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ISBN 978-5-9516-0489-7
YAK 347
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2 nOAP06Hee 0 l.lePKOBHO'" POCTOBLlI..'ecTBe C....: COKpos"LlIa ApesHepYCCKo<i n"TepaTypbl.
CaT..pa XI-XVII Be. M., 1987. C. 100-102; M"flIOKOB n.H. O,epK" no ..CTOp.... PYCCKO<i
KYnbTypbl. .... I. Cn6., 1900. C. 118: AHApeeB B.4>. Hosropo.ncK..<i aCTHbl<i aKT XII-XV BB. 1
11., 1986. C. 89.
3 r"XOM"pOS M.H. noco6..e JJ.1l "3y'eH" PYCCKO<i npas,[\bl. M., 1985. C. 366.

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KOB, 1904. C. 1; AATOHOB HI., neccenb M.A. AeHe>KHOe 06paLlleH"e, Kpe.n"T" 6aHK". M.,
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2003. Ng 16 (130). C. 51.

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qaJIC.H B YCTaHOBJleH1111 np11HY,l\11TeJIbHOrO Kypca ,l\JI.R oaHKOBCK11X
611JIeTOB, He Bb13b1BaBlil11X ,l\OBep11.H y HaCeJIeH11.H 2 .
TaK11M 06pa30M, K KOHl..\y XVIII B. Bce BbilileHa3BaHHbie Kpe-
,l\11THble yqpe:IK,l\eH11.R 6b1JI11 Ka3eHHbIM11 11 ,l\eHCTBOBaJI11 pa3po3-
HeHHO. XOT.H 11 Me,l\JIeHHO, HO HaKanJI11BaJIC.H onbIT C03,l\aH11.H Kpe-
,l\11THbIX yqpe:IK,l\eH11H, OpraH113aQ1111 ,l\eHe:IKHOrO 06pall\eH11.H 11
npe,l\OCTaBJIeH11.R Kpe,l\11TOB KaK co6cTBeHHbiM rpa:lK,l\aHaM, TaK 11
11HOCTpaHQaM. C03,l\aHHa.H C11CTeMa Kpe,l\11THbIX Ka3eHHbiX yqpe:IK-
,z:(eH11H 6blJIa ,l\aJIeKa OT cOBeplileHcTBa.
B CB.R311 C 3T11M B HaqaJIe XIX B. no 11H11Q11aT11Be 11 np11 nOJIHOM
CO,l\eHCTB1111 npaB11TeJIbCTBa B POCC1111 CTaJI11 C03,l\aBaTbC.H nepBble
Kpe,l\11THble yqpe:IK,l\eH11.H COCJIOBHOrO T11na: 3anaCHbie ,l\eHe:IKHble
1 C06p"eSCK"';;A.C. YK33. co-. C. 5. 11
2 rYPbesA. O,ePK pa3B"T" KpeAHTHblX Y"P€Jl<.D,e.",i1 B POCC..... cn6., 1904. C. 10.

<pOH.l\bl, C11pOTCK11e KaCCbl 6b1Blil11X HeMeQK11X KOJIOH11CTOB, M11p-
CK11e 3aeMHbie Kan11TaJIbl, KOMMYHaJIbHbIe KaCCbI, Y.l\eJIbHble 6aH-
K11, BCnOMOraTeJIbHble KaCCbl 11 c6eperaTeJIbHble KaCCbl .l\.n.H rocy-
.l\apCTBeHHbIX KpeCTb.HH, 11HOp0.l\qeCK11e, CCY.l\HbIe KaCCbl, CeJIbCK11e
11 BOJIOCTHbIe 6aHK11, a TaKme CCY.l\Ho-c6eperaTeJIbHbIe KaCCbl. Bce
3TO 6bIJI11 CTporo COCJlOBHble yqpem.l\eH11.H, KOTopbIe 06CJIym11BaJI11
TOJIbKO onpe.l\eJIeHHble pa3p.H.l\bI KpeCTb.HH.
3a CqeT npO.l\am11 113JI11lilHero xJIe6a KpeCTb.HHCK11X XJIe603a-
naCHblX Mara311HOB B 1814 r. Ha oCTpoBe 33e.nb B HOBOpOCC11116bIJI
yqpem.l\eH nepBblH KpeCTb.HHCK11H 6aHK. OH Bbl.l\aBaJI Qe.neBble
Kpe.l\11Tbl KpeCTb.HHaM. B 20-e rO.l\bl XIX B. HaqaJI11 nO.HBJI.HTbC.H
nepBble 6aHK11pCK11e .l\OMa B POCC1111, Hanp11Mep, OCHOBaHHbIH B
1818 r. B r. MocKBe «IOHKep 11 KO». B 30-e-40-e rO.l\bl nO.HB11JI11Cb 11
nepBbIe KyneqeCK11e 6aHK11. J1x q11C.no nOCTO.HHHO YBeJI11q11BaJIOCb
11 K 1857 r. ,l(OCT11rJIO 150 1 .
B KOHQe 30-x rO.l\OB XIX B. Y npaB11TeJIbCTBa POCC1111 B03H11KJIa
11H11Q11aT11Ba lil11pOKOH OpraH113aQ1111 MeJIKoro Kpe.l\11Ta B KpecTb-
.HHCKOH cpe.l\e 2 . B 1837 r. B rocY.l\apCTBeHHblx 11MeH11.HX 6blBlileH
BeJIOTOKCKOH 06JIaCT11 6b1JI11 C03.l\aHbl KOMMYHaJIbHble KaCCbl. Ka-
n11TaJIbl 3T11X Kacc <pOpM11pOBaJI11Cb 113 OC06blX c60poB 11 npe.l\Ha3-
Haqa.n11Cb ,l\JI.H 6eCnpOQeHTHoro Kpe.l\11TOBaH11.H KpeCTb.HH Ha CpOK
.l\0 Tpex .neT no,l( 3aKynK11 npO.l\OBOJIbCTB11.H, CeM.HH 11 11HbIX nOTpe-
611TeJIbCK11X Hym.l\3. B TOM me ro.l\y OTKpblJI11 CB011 onepaQ1111 11
6aHK11.l\JI.H y.l\eJIbHblX KpeCTb.HH, a qepe3 TP11 rO.l\a, B 1840 r., 6blJI11
yqpem.l\eHbl BcnOMOraTeJIbHble 11 c6eperaTe.nbHble KaCCbl .l\JI.H ro-
cY.l\a pCTBeHHblx KpeCTb.HH.
B CB.H311 C nO.l\roTOBKoH 11 npOBe.l\eH11eM pe<poPMbI 1861 r. B Poc-
C1111 nO.HBJI.HeTC.H 11 3aK peTIJI.HeTC.H Ha paBHe cyme 11MeIOIl\11M11
XOm.l\eH11e TepM11HaM11 «3aeM» 11 «ccY.l\a» TepM11H «Kpe.l\11T».
B 1864 r. 6b1JI11 yqpe:lK,l\eHbl BeCbMa 6JI113K11e no xapaKTepy co-
BeplilaeMblx onepaQ11H M11pCK11M 3aeMHbiM KaccaM 11HOp0.l\qeCK11e
CCY.l\Hble KaCCbl (6alilK11pCK11e, K11pr113CK11e, KaJIMbIQK11e 11 .HKYT-
CK11e), KOTopble <paKT11qeCK11 11CnOJIH.HJI11 pOJIb 3anaCHbiX npo.l\o-
12
1 KY3bMwies A.A., Wan."'H 11.H. OT€'IeCTBeHHOe npe.nnp"'H"'MaTellbCTBO: O,ePK'" ",crop"''''.
M., 1995. C. 89.
2 AAp,PIOW"'H C.A. Pa3B"'Tl1e '" <l>Ol)Mbl MenKoro Kpe.n"'TOBaH"'R B POCC"'''' II AeHbCU '" Kpe,l\lo1T.
1996. N7. C. 67.
3 HOS"'KOB A.H. MeIlK"';; KpeA"'T B POCC"'''' II AeHbr'" '" Kpe.n"'T. 1994. N2 4. C. 75.

BOJIbCTBeHHbIX Kam.lTaJIOB .lIJI.H Kpe.ll11TOBaH11.H HaCeJIeH11.H B CJIY-
qae HeypomaeB 11 ro.nO.lla.
B 1866 r. B03H11KJl11 nepBble rM11HHble cCY.llo-c6eperaTeJIbHble
KaCCbl. B OTJI11q11e OT BcnoMOraTeJIbHO-c6eperaTeJIbHblX Kacc, cCY.lla
B H11X HOC11JIa B 60JIblil11HCTBe CJIyqaeB 3aJIoroBbiM xapaKTep 11 npe-
.lIOCTaBJI.HJIaCb B nepBYIO Oqepe.llb JI11J..\aM, 3aH11MaBlil11MC.H CeJIbCK11M
X03.HMCTBOM 11 BJIa.lleBlil11M 3eMeJIbHbIM yqaCTKOM OT 1,5.l1o 30 .lIec.H-
T11H. MaJI03eMe.nbHble KpeCTb.fiHe, a TaKme 3eMeJIbHbie CeJIbCK11e
pa60TH11KH MOrJI11 nOJIyq11Tb cCY.llY B Kaccax, HO TOJIbKO np11 nopy-
q11TeJIbCTBe BJIa.lle.nbQeB He.llB11m11MOCT11 1 .
1860-e rO.llbl 6b1JI11 TaKme 03HaMeHOBaHbi yqpe.ll11TeJIbCTBOM
MHoroq11CJIeHHbIX aKl.{110HepHbIX KOMMepqeCK11X 6aHKoB, Cpe.ll11
aKT11BHbIX onepaQ11M KOTOpblX BeCOMoe MeCTO 3aH11Ma.n11 Kpe.ll11Tbl
Ha pa3JI11qHoro pO.lla nOTpe611TeJIbCK11e Hym.llbl: 3a lileCTb JIeT 6bl-
JIO OCHOBaHO 37 TaK11X oaHKoB 11 49 11X OT,l(e.neH11M no BceM POCC1111.
KpoMe IIeTep6ypra 11 MOCKBbI OH11 <PYHKQ110H11pOBaJI11 eIl{e B 27
ropo.llax.
BamHYIO pOJIb B pa3B11T1111 nOTpe011TeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l(11TOBaH11.H
cblrpa.n11 yqpem.lleHHble no 3aKoHY OT 25 .HHBap.H 1883 r. CeJIbCK11e
11 BOJIOCTHble OaHK11 2 , QeJIbIO KOTOpblX npOB03fJIalilaJIOCb npe.llO-
CTaBJIeH11e KpeCTb.HHaM CCY,l( «.lI.n.H Y.llOBJIeTBOpeH11.H HaCYIl{HbIX
nOTpe6HocTeM X03.HMCTBa» 11 no.nyqeH11e «.lIOXO.llOB OT .lIeHemHblX
c6epemeH11M».
O.llH11M11 113 CaMblX KpynHblx 6aHKOB 6blJI11 KpeCTb.HHCK11M no-
3eMeJIbHbiM 6aHK, KOTOpblM ObW 06pa30BaH B COOTBeTCTB1111 C Bbl-
COqaMlile YTBepm,n;eHHbIM IIoJIomeH11eM OT 18 Ma.H 1882 r. «.lIJI.H 06-
JIerqeH11.H KpeCTb.HHaM Bcex Ha11MeHOBaH11M cnocoooB K nOKynKe
3eMJI11», a TaKme focY.llapcTBeHHblM ,l(BOp.HHCK11M 3eMeJIbHbiM
6aHK, OCHOBaHHblM BblCOqaMlile YTBepm.lleHHblM TIOJIOmeH11eM OT
3 11IOH.H 1885 r. .lIJI.H Bbl.llaq11.l1oJIrOCpOqHblX Kpe.ll11TOB nOTOMCTBeH-
HbIM .lIBOp.HHaM-3eMJIeBJIa.lleJIbl.{aM no.ll 3aJIOr np11Ha,l\JIemaIl{eM
11M 3eMeJIbHOM c06CTBeHHOCT11.
B 90-x ro.llax XIX B. Haq11HaeTC.H HOBbIM nO.ll'beM B pa3B11T1111
yqpem.lleH11M MeJIKoro Kpe.ll11Ta. BamHblM BKJla.ll B pa3B11T11e .lIaHHO-
ro HanpaBJIeH11.H BHeCJIO C03.l1aH11e HOBoro 3aKOHO.llaTeJIbCTBa. 1 1110-
H.H 1895 r. B CB.H311 C HeOnpaB.lIaBlil11M11C.H Ha,l(em,l(aM11 Ha CeJIbCK11e
6aHK11 11MnepaTop H11KOJIaM II YTBep.ll11JI IIoJIomeH11e 00 yqpem-
1 HosuKOSA.H. Y.a3. co,. C. 75. 13
2 nonHoe c06paHue3a.oHOB Poccui1c.oi1 UMnepuu. Co6p. 3. T. 3. N 1336. Cn6., 1883.

.l\eH11.HX MeJIKOrO Kpe.l\11Ta 1, KOTOpOe 3aBeplil11JIO <pOpM11pOBaH11e
C11CTeMbl Kpe.l\11THbIX yqpe:1K.l\eH11H KOOnepaT11BHOrO T11na.
B COOTBeTCTB1111 C HOpMaM11 .l\aHHoro nOJIO:1KeH11.H QeJIbIO Kpe-
.l\11THbIX yqpe:1K.l\eH11H 06'b.HBJI.HJIaCb nOMOll\b «MaJIO.l\OCTaTOqHbIM
JI11QaM», KOTOpa.H 3aKJIIOqaJIaCb B npe.l\OCTaBJIeH1111 Ha He06peMe-
H11TeJIbHbIX YCJIOB11.HX CCY.l\bI .l\JI.H Y.l\OBJIeTBOpeH11.H X03.HHCTBeH-
HblX nOTpe6HOCTeH. 3.l\eCb CCY.l\Ha.H onepaQ11.H CTaB11JIaCb Ha 6o.rree
lil11pOK11e 11 npOqHble OCHOBaH11Jl. TaK, Hap.H.l\Y C KpaTKOCpOqHbIM11
(.l\0 12 MeC.HQeB) pa3pelilaJI11Cb 11 .l\OJIrocpOqHbIe CCY.l\bl (.l\0 5 JIeT).
B KaqeCTBe 06eCneqeH11.H nOM11MO JI11qHOrO .l\OBep11.H 11 nopY11-
TeJlbCTBa BBO,l(11JIC.H 3aJIOr .l\B11:1K11MOro 11 He.l\B11:1K11MOrO 11MYll\eCT-
Ba. B3WCKaH11e npOCpOqeHHWX Kpe.l\11TOB npe.l\ycMaTp11BaJIOCb
npOBO.l\11Tb qepe3 no.rr11Q111O 11 BOJIOCTHble npaBJIeH11.H.
B IIoJIo:1KeH1111 TaK:1Ke 6b1JI 3aKpenJIeH nepeqeHb yqpe:1K.l\eH11H
MeJIKoro Kpe.l\11Ta, a 11MeHHO: BcnOMOraTeJIbHble KaCCbl 6blBlil11X
rocY.l\apCTBeHHblx KpeCTb.HH, 6aHK11 6b1Blil11X Y.l\eJIbHbIX KpeCTb.HH,
rM11HHbIe KaCCbI ry6epH11H QapcTBa IIoJIbcKoro, CeJIbCK11e 6aHK11,
6alilK11pCK11e Kaccbl, K11pr113CK11e Kaccbl, M11pCK11e Kan11TaJIbl, cCY-
.l\0-c6eperaTe.nbHble TOBap1111\eCTBa 11 Kaccbl, Kpe.l\11THbIe TOBap11-
ll\eCTBa.
Kpe.l\11THble TOBap1111\eCTBa OTJI11qaJI11Cb OT cCY.l\0-c6epera-
Te.nbHbIX TOBa p1111\eCTB npe:1K.l\e Bcero OTc)'TcTB11eM naeBblX B3HO-
COB. BCTyn11TeJIbHbIH B3HOC B nO.l\06HOe 06'be.l\11HeH11e 6bIJI YCTa-
HOBJIeH B pa3Mepe 1 py6., naeBOH - 50 py6. MaKC11MaJIbHbIH
pa3Mep KpeJ.{11Ta 6bIJI B03MO:1KeH J.{O 80 py6. CpOKOM Ha 6 MeC.HQeB.
O.l\HaKO np11 qpe3BblqaHHbiX 06CTO.HTeJIbCTBaX CpOK Mor 6blTb
npoJ.{JIeH ell\e Ha 3 MeC.HQa 2 . OCHOBHOH Kan11TaJI 06pa30BaJIC.H 3a
CqeT CCY.l\ focY.l\apCTBeHHoro 6aHKa. TeM caMbIM npe.l\no.rraraJIOCb
np11BJIeqb B 3T11 yqpe:1K,l\eH11.H «MaJIOJ.{OCTaTOqHbIX JI11Q», Ha KOTO-
pblX npe:1K.l\e Bcero 11 Op11eHT11pOBaJIOCb IIoJIo:1KeH11e 1895 r.
CCY.l\0-c6eperaTeJIbHbIe TOBap1111\eCTBa MOrJI11 no.nb30BaTbC.H 11
KpeJ.{11TaM11 focYJ.{apcTBeHHoro 6aHKa, HO JI11lilb nOCJIe npe.l\OCTaB-
JIeH11.H 11M11 rOJ.{OBoro OTqeTa. IIp11 BblJ.{aqe Kpe,l(11Ta OH11 Y'UlTbIBa-
.n11 pa60TocnocooHoCTb 3aeMll\11Ka, ero np11JIe:1KaH11e, HpaBcTBeH-
Hble J.{OCT011HCTBa 11 T.n. B KaqeCTBe 06eCneqeH11.H KpeJ.{11Ta
.l\OnycKaJI11Cb B 3aJIOr np1106peTeHHbIH 11HBeHTapb, 113JI11lilKI1 CeJIb-
CKOX03.HHCTBeHHoH np0J.{YKQ1111 11 J.{OMalilH.H.H YTBapb.
Ilf 1 nonHoe C06paHI1e3aKOHOB POCCI1';;CKO';; I1Mnepl1H. Co6p. 3. T. 15. N2 11756. cn6., 1895.
2 KapenI1HA.n. CenbCKox03R';;CTBeHHbI';; Kpe.nI1T B POCCI1I1 B KOHLle 19 BeKa. M., 1988. C. 97.

TIpe.llOCTaBJI.HeMble yqpe:1K.lIeH11.HM11 MeJIKOrO Kpe.ll11Ta CCY.lIbl
11CnOJIb30BaJI11Cb 3eMJle.lleJIbqeCK11M HaCeJIeH11eM B OCHOBHOM Ha
nOMep:1KaH11e CBOerO CYll\eCTBOBaH11.H 11 HanpaBJI.HJI11Cb Ha nOKpbl-
T11e .lIOJIroB, C06CTBeHHbiX paCXO.llOB 11 .lIPyr11e JI11qHbIe l..\eJI11, CJIe-
.lIOBaTe.nbHO, HOC11JI11 Henp0113BO.llCTBeHHbIM (noTpe611Te.nbCK11M)
XapaKTep.
TaK11M 06pa30M, MbI MO:1KeM Ha6JIIO.lIaTb, qTO 3a .lIOJIr11e ro.llbl
pa3B11T11.H Kpe.ll11TOBaH11.H HaCeJIeH11.H B POCC1111 TIOJIO:1KeH11e 1895 r.
BnepBble B KaqeCTBe np110p11TeTHOM CTaB11T nOneq11TeJIbcKYIO 3a-
.lIaqy nOMOll\11 «MaJIO.llOCTaTOqHbIM JI11l..\aM», TeM caMblM nO.llH11Ma.H
Cpe.llH11M ypoBeHb KpeCTb.HHCK11X X03.HMCTB.
O.llHaKO K HaqaJIY XX B. nO.HB11JIaCb Heo6xo.ll11MOCTb nepepa-
60TK11 11 .lIOnOJIHeH11.H BblliIeYKa3aHHoro no.nO:1KeH11.H, C yqeTOM Ha-
KOnJIeHHOrO onbITa, B CB.H311 C qeM 7 11IOH.H 1904 r. 6blJI0 YTBep:1K.lIe-
HO HOBoe TIOJIO:1KeH11e 0 MeJIKOM Kpe,l\I1Te 1. IIOM11MO Bcero npOqerO
OHO 3aKpen11JIO HOBblM T11n Kpe.ll11THOrO yqpe:1K.lIeH11.H - 06ll\eCT-
BeHHbie CCY.llO-C6eperaTeJIbHble KaCCbl, KOTOpble CTaJI11 e.ll11HOM
OpraH113al..\110HHO-npaBOBOM <pOpMOii: OOll\eCTBeHHbIX KpeCTb.HH-
CK11X Kpe.ll11THbIX yqpe:1K.lIeH11M.
HeJIb3.H He OTMeT11Tb TaK:1Ke 06ll\eCTBa B3a11MHoro Kpe.ll11Ta
(OBK), KOTopble nOJlyq11J111liI11pOKOe pacnpOCTpaHeH11e B 3TOT ne-
p110.ll, oco6eHHO B CeJIbCKOM MeCTHOCT11. B OBK Ka:1K,l\OMY qJIeHY
np11 BCTynJIeH1111 B TaKoe 06ll\eCTBO OTKpbIBaJIC.H Kpe.ll11T Ha pa3-
JI11qHble HY:1K.lIbl Ha CYMMY B 10 pa3 60JIbliIe qJIeHCKOro B3Hoca. LJ:a-
CTO 11MeJI11 MeCTO <paKTbl, KOr.lla cJIY:1Kall\11e C :1KaJIOBaH11eM B 100
py6. 11MeJI11 Kpe.ll11Tbl B 7-8 06ll\eCTBaX Ha o6ll\YIO CYMMY 5-6
TbIC. py6. 11 3a.llOJI:1KeHHOCTb B 4 TbIC. py6. 11 6oJIee 2 . HeCMOTp.H Ha
.lIaHHble 06CTO.HTeJIbCTBa, TaKoro pO,l(a 06ll\eCTBa npoQBeTaJI11 .lIO
onpe.lleJIeHHOrO MOMeHTa, np11BJIeKa.H B CB011 p.H.lIbl Bce 60JIbliIe 11
60JIbliIe p.H.lIOBbIX BK.na.llq11KOB.
TaK11M o6pa30M, oco6eHHocTbIO nOTpe611Te.nbcKoro Kpe.ll11TOBa-
H11.H B .lIOpeBOJIIOI..\110HHOM nep11o.lle .HBJI.HeTC.H ero xapaKTep 11C-
nOJIb30BaH11.H 3eMJIeBJIa.lle.nbqeCK11M HaCeJIeH11eM, a 11MeHHO Ha He-
np0113BO,l(11TeJIbHbIe QeJI11: Ha JI11qHbIe paCxO.llbl, YTIJIaTY .lIOJIroB 11
T..lI. B 3TOT nep11o.ll pOCC11MCK11M rocY.llapCTBOM CTaB11JIaCb 3a.llaqa
BblpaBH11BaH11.H ypOBH.H .lIOXO.llOB KpeCTb.HHCK11X X03.HMCTB 3a CqeT
I nonHoe C06paH..e aaKOHOB POCC..i'iCKOi'i .....nep..... Co6p. 3. T. 24. N. 24737. cn6., 1907.
2 bOBblK..H 8.11. <!>OpM"pOBaH..e <l>HHaHcoBoro Kan..T3J1a B POCCH", KOHell XIX B. - 1908 r.
M., 1987. C. 240-243.
15

npeOCTaBJIeHM.H KpeMTOB MaJIo06ecneqeHHblM CJIO.HM HaCeJIe-
HM.H. 3Ta 3aaqa pelllaJIaCb C nOMOll\bIO lllMpmwii: CeTM yqpeme-
HMii: MeJIKOrO KpeMTa, qTO n03BOJIMJIO M36emaTb pa30pMTeJIbHOrO
BJIM.HHM.H co CTOpOHbl TOprOBl..\eB M POCTOBll\MKOB.
BMeCTe C TeM, aHaJIM3 pa3BMTM.H KpeMTOBaHM.H HaCeJIeHM.H Ha
nOTpe6I1TeJIbCKMe Hym,n;bI C nepBoii: TpeTM XVIII B. no 1917 r. no-
Ka3aJI, qTO 3TOT nepMo MomHO pa3eJIMTb Ha Ba 3Tana:
1) C 1733 no 1861 ro - xapaKTepM30BaJIC.H CTaHOBJIeHMeM 6aH-
KOBCKOro KpeMTOBaHM.H M MOHOnOJIMeii: rocyapcTBa B 3TOH c<pepe;
2) C 1861 no 1917 ro - nO.HBJIeHMe MHOroqMCJIeHHblX KOMMep-
qeCKMX 6aHKoB M KpeMTHbIX yqpemeHMii:, qTO npMBeJIO K oCJIa6-
JIeHMIO MOHOnOJIMM rocyapcTBa B c<pepe KpeMTOBaHM.H; lllMpoKoe
pacnpocTpaHeHMe e.HTeJIbHOCTM yqpem,l(eHMii: MeJIKOrO KpeMTa;
pa3BMTMe 6aHKoBcKoro 3aKOHOaTeJIbCTBa.
TIpoM30llle,l(lllMe M CTaBlllMe HeOT'beMJIeMoii: qaCTbIO MCTOpMM
aJIbHeii:lllMe C06bITM.H, peBOJIIOQM.H 191 7 roa M ee nOCJIeCTBM.H Ha
6JIMmaii:lllMe 70 JIeT B KopHe nOMeH.HJIM 0611\eCTBeHHYIO, 3KOHOMM-
qecKYIO M nOJIMTMqecKYIO COCTaBJI.HIOll\Me mM3HM 0611\eCTBa, cy-
ll\eCTBeHHO M3MeHMB npol..\ecc pa3BMTMR KpeMTOBaHM.H HaCeJIe-
HM.H.
III nepJlo (1917- 1991 rr.). B xoe OKT.H6pbCKOii: peBOJIIOI..\MM
BJIaCTb HaQMoHaJIM3MpOBaJIa focyapcTBeHHblii: 6aHK, a 3aTeM qa-
CTHble KOMMepqeCKMe 6aHKH. B <peBpaJIe 1918 r. oCYll\eCTBJIeHa
KOH<PMcKaQM.H aKQMoHepHoro KanMTaJIa qaCTHbIX 6aHKoB, M OH 6bIJI
nepeaH foc6aHKY. Ha OCHOBe MX CJIM.HHM.H 06pa30BaJICR EMHblii:
HapoHbIii: 6aHK pecny6JIMKH. K KOHQY 1919 r. CJIM.HHMe 6aHKoB 3a-
BeplllMJIOcb. Ha 6aJIaHC HapoHoro 6aHKa 6blJIO nepeaHo l..\eHHOC-
Teii: nO'lTM Ha 13 MJIp py6., qTO COCTaBMJIO 94% BaJIIOTbI OaJIaHCa
KOMMepqeCKMX 6aHKoB.
HaQMoHaJIM3aQM.H 3eMJIM npMBeJIa K JIMKBMaQMM MnOTeqHOrO
KpeMTOBaHM.HI. B eKa6pe 1917 r. ynpa3HeHbI .D;BOp.HHCKMii:, 3e-
MeJIbHblii: M KpeCTb.HHCKMe 6aHKH. J1x JIMKBMaI..\H.H 6bIJIa nopyqeHa
foc6aHKY. 10 OKT.H6p.H 1918 r. npeKpaTMJIM e.HTeJIbHOCTb 0611\eCT-
Ba B3aMMHoro KpeMTa, B CJIeYIOll\eM roy JIMKBHMpoBaHbI qaCT-
HbIe 3eMeJIbHbIe 6aHKM M ropocKMe KpeMTHble 0611\eCTBa. 4>MJIM-
16
1 60llee Toro, AO Ha,alla 3KOHOM..,eCK0i1 peq,op...... KOHL1a 80-x - Ha,ana 90-x rr. xx s. s
POCCL11-1 He CYUleCTBOBaJlO CI-1CTeMbi L1nOTe"-lHoro )I((.11U.1UlHO....O Kpe,[lL1TOBaH&1f1. KaK OHa no-
HHMaeTC" so sceM .....pe. KpeAHTbl Ha ",..Ilbe He 6blll.. Hanp""'YIO o6ecn€'<eHbl3allorOM He-
AS""'''Moro ..MYlJ.lecTsa snllOTb AO np"HT"" s 1992 r. <l>eAepallbHoro aaKOHa -0 3anore...

aJIbl 11HOCTpaHHbIX 6aHKOB (JI110HCKOrO Kpe.l\11Ta 11 C11T11H3HWeHJI
6aHK) 6b1JI11 3aKpbITbi B .l\eKa6pe 1918 r.
MOCKOBCK11H HapO.l\HbIH KoOnepaT11BHbIH6aHK, KOTOpbIH OOCJIY-
m11BaJI nOTpe611TeJIbcKYIO Kpe.l\11THYIO CeJIbcKYIO KoonepaQ11IO,
HaQ110HaJI11311pOBaH B KOHQe 1918 r. IIepe.l\ H11M 6blJIa nOCTaBJIeHa
3a.l\aqa: CO.l\eHCTBOBaTb OpraH113aQ1111 3aKynK11 npO.l\YKTOB 11 oCY-
ll\eCTBJI.HTb 11X npoJ.{amy HaCeJIeH1110 1.
O.l\HaKO, B11.l\.H B Kpe.l\11THOH C11CTeMe MOIl\HblH pblqar nOCTpOe-
H11.H cOQ11aJI113Ma, COBeTCKa.H BJIaCTb CTaJIa B0306HOBJI.fiTb Kpe,l(11TO-
BaH11e HaCeJleH11.H yme B HaqaJIe 20-x rO.l\OB. BOJIee TOro, B.J1. JIe-
H11H Cq11TaJI HeOOXO,l(11MbIM COXpaHeH11e 6aHKOB KaK <pOpMbl
061l\eCTBeHHOrO paCnpe.l\eJIeH11.H 11 yqeTa. «E.l\11HbIH KpynHeHW11H
113 KpynHeHW11X roCY.l\apCTBeHHblH6aHK, C OT.l\eJIeH11.HM11 B Kam.l\OH
BOJIOCT11, np11 Kam.l\OH <pa6p11Ke, - n11CaJI B.J1. JIeH11H, - 3TO yme
.l\eB.HTb J.{eC.HTbIX COI..\11aJI11CT11qeCKOrO annapaTa ... 3TO HeqTO BpOJ.{e
CKeJIeTa cOQ11aJI11CT11qeCKOrO 06Il\eCTBa»2.
IIpeo6JIaJ.{alOll\a.H qaCTb nOTpe611TeJIbCK11X KpeJ.{11TOB BblcTyna-
JIa HenOCpeJ.{CTBeHHO B HaTypaJIbHOH <pOpMe, qTO 6blJIO CB.H3aHO C
HeYCTOHq11BOCTblO .l\eHer B nepBbIe rO.l\bl COBeTCKOH BJIaCT11. 3TO
OTHOC11TC.H K paCCpOqKe nJIaTemeH3a TOBapbl 11 np1106peTaeMble B
JI11qHYIO C06CTBeHHOCTb m11JIble J.{OMa. KpeJ.{11Tbl Ha CTp011TeJIbCTBO
11HJ.{11B11.l\yaJIbHbIX m11J1bIX J.{OMOB B p.H.l\e CJIyqaeB TaKme HOC11JI11
HaTypaJIbHbIH XapaKTep, TaK KaK npe.l\np11.HT11.H, KOJIX03bl, COBXO-
3bI CTp011JI11 J.{OMa C np11BJIeqeH11eM 6aHKOBCKOrO Kpe.l\11Ta, a 3aTeM
nepeJ.{aBaJI11 11X CB011M pa60TH11KaM C oTIJIaTofl Ha YCJIOB11.HX pac-
CPOqK11 nJIaTema. B CB.R311 C 3T11M YKa3aHHbie Kpe,l(11Tbl np1100pe-
TaJI11 xa paKTep nOTpe011TeJIbCK11X He B MOMeHT nOJIyqeH11.H 11X XO-
3.HHCTBaM11 B 6aHKe, a nOCJIe nepeJ.{aq11 nOCTpoeHHoro J.{OMa B
COOCTBeHHOCTb pa60TH11Ka. B CJIyqae, KorJ.{a nOCTpoeHHble J.{OMa
11CnOJlb30BaJl11Cb X03.HHCTBaM11 B KaqeCTBe 061l\eCTBeHHoro m11JIO-
ro <pOH.l\a, nepeo<popMJIeH11.H 6aHKoBcKOro Kpe.l\11Ta B nOTpe611-
TeJIbCK11H He np011CXO.l\11JI0 3 .
B CB.H311 C 3T11M Cq11TaeM Heo6xo.l\11MbIM OTMeT11Tb BamH)'IO OCO-
6eHHOCTb B nOH11MaH1111 nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO KpeJ.{11Ta B 3TOT nep110.l\
ero pa3B11T11.H. KaK OTMeqaeT B.C. 3axapOB, «noTpe611TeJIbCK11H
KpeJ.{11T ... B 60J1bW11HCTBe CJIyqaeB 6a311pyeTC.H Ha 6aHKoBcKOM Kpe-
I AATOHOB HI., neccenb M.A. YKa3 co,. C. 53.
2 fleHuH B.I1. nonHoe co6paHue cO'<uHeHHi1. T. 34. C. 307.
3 3axapOB B.C. YKa3. cO'<. C. 5.
11

,n;I1Te. BMeCTe C TeM Kpe,n;I1TOBaHI1e nOTpe6I1TeJIbCKI1X Hym,n; I1MeeT I1
CyrI.'(eCTBeHHble OTJII1qI1.H, 3aKJIlOqaIOll\I1eC.H, HanpI1Mep, B TOM, O
O,n;HI1M I13 cy&beKToB Kpe,n;HTHbIX OTHOliIeHI1H .HBJI.HeTC.H HaCeJIeHI1e,
O Kpe,n;I1T MOmeT I1MeTb He TOJIbKO ,n;eHemHYIO, HO I1 TOBapH)'IO
<POPMY. XapaKTepHOH oc06eHHOCTbIO MHOfI1X nOTpeOI1TeJIbCKI1X
Kpe,n;I1TOB .HBJI.HeTC.H npI106peTeHI1e C I1X nOMOll\blO I1MYll\eCTBa ,n;JII1-
TeJIbHOrO nOJIb30BaHI1.H. ECJII1 6bl CpOKI1 QeJIeBblX nOTpe6I1TeJIbCKI1X
Kpe,n;I1TOB OKa3aJII1Cb 60JIbliIe nepI1o,n;a nOJIb30BaHI1.H npI106peTeH-
HblM C I1X nOMOll\blO I1MYll\eCTBOM, OHI1 qaCTI1qHO npeBpaTI1JII1Cb 6bl
B ,n;eHemHble Kpe,l(I1TbI 6e3 onpe,n;eJIeHHOrO u:eJIeBOrO Ha3HaqeHI1.H ...
TIJIaTemI1 B nOraliIeHI1e Kpe,n;I1Ta .HBJI.HIOTC.H CBoero po,n;a aMOpTI13a-
QI10HHbIMI1 OTqI1CJIeHI1.HMI1, XOT.H I1 B nOBblliIeHHbIX pa3Mepax. B TOM
CJIyqae, Kor,n;a Kpe,n;I1T npe,n;OCTaBJI.HeTC.H I1 B03Bpall\aeTC.H B HaTY-
paJIbHOH <popMe (npOKaT npe,n;MeTOB nOTpe6JIeHI1.H), aMOpTI13aQI1-
OHHble OTqI1CJIeHI1.H ynJIaqI1BaIOTC.H nOCJIe,l(OBaTeJIbHO He O,n;HI1M, a
HeCKOJIbKJ1MI1 Kpe,n;onoJlyqa TeJI.HMI1» 1.
113 3Toro CJIe,n;yeT, qTO nOTpe6I1TeJIbCKI1H Kpe,n;I1T Mor Bbl,n;a-
BaTbC.H I1 B HaTypaJIbHOH <popMe. EOJIee TOro, npe,n;OCTaBJIeHI1e
Kpe,n;I1Ta nYHKTaMI1 npOKaTa, no MHeHI1IO B.c. 3axapOBa, - pa3HO-
BI1,n;HOCTb nOTpe6I1TeJIbCKOrO Kpe,n;I1Ta, I1 ero OTJII1qI1TeJIbHOH OCO-
6eHHOCTbIO .HBJI.HeTC.H TO, qTO OH Bbl,n;aeTC.H I1 B03Bpall\aeTC.H B Ha-
TypaJIbHOH <popMe2. )XaHHa.H TOqKa 3peHI1.H, Ha HaliI B3rJI.H,n;,
.HBJI.HeTC.H cnopHOH, TaK KaK npe,n;npI1.HTI1.H 6bITOBOro npOKaTa npe-
,n;OCTaBJI.HJII1 I1MYll\eCTBO BO BpeMeHHoe nOJIb30BaHI1e C B03BpaTOM
I1MeHHO 3TOro npe,n;MeTa. TIoTpe6I1TeJIbCKI1H Kpe,n;I1T, B CBOIO oqe-
pe,n;b, ,n;ame BbIcTyna.H B HaTypaJIbHOH <popMe, npe,n;nOJIaraJI nepe-
xo,n; npaBa c06CTBeHHOCTI1 K 3aeMll\I1KY B MOMeHT nOJIyqeHI1.H 3TOH
Bell\I1.
O,n;HaKO aHaJII13 IOpH,n;I1qeCKOH I1 3KOHOMI1qeCKOH JII1TepaTypbl
Toro BpeMeHI1 nOKa3aJI, qTO BblliIeYKa3aHHa.H TpaKTOBKa nOTpe6I1-
TeJIbCKOrO Kpe,n;I1Ta npOCYll\eCTBOBaJIa npaKTI1qeCKI1 Ha BceM npo-
T.HmeHI1I1 COBeTcKoro nepI1o,n;a.
CJIe,n;OBaTeJIbHO, CqI1TaeM npaBOMepHblM c,n;eJIaTb BbIBO,n; 0 TOM,
qTO B COBeTCKI1H nepI1o,n; 3aeMHbie 06.H3aTeJIbCTBa, conYTCTBYIO-
ll\I1e c,n;eJIKaM no npe,n;OCTaBJIeHI11O TOBapOB C OTCPOqKOH I1JII1 pac-
CPOqKOH nJIaTema (KOMMepqeCKI1H Kpe,n;I1T), TpaKTOBaJII1Cb B Ka-
qeCTBe nOTpeOI1TeJIbCKoro Kpe,n;J-lTa.
18 1 3axaposB.C. YKa3.co.C.II-12.
2 TaM "'e. C. 53.

B CB.H311 C 3T11M O,n;H11M 113 CaMblX paCnpOCTpaHeHHbIX B11,n;OB
Kpe,n;11TOBaH11.H TeKYIl{11X nOTpe611TeJIbCK11X Hym,n; B COBeTCK11M ne-
p110,n; BblcTynaJIa npo,n;ama TOBapOB ,l(Jl11TeJIbHOrO nOJIb30BaH11.H C
paCCpOqKOM nJIaTema.
TIoCJIe rpam,n;aHCKOM BOMHbl 11 11HOCTpaHHOM 11HTepBeHQ1111 Ha-
lIIa CTpaHa np11CTyn11J1a K BOCCTaHOBJIeH111O HapO,n;Horo X03.HMCTBa
(1921-1925 rr.). IIocTpoeH11e COI.\11aJI113Ma oCYIl{eCTBJI.HJIOCb COB-
MeCTHbIM11 YC11J111.HM11 pa60qero KJIaCCa 11 KpeCTb.HHCTBa Ha OCHOBe
11CnOJIb30BaH11.H TOBapHo-,n;eHemHbIX OTHOlIIeH11M, np11HQ11na Ma-
Tep11aJIbHOM 3a11HTepeCOBaHHOCT11 Tpy,n;.HIl{11XC.H 1.
Ra XX C'be3,n;e PKTI (6) (1921 r.) 6blJIa np11H.HTa HOBa.H 3KOHO-
M11qeCKa.H nOJI11T11Ka (R3TI), HanpaBJIeHHa.H Ha 11CnOJIb30BaH11e
TOBapHo-,n;eHemHblx OTHOlIIeH11M HalII11M rocy,n;apcTBoM B ,n;eJIe co-
l.\11aJl11CT11qeCKoro CTp011TeJIbCTBa, KOTOpa.H 03HaqaJIa, qTO Bce
CT011MOCTHbIe pbl'Iar11 (,n;eHbfI1, QeHa, KpeL!11T, np116blJIb 11 T.L!.)
CTaHOB.HTC.H 0pYL!11eM ynpaBJIeH11.H 3KOHOM11qeCKOM m113HbID, a
nOBbllIIeH11e 3<p<peKT11BHOCT11 COI.\11aJI11CT11qeCKoro np0113BOL!CTBa
,n;OCT11raeTC.H 3KOHOM11qeCK11M11 MeTOL!aM11 KOHTpOJI.H 11 CT11MYJI11-
pOBaH11.H 2 .
BamHblM 3BeHOM B nep11oL! BOCCTaHOBJIeH11.H HapOL!HOrO X03.HM-
CTBa .HBJI.HJlaCb TOprOBJI.H. OHa CJIym11JIa B nepeXOL!HblM nep110L! OC-
HOBHOM <pOpMOM 3KOHOM11qeCK11X CB.H3eM MemL!Y rOpOL!OM 11 L!epeB-
HeM, cnoc06CTBYIOIl{eM YKpenJIeH1110 COlO3a pa60qero KJlaCCa 11
KpeCTb.HHCTBa.
B nepBble rOL!bI H3TIa Hap.H,n;y C rocy,n;apCTBeHHOM 11 Koonepa-
T11BHOM TOprOBJIeM 3Haq11TeJIbHbIe n03111.\1111 B c6blTe npOMblIIIJIeH-
HOM npOL!YKQ11113aH11MaJIa qaCTHa.H TOproBJI.H. CHaqaJIa, np11MepHO
.n;o OCeH11 1921 ro.n;a, qaCTHa.H TOprOBJI.H pa3B11BaJIaCb 11CKJlIO'I11-
TeJlbHO B <popMe MeJIKOM, B 60JIblII11HCTBe CJIyqaeB 6a3apHoM (pbl-
HOqHOM) 11 P03H11qHOM, TOprOBJl11 B ropo.n;ax 11 Ha meJIe3HOL!OpOm-
HblX CTaHQ11.HX 11 B <popMe pa3'be3.n;HoM TOproBJl11 no .n;epeBH.HM 11
CeJIaM. 3aTeM B Mae 1921 r. npaB11TeJIbCTBOM 6blJIO pa3pelIIeHo 06-
pa30BaH11e qaCTHbIX ToproBblx npe.n;np11.HT11M. Ha1160JlblII11M pOCT
qaCTHOKan11TaJI11CT11qeCK11X npe,n;np11.HT11M, B 'IaCTHOCT11, B onTO-
'1epHeHKO B.A., RH'IfiHKO B.([)., WMenbKOB H.H. AeHe)KHO-Kpe.nHTHbie OTHoweH" c Hace-
lleH"eM (oTe,ecTBeHHbli1 " 3apy6e)KHbli1 onblT) I nOA 0611\. peA. B.A. YepHeHKo. cn6.,
2003. c. 53.
2 Kncc B pe30Il/Ol1HX" peweHHRx cbe3AoB, KOHcI>epeHi1 " nneHYMOB LlK. T. 2. M.: non"T-
"3AaT, 1983. C. 319-418.
19

BOM TOprOBJIe, OTMeqaJIC.H C cepe;l\11HbI1923 r. ;l\0 OCeH11 1923 r., Kor-
,l(a rocY;l\apCTBeHHbiM 11 KoOnepaT11BHbiM ToproBble annapaTbl
TOJIbKO ell\e <p O pM11pOBaJI11Cb 1.
TIpaBoBble nOJIO:1KeH11.H pa3B11T11.H qaCTHOM TOproBJI11 Onpe;l\eJI.H-
JI11Cb fpa:lK;l\aHCK11M KO;l\eKCOM PCcpCP 1922 r., BCTyn11Blil11M B C11-
JIY 1 .HHBap.H 1924 r. OH npe;l\ycMaTp11BaJI B COOTBeTCTB1111 C nOCTa-
HOBJIeH11eM BIJJ1K 11 CHK PCcpCP OT 10 OKT.HOp.H 1923 r.
P03H11qHYIO npo;l\a:1KY C paCCpOqKOM n.rraTe:1Ka npe;l\MeTOB ;l\OMalil-
Hero 0011XO;l\a, peMeCeJI, npO<peCC11M, OOopY;l\OBaH11.H CeJIbCKoro XO-
3.HMCTBa, ;l\OMOBJIa;l\eH11.H, KOOnepaT11BHOrO 11 MeJIKOro npe;l\np11.H-
2
T1111 .
O;l\H11M 113 B11;l\OB KOOnepaT11BHbIX OpraH113aQ11M, 11rpaBlil11X
KpynHYIO ponb B y;l\OBJIeTBOpeH1111 nOTpe6HOCTeM HaCeJIeH11R B
<popMe 11H;l\11B11;l\yaJIbHoro Kpe;l\11TOBaH11.H, 6blJIa paOoqa.H Koonepa-
l\11.H (pa6Koon)3, KOTOpblM Bbl;l\aBaJI nOTpe611TeJIbCK11M Kpe;l\11T
;l\BYX B11;l\OB: MeJIKOJIaBOqHbIM 11 ;l\OJIroCPOqHbIM.
B nOp.H;l\Ke npe;l\OCTaBJIeH11.H MeJIKOJIaBOqHoro Kpe;l\11Ta oTnyc-
KaJI11Cb TOJIbKO npO;l\YKTbl n11TaH11R 11 npe;l\MeTbl nepBOM Heo6xo-
;l\11MOCT11, np1106peTeH11e KOTOpbIX He Tpe6oBaJIO 60JIblil11X 3aTpaT.
Ero CpOK He ;l\OJI:1KeH ObIn npeBbIlilaTb BpeMeH11 OT O;l\HOM 3apn.rra-
Tbl ;l\0 ;l\pyroM (MaKC11MaJIbHO - O;l\11H MeC.Hl\). .D:aHHbIM Kpe;l\11T OT-
KpblBaJIC.H pa60qeMY B pa3Mepe, YTBep:1K;l\eHHOM 3aBKOMOM npo<p-
COlO3a H a;l\M11H11CTpaQ11efI npe;l\np11.HT11.H B onpe;l\eJIeHHOM
npOQeHTHOM OTHOlileH1111 K cyMMe 3apn.rraT. TIp113TOM pa3Mep Kpe-
;l\11Ta He Mor npeBbllilaTb 50;-) 3apnJIaTbl. OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a CBoe-
BpeMeHHoe nOralileH11e Kpe;l\11Ta HeCJIa a;l\M11H11CTpaQ11.H npe;l\np11-
.HT11.H, KOTOpa.H 3aKJIIOqaJIa COOTBeTCTBYIOll\ee COrJIalileH11e C
pa6KoonOM. TIJIaTe:1K11 B nOralileH11e 3a;l\OJI:1KeHHOCT11 no Kpe,l(11TY
Bblql-lTan11Cb 113 3apnnaTbi 11 nepeq11CJI.Hn11Cb paoKoony.
.D:onrocpOqHbIM Kpe;l\11T npe;l\Ha3HaqaJIC.H ;l\JI.H naMll\11KOB pa6KO-
onOB. C ero nOMOll\bIO y;l\OBJIeTBOp.HJI11Cb nOTpe6HOCT11 B npe;l\eJIax
lil11pOKOrO nOTpe6JIeH11.H 11 ;l\OMalilHero o611xo;l\a, KOTopble no YCJlO-
B11.HM COCTO.HH11.H 3apn.rraTbl B TOT nep110;l\ He MOrJI11 6blTb np1106pe-
TeHbl 3a HaJI11qHble. Hap.H;l\y C rocY;l\apCTBeHHoM KoOnepaT11BHa.H
20
1 CTPYMI1fll1H c.r. O,ePKI1 COBeTCK0i13KOHOMI1KI1. M.-n., 1928. C. 264-265.
2 C60pHI1K YKa3aH.,i1 npaBHTellbCTBa PC<f>CP. 1923. N2 75. CT. 770.
3 no HeKOTopblM .naHHblM, Ha 1 I1IOH 1923 r. '"CIlO aKTI1BHblX nai1wHK08 B ropo.nCKI1X 11 pa-
60'.,x OpraH113aUI1X no BceMY CCCP COCTaBIl1l0 1 777 389 'ell., a K Ha,allY 1924 r. 3Ta
ul1c!>pa B03pocIla AO 2 400 849 'ell., 111111 35,2%.

TOproBJI.H B TOT nepHO,l\ BeJia aKTHBHYIO 60pb6y C qaCTHI1KaMH 3a OB-
JIa,l(eHHe ccpepoi1: P03HHqHOrO TOBapoo6opOTa. .lI:OJIrOCpOqHbie Kpe-
,l(HTbl Bbl,l(aBaJIHCb 3a C'IeT 6aHKOBCKOrO HJlH TOBapHoro Kpe,l\HTa,
nOJlyqaeMOrO OT roCY,l(apCTBeHHbIX npOMbll.l1J1eHHblX npe,l\npH.HTHi1:.
060pOTHbie Cpe,l(CTBa CaMHX pa6KoonOB He MOrJIH HanpaBJI.HTbC.H Ha
3TY l\eJlb. Pa3Mep Kpe,l(HTa He npeBbll.l1aJl nOJl)'TopaMeC.HqHoro 3a-
pa60TKa, a CpOK ero nOral.l1eHH.H - l.I1eCTH MeCHQeB 1.
TOJlbKO 3a 1923 r. 60Jlee 300 TbIC. npOMbll.l1J1eHHblX pa60qHX no-
JIyqMJIH Kpe,l(HT Ha CYMMY 15 MJIH 30JIOTbiX Py6JIei1:, T.e. 50 py6JIei1:
Ha O,l(HOro pa6o'Iero. BecHoi1: 1924 r. no 59 ry6epHH.HM cTpaHbI STOT
Kpe,l\HT (Ha 3-6 MeC.HQeB) nOJIyqMJIH OKOJIO 8 MJlH qeJIOBeK 2 .
TaKHM o6pa30M, 6J1aro,l(ap.H nOTpe6HTeJlbcKoMY Kpe,l(HTY ,l(e-
C.HTKH TbIC.H'I ceMeH CMOrJIH B KOpOTKHH CpOK npHo6pecTH Heo6xo-
,l(HMble TOBapbl.
B ,l(eHemHoi1: cpopMe BblcTynaJIa MeHbl.l1a.H qaCTb Kpe,l(HToB. 3TO
6blJlH Kpe,l\HTbl Ha cTpOHTeJlbCTBO H KanHTaJlbHbli1: peMoHT HH,l(H-
BH,l(yaJlbHbIX mHJlblX ,l\OMOB; cTpOHTeJlbCTBO Ca,l(OBbIX ,l(OMHKOB H
6J1aroycTpoi1:cTBo Ca,l\OBbIX yqaCTKOB; Ha npHo6peTeHHe CKOTa, xo-
3Hi1:cTBeHHoe 063aBe,l(eHHe. Kpe,l(HTOpaMH BblcTynaJIH B OCHOBHOM
6aHKH, KOTopble BbI,l(aBaJiH Kpe,l(bl 3a CqeT HMelOIl.\HXC.H y HHX
Kpe,l\HTHbIX pecypcoB. Oco6eHHocTbIO Bbl,l(aqH nOTpe6HTeJIbCKHX
Kpe,l\HTOB 6aHKaMH 3aKJIlOqaJIaCb B TOM, qTO HX pa3Mepbl YCTaHaB-
JIHBaJIHCb B YTBepm,l(aeMblX emero,l\HO COBeTOM MHHHCTpOB
CCCP nJIaHaX ,l\OJIrocpOqHOrO Kpe,l\HTOBaHH.H. O,l\HHM H3 OCHOBHblX
pecypCOB BbI,l(aqH 6aHKaMH nOTpe6HTeJlbCKHX Kpe,l(HTOB .HBJI.HJIC.H
B03BpaT paHee BbI,l(aHHbIX Kpe,l(HTOB. IIo3TOMY B nJIaHaX npe,l(Yc-
MaTpHBaJIHCb 06"beMbl nOral.l1eHH.H Kpe,l(HTOB, HCXO,l(.H H3 YCTaHoB-
JIeHHblX CpOKOB 3 .
B 3TO me BpeM.H Ha OCHOBe nOCTaHOBJleHH.H IU1K CRK CCCP OT
6 HIOJI.H 1923 r. 4 foc6aHK PC<t>CP 6blJI peopraHH30BaH B foc6aHK
CCCP. .lI:aJlee B QeJI.HX nJiaHOMepHoro CO,l(ei1:cTBH.H BOCCTaHOBJle-
HHIO CeJlbCKOrO X03.HMCTBa nYTeM OKa3aHH.H eMY Kpe,l\HTHOH nOMO-
Il.\H, a TaKme B QeJl.HX C03,l(aHH.H H B03rJIaBJIeHH.H CHCTeMbI Kpe,l\H-
Ta B cpeBpaJle 1924 r. Ha 6a3e cYIl.\eCTBOBaBI.I1Hx ry6epHcKHx H
06JIaCTHbix 06Il.\eCTB CeJlbCKOxo3Hi1:cTBeHHoro Kpe,l(HTa C03,l(aH
1 3axapoB B.C. YKa3. co'!. C. 14-15.
2 Pa6o'a KoonepaLl"" B 1923 r. - Ha'ane 1924 r. M., 1924. C. 51-52.
3 3axapOB B.C. YKa3. co,. C. 9-10.
4 CYCCCP. 1923. N!! 81. CT. 786.
21

DeHTpaJIbHblM CeJIbCKOX03.HMCTBeHHbIM 6aHK CCCP. B 1925 r. 6blJI
opraHM30BaH Ha 6a3e MeCTHbIX KOMMYHaJlbHbIX 6aHKOB DeHTpaJlb-
HbIM 6aHK KOMMYHaJIbHOrO X03.HMCTBa M mMJlMIl\HOrO cTpOMTeJIbCT-
Ba (DeKoM6aHK), YCTaB KOTOpOro YTBepm,l(eH CHK CCCP 17 RHBa-
p.H 1925 r. 1
.lI:JI.H npaBoBoro ocpopMJIeHH.H BbI,l(aqM 3aMMOB (ccY,l() 6aHKaMM
MCnOJIb30BaJlC.H Tpa,l\MQMoHHbIH ,l\OroBOp 3aHMa KaK TaKOBOM (T.e.
pea.rrbHblM H O,l(HOCTOpOHHHM ,l(OroBOp). Ha OCHOBe 3TOro ,l(OrOBOpa
npOMCXO,l\MJlO Kpe,l\MTOBaHMe HaCeJIeHM.H 6aHKaMM, KaccaMM B3aM-
MOnOMOIl\11, JloM6ap,l(aMM. HanpMMep, rpam,l(aHMH, KynMBlIIMM nM-
aHMHO, Mor ynJlaTMTb npO,l(aBQY qaCTb nOKynHoM QeHbl HaJlM'IHbI-
MH ,l(eHbraMM, a Ha OCTaJlbHYIO CYMMY BbI,l(aTb 3aeMHoe
06.H3aTeJIbCTBO. B 3TOM cJlyqae ,l(OrOBOp KynJIM-npO,l(amM 3aMe-
HRJIC.H ,l\OrOBOpOM 3aMMa.
3TO 6blJIO CB.H3aHO C TeM, qTO fpam,l(aHCKMM KO,l(eKC PC<t>CP
1922 r. (,l\aJlee - fK 1922 rl, KaK M ,l(OpeBOJlIOQMOHHbIM npoeKT
fpam,l(aHcKoro YJlOmeHM.H 3 , He CO,l(epmaJI HOpM 0 Kpe,l(MTHOM ,l(oro-
Bope, HO npe,l\YCMaTpMBaJI B03MomHOCTb 3aKJIIOqeHMR npe,l(BapM-
TeJIbHOrO ,l(OrOBOpa 3aMMa. Peqb M,l(eT 0 ,l(BYX npaBHJIax: COrJIaCHO
nepBOMY M3 HMX npe,l\BapHTeJlbHblM ,l(OrOBOp 0 3aKJIlOqeHMM B 6y-
,l(YIl\eM ,l(oroBopa 3aMMa ,l\OJImeH 6blTb COBepilleH B nMCbMeHHOM
cpopMe He3aBMCMMO OT CYMMbl 3aMMa (CT. 218 fK 1922 r.); B COOT-
BeTCTBMM co BTOpblM npaBMJlOM JIMQO, 06.H3aBilleeC.H no npe,l(BapM-
TeJIbHoMY ,l\OroBOpy ,l(aTb ,l(PyroMY B3aMMbl, MOm€T Tpe60BaTb
pacTOpmeHM.H npe,l(BapMTeJIbHOrO ,l(OrOBOpa, eCJlM BnOCJIe,l(CTBMM
MMYIl\eCTBeHHoe nOJIOmeHMe KOHTpareHTa 3HaqMTeJIbHO YXY,l(-
IllMTC.H, B qaCTHOCTM, eCJlM OH 6Y,l(eT npM3HaH HeCOCTO.HTeJIbHbIM
HJlM npMocTaHoBMT nJiaTemM (CT. 219).
fK 1922 r. TaKme npe,l\ycMaTpMBaJI HaqMCJIeHMe npoQeHToB Ha
npoQeHTbl (CJlOmHble npoQeHTbl) B CJIyqae npOCpOqKM TIJiaTema,l\Jl.H
C,l(eJlOK, cOBepillaeMblx C Kpe,l\MTHbIMM opraHM3aQM.HMM (CT. 213).
.lI:JIR npe,l(OCTaBJIeHM.H MeJIKoro Kpe,l(MTa TPY,l(.HIl\MMC.H Ha Bpe-
MeHHbIe 6blToBbie Hym,l(bl 6bIJIM opraHM30BaHbI JIoM6ap,l\bI, ,l(e.H-
1 C06paH"e 3aKOHOAaTenbCTBa CCCP. 1925. T. II. NQ 6-9.
2 CM.: rpa>KA3HCK.,i'i KOAeKC PC<I>CP: 04>"Ll..aJ1bHbli'i TeKCT C "3MeHeH""M.. Ha 1 "10M 1950 r.
lot c npli1f10>KeHWeM nocrarewHo cCTeMaTIi13WpOBaHHblx MaTepHanOB / MHcTepcTBo IOC-
Tl-tLl.... PC<I>CP. M., 1950.
3 fpa>K,AaHcKoe YnoJKeH..e. npoeKT BblCO'iai'iwe y'pe>K,AeHHoi'i PeAaKLll-tOHHoi'i KOM..CC.... no
COCTaBJ1eH.,1O rpa.>K.AaHcKoro YnOJKeH"" / nOA peA. H.M. TIOTpIOMOBa. Cn6., 1910.
22

TeJIbHOCTb KOTOpbIX 6bIJIa npVIBblqHOi1: ,l(JI.H HaCeJleHM.H C ,l(OpeBO-
JIIOQ110HHbIX BpeMeH. B COOTBeTCTBl111 C nOCTaHOBJleHl1eM COBHap-
KOMa OT 11 OKT.H6p.H 1922 r. l JloM6ap,l(bI yqpem,l\aIOTC.H B l.\eJl.HX
npe,l(OCTaBJleHM.H Hym,l\alOLQeMycR rOpO,l(CKOMY HaCeJleHl110 B03-
MomHOCTH nOJIb30BaTbC.H ,l(OcTynHbiM nOTpe611TeJIbCKI1M Kpe,l(l1-
TOM nO,l( pa3Hbie 3aKJIa,l\bl (KpOMe npOQeHTHblX 11 QeHHblX 6YMar).
B 1922 r. 6blJI OTKpbIT MOCKOBCKI1i1: roPO,l(CKOi1:, a B 1923 r. - JIeHI1H-
rpa,l(CKI1i1: JIoM6ap,l\bl. K 1 aBrycTa 1926 r. ,l(ei1:cTBOBaJIO 26 JlOMOap-
,l\OB, KOTopble oCYLQeCTBJlRJlI1 Onepal.\1111 no xpaHeHl110 JIl1qHblX Be-
LQei1: rpam,l(aH 11 Bbl,l(aqe cCY,l\ no,l( 3aKJla,l( ,l\Bl1ml1MOro I1MYLQeCTBa.
TaKl1e Kpe,l\I1TbI Bbl,l\aBaJlI1Cb fJlaBHblM 06pa30M MaJlol1MYLQeMY
TpY,l\.HLQeMYC.H HaCeJIeHl1lO. 06 3TOM CBI1,l\eTeJIbCTByeT KJIaCCoBbli1:
COCTaB KJIl1eHTypbl JloM6ap,l(a B 1924 r.: pa60q11X - 30%; cJlyma-
LQI1X - 36%; 6e3pa60THbIX - 21 %; BOeHHOCJIymaLQI1X - 5%; I1HBaJII1-
,l(OB - 5%; npOql1X - 37(t
TaK me C KOHQa 1922 r. Ha'IaJII1 B0306HOBJI.HTb CBoe ,l(ei1:cTBl1e
'IaCTHble Kpe,l\I1THble yqpem,l(eHI1.H - 06weCTBa B3a11MHoro Kpe,l\l1-
Ta. 3T11 06LQeCTBa ,l\OJlmHbI 6blJl11 06'be,l(I1H.HTbC.H B QeJlRX M0611J111-
3al.\1111 Cpe,l\CTB 11 Kpe,l\I1TOBaHH.H rOpO,l\CKHX KYCTapei1: 11 peMec-
JIeHHI1KOB, a TaKme MeJIKI1X TOprOBl.\eB.
B pe3YJIbTaTe K KOHQY 1920-x rr. B03pOCJlO ql1CJIO opraHl13a-
l.\11i1:, I1MelOLQI1X npaBO BbI,l\aBaTb Kpe,l\I1Tbl Ha nOTpe611TeJIbCKl1e
Hym,l\bI, a TaKme YCJlOBI1R 11 OpMbI I1X npe,l(OCTaBJIeHI1R. O,l\HaKO,
KaK HI1 CTpaHHO, ,l(eHemHa.H peopMa 1922-1924 rr. npl1BeJIa K co-
KpaLQeH1110 npaKTI1KI1 Bbl,l\aql1 nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l\I1Ta, qTO
6bIJIO CB.H3aHO, npem,l\e Bcero, C POCTOM peaJIbHblX ,l(OXO,l\OB Hace-
JIeHI1.H. TaK, no MaTepl1aJIaM 06CJle,l(OBaHI1.H 61O,l\meTOB ceMei1: 06-
LQa.H cYMMa paCxO,l(OB B Cpe,l\HeM Ha O,l(HY ceMblO B03pOCJla C ,l(eKa-
6p.H 1922 r. no HO.H6pb 1925 r. nOqTI1 Ha 70c;f? POCT HapO,l\HOro
nOTpe6JIeHI1.H npl1 OrpaHl1qeHHbIX B03MOmHOCT.HX YBeJIl1qeHI1.H
npOMbIlIlJIeHHblX TOBapOB npl1BeJI K OTHOCI1TeJIbHOMY CHl1meHHIO
pa3Mepa Kpe,l(I1Ta. TaK, 3a nepl10,l( C HO.H6p.H 1924 r. no HO.H6pb 1927 r.
y,l\eJIbHbli1: Bec Kpe,l(I1Ta B CTOI1MOCTI1 Bcex np1106peTeHHbix npo-
,l(YKTOB CHI1311J1C.H npl1MepHo Ha 12 nYHKToB 4 .
1 CYCCCP. 1922. N2 64. CT. 829.
2 'IYPK"'Ha 3. JloM6apA KaK npe.nnpl1T.,e 6b1TOBOro o6cnY"'''BaH''R /1 J].eHbr., ., XpeAI1T.
1972. N. 7. C. 61.
3 61OA>KeTbi pa6o'''x 11 CY>KaUl"x, M., 1929. Bbln. 1. C. 28. 23
4 TaM "'e. C. 91.

IIocJIe,l(YIOIl\ee pa3BMTMe Kpe,l\MTHOH CMCTeMbl CCCP npOMCXO-
,l(MJIO B HanpaBJIeHMM nOCTeneHHOrO npeBpaIl\eHM.H rOC6aHKa B
e,l(MHbIH6aHK KpaTKOCpOqHOrO Kpe,l(MTa, a OTpaCJleBblX 6aHKOB - B
6aHKM ,l(OJlroCPOqHOro Kpe,l(MTOBaHMH.
Ha ,l(aJIbHeHrnee pa3BMTMe nOTpe6MTeJlbCKoro Kpe,l(MTOBaHM.H B
CCCP CYIl\eCTBeHHoe BJIM.HHMe OKa3aJla Kpe,l(MTHa.H pecpopMa
1930-1931 rr. l KaK OTMeqaJIOCb B IOpH,l(MqeCKOH JIHTepaType TOro
BpeMeHM, O,l(HO M3 fJIaBHblX nOJIOmeHMH ,l(aHHOH pecpopMbl «COCTO-
.HJlO B 3aMeHe TaK Ha3blBaeMoro KOMMep'IeCKoro Kpe,l(MTOBaHM.H
O,l(HOH opraHM3aQMM ,l(pyroH, np.HMblM 6aHKoBcKMM Kpe,l(MTOBaHM-
eM, qTO 6blJIO 06YCJlOBJleHO nepeXO,l(OM K pa3BepHYToMY TIJIaHMpO-
BaHHIO HapO,l(Horo X03.HHCTBa»2. TalOKe B xO,l\e pecpopMbI 6blJIM
BBe,l(eHbl HOBbie CPOpMbl 6e3HaJlM'IHbIX paCqeTOB, YCMJlMJlMCb
npMHQMnbl CPOqHOCTM M QeJleBOrO xapaKTepa 6aHKOBCKoro Kpe,l(M-
Ta, 3aBeprnaJIaCb opraHM3aQM.H cneQMaJIbHblX 6aHKOB, KOTopble
npeBpaTMJIMCb B 6aHKM ,l(OJIroCPOqHbIX BJlO:iKeHMH. PecpopMa 3a-
KpenJI.HJia M pa3BHBaJIa meCTKoe a,l(MHHMCTpaTHBHO-QeHTpaJlM30-
BaHHoe ynpaBJIeHMe BceH Kpe,l(MTHOH CMCTeMOH M no CYIl\eCTBY co-
3,l(aBaJIa MOHOnOJIMlO Bcero Kpe,l\MTHOrO ,l(eJIa rOCY,l(apCTBa B JIMQe
e,l(MHOrO rOCY,l(apCTBeHHoro 6aHKa. Kpe,l(MTHoMY ,l(OroBOpy (,l(oro-
BOpy 6aHKOBCKOH CCY,l(bl) 6blJIO npH.l\aHO 3HaqeHMe caMOCTO.HTeJlb-
HOro ,l(oroBopa, OTJIMqHOro OT ,l(OrOBOpa 3aHMa, npM 3TOM ccpepa ero
,l(eHCTBM.H 6blJIa CBe,l(eHa K 6blTOBbIM OTHOrneHM.HM rpam,l\aH. IIOJIO-
meHM.H ,l\aHHOH pecpopMbl nOJIyqMJIM npaBOBoe 3aKpenJIeHMe B XO-
,l(e BTOpOH KO,l(McpMKaQMM OTe'IeCTBeHHoro rpam,l\aHcKoro 3aKOHO-
,l(aTeJlbCTBa (1960-1964 rr.).
KaK CJle,l(CTBHe B 1930-e rr. nO.HBJI.HIOTC.H HOBbie CPOpMbl nOTpe-
6MTeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l(MTa. IIIMpoKoe pa3BMTMe rOCY,l(apCTBeHHbIX
3ai1MoB, pa3MeIl\aBrnMXC.H no nO,l\nMCKe Cpe,l(M HaCeJleHM.H, Bb13Ba-
I nOCTaHOBneH.,e II1K ., CHK CCCP OT 30 HeapSl 1930 r. .0 KPe.P.I1THOi1 pe<l>opMe. /I C3
CCCP. 1930. NQ 8. CT. 98; nocTaHOBneHl1eCHKCCCPOT 14S1HBapSl 1931 r. ,,0 Mepaxyny'-
WeH.,SI npaKTI1KI1 Kpe.nI1THoi1 pe<l>opMbI'// C3 CCCP. 1931. N° 4. CT. 52; nOCTaHOBneHl1e
CHK CCCP OT 20 MapTa 1931 r. 06113MeHeHI1S1x B c.,CTeMe Kpe.nI1TOBaHI1S1, YKpenneH.,11
KpeAI1THoi1 pa60Tbi ., 06ecne'eH" x03pac'eTa BO BCe>< x03opraHax- /I C3 CCCP. 1931.
NQ 18. CT. 166
2 HaY'Ho-npaKTI1,ecK";:; KOMMeHTap.,i1 K OCHoBaM rpa><,[\aHcKoro 3aKoHoAaTenbcTBa CCCP
11 COlO3HblX pecny6nl1K/ nOA peA. C.H. 6parycSI 11 E.A. <l>nei1wI1Ll. M., 1962. C. 316 (aBTOp
KOMMeHTapWs:l K rfl. 11 «PaC'ieTHe J1 Kpe,tU1THbie OTHOWeHs::I)) - C.B. nOlleHIi1Ha); CM. TaK-
",e: BWlbHIIHCK"iii C.M. KP€Al1THo-paceTHble npa800THoweHI1: Y,e6Hoe noc06l1e / OT8.
peA. C.Il. <l>YKC. XapbKoB, 1955. C. 9-13; CKap)I(eHOBCK"iii H.r. O,epK" COBeTcKoro 6aH-
K08CKorO npaBa. CTan.,Ha68.l1. 1958. C. 35-39; Mane"" H.C. Kpe.nI1THO-pac'eTHbie OTHO-
WeH.,SI 11 <I>.,HaHcoBbli1 KOHTponb / OT8. peJl. A.r. neB3Hep. M., 1964. C. 9-12.
21f

JIO K mM3HM CCY,l(bl nO,l\ 3aJIOr OOJlMraQMM YKa3aHHbiX 3aMMOB. Ta-
KMe CCY,l(bl Bbl,l\aBaJIMCb C6epKaCCaMM Ha CYMMY He CBbIlile 30%
CTOMMOCTM 06JIMraQMM M Ha CpOK He 60JIee 6 MeC.HQeB. 3a nOJlyqeH-
HYIO cCY,l(Y BJla,l\eJIeQ 06J1MraQMM ynJIaqMBaJi 0,5%, a npM HeB03-
Bpall.\eHMM ee B CpOK - 1% B MeC.HQ. TaKMe CCY,l\bI Bbl,l\aBaJiMCb ,l\0
HaqaJla BeJIMKOM OTeqeCTBeHHoM BOMHbl l .
II03me CTaJIO pa3BMBaTbC.H M KOCBeHHoe 6aHKoBcKoe Kpe,l(MTO-
BaHMe HaCeJIeHM.H. IIpMH.HTOe 14 aBrycTa 1935 r. HapKOMBHYTOP-
rOM CCCP nOCTaHOBJleHMe NQ 76e npe,l\YCMaTpMBaJIO B ,l(aJIbHeM-
llleM OCYll.\eCTBJI.HTb npO,l(amy rpam,l\aHaM TOBapOB M3 P03HHqHOM
ceTM TOJIbKO 3a HaJIMqHblH paCqeT. A B 1936 r. CHR CCCP npMH.HJI
nOCTaHOBJIeHMe no Bonpocy Kpe,l\MTOBaHM.H TOBapo060poTa, Ha-
npaBJleHHOe Ha ,l(aJIbHeMlilee YJlyqllleHMe MeTO,l\OB Kpe,l(MTOBaHM.H.
IIpMMeH.HBlllMMC.H paHee npMHQMn Kpe,l(MTOBaHM.H Ha Cpe,l(HMM
CpOK MX 060paqMBaeMOcTM 6blJI 3aMeHeH Kpe,l\MToBaHMeM Ha ,l(Mcp-
cpepeHQMpoBaHHble CpOKM npMMeHMTeJIbHO K 060paqMBaeMOcTM
OT,l(eJIbHbIX BM,l\OB TOBapoB. Bce TOBapbI 6blJIM pa3,l\eJleHbl Ha
llleCTb TOBapHbix rpynn. IIo 3TMM rpynnaM YCTaHaBJIMBaJiMcb
,l(McpcpepeHQMpOBaHHble CpOKM 060paqMBaeMOcTM TOBapoB. Ha-
npMMep, ,l(JlR TaKMX TOBapoB, KaK M.HCO, MOJlOKO M T.n., - ,l\0 7,l(HeM,
a ,l\JIR COJlM, CnMqeK, napcplOMepMM, raJiaHTepeM M MblJIa - ,l(0 85
,l(Hei1:.
B npe,l(BOeHHOe BpeM.H M B rO,l\bl BOMHbI oc06eHHo OCTpO CTO.HJI
Bonpoc 06 06eCneqeHMM HaCeJleHM.H mMJIbeM M npe,l(MeTaMM ,l(0-
MalilHero 06MXO,l(a. B CB.H3M C 3TMM npHopMTeTHblM 6blJlO HanpaB-
JIeHMe Kpe,l\OBaHM.H HaCeJIeHM.H Ha MH,l(MBM,l\yaJlbHoe mMJlMIl.\HOe
cTpOMTeJIbCTBO, npaB,l(a, no nOH.HTHbIM npMqMHaM OHO HOCMJIO
BeCbMa OrpaHMqeHHblM xapaKTep. O,l\HaKO, HeCMOTp.H Ha 3TO, B
1940 r. HaCeJIeHMIO 6blJIO Bbl,l(aHO Kpe,l(MTOB Ha MH,l(MBM,l\yaJIbHOe
mMJlMIl.\HOe cTpOMTeJIbCTBO M X03.HMCTBeHHoe 063aBe,l\eHMe B pa3-
Mepe 35 MJlH py6. 3 , a B 1941 r. IIpoM6aHKY 6bIJIO pa3pelileHo npe-
,l(OCTaBJlRTb pa60qMM M cJlymall.\MM 3BaKYMpoBaHHbix npe,l(npM.H-
TMM Kpe,l(MT B pa3Mepe nOJlOBMHbl CTOMMOCTM ,l(OMa. B 1945 r.
ceMbRM norM6111Mx BOMHOB, MHBaJIM,l(aM BOMHbl M Hym,l(aIOIl.\HMC.H
ceMbRM BOeHHOCJIymall.\MX BbI,l\aBaJiMCb Kpe,l(MTbI Ha cTpOMTeJlb-
I 3axapoa B.C. YKa3. co... C. 18.
2 6101lileTeHb HapKoMBHyropra CCCP. 1935. N2 18. C. 248.
3 KPe,D,HTHo-AeHe>KHa" c.,CTeMa CCCP. M.: <I>.,HaHcbl, 1967. C. 304, 307.
25

CTBO 11 BOCCTaHOBJIeHl1e m11JIblX ,l(OMOB B CYMMe ,l(0 15 TbIC. py6. Ha
CpOK,l(O 10 JleT.
IIocJIe BeJlI1KOM OTe'IeCTBeHHoM BOMHbl CI1CTeMe Kpe,l\I1TOBa-
HI1.H CTaJIO Y,l\eJI.HTbC.H Bce 60Jlblile 11 60JIblile BHI1MaHI1.H. Oc060e
3HaqeH11e I1MeJlO nOCTaHOBJleHl1e COBeTa MI1HI1CTpOB CCCP 11 DK
KIICC OT 21 aBrycTa 1954 r. «0 pOJIl1113a,l(aqaX focY,l(apCTBeHHo-
ro 6aHKa CCCP» 1 , B KOTOpOM oc060 OTMeqaJIOCb, qTO pa3B11T11e Qe-
JIeBoro Kpe,l\I1TOBaHI1.H I1MeeT CYIl\eCTBeHHOe 3HaqeH11e ,l\JI.H ,l(aJlb-
HeMlilero nO,l('beMa COQl1aJII1CTl1qeCKOM 3KOHOMI1KI1.
HaqaJIOM HOBOrO 3Tana B pa3B11T1111 nOTpe611TeJIbCKoro Kpe,l\l1-
Ta B COBeTCKI1M nepl10,l( MOmHO Cql1TaTb KOHeQ 1950-x - HaqaJIO
1960-x rO,l(OB. 3TOT 3Tan XapaKTepl13yeTC.H paCllll1peHl1eM Ccpepbl
11 6blCTpblM pOCTOM 06'beMOB Kpe,l\I1TOBaHI1.H Ha nOTpe611TeJIbCKl1e
Hym,l(bl. B Ka'IeCTBe O,l(HOrO 113 Cpe,l(CTB paCllll1peHI1.H 11 CTI1MY-
JIl1pOBaHI1.H nOKynaTeJIbCKOrO cnpoca HaCeJIeHI1.H BHOBb CTaJIa
BblcTynaTb npO,l\ama TOBapOB B Kpe,l\I1T, KOTOpa.H 6blJIa B0306-
HOBJleHa B 1958 r. B p.H,l(e rOpO,l(OB YKpal1Hbl. Ha OCHOBaHl111 nOCTa-
HOBJIeHI1.H COBeTa MI1HI1CTpOB CCCP OT 12 aBrycTa 1959 r..NQ 915
«0 npo,l(ame pa60q11M 11 CJIymaIl\I1M B Kpe,l\I1T TOBapoB ,l(JlI1TeJlb-
HOro nOJlb30BaHI1.H,,3 3Ta cpopMa TOproBJlI1 pacnpOCTpaH11JIaCb 11 Ha
,l\pyme pecny6JI11K11 cTpaHbI.
COrJIaCHO 3TOMY nOCTaHOBJleHl11O COBeTY MI1HI1CTpOB COlO3HbiX
pecny6JI11K 6blJl0 pa3pelileHo YCTaHaBJII1BaTb CneQl1aJIbHbIM nepe-
qeHb TOBapoB ,l(JI.H npO,l(aml1 B Kpe,l(I1T. IIepeqeHb TOBapoB Mor Me-
H.HTbC.H 11 ,l(OnOJIH.HTbC.H ,l\pyrl1MI1 TOBapaMH ,l\JlI1TeJIbHoro nOJlb30-
BaHI1.H, I1MelOIl\I1MI1C.H B ,l(OCTaTOqHOM accop1'I1MeHTe. IIpl1 npo,l(ame
TOBapa B Kpe,l\I1T He MeHee 20-25% CTOI1MOCTH TOBapoB OnJlaql1Ba-
JIOCb nOKynaTeJIeM ffilJIl1qHblMI1 ,l(eHbraMI1, a OCTaJlbHa.H qaCTb, KaK
npaBI1J10, B Te'IeHl1e 6 MeC.HQeB, HO He 60Jlee 12 MeC.HQeB. C nOKyna-
TeJleM B nOJlb3Y ToprYIOIl\I1X opraH113aQ11M B311MaJIaCb nJiaTa 3a
Kpe,l(I1T B pa3Mepe 1-2% OT P03H11qHOM QeHbI TOBa pa 4.
B COOTBeTCTBl111 C J1HCTpYKQl1eM «0 nop.H,l\Ke npO,l\amH B ropo,l(aX
pa60q11M 11 CJlymaIl\11M TOBapOB B Kpe,l\11T» 5 YCTaHaBJlI1BaJlI1Cb CJle,l\y-
1OIl\l1e npOQeHTHble CTaBKH: 3a Kpe,l( CpOKOM ]],0 6 MeC.HQeB BKJIlOql1-
1 ,l\"peIffi1SbI Kncc ., CoseTcKoro npaS"TeJ1bCTSa no X03>:;CT8eHHblM BOnpocaM. T. 4. C. 279.
2 Co6paH.,e nOCTaHOBJ1eH.,>:; npaS"TeJ1bCTea CCCP. 1959. N2 17. CT. 130.
3 'Ie{JHeHKO B.A., f1H,eHKo B. 4:>. , WMeJ1bKOB H.H. YKa3. co,. C. 56.
5 YTBep>K,C\eHa nOCTaHOSJ1eH"eM COBeTa M"H"CTPOS CCCP OT 4 ceHT6p" 1959 r. N2 1475//
cn PC<I>CP. 1959. N2 13. CT. 112.
26

TeJIbHO B311MaJlC.H 1% OT P03HJ1qHOM QeHbl TOBapa, 38. Kpe,l\ CpOKOM
OT 6,l(0 9 MeC.HQeB BKJIlOql1TeJlbHO - 1,59'(', a OT 9,l(0 12 MeC.HQeB - 2%.
.lI:JI.H Y,l(06CTBa paCqeTOB nOKynaTeJIeM C ToprYIOlL\I1MI1 opraHI1-
3aQI1.HMI1 norallleHl1e Kpe,l(I1Ta np0I13BO,l(I1J10Cb nYTeM y,l(epmaHI1.H
113 3apa60THOM nJIaTbl pa60q11X 11 CJlymalL\I1X no MeCTY I1X OCHOB-
HOM pa60Tbi 11 6e3HaJII1'J:HbIM nepeql1CJleHl1eM Ha CqeT COOTBeTCT-
BYIOlL\eM ToprOBOM opraHl13aQI1I1.
.lI:JI.H B03MelL\eHI1.H 060POTHbiX Cpe,l(CTB TOproBblX opraHl13aQI1M,
OTBJIeqeHHblX B nOTpe611TeJlbCKI1M Kpe,l(, rOC6aHKY CCCP B 1959 r.
6blJIO pa3pelileHo npe,l\OCTaBJI.HTb opraHl13aQI1.HM 11 npe,l(npl1.HTI1-
.HM P03HJ1qHOM TOprOBJII1 CCY,l(bl Ha onepaQI1I1, CB.H3aHHble C npo,l\a-
meM TOBapoB B Kpe,l(I1T.
B 1961 r. 6blJl11 npl1H.HTbl OCHOBbl rpam,QaHcKoro 3aKOHO,l(a-
TeJIbCTBa COlO3a CCP 11 COlO3HbiX pecny6J111K (,l(aJlee - OCHOBbl
1961 r.)I, a B 1964 r. - fpam,l(aHCKI1M KO,l(eKC PC4>CP (,l(aJlee - fK
1964 r.t
OCHOBbl 1961 r. cO,l\epmaJII1 ,l(Be CTaTbl1, HanpaBJIeHHble Ha pe-
rYJll1pOBaHl1e Kpe,l(l1THbiX npaBooTHOllleHI1M: 0 Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1I1 op-
raHH3aQ11M (CT. 85) 11 0 6aHKOBCK11X cCY,l(ax rpam,l(aHaM (CT. 86), KO-
Topble, O,l(HaKO, HOC11JI11 OTCbIJIOqHblM xapaKTep. COrJIaCHO CT. 85
OCHOB 1961 r. (CT. 393 fK 1964 r.) Kpe,l\I1TOBaHl1e rocY,l(apCTBeHHblx
opraHl13aQI1M, KOJIX030B I1I1HblX KoonepaTI1BHblX 11 06lL\eCTBeHHblx
opraH113aQ11M np0I13BO,l\I1J10Cb comaCHO YTBepm,l\eHHbIM nJiaHaM
nYTeM Bbl,l\aql1 QeJIeBblX CPOqHblX CCY,l\ fOCY,l(apCTBeHHbIM 6aHKOM
CCCP 11 ,l\PYf11MI16aHKaMI1 CCCP B nOp.H,l\Ke, YCTaHOBJleHHOM 3a-
KOHO,l(aTeJlbCTBOM COlO3a CCP.
B COOTBeTCTBl111 co CT. 86 OCHOB 1961 r. (CT. 394 fK 1964 r.) cCY-
,l\bl rpam,l(aHaM Bbl,l(aBaJII1Cb 6aHKaM11 CCCP B cJlyqa.Hx 11 B nop.H,l(-
Ke, onpe,l(eJI.HBlllI1XC.H 3aKOHO,l(aTeJlbCTBOM COlo3a CCP, no,l\ KOTO-
pblM nO,l(pa3YMeBaJII1Cb He 3aKOHbl, a nO,l(3aKOHHble HopMaTI1BHble
aKTbI: nOCTaHOBJIeHI1.H COlO3Horo IIpaBI1TeJlbCTBa 11 HopMaTI1BHble
aKTbl fOCY,l\apCTBeHHoro 6aHKa CCCP (6aHKOBCKl1e npaBI1JIa).
B MapTe 1965 r. COBeT MI1HI1CTpOB PC4>CP YTBep,l(l1J1 HOBYIO
J1HCTPYKQI1IO «0 nOp.H,l(Ke npO,l(aml1 TOBapoB B Kpe,l(I1T pa60ql1M,
CJIymalL\I1M 11 neHcl10HepaM Ha npe,l(npl1.HTI1.HX rocY,l(apCTBeHHoM
TOproBJII1)}3, KOTOpa.H YCTaHOBI1J1a HOBbie npOQeHTHbie CTaBKI1 11
nOp.H,l(OK Bbl,l(aql1 TOBapOB, KynJleHHblX B Kpe,l(I1T.
I BeJ\OMOCT., BepxoBHoro COBeTa CCCP. 1961. NQ 50. CT. 525.
2 Be,o,OMOCT" BepxoBHoro COBeTa PC<I>CP. 1964. N!! 24. CT. 406.
3 cnPC<I>CP. 1965. N!!4. CT. 19.
21

IIoMMMO npO,l(amM TOBapOB ,l(JlMTeJIbHOrO nOJIb30BaHM.H B Kpe-
,l(MT CYll.\eCTBOBaJiM M MHbie <pOpMbl nOTpe6MTeJlbCKoro Kpe,l(I1TOBa-
HM.H, MCnOJIb3yeMbie B CCCP C Cepe,l(MHbI 1950-x rr.:
1) ,l(JI.H yqaCTM.H B mMJlMIl.\HO-CTpOMTeJlbHOM KoonepaQMM
(IKCK)1;
2) Ha npM06peTeHMe CKOTa, X03.HMCTBeHHoe 063aBe,l(eHMe npM
nepeCeJIeHMM B MaJlo06mMTble paMoHbl cTpaHbI M pa3BMTMe no,l(-
c06Hora ,l(OMalilHera X03.HMCTBa 2 ;
3) Ha nOKynKy, peMOHT M peKoHcTpYKQMIO nYCTylOll.\MX ,l(OMOB 3 ;
4) Ha pa3BMTMe MH,l(MBJ1,l(yaJlbHoM TPY,l(OBOt'I ,l(e.HTeJlbHOCTM 4 ;
5) Ha cTpOMTeJlbCTBO MH,l(MBM,l\yaJIbHbIX mMJIbIX ,l(OMOB 5 .
BMecTe C TeM CJle,l(yeT OTMeTMTb, QTO Kpe,l(MTOBaHMe nOTpe6J1-
TeJIbCKMX Hym,l( 6aHKaMM HOCMJlO B CCCP no 60JIblileM qaCTM KOC-
BeHHblM xapaKTep, TaK KaK caMM 6aHKM pe,l(KO Bbl,l(aBaJIM Kpe,l(MTbl
HenOCpe,l(CTBeHHo rpam,l\aHaM. B OCHOBHOM BCer,l(a MMeJlOCb TpeTbe
3BeHO, BblcTynalOll.\ee nOCpe,l\HMKOM Mem,l\y 6aHKaMM M nOTpe6MTe-
JI.HMM. 3TO, HanpMMep, ToprYlOll.\Me opraHM3aQMM, KOJlX03bl, x03pa-
CqeTHble npe,l(npM.HTM.H, rocY,l\apCTBeHHble CeJIbCKOX03.HMCTBeHHble
npe,l\npH.HTMH. TaK, yqpe:>K.n;eHH.H rOc6aHKa CCCP npe,l(OCTaBJI.HJlM
P03HMqHbiM TopraBblM npe,l\npM.HTH.HM CCY,l(bl Ha CYMMY 3a,l\OJI-
I nOCTaHOBneH.,e COBeTa M.,H.,CTPOB CCCP OT 20 MapTa 1958 r. N!! 320 «0 "'"n"U1HO-CTpO-
I1TenbHOO Koonepat.\I1., ., Aa'HO-CTpO.,TenbHoi1 Koonepal.\H"-11 cn CCCP. 1958. N2 5. CT. 47;
nOCTaHOBneHI1e K KnCC ., COBeTa M.,H.,CTPOB CCCP OT 1 "IOH" 1962 r. N!! 561 «06 I1H-
.nl1Blo1J\yanbHoM ., KOOnepaTI1BHOM "'"n"ll1HOM CTpOl1TenbCTBe- II cn CCCP. 1962. N. 12.
CT. 93; nOCTaHOBneHI1e COBeTa M.,HI1CTPOB CCCP OT 19 aBryCTa 1982 r. N.765 0 ",.,nl1ll1-
HO-CTpO.,TenbHoi1Koonepal.\H"-// cn CCCP. 1982. N!! 23. CT. 120.
nOCT8HOBneH.,e K KnCC 11 COBeTa MI1HI1CTPOB CCCP OT 8 "HBap" 1981 r. N!! 27 «0 .no-
nOI1HIi1TenbHX Mepax no YBellli1l.1eHli11O np0&13BOAcTBa Cel1bCKOX03s:1CTBeHHo npoAYKLlIi1W
B n.,'HbIX nOAc06HbiX X03i1cTBax rpa>KAaH-/1 cn CCCP. 1981. N!! 6. CT. 37; nOCTaHOBne-
HI1e K KncC ., COBeTa M.,H.,CTPOB CCCP OT 22 HBap" 1981 r. N. 235 «0 Mepax no yc.,-
neH.,1O rocy.napcTBeHHoi1 nOMOll1l1 CeMb"M, I1MeIOUlHMAeTei1-// cn CCCP. 1981. N. 13.
CT. 75.
3 nOCTaHOBneHI1e K KnCC., COBeTa M.,H.,CTPOB CCCP OT 25 "lOn 1987 r. N0 854 06l1cnonb-
30BaH.,11 nycTylOll111X ",.,nblx AOMOB ., np.,yca.ne6Hblx Y"aCTKoB, Haxo.n"ll1"XC B cenbcKoi1
MeCTHOCTI1-// cn CCCP. 1987. N!! 41. CT. 134.
4 nOCTaHOBneH.,e COBeTa M.,H.,CTPOB CCCP OT 23 MapTa 1987 r. N!! 351 «0 npeAocTaBne-
HI1., Kpe.nI1TOB rpa>KAaHaM, 3aHI1MaI01l111MC" 11H.QI1B.,.nyanbH0i1 Tpy.noBoi1.neTenbHocTblO-//
cn CCCP. 1988. N. 28. CT. 97.
5 nocTaHOBneH.,e COBeTa MI1HI1CTPOB CCCP OT 20 OKT,,6p" 1948 r. N. 3905 «0 CTp0.,Tenb-
CTBe "H.Q.,Blo1J\yanbHbIX ",.,nblx AOMOB A/1" npOAa",., pa60'il1M, L-1TP 11 cnyJKall111M npeAnp"-
"TI1i1, CTpOeK., y,pe>KAeH.,i1- (c "3M., BHeCeHHblMI1 nOCTaHOBneHl1eM CM CCCP OT 26 aB-
rycTa 1977r. N. 782) II cn CCCP. 1977. N. 25. CT. 158; nOCTaHOBneH.,e K KncC 11
COBeTa M.,HI1CTPOB CCCP OT 11 cl>eBpan" 1988 r. N!! 197 0 Mepax no YCKopeHI11O pa3B.,-
TI1" "H.QI1Blo1J\yanbHorO ",.,nl1ll1HOrO CTpol1TenbcTBa-// cn CCCP. 1988. N!! 11. CT. 28.
28

meHHOCTM nOKynaTeJleM 3a TOBapbl, npO,l\aHHble B Kpe,l\MT, CpOKM
OnJIaTbl KOTOpblX He HacTynMJIM. B ,l\aHHOM CJIyqae C nOKynaTeJIeM
6paJiMCb KOMMCCMOHHble B pa3Mepe 2-39C, KOTopble llIJiM Ha no-
KpblTMe M3,l(epmeK pa60THMKOB, OcpOpMJI.HIOlL\MX npO,l\amy TOBa-
pOB B Kpe,l(MT.
O,l\HaKO CYlL\eCTBOBaJIa npaKTMKa npe,l\OCTaBJleHM.H ,l(eHemHblX
Cpe,l\CTB HaCeJleHMIO 6aHKOM Hanp.HMYIO. .lI:aHHoe Kpe,l\MTOBaHMe ocy-
lL\eCTBJI.HJIOCb c6eperaTeJlbHblMM KaccaMM 3a CqeT npMBJle'IeHHbIX
BKJIa,l\OB. Kpe,l\MTbI BbI,l\aBaJIMCb rpam,l\aHaM, COCTO.HlL\MM BKJla,l('IH-
KaMM c6epKacc, Ha CpOK ,l(0 ,l(BYX JleT. Pa3Mep Mor ,l(OCTMraTb qeTbl-
peXMeC.HqHOrO 3apa60TKa (cnmeH,l\MI1, neHCI1M), HO He CBblllIe 1 TbIC.
py6. B KaqeCTBe rapaHTI1M, 06eCneql1BalOlL\eM cBoeBpeMeHHblM B03-
BpaT Kpe,l(I1Ta, 3aeMlL\I1K,l\0 nOJIHOrO ero nOrallIeHI1.H XpaHI1J1 Ha C'Ie-
Te no BKJIa.ny c6epemeHI1.H B pa3Mepe He MeHee 25% nOJlyqeHHoM
CYMMbI B Kpe,l(I1T. ITpaB,l(a, 3aeMlL\I1K He nOJIyqaJI ,l(eHemHbIX 3HaKOB
B np.HMOM CMbICJle CJlOBa, eMY Ha CYMMY Kpe,l(I1Ta c6epKacca Bbl,l\aBa-
JIa paCqeTHblM qeK YCTaHOBJleHHoro 06pa3Qa. ITo qeKY (B npe,l(eJIax
YKa3aHHOM B HeM CYMMbl) MOrJlI1 6blTb npM06peTeHbi B P03HI1qHOM
TOprOBJle TOBapbl M3 ql1CJIa pa3pellIeHHbiX K npO,l(ame B Kpe,l(I1T.
B CB.H311 C 3TI1M, Ha HallI B3rJI.H,l(, CJIe.nyeT npl13HaTb 060CHOBaH-
HOM TOqKY 3peHI1.H B.B. BI1Tp.HHCKOrO, KOTOpblM onpe,l(eJl.HeT nOJlo-
meHMe roCY,l\apCTBeHHbIX 6aHKOB B ,l\aHHOrO pO,l\a Kpe,l\I1THblX OTHO-
llIeHI1.HX He B KaqeCTBe paBHonpaBHoro KOHTpareHTa no ,l\OrOBOpy,
a KaK CTOPOHY, BbITIOJIH.HIOlL\YIO cpYHKQl110 roCY,l(apCTBeHHoro yn-
paBJIeHI1.H no Ha,l(30py M KOHTpOJIIO 3a cpMHaHCOBOM ,l(e.HTeJIbHOCTblO
X03.HMCTBeHHbIX OpraHI13aQI1M 1.
.lI:aHHa.H CMCTeMa Kpe,l\MTOBaHI1.H HaCeJleHI1.H Ha nOTpe6l1TeJlb-
CKMe Hym,l(bI npOCYlL\eCTBOBaJia BnJIOTb,l\O KOHQa 1980-x - Ha'IaJla
1990-x ro,l\OB. B 3TO BpeM.H B ToproBJIe TOBapaMM HapO,l(Horo no-
Tpe6JIeHM.H CJlOml1JIOCb Hanp.HmeHHOe nOJlOmeHMe, CB.H3aHHOe C
COKpalL\eHMeM I1MnopTa npOMblllIJleHHblX TOBapoB H He,l(OCTaBKoM
TOBa pOB OTeqeCTBeHHoro np0I13BO,l\CTBa. 3TO npMBeJlO K 060cTpe-
HI1IO ,l\ecpl1QI1Ta MHOrl1X TOBapoB 11 KaK CJIe,l(CTBl1e K COKpalL\eHI1IO
npo,l\aml1 TOBapoB B Kpe,l(MT 2 .
I 5par"Hcrnu M.M.. B"TpRHCK"U B.B. ,[\oroBopHoe npaBO. KH"ra nsnaSl. B 2 T. T. 1: ,[\O.-oBO-
pbl 03a;;Me, 6aHKOBCKOM KpeA"'Te ., 4>aKTop"Hre. ,[\orOBopbl, HanpaBneHHble Ha C03,l\3H.,e
KonlleKT"BHblX 06pa30BaH"i1. M., 2006. C. 335-336 (aBTop rn. IV .noHT.,e ., KBBIl.,cj>"Ka-
Lj" KpeA"'THOrO Ao.-oBopa- - B.B. B"TpSlHCK";;).
2 Hanp.,Mep, B 1985 r. npO,l\3)t(a TOBapoB B Kpe.n"T B .-ocy.napcTBeHHoi1 " KoOnep3T.,BHO;;
TOp.-oBne COCTaB.,na 9308,9 MnH py6., a Y>Ke B 1988 r. - BCero 1104,7 MnH py6.
29

B 3TO BpeM.H Haql1HalOT npOI1CXO,l\I1Tb BeCbMa BamHble C06bITI1.H,
nOBJl11.HBlII11e Ha ,l(aJlbHeMIllee pa3B11T11e nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO Kpe-
,l\I1TOBaH11.H. IIPOI1CXO,l(I1T C03,l(aHl1e I1HCTI1TYl.\110HaJIbHbIX OCHOB
6aHKoBcKOro ,l\eJIa KaK HenpeMeHHOrO 3JIeMeHTa cpOpMl1pOBaHI1.H
PblHOqHblX OTHOIlleHI1M.
B 1987 r. B pe3YJlbTaTe pecpopMbI 6aHKoBcKOM c11cTeMbl6blJl11 co-
3,l(aHbl rocY,l(apCTBeHHble cneQl1aJll1311pOBaHHble 6aHKH: IIpoMcT-
pOM6aHK CCCP, ArponpoM6aHK CCCP, JK11JICOQ6aHK CCCP, BHeIll-
3KoHoM6aHK CCCP, C6ep6aHK CCCP. B 1988 r. 6blJI np11H.HT 3aKoH
,,0 KoonepaQl111 B CCCP» 1, a TaKme 3apemCTp11pOBaH nepBblM KOM-
MepqeCKHM 6aHK. 1990 ro,l( 03HaMeHOBaH nO.HBJleHl1eM HOBoro cneQI1-
aJIbHoro 6aHKoBcKoro 3aKOHO,l\aTeJIbCTBa: 3aKoHa CCCP ,,0 6aHKax
116aHKOBCKOM ,l\e.HTeJlbHOcTI1»2 113aKoHa PC<t>CP «0 [{eHTpaJIbHOM
6aHKe PC<t>CP (BaHKe POCCI1I1»>3, KOTopble .HBI1J111Cb HaqaJIOM KO-
peHHblx 113MeHeHI1M B ccpepe Kpe,l(HTOBaH11.H B QeJIOM.
TaKI1M 06pa30M, aHaJI113 pa3BI1TI1.H nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l\l1-
TOBaHI1.H B COBeTCKOM POCCI1I1 nOKa3aJI, 'ITO 3TOT nepl10,l( MomHO
pa3,l(eJII1Tb Ha 4 3Tana:
1) C 1917 no 1921 ro,l( - nepexO,l\HblM STan, oxapaKTepl130-
BaHHblM HaQ11oHaJl113aQ11eM 6aHKoBcKOM CI1CTeMbI 11 KaK CJIe,l(CTBl1e
pe3K11M na,l(eHl1eM ypOBHH nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l\I1TOBaHI1.H 11
ypOBH.H m113H11 HaCeJIeHI1.H B QeJIOM. Kpe,l(I1TOBaHl1e HaCeJleHI1.H BO-
306HOB11JIOCb JII1Illb B HaqaJle 1920-x rO,l(OB, C np11H.HTl1eM HOBOM
3KOHOM11qeCKOM nOJII1TI1KI1;
2) C 1921 no 1959 ro,l( - Ha pa3B11T11e nOTpe611TeJlbCKOrO KpeL\l1-
Ta Ha 3TOM 3Tane cYlL\eCTBeHHo nOBJII1.HJI nepexo,l( K HOBOM 3KOHO-
Ml1qeCKOM nOJII1TI1Ke; npl1H.HTl1e fpam,l(aHCKOro KO,l(eKCa PC<t>CP
1922 r.; ,l(eHemHa.H pecpopMa 1930-1931 rr. CJIe,l\CTBl1eM CTaJlO no-
RBJIeHl1e pa3JIHqHbIX cpOpM npRMoro 11 KocBeHHoro Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1.H
HaCeJleHI1.H;
3) C 1959 no KOHeQ 1980-x rr. - xapaKTepl13yeTC.H paCIlll1peHI1-
eM ccpepbI 11 6bICTpbIM pOCTOM 06"beMOB Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1R Ha nOTpe-
611TeJIbCKl1e Hym,l(bl. BJIaro,l(ap.H np11H.HTbiM nOCTaHOBJIeHI1.HM CM
CCCP NQ 915 11 NQ 1475, peryJll1pylOlL\I1M nOp.H,l(OK 11 npoQe,l(YPY
30
1 BeAOMOCT., BepxoBHoro COBern CCCP. 1988. No 22. CT. 355 (Ha .naHHbI;; MOMeHT 3aKOH
npWMeHReTCS1 co 3Ha'"u,1TellbHbIMI/1 OrpaHIi1eHIi1S1MIi1).
2 Be.nOMOCHt CbE!3.na Hapo.nHblx.nenyraToB CCCp" BepxOBHoro COBeTa CCCP. 1990. No 52.
CT. 1155 (yrpaT.,n c.,ny).
3 BeAoMOCT., Cbe3Aa HapOAHblx .nenyraTOB PC<I>CP. 1990. N!! 27. CT. 356 (yrpaT.,n Cl1ny).

npO,l\a:>KH TOBapOB ,l(JlHTeJIbHOrO nOJIb30BaHH.H B Kpe,l\l1T, ,l\aHHa.H
<pOpMa Kpe,l\HTOBaHH.H HaCeJIeHl1.H paCnpOCTpaHHJIaCb Ha 60JIb-
IIIHHCTBO pecny6JIHK CCCP. TIpl1H.HTl1e OCHOB 1961 r. H fK 1964 r.
JIHlllb YKpemuIH n0311l\HH B npaBoBoM perYJIHpOBaHl1H Kpe,l\HTO-
BaHl1.H HaCeJIeHH.H;
4) C KOHQa 1980-x no 1991 ro,l\ - 3KOHOMHqeCKHe H nOJIl1THqeC-
Kl1e C06b1Tl1.H Tex rO,l\OB npHBeJiH K pe3KoMY CHl1:>KeHl1lO :>K113HeH-
HOro ypOBH.H HaCeJleHHfl H, KaK CJle,l\CTBHe, ero nOKynaTeJIbCKoi1
cnoc06HoCTH, qTO npHBeJIO K COKpall{eHHIO nOTpe6HTeJlbCKOrO
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1996. C. 389.
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peA. B.K. Pai1xep. n., 1959. C. 40; 4Jneuw/o11j E.A. Pac,eTHble.. KpeAl1THbie npaBooTHoWe-
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peA M.IO. 6apllleBCKoro. M., 1939. C. 170.
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cxa 3Hl\I1KnOneA"H. T. 24. KH..ra I. 1976. C. 385.

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AOKT. 3KOH. HaYK. M., 1967. C. 3.
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C3 P<I>. 1996. N!! 5. CT. 410; 2007. N!!50. CT. 6247.
36

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pyweHI1<1 8 Kpe.nI1THo<l c<I>epe II POCCI1<1CKI1<1 cneAOBaTeJ1b. 2003. NQ 5. C. 13.
4 .LIOAOHOB B.H., KaM"HCK81/ E.B., PYM1/HljeBa aI. CJ10eapb rpa)I(,[J.aHCKOro npaea I nOA
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38
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qac M paBH03HaqHble. B qaCTHOCTI1, TaKoe CMellleHJ1e nOH.HTJ1M
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I 5b1'1KOBa H.n., ABarRH r.II., 5aflHJwpflH r.lI. Kpe.n"'TH..>i .norOBOp: 3KOHO..."''IeCKa '" npa-
BOBa np"'po.na. MOHorpa<p"'. M., 2009. C. 10; 5parlolHcKIoIu M.I1., BmpflHCKIoIU B.B. YKa3.
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ynoTpe6neH"' B c<pepe 6aHKoBCKoro KpeA"'TOBaH"'. MeTOA"'Ka HX npeAynpe><AeH"'''. M.,
1997; TPOiPIoIMOB M.B. 6aHKoBcKa" ccy.na '" cnoco6bl o6eCne'leH"''' ee B03BpaTa / no.n pe.n.
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3 lIaBpywIoIH 0.11., MaMoHoBa 11.,l1., BaneHljeaa H.11. 101 JW. 6aHKoBcKoe .neno: Y,e6H"'K I no.n
peA. 0.111. JlaBPyw"'Ha. 6-e "'3.(\., CTepeOT"'n. M., 2008. C. 300; 'IenHoKoB B.A., Onbwa-
HbiU A. 11. 6aHKOBcKOe KpeAl-1ToSaH"'e npeAl'lP"'T",>i '" HaceneH"'R MOHorpa<p"'. M., 2004.
C. 187; 5YKaro B.I1.. rOnOBW' IO.B..llbBOB 10.11. 6aHK'" '" 6aHKoscK",e Onepal!H'" e POCCH"'. '11
2-e H3.(\.. nepepa6. '" .non./ no.n pe.n. M.X. Jlan".Q.yca. M., 2001. C. 253; neccenb M.A. 3a-
e..., Kpe.n"'T, ccy.na// ,l\eHbr'" '" Kpe.(\"'T. 1999.  4. C. 27-29.

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r.). M., 2005. C. 142-144 (KJ1aCC"Ka POCCH>iCKO>i LlHBHnHCTHK" (ABnee - KPl.\)); CIoIHau-
CKIoIU 8.11. PYCCKoe rpa>lU\aHCKOe npaBo (no ..3J\aH..1O 1914-1915 rr.). M., 2002. C. 396
(KPl.\); TIOTPIOMOBI1.M. 3aKOHbI rpa>lU\aHCKHe C pa3bRCHeH..R..... npaB..TenbcTeYlOlLIero
CeHaTa H Ko......eHTapHR...H PYCCK"X IOp..CTOB. KH..ra eTBepTa. M., 2004. C. 394 (KPl.\);
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Ba. M., 2003. C. 318-319 (KPl.\).
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HHK CapaTOBcKo>i roCYJ\apCTBeHHo>i aKa,D,e....... npaBa. 2003. NQ 2 (35). C. 99.
3 flMnOflbCKIoIU H.M. 0 TpaKTOBKax KpeAHTa// ,lJ,eHbr.... Kpe.n"T. 1999. NQ 4. C. 31.
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qaTeJIb 06.H3yeTC.H BepHYTb TY me caMYIO Bell.\b (CT. 689, 607 fK
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.OH. 2005. N2 5. C. 29; Kapl1Mynnl1H P.l1. npaBa ., 063aHHocT" CTOpOH .peJJ,.,THOro
)J,OrOBopa no pocc,,';;c.o...y H rep...aHC.O"'Y npaBY. M., 2001. C. 14.
2 obNKoaa H.n., AsaTRHr.fI., 6af/HIWPHr.fI. YKa3. co,. C. 12-14.
3 C....: n.,Cb...O <l>e.nepanbHo';; aHT.,...OHOnOnbHO';; cnY"'6b1 P<I>., l.\eHTPMbHoro 6aHKa P<I> OT
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...auH., npH npeJJ,OCTaBlleHH., nOTpe6HTenbCK.,x .pe.nHTOB- II BeCTHHK 6aH.a Pocc.,.,.
2005. N2 28.

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,l(JIMTeJIbHOrO nOJIb30BaHHH ,l(JI.H Hym,l(, He CB.H3aHHblX C OCYll.\eCTB-
JIeHl1eM npe,l(npJ-IHI1MaTeJIbCKOH ,l(e.HTeJIbHOCTJ-I, Ha CpOK, He npe-
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nOJIb30BaHI1.H ,l(eHemHbIX Cpe,l(CTB Ha TeKYll.\l1e nOTpeOHOCTI1
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KynKY npO,l(YKTOB); BO-BTOPbIX, I1CXO,l(.H J13 onpe,l(eJIeHI1.H, no,l( no-
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Kpe,l(I1Ta Ha OnJIaTY pa60T I1JII1 YCJIyr, KOTopble TaKme MOryT HO-
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nOKynKY ml1JIoro nOMew:eHI1.H no,l( 3aJIOr 3TOro nOMew:eHI1.H - J1no-
50 1 lIapu"a T.M. YKa3. cO'!. C. 139.
2 TaM "'e. C. 138.

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I KUP""YK A.A. nOTpe6"'Te11bc.",i1 .peA"'T: 3aU\",rn npae 3aeMU\",.a / / 3a.oHoAaTellbCTeo.
2007. N!! 12. C. 42.
51

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caMHM ,gOroBOpOM.
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ceMei1Hblx, 6bITOBbIX, nOBce,gHeBHbIX HYm,g, He CB.H3aHHbIX C npe,g-
npHHHMaTeJIbCKOfl ,ge.flTeJIbHOCTblO, Ha YCJlOBH.HX, YCTaHOBJleHHblX
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CTaBJleHHe Kpe,I:(J1Ta (,geHemHbIX cpe,gCTB).
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npoeKT <pe,gepaJlbHoro 3aKOHa «0 nOTpe6HTeJlbCKOM Kpe,l(HTOBa-
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<P311 C3 P<P. 1994. NQ 32. CT. 3301; 2008. N!! 30 ('i. II). CT. 3616.
2 AaHuneHKO C. nOTpe6"TellbCK";;; KpeA"T: nOpslAOK npeAocTaBlleH" .. noclleACTB" He-
B03BpaTal/X03;;;CTBO" npaBO. 2009. NQ 4. C. 123.
3 3aKOHonpo€KT OT 5 AeKa6ps1 2008 r. N!! 136312-5 q,eAep8nbHOrO 38KOHa -0 nOTpe6",enbcKoM
Kpe.lJ,l1TOBBH""- II oq,"LI"8nbHbl;;; ca;;;T r DCYA8PCTBetiHcj:; AyMbI P<P (http://\wIw.duma.gov.ru -
6a3a 3aKOHonpoeKToo).
52

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CT. 12, n. 3 H 8 CT. 13, n. 2 CT. 14, a63. 2 n. 2 CT. 15, n. 4 CT. 17. n. 3 CT. 20,
n. 1 CT. 24 3aKoHonpoeKTa).
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HaYK. M., 2005. C. 15; 5b1'KOea H.n., AeanlH r.n., 5a"'HAYH r.n. YKa3. co,. C. 12.
2 3aKOH PCP OT 2 ,[IeKa6p 1990 r. N2 395-1 -0 6aHK8X ., 68HKOBCKO"; ,[I€SITel1bHOCT"- II Be,[lo- 53
MOCn< CbB3,lJ,3 HapoAHblx,!\enyraTOB PCcPCP. 1990. N2 27. CT. 357; C3 PCP. 1996. N2 6. CT.
492; 2009. N2 18 ('i. I). CT. 2153.

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II03TOMY BKlllOqeHHe B onpe,geJIeHHe nOTpe6HTeJIbCKoro Kpe,l(HTO-
BaHH.fI cpOPMYJlHpOBKH: «...a TalOKe OKa3aHHe conYTCTBYIOHX YC-
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qaCTHOCTH B 4>e,gepaJIbHOM 3aKOHe «0 nOTpe6HTeJlbCKOM Kpe,gH-
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<!>eAepaLl"" (6aHKe POCC.,,,),, II C3 Pet>. 2002. N!! 28. CT. 2790; 2007. N!! 18. CT. 2117.
2 TOCYHH I.A., 8"Kyn"H A.IO., 3KMaJ1RH A.M. YKa3. co,. C. 36-37.

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YC./LY2) 8J/,J/,./LU'l1i'bLX, CeMeU1i'bLX, 80MaW1iUX U U1i'bLX 1iYJIC8, 1ie CeSl.3a1i-
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nompe6UmM'bCXOe xpe8umoea1iue - amo 6a1ixoecxaSl. onepa-
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1i'bX xpe8um1iou Op2a1iU3a'/{ueu npaeUJl. 0 coomeemcmeY101.4eM
xpe8ume no C02.rWCOea1iU1O cmop01i.
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nOTPEEiIt1TEJlbCKOro KPE,lJ,It1TOBAHIt1f1 B POCCIt1It1
It1 B 3APYEiE>KHbIX nPABOnOPfI,lJ,KAX
K HaCTO.HeMY BpeMeHH B POCCHMCKOM 4>e,gepaQHH no-npem-
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pOBaHH.H nOTpe6HTeJlbCKOrO Kpe,l(HTOBaHH.H. K COmaJleHHIO, HH B
npOL\eCce nepecTpoMKH HaIIlero 06ecTBa, HaqaBIIleMC.H B KOHL\e
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npaBoBoro rocy,gapCTBa TaK H He 6bIJIa C03,gaHa nOJlHOQeHHaR
npaBOBa.H OCHOBa ,gJI.H perYJlHpOBaHH.H ,l(aHHoro HHCTHTYTa. Co-
BpeMeHHble 06eCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHqeCKHe peaJlHH Tpe6YIOT cpop-
MHpOBaHH.H Kpe,gHTHoro 3aKOHO,l(aTeJlbCTBa KaK 'leTKOM CHCTeMbl
npaBOBblX HOpM, 3aKpenJleHHbiX B HopManlBHblX npaBOBblX aKTax
cpe,gepaJIbHOrO H perHOHaJIbHoro YPOBHeM.
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BOBoro perYJlHpOBaHH.H nOTpe6HTeJIbCKoro Kpe,l(HTOBaHHR BblrJl.H-
,gHT CJle,gYIOHM 06pa30M.
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,l(HTHbIX OTHOIIleHHM .HBJI.HeTC.H KOHCTIfTYL\l1.H POCCl1llCKOii cI>e,ge-
paL\lUl l . Ha OCHOBaHHH n. «m)} CT. 71 B Be,geHHH POCCHMCKOM <Pe,ge-
paL\HH Haxo,gRTCR: YCTaHoBJleHHe npaBoBblx OCHOB e,gHHoro pblHKa;
cpHHaHcoBoe, BaJiIOTHOe, Kpe,gHTHoe, TaMomeHHoe perYJlHpOBa-
I KOHCTI1TYU" POCCI1<\CKO<\ <!:>e,[lepaUl111 OT 12 AeKa6pSl 1993'-// POCCI1<\cKaSl ra3eTa. 1993.
25 A€Ka6pSl; C3 P<!:>. 2007. NQ 30. CT. 3745.
55

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,gaHCKo-npaBOBble OTHOllleHM.H B L\eJIOM (M Kpe,gMTOBaHM.H B qaCT-
HOCTM), .HBJI.HeTC.H fpa:HCaa1icxuu xoaexc PCP. 06Me nOJIOmeHM.H,
npMHL\Mnbl M nOp.H,l(OK nOCTpOeHM.H ,l(OroBOpHbIX OTHOllleHMH Mem-
,l(Y Kpe,gMTHbIMM opraHM3aQM.fIMM M 3aeMMKaMM-nOTpe6MTeJl.HMM
co,gepmaTC.fI B nepBOH qaCTM fK PCP'. BOJlee ,geTaJlbHO Kpe,gMTHbIe
OTHOllleHM.H OTpameHbl B qaCTM BTOpOH fK pcp2, r,l(e B rJlaBe 42
«3aeM M Kpe,l(MT» Bbl,l(eJIeHbI CJIe,l(YIOMe BM,l(bl ,goroBopHblX 06.H-
3aTeJlbCTB, <POpMMPYIOMX 3aeMHbie OTHOllleHM.H: ,l(OroBOp 3aHMa,
Kpe,l(MTHbIH ,gorOBOp, TOBapHblH M KOMMepqeCKMH Kpe,gMT, 3aeM-
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JlMraQMH M ,gPYrHX L\eHHbIX 6YMar.
He06xo,gMMO OTMenITb, qTO fpam,gaHcKMH Ko,geKC PcP YCTa-
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,l(MTHble npaBooTHOllleHM.fI. BOJlee ,geTaJlbHO 3TY <PYHKL\MIO BbITIOJl-
H.HIOT MHbie <pe,gepaJlbHble 3aKOHbI.
6) IIpaBoBoH cTaTyc, L\eJlM ,l(e.HTeJlbHOCTM, <PYHKl.\MM M nOJIHOMO-
qM.H e,gMHoro M He3aBMCMMoro cy6'beKTa nepBoro ypOBH.H 6aHKoBcKOH
CMCTeMbl PcP - DeHTpaJlbHoro 6aHKa PCP - onpe,geJl.flIOTC.H nOMMMO
KOHCTMTYL\MM PcP CPeaepaA'b1i'b1..M 3aX01iO.M «0 IJ,e1impM'b1iO.M 6a1i'Ke
POCCUUC'KOU CPeaepa'Lfuu (Ha1ixe POCCUU)J)3. B COOTBeTCTBMM co CT. 56
3aKoHa BaHK POCCMM .HBJI.HeTC.H opraHoM 6aHKOBCKOro perYJlMposa-
HM.H M 6aHKoBcKoro Ha,g30pa, ocyeCTBJI.HIOMM nOCTO.HHHbIH Ha,g-
30p 3a C06J1IO,geHMeM Kpe,gMTHbIMM opraHM3aI..\M.HMM M 6aHKOBCKJ-IMM
rpynnaMM 6aHKOBcKOro 3aKOHO,l(aTeJlbCTBa, HopMaTMBHblX aKTOB
BaHKa POCCMM M yCTaHOBJleHHblX MMM 06.H3aTeJlbHbIX HopManlBoB.
IIpMMeHMTeJlbHO K Kpe,l(MTHbIM OTHOllleHM.HM BaHK POCCMM MomeT
YCTaHaBJII1BaTb 06.H3aTeJlbHble WI.H BbITIOJlHeHMH Kpe,l(MTHbIMM opra-
HM3aL\M.HMM HopMaTMBbl, B qaCTHOCTM, OTHOCMTeJIbHO pMCKOB Kpe,gMT-
1 f pa>l(.L\aHCK,,<i KOP,eKC Po<x;.,<iCKO<i <!>eP,epaL\l'l'" 'iaCTb nepea OT 30 HO6p 1994 r. Ng 51-$3 II
C3 P<I>. 1994. No 32. CT.. 3301; 2008. No 30 ('i. II). CT.. 3616.
2 fpa>l(.L\aHCK,,<i KOAeKCPoCC"i<CKO<i <!>eAepal\l'll1. 'iaCTbBTopasIOT26RHBapsll996r. Ng 14-<V311
C3 P<I>. 1996. N!! 5. Cr. 410; 2007. N!! 50. Cr. 6247.
3 $e.nepanbHbl<i 3aKOH OT 10 "IOIlR 2002 r. Ng 86-$3 -0 eHTpallbHoM 6aHKe POCC,,<iCKO<i
4>eAepaLl"" (6aHKe Pocc",,)>> II C3 P<I>. 2002. N!! 28. CT.. 2790; 2009. Ng 29. CT.. 3618..
56

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HHbie Tpe60BaHH.fI K ,ge.flTeJlbHOCTH Kpe,f(J1THbIX opraHH3aQHM.
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OTHOmeHH.H, .HBJI.HeTC.fI 3axo1i PCP ,,0 6a1i1wx U 6a1ixoecxou aesl-
me.n.'b1iocmUJ' 1. IIpem,ge Bcero, B CT. 5 ,l(aHHoro 3aKOHa onpe,geJl.flIOT-
C.H 6aHKoBcKHe Onepal\HH, B TOM qHCJle pa3MeeHHe ,l(eHemHblX
cpe,gCTB OT CBoero HMeHH H 3a CBOM CqeT, qTO BblpamaeTC.fI B npe-
,gOCTaBJleHHH Kpe,gHTOB IOpH,gW-IeCKHM H <pH3HqeCKHM JlHQaM. Kpo-
Me TOro, 3aKOH onpe,l(eJI.HeT nOJlOmeHH.H H Tpe60BaHH.H K ocye-
CTBJleHHIO ,ge.flTeJIbHOCTH Kpe,gHTHbIMH opraHH3al\H.fIMH, BH,l(aM,
nOp.H,l(KY ocyeCTBJIeHH.fI 6aHKOBCKHX onepaUHM H c,geJIOK, ocye-
CTBJleHH.H 3aHTbl HHTepeCOB KJlHeHTOB Kpe,l(HTHbIX opraHH3al\HM.
r) B CB.H3H C B03paCTaIOHM 06ceMOM Kpe,gHTOBaHH.H H nOJIHTH-
KOM rOCY,l(apCTBa no npOTHBo,geMCTBHIO JleraJlH3al\HH (OTMbIBaHHIO)
,gOXO,gOB, nOJIyqeHHblX npecTynHblM n)'TeM, H <pHHaHCHpOBaHHIO
TeppopH3Ma, a TaKme He06xo,gHMOCTblO l\eHTpaJlH30BaHHoro KOH-
TpOJl.fl 3a ocyeCTBJIeHHeM Kpe,l(HTOBaHH.H Kpe,l(HTHbIMH opraHH3a-
QH.HMH 6bIJI npHH.fIT cPeaepM'b1i'bLU 3aX01i «0 xpeaUm1i'bLX ucmopu-
.R.X,,2. B COOTBeTCTBHH C n. 2 CT. 1 ero QeJI.HMH .HBJI.HIOTC.H C03,gaHHe H
onpe,geJIeHHe YCJlOBHM ,l(JI.H <pOpMHpOBaHH.H, 06pa60TKH, XpaHeHH.fI
H paCKpblTH.fI61OpO Kpe,gHTHbIX HCTOpHM HH<popMaQHH, xapaKTepH-
3YIOI.l1eM cBoeBpeMeHHocTb HCnOJlHeHH.HMH 3aeMHKaMH CBOHX
06.H3aTeJIbCTB no ,goroBopaM 3aMMa (Kpe,l(HTa).
,g) J1Hble <pe,gepaJlbHbIe 3aKOHbi TaKme perYJlHpYIOT B3aHMOOT-
HOmeHH.fI, B03HHKalOHe B npol\ecce ocyecTBJleHH.H Kpe,gHTHofl
opraHH3al\Hefl H 3aeMHKOM, o,gHaKO 3TH 3aKOHbi OTHOC.fITC.H K pe-
rYJlHpOBaHHIO OTHomeHHM npH nOTpe6HTeJlbCKOM Kpe,gHTOBaHHH
JlHmb KOCBeHHO H HOC.HT CKopee OTCblJlOqHblM (,geKJIapaTHBHbIM)
xapaKTep: cPeaepM'b1i'bLe 3aX01i'bL ,,06 unomexe (3M02e 1ieaeu:HCU-
.M.ocmu),,3, «06 ucnOJ1.1iume.n.'b1iO.M npou3eOacmee,,4, ,,0 pex.n.a.Me,,5,
I 3aKOH pC!> OT 2 AeKa6p 1990 r. No 395- 1 -0 6aHKax " 6aHKoBcKo<i AeRTenbHOCT"- II Be.no-
MOcm Cbe3Aa HapoAHblx A€nyraToB PCC!>CP. 1990. No 27. CT. 357; C3 PC!>. 1996. No 6.
CT. 492; 2009. N2 18 (Y.I). CT. 2153.
2 C!>e.nepanbHbl<i 3aKOH OT 30 A€Ka6p 2004 r. No 218-<1>3 ..0 Kpe.n"THbIX "CTOp"X» II C3
P<I>. 2005. N!! 1 (Y. I). CT. 44; 2007. N!! 31. CT. 4011.
3 <l>eAepallbHbl<i 3aKOH OT 16 ''101l 1998 r. No 102-C!>3 ..06 "nOTeKe (3anore HeAB")I("MOC-
m)- II C3 PC!>. 1998. No 29. CT. 3400; 2009. N° 29. CT. 3603.
4 C!>e.nepanbHbI<i 3aKOH OT 2 OKTR6p 2007 r. No 229-C!>3 ..06 "cnOIlH.,TellbHOM npO"3BOACT-
Be-/I C3 PC!>. 2007. No 41. CT. 4849; 2009. No 23. CT. 2761-
5 <l>eAepanbHbl<i 3aKOH OT 13 MapTa 2006 r. No 38-C!>3 -0 p€KllaMe-/1 C3 PC!>. 2006. No 12.
CT. 1232; 2009. No 19. CT. 2279.
51

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ee)>>3, ((0 3aUfume X01ixype1i'lfUu»4 M MHble.
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pal\MM»6 B cJly<ra.flx, Kor,ga O,gHOH M3 CTOpOH B 06.f13aTeJlbCTBe .fIBJI.fI-
eTC.H rpam,gaHMH, MCnOJlb3YIOMH, npM06peTalOMM, 3aKa3blBalO-
MH JIM60 MMeIOMfl HaMepeHMe npM06pecTM I1J1M 3aKa3aTb TOBapbl
(pa60Tbl, YCJlym) ,l(JI.H JlMqHblX 6bITOBbiX Hym,g, TaKOH rpam,l(aHMH
nOJlb3yeTC.H npaBaMM CTOpOHbI B 06.f13aTeJlbCTBe B COOTBeTCTBMM C
fpam,gaHcKMM Ko,geKCOM PCP, a TaKme npaBaMM, npe,gocTaBJIeHHbl-
MM nOTpe6MTeJllO 3aKOHoM PCP «0 3aMTe npaB nOTpe6MTeJleH» M
M3,gaHHbIMM B COOTBeTCTBMM C HMM MHblMM npaBoBblMM aKTaMM.
O,gHaKo Ha cero,l(H.fIIIlHMM ,geHb Bonpoc 0 npMMeHeHMM nOJlome-
HMH 3aKoHa 0 3aMTe npaB nOTpe6MTeJleH K OTHOIIleHM.fIM npM no-
Tpe6MTeJIbCKOM Kpe,gMToBaHMM B HayqHOH JIMTepaType .fIBJI.HeTC.H
,gMCKYCCMOHHbIM.
TaK, HanpMMep, A.A. BMillHeBCKMH mUlleT: «PacnpOCTpaHeHMe
,gefICTBM.fI 3aKOHa PCP ,,0 3aMTe npaB nOTpe6MTeJleH» Ha ccpepy
6aHKOBCKMX YCJlyr MMeeT He 60Jlee qeM ,gMpeKTMBHbIH xapaKTep,
nOCKOJIbKY caM 3aKOH He yqMTblBaeT cneQMcpMKY 6aHKOBCKMX
OnepaQMM, 6y,gyqM pa3pa60TaHHbiM ,gJl.fl 60Jlee npMBblqHblX OTeqe-
CTBeHHOMY 060POTY nOTpe6MTeJlbCKMX C,l(eJlOK KynJlM-npO,l(amM»7.
1 <l>e,o,epanbHbl<i 3aKOH OT 21 Ho6pR 1996 r. N2 129-<1>3 -0 6yxramepcKoM y,eTe. II C3 P<I>.
1996. N!! 48. CT. 5369; 2006. N2 45. CT. 4635.
2 <l>e.nepanbHbl<i 3aKOH OT 10 AeKa6pR 2003 r. N2 173-<1>3 -0 BanlOTHOM peryn"poBaH"" .,
BanlOTHOM KOHTpone- IIC3 P<I>. 2003. N!! 50. CT. 4859; 2008. N!! 30 ('i. I). CT. 3606.
3 <l>eAepanbHbl<i 3aKOH OT 26 OKTR6p 2002 r. N!! 127-<1>3 -0 HecOCTORTenbHOCT., (6aHKpOT-
CTBe)- II C3 P<I>. 2002. N2 43. CT. 4190; 2009. N2 29. CT. 3632.
4 <l>e.nepanbHbl<i 3aKOH OT 26 "lOnR 2006 r. N2 135-<1>3 -0 3BlLI"Te KOHKYPeHLl""- II C3 P<I>.
2006. N231 ('i. I). CT. 3434; 2009. N2 29. CT. 3610.
5 3aKOH P<I> OT 7 cl>eBpanR 1992 r. N2 2300-1 -0 3alLlHTe npaB nOTpe6.,Tene<i. II Be.noMocT"
Cbe3.na HapO.P.HbiX .nenyraTOB POCC,,<iCKO<i <l>e.nepaw.", " BepxoBHoro COB eTa Pocc,,<i-
CKO<i <l>e.nepaLl"'" 1992. N!! 15. CT. 766; C3 Pet>. 2008. N!! 30 ('i. II). C.. 3616.
6 <l>e.nepanbHbl<i 3aKOH OT 26 RHBapR 1996 r. N2 15-<1>3 -0 BBe.neH"" B Ae<icTB.,e..acT" BTO-
po<i rpa>K,!\aHcKoro KOAeKca POCC,,<iCKO<i <l>eAepaLl"'" II C3 P<I>. 1996. N!! 5. CT. 411;
2001. N!! 49. CT. 4553.
7 B"wHescx"j;j A.A. nOTpe6.,TenbcK"J;J Kpe.n"T: oco6b1e cl>OpMbI npaBoBo<i 3alLl"TbI "HTepe-
COB nOTpe6"TenR II MeTO.n"..eCK,,<i >KYpHan -lOp"A"'ecKa pa60Ta B KpeA"THO<i opraH"-
3aLU-1"". 2005. N!! 2; CM. TaK>Ke: Caxaposa IO.B. YKa3. co,. C. 545.
58

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qeHHH ,l(oroBopa nOTpe6HTeJIbCKoro Kpe,gHTa, - nHrneT AA KHpH-
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YCJlOBM.fI npe,l(OCTaBJleHH.H nOTpe6HTeJlbCKI1X Kpe,gI1TOB rpam,l(a-
HaM. CJIe,l(OBaTeJIbHO, YKa3aHHbie OTHOrneHH.H He no,gna,l(aIOT no,g
,gei1:cTBHe 3aKOHa «0 3all\HTe npaB nOTpe6HTeJlei1:» 1.
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HCnOJlHHTeJleM ,l(aHHbIX ,gOroBOpOB nO,l(pa3YMeBaIOTC.H «opraHH3a-
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me HH,gHBI1,gyaJlbHbli1: npe,l(npHHHMaTeJIb, BbiTIOJIH.HIOll\He pa60Tbi
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npHMeH.HIOTC.H HCKJllOql-lTeJIbHO npI1 3aKJIlOqeHHI1 nYOJlI1qHbIX ,l(oro-
BOpOB; BO-BTOPbIX, H3 npeaM6YJlbi TaKme CJle,ZO'eT, qTO OCHOBHblMH
KpI1TepH.HMH pacnpOCTpaHeHI1.H ,gaHHoro 3aKOHa .HBJI.HeTC.H cy6'beKT-
Hblfl COCTaB 3aKJlIOqaeMbiX ,l(OroBOpOB, T.e. C o,gHofl CTOpOHbl ,gOJlmeH
6blTb nOTpe6I1TeJlb, a C ,gpyroi1: (B HarneM cJlyqae) - HCnOJlHI1TeJlb.
I KI1P',"YK A.A. CneLIl1c1>I1.a .noroBOpa nOTpe611TenbcKoro I<peI\l1Ta II IOpl1CT. 2008. N!! 10. C. 37.
2 KbiPOB A.A. KOMMeHTapl1<i. 3a.OHY P<I:> -0 3alLll1Te npas nOTpe611Telle<i-. 2-e "3A., nepe-
pa6. 11 .non. M., 2009. C. 5, 9.
59

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,goroBopa nOTpe6HTeJIbCKoro Kpe,gI1Ta K ,goroBopaM npHCOe,gHHe-
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Kpe,l(HT, 3TO 11 Kpe,l(HTHa.fl YCJIyra, H nOKynKa TOBapa. BaHK 6epeT
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CTOpOHbl, HenpaBI1JIbHO» 2.
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nepBblX, nOTpe6HTeJlbCKI1ii: Kpe,gI1T - <lTO He npOCTO Kpe,gHTHa.fl
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1 KUP""YK A.A. YK8.3. CO'<. C. 37-38.
2 6ynaTel./Kui;j fOE nOTpe6.,TellbcKoe npaBO: KYPC Il€l<Ll.,<i. M., 2008. c. 327.
3 B COOTBeTCTBUU C npeaM6yno<i 3aKOHa P<t> -0 3all\HTe npaB nOTpe6uTelle<i.. AaHHble npa-
BOOTHOWeHs:I T8K>Ke nOJJ,na.nafOT nOA lJ.eCTBe HOpM 3aKOH8 (HanpMep, B L.l8CH1 npe.o.o-
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YK8.3 CO,. C. 9, 41, 54.
60

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Tpe6..TenbcKoro Kpe,A.,TOBaH..R II 6aHKoBcKoe npaBO. 2008. N 1. C. 4; MuxeeB T. Hapy-
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X03R<iCTBO .. npaBO. 2009. N 4. C. 128-135.
2 KYPOOTOB A.fI. YKa3. CO. C. 382.
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nOTpe6..TenbCKoro Kpe.A"TOBaH...1I BeCTH"K 6aHKa POCC..... 2007. N 1.
61

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opraHlot3aLl"M" pe3epBOB Ha B03MQ)!(Hble nOTep..' II BecTH"K 6aHKa POCC"". 2006. III<> 26;
2009. N 47.

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pbIe B03H11KaJl11 np11 npaKT11qeCKOM ee paCKpbIT1111, ,n;aHHoe
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ro 060pOTa.
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HblH Bec B MaCC11Be 11CTOqH11KOB. IIp11q11Ha TOMY - B03paCTaIOll.{ee
perYJl11pOBaH11e 6aHKOBCK11X OTHOllleH11H HOpMaM113aKOHOB 11 no,n;-
3aKOHHbIX aKTOB. K "l11CJlY HeMHOr11X np11MepOB MomHO OTHeCT11
06bIqa11 no npOBe,l(eH11IO onpe,l(eJleHHblX Mo,n;eJleH Kpe,l(11TOBaH11.H
(KOHTOKoppeHT,OBep,n;pacPT).
I nOnO>KeH.,e l.\6 P<I> OT 29 Maprn 2004 L NQ 255-n ..06 06"3aTenbHblx pe3epBax KpeA.,THbiX
opraH.,3aL1.,,,.11 BecTH"K 6aHKa Pocc.,.,. 2004. N<> 25; 2007. N<> 71.
2 nOnO>KeH.,e l.\6 P4> OT 26 MapTa 2004 L NQ 254-n ..0 nopAKe ,pOpM"poBaH" Kpe.n"T-
HbI..... OpraH.,3aLl.."M.. pe3epBoB Ha B03...0>KHble nOTep" no ccy.naM, no eCYAHo" ..
np..paBHeHHo" K He.. 3a.non>KeHHocT,,'11 BeCTH.,K 6aHKa Pocc..... 2004. NQ 28; 2009.
NQ 15.
3 YKa3aH..e l.\6 P<I> OT 13 Ma 2008 L NQ 2008-Y 0 nopAKe pac'eTa "AOBeAeH"AO 3aeM-
ll\HKa - ,p.,3..,ecKoro n"Lla nonHo" CTO.....OCT., KpeAHTa-/1 BeCTH"K 6aHKa Poce.,... 2008.
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4 BeCTH.,K 6aHKa Pocc.,.,. 2007. N<> 1 (yrpaT..no cHny B CB3>1 C npHH"THe...l.\6 P<I> YKa3aH.."
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,n;11TOBaH11R.
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nonHb';; TeKCT CM.: http://www.asros.ru/files/otv_kreditor.pdf-O<jJ..I..I..aJlbHbl;; Ca;;T Acco-
I..IHal..l.... per..OHaJlbHblX 6aHKOB Poce.....
65

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nep80u fpa:JICaa1iCX020 Xoaexca Poccuucxou CPeaepa'lluw,2 11 11Hble.
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CB.H3aHHble C Kpe.n;11TOBaH11eM 11311qeCKHX Jl11Q, pelllaIOTCR nYTeM
66 1 BeCTH.,K BAC P<I>. 1998. NQ 11; 2001. NQ 3_
2 BeCTH"K BAC P<I>. 1996. NQ 9_

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JJ,3pcTBeHHO;; AYMbi P<I> (6a3a 3aKOHonpoeKTOO).
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rYJl11pyeT OTHOmeH11.H Mem,l\y Kpe,l\11TOpOM (KOJIJleKTOpCK11M
areHTCTBOM) 11 3aeM11KOM, B03H11KaIO11e nocJle npe,l\OCTaBJle-
H11.H Kpe,l\11Ta, B qaCTHOCT11, B cJlyqae HenOJIHoro 11J111 HeCBoeBpe-
MeHHoro 11CnOJlHeH11.H 3aeM11KOM CB011X 06R3aTeJIbCTB no Kpe-
,l\11THOMY ,l\OroBOPY.
rJlaBHa.H 3a,l\aqa np11 ,l\Opa60TKe 3aKOHonpoeKTa CBO,l\11JIaCb K
TOMY, qT06bl ,l\0611TbC.H nOJIHOrO, JlOr11qeCKoro 11 C11CTeMHOro COOT-
BeTCTB11.H Mem,l\y 3aKOHO,l\aTeJlbHbIM11 nOJlOmeH11.HM11, peryJl11py-
IO11M11 Bce «nep110,l\bl m113H11» nOTpe611TeJlbCKoro Kpe,l\11Ta, B TOM
q11CJle BKJIIOqeHHbIM11 B 3aKOHbi 0 nOTpe611TeJlbCKOM Kpe,l\11Te, 0
Kpe,l\11THbIX 11CTOp11.HX, 0 3aJIOre, 0 6aHKpOTCTBe 11 06 11CnOJlH11-
TeJlbHOM np0113Bo,l\cTBe (B qaCT11 06paeH11.H B3bICKaH11.H Ha 11MY-
eCTBO 11 6aHKpoTcTBa cP11311qeCK11X Jl11Q).
3a6era.H Bnepe,l\, OTMeT11M, qTO aHaJl113 nOJlOmeH11H paCCMaT-
p11BaeMOro 3aKOHonpoeKTa nOKa3aJl, qTO ero nO,l\rOTOBKa, Ha
Ham B3rJl.H,l\, ,l(OJlmHa Haq1HaTbC.H C KOHQenQ1111, COrJlaCOBaHHOH
C 6aHKOBCK11M co06eCTBOM: BaHKOM POCC1111 11 M11H11CTepCTBOM
cP11HaHCOB pcp (KOTOPOMY IIpaB11TeJlbCTBO P<1> nopyq11J10 pa3pa-
60TaTb npoeKT 3Toro 3aKOHa). J1Haqe Bce ,l\aJlbHeHm11e «6aTa-
Jl1111» CTaHOB.HTC.H 6eCCMbICJleHHbIM11, 1160 CTOpOHbI ,l\11CKYCC1111
MorYT CTORTb Ha COBepmeHHO pa3J1WiHblX KOHQenTyaJlbHblX no-
311Q11.HX. 3aKOHq11TbC.H me Bce 3TO MomeT «C11J10BbIM» Bap11aHTOM
np11HRT11R 3aKOHonpoeKTa, nO,l\rOTOBJleHHOrO M11HcP11HOM Poc-
C1111, C BHeCeH11eM B Hero rOCY,l\apCTBeHHOH ,n:YMOH P<1> KaK11X-
Jl1160 He3Haq11TeJlbHb1X pe,l\aKQ110HHbIX nonpaBOK BO BTOpOM
qTeH1111.
nORCH"TeJlbHa 3an"CKa K npoeKry cpeAepanbHoro 3aKOHa -0 nOTpe6.,TenbCKOM KpeA"TO-
eaH""'// cnc .KOHCYJlbTaHT nlllOC: 6a3a 3aKOHOIlpoeKToe..
69

CyeCTBYIOa.H HeO,l(H03HaqHOCTb 11 HaT.HHYTOCTb B pemeH1111
BOnpOCa 0 np11HRT1111 cneQ11aJlbHoro 3aKOHa, perYJl11pYIOerO no-
Tpe611TeJlbCKOe Kpep;11TOBaH11e, nOpOp;11J111 B HayqHOH Jl11TepaType
11 6aHKOBCKOM c006eCTBe COMHeH11.H B QeJleC006pa3HOCT11 np11H.H-
T11.H ,l(aHHOrO HOpMaT11BHOrO npaBOBOrO aKTa.
TaK, Hanp11Mep, IG.r. MaKCYTOB OTMeqaeT: «B QeJlOM YCJlO-
B11R P;JI.H np11H.HT11.H OTp;eJlbHoro 3aKOHa 0 nOTpe611TeJlbCKOM Kpe-
p;11TOBaH1111 nOKa He C03peJl11. CyeCTBYIO11e np06J1eMbI cero-
P;H.H Jlyqme pemaTb 11HblM11 cnOC06aM11, a 11MeHHO qepe3
3aKpenJleH11e n0311T11BHOH npaKT11K11 B 06b1qaRX p;eJlOBOrO 060-
pOTa (Hanp11Mep. MeTO,l(OM «MopaJlbHOrO B03,l(eHCTB11.H», m11pOKO
pacnpocTpaHeHHblM B pa60Te 3apy6emHbix QeHTpaJlbHblX 6aH-
KOB...) 11 qepe3 BHeCeH11e TOqeqHblX nonpaBOK B p;eHcTBYIOee
3aKOHOp;aTeJlbCTBO 11J111 BBep;eH11e B p;eHCTB11e OTp;eJIbHbIX He-
 1
p;e11CTBYIO11X HOpM» .
C nO,l(06HOH n0311Q11eH, Ha Ham B3rJl.Hp;, HeJlb3.H COrJlaC11TbC.H.
OHa He OTBeqaeT 11HTepeCaM nOTpe611TeJleH 6aHKOBCK11X YCJlyr.
06ee HanpaBJleH11e pa3B11T11.H 3aKOHOp;aTeJlbCTBa B ccPepe no-
Tpe611TeJlbCKOrO Kpep;11TOBaH11.H 11p;eT Bpa3pe3 KaK C M11pOBbIM11
TeHp;eHQ11.HM11 npaBOBoro perYJl11pOBaH11.H B YKa3aHHOH 06J1aCT11,
TaK 11 pOCC11HCK11M11, a TOqHee, COBeTCK11M11 Tpap;11Q11.HM11 npaBO-
Boro perYJI11pOBaH11.H p;aHHoro B11,l(a Kpe,l(11TOBaH11.H. BOJlee Toro,
CTOpOHH11K11 p;aHHOH TOqK11 3peH11.H, K COmaJleH11IO, He yqJl11 op;-
HOH «MeJlOQ11»: pa3H11QbI B MeHTaJI11TeTe 11 ypOBHe npaBOBOH
(Kpep;11THOH) KYJlbTYPbI HaCeJleH11.H 3apy6emHbiX CTpaH 11 POCC11-
RH. TeM 60Jlee, KaK 6bIJlO OTMeqeHO, B HaCTO.Hee BpeMR 06b1Qa11
p;eJlOBOrO 060pOTa 11MeIOT He3Haq11TeJlbHb1H yp;eJlbHblH Bec cpep;11
11CTOqH11KOB npaBoBoro perYJl11pOBaH11.H Kpep;11TOBaH11.H cP11311qe-
CK11X Jl11Q.
TaK11M 06pa30M, aHaJI113 C11CTeMbi 11CTOqH11KOB npaBOBoro pery-
Jl11pOBaH11.H nOTpe611TeJlbCKOrO Kpep;11TOBaH11.H B COBpeMeHHOH
(nOCTCOBeTCKOH) POCC1111 nOKa3aJI, qTO Ha p;aHHbIH MOMeHT B Ha-
meH CTpaHe OTC)'TCTByeT qeTKOe 3aKOHO,l(aTeJIbHOe peryJl11pOBa-
H11e npoQep;yp Kpe,l(11TOBaH11R cP11311qeCK11X Jl11Q, qTO BblHymp;aeT
npaBOnp11MeH11TeJl.H 11CnOJlb30BaTb HOpMbl no aHaJl0fI111, PYKOBOp;-
CTBYRCb 0611M11 nOJIOmeH11.HM11 rpamp;aHcKoro 3aKOHOp;aTeJlbCT-
Ba, TeM caMblM 3aQaCTYlO BbI3b1Ba.H Ha npaKT11Ke MHomeCTBO KOJl-
10
I U.,T. no: CMUpHOB E.E. npo6neMbi nOTpe6.,TenbcKoro KpeA"ToBaH" //6aHKoBcKoe Kpe-
.n"TOBaH.,e. 2006. Ne 1. C. 60.

JII13I1M. HaqaJIOM pa3pelIIeHI1R ,l\aHHOM np06JIeMbl, 6e3YCJIOBHO,
,l\OJlmHO 6bITb CKOpeMllIee npl1HRTl1e 3aKOHa «0 nOTpe611TeJlbCKOM
Kpe,l\I1TOBaHI1I1», qTO no CYTI1 CTaHeT KaqeCTBeHHO HOBblM lIIarOM
Ha nYTI1 06eCneqeHI1R npaB 11 3aKOHHbiX I1HTepeCOB KaK 3aeMIl{I1-
Ka-nOTpe6I1TeJIR, TaK 11 Kpe,l\I1Topa.
B CB.H311 C 3TI1M l\eJIeC006pa3HO 06paTI1TbCR K 3apy6emHOMY
onbiTY npaBOBoro perYJIl1pOBaHI1.H 11 npaBOnpl1MeHI1TeJIbHOM
npaKTI1KI1 nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l\I1TOBaHI1.H, I1CTOpl1.H KOTOpblX
HaCql1TblBaeT He O,l\I1H ,l\eC.HTOK JIeT. JJ:aHHoe I1CCJIe,l\OBaHl1e nOMO-
meT B ,l\aJlbHeMlIIeM C,l\eJIaTb BbIBO,l(bl, KOTopble MorYT 6blTb I1C-
nOJlb30BaHbi ,l(JI.H JlI1KBI1,l\al\1111 I1MelOIl{erOCR B 3aKOHO,l\aTeJlbCTBe
POCCI1MCKOM <pe,l\epal\1111 npaBOBoro npo6eJIa, a TaKme ,l\JIR onpe-
,l\eJleHI1R B03MomHbiX nYTeM ,l\aJlbHeMlIIero pa3BI1TI1.H ,l\aHHOro BI1-
,l\a Kpe,l\I1Ta.
PerYJIl1pOBaHl1e nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l\I1TOBaHI1.H OCYIl{eCTB-
JI.HeTC.H B Kam,l\OM 113 npaBOBbiX CI1CTeM npl1cYIl{I1MI1 eM MeTO,l\aMI1.
TaK, B aHrJIOCaKCOHcKOM CI1CTeMe pm! npaBoBblx KOHCTpYKl\I1M,
HanpaBJIeHHbIX Ha 3aIl{I1TY I1HTepecoB nOTpe6I1TeJl.H, 6blJI Bblpa60-
TaH B npel\e,l\eHTHOM npaBe. B KOHTI1HeHTaJlbHOM CI1CTeMe 3aKOHO-
,l\aTeJlbHOe perYJll1pOBaHl1e Tpa,l\l1l\110HHO I1rpaJIo rJIaBeHcTBYw-
Il{YIO poJIb, HO 11 cY,l\e6Ha.H npaKTI1Ka TaKme BHeCJIa CBOM BKJIa,l\ B
TpaKToBKY p.H,l\a 06Il{I1X 3aKOHO,l\aTeJIbHbIX nOJIOmeHI1M npl1MeHI1-
TeJIbHO K ,l\aHHoMY BI1,l\Y Kpe,l\I1TOBaHI1R. TeM He MeHee, B CTpaHax
KaK KOHTI1HeHTaJIbHOM, TaK 11 aHrJIOCaKCOHCKOM CI1CTeMbi Be,l\YIl{aR
pOJIb B pery JIl1pOBaHl111 I1HCTI1TYTa Kpe,l\I1TOBaHI1R nOTpe611TeJleM
npl1Ha.rtJIeml1T Bce me 3aKOHO,l\aTeJIbCTBY (CTaTYTHOMY npaBY).
B HaCTORIl{ee BpeMR npaKTl1qeCKI1 BO Bcex pa3BI1TbiX CTpaHax
npl1H.HTbI Cnel\l1aJIbHble 3aKOHbi 0 nOTpe611TeJIbCKOM Kpe,l\I1Te. EOJIee
TOro, 3a py6emoM ,l\aHHbIM I1HCTI1Tyr nO,l\Bepmyr ,l\OCTaTOqHO 06CTO-
.HTeJIbHOM npaBOBOM perJIaMeHTal\I1I1, rJIaBHa.H l\eJIb KOTOpOM - 38.-
Il{I1Ta 11 06eCneqeHI1e npaB cpl1311qeCKI1X JII1l\ (nOTpe6I1TeJIeM) B OTHO-
lIIeHI1.HX C 60Jlee «CI1J1bHOM» CTOpOHOM - 6aHKOM, KOTOpblM
3aHI1MaeTC.H npe,l\OCTaBJIeHl1eM Kpe,l\I1TOB Ha npocpeCCI10HaJlbHOM
OCHOBe.
TaK, B 6aHKOBCKOM 3aKOHO,l\aTeJIbCTBe CIlIA eCTb Cnel\l1aJIbHa.H
nO,l\OTpaCJIb, KOTOpa.H HOCI1T Ha3BaHI1e «3aKOHO,l\aTeJlbCTBO 0 3a-
Il{I1Te nOTpe611TeJIeM npl1 Kpe,l\I1TOBaHI1I1» (Consumer Credit
Protection Legislation). B ero OCHOBe JIemaT qeTblpe 3aKOHa: E,l\I1-
Ho06pa3HbiM KO,l\eKC nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l\I1TOBaHI1.H (Uniform 11
Consumer Credit Code (UCCC)), 3aKoH 0 npaB,l\I1BOCTI1 npl1 npe-

,l\OCTaBJIeHI1I1 cCY,l\ (Truth in Lending Act (TILA)) 1968 r., 3aKoH 0
,l\OCTOBepHblx Kpe,l\I1THbiX QTqeTaX (Fair Credit Reporting Act
(FCRA)) 1970 r., 3aKoH 0 paBHblx B03MOmHOCT.HX B Kpe,l\I1TOBaHI1I1
(Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA» 1977 r.
UCCC .HBJI.HeTC.H aKTOM, nO,l\06HbIM E,l\I1HOo6pa3HoMY ToprOBO-
MY KO,l\eKCY, H Ha nOTpe611TeJIbCKOe Kpe,l\I1TOBaHHe MorYT pacnpo-
CTpaH.HTbC.H Tpe60BaHH.H 060HX Ha3BaHHblX KO,l\eKCOB, O,l\HaKO B
cJlyqae I1X KOJIJIH31111 npl10pHTeT HMelOT HOpMbl UCCC. B UCCC
nOTpe6HTeJlbCKHM Kpe,l\HT onpe,l\eJIeH KaK Kpe,l\HT B pa3Mepe, He
npeBblmalOIl{eM 25 TbIC. ,l\OJIJIapOB, ,l(JI.H JIl1qHblX, ceMeMHblx, ,l\O-
MamHI1X (BKJllOqa.H KynJlIO-npo,l(amy TOBapoB C paCCpOqKOM nJIa-
Tema) 11J111 cenbCKOX03.HMCTBeHHblx Hym,l\l. Kpe,l\I1Tbl Ha nOKynKY
He,l\BHmHMOCTH OTHOC.HTC.H K KaTeropHH nOTpe6HTeJIbCKHX He3a-
BI1CI1MO OT CYMMbl npl1 YCJIOBI1H, o npol.\eHTHa.H CTaBKa no HI1M
npeBblmaeT 10% rO,l\OBbiX.
B CBOIO Oqepe.l(b TILA YCTaHaBJII1BaeT 60JIee ,l\eTanbHble ra-
paHTI1H npaB nOTpe611TeJleM npl1 Kpe,l\HTOBaHHI1. CaMa.H BamHa.H
113 TaKI1X rapaHTI1M - Tpe6oBaHI1e paCKpblTI1.H nOTpe611TeJllO B
nl1CbMeHHOM cpopMe «,l\eMCTBI1TeJIbHOM CTOI1MOCTI1 Kpe.l(I1Ta» (the
true cost of credit) (peaJlbHOM npol.\eHTHoM cTaBKH). TILA He pac-
npOCTpaH.HeTC.H Ha CJle.D;YIOIl{He C.D;eJlKI1 no Kpe,l\I1TOBaHHIO:
npe,l\OCTaBJIeHl1e Kpe,l\I1THbIX pecypCOB AJI.H npe,l\npI1HHMa-
TeJIbCKI1X, ToprOBblX HJII1 CeJIbCKOX03.HMCTBeHHbIX l\eJleM; npaBI1-
TeJIbCTBY I1JIH npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHblM areHTCTBaM; B KaqeCTBe CO-
,l\eMCTBI1.H; a TaKme opraHH3al.\H.HM, TaKHM KaK KOOnepaTI1BbI,
TOBapHIl{eCTBa 11 TpaCTbl;
C,l\eJIKI1 C l.\eHHblMH 6YMaraMI1 11 nepeBO,l\bl no TOBapHblM CqeTaM
6pOKepaMI1/,l\HJlepaMI1, pemCTpl1pyeMbie KOMI1CCl1eM no l.\eHHblM
6YMaraM 11 6l1pmaM;
npe.D;UCTaBJIeHHe .n;eHemHblX Cpe,l\CTB Ha CYMMY, npeBblmalO-
Il{YIO 25 TbiC. ,l\OJIJIapOB;
C,l\eJIKI1 B COOTBeTCTBl111 C Tapl1cpaMI1 npe.n;npl1.HTI1M KOMMY-
HaJlbHOrO 06CJlymI1BaHI1.H B cJIyqae, eCJlI1 oCYIl{eCTBJI.HeTC.H rocy-
,l\apCTBeHHoe perYJIHpOBaHl1e TaKI1X TapHcpOB;
C,l\eJIKI1, KOTopble COBeT ynpaBJI.HIOIl{I1X <pe,l\epaJIbHOM pe3epB-
HOM CI1CTeMbl I1CKJllOql1JI 113 ccpepbl ,l\eMCTBI1.H TILA;
Kpe,l(HTbl ,l(JI.H nOJIyqeHH.H Bbicmero 06pa30BaHH.H.
12
I He06xoA"MO OTMeT"Tb. 'TO WTaTbl KOl1op8AO. L-1HA"aHa. KaH3ac. M3H. OKl1aXOMa " Bai'io-
M"Hr "CKlIIO'''I1'' Cel1bCKOx03i'icTBeHHble KpeAl1TbI "3 AaHHoro onpeAel1eH".

TIpaKTI1Ka npl1MeHeHI1.H TILA BbI.HBI1JIa CJIe.QYIOIl{l1e Hal160JIee
Tl1nl1qHble ero HapyrneHI1.H, .QOnYCKaeMbIe 6aHKaMI1, KOTOpble .QOJIm-
HbI 6blTb yqTeHbl BO 1136emaHI1e nOBTOpeHI1.H B POCCI1I1: Heo6xo.Ql1-
Ma.H .QJI.H paCKpblTI1.H nOTpe611TeJIIO I1H<popMaQH.H He 060c06JIeHa OT
OCHOBHoro TeKCTa JII160 CO.Qep:mJ1T I1HcpopMaQI1IO, He I1MelOIl{YIO He-
nocpe.QCTBeHHOrO OTHOrneHI1.H K I1HcpopMaQHI1, nO,l(JIemaIl{eti pac-
KpblTI1IO; OTCYTCTBYeT y-Ka3aHl1e Ha CYMMY npe.QOCTaBJi.HeMoro Kpe-
.QI1Ta JII160 I1CnOJIb30BaJIaCb HeHa.QJIemaIl{a.H TepMI1HOJlOfl1.H;
YKa3aHI1e Ha CYMMY npe.QOCTaBJI.HeMOrO Kpe,l(I1Ta He o60co6.rreHo OT
I1HOti I1HcpopMaQI1I1, nO,l(JlemaIl{eti paCKpblTI1IO; OTCYTCTByeT YKa3a-
Hl1e Ha pa3Mep nJIaTbl 3a Kpe.QI1T, JII160 I1cnOJIb30BaJIaCb HeHa.QJIe-
maIl{a.H TepMI1HOJIOrl1.H; OTcyrcTByeT y-Ka3aHl1e Ha peaJIbHYIO CTaBKY
no Kpe.QI1TY, JII160 OHa BblpameHa He B npOQeHTax rO.QOBbIX; OTCYTCT-
BYeT rpacpl1K TIJlaTemeti.
FCRA perJIaMeHTl1pyeT OCHOBaHI1.H 11 nOp.H.QOK nOJIYQeHI1.H
«Kpe.QI1THbIX OTqeTOB 0 nOTpe6l1TeJIe» - nl1CbMeHHoti, YCTHOti 11J111
B I1HOti cpopMe I1HcpopMaQI1I1, npe.QOCTaBJI.HeMoti areHTCTBaMI1 OT-
qeTOB 0 nOTpe6I1TeJi.HX, KOTOpa.H CBI1.QeTeJlbCTByeT 0 Kpe.QI1TOCnO-
C06HOCTI1 nOTpe6I1TeJI.H, CTeneHI1 BepO.HTHOCTI1 HeB03BpaTa Kpe.Ql1-
Ta 11 nJIOXoro 06CJlymI1BaHI1.H .QOJIra, cO.Qepml1T CBe.QeHI1.H 0
JIl1qHOCTI1 nOTpe6I1TeJI.H, ero penYTaQI1I1, nepCOHaJIbHbIX oc06eH-
HOCT.HX I1JII1 06pa3e m113HI1, 11 KOTOpa.H c06l1paeTC.H 11J1I1I1CnOJlb3Y-
eTC.H ,l(JI.H npI1H.HTI1.H pell1eHI1.H OTHOCI1TeJIbHO cnoc06HOCTI1 nOTpe-
6I1TeJl.H: Y.QOBJIeTBOp.HTb Tpe60BaHI1.HM, npe.Q'b.HBJI.HeMbIM K
CTopOHe B Kpe.QI1THOM .QorOBope 11 .QorOBope CTpaXOBaHI1.H (l1cnOJIb-
3yeTC.H npem.Qe Bcero npl1MeHI1TeJlbHO K pa60THI1KaM 11 qJIeHaM I1X
ceMeti); Y.QOBJleTBOp.HTb Tpe60BaHI1.HM, npe.Q'b.HBJI.HeMbIM K COI1C-
KaTeJI.HM npl1 TPY.QOYCTpoticTBe; B I1HblX QeJI.Hx, B COOTBeTCTBl111 C
pa3.QeJIOM 604 FCRA 1.
ECOA 3anpeIl{aeT .QI1CKpI1MI1HaQI1IO B JlI060ti 06J1aCTI1 Kpe.QI1T-
HOti .Qe.HTeJIbHOCTI1, BKJIlOqa.H peKJIaMY, nO.Qaqy 11 paccMOTpeHl1e
Kpe.QI1THbIX 3a.HBOK, oQeHKY Kpe.QI1TOCnoc06HOCTI1, yqeT 11 norall1e-
Hl1e Kpe,l(I1Ta. 3aKoH 3anpeIl{aeT .QI1CKpI1MI1HaQI1IO no npl13HaKaM
nOJIa, ceMetiHoro nOJlOmeHI1.H, B03pacTa, pacbl, QBeTa KOml1, peJII1-
rl1l1, HaQI10HaJIbHOrO npoI1CXom.QeHI1.H I1JII1 B CB.H311 C nOJIyqeHl1eM
rocY.QapcTBeHHoti nOMOIl{I1. XOT.H 3a npoBe.QeHl1e B ml13Hb 3aKOHa
OTBeqaeT COBeT ynpaBJI.HIOIl{I1X <Pe.QepaJIbHoti pe3epBHoti CI1CTe-
I AneKceeaa III.. nbJJ<TIo1H C.B. npaBoBble np06neMbi nOTpe6"TenbCKoro KpeA"TOBaH"" Ha
COBpeMeHHOM 3Tane II 3aKoH. 2005. Ng 12. C. 58-60.
'13

MbI, KOHTpOJIb B03J10meH eIl{e Ha HeCKOJIbKO cpe,l\epaJIbHblX yq-
pem,l\eHI1i1, B TOM ql1CJIe <Pe,l\epaJIbHYIO KOpnOpaQ111O CTpaXOBaHI1.H
,l(en03I1TOB, KOHTpOJlepa ,l\eHemHOrO 06paIl{eHI1.H 11 <pe,l\epaJIbHYIO
TOprOBYIO KOMI1CCI1IO. BaHKI1 11 ,l\pyme cpl1HaHCOBbie yqpem,l\eHI1.H,
KOTOpble perYJI.HpHO npe,l\OCTaBJI.HIOT Kpe,l\I1Tbl qaCTHblM JII1QaM,
06.H3aHbl BbITIOJlH.HTb Tpe60BaHI1.H 3TOrO 3aKOHa.
TIOJIOmeHI1.H ECOA KOHKpeTI13I1pYIOTC.H MHCTpYKQl1ei1 «B» Co-
BeTa ynpaBJI.HIOIl{I1X <pe,l(epaJIbHoi1 pe3epBHoi1 CI1CTeMbl, KOTopble
CO,l\epmaT ,l(ame Tl1nOBbIe <pOpMbl 3a.HBKI1 ,l(JI.H pa3JII1qHbiX BI1,l\OB
nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l\I1Ta.
HeKOTopble ee nOJlOmeHI1.H npe,l\CTaBJl.HIOTC.H BeCbMa I1HTepec-
HbIMI1:
Kpe,l\I1Topbl He BnpaBe Tpe60BaTb I1HcpopMaQ111O 0 cynpyre no-
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PYIOTC.H 3aKOHOM «0 nOTpe6HTeJIbCKOM Kpe.QI1Te» (Consumer
Credit Act) 1974 r. PacKpblBa.H nOH.HTl1e nOTpe6HTeJIbCKOrO Kpe-
.QI1Ta no aHrnl1i1:cKoMY npaBY, A.A. Bl1lIIHeBCKI1H nl1lIIeT: «TIoTpe-
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25 000 cpo CT. ... B paMKI1 nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO Kpe.QHTa YKJIa.QbIBaeT-
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paKTepa Mem,l(Y KJll1eHTOM 11 6aHKOM. TaK, 3TO MomeT 6blTb JII1MI1T
OBep.QpacpTa no TeKYIl{eMY HnH KapTOqHOMY CqeTY, a TaKme cne-
l.\HaJlbHOe COrJlalIIeHHe 0 npe.QOCTaBJIeHHH 3aHMa... B p.H,D;e cJlyqaeB
nOTpe6HTeJIbCKI1M MomeT 6blTb Kpe.QI1T, B03HI1KalOIl{I1H B npoQec-
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Kpe.QHTopa. nOCTaBIl{HKa TOBapOB H KJll1eHTa. TaK npOHCXO.QHT B
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HeBCKMH, OTJIl1qaeTC.H npaBOBoe perYJIl1pOBaHMe .QorOBopa nOTpe-
611TeJIbCKOrO Kpe.QI1Ta: 3aKoH 1974 r. «.QOCTaTOqHO nO.Qp06HO pery-
JIl1pyeT Ha nepBblH B3rn.H.Q MeJIKMe .QeTaJII1 .QoroBopa, TaKMe, KaK
HaMMeHOBaHMe 3arOJIOBKa .QoKYMeHTa, pa3Mep IIIpMcpTa .QoroBopa,
CTeneHb KOHTpacTa Mem.QY IIIpl1cpTOM 11 6YMaroH, Ha KOTOpoi'r OH
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HblX B 3aKoHe YCJIOBMH, TaKI1X, KaK 06Il{a.H cYMMa Kpe.QI1Ta, ro,l(O-
Ba.H npOl.\eHTHa.H cTaBKa, rpacpl1K BbmnaTbl Kpe.QHTa .QOJlmHI1KOM.
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p.H,D;e CJIyqaeB nOBJIeqb HeB03MomHOCTb npl1HY.Ql1TeJIbHoro I1cnOJI-
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1 BuwHeecKu;;; A. A. 6aHKoscKoe npaso AHrl1''''. M., 2000. C. 209-210.
2 TaM >Ke. C. 210-211.
15

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HOM TOprOBJle. «qTO .HBJI.HeTC.H Hecopa3MepHOM nJIaTOM3a Kpe,l(I1T 11
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Kpe,l\I1TOBaHJ1.H, He06xo,l\I1MO OTMeTI1Tb, qTO BHI1MaHJ1e K ,l(aHHOM
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:1KeHI1H 3aKOHOB, nOCTaHOBJIeHI1M 11 a.l(MHHI1CTpaTI1BHbIX nOJIO:1KeHI1M
rocY,l\apCTB - qJIeHOB E3C, KaCalOIl{I1XC.H nOTpe6HTeJlbCKoro Kpe,l(l1-
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16 eBpaJI.H 1998 r., TaK:1Ke J13MeH.HIOIl{a.H IIepBYIO ,lJ;J1peKTJ1BY.
Hap.H,lJ;Y C 3TI1M K 3aKOHO,l(aTeJIbCTBY EBpocolO3a 0 nOTpe611-
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16
1 BuwHeecKu;;; A.A. YKa3. CO'<. C. 212.

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CTBa.
1 BuwHeecKu;;; A.A. 6aHkoBckoe npaso Eeponei1Ckoro COI03a: Ye6Hoe noc0611e. M., 2000.
C.115-116.
2 TBkCT AOkYMeHTa npl1BeAeH e KH.: KapuMynnuH P.I1. npaBa 11 063aHHocTI1 CTOpOH Kpe-
AI1THOroAoroBopa no POCCI1;;;CKOMY 11 repMaHcKoMY npaBY. M., 2001. C. 211-221 (HOO<l>"-
LI.,anbHbI;;; nepeBoA P.L-1. Kapl1Mynnl1Ha).
3 5paruHCKu;;; M.I1., BUTpRHCKU;;; B.B. YKa3. CO". C. 508-509.
11

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17 ,n;eKa6p.H 1990 ro,n;a 11 BCTynl1JI B ,n;eticTBl1e C I.HHBap.H 1991 ro-
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KOM e,l(I1HCTBe (KOTopoe npl13HaeTC.H I1MelOlQl1M MeCTO. eCJlI1 npl1
1 BGH WM 1985,834,836 (nepeBoA fry C....: fep...aHCKOO npaBo..... I. M.: MmK,o,YHapOAHbll1
UeHTp <I>"HaHCOBO-3KOHO"'"eCKOro pa3BI1TI1, 1996).
2 BGBI. I. S. 2840 (nepeBoA 3aKoHa CM.: Kapl1Mynnl1H P.I1. YKa3. CO". C. 200-210).
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CKOro KpeAI1T8 B rep...aHI111 II L-1HocTpaHHoe npaBo (C60pHI1K HaY"Hblx cTaTei1 11 coo6U1e-
HI1I1). 2000. Bbln. 1. C. 16-19.).
18

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KJIlOqeHl1e .QorOBopa KynJII1-npo.Qaml1 CYMMa Kpe.QI1Ta yme nepe-
.QaHa npO.QaBQY, TO B OTHOIlleHI1.HX C nOTpe611TeJIeM (B qaCTI1 npa-
BOBbIX nOCJle.QCTBl1ti TaKoro OT3blBa) Kpe.QI1TOp BCTynaeT B npaBa
11 06.H3aHHOCTI1 npO.QaBQa no .QorOBOpy KynJII1-npo.Qaml1.
IIOTpe611TeJlb BnpaBe OTKa3aTbC.H OT B03BpaTa Kpe.QI1Ta (nepe-
ql1CJleHHoro npO.QaBQY B QeJI.HX OnJIaTbi npl106peTeHHoro TOBapa)
npl1 HaJIl1ql111 06CTO.HTeJlbCTB, ,l(alOlQl1X eMY npaBO Ha OTKa3 OT I1C-
nOJIHeHI1.H 06.H3aTeJIbCTB, BblTeKalOlQl1X 113 .QorOBopa KynJII1-npo-
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rOBOp.H 0 B3aI1MOCB.H3aHHbIX C.QeJIKaX, CJIe.QyeT 06paTI1TbC.H K
3aKoHY 06 OTKa3e OT C.QeJIOK. OH 6biJI npl1H.HT 16 .HHBap.H 1986 r.,
BCTynl1J1 B CI1J1Y 1 Ma.H 1836 r. 11 perYJll1pyeT Y3KYlO 11 cneQl1cpl1q-
HYIO ccpepy nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO Kpe.QI1Ta, CB.H3aHHYIO C 3alQI1TOfi
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ry, nOTpe611TeJIb qaCTO He I1MeeT B03MOmHOCTI1 CpaBHI1Tb Kaqe-
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Tpe611TeJlbCKOrO Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1.H 3a py6emoM nOKa3aJl 3aMeTHoe

«OTCTaBaHl1e» pOCCI1HCKOro 3aKOHO.QaTeJIbCTBa B perYJIl1pOBaHl111
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BMeCTe C TeM CTaHOBJIeHl1e H pa3BI1TI1e lOpl1.Ql1qeCKOH HaYKI1
POCCI1HCKOrO rocy,n;apCTBa .HBJI.HeTC.H COCTaBHOH, HeOT'beMJIeMOH
qaCTblO Ml1pOBOrO OnblTa npaBOBOrO CTpOI1TenbCTBa CTpaH. 06'beK-
TJ1BHO CYIl{eCTBYIOIl{a.H TeH,l(eHQJ1.H C6J1J1meHJ1.H H yrJly6J1eHJ1.H
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KOH, KYJlbTypHOH J1 ,n;pyrJ1X 06J1aCT.HX npe.QnOJIaraeT TaKme B3a-
I1MHOe 113yqeHHe OnblTa npaBOBOrO perYJIl1pOBaHI1.H nOTpe6l1TeJlb-
CKOrO Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1.H C yqeTOM OC06eHHOCTeH 06Il{eCTBeHHOrO
pa3BI1TI1.H KOHKpeTHblX rOCY,l(apCTB.
06paIl{aeT Ha ce6.H BHI1MaHl1e MHOro06pa311e HOpMaTI1BHblX
npaBOBblX aKTOB, perYJIl1pYIOIl{HX OT,n;eJIbHble aCneKTbl nOTpe611-
TeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l(J1TOBaHI1.H, B COBOKynHocTI1 npe,l(CTaBJI.HIOIl{J1X CO-
60H KOMnJIeKC 3aKOHO.QaTeJIbHOH 6a3bl. 3TO MOmeT 6blTb yqTeHO
npl1 npI1H.HTI1J1 pOCCI1HCKOrO Bapl1aHTa 3aKOHa 0 nOTpe6l1TeJIb-
CKOM Kpe.QJ1TOBaHJ1I1, B KOTOpOM, BI1.QHMO, He CJIe.QyeT paCCMaTpJ1-
BaTb a6COJIlOTHO Bce BonpOCbl, CB.H3aHHble C BbI,n;aqeH Kpe.QI1Ta 11
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2.3. nPMHL..!I,1nbl 6AHKOBCKOro
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BaHI1.H Hym,l(aeTC.H B OC060M BHI1MaHI1I1. IJ:eHHocTb Hcc.ne,n;OBaHI1.H
.QaHHbIX npI1HQITIOB 3aKnlOqaeTC.H npem.Qe Bcero B TOM, 'ITO OHI1 on-
pe,n;eJI.HIOT I1Cxo,n;Hble HaqaJIa, OCHOBbl npaBOBOro perYJIl1pOBaHI1.H
Kpe,n;HTHbIX OTHOIlleHHH.
TIpl1Hl.\l1nbl Kpe.QI1TOBaHI1.H nOTpe611TeJIeH CXO,n;Hbl C npl1Hl.\l1na-
MI1 6aHKOBCKoro Kpe.QI1TOBaHJ1.H. 3TO onpe,n;eJI.HeTC.H TeM, qTO peqb
l1.QeT 06 O,n;HOH 11 Tot'! me KaTerOpl111 - Kpe,n;J1Te. K TOMY me nOTpe-
6J1TeJIbCKJ1H Kpe,n;J1T, KaK yme YKa3bIBaJlOCb, .HBJI.HeTC.H pa3HOBJ1,n;-
HOCTblO 6aHKoBCKoro Kpe.QI1Ta.
80
1 8Hrenbc <P. AHT"-AK>PI1Hr. M., 1950. C. 34.

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QI1IO npaBMJI M npHHQMnOB OCYLQeCTBJleHM.H 3TOrO BH;Qa ;QemeJlbHO-
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HblM Ha 3aLQMTY MHTepeCOB yqaCTHI1KOB Kpe;QMTHbIX OTHollleHMi1 11
06ecneqMBalOLQMX 3cpcpeKTMBHOCTb Kpe;QI1TOBaHM.H.
B nepeBO;Qe C JlaT. «principium» 03HaqaeT OCHOBa, nepBOHaqa-
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npl1HQMnaMM nOHMMaIOTC.H Bblpa:>KeHHble B npaBe I1CXO;QHble HOp-
MaTI1BHO-PYKOBO;Q.HLQl1e Ha'laJla, xapaKTepM3YlOLQI1e era cO;Qep-
:>KaHMe, OCHOBbl, 3aKpenJIeHHbie B HeM 3aKOHOMepHOCTI1 06LQeCT-
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3YJlbTaTe MX CYLQHOCTb CBO;QI1J1aCb K npaBOBbIM npMHQl1naM. l\aK
OTMeqaeTC.H B COBeTcKoi1 HayqHoi1 JlI1TepaType: «...HeT HOpM, B KO-
TOpblX He npO.HBJI.HJIMCb 6bl npaBOBble npMHQMnbI»3.
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OCHOBbIBa.HCb Ha onpe;QeJIeHHblX npl1HQl1naX, 3aKpenJIeHHbiX CO-
OTBeTCTBYIOLQMMM HopMaTMBHbIMM aKTaMM M nOTOMY BblcTynalO-
LQI1X B KaqeCTBe npaBOBbIX npMHQMnOB»4.
Ha ;QaHHble KaqeCTBa npl1HQl1nOB Kpe;QMTOBaHM.H YKa3bIBaJi J1
KK JIe6e;QeB: «BaHKOBCKoe Kpe;QI1TOBaHl1e COQMaJlMCTMqeCKI1X
OpraHJ13aQI1i1 onl1paeTC.H Ha p.H;Q npaBOBbIX npI1HQMnOB...»5.
OCHOBHblM KBaJIMcpMQMPYIOLQMM npM3HaKOM OTHeCeHI1.H npl1H-
Ql1nOB 6aHKOBCKoro Kpe;QMTOBaHI1.H K npaBOBblM npl1HQl1naM Ha
npOT.H:>KeHI1I1 Tpex ;QeC.HTMJleTMi1 (60-e, 70-e 11 80-e rO;Qbl) BbICTY-
naJI I1X HOpMaTI1BHbli1 xapaKTep. B qaCTHOCTI1, H.A. -rreqMHa nOJIa-
raJIa, qTO npaBOBblM npMHQl1nOM MO:>KeT CTa Tb TOJlbKO Ta M;Qe.H, KO-
I <t>..1l0C04>CK..C; CnOBapb I nOA pe.n. III.T. <t>pOIlOBa. 5-e "3.n. M., 1986. C. 382.
2 AneKceea C.C. 06111aRTeop.. npaBa. B 2T. T. 1. M.. 1981. C. 98.
3 nUBWU P.3., n"KUTUHCKU;;; B.I1. np..Hl\..nbl COBeTCKoro TPYAOBOro npaBa II COBeTCKOe
rocy.napCTBO" npaBO. 1974. No 8. C. 38.
4 KYH"K fl.A. YKa3. CO". C. 92.
5 COBeTCKOe rpa"IAaHCKOe npaBO. '1. 21 no.n pe.n. B.T. C.....pHoBa,IO.K. TOIlCTOro, A.K. IOp- 81
"eHKO. 2-e "3A., ..cnp. .. Aon. M., 1982. C. 245 (aBTOp rnaBbl15 "npaBO roCy.v,apCTBeHHOC;
COl\..an"CT.."eCKOC; c06CTBeHHOCT"- - K.K. ne6eAeB).

TOpa.H BblpameHa B npaBOBOH HOpMe. «M,l\e.H, He 3a<}mKCMpOBaH-
Ha.H HOpMOH npaBa, - nl1111eT OHa, - He MomeT CTaTb npaBOBblM
npI1HQMnOM» 1.
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Kpe,l\MTOBaHM.H HaXO,l\.HT CBoe OTpameHl1e B HopMaTMBHblX aKTax,
perYJIl1pYIOI..qMX Kpe,l\I1THO-paCqeTHble OTHOllleHM.H, H cJlymaT OC-
HOBOH KOHTpOJl.H py6J1eM 3a X03.HHCTBeHHOH ,l\e.HTeJlbHOCTblO co
 2
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«npaBOBoe perYJll1pOBaHMe paCqeTHblX M Kpe,l\MTHbIX OTHOllleHI1H
xapaKTepM3yeTC.H p.H,l\OM OCHOBHbIX HOpMaTI1BHO 3aKpenJleHHbiX
u 3
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,l\OKTpI1Ha 3nOXM COQMaJIM3Ma OTHOCMJla npMHQMnbl 6aHKOBCKoro
Kpe,l\I1TOBaHI1.H K pa3p.H,l\y npaBOBbIX npI1HQMnOB, no,l\ KOTOpbIMI1
npMH.HTO 6b1J1o nOHMMaTb PYKOBO,l\.HI..ql1e nOJlOmeHI1.H npaBa, ero
OCHOBHble HaqaJIa, BblpamalOI..ql1e 06'beKTMBHble 3aKOHOMepHOC-
TM, TeH,l(eHQI1I1 M nOTpe6HOCTM 06I..qeCTBa, onpe,l\eJl.HIOI..ql1e CYI..q-
HOCTb BceH CMCTeMbI, OTpaCJlI1 HJlM MHCTI1TYTa npaBa M MMelO-
I..qMe B CI1JIY I1X npaBOBoro 3aKpenJIeHI1.H 06I..qe06.H3aTeJIbHOe
3HaqeHMe 4 .
TIepeqeHb npMHQl1nOB 6aHKOBCKoro Kpe,l\I1TOBaHI1.H B nepl10,l\
nJiaHOBOH 3KOHOMI1KM He npeTepneJI CYI..qeCTBeHHbIX 113MeHeHMH.
TaK, eCJlI1 B HaqaJIe 60-x rO,l\OB yqeHble OTMeqaJlI1, qTO «npaBoBoe
perYJll1poBaHl1e Kpe,l\I1TOBaHH.H OCHOBbIBaeTC.H Ha nJiaHOBOM xapaK-
Tepe HapO,l\HOrO X03.HHCTBa 11 cOQl1aJlI1CTl1qeCKOH co6cTBeHHocTI1;
opraHl13YIOI..qeH pOJII1 6aHKa 11 cOCpe,l\OTOqeHI1I1 B HeM ,l\eHemHblX
Cpe,l\CTB M paCqeTOB Mem,l\y COQl1aJIMCTMqeCKI1MM OpraHI13aQM.HMI1;
np.HMOM, CPOqHOM, B03BpaTHOM M QeJIeBOM xapaKTepe 6aHKOBCKI1X
CCY,l\, a TaKme pa3JII1ql111 Mem,l\y c06CTBeHHblMM 11 3aeMHblMI1
Cpe,l\CTBaMI1»5, TO B KOHQe 80-x rO,l\OB yqeHblMH Bbl,l\eJl.HJlMCb
I 'Ie'lUHa H.A. npUHl\"nbl COBeTcKoro rpa>K,l\3HCKoro npOl\eccyanbHoro npaBa " ux HopMa-
T"BHoe 3aKpenneHue /1 npaBOBeAeHIotE!. 1960. No 3. C. 78.
2 ManeuH H.C. YKa3. CO'l. C. 81.
3 COBeTCKoe rpa>K,l\3HCKOe npaBO: Y'IetSH"K. '1. 2/ nOA pe.n. B.A. PRCeHl\eBa. 3-e "3.n., nepe-
patS. "Aon. M., 1987. C. 302 (aBTOp rnaBbl - A.H. MacneB).
4 rp.,6aHOB B.n. OCYl1\eCTBneHue U 3al1\uTa rpa>K,l\3HCKuX npaB. 2-e IoI3A., CTepeOT"n. M.,
2001. C. 223 (KPlI).
5 ManeuH H.C. YKa3. cO'!. C. 81-82.
82

npl1HQMn nJiaHOBOCTI1, np.HMoro KpeI1TOBaHI1.H, QeJIeBoi1 XapaK-
Tep (QeJleHanpaBJleHHOCTb), CPOqHOCTb, B03BpaTHOCTb, 06ecne-
qeHMe KpeI1TOB 3aJloroM, B03Me3HOCTb. IIpl1 3TOM HOpMaTI1B-
Ha.H 6a3a, 3aKpenJI.HIOLQa.H YKa3aHHbie npMHQl1nbI, CBOI1JIaCb K
YCTaBY foc6aHKa CCCP\ YCTaBY CTpoi16aHKa CCCP 1981 r. 2 ,
OCHOBHbIM nOJIOmeHI1.HM 0 6aHKoBcKOM KpeMTe3 11 HeKoTopblM
PYrHM.
IIpl1 06paLQeHI111 K cOBpeMeHHoi1 HayqHoi1 JlI1TepaType MbI TaK-
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Ql1aJlbHble 5 .
l\aK npaBI1J10, Bbln;eJl.HIOT Tpl1 OCHOBHbIX npl1HQl1na 6aHKOBCKO-
ro Kpen;I1TOBaHM.H, npen;CTaBJI.HIOLQI1X c060i1, KaK OTMeqalOT HeKO-
Topble yqeHble, «OCHOBY, rJlaBHbli1 3J1eMeHT CMCTeMbl Kpen;I1TOBa-
HM.H, nOCKOJlbKY OTpamaIOT CYLQHOCTb M COn;epmaHl1e KpeI1Ta, a
TaKme Tpe6oBaHI1e 06'beKTI1BHbIX 3KOHOMI1qeCKI1X 3aKOHOB, B TOM
ql1CJle 11 B 06J1aCTM Kpe,D;I1THbIX OTHOllleHI1i1»6. Peqb Mn;eT 06 YCJlo-
BI1.HX B03BpaTHocTM, nJiaTHOCTI1 11 CPOqHOCTM, 3acpl1KCI1pOBaHHbix
B CT. 1 3aKoHa «0 6aHKax 11 6aHKoBcKoi1 e.HTeJlbHOCTI1» (aJlee -
3aKoH 0 6aHKax).
TaK, HanpMMep, O.M. OJlei1HI1K nl1111eT: «3TI1 06LQI1e HaqaJla
11J111 npaBI1J1a MomHO YCJIOBHO nopa3eJII1Tb Ha n;Be rpynnbI. IIep-
BYIO rpynny o6pa3YIOT Te Tpe6oBaHI1.H, KOTopble Ha3BaHbi B CT. 1
3aKoHa 0 6aHKax M 6aHKoBcKoi1 ,D;e.HTeJlbHOCTI1, n;OnOJlHeHHble Tpe-
60BaHI1eM pe3epBHoro 06eCneqeHI1.H, YCTaHoBJleHHoro nl1CbMOM
I 3a Bce BpeM cBoero CYlJ1eCTBOBaH" YCTaB rOc6aH.a cccp YTBep>K.l\3nC "eTblpe>I\AbI: B
1929, 1949, 1960, 1988 rr.
2 cn CCCP. 1981. OTA. 1. No 30. CT. 176.
3 cn CCCP. 1982. OTA. 1. No 32. CT. 160.
4 AneKceeaa ,lJ..r., nblxmH C.B.. XOMeHKo E.r. 6aHKoec.oe npaeo: Y"e6HOe noco6..e. 3-e
"3A., nepepa6. .. Aon. M., 2007. C. 364-367.
5 63H.OBCK"" nOpT<!)ellb-3 (KH..ra "'eHeA>Kepa no .pe.n"Ta... KH..ra "'eHeA>Kepa no pace-
Ta.... KH..ra ...eHeA>Kepa no CPOHJ\OBbiM .. TpacTOBbl'" Onepal\HM. KH..ra 6aH.oBc.oro 6yx-
ramepa.. aYA"TOpa) / OTB. pe.n. 10.111. Kopo6oB, 10.6. Py6"H, 8.11. COll.naTK..H. M., 1995.
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6 BocTpuKosan.r. <I>..HaHcoBoe npaBo: Y"e6H.... M., 2007.
83

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I AaHHoe n01CbMO B CBoe BpeM YTpaT01110 C0111Y C np01HT01eM YKa3aH01R Ll6 Pel> OT 25 .neKa6-
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H01eM BepxoBHoro CYAa P<I> OT 2 AeKa6p 1999 r. N2 Krnll1 99-829. B HaCTOLl!ee BpeM
np01MeHReTC nOllo"'eH01e Ll6 P<I> OT 26 MapTa 2004 r. N2254-n.
2 OneiiH"K O.M. OCHOBbl 6aHKoBcKoro npaBa. Kypc lleKl\01... M., 1997. C. 313-314.
3 TaM "'e. C. 314.
4 AneKceeaalJ.I., nblXT.,H C.B., XOMeHKO EI. YKa3. CO". C. 364-367.
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1 3axapoBa H.H. Kpe.l\l'1THbI...noroBOp. M., 1996. C. 11.
2 TaKYIO peKlla...y cneAyeT Kean"cp"l\"pOBaTb He KaK ny6n""HYIO ocpepTY, a KaK npeAllO>Ke-
H..e nOTeHl\HanbHbI... 3ae"'lJj..Ka... AenaTb ocpepTbl (n. 1 CT. 437 rK P<I».
3 MoP03KO H.M. COBpe...eHHaR Kpe.l\l'1THa C"CTe...a: Y"e6HOe noco6..e. M., 2003. C. 7; Ka-
3"MaroMe,l!OB A.A. YKa3. CO". C. 134; EpMaCOBa H.b. KaK nonY""Tb 6aHKOBCK.... KpeA"T?
HaCTOnbHaR KH..ra 3ae"'lJj..Ka. M., 2007. C. 20.
4 AneKceeBaIlI., nblXT"H C.B., XOMeHKO E.r. YKa3. CO". C. 366; c.... TaK>Ke: nOnO>KeH..e 1..16
P<I> NQ 254-n.
86

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naM 6aHKOBCKoro KpeMTOBaHI1.H npeCTaBJI.HeTC.H HeB03MO:1KHbIM,
nOCKOJlbKY peaJIl13aQI1.H ero nonaaeT B C<pepy ny6J1l1qHOrO npaBa M
TeM caMblM O'I'pamaeT CYI..qeCTBO ,l(e.HTeJIbHOCTI1 BaHKa POCCI1I1 KaK
opraHa 6aHKOBCKoro perYJIl1pOBaHI1.H 116aHKOBCKoro Ha30pa B paM-
Kax nOJlOmeHI1H, YCTaHOBJleHHblX CT. 56 3aKoHa 0 BaHKe POCCI1I1.
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I ropWKOB B.n. 3aKOH 0 Kpe):\"Te .. cnel\"cp..Ka ,,):\eHe>KHoro 06pallleH"-116"3Hec.. 6aH-
K". 1999. N!! 14. C. 1.
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88
1 3puaws.,n., H./J,. 6aHKoBcKoe npaBo: Y"e6HI1K. 3-e 113.n., nepepa6. 11 ,!Ion. M., 2002. C. 190.
2 5YKaTO 8.M., rOnOB.,H 10.8., flbBOB IO.M. YKa3. cO'!. C. 254.
3 COnOM.,H C.K. K Bonpocy COOTHOWeHI1R KaTeropl1i1 ..npl1Hl\01nbl 6aHKoBcKoro Kpe,!lI1Ta' 11
"YCMBI1R 6aHKOBcKOro KpeP,I1TOBaHI1" / / 6aHKoBcKOe npaBO. 2009. N!! 1. C. 40.

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(aBTop TeMbllX .npaBoBoe peryJll1pOSaHI1e Kpe.nl1TOSaHI1' - 1l.r. E<I>I1MOBa).
2 KOMnaHeel./ E.C., nonOHcKu;:' aI. npl1MeHeHI1e 3aKOHOAaTeJlbCTSa 0 KpeAI1TOSaHI111 ..
paceTax. M., 1967. C. 72-73.
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HUK R.A. YKa3. C04. C. 118; 110cpcpe a.c. 063aTenbCTBE!HHoe npaBo. M., 1975. C. 671.
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XaPbKOB, 1955. C. 43; <Pnei1wul/ E.A. YKa3. CO. C. 214; XantJ>uHa P.O. 3HaeHl1e 11 CYll.l-
HOCTb AOroBopa B COBeTCKOM COljl1anI1CTuecKOM rpaJK.P.aHCKOM npaBe. M., 1954. C. 172.
2 OCH08b1 rpIDKAaHCKOf"O 3aKOHo.(\aTeJlbCTBa COlO3a CCP 11 pecny6JlI1K, yrB. nOCTaHOBlleHl1eM
BCCCCPoT31Ma 1991 r. No 2211-11/ Be.nOMOCTI1 BC CCCP. 1991. No 26. CT. 733.
3 3axapOBa H.H. YKa3. CO". C. 7; BuwHeBcKui1 A.A. 6aHKOBcKOe npaBO. KpaTKI1i1 KYPC JleK-
ljl1i1. 2-e U3.(\., nepepa6. 11 AOn. M., 2004. C. 98; CuporuHa 11.A. YKa3. CO". C. 7.
91f

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He BblTeKaeT 113 CYli.\eCTBa Kpe,n;HTHoro ,n;orOBopa. O,n;HaKO ,n;aHHble
,n;OroBOpbl I1MelOT 11 CYli.\eCTBeHHble pa3JIl1ql1.H, qTO no6y,n;I1JIO 3aKO-
Ho,n;aTeJI.H K pa3,n;eJIbHOMY perYJIl1pOBaHMlO OTHOllIeHI1H, BblTeKalO-
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)J:PyrMe aBTopbl npOTI1BOpeql1Bbl B CBOI1X TOqKaX 3peHI1.H. TaK,
HanpMMep, AA AJleKCeeB, I1CCJIe,n;y.H npaBOBYlO npl1po,n;y Kpe,n;I1T-
Horo ,n;oroBopa, npl111IeJI K BbIBO,n;y 0 TOM, qTO nOCJIe,n;HI1H .HBJI.HeTC.H
pa3HOBM,n;HOCTblO ,n;oroBopa 3aHMa 2 . O,n;HaKO HeMHOfJ1M n03:IRe aB-
TOp YTBepJK,lJ;aeT, qTO 3aKOHO)IaTeJIb Bbl,l\eJII1JI Kpe,l\I1THbIH ,l\oro-
BOp B KaqeCTBe caMOCTO.HTeJIbHOrO, C,l(eJIaB ero KOHceHcyaJIbHb1M 3 .
HeCMOTpFl Ha 3TO, Bce :IRe 60JIbllIMHCTBO COBpeMeHHblX yqeHblX
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TaK, )J:.A Me,n;Be,n;eB CnpaBe,l\JII1BO nOJIaraeT, qTO «Kpe,n;I1THbIH
,l\OroBOp - pa3HOBI1,l\HOCTb ,l\oroBopa 3aHMa. B CHJlY npFiMoro YKa3a-
HM.H 3aKOHa K Kpe,n;I1THOMY ,l\OrOBOpy npI1MeH.HIOTC.H npaBMJla, npe-
,l\YCMOTpeHHble naparpacpOM rK 0 ,l\oroBope 3aHMa...»5. C ,l\aHHOH
1 naBnop,cKUi:! E.A. ,(I.OroBOPbl opraHI13aUl1<i 11 rproK,D,aH C 6aHKa",". M., 2000. C. 4; TonbiweB B.T.
CAeJlKI1 B KP€AI1THO<i cq,epe. M., 2003. C. 18; KO...MeHTapl1<i K rp3>K,lJ.aHCKO...y Ko.neKcy
POCCI1I'iCKOI'i C1>eAepaLlI1I1. '1acTb BTOpa (nocTaTeI'iHbll'i). M., 2003. C. 547 (aBTOp KOM...eH-
Tapl1 K  2 rJl. 42 "KpeAI1T. - H.IO. PaccKa30Ba); MaKDrOH A.H. npaBoBol'i aH3Jl113 KOHCT-
PYKLlI1I'i AoroBopa 3al'i...a 11 KpeAI1Ta IllOpl1.nl1"ecKI1<i aH3JlI1TI1eCKI1<i >KYPH3Jl. 2003. NQ 3.
C. 107; np/olcTaHcKoB/l,.B. OTA€JlbHble np06Jle...bl rp3>K,lJ.aHCKO-npaBOBoro peryJll1pOBaHI1
6aHKOBCKoro Kp€AI1TOBaHI1. ,(I.I1CC. ... KaHp,.lOpI1A. HaYK. Cn6., 2006. C. 10.
2 AJreKceeB A.A. npaBOBoe peryJll1poBaHl1e 6aHKoBcKoro Kpep,I1TOBaHI1 q,11311"eCKI1X JlI1L1.
,(I.l1cc. ... KaHp,. IOPI1A. HaYK. M., 2008. C. 35.
3 Ta... >Ke. C. 94.
4 KOM...eHTapl1l'i K rproK,D,aHCKOMY KOAeKCY POCCI1I'iCKOI'i C1>ep,epaUl1I1. B 2 T. T. 1. '1aCTI1 nepsa
11 BTopa rK P<I> / nOA pep,. T.E. A60BOl'i 11 A.IO. Ka6anKI1Ha. 2-e 113,£\., nepepa6. 11 Aon. M.,
2009. C. 667 (aBTOp KOMMeHTapl1 K  2 rJl. 42 "Kpel\HT" - H.I-1. CoJlOBSlHeHKo); rproK,D,aHCK111'i
Ko.neKC POCCI1I'iCKOI'i <l>ep,epaLlI1I1. 'IacTb BTopa: TeKcT. KOMMeHTapl1l'i. anq,asI1THO-npep,MeT-
Hbll'i YKa3aTeJlb I nOA peA. O.M. K03b1Pb, A.Jl. MaKOBCKoro, C.A. XOXJlOBa. M.. 1996.
C. 420-421 (aBTop Ko......eHTapl1 K rJl 42 "Kpe.nI1T 11 3ae.... - C.A. XOXJlOB); E/oIMOBa n.r.
YKa3. CO". C. 558-559: 5pan1HCKUi:! M.11., B/oITpRHCKI1i:! B.B. YK83. co. C. 349; Tpo/oIMOB K. T.
Kpep,HTHbie opraHI13aLll1l1 B 6aHKoBcKOl'i CI1CTeMe POCCI1I1. M., 2004. C. 292; 5ynaTel/K/oIi:! tOE
YKa3. CO". C. 309; Kapl1Mynn/olH P.I1. YKa3. CO". C 13; OOHHep E.A. YKa3. CO". C. 50; Ape(/)be-
sa H.H. ,(I.OroBOP 6aHKOBCKOro KPeJJ,l1TOBaHI1SI. ,(I.l1cc. ... KaH,D.. IOPI1,D,. HayK. BOJlrorp3A, 2000
C. 183; HOBocenOBa n.A. npoLleHTbI no AeH€>KHbIM 063aTeJlbCTBaM. M., 2000. C. 117; tOcu-
nOB PI Oc06eHHOCTI1 rpa>K,D,aHcKo-npaBoBoro peryJll1posaHI1 A€He>KHbIX 06aTeJlbCTB B
npaBooTHOWeHI1x6aHKoBcKoro KpeAl1TOB3HI1. ,(I.l1cc. ... KaH,D..lOpl1p,. HaYK. M., 2006. C. 26.
5 rpa>K.llaHCKOe npaBO: Y"e6HI1K. B 3-x T. T. 21 OTB. peA. A.n. CepreeB I1IO.K. TOJlCTol'i. 4-e 95
113p,.. nepepa6. 11 Aon. M.. 2005. C. 502 (aBTOp rJlaBbi 39 "Kpep,I1THbie 11 paC"eTHble 063a-
TeJlbCTBa.. - ,(I..A. M€AB€AeB).

n0311QI1eM CJIe,l\yeT COrJIaCI1TbC.H, Be,l\b B COOTBeTCTBl111 C ,l\eMCTBY-
1OI1M fpam,l\aHCKI1M KO,l\eKCOM P<l> 2 «Kpe,l\I1T» OTHeCeH K rJIa-
Be 42 «3aeM M Kpe,l\I1T». B COOTBeTCTBl111 me C n. 2 CT. 819 rK P<l> K
OTHOllIeHI1HM no Kpe,l\I1THoMY ,l\OrOBopy npMMeH.HIOTC.H npaBI1JIa,
npe,l\ycMOTpeHHble 1 «3aeM», eCJII1 I1Hoe He npe,l\YCMOTpeHO npa-
BMJlaMM naparpacpa, nOCB.HeHHoro Kpe,l\I1TY, 11 He BblTeKaeT M3
cyecTBa Kpe,l\I1THOrO ,l\OrOBopa. CJIe,l\OBaTeJIbHO, Kpe,l\I1THbIM ,l\0-
rOBOp He06xo,l\I1MO paCCMaTpl1BaTb B KaqeCTBe pa3HOBI1,l\HOCTI1 ,l\0-
rOBopa 3aMMa.
IIoHI1MaHl1e ,l\oroBopa 6aHKoBcKoro Kpe,l\I1Ta KaK pa3HOBI1,l\HOC-
TI1 ,l\oroBopa 3aMMa BJIeqeT He TOJIbKO B03MomHOCTb npl1MeHeHI1.H
K YKa3aHHbIM OTHOllIeHI1.HM nOJIOmeHI1M, perYJIl1pYIOI1X ,l\OroBOp
3aMMa (TaKoe npl1MeHeHl1e He OTpJ1i..{aIOT 11 CTOpOHHI1KI1 caMOCTO.H-
TeJIbHOCTM Kpe,l\I1THoro ,l\oroBopa, MCnOJIb3Y.H nOJIOmeHI1.H 06 aHa-
JI0fJ111 3aKoHa), HO 11 B03MomHOCTb nepeKBaJIl1cpl1KaQl111 B CJIyqae
OTCYTCTBI1.H cneQMcpl1qeCKI1X rrpl13HaKOB B B03HI1KalOI1X I1JII1
yme B03HI1KllII1X npaBooTHOllIeHI1.HX B pO,l\OBOe npaBOOTHOllIeHl1e
,l\oroBopa 3aMMa. .l{aHHa.H B03MomHOCTb nO,l\TBepm,l\aeTC.H 11 cY,l\e6-
Ho-ap6l1TpamHoM npaKTI1KOM 1 .
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nepBblX, 06.H3aTeJIbHOe yqaCTl1e B ,l\OrOBOpe Ha CTopOHe Kpe,l\I1Topa
6aHKa I1JII1 I1HOt'1 Kpe,l\I1THOM OpraHl13aQI1I1, 06JIa,l\alOl1x COOTBeT-
cTBYIOeM JII1QeH311eM Ha npaBO ocyeCTBJIeHI1.H nO,l\06HOrO p0,l\a
onepaQMM; BO-BTOPbIX, ,l\OroBOp HOCI1T KOHceHcyaJIbHblM xapaKTep.
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Kpe,l\I1THbIM ,l\OroBOp peaJIbHblM I1JII1 KOHceHcyaJIbHblM, OTHOCI1TC.H
JII1 OH K ql1CJIY O,l(HOCTOpOHHe 06.H3bIBalOMX I1JII1 ,l(BYCTopOHHe
06.H3blBalOI1X ,l\OroBOpOB, TaKme .HBJI.HeTC.H cnopHblM B npaBOBOM
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Tl1qeCKI1t'I, HO 11 60JIbllIOM npaKTl1qeCKI1M CMbICJI. TaK, npl13HaHI1e
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npl1BeJIO 6bI Hac K npM3HaHI11O Toro, qTO 6aHK He I1MeeT 06.H3aHHO-
CTM nepe,l\ 3aeMI1KOM no Bbl,l\aqe Kpe,l\I1Ta, qTO aBTOMaTMqeCKI1
Bbl3blBaJIO 6bl yeMJIeHl1e npaB nOCJIe,l\Hero.
TaK, B CI1JIY Hepa3BI1TOCTM 6aHKoBcKOro Kpe,l\I1Ta B ,l\OpeBOJIIO-
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96
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O,n;HI1 aBTopbl nOJIaraJII1, qTO CYli.\eCTBeHHbIMI1 ::)JIeMeHTaMI1 3aHMa
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onpe,n;eJI.HJII1 ero B KaqeCTBe KOHceHcyaJIbHOrO 11 KaK CJIe,n;CTBl1e
,n;BYCTopoHHero. TaK, Hanpl1Mep, KIT. IT06e,lJ;OHOCQeB III1111eT: «ITo
HOBeHIIIJ1M nOH.HTM.HM 3aeM He OTHOCJ1TC.H K TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM pe-
aJIbHblM ,lJ;OrOBOpaM, T.e. 06.H3aTeJIbHa.H CMJIa ero nOql1TaeTC.H OCHO-
BaHHOH He Ha ,lJ;eHCTBI1J1, a Ha COrJIallleHMI1 CTOpOH (non ex re, sed
ex consensus)>>2.
MHeHI1.H COBeTCKI1X yqeHbIX OTHOCI1TeJIbHO npl1po,n;bI Kpe,lJ;MTa
TaKme pa3,lJ;eJII1JII1Cb: O,lJ;HI1 nOJiaraJII1, '1TO ,lJ;OrOBOp 6aHKOBCKoro
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aJIbHblH 11 0,lJ;HOCTOPOHHI1H 4 , TpeTbM - peaJIbHblH 11 O,lJ;HOCTOpOH-
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Pa3HI1Qa TOqeK 3peHI1.H 06'b.HCH.HJlaCb pa3HbiM nO,lJ;XO,lJ;OM npl1
aHaJIM3e npOl..{e,n;ypbI 3aKJIlOqeHM.H ,lJ;oroBopa 6aHKOBCKOH CCy,n;bI 6 .
PaHee OH 3aKJIlOqaJIC.H nYTeM npe,n;OCTaBJIeHI1.H KJlMeHTOM B 6aHK
3a.HBJIeHI1.H 0 npe,n;OCTaBJleHI1I1 CCy,n;bI BMeCTe C ,lJ;OKYMeHTaMI1,
060CHOBbIBalOli.\MMI1 nOTpe6HOCTb B Kpe,n;I1Te. YnpaBJI.HIOli.\I1H yq-
pem.1\eHMeM 6aHKa COBeplllaJI Ha,n;nl1Cb 0 Bbl,n;aqe Kpe,n;MTa Ha ca-
MOM 3a.HBJleHI1I1. CTOpOHHI1KI1 «peaJIbHOCTI1» Kpe,lJ;I1THOrO ,lJ;OrOBOpa
paCCMaTpHBaJlI1 Ha,n;nl1Cb 0 npe,n;OCTaBJIeHI1I1 Kpe,lJ;I1Ta He KaK aK-
QenT npe,l(JIOmeHI1.H, C,lJ;eJIaHHOrO KJIl1eHTOM, a KaK pacnOp.HmeHl1e
BHYTpeHHero xapaKTepa, 06.H3aTeJIbHOe TOJIbKO ,lJ;JI.H KOHKpeTHoro
pa60THI1Ka 6aHKa, KOTOpbIH 6blJI 06.H3aH 3aqMCJIMTb ,n;eHemHble
cpe,n;CTBa Ha CqeT KJIl1eHTa.
B rpam.1\aHCKOM KO,lJ;eKCe PC<l>CP 1922 r?, OCHoBax 1991 r. J1
I1HblX HOpMaTI1BHbIX aKTax Bbl,lJ;eJI.HJIOCb no CYTI1 ,n;Ba caMOCTO.H-
TeJIbHbIX ,n;oroBopa - peaJIbHbIH ,lJ;OroBOp 3aHMa (Kpe,lJ;I1THbIH ,lJ;oro-
1 WepweHeBU 1.41. YK83. CO. C. 108 (KPl.!); CUHaiiicKuiii B./o1. YK83. CO. C. 401 (KPl.!).
2 n06eAOHOCl/eB K.n. YK83. CO'<. C. 323 (KPl.!); Meiiiep .D.. 11. PyccKoe rp3>K.P.3HCKOe npaBo. (B 2
".) (no I1cnp. l1.non. 8-M)/113.n., 1902 r.). 3-e 113.n., I1cnp. M., 2003. C. 598 (KPl.!).
3 <Pneiiiwulj E.A. YK83. Co". C. 215-217.
4 BopoHoea fl.K. YK83. CO. C. 23.
5 lypeBu I1.C. YK83. CO. C. 53; l10cpcpe a.c. YK83. CO". C. 680: BUnbHJOHCKUiii C.I1. lleKljl111
no cOBeTcKoMY rp3>K.P.3HCKOMY np8ey. XapbKoB, 1958. C. 319.
6 K8K 6blJ10 OTMe"eHO p8Hee, B COBeTCKl1ii nepl1o.n nOHTI1 -68HKOOCKl1ii KpeAI1T- 11 -68H-
KOBCKa cCYAa" OTOJK,L\eCTBJ1J1I1Cb.
7 C06paHI1e 38KOHOA8TeJ1bCTB8 CCCP. 1925. T. II. Ne 6-9.
91

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Ha OCHOBe CT. 218 11 219 rK PC<l>CP 1922 r., KOTOpblM xapaKTepl1-
30BaJI «,n;oroBop 06 OTKpbITl111 6aHKoM Kpe,n;I1Ta» B KaqeCTBe O,n;HO-
CTopoHHero npe,lJ;Bapl1TeJIbHOrO ,lJ;oroBopa 0 3aMMe l . )J.aHHa.H TOqKa
3peHI1H HaXO,lJ;MJla nO,lJ;,n;ep:mKy ,lJ;0 nOCJle,lJ;HerO BpeMeH11 2 .
ITo ,lJ;aHHoMY Bonpocy B cOBpeMeHHoM npaBoBoM ,lJ;OKTpI1He TaK-
:me Be,lJ;YTC.H o:mI1BJIeHHble ,n;MCKYCCI1J1. O,n;HI1 CneI..{MaJIJ1CTbl BM,n;.HT
,lJ;OroBOp 6aHKoBcKoro Kpe,lJ;I1Ta peaJIbHblM 11 O,lJ;HOCTOpoHHe 06.H3bl-
BalOli.\I1M 3 . )J.pyrne rrOJIaralOT, qro OH Mo:meT 6blTb KaK peaJIbHblM,
TaR 11 KOHceHcyaJIbHbIM. TaK, Hanpl1Mep, H.H. 3axapOBa nJ1IIIeT: «B
OTJlMql1e OT ,lJ;OrOBOpa 3aMMa, KOTOpblM BCer,l(a HBJI.HeTC.H peaJIbHblM
(CT. 807), Kpe,lJ;I1THbIM ,lJ;OrOBOp Mo:meT 6bITb KaK peaJIbHbIM, TaR 11
KOHceHcyaJIbHblM B 3aBJ1CI1MOCTM OT YCJIOBHM, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX B ,l(0-
rOBope. Kpe,n;I1THbIM ,lJ;OroBOp HBJlHeTC.H ROHceHcyaJIbHblM, TO eCTb
,n;JI.H era 3aKJllOqeHM.H ,n;OCTaTOqHO COrJIarneHI1.H CTOpOH, a nepe,n;a-
qa ,n;eHer 11 COBeprneHMe ,n;pyrnx ,n;eMCTBI1M OCYli.\eCTBJI.HIOTC.H C Qe-
JIbIO ero I1CnOJlHeHI1.H, eCJII1 npe,lJ;OCTaBJIeHl1e Kpe,lJ;I1Ta 3aBMCI1T OT
HacTynJIeHI1.H onpe,l(eJIeHHblX YCJIOBI1M, YKa3aHHbiX B ,lJ;OraBOpe
(CT. 157). Kpe,lJ;J1THbIM ,lJ;OroBOp .HBJI.HeTC.H peaJIbHblM, TO eCTb Cql1Ta-
eTCH 3aKJIIOqeHHbIM C MOMeHTa nepe,n;aqH ,lJ;eHer 3aeMli.\I1KY, eCJIM
CTOpOHbJ B ,n;orOBope He 06YCJlOBMJlI1 npe,lJ;OCTaBJIeHl1e Kpe,n;I1Ta Ha-
cryTIJIeHl1eM KaKI1X-JIM60 YCJIOBI1M. B 3TOM CJIY"Iae npl13aKJIIOqeHI1M
Kpe,n;I1THoro ,n;orOBOpa OqeHb Ba:mHO YKa3aTb B HeM, qTO CqHTaeTC.H B
,lJ;aHHOM ,lJ;OrOBOpe MOMeHTOM nepe,lJ;aql1 ,lJ;eHer, nOCKOJIbKY C 3Toro
MOMeHT B03HI1KaIOT npaBa 11 06.H3aHHOCTI1 CTOpOH no ,n;aHHOMY Kpe-
,lJ;I1THOMY,lJ;OrOBOpy. ECJIM B ,lJ;oroBope STOT MOMeHT He 6Y,lJ;eT onpe,n;e-
JIeH, TO OH onpe,lJ;eJI.HeTCH no MeCTY 3aKJIlOqeHI1.H ,lJ;aHHOrO ,lJ;OrOBopa...
TaR, eCJII1 Rpe,lJ;I1T Bbl,lJ;aeTC.H rpa:m,n;aHMHY He B CBH311 C OCYli.\eCTB-
JIeHl1eM 11M npe,n;npI1HMMaTeJIbCKOM ,n;e.HTeJIbHOCTI1 (HarrpI1Mep, ,n;JI.H
nOKynRI1 KBapTl1pbI, npM06peTeHM.H Me6eJII1 ,lJ;JI.H KBapTl1pbI) (T.e. ,n;o-
rOBOp nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO Rpe,n;I1Ta - M.C.), TO ,lJ;eHbrn ,lJ;OJI:mHbI 6blTb
BpyqeHbl eMY HaJIl1qHblMI1 B MeCTe ero :mI1TeJIbCTBa. B ,n;oroBOpe MO-
1 ArapKoa M.M. OCHOBbi 63HKOBCKoro npaBa. Kypc neKLll1ii; YeHl1e 0 LleHHblX 6YMarax. HaY".
I1ccneA. 3-e 113A., CTepeOTl1n. M., 2005. C. 76.
2 X03iicTBeHHoe npaBO: Y"e6HI1K. B 2-x T. T. 21 nOA peA. B.C. MapTeMbRHOBa. C. 235;
TpCK/JuMoa M.B. YKa3. CO". C. 16, 17; KYMOK C.I1. 6aHKOBCKOe npaeo. M., 1994. C. 151,
165.
3 Ape<j>beaa H.H. YKa3. CO". C. 183; Tpo<j>UMOB M.B. YKa3. CO". C. 17.
98

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I1X Ha YKa3aHHbIH CqeT B 6aHKe (n. 1 CT. 861)>> 1.
JJ:aHHa.H n0311QI1.H HaM npe,l\CTaBJI.HeTC.H 01lIJ160qHOH, Be,l\b Kpe-
,l\I1THble ,l\OrOBOpbl 3aqaCTYIO 3aKJIIOqalOTCH no,l\ OTJIaraTeJIbHblMI1
YCJIOBI1.HMI1. Hanpl1Mep, B TeKCT ,l\OrOBOpa Mo:meT 6blTb BKJllOqeHO
YCJlOBl1e 0 TOM, qTO Y Kpe,l\I1THOH OpraHI13al..{I111 B03H11KaeT 06H3aH-
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1 l../unpueY3 K.A. K eonpocy 0 nOTpe6"Tel1bCKO... Kpe.n"TOBaH"" //lOp"cT. 2003. No 2. C. 23;
Opnoaa E.B. YKa3. CO". C. 13.
2 Muxeea T. YKa3. CO". C. 128.
3 CMewaHHa np"poAa AoroBopa 6aHKoBcKoro C"eTa C YCl1oB"e... 0 ero KpeA"ToBaH"" OT-
...e«aeTCA., B cy.ne6H0i1 npaKT"Ke. C....: n. 15 nOCTaHOBl1eH"A nl1eHy...a BAC P<I> OT 19 an-
pel1 1999 r. Ng 5 -0 HeKoTopblX BOnpocax npaKT"K" pacc"'oTpeH" cnopOB, CB3aHHbIX C 103
3aK11lO"eH"e..., "cnOI1HeH"e... " paCTOp>KeH"eM .nOroBOpOB 6aHKOBCKoro C"eTa.// BeCT-
H"K BAC P<I>. 1999. Ng 7.

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KJI11eHTa (np11 He,l(OCTaTOqHOCT11 11JI11 OTCYTCTB1111 Ha HeM ,l(eHem-
HbIX cpe,n;CTB); OnJIaTbl paCqeTHblX ,l(OKYMeHTOB C paCqeTHoro cqe-
Ta (TeKYlQerO, KoppeCnOH,l(eHTCKoro) KJI11eHTa, eCJI11 YCJIOB11.f1M11
,l(OrOBOpa 6aHKOBCKoro CqeTa npe,l(YCMOTpeHO npOBe,l(eH11e yKa-
3aHH0I1 onepaQ1111.
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rOBOpy 6aHKOBCKoro CqeTa C YCJIOB11eM 0 Kpe,l(11TOBaH1111 CqeTa MO-
meT nOCTaB11Tb nepe,l( cy6'beKTaM11 Bonpoc 0 BJI11.HH1111 CYlQeCTBa
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rOBopax, 3JIeMeHTbi KOTOpblX CO,l(ep:iKaTC.H B CMelllaHHOM ,l(OrOBOpe,
np11MeH.fIIOTC.H K OTHOllleH11.f1M CTOpOH, eCJI11 11HOe He BblTeKaeT 113
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C11JIY np.flMoro YKa3aH11.f1 Ha TO B n. 2 CT. 850 rK PCP. O,l(HaKO He
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29 aBrycTa 2006 r. No <1>08-4090/2006 no AellY No A53-27401/2005-C3-43jj cnc .KOH-
cYllbTaHT nl1l0c: CYAe6Ha npaKTI1Ka».

npaBOBOI1: np11pO,l(e BblcTynaeT B KaqeCTBe ,l(OrOBOpa no OKa3aH111O
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1 3axapoea H.H. YKa3. CO". C. 33.
2 MeAeeAee,Q.A. YKa3. CO". C. 502; Kyp6aTOeA.fI. YKa3. CO". C. 377.
3 'Iynpoea A.IO. KBan"q,"KaLll1 npecrynHoro oo...aHa B Kpe.n"THo-q,"HaHcoBoi< cq,epe 1/
6aHKOBCKoe npaBo. 2000. N. 2. C. 63.
4 Ko......ep"eCKOe npaBO: Y"eOH"K I nOA peA. B.<I>. nonOH.!\onyno " B.<t>. 51KoBneBoi<. cn6.,
1997. C. 335 (aBTOp naparpaq,a - K.K. ne6e.neB); TPOtjJUMOB K. T. YKa3. co. C. 297.
5 rpa>KAaHCKOe npaBO. 063aTenbcTBeHHoe npaBO: Y"e6H"K. 'i. 21 OTB. pe.n. B.B. 3anec-
CK"i<. M., 1998. C. 185 (aBTOp naparpa<l>a - M.M. B"nbAaHOBa).
6 CuporuHa 11.A. YKa3. CO". C. 12; flaepywuH 0.11., MaMOHOBa 11.,Q., BaneHljeea H.11. HAP.
YKa3. CO". C. 533.
136

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cyecTBeHHbIMM YCJIOBI1.HMM Kpe,L\I1THoro ,L\OrOBOpa .HBJI.HIOTC.H
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Kpe,L\I1ToM l . O,L\HaKO <:PAC UeHTpaJIbHOrO oKpyra B CBOIO Oqepe,l(b
3aKJIlOqMJI, qTO B COOTBeTCTBl111 C HopMaMM rpam,L\aHCKOro 3aKOHO-
,L\aTeJIbCTBa CTOpOHbI caMM BnpaBe onpe,l(eJIRTb nOpR,L\OK npe,L\o-
CTaBJIeHMR Kpe,L\I1Ta 2 .
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pbIX Hac 6Y,l(YT I1HTepeCOBaTb B nepBYIO Oqepe,L\b, npe,L\MeT ,l(oro-
Bopa 11 YCJIOBMR, KOTopble Ha3BaHbi B 3aKOHe I1JII1 I1HblX npaBOBblX
aKTax KaK cyecTBeHHble MJIM He06xo,l(MMble ,L\JlR ,L\OrOBOpOB ,L\aH-
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,L\I1Ta B HaY'IHoii: JIMTepaType paCCMaTpl1BaJIaCb HeO,l(HOKpaTHO.
B pe3YJIbTaTe MHeHI1R yqeHblX pa3,L\eJII1JII1Cb. O,L\HI1 nOJIaralOT, qTO
TaKOBbIM RBJIRIOTCR ,L\eHemHble Cpe,l(CTBa, npe,l(OCTaBJI.HeMble 3a-
eMMKY M nO,l(JIemal1e B03BpaTY nOCJle,l(HMM. B qaCTHOCTI1, )J:.A.
Me,l(Be,L\eB nJ1IIleT: «IIpe,L\MeT ,L\oroBopa - ,L\eHemHble Cpe,L\CTBa
(HaUI10HaJIbHaR 11 MHOCTpaHHaR BaJIIOTa), HO He I1Hble BeIUI1, onpe-
,L\eJIReMble pO,l(OBbIMI1 npI13HaKaMJ1>}3. .IT.f. EcjmMOBa TaKme YKa-
3bIBaeT: «IIoCKOJIbKY npe,L\MeTOM Kpe,L\I1THOrO ,L\OrOBOpa RBJIRIOTCR
,L\eHbrl1, 06R3aTeJIbCTBO 6aHKa HOCI1T ,L\eHemHblfl xapaKTep. IIpl1
3TOM OHO MomeT 6blTb BblpameHO KaK B py6JI.HX, TaK 11 B I1HOCTpaH-
HOii: BaJIIOTe}} 4. )J:aHHoii: n0311QI1H npl1,L\epml1BaeTCR 11 H.H. Apecpb-
1 C....: nOCTBHoelleH"R <l>AC MOCKoBcKoro oKpyra OT 21 ceHT6pR 2000 r. nO Aeny No Kr-
M0/4228-00 II cnc "KOHCYllbTBHT nllloc: Cy.ne6HBR npaKT"KB"; OT 28 ceHT6p 2004 r.
no fJl3T1y N2 Kr-A40/8454-0411 cnc KOHcyllbTBHT nIllOC: Cy.ne6HBR npaKT"KB"; OT 16 ceHT-
6PR 2003 r. nO .neny NQ Kr-A40/6670-0311 cnc "KOHCYllbTBHT nllloc: Cy.ne6HB npaKT"KB".
2 C....: nOCTBHOBneH"e <!>AC l.\eHTpBllbHOrO oKpyrB OT 19 OKT6pR 1999 r. no Aeny NQ A08-
1352/99-1411 cnc KOHCYllbTBHT nllloc: CYAe6HB npBKT"KB-.
3 MeABeAeB .lj.A. YKB3. cO'!. C. 503
4 E.p"Moaa flI. YKB3. CO". C. 523; Cenos B.A. 68HKOBCKOe npaBo Pocc",,: Teop", 3BKOHO-
AaTellbCTBO, npaKT"KB. M., 2000. C. 348; B"wHeBcK"uA.A. YKa3. CO". C. 74; rOllbiWeB BI. 131
YKa3. co". C. 22: 3axapoBa H.H. YKB3. co". C. 25; BaC"H B.H.. Ka3aH'-IeB B.I1. YKB3. CO".
C. 587; CbI'Koaa H.n., ABarnH r.fl., 6aHAYPH r.fl. YKB3. CO... C. 46.

eBa, CqMTalOll.\a.H, qTO «npe,lJ;MeTOM ,l(oroBopa 6aHKOBCKOrO Kpe,l(M-
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TY nOJIyqeHHoi1 C)'MMbl Kpe,lJ;I1Ta 11 ynJIaTe 6aHKY B03Harpam,lJ;eHI1R B
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TepMMHa «npe,lJ;MeT», B KOTOpOM OH ynoTpe6JI.HeTCR npl1MeHI1TeJIb-
HO K «npe,lJ;MeTY ,l(oroBopa» B rpam,lJ;aHCKOM KO,lJ;eKce. Bo Bcex CTa-
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06'beKT rpam,l(aHCKI1X npaB (CM.: a63. 2 n. 1 CT. 178, n. 2 CT. 275, n. 1
CT. 322, n. 1 CT. 336, a63. 2 CT. 398 rK P<1».
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HbIX npaBooTHOlileHI1i1.
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06'beKTa B HaYKe rpam,lJ;aHCKOro npaBa pa3JIH'IHbIMI1 aBTopaMH
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He Bbl3bIBaeT, M 60JIblilMHCTBO aBTopOB Cql1TaeT, qTO TaKOBblM qa-
Il.\e Bcero RBJI.HeTCR I1MYll.\eCTBO (Bell.\b), KOTopoe O,l(Ha CTopOHa
06R3aHa nepe,lJ;aTb ,l(pyroi1.
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«npe,lJ;MeT ,lJ;oroBopa», TO nOCJIe,lJ;Hee 6Y,lJ;eT 3aBMceTb OT Toro, KaKoe
npaBOOTHOlileHl1e B03HMKaeT B pe3YJIbTaTe 3aKJllOqeHM.H Toro MJII1
I Ape<pbeBa H.H. YKa3. CO". c. 48: EaHAYP"Ha H.B. YKa3. CO. C. 68; np"CTaHCKOB /1,.8.
YKa3. CO". C. 91; AneKceeB AA YKa3. cO'<. C. 54.
2 Epar"HCK"u M.11., B"TpRHcK"u B.B. YKa3. co. C. 380; TOCYHH I.A, B"Kyn"H AIO., 3K-
ManRH AM. YKa3. co". C. 57; EOHHep E.A YKa3. CO". C. 54; 116a..o.OBa n. T. <t>"HaHc"pOBa-
H"e " KpeJ\"TOBaH"e Malloro 6"3Heca B Pocc",,: npaBoBbie acneKTbI. M.. 2006. C. 120;
IOc"noa PI. YKa3. cO'<. C. 29.
138

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rl1 B py6JIRX 11 I1HOCTpaHHOH BaJIIOTe, KOTopble B cOBoKynHocTI1
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2 KOMnaHee" E.C.. nonoHcK";;; 3./. Yxa3. CO". C. 73.
3 KYH"K fl.A. YKa3. CO". C. 149, 151.
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23 01<T6p" 2000 r. no .neny N2 A64-3997/99-9 II cnc ..KoHcynbTaHT nmoc: Cy.ne6Ha
npaKTKa» .

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rOBopa //6aH.OBc.oe npaBO. 2008. N!! 1. C. 25.
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,n;aHHbIM ccy,n;aM 11 .HBJI.HeTC.H cnoc060M 6yxraJiTepCKoro yqeTa ,n;e-
HemHblX cpe,n;CTB 11 MaTepl1aJIbHblX QeHHOCTeH»3.
BaHKI1 06.H3aHbl ocyeCTBJI.HTb Be,n;eHI1e 6yxraJiTepCKoro
yqeTa B COOTBeTCTBHI1 C 3aKOHaMI1 «0 6yxraJITepCKOM yqeTe», 0
6aHKax, 0 BaHKe POCCI1H, a TaKme ITOJlOmeHl1eM UB pcp «0 npa-
BI1J1aX Be,n;eHI1.H 6yxraJITepCKOro yqeTa B Kpe,n;I1THbIX OpraHl13a-
QH.HX, pacnOJIOmeHHblX Ha TeppHTopHH POCCHHCKOH CPe,n;epa-
QHH»4, COrJlaCHO n. 4.53 KOToporo aHaJIHTl1qeCKHH yqeT
1 PA 6aHKOB B cYAe6HblX cnopax C 38eMl!.\"KaM" CCblflaIOTC" Ha TO, ",0 3a CeT A3HHblX nlla-
Te>KeJ'1 nOKpblBalOTCS1 OpraH(.13alt(.10HHble 3aTpaTbi 6aHKa Ha Be,lJ.eH(.1€ CBOeI1 Aesne.nbHocn1
(3apnllaTa nepCOHaJ1a, opneXH"Ka, apeHAa nOMel!.\eH" "T.A.), "TO, KOHe'<HO >Ke, H"KO"M
06P330M He AaeT nOBOAa K TOMY, ",06bl C"TaTb 3aeMl!.\"Ka 06"3aHHblM nOKpblBaTb 3T"
3a.TpaTbI, e3b1CK(.1BaeMbie 4>aKTW"jeCta.., no «OTJ:J,eJ1bHOH crpOK€».
BeCTH"K 6aHKa Pocc"". 2006. N!1 57; 2008. Ne 32.
3 PeweH"e BepxOBHoro CYA3 P<I> OT 1 "lOll 1999 r. Ne rKn1199-48411 cnc "KOHcYllbTaHT
nmoc-; onpeAelleH"e Kaccall"oHHoi'i KOllller"" BepXOBHoro CYA3 P<I> OT 17 aBrycTa 1999 r.
Ne KAC 99-199 II cnc "KoHcyllbTaHT nllIOC".
4 nOllO>KeH"e Ll6 P<I> OT 26 MapTa 2007 r. N!1302-n ,,0 npaB.,llax Be,[!eH"" 6yxrallTepCKOro
y"eTa B Kpe.n"THbIX opraH"3all"x, paCnOllO>KeHHblX Ha TePP"TOpl1" POCC"i'iCKOi'i <l>eAepa-
lI""- II BecTH"K 6aHKa Pocc"". 2007. Ne 20-21; 2007. N!160.
ILf6

OCYIl{eCTBJI.HeTC.H B pa3pe3e 3aeMIl{I1KOB no Kam,l(OMY Kpe,n;I1THO-
MY ,n;orOBOpy.
CJIe,n;OBaTeJlbHO, 06.H3aHHOCTb no OTKpblTl11O 11 Be,l(eHI1IO ccy,n;-
Horo CqeTa, a TaKme npOBe,n;eHI1IO onepaQI1M no HeMY YCTaHOBJIeHa
3aKOHO,l(aTeJIbCTBOM PCP, T.e. I1MeeT ny6J1l1qHO-npaBoBoti xapaK-
Tep. 3a Hel1CnOJIHeHl1e ,n;aHHOM 06.H3aHHOCTI1 npI1MeH.HeTC.H a,n;MI1-
HI1CTpaTI1BHa.H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, npe,n;YCMOTpeHHa.H CT. 74 3aKoHa
o BaHKe POCCI1I1, a TaKme CT. 15.11 Ko,n;eKca PCP 06 a,n;MI1HI1CTpa-
TI1BHblX npaBoHapyrneHI1.HX 1.
li13 :noro CJle,n;yeT, qTO Kpe,n;I1THbIM ,n;orOBOp (KaK 11 JII060M ,n;py-
rOM ,n;orOBOp) He MomeT npe,n;YCMaTpl1BaTb B311MaHI1e nJiaTbl3a I1C-
nOJIHeHl1e 6aHKOM ero ny6JIl1qHO-npaBOBOM 06.H3aHHOCTI1 no Be,n;e-
HI1IO 6yxraJITepCKOro yqeTa, TaK KaK 3TO He .HBJI.HeTC.H YCJIyroM,
npe,l(OCTaBJI.HeMOM3aeMIl{I1KY.
TaKme HanOMHI1M, qTO B COOTBeTCTBl111 C n. 2 CT. 5 3aKoHa 0 6aH-
Kax pa3MeIl{eHl1e npl1BJIeqeHHblX 6aHKoM ,n;eHemHblX cpe,n;cTB B
BI1,n;e Kpe,n;I1ToB oCYIl{eCTBJi.HeTC.H nOCJIe,n;HI1M OT CBoero I1MeHl111 3a
CBOM CqeT. CJIe,l(OBaTeJIbHO, Bce conYTcTBYIOIl{l1e YCJlyrl1, CB.H3aH-
Hble C 3aKJIIOqeHI1eM 11 I1CnOJlHeHl1eM ,n;oroBopa nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO
Kpe,n;I1Ta, ,n;OJImHbl oCYIl{eCTBJI.HTbC.H 3a CqeT Kpe,n;I1Topa.
KpoMe TOro, B COOTBeTCTBl111 C n. 2 CT. 16 3aKoHa PCP «0 3aIl{I1Te
npaB nOTpe6I1TeJleM» 3anpeIl{aeTC.H 06ycJIoBJII1BaTb npl106peTeHI1e
O,n;HI1X yc.rryr 06.H3aTeJIbHb1M npl106peTeHl1eM I1HbIX YCJIyr. li13 3TOro
CJIe,l(yeT, qTO OKa3aHI1e B03Me3,n;HbIX yc.rryr Ha OCHOBaHl111 conYTCTBy-
IOIl{HX ,n;OroBOpoB 11 KaK CJIe,n;CTBl1e YCTaH08JIeHl1e nJIaTemeM no HI1M
,n;OJImHO ocyru;ecTBJI.f!TbC.f! TOJIbKO C COrJIaCI1R 3aeMIl{I1Ka. B npoTl1B-
HaM CJIyqae YCTaHOBJleHl1e nO,l(06HbIX nJIaTemeM 6e3 )'Be,l(OMJleHI1.H
3aeMIl{I1Ka npl1Be,n;eT K He,n;eMCTBI1TeJIbHOCTI1 Kpe,n;I1THoro ,n;oroBopa B
,n;aHHOM qaCTI1. KpoMe Taro, y6bITKI1, npl1ql1HeHHble 3aeI1Ky-no-
Tpe611TeJIIO Bc.rre,n;CTBl1e HapyrneHI1.H ero npaBa Ha CB060,l(Hbrn Bbl60p
YCJIyr, 6y.n;yT B03JIOmeHbI Ha He,n;o6pocOBeCTHoro Kpe,n;ITopa.
110JIOmeHI1.H CT. 16 3aKoHa PCP no,n;KpenJl.HIOTC.H TaKme CT. 30
3aKoHa 0 6aHKax, B COOTBeTCTBl111 C KOTOpOM OTKpblTl1e 6aHKoB-
CKoro CqeTa .HBJI.HeTC.H npaBoM Kam,n;oro KJIl1eHTa 6aHKa, a He era
06.f!3aHHocTblO.
li13 3TOro CJle,n;yeT, qTO 6aHK He I1MeeT npaBa BKJIlOqaTb B ,l(oro-
BOp nOTpe611TeJIbCKoro Kpe,n;I1Ta YCJlOBl1e 0 TOM, qTO Kpe,n;I1T Bbl,n;a-
eTC.H TOJlbKO nYTeM 3aq11CJIeHI1.H cpe,n;CTB Ha CqeT 3aeMIl{I1Ka-nO-
I KOl\eKC POCC"HCKOH <l>el\epaH" 06 8,l),M"H"CTpaT"BHbIX npaBoHapyweH"x OT 30 l\eKa6-
pR 2001 r. N!! 195-<1>3 II C3 Pt!>. 2002. N!! 1 ('i. I). CT. 1; 2008. Ne 30 ('i. I). CT. 3604.
ILfl

Tpe611TeJl.H I1JIH nOrallIaeTC.H TOJlbKO n)'TeM nepeql1CJleHI1.H C ero
CqeTa H TeM caMblM C03,n;aBaTb OCHOBaHl1fl ,n;JI.H B3I1MaHH.H ,n;onOJI-
HI1TeJIbHbIX nJia TemeM l .
B no,n;Tsepm,l(eHHe CKa3aHHoro OTMeTHM, qTO no ,l(aHHOM)' Borrpocy
yme CJIOmHJiaCb onpe,n;eJleHHafl cy,n;e5Ha.H npaKTHKa. TaK, nOCTaHOB-
JIeHl1eM <PAC BoJlro- BmcKoro oKpyra OT 8 HO.H6p.H 2005 r. 6blJII1 OCTaB-
JIeHbI 6e3 113MeHeHH.H cy,n;e6Hble aKTbl, KOTOpblMH OTKa3aHO B y,n;oBJIe-
TBOpeHl111 HCKOBblX Tpe60BaHHM 0 BKJilOqeHHJ1 C)'MMbI 3a,l(OJlmeHHOCTI1
3a npoBe,n;eHHe OnepaQHM no cCYAHoM)' Cqe-ry B peecTp Tpe60BaHHM
KpeLlJ'ITOpOB Ha TOM OCHOBaHJ1H, 'ITO CCYAHbIM CqeT .HBJIfleTCR BHYTpeH-
HI1M 6aJlaHCOBbiM CqeTOM 6aHKa, HCnOJlb3yroIl\HMC.H ,n;JlR OTpameHI1.H
(yqeTa) ccy,n;HOM3a,n;OJlmeHHOCTI1 KJiHeHTa, 11 ,n;eMCTBI1.H 6aHKa no OTHe-
ceHHIO He ynJIaqeHHblX 3aeMIl\HKOM npoQeHTOB 3a Kpe,n;HT Ha C'IeT no
yqery npocpoqeHHOM 3a,l(OJlmeHHOCTI1 HeJIb3.H KBaJIl1cpJ-lQl1poBaTb KaK
6aHKOBCKyro yc.rryry, COBepllIeHHyro B I1HTepecax 3aeMl.l\HKa, a nOTOMY
Tpe5c)BaHHe no OnJiaTe ,l(aHHOM onepaQHI1 RBJI.HeTC.H HenpaBOMepHbI.
KpOMe TOro, B nOCTaHOBJleHHH <PAC .LI:aJlbHeBOCTOqHOrO oKpyra
OT 27 Ma.H 2009 r. cy,n;e6Hafl I1HCTaHQH.H YKa3aJIa Ha He3aKOHHOCTb
BKJIlOqeHH.H B ,n;OroBOpbl Kpe,n;HTOBaHI1.H YCJlOBI1M, YIl\eMJI.HIOIl\HX
npaBa nOTpe611TeJleM, 06 06.H3aTeJIbHOM OTKpblTHI1 6aHKoBcKoro
CqeTa 11 B3HMaHI111 KOMHCCI1I1, CB.H3aHHOM C OTKpblTHeM 5aHKoBcKO-
ro CqeTa, 0 B3HMaHHH KOMHCCHH B cJlyqae ,n;OcpoqHoro norallIeHI1.H
Kpe,n;I1Ta, 0 CTpaXOBaHHH mH3HH 11 TpY,l(ocrroco6HoCTI1 3aeMIl\HKa.
TeM caMblM 6blJIO OCTaBJIeHO 6e3 H3MeHeHI1.H nOCTaHOBJleHl1e llIec-
TOro ap611TpamHoro aneJIJI.HQI10HHOrO cYJJ;a OT 27 cpeBpaJI.H 2009 r.,
r,n;e cy,n;e6Ha.H I1HCTaHQI1.H TaKme npl1llIJIa K no,n;o6HoMY pellIeHl110 3 .
1 nOA06HOi'i n03"" np"Aep",,,saeTCR" CYAe6HO-ap6"TPa>KHaR npaKT"Ka. CM.: nOCTaHOS-
JleH"e nRToro ap6.,Tpa"'Horo aneJlJl"OHHoro CYAa OT 20 OKTR6pR 2008 r. no AeJlY
NQ A59-2225/08-CI5 II cnc «KOHcYJlbTaHT nJlloc: Cy.ne6HaR npaKT"Ka-; nOCTaHOBne-
H.,e CeMH8,D,aTorO ap6"Tpa>KHOrO aneJlJl"OHHoro CYAa OT 4 <l>eBpaJl 2008 r. no AeJlY
No A60-32287/2007 II cnc KOHCYJlbTaHT nJllOC: CYAe6Ha npaKT"Ka».
2 CM.: nOCTaHOBneH"e CfJAC BOJlro-BTcKOro oKPyra OT 8 HOR6p 2005 r. no AeJlY NQ All-
14035/2004-KI-706/116 II cnc «KOHCYJlbTaHT nJllOC: CYAe6Ha npaKT"Ka-; nOCTaHOSne-
H"e <l>AC BOJlro-BRTcKOro oKPyra OT 17 Ma 2007 r. no Aeny NQ A 11-1232/2006-K 1-526 II
cnc «KOHCYJlbTaHT nJllOC: CYAe6Ha npaKT"Ka-.
3 C....: nocT8H08JleH"e <1>AC AanbHeSOCTO'IHOrO oKpyra OT 27 Ma 2009 r. no .nerry N. A04-
7263/2008 II cnc «KOHCYJlbTaHT nJllOC: Cy.ne6H35I npaKT"Ka..; nOCTaHosneH"e TpeTbBro ap6.,T-
paJl<HOrO an8JlJlljIotOHHOrO cy,1J,8 OT 30 OKrn6PR 2008 r. no .neny N!! A33-11035/200811 cnc KOH-
CYJlbTaHT nJllOC: CYAooHa npaKT"Ka..; nOCT8HOSneH.,e CeMH8,D,lj8TOro ap6"Tpa>KHoro
aneJlnljIotOHHOrO CYAa OT 16 "IOHR 2008 r. no Aeny N!! A60-7512/2008/1 cnc «KOHcYJlbTaHT
nJllOC: CyAOOH35I npaKT"Ka"; nOCTaHOSIlBH"e CeMH8,IJ,l13TOrO ap6l<lpaJKHoro aneJlJlljIotOHHOro
cYAaoT8 ...a 2008 r. no.neJlY NQ 17An-2525/2oo8-AKllcnC «KoHcyJlbTaHT nJllOC: CyAOOH8>I
npBKT"Ka..; noCT8HOOneH.,e nepsoro ap6"TpaJKHOrO aneJlJlOHHOro cy,1J,8 OT 22 ceHT6P'1
2008 r. no A8ny N!! A79-372f.J/20ffiJ II cnc «KOHCYJlbTaHT nJlIOC: CYAe6Ha npaKT"Ka-.
ILf8

O,n;HaKO He Bce Cy,n;bl o,n;H03HaqHO npl1HI1MalOT no,n;o6HYlO n03J1-
QMlO. B qaCTHOCTJ1, nOCTaHOBJleHJ1e <PAC YpaJIbCKoro oKpyra OT 8 aB-
rycTa 2006 r. co,n;epml1T npoTI1BOpeql1Bble BbIBO,l(bl. C O,n;HOH CTOpO-
Hbl, B HeM YKa3aHO Ha B311MaHI1e KOMI1CCI1I1 3a OTKpblTl1e 11
Be,n;eHl1e ccy,n;Horo CqeTa, a C ,n;pyroH- Ha Heo6oCHOBaHHOCTb HaB.H-
3bIBaHJ1.H YCJIyr B BI1,n;e OTKpbITJ1.H 6aHKOBCKoro CqeTa, KOTOpblH He
.HBJI.HeTC.H ccy ,n;HbIM 1.
M3 CKa3aHHoro CJIe,n;yeT, qTO BKJllOqeHl1e B Tl1nOBbIe ,n;orOBopbl
nOTpe6J1TeJlbCKOrO Kpe,n;J1Ta YCJIOBJ1fl 0 ,n;onOJIHI1TeJIbHbIX TIJlaTe-
max 3a OTKpbITl1e 11 Be,n;eHl1e CqeTa HBJI.HeTC.H HenpaBOMepHblM J1
no,n;na,n;aeT no,l( ,n;eHCTBl1e n. 2 CT. 14.8 RoAII PCP KaK YCJlOBl1e,
YIl(eMJI.HlOIl(ee npaBa nOTpe611TeJIeH.
BOJlee TOro, OCHOBbIBa.HCb Ha CT. 16 3aKoHa 0 3aIl(I1Te npaB no-
Tpe611TeJleH, Mbl npMxo,n;MM K BbIBO,n;y 0 TOM, qTO TaKme HenpaBO-
MepHO 11 06YCJIOBJII1BaTb npe,n;OCTaBJIeHl1e nOTpe6J1TeJIbCKoro Kpe-
,n;J1Ta HaJlJ1qJ1eM J1HbIX YCJlyr, B qaCTHOCTJ1, no ,n;orOBopaM
CTpaXOBaHl1fl, OQeHKI1 11 np.
RaK CnpaBeAJIJ1BO OTMeqaeT E.C. PaIl(eBCKI1H: «B3I1MaHl1e C 3a-
eMIl(J1Ka KOMI1CCI1J1 3a Be,l(eHl1e CCY,l(HOrO CqeTa (Ha KOTOpOM, Ha-
npl1Mep, OTpameHa CYMMa e,n;J1HOBpeMeHHO Bbl,n;aHHoro Kpe,n;J1Ta
Ha nOKynKY KaKorO-TO TOBapa, KOTOpa.H 3aTeM nOCTeneHHO cnMCbI-
BaeTC.H npl1 nOraIlIeHI1I1), BblrJI.H,n;MT TaK me, KaK eCJII1 6bl o,n;Ha
KOMMepqeCKa.H OpraHl13aQI1.H BKJIlOql1JIa B CqeT, BbICTaBJI.HeMbIH
,n;pyroH OpraHJ13aQMM 3a oTrpymeHHblH TOBap, CTOJ1MOCTb «YCJIY-
rM» no npOBe,l(eHMlO no CBOI1M 6yxraJITepCKI1M CqeTaM onepaQI1M
no OTrpY3Ke TOBapa 3TOMY JIMl.\y»2.
II03TOMY YKa3aHJ1e B ,n;oroBope nOTpe6J1TeJlbCKoro Kpe,D;J1Ta YCJlO-
BI1.H 0 cOBoKynHoM pa3Mepe ,l(eHemHbIX 06.H3aTeJIbCTB nOTpe6l1TeJI.H
no conYTCTBYIOIl(MM .D;oroBopaM, 3aKJIlOqaeMbiM C Kpe,l(J1TOpoM B Ka-
qeCTBe CYIl(eCTBeHHoro, Ha HaIlI B3rJl.H,D;, npe,n;CTaBJI.HeTC.H JlI1IlIHI1M.
IIo,n;o6HbIH BbIBO,n; 06YCJlOBJleH TeM, qTO B CJIyqae YKa3aHI1.H
,n;aHHbIX nJiaTemeH B .D;OrOBOpe 6e3 COrJIaCOBaHl1fl J1X C 3aeMIl(M-
KOM-nOTpe6I1TeJIeM I1X HaJIl1qMe MomeT 6blTb ocnopeHO B cY,l(e.
ECJIJ1 ,n;aHHoe YCJlOBl1e BCe-TaKI1 6y,n;eT YKa3blBaTbCfl B ,n;oroBope,
KaK npe,n;JlaraeTC.H B 3aKOHonpoeKTe, TO BP.H,D; JII1 Hai1,rJ;eTC.H TaKOH3a-
1 CM.: nOCTaHOBneH"e <l>AC YpaJ1bCKOrO oKpyra OT 8 aBrYCTa 2006 r. no Aeny N2 <1>09-
6703/06-CI// cnc .KoHcynbTaHT nmoc: CYAooHa" npaKT"Ka-.
2 PBweBcK"''' E.C. HeKOTopble BonpOCbl3aw"Tbl npaB 3aeMw"KOB B OTHoweH""X no nOTpe-
6"TenbCKOMY KpeA"TOBaH"1O //6aHKOBCKoe npaBo. 2007. N2 4. C. 4.
ILf9

eMMK-nOTpe6I1TeJIb, meJIalOMi1: ,l(06pOBOJIbHO 3anJiaUITb Jll1l1IHMe
AeHbfJ1, a 3Haq11T, B ,l(aHHoi1: rpacpe BCer,l(a 6Y,l(eT cpl1rypl1pOBaTb: «00
py6. 00 Kon.», TaK KaK 06.H3aTb 38.eMHKa-nOTpe6MTeJI.H OnJlaTI1Tb
conYTCTBYIOl1e yCJIyrM MJlI1 06YCJlOBJIMBaTb I1MM Bbl,l(aqy KpeAMTa
3Haql1T npOTI1BOpeqMTb Aei1:cTByIOeMY 38.KOHO,l(aTeJIbCTBY.
KOHeqHO me, 3aKOHOAaTeJIbCTBO He 3anpeaeT CTopOHaM caMO-
CTORTeJlbHO npMi1TI1: K COfJIameHI1IO 06 OKa3aHMM 6aHKoM 3aeMM-
Ky-noTpe6MTeJIIO KOMn.rreKC conYTCTBYIOI1X YCJIyr Ha B03Me3,l(Hoi1:
OCHOBe. OAHaKo AaHHbie Aei1:cTBI1.H He 6YAYT OTHOCI1TbC.H K npeAMe-
TY AoroBopa nOTpe611TeJIbCKOro KpeAI1Ta, TaK KaK He .HBJI.HIOTC.H
KpeAI1THbIMM, XOTR M HenOCpe,l(CTBeHHO C HMM CB.H3aHbl. J1 B AaHHOM
cJlyqae YCJIOBMe 0 cOBoKynHoM pa3Mepe AeHemHblX 06.H38.TeJlbCTB
3aeMI1Ka-nOTpe6I1TeJI.H no conYTCTBYIOI1M AoroBopaM, 3aKJIIO-
qaeMblM C KpeAI1TOpOM, 6YAeT HOCI1Tb cyecTBeHHbIi1: xapaKTep He
B CI1JIY 3aKOHa, a B CI1J1Y B03MOmHOCTI1 npl13HaHI1R ero TaKOBbIM no
YCMOTpeHMIO CTOpOH, MCXO,l(.H M3 CT. 432 fK P<t>. B pe3YJIbTaTe co-
rJIaCOBaHHbIe cTOpOHaMI1 nJiaTeml1 6y,l(YT npeAycMoTpeHbl B pacqe-
Te nOJlHoi1: CTOMMOCTM KpeAMTa, B pa3,l(eJle n.rraTemei1:, CB.H38.HHbIX C
3aKJIIOqeHI1eM 11 MCnOJIHeHl1eM AoroBopa nOTpe6MTeJlbCKOrO KpeAI1-
Ta, KaK TOro Tpe6yeT HopMa a63. 9 CT. 30 3aKoHa 0 6aHKax.
LITO KaCaeTC.H OCTaJIbHblX cyecTBeHHblX YCJIOBMi1:, npe,l(JIO-
meHHblX B 3aKOHonpoeKTe, TO OHI1 He Bbl3blBaIOT COMHeHM.H B B03-
MOmHOCTI1 M QeJIeC006pa3HOCTI1 I1X OTHeCeHM.H K qMCJIY 06.H3a-
TeJIbHblX AJI.H AorOBopa nOTpe6MTeJIbCKoro KpeAI1Ta.
ECJlI1 OTCYTCTByeT HOpMaTI1BHbli1: aKT, nOCB.HeHHbIi1: OTAeJlb-
HOMY AorOBOpy, rAe MomeT 6bITb npe,l(YCMOTpeHO, KaKl1e YCJIOBI1.H
npM3HaIOTC.H cyecTBeHHblMM AJI.H KOHKpeTHoro AorOBopa, TO B
TaKOM CJIyqae CJIeAyeT PYKOBOACTBOBaTbC.H oc06eHHOCT.HMI1 COOT-
BeTCTBYIOero AorOBopa, BblpamaIOMMI1 ero npaBOBYIO npl1po-
AY. K TaKOBbIM, Ha Ham B3rJl.H,l(, CJIe,l(yeT OTHeCTM YCJlOBMe 0 l.!eJIe-
BOM I1CnOJIb30BaHI111 nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO KpeAMTa.
Cpa3Y me 3aMeTI1M, qTO AaHHoe YCJlOBMe npl1MeHMTeJlbHO K
06blqHOMY KpeAMTHOMY AOroBOPy He paccMaTpMsaeTC.H B KaqeCTBe
cyecTBeHHoro HI1 npaBoBoi1: AOKTpI1Hoi1: 1 , HM cYAe6Hoi1: npaKTI1Koi1: 2 .
/50
1 5ynaTBIjK"'" IO.E. YKa3. CO_. C. 318; TPOcp.rMOB K. T. YK33. CO". C. 298; ArapKOB M.M. YK33.
cO'<. C. 87; 5enoB B.A. YKa3. co_. C. 350; Kap"Mynn"'H P.I1. YK33. CO'<. C. 173; Ape<pbBaa H.H.
YK33. CO_. C. 68.
2 CM.: nOCTaHOenBH"B <l>AC LleHTp3JlbHOrO oKpyra OT 23 OKT6p" 2000 r. no ABIIY NQ A64-
3997/99-9// cnc .KOHCYIlbTaHT nmoc: CYAe6Ha" npaKT"Ka-.

O,l\HaKO B 3TOM-TO 11 COCTOI1T OCHOBa KJlaCCl1cpI1KaQJ1J1 BCeX
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NQ 23; 2007. NQ 19.
2 baHAYPl1Ha H.B. YK33. CO_. C. 105.
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156

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162
I Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts II
Official Journal of the European Communities. Ne L 95. 1993.

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KOH. 1996. NQ 2. C. 54-57.
2 C3 P<I>. 1995. N!! 30. CT. 2864 (yrpanm a<ny).

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HbIM CpOK onpe.l\eJIeH MOMeHTOM BOCTpe60BaHI1H (HacTyneHI1eM
YCOBH.H / C06bITH.H), TO B03BpaT CYMMbl OCHOBHOro .l\ora .l\OmeH
6blTb np0I13Be.l\eH 3aeMLQI1KOM B TeqeHI1e 30 KaJIeH.l\apHbIX ,l(HeM
co .l\H.H npe.l\'b.HBeHI1.H Kpe.l\I1TOpOM ocpI1QI1abHoro Tpe60BaHI1.H 06
3TOM (He n03.l\Hee ce.l\YIOLQero pa60qero .l\HH 3a ,l(HeM HacTyne-
HI1H YCOBI1.H / C06bITHH), eCJII1 HHOM CpOK He npe.l\ycMoTpeH COOT-
BeTCTBYIOLQI1M .l\OrOBopOM.
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,l(eT npI1HHT cnel.\I1abHbIM 3aKOH 0 nOTpe6I1TebCKOM Kpe.l\I1TOBa-
HI1I1, nOCKObKY, KaK 6bInO ,l(OKa3aHo HaMI1 paHee, CpOK .l\oroBopa
nOTpe6I1TebcKoro Kpe.l\I1Ta 6Y.l\eT 3aKpeneH B KaqeCTBe cYLQe-
CTBeHHoro YCJIOBI1.H, a 3HaqI1T, 6e3 onpe,l(eeHI1.H .l\aHHoro YCOBI1.H
.l\OroBOp 6Y.l\eT CqHTaTbC.H He3aKJ1IOqeHHbIM.
IIOTpe6I1TeJIbCKI1M Kpe.l\I1T CqI1TaeTCH B03BpaLQeHHbiM C MO-
MeHTa nepe.l\aqI1 ero Kpe.l\I1TOpy I1JII1 3a'-IHCJIeHH.H .l\eHemHblX
Cpe,l(CTB Ha ero 6aHKOBCKI1M CqeT, eCI1 J-IHoe He npe.l\YCMOTpeHO
.l\orOBOpOM nOTpeOI1TeJIbCKoro Kpe.l\HTa.
MeCTO HaXOm.l\eHI1.H IOpH,l(I1qeCKOrO I1l.\a onpe.l\e.HeTCH B
COOTBeTCTBI1I1 co CT. 54 fK P<P MeCTOM ero rocY.l\apCTBeHHoM
perHCTpal.\I1H, eCI1 B COOTBeTCTBI1I1 C 3aKOHOM B yqpe.l\I1Teb-
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CKObKY IOpI1.l\I1qeCKOe HQO 06.H3aHO xpaHHTb CBOI1 .l\eHemHble
Cpe.l\CTBa Ha paCqeTHblX CqeTaX B 6aHKe, no 06LQeMY npaBI1JIY,
MeCTOM I1CnOJIHeHI1H ,l(eHemHOro 06.H3aTeJIbCTBa .HBJI.HeTCR MeCTO,
r.l\e HaXO.l\I1TC.H 6aHK, B KOTOpOM OTKpbIT paCqeTHbIM CqeT Kpe.l\I1-
Topa.
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TebCTBa 3aKJ1lOqaeTC.H B TOM, qTO I1MeHHO C 3TI1M nOH.HTI1eM TeCHO
181f CB.H3aHO nOH.HTI1e MOMeHTa I1CnOJIHeHI1.H 06.H3aTebCTBa, a OT 3TO-
fO 3aBI1CHT Ol.\eHKa CBoeBpeMeHHOCTI1 ero I1CnOHeHI1H.

IIop.H,l(OK B03BpaTa 3aeMll\HKOM-nOTpe6HTeJleM 6aHKY npe.n;o-
CTaBJleHHoro Kpe.n;HTa H ynJIaTbI npOQeHTOB Ha Hero TaKme YCTa-
HOBJleH IIoJIomeHHeM UB Pet> H npe.n;CTaBJI.HeT c06oi1::
- cnHcaHHe .n;eHemHblX cpe.n;CTB C 6aHKoBcKOro CqeTa 3aeMll\H-
Ka - nOTpe6HTeJlH:
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.n;I1THble opraHH3aQHH;
- B3HOC .n;eHer B Kaccy Kpe.n;HTopa;
- y.n;epmaHI1e H3 CYMM, npI1qI1TalOll\I1XC.H Ha onJiaTY Tpy.n;a
KJlHeHTaM-3aeMll\HKaM, HBJI.HIOll\I1MC.H pa60THHKaMH ,l(aHHoi1: Kpe-
.n;I1THOi1: OpraHI13aQI1I1.
B03BpaT .n;eHemHblX cpe.n;CTB B I1HOCTpaHHoi1: BaJiIOTe MomeT
6blTb OCYll\eCTBJleH TOJIbKO B 6e3HaJlHqHOM nOp.H.n;Ke.
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Tpe6HTeJIb BnpaBe HCnOJlHI1Tb 06.H3aTeJIbCTBO JII06bIM .n;pyrHM
cnoc060M, nOCKOJlbKY .n;JI.H 6aHKa HMeeT 3HaqeHHe JIHllIb CBoeBpe-
MeHHoe I1 nOJIHOe I1CnOJlHeHHe 06.H3aTeJlbCTBa.
OTM€THM, 'iTO Ha .n;aHHbli1: MOMeHT CYll\eCTByeT pacnpOCTpaHeH-
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KOTOpbIMI1 CJle.n;yeT nOHI1MaTb IOpI1.n;I1qeCKOe JlI1QO HJlI1 I1H.n;I1Bl1,l\y-
aJlbHOrO npe.n;npI1HHMaTeJl.H, OCYll\eCTBJI.HIOll\IX .n;e.HTeJlbHOCTb no
npHeMY nJIaTemei1: H3HqeCKI1X JIHQ. IIJIaTemHblM areHTOM .HBJI.H-
eTC.H onepaTOp no npI1eMY TIJIaTemei1: JlH60 nJiaTemHbli1: cy6areHT.
O.n;HaKO B CBH3H C yqaCTI1BIlII1MI1CH cJlyqa.HMI1 BHeCeHI1.H .n;eHem-
HbIX cpe.n;CTB aJIbIlII1BbIMI1 .n;eHemHbIMI1 KynlOpaMH, a TaKme B
CB.H3I1 C C06JIIO.n;eHHeM et>e.n;epaJlbHoro 3aKOHa «0 npOTI1Bo.n;ei1:cTBI1H
JleraJlI13aQHH (OTMbIBaHHIO) .n;OXO.n;OB, nOJlyqeHHblX npecTynHblM
nYTeM, I1 HHaHCI1pOBaHI11O TeppopH3Ma» 3 I1IOHH 2009 r. 6blJl npI1-
H.HT et>e.n;epaJlbHbli1: 3aKOH NQ 103-et>3 «0 .n;e.HTeJlbHOCTH no npHeM)'
nJiaTemei1: H3I1qeCKHX JlI1Q, oCYll\eCTBJI.HeMoi1: nJiaTemHblMI1 areH-
TaMI1»1, KOTOpbli1: BCTynI1J1 B CI1J1Y l.HHBapH 2010 r.
1113 n. 2 CT. 1 .n;aHHoro 3aKoHa CJle.n;yeT, qTO ero nOJlOmeHI1.H He
npI1MeH.HIOTCH K OTHOllIeHI1.HM, CB.H3aHHbIM C .n;e.HTeJIbHOCTblO no
npOBe.n;eHHIO, B qaCTHOCTI1, 6e3HaJlI1qHbIX paCqeTOB, a TaKme pac-
qeTOB, OCYll\eCTBJI.HeMbIX B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHo.n;aTeJIbCTBOM 0
6aHKax I1 6aHKoBcKoi1: .n;e.HTeJlbHOCTI1. CJle.n;OBaTeJlbHO, npOH3BO-
.n;I1Tb B03BpaT 3aeMIlII1KOM .n;eHemHbIX cpe.n;CTB B CqeT norallIeHHH
185
1 C3 P<I>. 2009. N!! 23. CT. 2758.

nOTpe6I1TeJIbCKOrO Kpe.l\I1Ta qepe3 nJIaTemHblX areHTOB 6Y.l\eT He-
B03MOmHO.
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HbIMI1 Cpe.l\CTBaMI1 npe.l\CTaBJI.HIOT c060i1: «KOJIHqeCTBeHHOe
YBeJlI1qeHHe I1MYll\eCTBa B C06CTBeHHOCTH» 1.
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MI1 Cpe.l\CTBaMI1. TaK, B.B. BHTp.HHCKJ1i1: OTMeqaeT: «IIp0l.\eHTbl... no
cBoeii npaBoBoi1: npI1pO.l\e .HBJlHIOTC.H nJIaToi1: 3a nOJlb30BaHI1e 3a-
eMHbIMI1 Cpe.l\CTBaMI1, KOTOpa.H C 3KOHOMHqeCKoi1: TOqKI1 3peHH.H
npe.l\CTaBJI.HeT c060i1 KOMneHcaQI11O 3ai1MO.l\aBl.\y YTpaqeHHoi1: no-
CJIe.l\HI1M B03MomHOCTH... nOJlyqI1Tb npI1pOCT, KOTOpbli1: .l\aJlO 6bl
eMY I1CnOJlb30BaHI1e CYMMbI 3ai1:Ma B I1MYll\eCTBeHHoM 06opoTe»2.
E.A. IIaBJlo.l\cKI1M: TaKme nOJlaraeT, qTO «...npOl.\eHTbI, HaqHC-
JIeHHbie 3a nepI1o.l\ peaJlbHOrO nOJlb30BaHH.H 3aeMHb1MI1 Cpe.l\CTBa-
MH, .HBJlHIOTCH nJlaToi1: 3a I1CnOJlb30BaHI1e qymI1x .l\eHemHblX
Cpe.l\CTB» 3.
AHaJIOrI1qHoi1: n03Hl.\I1I1 npH.l\epmI1BaeTC.H 11 CY.l\e6HO-ap6HT-
pamHaH npa, KTI1Ka 0 qeM MomeT CBH.l\eTeJlbCTBOBaTb O.l\HO I13
pa3'b.HCHeHI1i1:, CO.l\epmall\HXCH B COBMeCTHOM nOCTaHOBJleHJOI
IIJleHYMoB BepXOBHoro CY.l\a I1 BblcIIIero Ap6I1TpamHoro CY.l\a
pcp OT 80KT.H6p.H 1998 r. NQ 13/14, COrJlaCHO KOTOPOMY npI1 pac-
cMoTpeHHH cnopoB, CB.H3aHHbIX C I1CnOJlb30BaHI1eM 3aeMll\HKOM
06.H3aHHocTei1: no B03BpaTY 6aHKoBcKoro Kpe.l\I1Ta, CY.l\bl .l\OJlmHbl
yqI1TbIBaTb, qTO npOl.\eHTbl Ha CYMMY 3ai1:Ma, ynJlaql-IBaeMble 3a-
eMll\I1KOM B pa3Mepe I1 B nOpH.l\Ke, onpe.l\eJleHHblX B n. ] CT. 809 fK
PCP, HBJlHIOTC.H nJlaToi1: 3a nOJlb30BaHI1e .l\eHemHbIMI1 Cpe.l\CTBaMI1
I1 nO.l\JlemaT ynJIaTe .l\OJlmHI1KOM no npaBI1J1aM 06 OCHOBHOM .l\e-
HemHOM .l\OJlre (n. 15).
IIpI1 onpe.l\eJleHI1H pa3Mepa npOl.\eHTOB no nOTpe6I1TeJlbCKHM
Kpe,l(I1TaM CJle.l\yeT PYKOBO.l\CTBOBaTbC.H nOCTaHOBJleHI1eM IIJIeHY-
MOB BC I1 BAC PCP OT 1 HIOJI.H 1996 r. NQ 6/8, COrJIaCHO n. 51 KOTO-
poro B OTHOIIIeHI1.HX Mem.l\y OpraHI13aQI1.HMI1 H rpam,l(aHaMI1 Poc-
I CanepOB C.A. YKa3. CO'<. C. 124.
186 2 5paruHC/<I<U M.11., Bl<rpRHCKI<U B.B. YKa3. cO'<. C. 200.
3 naenOACKl<u E.A. YKa3. CO". C. 13.

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BaHM.H qYJKHMM AeHeJKHblMM cpeACTBaMM no AeHb cj:>aKTHqeCKOH
ynJIaTbl 3TMX Cpe,l(CTB Kpe,l(HTOpy, eCJlM 3aKOHOM, HHblMM npaBO-
BblMH aKTaMM MJlM AorOBopOM He onpeAeJleH 60Jlee KOpOTKHH CpOK.
B OTHOllIeHMH B03BpaTa KpeAMTa M ynJlaTbl npOQeHTOB B03HM-
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nOJlHeHM.H 06.H3aTeJlbCTB: «06R3aTeJlbCTBa AOJlJKHbl MCnOJIH.HTbC.H
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CTBa M Tpe60BaHM.HMH 3aKOHa, HHbIX npaBOBblX aKTOB, a npM OT-
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AOJlJKHHKOM HaAJleJKall\eMY KpeAMTopy 11 B HaAJleJKall\eH cj:>opMe.
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HaAJleJKall\eMY KpeAMTOpy HeHaAJleJKall\MM AOJlJKHMKOM (TpeTbMM
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QOM 06.H3aTeJlbCTB ,l(OJIJKHMKa He6e3YCJlOBHO M npeAnOJlaraeT p.HA
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cy6'beKTHOro COCTaBa HaAJIeJKall\ee MCnOJlHeHMe 06R3aTeJlbCTBa
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TaK, B rpaJKAaHCKOM npaBe npMH.HTO BbIAeJl.HTb:
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CMT OT JlMqHOCTM MCnOJlHMTeJl.H.
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B COOTBeTCTBI1I1 C n. 2 CT. 819 fK P<t> K OTHOllIeHI1.HM no Kpe,l\I1T-
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06Il\ee npaBHJlO 3aI1Ma H Kpe,l\HTa, COrJlaCHO KOTOPOMY 3aeMIl\I1K
06.H3aH B03BpaTHTb 3aI1MO,l\aBl.\Y nOJlyqeHHYIO CYMMY 3aI1Ma B
CpOK H B nop.H,l\Ke, KOTopble npe,l\ycMoTpeHbI ,l\OroBOpOM 3aflMa.
ECJlI1 I1HOe He npe,l\YCMOTpeHO ,l\OrOBOpOM 3aI1Ma, CYMMa 3aI1Ma
CqI1TaeTC.H B03BpaIl\eHH0I1 B MOMeHT nepe,l(aqI1 ee 3aI1MO,l(aBl.\y
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6aHKOBCKI1I1 CqeT.
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TeJlbCTB ,l\OJlmHI1Ka CJle,l\yeT 3aMeTI1Tb, qTO TpeTbe JlHl.\O ,l\OJlmHO
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cnoc06a HCnOJIHeHI1.H 06.H3aTeJlbCTB ,l\OJlmHI1Ka nepe,l\ Kpe,l\I1TOpOM.
188 KaK 6bIJlO OTMeqeHO paHee, ,l\JI.H I1CnOJlHeHI1.H TpeTbI1M JII1l.\OM
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CTBa (.l\OJl:IKHI1K - Kpe.l\I1TOp) Ha TpeTbe JlI1QO. II03ToMY OqeHb Ba:IK-
HO paCCMOTpeTb BOnpOC 0 3Haql1MOCTH Jll1qHOCTI1 .l\OJI:lKHI1Ka ,l(JI.H
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fpa:IK,l(aHCKI1H KO,l(eKC pcp npe,l(nI1CbIBaeT, qTO I1CnOJlHeHHe
TpeTbHM JlI1QOM 06.H3aTeJlbCTB .l\OJl:IKHI1Ka B03MO:IKHO, eCJll1113 3a-
KOHa, I1HblX npaBOBbIX aKTOB, YCJlOBI1H 06.H3aTeJIbCTBa HJlH ero CY-
I.IJ;eCTBa He BbITeKaeT 06H3aHHOCTb .l\OJl:IKHI1Ka I1CnOJIHI1Tb 06.H3a-
TeJIbCTBO JIl1qHO (n. 1 CT. 313).
06paI.IJ;a.HCb K npaBoBblM HopMaM, perYJll1pYIOI.IJ;I1M npaBooTHo-
llIeHHR, BbiTeKaIOI.IJ;l1e H3 Kpe.l\HTHOrO .l\OrOBOpa, He06xo.l\I1MO,
npe:IK.l\e Bcero, ynOM.HHYTb 0 TOM, qTO rJl. 42 fK pcp npe.l\ycMaTpl1-
BaeT oc06eHHOCTl1 npaBoBoro nOJlO:IKeHI1H cneQl1aJlbHOrO cy6'beKTa
Ha cTopoHe Kpe.l\HTOpa, B OTHOllleHl111 :lKe .l\OJl:IKHHKa 3aKOH He CO-
.l\ep:IKI1T KaKl1x-JlI160 Cnel.\l1aJlbHbIX npaBI1J1 0 ero npaBOBOM CTaTY-
ce 11 TeM 60Jlee npaBI1J1 0 3aBl1Cl1MOCTH I1CnOJlHeHI1.H Kpe,l(I1THOrO
06.H3aTeJlbCTBa OT JIl1qHOCTI1 ,l(OJI:lKHI1Ka. BOJlee TOro, fK pcp KOH-
CTaTl1pyeT Jll1ll1b OCHOBHble 06.H3aTeJlbCTBa .l\OJl:IKHHKa, BbITeKaIO-
I.IJ;l1e 113 Kpe.l\I1THOrO .l\oroBopa, KaK TO: B03BpaT nOJIyqeHHOH ,l(e-
He:IKHOH CYMMbI, ynJlaTa npOl.\eHTOB Ha Hee 11 .l\p.
CJle.l\OBaTeJlbHO. fK PCP. onpe,l(eJlH.H oc06eHHOCTl1 npaBOOTHO-
llIeHHH, BbITeKaIOI.IJ;I1X 113 Kpe.l\I1THOrO .l\oroBopa, He CO.l\ep:IKI1T or-
paHl1qeHI1H OTHOCHTeJlbHO npl1MeHeHI1.H npaBHJla 06 I1CnOJlHeHl111
TpeTbHM JlHQOM 06R3aTeJIbCTB .l\OJI:lKHHKa nepe.l\ Kpe.l\HTOpOM.
JI.A. JIYHQ OTMeqaJl, qTO «.l\eHe:IKHOe 06.H3aTeJlbCTBO, Bblpa:IKeH-
Hoe B onpe.l\eJIeHHOH CYMMe .l\eHe:IKHbIX e.l\HHI1Q, no 06I.IJ;eMY npaBI1-
JlY, He I1MeeT CBOI1M npe,l(MeTOM npe.l\OCTaBJleHl1e onpe.l\eJleHHOH
l.\eHHOCTH, onpe.l\eJleHHOH nOKynHoH CI1J1bl"l. I1Haqe rOBOp.H, .l\e-
He:IKHOe 06.H3aTeJlbCTBO HMeeT OC06blH xapaKTep (.l\eHe:IKHble cpe.l\-
CTBa - p0.l\OBa.H BeI.IJ;b), a nOTOMY eCTb Bce OCHOBaHH.H YTBep:IK,l(aTb,
qTO 113 CYI.IJ;eCTBa .l\eHe:IKHoro 06.H3aTeJlbCTBa 1i€ eblmaem 06.R-
3a1i1iOCmb aO./!:HC1iuxa ucnO./!1iUmb 06.R3amM'bCmeO ./!U'l1iO.
B .l\aHHOM cJlyqae npe.l\CTaBJI.HeTC.H He06xo,l(I1Mb1M 06paTI1TbC.H
K CTaTYCY TpeTbero JII1Qa. IIpHHl.\HnHaJlbHbIM nOJlO:IKeHHeM B pac-
cMoTpeHHoH CI1Tyal.\I1H HBJlHeTCR TO, qTO TpeTbe JlI1l.\O He CTaHO-
BHTCfI B 06.H3aTeJlbCTBe CTOpOHOH, nOCKOJlbKY OHO B OTHOllleHHH
I flYHIj fl.A }J,eHbrlo1 101 AeHe>KHble 063aTel1bCTBa B rpa>KAaHCKOM npaBe. M., 2004. C. 34
(KPLI).
189

Kpe.l\I1TOpa BblTIOJlHHeT JII1111b cj:>aKTl1qeCKl1e .l\eHCTBI1.H (de facto).
B .l\aHHOM cJIyqae TpeTbe JIHQO np0I13BO.l\HT nJlaTe:1K comaCHO YC-
JlOBI1.HM Kpe.l\I1THOrO .l\OrOBOpa Me:1K.l\y Kpe.l\I1TOpOM 11 .l\OJl:1KHHKOM.
BeccnopHO, HeJlb3H roBOpHTb C 6e3YCJIOBHOCTbIO 0 TOM, qTO IOpl1-
.l\HqeCKa.H KOHCTPYKH.H I1CnOJlHeHI1.H TpeTbl1M JlI1OM 06H3a-
TeJIbCTB .l\OJI:1KHI1Ka CBO,l(HTC.H JlHlllb K OTHOllleHHHM de facto, TaK
KaK OTHOllleHI1.H de jure cyeCTBYIOT 11J111 MorYT B03Hl1KHYTb
Me:1K.l\y ,l(OJI:1KHI1KOM 11 TpeTbl1M JlI1QOM.
IIOMI1MO n. 1 CT. 313 fK PCP, r.l\e YKa3bIBaeTC.H, qTO .l\OJl:1KHI1K
MO:1KeT B03JIO:1KI1Tb I1CnOJIHeHl1e 06.H3aTeJlbCTBa Ha TpeTbe JlI1QO,
CJIe.l\yeT nO.l\BeprHYTb aHaJll13Y n. 2 TOH :1Ke CTaTbH, KOTOpblH co-
.l\ep:1KHT CJIe.l\YIOee I1MnepaTHBHoe npaBI1J1o: «TpeTbe JlI1QO, no.l\-
BepralOeeC.H onaCHOCTI1 YTpaTI1Tb CBoe npaBo Ha I1MyecTBo
.l\OJl:1KHHKa (npaBo apeH.l\bI, 3aJlOra I1J1H .l\p.) BCJle.l\CTBl1e o6pae-
HI1H Kpe.l\I1TOpOM B3bICKaHl1H Ha 3TO I1MyecTBo, MO:1KeT 3a CBOH
CqeT Y.l\OBJIeTBOpI1Tb Tpe6oBaHl1e Kpe.l\I1TOpa 6e3 COrJlaCHH .l\OJI:1K-
HI1Ka...», T.e. TpeTbe JlI1O BnpaBe Tpe60BaTb OT Kpe.l\I1TOpa npHH.H-
TI1.H I1CnOJlHeHH.H o6H3aTeJIbCTB 3a .l\OJl:1KHI1Ka, HO npH 3TOM npaBa
Kpe.l\I1TOpa Hepa3pbIBHO He CBH3aHbI C JIl1qHOCTbIO .l\OJl:1KHI1Ka.
Kpe,l(I1TOp no .l\eHe:1KHOMY 06.H3aTeJlbCTBY 06H3aH npl1HHTb I1cnOJI-
HeHl1e 06.H3aTeJlbCTBa .l\OJl:1KHI1Ka TpeTbHM JlI1QOM TaK:1Ke B nop.H.l\-
Ke n. 2 CT. 313 fK PCP.
KOHKpeTH3aQl1eH YKa3aHHoro nOJlO:1KeHI1.H .HBJI.HeTC.H npaBI1JIO
n. 5 CT. 48 cpe.l\epaJIbHOrO 3aKOHa «06 I1nOTeKe (3aJlOre He,l(BI1:1KI1-
MOCTI1)>>, COrJIaCHO KOTOPOMY, eCJII1 TpeTbe JlI1QO B COOTBeTCTBI1H C
n. 2 CT. 313 fK PCP nOJIHOCTblO I1CnOJlHHJlO 3a ,l(OJl:1KHI1Ka o6ecne-
qeHHOe I1nOTeKOH 06.H3aTeJIbCTBO, OHO BnpaBe Tpe60BaTb nepe.l\a-
ql1 eMY npaBa no 3aKJla,l(HOH. IIpH OTKa3e 3aJlOro.l\ep:1KaTeJIH nepe-
.l\aTb 3Tl1 npaBa TpeTbe JlI1O MO:1KeT Tpe60BaTb B cY.l\e6HOM
nOp.H.l\Ke nepeBO.l\a 3Tl1X npaB Ha ce6.H.
1113 Bbllllel13J10:1KeHHoro MO:1KHO 3aKJlIOqI1Tb, qTO no .l\OroBOPY
nOTpe6l1TeJIbCKOrO Kpe.l\HTa .l\OnYCKaeTCH B03MO:1KHOCTb I1CnOJlHe-
Hl1e TpeTbHM JlI1QOM 06.H3aTeJlbCTBa 3a 3aeMI1Ka-nOTpe6HTeJl.H.
B OTHOllleHH.HX, BbITeKalOI1X 113 ,l(OrOBOpa nOTpe6HTeJIbCKOrO
Kpe.l\HTa, om 3ae.M'UJuxa 1ie mpe6yemc.R coeepwe1iU.R xaxux-Jl.u60
cne'lluM'b1i'btX oeucmeuu no npU1i.RmU10 om 6a1ixa-xpeoumopa
CY.M.M'bL xpeouma.
O.l\HaKO HeKOTopble aBTopbl BblcTynaIOT B 3aI1TY n03HHI1,
190 CB.H3aHHOH C npl13HaHl1eM HaJll1qH.H y 3aeMHKa 06.H3aHHOCTI1
npl1H.HTb Kpe.l\I1T. TaK, AA BI1111HeBCKI1H nl1111eT: «HaJlHql1e 06.H-

3aHHOCTJ1 3aeMJ1Ka npJ1H.HTb Kpe,l\J1T CJIy:mJ1T TaKJ1M:me He06xo-
,l\J1MbIM YCJIOBJ1eM cTa6J1JIbHOCTJ1 KOMMepqeCKoro 060pOTa, KaK J1
06.H3aHHOCTb 6aHKa npe,l(OCTaBJ1Tb Kpe,l\J1T; KaK 3aeMJ1K ,l\OJI:meH
J1MeTb YBepeHHOCTb B TOM, qTO COrJIaCOBaHHblJ1 Kpe,l\J1T 6Y,l\eT npe-
,l\OCTaBJIeH, TaK J1 6aHK ,l\OJI:meH J1MeTb aHaJIOmqHYIO YBepeHHOCTb
B TOM, qTO ,l\eHe:mHble Cpe,l\CTBa 6Y,l\yT J1CnOJIb30BaHbl COrJlaCOBaH-
HblM cnoc060M, J1 OH He OKa:meTC.H nepe,l\ He06xo,l\J1MOCTblO J1CKaTb
J1HOe BJIo:meHJ1e ,l(aHHbIX Cpe,l\CTB B 3aBJ1CJ1MOCTJ1 OT np0J13BOJIa 3a-
eMJ1Ka» 1.
B nepJ10,l\ BBe,l\eHJ1.H B ,l\eJ1CTBJ1e <iaCTJ1 BTOpOJ1 rK P<I> 0 TaKOJ1
06.H3aHHOCTJ1 BeJI peqb c.A. XOXJIOB, OCHOBblBa.HCb J1CKJIlOqJ1TeJIb-
 2
HO Ha KOHceHcyaJIbHOH npJ1pO,l(e KpeJJ.J1THOrO ,l\OrOBOpa .
B IOpJ1,l\J1qeCKOJ1 JIJ1TepaType Bb1CKa3blBaeTC.H MHeHJ1e J1 0 TOM,
qTO 06.H3aHHOCTb no nOJlyqeHJ11O Kpe,l(J1Ta BblcTynaeT He 06J1M
npaBJ1JIOM, a, HanpOTJ1B, J1CKJiIO<ieHJ1eM J13 06ero npaBJ'lJIa. TaK,
P.M. KapJ1MYJIJIJ1H 3aMeqaeT, <iTO, «HeCMOTpJ'l Ha KOHceHcyaJIbHblJ1
J1 B03Me3,l(Hblt'1 xapaKTep 3aeMHoro 06J'13aTeJlbCTBa no Kpe,l\J1THO-
MY ,l\OrOBOpy B pOCCJ1J1CKOM npaBe, ,l\eJ1CTBYIOee 3aKOHO,l\aTeJIb-
CTBO He n03BOJIJ'leT roBOpJ1Tb B BJ1,l\e o6ero npaBJ1JIa 0 cyeCTBY-
lOeJ1 06.H3aHHOCTJ1 3aeMJ1Ka nOJIyqJ1Tb Kpe,l(J1T»3. TaKa.H
06.H3aHHOCTb, no ero MHeHJ1IO, «HOCJ1T J1CKJlIO<iJ1TeJIbHblt'1 xapaKTep
J1 Mo:meT 6blTb OCHOBaHa Ha ,l\oroBope J1JIJ1 npaBOBblX aKTax,,4.
KaK HaM npe,l\CTaBJI.HeTC.H, B03MO:mHOCTb Bbl,l\eJIeHJ1.H 06.H3aH-
HOCTJ1 3aeMJ1Ka npJ1H.HTb Kpe,l\J1T OTCyTCTByeT B npHHQJ1ne H
nO,l\MeH.HeT C060J1 KaTerOpJ11O «npJ1H.HTJ1e Ha,l(JIe:maero J1CnOJIHe-
HJ1.H». ECJIJ1 :me npJ13HaTb cyecTBOBaHJ1e TaKot'1 06.H3aHHOCTJ1, TO
B03HHKaeT Bonpoc 0 COOTHOlileHJ1J1 BCTpe<iHbIX 06J'13aTeJIbCTB, a
J1MeHHO 06J'13aTeJlbCTBa no npe,l(OCTaBJleHJ11O Kpe,l\J1Ta J1 06.H3a-
TeJIbCTBa no npJ1H.HTJ11O Kpe,l(J1Ta.
J(aHHoe npe,l(nOJIo:meHJ1e npJ1BO,l\J1T K CJ1TyaQJ1J1, B KOTOpOJ1 Ha
6aHKe JIe:mJ1T 06.H3aHHOCTb npe,l(OCTaBJ1Tb Kpe,l\J1T 3aeMJ1KY J1 B
TO :me BpeM.H 6aHK 06JIa,l\aeT npaBoM Tpe6oBaHJ1.H npJ1HJ'lTJ1.H Kpe-
,l(J1Ta 3aeMJ1KoM. MO:mHO npe,l\nOJlo:mJ1Tb, qTO yKa3aHHbie o6.H-
1 BuwHeSCKu" A.A. YKa3. cO'!. C. 1 05; 5b1KOSa H.n.. AsarRH I.n.. 5aRHAYPRH I.n. YKa3.
CO_. C. 96; E.puMosa n.r. YKa3. CO_. C. 536.
2 Xoxnos C.A. PeryJll1pOSaHl1e AeHeJKHblX OTHOWeHI1i1// BeCTHI1K BAC P<I>. 1996. N2 8. C.
92-93.
3 KapUMYMuH P.I1. YKa3. CO_. C. 62. 191
4 TaM JKe. C. 63.

3aHHOCTb J1 npaBO 6aHKa ,l\OJImHbI OTHOCJ1TbC.H K CO,l\epmaHJ11O
,l\BYX BCTpeqHblX 06.H3aTeJIbCTB, qTO npe,l(Onpe,l\eJI.HeT He06xo,l(J1-
MOCTb BbIJ'lCHeHJ1J'1 MOMeHTa, C KOTOpOrO B03HJ1KaeT Kam,l\Oe J13
yKa3aHHbiX 06.H3aTeJIbCTB. CYll\eCTBOBaHJ1e 06J'13aTeJIbCTBa no
npe,l\OCTaBJIeHJ11O Kpe,l(J1Ta 06eCneqJ1BaeTC.H KOHceHcyaJIbHoii: KOH-
CTpYKl\J1eii: Kpe,l(J1THoro ,l(oroBopa J1 B03HJ1KaeT, no 06ll\eMY npaBJ1-
JIY, Ha OCHOBaHJ1J1lOpJ1,l\J1'IeCKOro cpaKTa - 3aKJllOqeHJ1.H Kpe,l\J1THO-
ro ,l\OrOBopa. CJIe,l\OBaTeJIbHO, ,l\et'ICTBJ1e, COCTaBJI.HIOll\ee 06'beKT
06.H3aTeJIbCTBa no npe,l(OCTaBJleHJ11O Kpe,l\J1Ta, ,l\OJImHO BblcTynaTb
npaBOnopom,l\alOll\J1M cpaKTOM B03HJ1KHOBeHJ1.H 06.H3aTeJIbCTBa no
npJ1H.HTJ11O Kpe,l\J1Ta. TaKJ1M ,l\eii:cTBJ1eM BblcTynaeT nepe,l\aqa ,l\e-
HemHbIX Cpe,l(CTB B corJlaCOBaHHot'1 CYMMe. O,l\HaKO nepe,l\aqa Bell\J1
npe,l(nOJIaraeT, no 06ll\eMY npaBJ1JIY n. 1 CT. 224 rK P<l>, ee Bpyqe-
HJ1e; Bell\b CqJ1TaeTC.H BpY<ieHHot'1 C MOMeHTa ee cpaKTJ1<ieCKoro no-
cTynJIeHJ1.H BO BJla,l(eHJ1e npJ106peTaTeJIJ'I J1JIJ1 yKa3aHHOro J1M JIJ1l\a.
II03ToMY nepe,l\a<ia (BpyqeHJ1e) ,l\eHemHblx Cpe,l\CTB 3aeMll\J1KY no-
pom.naeT 06.H3aHHOCTb BepHYTb ,l(eHbfJ1 B npe,l\ycMoTpeHHblii: CpOK
J1 ynJIaTJ1Tb npOl\eHTbl 3a J1X J1CnOJIb30BaHJ1e, HO He 06.H3aHHOCTb
npJ1HJ'lTb Kpe,l(J1T, nOCKOJIbKy OH yme npJ1HJ'lT 3aeMll\J1KOM.
CJIe,l(OBaTeJIbHO, 06.H3aTeJIbCTBO no npJ1HJ'lTJ11O Kpe,l(J1Ta He MO-
meT B03HJ1KHYTb B CJ1JIY HCnOJIHeHJ1.H OO.H3aTeJIbCTBa no ero npe-
,l\OCTaBJIeHJ1IO. He MomeT OHO B03HJ1KHYTb J1 O,l(HOBpeMeHHo C no-
CJIe,l\HJ1M J1 CYll\eCTBOBaTb napaJlJleJIbHO eMY. B npOTJ1BHOM cJlyqae
npJ1lilJIOCb 6bl BeCTJ1 pe<ib 0 TOM, qTO J1CnOJIHeHJ1e Kam,l(oro J13 HJ1X,
HO He3aBJ1CJ1MO ,l\pyr OT ,l\pyra, nopOm,l(aeT 06.H3aTeJIbCTBO no B03-
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06.H3aTeJIbCTBO no npe,l\OCTaBJIeHJ11O Kpe,l\J1Ta CqJ1TaJIOCb 6bl Bbl-
nOJIHeHHbIM, a 06.H3aTeJIbCTBO no ero npJ1H.HTJ11O HeBbiTIOJIHeHHbIM.
TaKJ1M 06pa30M, npe,l\nOJIOmeHJ1e 0 CYll\eCTBOBaHJ1J1 ,l\BYX 06.H-
3aTeJIbCTB, MOMeHT B03HJ1KHOBeHJ1.H J1 npeKpall\eHJ1.H KOTOpbIX
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TOT me 06'beKT, npe,l\CTaBJI.HeTC.H He06oCHOBaHHbIM.
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TaKme Ha3BaTb: 06.R3a1i1iOCmo 1feAee020 UCnO.l1.030ea1iU.R xpeauma J1
KaK CJIe,l\CTBJ1e J13 3TOro 06.H3aHHOCTb 3aeMll\J1Ka 06eCneqJ1Tb Kpe,l\J1-
TOpy B03MomHOCTb OCYll\eCTBJI.HTb KOHTpOJIb 3a QeJIeBbIM J1CnOJIb30-
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- npaBO Ha OTKa3 OT nOJIY<ieHJ1.H nOTpeOJ1TeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l(J1Ta;
- npaBO Ha ,l\OCPOqHbIH B03BpaT ,l\eHemHbIX Cpe,l(CTB.
KaK y:me OTMe<ieHO, ,l\eMCTBYIOll\ee 3aKOHO,l\aTeJIbCTBO He n03-
BOJI.HeT rOBOpJ1Tb 06 06.H3aHHOCTJ1 3aeMll\J1Ka-nOTpe6J1TeJI.H nOJIY-
<iJ1Tb Kpe,l\J1T B KaqeCTBe 06ll\ero npaBJ1JIa. IIo,l\TBep:m,l\eHJ1e 3TOMY
BblBO.lly MbI TaKme HaXO,l\J1M B n. 2 CT. 821 rK P<P, yCTaHOBJ1BLUeM,
qTQ 3aeMll\J1K BnpaBe OTKa3aTbC.H OT nOJIyqeHJ1.H Kpe,l\J1Ta nOJIHO-
CTblO J1JIH <iaCTJ1<iHO, YBe,l(OMJ1B 06 3TOM Kpe,l\J1TOpa ,l(0 yCTaHoB-
JIeHHOrO ,l\OrOBOpOM cpOKa ero npe,l\OCTaBJIeHJ1.H, eCJIJ1 J1HOe He npe-
,l(ycMoTpeHO 3aKOHOM, J1HbIMJ1 npaBOBbIMJ1 aKTaMJ1 J1JIJ1
Kpe,l(J1THbIM ,l(OroBOpOM.
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B BJ1,l(e J1CKJIlOqeHJ1.H, KOTopoe Mo:meT 6blTb npe,l\ycMoTpeHO B ,l\oro-
Bope J1JIJ1 npaBOBbIX aKTax J1 He npe,l\nOJIaraeTC.H B 06blqHOM Kpe-
,l\J1THOM ,l(OrOBOpe npJ1 YMOJIqaHJ1J1 0 TOM CTOpOH.
BaHKJ1 B 60JIbLUJ1HCTBe CBoeM .HBJI.HIOTC.H YHJ1BepCaJIbHbIMJ1 Kpe-
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1..\J1t'1 He OrpaHJ1<ieHa Kpe,l\J1THbIMJ1 ,l\oroBopaMJ1. II03TOMY npe,l\no-
JIaraeTC.H, qTO, COXpaH.H.H npaBo pacnop.H:meHJ1.H TeMJ1 ,l\eHe:mHbIMJ1
Cpe,l\CTBaMJ1, OT nOJIY<ieHJ1.H KOTOpblX 3aeMll\J1K-nOTpe6J1TeJIb OT-
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ce6.H B ,l(pyme onepaQJ1J1.
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pa3Mep npOl\eHTOB, B3blCKHBaeMbiX C 3aeMIl\I1Ka B CB.H311 C npo-
CPOqKOti I1CnOJlHeHI1.H Kpe,lJ;I1THoro ,l(oroBopa, MomeT 6bITb CHl1meH
C 5% ro,l(OBbIX OT CYMMbl Kpe,l(I1Ta 11 25,55% ro,l(OBbIX OT CYMMbl
np01.\eHTOB 3a nOJlb30BaHI1e Kpe,lJ;HTOM, KaK B paCCMaTpl1BaeMOM
nOCTaHOBJIeHI1I1, B I1Tore ,lJ;0 8,25% ro,l(OBbIX cOBoKynHo.
IIpl1MeHI1TeJlbHo K Bonpocy 06 YMeHbllleH1111 HeycTotiKI1 npe,l(-
CTaBJI.HeTC.H He06xo,lJ;I1Mb1M ynOM.HHYTb n0311QI11O !\OHCTI1TYQI10H-
HOro CY,l(a P<I>, KOTOpblti B O,l(HOM H3 CBOHX onpe,l(eJIeHHti YKa3aJl,
qTO B n. 1 CT. 333 fK P<1> peqb l1,lJ;eT He 0 npaBe cY,lJ;a, a 0 ero 06.H-
3aHHOCTI1 YCTaHOBI1Tb 6aJlaHC Mem,l(y npl1MeH.HeMoti K HapYllll1Te-
JlIO Mepoti OTBeTCTBeHHOCTl111 oQeHKoti ,l(eticTBI1TeJlbHoro pa3Mepa
yll\ep6a, npl1ql1HeHHoro Ha pYlllHTeJIeM 1.
B 3aKJIIOqeHI111 OTMeTI1M, qTO B cJlyqa.HX, KOr,l(a Kpe,l(I1THble ,l(0-
rOBopbl CO,lJ;epmaT onpe,l(eJleHHble ,l(OnOJIHI1TeJlbHble YCJIOBI1.H (0
B03Bpall\eHI111 Kpe,lJ;I1Ta no qaCT.HM, 0 QeJIeBOM I1CnOJIb30BaHHI1
CYMMbI Kpe,l(I1Ta, 06 06eCneqeHI111 06.H3aTeJlbCTB 3aeMIl\I1Ka), Ha-
pYllleHl1e YKa3aHHbix YCJlOBHti MomeT nOBJleqb ,lJ;JI.H 3aeMIl\I1Ka 11
I1Hbie HeraTI1BHbie nOCJle,l(CTBI1J'1, He CB.H3aHHble C npl1MeHeHl1eM
rpam,l(aHCKO-npaBoBoti OTBeTCTBeHHOCTI1. IIO,l(06Hble HapYllleHI1.H
cJlymaT OCHOBaHl1eM B03HI1KHOBeHI1.H Ha CTopOHe Kpe,l(I1TOpa npa-
Ba Tpe60BaTb OT 3aeMIl\I1Ka ,l(OCpOqHOrO B03BpaTa CYMMbI Kpe,l(I1Ta
11 ynJIaTbl Bcex npHqI1TaIOIl\HXC.H Kpe,lJ;I1TOpy npOl\eHTOB no Kpe-
,lJ;I1THOMY ,l(OroBOPY.
OTBCTCTBCHHOCTb KpC,lJ;IITopa.
K I1MYll\eCTBeHHoti OTBeTCTBeHHOCTI1 3a Hel1CnOJlHeHl1e CBOI1X
06.H3aHHocTeti MomeT 6bITb npl1BJIeqeH H Kpe,lJ;I1TOp.
CJle,l(yeT OTMeTHTb, qTO HeKOTopble aBTopbl HaCTal1BaIOT He
TOJlbKO Ha 06.H3aHHOCTI1 6aHKa B03MeCTI1Tb 3aeMIl\I1KY npl1ql1HeH-
Hble y6b1TKI1, HO 11 Ha npl1MeHeHIIH B 3TOM CJIyqae OTBeTCTBeHHOC-
TI1 B BI1,l(e npOQeHTOB 3a HenpaBOMepHoe nOJIb30BaHI1e qyml1MI1
,l(eHemHblMI1 Cpe,l(CTBaMI1, npe,l(yCMOTpeHHoti CT. 395 fK PCP. Ha-
npl1Mep, H.M. COJlOBJ'lHeHKO nl1l1leT: «K I1MYll\eCTBeHHoti OTBeTCT-
BeHHOCTI1 3a HeHCnOJIHeHl1e CBOI1X 06.H3aHHocTeti MomeT 6blTb
1 c....: onpe.o.eneHHe KOHCTHTyHOHHOro Cy.o.a P<l> OT 14 ...apTa 2001 r. Ng 80-0 .06 OTKa3e
B npHHTHH K pacc...OTpeHHIO >KaJ106bl rpa>K.P.aH 6YXTHpoBa A.I-1., 6YXTHpoBa 1-1.,l(. H 6yx- 203
THpoBO>i C.I-1. Ha HapyweHHe HX KOHCTHTyHOHHbIX npaB cT8Tbe>i 333 fpa>K.P.aHcKO/"o KO-
.o.eKca P<l>>> II cnc .KOHcYl1bTaHT nl1lOC..

npl1BJleqeH 11 Kpe.n;I1TOp, B qaCTHOCTI1, 3a HeMOTI1Bl1pOBaHHblH OT-
Ka3 OT npeD.OCTaBJIeHI1.H Kpe,l(HTa, npe.n;OCTaBJleHl1e ero B MeHbllIeH
CYMMe 11J111 C HapYllIeHl1eM CpOKOB. 3aeMIl\I1K BnpaBe B COOTBeTCT-
BI1I1 C n. 1 CT. 395 fK pcp HaqI1CJI.HTb Ha CYMMY .n;oJlra npoQeHTbl 3a
Hel1CnOJIHeHl1e HJII1 HeHa,l(Jlemall\ee HCnOJlHeHl1e ,l(eHemHOro o6.H-
3aTeJlbCTBa, a TaKme Tpe60BaTb B03Mell\eHI1.H y6blTKOB B CYMMe.
He nOKpblToi1 npOQeHTaMI1 (n. 2 CT. 395)>> 1.
ITO,l(06HbIi1 no.n;xo,l( npOTI1BOpeI1T npaBoBoi1 npl1po.n;e 06.H3a-
TeJlbCTBa no npe,l(OCTaBJleHI1IO Kpe,l(I1Ta (He .HBJI.HlOll\eroC.H ,l(OJlro-
BbIM ,l(eHemHbIM 06J'13aTeJlbCTBOM) 11 He nOMepml1BaeTC.H CY,l(e6HO-
ap6l1TpamHoi1 npaKTI1KOi1 (n. 1 nOCTaHOBJleHI1.H ITJIeHYMoB BC P<I>
11 BAC P<I> NQ 13/14). IT03TOMY OCHOBHOi1 cpOpMOH OTBeTCTBeHHOC-
TI1, KOTOpa.H MomeT 6bITb B03JIOmeHa Ha Kpe,l(I1TOpa 3a HeI1CnOJlHe-
Hl1e I1JII1 HeHa,l(Jlemall\ee I1CnOJlHeHl1e 06.H3aTeJlbCTBa no npe,l(o-
CTaBJleHHIO Kpe,l(I1Ta (ecTecTBeHHo, TOJlbKO B TOM cJlyqae, eCJlH 3TO
He .HBHJlOCb CJle,l(CTBl1eM npaBOMepHoro OTKa3a 6aHKa OT npe,l(O-
CTaBJleHI1.H Kpe.n;I1Ta no OCHOBaHI1.HM, npe,l(ycMoTpeHHblM n. 1 CT. 821
fK), CJIe,l(yeT npl13HaTb B03Mell\eHI1e y6bITKOB, npl1ql1HeHHblx 3a-
eMIl\I1KY.
KpoMe Toro, Kpe,l(I1THbIM ,l(OroBOpOM MomeT 6blTb npe.l(ycMoTpeHa
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 6aHKa 3a Henpe,l(OCTaBJIeHl1e 11J111 HeCBoeBpeMeH-
Hoe npe,l(OCTaBJleHl1e Kpe,l(I1Ta 3aeMIl\I1KY B cpopMe HeYCToi1KI1, qTO
1136aBJI.HeT nOCJle,l(Hero OT Heo6xo,l(I1MOCTI1 ,l(OKa3b1BaTb KaK <paKT
HaJIl1ql1.H y6bITKOB H I1X pa3Mep, TaK 11 npHqHHHYIO CB.H3b Mem.l(y Ha-
pyr.ueHl1eM ,l(oroBopa co CTOpOHbl 6aHKa 11 )'Ka3aHHb1MI1 y6bITKaMI1.
BMecTe C TeM, KaK 11 B CJIyqae C y6blTKaMI1, npl1 npaBOMepHOM OTKa-
3e 6aHKa OT BbI,l(aql1 Kpe.n;I1Ta 3aeMIl\I1K Jll1l1laeTC.H B03MOmHOCTI1
npl1BJleqb Kpe.n;I1Topa 11 K OTBeTCTBeHHOCTI1 B cpopMe HeYCToi1KH: KaK
113BeCTHO, Kpe.n;I1TOp He BnpaBe Tpe60BaTb HeYCToi1K11, eCJIH ,l(OJIm-
HI1K He HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a Hel1CnOJIHeHl1e 11J111 HeHa.n;Jlema-
Il\ee I1CnOJIHeHl1e 06.H3aTeJlbCTBa (n. 2 CT. 330 fK P<I>t
BMecTe C TeM, nocKoJlbKY Ha nOTpe611TeJlbCKOe Kpe,l(I1TOBaHHe
pacnpOCTpaH.HeTC.H 3aKoH P<1> «0 3all\I1Te npaB nOTpe6I1TeJlei1»,
TO HMeHHO nOJlOmeHI1.H ,l(aHHOrO 3aKOHa I1MeroT npHOpl1TeT npHMe-
HI1TeJlbHO K ,l(aHHOMY BI1.l(y Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1.H.
TaK, 3a HapYllIeHI1.H npaB 3aeMIl\I1KOB-nOTpe6I1TeJlei1 Kpe,l(I1TOp
201f
I ConOBflHeHKO H.I1. YKa3. co. C. 669; KapuMynnuH P.I1. YKa3. CO'!. C. 49; E<!>I1MOBa n.r.
YKa3. CO_. C. 552.
2 5parUHCKuj:j M.I1., BUTpflHCKUj:j B.B. YKa3. CO_. C. 462-463.

HeceT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, npe,l(YCMOTpeHHYro 3aKOHOM 11J111 ,l(OroBO-
pOM (n. 1 CT. 13 3aKoHa). IIoCKOJlbKY OTBeTCTBeHHOCTI1 6aHKoB,
npe,l(ycMoTpeHHoH 3aKoHoM, ,l(n.H aHHoro BM,l(a KpeI1TOBaHI1.H
HeT, npI1MeH.HeMa.H K 6aHKY HeycToHKa MomeT 6blTb npeycMoT-
peHa TOJlbKO ,l(OroBOpOM. II03ToMY B aHHOM cJlyqae Henpl1MeHI1M
n. 6 CT. 13 3aKoHa, COrJlaCHO KOTOPOMY npl1 y,l(OBJleTBopeHI1I1 cy-
OM Tpe60BaHMH nOTpe6I1Ten.H, YCTaHoBneHHblx 3aKOHOM, cY,l(
BnpaBe B3blCKaTb C I1cnOnHI1Tem:1 3a Hel1CnOJlHeHl1e B ,l(06pOBOnb-
HOM nOp.H,l(Ke Tpe60BaHI1H nOTpe611TeJl.H uITpacp B pa3Mepe 50% OT
CYMMbI, npl1cymeHHoH CY,l(OM B nonb3Y nOCJIe,l(Hero.
Y6bITKI1, npl1ql1HeHHble 3aeMlL\I1Ky-nOTpe6I1TeJlIO, nO,l(JlemaT
B03MelL\eHl1ro B nOJIHOH cYMMe cBepx HeycTOHKI1, npl1qeM ynJlaTa
HeycToHKI1 M B03MelL\eHl1e y6blTKOB He oCB060m,l(aeT Kpe,l(I1THYro
OpraHI13al\I1ro OT 06.H3aHHOCTI1 npe,l(OCTaBI1Tb Kpe,l(I1T.
B ,l(aHHOM cnY"lae peqb MomeT M,l(TI1 0 npl1MeHeHl111 K 6aHKY OT-
BeTCTBeHHOCTI1 3a HeCBoeBpeMeHHoe npe,l(OCTaBJleHl1e Kpe,l(I1Ta, 0
Henpe,l(CTaBJleHI1I1 3aeMlL\MKy-noTpe6I1TenlO COOTBeTcTByrolL\eH
I1HcpOpMal\l1l1, 0 BKJllOqeHI1M B ,l(OroBOp nOTpe6MTeJlbCKoro Kpe,l(l1-
Ta ycnOBI1H, YlL\eMn.HrolL\I1X npaBa 3aeMlL\I1Ka KaK nOTpe6I1TeJl.H.
B,l(06aBOK KO BceMY 3aeMlL\I1K-nOTpe6I1Tenb TaKme BnpaBe
nOTpe60BaTb C 6aHKa KOMneHCal..\l11O MopanbHoro Bpe,l(a (CT. 15
3aKoHa).
IIo,l(Bo,l(.H I1Tor BbIllleI13JIOmeHHoMY, Cne,l(yeT 3aKJllOql1Tb, qTO
MMYlL\eCTBeHHa.H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 11 3aeMlL\I1Ka-nOTpe6I1TeJl.H, 11
Kpe,l(I1TOpa .HBJI.HeTC.H nonHoH, T.e. BI1HOBHa.H B HapYllleHl111 06.H3a-
TeJlbCTB cTopoHa 06.H3aHa B03MeCTI1Tb cBoeMY KOHTpareHTY y6blT-
KI1 B nonHOM 06"beMe, BKnroqa.H HenonyqeHHble ,l(OXO,l(bl.
205

3AKnl04EHHE
TaKI1M 06pa30M, pe3YJlbTaT npOBe,l(eHHoro aHaJll13a HOpMaTI1B-
HbIX npaBOBblX aKTOB, TeOpeTl1qeCKoii: JII1TepaTypbI 11 npaBOnpl1-
MeHI1TeJlbHoii: npaKTI1KI1 HarJlJ'l,l(HO nOKa3aJI HaJll1ql1e l..\eJlOrO p.H,l(a
CYIl\eCTBYIOIl\HX npaBOBbIX np06J1eM, npen.HTCTByroIl\HX pa3BI1-
THIO I1HCTI1T)'Ta nOTpe611TeJIbCKoro Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1.H, B qaCTHOCTI1:
np06eJlbi B 3aKOHO,l(aTeJlbHoii: 11 HOpMaTHBHoii: 6a3ax, CB.H3aHHble C
npe,l(OCTaBJleHl1eM 11 B03BpaTOM nOTpe6HTeJlbCKI1X Kpe,l(I1TOB; Ha-
JIl1qHe Hepa3BI1TOt'1 I1HcppaCTpYKTYPbl pblHKa nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO
Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1.H (,l(e.HTeJlbHOCTb Kpe,n:I1THbIX 6pOKepOB, 6ropo Kpe-
,n:I1THbIX I1CTOpl1ii:); OTC)'TCTBl1e BO MHOrHX 6aHKax 3cpcpeKTI1BHbIX
CKOppl1HrOBblX MeTO,l(OB OQeHKI1 Kpe,n:I1TOCnoco6HOCTI1 nOTeHQI1-
aJlbHOrO 3aeMIl\I1Ka-nOTpe6I1TeJl.H H T.,n:.
PbIHOqHble HHTepeCbl nO,l(qaC npOTI1BOnOJlmKHbI COQl1aJlbHbIM
HHTepeCaM 06Il\eCTBa, HO I1MeHHO 3aIl\HIl\eHHOCTb rpam,l(aH, B qa-
CTHOCTI1, B 06J1aCTH nOTpe611TeJlbCKOrO Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1.H, B HTOre on-
pe,l(eJl.HeT COQl1aJlbHYro OCHOBY rocy,n:apCTBa.
BbIBO,l(bI 11 npe,l(JlOmeHI1.H, npl1Be,l(eHHble B ,l(aHHoii: KHl1re, 3a-
TparHBalOT I1MeHHO 06J1aCTb COQl1aJlbHoii: CnpaBe,l(JlI1BOCTI1.
M3J10meHHOe 3aKOHOMepHO Bbl3blBaeT Heo6xo,l(I1MOCTb cKOpeii:-
mere npI1H.HTI1J'1 <1>e,n:epaJlbHOrO 3aKOHa «0 nOTpe611TeJlbCKOM Kpe-
,n:I1TOBaHI1I1», TaK KaK CYIl\eCTByroIl\l1e o6Il\I1e HOpMbI 0 6aHKOBCKOM
Kpe,l(HTOBaHI1I1 He yql1TblBalOT CneQl1cpHKY nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO
Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1.H, a HeKOTopble HeTOqHOCTI1 B <POPMYJll1pOBaHI1I1
npHBO,l(.HT K pa3J1l1qHOMY I1X TOJIKOBaHHIO 11 np06J1eMaM B npaBO-
npHMeHI1TeJIbHoii: npaKTI1Ke.
IIpl1 pa3pa6oTKe ,n:aHHoro 3aKOHa npe,l(JIaraeTC.H yql1TblBaTb
Tpe6oBaHI1.H, 113J10meHHble <pe,l(epaJlbHoii: aHTI1MOHOnOJlbHoii:
cJlym6oii:, BaHKoM POCCI1I1 11 PocnoTpe6Ha,l(30pOM. KpOMe TOro,
B ccpepe npaBOBoro perYJll1pOBaHI1.H nOTpe6HTeJIbCKoro Kpe,l(l1-
TOBaHI1.H QeJleC006pa3HO yql1TblBaTb TaKme n03I1TI1BHblii: 3apy-
6emHblii: onblT, KOTOpblii: .HBJI.HeTC.H BeCbMa nOJle3HbiM 11 MomeT
6blTb I1CnOJlb30BaH npl1 pa3pa6oTKe OTeqeCTBeHHoro 3aKOHO-
,l(aTeJlbCTBa, perYJll1pyroIl\ero ,l(aHHYro 06J1aCTb 6aHKOBCKHX YC-
JIyr.
,l{eTaJlbHa.H perJlaMeHTaQI1.H OTHomeHHii: npl1 nOTpe611TeJlbCKOM
206 Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1I1 ypaBH.HeT npaBOBoe nOJIOmeHl1e 3aeMIl\HKOB-no-
Tpe6l1TeJleii: 11 Kpe,n:HTopOB, C,l(eJIaeT ,l(aHHblii: BI1,l( Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1.H

HaM60JIee np03paqHblM, a TaKme n03BOJlHT H36emaTb MHomeCTBa
BonpOCOB B npaBonpHMeHHTeJlbHOH npaKTHKe.
BMeCTe C TeM CJle,l(yeT 3aMeTHTb, qTO ,l(ame KOr,l(a 3aKOH, pery-
JIHpyrolI.\MH ,l(aHHbIH BH,l( Kpe,l(HTOBaHH.H, 6Y,l(eT npHH.HT H BCTynHT
B CHJlY, 3aTpOHYTbie B HaCTOJ'lweH KHHre np06J1eMbI elI.\e ,l(OJIro 6y-
I1.YT OCTaBaTbC.H aKTyaJlbHbIMH, nOCKOJlbKY, Bo-nepBbIX, Bp.H,l( JlH
Bce H3 HHX Yl1.aCTC.H qeTKO pa3pellIMTb npM npMH.HTMM ,l(aHHOrO 3a-
KOHa, BO-BTOPbIX, no nOTpe6HTeJlbCKHM Kpe,l(MTaM, Bbll1.aHHblM 11.0
ero BCTynJleHH.H B CHJlY, Bce paBHO 6Y,l(eT npHMeH.HTbC.H paHee
,l(eHCTBOBaBlilee 3aKOHO,l(aTeJIbCTBO.
20'1

6H6nHOrPAC1>H4ECKH CnHCOK
HopMaTMBHble npaBOBble aKTbl:
1. KOHCTHTYQHH POCCHHCKOH <1>e,l(epaQHH OT 12 ,l(eKa6pH 1993 r. I I
POccHMcKaH ra3eTa. 1993. 25 ,l(eKa6pH. NQ 237; C06paHHe 3aKOHO,l(a-
TeJIbCTBa P<1>. 2007. NQ 30. CT. 3745.
2. fpam,l(aHCKHH KO,l(eKC PC<1>CP 1922 r. I I C3 CCCP. 1925. T. II.
NQ 6-9 (YTpaTMJI CMJIY).
3. OCHOBbl rpam,l(aHCKOro 3aKOHO,l(aTeJIbCTBa COlO3a CCP H COI03-
HbIX pecny6J1HK 1961 r. I I Be,l(oMOCTI1 BepxoBHoro COBeTa CCCP.1961.
NQ 50. CT. 525 (YTpanlJI CMJIY).
4. fpam,l(aHcKHt'1 KO,l(eKC PC<1>CP 1964 r. I I Be,l(oMoCTH BC PC<1>CP.
1964. NQ 24. CT. 406 (YTpaTMJI CMJIY).
5. OCHOBbl rpam,l(aHCKOro 3aKOHO,l(aTeJlbCTBa COlO3a CCP H pecny6-
JII1K. YTB. nOCTaHOBJleHHeM BC CCCP OT 31 MaH 1991 r. NQ 2211-1 I I
Be,l(OMOCTI1 BC CCCP. 1991. NQ 26. CT. 733 (YTpaTJ'IJI CI1JIY).
6. rpam,l(aHCKHH KO,l(eKC POCCI1HCKOt'1 <1>e,l(epaQHH. qacTb nepBa.H OT
30 HOH6pH 1994 r. NQ 51-<1>3 I I C3 P<1>. 1994. NQ 32. CT. 3301; 2008.
NQ 30 (q. II). CT. 3616.
7. rpam,l(aHCKI1H KO,l(eKC POCCI1HCKOH <1>e,l(epaQHH. qacTb BTOpaH OT
26 HHBapH 1996 r. NQ 14-<1>3 I I C3 P<1>. 1996. NQ 5. CT. 410; 2007. NQ 50.
CT. 6247.
8. HaJIOrOBblH KO,l(eKC POCCHHCKOH <1>e,l(epaQI1I1. qacTb nepBaH OT
30 HIOJlH 1998 r. NQ 146-<1>3 I I C3 P<1>. 1998. NQ 31. CT. 3824; 2008.
NQ 30 (q. II). CT. 3616.
9. KO,l(eKC POCCHt'ICKOt'1 <1>e,l(epaQHH 06 a,l(MHHI1CTpaTI1BHbIX npaBo-
HapyrneHI1HX OT 30 ,l(eKa6pH 2001 r. NQ 195-<1>3 I I C3 P<1>. 2002. NQ 1
(q. I). CT. 1; 2008. NQ 30 (q. I). CT. 3604.
10. 3aKoH P<1> OT 7 <peBpaJI.H 1992 r. NQ 2300-1 «0 3aIQHTe npaB no-
Tpe611TeJleH» I I Be,l(OMOCTH C'be3,l(a HapO,l(HbIX ,l(enYTaTOB POCCI1t'I-
CKOt'1 <1>e,l(epaQI1H 11 BepxoBHoro COBeTa POCCHHCKOt'1 <1>e,l(epaQHH. 1992.
NQ 15. CT. 766; C3 P<1>. 2008. NQ 30 (q. II). CT. 3616.
11. <1>e,l(epaJlbHbIl13aKoH OT 26 HHBapH 1996 r. NQ 15-<1>3 «0 BBe,l(e-
HHI1 B ,l(eHCTBl1e qaCTH BTOpOt'1 rpam,l(aHCKOrO KO,l(eKCa POCCHMCKOt'1
<1>e,l(epaQI1I1» I I C3 P<1>. 1996. NQ 5. CT. 411; 2001. NQ 49. CT. 4553.
12. <1>e,l(epaJlbHbIH 3aKOH OT 10 HIOJIH 2002 r. NQ 86-<1>3 «0 U:eHT-
208 paJIbHOM 6aHKe POCCHMCKOt'1 <1>e,l(epaQI1I1 (EaHKe POCCI1H)>> I I C3 P<1>.
2002. NQ 28. CT. 2790; 2007. NQ 18. CT. 2117.

13. 3aKoH P<1> OT 2 ,l(eKa6p.H 1990 r. NQ 395-1 «0 6aHKax H 6aHKoB-
CKOM ,l(eHTeJlbHOCTW) I I Be,l(OMOCn1 C'be3,l(a HapO,l(HbIX ,l(enYTaToB
PC<1>CP. 1990. NQ 27. CT. 357: C3 P<1>. 1996. NQ 6. CT. 492; 2009. NQ 18
(q. I). CT. 2153.
14. <1>e,l(epaJlbHbl1>! 3aKOH OT 8 anpeJiH 2008 r. NQ 46-<1>3 «0 BHecemm
H3MeHeHHH B CTaTblO 30 <1>e,l(epaJlbHoro 3aKOHa «0 6aHKax H 6aHKOB-
CKOM ,l(eHTeJlbHOCTW) I I C3 P<1>. 2008. NQ 15. CT. 1447.
15. <1>e,l(epaJlbHbIM3aKoH OT 30 ,l(eKa6pH 2004 r. NQ 218-<1>3 «0 Kpe-
,l(I1THbIX I1CTOpHHX» I I C3 P<1>. 2005. NQ 1 (q. I). CT. 44; 2007. NQ 31.
CT. 4011.
16. <1>e,l(epaJlbHbl1>! 3aKOH OT 16 HIOJlH 1998 r. NQ 102-<1>3 «06 mOTe-
Ke (3aJlOre He,l(Bl1mI1MOCTI1)" I I C3 P<1>. 1998. NQ 29. CT. 3400; 2009. NQ 29.
CT. 3603.
17. <1>e,l(epaJlbHbIM 3aKOH OT 2 OKTH6p.H 2007 r. NQ 229-<1>3 «06 I1C-
nOJIHI1TeJlbHOM np0I13BO,l(CTBe» I I C3 P<1>. 2007. NQ 41. CT. 4849: 2009.
NQ 23. CT. 2761.
18. <1>e,l(epaJlbHbl1>! 3aKOH OT 13 MapTa 2006 r. NQ 38-<1>3 «0 peKJla-
Me» I I C3 P<1>. 2006. NQ 12. CT. 1232; 2009. NQ 19. CT. 2279.
19. <1>e,l(epaJIbHbl1>! 3aKOH OT 21 HOH6pH 1996 r. NQ 129-<1>3 «0 6yxraJl-
TepcKoM yqeTe» I I C3 P<1>. 1996. NQ 48. CT. 5369; 2006. NQ 45. CT. 4635.
20. <1>e,l(epaJIbHbIM saKOH OT 10 ,l(eKa6pH 2003 r. NQ 173-<1>3 «0 Ba-
JIIOTHOM perYJll1poBaHHl111 BaJIIOTHOM KOHTpOJle» I I C3 P<1>. 2003. NQ 50.
CT. 4859; 2008. NQ 30 (q. I). CT. 3606.
21. <1>e,l(epaJlbHbIM3aKoH OT 26 OKTH6pH 2002 r. NQ 127-<1>3 «0 Heco-
CTOHTeJlbHOCTI1 (6aHKpOTcTBe)>> I I C3 P<1>. 2002. NQ 43. CT. 4190; 2009.
NQ 29. CT. 3632.
22. <1>e,l(epaJlbHbIH3aKOH OT 26 I1IOJlH 2006 r. NQ 135-<1>3 «0 3aIQHTe
KOHKypeHQI1H» I I C3 P<1>. 2006. NQ 31 (q. I). CT. 3434; 2009. NQ 29.
CT. 3610.
23. <1>e,l(epaJIbHbIH3aKoH OT 191110JlH 2007 r. NQ 196-<1>3 «0 JloM6ap-
,l(ax» I I C3 P<1>. 2007. NQ 31. CT. 3992; NQ 45. CT. 5426.
24. <1>e,l(epaJIbHbIH3aKoH OT 23 ,l(eKa6pH 2003 r. NQ 177-<1>3 «0 cTpa-
XOBaHHH BKJla,l(OB <pH3I1qeCKHX JlHQ B 6aHKax POCCHMCK01>! <1>e,l(epa-
QHW) I I C3 P<1>. 2003. NQ 52 (q. I). CT. 5029; 2008. NQ 49. CT. 4699.
25. <1>e,l(epaJlbHbIH 3aKOH OT 7 aBrycTa 2001 r. NQ 115-<1>3 «0 npOTI1-
BO,l(eMCTBI1I1 JleraJlH3aQHH (oTMblBaHI1IO) ,l(OXO,l(OB, nOJlyqeHHblX npe-
cTynHblM nYTeM, H <plHaHcHpoBaHHIO TeppopH3Ma» I I C3 P<1>. 2001.
NQ 33 (q. I). CT. 3418; 2009. NQ 29. CT. 3600.
26. <1>e,l(epaJlbHbl1>! 3aKOH OT 3 I1IOHH 2009 r. NQ 103-<1>3 «0 ,l(eHTeJIb-
HOCTI1 no npl1eMY nJiaTeme1>! <p113I1qeCKHX JlI1Q, oCYlQeCTBJlHeMoH nJIa- 209
TemHbIMI1 areHTaMI1» I I C3 P<1>. 2009. NQ 23. CT. 2758.

27. YKa3 IIpe311,l(eHTa P<l> OT 10 HIOHH 1994 r. NQ 1180 «0 ml1J1HIQ-
HbIX Kpe,l(I1Tax» I I C3 P<l>. 1994. NQ 7. CT. 692.
28. IIocTaHoBJleHHe KOHCTI1TYQHOHHOro CY,l(a P<l> OT 23 q)eBpaJI.H
1999 r. NQ 4-II «0 npoBepKe KOHCTHTYQHOHHOCTH nOJlo:meHI1H qaCTH BTO-
pOM CTaTbl1 29 <l>e,l(epaJlbHOrO 3aKOHa OT 3 q)eBpaJiH 1996 ro,l(a
«0 OaHKaX H 6aHKOBCK01>1 ,l(eHTeJlbHOCTH» B CBH3H C maJl06aMH O.IO. Bece-
JlHIllKHH01>I, AIO. BeCeJIHIllKHHa 11 H.II. JIa3apeHKo» I I C3 P<l>. 1999.
NQ 10. CT. 1254.
29. IIoJlomeHHe U:E P<l> OT 26 MapTa 2007 r. NQ 302-II «0 npaBl1JIaX
Be,l(eHI1H oyxraJiTepcKoro yqeTa B Kpe,l(I1THbIX opraHH3aQHHx, pacno-
JIOmeHHblX Ha Teppl1TOpl111 POCCI11>ICKOM <l>e,l(epaQI1I1» I I BeCTHI1K EaH-
Ka POCCI1H. 2007. NQ 20-21; 2007. NQ 60.
30. IIoJlomeHHe U:E P<l> OT 20 MapTa 2006 r. NQ 283-II «0 nOpH,l(Ke
q)OpMl1pOBaHI1H Kpe,l(I1THbIMH OpraHI13aQHHMI1 pe3epBoB Ha B03Mom-
Hble nOTepl1» I I BecTHHK EaHKa POCCI1H. 2006. NQ 26; 2009. NQ 47.
31. IIoJlomeHl1e U:E P<l> OT 29 MapTa 2004 r. NQ 255-II «06 06H3a-
TeJIbHbIX pe3epBax Kpe,l(I1THbIX opraHH3aQHM» I I BeCTHI1K EaHKa Poc-
CHH. 2004. NQ 25; 2007. NQ 71.
32. IIoJIomeHHe U:E P<l> OT 26 MapTa 2004 r. NQ 254-II «0 nOpH,l(Ke
q)OpMl1pOBaHI1H Kpe,l(I1THbIMH OpraHI13aQHHMI1 pe3epBoB Ha B03Mom-
Hble nOTepH no cCY,l(aM, no CCY,l(HOM H npHpaBHeHH01>1 K He1>1 3a,l(OJImeH-
HOCTH» I I BecTHHK EaHKa POCCI1H. 2004. NQ 28; 2009. NQ 15.
33. IIoJlomeHHe U:E P<l> OT 21 ceHTH6pH 2001 r. NQ 153-II «00 oc06eH-
HOCTHX npY,l(eHQl1aJlbHoro perYJIHpOBaHHH ,l(eHTeJlbHOCTH He6aHKoB-
CKI1X Kpe,l(HTHblX opraHH3aQHH, oCYlQeCTBJIHlOlQHX ,l(en03l1THble H Kpe-
,l(HTHble onepaQI1H» I I BecTHHK EaHKa POCCI1H. 2001. NQ 60; 2004. NQ 7.
34. IIoJlomeHl1e U:E P<l> OT 31 aBrYCTa 1998 r. NQ 54-II «0 nopH,l(Ke
npe,l(OCTaBJleHHH (pa3MelQeHI1H) KpeMITHblMI1 OpraH113aQI1HMI1 ,l(eHem-
HblX Cpe,l(CTB H HX B03BpaTa (norallleHHH)>> I I BeCTHI1K EaHKa POCCI1I1.
1998. NQ 70-71; 2001. NQ 57-58.
35. IIoJlomeHl1e U:E P<f> OT 26 HIOHH 1998 r. NQ 39-II «0 nOpH,l(Ke Ha-
qHCJIeHHH npoQeHToB no onepaQHHM, CBH3aHHbIM C npHBJleqeHHeM H
pa3MeIQeHHeM ,l(eHemHblX Cpe,l(CTB 6aHKaMH, H OTpameHHH YKa3aHHbix
onepaQI1M no CqeTaM oyxramepcKoro yqeTa» I I BecTHHK EaHKa Poc-
CI1H. 1998. NQ 53-54; 2007. NQ 69.
36. I1HCTPYKQHH U:E P<l> OT 14 ceHTHopH 2006 r. NQ 28-11 «00 OT-
KpblTHH 11 3aKpbITI1H 6aHKoBcKI1X CqeTOB, CqeTOB no BKJla,l(aM (,l(en0311-
TaM)>> I I BeCTHI1K EaHKa POCCII1. 2006. NQ 57; 2008. NQ 32.
37. I1HCTPYKQI1H U:E P<l> OT 26 anpeJiH 2006 r. NQ 129-11 «0 oaHKOB-
210 CKI1X onepaQHHX H ,l(pyrHx C,l(eJiKaX paCqeTHblX He6aHKOBCKI1X Kpe-
,l(I1THbIX opraHH3aQI1H, 06.H3aTeJlbHb1X HopManlBax paCqeTHbIX HeoaH-

KOBCKI1X Kpe,l(I1THbIX OpraHI13aQI1H 11 OC06eHHOCT.HX OCYlQeCTBJleHI.H
EaHKoM POCCHH Ha,l(30pa 3a HX C06J1IO,l(eHHeM» / / BeCTHHK EaHKa Poc-
cm. 2006. NQ 32; 2007. NQ 69.
38. I1HCTPYKQH.H U:E P<l> OT 14 .HHBap.H 2004 r. NQ 109-11 «0 nop.H,l(-
Ke npl1HHnlH EaHKoM POCCI1I1 pellIeHI1H 0 rocY,l(apCTBeHHoH perl1CTpa-
QI11 Kpe,l(ITHbIX OpraH113aQHt'1 11 Bbl,l(aqe JIIQeH3I1iir Ha oCYlQeCTBJleHle
6aHKoBcKHX onepaQHH» / / BecTHHK EaHKa POCCHH. 2004. NQ 15; 2008.
NQ41.
39. YKa3aHHe U:E P<l> OT 26 MapTa 2010 r. NQ 2415-Y «0 pa3Mepe
CTaBKI1 pe<pI1HaHCl1pOBaHI.H EaHKa POCCl1w> / / BeCTHI1K EaHKa Poc-
CHH. 2010. NQ 18.
40. YKa3aHI1e U:E P<l> OT 13 Ma.H 2008 r. NQ 2008-Y «0 nOpH,l(Ke pac-
qeTa H ,l(OBe,l(eHI1.H ,l(0 3aeMIQI1Ka - <p13I1qeCKoro JII1Qa nOJIHOH CTmIMO-
CTH Kpe,l(HTa» / / BecTHHK EaHKa POCCHH. 2008. NQ 28.
41. IIpl1Ka3 MI1H<pI1Ha P<l> OT 29 IIOJlH 1998 r. NQ 34H «06 YTBepm-
,l(eHHI1 IIoJlomeHHH no Be,l(eHHIO 6yxraJiTepCKOro yqeTa H 6yxraJITep-
CKOH OTqeTHOCTH B POCCI1HCKOM <l>e,l(epaQI1I1» / / EIOJlJIeTeHb HopMa-
TI1BHblX aKTOB <pe,l(epaJlbHbIX opraHoB I1CnOJlHI1TeJIbHOM BJIaCTI1. 1998.
NQ 23; 2007. NQ 19.
42. IIocTaHoBJIeHHe <l>e,l(epaJIbHOM KOMHCCI1H no PblHKY QeHHblX 6y-
Mar OT 14 aBrycTa 2002 r. NQ 32/nc «06 YTBepm,l(eHHH IIoJlomeHHH 0
KJlJ1pHHrOBoH ,l(eHTeJlbHOCTI1 Ha pblHKe QeHHblX 6YMar POCCI1HCKOi1 <l>e-
,l(epaQHI1» / / EIOJlJIeTeHb HOpMaTI1BHblX aKTOB <pe,l(epaJIbHbIX opraHoB
I1CnOJIHI1TeJlbHOH BJIaCTH. 2002. NQ 43; 2007. NQ 21.
43. IIpl1Ka3 rOCY,l(apCTBeHHOH aHnlMOHOnOJlbHOH KOMI1CCI1I1 P<l> OT
20 MaH 1998 r. NQ 160 «06 YTBep:mJJ.eH111 Pa3'bHCHeHI1t'1 0 HeKoTopblX
Bonpocax, CBH3aHHblX C npHMeHeHHeM 3aKOHa POCCHMCKOH <l>e,l(epa-
QI11 «0 3alQITe npaB nOTpe6ITeJIeH»» / / EIOJlJIeTeHb HOpMaTI1BHblX
aKTOB <pe,l(epaJIbHbIX opraHOB I1CnOJlHI1TeJlbHOH BJiaCTI1. 1999. NQ 2.
HeHopMaTMBHble aKTbl:
44. PaCnOpH)!{eHl1e IIpaBHTeJlbcTBa P<l> OT 19 HHBapH 2006 r. NQ 38-p
«0 nporpaMMe COQl1aJIbHO-3KOHOMl1qeCKoro pa3BHTH.H POCCI1MCKOt'1
<l>e,l(epaQHH Ha Cpe,l(HeCpOqHYIO nepcneKTHBY (2006-2008 rO,l(bl)>> / /
C3 P<l>. 2006. NQ 5. CT. 589.
45. 3aHBJIeHHe IIpaBHTeJIbcTBa P<l> NQ 983n-II13 H U:eHTpaJlbHOrO
6aHKa P<l> NQ 01-01/1617 OT 5 anpeJIH 2005 r. «0 CTpaTerl111 pa3BI1TI1H
6aHKoBcKoro ceKTopa POCCHMCKOt'1 <l>e,l(epaQI1H Ha nepl1o,l( ,l(0 2008 ro-
,l(a» / / BecTHHK EaHKa POCCHH. 2005. NQ 19.
46. IIHcbMo <l>e,l(epaJIbHOH aHTHMOHOnOJlbHOH CJIym6bl P<l> H U:eHT- 211
paJlbHOrO 6aHKa P<l> OT 25 MaH 2005 r. NQ I1A/7235/77-T «0 peKoMeH-

,l(aQHHX no CTaH,l(apTaM paCKpblTHH HH<popMaQHI1 npH npe,l(OCTaBJIeHHI1
nOTpe6HTeJIbCKHX Kpe,l(HTOB» / / BeCTHHK EaHKa POCCHH. 2005. NQ 28.
47. IIHcbMo I..{E P<l> OT 29 ,l(eKa6pH 2007 r. NQ 228-T «IIo Bonpocy
oCYlQeCTBJIeHIH nOTpe611TeJlbCKoro Kpe,l(HTOBaHI1H» / / BeCTHI1K EaH-
Ka POCCI1H. 2007. NQ 1.
48. IIHcbMo I..{E P<l> OT 7 ceHTH6pH 2005 r. NQ 04-25-1/3762 «0 npo-
BepKax Kpe,l(HTHbIX opraHH3aQI1H no Bonpocy pacKpblTHH HH<popMa-
QHH npH npe,l(OCTaBJleHHH nOTpe6HTeJIbCKI1X Kpe,l(HToB» / / BecTHHK
EaHKa POCCHH. 2005. NQ 48.
49. IIHcbMo <l>e,l(epaJIbHOH CJIymobI no Ha,l(30py B c<pepe 3aIQHTbi
npaB nOTpeOHTeJleH H 6JIarOnoJlyqHH qeJlOBeKa OT 1 anpeJiH 2008 r.
NQ 01/2973-8-32 «0 ,l(OnOJlHHTeJIbHbIX Mepax no 3aIQHTe npaB nOTpe-
6HTeJIeH B c<pepe npe,l(OCTaBJIeHHH Kpe,l(HToB» / / CIIC «KOHcYJIbTaHT
IIJllOc».
50. IIpaBHJla Kpe,l(HTOBaHHH <pH3HqeCKI1X JIHQ yqpem,l(eHHHM1
C6ep6aHKa POCCHH OT 10 HIOJIH 1997 r. NQ 229-p / / Perl10HaJIbHbIH BbI-
nycK «<l>I1HaHCOBOH ra3eTbl». 1997. NQ 50, 51.
51. 3aKoHonpoeKT OT 5 ,l(eKa6pH 2008 r. NQ 136312-5 «0 nOTpe6H-
TeJIbCKOM Kpe,l(HTOBaHHH» / / O<pHQHaJIbHbIH caHT rOCY,l(apCTBeHHoH
.D:YMbl P<l> (http://www.duma.gov.ru - 6a3a 3aKoHonpoeKToB).
52. IIoHcHI1TeJIbHaH 3anHCKa K npoeKTY <pe,l(epaJIbHoro 3aKOHa «0 no-
Tpe611TeJIbCKOM Kpe,l(HTOBaHHH» / / CIIC «KOHcYJIbTaHT IIJIlOc».
CYAe6Ho-ap6MTpa)f(HaR npaKTMKa:
53. Onpe,l(eJIeHle KOHCTHTYQI10HHOrO CY,l(a P<l> OT 14 MapTa 2001 r.
NQ 80-0 «06 OTKa3e B npl1HHTHH K paccMoTpeHHIO *aJI06bl rpam,l(aH
EyxTH.HpoBa A.11., EyxTHHpoBa 11..D:. H EyxTHHpoBoH C.11. Ha HapYllIe-
HHe HX KOHCTHTYQHOHHblX npaB CTaTbeH 333 rpam,l(aHCKOro KO,l(eKCa
P<l>>> / / CIIC «KOHcYJIbTaHT IIJIlOc».
54. Onpe,l(eJIeHHe BblcllIero Ap6HTpamHoro CY,l(a P<l> OT 15 HOH6pH
2007 r. NQ 14234/07 / / CIIC «KOHcYJIbTaHT IIJIlOc».
55. I1H<popMaQ!OHHoe mlCbMO BAC P<l> OT 29 ,l(eKa6pH 2001 r. NQ 65
«0630p npaKTHKH pa3pellIeHH.H cnopoB, CBH3aHHbiX C npeKpalQeHHeM
06H3aTeJIbCTB 3aqeTOM BCTpeqHblX O,l(HOP0,l(HbIX Tpe60BaHHH» / / Be-
CTHHK BAC P<l>. 2002. NQ 3.
56. I1H<popMaQHOHHOe nHCbMO IIpe311,l(HYMa BAC P<l> OT 14 HIOJIH
1997 r. NQ 17 «0630p npaKTHKH npHMeHeHHH a p611TpamHblMH cY,l(aMH
CTaTbH 333 rpam,l(aHCKOro KO,l(eKCa POCCHHCKOH <l>e,l(epaQHH» / / BecT-
HI1K BAC P<l>. 1997. NQ9.
212 57. IIocTaHoBJIeHHe IIJIeHYMa BAC P<l> OT 19 anpeJIH 1999 r. NQ 5
«0 HeKoTopblX Bonpocax npaKTHKH paccMoTpeHHH cnopoB, CBH3aHHbiX

C 3aKJIlOqeHl1eM, HCnOJlHeHHeM [ paCTOpmeHHeM ,l(OrOBOpOB 6aHKOB-
CKOrO CqeTa» / / BeCTHHK BAC P<l>. 1999. NQ 7.
58. IIocTaHoBJIeHHe IIJleHYMa BepxoBHoro CY,l(a P<l> H IIJleHYMa
Bblcwero Ap6[TpamHOro CY,l(a P<l> OT 8 OKTH6pH 1998 r. NQ 13/14
«0 nOpH,l(Ke np[MeHeHI1H nOJIOmeHI11>1 rpam,l(aHCKOrO KO,l(eKCa Poc-
CHHCKOH <l>e,l(epaQHH 0 npoQeHTax 3a nOJIb30BaHHe qyml1MH ,l(eHemHbI-
MH Cpe,l(CTBaMH» / / BeCTH[K BAC P<l>. 1998. NQ 11; 2001. NQ 3.
59. IIocTaHoBJleHHe IIJIeHYMa BepxoBHoro CY,l(a P<l> H IIJIeHYMa
BblcllIero Ap6[TpamHOro CY,l(a P<l> OT II1IOJIH 1996 r. NQ 6/8 «0 HeKOTO-
pblX Bonpocax, CB.H3aHHbIX C np[MeHeHHeM qaCTH nepBoH rpam,l(aHCKO-
ro KO,l(eKCa POCCI1HCKOH <l>e,l(epaQHH» / / BeCTHHK BAC P<l>. 1996. NQ 9.
60. IIocTaHoBJleH[e IIpe3H,l(HYMa BAC P<l> OT 11 [IOHH 2002 r.
NQ 441/02 / / BecTHHK BAC P<l>. 2002. NQ 10.
61. IIocTaHoBJIeHHe IIpe311JJ.HYMa BAC P<l> OT 17 aBrycTa 1999 r.
NQ 1400/99// CIIC «KOHcYJIbTaHT IIJIlOc».
62. IIocTaHoBJleHHe IIpe311,l(HYMa BAC P<l> OT 15 anpeJIH 1997 r.
NQ 5249/96 / / BecTHHK BAC P<l>. 1997. NQ 7.
63. 0630p cY,l(e6HOH npaKTI1KH BepxoBHoro CY,l(a P<l> 3a III KBapTaJI
2000 r. (no rpam,l(aHCKI1M ,l(eJIaM), YTB. nOCTaHOBJIeHHeM IIpe311,l(I1YMa
BC P<l> OT 17 HHBapH 2001 r. / / EIOJlJleTeHb BC P<l>. 2001. NQ 4.
64. Onpe,l(eJIeHHe KaccaQHoHHot1 KOJIJIerHH BepxoBHoro CY,l(a P<l>
OT 17 aBrycTa 1999 r. NQ KAC 99-199 / / CIIC «KOHcYJIbTaHT rIJIIOC».
65. PellIeHl1e BepxoBHoro CY,l(a P<l> OT 1 HIOJI.H 1999 r. NQ rKIII1 99-
484 / / CIIC «KOHcYJIbTaHT IIJIlOc».
66. IIocTaHoBJIeHHe IIJIeHYMa BC P<l> OT 29 ceHTHopH 1994 r. NQ 7
«0 npaKTI1Ke paccMoTpeHHH cY,l(aMH ,l(eJi 0 3aIQI1Te npaB nOTpe6[TeJleM».
67. IIocTaHoBJIeHHe <l>AC BOJIro-BHTcKoro oKpyra OT 3 HIOJI.H 2009 r.
no ,l(eJIY NQ Al1-11368/2008-KI-8/22 / / CIIC «KOHcYJlbTaHT IIJllOc».
68. IIocTaHoBJleHHe <l>AC BOJiro-BHTcKoro oKpyra OT 17 MaH 2007 r.
no ,l(eJIY NQ All-1232/2006-KI-52E / / CIIC «KOHcYJIbTaHT IIJIlOc».
69. IIocTaHoBJIeHHe <l>AC BOJiro-B.HTCKoro oKpyra OT 8 HOHOpH 2005 r.
no ,l(eJIY NQ Al1-14035/2004-KI-70E/11E / / CIIC «KOHCYJlbTaHT
IIJIlOc».
70. IIocTaHoBJleHI1H <l>AC BOCTOqHO-CH6[PCKOro oKpyra OT 14 MaH
2008 r. no ,l(eJIY NQ A33-12575/07; OT 18 I1IOJIH 2007 r. no ,l(eJIY NQ A33-
13138/06// CIIC «KOHcYJIbTaHT IIJIlOc».
71. IIocTaHoBJleHHe <l>AC .D:aJIbHeBOCTOqHoro oKpyra OT 27 MaH 2009 r.
no ,l(eJIY NQ A04-7263/2008 / / CIIC «KOHcYJlbTaHT IIJIlOc».
72. IIocTaHoBJleHHe <l>AC 3ana,l(HO-CI16HpCKOro oKpyra OT 24 HHBa-
p.H 2008 r. no ,l(eJIY NQ A 70-5309 /22-2007 / / CIIC «KOHcYJIbTaHT 213
IIJIlOc» .

73. IIocTaHoBJleHHe <l>AC MocKoBcKoro oKpyra OT 4 MapTa 2005 r. no
,l(eJIY NQ Kr -A40/1184-05 II CIIC «KOHcYJIbTaHT IIJIlOc».
74. IIocTaHoBJIeHHe <l>AC MocKOBcKoro oKpyra OT 28 ceHTH6pH 2004 r.
no ,l(eJlY NQ Kr -A40/8454-04 II CIIC «KOHcYJlbTaHT IIJllOc».
75. IIocTaHoBJleHHe <l>AC MOCKoBcKoro oKpyra OT 16 ceHTH6pH 2003 r.
no ,l(eJIY NQ Kr -A40/6670-03 II CIIC «KOHcYJlbTaHT IIJllOc».
76. IIocTaHoBJleHHe <l>AC MOCKoBcKoro oKpyra OT 25 MapTa 2003 r.
NQ Kr-A41/1557-03 II CIIC «KOHcYJlbTaHT IIJllOc».
77. IIocTaHoBJleHHe <l>AC MocKoBcKoro oKpyra OT 4 HOH6pH 2002 r.
no ,l(eJlY NQ Kr -A40/7238-02-II II CIIC «KOHcYJIbTaHT IIJllOc».
78. IIocTaHoBJIeHHe <l>AC MOCKOBCKOro oKpyra OT 21 ceHTH6pH 2000 r.
no ,l(eJlY NQ Kr -A40/4228-00 II CIIC «KOHcYJlbTaHT IIJllOc».
79. IIocTaHoBJIeHHe <l>AC IIoBoJimcKoro oKpyra OT 9 HO.H6pH 2006 r.
no ,l(eJIY NQ A55-8431/06-51 II CIIC «KOHcYJlbTaHT IIJIlOc».
80. IIocTaHoBJIeHl1e <l>AC CeBepo-3ana,l(HOrO oKpyra OT 4 HIOJIH
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82. IIocTaHoBJIeH[e <l>AC CeBepo-3ana,l(HOrO oKpyra OT 18 anpeJIH
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88. IIocTaHoBJIeHHe <l>AC CeBepo-KaBKa3cKoro oKpyra OT 31 aBry-
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97. IIocTaHoBJIeHHe .D:eBHToro ap6[TpamHOro aneJIJlHQHOHHoro cY,l(a
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1 03. IIocTaHoBJIeHHe CeMHa,l(QaToro a p6HTpamHoro aneJIJIHQHOHHO-
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K'btp06 A.A. KOMMeHTapHH K 3aKoHY P<l> «0 3aIQHTe npaB nOTpe6H- 219
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HaYQHO-npaKTl1qeCKHt'1 KOMMeHTapHH K OCHOBaM rpam,l(aHCKOrO
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TocY1i.R1i r.A., BuxY.l!u1i A.1O., B'KJIIM.R1i A.M. EaHKoBcKoe npaBo
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TpOcpUJlI06 M.B. EaHKoBcKaH cCY,l(a 11 cnoc06bl 06eCneqeHI1H ee B03-
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CTHKH).
YCOCKU1i M.M. OCHOBbl Kpe,l(HTOBaHl1.H 11 paCqeToB: Yqe6H11K / no,l(
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<p!HaHCOBO-Kpe,l(I1THbIH 3HQI1KJIOne,l(l1qeCKI1H CJIOBapb / no,l( 061Q.
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XUJ!cpu1ia P.O. 06IQee yqeHHe 0 npaBooTHolIleHHHx. M.: IOp[,l(Hqe-
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Xa1i1ia1i06a T.P. EaHKoBcKoe OOCJIymHBaHHe npe,l(npHHTHM arpo-
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rJep1ie1i'Ko B.A., R1i'te1i'Ko B.cfJ., IllJlle.l/,'b'K06 H.H. .D:eHemHO-Kpe,l(I1T-
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rJep1ie1ixo B.A. lIOTpe6HTeJIbcKHH Kpe,l([T B POCC[HCKOH <pe,l(epa-
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ClI6rY3<p, 1999.

rJep1ie1i'KO B.A. Pa3BI1TI1e nOTpe6HTeJIbCKoro Kpe,l(I1Ta B POCC!H.
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Illepcm06umoe A.E. rpam,l(aHCKO-npaBOBble Bonpocbl oxpaHbl
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Illeptue1ieeU 1 1 r.cp. Yqe6HHK PYCCKOro rpam,l(aHcKoro npaBa. B 2 T.
T. II. (no 113,l(aHHIO 1907 r.). M.: CTaTYT, 2005 (KJIaccHKa pOCCI1MCKOH
QI1BHJIICTI1KI).
Illeptue1ieeu'l r.cp. Kypc TOproBoro npaBa. T. II. TOBap. ToproBble
C,l(eJIKI1. M.: CTaTYT, 2003 (KJlaCCHKa pOCCHMCKOH Q!BHJIHCTHKH).
Illetueu1i E.JI.. KJIaCcH<pI1KaQHH rpam,l(aHCKO-npaBOBbIX 06H3a-
TeJIbCTB no OKa3aHHIO YCJIyr. M., 2001 (AHTOJIOfl1.H ypaJIbCKOH QI1BI1JIH-
CTI1KI, 1925-1989 rr.).
31i2eA'bC CPo AHTI1-.D:lOpI1Hr. M.: rOCnOJII1TH3,l(aT, 1950.
3HQI1KJIOne,lU1H 6aHKoBcKoro ,l(eJIa 11 <p!HaHCOB / no,l( pe,l(. q..D:m. BYJI-
<peJIa. CaMapa: KopnopaQH.fl «<pe,l(OpoB», 2000.
3Hl.\l1KJIOne,l(HqeCKHi.j IOPI1JJ.IfleCKI1H CJlOsapb / no,l( 061Q. pel!. B.E. KpYT-
CKIX. 2-e 113,l(. M.: J;IH<pPA-M, 1998.
3puatueU.l!u H.JI.. EaHKoBcKoe npaBo: YqeOHHK. 3-e H3,l(., nepepa6. I
,l(on. M.: IOHI1TJ;I-.D:AHA, 2002.
CTaTbM B nepMoAMLIecKMx M3AaHMRX
M MaTepManbl HaYLlHblx KOHtJ>epeHMi1:
A6aY.l!.fLaee M.K. lIpaBoBoe perYJIl1pOBamle Kpe,l(I1THbIX 06.H3a-
TeJIbCTB / / EaHKoBcKoe npaBo. 2005. NQ 6.
AAe'Kceeea JI..r., n'bIXmU1i C.B. «lIo,l(Bo,l(Hble KaMHH» nOTpe6ITeJIb-
CKOro Kpe,l(ITOBaHl1.H / / 3aKoHbi POCC!I1: onbIT, aHaJI113, npaKTHKa.
2007. NQ 2.
AAexceeea JI..r., n'bIXmU1i C.B. lIpaBoBble np06JIeMbi nOTpe6HTeJIb-
CKoro Kpe,l(HTOBaHIH Ha cOBpeMeHHoM 3Tane / / 3aKoH. 2005. NQ 12.
A1iap1Otuu1i C.A. Pa3BI1TI1e H <pOpMbI MeJIKOrO Kpe,l(HTOBaHI1.H B
POCCI1I1 / / .D:eHbfl1 H Kpe,l(I1T. 1996. NQ 7.
A1ioxu1/ B., KepuMoea M. YCTynKa npaBa Tpe60BaHH.H Ha OCHOBa-
HI1H ,l(OrOBOpa / / X03Hi1CTBO H npaBo. 2002. NQ 4.
EYPKoea A. CYlQecTBeHHble YCJIOBHH Kpe,l(I1THOrO ,l(OrOBOpa / / EaH-
KOBCKoe npaBo. 2008. NQ 1.
BUtu1ieec'Kuu A.A. lIOTpe611TeJIbCKI1H Kpe,l(I1T: oc06ble <pOpMbl npa-
BOBOH 3aIQI1TbI HHTepecoB nOTpeOHTeJIH / / MeTO,l(HqeCKIH mypHaJI
«IOpH,l(l1qeCKaH pa60Ta B Kpe,l(ITHOH opraHH3aQHH». 2005. NQ 2.
B.I/,acoea M.M. AHaJII13 Kpe,l(HTOCnoc06HoCTH KJIl1eHTa KOMMepqeC- 223
Koro 6aHKa / / EaHKoBcKoe ,l(eJIo. 1997. NQ 3.

Bop01iU1i A. lIoTpe6HTeJIbcKoe Kpe,l(HTOBaHHe / / PaCqeTbl H onepa-
QHOHHaH pa60Ta B KOMMepqeCKOM 6aHKe. 2004. NQ 4 (47).
raepu1i JI.. J1cnOJIHeHl1e TpeTbHM mlQOM oOH3aTeJIbCTBa ,l(OJImHHKa
no Kpe,l(ITHoMY ,l(OroBOpy / / X03HMCTBO H npaBo. 2002. NQ 12.
rU.l!en JI.. KOMHCCHoHHble nJIaTemH npH Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1H / / X03Ht'ICT-
BO H npaBo. 2008. NQ 3.
rOpaeU 1 LU'K C. 3JIoynOTpeOJIeHIH npH Bbl,l(aqe Kpe,l(HTa / / 3aKoH-
HOCTb. 2007. NQ 7.
ropmxoe B.n. 3aKoH 0 Kpe,l(ITe H CneQH<pHKa «,l(eHemHoro 06palQe-
HIH» / / E13Hec H 6aHKK 1999. NQ 14.
rpU1i'bX06a H.B. lIp06JIeMbI npl1MeHemlH npaBa B 3aKJIlOqeHI1I, 113-
MeHeHHI1 H npeKpalQeHI1H OTHOllIeHHH no nOTpe6HTeJIbCKOMY Kpe,l(HTO-
BaHl110 / / lIp06JIeMbi npaBonOHIMaHI1H 11 npaBonpHMeHeHHH: TeOpl1H H
npaKUIKa. MaTepHaJIbl MempeniOHaJIbHOH HayqHO-npaKTl1qeCKOH
KOH<pepeHUI1H (12-13 anpeJIH 2007r., r. BOJImCKI1H).
rpumaee C.n. Kpe,l(ITHbIH ,l(OroBOp / / JJ:eHbnl I Kpe,l(IT. 2001. NQ 3.
Jl.ae'bLaOe B. KoMY He CJIe,l(yeT YCTynaTb / / EH3Hec-a,l(BoKaT. 2000.
NQ 7.
Jl.a1iU.l!e1i'Ko C. lIoTpe611TeJIbCKHt'1 Kpe,l(HT: nOpH,l(OK npe,l(OCTaBJIe-
HHH 11 nOCJIe,l(CTBHH HeB03BpaTa / / X03HHCTBO 11 npaBo. 2009. NQ 4.
Jl.ymoe M.C. lIOTpe611TeJIbCKHH Kpe,l(HT B TOprOBJIe / / 3aKoH. 2005.
NQ 5.
Eapo1ioea B.H., Xac.R1ioea C.lO. OQeHKa peHTl1Hra Kpe,l(HTHOH3aHB-
KI1 / / <p!HaHCbll1 Kpe,l(I1T. 2002. NQ 7.
EpJlta'Koe C.JI., MMu1ixu1ia 1O.A. PblHOK nOTpeOHTeJIbCKoro Kpe,l(H-
TOBaHI1H B POCCI1H: cOBpeMeHHble TeH,l(eHQI1H pa3BI1THH / / <PI1HaHCbI 11
Kpe,l(HT. 2006. 21(225).
M'Ilte1i'KO E.B. CTaHOBJIeHHe 11 pa3BHTle 6aHKoBcKOH CI1CTeMbI H 3BO-
JIIOQI1H Kpl1MI1HaJIbHblX nOCHraTeJIbCTB Ha Kpe,l(I1Tbl ,l(0 1917 ro,l(a B
POCCI1H / / <PI1HaHCbll1 Kpe,l(HT. 2003. NQ 16 (130).
Kapnoe M.B. lIpaBoBble Bonpocbl onpe,l(eJIeHHH Kpe,l(HTOCnoc06Ho-
CTI1 3aeMIQHKa / / .D:eHbrH H Kpe,l(I1T. 2000. NQ 11.
KUPU1LYX A.A. CneuH<pI1Ka ,l(oroBopa nOTpe6ITeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l(HTa / /
IOpHCT. 2008. NQ 10.
Kupu'lY'K A.A. lIOTpe6l1TeJlbcKHi1 Kpe,l(HT: 3aIQHTa npaB 3aeMIQHKa / /
3aKOHO,l(aTeJIbCTBo. 2007. NQ 12.
Kpacuxoe JI..A. Kpe,l(I1T KaK onpe,l(eJIHlOlQa.H KaTeropHH 6aHKoBcKOt'1
,l(eHTeJIbHOCTH / / BecTHHK CapaToBcKoH rocY,l(apCTBeHHot'1 aKa,l(eMI1I1
npaBa. 2003. NQ 2 (35).
221f KY.I!u'Koe A. Kpe,l(I1TOBaHHe cqeTa: ,l(Ba B O,l(HOM / / 3.iK-lOpI1CT. 2007.
NQ 11.

Kyp6amoo A.R. lIpaBoBble np06JIeMbi nOTpe6HTeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l(HTO-
BaHHH / / EaHKoBcKoe npaBo. 2007. NQ 3.
JIapu1ia T.M. lIOTpe6I1TeJIbCKHt'1 Kpe,l(I1T: nOHHTI1e 11 cnoc06bl Kpe,l(HTO-
BaHI1H / / IOpl1JJ.l1qeCKI1H aHaJIITl1qeCKI1H mypHaJi. 2004. NQ 2-3 (10-11).
JIapu 1 l€e E.B. lIoHHTHe, <pOPMbI, <PYHKQHI H BI,l(bI Kpe,l(I1Ta I npe-
,l(ynpem,l(eHle npaBoHapYllIeHHH B Kpe,l(HTHOH c<pepe / / POCCI1HCKI1H
CJIe,l(OBaTeJIb. 2003. NQ 5.
JIu B.O. 06 OQeHKe Kpe,l(ITOCnoc06HOCTI13aeMIQIKa (pOCCHMCKHt'1 I
3apy6emHblH onbIT) / / .D:eHbfl1 H Kpe,l(HT. 2005. NQ 2.
JIuelliU'll P.3., nU'Kumu1ic'Kuu B.M. lIpIHQl1nbI COBeTCKoro TPy,l(O-
Boro npaBa / / COBeTcKoe rocY,l(apCTBO 11 npaBo. 1974. NQ 8.
Ma'K0201i A.H. lIpaBoBoH aHaJIH3 KOHCTPYKQI1H ,l(oroBopa 3aMMa H
Kpe,l(I1Ta / / IOpl1,l(lqeCKHH aHaJIHTl1qeCKIM mypHaJI. 2003. NQ 3.
Muxeee T. HapYllIeHle npaB rpam,l(aH npl1 nOTPeoHTeJIbCKOM Kpe-
,l(HTOBaHI1H. HI1OmHOCTb ,l(OroBOpOB / / X03HMCTBO 11 npaBo. 2009. NQ 4.
HaYJltooa JI. CYlQecTBeHHbie YCJIOBI1H KpeMITHoro ,l(oroBopa / / Xo-
3HHCTBO 11 npaBO. 2003. NQ 12.
HaYJltoo O.A., c.I!ecapee B.JI. PaccMOTpeHl1e cnopoB 0 npH3HaHl11
Qeccm1 He,l(eHCTBHTeJIbHOH / / Ap611TpamHaH npaKTHKa. 2001. CneQ-
BbmyCK.
Hoeu'Koe A.H. MeJIKHH Kpe,l(I1T B POCC!H / / .D:eHbfl1 H Kpe,l(HT. 1994.
NQ4.
Op.l/,oea E.B. OcooeHHOCTI1 npo,l(aml1 TOBapoB B Kpe,l(I1T B P03HlqHOH
TOprOBJIe / / <t>HHaHcoBbIM BeCTHl1K. 2007. NQ 5.
ne1ia1OXOe A.lO. Onpe,l(eJIeHHe nOHHTHH «Kpe,l(I1T» / / C60pHl1K Ha-
yqHblX TPY,l(OB P AIOH. T. 2. 2005. NQ 5.
necceA'b M.A. 3aeM, Kpe,l(HT, cCY,l(a / / .D:eHbnl I Kpe,l(IT. 1999. NQ 4.
nempoe A. HeHa,l(JlemalQa.H peKJlaMa 6aHKOBCKHX yCJIyr / / 3.iK-
IOpHCT. 2005. NQ 39.
nOaC'bma1iu1i c.c. lIpaBoBble OCHOBbI nOTpe6HTeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l(HTa B
repMaHHH / / J;IHocTpaHHoe npaBo (C60pHI1K HayqHblX CTaTeH H co06-
lQeHI1H). 2000. BbIn. 1.
n0 1 LYUXU1i B. HeKoTopble Bonpocbl YCTynKH npaBa Tpe60BaHHH B
cOBpeMeHHoM rpam,l(aHCKOM npaBe / / X03HHCTBO H npaBo. 2000. NQ 1.
nynbt1iU1ia E.B. TeH,l(eHQHI1 ,l(oroBopa nOTpe611TeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l(I1Ta / /
lIpaBo H 06pa30BaHl1e. 2009. NQ 1.
Pa3yeaee B.B., c1i'blmXU1i A.B. lIOTpe6HTeJIbcKoe Kpe,l(HTOBaHHe / /
Tpy,l( 11 npaBo. 2006. NQ 19.
PaU.IL.R1i A.A. KOJIJIH3HH npaBoBbix HOpM, perymlpYlOlQHX rpam-
,l(aHCKO-npaBoBble nOTpe6HTeJIbCKHe OTHOllIeHHH / / POCCHMCKHM cy- 225
,l(bH. 2008. NQ 6.

Pa'llteec'KUU E.c. HeKOTOpble BOnpOCbl 3aIQHTbi npaB 3aeMIQHKOB B
OTHOllIeHHHX no nOTpe6HTeJIbCKOMY Kpe,l(HTOBaHI1IO / / EaHKoBcKoe
npaBo. 2007. NQ 4.
cae 1 lY'K T.B. rpam,l(aHCKO-npaBOBOe perYJIHpOBaHHe Kpe,l([THbIX
oTHollIeHHH B POCCH1>[CKOH <t>e,l(epaQ[[ / / 06IQeCTBO H npaBo. 2007.
NQ 4(18).
caa'bl'KOe Pe1iM'b P., caa'bl'Koe Pumam P. EaHKoBcKoe Kpe,l(I1TOBa-
Hl1e nOTpe6HTeJIei1: IOpl1,l(HqeCKl1e 11 SKOHOM[qeCKl1e oc06eHHOCTl1 / /
EaHKoBcKoe npaBo. 2007. NQ 3.
caxapoea 1O.B. 3aKOHO,l(aTeJIbCTBO 0 nOTpe6HTeJIbCKOM Kpe,l(HTO-
BaH!H / / POCC[HCKOe 3aKOHO,l(aTeJIbCTBO B COBpeMeHHblX YCJIOBH.HX.
MaTepl1aJIbl V emero,l(HOH HaYQHO-npaKTl1qeCKOH KOH<pepeHQHH (5 OK-
TH6pH 2007 r., r. EpHHcK).
c6um1iee B. lIoTpe6HTeJIb 11 6aHKI1 / / 3.iK-lOpHCT. 2008. NQ 2.
c.Mup1ioe E.E. EaHKH H He6aHKoBcKHe Kpe,l([THble opraHH3aQHI1:
BpeM.H Tpe6yeT BHeceHHH nonpaBoK B 3aKOH / / IOpl1,l([QeCKaH pa60Ta
B Kpe,l(I1THOM opraHH3aQ!H. 2006. NQ 3.
cJltup1ioe E.E. lIp06JIeMbI nOTpe6HTeJIbCKOrO Kpe,l([TOBaHHH / /
EaHKoBcKoe Kpe,l(I1TOBaHl1e. 2006. NQ 1.
cO.l/,OMU1i c.K. K Bonpocy COOTHOllIeHI1H KaTerOpl1H «npHHQl1nbl
6aHKoBcKoro Kpe,l(I1Ta» 11 «YCJIOBI1H 6aHKoBcKoro Kpe,l(I1TOBaHI1.H» / /
EaHKoBcKoe npaBo. 2009. NQ 1.
cO.l/,OMU1i c.K. 0 B03MomHOCTH I1CnOJIHeH[H Kpe,l([THoro 06H3a-
TeJIbCTBa TpeTbeMY m[QY / / 3aKoH. 2008. NQ 8.
cO.l/,OJltu1i c.K. 0 HeKoTopblX acneKTax ycrynKI1 npaBa Tpe60BaHHH
B03BpaTa Kpe,l(HTa 11 ynJIaTbl npoQeHToB no Kpe,l(I1THoMY ,l(OrOBopy / /
EaHKoBcKoe npaBo. 2008. NQ 1.
cO.l/,QMU1i c.K. 0 KBaJIH<pHKaQ!H 06H3aTeJIbCTB, B03HHKalOIQHX H3
Kpe,l([THOrO ,l(oroBopa / / lIpaBo H SKOHOM[Ka. 2007. NQ 8.
cO.l/,OMU1i c.K. TeopeTHKo-npaBoBble Bonpocbl CYIQHOCTI1 6aHKoB-
CKoro Kpe,l(HTa / / EaHKoBcKoe npaBo. 2007. NQ 2.
cO.l/,OJItu1i c.K. 06H3aTeJIbCTBeHHo-npaBOBa.H npl1po,l(a 6aHKoBcKoro
Kpe,l(HTa / / EaHKoBcKoe npaBo. 2006. NQ 3.
cmapocmu1ia O. .D:eHcTBHTeJIeH JII1 ,l(OroBOp 6e3 nO,l(nHCI1 rJIaBHoro
6yxraJITepa? / / 3KOHOMI1Ka 11 ml13Hb. 1999. NQ 11.
Tapu'Ka1ioe A.B. K Bonpocy 06 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a HapYllIeHl1e ,l(e-
HemHoro 06.H3aTeJIbCTBa / / 3aKOHO,l(aTeJIbCTBo. 2005. NQ 2.
TocY1i.R1i r., BU'KY.l!u1i A. J;lcKJIIOQ[TeJIbHa.H npaBocnoc06HoCTb 6aH-
Ka / / X03H1>ICTBO 11 npaBo. 1999. NQ 5.
226 TpocpuJltoe K.T. EaHKoBcKI1H Kpe,l(I1T 11 3aJIOr ,l(eHer / / «qepHble
,l(blpbl» B pOCCI1HCKOM 3aKOHO,l(aTeJIbCTBe. 2004. NQ 4.

Typ6a1ioe A.B. lIpaBoBble np06JIeMbi nOTpe6HTeJIbCKoro Kpe,l(HTO-
BaH[H / / EaHKoBcKoe npaBo. 2008. NQ 1.
xoaJICaeea M., JIapu1i C. OQeHKa Kpe,l([TOCnoco6HOCT[ <pH3[qeCKHX
JI[Q C I1CnOJIb30BaHHeM ,l(epeBbeB pellIeHl1H / / EaHKoBcKoe ,l(eJIo. 2004.
NQ3.
Xox.I/,oe C.A. PerYJIl1pOBaH[e ,l(eHemHblX OTHOllIeHHH / / BecTHHK
BAC P<t>. 1996. NQ 8.
L{unpuey3 K.A. K Bonpocy 0 nOTpe6HTeJIbCKOM Kpe,l(HTOBaHH[ / /
IOpI1CT. 2003. NQ 2.
qe2oeaa3e JI. YCTynKa npaBa Tpe6oBaHHH. 3aKoH H npaBonpHMeHH-
TeJIbHaH npaKTHKa / / X03HHCTBO H npaBo. 2001. NQ 9.
qe ' lU1ia H.A. lIpHHQmbl COBeTCKoro rpam,l(aHcKoro npoQeccyaJIb-
HOro npaBa H HX HopMaTHBHoe 3aKpenJIeHHe / / lIpaBOBe,l(eHl1e. 1960.
NQ3.
Qynpoea A.lO. KBaJIH<pHKaQHH npecTynHoro o6MaHa B Kpe,l(I1THO-
<plHaHcoBoH c<pepe / / EaHKoBcKoe npaBo. 2000. NQ 2.
QYP'Ku1ia 3. JIoM6ap,l( KaK npe,l(npHHTHe 6bITOBOrO 06CJIymHBaHl1H / /
.D:eHbfl1 H Kpe,l([T. 1972. NQ 7.
Illa'Kupoea P.P. K Bonpocy 0 npaBax H o6H3aHHocTHX CTOpOH no
Kpe,l(HTHoMY ,l(OroBOpy / / lIpaBo H nOJIHT[Ka. 2005. NQ 7.
RJlmo.l/,'bc'KuU H.M. 0 TpaKTOBKaX Kpe,l(HTa / / .D:eHbfl1 H Kpe,l(HT.
1999. NQ 4.
AMccepTaMM M aBTope4JepaTbl:
AAe'Kceee A.A. lIpaBoBoe perYJIHpOBaHHe 6aHKoBcKoro Kpe,l(HTOBa-
HHH <pH3HqeCK[X JIHQ. .D:HCC. ... KaH,l(. IOP[,l(. HayK. M.: prE, 2008.
Apecpbeea H.H. .D:oroBop 6aHKoBcKoro Kpe,l([TOBaHHH. .D:HCC.... KaH,l(.
IOPH,l(. HayK. BOJIrorpa,l(: prE, 2000.
Ea1iaYPu1ia H.B. Kpe,l(HTHbIH ,l(OroBOp C yqaCTHeM IOpH,l([qeCKHX
JII1Q. .D:I1CC. '" KaH,l(. IOpl1,l(. HayK. M.: prE, 2005.
Eo6poea O.B. lIpaBoBble OCHOBbI rocY,l(apCTBeHHoro perYJIHpOBa-
HHH 6aHKoBcKoro Kpe,l(HTOBaHHH. .D:HCC. ... KaH,l(. IOPI1,l(. HayK. CapaToB:
prE, 2000.
Kpecc B.B. 06H3aTeJIbCTBO no B03BpaTY 6aHKOBcKoro Kpe,l(I1Ta H
nopyql1TeJIbCTBO KaK cnoco6 o6eCneQeHHH ero HCnOJIHeHI1H. .D:[cc. ..,
KaH,l(. IOpl1,l(. HaYK. TOMCK: prE, 1999.
MacAo B.B. lIpaBOBble np06JIeMbi 6aHKoBcKOro Kpe,l([TOBaHI1H H
06eCneQeHI1e B03BpaTHOCTH Kpe,l([THOH 3a,l(OJImeHHocTH. .D:I1CC. ... KaH,l(. 22'1
IOPI1,l(. HayK. M.: prE, 2004.

neCCeA'b M.A. BJIHHHHe Kpe,l(HTa Ha SKOHOMHqecKYIO s<p<peKTHB-
HOCTb npOMbIllIJIeHHOrO npOH3BO,l(CTBa. ABTOpe<p. ,l(ICC. ... ,l(OKT. SKOH.
HayK. M., 1967.
npucmU'/ic1w6 A.B. OT,l(eJIbHble np06JIeMbI rpam,l(aHCKO-npaBOBoro
peryJIHpOBaHI1H 6aHKOBCKoro Kpe,l(HTOBaHIH. .D:HCC.... KaH,l(.lOpH,l(. HaYK.
ClI6.: prE, 2006.
rJep1ie1i'Ko B.A. lIOTpe6HTeJIbCKIH Kpe,l(IT B POCCIHCKOH <t>e,l(epa-
QHH. .D:HCC. ... ,l(OKT. SKOH. HayK. ClI6.: prE, 2000.
lOcuno6 p.r. Oco6eHHocTH rpam,l(aHCKO-npaBoBoro perYJIJ1pOBaHIH
,l(eHemHbIX o6H3aTeJIbCTB B npaBooTHOllIeHI1HX 6aHKoBcKoro Kpe,l(HTO-
BaH!H. .D:HCC. ... KaH,l(. IOpH,l(. HayK. M.: prE, 2006.
04JMManbHble MHTepHeT-McToLlHMKM:
http://www.duma.gov.ru - o<pHQlaJIbHbIH caHT rOCY,l(apCTBeHHOH
.D:YMbI POCCHt'ICKOH <t>e,l(epaQHH.
http://www.cbr.ru-O<pIQHaJIbHbIHcat.ITl..{eHTpaJIbHoro 6aHKa
P<t>.
http://www.nbki.ru - 0<pHuHaJIbHbIH caHT HaUHOHaJIbHoro 61Opo
Kpe,l(HTHbIX HCTOPHt'I.
http://www.arb.ru - o<pHQHaJIbHbIH caHT AccoQlaQHH POCCHH-
CKI1X 6aHKoB.
http://www.asros.ru - o<pI1QHaJIbHbIM caMT AccOQl1aQHH penlO-
HaJIbHblX 6aHKoB POCC!H.
http://www.bankir.ru - npo<peccHOHaJIbHblM HHTepHeT-nOpTaJI 0
6aHKoBcKOM ,l(eHTeJIbHOCTH I <pI1HaHCOBoM pblHKe POCCHMCKOH <t>e,l(e-
paQm1.
http://www.potrebc.ru - npo<peccHOHaJIbHblM HHTepHeT-nOpTaJI 0
nOTpe6HTeJIbCKOM Kpe,l(HTOBaHHH B POCCHt'ICKOM <t>e,l(epaQHH.
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