK KaK

B. JI1rn,.a:emnMIIT.

~Kottpa,.a:, rep:u:or cppaHKOB, II36IIpaeTc.H HeMe:QKIIM KopoJieM~

121
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OJJ:HOMY BepxoBHoMy ITpaBMTemo rocyL1;apcrna. TaKMM o6pa30M B03HHKJia HeMeIIKruI M36MpaTeJibHruI MoHapxHH. Bb1c111ruI apMcToKpaTMH ITpeBpaTHJia f epMaHmo B M36MpaTeJibHOe KOpoJieBCTBO, B03BeL1;51 B caH repMaHcKoro Kopom1,
rrocJie ITpece'!eHHH JJ:MHaCTMM HeMeIIKHX KapJIOBMHroB, ITpeBOCXOAHOro rep110ra KoHpaAa <DpaHKOHCKoro. CTpeMJieHMe KoHpaJJ:a yKpeITHTb eAMHCTBO rocyJJ:apcrna M llOLl;H51Tb 3Hal£eHMe KOpOJieBCKOH BJiaCTM Bbipa3HJIOCb B ero 3HepI'M'IHOM 06pa3e Ll;eHCTBHH OTHOCMTeJibHO aJieMaHCKMX rpacpoB 3pxaHrepa M
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Ilo ITOBOJJ:Y 3TMX ABYX 6paTbeB, KOTOpbie B MCTOpMM Ha3bIBaIOTC51 ITpOCTO
MMeHaMM, Ll;aHHbIMM ITPH KpemeHMM, Mbl 3Ll;eCb Mo:>KeM 6pOCMTb MMMOXOLl;OM
6erJibIH B3fJl51A Ha MCTOpHIO HMeH. B Ha'IaJie cpeLl;HMX BeKOB ITp03BMIIIa Ll;aBaJIMCb B fepMaHMM 110 TeJieCHbIM Ka'IeCTBaM M oco6eHHOCT51M xapaKTepa, KOr.n:a Ll;eJIO KaCaJIOCb KWI3ell: M .l(B0p51H, HJIH ITO peMecJieHHbIM samITII51M, KOfLl;a
IIIJIO Ll;eJIO 0 llpOCTbIX JIIO,lJ;51X. 3aTeM BbICIIIee Ll;BOp51HCTBO CTaJIO HOCMTb ITpo3BIIIIIa 110 CBOIIM pOLl;OBbIM MJIII JieHHbIM BJiaLl;eHII51M, HO 3TII I1p03BIIIIIa MHOro pa3 MeH51JIMCb, rrpe:>K,l(e qeM OHM OKOH'IaTeJibHO ycTaHOBIIJIMCb.

y

HM3IIIe-

ro Ll;BOp51HCTBa ropa3Ll;O II03Ll;Hee yKopeHMJIC51 o6bI'IaH HOCMTb Ha3BaHJie ITOMeCTb51 KaK cpaMMJlbHOe MM51.
MMeHa ITOHBHJIIICb TOJibKO B

y MemaH M KpeCTb51H ITOCT051HHbie cpaMMJibHbie
XIV CTOJieTIIII M BOIIIJIM BO Bceo6mee y110Tpe6Jie-

HHe TOJibKO IIOCJie OKOH'IaHM51 cpeLl;HMX BeKOB.
l(apoBaHM51 M Ll;OCTOHHCTBa KoHpa,n:a He MOfJIH OCIIJIHTb rryTaHHIIY M 6eL1;CTBHH ero BpeMeHH. CHJia caKCOHCKOH HMITepaTOpCKOM AHHaCTIIII, BCTJITMBIIIeM
Ha ITpecTOJI B JIHIIe rep11ora caKCOHCKoro feHpttxa IlTHl(eJioBa

(919),

ycrre111-

Hee crrpaBMJiacb c 3TOH saL1;a'Ieii.
feHpMx

I

OKa3aJI

fepMaHMH BeJIMKMe ycJiyrM,

samHTMB ee OT

OITYCTOIIIMTeJibHbIX Ha6eroB BeHrpoB M llOJIO:>KHB 6oJiee ITpoqHbie OCHOBaHM51
ropOACKOM JKM3HM M ITpaBaM MeIIIaHCTBa. He OH C03JJ:aJI HeMeIIKMe ropOLl;a, 6bIJIO MHOfO H AO Hero, -

MX

HO OH C03Ll;aJI B fepMaHHH cpeLl;Hee COCJIOBHe,

ITpeLl;OCTaBMB ropOLl;CKOMy HaCeJieHHIO, BbIIIIeLl;IIIeMy ITO 60JibIIIeii qacTH M3
COCJIOBII51 KpellOCTHblX M pa6oB, HeKOTopyro CTeITeHb ITpaBOCIIOC06HOCTM; TaKHM
o6pa3oM 6bIJI CAeJiaH rrepBbIH 111ar OT pa6crna K rpa:>K,n:aHCKOM CB060L1;e. l(Ba
ApyrMe 6JiaroL1;e5IHM5I feHpMxa CMJlbHO B03BbICMJIM 3Ha'IeHHe B03HMKaromero
MemaHCTBa. Bo-ITepBbIX, OH Ll;apoBaJI ropoLl;aM rrpaBO qeKaHHTb MOHeTy' H BOBTOpbIX, OH ITPMKa3aJI rrepeHeCTM B ropoLl;a HapOLl;Hbie co6paHH51 M Bee
Ba:>KHeiinrne TOpJKeCTBa. Heqero M fOBOpMTb 0 TOM, KaK CMJibHO 3TH Ll;Ba
pacITOp51:>KCHM51 O:>KMBMJIM ropOLl;CKYIO TOproByIO M rrpOMbIIIIJieHHYIO

122
,n;e.HTeJibHOCTb, KaK CliJibHO OHli yBeJilfllliJili MaTepliaJibHOe 6JiarOCOCTO.HHlie, Ii,
cJie,n;oBaTeJibHO, o6m;ee rrpolU3eTaHHe ropo,n;CKHX o6m;HH. f ettpliX CTaJI oKpy)KaTb
ropo.n;a CTettaMH II ctta6)KaTb HX yKpeIIJieHH.HMH; ero rrpHMep cKopo BbI3BaJI rroBCeMecTHoe rro,n;pa)Kattlfe, II aTO o6cTO.HTeJibCTBo cym:ecrneHHbIM o6pa3oM co.n;eH:cTBOBaJIO rrpou:BeTaHlilO HeMeU:KliX ropo,n;OB, BHyTpeHHIOIO )Klf3Hb KOTOpbIX Mbl
6y.n;eM paccMaTpHBaTb HH)Ke. Boo6m;e, K BeJIHKoii qecTH caKCOHCKoro HMrrepaTopcKoro ,n;oMa Ha,D;O CKa3aTb, qTo BO BpeM.H ero rocrro,n;CTBa

CM.H~lIJiliCb

BO

MHOfliX OTHOilleHH.HX pe3Klie KacToo6pa3Hbie COCJIOBHbie pa3JIIfqH.H, y.n;ep)KaBIlllieC.H co BpeMeH rrepB06bITHOH repMaHCKOH .n;peBHOCTli . .llyxoBeHCTBO TaK)Ke
rrpHHliMaJIO yqacTHe B 3TliX ryMattli3HpyIOm;Hx CTpeMJieHH.HX.
Chm II rrpeeMHHK fettpHxa, 0TTOH

I (936-973),

ycHJIHJI 6JiecK II cJiaBy

CBoero ,ll;OMa B fepMaHlili. Ilpli ero KOpOHOBaHlili Ii IIOMa3aHlili B AxeHe, KOTOpbIH BIIOCJie,ll;CTBlili ,ll;OJI)KeH 6bIJI ycryrrHTb MeCTO rrepBorrpeCTOJibHOfO ropo.n;a
CBOeMy correpHHKY <l>paHKcpypTy' BbICilla.H apHCTOKpaTH.H B rrepBblll pa3 OTrrpaBJI.HJia rrpli oco6e KOpOJI.H Te IIpli,ll;BOpHbie ,ll;OJl)KHOCTli, KOTOpbie BIIOCJie,n;CTBlili c,n;eJiaJiliCb IIOCTO.HHHbIMli, rro.n; Ha3BaHHeM Erz.n;mter (apXIi,ll;OJl)KHOCTH).
ApxHerrHcKorr MaiiHU:CKHH HCIIOJIH.HJI ,n;OJI)KHOCTb apxHKaHIJ:Jiepa, repu:or JioTapHHrCKHH -

apXHIIOCTeJibHifqero, repu:or cppaHKOHCKlill -

repu:or IIIBa6cKHH -

apxHKpaBqero, repu:or 6aBapcKHH -

apxHCTOJibHHKa,

apxHMap1IIaJia. Ha

rrepBblll pa3 3TO, KOHeqHo, HMeJIO TOJibKO CliMBOJilflleCKH-u:epeMOHliaJibHOe 3HaqeHHe. Ho 0TTOH cyMeJI rrpH,n;aTh aToMy cpaKTY rroJIHTifqecKHH Bee. Ott qyBCTBOBaJI, MbICJiliJI Ii .n;eiiCTBOBaJI IIOCTO.HHHO KaK KOpOJib Ii IIOBeJIHTeJib HeMu:eB.
IlmToMy Kor.n;a OH B PHMe B

962

r. rrpHH.HJI OT rrarrbI Moatttta

XII

HMrreparnp-

cKyIO KopoHy II rrpoBo3rJiacHJI ce6.H HMrrepaTopoM ~CB.Hm;eHttoH: PHMCKoii
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XII,

qTo B HOBOM HM-

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pHMCKO-repMaHCKOfO liMIIepaTopa KaK BepxoBHOfO JieHHOfO BJia,D;bIKli BCero
xpHCTHaHcKoro MHpa. KoHeqtto, aTa BepxoBHa.H BJiaCTb HMrrepaTopa HHKor.n;a
He rrpH3HaBaJiach rrarraMH, II cTapaHH.H CHJibHbIX rocy.n;apeH: rrpoBeCTH aTy
li,D;eIO B )Klf3Hb rropO,ll;liJili TY 6opb6y Me)K,n;y liMrrepHeii Ii rraIICTBOM, KOTOpa.H
liMeJia ,ll;Jl.H fepMaHlili TaKHe HecqacTHbie IIOCJie,D;CTBli.H Ii rrpeBpaTHJia B oqeBliAHYIO JIO)Kb cpe,n;HeBeKOBOe e,n;HHCTBO u:epKBli Ii rocy.n;apcrna, rrpocJiaBJieHHOe peTporpa,n;HblMli poMaHTHKaMli HOBeHillero BpeMeHH.
Co BpeMeH OTToHa

I

K rrpHHU:HIIY BhI6opa B KOHCTHTYU:HH repMaHCKoro

KOpOJieBCTBa rrpHcoe,n;HHliJIC.H 06b1qaii: HaCJie,D;CTBeHHOCTH; liMrrepaTOpbI rrpli
CBOeii: )Klf3HH CTaJili ycTpaHBaTb Bb16opbl CBOliX CblHOBeii B HeMeU:KHe liJili,
KaK 3TO Ha3bIBaJIOCb Ha II03,D;HeiillleM KaHU:eJI.HpCKOM .H3bIKe, B pHMCKlie KopoJlli Ii, TaKHM o6pa30M, c ycrrexoM CTaJili o6ecrreqlfBaTb 3a CBOliMli CbIHOBb.HMli

123
HacJie,n;iie rrpecToJia. Chm H BHYK 0TTOHa, 0TTOH

(983-1002),

II (973-983)

H 0TTOH

III

He MorJIH, rrpaB.z:i:a, IIOMep)KaTb HMrreparnpcKyIO BJiaCTb Ha TOH

BbICOTe, Ha KOTopyIO ee IIOCTaBHJI 0TTOH

I,

o.z:i:HaKO )Ke RX )KMBbie U:HBHJIH3Y-

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OT Toro TOJI"lJKa, KOTOpblll 6bIJI .z:i:aH rrpOMbIIIIJieHHOCTH Ji TOprOBJie OTKpbITH-

o6-

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11 HCKyccTBeHHbIH. KaK rrpH .z:i:Bope KapJia BeJIHKoro, TaK H rrpH .Zl:Bope OTToHOB TOJIIIMJIHCb MH03eMHbie y-qeHbie, IIpHBHBaBIIIHe CBOe MH03eMHoe 3HaHHe Ji
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Ha rrarrcKHH rrpecToJI, H yMepIIIHH B

1003 ro.z:i:y.

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MaTHKH, cpHJIOCOcpHH Ji KJiaCCH"lleCKOH JIHTepaTypbl 6bIJIH .z:i:o TaKo:H: CTerremr
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fHJib.Zl:ecreiIMcKoMy, rro.z:i:BHHYJIH Brrepe.z:i: peMecJieH-

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crpeM.llemrn, IIOOIIJ;p.HeMbie rrpH .ll:BOpe 0TTOHOB, Bblpa3M.lIMCb rrpeHMyIIJ;eCTBeHHO
B IIOCTpoeHHM Ji yKpaIIIeHHH u:epKOBHblX 3.z:i:aHHM. ,llpeBHe-xpHCTHaHCKHH
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pyKOBO.ll:CTBOM a66aTa AttcHrH3a OT

796

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nepeIIIeJI IIOCTerr.eHHO B poMaHCKHM, KOTOpbIM HeBepHO Ha3bIBaeTC.H
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•

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125
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126
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1008

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127
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11pe;:i:cTaBJIHeTcH HaM y/Ke Terrepb.

130

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III.

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II,

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rrpe,n;aBaBilleroc.s:I HeyMepeHHbIM IIO,ll;BHraM 6Jiaro-cieCTII.s:I, .n;yxoBHbie II CBeTCKHe KH.s:I3b.s:I Bb16paJIH Ha pe:HHcKoiI paBHHHe, 6JIH3 OrrrreHre:HMa, KoHpa.n;a

( 1024),

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1125

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133

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134
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135
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B ce6e 110 MeHbIIIeil Mepe TPII llOK051: KOMHaTy, CJIY:>K11BIIIYIO cueHOIO caMOH
11HT11MHOH ceMeHHOH )Kl13HII II B TO :>Ke BpeM51 CllaJibHeil X0351HKII, ,ll,aJiee KOMHaTy, r,ll,e X0351HKa 3aHIIMaJiaCb BMeCTe co CB011M11 CJiy:>KaHKaM11 :>KeHCKl1M pyKO,ll,eJibeM, 11, ttaKotteu, c11aJibHIO cJiy:>KaHoK. KpoMe y110M5IHYTbIX .ll.O c11x
11op llOMeiuett11:H, K KOTOpbIM Ha,ll,O eiue 11p116aBl1Tb KYXHIO, 11orpe6 II KJia,ll,OBYIO, B xoporneM 3aMKe ,ll,OJI:>KHa 6brna TaK:>Ke 6bITb qacoBH5I; ttaKotteu, Ha,ll,o
TaK:>Ke y110M5IHYTh o

JZay6ax

(Louben, Liewen); TaK Ha3bIBaJil1Cb 11po,ll,eJiaH-

Hbie B TOJICTbIX CTeHax 11 llOKpbITbie CBO,ll,aMII OKOHHbie H11IIIl1 c KaMeHHbIMl1
JiaBKaM11, c KOTOpbIX :>KeHIU11Hbl OXOTHO CMOTpeJI11 Ha OKpecTHOCTII.
YTBapb pbIUapCKIIX )Kl1JIIIIU 6bIJia 6oJiee 11Jil1 Mettee llOJIHa, 6orarn 11Jil1
6e,ll,Ha 11 HeyKJIIO:>Ka, coo6pa3HO TOH CTe11eH11 U11Bl1Jil13aU11II, KOTOpaJI 6bIJia ,ll,OCTIIfHYTa, coo6pa3HO 6oraTCTBY X03mrna 11 BKycaM X0351HKl1. Boo6iue, Me6eJib

159
.n;eJiaJiacb M3 TBep.n;oro .n;epeBa M 6b1Jia 6oJiee rrpoqHoii, qeM KpacMBoii.
BrrpoqeM, MbI Haxo.n;MM TaK)l(e TIIJ;aTeJibHYIO pe3h6y Ha CTOJiax, CTYJibHX, JiaBKax M IIJiaTHHbIX HIIJ;MKaX, KOTOpbie 3aMeHHJIM Halim KOMO,Zl;bl. L{eJiaJIMCb TaK)l(e
KpecJia M3 .n;opororo BOJIHMCTOfO .n;epeBa c MHfKMMM rro.n;yrnKaMM; OHM CJIY)l(HJIM
rroqeTHbIMM ce.n;aJIMIIJ;aMM

.n;JIH

6Jiaropo.n;HbIX rocTeii. Ha KpoBaTM o6pam;aJIM

6oJibIIIOe BHMMaHMe. K orpoMHoMy KBa.n;paTHoMy CTaHKY cyrrpy)l(eCKoro JIO)l(a
MJIM IIOCTeJIM, rrpe.n;Ha3HaqeHHOH ,Zl;JIH rocTeii, )Ke, -

qTO qacTO 6bIJIO O,ll;HO M TO

BeJIM o.n;Ha MJIM HeCKOJibKO CTyrreHeK M o6bIKHOBeHHO Ha,Zl; HMM B03BbI-

IIIaJICH 6aJI.n;aXMH, c KpaeB KOTOporo crrycKaJIMCb rap.n;MHbl. CaMa IIOCTeJib
cocTOHJia M3 llHTM qaCTeii: KYJibTepa, 11q)JlyMMTa, 110.n;yrnKM, 11pocTbIHM Oinde
Wat) M o.n;eHJia. KyxoHHaH M CTOJIOBaH 11ocy.n;a 110 cBoeii cpopMe He OTJIH"l!aJiacb
oco6eHHO CMJibHO OT Te11epernHeii; HO pbIIJ.apM 3a CTOJIOM ,Zl;OJI)l(Hbl 6bIJIM

.n;o-

BOJibCTBOBaTbCH JIO)l(KOH M HO)l(OM, llOTOMY qTO BMJIKM, KaK M3BeCTHO, BOIIIJIM
B y110Tpe6JieHMe TOJibKO B KOHU.e

XVI

cToJieTMH. Jiec M peKa, 110Jie, cppyKTO-

BbIH ca.n; M oropo.n; ,ll;OCTaBJIHJIM K CTOJIY CBOM .n;apbl M yrom;eHMH. B o6bIKHOBeHHbie ,Zl;HM KyrnaHbH 6bIJIM 11pMroTOBJieHbl oqeHb 11pOCTO M COCTOHJIM 6oJibIIIeii
qaCTbIO M3 COJieHoro M Ko11qeHoro MHCa, CTpyqKOBbIX llJIO,Zl;OB M Ka11yCTbI; HO
B TOp)l(eCTBeHHbIX CJiyqa51x cpe.n;HeBeKOBOe llOBapeHHOe MCKYCCTBO llOKa3bIBaJIO, qTO OHO y)l(e He 6bIJIO 11epB06bITHbIM. Tor.n;a CTOJibl fHYJIMCb 110,Zl; Kpe11KO
11pM11paBJieHHbIMM JiaKOMbIMM KycKaMM M CJIO)l(HbIMM cy11aMM, 110,Zl; MCKYCHO
ccpopMMpoBaHHbIMM 11eqeHbHMH II KC!>H<l>eTaMH. CTOJI BO BpeMH o6e.n;a llOKpbIBaJICH
CKaTepTbIO, KOTOpaH HH3KO CBeIIIHBaJIOCb 110 Kpa.HM; cpe.n;H CTOJia CTOHJia COJIOHKa,
a BOKpyr Hee Jie)l(aJIM XJie6bI pa3JIH"l!HbIX cpopM. Ilpe)l(,Zl;e qeM Ca,Zl;HJIMCb 3a CTOJI,
a MHor.n;a M 110 HeCKOJibKY pa3 BO BpeMH o6e.n;a, 110.n;aBaJIMCb BO.n;a .n;JIH JMbIBaHbH
pyK II llOJIOTeHu.e. CrnpbIB HaIJ.HOHaJibHbIH mMeHHblH COK, 11pMroTOBJieHMe KOTOporo c TeqeHMeM BpeMeHM MCllbITaJIO MHOrIIe ycoBeprneHCTBOBaHHH, qam;e BCero
CJIY)l(MJI HallIITKOM ,Zl;a)l(e y ,Zl;OCTaTOqHbIX JIIO.n;eii. 1ho6bI llMTb BMHO, Ha,Zl;O 6bIJIO
y)l(e 6hITh 6oraTbIM qeJioBeKoM, 11peMMJm:ecTBeHHO llOTOMY, qrn CJia,Zl;KIIM BIIHaM,
BB03HMbIM M3 IO)l(HOH EBpollbI, OT,Zl;aBaJIOCb 11pe.n;rro"l!TeHHe. B11poqeM, BHHO pe.n;Ko
IIHJIOCb qMcToe; OObIKHOBeHHO K HeMY 11pHMeIIIMBaJIHCb pa3Hbie rrpffiIOCTH. B .n;ene
ycoBeprneHCTBOBaHIIH Mecrnoro BHHa OCOOeHHO OTJIH"'IaJIIICb, KaK II3BecTHO, MOHaxH.
B repMaHCKMX Jiecax IIHJ1H II3 poroB, KOTOpbie BIIOCJie,Zl;CTBHII CMeHHJIIICb .n;epeBHHHbIMM M OJIOBHHHblMH ey6KaMM, a B rrpH.n;BOpHO-pbIIJ.apcKoe BpeMH B ,Zl;OCTaToqHblX
,ll;OMax CTaJIII 110.HBJIHThCH 30JIOTbie, cepe6p.HHbie II xpycTaJibHbie cocy.n;bI M3.HIIJ;HOH
IIJIM IIPII"lJY.n;JIHBOH cpopMb1. Y)l(e 3HaqITTeJibHbIH o6beM HX .n;oKa3bIBaeT 6JieCrnIIJ.He
crroco6HOCTII TOfO BpeMeHM B .n;eJie IIIITbH. PbIIJ.apCKMe qarnM BMeIIJ;aJIM OT rroJIYTOpa .no .n;Byx rnTocpoB. B03paCTa10m:aH pocKOIIIb JII06MJia BbICTaBJIHTb HarroKa3 Bee MMeBIIIMecH B .n;oMe 6oKaJibI, KPY)l(KM M .n;parou.eHHbie cocy.n;hI BCHKoro po.n;a Ha TaK Ha3brnaeMoii

mpe3ype,

T.e. Ha 3rnacpo,na)l(e, cTaBMBIIIeMcH

B03Jie o6e.n;eHHOf0 CTOJia. QqeHb M3HIIJ;HO 6bIJIO o6bIKHOBeHMe ycbmaTb CTOJI

160
IJ,BeTaMH lI pasBeIIrnBaTb rHpJI5IH;J;bl IJ,BeTOB, B oco6eHHOCTH pos, Ha,a; o6e,a;eHHbIM CTOJIOM. foJIOBbl rocTeH TaK}l<e qaCTO yKparnaJIHCb IJ,BeToqHbIMH
BeHKaMH. Ka)l(;J;bIM ,a;eHb 6bIJIO rro ,a;Be rJiaBHhie TparresbI, paHH5IH H rros,a;H5I5I. 06e Ha3bIBaJIIICb CHaqaJia

I mbiz'

HO BIIOCJie;J;CTBHM 3TO Ha3BaHMe

y,a;ep)l(aJIOCh rrpeHMyruecrneHHO 3a yTpeHHeii: Tparresoii. 3TMMH ABYM5I rJiaBHbIMH Tparre3aMII orrpe,a;eJI5IJIOCb ,a;eJieHIIe AH5I II HOqll. qaCbl OT BeqepHeH
Tparre3bl AO sayTpeHM cqIITaJIMCb HOqblo, a qacbI OT yTpeHHe:H Tparre3bl L(O
Beqeptteii COCTaBJIHJIII ,a;eHb, KOTOpbIH IIOCBHIUaJICH L(eJiaM, pa3L(OpaM, oxoTe, BOeHHbIM yrrpa)l(HeHH5IM My)l(qlIH, ,a;oMaIIIHHM lI pyqHbIM pa6oTaM )l(eHIUMH, Me)l(,a;y TeM, KaK HoqHoe BpeM.H KpOMe CHa HaIIOJIH5IJIOCb CJiyIIIaHIIeM
MY3bIKII lI qTeHIIeM, npy)l(eCKOH 6oJITOBHeii, 6pa)l(HIIqaHbeM, Hrpoii: B KOCTH
M B rnaxMaTbI M Tattu.aMM. Ilepe,a; yxonoM Ko CHY, MHorna na)l(e B caMo:H rrocTeJIM, BblIIMBaJIII Ky6oK BMHa lI 3aKyCbIBaJIII cppyKTaMII.
B cpaBHeHHII c HaIIIHM TerrepernHMM rrposaw.:1ecKII onHoo6pa3HbIM My)l(CKIIM KOCTIOMOM II c HaIIIIIM qacTO 6esyMHbIM naMCKIIM ryaJieTOM, o,a;e)l(,a;a rrpIIABOpHO-pbIIJ,apCKOro o6ruecrna, HaCKOJibKO OHa y,a;ep)l(IIBaJiaCb OT 6e3BKYCHbIX
IIJIM 6e3HpaBcTBeHHbIX KpaHHOCTeM, 6b1Jia, KOHeqHo, II03TIIqecKOH o,a;e)l(;J;OM,
MHOr,a;a BeJIIIKOJieIIHOH, BCer,a;a HpKOM. Y)l(e L(aBHO rrpOIIIJIO TO BpeM5I, Korna
HeMIJ,bl o6Hapy)l(IIBaJIM B CBOeM KOCTIOMe TY JiecttyIO rrepBo6bITHYIO rrpOCTOTY'
KOTOpyIO OIIIICaJI Tau.MT; HO II3 Toro BpeMeHM coxpaHHJIIICb L(O pbIU.apcKOH
3IIOXH L(Be rJiaBHbie qacTII KOCTIOMa: KacpTaH II IIJiaIU~ HeMeIJ,Ka5I TOprOBJIH,
KOTOpa.H B

XI, XII

II

XIII

CTOJieTII.H:X MaJio-rroMany BOIIIJia B CHOIIIeHII5I c Ifra-

JIIIe:H II McrraHIIeH, BII3aHTIIe:H II BocTOKOM, 3arra,a;oM II CeBepoM, rrpIIB03HbIMII
rrponyKTaMII rro6yLtIIJia MeCTHYIO rrpOMbIIIIJieHHOCTb K correpHIIqecrny II IIOL(pa)l(aHIIIO; 3L(eCb, KaK II Be3L(e, rne Hapo,a; OT AIIKOM CB060L(bl rrepB06bITHOecTeCTBeHHOM )l(II3HII rrepexotJ,HT K 6oJiee y,a;o6HoMy rrop5I,Ll,KY IJ.IIBHJIII3aIJ,IIII,
rrpo6yJllIJIOCb qyBCTBO KpaCOThl lI Bbipa3HJIOCh He TOJibKO B 11033IIH II HCKycCTBe, HO TaK)l(e B ,n:oMaIIIHeM y6paHCTBe II o,n:e)l(,LJ,e. TKaH.HMII .ll:Jl5I O,Ll,e)l(,n:bI
6bIJIH: XOJICTIIHa, caMbIM TOHKMH, oqeHb BblCOKO u,eHMMbIM copT KOTopo:H, TaK
Ha3bIBaeMbIH

ca6en,

rronyqaJICJ[ M3 BM3aHTMMCKHX MattycpaKryp; rnepcrnHhie Ma-

TepMM caMbIX pa3JIMqHbIX u,BeToB (Barragan, Buckeram, Brunat, Diasper,
Fritschal, Kamelot, Serge, Scharlach, Sei) M IIIeJIKOBbie MaTepMII pasHhIX copTOB
M u,seTOB (Pfellel, Baldekin, Bliat, Siglat, Palmat, Purpur, Zinda!), KOTOpbie
qaCTO 6bIJIM 3aTKaHbl 30JIOTbIMII II cepe6pHHbIMM HMTKaMM, lI HaKOHeIJ,, Mexa pa3HbIX po.n.oB (ropHoCTaii, KYHMIJ,a, 6o6ep, co6oJib M T.,n:.). K 3TOMy rrpIIcoe,n:HHMJIMCb eme 6Jiaropo,n:Hbie MeTaJIJlbl lI .n:parou,eHHbie KaMHM, M3 KOTOpbIX ,LJ,eJiaJIMCb
,n:aMCKIIe y6opbl II KOTOpbIMM yKpaIIIaJIOCb opy.n.Me My)l(qMH. 06a IIOJia JII06MJIII
B CBOeM KOCTIOMe Mrpy IJ,BeTOB, KOTOpaH qacTO .n:oxo,n:MJia rrpOCTO .n:o pa.n.y)l(HOH rrecTpOTbl lI KOTopyIO My)l(qMHbl CTapaJIIICb B03BbICMTb eme TeM, qTo OHM

B 0.ll:HOM lI TOM )l(e qacTM o,n:e)l(,LJ,bl IIOMeruaJIM pa3JIMqHbie IJ,BeTa, TaK qTO,

161
HarrpHMep, 0,l(HH pyKaB KaqJTaHa
6b17I 3eJieHbIM, a .n:pyroi1: roJiy6oM:,
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6bIJia )KeJITaH, a .n:pyraH KpacHaH.
BrrpoqeM, Bb16op KpacoK
6bIJI He BpOJIHe rrpe,n:oCTaBJieH
rrpnqy,n:JIHBOMy rrpOH3BOJiy; OH
o6bIKHOBeHHO COOTHOCHJIC51 c
CHMBOJIHKOM KpacoK. BHeillHHM
BH,l( qeJIOBeKa ,l(OJI)KeH 6bIJI BbIpa)KaTb ero BHyTpeHHee HacTpoeHHe TaKHM crroco6oM, 0 KOTOpOM
Harna MOHOTOHHa51 6ecu;BeTHa51
Mo,n:a He HMeeT y)Ke HHKaKoro
IIOIDITH51. IlpH,n:BOpHO-pbIUapcKoe
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TaK 3eJieHbIM useT 03HaqaJI rrepsoe B03HHKHOBeHrre JII06BH,
JlbIM -

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HpKoe rrJiaM51

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CTpeMJieHJie K CJiaBe H qeCTH,
roJiy6oi1: -

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Y3KIIM HocoM II o~e:>K~a c 6y6ewrnKaMII~

HettapyrnHMYIO sep-

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see cpa3bI cBoei1: CTpacTH. Y)Ke B

XIII

crnJienm 3TO rreCTpoe rnyTOBCTBO 6bIJIO

,n:oBe,n:eHo ,n:o TaKOM KpaM:ttocTH, qrn Bem1KHM rrporroBe,n:HHK EepTOJib,n: c rtteBOM
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Kpacey10, roJIY6yro, 6eJIYIO, 3eJiettyIO, )KeJiryro, qepttyro? HeT!

B

BarneM BeJIH-

KOM BbICOKOMepHH Bbl TPe6yeTe, qT06bI BaM BbIKpaHBaJIH o,n:e)J(,ll,y H3 JIOCKJTbeB,

TYT KpacHbrn s 6eJibrn, TaM )KeJITurn s 3eJieHhrn, ~o6b1 o.n:tto IIJiaTue 6h17IO
IIOJIOCaToe, .n:pyroe KJieTqaToe, TO rrecTpOe, 3TO KOp~eBoe, 3,l(eCb JieB, TaM OPeJI~.
IIocJie.n:ttee rropHUaHHe rra,n:aeT I;Ia TY, ,n:ei1:cTBHTeJlbHO ypo,n:JIHBYIO Mo.n:y, rrpH KOBillHBaH

rnpoi1: cpaMHJibHbIM rep6 HaillHBaJIC51 Ha pa3JIHqHbie qacTH O,l(e)K)];bl, TaK qTQ
rocrro.n:a H ,l(aMbI Ka3aJIHCb XO~HMH yqe6HHKaMH repaJib,l(HKH, qTQ BbI3BaJIO ocTPOyMHbie HacMernKH rr y fei1:He. ,l{o

XV H XVI

CToJieTH51, Kor,n:a II05IBHJiaCb rnK

162
Ha3bIBaeMaJI MCIIaHCKaJI o,n;e)l(Jl;a, Kaq>TaH II rnrnrn: COCTaBJUIJIM BepxHee IIJiaTbe
o6onx IIOJIOB. B fepMaHMM ern:e paHbIIIe BOIIIJIO B o6bP:IaH HOCMTb rro.n; KacpTaHOM py6aIIIKy. My)l(qlfHbl HOCH.JIM rraHTaJIOHbl -

HeMllbl, KaK CTbl,ZJ;JIMBbIH

Hapo.n;, c,n;eJiaJIM MX cyrn:ecrneHHOH qacThIO My)l(CKOH o,n;e)l(,ZJ;bI; rraHTaJIOHbl o6pa30Ba.JIM O,ZJ;HO 11eJioe c qyJIKaMM, HO 6hIJIM COCTaBJieHhl M3 ,n;Byx IIOJIOBMHOK
( OTCIO,n;a Bbipa)l(eHMe rrapa rraHTaJioH) II rrpIIKpeIIJIHJIMCb rro.n; TYHMKOH K
peMHIO, OIIOHCb1Ba10rn:eMy TeJio. B rrpe)l(Hee BpeMH KO)l(aHbie IIO,ZJ;OIIIBbl, rrpIIKperrJieHHbie K 3TMM rraHTaJIOHo-qyJIKaM 3aMeHHJIM 6aIIIMaKM, HO BIIOCJie,n;cTBMM 6aIIIMaKM CTaJIM OTJIMqaTbCH CaMOH rreCTPOH pOCKOIIIbIO KpacoK.

A

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6hIJIM qacm M3JKpaIIIeHbI CaMhIM pacToqMTeJihHhIM o6pa3oM. Bo BpeMeHa yrra,n;Ka
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CH B Jle1lde1tep (Wamms). 3aTeM CTaJIM yrroTpe6JIHTbCH TaK Ha3bIBaeMbie
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l1 ee MO)l(HO 6hIJIO BbITaru:11Tb Hapy)l(y. 3Ta MOAa, KaK l13BeCTHO, rrepeurna
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KpOMe KaIIIOIIIOHOB, rrp11KperrJieHHbIX K BepxHeMy IIJiaThlO; HO B TO BpeM51,
0 KOTOpOM Mbl fOBOpllM Terrepb, IIIJI51Ilbl 11 6epeTbl caMbIX pa3H006pa3HbIX
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A. cpoH Xafui.eH.

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TaHHCTBeHHOCTbIO K TOMY' lfT06bI exaTb no CBeTy B KalfeCTBe fOCIIO)KH
BettepbI. TaK OH rrocTyrraeT B caMoM ,n:eJie 11 e,n:eT 113 Betteu;1111 .no EoreMHH.
Brrepe.n:11 ce6.SI OH BbICbIJiaeT roHU:OB 060.SIBJI.SITb pb1u;apcrny B JloM6ap.n:1111, B
cDp11yJie, KapHHTHH, llITHPIIII, ABcTpIIH 11 EoreM1111, lfTO K HIIM e.n:eT 6or11H.SI JII06B11 BeHepa yq11Tb 11x cJiy)KeHHIO )KeH~HHaM. Ka)KJJ:bIH pb1u;apb, KoTOpbIH BbieJ(eT K tteii HaBCTpeqy II rrpeJIOMIIT c Heii KOIIbe, IIOJiyqaeT J(JI.SI CBOeii JII06e3HOH 30JIOTOe KOJielfKO, Koropoe IIMeeT CHJIY .n:eJiaTb ee Kpac11Bee II
BepHee. Ho Koro rro6e.n:11T rocrro)Ka Bettepa, TOT .n:oJI)KeH rroKJIOHHTbC.SI Ha Bee
qerb1pe CTopottbI B qecrb .n:aMbI. Ee3yMHbIH MacKapa.n: HalfHHaerc.SI .n:eiicrBHTeJihHO 11 rrpo,a:OJI)KaeTc.SI

29

.n:tteii. Ilepaoe cocT.SI3aHHe rrpo1Icxo.n:11r B TpeBH-

3e. YJibp11x B Kaqecrne rocrro)KH Bettepb1 HOCHT roHKYIO py6arnKy, ocJierr11TeJihHO 6eJiblH KaqnaH II MaHTHIO II3 6eJioro 6apxaTa, Ha KOTopoii BbIIIIHTbl
30JIOTOM H306pa)KeHH.SI 3Bepeii; Ha ero cpaJiblIIHBbie KOCbI, rrepeBHTbie )KeMqyroM, Ha,a:eT rrpeKpaCHbIM qerreu;, a CBepxy -

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KOCTIOMe OH BCTyrraeT. B COCT.SI3aHHe. Mbl He 6y.n:eM CJie,a:HTb ,a:aJiee 3a ero rneCTBHeM, HO paccKa)KeM 113 Hero TOJibKO OJJ:HH 3IIII30,n: .
.l{oexaB .n:o fJIOKHHIJ;a, Ha JlerrTe, II Bbl,a:ep)KaB TaM HeCKOJibKO COCTH3aHHH,

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174
B Ol(HO MeCTO, r;::i;e, KaK OH roBopm;, OH HaIIIe.71 «CBOIO MIIJIYIO

cynpyry~,

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TOpaJI npIIH51.71a ero JiaCKOBo; OH npo6b1.71 y Hee TPII AHH II IlOTOM rrpo;::i;omKaJI
CBoe ;::i;ypau:Koe rnecTBIIe. MbI, TaKIIM o6pa3oM, Y3HaeM coBeprneHHO MIIMOxo;::i;oM l.J:TO Halli pbIU:apb 6b1.71 JKeHaT II l.J:TO OH, KpOMe CBoeH: aaMbI, IIMe.71 TaKJKe /Ketty, TaK, ;::t;JIH ;::i;oMarnttero o6IIxo;::i;a. MMH ero cynpyrII II3BeCTHo. Ee

3BaJIII EepTa cpott BeH:u:ettrnTeMH n y Hee 6bIJIII ;::i;eTII OT

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rrpOKaJKeHHbIX, KOTOpbie no BOCKpeceHbHM YTPOM rrpOCHT MIIJIOCTbIHIO rrepe;::i; ee
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npoKaJKeHHbIM. IlocJiyIIIHbIM

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175
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178
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HHKor.n:a He BI1.ll:aJia pbruap.SI MHJiee TOfO, KOfO Otta .n:ep)KHT 3a pyKy. Otta rrpHBeTcrnyeT ero, rna.n;HT eMy 6opo.n:y II rrpHrnarnaeT rroueJioBaTb ee. 3a6bm TYT
Bee Ha CBeTe, Y JibpHx BhmycKaeT ee pyKy II JieTHT cTpeMrJiaB B poB, TaK qTo
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184
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186
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XIV BeKa )KaH
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II HaCTOMlIIIBO CBII.n;eTeJihCTByeT KJiaccwiecKJIM JieTorrJiceu:
ct>pyaccap (Harrp. Chroniques, liv.

I,

part

2,

chap.

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courtoisie, a HeMU:bI

Hofischkeit.

06 IICTJIHHOH HpaBCTBeHHOCTII, 0 HaCTOHJneM 1IYBCTBe crrpaBe.l(JIJIBOCTII
II o .n:eiicTBMTeJibHOH ryMaHHOCTII pb1u;apcrno HIICKOJibKO He 3a6oTHJIOCb. HHa-qe OHO He MOrJIO 6bI TaK CJIJibHO rrorpH3HYTb B IIOIIIJIOCTJI, .l(IIKOCTH JI 6e3o6pa3IIH, KaK 3TO cJiyqJIJIOCb c HMM B HeMeU:KHX 3eMJIHX, Ha"lJIIHaH c BbIIIIe03Ha-qeHHOro BpeMeHII. )KeHJnlIHbl rrpe,n:aBaJIIICb rpy6o lIYBCTBeHHbIM rropoKaM IIJIII

B. JI1rn~eHII1MHT. «Bhle3~ Ha oxoTy"

187

E.

KnIIMIII. «P51,z:t;OBOH TaHeu~

6oJie3HeHHOMY xamKeCTBy, KOTopoe BCer.n;a HaXO.LJ;MTC51 B TeCHeiirneii CB513M
c pa3BpaToM. My)J(qJIHbI oT,n;aBaJIMCh 6e3pa3,n;eJibHO ,n;MKoii cTpacTM K
oxoTe M .n;paKaM. YToHqeHHbie cpopMbI o6parn;eHM51 6bIJIM 3a6bIThI MJIM
npOCTO rro.n;BepraJIMCb rrpe3peHMIO M BMeCTO HMX CTaJI rocrro.n;CTBOBaTb
caMhIH rpy6bIH M rp513HblH TOH. l{BOp51HCTBO, pa3opMBIIleec51 TOH pocKOlllbIO, KOTopyIO OHO o6Hapy)J(MBaJIO B IIMrn;e M IIMTbe, B .n;oMaruHeH YTBapH M o,n;e)J(.n;e, B rrpMcJiyre M Jiornai:i:.six, Ha TYPHMpax, ceii:Max, .n;oMalllHMX
11 o6rn;ecTBeHHbIX rrpa3.LJ;HMKax BC51KOro po.n;a, .LJ;OlllJIO HaKOHeU .n;o TaKOH

188
HIIIll;eTbl, qTo rrplIHHJIOCb pa360MHIIqaTb no 60JibIIIIIM ,ll;OporaM, qTo6bI o6ecrreqlITb ce6e ,ll;HeBHOe rrpOIIIITaHIIe. )llIKaH pa360MHIIqb}l )KII3Hb BO,ll;BOplIJiaCb
B 6yprax; HaqaJiaCb BOMHa Bcex rrpOTIIB BCex; II BCJie,ll;CTBIIe 3TOrO, IlOHBIIJIOCb
TaKOe rrpespeHIIe KO BCeM u:epKOBHbIM II rocy,Z1;apcrneHHblM 3aKOHaM, qTo 0,ll;IIH
HeMeIJ;KIIM KHH3b OCMeJIIIJICH BblCTaBIITb I1030pHbie CJIOBa ~.ll:pyr 6ora II Bpar
Bcex JIID,ll;eM~ KaK CMeJioe 3aHBJieHIIe pbIU:apCKOM My)KeCTBeHHOCTII. 3aBO,ll;IITb
ccopbl II3-3a HIIqTO)KHeMIIIIIX rrpliqlIH IIJllI ,ll;a)Ke rrpOCTO II3 )KeJiaHIIH
IlO)KIIBIITbCH ,ll;06b1qeH: C,ll;eJiaJIOCb ,ll;BOpHHCKIIM 06b1qaeM, B oco6eHHOCTII OTHOCIITeJibHO ropO,ll;OB, rrpou;BeTaHIIe KOTOpbIX Bos6y)K,ll;aJIO 3aBIICTb ,ll;BOpHHCTBa
II )KIITeJieM KOTOpbIX ,ll;BOpHHe y61IBaJIII II rpa61IJIII, r,ll;e TOJibKO rrpe,ll;CTaBJIHJI-

CH K TOMY y.ll:o6tthIM cJiyqaH:.

189
B

TaKttx paerrpJix pb1u.apeKoe qyBeTBO qeeTH

yJKe

He oKa3bIBaJioeb tta-

eTOJibKO eHJibHbIM, qTo6bI Harra,n,aIOill,HM rrpeti:BapMTeJibHO rroebIJiaJI rrpOTHBHOM
eTopoHe o6bJIBJieHHe BOMHbl, KaK Toro Tpe60BaJIO epeti:HeBeKOBOe KyJiaqHoe
HJIH BOeHttoe rrpaBo 9. MaTepttaJibHaJI HYJKti:a H 6erneHaJI 6e3ttpaBeTBeHHOeTb,
KOTOpbie LI;OJI)KHbl 6bIJIH 5IBHTbe51 HeH36eJKHbIMH eJieti:eTBHJIMH BOLI;BOpHBllleMeJI aHapXHH, eme yBeJIHqHBaJIHeb yJKaeHbIMH orryCTollleHHJIMH, KOTOpbie rrpoH3BOLI;HJIHeb B fepMaHHH B

XIV

eToJieTHH MopoBOM 513BOM, 3aBe3eHHOM Ha 3a-

rrati: e BOeTOKa (BeJIHKHM Mop, qepHM eMepTb). Otta rrpeBpaTHJia B rryeTblHH
ropoti:a H ll,BeTylll,He o6JiaeTH, rrory6ttJia eOTHH TbieJiq JIIOLI;eM H pa3pyrnHJia Bee
eBJITeM:rntte y3hI eeMeM:erna H o6meerna.

B

3TH ti:HKHe BpeMeHa YBJIJia pbill,apeKaJI II033HJI. Ilo3T rrpeBpaTHJieJI

B rraJiu.a II rrapa3IITa, rrpIIti:YMbIBaIOmero rp513Hbie paeeKa3bI; OH rrpIIHYJKti:eH
6bIJI oerrapIIBaTb eKy tJ:HbIM KyeoK xJie6a y ttaeTOJIIll,IIX rnyToB no peMeeJiy,
0 KOTOpbIX HaM rrpHLI;eTeJI eoo6Ill,HTb HeeKOJibKO IIOLI;po6HoeTeM BO BTOpoM:
KHIIre Harnett IIeTOpIIH. Ha MeCTo rrpIILI;BOpHbIX pa3BJieqeHHM, eoeTOJIBlllIIX
B H3bieKattttoM: peqtt, MY3bIKe H rreeeHHhIX eoeTJI3aHH.s:rx, IIOJIBIIJIIIeb qyti:oBHill,Hoe IIbJIHeTBO, 6eeeTbltJ:Hbie pa3fOBOpbI, rp513Hble ¢apebI, pa30pIITeJibHa51
11rpa H TyrroyMttaJI ti:paqJIIIBOeTb, o6eeqeeTIIBrnaJI pb1u.apeKIIM 06b1qaM:
rroeti:IIHKa. TaKIIM o6pa3oM Bee eKJIOHIIJIOeb K rpy6oMy II rro3opttoMy. Ho
MHOrIIe ¢opMbl pbill,apeKOM poMaHTIIKII HaLI;OJifO rrepeJKHJIII ee LI;yx, 3TO
MOJKHO eKa3aTb B oeo6eHHOeTH 0 BHelllHeM BeJIHKOJieIIIIII rrpa3LI;HeeTB, KOTOpoe eKopee yBeJIIIqIIBaJIOeb, qeM yMeHblllaJIOeb, II o6ttapy1KIIBaJIOeb 6JIIIeTareJibHbIM o6pa30M rrpH KHJIJKeeKIIX eBaLI;b6ax.

190

I'Jtaea

VI
PbIUAPCKI1-POMAHTI1qECKAfI
I1033llil
/l,yx u cpop.Mbt poMmtmww. - Bece!laR HayKa. - Ee CJO)Kembt. - «11puaeopHaR>->
n033UR. - Tocnoaa u .Macmepa. - PbUiiapcKaR anoneR. - Ilpeamtue o Tpaa!le. IIec1tR o Po!laHae u IIecHR 06 A!leKcaHape. - TeHpux cpoH <PellbaeKe. Tapm.MaHH. - Bo!lbcppa.M u ezo «IlapUiuea!lb>->. - Tommcppua u ezo «TpucmaH>->. Hx noapa)Kame!lu. - YnaaoK pbtUiGPCKOU anuKU. - Hapoa1l0-1lGUiU01-taJlb1lGR zepoutteCKGR noa3UR. - IleCHu o Hu6ellyHzax u o ryapyHe. - Ilepexoa HapoaHoii anuKu
e HapoaHbtu po.MaH. - JI106081lbte necHu ( Minnegesang). - Ba!lbmep
rpo1t aep <Poze!lb8eiiae. - J(uaaKmUtteCKaR n033UR. - JlpU!lO)Ke1tUe: )Ke1lCKUU
uaea!l Kpacombt npuaeopHblX cmuxomeopUie8.

0

6rn;eCTBO' KOTOpoe MbI IIbITaJIIICb

OIIIICaTb B rrpe,ll,bI,ll,yrn;e:i1: rJiaBe, 6bIJIO BIIOJiHe crroco6Ho C03,ll,aTb B CBOII l(BeTYill;IIe fO,ll,bI 6orary10 JIIITepaTypy; HO, rro.n:o6Ho KpyraM, r.n:e OHa B03HlIKaJia,
OHa HeII36e)KH0 ,ll,OJI)KHa 6bIJia HOCIITb Ha ce6e 6oJiee lIHOCTpaHHbIM, qeM Ha1.(lIOHaJibHbIM on1eqaToK. Boo6rn;e cpe.n:HeBeKoBaH repMaHCKaH U:HBIIJIII3au:1rn
3acJiy)K1rnaeT ropa3,ll,O 6oJihllie Ha3BaHIIe BocrrpIIHIIMa10rn;e:i1: II rro.n:pa)KaTeJibHOM, qeM opHrIIHaJibHOM II rrepe,ll,OBOM. ToJihKO co BpeMeHII MHoroqIIcJieHHhIX
II 3aMeqaTeJibHbIX OTKpbITIIM, C,ll,eJiaHHbIX B o6JiaCTII lICKYCCTBa lI MexaHIIKII
B TeqeHIIe

XIII, XIV, XV

11

XVI

BeKoB H fepMamm, oHa rrp11cTyrrIIJia K yrr-

JiaTe TeX MHOfOqllcJieHHbIX 3aIIMCTBOBaHHM, KOTOpbie eM rrpe)K,ll,e IIpIIXO,ll,lIJIOCb
.n:eJiaTb Ha qy)K6I1He. IloToM, rrocpe,ll,CTBOM PecpopMal(HII, fepMaHIIH CTaJia Ha
HeKoTopoe BpeMH yMCTBeHHbIM u:eHTpOM EBpOIIbI; HO BCKOpe CHOBa HaqaJICH
,ll,OJifIIM rrepIIO,ll, rro.n:pa)KaHIIM, KOTOpbIM KOHqIJJICH TOJibKO BO BTOpOH IIOJIOBIIHe

XVIII

BeKa, Koma repMaHcKa.R II0.33HH H HayKa Bocrrp.RHYJIII TaK BeJiwie-

CTBe1rno, qTO c TOM rropbl BJilI5IHIIe fepMaHIIlI KaK BCeMIIpHOM yMCTBeHHOM
CIIJibl CTaJIO pacrrpocTpaH5ITbC5I BO Bee CTOpOHbl.
TaK KaK pbiu:apcrno ccpopMIIpoBaJIOCb BO <DpaHL(IIII, TO ee cJie.n:yeT TaK)Ke
rrpH3HaTb II pO,ll,IIHOM pbIL(apcKOM II0.33IIII. l13 <DpaHL(IIII poMaHTHKa pacrrpoCTpaHIIJia CBOII 3aBoeBaTeJibHbie IIOXO,ll,bl no BCeMy 3arra.n:y. 3epHOM poMaHTlIKII
5IBJI5IeTCH xpHCTIIaHCKIIM CIIIIpIITYaJIII3M, qyBCTBO a6coJIIOTHOfO xpHCTHaHCKOro 110.n:qHHeHIIJI Bory, xpIICTIIaHcKoe cTpeMJieHIIe 3a rrpe.n:eJibI BlI.ll.HMoro MHpa,
MllCTHKa xpHCTHaHCKOM Bepbl, xpIICTHaHCKOe BOCIIOMHHaHHe 0 IIOTep5IHHOM

191
pae -

OJJ:HMM CJIOBOM, XpMCTMaHCKOe rrpeACTaBJieHMe 0 HerrpMMMpMMOM

rrpoTMBope11MM Me)l(AY AYXOM M MaTeptteiI. Ho B o6JiacTM McKyccTBa M o6ru:ec.rneHHOH )l(M3HII poMaHTMKe HeB03MO)l(HO 6bIJIO 6bI rrpO.HBIITbC.H c TaKoii OAHOCTOpOHHOCTbIO, eCJIII 6bI pbIIJ;apCTBO He CAeJiaJIOCb ee cocyAOM, ee IIJIOTbIO,
II ecJIII 6bI OHa He IIOA1IIIHMJiaCb A06pOBOJibHO 1IYBCTBeHHbIM Tpe6oBaHH.HM
3TOH IIJIOTII. I1 OHa TaK cyMeJia 3a.HBMTb CBOM rrpaBa rrepeA JIIIU:OM xpIICTIIaHCKOro, cyrrpattaTypaJIIICTII1IHoro oTpIIU:aHII.H rrpIIpOAbI, 'ITO B caMoM xpIICTIIaHCTBe, B KaTOJIIIU:I13Me, rro6eAOHOCHO BOCIIp.HHyJio .H3bI1IeCTBO co BCeii pOCKOIllbIO CBOIIX cpopM II KpacOK, co CBOeii paAOCTHOii IIOJIHOTOH )l(II3HII, CBoeii
CTpaCTHOCTbIO II CBOIIMII 1IYBCTBeHHbIMII HaCJia)l(tJ:eHII.HMII .. TeJIO COBepIIIeHHO
IIOA1IIIHIIJIO ce6e Ayx, HeCMOTp.H Ha CMeJibie rrpoTeCTbI, Ha KOTOpbie OH IIHOfAa
rrycKaJIC.H, 1IT06br OTCTO.HTb CBOIO 1IeCTb. Bc.HKIIH, KTO rro6JIM)l(e BfJI.HAIITC.H B 3TII
.HBJieHII.H, AOIIYCTIIT crrpaBeAJIIIBOCTb 3TOfO B3fJI.HAa Ha xapaKTep poMaHTIIKII
B o6JiaCnI cpet1:HeBeKOBOH peJIIIfIIJI, IICKyccTBa II HpaBOB.
lfro )Ke KacaeTC.H pas6IIpaeMoro HaMJI rrpet1:MeTa -

pb1u;apcKo-poMaHTII11e-

cKoiI II033JIII, TO HatJ:O rrpe)l(Ae BCero CKa3aTb, 'ITO OHa BHa1IaJie rro11eprrttyJia CBOJI
cpopMbI II3 HeXpJICTIIaHCKOfO JICT01IHJIKa, IIMeHHO, JI3 apa6CKOM II033JIII
B I1crraHIIJI. I1cnanu;hr JI rrpoBaHCaJibU:bI saIIMCTBOBaJIJI JJ:a)l(e AYX II TeXHJIKY
CBOJIX rrepBbIX II03TJI1IeCKJIX C03AaHIIH y apa6oB, KOTOpbie, B U:Beryru;Jie BpeMeHa
0Meii.HAOB CTO.HJIII Ha TaKOM BbICOKOH CTerremI YMCTBeHHOH II MaTepJiaJibHOM

r~JIBJIJIJI3aU:IIJI, KaKoii xpJICTIIaHcKa.H EBporra t1:a)l(e JI rrpet1:cTaBJITb ce6e He

A. M10JIJ1ep.

~cocnrnam1e

rreBl(OB B BapT6ypre~

192

3. KJIHMIII. <d1rpoK-MY3hIKaHT rroJJ; JJ;epeBettcKoiI JIHrroi'ri>

193
MOrJia BO BpeMeHa CBOero BapBapCTBa. 0THOIIIemur Me)l(.n:y xpIICTIIaHCKIIM
BOIIHCTBOM II MaBpaMII, 3aB.SI3aBIIIIIeC51 B KOHIJ;e XI BeKa no CJiyqaIO oca,n:bI
II B3HTIIH ToJie,n:o KopoJieM KacTIIJIIIII, AiibcpoHcoM VI, 6bIJIII no-BII.ZJ:IIMOMy
oco6eHHO nJIO.ZJ:OTBOpHbI. JlyqIIIeH ,n:o6b1qeii:, npIIHeceHHOH no6e,n:1ITeJIHMII Ha
po,n:IIHy, 6bIJIII 3apo,n:bIIIIII BeCeJIOH HayKII (gaya scienza), II no o6e CTOpOHbI
IIIIpeHeeB 3TII 3apo,n:bIIIIII HaIIIJIII 6JiaronpIIHTHYIO noqBy. BcKope pa3,n:aJIIICb
pb1u;apcK1Ie necHII - B oco6eHHOCTII B IIpoBaHce. Ilo33IIH noJiyqIIJia 3,n:ecb
MeTKOe Ha3BaHIIe ~IICKYCCTBO HaXO.ZJ:IITb~ (art de trobar ); n03T Ha3bIBaJIC51 II306peTaTeJieM, IICKaTeJieM, Tpy6a,n:ypoM ( trobador ); 6y,n:yq1I JIIIIIIeH ,n:apoBaHIIH
pacneBaTb nepe.n: ny6JIIIKOH CBOII neCHII, OH 6paJI ce6e B cnyTHHKII MY3bIKaHTa
II ,n:eKJiaMaTopa, )l(OHrJiepa (joculator, joglar). Tpy6a,n:ypbI H3JIIIBaJIII CBOII
qyBCTBa II Bbipa)l(aJilI CBOII CIO)l(eTbI B caMbIX pa3HOo6pa3HbIX neCHHX - B
BeceJibIX (soulas) II )l(aJI06HbIX (lais), B yTpeHHIIX neCHHX (albas) II BeqepHIIX
cepeHa,n:ax (serenas), B nJIHCOBbIX necHHX (baladas), caTIIpifqeCKIIX (sirventes),
B BOeHHbIX CTIIXOTBOpeHIIHX ( TeHIJ;OHax, OT CJIOBa tenzos), rracTyIIIeCKHX
(pastorellas), JiereH,n:ax, 6acHHX, HOBeJIJiax (novas) II cKa3Kax (contes, OT
conter ). fJiaBHbIMH, o,n:HaKO, He HCKJIIOqlfTeJibHbIMII npe,n:MeTaMII npoBaHCaJibCKOH n033IIII 6bIJIII I1 OCTaJIIICb CTpa,n:aHIIH II pa,n:OCTH JII06BII II BOCXBaJieHHe
B03JII06JieHHOH; Bee npOHBJieHIIH CBe)l(eH II CBo6o,n:HOH My)l(eCTBeHHOH )l(If3HII
HaXO.ZJ:IIJIII ce6e TaK)l(e rpOMKIIH OTI'OJIOCOK B neCHHX Tpy6a,n:ypoB. IIecHII IIX,
HarrpHMep necHH EeTpaHa-.n:e-EopHa, nhrnaIOT orHeM IICTIIHHO apa6cKoii: cTpaCTHOCTII, rHeBa II BOIIHCTBeHHOro YBJieqeHHH.
HaM HeBOJibHO npIIxo,n:HT Ha HaMHTb .n:peBHeapa6cKIIe neBIJ;bI, c BOCToproM
paCCKa3bIBaIOIIIIIe 0 TOM, KaK OHM BO.ZJ:IIJIII CBOII KOnbH Ha KpOBaBbie BO,n:onOII
II YTOJIHJIII )l(a)l(,n:y CBOIIX Meqeii: B cep,n:u;ax BparoB, Kor.n:a Ha3BaHHbIH HaMII
Tpy6a,n:yp BOCKJIIIIJ;aeT: ~HM COH, HM nIIma, HM nHTbe He npIIBO.ZJ:HT MeHH B
TOT BOCTOpr, KOTOpbIH 51 IICnbITbIBaIO, Kor.n:a c o6eIIX CTOpOH pa3,n:aeTC51: Ha
Bpara! Bnepe,n:! 11 p)l(aHbe KOHeH 6e3 Bca,n:HIIKOB rpoMKO .ZJ:OHOCIITCH II3 TeHHCTOro Jieca, II KplIK 0 IIOMOIIIH rrpo6y)l(.n:aeT .n:py3eii:, ll 60JibIIIMe II MaJibie
y)l(e ycTHJiaIOT co6oii: rycToii: KOBep 3eJieHoro oBpara, II MHOrIIe y)l(e Jie)l(aT
Ha 3eMJie c MeqoM B rpy,n:II~.
Ho no33II51 Tpy6a,n:ypoB IIMeJia He TOJibKO JIIIqHoe II o6mecTBeHHOe 3Hal.£eHMe - peBHOCTHoe coqMHeHHe caTHpIIqecKHX neceH (sirventes, OT servire,
rro-HaCTOHIIIeMy cJiy)l(e6Ha51 rreCHb, nOTOM XBaJie6HaH, caTIIpII1IeCKa51 II KapaTeJibHaH necm1) npII,n:aJIO eii: TaK)l(e xapaKTep IIOJIIITII'IeCKIIH H u;epKOBHO-pecpopMaTopCKIIH. CaTHp1I1IeCKMe rrecHII 3aMeHRJIII rreqaTb II B KaqecTBe
coqlIHIITeJieii: KapaTeJibHbIX neceH Tpy6a,n:ypbI 6bIJIII BO)l(.ZJ:HMII II pyKoBo.ZJ:IITeJIHMII o6mecTBeHHoro MHeHIIH. 113 ycT 3TIIX n03TOB BbIJieTaJIII, CTaJio
6bITb, ,n:aJieKO He O.ZJ:HII TOJibKO MeJIO.ZJ:II'IeCKIIe JII060BHbie B3.ZJ:OXII, c 513bIKa
IIX qacTO CpbIBaJIIICb CTpeJibI HpaBCTBeHHOro Hero,n:osaHIIH II rop51qero rHeBa.

194
DJiaro.n;ap.SI CBOIIM cMeJihIM Harra.n;KaM Ha rraIICKIIH rrpecTOJI II Ha IICrropqeHHOCTb .n;yxoBeHCTBa, OHII rrpIIHa.n;Jie)l(aT K qIIcJiy caMbIX BJIII.SITeJibHbIX, rrepe.ll;OBbIX 6oii:u;oB PecpopMaU:IIII, II qpe3Bb1qa:HH0 IIHTepecHo CJihIIIIaTb, c KaKoli
cMeJio:H OTKpoBeHHOCTbIO roBopIIJIII 06 IIepapxIIII y)l(e B

XIII

<DIIre:Hpac II Ile:iipe Kap.n;IIHaJI. 06a 6IIqy10T CB.SIIU:eHCTBO
rrpaB.n;a, Ha3bIBaIOT naCTblp.SIMII, -

BeKe f IIJIJibeM

.n;o

KpOBII. d1x,

rOBOpIIT IIOCJie.ll;HIIM II3 o60IIX B O.ll;HOM II3

CBOIIX CaTIIpJiqeCKIIX CTIIXOTBOpeHIIH, -

HO OHII Ha caMOM

.n;eJie

npOCTO y6II:ii-

U:bl. EcJIII CMOTpeTb TOJibKO Ha IIX IIJiaTbe, TO OHII rrpeIICIIOJIHeHbl CB.SITOCTII,
HO OHII IIOXO.ll;.SIT Ha BOJIKa, KOTOpbIH HaII.SIJIIIJI Ha ce6.SI OBeqbIQ IIIKypy' qTo6bI pacTepsaTb II IIO)l(paTb CTa.ll;O OBeu;. l1x 6eccoBeCTHOCTb yBeJIJfqIIBaeTC.SI c
BbICOTOH IIX 3BaHII.SI, II c .n;aBHIIX BpeMeH II

.n;o

CIIX nop HIIKTO eiu:e TaK rHyc-

HO He IIOCTyrraJI HII c JllO.ll;bMII, HII c fioroM, KaK OHII~.
K

poMaHTIIqecKoii JIIIpIIKe IO)l(HO-cppaHu;yscKIIX Tpy6a.n;ypoB ceBepHo-

cppaHu;yscKIIe TpyBepbI (oT trouver) rrpIIcoe.n;IIHIIJIII BeCbMa 6orary10 co.n;ep)l(am1eM 3IIIIKY' 6Jiaro.n;ap.SI KOTopo:ii <DpaHU:II.SI c.n;eJiaJiaCb IICTIIHHbIM cpe.n;oToqJIeM poMaHTIIqecKOH TI033IIII. J13 cppaHKO-KapJIOBIIHrCKIIX, KeJibT0-6peTOHCKIIX
II HOpMaHHCKIIX CKa3aHIIH, II3 u:epKOBHblX JiereH.n;, poMaHTII3IIpOBaHHhIX IICTOpIIM II MIIcpOB .n;peBHero MIIpa COCTaBIIJiaCb poMaHTIIqecKa.SI repooJionrn, KOTOpa.SI, 6Jiaro.n;ap.SI TaKIIM saMeqaTeJibHbIM II03TaM, KaK KpeTIIeH -

M3 Tpya

II PIIIIIap Bae, o6oraTMJia <DpaHU:IIIO HecMeTHbIM MHO)l(eCTBOM 3rrJiqeCKMx cTIIXOTBopeHIIii, pbIIJ;apCKIIX poMaHOB, MapTHpOJIOroB, aJIJieropIIH, cpa6JIIIO
(fabliaux OT fabler) Jf CKa30K II BCKope CHa6.n;1rna TaK)l(e M MHOCTpaHHhie
rocy.n;apcTBa -

AHrJIMIO, l1crraHMIO, l1TaJIMIO M fepMaHMIO II03TMqecKMM

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BH.ll:hIBaJIH HH B He6ecax, HH Ha seMJie. PoshI H JIHJIHH, KOTopb1e rrporJI.H.ll:bIBaIOT CKB03b CBe)KyIO TpaBy H IIOKpbITbl MaHCKOH poco.H:, HflqTQ B cpaBHeHHH
c rrpeJieCTHbIMH )KeHIIIHHaMH. fJI.H,ll;HIIIb Ha HHX -

H MpaqHOCTb flcqesaeT.

Bc.HKa.H TOCKa rrporra.n;aeT cenqac )Ke, KaK TOJibKO oqapoBaTeJibHO fl JII060BHO YJibI6HeTc.H ee cJia.n;KHH rryHU:OBbIH poT~. Ho rrocJie TaKHX 3pOTflqecKHx
3BYKOB Mbl CJlbIIIIHM OT Hero H peqb My)KeCTBeHHOro MbICJIHTeJI.H, rrpOHHIJ;aTeJibHOro rraTpHOTa. OH H3JIHBaeT CBOIO cKop6b 0 6e.n;CTBH.HX f epMaHHH IIOCJie
CMepTH feHpHxa

VI,

rrpOKJIHHaeT rHyCHbie rrpoHCKH IIOIIOBIIIHHbl BO BpeM.H

KpecToBoro rroxo.n:a cDpH.n:pHxa

II,

HasbrnaeT narry BTOpbIM 11y.n:o.H:, KJieHMHT

rrpe.n:aTeJibCTBO H pasBpaT .n:yxoBeHCTBa TaK )Ke CHJibHO H pe3KO, KaK Ile.H:p
Kap.n;HHaJI, ceTyeT Ha yrra.n:oK repMaHCKOH HpaBCTBeHHOCTH, qecTH ·H u;eJioMY.ll:PH.H, rrpH3bIBaeT IOHOIIIeCTBO K 60.n:poCTH H 06paII1aeTC.H 110.n:qac K BJiacTHTeJI.HM co CB06o.n;HbIM CJIOBOM. JiyqIIIHM rraM.HTHHKOM eMy fl ero OTeqecTBY
IIOCJIY)KHT TO CTHXOTBOpeHHe, B KOTOpOM OH fOBOpHT' rrpOCJiaBJI.H.H
fepMaHHIO: ~BH.n:eJI .H MHOrHe CTpaHbl fl Bes.n:e rrpHCMaTpHBaJIC.H K JiyqIIIHM
JIIO,ll;.HM, HO repMaHCKHe HpaBbl CTO.HT BbIIIIe Bcex. My)KqflHbl B fepMaHHH
xopoIIIo BOCIIHTaHhI, )KeHII1HHb1 -

rrpocTo HaCTO.HIIIHe aHreJibI. KTo JIIo6HT

qficTyIO .n:o6po.n:eTeJib 11 JII060Bb 11 MilleT HX seMJIIO, rroToMy qTo TYT eII1e ecTb H To, H

TOT rrycTb rrpHXO,ll;HT B HaIIIy

.n:pyroe~.

IlocJie.n:yIOII1He Jiro60BHbie rreCHH B,ll;aJIHCb, c 0,ll;HOH CTOpOHbl, B BbiqypHOCTb
H rrpeyBeJIHqeHH.H, KOTOpbie .ll:OBe.n:eHbl .n:o HerrpH.HTHOH KpaHHOCTH

¢011 Jluxme11wmeii110.M

y llbpUXO.M

Bero ~CJiy)KeHHH )KeHIIIHHaM~, c .n:pyro.H: )Ke crnpoHbI,

OHM y.n:apHJIHCb B IIIYTOBCKOH TOH rrapo.n;HH, fl TaKOBbl 6bIJIH Te rrecHH, KOTOpbie
3aT.HHYJIM IIIBeilu;apIJ;bl

llJmeiiH.Map

fl

I'aaJZay6;

HO 3Ta oco6eHHOCTb eII1e pesqe

rrpo.HBHJiacb B rrecH.Hx 6aBapcKo-aBCTPHHCKrrx rro3TOB

T a11zy3epa H H umzapma.

IlocJie.n:ttHH .HBJI.HeTC.H IIOJIHeHIIIHM rrpe.n:crnBHTeJieM rrpOTHBOIIOJIO)KHOCTH Me)l(.)zy
KpeCTb.HHCKH-BeCeJibIM

HaCJia)K,ll;eHHeM

)KfI3HbIO

H

BeJIHKOJieIIHOH

H3He)KeHHOCTbIO H H3BpaII1eHHOCTblO pbiu;apCTBa, KOTOpoe Mbl H306pa3HJIH
B IIOXO)K,ll;eHH.HX HaIIIero HeMeu;Koro ,l{oH-KHXOTa B rrpe.n;bI.ll:YilleH rJiaBe. Mbl
YBfl.ll:HM BrrocJie.n:crnHH (cM. rJI.

9),

qTo eII1e B 6JIHCTaTeJibHbIH rrepHo.n: cpe.n;HHX

BeKOB IIOJIHa51 o6ecrreqeHHOCTb, .n:a)Ke H3JIHIIIeCTBa, .n:aBaJIH B03MO)KHOCTb
KpeCTb.HHCKOMY HaceJieHHIO rrpeKpacHo.H:, IIJIO.ll:OHOCHOH ABCTpHH 110-cBoeMy
HacJia)K.n:aThC51 )KfI3HbIO. HHTrapT c.n:eJiaJIC.H rro3TOM 3Toro JieHHBOro H CbITOro
KpeCTb.HHCKOfO cyII1eCTBOBaHH5I. IllyTKH, KOTOpbie OH rrpo.n:eJibIBaJI Ha.n:
KpeCTb.HHHHOM 3HreJibMapoM Hero pa6oTHHKaMH, cJiy)KaT BO MHOfHX MeCTax
TeMo.H: ero rreceH. OH aeceJio paccKashrnaeT, qTo ~ze hant do wart der
hoppeldei gesprungen~. fl B BbICIIIeii: CTeIIeHH KOMfiqHo, KOr.n:a OH, HarrpHMep,

219
B CBOeM CTMXOTBOpemrn «BeMIIJIMHK~ (der Wemplink) BbIBOJ(MT BeCeJiyIO,
6oilKyIO KpecTMIHCKYIO J(eByrnKy' o6parn;aeTCH K Heil IIO-pbII(apcKM, KaK
K «BeJIM'IeCTBeHHOH oco6e~ (die Hehre), M OIIMCbIBaeT rpy6o-I(MHM'IHOe IIOJI0.1Kem1e HanrnyTbIM M BbICOKOIIapHbIM CJIOfOM MMHHe3MHrepcKMX rrpn:JIM'IMH 13 •
TpeTbMM HarrpaBJieHMeM cpe.r:i:He-BepxHe-repMaHcKoil JIMpMKM 6bIJIO ti:Mti:aKTM-

XIII

qecKoe, Kompoe y.JKe CMJibHO CJibillIMTCH B rrecHHx BaJibTepa; K KOHUY :>Ke
BeKa, oHa B pyKax

Koupaaa

PeuHMapa UBeTepcKoro, .r:i:oKxBaJtumeJteM )f(eHW,UH, M .r:i:pyrMx

BIDpu6yprcKoro,

Topa feHpHxa cpoH MeH:ceHa, rrposBaHHoro

rrpeBpaTMJiaCb B rrpaBMJibHYIO 3IIMCTOAApMKY' KOTOpM rrpeHMYrn:ecrneHHO M30rn;prumcb B HaTHttyTbIX sara.r:i:Kax. K I(MKJIY 3TOH II033MM M3peqeHHH OTHOCMTCH
CTHXOTBOpeHMe, HaIIHCaHHOe Ha II03TM'IeCKMH rroeti:HHOK, BJIO:>KeHHOe B ycTa
cKaso'IHOMY KJIMHrnopy n: f eHpn:xy cpoH Oqnepti:MHreH, BoJibcppaMy M BaJibTepy' M CBH3aHHoe c BbillleyrroMHttyTbIM CKa3aHHeM 0 IIOeJ(MHKe rreBI(OB B BapT6ypre. B TO BpeMH J(O TaKOH CTerreHM pacrrpoCTpaHMJiaCb MOJ(a Bbipa:>KaTh .r:i:pyr
rrepe.r:i: .n:pyroM 6ecCMblCJIMI(bl MJIM J(eHCTBMTeJibHO pasyMHOe co.r:i:ep:>KaHMe
c rrpHJ(BOpHOH, yqeHOH M3bICKaHHOCTbIO B cpopMe CTMXOTBOpHblX M3peqeHMH,
'ITO ee Tpe6oBaHMHM rroti:ti:aJICH .r:i:a:>Ke rrpoJiernpttH:, qecTHbIH KY3Heu EapTeJib
PereH6oreH, KOTOpblll rrycTMJICH B BeCeJiyIO, L(aJieKO He JIMllleHHYIO co.n:ep:>KaHMH fHOMM'IeCKYIO 6opb6y co CBOMMM COBpeMeHHMKaMM. Cpe.r:i:H Been qerryxM
MHor.r:i:a cJiyqaeTCH HaHTM B II033MM M3pe'IeHMH 6Jiecrn:rn;ee 30JIOToe 3epHo. TaK,
HarrpMMep, PeilHMap cpoH UBeTep roaopMT o 6paKe cJieti:yIOrn;ee: «Kor.r:i:a MHe
IIpMXOJ(MTCH BCTpeqaTb
BepHOCTb M

oauy

oauo

cep.n:I(e,

oauo

TeJIO,

oaw-t

poT,

oauH

.n:yx,

oauy

JII060Bb, KOfJ(a MC'Ie3aeT CTpax M IIpOIIaJ(aeT CTbIJ(, M J(BOe

COBeprneHHO rrpeBpaID;aIOTCH B OJ(HO, Kor.r:i:a JII06oBb coeJ(MHHeTC.H c JII060BbIO,TOfJ(a, H .r:i:yMaIO, HM cepe6po, HM 30JIOTO, HM .r:i:paroueHHbie KaMHM He B
COCTOHHMM 3aTMMTb CBOMM 6JieCKOM TOH PMOCTM, KOTopy10 .r:i:aeT B3fJIHL( .HCHblX
rJia3. TaM r.r:i:e J(Ba cep.r:i:ua, CBH3aHHbie .JII060BbIO, HaXOJ(.HTCH IIOJ(
.H.JIOM M rrpM:>KMMaIOTC.H o.n:Ho K .r:i:pyroMy, -

oaHUM

o.r:i:e-

TaM M eCTb :>KMJIMrn;e cqacTb.H~. OT

OTJ(eJibHblX M3pe'IeHMH 3Ta TBOp'IeCKM J(e.HTeJibHOCTb B03BbICMJiaCb IIOTOM .n:o
C03,ll;aHM.H 6oJiee o6rnMpHblX L(MJ(aKTH'IeCKHX rrpOM3BeJ(eHMll, KOTOpbie, IIOY'IM, rrpe.n;ocTeperM H KapM, BbIBOMT rrepe.n: HallIMMM r JiasaMM BCeB03MO:>KHhie CTOpOHbl cpe.r:i:HeBeKOBOH :>KM3HM. K TaKMM IIOY'IMTe.llbHbIM CTMXOTBopeHM.HM

XIII

BeKa, aoopy:>KaBrnMMC.H rrpoTMB ycM.JIMBrneilc.H rrpMti:BopHoii: JI:>KH

M Mcrrop'IeHHOCTM HpaBoB, rrprrHati:Jie:>KaT «Cl>paHUY3CKMH rocTb~ ToMa3MHa
UepKJiapa, «CKpoMHOCTb~ CDpeii:.n;aHKa, Komporo He 6es HeKoToporo ocHoBaHM.H rrpMHMMaJIM sa Ba.JibTepa, rroToM «CKaKyH~ fyro cpoH TpMM6epra,
M HaKOHel(, co6paHMe M3pe'IeHMH, KOTOpoe ,ll;OllIJIO .n:o Hae IIOJ( Ha3BaHMeM
Winsbecke rr Winsbeckin H qpesBhl'IaHHo 3aMe'!aTeJibHO y.JKe rromMY, 'ITO s.r:i:ech
pbII(apCKOe yBa:>KeHMe K :>KeHID;MHaM ern;e pas rrpo.HBAAeTCH BO Bceii: CBOeii n:.n:eaJibHOH KpacoTe. «Chm, eC.JIM Thi X011elllb yKpaCMTb CBOe TeJio, -

fOBOpHT

220
B 0,l(HOM MecTe B1rnc6eKe, -

TaK, ~uo6bI OHO He TeprreJIO HIIKaKoro Bpe,n:a, TO

JII06H H IIO'IHTail xoponmx )KeHiliIIH! OHM ,n:o6po,n:eTeJibHO rrporom1IOT BC51KHe
3a60ThI. OHM -

TOT rrpeBOCXO,l(HbIH CTBOJI, OT KOTOporo Mbl Bee po,n:HJIMCb. ToT

He IIMeeT ,n:o6pbIX HpaBOB II lICTHHHOH CTbI,l(JilIBOCTH, KTO He u:eHIIT 3TOfO
B HHX; 6y,n:b y Hero XOTb pa3yM CoJIOMOHa, ero BCe-TaKH CJie,l(OBaJIO 6bI rrpH"'IHCJIHTb K rJiyrru:aM~. He ecTb JIM 3TO pa3yMHoe rrpe,n:BocxIImeHHe CJIOB feTe:

~ECJIH XO"'IeIIIb 3HaTb, "'ITO xoporno II rrpIIJilI"'IHO, crrpocII 06 3TOM "'IeCTHYIO
)KeHililIHY~· l{II,n:aKTIIKa IIMeJia BO BC51KOe BpeM51 caMOH 6JIII3KOH CBoeH: COI03HIIU:eH 6acHIO, KOTOpa51 crrepBa 51BJI51JiaCb B repMaHCKOH JIIITepaType pa3HOBH,n:HOCTbIO TaK Ha3bIBaeMOH ~IIPIIT"'Ill~ (Bispel).
IlpIIT"'IaMII Ha3bIBaJilICb BCeB03MO)KHbie rnyTKlI, HOBeJIJibI, CKa3KH 0 )KlIBOTHbIX, II 3TY rrecTpy10 CMeCb MO)KHO HaHTlI B KHIIre BepeBO"'IHIIKa
(Stricker), II3,n:aHHOH MM rro.n: 3arJiaBIIeM
,n:oMIIHIIKaHeU:
cpopMy (oKoJio

~MIIp~ B

1230

ro,n:y. EepHCKIIH

YJtbpux EoHep rrepBbIH rrpH,n:aJI 6acHe caMocT051TeJibHYIO
1324-1349 ro,n:oB), II B ero 6acH51X rro.n: o6mIIM 3arJiaBIIeM

~l{parou:eHHbIH KaMeHb~ rrpIIBJieKaTeJibHO Bbipa)KeHa caMa51 Tpe3Ba51 )KIITeHCKa51 My,n:pOCTb. HecMoTp51 Ha ,n:o6pocoBeCTHbie ycIIJilI51 OT,l(eJibHbIX II03TOB,
TaKIIX KaK

Fyzo cpoH MoHcpopm

II

OceaJtba cpoH BoJtblWHwmeiiH,

cTapaB-

IllIIXC51 rro,n:,n:ep)KaTb rrpe)KHHH TOH JI1060BHoro rrecHorreHII51, OHO B KOHU:e
II B Te"'IeHIIe

XV

XIV

BeKa cxo,n:HJIO Bee 6oJiee II 6oJiee Ha cTerreHb rpy6oro

HIIIlieHcKoro II rrJioma,n:Horo rreHII51, IIJIII )Ke, B pyKax MycKaT6JIIOTa
(Muskatbliit) II P03eH6JIIOTa (Rosenbliit), rrpOTpe3BIIJIOCb II rrepernJio B MemaHcKoe MaCTepcKoe rreHIIe, 0 KOTOpOM rrpII,n:eTC51 fOBOplITb HII)Ke KaK 0 rJiaBHOM
rrpo51BJieHIIlI ropo,n:CKOH U:IIBlIJIII3aU:MlI.
3,n:ecb HaM 6y,n:eT TeM y,n:o6Hee 3aKOH"'IlITb 3TY rJiaBy, "'ITO BO BTOpoH: KHIIre, r,n:e HaM rrpII,n:eTC51 paccMOTpeTb JIIITepaTypy

XV

BeKa B ee o6meH: CB513II,

Mbl OII51Tb ,l(OJI)KHbI 6y,n:eM B03BpamaTbC51 K OT,l(eJibHbIM -qepTaM ee. Ho Mbl C"'IlITaeM y,n:o6HbIM rrpII6aBIITb K HarneMy, 6bITb MO)KeT, HeCKOJibKO T51)KeJIOBaTOMy lI3JIO)KeHIIIO lICTOplIII JIHTepaTypbI JierKyIO 3apIICOBKY' 6Jiaro,n:ap51 KOTopoH:
Harna KHIIra BhmrpaeT, Bepo51THO, B rJia3ax HarnIIx "'IIITaTeJihHHU:. MbI o6pIIcyeM B KpaTKlIX CJIOBax TOT II,n:eaJI )KeHCKOH KpaCOTbI, KOTOpbIH He pa3 lI306pa)KaJilI II03Tbl pbIU:apCKII-pOMaHTWieCKOfO o6mecrna. qT06bI C"'IIITaTbC51 KpaClIBOH, Tor,n:arnH5151 )KeHiliMHa ,n:oJI)KHa 6b1Jia 6bITb cpe,n:Hero pocTa, CTpoH:Ha51
II rII6Ka51. Ilporropu:HoHaJibHOCTb II OKpyrnoCTb cpopM 6bIJilI Heo6xo,n:IIMbIM ycJIOBIIeM, KpOMe Toro, Tpe6oBaJiaCb eme He)KHa51 IIOJIHOTa 6e,n:ep; HOfH ,l(OJI)KHbl 6bIJIII 6bITb rrp51MbI, MaJihI II c BbICOKHM no,n:neMoM, pyKII ,n:OJI)KHbI 6bIJIII
6bITb 6eJibI II KpeIIKlI, rraJibU:bI rpy,n:h -

,l(JilIHHbI II r Jia,l(KlI, rne51 -

CTpOHHa,

rrJiacTII"'IHO-KperrKa II oKpyrJia, HO He CJIIIIllKOM rroJIHa. IUeKiI p03o-

Boro II 6eJioro JIIIU:a ,n:oJI)KHbI 6hIJIII p,n:eTb KaK oKporrJieHHbie pocoH: po3bI. POT
,l(OJI)KeH 6bIJI 6bITb MaJI, rrpaBIIJibHO O"'Iep"'IeH lI co CBe)KlIM ,l(bIXaHIIeM, a 6eJibie

221
3y6bI ,ll,OJDKHbI 6bIJIII 6JiecTeTb II3-3a
rryxJibIX,

pyMHHbIX

ry6

KaK

«ropHocrnli II3 rryprrypa~. KpyrJibIH
rro.n.6opo.n.oK c
6eJIOH

rrpo.n.oJiroBaToli,

51M01IKOH

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B03BbIIIIaTb eme rrpeJieCTb pTa. J13
rrrnpoKoro

paccTOHHIIH

Me)l(.n.y

r Jia3aMII .n;oJI)l(eH 6bIJI crrycKaTbCJI
rrpHMOH, He CJIIIIIIKOM ,ll,JIIIHHbIH II He
CJIIIIIIKOM KOpOTKIIH, He OCTpbIH II
He Tyrroli HOC. 011eHb HpaBIIJIIICb
y3K1Ie, )l.JIIIHHbie, MaJio BbirHYTbie
6pOBII, II l(BeT IIX )l,OJI)l(eH 6bIJI
HeCKOJibKO OTJIII1IaTbC51 OT l(BeTa
BOJIOC. CaMII rJia3a ,n:OJI)l(HbI 6bIJIII
6bITb 51CHbI, 1IIICTbI, IIpOHIIKttyTbI BbIpa)l(emreM cep.n;e~HOCTM.

IIpe.n;rro~M

TaJIC5I roJiy6oi1: l(BeT; IIOTOM Heorrpe,n:eJieHHbIH' II3MeH1IIIBbIH l(BeT r Jia3' .
KOTOpbIM OTJIII1IaIOTC5I HeKOTOpbie
rropo)l.bI IITIIU:, 6bIJI eme 6oJiee JII061IM. HaKOHeu:, BOKpyr 6eJIOCHe)l(HO-

JI. Xemepwx.
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ro JI6a c TOHKIIMII, rrpocBe1IIIBaIOIIJ,IIMII )l(IIJIKaMII ,ll,OJI)l(Hbl 6bIJIII BIITbC51 KOJibl(aMII 6eJIOKypble BOJIOCbI c
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222

I'JtaBa

VII
UEPKOBb. HAYKA,
11CKYCCTBO 11 TEATP
IJ.epK081taJl )l(U3Hb. - Hpaebt ayxoeeHcmea. - Ezo aoxodbt. - llOKJlOHeHue
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6u'lly10w,uxcR u y6uiicmea eepeee. - Onno3Ul{UOHHbte aeu)l(eHUR. - M opaJtucmbt
u .MucmuKu. - H HK8U3Ul{UR. - IIpomueope'llUR epe.MeHu. - CxoJtacmuKa. YHueepcumembt. - Y'lleHbte 3aHRmUR. - HcKyccmeo. - CmpoumellbHbte
XU)l(UH'bl. - XapaKmep zep.MaHcKoii ( «zomu'lleCKoii») apxumeKmypbt. ApxumeKmop u )l(Ueonucel{. - I'ep.MaHcKue co6opbt. - My3btKa. If.epK08Hbtii meamp e ca.MOM ceoe.M Ha'l/aJte. - Mucmepuu u Hpaeoy'lleHUR.

B

O,ll;HOM H3 CBOHX rettHaJibHeiinmx

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feTe rrpHBO,ll;HT Ha 3eMJIIO OcH0BaTem1 xpHCTHaHCTBa "'Iepe3 TpH TbICH"CJ:H JieT
rrocJie ero cMepTH ,ll;JIH Toro, ~IT06h1 OH yBtt,ll;eJI, "CJ:TO BbIIIIJIO H3 Toii peJittrHH,
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B

1273

fOLl:Y JlIOTTHXCKHii enHCKOil ocMeJIHJICH XBaCTaTb CBOHM pa3BpaTOM

ny6JIH"CJ:HO, 3a o6e,n:oM. My)KCKHe MOHaCTblpH rrpeBpaTHJIHCb IIOCTeneHHO

B HCTHHHbie npHTOHbl nopOKOB. iKeHCKHe MOHaCTbipH ycep,ll;HO IIO,ll;pa)KaJIH HM B 3TOM.

TaKOB 6bIJI'

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MOHaCTblpb fHa;:i:eHU,eJib B

nrna6CKHX AJibIIax' H MHOrHe )KeHCKHe MOHaCTblpH lliBa61m B036y JlHJIH

223

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B yrroTpe6JieHHe, OT6pOCIIB MeCTHbie y3aKOHeHII5I, OCHOBaHHbie Ha repMaHCKOM
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milites legum

II IIr-

paJIH qpe3Bbiqa:iIHO BII.ll.HYIO pOJib B qacTHOM H o6mecrneHHOM /KII3HII; II BparH 3TH ycrreIIIHO H cqacTJIIIBO correpHJiqaJIII c pIIMCKIIMII CB5IIIJ;eHHHKaMII no
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npe.ueJioB ttaytrnoro HCCJie.n.oBamrn, HO HaqJIHaH c

XIII

BeKa ero rrpe.n.aHHH,

Bpa1K.n.e6Hble Hapo.n.y' CTaJIII 3aIIIICbIBaTbC5I Ha rope MHOfIIM IIOCJie.n.y10IIJ;IIM
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242
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f IIIIIIOKpaTa

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II

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Credo

11:, cJie.n.oBaTeJibHO, Mory:w:ee

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KOTOpbIM, BepO.SITHO, 6bIJI 3alIMCTBOBaH y KIITaliueB qepe3 rrocpe.ll,CTBO apa6oB,
BHeceH B 3ana.n.ttyIO EBpony B nepBbIM pa3 B

1190 ro.n.y

II BCKope cy:w:ecrneH-

HbIM o6pa3oM ycoBepIIIeHcTBoBaH. Cpe.n.HeBeKOBa.SI XIIMII.SI .n.aJia HaM, KpoMe
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«aqua vitae» (II3o6peTeHttoM:, Bepo.SITHO, ApttaJih.lJ.OM II3 BIIJIJibHeBa,
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1334

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243
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1lbte o611'1ecmoa (Bauhiitten)

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926

ro.n.y. Otto 6bmo patto

rrepeHeCeHO B HM.n.epJiaH)l,bI, a OTTy.n.a B fepMaHMIO, qTO BM)l.HO M3 MCTOpMM
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1099

ro.n.y y6MJI TaMOIIIHero errMCKO-

rra 3a TO, qTO TOT BbIMaHMJI y ero CbIHa peMeCJieHHbIM ceKpeT no qacTM 3aJIO:>KeHM.SI u:epKOBHbIX cpytt.n.aMeHTOB.
CttaqaJia

cmpoumeJlb1lOU XWKU1lOU

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244
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)Ke BHHMaHHe Ha xopOIIIYIO HpaBCTBeHHOCTb 11 B3aHMHYIO IIOMOIIJ,b, KaK Ha xy,l{O)l(eCTBeHHYIO H peMecJieHHYIO yMeJIOCTb. Be3ttpascrneHHbIX cy6oeKTOB 113roH5IJIH, a BC51Ka51 rrpoBHHHOCTb rrponrn ycTaBa XH)l(HHbI,
COBOKYIIHOCTb IIOCTaHOBJieHHM o6IIJ,eCTBa,

-

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TaK Ha3bIBaJiaCb

rro.n:sepraJiaCb 6ecrroIIJ,a,n:HOMy

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rJiaBHOe HaqaJibCTBO oco6eHHO 3HaMeHHTbIX, TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX rJiaBHbIX
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na1utupep,

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1452

ro,n:y ttaqaJibHHKOM pa6oT

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1459

ro.n:y 6bIJIH 3aIIHCaHbI B Perettc6ypre CTaTyThI repMaHcKoro CTpOHTeJibHOro
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1498 ro,n:y,

o.n:o6pHJIH 3TH cTaTyTbI. B

XVI

I

B CTpac6yp-

seKe Hx cttosa rrepecMOTpeJIH,

245
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1563

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1462 roey,

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XVII

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I1 B A.HrJIIIII

CTpOIITeJibHOe 6paTCTBO pacna.JIOCb B

HarraJie

XVIII

B 1717

fOJJ.Y B Attr.JIIIH OCHOBa.JIOCb o6m:ecrno CB060,ll,HbIX KaMeHill;IIKOB (Maco-

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pa3BaJIHHhI ero

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255
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y6IIilCTBa, rpa6e)I(, HaCIIJIIIe II yMhIIIIJieHHoe yHIIqTo)l(eHIIe rroceBOB II xJie6oB
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qTo Tplf,l(u,aTIIJieTHeli BOMHe rrpIIHa,n;Jie)l(IIT TO npeIIMylI(ecrno, qTO oHa rrpIIcoe.n;IIHIIJia K 3TOMY BapBapcrny caMy10 YTOHqeHttyIO )l(eCTOKOCTh; BnpoqeM, y)l(aCbI ,n;eJiaJIMCb M paHbllle, TaK HanpHMep, BO BpeM51 6oJiblllOR BOMHbl ropo,n;oB
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c~ae HaqaJio HaeMII(IIHbl MO)l(HO OTHeCTII KO BpeMeHII <Dplf,l(pHxa 5ap6apocCbl, <D1rnnrrrra-ABrycTa <DpaHU.Y3CKoro II feHpIIxa

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262
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K To My, KTO 6oJibllle i:i:aBaJI ( condotte, condottien, grand es com pagnies,
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repMaHCKIIX 3eMJIHX BOeHHa.H HaeMIU,MHa CTaJia rrpou.BeTaTb

6Jiaroi:i:apH llIBeii:u.apu.aM If JiaHLI:CKHexTaM. l1HCTMTYT JiaHLI:CKHeXTOB, 0 KOTOpoM Mbl rroroBopIIM rroi:i:po6Hee B CJiei:i:y10111.eii: KHIIre rrplI OIIMCaHMif 61ITBbI,
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XVI

BeKa, II rrocpei:i:-

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rrocpei:i:crnoM Bep6oBKM, -

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K HallleMy orrpaBLI:aHMIO MO)l(eT IIOCJIY)l(IfTb TO, l:JTO poB, OTLI:eJIJIBllIMM B cpei:i:HMe BeKa rrpaBo OT HaCMJIH.H, 6bIJI e111.e ropa3LI:O Mettee rJiy6oK, qeM Terrepb, Kori:i:a BCe-TaKM HaCIIJIMe Bceri:i:a HaXOLI:IIT cpeLI:CTBa rrepeCKOl:JMTb Ha rrpaKTIIKe
qepe3 TeopeTMl:JeCKYIO 6e3LI:HY.

B

TO BpeMH Kori:i:a, KaK Mbl yrroMMHaJIII B rrpeLI:bILl:Ylll.eii: rJiaBe, pIIMCKOe

npaBO pacrrpocTpaHHJIOCb B fepMaHIIII BCe LI:aJibllle II np1Io6peTaJIO BCe 60Jibllle
BJIMHHIIH, B pa3JIIfl:JHbIX MecTax CTaJIIf co6HpaTb If 3aIIIICbIBaTb HaU,MOHaJibHbie
y3aKOHeHIIH,

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If 3TO 6bIJIO IIOIIbITKOM rrpOTIIBOIIOCTaBMTb 6oJiee KperrKyIO

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XIII

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II KHifflI ycTaBOB, a TaK)l(e If pellleHMH cyi:i:oB Ha OTel:leCTBeHHOM H3bIKe
(Stadtrechte, Weisthiimer). E111.e HeCKOJibKO paHbllle i:i:aMM -

Me)l(i:i:y

1215

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B03HIIKJIM TaK)l(e LI:Ba 3HaMeHIITbIX IfCTOl:JHMKa repMaHCKOro rrpaBa,

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II ycTaBOB: cocTaBJieHHbIM caKCOHCKMM pb111,apeM 3ii:K3 cpoH PettroB -

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KapJia, HanpaBJieHHbie Ha c03i:i:am1e TaKOro ei:i:Mttcrna, ocTaJIMCb TIU,eTHbI. Ero
KaITMTY JIHpIIII BCKOpe yTpaTMJIIf CBOIO CMJIY' KaK TOJibKO MX nepecTaJia

263
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caMbie Hecxo,n:Hhie Me)K.n:y co6oro ropJI,n:MqecKMe ycTaBhl. Cpe,n:HMe BeKa
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B

1855

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II1eCTBOBaJIO

25

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pa3JIJiqHbIX 3aKOHOB o HacJie,n:cTBe. B o6JiaCTM qacTHoro npaBa

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o6pa3oM. HacJie,n:cTBeHHhie MMeHM51 ceMeiicTBa ocTaBaJIMCb B My)KCKOM MJIM
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,n:Heii nocJie cMepTM My)Ka. B,n:oBbll ,n:eHbrll, yrrpoqeHHbie 3aKOHHbIM o6pa3oM
My)KeM (Leibgeding, Leibzucht), ,n:OJI)KHbI 6bIJIH 6b1Tb BbI,n:aHhI eii HacJie,n:HJIKOM.
Bo MHOrllx MecTax .ll:Bll)KllMOe MMyII1eCTBO, a TaK)Ke MeJIKllM CKOT ll IITMUa,
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He MMeJIM HMKaKoro npaBa Ha MMeHMe po,n:MTeJieii; repMacppo,n:JIThI, KapJIMKJI
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rrpoM3orne.n:nmM OT ,n:oqepeii. 1IJieHbI 6eJioro .n:yxoBeHCTBa 6bIJIM yqacTHMKaMH
B HacJie,n:CTBe, MOHaxM )Ke He 11MeJI11 Ha Hero rrpaBa. Ees.n.eTHbIM ttacJie,n:oBaJIH
cnepBa OTeu, nOTOM MaTb, IIOTOM po,n:HOH 6paT' 3aTeM po.n:Ha51 cecTpa, ,n:aJJee
6JIII)KaMllille po.n:cTBeHHIIKlI. 06b1qa11 pa3HbIX CTpaH ll3MeH51Jlll caMbIM pa3HOo6pa3HbIM o6pa30M 3Tll IIOCTaHOBJieHJI5I; TOqHo TaK )Ke CllJibHO OTJillqaJilICb
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no q11cJiy JieT, ll 3TO

rrocJie,n:Hee orrpe.n:eJieHHe KOJie6aJIOCh, B cBoro oqepe,n:h, Me)K.n:y

18

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MIL Cro3epeHbI ll uepKOBb, rro.n:cTpaJIBa51 saBeII1aHI15I B CBOIO IIOJib3Y' yMeJIII
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co6JIIO.ll:aJillCb OTHOCI1TeJibHO cyrrpy)KeCKllX OTHOllieHIIH II ,n:eJI, KacaIOII1IIXC5I
rrpouemoB; HO nocJie,n:HMe rrpe,n:IIHCaHM51 CTaJill qacTO HapyrnaTbC51 JI MaJIO-IIOMaJIY
ITOTepAAII CBOe 3HaqeHJie, oco6eHHO c Tex nop, KaK ropo.n.a CTaJill BBO.ll:lITb HaCT05III1lle 3aKJia,n:Hbie KHllrll (rMIIOTeKM).

c ,n:OJI)KHIIKaMll, KOTOpbie 6bIJill He B co-

CT051Hllll IIJiaTHTb, IIOCTJIIaJill oqeHb )KeCTOKO.

11x He TOJibKO MOrJill

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B ,n:oJiroByro TIOpbMy, HO Kpe.ll:lITOPbI MOrJill .n:a)Ke rrplltty.ll:llTb llX lICIIOJIIDITb rrpll

264
HMX pa6cK11e o6H3aHHOCTM. He11crrpa.BHbIX IUIM 3JIOCTHbIX ,n:OJI)J(HMKOB crnpaJIHCb
3aCTaBHTb ynJiaTHTb nocpe,n:CTBOM TaK Ha3hIBaeMO:H 3K3eKyUHH, H 3TOT 06b1qan
y,n:ep)J(aJICH .n:o Ramero BpeMeHM, XOTH B HeCKOJibKO M3MeHeHHOH ¢opMe.
Cpe,n:HeBeKOBM rryTatt11ua B o6JiaCTM repMaHcKoro rrpaBa eme yBeJIHqHBaJiacb paBHOCMJibHOH rryTaHHue:H: OTHOCHTeJibHO Mepbl Beca H MOHeTbl. ).lo KaKOH CTerreHII B TO BpeMH 6bIJIH 3JieMeHTapHbl II rrepB06bITHbl rrpHeMbl OTHOCMTeJibHO II3MepeHM51 II B3BeIIIHBaHH51, ,n:oKa3bIBaeT TO, KaK ITOCTYIIHJI KOpOJib
EoreMCKHH 0TToKap rrpH B03o6ttoBJieHHH MepbI H Beca. qeTbipe RqMeHHbIX
3eptta, rroJio)J(eHHhie rrorrepeK .n:pyr B03Jie ,n:pyra, cq11TaJIMCb rrorrepeqHbIM
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OKa3bIBaJIOCb TO KOJIWieCTBO, KOTOpoe MO)J(HO 6bIJIO 3aXBaTHTb o6eHMH pyKaMH;
KBapTOH BMHa -

TO KOJIHqecTBO, KOTOpoe MO)J(HO 6bIJIO 3aXBaTHTb ToqHO TaK

)Ke; JIOTOM rrepua -

TO, qTQ BMemaJIOCb B ropCTb.

KaK MbI y)J(e yrroMHHaJIH BbIIIIe, rrpaBo qeKaHHTb MOHeTy cqHTaJIOCb KOpoJieBCKHM HJIH MMnepaTopcKMM BepxOBHbIM rrpaBOM, HO, B CHJIY pa3peIIIeHM51, .n:apoBaHHOrO HMIIepaTopoM, B HeM MaJIO-IIOMaJIY HaqaJIM rrpHHMMaTb
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HMeJia Ha O.lJ:HOH CTOpOHe rpy,n:HOH IIOpTPeT Eap6apocCbI, Ha ,n:pyroii: -

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II,

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1 K 10

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B O.lJ:HOM MeCTe H3

12 IIIHJIJIMHroB, B .n:pyroM - 24, eme B .n:py50, B IIHTOM HaKOHeu - 60. IloTOM MapKa

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265
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a

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CBeTCKMM, a MaJio-rroMaJiy II ,a:yxOBHbIM BJia,a:eTeJibHbIM JIMIWM BHM3 AO
qernepTOro BOMHCKoro IUMTa. Bb1crneii MHCTaHu11eii 6hIJI KopoJieBCKMii rrpMJJ:BOpHhiii cy,a: IIO,Zl. npe,a:ce,a:aTeJibCTBOM mpaJibU:rpacpa HJIM npM,Zl.BOpHOfO cy.ll;bll,
KaKOfO H36paJI, HarrpMMep, B

1235

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Comes

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Vice-Comes,

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ce.n:aTeJIM M3BeCTHOe llMCJIO IlOtITeHHblX CBo6o,n:HbIX JIIO,a:eii II rrpMHMMaJI OT HMX
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266
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1445

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267
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XVI

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1861

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268
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269
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1393

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(Freischoffen),

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275
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276
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281
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285
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294
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1364

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XIV

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XVI

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297
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1534

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319
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330
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332
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11. XepTpMx.

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333

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yJKe

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B <D1Ipemi:yoJie (

1250),

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ycTpOHCTBO CTaBIIJIOCb B poKOBYIO saBIICIIMOCTb OT JIIIqHblX KaqecTB ee rrpaBIITeJieH. Mb1 He JKeJiaeM 6bITb rraHer1Ip1ICTaM1I f oreHIIITaycpeHOB, rroToMy qTo
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caMIIX, II Ha fepMaHIIIO; HO HeCOMHeHHO TO, qTO BO BpeM.SI IIX rocno.n:crna fepMaHII.SI rrpeBOCXO.[(IIJia BCe eBporreii:CKIIe rocy.n:apCTBa CBOIIM MoryII1eCTBOM,
3HaqeHIIeM II CJiaBOH, II qTo IIX IIMrrepaTopcKIIe TIITYJibl -«Praepotentissimus~
II -«Semper Augustus~ He 6bIJIII XBaCTJIIIBbIMII CJIOBaMII, HO BbipaJKaJIII co6o:i1:
,n:eHCTBIITeJibHble cpaKTbl. Ho TaK KaK :na .n:e:i1:CTBIITeJibHOCTb COIIIJla B MOfIIJIY
c IIOCJie.[(HIIM BeJIIIKIIM foreHIIITaycpeHOM, TO II o6HapyJKIIJIOCb caMbIM 6e30Tpa,n:HblM o6pa30M, qTO rocy.n:apcTBeHHOe ycTpOHCTBO 6bIJIO He 6oJiee KaK CIICTeMaTIIqecKOH aHapxlieH, II caMbie rrary6Hble 6e,n:CTBII.SI fepMaHIIII: KH.SIJKeCKa.SI Tepp1ITOp1IaJibHa.SI BJiaCTb, pas.n:po6JieHHOCTb Ha MeJIKIIe rocy.n:apCTBa
-

pac11BeJI1I ITbIIIIHbIM .SI.[(OBIITbIM 11BeToM. DbITb MOJKeT, rpaJK,a:aHcKa.SI

CBo6o.n:a, Bbipa6oTaB ce6e IIOJllITIIqecKyIO opraH1I3aI11IIO B ropo,n:CKIIX COI03aX,
OTBpaTIIJia 6bI :no 6e.[(CTB1Ie; HO IlpII BCeH CIIJie 0.[(IIHOqHoro .[(eHCTBII.SI
repMaHCKOfO Meu1aHCTBa He XBaTaJIO Bceo6beMJIIOII1e:i1: II BCerrpoHIIKaIOII1eH
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HaM

yJKe

He pas rrpe.n:crnBJI.SIJIC.SI cJiyqa:i1: o6paTIITb BH1IMam1e qJITaTem1 Ha

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BO BpeM.SI MeJK,a:y11apCTBII.SI, rrpO.[(OJIJKamneroc.SI OT

1250 .[(0 1273

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repMaHCKa.SI aplICTOKpaTII.SI rrplIH.SIJiaCb pacrrop.SIJKaTbC.SI B TO BpeM.SI repMaHCKOH
IIMrrepaTOpCKOH KOpOHOH B IIOJib3Y IIHOCTpaHHbIX KH513e:i1:, KaK MeII1aHCKIIH

334
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1848

ro.z:i:y rrpecToJioM B IIOJib3Y MeCTHbIX. Ha-

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(Kur,

OT

Kiiren)

11 KOTOpbie Ha3blBaJII1Cb II03TOMy

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( 1273).

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Bpo.z.ce rocy.z.capcTBeHHOfO IIOJII11.{MeMCTepa, KOTOpbIM o6y3.zlbIBaJI 6b1 CJII1IIIKOM
CI1.JlbHbIM 6ecrrop51.zlOK B CTpaHe II o6ecrre'IIIJI 6bI UM .zlOXO.zlbl, KOTOpbIM rp0311Jia orraCHOCTb OT IIJIOXOfO COCT051Hl151 3eMJie.z.ceJII151' TOprOBJII1 II BCex 061IleCTBeHHblX OTHOIIIeHIIM. OHM He OIIII16.JII1Cb B qe.JIOBeKe, Ha KOTOporo Ila.JI nx
Bh16op. Ma.JI03eMeJibHbIM IIIBeilu,apcK11iI BJia.z.ceTe.Jib Py.z.co.Jibcp 11 He rro.z.cyMa.JI
0 TOM, 'IT06bI IIOH51Tb 11/l,eIO IIMrrepaTopCKOM BJiaCTI1 B f epMaHI111 B CMbICJie
Kap.Jia Be.JI11Koro, 0TTOHOB n f oreHIIITaycpeHOB. ll:JIH 3Toro OH 6hrn CJIIIIIIKOM
rrpo3al1'IHO XI1Tep, CJIIIIIIKOM Tpe3BO pa3yMeH, 'IYBCTBOBaJI CJUIIIIKOM CI1.7IbHOe
ornpa1IleH11e KO BC51KI1M BbIC1IpeHHI1M 11.z.ceHM. Brrpo'IeM, HaM CKOpee XO'IeTC51
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ero .z.ce.710 -

rro6ell,a Hall 0TTOKapoM 5oreMCKI1M -

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B

Hallie BpeMH Py.z.co.Jibcp cm.JI 6b1 IIrpaTb Ha 611p)Ke -

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( 1291)'

XOTe.JI rro.z.cpa)KaTb CBOeMy rrpell,IIIeCTBeHHIIKY B ll,eJie OCHOBaHH51 ll,IIHa-

CTII'IeCKOro MoryllleCTBa, HO rrpIIH51.JIC51 3a 3TO TaK He.JIOBKO II HeyKJIIO)Ke, 'ITO
HaIIIeJI B 3TOM rrpe.n:rrp1rnnrn CBOIO rrorn6e.Jib. B JIIIIle cbma Py.z.co.Jibcpa, AJib6pexrn ABcTpIIilcKoro, rrponrn Hero BbICTaBIIJIII aHTIIKopoAA (

1298),

n B 6nrne

c HIIM rrpII fe.JIJibreiIMe OH JIIIIIIIIJIC51 KOpOHbl II )KII3HII. B JIIPIHOCTII AJlb6pexTa CIIJieH 6bIJI 3.JieMeHT TOM 6e3)KaJIOCTHOH )KeCTOKOCTII, KOTOpaH 'IaCTO crroco6CTByeT OCHOBaHIIIO BeJIIIKIIX rocy.z.capCTB. DbITb MO)KeT, rrpO)KIIBII OH .zlOJibllle
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eMy BbmaJia 6bI Ha .z.co.7110 poJib Jlro.z.coBIIKa

XI

B fepMaHIIII; HO ero CTpacTb

K 3aBoeBaHIIIO 3aCTaBIIJia ero pOll,HOro n.JieMHHHHKa Cll,e.JiaTbC5I ero y6HMlJ,eM,
II OH rrorII6 B BHH.zlIIIIIe, rrpII Peilcce (

1308),

B TY caMyro MIIHyTy, Kor.z.ca

co6HpaJIC51 IIOJIO)KHTb HaCIIJibCTBeHHbIM KOHelJ, BeKOBOM CB06o.z.ce aJibIIHMCKHX
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VII,

H36paHHbIM rroc.Jie Hero

Ha KopoJieBCKHM npecT0.71, IIO.zlTBep.z.cm1 rrpaBa IIIBeMlJ,apcKHX COI03HHKOB.

335

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336
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COBJia,a:aTb c TOM sa,a:aqeii:, rrepe,a: KOTopoii: OKa3aJICH HeCOCTOHTeJibHbIM reHIIM
foreHllITaycpeHOB - OH He crrpaBIIJICH c pecrry6JIIIKaHII3MOM IITaJibHHCKIIX ropo,a:oB. Ott BHesarrHo yMep B fiyoHKOHBeHTO ( 1313) cpe,a:II 6ecrrJIOAHbIX BOHR.
CMepTb ero IIOCJIY:>KIIJia CIIrHaJIOM K HOBbIM BbI6opaM II HOBbIM pacrrpHM. JlIOKceM6yprcKaH rrapTIIH KOJIJierIIII Kypcp10pcTOB (IlcpMbll, Maii:tt11, TpIIp, KeJibH,
fioreMIIH, CaKCOHIIH, fipatt,a:ett6ypr ), rrocTerreHHO cocpe,a:oToqJIBmeii:
IICKJIIOqJITeJibHO B CBOIIX pyKax BbICmee II36IIpaTeJibHOe rrpaBO, II36paJia
JI10,a:oBIIKa fiaBapcKoro, a fa6c6yprcKaH - cDpII,a:pIIxa IIpeKpacttoro ABcTpIIii:cKoro . .l{eJio ti:OJI:>KHO 6bIJIO pemIITbCH Me:>K,a:oyco6ttoii: Boii:ttoii:, II 6Mrna rrpH
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JI. XepTepwx.

dfoqTOBbIM rotten:~

337
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1338),

COCTOHBIIIeMy B TOM, 1ITO M36paHMe

MMrreparnpa, C,ll;eJiaHHOe Kyp¢IOpCTaMM, .ll:OJI)l(HO C1IMTaTbCH COBepIIIeHHO ,ll;eiiCTBMTeJibHbIM 6e3 BCHKOfO yrnep)l(,ll;eHMH co CTOpOHbl rraIIbl. Ho pa3,ll;po6JieHHOCTb fepMaHMM Ha MHO)l(eCTBO rocy,ll;apcrn JIMIIIMJia JlIO,ll;OBMKa B03MO)l(HOCTM HaHeCTM rrarrcrny TaKOM y,ll;ap, KaKOM eMy HaHec ¢paHUY3CKMM KOpOJib
<DMJIMrrn KpacMBbIM B Ha1IaJie

XIV

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IV

J110KCeM6yprcKoro, KOTOpbIM, O,ll;HaKO, CTaJI MrpaTb BM.ll:HYIO pOJib TOJibKO ITO
CMepTM JlIO,ll;OBMKa (

1347).

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rrapTMeM, yMep TOT1IaC IIOCJie CBOerr KopoHaUMM BO <DpaHKc\:>ypTe, M
TaKMM o6pa3oM TpoH ocTaJICH tteocrropMMO 3a KapJioM.
KapJI 6bIJI 1IeJioBeK yKJIOH1IMBbIM, M, B rrpoTMBOIIOJIO)l(HOCTb cpe,ll;HeBeKoBOMY pbIIJ,apcrneHHOMY Ayxy, B HeM HBJIHeTCH y)l(e COBepIIIeHHO pa3BMBIIIaHCH HOBeHIIIaH ,ll;MIIJIOMaTMH, OCHOBaHHaH Ha ¢paHIJ,Y3CKOH M MTaJibHHCKOH

rrpaKTMKe. KapJI M3,ll;aJI ocHOBHOH rocyAapcrneHHbIM 3aKoH -

TaK Ha3hIBae-

MYIO 30JIOTYIO 6y JIJIY' KOTOpaH B rrepBbIM pa3 rrpMBO,ll;IIJia B CMCTeMy o6bI1IaII
repMaHCKOfO rocy,ll;apcrneHHOfO rrpaBa, IIOJIO)l(em1e Kyp¢10pCTOB II KHH3eM, coCJIOBHbie OTHOIIIeHIIH apIICTOKpaTIIM II KpOMe Toro 3aKJII01IaJia B ce6e IIOCTaHOBJICHIIe 0 3eMCKOM MIIpe, MOHeTax II TaMO)l(HHX; 3TII IIOCTaHOBJieHIIH, BrrpoqeM,
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1400 r.

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HM ¢opMaJibHOe rrpaBO 3aKJII01IaTb Me)l(,ll;J co6oli COI03bI ITO.LI: o6MaH1IIIBbIM rrpe,ll;JIOfOM oxpatteHIIH 3eMcKoro MIIpa. IlpaBJieHIIe ero npeeMHIIKa CIIrII3MYHAa
JlIOKCeM6yprcKoro (

1410-1437)

6bIJIO 3aHHTO 6ecrrJIO.ll:HbIMII CTpeMJiemrnMII

ycTpOIITh uepKOBHbie ,ll;eJia. l1epettecem1e rrancKoro npecToJia B ABIIHhOH,
ycTpOeHHOe cppaHUY3CKOM IIOJIIITIIKOM

('1305)'

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1308

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1472

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Bech Borrpoc 6bIJI B TOM, Hai1:,ZJ,eTC51 Jilly HMrrepaTopa ,ZJ,OCTaTOqHo ,ZJ,0-

6poi1: BOJIH II ,ZJ,OCTaTOqHO crroco6HOCTH ,ZJ,JI5I ee ocymecTBJieHH5I.
K CO)KaJieHHIO, MaKcHMHJIHaH

I

6brn BOBce He crroco6eH Ha TaKoe ,ll.eJio.

06Jia,ZJ,a51 YMOM, crroco6HbIM IIOHHMaTb 110Tpe6HOCTH HOBOra BpeMeHH, OH rrpH
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ero

cep,ZJ,IJ;a, BeqHo KOJie6aJIC51, BeqHo MeTaJIC5I H3 CTOpOHbl B CTOpOHY, ITO Bpe-

MeHaM c )KapoM rrpHHHMaJIC51 sa pecpopMy, KaK, HarrpHMep, B

1510

ro,ZJ,y, Kor-

360
.ll,a no ero noBeJiemuo cocTaBJieHo 6bIJIO o6nurpHoe H3JIO)KeHMe yKopoB npoTHB
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Bcex CBOHX npeKpaCHbIX no6y)K.ll,emrnx M npM BceH: CBoeH: norryII5IpHOCTM OH BCeTaKM 6bIJI ~nocJie.ll,HMM pbIU:apb~, M 3TO Ka'IeCTBO 6bIJIO B HeM TaK CMJibHO, 'ITO
.ll,eJiaJio ero Hecnoco6HbIM BCTaTb penrnTeJibHO Ha CTopoHy Tex 3JieMeHTOB,
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He TOJibKO He ycBOHJI ce6e naTpMonrqecKMX nJiaJIOB EepTOJib.ll,a, HO .ll,a)Ke npoTMBO.ll,ei1:cTBOBaJI MM M TaMHO, M HBHO.

B 1504

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31

CKOI'O MOHaCTblpH CBOM

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95

1517

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:H:

10

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11

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B

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0

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6Jiaro repMaHCKOfO Hapo.ll,a. OH He TOJibKO He noHHMaJI CTpeMJieHHH f epMaHHM K nOJIHTM'IeCKOMY B03p0)K.ll,eHMIO, HO .ll,a)Ke no Mepe CHJI CBOHX npOTMBO-

361
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rrpMpO.ll,bI 30JI M rpexoseH, y Hero HeT
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-

M.IJ,TM .n;a-

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f. llinattrett6epr. dlIOTep IIptt61rnaeT
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362

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( 1519),

Ha KOTOpOM JlIOTep 3alll,IIIll,aJI rrpOTIIB 3Ka CBOII TeOJIOI'II1IeCKIIe B03-

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06

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363
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v

364
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(Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott),
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365
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375
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H «6yHTOBIUHK~. Ha sHaMeHHTOM crrope B Map6ypre, 6y.n:y"Y:H He B cocT051HHH
rro6e,ZIHTb CHJibHYIO ,ZIHaJieKTHKY UBHHrJIM, JlroTep orneqaJI Ha era ,ZJ,OBO,ZI,bI
rpy6o:fi BbIXO,ZIKOH: « Y Te65I He 3,ZI,paBbIH yM~.
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1534

ro.n:y B rrpe,ZI,HCJIOBHH K CBoeH: KHHre 0 HeHaBHCTHOH HeTeprrHMOCTI1

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1526

r., rrpoHsBeJI11 .n:a)l(e TO .n:e:H:crnHe, l.J:TO na 6hrnIIIeM B TOM ro.n:y llirreH:ep-

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1529 r.

6oJibIIIMH-

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1530

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V

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376

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( 1531)'

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B 3TOM OTHOIIIeHMII MCXOJJ: Tptt,a:eHTCKOrO co6opa, KOTOpbIH rrpoTeCTaHTbI OTBeprJIM KaK HeCBo6o,a:HbIH M rrpMCTpaCTHbIM, Tor,a:a rrpMIIIJIOCb o6paTMTbC51 K
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1547

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377
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1552),

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1540

r.' pa3pOCJIOCb

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( 1562)'

Y )Ke

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378
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I1rnann'i: JioifoJia

380
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390
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XVII CTOJieTMX H3 qy)KIIX KpaeB, CJie.n:yeT yrroMHHYTb, qm B 3TO BpeM51 Ty.n:a
6bIJIH BBe3eHbI )KIIBOTHbie, CJiy)KaIIJ;IIe .l1.Jl51 3a6aBbI, KOTOpbie .n:o Toro BpeMeHH 6bIJIII HeII3BeCTHbI, -

erHIIeTCKIIe roJiy6II, aHrOpCKIIe KOIIIKII, 30JIOTbie

: pbI6KII H KaHapeHKII. IlocJie,ll;HHe .l1.0Jiroe BpeM51 IIOJib30BaJIIICb TaKOM JII06o' BbIO, qTo cocTaBJI51JIII .l1.Jl51 THpOJI51 rrpe.n:MeT rrpII6bIJibHOM ToproBJIII. PyqHa5J
KaHape:HKa Ha yKa3aTeJibHOM rraJihIJ;e rrpaBo:H pyKII cocTaBJIHJia rrpIIHa.n;Jie)K-

~ HOCTb TyaJieTa

t

u

3HaTHOH .n:aMbI H rrpa3,ll;HIIqHoro HapH.n:a 6oraTOM ropo)KaHKII,

u

u

: c KaHapeIIKOII Ha yKa3aTeJibHOM rraJibIJ;e IIpIIHHMaJIH .n:aMbI rocTeII II IIIICaJIH
: c ce651 rropTpeTbI.

rr.

c XVI CTOJieTII51 BMecTe c 3eMJie.n;eJIIIeM .n:eJiaJIII ycrrexII II .n:pyrIIe CTopo-

I HbI MaTepIIaJibHo:H KY JibTYPhI,

HecMoTp51 Ha qacTbie rrepepbIBbI II CTpaIIIHbie

, HeB3fO.l1.bl, IIOCTHfaBIIIIIe KYJibTYPY H Hepe,n:Ko ,n:a)Ke 1151THBIIIHeC51 Ha3a.n; c rrpo-

1 JIO)Kettttoro y)Ke eIO rryTII. MoperrJiaBaHHe, ropttoe .n:eJio, IICKyccrna, peMecJia
BO BCeM HX 6ecqIICJieHHOM pa3H006pa3HII CIIJibHO IIO.l1.BIIHYJIIICb Brrepe.n. 6Jia' ro.n:ap51 pa3JIIIqHbIM HayqHbIM OTKpbITH51M H MexaHIIqecKIIM II306peTeHII51M.
XoTH OTKpbITIIe AMepHKH H MopcKoro rryTH B BoCToqttyIO I1tt.n;HIO, rrepettec51
sceMIIpttyIO mproBJIIO II3 IO)Ktto:H EBporrhI B 3arra.n;ttyIO, rrpoII3BeJio CHJibHbIM

t nepeBOpOT B

repMaHCKOH mproBJie II IIOCTaBIIJIO ee B COBepIIIeHHO HOBbie ye-

!

JIOBII51, HO Otta CKOpo rrpIIcrroco6HJiaCb K 3TIIM HOBbIM ycJIOBII51M II 6bICTpo pa3-

t

BIIBaJiaCb. Hapo.n:ttoe 6oraTcTBo BII.l1.IIMbIM o6pa3oM yMHO)KaJIOCb, XOT51 TplI.l1.-

392
I(aTMJieTWI.H BOMHa ynwnoJKMJia ero no"l!Ttt: ,l.l.OTJia, TaK "l!TO npuxo.n.MJiocb Ha"l!HHaTb OII5:1Tb noqTH BCe CHaqaJia.
1Irn KacaeTC.H o6mecrneHHOM JKH3HH, TO oHa Boo6me coxpaH.HJia cpe.n.HeBeKOBhIM xapaKTep, IIOKa MaJIO-ITOMaJiy He npeo6pa3HJiaCb IIO,l.I. BJIH.HHHeM
cppaHI(yscKoM nptt:,l.l.BOpHoH: JKtt:3HH. Bnpo11eM, 06 3TOM MhI 6y.n.eM roBopHTh
B CJie.n.y10meH: rJiaBe, a 3,l.l.eCb ynoM.HHeM TOJibKO 06 O/J,HOM npaBOOIII!CaTeJibHOM lJ.OKyMeHTe XVI CTOJienrn, KOTOpbIM 6pocaeT .HpKHM cBeT Ha TOrlJ,arnHHe HpaBbI fepMaHtt:tt:. 51 roBopIO o .n.tt:aJiore «die Anschauenden~ B
«Gesprachbiichleim> (KHtt:JKKa 6ece.n.) Y JibpHxa fyTTeHa. PasroBaptt:BaIOII(He
CoJIHI(e :u <DaaToH cMOTp.HT Ha f epMaH:uIO c BhICOThI ITT:Uqbero noJieTa. Bsop
<DaaToHa ocTaHaBJIHBaeTC.H Ha sace.n.a10m:ux B Ayrc6yprcKOM ceH:Me ( 1518),
H OH cnpaIIIHBaeT OTI(a, qTO 3HaqHT 3TO co6paHHe.
CoJIHll,e OTBe11aeT: 3TO co6paJIHCh Ha coBeT rocy.n.apH H npocTbie HeMeI(KHe JIIO/J,H. - <Da3TOH: <Dy, KaKOM COBeT! CTaJIO 6bITb, OHH H Ha COBeT,
KaK Ha 6HTBy, xo,l.l..HT ITh.HHb1e. - CoJIHI(e: TaK. BnpoqeM, BH,l.l.HIIIh: HeKoTOpb1e H3 HHX Bee .n.eJia HCnpaBJI.HIOT B Tpe3BOM BH,l.l.e, sa qTO e.n.1rnoseMI(bI
cqHTaIOT HX "l!YJKHMH H npesHpaIOT? - <Da::noH: EoJKe MOM, KaKoM rnyM! KaKoe 6pa1KHHqaHbe! KaKOM HeBbIHOCHMbIM rBaJIT! - ,l(aJiee <Da3TOH roBOpHT:
51 BHJKy: TaM rOJibie MYJK11HHbI H JKeHII(HHbI KynaIOTC.H BMecTe; 3TO He npoXO,l.l.HT, 5:1 IIOJiaraIO, 6es Bpe.n.a ,l.l.JI.H HX I(eJioMy,l.l.pH.H H qecTH. - CoJIHI(e: IlpoXO,l.l.HT 6es Bpe.n.a. - <Da3TOH : 0/J,HaKO 5:1 BHJKy, qTO OHH TaM I(eJiyIOTC.H. CoJIHI(e: 3To HHqero. - <DasToH: 0HH o6HrrMaIOTc.H. - CoJIHI(e: I1 3TO HHqero; OHH saqacTyIO H CIT.HT TaK BCe BMecTe.
B repMattcKoM ,l.l.BOp.Httcrne .n.oJiro coxpaH.HJIHCh BapBapcKrre ttpaBhI cpe.n.HHX BeKOB H HC11e3aJIH TOJibKO no Mepe rrpeBpalI(eHH51 ,l.l.BOp.HH B npH,l.l.BOpHbIX
no cppami:yscKoMy o6pasll,y. B saMKax CBOHX ,l.l.BOp.HHCTBO npe.n.aBaJIOCh rpy6oMy KyTeJKy' ccopHJIOCb, CBOeBOJlbHlll{aJIO, COBepIIIaJIO pas60MHHqbH Ha6erH. JleTonrrcrr XVI cToJieTH.H noJIHbI paccKasoB o coBeprneHHbIX HM
ttacumrnx. TaK, B 1520 r. <DoMa cpoH A6cnepr BepoJIOMHO y6uJI rpacpa
I1oaxuMa cpoH 3nrnretta, B 1511 r. rpacp <DemrKc cpoH Bep.n.eH6epr npe.n.aTeJibCKH yMepTBHJI rpacpa AH.n.pe.H cpoH 3oHHeH6epra. KypcpIOpcT 6paH.n.eH6yprcKHM I1oaxuM II Kasmrn Mttor11x ,l.l.Bop.HH sa YJIH11HbIM pas6oH:. IIo.n.06Hhie npHMepbI MOJKHO ·npIIBecTH .n.ec.HTKaMH. IIo BpeMeHaM ,l.l.BOp.HHCKHe nIIpbI
H IIOIIOMKH conpoBOJK,l.l.aJIHCb CTpaIIIHblMH KaTaCTPOcpaMH, KaK 3TO CJIY11HJIOCb,
HanpHMep, B saMKe BaJib,l.l.ett6ypr B 1570 r. Co6pamneec.H TaM BeceJioe
o6mecrno rrp11.n.yMaJio HOBbIM poll. MacKapa.n.a: lJ,aMbI ttap.H,l.l.HJIHCb attreJiaMH, a
MyJK11HHbI c rroMOII(bIO JibHa H CMOJibI rrpeo6pa3HJIHCb B ,l.l.b.HBOJIOB. YnaJia Heqa.HHHO HCKpa Ha y .n.o60BOCITJiaMeH.HeMbIM Hap.H,l.I. O,l.l.HOro H3 ,l.l.b.HBOJIOB - H
IIJiaM.H CTaJIO 6bICTpo pacnpocTpaH.HTbC.H OT 0,l.l.HOro ,l.l.b.HBOJia K .n.pyroMy; ,l.l.BOe
H3 Hap.HJKeHHbIX yMepJIH, a MHOrHe IIOJIY11HJIH onacHbie OJKOrH.

393
0THOC51II{J:rec51 K arroxe Peq>0pMaIJJIM 3arrMCKM H3BeCTHoro feua cpoH EepJIHXMHreHa pHCYIOT, no KpaiIHeM Mepe, rrepe.n; HaMM )KJI3Hb CBe)KyIO, BOJibHylO,
TaK "l!TO He 6e3 y,n;OBOJibCTBM51 CJie,n;yIOT 3a aBT06HorpacpoM Bera IIOXO)K,Ll;CHM5IX,
XOT51 ero BOHHCTBCHHbie IIO,Ll;BMrII, co6cTBeHHO fOBOp.H, H He rrpe,n:cTaBJI.HIOT
HMKaKOM poMaHTH"lleCKOM rrpeJieCTM.
11Hoe BIIe-Y:aTJICHIIe rrpOH3BO,Ll;51T Ha Hae 3allIICKH CIIJIC3CKOro ,[(BOp.HHJIHa
faHca cpoH lliBeHHIIXeHa, OTHOC.HII{Hec51 KO BTopo:H: IIOJIOBIIHe
TaM rrpe.n: HaMII pIIcyeTc.H ,n;BopRHCKoe o6m:ecrno -

aToro

CTOJienrn.

6e,n;Hoe, rpy6oe, Heo6pa3o-

BaHHoe. 3aIIIICKII 3TII OXBaTbIBaIOT co6o:iI rrepHO,Ll; BpeMeHII c
Teo.Jioro-rrpoTeCTaHTCKMH ,n;yx

XVI

1552

no

1602

IT.

apeMeHtt BeCbMa xoponrn xapaKTepH3y-

eTC51 TeM o6cT051TCJibCTBOM, "l!TO lliBeHHIIXeH, "l!CJIOBCK

,n;o

HeKOTopoil CTe-

rreHII rrpII,[(BOpHbIH, Ha-Y:MHaeT 3aIIHCKH rro,n;po6HblM II3JIO)KCHHCM CBoero
«BepoHCIIOBe,n;aHH51~.

3To HalIOMHHaeT HaM, B KaKOH CTCIICHH TCOJIOI'H.H TOr,n;a BJiaCTBOBa.Jia Ha,LJ;
yMaMM. BoT rropa3rrTeJihHbIM BToMy rrprrMep: ,n;Bop51HMH cpoH .KJioT 3a coBeprneHHOe B 3aIIa.Jib"l!HBOCTII y6IIifcrno 6bIJI rrpIIroBopeH ,n;yxoBHbIM cy,n;oM TPH
BOCKpeceHb51 rro,n;p5I,Ll; Ka51TbC51 Ha uepKOBHOM rrarrepTII B 0,[(C)K,LJ;e 6e,n:Horo
rpernHHKa II IIO,Ll;"l!HHMJIC5I 3TOMY rrpHroBopy' HeB3Hpa51 Ha BOIIJIII Hero,n:oBamrn
co CTOpOHbl ero 3HaTHOH po,n;HII.
3arrIICKH lliBCHHIIXeHa rrpe,n;cTaBJI.HIOT HaM BepttyIO KapTHHY TOr,n;anrnero
o6pa3a )KJI3HH repMaHCKHX ,[(BOp5IH. «Kor.n:a MHe HaCTYIIHJI ,n;eB51TblH ro,n:, -

"lml~li\!,

"Wiifl(IW'.:' .
-- -

E. <l>paHI.\. dloe3.n;Ka Ha

camrx~

--::::-~---

394
paccKa3bIBaeT OH, -

M 51 CTaJI y:>Ke HeCKOJibKO nOH51TJIMB, MeH51 OTnpaBMJIH

B Mepnmou K ceJibCKoMy 1rncap10. TaM ,n:Ba ro.n:a 51 Y1lMJIC51 l.J:MTaTb M nMcaTb,
a no B03Bparn;eHMM M3 IIIKOJibI ,n:OMOll nae ryceil~.
CocTo51 JiaKeeM npM JlHrHMUKOM ,n:Bope, OH B Tel.leHMe ,n:Byx JieT noJiyl.J:MJI
M3 AOMy BCero

7 TaJiepoB

M

31

BeilcrpoIII. Kor.n:a eMy MHttyJIO ,n:BeHa,n:uaTb JieT,

OTeu B nepBbIH pas c,n:eJiaJI eMy nJiaTbe M3 6yMaseM. qeTbipHa.n:UaTM JieT 6bIJI
OH OTnpaBJieH B fOJib,n:6epr B JiaTMHCKYIO IIIKOJiy. «0TnpaBJI5151 B IIIKOJiy, OTeu

2 TaJiepa Ha nponMTaHMe, M 51 Cl.J:MTaJI ce651 6oraTbIM. TaK:>Ke OH ,[{a.JI
22 BeilcrpoIIIa M c,n:eJiaJI MHe 6apxaTHYIO IIIanKy~. ,llaJiee lllBeilHMXeH paccKa3bIBaeT: «B 1567 r. OTeu KynMJI MHe nepByIO IIInary M sanJiaTMJI

,[{a.JI MHe

MHe Ha KHMrH
sa Hee

34

BeilcrpoIIIa~. TpH ro.n:a nos,n:Hee «Hal.la.JI 51 BOJIOl.J:MTbC51 sa ,n:eByIIIKa-

MM, M MHe Ka3aJIOCb, l.J:TO 51 MaCTep 3TOf0 ,n:eJia.

5I

nocern;aJI CBa,n:b6bI M .n:py-

rMe co6paHM51, Ky,n:a MeH51 npMrJiaIIIaJIH' eJI M nHJI c ,n:aMaMH nOJIOBMHY HOl.J:lI
M ueJiyIO HOl.J:b M nocrynaJI TaK, KaK XOTeJIM ,n:aMbI~. ,llaJiee OH fOBOpMT: «3TOT
ro.n: (

1570)

6bIJI 51 ,n:oMa, ,[{OJI:>KeH 6bIJI pacnop51:>KaTbC51 Ha MeJibHMUe OTUa M

,n:aBaTb B 3TOM OTl.J:eT, a TaK:>Ke npMcMaTpMBaTb JI nOMOraTb B ,n:pyroM BC51KOM
X0351HCTBe, ,n:aBaTb fOCT51M nHTbe, pacnop51:>KaTbC51 pbI6HOll JIOBJieM:, BbI,[{aBaTb
KOpM, 3aHMMaTbC51 MOJIOTb6oii M HCnOJIH51Tb BC51KHe ,n:pyrMe ,n:eJia, KaKHe TOJibKO B03MO:>KHo. B 3TOM ro.n:y s,n:ecb 6hIJIM cpaMHMKH

(Unflater );

TaK Ha3hIBaJIH

ce651 ,n:Ba.n:uaTb ceMb l.J:eJIOBeK, KOTOpbie o6513aJIMCb KAATBOM, Ky,n:a HM npM;ZJ;yT,
,n:eJiaTb BC51KMll cpaM, KaKOll TOJibKO MoryT. OHM o6513aJIMCb He MOJIHTbC51, He
MbITbC51 M ,n:eJiaTb BC51KMe 6oroMep30CTH. OHM l.J:aCTO, l.J:eJIOBeKa no l.J:eTbipe M no
n51Tb sapas, npHXO,[{lIJIM K MOeMy OTUy, HO TaK KaK 51 y:>Ke 3HaJI, l.J:TO OHM sa
JIIO,lJ:H, TOM He CB513bIBaJIC51 HMKOr,n:a c
B

1573 r.

HMMM~.

lllBeilHHXeH oTnpaBMJIC51 B MeKJieH6ypr B CBMTe repuora JlMr-

HHUKoro. «B 3TO nyTeIIIeCTBMe, -

fOBOpMT OH, -

51 npMo6peJI ce6e nb51HCT-

BOM 6oJihIIIYIO lI3BeCTHOCTb M COCTaBMJI ce6e 6oJibIIIOe HM51, TaK KaK CKOJibKO
51 HM nHJI, COBCeM He ynHBaJIC51~. 3aMeTMM KCTaTM, l.J:TO ,n:a:>Ke CTO JieT nos,n:Hee
MO:>KHO 6bIJIO COCTaBMTb ce6e nb51HCTBOM «60JibIIIYIO M3BeCTHOCTb~, KaK 3TO
CBM,n:eTeJibCTByeT npMMep o,n:Horo 6paH,n:eH6yprcKoro o6ep-KaMeprepa. 3TOT
o6ep-KaMeprep KypT cpoH fiyprc,n:opcp MMeJI o6bIKHOBeHMe BhIIIMBaTb B o6e.n:

18

6yTbIJIOK BMHa M XBaJIMJIC51, l.J:TO 6Jiaro,n:ap51 CBoeil cnoco6HOCTM MHOro nMTb

npHo6peJI He OAHY .n:epeBeHbKY OT CBOero rocy.n:ap51.
,lla:>Ke npeKpaCHblll noJI, M npMTOM ,n:a:>Ke caMbie BbICOKHe M 3HaTHbie
,n:aMbI, BOBCe He nMTaJI OTBparn;eHH51 K .n:o6poMy HeMeUKOMY «Schluk und

Trunk~. )KecTKH 6bIJIH HpaBbI

XVI

CTOJieTH51. TenepeIIIHMe scpMpHbie M

M3511Il;Hbie ,n:aMbl npM,n:yT B y:>KaC, eCJIM Mbl MM CKa:>KeM, l.J:TO cppeiIJIMHbl aHrJIMllCKOll KopoJieBbI EJIH3aBeTbI, a TaK:>Ke ,n:eBMUhI caMbIX sttaTHbIX cpaMMJIMH
3aBTpaKaJIM ceJie,n:KOM M sanMBaJIM ee 60JibIIIHMM Kpy:>KKaMM nMBa.
B fepMaHMM ,n:Bop repuora CaKceH-fOTa, 3pHcTa fiJiarol.J:eCTMBOro, cnpaBe,n:JIMBO Cl.J:MTaJIC51 B TO BpeMH CaMblM 6JiaroycTpOeHHbIM M yMepeHHbIM; HO l.J:TO

395
IIOHHMaJIII TOrAa KaBa.Tiepbl II AaMbl IIOA yMepeHHOCTbIO? 06 3TOM MOJKeT AaTb
IIOIDITIIe yCTaHOBJieHHblM IIOM51HYTbIM repu;oroM ~Hoftrinkordnung~ (rrop51AOK
rrplIABOpHoro ITIITb51). TaM MeJKAY rrpoq1IM B 9 rraparpacpe ronop1ITC51:
~ll.JI51 yTpeHHero JI neqepttero ITIITb51 Harneii cyrrpyre IIOAaBaTb ITIIBa II BIIHa,
CKOJibKO rroJKe.JiaeT; AJI51 rpacplIHb II ABOp51HOK rro.JiaraeTcH yTpoM 4 KPYJKKII
ITIIBa II neqepoM 3 KPYJKKII, AJI51 rocpMeiicTeplIHbI II ABYX IOHrcpep Haq1IHaH c
IlacxlI II AO MIIxaiiJioBa AH51 AaBaTb B 9 qacon yTpa no OAHOH KPYJKKe ITIIBa
Ha KaJKAYIO II CTOJlbKO )Ke B 4 qaca IIOIIOJIYAHII~.
B XVI II XVII cToJieTII51X B qJicJie ~3HaMeHIITbIX~ IIb.HHHu; nocTO.HHHO
BCTpeqaroTC51 IIMeHa 3HaTHbIX AaM. TaKOBbl 6bIJIII BO BTOpoii IIOJIOBIIHe
XVI cToJieTII51 rpacp1Im1 AHHa cpoH CTOJib6epr, KBeAJIIIH6yprcKaH ttryMeHb.H,
KOTopoii ~AJI51 IIOAKpe11JieH1I5I II ycJiaJKAeHII51~ eJKerDAHO Tpe6oBa.JIOCb TPII
IIOABOAbI BIIHa, II nplIHu;ecca AHHa CaKCOHCKa.H, AOqb Kypcpropcrn Mop1Iu;a,
Ha KOTopoii IIMeJI HecqacTbe JKeHIITbC.H BIIJibreJibM OpaHCKllH II KOTOpaH noTOM yMepJia OT IIb51HCTBa.
BoT KaK IllneiiHIIXeH on1IcbrnaeT 0KoHqaH1Ie OAHOro n1Iprnecrna nplI MeKJiett6yprcKoM ABOpe: ~KaBa.TiepbI II AaMbl 1Icqe3JI1I, TaK qTo OCTaJllICb TOJibKO
ABe AaMbl, 51 II eiu;e OAIIH KaBa.Tiep, KOTOpbIH HaqaJI TaHu;enaTb. 5I IIOCJieAOBaJI
ero rrp1IMepy. Harn Tatteu; rrpOAOJIJKaJIC.H HeAOJiro. Moii A06pb1M: rrp1I51TeJib
ycKOJib3HYJI co rnoeii AaMOM B COCeAHIOIO KOMHaTy, II 51 OTrrpaBIIJIC51 TyAa JKe
BCJieA 3a HIIMII. Mbl HarnJIII B KOMHaTe ABYX KaBa.TiepoB, JieJKaBrnlIX B IIOCTeJIII
c AaMaMII. KaBa.Tiep, c KOTOpbIM 51 TOJibKO qTo TaHu;enaJI, TaKJKe yJierc51 B rroCTeJib co CBoeii AaMoii. TorAa 51 crrpoCIIJI AaMy, c KOTOpoii TaHIJ;eBaJI, qTo 6yAeM MbI Terrepb AeJiaTb? Otta ornenrna MHe no-MeKJiett6yprcK1I: 51 TaKJKe JI51ry
BMeCTe c BaMII Ha Barny IIOCTeJib. 5I He II03BOJIIIJI ce651 AOJiro rrpoCHTb 06 3TOM
ll, KaK 6bIJI OAeTbIH, y.Jierc51 B IIOCTeJib. )laMa M051 CAeJiaJia TO JKe, II Mbl rrporonop.HJIH c Reif AO yTpa, rrpll 3TOM, BrrpoqeM, MeJKAY HaMII nee 1Ip01ICXOAHJIO COBeprneHHO qecTHO. 0HH Ha3bIBaIOT 3TO AOBep51TbC51 qecTHOCTll, - auf
Treu und Glauben beischlafen, - HO .H 6h1 He JKeJiaJI 6oJiee TaKoro AOBep1I51,
rroTOMY "l!TO TaKIIM o6pa3oM JierKo MOJKHO CAe.JiaTbC.H rneJibMOii~. )laJiee MbI ynttAHM, KaKyIO CTpaHHYIO CJiyJK6y HCrrpaBJI51JI IllBeMHHXeH rrpll ABOpe.
KorAa oxoTa, ITb51Hcrno, cTpacTb K co6aKaM, JiornaA51M H rpy6h1e 3pOTHqecKIIe HaCJiaJKAeHH51 OKa3blBaJIIICb HeAOCTaToqHbl AJI51 ABOp.HHCKOro rrperrpoBOJKAeHH51 BpeMeHII, 51BJl51JlllCb Ha IIOMOIIJ;b KapTbl, KOTOpbie, BrrpoqeM, 6bIJIII
BeCbMa JII06HMbl BCeMH COCJIOBII51Mll. 11cKyccTBO rreqaTaTb KapTbl ll306peTeHO
6brno B fepMaHHH eiu;e no nrnpoii rroJIOBHHe XIV CTOJieTH51. JlaHACKHexT, OAHa
ll3 caMbIX CTaplIHHbIX KapToqHbIX Hrp, IIMeeT repMaHCKOe rrpOIICXOJKAeHHe.
<DHIIIapT B cnoeii ~Geschichtsklitterung~, B rnane ~von des Gargantuwalts mancherley
Spiel und geviih HacqHTbrnaeT IT51TbCOT pOAOB Hrp. B arroxy pecpopMau;HII rro51BHJiach B fepMaHIIll BeCbMa 3aMeqaTeJibHa51 1Irpa, IIOJiyqHnrna51 Ha3BaHHe

396
Kamoffel

HJIH Karniffel-Spiel. Otta 3aMetiaTeJibHa TeM, tITo B Herr Beptto BbI-

pa)KaJIHCb peJIHfH03Ho-110JIHTHtJecKHe co6b1Tm1 Toro BpeMeHH. KaK BeJIHKa
6bIJia Hrpa B Te BpeMeHa, MO)KHO cy,llJITb H3 TOfO, lJTO, HallpHMep, cpeJibJ.(raYllTMaH Ayrc6ypra, H3BeCTHbIH CenacTb.HH IllepTJIHH, Bhrn:rpaJI B TetJettrre
ro.n:a (

1531) "CJeTbipe

Hrpa,

Jl0.M6ep,

TbIC.H"CJH ryJib.n;eHOB. CaMa.H CJIO)KHM H yMHM KapTO"CJHM

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404
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.D:JI51 HMX ,n:eJIO IIIJIO 0 caMbIX CBHll{eHHbIX npaBax M 6Jiarax. BocIIMTaHMe
KpecTbHHCKMX ,n:eTeH 6bIJIO B TO BpeM51 B CTpaIIIHOM rrpeHe6pe)Kemm: OHM
pocJIM KaK ,n:oMaIIIHMe )KMBOTHbie. CMMIIJIMll;IICCMMyc roBopMT o ce6e, qTo,
6y.n;yqM MaJibqMKOM, ~He 3HaJI HII Bora, HM JIIo,n:eH:, HM tte6a, HM a.n;a, HM attreJia,
HM JlbHBOJia, HM .n:o6pa, HM 3Jia~.
Bo BpeM51 TpM,n:D,aTMJieTHeH: BOHHbI HM3IIrne KJiaccnI y)KaCHO o,n:MqaJIM.
IIIaH:KM Mapo,n:epoB II OTCJIY)KMBIIIMX COJI,n:aT' KOTOpbie rrpeBpaTIIJIMCb B pa36oi1:HIIKOB, CTpaHCTBOBaJIM no ceJiaM, BOpOBaJIM, rpa6MJIM, )KrJIM, y6MBaJIM.
K 3TMM IIIaiIKaM rrpMMbIKaJI caMbIH pa3Hoo6pa3HbIH c6po.n:: ll,biraHe, HMll{Me,
6erJibie CB511U:eHHHKH, 3aKyTHBIIrne IIIKOJibHIIKH, ryJIHll{He ,n:eBKH.
)lo Hae ,n:oIIIJia o.n;Ha 6poIIIIOpa Toro BpeMeHM (Liber vagatorum), B KornpoH: HacqMTbIBaeTCH .n:o TpM,n:D,aTM copTOB JIIO.n;eH:, COCTaBJI51BIIIMX 3TM 6po,n:51qMe pa360HHMqbM IIIaHKII II Ka)K,lJ;OMy copTy rrpM,n:aHO oco6oe xapaKTepM3y10ru:ee ero Ha3BaHMe, KaK HarrpMMep Stabuler, Lossner, Debisser, Kamesierer, Grantner, Dutzer, Schlepper, Zinkissen, Vopper, Dallinger, Kandierer,
Blatschierer M rrp. B Te BpeMeHa CJIO)KMJICH oco6bIH BopoBCKOH UbiraHCKMM
513bIK, Rothwalsch, rrpe,n:cTaBJI51BIIIMM HeBepo51TttyIO cMecb BCeBo3MO)KHbIX 513bIKOB M HapeqMM. BrrpoqeM, Ha.n;o 3aMeTMTb, qTQ )KM3Hb 3TMX 6po,n:Hr KpOMe
rHyCHOH, OTTaJIKMBaIOru:eH: CTOpOHbl HMeJia TaK)Ke M CBOIO II03TMqecKyIO CTOpoHy. JierKOMbICJIMe, Hecqacnre, )Ka)K.n;a cB060,n:b1 3aBJieKJIM B Te BpeMeHa He
o.n;Horo .n:apOBMTOro IOHOIIIY B 6po.n;Rqy10 )KH3Hb pa360HHWibHX IIIaeK, M, MO)KeT 6bITb, He O.D:MH cry6MBIIIMH CBOe 6y.n:yru:ee .n:o6pbIH IOHOIIIa, 3aBJieqeHHbIH
B Jieca IOHOIIIeCKOH CTpaCTbIO, CM,lJ;R y HOqHoro KOCTpa B o6ru:ecTBe 6po,n:51r'
c TMXOH CKOp6bIO 3a,n;yMblBaJICH 0 qIICTOH, CBeTJIOH )KM3HM. 3TMM o6b51CH51eTCH, KaKMM o6pa30M c caMOH OTBpaTIITeJibHOH pa360HHMqbeii cpe.n:oH: MOrJia
y)KIIBaTbCR caMAA <rMCTAA Hapo.n;HAA II033MR. KaK OT rrpe)KHero BpeMeHM, TaK
M OT XVI II XVII CTOJieTIIH MbI HMeeM MHO)Kecrno HapO.ZJ:HbIX rreceH, II3
KOTOpbIX MHOrIIe rrpHHa,n:Jie)KaT K JIY'IIIIMM C03,n:aHM51M repMaHCKOH Hapo.ZJ;HOH
mrpHKM, KaK HarrpHMep 3Ta rrpeBocxo.n;Ha51 rreCHb: Komm, Trost der
N acht, o N achtigall! (npII,n:M, yTexa HO<rM, coJioBeH:! ). XoT51 B 3rroxy PecpopMall,IIM TeOJioro-rrpoTeCTaHTCKMH 3JieMeHT M IIpOHIIK B 3HaqIITeJibHOM
CTerreHM B Hapo.n;HyIO rreCHb, HO He Mor) O,ZJ;HaKO, ee COBepIIIeHHO
M3BpaTMTb. HcTopH<recKMe repMaHCKMe Hapo,n:Hbie rrecHM XVI cToJieTMH
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405
B

XVI

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crny .n:opor. B rapu;cKHX PY.ll.HMKax .n:m1 6oJiee JierKoii ,nocraBKM py.n:Hoii IIIT)'cj_}b1 ycTpOeHbl 6bIJIH HCKYCCTBeHHbie .n:epemrnHbie .n:oporH, KOTOpbie IIOTOM HaIIIJIH ce6e rro.n:pa)l\aHHe B AHrJIMH M B036y)];HJIH TaM rrepByIO MbICJib 0 )l\eJie3HbIX .n.oporax. BrrpoqeM, Te BpeMeHa rrpe,n;CTaBJIHIOT HaM TOJibKO BeCbMa
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IIY™ M .ll.OCTHrttyB IIOCTOIDIOro .n;Bopa,

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HHK He Haxo.n;MJI ce6e CilOKOHHOfO HoqJiera M qacTO rro.n;Bepra.JICH HerrpHHTHO-

P. Beii:IIIJiar. «CeMeitmm cn:eHa 16 BeKa (c'IaCTmrnoe B03Bpamem1eh

406

JI. PttTTep. «fo0oTttmui;a "3oJIOTOtt rycb"

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3AeCb KCTaTM 6yAeT rrp11BeCTM M3BeCTHOe OIIMCaHMe HeMeU:KMX IIOCT051JlblX
ABOpoB rrepBoii: rroJIOBMHbI

XVI

CTOJieTM51, KOTopoe HaM ocTaBMJI BeJIMKMii: ry-

MaHMCT 3pasM B cB011x ~Colloquia~. B HeAaBHee BpeM51 PyArapT rrepeBeJI 3TO
OIIMCaHMe Ha HeMeU:KMH 513bIK, OT6poc11B em pasroBopttyIO cpopMY. QqeHb MO)l(eT
6bITb, qTo B CBOeM OIIMCaHMM BbICOKOo6pa30BaHHbIH 3pa3M MeCTaMM YBJieKC51
OCTpoyMMeM M CJIMIIIKOM rrocrreIIIHO Ha6pocaJI Kpacirn. HecoMI-ieHHO TaK)l(e, qTQ
B fepMaHMM y)l(e B rrepBbie AeC51TMJieTM51

XVI

cToJieTM51, oco6eHHo B 6oraTbIX

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HaXOAMJIM roCTerrpHHMHbiii: MAO HeKoTopoii: CTerreHM YA06Hbiii: rrpMIOT. Ho, sa
HeMHOfMMM MCKJIIOqeHM51MM, OIIMCaHMe 3HaMeHMTOfO pOTTepAaMu:a, 6es
COMHeHM51, BepHO xapaKTepMsyeT rpoMaAHOe 6oJibIIIMHCTBO He TOJibKO
saropOAHbIX, HO M ropOACKMX IIOCT051JiblX ABOpOB Toro BpeMeHM. BoT 3TO OIIMCaHMe: ~KorAa IIPMAeIIIb, HMKTO He BbIHAeT Te651 BCTpeTMTb, qT06bI He IIOKa3aTb, qTO paAbI f0CT51M, TaK KaK 3TO y HMX cq11TaeTC5I HM3KMM, HeIIpHCTOHHbIM, YHM3MTeJibHbIM AJI51 HeMeu:Koro AOCTOMHCTBa. YcrreeIIIb AOCbITa HaKpMqaTbC51, IIOKa HaKOHeu: BbICyHeTC51 fOJIOBa B KpoIIIeqHoe OKOIIIeqKo )l(apKO
HaTOIIJieHHOH KOMHaTbl, BblfJl51Ab1Ba5I, TOqHo qeperraxa M3 CBoero AOMa. B TaKMX )l(apKo HaTOIIJieHHbIX KOMHaTax OHM )l(MBYT rroqTM AO JieTHero COJIHU:eCT051HM51. K 3TOH BbITJ151AbIBaIOmeii: B OKOIIIeqKO fOJIOBe Thi AOJI)l(eH o6paTMTbC51 c BOrrpocoM, MO)l(HO JIM

TYT OCTaHOBMTbC51,

M ecJIM Te6e He OTBeT51T OTKa30M, TO 3Ha-

407
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JI. PIITTep. <R qacbI Kacpe;:i:paJibttoro CTpac6ypra:i>

408
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nprr BaBII.IIOHCKOM CTOJIIIOTBopeHlIII. KaK TO.llbKO ycMOTpHT He3HaKoMu:a,
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410
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416
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422
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OTrrpaBIIJIII JleTJ'IIIH 0Tp51.ll: II3

200 KHeXTOB II 1000 IICilaHU,eB,

B 6eJIOM. Mb! IIOJiaraJIII .ll:OCTII'Ih CTeHbl

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paeIIpOB B ca,n:y, HO ,n;eHb orrepe,n:IIJI Hae II rroMeIIIaJI IICITOJIHIITbCH HaIIIeMy Ha-

423
Mepemno. K1Ipac1Ipbl CIIOXBaTHJIIICb BOBpeM51 II HarrpaBHJIHCb K rJiaBHOMY
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My OTPMY

12

f epMaHMM,

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TeM II R, <Dpottcrrepr, BMeCTe c KacrrapoM BIIHI(pepoM ,l(BIIttyJIC51 c ,n:pyrnMII OTPMaMII JiaH,l(CKHeXTOB. UeiirMeiicTepbI 6es Ramero rrp1IKa3aHMH pacrrp51f.JIII opy,n:MR. ,lloCTIIrHYB ca.n;a, MbI neperoBopHJIII 3HaKaMII c HaxO,l(IIBmlIMMCR B IlaBIIII
II ycJIOBHJIIICb coiITHCb B MecTe, Ha3bIBaeMOM M1Ipa6eJib. TyT MapKM3 IlecKapa np1IKasaJI MepTeiIHy rrocrremHo II,ll;TII K rJiaBHoMy BoiicKy, a 51, <DpoHcrrepr, ,ll;OJI:>KeH 6bIJI O:>KH,n;aTb, IIOKa 3aIIp51ryT opy,n:II51. TaK KaK CKOpo rrepeBeCTlI opy.n;MH qepes pBbl 6bIJIO HeB03MO:>KHO, TO cppaHI(y3CKaH KOHHIII(a ycneJia rrepe6MTb HeCKOJibKO BOJIOB M JIOma,n;ell: nplI opy.n;II51X; II03TOMY H ,ll;OJI:>KeH 6bIJI
OCTaBIITb opy.n;MH II rrocnemHJI rrp1Icoe.n;1IH1ITbCH c MOHM OTPMOM K OTPMJ MepTeiitta. HerrpHRTeJibCKa.sI KOHHHI(a, a TaK)Ke HerrpmITeJibCKHe JiaH,ZJ;CKHeXTbI H
mBeH:uapI(bI ,ll;BHttyJIIICb Ha Hae; Bbiexana Bnepe,n: HerrpMRTeJibCKM apTHJIJiepHR
H CMJihHO B Hae CTpeJI.s:i:Jia, HO, 6Jiaro.n.ap.s:i: Bory, He c.n;eJIMa Bpe,n:a. Tor.n;a MbI

pemlIJIIICb, -

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1500

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6b1-

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I

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pasrpa6HJIH Beeb nx Jiarepb. BMecTe c yTOttyBmIIMII y tterrpHmeJI51 rror1I6JI0 ,n:o
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60.Tiee 400

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MMeHHO KOpOAA cppaHUY3CKOro, KOp0.7151 HaBappcKoro, 6paTa KOpOJI51 moT-

424
JiaH,Ll.eKoro H MHOfHX 3HaTHblX cppaHI1y3eKHX roeno.n., a KOTOpbie He norraJIH
B nJieH, see 6hIJIII y611TbI. B35IJIH MbI TaK.IKe y ttenpiuITeJI5I

32

opymrn.

IIIseH:11apIJ,eB, KOTOpbIX IIOJIOHHJIH H IIOTOM OTnyeTHJIH, 6bIJIO ,Ll.O 'IeTbipex
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OnHeattHoe HaMH soeHHoe yeTpoH:erno tte rro.n:seprJioeb B Tp11.n.11anrneT
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BO MHoroM H3MeH5IJIHeh 11 eoseprneHeTBoBaJIHeh. THJIJIH, BaJIJieHI1JTeliH,
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opy,L1.II5I

XVI

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6ol.J:Ka c rropoxoM II KOHCTe6Jib JIOIIaTKOR CbIIIaJI nopox B JKepJIO opy,L1.M5I. BaJIJieHIDTeRH yBeJIII'IIIJI .n:o

80

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300

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He TOJlbKO H3 O.ZJ:HIIX T5I.IKeJibIX CHap5I,L1.0B: OH rrepBbIR 3aBeJI TaK Ha3bIBaeMyIO
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425
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.H3blK CTaHOBMJIC.H B f epMaHMM rrpMJJ;BOpHblM .H3blKOM, B TO )Ke BpeM.H BXOJJ;IIJIO B MOAY ITOJIHeiimee .H3bIKOCMemeHMe, II rrpeKpaCHblH HeMeu;KIIH .H3blK
ITOJJ;Beprc.H HeCJiblXaHHOMY MCKa)KeHMIO; II yqeHble, II rrpMKa3qMKM, II rrporroBeJJ;HMKll, II KYITU:bl, II coJIAaTbl -

Bee cqMTaJIM, qTo JJ;eJiaIOT HeqTo BecbMa xo-

pomee, BrrJieTa.H B poJJ;ttyro cBoro peqb pa3Hb1e qy)Ke3eMHb1e cJioBa, co6paHHb1e

qyTb JIM He co Bcex .H3b1KOB MMpa. «0 Bbl, 6oJiee qeM Hepa3yMHble ITOTOMKM! BOCKJIMIJ;aeT Momepom (
CTBeHHllKOB. -

1650

r.) B crrpaBeJJ;JIMBOM rHeBe Ha CBOMX COOTeqe-

IIocMoTpMTe! Mett.HeT JIM KaKoe Hepa3yMttoe )KMBOTHoe B yro-

AY JJ;pyroMy cBoii .H3blK II roJioc? CJiblXaJill JIM Bbl KorJJ;a-HM6yJJ:b, qTo6 KOUIKa B yroJJ:y co6aKe 3aJia.HJia, a co6aKa B yroJJ;y KOIIIKe 3aM.HYKaJia? TBepJJ;blH
HeMeU:KMH AYX II JierKOMblCJieHHa.H IIH03eMrn;11Ha TO )Ke, qTO KOIIIKa II co6aKa.
Bbl He pa3yMttee )KMBOTHblX II xopomo C,ll,eJiaeTe, ecJIM 6y,ll,eTe cJie,ll,oBaTb MX
rrpIIMepy. CJiblXaJIM JIM Bbl KOfJJ;a-HM6y,ll,b, qTo6 ITTllU:a Mb1qaJia, a KOpOBa
CBllCTaJia? EJiaropo,ll,HblH, rrpMpO,ll,HblH CBOH .H3blK Bbl He XOTMTe ,ll,a)Ke coxpaH.HTb B BallleM OTeqecTBe

-

CTbl,ll,HO BaM! ~.

llTaK, B fepMaHMM HallIJillCb II OITITOHeHTbl IIH03eMHblM BJIM.HHM.HM, MCKa)KaBIIIMM II HaU:llOHaJibHYIO )KM3Hb, II HaU:MOHaJibHblR .H3blK, II Mbl OT qMcToro
cep.n.u:a crremMM 1IpM3HaTb, qTo Ha 3TOT pa3 BO rJiaBe rraTpMOTMqecKOH OIIIT03Ml(Mll CTO.HJI HeMel(KIIii rocyJJ;apb. 3To 6b1JI Jiro.n.oBIIK AttraJibT-KeTeHCKMii,
qeJioBeK BbICOK006pa30BaHHbIH, MHOro M3yqaBIIIllH, MHOro rryTemeCTBOBaBIIIMH, 6JIM3KO 3HaKOMbiii c MHOCTPaHHoii JIMTepaTypoii, qy)K,ll,blH II rpy6b1x y.n.oBOJibCTBJiii CBOJIX co6paTbeB, II 6eCCMblCJieHHOro JIX rro.n.pa)KaHJI.H MH03eMHOMy, IIpMTOM qeJIOBeK .n.e.HTeJibHblH II He 6e3 JIJITepaTypttoro TaJiaHTa. 3HaKOMCTBO c MTaJib.HHCKJIMM aKa,l],eMJI.HMII B036y,ll,IIJIO B HeM )KeJiaHJie IIOIIbITaTbCR
3aBeCTJI HeqTQ rro.n.o6Hoe JI B fepMaHJIJI, II OH OCTaHOBMJIC.H Ha MbICJIII, 6Jiaro.n.ap.H B oco6eHHOCTM BttymeHII.HM TropnttrcKoro ,ll,BOp.HHIIHa Kacrrapa cpoH TeiiTJie6etta, OCHOBaTb B f epMaHIIII «TaKoe o6rn;eCTBO, KOTOpoe 6bI CTapaJIOCb roBOpHTb II 1rncaTb Ha qMCTOM HeMel(KOM .H3b1Ke II Tpy,ll,IIJIOCb 6bl Ha ITOJib3Y
oTeqecrneHHoro .H3bIKa~. TaK B03HJIKJIO rrepBoe HeMeu:Koe o6rn:ecrno JII06MTeJieii

452
OTe"CfeCTBeHHOro 513bIKa. <DopMa.JibHbIM 06pasoM OHO 6bIJIO OCHOBaHo B

1617

ro,ll.y I1

tta3bIBaJioCb ~Fruchtbringende Gesells-

chaft~ (IlJIO,ll.OTBopttoe o6rn,ecTBo). CoOTBeTCTBeHHO IIOH51TH51M Toro BpeMeHH, ITO
yCTpOHCTBY CBOeMy OHO IIMeJIO cpopMy op,ll.eHCKOfO y-qpe)K,a:eHII5I; 3M6JieMOH ero
6bIJIO rraJibMOBOe ,ll.epeBo, ,ll.eBII30M -

~Alles zu Nutzen» (Bee B IIOJibsy). Otto
paspocJIOCb B KopoTKoe BpeM51.

B

Hero

BCTyrramI II rrpIIHIJ;, II BOIIHbl, H rocy,ll.apCTBeHHbie JIIOJJ.H, II y-qeHbie, II rro3Tbl.

B

"lfIICJie ero "lfJieHOB 6bIJIII TaKIIe JIIO,TJ.II, KaK
Orrm1, II lbnpIIx cpoH Bep,a:ep. XoT51 ero

f.<Dpami:. «0pi'.(eHCKHH 3HaK

JIHTepaTypHbie rrpOH3Be,TJ.eHH51 H He B03BbI-

«IlJio)J.oTBopttoro o6mecrna>,>

Illa.JIHCb Ha,TJ. ypoBHeM BpeMeHH, HO, TeM He
Mettee, HCJib351 He rrpnsHaTb, qyo OHO rrpntteCJIO HeMaJio IIOJlb3bl OTe"lfeCTBeHHOMy 513bIKY II 3aCJIY)KIIBaeT TeM 6oJibIIIYIO rrpn3HaTeJibHOCTb, "l!TO ,ll.OJI)KHO
6bIJIO 6opOTbC51 c CHJlbHbIMII rrpOTHBHIIKaMII CBOHX rraTpHOTII"CfeCKIIX CTpeMJieHIIH. fJiaBHbIMH rrpoT1IBH1IKaMII ero 6bIJIH aaMbI BbICIIIero o6rn,ecTBa, KOTOpb1e
B TO BpeM51 BOCTOpra.JIIICb JJ.O 6e3yMII51 rraczyIIIeCKOH II0331ICH aBTopa

~Acrpm»,

COBepIIIeHHO qy)K,TJ.aJIHCb BCero HeMeu;Koro H BOCCTaBaJIII rrpOTIIB Bcero, qTo
HMeJIO HaIJ;IIOHaJibHbIH xa paKTep. HeJib351, KOHC"l!HO' OTBepra Tb, "lfTO

~IlJIO,ll.OTBOpHoe o6rn,ecTBO» caMo IIHOr,TJ.a ,TJ.aBa.JIO IIOBOJJ. K HacMeIIIKaM, II MbI
,TJ.a)Ke Terrepb He MO)KCM "lflITaTb 6e3 CMexa, KaKIIe CTpaHHbie rrp03BaHII51 HOCIIJIII
pb1u;apII rra.JibMOBoro op,ll.etta, KaK, ttarrplIMep, Co"l!HbIH, M51rKHH, IIpocTO.ll.YIIIHbIH, BeTP51HbIH, IUeKOTJIIIBbIH, BJiaroBOHHbIH, KncJioBaTbIH, BbI)KaTbIH, IlpIIB513"lfIIBbIH, IllITaTeJihHbIH

(Fiittemde),

My"lfHIICTbIH II rrpo"l!.

IIo,n;o6Hbie rrposBaHH51 ,ll.aBaJIIICb He B IIIYTKY, a coBepIIIeHHO cepbestto II
COCTaBJI51JIII IIO"l!CCTII. Mttoro 6bIJIO JIIIIIIHero II rrycToro B 3TOM op,n;ette, HO 3TO
He IIOMeIIIaJIO eMy rrepe)KIITb Bee 6yp1I TpII,ll.IJ;aTIIJICTHeM: BOllHbl H HCJlb351 OTBepraTb, "lfTO, no Kpailtteii Mepe, ,TJ.O HCKOTopoM: CTCIICHH OH Bos6y)K,ll.a.JI H IIO,ll.,a:ep)KHBa.JI B BbICIIIHX KJiaccax o6rn,ecTBa BHIIMaHHe K OTC"l!CCTBCHHOMY 513bIKY
II o6pasoBaHIIIO.

B

TOM )Ke ayxe aeiicTBOBa.JIII H apyrue o6rn,ecTBa, yCTpoeH-

Hbie no ero o6pasu;y: ~Op,a:eH rrerHIIIJ;KIIX rraczyxoB~, OCHOBaHHblll B HIOpH6epre B

1642

roay fapcaopcpepoM II KJiaileM, ~HeMeu;Koe TOBap1Irn,ecTBo», oc-

HoBaHHoe B faM6ypre B

1643

roay <DIIJIIIIIIIOM cpoH UeseHOM, II ~3Jib6CKIIH

Jie6e,ll.IIHbIH Op,ll.CH», OCHOBaHHblH B

1656

roay MoaHHOM PHCTOM.

Ho, K HecqacTHO, Ha IIOMOill,b 3TIIM YCIIJIIIHM He 51BHJIC5I HCTMHHO TBOpqeCKIIH rettIIii, crroco6HbIH BbipasIITb po6K1Ie, OTpbIBO"lfHbie rrpo6JiecKn ttapo,n;tto-

453
ro .n;yxa B TaKIIX rrpOM3Be.n;emrnx, KOTOpbie 6bI eBOMM eo.n;ep:>I<aHMeM M KpaeoTOH YBJieKJIM Beex. Ellie ueJioe eToJieTMe .n;oJIJKHO 6bIJIO rrpoilTM, rrpeiK.n;e qeM
.HBMJIOI B fepMaHMM MeTMHHO opMrMHaJibHblH II03T . .llaJKe ,ll;OJiroe BpeM.H M B

XVIII emJieTMM f epMaHM5I He MMeJia MHoil JIMTeparypb1, KpoMe no.n;paJKaTeJibHOH,
rr rrpMTOM 3Ta rro.n;paiKaTeJibHM JIMTepaTypa OTJIMqaJiaeh rrpeiKHeii: rrocpe.n;cTBeHHocTbIO. Ilo3TOMY Hey.n;MBMTeJibHO, qTQ BbieIIIee 06II1eeTBO rrpe.n;IIOlfMTaJIO
MH03eMHbie opMrMHaJibI rroepe.n;eTBeHHbIM MeeTHbIM rro.n;paiKaHM.HM. Bee, lfTO
.n;eJiaJIOeb HeMeUKMMl1 .n;BopaMl1 ,ll;Jl.H yMeTBeHHOH JKl13Hl1 f epMaHl111 B KOHUe
XVII 11 B HaqaJie XVIII eToJieTMH, Bee ttoe11JI0 Ha ee6e 11eKJIIOlfMTeJibHO cppaHuy3eKrri1 xapaKTep, KaK, Harrp11Mep, 6epJIMHeKM aKa.n;eMl1.H HayK, oeHOBaHHM
B 1700 ro.n;y eTapa1rn.HMl1 KOpoJieBbl rrpyceKOH IllapJIOTbl rrp11 eo.n;eiieTBMl1
Jle:i1:6Hmi;a. «Terrepb, - roBopMTe.H B o.n;Hoil 6poIII10pe (Der deutsch-franzosische
Modegeist), IIO.HBMBIIIeHC.H B 1689 ro.n;y, - Terrepb Bee ,ll;OJIJKHO 6bITb cppaHUY3eKoe: cppaHUy3eKl1H .H3bIK, cppaHUy3eKa.H o.n;eJK.n;a, cppaHUy3eK11e KyIIIaHb.H,
cppattuy3eKa.H rrocy.n;a, cppaHUy3eK11e TaHUbI, cppaHUy3eKa.H MY3bIKa 11 cppaHuy3eKa.H 6oJie3Hb. fop,Zl;bIH, JIJKl1BbIH, pa3BpaTHbIH cppaHUy3eKMH .n;yx eoBepIIIeHHO yebIIIMJI Hae CBOMMM JibCTMBbIMM pelfaMM. EoJibIIIa.H lfaeTb HeMel.lKMX
,ll;BOpOB JKl1BeT Ha cppami:y3eK11H MaHep, M KTO xoqeT 6bITb rrpMH.HT rrpH 3TMX
,ll;BOpax, TOT ,ll;OJIJKeH BbIYqHTbe.H rro-cppaHUy3eKM M rro6bIBaTb B IlapHiKe, KOTOpbIH MOJKHO Ha3BaTb YHMBepeMTeTOM Be.HKOro JierKOMbieJIM.H~.

454

I'JZaea

VI
HAYKA I1 OEPA30BAHI1E
TeoJtoZUR. To.Ma3uii. -

OpmoaoKCUR, .Mucmuu,u3M u ceKma11mcmeo. - EeM. - Jleii611uu,.
CneHep-C!JpaHKCKuii nuemu3M. - IlpaeoeeaeHue. - IlyrjJe11aoprjJ.
~KapoAuHa~. - Fpa.;KaaHcKoe npaeo. - HcmopUR: J1amu11cKue ucmopuu
u 11e.Meu,Kue xpo11uKu. - Ecmecmeo3Ha1tue. - AJlxuMUR. - Mame.MamuKa
u acmpoHOMUR. - KonepHUK. - KenAep. - YHueepcumembt. - Coaep.;KaHue
nporjJeccopoe. - YtteHbte wapJtamaHbt. - Ytte6HbtU .Memoa. - BHelllHUU eua
cmyaeHmoe. - Ko11mpacmbt cmyaeHttecKoii ;1w3HU. - IIe1111aJ1U3M. 3e.MJlRttecmeo. - CmyaeHttecKoe eapeapcmeo.

B

o,n:Hoii: H3 npe,n:h:r,n:yrn;ttx mas MbI ro-

sopmm y)Ke 06 o6rn;eM xapaKTepe repMaHcKoii: HayKtt s ::moxy PecpopMai_~HH,
0 SbICOKHX ryMaHHCTWieCKHX C'rpeMJiemrnx, 03HaMeHosasnrnx py6e)K cpe,n:HHX
seKOS, ll 0 TOM, KaK 3Tll CTpeMJieHH.SI s KOpOTKOe speM.SI 3arJIOXJlll s TeOJIOfllqecKOH opTo,n:oKCHH. Tenepb MbI 6pocttM 6ernb1ii: s3rJI.Sl.l( Ha pa3SHTHe pa3JIWIHbIX HayK .n:o

XVIII

cTOJieTH.SI H OTMeTHM rJiasHeii:rntte cpa3hI 3TOro pa3sIITH.SI.

Mbl 6y,n:eM rosopHTb KOpOTKO, qTo6 HaM OCTaJIOCb 60JibIIIe MeCTa .l(Jl.SI ll306pa)KeHH.SI HeMeu;Koii: yqeHOCTll s COI(llaJibHbIX ee npO.SISJieHH.SIX, TaK KaK no
caMoMy xapaKTepy Harnero Tpy.n:a COU:HaJibHa.SI CTOpoHa .l(OJI)l(Ha CTO.SITb Ha
nepsoM nJiaHe.

B

3TOM KpaTKOM o63ope nepsoe MecTo npttHa,n:Jie)KHT, no sceii: cnpase.n:-

JIHSOCTH, TeOJIOfllll. 11o,n:o6HO TOMy KaK s cpe,n:HHe seKa KaTOJIIIqecKo-poMaHTHqecKa.SI CXOJiaCTHKa rocno,n:CTSOSaJia Ha,n: HayKoii: ll )KH3HbIO, TaK s nepHO.l(
speMeHH c

XVI

.n:o

XVIII

CTOJieTH.SI npoTecTaHTCKo-TeoJiorIIqecKa.SI yqeHOCTb

3a,n:asaJia r JiaSHbiii: TOH yMcrneHHOii: )Kll3HH repMaHcKoro Hapo,n:a. HaM MoryT
3aMeTHTb, qTo KaTOJIHU:H3M, socnp.SIHYSIIIHH s He3yHTH3Me c HOSbIMH CllJlaMH,
TaK)Ke HrpaJI s TO speM.SI .l(OSOJibHO Sll.l(HYIO poJib s fepMaHHH, ll Mbl 3TOfO
sosce He ,n:yMaJIH OTpttu;aTb. Ho Ka)K,l(blll, cy,n:.Hlll;llll 6ecnpHCTpacTHO, corJiaCHTC.SI c HaMH, qTo He3yHTll3M no caMoMy cyrn;eCTsy csoeMy ll no sceM CSOHM
npo.SISJieHH.SIM 6bIJI ll eCTb .SISJieHHe HCKJIJOqHTeJibHO poMaHCKOe, qTo no3TOMY
s fepMaHHll OH 6bIJI scer.n:a KaK HeqTo qy)K,n:Oe eii:, npHIIIJIOe ll qTo, HeCMOTp.SI Ha see SHeIIIHee Moryrn;eCTSO, KOTOporo OH .l(OCTHraJI nocpe,n:CTSOM COI03a
co cseTCKHMll SJiaCnIMH, HIIKor.n:a He HMeJI OH Hll s HayKe, Hll s JIHTepaType,
HM s ttcKyccTse 3HaqttTeJibHoro, ycToii:qttsoro SJIH.SIHH.SI Ha npo.SisJieHH.SI HaIJ;H-

OHaJibHoii: yMcrneHHOii: )Kll3HH fepMaHHH.

H

3TO .n:o TaKoii: cTeneHH cnpase.l(JIH-

455
BO, l.JTO Ka:K CKOpo He3YlfT )l(eJlaJI c.n;eJiaTbCH

yl.JaCTHHKOM

B

HaUHOHaHbHOM

repMaHCKOM YMCTBeHHOM )l(H3HH, OH OTpeKaJICH OT CBOero He3yHTH3Ma. IlpHMepoM 3ToMy MO)l(eT CHY)l(HTb <Dptt.n;pttx
lllne (Spee), aBTOp npeBOCXO,lJ;HbIX neceH H HeycTpanrnMbIH npOTHBHHK npouecCOB no KOH.ll;OBCTBY' a TaK)l(e 5IKOB
Ea.n:b.n;e (Balde), KOTOpbIM 6brn HaCTOHbKO naTpHOT, l.JTO cpe.n;H y)l(acoB Tptt.n;uaTHHeTHeli BOMHbl, KOTopaH B03HHKHa
r HaBHbIM o6pa30M BCHe,lJ;CTBHe K03Hett
HesyHTCKOfO op.n;eHa, H3HHBaJI B noTpHcaromHx o.n;ax cBoe co)l(aHeHHe o pas-

,

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IVENTIS·l'OTVIT•DVRERIVS·ORA:PHIUPPI
N\:£.NTE.M.: NON· POTvlT· PiNGERE •DO GT
.MANVS

.n;po6HeHHH H pasopeHHH fepMaHHH.

rot

lIHTaTeHb, KOHel.JHO, He 6brn 6bI HaM
6Haro.n;apeH, eCHH 6h1 MbI s.n;ecb pacnpoCTpaHHHHCb 0 TeOHOfHl.JeCKHX pacnpHX,
KOTOpb1e co BpeMeH PecpopMaUHH .n;HHT-

A.rrb6pexT ,ll.ropep.

CH ,n;a)l(e eme H B Harne BpeMH. B TpeTb-

~<Dmrnrrn MeJiattxTOH~

eli KHHre, Kor.n;a 6y.n;eT H.ll;TH pel.lb o BeHHKOM Hayl.JHOM ,n;BH)l(eHHH

XVIII

H

XIX

cToHeTHM, MbI KOCHeMcH HeCKOHbKO

6HH)l(e 3T0f0 HeHCCHKaeMoro npe.n;MeTa, a Tenepb yKa)l(eM TOHbKO BKpaTue
rHaBHhie HBHeHHH, KOTOpbIMH osHaMeHOBaJIHCb 3TH pacnpH .n;o

XVIII

CTOHe-

THH. 0THOCHTeHbHO OCHOBaHHH H noHeMHl.JeCKOM samHTbl HIOTepaHCKOfO yl.JeHHH 6HH)l(e Bcex CTOHH K JlroTepy .n;pyr ero <DHHHnn MeJta1lXm01l (

1560).

1497 -

3To 6brn yM CBeTHblM H BbICOK006pa30BaHHbIH, KOTopoMy npoTeCTaH-

TH3M 6ecKOHel.JHO MHOfO o6H3aH, H BMeCTe c TeM 3TO 6brn KpOTKHM yl.JeHbIH,
cnoco6HbIM, o.n;HaKo, npH cHyl.Jae npHxo,n;HTb .n;a)l(e B furor theologicus, KaK
06 3TOM ,ll;OCTaTOl.JHO CBH,n;eTeHbCTBYIOT ero BOnHH npOTHB BOCCTaBIIIHX KpecTbHH H ero o.n;o6peHHe HHKBH3HTOpCKOfO y6HttCTBa, KOTopoe COBepIIIHH rHycHbIM Ka.n:bBHH Ha.n; Hecl.JaCTHbIM CepBeTOM (

1553).

Ilpo.n;OH)l(aTeHHMH .n;orMa-

THl.JeCKHX H anoHoreTHl.JeCKHX Tpy.n;oB MeHaHXTOHa B CTporo HIOTepaHCKOM
.n;yxe HHH, no KpaliHeM Mepe, TOHbKO He3Hal.JHTeHbHO MO,n;HcpHUHPOBaHHOM
6brnH l{aBH,n;

KaJLwccmyc,

Xumpeyc ( 1530-1600), l1oaHH I'epzapd ( 1582-1637),
JleoHrap.n; I'ymmep ( 1563-1616) H .n;pyrtte. l{eHTeHHMH

feopr
6oHee

IIIHpoKoro pecpopMaTopcKoro HanpaBHeHHH, BO rHaBe KOToporo CTOHH UBttHrHH, 6brnH l1oaHH

1551),

BoHbcpraHr

3JCoJLa.Mnaduyc ( 1488-1531), MapTbIH EyUiep ( 1491Kanumo (1478-1541), feHpHx EyJLJLu11zep (1504-1575)

H .n;p. Tpy,n;bI KaTOHHKOB Ha .n;orMaTHl.JeCKOM noHe 6brnH B fepMaHHH He3Hal.JH-

456
TeJibHbI; rrpmrnse,ll,emu1 l1oaHHa

( 1486 - 1545)

31w

11 ,ll,pyrIIX ,ll,aJieKO He MO-

ryT cpaBH51TbC51 c ,ll,apoBIITbIMl1 II KpacHope'-111BbIMII rrp0113Be,ll,eHII51M11, rrocpe,ll,CTBOM KOTOpbIX B

XVII

cToJieT1111 5oc-

CI03 BOCCTaHOBl1JI BO <l>pam.1;1111 3Ha'-leHIIe
KaTOJilIIJ;113Ma. HeMeIJ;Ka51 rrpoTecTaHTCKa51
IIOJieMIIKa (fepMaH 5y3eH6ayM,

1663)

1600-

rrpOTl1B IIe3yl1TCKOM HpaBCTBeHHOM

TeOJIOrl1II TaK>Ke ,ll,aJieKO He MO/KeT cpaBHl1TbC51 c TOM IIOJieM11KOM, KaKyIO BeJI rrpoTl1B 11e3y11TOB B CBOIIX 6eccMepTHblX
«Lettres provinciales~ seJIIIKIIM coOTe'-leCTBeHHIIK II COBpeMeHHIIK DOCCI03 IlaCKaJib.
B fepMaHIIII HaII6oJiee ,ll,e51TeJibHbie '-IJieHbI
IIe3yIITCKOro o6IIJ;eCTBa IIO,ll,BII3aJIIICb rrpoTIIB JlIOTepa rrpeIIMyIIJ;eCTBeHHO B o6JiaCTII
rrpaKTIIlJeCKOM TeOJIOrIIII, KaK, HarrpIIMep,

JieM6mni;.

rOMIIJieTIIKO-KaTeXII3IIlJeCKl1M IIIICaTeJib

CrnpttHHa.51 rpamopa Ha MeJJ.M

IleTp

Km-tu3uii ( 1521-1598),

KOTopoMy

co6paTb51 era IIe3yIITbI .ll.aJIII rrpo3BaHIIe «MOJIOT epeTIIKOB~. IIepBbIM 1.1;epKoBHbIM 11crnp11KoM s fepMaH11II 6brn fonppII.ll.

Apl-lollba ( 1665-1714),

K0Topb1:H

CBOIIM rrpoII3Be,ll,eHIIeM « U npartheyische Kirchen und Ketzerhistorie~ ( « 5ecrrpIICTpacTHa51 IICTOpII51 1.1;epKBM M

epecII~) rrpoM3BeJI HeMano co6Jia3Ha B cpe,ll,e

CTporo rrpaBOCJiaBHbIX.
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CKa3aTb: «TpII Bepbl HaJIIIIJ;O: JIIOTepaHCKa51, rrarrCKa51 l1 KaJibBMHIICTCKa51, HO
r,ll,e /Ke xpIICTIIaHCTBO? ~ -

IIOH51THO, 'ITO B TaKoe speM51 IIblJIKIIe YMbl II cep,ll,-

1.1;a, KOTOpbIX He MOrJIII Y.ll.OBJieTBOpIITb cyxIIe ,ll,OrMbl JIIOTepaHCTBa, CTpeMIIJil1Cb YTOJIIITb CBOIO /Ka/K,ll,y y Toro IICTO'-IHIIKa, K KOTopoMy y/Ke 6bIJI rrpoJio)KeH rryTb eIIJ;e cpe,ll,HeBeKosoif HeMeIJ;KOM MIICTIIKOM. TeococpcKIIH HarrIITOK
BCKPY/KIIJI roJIOBbI MHOrIIx II rropo,ll,IIJI Y.ll.IIBIITeJibHbIX cpaHTacTOB. MIICTII'-le-

lll Bemapellbaa
Beiize.llJl ( 1533-88) II .ll.pyrIIx, II HaKoHeIJ; .ll.OIIIJIO
B CO'-IIIHeHII51X Kyllb.MaJ-la, KOTOpblll 6bIJI CO/K/KeH B

cKoe HarrpaBJieHIIe Bbipa3IIJIOCb B co'-IIIHeHII51X Kacrrapa

( 1490-1561),

BaneHTIIHa

,ll,O IIOCJie,ll,Hell KpaliHOCTII
PoccIIII B

1689 r.17

Brrpo'IeM, cpIIJiococpcKoe HeMeIJ;Koe MbIIIIJieHIIe IIMeJio B TO

BpeM51 3aMelJaTeJibHOrO rrpe,ll,CTaBIITeJI51 B JIIIIJ;e repJIIIIJ;KOro 6aIIIMaIIIHIIKa-Teococpa 51KoBa

Ee.Me ( 15 75 - 1624)'

KOTOpblll rrepBbIM OCMeJIIIJIC51 rrpIICTYIIIITb

457
K crreKyJUITIIBHbIM rrpo6JieMaM, He OCTaHaBJIIIBa.SICb rrepe.n: 1Ipe3Bbl'Ia:HHbIMII
saTpy.n:HeHII.SIMII, KaKIIe rrpe.n:CTaBJI.SIJIO COBeprneHHOe OTCYTCTBIIe cpIIJIOCOcpCKOro .SI3bIKa. Bero co1IIIHemmx c y.n:IIBIITeJibHOH cIIJio:ii: BbipasIIJioch l:JYBCTBO e.ll:llHeHII.SI c MIIpOBOH .n:yrno:ii:, B HIIX CJlbIIIIIITC.SI rraHTeIICTII1IecKoe .ll:bIXaHIIe, corpeBaiom:ee II yKpeIIJI.SIIOm:ee. Ho OH CTO.SIJI COBeprneHHO 0.ll:IIHOKO; rrpIITOM ero
rrpoII3Be.n:eHII.SI CTpa.n:aIOT OTCYTCTBIIeM cpIIJIOCocpcKoro MeTo.n:a, II03TOMy OH He
Mor IIMeTb BJIII.SIHII.SI Ha Hay1IHbIH MIIp. f oTcppII.ll: flIIJibfeJlbM

( 1646 - 1716) rrepBbIH

JI eu6HU'Ui

rrpII.ll:aJI cpIIJIOcocpcKIIM IICCJie.n:oBaHII.SIM orrpe.n:eJieHHblH

o6pa3 ( II.Z1:eaJIIICTII1IeCKO-MOHIICTII1IeCKOe MIIpocosepu:aHIIe) II rnep.n:o yCTaHOBJieHttyIO cpopMy. Ero IIOHBJieHIIe B03Bem:aJio, 1ITO HOBe:ii:rnasi cpIIJIOCOcpII.SI, IIMeBIIIaSI y)Ke 6eccMepTHbIX rrpe.n:BosBeCTHIIKOB B JIIIU:e IITaJib.SIHU:eB Epytto II KaMrraHeJIJibI, aHrJIII1IaHIIHa E::iKoHa, cppattu:ysa l{eKapTa II roJ1J1att.n:u:a CrrIIH03hI,
II36epeT Ha 6y.n:ym:ee BpeM.SI fepMaHIIIO CBOIIM OTe1IeCTBOM. MttorocTOpOHH.SI.SI
.n:e.SITeJibHOCTb 3TOro qeJIOBeKa IIMeJia Boo6m:e BO Bcex ccpepax BeCbMa CIIJlbHOe
BJIII.SIHIIe.

I1

B cpIIJIOCOcpIIII, II B IICTOpIIII, II B MaTeMaTIIKe, II B cpII3IIKe, II B

IOpIIcrrpy.n:eHU:IIII -

Bes.n:e OCTaBIIJI OH IIOCJie ce6.SI rrp01IHbIH CJie.n:. Ott rrepBblH

c TaKTOM CBeTCKOro qeJIOBeKa BbIBeJI HeMeU:KYIO ttayKy II3 Ka6IIHeTHOro cyMpaKa II BBeJI B o6m:ecTBO. HaKotteu:, MbI .ll:OJI)KHbI rrpIIIIOMHIITh, 1ITO .n:o Hero
.SI3bIKOM HayKII 6bIJI IICKJII01IIITeJibHO JiaTIIHCKIIH .SI3bIK, BCJie.ll:CTBIIe qero HayKa
CTO.SIJia COBeprneHHO oco6mIKOM OT Hapo.n:a II )KII3HII, II Mbl .ll:OJl)l(Hbl 6bITb eMy
6Jiaro.n:apHbl sa TO, 1ITO OH, II.ll:.SI HarrepeKop yqeHOMY rre.n:aHTII3MY II Mo.n:e, coBeTOBaJI yrroTpe6JUITb OTe1IeCTBeHHblH .SI3blK rrpII perneHIIII HaYl:JHblX BOIIpOCOB.
Em:e pernIITeJihHee pa6oTaJI B TOM )Ke ttarrpaBJieHIIII XpIICTIIaH To.frta3UU

( 1655 - 1728),

BeJIIIKII:ii: rrpocBeTIITeJih XVII cTOJieTII.SI, OTJIII1IIIBIIIII:ii:c.SI B BbIC-

rne:ii: CTerreim IIJIO.ll:OTBOpHOH pau:IIoHaJIIICTCKOH .n:e.SITeJibHOCTbIO B ccpepe cpIIJIOCOcpIIII II IOpIIcrrpy.n:eHU:IIII; B

1687

r.' K y)Kacy y1IeHbIX rrapIIKOB, OH BbIBe-

CIIJI B Jie:ii:rru:IIrCKO:ii: ay.n:IITOpIIII rrepByIO rro-HeMeU:KII HaIIIICaHHYIO rrporpaMMy JieKU:IIH, II TaKIIM o6pa30M nepBbIH ocpIIU:IIaJibHO rrpoB03rJiaCIIJI HeMeU:KIIH
.SI3hIK .SI3hIKOM ttayKII. TaK)Ke OH rrepBbI:ii: BhICKasaJI TY BeJIIIKYIO IICT1rny, 1ITO
JIIOTepaHCTBO TOJibKO 3aMeHIIJIO .n:epeB.SIHHOe IIrO naIICTBa )KeJie3HbIM.
Me)K.n:y TeM KaK Jle:ii:6HIIU: II ToMasII:ii: rro.n:BIIraJIII Brrepe.n: repMaHcKyIO HaYKY B 1IIICTOM rrepBoHa1IaJibHOM .n:yxe rrpoTeCTaHTII3Ma, B TO )Ke caMoe BpeM.SI
IIO.SIBIIJIC.SI IIIIeTII3M, OCHOBaTe.71.SIMII KOTOporo 6bIJIII <!>IIJIIIIIIT 5IKOB

(1635-1705) II

ABryCT fepMaH

C!Jpam<e (1663-1727).

CneHep

CJ1erroe rroKJioHeHIIe

6II6Jie:ii:CKOH 6yKBe IIOJIYl:JIIJIO B IIIIeTII3Me CMIIp.SIIOm:II:ii: 3JieMeHT' HO OTHeCJIOCb
K HeMy co Bce:ii: HeTeprrIIMOCTbIO opTO.ll:OKCIIII. 1ITO MIICTIIU:II3M BITOCJie.n:CTBIIII
6bIJI rrary6eH .ll:Jl.SI repMaHCKoro caMOC03HaHII.SI, 3TO .SICHO KaK .n:eHb, II Mbl rro.n:po6Ho CKa)KeM 06 3TOM B TpeTbe:ii: KHIIre; HO B ::irroxy CBOero B03HIIKHOBeHII.SI
OH 6bIJI, no OTHOIIIeHIIIO K 3aKOCTeHeJioMy JIIOTepaHCTBY' .SIBJieHIIeM IICTIIHHO
6Jiaro.n:eTeJibHbIM, II BbICIIIII:ii: rrpIIHU:IIIT Crrettepa, 1ITO peJIIIrII.SI eCTb .n:eJio cep.n:-

460
JKaTh, HO HeMeU:KIIe IICTOpIIKII Toro BpeMeHH,
o6Jia,n:aBIIIIle KpllTJfl-IeCKilM yMoM, rJiy6oKilM
B3fJI.flJ(OM II xy,n;oJKeCTBeHHOCTblO cpopMbI,
nllCaJIIl Ha 513bIKe yqeHbIX, T.e. no-JiaTblHH.
Orpam1qlfBa5ICh TOJihKO ,n;ByM51 HaII6oJiee BbI,n;aIOIIJ;MMIIC51 npIIMepaMM, yKaJKeM Ha npOII3Be,n;eHMe 3HaMeHIITOfO HIOpH6eprcKoro ryMaHIICTa BIIJIII6aJih,n;a II upKxeii.uepa ( 1440 1530) «Historia belli Suitensis~ II Ha
npoH3Be.n;emie I1oattHa CJteiiom-tyca ( 15061556) «De statu religionis et reipublicae
Carola V Caesare commentarii~. HcrnpIIqeCKIIe coqIIHeHirn Ha HeMeU:KOM 513bIKe II no
co,n;epJKaHIIIO, II no cpopMe COBepIIIeHHO coA.7Ih6pexT lJ:ropep.
xpaH5IJIII xapaKTep cpe.n;HeaeKOBhIX xpoHIIK,
<i'. Bmrn6aJibA IlnpKxeilMep~
,l(aJKe KOf,l(a IIMeJIH npe,n;MeTOM BCeMIIpHyIO
IICTOpIIIO, KaK, HanpIIMep, «Chronica, Zeytbuch und Geschychtbibel von
anbegyn bis auf des jar 153b, npOII3Be,n;eHIIe o,n;apeHHoro CBeTJihIM yMoM co6IIpaTeJI51 nocJIOBIIU: CeBaCTh51Ha ©pmtKa (yMep B 1545 ro,n;y), TPY,n; Kornporo
nOTOM npo,n;OJIJKaJI BIIJibreJibM ll. U11Zpe¢ (yMep B 1635 ro,n;y) B CBOIIX
«Apophthegmata der Teutchen~. J13 cneU:IIaJihHhIX xpoHIICTOpOBOB XVI cToJienrn 3acJiyJKIIBaIOT 6hITb ynoM5IHYThIMII I1oaHH Typl-l.Maiiep-AeeHmuHyc (6aBapcKa51 xpoHIIKa), <DoMa Kam1pe (noMepaHCKM xpoHIIKa), I1oaHH Kecmep
(.n;IITMapceHCKM xpoHIIKa), I1oaHH IIemepceH (roJIIIITIIHCKM xpoHIIKa), JlyKa
11.aeua (npyccKM xpoHIIKa) II IIIBeiiu:apcKIIil fepo,n;OT, 3rII,n;IIH: qyau II3 fJiapyca ( 1505-1572), npoII3Be,n;eHIIe KoToporo «Chronik Loblicher Eydgnosschaft~ OTJIIIqaeTC51 caMbIM 6e3bICKyccTBeHHbIM II /KIIBbIM Hapo,n;HbIM CTIIJieM.
CoqIIHeHIIe feopra P10KcHepa «Thurnierbuch~ ( 1579) co,l(epJKIIT ,l(parou:eHHhie ,l(Jl51 IICTOpMII HpaBOB CBe,l(eHII51 0 cpe,l(HeBeKOBbIX pbIU:apcKIIX o6blqa5J:x.
CoqIIHeHIIe A,n;aMa PeiicHepa «Historia der Herren Georg und Kaspar von
Frundsberg~ ( 1572) npe,l(cTaBJI5IeT BecbMa HarJI51,l(HOe II306pa1KeHIIe BOeHHoro ,l(eJia B 3noxy PecpopMau:1rn. OT rnro BpeMeHII MbI IIMeeM BeChMa 3aMeqaTeJibHbie MeMyapb1: aBT06IIorpacpmr fOTu:a cpoH EepllUXU1-t2e1-ta (B nepBbIH pa3
HaneqaTaHa B 1731 r.), aBTo6IIorpacpII51 fattca cpoH llleeiiHUXeH (A.v.Biisching,
1820) II «lI:ocrnrrpIIMeqaTeJibHOCTII~ (Denkwiirdigkeiten) BapcpoJioMe51 ll,acmpoeo (1520-1603, A. v. Mohnike, 1823). K 3ToMy pa3p51,n;y cJie,l(yeT npJiqIIcJIIITh TaKJKe ,n;parou:eHHhie ,l(JI51 IICTOpIIII Toro BpeMeHII nIICbMa CeBaCTb51Ha
IJJepmlluHa (yMep B 1577 ro,l(y, - A. v. Herberger 1852). BcnoMoraTeJibHbie
,l(JI51 IICTOpIIII HayKII: reHeaJiorII51, repaJib,l(IIKa, xpoHOJIOrII51, HYMII3MaTIIKa CTaJIII MaJio-noMaJIY o6paiu:aTb Ha ce651 BHIIMaHIIe. Tpy,n; XpIICTIIaHa M10J-tcme-

461

pa ( 1489-1552) «Kosmographei»,

rrpeACTaBJrn:eT HaM 06pa3q1IK tteyAaqHbIX
rrepBOHaqaJibHbIX IIOilbITOK ITO qacTII CTaTMCTllqecKMX ll reorpaqmqeCKIIX MCCJieAOBaHMH. B KOHu;e XVI II B HaqaJie XVII CTOJieTMH Ba)l(Hbie MCTOpIIqecKMe
npOI13BeAeHMH rro-rrpe)l(HeMy IIMCaJIMCb rro-JiaTbIHll, HO BCJieA 3a HllMll CTaJill
IIOHBJIRTbCH II tteMeU:KMe MX rrepeBOAhI, HarrpIIMep IIJBa6cKM xpoHMKa MapTMHa Kpy3uyca ( 1526-1607). BrrpoqeM, HeKoTopbre 3aMeqaTeJibHbie IIcTopIIKll rrMcaJIII y)l(e rrpHMO rro-HeMeU:KM, KaK, HarrpIIMep, 3MrMyHA cpott EupKeH
(Oesterreichischer Ehrenspiegel, 1668 r.) II <DpaHU: XpIIcTOcp rpacp cpott Ke6eHZUJtJtep, TPYAhI KOToporo IIMeIOT BecbMa Ba)l(ttoe 3HaqeHMe AJIH MCTOpIIII
TpIIAU:aTirneTHeiI BOHHbI (Annales Ferdinandei, 1640r., 12 cpo;rnaHrnB) 19 •
Theatrum Europaeum ( 1635-1738, 21 cpomraHT, yKpaIIJeHHbIH rrpeBOCXOAHbIMII MepIIaHCKllMil rpaBIOpaMM; Mbl fOBOpIIJill y)l(e 0 HeM BbIIIIe) COCTaBmieT KaK
6h1 AOIIOJIHeHIIe <DepAIIHaHAOBOH JieTOrrIICM KeBeHrMJIJiepa. TpyAhI KeBettmJIJiepa BHeCJIII B HeMeU:KYIO llCTOpIIqecKyIO JillTepaTypy AllIIJIOMaTWICCKllH
::weMeHT IIOJillTMqecKIIX co6bITllH. «BBeAeHMe K IICTOpIIll rJiaBHCHillllX rocyAapcTB» (Einleitung zu der Historie der vornehmsten Reiche und Staaten,
1682) IIycpettAopcpa rrpoJIO)l(llJIO HaqaJio pa3pa60TKe MCTOpIIqecKoro MaTepIIaJia B CMbICJie HOBOro BpeMeHll ll BHeCJIO B HeMeU:KYIO IlCTOpllqecKyIO JIMTepaTYPY ttayqttbIH MeTOA.
Mettee oqeBMAHhI II Mettee 6bICTpbI 6bIJIII ycrrexII ttaIIJMX rrpeAKOB B eCTeCTB03HaHIIM. HeKoTOpbie ecTecTBeHHbie ttayKII 6bIJIM coBeprneHHO 3a6poI11eHhI
rroqTM BIIJIOTb AO XVIII cToJieTIIH, II pa3pa6ornttttoe TpytJ.aMII rrpe>KHero BpeMeHM IIOJie ecTeCTB03HaHIIH rropOCJIO B 3TO BpeMH HefOAHOH TpaBOH aJIXIIMIIqecKMX 6peAtteH: II ttettayqttocTM.' CpetJ.HMe BeKa 3aBemaJm HOBoMy BpeMeHM
oco6oro POAa HarypcpIIJIOCOcpIIIO, KOTOPM 3aKJIIQqaJia B ce6e aCTpOJIOflIIO, aJIXIIMllIO ll MarllIO ( TYT pa3yMeeTCR 6eJiaH MafllH, TaK Ha3bIBaBIIJaHCR B rrpoTllBOIIOJIO)l(HOCTb qepHOH, 0 KOTOpoH: 6yAeM fOBOpllTb B CJieAy10meii: rJiaBe).
ACTpoJiorirn He rrpeKpamMa CBOll yqettbie cpoKycbI AO IICXOAa XVII CTOJieTMH,
HO OHa co CBOllMII ropOCKOIIaMM, HaTMBllTeTaMll ll rrpeABemamrnMII 6bIJia Mettee
BpeAHa, qeM aJIXllMIIH, KOTOpAA CBOllM KaMHeM MYAPOCTll, 30JIOTOH TllHKTypoiI
ll rropOillKOM, COBepIIJaIOIUllM rrpeBpameHllR, BbIMaHllBaJia y rJiyrroCTll ll aJiqHOCTll rpoMa,n:Hbie cyMMbI AeHer.
He3arraMRTHbIX BpeMeH, - TaK rJiaCIIT aJIXllMllqecKM 6acHH, - pRA aAeIITOB coxpaHHeT TattHy >Kll3HCHHoro 3JIIIKCIIpa,
Toro caMoro, o qyAecax KOToporo roBopRT CKa3attirn ,llpeBHero BocToKa, a TaK)l(e rnii:tty rrpeBpamettll5I tte6JiaropOAHbIX MeTaJIJIOB B 6JiaropoAHbie. He TOJibKO
B XVII, HO Aa)l(e II B XVIII cTOJieTH5IX 6hIJill JIIOAM, o KOTOpbIX rroJIO)l(llTeJibHO
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Ha.a pa3pemeHMeM 3TllX 3a,aaq M KottqaJIII TeM, qTo II ce6R II ApyrIIx BBepraJIII B 6eAHOCTb II 6e3yMIIe. Eme MHoroqIIcJiettttee 6bIJIII 3aHMMaBIIJMeCR

c

464

<D. EapT. «AcTpoJior;,;
rrpoH3BO.ll,CTBOM 30JIOTa, .ll,aJieKO He OTJIWiaBnmec51 TaKOM "LJeCTHOCTblO, KaK 3HaMeHHTbIM feHpHx KopHeJIHM Azpunna ¢oH Hemmeaeux ( 1486-1535), KOTOpb1H:, rrpoBeM BCIO )Kll3Hb Ha,z::i: -«Occulta philosophia~, HaKOHeu: B CBoeH: KHHfe
«De scientiarum vanitate~ rrpHMo o6n51BHJI, "LITO BCH ;:na occulta philosophia
ecTh npax M BeTep. HeMeU:KHe rrpHHU:hI, rroCTOHHHO HY)KJl.aBnmecH B .n.eHhrax,
rrpH yBeJIM"LJeHMM npM.ll,BOpHOM pOCKOIIIM, CHa"LJaJia rrpMHHMaJIM rrpOM3BO.ll,MTeJieM 30JIOTa c OTKpbITbIMM o6bHTlI51MH, HO IlOTOM Ha"lfaJIII MX BeIIIaTb, M Tor.n.a
:3Toro po.n.a ¢oKyCHMKM CTaJIH rrepeBO.ll.MTbC51. TaK, HanpMMep, B 1597 ro.n.y

465
repu,or <Dprr;:i:prrx BIOpTeM6eprcKHH
IlOBeClIJI cyMac6pOJJ:HOro feopra fottay3pa Ha BrrceJrnu,e, c;:i:eJiaHttoH: H3 Tex
caMbIX :>KeJie3HbIX rrpyTbeB, KOTOpbie
ttecqaCTHbIH 06e111,aJI rrpeBpaTlITb B 30JIOTO. IIoToM TOT :>Ke repu,or rroBecrrJI
e111,e Tporrx rrporr3BOJJ:HTeJieH: 30JIOTa. B
fepMaHlilI MHOfOillICaHHe Bcer;:i:a 6bIJIO
B 6oJibllIOM xo;:i:y lI ITOTOMY Hey;:i:HBlITeJibHO, qTo 0 TaHHe ;:i:eJiaTb 30JIOTO
6bIJllI lICillICaHbl TOJICTbie cpoJIHaHTbl lI
KBapTaHTbl, co;:i:ep:>KaHHe KOTOpbIX coCTaBJI5IeT BeCbMa BeCKOe rrprro6peTeHHe
JJ:JI5I lICTOplilI qeJIOBeqecKOH rJiyrroCTlI.
l{a:>Ke TaKrre 6eccrropHo HayqHbie yMbI,
KaK TeocppacT

1S41 ) ,

Il apai~eJtbC ( 1493-

yBJieKaJIHCb aJixrrMrrqecKHMH

6pe;:i:H5IMlI. 3TOT BbICOKO o;:i:apeHHbIH
qeJioBeK, co crroco6HocT5IMlI HCTHHHO

rr. "I::
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uapT. «

rr

apau;eJibC~

remiaJibHbIMH, 6bIJI 6eccrropHo 3aMeqaTeJibHettIIIlIH Bpaq lI XlIMlIK CBOero BpeMeHlI. Ero XlIMliqeCKlie OTKpbITH5I co3JJ:aJilI B f epMaHlilI HOBYIO :moxy Bpaqe6Horo lICKyccrna, HeCMOTp5I Ha TO, qTQ
HeKOTOpbie ero lI)l;elI 6bIJilI B BbICIIIeH CTerreHlI rrapa;:i:oKCaJibHbI, ;:i:a:>Ke OT3bIBaJilICb IlOIIIJIOCTbIO lI KOMII3MOM ( «qeTbipe OCHOBHbie CTOJIITa Me)l;IIll,lIHbI cyTb
Ka6aJIJilICTlIKa lI MarlI5I, XlIMlI5I, acTpOJIOrlI5I II ;:i:o6po;:i:eTeJib».) reopr
1WJla (

1494 - 1SSS),

<DoMa

JIu6ep ( 1S23 - 1S83)

Azpu-

II ;:i:pyrrre rroToM rrpo;:i:omKa-

JilI HaqaTbIH HM rryTb, paCIIIIIplIJIII lI rrpoBeplIJilI ero XlIMliqecKMe OTKpbITII5I.
Ero XMMMKO-Me)l;IIll,MHCKa5I ClICTeMa, lIMeBIIIa5I B OCHOBaHIIII TeococpcKyIO
MbICJib, qTo BCeo;:i:yII1eBJI5IIOlll,a5I )KlI3Hb o6pa3yeT e;:i:IIHCTBO BCeJieHHOH, IIOJIO)KlIJia KOHell, Me)l;IIll,IIHCKOH 3MirnprrKe, OI1IIpaBIIIeHC5I Ha faJieHa lI ABIIU,eHHy,
II B 3TOM OTHOIIIeHlIII IIMeJia BeCbMa Ba:>KHOe 3HaqeHIIe He TOJibKO JJ:JI5I f epMaHIIII, HO II JJ:JI5I BceH: EBpOIIbl. Pau,IIOHaJibHOH pa3pa60TKe X1Ipypr1IlI JJ:aJI CIIJibHbIH TOJiqoK <DeJIIIKC

( 1S63).

B10pUi

CBOMM coqJIHeHIIeM «Praktika der Wundarznei»

MIIHepaJIOflilI, reorH03lIII lI reOJIOrlIII IIOJIO)KIIJllI OCHOBaHHe B fep-

MaHIIII IIOM5IHYTblH ArpIIKOJia II B oco6eHHOCTII BeJIIIKIIH IIOJIIIflICTOp KoHpa;:i:

I'ecC1-tep

(II3 UIOx1Ipa,

1S16-1S6S),

KOTOpbIH KpoMe Toro oKa3aJI 6oJibIIIIIe

ycJiyrlI 300JIOflIII II 6oTaHlIKe.

Il eiiep6axa ( 1423- 1461), 11oaHHa PeZUM01lmaJ-tyca
1436 ro;:i:y) lI AJib6pexTa lf.10pepa, KOTOpbIH, rro;:i:o6Ho cBo-

TpyJJ:bI reopra
(MrrJIJiep, po;:i:. B

eMy BeJilIKOMy COBpeMeHHIIKY JleoHap;:i:o ;:i:a BrrHqlI, 6bIJI BMecTe II BeJilIKIIH

466
)IUIBOITHceu: H BeJIHKHM MaTeMaTHK, -

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COCTaBJIHJIIl ,ll,OCTaToqHoe pyqaTeJibCTBO, qTO fepMaHHH He 3aMe,ll,JIIIT rrpIIH5ITb
,ll,eHTeJibHOe II 6JIJICTaTeJibHOe yqacnie B TOM BeJIHKOM rrporpecce MaTeMaTIIqeCKIIX HayK, KOTOpbIM HaqaJicH B I1TaJIIIII B KOHU:e

xv II B HaqaJie XVI CTOJie-

TIIiI; Ho Bee aCTpoHoM11qecK11e 11 MaTeMaTifqecK11e TPY.ll.hI, KaK BhlllieIIOHMettoBaHHbie, TaK l1 ,ll,pyrIIe, OCTaJIHCb B TeHll rrepe,ll, 6JieCKOM BeJIIIKllX OTKpbITIIM
Korreptt11Ka 11 KerrJiepa. I1MeHa H11KoJiaH

Konep1-tww

(113 Toptta, B 3arra,ll,-

1473-1543) H I1oaHHa KenAepa (113 nrna6cKoro ropo,ll,a
1571-1630) CTOHT ttapH,ll,y c HMeHaMH ,ll,a~aH11Ha Tttxo ,ll,e Epare, IIra-

HOM Ilpycc11tt,
BeiIJih,

JibHHU:a faJIIIJieH II aHrJI11qaHIIHa HbIOTOHa. 3TII ITHTb qeJioBeK BhIBeJIII qeJioBeKa 3a Y3KIIM ropII30HT cyeBepIIH II OTKpbIJIII ero B3opaM HeII3MepIIMOCTb BceJieHHoiI. TpII,ll,U:aTIIJieTHHe CBOII TPY.ll.hI KorrepHIIK 3aBepIIIIIJI c11cTeMoiI
,ll,BII)l(eHIIH He6ecHbIX TeJI ( «Libri sex de orbium coelestium revolutionibus~,

1543),

KOTOpaH rrpmrnBeJia B JTOH5ITlHI 0 BceJieHHOM peBOJIIOU:IIIO B ITOJIHOM

CMbICJie 3TOfO CJIOBa, ,ll,OKa3aB, qTO cpe,ll,OTOqIIe MIIpa eCTb COJIHU:e, a He 3eMJl5I. CeMHa,ll,U:aTIIJieTHIIe ycIIJIIIH KerrJiepa yseHqaJIIICb OTKpbrrIIeM HOCHill;IIX ero

IIMH Tpex 3aKOHOB ,ll,BII)l(eHIIH ITJiaHeT. lJepe3 3TII OTKpbITIIH «rrpOCTOTa II rapMOHIIH BO,ll,BOpIIJIIICb B MIIpOBOM CIICTeMe~, II JTO,ll,06Ho TOMy, KaK coe,ll,IIHeHHa51 OJTIT03IIU:II51 ryMaHII3Ma II rrpoTeCTaHTII3Ma rrpOTIIB rraIICTBa JTO,ll,fOTOBIIJia KOHeu: KaTOJIIIKO-poMaHIIqecKoMy MIIpOB033peHIIIO, TOqHo TaK )Ke orrrro3IIU:II51, IICXO,ll,IIBIIIa51 II3 MaTeMaTIIqeCKIIX II ecTeCTBeHHbIX HayK, ITOJIO)l(IIJia
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qm-

JIOCo¢cKIIM, CB060,ll,HbIM qeJIOBeqecKIIM MIIpOB033peHIIeM.
Terrepb rrepeiI,ll,eM K cou;IIaJibHOM CTopoHe HeMeu;Koro yqeHoro MIIpa. Mb1
y)l(e fOBOpIIJIII B rrepBOM KHIIre 06 OCHOBaHIIII ,ll,peBHeMIIIIIX repMaHCKIIX YHII-

XVIII
1386 r., KeJihHC1403, Jleiirru;IIr-

BepCIITeTOB, Ilpa)l(cKoro II BeHCKoro. IlocJie HIIX 6hIJIII ocnosaHhI .ll.O
CTOJieTIIH cJie.ll.yIOm;IIe yHIIBepcIITeTbI: f eiI,ll,eJih6eprcKIIM -

1388, 3p¢ypTCKIIM - 1392, B10pu:6yprcKIIM 1409, PocTOBCKIIM - 1415 IIJIII 1419, cI>peiI6yprcKIIM B Epe.Hcray 1430 IIJIII 1457, fpeiI¢cBaJih.ll.CKIIM - 1456 IIJIII 1460, Ea3eJibCKIIM - 1459,
I1HrOJihIIITa,ll,TCKIIM 1472 IIJIII 1459, T106IIHreHCKIIM - 1477,
MaiiHU:CKIIM 1477, BIITTen6eprcKIIM - 1502, cI>paHK¢YPTCKIIM (Ha 0,ll,epe) 1505, Map6yprcKIIM - 1527, KeHIIrc6eprcKIIM - 1544, HeHCKIIM 1548, L{IIJIJIIIHreHCKllM - 1554, feJibMIIITa,ll,TCKIIM - 1575, A.n:bT,ll,Op¢cKIIM 1578, fIIcceHCKIIM - 1607, Ila,ll,ep6opHcKIIi1 - 1614, P11HTeJibHCKIIii - 1621,
KIIJibCKIIM 1665, I1Hc6pyKCKIIM - 1672, faJIJibCKIIM - 1694. 3TIIM rroc-

KIIM -

CKIIM -

Jie,ll,HIIM 3aKaHqIIBaeTC51 p51,ll, CTapbIX repMaHCKIIX YHIIBepCIITeTOB, II3 KOTOpbIX
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467
CTlfl.JeCKOe HanpaBJiem1e .n:o TaKOH CTenem1 ycHJIIIJIOCb, qTO ,n:a:>Ke KaTOJIHqecKIIe BbICIIIMe IIIKOJibI, XOTH II HaXO.IJ:IIJIHCb B Be,n:eHIIII IIe3yIITOB, He MOrJIII coBepIIIeHHO YKJIOHIITbCH OT ero BJIIIHHIIH II BbIHY:>K.IJ:eHbI 6bIJIII eMy ,n:eJiaTb, no
Kpail:Heil: Mepe, cpopMaJibHbie ycTynKII. 3aMeTIIM npII 3TOM, qTO, 6Jiaro,n:apH
:>KIITeHCKOH My,n:pocTII IIe3yIITOB, peJIIIrII03Ha51 HeTepnIIMOCTb 6bIJia B KaTOJIIIqecKIIX YHIIBepCIITeTax ,n:a:>Ke c,n:ep:>KaHHee, qeM B npoTeCTaHTCKIIX, KaK 0 TOM
HCHO CBII,n:eTeJibCTByeT ,n:ocTonpIIMeqaTeJibHOe nIICbMO o,n:Horo IIHrGJibIIITa,n:T-

CKOro CTy,n:eHTa, OTHocmueecH K ceMII,n:ecHTbIM ro,n:aM

XVI

CTOJieTIIH. IlpoTe-

cTaHTCKIIe aKa,n:eMIIqecKIIe ay.IJ:IITOpMII MHOrIIe rG.IJ:bI orJiaIIIaJIIICb caMbIMII HeJieneil:IIIIIMII TpIIHIITapIIcn1qecKIIMII, CIIHepncCTmeCKHMH, a,n:Ha¢opHCTmecKIIMH, KpHnTO-KaJibBHHHCTCKHMH npenHpaTeJibCTBaMH, KOTOpbie K TOMY :>Ke
o6bIKHOBeHHO conpOBO:>K.IJ:aJIIICb caMbIMII nOHOCHbIMH pyraTeJibCTBaMH; O.IJ:HIIM
CJIOBOM, HOBa51 TeOJIOrAA c nOJIHbIM OCHOBaHIIeM MOrJia noxBaCTaTb, qTo He pa3
ycneBaJia npeB30HTII B HeJienocTII ,n:a:>Ke cxoJiaCTIIqecKyIO TeoJiorHIO. He 3HaBIIIaH rpaHHlJ; HeHamICTb, c KaKOH TeOJIOrH pa3JIIIqHbIX npoTecTaHTCKHX ceKT
npecJie,n:oBaJIII .n:pyr ,n:pyra II KOTopaH o6bIKHOBeHHO H3JIIIBaJiaCb B caMbIX
nJIOIIIa.IJ:HbIX nOHOIIIeHIIHX, 6bIJia 6bI TOJibKO KOMIIqHa, eCJIII 6 no,n:o6Hoe npIIMeHeHHe xpIICTIIaHCKOH JII06BII He conpoBO:>K.IJ:aJIOCb nary6HbIMII nocJie,n:CTBIIHMH .IJ:JIH repMaHCKOM :>KII3HII II KYJlbTYPbI.

f HyCHbie

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paBAAJIII ,n:a:>Ke BHyTpeHHIOIO CBHTbIHIO ceMeMHOH :>KII3HII, TaK qTo ,n:a:>Ke pa3yMHeMIIIIIe JIIO.IJ:II Toro BpeMeHII Hepe,n:KO npIIHOCIIJIII JiyqIIIIIe CBOH qyBCTBa B
:>Keprny TeoJiorw1ecK0My MOJIOXY. He pa3 Mbl y:>Ke IIMeJIII CJiyqali roBopIITb 0
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.n:y

npoqIIM, roBOpIIJIOCb: ~3TO K JiyqIIIeMy, qTQ pe6eHOK yMep He POMCb, noTO-

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KaJibBIIHIICTOM. KaKoe 6JiaroqecTIIe! ToJibKO ¢aHaTII3M B cocTOHHIIII TaK o6ecqeJIOBeqIIBaTh JIIO,n:eii!
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IlpoTeCTaHTbI npH3HaJIII 3TO npaBO 3a IIMnepaTopoM, HO, npII B03pacTaHIIII TeppIITOpIIaJibHOro caMo,n:ep:>KaBIIH, 3TO npaBo MaJIO-nOMaJIY nepeIIIJIO K BJia,n:eTeJibHbIM HeMeIIKIIM npIIHI.J;aM, no Kpai1:Hei1: Mepe de facto. B 3noxy Pe¢opMaIIIIII MHOrIIe BJia,n:eTeJibHbie HeMeU:KIIe rocy ,n:apII OCHOBaJIII y

ce6H

BbICIIIIIe

IIIKOJibI, HMeH B BII.IJ:y, qTQ OHII 6y,n:yT CJIYJKIITb onopoi1: HOBOMy yqeHIIIO. MeTponOJIIIeM 3TIIX IDKOJI 6bIJI ,n:oJiroe BpeMH BIITTeH6epr, r,n:e yqMJIII J110Tep II MeJiaHXTOH. TaK KaK YHIIBepCHTeTbI OCHOBbIBaJIIICb rocy,n:apHMII, TO Ha npo¢ec-

468

<D. EapT. «Kerrnep~

copoB CTaJUI CMOTpeTb, KaK COCT051Ill,MX
Ha rocy.n;apcTBeHHOH cJiy)K6e JI CTaJIM
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npe)K,n;e OHM nOJIY11aJIM TOJibKO roHopap
3a CBOM JieKUMM. 3To )KaJIOBaHbe 6bIJIO
BeCbMa CKpOMHO, HO, Bnpo'IeM, .n;pyrtte
cJiy)Ke6Hbie JIMUa noJiy'IaJIM elll,e MeHbrne (TaK, HanpHMep, 6hIJIM nponoBe,n;HMKM, noJiy'IaBIIIMe 36 ryJib,ll;eHOB B
ro.n;), JI npMTOM Ha,n;o 3aMeTMTb, 'ITO B
Te BpeMeHa )KJI3Hb CTOMJia .n;erneBO ( TaK,
HanpMMep, B 1507 ro.n;y O,ll;MH 'IeJIOBeK
Mor npOKOpMMTbC51 KpyrJlbIH ro.n; Ha 8
30JIOTbIX ryJih,n;eHOB). Ha KeHMrc6eprCKMH yHMBepcttTeT OTnycKaJIOCb B ro.n;
Bcero 3000 ryJib,n;eHoB, a Ha BMTTeH6eprcKJI:H - 3795 ryJib,n;eHOB. JlKnep JI MeJiaHXTOH B Ka'IecTBe npocpeccopoB BMT-

TeH6eprcKoro YHMBepcMTeTa nOJIY1:laJIM B ro.n; no 200 ryJib,n;eHOB, JI 3TO 6bIJIO caMoe 6oJibIIIOe )KaJIOBaHbe. IIepBbIH npocpeccop IDpM.n;H'IecKoro cpaKyJibTeTa noJIY'IaJI TaK)Ke 200 ryJib,ll;eHOB, BTOpo:H - 180, TpeTMH - 140, 'IeTBepTbIH - 100
ryJib,n;ermB; nepBbIH Y1IMTeJib Me.n;MUMHbI nOJIY'IaJI 150, BTOpo:H - 130, TpeTJIH
- 80 ryJib,ll;eHOB; Ha cpHJIOcocpcKOM )Ke MJIM, KaK rnr.n;a Bbipa)KaJIJICb, Ha apTMCTM'IeCKOM cpaKyJibTeTe TOJibKO npocpeccopbl eBpeiicKoro JI rpe'IeCKOro 513bIKOB noJiy'IaJIM no 100 ryJlb,ll;eHOB; Bee )Ke OCTaJibHbie noJiy'IaJIM TOJibKO no 80'
a ne.n;aror TOJibKO 40 ryJib,n;eHoB. B BeHcKoM YHMBepcHTeTe B 1514 ro.n;y npocpeccopa apa6cKoro JI rpe'IecKoro 513bIKOB noJiy'IaJIM 300, a npocpeccop Me,n;MUMHbI - 150 ryJih,n;eHoB. KpoMe rnro npocpeccopa noJiy'IaJIM elll,e TaK Ha3bIBaeMbre Kollegiengelder M Disputationsremunerationen. Ha 3TM cpe,n;cTBa OHM
,ll;OJI)KHbI 6bIJIM He TOJibKO co.n;ep)KaTb ce651 JI CBOM ceMeiicTBa, HO TaK)Ke JI rrpMo6peTaTb KHMrM, TaK KaK ny6JIJI'IHbie 6M6JIMOTeKM B Te BpeMeHa 6bIJIM BeCbMa cKy,n;Hhr; TaK, HanpMMep, BMTTeH6eprcKa51 YHMBepcHTeTCKM 6tt6JIMOTeKa
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3TOro Hey,n;MBMTeJibHO, 'ITO KOppecrroH,n;eHUMM y'IeHbIX Toro BpeMeHM rrepenoJIHeHbI ceTOBaHM51MM Ha 6e,n;HOCTb, fOJIO,ll; JI ,ll;OJirM, JI 'ITO B0061I1,e y'IeHbIH JIIO,ll;
Toro BpeMeHJI OTJIJI'IaJIC51 HMIIl,eTOH. Te M3 y'IeHbIX, KOTOpbre 6bIJIM ,ll;OCTaTO'IHO 'IeCTHbI, 'IT06 npMH51Tb Ha ce651 rnapJiaTaHCKYIO pOJib IIpM,ll;BOpHOfO
aCTpOJIOra MJIM aJIXMMMKa, CTapaJIJICb nOMO'Ib ce6e B Hy)K,n;e ,n;eJIJIKaUM51MM.
06bI'IaH ,n;eJiaTb ,n;eJIJIKaUMM 6bIJI Tor.n;a B TaKOM xo.n;y' 'ITO HeKOTOpbre y'IeHbie IIOCB51Ill,aJIJI Ka)K,n;yIO r JiaBy CBOMX MHOrOTOMHbIX rrpOH3Be,n;eHMH KaKO-

469
My-m16y,n:b 6oraToMy 11aCTHOMY JIIIIJ;y, a IIOTOM, KpoMe Toro, BCe rrpOII3Be,n:eHIIe IIOCB51Il(aJIII KaKOH-JIII6o BbIC01IaHilleH

oco6e, CJiaBIIBilleHC51 Meu;eHaT-

CTBOM. I1s 111IcJia TaKIIX oco6 oco6e1-rno 6bIJI saMe11aTeJieH repu;or A.7Ib6pexT
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,n:e51TeJibHOe IIOKpOBIITeJibCTBO HayKaM II IICKyCCTBaM: K HeMy IIOCTYIIaJIO 6ec1IIICJieHHOe MHOJKecrno pasHoro po,n:a rrpollleHIIH OT pasHoro y11eHoro JIIO,n:a II
pe,n:Ko KaKoe-JI1I60 II3 rro,n:o6HbIX rrpollleHIIH ocTaBaJIOCb Tll(eTHbIM. K0He11Ho,
y11eHbie-1llapJiaTaHbl yMeJIII B TO BpeM51 HaXO,l(IITb cpe,n:CTBa yCTpaIIBaTb CBOII
,n:eJia ,n:aJKe BeChMa xoporno, KaK 3TO CBII.l(eTeJibCTByeT rrplIMep rrapau;eJibCIICTa JieoHrap,n:a TypHell:cepa, KOTOpbIH 6bIJI Jiell:6-Me,l(IIKOM rrplI Kyp¢IOpCTe I1oaHHe feopre 5paH,n:eH6yprCKOM II IIOJIY1IaJI

1352

TaJiepa fO,l(OBOro )l(aJIOBaHb51.

c IIOMOil(blO acTpOJIOflI1IeCKIIX ¢oKycoB II rrpoeKTOB 06 II3fOTOBJieHIIII 30JIOTa OH cyMeJI COCTaBIITb ce6e TaKoe COCT051HIIe, 'ITO XO,l(IIJI BCer.n:a B BeJIIIKOJierrHeHIIIeM O,l(e51HIIII, IIMeJI B CBOeM ycJiyJKeHIIII rraJKeH, e3,l(IIJI Ha 11ernepKe II )l(IIJI
B 5epJI1IHe 6oraTbIM ,n:oMoM. Ho y11eHb1e, He 06Jia,n:aBII11Ie crroco6HocrnMII TypHell:cepa, TeprreJIII He,l(OCTaTOK B cpe,n:CTBax K )l(II3HII II rrplITOM HeJierKO IIM
)l(IIJIOCb TaKJKe II OT TeX MeJIKIIX Herrp1I51THOCTeH, KOTOpbie II Terrepb sa11aCTYIO BCTpe11aIOTC5I B cpe.n:e y11eHoro JIIO,n:a BbICIIIIIX y11e6HbIX saBe,n:eHIIH. K
HyJK,n:e rrp1ICOe,l(IIH51JiaCb MeJIKa51 saBIICTb, II MOJIO,l(ble ,n:ou;eHTbl HeMaJIO TeprreJIII OT CTapbIX rrpo¢eccopoB, KOTOpbie COCTaBJI51JIII YHIIBepCIITeTCKIIH ceHaT IIJIII TaK Ha3bIBaeMyIO ymrnepCIITeTCKYIO KOHCIICTOplIIO. KpoMe rnro, Ha,l.(0
saMeTIITb, 'ITO eru:e B 3rroxy Pe¢opMaIJ;IIII yJKe 6b1Jia xoporno IISBeCTHa
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1559

ro.n:y IICIIaHCKIIH TeOJIOr lllTpIIreJib, BCJie,n:-

CTBIIe HayIIIHII1Iecrna KOJIJierlI CBOero cDJiau;1Iyca, c KOTOpbIM OH paCXO,l(IIJIC51
B peJIIIfII03HblX MHeHII51X, 6bIJI, no IIOBeJieHIIIO Bell:MapcKoro repu;ora, B351T H01Ibl0 rrp51MO c IIOCTeJIII II rrocaJKeH B TIOpbMY KaK KaKOH-HII6y,n:b pas60HHIIK
IIJIII y61IM:u;a; IIPII 3TOM JKeHa lllTp1IreJI51 TaKJKe IIO,l(Beprnacb B03MYTIITeJibHbIM
OCKop6JieHII51M.
B

XVI

crnJieTIIII 111IcJio rrpo¢eccopoB B YH1IBepc1ITeTe 6b1JI0 BecbMa orpa-

HII1IeHHoe. B BIITTeH6eprcKoM YH1IBepc1ITeTe B
,n:Ba,n:u;aTb TPII ,n:ou;eHTa, B MeHcKoM B

1564

1536

ro.n:y 6b1JI0 Bcero TOJibKO

ro.n:y TOJibKO rnecTHa,n:u;aTb, a B Ke-

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CTy,n:eHT ,l(OJIJKeH 6bIJI rrpeJK,n:e cJiyrnaHII5I ¢aKyJibTeTCKIIX rrpe,n:MeTOB rrpo6bITb
HeKOTopoe BpeM51 B TaK HasbrnaeMbIX rre,n:arorII51X, r.n:e rrpe1IMyru:ecrneHHO saHIIMaJIIICb rpaMMaT1I11ecKIIM 1Isy11eH1IeM JiaTIIHCKoro 513bIKa. Co6crneHHO ¢aKY JibTeTcKoe rrperro,n:aBaH1Ie 6b1JI0 BeCbMa cKy,n:Ho. B 6oJibIIIell: 11acT1I repMaHCKIIX YHIIBepCIITeTOB TeOJIOflI1IeCKOe 06y11eH1Ie orpaHII1IIIBaJIOCb TOJibKO .n:or-

470
MaTJIKOH M 3K3ereTMKOH, Me:>K,Z:J:y TeM KaK npaKTWieCKMe qaCTM TeOJIOrMM M u;epKOBHaH MCTOpmI OCTaBaJIMCb B COBeprneHHOM npette6pe)KeHMM; Ha IOpH.l(fftJ:eCKOM cpaKyJibTeTe qJITaJIOCb TOJibKO 06 MHCTMTYU:M5IX, KO.l(eKce, naH.l(eKTax 11
KaHOHJiqecKl1X .l(eKpeTaJIM5IX; Ha Me.l(MIJ:MHCKOM -

TOJibKO 0 coqJIHeHM5IX fm1-

noKpaTa, faJieHa M ABmJ;eHHbI c .z:i:o6aBJieHMeM cKy.l(HbIX CBe;:i:eHMM no qacT11
anaTOMMII, .l(MarHOCTl1KM M cpapMaIJ;eBTl1KM; Ha cpHJIOCocpcKOM -

TOJibKO 0 He-

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Kpa:Htte )KaJIKOM BII,ll;e. Ha Ka)K,ll;OM cpaKyJibTeTe, ,ll;JI5I Ka)K,ll;Oro .z:i:ou;eHTa CTporo 11 Toqno orrpe.z:i:eAAJIC5I npe.z:i:MeT JieKu;Mii, a TaM qJicJio 11 BpeM5I qacoB nperroAaBaHM5I. Boo6me aKa,ll;eMWiecK11e rrperro,L1;aBaTeJIM .ll:aBHO y)Ke He rrOJib30BaJIMCb
rn:H CBo6o.z:i:o:H, KaK B cpe.z:i:mre BeKa. OHM ,ll;OJI)l(HbI 6bIJIM BO BceM coo6pa3oBaTuc5I c )KeJiaHl15IMM M npMXOT5IMII BbICOKMX oco6, y KOTOpbIX COCT05IJIM Ha )KaJIOBaHbM, M TaK11M o6pa30M co BpeMeH11 PecpopMaIJ;MM B HeMeIJ;KOM yqeHOM MHpe
CTaJI BO,ll;BOp5ITbC5I rrpocpeccopcKMM cepBMJIM3M, CTOJib no30pHbIM ,n;JI5I fepMaHMM.

y Ka3aHHbIM

HaMM Bbillie Kypc aKa,ll;eMJiqecKoro yqeHM5I oqeBM.l(HO OCTaB-

JI.HJI 6oJibllIMe npo6eJibI B o6pa30BaHMM cTy.n;eHTOB M n03TOMY CTapaJIMCb
3TM rrpo6eJibI, no Mepe B03MO)KH0CTM, 3arrOJIH5ITb qacTbIMM ynpa)l(HeHM.HMM
B ,n;eKJiaMaIJ;MM M .n;McnyTMpoBaHMM (Declarnir- und Disputirbbungen). IlocJie,n;HMe ,ll;OJI)l(HbI 6bIJil1 B HeKOTOpo:H CTerreHM 3aMeH.HTb OTCYTCTBMe yqeHOM
rrpeCCbI, KaK OHa cymecTByeT B Harne BpeM.H

20

• lITO KacaeTC.H qJICJieHHOCTl1

CTy,n;eHTOB, TO OHa 6bIJia BeCbMa pa3JIJiqHa, 3HaqJITeJibHO KOJie6aJiaCb, 3aBMCeJia rrpe11Myiu;eCTBeHHO OT 3HaMeHMTOCTM rrperro;:i:aBaTeJieii. TaK,
Harrp11Mep, B

1546

ro.n:y fe:H,n;eJib6eprcK11M YHMBepCHTeT MMeJI TaK MaJIO CTy-

.n:eHTOB, qTo, Ka3aJIOCb, ,ll;OJI)KeH 6bIJI COBCeM 3aKoHql1Tb CBOe cymecTBOBaHMe. MettcKMM yttMBepcHTeT MMeJI B
a BMTTeH6eprCKMH B
M HaKOHeIJ; B

1677 ro,n;

1561

1549

1564

ro,n;y TOJibKO IT.HTbCOT cTy,n;eHTOB,

ro.l(y MMeJI Tb1C5J:qy, BCKope nOTOM .l(Be TblC.HqJI,

ro.z:i:y -

,n;o

Tpex TbIC5J:q c ITOJIOBMHOM.

c

1502

B crr11cKax B11TTeH6eprcKoro yttMBepc11TeTa 3HaqJIJIOCb

cTy.z:i:eHTOB. B

ro.z:i:a ITO

75 528

Te BpeMetta cTy .z:i:ettqecKa.H )KM3Hb ,n;JIMJiacb ,n;oJibrne, qeM

Terrepb; oco6eHHO JIIO,ll;M, MMeBllIMe .l(OCTaTOK, .l(OJiro OCTaBaJIMCb CTy.n;eHTaMl1. Ilpo6bITb CTy.l(eHTOM ceMb, BOCeMb, ,n;eC5ITb, ,n;BeHa,ll;IJ;aTb JieT He rrpe,n;cTaBJI.HJIO H11qero He06bIKHOBCHHOro. B 3TOM OTHOllieHMl1 B Te BpeMeHa BCTpeqaJil1Cb ,n;a)Ke y,n;11B11TeJibHbie rrp11Mepb1; TaK HeKTO feHpHX 3Jib, yMeprnMM B

1638

ro.n:y CTa JieT OT po,n;y'

,n;o

KOHIJ;a )KJI3HM OCTaBaJIC.H JieMITIJ;MI'CKMM CTy-

.z:i:eHTOM. 3aMeqaTeJieH TaK)Ke TOr,n;arnHMM 06b1qa:ii M3611paTb B peKTOpbI BbIcoqa:iirnMx oco6, KaK 3TO 6hIJIO, HarrpHMep, B Mette, MJIM 3HaTHbIX ,n;Bop5IH,
KOTOpbie B TO )Ke BpeM5I o6yqaJil1Cb B YHMBepCHTeTe. Ilo3TOMy B Te BpeMeHa

471
BCTpeqaJIHCb peKTOpbI BeCbMa MOJIO,Ubie, KOTOpbie co.ueii:CTBOBaJIH He CTOJibKO
npeycneBaHHIO HayK, CKOJibKO npeycneBaHHIO 6pa)l(HifqecTB II nHpllleCTB.
BecbMa 3a6aBHbI nHCbMa, KOTOpb1e MoJio,n:oii: rpacp XpHcmcp cpoH feHHe6epr,
6y,n:yqH H36paH B

1525

ro.uy B peKTOpbI feii:,n:eJih6eprcKoro YHHBepcHTeTa,

nHCaJI no 3TOMy CJiyqaIO K CBOHM pO,UHbIM II .upy3MIM. TaK, nanpHMep, B
nHCbMe K O,UHOMY BIOp1(6yprcKoMy KaHOHHKY .OH npocHT npHCJiaTb eMy 6oqKY ~Jiyqrnero II 6Jiaropo.uHeii:rnero~ BHHa, .ua6b1 OH MOf ,UOCTOMHbIM o6pa30M

~BocqeCTBOBaTb~ II noBeCeJIHTb CBOHX reii:.ueJib6eprcKHX 6Jiaro)l(eJiaTeJieii. Boo6me co BpeMenH PecpopMaUHH Me)l(.uy ,n:BopRHCTBOM 6hIJIO B 06b1qae OTnpaBJIRTb MOJIO,UbIX JIIO,Ueii: B YHHBepCHTeTbI B conpoBO)l(,UeHMH rocpMeii:cTepoB II
cJiyr' II 3Ta MOJIO,Ue)l(b o6blKHOBeHHO )l(HJia npH YHHBepCHTeTe Ha llIHpoKyIO
HOry' npe,n:aBaJiaCb ~nHpOBaHblO II 6pa)l(HifqaHbIO~, HO npH 3TOM npHo6peTaJia
oco6brii: pbruapcKo-poMaHTifqeCKHH xapaKTep. IlocJie TpH,Ul(aTMJieTHeii: BOHHbI,
Kor.ua HeMeUKOe .UBOpRHCTBO CTaJIO no.upa)l(aTb cppaHUY3CKOMY' 3TOT o6brqaJi
ycrynMJI MeCTO .upyroMy -

nOCbIJiaTb MOJIO,Ue)l(b yqHTbCR B IlapH)I(, II 3TO, KO-

He'!HO, He 6bIJIO H3MeHeHHeM K JiyqrneMy.
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Boo6me B HeMeuKoM cTy.ueH'!ecrne npo,n:oJI)l(aJI )l(IfTh cpe.uHeBeKOBbIH poMaHTH3M c CHJibHo:H., BnpoqeM, npHMeCbIO cpe,n:HeBeKoBoro BapBapcrna. Pb1u.apCKHii: .uyx II poMaHTH'leCKHM xapaKTep Ha'laJIH HC'le3aTb B CTy,UeHqecrne TOJibKO y)l(e B Harne BpeMR, c Tex nop KaK 6IOpoKpanrn ycneJia coBeprneHHO saxBaTHTb repMaHCKHe YHHBepcHTeTbI B CBOH pyKH. B npe)l(HHe BpeMeHa cep.uua
IOHOIIIe:H.-cry.ueHTOB, HeCMOTpR Ha Beeb OKpy)l(aBIIIllH llX CMpa.u 11 'Ia,U, nbIJiaJill
CB.Hll(eHHbIM OfHeM CB060.UbI, a Tenepb, no.u BJIHRHHeM 6IOpOKpaTH11, 3TH BbICOKHe CTpeMJieHHR ycrynHJill MeCTO )l(aJIKOMY llCKaTeJibCTBY ,UOJI)l(HOCTei1:. KaKHe 6hr He.uocTaTKH HM 11MeJio IOHornecrno XVI, XVII II XVIII CTOJieT11:H., HO
OHO, no Kpa:H.Hell Mepe, 6bIJIO qy)l(,UO BCRKOfO po.ua npeCMbIKaTeJibCTBa. B Te
BpeMeHa pa3JIH'!He Me)l(.uy 6yprneM 11 cpHJIHCTepoM HMeJio .ue:H.CTBHTeJibHOe
3Ha'leHHe 21 • l{a)l(e II no O,Ue)l(,Ue cry.ueHT He XOTeJI ITOXO,UHTb Ha .upyrnx, II

cry-

.ueH'!eCKOe o,n:eRHHe XVII CTOJieT11R 6hIJIO qpe3BbI'laiiHo op11rHHaJihHO. Ko3JIHHAA 6opo.ua, ,UJIHHHbie BOJIOCbl, HaxJio6y'leHHa51 rnanKa c cyJITaHOM H3 nepbeB, IIIHpOKHH BOpOTHHK, paspe3HOH KaM30JI, CBepxy IIIHpOKHH nJiall( c pyKaBaMH, IIIHpOKIIe IIITaHbl, canorII co rnnopaMII II IIIIIpOKMMM OTBOpOTaMM; 3a
ITOR COM HeM3MeHHa51 naMRTHa.H KHH)l(Ka, M306peTeHHe 'IMCTO aKa,UeMH'leCKOe.
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3aBHTbie BOJIOCbl, TpeyroJibHa.H IIIJIRITa, IIIHpOKHH KacpTaH c o6rnJiaraMH .uo
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472
TaJiep; KOpOTKMe -qepHbie rraHTaJIOHbl, -qepHbie 1IYJIKM, 6arnMaKM c rrp5DKKaMH
II MaJieHbKM rnrrara.
B rrpe)KHMe BpeMeHa KOHTpacT Me)Ki:i:y o6pa3oM )I(If3HII 6eLJ:HbIX II 6oraTbIX
cTyi:i:ettTOB 6brn ern.e CMJibHee, l:JeM B Harne BpeM51. Bei:i:tt51rII-cTyLJ:eHTbI
LJ:OJI)I(Hbl 6bIJIM LJ:OBOJibCTBOBaTbC51 CKYLJ:HOM CTIIIIeHLJ:Mei1: II lJ:OMalllHIIMM ypoKaMH ( ~Kalmeusen~ ). l(o Hae LJ:OlllJIO BeCbMa TporaTeJibHOe IIMCbMO OLJ:HOro CTM-

1620 roi:i:y. OH LJ:OJI)KeH
60 ryJibLJ:eHOB, Me)KLJ:y TeM
i:i:oporo; cpyHT xJie6a CTOIIJI 1

rreHLJ:MaTa, rrocTyrrIIBrnero B tiettcKIIM yttIIBepcIITeT B
6bIJI LJ:Ba roi:i:a cyrn.ecTBOBaTb CKYLJ:HOM CTIIIIeHLJ:Hei1: B
KaK B Mette B TO BpeM51 Bee 6b1JI0 1Ipe3BbI1Iai1:tto
rporn, KPY)I(Ka rrIIBa -

- 10

1 rporn,

rrapa 6arnMaKOB -

5 ryJibLJ:eHoB,

rrapa carror

ryJibLJ:eHoB; 1103TOMY 6eLJ:H51re HIIl:Jero 6oJiee He OCTaBaJIOCb, KaK IIOCTy-

IllITb B ycJiy)KeHIIe <~Famulatur~) K ll:ByM 6oraTbIM KOMMIIJIIITOHaM.
CTyi:i:ett'IeCKIIM poMaH l(IOppa rroi:i: 3arnaBMeM ~Geschichte Tychanders~, rro51BMBIDMMC51 B

1668 r.'

rrpei:i:cTaBJI51eT BeCbMa HarJI51LJ:HOe lI306pa)KeJrne' KaK

)KlIJIM B Te BpeMeHa CTyLJ:eHTbI, MMeBlllMe LJ:OCTaTOK. fepoi1: 3TOro poMaHa TaK
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LJ:IICU:MIIJIIIHY Ha aKai:i:eMIIl:JeCKYIO CB06oi:i:y' 0 KOTopoi1: y)Ke i:i:aBHO Mel:JTaJI.
BcJieLJ:CTBMe HaCT051HlIM Moei1: MaTepII II BOIIpeKII COBeTy MOero Y1IMTeJI51, OTeu:
MOM pelllIIJIC51 OTIIpaBIITb MeH51 B aKai:i:eMMIO, XOT51 51 ern.e 6bIJI 6e360pOLJ:bIM,

HeorrepIIBllllIMC51 IITeHeu:. IlpII6bIB B aKai:i:eMIIIO, 51 rrpIIBeTCTBOBaJI IIIIHLJ:CKIIM
rropor o6bI1IHbIM rrIIprnecrnoM (Pennalschmause), rrp111IeM cTapbie rreHHaJIII,
(Pennale-rrepoBHMKII), rrpeIIMyrn.ecrneHHO MOM 3eMJI51KM, rrpIIH51JIII MeH51 c TeM
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ll1Bblp51Tb KaMeHb51MM, BbIJiaMbIBaTb OKHa, BJiaMbIBaTbC51 B LJ:OMa, ocMeMBaTb
l:JeCTHbIX JIIOLJ:eM, TOpMOlllMTb HOBIIl:JKOB-CTYLJ:eHTOB II pa360MHIIl:JeCKII TpaH)KIIpIITb BMecTe c HIIMII Ha)KlITOe IIOTOM M KpOBbIO IIX POLJ:MTeJieii: -

TaKOBbI 6bIJIM

MOH e)KeLJ:HeBHbie 3aH51TII51; 06 y-qeHbM 51 He 3a60TIIJIC5I, i:i:a II Kori:i:a 6bIJIO
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3TOM He 6bIJI 3a6bIT. IIeHHaJIII OTJIMl:JaJIIICb 6ecCThlll:CTBOM II IIMeJIII o6bIKHOBeHIIe rrp51MO npIIcTyrraTb K i:i:eJiy 6e3 BC51KIIX KOMIIJIIIMeHTOB, 'ITO BeChMa

473
HpaBIUIOCb oco6aM JierKOfO n0Be,n:emu1, M noToMy OHM IIMeJIM K 3TIIM oco6aM
60.11ee CB060L{HbIH L{OCTyn, 1IeM i:i:pyrMe~.
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MMnepcKMX cell.MOB Ha Hero yKa3bIBaJIII L{a)Ke KaK Ha HapOLi:HYIO .H3BY.
Ilpe,n:CTaBMTeJI.HMM neHHamrnMa 6bIJIM rrpeMMymecrneHHO CTpaHCTBYIOliIMe
CTyL{eHTbI, 0 KOTOpbIX Mbl ynoMMHaJIM eme B nepBOH KHMre M KOTOpbie
BIIOCJieti:cTBMM noJiyqMJIM xapaKTepHbie Ha3BaHm1: Vaganten, Lyranten,
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cpopMax, noi:i: 3arJiam1eM ~commenb cymecrnyeT eme M Terrepb B repMaHCKMx yttMBepcMTeTax. Pennal, nepoBHMK, -

3TO CJIOBO o6o3HaqaJio HOBO-

nocTynMBIIIero B CTyti:eHTbI, a neHHaJibHbIH roi:i:, T.e. nepBbIH ro.n: no noCTYIIJieHMII, 6bIJI fOtJ:OM T.H)KeJibIX MCIIbITaHn:iJ:, TaK KaK HOBOnOCTJIIMBIIrnH B 3TO
BpeM.H nperepneBaJI 6eCqlfCJieHHbie crpati:aHII.H OT CBOMX CTapIIIMX KOMMMJIMTOHOB.
Deponiren, T.e. BbIXOL{ M3 neHHaJIII3Ma, conpoBO)KL{aJIC.H CyrDqttbIMlf uepeMoHII.HMM,
B KOTOpbIX ynorpe6JI.HJIMCb pa3JIIfqHbie opyL{If.H, KaK-TO: TonopbI, CrpyrM, nMJibI,
rpe6HM, HO)KHifUbI, reprrym, yxoBepTKII, 6ypaBbI, 6pIITBbI, -

M BMHOBHMKaM TaKMX

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17

BeKe HOBM'IOK cTaHOBIIJIC51 6yprneM~

474
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HepeJJ;KO BeJIM K COBepIIIeHHOMY paccTpOHCTBY 3AOPOBMI, a MHOf)J;a JJ;a:>Ke
M K CKOpoM: cMepTM, neHHaJI CTaHOBMJICH «IIIOpMCTOM~ ( Schorist OT
scheeren, CTpMqb, T .e. IIOCTpM:>KeHHbIM M caM rrpM3HaHHbIM crroco6HbIM
IIOCTpMraTb Apyr1:1x).
BrrocJieJJ;CTBMM mopMCTbI CTMM Ha3bIBaTbCH Iungburschen, IOHbie 6yprnn:,
a Ha3Bamre neHHM 3aMeHIIJIOCb Ha3BamieM cpyKc, Fuchs. 3To rrocJieJJ;ttee Ha3BaHIIe II AO CMX nop ern:e B XOAY. Otto o6H3aHO CBOMM rrpoMCXO:>KJJ;eHMeM
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ttayM6yprcKOH JiaTMHCKOH IIIKOJibl. 3TOT npocpeccop JJ;a)Ke JieTOM XO)J;MJI B
IIJiarn.e, orryrneHHOM JIMCbMM MeXOM, BCJie)J;CTBMe qero CTyJJ;eHTbI rrp03BaJIM ero
Schulfuchs, «IIIKOJibHaH JIMca~, a IIOTOM 3TO npo3BMllJ.e rrepernJio Ha Bcex
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B

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«Nationen~ (ttaunn:). Y:>Ke JJ;aBHO qJieHhI 3eMJrnqecrn OTJinqaJIMCb Apyr OT
Apyra pa3.JIM"llHbIMM 3HaKaMM, u;BeTOM nepbeB, nepeBH3HMM n T.n. OHM BbIpa6oTaJIM ce6e M3BeCTHYIO IOpllC,ll;llKUMIO, CJIY:>KMJIM npe.ZJ;CTaBllTe.JIHMM CTyJJ;eHqecrna npM CTOJIKHOBeHllHX c npaBHTe.JibCTBOM M qacTHbIMM JllO,l(bMM, Ha6JIIOJJ;aJIM MJIH, Jiyqrne CKa3aTh, pa3BllBa.Jill cTy,neHqecKyIO cTpacTb K .nysJIHM. B
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1510

rDAY apcpypTCKMe cryJJ;eHThI CHJIOH cTarn.MJill c smacpOTa OJJ;Horo ll3

CBOMX TOBap1uuell:, KOTOporo XOTeJill KOJieCOBaTb 3a BOpOBCTBO, ll ycneIIIHO ycneJIM CKpbITb ero; B

1521

rDAY B 3pcpypTe npOM30IIIJIO HaCTOHllJ.ee cry,nerrqe-

CKOe BOCCTaHIIe, ycMIIpeHJie KOTOporo y,naJIOCb TOJibKO c 60.JiblIIllM TPYAOM BOopy)KeHHbIM rpa:>K,natta.M; B

1660 roJJ;y

.ti:eHCKHe cryJJ;eHTbI IIOAHHJIII TaKoii rnyM

M cyMaTOxy AJIH OCB060:>KJJ;eHMH Tpex CBOMX TOBapIIrn:e.H, CMJJ;eBIIIllX B Kapuepe, qTo repuor BIIJibfeJihM Be:H:MapcKIIM AOJI:>KeH 6bIJI co6paTb KOHHMUY M
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pa3BpaT M

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1516

r. B BHTTeH6epre, npMBe-

.n;eHHaH 3eH:cpapTOM Bero ~crapoHeMeuKOM cTylI,eHqeCKOM 3epKa.Jie~, COJJ;ep:>KMT CJieJJ;yIOrn.ee coo6rn.eHJie: «BeqepoM B JJ;eHb CB. MIIxa1:1Jia OJJ;llH IIIBa6 BCKOqJIJI B ymrnepcnTeT H 3aKOJIOJI Attrnnttyca cpoH Illn:prnTe.a;a HacMepTb; raM )Ke
6bIJI AJIMHHbIM I1BaH cpott fOJibJJ;eHcJieBe 3aKOJIOT CBOHM TOBapIIrn:eM; BOCeMb
.n;tteii cnycTH AHJJ;peii DllHHeMaH M3 Bpaym1rneM:ra 6hIJI 3a;:lymeH M 6pornett B

475
pyqeih. Tpu:,a:u;anrneTH.H.H Bolina crroco6cTBOBaJia em:e ropa3,a:o 6yJihIIIeMy
o,a:u:qamno repMaHcKHX BbICIIIHX yqIIJIHIIJ;. Cry,a:ettqecKa.H II coJIAaTcKa.H JKH3Hb
Toro BpeMeHII qacrn CXO.ll;HJIHCb H CMeIIIIIBaJIIICb MeJK.n;y co6oii. IlporopeBIIIHil
HJIH H3rHaHHblH cry,a:eHT CTaHOBHJIC.H Jiatt.n;CKHeXTOM IIJIII KaBMepHCTOM, a rroCJie Oil.HTb IIIeJI B cry,a:eHTbI. BcJie,a:crnrre sroro yJKaCHbiii pa3BpaT Jiarep.SI 6b1JI
rrepeneceH B pacca,a:m1K My3, r,a:e pacrrpocTpaHIIJIHCb cTpaIIIHbIM o6pa3oM
,a:paqJIHBOCTb, 6ecrryTCTBO H rpy6b1e npaBbl. )laJKe B rrecH.SIX II03,a:HeiiIIIero BpeMeHH CTaHOBIITC.SI AOBOJibHO .HCHO 3TO COBITa,a:eHHe

cry.z:i;enqeCKOil H

COJI.n;aTCKOH

JKH3HII B XVII BeKe. HeJib3.H He yrroM.SIHYTh, BrrpoqeM, qm u: tteMeu;Koe cry,a:eHqecrno Toro BpeMeHH TaKJKe IIMeJIO CBOIIX 3aHtJ;OB.

B

TO BpeM.H, KaK UJBe;I,CKHH

rettepaJI fianttep, JKHB.H B 3pcpypre, rro,a:aBJI.HJI BCIO T10pu:Hru:10 1KecroKOCT.HMII II rro6opaMH BC.HKOro po.n;a, 0,ll;HOMy iieHCKOMY cry.n;eHTY rrpHIIIJia MbICJlb ocB06o.n;HTb fepMaHHIO OT 1rn03eMttoro rrpIITecnIITem1. Ott B caMoM ,a:eJie rrpIIBeJI
CBOH IIJiaH B HCIIOJIHeHHe, xorn: H y6IIJI He Toro, KOro CJie,a:oBaJio; rrpII apecTe /Ke 3aKOJIOJI em:e .UBYX IIIBe.n;oB, BCJieACTBHe qero 6bIJI rro.n;BeprnyT JKeCTOqaiiIIIeii Ka3HII, HO BIIOJIHe BbIKa3aJI BCe repoiiCTBO CBoero ,a:yxa, HeCMOTp.H Ha
CTpaIIIHble IlbITKII.
HaqaJio XVIII cToJienrn rrpe.n;cTaBJI.HeT HaM HeMeu;Koe cry,a:enqecrno rrorpyJKeHHhIM oqeHb rJiy6oKo B BapBapcrno rrpoIIIJioro BeKa. fiJiaropo,a:Hhie ttayqHhie CTpeMJieHII.SI COBepIIIeHHO Hcqe3.JIH II3 YHHBepCHTeTOB, Kacpe;I,pbl KOTOpbIX
6bIJIH 3aH.HTbI B 60JiblllHHCTBe CJiyqaeB 6e3AYIIIHbIMJI rre,a:aHTaMII HJIJI KpyrJiblMJI tteBeJK.n;aMrr. IlosToMy Heqero y,a:JIBJI.HTbC.H, qro KpyroBbie rrorroii:KJI, ,a:paKJI rr AY3JIH, rrpecJie,a:oBaHH.H cpHJIJICTepoB JI pa3Hh1e ,a:pyrJie BbIXOAKH rrpo,a:oJIIKaJIJICb JI Terrepb, B oco6eHHOCTH IIpJI IIOJIHOM 6eccIIJIIIJI Tor,a:aIIIHero rrpaBIITeJibCTBa. CTy.n:ettqecKJie rrecHJI 3Toro BpeMeHH oTJI11qaIOTC.H rpy6hIM
6e3BKycJieM JI caMbIM rp.H3HhIM, pa3BpaTHbIM xapaKTepoM. BMecTe c caMbIM
pa3BpaTHbIM IIOBe,a:eHJieM, KyTe/KaMJI JI Jirpoii CTy,a:eHTbI 6oIJIJI 3apaJKeHbl rro30pHeiiIIIJIM cyeBepJieM, KaK 3TO A0Ka3hIBaeT HaM rrpHMep :iieHCKJIX CTy,a:eJITOB,
ycrpoJIBIIIJIX B

1715

ro,a:y 3aKJIJIHaHJie ,a:yxoB rrpII ,a:o6bIBaHJIJI KJia,a:a, rrpHqeM

.LJ;Ba KpeCTb.HHHHa JIJIIIIHJIHCb )KJI3HH, .n:a II caM 3aKJIHHaTeJib e.n;Ba ycrreJI crraCTHCb. AKa.n;eMJiqecKHH ceHaT HaqaJI CJie,a:cTBJie Ha,a: CTy.n;eHTaMJI 3a KOJI.LJ;OBCTBO II HJICKOJibKO He IIOJ.(03peBaJI, qTO Bee HecqaCTIIe cJiyqJIJIOCb OT yrapa,
pa3BJIBIIIeroc.H OT ,n:peBeCHbIX yr JieH, yrroTpe6JieHHblX rrp.II 3aKJIJIHaHIIII. f

o.n;

crrycT.H B f aJIJie CJiyqJIJiaCb eme 6oJiee B03MYTJITeJibHa.H JICTOpJI.H, rreqaJ!bHblll
.IIcxo.n: KoTopoii: cq.IITaJIII 3a rrpJI3HaK HerrocpeJJ;cTBeHHoro cy.n;a fioJKbero. HeCKOJihKO CTy,n:eHTOB BMeCTe c rry6JI.IIqHbIMII ,a:eBKaMJI ycTpOIIJIII oprIIIO, IIOA
KOHeu; KOTOpoii OHM CTaJIH 6oroxy.JihCTBOBaTh, rro.n;pa)KaJI CTpa;I,aHJI.HM XpIICTa JI Hapy1KH0My ycTpoii:cTBY Taiittoli Beqep.II. He rrpoIIIJIO H qaca, KaK
O.ll;HHHa;I,IJ;aTb cTy.n;eHTOB yMepJIJI BMeCTe c X03.HJIHOM JI ero .UBYM.H ,a:oqepbMJI,

476

cD. Eapr.

~EypIU~ (cry.n:eHT)

qTo, KOHeqHo, MO)l(HO 6bIJIO JierKo o6bHCHIITb TeM, qTO IlbHHbIM X035IHH BJIIIJI B
noqrn: BbIITHT)'IO 6oqKy nIIBa BMecrn BO.lJ:bI Be,n:po KpenKoro rn:eJioKa. KoMJiqecKaH Il03Ma 3axapIIH ~PeHOMIICT~, KOTOpaH CTaJia II3BeCTHOM TOJlbKO B

1744

ro.n:y' npe,n:CTaBJIHeT HaM CTOJib )Ke BepttyIO, KaK II ornpaTIITeJibHYIO Kapnrny
CTy,n:ettqecKo:H )l(II3HM B rrepBOM noJIOBIIHe

XVIII

CTOJiern:.a. Ho IIMeHHO B 3TO

BpeMH B TOr,n:aumeM cry,n:eHqecTBe 3aIIIeBeJIIIJICH 6oJiee 3,n:paBbIR .n:yx, KOTOpbIR
IIpMHHJI JI3BeCTHbie COU:IIaJibHbie cpopMbI rro.n: BIIAOM cTyJJ;eHqecKMX op,n:eHOB,
xorn II 3TM IIOCJie,n:HMe co BpeMeHeM TO)l(e rrpMIIIJIJI B COBeprneHHbIR yrra,n:oK. MbI
rroroBOpMM eme 06 3TOM B TpeTbe:H KHIIre IIpII pa36ope cry.n:ettqeCKOH )l(II3HII
HOBoro BpeMemr, a Tenepb o6parn:aeMcH K .n:pyroMy rrpe,n:Mery.

477

I'JlaBa

VII
BOJIIIIEECTBO l1 ITPOUECCbI BE,UbM
Yiwuue o dbRBO!le. - Bepa e dbRBO!la u 3JlbtX iJyxoe. - Bo!lute6cmeo. - qepuaR
.MazuR. - Cx:a3a11ue o cJJaycme. - Bedb.Mbt. - IIIa6aut eedb.M. - Jl106oe11bte
C6R3U c dbRBO!lO.M. - Ey!l!la Hu11ox:e11muR VIII. - «MoJZom eedb.M». «3ax:oJZdoeau11btu .MUp». - IIpoUieccbt eedb.M. - «Ilpu311ax:u» KO!ldoecmea. 06eu11euue. - Ycmpoucmeo m10pe.M. - /1,onpoc u nbtmx:a. - Ilpuzoeop u KG31lb. Co)l(;1ce11ue. - Onno3UUiUR: lllne, Eex:x:ep, To.Ma3UU.
I l o l ! n I BO Bcex peJIIIfII03HbIX CIICTeMax orpOMHaJI, Mpal!HaJI rrporraCTb OT;::i:em1eT o6JiaCTb ;::i:o6pa OT 11.apCTBa 3JIOro ttal!aJia. HIIr;::i:e qeJioBeqecKHM yM B CBOeM cTpeMJieHHH OJIHl{eTBopHTb CIIJibI
rrpHpOJJ:bI II co6crneHHOfO cep;::i:11.a rro;::i: BlIJJ:OM BbICIIIIIX rocrro;::i:crnyIOIIIlIX cyIIIeCTB He Mor o6oiiTII 3TOM rrporracTII. Mettee Bcero 3aMeTHa otta y rpeKOB. 11x
peJIIIflIII 6bIJIO qy)l(JJ:O C03HaHIIe pe3KOM rrpOTIIBOIIOJIO)l(HOCTlI ;::i:yxa lI MaTepHII.
fpeqecKaJI MmpoJionrn He snaeT qepTa. AH;::i:, 6or rrpeIIcrro;::i:neM:, rocrro;::i:crnyeT II na;::i: JiyraMII EmI3eH, II na;::i: 6e3;::i:ttaMII TapTapa. B peJIIIrIIII MoIIceH HCttoe rrpe;::i:cTaBJienIIe o caTane HBJIHeTCH TO)l(e He pattee 3IIOXII rrpopoKoB. CJioBa
11caIIH : ~ MbI 3aKJIIOqIIJIH co103 co cMepTbIO, MbI 3aKJIIOqIIJIII ;::i:oroBop
c a;::i:oM» -

c;::i:eJiaJilICb HCXOJJ:HOM TOqKOM XpHCTIIaHCKOfO IIOH51TII51 0 qepTe II

KOJI)J:OBCTBe. EcTb eme ;::i:pyroe MeCTO B .5II6JIHH, Ha KOTOpoe TaK)l(C CCbIJiaIOTC51
xpHCTIIaHCKIIe IIHCaTeJIII B CBOeM yqenHH 0 JJ:bHBOJie; 3TO II3BeCTHoe CKa3aHIIe
o 111060BnoM: CBH3H attreJIOB c )l(eHil{IIHaMH, rropo;::i:IIBIIIeii rrJieMH rIIranTOB HecpeJIIIM

(VI, 2-4).

c ropa3;::i:O 6oJibIIIeM orrpe;::i:eJieHHOCTbIO, qeM B 3TlIX CKa-

3aHII51X HJIII B IICTOpIIII IICKyIIIeHII51 EBbI B paIO 3MeeM, o6pa3 3JIOfO .zJ:yxa 51BJI51eTC51 B peJIIIrII03HbIX cIIcTeMax L(peBtteM: 11n.zJ:IIII, IlepcIIII II ErIIrrTa. B IIH.zJ:IIMCKOM TpOIIl{e, ttapH;::i:y c EpaMoii (TBop11.oM) II BIIIIIHOM ( CoxpaHIITeJieM)
CTOHT lllirna (Pa3pyIIIIITeJib) co CBOIIM )l(CCTOKHM II lIYBCTBeHHbIM KYJibTOM.
B yqenIIII 3opoacTpa )J:o6poMy 0pMy3,ZW rrpoTIIBorrocTaBJIHeTcJI 3JIOM ApHMatt;
y erHIITHH pHJJ:OM c ;::i:o6po.zJ:eTeJibHbIM 03IIpIICOM MbI naxo;::i:IIM 3Jio6noro Tncpona. 3;::i:ecb rro;::i: BII.zJ:OM ;::i:eMona HBJIHeTCH y)l(e HCHO orrpe;::i:eJienttoe OJIIIl{eTBOpettIIe ~II3HaHKII» 6o)l(ecrna, rrpHHl{IIII OTpHl{aHHH: JJ:b51BOJI BIICpBbie BBOJJ:IITCJI B Kpyr peJIHfll03HbIX IIOHJITIIM KaK JICHO 01IepqeHHa5I JIJiqHOCTb.
xapaKTepoM rrepeIIIeJI OH H B xpIICTIIaHCKOe yqeHIIC.

y

c TaKHM

eBaHreJIIICTOB JJ:b51BOJI

y)l(e tteyToMIIMbIM Bpar u:apcTBIIH Eo)l(IIH, rrpoTIIBHIIK Eora, JI)l(e6or, .zJ:OCTOMHO

478
Haq1rnaIOilJJfH CBOIO .n.e51TeJibHOCTb c MCKyrrnemrn CbIHa D0)l{M51. 3rn MCTOpH51
MCKyllleHM51 XpHcTa, rro.n.po6Ho paccKasaHHa51 HaM MaT¢eeM (rJI.
KOH (rJI.

4),

4)

M Jly-

cJiy)KMJia O,llHOii M3 rJiaBHbIX orrop cpe.uHeBeKOBoMy BepoBaHHIO

B ,llb51BOJia -

caMoMy MpaqHoMy II 6esyMHOMy sa6JiyJK.n.eHIIIO, B KOTOpoe

Kor.ua-Jrn6o Bna.n.aJI qeJioBeqecKHii yM.
Cpe.n.mie BeKa He )lOBOJibCTBOBaJIHCb BOCTOqHbIM caTaHoii, KaKHM OH 51BMeTC51 B HoaoM 3aBeTe: OHH rrpH,llaJIH eMy HOBbie qepTbl, 3aHMCTBOBaHHbie qaCTblO H3 rpeKo-pHMCKOR Ml:IcpOJIOfMR, qacTblO l:I3 HaIJ;l:IOHaJibH0-5l3blqecKHX BepoBaHHH ceaepHbIX Hapo.n.os. KaToJIIIqecKoe .n.yxoBeHCTBO rroJiarano, qTo OHO
npII.n.acT 6oJibIIIee sHaqeHIIe e.n.IIHOMY Bory, ecJIII rrpe.n.crnBMT .n.peBHHe 6o)l{ecrna B BH)le )lb51BOJIOB.

l1

BOT PYKM, MCKOHM HCKYCHbie B C03,ll,aHlllI MII¢oJIO-

rIIqecKHX o6pa30B, 6e3 Tpy.n:a BOCI10Jlb30BaJIIICb ¢II3IIqeCKIIMII aTpn6yTaMH
<PaBHOB, caTHpOB lI u;eHTaBpOB, IIX poraMH, KOilbITaMH H K03bHMII HOraMH, qTo6bI yKpacHTb IIMH KaToJinqecKoro qeprn, nepe.n.eJiaTb IlaHa B K03Jia. C .n.pyro:H: CTOpOHbl, )l{HBOe B006pa)l{eHHe )l{HTeJie:H: cesepa CHJIHJIOCb BO qTo 6bI TO
Hl:I CTaJIO crraCTlI CBOH pO.ll,Hbie MH$OJIOfWieCKIIe npe,ll,CTaBJieHIUI, BBeCTl:I HX
B Kpyr xpncrn:aHCKHX ITOH51THH. XpHCTMaHCKa51 TeoJiorM H 5l3h1qecKa5I Hapo.n.-

Ha51 Bepa pa6oTaJIM 3aO)lHO. BJiaro.n.ap5I MX coe)lMHeHHbIM ycMJIH5IM, 6orM nonpe)l{HeMy rrpo,llOJI)l{aIOT BHylliaTb CTpax If yBa)l{eHHe; OHM rrepeMeHHJIH TOJibKO CBOH HMeHa Ha Ha3BaHHe qepTe:H:. Bbillie, rrpn OITHCaHHH .n.peBHerepMaHCKOH peJIHrHH, Mbl y)l{e HMeJIH CJiyqarr yrroMHHYTb, qTo 3Ta peJIHrH5l
rrpHsHaBana, rro.n. BH.llOM JloKH, HeqTo rro.n.o6Hoe qepTy. qepT, sa.n:asnrn::i1: TaKYIO CHJibHYIO pa6oTy HallIHM rrpe.n.KaM B cpe,ZlHHe BeKa H I103JKe, 6es COMHemrn, MHOrHM o6H3aH 3ToMy JloKH. HeTpy.uHo TaK)l{e pa3JIHqHTb KeJibTCKMe
KpaCKH Ha 3TOM KH5l3e TbMbI, 3TOM IlCKYCHTeJie H ry6HTeJie JIIO,lleH, 6essaKOHHOM correpHHKe HCTHHHOro Bora, KaKHM OH rrpe,llCTaBJI5leTC5l cpe.n.HeBeKOBoMy
C03Hamuo . .l(b5IBOJI He TOJibKO MCKOHHblH spar Bora, OH, KpoMe Toro,

Ero

rro.n:-

pa)l{aTeJib. TaK pHcyeT HaM caTaHy B BbICllieH CTeneHII saMeqaTeJibHbIH KeJibTCKHH MH<P o BOJime6HRKe MepJIHHe, po)l{.ll,eHHOM OT caTaHbI II qIICTOH ,l(eBbI
B no.n.pa)l{aHIIe Bory. Ha 3TOM correpHMqecrne, Ha 3TOM rro,ll,paJKaHIIM caTaHhI
Bory OCHOBaHO ace xpIICTIIaHCKOe BOJ111Ie6crno. ,l(b5IBOJibCKOe BOJillie6cTBo
ecTb rrapo.n.IIa 6o)l{eCKHX qy.n.ec. KaK Bor Ha.n.eJI51JI qy.n.o.n:errcTBeHHOH CHJIOH
CBOIIX BepHbIX CJiyr, CB5ITbIX, TaK Ji )lb5IBOJI coo61I{aJI 3TY CIIJIY CBOIIM rrpIIBep)l{eHIJ;aM -

KOJI,ZlyHaM II Be,llbMaM.

y

rrepBbIX qy.n.eca 5IBJI5IJIHCb ,ZleHCTBH51MII

saKOHHblMII II .n.o6po.n.eTeJibHbIMII, y BTOpbIX -

6e33aKOHHblMII II npecryITHbIMH.

IlpH3HaBa5l B03MO)l(HOCTb nepe.n:aqM BOJillie6HOH CMJibl JIIO)l51M, OTKa3blBaIOII{MMC5I
OT Bora H rrpo.naIOII{HM .nymy .lI.bHBOJIY, cpe.nHeBeKoBAA TeoJIOfH51 TeM caMbIM cos.nasana u:apcrno .llb5IBOJia cpe.nM u:apcrna Bo)l{M. IlpH 3TOM ecTecrneHHO B03HHKaJI aonpoc: KaK .n:onycTIIJI focrro.n.b, npH caoeM sceMorymecTBe, TaKoe
ycHJieHIIe .llb5IBOJia. Ho TeoJiorH ycrreJIM paspelllHTh II 3TOT II{eKOTJIHBhIH

479
Borrpoc. OHM o6nJICHMJIM rrpoTMBopeqMe Me)K,n:y sceMoryrn:ecrnoM Bora M cMJioii: ,llbHBOJia qMcTo TeoJiorMqeCKMM rroHHTHeM o «60)KbeM rrorryrn;eHMM~. He6o
HeCOMHeHHO CTOJIJIO BbIIIIe a,n:a; HO B CBOeii: HeMCIIOBe,llllMOH My,n:pocTM Bor .n:aBaJI cso6o,ZJ;y ,llbHBOJiy, OH «rrorrycKaJI~ 3JIO.
BMeCTe c Bepoii: B qeprn ( o6pa3 KOTOporo COCTaBMJICJI' KaK Mbl BM,lleJIM M3
CMerneHMJI ,llpeBHeBOCTO'IHbIX, My,lleHCKO-XpMCTMaHCKMX, ,llpeBHeH3biqecKMX H
ceBepH9-MmpoJiorttqeCKMX rroHHTMH) EBporroH: OBJia,n:eJI u;eJibitt MHp cyeBepHbIX
rrpe,ll.CTaBJieHMH. 3TM rrpe,ll.CTaBJieHMJI He MC1·Ie3JIM ern:e H ,ll.0 CMX rrop; OHM rropO,llMJIM Te CTpaHHbie HeJieIIbie paccKa3bl 0 ,llOMOBbIX M KOJl,llyttax, 0 BOJillle6cTBe, npeaparn;eHMJIX M 6ecHyIOW:MXCJI, Te CMellIHble M ornpaTHTeJibHbie ra,n:aHbJI,
MCKaHIUI KJia.n,oB, rrop'IM, 3aBH3bIBaHHe ysJIOB, sarrHpaHbe 3aMKOB, yKa3aHMH
BOpOB, BOJillle6ttbie TpaBbl, rrpMBOpOTHbie KOpHM, npM3bIBaHMe M 3aKJIHHaHbe
.Zl:YXOB H rrpoq. -

Bee Te 6ecCMbICJIMU:bI, KOTOpbie TaK ,ll.OJirO )KMJIM B Hapo,lle H

KaK Mbl YBM.z:t:HM B

3

KHMre -

OT'IaCTM coxpaHMJIMCb M ,n:o Ramero BpeMeHH.

PecpopMaIJMH He KOCHyJiaCb BOBCe cpe,ZJ;HeBeKOBOro qeprn H BceH: ero CBMTbl,
HarrpOTHB, OHa ern:e CTapaJiaCb ycHJIHTb H yKperrHTb Bepy B Hero; 3TO 6bIJIO
Heo6xo,n:MMbIM CJie,n:CTBMeM ee TeOJIOrMqecKMX B033peHMH.
Ko6oJib.z:t:bI, -

3TM 6Jiaro,ZJ;eTeJibHbie, HO Tpe6yIOrn;Me K ce6e rroqTeHMH ,ZJ;o-

ManrnMe .n.yxM (KaK pMCOBaJia IIX Hapo.n,HaH ¢attTa3MH), -

6bIJIH rrpHMbIM Ha-

CJie,ZJ;HeM ,n:peBHerepMaHCKOro MHpa, BepHO coxpaHeHHbIM xpHCTHaHCTBOM.
OHM no rrpHMOH JIHHMH rrpoMcxo,n:HT OT KapJIHKOB M 3JibQ:>oB 11apcrna asoB. OT
HHX yHaCJie,n:OBaJIM OHM H CBOM KporneqHbie Q:>ttrypKH. Ko6oJib,llbl HOCHT o6bJKHOBeHHO MaJieHbKHe OCTpbie rnanOlJKM, KOTOpbIM o6H3aHbl 60JibllleH qacTblO
caoMx HasaattHii (Hbtchen, Hopfenhbtel, Eisenhbtel). B HeKOTOpbIX MeCTHOCTHX HX 30BYT TaK)Ke «,ZJ;o6pbIMH MaJibIMM~ (Gutgesell), «MHJibIMM ,n:eTbMH~
( Gutes Kind), «KornaqbHMM JIIO,llbMM~ (Katermann) II rrpo'I. Ko6oJihJJ:bI JII06HT CH.n,eTb BOKpyr orHH, Ha KOTOpblH sa60TJllIBaH X03JIHKa BblCTaBJIHeT MM
KyrnaHbH B )Keprny; BrrpoqeM, OHM )KMBYT TaK)Ke B KOHIOllIHHX II )KlITHHIJaX.
Ko6oJib,ll -

ecJIM c HMM xoporno o6parn;aIOTCH -

,n:esneJibHbIH rroMOW:HMK BO

Bcex X03HHCTBeHHbIX .n.eJiax; OH rrplIHOClIT cqaCTbe .n.oMy; HO He6Jiaro.n.apHbIM
OH MCTHT: OH BbI)KHBaeT IIX H3 ,n:oMa pa3JIHqHbIMH 3JI06HbIMII llITyKaMH MJIH
yxo,ZJ;MT caM, yHoCH c co6oii: Bee cqacTbe.
BepoBaHMH B pasJIH'IHbIX BOMHbIX ,n:yxoB, BOMHbIX (Nix, Neck, Nickel)
II pycaJioK (Nixen, Miimelchen) -

JII060Bb KOTOpbIX K KpacHBbIM MY)KlJHHaM

BOCileTa B CTOJibKHX HeMeIJKHX, CKaH,ZJ;IrnaBCKHX II llIOTJiaH.n,CKIIX 6aJIJia,n:ax BepoBaHIIH B CTparnHhIX JieCHbIX (Holzleute, Moosleutchen, Schrate, JO)KHOrepMancKoe Schrattele) -

cpe,llH KOTOpbIX oco6eHHO saMe'IaTeJibHbI CBOHMH

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485
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505

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506

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VIII
MCKYCCTBO l1 JII1TEPATYPA
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XVI

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Il rropOL(MJia p51,ll, xy,ll,O)KHMKOB' BIIIlCaBllIIIX 6eccMepTHbIMII TBopeHIIHMil IIMeHa CBOII B JieTOrrMCb Kpac0Tb1: EpytteJIJieCKM, M11KeJI011110, A.1lh6epTII, EpaMaHTe, CattCOBMHO, IlaJIJia,ZJ,110, ,ZJ,eJIJia KBepqa, fII6epnr, )lottaTeJIJIO, l:leJIJIIIHM,
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507
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poMaHTH1IeCKlIX rrpMIIlI1IlIM lI BepHyBllllICb K e)],IIHCTBeHHOMY 3,ll,OpOBOMY lICT01IHlIKY rnopqecrna -

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XVI

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XVII

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XVII

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508
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509
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XIX

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515
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xv

516

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M aHy3JZR ( 1484 - 1530). 3ToT 'IeJioBeK - MbI y)Ke yrroMHHaJIH o HeM KaK o
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519
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XVII

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Kpa:H rH6em1, rrpepBaJIH pa3BHTHe napo.n.no:H JIHTepaTypbI. BocrroM1rnanHe o
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B 3TOH KHHre OrrHU: BbIKa3brnaeT caMoe r Jiy6oKoe yBa)I(emie K HHOCTpaHHbIM
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oco6eHHOCTII rroy"CJIITeJibHbIH po.n:, IIOTOM JIHpII"lleCKIIH ITO o6pa3.u;aM IIIKOJlbI
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3TOH n03TIIKOH, a paBHO CBOIIMII ,Zl.II.ll.aKTIIqecKIIMII CTHXOTBOpeHII5IMII ( ~Un-aT
Ha»,

~ YTeIIIeHIIe B rrpeBpaTHOCT5IX BOHHbI» ), 3KJIOraMH, coHeTaMII, Ma.n:pIIra-

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o.n.-

H03BYqHbIH aJieKCaH.n:pIIHCKIIH MeTp, TaK pe)I(yl-UIIH yxo B rrpOII3Be.n:eHII5IX
Toro BpeMeHH.
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ycep.n:Ho pacnpocTpaH5IJIII ero TeOpIIIO, II BCKope BO BCeiI fepMaHHII CTaJIH co3.z:i:aBaTbC5I cn1xornopeHH5I no ee npaBIIJiaM. HaM HeT HY*.lJ:bI pa36IIpaTb 3.z:i:ecb
BeCb 3TOT JIIITepaTypHblH XJiaM; .ll:OBOJibHO CKa3aTb, TO cpe.n:II .n:II.n:aKTIIqecKoro
II CaTIIpIIqecKoro OJ1:H006pa3II5I nopoiI TaM II C5IM rrpopbIBaJIC5I )I(IIBOH CTpyeiI TO
roJioc Hapo.n:HoiI necHII

(~Aennchen von Tharau» !f.axa), TO pe3KOe CJIOBO rrpo-

TIIB MO.lJ:HOH rnynoCTII (HII)I(HeHeMeU:KIIe caTIIpbI

Jlaypen6epza), TO JIOBKa5I 3nIIJlozay). Bcero YTeIIIH-

rpaMMa (npeBocxo.z:i:Hbie CTIIxornopeHII5I <Dpll.ll.pIIxa cpoH

TeJibttee OCTaHOBHTbC5I Ha rJiy6oKO npoqyBCTBOBaHHbIX, IICTIIHHO JIIIpIIqecKHX
npoII3Be.n:eHII5IX IlaBJia (/) JteMMUl-lza

( 1609 - 1640),

HecoMHeHHO JiyqIIIero He-

Meu;Koro no3Ta XVII cToJieTII5I. <DJieMMIIHr paBHO 3aMeqaTeJieH KaK cBeTCKHMH,
TaK H .n:yxOBHbIMII neCH5IMII; OH C03.lJ:aJI 6bI II 6oJiee 3HaqIITeJibHbie npOII3Be.n:eHII5I, ecJIII 6b1 cMepTh He OKOH"l!IIJia CJIIIIIIKOM patto ero .n:HeiI. B H10pn6epre ILJieHbI

~IIerHIIU:Koro nacTyIIIecKoro op.n:eHa» (KJiaiI, fapc.n:opcpep, BIIpKeH) nb1-

TaJIIICb BbI3BaTb peaKU:IIIO npOTIIB cyxoiI, paccy.n:o"l!HoiI n033IIII Onnu:a II nepeHeCTH B fepMaHIIIO CJia.n:Ko-qyBCTBeHHbIH TOH HTaJib5IHCKIIX MapIIHHCTOB. 3TOT
TOH 6bIJI BnOCJie.n:CTBIIII npIIH5IT qJieHaMII TaK Ha3bIBaeMoiI BTOpoll: c1rne3CKOH
IIIKOJibI no3TOB II .n:oBe,ZJ.eH XpIICTIIanoM f ocpMaHOM cpoH focpMaHcBaJib.ll:ay

(1618-1679)

Bero MHOrDTOMHbIX JIIIpIIqeCKIIX npOII3Be.n:eHII5IX .n:o BbICIIIeiI

CTerreHII pacrrymeHHOCTII II IIOIIIJIOH JII06e3HOCTI1. CTHXOTBOpeHH5I focpMaHCBaJib.ll.ay HMeIOT Ba)I(HOe 3HaqeHIIe ,Zl.JI5I HCTOpHII HpaBOB. 3TH pHcpMoBaHHbie HenpIICTOHHOCTH, 6eCCTbl,Zl.Hbie .n:o HeBep05ITHOCTII, IIOKa3bIBaIOT'

522
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XVII

cTo.JieTusi MO)KHO 6b1.JI0 ce6e

rro3BO.JIMTb. 5o.Jiee cepbe3Hoe co.11.ep)KaHMe rrpe.11.cTaB.JI5IIOT rrpoH3Be.n:eHM51 Att.11.pe51 fpmpMyca

(1616-1664).

fpMqmyc rrpM Tex yc.JIOBM51X, B KOTOpbIX OH

)KH.JI, He Mor, KOHel.JHO, c.n:e.JiaTbC51 HeMe:U:KMM IlleKCIIMpOM, HO Mor rrpO.JIO)KMTb
rryTh IlleKcrrMpy. Ott C03.11.aJI B HO Bo ii HeMe:u:Koii II033MM caMOCT051Te.JihHYIO
.11.paMy; B CBOeM «Peter Sqenuz~ OH MeTKO OCMe51.JI rre.11.aHTlfl.JHYIO II033MIO, a B
Horribilikribrifax -

co.JI.11.aTcKoe 6yiicrno Toro npeMeHM. B CBOMX Tparem1-

5IX c xopaMM OH, K HeCl.JaCTblO, rro.11.pa)KaeT .11.peBHeMy TparMKY CetteKe, XOT51
l.JaCTO c.n:aeTC51, l.JTO fpmtmyc 6bl.ll 3HaKOM II c .llYl.JIIIMM o6pa3:U:OM, c IlleKCIIMpoM*. Il03TOMy era Tpare.11.MM He rrp:HHeC.JIM HMKaKOM IIO.llb3bl HeMe:U:KOMY Tea Tpy. To )Ke caMoe MO)KHO cKa3aTb M o rrpo1rnne.11.eHM5IX Kacrrapa

JI03Hwmeii1w ( 1635 - 1683)'

.11.one.11.IIIero rpoMOHOCHYIO pHTOpHKY f pmtrn:yca

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B KpOBM, II aBTOp rnep.11.0 y6e)K.n:eH, l.JTO HaCT0511lla51 ccpepa Tparemi:ii 3aK.JIIOl.JaeTC51 Me)K.11.y rry6.JIM"lIHbIM .11.oMoM JI 6oiitteii. KaKoBa .11.0.JI)J{Ha 6b1.Jia 6bITb, HecMoTp51 Ha BCIO TeO.JIOrMl.JeCKYIO «Ha60)KHOCTb~, HpaBCTBeHHOCTb 3IIOXM, B KOTopy10 Cl.JMTa.JIC51 Be.JIJIKJIM 1103TOM l.Je.JIOBeK' M306pa)KaBIIIMM B CBoeii

«ArpMIIIIMHe~, B .11,.llMHHbIX CU,eHax, .KaK MaTb rro6y)K.n:aeT CbIHa CBOero K KpoBOCMeIIIeHMIO! Bepo51THO, OH BIIO.JIHe Y.11.0B.lleTBOp51.ll COBpeMeHHOMY MOpaJibHOMy "lIYBCTBY' rrpMMeIIIaB K CBOMM CaJlbHOCT51M «.11.YXOBHbie MbIC.llM~ II tte6eCHbie
paccy)K.11.eHM51. d1crnp1rn )KM3HJI M .JII06BJI My)Kecrnettttoro ApMMHM51 Mera BbIcoKO"lITMMoii Tyctte.llh.IJ.bI~ Jlo3HIIITeiitta 3ac.Jiy)KJIBaeT rroxBaJibI 3a cnoii rraTpJIOTJI3M, HO BOo6me rrpe.11.cTaB.JI5IeT xopOIIIJIM rrpJIMep HeCHOCHOM CKYKJI repoiiCKJIX II rracTyIIIeCKJIX poMaHOB, KOTOpbie B TO BpeM51 BOIII.JIM B Mo.n:y B fepMaHMM M3 rro.n:pa)KaHM51 cppatt:u:y3cKJIM poMaHaM .n:'Ypcpe M m-elle CK10.11.epM.
3TOT po.11. poMaHOB c ,l(M,l(aKTJIKOM Ha rrepBOM II.JiaHe, poMaHOB, rrpe,n:cTaBAABIIIMX co6oii C.llaJJ:eHbKYIO KaIIIy BCeB03MO)KHblX 3.JieMeHTOB JI MCTOp:Hl.£eCKJIX,
JI MM<l>O.JIOrMl.JeCKJIX, II rraCTOpaJibHbIX, JI pe.JIMrM03HbIX, II BOeHHbIX, JI CKa30l.JHbIX M .Jierett,n:apttbIX, ( «21.MaHa~,
<Pott

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ll,a.JibHeiiIIIMMM era rrpe,n:cTaBMTe.JI51MM 51B.JI51IOTC51 CVJI.JIJIIIII

(«P03aMytt,n:a~ M .11.p.), feiittpJix

cKa, fepKy.JIJicKyc M fepKy.JiaJJ:MCKa)
,n:p. ),

-

Bepaepo.M

EyxzoJtbUi («fepKy.Jiec~ M BaJIJIM YJtbpux <Pott 5payHIIIBeiir (ApaMeHa M

aBTOpbI MHO)KeCTBa TO.llCTeMIIIMX rrpOH3Be,l(eHMM; IIOKa HaKOHe:U:

feiittpMx AHce.JibM <Pott

IJ,uzJtep

M K.llMTay3eH B cnoeM poMatte «A3JiaTCKM 5a-

HM3e II.JIM KpOBO)KaJJ:HbIM, HO My)KeCTBeHHbIM ll,ery, JICTOp:Hl.£eCKOe rrpOHCIIIeCTBJie IIO,l( IIOKpOBOM repOHl.JeCI<OM JI .JII060BHOM IIOBeCTM~ (

*

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B03-

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pyKII IIcrraHueB MeH;:i:03bI (Lazerillo) II KeBe;:i:o (Gran Tacano) rrpoHIIKJIII II
B fepMaHIIIO. MIIxeJih M owepow (yMep B 1669 ro;:i:y) B CBoe:H KHIIre
Gesichten Philanders von Sittewalt c 6oJibIIIIIM IIcKyccrnoM rro;:i:pa:>Kall 3HaMeHIITbIM Suenos KeBe;:i:o; 3TO rrpo113Be;:i:eH11e tte3aBMCMMO OT CBoero caT11p11'IeCKoro /lOCTOMHCTBa, rrpe;:i:CTaBJI.s:IeT eiue Ba:>KHbIM ;:i:oKyMeHT ll:JI.s:I IICTopmI
HpaBOB XVII CTOJienrn. Herroii:pa:>KaeMo BepHyIO Kapnrny cocT05lHII.s:I fepMaHIIII BO BpeM.s:r Tp11ii:uaTIIJieTHe:H BOMHbI rrpe;:i:cTaBJI.s:reT faHc 51Ko6 Kp1IcrncpeJib
cpoH FpuMMeJt'bczay3eH (yMep B 1676 roii:y B PeHxeHe B Ea;:i:eHe) B cBoeM o6pa3UOBOM poMaHe « IIoxo:>K;:i:eHII.s:r CIIMIIJIIIUII.s:I CIIMIIJIIIUIICCIIMyca~ ( 1669),
rrpoII3Be;:i:eHII5l, IIOIICTIIHe KJiacclI'IecKOM. CaTIIpII'IeCKIIe poMaHbI Bpo;:i:e « Tpex
BeJIII'IaMIIIIIX ;:i:ypaKoB B CBeTe~ II rrpo'I. XpIICTIIaHa Beifae (yMep B 1708
roii:y ), My:>KeCTBeHHOro 6opua rrpOTIIB 2-:H CIIJie3CKOM IIIKOJibl, Haxo;:i:IIJIII 6e3LJ:HY MaTepliaJia B COBpeMeHHOM o6iuecTBe; 3TIIM MaTep1IaJIOM IIOJib30BaJIIICb
KpOMe Toro B rrpoTeCTaHTCKOM f epMaHIIII TeOJIOr EaJibTa3ap
ynn (yMep B
1661 ro;:i:y), a B KaTOJIII'IecKoM: - BeHCKIIM rrporroBe;:i:HIIK A6paaM-a-CaHKmaKJtapa (MerepJie, yMep B 1709 ro;:i:y) ;:i:JI.s:r CBOIIX caTIIpII'IeCKIIX rrporroBe;:i:eM:
II rraMcpJieTOB, cpopMa KOTOpbIX (oco6eHHO y IIOCJieLJ:Hero) HaIIOMIIHaeT <l>IIIIIaprn. IIocJieLJ:HIIM 3Ha'IIITeJihHbIM Illar B HaUIIOHaJibHOM pa3BIITIIII II3.s:IIUHOM
JIIITepaTypbI Toro BpeMeHII COCTaBJI.s:IeT po6IIH30Haii:a «0cTpOB <DeJib3eH6ypr~
( 1731) JlIO;:i:BIIra lllHa6eJI5l, HaIIIICaHHa.s:I no o6pa3UY poMaHOB c MOpCKIIMII rroXO:>KLJ:eHM.s:IMM, BBe;:i:eHHbIX Jlecpo B MOLJ:Y B AHrJIIIII. l1TaK, rro;:i:pa:>KaHIIe rrpeo6JiaLJ:aJIO BCIOLJ:y. JloJiro IICKaJIII opIIrIIHaJibl B l1TaJIIIII, I1crraHIIII II <DpaHUIIII, HaKoHeu o6paTMJIIICb K aHrJIMMCKOM mnepaType. K c'IaCTbIO, 3To cJiy'IIIJIOcb B TO BpeM.s:r, Kor;:i:a rro3TbI Bpo;:i:e ToMcoHa, I0Hra, Kyrrepa II fpe.s:r
OCB06o;:i:IIJIII aHrJIIIMCKYIO II0331IIO OT OLJ:HOCTOpOHHeM raJIJIOMaHIIII, rrpeo6Jiaii:aBIIIeM B BeK KOpoJieBbl AHHbl. IloJIHa.s:I HII'ITO:>KHOCTb aJieKCaH/lpIIHCKHX CTIIxornopeHIIM EyaJio B rroii:pa:>KaHII5IX 6epmrncKIIX II ii:pe3LJ:eHCKIIX rrplILJ:BOpHbIX
rro3TOB KaHuup, Eeccepa II KeHuza HaKoHeu MaJio-rroMaJIY rrpIIeJiach HeMuaM.
0HII c pa;:i:oCTblO rrpIIBeTCTBOBaJIII Ka:>Kii:oe CBe:>Kee, )l(IIBOe CJIOBO Bpo;:i:e CTy;:i:eH'IeCKIIX rreceH XplICTIIaHa I'10Hmepca (yMep B 1723 roii:y ); aHrnlIMCKM :>KIIBOIIIICb c HaTypbI, Ha KOTopy10 cKpoMHo yKa3hIBaJI EapTOJibll feliHplix EpoK
(yM. 1747), 06paT1IJia Ha ce6.s:r BCeo6iuee BHIIMaHIIe. HeMUbI c BOCToproM CJieLJ:OBa.JIM 3a faJI.JiepoM B ero «AJibrrbI~ 11 c y;:i:oBO.JibCTBIIeM cJiyIIIaJIII coKpaTII'IeCKII-BeceJibie IIeCHII II IICTOpIIHKII <l>pIILJ:plIXa cpOH I'azedopHa (yM. 1754), He
coo6pa:>Ka.s:r, 'ITO B CYIUHOCTII BCe 3TII JIIOLJ:II HII'IYTb He B03BbllllaJIIICb Hall: ocppaHUy:>KeHHOM rrpIIJIII'IHOM II033IIe:H; OHII cMe.s:IJIIICb ii:a:>Ke Ha;:i: 'IeCTHblM JI ucK08'bl.J11, (yM. 1760 r. ), IIOLJ:H.s:IBIIllIM CBOH caTIIpII'IeCKIIH 6II'I Ha «:>KaJIKIIX IIIIcaK~, II p.s:r;:i:oM c 3TIIM C'IIITaJIII BeJIIIKIIM 'IeJioBeKoM I1oraHHa XpIIcTocpa

m

524
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(yM.

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3acJiyn1 KoToporo no O'Inmemuo n o6oramettmo 513bI-

Ka, KOHe'IHO, 3acey:>1nrnaIOT YBaJKCHlI5I, HO KOTOpbIR, c .upyroii: CTOpOHbl, CBOIIM
« YMIIpa10mIIM KaToHoM~ RCHo BbIKa3aJI BCIO cBOIO II03TII'IecKy10 HecocT051Te.JibHOCTh, a B03Be.ll,CHIICM Ha IIbC.ll,eCTaJI rrpOII3Be.ll,eHIIR Bpo.ue «fepMaHIIa.ll,bl~
llleHaiirna -

cnoe pa6cKoe rroK.JioHeHIIe cppamJ;y3cKoii HeecTecrneHHOCTII. He-

CMOTpR Ha 3TO foTIIIC.ll. c nar.JIOR caMoyBepeHHOCTbIO CqIITaJI ce65l opaKyJIOM
II35ImHoii KpIITIIKII II c MeJIKOR 3aBIICTbIO rrpec.JIC,ll.OBa.JI Ka)K,ll.blR B03BbIIIIaIOmnii:c5I TaJiaHT.
Me)KJJ:Y TeM, TpyrrrrhI aKTepoB, rroKIIHJThie rroaTaMII, B351JIII TeaTp B CBOH
pyKII. TaM II CHM KaKoii-HII6y.n.h Ta.JiaHT.JIIIBbIR cTy.n.eHT IIJIII MarIIcTp npo.n.e
I1oratttta

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150

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conepIIIeHHO 6e3 1rncaTeJieii, 0,ll.HMMII CBOMMII CIIJiaMII 29 . K 3TOMY rrpIICOC,ll.IIHIIJIC5I eme 06b1qaii:, BBC,ll.CHHbIR rrepBOHaqaJibHO HOR 6opb6b1 -

II He 6e3 rrpO.ll,0.JI)KIITCJib-

orrepttbIMII aKTepaMn II ToTqac )Ke rrpIIH51Thiii TpyrrrroH: Be.llb-

Tetta, o6bI'Iaii lICIIOJIH5ITb )KCHCKIIe po.JIM )KCHIIl;IIHaMH, 'ITO COCTaBJI5IJIO HOBYIO rrpIIMaHKY ,ll.JIR 3pIITeJieii. Ho 6po.ll,5I'IIIe Tpyrrrrb1 rrocTORHHO HOCIIJIII caMII
B ce6e 3apOJJ:bIIII orpy6eJIOCTII npaBoB: Bb1crnee o6mecrno rrpette6peraJio Hapo.n.tthIM TeaTpoM II 06pa11J;aJio Bee cBoe BHIIManIIe na orrepy, rrepenecettny10,
KaK MbI y)Ke BII,ll.CJIII, eme B ttaqaJie

XVII

cToJieTIIR II3 I1TaJIIIII Ha HeMeUKYIO

1685 r. B L{pe3.ue1692 r. OH 6bIJI pac-

rroqBy. IlpaB.n.a, II3 TpyrrrrhI BeJibTena opraHII30BaJIC5I B
ne IIOCT05IHHbIR HCMCUKIIR rrpII,ll.BOpHbIH TeaTp, HO y)Ke B

rrymeH. Orrepa rrorJIOTIIJia nee II BCeM OBJia,a:eJia; Otta rroJib30BaJiach MIIJIOCTbIO rrpII .n.Bopax. Bo BTopoii: rroJIOBIIHe

XVII

CTOJICTIIR Ha rrocTaHOBKY He-

KOTOpbIX IIbCC TpaTH.JIIICb orpoMHbIC cyMMbI; TaK, Ha orrepy «Medea

vendicativa~, IIOCTaBJICHHYIO B M10nxene

70 000 ryJih,ll.CHOB. TaKIIe )Ke
Jie XVIII CTOJieTII51 Ha orrepy

1

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1662 r.'

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HJIII eme 6oJihIIIIIe cyMMbI TpaTIIJIHCb B naqaB Bene. fopo,n:a correpnIIqaJIII B 3Toii: 6e3pac-

cy.n.noM: II 6e3npaBCTBennoM: pocKOIIIII c ,n:BopaMII. Me)K.uy

1667

II

1696

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MII KpoMe CTOJIIIU orrepHbie TeaTpbI 6bIJIII B H10pn6epre, Ayrc6ypre, faM6ypre n JieH:rruHre. B

faM6ypre 6hIJIO c;:i;eJiaHo oco6etttto Mnoro .ll.JIR 3Toii

OTpaCJIII IICKJCCTBa, KOTOpa5I CTpaHHbIM o6pa30M CHOBa B03BpaTIIJiaCb K
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525
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pacrreBaJIIICb .IKeHIIJ:IIHaMII II /l,eByllIKaMII, tJ:OBO/l,IIBllIIIMII /1,0 Kpaii:HeH CTerreHII 6ecCTbI/l,CTBa KOCTIOMbI II .IKeCTbI. ll:JI51 IICIIOJIHeHII51 3TIIX orrep Tpe6oBaJiaCb
6e3tJ:Ha JIIO/l,eH; pOCKOillb KOCTIOMOB /l,OXO/l,IIJia /1,0 HeBep051TIUI; JIOIIIa,ll,II,
OCJibl, Bep6JIIO/l,bl II 11:pyr1Ie .IKIIBOTHble 51BJI51JIIICb Ha CIJ,ette; BCeB03MO.IKHble
MeXaHII3MbI, BCe pO,ll,bI OCBemeHIIH yrroTpe6JIJIJIIICb B onepax, B oco6eHHOCTII BeJIIIKOJieIIHble rrpe;:i:cTaBJieHII5I IIe3yIITOB OCJieIIJIHJIII II /l,BOp, II Hapo,ll,. Ho
TaKaR pocKOIIIb HeMeIJ,KOH orrepbr 6brna He,ll,oJiroBeqHa. Otta rror1I6Jia BCJie;:i:CTBIIe CBoeM: BHyTpeHHeM rrycTOTbl II BHenrHero II3JIIIIIIeCTBa y.1Ke B rrepBOH rroJIOBIIHe

XVIII

CTOJieTIIH; ee correpHIIU:a, HoBeH:nraH IITaJibRHCKaH orrepa rro-

cTerreHHO B35IJia rrepeBec rrpII ,ll,BOpax II B ropo,ll,ax.
OrrepHa5I IICKYCCTBeHHOCTb rrepenrJia Me.IK,ll,Y TeM IIOCTerreHHO II B KOMe/l,IIII
HeMell,KIIX 6pO,ll,5IqIIx Tpyrrrr. ll:IIpII.IKepbI II aKTepbI 3TIIX Tpyrrrr XOTeJIII KOHKypHpoBaTb c orrepoii: II II03TOMY /l,JI51 rrpIIBJieqemrn: ny6JIIIKII p51,ll,OM c IIMI1pOBII3IIpoBaHHbIMII IIIYTKaMII CTaBIIJIII ~rJiaBHbie II noJIIITIIqecKIIe rrpe;:i:CTaBJieHIIR~.
3TII CIIIIITbie 6eJibIMII HIITKaMII, HaITOJIHeHHbie caMbIM rp5I3Hb1M KOMII3MOM pa3,ll,IIpaTeJibHbie ,ll,paMbI, 3aIIMCTBOBaHHbie II3 6II6JieMCKOH II CBeTCKOH IICTOpIIII,
II3 CBOIIX IIJIII IIHOCTpaHHblX rrpe,ll,aHIIH, OTJIIIqaJIIICb caMbIM TOIIOpHbIM, HaIIbImeHHbIM 5I3bIKOM, TO IIO/l,HIIMaBIIIIIMC5I Ha XO.ll.YJIII aJieKcaH/l,pIIHCKOfO cnrxa,
TO crrycKaBIIIIIMC5I /1,0 rrpocTOHapO/l,HOM rrp03bI. 11x CKOpee peBeJIII, qeM ,ll,eKJiaMIIpOBaJIII cpe/l,II ~pa3Max1maHIIH pyKaMII, KOpqII qJieHOB, IIIIIIIeHb}l II CKpe.IKeTa 3y60B»-. IloKa 6eCHOBaJIIICb 3TII repoIIqeCKIIe ,ll,paMbI, CTapaRCb B03BeCTII CBOIIX repoeB eme BbIIIIe repo:Mcrna, HeMeIJ,Ka5I IIMIIpOBII3IIpOBaHHa5I KOMe,ll,II}l BBe/l,eHIIeM MaCOK IIbITaJiaCb rrpII6JIII3IITbC5I K IITaJib51HCKOH HapO/l,HOM
KOMe/l,IIII; HO HeMell,KIIM apJieKIIH HeII3MeHHO OCTaBaJIC}l ,ll,06pbIM, CTapbIM,
rp5I3HbIM fattcnypcrnM, II TPY.ll.aMII l1o3ecpa

1708 r.

CmpanutfKOZO,

OCHoBaBnrero B

rrepBbIM IIOCTOHHHbIM HapO,ll,HbIM HeMeIJ;KIIH TeaTp B Bene, 3TII apJieKII-

na,n:bl f attcBypcTa c,n:eJiaJIIICb u.eHTpoM ttau;HoHaJibHOM ,ll,paMbr. CTpaHIIU:KIIH
II fOTcppII,ll, IIperay3ep, KOTOporo OH TOp.IKecTBeHHO II rryoJIIIqHO rrpII3HaJI CBOIIM rrpeeMHIIKOM, /l,OCTaBIIJIII raHcBypcTIIa,ll,aM TaKy10 rrorryJIHpHocTb B Bette,
qrn, HeCMOTp5I Ha Bee II3MeHeHII5I HapO,ll,HOM KOMe,n:mI, 3TOT ropo/I, HaBcer,ll,a oc25
TaJICJI ee rJiaBHbIM IlettTpOM . IlpOTIIB 3TOH rrorryJIRpHOH, HO, KOneqno, He OTBeqa10meH: BbICIIIMM Tpe6oBaHirnM IICKyccrna cpopMbI HeMeQKOH ,ll,paMbI, BOCCTaJI fOTnre.n: co BCeM apceHaJIOM CBOIIX 3aIIMCTBOBaHHbIX y cppaHIJ.Y3CKOH /l,paMaTyprIIII rrpaBIIJI. On IIMeJI ycnex IIMeHHO IIOTOMy, qTo He HaIIIJIOCb HII

526
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c IIOMOillblO TaJiaHTJillBOH,

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JIOBKOH,

H eu6ep,

fonrre)l, 3TOT rre)laHT-¢attaTlIK ¢paHI.:(Y3CKOH t1:paMaTlI1IeCKOM TeoplilI, )lOCTlir
Toro, qTo B Jleiirru.Hre B

1737 r.

faHcBypcT 6b1JI rry6JIHqHo co:>K:>KeH in effigie

B TeaTpe 3a rnoe ~TeaTpaJibHOe 6ecqlIHCTBO~. 3rn co:>K:>KeHHe caMo no ce6e y:>Ke
apJieKlIHCTBO, HO OHO 3HaMettyeT Ba:>KHbIH IIOBOpOT B lICTop1m HeMeU.KOro TeaTpa. HeMeU.KM )lpaMa OTXOi'J:lIT Tenepb OT ecTeCTBeHHOM rpy6ocTlI lI IIOIIIJIOCTlI, HO B TO :>Ke BpeMH BIIa)laeT BIIOJIHe B faJIJIOMaHlIIO BITJIOTb ,ll,O IIOHBJieHlIH
ee H36aBHTeJIH -

B JIIIU.e JleccIIttra.

rro.z:i;cTBOBaJI CTlIJlb pOKOKO.

B

B

TeaTpaJibttoii BHeIIIHOCTII TaK:>Ke roc-

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BaeMbie plIMCKlie, Typel.:(Klle lI HOBeiinrne, HO Be3,n,e rrpeo6Jia)laJI ¢paHI.:(Y3CKlIH
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lI B 6e3HpaBCTBeHHblX IIOXO:>K)lemrnx HeKOTOpbIX 6pOAHq11x KOMe)lliaHTOB )lOCTaToqHoe orrpaB,n:aHHe CBoeii HeHaBlICTlI rrpOTlIB l.:(eJioro COCJIOBlIH, lI rroqTn
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H3 AOrMaToB xpncn1attcKoii peJI11nm tte.z:i;orrymettne aKTepoB .z:i:o rrpnqacnrn II
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B Tectto 3aMKHYThiii u.ex, B KOTopoM )lO cepe)llIHbr

XVIII

CTOJienrn crnpIIIHH-

crno fOCIIO)lCTBOBaJIO caMOBJiaCTHO II oco6bIH po.z:i: rrpaBHJI TaK yrrpaBAAJI BCeMlI
AeJIOBbIMH lI 06111ecTBeHHbIMH OTHOIIIeHHHMH aKTepoB, qTo OHlI IIOCTOHHHO Ha3blBaJIH .n:pyr Apyra Ha3BaHirnMH CBOHX aMrn1ya, KaK-TO: THpaH, KOpoJieBCKHH
areHT, l.:(ape)lBOpel.:(, apJieKHH; Ka:>K)lblll HOBHqoK IIO)lBepraJICH rrpH rrpIIeMe B
06111ecTBO MHO:>Kecrny Tpy,n:HblX HCilbITaHHH.
Pe¢opMa TeaTpa Ha ¢paHU.Y3CKHH Jia)l, rrpe.z:i:rrpIIHHTM foTIIIe,n:oM, Ka3aJIOCb eme 6oJiee yrrpoqJIJia JI11TepaTyptty10 )llIKTaTYPY 3Toro qeJJoBeKa. Ka3aJIOCb BOCKpec rro)lpa:>KaTeJihHbIH rrepIIo)l Orrnl.:(a. )la:>Ke caMbie rrorry JIHpHbie
rrpo113se.11.ettJIH JIHTepaTypbI (ttecMOTpH Ha CBOH 6oJiee IIJIH Mettee 3Hepr11qttbIH
rrpoTeCT rrpoTHB rrp11TR3att11:H foTIIIe.11.a) He Morn11 BbIHTH H3 HaqepTattttoro Ey-

527
aJio Kpyra rrpaBIIJibHOM paccy.n:IITeJibHOM II0.33IIII. TaK, ttarrpIIMep, foTJrn6
BRJibreJibM

Pa6eHep ( 1714-1770)

B CBOHX caTRpax, HarrRcaHHbIX rrp03oil,

CKopee cpHJIHCTepcKH CKpOMHO yKa3bIBaJI, He)KeJIH penmTeJibHO OCMeHBaJI rropOKH H noIIIJIOCTb csoero speMeHH. TaK IOeTye <Dprr.n:prrx B11JibreJibM

puR ( 1726- 1777) rrrreaJI

ll,axa-

KOMH'-IeCKHe 3IIOIIeH B .n:yxe EyaJIO II Ilorre, Jf3 KO-

TOpbIX TOJlbKO 0,l(IIH «Renornrnisb (o KOTOpOM Mbl yrroMIIHaJIH) saeJiy)KIIBaet HeKOToporo BHHMaHmI, I1 TO KaK ,l(OKyMeHT ,l(JI51 1IeTopm1 HpaBOB. K TOMY
)Ke po.n:y IIIIeaTeJieii rrplIHa,l(Jie)KHT I1 XpHeTIIaH <DIOpXTeroT

1769)'

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,l(e51TeJibHOeTb KOTOporo KaK Y'HITeJI.H rrp1rnecJia MHOro Il0Jlb3bl eospe-

MeHHOMY o6w;eerny, a rrpeBOCXO,l(Hbie «6aeHH» (tteeMOTp51 Ha BeIO IIX MHOrope'IIIBOCTb) 6bIJIII nepBbIM HOBOHeMeIJ;KIIM II0.3TII'leeKIIM np01I3Be,l(eHHeM, paBHO
y ,l(OBJieTBOPI1BIIII1M see eoeJIOBII51.
Me)K,ny TeM MaJio-noMaJIY B03HI1KaJia pe1II1ITeJibHM orrrro3HU:I151 eaMOBJiaeTIIIO foTIIIe.n:a B .n:eJie BKyea. Ona HBIIJiaeb B CTpatte, OTJJ.eJieHHOM OT fepMamrn B ITOJIIITII'leeKOM OTHOIIIeHIIII, HO TeCHO eB513aHHOH e ee eOIJ;IIaJibHOH II JIIITepaTypnoli )KII3HhIO.
HoraHH

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5IKo6 Epeiimunzep ( 1701-1776),

5IKo6 Eod.Mep ( 1698 - 1783)

II

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TepaType II 3HaKOMbie co MHOI'IIMII COKpOBII1U,aMM )];peBHeHeMeU:KOM II0.33MI1,
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1730 ro.n:y

51BIIJiaeb «KplITIIKa eTIIXOTBOpHoro

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17 40

ro.n:y «KpIITIIKa CTII-

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Ho .l(JI51 3TOro MaJio 6bIJIO OJJ.HOM KpIITIIKII H rroJieMIIKII; o6513aTeJibHO ,a:oJI)KeH
6bIJI 51BIITbe51 TBOpqeeKIIH TaJiaHT' 'IT06bI JJ.OKasaTb rrpaBHJibHOeTb HOBOro 3CTeTII'leeKoro B3r.7I51JJ.a. 3TIIM TaJiaHTOM 6brn <DpIIJJ.plix foTJm6
KJioIIIIITOK pOJJ.IIJIC51

1803 r.

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1724 r.

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B faM6ypre, yBa)KaeMbIH II. OIIJiaKMBaeMbIH HeMeUKOH HauneiI, )KMBO

'IYBCTBOBaBIIIeli IIOTepIO qeJioBeKa, sceli .n:yrnoli II BCeMH elIJiaMII rrpe.n:aHHOro
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528
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a)J;bI~ B

1748

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60-

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529

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XVIII

BeKa; TecHo 3aMKHYTbIM B Kpyr rroH.s:t:TIIM JIIOTepoBoiI Ew6JIIIII,

OH OCTaJIC.s:t: paBHOAYilleH II 6e3yqaCTeH K orpoMHOMy HayqHoMy rrepeBopoTy'
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6y11.ym.ero.

530

ABTOPCKllE IIPl1MElJAHl151

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2
K CTp. 57. B JJ.peBHerrIIIeil: 3JJ.JJ.e ttaCTyrrJieHHe «eyMepKOB 6oroBi> H3o6pa)KaeTe.H
eJieJ].yJOII{MM o6pa30M:
CpeJJ.H ouerreHeJioil: peKH
CTO.HT H 6pOJJ.5IT
Tail:ttbie y6ttil:UbI
11 KJI.HTBOrrpeeTyIIHHKH
( 11 IIIeIITaBIIIHee.H e
qy)KHMH MHJibIMH).
HttJJ.rorep eoeeT
TpyrrbI yMepIIIHX
qeJioBeKoy6ttil:u:
3naeTe JIH Bbl, 'ITO 3TO 3Ha'IHT?
fipaTb.H 6op10Te.H,
Y6nBaJOT JJ.pyr JJ.pyra,
,[{eTH OJ],Horo OTUa
Pa3pbrnaroT eeMeHHbie Y3bI.
HeeJibixanttoe eBepIIIaeTe.H,
BeJinKa.H HerrpaBJJ,a.
To BeK Torropa, BeK Me'Ia,
KorJJ,a Il{HTbI JIOMaIOTe.H.
BeK BeTpa, BeK BOJIKa
IlepeJ]. KOHI(OM CBeTa.
HnKTO ne )KaJieeT
CBoero 6JIH)KHero.
CbIHbI MnMnpea nrparoT,
IlJieM.H 6oroB BoeeTaeT
IlpH pe3KOM 3ByKe
Pora fnaJIJiapa.
B IIOJ].H.HTYJO Tpy6y
fpoMKO Tpy6HT feHMJJ,aJib.
0JJ.HH merr'IeTe.H
C MnMnpea rnaBoli.
11rrJJ,pa3HJI JJ.POIKHT,
Ho .Heettb eiue KperrKo eTOnT.
CTapoe JJ.epeBo TOJibKO IIIYMHT,
A BeJIHKaH oeBo6oJKJJ,aeTe.H.
(Bee OHH JJ.POJKaT
B oKoBax feJiaea,
IloKa nJiaM.H CypTypca
Ero ue IIO)KpeT).

CTpaIIIHo peBeT fapM
B fttttrreKoil: rremepe,
0KOBbI pa3pbIBaIOTe.H,
11 <DpeKH BbI6eraeT.
XpttM eJJ,eT e BoeTOKa,
BoJIHbI noJJ,nnMaroTe.H,
11opMynrapJJ. Me'IeTe.H,
5IpoeTHbIH 11oT,
3Me.H 6beT neuy,
OpeJI KpH'IHT
11 pBeT TPYIIbI,
Harnb¢ap oeBo6o)KJJ,aeTC.H.
Kopa6Jib eJJ,eT e BOeToKa,
CbIHbI MyerreJI.H nptte3)KaJOT
l13-3a MOp.H,
11 KOpMOH npaBIIT JlOKH.
,[{oroBop 'IY JJ.OBnma
BOJIKOM pa3pyIIIeH,
Ho 6paT finJietteTa
Eme CB.H3aH HM.

c

CypTyp rrptte3)KaeT c rora,
BeJIHKaH, ono.HcaHHbIH Me'IOM,
Ha KJIHHKe ero urpaeT
CoJIHUe 6oroB.
KaMeHHbie ropbI pyIIIaTc.H,
11crromrncKne )KeHII{HHbI rraJJ,aIOT
B feJib oTrrpaBJI.HIOTC.H repou,
He6o pa3Bep3aeTC.H.
qTO CTaJIOCb e AJ!b3aMH,
qTO CTaJIOeb c AJib¢aMH?
Beeb 11oTenreiIM eToneT,
AJib3bI co6upa10Te.H.
KapJibI BOJOT
IlpeJJ, KaMeHHbIMH BpaTaMH,
IlepeJJ. ropttbIMH npoxoJJ,aMH.
3naeTe JIH Bbl, 'ITO 3TO 3Ha'IHT?

531
BoT no.n.HIIMaeTe.H fJIIIHe fope .n.pyrnM.
0,ll.IIH eneIIIIIT
HanaeTb Ha BOJIKa.
Y6IIiIQa EeJIIIea
IlopaJKaeT MOJIHIIeiI CypTypa
Ila.n.aeT <DpIIrra
E.n.IIHeTBeHHa.H pa.n.oeTb.
He Me,ll.JIHT CttrnaTepa
BeJIHKHM ehrn
BII.n.ap B 6opb6e
Co eTpaIIIHbIM BOJIKOM.
Ott npott3aeT ebrny fBe.n.pytta
MeqoM eep.n.11e
qpe3 oTBepCTy10 naeTb;
TaK MeTHT OH 3a OTl(a.
Tor.n.a nptt6JIHJKaeTe.H npeKpaeHbIH
Cbrn fJIO,ll.ttHea

fiJittJKe K 3Mee
3Jio6HO-KOBapttoiI.
Bee eyll(eeTBa
Ilortt6Jltt 6b1 Ha CBeTe,
EeJitt 6bI MyJKeeTBeHHbIH npoTHBHHK
He nopa3HJI Mn.n.rap.n.a.
Ho OTOM.ll..H .n.eB.HTb rnaroB,
Ilorn6aeT <Dttoprn ebIH.
qeptteeT eoJIHQe,
3eMJI.H na.n.aeT B Mope.
C He6a eJieTaIOT
BeeeJibie 3Be3,ll.bI.
Orottb o6ttttMaeT
BeeMttpHoe .n.peBo
o6n~ero KopMttTemr.
[ op.Hqee nJiaM.H
IloKpbrnaeT He6o.

3

K eTp. 72. BOT 06pa3qnK .H3bIKa tt3 nepeBo.n.a fitt6JittH Y mpIIJibI:
Unte ik andnam at fraugin thatei jah anafalh izvis thatei frauja iesus in thizaiei
naeht galeviths vas. nam hlaif jah aviliudonds gabrak jab gath nimith. matjith. thata
ist leik mein thata in izvara gabrukano. thata vaurkjaith du meinai gamundai.
KaK .H noJiyqIIJI OT focno.n.a, raK II nepe.n.a10 BaM, B ry ttoqb, Kor.zi.a I1IIeyc 6bI.JI
npe.n.att, ott B3.HJI xJie6, Bo36Jiaro.zi.ap1w, npeJIOMIIJI ero tt eKa3aJI: IlpIIMIITe, .H.lJ.HTe, ene
eCTb TeJIO Moe 3a Bbl JIOMHMOe. Cne TBOpIITe B Moe BOeIIOMHHatttte.
4
K cTp. 106. t(JI.H npttMepa npIIBO.IJ.HM nepeBO.ll. «0Tqe Harn!> tta tteMel(KHH .H3bIK rnro
BpeMeHtt:
.
fater unser, thu in himilom bist, geuuihit si namo thin. quaeme riehi thin, uuerdhe
uuilleo thin sarna so in himile endi in erthu, broot unseraz ernezzigaz gib uns hiutu
endi farlaz uns seuldhi nnsero, sama so uuir farlazzen scolom unserem endi ni gileidi
unsih in costunga, auh arlosi nnsih fona ubile.
5 K erp. 107. qHTaTeJib MO)KeT epaBHIITb eJie,n:y1011111e eTHXII c BbIIIIenpIIBe,ll.eHHbIM
(npHM. 2) OIIIICatttteM «eyMepeK 6oroB1>:
t(eHb cyll.e6
3aMeTeH 6y.n.eT IIO JiyHe
J1 IIO eOJIHQY.
06a 6y.n.yT
MpaKoM oKpy)KeHbI.
Ila.n.yT 3Be3,n:bI CBeTJibie He6eeHbie eBeqH,
3eMJI.H 3aKOJie6JieTe.H,
Beeb MIIp 3a.n.po)K11T
I1 'ly.n.eca yMHOJI<aTC.H.
3a6yrnyeT orpoMHoe Mope:
y JKaCHO 6y.n.eT .n.eiicTBHe
BoJIHy1011(eiirn BO,n:b1
t(JI.H )KIITeJieii 3eMJIII.
IlpeKJIOH.HTC.H JIIO,ll.11
Ilpe.n: CHJIOH 6e.n.eTB1rn,
Hapo,n:bI 3aTpenell(yT,
Httr.n:e He 6y.n.eT MIIpa,
OpyJKtte II BOHHa
Bo BceM cBeTe

5:fpoCTHO IlO.IJ.bIMJTC.H.
C BOHCKOM Hana.n.eT
0,n:IIH KJiaH Ha .n.pyroiI,
Ha'!HeTe.H 6opb6a KopoJieiI,
OrpoMHbie nepexo.n.hI BOHCK,
MHorne norn6ttyr B KpOBII
B oTKpbITOM 6oe !
qyMa 6y,n:eT CBHpencTBOBaTb
Bo BceM cBere,
Mop JIIO,n:cKoiI
6y,n:eT CTpaIIIHbIH,
CTOIIT o.n.HoMy B crpaHe
3a6oJieTb OT 'IYMbI Bee BOHCKO 3apa3IITC.H
I1 OCJia6eeT II yMpeT,
KoH'IIIT .ll.HM CBOII,
CBeprnttT 3eMHoe crpaHCTBO.
IloTOM HaCTaHeT
Heo6bIKHOBeHHbIH roJio,n:
I1 ucrpe6HT 11.eTeii repoeB.

532
6
K cTp. 164.q1ITaTem1, )KeJiaIOrn:He 3HaTb, KaKOB 6brJI HJJ,eaJI )KettcKoli KpacOTbI B
6Jiecnrrn:Hn ITepHOJJ, cpeJJ,HIIX BeKOB, II lJIITaTeJibHIIIJ;bI, IIHTepecy10rn:Heor, KaK OJJ,eBaJIIICb
II JJ,ep)KaJIII ce651 JJ,aMbI BbICIIIero Kpyra, MoryT o6paTIITbCJI K Moen pa60Te «Gefchichte
der Frauenwelt», 2 Bbm. I, cTp. 211 II cJieJJ,.
7
K cTp. 165. BOT npIIMep, XOT51 II rpy6brtt. 51 CJibmraJI KaK ITPOITOBeJJ,oBaJI OJJ,IIH
MOHax, OH MHoro H cepJJ,IITO roBOpIIJI 0 pocKOIIIII B OJ),e)KJJ,e II 0 6ecCTbIJJ,HOM ITOKpoe
ITJiaTb51 II 3aKJIIOlJIIJI HaKOHeU, CJieJJ,yIOrn:IIMH CJIOBaMII: «Pa3BpaTHIIKII y nae B ropoJJ,e TaK
BbICTaBJI51IOT Hapy)Ky KJiaITaHbI CBOIIX IIITaHOB, TaK o6BepTbIBaIOT IIX pa3JIHl.!HbIMII
ITJiaTKaMn, t.ITO 6JiyJJ,HIIUbI Boo6pa)KaIOT, 6yJJ,TO 3To JJ,eTOpOJJ,Hbie t.IaCTII, a 3TO OJJ,HII Tp51ITKH».

8

K cTp. 180. IloJJ, JinnaMII
Ha Jiyry,
[JJ,e Mb! BJJ,BOeM OTJJ,bIXaJIII,
Mo)KHO rrnttTII
CopBaHHbre u,BeTbI
H TpaBy.
DJIH3 Jieca B JJ,OJIIIHe
TauJJ,apaJJ,en TIIXO rreJI coJioBen.

Ou CJJ,e.'laJI
TaK ITpeKpacuo
IlocTeJib II3 QBeTOB.
MHorne ITOCMe51JIHCb 6br
OT J\YIIIH,
IlpoxoM ITO TOM )Ke JJ,Opore.
0Hn YBHJJ,aJIH 6br, t.ITO Ha p03ax
TaHJJ,apaJJ,en Jie)KaJia M051 roJioBa.

51 rrpIInIJia ua Jiyra,

KaK MbI TaM Jie)KaJIH ...
EcJIH 6 KTO-HII6yJJ,b y3uaJI,
CoxpaHH [OCITOJJ,II, MHe 6bIJIO 6br CTbIJJ,HO.
qTo oH co MHon JJ,eJiaJI,
HnKTO Toro ue 3HaJI,
ToJibKO ou JJ,a 51, JJ,a MaJieHbKa51 ITTIIt.IKa
TauJJ,apaJJ,en, oua y)Ke Bepuo
ue pa360JITaeT.

[JJ,e y)K 6bIJI Mon MHJibIM.

Ou MeH51 BCTpeTHJI.
Cnma51 l(eBa!
KaK 51 ct.IaCTJIIrna.
Ou u,eJioBaJI MeH51 TbIC51t.IY pa3.
TattJJ,apaJJ,en, cMoTpnTe, KaK
ITOKpacueJIII y MeH51 ry6br.

9
K CTp. 189. PeIIIettneM penxcTara 1187 roJJ,a cpopMaJibHO ITpeJJ,nHcbrnaeTc51: «KTO
HaMepeBaeTC51 HaHeCTH JJ,pyroMy BpeJJ, HJIH OCKop6JieHIIe, JJ,OJI)KeH ITO KpaiIHeM Mepe 3a TPH
JJ,H51 npeJJ,yITpeJJ,HTb ero t.Ipe3 HaJJ,e)KHOro ITOCJia». BbI30BbI ua noeJJ,HHKH ITOCbIJiaJIIICb o6brKHOBemrn t.Ipe3 repO.'lbJ),OB IIJIII opy)KeHOCU,eB. l(JI51 o6pa3l(a CJIOra ITpHBeJJ,eM Bbl30B,
ITOCJiaHHbIM rpacpoM 0TTOHOM 3aJibMCKIIM ropoJJ,y <DpaHKcpypTy B 1891 r. «3HattTe, 6yproMHCTp, coBeTHHKII II Beeb ropoJJ, <DparmcpypT, t.ITO 51, OTTO rpacp 3aJibMCKIIM, Balli
Bpar II XOt.IY 3all.(Hll.(aTb npoTIIB Bae CBOIO t.IeCTb. l(aHO 3a Moei1 ITOJJ,IIIICblO B IIOHeJJ,eJibHIIK
nocJie Tpomi:br, Anno Dom. 1391». KaKIIe nycTbre ITpeJJ,JiorII cJiy)KIIJIII IIHOrJJ,a ITOBOJJ,OM K
ITOeJJ,IIHKy, BIIJJ,HO HaITpIIMep, II3 Bbl30Ba, ITOCJiaHHOro roCITOJJ,IIHOM cpou Ilpayttrei1M ropoJJ,y
<DpaHKcpypTy 3a TO, l.!TO Ha 6aJiy OJJ,Ha )KIITeJibHIIIJ:a <DpaHKcpypTa OTKa3aJia B Tamie ero
,a,BoIOpOJJ,HoMy 6paTy, a ropoJJ, ue JJ,aBaJI eMy yJJ,oBJiernopeHH51 3a 3TO oCKop6JieHIIe. 11Hor,a,a BbI30BbI ITHCaJIIICb B IIIYTJIIIBOM TOHe, TaK, uaITpHMep, noBap rocrroJJ,IIHa cpou ErrrreHmTetttt
co CBOIIMII rroBapettKaMII KJiecrIIHOM II XettXIIHOM, CBOIIMII CKOTHmJ:al\rn EJibnrnoi1 II
JiyKeJib II co BceMII CBOHMII noMorn:ttIIKaMII MeHrepoM, foJibUJJ,perepoM II IIIoceJibIOBeTepceuoM BbI3bIBaJI Ha J\Y3Jib rpacpa 0TTmra 3aJibMCKoro, Bepo51THO, Toro )Ke, o KOTOpoM MbI roBopIImr Bbrme, 3a TO, qTQ y6IIBaJI JJ,JI51 rpacpa 6apatta, on ITpoKoJIOJI ce6e ttory II
rpacp He xoTeJI B03HarpaJJ,IITb ero 3a IToneceHHbie BCJieJJ,CTBIIe Toro y6bITKII. l(a)Ke uect.IaCTHbre KpeCTb51He II eBpeII ITOCbIJiaJIII IIHOrJJ,a BbI30BbI, He roBOp51 y)Ke 0 JieMITU,IIrCKHX
6aIIIMat.IHbIX IIO,[l,MaCTepb51X, IIOCJiaBIIIIIX B 1471 r. Bbl30B CTyJJ,eIITaM.
10
K CTp. 249. B npoJiore K «MepJIIIHY» I1MMepMan cJioBaMII JI10uncpepa carntte o
xpIICTIIaHCTBe, xpHCTIIaHCKOM 6orocJiy)KeHIIII H xpIICTIIaHCKOM IICKyccTBe npeKpacuo
xapaKTepII3yeT repMaHCKYIO apxIITeKTYPY.
11
K CTp. 262. «Sachsenspiegel» II3JJ,aHa foMelicpoM, «Schwabenspiegel»
BaKepnareJieM. Mbr ITPHBOJJ,HM H3 3THX KHHr cJieJJ,y10rn:11e ne6oJibIIIIIe o6pa3UbI cJiora.
BoT KaK roBopIIT «CaKcoucKoe 3epu,aJio» o naITCKoi1 II IIMITepaTopcKoi1 BJiacTII:
Tvei svert lit got in ertrike to boscermene de kristenheit. deme pauese is gesat dat
geistlike, deme keisere dat wertlike. deme pauese is ok gesat to ridene to bescedener tiet

533
vp eneme blanken perde vnde de keiser sal ime den stegerip halden, dur <lat de sadel
nicht ne winde ... Dit is de beteknisse, svat deme pauese widersta, <lat he mit geistlikeme
rechte nich gedvingem ne mach, <lat it de keiser mit wertlikem rechte dvinge deme
pauese gehorsam to wesene. so sol ok de geistlike gewalt helpen deme wertlikem
rechte, of is it bedarf.
<dllBa6cKoe 3epKa.JIO» Tpe6yeT OT cy.l(hII cJie.z:i:yroIIJ,IIX Ka<Jecrn:
Ain jeglich rihter sol viur tagend an im han. diu aine ist rehtikait. diu ander ist
uuishait, din sterke, diu vierde diu mauzze. ain rihter sol diu rehtikait also haben daz er
uueder <lurch lieb noch <lurch laide noch <lurch miet noch <lurch hazz niht entu unan daz
reht si. ain rihter sol auch uuise sin, daz er daz hbel von dem guten und daz gut von dem
bbeln geschaiden khnne, kan er daz, so hat er di rehten nuishait. daez bbel lat und daz
gut tut. er sol auch starke sin, er sin hertz also besterk, daz ez dem libe nimmer nit gerat
daz uuider rehs si, und ist daz daz hertz ainon mut geuuinnet, so sol der lip also starke
sin, daz er dem boesen mut uuiderstanhe nuan diu tngend fhf alle tugende gat, dez
boesem mut uuider stat. er sol auch alz starke sin, daz er libe nnd gute nuage, daz er reht
beschirme, er sol auch din manzze han, also daz er uueder <lurch reht noch <lurch unreht
nimmer so gru:zzen zorn geuuinne, dazz er uuider daz reht nimmer iht getu, er sol nimmer
so zornig sin sunie geuualtig er si, unkbschez uuaort geepreche oder ieman schelte.
12
K cTp. 325. Mbr npIIBe.n:eM 3.z:i:ecb O.l(IIH II3 TbIC5I'III npIIMepoB, .z:i:oKa3bIBaIOIIJ,IIX
cyIIJ,eCTBOBaHIIe 3TOH «ToproBJIII 'IeJIOBe'IeCKIIM M5ICOM» B cpe,nHIIe BeKa B fepMaHIIII.
)loKyMeHT ornocIITC5I K 1338 ro.z:i:y. «5I, KoHpa.z:i: Tpyx3ec Ypa.rrbCKIIH, pbru:apb, o6b5IBJI5IIO
II CBII.l(eTeJibCTBYIO BCeM, KTO npO'ITeT, YBII.l(IIT IIJIII ycJibIIIIIIT 3TO nIICbMO, 'ITO 5I npo.z:i:a.rr
no'ITeHHbIM rocno,naM A66aTy II MoHaCTbrpro Jlopxa 2 JKeHIIJ,IIH: Arnecy II ee ceCTpy
MaTIIJih,ny, .l(O'IepeiI noKoiIHoro )leratta PeiIH60Jih,na, II ,neTeiI, KaKIIe MoryT y HIIX
p0.l(IITbC5I, 3a 3 cpyHTa reJIJiepoB, KOII 5I OT HIIX noJiy'IIIJI, B 'IeM II y.z:i:ocTOBep5IIO CIIM
nIICbMOM c npIIJIOJKeHIIeM MoeiI ne'IaTII. IlIIchMO CIIe .z:i:atto B ro.z:i: no PoJK,necrny XpIICTOBY
1333». CJie,noBaTeJibHO B 1333 ro.z:i:y MOJKHO 6brJio KynIITb ,nByx JKeHIIJ,IIH c ,neTbMII,
«KaKIIe MoryT y HIIX pO.l(IITbrn», 3a 1 cpJI. 45 KpeHu:.
13
K CTp. 364. B yqettoM MIIpe ,no cIIx nop eIIJ,e rocno.z:i:crnyeT 3a6JiyJK,neHIIe, 'ITO ,no
JlroTepa He cyIIJ,ecTBOBaJio tteMeu:Koro nepeBo,na EII6JIIIII. CaMbIH .z:i:peBHIIH HCMeU:KIIH
nepeBo,n, c,neJiaHHbIH, npaB,na, eIIJ,e no ByJibraTe, npIIHa,nJieJKIIT MaTTIIacy cpoH EereiIMy
( 1343). AHToH Ko6yprep II3,na.rr B 1483 ro.z:i:y o,nIIH nepeBo,n EII6JIIIII, a HeKIIH 0TMap B
1507 ro.z:i:y ~ .z:i:pyroiI. JlIOTep Ha'Ia.rr 3aHIIMaTbC5I CBOIIM nepeBO.l(OM B 1517 r. II OKOH'IIIJI
ero B 1534. Pa31rnua MeJK,ny nepeBo,naMII 0TMapa II Jlrmepa oqeHb 3aMeTHa.
14
K CTp. 414. B Haqa.rre XVIII CTOJieTII5I muepaTypa 3aHIIMaJiacb yJKe IICTOpIIeiI ra3eT.
3aMeqy KCTaTII, 'ITO OCHOBaHIIe IICTOpIIII JIIITepaTypbI II 6II6JIIIorpacpIIII B fepMaHIIII
noJIOJKIIJI <Dornep CBOIIM Universalis is notitiam cujusque generis bonorum ocripsorum
introductio ( 1670); IICTopmo JIIITepaTypbI npo,noJIJKa.rr Moprocb B CBoeM Polyhistor ( 1688)
II CTpyBe B Jntroductio in rem literariam usumque Bibliotliecarum 1704.
15
K CTp. 419. 0 JKII3HII JiaH.l(CKHeXTOB .z:i:aeT HaM Bepttoe nOH5ITIIe CTIIXOTBOpeHIIe faHca
CaKca no.z:i: 3arnaBIIeM «Landitnecht Spiegel». )lpyroiI coBpeMeHHIIK Jiatt,ncKnexTOB
xapaKTepII3yeT TaKIIM o6pa30M IIX JII060Bb K nb5IHCTBy: «JlaH.l(CKHeXT lllTa.rrb 6paJI TOJibKO
4 ryJib.l(eHa B MeC5IU: )KaJIOBaHb5I, eCJIII 6bI OH 6pa.rr BOCeMb, OH yMep 6bI OT Ilb5IHCTBa».
16
K CTp. 435. 06 3TOM 3aMe'IaTeJibHOM qeJIOBeKe paccKa3bIBaeT B cBoeiI «Jermaniae»
chronicon ( 1538) Ce6. <DpaHK.
17
K CTp. 456. KyJihMaH po,nIIJirn B EpecJioBe B 1667 r. II nocJie JKII3HII, IIcnoJIHeHHoiI
caMbIX CTpaHHbIX npIIKJIIO'IeHIIH, 6bIJI COJKJKeH JKIIBbIM B MoCKBe B 1689 r. 3a TO, 'ITO,
OKOH'IaTeJibHO noMeIIIaBIIIIICb, CTaJI rpOMKO npoB03f JiaIIIaTb ce65I XpIICTOM, CblHOM
DOJKHIIM. B 1686 r. OH II3,naJI B AMcTep,naMe TaK Ha3hrnaeMbIH «IlcaJITbipb KyJibMaHa»,
B KOTOpOM nona,naIOTC5I neceHKH HenpHCTOHHOro co.z:i:epJKaHII5I.
18
K CTp. 459. IlepBbIH naparpacp «KapoJIHHbI» roBopIIT 06 yCTpoiicrne cy,noB.
B cTaTbe o nhlTKe, HecMoTp5I Ha scro rHyCHOCTb no,no6Horo cpe,ncTsa ,no3HaHII5I,
nporJI5I.l(bIBaeT HeKOTOpoe ysaJKeHIIe K qyBCTBY ryMaHHOCTII, 'ITO pe,nKO 3aMeTHO Ha
npaKTIIKe. HaKa3aHH5I onpe.n:eJI5IIOTC5I 'IIICTO no-.z:i:paKOHOBCKH; TY JKe cyposoCTb 3aMeqaeM
Mbl II n03.l(Hee, B KOHU:e cpe,nHIIX BeKOB.
P5I,noM co CTpaIIIHbIMH naKa3aHII5IMII, ycttJIIIBaIOIIJ,IIMII cMepTHYIO Ka3Hb (pa3pbrnanIIe
rop5I'IIIMII 3y6b5IMII, 'IeTBepTOBam1e, norpe6eHIIe 3aJKIIBO), npII5ITHee 'IIITaTb TaKoe

534
orrpe;:i:eJiem1e «KapOJIIIHbli>: Ee.JIM KTO-Jm6o BCJie,ll,CTBJie rOJIO,ll,a, OT KOTOporo M)"IIITC.H OH,
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19
K cTp. 461. CJior 3HaMeHIIToro IICTOpJiqecKoro rrpoII3Be;:i:ettII.H KeBeHrIIJIJiepa BII,ll,eH
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21
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22 K cTp. 481. KaK IICKpentta II CIIJibHa 6bIJia Bepa B BOJirne6Hbre CIIJibI rttoMoB, BH,ll,HO
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3acttM rrpomatt. IlttcaHo B Jleii:JTu,Jire. BocKpeceHbe rrepe;:i: MacJienoii: 1575. faHc H.i>.
23
K cTp. 491. TaKoii: roJioc CJibIIIIJITC.H B KHH)I{Ke, HarreqaTaHHOii: B 1593 r. B 5a3eJie II
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II03BOJIHTb en pa3peIIIHTbC.H TaHHO B yeAHHeHHOH KOMHaTe ero AOMa. )lo6pbIM qeeTHbIH
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24 K CTp. 492. qeCTHbIM fay6ep (B 1737 r. cyrrepnttTeHACHT B IllayM6ypr-Jinrrrre)
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25
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'lHTaTeJIIO, 'ITO Moe orrneattne y)l(aettbIX rrpoueecoB BC,D,bM CKOpee CM.Hr'ICHO, 'ICM
rrpeyneJitt'leHo: 1) IlaJia'I eB.H3aJI pyKn o6Bnttettttoii. n BTalll,HJI ee Ha JiecTHHIJY n tta'laJI
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KaK Otta IIOCJie 3TOro My'leHH.H HM B 'ICM He C03HaJiaeb, IIbITKY IIOBTOPHJIH, a TaK KaK OHa
6bIJia 6epeMemia, TO IIaJiaq o6pe3aJI eii BOJIOCbI, IIO,D,H.HJI ee Ha JieeTHHIJy, JIHJI e:U: BOAKY
Ha roJioBy. 3) Ilo.n MLIJIIKaMH H Ha IIIee y Hee )KrJIH eepy. 4) Ilo,D,HHMaJIH ee K IIOTOJIKY
3a 3aB.H3aHHLie II03aAn pyKH. 5) dTO IIO,D,HHMaIJHe H orrycKaHne rrpOAOJI)l(aJIOCb 4 qaca,
IIOica OHM (eyAbH) He IIOIIIJIH 3aBTpaKaTb. 6) Kor,na OHM nepttyJIHCb, IIaJiaq IIpHB5I3aJI eii.
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IIOJIOJKHJI e:U: tteeKOJibKO rttpb Ha enntty H IIOAHHMaJI ee e HHMH. 9) IloTOM eHoBa IIOAH.HJI
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ee Ha eKaMbIO. KorAa Otta HaAeBaJia py6aIIIKy, OH CKa3aJI eii.: .H B35IJIC.H 3a Te65I He Ha
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15) 3mb ero BbirnrnnaJI ee TaK, 'ITO oHa tte Morna AbIIIIaTb. 16) )lpeii.cnraKep 6nJI ee
ITJieTbMH no JIHJKKaM. 17) IloTOM ee IIOCa,'l;HJI B THCKH, H B HHX Otta CHAeJia 6 qacoB. 18)
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AeHb, KOrAa OHM rrpHIIIJIH, Ha'laJiaCb 4-5! IIbITKa, ee rroeaAHJIH B THeKH, H Otta en:,neJia B
HHX 6 qacon. Ilo MOeMy MHeHHIO, IIOA06Hbie AOKyMeHTbI CJieAyeT KaK MOJKHO qaIIJ,e
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0

536
26
K cTp. SOS. 3ToT npou:ecc, nocJie.D;HIIM ono30pIIBIIlIIM cTpaHy, rOBopmu:yIO HeMeU:KIIM
R3bIKOM, npe,n;cTaBJieH no cOBpeMeHHbIM aKTaM B MoIIx <iStudien», T. III, cTp. 267 -296.
27 K CTp. S17. TeH,n;eHU:II03Hble nbecbr MaHy:rnR, IIrpaHHbre B 1622 ro.z:i;y, 3aTparnBaIOT
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o,n:Hott II3 3TIIX IIbeC RBJIReTCJI Mucyc XpHCTOC c TepHOBbIM BeHKOM Ha roJioBe, oKpyJKeHHbIM anocTOJiaMII II conpOBOJK.D;aeMbIM TOJinoii HIIIUIIX, CJieIIbIX II xpOMbIX, a
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KaK Typeu:Knn cyJITaH». B ,n:pyrm1 Ilbece JIBJIJieTcJI MHO:>Kecrno pa3JIM'IHbIX JIHU:, pe'IH
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28
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CTHXOTBOpeHHJIM, B Hen pell.KO MoryT JIBJIJITbCJI JIIOJJ.H HII3Koro 3BaHHJI IIJIH npe,n;MeTbI
HII3KOro po.z:i;a: B Hell BbIBOAJITCJI Ha cu:eHy KOpOJIH, npIIKa3aHHJI KopoJieH, cMepTb, OT'laJIHHe,
,n;eTO-II OTu:ey6niiCTBO, IIOJKapbI, KpOBOCMemeHHJI, BOHHa Il B03Myru:eHHJI, )J(aJI06bI, B3.D;OXH,
CTOHbI Il T. IT. B KOMeJJ.HH HrpaIOT pOJib HH3KHe JIIOJJ.Il II HII3KHe npe,n;MeTbI, rOBOpJIT 0
CBa,n:b6ax, rOCTJIX, nrpax, o6MaHax II MOIIleHHII'leCTBe CJiyr, 0 JiaH.D;CKHexTax, 0 JII06oBHblX CBR3JIX, 0 JierKOMbICJIIIH IOHOIIIell Il cKynoCTH CTapIIKOB, 0 pocTOBIUH'leCTBe Il
no,n:o61m1x npe,n:MeTaX, BCTpe'IaIOIUIIXCJI e:>Ke,n:HeBHO B :>KII3HII o6bIKHOBeHHbIX JIIO,n:en».
29 K cTp. S24. KaKOBbI 6bIJIII 3TH o6bJIBJieHnJI, noKa3bIBaeT cJieJJ.yIOIUaR acpIIIIIa
(opnrnuaJI xpaHHTCR B 6II6JinoTeKe HIOpu6eprCKoii paTyIIIn):

Komodienzettel von 650
06bJIBJIJieT BCeM, 'ITO CIOJJ.a npH6bIJIO HOBOe o6ru:ecTBO KOMe,a,naHTOB, no.n;o6HbIX KOTOpbIM
HHKOrJJ.a He 6bIJIO B 3,n:enme:H CTpaHe, c O'leHb BeceJibIM apJieKMHOM; OHM npe,11.cTaBJIJIIOT
e)f(eJJ.HeBHO npeKpacubre KOMe,a,IIn, npeKpacubre Tpare,a,nII, nacTopaJIII, T. e. nacTymecKIIe
cu:eHbI II IICTOpIIH, nepeMemaHHbie c MIIJibIMII II BeceJibIMH muepJIIOJJ.HJIMH, II IIMeHHO
cero,a,HJI, B llOHe,a,eJibHIIK, 6yJJ.yT OHH HrpaTb:

<las Fried wiinschende und mit Fried beseligte Deutschland.
/KeJiaIOru:aJI M.Hpa M MHpOM OC'laCTJIHBJieHHaJI fepMaHHJI.
IlpeBOCXOJJ.HaJI KaprIIHa, 3HaMeHIITbIM
Iohanne Bistenic COCTaBJieHHaJI M B nepBblH
pa3 B faM6ypre K BeJIMKOH 'leCTH aBTOpa M K BeJIIIKOMY HaCJia)J(tJ,eHHIO Spetatoribus Ha
cu:ene nocTaBJiennaR. B nee BIIJieTeHa BCJI HeMeu:KaR BOttHa. HIIKaKIIe KOMeJJ.IIaHTbI He
IIrpann HII'lero noJJ.06Horo. IlocJie Comedia 6y,a,er npeJJ.cTaBJIRTbCR npeKpaCHbIH 6aneT II
cMeIIIHaJI IIIYTKa; venerirten Amatores 3TIIX npe,a,CTaBJienn:H 6JiaroBOJIJIT uO)J(aJIOBaTb nocJie
o6e,a,a B 2 'laca B cpeXTOBaJibHYIO 3any; B 3TO Ha3Ha'JeHHOe BpeMR praecise 6y,a,eT Ha'laJIO.
P.S. B cpe,a,y 21 Aprillis 6yJJ.eT npeJJ.cTaBJieHa O'leHb BeceJiaR KOMe,n;IIR no,a, 3arnaBHeM:

r.

Die Liebessussigke1t verendert sich am Todesbitterbeit.
(JII060BHaJI CJia,n;ocTb npeBparu:aeTCR B CMepTeJibHYIO rope'Ib.)
CBtt,a,eTeJibCTBYIO Moe rJiy6o'!anIIIee yBa)J(enne,
Nurnberg d. 19 Aprillis

16SO.
Casparus Schonhiittius
II pIIHU:HIIaJI.

537

IIEPE"l!EHh I1JIJIIOCTP AUI1H
A. fHayT. «Cpe,ll,HeBeKOBbe»

r.

17

EaiiIII. «llepeBmI c .ll.OMaMH Ha cBaHX» 19
r. EaiiIII. «HeMenKHH )l,eBCTBeHHbIH JieC» 20
<D. BaH,a:epep. «Opy:ame 11 yrnapb KaMettttoro BeKa» 21
B. Jhm,a:eHIIIMHT. «ApMHHHii rroxmuaeT TycHeJibAY» 25
r. EaiiIII. «IlaM51THHK fepMaHy» 26
B. Jhrn,ll,eHIIIMHT. «IlHp ,a:peBHHX repMa~u;eB» 29
K. BaiiraHAT. «B ,a:oManrneM Kpyry» 31
K. BaiiraH,a:T. «DHTBa c pHMJIHHaMH» 32
K. BaiiraHAT. « Yrrpa)KHeHHH c opy:iirneM» 33
K. BarrraH.D.T. «Bo3BparueH11e ,a:oMorr co CBa,a:o6b!» 34
B. JlIIHAeHIIIMHT. «0xOTa Ha Me,a:BeA51» 35
r. Earrm. «llBop ,a:peBHerepMaHCKOIT 3HaTII» 36
K. Bailrattm. «lloMamH5151 cueHa» 37
B. JlIIH,a:eHmMHT. «BeJie,a:a, rrpopo'mua 6pyKTepoB» 38
K. BarrreHAT. «llpeBtterepMaHCKaH CBa,a:o6a» 40
B. JI11tt,n:ettllIMHT. «fepMaHcKoe )l{epTBorrp1rnomem1e MepTBbIM» 41
B. Jirrn,a:eHIIIMHT. «B rroxo,a:e» 43
B. JlHH,a:eHmMHT. «HeMenKtte II03Tbr-rreBuor» 51
B. JlHH,a:eHmMHT. «KHMBp11ncK11e )l{pHuor» 60
r. lIIeHJie6ep. «PyHwieCKHIT KaMeHb na 0. Proren» 61
0. Ktt11JIJie. «fepMaHiioI B rroxo.a:e» 70
B. JlIIH,a:enmMHT. « Y JioqrnJia rrepeBOAHT Eu6JIHIO»
71
B. Jirrn,a:eHmMHT. «fOTbI rrepexo,ll,51T qepe3 MbIIbI»
72
B. ll11u. «fyntto1» 74
A. cpott Xali,a:eH. «BepuocTb ,a:pyry ,a:o caMorr cMeprn» 76
0. KuuJIJie. «Hap3ec» 79
<D. KeJIJiep. «CMepTb EpyttruJibAW> 83
B. JlHHAeHmMHT. «lfa6patt11e Ilmnrna KopoJieM» 84
<Dptt.ll.p KayJih6ax. «KopoHanHH KapJia BeJIHKoro» 85
<D. Bau,a:epep. «KapJI BeJIHKHIT» 86
3. MHMIII. «IlpH ABope KapJia BeJiuKoro» 87
3. KJI11Mm. «KpemettHe» 89
B. Jlutt;i:ettmMHT. «DORHcpauurr cpy6aeT ,a:y6 llouapa» 90
B JlHtt,n:ettmMHT. «KpHMnIJibAa Tpe6yeT 6o)l{hero cy,a:a» 92
3. KJIHMIII. «KpHMnIJibAa B Kpyry CBOHX cJiy)l{aHOK» 93
<D. Bau,a:epep. «3KKexap,a: II Xa,a:aBHr» 94
<D. KeJIJiep. «3KKexapn; u MOHaxH H3 Pailxettay» 95
B. Jltttt,ll,eHIIIMHT. «TOtt,lJ,eJIHHAa Bbr611paeT ce6e cynpyra» 96
<D.KeJIJiep-Jionurrnrep. «littciffHHH .ll.JIH KopottanHH KapJia BeJIHKoro» 97
B. P11cpmTaJio. «B MORaCTbipCKoii: mKOJie»
103
K. PHcc. «PeKOHCTPYKiiHH u11cTepu11attcKoro MouacTorpH MayJib6pottu - o6pa3ua
cpe,ll,HeBeKOBOro MOHaCTbipCKOro coopy)l{eHH51»
105
0. Ktt11JIJie. «OcHoBauRe Catt - faJIJieHa» 108
<D. KeJIJiep-JiettiiHHrep. «llepKOBHaH yrnapb»
109

538
f. 5ay3pmpattH)J,. «foCITO)J,CKl1H )J,BOp» 110
0. Kmrn.Jie. «llpe,a;cTaBJieH11e rrpoeKTa ,a;Bop110BoiI 'laCOBHl1 B AxeHe Kap.7Iy Be.JirrKoMy» 111
<D. BaH,a;epep. «Cepe6p.HHbIM rpom» 115
AxeHCKHH co6op XX B. 116
B. L{mi. «Harra,a;emie pa360ttHHKOB» 117
r. <DpaH11. «HamecTBl1e Ma)J,b.HpOB» 119
B. JirrH)J,eHmMrrr. «KoHpa,a;, rep11or cppaHKOB, rr3611paeTC.H HeMellKHM Kopo.JieM» 120
A66aT Tynrno. Pe3Ha.H )J,OCKa 113 CJIOHOBOH KOCTH B 6116.JirroreKe CaH-fa.JIJieHa 125
n. TyMaHH. «PocmITa 'IIITaeT CBOII JiereH)J,bl» 128
B. Jhrn)J,eHmMHT. -«CrrHo.n, B CyrpH» 131
<D. BaH)J,epep. «KoHpaA Brnpoli» 132
0. Knrr.JIJie. «Ilana fp:11.roprrli IV» 133
•
B. L{rr11. «UepKOBHbie crropb1 Err11cKorra fe3IIJioKa :11. a66ara Brr)J.epa)J,a B 1063 ro)J,y B
Xe11IIJI0» 134
A. cpoH XaiIL(eH. «feHp11x rr MaTHJib)J,a» 135
A. cpoH XaiIL(eH. «feHprrx IV B KaHocce» 136
f. Dattm. «foreHJIITaycpeH (ropa)» 138
A. cpoH XaiI)];eH. «K0Hpa,a;:11.H cpoH foremmaycpeH» 139
A. cpoH Xatt)J,eH. «l1Mrreparnp <DpHApIIX 5ap6apocca» 141
<D. PoT6apr. « Bbie3)J, KoHpa,a;a cpon Uo.JIJiepHa» 142
A. cpoH XaiIL(eH. «<Dprr)J.p11x 11» 143
<D. BaHL(epep. «Ha,a;rpo6rre PyL\OJibcpa I11Ba6cKoro B Mep3e6yprcKoM co6ope» 148
B. 2III11. «l(pecroHOCllbI» 149
A. cpoH XaiIL(eH. «Pb1I1apcKoe BocrrrrraHIIe» 150
f. 5ayapHcpattH)J,. «3aMOK Ha BOL(e» 153
r. 5ayapHcpattH)J,. «Pb111apCKa.H KperrOCTb» 154
<D. KHa6. «Ilo'leTHbIH ,a;Bop 3aMKa» 155
JI. XeprepHx. «Oxora Ha uan.JIIO» 156
<D. A. Kaynb6ax. «B >KeIICKOM noKoe» 158
A. cpoH Xatt)J,eH. «06yBb c )J,,1IIHHbIM Y3KIIM HocoM II o,a;e:JKL(a c 6y6eH'IIIKaMII» 161
A. cpoH Xatt)J,eH. «Boopy:JKeHHbIH Kapaym 162
A. cpon XaiIL(eH. «IlpIIL\BOpHbJe HaCTaBJleHH.H» 163
A. cpoH Xatt)J,eH. «CJiy:JK6a rra:JKa» 164
JI. XeprepIIx. «IlpIIeM rocrn» 165
A. cpoH Xail)J,eH. «Boopy:JKeHHbIH BCa,TJ;HJJK» 166
K. Illpay)J,0.7Ibcp. «IlPIIL\BOpHblH CBa)J,e6Hblll IIIIp» 168
A. cpoH XattL(eH. «DOJibmoe rrp11KJIIO'leHIIe Y JibpIIxa cpon JIIIxremrrreli:Ha» 175
f. IJ,J.orenb. «0xora ua Ka6aHa» 183
A. 5ayp. «TypHIIp» 184
<D. Ke.JIJiep. «IlpIIL\BOpHbIH raHeII» 185
B. JIIIn)J,eHUIMIIT. «Bbre3)J, Ha oxory» 186
3. KJIIIMill. «P.H)J,OBOH Tane11» 187
K. IllpayL(OJibcp. «Ilo6e)J,IITe.Jib Ha rypmrpe» 188
A. M10m1ep. «Cocrn3aHIIe rreBIIOB B Bapr6ypre» 191
3. KJIIIMIII. «I1rpoK-MY3bIKaHT ITO)], )J,epeBeHCKOH )JllIIOH» 192
K. IIlpayL(OJibcp. «IfaonhL(a» 211
<D. Por6apT. «Ba.JibTep cpon L(ep <Dore.JibBauL(e» 217
JI. XeprepHx. «/I(eucKa.H OL(e:JKL(a 15 BeKa» 221
<D. Kna6. «MoHaCTbrpcKHH )];Bop» 223
<D. KHa6. «XII:JKIIHa crpoIITe.Jiett» (MacrepcKM crpoIIreneiI) 246
<D. KHa6. «fopo)J,CKa.H crena» 248

539
11. XepTepIIx. «MIIcTepIIH» 253
c:D. EapT. «3aKJIKJqIITeJibHaH npoueccrrn rrpeti:cTaBJiettII>i:» 256
K. Mailp. « Jiattti:CKHexTbI» 261
0. KttIIJIJie. «3aMypoBbIBaHIIe MottaXIIHII» 269
B. PmpuITaJib. «Tailttoe cyti:IIJIIIII(e (<lJeMe)» 271
f. c:Dpattu. «CKaKaTb II pa.16oiln~aTh He II030pHO - 3TO ti:eJiaIOT JiyqIIIIIe JIIOAII B CTPaHe» 281
A. <Pon Xailti:en. «Boopym.ettHbIH ropomamrn II KOIIeHII(IIK» 283
II. II JI. PIITTep. «)KenCKa.sI uepKOBb B HIOpn6epre» 287
cD. Ktta6. «fornqecK11il rroKoil B MecTe 3aceti:anIIil ropoti:CKIIX IOHKepos» 290
JI. PHTTep. «llsop 3aMKa B feilti:eJib6epre» 292
K. DOJIOHaqH. «HeMeUKaH rau3a» 293
r. llienJie6ep. «B rasanH ran3eilcKoro ropoti:a» 295
r. Eay3pmpailHti:. «BHeIIIHIIH BIIA HeMeUKOfO ropoti:a B 15 BeKe» 296
B. PmpIIITaJib. «UIIcTepuHaHUbl, 3aHHMaIOII(IIeC.sI ceJibCKOX03HilcrneHHbIMII pa60TaMH» 298
II. II JI. PIITTep. «BIIti: ropoti:a 16 BeKa» 307
B. llmi:. «MailcKii Tane1i: B M10ncTepe B 1535 r» 309
K. Bailranm. «5IpMapKa» 310
B. c:DpHti:pHx. «fopoti:cKHe cTpeJib6bI» 311
r. cDpanu. «KOHHaH JieCTH11Ua B 3aMKe llITyrrapTa» 312
P. JI.siiinse6ep. «KpeCTbHHCKaH CBa.l(b6a» 313
f. cDpanu. «l1oraHH fyTeH6epr» 315
A. cpoH Xailti:eH. «HeMeUKaH KHIIroToproBJI.sI B 16 BeKe» 316
cD. EapT. «fattc CaKC» 319
3. fpIOCCHep. «3a MOHaCTblpCKHM BHHOM ( 15 BeK)» 322
A. cpon Xaiiti:en. «Cso6oti:HbIH KpeCTb.sIHHH II Kpe11ocrnoil» 323
B. )lmi:. «KpeCTbHHCKaH nymti:a» 325
P. EailIIIJiar. «HeBecTa B 16 BeKe» 327
11. XepTpnx. « Yqe6ttoe 11enHe rHJibtl:HH MeiiCTep3HHrepoB» 332
c:DpaHKcpypTCKIIH co6op (BIIti: 113HYTPH) 335
JI. XepTepIIx. «IIoqTOBbIH roneu» 336
f. illrranren6epr. «l1oraHH fyc na KOCTpe» 338
A. )lIOpep. «3pa3M POTTepti:aMCKIIH» 339
«ToprOBJI.sI IIHAYJibfeHUII.sIMII »' cpaKCHMHJie TIO r OJib6eilny 340
A. )l10pep. «l1M11eparnp MaKcttMIIJIHan» 341
A. fttayT. «BpeMH pecpopMaUHH» 343
«YJibpnx cpon fyTTeH». fpas10pa na ti:epese 353
B. cDOJibU. «YJibpttx UsIIHfJIH» 354
TpnyMcp PeiixJinna 356
f. illrranrett6epr. «JIIOTep rrptt6IIBaeT CBOII Te3HCbl Ha ti:Bepb uepKBll B BIITTen6epre» 361
f. ill11anren6epr. «JIIOTep B Kpyry CBoeii CeMbII» 362
Maprntt JIIOTep, 11.eHTeJib PecpopMau1m B fepMattnn 363
r. llirrattren6epr. «JIIOTep KaK IOHKep feopr B BapT6ypre» 364
«<DpaHUHCK cpoH 3HKttnren». rpaBIOpa Ha Meti:II 365
[. illrranrett6epr. «YMHpaIOII(IIM fyTTeH» 366
3liJIIIcp TieTepcceH. «IIpo11oseti:b JIIOTepa 11epeti: napoti:oM B Mepa» 367
ToMac M10nuep. 368
B. ,[{Hu. «l1Kotto6opubl» 369
f. ill11anren6epr. «ffosTOpHOe Kpell(eHIIe» 371
cD. KeJIJiep. «fpacpa <Pon feJibcpemmailna 11poron.sIIOT CKB03b cTpoil c KOIIb.sIMII» 372
TiayJib II Jiopettn: PnTTep. «3aJI paTyurn B EpeMene Bo BpeMetta ByJIJiense6epa» 173
3. cpon JIH11xapT. «KapJI II.sITbIH B rocrnx B ,l(oMe cDyrrepos» 376

540
3e6aJib,ll, Eexall:M. <il1Mrreparnp KapJI V » 377
Hrnarnll: JioifoJia. 379
<DpaHIJ:Y3bI B IIcpMbIIe B 1679 r. 382
A. cpoH Xall:,ll,eH. «IlpeJiaTbI HaCJiaJK,ll,aIOTC5I crreHoli oxOTbI Ha oJieH5I» 384
51. <Derrep. «TpH.D.rranrneTH5I5I BOliHa. l1e'!aJihHa5I BeCTM 387
<D. A. KayJih6ax. «)KeHCKHH KOCTIOM 16 BeKa» 391
f. <DpaHrr. «I10e3,ll,Ka Ha CaH5IX» 393
B. 3HMMJiep. «Bbre3.D. Ha rrpHi~Bopttyro oxoTy» 396
5IKo6 <Dyrrep 400
<D. Ktta6. «lloM rraTpHIIH5I B HropH6epre» 401
P. 5ell:uIJiar. «CeMeliHM crreHa B 16 BeKa» 405
JI. PHTTep. «focTrrm1rra «3oJioToll: rycM B HropH6epre» 406
JI. PuTTep. «1fachl Kacpe.D.pMbHoro CTpac6ypra» 40 7
JI. PnTrep. «)l{HJIM KOMHara B Hropn6epre» 408
B. llurr. «nJiaropo,ll,HM Mattepa rryTeIIIecrnoBaTb B 17 BeKe» 411
'B. llurr. «3HaMeHocerr JiaH,ll,CKHeXTOB» 416
B. l{IIrr. «ApKe6y3IIp 1-oll: rroJIOBIIHbI 17 BeKa» 417
B. l{IIrr. «M yIIIKeTep 2-oll: rroJIOBirnbr 17 BeKa» 418
K. Ball:raH,ll,T. «11upyIIIKa JiaH,ll,CKHeXTOB B TpaKrnpe» 419
B. l{IIrr. «KaBMepH5I naqaJia 16 BeKa» 420
B. llurr. «Crrena oca,ll,bI» 421
B. llrrrr. «llparyH» 425
[. <DpaHrr. «ABCTpHHCKHe BOllCKa» 426
f. JIOCCOB. «IlpII,ll,BOpHblH KOCTIOM 2-0ll IIOJIOBHHbl 17 BeKa» 433
II. fpOT-I'ii:oxaHH. «TaHerr c cpaKeJiaMH (cBa,ll,b6a reprrora BHJibreJibMa cpoH lOJiuxa c 5IKo6eei1
cpoH 5a,ll,eH, 1585 r. )» 441
JI. XepTepIIx. «<l>HJIHHITHHa BeJib3ep» 445
f. <Dpanrr. «EBpeif 3roCC» 446
f. <DpaHrr. «0p,ll,eHCKHll 3HaK «IlJIO,ll,OTBOpnoro 06IIIeCTBa» 452
AJib6pexT llropep. «<DIIJIIIrrrr MeJiaHXTOH» 455
Jieli6Hnrr. CrapHHHM rpaBropa Ha Me,ll,H 456
CneHep. CrnpnHHM rpaBropa Ha Me,ll,H 459
AJib6pexT ,llropep. «BIIJIH6Mb.ll. 11IIpKxall:Mep» 460
<D. 5apr. «ACTpoJ1or» 464
<D. 5apT. « IIaparreJibc» 465
<D. 5apT. «KerIJiep» 468
<D. Eapr. «KaK B 17 BeKe HOBH'!OK CTaifOBHJICJI 6yprneM» 473
<D. 5apT. «5yprn (cry.D.eHT)» 476
<D. 5apr. «llOKTOp <DaycT» 484
.3. KJIHMIII. «Ka3Hb n crracemie ,ll,eroy6Hlirrhr» ( 1567 r.) 486
f. llirrattrett6epr. «llia6aIII Be,ll,bM» 487
f. <Dpattrr. «Co:>10Kem1e Be,ll,bMbI» 488
JI. Pnrrep. «KaMepa IIbITOK» 495
f. <DpaHrr. «l1CllbITaHIIe Be,ll,bMbl» 498
<D. 11IIJIOTH. «l1HKBII3HIIII5I» 502
<D. KeJIJiep. «BII.D.eHIIe» 505
JI. PIITTep. «MornJia Ce6aJib,ll,a B HropH6epre» 509
A. ,llropep. «ABTOrropTpeT» 510
foJib6ei1H. «fep6 CMepTH»
511
fOJ1b6ei1H. «CMeprb II ,ll,HT5I» 511
foJib6ei1H. «CMepTb 11 CKp5Ira» 511

541
foJib6diH. «CMepTb H MOHaXHH5!>> 511
3. XapTMa1rn. «Iiax» 513
3. XapTMaHH. «fett.n:eJIM 514
«Ce6acTb5IH EpaHT» 515
<D. EapT. «KoMe.n:HaHTbI»
519
<D. EapT. «MoraHH <Dmnapn 520
3. XapTMaHH. «KJIOIIIIITOK» 528
3. KJIHMIII. «Iloe3JJ:Ka K11orrmrnKa no Uropn:xcKoMy 03epy»

529

IIEPEl.JEHb KAPT
1. KapTa « f epMaHMM,l> TaIJ,MTa 48 -49
2. fepMaHmI BpeMeH KapoJin:ttroB 80-81
3. f epMamrn BO BpeMeHa I1MrrepaTOpoB CaKcottcKoli: H <DpaHKOBCKoli: ,'l;llliacTHli:
4. fepMaHH5I BpeMeH foremmaycpe110B
144-145

112- 113

5. I1TaJIH5I BpeMCH foreHIIITaycpeHOB 146 - 14 7
6. fepMamrn: BpeMeH PecpopMaIJ,Mn 496-497

IIEPEl.JEHb CTAPHHHbIX IIJIAHOB fOPO)lOB
fEPMAHI1I1
1. Ayrc6ypr 176 - 177
2. EpeMeH 208-209

3. faM6ypr 240-241

272-273
5. feTTHHfeH 304- 305
6. )lpe31l,CH 398 - 399
7. )l10cceJibAopcp 430-431
8. KeJibH 462-463

4. feli:AeJib6epr

542

COL(EPJKAHIIE
I1PELU1CJIOBI1E PE,llAKUI1l1 ................................................ 3
3EMJI51 l1 Jil(),lll1 .................................................................. 9
K11uia nepeaa
/1.PEBHOCTb lf CPE/1.HlfE BEKA
I'llaea I
,llPEBHOCTb ........................................................................ 19
I'Aaea II

XPI1CTI1AHCTBO l1 I1EPECEJIEHI1E HAPO,llOB .................. 68
Tllaea III

KAPJIOBI1HfCKA51 l1 OTTOHOBCKA51 3I10XA .................... 98
I'llaea IV

BPEMEHA <DPAHKOHCKOM l1 lllBAECKOM
l1MI1EPATOPCKI1X ,lll1HACTI1M ................................... 130
I'Jlaea V

I1Pl1,llBOPHO-PhIUAPCKOE OElI(ECTBO ........................... 152
I'llaea VI

PhIUAPCKO-POMAHTI1qECKA51 I1033l151 ........................ 190
I'llaea VII

UEPKOBb. HAYKA, l1CKYCCTBO l1 TEATP ....................... 222
I'llaea VIII

BOEHHOE ,llEJIO l1 CY,llOI1POI13BO,llCTBO ...................... 257
I'Aaea IX

MElI(AHCTBO l1 KPECTb51HCTBO ..................................... 282
I'llaea X

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I'Jtaea II
PEcDOPMA, PEBOJIIOU115I 11 PEAKU115I ............................. 357
I'Jtaea III
MATEPl1AJibHA5I 11 0ElllECTBEHHA5I KYJibTYPA ........... 383
I'Jtaea IV
BOMCKO ··········································································· 415

I'Jtaea V
IIPl12lBOPHA5I )KJ13Hb 11 OEPA30BAHHOCTb BblCIIIEfO
OElllECTBA .................................................................. 432
I'Jtaea VI
HAYKA 11 OEPA30BAHl1E ................................................ 454
I'Jtaea VII
BOJIIIIEECTBO 11 IIPOUECCbl BEllbM .............................. 477
I'Jtaea VIII
11CKYCCTBO 11 Jil1TEPATYPA ........................................... 506
ABTOPCKl1E IIPl1MEqAHl15I ......................................... 530
IIEPEqEHb MJIJIIOCTP AUMH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
DEPEqEHb KAPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
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