У истоков американской истории. Виргиния. Новый Плимут. 1606-1642 - Слезкин Л.Ю.

Author: Слезкин Л.Ю.
Tags: история сша
Year: 1978
Similar
У истоков американской истории. Массачусетс, Мэриленд. 1630–1642
Легенда, утопия, быль в ранней американской истории
Американская буржуазия и "Новый курс" (1933-1940)
Легенда, утопия, быль в ранней американской истории
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KHHrII, BLIme,n;mHe noame: Lacey R. Sir Walter Ralegh. New York, 1974;
Gridley M. E. American Indian Tribes. New York, 1974; Sheppard S. Indi-
5

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KYAa, MIIHYH IICnanCRHe A03DpLI, Bce pemHTeJILHeii npOHIIRJlH MO-
ans of the Eastern Woodlands. New York, 1975; Washburn W.. E. The In-
dian in America. New York, 1975; Doyle 1. The American Indian from Be-
ginning to End. New York, 1975. ,
2 Ecclesia anglicana (Aar.); nO-aHrJIIIHCKH The Church of England.
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EJIII3aBeTI>I CAOJIaJIO HOBbIH CBeT - 60raTeHmyro COKpOBHHHn;y,
IDHpOqanmHH pbIHOK - TaROH npnMaHROH P;JlH 060POTHCTLIX Kynn;OB
H J];meHTJIbMeHOB, Bce 60JIee npOHHRaBmlIXCH npeJ];npHHHMaTeJlLCRHM
a3apTOM, OT ROTOpOH HX HIIqTO He MOrJIO HH OTBpaTHTb, HH oTnyr-
HYTb. IIupaTCTBO B Bop;ax AMepnRH cJ];eJIaJIOCL p:,JIH MHorHX aHrJIII'lJaH
nOCTOHHHI>IM rrpOMbICJIOM. CBOHMH CMeJILIMH peHAaMH B 3aMopCKIIe
IICrraHCRlIe BJIa,n;eHHH oco6eHHO npOCJIaBHJIHCL AmoH XORHHC, <I>peH-
CHe peiiR, MapTHII <I>po6nmep II AP. HerJIaCHO IIOOm;pHH Ha6erll
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H36eiRaTb BoeHHoro ROH<pJIIIRTa C McnaHHeii:, 'lJI>H MOII1;1> Ra3aJIaCb
TorAa HecoKpymlIMoH, JIIIIDb HeCKOJIbRO OCJIa6J1eHHOH BoeHHLIMH He-
y,n;aqaMH B BOCCTaBIDHX HH;n;epJIaH)J;ax. ROH<pJIIIKT, O,t(HaRO, 6bIJI He-
1I36emeH.
BeJIHRne reorpa<pH'lJeCRHe OTRpLITIIH, nepKOBHaH Pe<popMan;IIH II
pe3Koe 060CTpeHHe aHrJlO-IICnaHClforo COnepHlIlIeCTBa 6bIJIH Henoc-
peACTBeHHO CBH3aHLI C reHe3HCOM RarrHTaJIH3Ma, C npOn;eCCOM «TaK
Ha31>IBaeMOro nepBOHaqaJI1>HOrO HaROIIJIeHHH» i. B xO)J;e 9Toro npon;ec'-
ca B Tor;n;amHeH AHrJIIIH CTpeMJleHHe K o60raeHIIIO BJIeKJlO 6yp-
mya3HIO II ;IJ;BOpHHCTBO, CBHaaHHoe C ToprOBOH II npeJ];rrpIIHIIl\faTeJIb-
(. CM.: Mapc K., 9nee.!tbC (/J. COq., T. 23, rJI. XXIV.
7

BBE):(EHHE
CROH p;eHTeJlbHOCTLIO «<HOBOe ABOpHHCTBO»), B 3aMOpCRlle CTpaHbI,
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a, nO,n;06HLle TeM, ROTOpLle J];OCTaJlHCb HCnaHaM B MeRCIIRe II IIe-
py. 3a MOpeM ORa3aJlOCL II HeMaJlOe 'lJHCJIO TeX, KTO B XOAe Toro me
npoecca 6Mn JlIIIlleH 3eMJIH II OPYJ];HH Tpy,n;a Y ce6H Ha pOAHHe II
RTO MellTaJl 06pecTH 3eMJIIO, RpOB H xJIe6 Ha HOBOM MeCTe 5.
H KOHY n;apCTBOBaHHH EJIH3aBeTLI pa3BHTne RanHTaJIHCTH'lJeCKHX
OTHomeIDIH n AHrJIHH npHBeJIO R 3HalIHTeJIbHOMY YBeJIHlIeHHIO pOCTa
6ypmya3HLIx 9JIeMHHTOB B nOJIHTUqeCROH mH3HH CTpaHLI, ,n;aJlLHeii-
meMY C6JIHmeHIIIO HHTepeCOB Kyne'IJecTBa II HOBOro ABOpHHCTBa. Mx
CYlI(eCTBOBaHHIO H HX ,n;enaM CHJIbHO MemaJIH <peOJJ;aJIbHbIe nOpH,D;RH,
npOTHB ROTOpbIX OHH BLIcTynaJIH Bce pemHTeJIbHeii. ROpOJIeBCRaH
BJlaCTb B ee. TorJ];aIllHeii <popMe, 6y,n;Y'IJH OTlIaCTH caMa npOAYRTOM
6ypmya3Horo pa3BHTHH, TeM He MeHee CTpeMIIJIaCb coxpaHII'Tb 3Ha-
lIHTeJIbHYIO 'lJaCTb rrpHHH,n;JlemaBmHX eii <peO)J;aJlbHLIX npaB. CTOJIR-
HOBeHlIe npOTIIBOnOJIOmHLIX aROHOMHqeCKHX H nOJlHTUlIeCRIIX HHTe-
peCOB 06JIeRaJIOCb B TO Bpe,MH B «POPMY peJIHrlI03Hoii 60PL6LI, KOTOpylO
BeJIH MemJJ;Y c060ii np'HBepmeHD;bI OpTOJ];OKCaJIbHOrO aHrJlIIK,a-
HH3Ma H CTOpOHHHRII ero ,n;aJIbHeHmeH pe<popMaH B CTOPOHY KaJlb-
BIIHHaMa. Bopb6a 9Ta OCJlOmHHJIaCb TeM, 'tIT'O B CTpaHe IIMeJIHCL JlIO-
,n;H, coxpaHHBIlllle BepHOCTb CTapOB peJIHrBII - RaTOJIHD;H3MY. Ha
3THX JIIOJ];eH paCC'lJHTLIBaJl CPHJIHnn II, KOTOpbIH R cepeAHHe 80-x ro-
,n;OB peIDHJI cOKpymHTL AHrJlIIIO.
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J];HJlIICL Ha rpaHH OTKpLITOH BOHHLI, EJIH3aBeTa nOmaJIOBaJla CBoelMY
<paBoPHTY YOJlTepy P3JIII xapTHIO, no KOTOpOB OH rrOJIYlIaJl npaBO Ha
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BpeMeHB CJlOmHJlaCb onpeJJ;eJIeHHaH npaRTHRa opraHH3aHH KOJIOHH-
aJIbHbIX npe,n;npHHTHH. I1HHIHaTopOM IIX 6bIJI, KaR npaBIIJIO, 'tIeJIOBeK
BLICORonOCTaBJIeHHbIH. XapTHH (naTe'HT) RpOMe npaBa Ha OTKpLITHe
II 3aBoeBaHHe npe,n;OCTaBJIHJla eMY orpOMHLIe aJ];MHHHCTpaTIIBHLIe nOJl-
HOMO'IJHH H MHOrOqnCJIeHHLIe 9ROHOMHQeCKIIe npHBHJIernlI Ha 3aHHTOH
TeppHTopHH. OH Mor npHBJleRaTb ROMnaHLOHOB, cpe,n;1I ROTOpLIX He-
pe,l(KO ORa3LIBaJIaCL caMa ROpOJleBa, no OCTaBaJlCH 06LIQnO rJlaBHLIM
IIaiiIIROM, rJlaBHLIM BJIa,n;eJIbn;eM OTRpLITLIX 3eMeJlb :n npe)J;nOJIa-
raeMLIX ,l(OXO,n;OB (npH HeROTopLIX H3r.bHTIIHX B IIOJlb3Y KOpOHLI, CO-
xpaHHBmeH 3a C060R CYBepeHHLIe npaBa). ,'[(eiiCTBOBaTL OH ,n;OJlmeH
6LIJI IICKJlIO'lJHTeJILHO Ha CBOH CTpax II pilCH. IIpII OCHOBaHIIH ROJlO-
5 B 06rqeM rrJIaHe 06 aTOM CM.: Eporfiee8 H. A. HapOHaH 8MHrpan;IDI H RJIaC-
COBan 6oPb6a B AHrJIIIl1 B 1825-1850 rr. M., 1962, rJI. I.
8

B8EnEHH£
BHH B AMepUKe OH 3aBeJ];OMO CTanOBIIJlCH HapymHTeJIeM npaB II npe-
TeH3HH, ROTOpbIe CO BCeH peIDHTeJIDHOCTLIO 3aHlI(aJla HCnaHHH.
PaJiH HaMepeBaJICH 060CHOBaTbCH HMeHHO B AMepHKe.
B HIOJIe 1585 r. npHHaJIemaBmHe PaJIH Kopa6JIH ,n;OCTHrJIH aMe-
pHKaHCKoro 6epera II 6pOCHJIH HROpL Y OCTpOBa, KOTOpbIii a6opII-
reHLIHa3bIBaJIII PoaHoK. 11 pHpOJ];a KpaH H APymeJIro6He HaCeJlHBmHX
ero IIHAeiieB BOCXHTHJIII MOpHROB. IIocTaBHB 3HaK, OP'LHBJlHBillIlH
9TOT Kpaii aHrJIIIHCKUM BJla)J;eHueM, OHII ynJILIJIH Ha pO):{HHY. B;n;ox-
HOBJIeHHLIH HX paCCI\aaOM, PaJlH pemHJI Ha"tJaTb ROJIOHHBaHIO.
B 'lJeCTb «KOpOJleBLI-;n;eBCTBeHHUD;LI», KaR IIMeHOBaJiH EJlU3aBeTY, OR
Ha3BaJI CBOIO 6yym;ylO ROJIOHHIO «BuprIlHHH» 6. B 1585 r. Ha
O-Be PoaHOR 6ldJIO OCHOBaHO nepBoe aHrJIHHCROe nOCeJIeHlle B AMe-
pUKe.
CYP;b6a aToro nOCeJIeHHH CJIOmHJIaCb neqaJIbHo. 1I3 160 qeJIOBeK,
aaBe3eHHbIX TYJ{a, MHorlle YMepJlU. OCTaJILHLIe npoJ];epmaJIIICb Jlllmb
OAHH rop;. CnacaH OT rOJIo)J;HoB CMepTH, HX YBea Ha. POAIIHY npo-
nJILIBaBmHH MHMO ,u:peiiK. BCKope B BllprllHlllO npll6LIJla aKcneAHD;uH
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rH6J1H. B,eCCJIeAHO nponaJIB 117 qeJIOBeK, nOCeJIHBmHeCH B ROJlOHHH
B 1587 r.
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aHrJIHHCROH JIHTepaType npHHHTO Ha3bIBaTb «nOTepHHHoii KOJlOHueii»,
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qHHOH rH6eJIII ROJIOHHH 6LIJIO HeYMeHHe YCTaHOBHTb xopomlle OTHO-
meHIIJI C HHp;eHnaMH.
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,r(aBHO mlIJIH HH)J;eHLI. He HaJIaJ];HB co6cTBeHHoe X03HiicTBO, nOCeJIeH-
LI npH6eraJIII K rroMoID;1I coceAeii, nOJIaraH ee ,n;JIH Tex 06H3a TeJIL-
HOH. Ror,r(a K 3HMe HHAeHLI caMH CTaJIH IICllLITbIBaTL He):{OCTaTOK B
npOp;OBOJlbCTBHII, ROJIOHHCTLI HaqaJlH OTHHMaTb y HHX nOCJle)J;Hlle
KpOXII. 8TO BLI3bIBaJIO CTOJIKHOBeHHH, B KOTOpbIX eBponeiiD;bI npo-
HBUJIH Hen<?MepHYro iReCTOKOCTL. TaR OHII BOCCTaHOBHJIH npoTIIB
8 Virgin (aHeJt.) - f];eBa, 1J;eBCTBeHHHa. COrJIaCHO aHrJIHHCKoMY npoH3Home-
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B pHf];e ,n;pyrux, MbI npH)J;epmHBaeMCH TpaAmHOHHoii PycCKoii TpaHCRpun-
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9

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ce6H BCe OKpeCTHLIe ' IIJleMeHa. B 1590 r. MOpHKH aHrJIHHCKOro KO-
pa6J1H, ROTOpLIii ;D;OCTHr BlIprHHIIH, o6HapYiRIIJlH Ha MeCTe nOCeJleHIIH
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HO 6bIJIO IIpHexaTL B AMepHKY nocJle rlI6eJIH KOJlOHHH. Ha O-Be Poa-
BOK, CTaJIH nO;n;03pHTeJ.£LHbIMH H HaqaJIII BeCTH ce6H, HCXOM 113 npeA'"
nOJIOmeHHH, 'lJTO nepe;n; HIIMH B03MomHbIe Bparn, TeM 60Jlee orJIHALIBa..
HCb na OIILIT ;n;pyrllx eBponeHCRHX ROJIOH1I3aTOpOB, KOTopbIe BeJlH C
HHAeiiaMH AJIHTeJIhHLIe H MHOrOlIHCJleHH,ble BOHHbI.
Ko BpHMeHH nOHBJleHIIH aHrJlHllaH Ha ATJIaHTH'lJeCKOM 1I06ep'eiKbe
J\MepllKaHCKoro KOHTHHeHTa ero HaCeJlHJIH HH;o;eiicRHe nJleMeHa an-
rOHKHHCKOH H3LIKOBOH rpynllLI. OHH paCCeJIHJlHCb, He C'lJUTaH cpaB-
HHTeJlLHO Y3KOH IIOJlOCLI 3eMJlH, KOTOpyIO aaHHMaJIH HpOKe3LI (IIO
p. CB. JIaBpeHTIIH II 6eperaM 03ep OHTapllO II 8pH) , Ha orpOMHoii
TeppHTopHH. OHa OXBaTDIBaJla 3HaTIHTeJlbHYIO "tIaCTb COBpeMeHHOH
KaHa;n;L1 11 HeMaJlYIO 'IIaCTb COBpeMeHHLIX Coe;n;IIHeHHbIX IllTaToB, ;n;o
CRaJIHCTLIX rop na 3anaJ];e H mTaTOB ORJIaXOMa, ApKaH3C., ReHTYK-
KH na lOre (BeJIHRHe 03epa, BepxoBbH II cpeAHee Te'IJeHIIH Mllc-
CHCIInH, ;D;OJlHHLI peR MJlJlHHOiic 11 Oraiio). «B TO BpeMH a60pHreH-
HaH, AMepHRa HBJlHJIa c060ii lleTpylO KapTHHY IIJleMeHHLIX KYJlb-
TYP, HaxO;D;IIBmHXCH Ha pa3JIIJ'lJHbIX aTanax pa3BIITHH pO;n;OBoro 06-
m;eCTBa. HapHAY co cpaBHHTeJlbHO OTCTaJIbIMH llJIeMHHaMII OXOTHHKOB
H. co6HpaTeJIeii, c pO;n;OBLIM CTpoeM B ero RJIaCCH'lJeCRHX <popMax co-
cym;ecTBOBaJiH nJleMeHa oceJ];JlLIX pbI6oJIOBOB II 3eMJIeJ];eJlbn;eB, AOCT:r-
mux OTHOCHTeJILHO BLICOKoro ypOBHH pa3BIITHH npOH3Bo,n;HTeJIbHLIX
CHJI H CTOHBmHX Ha nOCJIeJ];HeM aTane paCIIa)J;a pO)J;OBbIX CBH3eii II
<pOpMllpoBaHHH aJIeMeHTOB KJIaCCOBOro 06m;ecTBa. 06m;IIe 3aROHOMep
BOCTH pa3BHTHH nepB06MTH006m;HHHOii opMaIIII npOHBJIHJIHCb
8)J;eCb BO MHomeCTBe MeCTHbIX BapHaHTOB II «pOpM. HaHBLIcmero co-
HaJIbHO-aROHOMHqeCKOrO pa3BIITIIH )J;OCTIIrJlH K anoxe KOJIOHII3aIIH
CeBepHoH AMepHRH IIJIeMeHa IOro- BOCTORa H IOro-3anaJ];a COBpe..-
MeHHbIX CIDA, 6acceHHOB peR MHCCHCHllII, Orano, MHCCYPH H IIJI-
JIHHOHca» 7.
STOT BbIBO)J; MomHO nOqTH nOJIJIOCTbIO OTHeCTH K n,JIeMeHaM aJl-
rOHRHHOB, KOTopLIe, 06HTaH B pa3J1UqHLIX npHpoJ];HbIX YCJlOBIIHX,
a TaKiKe HCIILITLIBaH, 6J1arO;n;apH HX IDHPOROMY pacnpocTpaHeHHIO 11
MlIrpaHHM, BceB03MomHLIe BJIHHHIIH, BMeaJIH 3 Ha'IJHTeJIbUYIO
7 A8epue6a 10. II. R IICTopnII nayqeRHH IIRp:e:iiIeB B CillA.- B RR.: OCHOB-
Hble rrp06JIeMbI HCTOpIIII CIDA B aMepIIKaHCROH HCTopnorpacpnn. ]\11., 1971,
c. 7.
10

BBEnEHIIE
qaCTb raMMLI TIJIeMeHHbIX RYJlLTYP, 0 ROTOpbIX ynoMHHaBTCH B n;HTII-
PyeMoM OTpbIBKe 113 Tpy,n;a H3BeCTHoro aTHorpa<pa '10. II. ABepRHe-
, BOll. Ha HH3meH cTyneHu pa3BIITIIH CTOHJIII llJIeMeHa aJIrOHRHHOB,
iKHBmue ceBepHee 0'3. BepXHee; BLIme ,n;pyrnx - ceHBmHeCH Ha
lOr OT 03. MllqHraH. AJIrOHRHHbI, HaCeJIHBmHe, npH6pemHYro nOJIOcy
MemAY ATJIaUTH"IIeCKHM OKeaHOM II TeppHTopHeii HpORe30B, 3aHHMaJiH
cpe)J;H aJIrOHRHHCRHX nJIeMelH RaR 6LI cpe,n;Hee IIOJIOmeHue: c nOCTe-
...
neHHbIM IIOBLImeHlIeM IIJIeMeHH'OH RYJIbTypbI c ceBepa Ha lOr, OT ..3a-
JIHBR CB. JIaBpeHTHH R MLICY raTTepaca (CeBepHaH RapOJIHHa).
AJI'rOHRHHbI n06epemhH 6hIJIII no:TIyoce;n;,JIbIMH 3HMJIeAeJILaMH,
OXOTHHRaMH II PbI6oJIOBaMH, coxpaHIIBIDIIMD B 6bITY MHoro lIepT
OXOTHHqberO YRJla,n:a, BepOBaHHH H Tpa,n;HD;IIH. Pa60TaJIH OH:n: KOJl-
JleKTHBHo, Ha 06m;eM noJIe, CamaJIR B OCHOBHOM MaRC (KYKYPyay)
no HeCROJIbRY aepeH (qaII(e - 4, Ha cJIyqaii: nOTpaBLI) B O)J;HY HMRY,
npUMeHHJIH oRyqHBaHHe, YA06pHJIH nO"llBY pLI6bHMH OTXOAaMH
Ha6JIIOAeHHe H YXO)J; 3a IIoceBaMII, a TaKme )J;OMamHee X03HHCTBO Ha-
XO)J;HJIIICL B PYRax meHID;HH. OXOTOH II PLI6oJIOBCTBOM 3aHIIMaJIHCL
MymQHHLI. AJIrOHKIIHbI C06HpaJIII KJIeHOBbIH COR, opeXH, RamTaHbI,
meJIY)J;H (1I3 HIIX ,n;eJlaJlaCL MYRa), HrOJ];bI, rpH6bI, J];IIRHe cPPYKTLI H
,n;HRIIii RapTo<peJIb, C'be,n;06HLIe RopeHbH, paRYIDKH II HeKOTopLIX Ha-
ceKOMbIX. BbIpam;HBaJIH nOACOJIHeqHHK, 6061>1, <paCOJIb, ap6Y3LI, TbIR-
BY, Ra6aQKII, Ta6aK. mHJIII B KYIIOJIo06pa3HbIX (Ha OARY - TPH
ceMbU) IDaJIamaX (BHrBaMax), RpbITbIX KOpOH HJIH nJIeTelHbIMH Ma-
TaMH (D;IIHOBRaMH), IOmHee - B «J];,JIIIHHbIX OMax», HanOMHHaBIDHX
'capaii C BLIXO)J;OM B yaKoH 'lJaCTH, BHYTPH 6bIJIH IIOMOCTbI IIJIH D;H-
HOBKII, KOTopbIe THHYJlIICb BJ];OJIb CTeH H CJIYiRHJI1I nOCTeJIbIO. Ae-
peBHH HaC'lJHTbIBaJIH caMoe pa3JIH'lJHOe 'tJHCJIO )J;OMOB, HepeARO 06HO-
CHJlHCL 'lJaCTOKOJIOM, HHor;n;,a HMeJIaCb 6aHH-napHJIRa.
Ha 'lJeTBepOHorllX aJIrOHRHHbI ).1;epmaJIH TOJI1>RO c06aK. Cpep:CTBOM
nepe,n;BlImeHHH CJIymlIJIII RaHoa 1I3 ROpbI II ,n;OJI6JIeHbIe (BbIllimeHHbIe
nHporH, Ha ceBepe - CHerOCTonbI (JIbImH-paHeTHH) H caHH. 3Ha'1JH-
TeJIbHaH QaCTb HHBeIITapH H3rOTOBJlMaCb II3 ,n;epeBa MJIH ROpbI,
rJlaBHbIl\1 06pa30M 6epe30BOH R RJIeHOBOH, JI03bI, JI:bIRa, paCTHTeJIL-
HbIX BOJIOROH (ROp3HHbI, IJ;IIHOBRH, JIHMRH, rpy6ble THaHH). iReHII{H-
HbI AeJIaJIH RepaMHQeCI\:ue opHaMeHTHpOBaHllble COCy,n;bI co C<pepHtfe-
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nOBH3RH) II 06YBb (MORaCIIHbI, reTpbI-HOrOBHIJ;bI) BbI)J;eJIbIBaJIH H3
IDKYP II 3aMIDM, CIDHBaH, r;ae aTO YMeJIH )J;eJIaTb, ffiHJlaMH C nOMom;blO
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11

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... u
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......................
8 IIapOfJ;hI AMepIJl\u. M., 1959, T. 1, c. 220; CM. TaI{me: B(!.IU'1tba.n B. /1. Oqep...
Rn aHrJIOH3LI'IHOii TOnOHJilMJIIUI. M., 1977, c. 106-115.
t4

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15

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9 HapOJJ;bI AMepIII\II, T. 1, c. 226.
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17

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11 Mapnc H., 9nee./tbC f/J Co'!., T. 21, c. 97-98.
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p. 302.
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HY MomHO c,n;eJIaTb pLIHROM aHrJIJIHCRHX TOBapOB, a OTTYJJ;a BhIBO-
3HT» meJIe30, JIeCOMaTepHaJIbI, Mexa, Ta6aR H MHOfoe )J;pyroe. OnbIT
OCT-IIH)J;cKon II npO'IJHX ToprOBbIX ROMnaHIIH JJ;OKa3LIBaJi B03MOiK-
HOCTb npH6LIJlbHOH peaJIH3an;HH 3aOReaHCRHX 60faTCTB. CTOpOHHH-
RII ROJIOHII3an;HII nOJ];CI<a3bIBaJIH ROpOJIIO: B AMepHRY MomBO 6Y)J;eT
OTnpaBIITb 6eJJ;HHROB, 6pOAHr II npecTynHHKoB, OCBo6oJJ;HB OT HHX KO-
pOJleBCTBO, O)J;HOBpeMeHHO )J.aB BHprHHIIH pa60THHKOB H nOCeJIeHn;eB.
B03AeBaJIH PYRII: pa3Be AHrJIHH MomeT CTOHTb B CTopOHe, He npH-
2 I{UT. no: Rowse A. L. Op. cit., p. 222.
3 Europe-an Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its De-
pendencies to 1648, ed. by F. G. Davenport. Washington, 1917, N 27.
20

BIIPrlIHCRAH ROMllAHIIH


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n;eB H ,n;pyrHx HHOCTpaHIJ;eB OC060H peBHOCTH, Bce ,n;,eJIO CJIe,n;yeT npe,n;-
CTaBHTb 'IIaCTHOH HHHIJ;HaTHBOH, aa KOTOpyro RopOHa He HeceT
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb. B CJIyqae me ycnexa npaBHTeJIbCTBO CYMeeT 113-
BJle'llb AJIH ce6H HeMaJIYro BbIfO,n;y. ROpOJIb He ,n;OJIiReH aa6bIBa Tb, lITO
npeKpam;eHHe Ha6erOB Ha HcnaHCRHe BJIa,n;eHHH B AMepHRe OCTaBHT
6e3 )J;BHmHHHH cpe,n;CTBa, paHee TpaTHBmHeCH npe,IJ;rrpHHM'IIBBbIMH
JIIOAbMH, ROTopbIe Tenepb npOHBJlHIOT He,IJ;OBOJIbCTBO.
IT060pHHRH aaMopCROH 8RcrraHCHH 3aRJIIO'IaJlH: npemHHH <popMa
KOJlOHH3aIJ;HH, 'Ror,n;,a rraTeHT Ha ee ocy
ecTBJleHHe BbI,n;aBaJICH O.I(HO-
MY HJlH HeCROJIbRHM JIHIJ;aM, ce6H He onpaB,n;aJIa fJIaBHbIM 06pa30M
113-3a HeAocTaTRa cpe,n;cTB, a IIOTOMY D;eJlecoo6pa3HO ,IJ;JIH OCBoeHHH
BlIprHHHH c03JJ;aTb aRD;HOHepHYIO ROMIIaHHIO HJIH KOMnaHHH i.
B 1605 f. rpa<I> CaYTfeMllToH CHapH,n;lIJI pa3BeALIBaTeJIbHYro 8Kcne-
,n;HIJ;HIO 5, KOTOPYro B03rJIaBHJI KaIIlITaH BeHMaYT. OH BepHYJICH H3
BnprHHHH, npHBe3H C co6oii IIHTepbIX IIH,n;eH
eB H H3BeCTHe 0 T()M,
'ITO C,TpaHa OTBeqaeT npeAIIOJIaraeMbIM «nJIaHaM OTKPbITIIH» II
«rO
Ha R 3aCeJIeHHIO» 6. BCRope 6bIJIa ony6JIHROBaHa 6poillropa aHO-
HHMHoro aBTopa «AOBO,IJ;bI B nOJIL3Y c60pa cpe,n;cTB ,IJ;JIH nOMe,pmaHHH
KOJIOHHH B BHprUHHH». «,I(aemb BOCTOR!», - TaR na3bIBaJIaCb no-
CTaBJIeHHaH TOI')J;a me nbeca qaIIMeHa H MapCTOHa, KOTopaH nOJlb30-
BaJIaCb 60JIbmHl\f YCIIeXOM. Ee repOH IIpH3bIBaJIII npOJ];OJIllilITb rrYTb


4 CM.: H6poea M. M. Ol.IepKII HCTOplIII ROJIOHlIaJlbHOH 3KcrraHCIIII AHrJIlI1I B
3IIOXY rrepBOHaqaJlbHOrO HaKOrrJIeHIIH. CapaToB, 1966; The Records of the
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aJIee - Records); Bruce Ph. A. Economic History
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aJIee - Early Voyages); Records, Vol. I, p. 17.
6 Early Voyages, p. 371; Vaughan A. T. New England Frontier. Boston, 1965,
p. 10-12.



1




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3aD;HoHHoH nOJIII'TIIKH. OqeBH,IJ;HO, OHaKO, "liTO HX HaIIOp II BJIHHHHe
6bIJIH OqBHL CHJIbHbI.. Cpe,I\H XO)J;aTaeB no BHprHHCKOMY J];eJIY 61>IJIH
npH6JIHiReHHbIe ROpOJIH, MHHHCTpbI-rrapJIaMeHTapHH, rpatPl>I, JIOpI>I,
6apOHbI. ITO,IJ;06HbIe HM eID;e co BpeMeH reHpHxa VIII CTapaJIHCb H3-
BJIeRa Tb BbIro,n;y 113 rrpOMblillJIeHH'Oro pa3BHTHH CTpaHI>I. B J];aHHOM
CJIyqae IIX 06'be,n;HHHJIO C KynD;aMH CTpeMJleHHe c,n;eJlaTL HCT01J:HHKOM
HaiRHBI>I, 06parqaeMoH Ha OCHOBaHHe II pacmHpeHHH BceB03MOiRH:bIX
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l\IOpCRHX KOJIOHHH. CYID;eCTBOBaJiH MOCROBCKaH, JIeBaHTHiicRaH, OCT-
MH,n;CRaH ToprOBbIe KOMnaHHH. B Ha;a;eiRJ];e Ha 6ap1>1IDH, omHJ];aeMbIe
01' ROJIOHH3an;HH BHprHHHH, B HOBYIO ROMrraHHIO rOTOBHJIHCbBOHTH
He TOJlI>RO npe,n;CTaBHTeJlH caMoro Bblcmero H aaiRHTOtInOrO CJIOH aHr-
JIHHCKOro 06eCTBa, HO H Te, KTO Mor PHCKHYTI> OTHOCHTeJIbHO He-
60JII>mOH CYMMOH BHer: KYIID;bI H BJIa,n;eJIbD;bI MaHytPaRTYP cpe,n;He-
ro ;a;OCTaTKa, peMecJteHHHKH (CYKOHHKH, BHHOTOprOBD;I>I, nopTHbIe,
KHHrOToprOBD;bl, nOBapa, raJIaHTepeHHRH II AP.) H JiIX BceBOaMOiR-
Hl>le KOMMeptIeCRHe H npocpeCCHOHaJlbHbIe 06'be]:(HHeHHH, ;L1;meHTpH H
CRBaHpbI, otPHD;epl>I apMHH H cpJIOTa, CYAOBJlaJ];eJIbD;bI H MOpHRH, a B
JIHD;e PHqap,n;a raWIIOHTa, rJlaBHOrO IIpOIIaraH,n;MCTa 3aMopCKOH 3KC-
rraHCHH 8,_ cBHrqeHHHRII, YtIBHbIe II JlHTepaTopbI 9 . ROpOJIb YCTynHJI.
7 The Elizabethans' America. A Collection of Early Reports by Englishmen
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8 IIoAPo6Hee 0 HeM CM.: R6poea M. M. YKa3. cotJ., rJI. 1.
9 0 COCTaBe KOMIIaHHM, CBH3aHHbIX c HeIO JIIOAHX II HHTepecax CM.: AHrJIHH-
CKaH 6ypmya3HaH peBOJIIOIJ;HH XVII BeKa. B 2-x T. M., 1954, T. 1, c. 132; Re-
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the two Richards Hakluyts, ed. by E. G. R. Taylor. London, 1935, VIs I-I I,
Vol. II, N 83 (AaJIee - The Original Writings of Hakluyts); Records Rela-
ting to the Society of Marchant Venturers of the City of Bristol in the Se-
venteenth Century, ed. by P. McGrath. Bristol, 1952, p. 199, 200; American
Colonists in England Records, ed. by G. Sherwood. Baltimore, 1961, p. 1-6;
The Jamestown Voyages Under the First Charter, ed. by Ph. L. Barbour.
Cambridge, 1969, VIs I-II, Vol. I, N 6-7, p. 60-64 (AaJIee - Jamestown
Voyages); Craven W. F. The Virginia Company of London. 1606-1624. Wil-
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22

BIIPrUHCKAH KOMnAHHH
10 arrpeJIH 1606 r. to 6bIJla IIOmaJIOBaHa XapTH:H 11, KOTopaH ,n;aBa-,
JIa npaBO Ha C03J];aHMe ,D;BYX MOHOIIOJIbHbIX aKD;JIOHepHbIX ROMrraHJIH,.
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na3bIBaeMOH BHprHHHH, H ,n;pyrHx 06JIaCTeH JI TeppHTopHH B AMepH-
Ke», JIemaHX BOJI:b BOCTOllHOrO OReaHCRoro n06epeiKbH B IIpeJ];eJIax
OT 34 o 45° c. m. JIOHOHCKOi KOMnaHHH OTXO)];HJIH aeMJIH Mem,n;y
34 H 41° «<I1epBaH ROJIOHHH»), a IIJIHMYTcKOH 12 - Memy 38 II 45°
«<BTopan KOJIOHHH»). Y"tlaCTOK 01' 38 J];O 41° MorJIH aaHHMaTb 06e
KOMIIaHHH, HO C TeM, lIT06bI HX IIOCeJIeHHH He pacnOJIaraJIHCb 6JIHme
"tleM Ha 100 MHJIb pyr 01' ,n;pyra. !{am,n;aH I\OMIIaHHH IIOJIy"tlJIJIa
100-MHJIbHYIO rrpH6pemHYlO aOHY, C"tlHTaH no 50 MIIJIb Ha ceBep H
lOr OT MeCTa rrepBoro nOCeJIeHMH, c npHJIeraroID;HMH OCTpOBaMII B
npep;eJIax J];O 100 MHJlL OT 6epera H 100 MJiIJIb B rJIy6:b MaTepJiIRa.
3Aecb B HX BJIaJ];eH1:Ie rrpe,n;OCTaBJIHJIHCb Bce aeMJIH, He,n;pa :II rrpH-
pOHbIe 60raTcTBa, a TaKme rrpaBO Ha CTp01:lTeJIbCTBO IIOpTOB 1:1 p;py-
lete History of the United States of America. Chicago, 1913, VIs I-III,
Vol. II, p. 627; Fiske I. Old Virginia and her Neighbours. Boston [1900],
VIs I-II, Vol. I, p. 68-74, 172; Tyler L. G. England in America. New York,
1904, p. 35-36.
10 CJIe,n;yeT nOMHIITb, qTO AHrJIIIH iRlIJIa Tor,n;a no IOJrUaHCKOMY RaJIeH,I);apIO
(CT.CT.). YRa3bIBaH ,n;eHb, Ror,n;a npOlI30IIIJIO TO IIJIK HHoe Co6bITlIe, MbI CJIe-
,n;yeM 3TOMY KaJIeH,n;aplO. I1CRJIlOqeHHe ,n;eJIaeTCH TOJIbRO ,n;JIH naMHTHbIX p;aT,
yrroMHHaHlIe 0 KOTOpbIX Hepep;KO BCTpeqaeTCH II cenqac. B 9TIIX CJIyqaHX :a
cRo6Rax p;aeTCH p;eHb no rplIropHaHCKOMY RaJIeH,n;aplO (,n;JIH XVI I B. pat-
xom,a;eHHH COCTaBJIHIOT 10 p;Heii). ro,n; no cTapoMY CTIIJIIO HaqlIHaJICH 25 Map-.
Ta. MbI YKaaLIBaeM ro,n; no HOBOMY CTHJIIO. OTO YiRe npHHHTaH CHCTeMa, 06-
JIerqalOm;aH oplIeHTan;IIIO BO BpeMeHH npoHcxo,n;HBIIIHX C06bITHH. CJIe,n;yeT
nOMHHTb TaKme, qTO B HCTOqHHKaX H JIHTepaType ,n;aTbI HeRoTopbIX C06bI-
TnH He Bcer,n;a COBna,n;aJOT, He CqHTaH CJIyqaHHbIX OIIIH60K, B peaYJIbTaTe
H36paHHH. aBTopaMH pa3JIHqHbIX TOqeK OTCl.JeTa (HanpMMep, nYTemeCTBeH""
HHKM nplI6bIJIlI B AMepHKY: YBlI,n;eJIli 3eMJIIO, Ropa6JIb no,n;oIIIeJI K 6epery,
BbICaAHJIliCb naccanUlpbI H T. ,n;.) II B peaYJIbTaTe BHOCHMbIX lIonpaBoK.
B H3yqaeMOe BpeMH nYHRTyan;HH H opcporpacpHH aHrJIMHCROro H3bIRa em;e
He YCTOHJIHCb. B HarneM TeRCTe MbI npe,n;nOqHTaJIH ,n;aBaTb HJIH COBpeMeHHbIH,
HJIH Han60JIee YCTOnqHBbIii BapnaHT Toro BpeMeHII. B TepMHHax, npIIBO)];H-
MbIX B cRo6l\ax Ha aHrJIHnCROM HabIRe, eCJIII peqb HAeT 06 HCTOqHHKe, coxpa-
HHJIaCb op<porpacplIH OplITHHaJia (HanpHMep, tennant BMeCTO tenant).
11 Charters, p. 1-12; Foundations of Colonial America. A Documentary Histo-
ry, ed. by W. K. Kavenagh. New York, 1973, VIs I-III, Vol. III, p. 1684-
1704 (,n;aJIee - Foundations); J amestown Voyages, Vol. I, N 1. CHocRa Ha
AOnOJIIIMTeJIbHbIe co6paHIIH ,n;OKYMeHTOB 3,n;eCb II B ,n;pyrBx CJIyqaHX ,n;aeTCH,
eCJIJI IIMeJIOCb HJIJJ IIOHBJIHJIOCb H3AaHHe, co,n;epiRam;ee qTO-TO HOBoe WIll
HHTepecHbIH KOMMeHTapHii, KOTOpbIH ytIJIThIBaJICH npH pa60Te Ha,n; p;aHHoH
MOHorpa<p Hen .
12 OTO - 06m;enpHHHToe Ha3BaHHe. 1I0 XapTl1n: «}\oMnaHHH BPHCTOJIH, oncTe-
pa, TIJIUMYTa H p;pyrRx ropo,n;oB».
23

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HHQeHHOe BO BpeMeHH HaCJIe,n;cTBeHHoe BJIa,n;eHHe (fee simple), Ha
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aeMJIH oCB060mJ];anCH 01' 06H3aTeJIbCTB JIHqHOrO pl>ID;apCRoro J];epma-
HHH (in capite), KOTopbIe 3aMeHHJIlICb MaTepHaJIbHbIMH, QaCTO <pHR-
cHpoBaHHon peHTOH (KBIIT-peHTOH - quit-rent). 06H3aTeJlLCTBa aTH
6bIJIH, KaK npaBHJIO, He OlJeHb 06peMeHIITeJIbHI>I, HHor,n;a YCJIOBHLI.
B. HameM CJIyqae ROMnaHIIHM rrpe)J;nIICbIBaJIOCI> OT1J:UCJIHTb KOpOJIIO
IIHTHHY 01' ;lJ;06bITbIX aOJIOTa H cepe6pa.
CHMBOJIOM BepXOBHoro KOpOJIeBCKOro BJIa,n;eHHH aeMJIeH ROJIOHHH
HJIHJIOCb Ha,n;eJIeHHe aKHOHepOB ROMIIaHHII II KOJIOHHCTOB aeMeJIb-
HbIMH YllaCTRaMH 01' HMeHH MOHapxa. ITpaBa II IIOBHHHOCTU TaRHX
BaJ];eJILn;eB B xapTHII He YRa3bIBaJIHCb. RaR MomHO Cy,n;HTL, peme-
HRe 3Toro Bonpoca nepeJ];aBaJIOCb B Be,n;eHHe npaBJleHMH Ka1K;lJ;OH
KOMnaHHH, KOTopoe J];OJImHO 6bIJIO HCXOMTb 1I3 HOpM 1'01'0 me COKe-
ma. qTO KacaeTCH pa3MepOB aeMeJILHLIX Y1J:aCTKOB, TO HII xapTHH,
HB RaRRe-JIHGo J];pyrHe J];ORYMeHTLI Be cOJ];epmaT. MaTepHaJia JIH
YTOllHeHHS: (,n;aBHHH maJIoGa HCCJIe,n;OBaTeJIeii) 15. OpraHH3aHS: XO-
3.f1HCTBa, COa;lJ;aHHOrO B BHprHHHH B rrepBLIe rO}J;M OCHOBaHHH KOJIO-
HHII, nOaBOJIHeT ClIHTaTb, 111'0 HeMe,IJ;JIeHHOe Ha}J;eJIeHHe aeMJIeH - KO-
JIOHHCTOB HJIH aRn;HOHepoB - Bo06m;e He BXOJ];HJIO B llJIaHI>I Y1J:pe)J;H-
13 T. e.«OCHOBaHHoro Ha 06LIQHOM npaBe».
1(, ITo,n;po6Hee CM.: Harris M. Origin of the Land Tenure System in the United
States. Ames, 1953, chap. 1-3, 10; Barnes V. F. Land Tenure in English
Colonial Charters of Seventeenth Century.- In: Essays in Colonial Histo-
ry. New Haven, 1931, p. 4-40. YKa3aHHbIH HHCTHTYT, HecMoTpH Ha conpo-
THBJIeHHe KOpOHbI, aa:HHTepecoBaHHoii B coxpaHeHHH «peo,n;aJIbHbIX o6H3a-
TeJIbCTB pbIlapcKoro ,n;epmaHHH, CTaJI cpa3BHTHeM B AHfJIHH 6ypmya3HbIx
OTHomeHHH IDHpOKO pacrrpocTpaHeHHbIM. B BnprHHHH OB BBO,n;HJICH KaK
CTHMyJIHPYIOID;nH KOJIOHH3a:[HIO.
15 Ballagh J. C. White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia. Baltimore, t895,
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'and the Carolinas. New York, 1889, p. 128; Robinson W. S. Mother Earth-
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24

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60nLmHHcTBoM rOJIOCOB, OHH Ha6HpaJIM Ha O,n;HH ro,n; CBoero «npean-
J];eHTa», MOrJIH CMeCTHTb ero, BBeCTH HOBbIX qJIeHOB (B npe;a;eJIax
13 qeJIOBeK) II HCRJIIOqlITb npOBIIHHBmHXCH. 11pn paBHOM llHCJIe ro-
JIOCOB HCXO,n; )J;eJIa pemaJI rOJIOC npe,n;ce,n;a TeJIH, aa KOTOpbIM B TaKHX
CJIyqaHX llHCJIHJIOCb J];Ba rOJIOca 17. COBeT KOJIOHHH lIa6HpaJI TaRme
(emerO;a;HO, C rrpaBOM nepeHa6paHHH) RaaHa-qeH-KJIa;a;OBW;HKa (cape
merchant) II ,n;BYX ero IIOMOTIJ;HHKOB, OTBeTCTBeHHbIX aa CRJIabI, XPll-
HeHHe, pacnpe)J;eJIeHlIe H YlIeT HX co,n;epmHMoro. COBeT HMeJI nOJIHO-
MOtIHH 113,n;aBaTb BpeMeHHbIe 3aROHbI II paClIopHmeHHH, CJIymHTL BbIC-
meii cy,n;e6HoH IIHcTaHD;lIen KOJIOHHII 18, aneJIJIHpOBaTb K ROpOJIJO
16 Bruce Ph. A. Economic History..., Vol. I, p. 503. BbIBO 8. H. qaHJIepa 0
TOM, lITO «RallibIii aKIJ;UOHep ,D;OJImCH 6bIJI IIOJIYlHITb aeMeJlbHOe nomaJIOB;1-
Hue, COOTBeTCTBYJOII(ee qUCJIY IIMeBlliUXCH Y Hero a I\lJ;UH» (Chandler A. N.
Land Title Origins. Ne\v York, 1945, p. 50), npelJ;CTaBJIHeTCH oIDn6o"tlHhIM,
B JIyqmeM CJIyqae ,D;OJI/HeH 6bITb OTHecen R 60JIee n03):J;HeMY IIepIIOY.
17 ITOJIHOMOqJUI BlIprHHCRoro II ROJIOHIIaJIbHbIX COBeTOB onpe,lJ;eJIHJIIICb I1HCTPYR-
n;IIHMH OT 20 HOH6pH 1606 r. II Op,D;OHaHCOM OT 9 MapTa 1607 r. (Charters,
p. 13-22,23-26; Jamestown Voyages, Vol. I, N 2,9).
,18 MHTem, aarOBOp, COBpam;eHlIe, RpOBOCMeClITeJIbCTBO, HaHaCHJIOBaHlIe, y61IU-
CTBO npe,D;nnCbIBaJIOCb HaRa3bIBaTb CMepTHOH RaaHbIO 6ea OTIIym;eHHH rpe-
XOB (c OTIIYID;eHlIeM - aa Henpe,D;YMbImJIeHHOe y6IIHCTBO). ITpn:rOBOp B aTHX
CJIyqaHX BbIHOCIIJlCH 12 npIICHmHbIMI1, oTo6paHHbIMH COBeTOM II ero npe,u;ce-
,u;aTeJIeM (<<Ha qeCTHbIX II 6ecnplIcTpacTHbIx JIlIn;») II nplIHecIDHMH nplIcH-
rye MeHee THiRRlIe npecTynJIeHIIH paCCMaTpHBaJIIICb caMlIM COBeTOM, KOTO-
pbIH Mor npnrOBopUTb K TeJIeCHbIM HaKaaaHIIHM, TIOpeMHOMY aaKJII01J:eHHIO,
25

BHPrHHHJI
(qepea BlIprHHCRHH COBeT) C IIpOCb6aMM 0 aeMeJlbHLIX IIOmaJlOBaHH-
'HX JIH IIOCeJIeHD;eB, ocyeCTBJIHT b Bce MepbI, He06xo,IJ;HMLIe AJIH
060pOnl>I ROJIOHHH.
AAMHHI1CTpaTI1BHbIe npaBa pHOBLIX aRD;HOHepOB orpaHH"tJ:HBaJIHCL
IIa6paHMeM BpeMeHHLIX (Ha TIHTb JIeT) opraHOB «<ROMlIaHHH») C pe-
aH,n;eHD;neii B AHrJIllH HJIII BlIprHHHH, ROTopLle ocym;eCTBJIHJIM ROH-
RpeTHble xoaHHCTBeHHLIe OnepaIJ;HII (aaRYTIRa H OTnpaBRa TOBa pOB,
Bep60BRa nOCeJIeHD;eB H T. ,n;.). KaR MomHO 3aKJIlOqHTb, nOCTOHHHO-
ro aKJJ;HOHepHoro RanHTaJIa He HMeJIOCb. OH COCTaBJIHJICH, nO-BH,n;nMO-
l\IY, no Mepe nO,IJ;IIlICRH H B xoe CHapHmeHHH oqepe,n;Hoii 3Rcne)J;HIJ;HH;
pacnpe,tJ;eJIeHHe )J;HBH,n;eH,n;oB npe,IJ;noJIaraJIOCb "tJ:epea onpeJ];eJIeHHLIii
CpOR, B cJly"tJ:ae y,n;aqH npe,n;IIpHHTHH 19.
KOJIOlIHCTLI B CBOHX npaBax npupaBHHBaJIHCb R OCTaJIbHLIM aHr-
JIHn:CKUM IIO)J;,n;aHHLIM, «HaK eCJIH 6LI OHH naxo,n;HJIHCb HJIR 6LIJIH
pom,n;eHbl» BO BJIa,IJ;eHIIHX aHrJIHn:CRoro KOpOJIH. TIepe,n; OTlIpaBJIeHneM
B BHprHHHIO OHH IIpHCHraJIM Ha BepHOCTb MOHapxy H ,n;aBaJIH 06H-
3aTeJIbCTBO nCnOJIHHTL aaROHbI, perYJIlIpYIOm;He MOPCRYIO TOprOBJlIO.
B TeqeHlIe IIHTH JIeT C MOMeHTa BMca,n;RH Ha BHprHHCKHH 6eper RO-
JIOHHCTbI ,IJ;OJImHbI. 6bIJII1 pa60TaTb Bce BMeCTe HJIH rpYIIIIaMH no,n;
rrpHCMOTpOM qJIeHOB COB eTa ROJIOHHH. IIpOJ];YRTLI HX TpYJ];a, a TaRme
Bce IIpep;MeTbI H TOBa pbI, npHB03HMI>Ie Ha AHrJIHH HJIH J];pyrHx MeCT,
Heo6xo,IJ;HMO 6bIJIO xpaHHTb B CrreD;HaJIbHO IIoCTpoeHHbIx ,IJ;JIH aToro
CRJIa,n;ax. IlOCeJIeHD;aM H KOMrraHI1H npe,n;IIHCbIBaJIOCb BceMH MepaMH
cnoc06cTBOBaTb pacnpoCTpaHeHHIO cpe,n;H «)J;HRapeii» xpMCTHaHCTBa H
nO,IJ;,n;epmHBaTb C HHMH ,n;06pbIe OTHomeHHH. COBeTY BMeHHJIOCb B
06H3aHHOCTL CJIe,n;I1Tb aa HCIIOJIHeHHeM IIpe)J;IIHcaHHH..
XapTHH 1606 r. coa,n;aBaJia opraHHaM, OCHOBHI>Ie lJaCTH ROToporo
He HMeJIH npOqHOH CPYHKD;110HaJIbHon: CBHaH. ITo,n; e,n;HHbIM PYROBOJ];-
CTBOM HaXOp;I1JIHCb ,IJ;Be ROMIIaHHH - HeM36emHbIe KOHRypeHTLI (CO-
nepHlIqeCTBO ,n;BYX nopTOBLIX ropo,n;OB, 6oPb6a aa aRD;HoHepoB, aa
IIOCeJIeHD;eB, nOHCRH BJIHHTeJIbHOH 1I0,IJ;,n;epmRH, BbIro,n;HbIX ToproBLIx
RJIHeHTOB Ill'. ,n;.). KOpOJIb HBJIHJICH n;eHTpaJIbHOH cpHrypoii H RaR
6bI nORpOBHTeJIeM npe,n;rrpHHTHH, HO He 6paJl Ha ce6H HH IIOJIHTlIqe-
CRHX, HH Ma TepHaJIbHbIX 06Haa TeJIbCTB, He BHec B J];eJIO HH o,n;Horo
IIeHHH. TIpaBp;a, OH Ha ceMb JIeT OCB060J];HJI 06e ROMIIaHHH 01' lIom-
JIIIH Ha TpaHcnopTMpOBKY HMH Ha aHrJIHiicKHX BJIa,n;eHMH JIIO,n;eH H
TOBapOB B 06e ROJIOHIIII. Ha 21 ro,n; ROJIOHIIH nOJIYQHJIH npaBO CBO-
IlITpawaM II BoaMeru;eHHIO y6bITROB. PerMcTpMpOBaJIIICb TOJIbRO xapaRTep
npecTynJIeHIUI II Mepa HaRaaaHIIH.
19 CM. TaRme: Craven W. F. The Virginia Company of London, p. 16-17; And-
rews Ch. M. The Colonial Period of American History. New Haven, 1937,
VIs I-IV, Vol. I, p. 88,98.
26

BllprUHCRAJI ROMDAHHlI
60)J;HOH TOprOBJIII C aHrJlIIHCRIIMH rrO)J;,n;aHHbIMH H HHOCTpaHHI>IMH RYII-
n;aMH 11 rrpaBO 06J1araTL 1I0mJlHHaMH nepBLIX B paaMepe 2,5% H
5% - BTOpLIX. IIomJIHHhI 3TII OJImHbI 6bIJIH IIocTynaTb B KaaHY KO-
JIOHHH )J;JIH HX 6J1aroycTpon:cTBa. HenocpegcTBeHHaH TOprOBJIH caMHX
KOJIOHHH C l'IHOCTpaHHbIMH ,n;epmaBaMII 6ea ROpOJIeBCROro paapeme-
HHH aanpeIIJ;aJlaCb no)]; CTpaXOM ROH<plIcKan;Hii.
I1peJ];ocTaBHB xapTHIO gJIH ROJIOHJ:IaaD;1I1l BHprHHHH, HKOB I, OHa-
RO, orOBOpHJI B HeM, tITO KOMnaHI1I1 HMelOT npaBo aaHHMaTb aeMJIH,
«He HaXOJ];HI:l\HeCH B HaCTOHIIJ;ee BpeMH no BJlaCTblO KaKOrO-JIH60
xpHCTHaHCKoro rocygapcTBa IIJII1 Hapoga». 81'0 CTaBHJIO 6YYI:l\HX
BHprllHCRHX ROJIOHHCTOB B 3aTpY)J;HIITeJIbHOe nOJlOmeHIIe, H60 Bcex
npOHIIKaBmIIX B AMepHRY HcnaHn;hI ClIlITaJIH nHpaTaMII H npM nOIIM-
Ke HaaHIIJIH. B xapTHn cnen;naJlbHO orOBapnBaJIOCb, "t{TO paa60H II
rpa6em Ha cyme II Ha Mope B npegeJIax BHprHHHH npOTHB IIOJ];J];aH-
HhIX aHrJIIIHCROro ROpOJIH BJIH fJpyzux zocyoapeu (!) gOJlmHbI 6bITb
Ma TepHaJIbHO BoaMeIIJ;eHbI. B CJIyqae OTRaaa c)];eJIa 1'1> aTO conepmHB-
mMH rrpeCTYIIJIeHHe, eCJIH OB 6hIJI aHrJIn'qaHIIHOM, JIHmaJICH aam;IIThI
CBoero ROpOJIH H Mor IIO)J;BepraTLCH JII06hIM rrpeCJIe,n;OBaHHHM co
CTOpOHLI rOCYAapei. IIOCJIY HcnaHCRoro ROPOJIH {J>HJIlInna III B JIOH-
J];oHeo6'bHCHHJIH, qTO aHrJIIIHCRnii ROpOJIb He MomeT nOMernaTb lIaCT-
HOM HHHD;HaTHBe CBOIIX HYIIn;OB B ,n;eJIax ROJIOHII3aD;HII, HO OH HB B
RoeM Mepe He C06IIpaeTCH BhIcTyrra Tb HX 3aru;HTHIIROM, eCJlH OHH
HapyrnaT nplI3HaHHbIe npaBa JIcnaHHII. IIoCJIY K TOMY me HaMeKaJIH,
'liTO Bce npe,n;rrpIIHTHe - JIlIillb YJIOBKa, "t{To6bI no)]; 6JIarOBII)];HbIM
rrpe,n;JIOrOM BbIBe3TlI lIa CTpaHbI npecTynHHRoB, HOTOpbIX, BepOHTHO,
YTorrHT, He J];OBeaH ,n;o BlIprlIHIIH 20.
IIHalle rOBopH, C OJ];HOn: CTOpOHbI, HKOB I rrpOHBJIHJI H3BeCTHYIO
aaHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb B BHprHHCROM ,n;eJle, IIO KpaMHeH Mepe YCTynllH-
BOCTb, a C p;pyroH - CTpeMHJICH YMbITb PYRn Ha cJIytIaii cepbeaHLIX
TpeHHM C Ma,n;pIl,n;oM. O,n;HaRo Te, KTO nOJIYllHJI xapTnlO, rOTOBbI 6bIJlH
H)J;TH Ha pIlCR: B n;apCTBOBaHHe EJlIlaaBeTbI OHH npH06peJIH OIII>IT
60pb6bI C IICnaHn;aMII, paCIIOJIaraJiH cpe,n;CTBaMH, ROTopbIe mam)J;aJIII
YMHOiKHTb, HX rJlaaa 1I0-npemHeMY CJIenlIJI 6JIeCR CORpOBIlm; HOBoro
CBeTa. BlIprlIHMH npe,n;CTaBJIHJIaCb «nonCTHHe paMCRon: aeMJIeM», r)];e
ctJaCTJIHBbIe nYTemeCTBeHHHKH KpOMe IIa06HJlHH BceBOaMOiKH1>IX 6JIar
06peTYT «meM1J:yra II aJIaTO», RaR nHCaJI B Te AHH n08T MHRaaJl
Apen:TOH B o)];e « IIo nOBO,n;y IIYTemeCTBJIH B BHprHHHIO >) 21.
20 Tyler L. G. Op. cit., p. 36; Cheyney E. P. Op. cit., p. 163; Fiske I. Ope cit.,
Vol. I, p. 64; Callender G. The Naval Side of British History. London, 1964,
p. 80; Parker J. Van Materen's Virginia. 1607-1612. Minneapolis, 1961,
p. 25, a-34.
21 The Literature of America, p. 22-23.
27

BHPrUHHJt
12 anrYCTa 1606 r. IIJIHMYTcKaH KOMlIaHHH oTUpaBHJIa CBOIO IIep-
BYro aKCIIeHIIID Ha Kopa6ne «PHqap,n;» RaIIHTaHa reHpII qeHnoHa
(Challons). B BecT-MHHH Ropa6nb 6bln aaXBaqeH HcnaHCRHM J];O-
30pOM. BTOpOH Ropa6JIb, RanMTaHa TOMaca XeHHxaMa II mTypMaHa
MapTHHa IIpHHra, OTnJII>IJI B oRTH6pe. He HaHJ];H B Ha3HalleHHOM
MeCTe lIapTHH nOCeJIeHIJ;eB, BepHYJICH Ha pO,n;IIHY. 31 MaH CJIeYID-
m;ero roa H3 IIJIHMYTa BbIIDJIH « rHcpT 0<1> ro,n; » H « AmoH aH)]; MapH».
19 aBrYCTa 1607 r. HX rraCCamJIpbI (120 qeJIOBeR) 060CHOBaJIHCb Ha
ceBepe BHprHHHH, B YCTbe p. Cara,n;axoK. O,n;HaRo cMepTb rJIaBLI aRC-
rre,n;IIIJ;HH AmopJ];ma ITonaMa, Herro,n;rOTOBJIeHHOCTb ROJIOHHCTOB R HO-
BbIM YCJIOBIIHM cyru;eCTBOBaHMH, rOJIo)J; H, npam,n;a C HH,n;eHaMH BbIHY-
}J;HJIH CHHTL nOCeJIeHlIe (17 ORTH6pH 1608 r.) 22.
JIOH,n;OHCRaH HOMnaHHH OTIIpaBHJIa CBOIO ncpBYIO aRClIep;HIIIO
20 eKa6pH 1606 r. OHa COCTOHJIa H3 Tpex Kopa6JIei: «AHcRaBepII»,
« rOJ];crrHJ];», «CbI03H ROIlCTaHT» 23. Ha HX 60PTY Haxo,n;IIJIOCb 144 qe-
JIOBeRa (104 ROJIOHHcTa). B03rnaBJIHJI aRCIIe,n;HD;HIO KanHTaH RpHCTO-
<pep HbIDnopT.. Y aMepHRaHCRoro 6epera, BOHH B YCTbe peKH, Ha-
aBaHHOH AmeHMc, 14 (24) MaH 1607 r. OCHOBaJIH IIOCeJIeHHe
p:meiMCTaYH 24. IIocJIe aToro HblOIIOpT em;e J];Ba pa3a rrOCeTHJI BHp-
rUHHID, }J;OCTaBIIB TY}J;a HOBbIe rrapTHH ROJIOHIICTOB H npHnaCbI.
iKU3HL ROJIOHHH HaJlamHBanaCL OqeHb TPy,n;HO. IIepBbIe J];06LITbIe
II rrpOH3BeJ];eHHLIe TaM TOBapbI, OCTaBJIeHHbIe B AHrJIHID B HHBape
1609 r., XOTH H MOrJIH CqMTaTbCH rrepClIeKTHBHbIMH, 6bIJIII Bce me
OCTa T01JHO CKpOMHbI - cacca<l>pac (aMepHKaHcRIIH JIaBp), 30JIa J];JIH
MLIJIOBapeHHH, JIec, meJIe3HaH Py,n;a, CMOJIa, ,n;erOTb 25. To, qTO KOJIO-
HHCTbI npHCJIaJIH KaK «30JIOTYIO Py,n;y», ORa3anOCL IIYCTOH IIOpO,n;OH.
TeM He MeHee JIOHJ];OHCKaH KOMIIaHIIH, HMeH pa,n;YiRHbIe OTqeTbI HbID-
IIopTa H COBeTa KOJIOHIIII 26, COTIJIa, qTO HaqaJILHbIH aTaII KOJIOHHaa..
HH 3aBepmeH II ,n;JIH paaBHTHH )J;eJIa Tpe6YIOTCH JIHmL HeROTopbIe
H3MeHeHHH B ero opraHHaan;IIH, HKTyeMbIe IIpHo6peTeHHLIM OIILITOM.
PaaBeJ];bIBaTeJIbHbIe nOXOJ];LI rrepBbIX KOJIOHHCTOB OCTaBJIRJIH MaJIO
22 Early Voyages, p. 397 etc.; The New Land, ed. by Ph. Viereck. New York,
1967, p. 117; Vaughan A. T. New England Frontier, p. 14. BOJIee rroAP06HO,
BKJIIOtJaH aHaJIH3 HCTOtJHHKOB H JlcTopHorpaqHllo Borrpoca, CM.: Thayer H. O.
The Sagadahoc Colony. N ew York, 1970.
23 Y HeKOTopLIX aBTopOB IIHl>le Ha3BaHHH - «Capa I\oHcTaHT», «rYAcrrHA».
24 B tJeCTI> KOpOJIH HKoBa I (James).
25 nepcrreKTHBHOCTI> BHprHHCKHX TOBapOB 06YCJIOBJUfBaJIaCI>, B tJacTHocTH, pa3-
BHTHeM B AHrJIHH iKeJIeaOAeJIaTeJII>HOH rrpOMLIIDJIeHHOCTH, TOpM03HBIDHMCH
XHHHtJeCKHM cBeAeHHeM B CTpaHe JIeCOB H HeXBaTKOH PYALI (H6p08a M. M.
¥Kaa. COtJ., c. 37; AHrJIHHCKaH 6ypmya3HaH peBOJIIOD;HH XVII BeKa, T. 1,
c. 55; Andrews Ch. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 101, note 2).
26 J amestown Voyages, Vol. I, N 10, 12.
28

BHPrllHCRAfI ROMDAHHH
Haem Ha OTRphITHe B BUprHHHH aOJIOTa, BO,IJ;HOrO nYTH B I\l'ITaii II
I1H,n;HIO, a TaKme Ha 60HRYIO TOprOBJIIO C HHeiiu;aMH 27. CTaJIO oqe-
BH,IJ;HLIM, "liTO nplIBoaHTL B AMepHKY cpaBHHTeJIbHO He60JIbllIIIe nap-
THH nOCeJIeHeB Hepan;HOHaJIbHO: KO BpeMeHH IIpH6MTHH OlJepeAHOH
IIapTHH «<IIOIIOJIHeHMH») IIpehI,n;YID;aH, IIClIhITLIBaH MHOrOllHCJIeHHLIe
TPy,n;HOCTH (rOJIO, CTLIqRH C IIHeHn;aMH, 60JIeaHH 11 T. .), Ka Ta-
CTpo<pHlIeCRH peAeJia. l.IJIeHbI COBeTa KOJIOHIIH, nooopaHHhIe He OqeHb
aaOOTJIHBO B YCJIOBHHX TOJIbKO qTO BoaHHRmero 6eCTBYIOIIJ;erO 110-
CeJIeHIIH, cpe,n;H Hacrrex 3aBepOOBaHHbIX JIIOp;eH, MHoro CnOpHJIH, lJaCTO
Bpam,7];OBaJIII, OCJIOmHHH H 6e3 '1'01'0 Tpy,n;nYIO IRlI3Hb ROJIOHIIII. 0'1'-
CYTCTBlIe y pHOHbIX qJIeHOB KOMIIaHIIlJ, pMCROBaBrnnx CBOHMII ,n;eHL-
raMH, B03.MOJRHOCTU BJIlIHTb Ha ee J];CJIa npn nOJIHOM OC3pa3JIH.qHH
R 9THM ACJIaM KOpOIlbI II ncaHatIHTCJIbHOCTM AOCTJIl'HYTbIX nOI\a yc-
fleXOR He nOaBOJIHJIH ynCJIIIqHBa TT) t{HCJIO naHm;HI\Oll, na6Mpa Tb HYiK-
Hoe QHCJIO nOCeJIeHn;eB, a CJIep;OBaTeJIbHO, aKTHBII3IIpOBaTb ToprOBYIO
II ROJIOHII3an;IIOHHYIO ,7];eHTeJIbHOCTb. 31'01'1 OIILIT H IIO,IJ;CI\a3bIBaJi He06-
XOIIM:ble H3MeHeHHH.
OHO Ha HHX npOHaOIDJIO caMO C060H. Ycnex HblOrIOpTa II ox-
JIamAeUue R AeJIY nJIHMYTCKHX yqaCTHHROB npHBeJIU K TO MY, 'tITO
HaSBaHHe «BHprHHCRaH ROMnaHHH» 3aKpenHJIOCb aa CTOJIIPIHbIM 01'-
J];eJIeHHeM npe)J;npHHTHH, "tJ:eMY cnOCOOCTBOBaJIO TaKme HaxomAeHHe B
JIoH)J;OHe BnpfHHCRoro COBeTa.' YRa3aHHeM Ha J];pyrHe H3MeHeHHn
6bIJIO nOHBJIeHHe B Ha"tJ:aJIe 1609 r. 6pOIDlOpbI, 03arJIaBJIeHHOH «Ao-
BOJ];LI npOTHB npHcoeAHHeHHH K BHprnHHH KOpOJIeBCROro THTYJIa H B
nOJILay ROJIOHMaan;HH BHPfHHMH» 28. B <peBpaJIe Toro me roa OJI,IJ;ep-
MeH 29 CTOJIHLI PooepT AmoHcoH, npOn;BeTaBmHH OaKaJIeHIIJ;HK, 'tIJIeH
OCT-MH,IJ;CKOH II BHprHHcRoii KOMIIaHHH, HaIIHCaJI IIaM<pJIeT «HoBaH
BpHTaHHH: "tIpeaBbIlIan:HbIe BblroAbI 01' KOJIOHH3an;HII BHprHHHII».
3,n;ecb eJIaJICH npHMOH HaMeR Ha nepeMeHbI: « Ero BeJIHtIeCTBO no-
maJIOBaJI HaM paCllIllpeHHYIO xapTHIO C MHorHMH 11 60JIbIDHMII nplIBH-
JIerHHMH» 30. ABTOp naM<pJIeTa nO)J;qepRHBaJI, qTO aRD;HOHepHble Haqa-
27 MMeHHo 3TH n;eJIII, KpoMe CBH3aHHbIX HenocpeJj;CTBeHHo C oCHoBaHHeM KOJIO-
HHH, CTaBIIJIIICb nepeA HLIOnopTOM, KorAa OH OTnpaBJIHJICH H CBOH nYTemeCT-
BHH (Original Writings of Hakluyts, Vol. II, N 87; Records, Vol. I, p. 19-
20; Travels and Works of Captain John Smith, ed. by E. Arber. Edinburg,
1910, VIs I-II, Vol. II, p. 434 (Jj;aJIee - Smith's Travels); The Elizabethans'
America, N 23, 24; J amestown Voyages, Vol. I, N 4).
28 Records, Vol. I, p. 21-22.
29 Alderman (ane.l£.) - IJIeH ropoAcKoro MYHIIn;nnaJIbHOI'O ynpaBJIeHHH (I'JI3!Ba
I'HJIbAIIII) .
30 Nova Brittania.- In: Tracts and Other Papers, Relating Principally to the
Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America, from
the Discovery of the Country to the Year 1776, ed. by P. Force. New York,
1947, VIs I-IV, Vol. I, p. 23 (,u;aJIee - Tracts).
29

BRPrHHHR
Jla KOMnaHHn 6YYT YCHJleHLI, a 3TO nOaBOJIHT CAenaTL H3 «aeMHO-
ro paH» - BHprHHHH II npH OTCYTCTBHH B HeB 30JIOTa J];OXOJ];Hoe
rrpeArrpHHTHe 31.
M,n;eaJIOM AmoHcoHa OLIJIa npo,n;YRTHBHaH ROJIOHIIH, ROTopaH ooec-
nellHBaJIa 6LI ce6H BceM Heooxo)J;HMI>IM, CHaOmaJIa OLI AHrJIHIO Hym-
HbIMH eft CeJILCKOX03HHcTBeHHLIMH TOBapaMII II npe,n;MeTaMII MeCTHLIX
npOMLICJIOB (meJIeao,n;eJIa TeJIbHbIX, ,n;epeBooopa6a TbInalOHx II np.)
II Ry,n;a MomHO 6LIJIO ObI I10CTaBJIHTb OCHOBHLIe npeMeTbI aHrJIIIH-
CKoro BLIBoaa, rrpem,n;e Bcero mepCTHHbIe TRaHH. Ha rrepBLIX nopax
«ocooeHHO HymHLI JIIO,n;H, qT06LI C03,n;aTb KOJIOHHIO, J];eHLrH, qTOOLI
06eCne"IJHTL CHaomeHHe II J];OCTaBRY». IToCeJIHTL B KOJIOHHIO CJle,n;yeT
JIIOJ];e:n, «ROTopLIe, He Haxo,n;H paOOTbI, tITo6LI BLIOHTbCH H3 HYiRALI,
npe,n;aIOTCH npecTynHocTH II pa3BpaTY»H ROTopLIe, OCTaBaHCL B 3TOM
IIOJIOmeHHH, 6Y)J;YT Bce B OOJI:bmeM tIHCJIe nOrrOJIHHTb TIOpbMDI. OT-
IIpaBHB IIX B BlIprHHHIO, AHrJIHH BLIHrpaeT BABOHHe. HymHo cpaay
iRe OOeCnelIlIT:b ROJIOHHIO BceB03MOiRHLIMH Cnen;HaJIHCTaMH, MomeT
6LITb oeAHLIMII, HO qeCTHbIMII JIIO,n;bMII, ROTopLIe 6y,n;YT co,n;enCTBO-
BaTI> 3KoHOMHlIeCRoMY paaBHTIIIO H OJIarOYCTponCTBY ROJIOHHH, 111'0
«Cf];eJIaeT nx OAHoBpeMeHHo 60raTLIMII».
AmoHcoH COBeTOBaJI iRHTb B MHpe C HH,n;enn;aMH, «He \ rrporOHHTb
H He H3rOHHTb HX», a CTapaTbCH «C03,n;aTL J];JIH HIIX YCJlOBHH, JlYllmHe, ,
lIeM Te, B ROTOpLIX OHn mIIBYT», paOOTaH BMeCTe C HHMII Ha OJiaro
ROJIOHHH II n;IIBRJIII3aU;HII. IT pemAe Bcero, HanOMHHaJI OH ee paa,
,n;JIH coaAaHIIH ROJIOHHH HymHbI J];eHbrH, H, «lIeM CRopee II lIeM OOJI:b-
mee lIHCJIO JIIO,n;eH BHeCYT HX, TeM CRopee OHH R HHM BoaBpaTHTCH
II TeM OOJILllie OY)J;eT nOJIyqeHHaH HMH npIIObIJIL...». ABTOp «HOBOH
BpHTaHHII» IIrpaJi H Ha naTpHOTlItIeCRIIX lIYBCTBax: «rJ];e Hama CIIJIa
H npemHHH xpa6pOCTb? I-Iama CJIana CilIIT, aanbIJIeHHaH? HeT, HeT!
TIYCTb MHp He 06MaHLIBaeTCH, MLI OCTaJIHCb IIpemHIIMII... Ham came-
HeD;, BepHM MLI, J];aJI rJIy60RHe ROpHH, HalliH CTBOJILI II BeTBII RpenRH,
Hamll nooerH paCTYT II CTpaCTHO THHYTCH aa npeJ];eJII>I CTpaHbI» 32.
3a AmoHcoHoM BDIcTyrrlIJi PlItIap,n; raRJIIOHT, ROTOpLIH IIepeBeJl
pa60TY nopTyraJIbCROrO nYTemecTBeHHHKa, HaaBaB ee «,n:paro:u;eHHaH
BlIprIIHHH, RaR MomHO Cy,n;HTb 110 onHcaHIIIO MaTepHRa <PJlOpH,n;LI-
ee OJIlImaHmero coce,n;a ». « Y crrexa BHprHHHH! » - OaarJIaBJIJI CBoe
.01JIIHeHlIe PooepT rpeH. CBHIJJ;eHHHHH tIHTaJIJI nponoBe,n;1I cxo;rJ;Horo
31 Jlop;o6Hble MbICJIH pOmp;aJIHCL yme paHee - y Y\feHOrO )];moHa X3pHoTa, 1\0-
TOpbIH 6bIJI nOCeJIeHn;eM «nOTepHHHoH KOJIOHHII» Ha O-Be PoaHoR, a TaKme
y PJPlapp;a raKJIIOHTa (The Elizabethans' America, N 14, 19).
32 Nova Brittania.- In: Tracts, Vol. I, p. 19, 21, 13, 23, 8.
30

BHPrHHCRAJI ROMIIAHHfI
cOAepmaHHH 33. BHprHHCRIIH COBeT 06paTHJICH R rOpO}J;CKHM BJIaCTHM
CTOJIHn;:bI C nIICbMOM, npHa:bIBaH COJ];eiiCTBOBaTL OTnpaBKe B BHprHHHIO
HOB:bIX «nOnOJIHeHMn», B tIaCTHOCTH HanpaBJIHH Ty,n;a JIIOAeii, He Ha-
XOJ];IIBIIIHX ceoe 3aHHTHii B rrpeAeJIax JIoHAoHa II ero oRpecTHocTen.
«...BbI MomeTe C006HTb HM,- rOBOpHJIOCL B nIICbMe,- "liTO AJIH CBO-
efO rro)J;,n;epmaIIH OHH cpaay me 6y,u;YT IIMeTb nponHTaHHe M o,n;em,n;y,
a TaKme ,n;OM, <PPYKTOBbIii ca,n; II npHyca,n;eOHI>IH ytIaCTOK ,n;JIH Ram-
AOM ceMbH, a TaRme aeMeJIbHbIii HaAeJI ,IJ;JIH IIX nOTOMKOB: CTO aKpoB
Ha Ram,n;oro MymtIHHY, ROTOpbIH HMeeT Crren;HaJiLHOCTb IIJIII CHJI:bI,
)];OCTaT01J:H:bIe, tIT06bI TPY,IJ;HT:bCH B TetIeHHe pa60qero AHH, a TaRme
,IJ;JIH ero meHI>I 11 ,IJ;JIH ero pe6eHRa, eCJIII OHH cnoco6HbI CJIymIITb
ROMnaHIIH, He CqHTaH OC06bIX BoaHarpam,n;eHIIn: - B COOTBeTCTBIIH C
HX 3aCJIyraMlI II pa60Tocrroc06HOCTbIO» 34. II porraraH,IJ;a BHprHHCRoro
rrpe,n;IIpIlHTIIH II HaMeRII Ha ero peopraHII3an;HIO npeBapHJIII BamHoe
o<pHD;HaJlbHOe C006m;eHHe.
.23 MaH 1609 r. JIoH,n;oHcRaH ROMrraHIIH nOJIytIlIJIa HOBYIO xap-
THIO, no KOTOpOH -ORa KOHCTHTYlIpOBaJIaCb KaR COBepmeHHO caMO-
CTOHTeJILHaH 11 a6COJIIOTHO He CBH3aHHaH co CBOIlMH 6:bIBmHMH nJIH-
MYTCRMMH ROMuaHLOHaMH. XapTIIH Ha3bIBaJIaCb «!\a3Haqeii II ROMna-
HMH nanm;HROB (adventurers),' a TaKme ROJIOHHCTOB (planters)
ropo,n;a JIoHJ];oHa P;JIH nepBoH ROJIOHHH B BlIprHHHH» 35. 81'0 03HalJa-
JIO, lITO ROMnaHHH paCCMaTpHBaJIaCb Terrepb KaR 60JIee caMoynpaB-
JIHeMaH opraHIIaa:IJ:HH ,C c06cTBeHHbIM PYROBOIITeJIeM. ROpOJIb (RaR
MomHO nOJIaraTL, no peROMeHJ];an;HH JIH,n;epOB ROMnaHHH) COCTaBHJI
BIIprHHcRIIn: COBeT lIa 52 nomHaHeHH:bIX qJIeHOB. O,n;Horo H3 HIIX-
capa TOMaca CMIITa OH Ha3HatIIIJI RaaHatIeeM. O)J;HaKo B ,n;aJIbHeiiIIIeM
o6m;ee c06paHIIe 'tJ:JIeHOB BHprHHcRoro COBeTa H nanm;IIROB MOrJIO H3-
6IIpaTL HOBMX COBeTHIIROB 60JI:bIlIHHCTBOM rOJIOCOB B CJIyqae CMepTH
npemHIIX HJIH RaKHX-JIII60 ,n;pyrHx OC06bIX 06CTOHTeJILCTB. 06H3a TeJIb-
CTBa ROMrraHMH nepe,n; ROpOHOH OCTaBaJIHCL TeMH iRe.
BHprn:HCRHn: COBeT, RaR II paHee, p;OJImeH 6bIJI orrpe,n;eJIHTb BCIO
AeHTeJIbHOCTb ROMnaHHH II ocym;eCTBJIHTb BepXOBHoe PYROBOJ];CTBO
ROJIOHHeH, HaaHa'tJ:aT:b CJIymam;HX H o<pHn;epOB. 1I3 ero Cpe,IJ;:bI Hs6H-
paJiCH aaMeCTHTCJIb Ka3HalleH (deputy). B COBeT BOIIlJIH JIOpP; )J:eJIa-
Bap, ynoMHHaBIIlIIHcH paHec rpacp CaYTreMITTOH (HaBecTcH TeM, "tJ:TO
IIORpOBHTeJlLCTBOBaJl illeRcrrHpy, ROTOp:bIH nOCBHTlIJi eMY CBOIO «Be-
33 Virginia Richely Valued.- In: Tracts, Vol. IV; Records, Vol. I, p. 32; Mor-
se 1. M. American -Beginnings. Washington, 1952, p. 35; Harrison G. B.
A Second Jacobean Journal. Ann Arbor, 1958, p. 134; Jones H. M. 0 Strange
New World. New York, 1964, p. 165, 181.
3 Jones H. M. Ope cit., p. 187.
35 Charters, p. 27-54; Foundations, Vol. III, p. 1704-1715.
31

BHPrHHHH
Hepy II A,n;OHHCa»), JIOp)J;-Map JIoHJJ;OHa XaM<PPH Ben,n;, cap OJIHBep
I\poMBeJIb (AHAH 6YAYlQero npOTeRTopa), <1>peHcHc BaKoH (3HaMeHH-
TbIH YlleHLIH, JIHTepaTOp II rOCYAapCTBeHHLIH JJ;eHTeJIh), cap 8BMH
C3HHC (ChIH apXHenHCRona :tlopRcRoro, JIIIep onnoaHHH ROpOJIIO B
IIapJIaMeHTe) H ,n;pyrHe BHp;Hble II BbICOKonOCTaBJleHHLIe JlIOAH ROpO-
JIeBCTBa. KaaHa"tJeH, HJIII npaBHTeJIb, KaK HepeAKO CTaJiH HaSLIB8Tb
IIoame, cap TOMac CMHT 6LIJI CLIHOM ToprOBn;a 11 caM ToproBen;, 60-
ra-q H OP;HH H3 PYKoBoAHTeJIeH 06'beJ];HHeHHoro 06lQeCTBa raJIaHTepeii-
HKOB H CKOpHHKOB, naHlQHK ToprOBbIX, KOJIOHH3an;IIOHHLIX H nOJIY-
nHpaTCKMX 3Kcne,n;Hn;HH, "llJIeH JIeBaHTHHcKOH H MOCROBCKOH KOMna-
HHH, npaBIlTeJIb OCT- I1HAcKOH KOMnaHIlH 36, HOCHTeJlL JJ;BOpHHCKoro
TIITYJIa 37.
qHCJIO "tJJIeHOB ROMIIaHHII, 3a60TJIIIBO nepeqMCJIeHHbIX B xapTHH,
npeBbImaJIO 700. JIa HHX 60JIee 500 6bIJIH KOJIJIeKTHBHbIMH (peMec-
JIeHHbIe n;exa, ToprOBbIe 06'beAHHeHHH H J];p.). ROMnaHHH HaCqHTLIBa-
JIa 8 rpa<poB, 12 JIOpOB, 106 pbID;apeH, 5 cBHeHHOCJIymHTeJIeH
(1 eIIMcRon), 57 MOpCKHX' RarrIITaHOB, 4 Y1J:eHLIX. BOJIee 100 QJIeUOB
ROMnaHIIII 6bIJIII 6bIBIDIIMII H ,n;eiicTBYlOlQHMH "tJJIeHaMH napJIaMeHTa.
O,n;HaKo, "IITo6LI BOHTH B ROMrraHHIO, AocTaTo"tJHo 6bIJIO rrpH06pecTH
OARY aKIJ;HIO. TIpHHIIMaJIII B 1J:JIeHbI ROMnaHHH Ra3Ha1JeH H BHprHH-
CKHH COBeT c rrOCJIe,n;YIOlQHM YTBepm,n;eHHeM Ha 06eM c06paHHH aR-
n;HoHepOB.
AKU;HOHepHLIH RanHTaJI OJIiI\eH 6LIJI IIOIIOJIHHTbCH B Te1J:eHHe
ceMH JIeT no nO)J;nHcKe H npo,n;ameii aKD;HB: CTOHMOCTLIO B 12 <p. 10 ID.
ITo HCTelJeHIIJI YKaaaHHoro cpORa npeAllOJIaraJIOCL pacrrpeJ];eJIeHHe
f);HBIi,n;eH)J;OB - "IIaCTH npH6LIJIH II 3eMeJILHhIX YlJaCTHOB B COOTBeTCT-
BHH C lJIICJIOM rrpH06peTaeMLIx aRU;lIM. IIpeP;ycMaTpllBaJIOCb Ha,n;eJle-
HHe 3CMJIeii aa oc06bIe 3aCJIyrH nepe,n; ROMrraHHeH. PaaMepLI Boa-
MomHLIX BJIa,n;eHHH HH B TOM, HH B ,n;pyroM CJIYtIae He YKaaLIBaJIHCh
(HaR Ii B 1606 r.) 38. qJIeHY I\Ol\frraHIIH, ROTOpbIH corJIamaJICH noce-
JIHTLCR B BHprHHIIH (planter-adventurer), 3atIHCJlHJIaCL JllIlliHHH aK-
36 100 ee QJIeHOB CTaJIH naiiHRaMII BHpruHcRoii ROMnaHHH (Bruce Ph. A. Eco-
nomic History ..., Vol. I, p. 69).
37 AJIH aToro B Tor;n;amHeii AHrJIHII BOBce He 06H3aTeJIbHO CJIe,n;OBaJIO nOHBIITb-
CH Ha CBeT B 6JIarOpO;n;HOH ceMbe HJIH npHHHTb Meq 113 PYK KOpOJIH. AOCTa-
TOqHO 6bIJIO IIMeTb 40 <p. rO;n;OBoro ;n;oxo,n;a, QTo6bI CTaTb «pblD;apeM» II HMe-
HOBaTbCH «capOM» (Rape M. A. RpOMBeJIb II ero BpeMH. M., 1950, c. 51-52).
38 AmOHCOH B «HoBOR BpIITaHIIH» ynOMJIHaJI 0 500 aKpax KaK 0 B03MOiRHOH
;n;OJIe aeMeJIbHOrO ;n;epiRaHJIH (Nova Brittania, p. 24), HO 60JIbme 9Ta D;II<t>pa
HHr;n;e He <PHrypHpOBaJIa, a nOTOMY ee CJIe;n;yeT paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK npeAno-
JIOmeH:ue HJIH peRJIaMHbIH TpIOR. 100 aRpoB, ROTopbIe ynoMHHaIOTCH B I(HTJI-
pOBaBmeMcH nllCbMe BnprHHcRoro COBeTa, CTaHYT n03me HOpMOH Ha,n;eJIe-
HUH aeMJIeii (1 aRD;HH - 100 aRpoB).
32

BHPrHHCRAlI ROMDAHHfI
HH; O)];Ha aRn;HH AOJImHa 6bIJIa "tlHCJIHTbCH aa TeMH, HTO eXaJI B
BIIprIIHHIO aa CBOH ClIeT, HO He npI106peTaJI aRn;Hii, B B03HarpaiR)J;e-
HIIe aa CeMHJIeTHHn: TPY)J;. BepOHTHO, HaRHe-TO 06em;aHIIH 6YAym;HX
6JIar J];aBaJIHCL H TeM, Roro Ha orrpe;a;eJIennLIH CpOR J];JIH pa60TbI B
ROJIOHHH HaHHMaJIa caMa ROMrranHH, OnJIallHBaH HX CHapHmenHe R
IIepeeaA tlepea OReaH.
ROMnaHHH B COOTBeTCTBHH C xapTnen IIOJIYlIaJla B CBoe pacrropH-
iKeHHe TeppHTopll1O B 400 MHJIb, BRJIlOqaH MOPCKYIO Bony B 100 MHJIb
(no 200 MHJlL Ha ceBep H lOr 01' Mblca ROM<pOpT) B,n;OJlb ATJIanTn-
lIeCKoro rr06epeml>H, a BnYTpL CTpaHbI - 01' MOpH )];0 npe,n;rrOJIaraeMO-
ro «IOmHoro MOPH». IIpemHMe npIIBIIJlerHII ROMnaHIIII pacrrpOCTpaHH-
JlBCb Ha BCIO 9TY TeppnTopIIIO. B CTaTblO, oCB060m,n;aBmylO Ha ceMb
JIeT 01' nOIDJIHH na TpanCIIopTHPOBHY B ROJlOHHIO JIIo,n;en: H TOBapOB
JI3 aHrJIHHCRHX BJIa,n;eHHH, BHOCHJIOCb YTO"tlHeHHe., rOBopHBmee 0 Ta-
ROM me npaBe rrpH ABHmeHHH B 06paTHOM HarrpaBJIeHHH. CeMHJIeT-
HBi CpOR OTCqllTbIBaJICH Tenepb C 1609 r. BB03 B AHrJIIIIO II BDIB03
Ha Hee TOBapOB 06J1araJICH 5-npOn;eHTHoif IIOillJIIIHOH «B COOTBeTCT-
BUH C J];aBHHMH HOpMaMH». IIOIDJIHHbI Ha TOBapbI, BB03HMble B HOJIO-
BHIO, nOBLImaJIHCL C 2,5 J];O 5 % ;a;JlH aHrJIHHCRMX rrO)J;,n;anHbIX II c.
5 J];O 10°/0 AJIH HHOCTpaHHbIX RyrrD;OB. B 06H3aHHocTL ROJIOHHCTOB
BXOnJIO TerrepL npHCHraTb ne TOJIbHO Ha BepHOCTL ROpOJIIO, HO II Ha
BepHOCTb aRTY 0 cynpeMa THB 39.
rnaBHMe norrpaBRH BHOCHJIHCb B CMCTeMY ynpaBneHHH ROJIOllHII.
IIpemnHH ROJIJIerHaJIbHOCTb pa60TbI COBeTa ROJIOHHH 6LIJIa 3aMenena
eAHHOHatlaJIHeM ry6epHaTopa, na3HallaeMOrO BHprIIllCRIIM COBeTOM.
ry6epHaTOp HBJIHJICH rJIaBHbIM a,n;I\fHHHCTpaTopOM, rJIaBHbIM cy,n;beif
II rJIaBHOROMan,n;yrom;IIM. B CJIYlIae HaMeHLI IIJIM MHTema na BBepeH-
HOB eMY TeppHTopHII OH Hl\-IeJI npaBO 'RaaHHTb BHHOBHLIX. EMY, ero
IIOMOm;HHRaM, CJIymam;HM II OcpMn;epaM KOMnaHIIH BpYlJaJlHCb «nOJl-
naH II a6COJIIOTHaH BJIaCTb, a TaHme IIOJIHOMOqIIH YRa3bIBaTb, HaKa-
abIBaTI>, npOm;aTb, yrrpaBJIHTb H ROManJ];OBaTb» 40. COBeT KOJlOHBII
no,n;lIHHHJlCH ry6epHaTOpy, HBJlHHCb Tenepb JIHillb COBeaTeJIbHI>IM op-
raHOM.
B HOBOBBe,n;eHIIHX xapTHH 1609 r.. nOJIY1J:IIJIH paaBHTHe 6ypmyaa-
HbIe Ha-qaJIa B opraHII3aMII ROMnaHHH. OHa IIpH06pena 66JIbmyIO
He3aBHCIIMOCTb (cpaRTH"tlecKYIO, eCJIn He <popMaJIbHYIO) OT ROpOJIeB-
cRoii BJIaC.TH; YBeJIHqllJIaCb pOJIb 06m;ero c06panHH B ee AeJIax, T. e.
39 B IIOCJIe,IJ,YIOIr(HX IDICTPYRIJ;IIHX IIo,n;tJepKHBaJIaCb Heo6xo,IJ,HMOCTb IIo,n,,n,epma-
HIUI 6orOCJIymeHIuI «B COOTBeTCTBHH C YCTaHOBJIeHHHMH aHrJIIIRaHCKOH epR-
BH - no Bcex HX OCHOBHbIX IIpHHD;HIIax» (Charters, p. 57).
40 I10JIHOMOtJ:nH ry6epHaTopa H3JIaraJIIICb B ManCRHx IIHCTPYRIJ;IUIX 1609 r.
(Charters, p. 55-69).
2 JI. 10. CJIeSHHH
33

BHPrHHHH
pOJIb naHIIJ;HRoB - cOBJIa,n;eJIbD;eB aRD;HoHepHoro KanHTaJia. Bce 31'0 -
,n;JIH pacmIIpeHHH IIHHD;HaTIIBbI, I\OTOpaH OOeCne1JIIJIa ObI HaKOHen; ,n;o-
XO,n;bI 01' BJIOmeHHI>IX cpe,n;CTB. ROMnaHIIH CYIeCTBOBaJIa yme TPH
ro,n;a - H TOJIbKO O,n;HH pacxo,n;bI. A OHa 6bIJIa I\OMMep"tleCKIIM, a He
cpIIJlaHTpOIIIIqeCRIIM IIpe)J;npIIHTHeM. JIH TOM me D;eJIH BBeJIH p;oJIm-
HOCTb ryoepHaTopa. EMY CJIe)J;oBaJIO HaBeCTII HymHbIH nopH)J;oK, aa-
CTaBHTb JIIO)J;eH paOOTaTb H 06eCrre"tlllTb rrpoHaBo,n;cTBO ROJIOHHaJlLHMX
TOBapoB, a CJIe,n;oBaTeJIbHO - BbIroAHYIO TOprOBJIIO.
XapTllH ObIJIa OI\OH-qaTeJIbHO COCTaBJIeHa B KOHD;e cpeBpaJIH 1609 r.
IT m,n;aJIa TOJIbI\O KOpOJIeBCROH ne-qa TH. A paHHeH BecHoH ROMnaHIIH
yme CYMeJIa CHa pHP;HTb OOJIbmylO 3Rcrre,n;HD;HIO ll3 )J;eBHTH RopaoJIeii
(TpeTLe rrOnOJIHeHHe) no,n; ROMaH)J;OBaHIIeM TOMaca BecTa, JIop,n;a Ae-
JIaBapa, «ryoepHaTopa H RanHTaH-reHepaJIa BHprIIHIIII». O,n;HaRo JIOPA
eJIaBap He CMor OTnpaBIITbCH B nYTemeCTBlIe. Ero MeCTO BpeMeHHO
aaHHJI APyroM "tJJIeH BIIprIIHcRoro COBeTa, C3p TOMac renTC. CeKpe-
TapeM KOJIOHIIH HaaHa-qIIJIll Y HJIbHMa CTp31Jll 41. 8cKa,n;pa no,n; tPJlaroM
a,n;MHpaJIa COMMepca, HMeH Ha 60PTY CBOIIX Kopa6JIeii HeCROJILRO COT
-qeJIOBeK 42, nOKIIHYJIa AHrJIHIO, CJIe,n;YH ABYl\IH 3meJIOHaMII (meCTI>-
15 MaH 1609 r. lIa JIoH,n;oHa, TPH - 2 HIOHH II3 IIJIllMYTa). B BecT-
MH)J;HII rro,n;HHBmHHcH yparaH paaMeTaJI I\Opa6JIH. «CH a)J;BeH1J3p » Ka-
llHTaHa HblOnopTa, Tenepb BHn;e-a,n;MIIpaJIa, 25 HIOJIH BbI6poCHJIO Ha
O,n;HH 1I3 OCTpOBOB BepMy,n;cKoro a pXIIlIeJIara. Cy,n;HO aa TOHYJIO, HO
Bce naccamIIpbI II 3Kllrram (OKOJIO 150 "tJeJIOneK), a C HHMII reHTC II
COMMepc 6JIarOnOJIytJHo AOCTHtJIII oepera. Ha OCTpOBe, r,n;e lIa06HJIOBa-
JIH ,n;HKHe CBHHbH II nJIo,n;OBble ,n;epeBbH, npOmlIJIH 10 MeCHn;eB 43. 3a
31'0 BpeMH nOCTpOIIJIII ABa HeOOJILrnlIX Ropa6JIH, Ha KOTOpl>IX ,n;oopa-
JIllCb ,1];0 BHprHHHH. 23 MaH 1610 f. OHII nO,1];omJIII R ,l(meHMcTaYHY.
OH npe,n;CTaJI llX TJIaaaM B ymacHoM Bll,n;e...
Be,n;cTBIIH KOJIOHHH Ha-qaJIllCb AaBHo. rJIaBHbIMH Ha HHX, RaR BO
BpeMeHa nepBoH BHprHHcRoH KOJIOHHH, ObIJIH rOJIo,n;, BI>IaBaHHLIH: He-
,1];OCTaTI\OM aaBeaeHHbIX npIInaCOB, HeYMeHlIe HaJIa,1];HTb aeMJIe,n;eJIIIe
H YCTaHOBHTb ,n;pymecTBeHHble OTHOlIIeHHH C HH,n;enn;aMH.
41 Ero 3anIICII HBJUlIOTCH BamHbIM IICTOInIROB IIO paHHeH :nCTOpIBI aHrJIIIHCRIIX
ROJIOHIIH B CeBepHoH AMepIIRe.
42 AaHHbIe He COBlIap;aIOT. 3a cpep;Hee 'tfIICJIO MOiHHO IIpHHHTb 500 qeJIOBeR.
43 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 635-640. IIpoIIcmecTBIIe, IIOCJIymuBmee IlleK-
CITnpy O)J;HIIM 113 IIOBOP;OB R HaIIHcaHIIIO «BYPID>.
34

rJIABA BTOPA1t
KAIIMTAH AmOH CMMT
H::umeCJIeJ];YIOID;Mft paCCKaa 0 iRH3HH BHprHHCKHX ROJIOHHCTOB no He-
06XO,I\MMOCTII O)J;HOBpeMeHHO 6y,n;eT paCCKa30M 06 aBTope KHHTH.
113 KOTOpOH HCCJIe)J;OBaTeJIM lIeplIaIOT rJIaBHbIe c-oep;eHHH 0 BHprHHlI1i
rrepBbIX JIeT ee cym;ecTBonaHHH, 0 caM:OH 3TOH KHMreH ,n;pyrHx TPY-
pax Toro iRe aBTopa. TaRoe oTcTynJIeHHe 01' HaqaTOrO nOBeCTBOBaBHH,
OqeHb HeMHoro Ha PYIlIHB efO nOCJIe,n;OBa TeJIhHOCTh, rrOaBOJIIIT, o,n;HaRO,
AaTb 60JIee rrOJIHOe npe,n;CTaBJIeHMe 06 M3y"tJ:aeMoH 3noxe, 0 MeCTe
,n;enCTBHH, 0 JIIO)J;HX, ROTopbIe yqaCTBOBaJIH B ROJIOHHaaU;IIOHHbIX
aKcnep;Un;IIHX, xapaRTepe coxpaHIIBrnHXCH HCTOpUlJeCKHX HCTOlJHMKOB,
CTOJIb HeMHOfOqIICJIeHHbIX, a rrOTOMY oco6eHHO J];parOn;eHHbIX.
MTaR, moH CMUT. Ero noxom,n;eHIIH - SIIOC aMepHRaHcRoH JIH-
TepaTypbI, xY)J;omecTBeHHoH H HCToplPlecRoif. 81'01' aHrJIHqaHHH B Ra-
HOH-TO Mepe yaypnHpoBaH ero. B MHorOBeKOBOH HCTOpHII EpHTaHcRHx
OCTpOBOB AmoH CMHT - HpRaa <pHrypa, HO cpe)J;1I MHornX-MHorHX
APyrnx He OtIeHb peClIeKTa6eJIhHaH. B aMepHRaHCROH HCTOpUH OH -
OAMH M3 nepBbIX II caMbIX rJIaBHbIX nOCeJIeHn;eB BlIprIIHHH, nepBbIH
HCCJIeAOBaTeJIb 11 RapTorpa<l> ATJIaHTlIlJeCROrO rr06epembH 6Y)J;yx
CoeAHHeHHbIX III Ta TOB, aBTOp rrepnOH HCTOplIH 6pHTaHCRIIX BJIa,n;eHHH
B AMepHRe. EMY HOBaH AHfJIIIH 06HaaHa CBonM Ha3BaHlIeM. Ero
CtIMTaIOT rrpapO,ZJ;MTeJICM aMeplIRaHCROH JIHTepaTypbI: IIepBbIM nHca-
TeJIeM Ha TeppMTopnH CIIlA, IIMcaBmMM Ha aHrJIMHCKOM H3bIRe 1.
B ero COqlIHeHIIHX MomHO HaHTH ,n;aJIeRHe HCTORH JIOHrCpeJIJIOBCROH
«I1ecHH 0 faHaBaTe». OH - pOJ];OHaqaJIbHHR 6y,n;ym;lIx «IIIIOHepOB
3ana,n;a». CJIOBOM, AmoH CMIIT - HeOT'belJlel\laH qaCTb aMepMRaH-
CROR HCTOpMH SIIOXH 3aBoeBaHHH H ROJIOHH3aIJ;MII HOBoro CBeTa.
BORpyr ero HMeHH Be)J;YTcH HeCHOH"£laeMble rOpHqne erropbI 2.
RpHTIIHII YTBepmp;aIOT: noxom,n;eHIIH CMHTa OIIIIcaHbI HM caMIIM, HB-
1 CM., narrpIlMep: I1cTopHH aMepMRanCI\OM JIMTepaTypbI. 1\1.- JI., T. 1, 1947,
c. 45; I1CTOpIlH aMepIlRancRoM JIMTepaTypbI, . 1-2. M., 1971, . 1, c. 17-18
(B nOMeIl\eHHOH sp;eCb 6MorpaqnlIl CMI1Ta UMeIOTCH HeToIHoCTlI); The Cam-
bridge History of American Literature. Ne"\v York, 1931, VIs I-IV, Vol. I,
p. 14-16; Adventurers in American Literature, ed. by R. B. Inglis, etc.
New York, 1.944, p. 845.
2 Cpep;II cneu;naJIbHbIX TPYP;OB 0 )J;mone CMIITe MOiRHO na3BaTL: !{ 80Ullel-tKO-
MapK08a E. AI. )J;moH CMIlT B POCClII1.- HOBan II HoneMrnaH HCTOpI1H, 1976,
eM 3, c. '158-160; Fletcher J. G. John Smith - Also Pocahontas. New York,
1928; Journal of Southern History, 1939, 1'lay, Vol. I, N 2 (Bibliography);
Smith B. Captain John Smith, His Life and Legend. Philadelphia, '1953;
JVharton H. The Life of John Smith English Soldier. Translated from La-
tin Manuscript \vith an Essay on Captain John Sn1ith in Seventeenth-Cen-
tury Literature by L. P. Striker. Chapel Ifill, 1957; Emerson E. H. Captain
35
2*

BHPrUHHH
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.me6HbIM OTtIeTOM «<IIpaB,n;HBI>IH paCCKaa»), B ROTOpOM CMHT orOBa-
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IIYTemeCTBHIO. OH OtBellaJI HM Ha,n;aBH.eM c06CTBeHHbIX COtIHHeHUH,
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6pameHHIO ero rrepCOHI>I. CMHT IIHCaJI, HarrpHMep: «JI 3HaIO, 111'0
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no MeHH 31'0 He BOJIHyeT... IIYCTb 6bI MOH RPHTHHH nOMeHHJIHCL CO
[HOH MeCTaMH XOTH 6LI Ha J];Ba ro,n;a IIJIH c,n;eJIaJIH 61>1 CTOJIbRO, CROJIL-
KO H, TorAa 6bI OHH, nepoHTHo, 6bIJIH 60JIee CHIIcXOp;HTeJlbHI>I R MO-
IIl\I neLJ;OCTa TRaM » 3.
B ro)]; CMepTH CMHTa (1631) ,r(8BHJ]; JIJIoii,n; Ha,n;aJl paa06J1atIHTeJIL-
HI>IH naMcpJIeT «JIereH,IJ;.a 0 RalIHTaHe moHe CMH're», MHorORpaTHO
nepeH3,n;aBaBIDHHcH - BIIJIOTb ,n;o B1'OpOH rrOJIOBHHbI XVIII B. K 81'0-
MY BpeMeHII, o,n;HaRO, CMHTa yme CTaJIH HaShIBaTb «SBaMeHHTI>IM
aHrJIHHCKHM OTRpLIBaTeJIeM», «caMbIM npOCJIaBJleHH1>IM CMHTOM AHr-
JIUH», "IIeJIOBeROM, "111>H mH3Hb «1I0p;06Ha mH3HH CaM:bIX 3HaMeHHTLIX
repoeB ,n;peBHOCTH» 4, repoeM, «3HeprUH, 6eCCTpamHIO J];yxa II pemH..
John Smith. New York, 1971; Craven W. F. A New Edition of the Works of
Captain John Smith.- William and Mary Quarterly, 1972, July, Vol. XXIX,
N 3, p. 479-484; Vaughan A. T. American Genesis. Captain John Smith
and the Founding of Virginia.  Boston, 1975. CyecTByeT 60JIbillOe QIlCJIO
6eJIJIeTpH3HpoBaHHLlx 6norpa.pHH AmolIa CMIITa.
3 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 602, 622.
· Wharton H. Gp. cit., p. 3, 39.
36

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I\aMHIO, Ha ROTOpbIH nOJIOllilIJIll rOJIOBOll, a caMH rrpHrOTOBHJIliCb
paaMOaiRHTL eo y611HRaMH. B rrOCJIe,n;HHM MOMenT, ROfa yme, Kaaa-
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CEOHM TeJIOM, tIT06bI aaID;HTHTb 01' CIvIepTH... » 6
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paaBe HeH3BeCTHbI ,n;pyrHe CJIY"tJ:an rro,n;o6HofO crraCeUI'UI? Pa3Be rJIaB-
E bIe ,n;eHCTBYIOID;He JIHn;a Orrl'ICbIBaeMoro 3IIH30)J;a He peaJIbHI>Ie JIH:u;a:
)];mOH CMHT - ypomeHen; JIHHROJIbHmlIpa, ero HIvIH eIIJ;e npH mHaHH
6bIJIO aHaROMO aHa1JIITeJIbHOM:Y "tJHCJIY aHfJIUqaH; «ROPOJIb» IIayx3-
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paU;HIO nJIeMeH, RopoHoBaHHbIM JIROBOM I B RaqeCTBe BaCCaJIbHoro
rocy,n;apH 7; IIORaxOHTac (MaToaRa) - ero AOqb, BbIme,n;maH aaMym
3a BH,n;Horo BHprHHn;a II YMepmaH B AHfJIHH, f)J;e 6bIJIa npHHHTa C
.. -... ... ...............
:i Stith W. The History of the First Discovery and Settlement of Virginia.
New York, 1969, p. 106 (BnepBble H3Aana B 1747 r.).
G Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 400.
7 AHrJIHqaHe Toro BpeMeHM, em;e IIJIOXO 3HaBillne cTpany, HepeARO Ha3BaHIIe
IIJIeMeHM nepeHOCHJIII Ha BomAH I1JIH Ha MeCTO, rAe on iHHJI, H nao60pOT.
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Op;HaKO no CJIOmHBilleiicH TpaAHD;HH Bom,n;H I1MeHYIOT IIaYX8TaHoM.
37

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II IIpeJ];npIIIIMtIHBOCTI> TeCJIaBlIro H TYHeH,D;CTBY «6JIaropo,n;HI>IX» RO-
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3IITb COCTaBHTeJIH «06en: HCTOPHH» II meJIaHHe ,n;pyrHx - B03BbI-
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ero OTen; npOHCXO,D;HJI 113 ceMnH CMHTOB - CTapOmHJIOB MeCTetIRa
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8 HMeIOTCH B BHY JIaTbI, B ROTOpbIX U300pameH CMHT.
9 Wharton H. Op. cit.
10 Stith W. Op. cit., p. 108.
U Doyle I. A. Op. cit., p. 115.
38

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HeOOJIbIIIOrO OCTpOBa, He,n;aJIeKO 01' ROToporo npoxo,n;lIJI KOpaOJIb. He-
ClJaCTHOro no,n;06paJiH opeToHcKHe TIHpaTI>I. BMeCTe C HHMn OH Y1JaCT-
BOBaJI B Hanap;eHHlI Ha BeHen;HaRCRoe Cy,n;HO. Bo BpeMH aoop,n;ama
AmoH TaR OTJIHQIIJICH, 1JTO nHpaTbI, COrJIaCHO JIereHJ];e, OT,n;aJIII eMY
3HaQH1'eJlbHYIO qaCTb 3aXBaQeHHOrO aOJIOTa H, no ero npocb6e, BLI-
ca,n;HJIH Ha IITaJILHHCROM 6epery.
CTpaHCTBYH no ArreHHIIHaM II BaJIKaHaM, AmoH HaKOHen; npn6bIJi
B apMHIO apn;repn;ora <Pep,n;HHaH,n;a ABCTpHn:CRoro. C ero BOHCKaMH H
BOHCRaMH BJIa,n;eTeJIH TpaHcHJIbBaHHH Cnrn3MYH,n;a BaTopnH IOHI>IH
HCRaTeJII> npIIRJII01JeHHH YlJaCTBOBaJI BO MHorHX cpameHHHX H J];OBOJII>-
HO CROpO nOJIyqlIJI lIHH RanHTaHa. ITo,n; HMeHeM «RannTaHa AmoHa
CMIITa» OH H BOmeJI B nCTopHIO. ITpnoopeJl OH H J];BOpHHcRoe 3BaHHe
C IIOmaJIOBaHHeM rep6a, Ha nOJIe KOToporo 6bIJIH H306pameHbI rOJIO-
12 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 821.
13 Ibid., p. 822.
39

BHPrHHHR
BbI TpeX Typen;RHX BOHHOB. 8TOi tIeCTH CMlIT y,n;OCTOBJICH, no6eAHB B
noeAIIHRe oAHoro aa )J;pyrHM Tpex TypOR. BJ];OXHOBJIeHHLIe xpHCTHaH-
CRHe Bon:CRa CYMeJIH 3aBJIa,n;eTb RperrOCTbIO, aalITHHRH :KOTOpOH AO
IIOJ];BMra CMHTa OTpamaJIH Bce HX aTaRH. 81'0, paaYMeeTCH, JIereHJ];a.
Ho OHa HMee1' no,n; C060H peaJIbHLle OCHOBaHHH 14. Y BHprBHCKoi
1\OMrIaHHH, RaR MomBO Cy,n;HTb, He 6:bIJIO J];PYTHX MOTHBOBJ];JIH BKJIIO-
ieHMH CMHTa B tIHCJIO )J;meHTJIbMeHOB.
B O,IJ;HOH H3 6HTB AmoHa cep'be3HO paHIIJIII. 06eCCHJIeHHLlii, OH
norraJI K TypKaM B IIJIeH II BCRope 6bIJI npop;aH B pa6cTBo. B !{OH'"
TaHTHHOnOJIe, Ry,n;a ero OTOCJIaJIH, iKeHa OTCYTCTBOBaBmero X03HHHa
namJIa B 06paaoBaHHoM HeBOJIbHHKe' HHTepeCHoro c06eceHHKa,
rrpOHHKJIaCb H HeMY COqYBCTBHeM H CHMrraTHeii, eCJIH He JII060BbIO,
Ha qTO np03pa"tJHO HaMeRaeT JIereH,n;a. 3ano,n;03pHB HeJ];06poe, POACT-
BeHHMRR Typ-qaHKH OTnpaBHJIH mOHa K ee 6paTY B CeBepHoe IIpH-
qepHOMopbe. 3,n;eCb aHrJIHtIaHHH HCIIbITaJI Bce ymacbI meCTORoro pa6-
CTBa. Ho BbITeprreB yrneTeHHH H naJ];eBaTeJlbCTB, HarrHTaH y6HJI XO-
3RHHa II 6emaJi. C 60JIbIDHM TPYJJ;OM y,n;aJIOCL eMY yiTlI 113 Typen;KHX
BJIa,n;eHMH. 1Jepe3 TpaHCHJIbBaHHIO, r,n;e, rroBecTByeT npeJ];aHHe, ero
BCTpeTMJIH C nO"tJeCTHMII H cHa6)J;IIJIII ,n;eHbraMH, 'tJepea BCIO ROHTHHeH-
TaJIbHYIO EBporry H AcI>PHRY CMHT B 1606 r. B03BpaTHJICH Ha pO,n;HHY.
«!\a'I\ paa B' 81'0 npeMH aHrJIHtIaHe OCHOBaJIH ROJIOHIIIO B Bnprn-
HUH. Op;HaHO Il3-3a pa3p;opOB, 6ea3a60THOCTH II 6eCrretIHOCTII 1I0CeJIeH-
n;eB KOJIOHMH rrepemHBaJIa 01IeHb TpY,D;Hoe BpeMH... HaKOHen;, KorAa
I\OJIOHHH ORaaaJIaCb Ha RpalO rn6eJIH, Ty,n;a 6bIJI rrOCJIaH ,D:rIOH CMHT,
"tJT06:bI HcrrpaBHTb rrOJIOmeHHe » 15. TaR npep;CTaBJIHJI ,n;eJIo ynoMHHaB-
mHHcH BapToH. IIpe,n;CTaBJIHJI He COBceM T01J:HO, HBHO IIpeYBeJlHtIHB
TorJ];amHIOIO pOJIb CMHTa. Ero repoii, BorrpeKH CKa3aHHOMY B IIpH-
Be)J;eHHOM O1'pI>IBKe, HaXO,D;HJICH cpeJ];H caMLIX nepBbIX nOCeJIeHn;eB
BnprHHHB, BMeCTe c HBMB eMY cym,n;eHO 6bIJIO nepemHBaTb «OlIeHb
Tpy,n;Hoe BpeMH». HHRTO He BpyqaJI eMY OC06LIX IIOJIHOMOtIHH. CMHT,
BepOHTHO, )J;ame He rro,n;oapeBaJI, tITO OKameTCH tIJIeHOM COBeTa ROJIO-
HHH. HaR rOBopHTCH B «06m;en HCTOPHH», «HHCTPYHll;HH no yrrpan-
JIeHHIO HaXO,IJ;HJIHCb B aarrepTOM JIa pn;e, II HMeHa PYKoBo,IJ;HTeJIeH xpa-
HIIJIIICb B TaHHe AO npH6bITIIH B BHprRHHIO » 16. BOJIee Toro, em;e B
rrYTH CMIIT, 06BHHeHHbIH B MHTeme, 6bIJI apeCTOBaH. BapToH 06'bHCHHJI
CJIYtIHBrneeCH aaBHCThlO OCTaJILHI>IX' JIHn;epOB 8Rcrre,n;HD;HH, ROTopbIe
«60HJIHCb, lITO ero J];OCTMmeHBH MorYT HX 3aCJIOHHTb II OCTaBHTb B
14 06 aTOM CM.: Smith B. Op. cit., p. 311-342 (cTaTbH Striker L. P. John Smith,
Hungary and Transilvania).
15 Wharton H. Op. cit., p. 64.
16 Smith's Travels, V 01. I I, p. 386.
40

HAfiltTAtt na'OtI Cl\'1ltT


'reun. TI03'fOMY OlIU I\JIOneTaJIU na Hero IIOBCIO)J;Y - cpe)J;II COJI]:(aT :It
MaTpOCOB, BHymaJIM nO,IJ;OapHTeJIhHOCTb H HeMY, OOBHHHJIlI ero B
Qec1'oJII06HBOM 3aMbICJIe CTaTb ROpOJIeM... » 17.
q1'O nOCJIYJRUJIO ROHRpeTHOH npHqHHOM apeCTa H 6bIJI JIM on
cnpaBe
JIHB, HCTOpHM HeH3BeCTHO. CY,IJ;H no TOMY, l\aR CKJIap;bIBaJIHCb
O1'HomeHHH JIHp;epOB B p;aJIbHeHrneM, MomHO npe)J;IIOJIaraTb npHCTpa-
CTHe, TeM 60JIee 111'0 O)J;IIH 1I3 06BHHHTeJIeii, 8)J;Bapp; YHHr(I>nJI
, 6bIJI
ocym)J;eH 3a KJIeBeTYU npHrOBopeH 1\ llITpacpy B rrOJIb3Y C:MMTa, 1\0-
TOpLIn:, COTJIaCHO JIereH)J;e, nepep;aJI ,n;eHbflI na nym,n;bI KOJIOHHH 18.
«RaRoBa ObI HII 6bIJIa npII"tJ:HHa, CMIIT Ol\aaaJICH B RaH)J;aJIax. To 06-
CTOHTeJIbCTBO, q1'O caMbIH clIoc06HbIn: H3 KOJIOHIICTOB, Ror)J;a OHR cxo-
AHJIH Ha 6eper, CH)J;eJI 1I0,n; apeC1'OM, CJIymUJIO He
06pbIM npe)J;3I-IaMe..
HOBaHHeM . )J;JIH C03)J;aBaeMoro nOCeJIeHHH»,- Tal{ paCn;CHHBaeTCH
06LIQHO yrroMHHYTbIH a1IH30
 aHTJIHHCRHMR II aMepHI\aHCl\lIMII aBTO-
paMH 190.
26anpeJiR 1607 r. 1I0AOillJIH K AMepHRaHcRoMY Ma..TepHRY, rJ];e B
Mope B,n;aBaJICH MLIC, Ha3BaHHLIH JiIMJiI B 1J:eCTL IIpHHn;a Y 8JIbCKoro
MbIC reHpH. IIpOIDJIH J];aJIee 110 OTRpl>IBmeMYCH aaJIHBY (qecarrHR)
AO YAo.6aoH CTOHHKH. TaM 6pOCHJIH HI\OpH. MeCTO 31'0 Ha3BaJIH MbIC
ROM<pOpT (YTemeHHe, IIOI\Oll:, OT)J;I>IX). «STOll: me HO"tJ:blO ObIJI OTRpl>IT
napen; II npOQHTaH npHRaa 20, COrJIaCHO ROTOPOMY BapTOJIOMbIO rOC-
BOJIJ];,
mOH CMHT, 8,n;Bap,n; YHHrcpHJI,n;, I\pHCTo<pep HbIOIIOpT, AmoH.
PaTRJIHcp,
mOH Ma pTHH II )J:mop,n;m K3H,n;aJIJI Ha3HaQaJIHCb lJJIeHaMH
COB eTa II HM CJIe)J;OBaJIO H36pa1'b npeaMp;eHTa Ha O')J;HH ro,n;. .IJ:o 13 MaR
1fCKaJIH MeCTO
JIH nOCeJIeHHH; B 31'01' J];eHb "tJ:JIeHbI coneTa npHHHJIH
npHcHry, npeaHJ];eHTOM H30paJIH RanHTaHa YHHrcpHJI
a. RanMTaHa
CMHTa II3-aa peQII, rrpOH3HeceHHOH rrpe3II,n;eHTOM, B COBeT He ,n;orry-
CTHJIH» 21. Ha
pyron: )J;eHL B YCTbe peRl! Ha nOJIYOCTpOBe, coe,lI,HHeH-
HOM C 6eperOM yaRoH ROCOll:, OCHOBaJIII, KaK yme yrroMlIHaJIOCb,
AmenMCTaYH. «TelIepb Ram,n;:bIH npncTynHJI R pa60Te: COBeT IIJlaHH-
pOBaJI pacnOJIOmeHHe <popTa, OCTaJIbHLIe Py6HJIH ,I.(epeBLH, paC1J:Hm;a-
J111 MeCTO ,n;JIH naJiaTOR; HeROTopbIe peMOHTHpOBaJIH KOpaOJIM, ,n;pyrHe
oOpaOaTI>IBaJIH 3e
IJlIO, rOTOBHJIII ceTH H T. ,n;. ,l1uRapM lJaCTO noce-
IlJ;aJIH Hac, BblpamaH CBoe ,n;PYJI\eJII06He » 22.


17 Wharton II. Gp. cit., p. 64; Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 388.
18 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 388-389; Wharton H. Gp. cit., p. 20-21.
19 Doyle 1. A. Gp. cit., p. 116; Tyler L. G. Ope cit., p. 47-48, 64; Oakenshott
V.
Founded Upon the Seas. Cambridge, 1942, p. 181; Meadows D. Five Remar-
kable Englishmen. New York, 1961, chap. «John Smith»).
20 TeRcT nplIKaaa CM.: Jamesto
vn Voyages, Vo1. I, N B--4.
21 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 387.
22 Ibid.


41




BHPrHHHn
IIepBOHaqaJILHhIH 3HTyaHaaM, O,n;HaRO, CROpO OCThIJI. BaHTbIX C
pO,D;HH:bI aanaCOB 6bIJIO HeMHoro, H HX npHXO;a;RJlOCh :3ROHOMHTb. Me-
CTO, H36paHHoe ,n;JIH nOCeJIeHHH, ORaaaJIOCb ChlpbIM 11 MaJIHpHHHhIM.
XopomeH nHTbeBOH BO,n;bI n06JIHaOCTH He 6bIJIO. J(eBCTBeHHaH npHpo-
p;a C Tpy,n;OM no,n;;a;aBaJIaCb YCHJIIIHM JIIO,n;eH. MH,n;eHn;hI, 06Ha pymRB,
qTO aHrJIHqaHe co6MpalOTCH 060cHoBaTbcH na;a;OJIro, HHRaR He CqH-
TaHCb C xoaHeBaMH aeMJIM, He npOHBJIHJIH npemHei ,n;06pOmeJIaTeJIb-
HOCTH, HHor,rr;a COBepmaJIH Hana,n;eHHH Ha y;a;aJIHBmHXCH OT <popTa.
Cpe,n;n qJIeHOB COBeTa npo,n;OJImaJIHCb pa3;a;OphI, CHJlbHO Bpe,rr;HBilllIe
ROJIOHHH. RaR MomHO Cy,n;MTb, CnOpHJIH rJlaBH:bIM 06paaOM 0 TOM,
CJIe;a;yeT JIM npem,rr;e Bcero CTpOHTb CRJla,n;bI H YRpenJIeHHH, aa qTO
paTOBaJI CMHT, HJIH aaHHMaTbCH 6J1arOYCTpOHCTBOM nOCeJIRa, Ha qeM
HaCTaHBaJI npeaH;a;eHT. ROJIOHHCTbI - AmeHT JIbleHbI, BOSrJIaBJIHeMble
YHHrcpHJI,rr;OM, YRJIOHHJIIICb OT pa60TbI, CqHTaH ee y,rr;eJlOM OCTaJIbH:bIX
ROJIOHHCTOB. CMHT YTBepm,rr;aJl, qTO Ha HOBOH aeMJIe, r;a;e HHqTO eru;e
He npHcnoc06JIeHO ,rr;JIH npHBblqHOH mHaHH, pa60Ta - HeOTJlO1KHaH H
HaCYID;HaH He06xo,n;HMOCr;rb. MCXO,n;H Ha 3Toro, RaR paCCRaaLIBaeT «06-
J:D:aH HCTOPIIH», OH «MY,n;pO npenHTCTBOBaJI HX nOJIHTIIRe» 23. ECJlH
npaBHJIbHO npe,n;IIOJIOmeHlIe 0 npnqHHe crropa, TO CMHT ,rr;enCTBOBaJI
He npOCTO MY,rr;pO, HO npHMO CJIe,n;OBaJI HHCTpYRn;HHM ROMnaHHH 2.
PaaYMeeTCH, npH Bcefl CBoeH npaBOTe CMJ{T He BHOCHJI 3THM l\fHpa B
iI\H3Hh ROJIOHHH. OTtIaCTH n03TOMY, OTqaCTH nOTOMY, qTO CMHT OT-
JIHqaJICH, xpa6pOCThlO, RanHTaH HblOnopT BaHJI ero C c060n B 3Rcrre-
,D;Hn;HIO .
COrJIaCHO npHRaay, nOJlytIeHHOMY OT npaBJleHHH BHprHHCRoi
I\OMnaHHH, nYTemeCTBeHHIIRaM npe,n;CTOHJIO paaBe,rr;a Th MeCTa BoaMOiK-
H:bIX aaJIemeH 30JIOTa, a TaRme HaRTH BO,n;HbIH nYTb 'qepea ROHTHHeHT.
HhlOnopT, CMHT H ee 20 qeJIOBeR HanpaBHJIHCb Ha He60JIbillOM CYA-
He - nHHHace - BBepx no p. AmenMc. BhIH,n;H lIa <popTa 22 MaH H
IIoceTHB pH,n; HHAencRHx CeJleHHR, rAe «HX nOBCIO,n;y ;a;PYiIeJII06HO
nCTpeqaJIII» 2\ aHrJlHllaHe ,n;OCTHrJIH IIoporOB, ROTophle nperpa,n;HJIH
11M nYTh. Bo BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe nlOHH OHH BepHYJIHCb B cpOpT, B HX
OTCYTCTBHe no,n;BeprmHHCH Hana)];eHHIO. IIH,rr;eHn;hI y6IIJIH O,rJ;Horo R
paHHJIII 17 ROJlOHRCTOB. « IIocJIe 3Toro npeaH,rr;eHT COrJIaCHJICH Ha TO,
qT06hI cpOpT 6hIJI oRpymeH naJIHca,n;OM; YCTaHOBHJIH Opy,n;HH, JlIO,n;eii:
npH HHX BoopymHJIH H 06YQHJIH...» 26.
23 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 389.
24 J amestown Voyages, Vol. I, N 4, p. 53.
25 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 388. 8TO nYTeilleCTBMe rro,n;pooHO OTIIICaHO OAHHM
Ha ero ytIaCTHlIROB (Jalnesto,vn Voyages, Vol. I, N 13-15). .
26 Sm ith's Travels, Vol. I I, p. 388.
42

RADHTAH Amon CMIIT
«!\aUHTaH HbronopT, rrpHBe,D;H Bce B rropH,D;OR,- RaR nHCaJl CMHT
B «IIpaB,D;HBoM paCCRaae»,- 22 HIOHH OTnJIhIJI B AHrJIHIO, OCTaBHB npo-
BHaHH Ha 13-14 He,n;eJIh» 27. Cpe,n;H npHBe,n;eHHbIX B IIOpH,rr;OR ;n;eJI
6hIJIO H ;n;eJIO RanHTaHa CMHTa. CTOpOHHHRH ¥HHr<pHJI,n;a, no-rrpeiKHe-
MY 06BHHHH ero B MHTeme, XOTeJlII OTnpaBHTh RanHTaHa B JIOH;n;OH.
HbIOIIOpT If CBHeHHHR Po6epT XaHT BocnpOTHBHJlHCb. Tor;n;a II
OIDTpacpOBaJIH npe3H,rr;eHTa Ha 200 q,. B nOJIb3Y CMIITa, ROTOphIH «TaR
xopomo npOHBHJI ceOH, tITO Bce y6e,n;HJIHCh B ero HeBHHOBHOCTH» 28.
20 HIOHH ero BBeJIH B COBeT KOJIOHHH.
XOTH, no CBII)J;eTeJIhCTBY CMHTa, IIOCeJIeHD;hI HMeJlH npOBH3HH Ha
13-14 He)J;eJIb, no paccRaay APyroro O'tIeBHAn:a, rrpHBeAeHHOMY B
« Ooeii HCTOPHH», «yme qepe3 10 ,rr;HeH 10 qeJIOBeK e,rr;Ba BOJIOtIHJIII
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BY,IJ;b MbI CBOOO,IJ;HhI OT Byex rpeXOB, KaR MhI oCB060,n;HJIHCh OT 06-
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ThIX...» 29. AOMOB ee He nOCTpOHJlH, a naJlaTKH yme COBepmeHHO
H3HOCHJlHCh. 3epHO H MYRa - rJIaBH:bIe npOAYRTLI nlITaHHH aarHHJIH,
II B HHX 3aBeJIHCb qepBH. IIhITaJIIlCh OXOTHTbCH II JIOBHTb pbI6y, HO
,rr;eJIaJIH 3TO HeYMeJIo. OCHOBHbIM IIO,n;CIIopbeM CTaJI c60p Rpa60B II
}IOJIJIIOCHOB. R ceHTH6plO H3 100 ROJIOHHCTOB OT rOJIo,n;a II JIHXopa,n;RH
YMepJIO 46. Cpe,n;II HHX OIIhITHhIH 11 BJlIIHTeJIbHLIH qeJIOBeR KanHTaH
rOCHOJI,D; 30. C ero CMepThIO npH TorAamHeM nOJIOmeHHII AeJl pa60-
Ta COB eTa ROJIOHHII q,aRTHtIeCRH ORaaaJlaCb napaJiHaOBaHHoiI. AmoPAiK
TIepclI, 6Y)J;yru;Hii rrpe311,n;eHT ROJIOHHII, B CBOHX «SaMe"llaHHHX» «<OT-
qeTe»), BcnOMHHaH, no,rr;tIepRHBaJI, "liTO nplI1JIIHOH 3Toro 6hIJIH «pa-
CKOJIhHHqeCRHe J];eiiCTBHH RanHTaHa R3H,rr;aJlJla ». Y HHrcpIIJI,D; ,n;ORJIa-
,rr;LIBaJl noaiKe npaBJIeHHIO ROMnaHHII: «!\anIITaH K3H,n;aJIJI 6hIJI BhI-
Be,n;eH H3 COB eTa 11 nocameH B TIOPbMY, nOCROJIhRY CTaJlO COBepmea-
HO OqeBH,rr;HO, 1JTO OH CeHJI Bpam,n;y Mem,n;y COBeTOM II npeaH,n;eHTOM».
RaK nHCaJI CMHT, R3H,n;aJIJIa BhIBeJIH Ha COBeTa «no MHorHM rrp1lqH-
HaM». OH ,n;06aBJIHJI: «113-3a 3THX paa,n;opOB Bor, paarHeBaBIDHCb Ha
Hac, oopymHJI TaROH rOJIo,rr; 11 60JleaHH, qTO iRHB:bIM e,n;Ba ,n;OCTaBaJIO
CHJI XOpOHHTh MepTB:bIX».
Bpam,n;a Mem,n;y ¥ HHr<pHJI,n;OM II CMIITOM .n;OCTHrJIa BhIcmeH TOqRII.
IToCJIe,n;HHH BO BceYCJIhlmaHHe H r,n;e TOJIhRO Mor 06BHHHJI npeaH,D;eHTa
B HeYMeHIIH yrrpaBJIHTh ROJIOH1Ien, B HeTepnHMOH rpy60cTH, B He-
cnoco6HOCTH HaJIa,n;IITb OTHomeHHH C HH,n;eHn;aMII, a rJIaBHOe-
27 Narratives of Early Virginia. 1606-1625, ed. by L. G. Tyler. New York,
1907, p. 35.
28 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 389.
29 Ibid., p. 391.
30 0 HeM CM.: Gookin W. F. Bartholomew Gosnold. Harnden (London), 1963.
43

BHPrUHHJI
B paCXIIm;eHHII 06m;eCTBeHHbIX aanaCOB. «RanHTaH YHHrq,HJI,IJ; ,IJ;OBeJl
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CnaCaJIH OT cMepTH lIX coce,n;H - HHAeHII;hI: « Bor, BH,n;H Harny RpaHHIOIO
Hym,n;y, c06JIarOBOJIHJI pacTporaTh HH,n;eHn;eB, H OHI! npHHeCJIH HaM
aepHa, npaB,n;a, He,n;oapeJIoro, 'lT06:bI no,rr;,n;epmaTh Hac, XOTH M:bI 60JIee
omlI,n;aJIH, 'tJTO OHH Hac YHHqTOmaT)} 32. TIo,n;aHHHH HH,n;ein;eB XBaTHJlO
neHa,n;OJIro. « I103TOMY, XOTeJIOCb Toro BparaM CMHTa IIJlII HeT, OHH
B:bIHym,n;eHhI 6I>IJIH nepe,rr;a Th eMY PYROBO,rr;CTBO ;n;eJIaMH - HHaqe OHn
'norH6J1II 6hI OT rOJIo,n;a... CMHT cpaay me npHcTynHJI R CTpOHTeJlbCTBY
YKpenJIeHIIH II 6apaROB, YCTaHOBKe oPy,n;Hi n 06eCneqeHHIO oJlarono-
JIYtJlIH H 6e30naCHOCTH nOCeJleHn;eB» 33. TaR nHCaJl BapToH, BepoHTHo,
II Ha 8TOT paa npeYBeJlHqHBaH 3aCJIyrH RarrHTaHa. HeocnopHMo, o,n;-
HaRo, qTO CMHT, HayqHBmnHCH rOBOpHT:b Ha R3hIHe HH,IJ;eHeB, npe,n;-
npllHHJI crraC'HTeJIhHhIH mar: OH oTnpaBHJICH R HHM aa npo,rr;YRTaMH,
aaXBaTHB ,rr;JIH 06MeHa 6e3)];eJlymRH H X03HHcTBeHHhIH HHBeHTapb,
BTOM qHCJIe oc060 eHHMhle nMH TOnOphI. TIo CJIOBaM BapToHa, OC-
TaJIbH:ble ROJIOHHCThI, oc06eHHo )];meHTJlhMeHhI, HCITbIThIBaJIH TaKoH
cTpax nepe)]; HH,rr;eHn;aMH, 'tJTO He pHCROBaJlH nOKH,n;a Tb npe,n;eJIbI <pop-
Ta, ,n;a II 3a ero CTeHaMH He qYBCTBOBaJIII ce6H B 6e30nacHocTH. « q TO-
6hI YMepHTb noaopHbli cTpax 6J1arOpO,IJ;HhIX, CMHT OCTaBHJI ,D;JlH HX
3aru;IIT:bI 44 lIa 50 BoopymeHHbIX ROJIOHIICTOB)} 3'. BaRB Bcero meCTh
qeJIOBeK, OH IIYCTlIJlCR B nYTb, HaK 06hIQHO, no peKe.
31 AOHYMeIITaHIO 0 pa3opax B COBeTe CM.: Narratives of Early Virginia,
p. 21-22, 36-37; Jamestown Voyages, Vol. I, N 28, p. 145; N 34, p.. 213, 216
etc.; Wharton II. Ope cit., p. 64-65.
32 N nrratives of Early Virginia, p. 36.
3: TVharton H. Op. cit., p. 64-65.
34 Ibid., p. 65.
44

AmeHMcTayu
IIH,n;eihI Y,D;HBIIJIHC:b ;n;epaOCTH RanHTaHa II, He YCMa TplIBaH B
He60JI:bIDOH aRcne,n;:nn;nII yrp03:bI ;n;JIH ce6H, nponYCTHJIH ee B CBOH
BJIa;n;eHHH. CMHT BcnOMHHaJI: «OHH )J;pymHo TOprOBaJIH co MHOR II
MOHMH JIIO,n;:bMH, He 60JIee COMHeBaHCb B MOHX HaMepeHHHX, 1JeM H B
HX...» 35. «06aH HCTOPHH» c006rn;aeT nO;n;p06HOCTH. B rrepBoH HH-
AencRoH ,n;epeBHe iKHTeJlH B 06MeH Ha npe,n;JIaraeMble HM npe;n;MeTLI
rrpHHeCJIH ropcTRY RYHYPYSH:bIX aepeH. CMHT C npeapeHHeM oTBepr
v u
TO, qTO 011 CqHTaJI maJIKOH no,n;aQROII, 1:1 aHrJIUqaHe no rnaBe C RanII-
35 Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 38.
45

BIIPrllHIIH
TaHOM HaIIaJIH Ha XOaHeB, OT HeOmlI,n;aHHOCTII co CTpaXOM 6emaBmHX.
BOpBaBmlICh B ,n;epeBHIO, KOJIOHHCTLI nOmllBHJIIICh 113 HHp;eiicRHX aa-
naCOB 11 HarpY3HJI1I HMH CBOIO JIO)J;KY. MH,n;eiiIJ;bI, OIIpaBHBIDHC:b OT
IIepnoro IIcnyra, 6pOCHJIHCb Ha rrpHlIIeJIbIJ;eB. 3aBHaaJICH iIeCTORHii
60ii, BO BpeMH ROToporo naJI, cpameHH:blii CMHTOM, HOCHTeJIh TOTeMa.
BII)J;H B aTOM )J;ypHoe npe)J;aHaMeHOBaHHe, HH,n;eiiIJ;bI oTcTynHJIH. qepea
HeKOTopoe BpeMH aa B03Bpam;eHHbIH HM TOTeM OHH npHHeCJIH aHrJIH-
qaHaM 60JIhlIIOe ROJIHqeCTBO npO)J;YRTOB. R CMHTY OHH npOHHRJIHCI>
cyeBepHhIM YBameHHeM H ymacoM, qTO CHJIbHO nOMOrJIO RaIIHTaHY B
ero )J;aJIhHeHIlIIIX rrpe,rr;npHHTHHX.
JIo,n;Ra, rpymeHHaH npO)J;OBOJIbCTBHeM, BepHYJlaC:b B AmeHMCTaYH.
BCKope CMHT COBepmHJI em;e O;a;HH pen)J; H BHOBb IIOrrOJlHHJI 3arraCbI
ROJIOHHH. TYT BbIHCHHJIOC:b, qTO HeROTophle nOCeJIeHIJ;bI, rJlaBHhIM 06-
pa30M MOpHRH, rOTOBHTCH Y)J;pa Tb Ha pO,n;HHY, ;a;JIH -qero rrorpY3HJIH
Ha IInHHacy 3HaqHTeJlhHYIO qaCTb npO)J;YRTOB. CMIIT no,rr;HHJI TpeBory.
OpY)J;HH <popTa 6hIJIH HaBe,n;eHhI Ha Ropa6JIb II BceM, RTO Haxo,rr;HJlCH
Ha HeM, nplIRaaaJlH COHTH Ha 6eper. OHH nO)J;qIlHHJIIICh. RaHJJ;aJIJI,
ORa3aBllinHcH aaqHHHROM n KaK RaTOJIHK, 3arro,rr;03peHHhIH B H3-
MeHe 36, 6hIJI paCCTpeJIHH.
IIos)J;Hei oceHhIO 1607 r. CMHT, RaR nOBecTByeT JIereH)J;a, nepe-
mHJI CBoe rJIaBHOe rrpHRJIlOqeHHe. C 11 CilYTHHRaMH OH OIIHTh 6hIJI
n )J;opore, HCCJIe,n;YH TeqeHHe p. qHKaxoMHHH. IIoRa OHa 6bIJla npo-
xo,n;IIMoii, ,rr;BHTaJIHCh Ha JIo)J;Re. AaJlee CMHT, OCTaBHB 'tJaCTh JIIO)J;eii
Ha cToHHRe, C ,n;BYMH aHrJIII'tJaHaMH H ,rr;BYMH npOBO)J;HHKaMH-HH,n;eH-
II;aMH IIOnJIhIJI Ha KaH03. Y)J;aJIOCb rrpeo)J;OJIeTb em;e 20 MHJIb. AaJIb-
HeHlIIHB nYT:b 6hIJI rrperpam)J;eH JIeCHbIM aaBaJIOM. "LI T06hI IIOCMOTpeTh,
qTO 3a HHM, CMHT H O)J;HH H3 rrpOBO)J;HHKOB yrJIy6IIJIHCh B qam;y.
llepe,n; YXO,n;OM RaIIHTaH npHRaaaJl OCTaJIhHLIM HM B RoeM CJIyqae
He pa3JIyqaThCH, He YXO)J;HTh OT KaH03 H npII JlI060H TpeBore rrpe-
Ayrrpe,n;HTb ero BbICTpeJIOM.
CMHT meJI He 60JIee qeTBepTH 'tJaca, RaR YCJIblmaJl RPHRH, !J;OHO-
CHBmlIeCH C MeCTa npHBaJIa. BhICTpeJlOB He 6:bIJIO. IIpe,n;noJIaraH, qTO
npoBOAHHRH SaBeJIH aHrJIH'tJaH B 3aca)J;Y, CMHT CXBa THJI meAmero C
BHM HHAeHn;a H IIpHBH3aJI R cBoeH JIeBOH PYRe. .D:epma nHCTOJleT B
npaBOH, OH rOTOB 6hIJI cnYCTHTh RypOR IIPH MaJIeiimeH nOilhITRe
corrpOTHBJIeHHH. TOT CTapaJICH y6e,n;IITh RarrHTaHa B cBoeB HeBHHOB-
BOCTH II yroBapHBaJI 6emaTb OT B03MomHhIX npeCJIe)J;oBaTeJIeH, ROTO-
p:bIe npem,n;e Bcero y6bIOT ero aa nOMOm;h «6JIe,n;HOJIuIJ;bIM». CJIiImR.OM
noa,rr;Ho. llOCJIbIIlIaJICH CBHCT MHOrOqHCJleHHhlx CTpeJl. O,rr;Ha H3HHX
paHHJIa CMHTa B 6e,n;po. RarrnTaH OTCTpeJIlIBaJICH H3 nHCTOJIeTa, npH-
36 Jamestown Voyages, VQt I, N 31, p. 156.
46

HAnHTAH nmOH CMHT
Kpl>IBaHCI> TeJIOM npOBO,n;HHKa, BCROpe y6HToro Hana,n;aBIIlHMH. OT-
BHaaB ero, aHrJIH1IaHHH, ORpYiReHHbIH HH,n;eHn;aMH, CTaJI OTnOJIaaTh K
RYCTaM. EMY RpIIqaJIH, qTO ero TOBapHru;n IIOrH6JIH, qTO eMY OCTaeT-
CH TOJIbRO c,rr;a TbCH. Ror,n;a CMIITY RaaaJIOCb, "tJTO OH ,rr;OCTHr YRPhITIIH,
OH C YiRaCOM 06Ha PYiRHJI, qTO aeMJIH no,n; HIIM rrpOBaJIHBaeTCH...
C3a):rrr JIeiRaJIa Henpoxo,rr;HMaH TpHCIIHa, RYAa ero, RaR BIIAHO,
cnelIaJIhHO OTTeCHHJIII. Brrepe,n;M rrO;a;iRII,n;aJIH MHOr01IHCJIeHHble Bpa-
ru (no CJIOBaM JIereH,n;hI, OROJIO 200 BOIIHOB). «ORaaaBIIllIcb B aarra,n;-
He, H peIIlHJI CAaTbCH Ha HX MIIJIOCTb II OT6pOCIIJI CBoe opyiRMe B
CTOPOHY. Ao 3Toro HII O)J;I1:H He OTBamlIBaJICH npII6JIHSIITbCH. Terreph
OHM CXBaTIIJIII MeHH II IIOBeJIII H HOpOJIIO. H IIOJ];apMJI eMY ROMIIac,
06rnHCHIIB, HaCROJIbRO B03MOiRHO nOHHTHee, ero yrroTpe6J1eHIIe; RO-
pOJIb 6bIJI CTOJIb YJ];IIBJIeH H 3aHHTplIrOBaH, "tJTO ;a;aJI MHe B03MOiI\HOCTb
paCCRa3a Tb 0 mapo06pa3HOCTM aeMJIII, 0 ABlImeHHH COJIHll;a, JIYHbI,
aHe3,n; II rrJIaHeT. TIo,n; ,n;o6pomeJIa TeJIbHbIe BOarJIaCbI OHM HaROpMMJIII
MeHH II cB060,n;Horo nOBeJIII Ty,rr;a, rAe H OCTaBIIJI RaH03. TaM JIemaJI
MepTBhIH AmoH P06HHCOH, rrpoHseHHhIH 20--30 CTpeJIaIII. 8MpH H
He YBII,n;eJI » 37.
CMMTa BO,n;IIJIM no ,n;epeBHHM II nORa3bIBaJIH IIX 06HTaTeJIHM. Ra-
nIITaH Bce npeMH OiRH,n;aJI CMepTH. Ho HH,n;enU;bI 06paru;aJIIICb C HH!\-I
«co BceH B03MomHOH ,n;06POTOH». «qeM 60JIbIIle MbI 3HaROMIIJIIICb,-
BcnOMHHaJI CMIIT, - TeM JIY1Ime P;Pyr R ,n;pyry OTHOCIIJII1Cb» 38. AHr..
JIlIqaHMH nOAPymIIJICH C BomAeM rrJIeMeHII, I\OTOPOMY OH MIIoro pac-
CRaahIBaJI 0 eBponeHCRIIX CTpaHax, Bepe II 06hItIaHX. OT Hero OB
yaHaJI, "tJTO rOTOBIITCH Hana,n;eHlIe Ha AmeHMCTaYH. hanHTaH y6ejI-
,n;aJI BomJ];H, "tJTO TaRoe Hana,n;eHlIe npHHeceT HHAeHu;aM 60JlbllIOH ypOH
OT rrymeR <popTa, a no B03Bpam;eHIIII HhlOrropTa - CTpaIIlUYIO MeCTb
8Toro «rJIaBHOrO 6eJIoro BOHHa». TIo,n; npeJ];JlOrOM OTnpaBRII B Ameii-
MCTaYH lIaBeCTMH 0 ,rr;06POM H HeMY OTHOIIleHHH IIHAeiiu;eB ClVIHT no-
npOCHJI BomAH AOCTaBHTb B cpOpT COCTaBJIeHHOe HM nnCbMO. RanHTaH
npe,n;ynpeiR,n;aJI B HeM TOBaplIIII.eii 0 rposHru;eii HM onaCHOCTH.
O,rr;HaiRAhI H BHrBaMY, r,n;e no,n; oxpaHOH iRHJI CMIIT, npHmeJI HH-
,rr;een; C HaMepeHlIeM y6IITb rrJIeHHIIHa. To 6hIJI OTeu; BOHHa, ROToporo
nYTemeCTBeHHIIR CMepTeJlbHO paHIIJI BO BpeMH nepeCTpeJIRH. CTpama
npe,rr;OTBpaTHJIa y6HHCTBO. BomAb, qT06bI 06e30nacHTb CMIITa, OTrrpa-
BIIJI ero B Bepol\foKOMOKo - pe3H,n;eHn;HIO TIayx3TaHa. OH ORaaaJICH
He MeHee JII0603HaTeJIbHhIM II rOCTenpIIIIMHbIM, qeM npeiRHlIH XO-
3HHH aHrJIH1IaHIIHa, HHTepeCOBaJICH HaMepeHHHMH "tJYiReaeMu;eB. qTO-
37 Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 44. B «06ru;eii nCTOpJUI» (Smith's Travels,
Vol. II, p. 396-401) II Y BapToHa (Wharton H. Ope cit., p. 70) aTOT aIIIf30
rreveliaH eIIle 60JIee HpKJIMII RpaCRaMU.
38 Narratives of Early 'Tirginia, p. 45.
47

6HPrHHHfi
6:bI OTBpaTHTh HarraAeHHe HHAeii:u;eB Ha meiiMCTaYH, CMIIT CTapaJICH
BuymHTL HM YBameHHe II CTpaX 1\ npHIDeJILaM. HaK 06'bHCHHJI
BapTOH, '«BOiKH HHAeiieB CTaJIII YiRe 06,n;YMhIBaTb IDHpORIIe IIJIaH:bI
B CBHalI C COa,n;aBIDeHCH cIITyan;Heii. rJIaBHOH TeMOH HX paSM:bIillJIeHHH
6:bIJlO, KaK HaIIJIy-rrIlIMM 06pa30M H36aBHThCH OT HeMHuyeMoro Hra II
YHlIqTOmMTh a HrJIH'tJ:aH. AmOH CMHT, CtIMTaJIH OHH, 6hIJI caMbIM
60JI:bIDHM npenHTCTBHeM Ha HX nYTlf, TaR RaR OH nOMemaJI aHrJIH-
tIaHaM nORHHYTh BllprHHHIO, Ror,n;a OHH C06HpaJIHCb BepHYThCH B
A HrJIHIO, II TaR RaR TOJIhKO OH CMor rro,n;HHTb IIX lJ;YX,Ror,n;a HX OC...
TaJlOCh TaR MaJIO» 39. MH,rr;eHU;bI, yrpOiRaH CMepTblO, npe,n;JlOmlIJIH Ra-
nlITaay nepeHTH Ha HX cTopony. Ho, RaR npo,rr;OJImaJI BapTOH, «CMHT,
nepHLIH KOpOJIIO H npHCHre, C npeapeHHeM OTBepr HX ,n;OMoraHHH» 40.
TorlJ;a II npOHaOIDJIa Ta paMaTHqeCRaH H pOMaHTHqeCRaH cn;eaa,
CTOJIh YRpaCMBmaH JIereH,n;y 0 AmoHe CMIITe, Cn;eHa co CqaCTJIHBhIM.
crraceHHeM nYTemeCTBeHHHKa IOHOH HH,n;lIaHRoii. «OHa 6pOCHJIaCL R
CMIITY, KaR 6eaYMHaH, II, aaRphIBaH ero rOJIOBY CBOHMH PYHaMH,
rrpOCWIa, qTo6:bI npe,rr;HaaHaqaBIDHeCH eMY y,n;ap:bI 06pymHJIHCb Ha
IIee»,-'- TaR lIa06paaHJI aTY cu;eHY BapTOH 4\
<PaHTOM OCTaeTCH TO, qTO KaIIIITaH BepHYJICH.B AmeHMcTaYH iKH-
BbIM H HeBpeHMbIM. 3,n;ecb CMHT BHOBL 06HapymHJI aaroBop C D;eJIhIO
rr06era (rrpaB,n;a, He aamelJ;IDHH TaR ,n;aJIeKO, 1\aR nepBDIii) II Boapoc-
myIO HeHaBHCTh R ce6e qJIeHOB COBeTa. 3a BpeMH ero OTCYTCTBHH,
nOJIarUI, BepOHTHO, tITO OH norH6, PaTRJIII«p BBeJI B COBeT ra6pH8J1a
Apqepa, ,n;aBHro Bpara CMHTa. rrOcJleHeMY 6LIJIO npe;a;'bHBJIeHO 06-
BHHeHMe B rM6eJIH AmoHa P06HHcoHa II TOMaca 8MpH 42. KaK pac-
CRa3hIBaJI noame caM 06BHHHeMhlii, «B caMhIH pOROBOH MOMeHT Bor
c06JIarOBOJIHJI npHCJIa Tb RaillITaHa HbIOIlOpTa» 43. B:bIHeCeHHbIH CMH-
TY CMepTHLIH npHrOBOp 6bIJI OTMeHeH.
HbIOllOpT npn6hIJI Ha Kopa6JIe «AmoH aH <PpeHcHc» 8 HHBapH
1608 r. Ha aeMJIIO BHprHHIIH COIDJlO «IIepBOe nOIIOJIHeHHe» - OKOJIO
70 HOBbIX ROJIOHMCTOB. OAIIH H3 HHX, MeTblO CI-\pHBHHep, CTaJI qJIe-
HOM COBeTa. AmeHMcTayn OIlHTb HaCqHTbIBaJl OROJlO 100 qeJIOBeK.
O,n;HaRo Ha ROJlOHllIO 06PYlliHJIHCL HOBbIe HeCqaCTbH: BCIIbIXHYJI IIO-
map, ROTOpbIii OXBaTHJI nOqTH Bce nOCTpOHRH <popTa, BRJIIOtJan CRJIa-
,IJ;bI, TOJIbRO tJTO aarpymeHHhIe; 1l0CeJIeHn;eB omH]J;aJI XOJIO II rOJIo]J;.
1\ TOMY iRe BHprHHcRan HOMnaHHH npHCJIaJIa cTporllH npHRaa aaro-
39 Wharton H. Gp. cit., p. 71.
40 Ibid., p. 72.
41 Ibidem.
42 KpOMe HUX II I1pOBOHIifKOB nOfH6JIII HeCKOJIbI\O tIeJIOBe«, OCTaBIIIIifXCH C
JIOKoiL
3 Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 52.
48

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TOBHTb K OTllJIbITHIO HbIOllOpTa BOaMOmHO 60JlLme TOBapOB, llpO,n;a-
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Toro HeYCTpoeHHaH mllaHh 11 THmeJILIH TPYA KOJlOHIICTOB CTaJIH He-
BhIHOCIIMhIMH. IIoJIycropeBmHH rrOceJIOR He OTCTpaHBaJICH, cRy,n;Hoe
xoaHHCTBO 6:bIJIO COBceM sanyeHO. Py6HJIH JIec, rrHJIHJIH ero lIa ,n;o-
CRH, rOTOBHJIH SOJIY, CMOJIY 11 AerOT:b, C06HpaJIH cacca<ppac, ,n;06:bIBaJIII
py,n;y. rpYSHJIII 11 peMOHTHpOBaJIH Ropa6JIh. CRYAOCTh nHTaHIIH, ne-
peYTOMJIeHHe II 60JIeaHH KOCHJlH JIIO,D;eH.
AJIH nOnOJIHeHHH crneCTHhIX rrpHrracoB onHTb rrpnm.rrocb rrpH6er-
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CMHT: «.fI 6hIJI HaCTOJIhRO 1I3BeCTeH cpe,n;M HH,rr;eHu;eBH OHM MHe TaR
,D;OBepHJIM, qTO rro,n;XO,D;MJIH K «POPTY TOJIhRO Tor,rr;a, Ror;a;a H BbIXO,n;HJI
R HHM; Bce OHn: 3BaJIH MeHH rro HMeHH If He XOTeJIH HMqero npo,n;a-
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paCCRaaLIBaH I10nYTHO 0 Tor,n;amHHX rrpHRJIlOqeHHHX II no,n;BHrax Ra-
rrHTaHa, ,n;eJIaJI paaYMHYIO orOBopRY: «BOJIbme Bcero OH 60HJICH, qTO
aHrJIHqaHe IIorH6HYT OT He,n;OCTaTKa llHrC;M B cJlyqae, eCJlH IIH,D;ei-
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11 yi,n;YT Ry,n;a-HH6Y,D;h» '5.
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BHJIH ,n;OCTaTOqHOe °ROJIHqeCTBO rpyaa ,n;JIH «AmOH aH,n; <I>peHCHC».
lIbIOnopT OCTaBJIHJI BHprIIHHIO C He60JIbIIIHM sarraCOM rrpo,n;OBOJIbCT-
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HeH OB caM, HO B nepBYIO Oqepe,n;L qJIeH COBeTa MapTHH, ROTOPOMY
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,n;06hlqlI aa6pOCHJIH Bce rrpotIue 3aHHTIIH, BHJIIOqaH no,rr;roToBRY R no-
ceBY. TaR RaR BHprHHcRaH ROMrraHHH ,rr;aBHo MeqTaJIa 0 rro,n;06HoH
HaXO,n;Re, TO «30JIOTOHCRaTeJIeM», rro HpOHIIQeCKOMY aaMeqaHHIO o,n;-
H Ibid., p. 53.
45 Wharton II. Ope (' it., p.. 80. 'fOT iHe c.Tpax B CBoe BpeMH HCHbJTbIBaJIH 110ce-
JIeIIIJ;bI «rrOTepUHHUii hiJ.-luHJUI» (Early Voyages, p. 259).
49

BHPrltHHR
Horo lIB ROJIOHHCTOB, CTaJI II HbIOnopT. ITo CBH,n;eTeJIhCTBY Toro me
ROJIOHHCTa, CMHT rJIy60Ko B03MyaJICH, 'tJ:TO BCIO pa60TY 3a6poCHJIH
lI3-aa norpY3RH Kopa6JIH «TaKHM orpoMHhIM KOJIIPIeCTBOM n030JIO'IeH-
Horo ',n;epbMa» 46. HblOrropTY npe,n;CTOHJIO B aTOM y6e,lI.IITbCR 110 npH-
6hITHH Ha pO,n;HHY 47. A nORa, CHHBIIIIICb C RROpH 10 anpeJIH 1608 r.,
OB YB03HJI C c060i «30JIOTO» II ;a;pyrlIe llJIO,n;bI THmeJIOrO Tpy;a;a KO-
JJOHHCTOB. C HHM: ynJIhIBaJIH RallHTaH YHHrcpHJI,n; H HalllITaH Ap'tJ:ep.
PaTRJIHcp 60JIeJl, II BpeMeHHO 06HaaHHocTH npe3H;a;eHTa 6bIJIH BOS-
JIOmeHhI Ha MapTHHa. .
20 anpeJIH B BlIprRHHIO npHBeJI CBOH «cDeHIIRC» KanHTaH <DpeH-
CRC HeJIhCOH, IIMeH Ha 60PTY OROJIO 40 HOBLIX rrOCeJIeHD;eB (aa,n;ep-
}HaBmaHCH B rrYTH qaCTh «llepBoro nOIIOJIHeHIIH»). RaH pa3 TorAa
CHJIbHO yxy,rr;mlIJIIICb OTHomeHIIH aHrJIII'tJ:aH C HHAeiiD;aMH, ROTOphIX
OHn n:bITaJIHCb c,n;eJIaTb CBOHMH nOCTOHHHbIMH ,n;aHHHI{aMII. Bo BpeMH
o,n;Horo 1I3 CTOJIRHOBeHIIH KOJIOHHCThI 3aXBaTHJlH HeCKOJIbKIIX nJleH-
HLIX. YrpomaH y6nTb nx, OHII npe,rr;'bHBJIJIH ITayx8Tany pH,n; Tpe60-
BaHHH. BomAb nOCJIaJI ,rr;JIH rreperOBopOB OAHoro H3 CBOHX Han60JIee
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MHccnH - «,rr;eBo'tJ:RY 10 JIeT, KOTopaH npeBocxo,n;HJIa Bcex CBOUX co-
IIJIeMeHHIIHOB He TOJIbKO MHJIhIMII qepTaMII H BhIpameHlIeM JIrrn;a, HO
II He HMeJla ce6e paBH:bIX no OCTpOTe YMa n ,rr;06pOTe» 48. To 6bIJla
I1oKaxoHTac. YqeHhle nOrrpaBJIHIOT CMIITa, YRaahIBaH, qTO eH 6LIJlO
13 JIeT. Ho H Tor,n;a nopamaeT 'tJ:HTaTeJIH, qTO HMeHHO 3Ta ,rr;eBo'tJ:Ra -
repOHHH B IICTOpHH CIIaceHHH KaIIHTaHa. TaK HJIH HHaqe, ,n;HrrJIOMa-
THqeCKHH ,n;eMapIII I1ayx3TaHa AOCTHr D;eJIH: nJIeHHbIX OTIIYCTHJIII H
IIo,n;apnJIH «npHHn;eCCe» Ha60p 6ea,n;eJIYIIIeR. MHp 6bIJI BOCCTaHOBJIeH.
2 BIOHH 1608 r. «<PeHHKC» no,n;HHJI napyca. C HHM nORH,rr;aJI BHp-
rnH:U1O MapTHH. «RaIIIITaHY MapTIIHY,- rOBopHTCH B «06eH HCTO-
PIIH»,- BeqHO Hea,rr;opOBOMY, 6eCrrOJIeaHoMY B AeJIaX n o,n;epmHMOMY
H,n;eeH ,rr;06HTbCH ,rr;OBepHH HK06hI npHcym;HM eMY JICKYCCTBOM 06Ha-
pymHBaTh 30JIOTO, C y,rr;OBOJIbCTBHeM rrOaBOJIHJIH BepHYTbCH B AHr-
JIHIO» 4. PaTKJIHcp, Bce em;e He,rr;Ol\10raH, nOA,rr;epmHBaJI CBoe 3AopOBhe
Kpameii npo,rr;YHTOB JI3 06m;ero CKJIaAa, KOTophle OR R TO MY me npo-
,n;aBaJI, «6y,rr;TO aTO 6hIJIO ero HaCJIeACTBeHHoe nMym;ecTBO» 50.
B CBH3H C rrpo,n;OJImaBmeHCH 60JIe3HhIO npe3HAeHTa CMHT c,rr;eJIaJICH
waKTHqeCKH PYKOBOAIITeJIeM KOJIOHHII. OH BcnOMMHaJI: «Ha 3TOT
pa3 M:bI OCTaJIHCb Bce 3,rr;opOBhle JI ,IJ;OBOJIbHble, He HMeH paaAopOB,
46 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 408.
47 Jamestown Voyages, Vol. I, N 10, 18-20.
48 Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 69.
49 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 411.
50 Ibid., p. 408.
50

RAllHTAH mOH CMHT
JIIOOH pyr ,n;pyra II, RaR MhI HaeHJIHCb, OOeCrreqHB JlHTeJlbHhIH Mllp
C IIH,rr;eHaMH» 51.
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]J;bI II HeonhITHOCTH ROJIOHHCTOB. 3arraCbI rrpo,n;OBOJIbCTBHH, rrpHBeaeH-
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r OJIO,IJ; - OH AII-\eHMCTaYHa - BHOBb CTOHJI Y BOpOT.
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peBaJICH OTIIpaBHTb B JIOH,IJ;OH: nMCbMO Ra3Ha"tJelO BMprMHCROH ROM-
IIaHMH; HaopOCOH RapTbI BMprHHHM; «IIpaBMB:bIH paCCRaa 0 COObI-
THHX, CJIYtIMBIIlMXCH B BMprHHMII». B rrMCbMe Ra3Ha"tJelO CMMT peaRO
ocymaJl ,rr;eHTeJIbHOCTb «60JlH1JRH» PaTRJlMcPa, npe,n;ynpem,n;aJI, tITO
B03Bparu;eHHe Ap"tJepa B ROJlOHHIO BhlaBaJIO 6bI TaM «Be"tJH:ble paaAo-
PhI». OH opaJI Ha ceOH CMeJlOCTh pe3RO RpHTHROBaTb npaBJleHHe KOM-
naHHII, ROTopaH ma,n;HO CTpeMMJIaCh 06MThCH OT ROJIOHHH npHOhIJIeH,
He ]J;aB eH BCTa Tb Ha HorM, ry6H JIIOeH 52.
Eru;e o YXOf];a «<DeHMHCa» B rJIyob CTpaHhI OTnpaBMJIaCb npo,n;o-
'BOJIbCTBeHHaH M reorpa<pHecRaH 3RcneAMHH, B03rJIaBJIHeMaH, RaR H
npemHHe, RaIIHTaHOI CMHTOM. aHa rrpOlliJIa oeperOf qecanHRCRoro
3aJIIIBa, no PanrraxaHHORY, I1oToMaRY II IIaTYRceHTY. Ror,n;a 21 HIOJIH
rrYTellieCTBeHHHRH BepHYJIHCb B .IJ:meiMcTaYH, TO 3aCTaJIH ero 06HTa-
TeJIeH B COCTOHHMH, OJIM3ROM R OYHTY. P3TRJIIIcP B HX OTCYTCTBHe He
TOJIbRO Oe3f];eHCTBOnaJI H no-rrpemHeMY paCXlImaJI co,n;epmHMoe CRJla-
)J;OB, HO H 3a TeHJI eru;e CTpOHTeJIbCTBO «rrpe3M,n;eHTCRoro BOpa».
« HalliH 3anaCbI, Hallie BpeMH, HamIl CHJIhI H TPy 6eCIIOJIe3HO pac-
XO;a;OBaJIMCb Ha HCrrOJIHeHHe ero <paHTaaMH», - CBMf];eTeJIbCTBOBaJl
OtIeBH]J;eD; 53. I10CJIe OypIIhIX cnopOB pemMJIH CMeCTHTh PaTRJIH<pa C
rrOCTa npe3H,rr;eHTa. Ha ero MeCTO BhIf];BlIraJIaCh RaH,rr;II,rr;a Typa RarrH-
Talla CMHTa. OH COrJIaCMJICH npHHHTb Ha ceoH yrrpaBJIeHHe ROJIOHHeH.
O]J;HaHo, YHTbIBaH, qTO ¥MHrcPJIJI;a; H MapTHH rro rrpH6hITHH B JIOH-
]J;OH He rrpel\-IHHYT Ot.IepHHTb ero, OOHJlCH, KaR OhI IIOCJIe CMeru;eHHH
P3TKJIHcpa npaBJIeHHe KOMrraHHH ,IJ;eHCTBHTeJIbHO He rrOC"tJHTaJIO ero
MHTemHHROM H yayprraTopOM. RpoMe Toro, OH BHOB:b OTrrpaBJlHJICH B
noxo,rr;. IIo3ToMY ,n;oroBOpHJIHCb, nepe,rr;aB cpaKTH"tJecRYIO BJIaCTh CMH-
51 Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 71.
52 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 442-445; Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 25-
27; Harrison G. B. Ope cit., p. 101, 122-127; Virginia. 1584-1607, ed. by
A. Smith. London, 1957, p. 92-95.
53 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 412.
.51

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RO R MOMeHTY HOBoro nocem;eHHH ROJIOHHH HbIOnopToM, B ROHe ceH"
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HUH PaTKJIHq)a HJIH nOCJIe npHxoa R BJIaCTII CMIITa. TaR HJlH HHatIe,
ynoMHHYTaH H<ppa OMpaqaeT pa;u;ymHhIe TOHa JIereH)J;hI.
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npHRaa RopoHoBaTh IIayx8TaHa. 8TOH aKHeii ero npeBpam;aJIH B
BaCCaJIa aHTJlHiicROTO KOpOJIH, npH06peTaH TaRHM 06paaoM <popMaJIb-
Hoe npaBO Tpe60BaTh rrOBIIHOBeHHH. B RaqeCTBe ROpOJIeBCROro ynOJI-
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,n;epaHH. BOlli,rr;h npHHHJI nOCJIaHeB J];pymeJII06HO, HO TaR 11 He
nOHHJI CMhICJIa TIpoe)J;YP])I, npeBpaTHB B q)apc cepheaHO paa:bIrphIBae-
MYIO epeMOHHIO. OH OJITO COlIpOTHBJIHJICH BOaJIOmeHHIO ROpOHhI,
a Kor)J;a aTO y,n;aJIOC:b c,n;eJIaT:b II BpyqHTh eMY J];pyrHe aHaKH MOHap-
meii BJIaCT1I, OH B 06MeH Ha HHX rrepe,n;aJI rOCTHM CHHTble C Hor
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B ROHn;e 1608 T. HbIOnopT nOKHHYJI BHprHHHIO, YB03H C C060B
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mHB:bIX OCTaJICH O)J;HH CMIIT - Teneph HeOrpaHHtIeHHhIH npaBHTeJIb
BHprHHHH. JIereH,n;a B CBH3H C aTHM 1I0BecTByeT 0 ero Ue06hIQaHHOH
aKTHBHOCTH 11 npeJ];npHHMqHBOCTH. ,n:eiiCTBHTeJIbHO, KaI\ Momao CY-
,n;RT:b, Roe B 'tJeM ,n:meHMCTaYH npo,rr;BHHYJICH BnepeJ];: naROHeD; COopY-
;rJ;HJIH ROJlo,n;en;, ,n;aBmHH cBemyro 'IllICTYro BO,n;y, nOCTpOHJIH HeCROJIhRO
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qHCTHJIH II aaCeHJIH KYRypyaoH nOJIe B 30-40 aRpOB, HaJIaJ];HJIH
npOHaBo,n;CTBO CTeRJla. KaK BII,lJ;ao, RpOMe aHeprIIH CMHTa CRaaaJIOCb
npHCYTCTBlle ClIen;HaJIHCTOB-peMeCJIeHHHROB.
Tel\I He MeHee paCCl\la TpHBaeM:bIe rOA:bI HCTOpHH BHprllIIHU eCJIII 11
ne COCTaBJIHIOT HeOT'LeMJIeMYIO qaCTb, TO npe,n;BapHIOT «fOJlo,nnoc npe-
&2

HAllUTAH nmon CMHT
MH», IIJIH «BpeMH YHhIHHH», RaR npHBHTo Ha3hIBaTh B aMepHRaHCROH
II aHrJIHHCROH HCTopHorpa<pHH CJIeYIOm;Hi nepHo,rr; HCTOplJH aTOll
CTpaH:bI. HblOnopT OCTaBHJI npOBHBHII Bcero Ha Ba MeCHa. IIeoiRH-
aHHO HanaBmHe Rp:bICLI, a TaKme C:bIpOCTh HaHeCJIH HenonpaBHMLIH
ypOH. JIro,n;H rH6JIH B CT:bIQKaX c HH,n;eiaMH, OT rOJIoa, nepeYToM-
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ce,n;CTBY, CTaJIH HaCTpaHBaTh HHeHeB npOTHB aHrJIHtIaH. IIeROTopbIM
no,n;cnopbeM ,n;JIH ROJIOHHCTOB HBHJlOCb HeOiR:n,rr;aHHoe npH6:bITHe He-
60JI:bmoro Kopa6JIH RanHTaHa CaM103J1a 3praJIJIa (9 HIOJIH 1609 r.).
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peRH ,[(meHMC. MOpHR no,n;eJIHJICH C nOCeJIeHaMH CBOIIMH aanacaMII
H cHa6,n;HJI HX pLI60ii. C HHM npHmJIa BeCTh 0 peopraHHaaD.HH ynpaB-
JIeHHH BHprHHCKOH ROMnaHHH, 0 JIHRBH,n;aHH npemHero COBeTa ROJIO-
HHH H Ha3HaqeHIIH nOJIHOBJIaCTHOro ry6epHaTopa - JIop.n.a eJIaBapa,
ROTOp:bIH ,n;OJlmeH 6hIJI nOHBHThCH C 60JIhmOH aCKa,n;pOH.
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BaThCH BaROHe HB THCKOB rOJIo,n;a II CTpaxa nepe,n; HH,n;eHaMH. Mx
Ha,n;eiK,n;LI He onpa:n,n;aJIIICh. CeMh Ropa6JIeH «TpeThero IIOrrOJIHeHHH»,
npH6LIBmHe B aBrYCTe 1609 r., npHBeaJIH 60JIhillOe 'tlHCJIO 60JILHhIX II
MH3epHbIH aanac npO)J;YKTOB, R TOMY me HCnOpqeHHLIX MOpCKOH BO-
,n;oil. Tpy,n;Hoe nOJlOmeHHe OCJlOiKHHJIOCh paa,n;opaMH JIH,n;epOB ROJIOHHII.
RaK yme ynoMHHaJIOC:b, Ropa6JIh, Ha ROTOpOM nJIhIJIH PYKOBO,n;H-
TeJIH nOnOJIHeHHH (3aMeaBmHH JIop,n;a ,[(eJIaBapa cap TOMac reHTC H
a,n;MHpaJi COMMepc), He )J;OCTHr B:nprHHHH. 3aTo Cpe,IJ;H npH6bIBmHx
Haxo,rr;IIJIHCh PaTKJIHq" MapTHH H Apqep. OHH Boa06HOBHJIH Hana,n;KH
Ha CMHTa H, CCbIJlaHCb Ha HOBhle HHCTPYRIJ;HH, HaCTaHBaJIH Ha ero
yxo,n;e C nOCTa npe3H,[(eHTa. RarrHTaH He YCTynaJI, OTBe"tJaH, "tJTO ne-
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Ta B03HHK 3arOBOp. COrJlaCHO JIereH,n;e, B HeM yqaCTBOBaJIH rJIaBHhIM
".,
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ypaBHoBemeHHhlx IOHoIIIeH BhICORoro npoIfcxom,n;eHHH, HO MOpaJIbHO
HCnOpqeHHhIX, 6hIJIH B,n;OxHoBHTeJIHMH -aToro MHTema. ITocJIe Toro RaI
OHH npOMOTaJIH CBoe COCTOHHHe B AHrJIIIII, OHH 6emaJIH OT CBOIIX
Kpe,n;HTopOB B BHprHHHIO. BHecH paaJIOiKeHHe B cpe,n;y npHBeaeHHLIx
Hl\{H KOJIOHHCTOB II c06na3HHB 60JIbmyIO qaCTL BeTepaHoB CMIITa, OHn
OTn:aaaJIHCb CMY no,n;tInHHThCH»,- nlIcan BapTOH 5. IIa aam;HTY
, JVharton H. Ope cit., p. 89.
53

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JIereH,n;a YTBepm,n;aeT, qTO IIMeHHO n03ToMY II C 3Toro MOMeHTa
HatIaJIOCb CTpamHoe BpeMH «YHbIHHH H rOJIo,rr;a»: RO.1I0HIIH JlHllilIJiaCh
CBoero IICTHHHoro II caMoro crroc06Horo PYRoBO,IJ;HTeJIH. IomeT 6hITh,
tfTO HeBepHo, H60 npH6JIHmaJIaCh aHMa, ROTopaH HeCJIa C C060H He-
H36emHbIe TPy,n;HOCTII. Ho OCTaeTCH cpaRTOM, tITO nepHo,n; C ROHD;a oce-
HII 1609 r. ,n;o 23 MaH 1610 r., RorAa, CqaCTJIHBO nepemIIB Ropa6JIe-
RpymeHHe y BepMy,n;cKHX OCTpOBOB, B BHprHHHIO npII6hIJI C3p 1'OMac
renTC, - caMLIH Mpa"tJHhIH rrepHO,rr; B HCTOpHII ,IJ:meHMCTaYHa. CThIqRII
C HH,n;eHaMH CTaJiH rrOCTOHHHLIMH. fOJIO,IJ; ,n;OBeJl JIIO,n;eH ,n;o RaHHH6a-
JIH3Ma. BJIH3RaH rH6eJIh ROJIOHHH, He nOHBHCh TaM reHTC, 6hIJIa He-
H36emHa.
B JIoH,IJ;OHe CMHT He HameJI npHeMa, ROTOp:bIH no,n;o6aJI «repolO
BHprHHHH». He,n;pyrH ORJIeBeTaJIH ero. Ho H rrpaB,n;HBhIe BeCTII H3
KOJIOHHH He ,n;aBaJIH rrOBo,n;a npaBJIeHHIO ROMnaHHII BOCTopraTbCH
TaMomHHMH PYKOBO,IJ;HTeJIHMH. HOMnaHHH npH aTOM, eCTeCTBeHHO,
C1.IHTaJIa, qTO OHa-TO c,n;eJlaJIa Bce BoaMomHoe JlH ycrrexa npenpHH-
THH. C RarrHTaHOM HHora COBeTOBaJIHCL, HCIIOJIbaOBaJlII RaR ropaqe-
fO npHBepmeBn;a ROJIOHHSan;UII AMepHKII, ao II TOJILRO. BepaYBmRCL
54

KATIHTAH ;r(mOH CMHT
Ha pO,n;HHY, OH yme HHROr,n;a 60JIbme He IIrpaJl BII,n;HOH pOJIH B IICTO-
pBH BHprHHIIH II BHprlIHCROH ROMnaHIIH. O,n;HaRO HMeHHO JTO CRO-
pee Bcero nOCJIymHJIO TOMY, qT06hI RaIIHTaH CTaJI co BpeMeHeM JIereH-
,n;a pHbIM repoeM.
«ITpeAnpHHM1JHBhIH ,rr;meHTJIbMeH RanHTaH AmoH CMHT, eru;e iRII-
Bym;HH BHprHHHeH», RaR 0 HeM rrHCaJI COBpeMeHHHR, 3HaMeHHThIH
reorpa<I> II HaAa TeJIb ero Tpy,rr;OB C3MI03JI ITa pqac, B3HJICH 3a COCTaB-
JIeHHe RapT:bI CBOHX nYTeIIIeCTBHH, ,n;orrOJIHHeMOH 06mHpHhIM ROMMeH-
TapHeM. B 1612 r. B ORccpop,rr;e 6bIJIa H3,rr;ana RHHra no,n; Tpa,n;IID;HOHHO
,D;JIHHHbIM HaSBaHlieM «RapTa BlIprlIHHH C orrHcaHueM CTpaHbI, ee
npHpo,n;HbIX 60ra TCTB, Ha po,n;a, ero rrpaBHTeJIbCTBa H peJIHrHII, COCTaB-
.lleHHaH RanIITaHOI CMHTOI, ROTOphIll HeROTopoe BpeMH HBJIHJICH
npaBHTeJIeM CTpaHbI... C orrHcaHHeM C06hITIIll B TaMOllIHIIX ROJIOHIIHX
co BpeMeHH nepBoro OTnJIbITHH nOCeJIeHD;eB Ha AHrJIHH...» 55. KlIlIra
COCTOHJIa 1I3 ABYX qaCTell: nepepa60TaHHoro «ITpaB,n;IIBoro paCCRaaa»
II ROMIIIIJIHn;I1H CBII;a;eTeJIbCTB Ol:IeBII;a;n;eB. ITepBaH qaCTb HOCHJIa B
OCHOBHOM AeJIoBoi xapaRTep II 3JIeMeHT JIH1JHOrO Haxo,n;IIJICH HBHO Ha
3aAHeI IIJIaHe. BTopaH qaCTb, HaK 6bI COCTaBJIeHHaH Ha paCCI{a30B
CTOpOHHHX CBH,rr;eTeJIell ,rr;eHTeJIbHOCTH KanHTaHa CMHTa, npe,n;CTaB-
JIHJIa C060H peaKHll BhlIIa,rr; npOTIIB ero BparOB II HBJIHJIaCb Ha"tJa-
JIOM JIeren,n;bI 0 «repoe BHprlIH1I1I » 56.
C06CTBeHlIO RapTa, IIs,n;aHHaH B TOM iHe rOJJ;y, HCrrOJIHeHHaH H3-
BeCTHl.L\1 rpaBepOM YH.TIbHMOM XOYJIOM, rrpHBJIeKaJIa BHIIMaHlIe CBOIIM
ru;e,rr;pbIM xy,n;omeCTBeHHhIM ocpopMJIeHHeM II 60raTCTBOM HCTOpIIRO-
reorpacpHtIeCKOrO Ma TepHaJIa. M no cei ,n;eHb Ram,n;bIH IlHIIIyru;Hll 0
Tex MeCTax II BpeMenax cTpeMHTcH c,rr;eJIaTb ee HJIJIrocTpaMei HJIH
nplIJIOmeHHeM R cBoen RHlIre. Ho 3Ta RapTa He TOJlbRO oopaa OT,n;a-
JIeHHOH 3IIOXII. OHa - BamHbII1 HCTOplIl:JeCRHH HCTOl:JHMK, IlpaRTM"tJe-
CRoe noc06ne ;a;JIH apxeOJIOrOB II 3THorpacpoB, HOTopble C ee rrOMOIIJ;bIO
YCTaHaBJIHBalOT Haxom,n;eHHe IIH,n;eMcRllx ,n;epeBeHb II nJIeMen, HCqea-
HYBllIlIX BCRope rrOCJIe OTrne3Aa CMMTa H3 AmeHMcTaYHa.
YAeJI MeMyapHcTa II RapTorpacpa ne Mor y,n;OBJIeTBOpHTb 3HeprUtI-
Horo RarrlITaHa. OH rrpe,n;JIOmHJI CBOH YCJlyrlI TIJIHMYTCROi I{OIrraHHM,
ROTopaH Bce eru;e C06lIpaJIaCb aaCeJIHTh rrpHHaAJIemaBIIIYIO eii no xa p-
THH ceBepHYro qaCTb BllprlIHHII. O,n;HaKO ero nonhITHH OCHOBaTb
TaM nOCeJIeHHe (nepBoe nYTemeCTBHe 6hIJIO paaBeAROM, BTopoe,
B 1615 r.,- Hey,n;aBIIIeHcH nOIIhITROH ROJIOHHaan;HH) He YBeH"tJaJIHCb
ycrreXOM. TeM He MeHee AmoHY CMHTY npHHaAJlemaJIa l:IeCTb 6hITb
HpecTHbIM OTD;OM I-IoBoH AHrJIIIH, RaR OH HaaBaJI ceBepHYIO l:JaCTb
..................... .
:>5 Jamesto,vn \Toyages, Vol. II, chap. 7.
56 ITo;a;p06Hee CM.: McCary B. C. John Smith's Map of Virginia. With a Brief
Aecount of its I-fistory. 'Villilunsburg, 1957.
55

11 tl p r U t-t It ft
Dnpr:nllH1t; :koMttauHH, B3HBIIlaH ero R ce6e Ha cJIym6y, nOmaJIOBaJIa
eMY B 1615 r. 3BaHlle «a,n;MHpaJIa HOBon: AHrJIHH»; OB npe,u;n:aran:
6y,n;YHM OCHOBaTeJIHM nepBoro IIOCeJIeHIIH B 3TOn: CTpaBe ,n;OCTaBHTL
HX B AMepHKY; COCTaBJIeHHaH HM 11 no,n;apeHHaH npHHY KapJIY
KapTa HOBon: AHrJIHH - em;e O,IJ;HO ero ,n;OCTlImeHHe.
KapTY HOBOH AHrJIHH CMIIT, KaK 11 B BHprHHCROM CJIyqae, npo:.
KOMMeHTHpOBaJI B KaHre «OnHcaHHe HOBOH AHrJIHH» (1616), a n03'"
iRe - B «IIYTemecTBHH B HOBYro AHrJIHIO» (1620). B 1624 r. KanlI-
TaH H3,n;aJI CBOIO 3HaMeHIITYIO «06II1;YIO HCTOpHIO BHprnHHH, HOBoH
AarJIHH H OCTpOBOB COMMepca: C HMeHaMH aKIJ;HOHepOB; KOJIOHHCTOB
II ry6epHaTopOB OT OCHOBaHHH nOCeJIeHHH B 1584 ro,IJ;Y ,n;o HaCTOHe-
ro BpeMeHM>). OH Ha,n;eHJICH, qTO 3TOT TPY,n; BHOBI> pacnaXHeT eMY
)J:Bepn K ,n;eHTeJIbHOH mH3HH. Ee B 1622 r. CMHT rrhITaJICH y6e,n;tITb
npaBJIeHHe BnprHHcRo:u ROMnaHIIH, qrto, nOJIyqHB 100 COJI,n;aT II 30 MO-
pHROB, OH BOapO,II;HT KOJIOHlllO, rrepemllBaBmylO Tor,n;a Tpy;a;HhIe ,rr;HII.
Y KOMIIaHHH 6:bIJIH ,rr;pyrHe 3a6oT:bI II c06cTBeHHhIe nJIaHhI. Y CJIyrH
CMIITa OTRJIOHHJIH. OTKJIOHHJIH HX II B 1624 r., Ror,n;a KanHTaH npe,n;-
JIaraJI, IIMeH nOJITOphI ThICHqH qeJIOBeK, «BHOBb rro,n;lIHHHTb ,D;HKape:u,
BoaBeCTH Heo6xo,D;HMLIe YKpenJIeHHH, c,n;eJIa Th HOB:bIe OTKp:bITHH,
3a'THTh II rrpOKOpMIIT1> KOJIOHHIO » 57.
KanHTaH BHOBh ceJI aa CTOJI. I10cJIe «06eH HCTOPHHi), Ha,n;aHHoH
TpHm,n;bI npH ero mllaHH, OB COCTaBIIJI HeCKOJIhKO rrpaKTHqeCKHX IIO-
C06HM ,IJ;JIH IOH:bIX MOpHROB II HeonhITHhIX ROJIOHHCTOB, a TaKme em;e
O)J;HO OIIHcaHHe CBOHX nYTemeCTBHH. Ho npOCJIaBIIJIa AmoHa CMHTa
IIMeHHO «06aH HCTOPHH», ero rJIaBHhI:U TPY,n;, 1\aR CBOHMII ,n;OCTOHH-
CTBaMII, TaR II CBOIIMH He,n;OCTaTKaMII.
.IJ:moH ClVIHT CROHqaJICH ee HeCTapbIM qeJIOBeKOM (eMY meJI 52-H
ro,n;) B lllOHe 1631 r. B JIoH,n;oHe. HaqaJlhHble CTpOKH 3IIHTaHH Ha
MO"rTIJIhHOM RaMHe rJIaCHJIH:
IIoqUJI HaBeK a,1J;eCb IIo6emJJ;aBIDHH KopoJIeii,
3aBoeBaBmHH po,n;HHe neCqeTHOe KOJIlflIeCTBO 3eMeJIb;
l'vIHp MomeT y,n;HBJIHTb BeJIJI1IHe ero cBepmeHHH,
Ho OqeBH,1J;HOCTb }IX He MomeT BbI3bIBaTb COMHeHHH 58.
YXO,n;H 113 iI\H3HH, RaIIHTaH CMHT He IIo,n;ospeBaJI, qTO CTaHeT re-
poeM JIereH,n;LI, HaqaJIO KOTOpOH nOJIomllJl OH caM, KOTOPYIO nO,IJ;XBa-
THJIII II npHY1\paCHJlH ero nOtIIITaTeJIH, a 06eCCMepT1IJIa - He06xo,IJ;H-
MOCTh no ero BocrrOMIIHaHHHM BOCCTaHaBJIHBaTh caMYIO paHHIOIO
HCTOpllIO aHrJIH:UCKOH ROJIOHHaaHH CeBepHoii AMepIlRH, rrpe,n;LICTO-
p:n1O Coe,n;HHeHHhIX ill TaTOB.
... .... .... ........ ...
57 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 588, 614.
58 Ibid., p. 971. I-Iarn BOJIbHbIH rrepeBO,n;.- JI. C.
56

rJIABA TPETbJI
TPYAHOE CTAHOBJIEHI1E
R MOMeHTY nOHBJIeHIIH B BnprHHHH T. reHTCa n COMIepCa H3 He-
CKOJI:&RHX COT IIOCeJIeHD;eB, OTBeaeHHhIX Ty,n;a C OCHOBaHMH ROJIOHHH,
B mHBhIX OCTaJIOCh TOJlbRO 60, rOJIo,rr;aBIDHX, 6pO,rr;l1BIIIMX 6ea ,n;eJIa
cpe,n;H paapymaBIDHxCH nOCTpoeR, IOTHBlliMXCH B qy,n;OM ,n;epmaBmeMCH
6JIORfayae. OHM BpaiK,n;OBaJIH ,n;pyr C }J;pyroM H C HH,n;eiIaMH, OT RO-
TOpLIX HX He Mor 3aHTHTh PYXHYBIIIHH naJIHca,n;. ITpHBeaeHHhIX npo-
,n;YRTOB - npH MHHHMaJIbHOM naHRe - MOfJIO XBaTMTb He 60JIhmC
'tJ:eM Ha ,rr;Ba MecHIa. 7 HIOHH 1610 f. peIIIMJIH CHHTb IOJIOHHIO. IIo-
rpyaMJIHCb Ha Ropa6JIII. HeoiHu,n;aHHo C TpeMH Ropa6JIHMH np11:6bIJI
JIOp,n; eJIaB3p, a C HHM a,n;opOBoe nOnOJIHeHHe H npIIIIaCbI. ROJIOHHH
COXpaHHJIaCb. q T06:bI yrr,p'OtIHTh ee IIOJIOmeHHe, Ha BepMy,n;bI OTnpa-
BHJIM CrreMaJIbHYIO .3RCnef];Un;UIO aa OIIOJIHHTeJIbHbIM npo,n;OBOJIhCT-
BHeM. Ee BOafJIaBHJI COMMepc. 3a OCTpOBaMH, rf];e OH ro,n; Haaa}J;
crraCCH II r,n;e YlVIep BO BpeMH TOM 3I\Cne,n;MU;UI1, aaKpOrrI1JIOCb ero
HMH 1.
IToHa npOHcxo,n;HJIH 3TH C06LITHH, B ROHn;e 1609 r. B JIoH,rr;OII
nplIIIIJIII 1I3 AMepHRH: nepBhle Ropa6JIII C BeCT:b1O 0 rH6eJIH, RaR CqH-
TaJIOCb, PYRoBo,rr;HTeJIeH BHpfHHCROH KOJlOHHH II ee netIabHOM rrOJIO-
meHHH. B CTOJIHn;e CTaJI IllHpOKO HaBeCTeH «IIpaB,n;HBbIH paCCRa3»
AmoHa CMHTa, IIa,n;aHHbIH B npe,n;hI,n;ym;eM fo;a;y, H IIHChMO CMHTa. Ra3-
HaqelO ROMnaHHH. C006m;eHHH H3 AMepHRH H3eHHJIII TOT 6JIarOnpH-
HTHhIH RJIIIMaT, B YCJIOBHHX ROToporo ,n;eHcTBOBaJIa Bn:prHHCRan
ROMrraHIIH nOCJIe ony6JIHROB3HHH HOBOH xapTHH H lliYMIIXH, no,n;HHToif
110 3TOMY nOBo,n;y. CORpa TIIJIOCb tIHCJIO JIIO,n;eH, iReJIaBIIIHX y-qacTBoBa Tb
B ,rr;eJIe HJIH exa Th 3a OReaH. IIamJIHch TaKHe, II neMaJIO, KOTopLIe, ,n;aB
B CBoe BpeMH nO}J;rrHCRY, CTpeMHJII1Cb Y,RJIOHHThCH OT BbIRyna aRD;I1H.
Qr06hI norrpaBHTh ,n;eJIO, ROMIIaHHH YCROpHJIa OTrnea,rr; B BHprHHHI<!
JIop,n;a ,l];eJIaBapa (BecHa 161.0 r.). PaccRaa BepHYBmerOCH H3 KOJIOHIIH
rIHTca (oceRb), XOTH H no;a;TBepm,n;aBmnH npemHHC C006m;eHHH, HO
AOCTaTOqHO onTHMHCTI1QHbIH, 6bIJI nOAaH JIOH,n;OHn;aM RaR «,n;06pble
BeCTH». BHprlIHcRIIH COBeT ony6JIHROBaJl « qecTHoe 11 "HcRpeHHee 3a-
HBJIeHHe 0 u;eJIHX H 3a,n;aqaX ROJIOHHH, OCHOBaHHOH B BHprHHHH»,
a noame IIaMq,JIeT CHJIhBeCTpa ,l];mop,n;aHa « OTRphITHe BepMy,n;cRIIX
OCTPOBOB» H rroaMY qJIeHa ROMnaHHH P06epTa PHtIa «HOBOCTH lIa
1 I1MH ap;MHpaJIB IIHCaJIOCb Torp;a tIepe3 p;Ba II tIepe3 OP;HO «M». OCTpona ero
HMeHH Ha3bIBaJIIt O-MH COMMepca II BepMY;U;CRHMH. «SomnlerS» HJIM «So-
mers» rrOCTerreHHO H3MeHHJIOCb B «Summer», n lIa RapTax rrOHBHJIOCb Ha-
3BaHHe «The Summer or Bermuda lIs». A TaR KaK «summer» nO-aHrJIHHCKH
«JIeTO», TO B PYCCRHX KapTax ;U;OJIro 3HatIHJIOCb «JIeTHue o-aa».
57

BHPrHHHfI
BHprHHHH. TpHYMW CqHTaBillHXCH IIOfH6illHMH». CBHID;eHHIIKH npH-
BJIeRaJIHCh AJIH qTeHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOID;HX IIpOIIOBe,rr;eH. Em;e OAHO
«qecTHoe aaHBJIeHHe a. COCTOHHHH KOJIOHHH» aaRaHqHBaJIOCh CJIOBa-
Mil: «HeT COMHeHHH, qTO EOf - qy,rr;eCHLIM CrraCeHHeM rJIaBHbIX py-
KOBO;a;HTeJIeH, nonaBmHX Ha EepMy;a;bI,- HBIIJI CBOIO BOJIIO B03BbICHTh
Harne rocy;a;apcTBO H YTBep;a;HTb CBOIO epROBh B TOH npeKpaCHOH
CTpaHe, eCJIH ;lJ;eJIaM 6YAHT corrYTCTBOBaTh pemHTeJIbHOCTh H
Bepa» 2.
IT porraraH;a;a COnpOBOiR,n;aJIaCb npaRTHqeCKOH )J;eHTeJIbHOCTbIO.
JIop)J;-Map 06paTHJICH no npocb6e BHprHHCKoro COBeTa R JIOH;lJ;OHCRHM
ToprOBhIM KOMrraHHHM C rrpHSbIBOM aKTHBHO OTKJIHRHYTbCH Ha HOBYIO
no,rr;nHCRY. CTaphIX naHHROB y6emAaJIH B lIHTepeCax ,n;eJIa H lIX
co6CTBeHHhIX no,n;rrHcaThCH cpa3Y eru;e Ha TPH aKD;HH C JIbrOTHOH orr-
n:a Toil B TeqeHHe Tpex JIeT. Te me YCJIOBHH npe)J;JIOiRHJIH BceM iRe-
JIalOm;HM CTaTh HOBbIMH qJIeHaMlI KOMnaHHH. Ra3HaqeH TOMac CMHT
H O,rr;lIH H3 rJIaBHbIX 3HTY3HaCTOB )J;eJIa C3p 8ABIIH C3H)J;HC, qT06hI no-
KaaaTh IIpHMep, npH06peJIlI no )J;Ba TpOHHbIX naH. ITO)J;nnCqHKOB, YK-
JIOHHBillnXCH OT BhIKyrra aHH:ii, BnprHHCRIIH coneT nplIBJIeKaJI R
cy,rr;y JIOp;a;a-KaHJIepa. 1\ BeCHe 1611 f., no HMelOHMCH ,n;aHHhIM
(oT'1eTHOCTh co,n;epmaJlaCb OqeHh He6pemHo), C06paJIH 18 TbIC. <p. CT.
8TO He COCTaBHJIO meJIaeMoil CYMMbI B 30 ThIC., HO 3HaqlITeJlbHO npe-
BhICHJIO IIO;a;nHCKY 1609 f. (OKOJIO 10 TbIC. <p.) 3. llocJIe BeChMa
CRpOMHLIX ,n;ocTHmeHHH IIepBhIX Tpex JIeT TaROH B3HOC HBHJICH HeMa-
JIhIM ycnexoM, ROTOphlii CBH,rr;eTeJIhCTBOBaJI 0 HeYTpaqeHHhIX Ha;a;em-
,n;ax Ha BoapOa\AeHHe H npOBeTaHlIe BHprHHHH, 0 Bepe aHrJIHqaH B
,IJ;eHTeJlbHOCTh Tor,n;amHHX RpynHhIx aRD;HOHepHhIX o6ru;ecTB, 0 meJla-
HHH CTap:bIX qJleHOB_KOMnaHHH rapaHTHpOBaTh nOJIyqeHHe npH6MJIH
OT BJIOmeHHOro KanHTaJIa.
PaHHeH BeCHOH 1611 r. o,n;Ha 3a ;a;pyroH B Mope BbIillJIH ,IJ;Be BKC-
neJ];HD:HH: BeTepaHa BOHHhI B HH;lJ;epJIaH)J;ax, BpeMeHHoro ry6epHaTopa
II «MapmaJIa BHPfIIHHH» TOMaca AeHJIa (TpH Ropa6JIH, 300 qeJlOBeK)
II feHTca, B03BpaaBrnerOCH B AmeHMcTaYH (rnecTb Kopa6JIeil,
300 qeJIOBeK, 100 rOJIOB KpyrrHoro poraToro CKOTa, 200 CBIIHeii, MHO"
fO )J;OMaIIIHeH nTHu,bI). BHOBb 060,n;pHIOe 3BYQaJIO: « Y crrexa Bnp-
rHHHI.J! »
2 A True Declaration of Statc...- In: Tracts, Vol. III, p. 27; CM. TaRme: Char-
ters, p. 70-75; Harrison G. B. Ope cit., p. 176, 181, 217, 231; Records, Vol. I,
p. 32-33; Morse I. M. Ope cit., p.. 36, 42; lones H. M. Ope cit., p. 189; English
Historical Documents. Vol. IX. American Colonial Documents to 1776, ed.
by M. Jensen. London, 1955, p. 106-107 (AaJIee - English Historical Do-
cuments) .
3 Craven W. F. The Virginia Company of London, p. 22-23.
58

TPYAHOECTAHOBnEHHE
28 MapTa Ha POJJ;.HHY BepHYJlCH JIOp,n; eJIaB3p, YBhI, 60JIbHOH
(MaJlHpHH, IIHra, ,il.1l3eHTepHH). 011 C006m;HJI, tITO IIOCeJIeHHe K MO-
MeHTY ero OTrnea,n;a HaC"tIliThIBaJIO OKOJIO 200 qeJIOBeK - HeMHorHM
60JIee IIOJIOBHHhI Tex, KTO HaCeJIHJI AiReiMc,TaYH, Ror,n;a OH nOHBHJICH
TaM B 1610 r. 4 A B JIoH,n;oHe CTOJIbKO rOBOpHJIOCb 0 iRHBHTeJlbHOM H
n;eJle6nOM BHprHHCROM KJIHMaTe, 0 6eaycJloBHOM: nporpecce ROJIOHHH,
yrrpaBJIHeMOH JIOp,rr;OM ,IJ:eJIaB3poM! C eJIblO CMHrtIHTb HOBhIH y,n;ap
KOMnaHHH o6rnHBHJla, qTO nporpecc Bce me HaJIHD;O, qTO, nonpaBHB-
mHCh, ry6epHaTOp BepHeTCH B ROJIOHHIO, "tITo6bI C y,n;BoeHHOH 3Hep-
rHeH npo,n;OJIiRaTh ycnemHo Ha"tJaTOe. HM ,n;eJIo. O;a;HaRO aapom,n;aBmlIe-
CH 1I paHee COMHeHIIH B ycnexe npe,n;npHHTHH CTaJiH npOHHRaTb B
,n;ymH aHa 1JHTeJIhHOrO "tJHCJla JIIO,n;en. B'ep6oBRa HOBbIX nanru;HKoB
sa Tpy,n;HHJIaCh, ,n;OJIiRHHRH npOHBJlHJIH 60JlbmyIO HSBOpOTJIIIBOCTh H
ynopcTBo, YRJIOHHHCh OT BhIrrOJIHeHHH o6HSaTeJlbCTB. B 1612 r.,
qTo6bI nOnOJIHHTh RaaHY ROMnaHHH, BHprHHcKHH COBeT C paapemeHHH
npaBHTeJIbCTBa yqpeAJIJI JIOTepeIO 5.
B TOM me, rOAY B paMKax BHprHHcKon KOMnaHHII "tJaCTh ee BHA-
HhIX qJIeHOB coa,n;aJIa HOBYIO - ROMrraHHIO OCTpOBOB COMMepca 6.
BHprHHCKHH COBeT nOJlY"tJHJI aa 3TO 2 ThIC. cp., a YCTpOHTeJIH - OT-
AeJIbHYIO KOJIOHHIO H Ha,rr;eiR,n;y Ha TO, qTO OHa npHHeceT Te np1I6bIJlH,
KOTopbIe TaR II He YAaBaJlOCb nOJIytIHTb OT BHprHHHII: TaM 6bIJIH
60JIee 6JIarOnpHHTHble KJIHMaTHtIeCKHe H rrpHpO;a;Hble YCJIOBHH, TaM
JIer1Je pemaJIaCb np06J1eMa o6eCneqeHIIH KOJIOHHCTOB npo,n;oBOJIbCT-
BHeM, Bce rOBOplIJIO 0 BoaMomHOCTH pa3Be,n;eHHH caxapHoro TpOCTHII-
Ka, Ta6aRa, HM6HPH, BHHorpa,rr;a, ROTopble HcrraHbI C BbIro,rr;OH c6bIBa-
JIH B EBporry. RpOMe Toro, oCTpoBa COMMepca JIelliaJIH Ha nYTH B
BeCT-MH,n;HIO, ROTOpyro «eJIII3aBeTIIHhI» npo,n;OJIaJIH CqUTaTb 061>-
eRTOM «aaKOHHoro MopCRoro paa60H» (cpe,IJ;H HHX yrroMHHaBillHHcH
paHee Po6epT PHq). RaaHaqeeM II a,n;eCh Ha6paJIH C3pa TOMaca CMH-
a. TaR KaR OCTpOBa He nona,rr;aJlH B npe,rr;eJlhI 100-MIIJlhHOH MOpCKOH
aOHhI, KOTopaH rrpe,il.OCTaBJIHJIaCh BlIprlIHCKOH ROMnaHHII no xapTHH
1609 r., TO BHprHHCKHH COBeT xo,rr;aTaHCTBOBaJi 0 BHeceHIIH B Hee
,n;orrOJIHeHHH.
12 MapTa 1612 r. ROpOJIb ,n;apOBaJI BHprHHcRoH ROMnaHHH HOBYIO
xapTHIO 7. OHa rrO,IJ;TBeplli,n;aJIa npelliHHe JIhrOThI H BBO,IJ;HJIa HOBhIe
4 Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 207-214.
5 B cJIeAyrom;eM rOAY 3TO nplIHeCJIO 8 TbIC. <p. CT. (Records, Vol. I, p. 30); CM.
TaKme: Fiske I. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 171.
6 IToAPo6Hee CM.: Newton A. P. The Colonising Activities of English Puri-
tans. New Haven, 1914, chap. 1. Bcero KOMrraHIIH HaClJlITbIBaJia 120 llJIeHOB.
7 Charters, p. 76-94; Foundations, Vol. III, p. 1715-1722.
59

BHPrUHHSI
rrpaBHJIa. Bo BJIaAeHHH ROMnaHHH KpOMe npeiRHHX BKJIroqaJIHCh «pa3-
JIlIqBhIe OCTpOBa, aa6pOmeHHLIe II Heo6HTaeMhIe, Te H3 HUX, qTO yme
CTaJlH HaBeCTH:bI H OTKphIT:bI 6JIaroJJ;apH CTapaHHHM, MOpCRHM nYTe-
meCTBHHM H pacxOAaM YKaaaHHOH KOMnaHHH, H Te, KOTophIe OC,TaIOT-
CH em;e HeHaBeCTHhIMII 11 HeOTKpLIThIMH, HO KOTOphIH :M:orYT 6bITh
BamHhI AJIH 3TOH ROMuaHHlI B HHTepecax ee 6eaonaCHoeTH, a TaKiKe
AJIH ee TOprOBJIH, OCBoeHHH H aaCeJIeHlIH» 8 B IIpe,rr;eJIax 300 JIET 9
OT JII060H TOqKH no6epembH KOJIOHHH Mem,n;y 41 H 30° c. m.
AJIH pemeHHH TeRYHX ,n;eJI o6He co6paHHH ,n;OJliKHhI 6bIJIH Te-
rreph c06HpaT:bCH peryJlHpHO Be peiRe oAHoro paaa B He,n;eJIIO npH
KBopYMe Ha TIRTH COBeTHHKOB (BKJIlOqaH KaaHaqeH JlJlII ero aaMec-
THTeJIH) II 15 pH)J;OBLIX qJIeHOB. RpoMe 06bIqHhIX co6paHHH (assemb-
ly, court), npe,n;YCMaTpHBaJIHCL KBapTaJIbHhIe 60JIbillHe co6paHHH
(Great or General Courts): B HBBape (Hillury), Ha rracxy (Easter),
Ha TPOHy (Trinity) H B ceHTH6pe (Michas Terms). R HIIM nOJI-
HOCThIO nepemJIO npaBO Ha6paHHH qJleHOB BHprHHcKoro COBeTa, ;Kaa-
HaqeH, ero 3aMeCTHTeJlH, a TaKm8 <PYHKD;HH, npllBa,IVIemaBmHe .pa-
Hee COBeTY: na3HaqeJIUe Bcex CJIymaHx 11 o<pHD;epoB, HaAHHe 3a-
KOBOB H nOCTaHOBJIeHHH, onpeJ]:eJlHBillHX ,n;eHTeJIhHOCTh KOMnaHHH II
ROJlOHIIII, HaJ.(eJleHlle aeMJIei, pemeHHe rJIaBH:bIX KOMMepqeCKHX H op-
raHHaaD;HOHH:bIX BonpOCOB. A TaR KaK OROHqaTeJIhHhIii npHeM B qJIe...
HbI KOMllaHHH pemaJICH Tome 06m;HM co6paHlleM, r,n;e Kam,n;hlU:, He-
3aBHCHMO OT qHCJIa npHo6peTeHHhIX HM aKD;HH, HMeJI OAHH ronoc, TO
COBepmeHHO OqeBII,n;HOH CTaHOBHJIaC:b HaMeTIIBmaHCH eru;e B 1609 r.
«AeMOKpaTH3aIIH» ynpaBJleHHH, AaJILHeUmaH :3BOJIIOD;HH KOMnaBHH
K 6ypmyaaHoH «pOpM8 opraHllaaD;HU.
XapTHH peKOMeH,n;OBana CYAaM OKaaLIBaTb KOMnaHHH B npeAeJIaX
aaKOHa BCHqeCKOe, cOAencTBHe B nonyqeHHH c nOAIIUCqUROB qHCJIHB-
meUCH sa HHMH aaAOJImeBHocTu. XapTHH yaaKOHHJIa BHprHHCRYIO
JIOTepeIO 11 npe)J;OCTaBIIJIa KaaHaqeIO 11 COBeTY npaBO COCTaBUT:b ee
YCJIOBUH no CBoeMY YCMOTpeHIIIO. C HOBOi ,n;aThI, 1612 r., YCTanaBJIH-
BaJICH CpOK oCBo6oiK,n;eHHH KOMnaHHH OT nOmJlHH Ha BBoa B BHp-
rHHUIO II BLIBoa Ha Hee TOBapOB II JIIOAei. CpOK pacnpeAeneHHH
,n;HBHAeH,D;OB OCTaBaJICH npeiKHIIM - qepea ceML JIeT CqHTaH C
1609 r.
B Mae 1612 r. BupmHcKHu COBeT ony6nHKOBaJI naM<I>neT «RoBaH
muaHh BuprHHHII - BTopaH qaCTL HOB.OH EpHTaHHU», aBTopCTBO
'KOToporo npHnUChIBaeTCH Po6epTY JJ:moHCoHy 11 B KOTOpOM B pa,n;YiR-
H:bIX TOHax H3J1araJIaCL HCTOpUH KOJIOHIIH 3a nepBLIe nHTL JIeT;
8 Charters, p. 77.
9 AHrJIHHCKaH MopCKaH JIllra paBHa 5,56 KM.
60

TPy,nHOE CTAIIOBJIEHHE


B 1613 r. 6hIJIlI 1I3AaHDI «XopomHe HOBOCTH U3 BuprHHHH», paCCKa-
3aHHhIe TaMOlliHHM CBHm;eHHHROM AJIeRCaHAepoM YHTeRepoM, H «Onll-
caHlIe BepMy,n;cRHX OCTpOBOB, paHhme Ha3hIBaeMhIX OCTpOBaMlI COM-
MepCa» 10.
iKeJIaH c,n;eJIa Th KOJIOHHIO IIOJIeM 60JIee lliHpoKoi ,n;eHTeJIbHOCTH,
BllprllHCRHH COBeT nepenpaBHJI Ty,n;a meJIROBHqH:bIX qepBei (1612 r.).
OHn lIe npHiRHJIHCh. AaJIH, IIpaB,n;a, xopOillHe BCXO,n;bI noca,n;J\H Ta6a-
Ka, HO rJlaBHhIMH npeAMeTaMH BhIBoaa OCTaBaJIHCh JIeCOMaTeplIaJIbI 1I
caccacppac. BblcoRaH CMepTHOCTb, BbISBaHHaH Tpy,n;HbIMH YCJIOBHHMH
lliH3HII .II 60JIe3HHMII, He II03BOJIHJIa JJ;06HTbCH Om;YTHMbIX peaYJIbTa-
TOB B 3ROHOMH1JeCROM pa3BHTHH KOJIOHHH.
RaK YiRe YRa3bIBaJIOCh, B ROJlOHlIro yeamaJIH BJIaAeJIb
bI aRD;IIH
(adventurer-planters), fJIaBHbIM o6paaoM lIa qllCJIa ROJIOHHaJIhHOH
a,n;MllHllCTpaD;HH; Te RTO YllJIaTHJI aa CBoi llpoe3
 II CQnT8JICH 06JI8-
JJ;aTeJIeM OAHoi aRll;IIH B 6y,rr;ym;eM (planters); Te, qeii npoea,IJ; orrJIa-
qHBaJICH HX po,n;CTBeHHHKaMH, nplIxo,n;OM HJIH xoaHeBaMH (cY,IJ;b6a
6y,rr;yru;ell: aKD;HH aaBHCeJIa OT oTHomeHHii II ,rr;orOBopeHHOCTH OTIIpaB-
JIHeMOrO II OTIIpaBJIHIOm;ero); Te, Roro KOMllaHHH IIOCbIJIaJIa aa co6-
cTBeHHbIH CqeT (HX qHCJIO nOCTerreHHO CTaJIo' npeBblillaTb OCTaJIbHbIe
KaTeropHH nOCeJIeHD;eB). C nOCJIe):(HHMH aaKJlIOqaJICH KOHTpaKT (in-
denture) Ha orrpeJJ;eJleHHbIll: CpOK (ceMh JIeT, HHorAa MeHee), B Teqe-
HHe HOToporo OHll 06HSbIBaJIHCb (bind themselves, were bound) 3a
«,n;OCTaTOqHOe H paaYlVIHOe» nHTaHHe H CHapHiKeHlIe BhInOJIHHTb no-
pyqaeMYro HM pa60TY no crreD;UaJlhHOCTlI IIJllI JIlO6yro, npe,n;llllcaHHYro
KOJlOHHaJIbHOll: aJJ;MHHlIcTpa
HeH.
3aKoHTpaKTOBaHH:bIe nOCeJleH
LI HaShIBaJlHCb «CepBeHTaMH»
(bound, indented, indentured servants). By,n;YIII:He HOJIOHllCTbI, qei
OTrneS;rJ; ReM -JI1I60 OIIJIa qIlBaJICH, peKpYTlIpOBaJIlICb B OCHOBHOM 113
RpeCTbHH, OKa3aBilllIXCH 6ea ,n;OMa, aeMJlII II aaHHTHi fJIaBHbIM o6pa-
aOM B pe3YJlhTaTe o6ea3eMeJIIIBaHHH; H3 BoeHHbIX, He Haxo,rr;IIBillllX
ce6e npHMeHeHHH; Ha 6e,n;HHKoB, OT KOTOphIX XOTeJI OT,n;eJIaThCH
npHXO,n;; II3 HeyrO,IJ;HbIX qJIeHOB ceMen, ,n;OJlmHHKOB, lIT. ,rr;. CepBeHToB
Ha6HpaJIH lIa Tex iRe KaTeroplIn HaCeJIeHIIH, a TaKme B 3HatI.HTeJIbHOH
Mepe lIa ocym,n;eHHbIX 11.
TaKHM 06pa30M, aHaqHTeJIbHOe qHC
O ROJIOHHCTOB OTnpaBJIHJIIICh
B BlIprlIHHIO npOTUB co6CTBeHHoii BOJIH HJIlI 1I3-3a RpaHHeii Hym,n;hI.
EXaJIH OHH B Hell3BeCTHYlO CTpaHY H 6ea YBepeHHOCTII llOJIyqHTh 3e-


10 The New Life of Virginia.- In: Tracts, Vol. I; A Plaine Description of the
Bermudas.- Ibid., Vol. III; Records, Vol. I, p. 32-33; Morse I. M. Ope cit.,
p. 36.
11 flpKII8 rrpHMepbI CM.: Ballagh I. C. White Servitude..., p. 31-36.


61




BHPrUHHH


MeJIbHLIH Hap;eJI, 0 ROTOpOM BeJIHCb HH K tIeMY He 06HabIBaIO
He paa-
rOBopbI. qacTb ROJIOHHCTOB, oc06eHHO B caMbIe nepBbIe rop;bI ROJIOHH

aan;HH, COCTaBJIHJIH «p;meHTJIbMeHbI» (nopOH caMoaBaHHbIe H HeHMY-
llJ,He), KaR npaBHJIO, npeaHpaBmHe. TPYP;, MeqTaBmHe 0 npHRJIIOqeHH-
HX H CJIyqaHHOM o60ram;eHHH. IIHaqe rOBopH, KOJIOHHH He Hao6HJIO-
BaJIa paBHonpaBHbIMH ep;HHOMbImJIeHHHRaMH, aaHHTepeCOBaHHbIMH B
p;eJIe TpymeHHRaMH, xopomHMH H HymHbIMH Cnen;HaJIHCTaMH, B qaCT"
HOCTH aeMJIep;eJIbn;aMH 12. R HeHa6emHbIM TPYP;HOCTHM IRHaHH B p;eB-
CTBeHHOH CTpaHB npH6aBJIHJIHCb TPYP;HOCTH, npOHCTeRaBmHe OT
rrop;60pa JIIOp;eH 13.
,IJ:moHcoH B «HOBOH EpHTaHHH» npep;ynpemp;aJI 0 TaROH onaCHO-
CTH. B naM<pJIeTe «Hymp;bl BHprHHHH» ROMnaHHH npHaHaBaJIaCb, qTO
OTIIpaBHJIa Typ;a «60JIbmOe qHCJIO 6eap;eJIbHHROB, rOTOBbIX CRopee
YMepeTb OT rOJIo)J:a, qeM pa60TaTb» 14. B aTOM 6bIJIa AOJIH HCTHH:bI.
Ho He 6eap;eJIbHHRII COap;aBaJIH rJIaBHble npenHTCTBHH rrporpeccy RO-
JIOHHH. Bep;.b TOT me ,IJ:moHcoH CqHTaJI He06xop;HMbIM KaR MomHO
6bICTp'ee BepHY'Th BJIOmeHHbIe B p;eJIO p;eHbrH H IIOJIyqHTb B03MOiRHO
60JIhmyIO npH6bIJIb. Ma aToro CJIep;OBaJIO., H 06 aTOM yme BO Bceyc-
JIblmaHHe CKaaaJI AmoH CMHT, qTO ROJIOHHCTOB, rrpH Bcex Tpy;a;HOCTHX
e
e He YCTpoeHHoro aaOKeaHCRoro 6bITa, aaCTaBHJIH cpaay me pa6o-
TaTb Ha KOMrraHHIO, OTpbIBaH OT Hacym;HbIX aa60T, Bcerp;a He;a;OCTa-
TOqHO cHa6maH npHnacaMH. IIpH 06HaaTeJIbHOCTH MHOrOJIeTHeH II

COBMeCTHOH mHaHH H pa60TbI, npH a6COJIIOTHOH BJIaCTH ry6epHaTo-
pOB, JIHqHO aaHHTepeCOBaHHbIX B nOJIyqeHHH RpynHbIx JJ;HBHJ(eHJ(OB,
R TOMY me HMeBmHX p;eJIO C «npeCTY
HHKaMH)} H «oTpe6beM)}, CTpel\l-
JIeHHe K npH6bIJIbHOCTH ROJlOHHaan;HH EbIJIHJIOCb B YCTaHOBJIeHlIe no-


12 B nepnOH rpynne ROJIOHIICTOB, OCTaBJIeHHbIX HLIOnopTOM B BlIprlIHlI1I JIe-
TOM 1607 r., «p;meHTJILMeHLD) COCTaBJIHJIII 1/4 Bcex ROJIOHIICTOB. Horp;a CTaJIO
HCHO, 'lJTO mlI3HL B ROJIOHIIII He p;aeT MrHoneHHoro 06ora
eHIIH, OHM CTaJIII
TaM pep;RIIMII rOCTHMII (Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 380-390, 411-412, 439,
445-446; Jamestown Voyages, Vol. I, p. XXV; Cavaliers and Pioneers. Abs-
tracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants. 1623-1666, ed. by N. M. Nu-
gent. Baltimore, 1974, p. XII, XXVI-XXXIV; Ballagh I. C. White Servi-
tude..., p. 22; Osgood H. L. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 34; Tyler L. G. Ope cit., p. 59-
60; Bailyn B. Politics and Social Structure in Virginia.- In: Es
ays on
American Colonial History, ed. by P. Goodman. New York, 1972, p. 208-
224; Wertenbaker Th. I. Patrician and Plebeian in Virginia. N ew York,
1959, p. 5-9; Wright L. B. The First Gentlmen of Virginia. San Marino
(California), 1940, p. 64;
lorgan E. S. American Slavery - American Free-
dom. New York, 1975, p. 83-89).
13 B «nepBOM nOnOJIHeHIIII» 3eMJIep;eJILD;eB 6bIJIO Bcero 21, BO BTOpOM - 12, nplI-
6JIII3IITeJILHO CTOJILRO me - B TpeTLeM (Bruce Ph. A. Economic History...,
Vol. I, p. 587).
14 English Historical Documents, Vol. IX, p. 107.


62




TPYHOECTAHOBnEHHE
IICTHHe RaTOpmHOrO rOJIOAHOrO pemIIMa C HenOCHJIbHbIM Tpy,n;OM II
naJIOHOH ,n;HCHrrJIHHOH.
ITOJIOmeHHe CepBeHTOB HeMHOrHM OTJIHqaJIOCb OT rrOJIOmeHHH pa-
60B. 3aRa6aJIHBmHH HX ROHTpaKT ,n;ame rrpH meJIaHHH He Mor 6bITh
BbIIIOJIHeH B TOM enHHCTBeHHOM nYHRTe, KOTOpbIH <popMaJIbHO 3aI1-
aJI IIX HHTepeCbI, r,n;e rOBOpHJIOCb 0 ;n;OCTaTOqHOM H paaYMHOM rrHTa-
HHII H CHapHmeHHII. A;n;MHHHCTpaIIH KOJIOI}HH He paCIIOJIaraJIa HMH B
HymHoM KOJIHqeCTBe, 60JIee Toro - B MHHHMaJIbHO He06xo,n;HMOM.
XoaHeBa cepBeHTOB caMH B HHX Hym,n;aJIHCh, IIOJIyqaH, RaK rrpaBHJIO,
IIpO,n;YKTbI H ClIapHmeHHe Ha o6ru;ero CRJIa,n;a B MllaepHbIX HopMax.
OT;n;aJIeHHOCTb OT pO,n;HHbI, a CJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHO, OTCYTCTBlIe KaKOrO-JIH60
KOHTpOJIH Ha,n; ,n;eHTeJIbHOCTbIO ry6epHa Topa H ;n;pyrHx ;a;OJImHOCTHbIX
JIH OTRpbIBaJIH illlIpOKIIH rrpOCTOp ;n;JIH npOH3BOJIa a)J:MHnHCTpal'HH.
ITpII COBMeCTHOM Tpy,[(e ROJIOHHCTOB II CRYAOCTI1 rrpHIIaCOB 3TO B
HeMaJIOll CTeneHH HlIaBOp;HJIO IIOqTII Bcex iRHTeJIeH BHprHHHII ,n;o no-
JIOmeHHH cepBeHTOB 15.
KaK Bcerp;a, TPYP; B TaRHX YCJIOBHHX ORaabIBaJICH MaJIOIIpOII3BO-
,n;IIT€JIbHbIM. fy6epHaTopbI 16, oc06eHHO ,[(eHJI, CTpeMHJIIICh CTHMY-
JIlIpOBaTb era MepaMH npJ:IHYi-R;n;eHHH. He ,n;aBaH HCROMoro peaYJIhTa-
Ta, 8TH MepbI B COqeTaHHII C TPYP;HbIMH YCJIOBHHMH cym;ecTBoBaHHH
nopOm;n;aJIH Hep;OBOJIbCTBO B cpe;n;e KOJIOHHCTOB, BCHRoe IIpOHBJIeHHe
ROToporo meCTORO RapaJIOCb. XapTHH 1612 r. rrpe;n;YCMaTp"1IBaJIa CTpO-
rHe HaHaaaHHH )]:,JIH Tex, KTO, COrJIaCHBmHCb CTaTb 1I0CeJIeHaMH II
1I0JIyqHB aa 8TO RaRYIO-JII60 IIJIaTY HJIII aaRJIroqHB KOHTpaRT, IIbITa-
JIIICb IIOTOM CRpbITbCH, OTRaabIBaJIHCb OTnpaBJIHTbCH B ROJIOHHro, Boa-
Bpam;aJIHCb C IIOJInYTH, 6emaJIH Ha nee, pacnpOCTpaHHJIH 0 HeH no-
pOqaHe CBe;n;eHHH. TaRHx JIIO;n;eH npe,n;rrHCbIBaJIOCo npHBJIeRaTb R
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTII Ha MeCTe, B AHrJIIIII, C nocJIeJJ;yrom;eH oTIIpaBRoii B
15 IloAPo6Hee CM.: Ballagh J. C. vVhite Servitude..., p. 13-14, 22; Osgood H. L.
Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 48; Diamond S. From Organization to Society.- In: Es-
says on Anlerican Colonial History, p. 96-115. HeHcHo, -qTO HMeeT B BH]];y
B. <D. CTpaTaHoBH-q, aBTOp HeCROJlbI{HX HHTepecHbIx pa60T no 3ROHOMH-qe-
CROH HCTOpIIH aHrJIIIHCRHX ROJIOHHH B CeBepHOH AMepHRe, rOBopH 0 nonbIT-
Rax npep;CTaBHTeJIeH BHprHHCROH ROMnaHHII «YCTPOHTb 06m;UHHoe X03HR-
CTBO» (K Borrpocy 0 rrepBOHa-qaJIbHOM IIaROrrJIeHHH RarrHTaJIa B aHrJIHHCRHX
I\OJIOHIIHX B CeBepHOR AMepHRe B XVII-XVIII BB.- Y-q. 3an. MOTIII. 1966,
T. CLIX. IIcT<j>aR, BbIII. 6, c. 158). II BO BCHROM cJly-qae 3TO He 6bIJIO «nplI-
MHTHBH:bIM ROMMYHH3MOM» (CaUM01tC A. M. COIl;HaJIbHble CHJI:bI aMepHRaH-
CROll HCTOpHH. M., 6. r., c. 24-25).
16 ry6epHaTOp:bI ROJIOHHH: renTC (Man - IUOHb 1610 r.), JIOP]]; )J;eJIaB3p (HIOHb
1610 r.- MapT 1611 r.), TIepcH (MapT - MaH 1611 r.), AeiiJI (MaR - aBrYCT
1611 r.), renTC (aBrYCT 1611 r.- <j>eBpaJlb 1614 r.), )J;eiiJI (<j>enpaJlb 1614 r.-
1IIOHb 1616 r.). 3]];eCb 11 p;aJIee YRa3aH:bI He CpORH Ha3HRtleHIIH, a cI>aRTH1Je-
CRHe CpORH ynpaBJIeHHH BHprHHHeii.
63

BHPrHHHH


ROJIOIIHIO AJIH HCIIOJlHeHIIH HMH TaM B3HTbIX Ha ce6H 06H3aHHocTen
HJIH cpaay nOCbIJlaTb B KOJlOHHIO AJIH HaKaaaHHfI, C nOCJIeAYIOID;HM
HCIIOJIHeHlleM 9THX 06H3aHHocTeii. B caMoH BlIprllHHH CypOBO HaKa-
abIBaJIH aa caMble He60JIbmHe npocTynRH. MyqHTeJlbHbIe IIbITRH II
CMepTHaH KaaHb 6bIJlH 06bI,L(eHHbIM HBJIeHHeM. CMepTb omnJJ;aJIa IIO-
XHTIIBmero HeCKOJIbKO KOJIOCbeB, He ycrreBmero B TeqeHHe 'tJaca ,n;o-
HeCTH 0 «aarOBOpe». ApaKOHOBCRHH pemHM 6bIJI yaaKoHeH cne
lIaJIb-
HbIMH nOCTaHOBJleHHHMH H npHRa3aMH 17.
OTpameHHeM TorJJ;amHero IIOJIOmeHHH B KOJIOHHH HBJIHeTCH CO-
}J;epmalI\eeCH B «06
eii IICTOPHH» AmoHa CMIITa CBII}J;eTeJIbCTBO oqe-
BII}J;
a, mHBmero B BHprHHHII npH IIpaBJIeHHH .D:eiiJla, H KOMMeHTa-
pHil K 3TOMY CBH}J;eTeJIbCTBY caMoro CMIITa. OqeBH}J;e
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,n;HC
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IIa KOJIOHHII IlJIII npHqIIHlITb ei Bpe;o;; H He 3HaID, 61>IJII1 JIH He)];OCTa-
TOqHbI ero 3aCJIyrH IlJIH B HeM B3HJIH Bepx CRpbITbIe HH3MelIHbIe
CTpaCTII... RaR 6bI TO HH 6bIJIO, RameTCH, OH 6bIJI IIaKa3aH aa CBOH
npocTynRH, HHKor,n;a He 6y,n;YQU Harpam,n;eH aa CBOIl P;OCTOIIHCTBa» 18.
B APyroM MeCTe «06m;en IICTOPHH» paCCRaabIBaJIOCb 0 rrOIIbITKe «He-
,n;OBOJIbHbIX... 6emaTb Ha l\IaJIeHbROM CYAHe, KOTopoe 6bIJIO rrepeXBa-
'IIeHO, a qaCTb 6erJIe
OB KaaHeHa»; 0 6e,n;CTBYIOm;HX cepBe-HTax, ROTO-
pLIe He meJIaJIH CBOHM Tpy,n;OM nOrrOJIHHTb Ra3HY KOMnaHHH 19.


17 For the Colony in Virginia Britannia. Lavves...- In: Tracts, Vol. III; Leah
and Rachell.- Ibid., p. 7-8; Foundations, Vol. III, p. 1720-1721, 1869-
1,883; Tyler L. G. Ope cit., p. 70-71; Ballagh 1. C. White Servitude..., p. 23-
26; Rutman D. B. The Virginia Com.pany and its Military Regime.- In: The
Old Dominion, ed. by D. B. Rutman. Charlottesville, 1964, p. 1-20; Wer-
ten baker Th. J. Virginia under the Stuarts, p. 22-23; Proceedings and De-
bates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America, ed. by L. F.
Stock. Washington, 1924-1927, VIs I-V, Vol. I, p. 42-45, note 84 (Aa-
nee - Proceedings) .
18 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 508.
19 Ibid., p. 525, 564.


64




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ROTOpbIH BceMH CHJIaMII CTapaJlHCL npeOAOJleTL ee JIHAepLI. B 1614 r.
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Bepa B ,n;OXOJI;HOCTL npe,n;npllHTHH 6LIJIa nOJJ;opBaHa, TO Ha npH3LIB
OTRJIIIRHYJIHCb neMHorHe. O}J;HH 113 JIOH,n;OHCRHX RynoB nllcaJI B
16.15 roo: «H He MOry HaHTH HH o,n;Horo 3aMopCKoro BJla,n;eHIIR
[;o;JUI rrOMem;eHHH RarrHTaJIa HJlH TOprOBJlH]; 0 EepMy,n;ax em;e HH'Iero
He H3BeCTHO B aTOM OTHomeHHH; 0 BHprHHHH H3BeCTHO HeMHoroe;
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B TOM me 1615 r. JIROB I Ha3Ha'tfHJI ROMHCCHIO, ROTopaH 6LIJIa
npHSBaHa oT6npaTL 6YYII{HX nOCeJleHI(eB 113 'InCJIa ocym,n;eHHbIX.
OrpaHII'IeHlleM WIH TaRoro OToopa CJIymHJlH TOJInRO npllrOBopbI, BbI-
HeceHHDIe sa y6HHCTBO, IISHaCIIJlOBaHHe, ROJl]J;OBCTBO II BoopymeHHDIH
rpa6em. CpOK npe6bIBaHIIH B AMepHRe onpe,n;PJIHJICH caMOH ROMHC-
CHeH. AeHTeJILHOCTb IIOCJIe,n;Heii B0306HOBJIHJIaCh nCCROJIbRO paa 23.
q T06bI npHYKpaCHTh Bce 8TH BLIHym,n;eHHble Mep!>I, rrplIo6peCTH HO-
BhIX aRn;HOHepOB H Ha6paTn ,n;06pOBOJIbn;eB ,n;JIH OTnpaBRH sa OReaR,
KOMnaHHH Ha;o;aJIa «PaCCRa3 0 TenepemHeM IIOJIOmeHHn B BnprH-
HHH» 2".. Ero aBTOp, ceRpeTapb H 'IJIeR COB eTa ROJlOHHII, RpaCO'IHO
onHCLIBaH Ha6JIIO,n;aeMYro IIM iRH3Hb ,[(iReiiMCTaYHa, MHoro rrHCaJI 0
paaBHTHH TaM Ta6aROBO;O;CTBa., KOTOpLIM oc06eHHO ycrremno C 1612 r..
aaHHMaJICH IIOCeJIeHe AmoH POJI<p. IIepBLIH BLIpam;eHHLIH HM BHP-
20 Ee C pap;OCT:b1O pa3HOCHJUI no CBeTY conepHHRH aHrJIHqaH - HCnaHD;:bI If rOJI-
JIaHAD;:bI (Wertenbaker Th. 1. Virginia under the Stuarts, p. 12, 23-24).
21 AHtJIHHCRaH 6ypmya3HaH peBOJIIOD;HH XVI I BeRa, T. 1, c. 132; Records, V 01. I,
p. 24; Proceedings, Vol. I, p. 20-24; Fiske 1. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 172-173; Cra-
ven W. F. The Virginia Company of London, p. 30; Smith's Travels, Vol. II,
p. 522-525.
22 Andrews Ck. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 126.
23 Morris R. B. Government and Labor in Early Alnerica. Ne,v York, 1947,
p. 323.
2" Records, Vol. I, p. 32; Morse 1. M. Ope cit., p. 38-39.
3 JI. 10. CJIC3HlIH
65

BIIPrUHIIH
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TaMH 25.
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AeJlax KOJIOHHH.
IT pe06paaOBaHHH COCTOHJIH B qaCTH1JHOM OTK8.ae OT CYIT(eCTBO-
BaBmeH CHCTeMbI npHHYAIITeJIbHOrO COBMeCTHoro TpYAa KOJIOHHCTOB
Ha KOMrraHHIO H JIH c06CTBeHHoro npOKOpMJIeHHH, TPYA8, opraHII-
syeMoro, pacnpep;eJlHeMOrO, KOHTpoJlHpyeMoro II PYKOBop;HMoro ry-
6epnaTopOM, ero rrOMOm;HIIKaMH II HaJI;CMOTpm;HKaMH, HII1JeM He OllJIa..
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Me IJaKaaaHHH. MMelOIT(HeCH ;n;aHHLIe He n03BOJIHIOT BocrrpOH3BeCTH
HOBYIO CHCTeMY c a6COJIIOTH'OH T01JHOCTblO. RpaTKO OHa H3JIOmeHa B
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II:(eii.
25 Proceedings, Vol. I, p. 43-44.
2.6 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 516.
7 {3ruce P.h. A. EppJJ.pmic History..., Vol. I, p. 213-228.
66

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30 CM., HanpHMep: Osgood H. L. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 76; Chandler A. N. Ope cit.,
p. 5.
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B mHBLIX nOqTH He OCTaJIOCb. ITepBLIH pa3AeJl J);.HBH)J;eH)J;OB, npll R.o-
TOpOM pacnpeJ);eJIHJIaCL 3eMJIH, npOIl3BO}J;HJICH yme B 1616 r. CepBeH-
TLI R HeMY nHRaRoro OTHomeHHH He HMeJIH. AOKYMeHTaJIbHbIX J);aH-
HbIX, rOBopHHX 06 oCB060mAeHHH cepBeHTOB II nepeJ);aqe HM 3e-
MeJIbHbIX HaA.eJIOB B IIepHOA BToporo npaBJIeHHH AeiiJIa (1614-
1616), He HMeeTCH. He rOBopHT 06 aTOM H HaH60JIee aBTopHTeTHbIe
IICCJIeAOBaTeJIH, B qaCTHOCTII <1>. BplOC II AmeHMC KOpTIiC BaJIJIar.
OHH y6e)J;HTeJIbHO AORa3aJIII, 'liTO Aame cB060)J;HbIe ROJIOHHCTLI, CTaB-
mHe TeHaHTaMH, HH CB06o):J:OH, HH 3eMJIeii B nOJlHO:D Mepe- He pac-
nOJIaraJIH. IIplI aTOM TeHaHTaMII c.TaHOBHJIHCb HeMHorHe: «Te, KTO
6LIJI cnoc06eH BbInJlaTHTL OqeHl> 60JIbmOe B03HarpamJ);eHHe aa CBOIO
cBo6oAY H Ha}J;eJIeHHe 3eMJIeii»,- RaR YTBepm}J;aJl BplOC 33. BaJIJIar
rrlIcaJI: «HeT HHRaRIIX YRaaaHHH Ha TO, 'tITO BlIprHHCRHe KOJlOHHCTLI,
sa HCRJIlOqeHHeM RpynHbIx aKIIOHepOB, TaRHX, RaR KaIIHTaH AmoH
Map-THH H JIOPA AeJIaBap, H, MomeT 6bITL, Tex, KTO 6:bIJI oCB060mAeH
B 1617 r. sa CTpOHTeJlbCTBO qapJIS-CHTII, yqaCTBOBaJIH B pasJ);eJIe
3eMJIII» 3.
31 Harris M. Ope cit., p. 1&1.
32 Chandler A. N. Ope cit., p. 52.
33 Bruce Ph. A. Economic History..., Vol. I, p. 217, 221, 587-588.
34 Ballagh J. C. White Servitude..., p. 17-18. BTO TOT caMbIH AmoH MapTHH,
'IlTO nplIeXaJl B BlIprHHIHo c RanHTRHOM AmoHoM CMHTOM.
69

BHPrHHHn
TeM He MeHee p;ame He60JILmaH B03MOlliIIOCTL npOHBJIeHHH HHH-
HaTHBbI II npep;npHHMqHBOCTH, OTKpLIBmaHCH fiOCJIe p e <P O PMI>I
AeiJIa, ;n;aJIa Om;YTHMLm TOJIqOK R 60JIee npOH3BOAHTeJILHOMY TPY,n;y,
a KpOMe Toro, HeCKOMbRO 06JIerQHJIa aap;aqy o6ecneeHHH KOJIOHHH
npO)I.oBOJIbCTBHeM. ROJIOHHCT PaJI<p XeHMOp, AOBepeHHoe JlIII(O ry6ep-
HaTopa, coo6m;aJI B Te AHH Ha POP;HHY: «Hor,n;a MbI nHTaJIHCL, nOJIY-
1JaH npo,n;YKTLI H3 06er'O cKJIap;a, II pa60TaJIH cOBMecTHo, KamALIH
HOpOBHJI YBHJIbHYTL OT CBOIIX 06HaaHHocTeH HJIH HCnOJIHHJI HX Hepa-
P;HBO, p;ame caMLle qeCTHLle AeJIaJIH aa eJIYIo HeAeJIIO CTOJIbKO,
CKOHLKO Tenepb OHH p;eJIaIDT AJIH ce6H aa OP;HH p;eHb; HHKTO Torp;a
He aa60THJICH npOHaBOAHTb 60JIbme, CqHTaH, tITO npH YAa1JHOM ypo-
mae OHH IIOJIyqaT CBoe nponHTaHlle, a n03TOMY TpH,n;aTb qeJIOBeK
BbIpam;HBaJIH KYKypyabI MeHbme, qeM Tenepb Tpoe llJIH qeTBepO, pa-
60TaH Ha Ce6H» 35. B 1616 r. B OTqeTe ap;MHHHCTpaHH KOJIOHHH,
npHCJIaHHOM B JIOHJJ;OH, rOBOpHJIOCb: «OHH celOT H BLlpam;HBaIOT aep-
HOBbIe (corn) B AOCTaTOqHOM KOJIHqeCTBe, 6e3 nOHYKaHIJH H npH-
HymAeHHH; HX KpynHbIH poraTbIH CROT HC'InCJIHeTCH COTHHMH rOJIOB,
CBHHLH - MHorHMH TbICHqaMH, Y HHX MHomeCTBO Roa H A.oMamHeH
nTIIbI; Kamp;bIH HMeeT ,n;OM II aeMJIID AJIH c06CTBeHHbIX HymA» 36.
B HOBbIX YCJIOBHHX KOJIOHHCTbI nepeCTaJIH ,n;epmaTbCH 3a AmeiIMc-
TaYH, r,n;e npem,n;e XpaHHJIHCb Bce OCHOBHbIe aanaCbI, II HaqaJIH HC-
RaTL MeCTa ,n;JIH HOBbIX nOCeJIeHHH, npaBp;a HenOp;aJIeRY. IIoHBHJIOCn
HeCKOJIbKO nOCeJIKOB: 8HpHKO, BepMYAa, HHRaYTaH, QapJI3, BecT,
IIlnpJIn. HeROTopble 113 HHX rrt> -qHCJIY lliHTeJIeH 6bICTpO f(orOHHJIH
AmeHMcTaYH.
BOT KaK onHCbIBaJI 8HpHKO ynoMHHYTbIH paHee PaJItP XeHMop.
«rOpOA pacnoHomeH Ha He60JILmOH BoaBblmeHHocTH, C Tpex CTOpOH
oKpymeH peROH H Ha nepemeHRe OTropomeH naJIHcaAOM, -qTO ,n;eJIaeT
ero no;a:06HbIM OCTPOBY; OH HMeeT TPH YJIHDI C xopomo nOCTpoeH-
HbIMH p;OMaMH II RpaC:HBOH epROBbID, a TaKme 60JIee YHAaMeHTaJIb-
HbIe aAaHHH (OHH nOCTpoeHbI Ha KHpnH-qa): CKJIaA, CTopomeBLIe 6am-
HH HAP. Ha 6epery peRH CTOHT HeCKOJIbKO ,n;OMOB, rAe mHBYT HaH6o-
JIee COJIHAHbIe JIIOAH THna aHrJIHHCRHX 4>epMepoB, KOTopbIe npHHHMa-
IOT y-qaCTHe B nOCTOHHHOM )];emypCTBe no oxpaHe ropop;a.
Ha paCCTOHHHH npH6JIHaHTeJILHO 2 MHJlb OT ropo)];a, Ha TOM me
CTopOHe peRil, OIIHpaHCb KOHn;aMH B ee 6epera, THHeTCH em;e OAHH
naJIHca,n; AJIHHOM OROJIO 2 MHJIL, oxpaHHeMbIH qaCOBLIMH; TaM pac-
nOJIOmeHbI oropomeHHble nOJIH, KOTOpbIX, H P;YMalO, C Ha6bITKOM XBa-
THT Ha Bcex, KTO CMomeT npHexaTL CID)J;a B 6JIHmaHmHe TPII rOAa.
11'. ......... .............
35 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 516.
36 Robinson W. S. Ope cit., p. 16; Andrews Ck. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 124; Leah
and Rachell.- In: Tracts, Vol. III, p. 8.
70

TPynHOE CTAHOBJlEHHE
Ha PyroH CTopOHe peRil JIH 3aIITbI ropOA8 II ,D;JIH oxpaHbI
Hamux CBHHeH npenORaraeTCH BbIropOHTb yacToK B Be C rrOJIO-
BHHOH MHJIH... SaII(HlI(eHllbIH He60JILIIIHMH <popTaMH, BepRee naJIH-
37
caaMII...» .
YBbl, nplI JJ;eHCTBHTeRbHbIX HaMeHeHHHX R JIyqmeMY onTHMH3M
ROMnaHHH H ROJIOHHaJIbHbIX BJIaCTen, aaHHTepeCOBaHHbIX B nporra-
raHe CBOHX aMHHHCTpaTHBHbIX crroc06HOCTeH, 6bIJI qpe3MepHbIM,
RapTIIHbl, pHcyeMLIe B OTqeTaX npaBJleHHro ROMnaHHH, qYTb JIll He
<paHTaCTHqeCRHMII. I{ orrHCbIBaeMOMY BpeMeHH B BHprHHHH He 6blJIO
em:e HH oHoro nJIyra. B peaYJIbTaTe pe<j>opMbI qaCTb JIroJJ;eii aaHH-
JIaCb B OCHOBHOM c06cTBeHHbIM: xoaHHcTBoM, a Ha JIoH)];OHa H8CTOH-
IIHBO Tpe60BaJIH BHprHHcRYIO rrpO)];YRHIO. 3TO BeRO R YCHJIeHHIO aRC-
IIJIyaTaHH cepBeHToB, pa60TanmlIx Ha «06lI(eH 3eMJIe» HenOCpe)];CT-
BeHHO ]J;JlH KOMnaHHH. BOJIbmaH cMepTHocTb npOOJImaRa OCTaBaTb-
CH cTpamHbIM 6HqOM ROJIOHHH, HecMoTpn Ha TO "liTO 06mHTa OHa 6blJIa
Tenepb ropaa,n;o JIY'Ime, 1IeM BO BpeMeHa mo.Ha CMHTa. 113 60Jlee
nOJlYTopa TbICH-q 3aBeaeHHbIX C Toro BpeMeHH nOCeJleHn;eB K MaIO
1616 r., nocJle 10 JleT CYlI(eCTBOBaHHH ROMIIaHHH, B BHprHHHH Ha-
C1IHTbIBaJIOCb Bcero 350 -qeJIOBeR 38. Paao-qapOBaHHe B JJ;eHTeJIbHOCTH
ROMnaHHn, CJlYXH 0 TPY)];HOCTHX BHprHHCRoii mHaHH, 0 npOHaBOJle
ry6epHaTopOB aaTpY)];.HHJIH Bep60BRY HOBbIX ROJIOHHCTOB. McnaHCRIIH
nocoJl rOH)];OMap nHCaJI co aJIOpa)];CTBOM lIa aHrJlHHCKOH CTOJIH:qbI B
Ma;upH;U: «...3JJ:eCb, B JIoHJJ;OHe, 3Ta ROJlOHIIH BHprHHHH nOJIbHyeTcH
CTOJIb nJlOXOH penYTa:U;Hen, 1ITO He MorYT HanTH HH OAHoro "IIeJIOBeRa,
ROTOpbIii 6bI noexaJI Tya» 9.
EHHCTBeHHoe, B 1IeM KOJIOHHH )];OCTHrJIa OII(YTHMoro ycrrexa,-
Ta6aROBO)];CTBO. B 1616 r. B JIOH)];OH rrplI6bIJI nepBbIn 3Ha1IHTeJIbHbIH
rpya: 2500 <p. BHprllHCKOrO II 6epMYA,cKoro Ta6aKa 40. B neMaJIOH
CTeneHH B pac-qeTe Ha TOprOBJIIO Ta6aROM COaAaBaJICH ynoMHHaB-
mHiicH «MareaHH». MHa-qe rOBopH, B BHprHHHH OCBOHJIH BbIrOHYIO
ROJlOHHaJIbHYro KYJIbTYPY. O)];HaKO aTO 3aBoeBaHHe TalIJIO B ce6e He-
37 Smith's Travels, Vol. I I, p. 509-510. B RHnTe npnBeeHHoe onHcaHHe OT-
HOCIITCH liRR 61>1 R 1611 T. (aToT TO npOCTaBJIeH If II3aTeJIeM H3 nOJIHx),
XOTH peqb lI)J;eT, HaCROJIbRO MomHO CYHTb, 0 60JIee n03HeM- BpeMeHH. }:'(eJIo
B TOM, qTO XeiiMOp Ha1IIIHaeT OIIHcaHlIe C OCHOBaHIIH nOCeJIRa II 6e3 BCHROTO
nepexop;a paCCRa3bIBaeT 06 yme OTCTpoeHHOM. IIop;06HoTo me poa CMe-
m;eHIIe Ha6JIIOp;aeTCH B npIIBeeHHOM Bblme OTpLIBRe, rp;e rOBOplIJIOCb 0 BIIP-
rHHCRIIX aaROHax II Ra3HII 1J;me<I><I>PII 9660Tca.
38 Craven W. F. The Virignia Company of London, p. 30. 110 OcrYAY - 381,
BKJIIOqaH meHHH II p;eTeii (Osgood H. L. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 76); no P06mI-
COHY - 351 (Robinson W. S. Ope cit., p. 16).
39 QIIT. no: Tyler L. G. Op. cit., p. 74.
o Craven W. F. Dissolution of the Virginia Company, p. 39.
71

BIIPrUHHR
MaJIyIO OnaCHOCTL. CTpaHa, KOTOpyIO )J;OJIrOe BpeMH BCHqeCKII pac-
XBaJIHBaJIH, OTRY)J;a CYJIHJIH AOCTaBHTb B MeTpOnOJIHIO AparOn;eHHLIe
TOBapLI, OKaaaJIaCL He TOJILRO rH6eJIbHLIM MeCTOM, HO II paccaAHHKOM
«copHHKa», KaK HaaBaJI Ta6aR HROB I, pemHTeJILHO ocy,n;HBmHH «60-
ronpOTHBHOe» RypeHlIe. TeM He MeHee HH HpaBoyqeHHH MOHapx, HII
BoaMomHoe HeOBOJIbCTBO HcnaHeB - AO CHX nop MOHOnOJILHLIX
nOCTaB:Ir(HROB Ta6aKa Ha eBponeiicKHe pLIHKII - He 6LIJIH oc06eHHO
CTpamHLI BHprHHaM. Mx Ta6aK JIerRO If C BbIroJJ;oH C6LIBaJIcH. 8TO
OXJIamAaJIO Ta6aKo<j>o6l1IO KOpOJIH, YMepHJIO ero CTpax nepeA IIcna-
HHei, ROTopaH nORa He npHHHMaJIa ROHTpMep. OAHaRO onaCHOCTL
HaABHraJIaCb Ha BHprHHeB, R HCXOJJ;IIJIa OHa... OT Ta6aKa!
1l0CeJIeHLI, HanaB Ha eAHHCTBeHHYIO nplI6bIJIbHYlO OTpaCJIL Xo-
3HHCTBa, He TOJlbKO BceMH B03MomHLIMII cnoc06aMH YKJIOHHJIHCL OT
pa60TLI na ROMnaHHIO, HO pa,n;H Ta6aKOBo,n;CTBa OCTaBJIHJtB B npeHe-
6pemeHHH c06CTBeHHLle nOJIH II AeJIa. BOJIee Toro, Ta6aK OqeHL 6LICT-
po HaqaJI BLITeCHHTL Bce )J;pyrHe KYJILTypLI. I1011LITKH ,D:eiiJIa IIPH-
OCTaHOBHTL «Ta6allHYIO JIIIXopa)J;RY» npHRaaaMH 06 06HaaTeJIJ>HoM
BLIpaHBaHHII aepHOBLIX (He MeHee qeM Ha 2 aKpax), TpaB II OBO-
eii He YBeHlIaJIHCL ycne:X:OM. ROBLIH ry6epHaTOp cap AmOPAiK MPA-
JIB (HIOHL 1616 r.- Man 1617 r.) He npenHTCTBOBaJI paaBeAeHHIO Ta-
6aKa, JIHlIHO B HeM aaHHTe-peCOBaHHLIU. Ror}J;a B BllprnHHIO npH6bIJI
CJIe)J;YIOHH ry6epnaTop, CaMlOaJI 3praJIJI, «B meHMcTaYHe OH Ha-
meJI llHTL HJIH meCTL )J;OMOB, paapymeHHYro n;epKOBL, pa3BaJIHBmlIe-
CH naJIlIca}J;LI, CJIOMaHHLIR MOCT, aarpHaHeHHLIe HCTOqHHRH nHTLeBOH
BOALI, 3}J;aHHe CRJIa)J;a, HCnOJIL3yeMoc BMeCTO n;epKBH; ToprOBYIO nJIO-
a)J;.L II YJI, Hn;LI a TaKme Bee }J;pyrlIe cB060}J;Hhle MeCTa 3acaj-KeHIILIMII
Ta6aKOM; JJ;HRapeii, KOTopLle 'tlam;e nOCeaJIH AOMa KOJIOHHCTOB, qeM
Te caMH, II KOTopLIe nayqHJIIfCb BJIa}J;eTL HamHM opymHeM, nOJIh30-
naJIHCL HM H HMenH B c06CTBeHHOM paCllopHmeHHH; COBepmeHHo pac-
nOJIaaIOYIOCH RonOHHIO, camaIOYIO Ta6aK» &1. RapTHHa, AaJIeKO
He eXO)J;HaH e Toii, ROTOPYIO pIIcoBanH .D:eiin H XeiiMOp aa rOA AO
9Toro. Ee He CTaB 60raTCTBOM KOJIOHHH H KOMnaHHH, Ta6aK npH-
nee 11M HOBLIe 3a6oTLI. A aa60T II 6e3 Toro 6LIJIO AOCTaTOQHO, II CTa-
pbIX, H HOBbIX.
1616 rO}J;, Kor)J;a ROJIOHHIO nOKHHYJI .D:eiin,- rOf:( OROH"tJaHHH ceMH-
JIeTHerO CpORH, ROTOpLIH AOJImeH 6:bIJI 3aBepmlITbCH pacnpe;z:t;eJIeHHeM
AHBH}:{eHAOB. OJ):HaRo Y KOMnaHHH He HMeJIOCb }J;JIH 3Toro HHRHKIIX
OXOOB. BOJIee Toro, OHa CHJILHO 3aOJImaJIa II C TPYAOM <j>HHaHCH-
pOBaJIa caMLIe ;HaCYH:bIe KOMMep.qeCKIIe onepan;IIH. OCTaBHTL aK-
41 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 535; CM. TaHme: Herndon M. Tobacco in Colonial
Virginia. Williamsburg, 1957, p. 6.
72

TPYnOECTAHOBnEHHE
II;HOHepOB 6ca BCHROrO IIOOpeHHH 03HaqaJIO OROHQaTeJIbHO nOAop-
BaTb Rpep;HT. PemHJIH pacnpep;eJIHTb aeMJIIO. 3aTpY'JJ;HeHHe COCTOHJIO
B TOM, -qTO OCBoeHHbIX TeppHTopHH 6bIJIO ]J;JIH 3Toro nep;OCTaTOQHO.
IIpe;n;JIomHTb JIIO;n;HM, yme nOTpaTlIBmHMCH Ha Hym)J;bI ROMnaHHB II
ROJIOHHH, JIeCHbIe ;n;e6pH He rrp'eJ]:CTaBJIHJIOCb B03MomHbIM. IIoaToMY
rrepBoe HaAeJIeHHe aeMJlen ORaaaJIOCb CKpOMHbIM, COCTaBJIHH 1/ 10
Toro, qTO KOf;a;a-TO 06eIqaJI P06epT AmoHcoH B «HoBon BpIITaHIIH}).
o rrpHHHTOM pemeHHH C006maJIOCb B )];OKYMeHTe no)]; Ha3BaHHeM
«RpaTKaH AeRJIapan;HH 0 COBpeMeHHOM nOJIOmeHHII Beeii B BlIprH-
HHH H 0 npep;CTOHm;eM pacrrpe;n;eJIeHHH QaCTH aeMeJIb, HaxO;a;HmHXCH
B HameM BJIa;n;eHIIH, RaK BceM TeM, RTO BHec CBOll nail, TaR II TeM,
i{TO CTaJI TaM KOJIOHHCTOM» 42. RamAoMY BJIa;n;eJIbn;y aRI(HH (12 «p.
10 m.) rrOJIaraJIOCb nOJIYQHTb 50 aKpOB 3eMJIB B Ra-qeCTBe nepBoH
,n;OJIH ,l];IIBJI}J;CH}J;a, HOTOpbIH ,l];OJImeH 6bIJI COCTaBHTI) II03me 200 aRpOB.
B TOrf];amHeii AnrJIHH II;OHHJIaCb ;rJ.ame aaMopCRaH 30MJIH, no ne
HaCTOJIbKO, QT06bI Cp;eJJ:aHHoe 06eIQaHHe BAOXHOBHJIO JIlo)J;eH IIOnOJl-
HHTb aRD;HoHepHbIH KarrHTaJI ROMnaHHH. II08TOMY BHprHHcKHH COBeT
06HBHJI 0 npe)];OCTaBJIeHIIB ee 50 a:kpOB Ha BHOBb rrpll06peTaeMYIO
aRD;HIO C npeHMym;ecTBoM npH BbI60pe YQaCTROB H B03MomHoii OT-
CPOqKOH Ha nOJIfO;n;a ;n;JlH ynJIaTLI rrOJIOBHHbI CTOHMOCTII aKD;HH. iKe-
JIaHHe OTAeJIbHLIX JIHn; 063aBecTHcb aeMJIeH rr06LlcTpee, a TaRme Of-
pOMHaH 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb KOMnanHH B ;a;eHbrax 06YCJIOBHJIH ee
O;n;HO nOBOBBe;n;eHHe. BHecH ;a;eHLrH, naTeHT Ha aeMJIIO MomHO 6LIJIO
nOJlYQHTb cpaay (Te me 50 aRpOB 3a 12 «p. 10 m.), no 6ea npHo6pe-
TeHHH aKD;HH, T. o. 6e3 qJIenCTBa B ROMnanHII II 6e3 yqaCTHH B paa-
p;eJIe 6YAYHX npH6LIJIeii. TaR KaR npaBo na nOJIyqeHHe aeMJIH Ta-
RHM crroc06oM OOpMJIHJI Ra3HaQeii, OHO nOJIyqHJIO Ha3BaHHe
«Ra3HaQeHCKOro npaBa» (treasury right grants). tITo6LI UpHBJIeql> B
BHprHHHIO HOBLIX ROJIOHHCTOB H aa;n;epmaTI> TaM CTapbIX, nOCTaHOBH-
JIH npeAOCTaBJIHTb Ha;n;eJI B 50 aKpOB TeM, RTO Ha CBOH cpe;n;CTBa
CHapHmaJi H OTnpaBJIHJI Ty;n;a 6y,uyrqero nOCeJIeHn;a, lITeM, KTO caM
exaJI Ty;n;a B Ka"IeCTBe nOCeJleHn;a, OnJIaQHBaH CBOH npoeSfJ: HJIH OT-
pa6aTLIBaH ero. IIpaBo Ha nOJIY"IeHHe 3TIIX 50 aRpOB CTaJIO naaLI-
BaTLCH «rrOfJ:ymHbIM npaBOM» (head right). B paCCMaTpHBaeMoe Bpe-
MH HHCTHTYT «nop;ynmoro npaBa}) BOSHHK KaR HAeH. 0WOpMIIJICH II
YTBepAHJICH OH B IIOCJIeAYIOmHe HeCROJlbKO JIeT.
HOBoe aaKOHO)];aTeJIbCTBO, HeCMOTpH na cpaBHHTeJIbHO He6oJIbmoii
paaMep HcxoAHoro HaAeJIa, c03Aano ycnoBHH AJIH 6MCTpOro BoaHHK-
HOBeHHH B BHprHHHH RpynHoro SeMJIeBJIaAeHHH. TaR, BeTepaH KOJIO-
HUH II aHOHep KOMnaHHH KanHTaH AmoH MapTHH npu nepBOM me
42 Harris M. Ope cit., p. 183.
73

BHPrUHlIlI
naAeJleHHH SeMJIen nOJIYQHJI 500 aKpOB. B BH)J;e HCW]]OtIeHHH (aa aa-
cnyrH nepe,n; KOMnaHHei) - Ha npaBax MaHopa, T. e. C ceHbOpaJIb-
HLIMH npHBHJIerHHMH no OTHomeHlllO R aeMJIe II npomHBaBmHM Ha
HeH JIIO)J;HM. II pomJIO HeMHoro BpeMeHII, II OH BJIa)J;eJI yme 800 TLIC.
aKpOB SeMJIH 43.
B 1617 r. HeROTopble COCTOHTeJIbHble JIIO)J;H AJIH npllo6peTeHHH
B BHprHHHH SeMJIII, ee SaCeJIeHIIH H OBMeCTHoro HCIIOJIbSOBaHHH
CTaJIH 06'I>e,n;HHHTbCH B aCCOD;Han;HH. GHII aaRJIlOqaJIH COrJIameHlle, IIO
ROTOPOMY AorOBapHBaJIHCb OCHOBaTb 06ee IIOCeJIeHHe, HJIH «IlJIaH-
Tan;HIO» 4{a, II OTnpaBJIHJIU TYAa IIa pa60TY 06YCJIOBJleHHOe J];JIH Ram-
Aoro lIS HHX qHCJIO JIIOAeii. MHHHaTHBY B aTOM eJIe npOHBHJIH
BHprHHCRHe CTapOmHJILI: PaJIW XeiiMOp, cTaBmHH Blln;e-aAMHpaJIOM
ROJIOHHH (6 I\OMnaHbOHOB, 16 IIOCeJIeHn;eB), ry6epHaTop II a,n;MHpaJI
CaMIOaJI BpraJIJI (5 ROMIIaHbOHOB, 4 IIOCeJIeHD;a) 45.
Bo BpeMH npaBJIeHHH BpraJIJIa (Maii 1617 r.- anpeJIb 1619 r.),
ROTOpbIH, aaHHMaHCb JIIPIHbIMH AeJIaMH, He oc06eHHO CTeCHHJI HHH-
U;HaTHBY HaH60JIee BJIHHTeJIbHbIX nOCeJIeHqeB, XOSHHCTBO IIOCJIeWIHX
OiKIIBIIJIOCb. GAHH 1I3 caMbIX IIpeycneBaIOHX, AmoH POJI<}J, Tor)J;8
ceKpeTapb KOJIOHHH, IIHCaJI B JIOHJJ;OH capy BABHHY CaHJ(Hcy 18
HIOHH 1617 r.: «Bce pa,n;OCTHO pa60TaIOT Ha CBoeH SeMJIe He nOKJIa-
]J;aH PYK, XOTH Y HeKOTopbIX neT II JIOCRYTa, 'tlTo6bI nOKpbITb 06Ha-
meHHoe TeJIO. IIoceHHo MHoro aHrJIHHCKOH nmenHD;bI, HH,n;eHcKoro
3JIaRa, HtIMeHH H Ta6aRa» 18.
COMHHTeJI:b-HaH paAOCTb Tex, KTO «He HMeJI JIOCKYTa, 'tIT06bI IIO-
KpbITb TeJIO». «IIoceHHo» - ne aHaqHT co6paHo. qTO noceHHo? rJIaB-
HbIM 06paaoM Ta6aR. B 1617 r. B AHrJIHIO OTIIpaBHJIH 18 839,
a B 1618 r.- 49 518 4>. Ta6aKa 47.
Ta6aK He men B nHY. «MareaHH», ToprYH HM c 60JIbmOH J];JIH
ce6H BLIrOAoH, cHa6maJI ROJIOHUIO npO)];OBOJIbCTBHeM 113 PY« BOH llno":
XO H no OqeHb BbICOKHM D;eHaM 48. IIOCeJIeHD;LI nym)];aJIHCL B caMOM
ne06xO.D:HMOM, mHJlH IIoA cTpaxoM rOJIo}J;a 49. ry6epnaTOp, pa}J;eH
43 Harris M. Ope cit., p. 189.
44 CJIOBO plantation, 03Hal{alOee «ROJIOHHH», «llOCeJIeHHe» H «nJIaHTaHH»,
6yeT Tenepl> Bce -qae nepeBop;HTbCH RaR «nJIaHTaHH» B Tex CJIYTJaHX,
Rora no,n;pa3YMeBaeTcH Ta6a'llHaH nJIaHTaHH (co BceM, 'IlTO l\ Hen OTHO-
CHTCR) .
45 Craven W. F. The Virginia Compary of London, p. 31-34; Hatch Ch. E.
The First Seventeen Years Virginia. Williamsburg, 1957, p. 36.
46 Records, Vol. I I I, p. 71.
47 Craven W. F. Dissolution of the Virignia Company, p. 39.
'8 Andrews Ch. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 127; Bru.ce Ph. A. Economic History...,
Vol. I, p. 235, 255.
49 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 538.
74

TPYAHOE CTAHOBJIEHHE
TOJIbKO 0 C06CTBeHHOH BbIrOe, aarrYCTIIJI X03HMCTBO ROMnaHlI1I II no-
CTeneHHO CTaJI IICnOJIb30BaTb ee cepBeHTOB II pyrHx ROJIOHHCTOB
AJIH pa60TbI Ha cBoeii: 3eMJIe 50.
3praJIJI 6bIJI IIOCJIaH B BnprHH1I1O BpeMeHHLIM ry6epHaTopOM. Ero
,AOJImeH 6bIJI CMeHHTb JIOp;n; ,[(eJIaBap, KOTOpbIH lIa nYTH B KOJIOHHIO
YMep. CpeH OKYMeHTOB, r;n;e HamJIa OTpameHHe ero JJ;eHTeJIbHOCTb
HaRHHYHe OTnJILITHH B AMepHRY, COXpaHHJICH OAHH, oco6eRHO HH-
TepeCHLIH, npOJIHBalOID;IIH CBeT Ha OTHomeHHH, B03HHRaBmHe Memy
OCTaBaBmHMCH Ha pO)J;IIHe BJIa.eJIbeM aeMJIH, ero KOMnaHbOHOM-
ROJIOHHCTOM H 3aROHTpaRTOBaHHbIMH cepBeHTaMH. ,[(ORYMeHT 8TOT-
COrJIarneHHe, 3aRJIIO"IJeHHOe Memy JIOp,n;OM ,[(eJIaBap H JIOp;n;OM
Cayq 51. IIOCJIe;n;HIIH BPyqHJI JIOp;n;y ,[(eJIaBapy 100 <1>. C,T. C TeM, 'tITO-
6LI TOT OTBes B ROJlOHlllO ceMb pa60Tocrroc06HbIX MYil{QHH 52. Ha
MeCTe HaaHaqeHHH CJIe;n;OBaJIO «lIcnOJlL30BaTb HX TPy C HaH60JIbDIeH
BbIrOJJ;OH». «TpeTblO 'tIaCTb npn6bIJlH, nOJIyqeHHOH OT HX Tpy,u;a», JIOp;n;
,[(eJIaBap 06H3LIBaJICH OTCbIJIaTb B AHrJIIIIO. IIocJIe HCTeqeHIIH «YCTa-
HOBJIeHHOrO JIH TOH CTpaHbI CpORa» 3aKOHTpaRTOBaHHbIM pa60THII-
RaM HaJIemaJIO rrpe;n;OCTaBHTb cB060p;,y II 3eMeJIbHbIH Ha,n;eJI, sa. BJIa-
,n;eHHe ROTOpbIM OHH AOJImHbI 6bIJIH BbInJIaqHBaTb peHTY, «KaRYIO
MOryT BbIJJ;epmaTb». 8Ta q,opMYJIa, C o,n;Hoii CTOpOHLI, rOBopHT 0 HB-
no 3RCnJIyaTaTopcKoH CYIf(HOCTH 3aRJIIOqeHHOrO COrJIameHIIH B OTHO-
meHHH ROHTpaRTyeMbIx pa60THIIROB, a C APyroii - 0 TOM, 'liTO BBO,n;H-
MaH CHCTeMa Haxo,n;HJIaCb em;e B CTa,n;UH CTaHOBJIenHH.
ITpomJIO OROJIO ro,n;a C MOMeHTa IIOJIy'tleHIIH B JIoHAoHe nHTHpo-
BaBmerOCH IIIICbMa ;L(mona Pon:cpa, Ror,u;a Can,u;HC, KOTOPOMY OR IIII-
caJI, co06m;IIJI na co6paHHII KOMnaHHII, 'tITO p;ena BHprHH'IIH BeC1>Ma
neqaJILllbI. R 1 anpeJIIO 1618 r. B ROJIOHMH HaCqHTLIBaJIOCb Bcero 400
qeJIOBeR, HS KOTOpLJX CeJlLCRHM X03HHCTBOM YMeJIa H MOrJIa 3aHII-
MaTbCH JIHIDb nOJIOBIIHa. Ha Bcex HMeJICH TOJILRO OJ];HH nJIyr. ECJIII
B 1617 r., Rorp;a nHCaJI CBoe nHCbMO POJIq" Ha «o6m;eii 3eMJIe» ROM-
rraHHH pa60TaJIa COJIeBapRH, TPy,n;HJlHCb 54 cepBeHT3 H 81 TenaHT.,
BLIpam;HBaH RYRypyay, a Ha BbI,n;eJIeHHbIX JIyrax rraCJIHCb 80 KOpOB
H 88 R03; eCJIH 8Ta aeMJIH npHHOCHJIa Tor;n;a npH6LIJIb B 300 cp., TO
Terrepb ona orrYCTeJIa, He AaBaH lIB 3epna, HD: neHHH ,n;oxoJ(a, II Ha
ReH naCJIOCb Bcero meCTL K03. .D:OJIr ROMIIaHUH p;OCTHr B 1618 r.
50 Os good H. L. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 78.
51 Records, Vol. III, p. 77.
62 CHapHiKeHne n OTnpaBKa OJJ;HOrO 1JeJIOBeKa 06XO,D;HJInCb (npn Hen36emHhIX
KOJle6aHnHX) npn6J11l3IlTeJlLHO B 20 <p. CT. (Morris R. B. Government..., p. 319;
Foundations, Vol. III, p. 2175; Harper's Literary Museum. Early American
Writings, ed. by O. E. Winslow. New York, 1927, p. 12-16).
75

BHPrHHHJI
8-9 TLIC. q.-- CT. 8TO, BOCKJIIIaJl CaH,IJ;IIC, «peaYJIbTaT 12 JIeT AeH-
TeJlbHOCTII II paCXO,IJ;OB 60JIee -qeM Ha 100000 MapOKI» 53
IIosme BllprllHCKlIe KOJIOHIICTLI, paCCKaSLIBaH 0 cBoeii mUSHH )];0
1618 r., YTBepmAaJIII, "ITO IIX y,n;eJIOM 6LIJIa rll6eJIL OT rOJlo,n;a IlJIH
HeBLIHocIIMLIX YCJIOBIIH mHSHII: «Te, KTO BbImUJI, a aTO 6LIJIH Te,
KTO nOCTaBIIJI Ha KapTY CBOIO rOJIOBY II COCTOHHHe, npuHymnaJIHCL
CJIymllTL KOMnaHIIII, 6y,n;TO OHII 6LIJIH ee pa6aMH; ceML-BoceMb JIeT
OHII 6LIJIB 06pelIe'HLI A06LIBaTb CBOIO cB06o,n;y THmeJILIM II pa6cKHM
TPYAOM, nOAo6Ho caMOMY nO,IJ;JIOMY npecTynHIIKY, BLIBeseHHOMY lIa
HblOreTcKoH TIOPbMLI» 5\ 8TO 06BHHeHHe, BbIABIIH,YToe B 1624 r. npH
OC06bIX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaX, He OTJIH"IaJIOCb 6ecnpHcTpacTHocTbIO. He
OTJIH-q'aJIHCL 6ecnpHcTpacTHocTbIO nHCbMO POJIcpa H aaHBJIeHHe capa
8,IJ;BHHa CaHABca. TeM He MeHe.e KpHTHHU Haxo,n;HJIHCL 6JIHme K IICTII-
He 55. 8TO HBcTByeT XOTH 6LI HS Toro,. qTO HMeHHO B 1618 r. I{OM-
rraHHH BbIHym,n;eHa 6bIJIa cepbeaHO aanYMaTbCH" HaJJ: CBoeH AaJIbHeH-
men CYAL'60ii, Ha,IJ; TeM, HaHHe cnaCHTeJIbHbIe MepbI Ha,n;JIemaJIo
npHHHTb.
RaSRaqeii cap TOMac CMHT II ero CTOpOHHHRH, HaH npaBUJIO,
yqaCTBOBaBmHe C HHM B paSJIHqHbIX HOMMepqeCRHX eJIax, npHnocH-
IIX ,IJ;OXOADI (B -qacTHocTII, « MareSIIH» ), CKJIOHHLI 6LIJIH omH,n;a Tb
nyqmllx BpeMeH. Hall60JIee BamHLIM -,n;o IIX nacTynJIeHIIH - OHH
C"IHTaJIII npHBJIe"IeHlle HOBbIX naiiHKoB, "ITO 06eCneqHJIO 6bI Bpe-
MeHHoe y,n;.oBJIeTBOpeHIIH HacYHLIX cpllHaHcoBLIX Hym,n;. ,n:pyrue-
rpa<I> CaYTreMnToH, P06epT Puq, CTaBmHH B 1618 r. rpa<I>oM Yop-
BIIKOM, H oc06eHHo cap 8nBHH CaH,IJ;IIC - nOJIaraJIII, "({TO He06xoJI,HMLI
nepeMeRLI B opraHHsan;HH H nOJIHTHRe ROMnaHHII. IIpHBe,n;eHHoe BbI-
cTynJIeHHe CaHAHca - OTrOJIOCOH B03HIIRmHX CiiOpOB 56.
ITpemJJ;e Bcero pemUJIH OTOSBaTb 8praJIJIa, KHR MOiRHO Cy,n;IITb,
He TOJILKO sa COBepmeHHbIe HM npocTynRH, HO rJIaBHbIM 06pa30M
lITo6LI COSAaTL BII,IJ;IIMOCTL ero HCKJIIOqHTeJIbHOll nepCOHaJIbHOii BHHbI,
ROTopaH nplIRpLIJIa 6LI HeYJI,aqll ,n;eHTeJILHOCTII caMOH KOMnaHIIII.
53 Records, Vol. I, p. 350-351. MapHa paBHHJIaCb 2/3 <1>. CT.
5' Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 423-424. COXpaHHJICH HCTOpH'IeCRHH aHeR-
lI;OT, COrJIaCHO ROTOPOMY OP;HH aHrJIHHCRHH RaTopmHHR, ROTOPOMY B 1618 r.
npep;JIOmHJIH BbI6paTb Memp;y oTnpaBRoH B BHprHHHIO H BHCeJIHn;eii, npep;no-
'IeJI 6bITb nOBemeHHbIM (Mu:JICye6 II. F. MCTOpHH BeJIHROii aMepHRaHCRO:H
1J;eMORpaTHH. CII6., 1906, c. 12).
55 )];eCHTHJIeTHH cnYCTH npaBJIeHHe BHprHHCROH ROMnaHHH Bce ee OCTaBaJIOCb
B naMHTH RJIOHHCTOB RaR «Qpe3BbI'IaHHO cypOBoe H p;eCrrOTHqeCRoe» (Ex-
tract from a Manuscript Collection.- In: Tracts, Vol. II, p. 3), RaR «ROPbICT-
Hoe H meCTOROe» (-Leah and Rachell.- Ibid., Vol. III, p. 7).
56 Craven W. F. Dissolution of the Virginia Company, p. 41-45; Fiske 1. Ope
cit., Vol. I, p. 174-176. .
76

TPynHOE CTAHOBnEHHE
ry6epnaTopOM BHOBb Ha3HaHJIH MpWIII (anpeJIb 1619 r.- HOH6pb
1621 r.). .IJ:aHHLIe eMY peKOMeHaHH npe.YCMaTpnBaJIH DrpaHHQe-
HHe Ta6aKDBDACTBa II CTHMYJIHpOBaHHe rrpOH3BOCTBa TIpOYKTOB TIH-
TaHHH ;o;JlH ROJIOnHH, a TaKme TOBapOB, B. KOTOpLIX HYiRAaJlaCb II
ObIJIa 3aHHTepeCOBaHa MeTpOnOJIHH (KpOMe TIpOerD, AJIH pea6lIJlIITa-
HH' KOMIIaHHH KaR «HaHOHaJIbHD nOJIeaHDrD}) npe;n;npHHTHH) ;
B03pom;o;eHHe XD3HHC-TBa Ha «D6eH aeMJle» KDMnaHHH KaR peaepBHO-
ro HCTOHIIKa cHa6meHHH KOJIOHHH H HCTOHHRa perYJIHpHLIX ADXO-
OB; ;n;OCTaBKY B KDJlOHHIO B03MomHO 60JIbmerO HCJla nOCeJIeHeB,
IICnOJIb3YH, B aCTHOCTH, npHHy;n;HTeJIbHble l\fep:bI B OTHomeHIIB Tex,
RTO, IIO;n;nHcaB ROHTpaRT, YKp:bIBaJICH OT OTnpaBIrn B AMepHKY; Dr-
paHHeHHe ;n;eHTeJIbHOC-TH «MareHHH}) qeTblpbMH ro;o;aMH (;0;0 OKOHqa-
HHH CDrJlameHHH C- HHM), YCTaHOBJIeHHe ;n;JIH Hero MaKCHMaJIbHOH
npH6:bIJIH B 25 0/0, KDHTpOJIb HaJJ; erD onepaI(HHMII CD C,TOpOHbI ry6ep-
naTopa; pa3pemeHIIe Rynn;aM, He I1MeBmHM DTHomeHHH K «Mare3IIH}),
OCTa"BJIHTb B ROJIOHHIO He06xDAHMbIe TOBapbI, KOTOpbIMH OR B AaH-
HbIH MDMenT He paCnDJIaraJI; HCIIDJlb3DBaHHe Ta6aKa B RalleCTBe
cpeACTBa OIIJIaTLI C- 06H3aTeJIbCTBOM ;n;JIH Kyn:U;OB rrpHnHMaTb ero B
Ka'tleCTBe TaKDBorD (YCTaHaBJIHBaJIOCb ;O;Ba copTa Ta6aKa H HX ,l];eHem-
HLle aRBHBaJIeHTbI); npe;O;OCTaBJIeIDIe BHprHHn;aM npaBa c6bIBaTb CBOIO
npop;yIIIO KOJIOHHCTaM APYFIIX aHrJIHHCKIIX KOJIOHHn 57.
ROMnaHHH, TaKHM 06paaOM, CTpeMIIJIaCb YlIeCTb HaKonHBmUHCH
OITLIT H HCITOJIb30BaTb HHHI(HaTHBY KOJlOHHCTDB ;n;JlH paSBHTHH KOJIO-
HHH, 6es 'tIero He MOrJIH onpaB;n;aTbC-H Aame caMbIe CKpOMHbIe naAem-
}];bI Ha npH6bIJIb. OAHRRO HaH600Iee BamHbIMn HBJIHJIHCL He nepe..
qnCJleHHbIe XOBHHCTBeHHl>Ie peRDMeH;n;an;HH H pacnopHmeHHH, a pe-
<popMa aeMJIeIIDJIL30BaHHH, CBHBaHHaH C APyrHMH HOBOBBeneHHHMH.
OHa H3J1araJIaCL B HHCTPYIW;HHX OT 18 HOH6pH 1618 r. 58 , IIOJIytIHB-
llIHX B aMepHKaHCKon HCTopHorpa<pHH HaBBaHHe «BeJIHKOH xapTHn».
B D6eH 'tIaCTH aTHX HHCTPYKD;HH rOBOpHJIOCb 0 HaMepeHHH «aa-
JIOmnTL <PYH;n;aMeHT npOn;BeTaIOero CDCTOHHHH}) ROJlOHHII. AJIH STOll
n;eJIH BBO;O;HJlaCL 6DJIee 'tIeTRaH CHC-TeMa aeMeJIbHbIX pa3rpaHHlIeHHll
II IIOmaJIOBaHHH. Bo BJIa;o;eHHHX KOMnaHHH BbIAeJIHJIIICb qeTLIpe a;O;MH-
HHCTpaTHBHO-TeppHTOpnaJIbHbIX eAHHHn;:bI - «60po}) (borDugh) 59. Mx
57 Craven w. F. Dissolution of the Virginia Company, p. 47-52; Bruce Ph. A.
Economic History..., Vol. I, p. 229-230; Foundations, Vol. III, p. 188-1886.
58 Cbarters, p. 95-108; Records, Vol. III, p. 98-109; Foundations, Vol. III,
p. 18761883.
59 Bopo, no aHrJIHHCRHM HopMaM Toro BpeMeHII,- caMoynpaBJIHIOll\aHCH ap;MH-
HHcTpaTIIBHo-TepplITOpMaJIbTIaH ep;HHHa: oRpyr, paHoH, ne60JILmOH ropo,u;.
B p;aHHOM CJIyqae - nOCeJIeHHe C oRpymalOm;eii ero 11 TIpnTIllCaHHOH K HeMY
3eMJIeii. TaR flaK CaMlJ aaROHOp;aTeJIH qaCTO llHCaJiH «6opo HJUt CHTn» JI TaR
77

BHPrUHHH
eHTpaMII HBJIHJIIICb yme cyeCTBYIOHe nOCeJIRH (towns, cities), Ha-
3BaHHH KOTOpbIX II HOCIIJIH 60po: AmeHMcTaYH (chief city - rJIaB-
HLIH ropo)J;, CTOJIIi:qa), QapJI3-CHTH, 3HpHKO-CHTH, RHKayrxTaH, liJII:I
RHKaYTaH (rroame - oJlHaa6eT-cHTH). B Kam)1;OM l:Ia HHX 3 TLIC.
aKpOB COCTaBJIHJIH «aeMJIIO KOMIIaHHH» HJlH «06m;yIO aeMJIIO» (compa-
nies land; common or publique garden). l1a Hee npeAYCMaTpI:lBanOC:b
BLIJ];eJlHTb «)J;OCTaTOqHYIO -qaCTb» WIH BLlrOHa CKOTa. Ha OCTaJlbHOH
)J;OJImHhI 6hIJIII pa60TaTb TeHaHTLI - KOJIOHHCThI (tennants on the
Companies land) 60, nOCLIJIaeMLIO II CHapHmaeMLIH aa CqeT KOMIIa-
HIIH. B TeqeHlIe ceMII JIeT 06HaaTeJIbHOrO TpYAa HM rrpHqHTanaCL
nOJIOBIIHa J];OXO)1;OB, nOJIyqaeMLIX C aToM aeMJIH. IIHTaH "tJ:aCTL AoxoAoB
Ha rrOJlOBIIHbI, OTxOAHBmeii B RaaHY i\OMrraHIIII, npeAHa3HaQaJIaCh Ha
cO)J;epmaHHe npHKperrJIeHHLIX K Hen yrrpaBJIHIOHX, Ha,r(cMOTpIqHKOB
(bailiffs, overseers).
B Kam)J;OM 60po BLI,n;eJIHJIaCL uepKOBHaH 3eMJIH (glebe land) J];JIH
Hym)); CBHm;eHHHKOB (100 aKpoB). COAepmaHHe CBHm;eHHHKOB, KpOMe
npe)1;OCTaBJIeHHH HM aeMeJIbHLIX YQaCTKOB, BKJlIOqaJIO c60p B IIX nOJIh
ay crre:qHaJIbHOH nOBHHHOCTH (KaK BH)J;HO, HaTypoii) C Kam)J;oro aeM-
JIeBJIap;eJIh:qa, KOTopaH B :qeJlOM no I1PHXO,n;y )1;OJlmHa 6LIJIa IIC"tJ:IICJIHTb-
CH He MeHbIDe -qeM B 200 cp. CT. B ro.
«QT06LI YMeHbIDHTb "tJ:HCJIO 06HaaHHOCTeH H rrOBHHHOCTeii KOJIOHH-
CTOB, a OAHOBpeMeHHO 06eCneqHTL CO)J;epiKaHHe MeCTHLIX rrpe,n;CTaBII-
TeJleii BJlaCTII (m,agistrates) II CJIymam;HX (officers), a TaKme cpeJ];-
CTBa )J;JIH MeCTHLlX Hym)J;», B Kam,n;OM 60po BLI,IJ;.eJIHnOCb 1500 aKpOB
aeMJIH (borough lands). HaJJ;eJI ry6epHaTopa (governor land) B
,n:meHMcTaYHe (3 Thrc. aKpoB) AOJImHhI 6hIJIH 06pa6aThIBaTL Ha yno-
MHHYTLIX YCJIOBHHX 100 TeHaHTOB KOMIIaHHH; KaaHaqeH II BOeHaqaJIb-
BHKa, HJIH MapmaJIa (no 1200 aKpoB) - 50; cyrrepHHTeH)1;aHTa
(1200 aKpoB) - 40; ceRpe-TapH H JIeKapH (no 500 aKpoB) - 20;
B:u:qe-a,n;MlIpaJIa (300 aRpoB) - 12 TeHaHTOB 61. Ha)J;eJIhI H npHIIlIcaH-
HLIe R HHM pa60THHRH no OKOHqaHIIH cpOKa CJIym6LI nepeqHCneHHLIX
JIH:q nepeXO)1;IIJIII K HX npeeMHHKaM.
RaR C pOCTOM nOCeJIeHIIH-noce.rrRoB 3Ha-qeHHe nOCJIe;n;HHX B03paCTa.rro, TO Tep-
MHH «60po» nOCTeneHHO nO;n;MeHHJICH TepMHHOM «CHTH» HJIH «TaYH». IIoame
aTH TepMHRbI, OARaRO, CTa.rrH npHMeHHTb, HMeH B BHAY IIMeHHO nOCeJIKII (ro-
po;n;a), a no,n;eJIeHHbIe Ha -qaCTH 60po HMeHOBaTb rpa<pcTBaMII (shires, 1103-
me - counties).
60 3TO 6bI.rrH cepBeHTbI. TaR OHII IIMeHOBaJIHCb B APyrlIX ;n;ORYMeHTax Toro Bpe-
MeHII. B HHCTPYRD;HHX HX Ha3bIBaJIH TeHaHTaMH, BepoHTHo, B YTemeHue,
a TaRme nOTOMY, 'liTO no OROH-qaHIIH cpORa CJIym6bI OHH Ao.rrmHDI 6LIJIII rIO-
JIy-qlITb 3eMe.rrbHbIH Ha,n;eJI, T. e. CTaTb «;IepmaTeJIHMH» (tennants) 3eMJIH,
o qeM peqb 1I0H,n;eT Bnepe]J;lf.
61 Bruce Ph. A. Economic History..., Vol. I, p. 229.
78

TPYAIIOE CTAIIOBJIEIIHE
B 3HpURO-CIITIi 10 TbIC. aKpOB COCTaBJIHJIH TeppHToplIIO «HHAeii-
CKoro KOJIJIeAma» «<YHIIBepcHTeTa»). HymJJ;bI nepCOHaJIa II yqeHHKoB
3Toro MHCCHOHepCKoro yqe6HOrO 3aBe,n;eHIIH npeAIIOJIaraJIOCL 06ecrre-
lIHBaTb c npHHaJ];JIemaBIIIell eMY aeMJIH. B TOM me 3npIIRO-CHTH rrep-
COHaJIbHO Aop,n;my Mp,n;JIII «B Harpa,I(Y, a TaKiKe yqHTbIBaH J];Ba ero
3HUQHTeJIbHbIX J];eHemHbIX BKJIa,n;a» (B KaaHY KOMrraHHU) 6bIJIH Aapo-
BaRbI ReCKOJIbKO YQaCTKOB aeMJIH o6eii nJIOaAbIO B 2200 aKpOB B
BeQnOe HaCJIe,n;CTBeHHoe nOJILaOBaHHe.
B KOJIOHHD YCTaHaBJIHBaJIOCb TPH KaTeropHH aeMJIeBJIap;eJIbqeB:
aRqHonepbI, KOTopLIe nOJlyqaJIn aeMJIIO B KaqeCTBe )];HBHJ];eHJ];a,
«CTapbIe» H «HOBbIe KOJIOHHCTbD), KOTOpbIM OHa npHqHTaJIaCb aa rro-
CeJIeHIIe B BIIprHHHH. B COOTBeTCTBIIJI C IlHCTPYR.lIHMH aa Ram,n;ylO
aHIO nOJIaraJICH nap;eJI B 100 aKpOB. OH J];OJImeH 6bIJI YJ];BaHBaTbCH
BO BpeMH CJIe]J;YIOero pacnpeJJ;eJIeHHH J];HBH,n;eHAoB npl!' YCJIOBHn
«,n;OCTaTO'tIHOrO aaCeJIeHHH» nepBoro Ha,n;eJIa. «CTapbIll KOJIOHHCT»,
rrpHeXaBmnB. sa CBon CqeT P;O Bee-HbI 1616 r. (Korp;a yexaJI ,n:eHJI)
II npomHBmHH B KOJIOHHH TPH rO]J;a, HMeJI rrpaBa, paBHOSHa'tIHble
npaBaM BJIa]J;eJIba O,n;HOH aKD;HH. «CTapbIH KOJIOHHCT», rrpHBeseHHbIH
B BHprHHHIO aa CqeT KOMllaHHH, HO OTCJIymHBIDHll CBOH CpOK Ha
« 06m;eii SeMJIe » , rrOJIy'tJaJI Tome 100 aRpOB, C KOTOpbIX rrOJIaraJIOCb
BbIIIJIaqHBaTL eiKerOAHYIO KBHT-peHTY 62 B rrOJIbay KOMIIaHHH:
1 ill. C RaiR)I,LIX 50 aKpOB. «ROBbIH KOJlOHHCT», rrpH6bIBIDlIH B KOJlO-
HlllO aa CBOH CqeT (HJIlI aa CqeT RaKOrO-JIII60 JIHqa) rrOCJIe BeCHbI
1616 r. (C'tIIITaJIOCL, qTO R 3TOMY BpeMeHU YCJIOBIIH mllaHH nOCeJIeH-
eB SHa'tJHTeJIbHO YJIyqmIIJIHcb), rrOJIyqaJI (UJIU JIllqa, OIlJIaTHBIDIIe
ero npoes)J) nOCJIe TpeXJIeTHerO npe6bIBaHIIH B BHprHHHH 50 aRpOB
npH emero,n;HoH peHTe B 1 m. (12 neHc.). II pH6LIBillIIH Tor,n;a me aa
CqeT KOMIIaHHH J];OJImeH 6bIJI rrOJIy-qHTb Te me 50 aRpOB npH TOll me
peHTe, HO 110 HCTeqeHHH CeMHJIeTHerO cpOKa. 3eMJIH npe)J;OCTaBJIHJIaCb
BceM B BeqHOe HaCJIep;CTBeHHoe rrOJIbaOBaHHe (for ever).
Cafoe palIHee yrroMHHaHHe 0 naTeRTax, BbIAaHHLIX B COOTBeTCT-
BHH C lIaJIOmeHHbIMII YCJIOBHHMH, OTHOCHTCH R 20 <peBpaJIH 1619 r.
HeRTo <1>eiip<paRc, rrpomHB K 8TOMY BpeMeHII B BIIprHHHII BoceMb JIeT,
IIOJIYQHJI 100 aKpOB SeMJIH Ha ce6H H 100 aKpOB Ha meHY. 110 co-
xpaHHBmeiicH aannCH OT 6 MapTa 1620 r., nOJIyqUJI naTeHT Ha 200
aRpOB aeMJIH HeKTO Amop,n;m XappHcoH, rrpomHBilluii B BHprHHuH
TPH ro,n;a, OrrJIaTHBIDnH c06cTBeHHbIH npoeaJJ; II npoeSA ee Tpex qe--
JIOBeK. B nOCJIeYIOHe rOAbI B npaBHJIa nOJIyqeRHH aeMJID 6LIJIH
BHeceHLI HeKOTopLIe HaMeHeHHH, -qTO 6bIJIO BbISBaHO CJIOmHOCTbIO ee
62 B ;z::r;ORYMeHTe: «CBo6oHaH peRTa» (free rent). 9TIIM, RaK BIIJ];HO, nOp;qepKII-
BaJIOCb, 'liTO aeMJIH npep;OCTaBJIHeTCH na npaBax cBo6o,n;Horo COl\ef];ma.
79

BIIPrUHHfi
UCBoeHHH H Heo6xoHMOCTLIO 06eCne"IlHTL KOJIOHHIO pa60"IlHMH PYKa-
MH. B nepBLle ceMb JIeT BJIaeHHH 3eMJIen ee xoaHIIH OCBo6oiRAaJlCH
OT 06HaaTeJILCTBa BLIllJIa"IlHBaTL RBHT-peHTY. JIHI{Q, - OIIJIaTHBmee
npoe3JJ; B ROJIOHHIO (CBon HJIH ,n;pyroro JIHD;a), nOJIY"IlaJIO 3eMJIIO 6e3
TveXJIeTHero omlI,n;aHHH 63.
JIH y,n;epmaHHH B ROJIOHlIlI CTOJIb Heo6xOHMnIX TaM cneD;naJIII-
CTOB HHCTPYRD;HH npeycMaTplIBaJIH BoaMomHOCTb P;JIH peMeCJIeHHH-
ROB H MaCTepOBLIX Bcex BHOB, ROTOpnIe OTCJIymlIJIH CBOH CpOK, npo-
,n;OJIllieHUH HX aaHHTHH 6ea 06HaaTeJInCTBa o6pa6aTnIBaTn aeMJIIO (pa-
flee OHB He oCBo6omaJIIICL OT 9Toro). IfM npeAOCTaBJIHJIOCb npaBO
Ha nOJIY"IleHHe ,4 aRpOB aeMJIH WIH BOaBe]\eHHH m:n:JIoro OMa II cJIym6.
3eMJIH OCTaBaJIaCb 3a HnMH II IIX HaCJIeHIIRaMH ,n;o Tex nop, nORa
OHB npoJJ;OJImaJIM CBoe eJIo, npII 06H3aTeJIbCTBe BLIllJIa"IlIIBaTb emc-'
rOHO peHTY B 4 neHC3.
MHCTPYHII aanpeaJIH npOHaBOJlbHOe H 6ea paBHOaHaqHOH KOM-
llencaD;HH IIepeMem;eHHe ROJIOHIICTOB C o6m:n:Toro HMB MeCTa IIJIII C
nOJIyqeHHOrO HMII Ha,n;eJIa B CJIY'tJae, eCJIH 9TO MeCTO HJIH Ha.p;eJI OKa-
anIBaJIHCb na TeppHTopHH, OTXOJJ;Hm;en KOMnaHHII HJlH ee cJlymam;HM.
B TO me BpeMH eCJIII OKaa:bIBaJIOCb, qTO aeMJIH aaHHTa 6ea O<popMJIe-
HUH npaB Ha BJIa,n;eHHe (O HJIII nOCJIe Ha,n;aHIIH II3JIaraeMbIX HHC.T-
PYRD;HiI), TO aanHBmlIe ,ee JIIID;a o6HaaHbI 6bIJJH Bnpeb AO o<popMJIe-
HIIH 9TIIX npaB, Ha 'liTO ,n;aBaJIOCL )J;Ba ro,n;a C MOMeHTa IIpn6LITHH B
BHprnHHIO, IIepe;n:aBaTL ROMnaHHH 11,. nOJlY'IIaeMOrO HMB )J;oxoa.
IIpeP;ycMaTpHBaJIcH nepeCMOTp CTapLIX naTeHTOB Ha aeMJIeBJIa,n;enne
P;JIH npHBeAeHHH cop;epmam;HXCH B HHX YCJIOBHH ,n;epmaHHH B C001'-
BeTCTBHe C BBO,D;nMLIMH npaBIIJlaMH.
B HHCTPYHHX nOJIY'IIHJI paaBlITHe nHCTHTYT o61>eAHHeHHoro aeM"
JIeBJIa)J;eHHH, naqaJIO ROTOPOMY 6bIJIO nOJIomeno )J;Ba rO)J;a Ha3a1(.
Y CTaHaBJIHBaJIOCL TPH THna BJIaeHHH: 06'be,n;IIHeHHe HeCKOJInRHX
aRD;HOHepOB (H.anpHMep, «AccoD;HaD;HH CMHTa)}, noame - «AccoD;Ha-
HH CaYTreMIITOHa», BRJIIO'IIaJIa T. CMHTa, 8. CaHAHCa, IIpJIH HAP.);
061>e,n;HHeHHe JIIID;, O<pOPMJIHIOID;HX BJIaeHHe Ha IIMH qJIeHa ROMnaHHH,
KOTOpLIH HBJIHJICH HX npe)];CTaBHTe.rreM II oq,HD;naJIbHLIM HOCIITeJIeM
npHo6peTaeMLIX npaB (HanpHMep, aCCOD;Han;HH no)]; HMeHaMH 8pra./I-
JIa, RanlITaHa }J:m. MapTIIH8 II JIopp;a }J:eJIaBapa); 061>eAHHeHHe JIIJD;,
He BxoAHBmlIX B KOMIIaHHIO, HO HaMepeBaBmHXCH coa,naTL nOCeJIeHlIe
(HanpHMep, «AcCOD;HaI(HH RpHCTocPepa JIOYHa»), qLH npaBa Oq.OpM-
JIHJIIICL Ha O,D;HOrO 113 QJIeHOB 061>eAHHeHIIH «<uomaJIOBaHIIH no npaBY
Ka3HaQeHCTBa» ) .
63 Harris M. Ope cit., p. 200-201; Robinson W. S. Ope cit., p. 24-25.
80







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llpnHanJIemaBIDne acCOn;nan;UHM (Roprropa:qnHM) 3eMJIII qa
e
ncero Ha3bIBaJInCb «xaHAPHA» 64. Pa3MepbI HX l\iOrJIH 6bITb OqeHb
BeJInRH
 TaR, EepRJIn-XaHAPHp; rrpn 3aRJIIOQeHHH COrJIameHHH co-
CTaBnJIO 4500 aRpOB, a n03me Bp;Boe 60JILme; CaYTreMrrToH-xaHp;pnp;
HeROTopbIMII IICqnCJIHeTCH B 80 TbIC., APyrlIMH - B 200 TLIC. aR-
pOB 65. IIHcTpYRI(IIU, yqHTbIBaH 8TO, rrpe}J;YCMa TplIBann BbI)J;eJIeHne B


64 Hundred (anz.It.) B 6YRBaJIbIlOM rrepeBOAe - CTO, COTHH. IlpOlIcxomAeHlIe
9Toro TepMIIHa He O'IJ:eHb HCHO. OH Mor rrOHBIITbCH B BHprHHHU OT aHrJIHH-
CHoro «XaHAPHA», qTO 03IIa'IJ:aJIO aJ];MUIIHCTpaTUBHO-TeppHTOpHaJIbHYIO eJ];HHH-
I
Y: 'IJ:aCTb rpa.pCTBa, ORpyr; Mor B03HlIRHYTb OT «100 aRpOB», rrpH'IJ:IlTaBIDIIX-
CH aHI'HOHepaM H ROJIOHlICTaM. BeCbMa B03MomHO, B BlIprlIHcRIIX YCJIOBn-
HX - 3TO ClIHTe3 YRa3aHHbIX rroHHTlIH. TaRoro pOJJ;a BJIaAeHlIH Ha3bIBaJIlICb
e
e «OTAeJIbHaH, HJIlI qaCTHaH, rrJIaHTa
lIH)} (noCeJIeHHe, Aap, yqaCToK):
particular or private plantation (settlement, gift, cite).
65 ,l];aHHbIe 0 pa3Mepax xaHAPlIA, rrpHBOAlIMbIe HCCJIeAOBaTeJIHMH, He Bcer1{a
COBnaAaIOT. KpOMe npO'IJ:ero, 3TO, BepOHTHO, npOHCXO}l;HT OT Toro, qTO OJ];HII
HC'IJ:HCJIHIOT HX C MOMeHTa o.popMJIeHHH BJIaAenUH, a APyrlIe - B MOMeHT
HX MaRCHMaJIbHOrO paCIDHpeHHH (Craven W. F. The Virginia Company of
London, p. 35; Robinson W. S. Ope cit., p. 19; Osgood H. L. Ope cit., Vol. I,
p. 84; Andrews Ck. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 130-132; Harris M. Ope cit., p. 203).
81




ntlpruHHu
KamAoM HS HHX 100 aRpOB AJIH epKOBHoro yqaCTKa II 1500 aRpOB
AJIH 06ecTBeHHLIx BymJ]; nOCeJleHHH. XaH}J;pHJ]; Mor 6LITL pacnoJlo-
meH B JII060M HeaaHHTOM MeCTe - c COrJlaCHH ry6epHaTopa, HO He
6JIHme 5 MHJlb OT eHTpa 6opo (TaYHa, CHTH) II He 6JIHme 10 MHJIL
OT'. JJ;pyroro xaH,n;pH,n; (eCJIH HX He paa,n;eJIHJIa peKa, ROTopaa CJIym:n:-
JIa rpaHIIeii).
QTo6bI 06JIerqHTIJ ynpaBJleHHe II rrpe}J;OTBpaTHTIJ -qaCTO BoaHHKaB-
mHe KOH<pJIHKTLI MemAY KOJIOHHCTaMH, HHCTPYHH 06H3:bIBaJlII BJIa-
AenbeB SeMJIH COS}J;aBaTb rrOCeJIeHHH BOSM01KHO 60nee KOMnaKTHO II
BLIJ];eJlHTL CneHaJIbHbIX aAMIIHHCTpaTopoB, OTBeTCTBeBHLIX aa nopH-
)];OK. B OCTaJIIJHOM opraHHaa,HH lliM3HII xaH}J;pHA BOaJIaraJIaCb Ha
YCMOTpeHHe ero XOSHeB, OrpaHHqeHHhIX JlHmL peROMeHAaHeii BOS-
MomBO 6J1l1me npHJJ;epmHBaTbCH aHrnHHCKHx aaKOHOB II 06HX npa-
Bun, ROTopLIe KOMnaHHH BBO}J;HT AJIH BHprHHHH, a TaKme pacnops:-
meHHH ry6epHaTopa (nanpHMep, onpeJ(eneHHe yqaCTKOB AJIH I(epKOB-
Horo BJIa}J;eHHH H 06IIJ;eCTBeHHLIX Hym)]). iI\J1TeJIH xaH,n;pH,n; HMeJIH Te
me npaBa aHrJIHHCKIIX nO}J;,n;aHHLlx, qTO H OCTaJIbHLIe IIOCeJIeHLI
BHprHHHII. KpOMe Toro, BJIaCTII ROJIOHIIH He MOrJIII nCnOJIbaOBaTb HX
,nJIH c06CTBeHHLIX Hym}J; n BHe npeAeJlOB AaHHoro BJIa,n;eHHH. RaK H Bce
ROJIOHHCTbI, mHTeJIII xaH)J;pH)J; 6bIJIH 06H3aHLI npHHIIMaTb yqaCTlIe B
060pOHe CTpaHbI.
CoxpaHHBmHeCH ,IJ;OKYMeHTLI He n03BOJlHIOT BocnpOHSBeCTH C a6-
COJIIOTHOH TOqHOCTbIO Bce AeTaJIII BaaHMOOTHomeHHH, KO'fopLIe CKJla-
}J;:bIBaJIHCb Mem,n;y KOMIIaHlIen, BJIa,n;eJIbaMIi xaHJ];plfJ]; II Bep6yeMLIMH
IIMH JIIOAbMH. TeM He MeHee HeKOTophIe BamHLIe "tJepThI 8TIIX B3aHMO-
OTHomeHHH B HX o<pHHaJIbHOn <popMe Bce me MorYT 6bITb BOCCTaHOB-
JIeHbI H BLIrJIH,IJ;HT (Ha npHMepe «ACCOHaIIH BepRJIH») CJleJJ;YIOHM
06paaoM 66.
lIpaBa aCCOlfaHH onpe}J;eJIHJIHCIJ cne:HaJIbHbIM COrJIameHneM,
YTBepiR}J;aeMLIM 06HM (RBapTaJIbHbIM) c06paHHeM BnprHHCRon ROM-
naHHH. lIo 9TOMY COrJIameHHIO KOMIIaHHH npeJJ;OCTaBJIHJIa qJIeHaM ac-
COlIaIII1 67 II HX HaCJIe,n;HHKaM (HJIII }J;OBepeHHLIM JIHaM) B Be"llHOe
1l0JIbaOBaHIIe aeMeJlbHOe BJIa}J;eHIIe (JJ;ep1KaHHe THna COKeAiR), paSMe-
pM KOToporo 06YCJIOBJIHBaJIIICb BLInJIaqeHHOH CYMMOii IIJIH qHCJIOM
npHo6peTenHLIX aRD;HH (100 aKpOB aa Kam,n;YIo), HJIH qHCJIOM OTnpaB-
66 Records, Vol. III, p. 130-138, 178-189, 195-215, 230; CM. TaKiRe: Charters,
p. 103-105; Hatch Ck. E. Ope cit., p. 44-46; Dowdey Cl. The Great Planta-
tion. A ProfH of Berkeley Hundred. New York, 1957, chap. 2.
67 ACCOlIaIIIO BepKJIII COCTaBJIHJIII AmoH CMIIT, aCKBaip, IOpIICT; cap YHJILHM
TpoROMopTOH, 6apOHeT; PH-qap BepRJIII; AiRopm Toprr, 8CRBaip, JIeH Bnp-
rUHCRoro COBeTa, 6Y)J;Yllii nOCeJIeHen; BIlprlIHHII II PYKOBO)J;HTeJIL (<HH;o;eii-
CRoro ROJIJIep;ma».
82

TPYj:{HOE CTAHOBJIEHHE
JIeHHbIX aCCOHaHen (c 1618 r.) nOCeJIeHeB (50 aKpOB aa Rallioro
rrp06LIBmero B BlIprHHHH TPH rO)J;a, YMepmero B nYTH HJIH B KOJIO-
HHII), HJIII BceMII 8THMH YCJIOBHHMII BMeCTe 68. qJIeHaM aCCOHanll II
mlITeJIHM coa}J;aBaeMoro IIMH nOCeJIeHHH npeAOCTaBJIHJIOCb npaBO CBO-
60}J;HOH TOprOBJIH npH nOmJIHHaX, He npeBbIlIIaIOIIJ;UX Te, ROTopbIe H8-
JIaraJIHCb ROpOHoii Ha ROMnaHMIO. B KaqeCTBe HaCTOHqlIBOH peROMeH-
}J;aIIH B COrJIameHHe BRJIlOqaJICH rrYHKT, npe}J;YCMaTpHBaBIllHn He06-
XOJ.\HMOCTb ceHTb B ROJIOHIIII aJIaRII, nOJIeaHbIe TpaBbI, JIeH II ROHOnJIIO;
rOBopHBlliHH 0 nOJIeaHOCTH BJIHOrpaf);apCTBa, meJIKOBO}J;CTBa, paaBe)J;e-
HIIH OJIHBKOBLIX ,I:(epeBLeB; nO)J;qepKHBaBmHiI BLIrOJ];HOCTb II Hacy-
HOCTh OCHOBaHHH paaJIHqHbIX npOMLIlliJIeHHO-peMeCJIeHHLIX npe,I(npHH-
THH (MLIJIOBapeHHLIX, COJIeBapeHHbIX, )J;epeBoo6pa6aTbIBaIOHX, me-
JIe30,I:(eJIaTeJILHbIX II ,I(p.) lIaJIaraeMLIH nYHKT aaRaHqMBaJICH rrpHaLIBOM
npOH3BO}J;HTb «He TOJIbRO II He rJIaBHbIM 06paaoM Ta6aR».
C Ram,I(LIx 50-TII aRpoB 3eMJIH - aa OTilpaBJIeHHOrO B BHprHHHIO
ROJIOHHCTa, npOmJIBmerO TaM TPH rO,I(a HJIH TaM YMepmero,- accoIIa-
:QHH (IIJIII ROJIOHHCT, nOJIyqHBlliHll 8TOT Ha,I(eJI) qepea ceMb JIeT BJIa-
}J;eHHH CqHTaH C 1618 r. }J;OJImHa 6LIJIa BLInJIa-qHBaTb peHTY B 1 m.
ECJIH me Ha aeMJIIO aCCOIJ;HaMII IIpHeamaJI ROJIOHHCT, OrrJIaTIIBmnH
paCXO)J;LI no nepeeaf);Y, TO Ha Hero paCilpOCTpaHHJIHCb rrpana, npe}J;-
YCMOTpeHHLIe 06nMII IIHCTpYRn;HHMJI )J;JIH «HonLIX RonOHHCTOB)} ROM-
naHHH, exaBllilIX aa CBon CqeT. RaK MOlliHO CY}J;HTb, IIMeHHO 9TH KOJIO-
HIICTLI CTaHOBIIJIHCb «RanIITaHalt-IM» II «aCCHCTeHTaMU», T. e. PYROBO}J;H-
TeJIHMH coa}J;aBaeMoro noceneHHH 69. ACCOIJ;HaIJ;IIH EepKJIH, HanpnMep,
rJlaBOH MOpCKOH 8Rcne}J;nIJ;IIII, a nOTOM ynpaBJIHIOIT(HM xaH,n;pll no,n;-
pHJJ;IIJIa o,n;Horo IIa BeTepaHOB BlIprHHMU, RanHTaHa BYf);JIn:<pa, Ha YCJIO-
BHH OTqHCJIeHHH eMY 1/5 npe,n;IIOJIaraeMbIX ,I:(OXOnOB OT «nJIaHTan;IIH».
IIpH aTOM a8KJIIOQeHHOe COrJIameHHe rrpe,I:(YCMaTpIIBaJIO, 'lITO OH HH B
RoeM CJIyqae He ,n;onmeH BeCTH co6CTBeHHoe xoaHHCTBO HJIH KOMMep-
qeCKIIe ,I:(en3, OT)J;aBaH Bce BpeMH ynpaBneHHIO II 6JIarOYC'fpOHCTBY no-
CeJIeHIIH 70.
68 qJIeHbI accOHaD;HH B.rra)J;eJIH HeoAHHaROBbIM HCJIOM aRD;HH (OT 5 AO 10),
HO YC.rrOBHJIHCb cneIJ;na.rrbHbIM AorOBopOM Ae.rrHTb 6YAYHe npH6bIJIH nopOB-
HY, HeaaBHCHMO OT Hc.rra HMeBIDnXCfl H.rrn BHOBb npHo6peTaeMbIx aRD;lfii.
TOT me nopHAoR npe,n;ycMaTpHBaJICH npH He06xoAHMbIX ,n;OIIo.rrHHTe.rrbHblx
aaTpaTax Ha ROJIOHlIaaIfIO.
69 «RanHTaH» B BnprlIHIIU - He 06H3aTeJIbHO rrplIHa,n;.rremHOCTb (HaCTOHlI(aH
HJIH npemHHH) R apMIIII, <PJIOTY IIJIU OTpH,n;aM MeCTHOH MUJIIID;HH. B RaRon-TO
Mepe 8TO CJIOBO CXOP;HO C PYCCRHM «HaaJIbHHR». B BuprlIRHH co BpeMeHeM
OHO CTaJIO npHJIaraTbCH R COCTOHTeJIbHOMY HJIH BJIHHTeJIbHOMY ROJIOHRCTY-
aeMJIeBJIa,n;eJIbIJ;Y. II03.iRe IIOHBIfJIIICb «IIOJIROBHIIRII».
70 Y CJIOBHe 3TO, HaI BlI)J;HO 113 )];ORYl\feIITOB, He BLIIIOJIHfl.rrOCI> (B )];aIIIIOM H,
BaR MomHO CY,L'HTL, B APyrl1X CJIyaHX), 1160 OI\a3aBmnHCH 3a MopeM KHUll-
83

BRPrRHRJI
JIIIa, aaROHTpaRTOBaHHLIe aCCOHaHeii }J;JIH pa60TLI na «IIJIaHTa-
n;1I1I}} (OKOJIO 40 qeJIOBeK),- paaHoro pOJ];a cIIen:naJIIICTLI II npocTLIe
cepBeHTLI, CpOK CJIym6LI ROTOpLIX BapbHpOBaJICH OT Tpex JJ;O ceMH JIeT,
IIOJIyqaJIH na,n;eJILI nJIOII(a}J;LIO OT 15 }J;O 40 aRpOB H ,n;eHeiRHOe BoaHar-
paiKAeHlIe OT 30 m. B MeCH (JIeKapb) }J;O neCKOJIbRHX llIHJIJIIIHrOB B
ro,n;. Cor.rracHo HalI60JIee IIo}J;p06HOMY 113 coxpaHIIBllilIXCH ;a;ORYMeHTOB
P06epT RYIIH, HaIIpHMep, aaKJIIOqHJI KOHTpaKT Ha TPH ro;a;a. B BHp-
rHHIIH «ero TPY,n; }J;onmeH 6:blJI HCrrOJIbaOBaTbCH aaKOHHO II paaYMHO}).
RYIIH 06H3:bIBanCH «6LITb IIOCJIymHI>IM)}, BO BceM IIO,n;lIHHHHCb a,n;MIIHH-
CTpan;HII, Ha3HaeHHoii aeMJIeBJla}J;eJIbD;aMH. rrOCJIeHHe OTnpaBJI.JIJIH H
06eCneqHBaJIII ero 3a CBOH CqeT «Heo6xoJ];HM:bIM paHOHOM II oemoii,
cooTBeTcTBYIOII(en TaRoMY cepBeHTY)}. 110 HCTelleHHH Tpex neT RynII
.npeJ];CTOHJIO CTaTb «<PPIIMeHOM TOH CTpaHLI», IIOJIbaYIOITI;IIMCH «BceMH
cBo60aMII II nplIBHJIerHHMII TaMomHHX <PPIIMeHOB» 71. OH CTaHOB.IIJICH
TaRme BJIa}J;eJIbD;eM 30 aRpOB aeMJIH Ha TepplITopHII xaHApn,n;, o6HaaH-
HLIM BLInJIall11BaTb emerO}J;HYIO peRTY B 1 m. II HeCTH ,n;PyrHe rrOBlIH-
HOCTH, ROTopLIe npe}J;YCMaTpIlBaJIOCI> «orOBopHTb noame». meHe RynH,
<;>CTaBmenCH Ha pO)J;HHe, nOJIaraJIOCb cO)J;epmaHHe (Ha CpOR ROHTpa:J{-
Ta) B 10 lli. aa RBapTan KaiR,n;oro ro;a;a (30 m. aBaHcoM) B CqeT y,n;y-
m;ero aapa60TKa MyiRa.
tITo61>I ne-BOBBpam;aTbCH BHOBb 1\ Bonpocy 0 <popMe COCTaBJlenHH
ROHTpaKTOB H aBOJIIOD;IIH 8TOH <pOpMbI (6oJIee TOllHOe orrpeJ(eJleHlIe
06H3aTeJIbCTB cepBeHTa), npnBe}J;eM B RaqeCTBe 06paau;a TeKCT }J;OKY-
MeHTa, ;a;aTllpoBaHHoro 25 ceHTH6peM 1622 r.: «...R, BecceJl Be6JIHHr,
CLIH HIIKOJIaCa Be6JIHHra IIa JIoH,n;oHa, TIJIBOBapa, nplIHIIMaH BO BHII-
MaHlIe TO, 'tJ:TO MeHH CHapHiI(alOT 11 nepeBoaHT B BnprlIHHIO Ha cpe}J;-
CTBa 3)J;Bap;a;a BeHHeTTa IIa JIoHJJ;OHa, ToprOBn;a, II ero KOMIIaHbOHOB,
a TaKme TO, 1J:TO MeHH 06eII(aJIH 06eCneqlIBaTb B }J;ocTaTOQHOM KOJIlIlIe-
CTBe IIHI.I{en II nHTLeM, a TaKme KpOBOM, CHM 06HaYIOCI> 61>ITb rroJ];-
MacTepbeM yrroMHHYToro 3Bap}J;a BeHHeTTa IIOJlHLIX TPH rOAa...
.H TaRme o6em;alO H 06HaYIOCb IICIIOJIH.JITb II BLInOJIHHTb Bee YCJIOBIIH
MoeH CJIym6LI qeCTHO II npe]J:aHHO Ha JII060ii pa60Te 11 BO BCHROM Aene,
I\OTopbIe YIIOMHHYTbIH 3}J;Bap,n; BeHHeTT IIJIU ero }J;OBepeHHLle JIIIa 6y-
}J;YT nopYlIaTL l\-IHe, a TaRiKe 61>ITL CrOBOpqHBLIM II nocnymHLIM, KaR
IIOJIaraeTCH xopomeMY cepBeHTY, BO Bcex CJIyqaHx, Kor}J;a MHe 6Y}J;eT
qTO-JIH60 nplIRaaLIBaTb YIIOMHHYTI>I:U 8J];BapJJ: BeHHeTT IIJlII ero J];O-
BepeHHLIe JIIID;3 B BHprIIHHII. ITo HCTe1J:eHIIH y«aaaHHoro cpORa R
TaH He ynYCRaJI CJIytJafJ COaaT:b II YRpennTb co6CTBeHHoe X03nHCTBo, HC-
nOJII>3YH R TOMY me cepBeHTOB accOHaHH (CM. TaRme: Dowdey Cl. Ope
cit., p. 30-31).
71 Freeman (aHzA.) 6YRBaJII>HO - cBo6oHbIii: 'tJeJIOBeR. 3JJ;ecb - nOJIHOrrpaBHbIH
ROJIOHIICT. 06 aTOM TepMHHe ee 6YAeT BATH petJL.
84

TPynHOE CTAHOBJIEHHE
TPH ro,n;a ynoMHHYTbIH O)];Bap}J; BeHHeTT 06eIIJ;aeT }J;aTb BO BJIa)J;eHHe
MHe, yrroMHHYTOMY nO}J;MaCTep:bIO, MOIIM HaCJIe}J;IIIIIiaM II }J;OBepeHHLTM
JIIIaM HaBeqHO ,nOM II 50 aRpOB aeMJIH B BHprlIHHII B COOTeTCTaIIH C
06LIQaHMII ,n;epmaUHH aeMJIII B Tex MeCTax, a TaRme cHa6,n;HTb MeHH,
ynoMHHYToro nO}J;MaCTep:bH, He06xo,n;IIMO:U II }J;06pOTHOM O)];em}J;oH, rroc-
JIe "tJero 11, ynoMHHYTLIH rro,n;MaCTepbe, cMory mIlTb H 060cHoBaTbcH B
TOM crrpaHe, IIJIaTH aa YRaaaHHbIe 50 aKpOB aeMJIH ynoMHHYTOMY 0}J;-
BapAY EeHHeTTY BeQHO, rrORa aeMJIH HaXO,D;HTCH B MoeM BJIaJ];eHHH,
emerO)J;HYIO peHTY B 50 mHJIJIHHrOB, a TaKme pa60TaH Ha Hero }J;Ba )J;HH
72
B ro)];...» .
06paIIJ;aeT Ha ce6H BHHMaHHe TepMHHOJIOrHH: xoaHHH «06eaeT)},
cepBeHT «06H3yeTCH». OT HMeHH 06HaYIOerOCH II COCTaBJIeH }J;OKY-
MeHT. ,n:.aJIee MLI YBH,n;HM, RaR xoaHeBa BLlnOJIHHJIH CBOD 06em;aHHH.
IIoRa aaMeTHM TOJIbRO, qTO BCTpe"qaIOeeCH B )J;ORYMeHTe CJIOBO «rro)J;-
MaCTepLe» ( apprentice) B npa:KTHKe BHprHHHII He IIMeJIO. CBoero
npHMoro aHaqeHHH. 3TIIM CJIOBOM, RaR npaBIIJIO, 0603Ha-qaJIH MaJIOJIeT-
Hero cepBeHTa, a TaRme cepBeHTa-, He HMeIOero CneHaJIbHOCTH.
Be3BbIXOJJ;Hoe nOJIOmeHlIe aHrJIH:UCKHX 6eJJ;HHROB TOJIRaJIO OTqaHB-
lIIHXCH HCKaTL B AMepHKe cnaceHHH OT rOJIo,n;a D HHm;eTbI «nepeHace-
JIe:HHOH» pO,n;HHLI, r,n;e )J;JIH HIIX He 6LIJIO HH 3eMJIII, HII pa60TLI, II r,n;e aa
TO, qTO OHH He Haxo,n;HJIH pa60TLI, HX me meC1'OKO HaRa3LIBaJIH. Ra-
6aJIbHLIH ROHTpaRT, ORpameHH"bIH MeqTOH 0 CqaCTJIIIBOH nepeMeH
cYJJ;L6LI, npe}J;CTaBJIHJICH crraceHlIeM. Ha ,n;eJIe -qae Bcero OH ORaaLI-
BaJICH xopomo paCCTaBJIeHHOH aana,n;Heii, H3 ROTOpOH He 6:bIJIO BLIXO-
)J;a. HerpaMoTHLIX 06MaHLIBaJIH npH nO)J;llHcaHIIH ROHTpaRTa, BceM CY-
JIHJIH <PaHTaCTHqeCKHe 6JIara, MHorHX nO}J;naHBaJIH. TaR RaR cpe)J;H
I\OJIOHIICTOB OKa3bIBaJIHCb ocym)J;eHHbIe, nOCTbIJII>Ie po,n;cTBeHHHRII H
Heyro,n;HbIe nplIxomaHe, TO ROHTpaKTbI, CqHTaBlliHeCH aaRJIroqeHLIMH
J];06pOBOJIbHO, Ha }J;eJIe HepeRO HaBH3bIBaJIHCb IDaHTamOM HJIII. CIIJIOH.
3a,n;aBJIeHHLIe HymAoH 6e}J;HHRII C)J;aBaJIH Bep60BIIJ;IIKaM CBOHX }J;eTeii,
qeH TPY}J; n;eHIIJICH oc06eHHO ,n;emeBO. <DopMaJIbHO Tpe60BaJIOCb CorJIa-
CHe po,n;HTeJIen Ha npe}J;JIaraeMbIe YCJIOBHH, HO nO}J;nHCb po,n;HTeJIeii no,n;
ROHTpaHTOM He CqlITaJIaCb 06HaaTeJIbHOii, a CJIc,n;OBaTeJlbHO, YCJIOBHH
MOrJIH 6:bITb npOHaBOJJbHO HaMeHeHLI, TeM 60JIee B }J;aJIeRoii AMepHRe
II B OTHomeHHII 6eaaaHTHoro pe6eHKa. Co BpeMeHeM YCTaHOBHJIaCb
rrpaKTHRa npHMoro nOXHeHHH neTeii, OTrrpaBJIHeMI>IX B ROJIOHHIO.
BepHeMCH, O}J;HaRO, R HaJIOmeHHIO HHCTPYRD;IIH OT 18 HOH6pH
1618 r. YqHTLIBaH 6eCqHCJIeHHLle maJI06LI Ha npOH3OJI ry6epHaTopoB
II BLI3BaHHbIe 9TIIM aaTpY)J;HeHHH C Ha6opoM HOBbIX ROJIOHIICTOB, ROM-
naHHH npe,n;YCMaTpHBaJIa YCTaHOBHTL «I10)J;XOAHm;yIO c1JOPMY» MeCT-
72 Foundations, Vol. III, p. 2071.
85

BIIPrHIllIH
Boro npeACTaBHTeJlbCTBa (Government by Majestracy) II cnpaBeJ];-
JIHBLle 3aROHLI «,nJIH 6JIarOTBOpHoro PYROBO}J;CTBa H yrrpaBJIeHHH 06HTa-
IOII(HM TaM Hapo,n;OM)} 73. llMeHHO aTa "tIaCTb IIHCTPYRHH nOCJIymlIJIa
JIH MHorHX aMepMR3HCKHX HCTOpMROB rrOBO}J;OM Ha3BaTb HX «BeJIH-
ROB xapTHen», ROTopaH caHRHoHHpOBaJIa c03}J;aHHe Ha TeppHTopHH
CiliA nepBoro rrpeJ];CTaBMTeJIbHOrO yqpemeHHH.
XapaRTep H <popMa HOBoro ynpaBJIeHHH HaJIaraJIHCb B «Op)];OHaHCe
H YCTaHOBJIeHHHX ,n;JIH COBeTa H accaM6JIeII BHprHHHH» 74.. Op)];OHaHC
npe,n;YCMaTpMBaJI coxpaHeHlIe COBeTa KOJIOHHH (Council of State) RaR
cy}J;e6Horo yqpem}J;eHHH, a TaRme KOHCYJIbTaTHBHoro COBeIIJ;aTeJIbHOrO
opraH a npH ry6epHa Tope, He 60JIee, qTO ,D;BamJ];LI no,n;qepRHBaJIOCb B
,I:(ORYMeHTe. qJIeHbI COBeTa naaHa"tlaJlHCb B JIoH}J;one. ItOBLIM HBJIHJIOCb
C03J];aHHe aaROHO}J;aTeJIbHOrO opraHa ROJIOHHH - reHepaJIbHOH accaM-
6JIen (General Assembly), BKJIlOqaBmeii qJIeHOB COBeTa, a TaRme
,I:(BYX npe,n;cTaBIITeJIeH - «6ap}J;lliHC)} 75 - OT Ram,n;oro nOCeJIRa (CHTH,
Tayna, 60po) II xaH)J;pH}J;. IIHIIHaTHBa coaLIBa accaM6JIeH HCXO)];HJIa OT
ry6epHaTopa, 06HaaHHoro, o}J;HaKo, c06HpaTb ee He peme O}J;Horo paaa
B ro,n;. 3aROBLI II nOCTaBOBJIeHHH, npHHHMaeMLle accaM6JIeii:, no CBoe-
MY YXY H 6YRBe }J;OJImHbI 6LIJIII MaRCHMaJIbBO npH6JIHmaTbCH K npa-
BOBLIM HopMaM, CYIIJ;eCTBOBaBillHM B AHrJIHH. fy6epHaTOp pacrrOJIaran
npaBOM «BeTO)}. II plIHHTLle aaROHbI BXO,IJ;HJlH B CIIJIY TOJIbKO rrOCJIe HX
paTH<pIIRaII;HH RBapTaJIbHbIM c06paHHeM ROMIIaHHH B JIoH,n;OHe 76.
I1HCTPYKHH ry6epHaTOpy Mp}J;JIII (H OpJ];oHaHC) nOJIyqHJIH B aMe-
pHKaBcRoH HcroplIorpa<pHH HaaBaHHe «BeJIIIKOH xapTHH» He TOJIbRO
IIOTOMY, 'lITO MMH caBKHOHHpOBaJIOCb C03}J;aHHe reItepaJIbHOH accaM-
6JIeH, no II nOTOMY, qTO aBTopaM aTIIX HHCTpYHHn, oc06eHBO HeKO-
TOpbIM IIa HIIX «<napTIIH naTpHOTOB», «napTMH CTpaHbI)}, BOarJIaBJIH-
MaH 8. CaH;IJ;HCoM, B OTJIH"tIlIe OT «IIpH,I:(BOpHOH IIapTHH», BOarJIaBJIH-
eMOH T. CMHTOM), rrpHIIHCbIBaeTCH IIaMepeHHe BBeCTII B AMepHKe
eMORpaTlIqeCKlIe HHCTHTYTbI B npOTHBOBec M BonpeRH caMO}J;epmaB-
HLIM YCTpeMJIeHHHM HRoBa I. 8Ta TpaHTOBRa BocrrpHHHTa A. C. Ca-
73 Charters, p. 95.
74. COXpaHHJIaCb JIHIDb ROIIHH 1621 r. (Records, Vol. III, p. 482-484; Craven
W. F. Dissolution of the Virginia Company, p. 73).
75 Burgess (aue.lt.) - iIUITeJIb ropo,n;a C MYHHE:rraJIbHLIMn rrpaBaMH, rrOJIHO-
npaBHblii ropomaHHH. B BHprHHHH - rrOJIHOrrpaBHbIH ROJIOHHCT, B ,n;aHHOM
CJIyqae rrpe,n;cTaBJIHBIDHii CBOH TaYH HJIH xaHAPII,n; B accaM6JIee (AerrYTaT).
B aMepHRaHcRoH IICTOpHorpa«pHH STY accaM6JIero rrplIHHTo Ha3bIBaTL As-
sembly of Burgesses.
76 B 6y;n;yeM rrpe;n;rrOJIaraJIOCb BBeCTH rrpOl\eAYPY YTBepmAeHaH accaM6JIeeii
u U
Tex rrOCTaHOBJIeHlI1I ROMIIaHJUl, ROTopbIe RaCaJIIICb BHYTpeHHeH iRH3HH ROJIO-
HIIII.
86

TPYAIIOE CTAHOB.TIEIIHE
MOHJIO - aBTOpOM CaMOrO 3HaQlITeJlbHOrO B COBeTCKOll IICTOpHOrpacplIH
Tpya 110 HCTOpHII aHrJIIIBCKHX ROJIOHHH B CeBepHOH AMepHRe 77.
BeCCIIOpHO, qTO CpeJ];H qJIeHOB KOMllaHIIH 6bIJIII BH)J;HbIe Orrn03111I0-
HepLI, a :a 6yym;eM CTOpOHHIIRH napJlaMeHTa B 60Pb6e C ROpOJIeM 78,
O}J;HaRO HaM npeCTaBJIHeTCH npaBHJIbHLIM MHeHlIe Y8CJIH Kp8BeHa -
aBTopa IIHTepeCHOH H 06CTOHTeJIbHOH RHlIrH 0 pocnYCRe BlIprHHCKOH
ROMIIaHHH. TIoCJIe TaTeJIbHOrO aHaJIHaa HMeIOI."QIIXCH oRYMeHTOB OH
npHmeJI K BLIBO)J;Y, qTO. HOBOBBe,n;eHHH 16.18 r. 6bIJIH JIlImb ROCBeHHO
CBHaaHLI C nOJIHTHlIeCRIIMH MOTHBaMII, HBJIHHCb rrpem}J;e Bcero CJIe,n;CT-
BlleM MaTepHaJILHOH 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTH QJleHOB KOMnaHHII, BKJIlOqaH
«npHJ];BopHYro napTHIO) 79. R TOll me MbICJIM eIl.(e paHbme CHJIOHHJICH
HaBeCTHLIH aMepHKaHCHHH HCTOpIIK lJapJI3 M. 3HJJ;PIOC, ROTOpbIH nH-
can, 'ITO yqpem,n;eHHe reHepaJIbHOii accaM6JIeII «6bl.rro, no Bcen Bepo-
HTHOCTH, ,n;eJIOM capa 3JJ;BIIHa C8H,n;Hca, XOTH HeT HIIRaRHX YKaaaHHH
Ha TO, 'liTO JJ;pyrHe PYKOBOJ];HTeJIH ROMIIaHHII BOapamaJIH IIpOTHB aToro
nJIaHa B TO BpeMH... C8p TOMac CMIIT 6bIJI ee RaaHaqeeM, a OJI}J;epMeH
AmOHCOH - ero aaMeCTHTeJIeM H qJIeHOM COBeTa. Y OpBHK II C8HAnc,
rroMoHHR RaaHaqeH, 6LIJIH B nOJIHOM COrJIaCHH» 80.
eHCTBHTeJIbHO, Bce PYROBOJJ;HTeJIH ROMnaHHH .HCRaJIH llYTb, RO-
TOpbIH BIBeJI 6bl IIpeJ];npHHTHe Ha aa TpYAHIITeJlbHOrO 1I0JIOmeHHH, a
fJIaBHOe 06eCIIe'llHJI 6bl nOJIyqeHHe AOXOJ];OB, paAII KOTOpLIX OHH coa}J;a-
BaJIH KOJIOHHIO. I1pe}J;JIOmeHHbIe IIMII MepLI He BhIXO)J;IIJIH aa paMKII
YCTaHOBJIeHHH II npaRTHKH, cym;ecTBoBaBIIlHX B AHrJIJIII, aa paMRH
npaB, npeOCTaBJIeHHLIX xapTHeii 1612 r. TIOJIHOMOqlIH accaM6JIeH,
l\aR MLI BH,n;eJIH, 6LIJIII BeCbMa OrpaHHQeHHLI. HHqTO He rOBopHT 0
CTpeMJIeHHH PYKOBO}J;HTeJIeB ROMnaHHH (Toro me CaHHca) R ,n;eMO-
RpaTHaaHII ROJIOHHaJILHOrO pemHMa, KaR II 0 Bpame6HOCTH ROpOJIH
OCYIIJ;eCTBJIHeMOH Mepe. 3TO CTpeMJIeHlIe nplInHCbIBaeTCH PYROBO)J;IITe-
JIHM ROMnaHHH, «napTHH CTpaHbI)} HJIH JIMqHO C8HAHCY aMepHKaHCKH-
Mil HCToplIRaMII B nOIICRax HaM60JIee paHHeii )J;aTLI pOiRAeHHH aMe-
77 CaMouJto A. C. AHrJIHHCRHe ROJIOHlIn B CenepHOH AMeplIRe n XVII BeRe. M.,
1963, c. 35, 42.
78 8. CaHJJ;Htj, RaR yme ronOpnJIOCb, HBJIHJICH JIHAepOM napJIaMeHTCRoH Onn031I"
nH. P06epT Pn1J:, rpa<l> Y OpBHR, B fOALI AHfJIHHCROH peBOJIIOHH - a)J;MHpaJl
napJIaMeHTCROfO JIOTa. Ero 6paT HaTaHIIBJI - OP;HH H3 JIHp;epOB rraJIaTLI 06-
II(HH, 6YJ];YHH nOJI.h9BHHK napJIaMeHTCKoH apMHH. Ee OJ];HH '1JIen BnprHH-
CKOH ROMnaHHH, TOMac POT, B 1648 r. CTaHeT HHHI.\HaTOpOM pe30JIIOI.\HH, 1\0-
TopaH 06BHHHJIa RapJIa I B rocYAapcTBenHoH H3MeHe II Tpe60BaJI8 cYJ(a HaJJ;
HUM.
19 Craven W. F. Dissolution of the Virginia Company, p. 24-25, 52-53, 67-
73, 79.
80 And1jews Ch. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 180-r181.
87

RIIPrHHRfI
PU11,[lllCKOU p;e-MOHpaTIIM 81. AeMOKpaTHH me 3Ta 6LIJla 6ypJlCyaal-lOu.
I)OrK)J;aJIaCb OHa B Hep;pax aHrJIMHCKOro 06eCTBa. 8TO OqeBI1JI;HO
}J;ame lIa IIaJIOmeHIIO:U CXeMLI. RaH nHmeT aBTOp COJlH,IJ;HOrO Tpy,n;a no
HCTOpHII aMepHRaHCKOH 06m;eCTBeHHoiI MbICJIII QapJI3 A. EapKep,
«ROJIOHltIaJIbHOe npeJJ;CTaBIITeJILCTBO HaqaJlOCb B meHMCTaYHe
B 1619 r., Ror,n;a BlfprlITIHH HCnOJIHHJIOCb yme 12 JIeT. Ho HHHlIaTIIBa
cpaRTlIqeCKIl 6LIJIa npOHBJIeHa AHrJIlIefI, a He caMOH KOJIOHlIen» 82.
I{OJIOHlIaJIbHOe npe}J;CTaBHTeJIbCTBO BOaHHKJlO He B peaYJIbTaTe HaMe-
peHIIH BOIIJIOTHTb B mnaHb AeMOKpaTlIqeCRIIH :n,n;eaJ! (XOTH 6bI B AMe-
pnRe), a B peaYJIbTaTe HaMepeHIIH HaRTH HaROHe cnoco6 nOJIyqUTb
nplI6LIJIb OT RarrHTaJIa, BJIOmeHHOro B BHprlIHCKoe npe,n;npHHTHe.
ARHOHepHO:U ]{OfnaHHM npeiRAe Bcero Tpe60BaJIOCb B03MomHO
60JIbmee qHCJIO naHIIJ;MHOB. AJIH IIJIX yqaCTlIe B ynpaBJleHIlH, aBaB-
IlIOC B03M01l\HOCTb aaH:II(aTb C06CTBCHIILIe IIHTOpeCbI rrpUHHTHeM Mep,
IIarrpaBJICHHLIX Ha )J;QCTMiI\CIIHO rJIaBHOll IICROMOH n;eJlM, HBJIHJIOCI)
JIaROMOlI npHMaHROH II CTMMYJIOM R aKTHBHOCTH B AeJIax. TaR nOHBH-
JIIICb KBapTaJIbHLle c06paHIIH aKlIoHepoB. Co BpeMeHH Ha,n;eJIeHHH
8TIIX aKIJ;IIOHepOB aeMJleH B BIIprIIHIIII, oco6eHHo C .B03HIIKHOBeHHeM
HHcTIITYTa RpYilHoro accoHllpoBaHHoro ael\fJIeBJIa}J;eHHH, HymHLI 6LIJIH
HOBbIe npHMaHRa H CTRMYJI. ACCOlIaHII B HeMaJIOM qnCJIe COCTaBJIH-
JInCI> IIa Be}J;ym;IIX qJIeHOB RO?vlnaHIIH, OT ROTOpLIX aaBHCeJI ycrrex
lIOlILITRII nYTeM paa,n;aqn aeMJIII BOapO}];IITL KOJlOHHIO, YBeJIHqllB ee
HaCeJIeHlIe II npo,n;YRTIIBHOCT"b. ACCaM6JIeH ,n;OJIH\Ha 6bIJIa CJIymlITb
8TIIM eJIHM. He CJIyqaHnO Ha ee rrepBoH ceCCHH nOceJIeHD;LI 6LIJIH
rrpe}J;CT8BJIeHbI aeMJIeBJIa}J;eJIbaMII, iRHBmn:rvIH B BHprHHHH, HJIH areH-
TaMH JIOH,n;OHCKIIX aKIIOHepOB.
MrpaJIo pOJIIJ meJIaHHe ROMnaHHII nOJIYQIITIJ OT AenYTaTOB accaM-
6JIeII 60JIee OTBeTCTBeHHYIO, qeM nOJIyqaeMYIO lIpem,n;e OT ry6epHaTo-
pa, IIH<popMaD;HIO 0 IIOJlOmeHHH KOJlOHHII II 60JIee COrJIaCOBaHHbIe pe-
KOMeH,n;aD;IIH K YJIyqmeHlI10 aToro nOJIOmeHHH.
ACCaM6JIeH HelIa6emHo ,n;OJIa\Ha 6LIJIa CTaTL opraHoM eCJIH He
KOHTpOJIlipyrom;HM, TO Ha6JIIO,n;aIOII(HM 3a ,l];eHTeJILHOCTbIO ry6epHaTO-
pOB, Hepe,n;KO 3JIoynoTpe6JIHBIDnX CBoen BJIaCTbIO ,n;JIH JIHqHOB BbIrO)J;bl
81 IIo CYTH ;n;eJIa Ha 8TOH me n03HHH CTOHT H HTHPyeMLIH BLIme 8B,n;pIOC,
npu;n;aBaH Tor;n;amHeH BuprmIHH rocy,u;apcTBeHHo-aBToHoMHYIO caMOCTOH-
TenbHOCTb, a reHepanbHoH accaM6nee - «Hapo,n;HLIH» xapaRTep (Andrews
Ck. M. Op. cit., Vol. I, p. 181, 185).
82 Barker Ck. A. American Convictions. Philadelphia, 1970, p. 43. IIpoTHB aTOll
HCTHIILI B03pamaeT Jlmnb AappeTT B. PaTMeH, ROTOpblii: 3axo,n;uT TaR Aane-
RO, lITO YTBepmp;aeT, 6y;n;To nopH)J;OR, cym;ecTBoBaBIDHH B ROJlOHHH ;n;o
1618 r., «nOTepnen RpymeHHe nop; ;n;aBJIeHHeM caMHX Bep;y:ux ROJIOHHCTOB»
(Rutman D. B. The Morning America. Boston, 1971, p. 109). HHRaKHx ;n;aH-
HLIX, KOTopLIe no,n;TBepm,n;anu 6LI TaROB BLIBO;n;, He npBBo,n;IITCH.
88

TPYJ(HOE CTAHOBJIEHBE
HJIII lIa npIIXOTH. COa)1;aHlIeM accaM6JIeII XOTeJIII Yl\IepHTb TOT CTpaX,
KOTOpLIH BHymaJI pemnM, cy:rqeCTBOBaBmHH )1;0 1618 r., ycnoRoHTb
BoaMomHLIX nOCeJIeHeB, C06JIB3HIITb HX yqaCTHeM B rrpe}J;CTaBIITeJIb-
HOM yqpem}J;eHHH. ACCaM6JIeH )1;OJIlliHa 6LIJIa nplI)1;a Th 60JIbIDIIH Bec II
aBTopHTeT nOCTaHOBJIeHIIHM, a}J;peCOBaHHLIM ROJIOHIIH, npH)J;aTb IIM BH
BBO}J;IIMLIX C COrJIaCIIH KOJIOHHCTOB, 'lITO OTpamaJIO cyecTBoBaBmyIO
rrapJIaMeHTCKYIO npaKTIIRY. Ho, RaR HBcTByeT lIB )1;OKyMeHTa, reHe-
paJIbHOH accaM6JIee OTBOAHJIaCb BeCbMa nOnqlIHeHHaH pOJIh. PemaIO-
ee CJIOBO nplIHap;JIeiKaJIO ry6epHaTOpy If ROMrraHHH.
I\poMe rrepeqHCJIeHHLIX, B aa}J;aqII accaM6JIeII BXO;D;IIJIO aa:n:aTb
UlrrepeCLI RpynHbIx II BJIHHTeJIbHbIX 3eMJIeBJIaAeJIbeB, a TaKme ilK
rrpeJJ;CTaBHTeJIeH nepeJI; JIHOM npOCTLIX ROJIOIIHCTOB, B nepBYIO OqepeAb
cepBeHTOB. RaR yme OTMeqaJIOCb, nenYTaTaMH aCCaMOJIeH OKaaaJIIICh
aeMJIeBJIa}J;eJIbLI, a HMB ycneJIH CTaTL R :3TOMY BpeMeHH JIH60 aRIIO-
HepLI ROMnaHHH, JIII60 qJIeHLI aCCOHaHii, TaR RaK o<popMJIeHHe npaB
u  u
Ha BJIa]J;eHHe aeMJIeH JJ;JIH npoqlIX ROJIOHIICTOB TpeOOBaJIO }J;JIIITeJIbHOH
npoe,n;ypbI Ha-aa HemeJIaHIIH ROMnaHIIH JIlImaThCH pa60THIIKOB. Co-
rnaCHO }J;aHH:bIM BpIoca, K rrplIeaAY Mp}J;JIII B BlIprHHHIO Ha CB06o,n;y
6bIJIJI OTrrYII(eHbI TOJIbRO Te, OqeHb HeMHorlle, ROTopble CMOrJIH OTRY-
IIIITbCH 83. BaJIJIar nHCaJl: «,IJ:0 rrpM6bITIIH ry6epHaTopa I1p}J;JIM B
1619 r. B BllprllHHII, RameTCH, He cyecTBoBaJlO qaCTHOro BJIa}J;eHHH
aeMJIeH. I\.OJIOHHCTLI 6:bIJIH HaClInbHO JIIImeH:bI Bcex npaB, a eCJIII IIMeJIH
yqaCTKH aeMJIII, TO }J;O YRaaaHHoro BpeMeHH He HMeJIII HHKaHHX ra-
paHTIIH, ROTopLIe aaRpenJlHJIH 6bI aa HIIMH 9TII YlJaCTRII» 8.
AMepHRaHCRH:U HCTOpUK QapJI3 X9TQ, PIICYH RapTHHY Ha6paHHH
,n;enYTaTOB accaM6JIeH,npeACTaBJlHeTnpoe)J;YPY BeCbMa }J;eMORpaTllQ-
HOH: «C06npaJIIICb Bce j-RUTeJIJI, lICHJIIOQ3H meHID;IIH, ,n;eTeii R Heco-
neprneHHOJIeTHHX rrO,II;M3CTepbeB,_ II OIIU OIIpe]J;eJIHJIII CBon "BLI60p viva
voce RJIII nO}J;HHTHeM PYR» 85. O}J;HaHO K TeM, RTO He yqaCTBOBaJI B ro-
JIOCOBaHIIH, HymHo OTHeCTH em:e Bcex cepBeHTOB, a TaKme TeHaHTOB,
He OTCJIymHBIDlIx CpOK. Te me, RTO y"tJaCTBOBaJI B rOJIOCOBaHIIH, BOBce
He 6LIJIII COBceM CB060]J;HbI B BbIpameHHH CBoero MHeHHH. 8H}J;pIOC,
qbe OIIHcaHlIe BLI60pOB CXO)J;HO C npIIBe}J;eHHLIM BLIme, TeM He Menee
CIIpaBe)J;JIIIBO aaBepmaeT ero CJIOBaMII: «EoJIee "tfeM BepOHTHO, qTO
BJIHHTeJIbHbIe «ynpaBJIHIOID;He II PYKOBO}J;HTeJIH nJlaHTaHii)} }J;eJIaJIH
YKaaaHHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO IIa6paHHH npeJJ;cTaBIITeJICn CBOHX nJIaHTanlIll
H, BepOHTHO, ROHTpOJIlIpOBaJIII rOJIOCOBaHHe B HX npe}J;eJIax» 86. IIplI-
83 Bruce Ph. A. Economic History..., Vol. I, p. 587-588.
8 Ballagh I. C. White Servitude..., p. 17-18.
85 Hatch Ch. E., Jr. America's Oldest Legislative Asselubly and its Jamestown
Statehouses. Washington, 1956, p. 4. Viva voce (Jtar.) - rOJIOCOM, RpJIROM.
86 Andrews Ck. !'rf. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 185.
89

BHPrHHHH
MeTIaTeJILHO, qTO CIIIIRepOM accaM6JIeII p;enYTaTLI lIa6paJlII qJIeHa CO-
BeTa II ceRpeTapH ROJIOHIIII ,1];moHa IIOplI, BTopoe }J;OJIiKHOCTHoe JIIIO
B BnprlIHHH nOCJIe ry6epHaTopa.
IIepBaH ceCCHH reHepaJIbHOH accaM6JIeH COCTOHJIaCb 30 nIOHH-
4 aBrYCT8 1619 r. Ha Hen 6bIJIH rrpeJJ;CTaBJIeHLI qeTbIpe nOCeJIRa (CIITII,
TaYHa) H ceMb qaCTHLIX nJIaHTa.u. IIH (xaH}J;plI}J;). Bcero 30 }J;eIIYTaTOB
(6ap}J;mlIc), O}J;IIH 1I3 ROTOpLIX YMep B ,D;HM pa60TLI accaM6JIeH 81.
IIpeJJ;cTaBHTeJIH «IIJIaHTa:q1I1I MapTIIHa)} B ee pa60Te He yqaCTBOBaJIII.
Mx He )J;onYCTIfJIH, TaR RaK IIaTeHT RanllTaHa He COOTBeTCTBOBaJI HOp-
MaM aeMJIe)J;epmaHIIH, npHHHTLIM R TOMY BpeMeHH 88. ACCaM6JIeH npn-
HHJIa ceplIIO aaROHOB 89, IIpaBJJ;a, B HeMaJIOH CTerreHH aTO CBOJJ;IIJIOCL R
0}J;06peHHIO HHCTpYKI.\Mn H peKOMeH}J;aI.\I!H, nplICJIaHHLIX B ROJIOHIIIO
KOMnaHllen.
qacTb aaKOHOB RaCaJIaCb MOpaJIbHOH c<I>epbI. 3}J;eCb 6bIJIH CTa TblI,
HanpaBJIeHHbIe npOTHB 6eaJJ;eJIbH, nbHHC'fBa, aaapTHLIX IIrp, HaJIlIillIIeH
pOCROlliH B op;em}J;e, 60rOXYJIbCTB8, CRBepHOCJIOBHH. MMeJIHCb CTaTLII,
ROTOpLIMII CTpeMIIJIIICIJ IIOnnepmaTb B KOJIOHHCTax YBameHlfe }{ l.\epK-
BII, }J;BHHYTIJ Bnepe}J; }J;eJIO 06paeHHH HH}J;enn;eB B xpHCTlIaHCTBO.
A. C. CaMOHJIO, nomaJIY:U, npaB, Kor)J;a YCMaTpHBaeT B 8TIIX Mepax
BJIIIHHlIe RaJIbBHHII3Ma, Bce 60JIee YRopeHHBmerOCH B AHrJIlI1l 90. I-Io
HaM RalleTCH, 'lITO B OCHOBe 8TIIX Mep JIemaJI8 nO}J;HeBOJIbHOCTb mH3HII
II TpYJJ;a 60JIblliHHCTBa KOJIOHIICTOB, nopomJJ;aBIDaH CTpeMJIeHHe lIa6a-
BHTbCH OT Hee, Ha:U,rJ;H BbIXO}J; YBCTBaM II CTpaCTHM B aaHHTlIHX, RO-
TopLle OTBJIeRaJIH OT THmeJIO:U 06bIeHHOCTH. BBOp;:tIMLle npaBIIJI8
npeCJIe}J;OBaJIII eJIIJ CKOB8Tb lliM3HIJ pa60THIIKa, nanpaBHTb ee TOJIbRO
Ha CJIymeHlIe X03HIIHY. ECJIII BO BpeMeHa Ae:UJIa, re:UTca :il 8praJIJI8
p;paROHOBCRHe aaROHbI K8CaJIHCb Bcex- ROJIOHHCTOB, HaXO,D;IIBIDHXCH B
60JIee MJIH MeHee O}J;HHaROBOM nOJIOmeHIIII, TO Tenepb 9TH aaROHbI
6bIJIH HanpaBJIHLI rJIaBHblM 06paaOM npOTIIB cepBeHTOB II TeHaHTOB
HOMnaHHH. Cpe}J;M Mep HaRaaaHHH oc06eHHO HaCTOHTeJIbHO BBOJJ;HJICH
mTpa<I>. 8TO IIOaBOJIHJIO IIMym:eMY oTRynllTbcH OT HaRaaaHIIH. HeHMY-
ll\Hii nO}J;BepraJICH TeJIeCHOMY HaRaaaHHIO IIJIH ocymJ];aJICH Ha p;onOJI-
HHTeJIbHbIH CpOK npllHY}J;lITeJILHOrO TpYJJ;a.
COHaJIbHOe aaROHO}J;a TeJIbCTBO aCC8M6JIe:u rrpe,D;IIHCbIBaJIO 3a perI1-
CTpllpOBaTb Bcex cepBeHTOB BHprlIHIIH II Brrpe,n;L perlICTpllpOBaTb Bcex
npIl6LIB8IOHX C YRa3aHIIeM }J;aTLI OROHqaHIIH cpORa ROHTpaRTOB,
qT06LI npe}J;OTBpaTHTb BCHRYIO B03MOmHOCTIJ YRJIOneHIIH OT 06Haa-
87 CTOHJIO mapRoe MaJIHpHHHOe JIeTO.
88 TIoame nOCJIe OJIrOH THm6LI qaCTb aeMeJIb yAm. MapTHHa, 3praJIJIa, Y op-
a II HeROTopbIX APyrHx KOMnaHHH KOH«pHCROBaJIa.
89 Foundations, Vol. III, p. 1884-1889.
90 r:aMOUJ£O A. C. YKa3. CO'I., c. 41.
90

TPynHOECTAHOBnEHHE
TeJIbCTB. Heco6J1IOJ];eHHe CepBeHTaMH II TeHaHTaMH YCJIOBHi ROHTpaR-
TOB, aaKJIlOlJeHHLIX B AHrJIHII, npe)J;nHCLIBaJIOCb HaRa3LIBaTb no
YCMOTpeHlfIO ry6epHaTopa H COBeTa ROJIOHIIII. CepBeHT, ROTOpbIi )J;oro-
BOpHJICH em;e B AHrJIHII CJIYiKHTb ROMY-JIII60, HO, npnexaB B BlIprll-
HIIIO, noqeMY-JIlI60 HaHHJICH R KOMY-TO )J;pyrOMY, HaRa3bIBaJICH OT6:bI-
BaHHeM CJIym6bI no 060MM ROHTp3KTaM. lIo}J; yrp030n HaRa3aHIIH aa-
rrpeIIJ;aJIOCb CMaHHBaTb qymlIx cepBeHTOB II TeHaHTOB. nplI aTOM
HaRa3bIBaJIH II C06JIa3HIIBllIero, II C06JIa3HeHHoro.
CTaTbH, HanpaBJIeHHaH npOTIIB «JIeHTHeB», HMeJIa xapaRTepHoe
J];onOJIHeHHe: «...BCHKHH, RTO 6YJ];eT nplI3HaH 6e3}J;eJIbHHROl\1: HJIII YK-
JIOHHIOIIMCH OT 06H3aTeJIbCTB, }J;ame eCJlM OH Ol\ameTCH CBo6oHLIM
qeJIOBeKOM, MomeT 6LITJ:) BllOJIHe 3aKOHHO TOR I\opilopan;HeH HJIH no-
CeJIeHHeM, R KOTOPOMY OH npIIHanJIemHT, nepeJ];aH KaROMY-HH6YJJ:b XO-
3HHHY, HOTOPOMY OH JJ;OJImeH CJIymHTb 3a maJIOBaHbe, nORa He npo-
HBIIT OqeBHlJ;HLIX rrpH3.HaKOB HcnpaB.rreHHH». Bce 8TO rOBopHT 0 3a-
l'IHTepeCOBaHHOCTH B 8RCrrJIyaTa1I1I cepBeHTOB, 0 meJIaHlI1I OCT3.BIITb
HX 3a X03HeBaMH, YBeJIlIqlITb qHCJIO pa60qlIx PYK Ha nJIaIlTa.HHX.
CepBeHTaM RaTerOpHqeCKII 3anpem;aJIOCb ToprOBaTb C HH}J;eiiqaMII.
IIplI HapymeHHII 3anpeTa, eCJIII X03HIIH He BbInJIaqIlBaJI IIITpalJ>a, HX
rrO)J;BepraJIII 6IIQeBaHIIIO. CepBeHT meHID;IIHa IIJIH }J;eBymRa He IIMe-
JIa npaBa BLIXO)J;HTb 3aMym 6ea pa3perneHMH pO)J;IITeJlei, x03HHHa, Me-
CTHLIX BJIaCTei II cBHIIJ;eHHHRa. ECJIH nOCJIe}J;HIIH COBepmaJI 06PH)J; 6ea
C06JIIOJJ;eHIIH 8Toro npaBHJIa, OH nOJJ;JIemaJI CypOBOMY ocymJ];eHHIO co
CTOpOHbI ry6epHaTopa If COB eTa ROJIOHHH. RYCTap:u H BceB03MOlliHbIe
cnen;lIaJIIICTLI, npH6bIBrnHe II npH6bIBaBffille B BlIprHHlllO nOCJIe OT'bea-
,n;a 113 Hee AenJIa, 6bIJIH 06H3aHbI npO)J;OJImaTb pa60TaTb Ha RaI\OrO-
JIII60 X03HHHa, nOJIyqaH nJIaTY «B COOTBeTCTBHH C RaqeCTBOM pa60TbI».
RaqeCTBO me ee onpeAeJIHJI X03HIIH, a B CJIyqae ROH<pJIIIRTa - ry6ep-
HaTOp II COBeT ROJIOHHII, 'lITO, eCTeCTBeHHO, He CYJIIIJIO pa60THHRY
rr06JIameK.
KaK II 3aRoHbI, IIHTepeCaM xoaHeB cJIymlIJIa CYAe6HaH npaRTHRa
accaM6JIelI, KOTOpOH OHa 3aHHJIaCb HBO"tJHbIM nopH}J;ROM. KorJ];a Of(lfH
113 3eMJIeBJIa}J;eJIbn;eB nOmaJIOBaJICH accaM6JIee Ha rpYOOCTIJ 11 HepaAII-
BOCTb CBoero cepBeHTa, TO OHa rrplfHHJIa nOCTaHOBJIeHHe KamJ];O}J;HeB-
HO nopOTb nOCJIe)J;Hero npn qeTLlpex }J;HHX CTOHHIIH Y cToJI6a C rrpH-
6HTLIMH ymaMII 91. B TO me BpeMH accaM6JIeH CoqJIa HymHbIM 061>11-
BIITb, qTO CqHTaeT HenplIeMJIeMbIMH TeJIeCHble HaRa3aHHH ,n;JIH
«AOCTOHHLIX JIIOJ];eH» (men of quality) II HeceHlle BoeHHon CJIym6I)I
«cTapbIMH ROJIOHHCTaMH» 92.
91 Records, Vol. I I I, p. 169; Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 268.
92 Diamond S. Ope cit., p. 111.
91

BBPrllHHH
qacTL aaKOHOB RaCaJIaCL B3aHMOOTHOmeHHH C HHJJ;eHaMH. CYPOBO
npeCeKJIOCb BCe, 'lITO XOTb B H3KOH-TO Mepe MOrJIO YCHJIIITb ROpeHHLIX
mHTeJIeii nepeA JIHqOM eBponeiIqeB: npo,n;ama a60pHreHaM BCeX BH,n;OB
opymHJI IiI C06aR, YCTaHOBJIeHHe C HHMH CJIHmROM 6JIHaRIIX OTHome-
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6}J;HTeJIbHOCTb, "raK HaR, «XOTJI HeROTopble Ha HHX MorYT 6LITb B XO-
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PHBIDIIXCH OTHomeHHH C IIHAeHaMlI, 0 qeM elI(e nOHAeT peqL.
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TaI{ KaK ;n;eHer Y KOJIOHIICTOB nO"tJTH He 6LIJIO. IIocTaHOBHJlII AocTaB-
JIHTb Ta6aK B CI\JIaJ];bI KOMrraHUH no TBep;lJ;LIM cHaI: BLICillHH COpT -
IIO 3 Ill., HM3illMH - no 18 neHC. 3a <PYIIT.
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HaTopa aanpem;aJIOCb aa6HBaTb CROT. TaR Haxo}J;HJI BbIpameHHe IIeHa-
6bIBHbIH cTpax ROJIOHHCTOB rrepe,n; yrpo30H rOJIo,n;a.
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pecpopM B KOJIOHHH, nOATBepm,n;aH ero npHBe,n;eHHLIl\;IH cpaKTaMH, CqH-
TaeM, OAHaRO, HymHLIM Ao6aBHTb, qTO nOIILITKa KOMIIaHHH pemHTb
CTOHBmHe nepeA HeR aa}J;aqH yqpem,n;eHHeM reHepaJlbHOH accaM6JIeH,
XOTH II He 6LIJIa ocoaHaHHLIM CTpeMJIeHHeM R Hacam;n;eHHIO B AMepHRe
oCB060}J;HTeJIbHLIX B}J;eH H AeMOKpaTHqeCKIIX HHCTHTYTOB, R oCJIa6JIe-
HHIO 8RCnJIyaTaHH cepBeHTOB H TeHaHTOB, TeM He MeHee HBJIHJIaCL
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npoecca 6ypmya3Horo pa3BBTIIH. IIMeHHo B XOAe 8Toro npoecca
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caM6JIeH, HJIH ACCaM6JIeH npeACTaBHTeJIen KOJIOHIIH.
92

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«B3JIET» If EAHRPOTCTBO
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maTeJIH OAHon-ABYX aKHn, nopoii BHOCHBillHe aa HHX CBOH IIOCJIe}J;-
HHe c6epemeHHH, BB,n;eJIII B pe4>opMax e,n;HHCTBeHHLIH maHC Ha y,n;aqy.
OHH 6LIJIH He IIpOlIb OTAeJIaTbCH OT caMOYilpaBCTBa CTapLIX «TY30B»
KOMnaHHH, ROTopLIe He CYMeJIII c}J;eJIa TIJ ee IIPH6LIJIbHOH, HO BeJIII
ce6H RaR x03HeBa, npH HBHbIX C IIX CTOpOHbI cpHHaHcoBbIX II npoqlIx
aJIoyrroTpe6JIeHHHX, qTO nOKa3aJIa peBII3IIH 2. YqHTbIBaH BJlIIHHHe,
CBHaH II onbIT CMHTa, ero npOTIIBHHKII Heaa)];OJIro )];0 npe)];CTOHero
OTqeTH<;>ro c06paHHH, HCnOJlbaYH CBoe 60JILmHHCTBO, CYMeJIII YTBep-
}J;HTL HOBYro rrpOI(eAYPY rOJIOCOBaHIIH: nO}J;HHTlIe PYK 6LIJIO aaMeHeHO
TallHon 6aJIJIOTHpOBROii. HaJIHqlIe OARoro rOJIOca Y KamAoro Aepma-
TeJIH aKHll HeaaBHCHMO OT HX qnCJIa n03BOJIHJIO C8HAHCY, KOTOpLIH
BeJI aa c060n MeJIRHX aRHOHepOB, O)];epmaTb IIoGe}J;Y. 28 arrpeJIH
1619 r. OH 6bIJI Ha6paH Ra3HaqeeM 3.
BLI60pbI npOXOAIIJIII B COOTBeTCTBHII C HOBbIMH npaBIIJIaMII, KOTO-
pble o<pHHaJIbHO 6LIJIH nplIHHTbI HeCROJIbKO noame, 7 HIOHH, II nOCJIe
HeROTopLIX ,n:onOJIHeHHn II H3MeHeHHH 3acpHRclIpOBaH:bI B AORYMeHTe,
1 Ames S. M. Reading, Writing and Arithmetic in Virginia, 1607-1699. Wil-
liamsburg, 1957, p. 2.
2 AOKYMeHTaJlbHOe 11 cplIHaHCOBoe X03HHCTBO KOMIIaHIIH )];0 1619 r. HaXO)];H-
JIOCL IIOqTH B IIOJIHOM IIpeHe6pemeHIIII. XOTH B Xo)];e peBII31I1I BOIIpOC 0 IIPH-
MhIX IIO)];JIOrax II XRm;eHIIHX He IIO)];HIIMaJICH, OB B03HIIKaJI Y MHorlIX "tJJIeHOB
ROMIIaHIIII. OqeBHAHOH 6LIJIa crreRYJIHTIIBHaH )];eHTeJILHOCTL «Mare3IIH».
B ROHeqHOM CqeTe T. CMHTY npeA'bHBIIJIH HCR Ha ynJIaTY 800 «1>. CT. )];JIH no-
RphITHH )];OJIra ROMnaHRII (Records, Vol. I I I, p. 506-507).
3 Records, Vol. I, p. 212. CMHT, BRAH CBoe HeMIIHyeMoe rropameHRe, «I>aRTHqe-
CRH CHHJI CBOIO KaHAIIAaTYPY.
93

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ROMnaHHII, JI36IIpaBmlIM Bcex rJIaBHbIX ee CJIymaIIJ;IIX (TeIIepb Tan-
HbIM rOJIOCOBaHHeM).
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3anpeaJIOCb CTaBIITb Ha 06cYiK}J;eHlIe BamHLIe BonpOCbI. 3,n;ecb, RaK
npaBIIJIO, YTBepm,n;aJIIICb pellieHIIH 06LIqHLIX c06paHHn. HeCROJIbRO
CY3IIJIlICI> 06H3aHHocTu U nOJIHOMOqHH Ra3HaqeH, ROTOpbIH lIe pemaJI
Terrepb BalliH:bIe BorrpOCbI. OIl JIMIIIb nOArOTaBJIHBaJI }J;JlH HX paCCMOT-
peHIIH COOTBeTCTBYIOlfe 3aCH}J;aHMH BHprlIHCKoro COBeTa, a TaRme
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COrJIaCHO HOBbIM rrpaBHJIaM ,n;OJImHOCTb nOMOHIIRa Ka3Ha-
qeSl!t CTaJIa rrOCTOHHHOH. Ee 3aHHJI COI03HIIR C8HJ];Hca AmoH <l>eppap
(c 1622 r.- ero 6paT HHROJIac). Ha nOMOII(HHKa II COCTOHBllIHH np:n
HeM ROMIITeT llIeCTHa)J;n;a TII (emero,n;HO 06nOBJIHJICH Ha 1/4.) JIOmHJIaCb
aHaqHTeJIbHaa ,IJ;OJIH 06H3aHHOCTeH, IICnOJIHHBIlIHXCH paHee Ka3Haqe-
eM. }Tqpem}J;aJICH HHCTHTYT peB1I30pOB. ITHTepo II3 HMX 1I36IIpaJIlfCb CO-
6paHlIeM, ,IJ;Boe HaaHaqaJIIICb 113 COCTaBa BHprlIHCKoro COBeTa. Bce BTO
rOBOpHJIO 0 CTpeMJIeHHH He TOJIbKO nOBbICHTb pOJIb KBapTaJIbHbIX c06-
paHlIn, HO II rrOCTaBHTb nOJ]; Ha6JIIO,n;eHMe paHee cpaKTlIqeCRH He ROHT-
pOJIlIpyeMYro ,n;eHTeJIbHOCTb Ra3HaqeH.
AJIH IICnOJIHeHHH KaHn;eJlHpCKOn II 6yxraJITepCROH pa60TM KOMIIa-
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pH, KOTOpbIH BeJI II XpaHIIJI npOTOKOJIbI (records) Bcex co6paHIIH H
cOBeaHHii, apxlIBaplIyca, ,n;eJIOnpOII3BOJ];HTeJIH, CqeTOBo,n;a II IIOCLIJIb-
Horo. PerYJIHpHaH OnJlaTa BLIomlIX ,n;oJImnocTeii npaBRJIaMH He IIpe-
}J;YCMaTpHBaJIaCb. I1CIIOJIHHBllIHX 8TH ,n;OJImHOCTII nOOIqpHJIII OT CJIyqaH
R CJIyqalO. AJIn 8Toro Tpe60BaJIHCb pellIeHIIH RBapTaJIbHbIX co6paHUU,
RqTopbIe HarpamaJIII «3a 3aCJIyrlI» aKIJ;IIHMII HJIH 3eMeJIbH:bIMH Ha-
}J;eJIaMII B BHprIIHIIH.
BHprHHCRJIH COBeT cpopI\-IaJIbHO OCTaBaJICH BepXOBHbIM rrpaBHIqIIM
opraHOM K01tIIIaHHH, YTBepmp;aBllIHM H CRpenJIHBIlIHM IIeqaTblO Bam-
HenIDlIe IIOCTanOBJIeHHH, npeJJ;JlaraBllIlIeCH co6paHlIHMII JIJI npaBJIe-
HlIeM II IIO}J;rOTOBJIeHHble }J;JIH Hero Cnen;IIaJIbHO BbIf];eJIeHHbIMH ROMH-
TeTaMII. O}J;HaRO ero )J;enCTBHTeJIbHOe yqaCTlIe B )J;eJIax CTaHOBHJIOCb
f. Records, Vol. I I I, p. 340-365.
5 TIpemp;e 3Ta P;OJl1RHOCTb HaXO}J;UJlaCL B PYl\ax P. AmOHCOHa, KaK MbI 3HaeM,
6J1II3KOrO T. CMHTY.
94

B3JIET Jf RAHRPOTCTBO
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HLIn, a He pa60qlIii opraH. R co6paHIIIO rrepemJIO npaBO nOnOJIHeHHH
BLI6LIBaBillHX no RaROn-JIM60 npHqMHe qJIeHOB COBeTa (paHee Ha3Ha-
qeHHbIX ROpOJIeM nomII3HeHHO). C06paHIIe 06HBaHO 6bIJIO, npaB}J;a, 1l3-
6HpaTb HOBLIX qJIeHOB H3 "lJIICJIa JIOp}J;OB IIJIH BLICOKonOCTaBJIeHHLIX
JIlIn; (principall Magistrate), HO C cYIIJ;eCTBeHHon orOBopRbn: ORB
J];OJImHLI 6bIJIH He MeHee qeM aa ro,n; }J;O 8Toro aR1'HBHO IIpOHBIITb ce6H
B ;n;eJIax ROMilaHIIH HJIII Ha cJIym6e B BHprIIHHII, IIOJIyqHB oA06peHHe
CBoen ,n;eHTeJILHOCTII. AJIH pa60TLI BllprHHCRoro COBeTa ,l];OCTa TO"IJeH
6LIJI RBOpYM B ceMb qeJIOBeK. TaR HaH Ha3Haqe:u HBJIHJICH qJIeHOM CO-
BeTa, a B COBeTe 6LIJIH ero e)J;HHOMLImJIeHHIIKH, :M:omHO IIOJIaraTL, qTO
OH HCIIoJ.tb30BaJI B03MomHOCTb C03LIBaTb «CBOIIX» JIIO}J;en.
CTaB Ra3HaqeeM, CSH,n;MC npOHBHJI HCKJIIOqlITeJIbHYIO 8HeprHIO,
,n;eiiCTBOBaJI c 60JIbllilIM pa3MaXOM. He B03JIaraH HIII{aKHX Ha)J;emJ]; Ha
OTRpbITlIe B BHprlIHHH BOJIOTLIX poccbIneii IIJ1H BO}J;Horo nYTH R COR-
pOBHa?vI. BocToKa, OH, CY}J;H no BceMY, pemMJI B RpaTqanmHH CpOR
ocyecTBIlTb J{aBHIfH npoeRT P. .D:moHcoHa II IIpeBpaTHTb ROJIOHHIO
B IIOCTaBm;HRa Heo6xoJJ;lIMbIX AHrJIHII TOBapOB, c6LIBaH ROTopLle ROM-
IIaHHH }J;06IIJIaCb 6Ll AaBHO OmH)J;aeMLIX rrpn6LIJIeii. B ero IIJIaHLI BXO-
,n;IIJIO HaR MomHO CKopee YBeJlMqHTb HaCeJIeHHe BnprIIHHM, no Mepe
B03MomHOCTII Crren;IIaJIIICTaMM, crroc06HLIMH HaJIa,n;HTb perYJIHpHYIO
8RCnJIyaTan;HIO MMeBmMxeH TaM: pecypCOB; YBeJIHQMTb 8TH pecypCLl
pa3Be}J;eHIIeM HOBLIX KYJIbTYP; C}J;eJIaTb «06yIO aeMJIIO)} rapaHTOM IIO-
cTynJIeHHH ,n;OXO,IJ.OB, IIORpLIBalOm;HX XOTH 6bI TeKyrqHe 3aTpaTbI.
B 1619 r. B BHprHHlI10 OTnpaBHJIIl 1216 qeJIOBeR, Jl3 BIlX 871 3a
C"tI'eT ROMnaHHH, B TOM qHCJIe 650 Ha «06IIJ;YIO aeMJIIO»; TorAa me
90 meHIQHH, a Ha CJIe)J;YIOIQnn ro.n; em;e 100 - 6Y}J;YHX meR ROJIOHH-
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rroAMacTepbeB», ROTopble IIOCJIe CeMI1 neT 06YlIeHMH aeMJIe)J;eJIHIO HJIII
peMeCJIY ,n;OJIlliHLI 6bIJIH eIIJ;e ceMb JIeT OCTaBaTbCH TeHaHTaMII ROM:na-
HIIH, nOCJIe qero HM nOJlaraJICH aeMeJIbHbIH HaJ];eJI B 25 aRpOB IIPII
emero)J;Hon peHTe B 6 neHC. II cB06o}J;a B BbI60pe 3aHHTHH 7. IIOCbI-
.llaJIH, RaR II rrpem)J;e, HeMaJIO npecTYIIHHKOB, JIIO)J;eH C COMHHTeJIb-
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HHHMII C9H}J;IICa B BHprHHMIO rrpneamaJIO Tenepb ropasJ];o 60JIbme cne-
I(IIaJIIICTOB: 3eMJIe,n;eJIbeB, nJIOTHHKOB, BHHO;n;eJIOB (c 10 TLIC. JIOS
6 ReM OHII 6bIJIH, HeII3BeCTHO. BecbMa BepoHTHo, ocym;n;eHHLIe 3a MeJIKHe npe-
cTYIIJIeHHH. CJIe;n;yeT IIOMHIITb, O;n;HaKo, 'ITO 6e;n;HOCTb C COIIYTCTBYIOHMH
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cTynneHHe.
7 Ha ;n;ene BO MHorHX cnyaHx OHH OCTaBaJInCb cepBeHTaMR n nocne 14 neT
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95

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pa6eJIIJHROB, 6oH}J;apeif, }J;y6HJIbID;HROB, rOHqapOB, rOpHHROB, pLI6a..
ROB, COJIeBapOB, meJIROBO,l(OB, CTeROJILm;HROB H ,l(p. R 1623 r. Bcero B
KOJIOHHIO OTlIpaBIIJIH 3,5 TLIC. qeJlOBeR 8. CTHMYJlHpOBaJIOCb pa8BH-
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JlHH, CROTOBO}J;CTBa, pIJI60JIOBCTBa, qTOObI nOCeJIeHD;bI MOrJIH ooecne-
qHTb ce6H npOAYRTaMII llIITaHHH. C TOH me n;eJIblO 1I3;n;aBaJlM pacno-
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RaE yqeHLIii, a B RaqeCTBe yrOJIIJHRa B Rpoii;n;OHe, HOCHT CBOIO mJIH-
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tITO IIOJIOmeHHe ROJIOHHH, 6J1aro}J;apH CTapaHHHM rrpaBJIeHHH KOMrra-
HHH, ry6epHaTopa II KOJIOHHCTOB, BHymaeT YBepeHHOCTb B pOCTe 11
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3a TPII MeCH,-,a AO olly6J1IIKoBaHHH }J;eHJIa pan;HH, 17 MaH 1620 r...
upOH30mJIO MHOr03Ha1J:HTeJlbHOe Co6bITMe. Rora qJIelILI ROMIIaHHH
co6paJIIIcIJ Ha OTQeTHOe ro,n;OBoe co6paHlIe, OHII IIOJIyqlIJlH ROpOJIeB...
8 0 TInCJIe mHTeJIeii ROJIOHHH II HX COCTHBe CM.: Records, Vol. I, p. 212, 235,
259, 270--271, 288, 293, 300, 304--307, 350--352, 355, 411--412, 492--493;
Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 543, 549-560; Proceedings, Vol. I, p. 37; Foun-
dations, Vol. III, p. 2173; Craven W. F. Dissolution of the Virginia Compa-
ny, p. 59, 97-98, 301; idem. The Virginia Company of London, p. 37-38, 40,
56-57; Robinson W. S. Ope cit., p. 20; Tyler L. G. Ope cit., p. 84-85; Hatch
Ch. E., Jr. The First Seventeen Years Virginia, p. 7.
! IIo;D;p06Hee CM.: Bruce Ph. A. Economic History..., Vol. I, p. 236-250; Cra-
ven W. F. Dissolution of the Virginia Company, chap. 4; The Elizabethan's
America, N 38; Evans C. W. Some Notes on Shipbuilding and Shipping in
Colonial Virginia. Williamsburg, 1957.
10 Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 285; Hatch Ch. E. J amesto,vn, Virginia. The
Town Site and Its Story. Washington, 1949, p. 20.
11 Proceedings, Vol. I, p. 25.
12 Records, Vol. III, p. 307-312.
96


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4 JI. 10. CJICSI-\liB
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p,y 8 TLIC. <1>. CT. lIa 6IOAmeTa B 18 TbIC. IIpHHHMaJIHcL MepbI, 'ITo6bI
nOJIyrllITL )];eHLrH C nOAllnC"IIHROB-,n;OJImHHKOB, aa ROTOpLIMH 1II1CJIH-
JIOCL 16 TLIC. cp. CT. BennCL 11eperOBopLI C ennCRonaMH 0 cy6clIAII-
pOBaHHH HMII MHCCHOHepCKO:H ,neHTeJILHOCTH I.
IIpH Bcex CTapaHHHX C8H}J;Hca TOJIbRO cpeACTBa, 110JIyqeHHLIe OT
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TIIH. OH paCXO}J;OBaJICH rJIaBH"bIM 06pa30M Ha OTrrpaBRY HOBLIX KOJIO-
HHCTOB. HeomH}J;aHHO KOMIIaHIiH JIHmHJIaCb II 8Toro HCTOllHHRa
cpe}J;CTB. B MapTe 1621 r. JIOTepeH RaK MeporrpHHTHe, ,n;aBaBmee
B03MOiRHOCTb K 3JIoynoTpe6JIeHHHM, BbI3bIBaBmee He3}J;opoBbIH amH-
OTam II 6eCQHCJIeHHble maJI06bI, 6LIJIa JIIIRBH)J;HpOBaHa npaBHTeJILCT-
BeHHLIM pacnopHmeHHeM t5. TpYAHO CRa3a Tb, 6bIJIO JIll 3TO HOBLI1.f
BLIIIa}J;OM KOpOJIH, HO BO BCHROM CJIyqae KaaHa KOMIIaHUH B peaYJILTa-
Te ORa3aJIaCb B TaKOM IIJIaqeBHOM nOJIOmeHHH, 'liTO IIOMOHHK Ra3Ha-
qeH <1>eppap He CMor lIo,n;rOTOBHTL rOJ];OBoro <pHHaHCOBoro OTqeTa. AR-
HH, CTOHBmHe lID HOMHHaJIY 12 tP. 10 m., IIpo,n;aBaJIHCb 110 40-
50 m. 18
I' Records, Vol. I, p. 380-397, 492-493, 580; Brydon G. M. Religion Life of
Virginia in the Seventeenth Century. Williamsburg, 1.957, p. 3.
15 Records, Vol. III, p. 434-435; Foundations, Vol. III, p. 2323-2324.
ie Records, Vol. ,III, p. 487, 537--538, 557-558; Craven W. F. Dissolution of
the Virginia Company, p. 185.
98

flB3nET.. H BAHRPOTCTBO
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CTapaHHH He cMory OCyIn;eCTBHTb BalliH npOeKTLI)} 18.
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aMeplIKaHcRIIH HCTOpHR 8,n;MYHA C. MopraH: «...IIp06JIeMa COCTOHJIa
17 The New Land, p. 198.
18 Records, Vol. III, p. 298-299.
99
i..*

:hHP,rRHUJ1
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6bIJIII, HeCOMHeHHO, Te caMbIe JIIOAH, ROTOpbIX qJIeHbI reHepaJlbHOH
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19 RaK CQHTaeT MopraH, 1619 r.
20 Morgan E. S. Ope cit., p. 105-106.
21 Foundations, Vol. III, p. 2174.
22 Proceedings, V 01.. I, p. 37, note 49.
23 Diamond S. Ope cit., p. 103-110.
to!)

((BanET) it bAHRPOTCT:80


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24. Records, Vol. I, p. 537.
25 Charters, p. 126-128; Records, Vol. I I, p. 468-482, 485-490; Foundations,
Vol. III, p. 1889-1890.
26 npOCJIaBHJICH nepeBOAOM OBHAHH. qacTL pa60TM npoAeJIaJI B BHprHHHII
(Davis R. B. Literature and Society in Early Virginia. Baton Rouge, 1973,
chap. I).
27 Records, Vol. I, p. 450, 464, 468; Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 562.


101




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co CBOHMII COIDSHIIRaMH II CTaBJIeHHHKaMII HBJIHJIllCb rJIaBHLIMII aK-
28 Proceedings, Vol. I, p. 28-30; Herndon M. Ope cit., p. 3-6; Gray L. C.
History of Agriculture in the Southern United States. New York, 1941,
VIs I-II, Vol. I, p. -239.
29 Records, Vol. I, p. 526-529; Vol. I I I, p. 510-511.
t02

«(B3JIET)) H BAHRPOTCTBO
IJ;IIOHepaMH ROMnaHHII OCTpOBOB COMMepCa. TaK RaR 6epMy,n;CKHH Ta-
6aR npOIl3BO,n;IIJICH B MelILmeM ROJIH'IeCTBe II 6LIJI no CBOIIM RalIeCT-
BaM Hllme BllprlIHCRoro, OHII 60HJlIICL 6LITL BLITeCHeHHLIMII C Ta6alI-
Horo pbIHRa AHrJIHH H He menaJIH HeCTH paBHLIe paCX01);LI.
HeROTopLIe He XOTeJIII MllpHTLCfI C He06xo,n;HMOCTbID BBOSIITL Hc'naH-
CRHH Ta6aR. MHLIe ClIUTaJIH CJlHmKOM 60JILmOH KOpOJIeBcRyro }:(OJlIO
,n;OX01);OB. TeM He leHee c06paHlle QJIeHOB 06e1IX KOMlIaHHH nOCJIe
J];OJIrHX f(e6aTOB 27 HOH6pfI 1622 r. YTBep,n;IIJIO KOHTpaRT 30.
3Ta no6e;n;a CaH;D;Hca yme Be HrpaJIa cym;ecTBeHHOH pOJlH B CY)];L-
6e BHprHHCROH ROMnaHIIII. B MapTe 1622 r. HH;n;eHLI HanaJiH H8
aHrJIHHcKyIO ROJIOHlllO II IIO;D;BeprJlH ee onYCTOII1eHIlIO. B aMepllRaH-
CROB IICTOplIorpa<pIIH aTO C06LITHe nOJIyqlIno Ha3BaHHe «60HHU
1622 r.» IIorH6JIo 347 ROJIOHIICTOB 31. CTOJlbRO lI-\e, eCJIH He 60JIL-
me, YMepJIO HeCROJILRO n03me OT rOJIOAa II JlHmeHIIH. 3HalIHTeJlLHaH
qaCTb HMym;ecTBa II CTpoeHllii 6:bIJIII YHlIqTOmeHLI orHeM. I-Ia pYRax y
OCTaBmHXCH B mIIBLIx, B TOM 'tJIICJle meHID;HH, ORa3aJIHCb paHeHLIe,
60JILHLIe, )J;eTII, rOJIO)];HDIe II 6es KpOBa.
H3BeCTlle 0 «60HHe», AOCTllrmee AHrJIIIH, HBIIJlOCL TOJllIROM,
orrpOKHHYBillllM mlIpMLI, ROTOp:bIMH ROMnaHHH npHRpLIBaJIa IICTIIHHoe
nOJIOmeHHe. cDHHaHcoBoe 6aHRpoTcTBO 6LIJIO HaJlIID;O. 0 c60pe peHTLI
IIOCJle «60HHH» He MOrJlO H,n;TH II petIlI. ,n:eJIO C «Ta6allHLIM ROH-
TpaKTOM» Tor;D;a ee nOllTII He npOABHraJIOCL. ROJlOHHH nepMaHeHTHO
HcnLITLIBaJIa Tpy,n;HOCTH II, RaR BLIHCHIIJlOCL, ORaSaJIaCL COBepmeHHO He-
cnoc06Hoii R ;n;eiiCTBeHHOH 060poHe. A Be,n;L KpOMe HH)l;eiin;eB MO}KHO
6LIJIO OiKIIAaTb Hana,n;eHHH 60Jlee rp03HLIX npOTHBHHROB: HcnaHn;eB -
C IOra, rOJIJlaH1J;eB II <ppaHyaoB - C ceBepa, r,n;e ORH yme Hapyma-
JIll rpaHII:rJ:LI BHprIIRIIH. Pa30peHHYID ROJIOHIIID nOCJIe TparIIqeCKOH
BeCHLI H THmeJIOrO JIeTa omll,n;aJla CTpaIIIHaH rOJlo,n;HaH aHMa.
TpY,D;HO CRaaaTb, paCCqRTLIBaJIO JIM na qTO-TO npaBJlelIHe ROMna-
HHII «<Ta6aqHLIH ROHTpaRT»?), 60HJIOCb JIM npH3HaTbCH B nOCTHrmeM
ee 6aHRpOTCTBe IIJIII He Morno B Hero rrOBepHTb, HO nocJle «60HHII»
OHO BbInYCTIIJIO HOBYID «,I(eRJIapaIJ;HID 0 COCTOHHIIH ROJIOHIIII II AeJIax
BlIprIIHIIII» 32. B AeRJIapan;IIH nOBTOpHJIHCL Bce npemHHe ,n;OBOALI B
nOJIbay ROJIOHlIaaIJ;HII (RJIHMaT, nJIo,D;opo,n;lIe H T. )J;.), OTMellaJIHCL
aaCJIyrlI ROMIIaHIIII, CYMeBilleH OTnpaBIITb sa OKeaH 3Ha"tJIITeJIL,HOe
QUCJlO nOCeJleHeB. «BOHHH» JIpeJ];CTaBJlHJlaCL cnyqaHHLIM C06:bITUeM,
30 nopo6Hee 0 «Ta6alIHOM KOHTpaKTe» CM.: Bruce Ph. A. Economic History...,
Vol. I, p. 262-270; Craven W. F. Dissolution of the Virginia Company,
chap. 8; Andrews Ck. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, chap. 7.
31 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 582-583. qnCJIO y6IIT:bIX no pa3JIHlIHLIM aHHLIM
He Bcera COBna;n;aeT, HO KOJIe6JIeTCH B npeeJIax 350
32 Records, Vol. I I I, p. 666-673, 683-690.
103

BHPrHHHH
BLI3BaHH.bIM Hepa)];IIBOCTLIO, eOCTOpOmHOCTbIO II pacnyeHHocTLIO
ROJIOHIICTOB, nOJIY"tJIIBIDHX nOJIe3H:brH ypOR, I{OTOPLIH HarIIIT IIX ycep-
;l];IIID II 6,n;HTeJILHOCTIi. TIpII6JIIISHTeJlbHO TaRoro me . co.n;epmaHHJI
llllCbMO OTnpaBHJIII B BlIprIlHHJO, OAHOBpeMeHHO HarrOMHHaJI, 'liTO
OTCYTCTBHe Y KOMIIaHIIH Cpe)];CTB JIIIII1aeT ee B03MOiRHOCTH qeM-JIH60
IIo,n;)];epmaTL EOJIOHIICTOB; YMy,n;peHHLIe OIIbITOM, OHII ,n;OJImHLI HaHTH
B ce6e CHJlLI, 'tJT06LI npoRopMIITLCH H nOnOJIHHTb KaaHY ROMrraHIIH:
«IIpOJIIITaH RpOBb OIIJIO,[(OTBOpJIT nJIaHTaIJ;HIO... MbI y6emp:eHhI, qTO
6hIJIO 6LI rpexoM II HeYBameHlIeM R rraMHTH naBIDHX aa6pOCHTL, He
aaBepmHB ero, J];eJIO, 3a KOTopoe OT)];aJIII mlI3Hb TaK IVIHoro HamlIX
6paTbeB».
BpaBaAa 1'1 D;HHH3M He MOrJIII 06MaHYTL HaJ];OJIrO ,n;ame caMHX py-
ROBO;z:J;IITeJIeM ROMna'HHH. B oKTH6pe 1622 r. «Peppap C006HJI CaH,IJ;H-
cy, KOToporo Tor,n;a He 6hIJIO B JIoH,n;oHe, «06 OTqaHHHOM rrOJIOmeHIIII
BHprIIHHH» 33. He JIyqmHMII 6bIJIII «j>IIHaHcoBbIe ,n;eJIa KOMnaHIIII.
BparH CaH,n;Hca pemHJIII CBeCTH HaROHeu; C HHM CqeTbI, aaXBaTHTb
ROMIIaHHIO B CBOII pyRH. Mx CTHMYJIlIpOBaJI K aTOMY ycnex C8HJJ;1l-
ca B ,IJ;eJle C «Ta6aqHLIM KOHTpaKTOM», a TaRme OXJIamAeHlIe K C8H,n;n-
cy qaCTH aKD;IIOHepOB, KOTopLIe IIIJIII aa HHM C 1619 r., a Tenepb
CqlITaJIII ero 06MaHYBmHM IIX Ha]J;emALI. 'llaK KaK CaH,n;nc yme ABa ro...
,n;a He 6LIJI ocplID;naJIbHbIM PYROBo,n;HTeJIeM, TO HanpaBJIeHHbIn npOTIIB
Hero YAap 06J1eRaJICJI B CPOPMY KpllTHRH eJITeJILHOCTH npaBJleHHH
KOMnaHIIH 3a BeCb neplloA CO BpeMeHH yxoJ];a C nOCTa RaSHaqeH
capa TOMaca CMHTa, qTO o]J;HoBpeMeHHo ,n;OJIiRHO 6LIJIO CJIymHTb pea-
6IIJIHTan:1I1I nOCJIeJ];Hero.
HacTyrrHJIa BeCHa 1623 r.- BpeMH OT'tJeTHoro c06paHuH I{OMIIa-
HHII. CalIMc, CaYTreMIIToH II «1>eppap IILITaJIMCb 3a:ru;lIru:a TbCH. OHII
c06npaJIli «paI\TbI, ROTopLle IIo,n;TBepm,n;aJIII 6LI u;eJIec006paaHocTb cy-
ID;eCTBOBaHIIH BHprlIHCRoro npe,n;npIIHTIIH, rOBOplIJIII 6Ll 0 ero npo-
rpecce. OHII cYAopomHO HCRaJIH HOBbIH HCTOqHIIR cpe.n;CTB, y6em,n;aH
nallID;HRoB, 'tJTO JIyqrne CAeJIaTb em;e O,n;HO YCIIJIHe, KOTopoe HaBepHH-
Ka JJ;aCT omHAaeMLIii peaYJIbTaT, 'tJeM ORasaTLCH 6aHRpoTaMII. B Ka..
ROll-TO CTeneHH OHII npeycrreJIII. AKIIOHepLI, oc06eBHO BJIOmHBIDHe B
,n;eJIo CBOII IIOCJIeJ];HHe c6epemeHHH, He XOTeJIII MllpHTLCH C MbICJlLIO,
'tJTO Bce YCIIJIIIH 6bIJIH HanpaCHLI, qTO HeHa6emHLI y6LITRH, ,n;JlH Roro-
TO 1I3 HHX HenorrpaBHMbIe, a MomeT 6LITL, pOKOBLIe. KaK nORa3aJIH
C06LITHH, npaBJIeHlIe ROMnaHlI1I MOrJIO paCCqHTbIBaTL Ha 60JILIDIIHCT-
BO rOJIOCOB.
IIoHHMaH 8TO, napTHH CMIITa - ¥opBHRa Ha'tJaJIa aTaKY, He )];0-
mn,n;aHCb c06paHHH. B Ha'tJaJIe anpeJIH 1623 r. P06epT AmoHcoH no-
33 Craven W. F. Dissolution of the Virginia Company, p. 208-211.
104

(( B3JtET) H BAHRPOTCTBO
)J;aJI KOpOJIID neTIIn;IIID, npOCH ero BMemaTeJIbCTBa B }J;eJIa KOMnaHnll,
06CTOHBmne, HaR rrHCaJI OH, H3 PYK BOH nJIOXO C Toro BpeMeHII, HaH
npeRpaTIIJIOCb «CqaCTJlIIBOe», no ero CJlOBaM, npaBJIeHHe TOMaca CMH-
Ta: «Harne e,n;IIHCTBO 11 Mllp a}J;eCL, B AHrJIHII, rrpeBpaTIIJlIICb BO
Bpam,n;y n paCKOJI, a B BllprnHIIH - B 60HHID II Bpam,n;e6Hble }J;eHcT-
BIIH MemAY TyseMaMII II HarnHMII KOJlOHHCTaMII» 34. BCJIe,n; sa neTH-
lIe:ii AmoHcoHa OTnpaBHJI ROpOJIIO maJI06y Ha rrpaBJIeHlIe KOMnaHHII
ry6epHaTop OCTpOBOB COMMepca HaTaHII3JI EaTJIep, Ha3BaBmlIH ee
«HeaaMacRlIpoBaHHoe JlMn;O Hameii ROJIOHHH B BnprlIHIIII, KaROBbIM
OHO 6bIJIO 3HMOH 1622 r.» 35 Tor,n;a OH JIlIqHO nOCeTIIJI ROJIOHIlID,
II, RaR YTBepm,n;an, HameJI ee B CaMOl\tI IIJIaqeBHOM COCTOHHIIII C TOqRII
apeHHH 060POHbI, pacnOJIOmeHHH ,l];meHMcTaYHa, 06ru;lIx YCJIOBIIH
II\HaHH II X03HHCTBa.
IIoHa maJI06:bI JIemaJIH, omlI,n;aH KOpOJIeBCKOro pemeIIIIH, npOTHB-
HIIKIl CaHAlIca aneJIJlMpOBaJIII K TaHHoMY COBeTY C npocL60H aHHYJlH-
pOBaTb «Ta6aqHLIH KOHTpaHT». OHII YTBepm)];aJIH, qTO rOJIOCOBaHlle Ha
06eAIIHeHHoM c06paHHH KOMnaHIIH B IIpe}J;M,n;yeM ro,n;y IIpOBOJ];H-
JIOCb npn HapymeHIIII He06xo,n;IIMLIX npaBHJI. ¥qHTI>IBaH, KaK BH,D;HO,
nJIaqeBHLle ,n;eJla BlIprlIHcKoro npe,n;rrpIIHTHH, BJIlIlITeJIbHOCTb napTHH
CMIITa - ¥ opBIIRa, nOJlHTllqeCROe JIHqO CaHAHca, a rJIaBHLIM 06pa-
aOM HemeJIaHHe ROpOJIH nopTHTb H3-aa HOHTpaKTa OTHOmeHHlI C IIc-
naHHen, TaHHLIH COBeT 23 anpeJIH 1623 r. aHHYJIHpOBaJl ero.
CocTaBHTeJIII maJI06 6LIJIH JIH'tJHO aaHHTepeCOBaHHbIe JIID,n;H:
AmoHcoH - )];OBepeHHoe JlHn;O TOMaca CMHTa, BaTJlep - rpatPa ¥ op-
BHKa, qLHMII CTapaHIIHMH OH CTaJI ry6epHaTOpOl\I. TeM He MeHee, Aa-
me npHHHMaH BO BHHMaHHe HX npIlCTpaCTHOCTL, TaHHLIH COBeT, He-
COMHeHHO, IIMeJl OCHOBaHHH saHHTLCH paCCJle,n;OBaHlleM. 9 MaH OH yq-
pe,n;IIJI crren;naJILHYID ROMHCCIIID H3 meCTII 'tJeJIOBeK BO rJIaBe C CapOl\tI
YHJIbHMOM AmoHcoM - 'tJJIeHOM CYAa 06m;HX rrpomeHHH (Court of
Common Pleas). C 9Toro MOMeHTa ,n;eHTeJIbHOCTb npaBJleHHH KOMIIa-
HIIH aKTllqeCKH npeRpaTHJIaCb, a ee )];ORYMeHTaHH OKaaaJIaCb no
KOHTpOJIeM ROMIICCHH. Bce BpeMH YXOAHJlO Ha COCTaBJIeHHe OT'tJeTOB,
Ha 6eroTHID 3a CBIIJ];eTeJIHMII, Ha HBKY C nOKaaaHHHMH. CaH,n;IIC, rpa<I>
CaYTreMnToH, JIOp,n; ¥HJILHM RaBeH,n;Hm (c 1623 r. RaaHa'tJeH ROM-
naHlI1I OCTpOBOB COMMepca) ropH'tJo OTCTalIBaJIII ROMnaHlllO II ee Me-
ponpllHTHH nOCJIe,n;HHX JIeT, HanpaBJIeHHLIe, RaK OHII YTBepm,n;aJIII, Ha
B03pOm)];eHlIe II nporpecc BnprHHHH. OHH 06BHHHJIH npOTHBHHKOB B
pa3BaJle ,n;eJIa B npeAmecTBYIDm;lIn nepnoA (1606-1618), a TaKme B
3i Records, Vol. II, p. 373.
35 Ibid., p. 374-376.
105

BHPrHHItJt
ca60Tame (1618-1623) 86. Ha HX CTOpOHe OKaaaJIaCL reHepaJlLHan
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napJlaMeHTaplIeB nOnLITaJIIICL BLIpyqHTb KOMnaHHID, IICnOJIb3YH aHTU-
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Moro OTHomeHUH K 06cymJ];aBmUMCH TaM BonpocaM He HMeJIO. IIo-
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iKlIJlH B CTOPOHY, RorAa KOpOJIL B Cnen;HaJILHOM nllCLMe OT 28 anpeJlH
npe,n;ynpeJ];HJI naJIaTY, "tITO BOIIpOC 0 BuprHHcRoH KOMnaHHH OH pemlIT
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OTHOmeHIIH MemJ];y AnrJIHeii H McnaHHeH B MOMenT, KorJ];a ROpOJIL
HaROHeI( OTKaaaJlCH OT C6J1HmeHHH C Ma)];pllJJ:OM. AeJIo nepemJlo B RO-
pOJIeBCRHii CYJ]; (Court of King's Bench), KOTOpLIH 24 MaH 1624 r..
IIOCTanOBHJI JI:mnHTL ROMnaHIIID, KaR 06aHRpoTlIBmeecH npeAnpHH-
THe, Bcex npaB II npHBHJIeruii, ". e. JlHRBHJ];B{)OBa TL ee 89.
38 Records, Vol. II, p. 393-409; Craven W. F. Dissolution of the Virginia Com-
pany, p. 287-291, 306-310.
37 Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 412-424.
38 Bcero B KOJIOHHIO sa 1.606-1623 rr. 6bIJIO OTnpaBJIeHO OROJIO 14 TbIC. qeJIO-
neR.
39 Records, Vol. II, p. 471.-475, 526-528, 530, 537-538; Vol. IV, p. 477-478;
Proc.eedings, . Vol. I, p. 63-68; Ridpath 1. Cl. Ope cit., Vol. I I, p. 708.
106

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B aaKJIIO'tJeHlIe CJle,n;yeT CRaaa TL, 'tJTO «nplI,IJ;BOpHaH na pTHH» B
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mne ROpOJIeBCROii BOJle: o. coxpaHeHHH Ko¥naHIIH (,,3. RaK nncaJI
8H,n;PIDC, HH ROpOJIb, HII TaHHLIH COBeT «HHRor,n;a OTRpLITO He Bospa-
maJIU npOTHB HapO)];HLIX cpOpM ynpaBJIeHHH ROJIOHHH» ("f,. }J:06aBIIM,
nOTOMY qTO OHn He YCMaTpnBaJIH 9Tnx «HapO,IJ;HLIX <}>OPM». Bo BCHKOM
cJlyqae He CqHTaJIII nx CROJILRO-HH6y,n;L onaCHLIMH.
(,,0 Craven W. F. Dissolution of the Virginia Company, p. 277.
U CauMonc A. .M. "YRas. COq., c. 32.
(,,2 llop;p06Hee CM.: Craven W. F. Dissolution of the Virginia Company, p. 261-
285.
(,,3 Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 409-430.
"" Andrews Ck. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 170.
107

BHPr'IIHHJI
B aTOH CBHall rrpe,n;CTaBJIHeTCH HeTOqHbIM YTBepm,n;eHlIe A. C. Ca-
MOHJlO, 6y,n;TO TOJILRO noc.TIe JlIIRBII,n;an;1I1I ROMIIaHlI1I II CneHaJILHO C
n;eJILID Hacam,n;eHIIH a6COJIIDTHCTCKHX IIOpH,n;ROB accaM6J1eH 6LIJIa
«HIISBe,n;eHa» ,n;o pOJlII «COBe:rI{aTeJILHOrO opraHa npll ry6epHaTope, TaK
R8K nOCJle)];HIIH IIMeJl npaBO HaJIara TL «BeTO» Ha JIID60e pemeHlle IIJ1II
IIOCTaHOBJleHlIe naJlaTLI. eiiCTBlIe Bcex BLIcmHX ROJIOHllaJlLHLIX TIH-
HOBHIIKOB, Be,n;aBmlIX ,n;eJIaMH BlIprUHIIH, He no,n;JleiRaJIII TenepL ROH-
TpOJlID CO CTOpOHLI npe,n;CTaBIITeJILHOrO opraHa ROJIOHIICTOB» 5. Ho
IIMeHHO TaR 6LIJlO, RaR MLI aHaeM, II BO BpeMeHa BlIprlIHCROH KOM-
naHHII. Ha060pOT, MLI YBII)];HM, RaR 1I0CJle ee JIHRBII)];an;HII, npH Bcen
HeJlID6BII ROpOJlH K npe,n;CTaBHTeJILHLIM yqpeiR)];eHHHM, reHepaJILHaH
accaM6J1eH YRpenlIT CBoe nOJlOmeHlIe, a O)];HOBpeMeHHp npOHBHT CBOH
)];aneKO He HapOJJ;HLIii xapaRTep.
IIOR8 CRameM TOJILRO, qTO IIMeHHO TorAa, Kor,n;3 pemaJICH Borrpoc
o cy,n;b6e ROMnaHIIH, a CJIe,n;OBaTeJILHO, BJlaCTb HaaHaqeHHOrO elO ry-
6epHaTopa ORaaaJlaCb KaR 6bI nOA cOMHeBneM, reHepaJlbHaH accaM-
6JIeH aRTIIBHO q,YHKU;lIoHlIpOBaJIa. OHa nplIHHJla pemeHlIe 06 yqpem-
,n;eHIIII B oRpyrax (corporations) tJapJl3-CIITII II 8J1lIaa6eT-cHTII nep-
BLIX MeCTHLIX Cy,n;OB 6. OHII ,n;OJIiKHLI 6LIJlH, c06npaHcb pas B MeCHD;,
pema Tb MeJIRlIe yrOJIOBHLIe ,n;eJIa H rpaiK,n;aHcRHe THiR6LI, He BLIXO
,n;HIJ:(He 3a npe,n;eJlLI HMYID;eCTBeHHLIX npeTeHSIIH, On;eHHBaeMLIX
B 100 q,. Ta6aRa. CY)];LHMH ,l];OJIiKHLI 6:bIJlH CTaTL PYROBO,IJ;HTeJIII OT-
,n;eJlLHLIX CeJIeHlIll (the commanders of the places) H JlHn;a, HaSHaqa-
eMbIe «ry6epHaTopoM II COBeTOM KOJlOHIIH» (yaaRoHeHHaH cpopMYJIa).
BepxoBHbIM Cy,n;OM, Cy,n;OM meHMcTaYHa II aneJIJIHHOHHbIM Cy,n;OM
OCTaBaJiCH COBeT ROJlOHHII, Ha ROTOpOM npeAce,n;aTeJIbCTBOBaJI ry6ep-
HaTOp. IIplI BceH OrpaHlIqeHHOCTII CPYHRIJ;IIH «emeMeCHqHLIe Cy,n;LI»
(Monthly courts), RaR OHII HMeHOBaJIIICb, paCmHpHJlI'I HeCROJIbRO 06-
IJ:(eCTBeHHhIe CPYHKU;IIII ROJIOHHCTOB, KOHeqHO, p;OCTaTOqHO BJlIIHTeJIb-
HLIX H COCTOHTeJIbHLIX. Be,n;1> TOJIbHO OHH MOrJlII 6bITb «PYROBo,n;IITe-
JlHMII (RoMan,n;lIpaMII) CeJIeHIIH» 47. IIa HIIX, ROHe-q'IIO, Ha3Ha-qaJIH cy-
neii ry6epnaTOp II cOBeT, RY]J;a BXOAIIJIII IIMeHHO COCTOHTeJILHLIe If
BJlIIHTeJlLHLIe KOJlOHIICTLI.
Ho BepHeMCH K pemeHIIID ROpOJIH 0 JIIIKBII)];an;HII BHprlIHCRoii
5 Ca:Mou.lto A. C. YRa3. co'!., c. 43.
6 Foundations, Vol. III, p. 1890-1891. OnpeAeJIeHHe rpaHHI\ IOpHC,u;HK[IIH
3THX CYP;OB CllHTaeTCH B aMeplIRaHcKoH HCTopHorpa«}>HH marOM Ha nYTH
nepexoAa OT TeppHTOpHaJIbHOrO p;eJIeHHH KOJIOHHH, BBe,u;eHHoro B 1619 r.,
K 'p;eJIeHHIO Ha rpa<I>cTBa, ° KOTOpLIX peqb noi,u;eT Bnepe.n;n (Riden M. W.
How Justice Grew. Williamsburg, 1957, p. 2-3).
7 O<I>HepbI MeCTHOH MIIJIIIIJ;HII, BJIaAeJIbI\bI aeMJIH, Ha KOTOpOH mHJIH aaBIICH-
Mble OT HIIX JIIOAI1, p;enYTaTbl accaM6JIeH?
108

«B3JIET» II BAHRPOTCTBO
ROMnaHHII II nOCTapaeMCH OTBeTIITL Ha BOnpOC, nO-qeMY OHa nOTep-
neJIa Hey,n;aqy?
He nOTOMY, QTO OCTLIJI ,n;yx ROJIOHllaJILHOH npe,n;npIIIIM-qIlBOCTII.
I1MeHHo B 1624 r., Rorp;a ROMnaHIIH 6L1JIa JIIIRBHp;lIpOBaHa, BLIIDJIa B
CBeT RHIIr3 moHa CMIITa «06ru;aH HCTOpllH BnprIIHHII», BocneBaB-
maH p;eHTeJILHOCTL aHrJIHqaH B AMepHRe. B TOM me rop;y nOHBHJIaCL
RHlIra PHqap)];a 86epHa «O-qeBH,n;HLIH nYTh ROJIOHH3aIII1» i8. ABTOp
npHBeTCTBOBaJI Bce ROJIOHHaJIbHLIe npe,n;npIlHTHH, HO npemp;e Bcero
peROMeH,n;OBaJI cp;eJla TI> aHrJlIIHCKOH ROJIOHHeH HLIDq,aYH,n;JIeHp;, a oc-
BOIITL ero 6LIJIO no KpanHeH Mepe He Jlerqe, -qeM BlIprHHHIO.
B 1625 r. cDpeHclIc BaKoH ony6JIHROBaJI CBOH onbIT «0 ROJlOHHnX» i9,
n;eHHOCTb ROTOpLIX SaID;Hm;aJI co CBoHcTBeHHoH eMY CTpaCTHOCTblO,
co Bcen CHJIOH CBoero aBTopllTeTa. MMeH B BH,n;y BHprHHIIID, OB nu-
caJI: (<...HeT THmeJIee rpexa, RaR nORHH:YTb Ha BOJIIO cyp;e6 OAHamAbI
OCHOBaHHYIO KOJIOHIIID; He rOBopH yme 0 6eCQeCTLH, 9TO 03HaQae1'
BepHYIO rH6eJIh MHorliX HeBMHHLIX». JIIIRBH)];HPOBBJlH BnpmHCKYID-
ROMnaHlIlO, HO npo,n;OJImaJla cym;ecTBoBaTL ROMnaHIIH OCTpOBOB COM-
Mepca, CYID;eCTBOBaJIH II MHOmllJlIICb P;Pyrlle ROMnaHHII.
BLITL MomeT, BHprlIHCRaH ROMnaHIIH IIMeJIa nJIOXIIX PYROBop;HTe-
JIeii? HeT. Te me JIID,n;H C ycnexoM BeJlII ROMMepqeCRlle p;ena, yqaCT....
BOBaJIH B rrpaBJIeHlI1I ,n;pyrlIx KOMnaHHii, 6LIJIII onLITHLIMH napJlaMeH-
TapIIHMII. llOJIIITlIqeCRHe MOTIIBLl? TaROBble He IICnOJlLSOBaJIHCL npo-
TIIBHHRaMII BHYTPH KOMnaHHH H nplI ee pocnYCRe. JIHqHLIe? OHn
HrpaJIII HeMaJIYIO pOJIL. Ho 3aIDJIa 6LI Bpam,n;a TaR ,n;aJleKO, 'tJTo6LI OC-
MeJIHTbCH nOCTaBHTb Ha RapTY cy,n;L6y npep;npHRTIIH, OT: 1\0Toporq
mAaJlII P;OXO)];OB? 1(0.1:0808 Y:J/Ce ne :J/Cf)aJtu. 3,n;eCL HaXOp;HJICH RopeHL.
OR ITIITaJi BCro onnoaHn;HID BlIprlIHCROH ROMnaHIIII, C I-\aROH 6bI CTO-
pOH:bI OHa Hll Hcxo,n;HJIa, B 'tJaCTHOCTH IIe,n;OBOJIhCTBO npaBJleHHeM CaH-
;D;lIca - CaYTreMnToHa. 8KOHOMIIqeCRIIH II <pHHaHcoBLIH Hpax, C ROTO-
pbIM 6bIJIO CBHsaHO HeycTpoHCTBO H He6JIarolIoJIyqlIe ROJlOHIIII,- IIPII-
'tJ:IIHa JIIIRBH)];aIJ;HH BHprlIHcRoH ROMnaHHII.
Ho nOqeMY IIOTepneJIa Hey,n;aqy HMeHHO 8Ta :KOMnanIlH?
BaRoH, paaBHBaH B ynoMIIHaBmeMcH «OnLITe» nAeH P. AmoHco-
Ha, npo,rr;oJImaJl HaCTaHBaTL Ha npeHMYW;ecTBax Toro THIIa ROJIOHHH
RaRon XOTeJIII coa,n;aTh B BlIprl'IHHII PYKoBop;HTeJlH KOMIIaHIIII: ROJlO-
HHII aeMJlep;eJIhqeCROH II npolIaBo,n;Hm;eii TOBa pLI, ROTopLIe cJlymHJIH
6LI ITOp;CIIOpbeM xoaHHcTBY MeTpOnOJIHII. BaRoH CQIlTaJI HeeJIeco06-
paaHLIM «qepecqyp MHoro pbITbCH B 3eMJIe», H8]J;eHcb H-aHTH TaM 30-
i8 E.brne R. A Plain Pathway to Plantation, ed. by L. B. Wright. New York,
1962.
4:9- Bano.,." (/J. HOBan ATJIaHTHp;a. OnbITbI H HaCTaBJIeHHH. M., 1962, c. 100-103,
t09

BHPrUHHR
JIOTO lIJlH cepe6po, «1160 PYAHH'tJHbIe npe)];npllHTIIH He CYJIHT BepHOH
npH6bIJIH, a MemAY TeM aaCTaBJIHIOT ROJIOHHCTOB IIpeHe6peraTL J];PY-
rHMH neJIaMH». rOBOpH 0 B03MomHbIX Heynaqax ROJlOHI(aan;HII, BaROH
HaCTaBJIHJI: «I-{OJIOHlIaan;:UH CTpaH IIOA06Ha Hacam,n;eHHIO JleCOB; 1I6o
npII aTOM npnXOAHTCH OTRaaaTbCH OT npn6MJIeH JIeT Ha ,IJ;Ban;aTL II
nomaTL TIJlO,n;LI TPYAOB CBOHX JIHmb CnyCTH )J;OJIroe BpeMH. CaMLIM na-
ry6HLIM AJIH 60JILmeii qaCTH ROJIOHHH 6LIJIO HHSRoe H aJlqHOe CTpeM-
JIeHne lIaBJIeRaTL li3 HIIX 6apLlmH C nepBLIX me JIeT. PaaYMeeTCH,
'tJTO H CROpOH npn6bIJILID npeHe6peraTL He ro,nIITCH, HO JIlImL no-
CROJILRY OH3 COBMeCTHMa C 6J1arOM ROJIOHHH, He 60JIee».
RpoMe «HaCaiR)J;eHHH JIeCOB», BaRoH COBeTOBaJl nopaSMLICJIHT.b,
«KaKne liS MeCTHLIX' npO)J;YXTOB MorYT 6LITL npeAMeTOM TOprOBJIII II
J];aBaTL npIl6LIJIL, Aa6bI CKOJILKO-HII6Y)J;L oKynHTL nepBOHaqaJILHLIe
paCXOAbI; HO TOJILRO, RaR yme 6LIJIO CRasaHO, 6ea ep6a ,IJ;JIH rJIaB-
Horo J];eJla, RaK aTe;> 6IJIO B BHprHHIIH C Ta6aROM». «ITOCTLI,IJ;HO II
rpeXOBHO aaCeJIHTI. ROJIOHIIIO oT6pocaMll 06m:eCTBa II npecTynHIIRa-
Mil... ITO,IJ;06HLIe JIID,IJ;H OCTaIOTCH HeroAHHMII II BMeCTO pa60TLI npena-
IDTCH JIeHOCTH II 6eCqHHCTBaM, IIOrJlom:aIOT npllIIaCLI, a BCRope, lIaCKY-
'1HB BceM aTIIM, co06aIDT Ha pO,IJ;HHY JIOmHbIe BeCTH, 1I0poqam:He RO-
JIOHHID».
llHaqe rOBopH, TaM, r,n;e HMeJlHCL Bce YCJlOBHH )J;JlH C03)J;aHHH
IIpOD;BeTaIDeH ROJIOHIIII, BHprHHCRaH ROMnaHHH CBoeH ma,IJ;HOCTLIO,
ROJIOH.HCTLI Ta6aROBo,n;CTBOM, a HeROTopLIe liS HHX Hepa,n;HBOCTLIO no-
ry6UJlH ,n;eJIO «HaCaiR,n;eHIIH JIeCOB». G,n;RaRO «HHaRoe H aJIqHOe
CTpeMJleHHe» R 6bICTpOH HamlIBe 06HapymllBaJIH II APyrlIe ROMilaHIIII.
BHprHHCRaH RaR paa npOHBIIJIa HeMaJlOe TepneHlIe. qTO RaCaJIOCL
I(06pOCOBeCTHoro TpYAa, TO TYT He 6LIJlO npelIMY:m:ecTB y «npoD;Be-
TaBmIlX» HCII8UCKHX IIJlH RaRIIX-JlII60 p;pyrnx KOJIOHHii. ITpn aTOM, BO-
npeRII paCCYiRJ];eHIIHM BaROBa, onbIT YtIIIJI, tITO «npOD;BeTaJlII» HMeH-
HO Te ROJIOHHII, r)];e 6LIJIO HaH)];eHO SOJIOTO nJlH cepe6po (MeRCHRa.,
IIepy), Te, r.n;e He npIIXO,l];IIJIOCb TpaTIITb BpeMH II cpe,n;CTBa na «Ha-
cam,n;eHHe JIeCOB» (aeMJlH 60raToro BOCTORa), B xyp;meM cJlyqae Te,
r,n;e YCJlOBHH n03BOJIHJlII aa cpaBHHTeJILHO ROpOTRHH CpOR, npn cpaB-
HHTeJILHO He60JILDIIIX'lIa,n;epiRKaX H YCHIIHX HaJIap;HTL npOHSBo,n;CTBO
«MeCTHLIX npOAYRTOB», B tIaCTHOCTH Ta6aKa (BeCT-HH)];CRHe, BRJIIDtIaH
OCTpOBa COMMepca).
BHprHHCKaH ROMnaHHH nOTepneJIa Rpax HMeHHO lIa-3a He06xoJJ:H-
MOCTH (<Hacam,n;aTL JIeca». KOMnaHIIH XOTeJIa BH,n;eTb II CTpeMHJIaCb
CAeJIaTb BlIprllHUID UCTOllHIIROM HamIlBLI. Ho s,n;eCL He OI{aSaJIOCL ,n;o-
cTynHLIx cpasy 60raTCTB, l.IeBepHO paCI(eHHJlH B03HHRmee Ta6aKOBOA-
CTBO, pa60'laH CIIJIa 06XO,D;IIJ1aCL ,n;oporo, 6LIJla BpeMeHHoi, HeJl:OCTa-
TO'lHOH II HeYCTOHllHBOi. AR:qHOHepHLIH KanHTan 6eaOCTaHOBOllHO Ta-
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CeJIeHn;eB II npllpOAHDIe pecypCLI KOJIOUIIH. TeM 60nee qTO XOTeJln.
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II TOBapOB, B ROTOpLIX AHrJlHR XOTH II uymAaJIaCL, uo KOTopLIe OHa
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paH CTIIMYJlllpOBaJla 6:LI KOJlOHH3aIJ;BIO H sapOiK,n;eHHe <pepMepCKoro
XOSHHCTBa. KaK 6LI TaM UII 6LIJIO, KOMnaUIIH npOHBHJla 6Ll Bce TO me
«HIISKoe H aJIqHOe CTpeMJIeHlle HaBJIeRaTL 6apLIllill».
CYTb ,n;eJIa He MeHHJIaCb, paCBeTaJIa JIll B nOHCKax aTIIX 6apLI-
men OCT-MH,IJ;CRaH ROMnaHIIH, npIlXO)];IIJ1a JIll B yna)J;OK, ue CYMeB 06-
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(contribution) OT Jl;IIRapen MLI nOJlyqaJIII TOJILKO CMepTeJIbHLIe paHLI
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aa rpa6em. GHII YHeCJlII C c060ii Bce 06HapymeHHbIe sanaCLI 3epHa.
eHJI ClIeJl, 1J:TO (<06JIa,n;aHHe aTHM MeCTOM, JIemaID;HM MeHee qeM B
5 MHJIHX OT 3HpIlRO, MomeT 6LITL OqeHL nOJIeaHO». «OH pemllJI aaXBa-
i Chandler A. N. Ope cit., p. 35; CM., TaRme: Washburn W. E. The Moral and
Legal Justifications for Disspossesing the Indians.- In: Seventeenth-Cen-
tury America, ed. by 1. M. Smith. Chapel Hill, 1959, p. 15-32. B 9TOH co-
AepmaTeJIbHOH II HHTepecHoH CTaTLe aBTop, nomanyii, rrpH)J;aeT CJIHIDROM
60JILmOe SHaqeHHe MOpaJILHLIM II IOpH,IJ;ntIeCRHM MOTHBaM, ROTOpLIMII PYRO-
.. BO}J;CTBOBaJIIICL aHrJIJIlIaHe, CrOHJIJI IIH,IJ;ein;eB C SeMJIH.
2 Smith's Travels, Vol. I I, p. 498. HanoMHHM, qTO CJIOB8 CHMMoHAca, KaR II
,IJ;pyrHx, npnnOAJITCJI B «06eii HCTOPH» B nepeCRaae caMoro RaIIHTaHa
CMHTa. .
a Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 503.
112

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cJIe,n;yroHn p;eHb aHrJIlI"IlaHe HaTOJIRnYJIHCb Ha CHJlLHMH aaCJIOH Ha
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«CTpeMIITCH BLIlIrpaTh BpeMH II YHeCTII nO)];aJILme aanaCLI rrpOBH-
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ceBa. IToRaxoHTac OCTaJIaCL nJIeHHIIn;eii. «3aAOJIrO AO 9Toro MHcTep
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4. Ibid., p. 510.
5 Ibid., p. 512.
113

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6e,cnOROHHoe nJIeMH.
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py B B03MomHOCTh )J;enCTBeHHoro conpOTHBJIeHHH, HCKaBlliero nOKOH
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OT]J;aJI IIORaXOHTac 3aMym aa aHrJllIqaHIIHa, IIayx8TaH npOCHJI nepe-
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nplIHHTL BeCTL 0 JIro6BII II Mllpe, II OH 6y,n;eT CY:I:qeCTBOBaTL, noxa JI
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ro aTO saBIICHT, )];ame eCJIH y MeHH 6y)];eT MHoro npllqllH ,n:JlH BOHHLI,
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eCJIH BLI 6y)];eTe npllqllHHTL MHe Bpe, H rrpOCTO yii,n;y OT Bac, IIMeJl B
6 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 513-514.
7 mUJIH Ha 6eperax O)J;HOUMeHHoii peRU, Bna)J;aIOeii B p. AmeiiMC ceBepo-aa-
na)J;H&H ,D;meHMCTaYHa.
8 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 515.
f1

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oc06eHHO nOCJIe CMepTH ITayxaTaHa, B arrpeJIe 161.8 r.
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9 Ibid., p. 518-519.
10 Ibid., p. 533.
11 Ibid., p. 529.
115

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12 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 562.
13 B aTOM II n01J;o6HhIX CJIyqaHX 1J;JIH YA06cTBa CI\JIOHeHHH MhI orrYCRaeM 1\0-
HeqHIdH 3BYI\.
1 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 573.
15 Ibid., p. 573-574.
16 CM., HanpHMep: Morton R. L. Colonial Virginia. Chapel Hill, 1960, VIs I-
II, Vol. I, p. 73-74.
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17 Vaughan A. T. American Genesis, p. 157.
18 Beverley R. The History and Present State of Virginia, ed. by L. B. Wright.
Chapel Hill, 1947, p. 51; Robertson W. The History of America. London,
1821, VIs I-III, Vol. III, p. 262-263.
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HaMMeTaH JImeT II lITO 3TO OR y6HJI HX X03RHHa, aaCTpeJIIIJIH ero (Willison
G. F. Behold Virginia: the Fifth Crown. New York, 1951., p. 235).
20 Robertson W. Ope cit., Vol. III, p. 272-273.
21 QIIT. no: Washburn W. E. Ope cit., p. 22.
22 Beverley  Ope cit., p. 45, 61, 62.
119

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23 MOH,Tel£b M. ODuITbl. M.- JI., 1954, RH. 1-2, RH. 1, c. 265-271.
24 Robertson W. Op. cit., Vol. III, p. 264.
25 Beverley R. Ope cit., p. 54.
26 Records, Vol. IV, p. 221-222.
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2'1 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 579.
28 Records, Vol. III, p. 556-557.
29 Lauber A. W. Indian Slavery in Colonial Times within the Present Limits
of the United States. New York, 1913, p. 118-119.
121




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ReBOJIe, 6bICTpO norH6aH, JIHmeHHbIe CBo60,n;bI. Pa6CTBO HH.n;eiin;eB He
CTaJIO neOT1>eMJIeMLIM H aHOHOMHQeCKH pelITa6eJIbHLIM HHCTHTYTOM
B X03HHCTBe ROJIOHHH 33. Heyp;aqa B aTOM .n;eJIe H B03paCTaBIIIaH IIOT-
pe6HOCTb B pa60qllX pYKax nOCJIyiRllJIH TOMY, 'tJ:TO pa6CTBO B BIIprH-
HIIH Bce me IIOHBHJIOCb. BHaqaJIe Ka3RBmeeCH CJIyqaHHbIl\JI, R "tJepea
30 IICRJIlOqeHHe COCTaBJIHJI paHHHH MapIIJIeH,n;, rp;e ee BeJIn ne3YUTbI.
31 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 885.
32 Leah and Rachell.- In: Tracts, Vol. III, p. 29.
33 MbI He MomeM COrJIaCHTbCH C B. <1>. CTpaTaHOBJIlIeM, ROTOpbIH YTBepmp;aeT,
tITO nOCJIe Hey,u;atIlI «BBe]J;eHIIJI pa6CTBa HH,u;eHeB» ROJIOHlIaJIbHbIe BJIaCTH
BHprlIHlI1I «BBeJIII 6eJIoe pa6CTBO», T. e. TPY,u; cepBeHTOB (IIpOMLIIDJIeHHOe
pa3BIITHe ceBepoaMepHRaHCRIIX KOJIOHIIH AHrJIlI1I B XVII-XVIII B!B.- Yq.
3all. MOlilI, 1966, T. 171. Bce06IIJ;aH HCTOpHH, BLIII. 7, c. 48; 01/, :JICe. R BOllpO-
cy 0 nepBOHa"laJIbHOM HaROnJIeHIIH, c. 172). CepBeHTLI ueCOMHeHHO no-
JIBIIJIIICb B BnprHHlI1I II ,u;pyrlIx aHrJIIIHCRIIX ROJIOHIIJIX CeBepHoH AMeplIRII
o,u;HOBpeMeHHO C nepBLIMH nOCeJIeHaMII, COCTaBJIHH qaCTL STIIX nOCeJIeHeB.
Pa6cTBo IIlI,n;e:iieB nbITaJlIlCb BBeCTII B p;OnOJIHeHIIe R «6eJIOMY pa6cTBY».
t22

PACCKA3 0 HACII31BB II MOIIlEHHllqECTBE»
100 neT CTaBmee 06LIqHLIM If 06HaaTeJILHLIM: pa6CTBO a<l>PURaHcRHX
HerpOB.
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B ero «06eH HCTOPHH)}: «IIpH6J1HsHTeJlLHo B KOHe aBrYCTa npH6bIJI
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POB)} 3. ABTOp HBHO He nplI]J;aB8JI Cep:be3HOrO SHalleHHH aTOMY CO-
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MOMeHT TOJIbRO CHMIITOMOM rpHp;ym;HX nepeMeH. Ao KOH:qa H3YQaeMO-
ro nepHoAa HHCTHTYT pa6CTBa "tJ:epHLIX OCTaBaJICH em;e B 3aqaTO"tlHOM
COCTOHIIUH. B 1649 r. B BnprnHHR HaCqRTbIBaJIOCL OROJIO 300 nerpOB,
'ITO COCTaBJIHJIO npH6JIH3HTeJILHO 2 % HaCeJIeHHH ROJIOHHI1 (15 TLIC.) 35.
Hal{ 6:bI TO HII 6LIJIO, eCTb Bee OCHOBaHHH rOBopHTb 0 IIOCTerreHHOM
BHe,a;peHHII pa6CTBa, ROTopoe, )J;ame elI(e He CTaB cym;ecTBeHHLIM 9JIe-
MeHTOM COIl;HaJIbHO-aROHOMHqeCROH CTPYRTypLI, TeM He l\tIeHee He Mor-
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HomeHHH Mem):(y JIIOJJ;bMH. BepOHTHO, C rrOHBJIeHHeM qepHLIX pa60B
eCJIII He B03HHR, TO CTaJI SaRpeIIJlHTLCH B H3LIRe BHprUH:qeB Tep-
MHH «6eJIbIH pa6» no OTHomeHHIO R cepBeHTaM. 3TO 6LIJIO He npOCTO
aHaJIOrHeii, 9TO 6bIJIO OTHomeHHeM.
HeROTopLIe aMepHRaHCRHe aBTopLI 113JIHmHe OCJIOmHHIOT BOIIpOC,
Ror)J;a, paccym]J;aH Ha TeMY, RaROBO 6LIJIO nOJIOmeHlIe nepBLIX HerpOB
B BHprHHHH, CCLIJIalOTCH Ha TO, qTO p;o 1640 r. B 3aKOHO]J;aTeJI:bCTBe
ROJIOHHH He HMeJIOCb npHM:bIX YKa3aHHH Ha cyecTBoBaHHe nOiKlI3-
BeHHoro pa6CTBa HerpOB. Ha30BeM XOTH 6LI ¥HHTporra ,I(. AmOPAalla
II ero RHHry «BeJiLIH nap; qepHLIM» 36.
OAHaRo COBepmeHHO 01leBH):(HO, qTO C caMoro HaqaJIa HerpLI IIOHBII-
JIHC!> B BHprHHHH B KaqeCTBe pa60B. M3BeCTHO, -qTO )J;JIH IIpo):(amlI
B pa6CTBO ynOMHHYTLIX 20 HerpOB 3aXBaTHJIH B AHrOJIe HcrraHCKHe
pa60ToproBLI. ,n:JIH TOH me eJIH y aTHX pa6oToproB:r(eB HX OTHHJIII
r):(e-To B BeCT-HH;n;HH rOJIJIaH]J;LI II RaK pa60B IIpOJ];aJIII BHprHHaM.
34 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 541. Y HeKOTQpLIX aBTopOB - 21.
35 lordan W. D. White over Black. American Attitudes toward the Negro,
1550-1812. Baltimore, 1971, p. 73.
36 lordan W. D. Ope cit., chap. 1; CM. TaRme: Mapp A. I. The Virginia Expere-
mente 1607-1781. La Salle (Illinois), 1974, p. 53; Bennett L. The Shaping- of
Black America. Chicago, 1975, p. 9. 3Ta TO'tJRa 3peHIIH BOIDJIa II B COBeTCRYIO
HCTopHorpacI>IIIO: BOJl,X08UTUno8 H. H. HeKoTopLIe np06JIeMbI reHeaHca aMe-
plIKaHCROrO RanHTa1l3Ma.- B KH.: TIp06JIeMbI reHe3Hca RanHTaJIII3Ma. M.,
1970, p. 148-149; pe:u;eH3BH 3. JL HHT06ypra Ha RHHry JI. H. MUTpoxHHa
«HerpHTHHcRoe ,l);BlImeHHe B CIlIA» (HoBaH II HOBenmaH IICTOpHH, 1976,  1,
c'. 205).
123

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lleHHJI ROHTpaKTOB, HHqerO He MeHHeT.
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pOB, ,o;aBHO Ha6nIOp;anH ero B ROJIOHHHX CBOIIX COllepHIIROB, co BpeMeH
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cepBeHTOB 3'1. Pa6CTBO CaHKD;IIOHHpOBana D;epKoBL 38. RynJIeHHDIH pa6
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pa6CTBa HerpOB B BuprHHHH» 39. «llepBbIe HerpbI, rrpHBe3eHHbIe B
BHprHHHIO B 1619 r., C Moro Ha-qaJIa paCCMaTpHBaJIHCL RaR no-
llilI3HeHHLIe pa6LI. OHH II Bce P;PyrHe aq,pHRaHD;:bI, ROTopLIe npH6LI-
BanI! IIocne HHX...)}, -- TaR IIHCaJi aBTOp crre:qHaJIbHOrO HCCJIe,n;OBaHHH
«CB060P;HLIH Herp B BHprIIHHH)} 40. AmopJ];aH, He 3aMeqaH npOTIIBO-
peqlIH B c06CTBeHHLIX cym.n;eHHHX, Ha3BaJI rJIaBY CBoero TpYJ];a, B
KOTOpOH paCCMaTpHBaeTCH npOlIcxomp;eHHe pa6CTBa HerpOB B aHr-
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3aKOHOAaTenLCTBO 0 pa6ax, nepBLIe npH3HaRH ROToporo MomHO
o6HapymHTL, B BHprlIH1I1I B 40-x rOAax X,TII B., RaI{ 9TO QaC1'0 6:bIBa-
eT, 3acpHRCIIpOBaJIO yme CYIQeCTBOBaBmee nOJIOmeHHe BeIQen. ,n:pyroe
1];eno - KOHKpeTHLIe q,OpMbI IICIIOnb30BaHliH pa6a, xapaRTep B3aHMO-
OTHomeHIIH OT,n;eJILH;:bIX X03HeB H pa60B, BpeMH II ocooeHlIocTH 3aRO-
Ho):(aTen:bCTBa 0 pa6ax, B03MomHOCTb IIOHBJleHIIH B KOJlOHIIH CB060J];-
Horo Herpa, BepHee BonbHooTIIym;eHHHRa (MOpHR, cnyra), rrpon;eJ];ypa
oCB060mp;eHHH H3 HeBonH (pemeHHe x03HIIHa, OTRYll II T. .n;.), T. e.
37 AmoH CMHT He c'tJeJI, HanpHMep, npeAocYAHTeJIbHbIM npoAaTb B pa6CTBO
HHAe:nCROMY BomAIO roHoro KOJIOHHCTa-aHrJIH'tJaHHHa.
3 C/JOUH,Ulfl£UU B. R. POJIb xpHCTHaHCROH n;epRBH B YTBepmAeHHH H oq.opMJIe-
HHH nJIaHTaHOHHoro pa6cTBa.- B RH.: BaxpymHHcRHe 'tJTeHHH. HOBocH-
6HPCR, 1968, BbIn. 1, c. 127-159; Scherer L. B. Slavery and the Charches in
Early America. 1619-1819. Grand Rapids (Michigan), 1975, chap. 1-3.
39 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 541-542.
40 Russell 1. H. The Free Negro in Virginia. 1619-1865. Baltimore, 1913,
p. 16; CM. TaRe: Ballagh 1. C. A History of Slavery in Virginia. Baltimore,
1902, p. 7-8; Vaughan A. T. American Genesis, p. 143-151; Foner Ph. S.
History of Black .Americans. Westport (Connect.), 1975, p. 187.
41 CXOJJ;Hoe IJ:pOTHBope'tJHe B RHHrax: Nash C. B. Red, Wite and Black, Eng-
lewood Cliffs (N. J.), 1974, p. 164; Boskin J. Into Slavery. Philadelphia,
1976, p. 3-40.
f24

PACCRA3 () ttACHJtilli H MOmEHH:nttECTBE)}
Te 8JIeMeHTLI, HOTOpLIe MOrYT BapLHpOBaTLCa B npeiJe.aax CUCreMbZ
pa6CT8a 42.
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em;c He 61>IJIO HerpOB, a paCOBI>Ie rrpeJJ;paccyp;HII CYIIeCTBOBaJIII. Kop-
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JIIICb peJIUrlI03HbIMII B033peHIIHMU (HaH M B OTHOllieHIIH IIH,n;eH:u;eB),
YRpeIlJIHJIHCb BI{JIIOqeHlIeM aHrJIlIqaH B paooTOprOBJIIO. He OYP;b Bcero
8Toro, He nOHBIIJICH OLI qepe3 10 JIeT I10CJIe rrpH6LITHH B BHprHHlI10
rrepBLIX HerpoB CJIeJJ;YIOm;IIH coxpaHIIBillllMCH (!) rrpIIrOBOp: «XblO
A8BHca nOABeprHYT:b CypOBOMY 6IIQeBaHIIIO nepeA co6paHHbIMli AJIH
3Toro HerpaMH II p;pyrlIMII ROJIOHIICTaMII: 3a oorollpoTIIBHoe 6eCQeCTbe
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CBoe TeJIO, JIema C HerpIITHHROH...» 45.
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3peHIIH: qepHLIM nplIlIHcbIBalOT nopoRII, KOTopbIe B aTOM 06m;eCTBe
nopom;D;aJIO pa6cTBo. TaR, M3BecTHbIH IIJIOJ];OBIITbIH aMeplIRaHcKHH
HCTOplIR TOMac Am. BepTeHoeHRep nMCaJI: «BepoHTHo, caMoe 60JIb-
fioe IIpecTyrrJIeHlIe npOTIIB IOmHbIX ROJIOHMH - He BB03 TYAa pa60B,
a BB03 HerpoB... BHprlIHIIH B TeqeHlle BeRa 6eJIOH aMHrpan;1I1I He 6LIJIa
06peMeHeHa qpe3MepHbIMH TPYP;HOCTHMM ,n;JIH CBoero 6y,n;ym;ero pa3-
BHTIIH...» 46. BYJJ;TO HerpbI exaJIII TYJ];a IIO c06CTBeHHOMY meJIaHHIO!
BYJJ;TO JJ;JIH OTMeHbI 250-JIeTHerO pa6CTBa HerpOB He nOTpe6oBaJIaCb
rpam,n;aHCRaH BOMHa 1861-1865 rr.! Ho 8TO BorrpOCLI, yme BLIXOP;H-
m;lIe aa IIpeJ];eJILI HameH TeMLI.
42 R TaKoMY nOHHMaHIUo 6JIH30K 3,n;rap J];m. MaKMaHYc, HO B ero cym,n;eHHHX
HeT p;OCTaTOqHOH qeTROCTH II onpe,n;eJIeHHOCTH (M eM anus E. J. Black Bon-
dage in the North. Syracuse (N. I.), 1973, p. 55-59).
'3 Bruce Ph. A. Economic History..., Vol. II, p. 71.
'4 Degler C. N. Slavery and the Genesis of American Race Prejudice.- In: In-
terpreting Colonial America, ed. by I. K. Martin. New York, 1973, p. 141-
. 153.
45 Foundations, Vol. [I I, p. 2072.
46 The Planters of Colonial Virginia.- In: Wertenbaker Th. J. The Shaping
of Colonial Virginia. New York, 1958, p. 38.
125

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aTOM 6LIJIO 06'LHBJIeBO 13 MaH 1625 r. ClIen;lIaJILHOii npOKJIaMa:IHeii 3.
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OCTaJlLHLIMH ROJIOHHHMII, ROTopLIe COCTaBJIHIOT «qaCTL HameH HM-
nepHH», J];OJImHO 6LITb IIpHBeAeHO B COOTBeTCTBlie C 06HMH npHH-
D;HnaMH CTpoeHIIH rOCYAapCTBa, a nOTOMY KOpOJIL 6epeT aTO ynpaB-
JIeHHe «B c06CTBeHHLIe PYKH». BHprHHCRIIH COBeT B JIoHoHe H COBeT
ROJIOEHII COXpaHHJIIICL, EO npaRTHqeCRH ynpaBJIeHHe RonOBHen rrepe-
11.aBaJIOCL ry6epHaTOpy, HaBHaqaeMOMY MOHapXOM. HHaqe rOBOpJI,
CTaTYT BlIprHHHH HSMeBHJICH. OHa CTaJIa KOpOJIeBCKOH ROJIOHHeH.
TIocTeneHHO H3MeHHJICH II ee 06J1HK.
S Tyler L. G. Ope cit., p. 91, 93-98, 104; CM. TaKme: Wertenbaker Th. 1. Vir-
ginia under the Stuarts, p. 62; Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 430.
2 Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 431-460.
3 Foundations, Vol. III, p. 1722-1724.
126

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RaTeJII>HLI ):(JIH HCTOpHROB.
JIIIRBII,n;aHH BHprHHCRoii ROMITaHHH (c aToH ROMITaHlIeii 6LIJIH
CBH3aHLI YIIoMHHaBIDlIecH JIHu;a), a TaRme C06LITHH B AHrJIHII (B HHX
9TH JIIIn;a aRTIIBHO yqaCTBOBaJIH), OT pocnYCRa B 1625 r. nepBoro
napJIaMeHTa n;apCTBOBaHHH RapJIa I ,n;o rpam,n;aHcKoii BOHHLI 1642-
1649 rr., cIIoc06cTBOBaJIH OXJIam,n;eHHIO HHTepeca aHrJIHqaH K BlIpm-
HHB B oCJIa6JIeHHIO CBHSH nocJIeJ(Heii C MeTpOnOJIHeii. ROJIOHIIH B
rJIaaax aHrJIHlIaH CTaJIa BLlrJIH,n;eTL rJIyxoH npoBIIHHeii. BHHMaHlIe
u u
iKHTeJIeH caMOH ROJIOHIIII IIOrJIOaJIOCL Tor]J;a BOCCTaHOBJIeHlIeM no-
TepL, BLI3BaHHLIX «60HHeH 1622 r.)}, npHcnoc06JIeHIIeM R HOBLIM YC-
JIOBHHM.
, Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 884-885.
5 Doyle 1. A. Ope cit., p. 185-186.
127

BHPrBHBH
KaR nHCaJl TOT me ,n:OHJI, «mH3H.L -KOJIOHHCTOB He Tpe60BaJIa re-
pOHSMa H He OTRpLIBaJIa JJ;JIH HHX npOCTOpa» 6.
IIpoBHHD;HaJIbHOCTL KOJIOHHaJiLHOn »\H3HH, ee PYTHHHOCT:b, He-
YCTpoeHHOCTL MHorHX nOCeJIeHn:eB, a TaKme HeaHaqHTeJILHOe tInCJIO
rpaMOTHLIX JIIO]J;eii 7 (He FOBOpH yme 06 06paaoBaHHLIx; p;ame CBH-
:r:qeHHHKH 6LIJIII HanepeqeT 8) HaJIOlliHJIII OTlleqaTOK Ha coxpaHHBIDne-
CH HCTOqHHRlI, JIHlliHJIH C06LITHH npemHeH HpROCTH, HerrocpeJJ;cTBeH-
HOB npHBJIeRaTeJILHOCTH He TOJlbRO AJIH rrOCTopOHHIIX Ha6JIIOp;aTeJIeii,
no H ):(JIH caMHX BHprHHD;eB. MCTOqHHRH, rOBopH CJIOBaMH CMHTa,
nOBeCTBOBaJIII 0 «MeCTe II MeCTaX», a He 06 «06m;eM nOJIOmeHHH Be-
en». JIIOHC E. PanT, Hs):(aBaH «MCTOPHIO» BeBepJIH, nOqepRHBaJl,
qTO ):(0 rrOHBJIeHHH aToro Tpya «MaJIO RTO H3 nOCeJIeHeB CqHTaJI
CBOro ):(eHTeJILHOCTL oCToiiHOH OIIHcaHIlH» 9.
OAHaRO HMeHHO BO BTOpOH qeTBepTH XVII B. B BHprHHHH <pOpMH-
pOBaJIHCL OCHOBLI YRJIa):(a, YTBepAHBmerOCH nOTOM Hap;OJITO. ,IJ:oHJI
HHTynTHBHo qYBCTBOBaJI 9TO H Hep;OCTaTOR HMeBmerOCH Y Hero Ma-
TepHaJIa nLITaJICH BOCnOJIHHTL 06:r:qHMH paccymAeHHHMII. IIepBeHcTBo
B CMeJlOM H yrropHoM ep;HH060pCTBe C «CYMepRaMH» npHHap;JIelliHT
no npaBY SHaROMOMY yme HaM Bprocy. Ero «8KoHOMHQeCKaH IICTO-
pUR BHprHHHH)} BLIillJIa B CBeT B 1895 r., HO He nOTepHJIa CBoero
uaYQHOrO BHaqeHHH H IIOHLIHe. RasaJIocL, OH OTRpLIJI COKpOBHHHn;y.
Ho, HBAaBaH B 1907 r. HOBYIO RHHry - «CoD;HaJlLHaH mH3HL B Bnp-
rHRHH», BplOc HaqaJI ee maJI060H H8 «MaJIOqHCJIeHHOCTL H 6eAHocTL
MaTepHaJIOB, HenocpeACTBeHHO OTHOCHHXCH R TeMe» 10.
IIpoillJIO IIOqTH 100 neT C Toro BpeMeHH, Korp;a nHCaJI AOHJI.
nOHBHJIOCL HeMaJIO HOBLIX KHHT 0 BlIprIIHHH. BLIJIO 6LI, OJ{HaKO,
npeYBeJIlf1IeHHeM CRa3aTb, qTO cenqac HaROHen: npOJIHT «HPRHH ):(HeB-
HOB CBeT)} Ha TOT rrepHoA ee HCTOpHH, ROTOpLIH IIMeJI B BRAY ,[(OHJI,
6 Doyle 1. A. Ope cit., p. 186.
7 ,'qeTeH Y1JHJIH pO,n;MTeJIH, RaR npaBHJIO, CaMH MaJIOrpaMOTHbIe. ECJIH 6LIJIH
1JaCTHble yqIlTeJIH, TO, BepOHTHO, Y HeMHOTJIX COCTOHTeJILHLIX JIIO]J;eM. ITep-
BOe CBH]J;eTeJILCTBO 0 HaMepeHllH COa,n;aTb IDROJIY B BHprHHHH OTHOCHTCH R
1635 r. II COCTaBJIHeT c060ii BOJIIO 3aBem;aTeJIH, ROTOpylO ee npeACTOHJIO
IICIIOJIHHTb (Ames S. M. Ope cit., p. 14-17).
8 ABTOp RHHrH, n:a,n;aHHOH B cepe]J;llHe XVI I B., IIHCaJI: «... Ty,n;a OTBamHBaJIOCh
eXaTb MaJIO AOCTOHHbIX npOnOBe,n;HHROB, C1JHTaH ee He6or060H3HeHHOB CTpa-
HOM; 3aTO npHeXaJIO Ty,n;a MHOrO JIIO,n;eii, 0AeTbIX B 1JepHOe, ROTOp:ble MOrJIH
60JITaTb C Ra4>e,n;pbI, a TaRme CKaHJJ;aJIHTb B TaBepHaX, nOJJ;o6HO CBOHM nplI-
xomaHaM, II cRopee pa3BpaII(aTb nacTBY cBoen pacnyeHHocTbIO, qeM neCl'H
eu ]J;YXOBHYlO nHI.D;Y» (Leah and Rachell.- In: Tracts, Vol. III, p. 9; CM.
TaKme: Foundations, Vol. III, p. 2263-2270).
9 Beverley R. Ope cit., Y . XI-XII.
10 Bruce Ph. A. Socia Life of Virginia in Seventeenth Century. New York,
1964, p. 5.
128

ROPOJIEBCRAH ROJIOHHH: «(APHCTORPATbI) II PABbI
a IIMeHHO Ha BTOpyIO "tIeTBepTb XVII B. AmoH <1>IICRe H TOMac Am.
BepTeH6e:HKep, aBTopLI HSBeCTHellill:nx TPY):(OB no IICTOpHH BHprHHIIH,
yeJlHJIII aTOMY IIepIIOP;Y Bcero no HeCKOJILKY CTpaHIIn;. JIIOIIC PaHT,
IIHcaBillHll n03me, npOHBIIJI K HeMY 60JIbillHll HHTepec. Ho II B ero
cO;n;epmaTeJILHOH RHHre o:rI(YIIJ;aeTcH Hep;ocTaToR CBe):(eHHH, OTHOCH-
HXCH KO BpeMeHII OT JIHRBII,n;an;HII BlIprHHCKoii KOMrraHHH AO Anr-
JIHHCKOH peBOJIIOHII H. OqeHL eHHbIll MaTeplIan II MeTRlIe Ha6nlO-
;n;eHHH MLI HaxO;n;HM B pa60Te 9,n;MYH):(a MopraHa 12. R COmaJleHIIIO, II
OHII He pacceHBaIOT «CYMepRH)} OROHqaTeJIbHO.
AmoH CMHT nlican 0 mH3HH BHprHHn;eB B nepBLle rop;bI rrocJle
JIHRBII,n;aHH BlIprHHCKon ROMnaHHH: «IIpeJ];OCTaBJIeHHLle caMHM ce6e,
OHII npeycrreJlII CBepx BCHRIIX omHp;aHIIH)} 13. AmoH XaMMOH,n;, aBTOp
Tpyp;a 0 BHprIIHIIH, 1I3AaHHOro B 1656 r., 3aMeqaJI, qTO ROJIOHIIH,
pa3YMeeTCH, He 1I0xoma Ha TY CTpaHY, qTO 1I306pameHa B «YTOIIHH)}
TOMaca Mopa, no yme TpeTLe ;n;eCHTHneTlIe HBnHeT npH3HaRII npo-
rpecca II HMeeT Bce BOSMomHOCTII ]J;JIH 6y;n;Y:rI(ero rrpOBeTaHHH 14.
B RHHrax nepeqHCJleHHLIX aBTopOB HMeJIHCb II ,n;pyrHe COBna]J;eHHH.
06a, nepBLIH - J];JlH 1629 r., BTOpOH - )];JlH 1656 r., ynoMIIHaJIII 0
pOCTe B ROJlOHIIII mHBOTHOBop;CTBa, lITHn;eBO)];CTBa, orOpOAHH"tIeCTBa,
ca,n;OBO)];CTBa, 06 YBeJlH"lJeHIIH noceBOB 3epHOBLIX. CMIIT lIplI aTOM oro-
BapIIBaJlCH, qTO BHprIIHIJ;LI, OAHaRO, He npOCnaBHJIIICb RaKIIMH-JIH60
X03HHCTBeHHLIMH 1I306peTeHHHMH, TaR RaR «He nOCBHm;aJlII ce6H HH-
lIeMY ):(pyroMY, RpoMe yxo,n;a aa Ta6aROM» 15. XaMMOHp; nOllTH 6YR-
BaJIbHO nOBTOpHJI aTH CJlOBa 1. 6 . 06a OHII, pa3):(eneHHLIe qeTBepTbIO
BeRa, BLlpamaJiH Hap;em,n;y Ha npeo,n;OJIeHHe MOHORYJlbTypHOCTH xo-
3HHCTBa CTpaHLI: CMIIT, ynoBaH Ha pa3BHTHe Tex rrpoH3Bo,n;CTB, RO-
TopLle nLITaJlaCb HaJIap;IITb em;e BHprI1HcKaH KOMnaHHH (meJIe30,
JIeH, neHLRa II ,n;p.), XaMMoHJJ; - Ha paaBIITHe meJIROBOp;CTBa.
lIHalle rOBopH, BHprlIHIIH J];O cepe,n;UHbI XVII B. OCTaBaJIaCb CTpa-
HOn, XOSHHCTBO ROTOpOH 6a3IIpOBaJIOCb Ha npeHMYmeCTBeHHOM npo-
IISBo,n;CTBe e}J;IIHCTBeHHoH 9RcnopTHoH RYJIbTYPLI, lITO 03HaqaJlO ee
,n;BlImeHlIe rrpOTopeHHLIM rrYTeM pa3BIITIIH HcrraHCRIIX II IIopTyraJIL-
CRHX nOJIOHHll B AMepHRe. CXO,n;CTBO C HHMR aHrJIHHCROH ROJIOHHII
BoapaCTaJlO em;e B CBH31I C BHep;pHBIDHMCH s,n;eCb HHCTHTYTOM pa6cTBa.
Ho BepHeMCH R CMIITY II XaMMoH,n;y. B rJla3aX 0601IX, RaK MLI BII-
,n;eJlH, BlIprlIHHH rrpe,n;CTaBaJia cTpaHon, ycnemHo pasBHBaBIDeHcH,
11 Wright L. B. Op..cit., chap. 2. 3TO OH H3]J;aJI RHIITY P. BeBepJIH.
12 Morgan E. S. Ope cit.
13 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 884.
14 Leah and Rachell.- In: Tracts, Vol. III, p. 10.
15 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 888.
16 Leah and Rachell.- In: Tracts, Vol. III, p. 17.
5 JI. 10. CJ1CSRHH
129

BHPrHHHH
eCJIH He npOBeTaBmeH. AenCTBHTeJIbHO, ypomai Ta6aKa B 1628 r.
COCTaBIIJI yme .500 TLIC. <1>., II pa3MepLI ero, eCJIII He ClIlITaTL BpeMeH-
HLIX qaCTHlIHLIX crra):(OB, npOOJlmaJIH BoapaCTaTL ;n;o ROHa paCCMaT-
plIBaeMoro nepHOJJ;a. HeCMOTpH Ha HcnaHCRYIO ROHRypeHHIO, Ha IIom-
JIHHLI, Ha ;n;OporOBH3HY BB03IIMLIX lIS AHrJlHH TOBapOB, Ta6aR, 11 HMeHHO
OH, ;n;aBaJl ROJlOHHII BOSMomHOCTL nOJJ;)];epm12IBaTb CBoe ceCTBO-
.AaHHe. Ta6aROBO;n;CTBO, ROTopoe BenOCL B yep6 ;n;pyrHM OTpaCJIHM
xoaHHcTBa, II na;n;eHlIe eH Ha Ta6aK lIpH06peJiH TaKHe paaMepLI, tITO
ROJlOHlIaJILHLIe BJIaCTH, qT06:bI npHOCTaHOBHTL aTOT IIpOI(eCC, BBO):(HJlII
8ceB03MomHLIe OrpaHHlIeHH.JI (paSMepLI noca;n;OR, COpTHOCTb II T. ;n;.).
B 1639 r. ;n;JIH nOAHHTHR n;eH Ha Ta6aK 6LIJlO YHlIqTOiKeHO 60JIee IIO-
JIOBHHLI ypOiKaH (BecL HHaKocopTHLlii, nOJIOBHHa xopomero). TeM He
MeHee B aTOM ro;n;y OH ;n;OCTHr 1500 TLIC. <11. i7
MHoro Me,n;JIeHHee, HO pa3BIIBaJlHCb II ;n;pyrlIe OTpaCJIII CeJILCROrO
X03HHCTBa. B 30-x ro;n;ax BlIprHHHH HaqaJIa aRcnopTlipOBaTL 3epHO,
IITHY II CROT B noceneHHH HOBOH AHrJIlI1I (TaR CTaJIa Ha3LIBaTbCH Ta
lIaCTL CTpaHLI, ROTopaH IIpem;n;e nplIHa;n;JIemaJIa IIJIHMYTcROH ROM-
naHHH) .
CMHT nHCaJI: «HeT HH O):(HOH HaCTOJIbRO 6eJ:(HoH ceMbH, 'lIT06LI
OHa He HMeJla ;n;OCTaTOqHOrO "tJncJla pytIHLIX CBIIHeii; a qTO RacaeTCH
1I;0MamHeii nTHLI, TO TOJILRO OlleHb 6eJJ;HLIH X03.J1HH He BLIBO;n;HT aa
rop; COTHIO, a 60Jlee 60raTLIe emeAHeBHO e):(HT ee.
XJIe6a Y BHX B Ha6LITRe, a npn YMeHHH nellL ero OH HaCTOJILRO
BRyceH, lITO JIyqme 11 6LITb He MOmeT)}. II p;aJIee: MHCCHC IIHpc, YBa-
maeMaH H pa60THaH meHII(HHa, npomlIBmaH TaM 20 JIeT II HeAaBHO
BepHYBmaHCH, paCCRaaLIBaeT, lITO Y Hee B ,IJ:menMcTaYHe 6LIJI caA
B 3-4 aKpa, r;n;e OHa aa OAHH ro,l( co6HpaJla OROJIO 100 6ymeJIeH
npeBOCXO]J;HLIX .pHr, 11 qTO IIpo;n;ameii npO;n;YRTOB C co6CTBeHHOH aeMJlII
OHa MOrJIa co):(epmaTL CBOR J];OM B BHprHHHH JIyqme, 'IleM S;n;eCL, B
JIoH):(OHe, Ha 300-400 tPYHTOB CTepJlHHrOB B rO]J;; a yexaJIa OHa Ty;n;a
IIOllTII HlIlIerO He lIMen>} i8. XaMMOH;n;, RacaHCb Tex me BonpOCOB, aa-
Mellan, lITO B AHrJlIIII, oTRy):(a OB He)];aBHO BepHYJlCH B RonOHHIO, MHO-
THe mlIBYT «B ropaaAifxy;n;mHx YCJIOBHRX, lIeM Te, B ROTOpLIX Haxo-
]J;IITCR caMLIH IIOCJle;n;HIIH cepBeHT BlIprIIHIIH)} 19.
CBIIAeTeJIbCTBa 01leBII;n;eB lIpe3BLIlIaHHO BaiKHLI. Ho nOCTapaeM-
CH BrJIHp;eTLCn B HHX BHHMaTeJlLHee II CilpOCIIM ce6H: ReM GLIJlII Te
JlIO,D:n, ROMY npHHa):(JlemaJiH Ta6a"tJHLle IIJlaHTaIIH, 60JIbmlIe II Ma-
JILIe, RTO IIMeJl «xJIe6 B 1I36LITRe)} II en IITHD;Y eme;n;HeBHO, RTO 6LIJI
i7 Bruce Ph. A. Economic History..., Vol. J, p. 300-309, 323-325; Tyler L. G.
Ope cit., p. 92-93; Doyle 1. A. Ope cit., p. 1.94.
18 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 885, 887.
19 Leah and Rachell.- In: Tracts, Vol. III, p. 18.
130

UOPOJIE:bct(A8 :KOJIOH:UJt: (APac'tOItPATLI» II PABLI
«6e]J;HLIM X03HHHOM» 11 MHoro 1IJIH MaJIO 6LIJlO «nOCJle,n;HHX cepBea-
TOB».
BHeDIHHH «apHCTORpaTH3M» 3\HaHII BHprlIHCKIIX pa60BJla;n;eJILeB
XVIII-XIX BB. II HX npeTeH3IIH Ha aplICTOKpaTII3M npOlIcxom]J;eHIIH
cJlymHJIU C03JJ;aHIIIO MII<pa 0 «):(meHTJILMeHaX, OCHOBaBIDHX BHpru-
HHID», 06 HX «rOJIy6oH RPOBH)}. Ho BcnOMHIIM «,IJ;meHTJILMeHa» ,n:moHa
CMHTa, ero cnYTHIIKOB - YIIHr«pIIJI]J;a, Apqepa, PaTRJIH<pa HAP.
TOJlbRO ,n:mop)];m IIepclI Mor npeTeH)];OBaTb Ha rrpaBo npHHa]J;JIemaTL
R «6eJIOH ROCTH». JIop,n; AeJlaB9p, cap reHTC II ;n;pyrHe caHOBHLIe
JIHn;a B BlIprHHIIH ;n;OJIro He 3a;n;ep3\HBaJIHCL. ECJIII, RaK ynoMHHa-
JIOCb, B rrepBOH rpynne rrOCeJIeHeB, 60JILIDHHCTBO ROTOpLIX norH6JIo,
IICCJle,n;OBaTeJlII HaCqlITLIBaIOT OKOJIO 1/, «AmeHTJIbMeHOB)}, TO B Ram,n;OH
CJIe,n;YIOeH HX CTaHOBHJlOCL Bce MeHbIDe. IIocJIe 1614 r., a oc06eHHo
nOCJIe 1618 r., Kor]J;a xapaKTep ROJIOHHaaIIH HallaJI MeHHTbCH, «,n;meH-
TJILMeHaMII)} 6bIJIII rJIaBHLlM o6pa30M HeMHorlIe ynpaBJIHIOIT{He BBOBb
c03AaBaeMLIX nOCeJIeHHH . (BcnoMHHM RanHTaHa By;n;JIH<pa).
ABTopHTeTHLIMII ClIen;HaJIIICTaMH pa3HLIX anox IIOKaaaBO, B 'tfaCT-
HOCTII P06epToM BeBepJIII, TOMacoM BepTeH6eHKepoM, JIIOHCOM Paii-
TOM II EepHap,n;OM EeHJIHHOM, qTO BlIprHHHH 06H3aHa CBOIIM B03-
HIIKHOBeHHeM II cyecTBoBaHHeM OTHIO]J;L He apnCTORpaTaM II ]J;ame
He COMHHTeJlLHLIM «JJ;meHTJlbMeHaM)} 20. 8TO He 3HaqHT, qTO Ha BHP-
rHHCROH aeMJle He nOHBJIHJlIICb OTnpLICKII aplICTORpaTHQeCRIIX ceMeii 21.
I-\aK rrpaBHJlO, 9TO 6LIJIH Te, KOMY mH3Hb Ha po,n;IIHe He CYJIHJIa HH
RapbepLI, HII 60raTCTBa 1 HII HpROH mH3HH. HeKOTopLle II3 HHX OKaaa-
JIIICb Ha aBaHCn;eHe BHprHHCKOH nOJIHTlIlIeCROH mHaHH (BeCTLI, PaH-
,n;OJl«p LI , HanpHMep),; B OCHOBHOM, np, aB,n;a aTO npOH30mJIO yme nocJle
AHrJIIIHCROH peBOJIIOD;IIII, Ror,n;a B BlIprHHHIO 6emaJIII paarpOMJIeHHLIe
«RaBaJIepLI». MCRJIIOqeHIIH He MeHHIOT Toro «paKTa, 'rITO BHprHHCRaH
«apHCTOKpaTIIH)} He apHCTORpaTHqeCROrO npOlIcxom,n;eHHH. 0 ee B03-
HHRHOBeHHII peqb IIon,n;eT AaJILIDe.
CYll(eCTBOBaJi ee OAHH MIIq" B03HHKIDHH lIS naCTpoeHlIii, Bpam-
):(e6HLIX npeTeHaHHM BHprHHCKHX «apIICTORpaTOB». COrJIaCHO 9TOMY
MII<PY BHprHHIIH - «AeTIIll(e yrOJIOBHLIX lIpeCTYlIHHKOB». IIocJIe]J;Hne
peme nOHBJIHJIHCb Ha aBaHceHe BHprHHCROH 1H1I3HII, HO, RaR MLI
3HaeM, p;eHCTBHTeJIbHO COCTaBJIHJIH HeMaJIYIO qaCTL HaCeJIeHIIH paH-
HeH BHprnHHII, BO BCHKOM CJIyqae 60JIbmyIO, qeM «;n;meHTJIbMeHLI)}.
20 CM. n;HT. TPYAbI nepelIHCJIeHHLIX aBTopOB, a TRKiKe: Pomfret 1. E. Founding
the American. Colonies, 1583--1660. New York, 1970, p. 52; Campbell M. So-
cial Origin of Some Early Americans.- In: Essays on American Colonial
History, p. 164-180.
21 Bruce Ph. A. Social Life..., chap. 3-4. HaK npeCTaBJIHeTCH, OH HeCKOJILKO
npeYBeJIIPUIBaeT apllCTOKpaTH3M BHprHHn;eB.
1st
5*

BHPrUHR1t
Ho oau ,n;aJIeRO He COCTaBJIHJIII 60JrbmlIHCTBa nacenenHn HOJlO1tlttt, tte
OHII aaJJ;aBaJiH B Hen TOH. RpOMe Toro, MHorHe H3 HHX BOBce He 6LIJIH
npecTynHHRaMH B COBpe:I\-leHHOM nOHHMaHHH 3Toro CJIOBa. To 6LIJIlI
npOCTO 06eSAoJIeHHLle. JIIO,n;II, HHRQMY HHRor,n;a He npHqHHHBmne
Bpe,n;a, caMH nOCTpa,n;aBillHe II aa 9TO HaRaaaHHLle (corHaHHLIe c
aeMJIH «6po,n;HrH», «HHII(He)), He Haxo,n;HBIDHe pa60TLI).
I\OJIOHHH aaCeJIHJIaCL rJlaBHbIM 06paaOM TeMH, RTO Ha]J;eHJICH no-
npaBHTb TaM CBoe nOJlOmeHHe HJIH cnaCTHCb OT rOJIo]J;a, npeCJIe,n;o-
BaHHH II JIlImeHHn, RTO HMeJI MymecTBo HCRaTL CqaCTbe B AMepHKe,
RTO paCC",!HTLIBaJI nOJIYTIHTL TaM 3eMJlIO.
IIo l];aHHLIM neperrHCH 1625 r. 2 \ B BHprnHHH npOmHBaJIO Tor,n;a
1218 (1227) -qeJIOBeK, nOqTH rrOJIOBHHa II3 HHX - B palloHe AmeiiM
CTaYHa. MymHH - 934 (886), meHIIH - 270 (232), ,n;eTeii - 109.
23 Herpa (MymQIIH -- 11, meHII{HH - 10, ,n;eTeiI - 2) , 2 IIH,n;eHa
(BepoHTHo, o6pam;eHHLIe B xpncTHaHcTBo). TIOJI 14-TH qeJIOBeR He yc-
TaIIOBJIeH. Be HerpLI (H, MomeT 6LITI>, O,n;HH HH,n;een;) 6LIJIH pa6aMH.
CepBeHTOB HaCqHTLIBaJIOCL 484 (487), BRJIIOqaH Toro me HH,n;eiiqa.
BJIa,n;eJIII HMH 96 X03HeB IIJIH X03HHCTB (households).
IIocJIe JIIU\BHp;aHII ROMnaHHH aeMeJIbHOe ,n;epmaHHe CTaJIO C"IH-
TaTbCH H,n;yHM npHMO OT KOpOJIH (B npemHeH <popMe cBo60p;Horo
CORep;iKa, BaBeqHo). B Henocpe,n;CTBeHHoe ROpOJIeBCROe BJIaAeHHe ne-
pemJIH «o6II{He» aeMJlII ROMnaHHH. HaK II npe.m,n;e, 113 3THX aeMenL
AOJImHLI 6bIJIH nOJIYllaTb CBOII Hap;eJILI lIJIeHLI ROJlOHHaJIbHOH .a,n;MH-
HHcTpaqlIH, Ha3Ha-qaeMOH Tenepb MOHapXOM, a TaRme Te, RTO RO
BpeMeHH JIHRBH,n;an;HH ROMnaHHH OTCJIymHJI CBon CpOR H RTO no YC-
JIOBHHl\f KOHTpaRTa IIMeJI Ha 3TO npaBO. RapJI I, BCTynHB Ha npeCTOJI,
cpaay me,- a nOTOM em:e HeCKOJILRO pa3- nOATBepAHJI npaBa aeMJIe-
BJla,n;HnH, npel];OCTaBJIeHHLIe BnprlIHcRoH ROMnaHHeH. IIoJlyqeHHe
aeMJIH no ee aRHHM II cepTHWHRaTaM, a TaRme B CHJIY no,n;ymHoro
22 BBH]J;Y HeCOBepmeHCTBa nepenHCH (XOT.R eHHOCTb TaRoro HaTIHHaHHH P;JIH
Toro BpeMeHH II MeCT TPYP;HO nepeoe.HHTb, a P;JIH HCTOpHROB nOCJIep;yroID;Hx
nOKOJIeHHH - oc06eHHO) HCCJIep;OBaTeJIll nOJIYTJaroT 1I3 Ilee He Bcerp;a op;HHa-
ROBbIe D;H<PPbI. Ho ROJIe6aHHH He3HaqHTeJIbHbI H He MeHHIOT OCHOBH:bIX B:bI-
BO]J;OB. MbI HCnOJIL3yeM ]J;aHHble caMOH nepelIHCH, ee cRpynYJIe3HbIH aHaJIH3,
npOBep;eHHbIH AHpHH XeRT, H «MCTOpnqeCKYro CTaTHCTHRY», p;OnOJIHHH P;PY-
rHMH MaTepHaJIaMH: Hecht I. W. D. The Virginia Muster of 1624/1625 as a
Source for Demographic History.- William and Mary Quarterly, 1973, Ja-
nuary, Vol. XXX, N 1, p. 65-92; Historical Statistics of the United States
Washington, 1975, pt 1-2, Pt 2, p. 1171; James Towne in the Words of Con-
temporaries, ed. by E. M. Riley and Ch. E. Hatch. Washington, 1955; Mor-
ris R. B: Go,:ernment..., p. 37; Gray L: C: Ope cit., yol. I,. p. 348; Brue Ph. A.
EconomIc HIstOry..., Vol. I, p. 600, "dem. SocIal LIfe..., p. 17, Wash-
burn W. E. Virginia under Charles I and Cromwell. 1625-1660. William-
sburg, 1957, p. 2; Morgan E. S. Ope cit., p. 170, note 4.
J32

1tOPOJtEBCRAH KOJiOHHJt: «(APitCTO:ttP A TLI.) it P A:ttt
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naTe:a:TOB na aeMJIIO 23. OJ];naRO B paMRax BO MHorOM coxpaHHBmenCJI
CTapon cxeMLI npOIICXOJ];IIJIH CJ];BlIrH, IIaMeHHBmHe xapaRTep 3eMeJIL-
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pHJ];OB, ROTopLle OTTeCHHJIII C TepplIToplIH ROJIOHHII ee 06IITaBIDHX
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nOrpaHHqHLIX paHOHax. B aTIIX CJIyqaHX paaMepLI BLI}J;eJIHeMLIX yqa-
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nOJIyqaJIIi aeMJIIO p;OnOJIHHTeJILHO aa RamJ];oro Ha HHX, a TaKiRe aa
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JIyqIIJIH, HanplIMep, no 600 aKpOB sa opraHIIaaHIO IIOCeJIeHIIH B paH-
........ ...............
23 Bruce Ph. A. Economic History..., Vol. I, p. 504-515; Chandler A. N.
Ope cit., p. 58-59; Harris M. Ope cit., p. 202-204.
24 8TOT npOn;ecc npOCJIemeH B RH.: Dowdey Cl. Ope cit., p. 49-50.
25 Bruce Ph. A. Economic History..., Vol. I, p. 507-508. TaR RaR HeRoTopLle
npeJKHlIe BJIaAeJIbD;bI (IIJIII HX HaCJIeAHHRH), Kora 1KHaHL'B ROJIOHHH HaJIa-
)J;HJIaCL, HaqaJIH aaHBJIHTb 0 CBOIIX npaBax, oqnm;IfaJILHO He aHHYJIHpOBaH-
HbIX, 11M npn nO)J;TBep1K]J;eHlIll IIX npaB BLI,n;eJIHJIH HOBLle yqaCTRH.
26 Beverley R. Dp. cit., p. 279-280.
133

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peTeHHe yqaCTRa no nOAymHOMY npaBY nOCTeneHHO npeBpaaJIOCb
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Y;D;eJIHJIO oco6oro BHHMaHHH aeMeJlLHOMY Bonpocy B BHprHHHH, ,n;a II He
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,n;eHHH 06m;nx npaBIiJi aeMJleJ];epmaHHH. B TaROM cJlyqae ROJlOHHH 6LI
onYCTeJIa. He]J;apOM p;ame c60p RBHT-peHTLI, ROTopaH, RaaaJIOCb 6LI,
HBJIHJIaCb nepBOCTeneHHbIM 06HaaTeJlLCTBOM aeMJIeBJla}J;eJlbn;a nepep;
ROpOHoii, He npOBO}J;HJICH <paRTHqeCRH J];O ROHII;a paCCMaTpHBaeMoro
rrepHoAa, a HaJIameH 6LIJI TOJIbRO 1\ ROHII;Y CTOJIeTHH 28. Ollpe}J;eJlHB B
OCHOBHbIX qepTaX npaBIIJla epmaHHH aeMJlH B ROJIOHnH, nOCTapaeMCH
BLIHCHHTb, B "t{bHX pYRax OHa cpaKTHQeCRH naXOJ];HJlaCL 29.
27 Bruce Ph. A. Economic History..., Vol. I, p. 508, 516-526.
28 Bond B. W. The Quit-rent Systein in the American Colonies. New Haven,
1919, p. 219-224; Bruce Ph. A. Economic History..., Vol. I, p. 556-558; Doy-
le 1. A. Op. cit., p. 60; Osgood H. L. Op. cit., Vol. III, p. 85; Gray L. C. Ope
cit., Vol. I, p. 382-385; Harris M. Ope cit., p. 198.
29 TaR RaR HlImecJIe]J;yroID;lIe ,n;aHHbIe aallMCTBOBaHbI 113 paaJIIftIHbIX II MHoro-
'lJIICJIeHHbIX TPYP;OB II CROM6IDIllpoBaHbI B COOTBeTCTBlI1I c aa]J;aqaMII Harnero
IICCJIe]J;OBaHIIH, npe]J;CTaBJIHeTCH n;eJIeC006paaHbIM p;enaTb CHOCRII TOJIbRO nplI
n;HTllpOBaHIIII. OCHOBHble nCnOJIbaOBaHHbIe TPY]J;bI: Bruce Ph. A. Economic
History..., Vol. I, p. 410-418, 510-564; idem. Social Life..., chap. 3-8; Doy-
le 1. . Ope cit., p. 187-213; Foundation.5, Vol. III, p. 2508-2509; .Harris M.
Ope CIt., chap. 13; Hecht I. W. D. Ope CIt.; Andrews Ck. M. Ope CIt., Vol. I,
chap. 10; Morgan E. S. Ope cit.; Dowdey Cl. Ope cit., chap. 1-2; Robin-
son W. S. Ope cit., chap. 2-3; Herndon M. Ope cit.; Gray L. C. Ope cit.,
134

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Vol. I; The Planters of Colonial Virginia.- In: Wertenbaker Th. 1. The
Shaping Colonial of Virginia, chap. 2-4; Craven A. O. Soil Exhaustion as a
Factor in the Agricultural History of Virginia and Maryland, 1606-1860.
Gloucester (Mass.), 1965; Burt N. First Families. The Making of an Ame-
rican Aristocracy. Boston, 1970, p. 16; Cavalliers and Pioneers,
136

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B 1640 r. IIPH ,n;eHbrax. 1\ KOHn;y mH3HH (1664 r.) OB c,n;eJIaJICH caMLIM
RpynHbIM aeMJIeBJla,n;eJlbn;eM B CTpaHe (13-16 TLIC. aRpoB).
3eMJIH BnprHHHn B 3HaQnTeJIbHOH qaCTH 6bIJIa ee ,n;eBcTBeHHo:n.
PaCqnCTRa ee ,n;JIH OCHOBaHHH nJiaHTaIIH Tpe60BaJIa ,n;OJIroro BpeMe-
HI! H SHallHTeJIbHLIX CHJI. PaSBe,n;eHHe Ta6aRa - Tpy,n;oeMRaH pa60Ta.
3a nHTL-IDeCTb JIeT OH HCTOaJI nOqBY, QTO Tpe60BaJIO nepeHeceHHH
nJiaHTa:qHH Ha ,n;pyroe MecTo, ROTopoe 6LIJIO Heo6xo,n;HMO rOTOBHTb
R noceBY 3aHOBO. Bea pa60qeii CHJILI, AOIIOJIHHTeJIbHOn R Ton, KOTOpOH
pacnOJIaraJI O,n;HH ROJIOHHCT, nYCTb c ceMbeH, C03,n;aTL ,n;OXO,n;HYIO
IIJIanTan;HIO 6bIJIO OqeHL TPy,n;HO. AOIIOJIHHTeJILHaH pa60qaH CHJIa-
cepBeHTLI - p;OCTaBJIHJIaCb Ha AnrJIHH II npHo6peTaJIaCL B KOJIOHHR aa
AeHbrH 31. OJJ;HH cepBeHT CTOHJI 6-8 <1>. CT., "tlTO no TeM BpeMeHaM
6bIJIO aHa"tlHTeJIbHOH CYMMOH. MHaq'e rOBopH, BJIa,n;eJlen; cepBeHTOB
HBJIHJICH "tJeJIOBeROM, ROTOpLIH paCllOJIaran OCTaTOqHLIMII cpe;n;CTBa-
MH. Bea HHX He Morno 6LITb cepBeHTOB, a 6ea nOCJIeJJ;HHX caMoe or-
pOMHoe nOMeCTLe He rrpeACTaBJIHJIO 60JIbrnOH n;eHHOCTH. II08TOMY
BJIa,n;eJIbLI 06eSJIIOAeBrnero EepRJIH-xan,n;pIIp; JIerRO YCTYIIHJIH CBoe
BJIaAeHHe KanHTaHY YIIJIbHMY TaKepy II ero KOMnaHLonaM (8 T]}IC.
aRpoB!). Ee B 1619 r. yme ynoMHnaBIIIHHcH moH TIopn nncaJl
1I3 BHprHHHII: «Harne rJIaBHOe 6oraTcTBo, CRaaaJI 6LI 11,- cepBeHTLI.
He,nerneBo o6xOAHTCH cHa6,n;IITL HX HHCTpYMeHTaMH, o]J;eiK,D;oH II RpO-
BOAI, a TaRllie OnJiaTHTL II TpaHcnopTHpOBRY, 1'1 JleqeHHe IIX He]J;yroB
nOJIyqeHHLIX B Mope II oc06eHHO B nepBbIH ro,n; yme 3Aecb, Ha cyme;
. HO, eCJlII OHII BLlmHBaIOT, OHII MorYT 6LITb BeCLMa pa60Tocnoc06HbIMH
H aJ];opOBLIMII)} 32.
30 Wright L. B. Ope cit., p. 43; CM. TaRiRe: Bruce Ph. A. Social Life..., p. 1.01-
102.
31 HHorAa B:bIKyrraJIR y RH]J;eiin;eB llJleHHLIX aHfJI1ftIaH Ha YCJIOBHII IIX COfJlaCHH
CTaTL cepBeHTaMH.
32 Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 185.
137

BRPrRHHfJ
1\orp;a Ta6aKOBOACTBOM IIaqHHaJI SaHIIMaTLCH ,n:mOH POJICP, eII(e
6bIJIa B03MOmHOCTI>, p&60TaH CaMOMY HJIH C qJIenaMH CeMbH na CBOeM
OTHOCHTeJlLHO He6oJIbIDOM yqaCTKO aeMJIH, COa}J;aTL nJIaHTaIIIO, CRO-
nHTL, npop;aBaH Ta6aK, cpeACTBa AJIH }J;aJIbHeHillero 06aaBeeHHH II
pacmHpOHHH nJIaHTaHH. IIoame TaRaH BoaMomHOCTb orpaHlIqHBa-
JIaCI> He TOJIbKO HeXBaTKOH pa60qHX PYR, no II ROHKypeHHe:ii co
CTOpOHbI Tex, KTO npHeamaJI C AeHbraMH HJIH cepBeHTaMH, a TO H C
TeM II APyrHM. IIpH aTOM nOCTeneHHoe rra]J;enHe en Ha Ta6aR, CTH-
MYJIHpOBaBmee K pacmlIpeHIIIO rroca}J;OK, TaR»\e. CTaBIIJIO rrperrHTCTBHH
MaJIOHMym;eMY llJIaHTaTOpy. OH me CTpa}J;aJI OT nOill:HTIIRH KOJIOHII-
aJlbHLIX BJiaCTeH, npOn01I,IIMOH B rOALI rraAeHIIH eH: YHHQTOmaJIIICb
HH3RHe copTa Ta6aRa IIJIH -qaCTb ypomaH (IIHor}J;a nOJlOBHHa). ECJIH
rrpH aTOM HeKOTopoe nOBLImeIme :qOH ROMIIeHCHpOBaJIO B RaROH-TO
Mepe YTpaTLI RpynHLlx aeMJIeBJIaAeJIbeB, TO ROMneHca:qIIH ORaa:bIBa-
JIaCb He;n;OCTaTO"'lHOH )J;JIH Tex, KTO npH nOJIHOM ypomae 11 xopomHX
:qeHax eJIe CBOJJ;HJI KonLI c ROHaMH. B paCCMaTpHBaeMLIH nepHoA
OCTaTOllnO peHTa6eJILHLIMH' HBJIHJIIICL nJIaHTaIIII B 200-400 aRpOB,
B 40-80-x rOAax - B, 500-600 aRpOB, T. o. npHHa,IVIemaBmHe B
JIyqmeM CJIyqae 25 % aeMJIeBJIaAeJIb:qeB, ROTopbIe HMeJIH K TOMY me
AOCTaTOllHOe lIHCJIO cepBeHTOB.
IIepBLIMH 6upeUl£cnUMU «apHCTOKpaTaMII» CTaJlII Te KOJIOHIICTLI,
KOTopbIe R MOMeHTY pocnYCKa BHprH'HcRoH KOMnaHHH BJIa]J;eJIH aeM-
JIeii II IIMeJIH HalI60JIbmee "'IHCJIO cepBeHTOB (a HeKOTopble K TOMY
me 6LIJIH pa60BJIaAeJIb:qaMH): A6paxaM IIIIpcH (40 c,epBeHTOB, 7 Her-
pOB), AmoPAiR IIp]J;JIII (36 cepneHTon, 8 HerpoB), YIIJlbHM TaKep
(18 cepBeHTOB, 3 Herpa), YHJIbHM IIHpc (17 cepneHTOB, 1 HerpH-
THHKa), 8JJ;Bap]J; BeHHeTT (12 cepBeHTOB, 2 nerpa), <PpencHc BecT
(6 cepBenTOB, 1 Herp) , P. RIIHrCMIIJIJI ( 4 cepBeHTa, 1 Herp) ,
AmoH IIoTT (12 cepBeHToB), CaMIOaJI MaTbIOS (23 cepBeHTa) HAP.
Ba»\HO OTMeTHTb, 'tlTO ]J;JIH aTIIX JIIO]J;eH CTaJIO B03MomHLIM np:u:06pe-
CTH cepBeHTOB He TOJILKO 6JIaro}J;apH HaJIlIqHIO co6cTBeHHLlx cpeAcTB,
no II, qero He BRJlIO-qHJI B cBoii BLIBO)]; PaiiT, nYTeM npHMeHeHIIH npH-
Moro HaCIIJIIIH II Ha}J;YBaTeJIbCTBa. TaR, Tpoe 113 HHX, BRJIlOqaH YHJIb-
HMa TaRepa, He BepnYJIH AeHbrH CBOHM RpeAIITopaM B AHrJlHH. ABoe,
BRJlIOQaH IIPAJIH, OCBo60AIIJIH He cpaay II He Bcex c.epBeHTOB, rrOJIY-
qeHHbIX HMH OT Bnprn'HCROH KOMlIaHIiH Ha BpeMH HCIIOJIHeHHH CJIY-
me6HLIX 06H3aHHOCTeii. 3AMYH]J; MopraH, CneHaJIbHO HaYllaBillnH
npOHcxom)J;eHlIe rrepBLIX BnprlIHCRHX «apHCTOKpaTOB)}, HaaLIBaeT
lIX «6apOHaMH - BJIa,n;eJILaMH pa60qeii CBJILI)}, «6apOHaMH-rpa6HTe-
JlHMH» 33.
........... .............. ..'
33 Morgan E. S. Ope cit., p. 120.
138

ROPOJIEBCKAH ROJIOHHH: «(APHCTORPATLI» II PABLI
8TH JIIOH BXOP;HJIH B COCTaB « emeMeCHqHbIX CYAOB)>, r,n;e perna-
JIHCL MeCTHLIe ]J;eJIa, a TaKme B COBeT KOJIOHIIH 34.
Yme rOBOpHJIOCL 0 noceJIeHII;ax, OTHOCHBIllHXCH, IlO HOMeHRJIaTY-
po BuprUHCKOH KOMnaHHH, K «CTapbIM KOJIOHIICTaM}> HJIH K ROJIOHH-
CTaM, npH6LIBIDHM B AMepHKY rrOCJIe JIHKBU,I{aD;HH ROMrraHHH, KOTO-
pLIe KpOMe co6CTBeHHoro nop;yrnHoro npaBa na aeMJIIO np'Ho6peTaJIH
AOnOJIHHTeJIbHLIe - aa coxpaHHBIDHeCH aRD;HH, p;,eHbrH HJIH BBe3eH-
HbIX cepBeHTOB 3\ 3aHHMaH TaKHM o6paaoM rrOJIOmeHHe «cTapLIx KO-
JIOHHCTOB». CYAn6a «HOBbIX KOJIOHHCTOB», oco6eHHo Ha qHCJIa cep-
BeHToB, KOTOp'LIM no HCTeqeHHH cpoRa HX CJIYiH6bI Y ROMnaHHH IlO-
JIaraJIOCL nOJIyqHTb 50 aRpOB aeMJIH, a no YCJIOBHHl\1 qaCTHbIX
KOHTpaKTOB - II: MeHee (BcrroMHHM RynlI II ero TOBapHIIJ;en), CRJla-
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Ha;n;eJIOB, BLI]J;aHHLIX B COOTBeTCTBHII C 8THlvr rrpaBHJIOM, HaCqHTbIBa-
JIOCI> Bcero 25.
HeSHaqHTHJILHOe qUCJIO MeJIRHX aeMJIeBJIa,n;eJlbn;eB IIa 6bIBIDIIX
cepBeHTOB 06YCJIOBJIIIBaJIOCb He OTCYTCTBHeM <popMaJIbHOrO npana no-
CJIeAHHX Ha YllaCTOR aeMJIIi H He TOJILRO IIX 60JIbIDOn cMepTHOCTbIO,
HO npem]J;e Bcero Hacym;HbIM HHTepeCOM II CTpeMJIeHHeM XOSHeB sa-
p;epmaTL pa60THHRa, He ,n;aTh eMY aeMJIH (T. e. -qaCTH CBoero )J;OCTaT-
Ka). ,n:mopm C3H,n;HC, OCTaBaBIDnnCH B BHprHHHH HeROTopoe BpeMH
nOCJIe JIHKBHAaIJ;HH ROMnaHHII, aap;epmaJI, 'lITo6bl IICnOJIb30BaTb R
co6CTBeHHOH BbIro,n;e, He TOJIbKO cepBeHTOB, IIO II CBo6oAHbIX TeHaH-
TOB. OIIH IIa HHX IIHCaJI Ha pO,n;HHY: «OH 3aCTaBJIHeT Hac CJIymHTb
ce6e, XOTHM MbI Toro IIJIH HeT, H RaK Ha6aBHTLcH OT 3Toro, MbI He
3HaeM, TaK RaR BCH BJiaCTL B ero PYKaX» 36.
MbI nOMHHM, "tITO XaMMOH]J; C'lIlITaJI IIOJIOmeHHe BHprHHCKoro cep-
BeHTa BIIOJIHe CHOCHDIM. BOJIee Toro, OH YTBepm)J;aJI, 'lITO «maJI06bI
OT cepBeHTOB BI>ICJIYIDHBaIOTCH CBo6oP;HO II, eCJIIi maJIo6a 060CHOBaH--
Ha, X03HeB cpaay me rrpHBJIeKaIOT R OTBeTY...» 37. A 3a HeCROJIbRO
CTpaHH nepeA 8THM: «lIoaa6oTbTecb 0 TOM, QT06bI ROHTpaRT 6bIJI
nOAnHcaH II CRpeIIJIeH neqaTbIO, TaR RaR eCJIII BbI e]J;eTe, nOJlOmHB-
mHCL Ha RaRIIe-JIH6o 06em;aHHH, 'lITO nJiH Bac 6YA,eT C]J;,eJIaHO TO-TO
H TO-TO, "lITO BbI 6YJJ;eTe CBo60P;HbIM qeJIOBeKOM, KOTOpLIH MomeT caM
pacnopHmaTbCH co6oii,- TO 3TO pOBHbIM C'lIeTOM HHqerO He SHaqHT,
1160 no aaKOHaM TOH cTpaHbI (npom;aii Bce o6em;aHHH!) JII060n npH-
34 06 IIX 06m;ecTBeHHoM .rrnu;e n HarrpaB.rreHIIH IIX AeHTe.rrbHOCTII peqb rrOHJJ;eT
oc060 - B c.rreAYIOeii rJlaBe.
3-5 IIaTeHTLI Ha MeCTe lIM BbI)];aBa.rr1I ry6epnaTopbI, lIe 6ea napymeHIIH npaBIlJl
II He 6ea Bblrop;bI )J;.rrH ce6H (Harris M. Gp. cit., p. 203-204).
36 Morgan E. S. Gp. cit., p. 121.
37 Leah and Rachel!. - In: Tracts, Vol. I I I, p. 16.
139

BHPrUH1ffl
6bIBIDHH B Bee, He OnJIaTHBIIIHi:! caM CBoero npoea,n;a, ):(OJImeH CJIY-
lliUTL cepBeHTOM, 6YAL OB MymqHHa HJIII meHm;IIHa, B TeqeHUe lIeTLI-
pex JleT, a eCJlII HeCOBepmeHHOJIeTHHH - COOTBeTCTBeHHO CBoeMY
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Hlle eIO - JIHmL HJIJIIOSHH, TaR KaK aeMJIH npe,I(Ha3HaQaeTCH 06LIQHO
He cepBeHTY, a X03HHHY, a nOTOMY cepBeHT COBpmHT onnOillHOCTb,
eCJIII He orOBopHT aapaHee Bonpoc 0 SeMJIe B CBoeM COrJIameHHH JiI
He aanHmeT, lITO npHqHTaIOaHCH eMY 3eMJIH 6YJ];eT ero nOJlHOH
co6CTBeHHOCTLIO...» .
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TOpblM npH6eraJIII areHTLI IIO AocTaBKe cepBeHToB B KOJIOHIlIO, Kal1H-
TaHbI Ropa6J1ei 11 nORynaTeJIII cepBeHToB, QTo6b1 KOHTpaRTM J];aBaJIIi
11M BceBoaMomHbIe npe:OMym;ecTBa. R 8TIIM npeHMym;ecTBaM rrpll6aB-
JlHJIHCL ,n;JlH HIIX ee II Te, lITO 6LIJIH nopom,n;eHbI YCTaHOBHBIDHMIICH
B BHprHHHH llopHJ{.KaMH II Tpap;HD;HHMH. ABTop Heop;HOKpaTHO I(HTII-
pOBaBmerOCH IICCJIe,n;OBaHIiH «BeJIoe pa6CTBO B KOJIOHHJiI BHprHHIIH»
KOHCTaTHpOBaJI: «IIocJIe accaM6JIeli 1619 r. II npH6JIH3HTeJILHO 11.0
cepeAHHLI CTOJIeTHH aaKOHOJ(aTeJILCTBa, Henocpe;n;CTBeHHO KacaBme-
rOCH cepBeHTOB, nOllTH He cym;ecTBOBaJIO, no HMeHHO B 8TO BpeMH
B03HHKJIO MHoro 06LIQaeB, npll3HaBaeMLIX CYJ(aMII, KOTopLIe OqeHL
cepLeaHO ym;eMJIHJIH JIllqHLIe npaBa cepBeHTOB. O,n;HHM 113 caMLIX
paHHIIX II caMLIX BalliHLIX 06LIQaeB 6bIJlO npllCBoeHHoe XOBHHHOM
npaBO no):(nllCbIBaTL ROHTpaKT CBoero cepBeHTa - C COrJIaCHH HJIII 6e3
cornaCHH nOCJIe,n;Hero... B peaYJIbTaTe HJ];eH ROHTpaRTa II nOHIIMaHHe
cepBeHTa RaK ropHp;HqeCKOrO JIHn;a IIOCTeneHHO HaiRHBaJIHCb II YT-
BepmJJ;aJICH BarJlH;n; Ha cepBeHTa RaK Ha 6eCCJIOBeCHOe coa,n;aHlie II
lIaCTL JIHQHOrO HMym;ecTBa ero X03HHHa, KOTOpLIH MOiReT OTHOCIITLCH
K HeMY II pacnopHmaTLCH 11M TaR me CBo6o,D;HO, RaK II OCTaJILHLIM
HMym;ec,TBOM)}. B8JIJIar Ao6aBJIHJI: « ...B saKOHo,n;aTenbCTBe 06bIQHO p;e-
nanOCb pa3JIHQlle Mem,n;y cepBeHTOM H X03HHHOM)} 38.
CYPOBOCTb 06pam;eHHH e cepBeHTaMIi II meCTOKOCTL npHMeHHe-
MbIX K HIIM HaRaaaHHB 6bIJIH 06bIQaeM II npaBHJIOM BHprHHCKOH m1I3-
HH. IIpHBe,n;H MHOrOQIICJIeHHLIe npHMepLI 8Toro, 8,n;MYH MopraH, KaK
6LI nOABO):(H HTor IICCJIeP;OBaHHIO np06JIeMLI, 0 KOTOpOH BaJIJIar nH-
can nOQTII 80 JIeT HaaaJ];, 3aWIIOQaJl 6YKBaJILHO ero CJIOBaMH: «...MLI
MomeM BII,n;eTL, RaK BHprHHLI HallaJIH YCTaHRBJIHBaTL CHeTeMY TPy-
a, npH ROTOpOH C qeJIOBeKOM 06XOJJ;HJIIICL KaK C Bem;bIO)} 39.
38 Ballagh J. C. White Servitude..., p. 43-44, 45.
39 Morgan E. S. Ope cit., p. 129. Pa]J;ymHoe OIIHcaHHe lliHaHH cepBeHTa y XaM-
MOHp;a 06'bHCHHeTcH He TOJIhKO TeM, 'ITO aBTOp CMOTpen Ha CYP;h6y cepBeHTa
c IIoaHHH xoaHeB II liMen n;eJIhIO npHBJIe'Ib B BnprnHHIO HOBbIX nOCeJIeH-
n;eB. ]];0 Toro RaR OIl cen aa RHHry, OH IIo6hIBaJJ :a AHrnHH, paaopeHHOH
140

ROPOJIEBCRAH ROJIOHHH: «(APHCTORPATbI>} If PABbI


Aame TOrp;a, Rorp;a KOHTpaKT nop;llHCLIBaJICH 06eHMH CTopOHaMII
(a HHor;n;a npHB03HJIH JIIOAeH 6e3 BCHRoro ROHTpaRTa), B HeM CllJIOIDb
II PHAOM He ORaaLIBaJIOCL 06HaaTeJILCTBa xoaHeB BLlp;eJIHTL cepBeHTY
3eMeJIbHLIH HaAeJI no OKOHqaHHH ero CJIym6l>I. ECJIH 06H3aTeJILCTBO
o nepe;n;aqe aeMJIH cepBeHTY 11 BKJIIO"tJaJlOCL B ROHTpaKT, OHO aaqaCTYIO
He BLlnOJIHHJlOCb nop; BceBOaMOmHI>IMH npep;JlOraMH, C nOMOm;bIO BCH-
qeCRHX YJIOBOR (p;OJIrH, BoaMem;eHHe HaHeceHHbIX y6LITKOB, YMI>Im-
HeHHoe YHHqTOmeHHe xoaHeBaMH ROHTpaKTOB liT. )];.). HepeAKO OHO
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Heo6xoAHMLIM HHBeHTapeM H ceMeHaMH. TaRoH HaAeJI BoaBpam;aJIII
6LIBillHM XOaJIeBaM aa MHaepHYIO IIJIaTY, HHorAa npOCTO aa6paCLIBa-
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JIe:B:HH SeMeJILHOrO yqaCTRa aaMeHHJIOCL UHorAa APyrHM - BLIllJIaTOH
nH6oJlLIDOrO p;enemHoro B03HarpamAenHH IIJIH BLIp;aqen JJ;BOHHon CMe-
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HHH cpOKa KOHTpaKTa 40. XoaHeBa aaqaCTYIO He BbIIIOJIHHJIH II 8TH
YCJlOBHH 41.
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rJIaCHBmee: «Co6paHHe, npHHHMaH BO BHHMaHHe, "tJTO B 6YAYII(eM
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MOryT npeAOCTaBHTb ynoMHHYTLIM TeHaHTaM II cepBeHTaM B apeHAY
Ha HeCROJIbKO JIeT TaHoe KOJIH'lIeC,TBO aeMJIII, HaRoe 6YAeT Heo6xo
HMO,
B COOTBeTCTBHII C BeJIHlIHHOH :ox ceMeii, 113 06
HX aeMeJIb... C ynJIa-
TOH HMH emerOAHOH peHTLI B 1 WYHT Ta6aRa C RamAoro aRpa)} 42.
PemeHHe 6LIJIO BLIaBaHO cne
II<pHqeCRHMII 06CTOHTeJILCTBaMH MO-
MeHTa. OCBo6omAaJIHCb TeH'aHTLI II cep'BeHTLI 43 , rrpHHawremaBillHe


rpam]J;aHCROH BOHBOn:, r]J;e Bce HaBbI HeYCTpoeHHOH II nO]J;HeBOJILHOH 1I\H3Hll
6e]J;HHROB 6pOCaJIHCL B fJIaaa 60JILme, -qeM B paap03HeHBbIX 11 MaJIOBaCeJIeH-
HLIX nOCeJIKaX I{OJIOHIIH. Y 6e]J;HHKOB AHfJIIUI He 6bIJIO Ha]J;em]J;LI Ba aeMJIIO
11 Y]J;a"tJY, KOTOpaJI, nycTL rro'tJTU HJIJIIOaOpHaH, HO TJIeJIa y 6e]J;HHRoB BllprlI-
BIlB. B 3TOM CMbICJIe nYTL. Ty,n;a He 6bIJI omu6ROH.
(.0 06paaIJ;bI TaKIIX KOHTpaRTOB CM.: Ballagh 1. C. White Servitude..., p. 34;
Morris R. B. Government..., p. 319.
41 Foundations, Vol. I I I, p. 2072-2073.
42 Ibid., p. 2446.
43 CJIe,n;yeT BarrOMHHTL 0 nopOH HeYJIOBHMOM paafpaHHTJeHHH MeiR]J;Y 3TllMH Ka-
TeropHHMR pa60THHKOB. 3aKOHTpaKTOBaHBbIH cepBeHT ROMnaHlIll (06m;eCT-
BeHHO-TpY]J;OBoe nOJIOmeHRe), nOJIY"tJIIB OT Hee aeMJIIO, HBJIHJICH TeHaHTOM
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14'




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pane.e CRMOH BupruHcKoH KOMnaHHH, BepOHTHO, yme HMeBmue yqaCT-
KB aeMJIU BO BpeMeHHOM nOJlb30BaHHII, TeHaHTbI II cepBeHTLI, KOTO-
p:bIX, C OAHOH CTOpOH:bI, He 6:bIJIO HHKaKHX OCHOBaHHH aa,n;ep1KHBaTb,
a c ,n;pyroii - meJIaTeJI:bHO 6:bIJIO, KaR BH,n;HO, He npe,I(OCTaBJIHH aeMJIIO
HaBeqHO, B TO me BpeMH OCTaBHTb B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOJIOHlIaJIbHOH
a,n;MHHIICTpaHH. OHa MOrJIa B KaKOH-TO Mepe HCIIOJIb30BaTb HX AJIH
C06c,TBeHHbIX Hym,r(, B KpaHHeM CJIyqae c06HpaH ,n;ame TOJIbKO apeHA-
HyIO nJIaTY, CocToHBmylO 113 nOCTaBOK onpe,n;eeHHoro KOJIHqeC,TBa
aepHa II Ta6aKa. 8TO MOrJIO YCTPOHTb H CB060AHbIX I\OJIOHHCTOB, 1\0,-
TopLle TaKHl\f 06paaOM 3am;lIID;aJIH ce6H OT' nORymeHHn ry6epHaTopa
na HX c06CTBeHH:bIX cepBeHTOB. Be,n;L CpOKH CJIym6:bI cepBeHTOB, RO-
TOpbIX BLI,n;eJIHJIa BllprHHCKaH KOMnaHHH ,n;JIH KOJIOHHaJILHLIX BJIaCTeH,
paBO HJIH n03,I(HO HCTeRaJIII, KaaeHHLIX cepBeHTOB 8THM BJIRCTHM He
nOJIaraJIOC:b 44. BepOHTHO, no Yl\aaaHHLIM rrpHlIHHaM CpOK apHH,n;:or J1:JIH
JlHI(, KOTOpbIX KOCHYJIOC:b pemeHHe acca.M6JIen 1627 r., 6:bIJI B 1632 r.
npOJIeH Ha 21 rOA. 1I0 HMeroID;HMcH ;rr.aHHbIM, HX 6:bIJIO 60 "lIeJIOBeR;
BeCbMa B03Momno, "lITO OHIf CqDTaJIH JIyqmHM ,D;JIH ce6H OCTaBaTbCH
aaBHCHM:DIMH apeH,n;aTopaMH, 'tIeM nOJIHOCTbIO JIHIDHTLCH aeMJIII.
«XOTH cepBeHT II CTaHOBUJICH cB060,n;HbIM, OH He ,n;eJIaJICH He3a-
BHCHMLIM»,- 3aMeqaJI AOHJI. ¥qeHOrO 8TO He Y)];HBJIHJIO: OH nOIIHMaJI,
lITO cepBeHT, OCBo60iR,n;eHHLIH 6ea 3eMJIII' H He HMeBmHH cpe,n;CTB, "lIa-
e Bcero BbIHym,n;eH 6:DIJI lIaHHMaTLCH B pa60THHRII R RpynHOMY II
COCTOHTeJI:bHOMY 3eMJIeBJIa,n;eJI:bY. AOHJIa y,n;IIBJIHJIO ,n;pyroe: nOqeMY
cepBeHTaM, nOJIyqHBmHM no OKOHqaHIIH CJIym6bI yqaCTOR aeMJIII (iiO
KpaHHeH Mepe B nepBoe BpeMH nOCJIe JIHKBII,n;aIIH BHprHHcRoH I\OM-
naHIIH), He y,n;aBaJIOCL y,n;epmaTLCH Ha rrOJIOmeHHH HOMeHpH 45. «Tpy,n;-
HO CRaaaTL, 6JIaro,n;apH qeMY II aa KaRoe BpeMH 6LIJIH rrOrJIOrn;eH:bI II
IICQe3JIH MeJIRHe HOMeHpH. RaR B paHHeii aHrJIHHCROH HCTOpHH BJIa..
,n;eJIen; aeMJIlI Ha npaBax cB060,n;Horo CORe)];ma QaCTO 0T'Ka3:DIBaJICH OT
CBOHX npaB H ,n;06pOBOJIbHO corJIamaJICH Ha 3aBHCHMoe rrOJIOmeHHe
B cpeo,n;aJIbHOH cHcTeMe, TaK H B BHprHHIIH, HaM Kai-ReTCH, MeJIRHe
aeMJIeBJIa,n;eJILD;:DI Haxo,n;IIJIH CBoe nOJIOmeHlIe HelIpOqH:DIM, a nOTOMY
HCKaJIH 6eaorraCHOCTH II C006m;eCTBa, ROTopble OHH MOrJIH HaHTH
.... ... .......... ..a...
60,D;HLIH WIll oCB060P;IIBIDHiicH yme ROJIOHHCT, caM HMeBIDHH cepBeHToB (pe-
3YJIbTaT pe<poPM 1613 H 1619 rr.).
44 no .rr;aHH:bIM BaJIJIara, B 1623 r. 11 nOCJIe.n;HHX cepBeHTOB TaRoro THIIa, IIPH-
Ha.rr;JIemaBIDn:x Bn:prIlHCROH ROMIIaHHIl, npo)];aJI ROJIOHHCTaM Amop.rr;m CaH-
.rr;IlC (Ballagh 1. C. White Servitude..., p. 43) .
45 Yeomanry (aneA.) - nepBOHa"tJaJILHO RpeCTLHHe - cB060)];H:ble .rr;epmaTeJIII
3eMJIII (<ppnroJI:b,n;ep:bI), caMOCTOHTeJIbHO Be):QTID;ne X03HHCTBO; n03me BOOO-
m;e RpeCTLHHe, 3eMJIeBJIa.rr;eJIL:bI n apeH.rr;aT-op:bI (CM.: JIaepoecYi-uu B. M.,
Bape M. A. AnTJIUHCRaH 6YPiKya3HaH peBOJIIOD;HH XVII BeRa. M., 1958, c. 83-
95) .
142

IOPO.rrEBCHAfi ROnOHHH: «APHCTOKPATbI) H PABbI
TonbKO Ha rrJIaHTaD;HH CBOerO 60Hee 60raToro coceAa». TaR Bepnoe
Ha6nroAeHHe 06 «IIC"lIeaHOBeHHH HOMeHpH» conpOBom,n;aeTCH HeBepHLIM
B])IBOAo.M 0 npHlIHHaX liIX IIC"lIe3H'OBeHHH. TeM 60JIee neBep-
HLIM:, "lITO ,I(oHJI rrocne rrplIBeAeHHoro paccym,n;eHHH KOHCTaTHpOBaJl,
qTO 3eMJIH OHa3:bIBaJIaC:b BpYKax KpynH:bIX nJIaHTaTOpOB, a <popMaJI:b-
HO CB060,n;H:bIH cepBeHT - B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nHX HJIH B HOB OR Ka6a-
JIe, liTO. «OT,n;aBaJIO KOHTpOn:b HaA KOJIOHlIeH B PYKH RpynHMx nnaH-
TaTOpOB)} '-6.
ROCBeHHoe H npHMoe npIIHym)J;eHlIe, HaClInHe JIemaJIH C caMoro
HaqaJIa B OCHOBe OTHomeHHH K cepBeHTY. Aame eCJIII OH ,n;06pOBOJIbHO
co.rJIamaJICH eXaT:b B AMepIlHY, TO He OT xopomeii }KH3HII rrO)J;rrHC:bI-
Ban Ka6aJILH:bIH KOHTpaKT. HaCHJIHe, CKp:&IToe HJIK OTHpbIToe, JIHmaJIO
cepBBHTa 3eMJIII B BHprHHHII, BO BCHROM cnyqae aaTpY)J;HHJIo. ee nOJIY-
qeHHe. HaCWIHe 6:&IJIO aKo.HOMHqeCKOH nOTpe6HOCTLIO X03HHcTBa KO-
JIOHHH (KCTaTH, TaROR me rroTpe6HOCT:b1O OHO 6:bIJIO 11 B CJIyqae Ha
paHHeR aHrJIHHcKon HCTOpHH, Ha KOTOpylO CC:bIJIaeTCH oiiJI). X03HH-
CTBY KOJIOHBH Tpe60BaJICH BMeHHO cepBeHT' - aaKa6aJIeHHLIH pa60T-
liHK 6e3 aeMJIH, 6ecrrpaBHLIH H meCTOKO 3KCrrJIyaTHpyeMLIH (HJIII qep-
liLIn HeBo.JIbHHK, KOTOpLIH 6bIJI nonHoH c06cTBeHHocTLIO BJIa,n;en:&a).
KaK II BO BpeMeHa BHprlIHCKOH KOMrraHlIH, cepBHTbI ORaa:bIBaJIH
nOClIJILHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe aRClIJIyaTauH H yrHeTeHHIO: y6eraJIII B
JIeca, maJIOBaJIHCb Ha X03HeB KOJIOHHaJIbHbIM BJIaCTHM II B MeCTHbIe
CY)J;bI, y6HBaJIU oc06eHHo meCTOKIIX X03HeB. O,n;HaKo nepa B oCB060m-
)J;eHHe no HCTeqeHHH cpoKa KOHTpaKTa 11 Ha,n;em)J;a Ha nOJIY"IIeHHe 3e-
l\-IeJI:bHOro Ha,n;eJIa, C O,n;HOH CTOpOHLI, CypOBOCT:b HaKa3aHHR aa Heno,n;-
tJHHeHHe X03HeBaM II n06erH 47, C ,n;pyroH CTOPo.HLI, a TaRme CTpax
IIepe,n; HH,n;eHaMH c,n;epmHBaJIH oCB060}J;HTeJI:&HLle rrOpLIB:bI II MemaJIII
XOTb CROJI:bRO-HH6y,n;:b cepLe3HOH opraHH3aHH CHJI }J;JIH aKTHBIIbIX
B:&ICTYIIJIeHHll:. II pH aTOM CJIe)J;yeT yqeCTL, "lITO OT,n;eJI:bHLIe BClI:bIillRR
B03MYID;eHHH, BbInHBaBmHeCH lJaID;e Bcero B aRTLI JIII'tIHOH MeCTH, aa-
'tlaCTYro KaK TaKOBLle II BocrrpHHIIMaJIHCLe OlIl! perHCTpHpOBaJIIIC:b HaK
qaCT'H:ble yrOJIOBHbIe ,n;eJIa, qTO CKpbIBaJIO nO}J;orrJIeKY C06bITHH RaK
OT COBpeMeHHIIKOB, TaK nopoH II OT HCTOpHKOB. EcnH K TOMY me
BcrrOMHIITL, KaK ,n;aBHO Bce 3TO 6:&IJIO, TO He y,n;IIBHTeJI:bHO, qTO ,n;o Hac
)J;OillJIO OqeH:b HeMHoro <paRTOB. PaCCKameM 0 ,n;BYX, yrroMHHYTLIX B
KHHre H3BeCT;Horo aMepHKaHCKoro HCTopHKa PIPlapAa B. MopplIca,
..Eo ,n;ORYMeHT:bI Tex JIeT 48.
46 Doyle I. A. Ope cit., p. 202-203, 188, 203.
47 C paHHHX BpeMeH cyecTBOBaJI 3aROH, rJIaCHBillUH: «MymqIIHa nJIH meH-
m;HHa, y6eraIOID;He K llaYX3TaHY HJIH R JII060MY ,IJ;pyrOMY BOm,IJ;IO ,IJ;lIRapeH,
HapaIOTCH CMepTHOii Ra3HbIO» (Earle A. M. Curious Punishments of Bigo-
ne Days. Montclair (N. J.), 1969, p. 111).
48 Morris R. B. Government..., p. 171.
143

BHPrllHHH
B 1638 f. cepBeHTbI KanHTaHa Cn6cII «nOHHJIH M1:LTeiK» npOTHB
ero «areHTa». IIpntIlIHbI MHTemaII "lIHCJIO npHHIIMaBWHX B HeM yqac-
Tile HeII3BeCTHLI. M3BeCTHO, OHaKO, qTO BHHOBHLIe 6LIJIH npnrOBope-
HLI K 100 y,n;apaM 611qa Kam,n;LIH. B 1640 r. B CYA rro,n;an maJIo6y Ka-
llHTaH YHJILHM IIHpc, 06BHHHH meCTep:bIX CBOIIX cepBeHTOB II Herpa,
npHa,n;JlemaBro ,n;pyrOMY KOJIOHHCTY, B nOlILITKH 6emaT:b B cocep;-
HIOIO rOJIJIan,n;CKYIO KOJIOHlllO 9. CJleCTBHe YCTaHOBHJIO, "lITO cepBeHT:bI
3anaCJIIIC:b npo,n;OBOJILCTBlIeM, opymlleM II B HaaHaqeHHOe BpeMH OT-
rrpaBIIJlHCL Ha JIOKe BHII3 110 p. 8J1l1aa6eT, rJ];e II 6bIJIH CXBatIeHLI.
CqHTaH, QTO no06HLIR CJIytIaH MomeT nocJlymHTb «OllaCHbIM rrpe-
eeHTOM», cYlI. IIpHrOBOpHJI «rJIaBHoro aaqHHHKa» KpHCTotj>epa
MIIJIJlepa R 30 y,n;apaM 6Hqa, KJIeiMeHllIO m;eKH 6YKBOH«R» (rioter 50) ,
a TaRme I( ro,n;y pa60TbI B KOJlOKaX «II J];OJILme, eCJlH X03HIIH COtITeT
HymHLIM». ITo HCTeqeHnH cpoKa CJIym6LI y cTaporo X03HHHa OH ,n;OJl-
meH 6LIJI CJIymllTL B KaqeCTBe cepBeHTa ee ceML JleT, naxo,n;HCL B
paCnOpHiReHH1I KOJIOHllaJl:bHLIX BJIaCTeH. OCTaJI:bHLIX yqaCTHHRoB aa-
rOBopa Tome 6n"tleBaJIH H RJIeHMHJIH, OMaRo CpOKH AOlIOJIHHTeJIbHOH
CJIym6LI JIH HeKOTopLIX 6bIJIH COKpaeHDI, HO COCTaBJIHJIII He Menee
,n;BYX C rrOJIOBHHOll: JleT. B IIpllrOBope Herpy, KpOMe 6HqeBaHHH H
KJleHMeHHH, TaR iRe RaR H MIIJIJIepy, 3HaqIIJIaC:b pa60Ta B ROJIoARaX
Ba Tex me YCJlOBWlX, HO HHlIero He rOBOpHJIOCL 0 OnOJlHHTeJIbHOM
cpOKe CJIym6LI, 'liTO, M01RHo. nOJIaraTL, 06'bHCHHJIOCL ero nOJIOmeBH-
eM 6eCCpOQHOrO paGa.
JIa CRa3aHHoro 0 cepBeHTax He CJIeyeT, 6y,n;TO HHHTO 113 HHX,
nOJIyqlIB HJIU KyrrllB 3eMJIIO IIOCJIe HCTeqeHIIH cpOKa CJIym6l>I, HIIKor,n;a
II HU IIPH KaKHX 06CTOHTeJILCTBaX He BLI6HBaJICH «B JIIO,IJ;U». MHLle
CTaHOBliIJlHC:b 60JIee IDIH MeHee npeYCileBalOHMH rrJIaHTaTOpaMII, aa-
MeTHLIMII JIIO,n;bMH paHHeH BHprHHHH. HeMHorlIe. Bo BCHKOM CJIyqae
,IJ;JIH paCCMaTpHBaeMoro nepHo,n;a B HCTOqHHRaX IIMelOTCH JIHmb CMYT-
HbIe- ynoMHHaHIIH 0 HeCKOJI:bRHX "lIJIeHaX reHepaJILHOH accaM6JIeH,
BLIme,n;mnx 113 cepBeH-TOB. 11:3 BII,n;HLIX ,n;eHTeJleH paHHeH BHprHHHII,
Ha ,n;OJIIO KOTOp:bIX BLIlIaJIa mn3HL aaKOHTpaKTOBaHHoro paGoTHIIKa,
6.9 ROJIOHHH Ha3bIBaJIaCb HOBbIe HH)J;epJIaHbI. OHa B03HHRJIa B 1614 r. Ha Me-
CTe COBpeMeHHoro HbIO-nOpRa (n BBepx no p. ry,u;30H), ROTOpbIH Tor,u;a Ha-
3bIBaJICH HOBbIH AMcTepaM. ROJIOHHH HaXOp;IIJIaCb Ha TeppHTopHU, BXO)J;HB-
men: BO BJIa)J;eHHH BHprHHcRoH ROMnaHHH, BRJIHHHBaHCb MeiR)J;Y BIIprHHHen
H IIoBOH AHrJIHeH. B 1631 f. pH,n;OM c HOBbIMH HU,D;epJIaH,n;aMu, Ha IOiRHOM
6epery 6YXTLI AeJIaBap, 6bIJIa OCHOBaHa illBe,n;CRaH ROJIOHHH HOBaH mBeHH,
ROTOPYIO B 1655 f. 3aXBaTHJIII rOJIJiaH,n;qbI 11 npHcoe)J;HHIIJIH K HOBbIM HIIAep-
JIaH,n;aM. B 1664 f., nOCJIe c,n;aqH HOBofo AMcTep,n;aMa aHrJI1IHCKHM BOHcRaM,
TeppHTopHH ROJIOHHH BHOBb BOmJIa B aHrJIHHCRHe BJIa,n;eHHH no,n; Ha3BaHHeM
HbIO-,IJ:mepcH. CTOJIHD;a KOJIOHHH 6bIJIa nepeHMeHoBaHa B HbIO-nOpR.
50 MHTemHHR, 6YHTOBII'(HK.
144

KOPOJIEBCMAfI KOnOHHH: «APHCTOKPATbt» :u PABbt
MomHO Ha3BaTb no CYTH 0JJ;Horo',CaMI03JIa MaTbI03a, ;a;a II TO 6e3 TBep-
,n;OH YBepeHHOCTH Sf.
BHprHHHH paCCMaTpHBaeMoro lIepHoa nepemHBaJla 3aTHHYBmyIO-
CH Ha ,n;OJIrlIe ro,n;DI «Ta6a"IIHYIO JlIIXOpa,n;RY», KOTopaH CTHM:YJIHpOBa-
JlaCb crrpOCOM Ha Ta6aK B EBpOIIe, cpaBHHTeJI:bHOH JIerROC1'bIO lIpH06-
peTeHHH aeMJIII no rro,n;ymHOMY npaBY. IIpHexaBmHH C Me"IITOH 0
KpeCT:bHHCKOM X03HHcTBe TlIrra HOMeHpll OCTaBJIHJI no,n;06HYIO MeqTY
pa,n;n Ta6aqHoH rrJIaHTaD;HII, CYJIHBmeH 6l>ICTpOe 060ram;eHHe. IIPIIXO-
;l];IIJIO OHO pe,n;RO, no 3Toro 6bIJIO ,n;OCTaTOqHO ,n;JIH no;a;,n;epmaHHH na-
,n;em;l];bI. Ta6aR pOC na 3eMJIe ry6epHaTopoB, ero pa3BO;l];HJIH CBHeH-
HHKH Ha epKoBHoH 3eMJle, BJIaAeJI:b:bI RPYIIH:bIX HMeHHll:, 6:bIBIDlIe
cepBeHTbI Ha CBOHX He60JI:bIDnX Ha,n;eJIaX 52.
BYPHl>IH pOCT Ta6aROBo,n;CTBa IIpeIIHTCTBOBaJi pa3BHTD;IO B BHp-
rlIHlI1I peMeCeJI. X03HHCTBeHHaH 1I306peTaTeJI:bHOCTl> He mJIa ,n;aJIbme
Ta6a"tlH1>IX ,n;eJI. IIOlI1>ITRM BHe,n;pMT:b BHHo,n;eJIHe II meJIROBo,n;CTBO lIO-
TeprreJIII Kpax. Y ClIeXH CTpaH:bI B CKOTOBO)];CTBe, ca,n;OBo,n;CTBe, aepHO-
BOM X03HicTBe, KOTopbIe OTMetJaJIH CMIIT II XaMMOH)J;, 6bIJIH BeCbMa
OTHOCHTeJILHLI II CBHaaHbI C HMeHaMH OT)];eJI:bH:bIX JIlIn;, KOTOpl>Ie IIHOr-
)J;a aRCIIopTHpOBaJiII H36l>ITOK 3epHa IIJIII CKOTa B coce,n;HHe KOJIOHIIII.
BlIprlIHIIH TO II ,n;eJIO IICrr1>ITLIBaJIa lIpO,II;OBOJI:bCTBeHHble 3aTpy,n;HeHHH.
ry6epna TOphI 6bIJIH B:bIHym,n;eH:bI rr03TOMY BHOB:b 06H3:bIBa TL KOJIO-
HHCTOB 3aceBa T:b 3epHOBbIe, HO Te YKJIOHHJIUC:b OT 3Ton 06H3aHHOCTII.
HaK BO BpeMeHa «YHbIHHH II rOJIo,n;a », cKyrraJIH 3epHO Y IIH)];eHn;eB.
qeM ,n;aJIbme, TeM 60JIbme 3aBHCeJIa KOJIOHHH OT rro,n;Boaa ,n;oporOCTO-
HIT1;HX TOBapOB, rrpnB03HMbIX lI3 AHrJIHlI.
rO,n;:bI «Ta6aqHOH JIlIXopa,n;RH» - ro,n;:bI CTaHOBJIeHHH B BHprHHHII
nJIanTaHOHHoii CHCTeMbI X03HHCTBa 53. IIplI 3TOll CHCTeMe, pa3BHB-
meHcH n03me, npo,n;YRT, npoII3Bo,n;IIMLIH Ha nJIaHTan;HH, meJI Ha
51 Ballagh J. C. White Servitude..., p. 83; Wertenbaker Th. 1. The First Ame-
ricans. 1607-1630. New York, 1927, p. 33; Dodd W. The Old South: Struggle
for Democracy. New York, 1937, p. 56, 58-59.
52 8RCilOpT Ta6aRa B AHrJIHIO: 1628 r.- 500 TbIC.; C 1637 no 1640 r.- B cpe-
HeM 1395 TbIC. cPo emerop;HO, He CqHTaH BbIB03HMbIH Herrocpe,n;CTBeHHO B rOJI-
JIaHp;IIIO (Gray L. C. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 213).
53 IToAP06Hee CM.: (/JOUH,Ul,fYi,UU B. H. Pa6CTBO HerpOB B CeBepOaMeplIRaHCRHX
ROJIOHHHX AHrJIHM B XVII-XVIII BB.- B RH.: BorrpOCbI HOBOH II HOBeiimeH
HCTOpHH. HOBOCH6HPCR, 1966, c. 127-159; BOJtxoeUTU1-£oe H. H. ¥Ra3. COq.,
c. 172. B CTaTbe BOJIXOBI1THHOBa YRa3aHbI pa60TbI ;u;pyrnx OTeqeCTBeHHbIX
HCCJIep;OBaTeJIeH nJIaHTaIJ;lIOHHOro X03HHCTBa CillA. CM. TaRme: [fyponRT-
uu r. ll. BopL6a P;BYX TeH,n;eHD;nH RarrHTaJIHCTHtIeCROrO pa3BHTllH CIUA B
arroxy 6ypmya3HbIx peBOJIIOIJ;HH.- HOBaH 1I HOBeHIDaH HCTOpHH, 1976, eM 2,
c. 77-89. 11 ,D;OIIOJIHHTeJIbHO: Koea.Jtb B. H. Pa6CTBO B Bpa3HJIHII HaRaiHYHe
CBepmeHHH ROJIOHlIaJIbHOrO lIra I1opTyraJIHlf.- B RH.: BOHHa 3a He3aBH-
CIIMOCTL B JIaTHHcRoH AMepHRe. M., 1964, C. 139-168.
145

BIIPrUI-IHlI
aRcnopT, T. e. X03HHCTBO BeJIOC:b Ha KOMMepqeCROH OCROBe, B paCqeTe
na npII6:bIJI:b. M3ll0JIYlleHHbIX cpeACTB IIORp:bIBaJIHC:b pacxo,n;bI Ha
npOH3BOACTBO Ta6aRa, Ha mIITeHCKHe Hym,n;:bI, KOTOp:bIe He y,n;OBJIeT-
BOpHJIIICL IIo,n;c06HLIMH OTpaCJIHMH x03HHcTBa (xJIe60namecTBo, oro-
po,n;HH"lIeCTBO, mHBOTHOBO,n;CTBO II ,n;p.), Ha rrpe,n;MeTLI pOCKOIDH. Cep-
BeHTLI (II HerpLI-pa6LI) aaMeHHJIII B IIJIaHTa:qHOHHOM X03HHcTBe Tex
aRCrrpOIIplllIpOBaHH:bIX TpymeHIIRoB (HBJIHHCL IIX 'tIaCTblO), ROTopLIe
B AHrJlHH, JllImllBmlICL 3eMJIII II Opy,n;HH Tpy,n;a, CTaHOBlIJIIICb nOlIOJI-
HeHlIeM II peaepBoM pa60THlI'ROB KarrlITaJIIICTlIqeCKIIX MaHy<paKTYP,
a TaKme 6aTpaRaMH II apeH,I\aTopaMII Y 3eMJIeBJIa.n;eJIbeB, nepexo,n;HB-
mHX Ha 6ypmyasHLIe MeTo,n;LI BeeHIIH xoaHHcTBa.
C 1623 rro 1637 r. TPII qeTBepTH HOBLIX nOCeJleHeB BnprHHIIH
HBJIHJIHCL 3aKOHTpaKTOBaHHLIMlI cepBeHTaMII. B IIIOHe 1636 r. ceRpe-
TapL KOJIOHHII PHqap,n; ReMIT nHCaJI B AHrJIHIO, liTO «JIa COTeH rrplI-
6LIBarom;IIX B CTpaHY JlIO,n;eH 60JILmlIHCTBO - Te, Koro ITplIB03HT RaK
TOBap: Ha npo,n;amy» 54. MHaqe rOBopH, eCJIH B MeTpOnOJIHH C03,n;a-
BaJIaCL apMIIH «cB060,n;HLIX» HaeMH:bIX pa60THIIKOB, TO B KOJIOHHH-
apMIIH aaBHCIIMLIX (rro KOHTpaRTY, rrpuHym,n;eHIIIO). B 060lIX CJIY"lIa-
HX OHa HCITOJl:b30BaJIaCL ,n;JIH IIOJIyqeHHH RaUHTaJIIICTH"lIeCROH npH6:bI-
JlII rrYTeM peaJIH3aHH Ha pLIHRe npOH3Bo,n;HMoro T'OBapa. B rrepBOM
cJlyqae - Ha 6a3e «lIHCTLIX» RanlITaJIHCTlIqeCRHX OTHomeHHH, no
BTOpOM - Ha 6a3e KaIIIITaJIIICTlIlIeCKIIX OTHomeHHH, rrpHCIIOC06JIeH-
HLIX ,n;JIH BHprlIHCKHX YCJIOBIIH: ROJIOHIIII C MOHOKYJIbTypHLIM X03HH-
CTBOM; rrpOH3Bo,n;HeH Ta6aK ,D;JIJI rrpoAamn Ha aKcIIoprr, HCllbITbIBaB-
men OCTPYro HexBaTKY pa601IlIx PYK, qTO 06YCJIOBJIHBaJIO cym;ecTBo-
BaBHe «6eJIoro» II «lIepHOrO» pa6CTBa.
rJIABA CEAbMAH
MsrHAHME rYBEPHATOPA mOHA XAPBI1
JIHKBH,n;aD;HH BHprIIHCROH ROMrraHIIH H IIpe,n;peBOJlrolIoHHbIe C06bITHH
B AHrJIlI1I CHJILHO IIOBJIHHJIII Ha OTHomeHHH Mem,n;y HOpOJIeBCKOH
BJlaCTLIO H IIpe,n;CTaBIITeJIbHLIM yqpem,n;eHlIeM ROJIOHHII - reHepaJIb-
HOH accaM6JIeeii, ROTOpyro C MOMeHTa ee c03,n;aHHH BHprHHcRIIe KpYII-
H:bIe aeMJIeBJIa,n;eJIb:qLI CTpeMIIJlIICL IICIIOJlb30BaT:b ,n;JIH 3aI:qHTLI CBOHX
HHTepecoB.
54 Doyle 1. A. Ope cit., p. 202.
146

H3rHAHHE rYBEPHATOPA 1(mOHA XAPBH
TOllH:bIX Cne;a;eHHH 0 ;a;eHTeJILHOCTH accaM6JIeH 3a 1620-1621 rr.
He HMeeTCH. B 1622-1623 rr. OHa, BH,D;HMO, He c06HpanaCL 113-3a
BOHHLI C HH,n;eHaMH. B <peBpaJIe 1624 r. ry6epHaTop C03Ban ee J];JIH
COCTaBJIeHHH OTBeTOB Ha ynoMHHaBIDHeCH paHee neTHD;1I1O iKoHcoHa
II maJI06y BaTJIepa. ACCaM6JIeH pe3RO KpHTHKOBaJIa rrpaBJIeHHe CMn:-
Ta II OTBeprJIa 06BIIHeHHH, BLI,II;BHHYT:bIe rrpOTHB CaHJ];Hca II CaYTreMII-
TOHa 1. 8TO II rrOHHTHO: no HX HHHD;HaTHBe BOaHHKJla accaM6JIeH, rrplI
HHX HaqaJIOC:b Ha,n;eJIeHIIe 3eMJIeH; rryrana B03MOmHOCT:b B03Bparqe-
HIIH K cTapLIM IIopH)J:RaM, BBe,II;eHIIH HemeJIaTeJILHLIX HOBmecTB; CaH-
AIIC II ero COI03HHRH MOrJIII em;e BLIHrpa T:b; 6eCIIOROHJI CJIYx 0 HaMe-
peHlI1I ROpOJIH, BOCrrOJI:b30BaBIIIHCL pocnycRoM KOMIIaHHII, HaBH3aTJ>
ROJIOHHII HeBbIro,n;H:bIH ;a;JIH Hee «Ta6aqHLIH KOHTpaKT» 2.
ry6epHaTOp, HaaHaqeHH:bIH em;e rrpaBJIeHHeM KOMlIaHIIH, OTBeT-
CTBeHHLIH aa ,n;eJIa ,ROJIOHIIII, KOTopbIe nO)];BepraJIIIC:b B Jlon,n;oHe pe3-
RoB: RpHTIIKe, eCTeCTBeHHO, He rrperrHTCTBOBaJI ,n;enYTaTaM ac.caM6JIeH
3am;lIaTL KOMnaHHIO II rrpHYKpamHBaT:b rrOJIOmeHIIe ROJIOHHH 3. O,n;-
HaKO J];errYTa T:bI accaM6JIeH BOBce He 6LIJlII 6eCR-DMIIpOMHCCHLIMII 60p-
n;aMH 3a coxpaHeHHe cyecTBoBaBmero rrOJIOmeHHH 11 <t>aHaTHqH:bIMH
npHBepmeHD;aMII KOMnaHI1U. IIpe,n;IIOJlaraH B03MomHOCTb ee Kpaxa,
OHB OTnpaBIIJIII TaHHoMY COBeTY IIHC:bMO C IIOmeJIaHHHMII Ha TaROH
c.rryqan HHROHM 06pa30M He paCIDHpHT:b IIOJIHOMOqHH ry6epHaTopa,
coxpaHBTL COBeT ROJIOHIIII II renepaJIbHYIO accaM6JIelO, rrpe,n;OCTaBHB
en rrpaBo OTRJIOHHTb HJIH YTBepm,n;aT:b BBO;a;HMLle ry6epHaTopOM Ha-
JIOrlI II )];pyrHe BII,n;bI 06JIOmeHHH'. II peTeHallH HeMaJIaH: KaR 6bI no-
BTopeHlIe B MHHHaTlOpe Tpe60BaHHH napJIaMeHTa R ROpOJIIO.
B aBrYCTe 1624 r., KOr)];a BHprHHcRaH ROMIIaHIIH 6bIJIa yme JIIIR-
BH,n;HpOBaHa, ry6epnaTop BaB:aTT nOJIyqlIJI 1I3 JloHlJ;oHa paCIIopHme-
HHe rrpo,n;OJImaTL HClIOJIHeHHe CBOHX oOH3aHHocTeH II CIIHCOR qJIeHOB
COBeTa KOJlOHHII. B Hero BOmJIH BeCT, XeHMOp, MaTLI03, IIHpc, IIp-
JIH, .D:n\op,n;m 03H,n;HC, MapTHII, I\JIeft6opn, IIoTT H ,n;pyrHe BH,n;H:ble
1 Narratives of Early Virginia, p. 412-426.
2 Bruce Ph. A. Economic History..., Vol. I, p. 277-288.
3 RorAa TaHHLIH COBeT nOCJIaJI B BnprIHIHIO AJIH HHcneRD;:nH Crren;HaJILHYro
ROMHCCHIO, ROJIOHHCTbI, RaR rrpaBHJIO, He paCRpLIBaJIHCb rrepeA HeM. BOJIee
Toro, COBeT ROJIOHHH npHrOBOpHJI R CTOHHHIO Y cToJI6a C np:n6:nTLIMH yma-
MH BpeMeHHoro ceRpeTapH ROJIOHHH 8ABapAa illapIIJIeCCa 3a nepeAaqy npeA-
CeAaTeJIIO ROMHCCHH ROIIHH HeCROJIbRHX AORYMeHTOB. I1pHroBop, IIpaBAa,
n03me 6bIJI CMHrqeH: ceRpeTapH JIHillHJIH qaCTH yxa H OTIIpaBHJIH B RatIe-
CTBe cepBeHTa R ero 6bIBmeMY X03HHHY (Foundations, Vol. III, p. 2132;
Andrews Ch. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 189-190; Wertenbaker Th. 1. Virginia
under the Stuarts, p. 61). Ha paccMaTp:nBaeMoH ceCCHH accaM6JIe:n 6LIJIO npH-
HHTO pemeHHe 0 C03AaHIUf YIIOMHHaBillnXCH (<eil\eMeCH1JHbIX CYAOB».
(. Andrews Ch. M. Ope cit, Vol. I, p. 191; Foundations, Vol. III, p. 2132.
147

BHPrUHHH
ROJIOHHCTbI. I\aKllX-JIHOO YHa3aHMll:, OnpeAeJIHBIllHX CTaTYT KOJIOHH-
aJI:bHbIX yqpem,n;eHnH B CBH3H C npOHCllieAlliHMII H8MeHe,HIIHMII, B
HHCTPYRD;HHX He co,n;epmaJIoc:b.
10 MaH 1625 r. Bai1:aTT, ,n;eHcTBoBaBIDHM Bce BpeMH B COrJlaCHH C
HOJIOHHCTaMII, C03BaJI feHepaJI:bHYIO aCCaMOJIelO. BOHCb, lITO ROpOJI:b
MomeT rrOCqUTaTb ero IIocTyrroK HeYMeCTHbIM, ry6epHaTop 06':bHBHJI
ee TOJI:bKO COBem;aTeJI:bHbIM opraHOM: «CoBeToM ry6epHaTopa H KOJlO-
HHH BHprHHHH, aace,n;alO:ru;HMH COBMeCTHO», llJIH «COrJlaCHTeJl:bHbIM
c06paHHeM» (the Convention). 23 ,n;errYTaTa (Ha6paHHble COrJlaCHO
npeiKHeH npon;e,n;ype HJlH Ha3Ha"IIeHH:bIe BaHaTToM - HeH3BecTHo) 3a-
ce,n;aJIH He,n;OJIrO (TpH-lIeTbIpe ;n;HH). OHH pemHJIH OTIIpaBliIT:b B AHr-
JIHID KOIIHH IIpemHHX nOmeJIaHHH (IIepBDIH nOCJIaHen; .YMep B rrYTH) II
DDI,IJ;BHHYJIH HeCKOJI:bKO HOB:bIX: IIpIICJIaTL B KOJIOHHIO CHapHmeHHe II
rrpO,IJ;OBOJI:bCTBHe; He BI\JIIO"lIa T:b B opraHbI KOHTpOJIH, eCJIII TaKlIe 6y-
,n;YT C03,n;aHbI, a TaHme B HOBYIO KOJlOHIIaJILHYIO a,n;MHHHCTpaD;1I1O Bpa-
rOB paclIym;eHHoro npaBJIeHHH BHprHHCROH HOMnaHHM; He lIpOH3BO-
,IJ;HTL IIepeMeH B pemHMe TOprOBJIII Ta6aKOM, He BbICJIymaB MHeHIIH
KOJIOHIICTOB; II em;e pa3 HaCTOHTeJIbHO - coxpaHHTb reHepaJI:bHYIO
ac.caM6JIero 5. Co BceMH aTHMH AOKYMeHTaMH B AHrJIHIO OTlIpaBHJICH
lIJIeH COBeTa KOJIOHHH H ee 6:bIBmHH ry6epHaTOp ,I(mop,n;m H p,n;JI II.
Mp,n;JIH rrOKIIHYJI BuprHHllIO, a TeM BpeMeHeM 6:bIJIa olIy6JIHROBaHa
rrpORJIaMaD;HH OT 13 MaR 1625 r. B CBH3U C 8THM Ta lIaCTL OTnpaB-
JIeHHLIX C IIp;n;JIII ,n;ORYMeHTOB, HOTopLle 'CJIymHJIH 3anTe BlIprHH-
CROH ROMnaHMH, nOTepHJIa CBoe 3HaqeHHe. Ho I\OpOJI:b 3aBepHJI B
rrpORJIaMaD;HH, "({TO «He HMeeT HaMepeHHH 3a,n;eBaT:b HJIH HapymaT:b
lIaCTHble HHTepeC:bI HOJIOHHCTOB II Kyrrn;OB HJIH lITO-JIII60 H3MeHHTL
nHaqe KaK B HHTepecax 06m;ero 6JIarOrrOJIyqHH». Ha 3arrpOCLI II rro-
meJIaHHH BHprHHn;eB TaHHbIM COBeT OTBeTHJI: KOJIOHHCTbI «,n;OJImHbI
rrOJI:b30BaT:bCH BceMH pa3YMH:bIMII lIpUBHJIerHHMII, KaKHMH OHR IIOJIb-
30BaJIHC:b rrpem,n;e» 6. Ha rrepB:bliI B3rJIH,n; TaROM OTBeT, HaI\ H 3aBepe-
HHe ROpOJIH He HapymaT:b IIHTepeCOB KOJIOHHCTOB, 3ByqaJI YTemHTeJI:b-
HO. TeM 60JIee qTO em;e 9 alIpeJIH ROpOJI:b rro,n;TBep,n;HJI cyru;eCTBOBaB-
IIIee paHee IIpaBO BuprHHHH H O-BOB COMMepca Ha HCRJllOlIHTeJI:bHOe
cHa6meHHe AHrJlHH Ta6aHOM 7.
O,n;HaKO qTO CKpDIBaJIH 3a c060ll: CJlOBa «paaYMHDIe rrpHBHJlerHII»
II «IIHTepeC:bI o6ero 6JIarOnOJIyqHH»? CCLIJIaHCb Ha 06BIIHeHHH, BLI-
5 Andrews Ch. M. Op. cit., Vol. I, p. 195; Tyler L. G. Ope cit., p. 92,
Hatch Ch. E., Jr. America's Oldest Legislative Assembly, p. 8; Lonn E. The
Colonial Agents of the Southern Colonies. Chapel Hill, 1945, p. 8-9.
o Andrews Ch. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 196.
7 Bancroft G. History of the United States of America, from the Discove:ry of
the Continent. Boston, 1876, Vis I-VI, Vol. I, p. 151-
t48

M3rHAHHE rYBEPHATOPA ,nmOHA XAPBH
,n;BlIraBIIIueCH B nepHO,n; CJIe,n;CTBHH no ,n;eJIY ROMnaHHI1, ROpOJIb Mor
OO'bHBlITL aaKOHo,n;aTeJI:bCTBO BlIprHHCROH ROMnaHHH Hepa3YMHbIM,
a ero JIIIRBH,n;aHIO HJIH H3MeHeHHe - OTBellalOm;HMII «06m;eMY 6JIa-
rorrOJIyqlIlO». TIoRa HHKaKIIX KOHRpeTHbIX paCIIopHmOHnii He TIOCTYIIa-
JIO, 11 ROJIOHHCT:bI ClIUTaJJH CBOH IIpemHHe npaBa BTIOJIHe pa3YMHbI-
MH. B03HHKJIO IIOJIOmeHHe, HOTopoe 06e CTOpOHbI CTpeMHJIHC:b HC-
I10JIb30BaT:b R c06cTBeHHoH B:bIro,n;e.
HCCJIe,n;OBaTeJlH lIaCTO 3a,n;aIOTCH BOIIpOCOM, nOqeMY HH HKOB I,
HM RapJl I, ROTopble HBJlHJIHCb rrpOTHBHHRaMII rrpe,n;CTaBHTeJlLH:bIX yq-
pem,n;eHHH, He BOClIOJl:b30BaJIHCL JlHRBH,n;an;Hen BHprHHCKOH KOMIIaHHII,
QT06LI 3ao,n;HO JIHRBH,n;HpOBaT:b reHepaJIbHYro aCCaMOJIelO. q TO Raca-
eTCH HRoBa I, TO OH He YCIIeJI IIPHHHTb KaROrO-JlH60 pemeHIIH. Bo
BCHROM CJIyqae ,n;o CHX nop He 06HapymeHbl ,n;ORYMeHTbI, no ROTOpLIM
MomHO 6DIJIO 6LI orrpe,n;eJIHT:b ero HaMepeHHH. HeT Ha BH,n;y II ,n;o-
KYMeHToB rro,n;06Horo po,n;a, OTHOCHID;HXCH R n;apcTBoBaHHIO RapJIa I.
ECTL, o,n;HaRO, HCTOplIqeCRHe <paRTLI, rr03BOJIHIOm;IIe BOCCTaHOBHTb 06-
CTaHOBRY, B ROTOpOH ,n;eicTBOBaJI aTOT KOpOJIb. OHM ,n;eJIaIOT npaB,D;O-
rrO,D;06HLIM rrpe,n;rrOJIOmeHHe, "lITO B TO BpeMH BOIIpOC 0 Bn:prHHHH 6LIJI
;rJ;JIJI KapJIa I ,n;aJleRO He rrepBOCTerreHHbIM.
MOHapx Mor CqHTaT:b, "lITO em;e ycneeT paClIopH,n;HTbCH cy,n;b60H
accaM6JIeH. B Tex YCJIOBHHX OH BOBce He 6:bIJI 3aHHTepeCOBaH 3a ClIeT
BHprHHn;eB, He,n;OBOJI:bH:bIX ee POClIYCROM, YBeJIH"lIHBaT:b HCJIO CBOIIX
npOTHBHHROB. 3arrpeTII OH cym;ecTBoBaHHe aCCaMOJIeH, HX qHCJlO B03-
pOCJIO 6:bI H B MeTpOlIOJIHH, r,n;e y BHprHHeB 6:bIJIH nORpOBHTeJIII.
BoopymeHHbIe CIIJILI ROpOJIeBCKOH a,n;MMHHCTpa:O;UII B KOJIOHHH COCTOH-
JIll IIa MeCTHoii MHJIHD;HII 8, BepHOCTb ROTOpoii B TaROM CJIYllae 6bIJIa
6bl 60JIee "lIeM COMHHTeJILHOH. AHrJlHH HaXO,D;HJIaCb HaRaHYHe BOHHLI
c <PpaHD;lIei H HcrraHHeii, H 3TO CBH3:bIBaJIO PYRH 9. Bpe,n;a aCCaMOJIeH
npH"lIHHHT:b ROpOJIIO He MOrJla. BOJIee Toro, ee coxpaHeHHe 06eClIellH-
Bano eMY JIOHJI:bHOCT:b KOJIOHIICTOB. B TO iRe BpeMH, He 3alIpem;aH
accaM6JIeH, HO OTTHrlIBaH ee YTBepiR,n;eHIIe II maHTamHpYH B03Mom-
HOCT:b1O 3aIIpeeHIIH, RapJI I Mor paCCqHT:bIBaT:b Ha IIX IIOCJIYIlIaHHe.
B MapTe 1626 r. ROpOJlL y,n;OBJIeTBOpHJI IIpOCb6y BaiiaTTa 06 OT-
CTaBRe 11 Ha3HaqHJI ry6epHaTopoM BHprIIHHH BoaBpam;aBmerOCH Ty,n;a
II p,n;JIH, 06eaB nplICJIa T:b eMY HHCTPYRHU II03me, Kor,n;a HaH,n;eTcH
BpeMH ,D;JIH HX COCTaBJIeHHH. Hp,D;JIH rrpaBIiJI He,n;OJIro. B HOH6pe 1627 r.
8 IIocTerreHHo CJIOiRHTCH CJIe,n;YIOaH CHCTeMa: Ram,n;bIH <ppBMen C 16 11;0 60
JIeT CQHTaJICH BoeHHo06H3aHHbIM; OHH C03bIBaJIHCb paa B ro,n; Ha 06He B<r
eHHbIe C60PbI H TpH-qeTbIpe pa3a B ro,n; - Ha MeCTHbIe.
9 OCTaJIaCb 6e3 OTBeTa rrpocb6a nOJIOHHCTOB 0 nOCbIJII\e B BlIpl'HUIlIO ROpO-
JIeBCKHX BOHCR H 0 BbI,n;eJIeHHlf 11M cpe,n;CTB H3 ROpOJIeBCROH na3HbI, He06xo-
)];HMbIX )];JIH YKperrJIeHHH 060POHbI HOJIOHHM (Osgood H. L. Ope cit., Vol. III,
p.77-78).
149

BuprBHHH
OB YMep. IIo,D;:bIcRllBaH HOBYID KaH,D;H,D;arrypy, KOpOJI:b paCllOpHf];HJICH,
'tIT 0 ObI BpeMeHHO COOTBeTCTBYlOJIJ;He 06H3aHHOCTHHCIIOJIHHJI KOJIO-
HHCT, H36paHHLIH COBeTOM KOJIOHIIH. COBeT Ha6paJI <l>peHcHca BeCTa.
BCRope BecT nOJIyqHJI npHKa3 C03naTL reHepaJILHYIO aCCaMOJIeIO
f];JIH oocym)J;eHHH BamH:bIX BOlIpOCOB 06 OrpaHlIqeHRH noca,n;OK Taoa-
Ra B KOJIOHHII (,n;JIH CTHMYJIHpOBaHHH ,n;pyrHx OTpaCJIeH X03HHcTBa),
o 3alIpeeHHII BB03a Ta6aRa B AHrJIIIIO 6e3 KOpOJleBCKOH JlHn;eH-
aRH, 0 npe)J;llOJIaraeMOM «Ta6aqHOM KOHTpaKTe» 10.
QeJl:b KOPOJIH aaRJllOqaJIaCL B IIOrrOJIHeHJiIH Ka3HbI aa CtIeT rrOB:bI-
meHHH nODIJIJiIH Ha Ta6aK, B MeHbmeH Mepe - B oCB060m)J;eHIIH Me-
TpOlIOJIHII OT RaRHX-JIH60 06H3aTeJIbCTB 110 cHa6meHHIO KOJIOHHII rrpo-
)J;OBOJILCTBHeM. IIoqeMY OH 06paTHJICH R accaM6JIee?
RpOMe YKa3aHHbIX lIPHqHH, CKJIOHHBmHX MOHapxa R TeprrHMOCTH
B OTHomeHIIH accaM6JIeH, 6bIJIa em;e o,n;Ha, ROTopaH OrpaHHqHBaJIa
B03MomHOCTL RapJIa I BMemHBaT:bCH HMeHHO B Ta6aqHbIe f];eJIa.
B IIOCJIe,n;HHX 6LIJIH 3aHHTepeCOBaHLI HeKOTopble BbICOKOlIOCTaBJleH-
Hble JlHI(a H MHorHe BJIHHTeJIbHLIe KYIIbI, HamHBaBmHeCH Ha
TOprOBJIe BHprIIHCRHM Ta6aKoM H c6LITe B KOJIOHHID aHrJlHHCRHX TOBa..
pOB. To 6I>IJIO BpeMH npOBaJIa BoeHHOH SKcrre,n;HD;HII Jlop,n;a BSRHHre-
Ma Ha O-Be Pe (OJIHa JIapOmeJIII). To 6bIJlO BpeMH <pHHaHcoBoro Kpa-
xa, B:bIHYAHBmero l\apJla 1 B MapTe 1628 r. BHOBL C03BaT:b
rrapJIaMeHT (B IIIOHe OH rrpe,n;':bHBHJI ROpOJIIO «IIeTHD;HIO 0 npaBe»).
B STHX YCJlOBHHX ,n;a ee rrpII KaTacTpo<pHqecKoH Hym,n;e B ,n;eHLrax
f];aBaTb OlIlI0311D;HonepaM JIHDIHHH lIOBO)J; )J;JIH He)J;OBOJI:bCTBa He HMeJIO
CM:bICJIa. rJIaBHOe, o,n;HaRO, 3aRJIIOqaJIOCb B TOM, qTO BHprHHD;:bI II aHr-
JIHHCRIIe KYlID;:bI, e,n;Ba YCMOTpeB B ROpOJIeBCROH Ta6allHOH nOJIIITHRe
yrp03Y CBOJiIM HHTepecaM, HaqlIHaJIH HCKaT:b ,n;JIH c6LITa Ta6aRa
BHemHHH pLIHOR. MM HaBCTpeqy OXOTHO mJIII <ppaHD;yacKHe II rOJI-
JIaH,n;CKHe KYIID;bI, C B:blro,n;OH c6bIBaBmHe ero y ce6H Ha po,n;HHe II B
coce,n;HlIe C BHprHHMeH KOJIOHHH. RapJI I rrpH HeypH,n;Hax BHYTPH
CTpaH:bI, oc06eHHo B YCJIOBHHX He6JIarOnpHHTHo CRJIa,n;bIBaBmeHcH
,n;JIH Hero BOHHLI B EBpOIIe, npH HeBHf];aHHO IIJIatIeBHOM COCTOHHHH
BoopymeHH:bIX CIIJI, B 'tJaCTHOCTH cpJIOTa 11, 6bIJI He B COCTOHHIIII
KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb BHprHHCRYro Ta6aQHYlO TOprOBJIIO. «...Ao 1660 r.,
10 Andrews Ch. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 197198; Tyler L. G'. Ope cit., p. 92-93;
The Planters of Colonial Virginia.- In: Wertenbaker Th. 1. The Shaping of
Colonial Virginia, p. 63; Gray L. C. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 239.
B CaeuH, A. H. JIeRD;HH no HCTOpHH aHfJIHHCROH peBOJIIOD;HH. M., 1937, c. 116-
120. 3TO OTMeqaIOT 11 Crren;HaJIHCTbI B 06J1aCTH HCTOpHil aHfJIHiicRHX BOOpy-
meHHbIX CHJI (Sheppard E. W. A Short History of the British Army to f914.
London, 1926, p. 7). no CJIOBaM 1)RO<pPH RaJIJleHepa, TO 6bIJlO «caMoe ne-
-qaJIbHOe BpeMH HameR MOpCROR HCTOpHH. HH oHa aHfJIHHCKaH peKa, HH o-
Ha aHfJIHHCKaH 6YXTa He 6bIJIa B 6eaonaCHOCTH... AHrJIHH HCnhITaJIa nOCJIeA-
150

t-I3rHAHHE rYBEPHATOPA nmOHA XAPBH
BorrpeRH meJlaHHIO MeTpOnOJIIIH II BonpeKII ee YCTaHOBJIeHHHM, BHp-
rHHHH c6LIBaJla CBOH rJIaBHblR rrpo,n;YKT Ha MIIpOBOH pbIIIOK»,- rrlI-
caJl BepTea6eHRep, CrreD;lIaJILHO 1I3yqaBmHH aTY np06JIeMY 12.
reHepaJlbHltH accaM6JIeH BHprHHHII, KOTOpOH Ha;a;JlemaJIO 06cy-
,n;IITL IIOCTaBJIeHH:bIe rrepe,n; Hei BOrrpOC:bI, C03bIBaJIaCb lIO iReJIaHIIIO
KOpOJIJI H no KoaKpeTHOMY nOBO,n;y. II08TOMY ee C03LIB He 03HaqaJI
CaHRD;IIH Ha BoaBpam;eHHe ei rrpemHero CTaTYTa 3aKOHo,n;aTeJIbHOrO
Y"lIpem,n;eHlIH. TeM He MeHee 06pam;eHIIe K HeB: IIo,n;,n;epmIIBaJlO Ha-
AemAY ROJIOHIICTOB Ha coxpaHeHHe IIX rrpe,n;cTaBIITeJIbHOrO opraHa;
8KOHOMIIqeCKHe HHTepecbI no,n;TaJIRHBaJIH HX He YCTyrraTb B BOlIpoce
o Ta6aKe. C06paBmHC:b 10 MapTa 1628 r., accaM6JIeH BbICKa3aJIaCb
rrpOTIIB 3aMbICJIa KOpOJIH 13. B rreTHD;IIII, HarrpaBJIeHHOH rrapJIaMeHTY,
KOJIOHHCTbI BOapamaJIH rrpOTHB rrOmJlHHbI Ha Ta6aK. OalI paCCMaTpH-
BaJIII <paRTII"lIeCKM JII06yIO TaKYIO lIOmJIIIHY KaK ym;eMJIeHIIe rrpaB II
CBo60A, ,n;apOBaHHLIX MM paHee, H YTBepm,n;aJIII, 'tJ:TO CYII:(eCTBYIOee
rrOJlOiReHlIe npHBOAHT «B YHbIHlIe BCIO KOJIOHIIIO». BHprIIHD;LI HaCTalI-
BaJIH Ha OTMeae IIOmJIlIH, «KOTOp:ble rrpOTIIBopellaT RaK 3aKOHaM KO-
pOJIeBCTBa, TaR II cB060,n;aM IIo,n;AaHHLIX» 14. IIeTIID;HIO npO'tlIITaJIII B
rrapJIaMeHTe 25 HIOHH 1628 r. 06cym,n;eHHH He nOCJIe,n;OBaJIO. B:bIJtO
He ,n;o IIeTIIHII. Ha CJIe;a;YIOITJ;HH ;a;eH:b KOpOJlL pacrrYCTHJI IIapJIaMeBT.
tJepe3 ro,n;, B MapTe 1629 r., BecT yexaJI B AHrJIIIIO. Ha ero MeCTO
BpeMeHHO 6bIJI 1I36paH tIJIeH COBeTa II rJIaBHbIH JIeKa p:b KOJIOHlIlI
AmoH IIOTT 15. Tor,n;a me l\apJI I Ha3HaqHJI ry6epHaTopoM BlIprlIHHll
............... ........
HIOIO CTeneHb n030pa, Rorp;a B 1631 r. ROpOJIeBcRIrii <pJIOT 6emaJI OT aCRap;pLI
-qYiReSeMHLIX nlIpaTOB» (Callender G. Ope cit., p. 85-86).
12 The Planters of Colonial Virginia.- In: Wertenhaker Th. 1. The Shaping of
Colonial Virginia, p. 70; CM. TaRiRe: Gray L. C. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 246-248.
13 The Planters of Colonial Virginia.- In: Wertenbaker Th. 1. The Shaping
of Colonial Virginia, p. 70; Washburn W. E. Virginia under Charles I and
Cromwell, p. 8-9; Gray L. C. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 240.
1" Proceedings, Vol. I, p. 95. Hap;o CRa3aTL, 1ITO B 1623 r. rrOlliJIIIHa C 1 lli. 6LIJIa
CHlDKeHa ,n;o 9 neHC. (c <PYHTa), a B 1636 r.- p;o 4 (nplI op;HOBpeMeHHOM no-
BLImeHIIH nOlliJIIIH Ha Ta6aR lIS aHrJIIIHCROB BecT-MHIIII II McrraHlIu) (Gray
L. C. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 242-243). IIo YTBepmp;eHHIO Ocryp;a, ep;JmCTBeHHLIM
rrpHMLIM HaJIOrOM B BHprIDIHH 6bIJIa nOYlliHaH noaTL, B3HMaeMaH B paB-
HOB Mepe (?) co Bcex, C Roro nOJIaraJIOCb B3IIMaTL ,n;eCHTIffiY (Osgood H. L.
Ope cit., Vol. I I I, p. 90). CYP;H no p;ocTynHLIM HaM p;oRYMeHTaM, MOiRHO ClIlI-
TaTb, 1ITO nop;ymHoii nop;aTLIO 06JIaraJIIICb Bce rJIaBLI ceMeii H <ppBMeHLI B
pa3Mepe 5 <p. Ta6aRa. C RaRoro MOMeHTa oHa B3IIMaJIaCb, HaM YCTaHOBHTL
He yp;aJIOCL. B 1645 r. ee 3aMeHBJIII HaJIorOM Ha HMym;ecTBo (Foundations,
Vol. III, p. 2132-2133).
15 )];iR. ITOTT, HaCKOJIbRO MOiRHO Cy,n;BTL no OTpblBOllHLIM CBe,n;eHHHM, BLI)J;aIO-
m;IIHCH P;JIH Toro BpeMeHH II MeCTa Bpall II B306peTaTeJIL, HO lIeJIOBeR HelllI-
CTbIH Ha PYRY II 3aRJIHTbIH Bpar lIH,n;eiin;e:a, MaCCOBoe OTpaBJIeHlIe ROTOpLIX
OH opraHH30BaJI B 1622 r. (Wertenbaker Th. 1. Virginia under the Stuarts,
p. 64; Morgan E. S. Ope cit., p. 122; Ridpath 1. Cl. Ope cit., Vol. II, p. 710).
151

:bUpr1tH:Mft
:KanlrraHa :KopOJIenCKOro <pJIOTa Amona XapBlf. EMY nMeHHJIOC1> n
06H3aHHOCT:b C03BaTL reHepaJI:bHYro accaM6HelO B CBH3M C Heo6xoH-
MOCTLIO CTpOIITeJIbCTBa B ROJIOHHII HOBoH CHCTeM:bI YKperrJIeHIIH
(CTOHRHOBeHHH C HH,n;eHn;aMII, BOHHa AHrJIHH C HcrraHHen: II <DpaH-
D;Hei), ,n;JIH lIero CJIeOBaJIO H3bICKaTL JIIOeH H cpe,n;CTBa. XapBH aa-
J);epmaJICH Ha po,n;HHe. ACCaM6JIeIO C03BaJI IIoTT. OHa c06paJlaCL
25 MapTa 1629 r. B COCTaBe 60JIee 40 ,n;errYTaTOB, rrpe,n;CTaBJIHBIDIIX
23 rrOCeJIeHHH 16. BHOB:b OHa Ha"tIHHaJla pa60TY lIO KopoHeBcRoMY
YKa3aHHIO H P;JIH 06cymeHHH BOllpoca, rrpe,t(JIaraeMOro MeTpOnOJIlIeii.
TaHHLIH COBeT B TOM me rop;y ITOCTaHOBHJI, qTO aaKOHbI reaepaJIL-
HOM accaM6JIeu «OJImHbI paccMaTpHBaTLCH KaM BpeMeHH:ble II H3Me-
HHTLCH lIO BOJIe KOPOJIH» 17. IIpH BceM aTOM accaM6J1eH CTaJla ripn-
06peTaTb XapaI\Tep Ran 61>1 perYJIHpHO C03:bIBaeMOro npeCTaBHTeJIL-
Horo yqpem,n;eHHH, H BlIprHIIbI, yqaCTBOBaBmHe B rrOJIHTHlIeCROH
iKH3HH I\OHOHHJI, ymc HMeJIH OIT:bIT a a m;1ITbl C ee ITOMOm;:b1O CBOIfX
HHTepeCOB.
fy6epHaTop JJ:iI{OH XapBH npH6bIJI B .D:meHMcTaYH BeCHOH 1630 r.
o ero ,n;eHTeJI:bHOCTH -HCTOpHRH CYHT lIo-pa3HOMY. «STOT qeJIOBeR
OKa3aJICH OHHM 1I3 caMbIX rrJIOXHX cpeAH MHOrO'tlHCJIeHHbIX ry6epHa-
TOpOB KOJIOHHH»,- rrHCaJI BepTeH6eHRep B 1914 r. fS TaKOBa 6LIJIa
Tor,n;a TpaAHHOHHaH TOqRa speHHH aMepIIKaHcKoH HCTopHorpaHH,
YMaCJIeAOBaHHaH ee OT ROJlOHHaJlbH:bIX BpeMeH. IIOIILITRH H3MeHHTL
aTY TO"IIKY 3peHHH 06HapymHBaIOTcH nOCJIe BTOpOH MlIpOBOH BOHHbI,
B "lIaCTHOCTH IIO)J; BJIHHHHeM aHrJIO-aMepHRaHCRoro COJIlImeHIIH Tex
JIeT. HaH60JIee HPRHM rrpHMepOM IIoA06HOii rrOrr:bITRH MomeT CJIymHTb
pa60Ta YHJIKOM6a E. ¥om6epHa, KOTOpLIH OTKpbITO BCTaJl Ha 3aD1IITY
XapBII. Tpa,n;lIuoHHbliI B3rJIH,t( yqeHLIH 06'bHCHHJI rraTpHOTHqeCKHM
rro,n;xo,n;OM aMepHKaHD;eB: ry6epHaTop - npe,n;CTaBIITeJI:b anZ.!luur:nou
a,n;MHHIICTpaIIH, a CJIe,n;OBaTeJl:bHO, no npe,n;CTaBJIeHHHM, CJlOmHBmHM-
cn C 3IIOXH 60pb6:bI aa He3aBHCIIMOCTL, CIIJla, Bpam,t(e6HaH aMe pu Kan-
CJti,U.M, KOJIOHHCTaM, TeM 60JIee B CJIyqae C XapBH, KorAa rrpOTHRope-
'tJ:HH B:bIJIIIJIHCb B OCTpblH KOH<pJIHRT. "Y om6epH YTBepm,n;aJI, "lITO AeJlo
06CTOHJIO eCJIII He HHalle, TO ropa30 CJIOmHee 19.
Ror,n;a XapBH 060CHOBaJICH B AmeH:McTaYHe, mlI3Hb KOJIOHHIJ IIOC-
ne IIHTH JIeT cym;ecTBoBaHHH 6e3 BHprllHCKOH ROMrraHHII B 3Ha"IIU-
TeJI:bHOn Mepe HOpMaJlH30BaJIaC:b. Pa3BIIBaJIOC:b Ta6aKoBocTBO, IIPIl-
16 Andrews Ck. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 199; Tyler L. G. Ope cit., p. 93-94; Hatch
Ck. E., Jr. America's Oldest Legislative Assembly, p. 9-10.
17 Russell E. B. The Review of American Colonial Legislation by the King in
Council. New York, 1915, p. 17.
18 Wertenbaker Tk. 1. Virginia under the Stuarts, p. 65.
19 Washburn W. E. Virginia under Charles I and Crom\vell, p. 20.
152

113rHAIIHE rYBEPHATOPA AmOHA XAPBH
BJIeRaJl HOBLIX IIOCeJIeHD;eB, CTHMYJIIIPYH rrJIaHTaTOpOB BB03HTb cep-
BeHTOB. HaCeJIeHHe KOJIOHHH ,n;OCTB:rJIO 5 TLIC. qeJIOBeI\, 'tITO
npeBLlmaJIO ypOBeHL 1622 r., rrepe,n; IIH)J;eHcKHM BOCCTaHHeM 20.
B rrOJIHYIO CHJIY ,n;enCTBOBaJIH Te <paKTOPLI, ROTOpLle 06YCJIOBHJIH 3a-
pOm,n;eHlIe BHprHHCKOH «apIICTORpaTIIII». CPYHRD;HOHlIpOBaJIa, XOTH II
B Y3RIIX paMRaX, reHepaJIbHaH accaM6JIeH. Bce 3HallllTeJI:bHee CTa-
HOBHJIaCL pOJI» COBeTa KOJIOHHII B CBH3H C pOCTOM 60raTCTBa II BJIHH-
HRH IIpe,n;CTaBJIeHHLIX B COBeTe RpYIIHbIX IIJIaHTaTopOB: ,n;Boe lIa HRX
6:bIJIH BpeMeHHO Ha rrOCTY ry6epHaTopa.
.XapBII C03bIBaJI accaM6JIelO perYJIHpHO. ITpH HeM ROJIOHHH 3Ha-
tJHTeJILHO paCmIIpHJIa cpaKTlIqeCRliI 3aHIIMaeMYIO TeppIITOp12lIO, OCO-
6eHHO B CTOPOHY p. J10PR, oTKy,n;a 1I3rHaJIH IIH,n;eiin;eB. CTaJiH npo-
RJIaALIBaTL AoporH Mem,n;y HaCeJIeHHLIMII rrYHRTaMH (paHee C006rn;eHHe
OCeCTBJIHJIOCL rJIaBHLIM 06pa30M no peRaM II TpY,II;uonpoxo-
,n;HMLIM TporraM). B 1631 r. KJIeH60pH OCHOBaJI ToprOBYIO <I>aRTopliIlO
Ha O-Be ReHT, B rJIy6liIHe 3aJIliIBa qecarrHK. B 1632 r. 6:bIJIa npOBe)J;e-
Ha KO,n;II<pIIRaD;HH BlIprHHCRHX aaROHOB. Tor,n;a me HaqaJI CTpOHT:bCH
6y,n;YID;IIH BIIJI:bHMC6epr. B 1634 r. 6LIJIa 1I3MeHeHa a,n;MHHHCTpa TRB-
HO-TeppHTOp12laJI:bHaH CIICTeMa ]I ynopH,n;OqenO Cy,n;OlIpOR3BO,n;CTBO.
B:bICmHM Heo<pHD;UaJI:bH:bIM cy,n;e6H:bIM opraHOM KOJIOHIIH CTaHOBU-
JIaC:b reHepaJI:bHaH accaM6JIeH, HO ee cy,n;e6HaH ,n;eHTeJI:bHOCT:b orpa-
HRqliIBaJIaC:b paCCMOTpeHHeM alIeJIJIHII;RH II HaH60JIee CJIOmHLIX ,n;eJI,
He rrOAIIa,n;aBmHX IIO,II; rrpHB:bIlIH:bIe HOpM:bI 1I He HMeBmHX rrpeD;e,n;eH-
TOB. MMym;ecTBeHH:bIe ,I(eJla OT 1600 <p. Ta6a:Ra H RapaeMble OTCeqe-
HlIeM "lIJIeHOB, cMepTHoH Ra3H:bIO pemaJl rJlaBHbIH cy,n; (coBeT HO-
JIOBIIH 11 ry6epHaTop), c06HpaBIDIIHcH B AmeHMcTaYHe O,n;IJH pa3 B
I\BapTaJI (General or Quarter court). HOBoBBe,n;eHlIeM: HBJIHJIOCb
pa3,n;eJIeHIIe ROJIOHHn Ha BOCel\Ib rpacpCTB 21. B Ham,n;OM ytJpeil\J];a.rrOC:b
°emeMeCHqHO C03bIBaeMoe c06paHHe (I\YPHH) <ppIIMeHOB B 8-10 "t£e-
JIOBeR (county court). KypIIH rpa<pcTBa aaHHMaJlaCb MeCTH:bIMIf
,n;eJIaMH (cTpOHTeJI:bCTBO ,n;opor, D;epKBeH, BbI,I(alla JIIIeH31IH Ha co-
,n;epmaHHe TaBepH H T. ,n;.), a Ha crren;naJI:bH:bIX 3ace,n;aHHHX ocym;e-
CTBJIHJIa cy,n;e6H:ble <PYHKD;HH (monthly courts). HaCTaBJIeHHe tJ.rrc-
HaM «emeMeCHqHbIX Cy,n;OB» (commissioners, justices) rJIaCMJIO:
«B:bI ,n;OJImHLI, IICIIOJI:b3YH Bce CBOII crroc06nocTH H paaYM, nOA,n;epmn-
.... ..... .... ..........
20 Bruce Ph. A. Social Life..., p. 18; Historical Statistics of the United States,
Pt 2, p. 1171.
21 0 <popMe yqpeiReHHH rpa<pcTBa CM.: Foundations, Vol. III, p. 1890-1891;
English Historical Documents, Vol. IX, N 38, p. 281-282. Co npeMeHeM, Kor-
)J;8 rpa<pcTB CTaHeT 6oJI:bme, Raml];Oe H3 JIHX 6yeT rrpe)J;CTaBJIeHO B reHe-
paJI:bHOH accaM6JIee BYMH eJIeraTaMH, J];i-HOHMcTayn - OHnM H OCHonaH-
HLIH TI03iRe ROJIJIeiR - O,n;HHM. I1pn6JIll3llTeJIbHO Tor,n;a il\e CTaJIH <pOpMllpO-
BaTbCH rpaHHn;bI npHxo,n;oB.
153

BIIPrUHIIJI
BaTL rrpaBocy,n;He, He pa3JIHqaH 6eHLIX II 60raTLIX, IICXO,n;H 113 3aKO-
HOB 1I 06:bIqaeB ROJIOHlIlI 11 BoaMomHO 6JIlIme rrpH,n;epmIIBaHC:b 3aKOHOB
AHrJIHII» 22. B RyplIHX rpa<p CTB B 3HalllITeJILHOH Mepe BOClIpO-
II3BOIIJIIICL Tpa,n;nD;HH II HOpMbI aHrJIHHCROro 06LlqHOrO II MYHIID;H-
rraJI:bHOrO npaBa, BH,n;OH3MeHHeMLle B COOTBeTCTBHII C MeCTHLIMH
COHaJILHLIMII YCJIOBIIHMlI 23.
TaR nOJIyqaJIa pa3BIITHe CHCTeMa npe,n;cTaBHTeJILH:bIX yqpeiR,n;e-
HHH ROJIOHHII. IIpH aTOM o<pIID;IIaJILHO rrpH3HaBaeMoe paBeHCTBO
Bcex <ppIIMeHOB He 03HaqaJIO, OHaKO, paneHCTBa B03MOiRHOCTeH Ha
yqaCTIIe B npe,n;CTaBIITeJI:bHbIX YlIpem,n;eHIIHX: qJIeHbI RypHH HaaHa-
"lIaJIHCL ry6epHaTopOM, KaK npaBIIJIO, H3 «,n;meHTJILMeHOB». HM me H3
HX "lIlICJla HaaHa"IIaJlnC:b mepH<pL1, KOTopbIe C03:bIBaJIH cye6H:ble 3ace-
,n;aHIIH, ROMaH,n;OBaJIII ROHCTe6JIHMH II ocyeCTBJIHJIH pyrHe <PYHK,.
n;Hn npe)J;CTaBHTeJIeH BJIaCTH. MMym;ecTBeHHoe HepaBeHCTBO II CBJI..
3aHHaH C HHM CTerreHL 06m;eCTBeHHoro BJIHHHIIH He MOrJIII He CRaaLI-
BaTLCH II, RaK MLI yme BH,n;eJIH, CRa3LIBaJIUCL Ha B:bI)J;BlImeHIIR
KaH)J;naTOB B accal\i6JIero. OqeHL -qaCTO o)J;Hn H Te me JIIO,n;lI 1I3 cpe-
bI 60raT:bIX rrJIaHTaTOpoB HBJIHJIHC:b 'tIJIeHaMlI COB eTa ROJIOHHH H re-
HepaJIbHOH accaM6JIeH, a O,II;HOBpeMeHHO qJIeHaMII RYPIIII, O<pHD;epa-
MIl MeCTHOH MHJIHD;HlI, mepH<paMH. IT03TOMY CJIOBa D;HTHpOBaBmeii-
H HHCTPYRD;HH - «He pa3JIHqaH 6e,n;HLIX II 60raTLIX» - rrpep;CTaBJIHJIII
C060H rro CYTII ,n;eJIa THrrHqHYro <POPMYJIY npaBOBOH CHCTeMLI, r,r(e
aa o<pHD;IIaJI:bHLIM paBeHCTBOM ncex nepe,n; aaROHOM CTOHT HMYIIJ;eCT-
BeHHoe HepaBeHCTBO, Be,n;ym;ee R HepaBeHCTBY npaB.
Bce CRa3aHHoe 0 eHTeJI:bHOCTH XapBH Ha nOCTY ry6epHaTopa,
KaaaJIOCL 6LI, no,n;CKa3LIBaeT B:bIBO,n; 0 6JIarOTBOpHOCTII aTOH ,n;eHTeJIL-
HOCTH JIH ROJIOHIIlI, 0 ero CorJIaC1I1I C BJIIIHTeJI:bHbIMII II COCTOH-
TeJILHLIMH BHprHHD;aMH. 8TO rro,n;TBepm,n;aeTCH KoppecnOH,n;eHD;Heii
nepBLIX MeCHD;eB ero npaBJleHHH. ry6epHaTOp rrHCaJI Tor,n;a, B "lIaCT-
HOCTH, 0 MaTblO3e: «...Be3 ero ycep,n;HOH IIO)J;epmRH H He CMor 6LI
nplIBeCTII ,n;eJla :3TOH CTpaHbI B rrOpH,IJ;OR 3a CTOJIL KOpOTKHH CPOK» 21.
IIpomJIo lIeMHoro BpeMeHH, 11 XapBII yme co06m;aJI 0 «CBOeHpaBHII
II orrrroaHD;IIH» "lIJIeHOB COBeTa, «I{OTOpLIe 60JILme aa60THTcJI 0 c06-
CTBeHHOH BI>Iro,n;e, "lIeM rreKYTCH 06 06eM 6JIare IIJIII 6JIare OT,n;eJIL-
HLIX JIro,n;eii» 25.
.- ... . ...........................
22 Reinish P. S. English Common Law in the Early American Colonies. Ma-
dison, 1899, p. 46.
23 Reinish P. S. Ope cit.; Cheyney E. P. Ope cit., chap. 14-16; Morris R. B. Stu-
dies in the History of American Law. New York, 1930; Law and Authority
in Colonial America, ed. by G. A. Billias. New York, 1954.
2 Wertenbaker Th. I. Virginia under the Stuarts, p. 65.
25 Bailyn B. Ope cit., p. 97.
tM

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BepXOBHon KopOJIeBCKOH BJIaCTH XapBH Mor IICXO,II;HTb IIa HaMepeHHH
YTBepAIITb aaKOHHOCTb, RaKon OB ee npeACTaBJIHJI, B qaCTHOCTH 110
nOJIyqeHHLIM HHCTPYKIIHM. qeM 6LI HII BblabIBaJIIICb ,n;eHCTBIIH ry-
6epHaTopa, ero IIoalIHH B AeJIe IIoTTa He MOrJIa He HaCTopOiKHTb
JIIO,n;eH, ROTopLIe, AO nplIe3J];a XapBII, rro,n;06Ho IIOTTY II MaTbI03Y,
6ecrrpenHTCTBeHHO HCnOJIb30BaJIII 60raTCTBO, BJIHHHIIe H aaBHCIIMOCTb
OT HIIX JIIO,n;en AJIH paCmHpeHIIH CBOHX BJIa,n;eHHH II BJIaCTII.
BLInOJIHHH ROpOJIeBCRHe HHCTPYKIIII 06 yrropH,n;O"IIeHHII OTHome-
HIIH C HH,n;eiiu;aMH, ry6epHaTop llbITaJICH BOCCTaHOBIITb C HIIMH Mlip.
3TO B:bI3BaJIO conpOTIIBJIeHlIe BJIHHTeJIbHLIX KOJIOHHCTOB, TaR KaR aa
CqeT HH,n;eHCRIIX 3eMeJIL paCDIHpHJIHC:b rrJIaHTaHH II rrpe,n;JIOrOM CJIY-
mHJIa rrepMaHeHTHaH BORHa «Ha rpaHHD;e». XapBH, IICXO,n;H H3 rrpem-
HHX YCTaHOBJIeHHH, o<pHHaJIbHO He MeHHBmHXCH, CqHTaJI ce6H rJIa-
BOH accaM6JIeII II rJIaBOH COBeTa KOJIOHHH, lIMeBmHM npaBo «BeTO».
If COBeT, H accaM6JIeH OClIapHBaJIII 8TH npHBIIJIerHH ry6epHaTopa.
OHII CCLIJIaJIIiCb Ha OTCYTCTBHe HHCTPYRD;IIH KOpOJIH, nO)J;TBepm,[\aro-
26 Morton R. L. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 120, 144.
27 Washburn W. E. Virginia under Charles I and Cromwell, p. 20.
155

Dttit'rMIt:U:1t
1tX: npeHlle npaBa ry6epHaTOpa. OHII OTRaaLIBannct O,u;OOPHTL
IIpe)J;JIaraeMble XapBII tPlIHaHCOBble IephI, CCbIJlaHCL Ha pemeHHe ac-
caM6JIeII 1624 r., rOBOpHBmee, "lITO BCe n060pbI II 06JIOiKeHIIH ,n;OJIiKHLI
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Bepm,n;eHHH TaHHoro COBeTa. ry6epHaTOp He IIMeJI B CBoeM pacnopH-
meHHII perYJIHpHbIX BoopymeHHbIX CIIJI II, MaTepHaJIbHO aaBIICII-
MbIH 28, BbIHym,n;eH 6bIJI CqHTaTLCH C MHeHHeM II meJIaHHHMII accaM6..
JIelI, oc06eHHo cOBeTa, KOTOpbIH <PYHKD;lIoHHpOBaJI HerrpepbIBHo. IIpH
aTOM XapBII, CqlITaH ce6H HaMeCTHIIKOM KOpOJlH, paaYMeeTcH, BCH-
"lIeCRII npOTIIBHJlCH TaRoH aaBHcHMoCTII, a COBeT CTpeMIIJlCH 1I3BJleqb
1I3 Hee MaKcHMYM nOJlbaLI ,n;JlH ce6H, a CJIe,n;oBaTeJIbHO, ,n;JIH KpyrrH:bIX
nJIaHTaTopoB.
IIo CJIOBaM IICTOpHKa Amona IloMtPpeTa, «COBeT norraJI Tor,n;a B
PYI\II caMbIX rpy6bIx II -qeCTOJII06IIBbIX nJlaHTaTOpoB IIa 1IIICJIa cTapblx
KOJIOHIICTOB, KOTopble OMOraJIIICb lIJIeHCTBa B COBeTe He IIOTOMY, tITO
CtlHTaJIH aTO CB0l1l\1 06m;eCTBeHHbIM ,il.OJIrOM, a IIOTOMY, -q'TO aTO OCBO-
60m,n;aJIo fiX OT HaJIOrOB... l{eJIII TaRIIX JlIO,n;eH, KaR CaMIOaJI MaTblOa,
Amop)J;iK MaH<pH, AmOH "YTH, A6paxaM By,n; II YHJIbHM CneHcep,
6LIJIII qHCTO arOIICTHqeCRlIMII, H nOTOMY OHII HaCTalIBaJIII Ha Heorpa..
HlIqeHHOM ,n;OCTYIIe K 3eMJle, Ha MeCTHOH IOpIIC,n;IIRD;IIII II arpeCCIIB-
HOM pacmHpeHIIH KOJIOHHII. OHII OCTaBaJlIICL HalI60nee 3HaqHTeJILHbI-
Mil <plIrypaMII AO 1650 r. ...» 29.
TaKIIM 06pa30M, nOqBa ,n;JIH ROH<pJlIIRTa 6LIJIa BeCLMa 6JIarOnpH-
HTHa. PH,n; C06bITHH cOAeHCTBOBaJI TOMY, qT06bI OH paarOpeJICH.
28 ,BOT AaHHbIe, coo6ID;aeMbIe aBTopOM 06mHpHoro H O'tJeHb cepbe3Horo TpYAa
«AMepHRaHCKHe ROJIOHHH B XVII BeRe» rep6epTa JI. OcrYAa: «B 1634 r.
XapBH IIHCaJI, 'tJTO ROpOJIL Ha3HaqHJI eMY 1000 <1>. CT. eiRerOAHO OT TaMOiReH-
HbIX nocTynJIeHHH C BHprHHHH, HO OH, HaXO)J;HCL Ha CBoeM IIOCTY YiRe OROJIO
5 JIeT, eII(e HHqerO He IIOJIyqHJI 113 8Toro HCTO'tJHHKa. B moHe 1638 r. OH co""
o6m;aJI, 'tJTO 3aAOJImeHHOCTL eMY COCTaBJIHeT 4000 <1>. CT. RaR Hero IIpe)J;-
meCTBeHIUIRH, OH, BepOHTHO, 6bIJI BbIHYiRAeH IIOnpaBJIHTb CBOH ;n;eJIa Bce-
B03MO}RHbIMH IIo6opaMH H cyp;e6HbIMH mTpa<l>aMH, KOTopbIe mJIH ry6epHaTO
paM no BeJIeHIUO ROpOJIH C caMoro Ha"tlaJIa. MbI 3HaeM TaRme, tITO ry6epHa":'
TOpbI nOJIY'tJaJIH 3Ha'tJHTeJIbHMe 3eMeJIbHbIe IIOiRaJIOBaHHH B KOJrOHHH. B e-
JIOM OHH H3 pa3JIH'tJHbIX ROCBeHHbIX HCTO"tlHHROB, BepOHTHO, 06eCne"tlHBaJIH
ce6e nopHAO'tJHbIH AOXO)J;, HO 8TO He 6bIJI ;n;OXO)J; B <l>opMe iRaJlOBaHbH ,HJIH
HP;ym;HM H3 aHrJIHHCROro Ra3HaqeHCTBa. Em;e 60JIbme aTO OTHOCHJIOCb K ;n;PY-
rUM ROJIOHHaJILHbIM "'IIIHOBHHKaM. IIpaBIITeJIbCTBO C"'IIITaJIO, "'ITO HaiR)J;aH KO-
pOJIeBCKaH ROJIOHHH AOJIiRHa o6eCne"tl11BaTb ce6H caMa, qTO HX pacxo)J;bI
P;OJIJKHM nORpblBaTbcH H3 MeCTHbIX IICTOQH11ROB». Ocry;n;, npOp;OJIiRaH, ,no,n;-
'tJepRHBaJI, 'tJTO JIHmeHHMe iRaJIOBaHbH ry6epHaTopbI «)J;OJIiRHbI 6bIJIH ynoBaTb
Ha cOMHHTeJILHYIO peHTY HJIlI Ha em;e MeHee Ha;n;eiRHbIe aCCHfHOBaHHH ac....
caM6JIeH» (Osgood H. L. Ope cit., Vol. III, p. 84-85, 86, 97).
29 Pomfret I. E. Ope cit., p. 53.
156

H3rttAtlit£ r"VtEPttATOPA n)KOttA XApgtt
I\aK MLI nOMHUM, C 1606 r. TeppHTopHH BMpflIHHII OT 38 no
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naHHH: JIoH,IJ;oHCKOH II TIJIHMYTCKOii. Ha ror OT aToH TeppHToplIH
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aaCeJIeHHe ROTOpOH HaqaJIOCb TOJIbKO B 1620 r. Hn BIIprHHcRHe,
HH HOBOaHfJIHHCRHe rrOCeJIeHD;bI R paCCMaTpHBaeMOMY £peMeHH He
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KaK MbI aHaeM, aaHHJIII rOJIJIaH;:J;bI. IOmHYIO qaCTb (Mem;:J;Y Ho-
BbIMH HH,n;epJIaH,n;aMH II p. IIoToMaR) , Ha3BaHHYlO MapHJIeH,n;,
KapJI I rrOmaJIOBaJI JIOp;:J;Y BaJITHMopy. BnprHHIJ;bI BOCnpHHHJIH pe-
meHHe KOpOJIH c BoaMym;eHMeM, oc06eHHo KJIeH6opH, TaR RaR O-B
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TIIMopa.
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AMepHKY II 110 IIYTII IIX Kopa6JIII OCTaHOBHJIHCb Y MbIca KOM4>oPT,
6JIH3 AmeHMcTaYHa, BHprHHD;bI BCTpeTHJIII IIX Bpam,n;e6Ho. MCKJIIO-
qeHHe COCTaBJIHJI ry6epHaTop, KOTOp:bIH CJIe,n;OBaJI HHCTPYKHHM
ROpOJIH. O,n;HaKo OKaaaTb coce,n;HM KaROe-JIH60 co,n;eHcTBHe OB 6bIJI
He B COCTOHHHH. Ha ero npocb6y cHa6)J;HTb MapHJIeH,n;u;eB ,n;OMamHH-
MH mHBOTHbIMII, B ROTOpbIX Te OqeHL nym,n;aJIHCb, COBeT ROJIOHI1!'.f
OTBeTHJI OTKaaOM. ry6epHaTop coo6m;aJI B JIOH,n;OH: «MnorlIe Ha-
CTOJIbRO Bpam,n;e6HbI, tITO IIo,n;HHMaIOT KPHR, a Y ce6H ,n;OMa rOBO-
pHT, qTO CKopee paao6bIOT rOJIOBbI npHHa,n;JIemaIIM HM lliHBOTHbIM,
qeM OTIIpaBHT IIX B MapHJIeH;:J;; H COlliaJIelO, liTO He B MoeH BJIa-
CTII npeCeqL TaKoe HerrOaBOJIHTeJIbHOe IIOBe,n;eHHe...» 30. «3a"IIHHID;H-
KOM 6ecrropH,n;KOB» XapBH Ha3bIBaJI MaTblOaa. KOHqHJIOCL TeM, 'ITO
ry6epHaTOp rrOCJIaJI HeCKOJI:bRO c06CTBeHHbIX KOpOB.
C aToro BpeMeHH B OTHomeHHHX Mem,n;y XapBH II COBeTOM KOJIO-
HHH IIOHBHJIaCb HBHaH HaTHHYTOCTb. OHa YCMJIHBaJIaCb no Mepe TOfO,
RaR 060CTpHJIHCb OTHomeHHH Mem,D;Y BHprHHaMII II MapHJIeH,n;aMH,
ROTopble IIbITaJIHCb BbI,IJ;BOpHTb C O-Ba ReHT KJIeH6opHa. 'rOT COIIpO-
THBJIHJICH II nOACTpeKaJI TaMomHHX HH,n;eiiIJ;eB npOTHB HOBbIX KOJIO-
HHCTOB. XapBII rrpHRaaLIBaJI eMY CHHTb <paRTopHIO. RJIeH60pH He yc-
TYIIaJI, BbI,n;aBaH ce6H aa aaID;IITHHKa HCKOHHbIX IIpaB BHprHHHII.
IIoaHHH ry6epHaTopa BOCIIpHHHMaJIaCb B KOJIOHHH RaK co,n;ellcT-
BHe ee BparaM. BparaM B,n;BOHHe, TaR KaR BaJITHMOp II "lIaCTb ero
ROJIOHIICTOB 6bIJIH KaTOJIIIKaMH, R KOTOpbIM aHrJIIIRane-BHprHHD;bI nII-
TaJIH aaROpeHeJIYro peJIHfH03HYIO Bpam,n;y. RJIeH60pH II ero CTOPOH-
HHRII B COBeTe KOJIOHHH AeJlaJlH Bce BoaMOlliHoe, qTo6DI.' HCKpel:I-
30 Scharf I. Th. History of Maryland from the Earliest Period to the Present
Day. Hatboro (Penn.), 1967, VIs I-III, Vol. I, p. 109.
157

BBPrRHU1t
TDpOBaTb XapBII 11 Ca60THpOBaJIII ero pacrropHmeHHJI. TaR, onlt
COpBaJIH nonLITRY ry6epHaTopa nOMOqb HeRoeMY "YIIJILHMY Kenncy,
nplICJIaHHoMY B ROJIOHHIO HaJIa,n;IITb MeCTHLIe npOMDICJILI (cOJIeBa-
peHHe, MDIJIOBapeHlIe, lIarOTOBJIeHHe erTH II T. ;0;.), OTRaaaBillllCL B:bI-
eJIItTL JIH Hym,n; Rennca XOTH 6LI o,n;Horo cepBeHTa. B 1634 r. B
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HRM II COBeTOM BLIJIIIJIaCb B OCTPYIO 60pb6y.
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COCTaBJIHJIO Tpy;a;a 06':be,n;HHHTL npOTIIB ry6epHaTopa 60JlLIlllIHCTBO
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RaIIIITaH Kopa6JIJI, ,n;OCTaBIIBIllHR ROJIOHIICTOB B MapHJIeH II B03Bpa-
m;aBmHHcH na POHHY lIepea BHprHHlllO, YBH,n;eJI, qTO XapBH «rrpOTII-
BOCTOHJIa BCH CTOJIL OTqaHHHaH II pa3rHeBaHHaJl aHrJIIIHCKaH ROJIO-
HIIH», qTO ee ry6epHaTOp «BLIaBaJI K ce6e RpaHHlO1O HeHaBHCTI> II He-
npHH3HL Y BceR KOJIOHHH» 32.
31 W ertenbaker Th. 1. Virginia under the Stuarts, p. 73; Washburn W. E. Vir-
ginia under Charles I and Cromwell, p. 21.
32 Narratives of Early Maryland, 1633-1684, ed. by Cl. C. Hall. N ew York,
1916, p. 58, 59.
158

H3rHAHHE rYBEPHATOPA )1;mOHA XAPBH
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«CHJILHOe II ycrremHoe corrpOTHBJIeHlIe» 33.
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HaTopa, KpHqa: «A M:bI 06BIIHHeM Bac B HaMeHe Ero BeJIHqeCTBY!»
CeRpeTapL Pn"IIap,n; ReMIT BCTaJI Mem,n;y crrOpHm;,IIMH, nplIaLIBaH R
cnoRoHcTBHIO II HanoMHHaH, 'tITO ry6epHaTOp HBJIHeTCJI npe,n;cTaBIITe-
JIeM KOpOJIH, a nORymeHHe na ROpOJIeBCKOro npe,n;cTaBHTeJlH cTporo
napaeTcH. XapBH oTnycTHJIH, HO 3aHBHJIH, "lITO Tpe6YlOT ero OT'be3-
33 Ibid., p. 59, 60-61.
159

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C KOTOpbIMH H II XO"IIY Bac rroaHaROMHTb II KOTOp:bIM YMOJIHIO BeplITb,
u60 Kam,n;oe CJIOBO 3,n;ecb rrpaB,n;a. Cap, rrplIMHTe K CBe,n;eHIIIO, liTO cap
AmOH XapBH aa,n;epmHBaJI rrHCbMa, HarrpaBJIHeMbIe Ero BeJIHqeCTBY,
JIOp,n;aM II ,n;pyrlIM JIIID;aM, B ROTOpLIX rOBOpHJIOCb 0 Ta6a"IIHOM KOH-
TpaKTe... Ha COCTOHBmeMCH aace,n;aHIIII OH OCRop6JIHJI COBeT II rOBOpHJI,
"lITO ero 'tIJIeHLI HMelOT IIpaBO JIHIDb BLICRa3bIBaTb npe,n;JIOmeHHJI, KO-
Topble OH MomeT rrpIIHHTb HJIH OTBeprHYTL, pacrrOJIaraH npaBaMH aa-
MeCTHHRa Ero BeJIHqeCTBa. OH K TOMY me CHJlbHO OCJIa6HJI KOJIOHHIO,
rrO;a;qlIHfIHCb MapIIJIeH,n;y... Cap, Bce aTO H IICrr:bITaHHbIe JIHqH:bIe OC-
Kop6JIeHIIH B:bIaBaJIlI He;a;OBOJILCTBO 11 rrOCJIymlIJIII rrOBO)J;OM K COCTaB-
JIeHHIO neTHIIlI H nHC:bMa, ROTopbIe 6bIJIH rrpe,n;CTaBJIeH:bI COBeTY C
Tpe60BaHHeM CRopeHmero YCTpaHeHHH YKaaaHHLIX B aTHX ,n;ORYMeH-
Tax SOJI, 'KOTOpI>Ie, He 6y,n;yqH YCTpaHeHH:bIMlI, MorYT nplIBeCTlI K rlI-
6eJIH ROJIOHHH» 34.
ry6epHaTOp CO CBoeH CTOpOHLI, eCTeCTBeHHO, CqHTaJI, liTO KOJIO-
HIIIO npUBe,n;eT K rlI6eJIH Herro,n;lIlIHeHIIe ero BJIaCTH, YCTaHOBJIeHHOH
KOpOJIeM, KOToporo OH rrpe)];CTaBJIHJI B BHprHHHII. Heaa,n;oJIro ,n;o CJIY-
1IIIBmerOCH OH maJIOBaJICH B JIOH;a;OH, "lITO «accaM6JIeH, COCTaBJIeH-
HLle JI3 rpy6Llx, HeBemeCTBeHHLIX II CBapJIHB:bIX JIIO,n;eii, CRopee
CRJIOHHLI R MHTemy, 'tIeM K JICIIOJIHeHHIO xopomHX aaROHOB H rrplIRa-
30B, oco6eHHO COBeT I10)J;aeT aTOMY rrpIIMep...» 35.
XapBII OTRaSaJlCH BI>IIIOJIHHT:b Tpe60BaHHe COBeTa 0 HeMe,n;JIeHHOM
OT'bea;a;e. R HeMY He npHMeHHJIlI HaCIIJIllfI, HO ero rrOJIHOCTLIO II30JIH-
pOBaJIII U 60HROTHpOBaJIII Bce ero pacnopfImeHHH. IIo eYTH ,n;eJIa OH
npeBpaTHJICH B rrJIeHHHKa. Be3 ero Be;a;OMa tIJIeHbI COBeTa C03BaJlII
accaM6JIelO, ROTopaH YTBep)];IIJIa Tpe60BaHHe, IIpe,n;'bfIBJleHHOe IIMII
XapBII. BOJIee Toro, OHa H36paJIa HOBoro ry6epHaTopa - AmoHa Bec...
Ta. XapBII He OCTaBaJIOCL HHqerO ,n;pyroro, RaK nORHHYT:b BHprIIHHIO
B corrpOBOm)];eHHII ero ,n;aBHHIDHero Bpara <1>peHcHca IIoTTa H TOMaca
XapBy,n;a, KOTOpLIM nopy-qIIJIlI ,n;OBeCTH ,n;o CBe,n;eHHH BI>ICIDHX BJIaCTen
Bee npeTeH3HlI.
34 James Towne in the Words of Contemporaries, p. 25. IIoJIHLlH TeRCT 3Toro
)J;JIIIHHOrO rrnCbMa CM.: Scharf 1. Th. Ope cit., p. 110-113.
35 Cooke 1. E. Virginia. A History of the People. Boston, 1973, p. 113.
160

H3rHAHHE rYBEPHATOPA ;r(a\OHA XAPBH


IIo rrpH6:bITHH B AHrJIHIO IIoTTa H XapBy,n;a cpaay apeCTOBaJIH.
IIpHBeaeHH:bIe MMH iRaJI06:bI TallH:bIll COBeT npHaHaJI He060CHOBaHH:bI-
MIL KapJI I, ClIHTaH HarHaHHe ry6epHaTopa OCJIymaHueM ero MO-
Hapmen BOJIH, nOBeJIeJI XapBII BepHYT:bCH B BHprIIHHIO II IIo,n;TBep-
,n;HJI ero rrpaBa KOpOJIeBCROro HaMeCTHMRa. XapBII ,n;OJIiReH 6:bIJI rrpH-
6:bITb B KOJIOHHIO Ha BoeHHOM Ropa6JIe. TaKHM 06paaoM XOTeJIH rro,n;-
HHT:b ero rrpeCTHiR. «MHTemHHKoB» - BecTa, MaTbIOaa, YTH, MaH-
<PH H ITHpca - B:bIa:bIBaJIH B JIOH,n;OH ,n;epiRa Tb OTBeT.
XapBH, RaaaJIOCb, BaHJI peBaHm. TOJIbHO HaaaJIOCb. TOm;aH KOpO-
JIeBCKaH KaaHa He MOrJIa BoaMeCTUTb eMY pacxo,n;OB, IIOHecelIIIbIX MM
B CBHaH C rroea,[l;RoH B AnrJIHIO M ero BoaBpam;eHueM B BuprHHHIO.
IT pe,n;ocTaBJIeHHbIH eMY BOeHH:bIll Kopa.6JIb OHaaaJICH CTa POH RaJIOmell
H He CMor ,n;06pa TbCH ,[1;0 AMepHRH. ry6epHa TOp rrpH6:bIJI Ty,n;a JIHmb
13 HHBapH 1637 r. Ha apeH,n;OBaHHOM aa CBOB ClIeT KyrreqeCROM CY,[l;He.
OH He PHCKHYJI 060CHOBaTbCH B AiReBMCTaYHe. MeCTOM CBoen pe-
aH,n;eHD;HII OH Ha6paJI 8JIHaa6eT-CHTH.
BbIaBaHHbIe B JIOH,n;OH qJIeHbI COBeTa KOJIOHHH, rrOJIbaYHCb OTCYT-
CTBHeM TaM XapBH, BbI,[I;BHHYJIH rrpOTHB Hero 6eCqHCJIeHH:bIe 06BHHe-
HHH. OHH rrOJIyqHJIH aKTHBHYIO rrO,[l;,[I;epiRRY CO CTOpOHbI BJIHHTeJIbHOrO
CBHm;eHHHRa 8HTOHH IIaHToHa, BbICJIaHHOrO B CBoe BpeMH ry6epHa-
TOpOM Ha BHprHHHH. Ho 60JIbme Bcero HM rrOMOrJIO HX 60raTCTBO M
CBH3H C JIOH,n;OHCRHMH KYII
aMH, KOTophIe, RaR H OHM caMH, 6bIJIM rrpo...
THB BMemaTeJIbCTBa KOpOJIH B Ta6aqHble ,n;eJIa. B Mae 1637 r. «aaro-
BOp
HKOB» orrpaB,n;aJIH. ry6epHaToPY 6:bIJI OTOCJIaH rrpHRaa BepHYTb
KOH<pHcKoBaHHoe Y HHX HMym;ecTBO.
XapBH rrpaBHJI BHprHHHeii em;e ,n;Ba ro,n;a. «B TeqeHHe aToro IIe-
pHO,[l;a ero IIpaBJIeHHH IIpHBbIlIHbIe aaKOHo,n;a TeJIbHbIe rrpaBa KOJIOHMH
He HapymaJIHCb» 36. HHa-qe rOBopH, ry6epHaTOp B:bIHYiR,n;eH 6"bIJI CqlI-
TaTbCH CO CBOHMM IIpOTHBHHRaMH.
B 1638 r. XapBII IIOCJIaJI B JIOH,[I;OH CBoero ,n;pyra «a,n;MHpaJIa H
MapmaJIa» BHprHHHH .D:mop,n;ma AOHHa. ITo IIpHea,n;e Ha pO,n;HHY xo-
,n;aTaB a,n;peCOBaJI KOpOJIIO rrpoeKT YKpeIIJIeHHH B KOJIOHHH KOpOJIeB-
CKOB BJIaCTH 37. IIpIICTpaCTHOCTb aBTopa ,n;oRYMeHTa HecoMHeHHa, HO
ero aaMeqaHHH, RacalOm;HecH cHTya
HH, CJIOmHBmeHcH Tor,n;a B BHp-
rHHHH, TeM He Menee ,n;OCTa TOqHO y6e,n;IITeJIbH:bI. rJIaBHaH M:bICJI:b-
CBHaH ROJIOHHH C MeTpOrrOJIHell OqeHb cJIa6:bI, KOpOJIeBCKHe aaKOH:bI
B aHaqHTeJIbHOH Mepe He,n;eHcTBeHH:bI: «BCHKOMY MomeT rrOKaaaT:bCH
CTpaHHbIM,- rrHCaJI AOHH,- "lITO B CTpaHe, TaR ,n;OJIro Haxo,n;H
eHCJI


36 Bancroft G. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 156.
37 George Donne's «Virginia Reviewed». A 1638 Plan to Reform Colonial Socie-
ty.- William and Mary Quarterly, 1973, July, Vol. XXX, N 3, p. 449-466,
the Document - p. 457-461 (rry6JIHRan;HH ocyru;eCTBJIeHa T. BpmloM).


6 JI. 10. CJI
3RHR


161




BIIPrUHHH
BO BJIa,n;eHHH aHrJIHqaH, npOqHOe ynpaBJIeHlIe TOJILKO YCTaHaBJIH-
BaeTCH... MomBo CqHTaTb 01IeBH,n;HLIM, lITO ,n;o caMoro 1I0CJIe,IJ;HerO Bpe-
MeHH Kam,IJ;DIH 'IIeJIOBeR, nOlITII 6ea HCKJIIOlIeHIIH, aa60THJICH 0 c06-
CTBeHHOH BLIro,n:e 60JILme, 'IIeM 0 6JIare caMOH CTpaHLI...». B aTOM Bce-
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«6e30 BCHKoro XpHCTlIaHCKOro MHJIOCep,n;IIH II YBameHIIH», II Tex, Roro
OR, MomeT 6bITb rrepBbIH, HaabIBaeT «apIICTOKpaTaMH».
«Ap;MlIpaJI II MapmaJI», 'CCLIJIaHCb Ha IIJIYTapxa 11 APyrlIe aBTO-
pIITeTLI, paccym)J;aJI CJIe,n:YIOm;HM 06paaoM: « ¥ CIIJIHH II CTpeMJIeHHH,
HanpaBJIeBHLIe Ha CJIlImKOM 6DIcTpoe 06oraeHlle ...OtIeHb 'IIaCTO rrpII-
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meHIIIO... Paa,n;pameHlIe II lIeCTOJII06HBLIe aM61I1I Hey,n;epmHMO Be-
,n;YT R HpOCTHOR Bpam,n;e II HarOBopaM, a TO II ,n:pyroe - R aBapXHH
H 6ecIIopH)J;KY. B HCTHHHOCTH 9T1IX 06IIX IIOJIOmeHHH... H y6e,n;HJICH
C Toro caMoro MOMeHTa, RaK Hora MOH cTynHJIa na aeMJIIO BlIprH-
BHH... ,qTO IIpOHCTeRaeT Ha 9Toro, JIBCTByeT 1I3 IIOCJIe)J;Beii aRD;IIH,
npe,n:npHHHToii BCnLIJIblIHBbIMII II yrropuLIMII B CBoeH HeBLI)J;epmaH-
HOCTII JIIO,n;LMII, 113 3arOBopa IIpOTIIB ry6epuaTopa...».
RpOMe mam)J;LI HamIIBLI, npHlIHHY CJIYlIHBmerOCH AOHH BH)J;eJI B
«nonYCTIITeJIbCTBe» npemHHX ry6epHaTopOB, 'liTO npHBeJIO K 3aBHcn-
MOCTH CTpaBDI OT «BOJIII II YKaaaHHH» npeYCIIeBaIOIIX 60raTLIX JIIO-
,n;eii: «ApIICTORpaTbI H3 COBeTa npHBLIKJIH X03HRHHlIaTb 11 OcnaplI-
BaTL BJIaCTL ry6epnaTopa... 8TII BLICKOlIRH C 60JILmHHCTBe CJIY-
'IaeB - COCTOHTeJIbHLIe H caMLle BJIHHTeJIbHble JIIO,n;II, KOTopLIe
HeBaBH,n;HT CTOHYIO Hap; HIIMII BJIaCTL II KOTopLIe meJIalOT 1I3MeHIITb
BeCb cyeCTByrom;IIH nopHp;OR yrrpaBJIeHIIH...».
IIpoeRT AOHHa, BepOHTHO, OTBe'llaJI B3rJIH,n;aM RapJIa I. Ho Ha-
apeBaJIa BOHHa C IDOTJIau;IJ;lIeii. He 'npeRpaaJIIICb Hapo,n;HLIe BOJIHe-
BIlH. Ra3Ha 6LIJIa nYCTa, II nplIxo,n;IIJIOCb ,n;YMaTL 0 C03bIBe HeHaBH-
CTHoro napJIaMeHTa. ECJIH 11 paHbme He CTOHJIO BOCCTaHaBJIIIBaTIJ
npOTIIB ce6H BIIprHHeB, TO TenepL TeM 6oJIee. R TOMY me He 6LIJIO
HH o,n;Horo COJI,n;aTa, KOToporo MomBO 6bIJIO 6bI nOCJIaTb B AMepHRY.
B HHBape 1639 r. KOpOJIb HaaHalIHJI HOBoro ry6epHaTopa BIIprn..
UHB, BeCbMa npHeMJIeMYIO ,n;JIH BlIprHUn;eB cpHrypy, capa <PpeHCHca
BaRaTTa. EMY BMeHHJIOCb B 06HaaHHocTL BOCCTaHOBHTL npeiRHHe
npaBa reHepaJILHOii accaM6JIeII II C03LIBaTb ee emero,n;Ho, a eCJIII He-
06XO,n;IIMO, TO 'IIae 38. IIo npIIe3,n;e BaiiaTT nplIHHJICH peBHOCTHO
B3LICKHBaTb C XapBII no BeeM HCKaM, KOTopLIe nocTynaJIII Ha Hero
38 Andrews Ck. M. Op. cit., Vol. I, p. 200, 204. TaiiHbIH ,COBeT He aa6bIJI HanoM-
BUTb, tITO BHprHHCRHe aaROHbI ,n;OJImHbI «COOTBeTCTBOBaTL aaROHaM AHrJIHH
II )];0 YTBepm)];eHIIH HX JIOH)];OHOM CqHTaTLCH JIIIIIlb YCJIOBHbIMH» (Russell
E. B. The Review of American Colonial Legislation... New York, 1915, p. 17).
162

uarllAHBE rYSEPIIA'rOPA nmOHA XAPBR
rrpem,n;e II nOCLllIaJIIIC:b ,n;Om)J;eM TeJ;Iep:b. Ha nOJIOmeHHII neCOCTOB:-
TeJIbHOrO }J;OJIiRHHKa II nOJIyapecTaHTa XapBH npOmHJI B BlIprHHHII
,n;o 1641 r.
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TaT 06CTaHOBKH, CJlOmlIBmeHCH B AHrJlHH HaKaHYHe peBOJIIOI{HH H
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HHn;y. C)J;eJIaHHOH YCTYlIKOii OH )J;OCTHr n;eJIH. OHaKO paCCKas ot>
aTOM BbIXO,IJ;HT 3a paMKII Hamero HCCJle)J;OBaHHH. eJleC006pa8Hee
BepHYTbCH K Bonpocy 06 113rHaHHH XapBII B 1635 r.
Yom6epH nlIcaJl: «MHOrIIe IICTOpHRH ClIHTaIOT, -rrTO XapBH 6LIJI
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CHOCIIT:b Bro ero eCrrOTHtIeCROro npaBJIeHHH 39. O)J;HaKO MaJIO 'qTO
rrOTBepm,IJ;aeT 3TY TOtIRY apeHHH» 4.0. RaK yme YKa3LIBaJlOCb, TOllRa
3peHIIH, KOTOpyIO ocrrapHBaeT aBTOp npHBe)J;eHHLIX CTpOK, 6LIJIa no-
pom,n;eHa B aMepMKaHCKoii HCTopHorpa<pIIH lIaTpHOTHlIeCRHMII aHTH-
aHrJIHiicKMMII HaCTpoeHIIHMH, YXOHIIMH KOpHHMH B ROJIOHIIJILHYIO
HCTOpHIO CIlIA. Ee 3aID;HTHHKH HCXO)J;HT II3 6eccnopHoii nOCLIJlRII:
IIOJIHTHKa AHrJlHH 6LIJIa KOpLICTHOB: H eCnOTHqeCKOB:, cooTBeTcT-
BYIOID;HM o6pa30M BeJIH ce6H KOJIOHHaJIbHbIe aMHHIICTpaTOpLI, Hepe-
KO HaAeJIeHHLIe )J;ypHLIMH tIepTaMH xapaKTepa. Ho ¥om6epH Tome
npaB, OTMetIaH OTCYTCTBHe IICTOllHHKOB, ROTopLIe nO;IJ;TBepiK,n;aJIH 6LI
cpaRT HapO,IJ;HOrO BOCCTaHHH, XOTH ero meJIaHHe, OTTaJIRHBaHCL OT aTO-
ro, nplIYRpaCHTb pOJIb XapBH BPH)J; JIM 060CHOBaHHO. CTOpOHHHKII
06elIx TOlleR 3peHHH rpemaT TeM, liTO OTpbIBaIOTCH HeCKOJIbRO OT
YCJIOBHH Tex MeCT II BpeMeHH. B nepBOM CJIYtIae Hapo OTOiK)J;eCTB-
JIHeTCH C eiiCTBOBaBmIIMII Ha aBaHCn;eHe pOOHallaJIbHHKaMH BHP-
rHHCROH «apIICTORpaTHII». Bo BTOpOM - XapBII B 1I3BeCTHOH CTeneHII
lIpeCTaBJIHeTCH 6JIaropO)J;HOH TparlIQeCROii <pHrypoii, CBoero pO)J;a BHP-
rHHCRHM AOH KIIXOTOM, npaB)J;a, 6ea npHcym;eii aTOIY o6pa3Y TpO-
raTeJIbHOH ceHTHMeHTaJIbHOCTH.
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C TeM, -rrTO 3TO eiiCTBHTeJIbHO eCJlII He caMDIe, TO qpe3BbI-rraiiHO BaiK-
Hble H 3HalllITeJIbHLIe C06LIT1IH paHHeH BlIprHHCKOH IICTOpIIII. IIpo..
H30mJIO IIepBoe splIMoe H B oIIpe,n;eJleHHOH Mepe ycrremHoe BLIcTyn-
JIeHne aHrJIHHCRHX nOCeJIeHn;eB Ha KOHTHHeHTe CeBepHoH AMepHRR
npOTHB ROJIOHHaJI:bHOH ROpOJleBCKOH a)J;MIIHHCTpan;IIH, 060SHatIHJlIICL
crren;H<pH-rrecRHe BHprlIHCKHe IIHTepeCLI H cnoc06HOCT:b KOJlOHIICTOB K
nOJIIITlItIeCKOH 60pb6e. O,n;HaRo cpaay HymHo lIo,n;qepKHYTb aM6plIo-
HaJIbHOCTb OTMe-rreHHLIX 06m;ecTBeHHLIx HBJleHHii. BlIprHHn;LI 1635 r.
39 CM., HanpHMep: Morton R. L. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 144.
40 Washburn W. E. Virginia under Charles I and Cromwell, p. 20.
163
6*

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pOJlH, HO OJJ;HoBpeMeHHO nO));,n;epiRHBaJIH <(IIHTepeCLI ROJlOHHH», nOJlY-
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41 rep6epT AiiTeRep, fOBOpH 0 C06bITHHX 1635 f., He .n;eJIaeT CCDIJIOK (IICTOpHH
aMepHKaHCKoro napo.n;a. KOJIOHIIaJIbHaH apa. M., 1961, c. 181-182. lIep. C
aHrJI.). CCbIJIKa A. C. CaMOnJIO (YRaa. COq., c. 44) na RHIITY rep6epTa M. Mo-
paRaa (Morais H. M. The Struggle for American Freedom. New York, 1944,
p. 39). He MomeT CqIITaTbCH 060CHOBaHHon. B RHHre HeT YRaaaHHH Ha IIC-
TOqHIIHIf, 11 IJ;eJIb ee aBTopa - JIHTeprrpeTan;HH, a He YCTaHOBJIeHHe <paRTOB.
KpOMe Toro, B ,n;aHHoM CJIyqae - aTO CTpeMJIeHHe JII060H n;eHOH HaRTH Boa-
MOlliHO 60JIee paHHHe HCTOqHIIKlI «aMepHKaHCROH .n;eMORpaTHH». MMeHHO
IIoaTOMY, BepOHTHO, CaMORJIO, XOTH H fOBOpHT 0 (<BoopymeHHoM BbICTYIIJIe-
HlIII», He nOBTopHeT CJIOBa MopaRaa: «COTHH BoopymeHHbIx JIIO,n;eH». YnoMH"
HaHIIe 060IIMH aBTopaMH 0 C. MaTblOae KaK 0 6bIBmeM cepBeHTe H PYKO-
BOp;HTeJIe «BOCCTaHHH» C HBHbIM HaMepeHlleM rrplI,n;aTb BblcTynJIeHlI10 rrpo-
THB XapBII Hapo,n;HbIH, ,n;eMoRpaTIPlecKllH xapaKTep, HeorrpaB,n;aHHO.
42 Cooke J. E. Op. cit., p. 167.
43 Map p A. J. Op. cit., p. 115.
164

HarHAHHE rVBEPHATOPA nmOHA XAPBH
XapBH 6bIJI B AHrJIIIII CTOpOHHlIl\OM napTHII, 60p:b6a KOTOpOH
npHBeJia K JIHKBH,n;an;HH BMprHHCROH ROMIIaHIIII. BOHcb aa yqaCTb
CBOeH accaM6JIen II 3eMeJIbHbIX BJIa,n;eHHH, BlIprHHD;LI, MLI 3HaeM, He
cpaay npHMnplIJIIICb C KOpOJIeBCKOH BOJIeH. II031In;HH XapBH B OTHO-
illeHHII ROMrraHMII, CO"IJeTaHMe B ero ,n;eHTeJlbHOCTR Ha nOCTY ry6ep-
HaTopa aM6HD;HH KOpOJIeBCROro HaMeCTHIIHa C ROpLICTblO JIHqRO saHH-
TepeCOBaHHoro C60pHRa nOIIlJIIIH II a,n;MHHHCTpaTIIBHbIM plIropH3-
MOM C caMoro HatIaJIa ,n;OJImHbI 6bIJIM rrpOTMBOIIOCTaBHTb ero JIIO}J;HM,
I{OTOpble yme BKYCHJIH HeROTOpyIO ,n;OJIIO IIOJIHTH-rreCKoii: caMOCTOH-
TeJIbHOCTM II paCilOJIaraJIM 60JIblliHM BJIIIHHHeM Ha OCTaJIbHLIX RO-
JIOHHCTOB., OCJIOmHeHIIe B OTHomeHUHX C IIOTTOM, a lI03me c RJIeH-
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cpJIIIRTa. Ho, CYAH no npuBe)J;eHHoMY Bblme nHcbMY XapBII, B ROTO-
pOI OH XBaJIHJI MaTbI03a, MOi!{I-IO CqIITaTb, tITO «apHCTORpaTDI» He
Bce II He cpa3Y OnOJIIMJIHCb npOTHB ry6epHaTopa. BHaqaJIe OHM, Be-
pOHTHO, nOJIaraJIH, tITO y,n;aCTCH YCTaHOBIITb MO)J;YC BHBeH)J;H, cYIT(e-
CTBOBaBlliHH ,n;o ero npH6bITHH B BHprUHHIO.
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Ta II npHCJIYIIlHBaJICH K iKaJI06aM Ha MaTblO3a co CTOpOHbI ero
061I'KeHHbIX coce,n;eH. 81'0, KOHetIHO, HaCTOpOmlIJIO «apIICTORpaTOB»,
BbI3BaJIO y HHX Bpam)J;e6Hoe OTHOIIleHlIe R XapBII. B03MomHbIe aJIO-
ynoTpe6JIeHIIH, 6e3 KOTOpbIX He 06XO.n;HJICH HH O)J;HH ry6epHaTOp,
MOrJIH CJIY1KIITb nOBo,n;OM )];JIH pa31KIIraHHH npOTIIB Hero He)];OBOJIbCT-
Ba, oc06eHHO npH Onn031In;MH eMY COBeTa KOJIOHHII II accaM6JIen.
B TO me BpeMH, BbIcTynaH peBHIITeJIeM 3aROHa II 6eCROMilpOMIIC-
CHbIM HCnOJIHHTeJIeM BOJIR MOHapxa, XapBlI, XOTeJI OH aToro IIJIH HeT,
nrpaJI TY pOJIb, ROTopaH He pa3 BblIIaJJ;aJIa Ha )J;OJIIO a,n;MHHHCTpa 1'0-
pOB 3aMopCKHX BJIa)J;eHIIH: ponb 3aHTHMROB ROpOJIeBCRlIX no,n;,n;aH-
HbIX 01' 3aCMJIbH MeCTHbIX apHCTORpaTOB (B RaBbIqKaX HJIII 6ea).
ApnCTOHpaTOB, rrpHBbIRaBmIlX BAaJIM OT MeTpOIIOJIMH R np01l3BOJIY,
H 3aBHCHMOCTlI 01' HIIX ry6epHaTopOB (BoeHHoi, MaTepHaJIbHOH
II np.), He YCTpalIBaJIO HCrrOJIHeHHe ry6epHaTopaMH pOJIH, nyeT:&
MHHMbIX, aam;HTHHROB «tIepHM», TaR RaK ,n;aBaJIO nOBO,n; nO)J;HeBOJIb-
HbIM JIIOJJ;HI Ha)J;eHTbCH Ha npaBocy,n;He, RaR 6bI «pacnpHMJIHJIO» HX.
He YCTpaHBaJIO 3TO II BMprHHCRHX «apIICTOKpaTOB».
CKaaaHHoe OTHIO,D;b He 03HatIaeT, "IlTO XapBH naJI HeBHHHOH mepT-
BOR. AJIH He)J;OBOJIbCTBa ero npaBJleHlIeM 6bIJIO, BepOHTHO, HeMaJIO
nplItIHH He TOJIbRO y «apIICTORpaTOB». Ho TOJIbRO OHH HBJIHJIIICb )1;0-
CTaTOtIHO CnJlOqeHHOH CIIJIOn, cIIoc06HOll Bblpa3HTb OTKpDITO He)J;O-
BOJIbCTBO. ,n;JIH aToro OHH lICIIOJlb30BaJIlI COBeT KOJIOHHH, reHepaJIb-
HYIO accaM6JIeIO, a TaKme COJI,n;aT lI3 oxpaHbI ry6epHaTopa. 8Toro
BnOJIHe XBaTaJIO AJIH )J;OCTHmeHIIH HX n;eJIeii. K HapOAY OHH aa no-
165

nttp....1tH:ltn
MOJ:I(bIO He 06pam;aJIHCb. 11M HymeH 6LIJI CMHpHbIH ry6epnaTOp, no
ee 60JIbme - C:MHpHbIH lIa po,n;.
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PYKH ,n:onOJIHHTeJlbH:&Ie B03MomHOCTII )J;JIH aKOHOMHqeCKOrO II nOJIHTH-
qeCKOrO IIo,n;tIHHeHHH OCTaJIbHbIX ROJIOHHCTOB, ,n:JIH aaKa6aJIeHHH cep-
BeHTOB. I13rHaHHe XapBH IIO CYTH )];eJIa HBHJIOCb YTBepm,n;eHHeM Kpyn-
HbIX nJIaHTaTOpOB B RaqeCTBe rocno,n;CTBYIOero RJIaCCa BlIprHHHH,
a BH)J;HeHmHX «apIICTOKpaTOB» - B KalIeCTBe ero JIII,n:epOB.
JIIOHC PanT IIHCaJI: «XOTH 60JIee noa,n:HHe nOKJIOHHHKH ,n;eMOKpa-
THH YCMaTpHBaIOT aapOA:&IIDn HapOAHoro ynpaBJIeHHH e:m;e B KOJIO-
HHaJIbHOii BHprIIHHII, B ,n;eiicTBHTeJIbHOCTH co BpeMeHH nepBoro no-
CeJIeHHH ,n;o caMOH peBOJIIOn;HH ynpaBJIeHHe 6LIJIO apHCTOKpaTHtIeCKHM,
,l(ame OJIHrapXHtIeCRHM» 4". BbIBO)J;, MomeT 6bITb, CJIHmKOM 0606aIO-
IqHH, HO cO)J;epmaHH 3Ha"IJHTeJIbHYIO ,n:OJIIO HCTHHLI. Bo BCHHOM CJIY-
-rrae SPHMYIO TeH,n;eHHIO R YCTaHOBJIeHHIO OJIHrapXHqeCKOrO npaBJIe-
HHH JlerHO 06Hapym1ITb HMeHHO B C06bITHHX, CBHaaHH:&IX C HarHa-
HlleM liS CTpaHLI ry6epHaTopa XapBII. «II06e)J;a 1635 r. 6bIJIa n06eJJ;oH
pemlITeJIbHbIX JIH,n;epOB ROJIOHHH... C HOB:&IM Ha3HaqeHHeM capa <DpeH-
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pecny6JIHRH nOJIHOCTbIO aaHperrJIeHa. R 1658 r., KOr)];a MaTba 6:&IJI
Ha6paH ry6epHaTopoM, a<PtPeRTHBHoe BMemaTeJILCTBO co CTOpOHLI HC-
qeSJlO, H accaM6JIeH no cy:m;eCTBY pacnoJiaraJla BepxoBHoH BJIaCTbIO,
HBJIHHCL <paRTlIqeCHH JlHrOH MeCTHbIX MarHaTOB, KOHTpOJIHPYIOHX
TaKme 06m;ecTBeHHbIe yqpemAeHHH rpatPc1'B»,- CAeJIaJl, Ha Ham
l1arJIH)J;, BepHoe aaRJIIOtIeHIIe H3BeCTHbIH RCTOpHR BeHJIHH 45.
*
B 06m;eCTBeHHOH mH3HII BHprHHHH paCCMaTpHBaeMoro BpeMeHH He-
KOTopLIe aJleMeHTbI <peo,n;aJIHaMa npHCYTCTBOBaJIH. OHH COXpaHHJIHCb
B Tpa)];HHHX, B 3aBe3eHHbIX C pO,n;IIHbI IIpaBOBDIX YCTaHOBJIeHIIHX.
ry6epHaTopbI Ha3HatIaJIHCb ROpOJleM. EMY no aaKony npHHa,n;JIemaJIa
3eMJlH ROJIOHHII, OT ero HMeHH eIO Ha)J;eJIHJlH. IIpeJJ;YCMaTpHBaJlCH
c60p KBHT-peHT:&I. Cym;ecTBOBaJIO 06HaaTeJIbCTBO OTqIlCJIHTb' KOpOJIIO
ITHTIIHY OT ,n;06LITbIX 30JIOTa H cepe6pa. B caMOH BlIprHHHH Ka6aJIL-
HaH S8B1ICHMOCTb cepBeHTOB no ROHTpaRTY, a TaKme aKOHOMlIqeCRaJI
aaBHCHMOCTb MeJIKIIX 3eMJIeBJIa)J;eJILn;eB OT KpynHblx, CBH3aHHDle c
U. Wright L. B. Ope cit., p. 19 (HMeeTCH B BHAY peBOJIIOD;MH KOHn;a XVIII B.);
M. TaKme: Andrews Ch. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 205.
45 Bailyn B. Ope cit., p. 97-98.
166

H3rHAHHE rJTBEPHATOPA AmOHA XAPBH
npHMLIM IIpHHymeHlIeM, C08)J;aBaJlII OTHOmeHIIH, HarrOMIIHaBIDlIe <l>eo-
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mHXCH 6ypmya3H:bIX OTHomeHIIH B MeTpOnOJIHH. lI3 HIIX BLIpOCJIa
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RarrHTaJIHCTlItIeCKOe npelIpHHTHe. BnprlIHIIH HaXOHJIaCL oeHL a-
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xpaHHBmHXCH cpeO)J;aJlbHbIX OTHomeHnii, HO 6LIJIa 6eCCHJILHa Hacam-
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RpenlITb 3a BHprlIHCKIIMII 3eMJIeBJIa)J;eJIbaMII IIX 3eMeJIbHYIO
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npo,n;aTb. KOpOJIL He Mor IIOMemaTb IIOCeJIeHaM B BLI60pe <l>OPM XO-
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MYJI K ilX nOHBJIeHIIIO B BHprnH1I1I ncxoAnJI 113 MeTpOlIOJIHH (KOH-
RpeTHO B JIHD;e BHprHHCRoii ROMlIaHHH), OH no,n;,n;epmHBaJICH cnpo-
COM CRJIaAl>IBaBmerOCH MHpOBoro KaIIHTaJIHCTH"lJeCKOrO pbIHRa Ha Ta-
oaK. IIpn6bIJIb OT y,n;OBJIeTBOpeHHH aToro cnpoca 06eCne'tlHBaJIaCI, CO-
3AaBlleM TIJIaHTan;HOHHoro X03HHCTBa, B KOTOpOM npn OTCYTCTBHH B
BHprlIHHII «cB06o)J;HorO» HaeMHoro Tpy,n;a TaKOH TPYA aaMeHHJICH
Tpy,n;OM «6eJILIX pa60B» no KOHTpaRTY II npHHymAeHHIO, a TaKme
TPYAOM nomn3HeHHLIX tIepHLIX pa60B. To 6LIJla «HCKameHHaH» Ka-
filITaJInCTHQeCKaH cpopMa rrpOlI3BOACTBa II oTHOmeHIIH, 06YCJlOBJIen-
HaH MeCTOM H BpeMeneM. Cym;ecTBOBaJla OHa oJlro II nom6J1a TOJIL-
KO n pe3YJlbTaTe rpamAaHCHOH BOHHLI 1861-1865 rr., RprAa CTaJIa
neCOBMeCTHMa C OCHOBH:bIM nYTOM pa3BHTHH «tInCToro» KanIITaJIH3Ma.

HOBblVi nnV1MYT
rJIABA BOCbMAJI
I1I1JII1rpI1MhI
AHrJIHH H3yaeMorO BpeMeHH - HarJIH,n;HbIH rrpHMep TOMY, 'lITO
pe3YJILTaTOM lIpeCJIe)J;OBaHHH 3a y6emeHHH 06bItIHO HBJIHeTCH HX pa-
,n;IIRaJIII3aIIH, ee 60JlbmaH K HHM rrpHBepmeHHOCTb, CKpbI-
BaeMaH MOJItIaHlleM, npHKpbIBaeMaH BbIHym)J;eHHDIM OTpe'tfeHHeM,
4rrpOB03rJIamaeMaH n;eHOH caMOlIomepTBOBaHHH, cnacaeMaH 6erCTBOM.
meCTORoe B03Bparn;eHlle CTpaHbI K RaTOJIHD;H3MY lIPH MapHII I «Rpo-
BaBoH» yrJIy6HJIO npOD;ecc aHrJIHHCROH pe<popMarr;HH. IToaToMY EJIH-
3aBeTa, IIPH KOTOpOH YTBep)J;HJICH aHrJIHRaHH3M, BCTpeTIIJIa onII03H-
n;HIO co CTOpOHbI Tex, RTO CtIIITaJI, 'tfTO aHrJIHRaHCKaH n;epKOBb rpemHT
MHorHMH nopORaMII pHMcRO-RaTOJIHtIeCROH, co CTOpOHLI npOTeCTaHTOB-
KaJIbBHHHCTOB. Mx Ha3LIBaJIH «nypIITaHaMH » 1, nOCROJIbRY TOJIbHO
ce6H OHH CtIHTaJIII «HCTHHHbIMII» rr;epKOBHbIMII pe<popMaTopaMII II
lJ;06IIBaJIIICb «O"IJIIm;eHHH» aHrJIHHCKOH n;epKBII. lIx Ha3bIBaJIII TaK elI(e
1I3-3a BHemHeii CTporOCTH H tIOnOpHOCTII nOBe,n;eHHH, rrOAtIepKHYToro
6JIarOQeCTHH, Bpam)J;bI R nOKa3HOH pOc.KomH B 6bITY H epKBH, H3-aa
rre)J;aHTH3Ma H MeJIOqHOH' cKpyrrYJle3HOCTH B ,n;eJIax, 'tfTO OTpamaJlO
6ypmya3HYIO HailpaBJIeHHOCTb IIX BepLI II MOpaJIH, npOTHBOCTOHB-
IDIIX nbImHOCTH II apIICTORpaTH3MY, nOtIHTaeMbIM «I>eo,n;aJIaMH 2.
1 Purus (J£ar.), pure (aneJ£.) - TJHCTbIH, HCTHHHbIH.
2 CM.: Mapr;,c E., 8neeJ£bC (/J. COTJ., T. 21, c. 314-315, T. 22, c. 308-309; Bape
M. A. RpOMBeJIb Hero BpeMH. M., 1950, c. 68-69; JIaepoecr;,uu B. M.,
Bape M. A. AHrJInHCRaH 6ypmya3HaH peBOJIIOIJ;UH XVI I BeRa. M., 1958, rJI. 5;
mror;,Map B. B. IIYPJITaHcRoe ABHmeHHe 70-80-x rOAOB XVI B. B AnrJIHH.-
¥TJ, a all, JIry, 1956, CepMH HCTOpHTJ. HaYR, BbIll. 21, c. 138-168; Hcae1(,-
168

nUJIUrPHMLI
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npOrJIOTHTh 06PHl(, qeM paCKOJIOTb n;epKOBb)}, RaK rOBOpHJI O)J;HH H3
yqaCTHHKOB TorJJ;amHeH IIOJIeMIIRH 3. OCHOBHoe pacxom)J;eHHe nypH-
TaB c aHrJIHRaHaMIi mJIO He no BorrpocaM BepoyqeHHH, a IIO Bonpo-
caM Y)J;emeBJIeHIIH epKBH II ee opraHn3aHH. B tIaCTHOCTH, mJIII
ClIOphI 0 pOJIH npeCBHTepOB 4. IIo:3TOMY qaCTb rrypnTaH CTaJIIi Ha3,bI-
BaTh «npeCBIITepllaHaMH». I1MlI CTaHOBHJIIICb B OCHOBHOM SamlITOq-
HbIe JIIO)J;II, npeTeH)J;OBaBmne Ha PYKOBO)J;HYIO pOJID B peJIHrH03HbIX
06HHax, a lIOCJIe «O"IJHeHHH» aHrJIHRaHCROH n;epRBII - Ha aHaJIO-
rntIHYIO pOJIb B rOCY)J;apCTBe. OHII OTCTaHBaJIII TaKYIO n;epKOBHYIO
opraHH3an;HIO, npH ROTOpOH Bce OCHOBHbIe BonpOCLI peJIHrH03HOH
mH3HH pemaJIHCb 6bI naCTopaMII COBMeCTHO C BbI60pHbIMH JIHn;aMH
H3 MHPHH (ilpeCBHTepbI). OHM CtIHTaJIH He06xo)J;IIMbIM e,n;IIHo06pa3HC
KYJlhTa, a nOTOMY 6bIJIH CTOpOHHHI\aMH MeCTHLIX II 06m;erocy,n;apCT-
BeHHbIX CIIHO)];OB - C'be3)J;OB npe,n;CTaBHTeJIeii 06HH.
IIaCCIIBIIOCTb rrypHTaHCRIIX JlH)J;epOB B 60Pb6e C cy:r:qeCTBOBaBllIH-
MH lIopH)J;RaMH npH pacTyeM HeJJ;OBOJIbCTBe aTHMH rropHJJ;RaMII yr-
HeTaeMLIX HapO)J;HLIX Macc nplIBeJIa K 06pa30BaHHIO pa)J;IIKaJIbHbIX
nypHTaHCKHX TetIeHHH. PYKOBO)J;IITeJIeM O)J;Horo H3 HHX CTaJI BOClIH-
TaHHIIK ReM6pH)J;ma CBHeHHIIK Po6epT BpOYH (1550-1633) 5 -
npOnOBe)];HIIR II aBTOp peJIHrH03HbIX RHHr, B °qaCTHOCTII «TpaKTaTa 0
TOM, tITO pe<popMa1I1O CJle)J;yeT npO)J;OJImaTb 6e30 BCHRoro lIpOMe)J;Jle-
HIIH, H 0 HetIeCTHBOCTH Tex npOlIOBe)J;HHKOB, KOTopbIe He XOTSIT Ha-
tIHHaTb ee caMH, a m)J;YT, KorJJ;a n06Y)J;HT HX K TOMY npaBIITeJILCTBO».
BpOYH Hero rroCJIe)J;OBa TeJIH 06'DHBJIHJIII BCHKYIO D;epKOBb, 6e-
Pym;yIO Ha-rraJIO OT CBeTCKOH BJIaCTH IIJlH elO KOHTpOJIHpyeMYIO, n;ep"
KOBblO AHTlIxpIICTa, «CBHTbIM KOBtIerOM B PYRax q,HJIHCTHMJIHH».
Oq,IID;lIaJIbHYIO aHrJIHRaHCRYIO n;epROBb OHII CtInTaJIlI 6e3Ha)J;emHO HC-
IIOpqeHHOU. OHII paCXO)J;HJIHCb C ,n;pyrllMII nypHTanaMlI, YTBepm,n;aH,
no A. B. 0 nOJIIITlPleCRHX B3TJIJI,n;ax aHTJIHicRIIX nyplITaII XVI B.- BecTHHK
MOCKoBcKoro YH-Ta, 1975, HIOJIb-aBrYCT, cepHH IX. HCTOpIIH, M 4, c. 86-94;
Harrison G. B. A Second Jacobean Journal. Ann Arbor, 1958, p. 166; Hill Ck.
Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England. London, 1964; Camp-
bell D. The Puritan in Holland, England, and America. New York, 1892,
VIs 1-2; Notestein W. The English People on the Ave of Colonisation.
1603-1630. London, 1954, chap. 13-14.
3 Eggleston E. The Beginners of a Nation. New York, 1912, p. 142.
4 Presbiteros (epett.) , presbyter (ane.n,.) - cTape, cTapeimHHa (CBJIeHHHK).
5 0 HeM no,n;po6Hee CM.: I1oann, enUC1&,on. M3 HCTOpHH peJIIIrH03H:bIX ceKT B
AMepIIKe.- qTeHHH B 06m;eCTBe JII06HTeJIeH ,n;yxoBHoro npocBem;eHHJI. M.,
1883, HHBapb, KH. 1, c. 190-205; IIorexuH, A. OqepRH H3 IICTOpHII 60pb6bI
aHTJIHRaHCTBa C nyplITaHcTBoM npH TIO,n;opax (1550-1603). Ra3aHb, 1894,
c. 569-647; I1caen-no A. B. YRa3. cotJ., c. 92.
169

BOBbIn DJIBMYT
"lITO KaJIbBHHIICTCKHe npHH:qunbI nOCTpoeHHH :qepKBu (npeCBHTepLI,
CHHOAbl) lIpOTHBOpetIaT BH6JIHII - RHlIraM CBHeHHoro nlIcaHHH-
IICTOllHHRY II 3aKOHY Bephl. lIo llX y6e.m)J;eHHIO, e)J;HHcTBeHHoH noq-
BOH )J;JIH 06'.beAIIHeHHH B n;epKBIi MOrJla CJIymHTb TOJIbRO 06HOCTL
BepLI OlIpeAeJIeHHOrO tIHCJIa JlIO)J;eH, KaK npaBIIJIO coceJ];eii, npll MaK-
CHMaJIbHO npOCTOM CTpoeHHH caMOH :qepKBII. OT)J;eJlbHDIe :qepKBII oniR-
HbI 6LITb He3aBllCHMLI RaK OT rOCY)J;apCTBa, TaR H ,n;pyr OT APyra.
llx e)J;HHCTBeHHbIH BhIcmlIii )J;YXOBHLIH PYKOBo,n;UTeJIb - 11lIcyc XPH-
CTOC. Bxom)J;eHlIe B :qepROBHYIO 06m;IIHY-KoHrperaHIO (congregation)
cOBepmeHHo )J;06pOBOJIbHOe, OrpaHlltIeHHOe JIHmL aaHBJIeHHeM 0 me-
JIaHHII CTaTb ee tIneHOM II npHsHaHHeM B3aHMHoro COrJIameHIIH 0
Bepe - KOBeHaHTa (covenant). lIacTop (minister), cTapeimllHa (el-
der) II J];bHROH (deacon) Hs611paIOTcH ROHrperaHeii 60JIbIDUHCTBOM
rOJIOCOB. B OTJlUtIHe OT npeCBHTepllaH, KOTopbIe, CJIe,n;YJI KaJILBIIHY,
nOApaSYMeBaJIIi cyecTBoBaHHe HaK 6bI )J;BYX :qepKBeii: :qepKBII H3-
6paHHhIx R cnaCCHHIO (elect) H :qepHBH OCTaJIbHLIX, OCYiR)J;eHHhIX Ha
rII6eJIb,- BpOYH HCXO)J;HJI H3 Toro, tITO npHHaAJIeiRHOCTL JlI060ro tIe-
JIOBeKa K :qepKBIi eCJIII He HBJlHeTCH npeJ];onpeAeJIeHHeM K «cnace..;
HHIO», TO BO BCHKOM cJlYtIae - cTyneHbIO K «OlIlIII\eHHIO», )J;eJlaH Be-
PYIOm;HX «CBJITbIMH» (saints) 6.
IIocJleJ];oBaTeJIeii BpoYHa Ha3bIBaJI1I 6PoYHHcTaMH. 3a HIIMH n
APyrHMH CTOpOHHIIKaMII KpaHHero nypHTaHHSMa aaKpenHJIHCb TaRiRe
HaHMeHOBaHHH «CenapaTIICTLI» (separatists), «HeS8BHCHMDIe» (inde-
pendents), «paCKOJIbHHKH», HJlH «AHCCHAeBTbI» (dissidents), «ROHr-
pera:qlIoHaJIHCTDI» (congregationalists).
IIpaBHTeJIbCTBO EJIH3aBeTbI, He maJIOBaBmee npeCBIITepuaH, a CO
. BpeMeHeM Bce cypOBee npeceKaBmee HX }];eHTeJIbHOCTL, npOJlBJIHJlO
oc06yIO meCTOKOCTbB OTBomeHHH cenapaTIICTOB. P06epT BpOYH He-
O}];HOKpaTHO nO)J;BepraJICJI apeCTaM. B 1582 r. BMeCTe co CBOeD: 06-
m;HHOH OB BDIHym)J;eH 6hIJI aMHrpHpOBaTb B MH)J;,n;eJIb6ypr (rOJlJlaH-
J];HH). BCKope, OJ];uaKO, H3-3a pa3HOrJIaCHH, BOSHIIKmHX cpeJ];H ero
nOCJleAOBaTeJIeH, nponOBe)J;HHK, OCT8BIIB UX, BepHYJlCH B AUrJlIIIO.
3}];eCb no}]; CTpaXOM OTJIytIeHIIH OT nepRBII H cypOBoro HaKaaaHIIH
BpOYH OTpeKCH OT CBOHX y6eiRAeHHii. BocnpuuHBmHe ero yqeHlIe
reHplI Bappoy II AmoH rpIIHBY)J; B 1588 r. C03AaJlII HOBYIO KOHrpe-
ra:qHIO cenapaTIICTOB. 3a aTO OHII 6DIJIH nOBemeHDI. IIx copaTHKH
B 1593 r. 6emaJIH B AMcTepAaM.
CenapaTII3M 6DIJI nopomJ];eH TeMII me npo:qeccaMII, tITO H rrypH-
T8HH3M Bo06m;e, HO He Ha TOM IIOJIIOCe, r)J;e pOiRAaJlCH HOBbIH roc-
............. .........
6 He B RaHOHHQeCROM 60rOCJIOBCROM CMLICJIe, a B CMhICJIe «H36paHHbIe BoroM»,
npHHaAJIemam;ne R «CBHTOih> epKBH.
170

nllJIUrPIIMLI
nOCTBYIOIIH KJIaCC, a Ha npOTHBOIIOJIOmHOM, r)J;e crOHHeMbIe caeM-
JIH KpeCTLHHe II pa30pHeMLIe peMeCJIeHHIIKII IIOlIOJIHHJIH apMRIO 6e,n;-
HHKOB ropo,n;a II ,n;epeBHH,naynepoB, 113 ROTOpbIX COCTaBJIHJIHCb pH,n;bI
pa60't!nx RanHTaJIHCTH1IeCKHX MaHy<paRTYP. Mx MlipOB033peHHe H npo-
TeCT rrpOTIIB Hym)J;:bI II yrHeTcHHH He BbIXO,n;HJIII 3a peJII1TH03HbIO
npe)J;eJI:bI. I-Io aTO He MOrJIH 6bITb npe,n;eJIbI YMepeHHoro nypHTaHH3-
Ma, OTpamaBmero B OCHOBHOM aHTHcpeo,n;aJlLHYIO Hanp,aBJIeHHOCTb pe-
cpopMaHII. Y cenapaTHCTOB 6bIJIa CBOH «epeCb». OHa HanOMHHaJIa
«KpeCTbHHCKO-llJIe6eHCRYIO» epeCb, 0 ROTOpOH nHCaJl 8HreJIbC B Tpy-
,n;e «KpeCTbHHCRaH BOHHa B repMaHIIII»: «XOTH OHa H pa3,n;eJIHJIa
Bce Tpe60BaHHH 61OprepCKOH epeCH OTHOCIITeJIbHO norrOB, IIanCTBa H
BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH paHHexpnCTHaHCKoro epROBHoro CTpOH, OHaB TO me
BpeMH mJIa HeH3Mep1IMO ',n;aJIbme. OHa Tpe60BaJIa BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH
paHHexplICTnaHCRoro paBeHCTBa B OTHomeHHHX Mem,n;y qJleHaMII pe-
JIHrH03HOH 06IIHbI, a TaKme IIpH3HaHHH aToro paBeHCTBa B HatIeCT-
Be HOpMbI II ,n;JIH rpam,n;aHCKIIX OTHomeHHH. 113 «paBeHCTBa CbIHOB
60mHIIX» OHa BbIBo,n;IIJIa rpam,n;aHCKoe paBeHCTBO II yme Tor)J;a OTtIa-
CTII ,n;ame paBeHCTBO HMym;eCTB» 7. TaKaH epeCb BCTpeqaJIa pemH-
TeJIbHbIH OTnop KaK co CTOpOHbI IIpaBHTeJIbCTBa H rocy,n;apCTBeHHoii
n;epRBII, TaK II co CTOpOHbI YMepeHHbIx rrypllTaH.
CenapaTIICTbI, IIJIM HH,n;eIIeH,n;eHTLI, B COD;HaJIbHOM II peJIHrII03H01tI
OTHomeHIIH He COCTaBJIHJIII O)J;HopO)J;Horo n;eJIoro, 'ITO HpRO npOHBH-
JIOCb B xo,n;e AHrJlnHCKOH peBOJlIOn;nH. Ho, tIT06bI orrpe,n;eJIIITLCH, ce-
napaTH3M BHatIaJIe ,n;OJlmeH 6bIJI HallTII ,n;JIH ce6H BHemHee BLIpame-
Hlle, CXOJ];Hoe B qeM-TO C TOH epeCbIO, 0 KOTOpOH B npHBe,n;eHHoii
n;HT a Te rOBopllT 8HreJIbC (,IJ;aiRe eCJIII H)J;eH celIa pa TII3Ma lIO TOB HJIH
IIHOH npH-rrMHe pa3)J;eJIHJIaCh OT)J;eJIbHLIMH npe)J;CTaBIITeJIHMII aaiRH-
T01JH:bIX IIJIII npHBIIJIerHpOBaHHbIX CJIOeB HaCeJIeHHH). XapaKTep epe-
CM cenapaTHCTOB (ee COn;HaJIbHaH CYTb OtIeHL BapbMpOBanaCL B 3a-
BHCHMOCTII OT MeCTa B03H1IRHOBCHIIH H MMym;ecTBeHHoro COCTOHHHJI
npHBcpmOHn;en), a TaKme oc06eHHOCTH IIX 60rOCJIymeHHH B036ym,n;a-
JIM nenpHH3Hh R HIIM CO CTOpOHbI 60JILIIIHHCTBa HX coce,n;ell II pO-
CTBeHHHHOB, I{OTOpLIe He MOrJIH npOCTHTb IIM pemHTeJIbHOrO paapLI-
na C OCTaTI{aMH BeROBbIX Tpa)J;HD;HH II nplIBbPIHbIMII aBTopHTeTaMH.
8TO HHRor,n;a He rrpoaeTCH ROCHbIMII 06LIBaTeJIHMII. rOHHMLIe co
Bcex CTOpOH, celIapaTIICTLI BbIHym,n;eHbI 6LIJIH OTRa3aTbCH OT OTRpLI-
Toro 60rOCJIymeHHH H nponOBe,n;H CBoeH BepLI. ,ZJ:JIH CBOHX C06paHHD:
OHII CTaJIH C06IIpaTbCH TaHHO.
7 Mapc K., 9nee./tbc ([>.. COJ., T. 7, c. 362. TIpnMenIITeJIT>Ho R AnrJIITTr CM. fJIY-
6oRoe JIccJIeAOnaHHe M. A. Bapra «Hapo)J;Hble 11 JI 3 1>1 B AnrJIlJHCl\OH 6YPiI\Y-
a3HOH peBOJIIOD;HII XVII BeKa» (M., 1967), a TaRiRe: llappuneron B. JI. Oc-
HOBHLIe TetleHHH. aMepllRanCI\OH MbICJIII. M., 1962, T. 1-2, T. 1, c. 47-48.
J71

HOBLIA nJIUMYT
OHa li3 TaHHbIX ROHrperan;HH B HatIaJIe XVII B. B03HHKJIa B
CeJleHHII CRpy6:n: (HoTHHreMIDHp ) . OHa rpYillIllpOBaJIaCh BOKpyr
"YHJIbHMa BpIOCTepa - C:bIHa MeCTHoro nOQTMeHCTepa 8, B 1590 r. Ha-
CJIeJJ;OBaBIDero ,n;eJIO CHoero OTn;a. B CKpy6M OR BepHYJICH aa ro O
aToro C06LITIIH, rrpOH)];H HeilOJIHbIH KYpC ReM6pH)];mCKOrO YHHBepCJiI-
TeTa, r)J;e paHee ITpOnOBe)J;OBaJI BpOYH, H npepBaB cJIym6y Y BH,n;Horo
)J;HnJIOMaTa "YHJIbHMa .IJ:aBllcoHa 9. B KOHrper8IHIO BplOCTepa RpOMe
Hero, ero meHbI MaplI II CbIHa .IJ:moHaTaHa BXOAIIJIH HX 6JIHmaHmHe
coceH. YXOBHbIM naCTbIpeM C 1606 r. Y HHX 6bIJI PHQap)1; RJllIcP-
TOB - BocnHTaHHIIR ReM6pH)J;ma, CBHm;eHHIIR Jl3 6JIH3JIemam;ero ro-
po,n;Ra Ba6yopT.
B KOHrperan;HH COCTOHJI 6y,n;ym;HH ee JIeTOlIIICen; II JIeTOITnCen;
KOJIOHHII HOBbIH IIJIHMYT ypomeHen; nopKmlIpa, CbIH OCTepcpHJI)1;CRO-
TO HOMeHa "YIIJIbHM Bpa,n;cPop,n; (1590-1657).
RHlIra Bpa)J;<popJJ;a «0 IIJIHMYTcRoH ROJIOHHH», RaR II «06m;aH
HCTOPIIH» moHa CMHTa,- O)J;HH 113 rJIaBHbIX HCTOtIHHKOB, no ROTO-
PO:MY MomHO ITpe)1;CTaBHTb ce6e mH3Hb nepBbIX aHrJIIIHCRHX IIOCeJIeH-
n;eB B CeBepHOH AMepHRe, B ,n;aHHOM CJIyqae - Ha TeppHTopHII Ho-
Boro IIJIHMYTa. RHIIra 60JIbme H3BeCTHa IIO,n; Ha3BaHHeM «MCTOPIIH
IIJIHMYTCKOH ROJIOHIIH », nJIH « B pa,n;<pop)J;OBCKaH IICTOpHH IIJIIIMYTCKOH
KOJIOHHH», nOA KOTOpLIM OHa ny6JIHKOBaJIaCb. Bpa,n;cpop HaqaJI nlI-
caTb ee B 1630 r. II 3aKOHtIHJI B 1648 r. B 1650 r. OH c)J;eJIaJI K Heft
HeCKOJIbRO OIIOJIHeHnH.
IIpH mH3HH aBTopa II )];OJIflIe rOAbI nOCJIe ero CMepTH MaHYCK-
pnITT He BII,n;eJI CBeTa. IIpaB)J;a, HaCJIe)J;HHRH BpaA<pop)J;a, Y KOTOpbIX
XpaHHJIaCb PYROIIHCb, n03BOJIHJIlI 3HaKOMIITbCH C HeH. OTclO)J;a nOHBII-
JIHCb «nonpaBKH» H aallMCTBOBaHHH 1I3 TpYAa Epa,n;cpop)J;a B ,n;pyrHx
RHHrax XVII-XVIII BB. lIa ceMbH Bpa)J;<poPAoB PYROIIIICb IIOrraJIa B
EOCTOHCKYIO n;epRoBb, OTRY)J;a BO BpeMH BOHHLI ceBepoaMepHKaHcRHx
KOJIOHHH 3a He3aBHCHMOCTb 6bIJIa YBe3eHa B AHrJIHIO II CQHT8JIaCb
nponaBmeii. B 1844 r. ee :M:eCTOHaxom,n;eHHe CTaJIO H3BeCTHO. B 1856 f.
BLImJIO nepBoe :H3,naHHe RHHrH no CHHTOH RonHH. B 1896 r. Cf];eJIaJIH
cpaKcHMHJIe. Ha CJIe)J;YIOm;HH rO)J; nOCJIe f];OJIfHX XJIOnOT PYROIIHCb 6bIJIa
B03BpaeHa B BOCTOH :II ony6JIHROBaHa «C006m;ecTBoM MacCaqyceT-
ca », BnepBLIe CTaB c06cTBeHHo KHllrOH. IIocJle aToro H3f];aBaJiaCh
8 )J;OJIiKHOCTb COBMem;aJIa B ce6e o6H3aHHocTH CTaHD;HOHHoro CMOTpHTeJIH II
C60pm;HKa naJIOrOB Ha TeppHTopHII BJIa,n;eHIIH (MaHOpa) apXHenHCI\Ona llOPK-
CKoro, r,n;e JIemaJIO CeJIeHHe.
9 TIypnTaHHII no y6ej-R,n;eJIHHM, MHIIHCTp HHOCTpaHHblX ,n;eJI BO BpeMH npou;ec-
ca Ha,n; Mapneii CTIOapT, no,n;rrHcaBIDnH ee CMepTHbIii npUfOBOp. C HHM BpIO-
'crep ho6bIBaJI B HH)J;epJIaH)J;ax.
172

lllfJIHrPHMbI
Tpnm,n;bI 10. IIo KHHre BP3)J;cpOp,n;a MbI H rrpO,n;OJImHM CBOH paCCRaa 0
cy,n;b6e ROHrperan;HH 1I3 CKpy6H, rrpHBJIeI<aH, pa3YMeeTCH, BeCb )J;O-
CTYIIHbIH ,IJ;OrrOJIHHTeJIbHbIn Ma TepnaJI.
B 1603 r., RaR YIIOMHHaJIOCb, Ha aHrJIHHCKHH npeCTOJI BCTynlIj1
HROB I. OR CTpa,n;aJI a6COJIIOTHCTCRIIMH aM6HD;HHMII II, RaR EJIlI3ane-
Ta, CTOHJI Ha. CTpame aHrJIHRaHII3Ma. «HeT errIICKona - HeT ROpO-
DJI»,- rrpOB03rJIaCHJI OH. BOJIee HJIH MeHee HBHO ROpOJIb CHMrraTII3I1-
pOBaJI RaTOJIIIRaM II rrpOHBJIHJI OTRPbITYro Bpam,r(e6HOCTb K IIypHTaHa
Bcex TOJIROB. HKOB npHrp03HJI meCTORO pa3,IJ;eJIaTbCH C «HOHKOH-
tPopMIICTaMH >} - TeMH, RTO He XOTeJI nO)J;IHHHTbCH 11 aaROHaM, RO"
Topble RaCaJIHCb aHrJIHRaHCKOH: n;epRllH 12.
R lIypHTaHaM co BceH CTporOCTbIO CTaJIII rrpHIeHHTb orpaHHT.III-
TeJlbHble 3aROHbI, BBe)J;eHHble paHee, ,n;orrOJIHHH HX )J;pyrlIMH YTeCHC-
HHHMH. BbIJIH 3arrpem;eHbI "lJaCTHble peJIUrH03HbIe c06paHHH. Ram-
,n;OMY rro,n;)J;aHHOMY He peme pa3a B ro,n; CJle,n;OBaJIO rroceTHTb aHrJIH-
RaHCRYro n;epROBb. HeJIOHJIbHbIX eil CBHeHHIIROB OTCTpaHHJIII OT
p;OJlmHOCTeH, npeCJIe,n;OBaJIH TaHHLIX H HBHLIX rrypHTaH, oc06eHHO ce-
rrapaTHCTOB.
IIOHBIIJIOCb HeMaJIOe tInCJIO «ROH<pOpMHCTOB ». 3a TO «HOHROH<pOP-
MHCTbI», CTaB HeJIeraJIbHOii Orrrr031In;HeiI, )J;eJIaJIHCn Bce yrropHee II
YXO,IJ;IIJIH Bce ,n;aJIbme no rrYTH petPopMan;HII. I1MeHHo TaR CJIYtIHJlOCb
C KOHrperan;IIeii B CRpy6II. Ee 1JJIeHhI, IICIIhlTaB rOHeHHH, Ha TpeTbe1{
IIJIII tIeTBepTOM roP;Y n;apCTBOBaHHH HRoBa I pemHJIII c,n;eJIaTb CBOIO
06m;IIHY caMoCTOHTeJIbHOi H He3aBHCIIMoii n;epKOBbIO. YHJIbHM BpafJ:-
cpoPJJ; Ha Bce npe,n;yrrpem)J;eHHH 6JIH3RIIX 06 orraCHOCTH TaKoro mara,
06 yrpoae pa3pLIBa C po,n;CTBeHHHKaMII, 0 B03MomHOH HHm;eTe H He-
H36emHblx rrpec.rre)J;OBaHHHX OTBetIaJI: «... I1MeTb 'lJIICTYIO COBeCTb II
10 MhI pa60TaJIH C xpaHHID;uMCH n rocy,n;apCTBeHHOH 6116JUIOTeKe CCCP IIM.
B. 11. JIeHHHa 1I3,n;aHIIeM 1908 f., rrop;rOTOBJIeHHLIM YIIJILHMOM T. ,I(aBHcoM
(Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation. 1606-1646, ed. by W. T. Da-
vis. New York, 1908). ,n;JIH I\paTKOCTH CCLIJIKJiI Ha 9TO H3p;anHe p;aIOTCH B
caMOM TeI{CTe C YHaS3HIIeM PYCCHoro IIHHHaJIa aBTopa II cTpaHIILI. MLI
o6pam;aJIHCb TalOKe H rrocJIe,n;Heii ny6JIJII,an;HJI «HCTOPHH» no,n; nepBona'tJaJIlJ-
HbIM HaSBaHHeM «0 I1JUIMYTCROH ROJIOHnH», I\OTOPYIO ocyecTBHJI C3MI03JI
3JIHOT MopncoH, eID;e paa cBeplIBmllcL C TeRCTOM MaHycRpHnTa. C n;eJILIO
«npe,n;cTaBJITlJ BeJIJlRYIO RHlIry caMOMy mIIpOKoMy 'tJHTaTeJIIO» (p. VIII) OIl
npn6JIll3HJI TeRCT R COBpeMeHHOMY aHrJIIIHCRoMY H3LIRY II HeCROJILRO H3Me-
HIIJI apXIITeRTOHIIRY RHJ1TIf, a TaRme CIJ;eJIaJI nOIIOJIHHTeJILHI>IH KOMMeHTa-
pnii (Of Plymouth Plantation. 1620-1647, by William Bradford Sometime
Governor Thereof, ed. by S. E. Morison. New York, 1967).
11 Conform (aneJt.) - nO)J;qHHHTLCH, COrJIamaTLCH. OTcIOa HAYT TepMllHbI «KOH-
«pOpMHCT» II «nOHROB.<p0PMIICT», yrroTpe6JIHeMLIe B Hamil p;nll.
12 AHrJIHHCnaH 6ypmyaanaH peBOJIIOHH XVII BeRa. B 2-x T. M., 1954, T. 1,
c. 82.
173

HOHLI. nnRMYT
H,n;TH TeM nYTeM,RaRIIM npe,n;nHCLIBaeT HJ];TII rOCnOJ];b B CBOeMCJIO..
Be, JIH MeHH BamHee, tJeM 6JI1I30CTb C BaMlI II caMa iRH3HL. ll,no-
CKOJIbRY J];eJIO, pa)J;1I ROToporo 11 rOTOB npIIHHT.b orrHCbIBaeMLIe BaMH
CTpaJJ;aHHH,- 6JIaroe eJIO, BaM He CJIeJJ;yeT HR rHeBaTbCH Ha MeHH,
HII COmaJIeTb 060 MHe. BOJIee Toro, pa,n;1I aToro ,n;eJIa H He TOJIbKO
rOTOB IIomepTBOBaTb BceM, tITO MHe J];oporo B aTOM Mlipe, no H 6JIa...:
rO)J;apeH 3a TO, tITO Bor YRperrlIJI Moe cep,n;u;e )1;JIH TaKoro rrocTyrrKa 11
XOqeT npHHHTb MOII CTpa,n;aHIIH BO lIMH Hero» (B, 6).
Ha Bpa,n;cpop,n;a II ero e)J;IIHOBepn;eB, npOHHRHYTbIX TeMII me na-
CTpoeHIfHMII, MOrJIII OKa3aTb BJIHHHUe npOIIOBe,n;1I npHexaBmero B HX
oRpyry (reuHc60po, JIHHROJI:bHmup) nOCJIeJ];OBaTeJIH BpoYHa H BLI-
nYCKH1fKa ReM6pn,n;ma AmoHa CMTa i3, «1JeJIOBeRa o,n;apeHHoro II xo-
pomero npOIIOBe,n;HIIKa» (B, 31). OJJ;HaRo aTO 06eHHe JIHJIOCL He-
,n;OJIro. B 1606 r. CMHT C tIaCTblO CBOHX rrOCJIeOBaTeJIeM BbIHymen
6bIJI 6emaTb n AMcTepJJ;aM. B TOM me ro,n;y R KOHrperan;IIH BpIO-
CTepa, ROTopaH HaCtIlITbIBaJIa TorJ];a 40-50 qeJlOBeR, nplIcoe)J;HHIIJI-
CH «npeBocxoJJ;HbIM H ,n;OCTOHHbIM tIeJlOBeR» (B, 32) AmoH P06HH-
COH, paHee ,n;eRaH o,n;Horo 1I3 ROJIJIe,n;meH ReM6pH,n;ma «< Roprryc KplI-
CTH») H CBHID;eHHHR B HopH,n;me. 3a CBOII npOTeCTaHTCRne B3rJIH)J;bI
OH JIHIDHJICH caHa, nOCJIe "lJero II BepHy.rrCH Ha pO)J;HHY 6JIH3 CKP)T-
6H. CT3B tIJIeHOM ROHrperan;HH, OB BCRope c)J;eJIaJICH rJlaBHbIM nOMO-
HHKOM RJIII<pTOHa.
KOHrperan;HH nepemHBaJIa TorJ];a Tpy,n;Hoe BpeMH. HeROTopbIe ee
"llJIeHLI, BblJ];aHHLle coce,n;HMH, nonaJIII no,n; apeCT. B 1607 r. BplOcTep
JIHIDHJICH MeCTa rrOtITMeHCTepa II lIpe,n;CTaJI nepe,n; Cy,n;OM BLICOKOii
KOMIICCHH i'. IIo,n;BeprHyn mTpacpy II RaTerOpHqeCHH aarrpeTIIB C06H-
paTbCH JIH MOJIeHHM, apeCTOBaHHLIX OTn"YCTHJIH. «Ho lIOCJIe Bcero
CJIyqlIBmerOCH OHH He MOrJIII mlITb cnOROMHO» II pemnJIII exaTb B
rOJIJIaH,n;IIIO, «r,n;e, RaR OHII CJILImaJIH, 6LIJIa cB06oJ];a peJIlIrlIH J];JIH
Bcex JIIOeii». «OcTaBIITb pO,n;HYIO aeMJIIO II cTpaHY, CBOII BJIa,n;eHHH
II IIMyecTBo, a TaKme Bcex CBOIIX ,n;PY3eH II 6JIH3RIIX 3HaKOMbIX
rrpe,n;cTaBJIHJIOCb THmeJILIM II ,n;JIH MHorlIX HerrOCTlImllMLIM p;eJlOM...
TeM 60JIee, tITO OHII He 6bIJIII 3HaROMLI C peMeCJIaMH II TOprOBJIeii
(ROTOp'.bIMJI mHJIa Ta CTpaHa), a TOJIbRO C CeJIbCKOH iRH3HbIO II np:u-
MHTHBHLIM ;o:epeBeHCRHM X03HHCTBOM. O,n;HaKO Bce aTO He oTnyrHYJIO
is BYnYIIH OCHOBaTeJIL ceRTbI «6anTIICTOB» (1609), ROTopbIe BBeJIII II npo-
IIOBenOBIiJIH 06pH I(peeHHH (rro-aHrJI.- baptize) B3pOCJIbIX' RaR a:E\T co-
3HaTeJILHOrO nplIo6m;eHHH K Bepe.
i «BLICORaH KOMHCCHH» - c03aHHLIH npH EJIH3aBeTe Crren;HaJILHLIH opraH no
noepmaHHIO n;epROBHoro eHHoo6pa3HH, BbIrrOJIHHBIDHH B aHrJIHRaHCKoii
n;epRBH <PYHKD;HH, HarrOMHHaBm:ne Te, KOTopLIe HCnOJUUIJIHCL ImRBH3:nD;Hei
B pnMCKO-KaTOJI:nqeCKOH n;epKBH.
174

nUJIHrPHMhI
HX (XOTH nOpOH 11 TpeBOlliIIJIo), 1160 OHII XOTeJIII U)J;TII UYTHMII roc-
llOJ];a 11 CJle)J;OBaTb Ero npeJ];uucaHHHM; n60 YUOBaJIIl Ha Ero npOBn:-
eBHe 11 BHaJIH, B Horo OHn: BepHT» (B, 32-33).
OnacHocTH rrO)];llilI)];aJlH ux C caMoro HaqaJIa, TaR RaK 3aROH aa-
npem;aJI rrOHn)J;aTb AHrJllllO 6ea pa3pemeHHH KOpOJlH. Han:60JIee cMe-
JlLIe BO rJIaBe c KaIHcpTOHOM, BpIOCTepOM 11 P06HHCOHOM, HaCROpo
paCrrpO)];aB CBOH cRap6, rrepeeXaJIH B BOCTOH. 3eCL «nOCJIe OJIrHX
omH)J;aHIIH II 60JIbillHX paCXOAoB» (B, 34) norpYSHJIlICL Ha Kopa6JI.b.
Ho RaUIITaH npe)J;aJI 'HX, H OHB ORa3aJlBCb B TIOpbMe. IIepemlIToe HC-
llLITaHBe OT6HJlO Y HeKOTopbIX OXOTY K 6ercTBY. Y f(PyrHx, Hao6o-
pOT, BbI3BaJIO HenOROJIe6IIMOe meJIaHHe yexaTb KaI{ MOiKHO CKopee II
JlI060H eHoii. B OAHH 1I3 BeceHHHX )J;HeH 1608 r. OHII c06paJI1ICb Ha
MOpCKOM 6epery Mem)J;Y rYJlJIeM II fpeHT rplIM6cM, RYf(a nO)J;OIDeJi
HaHHTbIH rOJIJIaH)J;cKuH Kopa6JIb. Herroro)J;a CIIJIbHO 3aTpY)];HHJla no-
rpY3R)? R Ropa6JIIO ycneJla nO)J;oHTII TOJIbRO O)J;Ha mJlIOUKa, Kor)J;a
rrOHBUJIIICb 6emaBIDne K 6epery BoopymeHHble JIIOH. KanuTaH no-
HHJI HROpb, n CYf(HO BLIIDJlO B Mope. B rrY'fH HaJIeTeJI iKeCTOKHH
illTOpM, e)J;Ba He OTnpaBIIBmJIH Bcex Ha ,)J;HO. IIocJIe f(BYX He)J;eJIb nJla-
BaHHH (BMecTo 06bIqHbIX )J;BYX-Tpex )];Hen) 6erJIeLI COIDJIH B AMcTep-
)J;aMe. 3a)];epmaHHbIe 6J1IIB l-'YJlJlH (cpe)J;H HHX KJllIcpTOH, P06HHCOH,
BpIOcTep) 6bIJIII OTnpaBJIeHbI B TIOPbMY. TI03me, yme B MeH.bme{
QHCJle, OHII, paa6HBIDHcb Ha He60JIbmne rpynnbI, BROBb 6emaJIH.
1\ JIeTY 1608 T. ORB OCTHrJIH rOJIJlaH)J;IIH.
BOJIbillOiI, OiRHBJIeHHbIH H 60raThIH AICTepf(aM nOpaaHJI 06e3)J;0-
JIeHHLIX 06HTaTeJIeH CeJIbCKOrO CKpy6H - nLIRe aMHrpaHToB, He 3Ran-
mHX MeCTHoro HaMKa, BbIHymf(eRHLIX HCKaTb iKHJlbe II pa60TY II' co..
rJIamaTbCH na neBMro)J;HLle YCJIOBHH, QT06bI KaI{-TO nepe6uTbcH, lIpO-
ROpMMTb ;u;eTeii. Mx )];yx nO)J;JJ;epiKHBaJlO y6emeR1Ie B HCTJIHHOCTH
H36paHHoii nepbI, TBep)J;ocTb BOJIII II aBTopHTeT nplI3HannbIx BceMH
PYKoBO)];HTeJleH. HeMaJILIM nO)];CnOpbeM 6LIJIa BCTpeQa C cenapaTIICTa-
MH, 060cHoBaBillHMMcH B AMcTep)J;aMe panee. BbIBmlle mHTeJIII CKPY-
6u QYBcTBOBaJIH ce6H MeRee O)J;HHORIlMH B 06m;ecTBe QJIeHOB ROHrpe-
ra1I1I AmoHa CMIITa (70-80 qeJIOBeK) H nOCJIeOBaTeJIeii rpIIHBY-
)J;a H Bappoy «(BpaTbH nepBoH cenapaTHcTcROH aHrJlHHCROH epKBH B
AMcTep)J;aMe» ), ROTopLIe He3a)];OJlrO )];0 Toro nOCTpOllJIH MOJIIITBeHHLIii
;U;OM, RY)J;a Bce 11 C06HpaJI1ICb )J;JIH 60rOCJIYiKenHH (f(O 300 qeJIOBeR).
MHpn3H iK1I3Hb aMCTepAaMCKHX KOHrperan;UH rrpOOJliKaJIaCb He..
;U;OJIro. IIocJlef(oBaTeJIH CMUTa, eID;e paHbme HaQaBmUe cnopHTb CO
«CTapbIMU 6paTbHMH», OT)J;eJIHJlHCb. He 6bIJIO COrJlaCIIH II cpef(1I «6pa-
TbeB», R ROTopbIMnpHMKRYJl KJIHcpTOR. AmoH P06IIHCOH, CTaBmnH
)J;YXOBHbIM naCTLlpeM ROHrperaHH CKPy6u, pemHJI y6epeQb CBOHX
«OBe» OT pa3opa. BecHoR 1609 r. OHn nepeexaJIIIB,JIeiAH, rAc
175

HOBbIA nJIHl\IYT
nOCeJIHJIHCb B TlIXHX nepeYJIRaX HeAaJIeKO OT YHRBepCHTeTa II B
60JIbmHHCTBe CBOeM CTaJIH pa60lJHMH mepCTHHbIX II meJIROBbIX Ma-
Hy<paKTYP llJIH 3aHHJIHCb peMeCJIOM (CanOmHHRH, napHRMaXepbI, Ka-
MeHHKII, mJIHnHHRH, CTOJIHpbI II T. A.). Pa60TaJIII MHoro II THiKe-
JIO, TepneJIH Hym)];y, -rraCTO 60JIeJIH, HeKoTopbIe YM:epJIH. IIocTeneHHo,
o)J;HaKo, 6DIT HeCKOJIbRO HaJIaAHJICH. qacTb 1I3 HHX nOJIyqllJIa npaBo
rpam)J;aHcTBa, qTO OTRp:bIBaJIO 60JIbIDHe B03MomHOCTII JIH YCTpoHcTBa
CHOCHOH mIl3HII. IIpH06peJlH B )J;oJIr ytIaCTOK 3eMJIH II )J;OM JIH 60ro-
CJIymeHHH.
ROHrperan;HH YBeJllItIHBaJIaCb 3a CqeT pO)J;HBmHxcH B aMlIrpa:qHH,
rrpn:exaBIDIIX lIB AHrJlHH, BHOBb 06paIqeHHbIX. Co BpeMeHeM OHa CTa-
JIa HaCtIHTbIBa Tb ,n;o 300 qJIeHOB. HOBDIX JIro)J;eH npHBJIeRaJIII npono-
BeAH P06uHcoHa, opraHlI3aTopcRHH TaJIaHT cTapeimlIHDI-ynpaBIITeJIR
(ruling elder) EprocTepa. IIepBbIH 113 HIIX, tIeJlOBeR mllpOKO apYJJ;H-
pOBaHHbI:U, 6bIJI npHrJIameH ]J;JIH npeno,n;aBaHIiH B YHHBepCHTeT
(1615 r.), nHCaJl Ha peJIIIrll03Hble TeMbI. BTOpOH - ytIIIJI cTy,n;eHTOB
aHrJIHHCKoMY H3bIKY, a nOTOM OCHOBaJI He60Jlbmyro THIIorpa<pHIO, B RO-
TOpOR neqaTaJlHCb npoTecTaHTcRlIe KHHrlI.
B KOHrperan;HII nO)];)J;epmIIBaJlaCb cTporaH JJ;IICD;IIIIJlHHa. ,lJ:JIH cJIym-
f)Ii[ 15 C06HpaJIIICb TPII pa3a B He)];eJIIO: )J;Ba pa3a B cy660TY II OHH
pa3 B qeTBepr BetIepoM. YTpeHHHH cJIym6a na-rrHHaJIaCb B 8 -rraCOB H
JJ;JlHJlaCb )];0 IIOJIY)];HH. Bo BpeMH IIpOIIOBe,1];H MymtIUHLI II meHm;IIHLI
CH)J;eJlH Ha )];epeBHHHDIX CRaMbHX, pa3)J;eJIeHHble npoxo,u;OM (KaK Y
paHHIIX xpHCTHaH-eBpeeB, ROTOpLIM OHII Boo6e CTpeMHJIHCb no,n;pa-
maTb). 3a ,n;eTbMII npHCMaTplIBaJI )J;bHROH CaMIOaJl qJYJIJIep. AJIH MO-
JIHTBbI 16 II IIeHIIH rHMHOB BCTaBaJIH. ITponOBe)J;b COCTOHJIa B -rrTeHIIH
OT)];eJIbHLIX CTHXOB liB B1I6JIIIII. Mx TOJlKOBaJI H ROMMeHTHpOBaJl na-
CTOp. I10CJIe CJIym6bI jJ;bHROH 06XOjJ;HJI MOJIlIBillHXCH C 6JIIO)J;OM AJIH
c60pa rromepTBOBaHHH.BeqepHHH cJIym6a, HaqlIHaBmaHCH BCKope
IIOCJle o6e,n;a, HOCIIJIa MeHee O<plln;lIaJIbHbI:U xapaRTep II 3aKJIIOtIaJIaCb
rJIaBHbIM 06paaOM B 06cym,n;eHHII (TOJIbKO MymtIHHaMH) Tex MeCT
1I3 o6elIX -rraCTeH CBHm;eHHoro llncaHHH - BeTxoro (,n;peBHeeBpeii-
CRoro, )J;OxpHCTlIaHCRoro) II HOBoro 3aBeTa (EBaHreJIIIH II )J;p.),-
KOTopbIe HHTepeCOBaJIII nplIXOmaH HJIH 6bIJIlI 11M HeIIOHHTHbI.
qJIeHbI coce,n;HHX KOHrperan;IIH 1I rOJIJIaH)J;CRlIe npOTeCTaHTIi[ nop;-
BepraJIH no,n;06HYIO IIpoe,n;ypy 60rOCJIymeHHH pe3ROH KpIITHRe. CBO-
60)J;Hoe o6cymJJ;eHHe CBHeHHbIX TeKCTOB paCCMaTpnBaJIOCb HMII Kalt
HeBemeCTBeHHoe nOCHraTeJlbCTBO Ha CMLICJI 60meCTBeHHLIX OTKpOBO-
15 OHa BCRJIIOqaJIa TopmeCTBeHHOCTb pnTyaJIa, 06bPIHbIe epROBHbIe aTpn6y-
TbI (CBeqlI, opraH, aJiTapb II AP.).
16 MOJIHTBbI IIMIIpOBH3HpOBaJIIICb, TaR RaR HCTRHHO», AaHHoii XPHCTOM, CqHTa-
JIaCb TOJIbRO MOJIHTBa «OTqe Ham», BXO)J;HII(aH B EBaHreJiHe.
176

n:ttjttIrPkMbt
lI:UH. Bbi3:biBa.n0 HaCMeIDKH neHHe naCTBbI POOHHCOUa, noD IIe.tta o1ta
no CJIYXY II 6e3 Cnen;HaJIbHOH nO)J;rOTOBKH. Y"lJeHHRII II copaTHKRII
P06IIHCOHa, Hao60pOT, 6bIJIH YBepeHbI B TOM, 'tJ:TO HaH60JIee TOtIHO
CJIe,n;oBaJIII CBHm;eHHOMY nHcaHIIIO, pemlITeJlbHO nOpBaJIH C «nanH3-
MOM». IIplI aTOM OHM Bce <paHaTHqHee BepHJIH B CBOIO «H36paH-
ROCTb» )J;JIH «CnaCeHIIH», )J;JIH nponoBeAH II YTBepm)J;eHIIH «IICTHHHOH
BepbI», B CBOIO «CBHTOCTb». Mx peJIHTH03HaH y6em)J;eHHOCTb II C06JIIO-
,n;eHlIe IIMH «XPHCTOBOH )J;HCn;HrrJIUHbI» rr03BOJIHJIH ROHrperan;HH 3aBoe-
naTb 3HatIMTeJIbHbIM aBTopHTeT H, KaK yrroMHHaJIOCb, CIIJIbHO ee pac-
mlIplITb. Ho Te me RatIeCTBa, oco6eHHO lIO Mepe pacTym;ero Y «CBH-
TbIX» QYBCTBa «1I36paHIIOCTH», BeJIM rrOCTerreHHO OT He3aBIICIIMOCTIJ.
HX n;epRBII R ee II30JIHn;IIH, BbI3bIBaJIII He)J;06pomeJIaTeJIbCTBO K IIei
MeHee CTporHX cenapaTHCTOB, oc06eHHO rOJIJIaH,n;CRMX RanbBHHHCTOB,
cpe,n;1I KOTOpbIX OHn mHJIII. B IIpOn;ecce OTtIymeHHH CLlrpaJIO CBOIO
pOJIb yqaCTlIe P06IIHCOHa B YHIIBepCIITeTCKIIX peJIlIrH03H:bIX )J;HCIIYTax,
BO BpeMH ROTOpMX OH 06JIHQaJI aneMeHTM «rrarrH3Ma» B OIIn;HaJIb-
HOM rOJIJIaH,n;CKOH npOTeCTaHTCRon n;epKBII.
OCJIOmHeHIIH, B03HHRIDIIe Ha peJIHrlI03HOH nOtJ:Be, co BpeMeHeM
YMHOiHHJIHCb. OHH 6LIJIH BbI3BaHbI, B 1:JaCTHOCTH, H3)J;aTeJIbCKOH )J;eH-
TeJIbHOCTbIO BplOCTepa, oco6eHHO nOCJIe orry6JIIIROBaHHH IIM naM<p-
JIeTa, HarrpaBJIeHHOrO rrpOTIIB RRoBa I. ,[(HIIJIOMaTHtIeCKHe rrpe)J;CTaB:U-
TeJIH II areHTbI aHrJIHHCKOro ROpOJIH B HH)J;epJIaH,n;ax rrOJIY"lJlIJIII npH-
Ra3 HaHTII H3,n;aTeJIeH II )J;06HTbCH IIX apeCTa. TIIIIorpa<pIIIO o6Hapy-
mHJIH H C UOMOm;blO MeCTHbIX BJIaCTeH 3a,n;epmaJIII To Maca BpI03pa,
<pHHaHClIpOBaBmero npe)J;rrpHHTHe. BplOcTep, KOTOPOMY rp03IIJIa BHce-
JIIIn;a, cYMeJI CKpbITbCH. IIocToHHHaH CJIemKa 3a 'tJ:JleHaMH 06III;HHbI H
yrpo3a apecTa )J;eJIaJIII IIpe6bIBaHIIe B JleHJJ;eHe aaTpY)J;HIITeJIbHLIM.
I TOMY me HCTeRaJI CpOH IIepeMHpHH Mem)];y rOJIJIaH)J;IIeH H Mcrra-
BHeH (1609-1621), mJIa rrO)J;rOTOBRa K BoopymeHHoH 60pb6e, II Mom-
HO 6bIJIO m)J;aTb BTopmeHIIH HcnaHCRHX COJl)J;aT, HeMIIJIOCep,n;HbIX K
epeTIIRaM. B 1618 r. HaqaJIaCb TplI)J;n;aTHJIeTHHH BOBHa, OXBaTHBmaH
rrOtITH BCIO EBporry, 'ITO Tome He cYJInJIO rrOROH.
B C03)J;aBIllHXCH YCJIOBHHX oco6eHHO )J;aBanII ce6H 3HaTb MaTepH-
aJIbHble H ,n;pyrlIe TPY)J;HOCTH 3MIIrpaHTCKOH m1I3HII. R aTOMY me Bpe..
MeHH npeRpaTHJICH IIpHTOK cerrapaTHCTOB 113 AHrJIHH. Te IIpe,n;nOtIlI-
TaJiH CRpbIBaTbCH Ha po,n;IIHe, 1:JeM rro,n;BepraTb ce6H onaCHOCTII na
"tJym6HHe. .D:aJIbHeHIllaH mH3Hb B JIeft,n;eHe, RpoMe Toro, rp03HJla rro-
CTerreHHbIM pa3MLIBoM KOHrperan;IIH II IIOCJIe,IJ;YIOIIM ee pacTBope-
HIIeM B rOJIJIaH,n;cRoM oKpymeHHH. ECJIII orrpe,n;eJIeHHaH 3aMRHYToCTb
06m;HHbI H 06bIQHaH corrpOTIIBJIHeMOCTb B3pOCJJLIX 3MIIrpaHToB (nx
CTaHOBHJIOCb MeHbme) aCCIIMHJIHn;HH CJIymlIJIH ,n;JIH HIIX )J;ocTaTOtIHbI\{
ID;IITOM, TO OH ORa3bIBaJICH H B H3bIKOBOI, H B )];pyrnx OTHomeHHHX
177

IIOBhIA nJIHMYT
MeHee npOtIHbIM H HaAemHLIM JIH AeTeii H MOJlOAemH, I\OTOpLIX R
TOMY me C06JIa3HHJIH «JIerKHe» HpaBDI rOJlJIaH)J;HH. IOHOillH YXOHJln
ame B COJI)J;aTLI, eBymKH He OTBepraJIII yxamHBaHHH rOJIJIaHCKHX
KaBaJlepOB.
Bce 9TO nOTaJIRHBaJIO R MDICJIH 0 nOHCKax HOBoro MeCTa JIS:
nOCeJIeHHH. Ha pO)J;HHY BOSBpaTa He 6DIJIO. B EBpone MHoroe nyra-
JIO. IIpH6JIH3HTeJIbHO C 1616 r. rJIa3a JIeH)J;encKHx aMHrpaHTOB CTa..
JIH o6paaTbcH K AMepHRe. B )J;aHHOM cJlytIae meJIaHHe HaHTH TaM
y6emHm;e H THra «K nponarane H pacnpOCTpaneHHIO IIponOBe)J;H 0
apCTBe XpHCTOBOM B TOH OT)J;aJIeHHOH qaCTH CBeTa» (B, 46) YCH-
JlHBaJIIICb aMHrpaHTCKHMH THrOTaMH, a TaKme C006m;eHHHMH 06 OCHO-
BaHHH B AMepHKe anrJIHHCKOH ROJlOHHH BHprHHHH 17. TaM, KpOMC
npotIero, JIeH)J;eHLI BepnYJIH 6LI ce6e npemHee noancTBo, nOKOH-
qHJlH 6LI C iKH3HblO H3rHaHHHKOB. IIpn oT)J;aJIeHHOCTH cTpaHLI OHII
Ha)J;eHJIHCb HMeTb HeKoTopyro cBo60)J;Y eHcTBHH, 06peCTH «HOBbIE:
XaHaaH» 18. CpeJI PYKOBO)J;HTeJIeH .If aRD;HOHepOB BlIprHHCKOH KOM-
naHHH HamJIIICL JIIO)J;H, KOTopDIe 06paTHJIlI BHHMaHHe Ha JIeH)J;eHeB
RaK Ha BOSMomHDIX KOJIOHHCTOB. Cpe,n;II HHX - yme H3BeCTHbIH HaM
8)J;BHH CaHAHC 19.
B KOHD;e 1617 r. KOHrperaHH IIOCJIaJla B JIOH)J;OH ABYX npe)J;-
CTaBHTeJIeH - Po6epTa RamMena H AmoHa RapBepa - J1H BeAeHIIH
neperOBopOB C npaBJIeHHeM BHprnHcKoH KOMnaHIIH. IIapJlaMeHTepbl
Be3JI1I C C060H JIH IIepe,n;aqH npaBHTeJlbCTBY ,n;OKYMeHT, nO)J;IIIICaHHLIll
P06IIHCOHOM II BplOcTepoM, COCTOHBmHH liS CeMII CTaTeii 20. Mx co-
,n;epmaHHe rOBopHT 0 TOM, tITO PYROBO)J;HTeJlH JICM)J;eHCROH 06m;HHbI
He TOJIbRO OTJIHtIaJIIICb TBep)J;OCTblO peJIHrn03H:bIX y6em,n;eHHH, HO II
6bIJIH xopomHMII )J;HIIJlOMaTaMH. B nepBoii: me CTaTbO OHII npH3HaBaJiU
aHrJIHHCKYIO epKOBb, a B nocJleAYIOm;1IX - CYIIpeMaTHIO, en1ICROnaT,
CBeTCRYro BnaCTb KOpOJIH II ero o«plIaJIbHDIX npe)J;CTaBHTeJIeH B 3a-
MOpCRHX BJIaAeHIIJIX.
17 0 CTeneHH H B03MOiKHOCTH 3HaKOMCTBa 3MlIrpaHToB C lICTopHeM OCHOBaHIUI
STOB KOJlOHHH CM.: Eggleston E. Ope cit., p. 168-169; Andrews Ck. M. The
Colonial Period of American History. New Haven, 1937, VIs I-IV, Vol. I,
p. 250-252.
18 XaHaaH - ApeBHee Ha3BaHIIe IIaJleCTIIHLI.
19 HeKOTopLIe aBTophI npe,n;nOJlaraIOT JllIlIHOe 3HaKOMCTBO 3,n;BHHa CaHAHca c.
BpIOcTepoM. 3. C3H,n;HC - ChIH apxHenlIcKona flopKcKoro, BJIa,n;eJlbn;a CKPY-
6», KOTOphIH Kor,n;a-TO nOKpOBHTeJlLCTBOBaJI BprocTepy, a TaKme pO)J;CTBeH-
HIIK CSMIOaJla CSH,n;IICa - apeH,n;aTopa CKpy6H.
20 The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers, 1606-1623; as told by Themselves their
Friends and their Enemis, ed. by E. Arber. London, 1897, p. 280; Documents
of American History, ed. by H. S. Commager. New York, 1945, p. 14-15.
B HCTOpHlIeCKOii JIlITepaType ,n;ORYMeIIT nOJlyqHJI Ha3BaHue «7 cTaTen», llJIH
«JIeH,n;eHcKoe COrJlameHue».
178

nunurPHMbI
TeM He MeHee 3TO He ObIJIO RanIITYJIHD;Heii, R01'Opa1l OTRpLIJIa
ObI IIM nYTb He TOJIbRO B AMepIIRY, HO II B AnrJIHIO. OHB npB3Ha-
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«TBopeHIIeM Bora». Ho aBTopLI ,n;OKYMeHTa OCTaBJIHJIH sa co6oii npaBO
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ClI n;epRBII. TaK, B CTaTLe 3-H rOBOpHJIOCL 0 no,n;tIHHeHHH ROpOJIIO
«Bcex JIIO;n;eH» II «BO Bcex ;n;eJIax», «eCJIH ero IIOBeJleHIIH He npOTHBOpellaT
CJIOBY 60mbeMY». To me rOBOpUJIOCb 0 BJIaCTII ennCRonOB (CT. 4-11).
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HO O;n;HOBpeMeHHO 3aBepHJIU B HaMepeHuII CBOIIX nOCJIe,n;OBaTeJleH
jI\IITb «B MHpe » C ROH<popMIICTa:M:II II HOHROH<popMIICTaMII, tITO He COB-
na;n;aJlo C 9<pHIJ;IIaJIbHOH n031ID;ueH aHrJIHRaHCKOH n;epRBH, ROTopaH
rrpeCJIe)];OBaJIa nOCJIe,n;HIIX, TeM 60JIee cerrapaTHCTOB.
B JIOH;n;OHe ORa3aJIIICb )];OCTaTOtIHO npOHHIJ;aTeJIbHbIMH. TaHHbIH
COBeT nOTpe6oBaJI pa3'DHCHeHHH. KopOJIb npe,n;JIOmHJI nepe,n;aTL BO"
rrpOCHa paCCMOTpeHlIe enlICRorrOB. Tor)];a me OROJIO 200 tIJleHOB ROH-
rperaIJ;HII <l>peHcHca .n;moHcoHa H3 AMcTep,n;aMa, TaKme pemlIBmlIe
06ocHoBaTLcH B HOBOM CBeTe, no nplIobITHH B AHrJlHIO 6bIJIH ape-
CTOBaHbI (1618 r.). Mx OTIIYCTIIJIII TOJIbKO nOCJIe Toro, RaR HX PY-
ROBO)];IITeJIb (DpeHcHc BJIeRY3JIJI 3aBeplIJI BJIaCTH B HenpH"lJaCTHOCTll
CBOHX JIIOeH R cenapaTII3MY 21. IIo3me HatIaJIOCb «,n;eJIO BpIOCTepa».
IIorrLITRa RaIDMeHa npIIo6peCT1I naTeHT Ha ytIaCTOK SeMJIH B BHprH-
HIIH "lJepes nO;n;CTaBHoe JIIID;O He YBeHtIaJIaCb ycrreXOM.
Y1.'paTIIB H;n;em,n;y ,n;06HTbCH tIero-JIH6o B JIoH,n;oHe, PYRoBO)];HTeJIII
JIeH,n;eHcROH ROHrperaD;HII BCTynHJIII B neperoBopLI C HOBoH HII,n;ep-
JIaH)];CROH ROMilaHlIeii, ocym;eCTBJIHBmeH ROJIOHH3aD;HIO B palloHe Ho-
Boro AMcTep;n;aMa. O,n;HaRo nOHBIIBIDnHcH Tor,n;'a B JIeH;n;ene ToproBen;
TOMac "YaCToH, 3HaKOM:bIB: C P06HHCOHOM II BpIOCTepOM, o6em;aJI co.;.
;n;e:nCTBOBaTb TOMY, tITo6:bI HX npe)J;JIOmeHHeM BHOBb 3a1IHTepeCOBaJIHCb
B AHrJIIIn. OH rrpe;n;nplIHHJI Heo6xoJJ;IIMble marlI II opraHH30BBJI TOp-
rOBYIO KOMilaHIIIO, B KOTOPYIO BomJIH OHOJIO 70 RynD;oB 22, COrJIaCHB-
IDIIXCH cy6CII;n;HpOBa Tb aRcne)J;HIJ;1I1O II BeCTH )J;eJIa C BlIprlIHCROH ROl\tI-
naHlIeH. B 1619 r. KamMeH II RapBep onHTb npn6LIJIliI Ha pO,n;IIHY
,n;JIH neperOBopOB, KOTopLIe 3aROH1lIIJIJICb Ha 8TOT pa3 no,n;rrBcaHHeM C
Rynn;aMII ,n;oro:aopa OT 1 HIOJIH 1620 r. (B, 66-67).
ITo ,n;orOBOpy CtIIITaJIOCb, -rrTO Ram)J;:&IH OTnpaBJIRBmIIHCH B BlIprn-
HHIO (OT 16 JIeT,U cTapme) HMeJI OAHY aRIJ;1J1O B 10 «p. CT. 23 I1pu-
21 BnOCJIep;CT1HIH BHprHHHH AOCTHrJIH Bcero 50 qeJIOBeR. OCTaJIbHLIe IIOrH6JIH
B ITyTH, B TOM qHCJIe EJIeRyaJIJI.
22 Cpe)J;n HIlX ToproBaBIDnH B JIeH)J;eHe qJIeH ROHrperaHH 8)J;Bap,n; ITHRepuHr
n ynoMHnaBmniicH TOMac EpIoap.
23 CTOHMOCTb cpYHTa CTepJIHHrOB 6bIJIa 3HatJIITeJIbIIO BLIme cOBpeMeHHoii.
179

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JIeT, B TeqeHHe !{OTOPbIX Bce ,n;OXO)J;bI OT TOprOBJIU, pbI6oJIOBCTBa II
rrpOtIeH ,n;eHTeJIbHOCTII ;a;OJImHbI 6bIJIII paCCMa TpHBa TLCH KaK o6m;ee AO-
CTOHHH'e KynD;oB n ROJIOHHCTOB. ITo npn6bITHH B BHprHHIIIO KOJIO-
HIICTbI 06H3bIBaJIHCb BbI,n;eJIIITb 1JaCTb JIIOAeH ,n;JIH l\fOpCROro PbI60JIOB-
CTBa (npe,n;noJIaraJIOCb, -rrTO 3TO 6Y)J;e1' rJIaBHOH OTpaCJIbIO X03HHcTBa),
a OCTaJIbHblX IICnOJIb30BaTb ,n;JIH pa60TbI Ha 3eMJIe, CTpOHTeJIbCTBe H
)J;JIH ,n;pyrHx HymA nOCeJIeHHH. ITo HCTe1JeHHII Ce11I JIeT Bce ,n;OXO,n;bI
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ceMblO. O)J;HaRO RamMeH OTBetIaJI, 'tJ:TO RyrrD;:bI HB B qeM He YCTynHT
H Bce npe)J;nplIHTlIe pyxneT. TeM BpeMeHeM yme mJIII 3aRYURII ,n;JIH
3Kcne,n;Hn;nH, a ,n;OMa, nHCaJI OB, MomBO 6y,n;eT nOCTpOIITb TaK, tITO
nx, oco6eHHO nOCJIe ceMIi JIeT IICrrOJIb30BaHHH, He maJiRO 6y,n;eT H
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meHlIeM. TorJJ;a Rynn;bI, yme Bome,n;mne B paCxO;IJ;bI II He meJIaBmne
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nOJIaraJIIi B3HTb CBoe B aJIeKoii AMepHKe, re 6Y)J;eT HeB03MomHO
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180

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nOHeCeHHbIX H3));epmeR Ha 3KCIIe));HD;HIO. R TOMY 'He B JIoH));OHe ObIJI
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rrpaBJIeHHbln ));JIH CHapHmeHHH B CaYTreMIITOH. B rOJIJIaHJJ;HM BCRope
rrpH06peJIH He6oJIbmOe CYJJ;HO «Crrl'IJJ;Y3JIJI» «(BepOHIIRa»).
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B AMepHKe? Ho, KaH IIJICaJI Bp3));<POP));, «OHII 3HaJIII, 'tJTO HBJIHI01:CH
rrHJIIIrpHMaMH, H He IIpH)J;aBaJIJI BceMY aTOMY 60JIbIDOrO 3Ha-rreHHH;
B03BO)J;H rJIa3a K He6y - CBoen 3eMJIe 06eToBaHHoft, OHH YCIIORaHBa-
JIH CBon ));ymII» (B, 79). ITO)); HMeHeM IIIIJIlIrplIMOB OHH H HX
cnYTHHKH, IIpHcoe)J;HHIIBmlIeCH R HHM B AHfJIHII, BOmJIli B IICTOXHllO.
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1
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MII MapTIIHa. RamMeR nHCaJI O)J;HOMY H3 CBOIIX 3HaROMbIX: «,IJ;pyr,
eCJIII MbI c03)J;a)J;IIM ROJIOHIIIO, TO 3TO 3HatIIIT, "lITO Bor TBOpHT "lJYJJ;O,
oco6eHHo npHHHMaH BO BHIIMaHIIe, RaI{ 6y,n;eT HeAoCTaBaTb HaM npo-
)J;YI{TOB IIHTaHHH, a 60JIbme Bcero - eAIIHCTBa II )J;06PbIX HaCTaBJIe-
HIIn. HaCHJIHe Bce nory6HT» (B, 91).
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«CulI));yaJIJI» IIO)J;BeJI OIIHTb.
Bam)J;LI B03Bpam;aJIHCb o6pa THO II HaRO-
Hen; OCTaBHJIII ero B I1JIIIMYTe. 8TO BbI3BaJIO HOBLle OCJIOmHeHIIH, Tal<
1{aK Bce He MOfJIII IIorpY3IITbCH Ha O)J;JIH Ropa6JIb. 20 'tJeJIOBeR,
11 cpe)J;1I HIIX RamMeH, yrraBmIIe )J;YXOM, OTKa3aJIHCb OT ytIaCTHH B
iJ l\CIIe)J;H:QHII.
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«CBHTbIe», OCTaJIbHbIe «"lJymaKII» - ROJIOHHCTbI, 3aBep6oBaHHbIe Ryrr-
n;a.MH B AHrJIIIH. B AMepHKY «"lJymaROB» BJIeRJIO meJIaHIIC 3aHOBO H
JIYtIme YCTPOIITb mII3Hb H HII B. RoeM Mepe - YTBepm,n;eHlIe «HCTIIH-
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QTO HUKTO H3 HHX He npHHa)J;JIemaJI R rrpnBMJIerHpOBaHHMM cnOHM
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181




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pH,I1;OK II 1IHCTOTY. B IDTOpMOBLIe )J;BH BOJIHL! 3aJIHBaJIII Kopa6JI.b,
OCTaBJIHH nOCJIe ceoH nOJIOMKII II BpeAoHocHYIO C:bIpOCTL. BOJIeJIH
eTII. YMepJlII MOpHR H O)J;IIH ROJIOHIICT. B RaKoH-To MOMeHT TPYHOCTII
nYTH II HelIcilpaBHocTH Ropa6JIH, oOHapymeHHbIe nOCJIe nepeueceu-
Hoi 6ypII, qYTb He BbIHY)J;IIJIH BepHYTLCH. IIo Mepe nplIOJIlImenHH K
AMepHRe CTaHOBHJIOCb Bce XOJIO)];HeH.
HaROHe YBII)J;eJIII 3eMJIIO. CTaJiH cnYCRaTLCH Ha lOr, IIpeIIOJIa-
raH HaHTH TaM YCTbe fY,D;30Ha, HO nO)J;omJIII K M:bICY KO)J; 2, I\"OTO-
pbIHnperpa,n;HJI )J;opory nO)J;BO)J;HbIMH KaMHHMH II 6YPYHaMII. HOTIL
npOBeJIII B OTRpbITOM Mope. 11 (21) HOHOpH, o60rHYB MbIC, Kopa6JIL
BOmeJI B 6YXTY 25, 'r)J;e OpOCHJIH HROp:b. I1iIJIlIrpHMbI npH6LIJIH B AMe-
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paCCRa3LIBaJIOCL B:bIme), OHH TenepL He IIMeJIH HII ;n;pY3ei, ROTopbIe
ObI OKaaaJIII IIM rOCTenpHIIMCTBO, HII 1I0CTOHJIbIX )J;BOpOB, 1ITOOLI OTO-
rpeTL H IIO,I1;RpenHTL CBOH 3aMep3mHe II HCTo:m:eHHLIe TeJIa, HK TeM
60JIee ropO)J;OB, r,n;e MomHO 6LIJlO 6LI OTpeMOHTHpOBaTb Ropa6JI:b II
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06pam;aJIH CBOll B30pLI (3a HCKJIlOqeHlIeM He6a), MaJIO 1ITO MOrJIO HX
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nOMoID;b 1I3-3a MOpH... OHII pacnOJIaraJIII, npaB,n;a, cep)J;eqnOH npHBH-
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182

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CI\IIM nYTerneCTBHeM, He CnernHJlII COHTII Ha AOJIrOiKAaHHYIO 3eMJIIO.
UHII COBem;aJIIICb. IIoTOM MymqlIHbI CTaJiII nOAxoAIITb no oAHOMY K
CTOJIY, qT06LI nO)J;nlIcaTb JIemaBIDHH Ha HeM ,n;oRYMeHT. To 6bIJIO 3Ha-
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MbIC ROA, 11 HOH6pH... Anno Domini 1620» (B, 107) t.
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t CM. TaRme: Foundations of Colonial America. A Documentary History, ed.
by W. K. Kavenagh. New York, 1973, VIs I-III, Vol. I, p. 246 (aJIee-
Foundations) .
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2 Robertson W. The History of America. London, 1821, VIs I-III, Vol. III,
p. 31t
3 Ibid., p. 310.
i Adams H. B. The Germanic Origin of New England Towns. Baltimore, 1882,
p. 24-33.
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c. 23.
8 CaeuH, A. H. JIeKD;HH no HCTOpHII aHrJIHHCKOH peBOJIIOHH. M., 1937, c. 77.
9 Winslow D. K. Mayflower Heritage. London, 1957, p. 37.
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BCTpeTHTb y AmoRa <DHcRe, me:HMCa TpacJloy A.aMca II QapJI3a
M. 8H,n;proca 21. .D:m. <D. YHJIJIIICOH, RaR II A. C. CaMOHJIO, BII,n;eJI B
COrJIameHIIH CTpeMJIeHHe BJIIIHTeJIbHbIX If IfMYIIJ;MX IIaccamlIpOB «MaiI-
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camlIpaMH II 3aRpenlITb ee no OTHomeHHIO R cepBeHTaM 22.
AMepHRaHCRHe yqeHble, KOTopbIe onpe,n;eJIHIOT COrJIameHHe RaK
OTnpaBHYIO T01lRY pa3BIITHH ,n;eMORpaTIIH B CBoeM CTpaHe, KaK 3apo-
)J;blIll aMeplIRaHCROH ROHCTHTYIJ;IIH, 06'bHCHHIOT B03MomHOCTb J:(JIH aTO-
TO )J;ORYMeHTa CTaTb TaROH TO"£lROH no-pa3HOMY: «6JIarOpa3YMHeM» II
«3)];paBbIM CMbICJIOM» ROJIOHHCTOB; npHcym;eH HK06:bI TOJIbKO aHrJIOCaR-
caM cnoc06HOCTbIO K caMoynpaBJIeHIIIO 23, HaJlHqlIeM TaROH me cno-
C06HOCTII y 1IJIeHOB cenapaTHCTCROM u;epRBII, K ROTOpblM npIIHa,n;JIema-
JIa lIaCTL naccamIIpOB « M3H<PJIaY3P » 24, COU;lIaJIbHOH O,D;HOpO,D;HOCTbIO
TaHoe yrrOMJIHaHIIe omnp;aeTCH tJHTaTeJIeM (Osgood H. L. The American Co-
lonies in the Seventeenth Century. Gloucester, 1957, VIs I-III, Vol. I,
p. 109-110).
19 Channing E. A History of the United States. New York, 1905-1933, VIs l-
VI, Vol. I, p. 309.
20 Documents of American History, ed. by H. S. Commager. New York, 1945,
p. 15.
21 Fiske J. The Beginnings of New England or Puritan Theocracy to its Rela-
tion to Civil and Religious Liberty. Boston, 1889, p. 127, note 1; Adams I. T.
The Founding of New England. Boston, 1922, p. 98; Andrews Ck. M. Ope cit.,
Vol. I, p. 292.
22 Willison G. F. Saints and Strangers. New York, 1945, p. 144.
23 lameson 1. F. Ope cit., p. 29.
24 Jameson I. F. Ope cit., p. 30; Andrews Ck. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 292; Docu-
ments of American History, p. 15; Gregg F. M. The Founding of a Nation.
Cleveland, 1915, p. 15.
189

HOBLI:D nJtHMYT
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n;e KHHTH B. JI. llapplIHrToHa 27.
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)J;HJIOCb caMHM YCTpaHBaTL CBOH )J;eJla. IIpoTHBocTOH lliH3HeHHblM He-
B3roAaM H HanaAKaM rOJIJIaHACKHX KaJlbBHHIICTOB, KOTopLle, KaK II
aHrnHHCKHe nypHTaHe, nOpHaJIII IIX aa cenapaTlI3M, neH)J;eHbl, no-
25 Andrews Ck. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 274; Gregg F. M. Ope cit., p. 15-16; Wil-
lison G. F. Ope cit., p. 130.
26 Adams I. T. Ope cit., p. 99; Calverton V. F. The Awakening America. New
York, 1939, p. 57 -69
27 flappuuerou B. JI. YKa3. COll., T. 1, c. 486.
190

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30 TeRCT naTeHTa CM: Foundations, Vol. I, p. 20-35.
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HO yoe,n;IITbCH B TOM, qTO JleH,n;eHIJ;bl (TeM 60JIee «qymaRM») He
 v
npe,n;nOJIaraJIII OTBepra Tb BJIaCTb ROpOJIH If OO'bHBJIHTb 0 CBoeH He-
3aBHCIIMOCTM. MMeHHO meJIalIUe BHOBb CBH3aTb ce6H C pO,I(HHOH npn:-
BeJIO HX B OT,n;aJIeHHble, HO aHrJIIIHCRlIe BJIa,n;eHIIH, 3aCTaBIIJlO OTBepr-
UYTb rrpe,n;JIOmeHlIe HOBOM HMJJ;epJIaIIJI;CHOH 1\Ol\t£rraHIIM. OHH He IIC-
RaJiU rocy,n;apCTBeHHOH He3aBIICHMOCTM, He IIO)J;BepraJlM COMHeHHIO
7 JI. 10. CJIe3lHIH
193

HOBLI:A: nnHM)1T
«o6pa3 60mecRoH BJIaCTH II aBTOpHTeTa», BOnJIOm;eHHbIR B «60mbeR
MHJIOCTbIO» aHrJIHHCROM KOpOJIe, KOTOpLI:R BOJI:bHO HJIH HeBOJIbHO HB-
JIHJICH IIX 3am;HTHHKOM RaR BJIaJ];eJIen; aeMJIH, r,n;e OHII C06HpaJIIICL
060CHOBaTbCH. BceM rraccamHpaM «MaHJIayap» He 6blJIO BLIrO)];LI
pBaTb CBH3H C JIOH)];OHCRHMH Kynn;aMH, 6e3 nOMoH KOTOpbIX OHH
He nOKHHYJlII 6bl EBpony II Ha nOMoID;b KOTOpLIX paCCqllTbIBaJIH B
6y)];ym;eM. AMepllRa cYJIJ.iIJIa JIeH)];eHn;aM J];ocTlImenHe HCKOMLIX n;eJleii
6e3 OROHqaTeJIbHOrO paapLIB"a C AHrJIHeii, 6ea OCJIymaHHH «'qy,n;ec-
HOMY npe,n;HaqepTaHIIIO rocno,n;a».
aHIi nplI6LIJIH B AMepHRY; J.iIX Ropa6JI:b CTOHJI Y Mblca 1\0)];. q TO
MOrJIO nOMemaTb HCnOJIHeHHIO aaAYMaHHoro? lIemeJIaHHe «TIymaROB»
COrJIaCIITbCH Ha npe)];JIaraeMYIO <POPMY npaBJIeHJ.iIH. TaRaH yrpo3a
6bIJIa peaJILHOH.
Em;e nepe)]; OTnJIbITHeM 113 AHrJIUII OTHomeHHH Mem)J;Y «CBHTDIMH»
II «qymaHaMH » ORa3aJlHCb HCIIOpqeHHLIIII. IIocJIeAHHX RynIJ;LI BRJIIO-
TIHJIH B COCTaB aRCne)];HIIH, meJIaH YBeJIHqlITL qHCJIO ROJIOHHCTOB,
TPY,IJ; ROTOpblX ,n;OJlmeH 6blJl 06eCneQHTb fJ;OXOfJ;HOCTb npe)];npIIHTHH.
3TO paapymaJIO 3aMblCJIbl JIeH,n;eHeB: «HOBOMY XaHaaHY» npHxo,n;n-
JlOCb HaQIIUaTb llilI3Hb C peJlHrlI03HblX pacnpe:ii. aHII B03HHRJIH C
nepBOH BCTpeqH. « qymaRH» B 60JIblUIIHCTBe CBoeM nplIHa,n;JIemaJiH R
aHrJlHRaHCROH n;epKBH, HeROTopLle, BepOHTHO, 6LIJIH nypHTaHaMH (R
HUM OTHOCHT RpHcTo(f>epa MapTHHa), O)];HH, KaK npe)J;IIOJIaraeTCH,-
RaTOJlHKOM (MaHJI3 CT3HJJ;nm). Bce ORII CqlITaJIII JIeH,n;eHn;eB «pac-
ROJIbHIIRaMH». Ee33am;HTHOCTb cenapaTHCTOB, Haxo,n;HBmHXCH B AHr-
JIHH na nOJIYJIeraJILHOM nOJlOiReHHH, ,n;aBaJIa ]IX npOTIIBHHRaM B03-
MOII\HOCTb nOlbIRaTb JIMH. B3aHMHafI HerrpHH3Hb nHTaJlaCb TaRme
<pHRaHCOBbIMH TPY)J;HOCTHMH. MapTHH, npeTeIlp;OBanmnH Ha pOJIb 00-
IIJ;ero pyRoBop;HTeJlH, BbI3blBaJIY JIeii)J;eHI(eB pa3)];pameHIIe CBoeH Hl'ItI-
JIHBOH rpy60cTbIO npH He)];06poCOBeCTHOM HCnOJIHeHHH npHMLIX 06H-
aaHHOCTeu.
B Mope efJ;HHOHaqaJIHe HanHTaHa Ropa6JIH, HanYTCTBeHHLle CJIOBa
P06HHcona cBoeii naCTBe, a TaRme onaCHOCTH H HeB3ro,n;LI, paBHLIe
JlH Bcex, MOrJIH npHTymHTb B3aHMHoe He)1;OBOJl:bCTBO, ,n;ame C6J1II3HTb
HeROTopLIX, )];0 Toro Bpam,n;OBaBIlllIx. ECJIH aTO II CJIyqHJIOCL, TO TeM
He Menee He o6eCrre"£lHJIO e,n;HHcTBa H MHpa. ¥HJIbHM Bpa,n;<f>op)1;, pac-
CRa3:bIBaH 0 COI'JlameHHlI Ha «MaH<pJIaY3p», 06':bJlCHHJI, qTO ero He06-
XO)];HMOCTb BLI3:bIBaJIaCb «qaCTHqHO He)];OBOJlbCTBOM II MHTemHLIMH pe-
QaMH, KOTOpblS BeJlH HeRoTopLIe TIymaRH, a JIMeHHO, qTO, Ror,n;a ORII
COH)];YT Ha 6eper, ORII 6Y)];YT BeCTII ce6H,. KaK 3axoTHT, R3-3a OTCYT-
CTBRH KaROH-JlJ.I60 BJiaCTII )1;JIH ynpaBJleHIIH HIII, TaR RaR OHH Hl\feJIII
rraTeHT )1;JIH BHprIIHIIII, a HO )1;JlH HOBOR AHrJIIIII, npJ.iIHa)1;JIemaBmeii
)];pyroMY X03HIIRY, R KOTOPOMY BHprHHHH He HMeJIa HIIKaRoro OT-
194

COrnADIEHHE HA <Ma:B{J)JIAY3P)
HOIl.IeHl1H. A. QaCTII1.JHO nOTOMY, qTO aaK.TIlOqeHHOe lI:MH CaMUMll Ta-
Roe cOrJIarneHlIe... l\fOrJIO 6bITb rrp01.JHblM RaR 06YCJIOBJICHHOe naTeH-
TOM, a B HeKOTopLIX OTHomeHHHX em;e H 60JIee np01.JHLIM>} (B, 106).
R MOMeHTY no]:\nlIcaHHH COrJIameHIIH Ha «MaiicpJIaY3p » Haxo,n;H-
JIOCb 103 naccamHpa 31. «CBHTlde,) COCTaBJIHJIII HeMHorHM 60Jlee
TpeTII - 41 1.JeJIOBeK (17 MymqlIH, 10 meHm;HH, 14 )J;eTen:; TOJIbRO
Tpoe - BplOcTep c meHOH H EpaA<pop,n; - 6DIJIH BeTepaHaMIi CRpy6H).
« qymaROB)} 6LIJlO 40 (17 Mym1.JHH, 9 meHID;HH, 14 AeTeH) 32. OCTaJIL-
IIbIe naccamlIpbI He npHHa)J;JIemaJIH R tIHCJIY co6CTBeHHo nOCeJIeHn;en:
nHTepo CneHaJIIICTOB (6oqap 1:1 qeTbIpe MopHRa), HaHHTblX .n;JIH
Hym,n; Bceii ROJIOHIIH Ha OrpaHIIQeHHOe BpeMH II 3a orrpe,n;eJIeHHYIO
nJIaTY (hiered hands), H 17 cepBeHTOB (,n;oMamHHx cJlyr H 3aKOHT-
paHTOBaHHI>IX pa6oTHMROB). BoceMHa.n;aTLIH, Y. BaTTeH,. YMep B
nYTU.
CpeAM JIei1)eHu;eB «MHTemHHKOB» He 6blJIO (MHTeiKHble petIH «Be-
JIM HeROTopble qymaKII>}). COMHHTeJIbHO, QTo6:bI HMH MOrJIH CTaTb
HaeMlibIe cneIJ;lIaJIHCTbI. OHH eXaJIH 3a aapa6o ' rKOM, KOToporo JIHIDH-
JII:ICb 6:bI npH pacna.n;e KOJIOHHII. OHH He npe)J;nOJIaraJIH OCTaBaTbCH
B HeH 60JIbme rOAa. 113 17 cepBeHTOB meCTepo 6blJIII no.n;pOCTRH II
o,n;Ha meHnHa. CepBeHTbI «CBHT:bIX», COCTaBJIHBmlIe 60JILIDlIHCTBO B
B aTOM KaTeroplI1I naccamHpOB (13), 6bIJIII o6pam;eH:bI JIeiiAeHaMII
B CBOIO Bepy, no Hpan:HeH Mepe HaHUMaJIHCb 1I3 JIIO)J;eii, COqYBCTBO-
BaBIllIIX en II co6npaBIIIHxcH no OROHQaHHll cpOKa ROHTpaRTa OCTa-
TLCH B ROJIOHHII. TaRHM o6pa30M, H3 cepBeHTOB nOTeHIJ;HaJIbHLIMH
«MHTemHIIRaMH» HaH60JIee BepOHTHO CQIITaTb TOJIbRO "£IeTblpex, npn-
Ha)J;JIemaBIllHX qymaKaM» 33. TIpH aTOM HeJIb3H 3a6blBaTb, qTO JIIO)J;II,
TOJIbI\O qTO 3aROHTpaRTOBaHHLle, em;e HO npnCTYIIIIBmHe Ii omUAaB-
IlleM IIX THmeJIOH pa60Te, HO yme nOJIYtIHBIllHe RpOB, nlITaHHe II
0Aem)J;y, nYCTb nJlOXHe, JIMeJIII He TaR ym MHoro OCHOBaHIIH ,n;JlH 6yp-
lIoro BosMyru;eHHH. OHH COrJIaCIIJIIICL Ha Ka6aJILHble YCJlOBHH KOHT-
paRTOB, Ha)J;eHCb tIepe3 ceML JIeT 06peCTH CBo6o)J;y H 063aBeCTIICb B
AMepliHe 3eMJIeii II X03HHCTBOM. B AHr.lIIIII OHH HX He I:IMeJIH I:IJIII
JIIIIDHJIIICb, 3a tITO TaRoro po,n;a JIIO,n;eii TaM, KaR MLI SHaeM, npeCJIe-
,n;onaJiH II HaKaSLIBaJIH. BpH.n; JlH B aTHX YCJlOBHHX II?vIeHHO cepBeH-
Tbl CTaJIH aa1.JIIHm;III\aMII «MHTema», yqaCTJIe B KOTOpOM rp03IIJIO 11M
31 AaHHbIe 0 HIIX CM.: Willison G. F. Ope cit., appendix B; Bradford's History,
appendix 1; lessup E. F. The Mayflower Story. Retford, 1957, appendix; Go-
odwinn I.A. The Pilgrim Republic. Boston, 1920, chap. 15.
3:! ABa pe6eiHKa pO)J;HJIHCb Ha «MaihpJIayap»: B ceMbe «CBHTOfO» YHJIbHMa Yaii-
Ta H B ceMbe «qymaKa» CTa<I>eHa rOIIKllHca.
33 R. MapTIIHY - ,n;Boe (no ,n;pyrlIM )J;aHHbIM, O)];lIH - eMY, BTOpoii - YUJIbHMY
MYJIJIlIHCY), C. rOIIRHHCY - ,n;Boe.
195
7*

BOBbIn: n.rrHMYT
BnOCJIep;CTBIIH meCTORHMII HaRaaaHIIHMU II JIIIllIaJIO BCHIOM Hap;em,n;bl
BepHYTbCH B CpeAY «)];06pOnOpH)J;OtIHbIX » aHrJIII"£IaH, Ha "£ITO OHII pac-
CQHTbIBaJIII, OTnpaBJIHHCb 3a OKeaH 34.
B03MOmHOe He,n;OBOJIbCTBO CepBeHTOB, 6Y)J;b TO lIX nOJIOmeHHeM,
6Y)J;b TO 06paIIJ;eHn:eM C HIIMII X03Hen, MOrJIO, pa3YMeeTCH" HaXO-
)J;IITb BbIXO)J; B «MHTemHbIX peqax». O,n;HaRO rJIaBHbIMH «MHTemHH-
".,
RaMil» CJIe)];yeT CKopee Bcero CtIHTaTb COOCTBeHHO «qymaROB», B qaCT-
HOCTn: Tex H3 HIIX, ROTopble BJIa)];eJIH cepBeHTaMII. «MHTem» Ha-
npaBJIHJICH npOTHB «CBHTbIX». BepHee -.. npOTHB HBHOH rrpeTeH3HII IIX
PYRoBO)];IITeJlei1 (KapBep, Bpa)J;<pop,n;, BplOcTep) Ha rJIaBeHCTBO Cpe)];H
ROJIOHMCTOB, npOTHB HeCOMHeHHoro HaMepeHIIH 3THX PYRoBo,n;IITeJIei1
OCYlQeCTBIITb CBOH IIJlaH opraHlI3aIJ;1I1I nOCeJIeHIIH.
He,n;OBOJIbCTBO He BbIlliJIO 3a npe)J;eJIbI «MHTemHbIX peqeH». 41 qe-
JIUBeR 35 nOCTaBIIJI no,n; COrJIaIIIeHlIeM CBOID IIO,n;IIHCb: 17 «CBHTbIX»,
17 «qymaROB», TPII HaeMHbIX CneIJ;HaJiIICTa II qeTbIpe cepBeHTa
()J;Boe - «"£IymaRa» ronRIIHca II ,n;Boe - «CBHTbIX» KapBepa II YIIH-
CJIoy), RaR MomHO nOJiara Tb, Bce MYJI{qIIHbl, ,n;OCTlIrmlIe 21 rO)J;a, ROTO-
pblH CqlITaJiCH rO)];OM COBepmeHHOJIeTIIH 36. "lITO me, RpOMe IIpe)J;IIOJIOmn:-
TeJIbHOrO n: BeCbMa OTHOCIITeJlbHorO 60JIblliHHCTBa II3 o6m;ero qlICJIa
Mymqn:H (HaeMHLIe CIIen;lIaJIHCTbl, )J;Boe cepneHTOB), nOMOrJIO JIeH)J;eH-
n;a:M o,n;epmaTb Bepx?
OHII COCTaBJIHJIH opraHII30BaHHYIO II )];YXOBHO CIIaHHHYIO CHJIY,
TBep,n;o 3HaJIn:, qero XOTeJIH. 8Toro HeJIb3H CHa3a Tb 0 «qymaRax ». n pe-
TeH,n;OBaBIIIIIH Ha JIM,n;epCTBO Ma pTIIH )J;IICRpe,n;IITHpOBaJI ce6H. PYRO-
BO)J;IITeJIH «CBHTbIX», HcnO.lIHHH HaCTaBJIeHlIe P06n:HCOHa, IIplIBbIRmn:e
R npOnaraH)];e CBOn:X B3rJIH)J;OB, npOHBJIHBllin:e «xpIICTHaHCRoe MHJIO-
cep,n;n:e » K 3a6oJIeBmHM crrYTHHRaM, IIO)];)];epmHBaeMble BceH n;epROB-
HOH 06m;HHOH ceIIapaTIICTOB, OTHOCHTeJIbHO 60JIee 06pa30BaHHble, He
34 113 tIeTbIpex ynoMHHYTbIX BepOHTHbIX «MHTemHIIROB»-CepBeHTOB OAMH YMep
B fO,n; npIIe3,1J;a, BTOpOH - B 1621 f., TpeTllH, He,1J;OBOJIbHbIH mll3HbIO B OCHO-
BaHHOH ROJIOHllII, RaR TOJIbRO OROHtIllJICH CpOR ROHTpaRTa, yexaJI B BllprII-
HlllO. 113 17 cepBeHToB, COIDe,1J;IDllX C «MaH<pJIayap» Ha aMepHRaHCRYIO 3eM-
JIIO, B TetIeHlle 1620-1621 fr. YMepJIO 11 tIeJIOBeR. Boo6m;e M3 362 ROJIOHll-
CTOB, npIIexaBIDux B HOBbIH I1JIIIMYT ,1J;O 1630 f., ROf,1J;a npM6bIJIM rrOCJIe,1J;HMe
JI3 Tex, ROfO rrplltIllCJIHIOT R nJIJIMfpIIMaM, cepBeHTOB HaCtIlfTbIBaJIOCb MaRCll-
MaJIbHO 50 tIeJIOBeR. 8TO B TOM CJIytIae, eCJIII CtIIITaTb TaROBbIMH 60JIbIDHH-
CTBO JIJIII Bcex naccamnpOB «TaJI6oT» (1629 r.), RaR aTO ,n;eJIaeT, HanpIIMep,
YllJIJIHCOH (Willison G. F. Ope cit., p. 451). B «I1CTOp Hll» Bpa,1J;<pop,1J;a 0 HHX
CRa3aHO: «MbI nOCJIaJIH BaM HeCROJIbRO cepBeHTOB», «tIllCJIO naccamllpOB-
35 tIeJIOBeR» (B, 245-246). COCTaB naccamllpOB «XaH,1J;MeH,1J;» (1630 r.) HeM3-
BeCTeH.
35 Foundations, Vol. I, p. 246.
36 ,lJ;aTa pOm,n;eHllH ABYX MOpHROB II OCTaJIbHbIX CepBeHToB-MymtIllH, tIbllX
nO,1J;rrHCeH HeT, HeM3BeCTHa. CY,1J;H no BceMY, OHII He P;OCTllfJIJI 21 fop;a.
196

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!\10rJIII He nOJIb30Ba ThCH aBTopMTeTOM. all pOC C na,n;eHlIeM: IIpeCTHiI\a
l\fa pTIIHa.
Bce naccamlIpbI « M3H<pJIaY3p », Ra:K YIIOMHHaJIOCb, 6bIJIH CBH3a-
Hbl C RynaMII. RanlITaH, HeCOMHeHHO, )];eJIaJl Bce B03MomHoe, QTO-
6bl IIpHBe3TIf B AHrJIlI10 6JIarOrrpHHTHbIH OTQeT 06 OCHOBaHHOH RO-
JIOHIfII, a He 1I3BeCTMe 0 pa36emaBmeHCH MHTeiHHOH TOJIne. aJIeRO
He Bce «qymaRH », BJIOmlIBmlIe B IIpe)];rrpHHTHe CBOII, rrYCTb He60JIb-
mile, cpe)J;CTBa, RaK npaBIIJIO nOCJIe)];HIIe, IIMeJIH MymecTBo nopBa Tb
c npe,n;npIIHTlIeM. Y ROJIOHIICTOB 6bIJI C C060H OqeHb CRpOMHbIH 3arrac
IIpO,n;OBOJIbCTBIIH II CHapHmeHHH, ROTopbIe ,n;o BbICa)];RII Ha 6eper Ha-
XO)];IIJIHCb B PYKax RaIIIITaHa. IIoceJIeHlIe B ,n;eBCTBeHHOH CTpaHe Mom-
HO 6bIJIO OClIOBa Tb TOJIbKO o6ru;1IM: Tpy,n;OM. 8TO IIpe,n;YCMa TplIBaJi II
,n;oroBop, ROTOpbIM OCHOBbIBaJIOCb IIpe)];rrplIHTlIe. BceM rrpe)J;CTOHJIO
IIOJIb30BaTbCH JI3 06ru;IIX 3arraCOB. O)J;IIH II.ITM ,n;ame HeCKOJIbRO "£IeJIO-
BeR, pemlIBIlllIe OT)];eJIHTbCH OT OCTaJIbHbIX B He3HaROMOH CTpaHe,
IIPH HacTynaBmen 3IIMe, B03MomHOM Harra)J;eIlIIII HH)];eHIJ;eB, YCTaJIO-
CTII OT nYTemeCTBIIH II He,n;oCTa T He npHrraCOB, rnJlII 6bl Ha CMepTeJIb-
HLIi pIICR. Ha nOneqeHHII MHorlIX 6blJlII meHru;HHbl II ,n;eTII, COCTaBJIHB-
mHe IIOJIOBIIHY Bcex ROJlOHIICTOB. «3,n;paBbIH CMbICJI» IIrpaJi Ha PYRY
JIeH,n;eHaM. R TOMY me OHII npe,n;JIOmMJIII 3aRJIIO"£llITb COrJIarneHlIe,
KOTopoe <popMaJIbHO HHRoro He yeMJlHJIO. }{ ero IIO)J;IIlIcaHHIO npn-
BJIeI\aJII1 ,n;ame cepBeHTOB.
«IIocJIe 3Toro,- RaR 0 caMO C060H pa3YMeBmeMCH IIIICaJi Bp3,n;-
<poP)];, - OHII 1I36paJIII, a CRopee YTBep,n;IIJlII M-pa mOHa RapBepa
(qeJIOBeRa Ha60mHoro II ynamaeMoro IIMII) CBOIIM ry6epHaTopOM
(governor) lIa TeRym;IIH ro)];» (B, 107) 37.
CJIOBa «CRopee YTBep,n;IIJIH» nO)J;TBepm,n;aIOT npeAIIOJIOmeHHe, qTO
«CBHTbIe» 3apaHee rOTOBIIJIIi nOqBY )];JIH aaRJIIDqeHHH COrJIameHHH,
TeKCT KOToporo, HeCOMHeHHO, COCTaBHJIII HX PY.KOBo,n;IITeJIH, nOJIOmHB
B OCHOBY IIIICbMO P06IIHCOHa. M36paHIIeM KapBepa OHII 3aRpeIIIIJIII
CDoe npelIMym;ecTBeHHoe BJIIIHHHe cpeAII IIIIJIHrplIMOBIi OCYIIJ;eCTBH-
Jill rrJIaH C03)J;aHHH ROJIOHIIH C BHYTpeHHHM caMOYIIpaBJIeHlIeM.
HlItITO He rOBoplIT 0 TOM, qTO COrJIameHHe IIMeJlO IICHJlID"£IIITeJlb-
HOH IJ;eJIblO «rro,n;tIHHHTb He,n;OBOJIbHbIX CBonM IIOJIOmeHlIeM Ha6aJIbHbIX
CJIyr rocrro,n;CTBYIOm;eH rp yurre IIOCeJleHIJ;eB ». BOJlee Toro, IIpOTHB
06bIRHOBeHIIH Tex JIeT II aHrJIllHCROH IOpn,n;HqeCROH IIpaRTI1RH cep-
BeHTOB npH3BaJiH CTaTb y-qaCTHIIRaMH YTBepmAeHIIH qpe3BbIQaHHO
BamHoro ,n;ORYMeHTa. I1cTHHa, RaR npe,n;CTaBJIHeTCH, JIemlIT rJIy6me,
tIeM XOqeT ee BH)J;eTb aBTOp rrplIBe,n;eHHbIX CTpOR. IIpH BceH ROHR-
37 CJIe,1J;yeT YQllTbIBaTb pa3JIllQlle B co,u;epmaHllll CJIOBa «ry6epHaTOp» ,u;JIH Bllp-
rHHHII, r,1J;e OH Ha3HaQaJICH Jf3 J1oH,1J;OHa, n BbI60pHbIM ry6epnaTopOM HOBO-
ro IIJIllMYTa.
197

HOBLIR nJlIIMYT
peTHOCTH II l-J;ame «CJIyqaHHOCTH» 8Toro )J;OKYMeHTa, nplI TOM, qTO
llHJIHrpHJ\1bI, aaKJIIOQaH ero, «6LIJIM BeC.bMa ,n;aJIeKII OT M:bICJIH, qTO
OHM ,n;eJlaIOT lITO-JIIIOO, nMelOee BeJIHKOe nplIHlInnaJILHOe 8Haqe-
HHe», npH TOM, tITO OHn CTpeMIIJIIIC:b JIIIlllb Y,D;OBJIeTBOpHTL «CBOH
OJIHiKanmlIe lliH3HeHHLIe HYJR,D;LI II HlItIerO 60JIee », COrJlameHHe 6:bIJIO
OqeHb eMKIIM. OHO BKJllOqaJIO «6JIHlliaHmne Hym,n;bl», n;eJIH, 3aIIJIa-
HHpOBaHHble JIei,D;eHaMH paHee, a TaRme Te, ROTopLIe ,D;IIRTOBaJIHCL
06rneKTHBHbIMH YCJIOBIIHMH 06ru;eCTBeHHoi mH3HH, npO)];YRTOM ROTO-
pbIX H y-qaCTHHKaMH HOTOpOH O:blJIH Bce nHJIMrplIMbI. 'lIacTL 3THX
06IIX eJIeH MOrJIa OC03HaBaTbCH, MorJla rrpe,n;CTaBJlHTbCH CMYTHO,
MOrJla He OC03HaBaTbCH HJlH BocnpHHHIaTbCH B HCRameHHOM BH,n;e,
06YCJlOBJleHHOM MHpOB033peHIIeM ,n;aHHbIX JIlo)J;eii.
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Ho OlIn HaXO,D;HJIHCb }J;OCTaTOTJ:HO ,n;aJIeKO OT TOM «epeCH», 0 I\OTOpOn
rOBOpUJIOCb B 11;HTHpOBaBmeMcH OTpbIBKe H3 «I-\peCTbHIICl\Oll: BOHHbI
B repMaHHH» 3HreJIbca. PYROBO}J;HMbIe P06HHCOHOM, JIeii,n;eHCRHe
cena pa THCT:bI no CBOIIM B033 peHHHM CTOHJllI r,n;e-To Mem,n;y JIeBbIM
RpbIJIOM nOJIYJleraJlbHLIX nypHTaH-HOHROH<P0PMIICTOB U nepB:bIMH
6pOYHHCTaMU, OT ROTOp:bIX OHH OTMemeBbIBaJIIICb, CqHTaH HX ytIeHlIe
H nOBe,n;eHHe CJIHIDKOM pemHTeJlbHhlA-IH. «POOHHCOH npeo6pa3yeT
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I{JIlOqaJI O}J;IIH 113 HCCJIe,n;OBaTeJIeii 9Toro Bonpoca 38. P06HHCOHY
npHIIHC:bIBaIOT npOIICXOiR,n;eHHe TepMHHa «JIH,[);erreH,n;eHT » 39.
IloKa }J;OCTaTOqHO CRaaaTL, tITO «CBHTLle», HeCMOTpH na Bce lICITbI-
TaHHbIe JIlImeHHH H rOHeHHH, 6LIJIH YMepeHIIbIMM cerrapaTHcTaMH"
B C03HaHHH «qymaKOB» He 6LIJlO II CJIe,n;OB «epeTlIqeCRHX» H)];eH. Te
11 )];pyrHe CqHTaJiH IIo,n;HeBOJlLHOe IIOJIOmeHHe cepBeHTOB BIIOJlHe HOp-
MaJlLHLIM II, RTO Mor, HMeJIH IIX em;e B rOJlJIaH,n;.Il1I II B AHrJlHH. Yqa-
CTHe cepBeHTOB B no,n;ITnCaHHH COTJlameHHH He rrpe)];nOJlaraJlo II He
paCCMaTpHBaJIOCb HII HMB caMHMH, HH IIX X03HeBaMII RaR H3MeHeHHe
cyru;eCTBOBaBlllHX Mem,n;y HHMH OTHomeHHH. B IIHOM CJIytIae 9TO, He-
COMHeHHO, HalllJIO ObI KaB:Oe-TO OTparReHHe B ,n;OKYMeHTe, HBJIHHCL
Mepoi CJlHlliROM 3HaqHTeJIbHOH II pa}J;HRaJlLHOi, H,n;ym;ei Bpa3pea c
38 Beuneapren r. Hapo;D;HaH pe<popMaIIH B AHrJIlI1I XVII BeK3. M., 1901, c. 24;
CM. TaKiRe: Ca8un A. H. YKa3. COq., c. 73-74; Chronicles of the Pilgrim
Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth. 1602-1625, ed. by A. Young. New York,
1971, chap. 15-16 (AaJIee - Chronicles); Tension in American Puritanism,
ed. by R. Reinitz. New York, 1970, p. 65-76; Morison S. E. The Story of the
«Old Colony» of New Plymouth. New York, 1956, p. 119-120; Langdon G. D.
Pilgrim Colony. A History of New Plymouth. New Haven, 1966, chap. 8;
Miller P. Orthodoxy in Massachusetts. Boston, 1959, p. 128.
39 Ilorexun A. YKa3. COq., c. 569.
198

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I\HX HaRaaaHHH BLIIIOJIHHT"b YCJIOBHH ROHTpaKTOB. CTaTYC cepBeHTOB
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«IIypIITaHHH» - nypHTaHCRoH KOJIOHlIeii 40. Olla He 6blJIa II «rrepBLIM
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40 IIOHHTI1JI «nyplfTaHlfH», «npecBlfTeplfaHHH», «cenapaTllCT» (If 60JIee HJIIf
MeHee eMY paBH03HRQHbIe) B rO,1J;bI 060CTpllBmeHCH nOJIHTlfQeCROH 60pb6bI
B AHrJIHH npHo6peJIIf 60JIee caMOCTOHTeJIbHOe 3HaQeHHe. TIo3me, oco6eHHO B
AMepHRe, nOHHTHH «nypHTaHHH» H «cenapaTHCT» CTaJIH BIIOBb CJIlfBaTbCH.
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JIllHCKaH 6ypmya3HaH peBOJIIOD;JIH XVI I BeR3», HO If 3H3MeHHTbIH .JIoHr<I>eJIJIO
B «CBaToBcTBe MaiiJl3a CT3H,1J;llm3» Ha3LIB3JI nypJITaHaMII Tex, Roro CRMll Tor-
)J;aillHHe aHrJIUHCI\IIe II Macca"tJyceTCI\He nypHTane ClIJITaJIlI npe,1J;HbIMIf pac-
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199

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HeHHblX llTaToB? a. 1-10 HM HBJIHJIaCb H BnprlIHIIH (1606 r.), II 60-
JIee rr03,n;HHe MacCaqyceTc (1629 r.), M3pIIJIeH,n; (1634 r.), II ,n;pyrHe
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COrJlameHIIH, yme rOBOpIIJlOCb. OHII, :KpOMe npoqero, 06YCJIOBIIJIH
RaR no,n;IIHcaHlie ero cepBeHTa:M:II, TaR II qeTRO BblpameHHoe nplI3Ha-
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paaBIITlIeM B AHrJIIIH 6ypmya3IIbIx OTHOillOlIIIH. 3aHeceHHble Ha aMe-
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CTeneHII 3Toro pa3BIITHH II ROHRpeTHbIX 06CTOHTeJlbCTB nOHBJIeHIIH
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AORYMeHTOB, RTO CTa paeTCR BO qTO 6:b1 TO HH CTaJlO HaMTII qeTRYIO
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JIHRaHII3Ma II rocy,n;apCTBeHHOH He3aBIICHMOCTII». rJIaBHbIM me o6pa-
aOM nO)J; BJIHHHlIeM aMeplIRaHcRoH IICTOpnorp a <p lIlI . U:eJIblH pH,IJ;
« CJIyqaHHOCTeH », a TOqHee 06CTOHTeJIbCTB: oIIpe,n;eJIeHHblM COCTaB
IIaccamnpOB « M3H<pJIaY3p », IIpH6blTHe Ropa6JIH R MblCY Ko,n; II )J;p.-
nplI,n;aJIII aaRJIIO"£leHHOMY COfJIaIIIeHHI{) BH)J;, nalI60JIee IIO)J;XO,lJ;Hm;IIH
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tITO 6bIJIII 6ypmya3HbIMH, OTpamaJIII, XOTH eIIJ;e )J;aJIeRO He nOJIHO,
npIIH
lIrrbl HOBbIX 6ypmya3Hblx oTHorneHlIll.
POJIb, ROTOPYIO HCCJIe)J;oBa TeJlJI, nperI\)J;e Bcero aMepHRaHCRHe, OT-
BO)J;HT COrJIameHHIO Ha «M3H<pJIaY3p» B <pOp:MlIpOBaHIIII 06m;eCTBeH-
HbIX HHCTIITYTOB CllA, Tpe60BaJIa XOTH 6bl RpaTRoro HCToplIorpa-
<pHqeCROrO 0630pa. Ho ,n;ame caMbIH RpaTKHH 0630p TaRoro pO)J;a He-
1I36emHO npHBo)J;IIT K Heo6xo)J;IIMOCTH )J;eJIaTb BbIBO)J;bl, ROTopble BLI-


1 B RHHre reHpn M. Y op,1J;a TaRoe TOJIROBaHlfe pacrrpocTpaHHeTcH Ha BCIO IIC-
TOpHIO HOBoro TIJIllMYTa (Ward H. M. Statism in Plymouth Colony. New
York, 1973).


201




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,n;aHHOH rJlaBe, 6aalIpYIOTCH Ha BceM 06'.beMe HMeIOHXCH B HameM
pacnopHmeHHH <paRTOB no BceM HayqaeMDIM ROJlOHIIHM.
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IU;HHLI CTIIpaJIH, AeTH pe3BHJIHCL. OmH,n;aH, Hor;n;a 6y,n;eT IIOqHHeH 60T,
B Tex me aaHHTHHX lIpOBeJIH em;e ,n;eHb, OMpaqeHHbIH co06m;eHHeM
IIJIOTHHROB, qTO OROHqaHlIe HX pa60TbI 3aAepmlIBaeTcH. BO.T Tpe-
60BaJICH He TOJIbRO ,IJ;JIH C006m;eHIIH c aeMJIeH. Ha HeM npe,n;nOJlaraJIH
1 POCTOM XOTlI Be BLICOR, no RpenOl\ If C rpy,u;LIO Moryqett,
BLIJI OH mlfPOR If B IIJIeqaX, a MYCI\YJIDI - CJIOBHO meJIe30.
CMyrJIDIit sarap Ha JIIfe, HO yme 60POJ(bI pDIffieBaToA:
JIerRHii ROCHYJICJt CHeffiOR,. Ral\ Ay6paBbI B HOHOPbCRYIO IIOPY.
(JI01tar,peJl,JI,o r. Ha6pa1t'H.oe. llep. II ropgJu1tneJl,JI,. M., 1958, c. 235).
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..HOBbl. XAHAAH,.
OTnpaBHTbCH Ha nOHCKH MeCTa, no,n;xo,n;HIero ,n;JlH OCHOBaHHH KOJlO-
HHH. MOpHRH TOpOnHJIII C BbIca,n;Koii, 60HCb, qTO HacTynlIBman aH}Ia
3aTpy,n;HHT IIX B03BpaeHlle aa pO,n;HHY. OCTaBaJICn e,n;HHCTBeHHbIH
BbIXO,n; - neman 3Rcne,n;IIn;HH.
15 HOH6pH OHa BbIlliJIa B noxo,n;: rrpemHIIH OTpH,n; CT9H,n;Hma «<y
Ram)J;oro ero MYiliReT, Meq H JIaTbI») H Tpoe BJIHHTeJlbHLIX nacca-
mHpOB - YHJII>HM BP3,n;q,Op,n;, CTaq,eH ronKHHC H 3,n;Bap,n; THJlJIH-
«lJ;JlH COBeTOB H HaCTaB.neHIIH» 2. B nepBbIH ,n;eHL nYTH Ha,n;aJIH aaMe-
THJIII nHTb-meCTL HHAe'iieB C c06aRoii, ROTopLIe CRpLIJIHCL B aapo-
CJIHX. IIbITaJlHCL ,n;orHa Tb HX, 3a6JIy,n;IIJIHCb. H01IeBaJIlI B Jlecy. ¥ T-
pOM BLImJIH Ha paC"tJnrn;eHHOe MeCTO, KOTopoe OKaaaJlOCL 3a6pomeH-
HbIM MaHCOBbIM lIOJIeM. 3a HHM 06HapYiKHJIH HeCKOJlLKO aaxopOHe-
HHH, OCTaTHH pa3pYIIIeHHLIX TY3eMHLIX mHJIJI, 6pomeHHYIO YTBapb.
IIopbIBmnCb, K CBoeH pa,n;OCTH, HalliJIII Me,n;HLIii Kopa6eJlbHLIH KOTeJl
II HeCROJIbRO I\Op3HH C 3epHOM H nOqaTRaMH Manca.
«...MbI nOCTaBHJIH BOKpyr qaCOBLIX, a ,n;Boe HJlH Tpoe BLIKanLIBaJIH
aepHO. TIpH aTOM Hac aaHHMaJIa MLICJIL, qTO me ,n;eJIaTL C 3THM
aepHOM H C 3TnM I\OTJIOM. IIocJIe ,n;JIJiITeJIbHOrO o6cYiR,n;eHJiIH MbI pe-
mJiIJIJiI B3HTL KOTeJl 11 CTOJIbKO aepHa, CKOJIbRO MLI CMomeM YHeCTII C
C060H... MbI BaHJIII Bce nOqaTKH, a OlIlIm;eHHbIM aepHOM HanOJIHHJIH
KOTeJI C TaKHM paCqeTOM, qTo6bI ,n;Ba qeJIOBeRa MOrJIH HeCTH ero Ha
rraJIRe, a npOMe Toro, Kam,rt;LIH Ha6HJI 3epHOM CBOII KapMaHbI; :oc-
TaJIbHOe MbI 3aROnaJIH, 1160, THmeJlO BoopymeHHLIe, He MOrJIII HeCTII
60JIbme»,- aanllcaHO B «iRYPHaJIe» nHJIJiIrpHMOB 3, 0 ROTOpOM 6y,n;CT
paCCKaaaHO ,n;aJIee.
,I.J:BHHYJIHCL B 06paTHLIH nYTb R Kopa6JIIO. MHHOBaJIH paapymeH-
HbIH naJIHca,n; II OCTaTKH 6LIBmero <popTa, nepOHTHO coopYiKeHbIX
KO r,n; a -TO eBponeHaMH. IIepeCeKJIH peRY, KOTOPYIO BJiI,n;eJIH ee c
Mopn. IIepeHoqeBaB B Jlecy, YTPOM npJiIIDJIJiI K CBOHM.
Ror.L(a 60T HaKoHe 6LIJI HCIIpaBJIeH, R 6pomeHHoH HH,n;eiicKoH ,n;e-
peBHe BbICJIaJIII HOBYIO aKcne)J;HHIO (OI\OJlO 30 qeJIOBeK). RaR Y3Ha-
J1H 00 3TOM n03me, iRHTeJlII ,n;epeBHH OCTaBHJlII ee H3-3a pacnpOCTpa-
HHBmeHcH CPOAM HHX CMepTeJIbHOi 60JIe3HH, 3aHeceHHOH 31\HIIameM
KaKorO-TO eBporreHcKoro Ropa6JIH. RpoMe 3epRa, Ha 3TOT pa3 Ham-
Jill ern;e aanac 6060B. «3epHo U 006bI OHII YHeCJlH, npe,n;nOJIaran 3a
Bce 3anJIaTIITb HH)J;eHaM npH BCTpeqe C l\eM-HH6YAI> H3 HHX (KaK
cnYCTH meCTI> MeCHn;eB OHH II c,n;eJIaJIII R nOJIHOMY YAOBOJII>CTBHIO HH-
,n;eiiu;eB)) (B, 100). MecTo, r,n;e y,n;aJIOCI> CTOJII> HeomH,n;aHHO H y,n;aq-
HO IIOiI\HBHTbCH, Ha3BaJiH «I\OPHXHJlJI» (MancoBLIH XOJlM). HeKoTo-
........................ ..
2 Journall of the English Plantation at Plimoth, ed. by University MicrofHmsw
Ann Arbor, 1966 (AaJIee - Journall), p. 4.
:I Ibid., p. 6-7.
203

HOBbIn IIJIHMYT
pbIe npeAJIaraJIH 3;n;eCb 060CHOBaTbCH. OTrOBOpIIJI MOpHK P06epT Ro<p-
<pHH (KOIIIIHH), yme nOObIBaBllIHH Y MbIca ROA H YTBepmlJ;aBlliHH,
qTO ,n;aJIbllie no, 6epery MeCTa 60JIee lIOAXolJ;Hm;ne ;n;JIH nOCeJIeHMH. OH,
l\aR BbIHCHHJIOCb, ObIJI IIpaB. Ho He BCTpeTbCH MM RopHXHJIJI, He
BCTpeTbCH OH ;n;o CHera, KOTOpbIH 6bI Bce CRpbIJI OT rJIa3, «OHII Mor-
JIH 6bI YMepeTb C rOJIOAY, TaR Ral\ He HMeJIII CBOIIX ceMHH, Y HHX
He 6bIJIO HHl\al\OH B03MomHOCTH (Ral\ rrOl\a3aJIO 6y,n;ym;ee) r,n;e-HH-
6y;n;b AOCTaTb HX AO HOBoro ypomaH» (8, 100).
6 ,n;eKa6pH, rrepemAaB HenoroAY H BbICJIYlliaB MHoro"tJMCJIeHHbIe
pyraTeJIbCTBa H yrp03bI MOpHKOB, pBanillHXCH AOMOH, OTIIpaBMJIM B
pa3Be;n;KY em;e O;n;MH OTpHA. illJIM Ha OOTe. «BbIJIO O"tJeHb XOJIO;n;HO, H
MopCRMe 6pbI3rH, 3a[ep3aH Ha IIX o;n;emAe, ;n;eJIaJIH HX IIoxomHMH
Ha CTeRJIHHHbIe <PHrYPbI» (B, 101). COllAH C 60Ta, npOAOJImaJiH nYTb
no 6epery. BH;n;eJIH rpYIIIIY HHAeHIJ;eB. R ne"tJepy BToporo ;n;HH Bblopa-
JIII y;n;OOHoe MeCTO AJIH Ho"tJJIera H oropo,n;ujJl1 ero CBaJleHHbIMM ,n;e-
.peBLHMH. «EYJ.];yqH OtIeHb YCTaBmHMH, OHM paCnOJIOmHJIIICb Ha OT-
,n;bIX. Ho OKOJIO nOJIYHOqH YCJIbIIlIaJIH ymacHbIH H rpOMRIIH BOll:, o;n;-
HOBpeMeHHO "tJaCOBOH 3aKpH"tJaJl: «R opymIIJO! R opymHIO! » OHII BCI\O-
qHJIII C opymneM B pYl\ax II C;n;eJIaJIH HeCI{OJIbRO BbICTpeJIOB 1I3 MYIlI-
ReTOB, IIOCJIe "tJero HacTynMJIa THlliHHa. PeIIlUJIH, liTO 3TO 6bIJIa CTaH
BOJII\OB MJIII ,n;pyrnx ;n;HRHX 3BepeH; O;n;HH II3 MOpHROB CKa3aJl HM, "tfTO
OH qaCTO CJIbIma.rr IIo;n;o6HbIe 3BYI\lI Ha HblO<paYHJ.];JleHJ.];e» (B, 101).
OCTaJIHCb TaM me J.];o YTpa. Kor,n;a CeJIH 3aBTpal\aTb, BHOBb YCJIblillaJiH
3HaRoMbIH YCTpamarom;HH Bon, HeCKOJIJ>KO 1I3MeHHBlliIIHCH. B TO me
BpeMH YBH;n;eJII1 O)];HOrO U3 CBOHX, oemaBmero OT OOTa C RpIII\OM:
«MH,n;eHIJ;bI! » B CJIe;n;YIOID;IIH MOMeHT lIOJIeTeJIM CTpeJIbI. Bce IIOOemaJIH
R 60TY. .D:ocTHrHYB ero, HaqaJIII OTCTpeJIIIBaTbCH. JiIHAeHIJ;bI oTcTynHJIH.
AHrJIH"tJaHe npeCJIeJ.];OBaJIH J.IX AO orryml\H JIeca. «OHII lIe McrryraJIIICb
HHJ];enn;eB II He rrpOHBHJlH MaJlO;n;YlliIIH>},-- 3aIIIICaJI B CBoeH «MCTO-
PUll>) Bp3;n;<pOPA (B, 102-103).
II pHBe;n;eHHbIe CJIOBa JIeTOnHCIJ;a rrMJIHrpHMOB 3aCJIymHBaIOT BHM-
MaHHH. B OTJlH"tJHe OT nOn;aBJIHIOID;ero OOJIbIIIHHCTBa ,n;pyrHx eBpo-
neHn;eB, npHe3maBlliHX B AMepHRY, cpe,u;H rraccamMpOB «l\t13MJIay-
3P » nOqTII HIIKTO, eCJII1 IICRJllOqMTb CT:JHfJ;IIIIIa, He J.];epmaJi ;n;o 8Toro
B PYl\ax 60eBoro opymIIH. BepOHTHO II03TOMY JIX IIYJlM TaR H He 3a-
)J;eJIH RpaCHOKomero BOIIHa, ROTOpbIH B onHCbIBaeMOM CJIyqae rrpo,n;OJI-
maJI CTpeJIHTb B HHX H3 JIYRa, 1\0rJ.];a era TonapHID;H yme CKpbIJlHCb
B Jlecy. MH,n;enn;bI, no npe,n;CTaBJIeHHHM, CJlOmHBlliIIMCH 1\ TO MY Bpe-
MeHH B AHrJIHH, l\a3aJIHCb nHJIHrpHMaM onaCHbIMH H meCTOKHMH
BparaMH. MomeT ObITb cTpax nepe,u; HHMH B OOJIbIIIeH Mepe, qeM
;n;06ponopH;n;0"tJHOCTb, 3aCTaBIIJI HX nOAYMaTb 0 Heo6xolJ;HMOCTH
paCIIJIaTHTbCH 3a npo,n;YKTbI II Bem;II, yneceHHbIe II3 KOpHXHJIJIa. Co-
204

«HOBLIA XAHAAH>
BeprneHHoe HHJ];eiiII;aMII HaIIa)];eHHe )];OJImHO 6bIJIO Yl\peIIIITb TpeBom-
HbIe IIpe;n;CTaBJleHIIH II CTpaXH. 'fal\HM 06pa30M, CJIOBa E pa;n;<pop;n;a He
IIpOCTO 1\0HCTa Tan;IIH MymecTBa, HO MymecTBa, npeO;n;OJIeBrnerO
CTpax, MymecTBa JIIO,n;en, Bxo,n;IIBllinX B HOBY:EO mII3Hb, BO BceM OTJIII-
tfaBrnYIOCH OT IIpemHeH.
OT6IIB Hana,n;eHlIe, IIOIIJIbIJIH ,n;aJIbille. Ror;n;a CTaJIO CMepl\a TbCH, no-
rneJI MOKpbIH CHer, crym;aBlliIIH TeMHOTY. HaJIeTeBIDHH IIII\BaJI COpBaJl
IIapyc, CJIOMaJI MaqTY H elJ;Ba He rrepenepHY.rr Cy,n;HO. 1\ CqaCTbIO, OT
6epera 6bIJIO He,n;aJIeKO. IT pIICTaJIII C 60JIblIIlIM Tpy;n;OM. HacTynHJIa
Mop03HaH HOtIb. MORpaH o,n;em,n;a 06JIe,n;eHeJIa. Pa3BeCTH 1\0CTep He
pemaJIHCb, OIIacaHCb IIH,n;eHII;eB. Ee3 CHa, He BbInYCl\aH H3 PYK opy-
iRIIH, CH;n;eJIII y napDI qYTb TJleBIIIHX IIOJIeHbeB. YTpOM (9 ;n;eKa6pH)
06HapymIIJIH, "tJTO HaXO;n;HTCH Ha OCTpOBe 4, pacnOJIOmeHHOM B 6yx-
Te, ROTopaH IIOl\a3aJIaCb y;n;06HoH ,n;JIH CTOHHRH Ropa6JIeH. BeCb 3TOT
H cJIe;n;YIOm;HH ;n;eHb rrOCBHTIIJIM ee OCMOTPY.
11 p;eKa6pH COmJIII Ha 6eper MaTeplIRa. 3 A ecb npOTel\aJIO He-
CKOJlbRO pyqbeB C xopoilleH rrHTbeBOH BOJ];OH, ROTopbIe rrepeCeRaJIII
3a6porneHHbIe, RaR B ROpHXIIJIJIe, MaHCOBbIe IIOJIH. AaJlbme IIpOCTII-
paJIHCb JIeca. MecTo nOHpaBHJIOCb. «ITo RpanHeH Mepe OHO 6bIJIO
JIy"tJIIIIIM 1I3 Tex, qTO OHM BII)];eJIH:, a BpeMH rO;n;a II HX Tor,n;aIIIHHe
HaCYHbIe Hym;n;bI 3aCTaBJlHJIH ,n;OBOJIbCTBOBaTbCH TeM, "tJTO Ka3aJIOCb
XOTH 6bI IIO;n;XO;n;HIIM» (B, 104). (AeHb IIepBoii BbIca,n;1\1I IIIIJIIIrpHMOB
Ha MeCTe 6y;n;yero HOB oro TIJIIIMYTa, rrpem,n;e HH;n;eiicKaH ;n;epeBHH
IIaTYl\ceT, CqIITaeTCH B CillA npa3,n;HHQHbIM II HOCIIT Ha3BaHMe
«,[(eHb rrpaoTn;OB», IIJIH «,[(eHb OTII;OB-IIHJIHrpIIMOB»: Forefathers
Day.) 5
C pa;n;OCTHbIM C006m;eHHeM BepHYJlIICb Ha «M3H<pJlaY3p». 16-ro
Ropa6JIb IIepeceK 6YXTY, 06pa3yeMYlO MbICOM I\o,n;, H BOllieJI B co-
ceJ];HIOIO, MeHbIIlYIO, HO 60JIee 3aKpbITYIO, B TY, "tJTO 06J11060BaJIH pa3-
Be;n;qHKH. HaqaJIaCb pa3rpY3Ra, rrOHCI\H I1J10m;a;n;KH ,n;JIH CTpOHTeJIbCTBa
rrepBoro 3;n;aHIIH - 06m;ero mHJ£bR II O;n;HOBpeMeHHO CKJla,n;a. BbI6pa-
JIII MeCTO Ha B03BbImeHHOCTH B IOlliHOH "tJaCTJI 6YXTbI (HbIHe IIJIHMYT-
CRaR CKaJIa). R. nocTpoHKe J];OMa rrpnCTYUHJllI 25-ro, TeM nOJIOmHB
HaqaJIO ropo,n;y HODbIH IIJIHMYT.
Cym;ecTByeT HeMaJIO npe,n;nOJIOmeHIIII OTHOCIITeJIbHO Toro, no'tJe-
MY 6bIJIO H30paHO HMeHHO 3TO Ha3BaHHe. COrJIaCHO O;n;HOMY 1I3 HHX,
rrlIJIHrpMMbI ,n;aJIH ero B rraMHTb CBoero OTIIJIbITlIH B AMepUKY JI3
TIJIIIMYTa. BOJIee BepoHTHbIM, O)];HaKO, npe;n;CTaBJIlleTCH npe)];IIOJlOiRe-
" O-B RJIapRa, Ha3BaHHbIlI TaR B 'tJeCTb MOpJIRa. PYROBOl-J;lIBmerO 3I\CIIeIUlIeH
(HJIM nepBoro, BCTynllBmero na OCTpOB).
15 O<pMD;HaJIbHO, C nOnpaBI\aMII Ha pa3HII:U;Y I\aJIenp;apHbIX CTIIJIeH J:I B pe:3ylTt....
TaTe Heopa3yMeHJ1H c ,n;aTupOBKOIi, OTMeqaeTCII 22 ,n;eRa6pR.
205

HOBbl:R nJIHMYT
HHe H3,n;aTeJlH «MCTOPHH» Bpa,n;q,op,n;a - ¥. T. .I(3BHCa. OH HanOM}I-
HaeT, 'tITO MeCTO, r,n;e 060CHOBaJIHC:b lIaCCamHpbI « M3Hq,JIayap », 6LIJIO
Ha3BaHO «TIJIHMYTOM» Ha I\apTe IIoBoH l\HrJIHII AmoHa CMHTa (B,
112, CHOCRa 2). 8TO na3BaHHe, RaK II ;n;pyrue, nOBTOpHIOHe aHrJlHH-
CI\He, ;n;aJI B CBoe BpeMH 6y,n;ym;HH HOpOJIb, a Tor,n;a npHHD; Kapn,
ROTOPOMY KanHTaH CMHT nOCBHTHJI CBoi TPY,n;. A06aBHTb «HOBLIH»
TeIIep:b, Ror;n;a nOHBHJIOC:b peaJILHOe nOCeJIeHlIe, 6LIJIO He06xo)J;HMO ,n;JIH
OTJIHQHH ero OT o,n;HoHMeHHoro aHrJlHHCROro ropo,n;a 6.
CTOHJIa 3HMa, a no TO MY nHJIlIrpHMLI npo,n;OJImaJIH IOTHTLCH Ha
Ropa6JIe. Em;e He,n;ocTpoeHHbla «06m;HH ,n;OM» 3arOpeJICH, II ero C TPY-
,n;OM CnaCJIII. « Cep:be3HLIe nepBOHatIaJIbHLIe Tpy;n;HocTH BbI3BaJlII He,n;o-
BOJILCTBO H ponOT cpe,n;II O,n;HHX, MHTemHbIe peqn II He,n;OCTOHHoe no-
BeAeHHe - co CTOpOHbI ,n;pyrlIx; HO Bce aTO BCKope 6bIJIO norameHO
II npeO;n;OJIeHO My,n;pOCTI>IO H TeprreHHel\'I, a TaR\e crrpaBe,n;JIHBOCTb.lO
II paBIIbIl\tI 1\0 BceM: OTHomeHueM ry6epHaTopa 11 JIyqrneH qaCTII JIIO-
):eH, ROTopLIe TeCHO CrrJIOTHJIHCI> II HrpaJIH pemaIOYIO pOJIb. CaMbIM
rretIaJIbHbIM H ropeCTHLIM 6:bIJIO TO,' qTO B TetIeHlIe ]J;BYX-Tpex MeCH-
l,eB nOJIOBIIHa JIIO,n;eH norlI6JIa, oc06eHHo B HHBape H cpeBpaJIe, 113-
3a CYPOBOH 3IIMLI, OTCYTCTBHfI mHJlIIIIJ; II APyrnx y,n;06CTB, lIB-3a
D;HHrH H ,n;pyrIIx 60JIe3neii, HOTopble HBHJIHCb pe3YJIbTaTOM f];OJIroro
rrYTemeCTBIIH II Tpy,n;HLIX YCJIOBIIH, B ROTOpLIX ORD: ORa3aJIHCL; HHor-
,n;a B YRa3aHHLIe MeCHD;LI YMIIpaJIO no ,n;Ba-Tpll qeJIOBeRa eme,n;HeBHO;
JI3 CTa C JlHIDHIIM tIeJIOBel\ OCTaJIOCL e,n;Ba llHTb]J;eCHT 7, II3 ROTOpLIX
B caMbIe THmeJIbIe MOMeHTbI 3;n;OpOBLIMH ORa3bIBaJIJICL He 60JIee me-
CTII IIJIII ceMII II ROTopLIe, ,n;a 6Y;:J;YT OHM IIOMHHYTbI ,n;06PbIM CJIOBOM 8,
He C1JHTaHCb C c06CTBeHHbIMH CTpa,n;aHHHMJI, co BpeMeHeM ,n;HH II HO-
'"({If, PHCHYH cooc'rBeHHLIM a,n;opOBbeM II He maJIen CJIJI, py6IIJIII ,D;JIH
,n;pyrnx ,n;pOBa, pa3iRHraJIH orOHL, rOTO BIIJIn: HM IIHY, CTeJIIIJIlI HM
IIOCTeJIII, CTHpaJIH }IX OTBpa THTeJIbHO rpH3HYIO o;n;em,n;y, Of];eBaJIII II
pa3,n;eBaJIII IIX; O)J;HHM CJIOBOM, ,n;eJlaJIH BCIO He06xo,n;HMYIO pa60TY...»
(B,107-108).
B 3TO BpeMH IJH,n;eiiIDI IIORa3bIBaJIHC:b PC)l;T{O, TOJILHO 1I3lJ:aJIH.
())];Ham,n;bI OHH yneCJIII OCTaBJIeHHbIe 6e3 npIICMOTpa IIHCTpYMeHTbI.
16 MapTa 1621 r. npOII30illJIO YAHBIITeJIbHOe C06bITlIe.' Mn,n;eeu;, me,n;-
IIIIIll HaBCTpeqy ROJIOHHCTaM:, 3arOBOplIJI IIO-aHrJIHiicKII. Ha JIOMaHOM
6 ,D;aJIee ;a;JIH CORpaIQeHIHI B 60JIbIDHHCTBe CJIyqaeB, fIe BbI3bIBaroID;Hx COMHeHIIH
.B TOM, 0 RaROM ropop;e n;a;eT petIT:), 6y;n;eT I1nCaTbCH «ITJBIMYT» BMeCTO «Ho-
BbIH TIJIHMYT».
7 Cpe;n;M JIHX TIHTb >ReHIIJ;IUI (rIa 18-TJ1-), ceMb ;n;eBOtIeR II TPH MaJILtIMRS. TOJIbI\O
Tpn menaTbIe llSpbT He pa3JIY(IIIJla CMepTI>o TOJILRO O;n;Ha ceMI)1! lIe nOTepn"
JIa HIIRoro H3 CBOHX tIJIeHOB (Willison G. F. Opo cit., p. 167).
8 Bpap;cpop;n; OC06eHHO OTMeqaJI BprocTepa H CT8H;n;Hma.
206

«IIOBLIg: XAIIAA"
H3bIHC, HO IIO-anrJIIIHCI\H! BbIHCHHJIOCb, qTO OH H3 Tex MeCT, Hy,u;a
rrpHx.o,n;IIJII1 anrJIIIHCRHe Ropa6JIlI ,n;JIH JIOBJIH pbI6bI. 3BaJIH ero CaMO-
ceT. OH paCCHaaaJI, qTO He,n;aJlel\O OT Honoro TIJIHMYTa lliHBeT HH,IJ;e-
en; no HMeHH CKaHTO, rOBopHID;HH Ha R3bIRe 6JIe,n;HOJlHbIX ropaa,n;o
Jly-qme Hero 9. AHrJlHqaHe nOiRaJlOnaJIIICb rOCTIO Ha COBepmeHHYro y
HHX Kpamy.
qepea HeCKOJlbRO ,n;Hen CaMoceT npHBeJl C c060n rpynrry HH,n;eH-
n;en, BepHYBlliHX nOCeJIeHn;aM rrOXHeHH:bIe Y HHX HHCTpYMeHTbI. 3TO
nOCJIymHJIO HaqaJIOM R YCTaHOBJIeHHIO lJ;06pOCOCe,IJ;CRHX OTHomeHIIH.
22 MapTa JIarepb lIIIJIlIrpHMOB nOCeTIIJI BomAb ROH<pe,n;epan;HH BaM-
rranoarOB MaccacoHT (<jf\eJlTOe nepo») B conpOBom,n;eHHH «CBJITM».
B HaqeCTBe lIepeBo,n;qIIHa BbIcTyrraJI CRaHTo. OqeBH;n;en; BcnOMIIHaJI:
«Bce, "tITO 3,IJ;elliHHH ROpOJIb CqHTaeT HymHbIM, rrOJIyqaeT BOCTopiKeH-
Hoe 0,n;06pelIIIe ero rrOA;n;auHLIX; TIORa on CHP;CJI pfl;n;OM C ry6epHa TO-
pOM, OH ,n;pomaJI OT CTpaxa. <DH3HqeCHH OH OqeHb CHJIbHbIil qeJIO-
BOI\, n;BcTyero B03paCTa, JIOBHHH, C cepLeaHbIM BLIpameHHeM JIHn;a,
He:MHorOCJIOBHbIH. CHOHM o,u;eHHHeM 011 :'\IaJIO, TIOqTH COBceM, He OT-
JIll-qaeTCH OT OCTaJILHbIX HH,n;eHn;eB - TOJIb.KO HHTbIO 6eJlbIX KOCTHHbIX
6 10
yc Ha mee...» .
A HrJIl1 qaHe OCTaJIHCb ,n;OBOJIbHLI BCTpetIeii. IIx pa;n;OBaJl, BepOHT-
110, CTpax MaccacoHTa, eCJIH 9TOT CTpax He BbIJJ;YMRa aBTopa D;HTII-
pye:MbIX CTpOK. OHII He MOrJIH He nOHffMaTb, oARaRo, npoxoAJIYIO,
CIIJIY cTpaxa, CHopee Bcero BbI3BaHHoro He06LIQaHHOCTblO 06CTaHOB-
RH. OHII rrOMHHJlH, qTO Haxo,u;HTCH B oKpymeHHn HH,n;eHCKIIX rrJIeMeH,
He CJIHilll\OM em;e OLIJIH YBepeHbI B ce6e. II09TOMY aHrJIHqaHe npe,n;-
JIOmlIJlH MaccaCOHTY 3al\JIIOqHTb C HHMJI ,n;orOBOp 0 MHpe. BHlJ;H ,n;py-
meCRHH npneM, pa,n;YHCb nOJIyqeHHbIM IIOAapI\8M, Bom,n;b CorJIa-
CIIJICH 11.
orOBOp rJIaCHJI (B, 111):
1. MaccacoHT Hero COnJIeMeHHHKH He 6y,u;YT Hana,u;aTb na KOJIO-
HlICTOB II He 6y,n;YT HaHOCHTL HM HHRaRoro MaTepHaJIbHOrO yep6a.
2. B CJIyqae HapymeHHH YCJIOBHH IIepBoH: CTaTbH Bom,u;L BLI,n;aCT
BHHOBHLIX BJIaCTJIM ITJIHMYTa AJIH COOTBeTCTBYIOero HaKa3aHHH.
9 TaR me: CRaHTYM, THcRaHTYM. OIl ROffJ;a-TO 6bIJI BaHT B nJIeH aHfJIIIHCRIIMII
MopHRaMII II iKlIJI B AHrJIIIII, OTRYAa ero nOTOM BHOBb npIIBe3JIH Ha POAIIHY.
10 Journall, p. 37.
11 IIo6YIITL BOiKAH K 3aRJIIOtIeHHlO MHpa MOrJIH TaRiRe nOCJIe}J;CTBHH tIYMbI
1617-1619 fr., 3aHeceHHOH eBporreHcRHMH MopHKaMH. IIJIeMeHa BaMnaHoa-
rOB RaTaCTpocpH1IeCRH BDIMlIpaJIH. R paCCMaTpHBaeMOMY BpeMeHH II3 5 TLIC.
(rrpH6JIII3IlTeJIbHo) BaMrraHoarOB nOflI6JIo OROJIO 30 0 / 0 . B 1633 r. HX nOCTH:r-
JIa anIlAeMIIH ocnLI (Cook Sch. F. The Indian Population of the New Eng-
-land in the Seventeenth Century. Berkeley, 1976, p. 36-37).
207

HOBbI:R nJIHMYT
3. B CJIyqae nponamn l\aROH-JIH60 BeIJH y I\OJIOHHCTOB IIJIII Y
IIH;n;eHeB CTOpOHbI npHMYT MepbI 1\ HX HaxomeHIIIO II BoaBpaeHHIO
X03HeBaM.
4. TIpH HecnpOBon;IIpOBaHHOM Hana)];eHllH RaROrO-JIH60 npOTHB-
HHKa Ha lIOCeJIeHn;eB HJIH COnJIeMeHHIII\OB MaccaCOHTa ooe J];orOBapII-
BalOID;IIeCH CTOpOHbI OOH3YIOTCH npHHTII Ha IIOMOm;b ,n;pyr ;n;pyry.
5. Bom)J;b onOBeCTlIT 0 HaCTOHID;eM AorOBope coce,n;HlIe IIJIel\tleHa
KOH<pe)J;epaIIH II y6e;n;IIT IIX He HapyrnaTb IIOKOM }(OJIOHHCTOB, a TaR-
me 3aI\JIIO"tJHTb C HMMII aHaJIOrHqHbIH ;n;orOBOp.
6. IIepe,IJ; BCTynJleHlIeM Ha TeppHTOpUIO IIOCeJIeHHH HH;n;eiin;bI 6y-
,IJ;YT OCTaBJIHTb CBoe opymHe 3a ero IIpe,n;eJIal\tIH.
,n:orOBOp He 6bIJI aOCOJlIOTHO paBHonpaBHbIM, HaH:JIa;n;bIBaH Ha HH-
J];eHn;eB OOJIbmne 06H3aTeJIbCTBa (CT. 1, 2, 6-H), 1JeM Ha eBponeHn;eB.
Co BpeMCHeM 3TO ;n;aCT ce6H 3HaTb - C YBeJIMqeHHeM "tJIICJla I\OJIO-
HHCTOB, C HX 60JIec cBo60IJ;HbIM nepe)];BHmeHHeM no cTpaHe. Ho CJIe-
,n;yeT oT,n;aTb ;n;OJ1mHOe IIIIJIIIrpIIMaM: K CBOHM HerrOCpe)];CTBeHHbIM
coce;n;HI OHH OTHOCHJIHCb ;n;OCTaTOqHO JIOHJIbHO, BnaqaJIe - H3 OCTO-
pomHocTM, noame - He BII;n;H B HIIX onaCHOCTII. 1108TOMY ;n;orOBOp, 3a-
I\JIIOlleHHbIH B 1621 r., rrpOCYID;eCTBOBaJI 6oJ1ee IIOJIYBeRa.
B onMCbIBaeMbIH MOMeHT 3TOT ,n;orOBOp OTJ];aJIHJI, rro RpaHHeH Me-
pe Ha l\aKOH-TO CpOK, OIIaCHOCTb Harra,IJ;eHMH, OTpa3IITb ROTopoe Ma-
JIOqMCJIeHHbIM, rOJIO,IJ;HbIM, 60JIbHbIM H He nOCTpOHBIIIHM Yl\peIIJIeHHH
aHrJIHqaHaM 6bIJIO 6bI OqeHb TPY,IJ;HO. Tor,n;a me B JlIIn;e CKaHTo OHU
OOpeJIII CBoero aHreJIa-XpaHIITeJIH. OH OCTaJiCH mIITb C HIIMH, 11
OHH no ,IJ;OCTOHHCTBY On;eHIIJIH ero KaR «rrOMOm;HlIl\a, HeomHaHHO
rrOCJIaHHOrO EoroM ,n;JIH HX 6JIarOIIOJIY1JHH» (E, 111). CRaHTo CTaJI
MX rrOCTOHHHbIM rrepeBOJ];qHROM, nocpe;n;HIIHOM II npOBo,n;HIIROM. Ou
HaY"tJHJI ux camaTb MaHC, JIOBMTb pbI6y, OXOTHTbCH H ;n;eJIaTb TbICH-
qy ,n;pyrIIx ;n;e.rr, He06xo,n;IIMbIX ,IJ;JIH iR1I3HH cpeAM ;n;III\OH npHpO,IJ;bI.
21 MapTa 1621 r. «M3HcpJIaY3p» IIOI\HHYJI rrOCJIe,IJ;HHH 3a;n;epmaB-
mUMCH Ha HeM IIaccamlip. 5 anpeJIH Kopa6JIb YIIJIbIJI Ha pO;n;IIHY. Ro-
JIOHMCTbI MOrJIH lIOJIara TbCH TelIepb TOJIbl\O Ha c06cTBeHHbIe CHJIbI.
OHM paC1JIIID;aJIH 3eMJIIO, yxamHBaJIII 3a noceBaMH, CTpOHJIII ,IJ;OMa,
pa3BO;n;HJIH oropOJ];bI. K J];OMY rrpHJIeraJi nplIyca;n;e6HbIH yqaCTOR
(caA) pa3MepOM B 8,25cpYTa no <PpOHTY U 49,5 <PYTa B rJIyoIIHY Ha
Ram;n;oro npliITHCaHHOro 1\ lJ;OMY mHJIbn;a (OJ];IIHoKHe ROJIOHHCTbI npH-
COe;n;IIHHJIIICb 1\ RaRoH-HH6Y,IJ;b ceMbe) 12. I{poMe B03Be;n;eHHH ;n;OMa,
qTO CTaJlO J];eJlOM OTfJ;eJIbHOH ceMbH, H nepHO;n;H1JeCI\OH 06pa60TRlI
npHyca;n;eoHbIx 3eMeJlbHbIX yqaCTKOB ee OT;n;eJIbHbIMII qJIeHaMH, BCH oc-
12 Osgood H. L. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 110; Goodwinn J. A. Ope cit., p. 19 (Bcero
6bIJIO 17 «ceMeih».
208

«HOBhlR XAHAAH>
TaJIbHan mH3I1b KOJIOHHII CorJIaCHO ;n;OrOBOpy, 3al\JIIOqeHHOMY C JIOH-
J];OHCKHMJI Kynn;aMH, CTpOHJIaCb, l\aK B CBoe BpeMH B BIIprHHHJI, Ha
KOJIJIeKTHBHbIX HaqaJlax: 06m;HH TPY)];, 06m;RH CKJla)];, n;eHTpaJlII30BaH-
Hoe H paBHoe pacnpep;eJIeHHe IIPOP;YKTOB, IIHCTpYMeHTOB H T. ;n;.
BCl\ope nOCJIe yxo)];a «M3M<pJIayap» YMep I\apBep. 06ID;ee co6pa-
HHe cB06o;n;HbIX KOJIOHHCTOB (General court, Assembly, Generality)
H36paJIo HOBbIM ry6epHaTopoM YUJIbHMa BP3,IJ;<pop,n;a. OH 6bIJI He3,IJ;0-
pOB. TI03TOMY H36paJIH eMY nOMoIU;HHI-\a, Tome H3 «CBHTbIX»,-
Mcaal\a (AH3eRa) 8JIJlepTOHa. OT;n;aJIeHHOCTb OT MeTpOnOJlHII, He-
MHOrOtIHCJIeHHOCTb KOJlOHI1CTOB H CITJlO"llenHOCTb JIeH,IJ;eHn;eB C03;n;a-
BaJIII YCJIOBHH, npH 1\0TOpbIX ry6epna TOp, H36paHHbIH JI3 qHCJIa lIO-
CJle;n;HHX, rrOJlb30BaJICH 60JlbIIIOM BJlaCTbID H 3HaQIITeJIbHOM cB06o;n;OH
B y"tJpem)J;eHHH 06m;eCTBeHHbIX YCTaHOBJIeHHiL O;n;HO H3 HHX BBeJIH
12 MaH '1621 r. B 3TOT ;n;eHb COCTOHJIaCh rrepBaH meHHTboa. 3a OT-
CYTCTBHeM CBHID;eHHHKa Bp3;n;<pOplJ; COBepmHJI 06pH;n;, Ha6JIIO,IJ;aBIIIHH-
CH HM B fOJlJIaH;n;HII, T. e. CKpeIIHJI rpam;n;anCI\HH 6pal\, KOTOpbIH YT-
Rep;n;HJICH B HOBOM TIJIHMYTe Kal\ nOCTOHHHbIH IIHCTHTYT.
Ep3;J;<POp,IJ; PYI\OBO;n;HJI IIJIIIMYToM C nepepbIBaMJI (no O;n;HOMY ro-
,n;y) ,u;o 1656 r. TIo CJIOBaM 8H,D;pIOCa, C ROTOpbIl\-I MOlliHO COrJIaCIITb-
CH, Bp3J];<pOp;n; npaBHJI «)J;06pOmeJlaTeJIT)Ho, no IIOqTII caMo,u;epmaB-
HO» 13. 06m;JIe co6paHHH, oc06eHHo B IIepBbIe ro,n;bI, C03bIBaJIIICb
pe,IJ;KO H no HHJIn;JIaTllBe caMoro ry6epHaTopa. Ero al\TBBHO IIO;n;p;ep-
mIIBaJIII Y. BpIOCTep, C. <!>YJlJIep, M. 8JIJIepTOH H 8,n;Bap)J; YHHCJIOY,
a JI3 «"tJymaKOB» - C. fOIIKHHC H M. CT3H,IJ;Hm, CTaBmHH BepHbIM co-
paTHlIl\OM JIeH,IJ;eHIeB, XOTH, KaR yrroMIIHaJIOCb, eCTb Hel\OTOpbIe OC-
HOBaHIIH C"tJIITa Tb ero Ka TOJIIII\OM. Bce OHH, HCKJIIOtIaH CT3H;n;HIIIa,
rrpHeXaJIH B 1\0JlOHHIO CO CBOIIMII cepBeHTaMII, T. e. 6bIJIlI JIIO;n;bMII
OTHOCHTeJIbHO COCTOHTeJlbHbIMJI, Ha "tJeM B HeMaJlOH CTeneHH OCHOBbI-
BaJICH, KaK BH;n;HO, HX aBToplITeT II "tJTO ;n;eJIaJIO HX rOpHqHMH CTOPOH-
HIIKaMH «3aKOHHoro » IIopH,D;Ka, HMH BBO)J;IIMoro.
B n;epKOBHbIX )J;eJIax JIeH)J;eHIJ;bI, TeM 60Jlee HX PYROBO)];IITeJIII,
IIOJlL30BaJIlICb HeCOMHeHHbIM ITpellMym;ecTBeHHbIM BJIHHHHeM. Y HHX
yme 6bIJIa n;epKOBb, COCTOHBIIIaH H3 ;n;HCn;HITJlJIHHpOBaHHbIX IIpUXO-
man, O;n;IIH II3 1\0TOpbIX 6bIJI ry6epHaTopOM KOJIOHHJI, a ;n;pyroH-
ero IIOMOID;HIIKOM. 8TO IT03BOJIHJIO IIM TaR HJIII HHaqe rrpeCel\aTb ;n;ei-
CTBIIH «qymaI\OB», me;n;IIIHe Bpa3pe3 C M:opaJIblO «CBHTbIX». « qyma-
KIf», OKa3aBIllIIeCH opraHII3an;IIOHHO H YXOBHO cJIa6ee eID;e B ;n;HH
IIYTemeCTBHH Ha «MaH<pJIaY3p», rrOTepHJIH R TOMY me MapTJIHa (OH
YMep 3HMOH) - e,n;HHCTBeHHoro, I\TO IIpOHBJIHJI 06m;ecTBeHHYIO aI\THB-
HOCTb. Ee3 IIpHBbI"tJHoro ;n;YXOBHoro PYHOBo,n;CTBa co CTOpOHbI CBHm;eH-
13 Andrews Ck. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 293.
209

BOBbIn DJlHMYT
lIHI\OB .n;aJIel\O He Bce YMeBiliHe. tIHTaTL II nn:caT:b «qymaKlI» He Mor-
Jill He naCOBaTb rrepe,n; 3HaHHHMII BpIOCTepa, nepeA peJIHfH03HOH
y6em.n;eHHOCTLIO «CBHTLIX». Bce 9TO IIpHBeJIO K TOMY, lITO HeKoTopLie
«qymaKH» BCTynHJIII B cenapaTHCTCRYIO l\epROBL. OCTaJILHLIe, em;e
He CAeJIaB 3Toro, caMH HJIH no}]; CKpLITLIM .n;aBJIeHHeM, nOCem;aJlH
npoxo,n;HBiliHe B Heft 60fOCJIymeHHH II ,n;IICKYCCIIH, TeM 60JIee 'ITO OBH
nopOH KaK 6LI 3aMeHHJIII 06m;He c06paHHH.
no npaBHJlaM CCilapaTHCTCHOH n;epKBH IIaCTOp KOHrpefaD;HH H3-
6HpaJlCH H3 AHnJIOMHpOBaHHLIX CBHm;eHHIIROB, OROHQHBmHX YHHBep-
CHTeT, HO npHHHBlIIHX ROBeHaHT ,n;aHHOH epRBlI. 8TO, I\pOMe, MomeT
6LITb, AaHH Tpa}];IIl\HH, 06'.bHCHHJlOCb rJIaBHLIM 06pa30M Heo6xoJJ;lI-
MOCTbIO TOJlKOBaHHH II 06cymlJ;eRIIH 6H6J1eHCI\HX TeKCTOB, COCTaBJlHB-
lIIHX O,IJ;RY lI3 OCHOB ceIIapaTHCTCHoro 6oroc.rrymeHHH. TaR KaR CBH-
m:eHHHl\a B HOBOM TIJIHMY1.'e He 6bIJIO, TO npnlliJlOCL, RaR H B BOIIpO-
ce 0 6panc, oTcTynIITb OT npaBHJIa. 06HaauHocTH CBHm;eHIIHRa HC-
nOJIHHJI cTapenmHHa BplocTep C nOMObIO ;n;bHHOHa <PYJIJIepa. Rpo-
Me ,n;YXOBHLIX <PYHKD;Hii, OIIH ocym;ecTBJlHJlH TaKme HaSHAaTeJIbH:bIe,
BocnIlTaTeJIbHbIe H .n;ame penpeCCHBHLIe. AJln aToro HCnOJIb30BaJIIIc:n
l\aK nponOBe,n;lI, TaH II JlHqHbIe 6ece,n;LI, KaR epKOBHLIe npe,n;ynpem}];e-
HIIH, TaR II n;epROBHLIe ocymJJ;eHIIH. COBMem;eHlIe B JlHn;e Bpa,n;cpop:-
,. ..
.n;a BJIaCTH ryoepHaTopa H aBTopllTeTa o,n;lforo 113 BamHeHIDHX QJleHOB
n;epKBH YKpenJlHJIH II aTY BJiaCTL, II n;epKOBb.
TOJILKO C OTITJIbITHeM «M3H<pJIayap» Ha"tJaJIOCb HaCTOHm;ee 3Ha-
I\OMCTBO ROJIOHHCTOB C ol\pymalOID;HM HX MHpOM. Ao 3Toro OHII Bce
em;e OCTaBaJIHCb I\aK 6bI naccamHpaMII Kopa6JIH. Tenepl>, OTBepHYB-
mHCb OT MOpH, ORH peIlIIIJIH paSBe,n;aTb oKpymaBiliHe JIeca, a 3ao,n;HO
rroceTIITL CBoero COI03HHKa MaccaCOHTa. AJIH 3Toro BbI,n;eJIIIJlII Y IIHC-
JIOY II fonKHHca. 3aXBaTIIB no,n;apRII, 2 HIOJIH 1621 f. OHII OTnpaBII-
JIIICb B noxo.n;, HO BepHYJIHCb. Ha nYTH JIM BCTpeqaJIHCL nYCTeIOHe
IIII,n;eiicKHe ,n;epeBHH, r,n;e He 6LIJlO 3,n;OpOBLIX JlIO,n;eii II r,n;e 60JILHLIe
He ycrreBaJlH X'OpOHHTL YMepIlIn:x: mJIa 911UJJ;CMHH. B TO me BpeMJI
YAaqeH 06epHYJIOCL HCtIe3HOBeHHe ROJIOHIICTa AmoHa BHJIJIHHfTOHa,
nOTepHBmerOCH B JIecy. IIocJIe ,n:OJIfIlX 6J1ym.n;aHH:ii OB HameJl npHIOT
Y IIHAeHn;eB Toro nJleMeHII, qbH rrpo.n;OBOJILCTBeHHLIe sanaCLI nHJlHf-
plIMLI yaeCJIH 113 ROpHXHJlJla. MHAeiin;LI npllBeJIH AmORa B IIJlIIMYT.
3AeCL 11M B03MeCTHJIH nOHeceHHLIH y6LITOK, nOCJIe tIero C HIIMH 6LIJI
3aRJlIOQen MIIPHLIH ,n;orOBOp.
B IIJIIIMYTe nOCeJIHJICH BOHH H3 IIJIeMeHH IvIaccac.oHTa X060MOR -
«CIIJlLHLIH MYiRlIIIHa, YBamaeMLIH HHJJ;eHl\aMH 3a CBOIO xpa6pOCTL II
clIoc06HOCTH; OH 6bIJI npe.n;aH aHrJIHqaHaM H BepeH 11M ,n;o caMOH
CMepTH» (B, 119). IIHJIHrpHMLI nOJIrtIHJlH BTOpOfO npOBo,n;HIIKa IIlIepe-
-BOATlHRa; aTO paCIDHpHJIO HX B03MomHOCTH IICCJle.n;OBaHHH CTpaHLI.
210

«BOBbIB XAHAAH
JleCHble BCTpeqn He Bcera Ol\aHtIHBaJIHC,b 6J1arOnOJIYtIHo. O,n;Ham-
AnI I\OJIOHIICTbI nOJIy"tJIIJIH 1I3BeCTHe 0 TOM, qTO Ha COlOaHbIX C H.HMII
I1H,n;eiiU;CB HanaJIII HapparaHceTbI, 06IITaBilllIe B SHaqHTeJIbHOM OTJ];a-
JIeHI1H OT TIJIHMYTa, Ha IOro-aaIIa OT Hero. ,I(JIH BbIHCHeHHH IIOCJIa-
JIH CKaHTO II X06oMORa. IIx nepeXBaTHJIII no ,n;opore BOIIHbI o,n;Horo
U3 nJIeMeH ROH<pe,n;epan;HH MaccaCOHTa. Bom,n;L :3TOrO nJIeMeHII Rop-
OHTaHT - npoTHBHHR ,n;pymoLI C aHrJIllqaHaMII - OOBHHHJI rOHOB
B IIaMeHe. X060MOK CYMeJI BbIpBaTbcH H 6eiUaJI B IIJIHMYT. OR CO-
OOHJI, tITO CKaHTO rpOSHT TH6eJlb. C06paJIII BoeHHbIH COBeT, ROTO-
PLIH nOCTaHOBHJI OTnpaBHTL K RopOHTaHTY CT3Hfj;Hma BO rJIaBe OT-
pH;n;a H3 14 eJIOBeR, 'tJT06bI oCB060J];IITb CHaHTo. B CJIyqae, eCJIH npo-
BO,n;HHK y6HT, npe,n;nMCLIBaJIOCb 06C3fJIaBHTb 3atIHHll1;HHa ROH<pJIHRTa.
14 aBrYCTa OTpH nYCTHJICH H nYTb. RopoHTaHTa B npe,n;noJlarae-
MOM MeCTe He OHaSaJIOCb. CHaHTO ObIJI mUB II HeBpe;n;HM. Bea mepTB,
o,n;HaRO, He OOOmJIOCb. 1\ ,n;epeBHe IIo,n;omJIH HOqLIO. ORpymHB ee, sa-
npeTHJIH ROMY-JIH60 nORH,n;aTb iRHJIIIm;a. HeCROJIbRO BOIIHOB norrbITa-
JIIICb 6eiRa Tb. no HUM CTpeJIHJIH II TpOHX paHHJIH.
B ceHTH6pe rpyrrna n.lIHMYTn;eB nOCeTHJla Ha OOTe MaCCaqyceT-
CRYIO OYXTY, HocHBmyIO 3TO HaaBaHHe no HMeHH 06HTaBmHx no ee
oeperaM HH;n;eHn;eB. TaM BIICpBbIO BbIMeHHJIH Hll CBOH TOBapbI ooopo-
BbIO mKypKH II MexoBYlo oAemAY.
HacTynHJIO «6a6be JIeTO» (no-aMepHKaHCHH - «HHAeiicl\oe»). Co,-
6paJIH nepBbIH ypomaii C 06m;ero IIOJIH. l\rlalIc, IIOCaiReHHbIH no,n; PY-
ROBO,n;CTBOM CRaHTo, ypO,n;HJICJI xopomo, eBponeiicRHe RYJILTypLI
(rrmeHIIn;a, ropox) - IIJIOXO. 9TOMY He npHxo,n;HJIOCb y,n;HBJIHTbCH:
,n;aJIeKO He Bce YMeJIH saHHMaTbCH SeMJIe,n;eJIlIeM, He,n;OCTaTOqHO no,n;-
rOTOBHJIH IIOtIBY. RaE: ObI TO HH ObIJIO, YPOjJ{aH COOpaJIII, HopMa MY-
I\H B pan;nOHe YBeJIHqIIJIaCb. PemHJIH YCTPOHTb «eHb OJIaro,n;ape-
HHH». OH COCTOHJICH B oRTH6pe 1621 r. li IIpHTJIacHJI1I MaccacoHTa II
;n;pyrHx rocTeii. IIH,n;eiiU;LI npHHeCJlH C C060H IIHTb OJIeHbHX Tym. Ooe-
lJ;aJIH, COCTHaaJIHCb B CTpeJIbOe, TaHn;eBaJIII. «<,I(eHL 6JIaro,n;apeHHH-
Han;nOHaJIbHbIH rrpaa;n;HMH CIIIA. C 1863 r. no pemeHHJO rrpeSHJ];OHTa
ABpaaMa JI UHI\OJIbHa OTMP,qaeTCH R rrOCJIelJ;HIIH qeTBCpf Hon6pfl.)
B OlJ;HH Jl3 BOH6pbCI\IIX lJ;HeH 15 npn:6erI\aJl HH,n;een; II C006Iu;HJI 0
rrplI6JIIIiKeHIIM «60JIbmOH RpbIJIaTOH nnporH». B nepBbIH MOMenT aa-
U IIpHHHTO CqHTaTb, qTO «,IJ;eHb 6JIaro)J;apeHHH» (Thanksgiving Day) - 1130-
6peTeHlle' TIHJIHrplIMOB. 3TO He COBceM BepHO. IIo HeCROJIbRO HHOMy nOBOAY
(n qaCTHOCTH, CqaCTJInnOe rrpH6:bITHe B AMepHKY) «,IJ;HII 6JIaro,n;apeHHH» OT-
MeqaJIIICb II B BMprJlHUn, rrpH aTOM paHbIne (CM., HanpHMep: The Records
of the Virginia Company of London, ed. by S. M. Kingsbury. Washington,
1906-1935, VIs I-IV, Vol. III, p. 207).
15 Bpa<pop,n; He YRa3bIBaeT TOqHOH )J;aT:bI. IIpllHJITO CQHTaTb 9 HJIH 10 HOH6pJI.
211

HOB hI:A: n JI II M Y T .
oeCrrOKOHJIHCb: He rOJIJIaH;n;n;bI JIH? TIpHroTOBI-IJIHCb K aam;HTe. TpeBO-
ra 6bIJIa HaIIpaCHOH: rrpll6bVI Hopa6JIb H3 AHrJIHII - «<!>OP"tJYH», Ha
60PTY KOToporo HaXOAHJIOCb 12 «CBHTbIX» (,n;eBHTb MymqIIH, ABe
meHIu;HHbI, O;n;IIH pe6eHou) H 23 «qymaI{a» (17 Mym"tJHH, ABe meH-
IIHbI, qeTBepO AeTeH).
PaAocTb BCTpeqII 6bIJIa OMpaqeHa, Kora BbIHCHHJIOCb, "tJTO npu-
BeaeHbI caMble MH3epHbIe aaIIaCbI npOAOBOJIbCTBIIH II CHapHmeHIIH.
B COIIpOBO;n;IlTeJIbHOM ITHCbMe y"tJpeAHTeJIb I\OMIIaHHH TOMac Y3CTOH
co06m;aJI, tITO He Mor BbInOJIHHTb npOCbOY IIOCeJIeHn;eB} RacaBlliYIOCH
YCJIOBIIH AorOBopa C KYIID;aMH. To, "tJTO « M3H<pJIaY3p », npo6bIB B AMe-
pHl\e TaR AOJIro, BepHYJICH 6ea BCHKoro rpY3a Ha IIpo,n;amy, HeCKa-
aaHHO BoaMYTHJIO JIOH;n;OHCI\HX 1\0MnaHbOHOB. 3alIKHHcb OB, Y3CTOH,
o IIpocboe I\OJIOHIICTOB, I\YIIn;bI «He BbI,a;eJIIIJIH 6bI H rreHHII» Ha CHa-
pHmeHHe «<!>OpqYH». CaM Y3CTOH Tome He O06pHJI nHJIHrpHMOB:
«To, qTO BbI HIIqe1 He aarpY3HJIM KOpaOJlb, YAUBIITeJIbHO II B BbI-
cmeH CTerreHH HenpHHTHO. JI aHaIO, IIPIIqHHOH 3TOMY ObIJIO Barne
TpYAHoe IIOJIOmeHUe II 60JIe3HII, lIO H IIOJIaraIO, - B 60JIbIIIeH Mepe
He;n;OCTaTOI\ paccy,n;IITeJIbHOCTII, qeM: cna60cTb PYRe EbIJIO ObI CAeJIa-
HO ropaa;n;O 60JIbIIIe, lIe TpaTb BbI qeTBepTH BpeMeHII Ha paccyme-
HIIH, CIIOpbI II COBem;aHHH - HY, Aa 3TO rrpOIIIJIOe », - 3al\aHqHBaJI OH
CBoe BHymeHHe (B, 122).
IIpaB JIM 6bIJI YaCTOH, HeII3BeCTHO. Bo BCHI\OM CJIy"tJae nIIJIHrplI-
MaM 6bIJIO HCHO, "tJTO, HeBaIIpaH HH Ha KaKIIe TPYAHOCTII, OHH AOJIlliHbI
rrpHCTYIIIITb 1\ aarOTOBRe rpY3a ,n;.TIH «<!>OpqYH», eCJIII He XOTHT nOTe-
pHTb I\OMIIaHbOHOB II Ha,n;em;n;y Ha IIOMOIIJ;b C pO,n;IIHbI. Y TeIIIeHIIeM
CJIymHJIO HaBeCTHe 0 IIOJIy"tJeHHII naTeHTa Ha aaHIIMaeMYIO TeppHTO-
pIIIO.
TIa TeHT, YTBepiI\;n;eHHbIH 1 HIOHH 1621 r. 16, 6bIJI BbI,n;aH COBeTOM
HOBon AHrJIIIH Ha HMH moHa IIIIpca Hero KOMIIaHbOHOB, «yme
OTilpaBHBIIIHX II C06IIpaIOIIJ;IIXCH OTIIpaBlITb Ha CBOH C"tJeT II CBOIIMII
aa60TaMII ce6H II ,n;pyrlIx JIlIn; B HOBYro A HrJIIIIO, a TaM OCHOBaTb II
nOCTpOIITb ropo,n;, a TaRme ocyru;eCTBHTb 3aCeJIelIIIe ;n;JIH IIporpecca
Bceii CTpaHbI HOBaH AHrJIIIH». B B03Harpam,n;eHHe 3a aTY ,n;eHTeJIb-
HOCTb II B IIoOIIJ;peHHe ee COBeT maJIOBaJI TIIIPCY II ero HOMIIaHbO-
HaM (IIX HaCJIe,n;HHl\aM IIJIH ;n;OBepeHHbIM JIHn;aM) IIO 100 al\pOB aeM-
JIll aa I\am,n;oro OTIIpaBJIeHHOrO I\OJIOHIICTa JIJIM 3a co6cTBeHHbIH ne-
pee3,IJ; B AMepHRY aa CBOH CtIeT C IIpaBOM HCIIOJIb30BaHHH ee 60-
raTCTB (HeApa, pbI6oJIOBCTBO, oxoTa). 3eMJIH ;n;JIH 3aCeJIeHHH MOrJIa
6bITb H36paHa B JII060M He aaHHTOM aHrJIJilqaHaMII MeCTe HOBon AHr-
JIUM. RpoMe HHAHBH;n;yaJIbHbIX HaAeJIOB, 1500 aI\pOB SeMJIH IIpeJ];O
16 Foundations, Vol. I, p. 35-39.
212

<HOBhIn XAHAAH
CTaBJIHJIOC'b Ha 06He HymAbI nOCeJIeHIJ;eB. TIoCJIe yp;atIHOH ROJIOHII-
aan;HH IIMH IIOJIy"tJeHHOH 3eMJIII OHII MOrJIH XO;n;aTanCTBOBaTb IIepeA
COBeTOM 0 IIo.TIy"tJeHIIII J];OIIOJIHHTeJIbHbIX HaeJIOB B 50 al\pOB. C I\am-
bIX 100 aKpOB CJIeAOBaJIO BbIIIJIa"tJMBaTb COBeTY «emerop;HYIO peHTY
B 2 mIIJIJIIIHra », HO TOJIbl\O ITO MCTeqeHllII CeMllJIeTHerO BJIa;n;eHHH.
«AmoRY IIMpcy, ero l\OMnaHboHaM-npeLJ;IIplIHIIMaTeJIHM H HOJIOIIH-
CTaM (Associats Vandertakers & Planters) 17 npep;OCTaBJIHJIOCb IIpa-
BO Ha ynpaB.rreHIIe I\OJIOHlleH 18. Ha HHX iHe B03JIaraJIaCb 06HaaH-
HOCTb 060POHHTb I\OJIOHHIO. IIa TeHT 6bIJI BbI;n;aH Ha ceMb JIeT.
11IIaqe rOBopH, nllJIlIrpHMbI, OKa3aBllineCH B HOBOH AHrJIIIH CJIY-
-qaHHo, IIOJIY"tJIIJIH IIpaBo OCTaTbCH Ha 3aIIHTOM MeCTe. Mx caMoyn-
paBJIeHHe CaHUIJ;lloHIIpOBaJIOCb. ROJIOHllCTbI-KOMIIaHbOHbI MOrJIH pac-
CqIITbIBa Tb IIa nOJIy"tJeHue aeMJIII 19.
Ha «<!>OpqYH» B KOJIOHHIO npIIeXaJI P06epT RalliMeH, IIpeJ];cTaBH-
TeJIb IIHJIHrpIIMOB B JIoH,IJ,oHe. IIo;n;TBep,n;HB CJIOBa ¥3cToHa, OH y6em-
)J;aJI IIJIUMYTD;eB, nyraH rOJlO;n;HOH cMepTblO, 3aBepIIIHTb oq,opMJIeHHe
)];OrOBOpa C Kynn;aMH, 1\0TOpbIH 1\0JIOHIJCTbI eID;e He IIO;n;nHCaJIH. OHH
He C;n;eJIaJIII 3Toro, Ha,n;eHCb, qTO IIOCJIe fiX OT'beap;a 1I3 AHrJIIIll Y 3C-
TOHY II RailiMeHY yp;acTcH HCI\JIIOtIllTb lI3 ,n;orOBopa HemeJIaTeJIbHbIe
;n;JIH HIIX 06HaaTeJIbCTBa. IIo3TOMY p;ame cenqac OHM OTBeTHJIII Ram-
MeHY Tpe60BaHlIeM OTMeHHTb o6m;ee X03HMCTBO I\OJIOHHH. OHH YT-
Bepm,n;aJIH, QTO OHO He3<p<peI\TIIBHO, Hepan;IIOHaJIbHO M IIopomAaeT
6eaOTBeTCTBeHHOCTb IIpM MCIIOJIHeHMll 06H3aI-IHOCTen. I\amMeH YMO-
JIHJI He IIOAHMMaTb 3Toro BOilpoca B C03;n;aBmHXCH YCJIOBHHX. ROJIO-
HHCTbI, I\al\ BU;n;HO, yrropcTBOBaJIH. Tora nOCJIaHen; Ha JIoH,lJ;OHa npH-
6er K a prYMeHTan;HH, paCCtIHTaHHOH Ha crren;II<pHI\Y aYJ];HTopHH.
12 p;eRa6pH 1621 r. RamMeH c06paJi ITMJIHrpIIMOB B «06m;eM )J;O-
Me», rp;e npoqeJI IIM nponoBe)J;b, OTTaJIKHBaHCb OT CJIOB EBaHreJIHH:
« HHI\TO He HID;H CBoero, HO l\amJJ;bIH no.!tb3b Pyroro » (ITepBoe no-
CJIaHIIe 1\ 1\0pHH<pHHaM, X, 24). OH rOBOpMJI: «liapoJ]; M3paHJIH npo-
BeJI B XaHaaHe yme ceMb .TIeT, Korp;a aeM.lIro paCIIpeJJ;eJIIIJIII MemJ];Y
I\o.rreHaMII, II MHoro 60JIbIIIe, I\orp;a ee pa3JJ;eJIUJIM Memp;y ceMbHMH;
17 IlOHHTIfH, paBH03HatIHble 3HaKOMbIM HaM adventurer, adventurer-planter or
planter, r.n;e rro.n; «KOJIOHHCTOM» (planter) rro.n;paaYMeBaeTCH KOJIOHHCT-KOM-
IIaHbOH (aKIJ;HOHep) HJIH KOJIOHHCT, OIIJIaTMBIDHH CBOH IIpOe3.n;.
18 «To make orders Lawes Ordynaunces & Constitucons for the rul govern-
ment ordering & directing of all psons to be transported & settled vpon
the lands hereby graunted... to establish such Lawes & ordynaunces as are
for their better governm t, and the same by such Officer or Officers as they
shell by most voyces elect & choose to put execucion».
19 HaCHOJIbI\O MOiRHO Cy.n;HTb IIO pa3BHTHIO B IIOCJIe.n;YIOIIJ;He rO,il;bI aeMeJIbHbIX
OTHomeHHH B KOJIOHHM, rrOCJIe OROH1:IaHHH CeMHJIeTHero cpORa, rrpe.n;YCMOT-
peHHoro B ,il;OrOBOpe C Ryrrn;aMH.
213

H;O B hI a n JI B M Y T
a IIOqeMY XOqemb TbI HMeTb c06CTBeHHoe BJIa)];eHHe? IIoTOMY qTO
TbI XOqeIIIb lliHTb JIyqrne TBoero coce,n;a 11 npe3Hpaemb ero 3a 6e,n;-
HOCTb? Ho KTO, cnpamlIBaIO H Te6H, npIIHec BIIepBLIe TaRoe pas,l{eJIe-
Hlle B MHp? PaSBe TO 6bIJI He CaTaHa, HOTOpOM)' He nOHpaBIIJIOCb ero
paBeHCTBO C ero c06paTbHMH, H HOTOpLIH XOTeJl BO,n;PY3IITb CBOH TpOH
BLIme 3Be3)];?.. ECJIH 6LI 6bIJIO paSYMHee II npaKTIIqHee paSAeJIeHBe
JIa Moe H TBoe, Tor,n;a 6bI H Bor, BepOHTHO, IIpe)];OCTaBHJI 6bI Te6e
OP;HH He6eca, a coceAY - ,n;pyru:e». I1CIIoJIb30BaJI RamMeH 11 em;e
O,n;IIH ,n;OBO,n;: OB COCJIaJICH Ha IIIICLMO P06HHcoHa, KOTOpbIH 06pam;aJICH
R JIeH,n;eHaM: «BpaTbH, H Ha,n;elOcb, qTO Y MeHH HeT He06xo,n;IIMOCTIJ
y6eiR,n;aTL Bac IIO)];qIIHHTbCH TeM, I\oro Bor nOCTaBHJI Ha,n; BaMII,
B lepKBH 11 B co06eCTBe... npHabIBaTb Hac K MHPy, KOTOpbIH HBJIJI-
eTCH rapaHTHeH COBepmeHCTBOBaHIIH» 20.
YrpoabI Rynn;OB, HaCTaBJIeHIIH P06HHCOHa H )];OBO)J;bI KamMeHa
c,n;eJIaJIH CBoe ,n;eJIo. I\OJIOHHCTbI no,n;nHCaJlH ,n;orOBOp, a CJIe,n;OBaTeJIb-
HO H 06HaaJIHCb coxpaHHTb 06ee X03HMCTBO. 0 HeM CJIe,n;yeT CRa-
3aTb oc060.
P06epTcoH, nHcaBmHH B XVIII B., paccym,n;aJl CJIe,n;YIOm;HM 06pa-
SOM: KOJIOHHCTLI HaHBHo IIOJIaraJIII, TO CBHm;eHHoe IIHcaUHe co,n;ep-
mHT Be TOJIbKO Bce ,n;YXOBHoe 60raTCTBO, no II Bce HOpMLI 06m;eCTBeH-
Horo 6bITHH. «IIO)]; BJIHHHIIeM 3THX ;a;HI\HX npe,n;CTaBJIeHIIH ROJIOHHCTbI
HOBoro IIJIHMYTa, HMHTHPYH rrepBbIX xpHCTHaB, 06r.be,n;HHIIJIH CBoe
IIMym:eCTBO II, no,n;06HO qJIeHaM O,n;BOH ceMLH, pa60TaJIII Bce coo6m;a
P;JIH 06eH nOJIb3:bI. Op;HaRO, XOTH TaKoe pemeHHe, MomeT 6bITb,
BLIHBJIHeT HCl\peHHOCTb HX BepLI, OHO sa,n;epiRaJIO nporpecc KOJIO-
HHH» 21. IIpomJIO BpeMH, H TaRoe 06HCHeHJile CTaJIO Ka3aTbCH He,n;o-
CTaTOqHbIM H HeTOqHbIM. B HaaJIe XX B. 8,n;Bap;a; qaHHHHr YKaSaJI
Ha TO, qTO 06m;ee X03HHCTBO IIHJIIIrpHMOB - OAHO lIS YCJIOBHH ,n;oro-
Bopa C RYIID;aMH: «B Te"tJeHue ceMH JIeT He ,n;OJIiRHO 6bIJIO 6DITb qa-
CTHOH co6CTBeHHOCTH na 3eMJIIO H B03Harpan,n;eHHH CIIen;HaJlHCTaM 3a
HX TPY1l:. Bce 9TO BpeMH Bce npOH3Be,n;eHHoe IDJIO B o6ii CRJIa,n;,
oTRyp;a Bce cHa6maJIIICL IIIITaHMeM II o,n;eJIJt;n;OH, He3aBHCHMO OT CIIO-
co6nocTeii HJIII npHJIemaHHH... I1pJl'-luna Bcex nx HeCIaCTllii nOtITII
IIOJlHOCTbIO JIemaJIa B «paBeHCTBe YCJlOBHM» » 22.
BbIB01l:LI, no,n;o6HbIe npIIBeAeHHbIM, JIHorAa fiX I\oM6HHan;HH cye-
CTBYIOT B aMepHRaHCROH HCTopHorpa<pIIII II IIO ceH ;a;eHb. IIpaB;a;a,
C TeqeUlleM BpeMeHH K HIII Bce qaru;e CTaJlH rrpn6aBJIHTb 06m;He pac-
20 Chronicles, p. 266, 474; Willison G. F. Gp. cit., p. 19f-193; Cavanagh JV. H.
Colonial Expansion. Boston, 1924, p. 204-205.
21 Robertson W. Ope cit., Vol. I II, p. 311.
22 Channing E. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 311-312.
214

<dIOBhItt XAIIAAII»
CYJI\AeHHH Ha Te:MY, xoporna JIH CHCTOMa 06m;ero, 1\0JIJIel\THBHOro II
KOMMYHHCTIITJ:eCROrO X03HMCTBa B npIIHIJ;Hne.
OTRya B3HJIOCb II Ha qel\'I OCHOBbIBaJIOCb 06ee IIJIn ROJIJIeHTnB-
HOe X03HHCTBO nJlHMYTCROH I\OJIOHHH? Ua «HRHX» HJI1I «60meCTBen-
HbIX» npe,n;CTaBJIeHH llHJIHrpHMOB, BepHee JIeHeH:u;eB? HeCOMHeHHO,
HeROTopbIe 61I6JIenCKIIe npeJJ;CTaBJIeHHH «CBHTbIX» nOMOraJIII HM B
RaROH-TO Mepe MlIplITbCH C YCTaHOBJIeHHOH CIICTeMoii, a IIX JIIIAepaM -
y6eilaTb He OqeHb eH npOTIIBIITbCH. HaCHOJIhI\O MomHO Cy,n;HTb,
HMeHHO «qYjKaKH» no,n;HfIJIII Bonpo'c 06 ee OTMeHe. Ho CIICTeMY 06-
m;ero X03HHCTBa npIIJJ;YMaJIH He «CBHTble », 1\0TOpbIe caMH TepneJIH
ee TOJIbRO nOTOMY, qTO 60HJIHCb nopBaTb C I{ynn;aMH. IIpn,n;YMaJIII ee
H He l\ynD;bI - IIX 1\0MIIaHbOHbI. 8TO 6bIJIa yme IIpal\THI\OBanmaHCH
CIfCTCMa, B qaCrfHOCTH B BlIprlIHlIM.
eJIb CHCTCMbI, MbI 3HaeM, 3aI\JIIOQaJIaCb B TOM, 'tJTo6bI C B03Mom-
HO MeHblliHMlI H3,n;epmRaMH OCHona1'b ROJIOHMIO H B03Momno CROpCO
lIOJIYQHTI) OT HOO nplI6bIJlb. 81'0 HBcTByeT U3 D;HTHponaBmerOCH pa-
Bee nHCbMa Y3CTOHa. B BHprHHIIII HaJJ; nen He 6:bIJIO Toro peJlHrlI03BO-
ro nOl\pOBa, 1\0TOpbIM OHa 6bIJIa CKpbITa B HOBOM IIJIIIMYTe. Ho .B
IIOCJIe,n;HeM, HCnOJIbaYH TepMHHOJIOrHIO BaROHa, « Hacam,n;eHue JIeCOB »
COCTaBJIHJIO 60JIbIDIIe TPy,n;HOCTII, qeM B BHprHHHII. ROMIIaHHH, C03,IJ;a-
BaBiliaH 3TY 1\0JIOHlIIO, He IDJia no CBOHM MaCIDTa6aM n B03IomHO-
CTHl\I HU n I\al\Oe cpaBHeHue C BIIprHHCHoii 1\0MrraHneH. 'qTO OCTa-
BaJIOCb ,n;eJIaTb? dROHOMHTb cpe,n;CTBa 3a CqeT npO,IJ;OBOJIbCTBHH, pa-
60QlIX PYI\, CHapHmeHIIH 11 nHTeHcII<I>HHpoBaTb TPY,n; HOJIOHHCTOB,
HanpaBJIeHHLIH na npOHaBo,n;CTBO TOBapOB ROJIOHIIJI, npe,n;HaaHaqeHIILIX
IIa npoaiKY. 8TOMY II CJIymlIJI }.J;orOBOp, no,n;IIIIcaTb HOTOpbIH BbIHym-
)J;aJlH nHJIlIrpIIMOB. OAHaHO OT)J;aJIeHHOCTb RO.JIOHHII He rr03BOJIHJIa no-
CTOHHHO CJIe,n;HTb 3a IIX pa6oToii. IIepB:bIe iRe ycrrexlI B aeMJIe,n;eJIHH
1\fOrJIH c,n;eJIaT:b ROJlOHHCTOB 60JIee HeaaBHCHMbIMH. II03TOMY cJle,n;o-
BaJIO YCTaHOBHT:b RpyrOBYIO nopYKY II calVIop;OCMOTp. BceMY 3TOMY
II CJIYiKHJla YCTaHOBJleHHaH CHCTeMa, ROTOpOH C caMoro HaqaJIa CO-
rrpOTIIBJlHJIIICb KOJIOHIICTbI II Ha I\OTOpOH naCTaHBaJIH Kynn;bI, XOTH
OIlbIT BHprlIHIIH R 9TOMY BpeMeHII YiRe BbIHBHJI ee nopORII.
lIa CRaaaHHoro, o,n;HaRO, OTHIO,IJ;:b He CJle,IJ;yeT, qTO ROJIJIeHTIIBHbIH
TPY,n; nepaD;HOHaJIeH H HenpOHaBO,IJ;IITeJIeH B rrpIIHnne, RaK Ha npH-
Mepe BHprIIHHH II HOB oro IIJIHMYTa nbITaJIHCb YTBepmAaTI> Po6epT-
COB, qaHHHHr II HX nOCJIeJJ;OBaTeJIH. B Harny aa,n;allY He BXOfj;HT on-
pOBepmeHHe noo6HbIX YTBepmp;eHHH B OOm;eTeOpeTHqeCROM II oom;e-
IICTOplIlIeCROM llJIaHax. HarrOMHIIM TOJIbRO, lITO HeROTopoe BpeMH
TaROH TPYA (II ypaBHHTenbHoe pacrrpe,n;eJIeHHe npo,n;YRTOB) HBJIHJICH
H JIH BHprIIHHH, H JJ;JIH HOBoro TIJIIIMYTa n 3HaqHTeJILHOH Mepe He-
06XOATIMLIM. Henpon3BOIITeJIbHLIM If 06peMeHIITeJI:bHLIM AJIH ROJIOHH-
215

HOBLItt nJIUMYT
CTOB OR CTanOBMJlCH TorAa, l\or)J;a, B COOTBeTCTBMlI C CYTbIO HOJIOHM-
aJIbHOrO I\OMMepqeCI\oro npe)J;IIpUHTHH, )J;OJImeH 6bIJI CJIymMTb o6ec-
neqeHIIIO 1\0pbICTHbIX IIHTepeCOB cy6CH,IJ;HpOBaBlliHX npeAnpHHTHe
l\ynOB. KaK nHCaJI A. C. CaMOHJlO, «3TO 6bIJIa <popMa MOHOnOJIIIH
Rpe,n;HTopOB - opraHHaa TOpOB Ha 3eMJIIO, npO)J;YI\D;HIO II TOprOBJIIO HO-
BOH I\OJIOHHH, a Tal\me Ha TPYA I\OJIOHHCTOB, HHqerO o6m;ero He IIMeB-
maH C I\OJIJIel\THBHbIM X03HMCTBOM, IIpHHa,n;JIei-l\am;HM caMHM IIpOHa-
BO;n;HTeJIHM » 23. 8Ta <popMa HJIH CHCTel\tla X03HHCTBa, l\aR MbI 3HaeM,
B BIIprHHHH PYXHYJIa. RaKOBa 6YAeTee CYAb6a B HOBOM IIJIHMYTe,
BbIHCHMTCH 1I3 ;n;aJIbHenrnero paCCHaaa. CeHQaC 06paTHM BHHMaHHe
JIMmb Ha TO, tITO 6peiliH B HeH CTaJIH 06HapYil\MBaTbCH OqeHb CHOpO.
B I\OJlOHHH cpaay me Ha"tJaJIOCb CTpOIITeJlbCTBO qaCTHbIX ;n;OMOB, H I{O-
TOpbIM rrpIIJlaraJIHCb npIIyca;n;e6Hble yqaCTKH. IIepBbIH me IIa TeHT,
YTBepm;n;aBillHM npaBO Ha aaHHTYIO TepplITopIlIO, rapaHTHpOBaJI no-
JIyqeHHC aeMJlH. BIIprHHMH BCTaJIa na 3TOT nYTb '!'OJIbKO qepea ceMh
JIeT CBoero cyecTBoBaHHH H HaqaJIa ,n;BHmOHHe IIO neMY ropa3,n;o
IyqIfTeJIbHee.
13 ,n;el\a6pH 1621 I'. «<1>OpqYH» IIOI\HHYJI HOBbIM IIJIHMYT, YBoaH
aarOTOBJIeHHbIe ROJIOHHCTaMH )J;OCI\II II J];Be 60"tJI\II BbIMeHHHHbIX Y HH-
,a;eHn;eB MeXOB. KOJIOHhCTbI nOJIaraJIH, qTO Tal\lIM o6pa30M B03Bpam;a-
lOT tIYTb JIM He IIOJIOBHHY IIpe;n;OCTaBJIeHHOrO HM I\peAHTa. Bpa;n;<pop,a;
OTnpaBIIJI C yeamaBlliMM KamMeHoM IIIICbMO, B I\OTOpOM 06HCHHJI,
rrOtIeMY 6ea rpyaa ymeJI « Maii<pJIaY3P »: YCTPOllCTBO Ha HOBOM MeCTe,
;n;a em;e B 3Hl\IHIOIO IIOpy, CMepTb nOJIOBJIHbI JIIO,IJ;eH. OH ,n;o6aBJIHJI:
JIeH;n;eHIJ;bI «IIPOTlIB OiRIIAaHIIH» (qTO OaHaqaJIO - no Barnell C06CT-
BeHHoM BHHe) OHaaaJIHCb B I\OMIIaHHH «C JIIO;n;bMH ,n;YPHbIX KatIeCTB,
ROTopbIe He TOJIbRO caMH He XOTHT ;n;eJIaTb ,IJ;o6pa, HO II paaBpam;alOT
;n;pyrHx, B pe,n;HT IIM, M T. J];. » (B, 125). Tpy;n;Ho CKaaa Tb, 6bIJI JIM ry-
6epHaTOp crrpaBe;n;JIMB R «qymaKaM».
AOCTaBl\a B AHrJIHIO IIPOAYl\TOB I\OJIOHIIII, llHCbMO Bpa,IJ;<pop,n;a II
,a;o6pOmeJIaTeJIbHbIH paccl\aa 0 IIOCeJIeHlI;aX I\aIIlMeHa MOrJIH ObI, Be-
pOHTHO, CMHr"tlHTb B3aHMHoe HeAOBOJIbCTBO llHJIlIrpHMOB H MX JIOH-
AOHCI\HX ROM£IaHbOHOB. Ho Ha rrYTH ;n;OMOH «<1>Op"tJYH » aaXBaTMJI1I
<ppaHD;yabI II ,n;O"tJHCTa Orpa6HJIH I\Opa6J1b II HOMaH;n;y, IIOCJIe tIero OT-
IIYCTHJIH BOCBOHCII. II pII6bITIIe « <1>Op"tJYH» B JIOH,n;OH 6ea rpyaa BbI-
BeJIO l\ynIJ;OB Ha ce6H. MHorHe II3 HIIX HaqaJIH IIorOBapHBaTb 0 IIpel\pa-
eHHH ,n;eJIa. q To6bI ITa pHpOBa Tb ynafJ;HHqeCRHe HaCTpoeHHH, qTO-
ObI IIpHllJIeb BHIIMaHHe COOTe-qeCTBeHHIIKOB 1\ HOBOMY 3aMopCI\OMY
IIOCeJIeHIIIO, RalliMeH B 1622 r. oIIy6JIlIROBaJi «PaccRaa (HJIH iKyp-
HaJI) 06 aHrJIIIHCI\OH I\OJIOHHH B IIJIHMYTe ».
23 C aMO u.ao A. C. Y Raa. COq., c. 105.
216

A
RELATION OR
Iournall o the beginning and proceedings
of the Enghfh Plantation ferled at Plimotb in NEW
EN G LAN D, by certaine Englilh Aduenturers both
Merchants and others.
Wit their difficult paffage,their fafe ariuaIJ, their
ioyfull building of; andcomfortabJe pJantingthem
[elues in the now well defended Towne
of NE W PLIM OT H.
AS ALSO A RELATION OF FOVRE
feuerall difcouerics !inee made by [orne of the
fame EngJiIh Planters there refidcnr.
1. 11111 ;ollrWty to P V c X It. N 0 K I C K th( hahitAt;on of t/'t I"JiIl", g'-ell-
tcft King Maffafoyc : IU alfo th(ir m(ffgf, th, an[wcr And cfltertllinmefl'
IhtJ h4d of him. .
J 1. In41/oJ4g 11'J,uJeh} telto/them to th K'ingJomeofNawCet, toftllc!
It 60] that /",d loft himfelfe in the woods: with fuch accid(nts All heftll the
;n rhar 1J()Jage.
I II. Iniheir;ourney to the Kingdome ofNamafchet, ;naefence of their'
rtllttfl King Maffa(oyr, dgainft th Narrohiggon(ecs, IIl1a to reNt"ge ,h,
filpp-of J dt'4th of theIr InteTpTfer TJ(quantum.
11 J I. 7"htirvo]llge to tht Malfacnufecs, tlndtheir(l1/trt4illm,,,t ,berl.
Witb an anfwer to all (uch obiet1:ionsasare any way made
, againfi the lawflflndfe of Englifh plantations
m thofe pans.
'

LON DON,
Printed for fohn Be1JAmie t and ae to be fold at his (hop u the wo
«iRYPHaJI anrJIIIHCKOii ROJIOHHH B nJIlfMYTe>

HOBLIA DJlHMYT
«iRYPHaJI» - nepBLIii, CYH no BceMY, neqaTHbIH IICTOqHHH 0
iI"R3HH nHJIHrpHMOB B AMeplIRe. II03TOMY Heo6xo,n;HMO, XOTH 6bI
RpaTRO, paCCRasaTb 0 HeM, TaR KaK HapHY c «MCTopHeii» Bpa,n;-
<poPAa OB CJIymHT OCHOBOB Hamero (II BCHI\OrO pyroro) nOBeCTBO-
BaHHH 0 nHJIHrplIMax. «iKYPlIaJI» OTRpLIBaercH 06pam;eHHeM «I{ 'IH-
TaTeJIIO», B KOTOpOM nO)J;'IepI\IIBaeTCH nOJIeaHOCTL JIH AnrJIHII nOBoB
ROJIOHHH. IIocJIe 06paIIJ;eHHH, aBTopoM KOToporo CQIITaIOT H3aTeJIH
RHlIrH, CJIe,n;oBaJIO «IIoJle3Hoe YBeOMJIeHHe », npe,n;cTaBJIHIOm;ee Co-
60B TeRCT nponoBe,n;n P06IIHCOHa R OTnJIbIBaBIIIIIM B AMep1ll\Y JIeB-
,D;eHal\I. CJIe,n;OM - em;e O,n;HO 06pam;eHHe, na 3TOT paa R «BecLMa
YBaiRaeMoMY ,n;Pyry». OHO 6bIJIO IIo,D;IIHcaHo IIHHHaJIal\fH « P. R.», 3a
ROTOpbIMII yqeHbIe C OCHOBaHHeM BII,D;HT P06epTa I\alIlMeHa. I1pe,n;-
CTaBHTeJIb nHJIllrpHMOB "tJepea CBoero HeHa3BaHHoro IIJIH BbIMbImJIeH-
Horo ,n;pyra pa3BHBaJI MbICJIb, co,n;epmaamYIOcH B 06pameuHH K "tJH-
Ta TeJIIO, II no,n;TBepil\)J;aJI ,n;ocToBepHocTb <paIToB, co06maeMbIx B
«iRYPHaJIe» «,n;eHcTBYIOm;HMH JIIID;aMH». OH IIpOCIIJI ne CYAHTb cTporo
MaHepy nHCbMa 3TIIX JIHn;, «6oJIee 3HaI{OMLIX c aCMJIe;a;eJIMeM, qeM C
rpa!vlOTOH» 24.
CaM «lliypHaJI» - J];HeBHMI\ rrYTemeCTBHH nlIJlIIrpHMOBIIO MOpro
H JIeTOIIHCb IIX mHaHH B AMepIIRe ,n;o 11 ,n;el\a6pH 1621 r. Ero an-
TopaMH CqH'faIOTCH YHJlbHM Bpa,n;<popP; (IIepBaH 'IaCTb) II 3,n;Bapp;
YHHCJlOY (BTopaH 'IaCTL, IIOBeCTBYIOm;aH rJlaBHbIM 06pa30M 06 HH,n;eii-
ax). B HCTOp1l'IeCRYIO JIHTepaTYPy OKYMeHT BOmeJI TaKme nO)J;
HaSBaHHeM «PaCCRaa MOpTOHa» - no <paMHJIHH Ha,n;aTeJIH RHHrlI 25.
06m;IIH TOH «mYPHaJIa» O"tJOHb pa,n;YiKHbIH, aa qeM, neCOMueHHO,
CHpbIBaJlOCb CrpeMJIeHHe c,n;eJIa TI} I\OJIOHHIO rrplIRJIeRa TeJlhIIOM )J;JIH
COOTeqeCTBeUHIIKOB II B03MOiRHLIX rrOCCJIeIITJ;eB, y6e)J;HTI} JIOII)J;OHCKIIX
ROMIIaHI>OHOB, tITO IIX saTpaTbI ORYIIHTCH. !{OJIOHIIH, rOBOpHJlOCb B
«if\YPHaJIe», Hym,n;aeTCH TOJIbRO B pa60Tocnoco6HLIX JlIO)J;HX. I-Ieo6xo-
,n;HMaH eM ceiiqac nOMOm;b - BpelVleHHoe HBJIeHHe HaqaJIbHOrO 3Tana
3aCeJIeHHH.
RHHra aaKaHQIIBaJIaCb «).1:oBo,n;aMH II coo6pameHHHMH», aBTopo:l\I
ROTOpLIX CqHTaeTCH TaHiRe RailiMeH. OBO;n;bI saHMCTBOBaJIIICL H3
CBJIeHHOro nnCaHHJI II HanpaBJIHJIHCb Ha TO, 'IT06LI y6ep;uTb, lITO
nepee3,n; B AMepHRY He npOTHBOpetIHT 60meCTBeHHbIM sailOBeJ];HM,
60JIee Toro, CaHRIJ;HOHHpOBaH H:M:1I, H60 Be,n;eT B CTpaHY, rAe
MomHO Ha6aB1ITbCH OT 6e,n;HocTH 11 HH:rn;eTbI, B ROTOpbIX npoaH6aIOT
MHorne aHrJIHqaHe, H «IIY'fn KY)J;a JIemIIT 'Iepea MOpe» 26.
24 <:TpaHIUI;bI BBO,IJ;HbIX qaCTen «iKYPHaJIa» He nYMepOBaHbI.
25 «Iourt's» nJIn «Morton's Relation» (B nepBoM c.rryqae npe)J;TIOJIaraeTCH one-
\IaTI\a) .
26 J ournall, p. 71.
218

«HOBhl& XAHAAH..
IJOQTII O,lJJIOHpeMeHHO C «/I{YPHaJIOM» cne}J;eHHH 0 ROJIOHlfH nlI-
JIlIrpHMOB nOHBHJIHCb B «I1YTeIIIeCTBHHX B HOBYIO AnfJIHIO» AmoHa
CMHTa. TaM, B qaCTHOCTH, ,npHBo,n;IIJIOCb nIICbMO He,IJ;aBHero nOCeJIeH-
n;a (npll6bIJi Ty,n;a Ha « <!>OpqYH » ), 6bIBmero BHHOToproBn;a lIa Ho-
pH,n;ma. OH nHCaJI:'
«AoporOH RyaeH,
no npII6LITIf1l B HOBLIH I1JIHMYT, 'liTO B HOBOH AHrJIHH, ?vIM Ha-
lliJIII Bcex HaIIIHX P;PyaeH 11 I\OJlOHHCTOB B lJ;06pOM a,n;paBHH, XOTH
OHH H OLIJlII OCJla6J1eHLI H3-3a OTCYTCTBIIH MHorHX IIeo6xo,IJ;liIMLIX Be-
m;eii 11 HeXBaTRH npO,IJ;OBOJIbCTBliIH; HH)J;eiiIJ;bI, lliHBym;lIe BORpyr Hac,
MHpOJII06HBLI 11 )J;PYiHeJII06HbI; CTpaHa OqeHb npHHTHaH H Y)J;o6Haa
)];JIH iKH3HM... Bce MbI cBo6oHLIe <pplilrOJIL)J;epbI II He 06peMeHeHLI peH-
TOM; Bce, '£ITO MbI Hl\IeeM, Y Hac yqRTLIBaeTCH 11 pacnpe,IJ;eJIHeTCH no
ceaOHaM. 3,n;CIllHHe I\OJIOHMCTbI B OCHOBHOM OqeHb peJIHrH03HLIC II
qeCTHbIC JIIO,IJ;II; CJIOBO BOiKbe nponOBe)J;yeTcH HaM npOHHRHOBeHHO
Kam,n;oe BocKpeceube (Sabbath). AJIH pa3YMHoro YMepeHHOfO 1IeJlO-
BeRa 3;n;eCb eCTL Bce Heo6xo,n;HMoe. .H npOCHJI 6LI Bac npOHBIITb aa-
60TY II OTrrpaBIITb MOIO iReHY II ,n;eTeH CIOAa KO MHe, r,n;e 11 XOTeJI
6bI BH,IJ;eTb Bcex MOIlX ,n;pyaeii, mHBYID;HX B AnrJIIIH,
oCTarocb BamIIM JII06HIIJ;IIM pO)J;CTBeHHHKOM ¥HJIbHM XHJITOH» 27.
8)J;Bap,IJ; YMHCJIOY B nHCbMe «JII06HMOMY II CTapOMY ,IJ;pyry», OT-
rrpaBJIelIHOM B AHrJlHIO Tome C «<!>OpqYH», paCCHa3bIBaJI: «Eor co6J1a-
fOBOJIHJI BHymRTb HHJJ;ei1:n;aM 60JIbmOB CTpax If JII060BL K HaM...
Ceiiqac Cpe,IJ;H IIHAenn;eB D;apHT MHp, nOToporo He 6bIJlO rrpemAe... MbI
XOI1M no JIecy CTOJIb iHe cnOROHHO II CTOJIb me 6eaonaCHo, KaR Ha
rJIaBHLIX )J;oporax AHrJIHII. MbI nplIHIIMae?vI HX 3arrpocTo B HamHX )J;O-
Max, a OHII APYiReCHII o,IJ;a pHBaIOT Hac OJIelIUHOH » 28.
TIpomJIO HeMHoro BpeMeHH nocJle yxo,n;a Kopa6JIH, II ROJIOHHCTa?1
IIpHillJIOCb OTRaaa TbCH OT MbICJlH, 6Y,IJ;TO Bce HHJJ;eHn;bI 1ICnbITLIBaIOT
R HHM Te "tJYBCTBa, 0 I\OTOpbIX rrHCaJi YIIIICJlOY. OT HapparaHceTOB
6bIJI npllCJIaH nyqoK CTpeJi JI 3MeHHaH mIypa. IIepeBo,n;qHKH 06'LHC-
HIIJIH: aTO BLI30B Ha 60B. AHrJlIIqaHe He nplIHHJIII BbIaOBa, HO ,n;aJIlI
«pemIITeJlbHbIH OTBeT» (B, 125-126). B mRYPY 3MeH OHH IIOJIO-
il\HJIH HeCROJIbRO nYJIb H OTnpaBIIJIH ee o6paTHo, RaK 6bI rOBopH: MbI
OTBeT1'II Y,IJ;apOM Ha Y,IJ;ap.
IIpoHcme,n;mee IIO)J;TOJIRHYJIO ROJIOHHCTOB npHHHTL MepbI ,n;JIH
060POHLI nOCeJleHHH. Boa,IJ;BHfJlII naJlHCap; co CTopomeBbIMH 6amHH-
27 New England Trials.- In: Tracts and Other Papers, Relating Principally to
the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America, from
the Discovery of the Country to the Year 1776, ed. by P. Force. New York,
1947, VIs I-IV, Vol. II, p. 13-14 (AaJIee - Trac.ts).
28 Winslow D. K. Ope cit., p. 64-65.
219

HOBhIA nJIHMYT
MH, oKpymlIBmJIH mIIJIbIe nOCTpOHKII H paCtIHm;eHHbIe y"tJaCTRll. aeM-
JIH. Bce MymcRoe HaCeJIeHHe paa,n;eJIIIJIH Ha tIeTbIpe -BoeHHbIX OTpH,n;a,
aaKpenlIB 3a l\am,n;bIM H3 HHX MeCTO Ha CJIytJaH TpeBorn.
«O,n;HaiR;:J;bI, B )J;eHb, Ha3bIBaeMbIH Pom)J;eCTBOM», HOBbIe IIOCeJIeH-
D;bI H tJaCTb CTapbIX OTHaaaJIHCb BbInOJIHHTb npe)J;nHcaHHYIO JIM pa-
60TY, aaHBIIB, tJTO pa60Ta B pom;:J;ecTBeHcKHH J];eHb npoTHBope"tJHT
HX peJIHrH03HbIM y6em;n;eHIIHM. fy6epHaTop He HaCTaHBaJi. qepea
HeKOTopoe BpeMH «tJymaKH» aaTeHJIII Ha YJIHD;e HrpbI, HaaJIH rpOM-
KO KpHtJaTb H neTb. «Tor,n;a OH IIo,n;OIIIeJI R HHM JI oTo6paJI y HHX
npe,n;MeTbI, HOTOpbIMH OHH aa6aBJIHJIHCb, H CRaaaJI HM, "tJTO ero y6em-
,n;eHHHM IIpOTHBope"tJaT npOH3BO;:J;HMbIH HMH mYM H HrpbI. ECJIH Bce
3TO CO-CTaBJIHeT aTpn6YTbI HX peJIHrHOaHbIx y6em;n;eHHH, TO IIYCTb
OHH aaHHMalOTCH 3THM B CBOHX ,n;OMax, Tal\ I\al\ YJI lID; bI He AJIH IIrp
II paaBJIe"tJeHHH. C 3Toro BpeMeHII HIIQerO IIo;n;o6Horo He IIOBTOpHJIOCb,
BO BCHI\OM CJIy"tJae OTHPbITO» (B, 126-127).
IIepBbIH ro,n; cym;ecTBoBaHHH HOBoro IIJIIIMYTa aaHaH"tJHBaJICH.
TIIIJIHrpHMbI YTBep;n;HJIIICb Ha aMepHHaHcKoH 3eMJIe, CTaJIH CMeJIee
B OTHOIIIeHHII IIH;n;eHD;eB, 6bIJIH JIy"tJIIIe 3 am;HIIJ;eHbI OT BoaMomHbIX
BparoB, npHo6peJIH MHoro HaBbIKOB, Heo6xo,n;IIMbIX )J;JIH mHaHII B
,n;eBCTBeHHOH CTpaHe. « CBHTble » MOrJIH CqHTa Tb, qTO aaJIOmHJIII
<pYH,n;aMeHT « HOBoro XaHaaHa ».
rJIABA OJ];IIHHAJ];IJ;A T AH
«XAHAAH» MEHHET OBJIHR
R BeCHe 1622 r. HOJIOHHH HaqaJIa HCIIbITbIBaTb OCTPYIO HeXBaTI\Y
rrpo,n;OBOJIbCTBIIH. IIOIIbITKH rrpHo6pecTH ero Y IIHAeHD;eB He YBeH"tJa-
JIHCb YCIIeXOM. Te caMII IICIIbITbIBaJIH B HeM Hym,n;y.
IT03TOMY IIJIIIMYTD;bI OqeHb 06pa,n;oBaJIIICb, l\orAa IIOCJIe IIepBoro
nCIIyra, BbIaBaHHoro nOHBJIeHIIeM Ha ropH30HTe He3HaROMoro Kopa6-
JIH, y6eAHJIHCb, qTO OH aHrJlHHCI\IIH. To 6bIJI «Cnappoy» - I\Opa6JIb
IIX rne<I>a II ROMIIaHbOHa Y3CToHa. aT Hero IIpHIDJIO IIIICbMO, ,n;aTH-
pOBaHHoe 12 HHBapH 1622 r. BbIHCHHJIOCb, qTO «<DOpqYH » B AHrJIHIO
em;e He npH6bIJI, qTO l\ynD;bI He XOTHT nOMoraTb I\OJIOHMM: «OHM Bce
BpeMH OTBeqaIOT, "tJTO He nOCHYIIHTCH, l\orAa YCJIbImaT xopoiliHe HO-
BOCTH. Ao 3Toro - HHtJ:ero. Tal\OBbI BalliH cTapbIe H "tJeCTHbIe
APyabH»,- IIpOHII3IIpOBaJI YacToH (E, 129).
220

«XAHAAH
> MEHHET OBJIHK


JIyq HaAemAbI BCIIbIXHYJI B C03HaHIIII Bp3A<poPAa, 1\0rAa AaJIee
aBTOp IIHCbMa coo6m;aJI,
TO nOHBJIeHHe B AM:epIIl\e «CII3PPOY»-

OHaaaTeJIbCTBO ero, Y3CTOHa, HCTHHHO APymecl\oTO paCIIOJIOmeHHH
K I\OJIOHHCTaM. Kopa6JIb OH I\YIIHJI Ha co6CTBeHHMe AeHbTH B I\OM-
naHIIH C APyrJIM l\ynD;OM. CJIe,n;YIOIIJ;He CJIOBa IIHCbMa IIOraCMJIM Ha-

emAY: iRHTeJIHM TIJIHMYTa Hopa6JIb He BeaeT HH"tJero! 11 em;e: ceMb
ero IIaccamHpOB - HOBbIe I\OJIOHMCTbI, I\OTOpbIM Y3CTOH HaCTOHTeJIb-
HO npOCMJI f];aTb KpOB, BbIAeJIMTb ceMeHa
JIH IIoceBa H IIpO,u;YI\TbI

JIH IIpOIIHTaHMH, «"tJTo6bI OHM He TepHJIH BpeMeHH II ceH"tJac me
OTnpaBMJIJICb BaJIMTb AepeBbH M paCHaJIbIBaTb HX, ;n;JIH Toro
T06bI
Ham I\Opa6JIb 6bIJI 6bICTpO aarpymeH II He aaAepmIIBaJICH» (B, 129).
ITpo"tJHTaB Bce 3TO, Bp3;n;<pOp;n;, IIepe<ppaaIIpoBaB O;n;MH JI3 IICaJIMOB
(145, 3), CHaaaJI ce6c: «He liaoeurecb lia liliJlSeU (eID;e MeHbme Ha
KyrrD;oB), lia Cb
lia lle.!tOBelleCliOZO, B lioropOM Her cnaCeHUJl» (B, 130).
EbIJIO eID;e O;n;HO IIMCbMO OT Y3CTOHa, ;n;aTMpOBaHHoe 17 HHBapH
1622 r. TaM rrpHMo rOBOpMJIOCb,
TO l\yrrD;bI co6Hpa1OTCH, rrpH;n;paB-
mMCb 1\
eMY-HJI6Y}];b, paaopBaTb AorOBOp H BbIHTB Ma f];eJIa. Y3CTOH
rrpef];JIaraJI 06
e
MHHTb Tex HeMHOrJIX, I\TO em;e XOTeJI y"tJaCTBOBaTb
B HeM, JI COCTaBHTb HOBbIH f];OrOBOp: «C
eJIaB 3TO, MbI cBo6o;n;Hee
IIOIDJIH 6bI Bnepe;n;, no,n;;n;epmHBaH Bac BceM Heo6xo,n;HMbIM» (B, 131).
BOHCb BbIaBaTb naHHHY cpe;n;M I\OJIOHMCTOB, Bp3
<pOpJ]; He PHCI\-
HYJI npO"tJMTaTb HM IIIICbMa. On nOJ];eJIHJICH HX CO;n;epmaHMeM TOJIbl\O
CO CBOMMH J];pyabHMH. PeIIIMJIH, HII
ero He coo6ID;aH, m;n;aTb HOBbIX
BecTeH Ma JIoH;n;oHa H He OTBeqaTb Ha rrpe
JIOmeHHe YaCTOHa, 1\0-
Toporo 3anO;n;03pMJIH B l\aHHX -TO MaXIIHa
IIHX. JIIO;n;eH ero, npaB;n;a,
npHIOTIIJIII, HO He OCTaBJIHJIH 6ea npIICMOTpa. BepOHTHO, He 6ea BJIMH-
HIIH CTa pbIX IIJIHMYTD;eB 3TH JIIO;n;H He O"tJeHb CIIeIDHJIH C BbIIIOJIHe-
HMeM HenOCIIJIbHoii paOOTbI, B03JIOmeuHoi'I Ha HJilX X03HIIHOM. «CII3P-
poy», He J];omJ];aBmMCb ee pe3YJlbTaTOB, ymeJl B BIIprHHHIO, 'rJ];e 31\II-
nam, H3MeHIIB cy,n;OBJIa;n;eJIbuaM, npO;n;aJI Kopa6JIb TaMOIDHHM ROJIO-
HHCTaM.
II pIImJlO BpeMH, II rOJIO;n;Hble IIJIMMYTD;bI IIOCeHJIH C TPYAOM Co-
xpaHeHHble ceMeHa. H3 nOCJIe,n;HHx CHJI OHII IIpO;n;OJImaJIH OTcTpan-
BaTb IIOCeJIOK. Yme JIeTOM, B 1\0Hn;e IIIOHH, npHnJIbIJIH « lJapJITM» H
«CBaH» (IIHHHaca) C 60 HOBbIMII HOJIOHIICTaMH. 11 OIIHTb 6e3 IIpHna-
COB ;n;JIH IIJIHMYTa! II orrHTb 3TO 6bIJIH JlIOJ];M TOMaca Y3CTOHa, Boa-
rJIaBJIHeMbIe ero 6paTOM 8H;n;plO. TOMac IIpOCHJI OKaaaTb Bce B03-
MomHoe CO)J;enCTBIIe II rOCTenpHIIMCTBO! rrOJIy
eHHbIe IIIICbMa coo6-
ID;IIJIII, qTO «<1>OpqYH» HaI\OHen; f];06paJICH ,n;o AHrJIMH, "tJTO TOMac
Y 3CTOH H OCTaJIbHble JIOH,n;OHCI\He KOMIIaHbOHbI IIOCCOpIIJIHCb OI\OH-
"tJaTeJIbHO. OH 06BHHHJI HX B HemeJIaHHH IIo,n;,n;epmHBaTb I\OJIOHHCTOB
II OTnpaBHTb B AMepHI\Y OCTaJIbHbIX JIeH,n;eHn;eB. OHH ero- B Ha-


221




BOBblR DJIIIMYT
MepeHlIH, OTROJIOBillHCb, C03aTb OT}J;eJlhHOe ROJIOHHaan;lIOHHOe IIpeA-
npUHTHe, tITO nO)J;TBepmaJIO npemHIOIO ,n;OraRY Bpa,n;<I>op}J;a. RYII:bI
YBe,n;OMJIHJIII, tITO, BLIKYIIHB nail Y 3CTOHa, OHII HCRJIIOqHJIH ero lI3
p;eJIa. OHOBpeMeHHO OHIi npe,n;ynpem}J;aJIH, 'fITO HOBLIe KOJIOHHCTbI-
He nOnOJIHeHHe nJIHMYTaM, a UX KOHKypeHTbI. KamMeH II AmoH
IIHpc ,n;06aBJIHJIH OT ce6H: aTO «JIIO,n;H He ,n;JIH BaC», 3TO JIHqHOCTH,
«He)J;OCTOHHbIe Haxo,n;HTLCH B 06eCTBe lIeCTHbIX JIIO,n;eH», a TaKme
clIoc06HLIe HcnopTHTL OTHomeHHH KOJIOHHII C IIH)J;eHaMII. «TaRHM
06pa30M,- aanHCaJI BP3,n;«pOP,n;, 03HaROMHBmHCL C HOBOCTHMH,- Bce
Ha}J;em}J;bI, CBHaaHH:bIe C UMeHeM YaCTOHa, paCCbInaJIHCb B IIpax...»
II 0 nOJIOmeHHII KOJIOHIlCTOB: «OHH OCTaJIHC:b He TOJILRO 6e3 IIOMOI:u;H
B CBoeM RpaHHe TpY}J;HOM nOJlOmeHHH, He HMeH HR npo,n;OBOJIbCiTBlIH,
HII npe,n;MeTon ,n;JIH npo,n;amH, HO II nog yrp030H, qTO Y HHX oT6epYT
TO, qTO MOrJIa npeJ];OCTaBHTb }J;JIH HX no,n;)J;epmalIIfH 3)];CmHHH CTpa-
na» (B, 135).
. JIIO)];H YacToHa y nHJIll:rpHMOB He 3a,n;opmaJIliCb (BepOHTIlO, fiX He
aa,n;epmHBaJIU). MopeM OHH nepe6paJIIICb ceBepHee, B MacCa"tfyceT-
CKYIO 6YXTY, 11 060CHOBaJIHCb 6JIHa IIH,n;encROH )J;epeBHII Yaccara.cceT.
«"llapHTH» B KOHe ceHTH6pH - HaqaJIe ORTH6pH 1622 r. ymeJI Ha
pO,n;HHY.
B IIJIHMYTe TeM BpeMeHeM nOJIOmeHHe C rrpO}J;OBOJIbCTBHeM CTa-
HOBIIJIOC:b RpUTHQeCRHM. 3anacbI sepHa II MYRH HCCHRJIH. OXOTHHRH
II pLI6aRH IIp1l BceM CTapaHHH He MOrJIH BLlpyqHTb MHOrOqllCJIeHHLIX
TOBapHm;ei. C06upaJIII C"Le,n;06HLle paKYUIRH, RopeHbH, TpaBbI, HrO)];bI,
rpH6LI,. opeXH. HeRSBeCTHO, }J;OTHHYJIH 6LI )];0 ypOiHan, eCJIH 6bI He
HeomH,n;aHHaH nOMOI:I(:b. MHMO, B non:CKax MeCTa ,n;JIH JIOBJIH P:bI6bI,
npOIIJILIBaJI Ha CBoeH «BoHa HOBa» KanHTaH AmoH X3,n;JICTOH. OH
6pOCHJI HKOp:b Y llJIuMYTa, 'fIT06bl C006HTb 0 6e,n;e, nocTHrmeH
BHprHHeB B MapTe. YaHaB 0 saTpY)J;HeHHHx KOJIOHHCTOB, KanHTaH
6esB03Mea}J;HO oT,n;aJI HM lIaCTb HMeBmHXCH Y Hero IIpO}J;YRTOB.
M3BeCTHe 0 BHprHHCROH « 6oilHe», KaK Korga -TO BOHHCTBeHllbIH
,n;eMapDI HapparaHceTOB, saCTaBHJIO npo,n;OJImHTL 060pOHIITeJILH:bIe pa-
60T:bI, ,n;o KOTOp:bIX }J;OJIroe BpeMH He }J;OXO,n;HJIH PYRH rOJIo,n;HLIX U
HCTOMJIeHHLIX JIIO,n;en. COOpYAHJIH «cDopT Ha XOJIMe» (Fort Hill).
IIocTpoeHHbIH B HeM 6JIORraY3 CTaJI eHTpOM nOCeJIRa, MeCTOM 60ro-
CJIymeHHn II 06HX c06paHHi. TaK IIo}J;omJIO BpeMH c60pa ypomaH.
Ypomaii nopa,n;oBaJI. «iKHBOTLI Bcex 6LIJIH aanOJIHeHbI» (B, 139).
RaR paa Tor}J;a llJIIIMYTCKYIO 6YXTY nOCeTHJI Ropa6JIL «AHCKaBe-
PH» KarrHTaHa TOMaca AmOHca, HanpaBJIHBmHnCH HS BHprHHHII B
AHrJIHIO. Ha KOpaOJle Haxo,n;IIJICH ceRpeTapb BHprHHCKOH KOJIOHHJI
AmOH IIopH. lloame OB orrncaJl CBoe IIocem;eHHe HOBoro IIJIHMYTa:
«...qTO KacaeTCH RatIeCTB aemHnx JIIOAeii, TO RaR 6LI 6LIJIO xopomo,
222

..XAHAAH» MEHHET OBJIBK
eCJIH 6LI mHTeJIB IOmHOH KOJIOHHH 6:bIJIII HaCTOJIbKO me CB060)J;HLI
OT 3JI06LI 11 nopOROB, KaK OBH. Mx pa60Tocnoc06BOCTb II npBJlema-
HlIe BH,n;HLI no HX iKHJILIM 1I0CTpOHKaM, no n a JIll cap;y , oKpymalOIqeMY
nOCeJIOK, ,n;JIHHOH B 2700 <PYTOB H ropaa,n;o 60JIee npOqBOMY, qeM Te,
't{TO H BlIeJI B BlIprIIHHH, a TaKme, HaKOlIen;, 110 6JIORraY3Y, KOTOpbIH
OHII B03BlIrJIH Ha HaH60JIee BbICOKOM MeCTe II Ha KOTOp:bIii BO)];PY-
3IIJIII opY)J;He, QTO 06eCneQHBaeT HX KOMaH,n;Hoi rroaHHeii Ha,n; Bcei
6YXTOi. ECJIH rOBOpHT:b 06 HX OTBomeBIIHX C HH)J;eiiaMH, TO OHH
,u;pya:bH CO BceMH CBOHMH COCe)];JlMII... O,n;HaKO OHB 6)J;HTeJI:bHLI II neCYT
cTpamy ,n;HeM H HOtIblO» 1.
TaKoi rrpe,n;cTaBJIHJIaCL I{OJIOHHH lIOCTopoBHeMY na6JIIO)J;aTeJIIO,
cMoTpeBmeMY Ha nee, MomeT 6bITb, CJIIIIDKOM BocTopmeHHo: nOCJIe
BrrellaTJleHHH OT nepea\HBmeii «60HIIIO» BHprHHIIH, nOCJIe paafoBo-
pOB C Bpa,n;q,op,n;oM, KOTOpLI.H lIOHlIMaJl, QTO paccRa3 TIoplI nOBJIHHeT
Ha OTHomeBHe K nHJIRrpHMaM B AHrJIHH. CaM Epap;<pop,n; xopomo
3HaJI, 'fITO «iI\HBOTLI aarrOJIHeHbI» TOJlbKO na BpeMJI, lITO 9TO oCJla6-
nHeT Bce CIIJIbHLIe CTOpOH:b1 ROJIOHHH. CeMJlH )J;JlJI cJIe,n;YIOm;ero noceBa
nOllTH He OCTaBaJIOCL, a aTO rp03HJIO HOBbIM rOJIo,n;OM. TI09TOMY ry-
6epHaTOp rronpOCI1JI jKOHCa npo,n;aTb ROJlOHIICTaM npe,r(MeTLI, ro,n;HbIe
,n;JIH 06MeBa C HH,n;eiin;aMH Ha npo)J;YRTbI lIHTaHHH. ,I(moRc COrJIaCHJI-
CH, HO He 6bIJI BeJIHRO)];ymcH, RaK X3,D;JICTOH. OH aanpOCHJI sa CBOII
TOBapbl OqeHL BbICOKYro eHY. EMY IIJIaTUJIH )];OpOrHMH 606pOBLIMH
lliKypRaMII. « Ho OHH 6bIJIH pa,n;bI CJIy't{aIO II pa,n;bI nJIa THT:b JII06ylO
n;eHY...» (B, 139).
ITocJle yxoa «;r:J:HcKaBepH» C rrplI06peTeHHLIMH 6ycaMII II Homa-
l\{H IIJIHMYTD;bI Ha lIHHHace «CBall», ROTOpOH BJIa,n;eJIH JIIOH YacToHa,
npe,n;lIpHHHJIII HeCI\OJILRO TOprOB:bIX aRcrre;a;Hn;HH R IIH,n;eiin;aM. Bo
BpeMH O,IJ;HOH II3 lIHX YMep npocTYAHBlIIlIncH CRaRTO. 3RCne)];HHH
Bo06rn;e OKa3aJIHCb He OqeHb y,n;atIHbIMII. TeM lIe Mellee B ,n;onOJlHe-
Hue K HMeBmeMYCH ne60JIbmOMY 3anacy OHB rrpHHeCJIH ,n;oCTaTOqUO
npo,n;YKTOB, 'fIT06LI IIJIIIMYT Mor IIepe3HMOBaT:b, XOTH II C 60JILmHM
TPYOM. lIHoe ;n;eJIO Y accaracceT. IIo HeOilDITHOCTH H 1I3-aa ne,n;o-
CTaTOQHOH opraHH30BaHHocTH TaM He OQeHb aKOHOMU.iIH aaIIaC,bI,
nplIBe3eHHble II3 AHfJIHM, 3eMJIe,n;eJIUeM <paKTlIqeCKH He 3aHlIMaJIH(:b,
1 Cavanagh W. H. Ope cit., p. 199-200. JIoHr<peJIJIO BJIOiRHJI B YCTa CTaHp;nn.ra
CJIeJJ;YIOHe CJIOBa, 06paeHHLle K KOJIOHHCTY AiROHY OJIp;aHY:
BbIl"JlHHH B 3TO ORHO! Ta:M: BH;a;Ha MOH Me;a;HaH nYWRa,
C KpbIWH n;epRoBHoit OHa nponOBelJ;OBaTb 6yneT He;a;YPHO -
JIorHRott HecoRpymHMoM, npHMOIO, HCHOtt H CHJIbBoi,
B cep;a;e H3bI'IHHRY cpa3Y II03HaHHe npaB;IJ;bI BHe;a;pffH.
qTO me, nomaJIyii, Tenepb MbI rOTOBbl l\ HaoeraM HHAeiieB.
(JIouerJje.n,.n,o r. Ynaa. C01t., c. 286).
223

HOBbItt nJIHMYT
nOnOJIHeHHe rrpHnaCOB C PO)];HHbI He nocTyrraJlO. 3IIMOH 1622/23 r.
pa3pa3HJIaCb l\aTacTpo<pa. JIIO,n;H YacToHa YMHpaJIH OT rOJIo)J;a. qacTb
113 HIIX B IIOHCl\aX IIHm;H pa36peJIaCb lIO JIecy, r)J;e HeROTopbIe norH6JIII,
a ,n;pyrlIe HamJlM IIpMIOT Y HH)J;enu;eB.
CeHqaC MbI nO)];OIIlJIH R C06bITMHM, _xo)J; KOTOpbIX Y)J;aeTCH npOCJIe-
,n;HTb no HCTOtIHHKaM, lIpOJIHBaIOI:u;HM Ha HIIX COBepmeHHO paaJllIlI-
HbIH CBeT. MMeIOTCH B BH)J;Y yme 3Hal\OMaH qHTaTeJIIO «MCTOPIIH»
EP3)J;<p o p)];a II «HOBbIH aHrJIIIHCRIIH XaHaaH» TOMaca MopTOHa.
MOpTOH (1578-1647) 2 - ,n;meHTJIbMeH, ropHCT no o6pa30Ba-
HHIO, qeJIOBel\ 3PY)J;IIpoBaHHLln, 3HeprHtIHbln II OCTPOYMHLIi. B ce-
pe)J;IIHe 20-x ro,n;OB npII6bIJI B HOBYIO AHTJIHIO. Qepe3 HeRoTopoe
BpeMH Melli)J;Y MOpTOHOM H PYROBO)];MTeJIHMM HOBoro IIJIIIMYTa
B03HIII\ OCTp:bIH ROH<pJIHRT (0 HeM em;e nOH)J;eT peqb). B pe3YJIbTaTe
IIHJIHrp_IIMbI BbICJIaJIH MopTOHa H3 CTpaHbI.
« HOBbIn aHrJIIInCRHH XaHaaH», IIJIH npOCTO « ROBbIH XaRaaH» 3,
RaR npHHHTO Ha3bIBaTb 3TY RHHry,- IIaM<pJIeT, IIpOCJIaBJIHIOI:u;HH BbI-
Hym)];eHHO nOKIIHYTYro aBTopOM CTpaHY II nOHOCHI:u;IIH nlIJIHrpIIMOB.
B 3TOM CMbICJle CJIe,n;yeT rrOHIIMa Tb H Ha3BaHHe: C O)J;Hon CTOpOHbI,
Ral\ B03BbIIIla1Om;ylO arrOJIOrHIO, a C )];PyroH - Ral\ YHHqTOma1OYIO
HpOHMIO. B D;eJIOM RHHra MopTOHa IIOJIHa aa)J;opHoro IOMopa H I\OJl-
ROTO capRa3Ma, OqeHb 3MOU;HOHaJIbHa. 8TO, a TaRme HBHaH IIpIICT-
paCTHOCTb aBTopa He MOrJlII He CRa3aTbCH Ha II3JIOmeHIIH <paRTOB,
BO BCHROM CJIyqae Ha IIX On;eHRe, qTO )J;OJImHO 6bITb yqTeHO. O)];HaI\O
rrplI 1I3JIOmeHHII Tex me <paKTOB EP3,D;<POP,n;, nplI BceH ero BHemHeH
6ecnpHcTpacTHocTH, BblcTyrraeT RaR JIHU;O 3aHHTepecoBaHHoe, B qeM-
TO ,n;ame 60JIee, qeM MOPTOH, qTO Tal\me neJIb3H YIIYCRaTb 113 BII)J;Y.
Q T06bI )];a Tb 60Jlee rrOJIHOe IIpe)];CTaBJIeHHe 0 MopTOHe M ero
Tpy,n;e, CKameM neCROJILHO CJIOB 0 TOM ero tIaCTH (KHMra 1 II 2-H),
r)J;e aBTOp orrHCbIBaeT CTpaHY H ee RopeHHbIX 06HTa TeJIeH. I-IoBaH
AHTJlIIH, lIO ero CJIOBaM,- «me)J;eBp lIpHpO)J;bI». «ECJIH HCRYCCTBO H
Tpy)J;OJII06IIe C)J;eJIaIOT CTOJlbl\O me, CI\OJIbl\O lIpe)J;OCTaBIIJIa XaHaaHY
rrpHpO)];a, TO He 6Y)J;eT BO BceM CBeTe MeCTa JIyqIIlerO )J;JIH rrpOn;BeTa-
HIIH II OT)J;bIxa...» (M, 3, 10).
rOBOpH 06 HH)J;enn;ax, MOpTOH BbICI\a3bIBaJI CTOJIbKO YBameHHH,
lIOHHMaHHH II CHMIIaTHH, CKOJIbHO, lIOmaJIYH, HHHTO M3 rrIIcaBIIlHX
o HHX B TO BpeMH, )];ame H3 )J;o6pOmeJIaTeJlen. HaIIpHMep: «...R Ha-
IIIeJI HH)J;eHu;eB MaCCaqyceTca 60JIee rYMaHHbIMH, tIeM xpHcTHaHe,
HaHn 6bIJIM ropa3)J;0 rOCTenpMHMHee; He H lIpHHOpaBJIHBaJlCH K HHM,
2 0 HeM rrOJJ;po6Hee CM.: Connors D. F. Thomas Morton. Ne,v York, 1969.
3 Morton T. New English Canaan.- In: Tracts, Vol. II. )J;aJIee, RaR II B CJIYtJae
C «l1cTopMeH» Bp3JJ;cpopJJ;a, CCbIJIR:H Ha RHlIry l\'lopToHa 6YAYT JJ;aBaTbCR cpa-
ay 3a IJ;MTIlpyeMbIM OTpbIBROM.
224

(XAHAAH» MEHHET OBJIHK
a OHH KO MHe, XOTH 60JII>IDlIHCTBO JIIO,n;eii, C KOTOpbIMlI H BbIca,n;HJICH,
pa36peJIOCb HJIH norH6JIo, H Hac 6MJIO OqeH:b HeMHoro. .H 3Ham,
rrpHHHTo C"tIlITaTb HeH36emHbIM, lITO Ror,n;a BCTpeqaIOTCH )];Be Han;HH,
TO, rrpemAe qeM MomHO Ha,n;eHTbCH Ha YCTaHOBJIeHHe Mem)];y HHMH
MHpa, oAHa )];OJImHa ynpaBJIHTb, a ,n;pyraH - nO)];lIHHHTbCH; H 3HaIO,
BbI CRameTe, 'liTO CTbI)];HO H rr030pHO )];JIH xplICTHaB rro,n;lIHBHT:bCH
rrpaBJIeHHIO )];lIRapeH. .H ,n;YMalO HHa"tJe, rro RpaHHeH Mepe MOH orrbIT
rro,n;TBepm,n;aeT CJIe)];YIOee: qeM 60JIbme ,n;HRapeH, TeM 60JII>me ro-
CTerrpHIiIMCTBa, 'fIeM 60JIbme xpHCTHaH, TeM xyme" Bac npHHlIMa1OT,
M aTO MomeT rrO)];TBepAHTb BCHRHH 6ecrrpIICTpaCTHLIH HOJIOHlICT »
(M,77-78).
IIpHcTYilaH Herrocpe,n;CTBeHHO R H3JIOi-KeHHIO HHTepeCYIOID;HX Hac
C06:bITHH, HaqHeM C MOMeHTa BCTpeqH IIJIHMYTn;eB C JIIO,n;bMlI Y SCTO-
Ha, ROTOp:bIe npH6bIJIH Ha « qaplITH» H «CBaH».
IIo Bpa,[(q,op,n;y, HX npHHHJIH BeCbMa ,n;pymeCRH. YqHTLIBaJIHCb
YCJIyrn, OKaaaHHMe ROJIOHIIH HX X03HHHOM, IIpOHBJIHJIOCL Heo6xo)J;H-
Moe «xpHCTHaHCRoe MHJIOCep)J;He». rOCTeH pa3MeCTHJIH B c06CTBeHHLIX
f);OMax, KOpMHJIH, JIeqHJIH. Ho OHH 6bIJIH He,n;HCD;HnJIHHHpOBaHHLI, CKY-
nbI, HeqHCT:bI Ha PYKY. OHH HMqeM He IIo,n;eJIHJIHCb lIa CBOHX aanaCOB,
a ye3maH B YsccaracceT, 6pOCMJIH CBOHX 60JIbH:bIX (B, 136-137).
IIo MOPTOHY, X03HeBa IIJIHMYTa, npOHBHB ,n;PymeJI106He, no
RpaHHeH Mepe BHelIIHe, «TeM BpeMeHeM COBem;aJIHCb, RaR HM BI>Iro,n;-
I1ee nOCTYIIHTb, HarreBaH: «Frusratu sapit qui sibi non s,apit...» 4.
Ror,n;a TIJIHMYTD;:b1 aaMeTHJIH, qTO aarraCI>I npOBH3HH JI1O,n;eii YaCTO-
Ha Ha COBMeCTllbIX npa3,n;HeCTBax CHJIbHO nOYMeHbmHJIlICb, OHII CpOll-
HO OTIIpaBMJIlI Tex B MeCTO, lIMeHyeMoe Y3ccaracceT. OCTaBHB IIX B
TPYAHOM IIOJIOmeHHM, rrOCnemHJIlI yexaTI») (M, 72).
ECJIH BcrrOMHHTb, B HaRon: MOMeHT IIpH6bIJIlI JIIO)];H Y 3CTOHa, l\fHe-
lIMe 0 HlIX RalliMena H Amolla IIlIpca, IIX nOJIOmeHlIe RaI{ KOHRY-
peHTOB, TO RapTHHa, HaplIcOBaHHaH MOPTOHOM, npe,n;CTaBJIHeTCH HaM
rrpaB)];ono)];06Hon:, a ,n;en:CTBHH nJIHMYTn;eB, ROTopLIe OB onHCbIBaeT,
,n;o HaBeCTHOH CTeIIeHII onpaB,n;aHH:bIMH, )];OnYCRa1Om;HMH IIOBepHTb H
B CJIOBa BP3,n;<pop)];a. 11 Bpa,n;q,oPA, H MOpTOH B O,n;HH rOJIOC rOBopHT
o Tpy,n;HOM nOJIOmeHHH JIIO,n;eH YaCTOHa B YaccaracceTe. I-IerrpHMHpH-
M:bIe pacxom,n;eHHH HaqlIHaIOTCH n03me.
MOpTOH nOCBHI:u;aeT Cnen;HaJII>HYIO rJIaBY onHcaHHIO rroxo,n;a nJIlI-
:M:YTn;eB IIO,n; ROMaH,n;OBaHHeM «BeJIlIROrO RaIIHTaHa», KaR OB IIpOHH-
"tJeCRH HMeHyeT CT3H)];Hma, B MacCaqyceTc (TaR nOCTerreHHO CTaJIH
Ha3bIBaTb RpaH, npHJIeralOI:u;lIn: R MaccallyceTCRon: 6YXTe). 3,n;eCb, no
CJIOBaM aBTopa «HOBoro XaHaaHa», nJIlIMYTD;LI nOXHTHJIH C HH,[(en-
4 «Hepa3YMHO nocTynaeT TOT, RTO He AYMaeT 0 cBoeii BLIrOe» (.'tar.) .
8 JI. 10. CJIS«HR
225

HOBbIA nJIHMYT
CKOH MOrHJILI YKpamaBIDlIe ee 606pOBbIe IIIKypHH. BOm)J;b 6JI1I3JIema-
eii HH,n;eHCKOH p;epeBHII B:bICKa3aJl aHrJLII'IaHaM CBoe B03MyeHlle.
Tor,n;a CTaH)J;Hm II ero COJI,n;aTDI aa,n;aJIII HHp;eHaM TaRYro OCTpaCTKY
(Bom,n;L 6:bIJI paHeH), 'fITO Te «HHRor,n;a 60JILme He OTBamIIBaJIHC:b
CIIOpHT:b C HIIMH» (M, 73). Y BpaA<pop)J;a HeT yrroMHHaHIIH 06 aTOM
CJIY'Iae. Mbl SHaeM OT Hero TOJIbKO TO, lITO nHJIHrpHM:b1 )J;eiiCTBIITeJI:b-
HO rr06bIBaJIII B Macca'IJyceTcKoii 6YXTe H rrpH06peJIH TaM Mexa.
HSJIOmHB HCTOpHIO 06 orpa6JIeHHII MOrIIJILI, MOpTOH nepexo,n;HT
K paCCKa3Y 0 )J;pyroM CJIytIae orpa6JIeHHH, TeIIepL O,n;HIIM IIa JIIO,n;eii
YacToHa. lIo ero YTBepm,n;eHHIO, 9TOT lIeJIOBeK O'tJIICTHJI JIeCHOH CRJIa,n;
HH,n;e:iieB, aa lITO RaR MapO;a;ep 6L1JI KaaHeH TOBapHm;aMII (M, 74-
75). Bpa)J;cpop)J; He yrrYCRaeT BoaMomHOCTII ynoMHHYTb 0 COBepmeH-
HOM rrpecTynJIeHHH. RpoMe Toro, OH BHymaeT MDICJIL, 'fITO OHO He
ObIJIO C}J;HHIIQH:bIM, 'fITO rpa6emH II rrJIOXoe OTHomeHue JIIO)J;eii YacTo-
Ha H HlI,n;eiin;aM «B:bIHy,n;IIJIH Tex COCTaBHTb 3aroBop rrpoTHB a HrJIII-
'lJaH» (B, 142). Bo BpeMH IIocem;eHHH ,n;eJIeralIeii rrHJIHrpHMOB 60JIb-
Horo MaccacoHTa Bom)J;b HK06M co06m;IIJI 11M, lITO HH)J;eHD;:bI Yac-
caracceTa «pemHJlH rrepepeaaTb JIIO,n;eH Y3CTOHa 3a rrpH'fIUHeHHbIH
Bpe)J; II HeCnpaBe)];JIHBOCTb, IICrrOJIbaYH HX TenepemHIOIO CJIa60CTb.
AJIH B:blno.nHeHHH aToro 3aM:bICJIa OHH rro,n;rOBapHBaJIH ,n;pyrHx HH-
)];eHn;eB npllMRHYTb K HX aarOBOpy. IIoJIaraH, 'fITO nJIHMYTD;LI 6YAYT
MCTIITL aa CMepTL JIIO)J;eii YaCTOHa, OHB pemUJIII pacrrpaBIITLCH II C
9THMH aHrJlJl1laHaMH, rrpHa:bIBaH ero, MaccaCOHTa, npHcoe,n;HHHT:bCH
K HHM» (B, 143).
AaJlee B o6eHx KHlIrax rroBecTByeTcH 0 C06LITHH, ROTopoe Bpa)];-
<poP)]; HaS:bIBaeT «crraceHHeM JlIO;a;eH YaCTOHa» (B, 144), a MOpTOH
«Hs6IIeHBeM ,n;IIRapeii YaccaraCCeTa» (M, 75).
110 MOPTOHY, nOCJIe RaSHH yrroMHHYToro Mapo,n;epa R HH,n;eiaM
YaccaracceTa rrplIeXaJIH nJlHMYTn;bI HH06LI )J;JIH TOprOBJIH. Bo BpeMR
o6e;a;a, Kor,n;a xoaHeBa yrom;aJIHCb rrpHBeaeHHoH rOCTHMH CBHHIIHoii,
«He rrO;a;03peBaH KaKOii-JIH60 sana)J;HH», aHrJIHqaHe HeomH,n;aHHo Ha-
6pOCHJIHCL Ha HHX II aaKOJIOJIII Bcex «HX me c06cTBeHHLIMH HOmaMII».
O)];HOrO, OCTaBIDerOCH B mHBbIx, nOBeCHJIII. CAeJIaB CBoe KpOBaBoe
)J;eJIo, HIIqerO He COo6IIJ;IIB JIIO)J;HM YacToHa, OHH CeJIH B JlO,n;KY H
ynJILIJIH. Y3HaB 0 rr060He, HO He Be)];aH, KTO yqHHIIJI ero, BOm)];b
COCe)];HerO rrJIeMeHII HarraJl Ha YaccaracceT H lIepe6IIJI HO'flLIO saCTH-
rHYTLIX TaM aHrJlHqaH, crraBmHX H 6easam;HTHLIX. MOpTOH aaKJIIO-
qaJl: « ECJIII IIJIHMYTCKIIe ROJIOHIICTLI )J;eHCTBHTeJlbHO meJIaJIH ,n;06pa
MlIcTepy YaCTOHY IIJIH ero JIIO,n;HM, IIO'IeMY OHn npOCTO He apeCTO-
BaJIII HH,n;eiin;eB II lIe IIO)J;om)];aJIH npHXO)J;a )l;pyrIIx aHfJlHqaH? KTO B
peaYJIbTaTe HX aJIO)J;eHHHH nOTepHJI mH3H:b H tIbe IIOCeJIeHHe pacrra-
nOCb, RaK l\fOJRaO Cy,n;HTb, H3-3a CTpaxa MeCTII CO CTOpOHLI IIH,[(eii-
226

«X:AtlAAtI» MEHHEi' o:nnnk
11;eB, BoaMyeHHbIX meCTORIIM IIOCTYIIROM? ...,IJ:H:KapII MacCaqyeTca,
ROTopLIe He Be,n;aJIH, oTRy,[(a H ,[(JIH RaKOH n;eJIH nplIDIJIH Te JI1O,n;H,
HO 3aaJIH 0 COBepmeHHOM IIMH 6eCnpHQHHHOM 3JIe, CTaJIH C Tex nop
Ha3blBaTb aHrJIHHCKHX KOJIOHHCTOB «BOTaBKeHaHre», qTO na H3:MRe
)];HKapei 03HaQaeT «KOBapHbIe y6IIiiLI», HJIH «rOJIOBOpe3LI»; H aTO
HaHMeHOBaHHe nepemJIO TaKiRe Ha Tex, KTO npHeamaJI Ty,n;a rr03me
C 06pLIMH HaMepeHHHMH...» (M, 76).
Y EpBA<poPAa 06 H36HeHRH IIHAeHn;eB HeT HIl CJIOBa. OH JIHIDb
MIlMOXOOM 3aMeqaeT, lITO CBe,n;eHHH 06 HHAeiicKoM 3arOBope «6LIJIH
cepbe3HO 06cym,n;eHLI». I10cJIe aToro CT3H,n;Hm nOJIYllIIJI npHKaa
OTIIpaBHTbCH Ha 60TO C ne60JIbDIHM OTpH,n;OM B Y3ccaracceT. I1pH6:bIB
TYAa, KanHTaH HameJI JIIOAeii YacT-OHa «B ymacHoM IIOJIOmeHHH»
II B nOJlHOM paa6po,n;e. OH cHa6p;HJI HX He60JIbIDHM KOJIHlIeCTBOM
C'beCTHLIX IIplInaCOB H IIpe,n;JIOmHJI HM nJIMTb B lIoBbIH IIJIHMYT, 'ITO-
6bI TaM omn,n;aTb Y3CTOHa, KOTOp:bIH ,n;OJImeH 6:bIJI BCRope npHexaTL
B AMepHRY, HJIIl OTnpaBHTbCH B KaKOe-JIII60 APyroe MecTo, no HX
meJIaHHIO. BOJIbmHHCTBO npe,n;noqJIo 60JI:bDIe He BCTpe"laT:bCH C IIH-
JIlIrpHMaMH. «TaRoB 6:bIJI KOHen; Tex, KTO HeKOTopoe BpeMH HaaaA
XBaCTaJICH CBoeH CHJIOH...» (B, 143-144).
PaccKaa BKcnaHCHBHoro MopToHa, npH B03MOiKH:bIX HaTHmRax,
6J1Hme K HCTHHe, 'fIeM paCCKaa «CBHTOrO» BP3,n;<I>op,n;a. 3TO CTaHO"
BlITCH OtIeBH,[(HbIM npH 3HaKOMCTBe C AOnOJIHHTeJlbH:bIMII IICTOqHH-
RaMI!.
qep3 rOA rrOCJIe C06bITHH B Y3ccaracceTe B JIoH)];OHe 6bIJIa
ony6J1HKoBana ne60JI:bmaH 6poIDlOpa, HanHcaHHaH 3. YHHCJIOY H
Ba3BaHBaH «A06pDIe BeCTII H3 HOBOH AHrJIHU» 5. B HeH rOBOpIIJIOCb,
tITO YRaaaHHbIM C06bITHHM npe,n;meCTBOBaJIa ccopa CT9HJ];Hma c
HHAeHaMH BO BpeMH ero ToprOBMX BRcneJ];HIJ;UU. B pe3YJIbTaTe B
<peBpaJIe 1623 r. HH,n;eiiD;bI ,n;epeBHH MaTTaqHCT Ha MbIce Rop;
(6YAYHii .fI PMYT ) H rrplIme,n;mHe Typ;a ,[(PyrlIe IIHJ];eiin;LI « HaMepe-
BaJIIICb, 06'be,n;IIHHBmHCL, y6HTL» KanHTaHa Hero JIIO,n;eH. B MapTe
B ,n;epeBHe MaHoMeT H3BeCTHDIH BOHH BaTaBaMaT (BHTYBaMaT) rpo-
3HJI YHHqTOiRHTb Bcex aHrJIHqaH. B o60lIX CJlYtIaHX 6,n;HTeJI:bBOCTb
CTBH,n;HIDa npe,n;OTBpaTHJIa Hanap;eHHe 6.
AmoH CMIIT, ROTOp:bIH BocnpOH3BOP;HJI B CBoeM TpYAe 06CTOHTeJIb-
CTBa, CBHaaHHLle C «3arOBOpOM», co CJlOB YHHCJIOY, BHec, BepOHT-
HO, npe,n;CTaBJIHH ce6e cyecTBo MaHeBpa nJIHMYTn;eB HJIH 3HaH 0
HeM, cBoeo6paaHLln HIOaHC B onHcaHHe C06:bITHii: «T or,u;a onn nopy-
5 Chronicles, p. 269-368; Travels and Works of Captain John Smith, 1580-
1631, ed. by E. Arber. Edinburg, 1910, VIs I-II, Vol. II, p. 760-769 (Aa-
Jlee - Smith's Travels).
6 Chronicles, p. 308-312; Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 763.
227
8*

it b B ht it tI jt It M: Y1'
tJ:ItJtR CT3Hli;Hiily :tI BOCbMII Ha6paHHbIM AJIH aTOrO 1\0JIOBHctaM naG
8UOOM Tope08.!tU YCTPOUTb aanaonlO...» 7.
CT3H,n;Hm, npo,n;OJImaJl YHHCJIOY, nanpaBHJICH B YaccaracceT,
r,n;e pacrropHJ];HJICH JIIO,n;bMH Y 3CTOHa. TaM R HeMY npHmeJl HH,n;ee
II rrplIHec ,n;JIH rrpo,n;amH Mexa. CT3H)];IIill aano,n;o3pHJI ero B He,n;06-
pOM. RaK pa3 B 3TOT MOMeHT ,n;pyroH HH,n;een;, IleRcaYT (IleRcHoT),
IIpHOJIH3HJICH I\ X060MORY II CKa3aJl, 't{TO eMY H3BeCTHO HaMepeHHe
RaIIfITaHa y6JITb Bcex 3,n;emHHX HH,n;eneB. OH ,n;06aBHJI: « MbI ero He
60IlMCH». I10CJIe 3Toro OH HaqaJI yrpoiKaT:b aHrJIHqaHaM. K HeMY
npHcoe,n;HHHJICH BaTaBaMaT. QT06bI CORpaTHTb AOBOJI:bHO ,n;JIHHHLliI
paCCRaa YHHCJIOY 8, 06paTHMCH OTIHT:b R H3J10iKeHHIO CMIITa, KOTopoe
coxpaHHeT CYTb ,n;eJIa: «Bee aTO CT3H)];IIm BHaqaJIe nepeHec TepneJIH-
BO, HO Ha ,n;pyroH ,n;eHb, BIf,n;H, "tJTO CMY He y,n;aeTCH C06paT:b MHoro
HH,n;eHD;cB BMecTc, a TOJIbRO ,n;nyx cHaH,n;aJIHCTOB n eID;e ,IJ;BYX, OH,
naXO)];HCb BMeCTe C OCTaJIbHbIMII CBOHMH JIIO)];:bMII B y,n;06HOl\I AJIH
3Toro nOMeeHI1H, O)];HOH PYRon BbIXBaTIIJI y TIeRcHoTa Hom, a ,n;py- -
roii - corHYB eMY melO, IIepepe3aJI ropJIO, OCTaJIbHble y6IIJIII Ba-
TaBaMaTa II )J;pyroro HH,n;eiin;a, a 3aXBaqeHHOrO IOHomy, 6paTa Ba-
TaBaMaTa, TaRoro me no,n;JIen;a, RaR OH caM, TIOBeCHJIII. TIpHXO,n;I1TCH
YIJ;HBJIHTbCH, RaR ,n;OJIro II 6eCCTpaIDHO OHII conpOTIIBJIHJIIICb, Bce
1I3paHeHHble, He npOH3HOCH HII aBYKa, TIORa He IICnYCKaJIH nOCJIe,n;HHH
B3,n;OX... IIoceJIoR CT3H)];Hm OCTaBHJI no,n; oxpaHoH JlIO,n;eii YacToHa;
6LIJIO y6HTO em;e TPH AIIRa pH; Y3HaB 06 aTOM, HH,n;eiin;:bI y6emaJIII
H3 CBOHX ,n;OMOB» 9.
Ha CJIe,n;YIOID;IIH ,n;eH:b nJIHMYTD;:bI BCTpeTJIJIHCb C rpYIITIOH IIH,n;eH-
n;eB, KOTopbIe 06CTpeJIHJIH HX H3 JIYKOB. 3aBH3aJICH He,n;OJIrHH 60H.
MH,n;eHD;:bI 6eiKaJIH. MHorHe 1I3 HHX, aarHaHHbIe B 60JIOTa, norH6JIH
OT rOJIo,n;a, XOJIo,n;a II 60JIe3HeH. Y HHCJIOY 3aRaHqHBaJI paCCRa3, y6em-
,n;aH, qTO BMemaTeJIbCTBO ne6ec cnaCJIO IIHJIHrpHMOB B MOMeHT, Kor,n;a
OHH 6:bIJIH «Ha KpalO nponaCTH», He Be,n;aH 0 rp03Hm;eH 11M onaCHO-
CTH 10.
O,n;HaKO nHJIlIrpHMaM He y,n;aJIOCb onpaB,n;aTb meCTOKoe RpOBonpo-
JlIITHe CCbIJIROH Ha HlIqeM He no,n;TBepm,n;eHH:bIH «3arOBOp » II Ha BMe-
IDaTeJIbCTBO B:bICIDHX CHJI, ROTopble HX pYRaMII nOKapaJlH HH,n;eHn;eB.
He 0)];06PIIJiH ,n;eHcTBIIH nHJIHrpHMOB )];ame MHorHe IIX ,n;PY3bH. Mx
,n;YXOBHbIH naCTLIp:b H HaCTaBHIIR nncaJI 113 JIeH,n;eHa: « q TO KacaeTCH
y6HHcTBa Tex HeCqaCTHLIX HH,n;eHn;eB... O! HacRoJIbKO 6:bIJIO 6:bI JIyq-
me, eCJIH 6:bI BbI 06paTHJIlI HeCROJI:bRHX Ha HIIX B xpHCTHaHCTBO,
7 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 765 (noAepI\HYTo HaMH.- JI. C.).
8 Chronicles, p. 337-339.
9 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 765.
10 Chronicles, p. 345.
228

«XAItAAH» MEHHEft otJttttt
ttpe}t{)J;c ttCM YOHTL XOTH 6:bI O)J;BOrO JI3 BJIX; RpOMe Toro, taM, t;t1;e
RpOBb npOJIMTa o,n;Ham:bI, OHa . ee ,n;OJIro TeqeT IIOCJIe 3Toro, He
OCTaHaBJIMBaHCb. Bbl CRameTe: OHII 3aCJIymlIBaJIII aToro. .H ,n;orry-
CRalO, HO He 6bIJIn JIII OHn cnpOBOD;HpOBaHLI TeMn meCTORHMH xpn-
CTHaHaMII (JIIODMH YaCTOHa.- JI. C.)? R TOMY me, He 6YAYllH HX
npaBMTeJIHMII, BLI ,n;OJImH:bI 6bIJIH 6ecnOKOHTbCH He 0 TOM, qero OHn
3aCJIymHJIH, a 0 TOM, 'tITO BbI HeH36emHO npHlIHHIITe CTpaAaHIIH.
H He BHlliY He06xo,n;IIMOCTH npIIqHHHT:b 3TII CTpa,n;aHHH, oc06eHHO
y6HBaH TaR MHoro JIIO,n;ei (a, Kan BH,n;HO, eCJIII 6bI CMOrJIII, y6IIJIII
6M H 60Jlbme)... IIo)];YManTe, CJIe,n;yeT JIM BaM B IIo)];06HLIX cJlyqaHX
HCnOJIb30Ba Tb naIIIITaHa, ROToporo H JII06JIIO H ROToporo Bor nOCJIaJl
BaM Ha IIOJIb3Y, HO nprr6eraTb R ero YCJIyraM CJIe,n;yeT YMeJIO» (B,
172-173).
Bpa,n;<pop nllCaJI lIe no CJIe,n;aM C06bITHH «<I1CTOPHH» Ha'tlaTa B
1630 r.). OH Mor CqUTaTb, qTO CJIyqUBmeeCH B YaccaracceTe-
ne3Ha QIITCJIbH:bIH 3IIH30, He 3aCJIymuBaIOII(MH CIIen;MaJIbHOrO onnca-
HMH. CKopec, on H36eraJl rOBopMTb 06 3TOM. Ho HymHo 'oT,n;aT:b cnpa-
Bep;JIHBOCTb Bp3,IJ;cpOp,n;y, OH OCTaBJIHJI B03MomHOCTb rroaHaROMHTbCH
C <paRTaMH. ¥ Hero eCTb. ynoMHHaHHe 0 6pOllilOpe "YIIHCJIOY (npaB-
,n;a, B ,n;pyron CBH3H) II nprrBo,n;HTCH D;HTIIpOBaBmeeCH BbIme nHCbMO
P06HHCOHa. MHaqe rOBopH, H nplI H3JIOmeHHH C06bITHM B ¥3ccarac-
ceTe M;OpTOH ORa3LIBaeTCH B OCHOBHOM 60JIee TO"IlHLIM II npaB,n;HBbIM
paCCKaaqIIKOM.
IIpe,n;cTaBJIeHHH aMepHKaHn;eB 0 peii:,n;e CT3H,n;Hma yme 01leHb ,n:aB-
HO CBH3aHLI C lI)];eaJIHaaD;HeH HMII mH3HM II nocTynKoB «OTD;OB-IIHJIII-
rpHMOB», a TaRme Tex n06Y)];HTeJIbHLIX MOTIIBOB, Ma-aa KOTOpbIX aMe-
pMRaHCRaH JIIITepaTypa npeBpaTHJIa TparHtIeCRYIO HCTOpHIO BLITeCHe-
HHH HH,n;eHD;eB B repOHqeCRYIO anonelO «3aIIa,n;HOH rpaHHD;LI», r)];e
6eJIaH Koma CMMBOJIM3IIpOBaJIa ,n;06po,n;eTeJIH II MYJReCTBO, a TaRme
npaBO Ha 3eMJIIO «,n;MRapeH}), Ha y6HHCTBO «RpaCHOROmerO», aaBe,n;OMO
«KOBapHOrO» H «meCTOROrO». IIpHl\leHHTeJIbHO R peny CTaa,n;lIma
3TO HalliJIO BbIpameHHe B n03Me «CBaTOBCTBO MaiJl3a CT9H,n;nma»
JIoHr<peJIJIO.
II03T, H306pamaH BoeHHbIH COBeT IIIIJIHrplIMOB no CJIyqaIO H3BC-
CTHH 0 «aarOBOpe» IIH,n;eiin;eB, nncaJI:
To npeJ];JIaraJIII J];a ce, CYJII1JI11, pHJ];lIJIlI, IICRaJIII,-
rOJIOC Of);HH 6:bIJI 3a MIIp, H TO 6:bIJI npeCBHTepa rOJIOc.
OH CtIlITaJI, tITO BeJIIIT II MYJ];pOCTL II J];OJIf xpncTHancRu:ii,
He y6HBaH BparoB, HaCTaBIITL IIX B IICTlIHHOH Bepe.
CJIOBO TYT B3HJI MaHJI3 CT8Hf);Hm, IIJIIIMYTa BOeHatIaJILUHK.
rJIYXO 113 ropJIa ero B:bIp:bIBaJIIICb fneBH:ble 3BYKH:
229

tt 0 B LI it n jt :b: M: V t
«tITo! 3,n;eCb XOTflT BOeBaTb MOJIOKOM II CJIa,IJ;KOH BO,IJ;IIn;ei?
Pa3Be 6eJIOK CTpeJIHTb Ha n;epKBIf nOCTaBJIena nymKa?
HbIHqe nopa 113 Hee HaM ,n;bHBOJIOB 6HTL KpaCHOK()iKIIX!
ECTL OP;IDI JIHllIb H3LIK, ,IJ;HKapHM Hepa3YMHLIM rrOHHTHLIU,
8TO H3LIK Hamen rrymKH, H3bIK OFHH II iKeJIe3ah>
CT3HMm B:bIcTynaeT B noxo,IJ:. .D:ocTBrHYB HH,n;eiicKoii ,n;epeBHH,
RanHTaH HatIHHaeT MHpHLlff 06MeHHbIH Topr C ee iRHTeJIHMB. B XOAe
aTOrO 3aHHTHH aHrJIHqaHe BMeCTO omH,n;aeMLIX HH,I];eiin;aMH o,n;eHJI
CTaJIH npe,n;JIaraT:b HM BB6JIHIO. «Cpaay HX TOH HaMeHHJICH II CTaJI
3aOpHO XBaCTJlHB:bIM». COBepmeHO, ,n;aeT nOHHT:b aBTOp, CBHTOTaT-
CTBO (HO He IIa)J;eBaTeJI:bCTBO JIB na)J; HH,n;eii:u;aMH, cnpOCHM M:bl, npe,n;-
naraT:b COBepmeHHO HeHymH:bIH H HenOHHTHLIH 11M npe,n;MeT?).
ATMoccpepa oc06eHHO HaRaJIHeTCH, ROr)];a rHraHT BaTaBaMaT HalIHHa-
eT rJIYMIITLCH Ha,n; KaIIHTaHOM, YRa3bIBaH Ha ero MaJILIH pOCT, B:bIpa-
maR COMHeHHe B ero CllJIe H xpa6pocTH. A TYT CT3H,n;Hill 06Hapy-
iKHBaeT, lITO HH,n;eii:U;LI rOTOBHT Hana,n;eHlle: «!\paJIMCb Bce 6JIIIme OHH,
cymaJl IIeTJIIO aaca,n;:bI». KaIIHTaH pemBJI ,n;encTBoBaTL:
PHHYJlCH K ,IJ;ep3KOMY OH, II Hom pBaHYB c ero meH,
B cepp;n;e eMY BOH3M. OTmaTHYJICH HH,IJ;een; H PYXHYJI
R He6y JlHD;OM, Ha KOTOpOM cBHpenaH HpOCTb 3aCTLIJIa.
TOTllac 6emeHLIH KJIHq 6oeBoH OrJlaCHJI BCIO oKpyry.
TOqHO B3BHxpeHHbIH CHer, 1J;eKa6pLCKIIM BeTp01-I rOHHMLIn,
BbICTpbIe CTpeJIIJ, CBHCTH, rrpOMqaJlHCb poeM nepHaTbIl\I.
RJIy60M BLIpOC ,IJ;LIMOK, H MOJlHHH pe3Ro cBepRHYJIa,
rpOM yp;apHJI en BCJIep;, II He3pHMaH cMepTb 3amaraJIa.
B cTpaxe HHp;enn;LI HCRaJIH y6eiKHlla B TorrHX H lIam;e
OT Hacep;aBmHX COJIp;aT...
BOT I\aK B rrepBOM 6010 n06ep;HJI OTBamHLIH MaHJl3 CTaH,IJ;Hrn.
BecTb 06 aTOM p;OCTaBHJlH B IIJlHMYT H BMeCTO TpocpeH -
rOJlOBY naBmero Hep;pyra. MpallHO JIHXoii BaTaBaMaT
C RpbIIDH CTpoeHbH B3HpaJl, qTO 6bIJlO II xpaMOM H .pOpTOM.
Bce, I{TO BHp;eJI ero, JIHKOBaJIH II Bora XBaJIHJIH.
CT9H,n;IIID ee ,n;oJIro pMCKaJI no JIeCaM, «rOTOBH norH6eJIL Bpam-
,n;e6H:bIM HH,n;eHcRHM oTpH,n;aM. 3BYK ero rOJIOca BCKope BHymaTL
CTaJI ymac Hapo,n;aM» H.
....................... .
H JIonerfie.l£.I£o r. YKa3. COli., c. 247-248, 255-258. HanoMHHM, qTO npn OIIHca-
HRH BoeHHoro COBeTa CJIOBO «npecBHTep» nepeBOAqHR ynoTpe6HJI HeTOqHO.
Bo BCHROM CJIyqae, ero CJIe,n;yeT nOHIIMaTb B 6YKBaJIbHOM CMLICJIe - «cTapeii-
TllHHa», a He B TOM, RaKoii npHo6peJIo aTO CJIOBO B aHrJIHHCKOn HCTOpHH H3Y-
qaeMOrO BpeMeHH.
230

«XAHAAH) MEHJIET OBJIUR
RaK MOmHO BH,n;eTL, ynoMlIHYTaH Tpa)J;HD;HlI aMeplIKaHCRoii JIHTe-
paTypDI YBJIeKJla ,n;ame JIoHr<peJlJIO, qeii rYMaHH3M H COllYBCTBeHHoe
OTHOIDeHlIe K IIH,n;eiin;aM 06elIaBeCTH:bI. MomeT 6bIT:b, He CJIYllanHO
OH CBHaaJI peH,n; CT3H,n;Hma C paCCRa3aHHOH HaMil paHee IICToplIeH
o aMeHHOH mKype, rrpHCJIaHHOH B IIJlIIMYT HapparaHceTaMH. 8TO
rrpH,n;aBaJIO pacnpaBe Ha,n; HH,n;eHn;aMII BII,n; cnpOBOD;lIpOBaHHoro IIocTyrr-
Ra. M Bce me noaTY npeTHJlO meCTOKoe RpOBOnpOJIHTHe. I1oaTOMY
repOHHH ero noaMLI «rJIaaa OTBo,n;IIJIa» OT MepTBOH rOJlOBbI BaTa-
BaMaTa, «pa}J;YHC:b B TaHHe TOMY, lITO He CTaJIa meHOH RaIIHTaHa».
B aMepHKaHCKOH HCTopHorpa<pIIH peiiJI; CT3HAnrna 06LIqnO no,n;a-
eTCH B JI;yxe JIoHrcpeJIJIO, no 6ea nepemllBaHHH, ROTOp:bIMH Ha)];eJIHJI
IIoaT CBOIO repOMHIO 12. MHorJI;a C onpaB,n;aHHeM meCTOKOCTH aHrJIH-
tJ:an: « EOJIbme He 6bIJIO 6ecnOKOHCTBa co CTOpOHbI IIH,n;eiin;eB ,n;OJIrMe
rO)];bI» 13.
BCTpeqaeTCH II ,n;pyroii no,n;xo,n;. ,n:mop,n;m Y HJIJIIICOH HaSBaJl nHT-
Ha)];IJ;aTYIO rJIaBY CBoeH KHHrH «JIHRBH)];an;HH YaccaraCCeTa». BecbMa
y6e)];HTeJIbHO OB BCKp:bIJI MOTIIB:bI onepan;HH nJIIIMYTD;eB: Ha6aBJIeHHe
OT 6eCIIOROHHbIX KOHKypeHToB - JIIO)];eH Y3CTOHa, cKynaBmHx Mexa
Y HH,n;ein;eB, C KOTOp:bIMH 3TH JIIO,n;1I mHJIH B MHpe, lITO YCMJIHBaJIO
HX nOSIID;HIO RaK ROHKypeHTOB. MMeHHO n03TOMY IIHJIHrpHMaM rrOTpe-
60BaJIOCb HaHeCTH y)];ap H no TeM, II no ,n;pyrIIM, 'tITO OHH H c)J;eJIa-
JIM, BLICeJIMB JIIO,n;eii YaCTOHa no,I( npe,n;JIOrOM HX HeYMeHHH IIo,n;,n;epmlI-
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ceTe. AenCTBMTeJIbHO, BHHMaTeJIbHO IIpOqlITaB HX cBH,n;eTeJI:bCTBa, MOiK-
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CRHX )];eHCTBHii, B KOTOp:bIX nHJIHrpIIMaM BCer)];a 6bIJlO HeMHoro COBC-
CTHO npII3HanaTbCH»,- aaKJIIOlIaJI YIIJIJIIICOH 15.
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AHrJIHII caMoro TOMaca ¥acToHa. On rrpll6LIJI B cTpaHY yme rrOCJIe
12 CM., nanpIIMep: Moore W. V. Indians Wars of the United States from th
Discovery to the Present Time. Philadelphia, 1850, p. 117-118.
13 Morison S. E. Ope cit., p. 95; Dictionary of American Biography, ed. by
D. Malone. New York, 1935, Vol. XVII, p. 500.
14 Chronicles, p. 326, 332.
15 Willison G. F. Op. cit., p. 224.
231

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232

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6y,n;YT 60JIee Tpex CTOJIeTIIH IICllOJIb30BaTbCH KaR cepbeaHoe opymHe
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233

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..................... .
16 Morison S. E. Ope cit., p. 95.
17 Andrews Ck. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 284.
18 CaMouJto-A. C. YKa3. COq., c. 294 (nO)J;qepKHYTO naMH.- JI. C.).
234

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,n;eJIa pa3,n;aJIH ceMeHa. Onpe,n;eJIeHHaH ,n;OJIH ypomaH ,n;OJImHa 6bIJIa
nepe,n;aBaTbCH B nOJIb3Y CneD;HaJIHCTOB, TPy)]; KOTOpbIX meJI Ha 06m;YIO
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rpa<pHH H neKoTopbIe rrp06JIeMbI nypHTaIIII3Ma.- BecTIIlu\ MOCI\QBCI\OrO YIl-
Ta, 1973, M 3. IIcTopHH, c. 25-26.
20 Chronicles, p. 347.
235

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no-qeMY-TO 3 aKpa 3eMJIII. ry6epHaTopy, ROTOp:bIH iRHJI O)];HH, BbI)];e-
JIIiJIH 3 aRpa. CTaH,n;n:IDY, Tome O,n;HOMY, - 2 aKpa. 3eMJIIO 6JIMme
R ropo,n;y (69 aRpOB Ha 51 lIeJIOBeRa) nOJIy'tlHJIH naccamHpbI «Maii-
<pJIayap», nO,D;aJI:bIJle (33 aRpa Ha 35 qeJIOBeR) - naccamHpbI «<Dop-
'tIYH» 21 (HH,D;HBII,n;yaJIbHLle YllaCTRH pacnpe,n;eJIHJIHCb no mpe6H1O) 22.
MomHo B03pa3HT:b: TaR ClipaBe,n;JIHBO OTMeqaJIHCb 3aCJIyrH H HaHa-
3:bIBaJIHCb nopOKH (HJIH 6:bIJIa C06JIIOJ];eHa RaRaH-TO OCTaBIIIaHCH
HeH3BeCTHOH <popMaJIbHOCTL). BepHO. O,D;HaRO 6e3 06YCJIOBJIeHHLIX
3aKOHOM paMOR JI1060e noopeHIIe IIJIH naKa3aHHe MomeT OKa3aTLCH
B PYKax BJIaCTH cpe,n;CTBOM ,n;aBJleHHH II rro,n;Kyrra.
Pe<popMa 06eCIIeqHJIa xopODIee npOBe,n;eHHe rrOCeBH:bIX pa60T, HO
pe3YJIbTa TOB CJIe,n;OBaJIO o iRM,n; a Tb em;e n;eJIoe JIeTO. O aToro BpeMeHH
npo,n;oBOJIbCTBeHHaH IIp06JIeMa OCTaBaJIaCb HepemeHHOH II lIpe3BLIlIaii-
HO OCTpO:ii. q To6bI OCTaHOBHTb BHOBb no,n;CTynaBmHH rOJIo,D;, ,n;orOBO-
pHJIHCb C03)J;aTb CIIen;HaJIbH:bIe rpynnbI no J];o6bPIe C'beCTH:bIX npnna-
COB. B:bI,n;eJIHJIH HeCROJIbRO MymcRHx ROMaH,n; IIO IDeCTb-ceMb -qeJIOBeR
Ha e)J;IIHCTBeHHbIH 60T: ,n;JIH HenpepLIBHon CMeHHon JIOBJIH p:bI6bI.
B JIec HaIIpaBHJIH HeCROJIbRO OXOTHHlIbnX OTpH,n;OB. meHm;HHbI C06II-
paJIH B ORpeCTHOCTHX nOCeJIRa rpII6bI, HrO,IJ;bI, crne,n;06HbIe paRymRH,
opeXH. M RaR 6:bI Ha POqHO HCII:bITLIBaH CHJIbI, CTOHROCT:b II ,n;yx KOJIO-
HHCTOB, He60 He I;£pIIHeCJIO )];om)J;e:ii: HH B Mae, HH B IIIOHe. BCXO,n;LI Ha
rrOJIHX H oropo,n;ax 3aC:bIXaJIH. Ror,u;a B 6YXTY BOmeJI Ropa6JIb «IIJIaH-
TeHIDH» 3HaKOMoro HaM BHprHHn;a <PpeHCHca BecTa, R HeMY 06paTH-
JInCb 3a IIOMOm;blO. OH COrJIaCHJICH npoJ];aTb H3JIHmRH ropoxa, HO aa-
JIOMHJI TaHYIO n;eHY, qTO HOJIOHHCThI npeJ];IIOqJIH ern;e Tyme 3aTHHYTb
rrOHca. RaIIHTaH, BepOHTHO, He nomaJIeJI 0 Hey)];aBmenCH c,n;eJIRe. IIaT-
PYJIIIPYH B RaqeCTBe «a,n;MHpaJia ROBOR AHrJIIIH» BBepeHHble eMY
BO,n;LI, OH OqeH:b CROpO nOHHJI, qTO C'beCTHhle npHnaCbI 3AeCb ,n;opome
aOJIOTa. I10HHJI OIl TaHme, qTO Ha Hero B03JIOmeHa 6eCCMblCJIeHHaH
3a,n;a-qa oxpaHbI nYCTbIHHbIX 6eperoB. «IIJIaHTenIDH» ymeJI B BHprH-
BHIO. BCHope nopa,n;oBaJIHCb, qTO c,n;eJIRa He y,n;aJIaCb, II nJIHMYTD;bI.
BbInaBmHe ,n;om,n;H B03pO,D;HJIH nx nOJIH, ca,n;bl H oropo,n;bI.
"YmeJI «TIJIaIITCnlliH», a qepe3 ,n;Be HeJ];eJIII B 6yxTe I1JIHMYTa no-
HBHJICH «SHH» YI1JIbHMa IIHpca, a em;e qepea 10 ,n;HeH - nHHHaca
«JIHTJI .[(meHMC» ,I(moHa EpHJJ;ma. IIpH6bIJIO 60 HOBbIX ROJIOHHCTOB.
«HeRoTopbIe H3 HHX ORa3aJIHCh otJ:eHb nOJIe3HbIMH H CTaJIH )];OCTOHH:bI-
MII 'tIJIeHaMM c006I:u;eCTBa», «HeROTopble me - HaCTOJI:bRO IIJIOXIIMH,
'tITO HX Ha cJIe,n;YIOID;MH ro)]; IIpHmJIOC:b OTnpaBHTb o6paTHo ).J;OMOH»
(E, 132). R «xopOmHM» ry6epHaTop OTHOCHJI BHOBb npH6LIBmn:x
21 Willison G. F. Ope cit., p. 231-232.
22 Chronicles, p. 347.
236

(XAHAAH MEHHET OBJlHI(
Jleii,n;eHIJ;eB (32 qeJIOBeRa) 23. «TIJIOXHe» npOHBHJIII ce6H He cpaay.
. BHallaJIe onpe)];eJIIIJIIfCb «He CaM:bIe IIO,D;xo,n;HID;He», RaR na3BaJI HX
RamMeH B conpOBo,n;HTeJIbHOM IIIfC:bMe (B, 154). To 6bIJIH ROJIOHHCTLI
( 10 lIeJIOBeR), He rrpHHa,n;JIemaBmHe R ROHrperan;HH, npHexaBmHe Ha
co6CTBeHHble cpe,n;CTBa H lIe HBJIHBIDHeCH ROMnaHbOHaMH CTaporo
IIpe,n;npHHTHH, TaR Ha3bIBaeMbIe «qaCTHHRH» (those that came on
their particulier). ryoepnaToPY npe)];nHCbIBaJIOCL BbI,n;eJIHTb HM 3e-
MeJI:bHble y'tlacTRlI 3a IIpe,n;eJIaMlI TeppHTopHH, HcnoJlb3yeMoii KOJIOHII-
CTaMII-KOMnaH:bOHaMH.
C nOHBJIeHneM ROpaOJleM no,n;TBep,n;HJIHCb yme )J;oxo,n;HBmHe 1I3Be-
CTHH 0 CJIOmHOCTHX C naTeHTOM Ha ROJIOHHIO (E, 149-151). ECJIII
paHee moH TIHpC 6bIJI JIHIDb «IOpn,n;nqeCRHM JlnOM» npe,n;rrpHHTHH,
TO 22 anpeJIH 1622 r. OH npHo6peJI IIpemHHH IIaTeHT y COBeTa HOBoH
AHrJIHH B JIH'tIHYIO c06cTBeHHocTb. RaR BH}J;HO, OH XOTeJI CTaTb nOJI-
HLIM X03HHHOM ROJIOHHH H H3MeHHTb YCTaHOBHBmneCH B Heii. IIOpH,n;-
KH. OH CHapH,I];HJI aRCne)];HHIO, HO H3-3a HeHcnpaBHOCTH Ropa6JIH ORa
He ,n;OCTHrJIa AMepHRH. BOCrrOJIL30BaBmHCb Hey,n;aqeft TIHpca, JIOH,IJ;OH-
CRHe ROMnaHbOHLI nHJIHrpHMOB npe,n;JIOmHJIH eMY IIpo,n;aTb naTeHT.
OH COrJIaCHJICH. OKYMeHT, Ror,n;a-TO CTOHBllIHM eMY 50 cp. CT., 060-
meJlCH ROMIIaH:bOHaM, RaR ORH nHCaJIH, B 500 cp. 2
IIepBLIM npe,n;aJI nHJIHrpHMOB YacToH, BTOpbIM - IlHpc. He rrpe}J;'b-
HBHT JIH Kynn;:LI Terrepb RaRoe-HH6Y,IJ;L HeIIOCHJIbHOe HJIH pa3pymH-
TeJIbHoe Tpe6oBaHHe? He CJIymHT JIH rrpH3HaROM aToro IIOHBJIeHHe B
HOJlOHHII «llaCTHHROB »? Aame POOHHCOH He BbIIIOJIHHeT CBoero 06e-
aHHH H He rrpHeamaeT B TIJIHMYT. BOHCb ORa3aTbCH IIepe,n; HeomH-
,n;aHHO CBaJIHBmeHCH 6e,n;oH, nJIHMYTD;bI peIDHJIH narrpaBHT:b B JIOH,IJ;OH
CBoero nOJIHOMOqHOrO npe)];CTaBHTeJIH, H36paB ,n;JIH 3TOH pOJIH 8 ,n;Ba p,n;a
YHHCJIOY. OH OT6bIJI Ha «8HH», ROTOpbIH HarpY3HJIH JleCOMaTepHaJIa-
MH. BHoBb OTrrpaBIIJIII 606poBble mRypRH. RpoMe BceB03MOmH:bIX HH-
CTPYRD;HH H rrlIceM, nOCJIaHe Be3 C c060i PYRonHC:b ynoMHHYTLIX
paHee «,IJ:06PLIX BeCTeH lIa ROB OR AHrJIHH», ony6JIHROBaHHeM KOTO-
pOH Ha,n;eHJIHCb nO)];HHTL npecTHm ROJIOHHH II aBTopHTeT ee PYROBO,n;H-
TeJIeii - aaJIor He06xo,n;HMoro Beca B npe,r(IIOJIarael\f:bIX neperoBopax C
Kynn;aMH, 't!JIeHaMH COBcTa ROBOR AHrJIHH II ROpOJleBCRHMII 1IIIHOB-
HHKaMH.
«8HH» ymeJI, OCTaBIlB ROJIOHHCTaM OtIeHb HeMHoro npHnacoB.
«JIIITJI .D:meHMC» npHcTynHJI R JIOBJIe PLI6:bI, no, RaK B:bIHCHIIJIOCL, He
JlH nJIHl\'IYTn;eB! ,n:onOJIHHTeJIbH8H HenpHHTHOCTL K np06JIeMe nponH-
23 CpeII HIIX 6bIJIO eBHTb meHID;HH. Be lIS HIIX - AJIlIca II Bapoapa - IIOSiRe
BbIIDJIII saMYiR: nepBaH - sa Bp8p;<popa, BTopaH - sa CT8HHllIa.
2 BLITIJIaTHJIB: JIB: ORB: BCro CYMMY, HelI3'BeCTHO. Bo BCHKOM CJIyqae MeiKlJ;Y
HHMII II IInpcoM BOaHIlKJIa THiR6a.
237

BOBLI:8 llRHMYT
TaHIIH, ROTOpaH, Ra3aJIOCb, 6bIJIa pa3pemeHa X03HHCTBeHHOH pe<pop-
MOB. CTapMe ROJIOHHCT:bI C 60JI:bIDHM HeYJJ;oBOJI:bCTBHeM ,n;YMaJIH 0 TaM,
'ITO IIM npH)];eTCH B:bI,n;eJlHT:b HeMaJIYIO 'tIaCT:b CBOHX 3anaCOB lIS 6y,n;y-
ero ypomaH BHOB:b npH6:bIBmHM. IIocJIe,n;HHe, oc06eHHo «lIaCTHIIRII»,
B CBOIO O'Iepe,n;b He 6LIJIH paCIIOJIOmeH:b1 ,n;eJIHT:bCH co CTapOmlIJIaMIf
IIplIBe3eHHbIMH rrpo,n;YRTaMH. IIocoBem;aBmHc:b, pemHJIII, qTO )];0 CJIe-
)];YIOm;ero ypomaH Ram,n;aH II3 rpynn 6y,n;eT nOJl:b30Ba T:bCH TeM, 'tIeM
pacrrOJIaraeT.
« tJacTHHKaM » B:bI,n;eJIHJIH 3eMJIIO Ha Tex me OCHOBaHHHX, 'tITO II
TapLIM ROJIOHIICTaM, a TaRme MeCTa B nOCeJIRe ,n;JIH CTpOIITeJl:bCTBa
,n;OMOB. JIM ORa3aJIII He06xo,n;HMYIO nOMOm;:b B nepB:bIe )];HH YCTpo:iicTBa,
OCB060)];IIJlII BpeMeHHO OT 3Ha'tlIITeJI:bHOH tIaCTII 06I:u;eCTBeHHLIX pa6oT,
HO 06H3aJIH B:bInOJIHHTb Bce npHHHTLIe paHee II Bce 6y,n;YI:u;He aaROHLI
II YCTaHOBJIeHIIH, perYJIHpY1Om;He mH3Hb ROJIOHIIII. OrraCaHC:b, 'tITO
«lIaCTHHKH» MorYT RaRHMII-JIH60 CaMOBOJI:bHLIMII' ;n;e:iicTBHHMH Hapy-
mHTL Mnp, YCTaHOBJIeHH:bIH c. COCe)];HIIMII nJIeMeHaMII, 11M BpeMeHHO
3anpeTHJIII ToprOBaTb C HH,n;eHn;aMH - ,n;o OKOHqaHHH HX cOrJIameHHH
C RynaMH. Ho ,n;eJIO, RaK MomHO nOJlaraTb, 3aRJIIOqaJIOC:b He TOJIbRO B
CTpeMJIeHHH no,n;,n;epma Tb MHp C IIH)];eiin;aMH. TaR npeCeRaJIaC:b B03-
MOiRHOCTb ROHKypeHD;IIH B BamHeHmeH OTpaCJIII X03HHcTBa - Mexo-
TOprOBJIe. YaccaracceT 6L1J1 JIHKBIIJJ;HpOBaH He )J;JIH Toro, qT06LI ,n;ep-
maT:b correpHHROB Y ce6H B )];OMe II lIT06LI ,n;aT:b B03MomHOCTb RynaM
paCROJIOTb nOCeJIeHHe Ha He3aBHcIIMLIe, a TO II Bpam)];e6HbIe rpynnH-
pOBRII. Ha Ram,n;oro «'tIacTHHRa»-Mym'IIIHY (cTapme 16 JIeT) B03JIO-
iKRJlI:I nOBIIHHOCT:b - ,n;JIH «no,n;,n;epmaHHH ynpaBJleHIIH» II «06ecne'Ie-
HIIH 06m;ecTBeHHLlx )];OJImHOCTeH» C)J;aBaTb B 06I:u;HH CKJIa,n; no 1 6y-
meJlIO MalIca (HJlH 'tITO-HI:I6y,n;L paBHOn;eHHoe). RpoMe npo'tJero, aTO
6LIJIO, HeCOMHeHHO, ,n;onOJIHHTeJI:bHLIM cpe,n;CTBOM no,n;qHHeHHH «'tIaCT-
HHROB» MeCTHOH BJIaCTII. IIepeqlICJIeHHbIe YCJIOBHH COBMeCTHoro npo-
mHBaHIIH 6:bIJIII 3aRpenJIeHbI Cnen;HaJIbHLIM COrJIameHHeM (B, 158).
IIoRa HOBHlIRH YCTpaHBaJIHCb, nO)];OIlIJIO BpeMH y60pRH ypomaH.
«If pe3YJI:bTaT HX HH,n;HBH,D;yaJILHOH pa60TbI na IIOJlHX CTaJI 01leBH,n;eH:
Bce TaR llJIH HHalle CYMeJIH 06eCIIeqHTb ce6H Ha rOJJ;, a Hau60JIee
cnoco6HLIe II pa60THI:u;lIe HMeJIII H3JIHIDKH II MOrJIII npo,n;aBaT:b ROe-"ITO
,n;pyml\f, TaR 'ITO 60JI:bIDe OHH yme He HCnbIT:bIBaJIH C aToro BpeMeHH
06m;eH Hym,n;bI IIJIH rOJIo,n;a» (B, 157).
06paaeT Ha ce6H BHIIMaHHe CJIOBO «06m;eH». OHO 03Ha'IaJIO:
C OTXO)];OM OT 06m;ero X03HHCTBa II nOHBJIeHHeM qaCTHLIX BJIa;n;eHHH
He CTaJlO «06I:u;ero rOJIo,n;a» IIJIH «06I:u;eH CbITOCTII», nYCTb OTHOCH-
TeJl:bHOH. ROJIOHHCTLI BCTynlIJIII B HOByro <Pa3Y oTHomeHHH, Ror,n;a
RTO-TO Mor rrpo,n;aBaT:b H3JIHmKH, a RTO-TO BMHym,n;eH 6bIJI rOJIo,n;aTb,
JIHmeHHbIH rroMOID;II, He HMeH cpe,n;CTB Ha nORYIIRY He06xo,n;HMoro. To
238

«( XAIIAA tI) ,.fEtI HEr O.rrRU
6LIJIa rrOqBa ,D;JIH yrJIy6JIeHMH COIJ;HaJIbHOrO HepaBeHCTBa, nOI\a eIIl;e He
CTaBmaH TyqHOii. Be,n;b Bce, RpOMe cepBeHTOB, IIOJIbaOBaJIHCb paBHbI-
MIl npaBaMH Ha aCMJIIO, eCJIII He CtIMTaTb YiRe c,n;eJIaHHbIX IICRJIlOqe-
RBi. O,n;HaRO 1IHCJIO BOaMOiRHLIX pa60THMROB B TOM MJIH HHOii CC[Le,
Ra1leCTBO aeMJIH Ha oT,n;eJILHbIX yqaCTRaX, HaJIIPllIe HHBeHTapH II T. II.
CJIymnJIH y,n;o6peHIIIO n01lBLI, Ha ROTOpOH BapaCTaJIO COn;lIaJILHOe He-
paBeHCTBO. Bce :3TO, OAHaKO, em;e He OqeHL 6pOCaJIOCL B rJIaaa. IIep-
BLIH ypomaH npem]J;e Bcero o6eaorracBJI HaKoHen; rrOCeJIeHn;eB OT
rOJIo]J;a.
He 06XO,n;HJIOCb, IIpaB,r(a, 6e3 HerrpHHTIIocTen. l\aK ynoMHHaJIOCb,
B ceHTH6pe nOHBIIJICH npaBIITeJIb HOBOH AHrJIHH. To 6bIJI P06epT rop-
,r(mec, CbIH rJIaBbI COBeTa HOBon AHTJIIIH <Pep,n;HHaHAo rop,n;meca.
II pHea,n; rrpaBIITeJIH aBTOMa TH"tJ:eCRB JIHmaJI IIoBLIH I1JIHMYT ero caMO-
CTOHTeJIbHOCTH. Bpa,n;<pop,n; CTaHOBHJICH BcerO-HaBcero aCCHCTeHTOM
rOp,D;iI{eCa B IIpe,n;eJIax nOCeJIRa IIHJIHrpHMOB, npHqeM BpeMeHI-IbIM-
)];0 YTBepiR,n;eHIIH HJIH CMe:r:u;eHHH COBeTOM IIO peROMeH)J;aD;HII IIpaBl1Te-
JIH. O,n;HaRO, He HaH)];H AJIH ce6H )];OCTOnHoro nOJIH ,u;eHTeJILHOCTH, rop-
)];mec, «paa06paB» ,n;eJIo YaCToHa, rroKHHYJI HOBYIO AHrJIIIIO. He60JIb-
moe qHCJIO npHBeaeHH:bIX HM ROJIOHHCTOB, OCTaBJIeHHbIX B Yaccaraccc-
Te, qaCTLIO paaOpeJIHCb, 't{aCTblO nepe6paJIHCb B BnprHHHIO nJIn na po-
)];HHY, QaCTb10 OCeJIII B IIJIIIMYTe.
E]J;Ba ycnoKOHJIHCb nOCJIe OT'bea]J;a fop,n;meca, BCllbIXHYJI IIomap.
Ero y,n;aJIOCb IIoraCHTb, HO IIpl'PIIIHeHHbli 11M Bpe,u; 6LIJI OqeHL OI:u;YTH-
TeJIeH. B MapTe 1624 r. BO BpeMH 6yp1l 3aTOHYJI «JIHTJI ,n:meHMC».
TeM He MeHee o6ID;ee nOJIOmeHHe ROJlOHHH BHymaJlo B TO BpeMH OIITH-
MHCTHtJ:eCKHe na,n;em,n;bI. 8TO HamJIO oTpamcHHe B Tpy,n;e AmoHa CMII-
Ta, r)];e no,n; aarOJIOBROM «1624. HLIHemHee COCTOHHHe HOBoro ITJIH-
MYTa» rOBOpUJIOCb: «B HOBOM IIJIHMYTe OROJIO 180 m1lTeJIei, HeRO TO-
poe ROJIHqeCTBO RpYIIIIoro poraTOTO CROTa H Koa, MHoro CBHHeii II )];0-
MalliHeii: IITIIn;bI; 32 iRHJIbIX )];OMa, 7 Ha KOTOpLIX CrOpeJIH BO BpeMH
IIomapa IIpOlliJIOH aHMoH, a TaRme Ha 5 TbICHq <PYHTOB OCTaJIbHOrO
IIMyrn;ecTBa 11 TOBapOB; ropo,n; aaHIIMaeT TeppHTopHIO B nOJIMIIJIII B
oKpymHoCTH... OHH IIOCTpOHJIH COJleBapHIO II KOnTHJILHIO, "tJTO IIoaBO-
JIHeT HM aarracaTb nOHMaHHYIO. pLI6y. B HbIHemHeM rop;y HarpyaHJIII
Kopa6JIb B 180 TOHH...» 25.
YIIOMHHYTLIe CMHTOM COJIeBapHH II KOIITHJIbHH CTpOHJIHCb Ha Me-
CTe OCHOBaHHOH rrHJlHrpH!\-IaMH pbI6oJlOBen;KOH cpaKTopHH Ha MbIce
8HH - KpaHHeH ceBepHOH TOqKe MaCCaqyceTcRoH 6YXTLI, AOBOJIbHO
)J;aJIeKO OT IIJlHMYTa 26. MaCTep, PYROBo,n;HBmHH cTpOHTeJILCTBOM, OKa-
25 Smith's Travels, Vol. I I, p. 782-783.
26 Ha l\feCTe COBpel\feHIIOrO rJIOCTepa.
239

HOBLIA nJIHrvtYT
3aJICH neI\BaJIH<pHD;npOBaHHLIM, a K TOMY me, OCTaBJIeHHbIH 6ea npII-
CMOTpa, no He6pemHOCTH IIOqTH )J;OTJIa cmer ROnTHJILHIO. B 1623 T.
He)];aJIeRO OT MLIca 3HH 060CHOBaJIHCb 30 aHrJIHqaH H3 OpqeCTepa.
CMHT He aHaJI, qTO YBeJIHqeHHe qMCJIa nOCeJIeHD;eB, a CJIe)J;OBa TeJIb-
HO a)J;MHHHCTpaTHBHbIX H xoaHnCTBeHHbIX aa60T ry6epHaTopa KOJIO-
HHH, BLIaBaJIO Heo6xo,n;HMOCTb BbI)J;eJIHTb nOCJIe)J;HeMY HeCROJIbRO IIO-
CTOHHHbIX nOMOm;HHROB. 06m;ee c06paHHe Ha6paJIo nHTb qeJIOBeR
(noame CTaHeT ceMb), ROTOpLIX HaabIBaJIH «aCCHCTeHTaMH» (assis-
tants). ry6epHaTop H aCCIICTeHTLI COCTaBJIHJIII «MarHCTpaT» (magist-
racy). Cpe,n;H aCCHCTeHTOB ORaaaJlCH yme lICIIOJlHHBmlIH IIo,n;o6HYIO
,n;OJImHOCTL McaaK 3J1JIepTOH, ROTOpbIH Heoq,HIJ;HaJlLHO CtIHTaJICH RaR
6LI aaMeCTIITeJIeM EpaA<poPAa. OCTaJIbHbIMlI aCCHCTeHTaMH, no npe,n;-
nOJIOmeHHHM aMepHHaHCRHX yqeHbIX, 6bIJIlI CTaH,n;nm, 'YHHCJIOY, fOII-
KIIHC n PHqap,n; 'YoppeH.
CMHT em;e He aHaJI 0 pe<popMe 1623 r., HJIH OHa eMY He rrpeACTan-
JIHJIaCb ,n;OCTOHHOH BHlIMaHIIH. Aame Epa)J;<I>op,n; CqHTaJI, tITO IIOCJIe
Hee Bce nOH,n;eT «110 paHee YCTaHOBJIeHHOMY nopH,n;RY». OH om1I6aJICH.
06ee xoaHHCTBO, B KOTOpOM yme 6LIJIa npo6nTa aHa1lHTeJIbHaH
6peIDL, HCIILITaJIO HOBLIH y,n;ap. HeCROJIbKO CTapbIX ROJIOHHCTOB, Hl\leH
nepe,n; rJIaaaMH npHMep «qaCTHHROB», aaXOTeJIH IIOJIY1llITL 60JIbillYlO
caMOCTOHTeJILHOCTL B Be)];eHHH CBoero xoaHHCTBa, MeHbme yqaCTBO-
BaTb B 06:r:u;eCTBeHHbIX pa60Tax, IIpem,n;e Bcero CBHaaHHLIX C BblnOJIHe-
HHeM 06HaaTeJIbCTB nepe,n; JIOH,n;OHCRI:lMH ROMnaHbOHaMII. OHH Tpe6o-
BaJlII nOJlHOrO BbI)];eJIeHIIH. «qacTHHRH» no,n;)];epmHBaJiH II CTHMYJIHpO-
BaJIII HX, CTpeMHCL TaRHM 06paaOM pacmaTaTL He YCTpaHBaBmHH HX
meCTRHH IIOPH)];OR mHaHH B KOJIOHIIH, TBep,n;yro BJIaCTL Epa,n;q,op)];a,
JlHRBII,n;lIpOBaTL npeHMym;ecTBeHHoe BJlHHHHe JIeH,n;eHn;eB.
3a HHTpHraMH «tIaCTHHROB», RpOMe CRaaaHHoro, CRpbIBaJIOCL no-
,u;oapeBaeMoe ry6epHa TOpOM H, Cy,n;H no pH,I];y npIIaHaRoB, ,n;eHcTBH-
TeJILHOe HaMepeHHe JIOH)J;OHCKHX KYIID;OB H3MeHHTL xapaRTep rrpe,n;-
IIpHHTHH. B aTO HaMepeHHe BXO,IJ;HJIO, RaR BII)J;HO, JIHIDHTb ROJIOHHIO
ee <paRTH"tIeCROH caMOCTOHTeJILHOCTH. A TaR RaK nOCeJIeHD;bI MOrJIII
Terrepb 06eCneQHTL ce6H caMLIM Heo6xo,n;HMLIM, TO RynD;LI nOJIaraJIH,
QTO C HIIX MomHO n HymHo Tpe60BaTL ,n;nOHHbIX YCIIJIHn 110 npOHaBO)];-
CTBY TOBa pOB, ROTOpbIMII 6bI nOKpbIBaJIHCb )];OJIrlI ROJIOHIIH H OT rrpo-
J(amH ROTOpLIX HaKOHen; MOrJIa 6LITb nOJIyqeHa npH6LIJIb.
arHCTpaT rrocJle HeROTopbIX KOJIe6aHHH y,n;OBJIeTBOpHJI Tpe60Ba-
HRH «<ppaRD;nOHepOB» npn 06HaaTeJILCTBe B:bInOJIHeHHH liMH YCJIOBHH
COrJIameHIIH, paHee aaRJIIOqeHHoto C «qaCTHHKaMH». AOnOJIHIITeJIbHO
Ha meJIaBIDHX BLI,n;eJIHTLCH BOaJIOmHJIH nOBRHHOCTb c,n;aBa TL B 06:r:u;RH
CKJIa,n; nOJIOBHHY ,n;OXO,n;OB, rrpeBLlmaBillHX HOp MY, KOTOpylO MarHCTpaT
C01lTeT paaYMHOH ,I];JIH npOROpMJIeHHH Ton HJIH HHOH ceMbH. q To6:bI
240

«XAHAAJt
) MEHHET O)jJ1HI:


«<ppaR
IIOHepbI» He YRJIOHHJIHCb OT BblnOJIHeHHH 06H3aTeJIhCTB, JIe-.
maBmHX Ha Bcex KOJIOHIICTax no ,n;orOBOpy C Ryn:u;aMH, HM IIpe,n;nHca-
JIH OCTaBaTLCH B IIJIHMYTe )];0 MOMeHTa paCIIpe,n;eJIeHMH ,n;HBH,n;eH,n;OB
(B, 166).
HaqHHaHHe He IIOJIyqHJIO pa3BHTHH. HOBMe «qaCTHHKH» TepHJIH
IIo,n;,n;epmKY «06m;HHLI», a 6e3 Hee He 06XO,n;HJIHCL H CTapble «qaCTHH-
KH». Ryn:U;LI HHqeM He IIOMOraJiH CTapLIM, a ym TeM 60JIee HOBLIM
«qaCTHHKaM», KOTopbIe He 6LIJIH C HHMH CBH3aHLI. C06CTBeHHoro IIH-
BeHTapn y nOCJIe,n;HHX He HMeJIOCb HJIH nOqTH He HMeJIOCL. Mx IIOCTY-
nOR He O,n;06PHJI ry6epHaTOp, aCCHCTeHT:bI, n;epKOBb. l\aK MomHO npe)J;-
rrOJIOmHTb, Ha HHX ORa3LIBaJIOCb H ,n;aBJIeHHe, qTO 6bIJIO JIerRO ocym;e-
CTBHTb, orpaIIHtJ:HBaH rrOJIb30BaHJile 06m;UMH IIaCT6Hm;aMH, ,n;eJIHHRaMH
H ,n;pyrHMH yro,n;bHMH, CeJIbCROX03HnCTBeHHbIMH Opy,n;HHMH H He06xo-
,n;IIMLIMH HHCTpYMeHTaMH, Haxo,n;HBIDHMHCH Ha CKJIa,n;e.
ry6epHaTOp, ero aCCHCTeHTbI, a TaRme HX e,n;HHOMbImJIeHHHRH, RO-
TopLle 6LIJIH CTOpOHHHRaMH pe<POPMbl rrpe)J;meCTBOBaBmero rO)J;a, He
MOrJIH B TOT MOMeHT He ORa3bIBaTb conpOTHBJIeHHH C03,n;aHHIO COBep-
IDeHHO He3aBHCHMoro HH,n;HBH,n;yaJIbHOrO X03HHCTBa ROJIOHHCTOB. 3TO
rpOaHJIO - C JIHKBH)J;an;Hei KpyroBoH IIOPYRH H B3aHMHLIX 06Haa-
TeJILCTB - pa3pymHTL ROMnaHeHCRoe npe,n;npHHTHe, a CJIe,n;OBaTeJILHO,
coa,n;a Tb orpOMHbIe Tpy,n;HOCTII B BLInOJIHeHIIH YCJIOBIIH ,n;orOBopa C
Ryn:u;aMH, npH c60pe cpe,n;CTB ,n;JIH B03BpaI:u;eHHH HM ,n;OJIra, npH ,n;aJIb-
HeHDIeM CTpOHTeJIbCTBe IIOCeJIRa. 3TO rp03HJIO OCJIa6HTL 060poHocno-
C06HOCTb KOJIOHHH, BJIaCTb ry6epHaTopa II npeHMym;ecTBeHHoe BJIHH-
HHe cenapaTHCTOB. qTO CBH3LIBaJIO 6bl x03HncTBeHHYIO, nOJIHTH"'Ie-
CKYIO II peJIHrH03HYlO HHHD;naTHBY 3KOHOMHqeCRII HeaaBIICHMLIX II
o6eCneqHBaBIDHx ce6H IIpOIIHTaHHeM ROJIOHHCTOB? B ROHeqHOM CqeTe
OrpaHHqeHHH, HaJIOmeHHbIe Ha «<ppaR:U;HoHepOB», Heo,n;06peHHe HX
rrOCTYilRa MarHCTpaTOM II n;epROBbIO c,n;eJIaJIH CBoe ,n;eJIo. «cDpaRD;Ho-
HepLI» OTRaaaJIHCL OT nOJIyqeHHOrO IIpaBa.
Bo BceM 3TOM BamHeiiIDYIO pOJIb HrpaJIO TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO, "'ITO
KOJIOHHCTM 6MJIH TOJIbRO ROMIIaHbOHaMH BO BJIa)J;eHHH aeMJIeH KOJIO-
HHH, npH aTOM KOMIIaHbOHaMH MaTepHaJIbHO H IOpH,D;H"'IeCKH aaBHCII-
MbIMH, He paCilOJIaraBIDHMH npaBOM Ha pa3)];eJI 3eMJIH, a TeM 60JIee na
)];onrOCpOqHOe BJIa,n;eHHe ero B RaROM 61>1 TO HH 6bIJIO pa3Mepe )];0 HCTe-
't{eHHH cpOKa ,D;OrOBOpa C Ryn:u;aMH. C rrOCJIe,n;HHMH, nOJIbaYHCb OT,D;a-
neHHOCTblO ROJIOHHH OT MeTpOilOJIHH, MomHO 6:bIJIO B KaKon-TO Mepe
He CtI:IITaTbCH, HO apHMO HapymHTb YCJIOBHH ,r(orOBopa, ,n;a eI:u;e B BO-
rrpoce, CBH3aHHOM C KOpOJIeBCRHMH IIpeporaTHBaMH Ha BepXOBHoe BJIa-
,n;eHHe 3eMJIei, 03HaQaJIO nOCTaBHTb no,r( y,r(ap caMO cy
ecTBoBaHlIe
KOJlOHHII, BO BCHROM CJIyqae ee IIpaBOBYIO OCHOBY, II 6e3 Toro He O"'leHb
rrpO"'lHYIO. Bonee Toro, IIPlI JII060H o<pHD;l:IaJIbHOi THm6e HeHa6emHo
241




lIonbIA IIJ1:tIMYT
JII060H npe,n;CTaBHTeJIb BJIaCTII CnpOCHJI OLI ce6H: He n,n;eT JIll caMoyn-
paBCTBO KOJIOHIICTOB OT lIX «epeTIIQeCKlIX» peJIlIrII03HbIX y6em,n;eHIIU,
He CJle,n;yeT JIll rrOJIOiKHTb ROHen; KpaMOJIe? STOT Bonpoc HHKor,n;a He
CHHMaJICH, OH TOJILKO BpeMeHHO YTpaTIIJI OCTPOTY.
MHaqe rOBopH, IIOCJIe pe«poPMLI 1623 r. TeHAeHIIH K oopaaoBa-
HHID qaCTHOBJIa,n;eJILqeCKOrO xoaHHCTBa KOJIOHHCTOB paaBHBaJIaCL.
JIII,n;epLI KOJIOHIIH He rrplI3HaJIH meJIaHHH ««ppaKHOHepOB» npOTHBO-
eCTeCTBeHHLIM 11 YAOBJIeTBOpHJIH ero. Op;HaKO OOCTOHTeJILCTBa, BHem-
HHe H BHYTpeHHHe, Tpe60BaJIII OOJI:blliOH OCMOTpHTeJILHOCTH rrplI )];BH-
meHIIH Typ;a, Kyp;a yme BJIeKJIa HHepn;HH HaMeTHBmerOCH paSBHTHH.
ECJIII ««ppaKHOHepLI» aa6emaJiH HeCKOJI:bRO Bnepe)];, TO OCTaJlb-
HLIe KOJIOHHCTLI BO BCHKOM CJIyqae He C06HpaJIHCL ,n;BHraTbCH Haaa,n;.
OHII «06paTHJIHC:b K ry6epHaTOPY C npocb60u rrpO)];JIHT:b BJIa,n;eHHe
3eMeJIbHLIMH yqaCTKaMH; nplI aTOM yme HMeBmIIMHCH, II 60JIee qel\I
lIa O,n;IIH rOA: B HIIOM CJIyqae, TOT, RTO 06pa60TaJi CBOH yqaCTOR JIyq--
me (u;eHo:n 60JI:bIIIHX YCIIJIlIii:), BbIHym,n;eH 6y;a;eT IIepe,n:aTb ero py-
rOMY, KOTOpLI:n BOCIIOJI:bsyeTcH IIJIo,n;aMII ero Tpyp;a, a caM OT)];aCT
3eMJIIO rrJIOXO IIop;rOTOBJIeHHYIO H rr08TOMY MeHee B:blrO,l(HYIO» (B, 175).
ITO,n;06HLIe rrpocL6LI CTaJIII, BepOHTHO, oc06eHHo qaCTLIMII H HaCTOH-
-qHBbIMH, Ror,n;a rrop;omJIO BpeMH IIo,n;rOTOBRH K BeceHHIIM rrOJIeBLIM
paooTaM.
BMecTe C aa60ToH 0 aaKpenJleHHH aeMeJlbHLIX Ha,n;eJIOB rrOHBHJlHCb
II )];pyrlle, npemp;e OTCYTCTBOBaBmHe. Terrep:b Ram)];LIH pacrrOJlaraJI
TeM KOJIHqeCTBOM ceMHH P;JIH rroceBa, ROTopLle CYMeJI C6epeQL OT
CBoeH )];OJIH IIpOmJIOro ypomaH. Te, y Koro ORaaaJIHCb lIaJIllmKII, eo-
xpaHeHHLIe )];0 BeCHLI, Mor C BLIrop;oH IIpO)J;aTb HX. TaK paCmlIplIJICH
rrYTb K qaCTHOH TOprOBJIe, ROTopaH rrpemp;e HOCIIJIa CJIyqaHHLIH xa-
paKTep, OrpaHHqlIBaJlaCb KyrrJIeH-IIpo,n;ameii: Bem;eH, nplIBeaeHHbIX
ee 113 AHrJIHH HJIH rOnJIaHp;HII. IIocJIe pecpopMLI rJIaBHLIM npe,n;Me-
TOM TOprOBJIH CTaHOBHJIOCL sepHO, rrpOHaBe,n;eHHoe Ha MeCTe. OHO
p;ame CTaJIO Hrpa Tb pOJlL ,n;eHer, KOTOpLIX y OOJIbmlIHCTBa ROJIOHH-
CTOB ObIJIO COBceM HeMHoro, a TO II :MOBCe He OLIJlO. «A eCJlH OHII 1I
OLIJIH, TO 11M rrpe,n:IIOqHTaJlH aepHO» (B, 175). Mexa, IIpHo6peTaeMLIe
Y HH)J;eiieB, mJIH Ha OnJIaTY BHemaero )];OJlra ROJIOHIIII.
MHp;IIBHp;yaJl:bHOe SeMJIeBJIa)];eHlIe II pacmHpeHHe BHYTpeHHe:n TOp-
rOBJIII, a TaKme C caMoro HaqaJIa ceCTBOBaBmee HMyecTBeHHoe
HepaBeHCTBO COSAaBaJlH YCJIOBIIH ,n;JIH 060raeHIIH, nepBoe BpeMH
BeC:bMa OTHOCIITeJl:bHOrO, rJIaBHLIX PYKOBO)];HTeJIeii KOJIOHIIH II ee HaH-
60JIee BJIHHTeJIbHLIX JIIID;. Be)];:b B IIX pYKax Haxo,n;HJIHCL ,n;onOJlHIITeJIL-
HLIe BOSMomHOCTH - ,n:eHLrH, cepBeHTLI II BJlaCTb, KOTopLIe nOaBOJIf.lJIH
HCnOJILaOBaTL SeMJIIO C 60JILmeii 8cp«peKTHBHOCTLIO, a CJIe)];OBaTeJILHO,
IIOJIYQHTL HSJIHIDKII, H,n;ylIe Ha rrpop;amy, npHHOCHID:YIO IIpH6LIJIb.
242

«(XAHAAH» MEHRET OBJIHK
IIpH aTOM KTO-TO nORynaJI no He06xo,n;IIMOeTH II Ha nOCJIeAHee,
a KTO-TO nplI Ton me IIJIH ;n;ame 60JILmeH Hym,I(e ORaSLIBaJIC.JI He B
COCTOHHIIII RYIIHTL 'liTO 6LI TO HI! OLIJIO.
3aBHTepeCOBaHHOCTL OCHOBHOH MaCChI KOJIOHBCTOB B SaRpeIIJIeHIIU
peaYJIbTaTOB pe<I>opMLI 1623 r. II, BepOHTHO, yme AOCTaTOqHO OY-
m;aeMLIe II coaHaBaeMLIe BLIro,n;LI 01' Hee IIMym;BX II BJlHHTeJl:bHLIX
HOJIOHHCTOB 06YCJlOBIIJIH TOT cpaKT, qTO BeCHOH 1624 r. «nocne Tm;a-
TeJI:bHOrO paCCMOTpeHHH» yqaCTKII, poaAaHHLIe paRee II BM,n;eJIeHHLIe
HOBLIM ROJlOHHCTaM, 6LIJlII aaKpeIIJIeHLI aa IIX BJIa,n;eJlLaMH. Ho TOJIh-
KO no aRpy aeMJIII Ha qJleHa ceMLII II TOJI:bHO AO HCTeqeHHH ceMH-
JIeTHerO cpOKa (E, 175).
CoxpaHeHlIe npemHHX OrpaHlIqeHHD B paaMepe aeMJleIIOJlLSOBaHIIJI
II OrpaHUqeHHe CpOROB BJIa,n;eHIIH OOHCHHJIOCI>, RpOMe rrpnqHH, YKa-
3aHHLIX paHee, e:m;e O)J;HOU. ECJIII BMeCTe C RpymeHueM IIepBOHaqaJIb-
HOD CHCTeMbI XOsH:ncTBa H,n;elI, 1\0TOpLIe B CBoe npeMH BHyman 1\0310-
HIICTaM P06epT KamMeH, yme He MOrJIH CqIlTaT:bCH «HCTIIHHLIMH»,
\ .
aTO He OaHaqaJIO, 'ITO onLIT HX mHSHH II HX Bepa He OCTaBHJIH y HRX
ocoaHaHHoro HJIII HeoeoaHaHHoro CTpaxa IIepe RpynHou seMenbHOB
c06CTBeHHOCTLIO. B UX IIpeACTaBJIeHHH TaRaH COOCTBeHHOCTL CBHSLI-
BanaCL CO BceM TeM aJIOM, KOTopoe OHH IICIlbITaJIH OT ee BJla,n;eJlbn;en 
B AHrJIIIJI. ITpHMeqaTeJIeH B aTOM OTHomeHHU ROMMeHTapBH Bpa-
<poPAa. MsnomeHHe OrpaHHqIITeJI:bHLIX YCJIOBBU aaHpeIIJleHHOH pe<I>op-
MLI OH COIIpOBO)J;HJI CJIOBaMII: «BBeAeHHoe 11MB YCJIOBHe qaCTO saCTaB-
JIHJIO MeHH ,n;YMaT:b 0 TOM, qTO H qlITaJI y IIJIHHHH 0 HaQIIHaHHHX
IIepBLIX pHMJlHH BpeMeH POMYJIa: Tor,n;a Kam,n;LIU AOBOJII>CTBOBaJICH
,n;BYMH al\paMH aeMJIB, 60JIee qero OH nOJlytIBTL He Mor... CqHTaJlOCb
BLICOHOH HarpafJ;OH IIOJIyqHTL OT HapOfJ;a PIIMa B coocTBeHHLIe PYRJI
IIIIHTY aepHa. CrrYCTH J];oJIroe BpeMH caMLIH 60JI:bIDOH HaAeJI, npeAo-
CTaBJIHeMLIH B HarpaJ];y BOeHaqaJl:bHuRY, oAepmaBmeMY n06e,I(y HaA
HX BparaMH, no paaMepaM CBOI!M 6bIJI He 60JI:bme Toro, HaRon Mor
6LIT:b o6paooTaH sa O,n;HH J];eH:b. Ero nepeCTaBaJIH CqHTaT:b XOpOIDHM
qeJIOBeKOM II CqUTaJIH Aame OrraCH:bIM, eCJIH OIl He YOBJleTBOpHJICH
ceMbIO aRpaMH aeMJIH» (B, 175-176).
3aMeTIIM, 'liTO CJIOBa BpaA«popfJ;a HanHcaHLI JIM He B 1624 r.,
a IIoame (yme ynoMIIHaJIOCL, qTO «MCTOPIIH» 6LIJIa '/tu'tlara B 1630 r.),
T. e. Ror,n;a rrpoecc HMym;ecTBeHHoH H<p<I>epeHn;Han;HJI rrpoABHHyncH
MHoro AaJl:bme, qeM B OrrJICLIBaeMoe BpeMH. JJ:ame Tora ry6epHaTop
paccym;n;aJI em;e 0 Bpe,n;e RPYIIHOH SeMeJILHOH c06cTBeHHocTII. A B TO
BpeMH OR CTaHOBHJICH yme ;n;OCTaTOqHO RPYIIHLIM SeMJleBJIa,n;eJI:bn;eM.
06'bHCHeIIHe aTOMY 6y,n;eT AaHO, Ror,n;a Ham paCCRas IIO;n;OHAeT R
30-M rO)J;,aM. Bo BCHI\OM CJIyqae nenLaH, KaR 9TO J);eJlaJI OcrYA,
YTBepm,n;aTb, 'liTO C 1624 r. aeMJIH 6:bIJIa rrepe,n;aHa KOJIOHHCTaM «Ha-
243

IIOBbItt DJIHMYT
BeQHO» 27. YTBepm,n;eHlIe OCrYAa MomHO CtJHTaT:b crrpaBe,n;JIHBLIM
TOJI:bKO B TOM CJIyqae, eCJIII HMeT:b B BII)J;Y He Bcex KOJIOHHCTOB II He
ROHRpeTHLIH <paKT, OTHOCHID;HHCH K paCCMaTplIBaeMOMY MOMeHTY,
a KOHeqHLIH peaYJIbTaT IIpOn;ecca, HaqaTOro pe<popMOH 1623-1624 rr.
« PemHJIH npo,n;OJIma Tb f];eJIO», - nHCaJI 0 Rynu;ax:- ROMrraH:bOHaX
,I(moH CMHT. ,I(eHcTBHTeJIbHO, B MapTe 1624 r. I-JOBLIH IIJIIIMYT BHOB:b
BCTpeqaJI « tIa PHTII», rpymeHHblii IIpHnacaMII II f];oCTaBIIBmHH KOJIO-
HIICTaM He6oJlbmOe CTaf];O ,n;OMamHHX mHBOTHbIX. BepHYJICH YIIHCJIOY
C HaBeCTlIeM 0 nOJlyqeHHII rra TeHTa Ha M:bIC 8HH 28, r,n;e, RaK yrroMII-
HaJIOCb, rrJIHMYTn;bI n:bITaJIHC:b OCHOBa T:b pLI60JlOBen;KYIO <paKTopHIO.
,n:06pLIe BeCTII COIIpOBOmf];aJlHC:b 06ecKypamHBaIOm;IIMH. Ra3Haqe:it
ROMrraHHH ,I(meHMc illapJlH, Ha q:be HMH O:bIJI o<popMJleH rrpomJloro-
Hni IIaTeHT Ha KonoHllIO, co06m;aJl: "IlHCJlO ROMllaH:bOHOB peaKO COKpa-
THJlOC:b; C YXO)J;IIBmHX C OOJl:bmHM TPYf];OM Yf];aJIOCb COOpaT:b 50 «p. CT.;
nynn;LI KaTerOpIIQeCRH OTKaa:bIBaIOTCH cy6CH)J;lIpOBaTn nepeBoaRY «CB}I-
TbIX» lIB JIeHf];eHa. Bce aTO llo,n;TBepm,n;aJI POOlIHCOH B TOM me nIICL-
Me, B KOTOpOM OH YllpeRaJl llJlHMYTn;eB aa y6HHCTBO HH)J;eiin;eB ¥acca-
racceTa (E, 167-168, 173-174). OCTaBmHecH B JJ;eJle KOMnaHbOH:bI
oopymHBaJIH Ha KOJlOHHCTOB OeCQHCJleHH:bIe o6BHHeHIIH. «l\aK rOBopHT
HeROTOpLIe», rrlICaJIH OHH, xoaHHCTBO B IJJlHIYTe Bef];eTCH Hepa,n;HBO,
JIIO,n;M pa60TaIOT IIJIOXO. OTO II 06'bHCHHeT n;apHIIe B IIOCeJIRe paa6pof];
H o6m;ee HeycTpoiicTBO, a TaRme y6LITO-qHOCTb ,n;eJla. MarHcTpaT
JImHBLIMII OTqeTaMH H <paHTaCTHqeCRHMII C006m;eHMHMII BBOf];HT Bcex
B aa6JIym,n;eHlIe (E, 166-175).
He ,n;omHf];aHC:b, ROrf];a « qapHTH» oy,n;eT rOTOB R OTllJI:bITHIO, Epa)];-
<pop,n; ceJI 3a COCTaBJIeHHe OTBeTOB. OR OTBepr nOqTH Bce OOBHHeHHH,
a OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb aa HeMHorHe npHaHaHHLIe MM yrrym;eHHH B03JIO"
mHJI Ha JIOHf];OHn;eB. B qaCTHOCTH, COrJlamaHCn C TeM, lITO )];eTH B
ROJlOHHH nOqTH He 06yqaIOTCH rpaMOTe, OH 06HCHHJI aTO OTCYTCT-
BHeM qeJIOBeRa, ROTOpLIii Mor O:bI CTaTb YQHTeJleM, a rJlaBHOe - OT-
CYTCTBHeM cpe,n;CTB Ha COf];epmaHHe TaROBoro. IIp06JIefa, JlerRO pa3-
peUIHMaH f];JlH- - pa,n;eTeJleH 00 06paaOBaHHH ROJlOHHCTOB, HaMeKaJI
ryoepHaTOp.
Ha ynpeR, OYf];TO B KOJIOHHH qaCTbI cJlyqaH BOpOBCTBa, Bpa,n;<pop)J;
OTBetJaJI: «ECJlH 6LI JIOHf];OH 6bIJI CBooo,n;eH OT aToro nopORa, TO M:bI
OnI He OLIJIH ooeCIIOKoeHLI 11M H IIo,n;aBHO)} (B, 171). ,I(HRIIe 3Bepn,
f];eiiCTBHTeJIbHO, BOf];HTCH B af];emHHX Jlecax, HO aTO HaHMeHbmee Ha
SOJI KOJIOHHH, C ROTOpLIM OHa JlerRO CnpaBJlHeTCH. IIHT:beBoH BO.I(LI
27 Osgood H. L. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 114.
28 On 6bIJI nOJIyqeH 1 HHBapH 1624 r. ITa HMH KamMeHa, 'YnHCJIoy II APyrn
rJIaBHbIX nJIHMVTCRHX ROMnaHbOHOB (no):{po6HO CM.: Adams H. B. Village
omn1 unities of Cape Ann and Saleln. Baltimore, 1883, p. 3-8).
244

«XAHAAH) MEHHET OBJ1MI
OOJICC qeM p;OCTaTOIJHO. 1.JTO RaCaeTCH yrp03bI co CTOpOH:bI rOJIJIaH,IJ;-
n;eB, TO «OHM IIPI1,n;YT CIO)];a II aaCeJIHT a)];emnHe MeCTa, eCJIH aToro
He c,n;eJIaeM M:bI IIJIH ,n;pyrne aHrJIIIQane, y6eraH OTCIO)];a ,n;OMOH If
OCTaBJIHH Bce HM. OHII CKopee aaCJIymHBaIOT IIOXBaJI:bI, tIeM IIopn-
n;aHHH» (B, 172). QT06:bI OROHQaTeJI:bHO ,n;ORaaaT:b Heo6ocHoBaHHocTh
oOBHHeHIIn:, BLI,n;BIIraBIDnXCH npOTHB HOJIOHHII II ee 06HTaTeJIeH, Bpa,IJ;-
<POPA 3aBepmaJI CBOH B03pameHHH, OCTaHOBIIBmHC:b Ha TOM OOBHHe-
HHH, ROTopoe ,n;aBaJIO eMY HaMOOJIbIDHH rrpOCTOp )))IH IIpOHHH, ,n;ame
capRaSMa: «CJIHIDKOM ,n;eJIIIRa TH:bI II HeCIIOCOOHLI coa,n;aBaT:b HOB:bIe
ROJIOH,IIII II IIOCeJIRII Te, RTO He MomeT YCTOHTb nepe)]; MOCRIITaMH;
nYCTb TaRHe OCTaIOTCH ,n;OMa - no Hpan:Hen: Mepe ,n;o Tex nop, nOKa
He CTaHYT MOCRHTOYCTOiiqHB:bIMJI» (B, 172).
OTBeTLI Bpa,n;<pop,n;a II ero HpOHHH He O:bIJIII opymHeM CJIaOOCTH,
YBIIJIHBaIOm;eii OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH. To Obl.1I0 opymHe y6em)J;eHHocTH
11 BepLI B CBOIO npaBOTY. IIoaToMY OH nncaJI, tITO B JIoH,n;OHe He B
'COCTOHHHII Cy,n;IIT:b 0 IIOJIOmeHHH, HymJ];ax II ,n;06pOCOBeCTHOCTH ROJlO-
-HHCTOB, IIHTaHCb CJIyxaMII H npeCJIe,n;YH TOJIbHO KOp:bICTHLle n;eJIH;
HOB:Dlii IIJIHMYT Hym,n;aeTCH B nOMOm;H, C OJIaro,n;apHOCT:bIO ee IIpl:J-
HIIMaeT, npo,n;OJlmaeT BblnOJIHHT:b JIemam;He Ha HeM 00H3aTeJI:bCTBa;
HO He CJIep;yeT, o,n;HaRO, aaO:bIBa Tb, qTO IIJIHMYT BblCTOHJI B caMoe
Tpy,n;Hoe BpeMH H Tenep:b yme BblCTOIIT HaBepHHRa, 1IMeH Ha aTO )J;O-
CTaTo-qHO CIIJI II nOJI:baYHCb npeHMym;ecTBaMJI pe<popMIIpOBaHHoro xo-
aHHCTBa.
B nHCbMax, ,n;OCTaBJIeHHLIX «qapHTH», aaTparHBaJICH Bonpoc, OCO-
6eHHO -qYBCTBIITeJI:bHLIH )J;JIH ryoepHaTopa, BOilpOC 0 n;apHBIDHX HKOO!>I
B ROJIOHHII peJIHrHOaHLIX pacnpHX. ECJIII Cy,n;HTb no ({IICTOPHH» ca-
Moro Bpa,n;<pop,n;a, TO MomHO c-qHTaTb, qTO YROP HeorrpaB)J;aH. C pac-
CRaaa 0 nYTemeCTBHH «Maii<pJIayap» H ,n;o paCCRaaa 0 BTOPHQHO:M
rrpHO:bITHH « qapHTII» B HeH nOqTH HHqerO He rOBopHTCH 0 Borrpocax
Bep:bI HJIII crropax H3-3a BepbI. lICRJIIOqeHHe COCTaBJIHIOT CCbIJlRII aBTO-
pa na CBHmeHHoe nHcaHHe B OOmef nJIaHe; COmaJIeHliIH 00 OTCYT-
CTBHH POOHHCOHa II ,n;pyrHx «CBHTLIX», OCTanillHXCH B JIeR,n;eHe; yno-
MfJHaHHe 00 HHIJ;H,I);eHTe, CJIYl:JHBI11eMCH B pom,n;eCTBeHCRIIH ,n;eHb
1621 r. RpoMe HeHaoemIILlx CC:bIJIOR Ha hMOJIHIO 11 yme HaBeCTHLIX
HaM IICl\JIIot.leHHM, 6bIJIO eme O,n;HO: BCKOJI'h3b opomeHHbIe aaMeqaHHH
o npHe3)J;e. C Po6epToM fop,n;mecoM cyrrepHHTeH,n;aHTa n;epKBeii BceR
ROB OR AHrJIIIH YHJI:bHMa MoppeJIJIa. OJ];HaRo cynepHHTeH)J;aHT, noce-
JIHBmHC:b B ¥accaracceTc, HIIHaR He npOHBHJI ce6H B aTOM Ra'tJ:eCTBe,
HII pa3Y He IIORaaaJl OYMar, YJ];OCTOBepHBm:ux era f];OJImHOCT:b, «OR
TOJII)KO ynoMHHYJI 0 HJIX B paarOBope nepcJ]; OT1:>e3,IJ;OM» (B, 163).
He HaiI,IJ;H n HOBoH AnrJIHH HHRaRMX ,n;pyrHx IepRBe:iii, RpOMe IIJIH-
MYTCHOH, CHOJILHO-HH6YA:b 3HatIMTeJl:bHOR naCTB:bI (;a;OpqeCTepn;bI?)
245

HOBbI:R nJlHMYT
H ,n;pyroro aaHHTIIH, I\pOMe COqlIHeHIIH JIaTHHCRHX CTIIXOB 29, on,
rrp06bIB B AMepHKe ro,n;, nOI\HHYJI ee. B OTHomeHHH cynepHHTeH}J;aH-
Ta HaCTopamlIBaeT o)J;Ha cPpaaa «MCTOPHH». rOBOpH 00 OTCYTCTBHII
ero HaMepeHHH YTBep,n;HThCH B CBoen )J;OJImHOCTH, Bpa}J;«pop,I( aaMeqaJI:
«RameTCH, OH CqlITaJI 3TO 6eCnOJIeaHhIM». CqlITaJI IIJlH BLIBymeH
6LIJI CQHTaT:b?
Bo BCHKOM CJIyqae Bpa,n;cPop}J;, OTBeqaH Ha OOBHBeHHH KYIIOB,
YTBepm,n;aJI: «...C MOMeHTa Harnero npHea)J;a Y Hac SAeCh He 6LIJIO
HHl\aKllX peJIHrHOaHLIX paaHOrJIaCIIH HJIH onrrOaHn;IIH, BLIpamaBmeHCH
(HaCKOJIbI\O HaM H3BeCTHO) B QaCTHLIX paarOBopax HJlH IIYOJIHqHO»
(B, 170). MomHo npe,n;nOJIOmHTL, qTO, HaJIaraH IIpe}J;meCTBYIOYIO
HCTOplfIO KOJIOHHH, Bpa,n;cpop,n; Cnen;HaJI:bHO HaOeraJI KaCaT:bCH HMeB-
rnHXCH B TOT rreplIo,n; peJIHrHOaHhIX paaHOrJIaCHH, a Tellepb, saHaH
ce6H II «CBHTLIX», I\pMBIIJI AyrnoH. I-Io HeJIbaH, paaYMeeTcH, Tal\me
He yqHTbIBaT:b Toro, qTO BparII cenapaTIICTOB-«paCI\OJIbHIIKOB» MOrJlH
cryaTb TOHa. Aame JIIO,n;HM HeHTpaJIbHLIM IIJIH COqYBCTBOBaBmHM
MHoroe B n;epI\OBHOM ObITY nJIHMYTeB MOrJIO KaaaThCH )J;oCToiHLI1
nopHn;aHHH. 'Y HIIX Bce ee He GLIJlO cnen;lIaJl:bHOrO n;epKOBHoro 110-
MeeHHH (rrepBYIO n;epI\OB:b rrOCTpOHJIII B 1648 r.). 'Y BIIX Bce ee
He OhIJIO CBHeHHHl\a. BpIDCTep, He IIMeH caBa II He Oy,n;YQH rraCTO-
pOM, COBepmaJl TaIIHCTBa. OH caM COMHeBaJICH B CBoeM npaBe Ha aTO.
rrJIHMYTLI He 110 CBoeu BIIHe oTcTyrraJIII 01' npaBHJI. Ho 6JIIOCTHTeJIH
«HCTHHHhIX» epHBe:ii H BepLI 06bIqHO CqHTaIOTCH TOJI:bRO C TeM, lIT6
)J;OJImHO 6LIT:b, a He C TeM, HaCKOJILKO TO HJIH HHoe BoaMomHO.
BprocTep, qTOOLI paapemHT:b CBOH COMHeHHH II aanaCTHC:b AOBO-
,n;aMH Ha CJIyqaH Bpam,n;e6Horo BMemaTeJIbCTBa B )J;eJIa nJlHMYTcROH
n;epRBH CO CTOpOHLI BJIaCTeH MeTpOnOJIHH, OOpaIIJICH aa pa3'LHCHe-
HHHMH R POOHHCOBY. KaK paa C «qapHTII» eMY rrpHmeJI OTBeT:
«H ClJHTaIO HerrpaBOMepHbIM,- IIHCaJI JIeH,n;eHCKIIH naCTOp,- lITOO'hI
BbI, 6YAyqH cTapeiimlIHoH-ynpaBHTeJIeM ...rrpenHTCTBOBaJIH TeM, KTO
rrpHSBaH ocyeCTBJIHT:b epKOBHoe II )J;YXOBHoe PYI\OBO)J;CTBO II KOMY
Ha)J;JIemHT OCeCTBJIHT:b TaHHCTBa, HCnOJIHHH CBOH 06H3aHHOCTH.
ECJIH ,n;ame CqHTa'Fb IICnOJIHeHHe BaIII aTHX 06HaaHHocTeii: npaBO-
MepHLIM, TO IICnOJIHeHHe HX BaMM rrpn: HaJIHqHII CBHm;eHHHKa BhI-
aB3JIO GbI lIaBeCTHoe HeY)J;06cTBO. IIplIoy,n;eT JIH K BaM KaKoii-HHOY)J;b
yqeHhIii Mym HJlII HeT, H He aHaID; eCJIH npH6YAeT: Consilium capere
in arena» (E, 174) 30.
29 On H3));aJI HX H3. pO));HHe B co6CTBeHHOM nepeBO));e Ha aHrJIIIHCKHH H3bIK no));
Ha3BaHHeM «HoBan AnrJIHH, HJIII RpaTKHH paccRa3 0 l\JIIIMaTe, 3eMJIe, BOAe,
pbI6ax II nTHn;ax TOH CTpaHbI» (1625).
30 «PemaHTe no 06CTOHTeJIbCTBaM» (./tar.). B TeRCTe IIHCbMa, IIpHBep;eHHOro B
«Chronicles» (p. 477), HeT nocJIe));Heii <ppa3bI.
246

«XAHAAH»MEHHETOBnnK
P06HHCOH, aTO OqeBII,n;HO, npe,n;nOJIaraJI, qTO B ITJIHMYTe MOiKeT
IIOHBIITLCH CBHIIJ;OHHHK, nepOHTHO, ,n;ame aHaJI -qTO-HH6y,n;:b orrpeAeJIeH-
HOe. MCXo,n;H lIa aToro OB OTBeqaJI BpIOcTepy. M IIocTynHJI BepBO.
CBHm;eHHIIK IIplI6LIJI Ha «qapHTH». «MLI Ha,n;eeMCH,- nlIcaJl Ram-
MeH,- qTO OH OqeHb qeCTBLIH qeJIOBeK, XOTH ,n;aJIeKO He caMLIH 113-
BeCTHLIH IIJIH qeM-JIH60 BLIAaIOm;HHCH. MaOHpaH ero AJIH IICnOJlHeB1IH
06HaaHHOCTeH, ,n;eiiCTBYUTe, KaK BLI CqlITaeTe HymHLIM 11 y,n;06HLIM;
OB SHaeT, -qTO He HBJIHeTCH ,n;JIH Bac KaRHM-JIII60 HaqaJILHIIROM, XOTH,
nplIBLIKHYB K CBoeH npemHeii pOJIII, OH MomeT II aa6LITL 06 aTOM.
M-p YIIHCJlOY II H nOaBOJIHJIH eMY exaTb, qTOOLI y,n;OBJIeTBOpIITb
meJIaHHe HeKOTopbIX a,n:eCb, B AHrJIIIII, II MbI He BR,n;HM B aTOM Bpe,n;a,
eCJlH He CqlITaTL 60JIbmOrOqlICJIa ero ,n;eTeH» (B, 168-169). To OLIJI
,n:moH JIaii«pop,n;.
«Ror,n;a OH BrrepBble comeJI Ha 6eper, OH rrpHBOTCTBOBaJI IIX C Ta-
KHM YBameHHeM II rrORopHOCTbIO, KaRHe pe,n;KO nplIxo,n;HTCH BII,n;eT:b,
H BLIaBaJI Y HHX -qYBCTBO lIeJIOBKOCTH CBOHMII IIOKJIOHaMH 11 paooJIe-
lllIeM, II OH CTaJl GLI n;eJIOBaTb HX PYKH, eCJlII 6bI OHII paSpem1lJlll
eMY aTO c,n;eJIa Tb; OH JIIIJI CJIeaLI, CJIaBH Bora, ROTOpLIH npHBeJI ero
BH,n;eTL nx JIHa, BOCXHaHCL TeM, qTO OHII C,I(eJlaJlH B CTOJI:b Tpy,n;HLIX
YCJIOBIIHX II T. ,n;., HaH 6y,n;TO OB OLIJI caMa JIIOOOBL II caMLIH CKPOM-
HLIH qeJIOBeR B Mllpe» (B, 178). Ha6JIIO,n;aH Bce aTO, naMHTYH 0 Ha-
CTaBJIeHHII P06lIHcoHa n y-qHTbIBaH, 'lITO «HeROTopLIe B AHrJlHII»
MorYT cepLeaHO OIIOJIqlITbCH IIpOTHB MeCTHOH epKBH, eCJIH JIaii«poPA
6y,n;eT BCTpetJ:eH B IDTLIKH, ry6epHaTOp H OCTaJI:bHLle qJIeHbI MarlICTpa-
Ta nplIHHJIH ero ,n;OCTaTOqHO pa,n;ymHo, BO BCHKOM cJlyqae BHemHe.
CBHeHHHR, ROTOpLIH, HaCKOJIbKO MomHO ey,n;UT:b, npllHa,n;JIemaJi
K anrJIHRaHCKoii epKBII, He rrpHMHHYJI K MeCTHLII aHrJlIIKaHaM, BeJI
ceGH o-qeH:b JIOHJIbHO B OTHomeHHII cenapaTIICTOB, BLIKaSbIBaJl MaKCH-
MYM YBameHHH K BpaA<pOp,n;y, CYMeB paCnOJIOmlITL ero B CBOIO nOJlL-
ay. ITo IIpomeCTBIIH HeKOToporo BpeMeHH CBHm;eHHIIK aaHBHJI 0 me-
JlaHHII CTaTL qJIeHOM KOHrperan;HH. IIo,u;YMaB II no,n;om,n;aB HeMHoro,
eMY OTBeTHJIII COrJIaClIeM, II OH IIpHHHJI BepoyqeHne cerrapaTHCTOB.
« qapIITH» em;e He OT6LIJI B AnrJI:UIO, em;e JIemaJl B CTOJIe y Bpa,n;-
q,op,n;a OT-qeT 0 ,n;eJIax KOJIOHIIH, B KOTOpOM ryoepHaTOp OTBO,n;HJI B03-
Be,n;eHHLIe na Hee 06BHHenHH, B qaCTHOCTII 0 pen;lIrlIOaHLIX paSHOrJIa-
CIIHX, KaK aTH paaHOrJIaCIIH BOaHIIKJIII (HJIII rrpHOOpeJIH paSMepLI,
ROTopLIe HaROHe eTaJIII 3pHMLI). OHH B03HHKJIH Hs-sa OIIIIOSHn;Hll
rJlaBeHCTBY ceilapaTHCTCKOH n;epRBH, «BLIpamaBmeHCH B 'tJ:aCTHLIX
paarOBopax lIJIH IIYOJIHqHLIX BbICKaaLIBaHHHX».
HaqaJIoc:b C Toro, qTO JIau«pop,I(, R y,n;HBJIeHHIO «CBHTLIX», CTan
qaCTO BCTpeqaTLCH C anrJIHKaH8MII. Oc06eHHO rro,n;PymHJICH OH C
Heo«pHHaJI:bHLIM PYKOBo,n;HTeJIeM «tJ:aCTHHKOB» ,n:mOHOM OJI,n;aMOltl,
247

HonbIft nJIHMYT
1\OTOpLliI IIcAanlIO CaM BblpamaJI meJIanIIe BCTYIIHTI) B I\OHrpOraf(IIlO.
Tenepb 06a OHn CTapaJIHCb o6eAHHHTb Bcex He BXOAHBIIIHX B Hee
KOJIOHHCTOB. C HaRorO-TO MOMeHTa JIaiicpop,n; CTaJI BLlcTynaTb OTKPLI-
TO B pOJIII aHrJIHKaHCKoro CBHeHHIIRa. OH rrOaBOJIHJI ceoe IIPH Hpe-
In;eHHH peoeHRa oceHHTb ero KpeCTHLIM aHaMeHHeM. A Bce, CBHaaHHoe
co aHaKOM KpeCTa, CHMBOJIOM MyqeHHU MHcyca, ObIJIO )J;JIH cenapaTH-
CTOB HeHaBHCTHO II OCKOpOHTeJI:bHO. TIM 6pOCHJIH BbIaOB.
CnJIa BparOB KOHrperan;IIOHaJIIICTCKOH n;epKBII l\-lorJIa MHorORpa THO
BoapaCTH nplI OIIope na OcpHn;lIaJI:bHLIe BJIaCTIl B AHrJIIlH. IIpeABH)J;H
naMepeHlIe JIaHcpop,n;a IIOJIyqHTb oTTy,n:a IIo,n;;o;epiKKY, ryoepHaTOp
YCTaHOBHJI 3a HHM Tm;aTeJIbHOe Ha6JIIO,n:eHlIe. Ror,n;a «qapIITII», Bep-
HYBIIIHCb C Hey,n;allHoro pbIoHoro IIpOMLICJIa, rOTOBHJICH K OTlIJlbITHK>
Ha POAIIHY, Bp9,n;cpop,n;y CTaJIO II3BeCTHO, qTO CBH.eHHHK M OJI,n;aM
OTHeCJIII KalIlI'raHY oOJIee 20 nHceM. YCTYlIHB IIpocJ6aM ry6epHaTopa,
ero ,n;pyr KalIHTaH Y llJIbHM 11Hpc paapeIIIIIJI T01\IY II03IIaI\OMIITbCH
C HX CO)];epmaHHeM.
ABTOpbI IIlIceM C006m;aJIH CBOHM a)];peCaTaM: 3aCIIJI:be cenapaTII-
CTOB B ROJIOHHH COBepmeHHO HeCTeplIHMO; OCTaJIbHLIe TPeTHPYIOTCH,
H TOJlbKO OTCYTCTBHe nOOJIlIaOCTH ,n;pyroro OCBoeHHoro MeCTa Y)J;ep-
mlIBaeT HX B I1JIHMYTe; IIPH IIX OTea,n;e KOJIOHHH CTaHeT HTa;o;eJIbIO
celIapaTHaMa; rrpo,n;YKTLI pacnpe,n;eJlHIOTCH IIpHCTpaCTHO, npaBa «qaCT-
HHKOB» ym;eMJIHIOTCH. B KaqeCTBe 6JIIImaftIDHx Mep 110 IICilpaBJleHlI10
IIOJIOmeHHH JIaHcpop,n; H OJIAaM peKOMeH,n;OBaJIH nH B KoeM CJIyqae
He ;O;OIIYCKaTb npHea,n;a B HOBLIM IIJIHMYT P06HHCOHa H OCTaJIbHLIX
JIeH,n;eHeB, qTO CHJIbHO YKpenlIJIO 6bI KOHrperaIIIO; ;O;06IIBaTbCH CHH-
THH CTaHAlIma, KOTOpLIH «lIo,n;ooeH rJIYIIOMY pe6eHKY», C nOCTa Ka-
nnTaHa; BbI6paTb MeCTO ;o;JIH HOB oro rrOCeJIeHHH, a nORa OOeClIeqHTb
pacmHpeHlIe npaB «-qaCTHIIKOB» (B, 183-187).
I1Haqe rOBopH, B JIIIn;e JIaHcpop,n;a 11 OJI,n;9lVIa B:DICTYIIHJIa KaK ObI
peJIIIrlI03HaH II IIOJIHTlIqeCRaH orrIIoaHHH cym;ecTBoBaBmeMY rropH)J;-
KY, qTOOLI ero paapymHTb, a C HHM H caMOIO KOJIOHIIIO, HaqaBmYIOCH
COrJIameHHeM Ha «MaftcpJIaY9p». II09TOMY He TOJILKO BCKpLIJIII JI
IIPoqJIII nHCbMa, HO II C HeKOTopbIX CHHJIH KOlIIIH, a qaCT:b OCTaBIIJIII
ce6e B RaqeCTBe BeIn;eCTBeHHbIX ,n;ORaaaTeJIbCTB (B AHrJIIIIO OTlIpa-
BIIJIII KOlIHH). Bce ,n;eJIaJIOC:b BTaHHe. Ror,n;a « qa PHTII» ymeJI, JIaii-
cJ>op,n; H OJI,n;9M, CqIITaH, qTO OHH ooecrre-rJIIJIH ce6e MOm;HYro no,n;,n;epm-
RY II KOHe-rJHYIO nooe,n;y, CTaJIH neCTII ce6H BLI3:bIBaIOm;e. MarHcTpaT
co CBoeH CTOpOHbI m,n;aJI IIpe,n;JIOra, qTOObI CBeCTII C HIIMH CqeTbI.
I10 paCCRa3Y Bp9,n;cpop;o;a, OJIA9M o,n;Ham,n;LI OTKaaaJICH CTOHT:b Ha
CTopomeBOM IIOCTY. Ha Bce npHKaaaHHH CT9H,n;lIma OH OTBel.IaJI pyra-
TeJI:bCTBaMH H ,n;aiKe rpOSIIJI HomOM, Be,n;H ce6H «KaK pasHpeHHoe
iKHBOTHOe». Ero ooeaopymHJIH, CBHaaJIH II IIoca,n;HJIII B Kapep. JIai-
248-

«XAHAAH)} MEHHET OBJIHR
CPOPf];, qeJlOBeR HHOrO TeMnepaMeHTa, XOTH II He CRpLIBaJl Hef];OBOJIb-
CTBa MarHCTpaTOM, CTapaJICH He ,n;aBaT:b nOBo,n;a R OTKPLITOMY ROH£p-
JIHRTY. Ho aa Ramp;:bIM ero marOM CJle,n;UJIH H yoef];HJIHC:b, qTO on
opraHlIayeT OT,n;eJI:bHYIO peJIIIrlI03HYIO OOIlllHY, Bpamp;e6nyIO Ronrpe-
ran;llH cenapaTHCTOB. He TOJI:bRO opraHH3yeT, 1I0 II CYMeJl Taino
rrpOBeCTII «coocTBeHHoe OT,n;eJI:bHOe co6paHHe». MarncTpaT pemHJI,
'£ITO «KaK pas HacTynlIJIO BpeMH ('tJTOO:bI npe,n;OTBpaTHTb paaBHTHe
aJIa) rrpHaBaT:b IIX K OTBeTY» (B, 181).
ryoepHaTop C03BaJI Bcex mHTeJleiI nOCeJlKa II B IIX rrpnCYTCTBnll
OOBHHHJI JIaH<I>op,n;a II OJI,n;aMa B HapymeHIIII MJIpHOH »\IISHII KOJlOHIIII,
B aarOBope npOTHB ee «rpamf];aHCRMX II n;epKOBH:bIX nopHp;ROB, qTO
6LIJlO oc06eHHo npe,n;ocy,n;llTeJI:bHO, TaR RaI\ 06a OHH II Bce npo'tJHe
aHaIOT, qTO CTapOmlIJIbI npH6:bIJIII CIOf];a, qTOObI oopecTH CBOOO)J;Y co-
BeCTH II CBOOO,n;y CJIe,n;OBaTb npe,n;nncaHIIHM Bora, pa)J;II -qero OHn:
plICROBaJIH mH3H:bIO II HCnLITaJIH MHorHe JIHmeHliIH» (B, 181-182).
AaJIee Bp3)J;£POp,n; HanOMHIIJI, qTO CBHm;eHHHK co cBoeiI MHOrOqHCJleH-
Hoi ceM:beiI iRHJI, nOJIy-qaH Bce lIa ooero CKJIa)J;a, a CJIef];OBaTeJI:bHO
aa c-qeT Tex, npOTHB Horo aaMLIlliJIHJI aJIO, npOHBHB JI:nn;eMepHe II He-
OJIaro,n;a pHOCTb, Ha,n;pyraBlliHC:b Ha,n; ORasaHHbIM ,n;OBeplleM. OJI)J;3M-
COOOm;HHK JIaft£Pop,n;a no aarOBOpy, aa,n;YMaHHOMY e:rn;e B A HfJIlllI.
06BHHHeMbIe Bce OTpHaJIH. MM npe,n;':bHBHJIII nepeXBaqeHHLIe
IIIIC:bMa OJI,n;aMa. OH rp03HJI npHBJIe-qI, q.rrenOB MarHCTpaTa R CYPOBO:ii
.0TBeTCTBeHHOCTH aa BCRpLITHe qymoH HoppecnOHp;eHHII. On Ha)J;eHJI-
CH, qTO ero e)J;HHOMLlmJIeHHHRII «nepeH,n;YT Ha ero CTOPOHY II OTRpLITO
BOCCTaHYT. Ho OH oOManYJICH B CBOHX omHp;aHHHX, TaR RaH HII O,n;HII
-qeJlOBeR He OTRp:bIJI pTa, II Bce XpaHIlJIH MOJIqaHlIe, nopameHH:bIe
HecnpaBe,n;JIHBOCTblO aaTeHHHoro aarOBOpa» (B, 182-183). ry6epHa-
TOp OO'bHCHHJI, 'lITO MarlICTpa T p;eiiCTBOBaJI BLIHymp;eHHo, pa)J;H crrace-
HHH ROJIOHHH, ROTOPYIO MOrJIa norYOHTb RJleBeTa ee BparOB. B rrop;-
TBepm,n;eHHe IIHCbMa OJI,n;3Ma OLIJIH npOtIHTaHbI.
JIai<I>op)J;, nOHHMaH, qTO OH B aanap;HO, MO.lIqaJI. OrJIaCIIJIH II ero
rrIIC:bMa. « Bce ero ,n;pya:bH ObIJIH 03a,n;atIeH:bI II He Haxo,n;HJIH, 'liTO
CRaaaTb» (E, 183). CBHm;eHHHR n:bITaJICH orrpaB)J;aTb ce6H. OH YTBepm-
)J;aJI, 'tITO ero nHCbMa OCHOBLIBalOTCH Ha )J;aHHLIX, co06meHH:bIX eMY
ROJIOHIICTaMH. Ha3BaHH:ble HM JIHn;a OTRaSaJIHC:b no,n;TBepJJ;HT:b aTO.
Bpa,n;£pop,n; BHOBI> B3HJI CJIOBO. q T06LI OROHqaTeJI:bHO BLI6HT:b y JIa:n-
<I>op,n;a nOqBY rroJJ; HoraMH II rrpo,n;eMOHCTpHpOBaT:b oecnpIIcTpacTHocTh
oOBIIHeHHH, ry6epHaTop IIo,n;'tJepKHYJI, qTO ocymJJ;eHHIO nOJJ;JIemHT He
rrplIBepmeHHOCT:b 06BHHHeMoro H )J;pyrOMY BepOHcnOBe,n;aHHIO, a TO, 'tJTO,
liMen HaMepeHHe CTaT:b B KOJIOHHH aHrJIHHaHCI\HM CBHm;eHHHKOM, OR
CKpLIJI 3TO, ne )J;aB «lIJIeHaM MarnCTpaTa II upaTbHM» 06CYP;HT:b BO-
upoe H rrpHHaT!) KaRoe-HHoy,n;:b pemeHHe, ,n;eiiCTBOBaJI npe,n;aTeJI:bCR.fI
249

ROBLIn nJIHMYT
II BO Bpe,n; KOJIOHIIII. JIa:n<I>op,n; OOJILme He OTplIaJI CBoeu BHHD!. OU
caM rOpHqO OCy,n;HJI CBoe IIOBe,n;eHlIe. «II Bce aTO OH BLIpa3HJI C TaKOH
CHJIOH y6em,n;eHHOCTH, C KaKon aTO MomHO c,n;eJIaTb C IIOMO:bIO CJlOB
11 CJle3» (B, 188).
C06paHIIe IIOCTaHOBIIJIO 1I3rHaTb npOBHHHBlliHXCH lIa ROJIOHIIU:
OJI,n;aMa - ce:nqac me; JIaH<I>op,n;a, KaK paCKaHBmerOCH,- qepes
meCTb MeCHeB (c BOSMOiKHOCTbIO IIOJIHOfO IIpOm;eHIIH, eCJlH OH ,n;o-
KaiReT CBoe paCRaHHHe npHMepHLIM nOBe,n;eHHeM). OJI,n;aM 060cHoBaJl-
CH B HaHTacKeTe (lOiRHaH qaCT:b Macca-qyceTcKoH OYXT:bI), Ry,n;a
n03me nepe6paJIaCb Hero ceMbH, KOTOpOH BpeMeHHO pa3pemHJlH
OCTaT:bCH B IIJIHMYTe. C OJI,n;aMOM B HaHTaCKeTe nOCeJlIIJIHC:b H He-
CKOJIbKO ero TOBapHm;eH. BecHoH 1625 r. OJI,n;aM 6e3 paapemeHHH
BepHYJICH B HOBLIH I1JIHMYT. 110 CJIOBaM Bpa,n;«pop,n;a, OH BeJI ee6H
BbI3bIBalOe, BCH'tleCRH OCKop6J1HJI III!JIHrpHMOB, HHKaK He C,I(epmH-
BaH «CBOH 6YHH:bIH HpaB». ,[(ame «qymaKH», ROTopLIe npHeXaJlH C
HHM, «6bIJlH npnCT:bImeH:bI efO 6eC'tlHHCTBOM II yrrpeKaJIII ero»
(B, 195). ROHqIIJIOC:b TeM, qTO, nOMHB eMY 60Ka, OJI,n;aMa C nOMOLIO
BoopymeHHoi oxpaHLI CIIJIOH ycaAHJIH B JIOARY H 3aCTaBHJlH rrOKH-
HYTb KOJIOHIIIO.
JIaH<I>op,n; sa 8TO BpeMH ,n;OOIIJICH IIpOm;eHIIH. Ero BHOBb npHHHJIII
B l}'JIeHbI n;epKBH, eMY ,n;ame pa3pellIHJIH «YtJHTb», T. e. 06'bHCHHTb
BepYIOm;IIM CBHm;eHHLIe TeKCTL!. O,n;HaKO 'IIepes fecH-)J;Ba BHOBL 6LIJlO
rrepeXBa1IeHO ero IIHC:bMO B AHfJIIIIO. OH IIepe,n;aJI ero no ceRpeTY
MOPHRY HS KOMaH,n;bI yxO,n;Hm;ero Ha pO,n;HHY «JIHTJI ,[(meHMC», KOTO-
pLIH IIOCJIe MHorHX Tpy,n;OB ObIJI TIOf];HHT co ,n;Ha II OTpeMOHTHpO-
BaR.
JIall<pop,u; nOBTOpHJI Bce CBOH rrpemRHe 06BHHeHHfI, YTBepm,n;aJl,
'lJTO KOJIOHHCTLI «co CJIeaaMH Ha fJIaaax» maJlOBaJIHCb eMY na npH-
TeCHeHHH co CTOpOHbI ceIIapaTHCTOB, 'lJTO OH caM 6LIJI HaRa3aH 3a
IICrrOJIHeHHe CBoero CBHeHHHqeCROrO )J;OJIra, qTO paSMep ero cO)J;ep-
maHHH MeHHJICH npOH3BOJIbHO «yme 10 pa3» (B, 189-190). JIaii«pop-
,n;a ocy,n;HJIa ,n;aiRe ero coocTBeHHaH meHa, ,n;OIIOJlHBB oOBHHeHIIH npo-
THB Hero C006m;eHHeM 0 ero cyrrpymecRoiI HeBepHOCTH. Ocym,n;eHHLIH
BHOBb, OH, HeCMOTpH Ha 3HMHee BpeMH, BLIHym,n;eH 6LIJI HeIe,n;JleHHO
BbI6IIpaTbCH 113 IIJIIIMYTa II HaIIpaBIIJICH K OJI,n;aMY. Ero ceMLH Bpe-
MeRHO OCTaJlaC:b B IIOCeJIRe.
PaCCRa3LIBaH 060 BceM CJIyqHBmeMCH, Bpa,n;<pop,n;, HymHo OTAaTL
eMY cnpaBe,n;JIHBOCT:b, ,n;OBOJILHO IIo,n;p06HO 1I3J1araeT co,n;epmaHHe III!'"
ceM JIaii«pop)J;a, B KOTOpLIX TOT RplITHRyeT cerrapaTIICTOB, a o,n;no lIS
HUX rrpIIBOJ];HT nOJlHOCTblO. RaK BU)J;HO, JIaHcPOP,n; rrpe)J;CTaBJIfIJlCH
ry6epnaTOpy HaCTOJIbKO )J;HCRpe,n;HTHpOBaHHLIM, 'IlTO )J;JIH 'lJHTaTeJIH
«MCTOPHH», KaR eMY Ra3aJlOC:b, HeJIenOCT:b 06BIIHeHHH TaKoro qeJIO-
250

{(XAttAAtt» MEItngt oftJttt1:
u 0
net\a )J;OJIjI{tIa HBJIHT:bCH CaMOOtIeBH,D;nOH, a BHlla nepe,tl; t\oJtoItneH :u:e
nO,D;JIemaID;eft COMHeHHIO.
HOBLIH TIJIHMYT, O,lJ;HaRO, 6LIJI He npOCTO aHrJIIIHCKOU KOJIOHllei,
HO «HOBLIM XaHaaHOM», r,n:e pemaIOIIM BJIIIHHHeM rrOJI:b30BaJIIICL ce-
IIapaTHCTLI. IIoaToMY Y Hac eCTb OCHOBaHIIH llo,n;ospeBaTh Bpa,lJ;4>op,u;a
B npHCTpaCTHOCTII. BepHeMcH R MOMeHTY, Kor,u;a JIaii«pop,u; comeJl C
« qapHTH».
TIpHoLITlIe B HOBLIH IIJIIIMYT aHrJIHRaHCKoro CBHlI(eHHHKa, oco-
oeHHo rrpH OTCYTCTBHII Y «CBHTLIX» CBoero naCTopa, He MOfJlO He
rrOKasaThCH HM rro,n;03pHTeJILHLIM. B aTOM, RpOMe npOqHX IIpII3HaKOB,
YCMaTpHBaJIOCb He,u;oopOmeJIaTeJIbCTBO nOH,n;OHCKIIX KOMUaH:bOHOB
Tenepb B RpOBHOM ,n;JIH «CBHTLIX» ,n;eJIe - Borrpocax BepLI. HemeJIaHRe
RyrrIJ;OB ,lJ;OCTaBIITh B AMepHRY P06IIHCOHa H OCTaJI:bHbIX JIe:nAeHeB
paH:bme OO'LHCHHJIOC:b IIpem,n;e Bcero «pHHaHCOBLIMH CJIOiKHOCTHMII.
Teneph aTO IIpe,n;CTaJIO B HHOM CBeTe. )]:OHOCId yexaBmlIX 113 KOJIO-
HHII? CTapaHHlI «HeROTopLIX B AHrJIHH»? CTpax IIepe,n; qeM-TO Kyn-
n;OB? HeII3BeCTHO, KaK Ha IIo,n;OOHLIe BorrpOCLI OTBeqaJI ryoepHaTOPY
YIIHCJIOY, COrJIaCIIBmlI:nCH rrplIBeSTH CBHm;eHHIIKa B HOBLIH IIJIHMYT.
BrrOJIHe, O,lJ;HaKO, BepOHTHO, 'liTO OH paCCKa3aJl 0 HBHOM Tor,n;a HaMe-
peHHII ROpOJlH C6JIHSHTbCH C I1cnaHHe:n, 0 pocrrycHe rrapJIaMeHTa,
IILITaBmerOCH BOCilperrHTCTBOBaT:b 3aMLIillJIHeMOMY opaKY npHHa
RapJIa Ha lICnaHCROH IIH<paHTe 31. TIaXJIO «rraIIII3MOM».
IIoBe,lJ;eHHe JIaRq.op,n;a B IIepBLle ,D;HH ero npeoLIBaHIIH B ROJIOHHR
HeCKOJIbKO ycrroKOHJIO orraceHHH, B03HIIKmlIe B CBH3H C IIOHBJIeHHeM
cpe,lJ;u HRX CBHm;eHHHRa-HeceIIapaTHcTa. qTOO:bI rapaHTHpOBaTh JIO-
HJIbHOCTh CBHeHHIIHa, ero HBHO o6XaiKHBaJIH, nplIHlIJlH B cpe,n;y
MeCTHOH 3JIHTLI. OH CTaJI nOqTH HerrpeMeHHLIM y-qaCTHHKOM COBea-
HHH MarHCTpaTa. C HHM COBeTOBaJICH Bpa,n;4>op,n;. IIplIHHTHe JIaft4>op-
,n;a B ROHrperaIJ;IIIO KaK OLI OKOHaTeJIbHO ooe3BpeiKHBaJIO ero II ,n;e-
JlaJIO CBOMM. Ho ,lJ;OJIH COMHeHIIH OCTaBaJIaCb. CBHeHHIIKa, CTaBmero
OqeBH,lJ;HbIM KaH,n;H,n;aTOM B naCTopLI, H36IIpaTL Ha STOT nOCT He
CrremlIJIH.
.D:JIH qero rrpHeXaJI 11 'tIero XOTeJI JIaH«pOP,n;? MMeIOHeCH ,n;aHHIde
He rr03BOJIHIOT TOqHO YCTaHOBIITb MOTHBLI efO nOBe,n;eHHH. OH Mor
HMeTh 3a,n;3HHe, rrpOHHKHYB B KOHrperanIO, pa3pymHTL ee. OH MOl'
CBO,lJ;HTh CqeTLI, 06H,n;eBmnC:b Ha TO, qTO efO He IISOHpaIOT rraCTopOM,
IIJIH Ha TO, tITO eMY BLI,lJ;eJIHIOT He,n:OCTaTOtIHOe co,n;epmaHHe. OH Mor
pa30'tlapOBaThCH B cerrapaTHCTCKOM BepoyqeHMII. Mor 6hITL IIpOCTO
HeymHBqHBLIM. MorJIo OLIT:b Bcero nOHeMHory. TaK HJIH HHa'tle, eBa
oOHapymIIJIOC:b, QTO OH H3MeHHeT nJlHMYTCROH n;epKBH, BOCCTaHaBJIH-
31 AnrJIHHCKaH 6ypmya3HaH peBOJIIOIDI XVII Bel\a, T. 1, c. 117-118.
251

tt 0 B 1,1 it n.tt n M Y T
:naD'r It OO'.be,I{HHHeT npOTIIB Hee aHfJIHKaH, JIaii«pop,I{ npeBpaTlIHCrt
,n:JIH KOHrperan;HH, ,u;JIH «HoBora XaHaaHa}), KOTOpbIH «CBHTbIMIl»
OTOiKp;eCTBJIHJICH C HOBbIM IIJIH1\fYToM, B onaCHoro npOTIIBHHKa, Ry,u;a
OOJIee OilaCHoro, -qeM TOprOB:bIH ROHHypeHT YaCTOH. OH CTaJI ,n;JIH
KOHrpeTaHH II MarlICTpaTa IIpOTHBHHKOM cyecTBoBaBmero peiKHMa.
PemHM aTOT ,n:OIIYCKaJI npHCYTCTBHe B nOCeJIRe aHrJIHKaH 11 nyplI-
TaB 32. C HHMH «CBHTble» B:bIHym,u;eHbI 6:bIJIH MHpIITbCH C caMoro Ha-
qaJIa - C «Ma:iicpJIayap». «qymaKH », IIOTOM «qaCTHHKH ». KOJIOHHH He
MOrJIa IIpeHe6peqb pa60qlIMH PYKaMH. aHa He Morna IIpeHeOpeqb
AHIIJIOMaTHeH BepOTepIIHMOCTH IIepe,n; JIHOM o<pIIHaJILHOR AHrJIIIH,
TeM 60JIee OIKH,n;aH OTTYAa YTBepIK,I{eHHH CBOHX IIpaB. «CBHTLIe» HC
MOTJIII BaHTb qlICJIeHHOCTbIO - TOJIbKO BJIHHHlIeM H opraHHaOBaHHO-
CTbIO. 06a aTH cpaKTopa II IIOaBOJIIIJIII COS,I{aTb cy:m;ecTByrom;IIH peiKlIM,
B OCHOBe HOToporo JIei-KaJIO IIpe06JIa,n;aIOee BJIHHHHe «CBHTLIX}) B
.JInII;e I1X PYHOBOAHTeJlei.i:. MMeHHO aTH PYHOBO,1J;HTeJIII ocyeCTB.Jl}lJLH
BJraCTb B KOJIOHHII. O<pnn;MaJIbHO - lrepea ry6epHaTopa II MaflICTpaT,
B ROTOpOM 6bIBIIIHe «QymaKll» (CTaH,n;Hm, T oppeH, rOIIKHHC) 3d
6LIJI1I rJIaBHbIMH copaTHHKaMII Bpa,n;cpop,u;a II BplOcTepa. Heo«pII-
aJIbHO - qepea -qJIeHOB epKBH, KOTopbIe IIo,n:,n;epiKIIBaJIII CBOIIX PYKO-
BOAIITeJIeiI CJIOBOM H ,u;eJIOM. CHJIa pemHMa BoapaCTaJIa aa CqeT
CJIa60CTH BoaMomHoro COlIpOTHBJIeHHH aHrJIIIKaH, 0 qeM YiKe rOBO-
pIIJlOCb. KpoMe Toro, lIX IlCIIO,u;BOJIL, HOHe-qHO, paaOOaJIH, IICIIOJlbSYH
peJlHflIoaHYIO HaqHTaHHOCTb II aBTopHTeT BJIIIHTeJILHLIX «CBHTLIX».
32 AmoH A. rYBHH, nHcaBmHii B nOCJIeHee BaaTHJIeTHe XIX B., Ha3BaJI
enCTBHH JIaH<popp;a «nypHTaHCKHM 3arOBopOM», a ero caMoro - «CBHJJJ;eH-
HRKOM rrYPIITaHCROM CeI\IJ;IIH aHrJIRKaHCKon n;epKBR» (Goodwinn I. A. Ope cit.,
p. 259-261). Ha 'leM rYBHH OCHOBblBaJI CBoe 3aKJIIOtIeHIIe, HeRCHO. MomHo
npep;nOJIOmIITb, tITO JIaii:<popP; 6bIJI nypHTaHIUIOM-KOH<P0PMIICTOM, H TaR no-
HHTb onpep;eJleHHe ryp;BHHa. 110 B ero p;aJIbHeHilieM paccKa3e JIaii:<popP; BbI-
cTynaeT cHopee RaK aHrJIIIKaHHH (p. 272-275). OJIP;3M, tIbe BepolIcnoBea-
HHe T01I\e TO'lHO HeH3BeCTHO, HO KOTopbIn n03me mHJI C nypHTaHaMH Mac-
CatIyceTca, CYH no ero 6Horpa<pHu, )J;BUiKHM 6bIJI B nepBYIO Oqepe)J;b JIHtI-
HbIMH MOTHBaMH, RaK HenpH3HaHHbIH PYKoBop;HTeJIb «qaCTHlIKOB». B OTJIH-
qRe OT rYP;BIlHa ,n;pyrHe aMepHKaHcKHe aBTopbI, BeCbMa aBTopHTeTHbIe 11
nHcaBiliHe n03me Ha 60JIee oCHOBaTeJIbHoii: p;oKYMeHTaJIbHOH 6a3e, He COMHe-
BaIOTCH B TOM, qTO JIaii:<popP; - CBHlIJ;eHHHK aHrJIHKaHCKOH n;epKB1I (A nd-
rews Ck. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 276; Willison G. F. Ope cit., p. 244-245). IIpaB-
p;a, BeCKHX p;aHHbIX He npHBop;HT 11 OHH. AJIH Hac TOqHOe onpe,n;eJIeHHe Bepo-
HcnOBep;aHIDI JIan<pop,n;a He TaR ym BaiKHO, TeM 60JIee, qTO B TO BpeMH raM-
Ma BepOBaHuii aHrJIHqaH 6bIJIa OqeHL mIlpOKa. Y JIIO,u;eii HeTBepp;bIX y6em-
p;eHHii: 3TH BepOBaHHH CMeJJJ;aJIHCb, a qaCTO npHMO aaBHCeJIH OT JIHqHOrO no-
JIOmeHHH HJIH HHTepeCOB. AJIH Hac BamHO 6bIJIO BbIHBHTb, RaK C03,n;aBaJIaCb
onn03IIIJ;HH cyw;ecTBoBaBmeMY pemHMY II KaR OHa napHpOBaJIaCb PYKOBO-
p;HTeJIHMH KOJIOHHH.
33 fix OTHomeHHH C KOHrperan;Heii HeH3BeCTHbI, HO MOiRHO npep;nOJIOiKHTb, tITO
OHH BCTynHJIH B Hee, a eCJIH HeT, TO 6bIJIlI K HeM BeCbMa JIOHJIbHbI.
252

(:XA1tAAtt» MEitfIEr O:SJ1tt"
1{oro-To 06 paIl1;aJI:ll B CBOro Bepy y6em.n:eHlIeM. RTo-ro Ci\.1Io:EtHJIctt 1{
Heft, na BblrOJJ;bI. RTO-TO rro,n;AaBaJlCH ,n;aBJleHHIO. RTO-TO aaTaHJICH.
,[J:eHTeJIbHOCTb JIaH<I>oPAa, HeaaBHCHMO 01' ero JIHqH:bIX MOTIIBOB, 061>-
e)];HHHJIa HeAOBOJIbHbIX, BCeJIHJIa Ha,n;emAY Ha BOSpOm)];eHlIe «CBOeH»,
«IICTHHHOH» BepbI B KOJIOHHH.
qapJIa 8H,n;pIOC OIIpe,n;eJIIIJI «AeJIO JIaHcpoPAa» KaK IIpOHBJIeHHO
peJIHfHOaHoM HeTepnHMOCTH (aAecb OH CJIe,n;OBaJI sa IIepBLIM 06BIIHH-
TeJIel\{ IIHJIlIrpHMOB - aBTopOM «HoBoro XaHaaHa») II BMeCTe C He-
3aKOHHbIM BCKpbITHeM IIHceM RaK «He6JIarOBII)];HLIH arrH30)];» B HCTO-
pHil HOBoro I1JIHMYTa 34. AeHCTBHTeJIbHO, He Oy,n;b peJIHrH03HOH
HeTepnHMOCTII, XOTb B CaMOH. MaJIoi Mepe, XOTL rJIy60Ro IIO,n;CIIYA-
Hon, a C HelO II nOJIHTIIQeCRIIX OrpaHHqeHHH:, IIYCTb IIO-qTH He3aMeT-
IIbIX IIJIM <popMaJIbHO 3aKOHHbIX, JIaH<pop,n;y BPH,n; JIll ObI y,n;aJIOCb
IIOJIyqlITb ;a;amc OrpaHIIQeHHYIO II BpeMeHHYIO IIo,n;)];epmRY.
11 TaR, MbI eTOJIKHYJIIICb C BamHbIM, np1ICKOp6HbIl\f II IIoyqHTeJlb-
IIbIM HBJICHHel\I: HeCIIoco6HOCTbIO JIIO,n;eii, 6emaBIDIIX OT pCJII1rn03HbIX
rrpeCJIe,n;OBaHIIH Ha po,n;MHe, pa,n;M CB060JJ;bI COBeCTH 3l\fHrpMpOBaBIDHX
3a OKeaH, rrpOHBHTb HCTMHHYIO BepOTepnIIMOCTb, aam;MTHTb He TOJIbRO
CBOIO CB060)];Y COBeCTII. Y6em,n;eHMe B c06cTBeHHoH «CBHTOCTH», «IIC-
TMHHOCTH» TOJIhKO cBoeiI BepbI, CBoero «eJIymeHHH Bory», CBoero
IIOHHMaHIIH «CJIOBa Bora» - OpTO;a;ORCHH II ,n;orMaTH3M - BeqHbIe
IIpOTIIBHHKH HacTOHm;eiI cB060JJ;bI COBeCTII, BepOTepIIIIMOCTH, AYXOBHO-
TO paBHOilpaBIIH, a B KOHeqHOM CqeTe - nOJIHTlIqeCKOi II rpam)];aH-
CROH CB060)];LI.
OIIpe)J;eJIeHlIe OH,n;proca Bce me CTpa;a;aeT lIaJIHmHeH KaTerOpUq-
HOCTbIO. B HOB OM llJIHMYTe Hay-qaeMoro HaMil MOMeHTa peJIHrHOaHan
HeTepIIHMOCTb CRpLIBaJIaCh. He TOJIbRO BHeIDHe - II 01' caMIIX ceOH.
aHa He BbIJIIIJIaCb B peJIHrlIOaHbIe npeCJIe,n;OBaHIIH 35. IIpeCJIeJJ;oBaHlIe
aa Bepy CqHTaJIOCb npe;a;ocy,n;MTeJIbHbIM. I-Ie,n;apoM BP3,n;<pOP,n; B 06BH-
HHTeJIbHOH peQH y6emJJ;aJl cJIyrna TeJIeiI, qTO JIaiI4>op;a;a IIoplIalOT He
aa Bepy, a 3a Bpe,n;, HaHOCHMLliI KOJIOHHH. If ocy,n;IIJIn ero He KaK
IIHOBepn;a, a KaK «HHSKoro qeJIOBeKa II Bpara KOJIOHHH». I1Haqe rOBO-
pH, peJIHrMOaHaH HeTepIIHMOCTb B IIJIIIMYTe 6LIJIa TepIIHMoi.
PYROBOAHTeJIH cerrapaTHCTOB H KOJIOHlln aa60THJIHC:b 0 ee 6JIa-
rOIIOJIyqlIH II IIpOBO)J;HJIH CBOIO IIOJIIITHRY B cpopMe, OTJIIIQaBmeiIcH OT
TOH, R KOTOpOH IIpH6eraJIII JIaHcpop,n; H OJIA3M. II03TOMY )];ame He-
3aKOHHoe BCRpMTlIe HMH nHceM He ypOHHJIO HX ,n;OCTOIIHCTBa II He
JIMIIIHJIO IIX ,n;OBepIIH 60JI:billIIHCTBa ROJIOHHCTOB. H BepnillL BP3,n;4>op"
36. Andrews Ch. M. Op. cit., Vol. I, p. 277.
35 8TO npOH30ii.n;eT -qepe3 HeCKOJIbKO JIeT B OCHOBaHHoH pHJ);OM KOJIOHIfH Mac-
CaqyceTc.
253

It () 11 1»1:a n Jt:u M T
y, :kor,n:a On nnmeT, qTO HCTOpHH C JIan<pop}1;OM HMJIa «OOpaTnLIH
a.p.peRT»: JIIO,u;II, KOTopLle npem,u;e tIym,u;aJIHCb ROHrperaHH cerrapa-
THCTOB, «IIOTHHYJIllCb K epKBII H npHcoe,u;HHIIJIHCL K HeB». TYT,
BepOHTBO, CLIrpaJIa CBOIO pOJIL H Ta 06eqeJIOBeqeCKaH lIepTa, ROTO-
paH BJIeqeT B CTaH 1l0oe,u;HTeJIeiI, QT06LI paaeJIHTL C HHMH nJIo,n;LI
IIo6e,n:LI HJIH 1:IS6eiKaTL HX rHeBa. B }1;aBHOM eJlyqae aTOH II06e,n;oii
6LIJIO YTBepm,u;eHHe rJIaBeHCTBa cenapaTIICTOB II BJIaCTH HX PYKOBO-
,n;HTeJleH Ha,u; KOJIOHHeH.
CTaH,n;Hm, qeJIOBeK RPYTOiI, qYTL He ,u;OBeJI «,u;eJIO JIaH4>op,n:a» ,n;o
Oqepe,u;HOH «JIHKBH,n;aHII». Ha aHaKOMOM HaM « qapIITH)> OB IIPII-
llJILIJI IIpOBe,u;aTL MeCTO nJIHMYTCKOH pLIOOJIOBeKOii <paKTOpIIH II
YBH,n;eJI, -qTO pH,n;OM OceJIa rpYilna OJI}1;aMa - JIaiicpop,u;a. OHa nepe-
OpaJIaCb Ty,n:a IIa HaHTacKeTa, r,n;e 6LIJIO COBceM: IIYCTLIHHO. Ha MLIce
OHH yme IIPOqHO 060CHOBaJIHCb ynoMHHaBmlIeCH ,u;opqeCTepLI H
PYKOBO,u;IIJI HMll 6LIBlIIHU «qaCTHHR» Po,u;mep ROHaHT, nOKHHYBllinii
HOBLIH IIJIIIMYT B CBHaH C «,n:eJIOM JIaH<pOp;a;a». CTaHAHill TYT iRe
pemHJI HarHaTL «MHTeiRHHKOB», a aaO,l];HO II ,n:opqeCTepeB. HeHaoeiK-
Hoe eTOJIKHOBeHHe npe,n:OTBpaTHJIO BMemaTeJIbCTBO nanHTaHa Kopa6JIH
YHJILHMa I1Hpca. l1afHaHHHKaM paapemHJIH OCTaTbCH npH YCJIOBHH
HX yqaCTHH B CTpOHTeJIbCTBe cpaKTopHU 36. Ror,u;a llJIIIMYTCKIIH MarH-
CTpaT yaHaJI 0 CJIyqHBmeMcH, qTOOLI HaoemaTL BoaMomHble OCJlOiK-
HeHRH, pemHJIH OCHOBaTL ,n;pyryIO aKTopHIO - MHoro ceBepHee,
Ha p. ReHHe6eK (B paHoHe Hey,u;aBmeiicH KOJIOHHH J]:iKop,n;ma IIOII3Ma
Ha p. Cara,u;axoK).
Ao noeaAKH CT3H,n:HlIIa K MblCY OHH « QaplITH» npH6bIJI B HOBLIH
TIJIHMYT BMeCTe C «JIHTJI ,IJ:meHMC» BeCHOR 1625 r., ,n;OCTaBHB He-
60JIbmOH sallac rrpo,u;OBOJI:bCTBHH H CHapHmeHHH, a 1'aKme HeCROJIbKO
,n;OMamHHX mIIBOTHbIX. BepHYJICH AOMon yeamaBIDHiiYIIHCJIOY. 11a ero
paCCKaaa H IIplIBeaeHHOR 11M RoppeCIIOH,u;eHI1H c,n;eJIaJIOC:b OqeBH,n;-
HLIM, qTO JlOHAOHCKoe OTAeJleHHe KOMnaHIIH «paSBaJlHJIOCb II 60JIblliaH
qaCTL qJleHOB IIOJlHOCTLIO OTKaaaJlaCL 01' KOJlOHIIII, Be meJlaH HH IIO-
CTaBJIHTL AJIH Hee IIplIrraCLI, HH aa60THT:bCH 0 ee mHTeJIHX» (B, 201).
IIpe,I(JIoroM IIOCJlYiKHJIH IIIICLMa JIa:n4>op,n;a. IlpH aTOM KynLI ,n:eJlaJIlI
BII,IJ;, 't{TO lllIJlHrpHMbI BBeJIH 1:IX B aaOJIym.n;eHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHO CBOHX
peJIHrlIOaHLIX BarJIH,n;OB. OHII me BOBce He cooHpaIOTCH HaBo.n;HHTb
KOJlOHIIIO «ceKTaHTaMH», a CJIe.n;OBaTeJIhHO, IIepeBOaHT:b Ty.n;a POOHH-
COHa II efa rraCTBY lIa JIei,u;eHa.
36 n03me JIaiiq.opJJ; H OCTaJIbHbIe nOCeJIeHD;bI C YMCa 3HH nepeCeJIHJIIICL B Ha-
YMKear, KaK HaaLIBaJIH TO MeCTO lIH,n;eHD;LI H r,n;e npn6LIBllIJIe noame nypll-
TaHe OCHOBaJIH r. CeHJIeM (y YCTbH p. HaYMKear Ha ceBepo-aana,n;e Maccaqy-
ceTCKoii 6YXTLI). B 1629 r. JIaiicpop,n; yexan B BHprIIHHIO, r,n;e BCKope YMep.
254

((XAHAAH) MEHJlET OBJIHR
HeMHOflIe lIa Hyrrn;OB (illapJIII H em;e TpOe), KOTOpLIe OCTaJIHC:b
B ,n;eJIe, B CBOeM IIIICLMe He KaCaJlIIC:b peJIlIfIIOaHLIX BonpOCOB. ORn
B:bIpaiKaJIII YBepeHHOCT:b, qTO rrlIJIHfplIMLI RaK pa3 Te JIIO,n;II, KOTopLIe
coa,n;a,n;YT KOJIOHHIO «B Tex OT,n;aJIeHHLIX CTpaHax, rAe Bce ,n:pyrue
TepnHT Hey,n;aqy II BoaBpaaIOTCH Ha pO,n;IIHY» (B, 204). Ho OHH He
0,n;06PIIJIII xoaHHCTBeHHYIO pe<j>opMY: B yepo BOSMomHLIM ,n;OXOAaM
KOMnaHIIH OT ROJIJleKTlIBHOfO ROHTpOJIlIpyeMoro Tpy,n;a OHa AaeT npo-
CTOp «JIHqHLIM eJlHM II HaMepeHIIHM». ROJIOHHH me AOJImHa CTaTL
)];OXOAHOH, «QT06bI BLI He rrOTepHJIII CBoeR mHaHII, a MLI CBOHX )];e-
Her» (B, 203). TOJIbKO ee ,D;OXO,D;HOCTb yJI;epmHT ROMnaHLOHOB, nOSBO-
nnT coopaTL HOBbIe cpe,n;CTBa, OTIIpaBHTb B IIJIIIMYT HeOOXO,D;IIMLIC
npo,n;YRTLI II TOBapLI, rrORpLITb paCTYIIH )];OJIf. RyrrIJ;bI HCQIICJIHJIlI
ero B 1400 <j>. CT.! OTO He nOMemaJIO 11M YCTaHOBHT:b Ha TOBapLI,
OTIIpaBJIeHHLIe B KOJIOHHIO (He B 06m;HH CKJla)];, a )];JIH npo)];amll OT-
,n;eJILHLIM IIOCeJleHn;aM), TaRHe BLICOKHe n;eHLI, ROTopLIe OKaaaJIHCL
He IIO RapMaHY OOJIbmlIHCTBY rrJIHMYTeB (B, 205).
OTBeqaH TeM, I{TO yrrpeKaJl IIJIHMYTeB B «ceRTaUTCTBe», Bpa)J;-
4>op)J; YTBepm,n;aJI, lITO nJIIIMYTCKaH n;epROB:b rrOCTpoeHa Ha npHHIJ;HnaX
KaJIbBIIHllaMa (Kynn;LI 6LIJIII nYPHTaHaMII), HO «B COOTBeTCTBHH C Ha-
mIIM nOHHMaHHeM»: «AnocToJl TIaBeJI He BO BceM Mor CRpYIIYJleSHO
CJIe)];OBaTb XpIICTY, TeM He MeHee OH IIOCJIe)J;OBaTeJlL XpIICTa, 11 Bee
xplICTlIaHe IIJIH epKBlI l\lupa ,n;OJIiRHbI OLITb rrOCJIe,n;OBaTeJIHMlI XPII-
CTa B Mepy CBOHX CHJI H BOaMOiRHOCTeii. MorYT aa6JIym,n;aTLCH <j>paH-
yaLI, MomeM aa6JIym)J;a r fLCH MLI, RaR II ,n;pyrn:e n;epRBII, tITO, HeCOM-
HeHHO, H CJIyqaeTCH. MCTHHHLIM II BLIcmHM RpHTepHeM noaTOMY
HBJIHeTCH TOJlbKO CJle)J;OBaHlle HeIIOfpemHMOMY CJIOBY BomLeMY H
EBaHfeJIHIO XpHCTa...» (B, 202).
YoeiR,n;eHlIe? )]:eMarofHH? )]:unJIOMaTIIH? II TO, II ;rJ;pyroe, II
TpeTbe.
IIoHIIMaH, qTO HIIRaRaH nepeIIIICRa, Aa em;e aaMe,n;JIeHHaH lis-sa
orpOMHoro paCCTOHHHH, He crroc06Ha paapemlIT:b BoaHIIRmne IIp06J1e-
M:bl, MarncTpa l' nOCTaHOBIIJI HarrpaBIITL B JIOH)J.OH )];JIH neperoBopoB
HOBoro nOJlHOMOqHOrO IIpeACTaBIITeJIH ROJIOHIIH. BLIOOp naJl Ha
CTaH;rJ;lIma. OH OTnJILIJI Ha « qapIITII». 3aKOHqllB pLI6HbIH npOMLICeJl,
Kopa6J1:b aTOT BMeCTe co CBOIIM 06bIqHLIM CIIYTHIIKOM «JIHTJI ,n:meiiMC»
IIoKH,n;aJI TIJIIIMYT, yBoaH TOBa pLI, ,n;oOLITLIe II rrpoll3Be,n;eHHLIe ero
oOHTaTeJIHMH.
IIocJIe Bsoy,n;opaiKlIBmero Bcex «)J;eJla JIau<f>op)];a» II OTOLITHH KO-
paoJleii iRII3Hb ROJlOHIIII BOmJIa B 06LlqUOe PYCJIo. C HeTepneHlleM II
Ha)];emfJ;oH omII,n;aJIH HOBoro ypomaH. OH YfJ;aJICH. tJaCT:b aepHa CMor-
Jill BLI,n;eJIIITb )J;JIH npoAamlI. IIorpyaHJIII ero IIa ABa IIMeBmnXCH 60Ta,
ROTopbIe IIO,n; ROMaH,IJ;OBaHlIeM YIIHCJIOY ymJIII K p. !\eHHeoeR. 110)];-
255

HOBLIA nJIHMYT


HHBmHCL BBepx no ee TeqeHHIO, 06MeHH;I1I aepHO Y HH,n;eHn;eB Ha
700 cp. paaJIlIqHLIX MeXOB (B, 208).
I1plImeJI 1626 f. B HaqaJIe anpeJIH BepHYJICH CT:3H)J;Hm. MHCCHH
ero OROHqlIJIaCL Hey,n;aqHO: B AHrJIllH CBnpeIICTBOBaJIa qYMa, ,lI-eJIOBaH
mnaHL aaMepJIa, COBeT HOBon AHrJIHII He CPYHKD;HOHHpOBaJl, CBHa:b C
ROMIJaH:bOHaMII HaJIa)J;IITL IIOqTII He y,n;aJIOC:b.
ROMnaHbOHLI YKpLIBaJIHC:b He TOJILRO OT qYMbI, HO II OT CTaH,n;II-
ma. OHn 60HJIHCL IIpOCbO 0 IIOMOID;II, HIIqerO He iR,n;aJIII OT KOJIOHIIII.
Hx ,n;OCTIIfJIO lIaBeCTIIe, qTO «JIHTJI AmellMC» nOIIaJl B PYRH IIlIpaTOB.
« qapIITH», KOTOpLIH ,n;OJImeH 6LIJI C BLIro)J;oH IIpO;n;aTL rpya BHJIeHOii
pLIOLI B McrraHIIII, HeomlI,n;aHHO nOHB'lIJICH B AHrJIIIII: ero IIplIBeJI
CIO,n;a CJIYX 0 BoaMomHOH BOHHe C <PpaHD;Heft. C OOJlLIDIIM TPY
OM
CT3H,n;Hmy y,n;aJlOCL llOJlyqHT:b Y ROMrraH:bOHOB 150 4>. CT. nOJ( OrpOM-
HLIe IIpo
eHTLI (50 % ). Ha nOJIyqeHHLIe ;n;eHLrII RanlITaH nplIoopeJI
caMLle Heo6xo,IJ;IIMLIe Bem;1I II C HIIMU BepHYJICH B HOBLIH ITJlIIMYT.
OH llpHBea Ty,n;a BeCTb 0 CMepTII RamMeHa, P06MHcoHa II HeCKOJI:bI\IIX
)J;pyrHx JIeH,n;eH
eB.
06Cy,n;IIB nOJlyqeHHbIe CBe,n;eHHH, MarlICTpaT pemHJI BoaMomHO
CKopee HanpaBHTb B JIOH,n;OH CBoero HOBoro npe,n;CTaBHTeJIH. AJIH
aTOll pOJlH Ha6paJIH McaaRa OJIJlepToHa. HaR H CTaH)J;Hm, OH AOJliReH
6bIJI )J;o6HBa TLCH nepecMoTpa ,I(oroBopa C Hynn;aMH. EMY npe,I(lllICaJIH
,I(eHCTBOBaTL CO Bceii: pemIITeJI:bHOCTLIO. I1oJIaraJIII, qTO B KpaHHeM
cJIyqae ROJIOHIIH CMomeT TenepL npoROpMIIT:b ce6H, a BOOMeR HR
BoaMOiKHble HaJIHlliRII aepHa IIpH06peTaT:b
eHHYIO rrymHIIHY. IIoRa
OJIJIepTOH HaXO)J;HJICH B JIoH,n;oHe, nIlJlHrpIIMbI BHOBb coopaJIII Xopo-
mHn ypoman, paCmlIpHJIH TOprOBJlIO C HHp;eHn;aMn, COBepmnJIH Bbr..
ro,n;HLIH oOMeH TOBapaMII C aame)J;mnM B ITJIIIMYT <ppaHIJ;yacKIIM KO-
pa6JIeM. I1x TopfOBaH aRTHBHOCTh CTaJIa ,I(ail-\e lIaHOCIIT:b yn,epo
neOOJl:bmHM anrJIHHCKHM IIOCeJIeHHHM II cpaKTOpnHl\-I, ROTOp:bIe BoaHHK-
JIII Ha nooepem:be HOBOR AHrJIIIII aa nCTeRrnee BpeMH: IIH)J;eHn;bl,
nym,n;aHC:b B aepHe, npe;a;nOQIITaJlH c6LIBaTL CBon TOBapLI IIIIJIlIfpU-
MaM, Tpe6YH aa HUX OOJIbmee KOJIlI-qeCTBO TOBapOB, qeM TO, KOTOpOC
MOrJIII rrpe,n;OCTaBIIT:b HM APyrue aHrJln:
IaHe.
PacmnpeHIIe TOprOB:bIX CBHaen IIlVleJIO CBOIO OTpnn;aTeJI:bHYIO CTO-
POHY. HeROTopble IIJIIIMYTD;bI CTaJII1 npo,n;aBaTb 3arOTOBJleHH:bIe 6peBHa
H ,I(OCKII, a TaKme c
eCTHLIe nplInaCLI aa npe,n;eJlLI ROJIOHIIH. CIIen;Ha-
JIHCTLI (KyaHen;LI, canomHHKH, CTOJIHpLI II T. )J;.), IIoaapHBmHCb Ha
xopomHll aapa60TOR, OTIIpaBJlHJIIIC:b o6CJIymlIBaTL ,n;pyrlIe nOCeJleHIIH.
To 6:bIJlH TOBap:bI II JIIO)J;II, Heooxo,n;uM:ble caMOMY HOBOMY I1J1HMYTY.
MarncTpaT e
e B MapTe 1626 r. RBeJI orpaHH'tJHTeJlLHLIe MepbI 37 .


37 Foundations, Vol. I, p. 441.


256




(XAHAAH») MEHRET OBJIIII(
Ho )J;ame OTMeqeHHaH OTpHn;aTeJI:bHaH CTOpOHa HOBLIX qepT iKHSHH
ROJIOHHH TeM He MeHee HBJIHJIaC:b npHaHaKOM HeCOMHeHHoro aKOHOMH..
qeCROrO nporpecca KOJIOHIIH.
BecHoH 1627 r. BepHYJICH OJlJIepToH. «He oes XJIOIIOT H BOJIHeHHH»
15 ceHTHopH IIpe)J;meCTBYIOero rO)J;a eMY Y,I(aJIOC:b SaKJllOqlITL C
KynaMu cOrJlameHHe, no ROTOPOMY Te OTKaa:LIBaJIIICL OT CBOHX npaB
Ha KOJIOHHIO: 42 oLIBmHx JIOH)J;OHCRIIX KOMnaHLOHa YCTYilaJIH IIX Ha
YCJIOBHII BLIrrJIaTLI IIOCeJIeHaMH 1800 «p. CT. BLIIIJlaTa ,n;OJIiKHa OLIJIa
npOHSBO,I(HT:bCH emeroAHO HaqHHaH C 1628 r. AOJlHMH IIO 200 4». CT.
(B, 214-215). ECJIH yqeCT:b, qTO KYIID;:LI R TOMY BpeMeHH BJlOmHJIlI,
110 HX AaHHLIM, 7 TbIC. <1>. CT., TO nplI Bcex BoaMomHbIX norrpaBKax
OHB MOrJIII CQHTaTb ce6H BeJIIIKo,n;YlliHLIMII. B ooeM-TO OHU npOCTO
paaBHaaJlIlCb C AeJIOM, KOTopoe He rrpHHeCJIO II He o6eaJlo npHHeCTII
HHKaKHX ;rJ;OXO,n;OB.
B HOBOM IIJIIIMYTe «COfJIameHlle OLIJIO npBHHTO c pa,n;OCTbIO H
o;a;OopeHHeM BceMII KOJlOHIICTaMII», XOTH CYMMa B 1800 <1>. CT. OSHa-
qaJla ;a;OJIf IIOqTH B 100 <1>. Ha Ram)J;oro IIOCeJIeHa. BOJIJ>IDHHCTBO HS
lIHX He MOfJIH IIpeACTaBIITb TaRYIO CYMMY ,n;ame B paCCpOqKY. TorAa
BoceML HalIOOJIee BJIIIHTeJILHLIX H COCTOHTeJl.bHLIX ROJIOHHCTOB (the
cheefe of the Place) - ¥. Bp<pop,n;, ¥. BpIocTep, AmoH XaYJIeH;a;,
AmoH 8J1;rJ;eH, TOMac IIpIIHC, M. CTaH;a;Hm, M. OJIJIepTOH, 8. ¥HHCJIOY,
«H;rJ;H Ha 60JI:bmOH PIICK», CJIOmHJIHC:b «B nOJI:bsy OCTaJlbH:bIX». QTo6LI
aTH OCTaJILHMe 6LIJIII B COCTOHHIIII BepHYT:b co BpeMeHeM sanJIaqeH-
HYIO sa HUX CYMMY, pemHJIH IIpOBeCTH HORoe pacrrpe,n:eJIeHHe SeMJIH,
rrpo,n;YKTaMH I\OTOpOH H ,n;onmeH OLIJI BoaMeaTbCH ,n;OJIr (B, 217-
218) 38. ITOCT3HOBIIJIH paSp;eJIIITb TaI\iRe Bce HMyecTBo KOJIOHHU.
IIop; OOID;HM yrrpaBJIeHHeM II B o6eM oH,n;e OCTaB3JIIIC:b npOMLIC-
JILl, BHellIHHH TOprOBJIH, yrO}J;I)H (naCTOHa, JIeCHbIe 3aceKH, MeC1'a
pbI6HOH JIOBJIII lIT. ,n;.). Ram;a;bIH CB06o,n;H:bIH KOJIOHIICT, HeaaBUCHMO
01' BpeMeHH efO 060CHOBaHIIH B IIJIHMYTe 39, Mor HMeT:b O,I(HY ,n;OJIIO
01' paCIIpe,n;eJlHeMLIX aeMJlH II HMyecTBa. ECJIII OH IIMeJI ceMLIO, TO
nOJlyqaJI ee O;a;HY ,n;OJlIO Ha Ram,n;OfO ee qJIeHa rrpIl YCJIOBHH BLIIIOJl-
HeHHH OOHaaTeJILCTB, C KOTOpLIMH 6LIJIO CBH3aHO IIpHo6peTeHHe Kam-
;a;OH ;a;OJIH. JJ:OJIH BRJII01.IaJIa 20 aRpOB aeMJIH, mUBHOCT:b (OAHY ROPOBY,
ABe RoaLI, HeCROJI:bKO CBHHeH H onpe,n;eJIeHHOe qHCJIO ;rJ;oMamHeii IITH-
38 CM. TaRme: Foundations, Vol. I, p. 652-653.
39 8TO He 6LIJIO rrpOCTO neJIHKop;ymHeM. ITpHHHMaJIOCL BO BHHMaHHe, lITO KOJIO-
HHB TerrepL, KaK HHRorp;a rrpemp;e, p;OJIiKHa paCCtIHTbIBaTL Ha co6CTBeHHbIe
CIIJILI. BLlp;eJIeHHe aeMJIH HOBbIM rrOCeJIeHn;aM aaRperrJIHJIO HX B ROJIOHIIII, p;e-
JIaJIO P;OJIbID;HK3MU npH BbInJIaTe p;OJIra, nOrrqHHHJIO cym;ecTByroID;HM YCTa-
HOBJIeHHHM. ]];a OHB 6bI H He CHp;eJIH crrOROHHO, eCJIH 6bI HX 060mJIH, aaMe-
qaJI Bpap;cpopp;.
9 JI. 10. Cne3HHlI
257

HOBLIn llJIJIMYT



LI - Ha Kam,n;bIX IlIeCT:b OCHOBHbIX ,n;OJIb
IIKOB), rrpemHHH IIpnyca-
,n;eOHbIH yqacToR II OCTaJIbHOe HMy
ecTBo lIa o6m;ero <I>oH
a, rrOCJIO
On;eHKH paa,n;eJIeHHOe nopOBHY.
AOMa OCTaBaJIHCb aa lIX rrpemHIIMH BJIa;a;eJIb
aMH, HO C YCJIOBHe
I,
qTO HMeBmHe JIy-qmlIH ,n;OM YCTynaJIH qaCT.b nOJIyqeHHOroHMy
ecTBa
IIJIII OnJIaqHBaJIH RaKIIM-JIHOO ,n;pyrHM CilOCOOOM paaHHU;Y TOMY, HTO
mHJI B xy,n;meM ,n;OMe. MCKJIIOqeHlIe C
eJlaJIH )J;JIH ryoepHaTopa H eIIJ;e
,n;JIH qeTbIpex-rrHTII «OC06bIX JIIO,n;eM» (spetiall men), OCTaBIIB MM )];0-
Ma, B KOTOpLIX OHM npelli,n;e mMJIII, He ou;eHHBaH HX, B Harpa,n;y 3a
HeceHHe 06m;eCTBeHHbIX 06H3aHHOCTeii II 3aCJIyrM nepe,n; KOJIOHlIeii,
ROTopble B npHHU;Hrre MaTeplIaJIbHO He BoaHarpam,n;aJIHC:b.
AOJIM pacrrpe;a;eJIHJIHCh no mpe6JIIO. Te, KTO rrOJIyqaJI 60JIee oc-
BoeHHYIO aeMJIIO II 6J1Mme H nOCeJIRY, 6bIJIH 06H3aHLI npe
ocTaBHTb
O)l;HOMy-,n;BYM coce,n;HM, qbH Ha,n;eJIbI ObIJIH MeHee y,n;06HbIMH, Ha -qeTbI-
pe ro,n;a yqaCTOK Ha cBoeM ae
IJIe no,n; noceB aepHoBbIX, tITo6bI 8TJI
coce,n;H He ORaaaJIHC:b B 6e)J;CTBeHHOM nOJIOmeHMH. C e p6ellTbt 6 llUC./to
80./tbUfUJi.06 lle 6Ji../tHJlla./tUCb. 3eMJIH H HMymecTBo MOrJIH ORaaaTbCH
co6CTBeHHOCT:bIO cepBeHTOB TOJIbKO B TOM cJly-qae, eCJlH OHM nOJIyqaJIll
IIX OT xoaHHHa HJIII OT MarnCTpaTa (paaYMeeTCH, no MCTeqeHIIII cpORa
ROHTpaKTa) npH npHaHaHHH 8THX cepBeHTOB ,n;OCTOMHbIMH -qJIeHaMlI
C006IIJ;eCTBa.
OCHOBHbIe )J;OJIbm;HRH (O)1;IIHOHHe MymqHHLI JIJlII rJIaBbI ceMeH),
yqaCTBYH B BLInJIaTe 06m;eH CYMMLI BbIl\yua, CTaJIII HMeHOBaTbCH
«IIORYIIaTeJIHMH» (purchasers, IIHor,n;a associats). I1x 6bIJIO 50-
'60 1JeJIOBeR 40.
B
eJIHX coxpaHeHIIH CBH3eH C po,n;IIHoi, IIOJIy-qeHHH oTTy,n;a aa-
[JaCOB rrpo,n;OBOJI:bCTBIIH II CHapHmeHHH, fJ;JIH yuopn)J;OqeHHOrO IIocTyn-
rreHHH OT IIOCeJIeH
eB HX ,n;OJIra H OOJIerqeHHH BaHTLIX Ha ce6H Ma-
TepHaJIbHLIX THrOT MarnCTpaT paapaOOTaJI npoeKT e:rn;e O,n:ROfO COfJIa-
meHlIH (HIOJI:b 1627 r.).
lIo 8TOMY COrJIarneHHIO (B, 227 -228) BoceML YUOMHHYTLIX KOJIO..
HHCTOB II, RaR IIoaiKe OIIpe)J;eJIHJIOC:b, qeTblpe JIOH,n;OHCKHX Kynn;a
<.D:meiMc illapJIH, AmoH Ba-qeMu, PHqap,n; aH)J;pIOc, THMOTM XaTepJiH)
6paJIII- Ha ceoH 06Haa TeJIbCTBO BblnJIa THTb Bce JlemalIJ;lIe na HOJIOHHIJ
,n;OJIrlI, IICqHCJIHeMLIe B 2400 cp. CT. (YIIOMHHYTLIe 1800 II 600, onpe-


40 Langdon G. D. Ope cit., p. 30-31; Andrews Ck. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 285-
286. rYABHH C1:J:HTaJI «noKynaTeJIHMH» Bcex, KTO Y1:J:aCTBOBaJI B paCnpeAeJIe-
HMH. OH onpeAeJIHJI IIX TorAamHee tJlICJIO B 156 tJeJIOBeK, a o6m;ee tJlICJIO iRlI-
TeJIeH HOBoro ITJIHMYTa - npH6JIII3IITeJIbHO B 170-180 tJeJIOBeK (Goodwinn
I. A. Ope cit., p. 292-301). HaM npeACTaBJIHIOTCH 60JIee y6eAHTeJILHLIMH
D;H<PPbl, npHBep;eHHbIe BbIme B TeKCTe. HMeHHo OHH COrJIacYIOTcH C TeM, RaR
pa3BJfBaJIIICb B I\OJIOHIIII CO
HaJIbHbIe OTHomeHHH B nOCJIeP;YIO
ee BpeMH.


258




«XAItAAH» MEHHET O:GJIIiU
.n;eJIeHHLIe I\aK p;OJIr C06CTBeHHO I\OJIOHHH). 3a aTO yuaaaHHbIe JIHI1;a -
« rrpe)J;IIpHHIIMa TeJIH» (undertakers) nOJIyqaJIH rrpaBO paCIIopHma TLCH
JIOTOM KOJIOHIIII (rrIIHHaca, mJIIOnKII), HaJIHqHbIM II rrocTyrraIOHM
Bnpe,n;b co,n;epmlIMbIM ee oom;ero CRJIaJ];a (Mexa, pLIoa, JIeCOMaTepHa"'
JIbl II T. A.), a TaKme IIpaBo B Te-qeHHe meCTII JIeT CtIHTaH C ceHTH6pfI
1627 r. BeCTH TOprOBJIIO rrpo,n;YKTaMII ROJIOHIIH B CBOIO rrOJIb3Y. Ram-
)J;MH lIa «noHyrraTeJIeH» OOHaaH OLIJI rrepeJ];aBaTb B IIX nOJIbay B Te-
qeHHe Tex me meCTII neT emerOHO rro 3 6ymeJIH aepHa HJIH no
6 . TaoaKa 41 B aaBHCHMOCTII OT meJIaHHH «npeJ];IIpHHIIl\-IaTeJIeH».
JIoCJIe)J;HlIe co cBoeH CTOpOI-ILI oOHabIBaJIMCJJ B TelleHHe Toro me cpORa
TpaTHTb emerOJ];HO no 50 cp. CT. I-Ia o,n;em,n;y II 06YBb, I\OTopble npef:(-
nOJIaraJIOCJ.J ,n;OCTaBJIHTIJ H HOJIOHHIO If 3p;eCJ.J OOMCII.UBaTb Ha 3CpHO,
onpe,n;OJIIIB oro CTOI1MOCTh B 6 IllMJIJI. 3a 6YIUeJIb. fIo MCTeQeHl1H
meCTH JIeT «noRynaTeJIH» CTaHOBIIJIMCb paBHonpaBHbIMII yqaCTHMKaMH
ToprOBoro rrpe)J;IIpIIHTIIH, OCHOBaHHoro lIB HCrrOJIbaOBaHlI1I o6rn;ero
olIJ];a.
3aRJIIOQeHHe KOJIOHHCTaMH COrJIameHHH 1626-1627 rr. HBJIHeTCH
nO)J;TBepm)J;eHHeM Tex BbIBOJ];OB, KOTopble yme AeJIaJIHCb B CBH3H C
paCCMOTpeHHeM pecpopMbI 1623-1624 ff. B HOllOM I1JIHMYTe paaBII-
BaJlOCb HMym;ecTBeHlIoe II COHaJIbHOe HepaBeIICTBO. Bea aToro aaRJIIO-
qeHHe COfJIamelIIIH, a TeM 60JIee IIX peaJIlIaan.HH, Tpe60BaBmaH He-
MaJIbIX cpeJ];CTB, 6LIJIII ObI HeBoaMOmHbI. RaR paa Te, K1'O 3a HCTeK-
IIIlIe TpH-tIeTLIpe rO)J;a IIOCTeneHHO H nOCTOHHHO YRpenJIHJI CBOH
PYKOBO,n;Hm;He II03Hn;IIH, 3aHHTble HMII C OCHOBaHHH KOJIOHIIH II orrpe-
)J;eJIHBmHeCH HX HMym;ecTBeHHbIM COcToHHIIeM, aJ];MHHllcTpaTHBH:bI:n
IIOJIOmeHlIeM H peJIlIflIOaHLIM BJIIIHHHeM, CTaJIH fJIaBHLIMII «rrpe)J;rrpH-
HHMaTeJIHMH».
BoaMomHocTH, oTRpMBaBIIIlIecH )J;JIH -qaCTHOn HHHIIaTHBbI C
1623 r., rrOaBOJIHJIH II p;pyrlIM BLI)J;BHHYTbCH Brrepe,n;. rraH, AmoH
8JI,n;eH, O:bIBmHH HaeMHbIH CIIen;HaJIHCT, clor 06aaBecTIIcb COCTOHHH-
eM: OH CTan BHaqaJIe «noKyrraTeJIeM», a nOTOM II «rrpe)J;IIpI1HHMaTe-
JIeM». TaKOH me nYTb IIpO)J;eJIaJI ObIBmlIH KapeTHblH Macrrep, «qy-
maK», rrpH6bIBmHH Ha «<POpqYH», TOMac I1pHHC, BbIrO)J;HO meHHBmIIH-
CH Ha J];oqepn BprocTepa (llamanc), a TaRme oCBo6oJ];IIBIUHHCH cep-
BeHT RapBepa AmoH XaYJIeHA, nOJIyqHBmlIH OT xoaHHHa COJIII)J;Hoe
HaCJIe,n;CTBO. O)J;HaRo nO)J;o6HLIH BaJIeT, oco6eHHO )J;JIH cepBeHTa, 6bIJI
HCRJIIO-qeHlIeM. l1a OLIBIDHX cepBeHTOB em;e TOJI:bKO S)J;BapJ];Y ,I(oTero
(CJIymHJI y rOIIRIIHca, IIOJ];nHCaJI COrJIaIIIeHIIe Ha « MaH<pJIayap» )
Y)J;aJIOC:b CTaTb «noRyrraTeJIeM». I10JIOmeHlIe Tex HeMHorHX cepBeHTOB,
U OH CTaHOBHJICH Bail\HOH CeJIbCKOX03HHCTBeHHOH I\YJIbTypoii H npeAMeTOM
TOprOBJIU.
259
9*

BOBhlA nJIIIMYT
KOTopble ee 6bIJIH CBHaaHLI KOHTpaKTOM, OCTaBaJIOC:b 6ea HaMe-
HeHHM q2.
A. C. CaMOHJIO YTBepm,n;aeT, qTO rrJIHl\IYTn;LI C rrepBLIX neT OCHO-
BaHHH RonOHHII H ,n;o 1627 f. npe,n;IIpHHHMaJIII MHOrOqHCJIeHHLIe marH
«AnH JIIIKBH,n:aHH aaBIICIIMOCTH 01' COB eTa HOBon AHrJIHII, B TOM
qHCne OT OOHaaTeJlLCTBa IIJIaTIITL <I>eo,n;anbHYIO peHTY. B 1627 r., He-
aa,n:OJIro o YCTaHOBJIeHHOrO rraTeHTOM cpOKa yrrJlaTLI KYIIT-peHTLI,-
IIHmeT OH, - BoceML rrpe)J;CTaBIITeJIeH ROJIOHHH BLIRynHJIH y COBeTa
IloBOH AHrJIHII aa 1800 cp. CT. Bce npaBa Ha aeMJIIO 11 ,n;pyryIO COO-
CTBeHHOCTb I1JIHMYTa. STOM c,n;eJIKoii OLIJIH JIHRBH,n;npOBaHLI H IIpaBa
COBeTa Ha BaHMaHHe peHTLI» 43. YTBepm,n;eHHe no KpaHHeii Mepe
cnopHoe.
MomBo IIpe,n;nOJIOmIIT:b, qTO Borrpoc 0 RBHT- penTe IIrpaJI orrpe,n;e-
JIeHHYIO pOJIb B paCqeTax. KOJIOHIICTOB, HO ,n;aJIeHO He onpe,n;eJIHIOm;yIO.
IIpHMCp BHprHHHH rOBOpHJI 0 TOM, qTO 3TO 3JIO, OT I\OTOpOro MomHO
yBHJIbHYTb. 11paB,n;a, B COrJIameHIIH 1627 r. 0 KBHT-peHTe He rOBO-
pHTCH. Ho OHO aaKJIIOQaJIOCb He c COBeTOM ROBOR AHrJIHH II He y
Hero BLIKynaJIIICb npaBa. Bonee Toro, HMeHHO C BLIKynoM aTHX npan
y 6LIBilllIX KOMrraHLOHOB ROJIOHIICTbI H3 KOCBeHHOH aaBHCHMOCTII OT
COB eTa HOBOH AHrJIHH nepeXO)J;HJIII B npHMYro aaBIICIIMOCT:b, 'liTO
rrpe,n:nOJIaraJIO BepOHTHOCTb KaKHX-TO 06HaaTeJILCTB no OTHomeHHIO K
HeMY, B TOM qlICJle BLInnaTY KBHT-peHTbI, KaR OOLIqHO IIpaRTIIROBa-
nOCb 44. BLIIIOJIHeHHe no,n:06HLIX 06Haa TeJI:bCTB ObIJIO HemeJIa TeJIb-
HbIM, HO TOJlbRO COBeT HOBO:n AHfJIlI1I Mor aaKpenHT:b IIpaBa nJIHl\-IYT-
n;eB Ha KOJIOHHIO II ee aeMJIIO. IIpemHHe naTeHTbI onpe)J;eJIHJIII IIX
BeCbMa paCnJILIBqa TO. 0 «JIHRBH,n;an;IIH npaB COBeTa» He MOfJIO H,n;TU
II peqH. Bo BCHKOM cnyqae HaqHHaTb HymHo OLIJIO C YTBepmAeHHH
CBOIIX IIpaB qepea COBeT HOBOH AHrJIHII, qTO, KaK MLI YBII,IJ;JIM, nJIII-
MYTD;bI H ,n;eJIanH, BeCLMa BepOHTHO corrpOBomJ];aH 8TO XJIOrrOTaMH 06
ocpHHaJI:bHOH OTMeHe RBHT-peHTLI, KOTOpyIO Bce paBHO He nJIaTHJlJI
(HII paHee, HIl B TOT MOMeHT, HH IIoame). O,n;HaRO aTO IIpOHCXO)J;IIJIO
yme nOCJIe 1627 r.
42 HanOMHHM, qTO nocne 1621 r. U )1;0 1627 r. B IIJIHMYTe HaCtJHTbIBanOCb MeHee
10 cepBeHTOB (npu6bIJIH Ha «MampJIayap» H «8HH»). ABoe U3 HHX, KaK MbI
BH)1;eJIH, BbIIDJIH HS aToii KaTeropHH KOJIOHHCTOB, rrO)1;HHBmHCb B o6ecTBeH-
HOM rrOJIOmeHHH. CnymaHKa KapBepa YMepna )1;0 1623 r. CY)1;b6a )1;PyrHx He-
HSBeCTHa. CpOK KOHTpaKTOB Y HHX HCTeRaJl.
43 CaMOUJI,O A. C. YRa3. COq., c. 294.
44 BcrrOMHHM rraTeHT AmOHa IIHpca 1621 r.
260

rJIABA ABEHA,nU;ATAH


« MA OJI 0 IT 0 KJI 0 HHI1K». « BM3HECMEH ».
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AJIH aaBepmeHHH
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meHlle It YCTaHOBJleHIIIO ToproBLIx'oTHomeHHii.
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JIOmlITb aepHO, pLI6y H Ta6aK. I1x IIHTepecyeT,
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IIORHHYTL AMepHRY. 8TO 6LIJIO B 162'8 r., HO ROpHH Bpam,!(DI YXO)1HT
IIOqTH K caMOMY BallaJIY CYID;eCTBOBaHHH HOBoro IIJIHMYTa. IIepeA
HaM;H BHOBI> )1Be BepCHH CJIyqHBmerOCH: MopTona II BpaA<pop,n;a.
COIIOCTaBJIeHHe aTHX BepcHH - nan60JIee BepHLIH nYTb npH6nHmeHIIH
Ii HCTHHe.
MOpTOH HaqHHaeT nOBeCTBOBaHHe co CBoefO nepBoro npHe3a B
CTpaHY B nlOHe 1622 r. «c 30 cepBeHTaMH H BceM He06xo;O;HMLIM lI.JlR.
OCHOBaHHH KOJIOHHH» (M, 41) 2. RaK npelIOJIaraeTCH, B OTpH)J;e
9H)1pIO YaCTOHa Ha «qapHTH» 3. IIpOil\lIB JIeTO B HOBoH AHfJIHH,
MOpTOH BepHYJICH Ha PO;o;HHY. BecHoii 1625 r. OH onHTL B HOBon
AHrJlIIH 4. Ha aTOT paa - C aRcrre;O;HHeH MaYHTa Y OJInCTOYHa Ha RO-
pa6.n:e «IOHIITH». '8RCrre1];Hn;HIO COCTaBJIHnH aHfJIH'tJaHe, rrpHHaJIeil\aB-
mile K o<I>HHaJlI>HOH rocy,n;apCTBeHHOH n;epHBn. IIoceneHHe, OCHOBaH-
Hoe HMH Ha MeCTe HH;o;eiicKoii )1epeBHIl IIaccoHareccHT (HLIHe RYHH-
CH), HeMHOfO ceBepHee ¥accaracceTa, HaaBaJlH, COrJlaCHO MOPTOHY,
«Ma-pe MaYHT». «Ma-pe» - HH,n;eiicKoe HaaBaHHe npOTeRaBmero PH-
,n;OM HCTO'tJHHRa, «MaYHT» - HMH rJlaBLI aKcne,n;HD;HH Y OJIJICToYlIa.
CeOH B xo,n;e IIOBeCTBOBaHHH MOpTOH HMeHyeT «X03HIIIIOM Ma-pe
MaYHTa», He YTOqHHH, B COCTaBe RaROH 3RCIIe,n;IID;IIII H B na-qeCTBe
Horo OH rrpH6LIJI B AMepHKY.
B «HOBOM XaHaaHe» paCCRaSLIBaeTCH, qTO PYKOB0lI.HMOe «XOaHH..
HOM Ma-pe MaYHTa» IIOCeJIeHlle npOD;BeTano, OTHomeHHH C HH;o;eii-
- 2 .n;oHaJIb <1>peHclIc KOHHOpC nop;BepraeT COMHeHIIIO p;aTY, YKa3aHHYro B «Ho-
BOM XaHaaHe» (Connors D. F. Thomas Morton..., p. 13, 19; idem. Thomas
Morton of Merry Mount: His First Arrival in New England.- American Li-
terature, 1939, Vol. XI, N 2, p. 160-166).
3 Willison G. F. Gp. cit., p. 274; Dictionary of American Biography, ed. by
D. Malone. New York, 1934, Vol. XIII, p. 267.
4 MbI YK33:bIBaeM 06ro;errpHHHTYro aTY. no l\OHHOPCY - BeCHa 1624 r. B «Mc-
TOPIIH» BpalJ;4>opp;a npII ynoMIIHaHHII 0 C06bITlUIX 1628 f. rOBopHTCH: «npH-
6JIII3IITeJIbHO TPH IIJIH qeTbIpe rOlJ;a Ha3a» (B, 236).
264

IIAOnOnORJIOHHHR. ((BII31IECMEH». (HCUA1'EJIb
D;aMII YCTaHOBIIJIHCb HCKJlIOqHTeJIbHO ;o;pymecTBeHHble. O,n;Ham;O;bI «no
CTapOMY aHrJIIIHCKOMY 06LIqaIO» ROJIOHIiCThI YCTpOHJIH B ;o;eHb CBHTblX
<1>IIJllIlIIIa H HROBa 60JIbmOH npa3,n;HHR: «OHH rrpnrOTOBHnH ...Maii-
CRoe AepeBO 5, CBapHJIH 60'tJKY IIpeBocxo,lI.Horo nHBa, pa3nHJIII ero
no 6YTLIJlRaM, 'tJTo6LI BMeCTe C APyrHMH rOCTHHD;al\IH pasAaTb BceM,
KTO np.:o:,n;eT B BTOT ,n;eHb}) (M, 89). llpaa,n;HHH lIpOmeJl Ha CJIaBY,
HO «Bo,n;pymeHne MaiicRoro ,n;epeBa 6LIJIO OrOpqlITeJILHl>lM apeJlHID;e:M
,n;JIH HCTHHHbIX cenapaTHcToB, KOTopLle mHJIH B HOBOM 11JIHMYTe.
OHII CQHTaJlH aTO H,n;OJIOlIORJIOHCTBOM... OHH Ha3bIBaJIII nOCeJIeHIf(
(Ma-pe MaYHT.- JI. C.) fOpOR <pHJIIICTHMJIHH II yrpOmaJlH c,n;eJIaTb
ero fopoR ne-qaJlH BMOCTO fopl>I BeCOJIbH (MapPHMaYHT.- JI. C.)})
(M, 90) 6.
I-'JIaBa IIHTIIa)J;la T aH « IIoBoro XaHaana}), HOCHID;aH IIpOHIPIeCI\Oe
Ha3BaHHe «06 orpOMHOM TJy;o;OBHO, HR06bI mHBYID;eM B Ma-pe MaYH-
TO, H npHfOTOBJIeHHHX, C;o;eJlaHHLIX, QT061>I YHHqTOmHTb ero}), HaTJH-
HaeTCH CJIOBaMH: «CenapaTIICTLI, aaBH;O;YH IIpOD;BeTaHHIO H B:bICOROMY
AYXY HOJIOHHH Ma-pe MaYHT (OHH y6eJJ;HJIIICL B ee rrporpecce H B ee
ycnemHoii: TOprOBJIe 606pOBLIMII mKypKaMU), COCTaBHJlH aarOBOp...»)
(M, 93). Kor,n;a MOpTOH no KaRHM-TO ,n;enaM OTnpaBIIJICfIB ¥accarac-
ceT, npH6LIBmHH TYAa OTpH,D; lIJIIIMYTeB BO fJIaBe co CTBH;O;lImeM
aaXBaTHJI ero, npe;O;'DHBHB MHOrOqIICJleHHI>Ie 06BHHeHHH. «X03HHH
Ma-pe MaYHT» ORa3aJICH lIOA 3aMROM. HOQbIO paapa3HJlaCb rpoaa.
Ee mYM: II RpOMemHaH TLMa n03BOJlHJIH MOPTOHY 6emaTb. «l1x BeJIH-
KHi BomJJ;b KopoTLImHa npHmeJIB 6emeHCTBO H 01' aJIOCTH paaOpBaJI
CBOIO op;em;o;y, BII;o;H rHea,n;o onYCTeBmHM II nTH'tJKY YJIeTeBmei»
(M, 94). TeM He MeHee «OHH He OTBamHJIHCL npeCJle,n;OBaTL ero, He-
CMOTpH Ha HX KamYIT(YIOCH CMeJIOCTL» (M, 100).
I1p06emaB BoceMb MIIJII>, MOpTOH AOCTHf Ma-pe MaYHTa. Qepe3
BeROTopoe BpeMH OB YSHaJI OT CIIMnaTH3IIpOBaBmHX eMY HH,n;eiie.B,
QTO «;o;eBHTI> ;o;OCTOHHLIX» BO rJIaBe C «rJIaBHLIM BOeHaqaJII>HHROM CTpa-
HLI (RaK OH ;O;YMaJl caM) II;o;YT Ha Ma-pe MaYHT». MOpTOH H ;O;Ba no-
ceneHD;a, ORaaaBmHXCH B ero AOMe (OCTaJIbHLIe OTCYTCTBOBaJln), npH-
rOTOBHJlHCL K ooopOHe. I1JIHMYTn;LI, «,n;eiiCTBYH no,n;06HO ,I(OH KIIXOTY
Y MeJlbHnn;», IIOTpeOOBaJIH, lIT06LI MoprOH C;o;aJICH. «CLIH COJlp;aTa»
oTBepr Tpe6oBaHHe: npH meJIaHHII OB Mor JIerKO IIepeCTpeJlHTb HX,
p;BHraBmHxCH errollKoii, «Ra1\ CTaIO AIIKHX ryceH». D;O;HaRO nOMO-
5 Maypol (aneJt.) - CTOJI6, YKpameHHbIH D;BeTaMH, BOKpyr KOToporo B nepBbIH
,n;eHb MaR YCTpaHBaJIHCb TaHD;bI.
6 Mrpa CJIOB: Mount Dagon (ansA.) - ropa AaroH, HJlB ropa <pHJIHCTBMJIRH
(aroH - 6or-pLI6a y cPBJIHCTBMJIHH); Merry Mount (ansA.) - ropa Be-
CeJIbH (C03BY1JHO Ma-pe MaYHT).
265

I10BbI8: nJIHMYT
HHKH MOpTOHa HBHO TPYCHJIIi. l1oaTOMY OH BbIHymeH 6bIJI BCTYUIITL
B IIeperOBopLI. Ero 3aBepHJIH B 6e30IIaCHOCTH. Rora MOpTOH OTRpLIJI
nBepL, Ha HerO Ha6poCHJlHCI>, OCHOBaTeJILHO lIOMHJIH 11 B. RalIeCTBe
IIJIeHHHKa, npe;O;BaplITeJIbHO Bce pa3rpa6HB, OTBe3J1H B IIJlHMYT.
MarHCTpaT HaMepeBaJlCH BDICJIaTI> «HOJIOnORJIOHHllRa» B AHrJlHIO.
HQ TaR KaR HH OAHH RaIIHTaH «He OTBamHBaJlCH 6MTb Tf\RHM ;o;ypa-
KOM, lIT06bI BeaTH ero Ty,n;a HaCHJIbHO», TO «X03HHHa Ma-pe MaYHTa}>
3aBeaJIH Ha He06HTaeMLIH OCTpOB H OCTaBIIJIlI Ta1 6e3 RpomRH xne6a.
OT rOJIO}J;HOH CMepTH ero CnaCJIH HHAenn;I>I (OlIHT:b OHII ORaaaJIHCb
ryMaHHee xpHCTHaH, nO;o;qepRHBaJi aBTOp «HoBoro XaHaaHa»). C oc-
TpOBa p06HH30Ha CHHJIH MOpHRH IIPOXOAHBmero MHMO Kopa6J1H. I-Ia
HeM OH ynJIMJI Ha PO;o;IIHY. YaHaB 06 aTOM, lIJIllMYTD;bI HanpaBHJllI
BCJle,n; IIHC:bMO, Hso6JIIIQaBmee «IIpecTynHble }J;eHCTBIIH» MopTona.
B JIoH;o;oHe 06BHHeHHH, BbI}J;BHHYTble lIpOTHB «xoaHHHa Ma-pe MaYH-
Ta», OCHOBaTeJIbHI>IMH He IIpH3HaJlH. EMY paapemlIJlH BepHYTbCH B
AMepHRY.
TaRoBa BepCHH MopToHa, He3aTeHJlIIBaH, mYTJlIIBO-npOHlIlIeCKaH,
nopoH capKaCTHqeCRaH, Kor;o;a OH xapaRTepH3yeT nnHMYTcKIIX PYKO-
BOAlITeJIen. BepclIH Bpa,L(woPAa CJIOmHee, no-cBoeMY rJIy6me, no He
MeHee, eCJIH He 60Jlee, npHCTpaCTHaH.
Bps,L(Wop;o; rrpeABapHeT. paCCR.aa 0 CTOJIRHOBeHHH IIJIIIMYTn;eB C
MOpTOHOM OIIHcaHHeM ToprOBbIX OTHomeHHH C rOJIJIaHAu;aMlI. I\aaa-
,JJ.:OCb 6LI, 6ea oc06oii CBH3H C TeM II ,L(pyrHM aBTOp «IICTOPHH» pas-
pamaeTCH <pIIJlHIIlIHKOii npOTIiB «He;o;ocToHHbIX JIIOAeH cpe,n;H aHrJlH-
tiaH, rOnJIaH,L(eB II <ppanD;Y30B», KOTopbIe npo,n;aIOT IIHAeHn;aM opy-
mHe, qTO MomeT rrpllBeCTH R «rn6eJlH MHorllX JIIO,n;eii}> (B, 236).
,n:aJIee nOBecTByeTcH 0 BoaHlIKHOBeHHHROJIOHlIH, oCHoBaHHoH KanH-
TaHOM MaYHToM Y OJlJlCToynoM, II IIOqepRHBaeTCH. lITO 60JIbmHHCTBo
rrpllexaBillHX CHUM JIIO}J;eH 6LInH cepBeHTaIH. Cpe,n;lI J\OJIOHUCTOB
aaXO;O;HJlCH H.eRTO TOMac., MOpTO, «ROTOpLI:U, RaR' ameTCH, IIMeJI
CBon . He6oJIDmOH BKJJaA B ,n;eJlo (JlIIlIHbI:iI HJIH ReM-TO BHeceHHLlii);.
HQ OH He nOJIb30BaJICH' YBameHHeM, II }J;ame caMble' HHqTOmHLle cp-
BeHTDI BbIK8SLIBaJIH eMY npeHeQpemeHlIe» (E., 236-237).
RanlITaH . MaYHT Y OJIJICrrOYH c' qaCTblO cepBeHTQB yexaJI B Bllp-
rHHHIO, r,n;e c,n;aJl HX BHaeM TaMomaHM KOJIOHIICTpM. 3a HIIMqepea
HKoTopoe BpeMH nOCJIe}J;OBaJi ero nOMOm;HHKaccaJtn. OH B.e3 Ty,n;a
ee O,n;HY rpYlIny cepBeHTOB, OCTaBIIB B HaqeCTBe npeMeHHoro PYKO-
BO;O;HTeJIH JIeHTeHaHTa <DHTqepa. IIocJle OT'be3,n;a Pa CC,L(aJlJla , IIOCeJleH-
:bI YCTpOHJIII. mYMHYIO IIOIIOHKY. B CaMLI:ff pa3rap 6YHHOTO BeceJtbH
MOpTOH npOHSHec peqb: «EcJIH BLI, HHtIerO He npe,n;IIpHHHMaH, 6y,n;e-
Te ,n;OiKH;o;a ThCH Bos:apaeHHH PaCC;o;aJIJI;a, Rac Tome YBeaYT' H n,po-
Aa;O;YT, RaR H OCTaJILH:bIX,B RaqeCTBe pa60B. I1oaTO1Y H cOBeTYIO
266

«(I1)J;OJIOnOKJIOHHHR». «BH3HECl\IEH ». «HCRA TEJlb»
BaM npOrHaTb JIeHTeB.aHTa <l>HTqepa; a H, HBJlHHCbO)1;HH?4 lIa COBna-
,[\eJIbn;eB RonOHHII, 6y;a;y CqHTaTb Bac CBOlIMH napTHepaMlI B KOMnaHbO-
HaMn; TaR BI>I oCB06o;O;HTeCb OT CBOIIX 06HaaTeJILCTB, II MLI 6y;o;eM
,n;eHCTBOBaTb, ToprOBaTI>, Boa,n;enblBaTI> aeMJIIO H iKlITb Bce BMeCTe,
RaR paBHble, lIoepmHBaH II aam;IIaH Pyr pyra...» (B, 237).
TaK OHR H C;o;eJlanH. «A nocne Toro, RaK B IIX pYKax ORaaaJIOCb
IIMYID;eCTBO H OHll CTaJIH 60raTeTb OT TOprOBJlH C HH;o;eiin;aMH, OHn
Bce paCTpaqllBaJlH BnYCTYIO, npe;o;aBaHcL nLHHCTBY...» :(B, 238). OHB
COqHHHJIll H neJlH HenpllcToHHble neCHH. Bonee Toto, yno,ri;06HBmlIC'b
HOJIOnOKJIOHHHKaM, OHH B03BllrJlH «MaHCKoe )J;epeBO» 'II TaHeBaJIll
BOKpyr Hero. To 61>IJla HaCTOHaH «mKOJla aTell3'Ma», B03MyaJlcH
Bp3;o;<pOp. ROJIOHIIIO, HoclIBmyIO Ha3BaHHe «MaYHT ¥OJlJICTOYH», OHB
nepeHMenOBaJiH B «MappHMaYHT». CaMoe iRe CTpamHoe 3aKJlIOlIaJIOeL
B'TOM, tITO MOpTOH no6nJI HX npo,ri;aBaTL HH;o;eiin;aM opymHe. '«0 RaI{
ymacHLI ;o;eJIa 3Toro HerOHH! RaK MHoro rOnJlaHeB H aHrJIlilqaH
lI03me 6LIJIH y611TbI aTHMH HHeiiaMH, KOTOpbIX OH BoopymHJI»
(B, 240).
IIoo6HaH ;o;eHTeJIbHOCTb MopToHa, no YTBepm;o;eHHIO Bpacpop,n;a,
eCTeCTBeHHO, 6ecnoRoHJla nnHMYTn;eB, a oc06eHHo ;o;pyrHx aHrJIHtiaII,
KOTopble, RaK npaBHJIO, mHJlll B Tex MeCTax OqeHb paa6pocaHHO Ii
He60JIbmHMH rpynnaMH. «RpOMe Toro, OHH nOHHJIH, qTO OHH He y;o;ep-
maT CBOHX cepBeHTOB, TaR RaK MOpTOH rrpHHHJI 6b1' JII060ro, ;o;ame
caMoro IIOJIOrO, H BCH Mep30CTb CTpaHI>I MJIH Bce He;O;OBOJIbHLle CTa-
JlH 6LI CTeRa TbCH K HeMY OTOBCIO;o;y, eCJlII 61>1 3TO rHea;o;o He 6LIJIO
YHlilqtomeHO; H .11M rrpHX(),n;HJlOCI> 60JII>me 60HTLCH nOKymeHHH Ha
CBOIO mlI3Hb II HMym;ecTBo (IIpaB,n;a, He,n;OJlro) co CTOpOHl>1 aTIIX HC-
IIop"tJeHHblx II pacnYTHI>IX IIO,n;OHROB, -qeM co CTOpOHbl caMIIX ,lJ;HHape:n}>
(B, 240-241).
rrpeAcTaBHTeH aHrJlHHCI\HX noceneHHH OTnpaBHJIH OPTOHY
OAHO aa ,n;pyrHM ,n;Ba lIHCbMa, y6emJJ;aH ero H3MeHHTb CBoe nOBe;o;eHHe.
OH BbICOROMepHO OTBeqaJl, tITO He c0611paeTCH lIO,n;QIlHHTbCH ROMY OLI
TO HII 6LIJIO. «Tor,n;a OHII pernrrJIH ,n;eiicTBoBaTb. ry6epHaTop IIJlHMYTa
;o;aJI pa3pemeHHe, tIT06LI CT3H,!];lIm II eru;e HeCRonbRO qeJIOBeR aaXBa-
THJlII MopToHa CHJlOH... OHH HamJIH ero rOTOBbIM K 060poHe: 1];Bepn
aa6appIlRa,n;HpoBaHLI, C006HHRH BoopymeHLI, nopox H nYJlH nOJ);
pYRoi Ha CTone; eCJIH 6bI OHII He 6LIJlll B;o;pe6e3rH nbHHbl, TO MOrJIO
6bl 6bITb MHoro mepTB}) (B, 242). IIocJle B3aIIMHI>IX npepeKaHIiH
MOpTOH CO; CBOHMH JIIO,!];bMII pemHJIH aTaROBaTb ocam,n;aBm'IIX. OHB
BI>ImJlII H3 ;O;OMa, HO, 6y,n;yqH III>HHLIMH, RaK YTBepmp;aeT BpaJ.:(cpopf(,
OKaaaJlHCI>He B COCTOHHHH IICIIOJlb30BaTL opymlIe. J1x B3HJIH B nJIeH,
He IIprrqrrHHB Bpe,!];a. OAHH H3 HIIX, npaBAa, cnbHHa nOpaHHJI ce6e
lIoc06 oCTprre Meqa MopToHa OTBe3JIrr B HOBLIH IIJlHMYT, a oTTYAa
267

BOBbIn: nJIJlMYT
B AHrJIHIO. HecMoTpn na OqeBH,n;HOCTb ero npeCTYIIJIeHHH, OH OCTaJICH
6e3HaRa3aHHbIM. qacTI> JIIO)J;eH MappHMaYHTa pa36peJIaCL, qaCTL 6LIJIa
1I3rHaHa oTTY)J;a HOBLIMH nOceJIeHD;aMH, rrpH6LIBmHMH B MaCCaqyceT-
CRYIO 6YXTY.
Tpy;o;HO CRa3aT:b, HMeJiH JIH no;o; C060H RaRYIO-HII6Y)J;:b nOqBY 00-
BHHeHHH, KOTOpl>Ie BLI;O;BHraJIH nJlHMYTD;:bI rrpoTHB MopTOHa H KOTO-
pMe Bpa)J;cpop,n; CcpOPMYJIHpOBaJI B CBoeH «lIcTopHlI». OcplIn;HaJIbHLIH
JIOH)J;OH,RaK MLI YiRe 3HaeM, lIpH3HaJl HX HeCOCTOHTeJILHI>IMH. 3)J;eCb,
npaB)J;a, MOrJIH" HrpaT:b pon:b aHTHIIaTHH K ceIIapaTHCTaM II CBHaJI
MopTOHa C, PYROBo;o;HreJIHMH COBeTa HOBOH AnrJIHH. IIpHBepoHTHoH
IIpHcrpaCTHOCTH 06eHX CTOpOH conOCTaBJleHRe BepCRH HeBOJlI>HO B03-
Bpam;aeT It HCTOpUH JIHRBIIAaHH ¥accaracceTa. PaSBe H a;o;eCL He
YCTpaHHJIHCI> RQHRypeHTLI II nemeJlaTeJI:bHLIe coce;o;n? PaSBe He 6ora-
TenH MappuMaYHTD:LI OT TOprOBJIU MexaMH? PaSBe He JlemaJlo HX
IIOCeJIeHHe Ha IIYTH R ReHHe6eRY? He C06JIaSHHTeJILHO JIH 61>IJlO OT-
,n;eJIaT:bCH OT aHTJlHRaH, ROTOp:ble B OTJlIIQlIe OT nJIHMYTCRHX "lJYBCTBO-
BaJiH ce6H COBepmeHHO cBo60)J;HO, 60Jlee Toro, MornH CJIymIIT:b IIPH-
MaHI{OH H RaR 6:bI IIpe)J;CTaBJIHJlH rocnO)J;CTBYIOm;yro n;epROB:b MeTpo-
IIOJlHH? He BHymaJlO JIH OilaceHHH, lITO HX HapOqHTaH He3aBHCHMOCTb
II ;o;pym6a C HH;o;eHn;aMII, a TaRme ToprOBble YCIIeXH IIOCTeneHHO CAe-
JlalOT MappHMaYHT CHJI:bHOH aHrJlIIRaHCRon ROJlOHHen, onHparom;encH
Ha KOpOJleBCKYIO no,n;;o;epmRY?
HeJII>3H 6LIJlO, O;O;HaRO, JlHRBH,n;upOBaTL MappHIaYHT RaK 6:bI HH
C Toro HH C cero. CaMHM nJIHMYTn;aM )J;OCTaTOqHLIM OIIpaB)J;aHHeM
aToro 6LIJIO «HOJIOrrORJlOHCTBO» H «aTeH3M» MopToHa II ero TOBapH-
m;ei. O;O;HaRo ocpHIJ;HaJlLHaH rocy;o;a pCTBeHHaH II n;epHOBHaH BJlaCTII B
JIoH)J;oHe TaRoe 06BHHeHHe cpa3Y 6LI OTBepTJIH, cnpaBe)J;JIHBO YCMOTpeB
B HeM RPHTHHY aHrJIHRaHH3Ma. II pe;O;OCY;O;HTeJIbHO BeCeJlLIH 06pa3
,mH3HH'? 8TO, KOHeqHo,' MOrJIO 6pOCIITb TeHb na «X03HRHa Ma-pe
MaYHTa». Ho 06J1HR TYII:bIX, XHTpbIX, ma;O;HI>IX, JIHn;eMepHLlx II He-
rpaMOTHLIX 7 peJIHrHOSHMX oTcTynHHRoB-cenapaTHCTOB, ROTOpLIH PH-
7 JI3BeC'rHO, "(ITO BprocTep nOCJIe cMepTH OCTaBHJI 6u6JIHOTeKY B 400 TOMOB,
Bp8cI>OpP; HMeJI 80 KHHr, CT8Hp;Hm - OHOJIO 50. BhlJIH KHHrH H eIl\e Hoe Y
Horo. Ho B onHCbIBaeMoe BpeMH U MHoro n03me B KOJIOHHH HOBhlH ITJIHMYT
mKOJIHe HMeJIOCb. YXOBHbIii 6arail\ KOJIOHHCTOB OrpaHHqHBaJICH B OCHOB-
HOM BH6JIHeii, KOTopaH CqHTaJIaCb COKpOBHm;HHn;eH Bcex B03MomHbIX npa-
Bep;HbIX Heii, nOY1:IHTeJIbHbIX npHMepOB H 06pa30B. I1op;po6Hee 0 MeCTe KHH-
rH B mH3HH HOBoro IIJIHMYTa H Bceii HOBoi AHrJIHH CM.: Wright Th. G.
Literary Culture in Early New England. 1620-1730. New Haven, 1920. HBHO
nplIcTpacTHo, 110 He 6e3 neROToporo OCHOBaHHH, MOpTOH BJIOiRIIJI B YCTa
o)J;Horo 1I3 nJIHMYTn;eB CJreAyroID;lIe CJIOBa: « qTO 3a nOJIb3a P;JIH qeJIOBeKa
1JHTaTL KHHry? HeT, HeT, 06pbIe rOCIIoa! ECJIH 6bI BbI IIOmHJIH C HaMil, Dbl
6bI nOHHJIH IIOJIb3Y YCTHbIX HaCTaBJIeHHU; ,n;aHTe MHe qeJIOBeRa, o6JIaAaIO-
268

HnononORnOHHHK.BH3HECMEH».HCRATEnL
COB an COOTeqeCTBeHHHRaM ORa3aBlliHHCH Ha pO,IJ;IIHe MOPTOH, BPH,IJ; JIIt
61>IJI ,n;nH aHrJIH:HCRIIX BJlaCTeii 60JIee CIIMnaTHqeH, lleM 06J1HK XOTH II
lIO)J;rynHBillHx, HO BepHLIX epRBH 11 Tpa,n;H1I0HHLIM 06MqaHM iKHTe-
JIeii MappHMaYHTa. He IIOTOMY nH ry6epHaTop IIJIHMYTa BLI,IJ;BHraJ[
rrpOTHB MopToHa eID;e ;O;Ba 06BHHeHHH, KOTopMe MOrJIH CqHTaTbCH BC-
COMLIMH RaK B MeTpOnOJlHII, TaR H B AMepHRe: 06BHHeHHe B IIO,IJ;CTpe-
I\aTeJlbCTBe cepBeHTOB K l\IHTemy H 06BIIHeHHe B npo;o;ame HH,n;eHu;aM
opymlIH. «X03HHH Ma-pe MaYHTa)> CTaBHnCH B nOJlOmeHHe HHcnpo-
BepraTeJlH OCHOB rocy;o;apcTBa H HapYlliHTeJlH RoponeBCRIIX pacnopH-
meHH:H, RacaBmHXCH npaBHJI IIpo,n;amH opymHH TyaeMaM (Tpe60Ba-
JIOCb no KpaRHeH Mepe CIIeHanbHoe pa3pemeHHe). B 060HX CJIyqa-
HX OH npe)J;CTaBaJl qeJlOBeROM, C03)J;aBaBmHM yrpoay 6e30naCHOCTH
RonOHIiCTOB, a CJle)J;OBaTeJIbHO, ,n;JlH BJIaCTH aHrJIHHCROH KOpOHbI B
AMepliKe. IIoaToMY E pa;o;4>op,n; II npe)J;Ba pHJI paCCRa3 0 MopTOHe ma-
Jl06aMII Ha npo)J;amy opymHH II ynoMHHYJI rOJlJIaH;o;eB II <ppaHD;y-
30B (IIX lIOCeJleHIIH Haxo,n;HJlHCb Ha ceBepHOH rpaHHe HOBO:H AHr-
JIHII) .
JIIIKBH,u;aHH MappHMaYHTa - He e;O;HHCTBeHHoe npHMeqaTeJlLHoe
C06LITHe 1628 r. B mH3HII IInHMYTa. «B aTOM ro,n;y,- nHmeT Bpa,Il.-
<I>op;o;,- M-P 9J1J1epTOH npHBe3 C C060R B RaqeCTBe CBHeHHHRa ;o;JIH
a,n;emHHX JlIO,n;eH MOJIo,n;oro lIenOBeKa, He 3HaIO, no co6CTBeHHOMY JIll
lIOqllHY HII IIO peROMeH,n;aHH CBOHX JIOH)J;OHCRIIX ;o;pY3eH, BO BCH-
ROM cnyqae 6e3 3anpoca n;epRBII; TaR RaR nJlIIl\IYTn;LI nepemllJlH MHO-
ro HeIIpHHTHOCTeH H3-aa JIaH<I>op,n;a, TO OHII XOTeJlII nOJlyqme Y3HaTb
lIeJlOBeRa, KOToporo HM npHXOJJ;HJIOCb npHHHTI> Y ce6H. Ero aBaJIH
POJJ;mepCOM; nocne 3HanOMCTBa C BIIM OHII y6eJJ;HJIIICb, qTO OH He B
CBoeM YMe; B CBH3II C BTHM IIM npHIJlJlOCI> IIOTpaTIITbCH, tIT06bI n
CJIe,rYIOru;eM ro;o;y OTnpaBIITI> ero 06paTHO, a RpOMe Toro, B03MeCTIITb
Bce pacxo,n;I>I, no CqeTaM 8J1JIepTOHa HeMaJlI>Ie, ROTOpl>Ie 61>IJlII C,IJ;e-
JIaHI>I, qT06:bI )J;OCTaBlfTb caMoro PO)J;mepca H Bce He06xo)J;IIMOe 1];JIH
Hero: npOBH3HIO, o;o;em;o;y, 6eJII>e H T. ;0;. IIocJle CBoero B03Bpam;eHHJI
B AHrJlll10 OH COBceM comeJl C YMa. M-py 8nJIepToBY 6LIJI C,IJ;eJlaH
BLlrOBOp 3a TO, lITO OH nplIBe3 TaRoro tIeJIOBeRa, Ror)J;a a,n;eCb XBa TaeT
II APyrHx 3a60T}) (B, 243).
HeT HHRaRIIX HCTOqHHROB, lIO ROTOpLIM MomHO 6bIJIO 6LI npOBe-
pHTI> co06ID;aeMoe Bpa,n;<I>op;o;oM 8. Ma6aBHJlIICb OT nCIIXHqeCRH 60JII)-
Horo? IIJIH, RaK B CJIyqae C JIai<pop;o;OM, OT peJIHrHOaHoro npOTHB-
BHKa? Bo BCHKOM cJlyqae cenapaTHCTcKaH epRoBL 6,IJ;HTeJl:bHO oxpa-
ero YXOBHbMH AoopOAeTeJIHMH, a He I\Hury». «C IIOMOblO . TaKIIX HeJIe-
llbIX cym)J;eHHH, llo)J;o6HO 3MHIO, BllOJI3aIOT OHM B 3)J;OpOBbIII pa3YM HeBeme..
CTBeHHOH TOJIllbI»,- aaKJIIOqaJI MOpTOH (M, 79).
8 He Y,l{aeTCH YCTaHOBHTL J{aiKe nOJIHOe HMH CBHm;eHHlIKa.
269

HOB hI n: II.rr H M Y :r
HHna Cb II He 61>IJlO CTpeMJIeHIIJI HaHTIi en HOBoro PYROBo,n;IITeJIH.
CBHm;eHHHRa BTOPHqHO npHB03IInH «6ea 3anpoca n;epRBII». B CBH3H:
C 9TIIM 06paTHM BHHMaHHe Ha TY qaCTI> paCCHa3a Bpa;o;<fJop;o;a 0 JIHK-
Bu,n;an;HH MappHMaYHTa, r,n;e OH B:bICRa3bIBaJI OIIaceHHe, 'ITO X03HeBa
B pe3ynbTaTe ,n;eHTeJlbHOCTII MopTOHa «He y,n;epmaT CBOIIX cepBeHTOB».
Ra3aJIOCb 61>1, aTO He IIMeeT OTHomeHIIH R rOBopHBllieMYCJI 0 nnIIMYT-
CROH ROHrperaD;HH, OTocnaBmeH B AHrJIHIO Po;o;mepca. TeM He MeHce
orrpe,n;eJleHHaH CBHal> 6I>IJla, BO BCHROM CJIyqae B03HIIRaJIa.
IIo6e,n;a Ba,n; JIaH<fJop,n;oM IIocnymHJla YTBepm,n;eHHIO BJIaCTH PYRO-
BO,lJ;HTeJleiI KonOHHII II YKpenJIeHHIO ROHrperaD;1I11 I\aR rJI3BeHCTBYIO-
eH n;epRoBHoH opraBH3aD;HII, PY.KOBO;O;HTeJlHMH ROTOpOH 6LInlI B
3HaqHTeJIbHOH Mepe Te me JlIO,n;H, "tITO H ocyeCTBJIHJIH yrrpaBneHHe
ROJlOHlIeii. HecMoTpH Ha B03MomHO ee coxpaHHBmHeCH Tor,n;a pa3-
JIHqllH B peJIllrll03HoH npHHa,n;JIemHOCTIi 'tJJIeHOB MarnCTpa Ta (Ra TO-
JlHR CTaH,lJ;nm, aHrJIHRaHHH HJIII rrypllTaHHH fOIIRHHC?) II ,lJ;pyrnx
HMyru;HX ROJlOHHCTOB, HX Bce 60nbme 061>e,n;IIHHna 60H3Hb, «"({TO OHR
He y;o;epmaT CBOIIX cepBeHTOB», T. e. CTpeMneHHe 06e30naCHTb CBoe
HMyru;eCTBO. MHaqe rOBopH, cerrapaTlI3M, BJIaCTb n 3amHTOQHOCTb RaH
6:bI C6J1HiRanHCI>, eCJIH eID;e He CJIIIBanHCb B JlHn;e onpe,n;eJIeHHOH
rpYlInLI MeCTHOH «apIICTORpaTHH». IIoaToIY pemlIM, 0 ROTOpOM ro-
BOplIJlOCb B CBH311 C «,n;eJlOM JIaH<pop)J;a» II CYHOCTI> ROToporo aaRJIIO-
-qaJlaCb B rro,n;,n;epmaHHII COn;HaJlbHOrO HepaBeHCTBa, IIpHBeaeHHoro
eID;e H3 EBpOlIbI, H rrpe06J1ap;aHIIH ceIIapaTHcTcKon n;epRBH, CTaHOBHJI-
CH Bce B 60Jll>IIIeH Mepe peiRHMOM COn;HaJlI>HOrO HepaBeHCTBa, pa3BH-
BaBmerOCH TaRiRe Ha MeCTHOH nOIBe IIPH O;O;HOBpeMeHHOM npeBpa:m;e-
HHII cerrapaTHcTcROH n;epRBIi B lI,n;eOJIOrHQeCRYIO OIIOpy 9Toro Be-
paBeHCTBa. l\aR 3TO npeBparu;eHlIe Morno rrpOHcxo,n;nTb, MI>l yme IIIe-
eM rrpe,n;CTaBJICHHe na IIplIMepe pa3J1M1IHOro TonROBaHIIH CBHlu;eIIHbTX
TeRCTOB ItaIIIMeHoM (J];JlH olIpaBJ];aHHH ROJlJIeRTHB1I3Ma) II B pa;o;<I>op-
J];OM -(J1;JIH onpaB;o;aHHH HH,n;HBMJJ;yaJII>HOrO X03HHCTBa). I-Ia 3TOT p33
HMeJI.JICb rOTOBl>le pen;errTI>I, oCBHru;eHHbIC rrplI3H3 HHI>IMH aBTopHTeTa-
MH cerra paTIICTCROH n;epRBII.
B HaIIYTCTBeHHOM nlICI>Me TIIIJlHrpIiMaM, IIOKlI;o;aBmnM EBpony, Po-
6HHCOH, MbI nOMHHM, y6em,n;aJl IIX, qTO «06paa 60meCTBeHHOH BnaCTH
H aBTopliTeTa, ROTOpl>IH BOIIJIOaeTCH B npaBIITeJIe, 1];OJImeH YBamaTb-
CH 'B ROM 61>1 TO HH 6:blno». B ;o;pyron paa TOT me P06HHCOH TaR
orrpeJ];enHJI rrpHHIJ;Hn:b1 rrOCTpoeHHH rocy;o;apCTBa: «IIo OTHomeHHIO R
Bory - MOHapXHH; 110 OTHomeHHIO R CTapenmHHaM 9 - apnCTORpa-
9 3p;eCb H p;aJIee B TeRCTe HCTOqHHROB 3THM TepMHHoM 0603HaQaeTCH He TOJIb-
RO epROBHoe PYROBOACTBO. B epROBHOM 06HXOAe, eCJIH He UMeJICH BBHAY
epROBHbIii cTape:ilillHHa ROHRpeTHOH n;epRBH, TO B co6npaTeJIbH()M CM:bICJIe
270

HnononORnOHHHK».BHaHECMEH». «HCKATEnb»
THH; no OTHomeHHIO R OCTaJILHLIM - HapO;O;Hoe rocy;o;apCTBO». reHpn
8iiHCBOPT, 110 «KHHre nCaJIMOB» ROToporo nHJIHrpHMLI neJIH ee B
rOJlJlaHp;HH, TY me M:bICnb CPOPMYJIHpOBaJl CJle)J;YIOHM 06pa30:M:
« q TO RacaeTCH napoonoeo npaeUTe.!tbCTBa, MLI ero He nO;O;)J;epmHBa-
eM, MLI ero He o;o;06pHeM, TaR RaR eCJlII Bce (the multitud.e) yrrpaB-
JlHIOT, TO KTO me HBJlHeTCH YilpaBJIHeMLIM?» Y! OnHT]) P06HHCOH:
«BO-IIepBbIX, MbI CtlHTaeM, qTO npaBHTeJIbCTBO, cJle,n;YIOee yqeHIIIO
XpIICTa, ,n;OJllliHO O:bITb OTRpOBeHHO apHCTOKpaTHqeCRHM II YlIpaBJIe-
HIle ocyecTBJlHTbCH H36paHHLIMH JIIO)J;:bMII, B TO BpeMH RaR rocy-
p;apCTBO, KOTopoe tlaCTO HeBepHO CMeIIlHBaIOT C npaBHTeJIbCTBOM,
P;OJIlliHO 6l>ITb HapO;O;HbIM II )J;eMOHpaTJP:leCRHI. 8TO OaHaqaeT, tlTO
Hapo;o; nOJlb3yeTcH npaBOM cB06o)J;Horo rOJIOCOBaHHH IIPH B:bI60pax H
pemeHHH epI\OBH:bIX BonpOCOB. qTO RacaeTCH OCTaJIbHOrO, TO, MbI
nOJlara.eM, ynpaBJIHTb Hapo,n;OM )J;OJlmHLI CTapeHIIlH:HbI... ITYCTb CTa-
peiimHHbI OTKpbITO CTaBHT BOIIpOCLI Ha YTBepmeHHe II PYKOBOJJ;HT
BceMH ,n;eJlaMII n;epRBII... IIycTb BepYIOHii Hapo;o; IIpeJJ;OCTaBHT CBOHM
CTapenIIlHHaM JJ;YXOBHoe H rOCY)J;apCTBeHHoe ynpaBJIeHHe» 10.
CIIJlOtleI-IHI>IM II rOHHMI>IM cenapaTHCTaM H3 CRpy6H H JIeiiJJ;eHa,
eCJIH H He 6bIJIa CJlHIIlROM 6J1H3Ka Ta «RpeCTLHHCRO-lIJIe6enCRaH
epeCb», 0 ROTOpOH rOBOpHJIOCb B rnaBe «IlHJlHrpHMLI», TO B HX Tor-
p;amHeM IIOJlOmeHHH He RaaaJlaCb OHa HM H CJlHIIlROM rrpe;O;OCYAIITenL-
Hoil, TeM oOJlee 'ITO OHa HMeJIa OCHOBOH paHHexpHCTHaHCRHe 00-
pa3bI, Ha KOTopble CTapaJlHCb paBHHTbCH 6Y;O;YHe IIHJlHrpHMLI.
Tenepl>, C paaBIiTHeM qaCTHOro xoaHHCTBa II COn;naJIbHOrO HepaBeH-
CTBa, mJlo OTTaHRHBaHHe 01' aTHX 06pa3D;oB, a qepea PYRoBo;O;HTeJleH
lIHnHrpHMOB - YTBepmJJ;eHHe Tex KaJIbBHHHCTCRlIX JJ;orM, KOTopLle
onpaB)J;bIBaJlH IIpHBIIJIerHII « a pnCTOI\pa TOB» 11 ROTopble yme 6LIJIH
HarOTOBe B 3aBeTax Herrocpe,n;CTBeHHLIX. yqHTenen. TIpOHCXOfJ;HJIO 9TO
He npOCTO, He 6e3 IIpHJlHBOB H OTJlHBOB, He 6e3 AymeBHbIX H3J10MOB,
B. -qeM MLI ee y6e,n;HMCH,HO IIPOIICXOJJ;Hno HeCOMHeHHO, CKaaLIBaHCI>
Ha BceM CTpoe nJlHMYTCKOH mIl3HH.
CB060;O;H:bIe ROJlOHIICTLI, <ppHMeHM, <popMabHO HMeJIH HeMaJI@e
rrpaBa.. Mx rOJIOCaMH nplIHIIManliCb pemeHHH Ha 06ru;HX c06paHHHX,
a .HTH C06pa.HHH CtllITaJIHCL BLIcmlIM aaROHO)J;aTeJILHLIM opraHOM RO-
JlOHUIi. IIa ;o;eJle CPYHRD;HH c06paHHH CBO,D;IIJIHCb COrJlaCHO YCTaHOBHB-
meHcH Tpa,n;IIll;HH K nepell36paHHIO pas B rOJJ; ry6epHaTopa- - HeH3-
MeRHO Bpa,n;<I>op,n;a - H qneHOB Marn:cTpaTa. CocTaB nOCJIeJ];Hero corJIac-
JIO TOB iRe Tpa;O;IIIHH orrpeJ];eJIHJICH ry6epHaTopoM. qacTHoe X03HnCTBO,
nop; cTapeiillHHaMH nopa3YMeBaJIlIeb nacTop, YQI1TeJIh, I1JIJI nponOBep;HHR
(teacher), cTapeiIllHHa, bHKOH.
10 QUT. no: Miller P. Ope cit., p. 172-174.
271

II 0 H hl:R n JT 111\1 Y T
naneCH pa3pymaIOll1;IIH yp;ap no OTHOCIITCJIbHOMY HMym;ecTBeH.-
HOMY paBeHCTBY, BepHee He CJIHlIIROM OblOID;eMY B rJIa3a HMYID;eCTBelI-
HOMY HepaBeHCTBY, HeHs6eiKHO nORoJIe6aJlo II rrOJlHTHlIeCROe paBeHCT-
BO. I1pecTHm JJ;OCTaTKa, CBHSaHHl>lH TeM 60Jlee C penHrHOaHLIM
rrpeCTllmeM, a em;e 60JIee - C rrpeCTHmeM BJlaCTII, He Mor He ORaa:&l-
BaTh BJlHHHHH Ha BeCOMOCTI> CJIOB nJlIIMYTCKHX «apnCTORpaTOB». Be,n;-
HLIH ;o;a em;e ManorpaMOTHLIH CTaHOBHJICH B 3HalIHTeJlbHOH Mepe 6e3-
rJlaCHLIM.
TIpu6MTHe B 1629 r. rpynnbI HOBLIX cepBeHTOB II B03pocrnaH C
qaCTHbIM X03HHCTBOM 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTb B IIClIOJIb30BaHIIH pa60l:IHX
PYR, HeCOMHeHHO, H3MeHHJIH BHeIIIHe naTpHapXaJIbHblH 06J1IIR OTHO-
meHIIii, cym;ecTBoBaBmHH npem,n;e MemJJ;Y HeMHorHMH nJIHMYTCKHMH
cepBeHT8MH, KOTopLIe K 1629 r. nOl:ITH Bce, BepOHTHO, OCBOOOJJ;IIJIHb,
H HX xoaHeBaMH, C ROTOpbIMII OHII BMeCTO npeo,n;oneBaJlII TPy;o;HOCTH
rrepBbIX JIeT npc6bIBaHIIH B AMepHI\c. B03MomHble npemp;e nocJIa6JIe-
HHH B COCTOHHHH saBHCIiMOCTII cepBeHTOB ,n;OJlmHI>I 61>IJIH npeKpa-
TIITbCH.
MHaqe rOBopH, sa ceMb JleT C MOMeHTa npII6LITIIH «MaH<pJlayap»
K MI>ICY ROJJ; RonOHHH aaMeTHO npoJJ;BHHYJIaCL B pa3BHTIIII qaCTHOro
X03HHCTBa C COOTBeTCTBYIOID;IIMII H3MeHeHHHMH B 06ID;eCTBeHHoii, 31\0-
HOMHqeCROii, JJ;YXOBHOH II MOpaJIbHOii CTopOHax iKH3HH KOJlOHIICTOB.
B aTOM rrpon;ecce HeMaJIYro pOJII> HrpaJIO pa3BHTHe BHYTpeHHei TOp-
rOBJlH, oc06eHHO IIOCTYIIJIeHHe B ToprOBLIH 060POT aeMJIH, TOJILRO He-
;o;aBHO CTaBmeii yaaKoHeHHOH qaCTHOH co6CTBeHHOCTblO (RopOJIeBCROe
BJla,n;eHue aeMneH II IIpaBa Ha Hee COB eTa HOBOH AHrJIHH He HMeJIlI
IIpaKTHQeCKOrO SHaqeHHH).
RaK OcpopMJIHJlaCb KYIIJlH-npo,n;ama, MomHO IIpOCJIeJJ;HTb Ha npn-
Mepe C;o;eJIKH, 3aperHCTpnpOBaHHOH B 1627 r.: «<J)HJIHnn ,IJ:9JIOHe npo-
,L(aJl CT9cpeny AHHY 1 aKp 3eMJIH (YKa31>IBaeTcH MeCTOnOJIOmeHHe.-
JI. C.)... ¥lIOMHHYTLIH CT9cpeH nOJIyqJlT H 6y,n;eT BJIa,n;eTI> YKasaHHLIM
aKpOM 110 coocTBeHHoMY YCMOTpeHHIO II It c06cTBeHHoH B:bIrOJ];e,
a TaKme ero HaCJIeJJ;HHKH, Be"tlHO - 3a CYMMY B 4 cpo CT. B aHrnHH-
CKHX ,n;eHbrax, HJIH 3a RaRHe-HH6Y;O;1> TOBapLI HJlH npe,n;MeTLI KOJIOHHR
Ha TY me CYMMY npn CJIeJ];YIOm;eM IIopH;O;Ke OnJIaTLI: nepBaH nOJIOBn-
Ha CYMMLI 6y,n;eT BHeceHa <l>HJIHnny, ero HaCJIe,n;HHKaM HJIH ,n;OBepeH-
HLIM JIIIn;aM 1 OKTH6pH 1628 r. B ;O;OMe YKa3aHHoro CT3cpeHa... ,n;Pyrne
20 mHJIJIHHrOB -.1 OKTHOpH 1629 r., a nOCJIeJJ;HHe 20 mHJIJIHHrOB B
anno 1630; Ram;o;aH BLInJIaTa - 1 ORTH6pH B YKaa-aHHOM MeCTe» H.
..................... .
11 Foundations, Vol. I, p. 653. 06pa3bI noo6HblX II 60JIee CJIOmHbIX CAeJIOI{
3a 1630-1631 rr. CM. TaM iRe (p. 654-655), a TaRme apeHHoH c,n;eJIRII 3a
1639 f. no YCJIOBHHM aTOH CeJIRII apeHaTOp 06H3bIBaJICH emerOAHO, B Te-
'1eHHe Tpex JIeT ,n;eicTBIIH COrJIameHIlH, OTAaBaTb X03HlIHY apeHAyeMLIx
272

(IIononORnOHHHR». «BII3IIECMEII ). HCUA TEnb»
C,n;BIlIII B 06JIaCTlI epKOBHOii HalIIJIII B 113BOCTHOH Iepe OTpame-
HIle B TOM, RaR CRJIaAbIBaJiIICb OTHOllieHlIH IIJIHMYTeB C YlIOMHHYTbI-
Mll HOBI>IMH ROJlOHHCTaMII MaCCaqyceTca.
R onHCbIBaeMOMY BpeMeHII IIpemHee OAHHOlleCTBO IIJlIIMYTeB Ha
TeppHTopHII HOBOH AHrJIHH OROHqHJIOCb. Ha IOrO-BaIIa;o;e OT HHX IIPOtI-
HO aaRpenlIJIHCI> rOJIJIaH,n;D;I>I. YaCTOH H MOpTOH 6bIJIH M3rHaHbI, HO
qaCTb HX JlIO;o;eii, a TaRme JIIO,n;H lIB rpYIIIIbl Po;o;mepa ROHaHTa oceJlII
B pa3HblX leCTax n06epembH B,n;OJlb Maccaqyce'fCKOH 6YXTLI. To
OLIJIH q,OpIIOCTbl aHrJIlIqaH, rrplIHa;o;nemaBIllHX R o<pHHaJlDHOii rocy-
,n;a pCTBeHHoH epRBH IIJlH nyplITauaM- ROH<P0p:M:IICTaM. IIJlIIMYTbI
Bcera OTHOCHJIIiCb R HHM C HeOBepI1eM, CCJIH HC C BpaiH,n;e6HocTbIO.
Bpame6I1oCTb OTCYTCTBOBaJIa B OTHOlIIOIIHHX, ROTOpbIC IIatIaJIH CHJIa-
ALIBaTbCH C BHOBb IIpH6:bIBlliHMII IIOCOJIeHaMH MacCaqYCOTca.
8TH IIOCeJIeII:bI - nypHTaHC, npHOLIBmHe B AMCPHKY OCCHbIO
1628 f. Mx npHBeJIIi Ty;o;a, B qaCTHOCTH, peJIllrH03III>IC TOHeRlIH. OHM
COCTaBJIHJlH JleBOe KpbIJlO OPTOAORCaJlbHbIX nypHTaH. RaR rOHHMbIe II
OTROHO:ftlIIlIeCH 0'1' OCHOBHoii MaCCbI HOHROHcpOpMHCTOB - IIa-aa lIplI-
HHTHH IIpHHHna HeaaBIICHMoro ROHrperan;HOHaJIHaIa OTeJIbHLIX
n;epRBeH - OHII 6bIJlH OCTaTOqHO 6JlH3KH cenapaTlICTaM, XOTH OCTa-
BaJIHCb y6em;o;eHHLIMH IIpOTHBHIIKaMH cenapaTH3Ma, OROHqaTeJIbHO no-
pLIBaIOID;ero C aHrnHKaHCROH epROBblO. IIJIHMYTCRlIe cenapaTHCTM co
CBoeH CTOpOHI>I B pe3YJlbTaTe YiKe OTMeqaBmeHCH COn;HaJII>HOii BBOJIIO-
U;HH Roe B qeM nOCTeIIeHHO npH6JIlimaJIHCI> K OpTO;O;OKCaJlbHOMY IIY-
pHTaHH3MY. P06IIHCOH IIpeABIIAeJI aTO, Kor,n;a ee npOBOmaJI nepBLIX
IIHJIHrplIMOB H3 rOJIJIan,n;HH: «Pa3JIHqHe Mem,n;y BaMII H CBHeHHIIKa-
MH-HOHKOH<popMHCTaMH 6y,n;eT COBceM HeaHaqHTeJIbHLIM, Ror,n;a OHI!
Ha'tJHYT ocyeCTBJlHTI> 60rocJlymeHHe BHe KOpOJIeBCTBa)} 12.
Ha 3eMJIe AMepliRII nypHTaH II cenapaTHCTOB 06'Le,n;HHHJIa 06aH
HelIpHH3HI> R coce;O;HM-aHrJlHKaHaM. IIYPIiTaHe npPHBHJIH K IInHMY'f-
n;aM ;o;o6pOmeJIaTeJlI>CTBO, nplIBe3H IIM Ha CBOHX Ropa6J1HX ;O;Be rpYII-
nbI KOJIOHlICTOB - 8 II 35 qeJIOBeK 13. IIJlHMYT npe,n;CTaBJIHJI c060ii
YTBep;O;HBmYIOCH II OCTaTOtIHO CHnbHYIO ROJlOHHIO, C ROTOpOH nypu-
TaHaM npnxo,n;HJIOCb CqHTaTbCH. He TOJIbRO CtIHTaTbCH, HO 11 paCcqu-
TbIBaTL Ha ee nOMOb, TaR KaR OHII nepeiKHBaJIH B IIepBoe BpeMH
Te me TPY,IJ;HOCTH, qTO Ror;o;a-TO BLlnaJIH Ha ;o;OJIIO nHJIHrpIiMOB. MTaR,
5 aKpoB aeMJIH 12 6ymeJIeii MaHca xopomero KatJeCTBa II rOHoro )J.JIH npo-
p;amlI, a TaRme B03BeCTH orpap;y BP;OJIb OP;HOH H3 CTOpOH yqaCTKa. Cye-
CTBOBaJIa JIB RaKaH-HII6Y,D;b CBH3b Memp;y npaBOM npop;anaTb aeMJIIO (II no-
KynaTb ee) C YCJIOBIIHMH COrJIameHIIH 1627 r., HaM YCTaHOBIITb He YAaJIOCb.
12 Langdon G. D. Ope cit., p. 100-101.
13 B 1629 r.- Ha «TaJI6oT» II Ha «Maiq.JIayap» (He npeiRHnii, Te3Ka). "(IacTb
H3 HHX - ynoMHHYTbIe paHee cepBeHTbI.
273

IIOBhIn IIJIHMYT
AMepHHa C6JIHmaJla ROHrperalHOIIaJIllCTOB-Cena pa T MCTOB H ROHrpera-
HO HaJIH C TOB-nypHT aH.
11 MaH 1629 r. PYROBOMTeJIb lIyplITaHCRoro nOCeJleHIIH B HaYM-
Reare AmoH 8HnRoTT, nO;O;"tJ:HHHBmnii ce6e ;O;OpqeCTep:qeB, nHCaJl
Bpa<popy: «Hapo EomIIH IIMeeT OHHaROBbIe npn3HaRII II OTMeqeH
O,n;HOH II TOH me ne"tJ:a TbIO, a rJIaBHOe - Y Hero eHHoe cep;u;n;e, BOX-
HOBJIeHHOe OHHM H TeM me ;o;YXOM HCTHHLI, a TaM, rAe Bce aTO Ha-
JIIID;O, TaM He Momer 6LITI> paa,n;opa; HeT, Ta}1 OJImHO 6bITh CTpeM-
JleHHe R rapMOHHH» (B, 260). AaJIee IIypHTanIIn coo6m;aJI, t{TO
B HaYMRear lIa AHrJIHH npH6bIJI IIJIHMYTCRHB ,n;bHHOH <I>YJlJIep, ROTO-
u 
pLIH, pacnOJIaraH Me,n;HIJ;IIHCI\HMH lIoaHaHIIHMII, caMOOTBepiI-\eHHO 00-
nertIan CTpa,n;aHIIH 60JlbHLIX l\'Iacca'tIyceTcRllX ROJlOIIIICTOB U. PaCCRa-
aLIBaH 0 CBOlIX pa3rOBopax. C <l>YJIJIepOl\I OTHOCHTeJIJHO BepbI IIJlHMYT-
IJ;eB, 8H,n;lIROTT C Y;U;OBJleTBOpeHlleM OTMeqaJl: « OHa, HaCROJlbKO H Mor
lIOHHTb ... Ta me, qTO HCIIoBeylO If ROTOpOM lIpIIepmlI.BaIOCb H C Tex
IIOp, RaR rocno,n;1> paCRpblnCH MHe; II OHa He IIMeeT HHtIerO 06IIJ;ero
C TOB, ROTOpylO BaM 06bPIHO IIPlllIHCLIBaIOT...» (E, 260).
B aBrYCTe Bpa,n;<pop nOJIyqlIJIee OHO nlICbMO Ha HaYMReara,
IIepeHMeHOBanHoro B CenneM. ITncbMo 6MJlO aTHpOBaHO 30 IIIOJIH
II lIo,n;lIHcaHO "LlapJIaoM fOTOM. On ,n;OBOAHJI AO CBeeHIIH IIJlHMYT:qeB,
qTO IIypHTaHe, 060cHoBaBIDIIecH B MacCatIyceTcRoH 6yxTe, opraHH30-
BaJIH CBOIO epROBb. OHII H36paJlH IIaCTopa, a TaRme y"tJ:IITeJlH HJIH
IIpOIIOBeAHHRa i5. II pon;e,!];ypa IIX BBe,n;eHIIH B OJlmHOCTD aaBepIDII-
JlaCb PYKOIIOJIOmeHlIeM. IIpe,n;cTOHJlH BbI60pl>I CTapeHmHHLI II ,n;bHRO-
Ha (B, 261). MHa"tJ:e rOBopH, 6bIJIa OCHOBaHa ROHrperan;HOHaJIIICTCRaH
n;.epROBb.
qepea ro,!]; Bpa<pop,n;y IIpHIDJIO IIHCbMO, Terrepb OT <I>YJlJlepa, a-
TIIpOBaHHoe. 2.aBrycTa 1630 r. IIJIIIMYTCRIlH ,n;bHROH nllcaJi lIa qapJIa-
TaYHa - HOBoro IIOCeJleHIIH B Macca-qyceTcRoH 6yxTe, r;u;e B TO BpeMH
OCHOBLIBaJllI ROJlOHIlIO yqaCTHIIRH caMOH 60JlbmOH {)RCIIenn;HII aHr-
nnqaH B CeBepHYIO AMepHKY (700 lIYPHTaH). <l>YJlJlep C pa,n;OCTbIO
co06m;aJI, "tJ:TO OHH lIOCJle caMLIX He06xo,!];IIMbIX XJlOIIOT 110 YCTPOHCTB Y
B He3HaROMOM l\1:eCTe C03aJIH ROHrperan;HOHaJIHCTcRYIO epI{OBL. OHH,
npo;O;OJImaJl <DYJIJIep, npOHBJIHIOT 60JIbmoii HHTepec R IIJIHMYTn;aM II
H MOpTOH B «HOBOM XauaaHe» Ha3:bIBaJI <I>YJIJIepa «rJIaBHbIM BpaqOM» Tex
MeCT, BRJIap;:bIBaH B 3TH CJIOBa MaRCHMYM. HpOHHH. no ero MHeHIIIO, P;bHHOH
JIeqHJI TaR, qTO HB OP;HH 1I3 p;OBepI1BmI1XCH eMY «He Mor 60JIbme HU maJIO-
BaTbCR, HU ocymp;aTb ero>): Bce OHB Yl\IHpaJIH. l\10pTOH YTBepmp;aJI, qTO Bpa-
"lJeBaTb P;bHROH CTaJI IIO pemeBHIO IIJIHMYTCKOii n;epRBII II ep;HHCTBeHHO rro-
TOMY, qTO YMeJI l1lfTaTb II nHcaTb - «HUqero 60JIbme>) (M., 101).
15 no JICrrOJIHHeM:bIM 06H3aHHOCTHM HBJIHJlCH rrOMOHIIROM II aaMeCTHTeJIeM rra-
CTopa.
274

«HononORnOHHHR». «BH3HECMEH». «HCRATEnb»
MX Bepe. «Mbl HOCMM IIMH CBHTbIX»,- aaRJIlOqaJl Oll, a 3TO BOaJIaraJlO
HB: HMX «Bce 60JIbIIIYIO II 60JIbllIYIO OTBeTCTBeHIIOCTb».
IIpIJBe,n;H B CBoen «MCTOPMII» rrMCbMO <DYJlnepa, BpaAcpop,IJ; I\aK 6bI
npOAOJImMJI ero: «TaR H3 MaJiLIX HatIMHaHHH lIpoIIcTeRnH BeJlIIRIIe
AeJIa -- MallOBeHHeM PYRH Toro, KTO c,n;eJIan Bce lIa HIIqerO II c03,n;a-
eT Bce cyee; HEaR o,n;Hon MaJIeHI>KOH CBeqOH MomHO 3ameT-Ib TbI-
CHqy, TaR CBeT, aammeHHLIH 3;o;eCb, OCBeTHJI MHorMX, MomHO ;o;ailie
CRaaaTb - BCIO Harny HaHIO» (B, 272) 16. Bpa,n;<f>op;o; HBHO rop,n;HJlCH
teM, 'tJTO IIIIJlIIrpHMI>I 6LIJIH nepBbIMH II IfMeIOT IIOCJIe,n;oBaTeJIeii B
OCHOBaHHII «HoBoro XaHaaHa» 17.
CRaaaHHoe He 03HaqaeT, lITO pa3J1HqHH HCtIe3J1II 18. B CBoeH cpe-
,n;e IIypHTaHe cerrapaTIICTOB He TeprreJlH. CBHm;eHHHRY Pan<f>y CMlI-
16 CM. TaRme: Of Plymouth Plantation, p. X, 236.
17 lIMen, BepOHTHO, B BHP;Y HTHpyeMLIe BLIme CJIOBa Bpap;q.opp;a, a TaRiRe
CCbIJIanCb Ha c. 41-42 Toro me H3IIaHHH {<HCTOPIIH», aBTopbI RHlIrH (<CillA:
nOJHITll'IeCRaH MLICJIb II HCTOPHH» (M., 1976, c. 54, 56-58) rOBopHT 0 TOM,
qTO AMepHRa npep;CTaBJIHJIaCb OTaM-TIHJIHrpHMaM (<HOBbru CIIOHOM», rOBO-
pHT 06 nx (<peJIHfH03HOM onTIIMII3Me», 0 (<CIIH,u;pOMe MeCCHanCRIIX H,u;ei».
C aTHM MomHO BnOJIHe COrJIaCHTbCH. Ho, RaR HaM RameTCH, HBJIHeTCH npe-
YBeJIlPIeHHeM IIpHnHCbIBaTb IIHJIlIrpHMaM (<KOMnJIeKC npeBocxop;CTBa aJrte-
puanlfe8», (<cneH<I>H'qeC:KH aJrtepunaucny10 TpaRTOBKY CBHII"(eHHOfO nnc.a-
HHH» II (<IIpeTeH3HH Ha OCo6yIO pOJIb A.Mepuu B ,u;YXOBHOH cyp;b6e tte.lt08elle-
CT8a». II, no HaillHM p;aHHbIM, HeT OCHOBaHHB ClIHTaTb, 'ITO Bce aTO nop;-
TBepmp;aeTCH, B 'IaCTHOCTH, MHCCHOHepCROH p;eHTeJIbHOCTbIO OTOB-nHJIHrpH-
MOB (<Ha a.Mepunanc1i,OU rpaHe cpep;H HHp;eBCRHX IIJIeMeH» (Be3p;e no,u;-
lIepKHYTO HaMH.- JI. C.). HaM npep;CTaBJIHeTCH, lITO TIIIJIlIrpHMbI He ClIHTaJIH
- Torp;a ce6H aMepHRaHaMH H BPHP; JIH MomHO C'IJITaTb IIX TaROBbIMH. IIHJIH-
rpHMbI 6bIJTH aHfJIHqaHaMII, rrpH aToM p;aJIeRO He Bce 6bIJIH «CBHTbIMH» C
«ClIHP;pOMOM MeccnaHCI\HX HJ,eH». Me-qTaJIII OHH 0 (<HOBOM XaHaaHe», a He
06 «AMepHRe», II llpeTeH311H HX He IDJIa ,n;aJIee (<BceH HameH HaU;IIH». XOTH,
neCOMHeHHO, OIIH pap;OBaJIJICJ) CBoen caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTII Ha aMepJ1RanCI\Oll:
3eMJIe (OT,n;eJIeIIIIIO, HaR TIJIIlIYT aBTopbI HIHlflI, «OT M3HOmeHI-IOfO, ROPPYM-
TIlIpOBaHHoro II Bep;ym;ero Mej.J\p;oyco6Hble BOMHbI EBporreiicHoro KOHTHHeu-
Ta» ), cBoeH He,n;ocHraeMocTII P;JIH aHrJIIIHCRHX BJIaCTeii, IIplIBbIRaJIII C'IJ1TaTL
ce6H iHlITeJIHMH HOB Of 0 IIJIHMYTa, HOBOH AHrJIHH. Ho em;e IIJIIIMYTa, ew;e
AHrJIIIH, HeOTAeJIIIMbIX OT BJIap;eHUH aHrJIHHCKOH KOpOHbI. B aTOM 6LIJIH
CBOH BbIfOP;bI, 0 lIeM MbI 6yp;eM rOBopHTL, KaK H 0 TOM, lITO IIHJIlIrpHMbI
MHCCHOHepCKOH p;eHTeJIbHOCTbIO <paRTlfqeCKH He aaHHMaJIHCb. HeT, o,n;HaKO,
HHRaKOfO COMHeItHH B TOM, "lITO qTHMOe aMepHKaHaMII IIMH «OTIJ;OB-IIHJIH-
rpHMOB» II I-IaJIHqIIe B B033peHHHX IIHJIHrplIMOB peJIHfH03Horo MeCCHaHCTBa
HcnOJIb30BaJIOCb H IICnOJIb3yeTcH ,n;JIH «IIpeTeHaIIB Ha oco6yIO pOJIb AMepH-
RI!». - 0 CYTII aTOB npeTeH3IIH II ee HCTOplIlIeCKQM pa3BHTHH no,n;po6HO II 06-
. CTOHTeJIbHO paCCRa3bIBaIOT aBTopbI YIIOMHHYTOH KHHrII.
18 IIpH Bcex pa3JIHlIHHX TPYP;HO COfJIaCHTbCH C R. c. rap;iRHeBLIM, ROTOpLIH
YTBepmp;aeT, lITO IIIIJIHrpHMbI II IIypHTaHe «KOpeHHLIM 06paaoM» OTJIHQaJIHCL
no CBOHM «TeOJIOrO-p;OrMaTHlIeCRHM» H «COHaJIbHO-IIOJIHTHlIeCKHM» B03ape-
HIIHM (YKaa. COTI., c. 30-31). 1\ TOMY )I{e jI\JI3IIL B AMepI1I\O C6JI-M3UJIa llX,
275

HOBhlA DHHMYT
TY, IIpneXaBmeMY B HX KOJIOHlllO Ha nOCTOHHHOe mRTeJIbCTBO BMeCTe
c CeMbeH II CepBeHTaMH, HeMe,n;JIeHHO aanpeTHJIH epKOBHYIO cJlym6y,
RaK TOJIbKO 06HapYiKHJIHCb ero ceIIapaTHCTCKHe y6em,n;eHHH. BOHch,
QTO 9THM ;o;eJIO He OrpaHHQHTCH, CMHT nepe6paJICH B HaHTacKeT.
B 9TOM ee He 06mHTOM MeCTe CBHID;eHHHK IICnLITaJI HeMaJlO JIHme-
HUH. 3,n;eCb ero BCTpeTHJIH npUnJlLIBIDlle Ty,n;a Ha mnlOITRe IIJlHMYTLI.
OH 11M nOHpaBHJlCH, H OHH npe,n;JlOmHJIH eMY IIepeexaTb K HHM. OH C
pa;o;ocTbIO COrJlaCHJICH. CBHeHHHK, OROHQHBIDIIH ReM6pHAiK, pa3,n;e-
JlHBmHH peJlHrHOaHI>Ie B033peHHH «CBHTbIX)} II oKaaaBllilIHCH nOKJIa-
AIICTI>IM qeJIOBeKOM, IIpHmeJICH B IIJlHMYTe KO 1];BOpy. qepea HeKOTO-
poe BpeMH PaJI<pa CMHTa lIa6paJIH IIepBbIM lIacTopOM MeCTHOH n;epH-
BII, II OH OCTaBanCH Ha 9TOM nOCTY AO 1636 r.
E;O;HHaH Bepa, COBMeCTHaH mlI3Hb «CBHTLIX)} B 9MlIrpan;HH II B
AMeplIKe CJlYiKlIJIH TOMY, qTO B3rJlH;O;:bI, HaCTpOeHIIJI, AOMamHHH 6Lrr
II AeHTenbHOCTb Ram;o;oro HaXO;O;UJIHCI> nepe,n; rJlaaaMH OCTaJIbHMX 11
JIerRO KOHTpOJIlIpOBaJIHCL PYROBo,n;HTeJIJlMH. IIpeHMYID;eCTBeHHoe BJlHH-
HlIe«CBHTLIX» B ROJlOHHH C;o;eJIaJlO IIOCTeneHHO IIX ITpaBHJla IIOBeAe-
HIIH H MOpaJILHLIe HOpMLI HeYKOCHHTeJlbHblMIi ,n;JlJI Bcex nOCeJleHeB.
OnaCHoe BJIHHHHe JIaii<pop;o;a - OJl,n;3Ma - MopTOHa 6LIJIO YCTpaHe-
HO. Ror,n;a nOHBHJlCH CBOH naCTOp, MeCTHI>Ie PYROBo,n;HTeJlH MOrJlH,
RaaanOCI>, CqHTaTb nopH;O;OK BIIOJIHe HaJIameHHIM, a IIOCeJIeHHJ-
CTOHIIMH Ha BepHOM nYTH CJIe,n;OBaHHH «60iKeCRIIM aaBeTaM»., Ho
IIMeHHO B TO BpeMH Ha IIOtJ:Be IIn:HMYTa HatJ:aJIH npo6UBaTLCH pOCTKH,
TorAa eJIe aaMeTHLIe, ROTOpLIM cym,n;eHO 6LIJIO paapaCTHCb II cyzqeCT-
BeHHO IIOBJIIIHTI> Ha mllaHeHHl>lH YRJla,n; ROJIOHIIH. POCTKH 9TH BCXO-
AHJlH, He CqIlTaHCI> C AeJIeHHeM ee mHTeJIeH Ha «CBHTLIX» II «qYiKa-
ROB », B cpeAe Tex II )J;pyrHx. BOJIee Toro, paHee ;O;PyrHx II' ,n;PYiKHee
3TH pOCTKH B30IDJIH B «;o;yme» OAHoro 113 «CBHTLIX».
PeqI> H,n;eT 0 BJIHHHHH Ha MHpOB033peHHe IIIIJlHrplIMOB pa3BHBaB-
merOCH B ROJIOHHH lIaCTHoro xoaHMCTBa. 8TO BJIHHHHe onpe,n;en:HJIO
qTO 06YCHOBHHO B ROHeqHOM CqeTe 6ea6oReaHeHHoe npHcoeHHeHHe HOBoro
ITJIHMYTa R MacCaqyceTCY B 1691 r. B AMepHRe OCHOBHoe paaMe}ReB3HHe no-
llIJIO lIe no HMHIIH JIHHllrpHMbl - uypllTaHe, a no OCTHrHYTOMY TeMM H PY-
rHMH COHaRbHOMY nORomeHIHO. 8TO nORomeHHe npeiK,n;e Bcero H onpe,n;e-
HHRO 6HHaocTb qeROBeKa, eCJIH OH 6bIJI 6e,n;eH, K npemHIIM BarHHaM nHHH-
rpHMOB (HepeKo R B3rJIHaM 60JIee pa,IJ;HRaRbHbIX peHHrn03HbIX ceRT), MM,
eCHH OH 6h1JI 6oraT, K B3rJIH,n;aM nypHTaH (npIl aTOM BO MHorOM 60Ree ROB.'
cepBaTHBHhlM II OpTo,n;ORcaHbHO nypHTaHCRHM, qeM Te, C KOTOpbIMH nypH-
TaRe npH6LIBaJIH B MaCCaqyceTc B nepBhle ro,n;LI aMHrpan;HH). HaqaJIo aTO-
fO npo:u;ecca, KaK MbI BH,n;eJIH, yme HaMeTliIROCb B HOBOM ITJIMMYTe 1\ onn-
cbIBaeMoMY BpeMeRH. MbI YBM,n;liIM, KaI{ OR paaBHBaRCH. Co BceM OtIeBHA-
HOCTLIO STOT npoecc o6HapymHBaeTCH npu aHU\OMCTBe c HCTopHeii Macca-
qyceTca.
276

HnononORnOHHHR».«BH3HECMEH».HCRATEnb
COOTBeTCTBYIOID;He nOBOpOTLI BO BarJIHJI;aX Ha «HCTHHHOCTb» q,OpMbI
X03HUCTBa, Ha <pOpMLI H MeTO;O;LI ynpaBJIeHHH. OHO CKa3DIBaJIOCL Ha
npeJl;CTaBJIeHIIHX JIIO,n;eH 0 MOpaJIbHLIX IIpHHHnax. HURTO OTKpDITO
He nORymaJlcH Ha «60meCTBeHHLIe IIpeHaqepTaHHH», HO IIOHHMaHHe
HX Roe B qeM CTaJIO paaHHTLCH. CTporaH MOpaJIL «CBHTLIX», CTPOHB-
maHCHIIO HaHBHO HCTOJlROBaHHDIM 6u6J1eHCRHM 06paan;aM, npHcno-
. C06JIeHHaH AJIH CRpOMHOH mHaHH 8MHrpaHTOB H o6ero XOSHHCTBa
nepBLIX JleT ROJlOHHH, He MOrJIa He BLlaLIBaTL H3BeCTHoro BHYTpeH-
Hero IIpOTHBo;o;eiicTBHH B YMax Tex, KTO aKTIIBHee Jl;pyrHx aaHHJICH
qaCTH.LIM npe;o;npHHHMaTeJIbCTBOM: qaCTHLIH HHTepec H tIaCTHaH HHH-
HaTHBa BcerAa CBHsaHLI C «CeRpeTaMH ;o;eJla», :BceraTpe6YIOT «ce-
JID-K. C COBeCTbIO» pa,n;H npH06peTeHlIR 'IIaCTHOH BLlrOALI. ECJIH AnH
TaKHX JIIOAeu B TO BpeMH H B TOM MeCTe qaCTHOe npeAnpHHHMaTenL-
CTB.o ee .He IIpeBpaaJlO npHBbPIHble MOpaJIbHLle HOpMLI B OTKpO-
u
BeHHoe xaHmeCTBO, TO BO BCRHOM cJlytIae 3aCTaBJlHJIO HCRaTL JIaaellRll
AJISI o6xo;o;a 9THX HOpM 1 aaMaJIHBaTL CBOH oTcTynJIeHHH OT HUX, CO-
BepmaTL 9TH OTCTYUJIeHHH BHOBL, II BHOBD aaMaJlHBaTb.
ITepBLIM HaH60JIee HBHO nomeJI 110 9TOMY nYTH McaaR 8JIJIepTOn,
ROToporo aMepHRaHCRlle HCTOpHRII, tIaCTO He 6ea rOPAOCTH, HaaLIBa-
lOT «IIepBLIM aMepHKaHCKHM 6HaBeCMeHOM» IInH «nepBI>IM ToprOBn;eM-
HBRII». .IIpenoJIaraeTCH, qTO OB IIpHCOe;O;HHHJlCH R ROHrperan;UH
BpIOCTepa B AMCTep;o;aMe. HBnHHCD no y6emAeHHHM ceIIapaTHCTOM,
OH B TO me BpeMH HHRor;o;a He npeTeH;O;OBaJI Ha aIIOCTOJIbCRHe pOJIH,
MomeT 6blTL He HMeH ;o;JIfI. 9Toro Heo6xoAHMLIX cIIoc06HOCTeu, 3HaHIIH
HJIH q,aHaTHaMa, a CKopee 6YJI;yqH CRHOHHLIM K npaKTH'tJeCKOH ,n;eH-
TeJlbHOCTH. PaHee JIOHAOHCRHH CYKHOToprOBen;, OR cpe;O;H neMHorHX.
«CBHTLIX» CYMeJI nOJIyquTb npaBa JIeHAeHCI\OrO rpamaHHHa, qTO
3HatJIl'TeJlblIO paCmlIpHJIO B03MomHOCTII AJIH p;eJIoBoii aKTIIBHOCTH.
I-Ia «Maii<pJIayap» ero Bem;II IIOAHIIMaJI MaJILtIIIK-CepBeHT AmOH XYR,
ROToporo OR YBea C c060ii B AMepHRY 19. BLICORoe ;o;JIH aMHrpaHTa
nOJlOmeHHe II npeIIpHRMqHBOCTL onpe;o;eJIIIJIH, BepOHTHO, BLIABHme-
IIHe 3JIJIepTOHa B IIOMOIIJ;HHRH Bpa;o;<I>oPAa. iKeHHTb6a Ha <I>Hp, ,I:(o'tJe-
pH BnHHTeJILHOrO n;epROBHoro cTapeiimHHLI, npn6bIBmero B AMepHKY
C ABYMH cepBeHTaMH 20 H xopomo YCTpoeHHoro B I-IoBOM IIJIIIMYTe,
em;e 60JIee YKpeIIHJla nOJIOmeHHe 8JIJIepTOHa RaK MeCTHoro «apHCTO-
:KpaTa». OH - «noRynaTeJlb» H «IIpeAIIpHHHMaTeJIb». "YAaQHLIe noeS1];-
KH B JIOH;o;OH CAenanH 1I0MOHHKa ry6epHaTopa npHaHaHHLIM ,D;HII-
JIOMaTOM ROJIOHHII. «CBlITOCTb» ero Beno)J;BepraJIaCL HHKaKoMY COM-
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19 XYK YMep B 1621 r.
20 OHH H3 HHX YMep B 1621 r.
277

HOBbIA ITJIHMYT
rrOceall JIon;o;oH, 8JIJIepTOH lIpHBOaHJI qaCTL TOBapOB JIII1J:HO f];JIH
ce6H. OH C BI>IrOoii lIpO;o;aBaJI HX, He BI>I3bIBaH 8TIIM, RaR BRf];RO, Hn
YlIHBJIeHHH, HH HapeRaHHH. OH TpaTHJI CBOII eHbrH, a npOf];ama c
BLIrOfJ;OH TOBapOB B HOBOM IIJIHMYTe MOrJIR paCCMaTpHBaTI>CH RaK
33ROHHoe BoaHarpameHHe sa ,n;HlIJIOMaTRqeCRHe ycrreXH. IIa nOea,IJ;RB
B AHrJIlI10 B 1628 r. OH BepHYJlCH C 60JILmlIM ROJIHqeCTBOM C06CT-
BeHHLIX TOBapOB. IIpH aTOM OH TaR CMe)naJI HX C 06m;HMH, a CqeTa
TaR rrepenYTaJl II TaR 6eaaJIa6epHO cOCTaBIIJI, 'tITO paa06paTbclI B 8TRX
CqeTaX 'II. nplIHaAJIemHOCTH TOBapOB He npe,IJ;CTaBJIHJIOCI> B03MomHLIM'.
IIonyqaJIocl> TaR, 6YATO 8JIJIepTOB: 3a Bce nJIaTHJI H3 JIHqHLIX cpe,iJ;cT;B
II 6Y,IJ;TO IIOqTII Bce TOBapLI lIBJIHJIIICL ero co6CTBeHHoCTLIO.' MaJIo aTo-
u
ro, IIJIHMYTCKIIII )J;HITJIOMaT CTaJI IIpo,n;aBaTL 8TH TOBapLI sa IIpe,n;eJIaMB
IIJlIIMYTa. TaM OH 6palI sa HIIX ]J;opome II OnHOBpeMeHHo oCBo6om-
J];aJICH OT yrpl>I3eHHM COBeCTH 3a «06,IJ;HpaHHe» B03JII06JIeHHI>IX . «6paTL-
eB » lIO ROHrperan;IIII.
«BpaTLH», ORaaaBIDnCI> B y6:bITRe H 6ea TOBapoB, TIIXO B03pon-
TaJIH. Ho rrpecTHm 8JIJIepTOHa 6LIJI BeJIHR, BeJlHRa HeHcRymeHHocTb
IIlInHrpHMoB B XIITpOCTHX 60JILmOH KOMMepn;HH, BeJIHRa ITpHBLIllRa
f];oBepHTb 'tJJIeHaM MarlIcTpaTa. B 1629 r. ero BHOBl>nOCJIaJIH 11
JIOHJ];OH.
Ha 9TOT pa3 8JInepToHY IIopYQHJIH BLIXJIOIlOTaTL HaROBen; ROpO-
JIeBcRYIO xapTIIIO 1J;JIlI HOBoro IIJIHMYTa II HOBLIH naTeHT Ha ReH-
He6eR, ROTOpblH paCmHpllJI 6LI BJIa)J;eHHlI IIJlHMYTn;eB. IIOPyq1lJIH 11
X03HUCTBeHHble J];ena, HO c<I>epy ,n;eHTenbHOCTH CIIJlI>HO OrpaHUqHJIII.
OH AOlImeH 61>IJI npHBeaTII TOBapOB Ha CYMMY, HII B RoeM CJIyqae He
npeBLImaBmylO 50 4>. CT. (B, 251).
8J1J1epTOH He OlIpaB,n;aJIHH Ha,n;em,n;, HII ,IJ;OBepHH. IInJIOMaTH't{e-
CRaH MHCCHH npOBaJIIInaCI> (npII 60nbIIIHX 3aTpaTax Ha nOf];Ryrr ca-
HOBHHROB). IIponaJIHJIaCb OHa B 3Ha'IIITeJIbHOH CTerreHH H3-3a He-
OIIpaB,n;aHHLIX IIpeTeII3IIH nJlHMYTn;a, He CaHRn;IIOHlipOBaHIII>IX MarJI-
CTpaTOM. I\aR II03me BI>IHCHIIJIOCI>, oHn 61>InH npHf];YMaHLI IIM C
n;eJI"bIO 3aTHHYTb ,n;eJlO, 'leM OH xo'reJl rrpOAJlIITb CBoe IIpe6LIBaHHeB
JIoH,n;OHe ;a;JlH Be,n;eHIIlI c06CTBeHHLIX TOprOBI>IX OIIepan;IIii. 3aTpaTbl,
rrpOHaBe;o;eHHI>Ie 8JIJIepTOHOM Ha IIplIo6peTeHIIe TOBapOB ;o;JllI KOJlOHHH,
HaMHoro lIpeBI>ICHJIII YCTaHOBJleHHblH npe,n;eJI. OH, RpOMe Toro, BTHliYJI
RonOHHIO B COMHIITeJII>HOe rrymHoe npe,n;IIpHH1'He 8;O;Bap,n;a 8mJIH 2\
21 13 nepBbln' MOMeHT caMa IIp;eH TaKoro npep;npllHTIIH He BbI3BaJIaOeCIIOKon-
CTBa. Becno:KoiicTBO BbI3hIBaJI HOBbIii ROMnaHbOH: «..XOTH Y Hero XBaTaJIO
YMa II cnoco6HOCTeii BeCTII p;eJIO, HeKOTopbIe nJIIIMYTD;bI 3HaJIII ero Ra:K OtJeHL
HeqeCTHBOro IOHOmy; KaKoe-TO BpeMH on ilUIJI cpep;H IIH)J;enn;eB KaK p;HKapb
II XO)];HJI Cpe)];H HHX 06nameHHbIii, a TaRme BOCnplJHHJI nx 06bltJaII (Tora
Oil naYtIHJICH IIX H3bIKY). IToaTOMY olIn 60flJIHCb, tlTO OIi MomeT BeCTH ceGH
278

«HJJ;OJIOnORJIOHIIHK). «BH3HECl\IEH ». « JICHA TEJIh)
CCI>IJlaHCh Ha TO, qTO UOCJleAHHH CBHaaH C KOMilaHLOHaMH UJlHl\IYTl.\eB,
II Ha TO, qTO aTO ,n;OJlmHO CTHMYJlHpOBaTb Rynn;OB aRTIIBHee XJlOnOTaTb
o npe,n;OCTaBJleHIIH HOBOMY IIJIHMYTY XapTHII H IIaTeHTa.
ITHRaHTHaH IIo,n;po6HOCTb AeHTeJILHOCTH 8epTOHa aaRJlIOqanaCI>
B TOM, -qTO OH npHBea C C060H B II JIll lvI YT ... 'rOMaca MopToHa! He
60Jlee He MeHee RaK B KaqeCTBe nHqHOrO ceRpeTapH, ROToporo OH
nOCeJIHJI B CBoeM J(OMe H KOTOPOMY nopyqHJI BeAeHlle CBOHX ToprOBLIX
J(eJl.
eJIa 3TH npHHOCIIJIH IIpHMOH Bpe;o; ROJIOHIIII, B qeM yme He OC-
TaBaJIOCb COMHeHIIH. A MOpTOH He OTRa31>IBaJl ce6e B y,n;OBOJlbCTBHH
HanOMIIHaTb «paCROJIbHHRaM» 06 HX «HanpaCHMX YCHJlIIHX» paa,n;e-
JlaTbCH C «X03HHHOM Ma-pe MaYHTa» (1\1, 105). ECJIII IIJIHMYTIJ;bI
CHOCHJIH Ha,n;YBaTenLCTBO «CBHTOrO» 8JIJlepTOna, TO B OTHomeHHH
MopTOHa OHH ;o;eHCTBOBaJIH Ry,n;a pemHTeJII>Heii. He TepHH MHoro
BpeMeHH, MomeT 6LITL Gea oc060ro OCHOBaHHH, OlIH BbI,IJ;BOpIIJIH ero
lIa ROJlOHHH. MOpTOH BepHYJICH B Ma-pe MaYHT, ROTopbrii HaXOAIIJICH
TeIIep BO BJla,n;eHHHX MaCCaqyceTcRIIX IIypHTau. 8TO He cnacJlo ero
OT cTapLIx BparoB. OHH BCHqeCRII ,n;HcRpe,n;HTlIpOBaJIII «H,n;OJlOIIORJIOH-
HIIRa}) B rJlaaax ero HOBI>IX coce;o;eii. TaR RaK Te MeAJlIIJIII nplIHHTL
npOTHB Hero cepbeaHLIe MepM, CT3HAlllli CO CBOHM OTpH;o;OM BHOBI>
BCTYIIHJI B Ma-pe MaYHT, M.opTOHa TaM He OI\aaaJIOCb. RanHTaH sax-
BaTIiJI Bce, qTO 61>InO IIO,n; PYROH, «OCTaBHB X03HlIHY TOJIbRO He60JIb-
myIO ropCTb IICnOpqeHHOrO aepHa -- B Ra-qeCTBe pom,n;eCTBeHCRoro
IIo,n;apRa» (M, 108).
KaaaJlOCb 61>1 HCHO: 3J1J1epTOH OTAeJlHJlCH OT OCTaJIbHbIX, p;OBe-
pHTb eIY HH B RoeM CJIyqae He CJIe,n;yeT. O,n;naRO Bonpoc 0 xapTlI1I II
naTeHTe CTOHn C npemHeii OCTpOTOii, C 60JII>llieii - B CBH31I C nOHB-
JleHlIeM Ha rpaHIIn;ax ROJIOHIIH nypHTaH. OIIH HleJIII B AHrJIHII BJlHH-
TeJlbHLIX 3aCTYIIHHROB II aRTIIBHO XJlOnOTaJIH 0 IIoJly-qeHIIII c06CTBeH-
HOH xapTIIH, ROTopaH MOrJla aaTpOHYTb IIHTepeCLI HOBoro IlJlBMYTa.
8JIJlepTOH 3aBepRJI, 'tITO TOJIbRO OH, yc.TaHOBHBmIIH Heo6xo,n;IIMl>le HOH-
TaRTLI, cnpaBHTCH C ,n;eJIOM. B TOM me YBepHnlI Bp3,n;cpop,n;R B CBOIIX
UIICbMax JlOH;O;OHCRHe «upeAUpIIHHMaTeJIII». MarnCTpaT c,n;aJlCH, no
BaRJI C 8J1JIepTOHa 06eaHHe CJIeAOBaTb ;o;aHHLIM eMY HHCTPYRHHM.
He OTCTYIIaH OT HHX .H.1I Ha mar.
HenQA06aIOI«IIM 06pa30M (XOTR OR o6eaJI IICnpaBHTbcR), II Bor He 6YAeT
eMY COAeHCTBOBaTb» (E, 256). B aTOM OTpbIBKe xopomo OTpamena rrCIIXOJIO-
rHR llJIHMYTn;eB Toro BpeMeHIf. XOTeJIOCb 3aBeCTH rrplf6bIJIbHOe p;eJIO (Mexa
6bIJIII caMbIM D;eHHbIM TOBapOM KOJIORHII). MyqlfJIH orraceHllR If rrpeAy6em,lJ.e-
HHH. MCXOA AeJIa rrpeACTaBJIHJICH 3aBIICHMbIM OT rrpaBeAHOCTU HCnOJIHHTeJIR,
On;eHIIBaeMOH H rroopHeMoii BbICilllfMH ClfJIaMH.
279

HOHLI" DJIHMYT
B ceHTH6pe 1630 r. B iKII3HH nJlHMYTn;eB npOlI30mJlO aHaMeHa-
TenbHoe C06bITHe: ObIJIa COBepmeHa IIepBan B HCTOplIH KonOHHH
CMepTHan KaaHL. RaaHHJIH AmoRa BHnJIHHrToaa. Ha «Mau<pJIayap»
OH 6hIJI cpe1I «qymaKOB», B 1622 r. IIO;O;BeprCH HaKa3aHHIO aa He-
BMIIOJlHeHHe BoeHHoro npHKaaa, npHMLIKaJl K rpynne JIau<pop,n;a-
OJlaMa. OCy,n;HJIH ero aa YOHHCTBO. B nycTHRoBOU ccope OH aaCTpe-
JIHJI O;o;HOfO H3 ROJlOHHCTOB. B rJIaaax IIJIHMYTIJ;eB BRaa BHJIJIHHrTOHa
61>IHa o"tJ:eBH)];Ha II qpe3BbIQaHHO THmeJla: 01-1 aaIIHTHaJi KOJIOHIIIO
IIepBoH HaCIIJlbCTBeHHOH CMepTblO (cMepTJ> HH,n;eHeB B paCqeT He
rrpIIHIIMaJlaCb). TeM He MeHee Ooee coopaHIIe BI>IHeCJIO CBon npHro-
BOp HO 6e3 ROJle6aHHH. 3anOBeAL «He YOHH») HapymaJIaCL aTHM npn-
rOBopOM BTOpnQHO.
Heaa,n;oJlro ,n;o {)TOrO C06bITHH HOBLIH IIJIHMYT BCTpeqaJl B cBoeR
raBaHH «X3H,IJ;Meii;o;» - «IIOCne;O;HIIH }\opaOJlb IIHJlHfPHMOB». On npll-
Bea 60 I-IOBI>IX I\OnOHHCToB 22 (O,IJ;HOfO 113 HHX II y6HJI BHJlJIHHfTOH),
B OCHOBHOM JIeHAe.Hu;eB. TaI\MM 06pa30M JIOHJ];OHCRHe «npe;o;npUHUMa-
TeJlH}) HCnOJlHHJlH aBHee o6em;aHne. Ho GnarOJJ;eHHHe CBoe OHH on;e-
HHJIH Qpe3BbIqaiiHO BbICORO. AOJlr RonOHIIII npHHHn B CBH3H C aTIIM
yrpomaro"m;ne pa3MepbI.
mJlO BpeMH, a OT 8JIJIepTOHa He 61>IJlO HHRaRHX BeCTeu. BCJIe)];
eMY IIOCJlaJiH ¥HHCJIOY, cHa6;O;H.B MexaMH ;o;JIH OIIJIaTLI CqeTOB. RaR
OHHJI "YHHCJIOY II RaK aTO IIO;O;TBep,n;H.T]]{ nocJle,n;yrom;lIe C06bITHH,
9JIJIepTOH II JlOH,IJ;OHCI\IIe «rrpe,IJ;rrpUHHMaTeJIH» <l>aRTII'IIeCRII C03AaJIH
HOHRypIIPYIOYIO ROMnaHHIO, ROTopaH ;o;eiicTBoBaJla B ToproBoH c<I>epe
IIJlIIMYTeB.
B BO,n;LI HOBoH AHrHHH AJIH PLI60JIOBCTBa II IIoRynRH MeXOB npn-
meJl Ropa6JIL «<I>paH,n;IDHII» TIIMOTH X9TepJIH, O;O;Horo 113 «npe;O;IIpH-.
HHMaTeJleH». HOBOMY IIJIHMYTY OH YCTYIIHJI JlIIml> caMYIO MaJIyIO
TOJlHRY TOBapOB. 3aTO OH 6LIJI ynOJIHOMOqeH IIpOH3BeCTII peBH3HIO ,n;eJI
RonOHHH II nepe,n;aTb pacnopHmeHHe, KOTOpLIM IIJIHMYTeB OOH3bIBaJIH
OIIJIaTHTb qaCTb paCXO;O;OB, nome;o;mHX Ha nORYilRY «<I>paHJJ;IDlIn})
II em;e Ol);HOrO Ropa6J1H - «"Y aUT 9HHiKeJl». lIa HeM BCRope rrpHIIJILIJI
8JIJIepTOH, 0 ,n;eJlax ROToporo X9TepnH He Mor COOOm;HTb HHqerO YTe-
mllTeJlbHoro.
B HaqaJIe aBrYCTa 1631 r. Ha 60PTY «TaHT aHHiKeJI}) 8JIJIep-
TOH HaROHen; BoaBpaTIIJlCH B HOBbIn: IIJIIiMYT. 3,n;ecl> OTHOCH-
TeJlI>HO CBoero ;O;HIIJlOMaTa 60nbIDe He 3a6JIym,n;aJlHCI>. TeM oOJIee, "liTO
no JJ;opore, B MaCCallyceTce, OH C6LIJI Bce XOI\IIe TOBapbI, a «6paTI>HM»
npuBe3 BOBce HM HeHymHLIe, HO RynJIeHHLIe aa I1X CqeT. 8JIJIepTOHa
22 TIo3iRe npH6bIBaJIH DO OAHOMY HJIII ITO HeCROJIbRY qeJIOBeR.
280


HnononORnOHHHR».
BH3HECMEH».
HCRATEnb



OTCTpaHHHH OTBCeX 06HaaHHOCTeH H rrpHcTynHHH K peBHaHII COCTaB-
JIeHHI>IX HM ;O;OKYMeHTOB II CqeTOB.
«06I1meHHLIH» 9J1J1epTOH nORa CYTL ;o;a ;o;eJIO pacnYCTHJI rrapyca
CBoero « Y aHT aHH;o;meJI» II HanpaBHJI ero Ha ceBep JIOBHTI> pl>I6y. ,I(PY-
rOM KOMnaHLOH nJlIIMYTn;eB, 9mJlII, KaK B:bIHCHHJIOCL (B peaYJILTaTe
IIHcrreKD;lIoHHOH noea)J;KH X9TepJIII Ha KeHHe6eK H IIeHoocKoT), Tome
He npHHec 11M HHqerO, RpOMe Bpe,n;a. OH BLIMoraJl BCHlIeCI{YIO rrOMO
b,
HO He ;O;OCTaBJlHJI Mexa; npO;o;aBaJI HH;o;eiin;aM opymHe II 6eCCOBeCTHO
06MaHMBaJI HX, TaRHM 06paaOM BOCCTaHaBJlHBaH npOTHB aHrJIHqaa H
;o;enaH OnaCHI>IMH npOTHBHHRaMH. Smnll apeCTOBaJIH H BLICJlaJlH B AH-
rJIIIIO. TaM OH YfO;o;IIJI B TIOPLMY, KaR MomHO IIOHHTL, IIOTOMY qTO Ha-
;O;YBaJI He TOHI>RO nJIHMYTIJ;eB, no II JIOH;o;OHCRHX ROMrraHbOHOB.
9J1J1epTOH OCHOBaJI Ha I1eHoocROTe ToprOBYIO <paRTOPHIO, HnqeM
He CBHaaHHYIO C IIJlHMYTOM, a cHe;O;OBaTeJII>HO ROHRYPHPYIOID;Yro C
HIIM B ROMMepqeCRHX 1];eJIax. qepea ro,n; B OTCYTcTBHe xoaHHHa Ha
<paRTOpHIO HanaJIH <ppaHD;yaLI, YOHHII ,n;BYX cepBeHToB II BCIO paa-
rpa6HHH, TaR me RaK pacrrOJlOmeHHYIO Heno,n;aJIeKY <paKTOplllO IIIIJIHr-
pHMOB (B, 283-286) 23. 9JIJIepTOH BI>IHym;o;eH 61>IJI BepHYTLCH B
IIJIHMYT. OTCIO;o;a ero HarrpaBHJlH B JIOHlJ;OH- Ha 9TOT paa He RaR
rrpe1];CTaBIITeJIH ROJlOHHH, a KaR no;o;oapeBaeMoro B MOmeHHHqeCTBe.
B CTOJlIID;e ero TaCRaJIIi no cy;u;aM, II OH C 60JILmllM TPY;U;OM HaGemaJl
TIOpI>MLI.
qepea HeROTopoe BpeMH «6U3HeCMeH» BepHYJlCH B AMepHKY, HO
He B IIJIHMYT, r,n;e eMY He 6LIJlO MeCTa, a B MacCaqyceTc. He ymH-
BmHCb C nypHTaHCRHMH JlH;o;epaMII, ROTopbIe IIpe;O;JlOil\HHH eMY nORH-
nYTb HX ROJlOHHIO, OH nepe6paJICH B HOBDIH AMctrepAaM, r,n;e IIpo6LIJI
10 JIeT. BHOBT:» BepnYJICH B aHfJllIiicI\He BJIaAeHHH. Bce 9TH rOAbl OIl
TOprOBaJl, nepenpo,n;aBaJI, OCHOBLIBaJI <I>aRTopIlH, npHo6peTaJI II c6LIBaJl
Ropa6JIH, nepee3i1\tlJI C MeCTa Ha
IeCTO II aaRHlOqaH BceB03MOil\HLIe
c,n;eHRH. OH TepHH II BI>IHrpLIBaJI, HO R IiOHn;y il\H3HH y;o;aqa eMY
OKOHqaTeHI>HO II3MeHHJla. YMep OH 6aHRpOTOM.
MCTOpHH 9J1J1epTOHa CHMBOHHqHa. B neH C oco6oii HpROCTI>IO
OTpaaHJlaCI> {)BOHIOD;HH «CBHToro» IIHJIHrpHM3, OI<aaaBmerOCH HaHOOJIee
BoCrrpHHMqlIBI>IM R ;o;eJIHqeCKOH, ROpl>ICTHOH CYTH HOBLIX 9ROHOMH-
qeCRHX oTHomeHIIH. OH npo,n;eJlaJI nYTL OT Tpa;O;lID;HoHHoro aaHHTHH
perJlaMeHTHpOBaHHOH rHJlI>
eHCROH ToprOBHeH II Tpa;O;HD;HoHHMX
rrpe;O;CTaBJIeHIIH K rrOIICKaM CBo6o;o;LI COBeCTH, Ror,n;a ero ToproBaH
JJ:eHTeJII>HOCTI> 6LIJla rrpepBaHa, KaK 11 y MHorHX ;O;PyrHx B AHrJIHH,


23 Winthrop's Journal. History of Ne\v England, 1630-1649, ed. by J. K. Hos-
mer. New York, 1908, VIs I-II, Vol. I, p. 82, 113 (AaJlee - Winthrop's Jour-
nal) .


281




DOBbIn IIJIHMYT
npOIICXO)J;IIBIIIIIMH TaM COD;HaJIbHLIMH H3MeHeHIIHMH; OT COBMem;eHIIH
B JleiiJI;eHe aaIr(IITbI CB060P;bI COBeCTH C 3am;nToii CBOlIX Ma TepHaJIb-
HbIX IIHTepeCOB - R CTpOHTeJIbCTBY «HOBoro XaHaaHa)} B AMepHRe;
HaROHe, npu pa3BHTIIH B IIJIHMYTe COn;UaJIbHOrO HepaBeHCTB8 OT
IIOJIOmeHHH o,n;Horo HB rJIaBHbIX «CBHTI>IX», CBH3aHHbIX CTporHMH
npaBIIJIaMII,- R CB060AHOMY npe)J;IIpIIHIIMaTeJIbCTBY II IIpeHe6peme...
HHIO TeMH npeJI;CTaBJIeHHHMII, KOTopbIe RorAa-TO 6bIJIH HeOT)J;eJIIIM:bI
OT Toro, '1TO nOHHMaJIOCb KaR qepTbI «HOBoro XaHaaHa)}. TaR BOBHHI\
rrpoToTHll «6H3HeCMeHa)} - aMepHRaHcRoro 6ypmya.
EpaA<p0PA, paccRa3bIBaH 0 «6JIYJ:J;HOM ChIHe» IIoBoro IIJIHMYTa,
aaMeqaJI co cRop6bIO: « M TaR, ,n;ame RorAa p;eJIa BeAYTCH J:J;PY3bHMH,
JIIOAII ,n;OJIiRHbI 6bITb OCTopomHbI B OTHOllreHJI:n Tex, ROMY OHII p;OBe-
pHIOT, II He ,n;OJIiRHbI npeHe6peraTb OTQeTHOCTbIO HJIH Ha)J;OJIrO OTRJIa-
AbIBaTb ee» (E, 274). MeJIRlIe RpamH, BepOHTHO, lIHor,n;a COBeplIIa-
JIIICb B 1\0JIOHlIII, HO HHRTO He npecTyrraJI TaM aanone;D.1I «He Yl\pa];II»
TaR ,n;aJIeRO, RaR "({JIeH MarlICTpa Ta II ROHrperaU;UtI, }J;IIIIJIOMa T ROJIOHHII
«MenCTep» (MHCTep) 8JIJIepTOH.
HOBbIe IICIIbITaHIIH II M:a TepnaJIbHbIe IIOTeplI He IIpUIIeCJIH HOBOMY
TIJIIIMYTY cepbeaHbIX rroTpHceHlIii. IIocJIe AeCHTIIJIeTHerO rrpeOAOJIe-
HlIH TPYAHocTeii OHH BepHJlH B ce6H II B B03l\IOmHOCTH CBoen ROJIO-
HutL OHII BeJlH OmlIBJIeHHYlO TOprOBJIIO C liIII,n;enn;aMH, C HOB:bIMJI
HnAepJIaH,n;aMII, IIMeJIII <I>aRTopHIO Ha RelIHe6eRe H HaMepeBaJIIICb
OCHOBaTb em;e O,n;HY - Ha p. ROHHeRTHRYT, OTp;eJlHBmen HOBYIO
AHrJIHIO OT HOBbIX HnAepJIaHp;oB. OHII HaqaJIlI cHa6ma Tb C1>eCTHbIMII
rrpHrracaMlI nypHTaH MacCaqyceTca.
Epa,n;<popJ:J; lllICaJl, HaqlIHaH paCCRaa 0 1631 r.: «I1TaK, nOCJIe
TOTO RaR PYRa Bora y,n;aJIIIJI3 8mJIH, a 8JIJIepTOH 6bIJI OTCTpaHeH OT
HCIIOJIHeHIIH CBOIIX o6H3aHHocTeii, ,n;eJIa rrJIIIMYTeB rrOTeRJIH no e,n;lI-
HOMY PYCJIY, II OHn HayqlIJIIICb JIyqrne ynpaBJIHTb HMH, I{ TOMY me IIe-
H06cROT rrepemeJI IIOJIHOCTblO B HX paCIIopHmeHlIe)} (B, 272). MB)J;aB
B TOM me ro,n;y «COBeTLI HeonLITHbIl'tI ROJIOIIHCTaM», AmoH CMHT
coo6m;aJI 0 nHJIHrpHMax: «iRHBH CTOJIb xopomo, OHII Hym,n;aIOTCH
TOJIbRO B YBeJIHqeHHH qHCJIa nOCeJIeHI(eB; 33. 13ce, qTO OHII nOKyrralOT,
OHn paCIIJIaqHBaIOTCH CBOHMII TOBapaM1I...» 24. If Tor)J;a me O,n;HH HB
PYROBo,n;IITeJIeii MaCCaqyceTcKHX rrypHTaH co06m;aJI B AHrJIIIIO 0 ITJIH'"
MYTe: <(...TerrepL OH CTaJI RPYIIHbIM nOCeJIeH:neM, 6JIarOYCTpoeHHbIM,
aamHTOqHbIM, opraHH30Ba HHbIM II peJIUr:n03HbIM» 25.
IIplI Bcex CBOHX J];OCTHmeHIIHX nJIHMYTbI He aa6bIBaJIH 0 TOM,
qTO HBJIHIOTCH JJ;OJImHHKaMH JIOHJ];OHCRHX «npe)J;IIpHHHMaTeJIeH», qTO
24 Smith's Travels, Vol. II, p. 943-944.
25 Dadley's Letter.- In: Tracts, Vol. II, p. 7.
282

«HAononORnOHHHR».BH3HECMEH».HCRATEnb»
Y BHX HeT KOpOJleBCKOii xapTHH Ha BJIa}J;eHHe KOJIOHlIeH. B RaROH-TO
MOMeHT, KorAa 0 Hei XJIO]lOTaJI 3J1J1epTOrr, HapJl I p;aJl COrJlaCHe Ha
COCTaBJleHHe AOKYMeBTa. AeJIo, OAHaKO, aaTHHYJIOCb, a nOTOM If
JIOnHYJIO. 8J1JIepTOH, Kal\ ynoMIIHaJlOCb, OTaCTIl caM 6bIJI llOBHHeR B
aTOM. MaJI OKa3aJICH pa3Mep BaHTRH, npeAJIOmeHHLIH llJIHMYTr(aMH
JlOHJJ;OHCKIIM caHOBBHRaM. KOMMeHTHPYH HeYAaqy, IIlapJlll maJlOBaJlCH
Bpap;<poPAY: «...<1>ecT CRa'3aJI TIaBJIY: «HeMaJIbIMH p;eHbraMII A06bIJI H
cBo6oAY». AeHCTBIITeJlbHO, MHoro 3arap;OR MomHO pa3rap;aTb II MHO-
ro aaMKOB OTKpbITb cepe6pHHbIM, neT - aOJlOT:bIM KJIIOqOM» (B,249) 26.
HaKOHer(, 13 HHBapH 1630 r. e nOMOblO rpa4>a YopBllRa, ROTO-
pbIH COqYBCTBeHHO OTHOCHJICH K nlIJIHrplIMaM II B TO BpeMH B03rJIaB-
JIHJI COBeT HOBOR AHrJIIIH, naTeHT Ha BJIap;eHHe l-IOBbIM IIJIIIMYTOM
6bIJI YTBepmp;eH 27. COBeT HOBOH AHrJIlI1I lIiaJIOBaJl KOJlOHHIO BpaA-
<POPAY II ero KOMnaHbOHaM «<CTapbIM KOJIOHHCTaM», «noRyna1'eJIHM»)
3a 3aCJIyrll B ROJIOHHaar(HH TeppHTopHII HOBon AHrJIHH, a KOHRpeT-
HO - aa OCHOBaHHe HOBoro TIJIHMYTa II IIpeBpaeHlle ero B 6JIaro-
YCTpoeHHbIH nOCeJIOR. «TIaTeHT Y opBHKa» aaRpenJIHJI aa HOBbIM
llJIIIMYTOM TeppllTOplIIO OT ATJIaHTHqeCROrO OReaHa Ha ceBepe AO
p. HapparaHceT 28 Ha lOre 29.
ROJlOHIIH nOJIyqllJla npaBO Ha TOprOBJIIO C ,n:Pyr1IMII aHrJIHHCRllMH
BJIaAeHIIHMH II C IIHp;eHr(aMII. Ha Hee B03JIaraJIOCb 06bIqHOe 06H38-
TeJIbCTBO (B AaHHoM cJlyqae, RaR II BHprIIHCROM, <pOPM8J1bHoe): nH-
TIiHa OT ,n;06LIBaeMbIX aOJIOTa II cepe6pa - ROpOJlIO II COBeTY HOBon
AHrJIHH. IIaTeHT npeJJ;OCTaBJJHJI npaBO, nplIJ];eplliHBanCb no B03Mom-
HOCTH 6JIIIme aaROHOB AHrJIH1I 11 npeJJ;II1ICaHHii COBaTa, ynpaBJIHTL
KOJIOHllen no CBoeMY YCMOTpeHIlIO (make Orders Ordinances and
Constitutions), 8 TaRme nepe,n;aBaJI B BeqHOe nOJIbaOBaHlle H IIOJIHOe
pacnopHmeHlIe ee 60raTCTBa II aeMJIII (for Everer to tIle Only proper
and absolute use and behoof). TIJIllMYTl\aM p;eHCTBJITeJI:bHO yp;aJIOCL
YBIIJIbHYTb OT RBIIT-peHTbI. 0 HeR B AORYMeHTe He rOBOpllJIOCb HH
CJIOBa, B p;ORYMeHTe, ROTOpbIH BIIepBble Y3aROHHJI npaBa HOBoro
IIJlHMYTa no BceH He06xoAIIMOi <popMe.
IIplI06peTeHIIe naTeHTa BCeJlHJIO, BeCOA'IHeHHO, paAOCTHbIe YB-
CTBa. 8TH QYBCTBa HeMHoro OMpaqaJIHCb l\fbICJIbIO 0 TOM, qTO xapTHH,
26 <I>ecT - npoRypaTop lIy,n;eH, Cy,n;IIBllIHH, COrJIaCHO epROBHOMY npeaHIUO,
anOCTOJIa ITaBJIa.
27 Foundations, Vol. I, p. 68-72. Ror,n;a naTeHT nonaJJ B PYRH nJIIIMYTeB, HaM
., YCTaHoBIITb lIe y,n;aJIOCb. 0 ero YTBepm,n;eHHH Mor C0061I(IlTb 3JIJIepTOH WIll
XaTepJIH.
28 CJIep;yeT nOHHMaTb: ,n;o p. IToTaReT (noame - p. BJI3RCTOH), Bna,n;aIOII\en B
HapparaHceTCKYIO 6YXTY.
29 llo,n;p06Hee CM. RapTY.
283

BOBhIn nJIHMYT
nOJIyqeHHaH nyplITaHaMH MacCaqyceTca OT caMoro ROpOnJl, MOrJla
JJ;aTL nocneAHHM HeROTopble npelIMym;ecTBa B cnyqae B03HHKHoneHHH
KaRorO-HH6YJ(L cnopa.. KaK 6bI TO HH 6oIJIO, cyecTBoBaHHe ROJIOHHH,
ee rpaHII:r(LI II cnoc06 ynpaBneHHJI 6L1JIH YTBepmJ(eHLI II ee eYJ(b6a
nepeAaHa B PYRH ee mHTenen.
B HIQHe 1632 r. Ha «¥HJIbHM aHA <PpeHCHC» BepnYJICJI J(OMon
¥HHCJlOY. OH npHBea C c060n 3HaqHTeJIbHbIH sanac TOBapOB, a TaRme
II3BeCTHe 0 TOM, TO OTeJIaTbCH OT AOJIra, npHnBcaHHoro ROJIOHUH
Hyn.l(aMH 38 «$paH,n;llHn» II « Y aHT aHHLPReJI», He YJ(aJIOCb, 'qTO BHHa
aa aTO JlemlIT Ha 3J1JIepTOHe, ROTOpbIH aJloyrroTpe6IIJI ORaaaHHbIM eMY
)J;OBep11eM H npeJJ;OCTaBJIeHHLIMH eMY nOJIHO:MOHJlMII. MaBeeTlIe, HII-
Horo He yp;HBIIBmee. Bonpoc 06 3J1JIepTOne 6ldJI IIC'qepnaH. Y nJIHMYT-
:r(eB 6bIJIH HOBbIe ,n;eJIa H 3a60TbI.
B npIIBe,n;eHHOM paRee OTpLIBRe lIa HHIITH .n:}IOHa CMIITa BLICHa-
3bIBaeTCH MLIC.1Ib 0 He06xoAHMOCTn YBenlIqlITb 'IIICJIO nOCeJleHn;eB
HOBoro IIJIHMYTa. HeCOMHeHHO, npneap; HOBLIX JlIO,n;eH CIIJILHO npop;-
BHHYJI 6LI Bnepe,n; p;eJIo ROJIOHlIaaIJ;IIH. Ho aTO yme coa,n;aBaJIO .np06-
neMbI. ECJIH B 1629 r., nocJle 060CHOBaHHH B Maeca-qyceTcRoH 6YXTe
rrepBbIX nyplITaH, HOBLIH IIJIIIMYT nepeCTan 6LITL e)J;IIHCTBenHbIM
OTHOCHTeHbHO MHOrOJIIO,n;HbIM II rrpO'IHLIM nOCeJIeHlleM B HOBOH AHr-
JIHH, TO B HaqaJle 30-x rOAOB OB aaRaH'IHBaJI CBoe cym;ecTBoBaHHe
eAHHCTBeHHoro nOCeJIeHHJI B KOJIOHIIII HOBbIH llJlHMYT. qlIcno a\HTe-
JI.eii rrOCeJIRa ,n;OCTHrJIO 390 qenOBeK 30. Ha,n;eJIeHHe aeMJIeii B ero He-
nocpeJ(CTBeHHOH 6JIH30CTH CTaHOBHJIOCb Bce aaTpYAHHTeJIbHeii, a H
caM nOCeJIOR 6LIJI yme aamaT poa)J;aHHLIMH yqaCTKaMH, TO orpaHH-
"IIHBaJIO ero c06CTBeHHbIH pOCT. Ha'laJIOCb OTceneHHe.
flepBoe BpeMH OTCeJIHJIHCb ceMbHMII IlJIII He60JlbIIIlIMH rpynrraMH,
C03p;anaJl OTJ(eJILHLle <pepMLI (XYTopa). B 1632 r. BoaHHK nep-
BbIH caMOCTOHTeJIbHbIH nOCeJIOR - JJ:aRc6apoy (noame - JJ:aKc6epH-
XOJIJI), aaJIOmeHHbIH Ha IIpOTHBOIIOJIOiKHOii OT TIJIHMYTa, ceBepHoii
CTopOHe 6YXTbI. Bce aTO Mellano ry6epHaToPY CJIe]J;HTL a.a TaMom-
HBMB ,n;eJIaMH, H mlITeJIH AaRc6epH HaqaJIB ROe-qTO pemaTb caMH. ry-
6epHaTopa 6eCrrOROHJIO, 'qTO 6ea ero HaJJ;30pa OHB nepeCTaHYT c06-
JIIO.n;aTL YCTaHOBJIeHHbIe MOpaJILHbIe HOpMLI. A ee 60JIblle .n;pyroe -
HX npocL6a C03,n;aTb B AaRc6epll «caltIOCTOHTeJlbHLIH epRoBHLIii
opraHBaM». IIpocL6a MOTHBlIpOBaJIaCL TeM, qTO IIocem:eHBe IIJIHMYTa
AJIH yqaCTHH B 6orOCJIymeHHHx 6bIJlO COIIpHmeHO C 60nblliHMH TPyP;-
HOCTHMII: rrpHXOHJIOCb ,I(OJiro II,I(TH neWKOM llJIH TepneTL RanplIabI
MOpH, neperrpaBJlHHCL Ha Jlo,n;Re. B MarHCTpaTe COqJIH B03HHRmyro
cHTya:r(HIO «rreqaJIbHLIM <paKTOM» II YAOBneTBOpBJIH npocb6y «OqeHb
30 Historical Statistics of the United States, Pt. 2, p. 1168.
284

HononOHnOHHHR».BH3HECMEH».HCRATEnb»
HeOXOTHO» 31. « 11 aTO, - nnCaJI BpaA<p0PA, - H 601OCb, nplIBep;eT
HOBYIO AHTJIJIIO R TM6eJIII, no RpaHBen [epe aemHne n;epKBH, H
BbI30BeT Ha BIlX rBeB Bora» (B, 294). rIpOllinO HeCKOJlbRO JleT, II
BOaHHRJIH HOBLIe nOCeJIRH - Mapm<pIIJIJJ;, CHTyaHT, CaHJJ;BHq, TOH-
TOH, .HPMYT, EapHCTeii6JI.
fy6epHaTop B HeMaJIOH Mepe COXpaHHJI cerrapaTHCTCRHe B033pe-
HHH, a OHII yme He OTBeqaJIH HII cpn3IIqeCROl\IY, HII YXOBHOMY coc-
TOHHllIO KOJIOHHH. JJIO,D;II BCe 60JIbme 3apamaJlIICb «9JIJlepTOHOBID;H-
HOH», «apIICTOKpaTbI» CTaHOBHJIHCb cnecnBLIMH, pacnaJJ;aJIaCL eAII-
HaR epROBHaH 06m;HHa. BbIJI y6HTbIH II Ia31IeHHLIH. B «HoBOM
XaHaaHe» BocnpOH3BOAHJIHCb aJIO II nopORH, OT KOTOpbIX «CBHTbIe»
6emaJIII B AMepHI{Y. OHn aHaJIH, qTO qeJIOBeK «HCIIOpqeH». IIM,
op;HaRO, KaaaJIOCb, "tJTO B «XaHaaHe)} ,n;eJIaJIOCb Bce B03MomHoe ,D;JIH.
OqHID;eHIIH OT «CRBepHbI». Onn He BeAaJIH, qTO BoaHHRIDHe B :uX cpe-
Ae OTHOilieHIIR COIJ;naJIbHOrO HepaBeHCTBa B HeMaJIOH CTeneHH CJIHBa-
JIIICL e YHaCJIe,n;OBaHHbIMII nopORaMH II 3JIOM CTaporo CTpOH, OT KOTO-
poro OHH CnaCaJlIICb.
CenapaTIICTCRaH epKOBb IIrpaJIa n aTOM npoecce CJlOmHYro
pOJIb. OHa, RaR yme ynoMHHaJIOCL, CTaHOBHJIaCb opYJJ;HeM aaKpenJIe-
HHH paaBUBaBmerOCH COIJ;HaJIbnOrO HepaBeHCTBa; no B TO me BpeMH
HBJIHJIaCb xpaHIITeJIeM HpaBCTBeHHbIX HOpM, onpeAeJlHH IIX B OCHOB-
HOM nplIBlJlqHbIMH npeACTaBJleHUHMn, ROTopbIe CJIOmlIJIIICb eru;e B
rO,D;bI CRIITaHHH. 3TOT npon;ecc npOCJIeilHBaeTCH B OTHomeHHH Bpa,D;-
<p0PAa R COHaJlbHbIM nepeMeHaM B ROJIOHHII.
MLI aHaeM, BpaACPOPA IICIIbITLIBaJI CTpax nepe RpyrrHbIM aeMJIe-
BJIaAeHIIeM. Tenepb - nepe]]; paaJJ;p06JIeHUeM IOHrperaIJ;HH. To 6LIJI
CTpax nepeJJ; YTpaToH IJepT rraTpnapXaJIbHOCTH B 6LITe KOJIOHIIH, BOC-
IIplIHHMaBmHXCH B CBoe BpeMH «CBHTbIMII» KaK qepTbI «HoBoro Xa-
naaHa», HaK 60roIIooID;pHeMoe no,n;06ue 6H6JIenCRoMY 06paan;y. YTpaTa
aTIlX 1J:epT BLI3bIBaJIa y Epa,n;cPopJJ;a He npOCTO TOCRY no «JJ;06pOMY
cTapoMY BpeMeHII». "YXO,D;HJIO TO, qTO 6LIJIO eAIY OqeHb ,JJ;oporo ;11
qTO He B03Me:m;aJIOCb ero pacTym;HM MaTepllaJIbHbIM 6JIarOIIOJIyqlleM.
BeJJ;L on BepHJI, II BepllJI HCHpeHHe, B Te «HCTHHbI», B KOTOpbIX, rrYCTL
B caMbIX MaJILIX ,n;OJIHX II caMOH HeHCHOH cpopMe, cOJJ;epmaJIHCb aJIe-
MeHTLI «HpeCTbHHCHO-nJIe6enCROB epeCH)}, B «IICTHHbI», K ROTOpbIM on
npllmeJI He nAPyr, 3a ROTopbIe CTpa)J;aJI H 60POJICH.
31 B y,n;oBJIeTBOpeHHH npocb6bI MOrJIO CbIrpaTb pOJIb TO 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO, tITO
cpe,n;H BJIaAeJIbeB 3eMJIII B J];aRc6epn 6bIJIII CT8HAnm, J];mOHaTaH BprocTep
(CbIH cTapeimHHbI) H T. ITplIHC (Demos 1. Notes on Life in Plymouth Co-
lony.- Essays on American Colonial History, p. 149-163; Of Plymouth
Plantation, p. 253, note 2).
285

HOBbI:R: n.TIHMYT
«MCTHHLI» rrOCTerreHHO II nOHeMHory p;e<POPl\'1HpOBaJIHCb. BHaqaJIe
aTO npOIICXOAIIJIO HeaaMeTHO. IIoTOM Y,IJ;OBJIeTBOpHJIO HaxomAeHHe
B CBHm;eHHoM IIHcaHHH KoppeRTHpYIOeii «IICTIIHbI». IIoame TaKHe
IIOIICRH yme He 06XOP;HJIHCb 6ea ymeBHoro H3JIOMa. Bpap;<pop meJI
IIO TOMY me ny flI, "lITO II 8JIJIepTOH. OH 6bIJI co6CTBeHHHROM H ,n;eJIb-
:qOI - «npep;npHHHMHTeJIeM», He ynYCRaBlliJIM l\-laTepHaJIbHOH BbI-
rOAbI. BOJIee Toro, OH BeJI no rrYTlI 8JIJIepTOHa BCIO KOJIOHHIO. Op;HaRO
BHYTpeHHe EpaJJ;<I>op,n; ee npOTHBIIJICH «aJIJIepTOHOBUHe» - OTRpO-
BeHHOMY CTHmaTeJIbCTBY JII06oi'I n;eHoii.
BeCbMa BepOHTHO, llTO CTpaXII II CO:MHCHHH, ROTopbIe 6ecrrOHO-
HJIH BpaJJ:<pOPAa B TO BpeilH, B COqeTaHMH C BoapOClliHMH Tpy,nHOCTH-
MH no ynpaBJIeHIIIO I{OJlOHlIeiI, C YCTaJIOCTbIO OT Jl;OJIroro IICnOJIHeHIIH
06HaaHHOCTeH ryoepHaTopa, a TaRme c qyncTBoM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH
3a HCP;OCMOTp B «p;eJIe 8JIJIepTOHa)} orrpet];eJIIIJIH TOT <paRT, qTO B
1633 r. Epa,n;<popP; OTHa3aJICH OT BbICTaBJleIIHH CBoen RaHAHp;a TypbI
Ha nOCT ry6epHaTopa. Bo BCHROM cJlyqae HUI-\aHHX AaHHbIX, rOBopH-
HX 0 HOHRpeTHbIX MOTIIBax OTRa3a HJIH HeAOBOJIbCTBe ROJIOHHCTOB
ero npaBJIeHHeM, He Hl\IeeTCR. fy6epHaTopO:M: H30paJIH 8ABapAa YHH-
CJIoy. IIepeMeHa JIII Ha nOCTY ry6epHaTopa COBnaJIa C BbIxoAoM H3
KOHrperan;1I1I OAHoro lIB ee qJIeHOB - Po,n;mepa }"rIIJI:bHMca.
PO)J;mep YHJIbHMC pO,IJ;HJICH B ROHn;e 1603 r. 32 B ceMbe CYHHOTOP-
rOBn;a cpe)J;Hero ,n;OCTaTRa, npomHBaBmero B OmHBJIeHHOH AeJIOBOH
qaCTII Tor;o;amHero JIoH,n;oHa - JIoHr-JIeHH. Ero OTen; npHHap;JIemaJI
R ROMnaHHH, ROTopaH HBJIHJIaCb OJJ;HHM lIa ROJIJIeRTHBHbIX naHm;HROB
BHprHHCKOH ROMnaHIIH. CeMbH ObIJIa Ha6oiIHoii H npH,n;epmIIBaJlaCb
aHrJIHRaHH3Ma. O)J;HaRO HaMBHble )];eTCRUe peJIUrHOaHble npep;CTaBJIe-
HIIH Po,n;JKepa He MOrJlH He OCJIOiRHHTbCH npOHcxo,n;IIBmeii BORpyr
Hero peJlHrHOaHOH 60pb60H. B JIoHr-JIeftHe u Roy-JIeiiHe, RYAa rrepe-
exaJIa ceMbH, iKlIJIII 6emaBIDHe B AHrJIlIIO <ppaHD;yacKlIe II rOJlJIaH,n:-
CRlIe IIpoTecTaHTLI (OT HIIX OH nepeHHJI 3HaHHe IIX PO)];HbIX H3bIKOB),
TaM BbIJIaBJIHBaJIII cenapaTHCTOB. He paa OH lVlor 6bITb CBH,n:eTeJleM
comiKeHHH «epeTHROB». I1Haqe rOBopH, 06pa3 AaJleRHX ROJIOHHH H
RapTHHbI peJIHrH03HbIX rrpeCJIe)J;oBaHHH BOlliJIH B ero mH3Hb C caM:oro
paHHero )J;eTCTBa.
Po,n;mep IIOCem;aJI HaqaJIbHYIO II cpep;HIOIO mROJIY (grammar
school). B 1617 r. nocTynlIJI IIHC:qOM R aHaMeHHTOMY 8)];Bap,n;y Ro-
uy - rJIaBHOMY ROpOJIeBCROMY CY)];be II OAHOMY II3 JIHAepOB onrr03H-
n;IIU, qTO IIpH06HJIO IOHOm"y K nOJIHTHQeCJ{oi'r 6oPb6e Toro BpeMeHH.
IToRpoBHTeJIbCTBYH eMY, ROK YCTpOHJI Po)];mepa B npHBHJIerHpOBaH-
Hoe YQe6noe aaBe,n;eHHe - « qapTepxaya CKYJI)}. IIo OROHqaHHH Kypca
32 TOqHaH AfiTa He YCTaHOBJIeHa. AnpeJIb 1604 r. H. c.
286

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BII,n;IIlHOMY, He npIIHIIIaJI B HII\. aRTIIBHoro yqaCTIIH. B 1627 r. OH
6JIarOrrOJIYQHO 3aROH"iJUJI YHIIBepCl1reT II npOO:bIJI B HeM ele rrOJITOpa
rOJa. O;rJ;HaHO l\IarnCTepCRon CTcrrCHH OH He p;on,n;aJICH II nOHIIHYJI
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nypMTaHIiHa capa YIiJILHMa MameMa B rpa<pCTBe 8cceRc. TaM B
1629 r. PO)J;lliep meHIIJICH Ha MaplI BepHap,n;, CJIYlliaIIHe-ROMnaHLon-
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33 ToramHlIe YHIIBepCIITeTbI 6hIJIII IIpe}he Bccro 60rOc.JIOBCIOIMII Yt.]e6HbIMII
3aBeeIIIUIMII.
287

ROBLIn I1JIHMYT
8cceRC 6LIJI Tor;n;a n;eHTpOM nypHTaHH8Ma II nypHTaHCROH 8Mur-
pan;HI.I. CRJIOHHHCb K nypHTaHHaMY ee B YHIIBepCIITeTe, B OTlIce
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ceTC, RaR K TOMY BpeMeHH yme npOqHO HMeHOBaJIaCL ROJIOHHH nypH-
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HMH peJllIrH03HbIX B033peHHn. CnacaHCL OT HenpHHTHOCTen, "YHJILHMC
ORaaaJICH B HOBOM IIJIIIMYTe, He IIpomlIB B lVIacca'llyceTce II HeCROJIh-
RHX MeCHr(eB.
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«pop;n;a, "Y HJIbHMC 6bIJI «qeJIOBeR 6JIarOlIeCTHBLIii II ycep;n;HLIii B ,n;eJIax
n;epRBH, IIMeIOID;HH MHoro JJ:0CTOIIHCTB». «.UponoBe;n:1I ero 6bIJIH XOpO-
mH II IIOJIyqaJlH o,n;o6peHlIe». OH, npaB,n;a, RaaaJICJI «otJeHL Heno-
CTOHHHbIM B cym,n;eHHHX», HO 9TO lie norellTaJlO OMY JICnOJlIIHTI) OOH-
3aHHOCTIJ IIpOIIOBeHHRa o 1633 r. «B aTOM rop;y OR CTaJI RbICRa3bI-
BaTh CTpaHHLIe cym,n;eHHH, a OT HHX nepemeJI R TaHUM me CTpalIHbIM
,n;eiiCTBHHM, QTO BbI3BaJIO paaHOrJIaCIiH Mem)J;Y HHM II D;epROBhIO, a B
ROHIJ;e ROHIJ;OB ero He,n;OBOJIbCTBO, Ha-aa 'IIero 011 II nORHHyn IIJlHMYT-
n;eB UeCKOJIbKO HeomlI,n;aHHO» (B, 299). "YHJI"bHMC BepHYJICH B Mac-
CaQyceTC.
Ep8JJ;<POPJJ: He YKaaLIBaeT CYTH pa3Hor.rracnu. Tel\I He MeHoe IIX
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lIaMeHeHHH B 06m;ecTBeHHoH mlI3HH IIJIHMYTa aa 13 neT II 3HaTL, QTO
POAmep "YHJILHMC 6LIJI ceIIapaTHCTOM II OTJIHqaJICfJ ropHqeii npHBep-
meHHOCTLIO R HJJ;eHM, ROTOpLIMII OH npOHHRaJICH B xo,n;e lliHaHII H
pa3MLIIDJIeHHii. CJle,n;oBaTeJI'bHO, CRopee Bcero pa3HOrJIaCHH B03HIIRJIH
H3-3a pacxomJJ;eHIIH npH onpeJJ;eJleHIIH «IICTHH», BepOHTHee Bcero
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C TeqeHlIeM BpeMeHII, RaK M:&I 3HaeM, npHTynJIHJIHCb. CenapaTHCT-
288

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OpMaJIbHOH BepHOCTII rrpemHHM H,n;eaJIaI ero rrponOBe.n;II rrepBoe
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aaMeqaTb nyraBmHe ero H3MeHeHHH B iKII3HH «HoBoro XaHaana», TO
pa3Be aTH II3MeHeHIIH He )J;OJImHbI 6bIJIH RaaaTbCH 3JIOKaQeCTBeHHbIMH
H3BaM11 Ha CBemnH BarJIH,D; cenapaTIICTa-Heo<pHTa YHJIbHMca? Pa3Be
Mor OH He YJIOBIITb TeH,n;eHI{IIIO K C6JIHmeHHIO BarJIH)J;OB «CBHTbIX»
H nYPHTaH? He TOJILKO B BbICORHX ccpepax Ayxa, HO H B )J;pyr:ux BO-
rrpocax. BIIJIJIHHrTOH 6bIJI, HaIIpHMep, Ra3Hen no COBeTY II3 Macca-
qyceTca: «OR p;OJImeH YMepeTb, H aeMJIH ;rJ;OJImHa 6bITb OqHru;eHa olr
RpOBU» (B, 270). A «aJIJIeprOHoBIIJ:HHa)}? B MacCaqyceTce eiI He
Tpe6oBaJIOCb BpeMeHH )J;JIH coapeBaHHH, ee nplIBeaJIII C c060ii H3
AHrJIHH, II B KOJIOHHH OHa CTaJla nOqTH HenpHRpbITOH HOpMOH mU3-
HH. Y IIJIbHMC 6bIJI TO MY CBH,n;eTeJIeM.
TaRHM 06paaOM, nOqBa ,n;JIH paaHOrJIaCHH Mem)J;Y llJIIIMYTnaMH II
IIX HOBbIM eBHeHHHROM cyecTBOBaJIa e caMoro HaqaJIa. ECJIH nep-
COHH<pHD;lIpOBaTb aTO YTBepm,n;eHHe, TO MomBO eRa3aTb, qTO B JIHn;e
YHJIbHMCa Bpa,n;cpopp; BpeMeH JIeii,n;eHa II rrepBbIX Alleii HOBoro TIJIH-
MYTa BCTpeTHJICH C BpaACPopJJ;OM HaaJIa 30-x rO}];OB. KCTaTH, YHJIb-
HMCY B 1633 r., RaR 1'1 BpaJJ;cpop,n;y IIepeJJ; OTIIJIbITIIeM lIa JleH;rJ;eHa,
HCnOJIHIIJIOCb 30 JIeT. CIIOpH C YHJIbHMCOM, Bpa,n;<poPAY npHxo,n;HOCb
OTpeRa TbCH OT -qaCTII npemHHX y6eil\;rJ;enHH H HJIJII03nii MOJI9,n;OCTH.
8TO He BbI3BaJIO B HeM, RaE aTO 6bIBaeT Y npHMbIX II 6eCIIpHHI{IIIIHLIX
oTcTynHHRoB, 03JI06JIeHIIH H TOMY, RTO Mor Ha3aTbCR eMY npHMbIM
YROpOM. B RpHTIIKe YUJIbHMCa Bpa,n;.pop,n; OqeHb cp;epmaH. BOJIee 1'0-
ro, on 3anHCJI II He IIClIpaBHJI C TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH B CBoen «IICTO-
PI'IH»: «...H 6JIarOJJ;apeH eMY, HecMoTpH Ha ero peaRHe BbIna,n;bI H
rronpeRII, B TOR Mepe, B KaRoH OHU cnpaBe)J;JIHBbI... 0 HeM CJIe,n;yeT
nOmaJleTb, aa Hero CJIe,n;yeT MOJIIITbCH....H Bepro, OH npHHaAJIe-
mHT rocno,n;y II rOCIIO,n;b IIpOHBHT K HeMY CBOIO MIIJIOCTb)} (B, 299).
TIoRH,n;aH IIJIHMYT, YIIJIbHMC, 'OCTaBIIJI TaM APY3eii, ,n;ame cpe,n;H
OqeHb BJIIIHTeJIbHbIX «CBHTbIX». O,n;HH lIa BIIX - YIIHCJIOY, APyroH -
<1>YJIJIep. AbHROB 3aBemaJI YIIJIbHMCY yqaCTOR aeMJIH 11 npOC1IJI Ma-
TIICTpaT He B3bICKIIBaTI> co CBHm;eHHHRa ,n;OJIrOB 3a .rreqe6HYIO no-
.L\tIOII(h, ROTOpylO OB, <l>YJIJIep, ORaS'LIBaJI nponOBe)J;HIIRY 113 JIuqnoro
pacnOJIOmeHIIH. He 6LIJI JIB .,IbHKOH e}J;lIHOMLImJIeHHHROM Y IIJIbHMCa.,
cnpamHBaeT OP;HH lIa 61I0rpacpOB nOCJIe):J;Hero 34.
34 Winslow O. E. Master Roger Williams. New York, 1.9.57, p. 106.
1 0 JI. J). CtTIe:nUIH
289

HOBblR nJIIIMYT
rJIaBHLIM BparOM YnJIbHMCa 6bIJI cTapeiimHHa BplOCTep 35, COX-
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rJIaCHH B TOJIROBaHIIH CBHeHHJ>IX TeRCTOB, HO II lIa aaBHCTH R Ta-
JIaHTaM nponoBe,n;HHKa. TlIxnH, HII Ha "tITO He npeTenJJ:OBaBmHH PaJI<p
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aaMeaH BaRaHTBoe MeCTO CBHm;eHHHRa, OB, BpIOCTep, 6J>IJI RaR paa
Ha CBoeM MeCTe II tITO eMY He XBaTaJIO TOJlbRO caHa. llpll HpROM II
TaJIaHTJIHBOM YIIJIbHMCe TaROH YBepeHHOCTB 6bITb He MOrJIO.
RpOMe peJIllrll03HbIX, YIIJIbHMC lIMen K nJIHMYTaM 11 MaTepnaJIb-
HLle npeTenaHII. BcnOMHHaH CBOIO )KBaHL cpep;1I HIIX, OB manOBaJICH
na TO, qTO eMY npBXOp;HJIOCb IIcnbITLIBaTb BceB03MOiKHble TPYP;HOCTH
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TenbCTBO HamJIO oTpameHHe B «MCTOPHII» BpaA<I>opp;a, XOTH eABa
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HBKa nJIIIMYTaMII «B COOTBeTCTBHH C HX ne60JlbIDHMH BoaMomnOCTH-
Mil» (B, 299). CaM Bpa,n;<pop;n;, ,n;a H ,n;Pyrne «apHCTORpaTbI», He Rorra-
JIBCb B aeMJIe, «IIop;06HO JJ;IIrrepaM». 3HaH nOCJIeP;YIOm;yro H1I3Hb
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Ha MaTepnaJIJ>HLle II <pHallqeCKHe Tpy,n;HOCTH II BcrrOMHIITb 0 HHX -qe-
pea MHoro JIeT, eCJlH OHB e:HCTBIITenbHO He 6LIJIlI JJ;OCTaTOHO cepb-
eaHbIMH.
BLIJI 11 em;e OAIIH nYHRT paCXOiK;n;eHHii. PaHee rOBOpHJIOCb, "IlTO
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JIIIRBB,n;an;1I1I YaccaracceTa. MOiKeT 6J>ITb, nOTOMY, TO R aTOMY He
6LIJIO IIOBop;a. Bo BCHKOM cny"tIae Mllp He OaHaqaJI paBHonpaBHH'. TIJIH-
MYTn;LI CqlITaJIII ce6H nOJIHbIMII II 6eapa3JJ;eJIbHbIMH xoaHeBaMH TeppH-
TOpHI! KOJIOHIIH II pacnOpHmaJIIICb eIO no CBoeMY YCMOTpeHHIO, YCTpa-
HBaH cpaKTOplllI, OXOTHCb, JIOBH pJ>I6y, Bblpy6aH nee 11 T. ,n;. ,n:JIH Bnx
He BCTaBaJI Bonpoc, He nOBpeJJ;IIT JIB aTO coce;n;HM. B KpaiiHeM CJIY-
"tIae, RaR c,n;enaTb, qTo6bI He cnpOBOn;npOBaTb onaCHoro ROH<pJIHRTa?
l'aM, r,n;e TaROH yrp03LI BoaHHRHYTJ> He MOrJIO, CTaH;n;nm npO;n;OJIman
HaBOJJ;HTL CTpax Ha B03MO)KHbIX npOTHBHHROB, RorO-TO paa'be;n;IIHHH,
BCTaBaH Ha tIhlO-TO eTopony, neomlI,n;aHHO Hana,n;aH. 06 aTOM YMaJI-
35 Winslow O. E. Ope cit., p. 106; Willison G. F. Ope cit., p. 351-352; Covey C.
The Gentle Radical. New York, t966, chap. 6.
36 Winslow O. E. Ope cit., p. 102. AmrepLI (OT aHrJI. to dig - RonaTL) - aHr-
lIHHCRHe 6e,n;HHRH, BLIcTynaBIDHe B nepHO,n; AHrJIHHCROH peBOJIIOIJ;HH C ypaB-
HHTeJILHhIMH H;o;eHMII; 3aHMaJIH nYCTOIDH, B03p;eJIhIBaTL ROTopLIe HM IIPIl-
XO;o;HJIOCL C 60JILIDHMH TpYJJ;HOCTfl:MH, He HMeH BII HHBeHTapH, HH cpe,n;CTB.
290

HAOnOnORJIOHHHK».BH3HECMEH».HCKATEnb»
'lJIIBaeT Epa,n;q,op,r(, HO aTO HBcTByeT lIa ;n:HeBHHRa iKOHa "Y HHTpOna,
ry6epHaTOpa MaCCaqyceTca 37.
IIepe,r( OTllJILITlIeM B AMeplIRY nHJIHrpHMLI o,n;noH JIa CBOHX rJIaB-
HbIX n;eneH npOBOarJIamaJIH pacnpOCTpaHeHHe xpHCTlIaHCTBa cpeAH
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JIOCI> npaRTHRII «06pam;eHHH)}, ROTopaH R TOMY me CHTaJIaCI> ,n;eJIOM
CBHm;eHHHROB. HH JIaiiq,op,n;, HIl C:rvIIIT elO He 3aHIIMaJIIICb.
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,n;ym)} HH,n;eHn;eB. Ho OH He 6bIJI <!>aHaTIIROM. OTnpaBHon TOqROH ero
MHCCHOHepCROH ;n:eHTeJIbHOCTH HBJIHJIHCb caMII HH,n;eHn:LI, R ROTOpLIM
OH llllTaJI CIIMnaTHIO, qLII HpaBbI H npaBa YBamaJI. On ,n;eHCTBOBaJI BO
IIMH XpIICTa, HO ,n;JIH HHJJ;eHn;eB. IIoaToMY CBHm;eHHHR CTpeMIIJICH no-
HHTL IIX II nOMO'IJL HM, XOTen ]J;eiiCTBHTeJIbHO HaHTH B HIIX «6pa r rbeB)},
a He CHJIOH n06e]J;HTL HX JJ;yrnH. II BMeCTO MHCCIIOHepa OH c,n;enaJICH
aaID;HTHHROM IIH]J;eiin;eB. OH He BabIBaJI R MHJIOCepJJ;HIO. OH Tpe60BaJI,
tITo6LI ROJIOHHCTLI CqHTaJIHCL C npaBaMH II HpaBaMII IIHAeHn:eu, llpe-
m,r(e Beero e mHaHeHHO BamHbIM P;JIH HHX npaBOM Ha aeMJIIO, rJJ;e OHn:
pO,n;IIJIJICb II ROTopaH IIX ROpMIIJIa.
B Cnen;HaJILHOM «TpaRTaTe», npe]J;CTaBJIeHHOM MarHCTpaTY, ¥IIJIb-
HMC ocnapHBaJI aaROHHOCTb BJIap;eHIIH aeMJIeii B ROJIOHHHX, OCHOBaH-
Horo Ha qbeM 6bI TO HIl 6bIJIO nOmaJIOBaHIIH, p;apeHIIH, eCJIH Ha 3TO
BeT COrJIaCIIH MeCTHbIX mHTeJIeii-IIH]J;eHD;eB: «II RoponeBCRHH 11a-
TeHT He MomeT ,n;aTL TaRoro npaBa, RaR HHqTO ,n;pyroe, RpOMe ]J;oro-
BopeHHOCTH C TY3eMn;aMH» 38. RpaMOJIbHaH lIJ(eH B rJIa3aX nJIHMYT-
n:eB.
3a6eraH Bnepe]J;, CRameM, 'lJTO nOCJIe ,n;BYX JIeT HepaBHOH 60Pb6LI,
ocym,n;eHHLIH Ha 1I3rHaHHe POAmep "YHJIbHMC BHOBL 6bIn BbIHym;n:eH
6emaTb lIa MaCCaqyceTca, rJJ;e paaOrneJICH C nyplITaHaMH II B peJIlIrH-
03HLIX Bonpocax, II B Bonpoce 06 OTHomeHIIH R IIH,n;eHr,aM, y ROTO-
pLIX Ha JJ;onrHe rOJJ;bI II HameJI y6emHe. CRameM em;e, '1TO Oll CTaJI
eaMbIM BLI]J;aIOIIMCH nponaraH]J;IICTOM cB060)J;bI COBeCTH paHHero ne-
37 Winthrop's Joural, Vol. I, p. 76, 78-79.
38 Ibid., p. 116.
291
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6emaBillIlMlI R HeMY OT npeCJIe,n;OBaHHH 6anTIICTRMH AaeT npOqHbIH <PYHAa-
MeHT P;JIH Toro, tITo6bI CQIITaTb ero OCHOBaTeJIeM 6anTHCTCROH epKBII CiliA
- (CM., HanpII?Iep: Kuc.I£oea A. A. Hp;eOJIOrHH II rrOJIIITllUa RMeplIKaHclioH 6arr-
THCTCUOH u;epKBll, c. 43; Dna :JICe. PeJIllTIlH B cpOpMIlpOBaHIlIl aMepIII{aHCKOH
HaIlll.- B RH.: Han;IlOHaJIbH:bIe rrpOn;eCCbI B CIlIA. M., 1973, c. 362;
Smyth Cl. Roger Williams and the Fight for Religions Freedonl. New York,
1931, chap. 6,  1).
'0 TIoAPo6Hee CM.: Bape M. A. HapO;n;HbIe HIl3!>I B AHTJIHHCKOH 6ypmya3HOD:
peBOJIIOJIll, c. 93-94; Easton E. Roger Williams. Prophet and Pioneer.
Freeport (N. Y.), 1969, p. 223-224.
292

«BEJIIIRIIE OCHOBbI» - «€TATbH COr.rrAIDEHHH»
TIIIJIlIrpIIMLI, yaHaB 00 aTOM, He cpaay pemHJIII, qTO CJIe)1;yeT IIpe-
npIIHHTL. 3eMJIH, Ha ROTOpOH BLICBJIHCb CTeHLI «JJ:OOpOH Ha)1;em,n;bI»,
nplIMLIRaJIH R HOBLIM HIIJJ;epJIaH,n;aM, a OT HOBoro IIJIIIMYTa JIemaJIa
)1;aJIeRO II ,n;o61IpaTbCH Ty,n;a HymHo ObIJIO B o6xoJ]; no MOplO, a Aa-
JIee - no ROHHeKTIIRYTY, YCThe ROToporo rOJIJIa H,n;n;:bI MOrJIH JIerRO
6JIORHpOBaTb. Ho OLIJIH H Bce OCHOBaHHH OTCTaHBaTh CBoe npaBO Ha
«paRTopHIO. Bo-nepBbIX, pa60TbI yme Ha1laTbI. BO-BTOpbIX, Te MeCTa
CYJIIIJIII 60raTbIe B03MomHOCTH (Mexa, TOprOBJIH ROHOllJIen, pbIOO-
JIOBCTBO). B-TpeTbIIX, rOJIJIaH,n;n;bI ,n;enCTBOBaJIII B npe,n;eJIax TeppHTO-
pHH, ROTOpyIO B JIoH,D;OHe CqHTaJIII BXO,D;HBmeH B npeAeJIbI aHrJIIIH-
CKIIX BJla)1;eHJIH.
He 1I0JIaraHCL na coocTBeHHble CHJILI, nlIJlHrplIMLI XOTeJIII sapy-
1IIITbCH nO)1;,D;epmROH MaCCaqyceTcRHX nypHTaH. B cepe,n;HHe IIIOJIH
YJIHCJIOY II Bpa<pop)1; OTnpaBHJIHCL B IIX ROJIOHHIO. HaCROJIbRO Mom-
BO Cy,n;lITL no ,n;HeBHIIRY ry6epHaTopa MacCaqyceTca, IIOCJIanD;bI
IIJIIIMYTa, HHero He CRaaaB 0 CBoeM ROH<pJIHRTe c rOJIJIaH,n;n;aMII, nLI-
TaJIHCL C06JIa3HHTb nyplITaH BLIrO)1;aMH TOprOBJIH Ha p. ROHHeRTHKYT
11 npe,n;JIaraJlH C03,n;aTb TaM OOYIO aHrJIHHCRYro <paRTopIIIO. O,n;HaRO
nypHTaHe CqHTaJIII Te MeCTa Hero,n;HbIMH )];JlH aaCeJleHIIH II OqeHb OT-
)];aJIeHHbIMII, peKY - He,n;OCTaTOqHO npOXO,D;HMOH, a JRHBmHX TaM ne-
ROTOB, MHOr01llICJIeHHbIX II BOIIHCTBeBHbIX, CJIHmROM onaCHLIMH CO-
eep;HMH 1.
OT'Kaa nyplITaH, BepOHTHO, OrOpqHJI nJIIIMYTn;eB, HO He o6eCRY-
paiKJIJI. PemHJlII ,n;enCTBoBaTh caMH. K MeCTY 6y,n;ym;eii <paKTOpHII no-
CJIaJIH IIIIHHacy C BoeHHLIM OTpH,n;OM, ROTOpLIH BOarJIaBJIHJI JIeH'reHaHT
¥HJILHM XOJIMC.. ¥ «Ao6pOH Ha,n;em,n;LI» HX oCTaHOBHJIH, nOBTopHB
sanpeT. TIJIHMYTD;LI npoJ];OJImaJIH nJILITb. lla «popTa HM rp031IJIII, HO
orHH TaR II He OTRpbIJIII. IIpoii,n;H B Ha3HaqeHHOe MeCTO, JIIO)];II XOJlM-
ca nOCTpOHJIH TaM 6JIORraY3. Ror,n;a OCTaJIOCh TOJIbRO aaBepmHTb ,n;e-
JlO, BosBe,n;H naJIHca,n;, XOJIMC, nopY1IIIB oxpaHY «paRTOpIIH ne60JIL-
mOMY rapHHaOHY, OTOLIJI 06paTHo.
Bee 3TO eTaJIO JIaBeCTHO B HOBOM AMcTep,n;aMe. OTTYJJ;a IIpOTHB
aHrJIHqan, aaceBmHX Ha ROHHeRTHRYTe, HanpaBHJIII no TeM BpeMe-
HaM H MeCTaM 3Ha1lllTeJlLHOe BonCRO B 70 qeJIOBeR. rOJIJIaH,n;n;bI IIO,n;O-
mJIII R <paRTopHH «B 60eBoM CTpOIO co 3HaMeHaMH, HaMepeBaHCb aTa-
ROBaTh ee, HO, YBIIJJ;eB, 1ITO OHa YRpenJIeHa II qTO Hana,n;eHHe Ha Hee
6y)];eT CTOHTb RpOBH, BbICJIaJIII napJIaMeHTepOB, a nOTOM C MHpOM y,n;a-
JIIIJIIICb» (B, 302). BepoHTHee Bcero, OHII J];YMaJIII B3HTb aHrJIH1IaH Ha
IIcnyr, He IIMeH HaMepeHIIH OTRpbIBaTL BoeHHbIe ,n;eHCTBIIH rOJIJIaH,n;-
D:LI He MOrJIIl He nOHIIMaTb, 1ITO TaRon IICXO)J; 6bIJI qpeBaT B03MomHbIM
1 Winthrop's Journal, Vol. I, p. 103.
293

HOBLIR IIJlHMYT
CTOJIRHOBeHHel\f co BeeMII aHrJIHHCEIIMH ROJIOHHHMII B CeBepHOH AMe-
pHI\e, a rJIaBHOe - 3aOCTplIJI 6bI Borrpoc 06 HX «HeaaROHHOM» nplI-
eYTCTBHH Ha «aHrJIHHCROH» TepplITopHH. TaR IIJIH HHae, IIJIHMYTbI
aam;HTHJlH CBOH HHTepeCbI, a OAHOBpeMeHHO IIOCJIymHJlH CBoeMY RO-
ponIO.
TIoRa meJI OIlHcaHHbIH cnop, B IIJIIIMYTe OT RaROH-TO 60Jle3HH no..
rn6JIo 60nee 20 "tIeJIOBeR, B TOM qIICne ,n;bHROH II JIeRapb nlIJIlIrpHMOB
Q>YJIJIep. 8nII,n;eMHH pacnpOCTpaHIInaCb Ha coce,n;HlIe HH,n;enCRlIe Ae-
peBHH, a II03me ,n;OCTlIrJIa ROHHeRTHRYTa. BpaJJ;q,op,n; paeCRa3bIBaeT,
qTO B aTO TpYAHoe BpeMH aHrJIII"tIaHe 1I3 HeAaBHO nOCTpoeHHOH TaM
4>aRTopHH, npeo,n;oneB nepBOHaqanbHbIH CTpax, 'tJeM MOrJIH, caMOOT-
BepmeHHO nOMOraJIH IIorH6aBIDIIM pH,n;OM JIIO,n;HM, "tJ-r0 «BLI3BaJIO 6na-
ro,n;apHYIO npH3HaTenbHOCTb Beex HHp;eHn;eB, ROTopbIe yaHaBaJIII 06
aTOM» (B, 313). RpoMe anH,n;eMHH" IIJIHMYTn;aM npHmJIOCb nepemHTL
RaneT CapaHqH, CHJIbHO nOBpe;n;HBmeH HX rroceBLI. 1633 ro,n; nopa,n;o-
BaJI, npaB,n;a, ycnemHoH aarOTOBROH MeXOB, lITO IIOaBOJIIIJIO paa,n;eJla Tb-
cn co 3HaqHTeJIbHOH qaCTbIO ,n;OJIra ROJlOHHH.
B 1634 r. llJIHMYT:qbI H36panH HOB oro ry6epHaTopa. IfM CTaJi 6bIB-
mlIH «qymaR», JIOBRO YCTpOHBmHH CBOH Aena, Tenepb, naCROJILRO
MomBO Cy,n;HTL, "tJJIeH ROHrpera:qHH - ynoMHHaBmlIHCH yme TOMac
IIpHHc. ¥HHCJIOY nOHaA06IIJICH AJIH APyron n;enII. EMY nopyqIInII ee
paa IIoexaTb B AHrJIHIO. Ha aTOT pa3, "tITo6bI IIOmaJIOBaTbCH Ha Bpam-
]l;e6HbIe neHCTBHH <ppaHn;yaoB Y IIeH06cRoTa II rOJIJIaH,IlIeB Y ROHHeR-
THRYTa.
B JIoH,n;OHe YIIHCJlOY BbICJIymaJIH H, RaaaJlOCb, XOTeJIII nOMOqb.
Ho ,n;eJIO IIpHHHJIO COBceM HHoii 060POT, RorAa B Hero BMemaJICH JIO)];,
HaaHa'leHHblii B 1633 r. apXHellHCRonOM ReHTep6epHHcRIIM, nplI-
MaCOM aHrJIHRaHCROH u;epRBH. Bonpoc 06 HHD;H,n;eHTax Ha rpaHHu;ax
)J;aneRoH KOJIOHHH OTOmeJI Ha 3a,n;HHH nJIaH. BCIIJIbIJI Borrpoc 0 npaBO-
}flepHOCTH npHCYTCTBIIH HOHROH<pOpMHCTOB B HOBOH AHrJIHII. JIo
B03HaMeplIJICH HanpaBIITL TY)J;a aHrJIHKaHCRoro CBH:rqeHHHR8 C nOJIHO-
MO"tIIIHMH enHCRona. JIo,n;a IIo,n;,n;epmaJI rJIaBa COBeTa HOBoR AHrJIHII
<DepHaHAo fop,n;mec, ROTOpbIR ocnapHBaJI npaBa TaMornHHX ROJIO-
BRCTOB II 6:bIJI CBH3aH c TOMacoM MOpTOHOM. ¥IIHCJIOY BbI3BaJIII R ap-
XHenHCROIIY II C npIICTpaCTHeM ,n;onpOCHJIH. B pe3YJIbTaTe nJIHMYT-
CRYIO u;epROBb nplI3HaJIII RpaMOJIbHOn, a ¥HHcnoy RaK obIBmero ry-
6epHaTopa ROJIOHHH, nooru;pHBmero ee He3aROHHYro ,n;eHTeJIbHOCTL,
npenpOBOAHJIH B TIOPbMY, rAe OH npOBeJI qeTbIpe MeCHn;a.
¥IIBCJIOY CH,n;eJI B TlOpbMe, II 0 ero maJIo6ax aa6bIJIH. TeM BpeMe-
HeM <ppaHu;yabI B 1635 r. OROBtIaTeJIbHO YBHqTOiKlIJIH nJIHMYTCRYro
«I>aRTopHIO Ha IIeH06cRoTe. MopcRaH OIIepan;HH CTaHJJ;Hma npOTHB
HIIX OKOHqHJIaCb npOBaJIOM. <DpaHn;Y3bI, OTRpbIB meCTORIIR orOHL,
294

«BEJIHRHE OCHOBbI - «CTATbH COrJIAmEHHlI..
He IIOBBOJIHJIH aHrJIHqaHaM, nJILIBIDHM Ha ,n;BYX Ropa6J1HX, name IIPH-
6JIHalITbCH R 6epery. MB IIJlHMYTa 06paTIIJIHCL 3a IIOMOID;blO B Mac-
CaqyceTC. Ho RaR H B CJIyqae C «,[(o6poit Ha,n;em,n;OH», Ha IIX npH3bIB
He OTRJIHRHYJIHeL. BOJIee Toro, nypHTane YCTaHOBHJIII C <ppanyaaMH
ToprOBLIe OTHomeHIIH, a no YTBepm,n;eHHIO Ep9,n;.pop,n;a, ,n;ame npo,n;a-
BaJIH HM opymHe. «TaRBM 06pa30M,- maJIOBaJICH Epa,n;.pop,n;, B
1635 r. BHOBL CTaBIDIIH ry6epHaTopoM,- aHrJIlIqaHe .paRTlIqeCRII HB-
JIHIOTCH rJIaBHbIMH nOMoID;HHRaMH TaMomHHX <ppaHD;yaoB... I-Ie y,n;H-
BHTeJIbHO, qTO 9TH .ppaHY3bI YRpeIIJIHIOTCH H HaceJJ;aIOT Ha aHrJlHqaH
Bce 60JIbme 11 cHa6malOT opymneM IIH,n;eiieB... JIerRo ce6e npe,n;CTa-
BHTb, K lIeMY 9TO MomeT IIpHBeCTII...» (B, 321-322).
EP9,n;<I>OP,n;, BaTaHB Ha MaCCaqyceTceB o611)];y, BepOHTHO, cryaJI
RpaCRH. BPHJ( JIH nypHTaHe npo,n;aBaJIH <ppaHY3aM opymHe. 110 OHn
He 6LIJIH paCIIOJIOmeHbI nOMoraTb I1JIIIMYTY. BeCLMa BoaMomHO, qTO
IIypHTaHe CqHTaJIII )J;JIH ce6n )J;ame BbIrOAHeH HMeTb COCe)];HMH Tex,
Roro noame MomBO 6bIJIO «Ha aaROHHOM OCHOBaHlIH» nporHaTb C aa-
HHTOH TeppHTopIlH, qeM ROHRypeHToB-COOTeqeCTBeHHHROB, ROTopble
MOrJIII 3aRpenHTb ee aa C060H «HaBeqHO». TIJIHMYT II l\1:acCaqyceTc
yme ROHRypHpOBaJIII, ToprYH C rOJIJIaH,n;n;aMII. IIpoBe)];H paaBe)];RY Ha
ROHHeRTHRYTe, HeROTopbIe uyplITaHe C06HpaJIIICb Ty,n;a nepeCeJIHTb-
CH. Ha ReHHe6eRe Mem,n;y nJIHMYTn;aMH II IIpH6bIBIIIHM Ty)];a Topro-
BaTb KallHTaHOM nHHHaCbI lIB MaCCaqyceTca IIpOHaOmJIa CTbIqRa, B
peaYJIbTaTe ROTOpOH norH6 RanllTan II O]J;HH 1I3 nJIHMYTeB2.
IIpe)J;BH,n;H )];aJIbHeHmHe OCJIOmneHHH, MarHCTpaT HOBoro IIJIHMY-
Ta pemHJI OTKa3aTbCH OT CBOIIX TeppHTOpHaJIbHbIX npeTeH3HH Ha
ROHHeRTHRYTe B nOJIb3Y nypHTaH: «ORaabIBaTb BoopyaieHHoe COIIpO-
THBJIeHlIe OHH He C06HpaJIHCb (y HHX 6bIJIO ;O:OCTaTOqHO aa60T Ha Ren-
He6HRe) H CqHTaJIH Hey)];06HbIM II CJIIIIDROM THmeJIbIM 6peMeHeM
iRHT"b B nOCTOHHHOH BpamAe co CBOHMH ,l];pyabHMII II 6paT:bHMH. 110-
9TOMY pa,n;1I eoxpaHeHHH MHpa (XOTR onB 6bIJlII y6em)J;eHbI, lITO He-
CYT 60JIbmyIO nOTepIO) OHB COqJIH aa JIyqmee YCTynHTb Ha B03MomHO
60JIee BbIro,n;HbIX YCJIOBHHX; )J;eJIO aaBepmHJIOCb 3aRJIIOqeHHeM )];oro-
BOpa» (B, 321). IIo aTOMY )J;orOBOpy IIJIIIMYTD;bI aa OTRaa OT CBOHX
rrpaB IIOJIyqHJIII OT MacCaqyceTca MaTepllaJIbHOe BoaHarpam,n;eHHe.
«TaR pa3HOrJIaCHH 6bIJIII JIHRBII,n;lIpOBaHbI, no BaalIMHoe Hep;06pome-
JIaTeJIbCTBO cym;ecTBOBaJIO eme ,n;oJIro» (B, 327).
YIIHCJIOY, BbInym;eHHLIH lIa TlOpbMbI, BepnYJICH )J;OMOii:, r,n;e yanaJI
o TOM, qTO «APY3bH II 6paTbH» ORaaaJIIICb qYT:b JIll He onacnee HHO-
CTpaHHbIX 06H)J;qHROB, na ROTOpbIX OB ea,n;IIJI lliaJIOBaTbCH B JIOHp;OH.
2 Winthrop's Journal, Vol. I, p. 124, 128-132.
295

HOBbI:R n.rrUMYT
TaR Ral< B 1636 r. ero BHOBL Ha6paJIII ry6epHaTopoM, Hl\IeHHO eMY
npeACTOHJIO Tenepb 06epera Tb rpaHHD;bI ROJIOHHII.
ECJIH lliH3Hb Ha rpaHIIIJ;aX ITJIHMYTa CTaJIa 6eCIIOROHHOii, TO B IIX
npe,n;eJIax OHa OROHqaTeJIbHO BJIHBaJIaCb B yme onpe,n;eJIIIBilleeCH pyc-
JIO B 06JIaCTH X03HHCTBeHHOH, IJ;epROBHOH n aAMHHHCTpaTHBHoii, YT-'
paqHBaJIa xapaRTep RaR 6M COHaJIbHOro aKCIIepHMeHTa. 8TO OTpa-
BUJIOCb H Ha « MCTOPIIH» Bps,n;<pop,n;a. C06LITHH, npOHcxo,n;HBllllIe B
TIJIHMYTe c cepe,n;HHLI 30-x rOOB, H306pamaIOTCH B Heft aHa-qHTeJIbHO
cyme II C MeHbmen aaIIHTepeCOBaHHOCTbIO, qeM npe,n;IlleCTBYIOID;ne.
«HOBbIn XaHaaH» yxo,n;IIn Bce ,naJIbme OT npemHHX MeqTaHHH. 3a-
RpenJIHJIaCb iRHaHb HOBaH, HO Be «xaHaaHCRaH».
I1JIHMYTIJ;bI yme MaJIO aaBIICeJIH OT CBonx JIOH,n;OHCKHX ROMnaHbO-
HOB. OCTaBaHCh B ,n;eJIe, Te He lIMeJIH npemBero BJIHHHHH. Ror,f(a BbI-
HCBHJIOCb, '1TO ToprOBLIii greHT KOJIOHHII, «npe,n;npHHHMaTeJIb»
.IJ:meiiMc llIapJIH, B3LICRHBaH C Bee JJ;OJIrH, CTpeMIITCH YBeJIIIqHTb
CBoe JIHqHOe COCTOHHHe, ero JIIIIllHJIII Bcex IIOJIHOMOqIIH. IIO;n;CqIITaB
CBon paCXO,lI,bI Ha KOMnaHbOHOB, nOCTaHOBHJIH: HM BLIIIJIaqeHO «Bce, lITO
Heo6xo,n;IIMO, II Aame 60JIee Toro» (B, 344).
"YIIHCJIOY onHTb npHBea C C060H 1I3 JIoH,n;oHa HOBoro CBH:rqeHHn-
Ra - moHa HopTOHa. «JIM 6LIJlII OBOJIbHLI II ero JII06IIJIH». HopTOB
np06LIJI B IIJIIIMYTe Bcero HeCKOJILKO MeCHn;eB II B eKa6pe 1635 f.
yexaJI B MacCallyceTc, «r;rJ;e 6MJIO MHoro aHaIOm;IIX II 60raTLlx JIIO;rJ;eii
II r;rJ;e Y Hero IIMeJIIICb 3HaROMLIe» (B, 327). RaK MomBO aaRJIIOqHTL
no «!1CTOPHH» Bpa,n;<pop,n;a, HopTon IICKaJI 60JIee o6paaoBaHHYIO KOM-
naHIIIO II 60JIee ,n;oxo,n;Hoe MeCTO.
ry6epHaTop nYPHTaHcRoH KOJIOHIIII AmoH YHHTpOII, ,n;eJIaH B
lJ;HeBHIIRe aaTIHCII, TaRme OTMeTIIJI, -qTO HopToHoM B IIJIIIMYTe 6bIJIH
)1;OBOJI!>HLI, 11 06aBJIHJI: «...OH OCTaBHJI nx II npnexaJI B MacCaqyceTc,
YTBepm,n;aH, '1TO He Mor COHTHCb C HIIMII no p;yxy» 3. B Te BpeMeHa
H B Tex MeCTax 3TO CRopee Bcero 03HaqaJIO peJIIIrn03HLle pa3HOfJIa-
CIIR.
IIJIHMYTcRaH n;epROBb Toro BpeMeHII, BepORTHO, 60JIee IIJIR Menee
cnOROHHO TepneJIa Y ce6H CBHm;eHHIIRa C y6emeHIIHl\f11I IIypHTa-
HHBa-ROHrperan;nOHaJIHCTa. OH me, OqeBH,n;HO, He nomeJIaJI TepneTb
p;ame pmaBeBIllHH cenapaTHaM nHJIHrpHMOB. HanOMHIIM, qTO )J;eRa6pb
1635 r.- RaR paa TOT MOMenT, Ror,n;a lIa MaCCaqyceTca 6emaJI- Po,n;-
mep YIIJI:bHMC. IIYPHTaHcRHe JIII,n;epbI HH aa 'IlTO 6bI He nplIHHJlH Y
ee6H cenapaTIICTa. HopTOH Mor aaHHT!> oCBo6olJ;IIBmeeCH MeCTO nac-
Topa, 0AHaRo OR nORIIJJ;aeT IIJIIIMYT.
PaJI<p CMIIT OTRa3aJICH OT CBoero nOCTa «lIaCTlrQHO Ao6pOBOJIbHO,
3 Winthrop's Journal, Vol. I, p'. 167.
296

<BEJIHRHE OCHOBbI) - «CTATbH COr.TIAIDEHHR)
CqIITaH ero CJIIIIDEOM 06peMeHHTeJlbHbIM, a qaCTHqHO no meJIaHHIO H
BHyrneHHIO p;pyrnx» (B, 334). 11.3BecTHo, qTO, OCTaBHB Ra<l>eJ];PY,
6LIBmHH naCTOp IICnbITLIBaJI HYiRJJ;Y. AeJIaMB ROH:rperaIlH, nORa
«n;epROBb IICRaJIa ,n;pyroro, qaCTO paso.'qapOBLIBaHCb B CBOBX HaAem-
p;ax II meJIaHHHX» (B, 334), PYROBOJ];BJI BplOcTep. He OH JIll CTOHn aa
OTCTaBROH CMIITa? He nOJ];J];aJICH JIll CMHT BJIBHBHIO coce,n;eii-ypH-
TaH? Bo BCHROM CJIyqae B 1640 r. OH nepe6paJICH R HHM.
IIJIHMYTcRan D;epROBI> IICRaJIa HOB oro CBHm;eHHHRa He CJlHmROM
;n;OJIro. B 1636 r. 1I3 MacCaqyceTca K nlIJIHrplIMaM npHeXaJI B pOJIlI,
o6paTHoii pOJIH HopTOHa, He come)J;mllHCH C nyplITaHaMH CBH1IJ;eHHHK
)]:mOH PeHHOp (PenHep): «Cnoe06HbIH II Ha60iRHLIH 'IeJIOBeR, RPOT-
Horo 11 CHpOMHoro HpaBa, He OTRJlOHHBIDHHCH OT IICTHHHOH BepbI,
6eaynpeqHbIB B CBoeH JIn"tlHOn mnaHIi II B 06meHHH C JIIO,n;bMH...».
IIo npomeCTBHII ncnLITaTeJIbHOrO epOKa PeHHopa 1I36paJIll nponoBe)J;-
HIlHOM, a nOTOM 11 naCTopOM. «IIJIoJJ;aMH ero TPY)J;OB OHH nOJII>30Ba-
JIBCb )J;OJIrlIe rop;bI: C Y)J;oBJIeTBope.HlIeM, B MHpe 11 B ,n;06POM corJIa-
CBH» (B, 335) i.
IIOqTII ,n;Bap;D;aTIIJIeTHee CJIymeHHe B llJIHMYTCROH n;epRBH CBHID;eH-
BIlRa «l\pOTROro II CRpOMHOrO» MomHO B onpeJ(eJIeHHOH Mepe pac-
CMaTpllBaTI> RaR aTan B pa3BHTHII aTOll n;epRBH. lI3 opraHH3yrom;en:
CHJIbI BOBHII'Hmero pemHMa OHa Bce 60JIbme npeBpaID;aJIaCb B ero
no,n;co6Hoe opy,n;ne. IIpH aTOM pemHMe rOCnO)];CTBOBaJIH nJIHMYTCRlle
«apIICTORpaTbI», rJIaBHbIM o6paaoM B JIIIn;e B03TJIaBJIHeMorO ry6epHa-
TOpOM MarHcTpaTa, 'IJIeHbI KOToporo <j>aRTH"lJeCRII He CMeHHJIHCb.
CenapaTIICTCKaH n;epROBb IIJIHMYTa, HBJIHHCb e].J;IIHCTBeHHOU, He
npeTeHJJ;OBaJIa, OAHaRO, Ha TO, lITo6LI CTaTL Y3aRoneHHon: «rocy,n;ap-
CTBeHHOH» n;epROBbIO, a «roCYAapCTBO)} He 06'bHBJIHJIO HeBepne, IIJIH
oTcTynHIIqeCTBO OT no,n;,n;epmnBaeMOH HM BepbI, rOCYJJ;apCTBeHHLIM
npecTynJIeHHeM. TeM He MeHee TeHAeHD;HH TaRaH cym;ecTBOBaJIa. Ha
O,n;HOH lIa RUHT 6H6JIHOTeRH Bpap;<pop,n;a 6LIJIa 06HapymeHa aaIIHCb:
«I1MeeT JIII MarHCTpaT rrpaBO BMemnBaTbCH B n;epROBHbIe ,n;eJIa?)} Aa-
nee, nOCJIe CCbIJIOR Ha aBToplITeTLI rrpOTeCTaHTH3Ma, Bps,n;<pop,n; OT-
Be'tJaJI: «a, HMeeT, nop;p;epmHBaH peJIIIrlIlO» 5. RaR JJ;aJIeRO STO OT
HCTHHHoro cenapaTH3Ma! Hen3BeCTHO, Rorp;a c,n;eJIaHa npHBeAeHHaH
aaIIHCb. CYAH no BceMY, He paHee cepeJ];IIHbI 30-x ro,n;OB. BeCbMa
BepOHTHO, OHa HaBeHHa C06bITIIHMH, ROTopLIe B 1635-1637 rr. npo-
'HCXO,n;HJIIf B MacCaQyceTce, r,n;e Bonpoc, IIOCTaBJIeHHbIH Bpan<pop,n;oM
pIIToplI'tJeCRII, B Xone paaMLIIDJIeHHn:, 6bIJI OAHIIM HB oCTpen:IDHx BO-
4 B KOH:o;e ROHOB, yme 3a paMRRM:H Hamero IICCJIep;OBaHIUI, B. 1654 r., OH Tome
pa30meJICH C nJIIIMYTaMn II yexaJI B HOBYIO ROJIOHHIO HbIO-Xe:HBeH.
5 Langdon G. D. Op. cit., p. 59.
297

HOBbIH nJIHMYT
npOCOB peJIHrH03nOH H IIOJlHTHt1eCROH 60pL6bI. MomeT 6bITb, aaIIHCb
C)J;eJIaHa IIoame. TaR BJlII BHaqe, aTO CBH,n;eTeJIbCTByeT 06 YKaaan-
HOH TeH,n;eHBH. B HOBOM IIJIHMYTe H3YQaeMOrO BpeMeHH DBa He
rrOJlY"'IHJIa aaMeTHoro paaBIITIIH. B MaCCaqyceTce, rp;e TeH,n;eHD;HH npe-
BpaTHJlaCL B peaJIbHYIO nOJIHTIIRY, ROJIOHHH CTaJIa 3anOBe,n;HbIM nOJIeM
«OXOTbI Ha Be)J;LM}>. meCTOROH IIOJIHTHROH peJIHrlI03HOH HeTepIIHMO-
CTH MaCCaqyceTcRHe «apHCTORpaTLI» aa1III\aJIH CBoe rocnop;CTBO, pe-
iKHM TeOKpaTJIqeCROH OJlHrapXIIH.
TepMHH «roCY)J;apCTBeHHOCTL» B3HT HaMil B KaBbIqRH. AeiicTBH-
TeJIbHO, HOBLIH IIJIHMYT HBJIHJICH BcerO-HaBcero aHrJIIIHCROH ROJIOHH-
en, He60JILmOH II He HMeBmeH Aame xapTHH. Bce me ynoTpe6J1eHHe
8Toro TepMHHa rrpe,n;CTaBJIHeTCH YMeCTHbIM. 3aBHcIIMoCTL KOJIOHHH,
oco6eHHo ee BHYTpeHHeH m1l3HII, OT AnrJIHH BO Bcex OTHorneHHHX
6LIJIa HOMHHaJlbHOH. POCT ROJIOHHH, CTHpaH IIOCJIeAHlIe 'tJepTLI naTplI-
apXaJILHOCTII B xapaRTepe ynpaBJIeHIIH eID, nOTpe60BaJI onpe;a;eJIeHHO-
TO H3MeHeHHH cpOpMbI ynpaBJIeHHH, TO"tJHee rOBopH,- coa;a;aHHH onpe-
oe.!te1tHblX <pOpM ynpaBJIeHHH, ROTopbIe OTBe'tJaJIII 6LI H3MeHIIBIDIIMCH
YCJIOBHHM mH3HH nOCeJIeHD;eB. B aTIIX <popMax II IIpOHBIIJIHCL 'tJepTLI
«roCY,l(apCTBeHHOCTH» .
HOBbIH TIJIHMYT - BHa'tJaJIe RpOXOTHbIH nOCeJIOR C OAHHM 6ec-
CMeHHbIM ry6epHaTopOM; 3aTeM He6oJIbmOH ropo,n;OR (aa ROTOpLIM
"t{HCJIIIJIaCb 06mlIpnaH HeOCBoeHHaH n IIpaRTHQeCRII HeoxpaHHeMaH
TeppHTopHH), ynpaBJIHeMbIH MarHCTpaTOM; IIOTOM a)J;MHHIICTpaTIIBHbIH
n;eHTp, CTOJIHn;a ROJIOHBH, ROTopaH HaC'tJHTbIBaJIa OROJIO ,n;eCHTRa no-
CeJIeHIIH, BLIHymAeHHaH aa60THTbCH 0 rpaHHn;ax BOarJIaBJIHeMOH Tep-
pIITOpHH.
B03HHRIIIHe IIOCeJIeHHH, e)];Ba ORpenHYB, npeTeH,n;OBaJIH Ha npaBO
pemaTL co6CTBeHHbIe ,l(eJIa caMOCTOHTeJIbHO II Ha IIpaBO IIpHHIIMaTb
RaI(Oe-TO yqaCTHe B pemeHHH 06:rr(HX ,n;eJI ROJIOHHIl, TeM 60JIee IlX
KacaIOHXCH. IIJIIIMYTCRHH MarHcp,aT Ha YAOBJIeTBOpeHHe aTHX npe-
TeH3HH meJI O"tJeHL HeOXOTHO, IIOCKOJIbRY Bcer,n;a BHHRaJI BO Bce Me-
JInqII mH3HH nOJJ;BJIaCTHbIX eMY JIID,n;eH H perYJIHpOBaJI ee no CBoeMY
YCMOTpeHHIO. Ho llilITeJIH HOBbIX nOCeJIeHHH 6bIJIII HaCTOH"tJIIBbI. Mo-
JIOJJ;ble II He,n;aBHO npHexaBmHe He HCIIbITbIBaJIII R qJIeHaM MarlICTpa-
Ta Toro IIlIeTeTa, KOTOpbIH Bblpa60TaJICH Y «CTapbIX ROJIOHHCTOB».
BbI)J;BHraH CBOH npeTeH3HII, nOCeJIeHbI 060CHOBbIBaJIH HX TeMII me
,l(OBOnaMII, ROTOpbIMH nepBble nHJIHrplIMbI Korna-TO 060CHOBbIBaJIB
CBOH co6CTBeHHbIe npaBa Ha caMOCTOHTeJILHOCTL, aneJIJIlIpOBaJIII Ii
COrJIameHHIO Ha «MaHcpJIayap», HanOMIIHaJIII 06 YBeJIlIqeHIIH 'tJHCJI3
n;epROBHbIX ROHrperan;IIH.
TaR B HOBOM IIJIHMYTe B03HHRJIa Heo6xo,n;nMocTb IIepeHTII OT pe-
rYJIHpOBaHHH /KH3HH ROJIOHHCTOB nYTeM JIlIqHOrO BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBa ry-
298

<BEJIHRHE OCHOBLI.. - <CTAThH COrJIAmEHHH..
6epHaTopa, pemeHHH MarnCTpaTa II nOCTaHOBJIeHnH 06ID;ero c06pa-
&HH, ROTopbIe nOqTH MeXaHHqeCRH eaHRD;nOHnpOBaJIH YRaaaHHoe BMe-
maTeJILCTBO II pemeHIIH, R YCTaHOBJIelIHIO 60nee 'tJeTRoii II o6eii
npaBOBoii CHCTeMLI. IIMeHHo IIoaTOMY B oKTH6pe 1636 r. CIIen;naJIb-
HOMY ROMHTeTY (BoceMb 'tJJIeHOB MarHCTpaTa, 'IeTblpe npe,n;CTaBHTeJIH
OT TIJlIIMYTa, ,n;Ba - OT AaRc6eplI, )J;Ba - OT CIITyaiiTa) 6 6bIJIa nopy-
qeHa ROAH<PIIRaD;IIH CYID;eCTBOBaBIDHX aaROHOB, rrpHBep;eHlIe IIX B CO-
OTBeTCTBlIe C Tpe60BaHHHMH TeRym;ero BpeMeHII H Bblpa60TRa HOBLIX
YCTaHOBJIeHIIH, JJ;IIRTyeMbIx m1I3HbIO. PeROMeHAan;lIlI, npep;JlOmeHHbIe
KOMIlTeToM, op;06peHHbIe 15 HOH6pH 06m;IIM co6paHHeM II aa<pHRclI-
pOBaUHLIe B npOTOROJlaX, nOJIyqlIJlII IIOTOM HaaBaHHe «BeJlHRHe oc-
HOBLl 1636 rOAa» (The Great Fundamentals of 1636).
B aMeplIRaHcRoH HCTopHorpaHH aTOT AORYMeHT Hepe,n;RO Ha3b
BaIOT, nOp;qepRHBaH ero 3HaqeHlIe, AeRJIapaIJ;lIeii npaB, BHJIJIeM 0
npaBax. IIpH aTOM OCHOBbI nOqeMY-TO He ny6JIHROBaJIHCL B HaH60-
nee HaBeCTHbIX II pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIX C60pHIIRax p;ORYMeHTOB IIO RO-
JIOHHaJILHOH nCTOpHII CillA. .D:ame B nocJIep;Heii, ep;Ba JIH He caMoii
1I0JIHOH II JIyqmeii ny6JIHRan;lIlI, ocyeCTBJIeHHOii ¥. R. RaHBeHa-
rOM 7, OCHOBbI <pnrYPHPYIOT 6ea HaaBaHIIH, npHBe,n;eHbI HenOJIHOCTbIO
II npOH3BOJIbHO pa36IITbI Ha 'tJaCTH, nOMeID;eHHbIe nopoaHb, qTO aa-
TpYJ];HHeT pa60TY II MemaeT Boccoap;aTb «o6pa3» HCT01J:HHKa.
AMepllRaHcRHe IICTOpHRH, ynoMHHanmlIe OCHOBbI, IJ;IITIIPYIOT lIa
HHX He 60JIee HeCROJIbRHX <ppaa, qaCTO 6ea CCbIJIRII Ha HCTOqHIIR,
113J1araIOT IIX He BO BceM HAelITlIqHO 8. ¥ MopIICOHa, B qaCTHOCTII,
)J;ORYMeHT Mop;epHH3HpyeTcH B COOTBeTCTBlI1I C Te3IICOM: «OCHOBbI
6bIJIII <paRTHqeCKII ROHCTHTYlIeii ROJIOHIIII. OHH 6bIJlH aRBHBaJIeHTHbI
BHJIJIIO 0 npaBax II 6bIJIH nepBbIM BIIJIJIeM 0 npaBax B AMepHKe» 9.
Bce aTO C03,n;aBaJIO AJIH Hac Tpy,n;HOCTH B YHCHeHHH CYTH II ,n;eTaJIeH
o-qeHL BamHoro p;ORYMeHTa. BJIaro,n;apH APymecRoH nOMOH IIpO<pec...
COpOB BnCROHCHHCRoro YHHBepCHTeTa (MHJIYORH) PaCceJIa X. BapT-
JIll, R ROTOPOMY MLI 06paTHJIHCb 38 ROHCYJILTan;:n:eii, H HapoJI illa-
Mac, ROTopaH 6bIJIa CTOJIb JII06eaHOH, TO npnCJIaJIa HaM RcepORO-
IIHIO ,n;ORYMeHTa, np06JIeMa 6bIJIa paapemena. MLI IIOJIb3yeMcn
6 npeJ];CTaBIITeJlbCTBO AaRc6epii H CHTyaHTa 03HaTIaJIO npJ.iI3HaHlIe 3a HIIMH
npaBa ropOJ];CRoro caMoynpaBJIeHHH, CTaTYTa «TaYH» (town) - no aHrJIIIH-
CRon TpaJ];lUHII, IIJIH «TaYHillHn» (township), HaR IIMeHOBaJIOCh B AMeplIKe
(noCeJIOR, ropOJ];OR, MeCTe1J:RO, panou).
7 Foundations, Vol. I.
8 HanplIMep: Willison G. F. Ope cit., p. 317-324; Morison S. E. Ope cit...
p. 152-153; Andrews Ck. M. Ope cit., Vol. I, p. 297; Langdon G. D. Ope cit..
p. 22.
9 l'tforison S. E. Ope cit., p. 152; CM. TaRllie: Ward H. M. Ope cit., p. 71.
299

BOBbIB nJIHMYT
CJIy-qaervI BblpaalITb CBOHM aMepIIRaHCRHM ROJIJIeraM rJIy60RYro npn-
aHaTeJIbHOCTb 3a 6JIarOmeJIaTeJIbHOe co,n;eHcTBHe 10.
B «BeJIllRHx OCHOBaX», nOCJIe HaJIOmeHIIH 06CTOHTeJIbCTB, CBHaaH-
HbIX C COap;aHlleM KOMIITeTa, a TaRme ynoMHHaHHH 0 COrJIameHHII Ha
«Maii<pJIayap» II 0 naTeHTe 1630 r., rOBOpIIJIOCb: «...MbI, HBJIHHCb
cBo60)J;Hopom,n;eHHbIMII nO)J;)J;aHHbIMll AHrJIIIHCROro rocy,n;apCTBa II pac-
nOJIaraH II03TOMY BceMH npHBHJIerIIHMH, ROTopbIe IIM npllHa)J;JIemaT,
MbI IIpem,n;e Bcero C'IllTaeM npaBHJIbHLIM npOB03rJIaCHTb - B COOTBeT-
CTBIlII C ynoMHHYTbIMII nplIBHJIerlIHMlI YRaaaHHbIX nO)J;)J;aHHbIX,- 'tJ:TO
HHKaROH aaROH HJIH opp;OHaHC He MomeT 6MTb nplIHHT HaMH HnH
ReM-JIH6o ,n;pyrlIM B OTHomeHIIH Hac HHa'tJe, RaR B COOTBeTCTBHH c
npH3HaHHLIMH cBo6o,n;aMH AHrJIHHCROro ROpOJIeBCTBa» (p. 6).
TaRHM 06pa30M, RaR II B COrJIameHHH Ha «MaHtPJIayap», B OCHO-
Bax nO)J;TBepm,n;aJIaCb JIOHJIbHOCTb 1\OJIOHHCTOB AHrJIHH II ROpOJIIO, IIX
«BepHOIIop;,n;aHHOCTb». II 60JIee qeTRO - B TOH "tJaCTH OCHOB, r,n;e Ha-
JIaraeTCH TeRCT npHCHrlI ry6epHaTopa, aCCHCTeHTOB, ,n;pyrHx )J;OJIm-
HOCTHbIX JIlIn; II <PPIIMeHoB. Ham,n;aH IIpHCHra HeHaMeHHO Ha'lHnanaCL
CJIOBaMII 06 «HCTHHHOH npe,n;aHHOCTH HameMY CYBepeHHOMY rocy,n;a-
pro ROpOJIro RapJIY, ero naCJIe)J;HHRaM B npeeMHHRaM}). A,n;MHHHcTpa-
THBHYIO II cYAe6HYlO CHCTeM:bI ROJIOHIIH OCHOBbI opHeHTlIpOBaJI:II Ha
TO, "tJTo6bI Ta H )J;pyraH CHCTeMbI BoaMomHO 60JIbme COOTBeTCTBOBaJIIf
HopMaM MeTpOIIOJIllll. A,n;MHHHCTpaTopbI II CY)J;blI AOJIiRHbI 6bIJIH J];eii-
CTBOBaTb «OT HMeHH Ero BeJIlIqeCTBa 1\OpOJIH AHrJIHII».
B TO me BpeMH npe)J;BapHTeJIbHaH CCbIJIRa Ha COrJIameHHe 1620 r.
H na «IIaTeHT YopBHRa», a TaRme HaCTOHqHBOe BaIIOMIlHaHlIe.o npII-
BHJIerHHX H cBo6oAax aHJIIIHCRIIX no,n;,n;aHBbIX HBJIHJIOCb He "tJeM
HHbIM, RaR no,n;TBepm,n;eBHeM npaBa Ha caMoynpaBJIeHHe. BOJIee Toro,
B nplICHre ry6epHaTopa rOBOplIJIOCb 0 ero o6H3aHHocTII, aa60THcb 0
6JIare ROJIOHHII, «conpOTHBJIHTbCH BceMY, qTO 6YJJ;eT npH3HaHO npOTH-
BOpeQam;IIM 3TOMY 6JIary». I10cJIe 3THX CJIOB eJIe,n;OBaJIO: «]::(a nOMO-
meT BaM Eor, Bor HCTHHHbIH H Raparom;HH OTCTYIIJIeHHe OT IICTJiI-
HbI» (p. 8). 3TO TaRme 6bIJIO He qeM HHbIM, RaR no,n;TBepm,n;eHlIeM
n YTBepm,n;eHlleM npaBa Ha caMoynpaBJIeHlIe II 60JIee Toro, Ha lIa6-
paHHoe BepOlIcnOBe,n;aHlle 11 .
10 MbI pa60TaJIIl C TeRCTOM Records of the Colony of New Plymouth, ed. by
N. Shurtleff and D. Pulsifer. Boston, 1836-1861, Vol. I, p. 6-24 (The Xerox
copy: Plymouth Colony Records, Laws). Jl.JIH RpaTRocTH cTpaHIID;bI 6YAYT
YRaabIBaTbCH BCJIe,n; aa n;HTIIpyeMLIM MeCToM.
11 B OTpbIBRe H3 OCHOB, n;RTRpyeMbIx 3H,n;proCOM, IIMeIOTCH CJIOBa, KOTopbIe
MbI He o6HapymHJIR B HameR KOIlrIH J];oRYMeHTa, 0 TOM, "lITO npJIHJIMaeMbIe
aaROHbI II YCTaHOBJIeHJIH, 6YAYQU «CTOJIL cYlI{ecTBeHHbI AJIH J.ICTIIHI-IbIX
300

«BEJIHRHE OCHOBbh> - «CTATbH COrJIAIDEHHH..


ECJIII BCnOMHHTb JIeHAeHcRoe COrJIameHlIe 1617 r., TO MO}I
HO
YBH)J;eTb, RaR lIaJIOmeHHbIe TaM npaBOBbIe IIOCbIJIRII o6peJI1I cPOPMY
aaROHa. Op;HaRo,
TO RaCaJIOCb BepOlIcnOBeAanlIH, nJIIIMYT
:bI Bce me
He 1JYBCTBOBaJIH eBoe nOJIOiKeHHe npOqHbIM B npaBOBOM OTHomeHIIII.
3Aecb He 6bIJIO HI?[tlero, nO)J;o6Itoro «na TeHTY Y OpBIIRa», Ha '{TO MOiK-
HO 6bIJIO 6bI onepeTLCH. BepOHTHO noaTOMY B O)J;HOM lIa nplIJIome-
HIIK R OCHOBaM, rAe peqb mJIa conepmeHHO 0 ,n;pyroM npe,n;MeTe,
o npaBax Ha BJIa)J;eHlIe aeMJIeH ROJIOHIIH, RaK 6LI Mem,n;y npO'tJIIM
rOBOpIIJIOCL: OTnpaBJIHHCL B AMepIIRY, MbI em;e «He IIMeJIII crreD;II-
aJIbHOrO naTeHTa Ha YRaaaHHYIO 'tJaCTb HOBOR AnrJIIIII, a IIMeJIII
TOJIbRO o6m;ee paapemeHlIe II 6JIarOBOJIeHlIe... Ero BeJIII1JeCTBa Ha
cBo6o)J;Hoe nepOlIcnOBe)J;aHlIe HarneH BepbI II o6ru;ecTBeHHoe 6orocJIY-
meHJIe, r)J;e 61>1 MLI HII ORaaaJIIICb» (p. 20). HII paapemeHHH, HII
6JIarOBOJIeHIIH He 6bIJIO!
CJIeJJ;yeT nOJIaraTb, qTO 06MaH nplI nOHBJIeHHII JJ;ORYMeHTa B JIOH-
)J;OHe He Mor YCROJIbaUYTL OT BHIIMaHIiH npaBIITeJIbCTBa II oco6eH-
HO OT npIIcTpacTHoro BHIIMaHIiH o<pII
HaJlbHbIX
epRoBHbIX BJIaCTeH.
Ho llIIJIHrpIIMbI, 1\a1\ BHAHO, 'tJYBCTBOBaJIII onpe)J;eJIeHHYro YBepeH-
HOCTb B ceGe. STY YBepeHHOCTb, RpOMe AOCTlIrHYTbIX IIMII ycnexoB
B ROJIOHlIaa
lIlI, 11M npH)J;aBaJIa OTAaJIeHHOCTb OT AHrJIlIn, OTAaJIeH-
HOCTb, ROTopaH RaK 6:bI :YBeJIHqHBaJIaCb C nplI6JIHmenlIeM CTpaHbI R
peBOJIIOIJ;nn. Y ROpOJIH II aHrJIIIRaHCROH n;epRBII XBaTaJIO aa60T no
60pb6e C RpaMOJIoii B caMOH MeTpOIIOJIIIH. I1oaTOMY BHprIIHD;bI noaBO-
JIHJIII ce6e nporHaTb HaMeCTHHRa ROpOJIH II ry6epHaTopa XapBH. TIo-
3TOMY TIJIHMYTD;aM MOiKHO 6LIJIO OT)J;eJIaTbCH BLIpameHIIeM <popMaJII>-
Horo BepHonO,II;):J;aHCTBa II, CRpbIBaHCb aa HIIM, CRaaaTI> meJIaeMOe-
'0 cBo6o,n;e BepOHcnOBe,n;aHHH. lia OCTopomHOCTH - ,n;OCTaTO'tJHO ,n;HIIJIO-
MaTIIQHO. OCTOpOlliHOCTb 3Ta BLlabIBaJIaCI> He TOJIbRO CTpaXOM nepe.n;
ROf)OJIeBCRIIM THeBOM.
BepHonop;p;aHHOCTb - IIPH YTBepmAaeMbIX HBOqHbIM nopH,n;ROM
npanax na caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb - 6bIJIa ocoaHaHHOH IIOJIHT1IROH co
BpeMeH «MaHqJJIayap». TOJILRO OT ROpOJIH MomHO 6bIJIO IIOJIY'tJIITI>
)];OJIrOmAaHHYIO xapTIIIO II caHRD;HIO Ha YTBepm,n;aeMbIe OCHOBaMH
npaBa (B TOM IIJIII IIHOH <popMe), Ha XYP;OH
oHen; - IIX MOJIqaJIII-
Doe ,n;ony
eHHe. IIOJIIITHQeCRaH aaBHCHMOCTL OT AHrJIIIH II ee no-
MOru;:b 6LIJIII Heo6xo,n;HMbI Ha CJIy'tJaH IIOCHra TeJIbCTB CO CTOpOHbI HHO-
cTpaHn;eB. HaxomJ(eHHe B COCTaBe aHrJIHHCRHX BJIaJJ;eHHH JJ;eJIaJIo
HeociioplIMbIMH npaBa xoaHeB na aaRoHTpaRTonaHHbIx HMB cepBeH-


npaB, cBo6oJJ;, o6
ero 6JIarOnOJIYQHH If cnelfUa.ltbHbZX lfe.lteu
O.ltOHUU, P;OJIjR-
RbI BbITIOJIHHTbCH HeYKOCHUTeJIbHO» (Andrews Ck. M. .Op. cit., Vol. -I, p. 297).
nO,n;
epKHYTo HaMII.- 9. C.


301




HOBbI:R ITJlHMYT
TOB. MeTpOnOJIHH 6bIJla no ne06XO)];HMOCTH TepnHMa K CBOeBOJIHIO
KOJIOHIIH. Bce aTO C08aBaJIO Mem,n;y AHrJIHeH H HOBbIM TIJIHMYTOM
OTHOmeHHJI BaaHMOCBHaaHHOCTII, npH ROTOpLIX nepBaH COXpaHHJIa
npaBOBOH CYBepeHHTeT naJ]; KOJIOHHei, a BTopaH, npH3HaBaH ero,--
CBOro caMOCTOHTeJILHOCTL.
B 06HX 'tJ:epTax «BeJIHRHe OCHOBLI» no,n;TBepiK)];aJIII H BBO)];HJlH
cJle,n;yroHe npaBOBLIe HOpMLI.
BLIcmaH 3aROHo,n;aTeJIbHaH BJIaCTb npH3HaBaJIaCb 3a <ppHMeHaMH
Bcei ROJlOHHH (body of freemen, whole body of this Comonweale,
freemen of this Corporacon). 3aRoHLI II HaJIOTH MOrJIH BBO,n;HTLCH
TOJILKO C IIX 0)];06peHHH. ¥qaCTHe <ppHMeHoB B rOJIOCOBaHHH 6LIJIO
06HaaTeJlbHLIM, II HeHBRa Ha c06paHHH no HeYBamHTeJILHOi npH-qHHe
KapaJIaCL mTpa<poM. TaK KaK C03LIB Bcex <ppHMeHoB KO BpeMeHH
COCTaBJIeHHH OCHOB CTaJI IIa-aa OT)1;aJleHHOCTH ,n;pyr OT )1;pyra Boa-
HHRIDHX nOCeJIeHHH OqeHL aaTpY)];HHTeJlLHLIM, TO BBO;r:J;HJlCH HHCTHTYT
«3aROHHLIM 06paaoM C03BaHHLIX npe)];CTaBHTeJIeiI» - AenYTaToB OT
«ropO)];OB»: 'tJ:eTLIpe p;enYTaTa OT IIJIHMYTa H no )];Ba - OT AaRc6epH
:II CHTyaiTa (n03me H OT )1;pyrIIx nOCeJIKOB, CTaBIDHX «ropO)];aMH)}).
ry6epHaTOp 11 ceMb ero aCCHCTeHTOB (na6npaJlHCL B IIJlHMYTe),
a TaRiKe )1;enYTaTLI COCTaBJIHJIII 06m;ee c06paHHe (Generall Court),
ROTopoe HBJIHJIOCL aaRoHoJ];aTeJILHLIM opraHoM ROJIOHHH 12. Bce qJIeHLI
co6paHHH H36HpaJIHCb Ha OJ];HH rOJ];, 6Y)];b OHII J];enYTaTaMH IIJIII J];OJIm-
HOCTHLIMH JlHaMII. M36upaJIHCL TaRiKe Ha O)];HH rOJ]; ceKpeTap:b c06-
paHHH, KaaHa-qeiI, CJIe)];OBa TeJlb II KOHCTe6JIH. MMeJIaCL ,n;OJIiKHOCTL
nOCbIJIbHOrO MarHCTpaTa 13.
B CHJIY Tpa)];HHH, BJIHHHHH «OTOB» ROJIOHHH II rocnop;CTBYro-
ID;ero B HeB: nOJIOmeHHH IIJIHMYTa BCH BJIaCTL B KOJIOHHH npaKTII'tJ:e-
CKH cocpep;OTOqHBaJIaCL B PYRax nJIHMYTCKoro MarHCTpaTa, HJIII, KaK
12 B rrpaRTHRe IIJIHMYTD;eB 11 B OCHOBax TepMHH «06ee co6paHHe» OTHOCHJI-
CH RaR R TeOpeTHqeCRH B03MomHOMY co6paHHIO Bcex <ppHMeHOB. TaR II K
rrpaRTlIqeCRII <PYHKD;HOHHpYIOm;eMY co6paHIIIO MarHCTpaTa, 3aCeaBmeMY
COBMeCTHO C errYTaTaMH (TO me npOIICXOHJIO B MaCCaqyceTce). CXOHoe
HBJIeHlIe o6HapymlIBaeTCfI- npHHc.rrOJIL30BaHHH aBTopaMII OCHOB TepMHHa
«lIP aB HTeJILCTBO)}, «yrrpaBJIeHHe)} (Governm t ). OHH rro,IU)a3YMeBaJIII no HHM
06ee co6paHHe KaK HOCHTeJIH «rocyapcTBeHHOro)} CYBepeHlfTeTa If KaK
«rocyapcTBeHHYIO)} IICnOJIHIITeJILHYIO BJIaCTL, XOTH B rrOCJIe,u;HeM CJIyqae
STY BJIaCTL <paKTlIqeCKII ocym;eCTBJIHJI ry6epHaTOp H MarnCTpaT.
13 nplI6JIH3HTeJILHO B STO BpeMH IIJIH HeMHoro rr03me 6bIJIO YCTaHOBJIeHO ma-
JIOBaHLe ry6epHaTOpy (12-20 <p. CT.).. OCTaJILHbIe ,u;OJImHOCTHbIe JIHD;a ma-
JIOBaHLH He rrOJIyqaJIH. 11M rrOJIaraJIOCL B03Harpamp;eHlIe (HJIH nlIT aH lIe )
TOJILKO 3a BpeMH, pacxo,u;yeMoe Ha cnyme6HbIe 06H3aHHOCTH. AJIH ceKpeTa-
pH H Ka3HaqeH OHO, no po,u;y IIX 3aHHTH:U, npaRTlftIeCKH 'CTaHOBHJIOCb IIOCTO-
HHHhIM. IIepBbIM ceKpeTapeM H Ka3HaqeeM 6bIJIH H36paHLI He,u;aBHO nplf6bIB-
mile HaTaHHaJI Caycep H YIIJIbHM IIs,u;,u;II.
302

BEJIHRHE OCHOBbh) - «CTATbH COrJIAmEHHH)
on ee HMeBOBaJICH, Co6paHHJI aCCIICTeHTOB (Court of assistants),
B KOTOpOM ry6epHaTop IIMeJl ,n;Ba rOJloca. AenYTaTLI OT nOCeJlKOB
rrpHBJleRaJlHCb R o6cYiK)];eHHIO B03HHKaBIJlHX BonpocoB TOJlbKO TOr)];a,
Kor)J;a 3TH BonpOCLI RaCaJlHCb .MeCTHbIX HBTepeCOB 3TIIX nOCeJIKOB.
HaCROJIbKO MOiKBO CY)J;HTb no IIMelOm;HMCH J];aHHLIM, HHCTIITYT ,u;eny-
TaTOB HaqaJI ,n;eHCTBOBaTb He paHee 1639 r.
TIJIHMYTCKHH MarnCTpaT ynopno ne XOTeJl BLlnYCKaTb 113 CBOIIX
PYR TaKYro, HarrpHMep, cpYHKD;nlO, KaK na)];eJIeHHe 3eMJIeii, XOTH rroc.-
JIe BBe)];eHIIH OCHOB OHa AOJIiKHa 6LIJIa nepeiiTII B BeJ];eHHe 06m;ero
c06paHHH. OH COXpaHHJI aa c060i rrpaBO BLI)];aBaTb JIIIn;eHaIIH Ha CTpO-
HTeJI:bCTBO, OTKpLITHe II 3aBe,n;eHlIe MeJILHHIJ;, KY3HH, TaBepH, PLI60-
JIOBeKIIX H OXOTHlI'IbIIX yro,u;IIH. JIro6aH c,u;eJlRa, KacaroaHcH 3eMJlH
II CTOHBIIlIIX Ha HeH nOCTpoeK, )];OJIiKHa 6LIJIa 06HBJIHTbCH aapaHee
ry6epHaTOpy IIJlII OJ];HOMY H3 aCCHCTeHTOB, a TaKiKe perIICTpHpOBaTb-
CH B CneD;HaJILHOH KHHre (c BLInnaTOH saHHTepeCOBaHHLIMH CTOpO-
HaMH onpe)];eJIeHHOH CYMMLI). PernCTpHpOBaJIaCb B MarHCTpaTe II
npo,n;ama CKOTa. MarnCTpaT pacnpe)];eJlHJI Ha)];eJlbI B 1 aRp, HeKor,t(a
BLI)];anHLle no pe<popMe 1623-1624 rr. H OCTaBIIlIIeCH B npe,u;eJlax
ropoAcKOH 'tJ:epTbI IIJlIIMYTa, HO xoaHeBa KOTOpLIX nepe6paJIlICb B
;o;pyroe MeCTO (TaM HM npe,n;OCTaBJIHJlCH TaKoii me Ha)];eJI B3aMeH
OCTaBJIeHHoro). MarlICTpaT HMeJl npaBO KOH<pIICRaD;HII B nOJILay KO-
JIOHHH 3eMeJIL, ROTopLIe He Boa)J;eJILIBaJIHCb HX xoaHeBaMH, «H60 aeM-
JIH )];aeTCH )];JlH nponlITaHHH, nOJIbaOBaHHH ero II 6J1ara C006m;eCTBa».
Bce aTH MHOrOlIHCJleHHLIe npaBa J];aBaJIH MarHcTpaTY BOaM01KHOCT:b
He TOJl:bKO ROHTpOJlHpOBaTb BamHeHmHe 3KOHOMHlIeCKlIe CTOpOHbI
iKHaHH ROJIOHHCTOB, HO H OKaabIBaTb Ha KOJIOHHCTOB BJIHHHHe 1IJlH
)];aBJIeHlIe yrp030H npHHHTHH He6JIarOnpHHTHoro J];JIH HIIX pemeHHH.
IIJIHMYTCRHH MarHCTpaT HBJlHJlCH BLIcmeH CYJ];e6HOH IIHCTaH-
D;HeH 14. Ero pemeHHH CqIITaJIIICb npaBOMOlIHLIMH npH HaJlH'IHH Ha
3ace,n;aBHH cy)];a ry6epHaTopa II 60JlLllIHHCTBa ,aCCHCTeHTOB. MeJlKHe
npocTynKH H HMym;ecTBeHHLIe THi.R6LI ()];O 40 m.) pemaJl ry6epHaTop
B npHCYTCTBHH J];BYX aCCHCTeHTOB. COrJIaCHO OCHOBaM cepLe3HLIe
,n;eJIa CJleJ];OBaJIO CJIymaTL B npHCYTCTBHII npIlCHiKHLIX, Ha3HaqaeMLIX
ry6epHaTopoM 11 aCCHCTeHTaMH H3 'IHCJIa «,n;OCTOHHLIX nO)];)];aHHLIX
Ero BeJIH'IeCTBa», na6HpaeMLlx B IIOCeJIKaX (6es yqacTHH cep-
BeHToB) .
CYJJ;onponaBO)];CTBO H yrOJIOBHLIe 8aKOHLI J];OJIiKHLI 6LIJIH, HaCROJIL-
1\0 B03MOil\HO, nOXO)J;HTL Ha «cY)J;onpOH3BOJ];CTBO H saKOHLI AHrJIHH».
IIpeJ];nHcLIBaJlOCb 6ecnpIIcTpacTHoe OTHomeHHe K nOJ];cy,n;HMOMY, He-
.................. .......... .. it
14, HanOMHIIM, 'liTO aHrJlHHCKOe CJlOBO «court» 03Ha'llaeT «C06paHHe» (HanpHMep,
3HaKOMoe HaM Generall Court), HO TaKiRe II «CYA».
303

HOBbIA n.rrUMYT
3aBHCHMO OT ero 06m:eCTBeHHoro II nMym;ecTBeHHoro nOJIOiI\eHHH. qe-
JlOBeR Mor 6LITb JlHmeH iRIIaHH, qJIeHOB TeJIa, CBo60,I(LI, )];o6poro IIMe-
HII II HMym;ecTBa TOJILKO no npHrOBOpy cYAa II B aaROHHOM nOpH,IJ;Re,
a ocym,n;eH - TOJILRO npH naJIHtJnn HeonpOBepiKHMLIX YJIHK IIJIH npn
llORaaaHHHX He MeHee ABYX CBHeTeJIeH. CMepTHaH Ka3HI> naaHaqa-
JIaCb B IICKJIlOqUTeJIbHLIX CJIyqaHX, HOTOpbIMH CtJllTaJlJICL RaMena II
MHTeiK, npe,I(HaMepeHHoe y6HHCTBO, KOJIOBCTBO, npeHaMepeHHbIH
nO)J;mor Kopa6eJIbH:bIX Bep<peH, nOJIOB:bIe II3Bpam;eHHH. CTpOfO HaKa-
aLIBaJIIICb BHe6patJHLIe CBHaH (oco6eHHO CTporo - II3MeHa meHDJ;lIH).
'MopaJILHbIe npOBHHHOCTII nOMeH:bme (llbHHCTBO, 6e3)];eJlbe, CRBepHO-
CJIOBHe H T. )];.) BJIeRJIH aa C060H, RaK npaBIIJIO, TeJIeCHLle HaKa-
aaHHH lIJIH mTpa<pLI. MOJIO)];LIe meHHJIIICL TOJlbKO C paapemeHHH pO-
)];HTeJIeH 11 npn COfJIaCHn MarnCTpaTa.
B OCHOBax npe,I(YCMaTpHBaJIOCL B03Be)];eHHe cnen;naJI:bH:bIX COopY-
meHlIi, r)];e ,n;OJIiRHLI 6:bIJlII npOH3BO,I(HTLCH TeJIeCH:ble HaHa3aHHH (na-
nplIMep, llJIOm;a)];KH H CTOJI6:bI )];JIH 6HqeBaHHH). BBO)];HJIaCb illRaJIa l\tla-
TeplIaJlbHOrO B03MeeHHH y6LITROB, naHeceHHLIX nOTpaBOH, neOCMOT-
pHTeJlLHLIM IIJIH iKeCTOKIIM o6pa:rneHHeM C qYiKJIMH lliHBOTH:bIMH,
pa3pymenlIeM uaropoJ];eii II T. J];.
B CY)J;e6Ho-npaBOBLlx YCTaHOBJIeHHHX OTpaiKaJICH AOBOJILHO CJIOiK-
HLI:H KOMnJIeKC KOMnOHeHTOB, BRJIIOqaBmHH aHrJIHHCKIIe Tpa)];nD;HOH-
HbIe npeJ];CTaBJIeHHH 0 npaBax JIII'tJ:HOCTH, aJIeMeHT:bI 3apOiR)];aBmerOCH
6ypmya3Horo npaBOC03HaHHH II peJIUrU03HLIe MOpaJILHLIe HOpMLI, 3a-
HMCTBOBaHHLIe U3 BII6JIIIH.
HaJlHtJHe BepXOBHOH cy,n;e6HOR BJiaCTH B pYRax MarHCTpaTa ,n;a-
Barto eMY ,I(OnOJIHIITeJlbHble R nepeqnCJIeHH:bIM B03MomHOCTH no)];,n;ep-
iKaHIIJI CBoeR BJlaCTH II BJIHHHIIH, KOTopoe pacnpOCTpaHHJIOCb II Ha
06m;ee c06paHHe, J];eJIaH MarHCTpaT B aHatJIITeJIbHOH Mepe eCJlu He
3aKOHO)];aTeJIbHLIM opraHOM, TO opraHOM 3aROHo,n;aTeJIbHOH HHIID;na-
THBbI, a Kor)J;a eMY 6LIJIO nYiKHO,- C,I(epmJIBaHIIH TaKOH HHHD;HaTHBbI.
B «BeJIHl\HX OCHOBax» nOJIYlIHJlH yaaKoHeHHYIO <POPMY COD;HaJII>-
HbIe pa3JIlIQHH, cym;ecTBoBaBmne B ROJIOHHH. HaK MbI nOMHHM, Co-
rJIameHHe Ha «MaH<pJIayap» nO,I(llHCaJlH c06CTBeHHO KOJIOHHCTLI, Ha-
HHTLIe Ha BpeMH pa60THHKH-Cnen;MaJIHCTbI, a TaKme HeCROJlbKO cep-
BeHTOB, )];Onym;eHHLIX K no,n;nHcaHHIO ,I(OKYMeHTa, HeCMOTpH HaTO QTO
no aHfJlHHCHHM 3aKOHaM OHII cpaKTHqeCRH 6bIJIH HerrpaBOMO'tJ:HbI. MHa-
'tJ:e rOBopH, 06CTOHTeJILCTBa nplIBeJIII B onpe)];eJleHHLIH MOMeHT RaH 6bI
K ypaBHeHlI10 npaB nYTemeCTBeHHHROB B ocym;eCTBJIeHHH rrpOHBJleH-
HOH UHHHaTuBLI, a TaKme B OTHomeHHII 3aKOHOB, «HOTopbIe B TO
IIJIH HHoe BpeMH 6Y)];YT CtJlITaTbCH HaH60JIee nO)];XO,n;Hm;nMII II. .COOT-
BeTcTByrom;nMII 6nary ROJIO.tIHII...». 8TO ypaBHeHHe BnpaBax 6hIJIO
CPHKTHBHLIM, 0 qeM YiKe rOBOplIJIOCb II QTO nO,I(TBepm)];aeT HaJIOmeH-
304

BEJIBRBE OCHOBLI - (CTATLR COrJIADIEHHR
HaJl HCTOpHH IIJIHMYTa, r,u;e nOCJIe no,u;uncaHHH COrJIameHHH Ha «MaH-
<pJIayap» cepBeHTLI OCTaBanHCL CTOJIb iRe 6ecnpaBHLIMH, KaK H B
AHrJIBH II BHprHHIIH.
B OCHOBax oecnpaBHe cepBeHTOB nO)];tIepKHBaJIOCL peSKO II ue-
)];BYCMLICJIeUHO. Y Ra3LIBaJlOC:b, tITO BLIOOpLI B KOJIOHlIH «,u;OJIiKHbI OCY-
eCTBJIHTLCH TOJIbRO <ppHMeHaMH B COOTBeTCTBHH C npeiRHHM 06LI-
qaeM» (p. 7), qTO «Bce 3aKOHLI H op,u;oHaHcLI ROJIOHHH, a TaKiRe
OCHOBHLle aJ];MHHIICTpaTHBHLIe npaBHJIa YTBepiK,n;aIOTCH TOJILKO <pPII-
MeHaMH H HHKeM ,n;pyrHM...» (p. 11). CepBeHT B OTJIHqHe OT <ppHMe-
Ha He npHHOCHJI npHCHrH, qTO TaKiRe HBJIHJIOCL nORaaaTeJle.M ero
HeIIpaBOM01J:HOCTH.
llT06LI ,n;aTL OOJIee IIOJIHOe npeJ];CTaBJleHlle 0 npaBOBOM CTaTYTe
KOJIOHHCTOB, B ,n;onOJIHeHlle K CKa3aHHOMY c,n;eJIaeM HeOOJIbmOe OT-
cTynJIeHHe J];JIH 03HaKOMJIeHHH C TepMHHOM «<PPHMeH».
BYKBaJILHLIH nepeBO)]; aHrJIHHCKOro CJIOBa «freeman» - «CBOOO)];-
HLIH qeJIOBeK». O)];HaRO KaK COn;HaJILHLIR TepMIIH OH HMeeT crren;H-
<pUqeCROe SHaqeHHe, KOTopoe H3MeHHJIOCL B xo,n;e aHrJIHHCROH HCTO-
pHil II nopoH onpe)];eJIHeTCH C TPY)];OM. MLI He HaMepeHbI BLIHBHTL
Bce CBH3aHHLIe C HHM nOHHTHH, ,n;a II He B CHJIaX, TaR KaK aTO
HBJIHeTCH sa,n;a'tJ:eH BeCLMa TpY)];HOH ,n;ame J];JIJI Crren;HaJIIICTOB no IIC-
TOpHH AHrJIHII 15. AJIH Hac )];OCTa T01J:HO CKaaa Tb, 1J:TO TepMIIH B ero
COD;HaJIbHOM 3Ha1J:eHHH BoaHHK Ha 6a3e rHJIL)];eHCKIIX, ToprOBLIX H pe-
MeCJIeHHbIX npHBHJIerHH, KOTopLle CJIHJIHCL nOCTeneHHO C MYHIIn;H-
naJILHLIMII npaBaMH rOpO)];OB.
IIepBoHa1J:aJILHO cppHMeHLI - ropomaHe, OCBooom,n;eHHLIe OTpH,n;a
<j>eo,n;aJILHLIX nOBHHHOCTeH, KOTopLIe Y1J:aCTBOBaJIH B c60pe cpe,n;CTB,
nepe)];aBaeMbIX KOpOJIeBCKHM BJlaCTHM e)];HHOBpeMeHHO, BaaMeH nepHO-
)];H1J:eCKH B3HMaeMLIX cpeO)];aJIbHLIX nOBHHHOCTeH. Tor)];a cppHMeHaMH
MOrJIII 6LITb TOJILKO COCTOHTeJIbHLIe JIIOJ];H, 3aHHMaBmHeCH B nepBYIO
Oqepe)];L TOprOBJIeH HJIH peMeCJIOM. C pa3BHTHeM HHCTHTYTa «JIHB-
peiiHLIX KOMnaHHB:» (CO CTporHM paa)];eJIeHHeM Ha MaCTepOB, nOJ];-
1J:IIHeHHLIX HM IIO,t(MaCTepLeB II yqeHHKOB), a TaKiKe ropo,n;CKoro
MYHHD;HIIaJIbHOro ynpaBJIeHHH cppHMeHLI - aTO ropomaHe, KOTopLIe B
CHJIY CBoero 6JIarOIIOJIY1J:HOrO MaTepHaJILHOrO IIOJIOmeHHH II MeCTa Ha
HepapXH1J:eCKOii rHJIL,n;eHCKOH JIeCTHHe (MaCTepa, peme nO]J;MaCTep:bJl)
HMeJlH npaBO rOJIOca npH H36paHHH 'tJ:JIeHOB npaBJIeHHH rHJIb]J;HH
15 ,11;JlH npHMepa YKameM Ha Be KHIII'H, BhImemHe C HHTepBaJlOM B nOJIBeKa:
B OAHoi rOBopHTCH 0 npoHcxomAeHHH TepMHHa, a B pyroii - 0 TOM, KaKoe
3Ha1JeHHe OH rrpHo6peJl R paccMaTpHBaeMoMy HaMH BpeMeHH (K ennuneaM Y.
POCT aHrJlHHcKoH npOMLlmJIeHHOCTH H TOprOBJIH. M., 1908; Pearl V. London
and the Outbreak of the Puritan Revolution. Oxford, 1961).
11 JI. IO. CJI8RHB 305

HOB hI a: II.IT H M Y T
(KOMrraHHH, KOpnOpaIIH) H nplI Ha6paHHH ropOCKHX BJlaCTeH. IIHa-
lIe rOBopH, TO 6bIJlH JIIOH, IIOJIb30BaBmneCH nplIBHJIerlIHMH B npaBO-
BOM II nO)];aTHOM OTHOllIeHHHX, COCTaBJIHBllIn:e cpaBHHTeJI:bHO He60JlL-
mylO qaCTb YIJIeHOB rHJlb)];HH II ropOiKaH. TIpH aTOM CHCTeMa BLI60pOB
II aaHHTIIH nOCTOB, a TaRiRe pH Tpa)];IIn;IIH npIIBo,n;IIJIII R TOMY, qTO
60JILmHHCTBO )];OJIiRHOCTeH )];eJIaJIIIC:b He TOJIbRO nOiRII3HeHH:bIMII, HO II
HaCJIe,n;CTBeHH:bIMH.
B H3yqaeMOe BpeMH pa3BHBaBllIHeCH 6YPiRya3HLle OTHomeHHH H
COOTBeTCTBOBaBIDIIe HM B3rJIH,n;bI npOHHRJIH B paCCMaTpHBaeMYro HaMH
C<pepy. qacTL rOpOiRaH, oco6eHHO YIJIeH:bI BHOBL C03,I];aBaeMLIX Topro-
BbIX H peMeCJIeHHLIX 06'be;r:l;IIHeHII:U, r,n;e B 60JIbmeH HJIH MeHLmeH
CTerreHH npHCYTCTBOBaJIH 6ypmyaaH:bIe HaqaJIa, BceMlI CHJIaMII CTapa-
JIHCL npo6HTLCH B OpraH:bI M:YHnlInaJIbHOrO ynpaBJIeHHH. Be3 aToro
OHH 6LIJIlI JIIImeH:bI B03MomHOCTII npHHIIMaTb YlIaCTJIe B pemeHlIli
HHTepeCOBaBIDHX HX BorrpOCOB, 3am;IrIIaTb CBon HOM:MeptJeCHHe II
rpaiK,n;aHCRIIe HHTepeCbI. ECTeCTBeHHO, OHH HaCTaIIBaJIH Ha paCIllII-
pBTeJILHOM TOJlROBaHHH TepMHHa «pIIMeH» )];JIH nplIo6peTeHHH CO-
OTBeTCTBOBaBmlIX eMY Tpa,n;IIIJ;HOHHLIX npaB. Ho TO 6:bIJIO He TOJIbKO
BpeMH paSBHTHH 6ypmya3HbIx OTHorneHM:U, HO n: npe,n;peBOJIIOHOH-
Hoe BpeMH. MHorHe B AHrJIHH Tor,n;a BeJIM 60Pb6y npoTIiB BCHKIIX
npHBHJIerHH, CBHaaHBLIX CO cTpoeM COCJIOBHOH MOHapxIIII II cpeo,n;aJIL-
HOB perJIaMeHTaIIe:u. B C03HaHHH aTHX JIIO,n;ei, oc06eHHo H3 HH3mHX
CJIOeB 06eCTBa, Bce lIarn;e CTaJIa BoaHIIRaTb MbICJIb 0 TOM, lITO npM-
BHJIerHH cPPIIMeHOB - no CYTII ,n;eJIa npaBa Bcex aHrJIHHCHMX rro,n;-
AaHHLIX, ROTOpbIX OHII He3aROHHO JIlImeHbI. TaH TepMIIH «cPpMMeH»
npH6JIHSHJICH K 6YRBaJIbHOMY rrOHHTIIIO «cB060,n;HbIH -qeJIOBeK», a TaR-
me - «nOJIHOrrpaBHLIH qeJIOBeR».
ECJIH BcnOMHIITb COrJIameHHe Ha «MaHcPJIayap», TO MomBO CRa-
aa Tb, 'tJ:TO nlIJlHrpHMbI J];e:UCTBOBaJIIi Tor,n;a RaK cppHMeH:bI B nOCJIe,n;HeM
na YRa3aHHLIX 3HalleHII:U. Ho ce6H OHM cppHMeHaMM nO-HaCTOHrn;eMY
He C"tIHTaJIH, npHBLIKHYB, RaR BII)];HO, BM)];eTL BO cpplIMeHax JIIO,n;e:u,
YIbe 06rn;eCTBeHHoe rrOJIOiReHHe 6bIJIO BbIme IIX c06CTBeHHoro nOJIome-
HIIH 6eiReHeB H aMlIrpaHTOB.
B AHrJIHII HlIKTO Ha HHX, BepOHTHO, R qHCJIY Tpa)];IIHOHHLIX
cPPlIMeHOB He npIIHa)];JIemaJl. MHorIIe lIa HlIX, HanOMHHM em;e pa3,
6DIJIH CeJILCKHe iRHTeJIlI, K TOMY me He60raTbIe. B JIeH)];eHe npaBa II
npHBHJIerHH rpam,n;aHCTBa nOJIyqIIJlII OqeHb HeMHorHe. HeROTopLIe
naccamHpLI «MaH<pJIayap » 6LIJIH ROMnaHbOHaMH ocyrn;eCTBJIHeMOrO
ROJlOHH3an;HOHHoro npe)];rrpHHTHH, HO ROMnaHLOHaMH 3aBHCHMLIMH,
npaKTHQeCRH B pemeHHII 06rn;HX )];eJl npe,n;rrpHHTIIH rOJIOca He HMeB-
fiRe. OHH npHBJleKJIH K nonHcaHIIIO AOKYMeHTa, KOTOpLIM onpe,n;e-
JIHJIHCL KOHTYpL! 06eCTBeHHoii iKII3HH KOJIOHHII, cepBeHTOB.
306

BEJ1HRHE OCHOBbI» - CTATLH COrJ1AmEHHH
IIoaToMY TepMHHa «<PPHMeH» neT B COrJIameHHH Ha «MaiitpJIay-
ap», XOTH TepMHH, Ra3aJlOCb 6LI, 6bIJI YMeCTeH TaM, r).1;e rOBOpHJIOCL
o HaMepeHIIH BBeCTII caMoynpaBJleHlIe. TepMHH «<PPHMeH» He HCnOJlL-
3yeTcH Bpa,n;<pop,n;OM npH HaJIOmeHHH pe<poPMbI 1623-1624 rr., XOTH
rrpaBOBoe pa3,n;eJIeHIIe Mem,n;y CB060)];HbIMH ROJIOHIICTaMH II cepBeHTa-
Mil TaM OTtIeTJIIIBO BblpameHO. q T06bI B o<pIIIJ;lIaJIbHOH TepMHHOJIOrHH
rrlIJIHfpHMOBIIOHBHJIOCb CJIOBO «<PPHMeH», nOHa)];o6HJIOCL He TOJILKO
pa3,n;eJIeHUe ROJIOHIICTOB Ha CB060,n;HMX H cepBeHTOB B npaBOBOM OT-
HOllieHIIH, HO :u pa3,n;eJIeHUe ROJIOHIICTOB B IIMy:r:qeCTBeHHOM OTHome-
HHH, ROTopoe cym;ecTBOBaJIO H l1pelli,n;e, o,n;HaRO nOJIytIHJIO Ma TepHaJlL-
HYIO 6a3Y B caMOH ROJIOHHH 110CJIe 3eMeJIbHOH pe<POPMLI.
BrrepBble rrepMIIH «<PPHMeH» MbI BCTpetIaeM TaM, r)];e Bpa)];<popJ];
paCCRa3bIBaerr 0 IHepax, rrpHHHTLIX B CBH3H C 3aRJIIOtIeHHeM CorJIame-
HHH 1627 f.: «single free men» (B, 217).B caMOM COrJIameHHII,
t{TO rrpHMet{arreJIbHO, aToro TepMHHa HeT, TaM yrroTpe6JIHIOTCH TepMH-
HbI «ROJIOHHCTbI», «ROMIIaHbOHbl». Y Bpa,n;<pop,n;a CJIOBa «single free
men» CTOHT B IIpHMOH CBH3H co CJIOBOM «IIoRynaTeJIH», a HX, KaK MLI
nOMHnI, 6:bIJIO He GOJIee 60 tIeJIOBeR. MHatIe rOBopH, B cpe)];e nHJIHrpH-
MOB TepMHH «<PPHMeH» npHo6peTaJI OIIHTb Tpa,n;IIIJ;HOHHLIH CMLICJI II
npHJIaraJICH R JIIO,n;HM, ROTopble 6:bIJIH Ha,n;eJIeHbI OC06bl.MU 06HaaHHO-
CTHMII, IIpaBaMH H rrpHBIIJIerHHMII. B YCJIOBIIHX HOB oro IIJIIIMYTa,
r)];e <peo,n;aJIbHO-COCJIOBHble IIeperopo,n;RH OTCYTcTBOBaJIH, aTHMH npa-
BaMH 6bIJIO yt{acTHe B rOJIOCOBaHIIII, 06H3aHHocTHMH - BLlnOJIHeHHe
YCJIOBHM COfJIameHHH 1627 1'., a rrplIBMJIerMeii - HMym;ecTBeHHoe no-
JIOiKeHHe, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe rrpeiK)];e Bcero BJIa,n;eHlIeM 3eMJIeH. KaK II BO
MHorMX ,n;pyrHx lIepTaX J!tU3HII nJIMMYTIJ;eB, TaK H B aBOJIIOHH )];JIH
HHX 3HalIeHHH TepMHHa «<pplIMeH » CRa3bIBaJIOCb HMy:r:qeCTBeHHoe
paCCJIOeHlIe B HX cpe)];e.
B «BeJIIIRIIX OCHOBax» TepMMH «<PPIIMeH» BblcTynaeT RaK COBep-
llIeHHO o<pIIIJ;lIaJIbHbIH II 03Hat{aeT «IIOJIHOIIpaBHbIH ROJIOHHCT» B OT-
JIHlIMe OT HerrOJIHOIIpaBHoro IIJIM 6ecrrpaBHoro, «IIMym;MH ROJIOHIICT»
B OTJIMlIMe OT HeHMym;ero. fpalli,n;aHcRaH CYTb TepMHHa «<ppHMeH»
HHor,n;a IIo,n;MeHHeTCH HJIH CIIJIeTaeTCH C HMym;ecTBeHHoH. II pH aTOM
06napYlliHBaeTCH CTpeMJIeHMe aaROHO;IJ;aTeJIeH - <ppIIMeHOB-«IIoRyna-
TeJIeB» - YRperrHTb CBoe IIMym;ecTBeHHoe nOJIOllieHHe.
OCHOBLI rrpe)];YCMa TpHBaJIH BbI,n;eJIeHHe «IIORYIIa TeJIHM», HMeBmHM
MaJlOe KOJllIlIeCTBO 3eMJIH HJIH rrJIOxylO aeMJIIO, «CTOJILKO 3eMJIII H B
Tex MeCTax, CROJIbRO II r)];e OHH aTO COqTYT. Y)];06HLIM ).1;JIH ce6H H
CBOHX HaCJIe,n;HHKOB» (p. 16) 16. IIocJIe aToro OCTaJILHaH SeMJIH ROJlO-
16 IIpe,n;eJIbI B03MomHoro pacmHpeHHH CTapbIX Hap;eJIQB HHRaR He orOBapIlBa-
JIUCb. Cy,n;H no npep;bIp;ym;eMY onbITY 3eMeJIbHbIX OTHomeHUH II no H3JIarae-
MOMY Hume 3eMeJIbHOMY 3aROHo,n;aTeJIbCTBY OCHOB, 3TO p;OJIiRen 6bIJI pemaTb
307
11*

ItOBbI;A nJIBMJTT
HBH J(OJImHa 6LIJI8 nocTynuTb «B Be;r:(enlle npaBIITeJlbCTBa, COCTOlIe-
1'0 U3 lIJIeHOB MarHCTpaTa II <ppHMeHOB KOpnOpan;HH». «...ropoA IIJII1:-
MYT, T. e. «noRynaTeJIII» II cppHMeHLI,- rOBOpllJlOCL ,n;aJIee,- HMeIOT
nOJIHYIO CB060AY paCnOpHiKaTLCS: npHHaAJIeiKaeii 11M aeMJIeH HaK
11M sa6JIaropaCCYAHTCH H HaR yroAHo HCnOJIL30BaTL ee J];JIH CBoero
HaH60JlLmerO yo6cTBa II HbIrOALI C YCJIOBHeM, lITO aTO He 6y,n;eT
npOTHBOpeqllTL saKOHaM npaBHTeJlLCTBa» (p. 18). 3eMJIIO MOiKHO 6LI-
JIO nOKynaTL, npo,n;aBaTL, AapHTL, 06MeHHBaTb, 3 aKJIaJ];LIBaTb, CAaBaTL
B apeHJ];y, a TaKme npOH8BOJ];HTL «)];pyrHe onepaHH no nepeJ];aqe
HMyecTBa». MHa'tJ:e rOBopH, npeJ];OCTaBJIHJICH mupOKUH npOCTOp J];JIH
qaCTHOB: HHHn;uaTHBLI (H AanLBeHmero pa3BHTHH COHaJILHOrO Hepa-
BeHCTBa). .
OCHOBLI, BepOHTHO OTpamaH B KaKOH-TO Mepe JtpHCTHaHCKYIO
HJ];elO 6JIarOTBOpHTeJILHOCTH, a rJlaBHLIM 06pa30M 3a60TY saROHOAa-
Teneii-cppHMeHOB 0 caMUX ce6e, CTpeMUJIHCb He )];OrrYCTIITb OKOHlIa-
TeJILHOrO paaOpeHHJI HaCJIeJ];HHKa YMepmero 3e)MJIeBJla)];eJIbn;a: «ECJIII
YMHpaeT 'tJ:eJIOBeK, "ILH J];OJIrH npeBLImaIOT CTOIIMOCTL ero HMym;ecTBa
II CKOTa, a aTOT "IeJIOBeR KorAa-TO B TeqeHlIe CBoeH iKH3HH KynHJI
ce6e SeMJIIO... TO TaKaH SeMJlH ,n;OJIiKHa 6LITL npo,n;aHa )];JIH y,n;OBneT-
BOpeHHJI npeTeH3HH Kpe,n;HTopOB; HO eCJlH aTOT lIeJIOBeK BJlaJ];eJl seM-
JIeB:, ,n;OCTaT01J:HOH TOJILKO ,n;JIH ero (ee) co6CTBeHHoro npOKOpMJleHHH
II npOKOpMJIeHHH ero (ee) ceMLH, TO TaKaH 3eMJlS: OCTaeTCH nepe-
mHBIDHM ero (ee) HaCJIeAHIIKaM H KOHcpHCKa:IHH ee KpeJ];HTopaMH He
,n;onYCKaeTCH» (p. 15). COrJIaCHO OCHoBaM meHa B CJIyqae CMepTH
Myma npH JII06LIX YCJIOBHJlX HaCJle,n;OBaJIa 1/3 HaXO)];IIBmHXCH B ero
BJIaJ];eHIIH 3eMJIH H uMYID;eCTBa (p. 13).
B CBH3H C BonpOCOM 0 npaBax. SeMJIeBJla)];eHHH npeACTaBJIJleT
60JILIDOH HHTepec ynoMHHaBIDeeCH BLIme npHJIOiKeHHe K OCHoBaM
(p. 20-24). OHO Ha3LIBaJlOCb «06pa3en;, ,n;OJImeHcTBYIOID;HH 6LITL no-
MeID;eHHbIM nepeJ]; npOTOKOJIaMII pa3J1HqHLIX nOmaJlOBaHHH, J];apoBaH-
HLIX BceM H Kam)];OMY IIa KOpOJIeBCKIIX nOJ];AaHHLIx, HaCeJIHIOID;IIX Tep-
pHTOpHIO, HaXO)];HID;YIOCH nOJ]; ynpaBJIeHHeM npaBHTeJlLCTBa HOB oro
IIJIHMY'l'a». To 6LIJIO KpaTRoe 1I3J10iKeHHe HCTOpHII II npaBOBLIX OCHOB
3eMJIeJ];epiKaHHH B KOJIOHIIH.
IIepBaH n;eJIL, KOTOpylO npeCJIeJ];OBaJlH COCTaBRTeJIH ,n;OKYMeHTa,-
YCTpaHHTL HHJ];ein;eB KaK npeTeHJ];eHTOB Ha YiRe saHHTLIe KOJlOBII-
MarBCTpaT, BepOHTHO, c yqeTOM HOpM 1627 r., H3MeHeHlfH qlfCJla QJIeHOB
ceMLII, pa3MepoB aeMJIH, oKaaaBmeBcH HeroAHoH P;JIH o6pa6oTKH, 3a.CJIyr
BJIaAeHLa nepe)); KOHoHHei, CTIOC06HOCTH o6pa6oTaTL If HCnOJlb30BaTL 3eM-
HIO. PemeHHe MarHCTpaTa p;oniKHO 6LIJIO caHKHoHupoBaTbcH 06m;HM co6pa-
HHeM, HO 9Ta npou;ep;ypa cOBepmaJIaCL 06LIqUO IIocTcpaKTYM II 6LIJIa B 3Ha-
QHTeJlbHoH Mepe cpopMaJIbHoi.
308

BEnHRBE OCHOBLt.- «CTAT:bB COrJlAIDEBBS»
CTaMH 3eMJIH (BCnOMHHM «TpaRTaT» POAiKepa YHJILBMCa). II09TOMY
B AOKYMeHTe YTBepmAaJIOCb, qTO aeMJlH, npIlJIeraBmHe R nOCeJIRY Ho-
BLIH IIJIHMYT, OCHOBaHHOMY Ha MeCTe OCTaBJleHHOH HHJ];eHaMH Ae-
peBHH, Ao6pOBOJILHO YCTynJIeHLI KOJIOHHCTaM BOiKJ];eM MaccacoHToM,
a J];pyrHe SeMJIH RynJIeHLI lIMB y J];pyrHx HHJJ;eiicRHX BomJ];eu. IIpH
aTOM pa8MepLI nOJIyqeHHoH 11 RynJIenHOH SeMJIH He YKa3:bIBaJIHCL,
qTO C08JJ;aBaJIO BneqaTJIeHHe, 6Y)];TO y HHAeHeB B:bIKyrrJIeHa yme BCR
SeMJIH KOJIOHHH. 3To BneqaTJIeHHe YCHJIHBaJIOCL TeM, qTO ]l;aJlee Bce
H3JIaraJIOCL TaRHM 06pa30M, 6Y)];TO HH)];eB:LI K BJIa}J;eHHIO seMJIeii KO-
JlOHIIH 60JlLme He HMeIOT HIIKaKoro OTHomeHHH.
I-Ia060poT, B J];OKYMeHTe. HeO)];HORpaTHo yrroMHHaJlHcL 06HaaTeJI:b-
CTBa ROJIOHHII no OTHomeHHIO R ROpOJIIO, OT ROToporo OHa «]I;epiKa-
Jla» 3eMJIIO JI KOTOPOMY noaTOMY ,n;OJliKHa 6LIJla HeYKOCHHTeJIbHO OT-
IHCJlHTL nHTUHY OT J];06LITLIX 30JlOTa H cepe6pa, RaK II COBeTY
HOBoH AHrJIHH, BLI}J;aBmeMY naTeHT Ha TeppHToplIIO :KOJIOHHH BpaJ];-
OP)];Y II ero KOMnaHbOHaM. O,n;HaKo npH aTOM HaCTOHqHBO no)];qep-
KHBaJIOCL, qTO 3eMJIe]l;epmaHHe OCHOBaHO Ha HopMax CB060)];HOrO II
06LIqHOrO COKe)];ma, a He pLln;apCKoro ]l;epmaHHH; tITO naTeHT 1630 r.
npe)];OCTaBJIHJI KOJIOHHH npano caMOH onpe]l;eJIHTb nopHJ];OK pacnpe)];e-
JleHHH 3eMJlH. ,I:(aJIee KpaTRO H3JIaraJIOCL CO)];epmaHHe COrJIameHHJI
1627 1'., ROTopoe, nOJIaraJIH COCTaBIITeJIH )J;OKYMeHTa, OCB06o)];IIJlO nJlH-
MYTeB OT COBJIa)J;eJIbn;eB ROJIOHHH. B 3aRJIIOqeHIIe AeJIaJICH BLIBOJJ;:
BCH TeppHTopHH HOB oro IIJlHMYTa B KOHetIHOM CqeTe nOJlyqeHa BpaJJ;-
cpOP)];OM Hero KOMrraHLOHaMH, a TaKme HX HaCJleJ];HHKaMH «B Beq-
HYIO co6CTBeHHOCTL C a6COJIIOTHLIM npaBOM IICnOJIL30BaHHH H nOJIyqe-
HHJI BLIrO)];LI», BKJIlOqaJl, KpOMe npoqero, BB08 cepBeHTOB, SaCeJIeHHe,
TOprOBJIIO, OXOTY, pbI60JIOBCTBO, a TaKme HCKJIIOqHTeJlLHoe npaBO Ha
TOprOBJIIO C HH)];eiin;aMH, npOiKHBaBmHMH Ha TeppHTopHH KOJIOHHH.
3eMJIH, BLIAeJIeHHLIe B COOTBeTCTBHH C H3JIOiKeHHLIMH npaBOBbIMH
OCHOBaMH, «KaKOMY-JIH60 JIHn;y HJIH JIHn;aM, qbe IIMH HJIH HMena
6YJ];YT BHeceHLI B npOTOROJILI C YRa3aHHeM pa3MepOB SeMJlH H Bcex
CBH3aHHLIX C aTJIM npHBIIJIerHH, 6YAYT CllHTaTLCH npHHa,n;JleiKaHMH
aTOMY JIHn;y BJIH JIHaM IIJIH HX HaCJIe)];HHKaM H HX J];OBepeHHLIM
JlHaM COOTBeTCTBeHHO HaBeqHO» (p. 23). Bce nOmaJIOBaHHH CJIe,n;o-
BaJIO perHCTpHpOBaTb B CneHaJILHLIX KHHrax, a ry6epHaTopy HOBO-
1'0 IIJlHMYTa Bnpe)];b BLI)];aBaTL «RonHH nOiKaJlOBaHUU, 3aBepeHHLIe
rJIaBHOH npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHoH neqaTLIO» (p. 24).
K «06pa3n;y» npHJIaraJIaCb «<I>opMa y,n;OCTOBepeHHH qaCTHOro
(pticular) ,n;epiKaHHH SeMJIH Ha TeppHTopHH HOBoro IIJIHMYTa»
(p. 24): «a 6YJJ;eT CHl\I BceM H3BeCTHO, llTO TaKOH-TO y-qaCTOK 3eM-
JIH, onpe]l;eJIHeMbIH TaRHMH-TO rpaHHaMII II HCqHCJIHeMLIH B TaRoe-TO
qHCJIO aRpOB, 6LIJI nOiKaJIOBaa TaKOMY-TO JIHn;y, H 9TO nOmaJIOBaHHe
309

HOBIdB finllM'YT
nO)J;TBepiK)J;eno Y. BpaJ];cpoPAoM Hero KOMnaHbonaMH... H JlBJlHeTCH
)];OCTaTOqHLIM Y)];OCTOBepeHueM Toro, qTO J];aHHoe JIHO, ero HaCJIe-
BUKH Hero ,u;OBepeHHLle JlHa HBJIHIOTCH BellHbIMlI BJIa)];eJlbaMH BbI-
meYKa3aHHoro yqaCTKa...». .D:aJIee CJIe)J;OBaJIO HarrOMHHaHHe YCJlOBHH
epmaHHH H 06HSaTeJILCTB KOJIOHHH, a CJIeJ];OBaTeJILHO, H Ram)];OrO
KOJIOHHCTa, BJIa)J;eBmero 3eMJIei, nepe,u; KOpOJIeM II COBeTOM HOBOH
AHrJIHH.
IIo,t(Bo,n;H HTor H3J10meHIIIO ,u;OKYMeHTOB, J];OIIOJlHHBmIlX OCHOBLI,
MomHO c,n;eJIaTb BLIBOA, tITO cpopMaJIbHO 3eMJIH KOJlOHHH HaXOAHJIaCL
B paMKax q,eOJ];aJIbHOrO J];epmaHHH. B npe)];eJIax CB06o)];HOrO H 06bI1J:-
Horo COReJ];iKa aTO J];epmaHHe 6bIJIO AOCTaTOqHO CBo60)J;HLIM, TaR KaK
CBHaaHHoe C HHM KOHKpeTHoe 06HaaTeJIbCTBO HBJlHJIOCL qHCTO YC-
JlOBHLIM: sa OTCYTCTBHeM B KOJIOHHII 30JlOTa II cepe6pa, sa neB03-
MomHOCTLIO KOpOJIeBCRHM BJiaCTHM ROHTpOJIlIpOBaTb HX B03MOiKHYIO
J];06blqy. BepoHTHo n03TOMY TaR CMeJIO II MHorOKpaTHO rOBOpHJIOCb
BO Bcex J];ORYMeHTax 0 nHTHHe. 8THM JIIIJl1HHH paa )J;eJlaJIH BepHO-
IIo,u;)];aHHHqeCKHH nORJIOH, )J;06UBaHCb )J;OCTHmeHIIH HymHLlx n;eJlei,
HHqerO npH aTOM He TepHH. RBIIT-peHTa HHr)];e He ynoMHHaJIaCL HH
e)];HHLIM CJlOBOM. lloJlyqeHHaH KOJIOHHCTOM 3eMJIH npaKTHTleCKlI CTa-
HOBHJIaCb ero qaCTHLIM BJIaAeHHeM, r,u;e KpbIJIIiCb 3aqaTKH 6Y)J;ye-
to cpepMepCKoro xoaHHCTBa, IIPH ROTOpOM no CYTH )];eJIa KpeCTbHH-
CKoe X03HHCTBO nJlHMYTn;eB, HanpaBJIeHHOe npem,n;e Bcero Ha 06ecrre-
qeHHe c06CTBeHHoro CYID;eCTBOBaHHH, npeBpaTHTCH J];JIH qaCTH KOJIO-
HHCTOB B xoaHHCTBO, HanpaBJIeHHOe Ha npo,n;amy npouaBe)J;eHHLIX
rrpO)];YRTOB II rrOJIyqeHHe OT Bee BbIPYtIRII. TeHAeHD;IIH K TaKOH 3BO-
JIIOHH HMeJIaCb B 06eCTBe nOCeJIeHeB HOBoro I1J1HMYTa C ero OC-
HOBaHHH. CaMa aBOJIIOn;HH HaqaJIaCb C pecpopMLI 1623-1624 rr.,
3BOJlIOn;IIH B 6ypmyaaHoM HanpaBJIeHHH.
Ko BpeMeHH COCTaBJIeHHH OCHOB B KOJIOHHH C<pOpMHpOBaJIaCb
HOBaH KaTeropHH nOCeJIeHn;eB, ROTopbIe, HBJIHHCb cBo60AHLIMII, B TO
me BpeMH He 6LIJIH q,pHMeHaMH. Mx Ha3LIBaJIH «06HTaTeJIH» (inha-
bitants). OHH npllHOCHJlH Cnen;HaJILHYIO npHcHry «llpOiKHBaIOero B
KOJIOHHH», KOTopaH HaKJIaALIBaJIa Ha HHX o6H3aTeJIbCTBO nO)];qHHHTb-
CH ee BJlaCTHM (p. 9). ECJIII aTO 6bIJllI JIIOf];H, He)J;aBHO npH6bIBmHe
B HOBbIH IIJIHMYT, TO IIO npomeCTBHII rO)];HqHOrO HCIILITaTeJILHOrO
cpOKa HX B OrpaHHqeHHOH Mepe J];onYCKaJIH R yqacTHIO B o6eCT-
BenHOH iKHaHH. OHH, B qaCTHOCTH, COrJIaCHO OCHOBaM MOrJIH BXO-
,t(IITL B qHCJlO npHCHiKHbIX. COCTaB «o6HTaTeJleH» 6LIJI HeOAHOpO)];-
HbIM. MMH MOrJIII 6LITb COBepmeHHOJIeTHHe qJIeHLI ceMLH <ppHMeHa
(MymQIIHbI, He HMeBmHe co6CTBeHHoro X03HHCTBa), 6LIBmHe cepBeH-
TLI, BaeMHLle Cnen;HaJIHCTLI, «HOBbIe KOJlOHHCTLI». Cpe,n;H HHX 60Jlee
BLICOKoe nOJIOmeHHe 3aHHMaJIH HaJIOrOIIJla TeJlbID;IIKIf, KOTOpLIX 6bIJIO
310

(BEJIHRHE OCHOBLI» - (CTATbH COrJIAmEHHH»
HeMHoro II KOTOpLIe nOHBHJIHCL He cpaay i7. B 1633 r. <ppHMeHoB
naCtIRTLIBaJIOCb 54, a naJlOrOnJlaTeJlbIIKOB - 35. TIepcxo,rJ; 113 I\aTe-
ropHH «06HTaTeJIei» B RaTeropHIO <ppHMeHOB 6LIJI CJIOmeH H nOCTe-
neHHO 3a TPY)];HJlJlCH 18.
Hnme Bcex Ha 06eCTBeHHoii JIeCTHHe CTOHJIH cepBeHTLI. B Ho-
BOM I1JIHMYTe IIX 6LIJIO HeMHoro. R MOMeHTY COCTaBJIeHHH OCHOB-
50-60 qeJlOBeR. «BeJILIH path> IIJlHMYTa npHH}iJIIHaJI:DHO HHqeM He
OTJInqaJICH OT «6eJIoro pa6a» BHprIIHHH. <PaKTLI, c06paHHLIe B ap-
XHBax PHqap,rJ;oM B. MOppHCOM II OTHOCHID;HeCH K 1638-1667 rr.,
rOBopHT 0 TOM, "tJTO cy)];e6HaH npaRTIIRa IIJIIIMYTCKoro MarnCTpaTa
06eCnelIHBaJIa npem)];e Bcero HHTepeCLI X03HeB 19. CepBeHTOB sa npo-
cTynKII, RaR IIpaBUJIO, HaKa3LIBaJlH oTpa6oTRaMH U 6U"tJeBaUHeM, eCJIH
peqn He illJIa 0 cepneaHLIX yrOJIOBHLIX npeCTYIIJleHHHX, 3a ROTopLle
cepBeHTOB HaKa3:bIBaJIII CTpome X03HeB. CepBeHTLI-meHIIJ;UHLI MOrJlH
BLIXO)];IIT:b 3aMym TOJl:bKO C pa3pemeHIIH xoaHeB (MarIfCTpaT Mor BMe-
maTLCH, eCJIII 3JIaH BOJIH X03HeB 6:OIJla COBepmeHHO O"tJeBH,rJ;Ha).
IIpaRTIIROBaJIaCL cp;a"tJa cepBeHTOB B HaeM. Yme 3a npe;n;eJlaMH H3Y-
qaeMOrO HaMil nepHO)];a (1658 r.) B IIJIHMYTe 6LIJlO nplIHHTO peme-
RIfe 0 COS)];aHHII IICIIpaBlIreJIbHOrO )];OMa: ,rJ;JIH 6pO)];Hr, JleHTHeB, Heno-
I{OpHLIX ,n;eTeii, a TaKme cepBeHToB, IIJIOXO pa60TaBmlIx II rpy6HB-
mlIx CBOHl\I X03HeBaM. ,n:JIH xoaHeB, nJIOXO 06pam;aBlliHxcH CO CBOHMH
cepBeHTaMu, Haxom,rJ;eHHe B HcrrpaBHTeJILHOM )];OMe, paaYMeeTCH, He
rrpe)];YCMa TpnBaJIOCL.
MarHCTpaT HHor,u;a BCTynaJlcH B 3am;IITY cepBeBTa, ROToporo xo-
3HHH IICTH3aJl HJIII JlBHO MOpHJI rOJIo,n;OM. Ho 3acTynUUqeCTBO CBO-
IIJIOC:b rJIaBHLIM 06paaoM R HaalI,n;aRHHM. MCRJIIOlIeHlIe COCT8BJIHJIH
17 TepMHH «HaJIOrOnJIaTeJlbHR», IICnOJIb3yeMbIH HaMII, a Tal-ORe ynoTpe6JIHe-
MbIH ,n:mop.n;meM ,n:. JIaHr.n;OHOM II p;pyrHMH aMepHRaHCRHMIf nCTopHRaMH npII
onHcaHIHI HOBoro IIJIHMYTa 30-x rop;OB, He UMeeT 6eccnopHoro 060CHOBaHHH,
TaR RaR Hell3BeCTeH npHHHrr H pa3MepbI HaJIoro06JIoiReHHH. COrJIaCHO Oc-
HOBaM HaJIOrH YTBepmp;aJInCb pIIMeHaMH, P;OJIiRHbI 6bIJIH 6bITb He06peMeHU-
TeJIbHbIMH II paBHLIMH P;JIH Bcex (taxaCons as are or shall be laid upon the
whole they be wthout ptiallity so as the freemen be not spared for his
freedome, but the levy be equall). illJIH HaJIOrH Ha Hymp;bI yrrpaBJIeHIIH, 06-
m;eCTBeHHbIe pa60TbI, 6JIarOTBOpHTeJIbHOCT:b (CM., HanpHMep: Foundations,
Vol. I, p. 415-416).
18 Langdon G. D. Ope cit., p. 30-31, 82, 87; Willison G. F. Ope cit., p. 318, 321,
appendix A; Morison S. E. Ope cit., p. 148-149. 110 p;aHHbIM YKa3aHH:bIX aB-
TOpOB, B 1643 r. B HOBOM TIJIHMYTe HaCqHTbIBaJIOC:b 3 T:bIC. tJeJIOBeK, H3 HHX
232 ObIJIH pHMeHaM'H. Historical Statistics of the United States (Pt. 2,
p. 1168) YRa3:bIBaeT 1020 iRHTeJIeH .n;JIH 1640 r., a C. 3. MOpIICOH - MeHee
TbICHtJH AJIH 1650 r. (Of Plymouth Plantation, p. XI).
19 Morris R. B. Government and Labor in Early America. New York, 1947,
p. 12, 345, 350, 393, 399-403, 440.
3ff

HOBbl:A n.rrUMYT
CJIyqaH y6nHcTBa CepBeHTOB HJIII o6paeaHe C HIIMH, npHBOAIIBmee
K CMepTH. H3BeCTeH CJIyqaH (1655 r.), Kor,n;a X03HHH, aaMyqHBmHH
cepBeHTa, 6ldJI nplIrOBopeH R RJleB:MeHHIO PYKII II I\OHcpHcKa1I1I HMY-
eCTBa 20. BMeCTe C HCnOJlHeHHeM 'npaBOCY)];HH (He OqeHL CYPOBoro
B cpaBHeHIIH C THmeCTbIO npecTynJleHIIH) 3,t(eC:b, BepOHTHO, J];eMOHCT-
pn:pOBaJIaCL aa60Ta MarHcTpaTa 06 HaCTHTYTe cepBeBTOB Bo06e, TeM
60JIee lITO cepBeHTOB B KOJIOHIIH 6LIJIO MaJIO. 3a60Ta, CXO)];HaH C TOB:,
KOTopaH B HSBeCTHLIX npe)];eJIax OrpaHHqIIBaJla )];ame neOrpaHHqeH-
HYIO BJIaCTL pa60BJlaAeJILD;eB Ha)]; mH3HLIO IIX pa6oB. CepBeHT - pa-
60tIHe PYKH, CTOJIL Heo6xoAHMLIe KOJIOHIIB, BamHeHmee cpeAcTBo
060raeHHH.
C paSBHTHeM B IIJIHMYTe lIaCTHoro X03HHcTBa :u: YBeJlHqeHHeM sa-
HHTepecoBaHHocTH XOSHeB B aKCnJIyaTaD;HII cepBeHTOB He TOJILKO BOS-
paCTaJIa CTporOCTL B OTHomeHHH nOCJIe,n;HHX, HO, KaR II B B:u:prHHHH,
X03HeBa BceMH cnoco6aMH CTapaJIHCb npOJIHTL CpOK KOHTpaKTa HJIII
nOJ]; JII06LIM rrpe)];JIOrOM 3aAepmaTL cepBeHTa y ce6H. He CJIyqaHHo
HaKa3aHHH cepBeHTOB CBOJ];HJIHCL rJIaBHbIM 06pasoM R oTpa60TKaM.
Ho CpOK ROHTpaKTa paHO HJIH II03AHO HCTeRaJl. AJIJI Tex, KTO, OCBO-
60AHBmHCL OT Ka6aJlLI, He rrOKHAaJI KOJlOHHIO, rJIaBHLIM BonpOCOM
CTaHOBIIJICH Bonpoc 0 IIOJIyqeHHH 3eMJIH. OH paspemaJICH J];JIH cepBeH-
TOB Tpy,n;HO.
lIo )J;orOBOpy IIHJlHrpHMOB C Kyn:o;aMII MymqHHa, OTnpaBJIHBmHH-
CH B AMepnKY « co CBoeH meHOH H )J;eTbMH IIJIH cepBeHTaMH», ,n;OJI-
meH 6bIJI IIOJIY1lIITL TaM «Ha Kam)];OrO lI3 HHX, eCJIH HM HCnOJIHIIJIOCL
J 6 JleT», OAHY J];OJIIO 113 nOJ];JIemalIX paaAeJIY (Qepe3 ceML JleT)
npH6LIJIei, IIMy:m;eCTBa II SeMJIH KOJIOHHH. «Ha Kam)J;oro 113 HHX» OT-
HIO)];L He SHa"tlHJIO Kam,n;OMY liS HHX. 8TO MLI SHaeM no BHprHHHII.
CneH<pHKa 06m;ecTBa nHJlHrpHMOB, oc06eHHo «CBHTLIX» nepe)]; nYTe-
meCTBIICM Ha « Maiiq,JIayap», AaeT npaBo npe,n;nOJIOiKHTL, 'tJ:TOHeKOTO-
pbIe X03HeBa MOrJIH 06eID;aTb CROMM cepBeHTaM ytIaCTOK 3eMJIH. Ta-
Roe o6eID;aHIIe MOrJIO 6LITb BKJIlOqeHO B KOHTpaRT. Pe<popMa 1623-
1624 rr. 6bIJIa npOBep;eHa, Kor)J;a f];O HCTeqeHMH cpOKa KOHTpaKTOB
OCTaBaJIOCb eID;e MHoro BpeMeHII. HH 0 RaKOM Ha,n;eJIeHHH cepBeHTOB
3eMJleii noaTOMY TOr)];a He mJlo H peqH. COfJIameHHe 1627 r. 6LIJIO
3aKJIIOlIeHO, KorJ];a CpOK HeKOTopLIX ROHTpaKTOB DCTeK HJlH nO)J;XO)J;HJI
K KOHU;Y. O)];HaRO cepBeHTLI MOfJIH Tor)J;a paCCqHTLIBaTL TOJIbKO Ha
6J1arOBOJIeHlIe CBOIfX XOSHeB, KOTopbIe npH meJIaHHH, RaR aTO BH,IJ;HO
H3 « MCTOPIIH» Bpa,IJ;q,op,t(a, MOrJIH BLI,n:eJIIITL CBOIIM cepBeHTaM KaRoe-
TO HMyrqecTBo IIJIH yqaCTOK SeMJlII npn YCJlOBHH, eCJlH MarnCTpaT
ClIHTaJl HX P;OCTOHHbIMH qJIeHRl\fJI I\OJIOHIIH. XoaHeBa He OTJIHqaJIHCb
20 Morris R. B. Ope cit., p. 475.
3f2

«BEJIHRlfE OCHOBbI.. - (CTAThH COrJIAmEHHII
e,n;pOCl'blO. IIo Cym;eCTBY 113BeCTeH e)];IIHCTBeHHbIII ,n;OCTOBepHLIH
«paRT 6JIaro,n;eHHIIH - aaBem;aHIIC, no KOTOPOMY ynoMIIHaBmnHCH
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aJlHHa.
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HLIM, a KOJIOHIIH paCmHpHJIaCL II J];JIH 3aCeJIeHIIH 06mlIBaeMLIX MeCT
Tpe60B8JIHCL JIIO)];H, MarnCTpaT nOCTaHOBIIJI: «B CJIyqae, KOr)];a xoaHe-
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aHTe IIJlH B )];pyroM nO)];XO)];Hm;eM MeCTe, r)];e aTO onpe)];eJIHeTCH He-
06XO)];HMOCTLIO» 21. IIHaqe rOBopH, Ha,n;eJIeHHe mJIO H3 06m;eCTBeHHoro
q,OH,n;a.
TaKa.a npaKTHHa )];JIHJlaCL He)];OJIro. Pa3BHBaBmaHCH TOprOBJlH
aepHOM, Ta6aROM H ,n;pyrHMH IIpO)];YKTaMH 3eMJlII, oco6eHHO npn6LIJIL-
HaR TOprOBJIH C coce,n;HIIMH KOJlOHHHMH, pa3mlIraJla SeMeJlLHL!e anIIe-
THTLI, nOBLImaJIa n;eHDI Ha 3eMJlIO. C 1630 no 1635 r. aTH eHLI BbI-
pOCJIH 60JILme tIeM B 2,5 pa3a 22. ,IJ:JIH X03HeB CTaJIH npHBJIeRa TeJIb-
HLIMII 11 OTAaJleHHDIe 3eMJIH.
«BeJlIIKHe OCHOBDI», Bo-nepBLIX, OrpaHllqHJIH npaBO Ha)];eJIeHHH
cepBeHTOB 3eMJIei - «TOJILI{O 5 aKpOB», a BO-BTOpLIX, BBeJIII npaBH-
JIO, no ROTOPOMY xoaHeBa, 06H3aHHLIe npe)];OCTaBHTL cepBeHTY 9TII
5 aRpOB, «)];OJIiKHLI BLI)];eJIHTL HX BIIpe)];L Ha cBoei co6cTBeHHoH 3eM-
JIll, TaR RaK KOJIOHIIH (Governm t) CBo60,D;Ha OT TaKoro 06H3a TeJIb-
CT1Ja» (p. 18). B CJIyqae eCJlII X03HHH Bce me pemHJICH 6LI npe)];o-
CTaBHTL cepBeHTY aeMeJILHLIH YtIaCTOK, TO Heo6xoJJ;HMLIMH YCJlOBHHMII
,D;JIH 8Toro 6LIJIH HCTeqeHlIe cpOKa ROHTpaRTa H caHKD;HH MarHCTpaTa,
onpeJ];eJlHBmerO, )];OCTOHH JIH cepBeHT nOJIYQHTL 3eMJIIO, MomHO JIll BLI-
JJ;eJIHTL eMY ee B ,n;aHHOM MeCTe. 1I em;e O)];HO: B COCTOHHHH JIB OH
X03HHCTBOBaTb, T. e. cHa6)];HJI JIll ero 6LIBIDIIH X03HHH He06xo)];HMLIMH
cpeJ];CTBaMH II HHBeHTapeM A06pOBOJILHO HJlH B OnJIaTY HCnOJIb30BaH-
Horo Tpy,n;a (p. 17). ECJIH aToro nOlleMY-JIH60 He CJlyqHJIOCL, OLIB-
mHH cepBeHT )];OJIme:iI 6LIJI 3apa60TaTb He06xo)];HMLle Cpe)];CTBa, Ha-
HHBmHCL K RaKOMY-BH6Y)];L )];pyrOMY X03HHHY.
B 1639 r. 06ee coopaHHe BBeJIO nOCTaHOBJIeHlIe, rJIaCHBmee:
«CepBeHT, rrpHOLIBmllH DB AHrJIlI1I HJlH KaKOrO-JIHOO )];pyroro MeCTa,
qT06LI cJlymlITh KaKOMY-JIH60 xoaHHHY, He MomeT OLITL OTIIym;eH Ha
CB060)];y 11 6LITb npe)];OCTaBJIeH caMoMY ce6e, nORa He OTCJIymHT Bce-
ro cpORa 8rO:MY X08J1,Uny uJtu 1i,a1i,oMy-nu6YOb OPYZOMY, oaxe ecJtu
011, Moxer oTnynuTbcJI,; aa HCRJIlOqeHHeM Toro CJIyqaH, Kor,n;a OB
.. ..... ..... ...........
21 Ibid., p. 394.
22 Rutman D. B. Husbandmen of Plymouth. Farms and Villiges in the Old
Colony. 1620-1692. Boston, 1968, p. 14.
313

HOBbI:R nJIHMYT
yme HBJIHeTCH nOMOBJIa)];eJILn;eM HJlH rJIaBOH CeMbII HJIII 06JIalJ;aeT
CpeCTBaMII II Ka"tfeCTBaMII, ).J;OCTaTOllHbIMH, "tfT06bI ObITL TaROBbIM» 23.
RaKOBa ObIJla CY)];LOa TeX CepBeHTOB, KOTOpLIX OTnYCRaJIH 6ea
aeMJlH?
OHII CTaHOBHJIHCI> «HaeMHLIMII pa6oTHHKaMH>) (hired hands). 8Ta
KaTeroplIH pa60THHROB nOHBHJIaCL B IIJIHMYTe, KaK MbI nOMHHM,
C nepBLIX ).J;Hen ero OCHOBaHIIH. Ho TO 6bIJIII Cnen;HaJIHCTLI, H paSMep
OIIJIaTbI HX Tpy)];a orOBapHBaJlCH ee B AHrJIIIH. Bce OHII, RpOMe
)::(mOHa 8JI,n;eHa, nOr1l0JIII HJIII qepea ro,n; mlI3HII B KOJIOHHH nORHHYJIlI
ee. 8JIlJ;eH CTaJI nOJIHOnpaBHbII, )J;ame BeCbMa BJIIIHTeJIbHLIM noce-
JIeHn;eM. B nOCJIe)];YIOID;lIe rO)];bI cnen;UaJIHCTOB rrpU6LIBaJIO OqeHb He-
MHoro. CepBeHTLI me, oTnyeHHLIe Gea 3eMJIII, "tfaID;e Bcero OCOOblX
3HaHIIH HJIH HaBbIROB Tpy,n;a He IIMeJIH. OHM CTaHOBIfJIHCb TeM, RTO
IIMeHOBaJICH npoc1'O «paOOTHHK» (labourer) 11 qTO no aHaqeHIfIO
HanOMIIHaeT PYCCRoe «6aTpaK».
B IIJIHMYTe, r,n;e cepBeHTOB ObIJIO HeMHoro n r,n;e "tfaCTh li3 IIliX
3eMJIIO Bce-TaKU nOJIyqaJIa, pa60THHROB HaCQUTbIBaJIOCb COBceI MaJIO.
Cnpoc me Ha HHX COOTBeTCTBeHHO 6bIJI BeJIUK: ,n;onOJIHHTeJILHbIe pa-
60Qlle PYRII npH o6pa601'Ke nOJIH HJIH CTpOHTeJIbCTBe ,n;OMa B Tor-
,n;amHHX YCJIOBlIHX - orpOMHoe IIO)];CIIOpbe II IIpeHMyecTBO. 81'0, o,n;-
HaRO, He 03HaqaJIO JIbfOTHOro nOJIOmeHHH pa60THHROB. MarHCTpa1',
npeCJIelJ;YH HMy:m;eCTBeHHLIe HHTepeCLI CBOHX "tfJIeHo:a II )];pyrnx «apH-
CTORpaTOB>), rrepHO)];HQeCKH YCTaHaBJIHBaJI MaRClIMYM )];OnYCTJIMOrO
3apa60TRa paooTHMROB. TaR RaR 3alIHTepecoBaHHMe B HaMMe nopoH
rOTOBbI 6bIJIU 060HTll 3anpeT II nJIaTIITb BbIme «MaKCHMYMa», TO B
cJlyqae 06HapymeHHH aToro «1l3JIlImeR» 3apaOOTRa oT6HpaJICH. O,n;HO
lIa IIOCTaHOBJIeHHH 06ero c06paHIIH fJIaCHJIO: «Te, RTO 1'peoye1'
Qpe3BbIQanHO BbICORon OIIJla 1'LI, a HMeHHO 3 I1IHJIJIHHra 3a pa60"tJIIH
)];eHb, )];OJIiRHLI HBIITLCH (B MarnCTpaT.- JI. C.), eCJIII ee He Bep-
HYJIH BaHToe» 2r.. B 1638 r. MaRCHMYM COCTaBJIHJI 18 nenc. (12-
co CTOJIOM).
B 1639 f. no,n; npe,n;JIOrOM 60pb6bI C OpO).J;HiI\HH"tJecTBoM II JleHO-
CTbIO 06ee co6paHHe npe)];nHCaJIO MeCTHbIM BJIaC1'HM IIOCeJIROB «ocy-
m;eCTBJIHTb Ha)];30p Ha)]; BceMII JIHn;aMII, meHaTbIMH II XOJIOCTbIMII,
npomHBaIOID;lIMH B npe)];eJIax HX ynpaBJIeHHH, ROTopLle He HMelO1' ,n;o-
CTaTOqHLIX Cpe)];CTB )J;JIH COOCTBeHHoro 06eCrre"tfeHHH... II Tpe60BaTL
OT HUX OTlIeTa 06 HX 06paae iRHSHH» 25. THIIIIQUaH nOJIHn;eHCRaH
Mepa, K KOTOpOH BJIaCTb rrpeAepiKaHe rrpH6eraIOT )];JIH yqeTa pa6o-
23 Foundations, Vol. I, p. 406 (no,n;qepKHYTo HaMII.- JI. C.).
24 Morris R. B. Ope cit., p. 78.
25 Foundations, Vol. I, p. 252, 410.
314

BEJIHRHE OCHOBId. -- «CTATbH COrJIAIDEHHR..
qHX PYK H npeCeqeHHH RaKoro-nn60 CrOBOpa TeX, KTO nOBepraeTCH
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CTaBJIeHHe TOJIbKO 06m;eMY c06paHHIO npaBa 06':bHBJIeHHH BOHHbI H
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rHCTpaI(IIJI OKYMeHTOB, OIIOBeeHHe 0 CBa,u;L6e, npHBe,n;eHHe B IIcnOJI-
HeHHe HaKaaaHHH H T. n.).
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paHHqHBaJIH H He pacmllpHnn: rpam}J;aHCRIIX iIpaB B saBHCIIMOCTH OT
BepOHCnOBe)];aHIIH nOCeJIeHeB. B OCHOBax Boo6m;e HeT CTaTLII, onpe-
,u;eJIHBIlleii BepOHCnOBe)];aHIIe (HaMeR Ha aTO C}J;enaH TOJILKO B D;HTH-
pOBaBmeMCH ,n;OI\YMeHTe, r,n;e rOBOpHJIOCL 0 6JIarOBOJIeHHH KOpOJIH
«Hamen Bepe»). O,u;naRO npH o<pHn;JIaJILHOn, CKopee Heo6':bHBJIeUHOU,
BepOTepnIIMOCTII YCTaHOBIIBIllaHCJI TpaJ];Hn;HH H rr0311I(HH «OTI(OB» 1\0-
JIOHHII )];enaJIH qJIeua cenapaTIICTCKOii I(epRBII rpam,n;aHHHOM, aaCJIY-
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BaTenLHO, pacnOJIaraBmlIM II8BeCTHLIMII rrpIIBIIJIerHHMII, XOTH H He-
rJIaCHLIMH.
3,t(eCL Tpe6yeTCJI HeCROJILRO ,u;onOJIHHTeJILHLIX 3aMe'tlaBlIii, OTHO-
CHm;nXCH K npaBHJIaM npHeMa B KOHrperaI(HIO. B nepBLle rO)];LI CY-
m;eCTBOBaHHH KOJlOHHII CTaTL tIJIeUOM cenapaTIICTCKOH I(epKBII 6@JIO
HeTpy,u;HO. OT Heo<pHTa Tpe60BaJIOCL npeiK,r:r;e Bcero CJleJ];OBaTb «nc-
TIIHULIM}) peJIlIrHOSHLIM npaBHJIaM H HaCTaBneHIIHM, C06JIIO,r:r;aTL RO-
BeHaHT. B OCTaJILHOM KOHrperan;IIH He npOHBJIlIJIa 60nLIllOB paa6op-
tIlIBOCTII II l\aK 6LI 6pana Ha ce6H MOpaJILHOe H. ,n;YXOBHoe COBep-
IlleHCTBOBaUHe «6paTa BO XpHCTe». Ko BpeMeHII COCTaBneHHH OCHOB,
T. e. 1\0 BpeMeHH paSBHBmerOCJI COn;HaJILHOrO HepaBeHCTBa, :B 1IJIeHLI
I(epRBII CTaJlII npIIHIIMaTL JIIO,n; eB: , yme npOHBHBIllIIX J];O 9Toro CBoe
6J1arOlleCTHe, eCTeCTBeHHO B paMKax cenapaTIICTCKIIX Tpe60BaHIIH 28.
CTeneHL 6JIarOqeCTHH npHYCTaHOBIIBIllHXCJI B ROJlOHHII nopH,n;Rax
onpe,n;eJIHJIaCL PyROBo,u;HTeJIHMH I(epKBII H Heo<pHHaJILHO - Mar:n:CT-
28 Langdon G. D. Ope cit., p. 126-129.
3f5

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paTOM. TIoHHTIIe «6JIarOlleCTHH» B aTIIX YCJIOBHHX He MOrJIO B Ka-
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«BeJiHItHe OCHOBLI». npeJJ;OCTaBHJIH MarHCTpaTY saROHHoe npaBO
YCTanaBJIHBaTL JJ;HII OTJJ;LIxa II peJIHrHOaHLIX n;epeMOHHii, paRee ocy-
m;eCTBJIHBmeeCH HM JlB01JHLIM IIo.PH,D;KOM. ECJIH H paHee B IIOBe;a;eHHH
KOJlOHHCTOB 60JIee nJIH Menee ,D;I?IIIJIOMa TH1JHo. npeCeKaJIOCL Bce TO.,
1J:TO Be OTBeqanO peJIHrllOSHOH MOpaJIII cenapaTHCTCKOH epRBB, TO
TenepL RaiRJ];LIH ROJIo.HHCT 6:bIJI em;e 06HsaH npnCYTCTBOBaTL Ha 60ro-
CJIymeHIIHX. HapymllTeJIH nOJJ;BepraJIHCL ocymAeHHIO H paaHOfO po,n;a
HaKasaHHHM. MHa1Je rOBopH, TeHJ];eHD;HH R npeBpam;eHIIIO cenapaTHS-
Ma B fOCYJ];apCTBeHHYIO peJIHrllIO paaBHBaJIaCL. MLI He 3HaeM, MHO-
1'0 JIB OCTaJIOCL B IIJIHMYTe K paCCMaTpHBaeMOMY BpeMeHH Tex, RTO
OTKpLITO npHJJ;epmHBaJICJI, HanpHMep, aHfJIHHaHCRoro BepOHcnOBeJ];a-
HHH. HaCROJILRO MomHO Cy,n;HTL, OqeHb MaJIO, MomeT 6LITb, HIIKoro.
OTCYTCTBHe B OCHOBax Cnen;HaJIbHOH CTaTLH 0 BepOHcnOBeJ];aHHH
oeHHBaJlOCb HaMH paHee HaK «paKT, B KaKOH-TO Mepe JJ;OKaSLIBalO-
ID;HH BepOTepnHMOCTL. Ho HMeHHO OTCYTCTBHe Cnen;HaJILHOH CTaTLB,
rOBopHeii: 06 aTaM, MOrJIO CJIymHTL peJIHfHOaHoH HeTepnHMOCTH.
B 1645 r. 06m;eMY co6paHHIO 6IJIa npeJJ;CTaBJIeHa neTHHH, aBTopLI
KOTOpOH naCTaHBaJIH Ba BBeAeHIIH saKOHOJ];aTeJlLCTBa, 3arrpeaBIllero
;D;nCKpHMHHan;IIIO no peJlHrH03HOMY npH3HaKY 11 CBHsaHUYIO C 9THM
rpaiKJ];aHCKyro )];HCKpHMHHa1I1O 17. Co6paHHe OTKJIOHIIJIO Tpe6oBaHHe.
If TO. H JJ;pyrae rOBopHT 0. MHorOM.
OSHaKOMHBmHCb C «BeJIHKIIMH OCHOBaMH» H HeKOTopLIMH HMelO-
MH R HHM OTHo.meHHe mTpnxaMH a6:rr(eCTBeHHOH mH8HH HaBoro
IIJIBMYTa, nepeiiAeM R HSJIOmeHHIO C06LITHii, KOTopLIe IIOCJIeAOBaJIH
nOCJIe 1636 f.
CosJ];aHHe eJ];HHoH CHCTeMLI aJ];MHHHCTpaTHBHo-npaBOBLIX HOpM He
6LIJIa e,n;HHCTBeHHOH sa6aToii nJIHMYTn;eB. Co Bce BoapacTaBmHM 6ec-
nOKoHcTBOM Ha6JIIOAaJIH OHH 38 6LICTpLIM YCBJIeHHeM coceAHeii ny-
... ....... .............
27 WUZI,on G. F. Ope cit., p. 36t-362.
8f8

«BEJIHKIIE OCHOBLI- «CTATItB COMAIUEHHJI
pHTaHCKOH KOJIOHHH. Ta HBHO npeTeHAOBaJIa Ha rJIaBeHCTBYIOee no-
JIOmeHlIe B HOBOH AHrJlHH H pacnpOCTpaHHJIa CBoe BJIHHHHe B rJIYOL
MaTeplIKa. IIoaToMY, Ror,n;a MaCCaqyceTcLI, saHHBmHe MeCTO IIHJIH-
rpHMOB Ha p. KOHHeKTHKYT, HaTOJIRHYJIHCL Ha COIIpOTHBJIeHlIe nJIe-
MeHH neROTOB, B IIJIHMYTe BTaune paAOBaJIHCL. BeCHOH 1637 r. Mem-
)];y MaCCallyceTcaMH II neKOTaMH HallaJIHCL BoopymeHHbIe CTLIqKH.
JIu,n;epLI nypHTaH 06paTHJlHCL R coceHM C npocL60H npHBJlTL YlIa-
CTHe B KapaTeJILHOH aKCne,D;HHH npOTHB HH,D;eeB.
Bpa,n;<pop,n;, KOToporo Tor,n;a BHOBL Hs6paJIII ry6epHaTopoM J];aJI no-
HHTb CBOHM OTBeTOM, qTO nJlHMYTbI crremHTL C 9THM He c06HpaIOT-
CH, qTO aTO «He HX BOHHa». OH BOCrrOJIL30BaJICJI cJlytJ:aeM HanOM-
HIITL, KaR uypHTaHe BLITeCHHJIH nHJIHrpIIMOB C KOHHeKTHKYTa, KaK
pearHpOBaJiH OHH Ha npoc:b6y IIJIHMYTa nOMOQb BLI,t:(BOpHTL <I>paHY-
30B H3 IIeHo6cRoTa, KaK B MaccallyceTce OAHam;r(LI OCKop6HJIII npH;"
exaBmero Ty,n;a CT3B,D;nma H npotJ:ne 06lIALI. BP9A<POP,n; CqnTaJI, 'ITO
nypHTaHe CBoeH arpeCCHBBOCTLID caMH cnpoBonpOBaJIII neKOTOB Da
BoeHHLIe ,n;eHCTBHH. OH 06em;an OKaaaTb nOMom;L, eCJIH Ha 9TO ,n;aCT
cornaCHe 06m;e"e co6paHIIe (B, 335-336).
HaqaJIHCL BoeHHbIe )];enCTBHH. IIJIHMYTcKnn MaTHCTpaT aa6paJI OT-
pHJ]; B 50 lIeJIOBeK, «HO KorJ];a OHII yme rOTOBLI 6LIJIH BLIcTynHTL
(BMecTe C IIO,D;KpenJIeHHHMU lIS MaCCatIyceTca) 28, OHH nOJIyqHJlH npH-
Raa OCTaHOBIIT:bCH, TaR RaK Bpar 6bIJI yme n06em)];eH, II B HHX He
6LIJIO HymLI» (B, 338).
To, 'tITO B aMeplIKaHcKoH HCTopHorpa<pHII HaaLIBaeTCJI «IIeKoTcRoH
BOnHOH», Ha J];eJIe 6LIJIO 6eSmaJIOCTHbIM IIa6HeHHeM HHJ];enn;eB, sa-
CTHrHYTbIX BpaCnJlOX B OJ];HOH HS HX J];epeBeHL. «...OroHL CmHraJi Te-
THBY II ,t(eJIaJI IIX JlYKII 6eCnOJIeSHLIMII. Te, KTO H36emaJI CMepTH OT
orHH, naJIII no,n; MeqaMH... 8TO 6bIJIO CTpamHoe SpeJIHm;e: BHJ];eTL HX
ropHID;HMB B orHe, orOHL, raCIIMLIH nOTOKaMII KpOBH; HeCTepnHMO
6LIJlO B,IJ;LIXa TL ymacHoe aJIOBOHLe...» TaR paccKaaLIBaeT « MCTOPHH»
Bpa)];<pop)];a (B, 339). BLIJIO y6HTO 600-700 IIHJ];eieB. OCTaBmHxcH
neKOTOB ,n;06HJIH nosme. KorJ];a-To BOIIHCTBeHHoe H CHJlbHOe nJIeMJI
HCqeaJIO C JIIIn;a aeMJlII. rrJIIIMYTbI B o6ID;eM C YJ];OBJIeTBOpeHlIeM BOC-
npHHHJIII n06e)];y COOTe'tJ:eCTBeBHHKOB «HaJ]; rop)J;LIM II HarJILIM BparOM»
(B, 339). MH,n;e:nD;LI, no IIX MHeHHIO, SaCJIymHBaJIH HaKasaHHH, II e-
peMOHIITLCH C HHMH He CJle,n;OBaJlO. Ho IIJIHMYTn;LI He maJIeJIII, qTO
o60mJIOCL 6es HX yqacTHH. KpOMe npollero, 8TO - oCB060m,n;aJlo HX OT
06BHHeHHH B HeBH,D;aHHOM ,n;JlH HOBoH AHrJlIIH RpOBOnpOJlHTHH. JI..;.
me 6LIJIO He BLIaLIBaTL Ha ce6H JlHmHHe ynpeKII B meCTOROCTII. Ce-
napaTHcToB aHrJlHHCKHe BJIaCTH He JII06HJIB II MOrJIH H3 BcerO cAe-
28 B TeRCTe: «US BYXTLI», T. e U3 Macca1JYCeT!(oi 6YXTLI.
817

HOBhIA nnllMYT
JIaTL IIpe)];JIOr )];JIH Hana)J;OR. He aa6LIJIH, BepOHTHO, nJlHMYTn;J,I II OT-
IIOBep;H P06HHcoHa. TaR IIJIII IIHaqe, B )];eJIe C neROTaMH nHJIIIrpHl\fLI
YMLIJIII PYRH 29. B HX HHTepecax 6LIJIO J.J;ame npOTHBOIIOCTaBHTb CBoe
MHpOJlI06IIe arpeCCIIBHOCTH IIypHTaH, ROTopaH nyraJIa He TOJIJ,KO IIH-
f];eieB. IIoaToMY Bpa)];<pop)J; He ynYCTHJI CJIyqaH onHcaTL RpOBaBLIH
«nOJJ;BllT» COCe)];eH.
B 1638 r. ry6epHaTopoM ROJlOHIIII CTaJI eID;e paa TOMac IIpHHc.
B aTOM ro)];y nJIHMYTn;LI qYTb caMH He OKaaaJIHCb BTHHYTLIMH B BOH-
BY C IIH)];eHn;aMII. To 6bIJIM HapparaHceTbI, qLM aeMJIM JIemaJIH Mem-
J.J;Y BJIaeHIIHMM MaccacoHTa II 6bIBlIIIIMM BJIa,n;eHHHMII paarpOMJIeH-
HLIX neKOTOB. IIoBoJ.J;oM R ROH<PJIIIKTY IIOCJIymIIJIa CMepTb IIH)];eiin;a OT
PYRII ROJIOHIICTa ApTypa IInqa.
IOHLIH ROJIOHIICT pemHJI OTnpaBHTbCH Ha nOIlCRH JIyqmeH CYJ.J;:b6J,I
B HOBLIe HIIJ.J;epJIaH,n;bI. OH yroBOpHJI nOCJIe,n;OBaTL 3a C060H Tpex cep-
BeHTOB, KOTopLle «C6emaJIII HOlIbIO OT CBOJIX x.oaHeB» (B, 344). ITo
opore 6erJIen;bI BCTpeTIIJIH HH,n;eHn;a-HapparaHceTa, KOTOpLIM meJI
ToprOBaTb B nyplITaHCKYIO ROJIOHHIO. Ero npIIrJIaCIIJIII R ROCTPY.
3ecL IIHq HanaJI Ha Hero II THmeJIO paRIIJI. IIoJIaraH,'ITo HHeen;
y61IT, aHrJIMlIaHe aa6paJIH ero TOBapLI II MeXOBYIO oJ.J;em,n;y, a caMII
nomJIII )];aJIblIIe. Ror,n;a OHH y,n;aJIHJIHCb, HH,n;een; CYMeJI )];OIIOJIaTH ,n;o
JIarepH COnJIeMeHHHROB. OH paCCRaaaJI HM 0 CJIyqIIBmeMCH H BCRope
YMep. MH)];eHII;LI ,n;orHaJIM npecTynHMRoB II BaHJIM B llJIeH, RpOMe o,n;-
Horo, ROTOPOMY y,n;aJIOCb 6ema Tb. IIJIeHHIIROB ;a;OCTaBIIJIII B IIJIIIMYT II
nOTpe6oBaJIII, 'IT06bI aHrJIHlIaHe HX HaRaaaJIH. IIpn aToM HapparaHce-
TI>I aaHBHJIII, qTO Tenepb OHM nOHHMaIOT CrrpaBe,IJ;JIMBOCTb ,IJ;eHCTBHH
neROTOB, KOTopLle B CBoe BpeMH IIpeJ.J;JIaraJIH HM 3aRJIIOQHTb COlO3
J];JIH COBMeCTHOH 60PL6LI IIpOTIIB qymeaeMn;eB.
PemlIMOCTb HapparanceTOB He OCTaBJIHTb npeCTYIIJIeHHe 6eaHaKa-
saHHLIM - BnJIOTb )];0 OTKpLITllH BoeHHLIX ;a;eHCTBHH - aaCTaBHJIa
lIJIeHOB MarHCTpaTa aa,n;YMaTbCH. 8TO IIJIeMH CJIaBIIJIOCb MHOrOqnCJIeH-
BOCTblO, CIIJIOH II MymecTBoM CBOIIX BOHHOB. CpOQHO BbIaBaJiH H c.e6e
Po,n;mepa YHJIbHMCa, aHaH 0 ero J.J;pym6e C HapparaHceTaMII, II no-
PY'tJ:IIJIII eMY aaBepHTb IIH)];eHn;eB B TOM, 'ITO BHHOBHMe npe,n;CTaHYT
nepe)]; CY)];OM, II n03BaTL npe,n;CTaBIITeJIeH nJIeMeHH npIICYTCTBOBaTb
Ha HeM. IIpHrJIameHIIe Ha cy,n; nOCJIaJIH II B MaCCaqyceTC. OTTY)J;a
29 MMeIOIIeCH cPaKTbI He )J;aIOT OCHOBaHIIll: )J;JIH BbIBO)J;a: «RpOBaBbIH Teppop
nUJr,uepUM08 (rrop;"tJepKHYTO HaMH.- JI. C.) BbI3BaJi B 1637 f. BOCCTaHHe HH-
)J;eiD;eB IIeKOT» (A8epnue8a 10. II. MH)J;enD;bI B"tJepa H cerO)J;HH.- CIIIA. 81\0-
:aOMHKa, rrOJIHTHKa, H}J;eOJIOrHH, 1973, .M 1 c. 54). «IIeKoTcKYIO BORny» crrpo-
BOD;HpOBaJIH BJIaCTH Macca"tJyceTca H IIOCeJIeHD;:bI :3Toii KOJIOHHH, rrepeCeJIHB-
WHeel! :a.:a p. RouueKTHKYT, rJ);e 06HTaJIH rreKOTLI.
3t8

«BEJIHRHE OCHOBbl» - «CTATbH COrJIAmEHHH..
IIpHmeJI XOJIO,IJ;HbIH OTKaa, ROTOpLIH }J;aBaJl nOHHTb, 'tJ:TO IIJlHMYTn;aM
He npOCTHJIH nx Me)];JIHTeJIbHOCTH B c60pax Ha «neKOTCKYro BOBBY».
CYA COCTOHJICH. Bce Tpoe 06BHHHe:MLIX 6bIJIH npnrOBopeHLI K
CMepTII. TIpnroBop rrpHBeJIH B HCnOJlHeHHe B IIPHCYTCTBHH HH;LJ;eHn;eB.
3aRaHqllBaH paCCRaa 06 aTOM C06LITHH, Bpa)];<popJ]; 3aMeTIIJI, 'tJ:TO cnpa-
Be)];JlHBOe HaRaaaHHe IIpecTynHHRoB «npHHeCJlO HapparaHceTaM H
Bcen CTpaHe 60JlbIDOe y)];OBJIeTBOpeHlIe. Ho <paKT cMepTHoH Ka3HH
one-qaJIHJI IIJInMYTn;eB, H60 aTO 6LIJIa y HHX BTopaH Ka3Hb, II 06e-
aa npeAYMbIIDJleHHoe y6nHCTBO» (B, 346).
3aMeqaHHe Bpa)];<pop)];a He HCqepnLIBaeT 3HaqeHHH C06LITHH.
IIpe)];JIomeHHe 0 BoeHHOM coroae, CAeJIaHHOe neKOTaMH Happarance-
TaM, a TaRme HCIIOJIbaOBaHHe aToro q,aRTa nOCJleAHlIMH )];JIH HaiKHMa
Ha nJIIIMYTn;eB HBJIHJlOCb npnaHaROM Toro, -qTO 'IaCTb HH)];eHn;eB CTa-
Jla HCHee C03HaBa Tb onaCHOCTb )];JlH ce6H BTopmeHHH Ha IIX aeMJIro
«6J1eAHOJInLIX» 30. CorJIaClIe iRe IIJIHMYTn;eB Ha cy)]; II CypOBbIH npH-
rOBOp - npHaHaK e:rn;e He lIamlITOro CTpaxa nepe)]; BOHHOH C CHJILHOH
ROH<p e )];epan;lIei HapparaHceTOB, OTCYTCTBHH YBepeHHOCTH B nOMOL
coce,n;ei-aHrJIlIqaH.
OnlIcaHHoe C06bITue nplIMeqaTeJIbHO II e:rn;e OAHOR qepTOH. ApTYP
IIlIq, CY)];H no .IIMero:rn;IIMCH J];aHHbIM, CKopee Bcero IICRaJI B HOBLIX
HIIAepJIaHAax JIerROR mHaHII II OCTpLIX om;ym;eHHH. Tpoe ero CUYTHII-
ROB-cepBeHTOB - CBo60,n;y OT Ra6aJIbI. He nOTOMY JIll TaR JIerKO no-
mepTBOBaJl HMll MarHCTpaT? Be));b O)];HOBpeMeHHO HaRaabIBaJICH n06er
OT xoaHeB. M He 3HaMeHaTeJIbHO JIHnOHBJleHlIe B Ha60iKHOM IIJIHMY-
Te H:rn;ym;ero npHI\JIroqeHHR roHOIDII, rOTOBoro Ha orpa6JIeHHe, y6HHCT-
BO H rrpecTynHbIH crOBOp? 31 A CTpOHTeJILCTBO B TOM me rOAY rrepBoH
TIOpbMLI B ROJIOHlIlI? 8JIJIepTOH - BHJIJlHHrTOH - TIHq.
IIpII6J1H3HTeJIbHO B TO me BpeMH, ROr)];a COCTOHJICH cy)]; BaJ]; IIH-
qeM, npOHaOIDJIO aeMJIeTpHceHlIe. OHO He 6bIJIO OqeHb CHJlbHLIM H ,t(JIII-
JIOCbHe)];OJIro, HO cyeBepHbIM JIro)J;HM OHO RaaaJIOCL «HeMHJIOCTLIO
He6a». .I(OJlrlIe ro,n;bI nOCJIe aeMJIeTpHCeHHH OHH CqIITaJlII, 'tJ:TO HMeB-
HO OHO Ha HeCI\OJIbRO JIeT CHlIaHJlO ypomaRHOCTb IIX nOJleH.
3aROHQHB paCCRaa 0 CJIYQHBmeMCH B 1638 r., Bpa)];<pop)]; CJIe-
)];yro:rn;HM pa3));eJl « MCTOPHII» 03arJlaBHJI: « ro,n; OT pom,n;eCTBa XPH-
CTona 1639 II rO)J; OT pOm)];eCTBa XpncToBa 1640». OTcTynJleBHe OT
30 YRbI, 06e,n;HHHTbCH }J;JIH OTpameHIIH rp03HBmen: orraCHOCTH HH}J;eiiD;aM TaR
HHKOfAa H He YAaJIOCb.
31 RaK OH rrorraJi B HOBbIH IIJlHMYT, BpaJ);«popJ); He paCCKa3bIBaeT, HO coo6aeT,
tITO IIHtI 6:bIJi YtIaCTHHKoM «neKOTCKoH BOHHbI», rJ);e «OTJlntInJlCH». BpaA«poPA
c006m;aeT TaRme, tITO IIntI, yroBapnBa.a CBOHX crrYTHHKoB y6HTL HHJ);eiia
(Te OTKa3:bIBaJIHcb), CKa3aJI: «TIponaJ);H nponaJ);oM KpacHoKomHH, H y6nJl MHO"
rHX H3 HMX» (B, 345).
319

HOBblR nJlHMYT
npHHHToii paHee CIICTeMLI H3JIOmeHHH no OTAeJiLBLIM rOAaM aBTOp
06'LHCHHJI: «H 06'LeAIIBHIO J];Ba aTHX rOJ];a, TaR HaR Bce mJlo 06LIQ-
HLIM qepeAOM II He npOlI30illJIO HHqero oco6eHHoro, 0 qeM CTOHJIO
6LI rOBOpIITL» (B, 349). OTqaCTH BpaA<pop,t( 6LIJI npaB. Ero BHOBb
Hs6paJIII ry6epHaTopoM II HaAOJIrO (AO 1657 r. c eAHHCTBeHHLIM nepe-
pLIBOM B 1644 1'.). IIpo,n;oJIiKaJIcH pas,n;eJl SeMJIII. R 1639 r. ee
nOJlYQHJIH UHTL uepeCeJIeHqeCKHX rpynn, OCHOBaBmHX HOBLle IIOCeJI-
HH, II 130 OTJ];eJlLHLIX JlH (yqaCTKaMH no HeCKOJILKY aRpoB)-
cppHMeHLI-«noRynaTeJlH» II He,n;aBHO npH6LIBmHe ROJIOHHCTLI. BOJlL-
moii Ha)];eJI B 3 KB. MHJIH B paRoHe CHTyaHTa 6LIJI npe)];OCTaBJleH
JIOH,t(OHCKHM KOMnaHLOBaM IIIapJIH, BaqeMny, 3HJ];pIOCY II XaTepJIH 32.
Ha1l60JIee npHMeqaTeJILHLIM co6LITHeM 1639 f. 6LIJI TeppHTopII-
aJILHLIB cnop C MacCaqyceTcoM, KOJIOHHCTLI KOTOpOfO OCHOBaJIH ce-
BepHee CIITyaHTa nOCeJlOR XHHreM. mHTeJIH nOCeJIKOB, BHaqaJle )];06-
pL!e coce,t(H, qepe3 HeKOTopoe BpeMH aaTeHJIH THiK6y 1I3-3a pa3MepOB
CBOHX BJIaJ];eHHii, npeTeH)];YH Ha OAHH H Te iKe BLlrOHLI II JIeCHLle
yrOJ];LH. MarHcTpaT Macca-qyceTca BLIAeJIHJI )];JIH paa60pa J];eJIa cne-
:QlIaJIbHYIO KOMHCCHIO. Eii nopyqHJIH pemHTL H 60JIee BaiKHLIH BO-
upOC: 0 rpaHH:Qax MeiK)];Y J];BYMH KOJlOHHHMH. ROMHCCIIH npHmJIa K
SaKJIIOqeHHIO, 'ITO B COOTBeTCTBHH C o<pH:QHaJILHLIMH ,n;OKYMeHTaMH
rpaHlID;a aTa ,n;OJlmHa npOXO)];HTL IOiKHee CIITyaHTa. MarlIcTpaT IIJIH-
MYTa BOSpamaJl: ceBepHeeXHHreMa. Cnop J];JIHJlCH rOJ];. 3aKOHqHJICH
OB IIOJII060BUOH c,n;eJIROH: rpaHHy npOBeJIH MemAY Ha3BaHHLIMII no-
CeJlRaMH (B, 351-352). O,n;HaRo caM cnop 6LIJI ,n;ypHLIM npeA3HaMe-
HOBaHHeM: nypHTaBe HacTynaJlII II HaceJ];aJIH.
B 1640 r. np01l30illJIO c06LITHe, KOTopoe, BonpeRII oeHKe EpaA-
cpoPAa, CJleJ];yeT onpeJ];eJlHTL KaK ,n;OCTaTOqHO Heo6bIqHOe H oco6eH-
Hoe. C06LITHe nO-CBoeMY He MeHee BamHoe, tIeM X03HHCTBeHHaH pe-
cpopMa 1623-1624 rr. HJlH COrJlameHHe 1627 r. Ho H3 CKpOMHOCTH
HJIH 06HJ];LI EpaJ];<popJ]; H3JIOmHJI ero J];O npeJ];eJIOB JlaKOHH'tJ:HO: «...TaR
KaK TenepL lIHCJIO cppHMeHoB BOSpOCJlO, B03HHKJIH paSJIH'tJ:HLIe IIOCeJl-
KII B paaJIHqHLIX llaCTHX HOJlOHHH, TaKHe, RaR IIJIHMYT, AaKc6epH,
CHTyaBT, TOHToH, CaHJ];BHll, HpMYT, BapHcTeii6J1, MapmcpHJI,n;, a qYTL
nosme CHKOHK, Paxo6oT II HayceT, 06ee co6paHlle nomeJIaJIO,
"IIT06LI YIIJILHM Bpa,n;<popJ]; nepeAaJI naTeHT B PYKH aToro c06paHHH.
Ou OXOTHO aTO cJ];eJIaJI» (B, 352-353).
.D:eJlo SaRJIIO'tJ:aJlOCL B CJIeJ];YIOeM. Ao 1640 r. pacrrpe,t(eJIeHHeM
SeMJlH q,aRTHqeCRH aaHHManCH MarHCTpaT, ROTOpLIH ,n;eiicTBOBaJI OT
HMeUH «BpaJ];<pop,t(a 11 ero KOMnaHLOHOB» HJlH «rroKynaTeJIeH». C YBe-
JIH1IeHHeM qHCJla nOCeJIKOB, a TaKiKe qHCJIa cppuMeHoB, KOTopLIe CTa-
32 Langdon G. D. Ope cit., p. 39.
820

«BEJIHRHE OCHOBbI.. - «CTAThH COrJIAmEHHJt



JIB 11MB nOCJIa 1636 r., T. e. He HBJlHJIHCb «IIoKynaTeJlHMII», npo-
BSBon MarBCTpaTa B a\HaHeHHO BamHOM Bonpoce CTaJI RaaaTbCH Bce
60JIee HeTepnlIMLIM 33. B TO me BpeMH «BeJIHRHe OCHOBbI» ,t(aBaJIH
npaBO CqHTaTL pacnpe,t(eJIeHHe SeMJIH npeporaTHBOH Bcex
pHMeHOB

JIH 06
ero co6paHHH. ECJIB paHee ry6epHaTOp II aCCHCTeHTbI, KO-
TopLIe nOJIL80BaJIHCL nOqTH HenpepeKaeMLIM aBToplITeTOM «OT
OB»
KOJIOHHII, xpaHIITeJIeii ee JIyqmHX TpaAH
HH B npaBeJ];HHKOB, 60JIee
IIJIB MeHee JIerKO OTBO,t(BJIH Tpe60BaHHH KOJlOHHCTOB, TO TenepL OEB
OKaaaJIHCL 6eCCBJILHLIMH. 06
ee c06paHHe aanpeTHJIO MarHCTpa'lY
aaHHMaTLCS: pacnpe,t(eJIeHHeM SeMJIH II pemaTL aeMeJILHLIe BonpOCI!»I,
BLIXOAH
He 8a paMKH 'tJ:aCTHLIX II MeCTHLIX ROH<pJlHKTOB II npeTeJI-
SBH. OUO TaKiKe HaCTOHJIO Ha TOM, 'tJ:T06LI BnpeAb BJIap;eJILn;aMII Bcex
SeMeJIL KOJIOHHH CQIITaJIlICb He «BpaA<poPA Hero KOMnaHLOHbI», KaK
onpe,t(eJlHJIOCL B naTeHTe 1630 r., He «noKynaTeJIII II <ppHMeHLI», KaK
SHatIlIJIOCL B «BeJIHKHX OCHOBaX», a npOCTO «<PPIIMeHLI».
OnnoalID;HH <ppIIMeHOB MarlICTpaTY, «apHCTOKpaTaM» IIJlHMYTa
nplIBeJla K aaKJlIO'tJ:eHHIO «COrJIameHHH 1641 rOAa». B HeM rOBopH-
JIOCL: «...YHJIbHM BpaA<pop,t( II APyrlIe nepBLle OPYAHH rocnoJ];a B
Ha'tJ:HHaHIIH BeJIHKOrO J];eJIa OCHOBaHHH ROJIOHHH, a TaKiKe BCKope
npHcoeAHHHBmHeCH R HRM npHJIOmHJIH orpOMHLIe YCHJIHH AJIH npH-
06peTeHHH aeMeJIL, nplIBHJlerlIH H CBo6oJ];, xJIono'tJ:a 0 J];OKYMeHTax,
pacmHpeHHH nOiKaJIOBaHHH, ocy
eCTBJIHH nOKynRH II BLIllJIaqHBas:
f];OJIrH, B CHJIY qero naTeHT aanHcaH Ha IIMH YKaaaHHoro YIIJILHMa
BpaA<poPAa, ero HaCJIeJ];HBKoB, KOMnaHLOHOB II J];oBepeHHLIx JIlIn;; OT-
ULIHe P;JIH JIyqmero ynpaBJIeHHH aTHMH SeMJIHMII (KoTopLIe orrpeAe-
JIeHDI IIOiKaJIOBaHHHMH, HJIII HHaqe -.naTeHToM) YKaaaHHLIH YHJILHM
BpaA<poPA II ynoMHHYTLIe nepBDIe 0pYAHH, onpeAeJIHeMLle B 0<pII-

IIaJlbHbIX J];oKYMeHTax HaSBaHHeM IIoRynaTeJIH HJIH CTapbIe KOJlOHH-
CTbI ...ycTynaIOT aTII aeMJIB B PYKII 06
ero co6paHHH (of the whole
courte), COCTOH
ero lIa cppllMeHoB KOJlOHHII HOBLIH IIJIHMYT, Bce CBOH
npaBa, nOJIHOMOqHH, BJIaCTb, nplIBIIJIerHH, HMMYHIITeTLI II CBo60ALI,
,n;apoBaHHLIe HM ynoMHHYTLIM naTeHTOM BbICOKOqTHMOrO COBeTa Ho-
BOB AHrJIHR» (B, 353-354).
EpaJ];<popJ];Y 11 «IIoKynaTeJIHM» B HarpaJ];Y sa HX SaCJIyrH nepu

KOJIOHHeH 6LIJIH npeJ];OCTaBJIeHLI, He CqHTaH HMeBmlIXCJI Y HHX HH-
,tI;HBHAyaJILHLIX Ha,n;eJIOB, B o6
ee nOJlb30BaHHe Ha KOMIIaneicKHX
ualIaJIax TPH 60JILIDHX aeMeJILHLIX yqaCTKa B J];eCHTKH MIIJlL 3
.


33 Ibid., p. 39-43, 92.
3
 DAUB liS 8THX}"IacTKoB (MemAY p. CaBa
CeTT II p. TIoTaKeT), KaR YKaSLIBa-
nOCL. B cornameHIIII, SlBnHnCH «rnaBHLIH MeCTOH o6uTaHHH HHAei
eB» II AOJI-
meH 6LIn OCTaBaTLCSI B KaqeCTBe TaKOBoro. ITpeKpacHoe nomenaHue H e
e
lJ;oCTaTOqHO peaJILHOe ]1.1111 1640 r. IToame yqacTKII 6LI1I11 paa)];eneHLI yem-


321




HOBbIA IIJIHM'YT
COrJIameHHe 0 nepealIe npaB 6bIJIO aaRJIIOlIeHO 2 MapTa 1641 r.
Ho eJIO He ClIHTaJIOCb aaKOHlIeHH1>IM, nOKa rp03HJIa onaCHOCTb npe-
TeH3lIH co CTOpOHbI JIOHOHCKHX KOMnaHbOHOB. XOTeJIH nOCJIaTb B
JIOHOH 'YHHCJIOY, HO C06bITHH, npOIICXO,D;HBmHe Tora B AHrJIHH,
nyraJIH nJIHMYTeB. HH 'YHHCJIOY, HH KTO-JIH60 PyrOE: He XOTeJI
OKaaaTbCH B TIOpbMe. B KOHelIHOM ClIeTe ,D;orOBOpHJIHCb 'tIepe3 no-
Cpe,D;HHKOB. 15 ORTH6pH 1641 r. COCTaBHJIH «CTaTbH COrJIameHHH»,
KOTopbIe OTIIpaBHJIH B JIOH,D;OH. B HHX ROMIIaHbOHaM IIpe,D;JIaraJIH
JIHKBH,D;lIpOBaTb nOCJIe,n;HHe JIelKaHe Ha o6eHx CTopOHax o6HaaTeJIb-
CTBa, npHHHMaH Ha ce6H BbIIIJIaTY oTKynHbIx CYMM. Te COrJIaCHJIJICb,
nOJIaraH, lITO JIyqme nOJIyquTL 'tITO-HH6y,n;L, 'tIeM IIMeTb ,n;eJIO C He-
KOHTpOJIHpyeMoii II CTpOITTHBOE: KOJIOHHeH. B 1642 r. JIHRBH,D;an;JIH B
npRHHne 6bIJIa aaBepmeHa (B, 354-362).
B npOMeiKYTOK BpeMeHH Memy aaHJIIOqeHIIeM COrJIameHHH
1641 r. H IIpIIHHTHeM «CTaTeH COrJIameHHH» B IIJIIIMYT npHmJIO
nHCbMO OT IIlapJIH, HOTOpbIE: nlIcaJI 18 MaH 1641 r.: «Ceiiqac, CJIaBa
Bory, BpeMeHa a,n;eCb MeHHIOTCH, H H Ha,n;eIOCb YBHeTb MHornx Ha
Bac OIIHTb B pO,D;HOH CTpaHe, nOJIbaYIOID;HXCH TOE: cBo6o,n;oii II Ilea a -
BHCHMOCTblO, HaRRe npe,n;nnCbIBaeT CJlOBO BOlKbe. Hamn eIIIICRonbI
HIIKor,n;a He 6bIJIH TaR OJIHaRH R na,n;eHHIO, KaR ceiiqac; focno,n;b
-qy,n;eCHbIM 06paaOM nOpa3IIJI IIX II OOpaTHJI Bce IIX nanCRIIe 11 MaKb-
HBeJIJIeBCKne aarOBopbI H npoeKTbI npOTHB HHX CaMnX» (B, 357-
358). TaKHM B KOJIOHHIO IIpnIDJlO 1I3BeCTHe 0 Ha'tlIIHaBmnXCH B AHr-
JIIIH peBOJIIOIJ;IIOHHbIX COObITIIHX. HaR pearlIpOBaJIII Ha aTO IIaBeCTHe
II Ha caMH COObITIIH nJIHMYTIJ;bI II ,n;pyrHe aHrJIHHCRHe IIOCeJIeHIJ;bI B
AMepIIKe, TeMa CIIeIJ;IIaJIbHOrO HCCJIe,n;OBaHHH.
*
PaCC.Ka3 0 nepBOM ,n;Ba,n;IJ;aTIIJleTHII I-IoBoro IIJIIIl\IYTa MbI 3aKOH"tIHM
CJIOBaMII BpaA<pop,n;a, ROTOpbIMII OH no,n;BO)];HJI HTor YCIIJIHHM IIHJIII-
rpUMOB no B03BeAeHIIIO «HoBoro XaHaaHa»: « Y ,n;HBHTeJIbHO BH,n;eTb II
HaOJIIOAaTb, KaK pa3BlIBalOTCH II npopbIBalOTCH aAeCb 3JIbIe CIIJIbI-
B cTpaHe, rAe, Ra3aJIOCb ObI, Bce npOTHBOCTOIIT aTOMY, rJ.];e aa HIIMII
AY ROMIIaHbOHaMH H HX HaCJIeHHRaMn, ROTopbIe, OCHOBbIBaHCb Ha IIpaBe
qaCTHOU co6CTBeHHOCTH, yme CBo6oAHO pacnOpHmaJIHCb CBOHMH BJIap;eHIHI-
MH, He CtJ:HTaHCb C Hym,n;aMH H IIpaBaMH HH,n;eiin;eB, C IIOmeJIaHHHMH CorJIa-
meHIUI 1641 r. qacTHaH co6cTBeHHocTb Ha aeMJIIO, YTBepm,n;eHHIO ROTOpOH
CJIYiRlIJIO aTO COrJIameHHe, cp;eJIaJIO uHp;euu;eB «JIlIillHUMII» Ha 3TOM .eMJIe,
a nOmeJIaHHe - HeAeicTBeHHbIM.
322

«BEJIHRHE OCHOBbl» - «CTATbH COr.rrAIDEHHH»
TaTeJlbnO CJIe,n;HT II r,n;e, ROr,n;a HX paCII03HaIOT, TO CypOBO HaHa3bI-
BaIOT, CypOBee, qeM r,n;e 6bI TO nH 6bIJIO... O,n;HaRO BCe 3TO He CMor-
JIO nOMemaTb nOHBJIeHRIO MHorHX rpeXOB... 8TO nOHCTHHe MomeT
y,n;HBJIHTb H BHymaTb HaM CTpax rrpH C03epaHHH Harnen HCnOpqeH-
HOll npnpo,n;bI... Mome.T 6bITb, bHBOJI oco6eHHOOiReCTOqeH npOTHB
MeCTHbIX n;epRBeii II BepYIOnx, TeM 60JIbme, 'tIeM C 60JlI>mHM pBe-
HIIeM OHB nO)J;)J;epiRnBaIOT B CBoeH cpe)J;e CBHTOCTb H 1[HCTOTY... Mo-
meT TaRiRe 6:bITb (B aTOM H oco6eHHO y6eiR,n;eH), qTO 3,r(eCb aJIa He
60JIbme, qeM B APyrHx MecTax, HO aJ];ecb OHO JIyqme BHJ];RO H JIerqe
.o6HapYiRHBaeTCH... H60 epRBH npHCTaJIbHO CJIe,n;HT 3a CBOHMH npH-
XOiRanaMH, a MarHCTpaTbI - 3a BceMH ,n;eJIaMH, 60JIee BHHMaTeJIbHO,
-qeM B ,n;pyrnx MeCTaX)} (E, 363-364). qepea neCROJIbRO CTpaHHD;
ry6epnaTop BHOBb cORpymaeTCH: «...CrrycTH 20 JIeT B03HHRaeT BO-
npoc: He CTaJIa JIM 60JIbmaH 'IIaCTb ROJIOHHCTOB xyme, qeM paHbme?>)
(B, 368).
Bpa,n;<pop,n; TIbITae.TCHHCKaTb npnQIIHY CJIY.IIBmerOCH B TOM, qTO
BMeCTe C «npaBe,n;HbIMM -JIIO,n;bMH>} B 'AMepHRY npHeXaJIH cepBeHTbI,
06JIaJ];aBmH OTpHn;aTeJIbnbIMH RaecTBaMII; 1J:T,Q Ha ROJIOBHCTOB OKa-
3bIBaJIH . ;n;ypnoe BJIHHHHe HaeamaBmHe Ryrrn;bI, pacnpOCTpaHHBmIIe
60JIe3Hb CTHmaTeJIbCTBa; 'liTO B HOBYIO AHrJIHIO CTaJIII npOHHRaTb
ceRTaHTLI, ROTopLIe «BHymaIOT Hapo,n;y ne,n;oBepHe R MarHCTpaTY, CBH
eHHOCJIYiRnTeJIHM, n;epRBaM II n;epROBHbIM nopHJ];KaM>} (B, 365).
Bpa,n;<I>op,n; He,n;OYMeBaJI: «I\aR IIpOH30IDJIO, llTO CTOJIbRO ,n;YXOBHO CJIa..
6bIX H _ CTOJIbRO HCnOplJeHHbIX JIIO,n;eH TaR 6LICTpO HaBO)J;HIIJIII 3TY
CTpaHY?>} (B, 367). Bpa)J;<pop,n; HaXO)J;HT OTBeT: «II aa XpHCTOM CJIe-
,n;OBaJiM MHorne pa,n;n XJIe6oB... 11 H3 ,n;peBHero ErHIITa C 60mbHM
Hapo,n;OM, aaMemaBIDHCb B HeM, BbImJIH II )J;pyrne>} (B, 368; aT MoaH-
Ha, VI, 26; Mcxo,n;, XII, 38). By,n;!> «CBHTbIe» O,n;HH, RaaaJIOCb Bpa,n;-
<pop,n;y, 6bITb B AMepnRe «HOBOMY Xanaany».
Co,n;epmaHHe ,n;aHHoH. rJIaBbI, MOiRHO Ha,n;eHTbCH, CBH,n;eTeJIbCTByeT
06 Omn60"tlHOCTH rrpe,n;rrOJIOiReHHH aBTopa «I1cTopHH>}.
«CBHTbIe)} 6bIJIH panHHMH IIOCJIaHaMII 6ypmya3Horo MHpa M3
TIHCJIa JIeBbIX nypHTaHCHHX «ceRTaHTOB>}, ROTOpbIX TIopOiR)J;aJIO pa30-
peHHe RpeCTbHH II peMeCJIeHHHROB B IIpe,n;peBOJIIOD;HOHHOH AHrJIIIII.
OHn XOTeJIn Boa,n;BHrHYTb «HOBLIH XaHaaH>}, HO OCHOBaJIII HOBLIH...
TIJIHMYT. OR, eCJIH He CQIITaTb OqeHb He3HaqHTeJIbHbIX <popMaJIbHDIX
'lJ:epT, 6:blJI cBo6o,n;eH OT CTeCHeHHH, ROTopLIe AeJIaJIH HeB03MOiRHOH
mn3Hb «CBHTbIX» Ha pO,r(HHe,- OT CTaporo 06eCTBeHHoro CTpOH II
CBH3aHHoro C HIIM rOHeHHH Ha cerrapaTIICTCRYIO «epeCb>}. He coaHa-
BaH aToro, oyaH HeCOOTBeTCTBHe peaJIbHOH iRH3HH co CBOHMH «xa-
naaHCKHMH» npe,n;CTaBJIeHHHMH, nepeTOJIKOBbIBaH 9TH npe,I(CTaBJIeHHH
B COOTBeTCTBHII C npOIICXO)J;HBIDIIMH H3MeHeHHHMH, «CBHTLIe» C03,r(a-
323

HOBblR nJIHMYT
BaJIH HOBLIH CTpOH  6ypmyaaHLIu. He TOJILKO «CBHTLle» -nHJIHrpH-
MLI, HOBOIIJIHMYTnLI.
Bpa<I>op - OHH lIa rJIaBHLIX, MomHO' CKaaaTb, rJIaBHLIH CTpOIl-
TeJIL HOBoro IIJIHMYTa. Ero COMHeHHH II rrepemHBaHHH - COMHeHIIH
H nepemHBaHHH Tex, qbH MeqTa, ocyeCTBJIHeMaH Ha IIpaKTHKe, npH-
HOCHJIa HeomHaHHLIe pe3YJILTaTLI. Ho npHBcex ymeBHLIX COMHe-
HHHX H IIepemHBaHHHX OH TBOpHJI KaK pas TO, 'liTO OTBeqaJIO ero
COD;HaJIbHOH MHCCHH C03aHHH Ba BOBOH aeMJIe SaqaTKOB 6ypmyaa-
HLIX OTnomeHHn. «HOBbIn Xanaau» 6blJI . TeM, 6ea tIero eMY H pyrHM
«CBHTLIM», MomeT 6bITb, He XBaTHJIO 6bI J];yxa IIOKHHYTb AHrJlHIO H
rOJIJIaHIIIO, 6ea qero IIM 6bIJIO 6bI MHoro TpYAHee opraHH30BaTb
yrrpaBJIeBHe, rrpOJIOmHBmee nYTL OT «HOBOrO XaHaaHa» K HOBOMY
IIJIHMYTY.
CenapaTH3M IIHJIHrpHMOB B CHJIY ero nepBOHatIaJIbHOH OKpaIlleH-
HOCTH TOHaMH «KpeCTbHHCKO-nJIe6eHCKoH epecn» HBIIJICH TeM, 'tITO
AaJIO BOSMomnOCTL HOBOMY TIJIIIMYTY 060HTHCL Ges meCTKOCTH II me-
CTOKOCTH, ROTopLle cpasy. o6HapymHJIIICb BepKoBHoii II co:n;HaJlb
HOU' nOJIHTIIRe MaCCa1J:yceTcKuxnypuTaH,HaqaBmHX B03BOAHTb CBOR
«XanaaH», orrHpaHCb Ha «06pa3en; xpHcTHaHcKoro MHJIOCepJ];HH», rJIa-
CHBIDHH: «BceMorym;HH Bor, B cBoeH CBHTOCTH II MYPOCTH, TaR OII-
peeJIHJI YCJIOBHH lIeJIOBeQeCROrO cym;ecTBoBaHIIH, 'tITo6:bI BO Bce Bpe-
MeHa KTO-TO 6:bIJI 6eAeH, a KTO-TO 60raT, RTO-TO CTOHJI BLIIlle H IIMeJI
BJIaCTL H AOCTOIIHCTBO, a pyrlle - Hllme II HaXOAIIJIIICL B IIOA'tIII-
HeBIIII» 35.
HOBLIH TIJIHMYT, ABHraHCb aJIee no IIYTH 6ypmya3Boro pa3BIITIIH,
BaHJI JIH ce6H TOT me «o6paaen; xpHcTHaHcRoro MHJIOCepHH», 110-
meJl BCJIeA 8a IIypllTaHaMII MacCaqyceTca, lIomeJI BMeCTe C HIIMII.
35 The Puritans. A Source Book of their Writings. New York, 1963, VIs I-II,
Vol. I, p. 195.

BMECTO 3ARJIIOQEHl1H
Cpe.n;1I IICTOpIIROB, RameTCH, HeT Cepbe3HblX pa3HOrJIaCIIM OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO Toro, 'liTO nYTb pa3BHTHH CIIIA - OT OCHOBaHHH nepBLIX aHf-
JIHiiCKHX nOCeJIeHIIH ,n;o cero,n;HHillHero ,D;HH - eCTL nYTL paSBHTHH Ka-
IIHTaJIH3Ma. Harne HCCJIe,n;OBaHHe CJIymIIT TOMY ee O,n;HHM nO,l];TBep-
m,n;eHHeM. CnopLI Be,n;YTCH 0 CTeneHH apeJIOCTH H «'IIHCTOTLI» aMepH"
RaHCRoro HanHTaJIH3Ma B pa3JIH'IIHLIe anOXH, 0 ero oco6eHHocTHX.
MLI CTapaJIHCb BLIHCHUTL, RaR C03,n;aBaJIIICL H qeMY cJlymHJIH yq-
peiRJJ;aeMLIe ROJIOHHCTaMH napBLIe o6ecTBeHHLIe HHCTHTYTLI. MHaqe
rOBopa, KaK 11 B RaKoii q,opMe aapojfcfjaJtcJt aMepHKaacKHH KanHTa-
JlHSM, aMepHaHCKoe 6ypmya3Hoe o6ecTBo. (B ,n;aHHoH.-, KHHre Ha
npHMepe BHprHHHII II HOBoro IIJIHMYTa H B H'ameii BTOpoii KHHre-
Ha npHMepe MacCaqyceTca H MapHJIeH,n;a). On;eHHBaH C aTOM TOtIKH
speHHH IIOBe,n;eHHe ROJIOHHCTOB, M:bI CTapaJIHCb He 3a6bIBaTL 06 nx
BH,n;HBH,n;yaJIbHOM 06JIHRe, JIH"'IHbIX 'IIaHHHHX, o6paae MbImJIeHHH. MLI
nOMHHJlH 06 IlX MymecTBe - MymecTBe JlIO,n;eii, KOTopLIe OKaaaJIIICL
sa OReaHOM, BbIHym,n;eHHLIe K 9TOMY HenpHeMJleMLIMH YCJIOBHHMB
a\H3HH Ha po,n:HHe, JIIO,n;eH, KOTopLIe 6LIJIII O"'IeHb nJloxo IIo,n;rOTOBJIeHLI
K OCBoeHHIO ,n;aJIeKoii ,n;eBcTBeHHoH CTpaHLI. OBB npeo,n;OJIeJIB TpYAno-
CTH II CTaJIH pO)];Ona"'IaJILHHRaMII 6y,n;ym;ero rocy,n;apCTBa - Coe,n;IIHeH-
HLIX illTaToB AMepHRH.

, YRA3A TEJIb HME I-I
ABepKHeBa 10. n. 10, 11, 318
AaMc r. B. 184, 244
AaMc ,JJ;iK. T. 189, 190
AaMc P. 66
AHIIaaoc 113
AJIbIIepOBIPI M. C. 4
AiiTeKep r. 164
Ap6ep 3. 29, 124, 178, 227
Apqep r. 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 131
BaJITHMOp 157
Eap60p <D. JI. 22
Bapr M. A. 4, 32, 142, 168, 171, 292
EapK iK. ;(. 119, 120
BapplIAiK r. C. 21
BapT H. 136
EapTJIH P. X. 299
BaTJIep H. 105, 147
EaTopHH C. 39
BaTTeH Y. 195
EeBepJIH P. 117, 119, 120, 128, 129,
131, 133
BeHJIHH B. 62, 131, 154, 166
EeJIeHbRaH B. ,IJ;. 14
BeMHc C. M. 22
BeHHeTT JI. 123
BeHHTT 8. 84, 85, 137
BeprpanB ,IJ;m. 107
BepKJIH P.82
BepHap M. 287
BUJIJIena r. 154
BUJIJIHHtTOH m. 210, 235, 280, 289,
319
EJIeRya7IJI. <D. 179
EOKC Y. 112
EOJIXOBHTHHOB H. H. 123, 145
Eon,tl; E. Y. 134
EocKHn ,D;m. 124
EpanoH ,IJ;m. M. 98
EpHAiR ,D;m. 236
BpHH T. 161
Bpoyn P. 169, 170, 172, 174
BpalX<pop A. 237
E pa«pop . 183
Bpa,n;«pop,n;Y.172-174, 181, 194-197,
203--206,209--211,216, 218,221-
227, 229, 233, 235, 237, 239,
240, 243-253, 255, 257, 261, 264,
266--271, 274, 275, 277, 279, 282,
283, 285, 286, 288-291, 293 297,
307, 309, 310, 312, 317--323
B pa,n;cI»op,tI;LI 172
BpIOC <D. A. 21, 25, 32, 62, 66, 69,
74, 77, 78, 89, 96, 103, 125, 128
130-134, 147, 153
BpIOcTep iK. 172, 285
BpIOcTep M. 172, 195
EpIOcTep II. 259
BprocTep Y. 172, 174-179, 181, 195,
196, 206, 209, 210, 246, 247, 252,
257, 259, 268, 277, 290, 297
Bproap T. 177, 179
BaRHHreM JIOp 150
BaRoH <1>. 32, 96, 109, 110, 215
BaJIJIar ,D;m. R. 24, 61-64, 69, 89,
124, 140-142, 145
BaHRpo«pT ,D;iR. 148, 161
BapRep q. A. 88
BapHc B. <I>. 24
Bappoy r. 170, 175
BaqeMII ,IJ;m. 258, 320
BanaTT <1>. 101, 116, 136, 147, 149,
162, 164, 166
BaiipeR <1>. 28
BaJIblJ;O P. 52
BapToH r. 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 44, 47-
49, 53, 118
BaTaBaMaT (BHTYBaMaT) 227, 228, 230,
231
Be66c 64
Be6JIHHr B. 84
Be6JIHHr H.84
BeHMaYT 21
BeHBrapTeH P. 198
BeJI X. 32
326

YKA3A TEn!» HMEH
BeppeH Y. 159
BepTeH6eiiKep T. ,IJ.iH. 21, 62, 64, 65,
125, 126, 128, 129, 131, 136, 145,
147, 150-152, 154, 158
BecnY'tJ'tJ1I A. 5
BeCT m. 133, 136, 160, 161
BecT H. 136
BecT T. (JIOP)]; eJIaBap) 31, 34, 53,
57, 59, 63, 69, 75, 80, 112, 131, 136
BecT <D. 136, 138, 147, 150, 151, 164,
236
BecThI 131
BHJIbreJIbM 3aBOeB8TeJIb 24
BHHH IT. 52
BoreH 3. T. 21, 28, 36, 117, 124
By)]; A. 156
BYJJ;JIII4> 83, 131
ra.n;mneB R. C. 235, 275
faKJIIOHT P. 22, 30, 127
rapplICOH B. 137
renTC T. 34, 53, 54, 57, 58, 63, 90, 131
reHpJIX I V 39
reHpnx VII 6
reHplIx VIII 6, 22
rJI3bI 39
rOH)];Ol\fap 71
rOnKJIHC C. 195, 196, 203, 209, 210,
240,252,259,270
fOPAmec P. 239, 245
rOPAmec <1>. 239, 294
rOP4>HHKeJIb .202
rOCHOJI)]; E. 41, 43, 182
fOT 1.J. 274
rperr <1>. M. 189, 190
rpeii JI.C. 102, 132, 134, 145, 150,
151
rpeii P. 30
rpeHBJIJIJI P. 9
rplI)];JIII M. 5
rpIIHBY,n; Am. 170, 175
rYABJIH Am. A. 195, 208, 252, 258
rYAMaH IT. 62
rYKJIH ¥. <1>. 43
J];aHMOHA 3. 63, 91, 100
aYAII R. 82, 84, 133, 134
BoiiqeHKO-MapKoBa E. l\;!' 35
e Epn T. 13
,l(erJIep R. H. 125
eifJI T. 58, 63, 64, 66, 68-70, 72,
79, 90,91,112-115,136, 155
eMOC iR. 285
epMep T. 99
meiiMcoB iR. <1>. 186, 189
AmeHceH M. 58
Amecc3n 3. B. 195
moHc r. M. 31, 58
moHc K. 181, 192
,l(moHc T. 222, 223
iKOHC ¥. 105
moHcoH P. 29, 30, 32, 60, 62, 66, 73,
94,95,97, 104, 105, 109, 111. 147
AmoHcoH <1>. 179
moHcoH 87
,IJ;moPAaH C. 57
,IJ;moPAaH Y.. 123, 124
,IJ;HH C. 272
A 0A,n; Y. 145
,IJ:oiiJI ,IJ:m. 3. 6, 24, 38, 41, 127, 128,
130, 134, 142, 143, 146
OHH )];m. 161, 162
,1];oTen 8. 259
,IJ:peiiK <1>. 7, 9
,1];peHToH l\f. 27
,1];aBeS:llopT <1>. r. 20
,IJ:aBHc P. E. 101
,1];Bnc ¥. T. 173, 206
aBnc x. 125
)];aBHcoH ¥. 172
AanoHe <1>. 272
EKaTepHHa AparoHcKaH 6
EJIJI30BeTa I 7-9, 19, 20, 27, 124,
168, 170, 173, 174
Epo.peeB H. A. 8
E<pHMOB A. B. 188
3n<p.p JI. 22
HHrJI1I3 P. E. 35
lIoaHH 169
MPAJIH iK. 72, 77, 79, 80, 86, 89,
97, 99-101, 115, 136, 138, 147, 149,
164
lIcaeHKo A. B. 168, 169
MCTOH 8. 292
Ka60T Am. 6
Ra60T C. 6
Ka6paJI A. 5
RaBeHAHill ¥. 105
RaJIBepTOH B. <D. 190
KaJIJlHq.op,n; C. 22
327

7KA3ATEJI& BMEH
KaJIbBHH 170
KapBep AiR. '178-180, 192, 196
197, 209, 259, 260 '
KapJI I 87, 126, 127, 132, 136, 148,
149, 151, 156-158, 161-163 206
251, 283, 300, 301 "
KamMeH P. 178-181, 213, 214, 216,
218, 222, 225, 234, 237, 243 244
247, 256, 270 "
ReMn P. 146, 159
Rennc "Y. 158
KeHHHHraM ¥. 305
KHHrc6epH c. M. 21, 211
KHHrCMIIJIJI P. 138
RHCJIOBa A. A. 187, 292
RJIeii60pH Y. 136, 147, 153 157-
159, 165 '
RJIH<pTOH P. 172, 174, 175
KODaJIb B. M. 145
RODH C. 290
KOK 3. 286, 288
ROJIYM6 X. 5, 6, 22
KOMMeH;D;mep r. 178, 189
ROBaBT P. 254, 273
ROHHOpC A. cD. 224, 264
Rop6uTaBT 21.1
RO<p<pHH (RonnHH) P. 204
RpOMBeJIb O. 32
KpaBeH "Y. <1>. 22, 26, 36, 58, 65,
71,74,76, 77,81,86,87 92,
96, 98, 103, 104, 106, 107 '
RpaBeH 8. O. 136
RYHHH ,I\. B. 21
RYK ,I\iR. H. 160, 164
KYK ill. <1>. 207
Rynn P. 84, 139
RypOnJlTHHK r. ll. 145
RaHBeHar Y. r. 214, 223
KauBeHar "Y. R. 23, 183, 299
RaJIJIeH;D;ep ,I\m. 27, 150
RaMIIOeJIJI ,I\. 169
RaMII6eJIJI M. 131
RaBAaJIJI AiR. 41, 43, 46
JIa6y JIa 8. 186
JIaBpoBcRUH B. M. 142, 168
JIau<poPA ,D:m. 247 -255 269 270
276, 280, 291 ",
JIaHrAoH iR. ,II;. 198, 258, 273 297
299, 311, 315, 320 "
JIay6ep 3. ¥. 121
JIeiicH P. 5
JIenne ,1];. 'Ae 5
JIB P. 137
JIUHKOJIbH A. 211
JIUHKOJIbH 36
JIJIOHJt ,I\m. 5
JIJIOHA ,I\. 36
JIop; 288, 294
JIoHr<peJIJIO r. 199, 202, 223, 229-231
JIOHH 3. 148
MaK-rpaT n. 22
MaR-Kapil B. C. 55
MaKMaHYc 8. ,1:\iR. 125
MapHH I 7, 168
MapllJl CTIOapT 172
MapKc K. 7 t 18, 168, 171
MapTIIH )I(. 41, 49-51, 53, 69, 73,
80, 90, 136, 147
MapTHH m. R. 125
MapTHB R. 180, 181, 192, 194-197,
209
MaccacoHT207, 208, 210, 211t 226, 231,
309, 318 .
MumyeB n. r. 76, 186, 187
MIIJIJIep R. 144
MIIJIJIep ll. 198, 271
MUTpOXHH JI. H. 123
MOHTeHb M. 119, 120
Mop T. 129
MopraH JI. 17
MopraH 3. C. 62, 99, 100, 129, 132,
134, 138-140
1\1opraH 118, 119
MopeJIJI "Y. 245, 246
Mopse ,Il;m. M. 31, 58,61, 65
MOpHCOH C. 8. 173, 1'98, 231, 234, 263,
299, 311
MOppHC P. B. 65, 75, 1.32, 141, 143,
154,311,312,314
MOpTOH P. JI. 116, 155, 163
1\10pTOH T. 224-227, 229, 264-270,
273, 274, 276, 279, 294 J
MopaHs r. I. 164 .
MYJIJIHHC Y. 195
Myp ¥. B. 231
Map;oya ,II;. 41
MaJIoR. 231, 264
MaH<pH m. 156, 159, 161
Mann A. )];m. 123, 164
MapcToR 21
MaTLIOs C. 138, 145, 147, 154, 156,
157, 159--161, 164-----166
MameM Y. 287
328

YKA3ATEJlIJ HMEH
HaMMeTaH 118, 119
HanOJIeOH III 186
HeJIbCOH <1>. 50
HUTo6ypr a. JI. 123
HOpTOH ,D;m. 296, 297
HopTYM6epJIeH 44
HOTcTaHH Y. 169
HbIOWJ(eHT H. M. 62
HLIOllopT R. 28, 29, 34, 41-43,
47--50,52,53,62,127,136
HbIOTOH A. II. 59
Ham R. B. 124
OBHIIH 101
OKeHilloTT ¥. 41
OJIJJ;3M m. 247 -250, 252-254, 276,
280
OJIAnl ,D;iK. 223
OneKaHKaH 116, 118, 119, 134
OcrYA r. JI. 21, 62, 63, 68, 71, 75,
81, 134, 149, 151, 156, 188, 189,
208, 243, 244
OxeAa A. J);e 5
IlaBeJI 283
IIaJIcH4>ep ,D;. 300
llaHToH 3. 161
IIapKep ,D;iK. 27
IIappHHrToH B. JI. 171, 190
IIapqac C. 55
llayxaTaH (¥XOHCOHOKOK) 37, 47, 49,
50,52, 54, 113-116, 118, 119, 143
neiic P. 116
neKCaYT (IIeKcHoT) 228
nepCH ,l1;iK. 43, 44, 54, 63, 131, 137
ITHKepHHr 3. 179
IIHHcoH B. 5
IIHpc ,I];iJ{. 191, 192, 212, 213, 222,
225, 237, 260
IIHpc ¥. 137, 144, 147, 161, 236,
248, 254
IIHpc 130
IIHpcH A. 137
IIuq A. 318, 319
IInaToH 233
IInHHIIB: 243
IIJIYTa px 162
fIoKaxoHTac (MaToaRa) 37, 49, 50,
113-115, 117, 119
IIoMcppeT ,rJ;iK. 131, 156.
ITonaM ,D;iK. 28, 254
llopu ,D;iK. 90, 96, 137, 222
lloTexHH A. 169, 198
IIoTT ,D;iK. 137, 147, 151, 155, 159,
160, 164, 165
lloTT <1>. 159-161
II paiic 64
IIpHHr M. 28
ITpHHC T. 257, 259, 285, 294, 31R
IIa,n;,n;H Y. 302
IIapJI B. 305
PaHJIH 3. M. 132
PaiiHmn II. C. 154
PauT JI. B. 22, 62, 118, 128, 129,
'31, 137, 138, 166
P aUT T. r" 268
PacceJI ,l1;m. X. 124
PacceJI 8. B. 162
Pacbep H. J);e 261
PaTMeH ,n:. E. 64, 88, 313
Paya A. JI. 19, 20
PeuaHTI P. 198
PeiiHop (Peiiaep) ,rJ;tK. 297
PH,n;naT ,D;iK. R. 22, 106
PUKaH,D;C 38
PHQ H. 87, 107
PHq P. (rpacp YOpBHK) 57, 59, 76,87,
97, 104, 105, 127, 283, 300, 301
PHqH 97, 102
Po6epTcoa Y. 117, 119, 120, 184, 201,
214, 215
P06HHCOH ,rJ;m. 47, 48, 174-179, 181,
192-194, 196-198, 214, 218, 229,
235, 237, 244--248, 251, 254, 256,
264,270,271,273,318
Po6uacoH Y. C. 24, 70, 71, 80, 81, 96,
134
PoAmepc 269, 270
POJIcp ,l];m. 65, 74-76, 113, 115,
123, 124, 138
POMYJI 243
POT T. 87
Py T. 97
Pycco m. m. 188
PaJIH Y. 8, 9, 19, 20
Paa,D;OJIcphI 131
Pac,n;aJIJI 266
PaTKJIHcp JJ:m. 41, 44, 48, 50-54,
131
CaSIIH A. H. 150, 187, 198
CaHMoBc A. M. 63, 107
329

'YKA3ATEJIL BMEH
CaMOHJIO A. C. 86, 87, 90, 108, 164,
188, 189, 216, 234, 260
CaMoceT 207
Caycep H. 302
CaYTreMIIToH 21,31, 76, 98, 104, 105,
109, 133, 147
CaYtJ 75
CH6cH i44
CHMMOH,D;C "Y. 112
CRanTo (CRanTYM, THcRanTYM) 207,
208, 211, 223
CRpHBHnep M. 48, 49, 52
CMHT B. 35, 40
CMHT ,1];m. 35-57, 62, 64, 66, 67, 69,
71, 106, 109, 112, 115, 116, 118,
121-124. 127-131, 145, 172, 175,
206, 219, 227, 228, 239, 240, 244,
282, 284
CMHT m. 6aIITHcT 174
CMHT iR. 8cRBaHp 82
CMHT ,IJ;m. M. 112
CMHT R. 292
CMHT P. 275, 276, 288, 290, 291, 296,
297
CMHT T. 31, 32, 58, 59, 66, 76, 80, 86,
87,93,94,97,102,104,105
CMHT S. 51
CMHThI 38
COMMepc 34, 53, 57
CrreHcep "Y. 156
CTHT ¥. 37, 38
CTOR JI. <I>. 64
CTpaHKep JI. IT. 35, 40
CTpaTanOBH1J B. <D. 63, 122
CTpaTJH "Y. 34
CTanlJ;HID B. 237
CT8nlJ;Hm M. 194, 202, 203, 206, 209,
211, 223, 225-231, 236, 237, 24U,
248, 252, 254-257, 265, 267, 268,
270, 279, 285, 290, 294, 317
CaHlJ;HC ,IJ;m. 101, 135, 136, 139, 142,
147
CanHc C. 178
C8HlJ;HC 8. 32, 58, 74-76, 80, 86, 87,
93-95, 97-107,109,111, 126, 127,
133, 147, 158, 178
TaHJIep JI. r. 23, 27, 41, 43, 62, 64,
71,96,126,130,148,150
TaKep Y. 137, 138
Teiep r. O. 28
TUJIJlU a. 203
TOPH P. 6
Toprr iR. 82, i21
TpOKOMOpTOB Y. 82
TaHJIOp E. iR. P. 22
YaiT m. 13
YaUT Y. 195
"YHJIJIHCOn m. <I>. 119, 189, 190, 195,
196, 206, 214, 231, 236, 252, 264,
290,299,311,316
"YHJIJIo6H 38, 39
YHJIbHMC P. 286-292, 296, 309, 318
YHHrcpHJI,D; 8. 41-44, 50, 51, 131
"YHHCJIOY . R. 187, 219
"YHHCJIOY O. 8. 75, 289, 290
"YHHCJIOY 3. 196, 209, 210, 218, 219,
227-229, 237, 240, 244, 247, 251,
254, 255, 257, 280, 284, 286, 287,
293-296, 322
¥uHTpon m. 291, 296
YHTeKep A. 61
YOJIJICTOYH M. 264, 266
YOPlJ; r. M. 201, 299
Yop,n; 90
YoppeH P. 240, 252
Yom6epH Y. 6, 112, 119, 132, 151,
152, 155, 158, 163
¥cRoBa 8. H. 4
YTH ,IJ;m. 133, 156, 159, 161
YacTMOpJIeH,D; a. 136
"YacToH T. 179, 180, 212, 213, 215,
220-229, 231, 232, 237, 239, 252,
273
YacToH 8. 221, 264
cDeiipcpaKC 79
<1>eplJ;HHaHlJ; ABCTpHHCKJIH 39
<Deppap Am. 94, 98, 101, 104
<Deppap H. 94, 126
<DecT 283
<1>JIJIHrrll II 7, 8, 19
<DHJIHITIT III 27
<DHcRe m. 23, 27, 59, 65, 76, 129, 189
<DHTtJep 266, 267
<1>JIeTQep ,n;m. 35
<I>OHHHD;KHU B. H. 124, 145
<I>oHep <D. C. 124
<Dopc II. 29, 219
<I>po6Hmep M. 7
a>YJIJIep C. 176, 209, 210, 274, 275,
289, 294
$ypceuKo A. A. 4
330

YRA3A TEJIL HMEH
XaiiJPI M. ¥. 108
XaMMoH Am. 129, 130, 139, 140, 145
XaHT P. 43
X apBH m. 146, 152, 154-166, 301
XapBYP; T. 160, 161
XappHc M. 24, 69, 73, 74, 80 81
133,134,139 ' ,
XappHcoH m. B. 31, 51, 58, 16n
XappHcoH Am. 79
XaYJIeHp; Am. 257, 259, 313
XeiiMop P. 70-72, 74 112-115
118, 147 ' ,
XeHHxaM T. 28
XeRT A. 132, 134
XepHp;oH M. 72, 102, 134
XHJIJI Ill. 169
XHJITOH Y.219
X060MOK 210, 211, 228
X03Mep ,r(m. R. 281
X ORRHC ,D; m. 7
XOJIJI R. R. 159
X OJIMC Y. 293
XOYJI Y. 55
XYK ,IJ;m. 277
XaJIp;CTOH ,IJ;m. 222, 223
XapHoT ,L(m. 30
XaTepJIH T. 258, 280, 281, 283, 320
XaTQ q. 72, 82, 89, 96, 132, 148
'IaHHHHr 3. 188, 189, 214, 215
qaHhImeB A. H. 187, 188
qeHJIOH r. 28
qeiiHH 3. TI. 22, 27, 154
t:IaH,n;JIep :3. H. 25, 68, 69, 112, 118,
133
qauMeH 21
maMac R. 299
IDapnJIecc 3. 147
llIapTJIecpcp H. 300
IDap<p ,lIm. T. 157, 160
illeKCImp Y. 31, 34
meIIIIap,n; C. 5
illennap.n; 3. Y. 150
IDepBYf( ,D;m. 22
ffiepep JI. E. 124
IDToRMap B. B. 168
illapJIH ,D;m. 244, 255, 258, 283 296,
320, 322 '
3660TT M. 97
8660TC ,L(m. 64, 71
36epH P. 109
3Baac C. Y. 96
8rrJICTOH 3. 169, 178
8,n;yap,n; VI 6, 7
8HMC C. M. 93, 128
8HHCBOpT r. 271
8n.n;eH ,IJ;m. 257, 259, 314
8JIJIepTOH 11. (A.) 209, 240, 256, 257,
261,264, 269, 277-284, 286, 319
8 JIJIHOT X. 6
3MepcoH :3. X. 35
3Mpll T. 47, 48
3HreJILC <1>. 7, 17, 18, 168, 171, 198
8H,n;RROTT ,IJ;1f\. 274
8H.n;proC P. 258, 320
8H,n;proC q. M. 26, 28, 65, 70, 74, 81
87-89,97,103,107, 134, 147, 148:
150,162,166,178,189,190,209,234,
252, 253, 258, 299-301
8praJIJI C. 53, 72, 74-76, 80, 90,
97, 113, 136, 155
3pJI A. M. 143
8mJIII :3. 278, 281, 282
H6pOBa M. M. 21, 22, 28
HKOB I 20, 22, 27, 28, 37, 65, 72, 86,
97, 98, 106--108, 114, 149, 173,
177, 179, 183
Har A. 198

or JlABJIE HIIE
OT ABTOP A
3
BBEAEHIIE
5
BprIl1HII1
rnaoa nepBaR
TIHPrIIHCHAH HOMIIAHIIH
19
rnasa BTOpaJi
RAITHTAH jROH CMIlT
35
r naBa TpeTLJI
TPY,r(HOE CTAHOBJIEHHE
57
r JIaoa qeTOepTaR
«B3JIET» H BAHRPOTCTBO
93
r JlaBa DIITaJl
«P ACCRA3 0 HACIIJIHII II MOillEHHHqECTBE»
111
rJlaBa meCTaJi
ROPOJIEBCKAH HOJIOHHH:
«APIICTORPAThI» H PABhI
126
rJlaBa ceALlrIaJl
H3rHAHHE rYBEPHATOPA
iROHA XAPBH
146
332

HOBbl nIlMYT
r.1l8B8 BOC..8S
IIHJIHrPHMbI
168
r naBa AeBBTaJi
COrJIAmEHHE HA «MS1t<I>JIAYSP»
183
r n8Ba AeCJlTaJi
<cHOBbIa XAHAAH»
202
rn8Ba OABBBaAaTaJl
«XAHAAH) MEHHET OBJIIIH
220
rnaB8 ABeBaAaTaJi
«HAOJIOIIORJIOHHHR». «Bll3HECMEH»
«HCRATEJIb»
261
r.1l8B8 TpUR8AI(8T8JI
«BEJIHRIIE OCHOBbI» -
«CT A TbII cor JIAIIIEHI1H»
292'
BMECTO 3ARJIIOQEHHH
325
YRA3ATEJIL HMEH
326

CONTENTS
AUTHOR'S PREFACE
3
INTRODUCTION
5
VIRGINIA
Chapter one
THE VIRGINIA COMPANY
19
Chapter two
CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH
35
Chapter three
DIFFICULTIES OF MAKING
57
Chapter four
«RISE» AND BANCRUPTCY
93
Chapter five
«A TALE OF FORCE AND FRAUD»
111
Chapter six
ROYAL COLONY:
«ARISTOCRATS& AND SLAVES
126
Chapter seven
EXPULCION O}l' GOVERNOR
JOHN HARVEY
146
334

NEW PLYMOUTH
Chapter eight
THE PILGRIMS
168
Chapter nine
«THE MAYFLOWER» COl\IP ACT
183
Chapter ten
«NEW CANAAN»
202
Chapter eleven
«CANAAN» CHANGES FACE
220
Chapter twelve
<.IDOLATER». «BUSINESSMAN».
«SEEKER».
261
Chapter thirteen
«THE GREAT FUNDAMENTALS»
292
SHORT CONCLUSION
325
INDEX OF NAMES
326

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