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Chopter I
WHAT IS LAW?

Un;' 1
LAW AND SOCIETY
legal
1-
npaBOBOil
np<rno {8 06"beKTIfBHOM I:MhlCAel, o5II1ee npa-
80; 3aKOH
civil
criminal law
a criminal case
a civil case
common law
case law
judicial
authority
to decide a case
to apply the law
justice
to administer I
to dispense justice
judicature
to investigate
evidence
testimony
Useful Words and Expressions for Speech Practil:e
rpd)KAaHCKoe IIpaBO
yrOI\.OBHOe npaBO
yroAo8Hoe /J,eAO
rproKAaHCKOe 1*/10
05111ee npdBo (AHrMlHJ, 06wJHoe npaBo; He.
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nOA qA1; (3) 1:)',l\bR UnsUce of the peace -
MlIpOBUlI I:YA1Jl); (4) 'ihE'H BepxoBHoro I:YAA (8
Am)
OTIIpaIWITh rrpaBOCYAHe
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Task 1_ Study tne text below, making sure you fully comprehend It.
Where app-oprioIe, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or olner
reference & source books on low.
-T
Law, body of offil:ial rules and regulations, genera1ly
found in I:onstitutions, legislation, judicial opinions, and
the like, that is used to govern a society and to I:ontrol
the behavior of its members. The nature and functions of
law have varied ttua..ghrut hIStory. In modem societies,
some authorized body such as a legislature or a 1:0urt
makes the law. It is backed by the coercive power of the state, wbkh e/l-
fun:es the law by means of appropriate penalties or remedIes.
Fonnallegal rules and actions are usually dIstinguished from other
means of social I:ontrol an(! guides for behavior such as mores, morality,
publil: opinion, and custom or traditIon. Of ctJUrSe. a lamnaker may re-
spond to public opinion or other pre and a fonnallaw may prohibit
what is morally unacceptable.
Law serves a vanety of functions. Laws against Q1IDCS, for example,
help to maIntaIn a peaceful. orderly. relatively stable society. Courts I:on-
tribute to social stability by resolving disputes in a I:[vilized fashion. Prop-
erty and I:ontract laws facIlitate business activities and private planning.
Laws lirmtmg the powers of guvemment he1p to provide some degree of
freedom that would not otherwise be possible. Law has also been used as a
mechanism for social I:hange; for insJance. at various times laws have been
passed to inhibit social discrimination and to impro\'e the quality of mdl-
vidual life in matters ofhea1th, education, and welfare.
Some experts believe the popular view of law overemphasizes lis for-
mal, I:oerc[ve aspects. They point out that if a crlstom or nonn IS assured of
judidal bocking, it is, for practil:al pulJ1oses, law. On the other hand. a stat-
1I1e that is neither obeyed nor enforced is empty fern'. Social attitudes toward
the fonnallaw are a signifil:ant part ofthe law in process. The role of law
in ChIna and Japan, for example, IS somewhat different from its role In
Western nations. Respect for the processes of law is low, at leas! outside
mailers of business and industry. Tradition looms much larger in everyday
life. Resort to legal resolution of a dispute is truly a last resort, with I:on-
I:lhatlon being the mechanism that is preferred for social l:ontroL
Law IS not rorupletely a matter of human enactment; it also includes
natural law_ The best-known version of this view. that God's law is su-
preme, has had I:onsiderable influence in the United States and other West-

em societies. The dvil rights movement, for example, was at least partially
inspired by the belief in natura1law. Such a belief seems inlplil:it m the
view that law should serve to promote human dignity. as for instance by the
enforcement of equal rights for all
?
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
I. What is law?
2. Who makes law in modem societies?
3. Is there any distinction betY.-een law and morality?
4. What are the functions oflaw?
5. How do you understand the phrases from the text: law for practical
pwposes and empty law?
6. What is the role of law in eastern l:oLmtnes?
7. What IS the mfluence ofnaturaJ law m modem life?
I I J Task. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the
h4---J following words and expres5lOl"lS:
CBOlIo4JHlUlaflbllWl.npaBHJI
I:WJlanpHH)')J(!leHI-UI
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IillHIIcpt8cn!npaIIOooH3aiWITbI
MopaJIbHO HenpDe\lJJeNuH
npll..:wm, <qJCJMCpHOt' JHB'JeHHe
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acne,,'}'
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3aKOH01IBTCJJbMO)f(eTpeampoBaThHa
06utecmeHHoe MHeHIJt:
Task 3. (oj Malch the English expressions with tneir Russian equiva-
lents m the table.
NB I
Law - (I) npaBo; (2) JaKOH; (3) CYllOOHa!!
npDlte,'\)lJla; (4) IQCTIJUIJII

(I) inheritance law
(2) housing law
(3) executive law
(4) environmental law
(5) employment law
(6) contracllaw
(7) I:opyrighllaw
(8) constitutional law
(9) I:ommon law
(10) I:aselaw
(II) adminis!rativela\\
(a) BllMHHHCYpaTHBH0e npaBo
(b) npeue.neH1Hoe npaBO
(I:) noroBopHoe npaBo
(d) 06weenpaBo
(e) "---otJCIJITyUHOHHoe npaso
(f) aBTOpCKOenpaBo
(g) TpynOBoe npaBo
(h) npaBOBble HOpMbl no oxpaHe oKpY-
)((alOwei!l:pel!bI
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(j) )((HJlHWHoenpaBo
(k) HaCI1eI\C'TBCHHoe npaBO
Ib) Match tile legal terms on tile left witll tlleir definitions on tile right
(I) Constitutional law deals (a) relations between governments as
with well as between private citIzens of
one I:ountry and those of another.
(2) Intemationallaw regu1ates (b) the budget, taxation, statel:redits, and
other spheres offmancial activity.
(3) Pubbc law ooocems (d the relatIonships between mdivlduals
or bodies within the I:ountty. This
field of law is c<Yll1eCted with relations
in the economil: sphere oflife, with re-
lations involving property, its distribu-
tion and exdlBnge.
(4) FlnancJallaw regulates (d) disputes between cItlzcnsand the slate.
or between one state and another.
(5) CivIl law regulates (eJ the relationships between the state
and individual peop1e and bodies. It
defines the general principles of
I:rimma1 responsibility, individual
types of I:flmeS and pumshment ap-
plied to I:rimina1s.
6) C'flmmaJIaw regulates (f) social strucrure, orgaJllzatlon of state
power and the legal status of dtizetK
Its principal source is the cour.try'<:
Constltut!on.
10

(I) tOl:ratelaw
(2) toapp1yla'W
(3) tovio1ate/breaklaw
Task 4. (a) Match the English expressions with their Russian equiva-
lents in the table:
(4) to enfocce law
(5) to amend law
(6) toobservel
(7) to keep within law
(8) law-abiding citizens
(9) law and order
(10) law-breaker
(a) npHMeH.IITb 3aKOH
(b) HapYlllaTb"3aKOH
(I:) OCYli\eCTBJllITb 3aKOH, npoB01I)ITb
3aKOHB:H\H1Hb
(d) 1:011laBaThJaKOH
(e) npH.lI€pJKllB<rIbCJIJaKOHa
(f) 3aKOHOnOCJlYIllHblerpa JK l!aHe
(g) c06J11o.aaTb JHKCH
(h) BHOCMTbnorJI:'lBl'MB3aKOH
(I) npaBOH3pyllll-ITeJlb
(j) npaBOnopJlllOK
toinve<ii
to-..re
topJeadgullty
tosearc1J
(b) By whom (0 judge, 0 lawyer, a policeman, etc.) can the following
actions be performed?
lodetendmcourt
tollnptison
to lock up
to lake mtOl:ustod)
to apprehend
to detain
to seize
tOI:OIJ1ilct
<- 'it
t "' Debate: LAW AND MQRAUTY
What do you think about the 1:0nnection betv.'een.law and morahty?
. Does law rea1ly work in our society?
11


Tosk 5. Study the information below and answer the ques-
tions
HISTORY OF LAW
Law develops as socJet) evolves. Histori-
l:a1ly, the sImplest societies were tribal. The
members of the tribe were bonded togI:ther
initially by kinship and worship of the same
gods. Even in the abseoce of courts and
legislature there was law - a blend of
ctSom, morality. religIon. and magi\:. The
visible authonty was the ruler, or I:hief; the
ultimate authonties were believed to be the
gods whose wdl was revea1ed in the forces of nature and 01 the revelations of
the tribal head or the priests. Wrongs against the lribe, such as sacrilege or
breach oftrihal ClI'itom. were met With group sanctions inc1uding ridialle and
hostility
Wrongs against individuals, such as murder, theft, adultery, or failure
to repay a debt, were m.enged by the family or the victim. often in actions
against the family of the wrongdoer. Revenge of this kind was based on
tribal custom. a major wmponent of early law.
Tribal society gradually evolved Into tenitoria1 I:onfederations. Govern-
mental structures emerged. and modem law began to take shape. The most
sigmfK:ant historical exampJe is Roman law, whkh influenced most of the
legal  of the world. In the 8th centUI)' be the law of Rome was still
largely a blend of rust om and interpretation by rmgistrates of the will of the
gods. 1l1e magistrates later lost their legltLmocy because of gross discrimina-
tion aganst the lower (plebeIan) \:lass. The threat ofrevolulion led to one of
the most signifK:ant deveJopnents in the history oflaw: the T1,w'f> Tables of
Rome, whkh were engraved on bronze tablets in the 5th I:emuy BC They
were largely a declaratIOn of existmg ClNtom concerning such matters as
property, payment of debts, and appropriate COJ"J1XI1SBI:ion or other remedies
for dahlage to pc:n;ons. The Twelve Tables serve as a historil:al basis for the
widespread modem belief that fupne<;<; in law demands that it be in written
fonn. These tables and their Roman SLICCe"SOTS. inc1uding theJuslmlGn Code,
led to I:ivil-Iaw I:odes that provLde the main source oflaw in much of modem
Europe, South Amenl:a, and elsewhere.
ill lit
12

The conunon-Iaw systems of England, and later of the U.S.. developed
in a different manner. Before the NOfman Conquest (1066). England was a
loose I:onfederation of societies, the laws of whkh were largely tribal and
local. 1be Anglo-Nonnan rulers I:reated a S)'stehl of I:entralized I:ourts that
operated under a sing1e set of laws that superseded the rules law down by
earlier societies. This legal ""..m. known as the ('ommtJn low ofEnglond,
began WIth COhllOOJi aJstoms. but over time it Involved the I:ourts mlaw-
making that was re<ipOhSlVe to changes in society.
'1
. ANSWER mE FOLLOWING QUESTlQ\lS;
I. What kind of law was used in tribal societies?
2. What kind of authorities were in primitive societies?
3. How were wrongs agaInst the tribe and individuals punished?
4. What do you know about Roman law of the 8'-5tb I:enturies BC?
5. What do you know about the hisIcricaJ. basis of the civil-law and
I:orrunonlawsysrems?
Task 6. Use lire verbs relOled to legol matters given in lire box to
complete lire sentences:
(0)
to wnsider, to I:ommit x 2, to prove, to sentence, to sue, to bribe, to find
(I) In many legal systems it is an important principle that a person I:annot
be_guiltyofal:flmeuntil the state prove<; he_it.
(2) 1l1e suspect doesn't need _ anything, but he can show evidence
of his innocence.
(3) Malke afurethought refers to the mens rea of the crime and is a way of
saying that the murderer intended to _a crime.
(4) Different societIes continua1ly review their ideas of what should and
shouldn't be a I:rime.
(5) Thejudge _him to ten years ofimprisonment.
(6) The I:ompany fired him after the accident, but his advocate helped him
to _ _ the company for $20,000.
(7) He tried to_the judge to get the I:harges dropped.
13

(b)
to dJB£ge. to pi&, to I:onvkt, to oonfess. to accuse. to send, to award. to
oomper&lte, to cause, to ocquit, to I:ross-ex8mine, to fmd
(I) When he was_he l:ontradktedhlsearJiertestlmony.
(2) Most solil:itors don't _for the firstl:onsultauon.
(3) The thief_his pocket on the street without his noticing.
(4) He will obviously be _ guilty, it IS a flagrant case orear-
fuption.
(5) There was msuflklent eVldeoce for the 1:0tu1 to her
(6) The po1ke were _ of USIng torture to make suspe<:ts
(7) He was _ _ to prison for two years but wlth his lawyer's help
he was after the second I:onsideration of hIs I:ase.
(8) Hewas_$IOOOO to_the damages_
by the manufucturer.
G QUOTAllONS FOR COMMON DISCUSSION
Laws that do not embody public opinion can never be en-
fon:ed.
Elbert Hubbard
It is the spirit and not the fonn of law that keeps justice a1ive.
Anonymous
Half the world is composed of the people who hitve something
to say and can't and the other half who have nothing to say
and keep on saying.
Frost
14

..
'-"'" .DKES ABOUT LAWYERS
LaMyer: Judge, I WIsh to appeal my I:hent's I:ase on the basis of newly
olScO\'U"Cdcvido...ncc
Judge: And ,,,'hat IS the natur ofthe new evidt:nce?
Lmt'Ju: Judge, I dlEmI. that my client stlll has $500 left.
An elderly man 82, Just returned from the doctors only to find he didn't
have long to hve. So he summons the three mosllmportant people In Ius hfe
(has doctor. his pnest, hIs Ia\-\o}'er) to say, "Well today I found out I don't have
long to live. So I asked YOll three ht:re, beC3Llse yuu are the most ImporIdCd
people In my hfe. And I need to ask II favour. Today I mn gOing to gIVe each of
you an envelope WIth $..'>0.000 dollars in it. \\!hen I die, I would ask that all
threc()fyou throw the money In my grave.)
Wdl. a few days latcrthc man passed on. lllC doctor said, (<I ha\ic to admIt
I kept $10,000 oollars of his money. he O\-ve<! me lots of medical bills. But I
threwthe{]ther$35.000 in.»
The Pnest said, «I have to admit also I kept $25,000 dolhm for the I:hurch.
Its all going to a good I:ause. And I threw the rest in.)
Well, tlle La\"}'er Just couldn't believe what he was hearing, c<l 3JTl sur-
prised at you two. I wrotcal:heck forthc whole amount and threw it in.»
Task 7. Study tne text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
Where app-opriote, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or olner
reference & source books on low.
COMMON LAW AND CIVIL LAW
Common law, tenn used to refer to the main body of English unwritten
law thatevo1ved from the 12th century_ The namel:omes from the idea that
English medieval law, as administered by the I:Ourts of the realm, reflected
the «common» I:ustoms of the kingdom. This S)'Stem of law prevails in
Britain and in those countries, such as Canada and the United States, that
were origina1ly I:olomzed by English settlers.
The I:ommon law is based on the principle of decidingl:ases by refereoce
to prev judicial decisions, rather than to vmtten statutes drafted by
legislative boches. Common law can be cmtra'ttd to the civil-law <;ystem.
based on ancient Roman law, found in oortinettal Europe and elo;ew(re.
15

Whereas civll-Iaw judges resolve di"J1lk'S by refemng to statuto!)' principles
arrived at in advance, I:ommon-Iaw judges focus more intently on the facts of
the particular I:ase to arrive at a fair and equitable result for the Inigants.
General rules or p-ecedents are guidelmes for judges deciding sImIlar
1:8seS in the future. Subsequent 1:8seS, however, may reveaJ new and different
facts and I:onsideratlons, such as I:hanging socia1 or technologil:a1 I:onditions.
A common-law judge is then me to depart from  and establish a
new rule of decision, whK:h sets a new (ttredent as it is accqted and used
by different judges in other I:ases. In thiS mmmer. I:orrnnon law retaIns a
dynamil: for change. As the U.S. Superne Court Justice Oliver Wendell
H01mes, Jr. v.rote in his book, The Corrnnon Law (1881): lane life of the
[common] law has not been logIc; it has been experience.»
Civilla't'. tenn applied to a legal tradItion originatmg in ancient Rome and
to the oontetnpocal) legal systems based on this tradition. Modem I:ivil law
systems, whkhwere onginally developed in Western European cOLU1tries, have
spread thn. the world. The tenn I:ivil law also app1ies to all legal
puceedmgs that are not I:mninal. Under this definitioo laws regulatIng
mamage, contracts, and payment for persona1 mjwy are examples of I:ivillaw.
The most obvious feature ofa I:ivlllaw system IS the presence ofa written
I:ode of law. The I:ode is a S}sternatic and compehemive oompllation of legal
rules and principles. Although the contents of codes may vary widely from
I:ountty to I:ountty, aU codes are intended as a blupint of socia] regulation
that atten-qts to guide indIviduals through society from birth to death.
The I:IVJllaw tradition makes a s1larp distinction between private and
publil: law. Private law indudes the rules governing I:ivil and I:orrnnercml
relationships such as marriage, divorce, and contractual agreements. Public
law consists of matters that I:oncern the government: I:onstitutional law,
I:riminal law. and administrative law. In many I:ountries with I:ivil law
systelffi, two sets of I:ourts exist -those that hear publK: law I:ases and
those that address matters of private law.
The role of judges in I:Ivl1 law jurisdictions differs I:onsiderably from
that of judges in common law systems. When different facts or new
I:onsiderations arise. oom/IJon law judges are me to depart from pre<:edenl
and establish new law. The dvillaw tradition views judges as govenunent
offK:ials who perfonn essential but lU1creative fuoctions. Civil law judges
administer the codes that are written by legal scholars and enacted by
legislators They may also consult legal treatIses on the issue in question.
The civil law system a<;>;ume<; that there is only one oonect solution to a
specifk lega1 problem. 1berefore, judges are not expected to use judicia1
discretion or to app1y their own interpretation to a I:ase.
16

'1 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. What does the tenn common law refer to?
2. In what I:ountnes does I:Olilln:on law system prevail?
3. How I:ommon law I:an: be rontrasterl tothe I:lVd-law system?
4. What is the main principle of the l:ommoll law legal system?
5. What is the difference in resolving disputes between common-law
judges and I:jvil-Iaw judges?
6. Whatisaprecedent?
7. When ajudge can depart rrom the precedent?
8. What are the two meanings of the tenn dvillaw'?
9. In what I:ountries is dvillaw system used?
10. What is the distinction between private and public law?
II. What is the difference in the role of judges in civil law jurisdIctIons
and in I:ommon law systems?
UJ To,k 8. Find 'n the te obo"e the Engll,h eq,'"oleolo 10<
the following words and expressions
pewarb i\eJ]U, CCMJlaJ!Cb Ha npe,!lbl-
lI)'UUlecY1lC6HblepeweHIDI
aJC1:ll!JIeHHble 3al\DHQI1a1e1JbHbIMH
°PraH3»tH
pa3peW3Tbcnopbl
CCblJla!l.Cb Ha npe!II1JJCaHHble 3aKOHOM
npl1HltM llbl
Jl06HThCJ! 'lee-mom 11 cnpaBt;:!,llHBoro
pe3y.lbTaTallJISlCTOpoH
0TICJ10HIfThCJ!OTrrpel\el!eIIT3HYCTaHO-
SHTh 11011)I10 npaBOB)'1O HOpM)'
illIIDK)'IllaJICw,lalI."lJInepeMeH
BCeofu.eMrrIOll1l-Dlc50pHHKnpaBOBb!X
HopMHnpHIIUH1l0B
nporpaM'-ta COWJ:ilJbHOro pel)'JIII-
"""""
-.paKraTbI
aJ06a.rrnblii Bbl60p cylIbH
t7

UJ Ta,k 9. ';11 ;0 the gap' wuh the wo,d, ood wo,d comb;oo-
lions from the box:
evidence, legislators. differs substantially. I:hanged, mformatlon, prior
judi6al decisions, hearings. advice
Civil law systems do not have any process like the I:OIJl]TJon law practil:e of
discovery the pretnal search for _ oonducted by the parties
involved in the 1:3se. The tnal of a I:ase under I:ivillaw also from
a 1:00runon law trial. in whi<:h both parties present arguments and witn esses
in open I:ourt. In l:]vJllaw systems the judge SUperviseS the I:ollection of
and usually examines witnesses in private. Cross-examination of
witnesses by the opposing party's attorney is rare. Instedd, a dvillaw action
I:onsists of a series of meetings, _' and letters through whIch
testimony is taken, evidence is gathered. and judgment is rendered.. This
eliminates the need for a trial and, therefore, for ajury.
Svstems of 1:00runon law and I:lYillaw also differ III how law IS I:reated
and how it can be Corrunon law IS derived from I:ustom and
precederqs (bindingIwb';;ems made by ----.J. In the l:ommOT1
law system, the precedent itself is law. Therefore, the judges who decide
whK:h party will prevaIl in any given trial are also the creators of I:OlTUnOn
law. Civil law, on the other hand, is made by who try to
supplement and modernize the I:odes, usually with the _ of legal
scholars. Civil law judges administer the law. but they do not I:reate it
'1 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. How do the trials under civil law differ from a I:ommon law trial?
2. How is law created and how can it be changed in both systemS?
18

Task 10. Study the inlormotion below, making sure you
fully comprehend it Answer the questions
SCIENCE OF TI-£ LAW
junsprudenc (Latin jllH.lpnIlfentia, from jllS,
«Iaw.« anrl pi udentto. «knowledge» J, kmwledge of
the law and its interpretatlon, or the science and
philosophy of law In anCient Rome th teon was
used in the former sense. Those who were so
skilk:d III thc law that they I:ould Idc a novcl or
doubtlul case were l:alledjl/l"lS pmlkrdes, wht:lher
or not they were judges. and the body of law bUIlt
up by their mterpretatlOn was caned jlll"U
prudentiu. Ibis development of law by interpretation is akm to "'hat English-
speakmg peoples call «L"BSO law -law anS1llg from a body of dclded cass;
in France and Spain the term.illl"ipnulux.e is still used in that sense.
The uordjlll",sprodel1C'e IS usually used to de<icr1he \\11at was often called
at an l:ar1ll:r period the phtl0SOphy of law and what Cont1llcnta1 wntcrs now
caU the Iheory or science of law. English or U.S. treatises on jurisprudence
defme the essential elements in our I:onception of law; the way in \\'hu:h law
onginates - III popul!IT custums., Judicial usage, and legIslatIOn - and the
way m whkh II CC3Se'! to exist - by I:hange of usage, ion, or repeal;
its appJlcatlon WIth reference to pcrsons. tnne, and place; and Ihe way III
\\'hjl:h it IS enforced. Juri<qmJdence formulates legal relatIons, rights, and du-
ties. It may undertake to dasslry law and to construct a system III which every
rule of law may find an appropriate place. It may a1so attempt to dass!ry aU
the rclatlons that the law l"(':C(!f1,IlIZes or crcatc'i and which it regulatcs or or-
ders, that is, Ihe relations of stale and govemmenllo indivldu.-tb and groups,
and of mdivlduals and b'TOUPS 10 each other. It may even analyze the funda-
mental I:onceptions of the family. of property. and ofsuccesslOlt.
? ANSWER mE FOllOWI!\("; QUESTIONS:
I. What is the history of the tennjlJriSf."-/deflctf!
2. What is jurisprudeoce according English and US treatIses?
3. What is Ihe way in whil:h law originates?
4. How does it I:easeto eXist?
5. What does jurisprudence formulate. dass!ry and ana1yze?
19

.;1 STUPID CRIMINALS
Alqandro Martinez has to win for jaw-drqJping stupidity. HavIng just
compleJed ajob application fonn at a pizzeria in Las Vegas, he decKled 10
rob the place He got a\-vay with $110 but was qwckly tmeked 00\\11 by
pohce lLmg  name and addre<;.... nn the fonn.
Pobce didn't have too much trouble tindmg Enl: NoJan after he ran off
1010 woods ha1ling broken a court order. They simply called his mobile
ohoneand listened out for therilU!-tone.
. .
"- -1. Task 11. Study the .mormation below, m . oking sure you
 fully comprehend it Answer tile questions
Criminal 11m - branch of law that defines mmes .-
and fIXes punishments for them. Criminal law inchxles rules and It
procedures for preventlllg and investigatIng I:nmes and
= o: Ie 'inre;ts f: :: 0
admmistration of penal mslitulions.
In general, the I:nmmallaw ofmos! modem states dasslfies I:rimes as of-
fenses againSilhe safety ()fthe stale; olTenses against the public welfare; of-
fenses against property; and offense<; threatemng the Ir.t'" orsafety of person"
In the US criminal law has a munbercfumque f In detetlTlming the
I:nmmal law, the fukral government and each of the statc gO\"(J1Hncnts are
SOVc:rclgTl \\"hm the blnlts ofthelr authonty as defined by the US Cvnstltution.
In many particulars the criminal law varies from stale to state. The federal gov-
emmentand a number of states have fotlTlula1edcodes of criminal law.
In the US and Great Britain themos! serious crime
is treason.
Treason-crmunalofferneim-""'lfl!:theattempt,
cpenacts,tofJ\lUthrolvt11CQJ\UTI1l1eftto\\iWJlt11ColfcndeT
O\vesallegwncc,crtobetroythestatetoafOTe1gn(X!wer '\
Treason in English Law
T \VO b'TIIdes cftreason eXI1ed In early English law:
high treason, which was directed against the Crown, and
petty treason, which I:onsistedofacrimeagamst a sub-
ject, such as a wifc killing hcr husband. or a servant
IIlIlI"dennghlsmastcr.
In early English statutes the most senous offenses were romp:.1S"ing or
imaginme; the dealh of the SO\-ert:Jgn, adhering 10 the sovereIgn's enemIes and
20

gIVin.g thcm aid and I:omfort, and Icvyin.g war against thc SOVCTCIgl1. Statutcs
were changed from tllne to tIme between the reign of Edward III and that of
Elizabeth I. After the Restoration the Stuart judges used «constructLve treasorII>
to di resistance to the Crown. They extended the offenses to Include
words as well as deeds. In 166], a "'TIter was convICted of treason for wntln.g
an artldc suggcstin.g that thc kin.g was aocountablc to the peopl\:
Treason in US History
Artlde III, SectIon 3, of the U.s_ Constitution follows the English law:
«Trca'iOO agamst the Unitcd Statcs shall I:onsist only In !crying war agamst
them, or in adhenng to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort_ No person
shall be convicled of treason unless on lhe testimony of two w1lru:sses 10 the
S!llTle overt act, or on l:onfcssiOTl in open I:Ourt.)
At the end ofthe 17th centwy I:oloniallaw followed the English law oftrea-
son. Dunng the French and Indian War some I:olomes amsi&:red tradmg WIth
the enemy treasonous_ r...1assach1setts in 1706 declared «COTrC'!p011de with
the enemy to be treason. Dunng lhe 168050 Virginia attempted to pum-h the de-
struction of young tOOacoo plants, m ordcr to control pnccs, as treason. In 1:010-
nial days the penalty for conviction of treason followed the English law, provid-
ing for .1ttaInder. forlbtlrre, or loss of property. and the loss of a1l n!,.-hts of mlu:n-
lance_ llJe scntence Included the practICe ofbangmg and quartenng. Often, how-
ever. the I:olonial governor received a reversal ofthe judgment from the Crown.
Dunng the Ammc.m &vOlu11011, ch.m!:es of mason were brought agamst
AmencanoftheBnl1shCongressavtltorrlWthedeath
penalty for Amencan soldleTS \-WIO supported KIng Geu-{re III. SevernI men were
han!,>ed for enlisting soIdlClS In the lUng's army and lOr vanollS oilier violations,
such as furmsrnng supplies to the Bnbsh. Many ronvlcted troItors "'en: pardoned.
In 1790. Congress fixed the penalty for treason as death by hanging The
accused was to CIYOY I:ertam procedural rigl1ts; a I:Opy ofthe indictment; a bst
of jurors and witne'i.o;es at least three days before trial. repre"C11IatJon by coun-
sel; compulsory pruc:e'I<: for WIIl1CS!.t:s on behalf .
of the accvsed, and JIttIllrt(r)' challenge of 35 __".'
members ofthe jury panel.
The first Americans 1:0Tl\-"ICtOOand execl1lcd
for treason m peacetllTJe were the engux:er Juhus
Rosenberg (1918-53) and his wlfe Ethel
Rosenberg (1915-53). The Rosenbtrgs, bolh
members of t]1e Communist party. were found
gULlty in 1951 of transJmttJn.g atomic military
secrets to a Soviet spy, in a cOT,ttO\'t:tS1al trial. After SC\er.'l1 appeals 10 the
U$_ Supreme Court and II refusal of clemency by Pre<;idEnt Elsenoower_ the
Rosenbergs were execl1loo at Sing Sing Pnson in Ossming, N_Y
The Rosenberg trial
The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg begins in New York Souhern Dis-
tnl:t federal court_ Judge Irvmg R. Kau6nan presides over the espic:n'lcuc prose-
cutIon of the couple accll5ed ofselbng nuclear se<.ret'< to the Rll5slans.
\
21

David GrccIQ!:lass \'ias a machlllIst at Los Alamos, where AmcncaOcvcloped
the atomiC bomb. Julius RosenbeJg, ms brother-In-11m.. was a member of the
American Communist Party and was fired from his government Job dunng the
Red Scare_ According to G!emghss. RfIsenI:-.erg asked him to pass highly I:onfi-
dentml Instrul110ns on makmg alomlc v.eapons 10 the Smite! Union. llu:se mate-
nals were transfclTcd to the Russians by Hany Gold. an acqU<lIntancc of
Greenglass. The So\'1Cts exploded their fi!'3t atomIC bomb (and effectively started
the Cold War) m Sq:tembet- 1949 based on inbmat.m. mcludlng that from
Grccnglass, thcy had obtamcd from spies.
The only dIrect C\'idence ofthe Roserberg's IllVol\errent was the corlle-;swn
of Gm:rlgIass_ The left-\\ing communiI)' behevoo that the RostnOOgs were:
prosecuIcd because oft11eir locmbcrslnp In thc Commum'it Party. TheIr case be-
came the l:ause dill-lbre of leftists througl-md the nation_
The tnallao.kd nearly a IOOnth, finally endmg un April 4 ",ith cUlJ\-'lctiuns
for all the defendants_ The Rosenbergs were sentenced to death row on April 6.
Sobdl n:elved a lhirty-year sentem;e. Greenglass got fifteen years for his co-
operation. Rcportcdly. the R.o'ienbe:J:g; were offered a dcal in which thClr death
sentences would be commuted in return for an admission of their guilt. They
refusedandwereexocutt:d..
L1
. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.
I. What IS criminal law? What does it inc1ude?
2. What kinds of offences are I:riminal?
3_ What are the unique fealUres ofthe US I:riminallaw?
4, Whatlstreason?
5_ What grades oftreac:on III early English law do you knov/?
6_ What were the most serious offenses in early English statutes?
7_ What kmds of actions were treasonous III the US ill the 17'" I:en-
tur)"?
8. What were the penaltIes for these II(;lions?
9_ What were the rights of a person accused oftreason in the 18'h I:en-
tur)"?
10. What do you know about the Roserterg tria]?
22

Task 12. Find the appropriate definitions
attainder
forfeiture
the loss of property or money because
of a breoch ofa legal obligation
tOl:hangetothel:ontrary
one who betrays another's trust or is
false to an obligation or duty
ac:hallenge of a juror made as of rIght
without assignIng any I:ause
extinction of the civil rights and I:a-
pocities of a person upon sentenee of
death or outlawry usually after a I:on-
vil:tionoftreason
the excusing of an offense without ex-
ac:!ingapenalty
having secondary rank or importance
traitor
reversin,g
p'"
pardon
peremptory challenge
'i D,batoo ANIMALS AS DEFENDANTS
Study the informonon below and give your opinion on
animals as defendants.
ANIl\AALS AS DEFENDANTS
Today, if an ammal kIlls a human being, It IS often «put to sleep» so n Ooesn't
iryure someone else. In medIeval tImes, a kiDer Munal was put on mal for
sImIlar «(crimes.) Sounds weird? It gets more 1nten:Stlllg. AnlllIdIs who got in
trouble the most were pigs_ In 1266, a pig was tned in Fontenay-aux Rose<;
(near Paris) and convicted ofkllhng a duW_ Its sentern:? Death by blllT1lng.
Another pig that gOI in trouble was dressed in men's dothes and publicly exe-
cuted in a French village_ The year was 1386 The trial was held in Falaise on
account of a child who had been Injured In the face and arms. The accused,
weanng a \UII<;fcQat,  and white gloves, was sentenced to being man-
gled and maimed In the head and arms before being garroled and hanged at the
vIllage scaffuId. The torture and punIshment In Itself IS not so odd, Cf1IISIdt:nng
the year; the pecullaflty of the case IS that the accused was a pig.
23

In sevenleenth-century Russia, a goal butted a l:h1(d dOll a flight ofs1airs,
and was sentcnccd to one year In a pnson I:amp in SIIx.na. In 1734, Franciscan
fnars m BraZIl brought a SULt against the tenmtcs that were damaging thClr
 But the defense aIIomey spoke ofthe induslnuusness ofthe lenniles,
and pointed out that they lived m BrazLI before the mcnks_ The court resoh-'td
il by ordenng the monks 10 provIde the lemlltes with a '8Iion, and order-
ing the lenn]les to leave the I11Uild'oIay and 10 live only wlthm the atlUn.
Some folks think stories about these trials are Just folk tales. It IS impossJ-
ble 10 understand how a pro<a.utor could prove «U1IIImal mtent» on the part of
an anmlal defendant! How would a non-thmking being suddenly become capa-
bleoflhinking?
On the other hand, a respected French jurist and criminal lawyer wrote
about anllnal tnals m 153 L Bartholomew Chassene<: reconIed the kmd oflegal
analysis applied during the centuries ",llen the practice was used_ People
thought Satan was acting through ammals ",llen they  human life_
Sometlll1e5 Ihe gUIlty animals were even excommmlCated by Ihe Catholic
Church. In 1559, the Saxon vicar Daniel  excommunic<Ued the spar-
rows tllat mf6;ted his I:hurch_
Ed\1.anI Payson Evans, In The Cnmma! FruseudlOD and Capital Pumsh-
ment of Animdls, theorized that the Church instigated such trials in order to
unite tbe panshlf;nCIS and msplrc I:onfidence m thc authonty and powcr of the
d1llrch. There ]s hkely to be some truth In thIs, hut It should be .-lied that such
tnals were not rec:tri.:ted to the Middle Ages.
lest we In thc «modem» age gct too smug about <dJl1CIIh,ghtcncd» moolcval
people, it's useful to kccp m mind tllat thc last known cascsofadcfcndantamma!
«St.mdlr@> trial happened in the 20 th centwy, e.g., in 1906, in Switzerland. In
1926, a stray Gennan Shepherd In Kentucky was charged with the atteullted
murder of a small duld; It was sentenced to death and C"<eCUted In the ele<:tric
chair_In 1974, 8Judge m Tanzama Sl:Ttt:oced 8 goat that had grazed on a pnvale
lavm tD four days injail_ And In 1991, an Argentinean dogkJlled adJild and was
senlencedtohfetlll1elmpnsonment.
Modem seru;]bLhlJes would, for Ihe most part, see such lIlals as absurd.
HDW, then, are weto understand such trials?
24

..
'\.J FUNNY lAWS ABOUT ANIIvW.S
In Zion, it is Illegal for anyone to give I:ats, dogs, or other dorricaled
animals a lighteddgar_
In Indianapolis, no horse shall be dnven or ridden on any street in !he dry
at a speed in C'(ce;orten (10) miles per hour_
In Baltimore, It IS .Degal to take a hon to the ITIQVles.
In Alaska, you may hunt a bear safdy but It IS Illegal to wake a bear and
take a picture for foto opportunlties_
In Arizooa. US, dookeys cannot sleep in bathtubs and you may be nnpris-
oned for 25 years fOfl:uttmg down al:8ctus_
II is Illegal to I:hain an alilgalor to a fire hydrant m Alabama_
It is illegal to I:any a comb inyourpod:et in the state of Alabama
In Francc. ills IIlcgal to scll oolls and toys tllat do JIDt havc human faces.
Iran elephant IS left tied to a parkmg meter, the parking fee has to be paid
jusl as It would for a vehocle In Flonda. USA_
In Charleston, all carnage horses must wear napples_
Task 13. Use the verbs related to legal matters given In the box to
complete the sentences:
to withhold, to acqUIt, to drop (thc case against 5mb), to serve, to award" 2, to
return (a verdlct), to appeal, to IeglsJate
(I) The poJkeman warned him that it was illega1 to _ evidence_
(2) After consideration, the plaintiff _ the case against his
neighbour_
(3) He _ two years in a local prison.
(4) Thel:ourt_ theplaintiff$20,000 in damages plusl:osts_
(5) 1l1ree of the men were sent to prison, but the judge _ the fourth_
(6) The defendant says he l:aJmot pay the amount the I:ourt has_.
(7) Afterthree hours de1iberation the jury _ a verdict of not guilty_
(8) She says she is innocent and she is going to _ to the supreme
I:Ourt against the decision.
(9) Parliamem has _ agains{ the sale of drugs.
25

Task 14_ Study the table and gIVe your own definitions to the crimes
named below Consult the dictionary if necessary
Crime Criminal Olminal act
abuse ahUSI:T to abuse
=00 """"' to set fire
theft thIef to steal
treason traitor to betray
assaull assaulter 10 assau1t, 10 anack, to a,,1. m such a
way as to make a victim believe he or
she wiD be hurt
assault and battcry assaulter to assauk and mtllct inJUry
assassination assassin tonate.tokillforp01iticalrea-
bigamy bigamist to marry iIIcgally, being already mar-
ri'"
blackmail blackmailer to blackmail
bribery bnbe-taker 10 bribe
burglary burglm to break mto a house
mugging mugger to mug, to attack in the street, 10
snatch handbags and tclephones
robbery robber 10 rob
smuggJmg smuggJer 10 hnng goods mto a country IDegally
withollt paying tax
drug smuggJmg drug smugg1er 10 carry drugs Into another I:ouotry
Illegally
drugdealmg drug dealer 10 buy and sell drugs
emhl:zzlement embezzler to en*>evIe, to peculate
espionage 'py 10spy.logetse<:relmfomJatlon
extortion extortioncr tOl:xtort
forgery forger to forge, to make false money or sig-
natures
fraud I:rook,fraud 10 fraud
fr.nn.:ide munJ,= 10kJilabrother
hijacking hijacker to hijack. to take control ofa vehLC:1e
by force
murder murderer to murder
26

Crime CrimmuT C"minulucf
homll:lde - to I:Offirmt homiCide
hoohganism hooligan 10 cause dam or d1StWb.mce in
public places
h traffickmg to buy and sell people and dJildren
and peopk's organs
-- kidnapper tokJdnap
libel fu""","", to libel. 10 publish a libel
manslaughter murderer to manslaughter, to kiD by accIdent
stowa\\'3Y sto\-va\-vay togetafteejoumey
lerronsm krmn" 10 llSe vIolence for pollhcal JbIS(IIIS. 10
organize explosions in public places
patncide murderer to k:dl parents
peJjwy peJjurer topeJjure
plCkpocketl11g pldpocka 10 steal ftom poople's pockets
shop-lIftlllg shlJp-lifier to stca] III a wpennarket
piracy pirate to I:Opy copynghted works
slander slanderer lomakefalseaccusahon
vandalism vandal to intlict damage to property. to I:ause
damage to property deliberately
Task 15. Make as many word combinations as possible matching the
left and righl columns:
to betray
to break
mitigating
a false
jury
to commit
toint1ict
selected
,-
to be brought
to be I:aught
capital
to withhold
to treat
to hear
al:Ttme
unfairly
evidence
al:ase
ptulJs1unent
red-handed
injury
at random
sentence
verdict
I
aCl:user
yourl:ovntry
I:ircumstanees
before the judge
27

..
'\.J FUNNY LAWS
In Los Angeles, It IS not legal to bathe two babies at the same time In the
samewb_
In Walnut, no person shall wear a mask or dIsguIse on a public street wIthout
a pennit from the sllenff.
Colrntdo Water laws prohIbit the use of rain barrels ()[ any methods to catch
rain for usc. 1l1eydaim the rain has aIre:.1dy becn legally allocated to the state and
.ndn.'Jdna] may 1101 Caplure and use water to ",1l1ch he/she does not have II nh>ht.
In N It isnollegal fora tavem owner to serve beer unless a nice ket-
tie of soup is also bre\>,mg.
II] Ncw York, it isagamsl the IB\-\-'to tllrowa ball at SOOJeOOC's head for 00.
In Canne aruan carmot be seen In public wlule v.eanl'g HJHcket and pants
that do not malCh.
In Greece. during a I:oncert. it is Illegal to eat peanuts and walk backwards
onthesll:b1.alks
InCk;eanCity,itisillt:g!lI10ealmlheslTet:lmTeStdenha[B:and
the only m't':l<lgt: you can dnnk on !he beach is waler in a dcar plastic bottle.
In Ocean City. IllS Illegal formen to go topless In thecenteroftown
Acoordmg to a British law that '""'as passed in 1845. suic de was c:onsukred a
alpltalofTensetllatwasp.m15habJebyhanging
In1l1alland,ltlsIDega'toleaveyourbol]X:\\1tJlOutear
In Swilzuland, IllS Illegal 10 leave yOUT [;aT keys inSIde an unluckffi vemc1e.
UJ To,k 16. T'"""ole Ihe follow;"9 Ie" ;"'0 E"gl;,h oed com-
ment on the slupidesllaw:
CAMblE CTPAHHblE 3AKOHbI PA3HblX CTPAH
3aKoHbI BeHeUHH (J1TaJ1MJI) Ja!1pemalOT KOpMHTh ruJl)6eli. HaXOlllflbC,H B
06mccTBeHHoM Mecre 6e3 py6awKH,  B I}JoHTIlHbl M eCTb 6YTep-
6pol!bI Ha lieIUe1tO)ll-'OM nepe'«)J\e_llhpa4> Ja. KOpMJIeHHe rnny6eii - $600_
A B PHMe HeJJb3.11 HblpJlTh B I}JofffilHbl
B f epN!lHIIM OCTIlHOBKa Ha a8TOl5aH.Jx Jaf1pe1l1!1e'ICJ1 I\IDKC B TOM CJI)'1.Jae,
eCJIH Y BOlIHTeIDI JaKOH'-lI1JlCSl 6eHJHH. KpoMe TOTO, HeJlliJJI IJ1ITII no "I]J3cce
neUIKOM. llhpa4> 3a HapyweHHe 3THX npaBI1JI MOJKeT JJ;0C1II11lTh $100_
28

B TaHJJaHlIe 3anpeweHO e3111ITb B MaWIIHe rum Ha MOTOl[l:lKJIe 6e3 py-
6awKH. W1palfJ nOXOlIHT no HecKOJIbKIIX I:OTOOT(OKOJlO $10).
Bo<1JpaHllIIH MAHrnMH HeJlb3.11  Ha>KeJJe3HOJIOPlDKHbIXBOK-
3a.I1ax_ Bnpo<reM. 3a 3TO He unpaI}JyJOT_
B fpeHa,!\eonacHopa:U)'JJHBaTh nOI"CfIQ!\YBK)'fiaIIbHOM KOCTICJMe.IJJJrajJ-
$270_
B J],aHHII  H)'JKHO BKJllO'IaTh aBIDNo6Ivn.tn.Je $aPbI, HHaqe
nnpa4>-$IOO_
CTOJlbKO >Ire I: sac BOJbMYf B CMHranype, eCJIII BbI >K)'ere >KBa'-IK)'. KOp-
MHTe nrnll., WllQeTe Ha ynmte KJ1M 3a6YJJ:ere I:[J)'CTHTb BOJIY B 061l1l'CT11eJ-J-
HOM"I)'arrere
(no vt:IITI p1liL'IlIIlllHrJ;op1KJ..Vlmt: nB II rl)puctmI'lOCI<UXl.aiimoB)
-;1 STUPID CRIMINALS
In Delaware, USA, Brent Brown robbed an 18-year-okl pIzza delivery
girl and was then capturtd after he I:alled and askai his vlchm for a
date_ Sht decbned but gave the nwnber to po1lct_
A drug dcak:r In Florida was aJTe'itcd aftcr approadung a uniformed
p01ice officer in a marked po1ice I:ar and offering to sell him I:rack.
UJ Ta,k 17. T'""'al, th, following t,,, inlo R,,"an in we,",n
form_ Answer the questions after the text
KINDS OF LAW
There are a lot oftypesortaw e>u:eptCnmmal and Civil Lfi1'I_ The mosl com-
mon kinds of law are !he International La\-\-'. Civn Law. Crimma] La\-\-'. Tort
La1\'. Property Law, Labor Law. Commercial Lawand.so many others_
InlernalionalLaw
TradlhonaJly. Intemauonal Law OOI&."ted of rules and pnnclp1es go\-'ern-
ing the relatllJl1s and dealings of nations wIth each other. though JlXently. the
29

scope oC inlemalional law has been redefined to include relations betv,een
stales and Indl\'idudls. and relations between inrematlOIUll organizations. Pubhc
intermlionallaw. concerns itself only with questions ofrights between several
nations or natlOItS and the dtlzens or suects of other nations. In contrast, Pn-
vate internatlonallawdealswlth controversies bet\>.'eenplivate natural
or Juridical. arising out of situations having signifkam relationshIp to more
than one natJUn. In Tecent years the line between public and pn\aIe mtema-
tlOnallaw have became ir,c(e-O<;lngly uncertam_ Issues oC pnvale mte:matK.moI
law may also Implicale IS'<Ue': oCpublic IntematlOl1dllaw. and many maIlerS of
pnvale lnterJtdtiol'ldl law ffiwe substantial sigmficance for the mtemational
communi[)' ofnali()ns.
Internauonal Law includes thebasic,\:IilSSle oClaw in national Ie--
gal syslems -status, property. obligalion, and tort (or rlelict)_ It also includes
substantive law. procedure, process and remt:d1t:S- Inlemational Law is fooled
in acceptance by the nation states \wl(;h I:onstitute the system_ The folkmiI1g
are Imyor substantive fields of International La\'!: International Econormc Law;
International SeclUl[)' L..av.-; Internauonal Cnnllnal Law; IntematIOfldl Envl-
JfinIj)f[j1a1 Law; Diplomahc Law, International HumanltariHIJ Law or Law of
War. Internalional Human RIghts Law
CII!>"tOO1dI) law and con\'eIlhonallaw are pnmary SOUJCe<1, oC mternalional
law_ ClIslomary intemal:1Ul1dI law results when slates Collow I:ertam practices
generally and COIl'aStently out oC a sense ortegal obligation. Recently the I:US-
tomary Iav.' was codified in the Vienna Con\-ention on the L..av.- oC Trealies_
Convenhonal mtematu;mallaw denves from mternatlonal agreements and may
take any fonn tllat the contrnctIng partIes agree upon_ Agreements may be
made m respect to any matter r:xcept to the extent that the.JgRUTIent conflicts
wIth the rules of InleJTldtlOl18l law mcorporatmg basIc standards of Interna-
tIOnal conduct or the obhgallons oC a metnber state under the Charter oC the
United Natlons_ International dgleeffients create law for the parties of the
agreement. They may also lead 10 the creallon of wshIndJy internauonal law
when they are intended for adherence lIy and are in Caci widely ae-
I:epted. Customary law and law madc by Intcrnatlonal agrceJJJeI1t have equaJ
authon[)' as InternailOnallaw_ PartJc<i. may B'iSlgn higher pnon[)' to one of the
sources by agreement. However. some rules ofmtematlonallaw arc uW
by mtematwnal communl[)' as pemupI<D), penmlllI1g no derogatlon_ Such
rules can be changed or modified only by a subsequenl peremptory I10nn of
InternailonalhM.
General pnnclples common to systeD1S of f1!ltlOnai law IS a secondary
SOlI"Ct' of international law There are situations "here neltherl:OIWen!1OIla1 nor
I:us!omary internatIOnal law I:an be applicable In this I:ase a general prmclple
may be mvoked as a rule ofintematlOIUlllaw because it is a general pnnclple
30

common 10 the major legal syslems of the world and nol mappropriate for in-
tematlonaJcla]ms.
Trad]tlonaUy. stal were the mal[] suhJecl of InlemallOIIIIllaw. Iocreas-
ingly, individuaJs and non--state International rnganizations have aJso become
suect to mternational regulation.
International law Impose upon the natIons certain duties ,\lith  to in-
d]viduaJs. It IS a violation of mte:mational law to treat an alien in a manner
which does nOI satisfY the inIt:mauonaI standard of justice. H()\\f'\'tY m the
akence of a specific agR':t:I1leI1t an individual I:annot bnng tht I:omphant Only
the stale of'wl:lIch he is a nauonal can complam of such a vloJalion before an
inlemauonal tnbunal. The slate of nationality usua1ly is not ()bled ro exer-
I:]SC this n,ght and can dec]de w1Jetherto enforce It
Tort Law
Torts are c]v]1 ....TOIl@> recogmzed by 1m\' as grounds lor a lawsud. These
wroogs result in an injury or hann constituting the baSIS for a claim by the in-
jured party. WhIle some torts are aJso cnmes pun]shable with mlpn'<OIUIll:l1t.
the pnntary aim of tort law is ro pruvldt: £eJ]ef for the  irn.urred and
deter others mm committing the same hanns. The mjured person may sue for
an iryunct]on to prevent the conlmuation of the tortious conduct or for mone-
tary damages.
Among the types of darnage<; the il"!iured party may recover are: loss of
earnmgs capacity. pam and suffeTlng, and R:H5OII8bIe medIcal e They
include both present and future expected losses.
There are numerous specific torts including treSpaSS. assault, battery. neg-
ligence, products hablbty, and mtentlonall[]f1lctlOn otemo/JoIJal dlstrs
Torts fall into three general categories: inrentional torts (e.g.. intentionally
hitting a person); negligent torts (e.g., causing an accident by failing to obey traf-
f1(; ru1es); and slnet hablllty torts (c.g., liability for makl[]g and selling dt:fectlve
JIOOk.ts). (nramum(torts are those ....TOCIgS which the defendanl knew or should
have known would occurthrough their auit.1J1S or inaLlions. Neg1igent torts occur
w11!:11 the defendant'<; actions were lUJmISOI1OOly llI1'iBfi:. Stnct liablhty wcon!!!; do
not depend on the degree of c.uelillness by the defendant. bul are t:stabl1shed
when a particularact!on causes damage.
Thcrc arc also separate arcas oftort law mcluding DI.IISaOCe. defamatron,
invasion ofpn,.acy, and a C8k:gOry of t:QI)OffilC 10rtS.
Property Law
Propert) law IS the area of law that ,governs the various fonn ofowrlC!"ship
I[] £eal property (land as ilistPJ[:t mm pt:rsornl or movable possesslUTIS) and I[]
personal property. within the I:OmffiOn law legal system. In the dvillaw sys-
tem, there IS a dIVision between movable and unmovable property. Movable
property roughly cont:"pOOd<; to personal property. w1ule mm10Vabie property
31

correo;p-Inds to real estate or real property, and the associaJed rights andobllga-
tlonsthu"coo.
Labor Law
The goal of labor Im\'s IS to equalize !he bargmnlng power belween em-
ployers and employees. The III\-vs primanly deal with thc £e1atlonshlp between
anp"-"I}<:rS and unions. Labor laws b'Tanl employees the nght to uniOnize and
aUows employers and employees to engage In I:ertain aL1.ivlhes (e.g. stnles.,
plcketin,g,seekin,g injunctions, lockouts) so as to have their deIrJarKh fulfilled.
Conmerdal LIJ\\
CommercmllB\'i governs the broad areas ofbusPJESS., CUIJImt:ree, and con-
sumer transactions. Specific law has developed m a number of rorrmercial
fields. These include:
Bankruptcy (Banknq.n;} law provides for the€b<elopnmt ora plan that aJ-
10....'S a debtor, o is lU1able to pay his creditors, to resolve his debts through the
division of his assets among hIs creditors. This  division also allows
the mterests of all creditors to be treated With some measure of equality. Certam
bankruplcy proceedings allow a debtor to stay In busine<;s and use revelUle gen-
erated to resolve Ius or her debts. An additional purpose of bankruptcy law IS to
allow I:er!aln debtors to  themselves (to be dIscl1arged) of the fill8llCl8l obh-
gations they have accwnulated, after their assets are dlsttibuted, even if their
dct-t-.havenctbo:xnpaldmfull.)
CCOSllf1"U"l:redlt(l:rrolta11o\\'Sl:oosurnerstofinancetrorJoiactiooo;WIthoothav-
ing to pay the full cost of the m<:rdmnd1SC at thehme ofthetransacl1on. A common
fonn of consumer dlt IS a Credit card accounllssued by a financmllll>illtul1on.
Merchants may also prov1d.c finamng for podocts lCh they seD. Banks may
dtreCtlytinancepurchasesthroughloansand)
Contracts(contracts arcpromlses that the lawWlllenfon:;e. The lawprov1d.es
remedies If a promise IS or recognizes the p..rflJTl1anCeofa prOmise as
a duly Contracts anse when a duly does or may I:ome Into exi5teoce, because of
a promise m!Uk by one of the parties. To be legally blndmg as a wntract, a
proo1l'ie must Ix cxcI1argcd for adequatel:onsidcration. Adequate OOfI'iJderatlon
is a benefit or detriment which a party rereJVeS w11ich reasonably and fairly I(]-
d them to make thepromiselcontracr Fore, promises that are purely
glftsarcnotl:onsidcrcdenforccabk:becauscthepcl"S(ndsatisfactionthcgr!UItIJ
of the promise may receIVe rrom the act of giving is nonnally not I:onsidered
adequateconsideratioo. Certain promises that are not COOSJde.oo contracts may,
in limllcd I:ITWlTlStanccs. becnfurccd tfonc party has rchcd to his u.tnmcnt on
theoftheotherparty.)
Debtor and creditor (debtor--(;reditor law governs situations where one party
is unable to pay a monetaly debt to arK1Ibcr. There are three types of I:redltors.
First are those o have a lien:;,g,m1<;f a particular piece of property. ThIs prop-
erty (or proceeds rrom its sale) must be used to satisl)r the debt to the lien-
32

creditor before it I:an be l1S00 to salis!) debts to other creditors. A lien may anse
through  agret:malI betwet:n the partit:s, or judicial proceedings. Sec-
ondly, a credItor may hav a pnont)' IntrL A pnont)' anss through 1atutory
law. If a cn:ditor has a priont)' his debt musl be paid when the deblor becomes
in<oIvtnI: beJore olher debts. The final type uf LTtxhlur is one o has nellher a
hen against the debtor's property ur IS the subject of a statutnry pnunty.)
Mon (A mcrtg.lge invoh-<e<: the transfer of an inlerest in land as secu-
nty for a luan or other []bhgatiun. It IS thl: ITI[]>1 COITImOIl method of finaru:l!1g
real estate 1r8nsact1or1s.)
?
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
I. What IS the differenre between publll: and pnvate internatIonal
1<>W"
2. What subjects of intemationallaw do you know?
3. What general categories do torts fall into? What IS the difference
between them?
4. What separate areas of tort law are there?
5. What areas does oommerciallaw govern?
} CREATIVE ACTIVITIES
Look through the texts and I:ompile a I:hronologkal registl)' of the
histol)' ofnotaty publk in England and the USA.
Make a short stol)' describing the origins of notaries public in Eng-
land and the USA.
Make a table to I:ompare similar and different oftkes of notaries
public in England and the USA.
What do you know about notaty public in Russia? Write a com-
parative stol)' based on the material ofthe unit fur a newspaper, as
a lawyer would explain the issue.
Write a brief summary of the infonnation on notaty public pre-
sented in the unit you have just studied.
33

avichm
unimaginable atrocities
Unl,2
VIOLENCE
Useful Words and E'J)IeSSions for Speech Practil:e
humanity
to threaten the peace
security
well-being of the world
the international community
to take measures
at the national level
to enhance intemationa1
cooperation
to ensure elfectlve prosecu-
tion of serious crimes
Rome Statute of the Interna-
tional Criminal Court
crimes against humanity
tion
persecution on politicaL ra-
cial. national. ethnic. I:ul-
turaL religious, gender and
other grounds
inhumane acts
to cause great suffering
injury to mental or physacal
heaJth
threat of a terrOlisl al:Uon
to commit an act of terrorism
><eprna
HeBoo5pa3HMh1E' 3Bepcma / JKeCTO-
KOen,

yrpmKaTh MHpY / MHpHOM)' cOC)'IIIe-
CThO
5e30IIaCHOCTb
39_ &arocOCTomrne MHpOBOro
ax>6""""",
MHpoBoe l:ooB!l1;eCI'BO
npHHHMaTb Mepbl
Ha HaqHOHaJlbHOM yp08He
paClllilpm"b Me>KA)'HapOAHDe COtpYA-
O
06ecne'lli'I'b 3ItJtPeKTIffiHOe I:YAe5Hoe
npeclIeIIPBaHlie 33 Cepbe3Hhle npe-
cryrv..eHIU'i
PHMclO-lii: CT3tyr Me)f(,Ay1ffipDAHoro
yrur>0BHoro I:y/Ji;l
npecryn.r.eHIDI npoTlfB 'leAOBe'lecTBa
)'HWITO)!{eH"e, I"e
npeclIe.IIPBaHH no IIOJ!llTIfllecl(llM,
pcICCitIbIM, HtIQJ10HallhHhlM, ;;ITHWle-
I:KHM, K)'J\bT}'PHbIM, peAHI1-f03HbIM,
nMOBhIM H APyrHM MarnBaM
6ec<IeJ\OBe'IlIHe A€llC1BIDI
6bITb JIIM'lIlliOH 60JlbWHX c'IpaAamd:f
H<lHeCetrne BPE!A<I / npH'JIDieHlJe
}'ll\ep6a }"oICTBeIIHOMY Th\H 4JII3H'1e-
I:KOMY -¥'\0POBhIO
yrp03a -reppOPUCI1I'IecKOI'O ilKTa
I:OBeplillfI'bTeppoaKT
--- ---- --- --- -
34

to intimidate the public
violence against a person
damage to property
to endanger a person's life
fireanns
""""""'"
to disrupt an eleclronic sys-
'em
an organization is concerned
in terrorism
to intensify cooperation
to adapl domestic legislalion
to...
3a!1)'I11BaTb
H&:lI.MIeHilA/lWJHOCT"bJO
}'ll\ep6 IfM}'lllecTBY
IIOABepl"H)'Tb pncK)' JKH3Hb 
ome<:1peAhHoe op'y?KHe
B3pbIB'IaTble Bell\eCI'Bd
pa3P)'llIIfTb 3AeK'l'p0l1H}'lO CKcreM}'
opr-tlHIl3aQWI 3aMeWdHd B Teppopn-
CTlf'IecKHX aKT3X
pa(;lIInpmb (YCllllliTb) carpy,ll,HH'lecrno
<J,lI,ilIITllpOBdTb BHYIPeHHee 3aKOHO-
OK...
Task 1_ Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
WI1ere appropnofe, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on law Pay special ottenllan to the wards
and ward combinations in bold type.
CRIMES AGAIN$f HUMANITY
In the twentieth I:entury millions of children, men and women were VJctlms
of unimaJ:inable atrocities that deeply shocked the wnscience of the hu-
manity. Such grave crimes threaten the peace, security and well-being of
the world. Mindful that the most serious crimes of concern to the interna-
tional community must not go lU1punished and that their effective prose-
cution must be ensured by taking measures at the natIonal level and by
enhancing international cooperation. peoples of the world are deter-
mined to put an end to Impumty for the perpetrators of these I:rimes and
tlrns to I:ontribute to the prevention of such I:rimes. It is the duty of every
state to exercise its criminal jurisdiction over those responsible for inter-
national crimes.
The Rome Statute of the InternatIonal Cnmmal Court gives a list ot
«crimes against humamty»: murder, extermination, enslavement, deporta-
tion or forcible transfer of population, torture, rape, sexual slavery, eJI-
forced disappearance of persons, the crime of apartheid, persecution
against any group on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, re1igious,
35

gender and other grounds, etc. All tJlese inhumane acts I:(luse great suffer-
ing, or serious injury to mental or physical health
Violence is a serious problem that faces our society nowadays. Violence
has become an accepted way of life in Americ:a and in many other places all
over the world. Ac:cording to statistics violent crime has been (Iy ris-
ing in Russia lately, 100. Many people are afraid lo go out when it gets dark
though Slaying at home is not a guarantee for safety eilher.
There are different explanations for this phencmenoo.. In the USA you
I:an buy aU kinds of v,e8pOOS at gun shops eU1)"v,here. So weapons are
bought not only by I:rimma1s but by la-abiding citizens to protect them-
selves. The growth ofusingrlrugs is another reason. Teeuagers need money to
buy rlrugs so they are reac1y for robbery, burglary and even murderto get it.
The pqJagmula of violence by mass media makes the situation worse.
Television feeds us with gunfrghls, murders and. aU kinds ofbealings. Even
special programs forl:hilrlren are full of scenes of violence. So it is not sur-
prising thatjuvefllle crime r«ord is COIl'CmIly growing.
1
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
I. Do you agree thill in the {Y,eutieth I:enrury mIllions ofpeop\e were
victiJIJ'i, of unimaginable atrocities that shocked the humanity? Why
are such I:rimes dangerous?
2. What measures does the intemationallU11JTIUI1ity take to ensure ef-
fective p-osentioo of serious I:rimes?
3. Give a list of ((crimes against humanity» that the Rome Statute of the
InternatIOnal Crimina1 Court gives.
4. Why are all these crimes so inhumane and CI11e1?
Task 2. Complete tne sentences using tne words ond word combina-
tions from the box. If necessary, consult Englisn-Russian dictionaries
ummagmabk atmcJhes
injwy to mental orphystcal health
peaCI:, secunty and well-bemg
toensureelfective rosecution
IO
racial. religIOus and gender impunity
fortheperpetrators
enhance mlematlonal cocperabOI1
36

(I) Inthelastl:enturymillionsofpeoplewerevjl:tlmsof_ _
(2) Cnmes against humamty threaten the _ of the world.
(3) All these inhwnane acts cause great suffering, or serious
(4) «Persecution» means the intentional deprivation (npe lIHaMepe HHoe
nHllJeHHe) of fundamental rights of a group of people on political.
national. ethnic, I:ultural._grounds
(5) The international I:ommunitytries _ ofsenous I:rimes.
(6) Peoples ofthe world _ to ensure peace and security ofthe human-
ity.
(7) It is the duty of every state _ its I:riminal jurisdiction over those
responsible for international I:rimes.
(8) Peoples of the world are detemnned to put an end to_ of grave
I:rimes and thus to contribute to the prevention of such I:rimes.
UJ Ta,k 3. Tmo,'a', th, followi09 wmd, aod wocd comb;oa.
lions into English.
BJlBa,.'IIlaTO'>IBCKe
)J(eJITBbll-k.ooo6j:wtt-
MOHHIIec1(IJ(()CDt
WIJKItp<lI3afh<jc.
croo
)'fpO)J(aTbMHpl-lO'l)'
_'00
MllpOBOeooo6rnecmo
0CIaBaThCJI6e3HaKa-
3aHHblMli
npllflllMaThMepbl
HaHallHOHaJlbHOM
ypoBHe
paCWl-1pHTb MYHa-
po.1Hoe cmpymuNe-
croo
06ecJ]<jlffb.JljxJ!etm1B-
HoeI:YAe6Hoenpe-
CJIf;OOBBHIteJacepb-
e-3Hblenpec-ryJ]J]eHI1JI

npe..'1QTApaJIICHl-1eI:O-
BepwCHmr npecryn-
JleHIUI
OCYIlICCTIIJIlITblOpIlC-
lIHKUli10
HaCMJlHe
I'I-tr«.rodi:cTIuyrMeJK-
"""""""'",.
1JOOIIOTOI:YlIa
npecryllJleHlUlnpoTHB

'"
.rrenopnnlIDIR.1HHa-
CI1JIbC"fBeHHut:nepe-
CCJleHHe
(£J{Cyd.l!bl-lUt:pa6cTBo
lmJaCH..l0BaHHe
npecrre.:lOB2HH no no-
JlI-1T11'JCl:KIIIII.paCo-
BbIM,I-IJIlHOHarlbHbIM,
JTHH>recI<II'II.K)'nr.-
"l)'pHbIM,peJll-1n1U3-
37
lIpyn-IMN(ffi1B:J'\l
6ec'-le.l0Be'IHbIelleTiCT-
&.m. npll'-lHHOH 6mr.-
IIDIXcrparIaHHH
npH'lHHeHlleyuJfp6a
YMCTBeHHoM)'R.1H
311opo-
"ID
l:epbe3HWI npOOJleMa,
KOTOpWicroHTnepell
HawHMofirne,..'1BO\\
06utenpHHJlTblfi06pa3
>K1:13HH
no BceMYMl-1py
nUCTInHC"fHKe
JJ()C'IDjI1IHOpaCTe'T
6oJlTbCJlBbI.'.O;lIITbHa
ynHl-\y
Koma CTeNHeeT
"fYUITlli'6=ru<
BCt:BJ-l!\bILf'YJKlIJI

D-IbliI\Iaf"dJWJ
-""""'""'"
rpIDKJIaHe
nOf"ynaTh op)')KHe c
ueJ1bJOcaM03alUlITbl
IIOK}'IlIITbJ-qJKOTIIKII
'1""'''
KpIDKaI:Omnor«N:
roTOBblHay6l1ikfBo
npOnaraH,1\!lH8CIU1IIHB
Cpe!ICTBID.. MaCCOOOU
-
yxy.awaTb CUI)'aLlHIO
""""""'""
Cl!eHL!HaClIJIHSI
npec-rynHUl"ThHeCo-
BepweHH0.1eTHMX
B.r:\BB,1\Lla1OMBeKeMWlfJllOIIblJUOlIeHCTaf1H>KtpIEBNI'IHeI!OCJtJpa3Hrooii:
>IreC1UI({)C11l MI-IOfiJ'illCI]eHHb!e UiJKKBe npec1)'ruJCIIII.II )'J]JO>RBIQT MBpHOMJ
I:OCYIl\fCTBOBolliHlO, 6e3onarnocm H 6narococ-"ro11HHIO MI-IpOBOro coo6U{e-
CHIa. Oc01HaBWI, <JTO HilH60Jlee l:epbe3Hbie npec1)'nneHI1JI. npel!I:TaBmllo-
IW1e onaCHOCTb IIJlJI <JeJlOBe'Iecrna. He JIOJDKHb! OCTaBaTbCJI 6e3HaKa'JiIHHbI-
MH. rocYJIapcTBa npHHI1MaJOT Mepbl Ha Hai..l(JOHaJIbHOM ypoBHe. a TalOKe
POCWIipJlJOT MeJKII)'HBpOllHOt' 1:000YlIHH<JecTIJ() I: ueJlblO OOeC!1C'JeHWI *
I}>eKTHBHOro \:YJIe6Horo npecneJIOI'liJ.HHJI 3a !Jo)lo6Hble npeCT)'flJIeHI1J1. Hapo-
JlI>I scero Mlipa nOJlHb! peWHMOCTH nOJIOA(IfJb KOHel! 6e3HaKa3aHHOCTI1 npe-
C1)'nHHKoB, coBepllll1I1UJ11X TJDKKHe npeCT)'flJIeHHJI.
UJ To,k 4. T,"n,lol, th, tollow;ng "'''';on, .nto Engl;,h ond
ask your portner to answer them
I. CornaCHblID! BbT.1fTO B]1I!31I,l[aTOM BeKC MH!lJJHOHbTnlOlIeH (;TI!JIH
}f{ep-rsaMI1 He5OO6pnI1Moil 1IIttTOKOCTII. KOTOpas WOKHpOBBJla <Je-
J10Be'JeCTBO? I--IacKom.Iro OnaeHL! nOlIo6Hble 3JlOlIeJlHHJJ?
2. KaTHie lUan! npe)ll1pHHHMaeT Me)K!1,YHap0lIHoe l:006ll\eCTBo ]1JIJI
ooecne'JeHHJI TlIBHOro I:YlIe6Horo 1lpeC1JelI:OBBHHJl1a l:epbe3-
HblenpeCT)'flJIeHHJI?
3. )(.;ume I1peC1)TIJIeHI-ISI ntpe'AlCI1eHbl B Pm-.IcKoN- CTal)'Te MeA\!\)'I-T&-
JXJllHoro \'fO/IOI!I-IO["Q gt.na KaK <mpec1)'IlJIeHI-ISI IIpOTIIB <JeJJOBe'JeCT-
BID)?
4. KaKoBbl nocJI J1epe'JI1CJieHHbl'l 3JlO.lleHHIfH ]1JIJI }f{H3HIf 11
:J1IOpOBbJlJlIO.n.en?
5. JlBJlJleTCJI nH Haemme 1:epbe3HOD: npo6.neMoH, KOTopIDI CTOHT !Jepel!
HaWHM OOWeCTBOM?
6. JlBJlJJeTCJI JIH HaCHJlHe OOWenpHHJlTh!M u6paJ0M )J(H3HH B ClllA?
7. Ha6.nlOillIeTCJI JlH fX'CT npeCT)'!1HOCTH B POCCHH B HdCTOJIU{ee BpeMlt?
8. KaKOBbI npH'JI1Hbl paCnpoc1paHeHWI HaCI1JJWI B ClllA?
9. MoJKHO JlH K)'!1HTh pa3JIH<JHbTe BHl\I>I 0PY)lHiJl B CIp)'JKd1HbIX MaJ"a-
JHHBXBClllA?
38

10. RBmIeTCIi flH poeT nmpe6neHWI HapIDI1IKOB OlIHOH H3 npH'-JHH poe-
T!! npecl)'nHocrn? KaKosa BJaHMOCBII3b 3THXJJ.BYX l}JaKTopoB?
II. BJlHl'leT flH nponaraHJ\a HaCHJlHI'I B cpe,QcrBa."< MaCCOBOII HH<)JopMa-
ItHH Ha poeT npecrym-Ioclu B OOIl!IXTBe?
Task 5. laJ Matcn tne English expressions with fneir Russian equiva-
lents in tne fable.
(I) murder
(2) ex(enrunation
(3) persewtion against any group
onpoJitkaJgrOlUlds
(4) enslavement
(5) torture
(6) deportation or forcible transfer
of population
(7) rape
(8) sexual slavery
(9) enforced disappearance of
persons
(10) apartheid
(II) persewtirn agains! any group
on .-eJigious grounds
(12) inhumane acts
(a) nopa6orneHHe
(b) anapTeHl!, pacoBiUI 1130IDIL1Wl
(I:) npec.neJIOBaHHeJGlKOi;!..J1H6o
JPyrJnbl J1lOlIeH no peJlHrH03HblM
MOTHBaM
(d) YHHe, Hc1pC6J1eHHe
(e) H3HaCHJlOBaHHe
(f) y6uBcrno
(g) nhlTKH
(h) 6ec'JeJlOBe'-1I-Jble.!lej:jCTsHI!
(i) .!lenopT8lllDlHJlHHaCHJlhCTBeH-
HoenepeCCJ1eHHe
(j) l:eKC}faJIhHOe pa6croo
(k) npecneJIOIl3HHe KaKOi-t-J1H6o
rpynnbl J11O)\eM no nOJllJTH<Je-
I:KHMMOTHBaM
(I) HC<re3I-k."1BeHlJeJ1lOlIeH
(bj Complete the sentences using fne ward combinations from fne
second column.
(I) «((:rimes against humanity»
(2) «Deportation ur forcible trans-
ferofj)q)ulatlon)means
(3) «Torturenffieans
(8) to ensure effective prosecltion
ofseriousl:rimes.
(b) the intentional inflktion of pain
and suffering..
(I:) forced displacement of people.
- theinlentionalinnictionofpainWldsulfering-npe.'\HaMepeHH0eIlpH'IHHeHHe6oJJHH
C1p8.!UIHHH
39

(4) The term ---;gendern refers to (d) Intentional killing, torture,
(OTHOCJ1TC.ll K) unlawful deportation, taking of
""""-
(5) «Warl:rimesmeans (e) thetwosexes,maleandfema1e.
(6) The international I:ommunity (f) the intentional deprivatIon of
takes mea5lIfeS fundamental rights of a group of
peop1e on poJitil:al, national, re-
ligious, gender and other
grounds.
(7) «PersecutIOID) means (g) threaten the peace, secunty and
well-being of the world.
 . . Task 6. Study the folloWIng list 01 oHences in the table.
? Rate them on a scale from 1 to 5 11 is a minor oHence,
. 5 is 0 very serious crime) Which 01 the sentences listed
below fit the oHences in the foble? GIve your own opinion - it is nol
necessary ta apply your knowledge 01 existing laws
HOW SERIOUS IS A CRIME?
Criminal Act Ratmg
shop-lifting(stealmga I:amera) /Iarceny I 2 3 4 5
burglBI) I 2 3 4 5
murder of a poJic:e offker I 2 3 4 5
selling drugs (marijuana) I 2 3 4 5
being drunk in a public place I 2 3 4 5
bribery of an official I 2 3 4 5
,,'" I 2 3 4 5
selling porno films and books I 2 3 4 5
crossing the street in the wrong place I 2 3 4 5
kidnapping (the kidnappers want to get a ransom of I 2 3 4 5
_1_ m1n. dollars
40

- ------ - I 2 3 4 5
driving at 120 miles an hour / driving in eXl:ess of the
speed limit
drinking and driving I 2 3 4 5
di<:o«lerly I:onduct in the cinema/ in a disco-club I 2 3 4 5
armed robbeI)' ofabank I 2 3 4 5
assauJtandbattety/rommonassauJt (a fight in a resraurant) I 2 3 4 5
ma1icious wOlUlding (stabbing 5mb in a fLght) I 2 3 4 5
ofagunwjthoutalicense I 2 3 4 5
grievouc; bodily harm / iUJu!) I 2 3 4 5
NB!
disorderly conduct
armed robbery
larccnv
assault and battery
maliciouswoundillg
grie\-vus bodily harm I
grie\- bodily injury
xynHraHCTBO, H3p)'llIeHJte 06ruecTBeHHOro no-
PSLaKa. xymmUJcKoe JJOBe.IlCHHe
l1e
BOpoBCTBO
OLKop6::JeHl1eH1lJ]Mt:HI1eCH[lHece-
HHeM no6oeB
3JloYNI.UWJeHHOCHW-JeCeHhepaH
HaHeCeHlICUDKlUl'l(le."JC\:HU.'I(
GENERAL TYPES OF PUNISHMENT
capital punishment / death penally
fine and recovery procedure
to impose It fine
lifeimprisonmellt
imprisonment with hard labour I
il11Jrkonment at penal servitude
lon-term imprkonment
short-term imprisonment
suspendedsentcllce
probation
disciplinary training in II detention
centre
detention centre
I:MepTHM Ka3Hh
npoue1JYP'l BJhICIIaHI-rn unpa4Ja
HaJlaraTbunpa4J
[J(J)!(IIJHl'HfI()e nopeMHoe 3aKJllO'JeHHI.'
J1HWeHl1e CBCJ6om,a C Kmq»KHbIMII
pa6oTar.ul,Karopra
J]..I1H.TeJlbHoe TlOpeMHoe 3aKJIJOlJeHHt:
He6oJlbwoi1 I:poK TlopeMHoro 3a-
KJlJO'JeHI-UI
OTCpO'lKa I1CnOJlHeHHSI HaKaJaHHJI
npl1roBOpa
YCJl06HO-.nocp04HoeeHl1e
1"Ip}.DOBOenepeBOCnH-
TIlHHeBOOlpaaIrre.JIhJ-j(N)"IpC)KllCHHH
(1)Hb!i-i113OJ1JiIOlX(2)l-1c-
npaml1t'lJbHoc}"JpC)K!lel-me
41

Study the text below and give your opinion on the sen-
tences listed below
In ancient 01ma the punishment for small mminal infractions
such as shophftmg or breaking a I:urfew was to brand the offender's furehead
with a hot iron. Petty thieves and people who molested travelers had their
noses sliced off. For the crime of damaging I:ity bridges or gates, the ears,
hands, feet, and  were I:utoff. Abduction, anned robbeI)', treason, and
adultery were punished by castration. Death by m-anguIatirn was the price one
pa1dformurderandforanevenunspeakablecrime-
..
'-"' It i interesting to know that..,
... Mane-Allb'llstm MHTqllls de Peller ofBnttany ""as 8ITe>1ed Ul 1786 and
spent the next fifty years of hIs life In pnson Ihs I:nme: whlsthng 81 Queen
Mane Antomette as she was bemg ushered mto a theatre.
...the Port Fall)' Jail In Australia was budt by a YIJIkshm:man named
Broadbent who celebratc:d Its completIon so gaIly that he became Its first pns-
oner(18S7).
Task 7. Sludy the text below, making sure you fully comprehend It.
Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on low Pay special attention to the words
and word combinations in bold type.
TERRORISM
Terrurism means the uSt: or threat of action if this action may influence the
gm'el11111Cl1t or intimidate the public or a section of the public for politIcal,
religious or ideologil:al reasons. Terrorism usually involves serious violence
against II person or serious damaJ!;e to property, endaners a penon's life,
other than that of the person commitung the actioo. and I:reates a serious risk
to the health or safety of the pdJlic. Terrorists often use firearms or explo-
Shies for their purposes. Terronsts may have plans to interfere "'ilb or seri-
ously disrupt an electronie S)«tem.
An organization is Ctt",cer,-,ed in terrorism if it I:ommits or partidpates in
acts oftenonsm. prepares for terrorism, promotes or encourages terrorism.
42

Everybody sees the need for fLght against terrorism and its finaocing.
Governments of different countnes take measurC'i to adapt domestic ICjtisla-
tion and inle.'nalional comienlions 10 new lechnological and otber devel-
opments of lerrorists as well as to their growing sophiYication. It is also
necessJI)' to intcnsifY I:ooperation between national adminislmtion and
judicial, police, financial and other aulhorities for lhe purpose of SU\.--ceo;<:-
fully lracing Ihe origin and Ihe ronting offunds inlended for tenmists.
Peoples of the world see the need for intensified b1eJnaticnd Q.--u
to identify and Ileutralize fimds for terrorist purposes. Such an undertaking is
possible only with a high degree of I:ooperation at the normative, operative and
implemartation le\els. While such arI effort may not ensure the pI"C\'elltirn of
all terronst acts, it I:an contribute signifl(;antly to weakl:Tling terrorist infrastruc-
tures. This is so especially if measures can neutralize terrori<;Rj' legal sources
of financing, which in c-ertain cases operale under lhe cover ofhumanitar-
ian, non-prof" or evcn charitable organizations. It IS also necessal)' to pre-
vent general I:nminal actIvitIes that often serve to finance terrorism such as
trafficking drugs and \\'eapons in hnman beings. The systems and measures
'Cioped over the last few years to prevent the laurn.-illg of proceeds from
I:rime I:an, if oonscy app1ied, p1ay a signiocant role m the detection,
freezillglllldcollfiscatiouoflm""oriWfullds.
1.1
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
I. What does terrorism mean?
2. Does terrorism usually involve serious violence against a person or
serious damage to property?Give examples.
3. Does terrorism usually endanger a person's life, other than that oflhe
person conunitting the actIon? Give C'CaI11ples.
4. Does terrorism usually I:reate a serious risk to the health or safely of
the public? Give examples.
5. Do terrorists often use fireanns or explosives for their purposes'?
6. Do terrorists often interfere with or serk."lUSly disrupt electror;ic sys-
tems?Glve.
7. What organizations are crn:erned in terrorism?
8. What measures do gorts of different I:ountries take to fLght
against terrorism and its filJarlcing'?
43

Task 8. Complete the sentences USing the words and word comblrla-
tions from the box. If necessary, consult English-Russian didionarles
violence against
darnagr:to
forpoJd:lCaJ, reJlglOusor
ideologicaJreasons
safety
endangr:]"1;
senJuslydisrupt
fireannsorexplosives
participatesm
dcmesI:icleglSlation
tightagal!U;tten1Jt1qJl
mtenS!(y1(Il
(I) An act of terrorism may influence the govemmer.r or intimidate the
public or a section of the publK:_
(2) Terrorism usuaUy involves serious _ ape]"1;onorserious _property.
(3) Terrorism _ a person's life, other than that of the person 1:01rurut-
tingtheaction.
(4) Terrorism I:reates a serious risk to the health or of the publu:
(5) Terrorists often use_for theIr purposes.
(6) Terronstsmay have plans to irmfirewithor _anelectrorOC system.
(7) An organization is mJ(:eJTled in terronsm If it I:orrnnits or _act'> of
_.
(8) Evel)'borly sees theneed for _ and Its fjnancmg.
(9) Governments of different I:ountries take measures to arlapt_ to
nev.- technological and other developnents of terrorists.
(IO)We must _ between national admimstration and judicial. police.
financial and other authorities for the purpose of fighting against ter-
rorism and Its fimncing.
UJ Ta>k 9. T mo,lalo the folloog woed, aod wo,d comb!oa.
tions mto English:
nOBJImlTbHanpaBI1TeJlbCTBO
3anyrHBaTb06ll1CcrBeHHOCTb
nOnOJ1J-t1WjCCKHM,peJ1JU1tOJHblMKIIIJ
I1JlOOTJOn1'JeC1<1lMnpH'JI1HaM
HaCl1J1lieHa;:tl1W-IHOCTblO
ywep6 liM)'WCCrny
nQl1BeprH)Th pHCK)' )IOI3Hb 1.Je./IOBeIGl
COBepWHTh reppopHCTH'JeCKI:lfi: aKT
nQlIBfPrHYTh 6onwnoNy pHCK)'
6e3onaCHOCTh 06ll!ecrna
MThorno
B3pblB'IaTbieBeweCTBa
pa3PYWHTb 3J1eKIpOHH)'1O I:HCTeM)'
44

)"IacrBOBaTb B npPCPICllI'JeCKHX
'""'"'
6opb6a I: TeppOpullllOM 11 ero 4JH-
HllHCltpOBBHl1eM
npHHHMaTb Mepbl
M3.nTlJpoBaTh BH)'1"fJeHHee aKOHO-
.QaTeJlbCTBO H Me»cn,yHapolIHble
KOHBeHL1IJI1 K HOBbIM "RXHl"WO-
rH'Ie\:KHM H npyrHM YCOBep-
weHCTBOBaHHS!M
TIlIOKeKax
Bee YBeJ1H'IHBalOlllaJICS! I1JBOpCTDllt-
BOCThTeppopHCTOB
pacWHpSITb I:OTpY.l\HI-I'-ICCTBO
\:y,ne6m,re.nOJlHurlicKH:e.I}JHHlliICO-
Bble 11 npyrne opraHbl BJlaCTH
OTCJIel\HTb nponexO)](!\eHl1e 11 nyTH
npCN:<»It1jeHruJ ""IHaHCOBUX
cpelI£1B.npenHa3Kl'JeHHblXlUUI
TeppopHCTOB
ycnelllHO
opraHH3aIDlJl 31IMernaHa B TeppoPH-
CIll'lCCRl1xaKTaX
He06.'<O)lJIMOCTh paClllHpeHI1J1 MeJK-
IIYH1po1lHOrOcmpY.l\Hl-l'-leCTBa
1t.l1CHI1IlBIpoBaTh H Heihpu1Ioo-
BBThc)JHHaHCOBbIecpel!CTBa
lUUI reppC1Jl1C11!'JC(;KHX UeJ1eH
nQ!l06HClellpe.!IDpl-UlTl-leElO"3MC»KHO...
BbICOKaJlCTeneHbI:OTpY.lIHW-JCCTBa
HOPMaTIIBHbIiI. roeprrnBIJbIii ypoBHH
ypOBeHb BHellpeHHJI (HopNIillIBHbIX
aKTOBHT.n.)
06eCnC'lIITbI1peJlHHeTep-
popncrll1.Je(;]OO{ aKTOB
BHeCTH 6oobWOi1 BKJ1M B ocJla6rre-
HHe TeppopHCT1-1'JeCKOH HH$pa-
I:TpYK1Ypbl
HeHTpaJIH30BaTb neraJlbHble I1CTO'J-
HI1Kl1l]>HHaHCI1poBaHHJI
.l\eijCTBOBaTh nQl1 npHKpblTlteM
6naJOTIJOplfJeJlbHbIe opraHHJaUHH
"IpBHCnoprn)JOBKa HapKOTIUOCIB H
°pYJKHJIBTeJle1JeJlOl'leKa
Mepbl, paJpa60TaHHble Ja nocrrell-
HHeHeCKOJIld\DJleT
OTMbIBBHl1e.!leHer
npH .A06pocoBecrHOM npI-IMeHeHIIH
I:wrpaTb 3HB'lHTCJlbH)'lO pOJlb
06Hap)AreHlJe, 1aMC{'J6)MIB!IHHe 11
KOIJl)rncKaUHJI I]>qHaI-JC{)l!lfi HC-
TO'JHHXOBreppoJJItCTOII
..  Task 10. Translate tne following questions Inlo English
 and ask your partner 10 answer Ihem:
I. .lJ.ai1-re onpe.a.eJ!eHHe TeppopH3Ma. KaKHe UeJ!11 06b!'JHO npec.ne,D,} tOT
TePPOPHCThI?
2. JlBJlJleTCSlJ1HH(!aKTYrp030i16e-30nacHOCTH06l1{e-
1:TB3?
3. MOJKeT JlH yrpo3B -reppqJHC1WJeCKOro aKT3 nOBJIHJITh Ha npmm-
TeJlbCTBO?
45

4. I1oLlpBJ)'NeBaeT nH TeWopIICIlf'JeCKIrii aKT HOCIDIHe Hall nWJHO-
CTbIO HJlH ywep6 HM)'WeCTsy'!
5. i'knoJlbJYJOT nH TeppopHcrbl orHee1peJlbHOe op)?KHe H BJpblB'JaTble
BeweCTBa npH 1:0BepWeHlllJ TeppaplCTIl'recKI-1x aKTOB?
6. .Qaihe onpel!eJleHlJe TeppopllCT1!'JeClC:oi1 OpraHH3BUHH.
7. KaKHe Mepbl npHHlJMa1OTC1! npaBHTeJ]bCTBaMlJ pa3HbIX ClpaH .DJII!
6opbGbll:Tq:'I(Xp13MO
8. He06X0.Jll-1MO JlI1 pacwllpeHHe MeJKJ\YHapol\Horo COTpy.l\HlJ'Jecraa B
UeJI.IIXIIHIIHf:rTIJIDIll3aL\l-lHI}IHHaHcoBbIXHCT04HHKOB
-repPC1J!IC"IOB? B 'JeM JaKJIIO'!aeTCJI nO)106Hoe l:orpYI\HIl'Jecmo?
9. I10lI npHKpbITHeM KaKHX op1lliIJJaLlIW 'JaCTO I:KpbIGilO1CJI neranbHble
HCTO'!HHKHI}IHHaHCI-tpOBaHIDITl'ppcptc11l<leCKOiiD:CX1eJlbHOCTll?
10. KaxHe Mepbl cnoco6cmyKJr HCihpamtJ3UHH IIC"IO'JHIIJroB I}>JIHaHCII-
pOBaHlliI UHJOP!1(;11I'Je(;KOH J:IeKreJIbHOCru?
UJ Ta,k 1 L  Reode, Ihe le belaw ;nla Engh,h pay'ng a'-
tention to the notes in brockets.
OnpE.D,EJlEHIIIE ME)K,QYHAPO.o.HOrO TEPPOPIII3i'-M
111 METO.o.IIIKIII 60Pb6b1 C HItIM
B CoelIHHeHHblX lliTIlTax no I:HX nop HeT YHHBepCaJlbHOrO mJpeneneHlliI
MeJl(ll,)'HapOl!IiOrO -reppqllONa. OnHB .ue!jJHHHUHJI. WlIpOIo.O HCnOJlbJ}"CMWI
B npaBHTeJlbCTBeHHblX Kpyrax (X,Jl1t.lllmenl e.labliduucn1) CWA H O<PH-
UHaJlbHO BKJlIO'IeHHaJl B .QewCTBYlOlUee 1aKOHO)laTeJlbCTBO, onpelICJIIICT
({MeJKJJ.yHapOlIHbIH -reppO)JlJJMb KaK neHCTBlle OlIHHO'leK HJlH JPYnn npe-
l:1)'nHHKoB, BOBJIeKalOlIlI:IX B l:e6J1lpB)I(1IBH HJlH co6c-rBeHHOCTb 60Jlee 'JeM
OlIHOH l:1paHb!. TeppopH3M I10BOJlbHO WHpoKO "IpllKl)'eTCI Kax nonl£IlNe-
I:KH MCrI1IB1lpoBaHHOC npecrynJleHHe (politically mOln'Oled crime), npeL\-
npHHJlTOe npOTHB (Iallnched against) IpB)I(1IBHCKHX J]HU C)6HaU110HaJlb-
HhlMlJ rpynnaMH HJlll TaiiHhlMH areHT8MH. «(Tep(XlpIlCTlJ'JecKa!l Ipynna)},
BOcnpHHHMaeTCJI KaK coo6utecno. KOTopoe caMO llCnOJlh]yeT Ha npaKTHKe
HaCHJlHe, npllBO,lIJIllIee K I:MeprH nlO)leH. rum KaK I:neI1HaJlliHhlC noJ1)JB3llC-
neHHJI. OCYWCCTBJ]!llOlUI-Ie TeppopHCTH'JccKHe aKThl.
fn06aJ1hHblH MBcwra6 KpHMlJHaJlhHOi1 lIe!lTeJlbHOCTH 3acTaB!lJleT
ClllA BHHMaTeJlhHO I:Jle.l\HTb 3a m06wM npOJlBJIeHHeM BpIDK.!I;e6Horo K
46

l:e6e OTHoweHHfl. HeYlIHBHTeJlbHO nOTIOMY pal:WHpeHHoe TOJlKOB8HHe
8Mepl-lKaHUBMI-I MeJKD,yHapolIHoro reppopH3Ma HBpflllY c nOHCKOM :'uiJcpeK-
TIlBHblX I:pelICTB npOTHBO.lleiiCTBl-lfl reppopnMY (.{L'OlLh (if effective mcan.
of upposilion 10 larurism) H nonblTOK npHBJlC'leHHfl K I:BOI-IM aHTITrepPO-
PIICTIf'Je(;KHM onepaUHflM Ha MHpoBOH apeHe Bcex 1:0103HHKOB 6e3 HCKJUO-
'JeHH!I(tolVm(Jverlo(Jne'ide).
B ClllA .QeTaJlbHO pa3pBfuram,1 pa3.fIW-lHble Bepcl-lH 60pWbl I: MC)((!j)'HB-
POllHb!MTeppCfJI13MOM-OT lDIIUICtIIBTII'Il'CKOCOH oorpyI\-
Hlf'JecrBa H KOHCIp)'KI1IEIH  B JKOHIJMH'JeCKIIC l:aHKUHH no..-aH-
HbJ)(8Jn.lI-l,3alUHTHbIXMepI\00J1eKTIIBHOH6e30naCHOCTi1l-1aoeHHOi1l:l1!lbl.
npHMeHeHl-le l:aHKllHll (lise of sllflcflOns) OCTaeTCfl OlU-ll-IM 1-13 HaHOOJlee
'Jacro HCnOJlbJyeMblX aHTIrreppopHCIlIIJt':CKHX HHCTpyMeHTOB aMepl-lKaH-
I:KOi1 BHewHei1 nOJlHTHKH. npaBHTeJlbCTBaM, nOJllIep)({HBalOlllHM Me)({)l,)'-
HapO.!IHbIH TePpopl-l3M no WKarre Hl\eHTH4JHKa[{H1-I fOC)lenma
ClllA. JanpeweHO nOJI)I<IaTb KaK)'lO-nOOO aMepIIKaHCK)']{) 3KOHQNIf'Je(;K)']{)
H BoeHHYIO nOMOI.Jl],. 3KCnOpT I:JJBpIDtCeHJ1JI (expl»t of eqlllpmenf) TaKI-IM
l:1paHaM npeKp3IllCfl. Orp8HHIJeHl-lfl HaJlO)({eHbl (to lay on resrriclions) Ha
Bee 060PYI\OB8HHe C(l]Jj(jiHOro Ha3H8qeHHfl.>. BKJI]{)'1aJ] l:aMOJleTbI H rpY30-
BbleaJITUM06wJI-I.
CWA 'JeTKO CJJeJ\}'IOT npHHUrlny: HHKaKHX ycrynOK "Iepf1OpIICTaM (no
crJlTlfJ'umi'e). OHI-I HI-IKor,!I.a He nJlaTU I-IM BblK)'n 3B 3aXBaIJeHHbiX B 3a-
JlO)({HHKH JlHL\ (to pay rerkmption for hos/GgCs), He )'C1}'I111J(Jf llIaHTIDKlt-
CTaM (10 l.;eld 10 bfackmOllel:), Tj)e6YIOWHM OCBo60)1.HTb 3aKJII04eHHbIX,
He cornawalOTCfl Ha OCYll\eCTBJleHHe KaKHX-JlH60 JIpyrnx MepOI1PIlSlTltH,
I:n0c06HblX KaK-TO nOOll\PHTb reppqmcroB (actions encouraging
te,ro"sts). B 3aKOHOllBTeJlbCTBe Ol1A BCfl npoue.nypa npHHflTHfl aHTHTep-
popHCTH'IeCKHX Mep (to lake anfite,rorist meo.",es) npOnl-lC8Ha OCHOsa-
TeJlbHO, HO 3T0 He 03Ha<JaeT. <rro B pea.rtbHoii >K1-I3HH HeT OTKJlOHeHH.
3KOIJQMH'JecKHe UlHKUHI-I ClllA npoTHB I:BOI1X BparoB 1-13 <mcJla crpaH-
reppqJl-lC1OB nO.llI1a.aalOT nOlI llIeCTb mrerc.pdi: I'JCHiDI B roproBJIe,
TpBHccpepe Te'<.HOIIOrl-IH (limitations in trade, tc.c.lIIIO/Og;U tramiftr), TOTaJIb-
Hoe roproooe 3M6apro (tulal trade" nfJ( gl.J), JM6apro Ha Bee I}>HHaHOOI!bIe
BJaHMOUfHOllIeJ-IIUI H onepailllH, npnx:TIII-JOBJIeIIHe JIlIOCTpaHHOii nOMOlllH H
OrpaHI-I4eHHe B03J1YWHblX I-IJIH MOpCI<IfI{ If'-'. a TaIOKe OTMeHa ,l\oro-
BOpoB (u./flCd/alion) onp)')({6e, roproBJIe H MOpennaBaHIIIl
C8HKllHH 06bl<1H0 TpC6yIOT CmpYllHH'IccTBa I: npynJMH l:1paHaMH 1VUI
TOro, <rr06bl OH 6bJJlH 3I}JcpeKTHBHbI, HO TIlKOe CmpY.IIHWJeCTBO He Bcer,!I.a
OCYll\eCTBJl.IleTCfl Ha npaKTI-IKe (to be reoli;xc/J.
l1f:mooIIIUlC TqJpOplI3'I H Jl:(lHIpIqIpOpIIJIIII B COIIJI!:MeHHO'l-l "tllpe. Hay'l-
H0-CJJp3B01JHOe qJAilHlJe / nOlI pell. aKa.!I.G.A. Kaoo6oBa. M.: '3KCJlHT. 2003.
47

IbJ Make a summary 01 the text in English
Task 12. (a) Insert the correct pn;posdions
NB I to accuse smb of smth I to charge 06BHHI1Tb Koro-nl-l6o B
smb with smth lJeM-nH60
to convict smb ofsmth OC)'.II.HTb Koro-nl-l6o 3a .no-
1IH60, BblHeCTH npHroBop
(I) An arrest warrant was issued for Tafoya by the Ventura County
Superior Court on December 14, 2007, after he was I:harged 
I:hJidstealing.
(2) Hewasaccusedlarceny.
(3) Since 1900 in the USA there have been on the average more than
four I:ases per year in whil:h an entirely irulOcent person was I:on-
vll:ted murder.
(4) In 2007 Tafoya was I:harged _ unlawful flight to avoid prosecu-
tion.
(5) The polil:e were ac:cused _ using torture to make  con-
fess.
(6) He is innocent. He didn't commit the crime you accuse him_"
(I)
Ib) Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents in the
table
(2) ac:cusation
(3) to be under accusation
(4) robnngaccusation
(5) tOl:oncoctac:cusation
(6) tofabncateac:cusation
(7) toreta]JateacctSltJQn
(8) false accusation
(9) fonnal accusation
(a) o6BHHeHHe,06BHHlITeJlbHbIH
m
(b) l'OC"IpIrulTh 06BHHeHHe
(c) cljJa6pHKoBaTbo6BHHeHI1e
(d) 06BHHI1TeJlb
(e) .nOJKHOe 06sl1HeHl1e
(f) 06BHHJlTbCJl
(g) BbIlIBHHyrb o6BHHeHI1e
(h) oC)')I(lleHHe3anpecrynJleHl1e
(i) o5sHHeHHe, He no.llKpenJleHHoe
1l0CTaT0'-1HbIMHJlOKa3a-
MH
48

(10) unsatisfuctory accusation
(II) occused/I:onvict/defendant
(12) occuser
m 06BHHI1TeJlb (..-acTHOC JlHUO)
(k) 04>IJUHaJlbHOC 06SHHeHHe
(I) OCY.llHTb 3a 1:0aepWeHI1e npe-
ctynJleHH$I
(m)o6sHWIeMbIH; nOlICY.llHMbIH.
OC)l)K1leHHblH
(n) npel!MBflTb BCTpe'JHoe 06811-
HeHJ{e
(13) tOl:onv]ctofal:rime
(14) convictionofanofrence
Ie) Insert i'obe'm the correct form:
(I) The I:lrcwnstantlal evidence agamst hIm thin, other leads were
ignored by the po1ice, and the cowtroom  reeked of ra-
I:ism.
(2) The evidence that pomted to another person as the murderer _
never submitted at his trial.
(3) Theevidence _hearsay andhe called ujXJn thel:ourt to dismiss it.
(4) There _ insuffl(;ientevic1eoce for the I:ourtto I:onvict him
il STUPID CRIMINALS
MUgging people in one ofthe UK's most popular jogging locations is
askmg for trouble. E-q:>ener"aJ UIIIT!IIhon runner Glyn Roberts I:ame to
!he 8]d of 8 w.1]m on Hamp<;Iead Heath ill north London and gave
I:hase - for two mIles. The bewIldered ltllIgger eventually fell 10 his
knees and  for mercy. He d1dn'tgel it.
Project
work
TERRORISM
Find in the Internet or mass media facts about terrorisl
acts in dfferent counlries and ways of fight against
them by the police and diHerent slate organizolions Organize a kind
of press conference sharing your ideas about this problem.
49

to engage
to defend
Task 13. Make as many word combinations as possible matching the
left and right columns
dvil
unanimous
top1ead
to drop
to take
to serve
I:riminal
penal
Io
totakt:
inl:oul1
proceedings
guilty
I:harges
a prison sentence
verdict
proceedings
the best lawyer
institutions
mtoalslody
an alibi
Task 14. Translate the following sentences into Englisn lIsing the
words and word combinations which do with legal malters
NB 1 10 plead guilty (10 all charges) / npH3HaTb CBOIO BHHY
loadmilone'sguill
10 confess npIDHaThCj[
10 find smb guilty nplDHaTb Koro-JJJt60 BHHOBHblM
10 be innocenl 6bITb HeBHHOBHblM
to imprison / to incarcerate smb for
2 years
the sec::ret polke
a hIgh security JaIl
three hours of questioning
a (po1Jtica1) prisoner
to grant an anmestyto smb
to charge smb with smth
embezzlement
to re1easesmb from prison
to be desperate
to bribe smb
to drop the I:harges (to get the
dWgesdropped)
to serve 2 monlhs in prison
to bring a dvil (I:riminal) action
against smb
I:asc of I:orruption
I:Ommlt a I:rJme
to impose a fine of$IOO
to sentence smh to 3 years of priSO!1
50

(I) TatiHaJI nOJIHUIDI ornpaBIDIa ero Ha nOJIrolla B KOJlOHHIO C1pOroro
pelKHMa.
(2) nocJle "I]Je\..'rlCOBOJUlIonpoca o6BHwleMblH npH3HaJI I:BOIO BHI1)'.
(3) 3alC.lUo'JeHHblll npl13Ha.n CBOIO BHHY no seeM nYHKTaM o6BHHeHwl.
(4) IlpaBmeJlbcrBO 06"hllBIDIO aMHl1cmlO BceM nOl1l1T1l'reC1G:1M 3<1-
KJlIO'JeHHbIM.
(5) B OKTJl6pe era 06BHHHJlI1 B Xl1meHI1H.
(6) Ope311JleHT OCB06oJll1Jl J1l1Jlepa onn031-1WJH H3 TlOpbMbl.
(7) )J.ItpeKIUp 6b1J1 B O1'-IaJlHHI1 11 llalKe nbITaJlCJI nOlIK)'nHTb nOJlH-
ueHcKHx, <ff06b1 TeI:HJIJII1 I: Hero o6BHHeHwl.
(8) OH 0lC1f,lIeJ! nOJIrOlIa B MOCJHOH TlOpbMe.
(9) OH CJrCI1.!1eq 10 J1eT B TIOpbMe, H cero.llH:I! ero Bbll1)'CTwr Ha I:Bo6oJJY.
(10) Era 06Jrn1reJlbHO npII3HB1OT BHHOBHbIM, :'ITO BOnl1l0mee lleJlO 0
Koppynmm
(II) <151 HeBIDJOBeH,!I He I:OBeplllaJI npecryWleHI1J1. B KOropOM BM Me-
HJl06BHHJleTe».
(12) OH B036YllIDI rpa)((JlaHCKHH HCK npOTHB aBHaKOMnaHl111 3<1 TO,
'JTO Te 3a,neplKaJll1 peHC Ha rneCTb 'JaCOB 11 He 06e<:ne'JIDIH nHTa-
Hl1eHrOCTHHHl.\YnaCCflA(lIpaM.
(13) CYJlI>JI npHC)'III-UJ urrpal}J B pa3Mepe $500.
(14) (1" npH3HaJm BHHOBHblMl111 npl1roBOpl1JlH K nJlm rolIaM TIOPbMbl.
 I
f STUPID CRIMINALS
Drug-posse'iSJOO defendant Christopher Johns, on tria1 in March in
Pontiac, Michigan, said he had been searched wlthout a warrant. The
prostor said the of/ker dIdn't need a warrant because a "bulge" In
Christupher's jadel could have been a t,'lln. Nor,<:al<;C., said
Christopher, v.-ho  to be wearing the same jacket that day in
1:0urt. He handed It over so the judge I:ould sec It. The Judge
dlS1.:muerl a packet of cocmne In t11e pocket and I.ed S{) hard he
reqUIred a five-minute recess to compose himsel(
A man hom Indiana gavc local pobl:c offkcrs a "'TOng namc aftcr be-
Ing slopptiI for a dnvlng ol'lence, but was caught out after they notIced
his real name,Cecll,tattooedonhlSneck.
51

.-) CREATIVE AOIVITIES
l r Give your altitudes on the following statements in written
 form or orally using the actIve vocabulary from the texts
above.
The term «interrldtional terrorism» first entered the modem lexicon three
decades ago as lefiiest guenlla movements dashed with rightiest regimes in
Latin America. From there it spread around the world. As the «(New York
Times» wrote:
Nobody am acroratdy UlII those \-\110 plotted, finarx:ed and camed out the
fumous mass hter of September 11 <<militants, resistance fighters, gunmen,
partisans or guenUas». The most precise word to describe a person or group \-\110
mw"dersevenoneinnocent civilian to sendapolir:icaI message is (<terronst);.
«(The Guardiarm wrote:
Perhaps !he most important bsoo of alllgJobal terronsmJ is that our best
hope ofbuilding a safer and more peaceful world lies in recoostructing our poli1:y
round the US and authonzmg it to control the Monetary Fund, !he World Trade
0rgarnz3ti0J1 and the I1llllbnational ootpmItions which now durunate the global
eoouolJIY and expect the Pentagon to step in to defend their interests fiam any
nationaJ liberation movements that might threaten their profits.
Task 15. Match the English expressions with their Russian equiva-
lents in the table.
N" I trial - I:Ylll.6Hoe pm5ftpaTC.lbCTBO; (;)'Ae5-
HblH npouecc; CJJYllIdHIX: !U:J1a no LYllIelTB)'
10)
(I) after trial
(2) trial by I:ourt
(3) trialbyjul)'
(4) [Q bring to trial. [Q put on
trial
(5) to I:onduct a trial
(6) to delay a trial
(a) pac:cMoTpeHlJe.n;eJ13I:}"ffiCTI1eM
npIJCJDKHbtX
(b) npel!aTb(;)'n.Y
(c) MeIlJ3TbLYlIonpoIJ3Bo.n;CTB)'
(d) no paccMOTpeHIJI1 .ucJla B cy.n;e
(e) rupaBeJI.IIHBOecy.ue6Hoepa36IJ-
paTeJJbCTBo, CY.!Ie6HOe pa3611pa-
TeJlbCTBOCl:06mo)leHlJeMnpO-
l\eccyanbHbIX rapaHTHH
(£) BeCTIt cy.ue6Hblll npouecc
52

(7) to embarrass a trial
(8) to face trial
(9) to safe rrom trial
(10) to stand trial
(II) fair trial
(12) mock trial. staged tnal
(13) public trial
(14) second trial
(15) subsequent trial
- - - (g) pac:cMoTpeHl1e Jlen-a l:-aIHM \:Y-
JloM6e3Y4acTlUlnpllCJDlUJb1X
(h) 3annIBaTb l)'ne6Hbli-1 npouecc
0) OTBelJaTb nepel!\:yJlOM
(j) I1peJICTIiTh nepel! gtn OM
(k) OTKpblTbli-1 l)'ne6HblH npouecc
(I) 1136aBHTbOTl)'na
(m)IJOC.JJe.DyIOUlpaccIOTpeIJHe
"'''
(n) I1HCUeHHpOBaHHblH I:yJle6HblH
npouecc, napOl!HJI Ha gtn
(0) nOBTOpH0e pac:cMoTpeHHe Jlena
Ib)
NB I cOUl1-cyJ\, cYJle6HO npI1C}'TC"I1!I1
(I) I:ourtandjury (a) npel!aTbI:YD;)
(2) to appear in 1:0urt / to stand (b) npeJlCTIl1b nepel! I:yJlOM
I:ourt
(I:) l)'n H npHCJDKHble
(d) I:JlelI<:TBeHHaJlKOMI1I:CI1J1
(3) to bring into the I:ourt
(4) I:ourtofmqulry
53

UJ Tm' 16. la} Roede, Ihe following le,1 ;nlo Engl;,h poy;ng
attention fa the noles in brackets:
nOn1H1KA CWA B OEinAOI-1 EiOPbEibl
C ME){{.[J,YHAPo.QHbIM TEPPOPJI13MOM
B I:OBpeMeHHblx YCJlOBHJIX m06MbHoi1 H pc:rHOHaJlbHofi: HeCIa6J:1I1bHOCTH
(global and regional inslubility) Me)KJl)'Hapol!HblH TeppopIl3M OrnOCHTCJI K
pa:JpJllI)' HaH60nee 06cY)(()laeMbIX np06J1eM B BepXm:lX 3ll1t'J10HBX BJlacTH
COe.!lHHeHHblx WTIlTOB. no MHeHHIO BCJJYWllX aMepHKaHCKHx 3Kcnep-rOB,
TeppopHM CIle)],YeT paccMaTpHBaTh KaK CIl0JKHeHruee JlBJ1eHl-ie MeMJJ,YHB-
pOl\HO-nOJlllTI1..-ecIDt )((H3HH crpaH I-i Hap0l!OB. MHoro'lI-iCJleHHble reppo-
pm:rn<Je<:KHe aKTbI, I:nOHcHpyeMble HeKOTOpblMI-i rocy.napcTBaMH I-UIH
rpynnupOIllGlMH, OOUPYlOll\HMI-iC.II 3a py6eJKoM. oo I:npaBel!-
JlHBOCTh ]1aHHoro )'TBepJK,l1eHWI. no ,lJ,aHHblM 1996 r., I1pHMepHo 25% Tep-
pOpliCTIf'Je<:KHX HHIlHJ}eIfIOB BO BceM MHpe ocymecrBJJeHO nporuB aMepH-
KaHCKHX rpa)(()laH HJlI-! aMepHKaHcKofi: l:06cTBeHHoCTH. faKHM o6pmoM,
nOJllJTHKa CWA, rpa"1K.llaHe H HBL\ltOHaJlbHble l-IH"repeCbl CWA I:JlyJKaT
npJlMblMH MIIllIeHJlMH llIDI Me)(()lYHapolIHoro TeppOpHJMa (dlred Qlms of
international (elTOTlSm), npH<JeM. 6oJ1bwHHCTBo alITOB reppopHCTH'JecKoro
I:BOfICTBa npollC'<.O,!J,AT SHe reorpa$HlJeCKHX npeJ:\e11OB CWA. AHaJlHTHKH
KOHrpecca CiliA npH Ol{eHKe reppopllJMa I-iCXOl\SlT m roro l}JaKTB, 1JTO
-reppopIDM M{))I(eT 6blTh MOTHBHpoBaH. I}JHHBJ«:HpoBaH. nOJIlIepJKBH I-UIH
I:llJ[aHHpOBaH B MeJKllYHBPOlIHON MBcurra6e, HO nOJlY'JeHHblH peJ)'JlbTaT
em BCerlIa OIGl3hlBaC'T(;JI JlOKallbHblM. OHH 06paIl\BIOT BHl-iMaHHe Ha TO,
'HO 1:0BpeMeHHoe aMepllKaHCKoe 06mecrBeHHoe BOCnpliJlTlie reppopHJMa
KaK npeHMyweCTBeHHO HHOC1pBHHOro JlBJJeHJI 6bll:lpO MeHJJeTCJI, 0 'JeM
1:61l.Qe"TeJlbCTByIOT B3pblBbi B ToproBOM l.IeHTpe B HblO-f1opKe (\ (])e.ne-
panbHoro 'IlIaHHI'I B OKJ1axm.Ja-C'HTH. nocJlelIHee I:06bITHe I:HJlbHO I:THM)-
flHpOBaJlO (10 stimulate) MOlIH!fJHKauHlo MeTOlIOB al-fl1lTePPOPBC"earoH
.neJlTeJlbHOCTH npaBJlll\HX KpyrOB CWA (rulingc:liqllc) elUe H nOTOMY. 'lTO,
no OlIHOH 113 Bepc", reppcpltCTlNccmlt: aKT 6b1J1 opraHH30BaH BJlHJlTeJlb-
HbIM CenaparuCTCKHM I:HJlaMH CWA (poweJ.ful sepurutist uIlIOfitje<o),
Jl06HBaI01llI1MHcJI nepeo«npa KotJcrIfI)UHH H OTJIeJleHWI OT (])elIepaW1H
pJlJIalOJKHblxwraToB.
nOCKOJlbK)' MeJKllYHapOlIHblH TeppopH3M npH3HaeTCJI B Ka1.JeCTBe 3Ha-
1.JlffeJIbHOH yrp03b1 BHewHeH H BHYJPeHHeH 6e3onacHoCTH CoellHHeHHbIX
54

WTIlTo.B, TO. aH IJOll[]alI8eT no.lllllHpOmH cnelOp npHIlleHeHBJI aMepllKaH-
CKHX roCYJJapCTBeHHb!X BHeIllHenOJlHTW-JC(;KHX UCJ1eH, no.llBepr8:11 JpCmIH
Ille>l\llYHapO)IHYIO I:TIl6HJlhHOCTb, KOTopaJI onpe.nenam B KaIJeCTBe alIHoro
HJ rnaBHblX npHoptrreTOB (ma;n prirn ;Iy) nOJlHTHKH H 3KOHOMHKH crpaHbJ
KaHCTIfI}'llHeH CIllA. Te<:KHe rpynnbl 1,IBCTO HaMepeBIiI01CJI
OCJ1())I(HHTb H 6e3 Taro HanpJDKeHHYIO 06CTaHOBKY (In C/Jmplicme Ihe
ahead)" lense silua/iOn) IDIH 1IiiJKe aJePrHYTh HeyrolIHb1e npalll£feJlbCTBa
(to oveIthtOW non-ue/come govemments), nycTh lIaJKe aHH npel!CTBBJUIIQT
cr6oii: neMo.Kpm1f'JeJ::KH HJ6paHHble H HHO HBCTpoeHHble rocy-
,!U'IJ)CTl\eHHble npyKTypbl. npH :)TOM reppopttt:TbI Hepel!KO nOJ1Y'lalOT 0.11-
pel!eJleHHYIO nOJJ.llepJKKy aT Tex npel!l:TIIBIrre.neU a6I1leCTBeHHo.CTH. KOTO-
pbJe p33O'JBpOBaHbl HeCnOCo.OHOCTblO npaBHTCJlhCTBB (;1IIJI1X I:TpaH npel!-
J10JKHTb Hd(X)J\)' MHp, 6e3onaCHo.CTb H 3KOHOMHIJecKHe npeo6pa3oBaHIDI.
YCHJlH:II npaBHTeJlbCTB MHorHX I:TpBH no. ,l\O\.--uiJ!reHlllO HaIIllOIJafIbHOro
IIJIH perHOHaJlbHaro 3KOHOMH'IeCKoro pB3BHTH:II BIJOJlHe MOryr I:TIlTb a6b-
eKTOM oc06eHHO MpOCTHbIX aTaK reppopHcrOB. B 3TOM I:MblCJIe BeCbMB
XBpaKTepHbJ rocynapCTBa C 60JlblllHM M)'C)'nbMBHCKHM HaCeJleHHeM H Ha-
nH<meM Tex HCJlBMCKIIX $yI-Jll!lMe]-ffaJHcrCIGf'.: rpYlln, IIUIOpUC nOMep-
>KHBaIOTC:II I1pBHaM. HecJlY'lBHHa HMeHHa I:TpaHbJ EJlllA\Ht'ro BOCTOKa,
Cpe,rJ.HeH H JQro-BOCTO'lHoi1 A3HlJ, a TBKJKe AcPPlJKH paccMaTplJBalOTCJI B
KalJeCTBe rnaBHoi1 yrp03b1 (main th,eat) OCHaBHbIM UeJl:llM BHelllHei1 nOJllJ-
THIUIClllA.
11.'IO'IHIIK" TeppopiOM lJ IIOHTpTCJJPOPIIJM B cOBpeMeHHoM MHpe. HaY'-mo-
cnpaB04Hue IBII3HHe / fIo-') pe;:J. 8K3J!.. o.A. Kuno6oBa. M.. 3KC:;JHT, 2003.
Ib) GIve a glsl of the lext In English
55

Task 17. Study the police blJUetins below.
10)
Mlllwrn OF u.s. NATIONALS OI'T'oIl)f THE: llNITEI) 'iTATES; CON"PIRACY TO
MlIHI)rH Ii S. NATIONAL.'i Ol:T'ill)f THF. UNITF.IJ STATES; ATIACK ON A FFI).
ERAL FACILITY RESULTI!';G IN I)EATH
USAMA BIN lADEN
AIiaw<; Usama Bm Munammad Bin Ladin, Shaykh Us.ama Bin
Ladin, The Prince, The Emir, Abu Abdallah, MUJa1ud '>haykh, Hajj,
The Dircctor
DESCRIPTION
DateofBir1hUsed;
PlaceofBir1h:
Heigh.;
"bght;
Build:
Language:
Scars and Marks:
Remarks:
1957
Saudi Arabia
6"4"t06"6"
4ppnromalely 160 pounds
Thin
Arabic(probablyPashtu)
None known
Bin Laden IS left-handed II£ldwa1ks withacane.
Hair: BrO\vu
Eyes: Bro\Vfl
Sex: Male
(:omp)c1.IQJ1;Ohve
CitizJensbip: Saudi Arabian
CAunON
Usama Bin Laden is wanted in connection with the August 7, 1998, bombings ufthe
United Stales Embassies in Oar es Salaam, Tanz<lnia, and Nalrobi. Kenya These am-d.s
kIlled over 200 people In addition, Bm Laden IS a suspect m utherlerronst anacks
tluuughoutthewor1d.
REWARD
The Rewards For Justice Program, lJmted States Department oftate, IS offering a reward
ofupto$25mlliionforinformatlonleadingdlrectlytothenorconvl(:tlonof
Usama Bm Laden. Anaddillonal $2 million IS being offered Ihrough a program developed
andfundedbytheAirl1nePilotsA5sociatirn.andtheAirTransportA'iSOLia1im.
SHOULD BE CONSIDERED ARMED AND D.ANGERaJS
IF YOU HAVE ANY I'\jFORMATlOJli CO'\jCERNING THIS PFR PLEASE
CONTACT YOl,R LOCAL FBI OFFICE OR THE NEAREST AMERICAN
EMBA'>SY OR CONSI1LATE
(INLAWFIIL FLIGHT TO AVOID PROSEClT10N
CHILD STEAL1'\j(;; CONTRIBlITIJI\(; TOTHE DEL1'\jQ(IENCY
OF A i\UNOR; CAN. l-HUT
56

Ib)
"W"ANTED
_-x-...-_:o::...._,.
RA(:KFn HIN(; l"\Itl UHJ(.tIJ AI\IJ(UHHUPTORGANIZ"TlnNS(HI('Oj_
MLRDFR (19 COLI"\IT). CONSrlR-\C\" TO COMMIT MLRDER. COr\'SI'IR-\CY
TOUJMMIT FXTOIUION. "\IA-RCUTIO. m'iTRlBlITlON.UJ"-';I'IRACY
TOCOMMIT MONEY L!\U'VERII'JG; EXTORTION; MONE:\' LAUNDERll'iL
e JAMES J. BULGER
DESCRIPTlON
StpmDerJ.I929 YihitelSdver
Place of Birth: EluslOn,Massachusetts Eye5: Blu
Heighl: 'j"7 'to 'j"Q" CompleUoo: L"""
Weight: ISOlol60pounds Sa:
Build: Meduro ""'"
Occullation: Unkm"v" NuOOn.!fol): American
Scars and Marks: NOlle known
Rem.u-b: Bulger is an avid reader with an inlerest In history. He '5 known to
frequentlJbrancsand histor1csites Bulgcr may be roking heart
medication. He maintains his physICal fitness by walkilJ,g on
be.d)C:, and In parks .....ilh hIs felTl3.le compamon, Cathmne Eliza-
beth Gn:il! Bulger and Greig love animals. Bulger has been
kno\'\o'll 10 alter hlsappearancc Ihrough the use of disguises. He has
traveled extensively IhroughoUl me Uniled Srates, Europe, Can-
ada,andMexico.
CAunON
.IAMEJ. HUI.(oH 10,; HElNlo sutlGHT FOR HI<; ROI.l" IN NUMI".ROll'o MURm.RS
COMMITTED FROM THE EARLY 1970, THROlJ(,II THE MJD-1980, IN CONNElTION
WITH HI" I J:AOCRSHIP OF AN ORGANI7.J:O CRIMr GROUP THAT AU J:GJ:Ol V CON.
TROLLED DI.TORTION, DRUG DEALS. AND OTIIER ILLEC;AL ACTIVITlr.S IN Till::
BOSTON. MASSACHlI!>E"J fS, AREA. HE HA!> A VIOLEN-I I U\-D'l:R AN!) I KNOWN ro
CARRY AKNIFr.AT ALL TIMES
CONSIDERED ARMED AND EXTREMELY DANGEROUS
IF YOU HAVE ANY INFORMATION UJNlERNINGTHIS IRSON.I'Uo'\SI:,.cONTACl
YOUR LOCAL rnl OFFICE OR THE NEAREST US EMIJASSY OR ax>-JSULA TE
REWARD
The FBI is offering a I2,OOJ.()()o) reward for infonnation leadingrlirectly to the ar-
restorJamesJ.Bulger.
57

1<1
i
ANDREW JOSHUA TAFOYA
Aliases: AndrewTafoya. Joshua Andrew Tafoya
DESCRIFTlQN
Date of Birth Usoo: March 13, 1987
Place of Birth: California
HeiWti: 6"0"
\\"eiJ:bI: 190pouoos
Black
Brown
Male
While
(Hispanic)
Nalionalih':Amencan
Tafoyamay seek employment as an automobllesalesman.
Tafoya has scars on his right ann, left leg, left shoulder. and
chest.
Tafoya is believed to be in MexIco. HeetQo)"< playing football.
Hain
E)?!:
Sex:
Race:
Occupation:
Scars and Marks:
Remarks:
CALmON
Andrew Joshua Tafoya is wanted for allegedly taklog a ImrlOr female, WIth ..tJom he
had an Illegal relationship, aclOss state lines in a slolen vehicle. II IS believe dlhalTa-
foya took 15-year-01d ChlOma Gray from her high school in Ventura, California. and
across the lxIrder mlo MexIco on December 13, 2007 The t\\-o may be travelling in a
stolen, v.hilc 2008 Acurn TSX with CalifornIa license p1ale6AXX92&.
An arrest warrant.....as ISSUed for Tafoya by the Ventura County Superior Court on
o."cemberI4,2007.afterhewaschargedwl1hchiWsteahng,contnbUl1ngtothedelin-
 ofa minor, 8I1d car Iheft. On December 31, 2007, Tafoya was charged with
unlawful flight to IIVoid prose<::ution and a rederal arrest warrant was ISsued by lhe
United St3.tes D,strict COUl1 in Los Angeles.
IF YOU HAVE ANV INFORMATION CONO.RNINt. THIS l'ER.>;OI', I'U.AS!:. LON-
UI: 100-\L f1JI (H.ln: OR THE "Ij1.AHI.Sl. Ar.nRIC-\N F.MHA...o;\' OR
I2kp
ROBERT'_MI t::LLt::R.1II
DIRECTOR
Fl"Dl:RIIL IJURI:.IIU OJ- INVI:.S-fj(,ArlUN
UNITeD STATCS DEPARTMCNT OF JUSTICE
ViASHINGt"UN.D_C 20535
TEIJ:f'HONE (202)324--3000
58

Task lB.la) Describe the criminals and suspects In the pictures, mak-
ing use of the words and word combinations given below,
e.g.: «The suspect IS described as a white mole In his late !artles, of
medium height, medium bUilt mousIache, brown eyes, prominent
nose, wide mouth sIraight crew-cut hair, .»
Height.
Build:
Age:
Complexion:
Face;
Features:
Forehead:
Hair:
Teeth:
Eyes:
Eyebrows.
Nos\:.
E>m;,
LIps:
Ch..eks.
Chin;
Beard:
Mou<:t.lche:
D1stmguishing
features:
short, wll, ofmedlUill height
()f medium build, well-built, . o;kmny, plump, fat,
broad-shou1dered
mlddle In his earlYJrnld-l1ale twenlles, In hlSlmd-fortJes
light, fair. pale. dark, saIlO\-\-'. sunburnt
()Val, plump, thin, round, square, long, flco;hy. puffY, dean-
slUIVcn, \\Tlnklcd, plmpk:d, pasty, pock-marked
dehl:ate, dean-cut, regular/irregular, stem, forceful, vague,
coarse, ugly, p1am, ordmary. full face, profile
hq,>b, low, narrow. square, broad, domed
straight, I:urly, wavy, shoulder-length, medllOn-length. short-
I:ut, crew-cut, bobbed dyed. recedmg, scanty. bald, light/dark
brown, fair-haired, dark-halred, rumpled, Iangkd, thm, thick,
bra1ded, fi1ngeJronglf{II"Clock, afro, parting, loose, ponytail,
plaits, bunclte<:. swepl-back hair. false. wig, flaxen. auburn,
cheslnu!,grey,jet-b]ack
even/uneven,artificial,sparse
close-set, deep-set, v.ide-.1part,  bulgmg, ho]-
lowed
thick, bushy. arched, thin, pencilled, shaggy
straight, prominent, pointed, hooked, flat, 'iJIUb--nosed. aqUl-
line,fleshy
Jug-eared, lop eared, earlobe
thin. full. thin upper lip with a full lower lip, lips with down-
turmngcomers, deft hp, coo;ed, twisted
plump, hollow. stubby. ruddy
double, square, pointed. protrudmg. masSive, double, !inn
bushy. grey-bearded. hem-y-bearded, spade beard
thick,thin,toothbrush,v."a1rus
scars. freckles, humpback, wooden leg, pOI-belly. bmh
mad". gl:.1sses. friendly smile. wrinkles. shrunk face. dimple.
plmp1e
59

fl & i tlft
, .. " '-
 -"::-  f ; (;x,
''A.  }]
, f, ",  ,
di . 1t : I>
t_  IC ........ -
 i o . .0., c. -.
V . "
.. 0".' 'IY-
. 0: Q . .  .--.... . 
-",' - '. i
. .
p _ I
j ,.
It it
60

fJ
 ,
/I' tJ.t-
O - t!)  -
> v:
e;=
t, \I
'-..

;'; \
'I:')
, :Y I
Ib) Descnbe your fellow students, making IJse of the words and word
combinations in the table
UJ To,k 19. Tmn,lo" the following te" into Engli,h,
10) HEYCTAHOBJlEHHA5I MOWEHHJllLIA
I-\eycTaHoBneHHaJI JKeHIlIHHB 3HaKOMI1J1acb I: ncrTCpneBwHMH HB Y."J!1ue, nQll
pa-JJ1H"IHbIMH npt:-'1.fK)I"8'>1H 3dX[]J\IIflH K HI1M aO1Ull H a.!laTb efi B;:J:O.T
IIpYfIHI>Ie I:YMMbl .aeHer. []PH nOM npeC1)'nHHua HaJbIBa.rJaCb Aa-lbHeH ponCT-
BeHHHI$ll o6MaHyrt.'I: lIIQAei.... co06Il)aJ1B 0 TOM, "1m y Hee npOOJ1eME.! C rpy-
30M Ha TI\t())J(IJe IJ H)'JKHbI lIeHbrH IDIJI OIlfJaThI nOUL1HHbl. Ewe B OitHOM cII)'-
'me OHa COCJIa.rJaCb H8 nJleMJlHHHU;Y. Y Koropoii (J()jIBHJlHCb 60JlbwHe I}>HHaH-
COBble npOOJ1eME.I. KaK HH C"TpBHHO, fllO)I(I BepmIH eft H Jl8BaJlH KpynHble CY'I-I-
MhI. RHillb (Jacm: HecXOJlbKHX "IacOB 6e3pe3Y.ThTBTHOro OJlGl1I8.HIUI BOJBp8Ta
lIOJlra OHI-! 06pamaJUiCb B MI-L1HUHIO. TaKHM o6pa3oM, MoweHHHua H8 Y_1HUC
EOJlbllJCl!./OO;)R ()6MBHYJlB 84-JleTHIOIO neHCIiOHeJIK)' H 38B1J3;Ie1lB 60 ThIC. py6-
JUlMH. 1lepe3 nOJl'J8ca B nepeyJlKe MeXaHH3aTOpOB y KaJl)"KaHKH 6b1J1H nOXH-
61

llIeHbl 756 HOJIJIBpOB LUlA 1-1 60 TbIC. py6.1eii. TpeTl,eii »eepmoii CTaJI 90-
JleTHHH neHCWJHCp I: YJlHUbI MOCKOBCKOll, JlHWHBWIlUcrI 10 TbIC. py6J1eH. CO
\:,10B OLJeBItllIleB MH;JHIPIOHCpaM Y;laJIOCbtn. MOIIICHHHUbI.
Ha 8H)l eii OKUJIO 20 Jle-J poCT 170 CaHl1JMe"JpoB, flJIOrnoc TeJluc.HHe,
OOIJOCb! 'JepHble OlIeTa B TeMHOe oceHHCC naJIbTO I:D I:Be1JlDH NeXOBoII OT-
,!I.eJlKoii Ha pyKaBax. 'JepHble KOp0TKHe l:anorH. IlpocmI rpIDK1laH, t.uropt.re
p.lCIJInaralOT IJH4>uPMBl1.UI::li 0 ee MCCTDHaxOJl<;lJ.eHHfI, [\()"}]!()HHTb no Te.1etJIo-
HaM 742-780 HJlI-I 02.
Ib) nO.o.03PEBAEMbiE B nPECTYnnEHIIISlX
npoCflM rpwKJIaH, IIIJI-IX JlIOO)/lO I1H!jxJpMaQI1l1.> 0 pa1L!CKHRaet.lhlX,
coo6uulTh 06 3TDM nOTe:'JetJIoHY 02. KmulullIeHUHaJlbHOCTh rapdHllqJ)t:'I\:II.
Ynp'UlJll:HHeM yro:JOIIHUrO pmblCJ(a Me)), no l>ecny6J1I-1Ke K.1pe11iJ1 3a 1:0-
BepweHHC MDIIICHHlfLleCKHX .!leiic-rollH B OTHOUICHHH neHCllouepoB B r. KOH-
JIOliorapaJblCKl!IIBI:ICJI a;eHllIIIHa HaBItll 25-30 ne-r. LjJ<:..U-feIoTeJIOCJIOJKe-
HIiJI, poCT OIW 10 165-170 CM. CTImlHClmii run JlHua, BOJIOCbl CBeTJlO-J!)-CbIe,
(;1]JHJKKa(Kape» npOCHMrpIDK1laH,l-IMelOlliHX nJ06YIOOpa3bl-
I:KHROCMOH, co06WfITh 06 :}TDM no Tene$JHy; 02. K004ooIeHIUUU1bJ!OCTh ra-
pdHIIlJ!)-erol
1<1
PA3bICKIIIBAET0!
Pa3bICKHBaeTCj[ rpa»illaHl-IH 1980 r011<l po)!(l1eHIDI. no HaUHOHa.ThHOCTI:I UbIfaH.
IlpJf\IeTbI:HaIm1I29'1eT,pOCTI73-178I:M,nJlOTHorOHJI,JlHl\O
OBaJlbHoe, n06 JJP'IIIIOII. 6poOH .1I)'. rna'>a KapHe, 001)()i:b!
'l.epHbIe, HOC npJlMOH, ry6L! TOHKHe, II01IIiqJo.;roK BbIC1)'fiaIOIlUii, YWH OBaJlb-
Hhle, rOJlOC rpy6hlH. EiLU1 0;"11:1": 'JepHWI K())KaHWI K}fJffKa, CBeTJlWI p)6arnKa,
TeIHble 6pIOKIJ, lJepHbJe 6001111<I1.
Id)
nOMOlllb CllEJKTBItlIO
YcraHaBJIHBaC'IC JlliIjHOCTb"Ipyna M)?K'-IHHbl. IlpHMCTbI: HaBItll4()-...60JleT.
lUIHHa "Ipyna 165 CM, YWH orronL!jJCHHbIe, BOJlOCbl TeMHble I: a:DJIHOd. Ha ta-
K)'WKe "J!!J1b1L";QHB. 0KpyJKH0l'Th r0J10BbJ 56 CM, pa3Mep cronbl 42, 3)'61,1 6o.rrbllle
nonoBIIHL! ou:yICTByIOT. Ha Tpyne: llIarn<a cnoprnBHBJI <lepHOro meTa, KYpTKa
'JepllorOl\l!eTa,CII!ItOJlIIHH,Kf1XITKBJI,CBl1TepBj[J!lHHbIH6eJ1o-
rol\lleTaltarpYJlHKBa.!Ip!fI"hI3eJ1ell0r0QBeTa,MaiiK3KpacIiOrDl\I!eTa,CnOJITIIB-
Hble IllTIlHbl reNHO-ClIHCfO UBeTa. HOCKH xJ6 reMI-IO-CHHef"O UBCTII. pJllIOM I: 1py-
nOM MaHKa CIJf'J.")OCO IlBeTa. 06YBb <m:yICTByeT. ,lJpynlX I1pCJI.toIeIDII He 06Ha-
..... Bcex, KfO pacnoTJaraeT HHq-,opM!lUJ-IeH 0 1W-JHOCTIJ "}TOro 'ltJ1OBeKa,
npocl-IM nOJBOHHTb no Te.le4>oHY 02.
62

..
'\.J AUSTRALIA FUNNY LAWS
Mmors may smoke but not buy 1:1gar.>.
It IS Illegal to walk the streets wearing black clothes, felt shoes and
black shoe p011sh on your face.
It is 1Tl'!t the law to wa1k on !he nght hand sJde ora footpath.
A modem cannot pIck up on the first nng.
Taxi I:abs are requIred to cany a ball: of hay In the trunk.
Only hcensed clectnl:laJ1S may I:hange a hght bulb.
It is iRegal to wear hot pink pants after mKklay Sunday
You must have a neck to knee swimsuit in order [0 swim at Brighton
Beach.
Its an offence to drive II dog or goat harne<;sed or attached to a vehIcle
mapub]lcp1ace.(SllmmaryOftAct 1966)
You may nul trade wilh Pirales. (Cnmes Act 1958)
You may not fly kites (If play games In public that annoy other peopJe.
(Summary Offences Act 1%6)
Ifyuu BIt: to advertlse II n:waTd for !he finding of II certain losl objecl,
you must state no Questions wllI be asked. (Crimes Act 1958)
63

human rights
to n>quire limitations
Unit 3
HUMAN RIGHTS
Useful Words and Expressions for Spee<:h Practke
to maximize an mdividuaJ"s lib-
ertv
to mimmize the restriction upon
an individual's freedom
an act or omission
breach of a duty
to enshrine jndlvjdual freedoms
intemationallaw
to draw up documents (agree-
ments, treaties, conventions)
to protect and increase dvillib-
erties
the United Nations
OrgamzatiOn
Universal DeclaratiOn of Human
Rights
the Council of Europe
to adopt
Convention on Human Rights
and Fundamental Freedoms
to come into force
the right to life, liberty and se-
curity
prohibition of torture
npaBa 'ieJ\OBeKd
aBecm orpaHVI'JeHH.!I, Tpe60BaTb
orpaHWlellldi
MaKCHHO PCU::WVl-
pHTb/YBeAlI'illTh I:SOOOAbl llli'J-
Hocm
AOBecJ1f AO MIDrnM)'l'la OrpaHH-
'1eHID! I:SOOOAblllli'JHOCTII
AellCTBVle IlMf 6e3AeHCI'Blle
HeBhillOAHeHVle 06Sl3d.TeAhCTIla,
HapyweHVle 3dKOHa
o6ecIIe'iUBa1'b I:SOOOAbl AlI'IHO-
cm
Me.1f\AYHapOAfloe npaBo
COCTaBMITb AOK)'MelITbI (corAa-
llIeHIDI, AOroBOpiI. KOHBeHqIDI)
3alll"ll.!aTb VI pa(;lllVlp rpa.1ll:-
AdHCKVle npaaa
OpraHl-l3al\llJ! <J6I.eAIrnemnn::
H""""
Bceo6Il\iiH AeKhapaIV-ffi npaB 'l€'-
/IOBeKa
COBeT EupOilbi
npmUITb (II:OHaeHQI1IO, AeKhapa-
L\lJlO)
KOHBeHL\lliI a 3a.J.qlITe npaB 'l€'-
"OBeKa H OCHOBHblX CB060A
BCrynlJTb B I:HAY
npaBo Ha JKH3Hb, Ha CBOOQl\Y H
Ha llli'JH}'lO Hel1pIllOCJCHUBE'HHUCTb
3anpell.!eHVle nbITOK
64

p.-ohibition of slavery and
fo.-red labow
the light to a fai.- tdal
the dght to freedom of thought,
conscience and religion
the light to freedom of opinion
and expression
the light to freed.om ot peal:eful
assembly and iISSOCiation
the light to marry and to found
a family without any limitation
due to .-ace, nationalitv or- relig-
ion
to observe the fundamental
human lights and freedoms
3i1npeIlleHHe pa6cTBd H nplJH)'-
AHTeJ\bHOro "IpyAd
npaBo Hi!. I:npaBeAhllBu:ii CYA
npaBo Hd CBo60,lly "'IbICAlJ, co-
BeCTIlHpehlJI'lJlI
npaBo Hi!. CB050Ay y6eJK/I,eHHH H
Hi!. CB06oAHoe BbIpd)KelIHe HX
npaBo Hi!. CB050Ay MlJpHbIX 1:05-
paRliH H accoUd
npilBo BC'I'}'llilTb B 6pall: Ii OCHO-
BbIBaTb ceMblO 6e3 BCJllI:liX OI'-
pamf'leHHil no npH3Hil.lI:Y paCbl
Hi!.W-IOHilAbHOCTII HlIH peAHI'ill:l
I:06NoAdTb OCHOBHbIe npaBd Ii
 'leAOBeKii
Task L Study tne text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on low. Pay special ottenlion to the words
and word combinations in bold type.
THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Wilile it is true to say that all societies require 6mitations upon total indi-
vidnal rreedom to do, sa}', write, meet, etc., it is also true thaI any dvi-
lizcd society wIll attempt to maximize the liberty and minimize the re-
striction upon an individual's freedom.
The problem of human rights is a matter of liberties ratner tnan rights.
Al:cording to Profe<;SOf Williams, a liberty means any occasion on which
an act or omission is not a breach or a duty_ A right exists where there is
a posItIve law on the subject; a hberty where tnere is no law agamst it.
In Englisn law tnere is no written con.<ttitution nor any Bill of Ri.btlts to
enshrine individual freedoms. Since the Second World War a nwnber of
international agrcanenls, treaties, conventions and so on have been
drawn op to pmhrl, stabilize and inc.-ease civil liberties
As examples, consider the following:
I) the Universal Declaration or Human Rights - United Nations Or-
ganizatIon. TIllS was adopted by the General A,,'iBllbly on December 10. 1948.
2) the European Convention on Hnman Rights and Fundamental
Fl'f't'doms, 1950 - Council of Europe. This is not an institution of the
65

European Community. but an internationa1 organization of twenty-one
West European states whkh was fonned in 1949; it was the first post-war
aUempl at unifYing Europe_ Twenty of the twenty-one are parties to the
I:onvention - Liechtenstein being an eXl:eption. The oomention I:ame into
force on September 3. 1953
The European Convention on Hwnan Rights (ECHR) is based on the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) whicl1 was adopted by
the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. This DeclaratIon
sought to define a set of Individual rights wlul:h were I:onsldered to be fun-
damental to the well-being of citizens of all countries. They included the
right to an adequate standard of living, the right to work, the right to a
fair trial and the ..ight to own properl). me ECHR is not as broad as the
UDHR but is nevertheless an nIl(X'l1ant document.
The Convention \\'as drafted under the auspices of the Council of
Europe, an international organization COIfipci'!ed of 21 West I:,uropean
states whil:h was formed in 1949 as the result ohhe first post-war attempt
at unifYing Europe. The impetus for the ConventIon I:ame from the need to
define more dosely the obligatIons of members of the Coundl OOIJ(;efI)ing
«human rights». anrl, more geneml1y, from the wish to provide a bulwark
against I:ommunism and to prevent a recurrence of I:Ondltlons whll:h
Europe had then recently witneS5ed. It was believed that the Convention
would serve as an alarm that would bring violations of human rights to
the attention of the international community in time for it to take ac-
tion to suppress them. In practll:e, this function of the Convention, whkh
imagines l2rge-<;cale violations ofhwnan rights, has largely remained dor-
mant. The Convention has instead been used primanly to raise questioos of
isolated weaknesses in legal systems that baskally conform to its require-
menlS and whkh are rer,re<;erwive of the «rommon heritage of pOlitkal
traditions, ideals, freedom and the ru1e onaw» to which the preamble to the
Convention refers. Most ooP1IDOIIly such questIons have I:oncemed the
administration of criminal justice, although the impaq of the Convention
in other areas is iocreasingly being explored. The Convention is I:oncemed
mainly with I:ivi! and pOlitkal rights. The rights included in the Convention
include the right to life, the right to liberty and security of person, the
right not to be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment, not to be
required to perform forced or compulsory labonr, the right to a fair
hearing, to respect for private life, to freedom of thought, conscience
alld religion, to freedom of npression and assembl)' and free elections.
These, and the other provIsIons ofthe ECHR are I:alled ArtIcles.
66

The parties to the Convention are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus. Denmark.
France, the Federal Republu:: of Germany. Greece, Ireland, ltal}. Luxem-
burg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway. Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzer-
land, Turkey and the United Kingdom.. Liechtenstein is a member of the
COlUJcil of Europe but not a party to the ConventIon
?
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
I. Do aU societies require limitations upon total irn:\iviclua1 freedom to
do, say. WILte. meet?
2. Does any civilized society try to minimize the restrktion upon an
individual's :freedom?
3. Do you agree that the problem ofhvman rights is a matter of lre-
ties rather than of rights?
4. Give a definition of the term «rightH.
5. Give a definition ofthe term (liberty».
6. Is there any written constitution or any Bill of Rights to enshnne
individua1 freedoms in English law?
7. Are there any treaties or I:onventions to protect and U1C:re.1se I:Jvil
liberties in intemationallaw" What do you remember about them?
Task 2. Read and translate the following word combinations:
to define II set of mdlvidual rights
the weD-being of dtlzens of aU coun-
tnes
the right to an adequ.ue standard of
11\'111£
the right to own property
under the auspkes of the COlU1cil of
Europe
the nnpetus for the ConventIOn
to pre1.'eJ1t a recurrence of conditIons
in practice
large-de vlolauon of human nglus
toremaindonnant
I:ommon heriL!ge ofp011tical tradi-
tions
the admirustral.101lofcrimimlJusul:e
67

lo}
Task 3. Complete the sentences with the words ond word combina-
tions from the boxes:
commonly
I:nmmalJuShl:(:
impact
mainl
"""""''''
ohllgal10ns
well-being
freedom
violatIons
post-war attempt
(I) The council of Europe was formed as the result of the first
_at unif)-ing Europe.
(2) These rights were I:onsidered to be fundamental to the _ of
dtizensofaUl:ounrnes.
(3) It was necessary to define more dosely the _ ofmembers
ofthel:ouncil_ (,human rights>,.
(4) It will bring_ of human rights to the attention of the in-
ternationall:ommunity_
(5) Most such questJon have I:oncemed the arummstratJon
of__
(6) The _ of the Convention in other areas is iocreasingly be-
mg explored.
(7) The Convention is concerned _ with dvil and political
rights.
Ib)
human rights
bmltatlons
there<ttriction
written constitution
individualfieedoms
proclaimed
agreements,treaties,
"""""
adopted
abreachofaduty
came into force
according to
(I) All societies require _ upon total individual freedom to do, say.
write. meet.
(2) Ariy I:jvilized society tries to minimize _ upon an individuars
freedom.
(3) The problem of_is a matter ofliberties rather than of rights.
68

(4) In English law there is no_
(5) In English law there is not any Bill of Rights to enshrine_
(6) In intemationallaw there are some _ for the protection ofhuman
nghts and fundamental freedoms.
(7) The United Nations JZation the UniversaJ Declaration of
Human Rights on IODecember,l948.
(8) The CounCil of Europe _ the European Convention on Human
Rights and Fundamental. Freedoms in 1953.
(9) The European Convention on Human Rights and FundamentaJ
Freedoms on 3 September, 1953
(10)_ Profe<;.o;or Williams a liberty means any occasion on whil:h an
act or omission is not
Task 4. (a) Complete the text below with the words and word combi-
nations from the box
liberty ofdl"Crimination
six years byamority
The ComentJon tor the ProtectIon of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms proclaims the main human rights and freedoms: the right to life,
and secunty. prohibition of torture. prohibition of slavery and forced
labOur. nght to a faIr trial. no punishment without law. nght to resped: for
private and family life, freedom of thought, conscience and reJigion, free--
dom of opinion and expreSSion, freedom of peaceful assembiy and associa-
tion, the right to marry and to found a family WJthout any limitation due to
race, nationality or religion, prohibition_and soon.
The European Court of Human Rights was set up to ensure the obser-
vance of the fundamental human rights and freedoms. It functions on a
pennanent basis. The tenn of offil:;e of every judge is and expires
when the judge IS 70 years old. The judges must hold office unt il reploced.
The Judges must be of high moraJ dJar:K:ter. No one I:an dIsmiss the Judge
:&om hIs offK:e unless the other judges decide _ of two-thirds that
he does not fulfill the required I:omlitions any more.
(bl Match the English expressions WIth their Russian eqUivalents in tne
bo'
NB I breach HapyrneHHe (npasa, JaKOHa,
iXiT08Opi!. OOJnaHHoc.nllJ TJ\.)
69

(I) breach of duty
(2) breach offaith
(3) breochofjus!il:e
(4) breoch of law
(5) breach of obligations
(6) breach of promise
(7) breoch ofthe peace
(8) malicioushreach
(9) breachofl:onfidence
(10) breachofl:ontroct
(II) breach of order
HecnpaBeIJ,JlHBOCTb, HapyllJeHHe
npHHUHnoB npaBOCynliJl
fJapyweHue npasa, 3BKOHa
HapyweHlJe 06J13aTeJlbCTB
HapyweHl-te 06ll\CCTBeHHoro nop.llllKa
3J1oynorpe6J1eHHe D.OBepHeM, Bepo-
J10MCTBO
3JIO)'NblUIJleHHoe HapyllJeHHe
Hap)'llJeHlJe o6emaHHJI. Hapyllle.HHe
lIaHHOrOI:J!OBa
HapyweHlJe, HeHCnOJlHeHHe 001l38H-
HOCTH
HapyllJeHl1eJ{oroBopa
HapyrneHHe nopMKa
HapyllJeHHe ]loaepIDI
UJ To,k 5. Tmoolole the following wOld combinolion, ond ,eo.
fences Into English.
npaBaOje.-JOBeKB
UHBH.1H30BaHHOC o6urecTBo
paclllHpHTbCB060lIbJrpaJK1l.aH
JlOBeCTH ,!{o MHIIHMYMB OTJIallWleHHJI
CBo6olIrpa;-Kil1IH
no MHClJJIKI(KOro-mIDo)
HeJaKoHa(HeBI>In(ITIHeHl1e
ofim!m:1JLCTBB)
o6ecne'!HBBTb CDu60lILl nHIJHOCTH
M8p\aHoe npaBO
COCTaBJUIlb.!lOK)'MeHTbl
COfJIaWCHI-re
lIorOBOp
KOHBeHI1HJI
B-ropllil"tlJpOBllilBOH.Ha
OpraHHJaUHj!061,e.'lHI-JCHHW(HauHH
"j!I!l\IUl\aTb H paClllllpJlTh rpIDlC!laH-
CKHenpaBa
npoB03fJ1aWaTb
BcJJ.J,illInpaB'leJIOBeKa
COBnEBponbl
KOHBeHUIDI. 0 3auurre npaB 
HOCHOBHL!XI:B06011
BCrynHTbBI:Hl1)'
npaBO HB )J(Ij3Hb, Ha 1:906011)' H Ha
J]I1'IHYIO HenpHKOCHoaeHHOCTh
JarrpellleHHelibITOK
JarrpeT pa6c-rn.l1-I npl'!HY..urrenbHUrO
l]JYJla
npaBOHaCnp<me.:untBblj:jCYJl
npaBO Ha Ht:BI\JeIJJ3le IbCllJU I yBffiKe-
Hlle<JaCll-lOHHOC'IIeiiHOH)!(I:I3HII
70

npaBO Ha CB06o.IIy MblCJlM, COBeCTM M
ptJlHn1H
npaBO Ha Cl!060.!I;Y y6CJI(,1.CHMi1 M Ha
CB06o)l.HOe I!blpIDKeHI1C ItX
npaBO Ha I:B06o.n;y MHpHblX l:06pa-
HIlliIJ
npaBO I!C"I)'mJb I! UpaK It OCHOBbl-
BaTb l:etblO 6e3 BCKHX orpaHH-
'leHIIii no I1)JIUHBKY paCbI, 00-
ltHOHBJlbHULTHHJlltpeJllJrHH
EsponeiicKHM CYlI no npaBaM <JeJla-
,,
cJ>YHKIlHOI-IHpOB'IT Ha nOCToHHOij
OCHOBe
I:pOKnO;lI-l(wU"lIri1
YBOill1TbCYJlblO
nHWHTbCY!lblO nO :'II-IOtfO'Dli1
eCJlHTOJlbKOHe...
npl1HTb pt:weHl-te 60:lbWI1HCTIlOM
roJIOCOBB!lBeTpe1l1

"lpC60l!aHIUIM
(I) Bonpoc 0 npaBax 'JCJJOBeIIa B 60JlbWeH I:TeneHH JlBJUleTCJI npo-
6J1eMOH I:B060lI, He)f(eJ]H npaB.
(2) no MHeHHIO npo4Iecropa YHJlbJlMCa, aJ06oJ:\a OJHa1JaeT m06b1e
YCJlOBHJI. npH KOTOPb]X neqcTBue IJJlH f:ie"IDeikTBHe He JlBmllOTCJI
H8pyweHHeM 38K0HB.
(3) .fl106oe UHBHJlnJQBaHHOe o5ruecroo nbITaeTCJI pacwMpHTb CBOGo-
1J.bI rpa)f()l8H It noBecTH no MHI-illM)'Ma orpal-ill1JeHHI'I I:Bo60;1 rpa-
""",.
(4) Coo6oJIacyIl!f:CTEI)'ffTaM,rn:eHeTJBK()IJa,t'eOrpaHH1J1ffio1IOllIff()
(5) feHepaJIbHiUI AccaMfuJeI'l 06"bC)lHHeHHblX HaUHH npoBOJrnOCHJ13.
FlOneKJIapam:!1O npaB<JeJ]oBeKa B 1948 r.
(6) COBeT EBpOnbl npHHJlJI EBponel1CK)'lO KOHBeHUHlO 0 3aurnTe
npaB 'IeJlOBeK!I lJ OCHOBHblX cB06o.D. B 1953 r.
(7) EBponei1cKHH ()'n no npasaM '1eJlOBeKa 6b]JI )"Jpt')Kllt'H B ueJUIX
06e1:nC'JeHlJJI I:OOJllOlIeHHJI OCHOBHblX npaB IJ 1:B0601I 'Je.IJOBeKB.
(8) CPOK nOJlHOMO'-1Hi-i Ka)l{)l.oro ()'AbH weCTb ]leT.
(9) CpoK nOJlHOMO'-1ltH l:ynbH HCTeKaeT, KOrna eM)' HcnOJIHJleTCJl70JleT.
(10) CYJlI>JlllOJl)f(eH BblnOJlHJlTb I:BOH 06J13aHHOCTH, nOKa eM)' He 6y-
neT HaH.ueH npeeMHHK. CYlIbH nOJDKHbl 06J1anaTb BbICOKHMH Mo-
panbHb]MHKB'leCTBaMH.
(II) Hmcro He MOJKeT JlltlllHTb I:YJll>IO nOJlliOMO<JHll3a IJCKJlIO'-1eHlteM
I:JlY'-1aeB, Korna npyrHe ()'llbH 6oJlblllHHCTBOM roJlOCOB B lIBe
TPt'T1J npl1Hl-tMalOT peweHHe, <JTO llaHHblfi: CYllbJl Y)f(e He I:ooree-r-
I:TBYeT npel!"bJlBJISlt'MbIM K HeMY TpeGoBaHMJlM.
71

 Task 6. Study the UnIVersal Declaration at Human
. . Rights. Vlfhot !lumon rights and fundcrnentol freedoms
? ' listed in fhe Dedorafjoo oren't observed throughout fhe
. world yet? Study the texts below and give your opinion
on fhe problem of human nghts.
In pBSI ceru:unes infarn:s in China were somerimes kidnapped and turned
into Iammal I:hildren». Every day. starting with the back. the I:aptors
would remove a bit of the unfortunatel:hild's skin and transplant pieces of
the hide of a bear or dog in its plac:e. The process was tedious, for the hide
adhered only on spots, and the I:hildren often died in the mIdst oftreatment.
The I:aptors also destroyed their vil:tims' vocaJ I:ords, forced them to walk
on aU fours, and tortured them to SLK:h an extent that the imocent infants
were soon bereft of all reason. One result of such atrocities was t:J-e ((WIld
boy of Kiangse.« exhIbited in the nineteenth century before a group of
v.e<ttemerS in China. The I:hilcl walked on aU fours, made a peculiar bmkJng
sound, and was I:overed with a fuzzy, leatrery kind of hide. An Amerkan
doctor named Macgowan who witnessed that spectacle recorded that an-
other method of I:reatmg chlld-monsters in China was to depnve the chIl-
dren oflight forseveral years so that their bones would become defonned.
Notes:
thchickofabear
lodeslrQ)'voca1cords
toforccsmbtowa1k()naUfours
lUK)'paMe.QBei\!l
pllJpYlUaTbro.nocom.tl'CBII3KII.
"JaCTIIBJlJlTbKOro-i1H60xoJlllTl>lta'leTBepeHb-
MYlfTbKOro-J1H60JJ.Or.\l<OOCTeneHH,'lTO ..
J1HIUIITbCHpacCYJlKa
npoH]BOJIIITI>raBKaCllllllC3BYKH
nOIWiI-....HltaK01KY
J1HlUaTbJlereHCBeTa
to torture smbtosuchan extent that .
to be bereftofallreason
to make barking sounds
fuu,y-IJ)'WIICTbIH,lcathery
todeprivethechildrenoflight
In 5e\ienteenth-century Europe there were wandering bands of smugglers
I:alled WmprtKhlm.\. whose stock-in-trade was buying I:hildren, defonning
them, and se1ling them to the aristocracy. who thought It fashionable to
have freaks in I:ourt. The rompmchioos' «arts» included s1unting I:hildren's
growth, placing muzzles on their faces to defonn them (it was from this
72

prnctil:e that Dumas took his therrr fOf The Mun In lhe Iron I!.kM), s1itting
their eyes, dIslocating their joints, and malforming their bones. James II of
England hired cnmpr(l(hn"O. to kidnap the heirs of families whose lines he
wished to extinguish. Victor Hugo's The \hn Who Luughs had a grotesque
pennanent smile I:arved by the COItIj7DChicos.
Notes:
bandsofsmugglers
stock-in-ttadt:
,-
in court
IImuzz1e
tos1n
todislocateJomts
tomalrormtbones)
III1helT(ofllfamily)
toexl1ngUish
6poJU1'1l1erpynnbl
wa6ItOH1-1h1eMl"HflllllynoBKH, IlpHcYIIIHeonpeJle-
neHHbIMnHU!lM;(1(),)peMecJ10
YpoJIeL!
IlpH.il.BOpe
MOp.aa,1IiIIIKpD.HIIK
pmpe33TbB,WIHHY.pacU\elUum.,pacI(IU1b1B3Tb
nepeNelWTIhKOHe4HOCTH/'IacTHTeJta
!l.e<tJoPMIIpOBaT!.,YpoJ10B3Tb(KOCTH)
HacneJ\HIIK(ceMbH)
"
Useful Words and Expressions for Sph Practke
domestic violence / domestk
abuse
spousal <Ibuse
sexual abuse
physica1 assault
cohabitanls and non-married
intimate partners
perpetrators of domestic
violence
to bring perpetrators 10 justice
to prosecute the perpetrators
to lead to crimirntl violenl:e
to seek justice
to gain justice
to ban discrimination and vio-
n_stwomen
AOMillllHee HaClihlIe
l:ynp)'JKeCKOf' HaClihlIf'
l:eKcYaJlbHOe H(J.1:11.Mle
<})Il3IPJecKOeHilJlil,l>,eHlJe
I:OJKHTeJ\H H He.JKeHCU"bIe naPT-
Hepbl
BIlHOBllliJe B AOMillllHeM HaClihlIH
npHBAellb BHHOBHbIX K cYl>Y
IIpE'CMW)B<ITh BHHOBHbIX no
3aKOH}'
npHBecm K npecrynHoM)'
HaCH/\ll1O
llCKaTb npaB0CYAIDI
Ao611ThCJJ npanoCYAIDI
3arrpeTIITb AlfCKpllMHHaI1lflO 1:1
Hal:lihlIe IrnA JKeHmlIHaMH
73

to escape violence
drug and alcohol dependence
sleep disorders
sexual dysfunction
st.-ained family .-eJalionships
suidde attempts
an inability to adequately .-e-
spond to the needs of one's
children
to respect, protect and fulfill the
rights of women
family reunifICation or
maintenanl:e
to promote and protect the hu
man rights of women
to daim freedoms and entItle-
ments at the nalional and inter-
national levels
to reduce criminal penally
with impunity
H36eHd(;I-1hH.II
HapKOTW-jeCKa$I H atU<.orOAbHM
3aBHCHMOCTb
HClpYWeHIfJI CHa
ceKC}Ii!lU>HbIe pacc'IpoifCTBa
HanlH)"Ible ceMeij:HbIe ornowt'-
H
nOIlblTKll caMoy6Hi-iCTBa
HecIIOCo6HoCTh MeKBaTHO pea-
I"JIpOtiaTb Ha H)'JI¥\bI C80lIX Ae-
TeM
}lBaJKaTh, 3aIlQlll\dTI> 1:1 I:IcnOA-
HJITb npasa )f(eHll.\lJH
BOCCDeAI-fH('HIft" 1:1 coxpaHetUfe
l:eMbH
pa3Bl:lBaTb 1:1 3aIlUlIIJaTh npa»a
)f(eIilqIIH
3a.HBNITb 0 cB060AaX 1\ npaBax
Ha HaQHOHal\bHOM 1\ Me.IKA)THa-
pOAHOM ypOBIDIX
I:OK;paTi1Th yroAOBHoe HaKa3<lHlle
6e3HaKa3aHHO
Task 7. Study tile text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on law. Pay special attenlion to the words
and word combinations m bold type.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
DolIIe'itic violence is a pattern of I:ontrollmg and aggressive behaviors
from one adult, usually a man, towards another, usually a woman, within
the mntext of an intimate relationship.
Domestk violence (also known as domestk abuse or spousal abuse)
occurs when a family member, partner or ex-partner attempts to physicaUy
or psychologkally domillate another. Dome5tk violence often refers to
violence 'eeI1 spouses, or spousal abuse but I:an mclude I:ohabitants and
non-married intimate partners. Domestil: violence occurs in all cultures.;
people of aU races, ethmdtles. sexes and classes can be perpetrators of
74

domestic violence. Domestic violence is perpetrated by both men and
women.
Domestk violence has many forms. Violence I:an be cnmmal and In-
dudes physical assault (hitting, pushing, shoving, etc.), sexnal abuse
(unwanted or faced se'l:ual activity). and stalking. Although emotional,
psychologkal and financial abuses are not I:riminal behaviors, they are
forms of abuse and I:an lead to I:riminal violence. There is a number of di-
mensions induding the following:
Violence and abuse afTed all kinds of people every day. It doesn't
matter what race or I:ulture you come from, how much money you have,
how old you are, or if you have a disability. Violence doesn't discriminate.
Abuse can be physical. mental. and emotional. Violeoce against
women in any form is a I:rime, whether the abuser is a family member:
someone you date; a current or past spouse, boyfriend, of girlfriend; an
acquaintance; or a ger. You are not at fault. You don', I:ause the abuse
to occur_ Too orten the crime of domestic violence is hidden away.
Domestic violence is any incident oflhreatening behavior. violence or
abuse between adults who are or have been in a relaiJOnShip together. or
between family members. regardless of gender or sexuality.
The Russian government estimates that 14,000 women were killed by
relatives in 2005, yet the wuntry sl1l1 has no law specifkally addrec:<:ing do-
mestk violence. In South Aftka, more women are shot aI home In acts of
domestk violence than are shot by <,(rangers on the streets or by intruders.
All too often, violenee against ,,"'omen in the famil) is considered a
private matter and not treated by the authorities as a crime. However. aU
governments are respoosible for puteding their citams from abuse, whetller
I:ommitted by offil:ials or by private individuals (<<non-state actOTS»). If a
state fads to prevent, IJIvestlgate and pLU1lsh acts of violence against women
with suffil:lent dlligenre. tIlen it shares responsIbility for the abuses.
Violence in the family includes battering by intimate partners and oth-
ers, sexual abuse of YOLU1g women, marital rape and traditionaJ practkes
hannful to women. Abuse of domestk workers can also be I:onsidered in
this l:ategoI). Violence in the family is often physK:al. psychologil:al, and
sexual.
Long-term effects of domestk vIolence on women who have been
abused may include: anxiety, chronic depremon. chronie pain, dehy-
dration diative states, drug and alcohol dependence. eating disor-
ders. emotional «over-reactions» to stimuli, general emotional numb-
ing, malnutrition panie attacks, poor adherence to medical recommen-
dations, repeated self-injur;y, self-neglect, sexual dysfunction, sleep dis-
75

orders, strained fanuly relationships, suicide attempts. an inability to
adequatelJ respond to the needs of their children_
Domestk violence I:an severelJ ITIlpair a parent's ability [0 nunure the
development of their I:hildren. Mothers who are abused may be cIep-essed
or preoccupied with the violence.
(Renvoize, Jean (1982). Inr:e.,t A Family Paftffl1" GUIdeIura for hychologlCd
E mChildPraed/ol1Matren. American 'Chnlogical A55OCiation -Lon-
don: Routled,ge&Kegan PauL February 19<18.)
Notes:
chronicdeprcssion
deh}'drauondissocIaI1VeSlale
stalking
eating disorders
el1lolional<ow:rtos1imuli
general emotional nwnblng
ITllllnutnnonpanicattacks
'qJOIJIt'lI!CKIDIJlenpecCIUl
.!I.CCOII"aTHBHbleCOCTOHHI\JI
-.
mwte&lC
'lpCJMCpHblepeaKlLI1HttapaJ.llpaJtGITeJlH
OOJllC(:3M0ILl10HarlbHC>eUIICIICIICI\IiC
HenpaBl-lllbHOC mITaHHe, Bbl3B1lHHoe npHCl)'-
naMHc-rpaxa
I-ICh.CTIal-me CTJe.ll:Ql3aJb MIIHHCKHM peKe-
MellJlallHBM
pelIHi\HBHoe'li1ettOBpe.za-rre.r1bCTBO
,'"
leco6oi1
JXIOrtomedlcalrecom-
mendations
repeated self-injury
selfneg1ecl
?
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
I. Whatisdomest1l:violence?
2. When does domestk abuse happen?
3. Does domestic violence occur in aU l:u1tures and affect all kinds of
peop1e?
4. What is the difference between I:riminal and not I:riminal violence?
5. Why do women hide away domestk violence?
6. Does any law specifJ£:a1ly addressing domestk violence exist?
7. What are log-tenn effects of domestil: violence on women?
76

Task 8. Replace tile words and word combnallons In brackets by
their equivalents from the text above:
(I) (lJatK1lUlH?e HGCU1UC) is a pattern of l:ontr01ling and (HOf!
l106eOe1lUC) from one adult, usually a man, towards aoother, usua1ly
a woman. (e KOHJneI....t7/C 1II'lHbiX63a1£1WU111/fOU/f>Hldi).
(2) Damestil: vl01ence often refers to (aKmbJ HaCZ£lW1 . cynpy-
<,mill) but I:an also include (CO,)I(11111<'11i U He}f(£IfQ/lIbIe llU{ifllHepbl).
(3) Dameshl: violence (6UlI06I/bl) by both men and wumen
(4) Violence I:an be I:nmllla1 and mcludes ( 1IQl1Q()e1ll1e:
u36ueHue. mOll':Lllll1t! 1/ m 11. (C/<£JU'ibHOe HUCUlue H(':HCeWme.lb-
HblC Ulll HQCU.1bcmeCHHbtC Cf'I.."C)'U.'ibHbte iJeiicmewllI npeC:U:006a-
Hue).
(5) Too often a I:rime ofdomestil: violence (JI).
(6) All too often violeoc(: against women in the family (pacc.11elm(JU6G-
emCR IWI( 'WC11IHOC Oe.1O) and not treated (al0CI1VI.11l1) as a I:rime
(7) However, all governments (Hecyr UIBe1CIBeJ-IHOCTh ]a ]alUl-ll)'
I:BOHX rpa)l(}1aH OT HOCHJlml), whether I:ommitted by oftkJals or by
private individuals (lJocmllbtii qVbeI{1ll VeJlI/wI).
(8) If a state (He MO"iKeT npe,n;ampaTHTb HOCHJll-le), (npl£1a,'WI Oocma-
mO'IHbte }'CU1Wl), then it shares responsibility for the abuse.
(9) Among long-tenn effects of domestk violence on women are:
(6t!uIOfwiicmtJo. npt!)&!'iIl'leHHble J'f!i1KI(llll. paCCmp£!lKmtJa CHa,
TJOnblmKII q'in"roa. mlU/C6ble paccmpoUcmea. lICl1IOlljeIIllbtC OUC-
(OJIUW1IIl6IIbleCo(mOJlIIWl).
UJ Ta,k 9. 10) T'a"'al, th, followTng ,d comb;nal;on, ;nlo
English in writing.
3M01UIOH'UlbHasi. JaropMOJKeHHOCTh
YX0!l3a.:ICThMH
l:epbC3HO BJlI1J1eT Ha cnooo6Hocn.
po.;urreneii ()cYUIeCTBJIIITh BOe-
nHTaHllelICTCH
)J.JI11Tt:J1bHOCBO-3)J.t:iicmHe
xpoHl1ljecK1lJlUJI
npeno-mpamaTh 21CTh1 HaCMJImi
aJ1KorO)1E,HaJI11 HapKnTIlljecKaJI]aBI1-
I:I1MOCTII
roEIepIlJCHHI>I ()<PHUI13J1bHbIMH )1H-
ua"iI1 HJlH H\-l!IHBI1.iIYYMaH
HCBbJl]O;lHCHI1C MClIIItlI1HCKHX pCKO-
"""""".
77

JJCTOIUeHI-I()e 3MOJlH{)Ha.IlLH() 1:0-
CTOIIHHC
paCCMlI1pl1l!atTCIIKaK'J!ICTII{'I<;.IleJJO
H3TJlH)'TbleOllJOllleHIDIBl:eMbe
CJlOCT!mPl.HbIMyt.
(:)'fueKT.AeIlHHII
3aKOHbl,(}']}{{)Cm]lIJeCJ!K___
)<pO""""",,,,,,,,,,",,,,
rpOOHreIUINH
1:0 CTOpOHbI OlIHOro ropocnoro no
OTHoweHIUO K .ll.P)'roMY
Obll!WHenaprHepbl
ObiBwHecynpyrH
BHHOBHble BJ\OM!lliJHeM HaCIlJIHI1
JJeA<eI]3reJIbHble IlJIH BblH)At![eIIHbJe
nCl1XOiJOl1l<JCCl«)tHanMCHHe
"-""
MOJKtTC::JY4I1TbCJlC"JHJ6bIM
MOJKtT nOBJ1I1I1Tb Iia 1II000fO
He 3aBdCHT OT nmpacro
He 3aBIICIU OT Taro, l1Mt:eTCH JlH Y
BaCI1HBaJlIL'lHOCTb
aJIKIffelH
HeAreftllTI&:napTHepbl
B HaCTOJlwee BpeMH
cynpyfOM
BblHe BHHOBafbl
Ibj T ranslale tile follollVing soofences into English in writing:
HacrnlHe He I13611pare.ru,HO. MHorHe JllOlII-I CTaJlKHBaIQTCJI I: HaCHJlHeM H
I1JIMH KIDKllblH neHb. .ll,.rJJI TOro 'JT06bl nonsepriiyIbCR HacIlJlHIO,
He I1MeeT 3H<J1jeHWI, K KaJ(()ij pace rum K)'Jlb"I)'pe BM nplfHo111J]ell(me., I:KOJIb-
KO Y BaC neHer, I:KOJlbKO BaM JleT I-IJIH Bbi I1HBaJU-IlI- HaCHJJlle MO)({eT 6blTb
I}JInWJeCKHM. nCllXWJeCKHM 11 3NOUHQHaJlbHblM. Hacl1JIHe Hall JKeHlllI:IHOii B
mo6oi1 I}JopMe - 3T0 npec1)'IUIeHHe, HeJamlClIMO OT TOfO, RBJIJleTCJI 1111 Ha-
CHJlbHI1K 'JJ]eHOM ceMbH, lITO-TO, C KeM Bbl BC"TpC'Jae-reCb, HblHeWHI1M IJJlH
6blBWHM l)'JIpyroM. 3H'lKOMbIM I-IJIH nOCTOpoHHHM. O'JeHb 'JaCTO ,llOMaUll-lee
HaCHJllJe CKpblBaeTCJI. J],oN;mJHee HacllfIHe MOJKeT npHHHMaTb pa3J1HIJHble
I}>oPMbl. BHHOBHHKaMH nOMawHero HacHJlIDI MOryr 6bITb KaK M)')K'-1HHbl, TIlK
IJ >KCHIID\Hbl. ,/J,oM:nIrnee HaCIDlItf MO)!(eT lJacTO I1pOItCXO)lHTb MeJKII)' I:yn-
pyraMH, CO>l-JlTfJUIMll HJlll He>KetJaThlMll napn-tepaNl1. ,[loMawHee HaCI1J1l1e
npOIlCXODJrr, Koma 'iJleH ceMbl1, naprnep IDm 6blBUlHH napTHep npeD.npH-
HllMaeT nonblllC)' I}JmIf\IeaGt IlJIH OCIIXOJIOIlf\le(;](l:l nOlIaBHTb .npyroro. B
CTpaHe Bce ewe lJeT 3aKOHOB, I:neUHBJlbHO OTHOCJlIl\l1KI:JI K npo6oeNe .110-
Maumero HOCIUIIUL CJlHIllKOM <mCTO HaCIDme Hall HCeHIID\HOH B ceNbl' (;'jH-
TaeTCJI 1I1:I'-JHb1M ,nenoIII, II MaCTH He pacCMaTpHBalOT ero B KaIJf:CTBe npe-
C1)'IlJIetII1JI. f OCYlUIpcTBO HCCeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a 3alUl-ll)' (;BQHX IpIDKllBH
OT HaCIlJII1!I. ECJlH rocylUlpcTBO He npe1U1pHHHMaeT ,llOCTIlTO'lHblX Mep ,llIlJI
npel!OTBpall\eHIJJI, pacclleJl()Ej(\HHJI H I-JIlKd3.(IHIUI 8KTOB HaCHJlHJI HM >KCHJl!I-I-
HaMI1, TO OHO lIeJll-IT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a 3TH npecrylUleHIDI. focylUlpcTBO
()11Je"ICTBeHHO '13 3all\lrry I:BOI1X rpIDKllBH OT HaCIlJIHJI, )laHCe eCJIH Hacd!IlJe
C01If'JlliIfIiO «Herocy.u.apcTBeHHbIM) cy&.ea..00III neJlHIUI. ,[loMawHee HaCHJlHe
MOJKeT OKB3aTb Cepbe3Hoe HeraTIlBHOe BJlWlHHe Ha Cn0c06HOCTh )JOlIJIlCJIfH
3a6OTHTbCJI OlmIHI:BOHX,lleTCH.
78

Task 10. Match the English expressions with their Russian equiva-
lents in the table.
(0)
(I) tobringal:asebeforethe
co""
(2) to bnngan actIon (agamst sb)
(3) tobringaprosc<:ution
(4) tobringasuit
(5) to bring a witness
(tJ) to bring I:harges
(7) to brmg evidence
(8) to bring to accOlmt
(9) to bring to JustIce
(10) (Q bnng 10 responsibility
(II) tobrmgtotrial
(a) B036YJI.HTb yrOJlOBHoe npeCJJelIo-
BaHlie
(b) B036YllHTb 9.oe6Hoe .oeJlO, nJK6y
(I:) npe1l1,.IIBHTbHCK(KOM)'-mmO),
Bm6yllHTb l:y.oe0Hoe AeJlO
(d) BbUIBIIHITh 06BHHeHI1.11
(e) npeJJ;b.IIBJI.IITblIOJGlJ.oIrellbCTBa
(f) B036YJI.HTb l:y.oe6Hoe AeJlO, no.
.oaTbBI:YA
(g) npJ-1BJ1e<1b K OTBeT"CTlleHHOCn!
(h) npHBJle<[bKl:yIIY
(I) BbJCTaBJflbI:BHlleTeIDI
(j) npH3B8Tb K OTBery
(k) omaTb B PYKJ-1 npaBocylIH.II
IbJ
(I) case at law
(2) 1:3seforthedefense
(3) 1:3Se for the prosc<:ution
(4) to appear in the 1:8se
(5) to defend a I:ase
(6) to dismiss a I:ase
(7) to drop a I:ase
(8) to disprove the I:ase
(9) to prepare a I:ase fbrtrial
(a) BepcJ-1JI06BJ-1HeHJ-1J1
(b) BblC1)'lI8Ibno.oeJlY
(I:) yronoBHOe lIeJlO
(d) 9JIe6Hoe JI.eJlO; npellMt:T l:y.l\e6-
Horo pro6npm-t:1JbCTBa
(e) onposeprnyTb Bepcmo; .oOKaJa.-
TeJlbCTBa;06BHHeHHe
(f) BepCIVI3aUUITbi
(g) 3alUHIl\3ThC.II (Ha I:y.oe); npel!-
I:TaBJUlTblIOBOL\bI
(h) paccNalpHBaeMoe .oeJlo; lIaHHoe
L\eJlO
(i) npeKpaTHTb.oeJlO
79

(10) torcvJewthel:asc
(II) toso1veal:ase
(12) criminal case
(13) dvill:ase
(14) I:aseinpoint
(15) routinel:ase
(j) pewmb .DeJ10; paCKpblTb npecl)'-
nneHl1e
(k) cm<a3fm:,CJI OT I1CKa, 06BHtteHI1Ii1
(I) rpaJKll8HCKOe.DeJ10
(m)IIOl\I"OlOliJlTh.D eJlOK I:II)'lllaHI1IOB
l:y.De
(n) OObl'lHblH CJI)''I8H; 06bJ1JHre_ py-
THHHoe l:ylIe6Hoe .DeJlO
(0) nepecMmpeTb.DeJlO
Ie)
NB I rOD - (I) I1MeTb XOMJ\etlHe (0 BaJlJOTe); (2) 6blTb .neRcnurre.nb-
HbIM, ,l\eTb, I1MeTb IopH)lHlJecK)'1O I:I1I1)' (B Te'leHHe onpel!e-
JleHHoro I:poKa): (3) YIJpaBJUITb. BeCTl1lIeJIa: (41 CJ1e1IOB3Th 38
(I) to run a risk
(2) to run a war
(3) runofoffke
(4) runofv81idity
(5) to run a daim
I:poK }1OJlAI.HQCTHbIX nOJlHOMO'lI1j{
nOlIBepraTbCJlpHCK)'
I:poK ,l\edcrnJIJI (.uOroBopa)
3IDIBJUlTbI1I:K,npeTCHJHIO
BeCTHBothJ)
 QUOTATIONS FOR COMMON DISCUSSION
Society prepares the crime; the criminal commits it.
Buckle
Crime is contagious. If the government bel:omes a law-
breaker, it breeds contempt for law.
Brandeis
80

, i Deoo.e, HOW CAN VlcnMS OF DOMESTIC \10lENCE
BE PROTECTED?
Give examples of domestic violence from your own lile Of somebody
you know, Of from the books you have read Answer the folloWIng
questions.
What laws I:ould you make I:oncemmg domest]1: violence? Must
they be severe?
What must be done to prevent hiding away the I:rime of domestil:
violence?
Must a vil:tim talk with a health l:aTC provider if shelhe has been
physica1lyhurt'?
If a victim has been scxu:dly. physlca1ly or emotionally abused,
must shelhe seek help from other family members, friends or
I:OIT1lllUllItyorganizations'?
Do you think community orgBmzatJons I:Bn play an important role
in protecting victims of domestic violence'? Think of how these
organizations l:ouJd be built.
\. ') Task 1 L Study the text below, making sure you fully com-
 prehend if. Where appropriate, consult English-Russian
... dictionaries and/or olher reference & source books on
law. Pay special attention 10 tre words and word combinations in
bold type.
JUSTICE NOT EXCUSES
Most acts of violence against women are never investigated. The perpetra-
tors are not prosecuted. They commit their I:rimes with impunit)'. This
contributes to a climate where violence against women IS seen as nonnal,
rather than criminal, and where women do not seek jlL'IIja> because they
know they will not gain it.
In some I:ountries, l:nvs discriminate against women or are O:nved so
thai they fail to prolf'cl: women from violenee.
Women may be prevented from seekingjustke because they I:annot af-
ford to access the legal system, or fear theIr losing custody of I:hildren. In
many muntries, polke and proo;ecutOI<l are unwilling to believe and assist
81

women abused by members of theIr family_ Women who report abuse are
told that it is a private matter or that it was «(jllcited» by the woman's
OWII behavior. III these I:ountnes the state has failed in Its obligations un-
der imemationallaw to re<iped, protect and fullill the rights of women.
The state is responsible for investigating and prosecuting acts of vio-
leuce aainst women Too often. I:ommumtles are complicit in the state's
failure to bring perpetrators to justice. looivwuals aoo communities have
vital roles to play in overcoming.
In some I:ountries, legislation is discriminatory - laws treat women
differently from men, and I:onfer fewer or lesser rights on women. In several
I:ountries women need a male relative's pennission to get a passport, use I:on-
traception, ocqUlre property or pass their dtizen....ip to theIr chIldren. Such
laws resbkt women's ability to esc.ape violenee or seekjustke. Even when
the laws themselves are not discriminatory, they may be applied diflerently
to women by the legal sysem. Women may be punished more severely than
men for the same I:rimes or be denied equal proII'etion under the law.
In some I:ountries the defimtlon of violence against women in the law
may not I:over all its fonns. For example, the law may punish domestIc
violence, but omit marital rape from the definition.
Laws against violence against women - especially domestic violence
- frequently emphasize famB)' reunilication or maintenance over pro-
teeting victims. Some I:ountries have laws that suspend rape sentences if
the pelpetrator marries the vil:tim.
In some I:ountnes laws allow so-called (<:honor cnmes». or allow a de-
fense of «horxm> to reduce criminal penalties.
InternatIonal human ngllls law bans discrimination and violence
against women. It presents ways to determinate the obligalions of gov-
ernments to promote and protect the human rights of women. It also
provides mechanisms holding governments to accOlUlt If they fall to meet
those obligations.
Human rights treaties are I:ontfacts between particular states that are part
of the international l:ommunKy of nations. Treaties such as the International
Convention on Civil and Polltil:al Rights, the InternatIonal Convelllion on
Economil:, Social and Cultural rights and the Convention on the RIghts of the
Child guarantee freedoms and entitlemcnts that individuals ought to ba
able to claim at the national, and frequently, intcrnatiouallevel.
Such problem as domestic violence is issue of the day for many peo-
ple. So every state must try to decide this question. II musl improve legis-
lation. Communit)' mustn't ignore impunit)' of domestic t)rants.
82

(Renvoize, Jean (1982).1nc.('\/ A Family Pall('r11 Gmdelulf«fQr P.9'hoIogICd
EwhafH1l1 '" Child PU)(('C(HJIj \. American Psychological AssociatlOn_ London
&KeganPaul.Februal)'IQQR.)
Notes:
tolosecuslOdyofchlldren He HMeTb 1IQ3NCIJKHIXTI. BOCn"ThIBaTb
CBOIIX!!CTCH
WODICI1.....tJoreportabuse
'incited' by !he woman's own behavIOr
rrpoooUHp}-e1O!I Il!JIIe,QeHICM caMI1X
nceHIIIHH
rOCYJ!!\pc11!O Hece-r OTBCTCTBeHHOCTh 3a
lIelln03a-
KQHY8KToeHaCIII111RHM>KeHI1jHHaMH
BHeI!I:>1I1fUXcrpaHaxrm.cmo
.D.IICIIpIIMIIHHpyCT:HreHIlIHH.
06U1ecT11O He .IIOIDI010 HnropHpoaaTh 00Ha-
I<aJaHHOCTl>JIOMalUHIIXTI1JmfOO.
The slate IS responsIble forinvestigatin,g
and proseculin,gacts of violence agamst
women
In some countries IegisIaIion is discTlmi-
natoI)'
CootlTU1ily mustn't ignore Impunily of
dOme5ticlyrnnts.
?
. ANSWER THE fOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
I. Why does it happen that the perpetrators are not proc;ecuted and
I:omm]t their mmes with impunity?
2. Is it because women know they will not gain justice they don't seek it?
3. Can you explain why laws discriminate against women or are
flawed in some I:ountries?
4. What are the reasons preventing women from seekingjustil:e?
5. What roles l:aIl md]v]dua1s and I:ommunities play in ovecoming
discrimination and violence against women?
6. How I:an it happen that women are denied equal protecnon lmder
the law?
7. How does international human rights law protect the human nghts
of women?
8. Is the problem of domestil: violence issue of the day?
83

(I) issue of the day
Task 12. Match the English expressions with their Russian equiva-
lents in the table:
(2) to daim at any level
(3) to ban rliscrimination anO
violence against women
(4) to promote anO protect the
human rights of women
(5) to reduce I:riminal pena1ty-
I:OKpaTHTh yroJloBHoe HaKa-
3alille
(a) 3anpeTHTb .DHcKpHMHHaUHIO IJ
HaCIDlHe npOHIB )KeHIllHH
(b) npflBJ1e4b BI1HOBHblX K C}f.D,y
(l:)p.uBltBaTbH3aLllHlI\8Tbnpaaa
)KeHWHH (B p8MK8X npaB 'JeJlo-
BeKa)
(rl»)KeHIllHHbI,KOTopble3IU1BJU!101
BJlaCTMOHacHJ1HH
(e) roCY.DapcTBO He BbmOJlHeTCBo-
IJxo6JrnrreJ1bCTB
(f) JIUIBHTb Ha mo6oM ypoBHe
(g) COKpBTHTb yroJIOBIJOC HaK83alille
(h) )KHBOTpenellO'll\IDI npo6neMa.
(i) lIeiicrBOBaTb no OTHoweHHJO
K )KeHillHHaM HHa'Je. 'JeM no
OTHoweHHIO K M)'JKI-IIJHaM
(10) the stale fails in its obliga- (j) 6e3HBKa3aHHO
tions
(II) (0 brmg perpetrators to justic:e (k) IJmerHyrb HacHJ1ml
(12) to treat women differently (I)BOCCTIlHOBJleHlJeCeMbH
from men
(6) [Qseekjlls!ll:e
(7)
(8)
(9)
togainjllslice
lawsarellawed
women who report abuse
(13) to escape violence
(14) familyreunifK:ation
(15) familymaintenanre
(16) with impUflIl)
(m) .D06I1TbC!t npBBOC}".DI1J1
(n) 3aKoHbi He pa60TalOT
(0) Boccoe;:J.l-lHeHlJel:eMbH
(P)IJCKaTbnpaBOCYlIHJI
84

UJ Tmk 13. (0) T<o"lole tce following wo,d comblno"o" Inlo
English in writing:
n03BOJlHTb I:OKpBTKTb yrOJlOBHhle
HaKaJaHml BBlli\) (3aIllHThI
'IeCTH»
3anpeTiITL ,DJiCKpHMHHaLiHIO IJ Ha-
I:IDIHeH8J\)!(eHIllHHaMH
npamrreQbCTBO He MOJKeT Bb][JOJ!-
HSlTbl:BOH 06l.3aTeJlbCTBa
npHBJle<ib npaBHTeJlbCTBO K OTBe1)'
npaBlITeJlbCTBO He B I:OCTOHHH Bb]-
nOJlHIIThcBOH06}13aTeJ1bCTBa
lJaCTb MeMJJ,YHBJX>llHOro l:006l1\e-
I:TBaHaLjHH
rapaHTHpOBaTb CBo60.D.hll1 npaBa
3aJ1BJUITbOnpaBaX
>KI1BCITpCI1np06J1eMa
paJpeWl-ITb Bonpoc
HJMeHHTbJaKOHOllBTeJlbCTBO
6e3HaKd1aHHOCTh .nOMaWHIJX
rupaHoB
coo6wecreo He .DOJ1)I(HO
pHpOBaTb
IJCKaTbnpaBocy.n HJI
.u;06HThCJI npaBOCylll-Ui
3aKOHbI. JrnCKpllMIlHltpyK:IIltHe :lKeH-
ll1M"
JaKOHbI He MOry; 3aillHTI-ITb >KeH-
IllHHOTHOCHJlrnI
nOTcpHTb B03I>IffiKHOCTJ:, BocnHTbl-
BaTbI:BOHx.n:ereH
>KeHJl!I{Hbl He MOry; .no6nThCJI .noc-
l)'na B npaBOOXpaHIJTeJlbH)'JO
C(JCTeMY
nOJlHL\HlIll(;J[e.l\CTBeHHbleopraHbI
He XOTHT Bepl-ITb IJ nOMoraTb )!(eH-
WHHaM
3IDIBHTb0 HBCHJlHH
I:npOBOUlIpOBaHO I:OOCrneHHhIM
nOBelIeHlJeM
paccne.uoBIIHIJC H npeCJIelIOBaHl1e
n03aKOHY
[JpH3BaTbBI1HOBHbIXK-
HOCTH
I:blrpaTbBaJKHyJOpOJlh
,l\HCKpHMHHaUIKJIJHHe 3aKOHbI
Ull-IOCIfIl£J[ K JKeHWHHaM He TaK,
KaK K MYJK'UJHaM
bBTOi1HJlIJI1HOH
I:TeneHHnpaBa)((eHWHH
II36erJ-J)ThHBCliJlHII
3aKOHbl MOry; 6blTb npHMeHeHbI
no-pa3HOIIIY
BOCCTIlHOBJll'HlleCeMbH
BQCCoelIHHeHHel:eMbH
YCJlOBHbli1 npHIUBOp
6eJHaKaJaHHO
He npecJJell3'fOTCII no JaKOH)"
OrpaHwmeaTbB03fll().KJ-ttI}Ke H illH H
m!)e)KaTbHaCHJllJJI
(b) Tronslole the following sentences into English in writing:
EioJlbWHHCTBO BKTOB HaCHJlIJJI HBJl JKeHIllHHaMH He paI:CJle.l\.YeTca. BHHOB-
Hhle He n no 3aKOH)'. BlIHoBHble 1:0BepillalOT npecT)'JUleHHJI
85

6e:m8Ka3aHHO. CyweCTB)'1OT 06IJ.IeC111a, B KOTOpblX HaCI-IJIHe Hall >KeHIllH-
HaMH p81:CMalpHBaeTC1I KaK HopMa, a He KaK npeCl)'lUIeHHe. )f(eHWHHbl He
HIl(YT np.mocyM1I, TaK KaK OHIJ YBepeHbI. 'no He 1I0CTHrHYT ero. B HeKO-
TopbIX CTpaHBX 3aKOHbi D.MCKpHMHHaUHOHHbl no OTHOWeHIJIO K >KeHIUlJHaM
I-JJlI-J OHH HaCTOJlbKO 6eccIUlbHbl. IJTO He MOry; 3aU{HTHTh >KeHWJ{H OT Ha-
I:HJlH1I. )f(eHlIlI:IHbl 6o.IITC1I 06paTHTbC1I B npaBooxpaHHTeJlbHble opraHbl B
1:1p8xe nOTep1lTb BOJMO>KHOCTb BOCnHTblB8Tb I:BOHX DereH. Bo MHorHX
1:1p8H8X nOJlHWUI I-J CJJellClEelJHble OpraHb[ He XOT.IIT BepHTb I-J rJONOnrIb
>KeHIllI1HaM. OOD.BqJIllJHMC1I HaCHJlHJO 1:0 CTOPOHb[ IJJleHOB HX reMeiL ro-
()'n.apcTBO HeCeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a poccJJeLlOBllHI-Je H npecne.!lOBllHHe no
3aKOHY aKTOB Hal:HJlI-J1I HM >KeIUllHHaMH. CnHIlIKOM lJaCTO o6wec"mo JlBJl1I-
eTC1I 1:0)"laCTHI-JKOM roCYlIapCTBa B 6e:J;IeIICTBHI-J OlliOCHTelJbHO npHBJle-
lJeHHJI BHHOBHblX K cy_ npaBOOXp8HI-JTeJlbHWI I:HCTeMa npHMeHJleT 3aKO-
Hb[ no-pa3HOMY no OTHoweHHJO K M)'>K'II-JH8M I-J K >KeHWHHaM. B HeKOTO-
pblX CTpaHBX 3aKOH HaKa3blBaeT DOM8WHee HOCHJlHe, HO l:ynpY>KeCKOe }]J-
HOCHJlOBaHHe Ha [](!J:LfJem.rr HaKa3aHHIO. 38KOHbi HeKOTopblX 1:1p8H Bb[HO-
C1IT YCJlOBHb[e npHroBOpbl 06 H3HaCHJlOBaHHI-J. eCJlH BHHOBHblfi: >KeHI-JTC1I
Jill I:BOeH >KejITBe. MeJKl\YHapOlIHblH '!aKOH no npaBaM IJeIIOEJeK3 o6ecne-
IJHBaeT MexaHKIMbL, 1JT06bl npHJBaTb npaBlITeJlbCTBO K 0T'IeT)'. el:JlI-J OHO
He BblnOJlHJleT CBOH 06J1JaTeJlbCTBa. 06ll\ecTBo He 1I0Jl)l(HO I-JrHOPIipOBaTh
6e3H8Ka3aHHOCTb ]IOM8WHlJX THpaHOB.
Task 14. Match the English expressions with their Russian equiva-
lents in the table.
(I) detention inl:ustody
(2) detention until the tria1
10)
NB I detenlion-=;,;:;=: nOlIClpB)!(y;
(a) npe,ll.BBplITellbHQe3aKJIlO4eHHe
(b) Heo6ocI-JOBaHHOe 311JIep>K.1HHe
HJlI-J cOlIepJKaHHe nOlI npIDKeH
(I:) OOJ:ICI»IGlHHenOlIC"IpB)Ke11
(3) preliminary detention / deten-
riononremand
(4) unfoundedcletention
(5) preventivecletention
(6) detention centre
(7) detentionl:e1l
(d) npeBelfTHBHoe3aKJIlO4eHHe
(e) 3alUl104eHHe no;:\ npIDKY 110 Ha-
lJaJl8 paccMoTpeHH1I .aeJl8 B I:yne
(f) TlOpeMHBJI KaMepa, RaNepa 1IJ1J1
33l\C(J)K3HHbIX
(g) CneJ1CT"BeHHb!H H30Jl1lTOp, lu:nJE-
BHTeJlbHOeVLJpe)f(lleHlJe
86

Ib)
NB I penally - HaKroIIHPC; JIl,HWI Mepa; BJhlCKaHHe; l:aHK!lHJI,
WTpa<p
(I) toas<;e<>..thepenalty
(2) to inlpOsc a pena1ty
(3) to make a penalty I:onditional
(4) to proportion penalty to the
crime
(5) rleathpena1ty
(6) under penalty
(7) upon penalty of death
(a) Ha3Ha<JI1Tb HaKaJaHHe ycrrOBHO
(b) C1npelIeJlHTb Mepy H8Ka3aHl-Ui
(I:) nOlI npaXOM I:MepTHOH Ka3Hll
(d) Ha:3Ha'Ji1Tb HaKaJaHHe
(8) penalty ofw]]finement/I:us-
todialpena1ty
(9) [JOn-custodial penalty
(10) money penalty
(e) HaKa3aHHe nlIl1eHl1eM l:B060lIbI
(f) llrIpal}>, urrpB<pHWI HeycroHKa
(g) Ha3Ha<JI1Tb HaKaJaHHe 1:0paJ-
MepHO COttpLUfHHOMY npeCTyn-
JIeHl1fO
(h) nOlll:1pBxoMHaKaJaHIDI
(i) I:MepTH8.11KaJHb
(j) HaK83aHlte, He I:BII3aHHoe C lIH-
llleHlJeMI:Bo60)lb]
o QUOTATIONS FOR COMMON DISCUSSION
And who are the greater cnmina1s - those who sell the in-
struments of death, or those who buy and use them?
Anonymous
Whoever profits by the crime is guilty 01 it.
Anonymous
Small crimes always precede great ones. Never have we seen
timid innol:ence pass suddenly to extreme licentiousness.
Racine
87

, i D,b"", WHAT ARE THE REAL CAUSES OF DOMESTIC
VIOLENCE?
Think it over and give your own ideas on tne following problems:
(I ) What are the real 1:3UseS of I:ontrolling and aggre""ive behavior
from a man towards a woman within the context of an intimate re-
lationship? Maybe it's the influence of (@e men'5 world» be\:ause
domeslll: violeoce occurs In aU aJltures, r&:es, religions: or men
have to prove their masculinity by aggressive behavior?
(2) Comment upon the cases of emotional psychologkal and financial
abuses. Being not I:rimmal behaviors, they still 1:3n lead to it.
(3) Why clo women usually fail to report violence?
..
'--'
IOWA FUNNY LAWS
II is a violation of the law to sell or distribute drugs or narcotics with-
out having first obtained the appropriate lo\-va drug tax stamp.
It is iJlegal to accept a gratuity or tip in Iowa.
Ole-armed piano plaYI:TS must pcrfonn for tree.
Rnerbo.Jt gamblers have II 5$ maxllnum bet.
T8Immg bed faclhtles must warn of the nsk ofgettmga sunburn.
You may shoot Nall\ie Americans ifthere are more than five oflhem
onyour property at any one time.
Mmisters must oblam a pemit tOI:art}' thet-liquor across state lines.
It is illegal to hunt fiom an aircraft
An owner or employee: of an estabh<dun.;:nt In Iowa that seUs ak:ohol
I:an't Iegally consume a dnnk thereafter ckr<Ir for business.
It)
L {f ROLE-PLAY
Role-play the followIng sltuation: Your dosest mend has gol to hospital after
bemg attacked by her husband at home. Her I:hlldrc:n have also been involved
in the fight and been if!iured. You meet your lav.yer in hospital. You tell
him/her about the problem and ask him/her to take  steps. But
your mend is not sure about the action for assauk and battery I:onceming her
husband. Appoint one student as a l:m-yer. one as a vktim. one as a witness,
one as a doctor. one as the husband and one as your fnend.
88

Unl,4
CRIME DEfECTION
to emon:e law
Useful Words and &pn2ssions for Speech Practice
to stop, SfiIIdJ. arrest and place OCfilHOBHTb 'leJ\.OBeKa, o6bx:Kim"
a person under detention apecroBaTh M 3aKI1JOIIHIb nQA

investigation of offences
breal:h of law
to arrest people suspected of
having committed the offence
to have powers to arrest people
with/without a warrant tso;ued
by a court
A ''It'ipt'ct may refuse to answer
police questions or to give evi-
dence in court.
to be deIilined without charge
to be charged with the offence
to be released on bail
to keep in custody
to diocharge from custody
to apprehend the perpetrators
to provide evidence
to interrogate suspects and wit-
nesses
sun'8llance techniques
10 identify the perpetrator
eyewitness testimony
to collect clues
(in)sufficiente\lklenre
forensicmedictne
 3a co6ruQB,eHl1eM 3aKOHd
paccAEWJBaffilE' npaBompyrneHHi1
HilpyrneHHe 3aKOHa
apE'CTOBhlllClTh nOAQ3peBae).ili[)( B
co&pIIeHHJt npecryIIAeHllil
llMeTb [JQlIlI)!\IO'iIDI Ha i\pecr
c (Be3) OJ¥',€PO'\ll Ha a.pecr, BbI-
,ll,aHHblMr::yAOM
MO:>Ke'l'Cl'I'Ka3aTh-
01 OTBe'laTh Ha BOI1pOCbI II07ID:qmI
1II\iilliITbnOKa3illillilBC"Jl*.
6b1Th 3iJAePJKffiIlillJ'1 6e3 IIpeA'h-
$l8J\eHWI 06B:!HeHH.II
6bITb o6BwI:eHtfNM B npaBOHa-
pyrneHml
OCB06CJAHTh Ha nop)'Kll
p1I'm'b IIOA crpa;Kell
oCB06CJAHTh H3-nO./l. CYpa.JKH
3aAep)IWTh npecrynHlJKOB
o6ecrre'lHTb AOKa3aTeAbC'I'Ba
onpanmBaTh nOA03peBae).ili(}( 11
CI
MeTOAbIrn
on03HaTh npeCT)'TlHHKa
I:Bl1/I,eTeAbCTBa o<IeBIWJ,eB
C0611paTh YJIHKH
,lI,CJC'I'ffi'OYAUKlI
qAe6HaH MHa
89

Task 1_ Study tne text below, making sure you fully comprehend It.
WI1ere app-oprioIe, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or olher
reference & source books on low. Pay special allenlion to the words
and word comblnallons m bold type.
CRIME DETECTION
  l - - -
.1 irlentification, and analysis of
 -= - I:riminal evidence as a means of law
. . - enforcemertt. The responsibility of
.=.(I J - law enforcement agencies is to detect
'"- L , I:rimes, apprehend tne perpetrators,
and provide evidence that will
I:onvince judges and juries that the perpetratOrs are guilty beyond a reason-
able doubt. To aCl:ornplish these aims a variety of methods are used, in-
duding recomtructi.ng the I:nme, I:ollecting physkal dues, and irtterrogat-
ing suspects and witnesses.
The methods of detection employed are dictated by the nature of the
I:rime and the pucedu.-eo. pennined by the legal sy.;tem. Most investigations
begin with I:areful, objeCllve observal1ons that are then assembled, I:o\late<\.
and matched against applicable law_ If there is reason to aSSW11e that a I:rime
has mdeed been I:ommitted. further investon IS IIIXH1aken using scien-
tific methods and techniques. Technologil:al advances have been incorpo-
rated into I:riminal ill\>estigation as wen; for example, trace dues such as
dust, paint. gla and other ffilCJOSCOPII: evidence may be analyzed.
Surredlance
One of the oldest ways of detectIng wmmal activity is through surveil-
lance. ThlS method IS used when it IS likely that a I:nme will take pla1:e!ll: a
specifil: location or when I:ertaln persons are suspocted of I:nminal activity.
The first situation usually is handled by fixed polil:e observation known as
a stakoout; the second circumstance may require mobile observation as
well, perhaps on foot or by automobile. Some situations may I:all for aeria1
observation (using helicopters) or electronic procedures (using listening
devkes that monitor telephone lines).
The observation method must be legal. Surveillance techniques, for ex-
ample, may include placmg persOlUJel in strategk locations and equippIng
them with optil:al aIds, such as binocu1ars or scopes with the capacity to
detect an object illuminated only by moonlight, or with electronk devil:es,
90

sensitive to a I:onversation taking pl&:e at a I:onsiderable distance. Where a
possibility exists of invasion of prIVacy. a I:Ourt order is reqUlred to make
the polke action and the information obtained acceptable at a trial.
Allied to surveillance are I:overt or undercover ob5ervations, which
usually are confined to activities such as gambling, dealing in narcQlks,
and other major organized crimes. Inronnants are the source of much use-
ful inFonnation in investigations; they may be dtizens motivated by dvic
duty or sometimes, I:riminals motivated by self-interest.
In"'''ga''on \ 
The .nftrrn!tioo needed to -
further an il1\>esttgaion must be '
:"00 :;fi::;"';;;:' )!1Jd 
""""""th, c"=. Wnn=", J t  :.r
victiareinterviewed,.andsuspects =,--I J
areu1d.E}'eWltnessestoa I!t;:i \
I:timeareoftenaskedtoidentdythe I' '\, /
perpetrator. abhough identlfu:ation ,.""'1
e[J"(m; Irnve prompted psychologists
to explore the processes and pitfalls of memory, reca1l, and recognition. Experi-
ments under controlled mnditions inlic3te that jurors will coovict four times as
often If t'}ewdness 1estinn1y IS offered, even when the vIsual acUIty of thew it-
ness is discredited. E}'eWitness identifnirns, therefore, must be I:onsidered
au-efully. and the credibility of the identIfication must be tested to ensure that
errorisun1i!..ely.
Il"IIerr<Jg;IIion is used when the info;mation sought is
not readi1y ft:t1hooming. perhaps because of hostility or
guIlt. Often some key to the so1utlon of a I:rune, such as the
location of the weapon in a murder I:ase, is known on1y to
the perpetrator. Without infonllat!On provided by the sus-
pect, a I:rime may go unsolved. Legal safeguards against
abuse now sUITOlmd this process. Before using any
inkrnlation obtained fTom an inerrogation, the I:Ourt must
be assured that the suspect was advised ofhis or her rights.
If proper legal pucewes are 110t followed, any evJclence obtained is inaWus-
sible in a trial
One more important method of investigation is different types of records
(e.g. fingerprints, mtelhgence files, whICh I:ontain I:rimina1 specialties, asso-
ciates, and skills and other mfocmation that might suggl:st future I:runinal
invoh-er..ent and the means by which the I:riminals can be apprehended Re-
I:ords are also used fOf a genera1 analysis of I:rime, so that po1ice administra-
tors I:an be infonned of I:riminal trends and the best ways to suppress them).
BusIness and publk records are I:onsuited by investigators to locate wanted
or missmg persons.
91

YJ1I1Ka
HapYWIUeJ1b yr0J10BHOro 3aKoHa: npec-rynHI1K
CKpbITbli"" TaHHbliJ, l:eKpeTHblW
Ha6mOJ\eHHe,HaJ\1O
? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTlONSo
I. Whatlscrimedetectlon?
2. What kind of methods can be used for detection of a (;flme?
3. What kind of !';urveillance!'; do you know and in what !';ltuation!'; are
they used?
4. What purposes does an mteITogation have?
5. What records I:an be used during an ilNestiEmioo?
..
'---"'" If is interesting to know...
Ministf)'orjustice?
Actually there is no such thing in Britain. The things that such a
mmistry takes I:are or in other countries are shared between a num-
ber of authorities, ID particular the Home Office, whic:h adminISters
prisons and supelVises the polke, and the office of the Lord Chan-
I:ellor. which oversees the appomtment of judges, magistrates and
o!herlegaloffil:ers.
\.. '). Task 3. Study tne irlforotion below and give your opin-
-.,.., ion on the problem of fingerprint evidence
FROM THE HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING.
Marcl127.1905
Fingerprint nidem:e is used tosoTvea British mllrdercase
The neighbors of Thomas and Ann Farrow, shopkeqJCrs in South London,
discover their bodies in their home. Thomas was already dead, but Ann was
still breathing. She died four days later without ever having regained I:on-
scil:Jusress. The brutal I:rime was solved using the newly developed finger-
92

printing technique. Only three years earlier, the first Englisl1 1:0url had admit-
ted fingelpint eVidence In a petty theft I:ase. The Farrow I:ase was the first
time that the aIting-edge technology was used in a high-r:rofile murder I:ase.
Since the I:ash box in which the Farrow's siored their I:ash receipts was
empty, it was dear to Scotland Yard investigators that robbery was the mo-
tive for the crime. One print on the box did not match the victims or any of
the still-tiny file of I:riminal prints that Scotland Yard possessed. Fortu-
nately, a local milkman rqxn-ted seeing two young men in the vicinity of
the Farrow house on the day of the murders. Soon Identified as brothers
Alfred and Albert Stratton. the police began interviewing theIr fTiends.
AJfTed's girlfiiend told police that be had given away his ooat and I:hanged
the I:olor of his shoes the day after the murders. A week later, authorities fi-
nally I:aught up with the Srrntton brothers and fingerpimed them. AIfTed's right
thumb was a perfect match forthe pmton the Farrow'sl:ash box.
The fingerpint evidence became the posecutioo's only solid eVIdence
when the milkman was Wlable to positively identify the Stmboos. The defense
put up expert Dr, John Garson to attack the reliability of the fingapint evi-
dence. But the prosecution 1:0lUJtered With e\<idence that Garson had written to
both the and prosecution on the same day offering hIS serviccsto both
The Stratton brothelS-, obviously not helped by the discrediting of Gar-
son, were I:onvkted and hanged on May 23, 1905. Since then, fingerpnrd
evidence has become I:ommonplace in I:riminal trials and the lack of it is
even used by defense aUomeys.
Notes:
cutting-cdge-COI!pCMUiHi>Ij:j
fi1e II.p"W1eKaIOUII1HIIHII\!iU-1Ite,3aMentbliI,Bbl!WOLIIH;:;C
tocatchup(wnh)-HacT"l1ITb
? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESfIONS,
I, Who found the bodies'?
2, What was the motive for the I:nme'!
3. What technology was used to solve the I:rime'?
4. Where were strange fingerprints fOlUJd?
5. What did AJfred's girlfiiend tell polke'?
6. How were I:riminals identified'?
93

"'---:.... Task 4. Study the inforrnofion below and give your opin-
..,.., Ion on the problem of DNA evidence
GENETIC FINGERPRINTING
Technique developed in the UK by Professor Alec JeflTeys and now a1-
lowed as a means oflegal identification. It determines the pattern of certain
parts of the genetil: material DNA that is unique to each individuaL LIke
I:onventional fingerprinting, it 1:00 accurately distinguish humans from one
another, with the exception of identkal siblings from multiple births. It I:an
be app1ied to as linle materia] as a single I:ell.
Gmetil: fingerprinting involves isolating DNA from I:ells, then I:om-
paring and contrasting the sequences of  chemicals between in-
dividuals. The DNA pattern I:an be <lS(;erlamed from a sample of skin, hair,
blood, or semen.
Genetk fingerprinting was first allowed a a means of legal identjfica-
tion at a wurt in Britain 1987. I[ is used in paternity testing (from 1988),
forensK: medicine, and mbreednlg studIes. The world' first natJooaJ DNA
database began operating in the UK April 1995.
DNA evidence as evidence in criminallrials in England and \Vales
Evidence from an expert who has cort1()6red DNA samples must be accom-
panied by evidence as to the sources of the samp1es and the procedures for
obtaining the DNA profiles. The judge must ensure that the jury must un-
derstand the significance of DNA matches and mismatches in the profiles.
The Judge must also ensure that the jury does not I:onfuse the (<match prob-
ability» (the probability that a person that is chosen at random has a match-
ing DNA profile to the sample from the scene) with the ({hkelihood ratio»
(the probability that a person with matching DNA COlll1TI1Ued the \:rime).
Phillips LJ gave this example of a summing up, which should be I:arefully
tailored to the particular facts m eachl:ase:
Members of the Jury, if you accept the scientifil: evidence called by the
Crown, this indil:ates that there are probably oilly four or five white males
in the United Kingdom from whom that semen stain I:oulcl have I:ome. The
Defendant is one ofthem. Ifthat is the position. the decISIOn you have to
reach, on all the evidence. is whether you are sure that it was the Defendant
who left that stain or whether It IS possible th it was one of that other
small group of men who s11are the same DNA dmmcteristics.
Juries should weigh up I:onfllcting and crrrobocative evidence, using
their own common sense and not by using mathematkal fonnulae. so as to
avoid ({confusion, misunderstanding and misjudl,>ment».
94

UJ Too' 5. T'O"lote the follow'"9 te,' '"'0 E"9';'"
COCTAB nPECTYnnEHIIISI
KaJ/(lIoe npecrynJleHHe c TO'-1KH 3peHHH yroJlOBHoro npaB!I xapaKTepll3}-
eTCJI Ha6opoM onpe)],eJIeHHbIX npli3HaKOB. EcJli1 Bee Heo6xQ!I.I-IMble npH-
JHaKH o6HapyJKHB!lIOfC:I! B nei'iCTI!lITeJlbHOM I:OOb1THI1. TO Mbl Bnpase roBO-
pHTb 0 l:osepweHlm npecrynJleHlJH. 3m npl13HaKfi npeD,)Cll-taTpHBaiOTCJI
HopMaMH JrellCl"B)'1Oll!ero yr0J10BHOrO npaB!I. COBOK)'nHOCTb TaKHX npH-
3HaKOB Ha3b1BaeTCJI cocma8G.1I npeCtn)"n.leHII5I..
ComaCHO Tpe60BaHilllM mIrJIHBcJwro )'JOIIOBHOm npaBa, npecryniieHlte.
KaK npaBI-IJIO, .II0JDKHO COCTO!!Tb 113 .D.Byx 'J!lCTdi. 3m 'Jacm Ha3bIBBIOTCJI 3J1e-
MeJITaMH roCTaBa npec1)'[1JleHIVL 0rcylt:1me mo6oH qacrJl He n03BOJIJIeT
roBOp(f[b 0 TOM. 'no nepell HaMH npec1)1lJJCHI-I KaK 6b1 MJ,I 
HH OTIiOCl1J1l1Cb K IlpOHcWe.rlWeMY. B nopHH aHrJlIIUcKoro yroJlOBHOro npaBa
3JIeMf:HThI COCTaBa npecrynneHH.l1 npHH.!ITO 0603Ha1J8Tb JJaTHl-JCIi.HMH Bblpa-
»reHI-UIMH Cl{1U\ reus (TO, 'ITO ornOCHTCSI K o6beKnrnI1oiI cropoHe npec1)'[J-
neHIDI, - npoTHBOnpaBH()C .neIICfllBe) 11 me11S rea (TO, <ffO urnOCHTCJI K cy6l.-
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mens 511 rea» (<<.l*HcTBHe 1:8MO no l:e6e He neJlaeT 'JeJlOBeKa BHHOBHbIM,
eCJlH 011 He Jlej:jCTsyeT C BHHOBHblM YMOIiaCTpOeHHeW}). 06pamylO CTO-
pOH)' ,lToro npHHl!l1na MOJKHO C4>oPMYl11lpOBJTh TaK: KaK 6bl HIJ 6blJlIJ npe-
l:l)'nHbl MblCJlIJ, 6e31IeHCTBHj[ HeT H He MOJKeT 6b1Tb npe<:l)'nJleHIJj[. EcJlIJ
actus reus UI"C)'1CfB}'eT. TO yroJlOBHaJI OTJJeTCTBeHHOCTb He Hacrynaer.
YroJlOBHoe npaBO npH3BaHO KOH1pOJllJpOBaTb noBe.IIeHlJe. HO He MblCJIH
JlIO)leH.
95

).6.
Task 6. Read the article, fill in the fable «Types 01 Pun-
ishments in Britain» ond lel( about different types of pun-
ishment in Great Britain.
THE SENTENCE OF THIS COURT IS._.
If it is someone.s first offence, and the crime is a small one, even a guilly
person is often unconditionally discharged. He or s11e is set free wlthout
punishment.
The next step up the ladder IS a I:onditional dISCharge. ThIs means tllat
the guilty person is set free but ifhe or she commits another crime wJthin a
slated time, the first I:rime will be taken into account. He or she may also
be put on probation. which means tllat regular meetings wlth a social
worker must take place.
A very common form of pumshmem for minor offences is a fine,
which means tllat the guilty person has to pay a sum armoney.
Another possibility is that the I:onvkted person is sentenced to a I:ertain
munberofhours of I:ommunity service.
Wherever possIble, magJslrates and judges try not to D11Jrisrn people. This
I:osts the state mrney. the 1:0Wltry'S prisons are already overctU\',ded and pris-
ons have a reputation for being «schools forcrime». Even people who are sent
to prison do not usually serve the whole tlffie to whIch they were sentIDced
They get «remissirn» of their serdmre for «good behavIOUf).
There is no death penalty in Britain, except for trea.<;OO. It was abol-
ished fur aU other offences in 1969. Although publk opinion polls often
show a majority in favour of its return, a majority ofMPs has always been
against it. For Il1UJdfrer;. there is an obligatory life sentence.
Punidimenl Oimeand theei'<.'t,mslances
(descl"iplionifpossible) (ifpossible)
unconditional discharge firstoffence.thecrimeissmaU
conditionaldiscltarge
onprobatton
fine
commlU1ityservice
"-""""""
furmnrderers
form:asoo
96

I 
i-
STUPID CRIMINALS
A man wnt inlo II drug Slore and annoum;ed hIs mtl:nl.1OIIS to [;unumt
robbery. He puJled II Hefty Bag OVl:r IU$ fact to conceallu$ Idenllty. He
dId 001, hO"'I:\I:£. cui eyehult:s In the mask and was lacklt:d by II brave
customer.
DON'T WORRY MAJ'Ij... I THOUGHT OF EVERYTHING
A group of drug smugglers ha(l:hed a plan 10 empty the tank of a pro-
pane truck and use it to smuggJe six thoUSJlJd pounds of marijuana
 the border from r...-teXICO mto Texas. Though devc:r. .the men
wen: not too bnght: they were I:aught bec!llJSe they mlsspe1lt:d the name
of the gas (OiIip"ny they had painted on the side of the truck
Task 7. Make as mony word combinations as possible molcning the
left and right columns.
to pay of
to accuse
private
to open a bank account
to bring
tOllllpnson
top]l:kinto
to grant
to break
to use
to be released
,rn"d
to enforce
furensil:
to""",,,
al:rime
detective
a witness
for six months
someone's pocket
anarrmesty
a house
threats
on bail
robbery
I,w
science
a fee
in a false name
asuspeCl
97

Task 8. Translate the following sentences into English using given
words and word combinations which do with legal molters.
to carry drugs; drug dealers
to break the law
mrorenl
to commit a crime
to accuse ofaI:rime
to receIve a heavy sentence
to take I:ontrol ora plane by force
to make the pilots change the
I:ourse
to testify in l:our1
I:riminalact
I:riminal state or mind
to enter someone's land without
pennission
intending to steal
intending to I:orrnnit an actofvio-
lence
using forceorthre:ts
in order to steal from someone
the_
to show evidence of one's inno-
I:enl:e
to prove guilt
mahl:e aforethought
mens rea
to intend to I:ommit a crime
to regulate human behaviour
to run business
to be adequate to deal with
I:omputer crimes
eompuler fraud
intoxil:ated
intoxil:ation is not a defense
to be responsIble for one's actions
(I) HapKOK)'pbepbI HeJlera.nbHO npOB03T HapKOTHKJ{ H3 OlIHOH
l:1paHblBnpyryJO.
(2) ECJlH Bbi napK)'eTe<:b Ha TpCII)'BIX'. Bbi ,QOJl)!(Hbi 3HaTb, IfTO fJapy-
WaeTe3aKOH.
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06BHHJlIOT_
(4) 31"0 6bUlO I:epbCJHoe npecl)'lliIeHHe, H IpB6HTeJlH nOJl)"II1JIJ{ 9-
pOBblH npHroBop.
(5) YraHIill\KH I:I1JIOH 3aXB!lTHJlH l:aMOJIeT H npHKaJaIIJ{ nl1JlOTaM J{J-
MeHl-ITbK)'pc.
(6) 51 rOTOB CBH.lieTCJlbCTBOBan B I:y.ne 0 TOM. liTO IipOHJOlllIJO.
(7) RI060e npecryru1eHHe COCTaBJlJlIOT .nBa BlDKHbIX 3J1eMeHT3: 1:8MO
npeC1)'nHOe .neocmlle IJ npecl)'JU-jOC HaMepel-me.
(8) TepMHH (burglary» 03Ha<J8eT npoHHKHoBeHHe B %H-JlH60 BJla-
.neHWI fieJ pa3pl'llIeI-Jl-IJI C HaMCpCHlteM JqJIDKH HM)'ll\eCTBa J{ 1:0-
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(9) TepMHH «robbery» 03Ha<iaeT HCnOJlbJOBaHHe I:lIJIbllIJIH Y'lX>3 I:
ueJlbJOoIpB6J1eHHJI.
98

(10) nOll03peBaeMblH He 1l0J])KeH HH'Jero nOKaJblBaTb, OlIHaKO, OH
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OT(}"J1Je1C1IIeHIKX:11I.
UJ Ta,k 9. Reedee the follow;ng te '",0 Engl;,h and g;'e yo",
opinion on the problem
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l1)'v'lUiiCup
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99

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C)'lIlCCTBOB<lH lJepe3 Hee npoUL1H 16 ThIC. lJeJloBeK.l-h HID: 7000 cerolIIDI)I(I:I-
Byr nOlI IIp)'ll1MH IIMeHaMH. CaMbrn JDBeC1lIbI!I B CUlA (;BI{.1C"reIIb. np0'tQllllB-
IlIllii no nporpllMMe 3aUUfTbI UIIIJ:rereJJeJi. -BreHT<J>EP L\lKme4J nltL"JUtIe. Ilo..1I
HMeHeM nOHHH I>pacKO OH IIHC;IpHJICJI B NBIjJIoo. CoruH I1IHrCTepoB 6blJlH npll-
roBOpeHblKJaICIIlO'reH\IJ!III Hal:poKOT5110 100 lel.
BJ1Ta:1I1HHBnqJJtD.:l: CJl t:1I CTBHJlII CYJl8CBlIJ\eTt.IUIM,JI..-ep-rBa\lnpe<:Iy[lJle-
HIlJIII «1IC1fI1I1O» (TIlK HaJblllalOT paCKaJlBmerOCJl Ma4»1l1Jl1) I1IpalfIllp}'eTCJI
aHl1HJlNHOCTh. A noc.le IIX OKOH'J3HHJI - HOBbie AOKy\IL'IflliI H IJO)JQf]HCHHW!
nCHCHH. MaqJIIOJII, H3J1YllIItIIIlIIte OMCJTTY ( MOJ1'-1aHHJI JI1UI 'lJ1eHOB MB-
41HII), paCTBopJIJIHCb HaBCerila.J1M .:JeJJaJllI ruJaCTIltJeCKHe onepaW1H, MeHJI.'JH
roJlOCB. E"iKCroJIHo HB nporpllMM}' 3Bll{IITb1 CBHo"1C1eoeH: HB AncHHIIH(;KOJ.t nOJ1)'-
OC1J!OBe lpaTIITCH OKOJlO 60 MJ1H. CBpo. focy.!UIpCTBOJ.t JapeJepIIIIpOBB 1416
KBapTHP .aJlJI cBII.iIf'reJIL'i. CllrepTt'JlLHbIX CJI)"1aeB 1:0 CBII.LIf'"[t'JlMH B I-ITamm He
pcnlC1]JJll-"lClBB"}'"!KC60Jlec 1011C1
B YKpBHHC no f1JJOIlJaMMe JaIl\lITbI CBI He;J.aBHO ClICJlaJll1 TUlac-rn:-
lJecKyJO onepaUHIO Blfropy CKalUJa.'JbHbIX 3aflllceH 113 Ka6HHeTB JKC-npe3IL1CHTB
K)"IMbl MalIq)}' CEY MHROflC MCJlbHH'-1CHKO
(ll()n(}(!(/ H CB1I1IeTeJ1b lpe6}e-r nBpIlK J1 6pollL'BHK! 1/ ApryMt:JrThI He.lle-
JIII.NQ 19(157). 14 MWI 2009 r. C. 8--9)
Task 10. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprel1end it
wnere appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or otner
reference & source books on law. Pay special attenllon to the words
and word comblnallons R1 bold type.

Capital punishment or the death penalty, is the
executlOn of a person by Judic-.al process as a PlUl-
i:J-.rnrot for an offense. Crimes that I:BIl result in a
death penalty are known as capital crimes or ct:pdaf
qffdlf.. The tenn capdo/ originates fium Latin
capitall., literally (<regarding the head)} (Latin ca-
puT). Hence, al:apital crime was originaUy one PlUl-
ished by the severing of the head.
'0'

Capital (MIishment has been practired in virtually every society, and
thus can be considered to be a cultural universal or close to it. exc1uding
those with state religious proscriptions against it. It is a matter of active I:on-
trmersy in various rountries and states, and positions can vary within a sin-
gle political ideology or cultural region. In the EU member states, if the
Treol.,. (if Lisbon' is ratified and iJl1)Jemented. Article 2 of the Charter of
Fundamental R1ghts of the European Union will prohibit capital pumshment
Today, most I:ountries are considered by Amnesty International! as
abolitionists, whkh allowed a vote on a nonbinding resolution 10 the UN to
promote the abolrtion of the death penalty. But more than 60% of the
worldwide population live in I:ountries where executions take place insofar
as the four most populous countries m the world (the People's Republic of
China, India. the United States and Indonesia) apply the death penalty and
are unlikely to abolish it at any time soon.
Task 11. Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents
in the table.
(0)
(I) to abolish the death penalty
(2) abolition of I:apital
pum""""
(a) MopaTopHi-t Ha CMeprnyKJ Jal3Hb
(b) OWH.604HbIe CBJI.nereIlbCKHe no-
KaJaHH.JI
(3) suo;pensioo of I:apital (I:) OTMeHa CMepIl-JOO Ka3HH

(4) inevLtabdltyoferror
(5) anexpositoryexecot:ion
(6) erroJJm.IStestimony
(7) toinf1il:tthedeathpenalty
(8) to sentence to death
(d) 1IOJMe1llHC/MeCTb
(e) OTMeHI1Tb I:MeprnylO Jal3Hb
(f) 1:1Iep*I-IBalOwee cpel!(;TIIO npoTHB
HaCl-IJI1-UI
(g) HeI136e:iKHOCTh(l:)ilIe6HOH)OUJI:IOKI:I
(h) npllBeCTlI B I1CII011HCHHe I:MepT-
liblj:jnpHroBop
. The Treaty ofL.sbon(alsQ L.ntm.llas the Refonn Treaty) tSan agreement
signed In Lisbon on JJ December 2007 that would change the WOrking; of the
European Umon(EU). The treat} has not been ratified by aU EU memberstates.
, 4ntrIt-.t) 111IetTI.'h.1n.11 (C()tUtKJtlIy kno",,", as Amnesty and AI) IS an mtematlonal non-
guvcrrrnertalorganisaUOnvmlChdefinesitsmlssionas"toconducJresearchandgener-
ateactiontopreventandendgraveabusesofhuma/lrightsandtodemandjustieefor
those whose rights have been violated".
102

(9) deterrent to violent mme
(10) deterrenre
(II) todeterl:rime
(12) retribution/revenge
Ib)
(I) I:oercedcoofession
(2) toadmitone'sguilt/toronn
(3) topleadgUlky
(4) long-term imprisonment
(5) short-term imprisorunent
(6) life imprisonment
(7) l:orpora1 pUnishment
(8) peljured testimony / peljury
(9) peljurer
(10) drcwnstantia1 evidence
(againstsmb)
(II) to be sentenced to three years
in prison
(12\ to serve five years m prison
(13) toserveaterm
(i) - l:l!ep)f(I-IBaTh npecrynHocTI. -
G) IlIJIQI3ID"C.IIbH!UIK!l3Hb
(k) C.nep)f(I-I8aHl-le
(I) 1lpHr00000ITb K I:MepTl-I
(a) 1lpI1JHRIb1:e6fl BllHOBHbIN
(b) 1I0JIrocpo'lHoe TIOpeMHoe 3aKlllO-
<JeHHe
(I:) npl13HaTbCBOIOBHH)'
(d) 1IbP-J)IJIGjeJ-JHOe npl-l3HaHHe (1II-1HbI)
(e)JDKtX:Bl-l,AeTeJTh,K/lJJTIIOnpec1)'IIHHK
(f) reJJCClIbJeHaKaJaHl-[fl
(g)0r6brIbTIqJeMHbliiqxJK
(h) IlOJKIJJHeHl-loe "fKJpeMHOe 3aKJIJO-
<JeHHe
(i) KOCBeHHbleYllHKH
m 6b1Th oc)')K1IeHHblM Ha "IpH rolIB
TlOpbMbI
(k) KpaTKocpo'JHoe TIOpeMHoe 3a-
KJlIO'JeHl-le
(I) mDbleaTh CpoK HilKmaHIDI (Tlo-
peMHoro3aKll1O'IeHHJI)
(m)lI)f(ecBltileTeJJbCTBO
"- "'1 Task 12. Study the inlormation below and give your opin-
..... ion on the problem of tne inevitability of error
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: INEVITABILlT'r' OF ERROR
Capital punishment is an intolerable denial of cIvIl bbertres. We should
seek to  executions and to abolish l:apita1 punishment by litigation,
legislation. commutation or by the weigl1t of a renewed public outcry
against this brutal institution.
103

Unlike all other I:riminal punJShmertts. the dealh penalty is lUliquely ir-
revocable. SpeakIng to the French Chamber of Deputies in 1830, years after
the exceo;se<;. of the French Revo]ution, which he had witnessed, the Marquis
de Lafayette said. ((] shall ask fo the abolition of the punishment of death
lUltll I have the mfallibllity of hwnan judgmert den-Iorm"ated to me. Al-
though some proponents of I:apiral punishment would argue that its merits
are worth the ooc..'tSional exCCUlion of innocent people, most would also Insist
that there is ]in]e likelihood of the ilUlocent being exewted'? Yet large bodies
of evidence shows that innocent people are often I:onvil:ted of I:rimes, mclud-
ing capItal I:rimes and that some of them have been e"<fCUttd».
Since 1900 in the USA there have been on the average more than four
cases per year in \-WJiclJ an entIrely innocent person was I:onvicted ofmur-
der. Scores ofthese persons were sentenced to death. In many I:ases, a re-
prieve or I:ommutation arrived just hours, or even minutes, before the
scheduledexel:utlon.
In the mld-seventies of the 20'" I:entury authorities in New Mexico
were forced to admit they had sentenced to death four white men - moto-
cyclists -&om Los Angeles - \-WJo were nUlocent. The accused offered a
documented alibi at their trial, but the prosel:ution dismissed it as an elabo-
rate ruse. The jury's verdict was based mainly on \-WJat was later revealed to
be peljured testimony (encourdft'd by the polke) ITom an aJleged eyewit-
ness. Thanks to perslstenl investigation by newspaper reporters and the
I:onfession ofthe real killer, the error was exposed and the defendants were
released after eighleen months on death row.
In Georgia in 1975 Earl (h.:u1es was I:onvicted uf murder and sen-
tenced to death. A survivIng vlClnn of the I:rime erroneously identified
Charles as the gunman; her testimony was supported by a jail-house mfor-
mant wbo claimed he had heard Charles I:onfess. IncontrovertIble alibi evi-
dence, showing that Charles was in Florida at the very time of the I:rime,
eventually established his innocence - but no! until he had spent more
than three years under death sentence. His release was owing largely to his
mother's unflagging efforts.
In 1989 Texas authorities decided not to retry Randall Dale Adams af-
ter the appeJlatel:ourt reversed his mnvktion for murder. Adams had spent
more than three years on dealh row for the murder of a Dallas polil:e offi-
I:er. He was I:onvkted on the perjured testimony of a l6-year-old youth
wbo was the real killer. Adam's plight was vividly preserted in the ]988
docudrama. The Thin Blue Line, \-WJich I:onvincingly told the true story of
the I:rime and exposed the errors that resulted in his I:onviction.
104

The stories above have a reassuring ending. The innocent prisoner is
saved ITom execution and is released. But \-WJen prisoners are executed, no
legal forum exists in whil:h unanm.ered questions about their guilt I:an be
resolved. In May 1992, R.K. Coleman was executed in Virginia despite
widely publICized doubts surrounding his gtult and evidence that pointed to
another person as the murderer - evidence that was never submitted at his
triaL At the tIme oFhis e1leCl1Iion, his I:ase was marked with many oFthe fea-
tures found in other I:ases where the deFendant was eventually deared. Were
Coleman still In prison, his friends and aucn--qrs would have a strong incen-
tive to resolve these que<.llOflS. But with Coleman dead, further inquiry into
the facts of the I:rime for\-WJkh he wasl:onvkted is unlikely.
These are all little knO\\"n facts about the 'i}'dem dealing
with inmates, prisons and the law in the USA
The death penalty ooesn't deter I:rime. Sinl:e the death penalty was
reinstated in 1976. the South has I:arried out 80% of the natIOn's
executIons, yet it has the highest murder rate of any region in the
1:0lUltry.
About 4% of American population is in prison. add that to the 4%-
6% unemp10yment rate and that means about I out of 10 US I:lti-
zens are either injail or unemp1o)ed
A study by the US General AccountIng Oftke found racial preju-
dice in death sentencing. The race of the murder vjl:tim was shown
to be a delennining factor; killers of whites were proportionately
more likely to be executed than were killers ofblad<s.
Most prison irunates are «kept» in their I:ells (sometimes at 200%
I:apacity) for 20+ hours a day. Often inmates are I:onfined to their
I:ell 22+ hours a day. they are let out for meals and a very short
time to exercise.
Experts estllnate that at least 1/2 of I % of the current inmate popu-
lation IS innocent. Records of these statiStll:S are not kept. That
wou1d be 8000 innocent out of 1.6 million.
It is estimated that half of all death row inmates are minorities.
State aoo Federal prisons held about 1.6 million prisoners at the
end of 1996.
105

reJ::i QUOTATIONS FOR COMMON DISCUSSION
 Every unpunished murder takes away something from
the security of every man's life.
Webster
All crime is a kind of disease and should be treated as such.
Cw!dhi
The average man does not know what to do with his life, yet
wants another one which williasl fOIe\-'eI.
FrOIiCe
 Et
t "' Debate: CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: FOR AND AGAINST
The fundamental questions rOlsed by the death penalty are whether It
is on effective deterrent to violent crime, and whether ills more effec-
tive than the dtemahve of long-term IITlpnsonmenl Study the mfor-
malion below and give your opinion on this problem
Do IVlI <ww ,hat capital pum.\hmc.1'II can be .\f'£n as a lletern1'l1 to
vioien! crime!
Can capital punishmen1 be considerecl (IS the .'iOCietv's de.;refor ret-
ribullOn?
Should nmrcIen:r-J be subject to the priTICip/e «an eye for an eye and
a looth/or a tooth,) and receive the death per/ulJ)'?
Sh/Jufd wc try t/J CI/I7T!Lt the (/ffil1ikr,- mowl altitudes and anli-
social i:JeIk.n'iolJr and 10 assist him or her 10 return to normul life (to
relwbilitaletheqfjerlder)in OI'woose:>
 CREATIVE WRITING
 t Taking into account the vocabulary and the ideas of the
 texts above write an essay on the points concerning
capital punishment:
Even a slopped \:lock is right twIce a clay.
In skating over thin ice our safety is in our speed.
The pain of the mmd is worse than the pain of the OOdy.
It is never late to mend.
106

. Ifsomeone takes advantage of my trust, it's his fault, and ifhe does
jt a second time, It's mine.
. It is better that ten guilty persons escape than one innocent suffer.
Be sure of the right trans1ation of the statesments in wnnection with
the topic discussed.
..t;;--,:  Task 13. Study the informollon below and give your
 opinion on the problem of corruption.
Corruption -Improper and usually unlawful I:onduct mtended to secure a
benefit for oneself or another. Its forms include bribery. extortion. and the
misuse of inside information. It exists where there is I:ommunity indIffer-
ence or a lock of enforcement polides. In societies with a I:ulture ofntual-
ized gift giving, the line bet\-\'eef1 acceptable and unaccep:able gifts is often
hard to draw. Corruption obtains when an Offil:iBl transfers a benefit to an
indjvidual who mayor may not be entitled to the benefit, in exchange for
an Illega1 payment (the bribe). By taking the bribe, the oftkial breaks a
legally binding promise he gave to his «principal.> (u<;II3olly the state ad-
ministration or a pnvatel:ompany) to allocate the benefit to those entItled
to it. Corruption is neither a property of a social system or an institution,
nor a trait of an individual's I:haracter, but rather an illegal e\.change.
Many BIb'Ue that in the long term l:oITUp!ion breeds ineffi:ieo..y. Also, with
multiple offil:ials and many pcterJtial brkrs, conuption cru1 geriernte further
 leadmg a oountry to fall into a (<trap}) where brhery IS pervasIve. In
C'tlrethel:ases, whereeverybodytakesbrbes, thel:onceptlosesanalytical dout
In accordanl:e with its own ernpirkal findmgs, the World Bank. whkh
studies the problem of I:orruption, promotes pol ides fostering economll:
deregulation and liberahzation, civil liberties, and the rule of law. Yet, no
single recipe exists to eradlCatel:orruptron and more work IS needed to ISO-
late mechamsms that fetter this socm1 bad.
t!- 
. "Debate: ANTI-CORRUPTION METHODS
Read the neWSSXJper article below and answer the folloW1ng quesbons::
(I) Jllhat do you thmk about the fJ'(Jhlem ofcor,uption in Rus.5ia and
in other colU/1ries?
(2) How to (ighJ agamst COfTuption?
107

MEDVEDEV TO HEAD RUSSIAN ANTI--cORRUPTION COUNCIL
10512001!
MOSCOw, May 19 (RIA Nm-O>.tl) - Russian Pre<:1CIent OImtIy Medvedev
will head an anti-<:orruption l:oWlcil to beset up in Russia in the near future.
«COmJp!ion is not Just a Russian phenomenon, it exists e\eJ)'Where_. .but
the extent and depth of the problem "aries,( OInitIy Medvedev said.
Medvedev also gave mstructlons to draw up a national action plan to
I:ounter corruption.
«(We need a pockage ofrneasures, not pm-pon del::islons; we need a na-
tionaJ antJ-COO1J!1:ion program,«Medvedevsaid, SlngJingoutthree major sectors.
First, he said, anti-corruption laws should be updated. Secondly, the na-
tional program sllOuld include measures to fight economi\: and social I:or-
ruption, as well as preventive measures. Thirdly, Medvedev said, anti-
l:olTUplion behavior needed to be encouraged in the countf)', and people
needed to be educated on the legal aspects ofthe issue
Medvedev, who won the March 2 polls and was inaugurated as presi-
dent on May 7, focused on l:olTUption in his election speeches. He first
voi\:ed the idea of draftIng a national anti-colTUption program at an el:0-
nomil: forum in Siberia's Krasnoyarsk in mid-February.
Ac:cording to research carried out by the Indem Foundation, led by
Georgy Satarov, a fonner aide to RussJa's first president Bons Yeltsin, I:or-
ruption in Russia robs the national economy of$2.8-3 billion.
(http://en.nan.rulrussial20080SI9/107739335. html)
Task 14. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
W'here appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on law. Pay special attention to the words
and word combinations in bold type.
E-Iv\AIL FRAUD
Frdud has existed perhaps as long or longer than money. Any new socio-
logkal I:hange I:an eJldallgeI" new forms offTaud, or other I:rime. Almost as
soon as e-mail became wide1y used, it began to be used to defraud people
via E-mail fraud. E-mail fraud I:an take the form of a «con  or
scam. Confidence trkks tend (0 exploit the inherent greed and di<:l-.or,e<:ty
of thelf vlctlms; the prospect of a «bargain» or «something for nothing"
I:an be very tempting. E-mail fTaud, as with other (bunco schemes» rehes
on nanve individuals who put their l:onfJdence in get-rich-qukk schemes
such as (<too good to be true» Iflvestments or offers to se1l popular lIems at
108

«impossibly low)} prkes. Many people have lost their life savings due to
fraud.
FOInl:! rifE-mailfrond
Spooling. E-mail sent 1T0m someone pretending to be someone else is
known as spoofing. Spoofing may take place in a number ofways. Com-
mon to all of them is that the actual sendeI's name and the origin of the
message are concealed or masked from the recipient. Many, if not most,
instances of E-mail fraud use at least minimal spoofing, as most lTauds are
dearly criminal acts. Criminals typically try to avoid easy traceability.
Fishing for data. Some spoof  purport tu be 1T0m an existing
I:ompany. perhaps one with which thc intended victim already has a busi-
ness relatlonslup. The (baIt» m this mstance may appear to be a message
1T0m «the fraud department» of, for example, the vktim's bank, which asks
the I:ustomer to: <,eonlirm their information»; (,log in to their account,);
«create a new password». or similar requests. If the «fish» takes the
«(bait», they are <<hooked» - their account infonnation is now in the
hands of the con man, to do with as wish.
Bogus olTers. E-mail solkitations to purchase goods or servIces may
be instances of attempted lTaud. The fraudulent offer typica1ly features a
popular item or service, at a drastically redoced price.
Items may be offered in advance of their actual availability, for in-
stance, the latest video game may be offered prior to its release, but at a
similar prke to a nonna! sale. In this I:ase, the «gr«d factor» is the desire
to get something that nobody else has, and before everyone else I:an get it,
rather than a reduction in prke. Of I:ourse. the item is never delivered, as it
was not a leglbmate olTer in the first place. Such an olTer may even be no
more than an attempt to obtain Ihe victim's credit card information,
with the mtent of uSing the infonnation to fraudulently obtain goods or
services, paid for by the help1ess vil:tim, who may not know they were
scammed until their I:redit I:ard has been «used up».
Requl"<h for help. The (request for help» type of E-mail lTaud takes
this fonn. An E-mail is sent requesting help in some way, but including a
reward for this help as a (<hook». such as a large amount of money. a treas-
ure, or some artifoct of supposedly great value.
This type of scam has eXISted at least since the Renaissance, known as
the <,Spanish Prisonef») or ,(Turkish Prisonem scam. In its original form,
this scheme has the I:on man support to be in correspondence wnh a
wealthy person who has been imprisoned nnder a false identity. and is
relying on the I:onfidence artist to raise money to secure his release. The
I:on man tells the «mmk» (Victllll) that he is «a1lowoo» to supply money,
109

for which he shou1cl expect a generous reward when the prisoner returns.
The confidence artist claims to have chosen the victim for their reputation
for honesty.
Glher fonns of tTaudulent help requests are represented by romance
scam. Under thIS, fraudsters (pretended maJes or females) build online
relationships, and after some time, they ask for money ITom the victims,
(;(aiming the money is needed to the foct they have lost their money (or
their luggage was stolen), they have been beaten or otherwise hanned and
they need to get out of the I:OUI1try to fly to the vil:tim's 1:001III)"
This confidence trkk is similar to the face-to-foce 1:011, known as the
<.Stranger With a Kind Foce)}, which is the likely origin of at least the title
ofthe vaudevillian routine known by the same name, as (\Nmgara Falls)), or
<.Slowly I turned...»
The modem E-mail versionofthis scam. is knoWl1as the «Nigerian SCaJID"
«Nigerian All-Stars», etc., because it is typll:ally based in Nigeria, as an ad.
vance fee fraud. The lottery scam isatwistonthisscam.
(http.llw\',r\\dom-da.ruldoma)
Notes;
,(can game,> or scam
spoofing
bogus offers
If the «.fIsho takes Ihe c<baJt», Ihey
=-
MOrnCHHIJ'ICCTBO,)I()'J1t.HH'ICCTBO,OOMaH
1-!aJ,)'IJ.3JeTJbC"TBO
J1IUJOBt.ICIIpI:II.IKDIlaM
ECJlH C<pbI6Ka>' laxB3THT <OIIlJIGIIIK)'" OHa C<Ha
KpI(l'lKe».
? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. Why has tTaud existed as long as money?
2. What qualities of I:harocterdoes e-mail tTaud exploit?
3. Why are people so nmch attrocted by get-tich-qUJl:k s<:hemes?
4. What are the fonns of e-mail tTaud?
5. Characterize the main fonns of e-mail tTaud
Task 15. Replace the words and word combinations in brackets by
their equivalents from the text above.
(I) (AfouleHHWIeCf/1f!() has existed perhaps as long or longer than
money.
110

(2) Almost as soon as e-mail became widely used. it began to be used
(oQJ.pa<IlI6W11b1IQ()eucno.lIoUfbI()U_1I0UleHlIU'IeCm6a).
(3) (MoWeHHHlJeCTBO Ha JlOBepHH) tend to exploit (BpOJK.[\eHH)'1O )(GJJ\-
HOCTh  He'!ecTIlOCTh) of their victims: (IkfX-11£!I<ml1BU £0tX!pU1lI1Ib 8bl-
lOcOe.11;Y)or«something fornothing» I:an be verytwJpting.
(4) E-mail sent from someone (npemt!UfJJIIOUPlICJI "e.II-mo dpwu.1I) is
known as spoofing.
(5) The actual sender's name and the origin of the message (CKpUThI
HJlH JaMacKHpOBaHbl OT nOJl)"laTellil).
(6) Cnmlnals typkally try (3UI1Ip)-'iJHumb 11pOC.lf!:J/(ll&.1e.'IIOCtnb)
(7) (EcJl" «pbI6Ka» 3aXBaTHT «HIDKlIBK)'». OHa «Ha KpIOLJKe») - their
account infonnation is now in the hands of the I:on men, who do
with as they wish.
(8) E-mail (3UIIJXX-"b1 U I7fJIl:)IfIIre mUIJapufJ lL7U yc.y;» may be Instances
ofafraud.
(9) Of course, the item is never delivered, as it was not a (3al<oHHGe
I1fX-OIO,J/Celllld in the firstplac:e.
(I) frwd
Task 16. Match the English expressions with their Russian equiva-
lents m the table:
(2) a l:onfJdence trkk
(3) inherent greed and dishonest)
(4) to put I:onfidence in get-rich-
qukk schemes
(5) to be concealed or masked
from the recipient
(6) fishing for data
(7) to try to avOId easy traceabil-
ity
(8) the intended vktim
(9) solidtations to purchase
goods or servil:es
(10) priortorelease
(a) BpOAC!tfHH!UI )K8J1HOCTb H HelJe-
I:TIJOCTb
(b) npelIflOJlaraeMB.II )](epTBa
(I:) MOWeHHWJeCTBO
(d) 3anpOCbl 0 nOKynKe TOBapoB HJlI1
yc.rryr
(e) co6paTh JleHbrH JIJII'I o6ecnelJe-
HH.II1jbe["()-J]II6ooc(].II
(1) 3a-rpy.!lHHTb npOCJ1eJKHeaeMOcTb
(g) I:npmaTbCSI HJlH JaMaclUlpoean.-
1:.11 OT nOJl)"JBT{'Jl.l
(h) 3TO 6bUlO He3aKOHHoe npellJlo-
)](eHHe.
(i) BbtyJKHBaHHe HH4JopMaLlH
(j) .DOBeptlTbCJI I:XeMaM 6bIC1pOrO
o60raweHH.II
111

(II) It was not a Icgitimate offer. (k) MOWeHHJj'jeCTBO C BblnJlaTOH
neHeraBaHCOM
(12) a generous reward (I) emelIoBblnycKaBnpol\IDKY
(13) to raise money to secure sb's (m)me1Ip<JeB03HarpIDKlIeHMe
release
(14) an advance fee fraud (n) MOWeHHWJeCTBO Ha .DOBepHl-l
UJ Ta,k 17. 1m,,'ate the fallang wmd comb,"at,a" "'a
English in wnting.
MOWeHHWJeCTBO C BblnJlaTO .DeHer
aBaHCOM
m e 1Ip<Jee03Harpmt\l\eHl-le
l:06paTb.Detfl,fHllIDIOCrnI
IIIOllJeI-JHINe npocbGa 0 nOMOIl\l:l
MoweHHWleCKHM o6pmoM npHo6-
pecTH Toaapbl 11J1I-I yCJIyrH
He3aKOHHoenpe.n.rr(l)KetjHC
JJ,O BblnycKa B npolIiDK)'
3anpoc 0 norynKe TOsap08 11JI1-I
Y""Y'
CHJj)f(eHHeUetfl,[
no HeBepOSITHO HM3KO ueHe
BpOJK,11eHHaJI)((3,1IHOCTb
nOTepJlTb COOH 1:6elJC)KeHMJI
HaMe'-leHHaJl )((epTaa
BNYAtIIBaHHeHHl}IopMutl lH
3<lUenl1Tb Ha KpIO'-IOK
3aXBa1l1TbHa)l(]1BK)'
"J'OC"=
npHTBopJlTbCJI KeM-TO
I:KpblTbl MJlH 3aMacRlipOBaHbl
.DOBepHTbCJI I:XeMaM 6bICTporo 060-
rarneHrnI
(a)
Task 18. Match the English expressions w1th their Russian equiva-
lents in the table:
(I) to have an alibi
(2) to raise an alibi
(3) 1:0IToborated / substantiated alibI
(4) dtbious / questional alibi
(5) established alibi
(6) ironclad alibi
(a) «HreJJe'IHOe»aJlH6H
(b) I:OMHHTCJlbHoeaJII-I61:1
(I:) }'CT8HOBJJeHHOe aJlM6H
(d) HMeTb aJlH6H
(e) nO)lTBepJK,11eHHOe aJlH6H
(f) 3aJ1BHTbaJII-I61:1
112

IbJ
NB I sClltence-l)fIaKIDoJ)Jae;2) npHroBop;
1lp11"OBaJllUl!ffL;3)pernt:IIIlel1epKOBHorOCY.IIa
(')
(2) c;entence fixed by law
l3) topassasentence
(4) to sentence long
(5) to sentence short
(6) life sentence
(7) toservesentenct:
(8) to sentence to community
servil:e
(9) suspended/ronditionalsentence
()O) to I:omplete the sentence
(a) HaKa3aHHe,onpel!eJ\eHHoe
B3aKOHe
(b) npi-1rOBOpltTb K .D;UJTeJlbHOMY
I:poK)' IIHUleHItJl cs060.J]b[
(I:J oroblBaTbHaKaJaHIJe
(d) BbIHOCI-ITb npIIrtmqI
(e) npi-1.--oBOp
(f) oroblTbHaK33aHHe
(gJ npHrOBOpHTh J( KpaTKOMY qJOKy
nmueHHJI CBCJ6oJ:\I,[
(h) nO)f(H3HeHHOe 3aKIJlO'JeHHe
(i) YCJlOBHoe HaKa3aHHe (ycooBHUH
npHroBOp)
(j) npHroh"lpllTh K 06111ecrneHHbIM
pa6<m.
G QUOTATIONS FOR COMMON DISCUSSION
If poverty is the mother 01 climes, want 01 sense is the father.
La Bruyere
0£ganIzed crime constitutes nothing less than a guerilla war
against society.
Lyndon Jonson
fm proud of the fal:l thai I never invented weapons to kill.
Edison
113

, i D,bat" WHY IS E-MAIL FRAUD SO WIDElY SPREAD?
Give examples 01 e-mad fraud from your 0'Mi life or somebody you
know, Of from the books you hove read An'!NVer the following cpes1io'1s.
Is it really in the nature of people to put their I:onficlence in get-
rkh-quickscl1emes?
People read anQ hear about e-mail I:rimesofdifferent forms, still
they become victims ofsuch I:rimes. What are the reasons?
Are most peop1e so nanve to let other people defraud them?
Give exarnpl.es of e-mail fraud fromyourown or some-
body you know, or you have read in.

Task 19. Study the text below, making SUfe you 'uDy
comprehend it. Where appropriate, consult English-
Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source
books on low Share your own Ideas about what you
hove read.
AVOIDING E-MAIL FRAUD
Due to the widespread use of web bugs in e-mail, simply opening an E-
mail 1:3n potentially aJert the sender t]Jat the addre<>.. to whkh the E-mail is
sent is a valid address. This 1:3n also happen when the mail is «reported» as
spam, in some l:a5es: ifthe E-mail is furwarded fOf inspection, Md opened,
the sender will be notified in the same way as ifthe  opened it.
E-mail mud may be avoided by: keeping one's e-maJ! address as secret as
possible; ignoring unsolicited E-mails of all types, simply deleting them: not
giving in 10 greed, since greed is the element that aUows one to be «hocked»; if
you have been defrauded, report it to law enforcement authorities - many
frauds go w-.reported, due to shame, guilty feelings or embarrasm-Jert.
Emmple:
From Emily Watson.
Hello Dear,
My name is Mrs. Angela White, a business woman in London. I have
been diagnosed with esophageal cancer which was discovered very late due
114

to my laxity in caring for my heahh. It has defiled all fonns ofmedkation
right now and I have only few hours left to live, according to medical ex-
perts. I have never particularly lived my life so well as I never really I:ared
for anyone not even me but my business. Though I am very ril:h, but I was
never generous. But I regret aU thlS as I now know that there is more to bfe
than jusl wanting to have or make all the money in the world. Now that
God has I:alled me through this way I willed most of my properties and
asset to my immedlate and extended family and as well as a few dose
friends. I am gomg in for an operation now. and I don't think I will make it.
I want God to be merciful to me and accept my soul and so with that
reason I decided to give alms to dmrity organizations, as I want this to be
one ofthe last good deeds I did on earth.
I now give you the authOrity to dispatch my last funds to I:harity or-
ganizations I have set aside 40% of the total amount $1,500,000.00 (one
million five hundred thousand dollars) for you and your tllne and patience
fur I:anying out this duties. This means you will keep $600,000 (Six hun-
dred thousand do1lars) for yourself and donate the rest to any I:harity or-
ganization OfyoUfl:hoke. May God be with you as you I:arry out this task.
I believe this. I I:an now be free to depart peacefully.
If you can render me this assistance. you I:an then contact my IEMYer
who will asslst you in gettmg the funds to you in my abseoce if I die or not.
He would give you more details. His name IS Barr. John Hard and his E-
mail address is: (emailaddre<;s@}ahoo.l:o.uk). He would gUIde you through
receiving the funds.
So then people have very harder situation... And according to this ex-
ample we I:an say that e-mail fraud is very dangerous for us and we have to
be careful and try not to believe this message.
Note:
Many muds go unreported.
(hnp:llww dom-da.rutdoma)
Tosk 20. Match the English expressions w1lh their Russian equivo-
lenls in the loble.
o MHOrl-lX c.nyID!X MOWeHHH'IecTI13 He coo6!l1WOf
BupraHbl.
(I) web bugs
(2) to alert the sender
(3) validarldress
(4) to be defrauded
(5) to report sth to law enforce-
mentauthorities
(a) ,neitcrnme.rn,HuIIBlIPeC
(b) I:T3TI> JKep-rBo1J MOWeHHI1'leCTSa
(I:) HaCTOpOJKHTh OTnpaBlneJUI
(d) 'IIDISHTb 0 'leM-JlH60 B np3BOO'qJB-
HHTeJlbHbleOpraHbl
(e) l:eTeBb!eJK)"-jKflIDIftnpocJlY-
WHBaHI-UI
115

(b) Give a gist 0'1 the above text ir1 Engbsh.
..
'-" ALABNM. FUNNY lAWS
It is dlega1 fora driverlO be blindfolded hile cperar:mg a vehic1e.
Doounot:s may not be played an Sunday.
It is Illega1 to' wear a fake I1XIlI'itache that I:auses laughter In I:hurch.
Bear v,restbng matches are prohibited
k IS IllegaJ to' 1ab yourselfto gam SfiI1IOOne'<; pity.
Y Oll may not dnve barefooted.
Putting sail an a railroad track may be punishable by death.
It is legal to' drive the "fang way down a ane-way street ifyau have a
lantern anached 10 the front of your automobile.
Masks may nat be warn in public.
Wamen are able to' retain all property they owned prior to' marriage in the
case afdi1lort:e. HoWt:VCf. this prO\.islUn does nOI apply 10 men.
Task 21. Study the text below, making sure you fuDy comprel1end it
Where appropriate, consult Englisl1-Russian dictionaries and/or otl1er
reference & source books on law.
THE CAUSES OF CRIME
Part I
NO' ane knows why cnme occurs. The a1dest theory, based an theolagy and
ethil:s. when I:nme and sin were I:ansidered to' be the same thing, IS that
I:riminals are peIVCI"SC persons ha deliberately I:ommit crimes ar ha do
So' at the instigation ofthe devil or other evil spirits ho passess those ho
don't conform to social norms or follow rules. People are not bad by nature,
but sametimes simply too timid to resist the vidaus demons that play an
their weaknesses and I:ut their bond with the saurce of their Pawer. Hu-
mans are good by nature, but not everyone is made of steel so as to defend
themselves against the demank forces - destructive emotlans and detri-
mental attitudes, such as fear. ignorance. hatred, worry. r. envy. at-
tachment. greed, lust, daubt, prejudke, pride, vanity, impatieoce, slom,
discriminatian, arrogance, ambition, addlCtlOO. gluttany. I:rit]l:]sm, blame,
anxiety. frustratlan and So' on. We all get attacked by thase fau1ty ethereal
goblins af our minds and hearts, but most af us succeed to' resist them. It's
easy to' oct on anger. greed. revenge but it takes caurage and strength to
determine that there is samething more important than that.
116

There are two I:ore reasons why weakness prevails with some peop1e:
lack of fMh and imbalance. People sometimes don't believe enovgh in the
power of their own internal weapons against inner demons such as courage.
tolerance. lUlderstanding, forgiveness, mercy, honesty. sinl:erity, integrity,
honor. modesty. humbleness. generosity. love. oompassion, kindness, de-
tachment. patience, self-discipline, rerrp-:r:mce. etl:. As a result ofoot trust-
ing inner res<Jl.ut:es. there IS 00 enough motivatIon to develop them and use
them.
There IS no balance l:etv.een physll:al skills, mental I:almness and emo-
tional state. Most criminals are simply too strong physil:ally, pumping up
the body muscles, but not enoug11 the mental and emotional muscles. The
reason why their strength becomes weakness IS because they are not bal-
anced.
The I:BUses of I:nme are analyzed by many sci-
entists - lawyers. socIOlogists, psy<:boIOglStS
economists, biologists. However. none ofthe eXIst-
ing theories give an exhaustive explanation of aU
typesofl:rime
Trying to explain the I:rimes biologists searched
for natural l:8UseS due to the tendency of some peo-
pie to I:rime.
Italian criminologist Cesare l.omIJrmo in 1870
I:ame to the I:onclusion that some people are born Cesare [.Qmbroso
with I:riminal tendencies. In his view, criminal types
I:an be detennined by the skull Lombroso didn't deny the influence of so-
I:lety on the development of I:rimmal behavior. but believed that most
criminals biologically degenerate.
In the second half ofthe 20 111 I:entury. auempls were made to Imk the
I:riminal tendencies of a I:ertain set of chromosomes in the genetil: I:ode.
There is speculation that among the perpetrators of serious crimes, a dis-
proportionate share of people with extra Y clutnnosomes. A number of
studies I:onducted In prisons of an intensive regime, obtaIned a result show-
ing that such deviation was one of hundred of prisoners. oompared with
one per thous;md for the general population. However. studies on larger
tracts of population showed that men WIth abnonnal set of chromosomes
are not more likely to commit violent acts than with the ordinary set.
Searching for the ongm of antisocial personality disorders and their 1[1-
fluence over crime led to studies of twins and adopted I:hildren in the
1980s. IdentK:al twins have the eX:H:! same genetk makeup. Researchers
found that identical twins were twice as likely to have sImilar criminal be-
)
,
117

havior than fraternal twins wJJO have similar but not identil:al genes. just
like any two siblings. Other research Indicated that adopted children had
greater similarities of I:rime rates to their biologk.--al parents than to their
adoptive parents. These studies suggested a genetK: basis for some I:nminal
behavior.
L1 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUEST1ON£
I. Is there any unanimous decision I:onceming the I:auses of I:nme?
2. Explain the main ideas of the theory based on theology and ethks.
3. Why does weakness prevail with some people?
4. How do you explain the tendency of some people to crime?
5. What did the study oftwms show?
Task 22. Replace words and word combinations in brackets by Iheir
English equivalents from the text above.
I. The oldest theory, based on theology and ethics, when I:rime and sin
I:onsidered to be the same thing, is that I:riminals are (nopo'JHble J1lOllH)
who (npel!HaMepeHHo cosepwalOT npeoynJleHHH) or do so (no HaYllietiHIO
J1bBOJla H .lI.Pynlx 3J1b1X JlYXOB) who possess those who (He nplicnocaOJllJ-
BaeTC K I:Ol{HaJlbHbIM HopMaM) or follow rules.
2. Not everyone I:an defend hImself agamst the demollll: forces -
(Pa3pyIlJl-ITeJlbHblX 3M0Ill1M) and (BpelIHblx OTHoweHHH), such as (Clpax.
HeBC>KeC1BO., HeHaBrJCJb. 6e<:. MeCTb, 3aBHCTb, npHB3aHHOCTb,
>KallHOCTb, nOXOTb, I:OMHeHHe. npenpaa:ylIKH, TrneCJlaBHe, HeTepneHHe,
neHb, lIHCKpHMHHal.lWl, BbICOIroMepue, aMoHUHH, ofu!ropcTBo, KpHTHWBM,
06SJ-1HeHlJe, -rpeBOra, pa3(I'J:apOBaHJ-1e).
3. People sometimes don't believe enough in the power of their own
internal weapons against inner demons such as (Xpa6p0CTb, -repneHHe, no-
HlJMaHJ{e, npollieHJ{e, H\8JIOCTb, lJeCTHOCTb, lJCKpeHHOCTb, HenoJIKynHOCTb,
lJeCTb, I:KpOMHOCTb, I:MlJpeHHe, IIICJIIXK-Th, moooBb, cocTpB.1\aHJ{e, .Qo6po-
Ta, tJYA\1\OCTh J{cxyrneHlliIM, I:noKoiicrnue. Q\M(),lI,HCUHWlHHa. YMepeH-
HOCTb).
4, Most I:riminals are simply too strong physi<:aUy, (HflKB'JlJBaa MbIW-
Ubi c)JH3H'JeCKoro Terra), but not enough the mental and emotIonal muscles.
118

5. However. none of the existing theories give an (U\:<JePTIbIBaIOWee
o6bllcHeHHe BceM THnaM npeCT)'nJletiHH).
5. Trying to explam the (;Times, blolog1SlS search for natural causes due
to the «(;J(JIOHHocm Hek"OTOpbI" 11101IeH K cOBepWeHlJlO npeCT)'nJleHHii).
6. Italian I:riminologist Cesare Lombroso in 1870 (npHWeJI K 3a.[(JJIO<Je-
HHIO) that (HeKOTOpble11IO.l\I1 PO)K)lfUOTCII I: npeCT)'nHbIMH Ha[(JJoHHocTIIMH)
6. Lombroso (He OTpHl!aJl BJlHI'IHIJII 061llf:CTBB) on the developmem of
criminal behavior, but believed that (60JlbwiJHCTBO npeCT)'f1H1JKOB 6HOJlO-
rH<JecKHBbrp O l!HBIlIHeC.ll l1JO lI H ).
7. (OllJ-llJHilllOOble 0Juntrew,t IJMelOT 0llIIlIBK0BW1 ["QJeTIf<[eCKI1ll Ha60p).
UJ Ta,k 23. TmO"a', ,h, follow'"9 ,, mlo R,,,;a" '" _meo
form. Answer the questIons oller the tex!.
THE CAUSES OF CRIME
Part II
In the 60s many IJ!o)'CIuatrist believed that cnminal behavlOT was lodged in I:Cr-
lain parts ofth bram, and Iobotormes wert: ftequntly done on (Il"UI1ITS.
With new advances in medical technology. the search for b"tological aIllSC'"
of (;TImmai befJavl(r became more soplustrcated. In 1986 P"}rlJologIst Robert
Hare Identified a connection between certain bram actn. ity and antisocial beh1\'-
ior. He fCWld that cnmmals expuiencoo less brain n:actkm to dangerous Situa-
tIOns !han most people. Such a brain fum:1.lon, he bebe...ed, COIIId lead to greater
nsk-takmg In life, wi!h somecnminals not femilll!;pU1Ushment as muchasother5.
StudIes related to brain actIvity and crime I:ominued into the early twenty-
first cnlWY. Tmg WIth advanced Instruments probed the Imler workings of
the bram. With techniques caDed I:omputerized tomography (CT scans), mag-
netIc reo;onance ImagIng (MRI), and pOSitron emiSSIon tomography (PET), re-
searchers searched fur links between brain activity and a tendency to commit
I:rrmc. F.ach ofthc<;c tcsts can reveal brain activity
Rt:se.m:h on brain aClivi1.y mvestigated tll': role of neurochem.cals., sub-
stances the brain release<; to trigger body actiVlty. and honnones In influencing
cnmmal behavior. Stlld mdlcated that im:ruo;;ed levels of some neurocrn:rru-
cals, such as serotomn, decrease'> aggression. Seroo..mmls a substance pro-
duced by the I:emral nervous syslem that has broad sweeping affect on the
emotIonal state of the mdlvldual In contrast hlg11er levels of others, such as
00p.-Du1nC. illL--reasesaggression. ispruduced by the bramand afTects
hart rate and blood pressure. Rescarcbu-s expected to fmd that pe&5OO'i l.Wro
119

cemmiued VIOlent I:rimes have redu.::ed levels of serolonin and higher levels of
doparrunc. This conditIOn would hav led to periods of greater activIty mchxl-
inglOIllf!hepersonlsproneto1OIl-
In the early 21" century researchers I:ontinued im'eStlgatmg the re1atlOn-
sh.p beh\1XIl neurochemu;a1s and antlsoc!a1 behavIor, yel connections proved
cemplicafed. Studies showed, for example, that even body size could 10fluence
the effects of neurochemicals and behavIor.
Researchers also lookro at n:lahon.,lup bet\\le hormones (boddy sub-
stances that affect how organs in the body function), such as  and
I:onisol, and I:riminal behavior. TesfDsterone is a sex honnone produced by
male sexua1 organs that calise rlevelopment ofmasculme body traIts. Cm'tJs(>lls
a honnone produced by adrenal glands located next to the kIdneys !hat effects
how quickly food is processed by the dige<dive sysfem Hig11er cooisolleve1s
lead to more g1ucose to the bram for greater el"leTl!;V, such as m tnnes of stress
or danger. Anima1 studies shewed a strong hllk betV,'een high level of teslosler-
one and aggressIve behavior. Testo>.'teJa1e measurements in prison popuIaoons
a1so showed relatIvely high Ieve1s m the mmates as  to !he US adult
1Oalepopulalioningeneral
so.JdIe'!o of sex offenders in Germany sho\\'ed !hat those who were treated
to rcmove testosterone as part of their scntencmg became repcat offcndcrs only
3 percent of the tIme. This rate was 10 slark COI1t to the usual 46 percent
repeat rate. These and similar studies 10dkate testosterone I:an have a strong
beanng on I:flImnal behavJor.
Con1s01 is another hormone linked to cnmmal behavior. Research sug-
gested !hat when the conlSOllevel is hIgh a person's attentIon is sharp and he or
she is phys[(;ally active. 10 I:ontrast. researchers found low levels of oortisoI
were associated \\1th short altentlon spans. Lower aclivlty levels, and often
linked to antisocial behavior including crime. Studies of violent adults have
shown lower levels of oorIlSOl; some believe thIs low level serves to IUImb an
oftend to the llsual fear associated WIth commlltmg a cnme and possibly get-
tingcaught.
Studies by such 20'" cntwy m\e'Stlgators as !he Amenl:an cnmmologlst
Bernard Gluck and the Bntlsh psvcl1Jatnst Wilham Healy mdlcated that about
one-fuw1h of a typical I:onvict pojm1a!:lon is psychetic, neurotic., or emotIOnally
unstable and another one-fourth is mentally defiCll:nt Thes emotional and
mental I:onditlons don't automatically mak people criminals. but do. It IS be-
lieved, make them more prone to criminality. Recent studies ofl:riminals have
thrown furthcr light on thc kinds of uootional dJstuJbauceo;. !hat may lead to
I:[lmlnalbehavlor
It is difficuk to isolale bram activrty trom social and psydlolog..::al factoo.
as well as the effects of substance abuse, parental relations, and educatIOn. Yet
since somc criminals arc dnvcn by factors largely out of thcir control, pumsh-
120

ment wIll not be an effective deterrent, help and treatment become the primary
responses.
? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. Explain the ps}l:hiatrk theory ofthe I:auses of I:rime.
2. Why aren't some I:riminals afi-aid of punishment as I111Jch as law-
obiding people?
3. How was Inner working ofthe brain tested?
4. What was the role ofneurochemll:a1s in the brain &:tivity?
5. Do emotional and mental I:onditions automatka1ly make peop1e
I:rimmals?
Task 24. Replace words and word combinations in brackets by their
English equivalents from the text above
(I) In the 60s many psychiatrists believed that I:riminal behavior
(rocpellUIO'JCHO B ueH1panbHbIX <Jacu:x M03ra).
(2) (C pa3BHTHeM MelIHUHHCKH" Te)(HOJlOfHH) the search for
bJologll:al I:auses of I:rimmal behavior became more
lycrI()))(HCHHbIMH).
(3) In 1986 psycologlSt Robert Hare (Bb[j[BHJI I:BJl3b MeJK!\Y
onpelIeJleHHoH M03J"OBOU lICSlTeJlbHOCTblO IJ aHTHCOlllJaJJbHbIM
nOBelIeHHeM).
(4) Research on brain activity imestigated the role of neurochemka1s
(BeweCTB, Bblpa6aTblBaeMblX M03rOM llJIJI lanYCKa TeJleCHOH
lteJlTeJlbHocTH) and honnones (IJ IJX BJlHJlHlJe Ha npecrynHoe
nOseneHue).
(5) Studies indicated that mcreased levels of some neurochemicals,
such as serotomn. (nOHIJ)!(ae-r arpecclJlO).
(6) In contrast higher levels of others, such as dopamIne,
(YBeJllJ'mBae-rarpeccHIO).
(7) This I:ondition would have led to periods of greater activit)
including aggre"-.ion ifthe person is (I:KJ]OHeH K arpeccHH).
(8)  also looked at relationship between honnones
(TeJleCHbre BemeCTBa. Bo:mej:jCTBYIOWHe Ha I}JyHKuHoHHpoBaHHe
opraHOBTeJla).
121

(9) (l1ccne.noBaHwl Ha 1KHBOrnblx) showed (I:MJlbHYIQ I:BJlJb MeJK!\Y
BbIroICHM ypoBHeM1"f:CTOC1eI'OI1 M arpeccHBHblM nOBC)leHHeM).
(10) Studies of the 20 Vl I:entury investigators (onpel!eJlHJlM) that about
one-fuurth of a typkal I:onvil:t populatlon is (ncMxH<JeC1ill,
HepBHo HJlH 3MOUHOHa.rJbHO HeCTa6HJ1bHblMH) and another one-
fourth is (ncHxw-JecKM 60JlbHbIMH).
(II) These emotional and mental condItIons (He .nemnOT
8BTOMBTH'leCKH .nIQlIei'i npecrynHHKaMH), but do, it is believed,
make them (60Jlee I:KJlOHHblMH K npecryrlHocrn).
(12) (nOCKOJlbK) npeCT)'nHHKaMH JtBHJKYT iPaKTOpbl, He
n01l,!laIQillHeCJI MX KOmpOJllO), punishmeht will not be
(34)ifleKTHBHbIM CJIf:lDkHBalOlllHM I:PCl!CTBOM).
UJ Ta,k 25. T,""lal, th, follow;og t,rl ;010 R",;oo [0 we;»"
form. Answer the quesllons after the text.
THE CAUSES OF CRIME
Part III
PsycbolQg1cal tlleory of I:nme, as wen a biological, assOCIates cnnunal ten-
dcnCll:S with a particular typc of pcrsmahty.
In !he 2ff" l:enll1l}' some J'S}dtuIogiSIS, based on !he ideas of Stgm.md
Freud, have suggested that II small pro(XIrllOn ofpeo-
pIe develop «lInmoral» or psychopathic personahty.
According 10 Freud, most of our moral standuds come
fium self-iflllX1scd «.II1'itro.1T1ts, winch are taught m
early I:hildhood. Due to the special nature of the rela-
tionship "'lth pan:nlS, some t.hlldren have not pro-
ducedslInIiIlTself-andthllStherclsnobasK:
sense of morality. Psychopaths can be described as
pecple who find ple.bure In !he \iolenct: itself: How-
ig1nundheud ever::;W:fi vso
logical tlleory. One ofthe most important aspects of the socIological approach
is the emphas.s on the relat][)nS11ip of conformity and deviation In different
sociall:ontexts.
FITSt, In modem SOCietieS there are many subcultures. and the norm ofbe-
havlOT In one subculture may be regarded as II dcvlallon In the otller.
122

Second, in societies there are stroI1g difference<: between nl:h and poor.
and these ddbences have c>ctremcly strong influence on thc proput'i1ty to
mmc ofvanous secla1 groups. Some types (lfcrimcs -such as plckpockctlng
- are corrumlled mostly by people from the poore<;t. Other types of cmnes-
such as embezzlement or tax evasIon - by defimtion, I:ommitted by peop1e,
\vho have, on the axttrary. hIgh welfare.
1111rd, the vel)' Understandlllg of ",'hat I:onsiliutes I:nmmal behavIor may
varyslgmficantly.
American socioJogist and crlmmologlst EdwIn Sutherland links crime to
the fact that he I:alled dlfferentl8l aSSociation The Idea of differential associa-
tion IS very simple. In a society contaimng many sulx:uJture<;. some social
I:ommunities enoourage illegal actioffi. and others - no. Accordmg to Suth-
erland, crlmlnaJ behavior IS absorbed mainJy In the primary groups - In par-
ticular in peer groups. A person's peer group strongly influences a decision to
I:ommlt a crime. For e-.ample, young boys and girls \vho do not fll into ex-
pted siandards of academIC achievement or participate In sports or socl8l
progTarDS can 1:00nmit a I:rime to attract attention to themselves. Drugs and
alcohol Impair Judgment and reduce mhlblnons (seciaUy defined roles of
behavIor), gIVing a person greater I:ourage to I:ommlt a Crime. Deterrents,
such as long pnson sentences have Iitt1e meaning when a person is high or
drunk. Children of families who I:annot afford adcquatc clothmg or school
supplies can also full into the same trap. RC'ie8Id1ers believe these}'llldh'i
may abandon schoolmates In favor of I:riminal...... since membershIp In a
gang earns w;pcd and status in a diffcrcnt manner. In g, antisocial be-
hmo'ior and l:f1minal activity I:arns rcspcct and strcU: I:rcdlbihty
People make choICe<; about their behavIOr; some even I:onsider a life of
crime better than a regular job - belIeVing crime brings In greater rew<nk,
admiration, and excItement at least ootll they are I:aught Others get an
adrenahne rush when su.::t:essiully catrymg out a dangerUlis crime. Many
I:riminals believe that mme pays. Only 20 percent of the people mvolwd in
Illegal actIVitIes ever get caught. Smce prisons an: oven.rowded, CIlltllnals can
usually n for 1e«'<eI" penaltIes by p1eadJ.ng b'IJiltv. Many ofthem are confi-
dent that they can escape arrest
'1
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
I. How did Freud and his successors explain «immora1» persona1ity?
123

2. How does sociological theory explain the relationship between
conformity and deviation in dLffirent social contexts?
3. What is the idea of differential asSOCiatIon?
4. Why do some peop1e I:onsider a life of I:rime better than a regu1ar
job?
Task 26. Replace words and word combinations In brackets by their
English equivalents from the text above.
(I) Psyco!ogical theory of I:rime (I:BX%IBaeT KpHMHHallbHble
H8KJ10HHOCTH c onpeJ:\t'neHHblM THnOM .nW-IHOCTH).
(2) h:oording to Freud. most of our (MOpaflbHbIX HOpM) I:ome from
(<:aMonpI-iH)'}K!teHHll), whkh are taught in early childhood.
(3) PsyclJcplts I:an be described as people who (HaXO.IDlT
Yl\OBO.lIbCTBliCBCaMOMHacHJIHH).
(4) One of the most important aspects of the (COUHa.rJbHOro no.axol!a)
is the emphasis on the relatiooship of (npHcnoca6J1HBaeMOCTH H
OTKJlOHeHwuKoHl}lopMH3Ma H neBHaUHH) in (paJJlH'JHbIX
I:OUHWlbHbIXKOHTeKCTax).
(5) In modem societies there are many subcul and {HopMa
nOBe1IeHJ{J'I B OlIHOH (;)'6I<ynbT)'pe MO)f(eT pac:cMaTprnlaTbCJ'I KaK
oTKJloHeHHe!nelmaUmIBI\PyroH).
(6) Such types of I:rime as (pacTpaTa) or (YKJlOHeHHe OT HaIIOraB) -
(no onpelIeJleHHIO) commItted by people, who have (BbICOKIIii
nOCTaToK).
(7) (CaMo nOHHMaHHe rofO, <rro npel!CTaBJUIeT ro6oii npecrynHoe
nOBelIeHHe, MO)f(t"!" 6bITb O'leHb pa3J1H'IHbIM).
(8) In a society I:ontaining many subcultures, (H8KUIUpb18 1:0W1W1bHoe
ofu.e.llHHeHIUI noOwpHIOT HeJaKOHHble .ueHCTBHs).
(9) A person's (Jpynna CBepCTHHKOB) strcIrIgly influences a decision to
I:ommital:rime.
(IO)Membership in a gang (npHHocl£f YBa)f(eHHe H nOJlo)f(eHlJe) in a
different manner.
(11)Sioce prisons are over..--rowded, I:riminals I:an usua1ly
(paCC'IJ{TbIBaTb Ha) lesser penalties by (B I:JI)"IBe npHJHaHHJI
BHHbI).
124

UJ Ta,k 27. T,""lal, th, 'ollow'"9 t,rl ;010 .,,,;ao [0 we;»"
form. Answer the questions after the text.
THE CAUSES OF CRIME
Part IV
Many prommem I:nmmologlstS oflhe 19 f1 ' I:enrul)'. particularly those asSOCI-
ated with the socldll1 lliU\"t:J11eJlI:, attnbuted crime mainly to the mfluence of
poverty. They pointed out that persons ,-,.'he are unable to provide adequately
for themselves and thelT families through nonnallegal I:hannels are trequently
dnven to theft, burgIHI}'. pro11tutlOn, and other ofteru:es. The Incidence of
I:rime especially tends to rise in times of\\Jde<qJread unemployment Present-
day cnl1nuologi<;f« takr: a broader and deeper vIew; they place the blame for
most crimes on the whole range of ennronJD<:Idal conditIons associated with
poverty. The livmg I:onditions of the poor. particularly ofthose In slums, are
d1aacteriZfd by overcrowding, lack of privacy. inadequate play space and
rccreat10nal faclhtles, and poor samtatlon. Such condltlons engender feelmgs
of deprivation and hopelCSShl:'iI; and are conductive to I:rime as a means of es-
I:ape. The feeling is encouraged by the example set by those wlm have escaped
to what appears to be the better way ofbre made possIble by I:nme.
Variables affecting I:rime are nol readily measurnbl.e or applicable on a1l
locations. TheTC arc I1U111CroU'i factors one need<;; to take mtol:onSJdcrat1DlI.
Som!: 1T1\ hav!: gatlJered eV1dence tcndmg to show that
I:nmes.1goID1Sl person, such as homicide, are re1ati1le1y more numerOlls
in wann climate, \\hereas crimes against property, such as theft, are
more frequent in cold regions. Other studIes seem to indicale that the
Incidence of I:nrne declines m dlreci ratio to drops in barometnl: pres-
sure, to increased humidity, and to higher temperature.
Lack of proper education and b'feat role-models causes many to fall to
distif1b'lllsh qght from wrong. In mosl cases offenders don't thmk they
are doing something "rung. it seems nght from their pointofview.
Lack ()flove and reo;pEct can be 81myor Issue re1atro to cnme
SOCiety bombards us \\11th COI1lITII:R:I8I values, makmg us want more
and more material things, to the point when some would do anything
(mcludlng cnmmal acts) to get them.
TV violence.
Sometimes indivIduals oon't mean to I:ause hann, but are drawn into it
by a chain of ev!:nts that an:: beyond theIr I:ontrol or mfluenc!:.
125

Poor parenting skdls; erralic or harsh discipline: lack of parental con-
trol; parental conflicts; family dysfunctwn or !:reakdo\\lll; criminal,
anti-socIal or alcoholic parents.
Fatherle<Nlle'o<: IS alsu one of uJxJere<:hmaled causes of I:nme.
It has long been knO\\-n by pool:e officers that I:old wmter nJ.ghts keep
cnmmals ofrlhe streets and LTIme It:vels down. Cnme SClenlists specu-
late that ()ne oflhe hidden c()nsequen(;eS of global wamllng wIll be an
increase in street mme during mild winters. Studies have sugge-;ted
that warmer lernpt:rntures boost aggression hormones such as epmeph-
rine and te<lO<lauIJe.
. Fraudulent cout1 rulings areonel:ause of extra crimes.
Smce the 20 tb century the notIon tllat cnme can be explamed by any smgk
theory has fallen mto disfavor among m\"eSbgators. Instead, expert.<; mc1me to
so-called multIple fiIctor, or multiple I:ausation theories. They reason that crime
spnngs frorTl a multlphclty of confhctmg and converging Influences - bio-
logical, psychological, cultural, ec()(I{"II11!C and political. The multIple causahon
explanations seem more credible than the earlier, simpler theories. An under-
Standing of the I:auses of I:Tlme IS stili elUSiVe, however, because the mterrela-
tlonslup of I:auses IS dIfficult to determme.
L1
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
I. How do poverty and unemployment mfluern:e Irn:IJnatlon to I:rime
according to the ideas of the 19,b century crimm01igists associated
with the socialist movement?
2. What are the ideas ofpresent-rlay I:riminologists in this re<:p«t?
3. Are variables affecting I:rime measurable or applicable on aU
locatIons'? Wh}'?
4. Speak about numerous factors whK:h learlto criminal behavor.
5. Can I:rime be explained by any single theory?
Task 28. Replace words and word combinations in brackets by their
English equIValents from the text above.
(I) They pointed out that persons who (He B I:OCTOJlHHH a,ueKBaTHO
06eCnC'l(!Tb l:e6J1 (! I:BOH l:eMbH neranbHblM nyreM) are frequently
driven to theft, burglary, (XOStitution, and (.upyrl1e
npaBOHapyllJemiJI).
126

(2) TIle (ycnOBlUl (;)'llreCTIIOB8HrnI) of the poor, panirular1y those (B
TpYw06ax), are eharacterised by (nepeHOCeIJfHHOCTblO,
OTC) TCTBeHM nw-moro npucrpdl-fCTN, Hea.rteKBaTHbIMH YCJlOBH.IIMH
lJ,JUI H'Pbl H OlJ],blXa H OTcYTCTBueN caHlmtplJblX HOpMt
(3) (OrcyTCTBIIe OO()"IBeIC1BYlOwero o6pa:JoB1iHrnI IJ npHMepoB .Q!JJ1
nOH!I) I:auses many (HeyMeHlJe OTnH<JHTb n06po m 3Jla).
(4) (06u.t&---mo HaBJlJblBaeT HaM KOMMep'-1eCk)'lJe l(eHHocTH), making
us wan! more and more material thUlgs.
(5) Sometimes individuals (He XOTU npW-IHHl-ITb Bpe.aa), but are drawn
Into it by (cre'-1eHlJeM 06cr0meJ1bC1"B, KOTOpble Bblwe IJx).
(6) (Ee3oTItoouolHa) is also one of underestimated I:auses of en me.
(7) Experts (I:KJ]OH!lIQTC!I) to so-called (MI-KMreCT1!eHHb!j:j l}JaK"rop), or
multiple I:ausation theories.
Project
work THE CAUSES OF CRIME
Crimes are inclTA.'liing throughout the world now. \Vhat
are the reasons for all thcse crimes?
Resources;
htlp:f1wlk.pedla.org/
hup:l/www.apsu.edufoconnortiIOIO/IOIOIt:ct02htm
l>o.lbWOHIOpIL'III<JCCKHHI:J10Bapb.http://slovari.y:.'flde..:.ruI
htlp:f1www.a11pra\o.ru / hbrary/doc542pfinstTUmI7OtJlitem1759hunl
127

Unit 5
JJVENILE DELINQUENCY
juvenile delinquency
juvenile delinquent
Juvenile court
Useful Words and Expressions for Speech Practice
delinquent act
to comnut it crime
within the jurisdlclion
10 be subjed 10 pri:sun senlern:e
AeTCKaH IIpE'CTyIIHOCI'b
MMw..eTIm:iI npeC"rynHfJK
CYA no I*NiM lIecoBepweHHo-
A=
npaBoHClpy111eHlfe; npec'I)'I1JlE'-
HHe
cOBepWllTb npeC'rynJ\.eHlfe
B KONTIeTeHqlJli
nOABeprnyn,cH TIOpeMHuM)' 30.-
KNO'IeHHto
criminal intent npec'I)'IIHoe llilMepeHlle
to be morally responsible for HeCTII MOpaAbH)'lO OTBeTCTBeH-
his/her behavior HOCTb 3d I:BOe nOBeAeHHe
limited responsibility OrpaHH'leHHIDi OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb
to impose oil penally HaAO)KlfTb HaKa3ilHMe
slate institutions rOCYAdPCTBeHHhIe }"Ipe;>!(,ll,eHIfJi
to subject the child to the full nOABepI'H)'"I'b peOeHKi!. nOAHOH
forre of criminal law Mepe yroAOBHOti OTBeTCTBeHHO-
ern
to implement laws
the court orders out-ot-home CYA BhlHOCIIT perneHJle 1I30AH-
residentia1 placement of offend- pOBdTb npdB()Hap)'llurrel\.f'H
""
to crack on juvenile clime
OC}'ll-\ecTBNITh. npOBOAJITb B
)IU13Hb 3aKOHhI
to avoid harsh treatment
oUicial iitgendes
to rOl:us (to center) on the indi-
vidual or on sodety
to be engaged in criminc!I be-
havior
npHIDITb Mepbl npOTIIB AeTCKOH
npeC'ryI1HOCTH
H35eraTh A(E'Cf0l<0I0 OTHOlllemrn
rocyMPCTBeHHbIe ChYJK6bI
COCpeAOJ"O'llITbCSI Hil /\H'IHOCTH
i-fJ\lJHClo6l.qec-rae-
3iIHIlMaTbCI'!: npecrylIHOli: Aef!-
TeAbHOCThlO
128

through inteIaction with otherS -
socially alienated
to be inclined to commit a
criminal act; to be inclined to
criminality
Children commit crimes in re-
sponse to their failure to rise
above their socioeconomic
status.
disadvantaged families
lack of adequate parental con-
tml
to achieve adult status
B3aMMoAeI'icrBjffl C APYrnMH
OT<I)?KAeHHhlli OT o6w;eCTIla
6hITb CKAOHHblM K COBeprueHHlO
npeC"ryIIHbIXC'I'1JI-:di
A cOBepllffilOT npec'I'}'llheHl-ffi
B OTBeT Ha HeB03MOJKHC!CTb 113-
MeHHI'b I:BOH I:OqHaAbHbrH H
3KOHOMWIecKHd crary\:.
He6r.aronOh}"lHble l:eMbll
OTcyrCTBHe eI'O
IJOA!l'fehbCI(oro KOmpOMI
AOCTII'Jb COBeprneHHOAeTIffi
Task 1. Siudy the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries ond/or other
reference & source books on law Pay special ottenlion to the words
ond word combinations in bold type.
FROM THE HISTORY OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY.
CAUSES OF DELINQUENCY
Juvenile I:rime, in law. a term, denoting various offern:es I:Ommltted by
I:hildren or youths under the age of 18. Such acts are sometimes referred to
as juvenile delinquency Children's offenses typil:ally mcludc delinquent
acts, whIch would be I:onsidered I:rirnes if committed by adults. and
status offen'iCs. whil:h are less serious Imsbehavlor such as truancy and
parental disobedience. Both are within the jurisdiction of the juvenile
court; more serious offenses I:ommitted by minors may be tried in criminal
l:otu1 and be subject 10 prison sentences.
Under Anglo-American law, a I:rime is an illegal act I:ommitted by a
person who has crimina1 intent. A long-standing presumption held that,
although a person of almost any age I:Bn I:ommit a crlmmal act. I:hildren
under 14 years oW were unlikely to have I:riminal intent. Many juvenile
I:OUrts have now discarded this so-caned infancy defense and have found
that delinquent acts can be I:ommitted by I:hildren of any age.
Since ancient times enlightehed legal systems have distinguished be-
tween juvenile delinquents and adult criminals. The immature generally
were not considered morally respoosible for !heir behavior. Under the
129

Code Napoleon in Fraoce, for example. limited responsibility was as-
cribed to I:hddren under the age of 16. Despite the apparent humanity of
some early slatutes, lKme\eT, the punishment of juvenile offenders until the
19'1\ I:entury was often severe. In the US, child criminals were treated as
adult criminals. Senteoces for all offenders I:ould be harsh and the death
penalty was occasionally imposed.
The first institution expressly for juveniles, the House of Refuge. was
founded in New York City in 1824 so that institutionalized delinquents
I:ould be kept apart from adu1t I:nminals. By the mld-19'''' I:entury other
state institutions for juvenile delinquents were established, and theirpopu-
lations soon included not only young criminals but also less serious oftend-
ers and dependent I:hildren. The movement spread rapidly throughout the
US and abroad. These early institutions were often very rigid and punitive.
In the second half of the 19'''' I:ertury in attention was given to the
need for specmllegal rroceWres that would protect and gUIde !he juvenile
offender rather than subject the child to the full force of criminall:m.
The first juvenile I:ourt was established In CIuC'igCI in 1899. With an
increase In juvenile I:Tlme statistks, legislatures have implemented many
new laws in an attempt to crack on juvenile crime. Juvemles enter the
justil:e S)stem through arrests, and two thirds of these juvenile I:rill1\nals
are processed through a juvenile I:Ourt. Probation is one of the most I:om-
mon senteoces given to a juvenile I:rlmlna1. Fifty eight percent of alljuve-
nile sentences involve )TObation punishments. In fourteen perttnt ofjuvl;:-
nile I:rime I:ases, the court orders out-of-home residential placement of
offenders.
One of the pnnclpal rea<;QJJs for the new system was to avoid the
harsh treatment previous1y imposed on delili(juent children. An act of
wrongdoing by a minor was seen as an mdlcatlon of the I:hlld's need for
I:are and trcatment rather than a justIficatIon for punishing that child
through criminal penalties. Besides the juvenile court, other innovations
in \\urking with Juvenile delinquenLs have appeared in the 2r:f' I:entury,
including child-guidance clinics, juvenile-aid bureaus attached to police
departments or other official agencies, and special programs in
sehools
Many theories I:ooceming the l:8Uses of juvemle I:rime focus on the
individual or on society as the major I:ontributing influeoce. Theones cen-
tering on the individual  that children engage in criminal behav-
ior because they were not suffidently penalized for previuus dehnquent
acts or they have learned I:riminal behavior throngh interaction with oth-
ers. A person who hecomec; socially alienated may be more inclined to
130

commit a uiminal act. Theories focusing on the r01e ofsociety in juvenile
delinqueJlC)' sut that children commit uimes in response to their
failure to rise ahove tbeir socioeconomic status, or as a repudiation of
middle-elass\-.alues.
Most tJ1eones of juvenile delinquency have focused on I:hildren -&om
disam.antaged families, ignoring the fact that I:hildren trom amuent homes
also I:Ommlt I:nmes. The latter may l:otTIlmt I:nmes because of lack of ade-
quate parental I:ontrol delays in ach adult status, and hedonistic
tendencies. All thcories, rnm"CVCI". are tentative and arc subject to criticism.
HCmO'IIlUK. http://\\-.....w.llIstory.com
hIp:If\\'"-w.onlinel.awyersour.;erornlcrnninaknm lawt]uvenaillst.Jlistics. html
http://\-\'WW/sciencedaily.ooml
'1 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. What is juvenile delinquency?
2. What lies wlthin the jurisdiction of juvenile court?
3. What is a I:nme under Anglo-Amenl:an law?
4. How do lega1 systems have distinguished between Juvenile delin-
quents and adult I:nminals?
5. How did the attitude to juvenile offenders I:hange in the second
half ofthe 19 111 century? What was the purpose of new social legal
procedures?
6. What has been done by the legisJatures to I:rack on the juvemle de-
llllquency?
7. What are the theories I:onceming the I:auses otjuvenile I:nme?
Task 2. Replace words and word combinallons in brackets by their
English equivalents from the text above.
(I) Children's offences typkaUy include (npOTl1BOnpaBHbte aKThI),
whil:h would be I:onsidered I:rimes if (I:OBepllleHbl B3pOCJIbIMI-I),
and status offences, whK:h are less serious misbehavior such as
(npOf)'J1bl 1-1 HeflOCJl)'rnaHl-le).
(2) In Anglo-Amencan law, a I:nme is an illegal act committed by a
person who has (npe<:rynHoe HBMCpCHl-le).
131

(3) A loog-standing pre"olImpUQII held that, altllOugh a person of al-
most any age can I:ommit a criminal act. I:hildren under 14 years
old were unlikely to have (npecrynHble HaMepeHlJ.Il).
(4) The (HecoaeprneHHOJ1eTHMe) generally were not I:onsidered (MO-
paJIbHO UTBeTC1Bf:HHble) fortheir behavior
(5) Sentences for aU offenders l:ouW be harsh and (lJHor.lla BbIHOCHJ1-
I:Jll:MepTHbliinpHfOBop).
(6) In the second half of the 19 111 I:entwy increased attention was
given to the need for special legal procedures that would protect
and guide the I:hddren rather than (laCTaBHTb pe6eHKa OTBeLJaTb
no seeii CTpOfOCTIllaKoHa).
(7) With an increase in juvenile I:Tlme statIstics in 1990s, state and
federal (JaJIDHOI\IfICJlH BBeJlH HOBblelaKoHbI).
(8) (YCJlOBHbIH npm--OBop) is one of the most I:ommon sentences
given to ajuvenile I:rimmal.
(9) Fifty eight percem of all juvenile sern:ences involve lyCJ10BHblM
npHroBOp).
(10) In fmu1een percent of juvt::nilt: I:rimt:: I:ases, the (;0tu1 orders (H1O-
J1HPYIOT MaJlOJIeTHHX npeC1ynHHKOB OT o6weCTBB).
(II) A person who becomes (OTBeprH)'TblM 06Il\eCTBOM) may be more
(1:KJ10HHbIM K l:oaepUleHMI{) npecrynJleH(JJI).
(12) Theories focusing on the role of socIety in juvenile delinqlleJl(;}'
suggest thaI I:hlldren commit crimes in  to their (Hecno-
I:06HOCTb 111MeHl1Tb I:BOH I:OUHaJlbHO-3KOHOMJlilCCKHH CTa1)'c)
UJ ra.k 3. 10) Tmo,'o" the follow;o" ,d comb;oo';o", ;010
English in writing.
n.eTCKaJlnpect)'IIHOCTh
I1pH'JlIHbIlIeTCKOMnpecryrrnocrn
npaBOHapyUICHMS!, «J8ef1UIUIIIJ,IC
elh'IIHI1JIIII1."M.lJoI8

npccrynJ1CHHJI. cooepnICHHJ,le B3poC-
JlblMM
paCCM:npHBaTbKaKnpecryI1.f1eHMC
MeHec:: l:ep!.C3Hoe npaBOH pyIUeHi-le
"POryn
B KOMnCTCJUpJrl I:Y;1!I110 .ot:."laM KCCo-
aeplueHHOIJeTI1I1X
cooepIUllThnpt::c"I)'IIJleHHe
1101IBCprnyTbCJI TlOPCMH0M)' JaKllIO-
'JCHI1IO
npecrymlOe HBMepeHHe
132

Hecrn Mcp.1JIbH}1O lJ1"8e'!"\---meHHOCTb
3acooc
orpaHl1'leHHaJlureeTCTBt:IIHOC1b
Ha.l.JJIUrIbHaKaJaHDe
HCOOBepUJeHHOJICllIIIC
nplUOBCplfib K CMepTHUH K3:!HIi
Ma."JUJlCTHI1Xrrp6.-ryn:HII-
KOBOT.aeJ1bHOOTBJpOCJ1blX
roCYJI8JX:TIII:tII1bIf:HIIII
npl-D-JHMaTb lI!epbl npOTHB 1IeTCKOH
np
1136eraTb)!(CCTOKOTDlH1JOlUCHIIII
JIHWI,HblC()To6uiecIBa
6I,ITbCK.OHHbIMKCOBepweHlilOnpe-
(;1)'nHI>IX JIelIcmuii
Hel:IIOI::06tiOl.'Tb IJ3Ml:HIiTb CooH
1:0UHa."JbHblH cnnyc
onyrc11!lIe 1I0I1A0J0C0 po,;urrern.-
I:KOroKOH1pOJlII
(b) Translale the following senIences into English in wriling:
lI,eTCKa1l npeCl)'nHoCTb BKJlJO'JaeT B l:e611 npei:"ryruJeHIi1l. 1:0BepweHHbie
.DeTbMIi Ii!lH MaJlOJleTHHMH npecrynHHKaMH .DO 18 !leT. K nOHIITHIO .ueT-
I:KOH npecrynHocTIi OTHOCJITCJI npecrynHble J\eflCTBHJl. KOTopble MOI)'T
paccMa1pIiBaTbClI KaK npec1)WJeHHII, eCJIH OHIi 1:0BepllleHbi B3pOCJIbIMH.
lI,e-rcK!1e npecrynJleHlI1I 0TIi0CHlCll K KOMne-reHUHIi cy.aa no ,!leJlaM He-
I:OBepWeHHOJleTHIIX.
nO3aJ(OHo.n;rrem.cwy.npecryrmeHHe -"JTOI1pO-
TIlBOnpaBHbrnaKT.<JCJJOBe({U,tCnpec1)'nHbIMJJaMepeHlJeM.
npenno.nam.oocb, 'JTO HeCOBepllleHHOJleTHHe npei:"rynHHKH He HeCYT
MOpallbHOH umeu:meHHocrn Ja I:Boe l1L"lBe)leHIte.
B ClllA lIeTH-npeCl)'1JH1-IK1i 6blJlH paHbllle cyJ1IiMbl HapaBHe 1:0 BJpoc-
JlbIMII.
lI,n1l BCex I1pIIBOH<!('))llllITeJlefl I1pIifOBOpbI 6blJlli cypoBbIMli, II lJaCTbl-
Mli 6bUlH npHroBopbl K I:MepTHOH Ka3HIi.
nepBoHa'JaJlbHble rocYJ\apCTBeHHble )"IpeJK,lleHIiJI 6bIJIH <laCTO O'leHb
)KCCTKIiMIiIi KapareJlbHblMIi.
3aKoHOlIaTeJlII npOBeJlII B )KH3Hb MHOro JaKOHOB B nOnbITKe npHHJlTHII
Mep npoTliB nercKOH npocrynHoCTH.
HecosepllleHHOJIeTHHM npecrynHHKaM no 60JlbilleH IJBcrH J1IIJOT yc-
JlOBHbIHnpI1T"OBOp.
Pe6eHoK HYJK,llaeTC1I B Ja60Te Ii )"IacTIiH 60Jlbllle, 'IeM B HaKa3aHliH no
BCeiicrporoCTH3aKoHa.
OrropmyrblH 0611tf\."TBOM lJeJlOOeK MOJKeT 6blTb 60Jlce I:K1IOHHblM K
I:OBepllleHHlOnpecrynJleHli1l.
He TOJ1bKO J\eTH 1i3 He6naronOny<JHUX ceMeh I:OBeplllaJOT npec1)TIJJe-
MM.
133

Task 4. Moten the English expressions with their Russian equivalents
in the fable.
NB I board - COBt:T; KUMHTt:I. ynpBJI"'HIlt:. t:lldpr.wt:HT;
KO."lJlerHH;MIImICTqJC1l!O;npaI'J1l.IIHC
(') administrative board (a) M)'HI-Il!I-maJ1bHoe ynpaBJleHlJe
(2) executive board (b) rocy.napCTBeHHblii KOMI-1TeT
(3) muni6pal board (I:) El!J.II-tI1HHCTpBTltBHblj:jI:OBeT
(4) police board (d) C'JeTHBIi WMliCCH:II (npH Bbroopax)
(5) returning board (e) 1-IcrI0JlHHTeJlbHbJH opraH
(6) statutory board (f) nOJlHueHI:Koe ynpaBJleHHe
(7) <nJPeTViSQl)'board (g) I:OBeTlllO/IOJ\C]K1I
(8) youth board (h) Ha6J1I01I3-TeJlhHbIHI:OBeT
Ta'k 5. QUOTATIONS FOR COMMON DISCUSSION
Petty laws breed great crimes.
Duida
The things most people want to know about are usuaRy none
of their business.
George B. Shaw
A man should be upright not be kept upright.
Aurelius
? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
I. Are yuu able to defenrl YUUTselfin a dangerou'l situation?
2. Have you had to defend yourself recently')
3. Did you learn how to fi,b>ht and defend yourselfas a I:hild?
4, Are you physically strong?
5. Have you studied same form at martIal art, like karate?
6. Have you ever been frightened when you were out at night?
7. Have you ever been attacked? Has someone you know been at-
tacked?
134

Task 6. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend It.
Where app-oprioIe, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on low. Pay special allenlion to the words
and word comblnallons In bold type.
THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM. TREATMENT
OF JJYENILE DELINQUENTS
The juvenile justice system tries to treat and rehabilitate youngsters who
become involved in delinquency The methods I:an be I:ateh..-xized as com-
munity treatment, residential treatmenL nonresidential community
treatment, and institutiona6zation.
In most instances I:ommunity treatment involves placIng the child on
probation. When the I:hlld is not believed to be h'lmdiJ! to others, he or
she IS placed under the supervision oUhe juvenile court and must abide
by the specific rules that arc ,","Oded out between the uffil:er and the I:hild.
In some instances I:ommunity treatment also takes the form of restitution,
in whil:h the I:hild reimburses the victim either through direct payment
or through some form ofwork or pubiic service
Residential treatment genernlly takes place in a group home where the
juvenile is provided with psychological and vocational connseling.
Other fonns of residential treatment include rural programs suc1] as forestry
camps and work fanns.
YOung'lter5 placed In nonresidentIal I:ommunny-based treatment pro-
grams do not reside at the fadlil)'. Instead they live at home and receive
treatment from mental health clinics or similar services.
Institutionalization is the most severe fonn of treatment for Juvemle of-
fenders. The I:hild is hlcarcerated in a secure facility aoo the denied
freedom to come and go in community. The institution is respoosibie
for the child's I:ounselin. education, recreation, room and board, and
other daily activities.
No specdil: treatment has been proven the most effective form Effec-
tiveness is typicaUy measured by recidivism rates - that IS, by the per-
ttrrtage of I:hildren treated who subsequently I:ommit additional criminal
acts. The recidivism rates for aU fonns oftreatment, however, are about the
same. That a large percentage of de1mquent acts are never discovered fur-
ther complicates this measurement. Thus, an absence of subsequent re-
ported delinquent acts by a treated I:hild may mean nothing more than that
the chIld was not I:aught.
135

Comparisons of the juvemle uime rates in various I:ountries are se-
verely limited by wide variations in national legal systemS. categcries of
I:riminal behavior, and melhods of reporting I:rimes; I:ertain similarities are
apparent, however. For example, Canadian, Australian, and European vic-
timization studIes show the actual number of \:rimes to be several times
those known to the authorities. According (0 one study in Finland, the lar-
cenies known to the polil:e were only 5 percent of the total occurred. Also,
homicide rates in Fraoce, Spain, and the UK are far lower than those in
such countries as the US and Mexil:o.
The major causes of delinquency in various countries are related to
each nation's economic and social environment. In Brazil. for irNanCe,
the 1IlCJ(!ence of wldcspread poverty and the number of abandoned chil-
dren in large city slums may be primary causes of juvenile crime. De-
linquency research in looia suggests that the primary causes are the I:hang-
ing social system, the population explosion, and shifting morals and val-
ues. Egypt reports that known delinqueocy has doubled in recent times,
I:oupled with a decline in available services for offenders; many of these
juvenile delinquents have been foced wIth very diffirult social circum-
stances, such as surviving as aoondoned I:h.ldren in the streets. Many I:oun-
tries, such as Japan, report a decline Jfl the number of juvenile delinquents
that parallels a decline in the number of young people generally. Almost
universally reported is the fundamental change in or breakdown oftra-
ditional patterns of family living. and Lhls IS cited as a majur I:ause of
juvenile \:rime around the world
lk lIO'/HUK: hitp.ll\\ww. hISIOry.COm!
http://W\\w.onbnclawycrsoursc.romIcnmmal 1aw/juvenaJ1/statJstJc<i,. html
http://www/sciencedaJly..com!-
11 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS-
L What are the aims ofthejuvemlejuslice system?
2. What are the nu.thods of the juvenile juslice system? Which of them
do you think are the most effective?
3. What are themajorl:(Jusesofdelinquency in vanous I:ountties?
136

(I) to rehabilitate youngsters
Task 7. Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents
in the table.
(2) involved in deiilXJlIl'nC)'
(3) community treatment
(4) residential treatment
(5) nonresidential 1:00rununity
treatment
(6) to abide by the speclfil: rules
(7) economk and social
environment
(8) shifting morals and values
(9) institutionali:mtion
(10) to pl&: the I:hild on proba-
tion
(II) to ploce under the supervision
of an offil:er of the juvenile
00""
(12) to take the form of restitution
(13) to reimburse the victim either
through direct payment or
through some form of work
orpublicservil:e
(14) mental healLh diml:
(15) abandoned I:hildren in large
I:;ityslums
(16) thefundamenta]l:hangemor
breakdown of traditional pat-
terns offamil livin!!
(a) HCnpaBHTeJlbHOe B03L1eik"IBlie B
HCnpaJJHTeJlbHOM y<Jpe>JilleHHH
(b) 1:06mQJIaTb onpene.neHHble npa-
B'
(c) nOMeIlIeHHe B Y'JpeJlC.!leHHe :]a-
KpblToro THna, B TlopbM)'
(d) I:OUa.rJbHoe B0311eiiCTBIIe. nepe-
BocnTaHHe
(e) nepeBOCnHTblBaTb nOJIPOCTKOB
(f),UaTh pe6eHKY I-'CIIbffiITeJI
c:poK, BbJHecrnyCJ10BHbIH: npflrooop
(g) HCnpaBHTeJlbHOe 1!O¥re11CTBl1e
6e3 HaXOJlC.!leHHJI B HI:!1paBH-
TeJlbHOM)"-IpeJIC.!leHHH
(h) BOBJIe'JeHHblH:, npl-l'lacTHbIH K
npecrylUleHHIO
(i) 3KOHOMH'IeCKOe H 1:0llHanbHoe
nOJlO)((eHHe
U> 1:1lBHr nOHJlTHii MopanH II ueH-
HOCTeR
(k) BOJMeC11ITh ywep6, HaHeceHHblH
HrepTBe, nyTeM OnJlaTbl HJlH no-
CPfL\CTBOM 'fPY.ll.OBOH: .ll.esrreJlbHo-
CTH B 06weCTBeHHblX C1I)'AIfiax
(I) nCHXII!I"IpINf(;KaJl60JlbHHUa
(m)nor.recnlTh nOlI H3,l\30p .ll.OJl)((Ho-
CTHOro JlHUB I:YJIa no lIeJlaM He-
1:0aepWeHJjQ/Je"Il-j1f'(
(n) 3B5poweHHble .ll.eTlJ B ropOl!CKI1X
'fPyw06ax
(0) WRIlBMeHTaJlbHOe H3MeHeHHe
1iJ1t! JlOMKa TpBl!HltI10HHbIX 1:8-
MeRHblXl!fHHOCTeH
(p) HMeTb l)JopMY OO3fleweHHJI
137

UJ To,k 8. 10) T'o"lol, ,h, lollowing ,d combination, info
English in writing:
1:1IBm" nOHuHfi MopaJJH H QeHHOCTdi; 3a6porneHHbIe .l\e"m; roJXIl!-
I:KHe "Ip)'ill06bl; "IpBllHUHoHHble nOH1ITH1I l:eMeHHblx ueHHoCTeH;
yposeHb peuHl!I1BI13Ma; COltHBJlbHali cpeJla; npellocnllmHTh nOJl-
HblR n3HCllOH; 6b1Tb OmeTcrBf:HHbIM 3a; 06ecne'1m1aTbCJI npo4>ec-
I:HOHIIJIbHOi! KOHcYJIbT!ll!Heii; y"peJK)leHHe I: IJC)KHMOM mOJlJlIDIH;
orpaHWmBaTb KorO-TO B I:BOOOlle nepelIBIlA\eHI-I.II; I:06J11QlIaTb on-
peiJ,eJleHHb!e npaBHJla; lIaTb l1CnbIT3TeJlbHblH I:poK; nclfXHaTpHlJe-
I:KaJI 6oJlbHHua; B l}JopMe B03MeweHllJl; HeKapareJlbHOe BO"IDeiiCT-
BHe Ha npec1)'I1HHKOB; nOMeweHHe B y"peJK)1eHHe -.aKpbI"IOrU THna
(B "DOpbN}); IIpII'JOCnIblii K npeCTynJleHHIO
YlJpe)K)\eHHe 3aKpbITOro THna npe,noc:rnBJI$leT pe6eHKY KOHL')'Jlb-
TIlUHH, B03MrnKHOC"Ib o6pa3oBaHHJI, ()T1J.I>IXB, nOMelUeHHe H nHTa-
HHeH.ap.
Th..VJpocTOK o6ecne'umaeTCJI ncH'l:Ooorll'leCkOiI H npc$ecc:IlO-
HaJIbHoii:KOHC)'J1bTIlUHeH.
Pe6eHoK JaKJIIO'IeH B y<Jpf'AtlleHHe I: pe>KKMOM I-IJOJUIQHH, orpaHH-
IjHBaeTCJI I:B060lW nepel!BI1)KeHlUI pe6eHKa.
(b) Translate the following sentences into English In writing:
(I) PeanbHCJe KOJItNecrBO npocIyllllelJHH B HeCKOJlbKO paJ npeBblllIaeT
H3BeCTHoe.
(2) 3a nocTJe.DJiee BpeMJI ypoBeHb npeCT)'!1HOCTH YJlBOl1OCJI
(3) B 3KOHOMH'JCCKH pa3B1trbIX npaHax ypoBeHb npecrynHOCTH ro-
pa3l!OHH)f(e.
(4) HeJlb3!1 I:K333Tb, K3KBJI 113 4>OPM HeK8p6TeJlbHOrO lIOOlIeiIcroJm Ha
npecryJlHmcOB GOJlee 34>t\JeKTIJBHa.
(5) ECJlH npl$flonaraeTCJI, 'JTO nOlIpoCTOK Hcon3ceH ,!I,IlJI oKp)'IKalO-
UlHX, TO era nOMemalOT nOlI H<U130P lI0r0KHOCIHOro J1Hua I:Y1l3 no
lIeJlaM He\:oBepWeHHOJleTHHx. rne OH 06J1JaH nOll'JHHJlTbCJI HeKo-
TOpblM npaBllJIIIN, I:neUHIIJ1bHO YCTaHOBJ1eHHbIM ]lillI B3aHMOOTHO-
weHHM MeAUIy HHM H LIO/nKHOCI1-JbJM flHUOM.
138

Ie} Render the text below info English In writing paying attention to
the notes in brackets. Give a gist of t!lis text in English
CWA: nPABOBOE PErYllI-1POBAHJ.1E
3TI-1KI:1 O<DI-1LlHA1lbHbIX .nI:1Ll
B 061.JleCT1'1e, me 0CH0B0ii 6naro.rreHCTBlliI HH.aHBI-L'la (bastS vj an puwn's
l1'-I!lI-bdng) C.l)')KI:IT MaTCpIIaJ1bHbIH ycnex, a nym ero lIOCIIDlleJ1I1J1 orpaHll'Je-
HbI HQPMaMl1 npBsa, npOJlBJIJlCTCJl {;"IJ!eU1eHl1e .AOCTl1rH)'Tb )!(JlBeMhrx pe3YJlh-
TaTOB 06XO.AHbIMIi ll)'TJlMH (in a IUl",duOOut m:n o ). OilHH H3 HIIX - nO.AK)'1l
1lOILKHOC1HbIX 'J11Ll (bnkl)' oJ officials),  KJlIO'-IeBbIe nOCTbl BO
BJlBCTHblX 11 ")K{'II-1{)M11'leCK1!X ClpyIrl)'paX 06l1leCTBa 11 rOCY.IIBpCTRa.CIlOIX1I'iH
OKaJaHI1J1 T1!Koro po;J.a B03;IeiicToI1J1 Horo'-lI1CJleHHhll1 pa:3Hoo6paJHbI
TepMIIH «l«JflPJ71tI"Jl» He HMCeT IJeTJ(UI"O JOpI11lH<ieCKOrO Onpt'.o!C-JeHItJI.
C1JJoro rOBopJl - :)TO HC npaooBOii TeptHH. ABTQPIflCn-IblH IOpIIJ}W-ICCKHi1
3H,-\IIKJlOneJ\11'lt:CJOIii Cl1oo.1pb J],IKeHMca E-J.:mt:HTIliiHa  Koppyn-
l\HtO KaK 'UPY!l.HbIH TepMI1H, He BCeli!a Upill11111bHO IIOHI1'11i1e'llillt; IlO.!IpB1}Me-
BaCT MHrnm:crBO $:JPM npaooHapylIl!lJOlllC IJOOClIeHWI OHI1IJaJlbHbR. J1HI1»
CJ10BO 'KopPYMnl1pOBBHHbIii» JUHHblH 1:"JL"lBilpb TUlIK)le-r KaK tclUBp3lI\!ll<Jil}I1H
Ha:3Ha'ieHIlt: opraHOB rOCY.<1apc-roa B '-\t:J1I1X IilBIIe'IeHItJIl1II'lHOO BblrQ!\bJ; npe-
IDITCTBYIOW HH f1JXJI-1CC'-'Y om paB.1eHHllnp<1BOCY.<1HJI».
K1aocll'lfi:K\.-': H\le)JHKdHCH<..>f: noco611<: POJl:;JI1HH IlEpI..HHl:d no yro:JOBHO-
MY npaBY CQ:qDKI-IT CJ1CJ\YIOWee JIOKT]JIIH811bHOe OmlL-atll1e KopPym}HI1:
(,CJI()BOII)}YKa1blBae-rHaHC'lliCTO[l"JO"ll-k.1CTbI1H<:11opst'I()'jHOCTbH
KOr!l.BOHO  Byro_110BIIOM J!II<I)I-Ie. OHO ()3Ha<iae-r 6e311(J1111CTBf:t1H()<:
11J111 B OrpClMHOH creneHI1 HeHM.")f:)!(HllII1<: t<eHLTBItJI... HenpaEmaepHOf: OT-
npaBJICHII<: lIOJtiMIOC1II (10 ex.m: ise one'). duly) JlB.111eTClI KoppYMnHpOBaHlWM
nOBe.<1elll1et OJnKIlOCTlloro 1111'-\a B JW.!Ie I1CnOJlllellHJI ero .AOJlJKIKJCTIIbIX oGJI-
3aHH{x:n:ii 11.1H Kor.ua oHo.nelk:lBye-r llOil BI-L10M OTf1)JdBJJCHIDI. t<CI/lAUJlJC1ID>.
K BKTaM JroPPYIIl1IIH 06bl<JHO O1I-JOCJITI:Jle!I)'IOWHe .aeifcJB1tJI:
(a) nOIThITKB nO;IYLJeHI1J1 I1Jm IDJIY'lCHl1e, npJlMO I1Jm KOCHeHHO, npaJlH-
Tt:JlbLTBt:HHbIM 'iUHOBHIIKOM H lll'-\L1IIl. O"..IIIt:I:IBlllIOLlIHM J1toObJX
BI-L10B nyGmtl,lHble I!tYHKUHH. !l.eHeJKHbIX CpeJlCTB, a Ta!Ol(e IiHblX 1I0Xo-
.<10B,TaKHXKaK[J()J1:.'(IOK,npe;lIJO'freHllC).tarepHaJ1bHOrO
npeHM)'1.l\<:CfBO .:vtJl ceGJI I111H IIIlOro J1HIIB 111111 opramnaLIHI1, B ofiMEIl
Ha .teliL"TBHe I111M reVlt:iiL'nnre npH ocyme<:fBlI<:HMH t:ro
nyGJlHLJHbIXI!tYHKIDlH;
(6) npt:JIOOH..::Hl1e 111111 npe.llOCTaHJleHHe, npllMO HJlM KOCBCHHO, npaBH-
Tt'.IIbCTDCIIHO 'iHHOBHI-IKY 111111 JlI1IIY, ocymecTB.fl.llIOWCM)' nyGJlHLJ-
HbleI!tYHKIlHII.JI!06bIXBI-L10B.acHeJKHblxl:pellITB.aTBIOKeHHbIX.<10-
'({>.:JOB.TBKI(,(KaKnpe..:IIlO'I1"OlHe,I1GeLllallHeI111HnpeI1MY-
WCCTBO !lJ\JI ceGJI JlH60 HHoro JlH!13. rull1 opraJiH:IID.UI11, B oGMeH Ha
139

mo60e;reHcrm1C 1-lI1H 6e1!lt'HCTBMe npM (X."1'l1Ie\-.TBJleJ1II11 ero ny6J1HY-
HbIXI}JYHIUlHH,
(B) ,!J;eikJ"Bl1e IU1I1 6e31lei1cTBlle, COBeprneHHL!e npaBlI"IeJIbCffieHHblM '111-
HOBHI1KOM IU1I1 "JI1l!OM, UCYllIeLTBJ1HIOLl\I1)',t ny6J11I'lHb1f: I}JYHKUI-tH, B
HapYllIeHHe CBOHX ofunamJocreH I: ueJlbJO HeJaKOHHOI"O nplJ06pe-re-
HHHlIOXo.aa(illegalpojil)nJIH:I:e6J1HJlH1]JC'ThI"J1HU;
(r) npOTHB03aKoHHoe I1CnarIWOBaHHe 1tJ1H coopbITIIC HMYmCCTBa. npH06-
pe-reHHOCO B pe3)'J1bl1Ue OlIHoro m BbJIlIe}'IIOMXIJyThIX ,!J;eiiLTBHH;
(n.) YYacTl-te B Ka'JeCTBe OCHOBHOTO HcnOJ1HIITeJUI (WIlOI doer), COY'JacT-
HI1KB (lI<.--cvmplice), nOllL"IpeKdTe1lJl (m.hgator), nUCoUHI1Ka
(accomplice), 11H6o l!HbIM ofpa3oM, B cooeprueHID:! lUll! nOK)'llJeHHl!
Ha 1:0BepIlleHHe (wmmi/ling or a/lemp/llpon cotnn/itling a crime), a
11IIOKe B nocofilUf'JeCT1Ie IU1I1 croBopec ueJ1bJOOOBqIllIeJiPII O;:(H01'O
IUBb!llleYlIOIIIIIH}'Ibf",.t<::iicmHit.
TaKHM ofpaJoM,  KaK 1:01illa.lbHoe JlBJleHHe IXlIIpbIBBCT nem-
TIlMI10CTb ny6J1MYl1bIX I1HcnnyrOB BJ1BCTI-t (10 undamll1e legmmoc.-,' oj public
lluthatlie8). HapYlllaJI ycraHOO.leHHL!ii npaEIOIIOpSI.1lK, OHa cnocOOHa 00J;Ia-
BaTh nepeKOCbI B perynlipyeMblx rocylI!I)JC1BOM 'IJroHO\III'IeCKMX OTHOlIJCHIDIK
11 llJXIIIf1lUIPOBaTb (Ill1145xH BnyfuIl1'lHO\lMMHHMC1pHJJOJ8BHI1I1.
KoppynUHJI OKUblB'teT TBJOKe lIeMopaiIl!3)'lUlUee BJlIIJIHIIC Ha 06rue<.--mo
(10 tkmntalr.:.! Ihe .\.oaely). Koma oOOdp)'AUIBaeTCSI, <jTO JroPPYMIIIIPOII
XOTI/ 6b! 'IaCTb 'IHHOHHl1'lbero annapaTa OpraHOB BJlIICTI1, nOlIPb1HaeTCH 06me-
CTBeHtflJC ,9.0BepHe K roCY...J<lPCTBCHHCIK BJ1itC111, DXKOIIbII)' caMa clICreIIlII)'JKe
HenpeacraBllJleTcIIHe1I..11U1)'IIHOH.
no lIaHHblM MJ-D-jllcrcpcTBII !OCTIIUHH CIliA, 1111101'0 pO!la BCeOXBaTbI-
BaJOIlIIDI KUf1JYIIUIIH. Hdllpll'llt:p, Hal'iJ1/OJ1Bi18Cb B IllTaTaX OK."JaxoMa, HblO-
Hopa H MHCCHCHmL Bo <1JnopHlle B 1930-e rOlIbl lIIDKe B01HI-IKJI0 [J()H!ITIle
«IJ!}H.illlteHTa.rrbHaJIKOppynulillCOUIIa.rrwroiiH.
J1c:mootmur-CWA.npallOlIOepery11>tpOeHHHe"J ntKH o4t"lIIIBi1bHbIXJIl-tu_ M .,2002
C.4-15.
140

Task 9. loJ Match the English expressions with their Russian equiva-
lents in tile fable.
NB I offence - (I) noc (2) npaBoHapy-
rneHMe; (3) npeCl)'WleHHe
(I) offence against morality
(2) offence against the Iav.
(3) offence against the person
(4) offence against the property
(5) offence of assault
(6) offence of attempting to
I:ommital:rime
(7) offence of drunkenness
(8) grave offence
(9) minor offence
(10) repOrledoffence
(II) street offence
(12) su;nectedoffence
(a) HapyweHlte JaKOHa; npaeoHapy-
WeHlJe
(b»)'TOJIOBHoH[JpecrynJle--
HHe B 06IJ.IeCJ11eHHOM Mecre B 1:0-
I:TOJlHHlJJlBHoroonMIHeHItJl
(I:) npecrynJleHHe npoTIIB HpaBCT-
BeHHocrn
(d) npeC1)'!1HOe HanMeHHe (CJlOBe<:-
Hoe OCKop5J1eHlfe 11 yrpwa c)Jun-
'IeCKHM HOCHJllteM ItJlH noK.YUJe-
HHe H8 HaHeceHHe y.uapa I1H60 yr-
pooa TaKOBbIM)
(e) npecrynJleHHe npoTl-m J]Ht(HOCTIt
(f) npecrynneHHe npoTl-m 006c-meH-
HOCTH
(g) MeJlKOC npaBOHapyweHlle. npo-
1:1)I00K
(h) nOK)'weHHe Ha 1:0BepWeHHe npe-
nynJleHlHI
(i) npemlOJJaTaeMOenpec1)'IIJleHJte
(j) TJDKKoe npecrynJleHHe
(k) "JapemcTpHpOBaHHOe npaBoHapy-
rneHHe
(I) vnH<lHoe nnec1VJTrreHHe
(b) Remember tne following words ond word combinations ond make
sentences 01 your own, using them.
NB I ilNtitution - (I) Y"IpeJKJIeHl-le; <.2) ItHCTHl)'T (npaBo-
BOH,IIOIIIIIWICCIUII1)
institute of confinement
correctional institution
MecTO JIHWeHHJI I:Bo60)lbl
HCnpaBHTeJIbHoe)"-ltJ'C)((1IeHHe
141

penal institution neHi-ITeHW1apHoe. KapaTeJlbHoe )"Jpe-
)I(lleHHe; neH(JTeHuHapHii; TlOpbMa
opm type institution (JcnpaBHTeJlbHOe )"Jpe)l(lleHHe OTI\Pbl-
roronma
ma!l.imum security institution rlOpbMa oco6o CTpororo peMlIMa
medium security institution rlOpbMa c pe1KHMOM cpelIHeH
"",ro<.
mental institution nC(Jx(JaTpH<iecKaJ! 60JlbHHUB
institution of justice opraH fOCTHUH(J
legal institution npaBoBoH (JHCTIfI)'T; JOPIf.lllI'leCKOe
)"JpeJl():\eHHe
 QUOTAllONS FOR COMMON DISCUSSION
One law for the rich and another for the poor.
Saying
The playthings of our elders are caned business.
Saint Augustine
The difference between men and boys is the price of their toys.
Frost
i i D,bat" WHY DO YOUNGSTERS COMMIT CRIMES?
Choose the Ideas below or think 01 your own. Give examples from
your own lile or somebody you know, or from the books you have
read.
socia1 envuurunent
widespread poverty
dJsadvantagedfamihes
lal:k of parental I:omrol
delays in achieving adult status
142

hedonistil:tendencies
psychoJogil:aJ problems
genetic problems
drugs and alcohol
failure to rise above their social and ecooomil: status
breakdown of traditional paners offamily living
something else?
..
"\,J ALASKA FUNNY LAWS
It IS IIlegaJlura moose to....dIk on Ihe sldwalk downlow-n.
Moose may nOI be viewed from an airplane
WakIng a sleepIng bear for the PUfJX)SC of taking a  IS prohib-
ited.
It is Illegal to ",hlspcr In someone's ear \Wllie they are moose hunting
No one may tl tllelr pet dog to the roof of a car.
k is IIlegaJ to stnng a wire acfl><:<: any road.
It is considered an offense to feed akoholic beverage<: to a moose.
Employers of bars may not let thClr bartUJders serve wmk thcy are drunk
themselves.
Ov.-ners of llaminga; may not let their pet mlo barber shops. (Or any other
animal)
One may not roam the clty\-V1tha bow and arrows.
.-)
 CREATIVE WRITING
Using the active vocabulary and the information from the texts above
comment on tne following idea in writing:
All of us who are worth an)'thinJ:, spend our manhood in learning
the follies, or expiating the mistakes of onr)'outh.
Shelly
Give your opinion on the idea that in all the faults of the young the
blame is ofthe elders.
143

Chopter II
LAW WORLDWIDE

Un;' 1
CENTRAL FEATURES OF THE BRITISH LAW SYSTEM
A
ij
JI! - ..r.
8tud,!(
....:........!.J-----.....
case aw
common law
. ...=.
.;.  -
'.

. ,
g ti8
Ii;
..--'1'1" -.
Useful Words and E"JIreSSions for Speech Practil:e
a party to a legal action
adion
to start I to bring I to enter I
to lay an action against 8mb
a dissatisfied party
to pass I to give I to render
judgement (on 8mb)
a litigant
equity
npelle,,!!,elITHOE' npaBo
06U\ee npaBo (AHrJlj{H), 05b1'uiOe
npaBo; HeKo,.,nqlllllnpoBaHHoe
npaBo; HerulCitiIbIH 3aKOH
cropCJllil no AeAY
06BHHeHHe, liCK; ii npo-
lI ecc
B036YAHTh AeAO IIpOTHB KOro-lIH6o
HOBOM>HaJ! cropOlID
BblHOCHTb cy.n.e6Hoe pernelllie I
npllI'OBop (KoM)'-lIH6o)
cropoHd B cyAe5HOJl-f IIpou;ecce
cnpaBeAllJlBOC:Th, npaBo cnpaBeA-
J\JJBOCTII (AonOl<HeHHe II: Ofu,P-JHO-
MYnpaB}')
145

Court of Equity - c:YA COBeC--rM,- cYi, pewa'1 -Ae--
Ail, OCHOBWBilliCb Hil npaBe I:npa-
BeJVIHBOCTIf
to exercise equity jurisdiction ornpaBAATh npaBOCYAHe B paMKax
npaBa CIIpaBe,tIIiliBOCTIf
statute law nHCaHl,jI1 3aKOH (npurnBOnOllroK-
HWW common law)
civil code Ipd.JKAaHCKHll KOA,eKC
to try a I:ase paCCMdTpllBdTh AeAO
trial cyA€6Hoe ; cy-
I*'6HwI npou;ecc
.;1 STUPID CRIMINALS
Two thievt' (;aued several th.1US:.'l1d doUars damage tu a funeral home in
Arab, Alabama re.::ently while trying to steal gas ITom 8 f1uwer van
parked outside the building The pair had used a knife to I:ut a hole in the
van's fuel tank and were draimng the gas mto a containcr. Thc plan feU
apart ,,-,hen one oflhe tJlIev bl 8 cigarette bghter so they could see how
much gas they had gotten.
Task 1. Study tne text below, making sure you fuDy comprehend It.
Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries ond/or other
reference & source books on law.
BRITISH CONSTITUTION
The British I:onstitution has evolved over many I:enturies. Unlike the I:on-
stitutions of Amerka, Fraoce and many Commonwealth I:ountnes, the Brit-
ish I:onstitution has not been assembled at any time into a single, I:onsoli-
dated docunu:nt. Instead it is made up of(;()[llJ[J(fllaw. statute 1aw.l:onven-
tionsetc.
or aU the democratk countries in the world, only Israel is I:ompamble
to Britain in having no single document I:odirying the way its political in-
stitutions functIon and setting out the basic rights and dutIes of its citizens.
146

Britain does, however. have I:ertain importartt constitutiona1 documents,
including the Alagna Carra (/215) which s the rights ofthe commu-
nity against the Cro'Wn; the Bill (if R;gl1t (/689) which extended the pow-
ers of Parliament, making it nnpractkable for the Sovereign to ignore the
wishes of the Government; and the Reform Act (/E3l), which refonned the
sySlem of parliamentary repre<:entation. C()mmrm law as a l:onstitutiona1
source has never been precisely defined - it is deduced mm custom or
legal precedents and interp"eted in 1:0urt I:ases by judges. ConventIons are
another source of Constitul1on. They are rules and pral:tkes which are not
legally enforceable, but which are regarded as indispensable to the working
of government. Many I:onventions are derived mm the historil:al events
through whil:h the Bntish system of government has evolved. One I:onven-
tion is that Ministers are responsible and I:an be held to account for what
happens in their Departments.
Unlike constitutions that make explil:it provision for their amendment
and are often difficult to I:hange, the English I:onstitution may be changed
easily. It may he altered, and in the past it has been altered, through the slow
accretion ofl:ustom, by an act ofParli.:nnerJt. or by judicial irterpretatlon.
The flexibility of the British constitution helps
to explain why II has developed so fully over the
years. However. since BritainJoined the European
Community in 1973, the rulmgs of the EuropemJ
Court of Human JustIce have increasingly deter-
mined and I:odified sections of British law in those
areas (covered by the various treaties) to which Britain is a party. In the
plOl'e« British I:onstitutional and legal arrangements are beginning to re-
semble those of Europe.
***
* *
* *
* *
***
11 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. What type ofConstiMion does Great Britain have?
2. What is the structure of British Constitution?
3. What are the advantages of unwritten Constitutlon')
147

4(1
Compare the Brillsh and Russian Conslltutlons (flexlbily
ond dterolion, protedion of human rights, etc.)
UJ Ta,k 2. T'O"'at, 'oto Eogl;,ho
Qrl1lJ'II-iTeJlhHoi1 xBpalITepHCTHKoi1 6PHTaHCKOH KOHCTlJryUHIJ JlBJUleTCJI
on:yrC1Blle IGIKOfO-11H60 eill-tHoro 1\OK)'MeHTa, KOTOpbIfl MOJKHO fibUiO 6b!
Ha3BaTb OCHOBHblM 3aIIDHOM C1paHbl. EoJlee roro, He cyruecrByeT lIaJKe
TO'lHOrO nepeIJHJI JIOK)'MeHTOB, KOTopble 6b! OTHOCWIHCb K KoIJcnnyUHH.
3To Bbl3BaHO ocOObiM (no I:paBHeHHlO I: IIPYrHMH I:1pBHaMH EBponbl)
xapaKTepOM npaBa BeJlHK06pI-iTaHIJH, Koropoe OTHOCI-ITCJI K aHrno-
caKCCHCKOH I:HCTeMe. QrJ1WJI-fTeJ1bHBIi ocoGeHHocTh :nOll I:HcreMbl - HC-
nOJIb30BaHHe B Ka<lCCTBe IJCTO'lHIJKa npaBa (;)'I1e6Horo npeI1C.llCHI1\ a TaK-
>Ke JlJIl-ITeJlbHoe l:aMOCTmrreJlbHOe pa3BI-ITHe 6PHTaHCKOro npaBa.
Bb11lemUOT HeCKOJlbKO COCTaBJ1I1IOI1\HX KOHCTH1YUHH: cmyrnoe npa-
BO, o611\ee npaBO, KOHCTIJ1)'UHOHHhle l:ornaWeHHII. KOTOphIIII C()(}TEeTCT-
B)'IOT I:JIlOlliHe l1CT01.JHHKH npaBa: CTIIl)IThI, l:y.n;e6Hble npeuelIeHTbI IJ
KOHC"TUI)'UHOHHbleCOHlBweHIUI.
B npaBe BeJlHK06pHTaHllH on:yrcmyer pB3J1wme Me-JIQ1Y «I\OHCTlTI)'-
UHOHHbIM» H ('TCK)'illHM» JaXOHOM - ,l1ei1CTB)'e-r 06wHH nopJll!OK npHHJI-
TH.II H HJMeHeHI-UI JaJ\DIIOB. 'ITO onpe.neJUJeT (rn6xHii» xap(J(Tep OCHOBHo-
ro 3aKoHa. BmN.C»KtIOCTb ero MODJll}mKauHH 6e3 I1pO'i:OJKJIeHml (;JI01KHOH
npoQe.lI)pbI H3MeHeHIJJI IJJlIJ ]10nOJlHeHIJJI. KaK B .npyrnx c-rpaHax (npHHJI-
THe Ha pe4JepeHll}'Me IJJlH 60JlbWHHCTBOM B napnaNeJfre H np.)
KOHCTHl)'UHJI BeJlHK06pHTaHIJH, B OTnwme OT MHorHX .IlpYrHX .0010-
MeHTOB KOHCTHT)'llHOHHOro 6pJITaHCKOrO npaBa, JlB1U!eTCJI elIHHoii 1I.J1J1
CoenmJCHHoro KOpOJIeBCTBa AHDTHH. Y3J1bCa, lllomaH,JlHH H CeBepHOH
t1plJaHlIHHo
Task 3. Moten the following words and expressions and define tnem
(I)writtenl:onstitution
(2) poJiti<:aJ I:onventions
(3) explicit
(a) implied
(b) written law
(c) unwritten constitution
148

Iv\AGNA CARTA
Task 4. Study the text below, moking sure you fullv comprehend it
Magna Carta (Latin for Great Charter, In-
erony (Greal Papem), a1so called Magna
Carta Libertanun (Greal Ch.Jtler of
F), is an English lega] I:harter,
originaUy issued in the year ]215. It was
written in Latin. Magna Carta required
King John of England to proclaim l:ertain 
rights (mainly of his barons), respect
I:ertain legal procedures, and accept that his
will I:oulrl be bound by the law. It explicit]y
protected I:ertam rights of the King's sub-
jects. But it was no! in King John's best
intereSts. Nor was it his original thought.
Today we also know the.\ilgoo Carra
as a forerunner of Amerkan rights and
liberties. Prople refer to it with m'efftK.'e. But granting the (\Great C1Jartem
was not in the king's best interests. \Vhy did he agree to it?OrJidhe?
Jolm was always in trouble with someone. The fourth son of He Ill)' II
and Eleanor of Aquitane, he was ine1igible 10 inherit land (hence his ruck-
name ({L8(:klaoo}}). Because he mhented no land, he was always I:onniving
to gain land by other means.
But when he finally became king he lost English holdings in France.
For much of his reign, John was preoccupied in regaining those lost French
territones. To pay for his battles, he increased
::soI::s:ni;ia7s'::I::!: I   
London in May of 1215. They issued their terms of L.
rapprochement: The monarch wou1cl be forced to
sign a charter glVmg legal rights to the barons and 1")
I:reating obhgatlOns on the part of the crown. ..t--'..
Prrsented with the Magna Carta, he agreed to
Its terms for one purpose only: to buy time.
Main Provisions
For Great Britain, Magna Carta is StatuI<:-
Number One. Of the Magna Carta's 63 provisIons,
the most important l:ategoTles were:
149
..
- -Ij
-;-..
II'\
. .
--t . >
;;

IlIdependelJre of the church in England.
Freedom from undue tax burdens;
Judicial rights: the fundamenta] I:oncept of habeas I:orpus ll\)"oU
have the bOOy.) by whil:h no one can be II11prlsoned without due
process of law; fines should be propoctionate to the offense;
Ami-cOlTtl):tion and fair trade: Magna Carta guar;mtees that no
royal officer may take any I:ommcx:bty such as I:orn, wood, or
transport without payment or oolJsent; the docllment proclaimed the
safety and rig1l1 of entry arn:\ eXit of foreLgn merchants.
Charter was confinned by later English kings. Its eminent place, and
effect, in the modem world of law remains LU1questiOlJoo.
Task 5. Find equi>.dents of the following word combi-lotioos in the text
(I) npoB03rnaCTh OnpeneneHHbLe npaBa
(2) }'BfDKmb OOpeJ1eJJeHHble npaBoBble npoue.Dypbl
(3) I:BJlJaHHbIH3aKOHOM
(4) KqXJJIeB(;KHenOll.llaHHble
(5) Ilpe.:J.sfcnUJK aMepHKaHCJ(lIX npaB H I:B0601I
(6) He HMeTb npaBa HBCJlf)lOBaTb JeMnlO
(7) 6blTh KOBapHblM c lieJ]blO JaBOeBan JeMJIH
(8) BOCCTaTblljX)THBBbIC()I.I1XHaJiOroBH
(9) YCJIOBHJI npHMHpeHJI
(lO)o6J13aTCJlbCTBa 1:0 CTOpOHbl KOpOHbl
(II )HaJlOroBOe 6peM.II
(12)IfJbIMa"IbToBapbl
Task 6. Molen the terms wiln tnelT definitions.
inherit
revolt
bind
Forerunner
Ineligible
impose a legal or I:ontractual ohiigation
predecessor
to receive (property, a right, title, etc.) by suc-
l:eSSlon or under a wIll
Iegally or offidaJly lIJ"UtJle to be I:onsidered for
a position or benefit
take violent action against an established gov-
ernment or ruler; rebel
condItIons under which an action may be W1-
dertaken or agreement reached; stipulated or
agreed reqUirements
'so

Task 7. Complete the text USing the words trom the box:
SIgn, pre«dett. anempt. influenrial, became known,
nghts,\'iewed
HISTORY OF THE «GREAT CHARTER»
Frustrated by King John's abuse of power. In 1215 English barons de-
manded that he a charter to recogni:ze their This famous I:harter
as Ma gna C arta (Latin for «Great C harteo», w hil:h granted «to aU
fteemen o f our kIngdom;> I:ertain rights and liberties.
Magna Carta I:ame to be seen as t]1e _ for many future legal
documents, establishing t]1e I:ommon law as t]1e supreme authority in Eng-
land to whkh even the king was subject. Subsequent intel]Jretations of
Magna Carta shaped its legacy as one oft]1e mosl _legal documents
in world history.
While Magna Carta was not t]1e first to limit a kings power, It
was t]1e first wnUen limitation oft]1e po wer oft ]1e king, marked with t]1e
kin,g's great seal. In addition, it planted the seed for many I:oncepts found
within our legal sySlem today and is as a foundational, landmark
document oft]1e ruleoflaw -
1
. ANSWER THE FOllOWING QUESTIONS:
I. What are t]1e main provISIons of Magna Carta?
2. Why John he was ineligible to inhent land?
3. Why did John increase taxes for barons and what: was their reaCIlon
on it?
4. Why did John agree to sign barons' tenns?
5. What kinds of rights were protected by Magna Carla?
6. What are t]1e effects oft document?
ISI

Task 8. Study tne text below, making sure you JuDy comprehend It.
Where ap(:l"Opriole, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or olner
reference & source books on low.
THE BILL OF RIGHTS
(An Act De..luring th<! Rights and Liberties oJthe SubjeLJ and Settling th<! Suc-
ce,SlOn ()ftheCrown)
The Enghsh Bill ofRJghts grew out oft]1e Glorious Revolution of 1688.
During t]1e revolution Kmg James II abdil:ated and fled from England He
was sue<:eeded by his daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Or-
ange, a Dutch prince. Parliament proposed a Declaration of Rights and pre-
sented it to Wilham and Mary on February 13, 1689. Only after t]1ey ac-
I:epted t]1e declaration did Parliament proclaim them king and queen of
England. Parhament then added several c1auses to t]1e declaration and for-
mally enacted the amended bill as t]1e Bill of Rights on I:«ember 16,
1689.
Its main purpose was to declare illegal various practices of James II,
such as t]1e royal prerogative of dispensing wIth t]1e law m I:ertam I:ases.
The result of a long struggle between the Stuart kings and t]1e English peo-
ple and Parliament, it made the monarchy dearly wnditional on the will of
Parliament and provIded freedom from arbitrary government. It also dealt
with the succession to t]1e throne. The soccession was stated to lie in t]1e
heirs oft]1e protestant Mary, and then her younger sister Anne. None I:ould
succeed who were oft]1e catholic faith, or had marriedl:atholics.
The Bill of Rights I:ombined past grievaoces against t]1e deposed king
with a more general statement of basic liberties.
The statute prohibited lh<! mrm01(h.from royal interjilre,I((! with lhe
law. Though t]1e sovereign remains t]1e fount of justil:e, he or she l:aJ1IIot
unilaterally establish new I:ourts or act as ajudge or  laws.
The Bill prohibited the n/Ofll;lJ'(hfrum 1'1I taw:. or cllstums dllties
without Parliament's oon<;eJJt.
The statute prohibited th<! ralsmg and maintaining oj a standIng army
during peacetime. The agreement of parliament became necessary before
t]1e army I:ould be moved against t]1e populace when not at war.
More Importantly. it proclGlmedJundamentuiliber!les, mcludmg 
dom oj erectIOns and freedom oj <qJeeC11 in parliament. This means that t]1e
proceedings of parliament l:aII not be quec:tior.ed in a court of law or any
IS2

other body outside of parliament itself; this fonus t]1e basIs of modem
parliarnentaryprivjlege.
People were grantedjrt't'dJm to petition the J1lOII(lI"(h andfn-eJaI1lJrom
en:L,,'ive bUll and frum cruel and unusual p!lni'hJl1t!l1ts. fr..,>dml1 frum fine
andfoifeilure wuhout a trial.
The Bill of Rights became one of t]1e cornerstones of the unwntten
English coostitution. The Bill of RIghts has also had a significant impact on
U.S. law, with many of its provisions becoming part of t]1e
u.s. CoostJtutJon and Bdl ofR1ghts.
Task 9. Match the following expressions with their Russian equiva-
lenls:
to succeed t]1e throne
to occupy / to sit on t]1e throne
to dispense with law
to depose from a throne
to abdil:ate from the throne
HOC1Ie.noean. n peCTOJI
orpeKIITI>C:HOTnpeCTOJla
CBepraTbl:npeCTOJla
06xom£IbCX fie3 OjaKOHa
I:HlleTb Ha 1pOHe, uapcTBOBaTh
£1
. Task 10. True or false?
I. After the revolution Kmg James II alxhcated and escaped from
England.
2. Parhament proclaimed William and Mary king and queen of Eng-
land and after that they attepterl t]1e Declaration of Rights.
3. The Declaration approved some practil:es of James II, such as t]1e
royal prerogative of dispensing with t]1e law in I:ertain I:ases.
4. But Parliament still was not free from arbitrary gnvemment
5. Only Catho1il:s l:ou1d succeed t]1e throne.
6. The gn I:ould establish new courts or act as a judge or sus-
pend laws.
7. The monarch I:ouldn't levy taxes or I:ustoms duties and maintain a
standing army.
8. A<:cordmg the Declaration members of Parliament received legal
inunumty.
9. The Bill pnxecterl people from cruel and unusual punisl1rnens.
from fine and forfeiture without a trial
IS3

Task 11_ Complete the table:
THE BILL OF RIGHTS
SphereojreguloflOn ProVISIOns
I,w prohibition of royal interference
witht]1elawnn..
Juslll:e
taxes
'nTIY
liberties
succession tot]1e throne:
Task 12. Fill n the gaps in the text uSing the words from the box.
precur:or. reqUIred, limilS, subjecl, raise, ac.:ept, designed, passed,
pre\mted,toleratJOn
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS
This bill was a _to the Ameril:an Bill ofR.jghts, and set out stril:t_
on t]1e Royal Family's legal prerogabves such as a prohibition against arbi-
trary suspension of Parliament's laws. More importantly, it limited the right
to _money through taxation to Parliament.
William of Orange and his wife Mary were Howned King and Queen
ofEnglana in Westminster Abbey on April II, 1689. As part oft]1eiroaths,
t]1e new King Wilham III ana Queen Mary were _ to swear that they
would obey t]1e laws of Parliament. At this time, the Bill ofR.jghts was read
to both Wilham ana Mary. ..We thankfully _ what you have offered
us,'< William replied, agreeing to be _ to law and to be guided in his
actions by t]1e decisions of Parliament.
The Bill was formally _ through Parliament after the coronation.
On December 16, 1689. t]1e King and Queen gave it Royal Assent whil:h
represented the end of the I:or,cepl of divine right of kings. The Bill of
R.jghts was _ to I:ontrol t]1e power of kings and queens and to make
them sul:!ject to laws passed by Parliament. This coocession by the royal
family has been I:alled t]1e ,<bloodless revolution» or the «glonous revolu-
tion.» It was I:ertainly an era for a more tolerant royal prerogative.
IS'

The Bill ofR.jghts was one of three very Impol1arn laws made at this
time. The other two were the 1689 T01eration Act (whil:h  reli-
gious --> and the 1694 Triennial AI:(. which _ the King ITom dissolv-
ing Parliamern at: his will and held that general elections had to be held
every three years.
? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. What historil:al events preceded the BiIl ofR.jghts?
2. What was the main purpose ofthe Bill of Rights?
3. How was the power of monarch restrkted?
4. What kind ofdvil rights were received by the people?
5. How were t]le members ofParhament proteeted by t]le Bill?
Task 13. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on law.
HABEAS CORPUS
Personal. liberty is regardt:d as the most fundamenlal orall <;., and
where mdivJduals are wmngfully deprwedoftheir libcrty, the fact that, on re-
lease, Ihey can sue theirl:aplor foroes under Iheordmarycivd law IS not
regarded as suflicient.
Habeas Corpus IS an ancient remedy which allows a person detamed to
challenge the legality of detention and, If SIL"I:e'<ful, gct themselves quickly
releed. It does not plmish tht: per.>on re<;pon'oible for the delenilOn, bul once
t]le detamee is set me, they can still pursue any other available remedies for
cOllIperu;ilhon or punishment.
HoI>ea COIf1lt may be suught by, amung uthers, cum.-icted prisoner.>,
those detained in clSody pending tnal or held by the poloce during mminal
mvesllgatlOns; those awaltmg extradlhon; psychmtnc patients; and those \\flth
exressi\e bail I:ondltions imposed on them ApplicatIon is made to the Divi-
sional Court, and takes priority over aU other court business.
The procedure for the I""tung ofwnts of Habeas COlpUS was first codified
by tI-r Habeas Corpus A<:t 1679. Then, as now, the writ of Habeas Corpus was
issued by a supenor cowt in the name of the Sm.'6elgr.. and commanded the
addresse<: (a lower wort, s11enff, or pnvale subject) to produce the pnsoner be-
IS5

fore the Royal 1:0UI1S of law. A Habeas Corpus petlllOn I:ould be made by the
prisoner hll115c\f or by a thml party on hIs behalf and, as a result ofthc Habeas
Corpus Acts, could be madc regardless of\-\>hether the I:Ourt was In session, by
r.gthepelltionloajudge.
The right to petitIon for a \-\nt of habeas corpus has long been I:elebrated as
the mosl efficIent safeguard of the liberty ofthe suect. Albert Venn DIcey
wrote Ihat the Habas Corpus AL1:S <o'Lkdare no pnnciple and Jetine no nghls,
bill t!lev afe for proaical pHl I1v/"rh a hundleJ (()I'WIIUIWlW articles
guaranteemg mdll7dtlll1llbe,tp'J.
f()noJHabea.COIplls
In most I:ountries, howe\er. the procedure of habeas I:orpus can be sus-
pended in time of national emergency. For Ie the US COJi<;J:itution ex-
plicItly defines when It can be ovemdden: «The pnvllege oJthe Writ ofhc1l>em
COlp!l. :,.hall nul b<: SH¥Jt!ItcW unles). when in  oJ ro..Uliun or invasiun
thepubf,csa/i!tylllm.r<:qll1reit_»
On Octobr 17, 2006, PreSIdent Bush signed a law (Mlhtary COOImro..ons
ACt of 2006) suspendmg the right of habeas I:orpus 10 persons «determined by
the Umted Sfate';), to be an «enemy I:omhatant» m the Global War on TelTOr. It
was a 'ie to the Global War on TCTTonsm, COIISJdertd to have been Ing-
gered by the Sepember II. 2001 terronst attacks m New York CJlY and the Pen-
tagon. llJe Act grant:; the J'n:<;idcnt oFthe Umtcd States alnn.1 unhmitcd aut110r-
ity m establlshmg and I:onductmg military l:ommlS<;lOIfi to try persons held by
the U.S., and an.ldered 10 be «W1Iav.ful enemy oombatants» in the Global War
on Terrorism. In addltien. the Act suspend<; the nght of «unlawful encmy I:om-
batants»toprcsent,ortohaveJX"CSUJtedmtheirbchalI;WTltsofhabcasl:orpus.
CrillclsmoJSH5pfllllmgtheRtghloJC()IPIlS
Pre<OOert Bush's actIon drew se\CTel:ritlClsm, mainly fort]1e lavls fallure tu
specifically designate \-\-ho in the Umted States will Octennine wOO IS and \-\-ho is
no! an «enemy cumbdt.rntn. Jonalhan Turley. professor of constitutiona1law at
GeoJ!;e Washington UnivCf5ity stated, «lthal. real/y. a lime oJshame thb i;fur
the Am.'Ttcan.9"Slem. Whal the Qmgrel:. did and wha! the president .Igned today
'fe11ltaI/)'IYI;rm over lOOJ.\"oJ Amettom pl1nC1pkand mflleI.)
In fact, t]1e Military CommissIOns Al:t of2006 was not the first tIme in t]1e
history oft11e U. Conshlutlon that lis guafBllleed ng11t to WTlL of habeas cor-
plL has been suspended by an action oft11e PresIdent of the Umted S1attS 10
t]1e early days of the U.S. Civil War President Abraham Lmcoln suo;pended
wrItS of habeas I:Orpus. Both Jdents baed their acllon on the dangers of
war. and both presldent5 faced sharp I:TlhClsm for canymg out \-\113t many be-
lieved to be an att.Jd; on the Constitution
SIll/alion in Con!inenta/ EUf(pe
Protection agamst arbItrary 1ll1pn.,onrnent by the wnt of Habeas Corpus
is no! found in l:ommentall:,urope. In the democralil: I:ounlries of Western
,so

Europe. hO\\lt:\"eI". the I:odes of I:rimmal procedure require that an arrested
person be informed wlth rt'35OII!Ible promptncss of t charges and be al-
lowcd to scck kgal coons!:l. In many othcr l:ountTies. persons arc subjectcd at
times 10 lenglhy perIods of intpr1500lTlflll WI!hout being infonned of !he
charges. The Writ of Habeas Corpus has been adopted in many LatIn Ameri-
can countries, either by constllu!lonal provisIOn or statutory en'lt.rn-,e;I, but
has frequently been nullified in praclice durmg times of political or socwl
uphea....al.
upheaval
Task 14. Find the appropriate definillons:
deprive
override
suspend
writ
bail
I:hallenge
to prevent from possessing or enjoying
to set aside or disregard with superior authority or
power
to hold in abeyance; to postpone an action
adocument under seal. issued in the name of t]1e
Crown or a I:ourt. I:ommanding t]1e person to whom it
is addressed to do or refrain from domg some sped-
fiedact
astrong. <;uddeo. or vio1ent disturbance. as in politil:s,
social I:onditions, etc
asW11 of money by which a person is bound to take
responsibility for t]1e appearance in court of another
persolJ or himself or herself. forfeited if t]1e person
falls to appear
to institute legal proceedings
aquestioning of a statement or fact; a demand for jus-
tifkation orlanation
?
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
I. What kmd ot IundamentaJ human nghts IS protected by Habeas
Corpus writ?
2. How I:an Habeas Corpus protect t]1e rights ofa detairn:d person?
3. Who has a right to petition for a writ of Habeas Corpus?
4. In what SltuatJonS t]1e privilege oft]1e Wl"It of Habeas Corpus I:an be
suspended? Give examples from t]1e history.
IS?

5. Why did Military Commissions Act of2006 draw severe I:riticism?
What is your opinion on this Illaner?
6. What do you know about protection against arbitrary Impnsonmenr
m Europe and o!her(;()UljfJie<;.?
UJ b' 15. T,""lo'e 'he lollowing 'e in'o Engl;,h,
Xa6eac Kopnyc AKT - 3aKOHO.ume.nbHbIH aKT, npHHJlTblii napJlaMeHTOM
AHnIHIJ B 1679, eOCTaBHa5! lJaCTb KuJcnrT)l(HIJ BeJlIJKo6pHTaHIJH - on-
pel!eIlJleT npaBHJla apecTa IJ npHBJle'leHIJJI K (;)f,lIY 06BHHJleMoro B
npec-rynneI1IJH. OH npeJ1OCTIIB.IlJ (;)fny npaBO KOHlJ'0JlIipOBaTb 3aKOH-
HOCTb 3BJ1epJKaHIJJI H apecTa rpa)K)laH.
COfJIaCHO TI0M)' 3aK0I1)', eCJlH 06BHlUleMblii (;1jl-ITaJI cooii apeCT HeJa-
KOHHblM, TO (;)'llbH 6bUlH OOJlJaHbl "IpC6oBa"Jb npOBepKH 3aKoHHOCTH ape-
en; 3aKJIlOLJeHHe OOBHHfteMOrO B TIOPbMY Momo npOHJBO.DJITbCJI TOJlbKO
no npelIMlBJleHIJH npHKa3a I: YKa1aHHeM npHlJlJHbI apec-ra.
AKT 06J13b1BaJI CYlIeH Bbu<aBaTb X:lfiu./( KormJ'C BO Bcex I:JI)"IIDIX, 3a
IJCKJlIO'IeHHeM TeX, Koma OCHOB8HHeM apeCTa J[JlJlOCb OOBQHelIlle naH-
HOro -"HQa B rocynapcTBeHHoii lIJMeHe HJlH TJI>KKOM yrOJlOBHOM npecryn-
lIeHIJH.
no norry'leHIJH npel!nlJCaHIiJI X:l6eac Kopm-c i:M01pIrreJlb 06maH 6b1J1
B Te'leHlJe]' .20 nHeii (B 3aBHI:HMOCUI OT lliU1bHOCl1t p8CCTOJlHHJ[) nOCTa-
BHTb apeCToaaHHoro B I:yn. B I:JlY'Iae 3allep)KKH l:yne6Horo pacc1JeLIOB8HIJJI
J8KOH npe.n:ycMB1pIlBaJI OCB06oHtrreHIJe apecTOBBHHoro nOlI JaJlOf ('IeM lJe
MornH BOCnOJlbJOBaTbCJI MaJlOHMYllIJ1e);
npaBi1TeJlbCTBY npelIOCTBB.nJl.nOCb npaBO npHOCTaHaB.nIJBaTb nciic'mPe
aKTa B 'Ipe3Bbl'laHHbIX CJI)"I!IJIX, HO JlIJWb I: 1:0TJIacJ{JI 06eIJX narraT napJla-
MeHTa H He 6oJlee, lJeM Ha OlIHH rOll. 3Ta Mepa npaKlllKOBaJJaCb B OLJeHb
pel!KI1Xl:rry'l!IJIX, BAHfJlJ{H H 1ll0TJI8HJl11IJ OHaHe npHMeHJlJlaCbl: 1818r.
UJ To,' 16. Wn'ing
Using the information from the texis explain the meaning of Habeas
Corpus as a part of the Brifish Constitution
lsa

Task 17. Study tile text below, making sure you fuDy
comprehend it Where appropriate, consult Englisl1-
Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source
books on law.
CONSTJTU11()NAl CONVENTIQ\lS IN BRITAIN
Con.T;tulionaf COI1\'f!m;on. are the part
oflmwritten British I:onstitution. They
playa key role in British l:onstitutiona1
law. Convenhons are infonnal or
«I11Ct'aI» rules of practic:e for govern-
ment which has evolved over the years.
They anse tram usage, or agreement
and they are observed not because the -
I:Ourts will enfOrce them, but because politil:al e':pedJence and respect for
tradition demand their observance..
They are primarily OO[J[emed with t]1e re1ationship between t]1e Crown
(or 1i"1L-..narch), the executive and t]1e legislature. British ConstitutIon has
many politil:al I:onventions. For example:
The Prime Minister alone advises t]1e monarch on a dissolution of
parliament
The monarch grants t]1e Royal Assent to all legislation. (Since t]1e
early 1700s. Previously monarchs I:ould and did refuse or withhold
t]1e Royal Assent.)
The House of Lords should not rect a budget (money bills)
passed by t]1e House of Commons.
The monarch appoints aoo dismisses members of Cabinet but he
exercises these powers in acoordance with t]1e Prime Minister«s
advice.
The monarch abstains from attending I:abinet meetmgs.
Parliament must be sununoned at least once a year, though legally it
need on1y meet once in three years (Meeting of Parliament Act 1694-
generally known as the I<TriemiaI A<:Di); this ronvention is grounded
finnly upon politlCa1 JCe: for ParhamtTt alone can grnnt the
Gm.eITlITrtt t]1e funds it needs armua1ly fort]1e publil: administrntion.
Constitutional I:onventions are unenforceable in law as they are not
written m any document havmg legal authonty but they are obeyed for t]1e
practil:al reason ofpolitil:al I:onvenience. Conventions are rarely ever bro-
ken. The person who breaches a convention is often heavily I:ritlcizoo. Po-
litil:al diftkulties and publil: disfavor l:ouId result trom a failure to observe
'S9
,kJ,.


II I:onventlon. Sometimes such breach am resu1t in a l:onstitutiona1 I:risis
whil:h I:ould need to be resolved by legislation. For example, t]1e I:onven-
tion that the House of Lords should not reject bills pa<;<;ed by the House of
Commons dealing with taxation and pubhc expendIture (rnoney blIls) was
breached by the House of Lords in 1909. As a result the Parliament A<:t
1911 was passed. This allows a money bill to be pre;ented for t]1e Royal
Assent without t]1e approval of t]1e House of Lords if it has not been ap-
proved by that House after one month.
The main advantage ofunwriUen I:onvenuons IS t]1elr flexibllity. They
evolve gradually to adapt to I:hanging political circlllD'itaIJCe<; and values
without t]1e need ofthe fonnal procedure required under many written I:on-
stitutions. But I:onventions also have a I:ertaln moral force and adherence to
them is seen to
NOles:
The word Com'r!l11wn has the follovvingmeanmgs:
(J)<.o6pui-n«!.<.'beJO
COIt'ibtutional COII\union -a1Jep. I<OHCTII1)'UHOHJJblH KOHSef/T
Syn: meelmg. assembiy
(2) <'C£'llllIteJfllC,. iJO,.'V60PUffflX7T"", Oo<?OOOp. 1I'.CJHffe1/1fW1.
Geneva Convcntions - )/{cHeBCKHc conalilCHHS!, thc crmvcntlons for
SU!o"Pffidmg hoslihties -cornarneHIIf 0 upm)Cr3HUBJI<:HHH BO<:HHbJX!J.t:JkrBllii
Syn:cofltrocl,ogTl'UTIU11,cOI:elllmt
(3) olJbl'iau. mpaOuljuR, tlpa6UJa tIiJIICOeHwI
Syn: traditIOn. custom u.
'1
. (a) ANSWER THE FOllOWING QUESTIONS:
I. How did the I:onventions arise?
2. What IS the difference between I:onventlons and laws'?
3. What I:onventlons do you know?
4, What kind of relation do they regulate?
5. Why are the I:onventions observed?
6. What I:ould result from a failure to observe a I:onventlon?
7. What events rr-ecoooo t]1e ParliamentAl:t 1911?
8. What is the role of I:onventlons as a I:onstitutional source':>
160

IbJ Correct mislokes in the following slotemenls:
I. Conventions are written constitutional documents.
2. They are enfurceable by the (;Qurt as they have OOfflIitutionai meaning.
3. If a person breaks a I:onvention, he will foce severe punishment.
4. According to the law Parliament must be SI.JITIITI()1)f at least once a
year.
5. The House of Lords authorized to reject any bUI passed by the
HouseofColJufllJlls.
6. Unwritten I:onventions make the I:onstitution more rigid because it
is diffirult to I:hange them If they are out of date.
'--' CALIFORNIA FUNNY LAWS
SlU1shineisguaranteedtothemasses.
Bathhouses are a,gmnstthe law.
It is a misdemeanor to shoot at any kmd ofgame fTom a movmgvducle.
unless the target IS a ,""hale.
Wumen may nOI drive in a huuse coat.
Novehic1e without a driver may exceed 6u miles per hour.
Peacocks have the right of way to cross any street. including driveways.
Nobody IS allowcd to fide a bIcycle In a SWl1Tllmng pool.
You are not penmtted to wear I:owboy boots un1ess you already own at
least two cows.
k is prohibited to s1eep in a parked vehIcle.
Bowlmgon the sidewalk IS illegal
Detonating a nuclear device within thel:ity limits results in a $500 fine.
J.J

Task 18. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend It.
Where app-oprioIe, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on low.
KEY PRINCIPLES OF BRITISH CONSTITUTION
Tile separation of powers
One of the fundamental princIples un-
:I :::.t  .
to this princIple, developed by the eight-
eenth.t:entury Frnch plulusopher Mon-
tesquieu, aU state power I:an be divided
into three types: exeLUti'<!. leglMGlive
andJlIdlcwl. The i!Xl'C'llllve rqn:o;ents
what we would l:aU the Gm'efIU11enl. and
its servants, such as the police and cIvil
sen"3I1ls; the leglsla/we p:mu IS Parha-
ment; and jlldiclid authm;ty is e>.eI\.--ised by the Judges.
The basIS of f\kmte<;qweu's dJeOl}' was t11at theS(: three types of powr
should not be roncentmted in the hands of one person or group, smce this
wOlJld gIve them absolute control, with no one to check that the pCM-er was
exercL<;edforthegoodofthecountry.
Instead, MontesquleIJ argued, each
typc of po\\cr should be cxerclscd
by a dIfferent oody, so that they
can each keep an eye on the
act1villes of the other and make
SUIl: thaI they do nOI behave unac-
ceptably
f\1onte<;quleIJ believed t11at
England, at the tIme when he was
\-\nting, was an eXl:ellent example
of thIs prilciple being applied in
pract1ce. Whether t11at was tru
even thcn IS debatable, and there
are certainly areas ofweakness now
Civil ,errants are the permanenl
bureaucracy of Crov.n that sup-
ports UK lliemment Munsters.
They are employs of the Crovm
andnol Parlii!I11ent. CIvil servants
also have some traditIonal and
statul.0I) resJXlnsibllihes which
protecl them fTom being used for
thepolitll:alad\-ofthe
party In power. Semor civil ser-
v-dJ1t<; may be I:alled to account to
Parliament.
!1ft - ,,j(.
. 1f\

The(}fParIiumeHI
A second fundamental pnnclple of our constitution has traditiDnaUy been the
supmII"l')' of Parlmrncnt (alsD I:alled parliarnentaJy sovemguty). ThIs means
162

that Parliament is the highest som:e of I:,nghsh law; so long as a law has been
passed dI:COrding (0 the ru1es ofpar1iamentary rn It must be applied by
the courts. The legal philosopher, DIcey, famously explamed that acrumlng to
the pnnclple of par1lamentaly sovereignty Parliament has «undc.r Ihe English
Cons/iiI/lIOn. the nghllo make or unmake any Iml' whalever; and, further, Ihat
no person or body IS recognLo;ed by the law of England as havIng a nght to
override or set aside the legislation of Parliament». So If, for e"<.1I11pIe, Parlia-
ment had passed a law statJng that all newborn buys had to be killed, or that aU
dog owners had to kp a cat as well, there nPb>ht well be an enonnOlL pubhc
outcry, but the laws would still be valid and the I:OUftS would, in theory alleasl,
be obliged to uphold them.
The rule ofluw
The third basic principle of British ronstitution is
known as the /"!lIe of lall'. It is de...eloped horn the 1"41
wntmgs of the IiIDfl«nth.-a:ntwy British junst and (1 i
constitutiona1 theorist Albert VennDiLCJ> (1835- &O J
1922). Accm1ing to A. Dicey, the ru1e of law had ,
tlu-ee ek:merd'<. First, that there shUllld be no
sanction wIthout breach, meamng that nobod}
should be plUllshed by the stale unless they had
broken 8 18\\' Se.:YJlldl)', that une law should govern
e\eryone, mcludmg both ordmacy cItIzens and state
officla1s. Thirdf..v, that the rights of the individual
were not se\:ured by II wntten conStltutlUn, but by the
deCiSiOnS of Judges m ordmary law. Albert Venn Dicey
The rea111nportallce of the rule of law today bes
in the basic Idea underlymgall three ofOll:ey's jX)ints (butlIy the first)
that the s1ate should lI.'ie its power fk:Lummg tu a!,'feed rules, iIfld not arbitranly.
A practice that has recently I:ome to light which appears to breach the rule
of law ]s that uf mary rend]tlorm. TIns descnbes the kJdnanmg of
people by state representatives and their subsequent detention, without re-
oourse to establL'ihed lega1 procedures (such as II formal request for the extrad]-
tion ofa suspect). The US intelligence service has kidnapped a large number of
foreIgn nat]onals  ofmvol\.emellt With the termnst orgamsat]on, AI
Qaeda, mm around the \\odd and removed them to secret locations without
folluwlng any e>1abllsht:d legal procedures. II has been alleged Ihat the UK has
provided the US wIth some assiStance In this practice through, in partl(;ular, the
provISIOn ofmfonnation about o;usp«ls and the lI.'ie ufUK aIrports.
The Constitutiona1 Refonn Act 2005 introduced some major refonns to the
BfliiSh I:onstltutmn Th]S Al:t expre"S1y !;(ate<; In Its flTst sectIOn that It ,«:1oes
not adversely affect... [he exisling l:onstirutiona1 principle of the ru1e onaw...
163

Task 19. Find tne equivalents In tne text
I:Ylle6HaJlB.naCTboCYI.lleCTBJI,;eTC,;
(;)'I1W1MH
npHCTaJlbHO I:JlelIHTh Ja,ll,eneJIb-
HOCTblO.apyHIX
1:0MHI-ITeJlbHblM
OCHOBHOrl npHHl\Hrr
cysepeHl-ITeT napJlaMeHTa
OTMeHHTb'laKOH rrapJlaMeHTa
06u..ieCTBeHHblHnpoTecT
rrpl1Hl1.Hn r-ocnO.l\CTBa npaBa
HeT HBKa'lBHlJR rrpH OTC)'TCTBHlJ
HapyllJeHlJR
J.aKOH llOJlJKeH ynpaBJUlTb KaJl(!lblM
'IallLHli\eHblnlJC.1HOi.1:KUJCTI-fl)'WJeR
o6pameHIre K )'Cf.1HOBJIeHHbIM
npBBoBblM npoue.:JYP8N
pa3BellKa
? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. What are the functions of different braoches ofjXJWer?
2. What does the separation of powers mean?
3 How do you wIDerstand the principle of parliamentary sover-
eignty'?
4. Who I:an 1:00001 the legislative activity of Parliament'}
5. What are the elements of the ru1e of1aw?
6. What are the examples of violation of the ru1e of1aw today?
Task 20. Complete tne text using words and word combinations from
tnebox:
case law
lostandardlzcthelaw
ronqucst
morepmlJctable
inthesoulh
thc hicrarchy of the
modem rourt qtStenl
different parts
dcclsionsofjudges
SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW
English law stems fTom seven main sources, though these vary a great deal in
importance. The basis of English law today is _ (a mass of judge-
made decisIons) whlcn lays down rules to be followed in future C3Se". An-
other form of law is a statute, or an Act of Parliament. As well as bem.g a
source of law lIT their own right, statutes I:ontribute to I:ase law. since the
I:OUrts occaslona1ly have to intelpret statuto!)' provisions, and such decisions
164

lay down new j:recedeJns. Delegated legIslation is a related source, laying
down detailed rub made to implement the broader provisIons of statutes.
The legislation of the European Community is the only type of law that
I:an take preredence over statutes in the UK and mfluence the decisIons of
the I:Ourts m inteJp"eting statutes. Custom, equity and obligations relating to
inhTIlal.ional treaties are minor sources of law, though Britain's obligations
lU1der the European Convention on HlUTIan Rights have produced notable
I:ontributions to law refonn.
Before the Nonnan-, different areas of England were governed by
different systemS of law, often adapted &om those of the various invaders
who had settled there; roughly speaking, Dane law app1ied in the north. Mer-
cian law around the midlands, and Wessex law and west. Each was
based largely on local I:ustom. The king had litt le l:ontro l over the I:ountry as
a whole, and there was no effective central government.
When Wilham the Cruqlleror gained the English throne in 1066, he es-
tablished a strong I:entral nt and began, among other things,
_. Representatives of the king were sent out to the I:ountryside to
I:hock local admimstrahoo, and were given the job of adjudIcating in local
disputes, according to local law. When these «itillmlllt justil:es» returned to
Westminster, they were able to discuss the various CtNOffi<; of of the
I:ountry, and, by a process of sifting, n;ject unreasonable o nes and a ccept
those that seemed rational, to fonn a I:onsistent body of rules.
During this process of sifting -whil:h went on for around two I:entunes
- the principle of \Iaredc.<-D.I.\. «(let thedecislon stanID,) grew up. Whenever
a new problem of law I:ame to be decJded. the decision fonned a rule to be
followed in aU similar cases, making the law _. In the middle of the
13 th century the «OOTIIIIOO law» ruled the whole I:ountry. The principles be-
hind this.((X)ffi[J]Cj) law:» are still used today m I:rnitmgl:ase law.
From the basil: Idea of slare decisIs. a hierarchy of precedeut grew up, in
line with _" A judge must follow decisions made in I:Ourts
which are higher up the hierarchy than his or her own. This process was
made easier by the establishment of a regular system of publication of reports
of I:ases in the higher I:Ourts. The body of decisions made by the higher
I:ourts, which the lower ones must respect, is known as «case law» (or
«eotiIIr.m law»). Case lawl:omes mm the__ The decisions of juries
don't make I:ase law.
165

Notes:
theNormanconquest
William the Conqueror
Dane law
Merclan
to producenolablel:ontributions [0...
SlatIllt.1ryprO\-lslons
deleg.1tedleglSbb.on
Itlnerantjustlcc::
to lay down rule:> to be followoo m
ruturecases
to laydownnewp-ecedents
to a<ljudic.-tte (on, upon) in local dls-
putesaccordingtolocallav.
to SIft
siftin,g
"J!IIjr.eB!!HlJe (AufJlHH) HopMalmaMH
(1066r.)
B!l.lbleJIbM3aBoeBareI1b
.aaTCKHeJaKoHbI(ycraJ-KlBJlCflHB
l:esepo-BOC1O'llJOfi EpllTIlHHH B X B.);
ofirnL"Th.reJ\ciicrBoBamITIHJaKOHbl
MepcHilcKltH
BHeCTHJHaIJJJTeJlbHblJiBKJlal\B..
nQJI(»KeJ-jIDlf)CJIOIJI1JICTaryTOB
npaBONHHHCTpOBH1J.aBaTh npHKm1>L
HMCIOIl[IJe cl-UI)' JaKOHOB
I:YJWI,iiCBOHOKJlYf
yc-raHaIYlHsm1JctfmINy.m-tpOBaTh JJpa-
BI-Uta, KOICJPbIIII HOO6"QUntO CJIClIo-
BaTbI1pHJIdOCIIIUlP!:HHH.:IpyfHX.lIeJl
com:mmb HOBbIe npet1ClIClITbI
BbIHOCIITbpttJIeJ-ue/CYlIHTh\lt:C1HbJe
TII",-{ibl B COUJEeTCIlIHH I: MecTHI.1MH
JaKOHaMH
TII13-TeJlbHO pElLCIllaIpllBlrrb, BHa1IJJ3l1-
pOBIITb(qmKl"bI)
TIUaTeJIbHbillaHa1IlD
?
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE
SOURaS OF ENGUSH LAW;
I. Whatare themam soW"Ces of English law?
2. Whatisaslatule'?
3_ What is delegated legIslation?
4. How great is the influence of the legislation of the European Com-
mUllIty upon the British court system?
5 How great IS the mfluence of I:usloms, equity and obligations relat-
ing to international treaties upon the British I:Ourt S)stem?
6. How great was the mfluence of the European Convention on Human
Rights upon the law reform in Britain a few decades ago?
7_ What systems oflaw were there in different areas ofEng!and before
theNonnancooque:st?
8. DId William theCestablishastrongl:entralgoverrunent?
166

9_ Whatdid William theCruquem- do to starJdmli;re the law?
10. How did the «itinerantjustil:es» fonn a I:onsistent body of rules?
II. How long did the process of sIfting during whil:h the pnnciple of
stare declsLs grew up go on?
12. What does the principle of stare decisis mean?
13. When did the«COmJllOIJ law» ru1e thewhole country?
14. Do British lawyers sliII use the principles behind this «common
law» in I:reatmgl:ase law today?
15. Where from did thehieraIcl1} ofprecedent as well as the hierarchy
of the modem 1:0url system grow up?
16. How does the hierarchy of precedent work IOday?
17_ Is there a regular system of publil:ation of reJX>rts of cases in the
hlgherl:ourts?
18. Do the decisIons ofjunes make I:ase law?
Task 21. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from
the box:
lay down
contribllteto
BS a whole
judge-made decJ.l;]oos
delegak:dleglsJatLon
slatule
minorscurces
take precedence over
a CQlr<1<;[wt body of
rul
higher courts
predictable
<tandardI7ethelaw
re1atmgto
Judges
a4Judlcatoo
lov,crcourts
..""
ItmcrantJustLCes
(a) Case law is a mass of .
(b) Statutes_l:aselaw.-
(C) A_is an Act ofPariiamem.
(d) Court decisions _ new prettdens.
(e) Customs, equity and obligations _ inemat:iooaI treaties are _ of
'ow.
(f) _lays down detmled rules to Implement the broader provIsions of
statutes.
(g) The legislation of the European Community I:an statutes in the
UK and influence the decisions of the I:ourts in i ntellJreting statutes.
(h) Before the Nonnan l:onqueSI the king had little control over the
I:ountry_"
(i) When William the Lonqueror gained the English throne he began to
167

G) The Icing's repeseutatives checked local admmistration and _ in
local disputes according to local law.
(k) The (\itinerant justiceS» n;jected unreasonable CU<:lOJn'l. accepted Ta-
tiona1 ones and formed .
(I) In themirldleofthe 13nturythe law became more _.
(m) There isa reguJarsystem of publica I ion of reports ofl:ascs in the _.
(n) The _ must respect thedecisions of the higherl:ourts.
(0) Case law comes mm the rledsions of _' not mm those of juries.
(p) The k.mg sent_ to thel:olUJtrysirle to check. the local admini-
stration.
(q) Thepo1ice do everything they (;aJ1 to bring I:rimina1s to_.
UJ Ta,k 22. Twoo'ate the follo,.;n9 wo,d, and wo,d comb;no.
tionsinto English:
(I) npel\el!eHTHoe npaBO; OCHOBa aHrnlli1cKuro npaaa; CCM!. OCIJOBHbIX
HCTO'JHHKOB aHmHi-icJIDro npaBa; l:i)JopM)'nHpOBaTb npamlJla. KOTO-
pbJM He06XOlIl-IMO CJJeJI{8fIb npH pacCM01pCHI-IH .upymx (6y.uyWl1X)
.lIeJl; BJlHI'ITb Ha peweHlJJI l:yJlOB; 3SKOH01I8TeJ1bCTBO eB(XI1eIICKOro
I:006ll1eCTBa; eJ]J1HC1BeHHblH BHlI npaBa; $JpM)'J]HpoBaTh no.up06-
Hble npaBHJla B uemlx IICIJOJJHeHlJJI nOJlO)f(etJHH CTaryTOB; nepel!
HopMaHHCKHM 3aBoeBSHHeM; Ha ceBepe, Ha lOre, Ha 3anMe, Ha BOC-
TOKe; 3I}xPeKJ1lBHOe ueH1panH30BaHHoe YnpaBJJeJ-JHe; HMeTb KOH-
1pO.1lb Ha,ll l:1paHOH B UeJIOM; BblHOCIfTh perneHJ-lJI: no TJDKDaM B 00-
fJI"I!e"OC1l\IlH I: MecTHbJMH 3aKOHaMH; B ueJlOM; B XOlIe"l1l1il"reJlhHO
aHaJlH3a, KOTOpbIH npo)IDlDKa!lCjl .lIBa BCKa.
(2) CKOJIbKO l)'UleC1B)'eT lJCTO'-IHHKOB aHfJJHiiaroro npasa? OrnH'-laIOT-
I:JlnH OHH no Ba)f(HOCTH?
(3) B HaCTOJlll.\ee BpeMJI OCHOBa 8HrnHllcKoro npaBa - npel.lel!eHTHoe
npaB.
(4) npel\elIeHTHoe npaBO - JTO 6J10K \:YlIe5HbJX pellJeHHll. KOTOpbJM
He06xo)].l1Mo CJJeJIOBBTh npH pacCMOTpeH(JH .npyn\.,,< !JeJl.
(5) BTOpoH lJCTO'-lHHK aHrnHHclwro npaBa - 3TO c:TIIl)'T (IDJH nOCTa-
tIOBJleluJenap.rraMefITa).
(6) CYlIbH BbIH)'JlClIeHbI)"-I1ITbIBaTh nOJlmKeHIDJ crmyroB, a BWJeCeHHbIe
TIlI01M 06pa3oM peweHHJI C031I81OT HOBbie l:y.ue6Hble npeUe.l1etITbJ.
(7)Tpe11lli,I:BHHbrnl:npelIbJJIyll\HM,ltC1O'llJllKaHlIDnlCKOCOI1paBa-
3T0 npaBO MHHHC1pOB lJ3illIBaTh IlpIIIIIDbI, HMelOIIlHe 1:H.f1)' JaJlDHOB.
168

(8) 06bl'laH. np3BO mpiIIIt'lUII1BO 11 06J13aTeJlbcrBa no 'HalxJn-
HblM.DOrOBOp8N - no .DOnOJlHHTeJlbHble! BTOpoCTeneHHble I1CTO'-j-
HHKH aHfnHWCKoro npaB3.
(9) EBponewcKaJI KOHBeHl!I1!1 0 'Iall(I:ITe npaB lJeJlOBeKa BHccrra 3HB'lH-
"ICJIbHbIii BKJlafi B npaooBYIO pe4JoPMY Be.nJIKo6pIrraHI1H HeCmIIbKO
J\CCJlTI1J1eTI1WHB3a)1.
(lO)nepel! tIOpNlIHHCKHM 3aBoeBaHHeM B pa3HbIX pemoHax AHrJIl1H
nelK:TBOBallH pa3Hble I:HcreMbl npaBa,  Ha MeCT-
Hblx06b1'JaJIX.
(11).0.0 tq:'IMaHHCKOro 3aBoeBaHI1J1 B AHr!lHI1 He 6blJlO tl>eKTHBHOro
ue!fIpa.rm3OB3HHO[{) yqJiIBJIeHIDL KOjJOJlb He Mor KOH1]XJJlHpoBaTb
BCIO CTpaHY nOJlHOCThIO.
(12) KlPKlIoe HOBoe CYJ\e6Hoe pellleHHe npeJI.CT8BIIR1I co6oi-l npaBIII1O.
KOTOpoe JIOJI)](HO 6bUlO I:OfuUo.l\3.TbCJI BO BCex nocJJeJI)'IOlillIe.nax,
1jTOJ\eJ]aJlO3aKOHO.DHreJ]bCTB060J1eeM-
(13)B repelIJIHC "IpIJHa!llIB1OfO BeKa I:l1creMa npeueneI111IOIU npaBa
,&OMHHHpoBaJla H3 TepplITopHH BCei-l CTpaHbl.
(l4)B OCHOBe I:OBpeMeHHoH l:yne6HOH CHCTeNbi Jlc)](HT npl1HllHn sture
deciSIS.
(15)CYllbJl .DOmKeH npl1.Dep)Jmsan,CII l:yne6Hblx peweHHi'i I:Y.DOB 60J1ee
BbICCKQIII1HCT3HllHlt.
(l6)EJJOK pellleHHw (;)'.QOB BblC1lJ1IX HHCTaHUHH JIB.IDIeTCII 0CHQB0ii npe-
l!eJleI-fTHoronpaBa.
Task 23. Complete the sentences uSing the word combinations from
the second column:
I
(I) There are seven main
sources ofEnghsh law:
(2) Before the Norman I:on-
quest Dane law was
(3) To s!andardize the law WiI-
liam the Conqueror
(4) Before the NOTl11an con-
quest Mercian law was
(5) Before the Nonnan I:on-
quest there was no
(a) in the north of England.
(b) sent his rq:ro;entatives to the 1:0untJy-
side to adjudkate in local disputes B(;-
I:ordingtolocallaw.
(I:) in the south and in the west of Eng-
land.
(d) I:ase law. statutes. delegated legislation,
the legISbtlon of the European Com-
ITIlUlity. wstooIs. equity and obliga-
tions relating to intemational treaties.
(e) around the midlands.
(I) they discussed various (;UstonlS of
169

(6) Before the Norman con-
quest the Wessex law was
(7) William the COIXJ-IEIUT
gained the English throne
(8) Whenthe«itineraJIJU3!ices»
returned to We<tmimter
(9) During the process of sift-
ingthe«jtinerantjmires»
different parts of the I:ountt) and
formed a consistent body of rule.
(g) effective I:entral government.
(h) rejected l.Il1reaSOI1IIble local I:llStorn<;
and accepted those that seemed ra-
tional
0) in 1066.
Ib)
(I) The principJe of slare decisis
(2) Eoch new I:ourt decIsIon forms a
",,,
(3) British lawyers use the principle
ofs'IuredeL"isis
(4) The hierarchy of the modem
I:Ourt syslem grew op
(5) The pnnciple of slurerler:isis'
(6) Ajudge most follow dedsions of
«'"'"
(7) Case law I:omes &om
(8) Thedecisionsofjuries
(9) The ({(:()J1Ul)Qf1 law}) ruJed Eng-
''''''
(a) in the middle of the 13' I:entury_
(h) &om the basIc idea of stare de-
I:isis
(I:) means(delthedecisionstand))_
(d) makes the law more predictable
(e) vAlich are higher op the hierar-
I:hy than his own.
(f) to be followed in aU sImilar
I:ases.
(g) the decisions of Joo,gto;;.
(h) in creating I:ase law today.
(i) don't make I:ase law.
Task 24_ Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents
in the table on the basis 01 the text «How .Ldicial Precedent Works»:
(a) tofollowal:ase
(h) todistinguishtwol:ases
(I:) 10 overrule a I:ase
(d) Ioreverseacase
(I) (;1jl-lT3Tb pel!_'WIIe no ]Ie.ny HeJIeHcmll-
1"eJIbHblMfaHHYl111poBaTb
(2) aHHYl111pOBaTlJOTMeHIfTblI-I3MeJJHTb pc--
weHHenO]Ie.ny
(3) DaTI> BeplIJIKT nO]Ie.ny Ha OCHOBe npeue-
]IelITHoro I:Y]Ie6HOro pellleHHJI
(4) npooec11l p83J1H1J11e MeJKilY ]IBYMJI 1:)'-
]Ie6HbJMH]IeJlaMH
170

HOW JUDICIAL PRECEDENT WORKS
If the Judge sees that there is a slmLlar earlier 1:0urt dedslon he may do any of
the following;
Furlow If the facts are sufficiently simiiaT to those ofthe e;:iirlier case, the;:
judge follows the precedert and applies the law in the same way to produce a
declsLon.
Di.\./in}.,'7lUh If the facts of the case before the judge are differem ITom
those of the earlier one. the judge dIStinguishes the two cases and need not
follow the earlier one.
Overrule Where the earlier decisIon was made HI a lower I:ourt, the
judge I:an oveITUIe that earlier decision if he disagree<; with the lower I:ourt's
inrerpretation ofthe law. The earlier decision remains the same but will not
befollowed.
Rt?!'(.nt' In case of appealing the decision of a lower I:Ourt to a higher
one, the higher court may I:hange it ifthe judge feels that the lower I:Ourt has
wroogIy inteqJreted the law. So when a decIsion IS w.'efSed, the higher I:Ourt
usually also ovem!1es the lower I:ourt's statemer1: of the law.
In practke the process is rather more I:omplil:ated than this, since deci-
sions are usually made on the basLs of several prevIOUS I:ases, not one
 What are tne advantages and disadvantages of case
<JJ.W law?
..... * Task 25. Read the text below and give a definition of a
 «Judgment».
PARTS OF THE JJDGMENT
In deciding a I:ase. there are two basil: tasks; first, establishing what the facts
are, meaning what acnlally happened); and secondly. how the law applies to
those facts. The Judges listen to the evidence and the legaJ argwnent and then
prepare a written decision as to whil:h party wins. This decision is known as
the judgment. and IS usually long, I:ontalmng quite a lot of oomment which is
not stril:tly relevant to the I:ase, as wen as an explanation of the legal princi-
ples on which the judge has made a decision. The explanation of the IegaJ
principles on which the dedsion is made is l:allOO the ratio decidendi -
LatIn for the «reason for deciding». It IS this part of the judgment, known as
III

binding precedent, which fonns I:ase law. All the parts of the judgment
which do oot fonn part of the ratio decidendi of the case are caned obiter
dicla- whIch IS Lann for (<things said by the way'). None of the obiterdkla
fonns part of the I:ase law, though judges in laterl:ases may be influenced by
it, and it is said to be a persuasive precedent.
Notes:
a bindl!1g preredent OOtUblBdlOllVql upeue.!lelfT
a perslIDSive JR'-COOerl y6emrreIJbHblH npeuellCHT
UJ To,k 26. Tw"lote the fo110"'09 wOld, ood wOld comb;oo.
tionsinto English.
(I) pacCMo-rpen. .oeJlO B cy.oe; .use OCHOBHble 3al!a<JI:I; ycraHOBIfIb, Ka-
KOBbl I}>aKTbI (<cro B peallbHOCTH)  KaK 3aKOH MQ)((eT
6b1Th npHMeHeH K lIaHHblM l)JaKTaM; aJ)IIlIIDb CBH.lleTI'QbCKl1e nOKa-
3aHIDI; IOpllJtl-{'Jf\:KlJi-I mop; IIO]JJUIOBI-ITh B nHcJ.MeHHOii. l)JopMe
peliJelUle 0 TOM. B nOJlb3)' Kaf\lJII CTOpoHbI peIlJeHO lIeJlO; cyne6Hoe
pellleHHe; np$lMo/nporo OTHOC$lIllHOC$l Knell)'; lJaCTb CY!l.e6HOrO
pellleHI1.II; c)xJpMH(XJI!B"fio npeuel!eHTHoe npaBo; B IIOCnenytOlllIL'l lIe-
flax; I1cnOJlb30&lTb lJaCTb Cy.ne6HOro peweHH$I obiter dIcta.
(2) B 9.De6HOM peIlJeHHH  MHOro KOMMCJ-JTaPIICB, IOC1lt"pbIl'
'IaCTO He HMeJOT np$lMOro OTHoweHIDI K neJl)'_
(3) B cyne6HoM peweHHH npJ1(;) TIlJOKe OObj]CHeHHe Kp11III<Je-
I:KI1X npI1HUHn08, Ha 6a3e KOTOpbIX qrLlbH BblHOCHT C80H eepllHKT.
(4) \IaCTb l:yne6HOro peweHH$I, IJ3BeCTHaJI KaK Ii-I npeue-
neHT, SlB!lJleTC$lllCTO<JHllKOM I)JopMHpoBaHIDI nnpa8a.
(5) Bce <JaCTH Cy.neOHOro peweHIDI, KUJqJbIC He I)JopMHpYIOT ratio
ckcldendi, Ha3bleaiOTC$I obiter dicta.
(6) \IaCTb 9.De6HOro peweHl1.II, IJ38eCTHaJI KaK y6ellHTCJlbHbli-l npeue-
neHT, He SlB!lJleTC$I HCTO'lHHKOM I)JopMHp08aHI1.II npeltClIeJJfH!.--.ro
npaBa, XOTII cynbH MOryr I1CnOJlb30BaTb ee IIOCl)'naThI B nOCJle-
.D,YIOWHK.DeJlax.
172

Task 27. Complete the sentences using the word combinations tram
the second column:
(I) In deciding a case there are two
basic tasks:
(2) Obiter dic:ta is Latin for
(3) Ratio decidendi is Latin for
(4) The judge prepares a wntten
decision
(5) Thecornrnentin1hejudgemem
(6) The ratio decidendi part of the
judgemE-nt is known as
(7) The obiter dicta part of the
judgerrentisofienl:alled
(a)the«reasonforc1eciding».
(b) as to whil:h party wins.
(I:) (<things said by the way».
(d) isnotstrictlyrelevanttothel:ase.
(e) first, establishing what the facts
are; and secondly. how the law
appliestothosefacts.
(f) apersuaslveprerederi:.
(g) a bmding precedent.
Task 28. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from
the box:
evidence
legal principles
persuasivepre<:edem
applies
is known
judgement
bindmg p-ecedem
laterl:ases
(a) Thewitnessgave_inadearfinnvoil:e.
(b) Thisru1e_toeo,erybody.
(I:) Thewntten decIsion as to whil:h party wins _ as the judgemen:
(d) The _ is usually long because it conmins a lot of mmment whkh
is not smct1y relevant to 1he use.
(e) The e-;:planation of the _ on which the judge makes the decislon IS
knCMn asralio ckadendi.
(f) The part of the Judgement known as _ fonns I:ase law.
(g) The part of the judgement known as _ does not usually fonn the
1:8selaw.
(h) Judges in _ may use the oblterdicta part though it does not usually
fonn the I:8.Se law.
173

Task 29. Complete the text using words and word combinations tram
the box:
rommonlaw(2)
apphed thlSWDIlllon law
the (,fOlmtam of jus lice»
theMlddleAgr:s
oneoftheavallablc
typesof\\>TIt
todojustice in each case
on a flexiblc basis
\-V1thmepeop1e
adeveioped<:a"Claw
and recogmzable princi-
ples
prtdlCtable
EQUITY
In ordinary language, eqUIty means fairness, but in law it applies to a specific
set of legal principles, whil:h add to those provIded In the rommon law.
Lawyers often I:ontrast «(common law)} and ((equity»_ Equity and _
may bedifferent. but both are law.
The I:ommon law was developed after the Norman Conquest through the
((itinerant justices>, traveling aTOlmd the I:ounl:ly and sortIng out disputes. By
about the twelfth I:entury. I:ommon law I:OUrts whil:h had devel-
oped. Civil actions in these courts had to be staned by a writ, wh ich set out
the cause of the action or the grOlmds for the daim made, and there grew up
different types ofwrit. Early on, new writs were I:reated to SUit new circum-
stances, but in the thirteenth I:entury this was stopped. Litigants had to fit
theIr I:lrcumstances to .Ifthe I:ase dId not fall wIthin one of those
types, there was no w ay of bringing the case to the commori law I:Ourt.
In _ many of the dIssatisfied partIes petitioned the king tknown as
----.J who didn't want to spend time ronsidering those petitions and
reJled on the advice of his Chancellor _. TheChanceUor, the !dng's
I:hief minister, was usually a member of the dergy, and was thought of as
«keeper of the king's oonscience». Soon litigants began to petition the Chan-
l:eUor himself. and in the end of the 15<1> I:entury (by 1474), petitions were
referred directly to the Lord OIancellor who dealt with cases _. He
was more cUlcerned wIth the fair result than with rigId pnnciples ofl:ommon
law. Ths was the beginning of the Court of Chancery which became very
popuJar_.
In 1615, in the Earl of Oxford's Case, conflicting judgments of the I:om-
man law courts and the Court of C11ancery- were rekn-ed to the king for a
decision, and he advised that where there was conflict, equity shouW prevaIl.
Had thIS decision not been made, eqUIty wouJd have been worthless - it
l:ou1d not fulfill its role of fiIlmg in the gaps of the _ un1ess it was
-
174

In the seventeenth I:entury the initml flexibility of equity led to uncer-
tainty, and the JuriS! John Seldon observed that equity vaned with the length
of the Chancellor's fool. Stril:lly formulated rules of I:ommon law were pre-
dictable. Equity was unpredictable. Finally equity lost flexibility and I:on-
SCJeDCe and became fonnalized. Lord Nottingtmn (Lord Olancellor In
1673-1682) decided that a judge exercising equity jurisdiction should fol-
low existmg principles. Equity began to be ruled by precedert, had
_ By the nineteenth century, equity had become -----.J and was
no less formalized and rigId than the common law.
So there was no reason vAly it needed its own I:OUrts. Consequently the
Judicature Ac::ts of 1873-1875, vAlic:h established the basis of the I:oort
structure that we have today, provided that equity and wmmon law I:oold
both be administered by aU I:ourts, and that there would no longer be differ-
ent procedures for seeking equitable and I:ommon law remedies. Although
the Court ofCbancery- remained as a divIsion ofthe High Court. like aU other
I:Ourts itl:arJ now apply both comrrJIJfi law and eqnlty_
NoIe...
.-
to serve wnt on smb
to set ootthecause of the action
grOlUldsforthedmm
to raise admm
to IaYl:laimto smth
to dmmdamages
Chancellor
Lord (High} Chancellor
theCourtofChancery
equitable
npe.arlllCalIHe.noBecTKa
nOCJJaTh KOMY-"JH60 CY.AeVHYIO nOBfX-TK)'
H3JJOJlGITb npwulHY cy.ue6Horo HCKa
OCHOBaHW11lill1 cyre6J-Joro liCKa
npe.:\-"HBHThlf("I.HCK
npe.:\bHB.fUITh npaBa Ha 'ITO-J1H60
"1pC6c1B8Th BOJMeu\eHIDI y&mocm
KaHlLJ1Cp
noplt-K8HWlCP (rJl8B8 cynroHOro Be.:\ot-
I:TBa Ii BepXOBHblit I:YltbH: AHfJlHH. npe!I-
celIaH:J1b naJJaTbl J10p.:\OB Ii O)\lioro li3
oTJleJJt:HliiiBepXOIItIOrucy;:ta)
CYJlJJOplt-«aHIIJICpa,CY.AI:OBecrH
cnpaBt'llflHBbli6ecnpltC1pBC11-Jbll.1
-1 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ABOUT EQUITY-
I. Whatdoes'equity'meaninordinarylanguage 9
2. Whatdoes 'equity' mean in law?
175

3_ When did the CO[[(f[JOO law appear'?
4. Whatdid litigants have to start \:ivil actions with?
5. What was the ptrrpOse ofthe writs whil:h litigants have to start dvil
actIons WIth?
6 Why were new writs I:reated in the IIIh and in the 12 1h I:enturies?
Whendiditstop?
7. Could litIgants bring the I:asc to the I:ommon law I:ourt if the I:ase
did not fall within one of the avaIlable types of writ?
8. Who did many of the dissatisfied parties petition in the Middle
Ages? Why?
9. Whose advice did the king rely on to dOJusttce? Why?
10. When were petitions referred directly to the Lord OJaocellor. and
nottothe king?
II. In what way dId the Lord Chancellor deal with the I:ases referred to
him?
12. Why did the Court of Chancery become very popular with the peop1e?
13. Was equity predil:table or unpredil:table':> Was Its flexibdity an ad-
vantage or a disadvantage (npellr.l}'ll\ecTBQ I-1JlI-1 HeJl(ICTBTOK) in
I:omparison with the strktly fonnuJated rules ofco[[JlJ)oolaw?
14. What did the initial flexibility of the Court of Chancery lead to in
thesevetteenthcentury'?
15. What did the jurist John Seldon say about equity?
16. When and why did equil)' lose its flexibility and mnscience and be-
1:0llleforrna!Jzed':>
17_ What did Lord Nottingham think about admimsteringjustkt:: In the
Court of Chancery?
18. What legal pinciple<ididtheJudK:ature Actsofl87J-I875 edJIi<b?
19_ Did the Court of Chancery remam as a divisIon ohhe High Court or
as an independent body?
20. CanaU I:ourts administer both equity and I:ommon law today?
176

Task 30. Complete tne sentences using words and word combina-
lions from the box
ordInary language
t1exiblebasis
ng1dpnnciples
legalpnnclples
grOlU1dsforthedaim
fairn:sult
(otinerantjustkes))
bringtheaJSe
tlllsmg eqUIty
jurisdiction

adoption
unpredictable
admJl1].<;kr
(I) In_equity means faimess.
(2) In law equity applies to a number of _ whil:h add to those of
I:ommon law_
(3) The COUIIIIIJfi law appeared after the Nonnan I:onquest through the
_ttaveling around the country.
(4) Litigants had to set out the cause of the action or the _ in the
t.
(5) At firstl:ourts created new writs to suit new
(6) If the case did not fall within one of the availiiliie types of writ, liti-
gants coukl not tothe I:ommon lawl:ourt.
(7) The Lord Chanceuor was more cooremed with the than with
ofcoonnon law.
(8) D;;;Lord(tmJceUordealtwlthl:asesona .
(9) Strictly fonnulated rules of I:ommon law  predictable and eq-
uitywBS_"
(10) Lord Nottingham decided that a judge _ should follow existing
principles.
(II) With the _ of me systemofprecedem in the Court ofOlancay
equity became as fonnalized and rigid as thel:ommon law.
(12) The Judil:ature Acts of 1873-1875 provided that aU I:Ourts l:ouJd
_ both eqUity and common law.
UJ Ta,k 31. T,""late the follo,,;n9 wmd, and wmd combon
lions into English.
11pOTIfl.!OI1OCm"h 06wee npaBO Ii 1I"l/1CIJKJtTb npWUIHY CYlIe6Horo HCl<a
npaOOCnpaBeiUll1Bo/""TH OCHOBaHI1J1.;:1.1IJ1 rrpe1l1>JlBJJeHIJII npe-
B035YlIIITb Ile:JO flpOTlJB I<OI"O-flllOO TeH3HH
177

pa-JHbleBlt!lbJcy.ae6HLL'I(IICJ(DB
I:031IaBaTb HOBbIe IjJOpMbJ cYlle6HbIX
I1CKOB
COOTBeTCTBOBIITb HUBbl)',t YCJIOBItlIM
He BbLXOllHTb Ja paMKII cYJllCCTBYlO-
llIf1XTHnOBl:y.;re6m.RI1CKOB
ofJranITbCSI I: IJCKO\I B cy 06wero
npaBa
I:pe,'jHlleBeKa
HeJ\UBOJlbH1l!I(.TOpCIHB
nOllan. npollICHlte KopoJilO
HJBeCTHbIii KaK ((HCTO'1HIIKCnpaBel!-
Jlqll{>CTIJ)t
nOJlaJBlhCJI Ha CtJreru/\.pt<;i!etQlS[
JlOpl!-KaHWIepa
paCCMmptlBaTb I:Y.ue6Hue nJla I:
rH6KOLTblO
6ecnoKOII11OI 0 mpaBeJIJIIfBOcr
pweHl1J1
)1Ce<:ThIIl'lHel,,6KMe
o6weronpaBa
nCpBOHa'1aJ1bH1l!I rn6KOCn. I:Y.ua
JlOPl!-K BH lV1 e pa
npHBeCTH K HOOnpelleJleHHOCTlI
(I ) B I:BOeM 06b!'1HOM J\3UJ\OBCIrIt 3Ha'JeHI111 repMHH (equity» o6ooHa-
IJBeTl:npaBeJJ.]1I1BQCTh.
(2) B JOPHCnpyneHl\l-IH repMHH «equity» npHNeIUIetCJI OTHOCI-ITeJThHO
HCCI{QJlbKI1X npaBOBblx npHHUHnOB, IIOIqJbIC ftBJI:lllOTC:II nOnOJlHe-
HI1eM K o6ll1eM)' npaay.
(3) Qro6b1 B036ynHTb neJlO, I1CTUbI )ID11A(Hb16bU111 nOCJlaTb aI1IeT<niK)'
cy)Ie6HyJO nOBeCTK)' OnpeJ1eJIeHHOII I}>opMW.
(4) B cyne6HoM HCKe I1CTeLIllOJDKeH 6blJllf3.fXJJKlfIb npwmH)' cyne6-
HorO I1CKa 11 YKa3aTb OCHQBaHI1J1 JlIIJI npel!bJlBJIeHHJI npe-reH311j:j.
(5) HOBbIe IjJOpMbJ cYlle6HbIX HCKOB coumeJ"CI1!OBa. HOBblM)'CIIOBWIM.
(6) HCTLO' npHXOlIl1JIOCb 1jJ0pM)'nl-lpOBaTb I:BOH npeTeHJHH TIlKHM 06-
pa3O IJT06bI 3TO COOTBe"TCTB()(j OJ\HOMY H3 yJKC cYllleCTBylO-
IltIIX ntnOBI:Ylle6HbIX I1CKOB.
(7) B Cpe)lHl:le BeIC3 MHorue HC)1OOOIIbHbIC no.uaBaJII-I npoIIIeHl1e Kopamo.
(8) KOpoJib IJBCTO [J(J]IIlI(lJ1CJ Ha C}M,l\eHHe nop)la-l<BHUJlepa npH OT-
npaBJIeHHHnpaBOC}'lIH:II.
(9) B rurrn&/IlIaTOM BeKe JIIQIllI ofp:nuamICI. C npoureHllilMH HaIlJ»IMYIO K
Jlopl!-ImHllJlepy.IIDI"Cp,[iiI:'II-ITa.f1C:II«XpBHIITeJICMCOBeC111KOpOJU1)J.
npIIHW 1nW
lJeTKO ClJqNYJlllpOlJaHHble 'IaKO-
HWnpamIJla 06wero npaBa
npel!i1fwH
BKOHl\eKOHl\OB
llOTep:IITbrH6KOCTbHOOBCCIb
craTbljJopNarIbHbIM
CYllb:ll, O1TIpdBJISIIOlIIII npaoocylIlie B
paMKaxnpaBacnpaBC.aJIHOOC1I
npllIDl\lBIbpellleHHeHa
(}CHoae yJKe )leliI:J1I}1U-
IlUIXICJllICC1BYJOIIIIIXnpHHUHnoB
KJIeBIfIlJBJ1IlmBeK)'
npHIIJlrne npel\e;J.eIlTlloH CI1CTeMbl B
cy..teJIOp1l-KaHLl.:lepa
ompaBJIJITb npaBOCYlIlie Ha 6aJe ImK
06wero upana, TaK 11 npaBa
CIlJI3Be.IUIHBOCTH
3a.l0)!(lITb OCHOBbI ClpyJOyJJbl I:YO-
""""""'''''"''
nOlI06Ho np)'I"I1M cynaM
CTpYlC1)'pHoeBbl\;u-
KoroCyna.
178

(10) JIopl!-K8mUlepa 60JlbWe BOJIHOBaJla I:npaBeJJ,J1(1BOCTb peweHWI.
He)f(eJ1H A\eCTt(He npHHUHllb1 06wero npaBa.
(II) CYJI l1opl!-KaHiUlepa crarr OlJem, nony11.IIpeH.
(12) B l:eMHaJlIl.3-TOM BeKe nepBOHalJarIbHaJI rH6KOCTb cYJIB l1OPl!-
KaHiUlepa npHBeJIa K HCOnpe.nerreHHOCTII.
(13),[lJKoHCe111l0H3aMeTHJI,IjTOCnpaBeJJ,J1I-iBOCTb('B33.-
BHcHMOCrnOTHOrHl1OPl!-KaHWIepa.
(14) JIopl!-KBHWlep pelillUl, <lTO CYIlbJl. ompBBJlJIlOlID-IH npaBOCYlIHe B
p8MKBX npaBa a1piIBt'JlJIllBOCTII. llOJDKeH npHHHMaTb peweHHe Ha
OCH08e Y)f(e .D.eHCTEI)'IilJIV;1X npHHUHnOB.
(15) C npHHJlTHeM npeuel!elflliOH I:HCTeMbl B (;)'lle 110pll-KaHUJlepa
npaBocY1JJ1e H8 6me «l1pasa I:npaBeJJ,J1I1Boclu» crarro TIlKHM }Ke
3a4x>pM8JlHJOBaH]-jb1M I-i HerH6K(lM. KaK I-i B cy.nax 06wero npaBa.
(16) f1olI06Ho BCeM LJp}'I11M (;)'JlBM (;)'JI 11opl!-KaHWIepa B HauJM .l\HH
IIpMH(lMaeT peweHIDI Ha OCHOse npHHUHnoB KaK 06wero npBsa.
TaK (I npaBa I:npaBe1I.JlHBOCTH.
Task 32. (o) Match the English expressions with their Russian equiva-
lents in the table.
(I) [0 start an action against smb
(2) [0 set out the cause of the
action
(3) [0 set out the grounds for the
dalm
(4) [0 suit new drcumslances
(5) [0 bring the I:ase to the
1:0mmonlawI:ourt
(6) the Middle Ages
(7) equity
(8) a dissatisfied party
(9) theCourtofCbioceJy
(10) rigidprinci:Jles
(II) to rontrast ((common law»
and «equity»
(a) H3JlO)lQ1Tb I1pH'lHHY Cy.ue6HOro (lCKa
(b) 06parHTbcJl I: HCKOM B cy.u o6wero
"P'"
(I:) B035y£IItTb.D.eJlO npOTHB KOro-lIrroO
(d) npaBocnpaBe.!lllHBOCTH
(e) I:OOTBeTCTBOBaTb HOBb!M yCJlOBI1JIM
(f)l:pelIHHeBeKa
(g) (l3.JK»KHTb OCHOBBHI1JI .lIDJI npell"b-
JlBJleHHJlnpe-reH3Hfi:
(h) HenoooJ\bIJi!JIl:TOlx)Ha
(i) }KCCTKHe I1pHHWJml
(j) npcrntBOIIOCTIIEIJIJITh 06ll\ee npaBo
I-inpaBocnpaBe.lUlHoocrn
(k) (;)'1l110pll-KaHiUlepa/cY,l\l:oBOCl1J
179

(bJ Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents in the
table.
(I) to re1y on the advice of (a) mrrep:lITb rn6KoCTb
the Chanccllor (b) 00Eecrb
(2) to lose flexibility (I:) mnpaBIlJITh npaBocynHe Ha 6a3e KaK
(3) to administer both equity 06wero npaBa, TIlK H npaBa I:npuel!-
and common law flI-tBQCTH
(4) conscience (c1) nOJIaraT!>CJI HClI:OBeTbl KaH1V1epa
(5) to become predictable (e) npHBecTH K Heonpel!eJ1eHHoc-rn
(6) to lead to uncertaint) (0 nO..!lBTb npoweHl1e KOpOJIIO
(7) to petition the king (g) I:TIlTb npelI:(;KB3)'eNUM
(8) strl(;tlyfomwlatedrules (M urnpaBflJfIbnpaBocynHeB1{
(9) (0 exercise equity npaBa I:npaBeW1HBOCTH
jurisdictIon Ci) npHH11MaTh peweHHe Ha OCHOBe Y/Ke
(10) to follow existing neHCTB)IOU{HK npHffi!"nOB
principles (j) <jeTKO 1:)opMYJ1l1pooaHHble np8BJ1JlEl
(c) Complete the sentences uSing the word combinations from the
second column:
( I) In ordinary language equity
(2) In law equity applies to the legal
principles of
(3) U\ryCfS often rontrast 'crmmon law'
(4) In the 131 I:entwy litigants had to
fittheirdrclJJTlStdJ1CeS
(5) If the I:ase did not fall wIthin one
of the available types of writ,
(6) In the Middle Ages the dissatisfied
parties often
(7) In the Middle Ages the king was
kno",
(8) In the Middle Ages the Lord
ChanceUorwas known as
(9) The Court of 0IanceJy became
very popular because
(10) In the 15'" I:entwy petitions were
referred directly
(a) flexibihtyandl:onscience.
(b) and'equity'.
(c) meansfaimess.
(d) to one of the available types
of writ.
(e) litigants (;Quid not bring the
I:ase to the I:ommon law
I:ourt.
(0 the 'fountmnofjUStll:e'.
(g) petitioned the king
(h) the Lord Chanl:e1lor was
more I:oncemed with the fair
resuJt than with rigid princi-
ples of I:ommon law.
(i) the 'keeper of the king's I:on-
scieoce'.
0> to the Lord Chancellor.
IBO

lei) Complete the sentences using the word combinations from the
second column:
(I) With the adoption of the system of
""""'""
(2) John Seldon 00served that
(3) The Lord Chancellor deak with
I:ases
(4) Lord Noningham decided that a
judge exercising equity jurisdk-
tion
(5) Strk!ly fonnulated rules of I:om-
man law were predktable whereas
(Tor.uaKBK)
(6) The Judil:ature Acts of 1873-
1875establisl]ed
(7) Finally equity became as fonnal-
(8) hientury there was no
reason why equity
) :::=anardV
(a) a division of the High Court
now.
(b) the baSIS of the I:ourt structure
that we have today.
(I:) both common law and equity
now.
(d) equity varied with the length
of the C1lancellor's foot.
(e) equity became predictable
and formalized.
(f) onaflexiblebasi!;.
(g) equity was unpredictable.
(11) needed its own I:Ourts.
(i) asthel:ommonlaw.
(j) should follow eXistIng
principles.
..
'-' ARIZONA FUNNY LAWS
Huntll1g camels IS pwhibited.
Any mISdemeanor committed whllewcanng a rcd mask IS cor-t<Jdo.:n:d II
felony.
There is a possible 25 years in prison for I:utting 00"-11 a I:actus.
[){d(cysl:annot slccpin bathtubs.
It L" illegal to manufacture ImitatIOn cocame.
When bemg alt.1d:OO by acrirnun.1 or burglar. you may only pnu:ct your-
self with the sarne weapon that the other person pos'ie'i'ie'<.
It i!; unlav.ful to refuse a person a glass of water.
It is IIlegaJ to sing in a public place ",hile wearing a swimsuit.
Cars may not be a-n'\.D II} reverse.
Cards may not be played m!he street w1l:l1 a Na.we Antencm.
A decree dt:clares that anyone caught stealing soap must wash himself wIth
it until It is aU used up.
It IS illegal for men and W(lID!:!1 over the age of 18 to have less than one
ml tooth vIsible ",hen Sll1llili
\8\

Useful Words and Expressions for Speech Practke
appellate court (Court of allLlI:IOHlfbIi1 eYA
Appeall
to appeal
valid
application
to e"ieIdse jurisdiction
Magistrates' Court
Crown Court
High Court
County Court
court of first instance
European Court of Human
Rights
Juvenile Court
justice of the peal:e
10 dedde a case
to have the light 10 trial by JUlY
10 hear appeals
to have evidence
barrister
solicitor
advocacy
right of audience
proceeding Is)
criminal proceeding
to commence proceeding (s)
nOAa-BaTh aneANILlHOHJIY1O )f(M05y
IOPlJAWleCKli A6fLTBHTeI\bHhIfi,
11Me cl-I!I.y
npmurrne (npaBa, 3aKOHa); 3aJJBJ\e-
m-Ie, npoch6a, xOAQ.Tal1cTBo.
oCYJl-IeCTBMlTh IOpHCAJDU\HlO
MaI'HcrpiITClU:lileYA
KOpOheBCKHll: eYA I eYA KOpOlIbi
EepxoBHbrli: CyA
eYA rpa<}JCTBa
eyA nepBoll HHCI'ilIIIV-fH
E8pOI1eJfl:KlIi1 eyA no npaBaM "'eAO-
BeKa
CYArrOAeN'JM
MHpOBOll eyAW
BblHOCHTb peWeHYIe no AfY>.y
IfMeTb npaBO Hil eYA IlpllOIJKHblX
paccM<rIpYlBaTh anLIHYI
IfMeTb YJ\HKlI
OOppYlCTep (CJA80KilT, lJMeJOIqI1H npa-
BO BblcrynilTh B BbICurnx eyACIX)
eOJilicHTop, CJABoKaT, nOBepeHHhli1
AeJ!TeAhHOCTh aABOKaTa (B eYAel
npaao BbIC'IjIlliITb B ey,*
CYAe6Hoe pa361-1paTe/1hCTBO. pac-
(:JIIJ(TI])eHlIe- AeNJ. B I:YAe, npoIJ3BOACf-
BO no AeJ\.Y. eyAOIIPOIt:>BQACI'BO
Yffi"OBHO"'
I1H1JL\1rnpOBaTh lfa'laAO paccMOTpe-
HIUI AeNJ., B036)'J1'AClTh eYAe6HQP
npeCAeAQBaHHe
182

..
'-' JOKES ABOUT lAWYERS
A. A gang of robbers broke: Into a lawyer's dub by nustakc:. llle old legal
lions gave them a fight fortheir life and IheJflmmey. The gang was very happy
toescapc:.
({It Isn't so bad», one I:Took noted. «We got $25 betwec:n us.)
The boss screur,ed: «I warned YOtllO Slay clear ofhmyers... we had $100
wlll..n wc bmkc in l )}
B. Aneuglllccr, a phYSicist, and a lav.yerweTt bellJg uJtervtewed fora position
as chief e're!.11IM: officer ora large (X)rp0r3tJOn. The engineer was inlmiewed
first, and was asked a long list of <JIfSI:ims., ending WIth .d-I.ow much is t',o,'o plus
I\\o?» The CIJgIIle« cuused himself. and madc a stlies of measvremcPs and cal-
adatJoru; beforerelurmngto!he boan! rOOmandannOlll1Cmg, <,Four.)
Thephysldst was 11C'I.1 interviC\\ed. and was asked !he same questions. Be-
fore answenng the last Question, he excused himself. made for the libraI)', and
dId a b'Teat deal of resc:an:h. After a consultatIOn with !he United Slates Bureau
of Standard.. and many cak:ulations, he also anr,ounced «Four.»
The lawyer was InterViewed last, and was.JSked the same questions. At !he
end aftus mtervlew, before ans""'er1 the last qut:"l1OD. he mew all 111e shades
in the room, looked OUiSide !he door to see if anyone was there, d1ecked !he
telep110ne for hstemngdevll:cs, and asked (How much do you wanllt to be?))
Task 33. Read tile text below and make a list 01 tile courts men-
tioned tllere
THE HIERARCHY OF THE COURTS
In the English legal system some I:Ourts are bound to follow !he decisions of
judges In !he higher (:Qurts. The following text provides an outline of!he hierarchy
of !he rourts and the ways in chjudges are bound by !he decisions of other
<:ourts and !he v.3\'S in which judges are bound by !he decis1Ol1S of other judges.
The House Of Lords IS !he bighest appeal (:Quit in !he English legal sysIenL
Its  are binding upon aU other (:Qurts. Unttl 1966 the House of Lords
was also bound by its OWT1 pIe\iiovc;. decIsions. In that year !he lord Chancellor,
lord Gardiner, ISSUed a Prnctice Statement which stated that (rn.TIile treating
fonner decisions of this House as nonnally binding» their lords1ups would
«(depart trom a previous decision ",hen it appears right lodo so».
The Court of Appeal is below the House of Lords in !he hierarchy. It is
bound by the decisions of !he House of Lords and its decisions are binding on
\83

lower oourts. k is aJso bound to follow its own previous decisions excq:t when a
previous decIsIon of the Court of Appeal cmfI.ids with a aeclslon of !he House
of Lords, there are two cmfIidir.g Court of Appeal decisions vmen it must
I:hoose which one to foUow, and a preVIOus decisIon was given per Incuriam
(through lack of UIre - genernlly vmen some relevant law was not taken Into
l:onsid.erntion).These
to !he role that !he Court of
Appeal must abide by Its own
previous decisions are l:aUed
the rules In YoWJg v. Bristol
Aeroplane Company (1944),
!he case in which !he roles were
laid.down.
The rourt below the
Court of Appeal is the High
Court of Justil:e. It is boWld to
follow the decisions of the
House of Lords and the Court
of AppeaL Judges of the High
Court witl nonna1ly follow
the decisions of fellow High
Court judges but they are not
absolutely boWld to do so.
The court of first instance
for I:nmina1 cases, the Crown Court is boWld by the House of Lorrls and the
Court of Appeal; !he lowest rourts in the hierarchy, !he county rourt and the
magistrates' I:Ourts are boWld by the high Court, the Court of Appeal and the
House of Lords. No 1:000 is boWld by !he decisions ofthese lower courts.
Since 1972 vmen Britainjoined the  COITlffilUllty, the posItion
of the European Court of Justice must also be I:onsidered. It is a I:ourt of
referral in relation to EC law and not a court of appeal, although Its deci-
sions on the intelJtttation ofEC law are binding on British courts.
Adlstmctiveofthelegalporess,onin
England and Wales IS thaI 'I is divided inlo
two groups. barristers and solicitors In !he
popular mind,the dislinctlOn between barris-
ters and solicitors is thai the former are con-
cemed Wllh legal WOIt - akocacy in coun
...tlilethe latter are concemed wilh legal work
oulofcourt. This is not quite the case. Barris-
lersare pnmanly concerned w1lh ad\>cxa:y
and they have an exclusive ri,ght of audience
'n t'he H,g'h Court. the Court of Appeal and the
House of Lords; but t'hey are nOl conrmcdto
andmaydevoleadealoftheIrtime
10 g1vmgexpert opinions on legal maners. Nor
are so1icltorsexclusive1y concemed with OUl-
of--counworkfort'heyhavearig'htofaudience
m magi<trnll:<;» courts, county courts and,m
someinstaQce<;,mtheCrownCourt.
Task 34. Study tile table and tell about tile strudure aI tile court sys-
tem in tile UK
THE COURT STRUCTURE OF HER MAJESTY'S
COURfS SERVICE (HMCS)
Her Majesty's Courts Service I:anies out the administrative and support
for the Court of Appeal, the High Court, the Crown Court, the magistrates'
l:otu1s, the county I:ourts and the Probate Servke.
184

n Hou$eolLords K
,IppeaI.to:nIheCoo.nmJ.ppeol..!I1a<option<'irtllllMn\
iorntlleHIhCoo.n{...OStotland....,Nord""'I....,I!nII.......,< H"U
 CourtoiAppeal
CnmlnalDlvlllOO QltlDrYlIIOfI
,IppeaI.tom1l1eCrov.oCw-t prntlleI--V>Co..-t.trb.oIlk
aodcen.,U\esfraecouO!yCOl.f1S
HCourt
Queen'\l!en:hDMon FmyDi\ion Q,;n:eQOI'I!lOn
CormcUMton,eI£. Eq.t"la'ldlru5l<,«J/IetIIOIj,
CommertillCoo/l JIfdo!<.wpwelhp..
.-.tmnkyCcut b!rJa\qItqaooComp.IiesCoun,
...c.n
Coun [)j\lion,jCoIh't DilionalCClln
Superooo<y,ndij)p!Iato pi'omlhe "PpfromIheOJurt)"«UI:I
==::::r ......U!S'C<III1> DllblrJalqltqlllClln!
a>or1>,uw"h.looollUhoritit!.
I'InislOl'lollheer-e.ndd...
pJIIIcbo6e<anddbk
CrownCoun Coom;yCourn
rrilllol",dmbleow.nc...."....  MopiIycl<iYlltt;p"""""""'1O
fi'omt.SCOlrn, lIJIurtdlhedlrn
u...lo....ntena!
15Uites.COUrts Tn"bunals
Tr'oIIIofsumflllrydlera5.commi:llll - Helrappe3lsiorndecilic..oo
101hoCrownCo"rt.fwlypro<o.cIi on,.odal.ecurtty.
coo.naed)"l-'hcou"" dlld"fP"",penOOIII,t..n11and1
("OOI__b1 H i'lC5.!
IkmoOJHUK. http://',\l\\-w.hmcourts--servJ.gov.ukJaboullNlstruL'tUfe/mdex.htm
185

Un;! 2
u.s. COURTS
Useful Words and Expressions for Speech Practice
the judici<JI power/branch I:YAe6HM BMCTh
the legislative power/branch 3aKoHo,aTeN>HM BMCTb
the executive power/branch I1cnOlllilIT'e\bffiljJ BlIdCTb
ruling nOCTilHOBlIeHHe, cYAeGHoe pewe-
HH'
3dIIlHIIIdTb npaBd H I:Bo60Ab[
npHMeHHTb 3aKOH
ypery''',llpCJBilTh / pd3pellldTh GIOpbI
C'leAlrI'b 3i1 I:061\lOAeHlfeM JaKO-
HO'
OTl(bl-ocHOBiITel'lll
I:YAe6Hill1 Clll:TeMd
10 proted lights and liberties
to apply the law
to resolve disputes
to enforre the laws
The Founding Fathers
judici<JI system I judiciary
syslem
an independent judiciary
to ensure fairness and equal
justice
to promote judidal inde-
pendenl:e
10 draft a law
to appoint for life
to remove from orfln'
continuance in offICe
conviction
treason
high treason
to reduce the salary of it fed-
eral judge
to decide a case
Supreme Court
Chief .Justice
Associate .JustIce of the
_:_!_t____C:_'!____
He3dBllCliMoe I:YAonpOH3BOACTBO
oGecne'IHTb CilpaBeMMBOCTb H
paBHoe npaBocYAlff'
o6ecne'JIITb He3aBI1I:HMOCTb I:Y-
AonpOH3BOACTIJa
COCTaBlITb 3aKOHonpOeKT
HCl3HC1'JOTb nO)f(JJ3HeHHO
I:HHTb C AOlUKHOCTIf
npe6ImaHHe B AOlUKHOCTH
oCYJKAeHHe, npll3HaHHe BHHOB-
HWM
rocYA<\pcTBeHHillI H3Mellil
}'MeHblillITb 3apa60TH)'I0 IIJIaTY
4JeAepaAbHoro <:fAIM
npHH.IITb peweHHe no AeJ\Y
BepXOBHwll: CYA
npeAC (&pxootnu CyN1
CWA)
'lAeH BepxOBHOIO CYA<\- ClllA
\86

Court of Appeals
Cirl:uitCourt
trial court of general JW1sdk:-
tion
district court
Magistrate
Magistrale court
to administer justice
arrest warrant
summons
search warrant
t£aUic offence I traffic infrac-
tion I traffic violation
by-law
misdemeanor/misdemeanour
felony
defendant
plaintiff
offender
suit for damages
to Initiate a claim
Ai-rQ;HOHlfbJi1 cyi -
IBbJe3AHoi1} OKp)'JKHOi1 I:YA
QMep. I:YA nepBoH HHCTaHqHH
o5w;efi IOpI:!CAlIKWiH
II) $!AejJili\bHl>ill paHoHHbIi1: CYA
1$!AejJili\bHl>ill CYA IIeIIJOH HHcraH-
4I-fH B ClllA), (2) IIIP(THhIl, CYA IB
J»IAE' WTaTOB B CIllA)
MarnCTpaT (AOA.JKHOCTIlDe l'illQ;O.
ocyIl\ecTBUlOll\ee npaIJOcYAHe],
I:YNili, Ml1pOBOll I:YNili. nOJUll.Ieii:-
I:Kl1HI:YNili
I:YA MaTIIC'lpaTa, MarncrpaTI:Kl1i1
I:YA, MHpOBOH I:YA
ornpaBMITh npaIJOcYAHe
0PAep Ifa tlpecr
nOBeCTKa B I:YA
0PAep Hil 05:WCK
HilpyrnelillE' npaBHh AOP0)KHoro
ABIDKeHIDI
nOA3tlKOHHHif aKT. nOCTaHOBlIe-
Hl1e OpraHOB MeCTIloll BhaCTll
I:YAe5Ho HaKa3}'€MbIIf npoctyIIoK,
npecryIlheHI1e, MHCAJ-lMHHOp (Ka-
TE'ropH HilJJMeHee O[]aCHblX npe-
C1}'llhCH1-di, rpaID I: wm-
HI1C'lpa'I1lBHHl1rn npaBOlIapyrne-
HID1MH)
npecryni\t'lfl1e, <lJeIlOHIDI (F;aTerO-
pIDI TaJKF;lIX npeCT)'I1!IeHHH. no
I:TerreHH OIIaI:HOCTII HaxOAHlWllil:
MeJKA)' H3ME'HOll H MlICAHMJIPO-
pOM)
OTBeT'lHK, 05BI1ID1eMbIH, nOACY-
AI1MblH, nOA3aIl.(IITHhlH
OTBeT'IHK
npaBOHapyrrrr-rre1lb. npecryIIHI1K,
06",_
HCK a B03Mew;emm y6h11'KOB
B035YAHTI> HCF;
\87

to impose a sentence I to iJn:
pose it fine I to impose it
judgement
it criminal case
it civil case I it civil claim
ordinance
BblHecrn - nplfrOBOp l--HdhaI'dTh
urrpalfJ I BblHeCTII I:YAe6HOP pe-
llleHlfe
yrolIOBHoe AeAO
IpaJKAaHCKOe f*/ID I IpaJKAaH-
I:KllHIfCK
(I) )'Ka3, CTdT)"l', AeKpeT, nOCTd-
HOBAeHlfe, adKOH, opAOHaHI:; (2)
nOCTaHOBAeIme M)'HlfL\HIlal'lbHOrO
oprdHd (B CllIA)
Task L Study tne text below, making sure you fully comprehend It.
Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on law
THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM OF THE USA
Article III ofthe United States Constitution establishes the judlcml branch
as one of the three separate and distinct branches of the federal govern-
ment. The other two are the legislative and executive branches
The federal I:ourts are often l:aUed the guardmns of the Constitution
because their rulings protect rig1ns and liberties guaranteed by the Consti-
tution. Through fair and impartial judgments, the federal I:ourts irtterpret
and apply the law to resolve disputes.. The I:ourls do no! make the laws.
That is the responsibility of the Congress. Nor do the courts have the
power to enforce the laws. That is the role of the President and the many
executive branl:h departments and agencies.
The Founding Fathers ofthe nation I:onsidered an Independent feder31
judiciary essential to ensure fairness and equa1 justoce for aU I:itizens of
the United States. The Constitution they drafted promotes judicial inde-
pendence III two maJor ways. First. federal judges are appointed for life,
and they I:an be removed from office only through impeachment and I:on-
voction by Congress of «Trea'iOO., Bribery. or other hig11 nmes and Misde-
meanors.» Second, the Constitution provides that the oompenc;ation of
federal judges «shall not be diminished during their Continuance m O£-
foce.« whkh means that neither the President nor the Congress I:an reduce
the salary of a federal Judge. These two protections help an Independent
judidary to decide cases free from popular passions and politocal influ-
ence.
The US I:ourl system is wrnplex; the judiciary is divided into the fed-
eral and state judidary. Individuals fu.11 under the jurisdiction of two dif-
IBB

ferent court systems, their statel:ourts and federal I:ourts. Eoch state runs
its own court system. and no two are Identical fhere is also a system of
federal I:ourts whkh I:oexist with the statel:ouns. People I:an sue In either
system but the majority of I:ases go to the statel:ourts.
The system of federal courts is like a pyramid. The lowest I:ourts in
the Federal Court sy<;km are the distril:t courts where litigation begins.
There are about ninety distnct I:Ourts in different parts of the USA and
about two hundred dlstnl:t judges. Most I:rimlnal and I:ivil I:ases are tned
by dlstrkt I:ourts. The dlstrkt 1:0urt is the only Federal I:ourt where trials
are held.juries are used, and witnesses are I:alled
The USA is divided into elevenjudidal circuits and eal:h of them has
a Federal Court of Appeals whll:h hears appeals from lower courts. To
appeal means to take a I:ase to a higher court. As a ru1e a Federal Court of
Appeals sits with ttu-ee judges on the bench.
The Supreme Court is the hig11estjudidal body of the United States. It
is at the top of the pyramid of the US federal I:OUrts. Above the main en-
trance of the Supreme Court Building in Washington we can see tile fol-
lowing words: «Equal Justil:e Under Law». The Supreme Court has the
right to declare lU1constitutional any law passed by the Coogress or any
decree issued by the President. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief
JustIce ofthe USA and eig1u Associate Justices. They are all appointed by
the President and approved by the Senate. The Federal Courts of Appeats
and the Supreme Court are appellatel:ourts. The decision of the Supreme
Court i<; fmal.
? ANSWER mE FOLLOWING QUESTlON£
I. What are the branches ot the federal government'!
2. How does Artkle III of tile US Constitution establish tile judkial
branl:h ofthe federal government?
3. Why are the federal I:Ourts the guardians ofthe US Constitution?
4. What are the functions of the federal I:Ourts in the USA?
5. Do the federal I:ourts have the power to enforce the laws?
6. Old the FoundIng Fathers of the American nation I:onsider an in-
dependent federal judkiary essential to ensure fairness and equal
justke for aU I:dizens ofthe United States?
\89

7. How does the US Constitution promote judidal independenl:e?
8. Can the society remove a federal judge from offke?
9. Who I:a/l reduce the salary of a federal judge during his continu-
ancemoflke?
10. How many 1:0urt systems I:ocxisl in the USA?
II. Whal are the lowest I:ouns in the US Federal Court syslem? Whal
a["ltheirfunctlons'?
12. What aft: the fimctions of tht: Federal Court of Appeals in the
USA?
13. What docs it mean «to appeal»?
14. What IS the highestjudll:JaJ body ofthe United States?
15. WhaI words I:an we see above the main emrance of the Supreme
Court BwWing In Washington?
16. What are the functions ofthe Supreme Court?
17 Are the Federal Courts of Appeals and the Supreme Court appel-
latel:ourts?
18. Is the decision ofthe Supreme Court final?
Task 3. Complete the sentences using the words and word combina-
tions from the box. If necessary, consult Englsh-Russlon dldlonanes.
cnforcelaws
sqw-o!Ie and dlstmct
to ensure fairness and
equal justIce
the guardi:ms of the
Constitution
a federal judge
legislative, executive
iIIldjudlcrnl
rig1tsandllberties
10 resolve disputes
judlcllilmdt:pendence
hears.JPPCB1s
forlrre
mak......lm-vs
appellatcl:ourts
distrkll:ourts
the SuprrnJe Court
unconsl1lutlunal
Equal Justke
fmal
(I) There are three _ branches of the federal goverrunent:_.
(2) The federal I:ourts are because !heir rulings protect
guaranteedbytheConstit11. -
(3) The federal 1:0urts interpret and apply the law _.
(4) The Congress ---J the President and the executive branch de-
partments and agendes_.
190

(5) An independent federal judldary is essentia1 _ for aU I:itizens
ofthe United States.
(6) The US ConstitutLon promctes _ in two major ways"
(7) Nobody I:an reduce the salary of _ dunn,g his oontirwarJce in of-
fice"
(8) Federa1judges are appointed_"
(9) The lowest I:ourts in the Federal Court system are the _ where
litigation begins.
(10) There are eleven judicial circuits in the USA and each of them
has a Federal Court of Appeals whkh _ from lowerwurts.
(II) _ is the highesljudidal body of the United States.
(12) Above the main entrance of the Supreme Court Building in
Washington we I:an see the fOllowing words: I under lavm.
(13) The Supreme Court has the right to dec1are _ any law of the
Congress or any decree ofthe President.
(14) The Federal Courts of Appeals and the Supreme Court are_"
(15) The decision of the Supreme Court is_"
UJ Ta,k 4. Tmoo'ate the follo.,;ng wmd, a"d wmd comb,"a-
lions into English.
(I) CTaTb III KoHC-nnyl(HI1 Coe1Il1HeHHhLX WTaToB; l:y.ne6H(i.II BJ1anb;
3IIKOHo.QaTeIlbH(i.II BJlacTb; I1CnOJlHHTeJlbHaJl BJlal:Tb; rapaHT KaJc-rn-ryl(HI1;
l}Je.n;epanbHbLH CYJI; 3aLUHll\aTb npaBa 11 l:006oJ:\bl; I: nOMombJO cnpaBelJ,Jll1-
BblX 11 6ecnpI1ClplCTHbIX peweHHH; HHTepnpen:!poBBTb 11 npHMeHJlTb JB-
KOHbL; C1p)'lO)'pbl H nOJIpBJLlClJeHI1J1 I1CnOJlHI1TeJlbHOH BJlOCTH; o6ecne-
IJl1Tb I:npaBelJ,Jll1BOCTb 11 paBHoe npaBocYI\l1e; o6eCne'lHTb HeJaBlICllMOCTb
I:YIlonpol1JBO.QCTIJiI; OTLlbL-OCHOBaTeJlI1 aMepHKaHcKoH HaUHI1; HaJHa'laTb
nOJKH3HeHHO; I:HJlTb I: JIOJDK1JOCTI:!; YMeHbLUHTb Japa6oTHYlO nmrry; npH-
HJlTb peweHHe no lIeJlY; He3aBHCHMO OT o6mecTBeHHoro MHeHl1fl H nOJlI1-
TH'JeCKoro.uaBJleHHft
(2) nOlInal!aTb nOlI IOpI-lC1IHKl(I1lO; wcyrneCTBQBaTb; l:y.l\hJ WTaTOB; l}Jel!e-
panbHble I:YlIbl; nOlIaTb I1CK; 60JlbWI1HCTBO .ueJl; I:YJIe6Hoe pa36l1paTenb-
CTBO / Tfl:lK6a; OKp)')KHOH I:YlI; aneJJJlftUHOHHbli1 \:y.u; BepXOBHblH CYlI;
BbLCwHi1 l:y.ue6HbLH opraH; 06bftBHTb HeKOHCTIfl)'UlIOtIHbLM; yM3 npe3H-
J9J

JleHTa; rJJaBHblH I:YJlb.ll/ npellCellaTeJlbcrB)'lQillHH I:Yllb.ll: pal:CMa1pHBaTb
8neJl!UIUHH.
(3) CYlle6HIDI CHCTeMa CWA HMeeT JIBe napaJIJleJlbHble CHCTeMbl CYJlO-
npomBOlICTBa: l}Jel!epaJIbHYIO I:HCTeMY H I:YJlonpOH3BOlICTBO B KIDI(llOM
lllTaTe. Ka)!()\blll WTBT HMeeT I:BOIQ c06cTBeHHYIQ I:YJle6HYIQ cuc-reNy, Ii
npH 3TOM HIi OlIHa H3 HHX He noxolKa Ha JIpyrylQ. fpmt\llflHe nOlInBJlflIOT
nOlI IQPIiC.rPiKUHIQ JIByx pa3Hblx CYJle6HbiX I:I1CTeM: l}Jel!epa.nbHbIX l:yJlOB
H I:YlIOB Taro llITaTI!, rJle OHH npolKHBalOT.lIlQlIH MOryr nOlIaTb HeK B I:YJJ:
rno6oii Ii3 3THX 1IB)'X I:IiCTeM CYlIonpOH3BOlICTBa, HO 60JlhWHHCTBO JJ:eJl
paCCMa1pHBaIOTCjJ B CYJlax IIITaTOB.
CUCTt'Ma l}>el!epaJIbHblX I:YlIOB nOlIo5Ha nHpaMtUle. HHJwajJ I:YJre6HajJ
HHCTaHUHJI B l}Jel!epaJIbHOH I:Y.u.e6Hoii CHCJeMe - 3TO paHOHHble {)'Ilhl,
rJle H Ha1JIiHaeTCjJ CYJlOnpOH3BOllCTBO. B paJHblX 1JaCTjJX ClllA JaCeJJaIOT
OKOJlO 90 paHoHHbIX I:YJlOB Ii OKOJlO 200 I:YJleii. 1)000bWHHCTBO yrOJlOBHblX
H Ipa)l(1IaHCKHX JleJl paccMa1pIIBalOTCJI IiMeHHO paHoHHblMH CYJlaMH. PaH-
OHHblH I:YJl -:}TO elIHHcTBeHHblH l}>el!epaJIbHblj:j cyJI, rJle JleJlO cJlywaeT-
1:.11 I: Y40cTHeM cy.Qa npI1CI'I}J(HbIX, Bb13hlBalOTCjJ CBi11IeTeJlH.
CWA JJ:eJl.llTCjJ Ha II I:YJJ:e6Hblx OKpyrOB, H B Jamc;J:\ON Ii3 HIiX eCTb
l}Jel!epa.nbHbIH aneJlJljJl\HOHHbIH CYlI, KOl"OpI>IH pacCMaTpHBaeT aneJUI.IIUHIi
H3 CYllOB HH3wej:j HHCTaHl\HH. n01I8-Tb 8neJlJljJl\HIO -:no ]Ha1JHT nOJUITh
anelUljJl\HOHHYIO )({aJ]o6y B l:yJl BhlcweH HHCTaHl\(JH.
BepxoBHblH CY.Q I'IBJ]l'IeTCjJ BblCWHM CY.Qe6HbIM opraHoM ClllA. Y He-
ro el:Tb npaBO 06bjJBHTb HeKOHCTIfIYl\HOHHblM mo60J:i JaKOH. npHHj]Tblll
KOHJ]JOCCOM. H nlQ60J:i YKaJ npeJH,lIeHI<L BepxOOHblU CYJl ClllA I:OCTOHT
HJ flpelICelUlTeJljJ Cyna H BOCbMIi1JJleHOB. OHH Bce H3"JHa1JaIOTCjJ npe3H-
JleHTOM, H HX I\8HJ1Iwmypbl nOmKHb! 6hlTh Ono6peHbI CeHaTOM. PeweHHe
BepxOOHOffi CYM JlBJljJeTC.II OI«JH1Ja"J-eJIbHbIM.
192

..
"'--" FROM A limE BOOK CALLED «DISORDER IN THE COURT"
These an Ihillgs people aClually said in court, word by word
Q. What IS your date ofblrth?
A.Julyl5
Q.Whatyear'?
A: Every year.
Q DId he kill you?
Q: You were there unlll the [[me you
lefl,lsthattrue?
Q: How old is your son?
A: 35 or38,ll:an'trcmcmbcr.
Q: How long has he lived wllh yuu?
A:45 years.
Q: How many urnes have you I:Offi-
mlttcdsulCJdc?
Q. How was your first marriage ter-
minated')
Q: Now doctor, Isn't It true tllat\\ber1 A.Bydeath
a person dies in his sleep, he doesn't Q: And by \\hose death was it termi-
know about It untilihe next morning? nated?
Tos" 5. Study Ine text below, making sure you fully com-
prehend it \Nhere oppropriole, consull English-Russian dic-
tionaries and/or other reference & source books on low
THE US CONSTITUTION
The Constitution of the United States of Amerka is the Slq:retne law afthe
United States. It is the foundation and source of the legal authority. It pro-
vides the framework for the organjzatjon vfrne United States Government.
John Lo...--k£ (1632---1704) was 8JJ English
philosopher famous for social cordract
theory. This theory tries to explain the
ways In which peop1e fOml slates and
aa::;;: leth:o;o;PI:fg: ,
up some rights to a government or other
authonty In ordr to rcelvc or maIntain
social ordr.
193

The doctnJent defines the three mam branches of tile government: The leg-
islative branch with a bicamernl Congress, an executive branch led by the
President, and a judidal branch headed by the Supreme Court. Besides
providing for the organization of these branches. the Constitution carefully
outlines whkh powers each branch may exercISe. It also reserves numet1JlIS
rights for the individual states. thereby eSlablishing the United States'
federal system of government. It is the shortest and oldest written
I:onslitution of any major sovereign state.
The United States ConstLtutLOJI was adopted on September 17, 1787, by
the Constitutional Convention ill Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and later
ratified by I:onventions in eoch U.S. state in the name of ((The People»; it
has since been amended tv.enty-seven times, the first ten amendments be-
ing known as the Bill of Rights. The Artides of Confederation and Perpet-
ual Union ' was actually the first I:onstitution of the United States of Amer-
il:a. The U.S. Constitution replaced the Artldes of Confederation as the
governmg document for the United States after being ratified by nine
states. The Constitution has a l:entraJ place in United States law and
pohtll:alculture.
HISTORICAL INflUENCES
Several of the Ideas in the Constitution were new, and a large number
of ideas were drawn from the literature of Republicanism in the United
States, from the experiences ofthe IJ states, and from the British experi-
ence wIth mixed government.
Char/e,-LouIS ,\/vnIeliqllleu (IM9-1755) is famous
for hIs articulation of the tlrory of separatIon of
powers, taken for grarf<:d in modem discll'l'lton<: of
government and implemented in many I:onstitutions
t:hrougbout the world. He was Iar,ge1y n:sJ1OfflIble for
the populanzallon of the terms feudahsm and
Byzam.inel:.mpire
The most Important mfluence from the European l:ontlnent was from
Montesquieu, who emphastzed the need to have balanced forces pushing
ICTaTbHI1BeLJHoroI:OI03a.
194

against each other to jXeVmI: tyranny. (This in itself reflects the influern:e
ofPolybius' 2rn:\ I:entul)' BC treatise on the checks and balances of the con-
slitution of the Roman Republk). John Locke is known to have been a ma-
jor influence, and the Que process dallse of the United States Constinltion
was partly based on common law stretching back to the Magna Carta of
1215.
Injluencef on the Bill ofRtgl1/s
The United States Bill of Rights I:onsists ofthe ten amendments added
to the Constitution in 1791, as SlJAXKIerS of the mnstitution had promised
I:ritil:s during the debates of 1788. The English Bill of Rights (1689) was an
inspiration for the Amerkan Bill of Rights. For example, both require jUl)'
trials, I:ontain a right to keep and bear anns, and prohibit exceSSLve bail as
well as «(cruel and unusual punistun.-nt<:». Many liberties prok\."1ed by state
I:onstitutions were incOlJJorated into the United States Bill ofRJghts.
?
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
I. What does the US Constitution provide for?
2. What dOCllments arn:\ Ideas influenl:ed the US Con'ttltutlon'!
3. What is US Bill of Rights'? Why was the Bill adopted?
4. What do you know about J. Lock's and Montesquieu's theories?
Task 6. Find the equivalents in the tex!:
I}JyHlIBMem I1I1CTO'-1H(JK npaBa
B03r1JaBJUleMblll BepxoBHbIM CYlIOM
06eCnC'lHBaTb OpraHHJal\HJO 3THX BerneH
KaKHe nOJlHOMO'-1IUI KaJKlIM BeTBb MOJKeT ocYIlleC11UUlTh
onpel!eJlHTb T)JH r1JaBHble BeTBH BJlaCTH ('IaKOHolIaTeJJbHM, I1C-
nOJlHI1TeJlbHM,I:Yll e 6HM)
'1eTKO o'JeprifIb (onpel!eJUITb) BJlacrHbIe nOJlHOMO'-1W1 KIDKIlOH BeTBH
1IBYXn8JIaTHbJHKOHrpeCC
ooxpaHHTh npaBa OTIIeJlbHbIX llITaTOB
I:HCTeMa Cllep»reK 11 npoTHBOBeCOB KOtiC1lfI)UHI1
13.ll0XHOBeHI1e
Tpe60BaTb <:y1la npHC$I)J(HblX
31!npell\aTh HenoMepHuii 'I8Jl0r
I:B06oD,bJ. 3alUIUlll'HHbJe KOHCTH1)'UHJfMH WTIITOB
195

INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE US CONSTITUTION
(I) There are several deril:al errors in the original text of the Cmstitu-
tion. The most kno\VT1 ofthem is the spelling ofthe State ofPennsyl-
vania in the list of the delegates, who had signed the Constitution,
with one «m> -«Pensvlvania». In addition to that, some words In the
Constitutions are wnnen according to the rules of British English,
whil:h differ from the Amerkan one; by then the Amerkan spelrmg
standards haven't been estabhshed yet.
(2) The text of the US ConstitutIon doesn't speedy \-\110 has the ng11t to vote.
As a result, in early days ofthe Union only vJ1ite men \-\110 owned prop-
erty I:ould take part in the e\eclions. The African Americans weren't con-
sidered as citizms. and \\fOO)eIJ were also e>«:luded from voting. NatIve
Americans I:ouldn't vote up until 1924.
(3) Out of forty-two delegates who were presem al the ConventIon,
thirty-nine signed the Constitution. The delegates from Virginia and
Massachusetts refused to sign the docwnent partly because it didn't
have the bill ofrights.
(4) When It was time to ratify the Constitution by the states. the absence
ofthe bill ofrights be<:ame the main stumbling block.
(5) Benjamin Franklin was the oldest man to sign the Constitution. He
was 81 at the moment of signing of the document. Although Benja-
min Franklin's mind was still sharp, his body wouldn'1 obey him. He
I:ould hardly walk.. He would be brought in the hall of the COWlCIl in
the palanquin held by four inmates from the Walnut Street Prison in
Philadelphia. When done, he had tears rolling down his I:heeks. Jonathan
Dayton, 26, from New Jersey. was the youngest one.
(6) The first national Thanksgiving Day was I:elebrated on November 26,
1789. It took place upon the decision of Congre;s and President
George Wasl1illgton. The desire to (<thanlo} for the new Constitution
became the reason behind the hohday.
(7) Initially, the founders of the document faced the queslion of how to
address the President. The Senate offered the title «His HIghness. the
President of the United States, and ProteI::I:ct" of thar LIbertIes}}. But
eventually. the House of RepresentatIves and the Senate agreed on the
«President ofthe United States}}.
(8) The word «detnocraI:y}} never shows in the text ofthe Constitution.
196

(9) The Constitutional COlU1Cil proposed to limIt the I:ountry's reguJar
anny to 5,000 troops. Sarcastil:ally, George Washington responded
that he would I:ertainly agree. provided that the same section of the
document would also stipulate that the invader annies I:an't attack
with more than 3,000 soJdiers.
(10) In 1876, an offer was introduced to amend the ConstItutIon and abol-
ish the Senate. In 1893, they I:ame up with an amt:ndmt:nt to renaming
the USA into the United States of Earth.
judicial
judicially
judiciar)'
Task 7.(0) Study the following words and word combinations:
judicature
juslice
to adminisler juslice
process
process of the court
forged process
a summons
to serve a \\'itness with
a summons I 10 sum-
monawitness
subpoena
deputy
I:YlIe6HbIH,I:YJleHCKHH
B I:YlIe6HoM nop.ll.1lKe
(I) (;)'e6HbIH, (;)'lIeHcKHH; (2) I:YA. (;)'lIe6HaJI
 (3)l:y.uOYCTpaHCTBO
(I) OTnpaBJ1eHlJe llJl6!IOC}.DIJ.II; IOpI1C.llHKUI1JJ;
(2) l:y.uOYCTpOHCTBO; I:HCTeMa cYlle6Hblx opra-
HOB; (;)'11; (3) nl-\Ua cYlIe6Hoj{ npo4rccl-ll-l
(I) I:npaBelIJll-IBOCTb; (2) npaBOCYlIHe, IOCTH-
UH:II; (3) (;)'lIb:ll
ompaB.f1JJTh npaBoCYllHe
(I) npHlal] I:YlI8; oco6. npHKaJ 0 BbIJOBe B I:YIl;
(2) npouel!ypa, nopAAoK, npOHJBOlICTBO JleJl;
(;)'JIOnpol-l3BOlICTBO; npoueccyanbHble HOpMbI;
npouecc; (3) KOnHJI npOI1JBO.llCTBa no lIcny
(HanpaBJI:lleMa:l! B BbllUeCTO:llw,y1O HHCTaHUHIO)
(I) I:YJIe6m.IH npHKaJ; (2) I:YJlOCPOlIJl!QllCTBO;
(3) npoTOKOJI (;)'JIe6HOro IlpOIfJBOlICTB3 (Hanpa»-
meMblj{ B Bblllft'TOAll}'IOI:Ylle6HYIO J-D-jCTaHUJ-IlO)
(I) .paJIbCI-I.pHUHpooaHHblj{ l:ye6Hblll npouecc;
(2) .paJIbCH.pllllHpoBBHHbIH npOTOKOJI I:Ylle6Ho-
ronpouecca
nOBeCTJGlBcYJI
BblJblBaTb I:BHlIeTeJ1:1! noBeCThOj{ B I:Yll
nOBeCTKa B I:yn (nOlI crpa'!{OM HaKa3aHI-I:II HJlI-I
mrpa.pa BI:JI)"Iae He.llBKH)
(I) lIenyraT; npeJIcramn-eJlb; (2) :m"ec....lTellb,
nOMOIllHl-iK
197

(b) Wlatd1 the English expressions WlIh their Russian equiYdents in the table:
(al l:yne6HblJJ opraH
(11 judkial system judil:iary
system
(2) juclidal abuse
(3) judkial administration
(4) judil:ialbody
(5) juclicialaward
(6) judidalbranch
(7) juclicialcircuit
(8) judidal derk
(9) juclidallaw
(10) Juclil:ial proceeding (s)
(I I) juclkial sitting
(l2)juclkialwrits
(13) juclicially charged
(14)judida1ly appointed expert
(15) .udll:iarvl:ommittee
(b) q-ne6Hb1H OKpyr
(I:) I:Ylle6HaSi CIk.-reMa
(d) l:eKpeTapb; CmpYIIHHK K3HItelliIPIIJ:I
q-lIa; l:yne6Hb!H KJlepK
(e) npHMeHeHHe (HOpM npaBa, 3aKoHa)
B I:Y.9.e5HOM nopJ!llKe
(f) q-ne6Hoe npaBo
(gl I:YlIe6Hoe 3JlO}'JIOJpe6neHHe
(h) I:Y.9.0nIX)Jl300l\CTOO; I:Y.9.e6Hblii
npouecc
(i) q-ne6HaJ! BJlaCTb
(j) q-ne6Hoe peweHHe
(k) npl1KB3bII:YJIB
(I) 06BHH.lleMblll B q-ne6HoM nopJ!.llKe
(m)lOptl1ll:l<JeclmH KOMHTI:f (I: n8..rJa"re
npe,!1l.'T3BI1TeJ1ej{HBl:eHaTeCWAl
(n) l:yne6HOe 3ace.llBHHe
(0) 3KCnem- no Ha3Ho1<JeHHJ{) I:vna
(c) Matd, the English expressions with their Russian equivalents in the
table
(I) justil:einc01Jrt
(2) justkeofthepeace
(3) to administer justice
(4) breachofJus!ll:e
(5) wbringtoJustil:e
(6) I:hiefjustice
(7) crimina1justice
(8) tofleefromjustke
(9) deputy attorney
(10) deputy foreman
( II) deputy judge
(12) s la1d
(a) OTI1J:€IB.fUITbnpaBocynHe
(b) q-lIb.ll B l:y.ne5HOM 381:elIBHHH
(I:) HeCnpaBe1tJIHBOCTb
(d) llpeJIaBaTb q-ny; OTnaBaTb B PYKI-i
npaBOCYJIM.II
(e) yroJloBHaSi IOCTI-iUH.II; npaBocynHe
no )'TOIIOBHblM neJlaM
(£) MHpOBOi1I:YllbSi
(g) yKpblBaTbCSI OT np8BOcynHJI
(h) npellCe.llBTeJlbCTBYIOIUHi1 I:y.nb.ll
(i) nOMOWHHK cynbl-i
(j) npe.1lCTaBHTeJlb I: orpaHl1lJeHHblMlJ
nOJlHOM04H.IIMH
(k) 3aMeC11I"re/Ib CTaplUlJHbll1]JIICDKHNX
ell nOMOWHlJKaJIBOKaTa
198

(I) toprocessacase
(2) toprocess81:harge
(3) to process documents
(dj Match the English expressions with their Russian eq.Jivolents in the
table
(4) processofprosecutlon
(5) legal process
(6) fina1process
(7) to serve a process
(8) to violate due proce<;<>
rights
(9) void process
(10) to serve a witness with a
summons
(a) B036yACJJ8Tb 06BHHeHe
(b) npoTOKOJlbl 06Bl-DJeHJI
(I:) I:YlIe6HblH npHKa3; qnonpoH3BOlI-
CTBO
(d) "CnOJlHTeJ]bHbIH npHKa3 I:yna
(e) Ha'JaTb neJlo; npe(;JJt'JlOBBTh B q-
ne6HOM nOp!!llKe
(f)nOK)'MeHTb[
(g) I:YlIe6HblH npHKa3, He HMelOillHH
IOpI1.ll H 'JecKoHc(JJlbl
(h) Bpy'JaTb l:yne6HblH nPHKB3
(I) To take judicial proceedings
against smb means
(e) Complete the sentences using the word combinations from the
second column:
(i) BbtlbIBaThI:BHlIereJlJlnOBeClKOHBl:yn
(j) HapywaTb npaBa Ha I:06.JlIOJ\eH(Je
J\OJlJKHOH npol(ellYpbl
(2) A jooidal separation is the
right
(3) AJooicial murder is
(4) Ajooiciary system is
(5) Judil:atureis
(6) The Supreme Court of Judi-
I:atureis
(7) AmanwithaJudil:Ja1nundis
(a) to separate from a husband or
wife, granted by ajudge, usually
with arrangements favourable to
the wronged person concerning
money or I:hildren.
(b) a legal but unjust sentence of
death.
(C) a system of law courts in a
I:ountry.
(d) to bring a law case against him.
(e) the full tItle of the English
CourtsofJustll:e.
(f) al:ritical impartial person.
(g) an ambiguous sentence or artide
in the law.
199

(8) AJuclil:iaryjokeris (h) administration of just ice, on the
one hand, and the body of
judge<;., on the other hand.
(9) Process is (i) the sheriff's offker who delivers
writs
(10) A summons is (j) summons or writ ordering a per-
son to appear in a law l:oul1.
(II) A proce.s.s-.server is (k) to undergo a period of impris-
onment.
(12) To serve a sentence means (I) an order to appear before a
juclge or magIstrate.
(ij Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations
from the box. If necessary, consult Eng'ish-Russian dictionaries.
'''"''"'''''
judkia1
admimster (2)
justified
to serve a SlltflIfIOI1S
justil:e
served
Justke
(I) The_was served by a bailifI
(2) Each  distrkt is served by a I:hief magistrate and a nwnber
of magistrates.
(3) He has already _ three years of his sentence.
(4) _ is to deliver a summons to the person named in iL
(5) The I:riminal was fma1ly brought to _ _.
(6) The Department of  is the e-<ecutlve department, headed by
the Attorney General, supervising internal security, immigratIon,
naturalizatlon,etc.
(7) The Pnme Mmlster  the action of the Government.
(8) To the law means to apply the law
(9) Don'tpunishment to this man. He is innocent.
200

...c.  Task B. Look through the laws and by-laws below and
-w- think if over why they hoven't been cancelled yet
... In Texas, USA. It is iIlegaJ to swear near a I:orpse.
... In the town of New Ark. New Jersey. USA, it is iJlegal to buy il:e-
I:ream after 6 p.m. without written permissIon from your doctor.
... There is a law in Michigan, USA. which says that the husband is
the owner of his wife's hair.
.. In Kentucky, USA, it is illegal to I:any Ice-cream in the back
pocketofyourboUK
... In some towns of Colorado, USA, it is illegal fora man to kiss a
sleeping woman. In some towns ofNevooa, USA, it is illegal for men with
moust&:he to kISS women.
... In the town of Providence, Rhode Island, it is illegal for shop own-
ers to se1l tooth-paste and tooth brushes to the same buyer on Sundays.
... According to the laws ofsevera1 states in the USA women can di-
vorce their husbands if they prove that the men snore too loudly at night.
... In the town of Zion. Illinois, it is illegal to give dgars to pets.
... In Saint Louis, Missouri. a fireman has no right to save a woman if
she is wearing a mght-gown.
... In Baltimore, Maryland, it is illegal to bring a lion to the dnema.
...In Pennsylvania there is a law whil:h says that a man has no right to
buy akoholic dnnks wltoout written pennisslon of his wife.
Note:
itisiUega1-3ToHC"JaKOHHO
10 swear-( I) (:ill.) pyl"aTh<:Jl., 6oroxYJIbCTOOBaTb; (2) IUIJ!CThCj[
al:orpsl:-1])yn
wnlten permission - [QICbMeHHOC pa3peweHl1e
Task 9. Replace tne underlined words and word combinotions witn
the words from the box If necessary, consult English-Russian diction-
aries and/or other reference & source books on law.
resolved (4)
discharged (2)
discharge (3)
olTeocelotfffise
imposed
traffk violations
offended
with
201

(I) He decided that nothing should hold him bock.
(2) He seDarated the problem into its elements.
(3) The accused man was found not guilty and was allowed to leave
(4) He decided to succeed
(5) The House of Commons converted itself into a committee.
(6) He is faithful intheofhisduties.
(7) The members of the JUry wen set free from their duties
(8) How long will the unloadinl! of the I:argo take?
(9) Will $100 be enough for the  of your liabilities?
(10) He was charged with a serious I:rime a!!ainsl the law.
(II) He ccrnmitted an offence against good manners, traditions and
the law.
(12) If a person is convkled of I:enain trank offelises, the Virgmia
Department ofMo!or Vehides will assess points against the per-
son's driver's Ikense. This is in addition to any sentence 
by the judge.
(I) A misdemeanor is
(2) A by-lawlbye-Iaw is
Task 10. Match the legal terms on the left with their definitions on the
right.
(3) A felony is
(4) A telon IS a person
(5) A defendant is a person
(6) A plaintiff is a person
(a) who brings an action at law.
(b) who has I:ommitted I:er!aln ac-
tions whicl1, if committed by
adults. wouW not be I:onsidered
I:riminal offenses such as
truanc) or habitually running
away from home.
11:) a legal offence less serious than
a felony_ It is any I:harge whil:h
I:arries a penalty of no more
than one year inJail or a fme of
up to $2.500, or both
(d) under IS.
(e) who offends by breaking the
law.
(f) a law or regulation made by a
local, rather than a I:entral. au-
thorit.
202

(7) An offender is a person
(8) First offenders are I:riminals
(9) An old offender is a person
(10) A Juvenile is any person
(II) Ade1inquentis ajuvenile
(12) A «child in need of services»
(CHINS) is aJuvenile
(13) Child abuse and neglect in-
volves
(g) found guilty for the first time
and not usuall) treated se-
verely.
rh) who has often been found
guilty.
(i) against whom a lega1 action is
brought.
(j) who has I:ommitted an act
whil:h would be a I:rime if
I:ommitted by an aduk.
(k) guilty ofa felony.
(I) the improper I:are or violem
handling of juveniles.
(m) a major serious I:nml; e.g. mur-
der, anned robbery, arson. It is
any I:harge \-\IDl:h may be punish-
able bv more than one year in . aLl
Task 11. Look Ihrough the laws and by-laws below
4, :s,; ? :  and comment on the slupidest one.
'!/ """""" In Sarasota it is iIIega1 to sing in a publk place if
you are wearing a swimming rostume.
... In Indiana it is illegal to swim in prnds, lakes and rivers in winter.
... There IS a law in Iowa \-\>hkh says that kisses may last not more
than five minutes.
... In Oklahoma, USA, the judge may sentence you to prison if you
tease a dog.
... In Alaska it is illega1 to throw a living deer out of a flying plane.
... In Connectkut it is Illegal to I:TOSS the street on your hands.
... In Florida there IS a law whIch forbids unmarried women to jump
with a parachute on Sundays otherwise the polke may arrest them, fine
them or the judge may send them to prison
... In Texas, USA, before 1932 an escape from prison was not I:onsid-
ered a (;Time If the prisoner escaped without using flTe anns.
... If you leave an elephant on the parking lot in Florida you must pay
for the parking as if it were a I:ar.
... In Indiana it is illegal to go to the dnema or to the theatre or use
publk transport if you ate garlk less than four hours before that.
NOTe:
parkinglot-CTOIIIJKa, MecrO,!V1fl napKOBKH
203

Task 12. Match the English expressions with their Russian " ")
equivalents in the tables: ...,
(0)
(I) trial I:ourt of general jurisdic- (a) ocymeCTB.MITb lOpHC)].HKI!I-1IO
tion
(2) to exercise jurisdiction
(3) to extend the junsdktlon
oversm!h
(4) origina1jurisdic:tion
(5) appellate jurisdiction
(6) dvil daim
(7) dVI!1:8Se
(81 concurrentjurisdklion
(9) pemtentlary
(IU) mdictment
<"> indktmentofgrandjury
(12) I:ertification
(13) divorce proceedings
(14) will
(15) property disputes
(16) aclontion oroceedin!!S
(b) 3nenru1J!H011HaJI IOpHI:)lHKl.\I.{j]
(npaBo BbJWeCTmlUlero I:YlIa ne-
pecroo-rpe1b npl-lroBOp 1-111H pc-
rueHHeHHAreCTOSIl1!erOI:Y.na)
(I:) napaJ1J1eJlbHa1l (I:OBnaLJ,atOlllBJl)
IOpHC.!lHKUH}I
(d) HcnpaBHTeJlbHoe y"peJK,l],eHHe
TlopeMHoro THn3
(e) 06BHHIfreJlLJ-JblH aKT 60JlbWOro
I:JleJl(;"IBeHHOrOJlClOpH
(f) npol\C1I)'pa III (06pa-
rneHHelll'DKeCTOKlllerol:)'lliI B Bb]-
wecroaWHH3al:npaBKoi'inoCJ!OJK-
HOM)' K1JIQNf<:KOIII}' BOrIJXlCY B
I:IDI3I-1I:.l\enoM)
tg) 6paKopaJBOllHblii npouecc
rh) .neJla 06 YCblHOBJleHHU / YlIolJe-
peHHH
(i) 10pncIlIU<IlI1JI I:Y1I3 nepoou HH-
I:TaHW1H / pacCMOTpeHHe neJl no
nepBoj:jrlHCTaHQlfH
(j) I:YlI nepBoH I1HCTaHllHH 06wei1
topUl:DJIKUHH
(k) 3aBeUt8HHe
(I) I1M)'I11CCTBe11HbIel:nOpbl
(m)o6BHHlITeJlbHbIH aKT. npel!"bJlB-
neHHe 06BHHeHH:R
(n) rpa)l()13HCKOe,l\eJlO
(0) pal:npocrpaHHlb KpIJ(;]lHKW1){)
H3'HO-JmOO
en) mmK1I3HCKHj:j MCK
204

Ib)
(\l to convene a grand jury
(2) tenn of appeal
(3) tenn ofimprisonr"urt
(4) term of office
(5) [enn of punishment
(6) [enn of the court
(7) tenn of the grana jury
(8) tenn of the JUry
(91 to stand tnal
(10) billofinrlictment
(II) specia1juI)
(12) malfeasarn:e of gmemrnenta]
offidals
(13) Court of Appeals / Appellate
Court
(14) appeal from a decISion ofthe
oourt
(15) petition for appeal
(a) I:pOK nOJlHQMO'll1fi I:Y.na naHHQ-
rol:OCTIma
(b) I:pOK npe6blBaHI1J1 B nOJDICHOCTII.
I:pOK nOJIHOMOljl1H
(I:) I:pOK nOJlHOMo<mll I:OCTaBa
60JlbWOrO:l(()opl1
(d) npel!crau nepel! l:ynoM
(e) I:03Ban 6oJlbllloe CJlelICTBeHHoe
)((IOPH
(f) 06BI-IHHTeJlbHblH alIT; npoeKT
06BHHHTeJlbHOro aKTa
(g) .l\OJl)JQJOCTHDe npecryllileHHe
-
(h) I:pOK H3KalaHHJI (no JaKoHY)
(i)i1(;yn(BJ>!IlI.Curra-
IDB ClllA []JXJMeJK)TO'-IHWI HHCIaH-
UHIIMeJKl\YcY1IaMl1nepBOHilliCIaH-
'-lHH I-J BepXOOI-tiM (;yJlOM nmrra)
(j) npocb6a 06 aneJlJUlUHI1; aneJl-
J1.1111HOHHaJl >KaII06a
(k) I:pOK npaBOMO'II-iH I:OCTaBa npH-
1:!I)J(HblX
(I) I:pOKnOllB<ll1alIeJIIDlUHH
(m)l:neUHW1bHblj:j I:OCT3B npnCJI}I(-
HblX, I:neUHaJlbHOe )(()Opl1 (113
'JHCJla J1H1.4 HMelOillHX o5pa:m-
BaHl1e Ii nO.JlOJKeH!fC B 061l1eCT-
Be, .QJI.!I pa360pa oc06bIX KaTe-
roPHHI:JlO)((Hblxn err )
(n) I:pOK TlOpeMHoro 3aKJIto'JeHHJI
(0) .!IIlC.IllliIQHOIIHaJI )f(aJlO6a Ha pc-
WeHHecyna
205

1<1
(\l writ of mandamus
(2) writ of prohibition
(3) writofhabeasl:orpus
(4) mcarreration / imprisonment
(5) administrative agency
(6) aggrIeved parry
(7) panel of jurors
(8) paneloftrialjudges
(9) olSbannent ohn attorney
(10) the Supreme Court of Vir-
ginia
(II) The Chief Justil:e of the Su-
premeCourt
(12l dispute res01ution
(13) flScalsystern
(14) per:onr.eldepartment
(a) 38KJ1/04eHHeBTJOpbM)';nHllIeHHe
CBOf:io]:u,J; B3S1THe nOlI l:1paJK)';
BOlIBcpeHHe B TlOpeMHYIO KaMe-
py I-IJIH KBpQep
(b) 8JlMHHH(;lJIBTHBHblfi: opraH; npa-
BI1TeJlbCTBCHHoe}"Jpe)K)).eHtre
(I:) ]JaT. I:YJIe6Hb!H npHKBJ ,llOJDKHO-
CTHOMY Jmuy 0 BbmOJlHeHH"
Tpe50BaH(Jj! HCHla
(d)  ymep6 crop(JHa;
crop(JHa,ljbHHtrrepe(;bI
(e) npHKB3 0 JanperneHI-IH npml3-
BO.ll£TBB no ne.rry. JBnpeTIITeJlb-
Hblfi l:y.ne6Hblfi npHlCa3 (lJ3lIaeTCJI
BbillIeCTOJllUHM I:Y.QOM B ueJUlX
HCKJlto'JeHH:R JOPHCl!HKUHH HIJ-
JKeCTORweH HHCTBHUHH)
(f) COCTBB 1:)'1Ia nepBoH IJHCTaHl\HH
(g) lIaT. (;yJ{OOHblll npHKa3 O"3aJJ.Ll1Te
HenpHI<OCJ-JOBeIIHOC J1JIt1HOCTH or
qJcmBOJIbJ-J()mapecraIDlliC)'lIe6-
HbIH npHK.U 0 .!1OCTaBJ1eHffiI B c:y.n
JlHl{a,nolICJPB-
)!(eH,]llliIBWK:J-JCHHJlI1paBOMepHo-
crHeronOlIClpIDKCH
(h) JIHllIeHHe 3BBHlUi BlIBOKam / J1H-
llIeHHe npaBa aliBoKaTCKOH neJl-
TeJlbHOCTH
(I) cnHCOK npocSlA(l{bIX
(j) npe,m:e.Qare.llb BepxoBHOro CYM
(k) pa3peWeHl'le mopoB
(I) 4mHaHI:OBaji I:HUeMa / Hanoro-
B!UlI:HCTeMB
(m)OTlIeJlKaJIpOB
(n) BepxoBHblfi Cy.n BHp)J(HHlm
206

IdJ
(I) to file a lawsuit I an ac- (a) npel!CTaBI-ITb 06BHHHTeJlbHblfi: aKT,
ticn nO)\lJJlJTb 06BHHI-ITeJlbHblM aKT K .neJlY
(2) to file a I:ase (h) JaJlBIITb 06 OOOJU-JeHI-IH, BbIJIBHH)'Th
o6BHHeHHe
(3) tofileal:harge
(4) to file an appeal
(5) to file an indil:tment
(e) nOlIan aneJlJlI'Il!HOHHYIO )f(aJlo6y
(d) nOlIaTblJCK
(e) nOlIWHTb neJlO, nOlIaTb HCK
(I) Equity suits are
Task 13. Molcn the legol terms on the left with their defini-
tions on the nght
(2) fenn of"the I:ourt is
(3) Penitentiary is
(4) Awntis
(5) Inl:arcerationmeans
(6) An aggrieved party is
(7) Civil law is
(8) A writ of habeas corpus is
(9J Cases of habeas I:orpus are
1:8seswhen
(a) a period during whkh a Court
holds session.
(b) pnson for persons guilty of se-
rious I:rimes, esp. one in whkh
refot1Tl of the prisoners is the
mamaim.
(I:) a written order issued in the
name of a ruJer or smb in au-
thcrlly to an oftkml to do or
not to do smth.
(d) a party to a lawsuit feeling thai
it has been treated unjustly.
(e) daims seeking a judgment for
something other than money
(f) law dealing wIth private rights
of dtizens. not with I:rime.
(g) the Supreme Court of Virginia
may order the holder of an of
fke to perfonn his duty.
(h) the Supreme Court of Virginia
may order an ac:tion stopped in
alowerl:ourt
(i) imprisonment.
207

(10) Cases of mandamus are cases- - ()) the Supreme Co-urt o{ Vlrginia-
when may order one hold.ing custody
to produce the detained person
before the Court for the purpose
of d.etenmning whether such
I:ustodyisproper.
(II) Cases of prohibition are I:ases (k) an order requiring a person to
when be brought before a judge or
into I:ourt, esp. to investigate
the right of the law to keep him
in rison.
..
-<....J COLORADO FUNNY LAWS
Card.ealers may no! showl:ars on a Sunday.
No liquor may besold on  orelectLOn days.
To own a dog over three months of age, one must obtain a hl:ense.
ESlablishmet1ls v.-bicb seU alcuhol must have enough lightITII!; to read text
inside them.
Catapults may oot be fired at buildings
It is legal to challenge a polke officer. but only lU1til he or sbe asks you to
stop.
It is pemussJblc toweara holstered six-gun within CLty hrnlts. eXl:ept on
Sunday. Elechon Day. or hohdays.
It IS Illegal to bnng your horse or pack mule above tlle ground floor of all)
bUIWmg.
k is unlav.-ful to lend your vacuum deaner to your nexl-door neIghbor.
You may no! drive a black car on Sundays.
RC'iJdcnts may not own dlickcns, but may own up to threeturkeys.
It is Illegal to let a dandelion grow wlthm tlle I:lty bmits.
208

Un;' 3
THE JURY
Task 1. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend It.
Where opp-opriote, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on law.
JURY
Jury IS a body of" people
who are I:hosen to
decide the truth of
factual evlcleoce in an
ac:tion or legal
proceeding and, on
instruction of the I:ourt,
to apply the law to the
facts. Such a body is
I:alled a petIt jury or
trial jury_ TmditionaIly.
a trial jury 1:0115151s of
12 peopJe, often with one ortwo alternates.
From the History of Jury
The exact origin of the jury system IS not known; vanous wnters have at-
tributed it to different European peoples who at an early period developed
differenl methods of triaL It seems probable that the jury in England was de-
rived directly ITom the Nonnan institution of recognition by sworn inquest,
whereby 12 knights were chosen to serve as recognitors.
As early as the 12th century. it had become wslornaI)' for suitors in I:er-
lain 1:8SeS affecting the tItle to real estate to apply to the King's Court for the
sununoning ofrecognitors to ascertain, either from their own knowledge or
on inquiry ITom others, the truth of the ITIdtter at issue; the verdkt of the
I:ourt. if LUlanimous, was aocepted as oonclusive. It was natural that other
questions of fact arising in the King's Court should be disposed of in a simi-
lar manner, and the gradual transfonnation of the recognitors into the jury
followed as a matter of oourse. Originally, the jury members were not only
judges of fact, but were also wItnesses who were selected because of their
knowledge ofthe I:ustoms and the people ofthe locality, and possibly of the
209

suitors themselves. In the early 15th I:entury. hov.ever. the judges of the
courts of common law restricted the jury to the performance of its function as
a judge of fact based on the evidence submitted in an aClion. This is the sin-
gle function of the Jury in modem r-rnctJCe
Selection ora Jury in the US
In the US the selection ofajury starts when a large group ofdllzens is
l:aUed to appear for jury duty at each term of I:Ourt. They are selected ac-
I:ording to I:onstitutional provisions. Each state has its own qualifkations
for those who may serve on a jury. In general. all JUrors must be US I:iti-
zenS,local residents, of approved integrity, and of reasonable intelhgence.
The group of jurors l:a1led at any one time is known as a panel. Both the
state and federal courts have independent lists of jurors that are made up
under the direction of offidals known as commissioners of jurors. Jurors
are paid, as provided by statute, for time spent serving on jury duty.
At a trial the selection of the JUry is made subject to the directIon of
the presiding judge. The names of the prospedive jurors are drawn by lot
by the c1erkofthe I:ourt. Both the defense and the prosecution may exam-
ine the jurors to ascertain whether I:ause for challenge m any partkular
I:ase eXlsts-that is, whether I:ircumstances eXist that might IIIlproperly
influence ajuror's decisions, such as bias or self-interest. The parties to the
action or their attorneys may then exercise their right to eliminate undesir-
able members from the jury by means of I:hallenge.
Functions of a Jurv
After a satisfoc!OIY jury has been drawn, the jury is sworn, and the
trial proceeds. In gerter.jl, during the progress of a trial. all questions of
law are determined by the I:ourt and questions of fal:t by the jury.
After all the evidence has been presented, the two wunsels, first for
the defendant and then for the plmntiff or prosecution. «sum up,« that is,
each addresses the jury. revIewIng the evidence In the I:ase and comment-
ing on it in a manner favorable to that counsel's side oCthe I:ase. The judge
then makes a I:harge to the jury. The I:harge is a statement of the rules of
law applicable to the evidence in that partkular I:ase. It is given in order to
aid the Jury in rendering a I:orrect verdict. The jury then retires from the
I:ourtroom 10 begin deliberations. These deliberations I:ontinue until an
agreement as to the verdict is reached, or until the presIding judge deems
that the jury I:annot real:h an agreement. The latter I:ase is known as a
hung jury. In the event that no agreement is reoched, a new trial may be
I:alled. All members of ajury must agree on a verdkt, whic:h in a civil trial
may be ((for the plaintiff» or (for the defendant,« and in a I:riminal trial
«guilty» or «not guilty.») (In some states. however, the verdict in a civil
210

tria1 need not be unanimous.) In a dvil trial the JUry is then empowered to
set the amount of any damages. The verdict of a jury is decisive and 1:00-
not be disturbed unless rendered I:ontrary to law or against the weight of
evidence_ In such a I:ase the verdict may be set aside. either by the presid-
ingJudge or later on appeal.
ascertain
Task 2. Find the oppropriole definitions
alternate juror
recognitor
challenge
jury of peers
Oury of one'.!Ij peers)
inquest
suitors
panel
unanimous
hung jury
to disturb the verdict
deliberation
,."quester
report of jury service
OTBOlI (npHDlMHbIM. c:BK,AeTelIlO), .l\3.BaTb
OTBOlI
YCTaHaBJU:!BaTb; onpelIeIlJIIb; BbIJlCWlTh;
YJlOCTOBepJITh
KOJlJlerH.II npHCI'IJKHb!X paBHoro I: nOlICYJlH-
MblMI:OUHarJbHofOCTa1)'ca
(I) I:03bJBan.; (2) Bbl3blBaTb
38MfCTI-fTe11bnpHCI'I)({Horo
(I) nplICIDKHbJj::j; (2) nHUO, nalOlliee 06JJ3a-
TeJJbCTBoBcyne
lJCTeU
pacClJe)lOBaHHe.Jl03HaHHe.I:Jle)],CTBHe
elIHHolIYWHblH. elIHHomacHblH
CnHI:OK npllC.llJ!<HblX JOCenareneH
I'IBHTbC.II JVJ.II 3al:C)IaHH.II cyna npuODKHbIX
mOJlHpOBaTb
KOJlJlerH.II nptlc.IIMHbIX. He npHwelIwHx K
elIl1HoMY MHeHmo
nOCTIlBHTh BOnpOC 0 nepe<:Mmpe Bepl!Hlcra
cOBewaHlJe,of:ic)')KlleHlJe
-1 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESfIONS,
I. Whatlsajury?
2. What is known about tht: origin of ajury?
3 What was the procedure of affecting the title to real estate in XII
I:entury?
4. Who was a predecessor of ajuror'?
211

5. How the performance of jury's function was I:hanged in the early
15th century?
6. What do you know about the selectionofajury in the US?
7. How does ajury work?
. .iIo..
 Task 3. True or false (correct II the statement IS false)?
(I) Petit jury is ajury of 12 persons empanelled to detennine the facts
of a I:ase aoo decKle the issue pursuant to the direction of the
I:ourt on points of law.
(2) Thejury derived from Nonnan institution of recognition by sworn
witnesses.
(3) In the ear1y 15th I:entury the jury members were not on1y judges
of fact, but also witnesses or possibly the suitors them;elves.
(4) Panel is a list ofpersons summoned for jury servil:e
(5) Jurors are not paid for time spent servIng on JUry duty.
(6) Only the judge has the right to I:hallenge aJuror in I:ase of his bias
or self-interest.
(7) All questions oflaw are detennined by the jury.
(8) After all the evidence has been presented the judge <Gums UP,(
reviewing the evidence in the I:ase in order to aid the jury in ren-
dering a I:orrect verdict.
(9) Hung jury is a trial jury duly selecled to make a decision in a
I:riminal I:ase regardmg a defendant's guilt or innocence, but who
are unable to reach a verdict due to a I:omplete division in opin-
ion.
(10) The verdicr of a jury is decisive and I:annot be disturbed.
212

Task 4. Study tne text below, making sure you tully com- '" 
prehend it Where q::p"Op'i:J1e, consult English-Russian die- 111II-
Iionaies and/or olher reference & source books on low.
from the .bar's Handbook (New York. Court System)
INTRODUGION
Most peopJe seJdom need to think about a jury or how one operates
within a trial. It is helpful to envision the jury as an anTI ofthe court - its
purpose: is to consider the facts and I:ITcumstmJces whidl are presented In a
I:asc and to apply this information to the law.
Being a juror does not require any special skills, expertise or educa-
tion. The jury's job is to detennine the truth to the best of its abihty on the
basis ofthe evidence presented in a case.
COMMON QUESTIONS OF JURORS
Howure people cJwsE.n to be {:alledfor jury !;i'1'I1ia?
The Nl:w York Statel:ourt systehllTlalntains and updates eoch year the
names of state residents who are included on I:ertain lists - state and local
taxpa)er'S, licensed drivers, registered vehide owners, appli(;ants for or
recipients of pubhl: assistance benefits and recipients of state unemploy-
ment I:ompensation. Prospective jurors are seJecled randomly funn those
lists, as well as lists of persons who volunteer for servIce, by the Commis-
sioner of Jurors or eoch I:ounty and the County Clerks In New York City.
Questionnaires are sent to people in the selecled p001 of names, whkh
must be I:ompleted and returned. Those individuals who ({quali')m for ser-
vke - U_S. dtizen aoo I:ounty resident; at least 18 years of age; mentally
and physkally I:apable of perfonning jury duty; with no felony convk-
tions; and able to understand and I:ommunkate in English - may eventu-
ally be summoned to report for servke.
How long does ujuror serve?
The juror SIIlJ1ll1OhS generally indkates the length and exact dates of
the tenn that ajuror is expected to serve. Those who are selecled are only
required to serve on one tna1. On average, the length ofa tTla1 ranges from
three to five days.
Is it trlle t"at .mmetime.\"jllror.\. ore not 1I1lmved to go home until ufter
the trial is orer? h this cot, lOll?
As a general rule, jurors go home at the end of the day and return the
next morning. There are occasions, however, that require a 1:000 to «se-
213

questeD> a jury on a I:riminal I:ase overnight during deliberation on a ver-
dict. In extremely rare cases, a jury may be sequestered during the trial
itself. (<:Sequestered» means that jurors do not go home at the eoo of the
day, but stay in a hotel, where their access to olher people and to radio and
televIsion news or newspapers is limIted
The expense of aU meals aoo lodging for sequestered JUrors is the re-
sponsIbility of the Commissioner of Jurors of each I:ounty or the respec-
tive County Clerks in the City of New York.
Arejurors oompensaled?
For each day that a juror perlonns SerVIl:e, he or she may be enuded to
a per diem $15 allowance. The amount nfthe payment is established by
the New York Sate Legislature.
In rare instances, when service e-..1ends for more than 30 days, the I:ourt
may authorize an additional allowance 0£$6 per day to be paid to a juror.
Ajuror may waive hIS or her nght to the per dIem aUowance
"'hut ubout the jumr-j(Jb?
New York Statc law prohibits an en pIoyet- &om subjecting an en rloyee to
penalties or termination oferrrJo}-"J"reft due to jury service-so long as the em-
ployee notifies the employer upon receipt of the jury  An employer
may lawfuUy W]thhold wages duringjury service and the  of salary and
wages is a matter to be addressed between the jurorand theempJoyer.
Is possible to report for jury service but 1I0t sit OIlU jury?
Yes. In many cases, parties seek to settle their differences and to avoid
the expense and time demaooed by a trial.. Thus, while severaJ trials may be
scheduled for one particular day, the I:ourt I:annot be I:erlain until that morn-
ing, and somebmes afternoon, whll:h I:BSCS will actually require ajury_
Who e/.e will be ill the courtroom?
A number of people will be in the courtroom in addition to the Judge
and jury. The list below expIams who they are and what they may be doing
Plaintiff - In a civil I:ase, the plaintiff is the party who mitiates the
laWSUit by bringing the I:ase to I:ourt.
Defendant - In a dvil matter, the defeooant is the party who is being
sued. In a I:riminal I:ase, the defendant has been charged with a I:rime.
Attorneys - In certain I:ases, including I:riminaI I:ases, attorneys rep-
resenting the plaintiff, the deihl(\ant or the government are referred to as
l:ounseI. An attorney representing the government in a I:riminal I:ase is
I:alled the prosel:uting attorney or the assistant district attorney, and in
some cases, the assistant attorney genemI.
Court Reporter - The I:ourt reporter records the offidaI record of
the tnal by recording every word whll:h is spoken. This record wllI be
I:onverted into an oftkJal transcript of the trial
214

Court Clerk - The derk. of the tria1 pari, a1so I:alled the derk, main-
tains the courlliles and es the evidence presented during the trial.
The derk may also administer the oath to jurors and witnesses.
\Vitnesses - Witnesses provide testimony, under oath, as to what
they have seen, heard or othernise ubserved regardmg the I:ase.
Interpreter - In under oath, provide language interpreta-
tion for the I:ourl on behalf of a non-English speaking party orwitness.
Spectators - Spectators are members of the publk who are generally
penmtted to 00serve the I:ourl proceedings. Often speda10cs ioclude repre-
sentatives or the media
Nole:
perdiem(JlaT.)-KIDKI1bIHlIeHb,t?KellHCBHO
'1
. ANSWER THE FOllOWING QUESTIONS:
I. Why the JUry is an ann of the I:ourl?
2. What IS the jury's job?
3. How prospectLve JUrors are se1ected?
4. Whol:anbeajuror?
5. What is the average length ora tnal?
6. What is sequester and in what situations it is possible?
7. Does thejurorreceive his salary duringjury service?
8. When is possible to report for jury servke but not sit on ajury?
9. Who else can be in the courtroom and what are their functions?
..
"'-../ BAD INVESTMENT
Shull2, a lav,yer. bnbed a man on the jury 10 hold OUI for a charge of man-
slaughLer.asopposedlothechaofmurder.....tJichwasbroughtbytheplOSC:-
clition The Jury was oul for nearly a week before they returned 10 court with the
manslaughler verdict When Shultz paid the Juror, he asked him If II had been
hard 10 persuade the olher jurors to gellhe cha ofmanslaughler. "Sure did,"
thejurorreplied. "all the others wanted 10 acqu1t him "
215

Task 5. (a) Study the text below, making sure you luUy
\..  comprehend it Where appropriate, consult Englisn-
...., Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source
books on low
FAMOUS AMERICAN TRIALS THE O.J. SIMPSON TRIAL 1995
Orenthal James «0. J.) Simpson (horn 1947) IS a retired Arneril:an foot-
ball player, actor, spokesman, and I:onvicted felon. He originally attained
fame in sports as a running back at the I:ollegiale and professional levels,
and was the fIrSt NFL (National
Football League) player.
In 1989, Simpson pleaded no
I:ontest to a domes!k vIolence I:harge
and was separated from his wife
Nicole Brown, to whom he was
paying child support. On June 12,
1994 Nil:ole Brown and her friend
Ronald Goldman wen found dead
outside Brown's I:ondominium.
Simpson was I:harged with their
:=rn:':::ei: murders. The pursuIt, arrest, and trial
were among the most widely
publklzcd In Arneril:an hIStory. The trial, often I:ha!1l(;tenzed as {<the tria]
oCthe century»_ Even foreign leaders soch as Margaret Thatcher and Boris
Yeltsin eagerly gossIped about the trial When Ydtsm stepped off his
plane to meet President Clinton, the first question he asked was, ({Do you
think 0. J. did it?« The tria1 rulminated on October 3, 1995 in ajury ver-
dil:t ofoot guilty for the two murders. The verdil:t was seen live on TV by
more than half ofthe U.S. population, making it one of the most watched
events in Amerkan TV Iuslory. Immediate reaction to the verdkt was no-
table for its division along Tal:ial lines: polls showed that most African-
Ameril:ans felt that justIce had been served by the (<not guilty) verdil:t,
while most white Americans did oot. OJ. S's defense counsel in-
duded Jolumie Cochran and F. Lee Bailey.
....
216

(bJ Read the text about seledlon of the Jury lor O.J. Simpson murder
case and describe this procedure to your dossmoles in English
SELECTION OF THE JURY
The racial I:omposition of the jury was strongly influenced by the decision
of the prosecution to file the Simpson case in downtown Los Angeles
rather than (as is usuaUy the I:ase) in the judidal district where the crime
occurred - in this I:ase, Santa
Monica. Had the case be filed in
Santa Moml:a, the Simpson JUry
would have been mostly white
instead of, as was the I:ase,
mostly African-Ameril:an. With
poJI data showing that most
whites believed Simpson to be
guilty and most blacks believing
him to be not guilty, the decision to file the I:ase in Santa Monka may have
been the biggest mistake the ution made.
Jury selection got urnJer..>.'aY on September 24, 1994 in Judge Ito's
I:ourtroom. Present that day were 250 potential members of the jury and
the judge, Simpson. and lawyers for both sides. Judge Ito explained proce-
dures to the potential jury members and warned them that the trial might
last several months. The remark about the expected length of the tria]
prompted SlITlpson to moan loudly, «Oh, God, oo.{, Ito told jurors they
must I:omplete a 79-page. 294-question questionnaire mdudlng questiono;;
proposed by both the proset:ution and defense. In addition, they were to
complete a one-page (diardshipH questionnaire deSigned to determme Jurors
who I:ould be initially ex\:luded from the selection process. Potential jurors
I:omplained about the lengthy questionnaire, whkh took about four hours
for many people to complete. They also were overheard "mitering I:om-
plaints about the personal nature of many of the questions - questions
about their beliefs I:onceming the causes of domestIc violenre, about their
feelings I:ooceming interracial marriages, about whether they «ever pro-
vided a urine samp1e to be analyzed for any purpose.»
Jury selection continued for two months. Judge Ito excluded from (;Qn-
slderation potential jurors who violated his strict rules relatIng to exposure
to the media. Ore juror was excluded for watching an1000s with her dul-
dren, another for WakIng up to a \:lock radio. On October 18, Faye Res-
nil:k's book on Nicole Simpson's relationship WJth 0. J. hit the bookstores.
I:BUSing Ito to order a temporary halt to JUry selection and to tell potential
jurors «I forgot to tell you to stay out of bookstores.)
217
,1tt\ 
."\ .,
]I
<"

During the VOir dire proces... eoch potentia1 juror took a seat at a I:on-
Ference table. Also seated at the table were lawyers for both SIdeS and
Simpson, sitting not more than six feel from the people that might soon
judge him. The object of vOIr dire. from eoch side's perspective, is not to
get a fair jury. but rather a prejudked one, one preJudked In theIr favor. In
theory, what results is a fair jury, one from whkh both sides have excluded
potential jurors that are least likely to be sympathetJ.1: to their I:ause. Jurors
who give answers that indkate that they have prejudged the I:ase I:an be
I:hallenged for I:ause, others I:an be excluded using a limited number of
peremptory I:hallenges. Attorneys can exercise their peremptory I:hallenges
for a1most any reason (body language. appearance, dIssatIsfactIon with an-
swers) but not for reasons of race or sex. Every I:hallenge by the prosecu-
tion of a potential black juror caused Cochran (defense attorney) to ap-
proach the beoch and  that the I:hallenge may have been racially
motivated. This toctil: may have worked to dissuade the prosecution from
I:hallenging some black jurors. It was no secret that the prosecution wanted
white jurors and the defense wanted black Jurors.
The defense poured great effort IIItO the JUry selection proces". Con-
sultant Dmitrius coordinated massive data on each ofthe jury finalists, in-
duding their an.w.ers to the questionnaire. responses and body language
during vOir dire. and other data the defense had managed to I:olle<:t. This
data was put into a I:omputer and each Juror ranked according to their likely
sympathy to the defense_
By November 3, an initia1 JUry of twelve had been selected. The jury oon-
sisled of8 blacks, 2 Hispanics, 1 half-Cau..'aSian. half Native American, and f
Caucasian remale. Fifteenaltemates were selected over the next fewy,eeks.
On December 4, the jury was assembled and given cautionary instruc-
tions by Judge no. They were told that the trial would begin on January 4,
and that they oou1d  to be seqlle<;tered for the duration of the severa1-
month trial.
(c) Find English equivalents
(I) onocHwt yroJlOBHblH npecrynHHK
(2) 3WlBlfTb 0 HeJKeJlaHlJH ocnapHl3aTb 06BltHeHHe
(3) I:OBIfn1iOe BJ1El!leHHe, npH K\JTCJPON KaJl(!lblfi: I:OBJ18JleJ1eu lJMeeT
npaBo pOCnOp.llJKeHIDI I:BOeH qacTb]Q IlM)'lUecTBa
(4) Haq8Th npOBOlIIfib B )!(HJHb. oC)'meCTBJlJITb; nyCKaTh B XOlI
(5) l\onpoc KaHl\H1IaTOB B npHCJDKHble; oc)JHL\l1aJ1bHOe OJHaJ(()MJJeI]He
I:Y,[lbH, npeJl.CT3llllTCllefl 38lliHTbI lJ 06BHHeHHJI I: K8H)\1t,[\1JT)paMH
npHCJ!)!(HbIX npH HX oroope H3 Ipynnbl K8HlIl-I1I8TOB [jury panel]
AllJI BWICHeHHJllJX 6eCnpltC1]Jo1CI1JOCHi H HeneJjHOCl1f
218

(6) Heo6betmIBHWI. npenBJIDldH. npHCTpacfHblj:f. TelJ1leHUH03HblH
(7) npel!pewaTh, peman 3apaHee
(8) OTBOlI no KOI-IJq:e1HOM)' OCHOBaHHIO
(9) OTBOlI 6e3 YKa3aHH.II npl-l'.U-IHbI
? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I What was the main mistake of the prosecution?
2. Why the questionnaire was so long? What were personal questions
about'? Why?
3. How long did the jury selection I:ontinue? Why?
4. Why did judge Ito order the potential jurors to stay out of the me-
diaand bod<stoces?
5. What is the purpose of voir dire'?
6. What is the differeru:e between I:hallenge for I:atlse and peremp-
toryl:hallenge?
7. What did the defense do to dissuade the prosecution fTom I:hal-
lenging some block jurors? Why?
8. Why the jurors were sequestered for the duration of the severa1-
month trial?
Task 6. The word TAX 110s the following meanings in legal Russian:
1) Honor; 2J o6norOTb HanoroM; 3) TOKCl-lpOBOTb, onpeAenl'lTb p03Mep
(a CYAe6Hbix l13J1EP>KKax) Match the following Englisl1 expressions WlII1
their Russian equivalents.
(I) tax in kind
(2) tax on land
(3) ad valorem tax
(4) buried tax
(5) deathtax
(6) income tax
(7)l:ourttaxes
(8) back taxes
(9) singJetax
(a) HaJlOr.BKJlIO'IeHHwHBC1OIIMOCTh
TOBapa
(b) HaJlOrCOC'TOHMOCllJ
(I:) HelIOHMKH
(d) eD.J-!HblHHaJlor
(e) 91Ie6Hblel1Jllep*KI1
(f) nOlIoxOlIHblMHaJlor
(g) HaJlOr HB Hac.ne.LJpoo
(h) Ha-rypaJIbHblH HaJlOr
(i) /J03CMeJJbHbiM HaJJor
219

..
'--'
JJST FOR FUN...
A man v,'as I:hosen for jury duty \-\>bo really wanted to be dI5mN;ed ftom
serving. He tried every eXCll';e he l:ou1d think arbut none ofthem worked.
On thc day ofthc tnal, hc dcC!(lcd to glvc it onc more shot. As thc trial was
about to begm, he asked .fhe could1 the bench
(Your Honom, he said, (;:} must be excused ftom this trial because I am
prejudIced against the defi:..da f took one look at the man in thc blue
suit "'llh those beady eyes and that dJ!J1DIlESt face and I said 'J Ie's II crook!
He's gui1ty!) So, your Honor. I cannOi possibly stay on this jury'"
With a tired annoy.mre the Judge replied. ''Get back in the jury box, you
fooL That man is the defi:1"Kbtt's lawyer."
\
J-...Q[ ROLE-PLAY
Consult the cases in the end of the textbook and role-
ploy on one of them. Choose the jury, the judge, the lawyer, the
proserutur, the witnesses. Use the active vocabulary from the Unit
220

Unit 4
FAMilY LAW
Task L Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend It
Where opp-oprtote, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on law_
FAMILY LAW
Family Law, speclahzed area oflegal praclll:e dealmg With nghts and
duties among husbanrls, wives, and children. Family Law I:overs such
aspects as
getting roamed and Breoch of PromIse
nghts of married partners. separation
endIng a marriage. divorce
nghts aJld dutll:s of parents to their duldren and of I:hildren to thClf
parents,
adoptIon. foster I:are, aoo guardianship, orphanage
abusive family relationships
family law for same sex partners
Ma socially recognized and ap.
oro:: :ee:= r;: J,J
and lasting intimate relationship. It begins with
a ttrefTIOI1)' knovm as a wedding, whil:h for-
mally unites the marriage partners_ A marital
relationship usually involves some killd of contract, either written or speci-
fied by tradItion, which defines the partners' rights and obligations to each
other. to any d1ildren they may have, and to their relatIves. In most 1:011-
temporary industriaJized societies, marriage is I:ertdied by the government.
Marriage is I:ommonly defined as a partnership betv.een two members
of opposite sex known as husband and wIfe. However, scholars who study
human rulture and society disagree on whether mamage I:an be universa1ly
defined. llle usuaJ roks and responsibilitIes of the husband and wife in-
dude living together, having sexuil relations only with one another, shar-
ing economk resoun:es. and being recognized as the parents of their chil-
dren_ However. unconventional forms of marriage that do not include these
elements do exist_ For example, scholars have studied several l:u1tural
221

groups in Afril:a and India in wJlil:h husbands and wIves do not live to-
gether. Instead. each spouse remains in his or her original home, and the
husband is a (visitom with sexual rights. Committed relationships between
homosexuals (individuals with a sexual orientation toward people of the
same sex) also I:hallenge I:onventional definitIons ofmarriage_
LegafAspect
Under the federal system of government in the United States, the indI-
vidual states regulate marriage_ Virtually all states require that individuals
must be 18 years of age before they I:an marry_ Persons below that age
must obtain parental penmssion. To obtain a marriage Ikense, most states
require individuals to undergo a blood test for rubella and syphilis, a sexu-
ally transmitted disease. Many states also require a waltlllg period of one to
five days between the issuing of the license and the wedding ceremony.
The marriage rrwst be formalized before a Qualified offidal in either a reli-
gious I:ereIllOJI)' or a dvil wedding. The I:ouple rrwst regISter a nloD"rlBge
I:ertifkate with the government after the wedding ceremony_
Virtually aU states ban maITlages between I:ertam blood relatives, such
as between parent and I:h]ld or brother and sister. All states prohibIt big-
amy---{hat IS, a marriage m whil:h eIther partner is already married.
Several countries have passed legislation to recognize homosexual un-
ions_ Such legislation generally refers to homosexwl unions as dvil unions
or registered partnerships rather than as marriages.. These lU1ions usuaUy do
not entail the full array of rights to whkh heferoc;e,-ual married l:oup1es are
entitled_ Four I:ountries rurrently legalize gay marriage_ They are Belgium,
Canada, the Netherlands, and Spain.
?
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1_ What does family law deal with?
2. What IS marriage'?
3_ What does marital relat]onship mvolve?
4_ What are unconventIonal forms ofmaITIage?
5. What is marriage age in the USA'?
6_ What is necessary for a person to obtain a marriage lic:ense?
7_ What kinds of marriages are banned in the USA?
222

UJ To,k 2. Reod" the followiog te" ioto Eogli,h
6paK - pel)'IllfpyeMaH OOUlOClUlM nOCTOHHHIDI 1:131131:>, KBK npaBflJlO, Me:.t\-
JJ::j M)'a.IjJ{HOlllJ )!{eHll\IfHOll. KBK npaBHJlO, OCHOBaHHa5! HB IlINHblX IJYBCT-
sax 11 l:eJ«:}'3JlbHb[J{ OTHOllleHHHX. npec.neJIyJ<Xl! lIeJlb I:03llBHH!I <:eMb1l_
flIQ1LH, COCTOfllllHe B 6paKe. HaJblBaJOTCJI l:ynpyraMH UJIH q-npYJKe-
CKOH napOH. B 6paKe pea.rIIfJ)'e1OI ecrecrBeHHBJI nmpeGHocTb JllOlIeH B
npOJ\OJ\JKeHIfIf pox\. HMeHHQ 3THM 05b.11CHJleTC.II 3anpe--r Ha 6paKH .
()'weCTII)'I0111HH npaIITIl<recJ(ll BD seeM MHpe, - o.H alJlJaH I: 60JlbWOH
BepOJITHOCIbIO nOJiY'-1eHHH .IIeTbMH B TaKOM 6paKe HacJie.l\C1"BeHHbIX 60-
ne3HeH_ XOnl, I: .lI.PyroR I:TopOHhl, 6paKJ1, B KOTOpblX .IIeTeR He MO)\{eT
6b1Th BB 6eCnJlOlIHSI OMora IDIH 06011" (;)'npyroB. a TI!K)J(e 6paKH Me-
>I\1IY M)')!(tIHHBMH H >KeHlllHHaMH, BblwelIWHMH 1{3 penpCIlI)'KIIIBIJOro BOJ-
pacTa, He 3anpeweHbl, 'no YKa3bIBaeT Ha 60Jlee IlIHpoK)'1O WHKID1JO 6pa-
Ka, )la.JIeKO BblXOJUlll\Y1O 3a paMKH npQJ:\OJDKeHHJI pOlla
KaK npaBlVlO, 6paK lIo.npa3yMeBaeT BelIeHHe 9"pyraM1l OOBMeC1HOJ"O
X03flHCTBa H HaJ1I1'Ule o5illero HM)'lUeCfBB.. nepenasaeMoro no HaCJlelIcrBY.
a TIlKJKe BocnHTaHl1e IfMI-! .ue-rei'i. 6paK nOJlb1yeTCJl oxpaHoH 11 nOKpOBH-
TeJIbC1BOM 3aKOHOB JUJllib npH COBepllleHHH ero I: I:06J1lOlIeHHeM YCTIlHOB-
neHHblX B 3aKOHBX YCJ10BHH; BJle'-JCT JB crJ6oi.i mBeCTHble IOpIUlII'JeCKHe
noCJle.llCTBH!! B o6J1acTii JlI10jHblX 11 HMYll\eCTBeHHbIK npas H 06.11.3aHHOCTen
l:ynpyroB no. OTHoweHHIO lIpyr K JijJYry H K ,l\eT.IIM_
Ballou
 it
t W Debate; POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPEOS Of CIVil
MARRIAGE
GIVe your own ideas on tne folloWing problems:
(I) What doyou think about positive aoo negative aspects of dvil maf-
nage?
(2) How does legislation of dlf'IereJn I:ountries refer 10 homosexwd 00-
ions?
223

Task 3_ Study the text below, making sure you luUy comprehend it
Where app-oprIoIe, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on law_
Divorce, or dissolutIon, as it is
increasingly berommg known, a legis-
latively created. judicially administered
process that legally tenninates a marriage
no longer I:onsidered viable by one or both
ofthe spouses and that pennits both to re-
marry.
Aforetime because of the traditional
fault-based view of divorce. ahnost every
state di"orce law required the plaintiff to
prove one of a IUJJ1lber of legislalively recognized grounrls. Typll:al
grounds had included adultery (almost universally); desertion; habItual
drunkel'lne«; conviction of a felony; and, most commonly used by divorc-
ing parties, I:ruel and inhuman treatment_ Because the state's interest in
maintaining stable marriages was assumed. divorce suits I:ould not be
treated like otller IJIlgatlon. One spouse. the plaintIff. had to prove grounds
even when both spouses wanted the divorce. Thus, divorce trials were filled
with I:harges and cOlUltercharges and generally omitted investigation ofthe
actual vlahJhty of the maniage.
By the mid-20th century, most state IegisJatures had recognized one or
more no-fault grounds for divorce, usually consisting of a substantial pe-
riod (from one to five years) during whkh the spouses had lived (,separate
and apart»; sometimes insanity or incompatibility were acceptable grounds_
The grounrls for divorce differed from one state to another; thus, for
example, before 1967 the only grounds for divorce in New York State were
adultery_The diffirulty of obtaining a divorce in several of the more popu-
lous eastern states, such as New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts. and
Pennsylvania, ever;tudlly led to a substantial amount of (migratory di-
vorce» m so-called dIvorce havens_
The system of ITIlgratory divorces was I:onsldered by many as discnmi-
natory against the poor, who I:ould not afford to take up resIdence in an-
other state ortravcl to a foreign I:ountry in order to get a divorce_
In the rrud-1980s, approximately one in three marnages ended in di-
vorce_ A growing number of expert 00servers I:onclude that this high di-
vorce rate is due to a IUJJ1lber of social I:hanges_ Among these changes are
greater societal al:ceptance of divorce; greater financial and emotional in-
I ..
k.( eJ:,..
{,p'. "
224

dependence of women; and, paradoxkally. a greater belief in the emotiona1
value of marriage, whkh more readIly di disappointed spouses to
divorce so as to seek a happier subsequent marriage_
In a divorce action, one spouse, usua1ly the wife, may be granted ali-
mony or maintenance paymentS generally for a limited period of time. The
rustody of any I:hildren may be awarded to either spouse. with equitable
regulations made for visiting rights and suppon ofthe d111dren_ At .t.
joint-(;lJstody arrangements are being worked out more and more frequently
by divorcing parents.
? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS;
1_ Whatisdivorce?
2_ What was the tradiion of divorce aforetime?
3. What did the USA do to maintain stable marriages?
4_ What was the proceOure for divorce in the micJ_20 1h I:entury':l
5_ What were the reasons for «migratory divorce»?
6. What are the reasons of growing number of di\orces in modem
tImes?
7_ What kinds of problems I:Bn a dIvorce entail?
K What should be done 10 make maITlage more stable?
UJ Ta,k 4. Reode, the followlog te Iota Eogl"ho
Pa3BolI - I}>opMaJlhHOe OKOHlJaHHe (paCTOp)((eHHe) 6paKa, KpOMe <:J1)"meB,
Korna 6paK npt:KpBlUaCTCJI B I:J1Y'Jae KOH'JI1Hbl OlIHOro H3 cynpyrOB_ Or
paJBolIa I:JleJJYCT OTJ1H'JaTb npH3HaHHe 6paKa HelIeiil:retm:J1bHbIM B cy-
.n;e6HoM_
B COBpeMeHHOH Poccm B COOTBelCTBIiH I: CeMeHHblM KOlIeKCOM P<I>
pa3BOlI (paL-rq:rnreHJre 6paKa) MO)((eT 6blTb npoH3Be)leH no 3B.11BJleH111O 011-
HOro J{J\H 060n" <:ynpyrOB_ Ba)((HO 3ateTHTh. 'JTO B COBpeMeHHOM 3aKOHO-
J18TeJlbCTBe repMHH «paJBOlI)} 3alIIeHet! repMHHOM «pacrop)((eHHe 6paKa}}.
PaJBO.a 'Jepe:3 <:y.a npOH3BQZUflCJI B lIB)'X (;J]YlJaax; npH HWlH'JI1H 06-
llUfX HeCOBepllleHHWJeTI-JHX ]1eTeH 11J1H B I:JI)"!ae OTcyrCTBHJI l:ornaCIDI Ha
paCTOp)((eHJre 6paKa BropOH nopoHbl.
225

PaCTOpJKeHHC 6paKa npOHJBODJITCJI B opraHax 3AfC (Regls/f)' O/fice)
B CJlY'Jae B3aHMHOro I:Omac:HJI c:ynpyr0B, He (JMelOWJ1X 06WJ1X Hecosep-
llleHHOJleTH(JX .nen"ii_ nocJle nOlIBlJ11 I:OBteCTHOro "3a!iB.neHIfJI, "3anOJlHJle-
MOro 060HMH l:ynpyraMIJ, Ha"3HalJaeTCJI JJ,aTa pa3BOlIa (He paHbllle lJeM 1Je-
pe3 MeCJlJJ: 1:0 l\HJI nOlIalJH 3aJ1BJleH(JJI). EpaK M())I(eT 6bITb pacrqx1JyT B
3AfCe He3aBHI:IJM0 OT HanlJlJlfJI 0611UlX I-JeCOIJepllleHHOJleTH(JX .ne-rell B
I:JI}'lJae, CCJlIJ OlIHH 113 l:ynpyroB npH3HaH (;)'l\OM 6e3BeCl1-10 OTC)'TCTBYIO-
IUHM; npH3HaH (;)'1I0M HelIeecnoco6HblM; OC)'lKlleH 3a COoeprneHtte npe-
l:1)'nJleHHJI K J1l1llleHHfO re0601IbJ Ha I:pOK I:BblWe 1pex J1eT
CorllaCHO HCCTJe.Q08aHlIJIM HeKOTOpbI.... COLIIJOJloroa, 90 BpeMJI nepHOl\(!-
IJC<:KHX I:naJIOB IJ KpIIJHCOB B 3KOHOMHKe TOti rum IJHOH crpaHbI 1.JHCJJO pa:mo-
JJOB 06bIIJHO YMeHblllaeTCJI_ 3r0 OOb!iCHJleTCJI TeM, <JTO UIBMIX11iOe BelIeHHe
XO"3JltiCTBa n03BOJI!'!CT cyr:pyrar.1 C3KOHQNl-ITb $HHaHCOBble pecYJX:bl 11, TaKHM
06pa30M, B KaKoti-TO creneHlJ COxpaHI-ITb MIIlepnaJIbHOC 6rraronony'-IHe_ Tal(,
Hafl)JHMep, B I-knaHl-IIJ, illJCJlO pa3BOL\OB B 2008 L }'MeHbUJlllJOCb Ha 12% no
I:paBHetuilO I: npellbJJIyUlHM r0lIOM, <JTO, no MHeHHIO cowro.--IOIOI<, OOb!iCHJleT-
1:51 BJlI:IJlHHeM MI-lJXlBOro 3KOHOM1I'JeCKOro KpH3IJCB 1Of18--2009 L
rDject MARRIAGE CONTRAO IN RUSSIA RESOURCES:
work
http://ru.W1klpedm.org!
http://....Jm:rnsuJt.rulserviceVtnarnage_contractf?page-famj]y law
http://.....ad\iokats.ru!practiceJtips!family-marriageJ
Task 5_ Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it_
Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on law_
PARENT AND CHILD
W ' -., PUlt'tII and Child, branch of the law of domestk rela-
., tions that c1etennines the legal rights and obligations of
fathers or mothers to their I:hildren and of I:hildren to
their parents_ The legaJ relatIOnship is distlllgUished
from the natural re1ationship; for example, two persons
may have a legal relationship of parent and I:hllcl although there is no natu-
ral relationship, as in the I:ase of an adopted I:hild_
226

Aforetime, in I:ommon law in the Umted Kingdom and the United
States, parents were the legal as well as natural guardians of their I:hild.
They had the right to name the I:hiJd and were entitled to custody_ As I:US-
todians, they I:ould reasonably I:hastise the d1iId, but for exressive punIsh-
ment the parents were I:nmina1ly hable for assault, or for homll:lde in case
ofdea[h_ The father was deemed entitled to I:ustody of the I:hild in prefer-
ence to the mother. A parent was not liable for a tort (wrongful act) of the
dlild unless its ronunission was indted or authorized by the parent. A par-
ent rould recover dalllages for torts I:onunined against the I:hild. In I:om-
mon law, the parent was not dvilly liable to maintain the I:hild, but was
I:riminally responsible in alses of neglect, as when failure to provide food
or clothmg I:aused II1IUI)' or death.
In modem law the legal relationships of parent and I:hild established un-
der I:ommon law have been modified by statute in Britain and the U.s_ In
general, such statute<; provIde that a married woman is ajoint guarQJaIl ofber
I:hildren with her husband, with equal powers, rights, and duties_ Either par-
ent has [he right to custody of the I:hildren of the maniage, and in a dlwrce
or separation the I:Ourt am award a.sody to the parent best quahfied and
able to I:are for the d1ildren_ Parents must provide for theIr I:hildren such ne-
I:essities oflife as food, clothing, shelter, education, and medical care; if they
I:annot or will not. state laws authonze intelVention by designated authorities
to ensure that I:hildren's needs are met. Children who are physil:a\(Y or emo-
tiona1ly abused by their parents may be the sl!iject of legal action in order [0
protect the I:hildren. Parents' rights to custody of their I:hildren may be lim-
ited or. in 1reme c;JSe<;., terminated because offailure to provIde adequate
I:are_ Laws require a father to support Ius minor I:hildren if he IS able to do so.
her or no! he has ever been married to their mother. Failure to provide
support may result in I:lvII or I:rimlnal proceedings agams! hIm. Ifpatemity
has been adnutted or established, laws pennJt d1ildren to inherit from their
futher's estate unless specifically exc1uded in his will.
?
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1_ WhatisParentandChilcl!
2_ What kinds of legal re1ationships were between parents and I:hild
aforetime?
3_ What are the rights and duties of parents in modern law?
4_ Whatarel:hildren'srights?
227

UJ ,",Ii 6. Food ;n the te aba,e the Engli,h eqo;'Dleol, 10'
the following words and expressions.
3aKOHHb1e npaBa H n6maHHocTIl
YCbIHOB.--.eHHblH pe6eH(1K
BKalJeCTBenorrelJ.lITe.fJei1
TJlIDKllaf/CKOenpasoH!f!)11leHHf'
nUJJY'1HTb KOMI.eHCdlU1tO:>a y6b1TI<lI
COIIOJle'itlTe.lb; Up!lCYJUITb noue'le-
HHe (onetty) HM pe6et\JIaI jX)llHTe1J1O
BHal16o.mrueIfCTeneJJl1
JOHeM;
.aCTH. TeplUlll1He I}>H1HIJecKoe H 3MO-
U1IOH!IJIUIOe HaCHJJHe 1:0 cropoHU
po,'\HTC."lcii
CJlelLHa.lbHO IHHb[e li3 JaBe-
  Task 7. Study the information below and give your opin-
 ion on the problem
SURROGAcY
Surrogatemotherho<Xlhas become one of
the mostdjfficult problems in modem family
law_ The term sunvgalc mulher was first
used in connection with in vittofertilization
in the late 1970s. The newest use reFers to
the JI1:roWction, byartifil:JaI inserrunalion,
of the spenn oCa man ose wife is infertile
into a woman who has agreed, often by
contra.l to bear the I:hi]d conceived as a
resu1tofthe inseminatIon and then rebnquLsh it to thel:ouple after bIrth.
One argument against surrogacy is that it is linle more than Fonnalil:oo
baby seUing. The I:ounler-argumem is that <:JJITOg3C)' is not baby selling
because the husband of the coupJe receiving the I:hild is that dild's bio-
logkal father. Many state legislatures are I:onsldenng bills that would ei-
ther make surrogate parenting entirely illegal or .strictly regulate it, for ex-
ample, lumting or prohibiting the payment of fees to the surrogate or to
intennediaries_ Most would require p.syclxJl.ogkal I:ounseling for the pro-
spective s mother, legal sentatlon for aU parties. and court
approval of the contract.
V
8J
F='
228

UJ bk B. Reod" the followiog te iOlo Eogli,h,
Cyppora-.-HOC MaTepHHCTBo 3anpeweHo 3aKOHOM B ABC"TpHI1, fepMaHl1l:!,
HopBerHI{, WBel!Hl{, c!>paHL\HH J{ HeKOTopbIX llITaT3X ClllA_ B ABcrpa.r1l-11i,
BeJlHK06pHTIlHHH, J],aHHH. J.hpal-lJle, I1cnaHHH, KaHaIle. HHJIePIIBHJlIIX 11 B
HeKUJqJbl'l: UITaTBX AMepmrn paJpeIllelJO TOJlbKO HeKOMMepqeCKOC (;)'pPO-
raTHoe MaTepHHcrBO, TO eCTb l:ypporaTHWI MaTb He TIOI1}"JaeT 3a I:BOH )'CII)'-
rH 803HarpMmeHHH, 3anpeWCHa peKJIaMa qppOr<lTHOro Ma-repHHCTBa
BJlJ060M BHlIe_ B60JlbwHHCTBe WTIHOB ClllA, IOAP. aTIlJOKe Brpy3HH,
YKp8HHe 11 B PoccHiiaocii (]:JelIepaWJH qrppDrnnJDe Ma-repHHCTBo Ha KOM-
MepqecKI;UI OCHOBe 3a(-."OJ-IO.!1BTeIlbHO -p2.3peUIeHO. CeMeHHblii KOlIeKC Poc-
I:HHCKOR <tJelIepaL\l-lH macm: npHopnJeruoe npaBo pewHTh cY1J.b6y pe6eHlal
"MeeT C)'RJOr:rrnaJI MaTh. flpaBa reHe1JJ<reauIX po;lI1TerreW nplfJHlII01CJI
TOJlbKO nocJle OTK<I38 OT Hero CVJ1Xll1!THOH MaTepH_
Ballou
, 'Debate, SURROGACY
Give your own ideas on the following problem-
Do we need SI.II"fUgB(;y in the Russian society if there are so many or-
phans?
Task 9_ Study the Informolion below and give your opln- 1& "1
Ion on the problem of adoptlon_ 
ADOPTION
Adoption. procedure by kh peopJe legally asswne the role of par-
ents for a person who is not their bioJogil:aJ I:hilo_ Adopted I:hildren be-
I:ome full members Oftheif adopted family and have the same legal status
as biologkal I:hildren_ Although the maJority ofpeopJe who adopt are mar-
ried I:ouples, many single people also adopt.
Many people seek to adopt when they discover that they cannot give
birth to biologka1 I:hildren_ Others adopt I:hildren to add new members to a
family th:ot includes biologil:al children. Many people adopt simply to give a
229

home and family to d1ildren who mIght not otherwise have tJJem. Likey,.;se,
I:hildren become avaIlable for adoption for a vanety of reasons. Some dIiI-
dren are orphans. Some biological parents make arrangements for their I:hil-
dren to be adopted because they I:annol I:are for them due to illness or per-
sonal problems. Other dliJdren are abandrnerl by theIr blologK:al parents.
Adoplion is a common practke t:hroughou: the world and throuhout
history_ However, laws regulating adoption vary from I:ountry to I:OlUJtry_
People seeking to adopt in a I:ountry other than the one in whil:h they live,
a process known as international adoplion, should familiarize dJeJllselves
with the laws of that I:QUntry. Similarly. although every U.S. state recog-
nizes adoption, state laws regarding spe>:ific aspects of adoption vary_
Some states recognize adoptions by two peop1e of the same sex or adop-
tions by a man and woman who are not married to one another.
Many states also allow the adoption of adults. Adults are usua1ly
adopted to ensure that they will inherit the estate of their aOOptJ\-'e parents_
Some states preserve the rights of an adopted adult to inherit from his or
ber bloJogicaJ parents after the adoptIon.
?
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1_ What is adoption?
2_ What are the reasons for adoption of d1iklren?
3. What are the reasons of adult adoption?
UJ bk lO. Fiod '" the te'" abo,e the Eogl.,h equj,ole"', foc
the following words and expressions:
I:Hpora
lIeTH, 6poweHHble CBfJIIMH OOOJ1OTl1-
'lCCKHMHpo)llfTeJJJlMH
mHaKOl\DfThCj[l:JaKoHaMH
crpetHTbcJl([]blTaThCJI)YCbIHOBlfTb
HilClJC1IOIJ<rII> HMYwecrBo YCblHIJIIII-
re.nei!
HBCIJe.!IOBmb OT 6HO:JOJWre(1(JtX po-
.alTrenm nocJle YCbIHOBJJeHWI
230

Useful Words and Expressions for Speech Pra.ctice
protection from abuse, exploita :>illl{HTa or Jl,YpHoro 06fJilll1E'HlliI,
tion, neglect and trafficking 3KCIIhy<rraIVBf, HeBHIIOlIHemrn
06H3aHIIOCTeii: , OTHOllIeHHH
pe6eHKiI 11 ToprOtiAH
verbal abuse (;)\.OBeCHoe OCKop6AeHI1f:'
physical abuse oe HaI:HIWe
sexual abuse ceKcyaAbHOe HaCHlWe
involvement of a child in any BOBJ\e'lemIe HecoBepllIeHHOheT-
sexual aclivity before the 'e- Hero B 11lO60e l:eKC}'ilI1hHOE' Aefr-
gaIly-recognized age of consent I:TBHe
CommeniaI sexual exploitation reKcyaAhHM 3Kcw..yaTaIJ,lliI e
KOMMep'leCKHX qeAJIX
dlildneglect HeBhIIlOAHeHHe 06H3illIHOCTeH B
O'I1IOIIIeHIIH pe6eHKa
deliberate negled npeAHdMepeHHoe HeBbInOAHeHlJe
05H3illIHOC'!'eii B OTHOllIeHHH
pe6eHKa
tackling the roOI causes B3H'I'bCH :>a Bbl.llUIeHlIe npwlHH
counseling KOHCyJ\bTll]xmaHIIe
provi<don of temporary residen- 05ecrre'leHlJe IJpeMeHHblM BHAOM
tial pennits  ITBN<7BO
protection to """'" ;, legal :>amwra npH AfNe nOKa3i1HHfr
proceedings
Consent 10 exploitative corAilCHe 6 nOABeprnyrIdM
pradices 3KCIIhy aT awI H
Task 11. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprenend it.
Where appropriate, consult Engllsn-Russian dictionaries and/or ather
reference & source books on law Pay special attention to the words
and word combinations in bold type.
PROTEOION OF CHILDREN FROM ABUSE, EXPLOITATION.
NEGLECT AND TRAFFICKING
Once G_ Gegel said: «From aU immoral relations - the relation to
I:hildren, as to slaves, there is the most immorab}
Protection of children and young people from abuse, explllitation,
negled and trafficking is part of £liildren's rights.
231

Abuse takes many fonns induding verbal abuse, physical abuse and
seJr.:nal abuse. Children and young people may be abused as part of domes-
tic violence, that is, violence directed by one member against another, such
as a father agaLllst a mother.
Child sexual abuse is defined as involvement of a child in any sexual ac-
tivity before the 1lIy-recognized age of consent. It mc1udes fonns of
rorrunen:jal sexual e...:ploitation, including I:hlld prostitutIon and pornography.
Exploitation of I:hildren and young people includes hannfuJ fonns of
I:hild labor. various fonns of I:ommercial seJr.:nal exploitation and early
marriage. Organizations working with I:hildren and young people I:an ex-
ploit them. For examp1e, use of their Identities to promote projects wlthout
their full understanding can be considered a form of exploitatIon.
Child uegleet occurs widely in developing I:ountries as a resuk of pov-
erty. It may be cliftkult to separate deliberate neglect from poverty-rdated
problems.
T ranicking is the sale of children for an)' purpose. It is dosely
linked to COITUTIelcial sexua1 exploitation in most I:ases.
Many actions have been identified which will prorect I:hildren and
youn,g people from these things. These mclude:
Tackling the root I:auses of exploitation and traffiddng, such as
poverty.
Rerognizing that I:h.ldreJl and youn,g people are the victims of
these pr&:til:es and that they need support not punlshment.
Support that may be provided to I:hildren and young people III
tllese dl"CllJ1l<;[aJlces includes I:ounselmg, provision of ternpomI)
residential pennits and protection to testifY in legal proceedlllgs.
Protecting d1ildren and young people from these practil:es until
they reach age 18. In some COlll1tries, young people I:an legally
I:onsent before they reach 18. This should not be taken to mean that
young people under the age of 18 I:an consent to exploitative
practices including prostitution and pornography.
Allowing I:hildren and young people to participate in finding 5Olu-
tions to these problems.
Actions whil:h tackle the negative side of Internet use.
Legal provisions whil:h allow sexual exploitation in one I:ountry to
be prosecuted in another.
Ongoing research and investigation into these issues.
HCmO'iHUK. hnp.l/www atdsalliance.orgisw3097.asp
BBC NEWS CHANNEL
http:lhvww.foxdesign.authoo'a_hegel.html.
232

!.? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. Whatarethefonnsofabuse?
2. What does exploitation ofl:hi1dren and YOlU1g people include?
3. Why does I:hild neglect occur?
4. What is trafficking?
5. What actIons I:an protect I:hildren and young people from abuse,
exp10itation. neglect and traftkking?
Task 12. Replace words and word comblnallons in brackets by their
English equivalents
(I) It is important to look in detail at the (:JOUfllRIU om d}.'fJIIG'O 06pa-
"jeHW!. KCm)'Of1/aI(lIIl, He6blno.meHllfl oliR.1miH{lCmeU 6 {1f1/HOU1£-
HI/Ii pdXHKa U 1/IV{JZVf1.111 0emb\1lI).
(2) Abuse takes many forms including (Cl/J/ieciloe lJl.KOp(ile/llIe). If/Ju-
'J1PJo..../W(' 'WC/HI/e). (CCKtTUlh'lIJ ItaCllHle).
(3) Children andyoungpeoplel:an(HaCu.ll1lO)aS part or
domes/II: violence.
(4) (Cef\Cm.7bHoc HUCUlue Had Oemb.'1u) is defined as (f!OfJ.'ie'IeHlle He-
coeepuI£HHQ1emI/e.'O fJ ce1\C)'albHble Oeiicmewl).
(5) Exploitation of I:hildren and young people inducles harmful forms
of I:hild labor. various forms of(ceKCYU.lbHWI 3KCft'l\"UI1IU'IW/ 61Je-
.1f/X I<mmepquu) and early marriage. - -
(6) (He6bITlo.me//lIe 06Jf3G1lHOCmeU 6 oml/owe/lUli pe6el/l(o) occurs
widely in developing countries as a result of poverty.
(7) (Tlp'061J/) is the saJe ofl:hjldren for any purpose.
(8) Support thaI may be provided to I:hildren and young people In-
dudes (Jo."UHq.lhmll/JlJliallllf', orKcm.'K.'fllle lIpe.IIf'HHhLl1 truOo\1 lIa
.1IClIme.YhCmHlJ,3OIq1lllllJ11{JI.Il)a'lellOKl13aHuu).
(9) Young people under the age of 18 I:an (oo6po601bHO COnUCl.ImbCJI
fk}(')eepzIlJ'1TIbCSI Cel\L)UlbHOU 3Kcmyamu'luIJ. 6K.llO'IaJI npocmumJ
IjUIOUnop1-IlA7JLKPu IO ).
(ImChildren and young people must be allowed to (npUlIJImb vwcmue
6 6b1pllfiotnK£ peuICllllii no j1lUJiJHllbL\! np06.1e.lIal1).
(11)1t is necessary to identifY octions whK:h (6CK{Jbi6QlOfl111e>amlJ8Hb1e
cmopoHblllCna1b306aHlIJI1l).
233

UJ bk 13. (0) T<o"lole IOe following wo,d comblnotlon, Inlo
English in writing:
3aUj({TaOT.11,)'pHoroo6pinuet-tIUf
ToproRIDlJJ.eTbMH
I:eKCYa.rJbHWI JIIcr1J1)'iffiII BUeJlXX
KOMtt:pltHH
J\06poBU)]bHoaJr1aC1fIbCJI nO)\Bepr-
HYfbC"ceKC}'WIbHOiiJKCllJI.YaTa-
"".
HeBblnoJlHeHHe 06!133HHOCTeiJ B OT-
HoweHHHpe6eHKa
BCKpblBIITbHeraTHBHhlecropoHbI
t-If:COBf:(JIlIHHOJ1eTHHe
o6eC!le'lHBaTbn 0 1lJlCPJKKY
o603HB'IHTh)!eHCTBHH
pnbT1lTfieJU-I{}CTII
1jaCTO
Jl)JJlJ1I060HLltJlH
1IeT3J1bHOpaCCMOTpeTb
(b) Translate the following sentences in writing
.DOMaUlHeeHOCrtJlHe
3aIl1HTanpH,Il1NerlOK.U3Hllii
B1!!TbCJJ3aBbIJlCHCHHenpll'-JHH
UbITb Tt:CHO LlIJUdHHbIM
BOBilt:'1eHHet-llXOllep1IJeHt-JOJJe"I1-IaOB
t':eI<CY3-1bHhle.:JeitcrnJ:rn
HJlCIU1He,HanpaBJleHHOeOJIH"",I'me.
HOM l:eMbH rrpOHIBJlPYroro
onpeile:IJleTClIKJlK
op e .1\H ble $opMbI)\eTCKoroTpyJlJl
p33IIIrrnenpoeKTOB
6eJnOJlHOrOnOHliMaHWI
npecn03aKOII)'
"J8KOHIl]bHblea"TbI
o6e\:neqeJjlle BpCMeHI-Ih[MBHllOM Ha
""""
J],mI 3alilllTbl .DereM err nporuBonpaBHb!X lIeikTlmll Heo6xo1\l:lMO npOBa-
JJ:HTb noCTOSlHHbJe nOHCKH Mep npe)lOTBpall!eHlH1 HBCHJlH!I; He06.\.Ol<HIIIO
BCKpblBaTb HeraTHBHble CTOpoHhl HCnOJlb30BaHHR I:IHTqme-ra; He06.'(01\HMO
n03BOJlHTb MOJlOllblM JJIO)UlM l:aMHM npHHHMan )"JBCTIle B peweHHH (IX
np06!1eM; HYIKHO npHHJ\Tb BO BHHMaHHe, 'no MOJJOD.bIC mOlIH Hecosep-
WeHHOJleTHero B03pacra MOr)T .uaTb .u06poeoJlbHoe I:OfJlacHe 6blTb nOlI-
seprnyrblMH l:eKcYaJlbHOH 3KC!1.f1)'aTIlUHH; lleTH. nO!1aBWHe B RpIfl1l1.JecKHe
06cr0menbCTBa, HYJK11B!OTCJI B 06c!1C'JeHHH OO!J)lep)KKOH; Heo6xolIHMO
nQlll!qrnmBaTb MOJlOJ\hIX JllOlIefl npH .na'Je HMJ-1 CBItJI.CTeJIbCKI'IX nOKa:3a-
HHH; 6elIHocTb JlBJlJleTCJI OlIHOH H3 KJI!OlJeBblX npHIJHH 3KClUl)'aTalJ.l{H H
TOpJUBJIJI I\C'TbM1I; TOproBJUI n:eThMH reCHO CBJl3aHa I: KOMMepIJCCKOH ceK-
(;)'8.f1bHoii 3KC111J)'ID11UHeti; HHoma I:JlO)((HO OTJIHIJHTh YMblWJIeHHoe HeBbl-
nOJlHeHHe 06J13aHHOCTeH B OTHoweHHH pe6eHKa OT np06J1eM nOlI06Horo
POn,a,BbI3BaHHbIX6eJ:\HocTI,Jo.
234

Task 14. Matctlttle Englistl expressions wittlttleir Russian equiva-
lents in ttle table.
NB I abuse - (I) He + V; (2) oc-
KUp6neHHe; Hana!IKH + V; (3) DYPHOC o6pa-
llIeHl-1e + V; npUnUJIXip8BHOe nulJUJJOe I:HO-
weHHe+V
(I) toabuselaw
(a) 3JlO)TIotpOOneHHe BJlacTbJO, nOJl-
HOM04(JJ!M(J
(2) legal abuse
(3) abuse of authority
(4) abu.se ofl:onfidence
(5) abuseofoffke
(6) abuse of power
(7) drug abuser
(8) akohol abuser
(9) I:ompuler abuser
(b)lIOJDI{HOClHoe 3JIOYlxJI]JeooCl-JI1e
(I:) HapyllleH(Je3aKoHa
(d) npeBbllUeHHeBJ1acTH
(e) Hapywan. 38KOH
(f)anKOrOJl(JK
(g) :moyUOtpe6.rteHIie lIOBepHeM
(h) 38BHI:HMbIH OT KOMnblOTepa
(_) HapKOMaH
? Debate, ABUSE OF CHILDREN AND JQUNG PEOPLE.
It is commonly known that very often verbal and physil:al abuse of
I:hildren and}'ffilI1!! people happens due to the generatIon gap. Give
your version, how it happens.
As you know, I:hddren and young people may be abused as part of
domeslK: violence, that is violence dIrected by one family member
against another. What are the I:auses of such behavior? What
makes adults abuse I:hjldren? Give eumples from TV progrBlmnes
and newspapers.
235

Task 15. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries ond/or other
reference & source books on law Pay special allentian to the words
and word combinations in bold type.
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS
The UN Convention on the Rights ofthe Child (CRe) is the main inter-
national document which defines children's rights. DeveJoped in t990, it
has been adopted by every I:ountry In the world apart from the United
States and Somalia.
This convention has four main principles:
A I:hild's right to bfe, surv]val and development.
A I:hild's right to be treated equally. This means that no I:hild
sllOuld be discnnunated against.
A I:hild's right to partidpate III activitIes and decisions whkh affect
them.
All octions should be based on the «best inferests» of the I:hild.
There are various ways in whil:h the I:onvention I:an be used to influ-
enceactlvit]esinpract]ce.
The CRC is one of the most widely accepted international I:onventions.
Abnosl all the I:ountries of the world have agreed to it. However, progreu
has been quite slow in putting it into practice.
Reasons for this Illclude misunderstandings about the Convention,
whkh has been seen by SODll;: people as bt;:ing «anti-family» or simply
about allowing I:hildren to have their own way. Neither of these is true
but these misconceptions need to be addressed when seeking to increase
a"'arene... of the Convention and what it means in proctice. Poverty is ma-
jor barrier which prevents implementation of the Convention. How-
ever, it ean be used 10 guide efforts aimed at promoting development
and eliminating poverty This will ensure that children guin the maxi-
mnm benefit from sUl:h actions.
In practice, the Convention can be used:
As a fi--aIne%ort fordesigning programmes that work with I:hildren.
As a way of evaluating programmes and nat]ona1 strategies. For
example. It is possible to look at how practkes in a partil:ular wun-
try affect OJ]Jh..'IIr;; and other vulnerable I:hildren and Q"lJTI)J3re that
with the provisions of the Convention.
As a different way of looking at partil:ular issues.
The last point is very important. It is as If the Convention is a pair of
g1asses or a magnifYrng glass. It I:a!l be u!>Cd to look more at a particular issue
236

from a dlildren's rights perspective. The way an issue appears when wearing
tllese «g1asses» may be quite different from the way it appears when looked at
from another perspective. Issues whkh I:an be examined in these ways include:
Terms used to describe orphans and other vulnerable I:hildren. For
eJaimple. the tenn (IDS Orphans» increases stigma and dis-
crimination. Using this tenn goes against the Convention.
Types of I:are. For example. I:are in institutIons does not a1low
dlildren and young people to develop fully, rarely allows for their
participation and promotes stigma and discrimination. It I:an be
seen as gomg againsl the Convention.
Other fonns of l:afC m:tivity. including provision of sbelter and
psycbosocial support.
Issues oFbirth registration and inheritance.
Poverty and development.
Access to health and education.
Ai::cess to infonnatlon.
1Ja1 exploitation and abuse.
ChIld labour.
Reporting to donors. For example, should these reports contain in-
Fonnatlon whil:h allows a I:hild to be identified, such as names and
photogra,:-hs?
The ConventIon has been used to provide the human rights basis on
whkh the global strategk fTamewa"k has been oons!ructed. This was intro-
duced m 2004.
(The UN Convention on the RIghts ofthe ChiJd.
http://www. aldsalbance.orgISY.3097.asp.
http://w\1.w.foxde.iagn.rulaphonsmla_ hegel htm!.)
UseFul Words and Expressions for Spee<:h Practke
the UN Convenlion on the KOImeHQ1UI OOH no npaBaM
Rights of the Child (CRC) peOeHKil
to define children's rights onpeAeAJ-ITh npaBa Ar;refI
to develop the convention pa3pa6aThIBaTh KQHBeHWfJO
to adopt the l:onventIon npHIDITb KOHIJeHQIDQ
right to life, survival and devel- npaBo Ha JKll3Hb II paJBlITIIe
opment
nght to be treated equally npaBo Hil paIJHoe 06parnelUie
237

-- -- -- ---
a dllld's nght to partiCipate III npaBo pe6eHKa IIpI-fHi-R'Iffi'b yqa-
al:tlVities and deCisions whkh I:Tlle B 1\(I(:CIJOU(IIX01 ero Aern:T-
affect them BHHX If pewetilDIX
till octiuns should be l:Ja:;ed on
the «best interests» of the I:hild
Bce AeHCTBIDI AOJUKHbI OCHOBbl-
BaTbCH Ha TOM, 'lTO J\}"Illie ANI-
pe6eHKil
misunderstandings about the
Convention
HE',lI,oIlOHlfl'>laHWI no noBOJl,y KOH-
BeHl-lHH
nplJBeAeHHE' J<OHBeHlUfif B Aell-
CTBHe Hil IIpaKTIfKe npouc"«>JI,HT
O'JeHh Me;'>,l\eHHO
progress has been quite slow in
putting the Convention into
practice
to allow dllldren to have their
own way
n03BOJ\HTb AeTIlM AeAilTh '!TO
X
poverty IS a major bamer which 6eAHOCTh - OCHOBHOII 6apbep,
prevents Implementation of the npeID!TCTB}'IOH IfCIIOJlHeHlJlO
Convention nOllOJKemrn: 1\0000HI-lIDI
it 1:(Ill be used to guide efforts ee MOJKHO lICnOl\h30BaTh AMI-
aimed at promoting develop- HilIIpiIBlIeHIDI ycIJAIJif, Hil1\eAeH-
ment and eliminating poverty HbIX Ha np0ABUJKelrne pa3BHTIUl
1-1 }'HWITOJKeH1-Ie 6E'AHoCTIf
this will ensure :'ITO o6ecne<rn:T
I:hitdren gain the maxImum AenI nOA}"IafOT I'I(1.I\CIf.MilIIbH)lIO
bpneht from sUl:h actions nOAb3f OT TilKHX A€ifCrBU}{
framework for designing OCHOBa AM'- pa3pa60TKH npo-
programmes rpil.MM
orphans and other vulnerable CHpOThl 1I APyrne YH3BHMhIe Ka-
children TeropHlI Ar;refI
stigma and dlscriminat!oIl n030p If AHCJ<PHMHHilLIIlH
provision of shelter and psycho- o6ecne><m'b yDeJlUlw;e If ncHXO-
10gil:(lJ support J\OIWJecK}'lO nOAAepJKKY
238

!? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. WhatistheCRC?
2. Whal: are the main prioclples of the Convention?
3. How do you understand the idea of the «best interest) of the I:hild?
4. Can the Convention influence activities in practil:e?
5_ Why has progress been slow in putting the Convention into practlre:
6. Why IS the Convention seen by some people as being (anti-
family»'}
7. How l:a11 the Convention be used III practlre:
8. Why is the Convention l:a1led a «magnifyIng glaSS) in the text?
9. What are the Issues whkh 1:3n be examined with this ,uTI..lgmfYtng
glaSS»?
Task 16. Use the word comblnollons from the text above In sen-
tences of your own:
to define I:hildren's rights
based on the «hest intere<;t» arthe
I:hild
to influence activities in practke
to be slow in putting into praclil:e
allowing I:hildren to have their own
w'y
to guide efforts aimed at promo!lIlg
development and
to gain maximum henetit
OI]Jhans and other vulnerable I:hil-
dre"
provisions of the ConventIon
increases stigma and discriminatIon
I:are in institutions
onpe.neMTh npaBa .nereR
OCHOBbl&llbCJl Ha TOM, 'ITO J1Y'Jwe
.lIJI!lpe6eHKa
OKa3bIBaTh BJlHSlHlJe Ha TO. 'no
npOHOlO1I.HT Ha npaJCl1nre
Me..a..rreHHO npHMeHJleTCJI H8 npaK-
THKe
n03BOJIHTb .n:eTIlM .n:emITb <JTO XOTJlT
HanpaBHTb }-'CIIJlHJI. Hal\eJleHHble Ha
1lJXJllBJ1)KeHepa3BHTI:IJI
nOJl)''IHTb MaKcMaJlbHYIO nOJlbJ}-'
l:poThI  .npyIlle YJl3BMble Kare-
rOpHlleTeH
[J()J)())J<eHl[KOHBeHW11:1
yt:JtJ1HBBeTn030pH.IIHCKJ1HMH H auHlO
1:01IepJKaHHe B CnpaBlITeJlbHbIX
Y"Ipe)!(1IeHHJlX JaKpblTOro THna
239

access to health and education
access to infonnation
BOJMO)l(}jOCTb nOJl)"JeHWI MelIH-
UHHCKoro 06cJlYIKHBaHH1I H o6pa-
30BaHHI'I
.nonYCK K HCT04HHKaM HH)OpMaL\l1I1
UJ Ta,k 15. (a) Tw"late tee fallaw;"9 wmd camb;"at;a" ;",0
English In writing:
HCIIOJlbJOBaTbHanpaKrnKe
OCHOl!a A1I p3.3pa6oTKH IIp{'[1I<l\lM
HaIIpaBlUbYCl-\JIlliI
OCHQJlbrBaThCJlHa
)IBeIIII'JHIeJIbHoecreK.IIO
n030pH.alJeJIpHMIDJallHJI
I:HpoTbl (] .;IJIYOIC YJlJBHMhle Ka-rero-
pHH.ae-reii
o6ecrre'lHTh y{5eAoUlle H lJCI1'1(OJIOnJ-
"'CCK)IJOnoolUb
lJONeuJmb Jj()JVJOWeHHJO B :lKH3Hb
npaBO Ha 06paJumnme II 31IPaBO-
oxpaHeHHe
npaBO Ha IlOJI)"reHIIe HI$JpMmmH
.D.eTCKHfi"Ip)'lI
6bITborro3HarulE,1M
m06aJ1bHaJlC1pa-rent'lecKaJlocHoBa
H(]0J\HOH3HHXHeBepHO
npHHJlThr BCeNIl C1pBHBMH KpOMe
npaBO pe6eHKa Ha TO, 'IT06w I: HHM
06paUJa.HChKaKCpaJIHhlM
npHHHMaTb}"1BCTHeI!JI(i"I(;1EIIJIX
oupe.o:e:U1T1. npaBa
=
YHIt'froJ'(f:JjI1C6e..I:mocrH
.:.£"JbCTBOOpoJJq\CHHI1
Hac."JelIOBaHl1e
OCI/OIIHocnpCnJlTCTRI1e
(b) Translale the following sernences into English In wriling:
011HH 113 OCHOBHblX npHHl\HnOB KOHBeH[{H11 no npaBaM pe6eHKa - npaBO
pe6eHKB HB *H3Hb H pa3BHTHe; tie MeHee BBJKHblM npHHUHnOM JlBJJ1IeTC1I
npaBO pe6eHKa Ha TO, IJTo6b! OH He  J]1iCKpHMHHaUHI1; B I:OOT-
BeTCTBHH I: KOHBeHl\He. pe6eHOK HMeeT npaBO }"1acTBOBaTb B npHHJlTHH
pellleHH, KaCaIOUlIIXCJI era; Bce lleiiclll1V1 OTHOCHTeJlbHO npaB pe6emw
JlOJlIKHbl OCHOBbIBaTbCJI tIa nOtulTHH HarmOJlbWeH nOJlb3bl JlIDI pe6eHKa;
l:yweCTaylOT pa3Hbre nynt HcnOJlbJOBaHI1J1 KOHBf:HltI1l1 Ha npaKTI1Ke; KOH-
BeHIlIUI OOH no npaBaM pe6eHKa JlBJlJIeTCJI HaH6o.rree llIHpoKO npi1H.IITOH
MeJK1I,YHapOl!HOH KOHBeHUHej:j; C KOHBeHuHeii 1:0macHJlHCb 60J1bWHtICTBO
npaH MlJpa; 6elIHOCTb - rJIaBHoe npeIlJITCTBlie Ha nyTH npeTBOpeHHI'I II
*i13Hb nOJlOJKCHHll Kt.""IHBeHl!HH; KOHBeHQHJI MOJKCT 6b1Tb HCnOJlb30BaHa
JlIIJI HanpaBJIeHIlJI YCHJlH no 6opb6e I: 6elIHOCTblO; IICQ"\IlbJOBaHHe rep-
MHHa «CHpOTbI, 60JlbHble cnIlJ],oM) YBf:JlHIJHBaeT n030p H J]1iCI<pHMHHa-
240

UHIO nereH; npe6blBaHHe nereH B )"JpC)KllCHWlX 3aIIpbIIU"O nma He no-
3BOJlfteT HM nOJlHOUeHHo paJBHBBTbC H cnOC06CTB)'eT HX nHcJqJHMHHa-
1!l1J{; I: nOMOLl\b1O nOJlO"JKeHHH KOHBeHI!I1H MO)KHO EiopoThcII I: ceKcyarr....
HOH 31«:IlJI)'KIaUHeH H HaCHJlHeM: KOHBeHUH.II 6a3Hpye--rc.II Ha OCHOBe 1:0-
6J1lOlIeHWI npBB 
(I) writ
(2) writ to apprehend the body
Task 16. Matcn tne Engllsn expressions witn tneir Russian equiva-
lents in tne table:
(3) 10 bring a writ
(4) writ ofattachment
(5) writ of execution
(tJ) writofinjlU1ction
(7) writ uf protection
(8) writ ofreview
(a) I:YlIe6Hblll3anpe--r
(b) (;)'ne6HblH npHKa3 06 J{cnOJlHe-
HHH perneHJ{.II. J{cnOJIHHTeJlbHblH
me>
(I:) (;)'ne6HblH npl-lKaJ06 apeCTe
(d) I:YlIe6HblH npHKa3 0 npl-lBOl!e B
I:yn; cyne6Hbl(J npHKa3 0 HMO-
)((eHHHapeCTaHa HM)'llreC1BO
Ie) Bpy'lHTb l:yne6Hbl(J npHKa3
(f) npHlGl30nepeCMOTpeneJl3
(g) oxpaHHa.ll rpaMOTa
(h) (;)'ne6HblH npl-lKa3
Y Summing-up. Comment on Gegel's saying about relo-
? tion to chdren. Give your opinion on the ways in which
. the CRC can be used to influence activities in practice.
Give examples of children abuse, expIatollon, neglect or trafficking,
from yaur own life, or somebody you know, or from the books you
have read.
Useful Words and Expressions for Speech Practice
chIld and forced marriage
to be deprIVed of one's basIc
rights to health, education, de-
velopment and equality
to be regarded as an econorruc
burden
pamrni-f1I npl6paK
6bITb JUfllIeHHhlM C!lOHX OCHOB-
HbIX npaB Ha 3Aopom.e, o6pa30-
Bmme. pa3B1:1TIle H paBHorrpmme
pOCCMaTplIBaTbOl KaK 06Y3<l B
3KOHOMH'leCKOM OTHOllIeHHH
241

to benefit the child and her fum-- ripl-JHeCrn I-rOO3Y pe5eHKY I-f -ee-
ily financially and sociillly ceMbe B <}JI-JlliI.HCOBOY! I-J COL\I-J-
atlbHOM OfHOllieHI-JII
to settle debts
a perceived means of creating
stability
a way for parents to lessen theLr
economic burdens
immoral and mappropnate
behavior
physicaUy and sexually mature
worldwide phenomenon
consequenl:es of I:hiJd marriage
numerous detnmental conse-
quenl:es (associated with)
severe health consequenl:es
heavy burden
inevitable psychological as well
as physical consequences
physical harm
psychoJogJcal attack
threatemng behavior
as presenbed by law
gender discrimination
to elllrunate gender gaps
to be forced mto
to have a serious impact on...
YAaAlITb AOIlI'OBble OfHOllieHIDI
0lLIjlTHI'II>Ii l:uoco5 I:03AC\Tb nd-
6wu,HOCTb
I:noc06 t.NI poAHTehefi: )'MeHb-
WH1'b CBOI-J 3KOHOMl-J'lecKlfe
npo6l\eMbi
6e3HpaBCTBeHHoe H HeCOOTBeT-
I:TB}'lOlL\ee nOB€A€HlIe
<}J1-f3WI€CKH I-J ceKcYaAbHO 3p€-
""'"
<}JeHOMeH MHpOBOro Macnrra6a
nOCll.eACTBIDI pammx 6p1lKOB
MHOI'O'Il-f(;]\E>HlIlf€ BpeAHble no-
ClI.eACTBIDI, (CBJJ:'!aHHlf€ c)
C€pLe:nllf€ nOCll.eACTBIDI AM'-
3A O pOBW!
TJ'i)f(€J\CIJ! 06Y3a
Hel-J36e>KHble ncHXOJ\Ol1t'JecKHe
VI 4J11311'JeCKHe nOCAeACTII(U[
$13Il'JecKHlt:BpE'A
nCI-JXOllOl'H'IeCKOe B03t>,eHCTBl-Je
yrpo3bI, yrpoJKal()(L\t'e nOB€Ae-
HH'
KaK np€AllI-JCdHO 3aKOH0M
nOllOBilii AHrnptMHIIalIIDI
yC'rpalillTh AHCKpliMlfHillll1W no
nOllOBOMY I1pI-J3HaKY
6bITb I1pHlfJ'JKAdeMblM
I-JMen. l:epbe3HOe BJIIDIHI-Je Ha...
242

Task 19. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
Where app-oprioIe, consult Engjsh-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on low. Pay special allentlon to the words
and word comblnallons In bold type.
CHILD AND FORCED MARRIAGE
What IS I:hilcl marriage? Child! Early marriage refers to any marriage ofa
I:hild younge.- than 18 year old, in accordance with Artide I of the Conven-
tion on the Right of the Child. While child marriagt> alTecls both sexes.
girls are dlspropoctlOllately alTecled as they are the majority of the vk!ims.
They are left socially isolated with little education, skills and opportu-
nities for emplo)'ment and self-realization. Child bndes are more vulner-
able to poverty, a I:onsequence of child marriage as well as a I:ause.
Child marriage is now wide1y recognized as a violation of children's
rights, a direct form of discrimination against the girl I:hilcl who as a resu1t
ofthe practice is often deprived of her basic rights to health, education,
deveiopment and equality. Tradition, religion and poverty I:ontinue to
fuel the practil:e of the d1ild maniage.
A forced marriage is defined as a marriage «ronducted without the
valid I:onsent of one or both parties and is a marriage in whkh duress -
whether physkal or emotional is a factor..> Even if a I:hlld appears to
give their I:onsent, anyone under the age of 1fi is not able to make a fully
informed choice whether or not to many. Child marriages must be viewed
within a context of force, involving pressure and emotional blackmail
and I:hddren that lack the dlOice or I:apacity to give Urir full I:onsent.
Child marriage is a worldwide phenomenon but is most prevalent in
AfTka and Southern Asia and although Ils pral:!ke has decredsed somewhat
in recent de<:ades, it remains l:omlTlOfl in, although not only confined to,
rural arrears and among the most poverty strkken. In Afii<:a, UNICEF es-
timate that 42 percent of girls are married before t age of 18 and in some
AfTkan I:ountries the figure is IJUJch higher, such as in Niger where there is
a 76 percent incidence of dLild marriage. The age at whll:h I:hddren are
married also varies tetY.een I:ounmes but marriage before the age of 15 is
uncommon and in some areas of West AfTka and in Ethiopia, girls are
sometimes manied as early as age 7.
Poverty is a critical factor contributing to d1ild marriage and a I:om-
mon reason why parents may encourage a I:hiJd to many. Where poverty is
aaJte, a young girl may be regarded as an economIc burden and her mar-
riage to a IJUJch o1der - sometimes even e1derly - man is bdieved to
243

benefit the child and her family both financially and socially. In I:om-
munities where I:hild maniage is practiced, marriage is regarded as a trans-
adion, often repre<:enting a significant economic activity for a family. A
daughter may be the only I:ommodlty a family has left to be traded and
sometimes g]rls I:Bn be used to settle debts. A girl's maniage may also take
place as a pelTt'ivt>d means of ere ating slabi lily. In uncertain times, poor
harvest l:ornl!tlOns or war, a famlly may believe it is necessary to ensure
the economical «safety) of their daug11:er and family, through maniage.
In Afrll:a tl1c monetary va1ue of bride pril:e, or bride wealth, is hnked
with maniage. Bride price is a sum, either in I:ash or kind, used to purchase
a bride for her labor and fertility.
In the rontext of poverty, the practice of paymg bride can eocourage
early marriage. Young girls, a resource with whkh their parents 1:00 attain
greater wealth, are manied ofT a young age, for the bride pril:e and also as a
way for parents to lessen their economk burdert'l
Dominant notions of mora1lty and honor are important factors encour-
aging the practke of I:hild marriage. These are influenced great by the im-
portance placed on mamtammg ((family 0Cft:J0' and the high va1ue placed
on a girl's vlrglDlty. Young g]rls may a1so be encouraged to many older
men, due to the perception that an older husband will be able to act as a
guardian against behavior deemed immoral and inappropriate.
(http://www.absolUe.a'llror1omy.comftopicslManiage#erqclopedia)
"""',
to affect both sexes
Girls are left socially Isolated wIth
little education, skills and opportum-
tIes for employment and self-
reahlllllon.
BJlIlJITh(JaTPilIlIBaTh)06anOJla
J],eBo'JKH OL"faIOTCJl C:Ol-!ll3JlbHO-
H30JlllpomIHHbIMI1,16e3
HJI,KBaJ1loJ;qlWll{lD1HB03-
MlMCHL1CI1I;:1.IIJI nOJlY'JeHHJI p6..TfbI H
l:aMOpeaJIH>aIlHH.
Tpa.UlUHH, pe."JIIf1k.13HUC npaBI1J1a 11
6e1IH0CTh lIalOT 003N0II\I-/0crb CYillC-
crBOBaTbrqJaJmlKCpaHHJlx6paKOI3
PaHHI1H 6paK Ha:\O paCCMaYpI1BaTb B
KOIITeKCTeII!ICI1J1I1J!.
J],eTII He IJMelOT BbI60pa IJJIHII03N:C»K-
HOCTII.uaTbCBOCnOJlHOCCOrnacHe.
CJ]JIHCTBCHHbJiiTOBap,IIMe1OO1HIJalB
l:eMbe
Tradition, religion and poI--erty I:on-
tmue to fuel thc practJce of I:hlld mar-
nagc.
Child mamagt must bevlcwed wltJun
thctofforce
Children lack the choIce or capacIty
togiVethelrfuUl:onsent
the only commodity a family has left
244

!.? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING OUESTIONS,
I. What is I:hilcl marriage?
2. Why are girls the majority ufthe vkhms?
3 How is I:hild mamage I:onslclered now by the pubhl: In most I:OUf]-
tries'}
4. What fuels thepractll:e of I:hild marriage?
5. How is forced maniage defined?
6. Where does I:hild marnage occur?
7. Whydoesl:hildlTl8lTiageoccur?
Task 20. Replace words and word combinallons in brackets by their
Engish equivalents
(I) (floG paHHlLllll npuH)vume.lbHbLW 6pc.n..--v'l nOlilu/uw1rn) any mar-
flage ora I:hild younger than 18 years 01d, in aa:ordanre with Arti-
de I oftheCOIwenhon on the Right oftheChlld.
(2) While child marriage (.J{JT1If'O.'llft(Km (J6a no.m). gIrls are dIspro-
portionately affected as they are «(101f>UL/lHU'1f{lJ }Kl.pmtI)
(3) Child marriage is now widely recognized as (HUfJ)'UK'f/11e npu/J pe-
6eHlw), a direct fonn of discrimination against the girl who as a re-
su1t of the practil:e is often (.lUUl£iemc1l C60UX OCH06/1bL'>: 11pG8 HG
:Jdopoobe, 06pm000Hue. JX136umue U JX16IK»1PU6U€).
(4) (flpUlI)"QUme1bllbIU 6paK) is defined as a marriage I:onducted 16eJ
C>eiicnl8Umclhl/Oi"O COi?1aCUJ/ vOIIO/; U1II 06eux cmopOll).
(5) Child marriage is a (qJe/iO.'feH vlifJ06G-YJ 1IOCUmm6a) but (npeoo-
11qv.-em) in Africa and Southern Asia and although its practice (lIe-
CKmbl<O Y"fllblllll1Uf:b :m 110C1('()m/C OeCJImI11emUJI), it remains
I:ommon in, altbough not only I:onfined to, rural areas and among
the most poverty strkken.
(6) Poverty is (K{Ill1f/ll'Jel.KlIli rJx»<mop) I:omributing IO I:hild l11arnage
and (l1puIJU/ra) why parents may (CK.101I5Imb pe6e1lJ.."CIK').
(7) Where poverty is acute, a young girl (_1fa.JlCem pacc.wumplI6£ImbC1l
KG/( o6yw 6 3KOHO.1fu<IeC/Wlf 0frlJI()UI(!ffl).
(8) A I:hild marriage to a much older - sometimes even elderly -
man is believed (njJ!/IHX.fflll nO.1b])' pe6elll<y U ee ce.1fbe I<QK 6 fjJu-
IIQllCOHJ.lI mal< U 6 (YJljUQ.lbIIO.W 11.1G1le).
245

(9) In I:ommunitles w11ere I:hild marriage is pral:ticed (6paK paCQlam-
pueoen1<JI IWKcOcJKa).
(lO)A daughter may be (eouHcmeeHHblil moeap. UlleIOIIJui!CJI 6 ce.\Jbe)
to be traded and sometllJICS girls I:an be used (O.VI y.w:JICIIlilJ1/WI
iJo_J;y)&ff o&uamebcme)
UJ Ta.k 21. (01 Tm",'ale Ice fallaw;"g wacd comb;"al;o",
into English in writing.
6nOBelleHHe
(;CMCib-JaR'JeCTb
cnoco6cmoBaTh Ilpat<THKe paHHHX
6paKOB
BblCOKBHL\eHHocn,p.eBCTBCHHOL"TH
nOHHHIJI),tOp3JIH11 'JeL"TH
:}KOHOMI1'1CO("!I!Io0y3a
BI«II-ffeI(C"fe6elIHOCTH
p.e1lCNt:K Bblll3-lOT I3MyHl B paHHeM
B03paL"Te
I:noco6 JIJIH p0;J.l1Te;JeH YMeHbWHTb
"}IWf]OPIII1'!Kl1e npo6neNbi
lIeBO'IKa paccMaTpHBaeTCJI KaK oOy3a
6paKpacCMaTpI1BaeTCIIKaKc.ae.1Ka
yperyIlnpOll1Tb!JQllfUBbJeOTHOIIJel-llJH
0ll\YTllMblj:jcnoco6c-ra-
6HJ1bHOCTb
HeCIIOKOIIHue BpeMeHa
oGecllC"Jl-ITh JKOHOMH'IecK)'1O 6e3o-
"
$eHoMeH MHpOBOro
B4>HHdHCt.1tiOM IJ COl1H3JlbHOM OTHO-
"""""""""'"
TOBapILIITOpro3JIH
YMUibllll£IbDl 3a nOCilelIHl1e J\CCJITH-
60JlbllJI1HCTBO)((CpTB
IlHllJaeTC!!CBOIJXOCHOBHblXnpaB
onpeile.llleTClI
"PO"""""
I:KJIOHJITbpe6er-aM.K6paK)'
(b) Translate the following senIences in writing.
(I) BCOOTBeTCTBHHI:OCTaTheH I KOHBeHllHl-lnonpaBaMpe6eHKa.
(2) PaHHHM 6paKoM, HBJIHeTCII mo6oii 6paK, 3aKJIIO'IeHHwH]10 18 JIeT.
(3) flpl-lH)';:urreJlbl-Jbdi6paKonpenerrneTCXKaK6paK, 6e3
.ueiiI:mIrreJlbHOro 1:0rJIOCI-IH OlIHOH rum 06e1-lX crOpoH.
(4) ,[leBO'IKH 0J<a3bIBJl0"TCH I:Ol\HaJlbHO 1130IlHpoBaHHbIMII, He nOJl)"lBlOT
nOCTaTO'IHoro 06pa30BaHI-IJI 11 He HMelOT B03MOJKHOCTH pafuran. H
C1INBa"fbOI.
(5) flpenno <JTO nH,-!O, He nOCTHrwee BOOpacra 18 IleT, He B
I:OCTOIIHHH (;)1eJlan. QCMI,JCJ!efJHbIP Bbl50p BbIXO)JJfIb rum He BblXo-
I\IITb3aM)')K.
246

(6} rnaBHbIM OOpa30M.lIeTCKHe 6paKH 3aKJI1O'JaJOTCJI B Ai):p1Kt' H 101K-
HOHA3HH.
(7) PaHHHe6paKHnopJUJynpH'IHH.
(8) B OCHOBHOM 6elIHOCTh BbJ pom-rreJ1ew I:J(JJOHJITb pe6eHKa K
3alU1lO4eH(llOpaHHero6pat.a.
(9) B 6elIHblX ceMbllX .IIeBO'IKa  KBK 3KOHOMW-jeCKM
06Y"'.
(10) nrx;.nnonar-ae1"Ql, 'JTO 6paK I: nOJlO1.l1blM M)'K'1I1HOH 3a1U11{1'1aeTCJI B
Hmepecax pe6eHKa (I ee l:eMbH.
(II) J{O'1b pBaeTCJI KaK Toaap, c nOMOlllb1O KOTOporo MQ)((HO
pa3pelillffbynY'umm>I)JHHaHCOBOCHI:0-
UHaJlbHOCfJO!)())JOC'lj)teceMbll.
(12) J{OMHHHp)'lOlUI1e noH!ffiUI MOpam-i H 1JecTH JlB.f]JlJOTCJI BIDKHbIMH
I)JaKfOpaMH, I:noc:06cTByJournMH npaKfHKe 3a1U11O'IeHWI paHHHX
""""".
(13)Ilpe.!monarae-r, 'frO Bbli1.uJJ JaM)'K Ja BJpocJ10ro M)')K'IHHY, .IIeBO'1Ka
nOlI ero pyKOBOJICTBOM ,U6erneT 6e-3HpaBCTBeHHOrO 1-IJ1(11-1fC()QTI1a-
C1B)'IO[l!CffinoeHHJI.
10)
Task 22. Matc fe Englis expressions wit feir Russian equiva-
lents in fe fable.
NB I liabilit)'-(I)UI1IeJC1BeJlHOCh;
(2) OOJlJaIiHOCTb, 0fm3ment.crBa
(1)l:riminalliability
(2) I:jvilliability
(3) fixedhabihtJes
(4) individual liability
(5) Jomtliability
(6) personal liabIlity
(7) legal liability
(8) limitedliabilil:)
(9) reciprocal liabilities
(a) .II0JlrOCp0'1Hhte OOJl3aTeJlbCTBa
(b) (lHlIHBHlI)'aJlbHaJlUIBe1CIlleHHOCTh
(I:) n(l'1HaJI UIBe1CIBeHHOCTb
(d) rpa>K1IaHI:KO-npaBOBall UJlIeICI1JeH-
HOCTh
(e) orpaHM'1eHHIDIUIBeIcrBelJHOCTh
(f) roaHMHble ofuIEre1]bCTBa
(g) yrOJloBHaJlUIBeTl--rBeHHOCTb
(h) 00BM0CIJJaJI ume-rcrneHHL"'Cfb
(i) I:Y.lle6HaJlOIBeTCI1IeIJHoCTb
247

Ib)
NB I valid - (I) tqllf,!l.ll'leCKH JJ;eHCTIlirreJlbHblH.
HMeJOOUlH I:HJI)'. npaooNepHUH;
(2)n.eHCTBYIOIlIHH
(I) valid for a year (a) IOpll.!lHIJeCKaa I:H1I8; ncpHOlI .uei'ic11lllH
(2) to valulate (b) lIeHCTBl-ITeJlbHblH B Te'leHHe rOlla
(3) validity (c) 1I.eJlan ,neHcrBHTeJ\bHbIM; npll./lo1B1lTh
KpUDlqecf()'IO I:HJlY; 06"bIlBJl.llTb lIeHcr-
BHTeJlbHbIM; yrBep)K.lIilTl., paTIut>HUHpo-
"'''
 QUOTATIONS FOR COMMON DISCUSSION
If we desire respect for the law. we must first make the law
respec::table.
Brandeis
Some people are alive simply because it is against the law
to lull them.
Howe
Money often costs too much.
Emerson
i i Debate, WHY IS THE DIVORCE RATE RISING SO FAST
IN mE WORLD?
Give your own Ideas on tne folloWing problems:
(I) What is the state ofthe family in the twenty-first I:entury?
(2) Why IS the divorce rate riSIng so fast in the world?
(3) How has the liberation ofwornerr affected the family?
(4) Do children make or break a marriage?
(5) Is forcing a I:hild to many an immoral act?
(6) What do you think about marriages organized by parelus? Does it
sometImes work?
248


Task 23. Study tile text below, making sure you JuDy
comprehend it Where q:propriate, consult Englisl1-
Russian dictionaries and/or otner reference & source
books on law.
CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD MARRIAGE
There are numerous detrimental oonsequeoces associated with Child mar-
riage. with physIcal, deve1q:rnentaJ, psychological and socia} implications.
When a d1ild bride is married she is likely to be furced into sexual ac-
tivity wlth her husband. and at an age the bride is not physjl:a1ly and sexu-
ally mature this has severe health I:onsequences. Child brides may also suf-
fer vulnerability 10 AIDS.
Child marriage also has oonsiderable implkations for the social devel-
opment of I:hild brides, in tenns of low levels of education, poor health and
lack ofageocy and personal auI.unoIn).
The I:yclkal nature of early marriage results in a likely low level of
education and skills, increased vulnerabLiity to abuse and poor health, and
thereforeacutepO\ierty
It is a huge responsibility for a young girl to become a wife and mother
and because girls are not adequately prepared for these roles this heavy
burden has a serious impact on theIr psychoJogil:aJ welfare. their percep-
tions of themselves and also their relationship.
Women who many early are more likely to suffer abuse and violence,
with inevitable psychoJogicaJ as well as physicaJ coosequeoces. Studies
indicate that women who many at young ages are more likely to bebeve
that it is sometimes &."\.-q::tab!e for a husband to beat his wife. and are there-
fore more likely to experieoce domestk violence themselves. VioJent be-
havior I:an take the foml of physil:al han11, psychological attacks. threaten-
ing behavior and forced sexual aCls including rape. Abuse is sometimes
perpetrated by the husband's family as well as the husband himself, and
girls that enter families as a bride often become Q"lJlle'lt11: sJaves for the in-
Ia.
Child marriage is a violation of human rights and is prohibited by a
number of internatIonal conventions and other irmruments.
Artide 16 (I) of Umversal Declaration of Human R1ghts. 1948 says:
Men and women of full age. ..have the right to many and found a famil}'.
They are entitled to equal rights as to mart"ia.,oe, during marriage and at its
dissolution. (2) Marriage shall be entered into onJy with the free and full
I:onsent ofthe intending parties.
249

Convention on COOSCIIt to Marriage. Minimum Age for Marriage and
Registration of Maniages, 1964; Article I, No marriage shall be legally
entered into without the free I:onsent of both panies, such I:onsent to be
expressed by them in person...as prescribed by law. Artide 2. States Par-
ties to the present Convention shallmspecify a mimmum age for marriage
(<<11ot less than 15 years» occording to the nonbinding recommendation
accompanying this Convention). No marnage shall be legally entered into
by any person under this age. exrept where a I:ompetent authority has
granted a dispensatIon as to age, for se£1OlI" reasons. in the mterests of the
intending spouses... Article 3, All marriages shall be registered...by the
I:ompetent authority_
Afril:an Chaner on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, 1990: Article
XXI, Child marriage and the bctrothal of girls and boys shall be prohibited
and effective oction. including legislation, shall be taken to specify the
minimum age of marrIage to be 18.
A number of anides wIthin the Convention on the rights ofthe Child,
1989 hoJd relevance to Child marrIage.
Child maITIage IS an issue that l:aJUlot be solved In isolation as it results
fium a I:omplexlty of socia1. rulturnl and economil: dnnenslons and wide-
spread gender discrimination. Repeated studies have shown the ilTl)lOr1al1t
role that education must play in effons to eliminatel:hild marriage. Re-
search by UNICEF shows that the more education a girl receives, the less
likely she is to be married as a I:hild. Improving access to education and
eliminating gender gaps in educatIon are therefore important strategies for
ending the prnctke of I:hild marnage.
(htlp.l/\'MW. absoIUl:'1Slror1rn1y.comltopicsfMarriageliencydopedia)
NOles.
Mamage has a seriOllS impact on !heIr
ps}'chologll:alwe1fare
Child marriage is prohibited by a
number of IIlIemdtIOfl8l conveJttlons
and other IIlstruments.
They are entitled to equal nghts as to
1TIHITIagt; dunng mamage and lis d]s-
solution.
wIth free and full I:onsent of the JII-
1c:I-,dn-.gpartles
tograntlld1m
cannol be solved III isolallonas itre-
suits from II l:ornpleXlty of socIal.
EpaK 0KaJbPIBeJ et:pbC"3HOe BJlI1JIHHe
Ha HX nClIXO"JOI"WreCIIOe J.aopoBbe
PaHHHe 6paKH IallpeIIlCHl>I paaoM
MeJJQ:\YHdpGlIHbIX KOHBeHI-IHM H JlPY-
nlMHaKTaMH.
OHH IIOJI)"JBIQT paBHb]e npaBa Ha
3!!KIIlO<It:HHe 6paKa, BO BpeMJI 6pHKH H
npHerop1LHI1I1.
l:.:ro(pooo.rIbI-IO£OHnOJlHOrOI:Orna-
CHJI.fun:croPOH
.aa Tb p!l3peWeHl1e
ue MO)!(eT 61>1Tb peweH B O1pblBe OT
KOMnJleKCa CO'-tl1aJ1MIE.IX, K)'.-u.ryp-
2S0

cultural and eooocu;ic dimensions HI>IX IJ JIOCJJJONHlJeCKHX 06JJacreH
domcstl(: slavcs for thclr m-Iaws Ao).taLlJHH pa6blHH .!lJIj[ POLlCTBeHHH-
KOBCOCTOpoHMM)'1I(a
? (a) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. What I:onsequences are associated with I:hild marriage?
2. Nobody hesitates about physical oono;eqllences of I:hild mamage In
view of physkal and sexual immatureness and vulnerabihty to
AIDS and suchlike diseases of I:hild bndes, but aren't development
consequences more tragil:? Give your I:omment.
3. Does a huge responsibility for a young girl to become a wife and
mother mostly lead to all kinds of psychologkal and mental prob-
lems?
4. Do you agree that women who many early are more bkely to suf-
fer abuse and violence wIth inevitable psychologll:al as well as
physical consequences?
5. Do you agree wIth the study that women who Illany at young ages
are more likely to believe that it is sometimes OCI:q:tab1e for a
husbarn:\ to beat his wife?
6. What are the features of violent behavior?
7. Are there any international human right instrwnents l:or-lCdTiilig
dlild marriage? What do they say?
8. What I:Bn be really done?
[)JIb) T<o"lol, th, follo,.;n9 wo,d comb;nol;on, ;nlo Engl;,h ;n
writing:
yC"IpBHI1Th L\IICJq:JIIMHHal\l1lO no no-
J10BOM)'npHJHaK)'
BOJMIJJ!CHOCThnOJl)'lJaTb06pa3oBaHl1e
npaKTHKapllHHI1XUp3KOB
COIlIJaf1UJWI,K)'_lb1)'pHaJlH3KOHa-
MH'lI:<:KIDlOOJJa(;TH
paLnpOCIp3HeHHaJI
mmOBWlilltCK)JH\lHHaUIDI
06ecne9HTb CBoe co6cTBeHHoe 6y-
;l,Yll\eel16y.!!yweecBoeHLlO'IepH
BOCI1pHHHMaeTCj[ KaK e.aHHCTBeHHblll
Bbl60pWUllIeB0geK
2S1

J'd1H4IIIIlIIpl61H BCe1H crpam\lH,
JaHCKJ1lO'JU/11eM
HMCIOTOTHOIUCHHCK...
Bce.eiicll!HJI,lGICdIOllUteCJI.II.CTeiJ
1I0Jl)I(HO 6bITb Y.ll.eJ1eHO nepRocre-
neHHOCBHHMaHHf'
4JIUII'lt:CKue IJ YML"T1!eHHOC lIaCillllJC
lIYpHoeo6paweHJJe
npHpoJIIIJOneK)'HOB
paBHble003lll!J}lili()CTH
6bITb JaWHweHHblM or BpelIHblX
TpaI1IIIlItOHHblXnpaKTHX
o603Ha'lHTh MHHHMaJlbHblH B03paCT
1IJlJI6paKa
06pyqeHae 11 6paK
JlOJJJKHbI6bITb3aperHCTpHpOBaHbI
)(()WJereH11-]bleOpraHbJ
JlaThpaJpeUleHHe
IOpH)\H'IeCKHpeKO-
MelUlauHJI
KaxnpcJlI1HCaHOJal(()llOM
l:omaCHe,Ilblpd)lleHHUC1H'lHO
 p$L'lOM Me)!(1lYHapo.ll-
HblHalITOB
.;tOMBwHee pal.: 1110
pOIlCTBeHHHKHM)'JKa
HacilllHC I1Hor.na}"llflDle1CJl ce"lldi
"Y
llCBO'OOl.n:QiUIlWtCBHOBYlOceMblO
I:XopeeBcero
nUBt:;\eHHe
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nCIt'(QI](IJ1("IeU«X::W°POBbe
BpeIlHbleJlOCJle.acTIIIlJI
npHeMJleMOC;uJJI 1)'JKa
HMeTbCepbe3HoeBJ1HHHHeHB
COOTBe'JCTBeHHO nomuroBJJeHbI
I:BH3aHHb1HC
HlI]KIIHypOBeHb06paJOBaHHH
COIIIIaIIbHOCJYUBl-lTlJe.
(q T ronslote fne folloWing sentences irl writing:
(I) PaHHHH 6paK IJ nOMOJlBKa MBJlbtjHKOB 11 lIeBO'leK JIOJlJKHbl 6b1Th
3anpeweHbl, 11 1I0IJA(l]bl 6blTh npeJlllpHWlTbl 34>if1eKTHBHble lleHcT-
BHH, BKJlIO'-IaH JaKOHOJIaTeJlbHble, 1IJlJI ycraHOBJJeHI1.\! MHf:lHMa.rJb-
1I0ro B03paCTa1I.JlH 3aKlllOtJeHIUI6paKa 18 lIeT.
(2) Bo Bcex }lerlCTBHJlX, KacalOll!HXCH JIeTeH, .110 rnaBY yrna 1l0JlJKHbI
6bITb nOCTaBJleHbI IJX I1HTepecu; lien:! OWJaJIaIOT npaBoM Ha "llI0-
poBbe, a TalOKe npaBoM HMeTb B03MO)!(HOCTb nOJlb30BaTbCH ycny-
raMH)"Ipe)l(,l1eHIJH:'IJJPI!BOOXpaHeHHH.
(3) .Qern J1MelOT npaBo Ha 3alUlfl)' OT BCe'I: I}IopM l:excyaJIbHOH 3KC-
Wl)'aTIlW11J IJ l:eKcyarrbHoro HaCHJlI1.\!; lleTlJ IJMelOT npaBo Ha 3alUlfl)'
or Bcex I}IOpM 3KcnJlyaTBLlHH. HaHOCJlI.lJl1X B)Je.!l n!06oMY acncK"I)' HX
6narococwJlHIliI.
(4) PaHHJ1H 6pax '-JaCTO BOCnrUHJ1MaeTCJI KaK ellHHcTBeHHbIH Bbl60p
.Q.IUI J\ H '-JaCTO paccMa-.pHBaeTc!t pOl!HTCJlJlMH pe6eHI{!1 KaK
I:noco6 o6ecne'-lIJTh KaK I:Boe 6YlIYllIee, TaK IJ 6Y1IYwee JIO'IepH.
(5) nOCTOJlHHble Ha:JJelIOBIiHHJI nOKa3all1J BaJKH)'1O poJlb, KOTOpyIO
lIOJDKHO I:blrpBTb OOpa3oBaHHe B )'<:TpBHeHIJH paHHHX 6paxoB
2S2

 QUOTATIONS FOR COMMON DISCUSSION
No nation is fit to sit in judgment upon any other nation.
Wilson
Necessity has no law.
Franklm
The oppression or any people for opinion's sake has rarely hitd
any other effed than to fix those opinions deeper and render
them more important.
Ballou

t W Debate: WHAT CAN REALLY BE DONE TO EUMINATE
CHILD MARRIAGE?
Give your own ideas on tne following problems:
(I) What age do you tlllllk IS tlle most acceptable tbrmarnage? Why?
(2) What is tlle perfect age for:
leaving home?
startingW<:Jrl..-?
maybe, I:hangmg work?
starting physkal training and keepmg fit?
begInning drinking a1cohol?
falling In love?
havmgl:hildren?
quitting work?
having grandchildren?
(3) Do you agree that education is tlle most effective in etTorts to
eliminatel:J-,ilQ marriage?
(4) Is there such a phenotner1al as <igender gaps in education» in your
1:0lUltty?
(5) Give your opinion about dlscnminatlOl1 in general and give exam-
ples of it from your own life, or somelxxly you know, or from tlle
books you have read.
2S3

..
'\.J CONNEalCUT FUNNY LAWS
Town records may not bekept \\here lIQuor L sold
You I:a!l be:: slopped by tllepohce fOT blkmg over 65 mIles per hour.
It IS JllegaJ to dlsp05e ofustd razor blades.
You cannot buy any alc0hoi after 9p.m. or on Sundays afternoon on Swulay.
k is illegaJ to di<d1arge a fireann from a public highway.
Noonemay use a 'White cane unless they are bbnd
It is unJa-wful to walk backwards after sunset.
Only whIte Chnstmas lights are allowed fordJspJay
You rnay not educate dogs.
It IS JllegaJ fora man to kLS hIs Wlfeon Sunday
It IS JllegaJ faTfire trucks to e'<ceed 2Smph, even ,""hen gomg to a fire.
J:"'!
W CREATIVE WRITING
Write an essay about tne fads of abuse, neglect, bad treatment of
children in modern society Make use of the Internet and mass me-
dia. Share your ideas with your dossmates, organizing a conference
and giving your ways 01 finding tne solutions to tne problems being
d.
2S4

Un;! 5
POLICE AND THE PUBLIC
THE POLICE IN BRITAIN
Task 1. Study fne text below, making sure you fully comprehend It.
Where opp-opriote, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or olher
reference & source books on law.
T"edefinilion ofpolidng
The word «polkel) means, generaU), tlle
arrangements made in aU dvilised I:ountnes to ensure
that the inhabitants keep tlle pe!K:e and obey the law.
The word also denotes tlle force of peace offi<:ers (or
polke) employed fOT this purpose.
In attaIning these cbjects. moch depends on tlle
approval and ro-q>eration of tlle publil:, and these
have always been detennined by the degree of esteem
and respect in whkh tlle po!Jl:e are held. One of the
key principles of modem polking in Britain is that tlle polit:e seek to work
with the community and as part ofthe community.
Origillsofp(Jlidng
The origin oftlle Bntish polil:e lies in ear1y tribal history and is based
on wstoms for securing order through tlle medium of appointed repaenta-
lives. In effect. tlle people were the polic:e. The Saxons  this system
to England and II11proved and developed the organisation.
This entailed the division of tlle people into groups of ten, l:aUed
«tythingsn, with a tything-man as representative of each; and into larger
groups, each often tythings, under a «lumdred-maJ"IH who was responsible
to the Shire-reeve, or Sheriff. ofthe COlUlty.
The tything-man system, after I:ontact wIth
Nonnan feudalism, I:hanged considerably but was not
wholly destroyed In time tlle tything-man became
tlle parish I:onstable and tlle Shire-reeve tlle Justice of
tlle Peace, to whom the parish I:onstable was
responsible. This systeIl\ which blXame wldel)
established in the seventeenth aJld eIghteenth centu-
ries, I:omprised, genera1ly. one unarmed shle-bodled
2S5
""
.
t#"

ntlzen in eoch parish, who was appointed or elected annuaUy to serve for a
year unpaid, as pansh constable. He worked in co-operation wIth tlle local
Justkes in securing obser\ance of laws and maintaining order. In addition,
in the towns, responsibility for the maintenance of order was conferred on
tlle guilds and, later. on other specified groups of citizens, and these sup-
plied bodies of paid men, known as «(The Watcm;. for guarding tlle gates
and parolling the streets at night.
In tlle eighteenth I:entwy I:ame tlle beginnings of immense social and
eanomk  and tlle I:onsequent movement of tlle populatIon to tlle
towns. The parish con<otable and «(Watch»  failed I:ompletely and the
impotenre oftlle law-enfurcmK:nt machinery was a serious _ Condi-
tions became intolerable and led to the formatIon oftlle«(New Police».
The wvrld'",-jirst modern policeforce 1829
 RobeIt Pee! (1788-1850)
Introduced tlle Metropolitan Polke
Ac::t of 1829 and set up an organised
polke force for London. with 17
divIsIons, each with 4 m<;pecto£S and 144
I:onstables. It was to be I:ontrolled from Scotland
Yard. and answerable to tlle Home Secretary.
This new force superseded tlle local Watch in
tlle London area but tlle City of London was not
I:overed. Sir Robert Peel had already established
tlle Royal Irish Constabulary in 1812, and it had
proved to be a great success. SIT Robert Peel
They became known as (<Peelers;; and (Bobbies); after tlleir founder.
and wore a dark blue long coat and a tall hat whil:h tlley could use to stand
on to look over walls, a pair of handcuffs and a wooden rattle to raIse tlle
alarm. By tlle 1880s tlus mttle was replaced by a whIstle.
Blue was I:hosen because it was tlle I:olour of tlle popular Royal Navy
rather than red which was the anny's I:olour and struck fear into tlle people
because of the way soldiers had been used to smash protests. The only
weapon was a tnmdron.
Sir Robert Peel's NINE PRINCIPLES for tlte
police
(I)
411
"
The bask mission for whil:h tlle polke exist
is to prevent I:r!me and disorder.
(2) The ability of the police to perfonn their du-
ties is dependent upon publk approval of po-
lil:eoctions.
,
2S6

(3) Polil:e must secure the wlllmg oo-qJenltion of the publk in volun-
tary 00servance of the law to be able to secure and maintain tlle
respect oftlle poolic
(4) The degree of I:o-operation of the pubIiI: that I:Bn be secured di-
minishes proportionately to the necessIty of the use of physical
force.
(5) Polke seek and preserve publk favour not by catering to public
opini<Jn but by I:onstantly demonstrating absolute impartial ser-
vll:etotllelaw.
(6) Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure obser-
vance ofthe law OTto restore order only when tlle exercise of per-
suasion, advil:e and warning IS found to be insufficient.
(7) Polic:e, at all times, should maintain a relationship witl] tlle public
that gives reality to the historic tradition that the polke are tlle
publll: and tlle publj(; are
tlle polire; tlle police being
only members of the public
who are paid to gIve full-
time anention to dutIes
whic:h are incumbent on 'oj  t ' I
every citizen in tlle interests .
of"'tyw,If=,od 1,.11 11 n
existence
(8) Polke should always direct
their actIon strictly towards their functions and never appear to
usurp the powers aftlle judIciary.
(9) The test of polil:e efficiency is tlle absence of crime and disorder,
not the vISible evidence of police action In dealing wIth it.
. i.:   .. 
".
i L.
? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. What are tlle main oije<:tives oftlle polil:e?
2. What is important to obtain these oijectives?
3. What do you know about tything-man system?
4. How did tlle -=y<:tem of parish I:onstah!es work?
5. What was the meaningofthe Metropolitan Police Al:t of 1829?
6. What is tlle most Important in tlle Robert Peel's Principles?
2S7

...........,- COUPLE REPORT STOLEN POT TO POLICE
A Horida I:ouple I:alled police 10 report that someone broke into their home
and stole tllCIT quartcr-pound stash of marijuana and they nded it back
because lhey planned tu Senll! Juhn [)ul.Iglds heelz, 18, and MIsty Ann
Hobnes, 17, were aITC'IIed forpos'ICS'lion of man juan a with Intent tode-
hver and (JO"'ie';<;IOll ot drug paraphernaha. 'IlJey're AnleTica's dwnbest
criminals," sala LL Ricky Ramie, head of the Bay Cmill!)' Sheriffs Office
narrotJc<i, task force
 Task 2. Study the text below, making sure you fully com-
prehend it Where q::prcpiote, consult RtJS5ion dic-
tionaries and/or other reference & source books on I(]'N.
THE POLICE AND THE PUBLIC
In tlle beginning of tlle 20'" l:enllJJY the Image of the frieooly BritIsh
«bobby», with his fatherly manner, was well-known witllin the I:ountry and
was reinforced by television. This positive image was not a I:omplete myth.
The system of policing was based on each polil:e offil:er having his 01-VTl
«heat), a partil:u1ar neighbourhood whil:h it was his ooty to patrol. He usu-
aUy aid this on foot or sometimes by btcycle. The local bobby was a famil-
iar figure on the streets, a reassuring presence that people felt tlley I:oulrl
trust absolutely.
In tlle 1960s tlle situation began to I:hange in two ways. First, in re-
sponse to an irn:reasingly 1i",ntnrJZed. society, aoo therefoce increasingly
motorized I:rime, tlle polil:e themselves started patrolling in I:ars. As a re-
sult, individual police offil:ers became remote figures ana stopped being tlle
familiar faces that they once were.
At the same time, the police found themselves having to deal increas-
ingly with public demonstrations ana with tlle activities of a generation
who had no expenence of war ana therefore no obvIous enemy-figure on
whil:h to focus their youthful feelings of rebellion. These young people
started to see tlle polil:e as the symbol of everything they dis11ked about
society. Po)jl:e oftkers were no longer known as «bobbies» but became tlle
«fuzvJ or tlle (l(;op5» or the «pigs».
2Sa

Since tlle middle years of tlle twentieth centUI)', tlle polil:e in Britain
have lost moch oftlletr positive unage. A I:hlld who IS lost is stili advised
to find a polke officer, but the sight of one no longer creates a general feel-
ing of reassurance. In tlle 1980s there were a large number of I:ases in
whil:h it was found that police offil:ers had lied and c:heated in order to get
O n people I:onvicted of I:rimes . (The Stefan Kizsko
.. I:ase). As a result, trust In the honesty and
incorruptibility of the polke has declined.
Nevertheless, there is still a great deal of publk
sympathy for the polke. It is felt that they are doing
. an Increasing1y diffil:ult job under dlffil:u1t
ciInmKtances. The assumption that their role is to serve tlle publil: rather
than to be agents of the government persists. Polke offkers often still ad-
dress members ofthe publll: as «sip) or «madam)). Senior offkers think it IS
important for the polil:e to establish a relationship witll loca1 people, and
the phrase (comnumity polidng)) is now fashionable. Some polke have
even started to patrol on foot again. Genelaily speaking, tlle relatLonship
between police and publk in Bntmn 1:000"lpares Quite favourably with that III
some other European I:ountries. British pohce sliD do not I:any guns in tlle
I:ourse of normal duty (although all police stations have a store of weapons).
The Stefan Kizsko ease
On 18 February 1m, a man who had spent - .
tlle previous sixteen years of his life in prison
serving a sentence for murder was released. It
had been proved that he did not in fact I:ommit
tllel:rime.
In tlle early 1990s a lar b '!: number ofpeop1e
were let out of British jails after spending several years serving sentefICe'; for
I:rimes they dId not rornmit. The most famous of these were «the Guildford
FoUD} and «the Birrnin,gham SPI)), both groups of people I:onvicted of terrorist
bombings. In every l:aSe, ious roUlt JIJdgemenJ:S were I:hanged when it
became dear that tllepo!il:e had not acted properly (for e, they had fal-
sified tlleevidence of their notebooks or had not revealed important evidence).
Publk confidence in the polke diminished. In the I:ase ofthe alleged
bombers, there remaIned some publil: sympathy. The police offkers in-
volved may have been wrong but tlley were trying to I:atch terrorists. The
Kizsko I:ase was different. He did not belong to an illegal organization. His
only «(CflmC» was that he was III the wrong ploce at the wrong time. He also
I:onfonned to a stereotype. which made him an easy vktim ofprejudke. He
was of below average intelligence and he had a foreign name, so ajury was
likely to see him as a potential murderer.
2S9

? ANSWER THE QUESTIONS,
I. How did tlle situation I:hange in tlle 1960s7
2. What was tlle publk attitude to tlle polke in 19805 and why?
3. What are tlle reasons fOf public sympathy for tlle police?
4. What are tlle examples ofthe unfair behaviorofthe police?
5. What is tlle public attitude to tlle police in youTI:Ounby?
..
-<"J- IT MUST BE THE SHOES
Irs amazing \\-11at some people will 00 fur matenal things and n's also
amaz1llg how many ofthcm are so prosecutable.
Pobce UllrlallO am.:sted ahlt 8Ild run suspect who was trymg to escape
after stealmg a pair of shoes.
The suspect 101e II pair ofshoes from II house and tried to flee the scene
Hejwnped inlO a ....ehlc1e and look ofT, then he hlta p.uked car and tried
to flee 1m: scene on fuol. Police £eceived another can &om another home
reporting that a man broke into their home bleeding and stole another pair
ofshccs. I'm Startll1g to see a pattcm here.
Pobce anNed the man and returned the shoes to thell" nghtful owners.
All seems nght with tlle world. agam
Task 3. Fill in the gaps with the words from Ihe box and relell tne
whole text
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE POLICE FORCE
There is no national police force in Britain. All polke _ work for one
oftlle forty or so sep3I"3te forces whil:h each have _for a particular goo-
grnphil:al area. Originally. these were set up locally. Only later did I:entral
government _ some I:ontrol over them. It mspects them and has influern:e
over senior appoil1:ments within them. In return, it _ about half oftlle
money to run them. The otherhalfl:omes from_
260

The e'<l't'pIion to this system is the Metropolitan Po!Jl:e Force. whkh
polil:es _ London. The «Met}) is under the d;r"ct 1:, "''' , of central
government. It also perfonns I:ertain national polke
functions such as the _ of all I:rimes and
I:riminals in England and Wales and the I:ompilation
of the missing  register. New Scotland Yard
is the famous building whkh is the _of its __ ,
Criminal Investigation Department (CID).
The system of justice in Great Britain
The system of justice in England and Wales, in
both dvil and I:rimina1 I:ases, is (as it is in Nort]]
America) an adversarial system. In criminal cases
there is no such thing as an examining magistrate who tries to discO\er the
real truth about what happened In fonnal tenns it is not the business of any
I:ourt to find out «the truth». Its Job is simply to decide «ye"» or ((/]0" to a
partlrular osition (in I:riminal I:ases, that a I:ertain person is guilty of a
I:ertain crime) after it has heard arguments and evirlence 1T0m both sides.
The adversarial system IS typll:al of oomrooll law I:ountries. The alter-
native is an mqulsltorial (occusatorial) system. whil:h eXIsts in most of the
rest of Europe. Under that  a judge plays the dominant role in 1:01-
lecting evidence before the trial. During the I:ourse oflengthy invesligation,
the judge will interview wi and inspect documents, and the fU1al tria]
is often just to approve automatil:aUy the mvestigatingjudge's findings.
There are basically two kinds of I:Ourt. More than 90"10 of aU (;ase5 are dealt
with in magistrntes' I:Ourts. EveI)' town has one of these. In them, a panel of mag-
istrates (usually three) passesjudgrnent Incases where they have decIded some-
body is guilty of a crime, they I:an also impose a ptmishment. This can be Un-
prisomnent for up to a year. or it can be a fine, although if II is a person's (dir;;t
ofIeoce» and the crune is not seriws. they often Impose no p.uushment at all.
Magistrates' courts are anotherexamp1e of the iJT;Jortance of amateurism
in British publk life. Magistrates, who are also known as Justkes of the
Peace (JPs), are not trained lawyers. They are just ordinary people of good
reputation who have been appointed to the job by a local ammittee.. They do
not get a salary or a fee for their work (though they get paid expenses). Inevi-
tably. they tend to (;Orne 1T0m the wealthIer sections of society and. in times
past, their prejudil:es were vel)' obvious. They were especially harsh. for in-
stance, on people found guilty of poadung (hunting animals on private land),
even though these people sometimes had to poach in order to put food on
their families' tables. In modem times, hm\-'eVer, some care is taken to make
sure that JPs are recruited 1T0m as broad a section of society as possible.
261

Even serious I:riminal I:ases are first heard in II magistrate's I:Ourt. How-
ever, in these cases, the JPs only need to decide that there is a prima facie
I:ase against the accuc:ed (in other words, that it is possible that he or she may
be guilty). They then refer the case to a higher I:Ourt. In most cases this will
be a Crown I:ourt, where a rroonaJlawyer acts as theJudge and the deci-
sion regarding guilt or innocence is taken by ajUl)'. Juries consist of twelve
peopJe selected at random 1T0m the list of voters. They do not get paid for
their servires and are obliged to perfonn this duty. In order for a verdict to be
reached, there must be agreement among at least ten ofthem. If thiS does not
happen, the jud.b>e has to declare a mistrial and the \:ase must start all over
again with II different jUl)'. A anwicted person may appeaJ to the Court of
Cnmmal Appeal (gerally knO\'<T1 Just as the Appeal Court) in London ei-
ther to have the I:onviction quashed (ie. the jUl)"s previous verdict is over-
ruJed and they are pronolUlCed <mot guilty») or to have the sentence (i.e. pun-
islunent) reduced The highest I:Ourt of all m Britain IS the House of Lords.
The duty of the Jud.b>e dunng a trial is to act as the referee while the
prosecution and defense put their I:ases and question witnesses. and to de-
dde what evidence is admissible and what is not (what I:an or I:a/l't be
taken into occount by the jury). It is a1so, of I:ourse, the Judge's Job to im-
pose a punishment (known as «pronoundng sentence») on those found
guiltyofl:rimes.
UJ Tmk 4. T'O",lole I"e follow'"9 wo,d comb,"olio", o"d 'eo-
fences into Englisn
TO,IJTOOHHeHOCHTqJy)!ilie
OTe'IeCKWIMaHepanOBeJleHHJI
I101IKpeIlII6I nonyJl.llpHbIMH renece-
pH.V1,WH
He6blJICOBCC\IY'f'l!bl!l;YMKOH
YKIDKJioronoJll1Uri-icJroroo4JJ
6blJlcooiIyqacTOK
nOJlHOCTblOlIoBCpnb
CpoCTOMKUJlHlJeCTBaaBToMOfumei1B
-
(I) npeJlI10JlaraeMbIH TI1f1H'IHbli'i 6pIrraHC)(Hi'i nOJl11l{eHcKHi'i H3 ryPH-
CIUlJecKOii 6pOlIllOpbl HocIDIl:1paHHoro BHlIa UIJIeM 11 He 6bUl BOO-
p)'IKeH.
He BCer;ta BeJl!! ce6.11 no-npeMHCU)'
Be)l(Jl11BOHycn(lf(ID!BalOll\1:
I: 06.rJer<JeHHeN YBruteJlH L-e6.11 Ha
.mp.1I-Ie06bJIJHbIMHJllOilb1H
He 6blJlO IIBHOH q;Hl)'JJbl Bpara, Ha
KOM 6b1 MlJJl()J:JeJKb COCpeJlOTO'JJ1j]8
lJyBCTBa nparecra.
262

(2) 06pa3 nOJluueHcKoro I: OTe'JecKOii MaHepoH nose.neHI:IJl 6bIJi nOlI-
KpenJleH TeJJecep1JaJJaNI1, HO He 6bIJi nOJlliCl! BbW,)'MKOH.
(3) MetlHOCTh., KOTOpylO H3,l\O 6blJlO naTPymipoBaTb nOJll1l!ellCKOM)'
<><)JHl\epy. Ha3bIBaJlacb ero )"I8CTKOM.
(4) 11101\11 nOJlHOCTblO 1I0Bep.!IJIl1 3H8KOMOM)' MecTHoM)' nOJlHL\eUCID-
MY, 'Ibe ycnOKal1BalOWee npHC)'TCT8He OHI1 Ow<1JJ11 Ha YJ1I1UBX.
(5) C 60-K ro.!lOB noJllJUeHCKHe 60JlbWe He na-rpyJlHpOBaJlH neWJ{OM
HJlH H8 BeJlOCHnelIaK, OHlJ Ha<JaJlH na1pYJ1lJpoBaTb H8 alITU11U1ll1It-
Hax B OTBeT Ha YBeJlH'IHBweeCJI KOJllJ'JeCTBO npec1)'lUletmH. 1:1ffi-
3aHHbIX I: I1ClIOJIb'lOB3HlJeM aIffi)N06ulleii
(6) DqJHL\epbl nOJlI1UHI1 nepeCTafll-t 6blTb, KaK npeJK,!\e, M3BeCTHIoIMM
BceM H 60JlbWe He BeJ!H ce6J1 BeJKJ!H8Q 11 ycnoKaHBalOwe, Be.!!b
OHI1 6blJll1111OllbMI1 c peanbHblMI1 npo6neNaMl111 HeYJWJaMI1.
(7) HOBoe nOKOJIt:Hl1e He Y<JacTBOBaJlO B BOHHe, 11 eM)' He Ha 1JeM 6101J10
BbIMCCIlfIb<J)'BCTBonporecra,IJ{J"Jf{)N)'MOJXJneJKbCTaJlaBl-UleTbB
nOJlHL\eH(;](UX CHMBOJI Bcero HeHamlCTHoro B 06ll{eCTBe.
T Task 5. find tne appropriale defimllons:
(I) accusatorial process (a) a public offker I:oncemed with the
administration of law
(2) adversarial process (bJ I) defendant's denial ofthe truth of the
I: againsl him; 2) the defendant
and his legal advisers I:olla.--m.ely
(3) overrule {(;) the II1shtuhon and conduct of lega1
proceedings againsl a person
(4) magistrate (d) I:riminal procedure in whkh the
prosecutor is distinct 1T0m the jud,b'f
and the [rial is conducted in publk
(5) defense (e)  when eal:h side is responsibie
for putting their own I:ase
(6) prosecution (ft to rule or decide against (an argu-
ment, decision, e!c.)
263

!.? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. What is the difference between the ad\-ersanal and accusatorial
I:ourtsystems?
2. What doyou know about lay magistrates?
3. Do you agree that Magistrates' I:ourts are another e'WI11ple of the
importance of amateunsm m Bntlsh publj(; life?
4. What are the functions ofthe Crown court and thejury'?
UJ Ta,k 6. (0) T,""lale I,e te""o Engl;",
B npollUlOM yronoBHOC JD:CIlCllOBBHHe 6b1J1o JKeCTOKOH npoue.r:orpoH,
Kor.ua nOJIaraJJHCb maBHblM 06Pa:30M HI! rnroatiHII CBJWCreTJcii 11 npH3Ha-
HIlI!, lJ1BJ1e'JeHHb!e nOlI nWTKoit B Ha'laJle  CT(1JIt'"fWI no
cI>paHuHH, HanpHMep, BOpeB nOBHJ1I1, no.rrarB.!lCb Ha 111$JpN1\I.V11O. nOJl)'-
1JeHH)'1O OT Tex. KfO 6bIJi BOBJIe'leH B npeI:I)'lliICHlie.
Ilepm.ul ruar KI:OBpeMeHHOM}' nOHHMaHHIO BaHItiI npecryllJ\e-
HIDI6bIJII:)1emrn BBenmr06pmaH11H. B 1829 f. B(;O(J"IBeICTBIIH C 'IBI\OHONO
nOl-J.1\OI-II:KOH nOJlHWU-t 6bIJi Y<I:pe)(()1eH BeeMHpHo H3BeC11-JbIH OTnerr .l\eTeK-
TIJBOB CKOTJlaHll Jlpn.a, KOfOpblH poccnellOBaJI npecrynJleHWI KaK B JlOHlIO-
He, YaK 11 B npe.n.eJlaX EpHTaHCKOii HMnepHI1. I)PflTaHCKHH npHMep nOBJIHII.n
Ha pa3BIITHe yroJlOBHOro paccrreJ10BaHIDI B CiliA, f.lle no npHMep)' AHr.nH.H
B 60a.WHX ropoJJ.aX 6blJlH C031IBHbl CBOH nOJmueUU<He ynpaBJIeHHft.
B CWA yrOJlOBHb!e PaccneJl.()BaHH!i npoBO.l\RTCI'I Ha M)'Hl-tl{HnaJJbHOM,
rocYlIapcTBCHHOM 11 c)iel!epanbHOM ypOBIUIX. npoBelIeHHIO paccneJI()B3HIUl
nOMorae-r HHilJoPM8Ulli1, nOJl)''-IeHHaJI OT mOlieH. a T3JOKe BeUICCTIJeHHbIe
JlOKaJaTeJlbCTBa. >KeprBb! i1J1H I:BllileTeJlH Bce ewe 06ecne'JHBaJOT 60.fI,WYJO
1j8CTh l)JalITOB <JfHl'CIJreJIbHO roro, Kor.ua, me. JaiK, nO'leM)' 11 KeM 6b!JlO 1:0-
sepllleHonpecrynrretDte.
(bJ T fon510le the joke into English:
3BOHOK B DeHlYPHYIO 1.JaCTb:
- 3npaBc1ByKre. Bbl B'Jepa npHCblJlaJIH HapJUl [10 aapecy: yn. neHHHa,
3.KB.417
264

- ,lI,a. MMeJ1H MeCTO Hap)'rneHHiI 06JUee"IBeHHoro I:lJOI(oHCTBilll.
rpoMKIDI MY3b1Ka...
- CJ1yrnall-re, nepeJJallTe HM, noJlntllyHcrn. nyCT ewe pa3 3aelIYT,
JaOblJ11-t OHM l)'T i)Jypa>KKy. IIHCTOJleT. .na If I}IOTKI-t noCM01pJIT.
npHKOJlbHblenOJl)''1HJlMCb!
..
"""-'" SAFETY FIRST
Four masked gunmen entered a bank m Jackson, MISsissippi armcd WJth
m1OmdI.lC y,eaporu; and pulled a danng daylight heist. The bank's armed
security guard didn't intervene to stop the robbery... because he was too
busy hIding in the bank's bathroom. The guard told poJll:e that vAlen he
heard people in the bank sueanur@.hewenl into the Nthrucm and locked
the door behind hIm. Jad:<:on police declined to I:nticlzc the guard's ac-
tions, notLng that he I:ould have been killed if the robbers had seen him
to convict
Useful Words and Eressions for Speech Practil:e
a convict Ur6breaU¥1 HaKa3aHlle (npeC"rynHHKI;
OCyJl(AeHHblH, 3aKl1lO'1E'HHhlW; KaTOplKHllK
gIve the authority
to enforce (law)
to ho1d someone
prisoners
to send to trial
poal:hing
vagranl:Y
growing vagrancy
problem
jail
jailer
ocyJKAaTb, np1l3HaBaTb BlIHOBHlDI
(B 'leM-J\H60 - of): BblHOCllTb npHroBop
Hi!AeMITb nOJ\HOMO'rneM (lor; C "H<P.I
(a) npOBOAlfTb B JKlI3Hb; nplfAiiB<ITb 3aKOH-
JJY10 cl-lI\.y (Fill<or.ry-J\ll6o nOCTillIOBAeHIDO,
YKaJY M TAl, (6) OC}'llIeCTB.1\HTh, nplIBOAlfTb
BMcnoJ\HeIJHe
AepJKaTh Koro-J\ll6o B TIOpbMe, Ael)JKaTh
nOAcrpa.JKei1
nocbllldTh, ompaBNITb; UI'CblMTh, HanpaBNITb
BeyA
6paxOHbepCTSO
6p0Aff)KHH'1ecrBO
npo6J\eMd pacryIJJ;ero 6JXWDKHP'!PCTBd
TIOpbMd
TIOpeMIWfK
265

gal-
to be senl to tbe gal-
lows
incarceIaI.ion.imprison-
=1
decaro>ration
supervision in the
community
short sentence
prisoners
long sentenl:e
prisoners
to selVe a life sen-
tence
to await tria}
guilty
to pass guilty verdicts
to plead guilty
plead not guilty
free
pardon
to oUer a r.-ee pardon
_free
tightening
solitary conlinemmt
to infed eadl other
- -- - --- - - -
(I) (a) BHC€.hHqa (opYAHe HaKa3aHID1); (6)
npuroBop K CMepTH 'Jepe3 nOBerneHl1e
6hITb npHroBopeHHblM K I:'\!£PTH0M Ka3HH
'lepe3 nOBE'welute; (2) (tjeAOBeK, AOCI'OH-
HIdH Kd3HH 'lepe3 nClBellR'Hue) I!Hl:eAbHllK,
npecrymnuc, HerONIfi
3dK11!O'IeHl'leBTIOphMY
OmhlBaHl1e HaKa3aHIDI BHe ereH nopbMhI
HaA30p. Ha6A1OAeHHe; 3aBE';,l!,OBaHlte, I<OH-
TpOAb co CTOpOHbI 05II1eCTBa
apeCTaHThi, olIe l\:paTiUfe cpOKH
3aJV\K)'jeHHH
apeCTaHThI, OTt'iwBillOIqIfe MHTeJ\bHhIe
CpOKH 3aKA1Ol(eHIDI
o'I6brI'b n()}l(H3HeHHbrii: CpOK TIOpeMHOro
3aKA1OIJeHlliI
AOJKB#!TbCH. Jl<AdTb, OJKHAaTh, nTh
CYAe6Hoe pil36l1paTeAbCTBO; CYAe6HbIH
npol\ecc, CJA
BJlHOBHUiI(of - B 'leM-J\H60); npecrynm,rn
(a) IIpIUlliMilTh BepAllKT/pernemle npn-
I:mKHbIX 3OCE'.JIjITe/'IeH a BHHOBHOCTII (3a-
KOH.. pe30AKJqHlO 11 Tn.) (6) 6hITh nplIIDI-
TblM. 6bITb OA06peHHUM 13aKOHQI\,iJI'e/\l>HOM
OpraHOM)
npH3HaBaTb l:e6H BI1HOBHbIM
He npll3HaBdTh ce6H BlIHOBHblM
I:EI06oAHbrH OT 'lero-1IH60, He HMetOll[Hll
'lero-IIH60, lIilllJeJJHm 'lero-1IH6o
aMHllCI'HH, nOlllHAOBaHde
o6erqaTh nO/ililJe npoLugHHe
 OT 60Ae3Hei1; 6e3 60J\e3Hei1
YCllhelllle
QAlIHCI'lHC>e 3aKA!Ol(eHHe
3dpaJKaTh (1?K. nepeH.; WIth) APYI' APyrd
266

incidenct'
insanity
pass an ac1
prevent
magistrate
chief magistrate
10 inspect the jails
prisonstalJ
deterrence
the Secretary of State
high security prison
young offenders
institutions
- - --- -- --- -- - -- --
l:<lJepa MJllCI'BJlJI, oXBaT; I:TerreHb; npo!-\elIT,
/'PM
6e3}'1'1lIe. }'JIIJOIlOMeWCITeJl.bCTBO
npUHI1MCiTb 3aKOH
npeAOTBpaIl\aTh, n
(11 cyf#! (npeHM. Ml-fpoBOHI
first magistrate (2) (al 'lJ\eH I"OJXIACKOI"O
MarliC1JXlTa (B AHrN-l1i H I1pAaJ-w-lli1 (6)
AOJI-)IU-ICCfHoe N-lL\0
npoBONITb HHcneKl\HlO TIOpeM; HHCrreKTIf-
pORaTh, npOH3BOAHTb (01 CMOTp; 06clleAo-
BOTh
llITaT TJOpeMHbIX CAYJKillWIX; CA}'JKe6Hbill:
nepcoHilA TIOphMbI
1) (:Aep)l(.lJBaHl1e, nperurrcrBOBaHlJe; y,*p-
JKaHHe (OT BPiUKAe6Hb1X, npeC'I)'IIHbIX H!lI1
BoeHHbIX AciiCrBUH); 21 ycrpaIllelllle
MHHHCTp (B AHrN-ll1l; roCYAdpcrBfi'HHbIII
l:eKpeTaph (B CIlI.A.)
TIOphMa CTpororo peJKHMCi
Y'lpe)KAeHIDlI>Nf MOAOAblX npecrynHHKoB.
npecryrrnl1KOB MOAOAOI'O B03pacTa
Tosk 8. Study tne text below, making sure you fully com-
prehend if Where appropriate, consult English-Russian
dictionaries ond/or atner reference & source books on
low Pay special attention to tne words ond word combi-
nalions a bold type.
FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF PRISONS
EO/ly Bntish Prisons
As is known, the ROImns introduced the first fotmal legaJ system In Brit-
ain. The laws were made by the government and enforced by the anny. The
Anglo Saxons used their family and friends to protect them and to punish
wrongdoers. If someone broke the law It was seen as a I:rime against the
wholel:otl1ll1llDlty.
In 1166 Henry II ordered shenffs to build jails in every county. Gradu-
ally imprisonment became an accepted punishment for I:rimes such as
267

poaching, vagraocy and debt. By Tudor times most towns and dties had
their own prisons and each county had its own prison controlled by sher-
iffs. Often the prisons were used as places where prisoners were held until
they were sent to trial.
During the Tudor period, to I:ontrol the growing vagrancy problem the
idle poor were put into ((Houses of Correct ion» and punished for their lazi-
ness.
In the late 16oo«s and early 1700«(s the countries population grew rap-
idly and with it the number of I:riminals increased. Juries were often reluc-
tant to senteoce I:riminals to the gallows and therefore they would not a1-
ways pass guilty verdicts. One option was to offer I:rimina1s a pardon if
they joined the army or navy. The other was transpOrtation
In 1777 John Howard reviewed British prisons and proposed that pris-
ons should provide a healthy, decease uee environment. He also suggested
that jailers should not be a1lowed to charge prisoners.
The 1800«s saw the IntroductIon of new system; and a hgbkrimg of
the prison regime. The «Silenl and Separate SysI:enw were used either to
keep a regime of silence or to keep prisoners in solitary I:onfinement. The
idea being prisoners l:ouJd no! infect eal:h other with I:riminal ways. These
methods were soon I:nticized with people I:lting the high incidences of m-
sanity amongst prisoners.
Impro-ements
Improvements were made in 1815 when an act wa. p.t.....oo. (0 pre-
vent jailers from I:harging prisoners. The slate now paid jailers, while
magistrates were given the responsibility of inspecting the jails. The
Goals Act changed this In 1835 when it introduced prison inspectors to
advise local authorities.
In 1850 the Convict Service was established whkh gave the Secre-
tary of State the authority to appoint Director_ of Convict Prisons who
took over the management oflhe hulks, and of the prisons. By 1877 aU
prison stalTwere salaried and I:ommissioners stressed that staffwou1d be
selected on merit alone.
The PrISons Act of 1878 brought all prisons under the I:ontrol ofthe
national SYStem run b}' the Prisun Commission anrllater the Prison De-
partment." As a result:prison commIssioners were appointed to inspect all
prisons and submil annual reports on the prisons to Parliament.
The Al:t led to the closure of the worst prisons in the wW1Iry and set
the tone for the future by adopting John Howard's principle of prisons
being for reformation rather than punishment. II was believed that ref-
ormation and deterrence should now be the main objectives of prisons.
268

Two altemahves were introduced. Decarceration. ",-lIich involved re-
placing prison sentences with supervision in the communit)'. and
Therapeutic encarceration. whil:h reduced the penal elements of pris-
ons.
In 1919 prison warders were renamed prison offkers. Separatel:on-
finement ofpnsoners was abolished in 1922 and soon over 400 voluntary
teachers started W('IIi.. in prisons Further improvements were made in 1935
when the first staff-training course was established at Wakefield Prison.
The 1948 Criminal Justice Act recommended longer periods of impris-
onment to aHow time for training and rehabilitation of prisoners. As a re-
sult efforts were made to involve prison offkers in the reform of prison-
ers. Today the aver.!ge prison population is 74.000 and dJ11f"OXlmately
24.938 prison staff ()ver.ees them. [OU;!y there are five main types of
prison inexistence.
The local prisons take those who are still Irn'aiting trial or seTl1enc-
ing and other short sentence prisoners.
The )'oung offenders institutions for 15 to 20 years old inclusive.
Women's prisons.
Traming pnsons: some of them are open and hold long sentence
prisoners approoching release.
High Secnrit)' Prisons house the coW1lry's most dangerous crimI-
nals. Many are serving life sentences.
In addItIon, for young I:riminals aged 10--18 there exist local author-
it)' Care Homes (secure and unsecure) where at the direction of the "Sec-
retary of State», young peopJe 1:8n be held.
N()t(':
Tudorperiod
HOIIscsofCorrectlOn
Jom the anny or nary
pnsonregime
Silent and Separate Systems
to takeover
10 take OVT a bUS1fless
hulk
idle poor
10 allach smb.'s salary
10 select on rnerit
nepllOll npaBJIeHWl1UIHo1ClHH TIOl!opoB
HCnpaBineI\btlbleJlOMa
nocrynan. Ha BOeHHYIO HJ1H BOHHO-MOpCKYIO
'"'Y"'6Y
TlOpeMHblw pl:1Kl1M
CHCTeMa MOJl'laHWI H H30JljlW1H
npHHI:!MaTh HT.n.)oT ilpyroro
npHlIHMaTh(HaceoH)pyK('IIOJlCTBO
06J1()MKH, pa38a.rJHHbI, OCTOB. KapKac (3118HHH,
-)
Hepa60TaIOIllHH, HeI:!CnOJ1b3yeMblH, He3aIDI-
TbIW;npaJ!lHblW6eiIJ-lJ!WH
HaJH,NJITblWlll}'-_11160M.ilJ1CJBdHbe
ori5Kpmb;nUJJ6HpaTbHaOCHOBaHI1113aCJ1yr
269

Prison Commission
to submitaruruaJ reports
therapeuticinc.m:eralion
penal element
toabo!ish
rehabilitation
reform of prisoners
awarder
atrainingprisun
pnson populatIOn
to house
CnouoaiJusllceAct
loca1 authontyCarc Hornes
<meH KOMI-tCCHII no )J:eJIdN nopeM; 1"IOpe\IHdJI
KO111CCJ1JI
npe.1CTaBJU1Th HapaccMOJpeflHl'ro.10BOM OT'IeT
JaKJU<NeHIJe B TIOPbMY C HClJpaBKTeJIbOOU
ueJ1blO
yroJlOBHbIM :}J1eMeHT; KapaTel1bHblM; mrpa$-
H<1Ii; HaKaJyeMbIii $aKTOp
aHH)'JlIIpOBaTb, UJ\lCI-IJITb, )'I1pB:1llI-III 061,-
nB.1J!TbHe.aCitcrBrrrerJbHbIN
(a) peW:1JIJITIU[I1J!, BOI:;. B npaaax;
(6) onpaBllIDllic, 1IOO..--raaJBJICI-III Ilo6poro l-1Melill
HCnpaB.-X:HHC,"TI1pUIIdHlYJl)"illleHHe3a-
KfIKI'JeHHblX,apecnu-rroo,}'3IIIIIIm;apecTOBaI-IHbIX
nopeMHblM HaJDllpareJlb; nopeMlliHK
TlopbMa 1k:I1p1BlJTt'JlbHUfO nepeoocmmtHl1JI
JaK1IJO<IeJ-]Hble
BMell\1lTb,L
3aKOHo6yrOJ]OBHOMI:Y.rwnpo
lliJIle'Jtm:J1bCKHe '10Ma, HBXO.;!}IUIItCCJI B BeJle-
HHHMeCT1IOHa'lIHHI1CTjJB'-IIIH
(I) (.....)growrnpidly
Task 9. NIatd1 tne English e>pressions with tneir Russian equiva'ents in tne
fable.
(2) .....) increase
(3) (.....)juries
(4) L ...)reluctant
(5) ...)optJon
(tJ) (.....) offer
(7) (.....)suggest
(8) (... )propose
(9) (_....)revJew
(10) (.....) healthy
(a) npe1IJ1aJ1lTh, 00Ber0Balb: BbUlBHJ1ITb B
KaIJeCTBe npen.nOJlOJKeHWI IDIH MOTHBa
(b) npellJlanm. (Belllb, npelIMeT. YCJl)'T);
(c) BbI6q1. 8J1bTCpHaTIJBB, (B03MOJKHbJj:j) sa-
pl1BHT
(d) BOJpacTaTb, YBeJlJItU1BaTb(I:SI): paCTH; YCH-
JlI1BBTb(cn)
(e) 6bJCTpO paCTH, YBeJlHIJHBaTbCn; yCIDIH-
BaTbCSI
(I) npHeJDKHble
(g) JteIWOllUw 'fTO-Jm60 c 6oJ1bWOH tmxcrroH,
no I1pIII-JpK!lCHHIO;auparnBJUIIOlIDli-IoJ:
(h) 06OJjJeBBTb, OCMaTpHBBTb; npoBepllTb
(i) 31I0p0BblH
(j) npellJlaJ1lTb; JleJlaTb npellJlOJKeHHe; BHO-
I:HTbnpeJlllrnReHHe
270

Task 10. Read tne text again and copy tne sentences that mean tne
following.
(I) KaK HJBeCTHO, pHMJI$lHe BnepBble BBeJlH OI)JHLlHaJlbHYIO npaBO-
BYIOI:HCTeM)' B EpHTaHMH. 3aKoHbl 1:01llaBaJlHCb npaBHTeJlbCTBOM
M npOBOl!HJlHCb B :H\H3Hb apMHeH.
(2) Y aHrJJO-Cal«X)8 6bUlO npHH.llTO npH6eran. K nOMOU)H l:eMbH M
n.pyJeH ]lJUI caMmaIWJTbI M HaKa3aHHSI npoBHHHBllilr«:JL
(3) ECJlH KTO-HH6YlIb HapYlllaJI 3aKOH, 3TO pac:CMaTpHBaJlOCb KaK
npecrynJleHMe npaTHB Bcero coo6u.tecrBa.
(4) B 1166 r! KopOJlb feHpH II npHKa3aJJ IllCPHI!>aM c-rpOHTbTIOPbMbl
BO BCX rpa4JCTBaX.
(5) nocreneHHO TIOpeMHoe 3aKJIIO'JeHHe 1:TaJ!0 oollll'npmurrbIM Ha-
Ka3aHMeM 3a TaKHe npecrylUleHHSI. KaK GpaKoHbepCTBo. 6poIDIJK-
HM'JeCTBOHnOJlfH.
(6) 1.{ac-ro TlOpbMbl HCnOJlb30BaJlHCb B J{B'JeCTBe MfCT rq::ensaplITem:o-
HOro 3aKJIIO'JeHI1I1, f.!Ie apCTOBaHl-Jble CO.llepJKaJlHCb no HX OT-
npaBKI1Bl:y.!l.
(7) B nepHO.ll npaBJIeHHSI TJOlIOpoB I: LleJlblO pel)'JlHpOBaHHSI npo-
6J1eMbI pacrylllero 6ponmKH11'JeCTBa 6eJpa5OTHbIX 6elIHSlKOB no-
MelllaJIH B HcnpamrrelJbHble nOMa H HaKa3bIBa.f]H J.a neHb.
(8) B KOHue 1700-x 11 HB'JaJJe 18oo-x fO.rlOB HaCeJleHl1e CTpBHbl
O'JeHb 6blCTpO pOCJIO, a C HI1M 11 Y8eJlH'1118aJ10Cb KOJlH'leCT80
npecrynHI1KOB.
(9) f1pI1cSlJKHble Hro'WTHO npHfoBapHBaJlH npecrynHHKoB K nose-
llleHl110 11, CJle.aOBBTeJlbHO, He Bcerna BblHOCHJlH 06BHHHTeJlbHbie
npHfOBOpbl
(10) B 1850 f. 6b1J1a 1:03lIaHa I:JI)'JK6a 3aKJIIO<ieHHblX.
(II) 3Ta I:JI)'JK6a npel!OCTBBI1JIB MHHI1Clp)' BHyrpeHHI1X lIeJI nOJlHo-
MO<il1fl Ha3Ha'JaTb nnpeKlUpOB TIOpeM]lJUI 3aKJIlO'JeHHb1X.
(12) K 1877 f. Be<:b CJI)1KBurnll nepCOHaJI TlOpbMbl i:TaJI nOJl)"laTh
3apnJlary.
(13) EblJlH Ha3Ha'1eHbl TlOpeMHble KOMI1CCapb!, KmopI>Ie 06cne.Q00arr11
Bce TIOpbMbl M npeJ1OCTIlBJU!JllI B napJlaMeHT eJKeI"O.!lHuii: OT<ieT.
(14) 3TOT 3aKOH npHBeJI K npHH$lTHIO npHHltMna XaY3PlIa, KOTI.'f)UfI
rJlaCMJI, '1TO TIOPbMbl npeJlHaj}-lB'JeHbl I:KOpee ,[])1fl McnpaBJIeHHI'I,
'1eM,[])1$1HaKaJaHHI'I.
(15) OnrraJIOCb, '1TO I1cnpaBJIeHHe npecrynHMKoB M nJXXPllllllKTllKa
npec1)'IlfIeHHM ,l\OJJ)!(Hbl CTaTb OCHOBHOH UeJlblO TIOpCMHOfO 3a-
KJlJQ'leHWI.
271

(16) Or6blBaHHe HaKa3aHHn BHe I:TeH TIOpbMbl 03Ha'lan 3aMeHY npH-
rOBopa 0. TlOpeMHoM 3aKJIIO'JeHHl1 Ha6J1tOlleHHeM B YCJlOBWIX
06b1'1Horo np()}KHBaHHn.
(17) npC..pUJJaKTI1lJecKoc nOMetlleHHe B TIOPbMY I:HH>KaJ1H cPalITOpbJ
HaKaJaHHnBTIOpb'\lax.
(18) I13omtpoBaHHoe3aKJIJO'IeHHblX6blJ1oOTMeHeHoBI922r.
(19) )4rJbHeHllJee cosepweHcTBOBaHHe npOl1JOUJJ1o B 1935 f.
(20) EblJlH npellfipHHubl nonblTKH BOBJ1e4b TlopeMHblx OHI!ePOB B
npol!eCC I-tCnpaBJIeHl1n 3aKJ1IO'1eHHblX.
(21) CerolIHn I:pel!Hee KOJ1l1'1eCTBO 3aKJ1IO'1eHHbIX B "I1OpbMa.'< I:OCT3B-
nne-r npHMepHo 740000.
(22) CerolIHJI cyrnecTBylOT IDITb OCHOBHblX HUIOB TlOpeM.
(23) B TlopbMax I:TpOroro pe>KH1IIa 00l)eJJHGITCI'I HaH6Gnee onBCHble
npeCl)'!1HHKH l:1paHbl.
(24) MHoll1e H3 HI-IX OT6blBalOTl:polGl nOJKH3HeHHoro 3aKJIIO'1eHlliI.
(25) HaXQllJIUlHeC1! B BelIeHHl1 MeCTHbIX BIIaC1eii nO!1e'1HTeJlbCKHe no-
Ma npe1IHa3Ha'JeHbI J1JUI MaJlOJ1eTHHX npeCl)'IEHKOB.
UJ To,k 11. Tmn,lol, th, follow;ng "nl,n,,, ;nlo Engl;,h.
(I) OllHOH 113 aJlbTepHaTHB 6blJlO OOMHiIiBaHHe npeCl)'!1HIIKOB, eCJIH
OHH nOC1)'n1!T Ha BOCHH)'IO HJlH BoeHHO-MOpcK)'1O I:rryJK6y.
(2) .lJ,p)THM npellJlOJKeHHeM 6blJIB CCblJlKa.
(3) B 1777 r. .lJ.JKOH Xay3pJl npoBeJJ peBlf1ll1O 6pHT3HCKHX TlOpeM.
(4) OH npellJloJKHJI  B TlOpbMax 31IOPOBYlO oOcraHOBK)' 6eJ
60Jle3HeH
(5) OH TIllOKe npeJ:IJJmK1t!1, IJT06bl TlOpeMWHKaM He pa3peWaJIOCb
B3HMaTbwJa1)'1:3aKJ1IO'1eHHblX.
(6) 1800-e rolIbl CTaJlH I:BHlleTeJlnMH HOBOHI:HCTeMbl HHruJ
nopeMHoro peJKHMa.
(7) 3a 3THM I:TOnJla en npeJJ:ompaweHH$I 3apaJKeHH$I 3aKJ1IO'IeHHblX
npec1)TIHb!M nOBelIeHHeM.
(8) BCKope 3T11111t"JODb1 nOJlBeprJll1Cb KpHTHKe.
(9) OnnOHeHTbl UHTHpOBaJll1 JIaHHble 0. BblCOKOM ypOBHe 6eJyMH$I
I:peLlH3aKJ1IO'IeHHblX.
272

(10) YJlYLJWeHI-UI H8Cl)'m:IJIH B 1815 r.. Kor.ua 6bl11 npHI-UIT 33WH,
nperurIC1BOBaBllIJ:Iii B3HM8HHto ruJaTbl I: 3aKJIIO'JeHHbIX 1:0 cropo-
HblTlOpeMIltHKoB.
(II) T enepb roCYlIapCTBO nJlaTHJlO TIOpeMlllHK8M 38plU1a1)'.
(12) ,0,01Dl>HOCTHbJM IIItUBM 6blJlO nop) 4010 I1HcneKTHpos.aTb TlOPbMbl.
(13) B 1835 r. foam aKT BBeJl lI01Mi.HOCTh TlOpeMHOro 1-!HCIJeKT0p3..
KOTOpbIlLQOJlJKeH 6bl11 KOHcyJlbTHpoB8Tb MeCTHble BJlacTii.
(14) 1I,lIpeKrop TlOpbMbI B3M Ha l:e611 YnpaBJJeHue TlOpbMOH 11 BceM
TlOpeMHblM xumHcreoM.
(15) B 1919 r. TlOpeMHble HaJ]'DIp8TeJlH CTanH Ha.1bIBaTbC1l TlOpeMHbl-
MI1H.
(16) nocne 1922 r. I:Bblwe 400 YLJI1TeJlefi-.uo6poBoJlbueB CTanl1 pa60-
TaTbBTlOpbMax
(17) 38KOH 06 yroJloBHoM npolt3BolICTBe 1948 ro)[.a peKOMel-lJl:OBall
YBeJll1'JItTb qX)KH TlOpeMHoro 3aKJIlO'JeHIli1.
(18) YBeJlH'JeHltel:poKoB TlOpeMHoro 38KJIJO'JeH1t1l npel!OCTaBilllJlO 33-
KJlIO'JeHHblM BpeWl,lIJl.ll o6)"JeHH.II1t pea6HJlHTal\ItH.
(19) B MeCTHblX TIOpbM8X oo.nepJKBICJ1 Te. lITO rnKlUlBeT I:)'.ua rulH
npHroBOpa.
(20) B TlOpbMax ItcnpaBItTeJlbHoro nepeBOcnltTaHlt1'l CO.llepJKaTC.ll 3a-
KJlIO'JeHHbJe, npltroBopeHHble K illIHTeJlbHblM cpoKaM. kOJL1pbIe
nO.llX01I.llTKKOHu,y.
Task 12. Match the Englisl1 expressions witl1 tl1eir Russian equivalents
In the table.
(I) training
(2) staff-trainingl:ourse
(3) to allow time
(4) to make efforts
(5) average
(6) approximately
(7) inclusive
(8) to approach
(9) m addition
(10) at the direction of
BKJlJO<aIIOOlIIH.oonq:»K8lllHii
no YKaJaHHIO, no pal:nOp.llJKeHHto
nO)1XOlUlTh., npu6nIDlGITbC.II
6J1H3KO, OKono, nO'JTII. npH6J1ItJKeHHO.
npH6J1ltJlITeJlbHO
npe1IllpHHHMaTb ycrul11.11
I:pel!HHll
BJ\06aBJIeHHe, K TOMY JKe, I:Bepx, 1{})0Me
TOro
rtpe1IOCT3BJIHTh BpeM.II, I:JaBaTb BpeM.II
I:JI)'JK6a nolIroTOBKH nepcOHana
o6y'JeHlte
273

? ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT:
I. Who introduced the first legal system in Britain?
2. When were the first prisons ordered to build?
3. Who I:ontrolled the pnsons during Tudor times?
4 What I:rimes was the imprisonment an ac:cepted punishment for?
5. What options were offered to the guilty in the early 1700-5?
6. What did John Howard propose in 1777'1
7. What did the «tightening of prison regime» l:onSlst m?
8. What is the text about?
9. What was the I:ause of the Unprovemrnts in British prisons in the
19-thcentury?
10. What kind of improvements took place within 1815-18507
I t. Who was the author of the main prISon reforms?
12. What was the responslbtllty of the Prison Department?
13. What principles to nm the prisons were arlopted as a result of
Howard's efforts?
14. What IS the text about?
15. What were the objectives of longer periods of Impnsonment in
1948?
16. Are there any prisons for wanen?
17. What ImprovementS were made in British pnsons in the 20-lh cen-
tury?
18. What kind oftitle wou1d you give to the text?
UJ To,k 13. Roode, Ihe follo,.;ng le,1 Inlo Englt,h and gl"e
your opinion on the problem
1-13 ""TCpBblO I: rJlHIIHblM rOCYiIapCTBCHHblM caHllTapHblM Bpa"JOM
cDea.epaJIbHOll CJly;K6b1 HCnO;JIICHHH Hah"1!JalUIU «]JCI1H) POCCHH
Rr-.aW.IIMltpOM npOCHHblM (2009 r.)
274

B. IIpoCUIl: Hawa ynmOBHO-IK:npaBl1TI'JIbHIDI I:HCTeMa Ha<JIlHaeTC.II I:
7Oro, .no I:HaljaJIa ljeJlOBeK nocrynaeT B I:JlelICTBeHHblj:j 1130J1SITOp (CH30).
BCt130 ljeJlOBeK H!IXOl\IfICJllIopeweHHJll:)'lIa HJ[BJUleTC.II He
npec-rynHHKOM. a l1HUOM, no KOTOpoMY BeJJyTC.II C1JeJlCT1IeHHble H 1:)'.De6Hble
,QeIICTBWI. B TO )({e BpeMS Ct130 - 3TO TalOKe I:Boe06pa3Hble 6apbep Ha
nyrn HHI}teKwtoHHOC03a6oneBaHH.II.
EoJlbWHHCTBO 11MelOll.lI1XCS 3B60JleBBliItR y nocrynIDOll.lI1x B CH30 Bbl-
JIBJI.IIIOTC.II B paHH11e I:POKH. B HOM JaKOHe (,0 OOJIqJ)K3HIII:! nOlI
C1pIDKeH rJOlI03peBaeNblX H 06BHH.lleMbIX B 1:0BepWeHHH npecrynJleHHH»
ljeTKOytmJllHO. 'JTO HB 1ImK1KJ[O BCt130 nOJlaraeTC.II4 KB
Merpa. B HitCTCJ.IIUIe(: BpeM.II CpellHHj:j paJMep KaMepHoH n.nowaJJ.I-J B 0130
no BceH ctereMe ]10Bel!eH 110 4,57 KB. MeTpa Ha ljeJlOBeKa. KaK Rbi 3HaeTe,
ewe 10 JleT HaJaIl B POCCHH I: 3UIM 6blJlH &-m..nrne npo6neMu )I(e B
(;Jle)\CTBeHHblX I-I3O!1R1tlpBX r. MOCKBbI no.ncneJlCTBCHHble pa3Mew.anHcb Ha
noJI)'Topa Me1pax 11 I:narJH no O'repenJL CeHljOC TaKOro HeT HHrne B ClpaHe.
Cero.Jlli.ll KaJKl\blll COJ:1q»K8WI1i'icH no.ll CTpaJKeH HMee-r OT.DeJlbHOC KOllKO-
MeCTo, nOCTCJlbHble npl-lHII.!\.fJe>KHOC (nol\YwKa, HaBOJIO'lKa, ]1BC npocTbI-
HH, OlIe.llJlO H nOJlOTeHue). BOlle HMelOTC.II Mara3HHbl I: pa3Hoo6pa3HbIM oc-
I:OpTHMeHTOM CBCJKIIX npolIYlCTOB H .!I.PyrHx He06xOlIHMblx TOBapoB, 0 lJeM
paHbwe He npHXQl1HJIOCb H MevraTh. CaHKrBpHo-nIIlteHl1'JecKlJe ycnoBHJI
1:0)lep)({BHH.II .DJI.II seex, He3BBHCHMO OT TOro, 'JeJJOBeK OC)?KlleH Ha rOll HlIH
[JQ)((IfjHeHHG, npaKllJlJeCKH OlJ,IIHaKOBbL
CJJe1ICTBeHHble H3OIlJI1"q)bI -:ITO B K8KofI-TO creneHH I:BOe06paJHbl!1
«KOI-JBei1ep». rlIe Bee ]10IDKHO pa60TI1Th 'JeTKO. KaK TOJlbKO I:poKH 311,.1Iep)KB-
HH:Ii lIO.!lCJIe.DC11ICHHOra 3aKaH'JI-IBBIOTCH, era aBTOMaTHljCCKH .DOJDKHbl l1H60
mTI)'CIIDb Ha 1:006011)'. l1H60 OCY]1HTb H ompaBHTb B Ha3HalJeHHoe l:y.uOM
MeCTO OroblBaHH.II HaKa3aHHJI. Mol)' npHBecrH npHMep CaHl<T-
r1eTep6yprcKOro CI-13O (IiCTOpliljecKoe HaJBaHHe - KpeCTbI). B paMKax
yrnep1KJIeJ-JHOH 1}teJ:repam.HU-i ueneooi'i npoTpaMMbl paJBHTH.II yrOJlOBHo-
HCnOJlHHTeJlbHOH (;Itc1eNbl.DO 2016 r. BbI.UCJ1CHbl neHbll1 HaClpoHTeJlbcrBO
Hooora CiIe,lICTBeI-U-JOro morurropa, TaM y»<e Ja/lO)l(eHbl pe
MeJK!lYHapo.Jllible HOpMbl caJ-llffiIPHOH IDlOIUallH Ha Ol!HOro IJe/1OBeI\a - 7
KB. MeTpOB.
F'aHbwe Hac BCt:-BpeMS ynpelGIJIH, MOJl, 3al(J]1O'IeHHble B POCCHH oIDbI-
BalOT I:poK B He>-4eIJ()BeljOCKI-IX YCJlOBHSIX, H npHpaBHHBaJlH 3TO K npHMeHe-
Hmo nbITOK. nOJTOM)' 3aillI'Ja HOMep O)ll:lH 6bUIa lK:npaBl1Th 31)' I:IJI)'allIDO.
B 6yrbrpcKOM nopeMHOM 3aMKe, HBnpHMep,.DO 2001 r. B K8Mepa"{ CJI.Ql'JDI
no 30 11 60Jlee 'IeJlOBeK. CeW-iac 6In()llHe YCJlOBHJI 3Ha'lJITeJIbHO U3NeHII-
275

nHCb K 1I)"JIlIeM)'. B HalllHX OCnpaBIrrerIbHblX Y'-JpeJK!leHIDIX B HaCTmllllee
BpeM.II Be31Ie "MelOTC.II J\IDKe I:ITOpT3aJ1b1 c 1YPHHK8MH H 6pYCb!tMH H 1:031Ia-
Hb! -meMelffilJJHble YCJlOBIDIl\Il.II 3aH.II111H I:ITOproM. B paUHOH nI-ITaHruJ Ja-
KI1fO'-JeHHbIX BKilfO'-JeHb! MOIJ()f({\ Jillua, YBeitH'-JeHa HOpM8 BbUl8<JJ1 W!ca H
JIP}'IlN rrpol\YKTOB. HopMbI p33Hb!e - JJ,Jt.II M}'JK'-JHH, >KeHumH. no.npoc11WB,
nOlIOJpeBaeMblX HHHblX.
)KypH(l:lUcm: HJBeCTHO, '-JTO B Mecrax JaKilfO'-JeHI1H O'-JeHb MHOro 60J1b-
HbIX "I)'6epK)'JleJOM H J\pyrnMH 3apaJHb!MH 6oneJHHMH. KaK Bbl pewaeTe
31)'rrpOOJleMY?
B. IIpocun: K HaM 1.Jacro nOC1)iITalOT mOlIH, Ha IIDIOpUX lIOitroe BpeW!
He c6pawa.r01 BHllMaHllJl HI1 06weCTBO, Hll r]>8.JK!laHCKOC 1JJP<IOCIOXpaHeHl1e.
OHH .naBHO He o6crre.ooBaJJHCI, HH OlIHHM Bpa'ieM. H JalK 6b1 no napallOK-
l:aJlbHO HH 3B)''-JaJlO, BnepBble OHH (;TIIJIKHBaIOTC.II I: CI1CfeMOH OKaJaHH.II Me-
J\HLlHHCKOH nOMOWH llMeHHO B HaweH neHHTeHliHaptlOfi CllCTeMe. nOC1)'naJI
B (;JIelICTBeHHblH rnOIDITOp, 3111 nlOlIH B oOmareJlbHOM nop.II,IIKe I:paJ)' 06-
(;JK:JJ,YIOTC.II Ha -.y6epK)'JK:"3, BHlJ-lIHl}JeKuHfO, 3a60JleBaHll.ll, nepe.aalOurnec.ll
nOJlOBblM Il)TCM. Bcex 60JlbHbIX HalJHHalOT 6ecrrnarno ne'lHTb, HO 1I0JIe'lH-
BaIOTC.II OHH He Bcema. He nOite'-JHBWHCb, BblX01l.llT Ha I:BOOOJJ,Y. A npaBO-
381llHTHHKH KpHlJaT: «BbI ITocraBJIS!eTe B oOll\CCTBO 60JlbHblX T)'6ept.YJle-
30M!» Aa HH'-Iero nOlIoOHoro! MI.! DaM lIaeM 'Je00BelGl.. mnonoBIIK)' 31IOpo-
BOro.
tho KOCaeTCI'I TIlK HaJblBaeMoro <<ynymeHHoro nOKOJIeHH.II». TO B (;JIelI-
CTBeHHOM JOOJUITCpC r. MocKBl>l. rne COTC.II HecOBt'plllCllHOl1eTHIJe.,
eCTb IllKOJl8. MI.! BblH)'IKIleHbl 6bUlH urKpblTb H:NaJIbHbdi: KJlaCC, nOToM)'
'ITO nOllpOCTKH K HaM nOClyn81OT HqJt:DJ>.O HerpBM011iblt:. lJHTIlTb H nHcaTb
He }'MeJOT! MI.! cei-i1JaC HBXO)lIIMC.II nO'-J111 B 1:10)'3[tIII-I 1917-1919 rQl10B. H
l:aMOC 1:1JEllHOC. 1.JTO MHOmt' I1J HI1X YJKe 'qJOHwJeC1U1e aJlKOroJlI1K1:1, Hap-
KOMaHbl 1:0  Hepel\KO I: UlA(ClJeiiUmMH ITCI1)((J'-JeCKHMH paCCTpOH-
CTBaMH. f pIDK.lIBHCKOe "1llpaJlOO.'plHeHHe ]lIlJI11lKI:IX nHL\, B I:I-UI)' IIX acoQJl-
8JJbHOro noBeJleHHH. HelIOCl)'nHO, HX He Jle'-JaT. a Mb! 6ylIeM ne<JHTb. KaK:fi"O
H" ne'-JaJlbHO, HO MafJCIJte'IKe '-J)'Tb JIll He 6itaro nonaCTb Ja pellleTK)'. Mbi >Ke
ne'lI1M BHlJ-lIHI}JHW1poBaHHbIX, 60JlbHbIX "I)'6epK)'neJOM llOpOrocIOJIlUHMH
JleKapCTBaNlLC01.!!aHbII:ITeI1,lIl\J\hHbleJJa6optm:prn:nO.l\lIM1-lOCTlIKe"I)'6ep-
K)'JleJ8, BHlJ-HHI}!eKul1II11 BHPYCHblX rerm1-fJOB. Ho KorlIa 1.JeJlOBeK BbIXO-
J\IIT Ha cB060JIY. ero H)')((HO -ll ITCHXOJJOI1NeCKH. H C
MellIIUlnJalDii TO'-JKH 3peHIDI. A Y Hac no nOK8 Hl',llOCTI!ro'-HO pa3BHTO
(fa3eTIl«MHpIJOt.!OCTeil».N221(803). 12 Mwr 2009 r. C. 12)
276

..
"'--"' Read cnd Ironslote Ihe legal anecdotes.
LAWYER'S DOG
A lawyers dog, runmllg arOlmd to'M"llU11eashed, heads for a butcher shop and
steals a roast 1l1 butcher goes to the hM}er's offie<: and asks, ({[fa dog nmnmg
unleashed steals a pIece ormeat li"om my store, do I havc a right to dcmand pay-
ment for the meat li"om the dog's 0WJn"»> The la\ryer answers, «.i'lbsolutely_),
«(Then you owe me $12.00. Your dog was loose and slOle a roast li"om me today.)}
The iaY.}U". v.'itttod. a ",'Ord, wn1es the butcher a ch.:ck for $12.00. The bull:J-ro:r.
h.11.ll¥are.:orSltlsf.x.tlOn,Iem-e<;.Threedayslater.theb.lII::hc:r-findsanin-
VOIce li"om the lav..yer. demandmg $150.00 for a consuJlatJon fee
NUT DISPUTE
Two hllk squlITcls wcre walking along in thc furc<;t. The first onc spl(;d a
nut and cried out. ({Oh, look! A nut l ) The second squirrel jumped on II and
said, «It's my roth, The first squirrel said, "'That's not fair! I saw it firstl» The
second squlfTel said "Well you may have seen it, but I have it». At thai poinl,
a III\-\-ycr squirrel I:ame up and said, ({You shouldn't quarre1.)} ({Let ITie rcsolve
this dispute.» The two squirrels nodded, and the bM-yer squirrel said, (,Now.
give me the nub) He broke the nut in half, and handed half to each SI,lIirrcl
S1)' "See. It was foolish of you 10 fight. Now the dispute is resolved.i Then
ht: .-ea"ht:d rn.-er iilld said. ,\And for my fee. bill lake the meat.i
THE WHOLE TRUTH
TheatrTn:yw.JS bnefinghlsdlem. \WIa was about to testtry m hlsowndefcnse.
({Youmuslsucarlotcll thet:truth. Do you undcr.aand?» 1l1cl:bcntl\;p11cd
that he did. The attorney then asked. ,Q)o you know \\hat "iU happen if you don't ten
the truth:.0> The dient looked back and said. ,,yes, we might be able to \\in...
Task 14. Tesl your criminal slang. Read the ccrJVefS(]lion, and use the
context to match the underlined words to the definilions in the box.
(0)
tonkk to arrest
10 blag = 10 hoW up, 10 mb usmg \\'e3pL'IOS
to grass-to mfonn thcpolicc
a nark - an informer
277

mslde-I-npnson
a bnef = a lawyer
hotstolen
a fence - a buyerofswlen propeny
a mug = a persun who IS easily cleeived
a scn;w = a pnsnn guard
bent = COJTU
- Have you heard about Johnny? He's been nicked.
- You»re joking. What happened?
- He wasa bank with his brother and somebody  on them
-Who is the Ilark?
- Who k llows'? He n!)"s got a lot of enemies.
- What did he get?
- Nme years.
- Nme years IIlside ! But you said he had a good bnef!
- Well, he thovght he did.
- Where's he going to do it?
-Isle of Wight.
- Oh no. The screws in there are the worst in the world.
(tj
-At one tIme I had 80 people selling herOIn in clubs around the dty.
-Really? Didn't you have any problem with the law?
-No, they were all bent in those days. A bit ofl:8sh eve!)' month and
they were happy
- Why did you open the supenRukets?
- Onginally it was a way to l8W1der the drugs money_ In the end it be-
I:ame more interesting to be legitimate.
(4
- So, what have you got for me?
- Rolex watches. Three hundred ofthem.
-Are they bm;?
- What do you think? Would I (;Orne to a fence like you with them if
they weren't?
- Leave them with me tonight and 1»11 give you a pril:e for them in the
morning.
- Leave itout. Do I look like!..!lill,g'?
-SOTI)'?
278

-I'm surprised at you. trying a scam like 111at. I wasn't born yesterday.
I want a price now.
..
"----' DELAWARE FUNNY LAWS
It is illegal to fly over any body of water, unless one is I:anying
sufikient supplies oHood and drink.
You may not sell dead people for money without a license.
It shall be unlawful for any person to sleep, lie or loiter on, or oc-
(;Upy as a sleeping quarter or under [he guise of pretending to sleep.
on any part of me publil: beaches
No vehicle will be used as a pknk facility, whkh means no stand-
ing or sitting and eating or drinkIng on any street or highway.
It is illegal to wear pants 111m are (,fillTl fitting» around the Waist
No person 511311 change clotl1es in his or her vehicle.
On Halloween, children may only ({tril:k-or-treat» from 6:00 PM to
8:00 PM, and if Ha1l0ween falls on a Sunday, they must (frick-or-
treat» on <ktober 30 during this same time illlervaL
One may not whisper In church.
No person 511311 pretend to sleep on a bench on the boardwalk.
ChangIng into or out of a bathing SUIt in a publk restroom is pro-
hibited.
Six-)ear-old girls may not run around wlthout being fully clothed.
Akohol may not be served in nightclubs if dancing is occumng on
the premises at 111e same time.
l
u J CREATIVE WRITING
As we a1l know 111e polil:e system in Russia is not perfect. Its work is being
discussed in d[fferent ways now. Imagine you are a legislator and responsi-
ble for 111e good organization of the polke work. Give your ideas on this
problem in writing and share your opinion with your classmates..
279

Appendix 1
 CASE L Detention of on Unaccompanied Five Year Old
 Child
FACTS
(0) Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it:
The Belgian authorities apprehended a five-year--oJd I:hild at Brussels
airport who was traveling from the Ikmocratil: Republic of Congo with her
unc1e without the fIf:CeSSaI)' travel papers. The purpose of the journey was
for the I:hiJd, whose father had disappeared, to rejoin her mother who had
obtained refugee status in Canada. The I:hdd was detained in a transit
centre for adults, and a decisIon was taken refu.i her entry into Belgium
and ordering her remuvaI. The judge held that the I:hild's detention was in-
compatible with the Convention of the Rights of the Child and ordered
her immediate release. The following day the I:hild was deported to the
Democratic Republic of Congo. She was accompanied to the an-port by a
social worker and looked after in the plane by an in-flight attendant. No
members ofherfamily were waiting for her when she arrived.
Notes:
10 detain
6paTh
nOilCl]Ja)f()'
LleH1p EpCMeHHOCO npet5t.maH1IH
OTI-..UbiEIDh BO BbeJ_!le
apecroBblBaTh,Ja.aCpJMIBaTb
npot:3l!Hbte,i\OK)'II'eI-fThl
I:TaJyCOt:A\I:HI18
KOHBeHLlIDI no npaBaM pe6eHKa
o6c.ny»J:lBalDlLlHHllepooH3JTcaMOJle-
m;CTlOap.1\
transllCt:T1tre
10 refuse enlr)'
to_
travel papers
refugeest<ltus
Convention of the RJghts of the Child
in-flight attendant
(b) Read the text ogain ond copy the sentences that mean the following
(I) EeJJbfHHcKwe BJlacm JaJlepJKaJlH rurrnrJe11-jero pe6eHKa B IDponop-
TYBEplOCcene.
280

(2) Pe6eHoK eXaJI 113 KOHro 1:0 I:BOHM IDIlIeH 6eJ nOK)'MeHTOB. Heoo-
XOlIHMblX DJlJI npOe3)la M3 33p)'6e>KIwx C1pBH.
(3) l1eJlblO nYTerneCTBHJI pe6eHKa 6bUlO BoccoelIHHeHHe I: MaTepbJO.
(4) Ee MaTh nOJl)"-lJ{Jla cTaryc 6eJKeHKH B KaH<W.e.
(5) Pe6eHoK CQU.epAI8JICJI B ueH1pe BpeMeHHoro npe6blBBHHft B3poc-
n=.
(6) EblJlO npHHftTO perneHHe 06 OTKa3e eii BO B"be3.l1e B EeJlbrHlO 11 ee
nep eMe ll\eHHI1.
(7) Ha CIle)1yl{XIDlB .QeHb pe6eHKa nenopntpOBaJlH B KOHro.
Ie) Give English equivalents to the following sentences:
(I) Korna OHa npfl6b1J1a. HHfITO 113 <JJleHOB ee l:eMbH lie *'1M ee B ro-
ponopTY_
(2) BcaMQ/JeTe3aHeHnpHCMTI]JIIB1JII:I'iJIeHbl31G1IIa)Ka.
(3) B roponopTee 1:0npOB0JKllW1 1:0UHaJJbHblfi: pa6urHHK.
(4) CY.l\bSl nOCIjHTaJJ. ljTO He pe6eHKa HecoIINf:CTHMO I: KOH-
BeHUHeH no npaBaM pe6eHKa.
(5) CY.l\bSl npHKa3aJ1. ljT06b1 ee HeMe.llJleHHO BbllI)'CTHJlH
'1 ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT:
I. Where dId the events happen?
2. Who was the defendanr:?
3. What was the decision of the judge?
4. Was the decision put into pnu:tke?
5. What finally happened to the defendanr:?
LAW: THE CHILD'S DETENTI
(d) Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
The I:hild, unaccompanied by her parents, had been detained for
two months in a I:entre intended for adults, with no counseling or educa-
tional assistance from a qualified person spedally mandated for that
purpose. The eare pro\'ided to her had been insufficient to meet her
2BJ

needs. Owing to her vel)' )'oung age, the fact that slJe was an illegal alien
in a foreign land and the fal:t that she was unaccompanied by her famil},
the child was in an extremely vulnerable situation. However, no spilic
legal framework existed govemmg the situation of unaccompal1ied alien
mil1ors. Although the authorities had heel1 placed in a position to pre-
vent or remedy the situation, they had failed to take adequate measures
to discharge their obligation to take I:are of the child. Her detention dem-
onstrated a lack ofhnmanity and amonnted to inhnman treatment.
Conclusion: Violation in respect of the I:hild
Nofn:
educalionalasslslanCe
irlsufficrent to meet her needs
owing to her very young age
irlhumantreatment
vlUlalion
I:ounsclmg
qualified person speciaUy man-
dated for that purpose
inegalaln
alienmirlor
vulnerable situation
speclficlegalftameworl,;
toditofulfin,tomeetan
obligatIon
legal obligation
care provided
to pm.ent or remedy the sltua-
lIOn
failedtotakeadequaJ:emea.sures
lackoFlrumanity
amOlUJt
oneKYHcKaSl.
He1I:OCT3TO'-JHbIH; HeCOOTreJ"CTB)'
HeI1Q;t'ffiii;HeYJl;
He!lo..lHbIH (for; m) l\IDI Y.ilOELleTBOpeHI-UI
narpe6HOCTeii:
H3-:!al:e "tJlalleWH:CKOTO 803pacra
He'iei10Be<teCROI::ofipmrteHpe
.-py6o<:HapYUleHl1e
IOpll:UI'JCCKasrn;JleJ1aTblOpH-
JIlI'IeCIUX: J8K.f1IO'Jf:tUre; JI!IBaTb IOpl1,al1'Je-
ct.)'tO()UeHK)lcP1)'dlUIlI
KBaJlII4nIlllflXlBBHHbIH crJeW1aJ1HCT, I:ne-
L\I1aJ1bHO Ha:JHa'JeHHbIHJ/,J1JI:noH l{eJ1Jj
He:>aKUHHbIHI1MMl1rp81fT
I1Hoc-rpaHHblll HecoBepWeHHo.eTHI1H (pe-
6eHoK)
YJlJBHMa!I, paHHMa!I cmyawlJl
1)CTpyK1)'pBnpaBa2)npaBOI!a!lCTpYKI)'-
pa, CI1CTe"t8 (rOCY.AapCTBa, ()Oil\f:CTBa) 3)
npdOOBbJe paMKH, npe1teJlbl
BbJIIO!IHJ!Th,HC!lOJlIDITbJlOJU
np.1I!OB'UI 06J1JaHHOCTb
npe.:lOCT3B!If:aJI!wii3a6oTa;yx o l!
npeKII1HcnpalllITbcmyalJl1JO
HecyMe.nHnpHHJlTbMepb[
OTCyTCTBtIC'JCJlOBC'ffiOCTlI
6b1[bpaBHbl\l,p3III-I01H'Nall\IIIt;03H1NIDb(to)
282

Ie) Read the text again and copy tne sentences tnot mean tne following.
(I) Pe6eHoK Hel:onpoBOJK.DBJ1CJI POlIHTeJlJlMI1.
(2) npel!oc-raBJleHHBJI CH 3a6o-ra 6bIJla He.OOCTa'lO'ffill .D.lljI y.uOBJ1e-
TBOpeHI1j1 ee >KI:I1HeHHbIX IlOT)X'6I1ocTeH.
(3) t13-1!l cooro lI1B.l\eH'IecKOro EI03pBCTB pe6eHOK HBXOlIHJlCjI B 1Jpe3-
Bb!'-laHHO YSl3BHMOH I:HryaUHI1.
(4) OlIHaKO B p3NKaX 3aKOHa He l:)'ll\eCTB)'eT Cnel!HaJ1bHb!X npaBHJI no
peryflHpoBaHliIO I:HryaWJH, KOr11<l I1HOC1]J3HHbJe HeaJBeprneHl-JO-
fleTHHe Ha1(OlIJITOI 6e3 1:0npoBO)l(!leHIDI
(5) Ee :JallepJKaHHe nponeMol-lC1]JltpoBaJlO OTC)'TCrBlle I)'MaHHOCTI-J 11
paBH03Ha'JHo 6eC'JeJ10Be'JHOMY 06paweHI1JO.
(ij Copy tne sentences, containing tne following Post Participle struc-
tures in the function of attributes or participial constructions. Translate
them into Russian
1.tfIaCCOIT1XUJIcd by her parents
C<:J1Ireimendedforadulls
quabficdpcrson
mandated for that purpose
I:areprovided
unaccornpanicdabenmirlDTS
L1
. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUIvVv\ARY
OF THE TEXT:
I Whal: does the law say about the child's detention?
2. Whal: did the child IlK:k during her detention?
3. 1(1 m.at way does the Court QualifY the lack of vital needs?
4. Whal: I:ould the authonties do to avoid the sItuation?
5. What is the Court's decision?
WHAT DOES THE LAW SAY?
(g) Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
ArtKle 3. (a) Distn'SS dnd dnxietY nf the IIIOther as a result ul her
daughter's detention. The only action taken by the Belgian authontlC"i had
been to infonn the mother tllat her daughter had been detained and to pro-
vide her with a telephone number where she could be real:hed.
283

ConclusIOn violatIon in respect of the mother on account of her
daughtu'<;detention.
(b) The Child's deoortation The authorities had nor taken steps to
ensnre that the child would be properl)' looked after before and dUring
the flight or <In her anival, ()f had regard to the real sltuati<Jn she was likely
to enconnter on her retnrn. Her remm:al amounled (Q inhuman treatment;
in deporting her, the State had violated Its positive obligation to take the
reqnisite measures and precautions. The authorities had not troubled to
advise the mother of her daughtcr's deportati<Jn and she had learned of It
<Jnly afierthe event.
ConclusIOn. violation in respect of both applil:ants.
Notes:
poS!tlve ohhgatlon-a) rapalrrnJ1,  to undenakeohllgatmns,
'tSSm"Ie obligations - npHHl-lMaTh o!MuareJIbCTlH. CHHOHHNI>I: duty, fimCiIOn,
olfl(;(:, bIIlty. al-IT()Hl1Mbl; ng11t; 6) 06J13aHHOCTh;.!lOJlT-to fcd an obli-
gatlOn-'!)fBCTBOBaThI:e6J1rnoralobhgatlOn-MIJ(JW1bI-fbIiiJlOJ1r.
social obligation - 06nrcmettHbIH ;IOJ1r, lamily obli.galions - ce\leiiHue 06J1-
3aHHOCTIt, obhl18hOO toonc's parcnts-llOJlrnCpCll p01IItTelJUllUl
to take precautions  smth. - [Jj)HHJ1Th Mepbl npe.!IOCTOI)OII
npo"lB <iero-i1I160;
necessary precautIon - He06xQllHMa.JJ "'cpa npen:0C"IUp0)KHCIcrH
(hI Read the text again and copy the sentences that mean the following
(I) EJ:\I-iHCTBeHHoe .nei1crm-re, npellDpIIH.llToe 6eJlblltIICKHMI-I BJlaCTJ1-
MH, I:OCTOJIJIO B I-IH<)tOpMl-lpOBaHHI-I MarepH <J JII,IlepJ!l3HlIl-I }l<J<iepll_
(2) BJlacTH npel!OCTaBI1JII-I MarepH HOMep . no KOTopOMY
MOJKHO I:B!!38TbCJI C llO'lepblO.
(3) BJlacTH He npel!npHIDlJ]H Mepbl no 06eCne'leHI-lIO HaJ\Jle)!(Bl1\ero
}xo.n,a 3a pe6eHKoM
(4) BnaCTH He npHHJIJII1 BO BHI1M8HI1C 1)" pe8JIhHYIO 1:11T)'8Ur1IO, I: Ko-
TopOH oHa Morna CTonKHyrbCJ1 no B03Bp8I1\eHI-IH.
(5) BJlacTII He YlIOC}')KJlJlHCh YBel\OMHTb MaTI. <J lIenopraWIH }l<J<iepIL
284

Ii) Translate the following sentences Into English
(I) 3ro JlBJl5JeT(;5J HapyweHHeM B OTHoweHHH 060HX 3(15JBHTeJlefi:.
(2) MaTb (jcnblTaJJa rope H c-rpax B pe3Yl1bTaTe 3aJlep)f(aHHJI ee HecO-
BepllleHHOJleTHeHlIO<JepH.
(3) BblCblJlKa pe6eHKa 03Ha<Jae-r He<JeJIOBe'lHOe K HeH OTHoweHHe.
(4) focYlIapcTBO HapYWKJIO I:BOIO peaJJbHYIO 065J1aHHOCTb npel\rlPH-
WITh He06xolIHMble Mepbl npellOClUpOJKHOCTH.
1.1
. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUIv\1v\ARY
Of THE TEXT
(I) What violations are discussed in Text 3?
(2) What law regulates the rig1l1s of I:hildren?
(3) What were the authorities' wrongs in respect ofthe mother?
(4) What were the authorities' wrongs in respect of the child?
(5) What was the European Court decision in respect of both ITKiIher
and daughter'?
LEGAL ARTICLES QUOTATIONS
Ii) Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend if.
Article 8
Both applil:ants had been suljected to dispoportionak llllerferenre
with their right to respect for their family life as a result of the I:hild's de--
tention and the circumstances of her deportation.
Conclusion violation in respect of both applkants.
Artide5fl)
The child had been detained under a law which I:ontained no provisions
specifk to minors, in a I:entre intended for adults and thus unsuited to her
extremely vulnerable situation. Her right to liberty had not been adequately
protected.
Conclusion vmlat10n In respect ofthe child.
Artide5(4)
285

The child had been deported without regard to the fact tllat she had
lodged an application for release, which had been granted. The application
had therefore been rendered ineffective.
Cvndll.\';on violation in respect ofthe child

The Court awarded the applicants EUR 35,(()(J for non-pecuniary damage.
Note<i:
right to liberty
undcralaw
pecuniary
-""""'''''
tosubj(;ct
d""""""",,,,"
inlerference
unsuited
wllhOlltregru-dtu
10 lodge an appbc!ltlOn
10_
10 render meflect1Ve
np!lBOHaCB06oiI)'
n03!IKOH)',BI:OOTBeTCTBl1l1l:"J!I](()H(1M
(BbIpIDICo1eNbIii B lIeHbrax, HCIJIICJlJIeIIIbI ,/:teHbraNH)
a);!.CHe>RfIbIH,I!JI1I-1B1-1COOb1i1, t.«lI-1eTapHbli!; 6)06J1a-
r!leMbIHUT1]J!I<Po M
B.QeHbra.'I{.HeIlCIJIICnJJeUbl.ilellb-
T:IMH;J-Je05.nara..\lbIHlli1]Jap
nlJ.!IB\..PI<!Th(BOJ;I:CiiCTBHIO,B.'1HIIHJlIOHT.n.;to)
bJi1,t--erIp1JJOpIUIHanbHblii(lO)
a) l!Mf:UJiIreI1bC(m, with)
HenolIo6aroumii. HeIlO!lXOIDIlliIJH
He npl1HlnlaJ1 EO BHI1M8HI1e (10 - "lTU-l1II6o), He
nplL1J]jWlJHalJeHHJI(IO-"leM)'-JlH60);6e:!onDc&t-
Te.rJbHo(to-lJero-mroo)
a) I1O,;\dBHIb (JNlJK£iy. IK; 11 T.n. -W1Ih, Ill)
6)npe.:rbS!BIIIIT(06BHHeHHe)
Ylloonerscpm. (%IO-_'1H60 npocb6y. Janpoc)
JleJ1!1Tb fie peJ}'l1bTIlTIILIM, He npOIl3BOJtIIIlIIIII1J1H He
llOCTItralOOlll\l 3i)Jt\JeKTa; 6ecnJ10,JHbIM. HelleflC1Bll-
Tt'JIbHblM,HeHMeIOIlIHMI:HJlbI
(14 Read the text again and copy the sentences thai mean the following:
(I) 06a 3aJ1BllTeJlI'I 6blJ1H nOJlBeprHYTbl Heo6ocHOBaHHOMY BMewa-
TeJlbCTB)' B HX "paBa Ha YBa)((eHHe "lacTHOi! ceMeiiHO )l(113HH.
(2) 06cTOIlTeJ1bCTBa ee .uenOpTIlUHH JlBJlJlIOTCJI HapyweHHeM ee npal!
H81:oo6oJ:1y.
(3) Ee "paBO Ha mo60lIY He 6wIO 38lltHIlIeHO coarnercmylOlUHM 06-
paJOM
(4) OH!I n01I!lJl!l JallBJIeHHe 06 oCB06mK!leHHH
(5) 3aJ1BJleHHe6wIOYJIDB.rJeTBqJeHO.
286

1-1
. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUM/IMRY
OF THE TEXT:
L How many artides are involved in the I:ase in Question?
2. What do they say?
3. What is the decision orthe European Court of Human Rights?
4. What is your opinion about the situation?
 CASE II. Imacma';a" ;" la"gge ""de,,'aad
Useful Words and Expressions for Spee(:h Practice
10 convict OCY>KA3Th, npH3HaBdTb BllHOBHhl'l.1, BbIHO-
(;lITh npHroBop
to be convicted 6blTh ocyJKAE'HHbIM. 6bITb npll3HaHHbIM
5llH08HblM B '{eM-MOO, 6hITb npmuaJpeH-
-,
convict or6bI Hilliil3ilHlte (npeCtyIIHHK),
OCY)K,/!,eHHbII\ 3aXNO'leHHhlrt; I<aTOp:>KHVlK
to hnpose a sentence Bh!HQCllTb npl1rOBOp
enfO«:e111el1t npHH)'AIITeAbHOe npHMeHemre; npaBOIIpIl-
MeHeHMe; npHIfjfAlITe/UHDe IIpOBe#,IIHe B
JK1l3Hb; npHH)l)KAeHHe K BblIIO\HeHI1IO 7pe-
60BaHHll
npl1l,a3, npliKdJdHHe, pdcnOp.II<eHHe,
npe,ll,lIHCilHlte
nOCTdHOBlleHlre; I-IcnOJ\HHTE'IlliIlbIi1 /\lICT
6hITb CYAHMbIM 3aoQHO 1m absentIa J\dT. -
BcrrcyrCTBl-le)
npoK}'PdTYPd
CI/fIUI\UahbHbIH i!ABOKdT!3aIl\IITHHK
Bb\AaBdTb (apecroBaHHOro AP}'I'OM). rocy-
AaPCTBY), 3KcrpaA1-1pOEtITh
BpyqaTh 'lTO-JlliGo KOMY-JlliGO
order
enforcement order
to be tried in absentia
Prosecutor's office
official counsel
to extradite
to serve 8mb with
smth
287

legal ciassification
charge (s) against
,mb
pertinent artirles
criminal pIOCeedings
to give ground to
case file
the wording
provision
IoPI-WI'J- Maccwpm,o.qIDI
06BlIHeHlte (si) nparnB Koro-lIH60
COOTBeTCTB}'IOIlW' CTaThH
CYAe6Hoe pa36
MEaTh nOBOA KOM}'-lIH50
MilTeplliLllhl f*.M.
PEWiKlI,IDI: cpopM<!. Bbl}XIJKffD-ffi CPOPMYlIH-
posKo.
nOAOJKeIDte, YClI.OBHe IAoroBopa H T.rr.);
nOCTaH08JI.eHHe
FACTS
(0) Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
The applicant was I:onvicted in absentia in Italy and sentenced to life im-
prisonment. The proserutor's offke Iy issued an erJea-cernent or-
der. ordering the applicant's arrest and appointing offkial counsel for him.
The applicant was arrested In Greece and extrochted to Italy. On his anival in
Italy. the authorities served him with a I:opy ofthe enforcement order. As the
applicant was a Yemeni national, an il1k.'lprelerwas instructed to intel]Jret the
content of the do."1UUTk:JIt into Arabic for him. The document stated the day of
the juclgrrent by \vhich the applicant had been fovnd. guilty. the sentence im-
posed and the legal dassitication ofthe cJmges, and referred to the pertinent
articles of the Criminal Code and the other relevard texts. The applK:ant
I:omplained that there was no wrinen translation into Arabic ofthe enforce-
ment order and applied lll1SIJCCeSSfulIy to have It set aside. He argued that he
had been lUlable to lUlderstand the oortent of the order served to him, and had
thus been lUl8ware ofhis nghts in Italy. which had deprived him of the op-
tion of applying for a reopening of the I:riminal proceedings.
Notes;
to find guilty
inlerpreler
npllI"08OJI.te.06BI1I-f1jTe."]bHOtJaKJIfO'Je-
HHe; H3K.llaHlle. Mepa HdKafo1IIItl; BblHOClITb npH-
I"OBOp,npl1l"OSajJl1BaTb
I1pIIJI-IaTI,BI1HOBHh!J.t
nepeBo"HK(yCTHblii)
2BB

tomleTprel
relevant (texts)
to have smth set IlSlde
to argue
to be aware
to deprive smb of smth
optmn
Judgmenl
nepeoo:tIlTbl)CTHO)
peJ\CBBHTHbJ.cocrmeICI1I)'lOllV1
IOp,UJMelDITI.,aHHYlIlIpOBaTb
apryMeHTHpoB!\Tb, npHBO.!lHTb OBO-'\b!. J:\OKaJbl-
Ban.,yrBCpJKll!ITb
3Han.,0I:0"JHa&lJD,OrJ\il&lThce6eOl'ieT
oroHpIITb, OTHHM!\Tb, flHWan.
BY6op, B;1bTepHaTIlB!\, BapHaHT; npaBO Bbl60pa.
Bbt60pa
HH4>oPMHpoBaTb, 1:006Jl)aTb; 3HaKOMHTb C MaTe-
pHa.rJaMHlIerra. nopy<Ja1b(aJIBOKalY) BeJ1CHJle.ae.'Ja
cY1IC6Hoe pa36HpaTerrbCTBO, npouecc; npHroBop,
peweHHe. 38KJIIO'Jelilre CYJla
(b) Read tne text again and copy tne sentences thai mean the following
(I) 3ID1BHTeJlb B t1TaJlHll 6bVl 3a04HO ocy»tQeH II npm-OBODCH K no-
>KH3HeHHOM)' TlOpeMHOM)' JaKJI104eHlllO.
(2) B OOO")13e1CJIj]1ll I: 3THM npOl<yparypa BblHecrra nOCTaHOB.fleHHe I:
npllKa30M 06 apeCTe npocrrreJUI II 0 Ha3H8IJeHllll eM)' 04>HUHaJlb-
Horo:J,1IBOKaTii.
(3) 3anBI-ITeJlb 6bVl apeCTOBaH B fpeuHH 113KC1]JaJIHpoBaH B I1TaJ1HIO.
(4) Kor.aa OH npH6bVl B t1TaJ1HIO. BJUICTH BPY'JHJlH eM)' KOI1HIO noc-ra-
HOB.fleHWI.
(5) nOCJ{OJlbJ{Y "3a!!BHTeJlb !!BflnJlC!! rpa)l(llaHHIiOM HeMeHB, nepCllO-
ll'JllKY 6blJlO llCfIY'JeHO nepeaecT11 I:OlIepJKBHHe .uOI()'MeHTII lia
apa6CKHH Jl3blK CneIDlaJlbHO !J)UI Hero.
(6) B .D0l()'MeHTel:006warrocb 0 .DaTe 9.De6Horo pa36HpaTe.flbCTBa,
J{OTopoe npH3HaJlO ero BHHOBHbIM. 0 BblHeceHHOM npHrOBOpe, 0
IOPHllHilCCKOH KJJaCcl11)Jlllwwm npeJ1bXBJleHHbIX eM)' o6BHHeHHH 11
1:01Iep>KaJI1R:b I:CbVlKH Ha 1:0OTBeTCTB)'lOillHe I:TIlThH yronOBHOro
KOlIeKca lllIpynte OTHOC!!Il!HCCI'I K JIeJl)' IOpH.J.lllJeCKHe ,QoKYMeHThi.
(7) 3aJwIITeJlb AWJJOBa.I1CX Ha onY1CJlJlte nHCbNeHHoro nepeBOl!a no-
I:TIlHOBJIeHIDI lia apa6CKHH JlJblK H 6e3)'cnewHo llcTBOBarr 0
erooTMeHe.
(8) OH apryMeHrnpoBarJ 3T0 reM, 'JTO ObVi He B OOCTOJIHJlll nOIDITb 1:0-
.Dep)j(aHlle npe1l1,nBJleHHOrO eMY nOCTiIl-JOBJJeHl1n 11, crre.nOBa1eJl....
HO, He 6bVl OCBC)lOMJleH 0 I:BOHX npaBax B I1TaJlllH. <JTO flmLlHJlO
ero B03M()}!(HOCTH 06paTHTbC!! I: npocb60iJ 0 B0306HOB.fleHHI1 yro-
flOBHorOpaccne.uoBflHll}l.
289

Ie) T ronslote tne folloWing sentences irlto Englisn:
(I) fpaACJlaHl1H t1eMeHa 6blJl npHrOBopeH K fIOjKII3H(:HHOMY 3aKJI104e-
HI1IOBHTaJlHK.
(2) 3ID1BHTeJlb )KaJlOBancSi Ha 0ITyTCTB1Ie nHCbMeHHOro nepeBOlIa no-
I:TIlHOBJIeHlliI Ha apa6cKllw Jl1bIK.
(3) BJlaCTH Bpy'JIJIIH eM)' KonHIO nOCTIlHOBJleHHJI I:Y.Qa.
(4) 31"0 nl1lllHJlO ero B03MO)!{HOCTH o6p;rrnn.cJI I: npoafu1 0 B0300-
HOBJIeHHHyroJloBHoropaccnellOBilHI1J1.
(5) B JJ;oK)'MeHTe ooo6marrOCh 0 ,!\aTeI:YJJ;e6HOrO pa36HpaTeJlbCTBa.
1-1
. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SU/vVIMRY
OF THE TEXT:
I. Wl1at is the use about?
2. Wl1at is the applicant in the case in questIon?
3. What problem did he encounter under the situation III questIon?
4. Wl1at did the applkant I:omplain of?
5. Wl1at were his arguments?
6. Wl1at do you think about the situation?
WHAT DOES THE LAW SAY?
lei) Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend il:
INADMISSIBLE UNDER ARTICLE 6!3J1A) AND ISI
The Court pointed out tllat ArtIcle 6(3)(e) did not go so far as to requIre a
written translation of any documentary evlClence or ofTn:ial paper trom the
I:ase file, and noted that the wording of the provision in question referred to
an «inteJpeler» rather than a «trans1ator». This gave ground to I:onsider that
oral lingUIstic assistance could satlsfy tne Convention's requirements. Never-
theless, the intap-etation provided was to he such as to enable the defendant
to have knowledge of the I:ase against him and to defend himself: notably by
being able to put hIs version of events to the 1:0urt.
290

In the present I:ase, sim;e the applicant has been untraceable at the time
of his trial, he had learned of the &;cusations against him when he was
served with the enfcrcement order. On that occasion he had been assisted,
free of I:harge, by an Arabic interpreter. There was no. evidence that the
lauer's IIlterpretatio.n had been or aherw:Jse ineffective. Indeed, the appJI-
I:BnI had nQt chaUenged the quality ofthe interpretation, whkh CQuld have
led the authoritIes to. believe that he had understood the I:o.ntent of the
document in issue.
Note.5:
admissible I) no.3BOJlMTeJlbHblH, BOJMO)((HbIH, IKJ[J)'C11IMbIH, npHeM-
JleMbIH; lOpUiJ. 2) HMelOlliHH npaBo 6blTb npHHJJTblM
inadmissible HeJ1IJ(1)'CllIMblH, HenpHeMJleMblH; He MMelOillHH npaBa
6bITb npHHJlTblM
issue npel!MeT UPK6u; npo6.neMa. COCTaBJIJlIOWBJI npelIMCT
paccMOTpeH11J1
translatQr nepeBOlI'IHK (BblnQJlHl'lIOl1lHM nepeBQl! nHCbMeHHQ)
in question JIaHHblH
notably I) HCKJIIO'IJ-ITeJlbHO, OCo6eHHO, B ooo6eHlIOcrn, 6om.we
Bcero 2) BeCbMa, 3aMeTHO, O'leHb, I:IDlbHO
Ie) Copy the sentences that mean the following:
(I) Cyn YK83aJ1, <frO B I:TaTbe He I:Oll -rpeOOBaHHe 0 Heo6xo-
.l\(JMOCTH n(1CbMeHHoro nepeBOl!a KaKHx-Jl(160 nOK)'MeHTOB (13 Ma-
repHaJlo.BJIeJla.
(2) 310. ]IaJJO OCHOBaH(1e I:IJ(1TaTb, IJTo. YCTHBJI J)HHrBHCTIJIJCCKBJI no-
Mo.Wb yeT 1]JCOoBaHHJlM Ko.HBCHl\HH.
(3) CYJI UIMeIl-ill, 1JTO B :no" peJl!IJC[tIIl1 naHHoro JIOIIOIKeH11J1 l:o.lIep-
)((HTCJI (;cbIJlKa I:KOpee Ha )'CTHO["O. a He Ha nJlCLNeHHo.ro nepeBO-
nlJ11Ka
(4) npel!OCTaBJleHHbIH nepeBQl! nOJDKeH 6bJJl naTb BOJMOJKHOCTh 06-
BHHJJeNOM)' O3IiaI{DMMTbCJI C nenOM 11 3aillHWBTbCJI.
(5) 3BJ1BHTeJlb He Bbll:KB3bUlaJI npe-reH3HH B OTHoweHHH KaIJeCTBa ne-
peBOlIB, IJTO, BeJ1OS!THO, npHBeJJO K TOMy, IJTO BJl81:TH I:IJ(1Ta.11H, IJTO
OH no.HHJI oonepJK3HHe nOK)'MeHTa, RBJlJllOwerOCJl npellMeTo.M pac-
CMCYrpeHWI.
291

lij Translate the following sentences mto English
(I) OH Mor "3Bll\rIIll<IThCJl, oco6eHHo nQTOMY, OJTO I1MeJ1 B03M01KHQCTb
H3JJCDKHThCBOIO BepcHloco6l.rrHfI BI:Y,Qe.
(2) He 6hlJlO HlJKaKHX npH3HaKOB roro, OJTO ero nepeBOl! JlBJlJleTCJI
6e3pe3yJlbTaTHhlM.
(3) I1ocKOJlhK)' 3aIIBHTeJlb OKa3aJICJl HellocrynHhlM BO BpeMJI npOBel!e-
Hill! (;)'IIB. OH y3HaJI 06 o6BHHeHI1J1X nponlB Hero JlHWb ror}1a. Ko-
nIa eM)' BPY'IHJlH nOCTIlHOBJIeHHe.
'1
. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT:
I. What did Article {} say about?
2. What were the main provisions of the Artide?
3. What kind oflinguistk assistance was offered (0 the defeooanr:?
4. Was the defendant sarisfied with the interp-etation?
5. What did the rlefendant I:omplain about?
6. What is the opinion of the Civil Rights European Coun?
CONCLUSION
(9) Study the text below, moking sure you fully comprehend it.
Through the infonnarion I:omained in (har documem, the applkam had
received, in a language he understood, sufficienr: infunnation concemJl1g
the charges against hIm and the penalty imposed. He I:ould then have con-
sulted his ofikially-appointed I:ounsel. whose name had been I:ited in the
c1ocvment. with a view (0 ascertalDlI1g the steps to be taken in order to ap-
peal against the conviction and to prepare his defense in relation to the of-
fences wIth T AS w11kh he had been dlBrged.
Thus, even supposing (har Art1de 6 was appJicable to proceedings to
set aside the selVing of an enfurcement order, th:: appJication was in any
event manifestly iII-fOlmded.
292

? ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT:
I. What are the main issues of the conclusion?
2. In what way did the EC qualifY the defendant's applil:ation"
3. What is your opinion of the situation?
(h) Copy the sentences that mean the following.
(I) 1inaro.QapJI HHC)JopMawIH. 1:01Iep)KtUUeHC.II B :flOM )lOK)'MeHTe, npo-
I:MTeJlb nOJlY'-l11Jl H8 JlJbIKe. KOropUH OH nOHiIMaeT. llOCTIlTO<jJJO
HH4x>PMauHH, K8caJowei'icJl BbIJlBHHYTbIX npOTHB Hem ofiHHHeHHH
11 Ha3HaIJCHHoro HaKa3aHlUI.
(2) B TO BpeMI'I OH liMeD HO-3MOJKHOCTh nocoeeroBaTbC.II I: o4>m1.HaJlbHO
H8,!HalJeHHhIM eM)' Bl\BOIGIJON., HMJI KOTOpOro 61>1J10 o603Ha<JeHo B
l\OK)'MeHTC I: TeM, <HOGb! YCTaHOBHTb (OIlpeneJIlm.) ruarK, KOTo-
pble Heo6xO,!1l1MQ npellflpflHJlTb J\JII'I TOro, <HOGb! onpurecroBlITb
npHroBOp H n01IfOTOBIITL I:BOIO Jall\Hry B OTHOllleHHH npeCT)'nJle-
HHll. B KOTOpbIX era 06BHHI1JIH.
(3) CnelIomrreJlbHO, ]1aJKe ecJlH npe.u.riOl1O>K11Th, 'ITO CTanx 6 npHMe-
HHMa K neJl)' 06 8HHYJ1IipOBaHI-IH BpyqeHHJI peweHWI I:yna. B fl)O-
60M I:Jly'Jae 3W1BJ1eHHe 6blJlO JlBHO HeofiocHOBaHHI>IM
Ii) Copy the sentences, contoining the following participles functioning
as attributes. Translate them info Russian:
infOrmt1l;on I:ontained in that document
infonnation concerning the charges agmnst him
. penalty imposed
. otfJciaUy-appointed I:ounsel
(j) Translate the fo.owing Russian sentences into Englistl paying atten-
tion to tne translotian of Participle I and tne Infinitive. Make use of
the corresponding English version from the box
I:oncemingthecharges
steps to he taken
in order to a I
293

(I) npxmeJlb nOJlY'IJIJI nOCTaTO'JHO HH<popMaUHH. KocaJOrneHc Bbl-
nBHHYTblX npa-rHB Hero 06BHHeHHH.
(2) OH HMeJI Jj()JMO)f(HOCJb onJ:e1It'JIlfIb rnam, KOTopble He06xomlMo
npe.CJ.llpl1H.IITI;..
(3) '3ro 6blJlO Heo6xO.!ll1MO, 'JT06bl onporecroB8Th npl1fOBOp.
(4) ,[laJKe eCJIH npe,ilJlO1lO)KHTb, <JTO I:TIlTbJl 6 3JleCb npHMeHHMa, 3aJlB-
neHHe nJlOxo apryMeHTHpOBaHO.
(5) 3m CTaTbJI He OTHOCI1TCJl K 11pOue.Dype aHH)'nl1poaaHI1J1 peweHltJl
9n a .
£1
. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUIv\tv\ARY
OF THE TEXT:
I. What are the main issues of the I:onclusion?
2. In what way did the EC qualify the defendant's applil:ation?
3. What is your opinion of the sItuation?
" J; ? ,
'i/ Case III. RIGHT TO RESPECT FOR ONE'S PRIVATE LIFE
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN
RiGHTS. In/oImaJion note Nfl 95 on the rnse-lawofthe Court, }"kJI{h 2007,
Page 18-19
FACTS
(0) Study the text below. making sure yau fully comprehend II:
A woman was attacked and her handbag slOlen. The poJic:e arrested
A.M. and took him into I:ustody. Under the Code or Criminal Procedure
(the CCP) a Distnct Court Judge ordered the JiurveiUance and n:cording of
calls made on the applicant's mobile telephone. A.B., a girlfriend of A.M.,
arranged to meet the applicant. She was fitted by the polke with a listen-
ing device ludden under her dothing. In the I:ourse of their recorded I:on-
versation, this appJil:ant admitted that he had organized the robbery with
294

A.M. The polke dismissed the applicants request to exclude the re<:ording
of the conversation nom the I:ase file, noting that it had been made in ac-
cordanc:e with the law and with the consent of A.B. The City Court found
the app6cant and A.M. guihy of robbery and sentenced them to nine
years unptisonment, whilst they protested theIr innocence. The I:ourt
based its judgment on various teslimony and documents, but one of the
mosl important ilel11.'i of written evWence was the list of the telephone
I:alls on the mobile phones of the two defendants. A transcription of Ihe
conversation between A.B. and the applil:ant was descrlbl:d as crucial
evidence but was not the sole evidence a,gainsl them. In response to the
applkant's plea that this evidence was Imlawful, the I:ourt observed that
A.B. had consented to the fining of the listening devll:es and tllat, under
the CCP. anything capable of shedding light on a I:riminal I:ase could. be
used in evidence. The High Court dismissed appeals against the judgmenl
at the firsl instance. I:ontirming that the previous findings were I:orrect.
The applkant also iodged a constitutional appeal arguing that the pro-
duction of the re<:ording of his I:onversation wIth A.B. and lis use as evi-
dence. IncrimInatIng the applicant before he had been nolified of any
I:harge, had breal:hed artIcles 6 and 8 of the Convention. The telephone
I:ompany mformed A.M. that the list oftelephone I:alls had been produced
at Ihe request of the authorities in conneelion 'Iilh a I:riminal investiga-
tion, under a provision of the CCP_ It further referred 10 the provision
from the Telecumrounil:ations AI:t. The Constitutional Court dismissed the
applkant's appeal, holding, among olher I:onsideralions, that the I:Ourts
have I:onvicted him on the basIs of various evidence whkh had been law-
fully obtained and assessed. As to the use of the listening and recording
devil:e hidden on A.B., the Constitutional Court agreed with the High Court
that it was nol a prohibited measure under the CCP. It I:onsidered, how-
ever. that the re<:ordlng should. not have been used Ul eVIdence in the
criminal prouedings, but that it did not render unconstitutional the de-
dsions adopted in those proceedings as the applkant's I:onviction had been
based on a number of items of evideoce. The Court declared manifestly iU-
founded a I:onstitutional appeal by AM.
Notes:
appbcant
surveillance
lisleningdevice
case file
npoct«e1Jb,"omrraH.nolIaTeJlbneTHUHH;3a!lBHTeJlb
Ha;Dql.lla6./nQ.:I.e!me(Ja.llOJIUJPCB!IC'IbIMBOJe'l-t-JmGo)
npocnytlIHBalOIl{Ce ycrpoflcmo
MaTepHa.lbl1IeJla
295

transcnplion
findIngs
tOlncrlnunalt:
JaJ1HCb
rroJI)"Jl.1IHbL\!lHHble..II06bITbleI:BelleHI1J1
11HKpHN11H1tp<1I3UI1>. 06enHJlTh B npeC1)'lD1eHI1I1 em), 603JIa-
nITbBHHY
HapYUlaTh(3aKOH,MOpBJ1U1l>It'I1J1I1bleofjJna-
Te.-JbL"TBaI1T.n.)
"3aJIBJ1eHl1e,c-'!eilaHHoe BCY.!IeO.'I.HUH 113CTupOH
npoJ1HBaTh I:BeT Ha ('ffO-mroo)
to breach
p1ea
to shed light
(b) Read tne text again and copy tne sentences tnot mean tne following
(I) IloJlI1l\I:IJlapecroBaJlaAM. HB3J1J1aerOnOlII:TpIDKy_
(2) CynbJl paHoHHOCO I:yna pacnq»UllV1CS! BeCTH Hamop 3a nOlI03pe-
BaeMbiM H 3anHCblBan ero nepenmopu no M06IiJlbHoM)' TeJlei)Jo-
"Y.
(3) nOJlI1l\11J1 YCTaHOB1-1JIa nOlIcrryll1HBaKJll1ee )'C1pOHcroo nOlI OlIeJK-
nOH JIODp)')KIII1 AM.
(4) 3ToT npocl1TeJ1b np113HaJICJI, 1.JTO OH opraHI130BaJl3TO o(]Ja6J1eHHe
BMecTeI:A.M.
(5) fOpOlICKOH I:yn npH3HaJI npOCHTeJU1 HAM. BHHOBHblMH B orpa6-
neHl1lJ lJ npHrOBopl1J1I1X K .neBJlTIi ro.naM TlOpeMHoro 3aK.llI04eHI1H.
(c) Give Russian equivalents of tne following sentences
( I) The I:ourt based its judgment on various testimony and documents, but
one of the most important iWms of written evidence was the list of the
telephone calls on the mobile phones ofthe two defendants.
(2) In response to the apphcant's plea that this evidence was unlawful, the
I:ourt observed that A.B. had consented to the fitting of the listening
devll:es and that. under the CCP. anythmg I:apable of sheddmg light on
a crimmal I:ase l:ou1d he used in evidence
(3) The High Court dismissed appeals against the judgment at the lint
instance. I:onlirming that the previous lindings were I:orrect.
(4) The app111:Bnt a1so lodged a I:onstitutional appeal. arguing that the
produ.1ion ofthe recording of his convers.ttion with A.B. and its use as
evidence. incriminanng the applil:ant before he had been notified of
any I:harge, had breached artIcles 6 and 8 of the ConventJOn.
(5) The telephone I:ompany infonned AM that the list of telephone l:aUs
had been prodoced at the request of the authorities in I:onnection
with a crimina' investigation, under a provision ofthe CCP.
296

(d) Fm in tne gaps witn appropriate words
The COlSt1htional Court dismissed apphc:ant's appeal, holding,
among_l:onsiderations, that the l:o ur'ts_ I:OrMcted him on the_
of various evidence which_ been lawfully obtained and_ As to the
use_ the lisleningand recordihirlden onAB., the_ Court
agreed with the Court that it was a prohibited measlU'C under
CCP. It ronsid ered, howeveI" , that ing should no! have 
in evidence ID_ I:riminal pOCC(.d;'I>1$, butthadidnotre nderun con-
stitutiona1 de..--i.qms adopted In tJ10se as the app1i1:ant's cmvio-
tion been based on a of itelTlS of evid ence Court dedared
m anifestly iJI-founded _ron'llil:Lt1o na1 appeal by A
(e) Match the English ap-essioos with their Russian equivalents in the
table
(I) tonotiryofacharge
(2) under a provision of
(3) theCodeofCnmmal
ProcWure (the CCPI
(4) Item of written evidence
(5) to dismiss a request
(6) in response to
(7) to lodge a I:onstitutional
appeal
(8) in I:onnection with
(9) to adopt a dedsion
(10) ill-founded
(a) OT.n:eJlbHbIH npellMeT nl1CbMCHHblX

(b) npHH1ITh peweHl1e
(I:) no.n:aTb aneJIJJJIUl1lOBaJUIBe1C1IIHH
I: JroIJCTIrI)'UHeH
(d) YBe1IOMJlUh 0 npe1l1,.IIBJl1IeMOM 06-
BHHeHI111
(e) 6eJOCHOBaTeJlbHblH, HC06ocHOBaH-
Hh!H
(f) OTKJI(JH1ITb npOCh6y
IgJ no/COH1BCHO nOJlOJKeHI1IO. nOCTa-
HOBJIeHHto
(h) BOTBeTHa
(i) KOlleI<C. 1:0011 JaKOHOB (rocy.napCT-
Ba) 06 yroJloBHOM lipOQe\:ce
(j) BI:B1I311I:<JeM-JlI160
1 1 ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT;
I. How many persons are involved in the I:ase as a defendant party'?
2. How many persons I:ommitted the crime'?
297

3. Where did the I:onvkts apeal the Court's dlXision?
4. What did the I:onvkts protest?
5. What was the High Court's dlXision?
6. What do you think the law says on the I:ase?
LAW AI\[) RELEVANT ARTICLES QUOTATIONS
(ij Study tne text below, making sure you fully comprehend if
Article 8 . The use of the extract &om the list of the telephone I:alls as
evidence in the I:riminal proceedings had interfered with the applkant's
right to respect for his private life. The interception and recording of
the telephone I:onversations had been urlered by the distrkt I:ourt judge
under the CCP and the list of ca11s in question had been produced at the
reql of the polke in aa:ordanre with provisions of the CCP and of the
Telecommunkations Act. However, the relevant provisions had not yet
entered into force at the material time. It followed that the interference
observed had not been in accordance with the law
Conclusion : violation.
Notn
extract
00-
intun.ption
rt3B11e'lelJHe.4>parMeHT
I:Jl}')KHTh nperum:TBJ1CM, lI!ewaTb, 6mb IJOMe\.OH(WIth)
[lCJJC"BaThIBaHHC; IlCpC'WHf; 1lpOCJ1)III11HaHHc (Hanp.,
Tt:Jle<PoHHblx piUrtJEOp.W); nept:'<B<WeHHaJI II
UIDI,nQ3:ClJ)'IlI!IHHbIiipa3roBop
.AHHHblH/paccMarprtllBeMLlllBOnpoc
H).teIDIUHllOllJOlllt1-JIIeK'JeM)'-_lH60
BCl)'narbBcluy
BeIlIt:t."T1IeHHb[H,H;matenH1world 4>H3H-
qec(lJfH. nponmon.1I)'XOOIIOM}'
the pomt m question
relevant
toentermtofoTCc
at the matenal tIme
(g) Read tne text again and copy tne sentences tnat mean tne following
(I) npocJJywHBaHHe rt 3anHCb TeJle$oHHblX proroBOJXIB npoBOl\IfJ1l1Cb no
npIJltoTI)' paJtOHHOro l:yJIbH I:OrnaCHO yrorJ08'D-JIpo11eCC}'IIill>tJ}'
3aKOHOlIaTeJ1bCTB)'.
(2) ('mICa( )'KaJaHHbIX TeJle$oHHbIX 3BOHKOB 6bUl IIpCilOCTaB.IIeH Ha oc-
HOBaHillI "IpC6oBaHID1 nOJ1HUHH rt B 1:0000000000HH I: nOJlQJlOC'HIDlM(I
I\QIIeJ\CBH3BKOHaO
(3) OnHBKo, nOJlOJKeHWI, 0 KOTOpblX HllCT pe'-1L, B TO BpeMII elUe He
BOUUlrtBCHJ1y.
298

(hi Give Russian equivalents of the following sentences.
(I) The use of the extraet from the list of the telephone calls as evi-
rlence in the crimina] proceedings had interfered with the appli-
I:ant's right to respect for his private life
(2) It followed that the interference observed had not been In accor-
dance with the law.
(3) Conclusion: violation.
? ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT:
I. Why was the use of the extract from the list of the telephone calls
as evidence wrong?
2. Why was producing of the list of calls in question at the request
ofthe polke legal?
3. Why was the interfereoce observed [Jot m accordaoce with the law?
Ii) Study the text below, making sure yOU hIlly comprehend it:
The recording of a I:onversation using a rlevke fitted under a person's
dothmg by the police authorities and its subsequent use had also Inter-
fered wIth the applICant's rights. The domestic authorities had [Jot been
dear as to the legal basis on which the recording had been maCe. The
measure had not been governed by the law satiod)'ing the criteria laid
down by the Court's I:ase law. but rather by a practll:e whldJ I:ould IJot be
regarded as a specific legal hasis selling forth sufficiently precise con-
ditions for such interference as regards the admissibilit}'. seope. control
and use of the infonnation thus I:ollected.
Conclmion: violation.
Nole8.
subsequent
60J1ee n01!IHHll, nocJJe!IYlOllllIii, (;JIe1J;YIDWHll; JlBJUlIO-
[J[lJiialpe3YllJ;l"aTOM
MeCTHblellJlaCTH
npeueJJeHTHoc npaBo
TO'-JHO YCTaHOB:1CHHbIC, Or.ac.'1bHO B3Tble; TO'-JHble;
onpt:,C\eJ1eHHblelfi:-rom-enblTB3,yt:I1OBlIJi
IfTOI0.:af'JCJl.BUfH()UJCIIHII
LIOI1)'CTH\IOCT(H:mp..)
r]JaHHlJ.bI, paMKH, npe')eJlbl
domesul:authoritles
case law
prccr;econdltJOns
M_'
admIssIbility
scope
299

Ii) Fill in tne blanks witn tne appropriate words from Ine text:
The domestil: authorities_ not been dear_ to the legal_ on
whidJ the_ had been made _ measure had not_ governed by
the satisrying the I:ritena down by the I:ase law,
oo t by a proclke _ I:o uld not be as a s pecifk basIs
settmg forth_ precise I:onditions for_ interfe rence a s re-
gards_ admissibility, scope, contro]_ use of the thus collected
'1 ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT:
I. What ooes the law say about using a devIce f!tled under a person's
I:lothing by the polke authonties?
2. What was the measure rather governed by?
3. Why I:oulo practice not be regarded as a specifk legal basIS setting
forth suffidently precise I:onditions for such interference'?
(k) Study,olhe lext beluw, makll1g .ure yuu fully wmprehend If.
Artide 6 The applil:ant had been able to submit to the first-instance
court, then to the High Court and to the Constitutional Court, aU the ob-
sen'ations deemed necessary I:oncerning the recording maCe without his
knowledge, llJe same arJ::uments were valid as regards the use in evi-
dence of the I:hronologkal hst of telephone l:alls. The applicant had been
I:onvicted under ad\'ersarial proceedings. Moreover, the impugned re-
I:ording aOO list hoo I:ontnbuted, aOO had even been \:rucial, to the prepa-
ration of the CIty Court's Judgment, but It had not been the sole evioenl:e on
which the (;Curt had based its inner conviction, As regards the weijtht of
the public interest in the use of such evidence to obtain the applkant's
I:onvil:tion, the measure had been taken against a person who had I:Olmmt-
ted a serious offence to the detriment of a third party and who had ulti-
mately received a nine-year prison sentence. Accordingly, the use by the
dornestk courts of the impugned rewrding and the list of telephone I:alls
had not infringed the applicant's right to a [air trial.
Cvnclusion: no violation.
Artide 41. Non--pearniary oarnage: me finding of vIolatIons was suffi-
l:ienL
300

Notes:
to submit
to deem
valid
"""""""
adversary proceedings
npelICTIUI!l!!TbHapaccMOlpCHHe
nt3n., MUCJIIITh, nO::l3r3n., pa:JMblUlJ1J1Tb, C<lI1T3n.
.at:BcTmITelbHblH,HMe/OlllHllcwI)'.npaoor.tepHbIH
1:0nepHH<la/OIllHH; npOllJl!OCTOJlIlIHH (1IpyrlIpYry)
(;}'.AonpOH3BOlICTBO no I:!lOPy M cropOH3MI1;
cocTIl3"iTeJIbHhIi1npouecc
()CnapHBaTb, ()!lponepnTb: CTaBHTb non 1:0MHeHHe.
no.aseprarbCOMHeHI1/O
B YLlLep6 'IeMy-JIH60
(HeBBJleIIb(ID(.HeHC'-II1C.lUleMblHneHl>-
ra!.m) HClIcHC.mucI1Je }6I.rm;vBOJNWlCHl-le y6b1T-
""
impugn
to the dctnmc:nr. ()f
Il(m-pecumary damage
II) Translate the following sentences into Russian
(I) The app1K:ant had been able to submit to the first-instance court,
then to the High Court and to the Constitutional Court, all the ob-
servations deemed necessary I:ooceming the recording made
WIthout his knowledge.
(2) Moreover. the impugned recording and list had I:ontnbuted. and
had even been crudal, to the preparation of the City Court's Judg-
ment, but It had not been the sole evideoce on which the court had
based its inner conviction.
(3) Accordingly, the use by the domestic I:ourts uf the impugned re-
I:ordlng and the list of telephone calls had not infringed the app1i-
I:ant'srighttoafairtrial
1m) Give English equivalents to the following sentences:
(I) Te >ICe ,llOBOl\lol npaBOMepHbI B Ol1JOllleHHH HCnOl1b3OBll.HHJI xpOHo-
nOrH<lel:KOrO I:[JI1CKa TeJlei)JoHHbIX pa3fOBopOB B Ka<leCTBe ynHKH.
(2) 3ID1BI-ITeJlb 6bUl OcyJKlleH B yc.n:OBHH>:: I:OCUIJ8Tl'JlliHOIU npoua:ca.
(3) 3Ta Mepa 6blJla npel!IIpHHJlTa npollJB 'JCJJOBeIW, KOTOpblll I:OBep-
LlJHJI l:epbe3HIJe npecl)'ruletme C YWep60M DJIJl1peTbeH I:TOpOHb! 11
KOTopbJH B KOHC'iHONJ l:'UTe 6bU1 npl1rC1BOpeH K 9 ro.naM TlOpeMHO-
r03BKJlIO'-IeHHSI.
301

? ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT;
I. What is Case III about?
2. What kind ofarn:\ how many offences had been heard In I:ourts?
3. Whidl of the I:ourt or Judge measures were qualifIed as «viola-
tion»? Why?
4. Whkh of the court or judge measures were qualified as ({no viola-
tiom;? Why?
5. What was the European Court of Human Rights final decision?
6. What is your opinion about what had happened?
7. What do you think about the European Court's I:oncluslon?
8. What would be your final judgment if you were an EC judge?
 Co.. IV. PRESUMPTION OF GUILT
? COUNCIL OF EUROPE EUROPEAN COURT OF HU-
MAN RiGHTS. ltifi»matlOn noIe M! 95 on the ca.e-!aw of the Court
A1arch 200?, PfJ1{ 17-18.
F/>CIS
(oj Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it
In May 1998 the applicant was I:onvicted ofnurnelous counts oftheft,
burglary and attempted burglary, deliberately handling slolen goud
and membership of a I:riminal gang and sentenced to five years' Impnson-
ment. The Judgment was later Quashed em appeal and the applll:ant ac-
quitted of all the I:harges against hllo eXl:ept for the theft of a lorry and
trailer and handling. He was sentenced to 36 months' HTIpnsonment, part
of whJdl was suspended. However, despite having already acquitted the
applil:ant of most ofthc dErges. in March 2001 the Court of Appeal IS-
sued a eonfication order - amounting to roughl)' Ibe equivalent or
EUR 67,000 or 490 cays' detenlion in default - in respect of all the of-
302

fences of which he had originally been I:onvil:ted. It justified its decision
by saying that there were strong indications that he had oommitted the of-
fences. An appeal by the applkanl to the Supreme Court was ultimately
rejected In 2004, he reached an agreement with the authorities allowll1g
him to pay EUR 10,000 immediate1y and the remainder in monthly in-
stallments.
Notes:
count
detentIOn
defauk
tOJustlry
handling
10 quash
toacquil
tOSU'ip\.nd
inslallmenl
[J)'HKTo6BHHlrrern.HOf"OaKTaID1I-tHCI«JB()[U33J1BJ1eHlliI
3a.'1epJK3Hl-te, apeCT; COJIq»K3Hl-te nOli apecm\l.
HeJ!BKaBCYlI
onpal\;Ih!BaTh; HaX01J1lTbOIJP<1R'UIfIIIe; IIJI.\IIIDITh;o6't.ocHsn1.
ncpcr.lClQCHlte;"f]JaHcnopmPORKa
aHHYJJI-IpOBoITh.OTr.teJiJITh
onpaB;lblBmb(of)
nplfOCTaHallll-tBaTb;01KJIW11,IB311.;(Bpet«IIHO)npeKJJaUImb
<iaCTIJ'JHhlH B3HOC; <iaCTh
(b) Read tile text again and copy tile sentences that mean tile fallowing:
(I J B Mae 1998 r. JaJlBHTeJlb 6blJl npHroBopeH K TJOpeMHOM)' J3KJII0-
<ieH11I0 I:poKOM Ha n.llTh lIeT 3a MHoroKpaTHbie KpaJKH. ...--protrn 1:0
B3J10MOM, nonblTKH KpIDK 1:0 B3JlOMOM, oc03HaHH)'1O "f]JaHcnopTH-
poBK)' YKpal!eHHoro, )"-IacTHe B npecrynHbIX rpynrutp0BK3.'<...
(2) PeweHHe I:Jlla 6b1J1o BnOCJlelICJBHH aHHYJlupoBaHO B J>C3YJlbTare
aneIIJ[.IIUHI-t, nOlICY.l\HMbIH OnpaB)laH no BceM nyHKTaM npel!bJ!B-
J1eHHblX eM)' 06BHHeHHll, 33 HCKJlIO'JeHl-teM 06BHHeHl-til B XHweHHH
rpY30BHKa I-t "Ipefirrepa H HX HCnOJlb30B3HHI-t B K3'JeCTBe "f]JaHc-
nopTHoro I:pel!CTB3.DJ111 pa:3JJH'JHbIX nepeB030K.
(3) OlIHaKo B MapTe 2()(}! r. aneJlJlil'--!HOHHblj:j 1:J.l\ BbUJ.al1 opl!ep Ha
KOH4>HcKal\HIO Ha I:YMM)'. no rpy6b1M nOlIC'leTaM. paBH)'1O npH-
MepHo EUR 67 000 1f1l11 490 llHeH OOl\CpJK8HIfIl B TlOpbMe nOCJle
oroblBaHl-til I:pOKa 3aKJIIO'JeHI-JjI B OTHOllleHI-tH BCex npecrylUleHI-tR.
3a KOTopble OH 6b1J1 nepBoHa<jaJIbHO ocYJK,IIeH.
Ic) Give Russian equivalents to the fallowing sentences
(I) He was sentenced to 36 months' imprisonment. part of whidl was
suspended.
(2) The Courtjushfied Its decision by saying that there were strong in-
dications that he had I:ommitted the offences.
303

(3) An appeal by the applJ(;ant to the Supreme Court was ultimately
rejected.
(4) In 2004. he read-.ed an agreement with the authorities allowing hun
to pay EUR 10.000 immediately and the remainder in monthly
installments.
Id} Moten the English expressions WIth their Russian equIValents in the
table
(I) presumption of innocence
(2) I:onfiscatlonorder
(3) reach an agreement with
(4) in detention
(5) I:onfiscation proceedings
(a) B 3aKmO'leHMM
(b) noroBqJHI1>CJl I: KeM-JIH60 0
lJeM-nH60
(I:) pa6OTa, neaTeJ1bHOCTb no KOH-
I)nJCJOOLllIt'-Jero-mIDo
(d) npe"1yMnUHJI He8ltHOBHOCTH
(e) opl!ep, pa3pewelme Ha J(OHH-
I:KaUHIO,OT'I}A<.QeH1-Ie
'1 ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT:
I. What events are described in this text?
2. What do you think the law says about It?
LAW AND RELEVANT ARTICLES QUOTATIONS
Ie) Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it
LAW . The applil:ant's case was distinguished from a number of earlier
I:ases in whkh the Court had been prepared to consider I:onfiscation pro-
ceedings following on from a I:onvil:tion as part ofthe scntcnl:mg PJ(\ccso;;
and therefore beyond the scope of Artide 6 (2). The features common to
those cases were that the applicants have been I:onvkted of drugs offences;
that they continued to be snspected of additional drugs offences and
demonstrably held ...Yiels \vllOSt provenance could not be estabhshed;
that these d.'l<;dc; were reasonably presumed to have been obtained
through illegal activity; and that the applicants had Cailed to provide II
304

satisfactory alternative explanation. There were, however, two clifterent
features to tile instant case: first!). the applicant hoc! never been shov.n to
hold any assets whose provenar1Ce he cou1cl not adequately explain, as the
I:Ourt of appeal's finding on Ihis issue was based on conjectural exlrapo-
lation I:ontained in a police report. «Confiscation» fullowing on from a
I:onvil:tion was inappropriate for assets v.midl were not known to have
been in the puo._ion of the person concerned, especially if it relaled to
a criminal act ofwhK:Il that person has not actually been found guilty. If it
was not found beyond reasonable doubt that the person I:oncemed had ac-
tually I:olrunitted the crime, and if it could not be established as fact that
any advantage, illegal or otherwise, had ac:tually been obtained, sUl:h a
measure I:ould only be based on a preomrnption of guilt. Se<:orIdIy, the I:on-
fiscatian order related to the very crimes of whkh the applkant had in fact
been IK:quitted. Artide 6 (2) embodied a general rule whidl did not allow
even the vOicing of suspicions regarding an IK:cused's mnocence once an
acquittal was finaL Since the I:Ourt of appeal's finding went beyond the vok-
ing of mere suspil:ion, the applil:anfs guilt had been detennined without his
havIng been «folUld guilty acwrding to laW}).
ConclusIOn: violation.
Artkle 41. Resenw: it being unclear how many installments the ap-
plil:ant had paid under the confiscation order.
Notes:
I1MYIQeCTBO
pTO\-'eJl3IJCe IlJIOHC'C-rnKaCHHC,IJCT01JHHK
to presume npe.1J.ll(}.ll8roT nOJlaran.; JlonyCK8n.; I:'1JITaTb JlOKa:3aHHbTM
(f) Read the text again and copy the senterKES that mean the fO.owing:
(I) ,QeJlo "jaJIBl-ITellil OTJlH'-laeTC OT ueJloro pR,IIa 60JIee paHHMX lIeJl, B
KOTopbJX Cy.lt 6blJl roTOB paCCMaTpHBaTb BOnpoc 0 KOHJ)JI-ICIcaQI-IIJ
HMywecTBa.
(2) OD.HaKO B.ltaHHmt.ll,eJle fiLlJlo ;:lRa OT:IH'-JHH.
(3) Bo nepBblx, TaK 1-1 He 6blJlO nOKaJaHO, <frO 3allBHTeJlb 06mUl_M
HMYWf(:l1IOM. DpOOC"\C»IUleHHe Koroporo OH He Mor BJleKBaTHO
o6J.!lCHI1Tb
(4) CCKOI$IICKaUHH) BCJle.llCTBHe OC}}IQlfHHJI nOlIcY.!IHMoro HenpHMe-
HHMa B OTHOllleHMH I-IM)'llICCIEiL BJH\lIeHMe KOTOpbIM 1:0 CTOpOHbJ
naHHOTOJlHU8 He YCT8HoBJIeHo.
(5) Bo-BTopbJ't. opl!ep Ha KOH4>PcK!lllllIQ HMeeT OTHoweHHe K TeM al-
MbiM npecl)'IUIeHMJlM, no KOTOpblM 3a$1BKreJIb 6b1J1 0IIpaEUJ,aH
305

(g) Give Russian equivalents to the following sentences.
I) The applK:ant's case was distinguished mm a number of earher
I:ases in whidl the Court had been prepared to consider confiscation pro-
ceedings following on mm a I:onvi\:tion as part of the sentenl:lng proce5"
and therefore beyond the seope of Artide 6 (2). 2) The features common
to those l:a5eS were that the applil:ants have been l:onv!l:ted of drugs of-
fences; that they continued to be suspected of additional drugs offcnces
and demon:\ttrabl}' heW assets whose provenance I:ould not be estab-
lished; 3) If it was not found beyond reasonable doubt that the person I:on-
I:erned had actuallv I:ommitled the I:rime, and if it I:ould not be established
as fact that any ad;antage, illegal or otherwise, had actually been obtained,
such a measure I:oold only be based on a presumption of guilt. 4) Since the
1:0tu1 of appeal's finding went heyond the voicing of mere suspidon, the
applil:ant's guilt had been deternl!ned without his having been (found
guilty accordIng to law».
? ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT:
I. What is I:ase IV about?
2. What kind of and how many offences had been heard in I:ourts?
3. Whidl of the I:oort or judge measures were qualified as uvi01a-
tJom,? Why?
4. Whll:h of the 1:0tu1 or judge measures were Qualified as «no viola-
tiom)? Why?
5. What was the European Cotu1 ofHlU11an Rights final decIsion?
6. What is your opinion about what had happened?
7. What do you think about the European Court's I:oncluslon?
8. What would be your final judgment if you were an EC judge?
 Case V. INHUIv\AN a! DEGRADING TREATMENT
 lXJUNCIL OF EUROPE. EUROPEAN COURT OF
HUMAN RIGHTS lrifnrmalwn nlJfe M 95 em the ....me-/aw of
the Courl, March 2007. Pages 8-9
306

FADS. HANDCUFFED IN PUBLIC
(0) Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend II:
The applil:ant, w110 had been emplO)--ed as a doctor by the Istanbul se-
curity police for 15 years, was ane<;ted by polke oftkers in the I:ar-park
outside his workplace. He was handcuffed in publk and subsequently
eJl:posed In hamk:uffs in front of his family and neighbours when searches
were carried out at his home and place of work. He was then held at po-
lice custody at his workplace, where staff I:ould see him handcuffed, but
was oot mfonned of the I:harges against hlln. Two days after his release a
p'ychialrisl diagnosed him as snffering from Iraumalic shoek and. cer-
tified him unfit for work for 20 days His sick leave was edended sev-
eral times on account of acule depression. The apphl:ant had filed a
complainl and was infonned that he had been interrogated in I:onnection
with a crHmna1 mvestlgation because ofhis relatIons Wjth suspects. He was
snspended from his dnties unlillhe close of Ihe niminal hlvestigation.
The prosecutin authorities discontinued tbe case against the appli-
cant. He was rchlstatcd in his post but was Wlable to work on account of
aggravatcd ps).cbosomatic symploms. He was retired early on heallh
grounda and has been treated sewral times in a hospital neurops)'chia-
try department.
Notes:
prosrcutmg authonties
to discontinue
to reinstate
to aggravate
onhealtbgrounds
d""",,,
unfit for work
sIck leave
acute depression
"IX'''YI'''YP'
npeIq)aIlOOb lIeJlO. npHOCTaHaB.1HBaTb npouecc I:Y-
1I0JlpOHJBO)J.CTBa (110 KdKON}'-nu60,.teJIY)
BOCCTaHaBIlHBaTb (B npem-JeN IJQI]())KUjHH. B npa-
Bax; in. to)
oUPJaTb, y<:yI)6IUrn.; YXYJlWaTb; o60C"T]JHTb, yr-
1I}'firum..YCHJIIIBaTb
no npHI,IHHe ruJuXOfO 1OOpOBMI, (OCHOIrUIHt'. MOTHB)
HapyWt:HIIt:, pocC"T]JoHcT1l0 (K.aKUli-Jll1oo I}JYHKlUIIi
upraHlIJ\t3)
HerpYlIocnoc:06tuM1
oTrrycKfocB06mlQ\eHl1e OT pa60Tbu no 60m:311tt;
6oJ1bHI1'-1HblHJ]I1CT
()C"T]Joc ynJeTeHl-JOe COCTOHHHe. YHbIHHe; ynaaoK
a1J1;lIenpecclUl
307

Ib} Read the text again and copy the sentences thai meoen the tolowng:
(I) EMY HeCKOJlhKO pM npol\.lleBaJIl1 6oJlhHI1'JHhli'i JlI1CT no npw-u1He
ocTpoH.lIenpeccHH.
(2) 3ill1BHTeJlb HanpaBliJl)JffiJ]o6y 11 eM)' l:006tllJ{J1H, 'JTO ero !J.OnpSIlIH-
BaJIH B I:BJl31i I: yronOBHbIM paccne.AOBII.Hl1eM. nOCKOJlhK)' OH HMeJl
OTHoweHHe K nOlIOJpeBaeMhlM.
(3) Ero oTCTpaHJ{JIH OT HCnOJlHeHI1JI CJl)'iKe6Hh!X 06R3aJrn0creii.110 3<1-
BepWeHI1JI yroJlOBHOrO Ja'CI1CLIOBIIHI1J1.
(4) npoK)'JUI)'pB npeKpaTHJla Herro npOTI1B 3ill1BliTeJIJI
(5) OH 6bJJ1 BOCCTaHOOJleH B llOIDKHOCTP. HO He CMor pOOOTaTb no
npli'JHHe 06oc-rpeHliJi nCI1XOCOMaTH'JeCKliX I:HMnTOMOB.
(6) OH pSHO yrnerr Ha neHCHIO B I:BJl31i I: yxynweHHeM 31I0pOBbJl 11 He-
I:KOJlhKO pM J1e'JHJlCJI B HeBponCI1JUlal}JI1'JeCKOM OTneJleHHI1 6oJlh-
HHQbI.
Iq Give RUSSian equivalents to the following sentences
The applkant. who had been employed as a doctor by the Istanbul se-
cnrity police for 15 years, was arreqed by poIke officers in the I:ar-park
olltslde Ius ","OIkpIace. He was handcuffed in pubhl: and subsequentl)'
exposed m handcuffs in front of his family and neighbours when searches
were carried OlLt at his home and place ofwor!<. He was then held at po-
Jiee custody at his wcrkplace. where staff I:ould see him handcuffed, but
was not informed of the I:harges against him. Two days after his release a
psyehialrisl diagnosed him as snfTering from Iraumalic shoek and cer-
tified him nnfd for "'ork for 20 days.
lei) Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents ill the
table
( I) prosecuting authorities
(2) to Wscontinue
(3) to reinstate
(4) securitypolke
(5) search
(a) o6I,lCK
(h) BOCCTBHaBJIHBBTb (B npeJKHeM nOJlo-
»::eHIUI,Bnpasax)
(I:) npeKpBlllaTb ,l\eJIO, npHOCTaHaBJDI-
BaTb npOl-leCC grnonpomBQIICTBa
(d) npOKypmypa
(e) CII'>'>K6a. 6e30nOCHOCTIi
308

? ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT:
I. What tJawened in the text you have read in case V'
2. What was the applil:ant's post?
3. What happened with the app1kant?
4. What dirl the poIK:e offkers do?
5. What do you think about the actions of the police?
6. What do you think the law says about the situation?
LAW AND RELEVANT ARTICLES QUOTATIONS
Ie) Study tne text below, making sure you fully comprenend if
Artide 3_ The app1kant had had no history orps)'ehopathology before
being taken into poJlce aJstody and there was no material in the liIe to
SIIgge'iI the existence of pS}ehosontatic instability. He had explained in
detail the hnmiliation that: he had felt on heing exposed wearing handcuffs
pubhdy. at work in front ofslaffwho had been his patients ana arolUld his
home. In his 1:3Se it I:ould be reasonabl)-' assumed that there was a I:ausal
link betY.-een the treatment in question and the beginning of his psycho-
pathologkal problems, which had been diagnosed two days after his re-
lease.
Successive medical reports had confirmed the foct that the app1icant
had sustained M'rious trauma following his period in polic:e I:ustody_ He
had particularly felt hlUTIihated by his e'q)OSlll"e to staff who had been his
patients. HIs mental state had been irreversibly marked by the ordeal.
Moreover, on the date of has arrest, the applic:ant did not have a record
that: might have lead to fears for securil)' and there was no evidenl:e that
he represented a danger for himse1f or for others or that he had 1:01mmUed
criminal acts of self-destruction or violence against others. In partlcu1ar
the Government had given no explanation to justifY the need for handcuffs
inthepresentl:ase.
III conclusion, the foct of exposing the applic:ant to public view wear-
ing handcuffs at the time of his arrest and during the searches had been
hltended to arouse in him feeling offear, anguish and inferiority I:apa-
309

ble of humiliating and debasinl! him and possIbly breaking his moral
resistal:lce.
In the particular circumsl.ances of the I:ase. the obligation to wear
handCllffs had constitnted degrading treatment.
ConclusIOn: vloJation.
Arndt: 41 . EUR 2,000 for all damage.
Note<i:
causalliflk
medJcalreport
""""""
mcntalstate
to mark
ordeal
record
sdf1OJI
infenonty
debasing
npHI,II1HHWlI:BH%
11CJf1JJ11J1 60;K:3Hn; MC:;(HltHHCKoe JaKJIH"Iel-IIIC
,lI.IIIm:JILHLIU,HCIipt:pLlBHbIH,npol!OIDKH"re./IHILIU
nCI-IXW-ICCf(OCI:OCTOJlHHC
OCTaHl1TbCJlC:,"I,nJITHO
cypoBOc:l1CIu,rraHl1e
lI:OJI}'\IeffT, []J]CbMeHHO J<$I1KCl1pOBaHHoc CIJI(lle'TeI]bC-
BO; []J]Cb"4t..HHOC npoIIJBO!JCTBO no lIC.fI)'
l:a)',loy6miCTllO; caJ.\OYHH'lTUJM:Hl1e
HCIiOIlHOlIeHHo...-rn
YHI1IKalOlIlHH.aocrourn:rno
lij Read Ihe text again and copy Ihe sentences that contain the fol-
lowing phrases.
(I) had had no history ofps)'chopalholog)
(2) no matcrial in the liIe to suggest the existence of psychosomatic
instability
(3) the humiliation that he had felt
(4) in front of staff who had been his patients
(5) reasonably assumed
(6) treatment in question
(7) two days after his release.
Ig) T ronslale the folloWIng sentences into Russian
(I) Moreover, on the date of his arrest, the applkant did not have a re-
I:ord that might have lead to fears for seCllnty and there was no
evidence that he represented a danger for himse1f or for others or
that be had I:ommiued criminal acts of self-destruction or violenc
a.gainstothers.
(2) In IErtJl:ular the Government had given 1:10 expIarEtion to justifY
the need for handcuffs in the present case.
310

(h) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words tram the text:
In I:onclusion, the of exposing the to publil: view
_ handcuffs at th;-- of his arrest _ dur ing the searches
_ been Intended to ===- in him feeling fear, anguish and
capable of humiliating debasing him and breaking
his mora l_. In the part kular _ ofthe I:ase, _ o bligation
towear_hadl:onstituteddegrad]n.
?
. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT,
I. What IS I:ase V abour!
2. What kind of and how many offences had been mentioned in the
I:ase?
3. Whidl of the police oflkers' measure<;; were qualified as ({vlola-
tionH? Why?
4. What was the European Court of Human Rights final decision?
5. What is your opinion about what had happened?
6. What do you think about the European Court's l:onclUSlon?
7. What would be your finaljudgmeut if you were an EC judge?
-rr-  Case VI. LAWFUL ARREST OR DETENTION
 COUNCIL OF EUROPE EUROPEAN COURT OF
HUMAN RIGHTS. lIIJormution note M 95 on the Cr.1M!4UW of
the tA]urt Mach lDD7, Puges 11-11.
FACTS
10) Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it:
Since the applicant attained the age of uiminal responsibility he was
l:onvJcted seven times, notably of murder. robberies and assaults, and
spent only short periods O1Jtside prison. In 1986, the trial court sentenced
him to five years' imprisonment and ordered his placement in preventive
detention, since. &:cording to experts. he was clanger-ou> for the public and
311

it was to be expected that he would repeat spontaneous acts of violence
Since 1991, the applicant, having served his full prison sentence, is re-
manded in preventive detention At that time, the maximum term of pre-
ventive detention could not exceed ten }ears.. In 1998, the Criminal Code
was amended to the effect that the maximum period ofprevent]ve deten-
tion was abolished. In 2001, applying the new rule. the regional I:OUI1 dis-
missed the appJicant's motions to suspend on probation his placement
in preventIve detention. Having heard hun in person, as well as the prison
authorities, the prosecutor and an expert, the I:ourt found that it I:ould 110t
be expected that the applil:anl, if released, would nOI I:ommit any serious
offences. 1be applkant appealed unsuccessfully. In his I:onstitutional
complaint he raised the issue of retroactive application of the amended
Criminal Code provision whid1 had led to his life-long imprisonment
without any prospects of being released. In 2004, the Federal Constitutional
Court, having I:onsulted psychiatrk experts and several pnson directors,
dismissed the applkant's I:ompla]nt as ill-founded. It held, inter alia. that
the absolute ban on the retroal:tivity of I:riminallaws imposed by the Basic
Law did not cover the measures of correction and preventIon provided
for In the Criminal Code. It I:oncluded that the legislator's duty to protect
the publil: against interference with its life, health and sexual integrity has
ourneighed the detainee's reliance on continued application of the ten-
year limIt and that the retrospective applil:ation of the new rule had not
been diroportionate
NOIe8.
pl"e\enllvedete:ntk.1Jl
byvirtucof
reITOdCtJve appllcahon of
I
legislatIve amendment
to altain !he age of I:nml-
nalre<qXlR>lbilJty
to dismiss a mDtion
inter aha
""""'""""
B (;Imy, Ha OCHOBaHIIH
npnMCI-ICHHe JaKOHa c 1lpIt.1\<lHI.eN: eMY 06paTHOH
I:lI.lb!
nO!1paBKa3aJOCJl/lJbHOHBJlaCTil
)J.OCTII'Ib B03pac-ra yrOJlOBHUH CIIBeTCTIICI-JH
0TKf10IDITb,!(
Mt:)f(!]J'npO'lHM
(b) Read the text again ond copy the sentences that mean the folloWIng:
(I) C Tex nop, KaK 3IDIBIITCJIb nOCTllr B03pacTa yroJlOBHOH OTBeTCT-
BCHHOCTH, OK ceMb paJ 6(,]JI npHroBOpeH K TIOpeMHOMy 3aJUlJO'Je-
HHlO, npeHMYl1\eCTBeHHO 3a y6HHCTBO, rpa6eJKII If pa360HHbie Ha-
n81leHH.
312

(2) C 1991 r_ 3IDIBl-ITeJIb, oroblBWHH nOJlHblH I:poK 1lQpeMHOro 3<1-
KJlIQ<JeHH1I, HaXOlIIfJCJI nOlI C1paJKeH B KaMepe npenBapHTeJlbHOro
3<lKJ11Q4eHIi1l.
(3) B 1998 r. B YronoBHblH KOlIeKC 6blJ11i BHeceHbl H3MeHeHl:l1l I: ue-
J1blQ OTMeHbl MaKCIiMaJlbHOro I:pOKa COJICP>K!lHH1I B npeBeHIMBHOM
3aKJIIQ<JeHIiH.
(4) B I:BOeH KOHCTHI)'UHOHHOH >KaJlo6e OH nolUUUl Bonpoc 0 npHMe-
HeHIiH IlO/IOIKl'Hli1l 113MCHeHHoro YrunOBHoro KOlIeKca I: npw.aaHH-
eM eMY 06paTHOH CI-1J1bl.
(5) <t>e.nepanbHblii KOt\CTl-nYUl-JOHHblii Cy.D., nocne KOHcYJlbTaUl-\fi: I:
nC",<HaTpaMIi H HellUl"UpblMH ,lUIpeKTOpiIMH TlQpeM OTKJlOHI-IJI )](B-
Jl06y 3aJ1BHTeJl1l KaK Heo6ocHoBaHHylQ.
(c) Translate the following sentences into Russian
(I) In 1986, the triaJ I:ourt sentenced him to five}'eMS' impnsonment
and ordered his placement la preventive detention. since, accord-
ing to e>;perK, he was daugerous for the publjl: and it was to be ex-
pe<:ted that he wouJd repeat spontaneous acts orviolence.
(2) Having heard him in person, as well as the prison authorities, the
prosecutor and an expert, the I:Ourt found that it I:ould not be ex-
pected that the appJicant. if released. wouJd not I:ommit any serious
ofrenres.
(3) It held, inter alia, that the absolute ban on !he retroactivity ot
I:nminallaws imposed by the Bask Law did not cover the meas-
ures of correction and prevention provided for in the Criminal
Code.
(4) It I:onclucled that the IeglsJator's duty to protect !he publil: agamst
interference with its life, health and sexual mtegrity has out-
"-eighed the detainee's reliance on I:ontimled applil:ation of the
ten-year limit and that the retrospective appJication of the new ruJe
had not been disproportionate.
IdJ Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words trom the text:
At that time, rnIDnrnum tenn of detentIOn couJd not.
years. In ------' the C rimmal Code - amended to the that the
maximum_ ofpreventivedet entioo_ abolished.l n 2001 ._
313

the new rule,_ regIonal I:ourt dismissed_ applicant's motions
to_ on probation hIs_in prevellt1ve detention_ heard
him in --------' as well as prison authorities, the and an ex-
pert,_ 1:0urt fmUld th at_ I:ould not be_ that the appli-
I:ant,_released, would not_arJ)' serious offeoces_ applicant
appealedunsuocessfully.
Ie) Match tne English expressIOI1S witn their Russian equivalents in tne
table
( I ) prolongation
(2) preventive detention
(3) by virtue of
(4) retroal:tive applil:a-
tionoflaw
(5) legislative amend-
'"
(6) attain the age of
I:nminal teSIJOOSlbJl-
;ty
(7) al:tofviolence
(8) totheeffect
(9) abolish
(10) to dismiss a mollon
(II) to suspend on proba-
tion
(12) in person
(l3)r:rosecu«r
(14) to raise the issue of
(15) inter alia
(a)OIXJIa!lbIBaTh;(speMeH-
HO) npeK(XllilllTh I: JtCI1I,ITI()eJI CpoKOM
(b) OTKJIOH.!l.Tb 'W,l\!ITaHCTBO
(I:) MeJK!J,)' npo'lI-iM
(d) npOllJleHHe. npollOlDlreHHe, npollOllraLllVI
(e) nperetmlBHoc 3aKJIIO'IeHHe
(f) 06BHHHTeJlb, npoK)'pOp
(g) nOlIHHMan BOnpoc; npo6neM}. 1:0CTaB-
nJlIOWYIO npel!MeTpaccMmpeHHJI
(h) npHMeHeHHe ]aKOHa I: npHl!aHl-ieM eM)'
06paTHow l:J{J]bl
(i) nonpaBKa 3aKoHo)[.aTeJlbHOH MaCTH
(j) aKTHaCJ{J]HJI
(k) ,l\JIJI3TOHl\eJlI-i,.Q!IJl3TOrO,I: l\eJlblO
(I) 8!JHYJrnpoBaTb, OTMeHSlTb, ynpa3l!HJlTb,
06"bJlBJIJITb HC)leWCTBHTeJlbHblM
(m)Jl.OCTHIJb B03pal:Ta ytQ1lO£ll-JOii 0'I1!eTCTEeH-
HOCTH
(n) BI:J{J]Y.HaocHoBaHI-iH
(0) "HIJHO
'1
. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT:
I. What is I:asc VI about?
2. Who is the I:ase about?
3. \¥hy is the person I:onsidered dangerous to the publil: by the
I:ourts?
314

4. What were the appJil:ant's motions? Why?
5. What was the European Court of Human Rights final decision?
6. What is your opinion about what had happened?
7. What do you think about the European Court's l:onciuSlon?
8. What would be your final judgment if you were an EC judge?
:&. :. Case VII. DISCRIMINATION
? COUNC1L OF EUROPE. EUROPEAN COURT OF
HUMAN RIGHTS. InfOrmation nOle N 95 on the cw,e-Iuw of
the Courl, Mach 2007. Pages 23.
FACTS
(0) Study tne text below, making sure you tully comprehend it
Since the applil:ant entered Gennany in 1979, he has been I:onvicted
some fifteen times, notably of theft and burglary. In 1996, he was sen-
tenced to eight years and six months' imprisonment. RelJing on the expert
report, the trial I:ourt further ordered the applil:ant's preventive delention,
I:onsidering that he was inclined to commit serious offences and was there-
fore dangerous for the public. In 1997. the municipal authorities ordered
his expulsion to Bulgafla as soon as he had served his sentence and pro-
hibited him from re-entering Germany for an indefinite duration in view of
hIS I:nnllnal l:onvK:bolls. The pnson dedined several times the apphl:ant's
request to undergo social theraI')' because he was liable to be expelled
after having served his prison sentence. Since June 2003, when his prison
sentence ended. he is remanded in preventive detention. In 2004, havIng
heard the appJicant and the experts. the regional I:Ourt again decided that
his mntilUJed preventive detention was still necessary as he was very
likely to be recidIvist. He appealed unsuccessfully. -
Notes;
f()feJgtlllatlOnal
su1!Jectto
immment
HHOC1]JaHHbIHIIO.4llaHHbIH
nOlIJleJKaUlHil (rqxrn3Be.lleHHIO KaKOH-JlHi5o ofpOOunrn)
HMBIU1IfOlllHi!cJJ. 6.llJKHii rpo3lliHH, HaBHcIllIIH, HeQT-
BpHIlIMblH. HellfuKHblH, HCMHHYCMf,lll
315

IbJ Read the text again and copy the sentences that mean the tollavving:
C Tex nop KaK 3MIBI1TeDb npH6blD B fepMalftllO B 1979 rollY, OH OKODO
mITHaJlQarn pa3 npHBJleJCallC.II K yroJlOBHOW OTIICTC1BeHHOCTH, B OCHOBHOM
3a Kpa)!()' 11 Kpa)!()' I: npoH11KHoBeHHeM BO BH)'Tpb. B 1996 rollY. OH 6b1J1
npl1rOBOpeH K BOCbM11 rOJIBM 1-1 weCTH MeC.IIl.{aM JlHWeHH.II I:B06u,ro,.. OcHo-
BblBaJlCb Ha MHeHHH I:neL\HaJI1lCTOB, I:Y.Q .QaJlee BbU<aJI opl!ep Ha co)IeJDK!!-
HHe ero B npeBelfltlBHOM 3a!(!1I0<ieH11H, I:'I11TaJl, <ero OH CKJIOIJeH K 1:0Bep-
weH1110 I:epbe3HbIX npel:rynrreH11w H nOTOMY onaceH 1I.JUI o6wecrBa. B
1997 rollY ropol!CKHe BJlaCTH BblllaJlH pacnOp.ll)j(eH11e 0 ero BblCbDTKe B
EoJlrapHIO cpa3Y )({e nOCJle OrnbJBaHHJ'! I:pOKa 3aK/J104eH11.ll H 301I1peDUl1J
eMY Bbe31I B f epMaHHIO Ha Heonpe.aeneHHoe BpCMII BBl-UJ,Y era npel:rynHbIX
-,.
(q T ronslote the followmg sentences into Russian.
The prison declined several times the appJicant's request to undergo
social therapy because he was liable to be expelled after having served
his prison sentenl:e. Since June 2003, when his prison senteoce ended, he IS
remanded in preventive detention. In 2004, having heard the appJicant and
the experts, the regiona1 court again dedded that his wntinued preventive
detention was stilllJeressary as he was very likely to be recidivist. He ap-
pealedW1soccessfull).
'1 ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AND MAKE A BRIEF SUMMARY
OF THE TEXT:
I. What is I:BSe VII about?
2. What kind of and how many offences had the I:onvkt I:ommitted?
3. What measures were taken against him? \¥hy?
4. What was the municipal authonties' order? \¥hy?
5. Whal was !he result ofthe applkant's appeals?
6. What is your opinion about what had happened?
7. What do you think about the Court's I:onclusion?
8. What would be your finaljudgmellt if you were an EC judge?
316

Appendix 2
SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS
Unit 1. HISTORY OF M1ERICAN LAW (FROM THE BEGINNING TILL
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY)
Task 1. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
Where apr:ropriote, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
reference & source books on law
HISTORY OF Atv\ERICAN CRIMINAL LAW
(FROM THE BEGINNING TILL THE NINETEENTH CENTURY)
The earliest criminal I:odes mirrored the nasty hfe of pioneer settlements.
Crimmaljustke mthe I:olonies was on the \\!hole less fonnal and more (!lrect
than English law; though here too, as time went on, there was a certdin
amount of l:OOfunnity to the English practke. There was a simple penal phi-
losophy: no one should be punished for crimes not dearly and openly la-
beled. In ajust sOCIety, the rules of the cnminallaw had to he wotten down
and known to one and all.
Punishmerd was open and public: whipping in the town square, the pil-
101)' and the stocks. Public opinion and the shame were I1llportant instru-
ments of punishment. For communJly punishDleJt to work. It had to be VIsi-
ble and public; and puni.hment often left physkal marks on the COI"KkTnned.
So, bu-glars. for the first offeru;e, were to be branded on the fOrehead with
the letter B, for the second offense, \\!hipped in publil: and only for the third
offense were to be put to death, as being incorrigible.
Neither in theory nor in practice was the l:oloniallaw very bloodthirsty.
There were fewer I:apital I:rimes on the books than in England. In England
death was a possible punishment for many thieves; in Massachusetts, only
for repeaters. The Quaker laws of New Jersey substituted restitutIon of prop-
etty or hard labor for hanging. The death penalty was not eanied out very
&equeJt1} m the I:olomes.
A I:rime is, in theory, a public wrong: a wrong against some victim, to be
sure, but also sanething that hurts society - which is why society takes over
the job of punishing It. This was the I:ase, at any rate in the I:olonies. In Eng-
land, there was no such thing as a district attorney - no pubhl: .
People were supposed to do their own prosecuting - and pay for it them-
317

seJves. Vel)' early this svstan was rejected in the I:olonies; I:rime was too
serious and important 00smes<; to leave to individuals.
The late eighteenth \:entul)' was a period in whil:h !he mtelle<:tuals began
to rethmk the premISes on w1udll:rimmallaw rested. Great refoITllers - like
Cesare Beccaria - suggested !hat at least some ofthe JXeIIIise'; were wrong
and argued for a more enligJ-tened I:riminallaw. Refonn ideas left an imprint
on the early statel:onstitutions. Section 38 ofthe liberal Pennsylvania Consti-
tution of 1776 imposed on !he future IegisJature a duty to refonn the pena]
laws. Pumshment must bemade in some I:ases less sanguinary and in genera1
more proportionate to the crimes.
Of course, reaJ penaJ refonn was never easy to achieve. The legisJature
of Pennsylvania did not match action to words forten full years. In 1786, the
death pena1ty was abolished for robbery, burglary and sodomy. In 1794
Pennsylvania enacted an impoctant. innovative law about murder. The statute
stated that the severa1 ofIerr;-es. w1udl are included under the genera1 de-
nomination of murder, differ greatly mm each o!her in the degree of their
atrociouo;;nes<;. The statute then proceeded to distinguish between 2 different
degrees of murder. Murder in !he first degree was murder of poison or by any
other kind of willful, deliberate or premeditated killing, or which shall be
conuuined in the perpetratIon, or attempt to perpetrate, any arson, rape, rob-
bery or burglary. All o!her murder was murder in the socond degree. Only
murder in the first degree was plmishable by death.
A system of I:rimmal justice is more than rules on paper. As a working
system, it had to distribute power among judges., jurors, legislalDrs.. In
Ameril:an legal theory, thejUl)' hadenonnou<; power, and was subject to very
few controls. There was a maxim of law that the jUl)' was judge both of law
and of fact in I:riminal I:ases. It is not entirely dear what thIs meant -exrep
as an expre.,.;ion of a1most unlinuted power. By the end of !he period. many
states, by statute or decision, had repudiated !he doctrme.
The I:rimmaljustll:e was, on the whole, much less jXOJessional than it is
today. Almost nobody involved in criminal justice was a full-time specialist.
There were no detectives, proI::ation officers, public deterrlers, or forensic
scientists; even the district attorney worked at his job part-tIme. The Jurors
were of course total amateurs. In 1800 or 1870 no part of the system was
partl(;Ularly organtzed or bureaucratIC. This even appJied to what happened
after I:onviction; the only way to get out of prison early was to appeaJ to the
governor for a pardon. The governor in some Slates pardoned with a lavish
hand. In any ud, no!hing fonnally guided his de<:isions.
Today !he system is highly professiona1ized; this means, among o!her
things, that the po1ice and proseattTS I:an filter out the v,e.:tkeq I:ases, and
toss them aside early in the pro..--ess
318

? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. What was a penaJ philosophy in the l:oJonies?
2. Whatdo you know abom plrishmerd: In thel:olomes'?
3. What does (<murder in the first degree» mean?
4. What power did thejury have?
UJ Find In Ihe Ie><! obo'e 'he Engll,h equi,olen', fa, 'he follow-
Ing words and expressions
b[H,I1IIpBIJnroIl
yro:JOBIIOr:CYllOllpOl1
COCTIlBnpHC!DKHblX
npHCSI)((I-Jb[H
""""'"
,
orpa6.1eHHe
KpaJKa 1:0 B3OONON
HaKaJaHHe
yOHHCTBO nepBOH CTeneHH
rocy.aa]JCTIIeHHbliio6BHHl-ITeJIb
yroJIOBJj()Co6mn-JeHHe
H!lK3JyeMbill
rocy.aapcmeHHblii.JaUlHTHHK
Task 2. Fill in the gaps with the q::>propriote words from the box.
penaJ philosophy pwu'ill!lble by death
proseudll'lg public deti'ndeB
crimmalcodes l:onviclJon
probatJa.loffictrS mmilJaljustLCe
(I) This even applied 10 what hawened after ; the only
way to get out of prison early was to appe al to the govern or fur a
pardon.
(2) The was, on the whole, much less professIonal than it
istod
(3) The earliest _ mirrored the nasty life of pioneer settle-
ments.
(4) There were no detectives, -----J -----J or forensic scien-
tists.
(5) Only murder in the first degree was__
319

(6) There was a simple _: no one should be Plmished for
crimes not dearly and open1y labeled.
(7) People were  to do their O'WTJ - and pay for it
themselves -
Task 3. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
references & source books on law.
SHO<:T HISTORY OF US CIVIL PROCEDURE
Common-law pleadIng and procedure I:onstituted a dismal and exceptionally
intril:ate art. C010nia1 process never attained the heiglts, or the dej:tlIS, of
English I:ommon law procedure, a minefield of technicalities that only sap-
pers trained in the law amid navigate. Pn.lIy speakJng, there were
wide ddl:erences between l:010mes - bet\1.eeu the loose. mfonnaljustlce of
early Massachusetts and the more conservative, more fonnal process in the
middle Atlantic and southern l:010nies.
SeventeentiH:et-.tury procedure was loose, boneless, easy-going. \¥hen
judges are laymen. and not fussy about !he separation of powers, a court is
bound to be run infonnally. Nobody even knew the arcane ru1es of English
procedure. And I:ounty I:Ourt government was government at the point where
men app1y ru1es to ordinary life. Justice of that sort has an un'itluctured look;
bvt if one compares l:010nia1 process, not with Engiand's high I:ourts bvt with
English local I:Ourts. with the justil:e dispensed by the local genII) - the
justK:es of the peace -the difterenl:es may not bequite so striking.
The fundamentals -jury. grand jury. wnt. SUlIUIIOIl'i., written pleadings
and oral te<:ti - were as fundamental in the I:olonies as in England.
!hough never exactly the same as in the mo!her I:Otmtry. In detail, l:010nia1
procedure was a I:unous mrrture..
Conciliation and arbitration were widely used in I:olonial law. Such
me!hcxJs of course avoid technical I:ourtroom procedure. The I:Ourts them-
se1ves sometimes referred matters out for mbitratlOn. Procedure was simpli-
fied so as to render justll:e iJJe.q>ensive and easily occessible. and yet fonnal
enough to provide adequate safeguards for litigants. Process was speedy and
I:heap, oompared to English process; I:Osts were measured in pennies, not in
pounds;judgment was general1y given on !he day ofthe trial. The Massachu-
setts summons, unlike the English writ. was stripped of jargon. translated
ftom Latm to English, and greatly streamlined in fonn. Forms of aClion were
reduced to a few simple headings.
320

Eighteenth-<:entury I:ivil process, on the whole, was an lUleasy mixture of
several strands: lawyer's law, the needs of the merchants, the will of the sov-
ercigns.and local tradition.
There was no I:hance that daSSll:al English pleading would be estab-
lished after I English procedure was too medieval for the mod-
em world. Reform of l:iV11 procedure, at any rate, found fertile sod in the
United States. Pleading reform was one of the changes the explosions in legal
I:onsumers made necessary
Reform did not I:ome in one great burst. GeorgIa, In the elghreenth I:en-
tury, passed a series of laws that went a long way toward rationalizing its
I:ivjl procedw-e. The dintax was the Judic:iary AI:l of 1799. Georgia's law
was, among other things, a  attempt to Join together equity and
I:ommon-law pleading.
5:jUlty boasted a flexible 1:01lection ofrernedies; it had often prodded and
pushed more lethargil: I:ommon law in more rational (and Just) directions.
But equity had itselfbe....ome hidebound; by 1800, it needed procOOural re-
form even more desperate!} than the I:ommon law; it was equity. not law. In
the United States many states simply handed over the powers and tools of
equity to ordn1ary I:OUrts of conunon law. The same judges decided both
kinds of I:ase. Some states had no equity or eqllty I:ourts at all. Louisiana
was one of these, becau;e of its dvil-law heritage. MassadUlsetts and Penn-
sylvania were outstanding I:ollllllon-law examples.
In general, «lam} was bent to suit «Upty»; but not aU the I:hange was in
one directioo. The I:ommon law I:ovrts loved the spoken word - testimony,
aoss-exarrqnation - all in open I:Ourl. Equity loved documertts, papers,
mitten evidence, and dassically tolented nothing else. But the Judic:iary Act
of 1789 provided for oral testimony in fedeml. equity I:ases. Geogia allowed
Inal by Jury In some kinds of lawsuit whll:h, traditiomlly. beloogerl on the
equity side of the bench. North Carolina, in a statute of 1872, did the same.
There is not enough sysIematil: information on what the aveJ.¥ trlal was
like. What we do know IS that the average trial was sImple, short and rela-
tively informaL And even major trlals - trlals with political overtones -
were by later standards lUlfair_
?
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. What was the sevemeenlh-<:entwy procedw-e like?
2. What methods were widely used in I:oloniallaw?
321

3. \Vhy did the reform of the l:ivII procedw-e find fertile soil in the
United States?
4. What was the difference between I:orrunon law and equity?
5. Whatdo we know about the average tria1?
Task 4. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the box
mCfo1getnal conci11ationandaibitration
lawsuit ination
(;QUltyroUrts oraltcstllT1ony
I:orrunun-Iaw leading, summons
(I) The _ wassll11ple, short and relatively informal.
(2) _and procedw-e constituted a dismal and exttptionally
intricate art.
(3) Geoiaallowed trial by jury in some kinds of _ which,
traclitionally, belonged on the equity side of the bench.
(4) _ were widely used inl:olonial law.
(5) But the Judicial)' Act of 1789 provided fOl _ in federal
equityl:ases.
(6) -----.J written p1eadings and oral testimony-were as fim-
d:mud:al in the 1:01omes as in Ei1gl:md
(7) The I:orrunon law courts loved the spoken word - testImony,
(8) Mme states had no equity or
alall.
Task 5. Match the following English expressIOIiS with their RUSSlon
equivalents Use the expressions in the table to make sentences of
your own.
(I) equity
(2) lawsuit
(3) :>l.IIDIIIOJ1S
(4) writ
(5) tNIIJKill)
(6) pleading
(a)\:yJI.OJJpoII3BQl:\L--rBO
(b) npHMMpeHH<'
(I:) l:)'.Qe6HbJi-tnpl-lKa3
(d) \:yJle6Hoe DeJlO, MCK
(e) npaBO I:npaBellJlHBOCrn
(I) Bbl30B B \:YD, CY.lle6HWI nOBeCTKa
322

(g) CBlt!lereJ1bCKoenOKB3aHe
(h) IDIC)1l:1poBaHHe, 33JlBJleHMe OCHOBaHHH CKa
(i) nepeKJ:eCTI-ihlll.uOnpoc
(j) 06ll\eenpaBO
Task 6. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
Where app-opriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
references & source books on low.
THE LEGAL PROFESSION
The early I:olomal years were not tnendly years for tav,yers. There were tew
lawyers among the settlers. In some I:olonies lawyers were distinctly
uail come. In Mas Bay the Body of liberties (1641) prohibited
pleading for hire. The «.:rtIOIiIt:)«rn in the early Virginia records were not
trained lawyers. but attuneys-in-fact, IaymerI helping out their friends in
court.
But the lav.yers were, in the end. a necessary eviL When aU is said and
done, no I:olony I:ould even try to make do without lav.yers. As soon as a
settled society posed problems for whil:h hMyers had an answer or at least a
skill, lawyers began to make their way and to thrive, despite any hostility.
Courts were in session; merchants were ilWolved in litigation; documents
about land and other matters had to be drawn up; and the skill of the lav,yer
had a definite market value. Men tramed in law in EiJgIand, who I:ame over,
found their servic:es in demand. By the eighteenth I:entury, proie<;sionallaw-
yers dominated the practil:e. A carpetent, professiona1 bar existed in aU ma-
jor communitIes by 1750. Many of these men were deeply learned In the law.
Yet there was no such thing as a law school in the I:olonies. Particularly in
the South, wlrre there were no I:olleges at aU, some YOlmg men went to Eng-
land for training.
For alllav.yers the road to the bar went through some form of derkslup
or apprenticeship. A young man who wanted to be a lawyer usually entered
into a I:ontract with already in practic:e. From the seventeenth I:entwy on, the
Bntish exported some lawyers to help them govun their I:olonies This was
another fountainhead of the American bar. Nicholas Trott. an English lawyer.
arrived in Charleston in 1699 as attorney genera1.
Each I:olony had its own stand.:mJs for admission to the bar. In VirgInia a
law of 1748 gave its high I:ourt ....ontmI over licensing and admission to the
323

bar. In 1762 the chiefjustil:e of the Superior Court Thomas Hutchinson insti-
tuted the rank ofbarrister; 251<M)'ers were called to this rank.
In the eighteenth I:en!ury the demand for lawyers' skilled services in-
I:reased; the bar became much more pufe<tiona1; yet in many I:olonies the
bar was euremel.y smalL
In England there were dIstinctions between differem grades and types of
lawyer: between attorneys, l:oW1Selors, barristers and sergearts. The Idea did
not I:atch on in the United States. A few 1:01onies had recognized a graded
bar. By the early nineteenth cetlIury, the bar was an undifferentiated mass.
There were rich and poor l<M)'ers, high ones and low; but al1 were members
of one vast sprawling profession. The few primitive bar dubs, associations
did nothmg to provIde real self-(;ontrol. Nobody I:ontrolled it at the top, or
ftom within. The lav.yers themselves had a great deal of power over admis-
sion to the bar. But then I:Ourts took over; they prescribed Qualifications and
handled applications.
How did a young man get himself re\:ognized as an actual lawyer'? In
Massachusetts each I:ounty I:Ourt admitted its own attorneys. A lawyer admit-
ted to any local I:Ourt was a fully bcensed rneniJerofthe state bar and I:ould
practil:e before any I:ourt.
A few states were str1l:t. tn New Hampshire between 1805 and 1833 the
federal county bars required five years of preparation for admission to the
lower I:Ourts. Three years was the tenn for l:oUege graduates. Two years fur-
ther practice was required for the admission to the superior I:Ourt. In 1800
fourteen out of the nineteen states prescribed a definite period of preparation
for the bar. In 1840 only eleven out of thirty junsdil:tlons dId so. In l840sa
few states eliminated all requirements for the admission to the bar, except
good moral chamcter.
Women and blacks were (flIly outsiders. No woman practll:ed law before
the 1870s. At. the turn of the I:entury about fifty women practiced In Massa-
I:husetts
The transfonnatlon of the Amenl:an econcmy after the Civil War pro-
foundly affected the demand for the brnyers. The growth of law finns was
one of the most striking develq:metts of the late nineteerl I:entwy. Finns of
more than three partners were rare before the Civil War
For many brnyers politics became on the biggest 00sinesses. For them
I:ounty. state, territorial and federal jobs were sources of inoorne and, in addi-
tion, advertisements for themselves. Pohtil:s, law-making and law admim-
stration were as much a part of the practice as I:ollection work and lawsuits
over land. Many presidents after 1850 were lawyers. Two-thirds of the sena-
tors were also lawyers.
324

?
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
I. What was the attitude to l<M)'ers in the early l:01onia1 years? Why?
2. When did lav.yers overcome public hostility?
3. What was the bar in the United SUJte.; in the eighteenth century like?
COJT.fXII"e it with the English bar.
4. How did a young man get himself zed as an aCUJallawyer?
5. How often did women and blocks be\:ome lawyers?
6. Why did lav.yers often be\:ome poJitil:lBns after the Civil Law?
Task 7_ Find In the text above the English equivalents for the follow-
Ing words and expressions
tq)WIII<JIXKHel)J[lJJMbl
KplC..UlKlUIJI.cy..'I:d5HbliioKpyr
3dKUHOTBOp'leC"IBO
3alII1M8Th(:j1K"pt;Ut<llXKOHnpalITHKOH BlIBOKaT BYCUJeH KaTc:ropl1H
1I0I1JIelUli a.'lBOKaTOH TII)f((ia, (:)'JIe6HbIH npouecc
CYlIb!HlI3WeHI1HCTaHUHI1
BI>HCYJl
nOHepeHHhIH,IOpIlCT,npoK)'pOP
Law finns
",Ioo;
practiced law
adrrittedto local court
Task 8. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the box:
""""""
superiorl:ourt
adnusion to the bar
liti ion
(I) In 18405 a few states eliminated all requirements for the
-------J except good moral chamcter.
(2) The growth of was one of the most !';triking de-
velopmentsofthe late nineteen century.
(3) In England there were dislillCtlons between different grades and
types of lawyer: between attorneys,  hamsters and
(4) Courts were in seo;:OOn ; merchan1S were involved in _.
(5) A lawyer_was a fully licensed member of the state
bar and l:ouJd practIce before any court.
(6) Two years -further practil:e was required for the adrrllssion IO the
(7) Nowoman
before the 1870s.
325

Unit 2. AMERICAN LAW IN THE lWENTIETH CEI\ITURY
Task 1 Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend It.
Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or olher
references & source books on law.
CRIMINAL .JUSTICE
In the nineteenth I:entwy. I:nmmal justke was as 10caJ as local I:ould be. It
was primanly a matter for the I:lties and towns, secondarily for the states,
hardly at all for the federal government. There were federal crimes -a mur-
der on an army post; smuggling; making moonshine liquor - but basil:ally,
it was the states and local governments that I:aught and prosecrJted peop1e
who broke the law. who I:ommitted arson, or robbery. forged checks. or as-
saulted somebody with a deadly weapon. Until the 1890s, the federal gov-
ernment dId not even have a prison it I:ould l:aU its own; It lodged the federal
prisoners in state prisons, and paid theIr rooms and board.
The situatIon changed in the twentieth century. As the federal gO\iem-
ment grew in size, and as the federal statute books grew along with it, a
whole new array of federal crimes I:ame into eXIstence. Income tax evasion
or fraud was one of these - a crime that obviously did not exist before the
income tax law was passed. Every ffgIlIatoty law I:reated a new federal
I:rime: violating the food and drug law. or stock fraud under the SEC law. or
killing a black-footed ferret, under the Endangered Species Act. Earlier in the
l:entlU)'. the Prohibition Amendment and the Volstead Act (1919) filled the
jails with bootleggers and other vIolators. People often sneer at ProhIbition,
and l:aU it a dead letter; but it was a most lively dead letter in many ways. In
1924,22 000 prohibition I:8SeS were pending In the federal courts. The Dyer
Act (1919) made it a I:rime to transport a stolen car across state lines. It un-
derscored the point that I:rime itself had become less local; that it too had
muchmoremobibty.
In the age of radio, and then television, peop1e's attention focused more
and more on Washington, on the nationa1 government. Particularly after the
New Deal era (1930s), people expected Washll@on, not the states, to solve
big problems. Crime I:ontrol remained 10caJ; but politil:aUy It became more
federalized. An early sign of this was the so-called Lindbergh Ac:t. In March
1932. a terrible I:rime horrified the I:ountry: the kidnap and murder of Charles
Lindbergh's baby - the I:hild ofone of the greatest nationa1 heroes. Bruno
Hauptmann paid WIth his life for his crime. And Coogte"'" passed a law mak-
326

ing it federal I:rime to I:ross state lines with anybody WllawfuUy seized. de-
coyed, kidnapped, abducted, or I:amed away and held for ransom.
From the 1950s on, I:rime and crime po1i9 became more and more of a
national issue. First, there was a great nationa1 alann over juvenile delin-
quency. Then I:ame a panic over I:rime in the streets. In 1965 Congress
passed a Law EnfOICement Assistance hI, and launched a federal war on
I:rime. Under President Richard Nixon, there was the Omnibus Crime Con-
tro] and Safe Streets hI. Eo;sentially. there were laws that made grants to
10caJ police fcrces. and in other ways simp1y supported I:rime I:ontrol at the
level of the states and cities. These federal did not, in fact, federal-
ize I:rime l:ontro1. But they did focus attention on the I:entral govemmerd.
Candidates for president, like candidates for the oftke of sheriff of some
I:OWlty in Texas or Pennsylvania, have argued for the last thirty years or so
tha they I:ould do better than their rival in fighting the epidemic: of I:rime.
The drug laws were an especially fertIle source of federal cnminals.
These laws are still active1y fillmg the federal prisons. Congress established a
Drug Enforcement Administration in 1973; its budget was well over $1 bil-
lion in the late 199Os. In the state courts in 1996 there were almost 350 000
felony I:onvil:tlons for drug offenses. The federal government was also
<;pending billions fighting drugs in other countries -v.orking widl Mexican
drug authorities, patrolling the seas to keep out smugglers of drugs.
?
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
I) What wasl:riminaljustice In the mneteenth I:entwy like?
2) Why did the situation I:hange in the twentieth oonuy?
3) Why did peop1e expect Washingtoo to solve big problems?
4) What is the sIgnificance ofLlndberghAcf!
5) Did I:rime and I:rime pol19 become more and more ofa national issue
in 1950s1 Why?
Task 2. Find In the text above the English equivalents for the follow-
ing words and expressions
KOHTpa6atl.D.a MOWeHHI1'JeCTBO
npecrreJIOOdTh B 9.ne6HOM nopSllIKe HBXO)].SlIltI1MC!l Ha pacCMOTpf:HHI1
nO.1J.1\eJlblBaThJI.OK)IMCH1bI He3aKOHHO
COBCJllilIITh HanaueHHe HaJIaraTb apeCT. 3auejJ)Kl:lBaTh
327

3aKJIIO'JeHHbIH
YKJIOHeHHe or ynJlBThI HBJlaroB
ToprOBeLl bIMH, B Ha-
pyweHMe 3aKOHa, cnHpTHblMM Ha-
nKn<aMH
3aMaHHBaTh B flOBYWK)'
HOCl1flbHO yBOOI-ITb .apyroe flHUO
JleJlHHKBeHTHOCTb HeCooepux:1-IHo-
fleTHI-IX
Task 4. Complete lhefollowmg lable
Crime Criminal Criminal Act
bootlegger
to kidnap
taxevasion
to violate
ft"","""
smugghng
assault
Task 5. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend It.
Vvnere appropnate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
references & source books on low.
THE DEATH PENALTY
Nothing the Supreme Court did was more dramatll: than its actions with
regard to I:apital punishrnert:. In the early twentieth I:entwy, the rate of exe-
cutIons had gone into a long and fairly shwp dedine. Then the numbers rose
again, until, in 1935, there were 199 e"<eCUtions. Afterward. executIons began
to drop ofTagam. Nine states abolished the death penalty between 1907 and
1917 (although seven of these had second thoughts and brought it back).
Civil liberties organizations v.orked and argued and lobbied to get rid of
I:apital punishment. They also took their fight to the (;Qurts. Then, in 1972, in
FUl1TIaJJ v. Georgia, the Supreme Court dC(;ided that the death penalty, in
every version, in every state, was unconstitutional - was, In fact, I:ruel and
unusual punishment forbidden by the El.ghth Amendmerd:. Every statute on
the subject was wiped ofT the books. The life of every man and woman on
death row was spared.
Funnan lasted fXIctI) four y. It was, to begin with, a highly fractured
opinion. Fourofthe nine Justices were in dissent; and each of the five in the so-
328

allied lJ1!!iority wrote his own opinion. Some Justices tllOught the death penalty
was unconstllutional. Any forrnofcrlpital  But they were a minority.
Others, vA10 joined them, did not condemn the death penaJty absolutely -only
the death penalty as it then existed. Most of the states began to I:omb thetext of
theFurman oplfllOllS for dues, lookmg furtheways to 'ii'1 the death penalty.
They passed new statutes, hoping for better luck. The Supreme Court had said
the death penalty was just too random, too arbitrary_ Very weU, tllOught North
Carolina; we will take away the gtIfSSWOfk and the randoomess: aU first-degree
roorderers. and wded rapists, WIll get the death penalty. Other states took a
different tack they set up a two-stage process. The first stage would be the
«guilb) stage. Once is defendant guilty. a second (4rial) OCCllJS - the trial of life
or death. To impose the death penalty. thejwy (or, In some I:ases, the judge)
would have to find one or more aggravating circumstances. Both type of statute
came before the Supreme Court. TheCourt in 1876struckdown the NorthCaro-
lina typeofslatule. But it ar-pm-"j of the othertype. which was the Georgia ver-
sion. The death penalty was in business again.
At the end of the I:enlu!)'. the situation remained quite oorrple'<. About a
dozen states had no death penalty at all The rest of them did: but In some. it
was rarely or never used. New Jersey. for example, had not exe<:uted any-
body since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976. Most executions were in
the South, in Florida, in Virginia. Texas was in a dass by itself. It alone ac-
I:ounted forabout a third of the executions in the l:olll1l:ty.
In most slates, the death penalty was not only rare, it was pamfully slow.
In the late twentieth century, speedy exe<:ution had become (XVI"{Iletely im-
posslble. There were too many procedures. appeals, heari and writs, fed-
eral and state. Men grew on death row. Ten years was no time at aU for the
condemned. Some convicts were put to death only after fifteen or even
twenty years of waiting, and after a long and torturous procedural path.
At the very end of the I:entury people began to ask them-.elves: how
many innocent men have actually gone to their death? The governor of illi-
nois l:aUed for a moratorium. So did the American Bar Association. But the
machinery of death. slow and I:reaky it was. ground on.
L1
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
I. Why did the rate of executIons go mto a long and fairly shwp de<:line
In the eady twentiethl:entury?
329

2. When did nine states abolish the death penalty? Why did seven states
bring it back?
3. What does a two-st<lgeprocess mean?
4. Where do most executions take pJace? Why?
Task 7.Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the box
capital punishment
innocent
puttodeath
"""""'"
convicts
aggravatingcin:lUil'itances
defendant
first de eeJrurderers
(I) All ------J and aggravated rapists, got the death penalty in
North Carolina.
(2) Once is _guilty, a second <ab) occurs-[hetrial oflife
orde!th.
(3) Some _ were _ on1y after fifteen or even
twenty years of waiting, and after a long and torturous procedlU1l1
",th.
(4) Nothing the Supreme Court did was more dramatil: than its actions
with regard to_.
(5) People began to ask themselves: how many _ men have
actually gone to their death?
(6) Texas alone accounted for about a thIrd of the in the
1:0lUltry.
(7) To impose the death penalry. the JWY (or. In some cases, the judge)
would have to find one or more
Task B. Find in the text the words that mean the following.
the plUlishment ofbeing executed for a I:rime
a group ofprison I:ells forl:riminals I:ondemned to death
not guilty of wrongdoing
a person who has been fOlUld guilty of a I:rime or crimes in a lav.-
I:ourt and is in prison
to end the existence of a law, a practice, an institution
the killing of somebody as a legal plU1ishment
a group of people in a lawcourt who have been I:hosen ro listen ro
the facts In a l:a5e and to decide whether the accused person is
guilty or not guilty
a formal examination of evidence in a lawcourt, by a judge and of-
ten ajury. to decide if 5mb accused ofa I:rime is guilty or not
330

Unit 3. HISTORY OF ISlAMIC LAW
Task 1. 10) Study the tex! below, making sure you fully comprehend
it. Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or
other references & source books on law.
HISTORY OF ISlAMIC LAW
QUR'ANIC LEGISLATION
«Obey God and His Prophet.\). In this Qur'anil: I:ommand lies the establish-
ment of a novel political authority possessing legislative power. The year 622
saw the establishment of the MusJlm I:omnumity in Medina. The Arab tribes
aa:eplerl Muhammad as the Prophet or of the God, and regarded
themselves and his Mel:can followers as I:onstituting a group of a new kind
wherein the bond of a coounon religious faith transcended tribal ties. While
Muhammad's positlon gradually developed into one of political and legal sov-
ereignty. the will ofGocI transmitted to the I:ommunity by him in the Qur'anll:
revelations I:ame to <;vpersede tribal custom in vanous re<;pectS.
Most of the basic notions underlying dvilized society find such a mode
of e'CpreSSion in the Qur'an. Compassion for the weaker members of society.
fairness and good faith in commercial dealings, Il1CUTIJj:tibility in the ad-
ministration of justice are aU enjoined as desirable nonns of behaviour with-
out being translated into any legal structure of nghts and duties. The same
applies to many  ",lOCh are more partil:uJar. and more peculiarly Is-
lamic, in their terms. Drinking of wine and usury are roth simply declared to
be forbidden. But no indication of the legal inci<lents of the pract is I:on-
talned in the Qur'an. In fact wine-dn later became a I:nminal oftence
punishable by flogging v.fule usury was a purely I:ivil matter. the transaction
being a type of invalid or unenfcrce.ilile I:ontract. This c1early demonstrates
the distinct attitudes of the religious prophet and the poJiticalleglslator. The
primary purpose of the Qur'an is to regulate not the reJationship ofman with
his fellows but his relationship Wltllius Creator.
The vast maJority of the Qur'an verses are caxxmed with the rebgious
duties and ritual practices of prayer. fasting. Awroximately eighty verses
deal with legal topics In the strict sense of the tenn. They I:over a great vari-
ety of suijects, ranging from wonen's dress to the division of the spoils of
war. and from the prohibition of the flesh of swine to the penalty of flogging
forfornkatlon.
There is much infonnation about the position of women, mamed women
in partil:uJar. Rules on mamage and divorce are numerous and vaned, and,
331

with their general objective of the ip-:povemerd: of the woman's status, repre-
sent some of the most radic:al reforms of the Arabian CUilcrfIaIy law effected
in the Qur'an. As regards maniage the Qur'an commands that the wife alone
shall receive the dower payable by her husband. The effect of this simple
Qur'anic:rule is to transfer the wife from the posjtlonofatothata
I:Ontrad:ing party who, in return for her granting the right of sexual union
with herself. is entitled to receIVe the due I:onslderatlon of the dower. She is
now mdowerl with a legal oornpelence she did not possess before.
There are many regulations ccrx:eming inheritance. The first Qur'amc
reference to this subject is a typically ethical injunction which es a person
who is on the point of death to bequeath equitably to his parents and kindred.
This provLsion qualifies the S)'stem of exclusive mheritance by the ma1e ag-
nate relatives and recognizes the I:apacity of women relatives to succeed.
FoUowing the death of many Muslims in the battles fought against the unbe-
lievers, a series of Qur'anlc revelations allotted speclfil: fractions of the de-
ceased's estate to indLvidual relatives. Of the nine relatives so entitled six are
women - the wife, the mother. the daughter. the gennane. coflS'tnguPIC and
uterme sisters -andthe remaimng three are male relatives who would elt]1er
never have inherited at all under the ok:! system (the husband and the uterine
brother) or would have been excluded by a nearer ab'IJate (the father. who
would not have inherited in competition with a son of the deceased).
The principle that God was the on1y lawgiver and that is I:ommand was
to have supreme control over aU aspects of life was dearly established. But
that I:ommand was not expressed in the fonn I:ompletel:harter for the Mus-
lim I:omnumity. Later events were to show that the Qur'anil: pre<:epts fonn
little more than the jXCM1bIe to an Islamil: I:ode ofbehavLour.
Ib) FI in the gaps witn tne appropriate words from tne box.
cap3Clty of\WIill;:fi rclatJve<; to suc-
re'"
10 bequeath equitably
a I:nmlnal ofli::oce pWlishab!e by
m;
dower vable bv her husband
bllity In theadnJlrqslJ"aticrl of
Justice
lli"'Y
lawgiver
thegennane
(I) As regards maniage the Qur'an I:ommands that the wife alone shan
receive the .
(2) The princi ple that God was the on1y _ and th1t is
I:ommand was to have supreme I:ontro] over aU aspects of life was
dearlyestablis11ed.
332

(3) Drinking of wine and _ are roth sImply declared to be
_.
(4) Fairness and good faith in cOlTllllal dealings.
are aU enJoined as rlestrable nOnTIS of behaviour wi funf: being trans-
lated into any legaJ structure ofrights and duties.
(5) Wine-<lrinkinglaterbecame_
(6) This provision qualifies the system of exc1usive inheritance by the
male agnate relatives anrl recognil:esthe_.
(7) The first Qur'anil: reference to tJ1is suect is a typkally etlucal In-
junction which urges a person who is on the point of death
_to his parents and kindred
(8) Of the nine relatives so entitled six are WOIller; - the wIfe, the
mother, the daughter'------J consanguine and uterine sisters
(c) Find in tile text tile words tllal mean tile following:
the practice oflending money at excessively high rates of interest
a punishment for breaking a law, ruJe or I:ontract
a person who decides the laws of a I:ountry or sociel)
a person who has died, especially recently
to gain the right to a title, property, etc when somelxxly dies
to arrange, by making a will, to give property, money, etc to some-
lxxIy v.hen one dies
to order somelxxly not to do something
? (dJ ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. What basic notions underIymg cIVilized society I:an we find in the
Qur'an?
2. What do you know about the position of women in the Qur'an?
3. What regulations I:onceming inheritance are oontained in the Qur'an?
Task 2. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it.
Where app-opriole, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or otller
references & source books on low.
333

LEGAL PRAOICE IN THE ARST CENTURY OF ISLAM
The penod up to the year AD. 750 wItnessed the transtonnatlon of Islam
wm II smaU re1iglous I:ommunity in ArabIa to a vast mihtaJy empire. Within
the span ofa I:entury the Is1amil: empLre had embraced II great I:omplexlty of
races, crJltures and religions. LIttle imagination is needed to appreciate the
tre[ner,dw'l problems of administrative organization whIch faced the Arah
rulers as aresult of the militaf)l I:onquests.
As long as Muhammad was alive he was naturally regarded as the ideal
person to settle disputes. Later generations ascribed to Muhammad a great
I:orpus oflega1 decisions. For some thirty years afterthe death of Muhammad
in 632 Medina remained the focal point of Muslim activity. Here [he vital
issue was that of Sl!OCeSSlOIl to the political authonty of Muhammad. At first
it was natural that the influence of those most (;(osely associated with him
should prevail. and the office ofCahph tothe Prophet-was
held in surcec:<:ion by four of Muhammad's most intimale I:ompanions: Abu-
Bake. Umar, Uthman and Air.
Upon the Caliphs and their advisers fell the duty of further impl.......l'II:ir;g
the Qur'anil: provisions in the same SPLrit as their tOCtner leader. Once agam
instructive Ies of this activJty are provicled by the suect of mheri-
lance. To Air is ascribed the devLl:e of proportionally reducmg the fractLonal
shares a1l0tted by the Qur'an when these add up to more than a Mlty. Proba-
bly the most striking illustration of the wnflict between the old and the new
orders of society is reflected in the celehated Donkey 1:a5e. The deceased
had left a husband, mother, two full brothers and two uterine brothers. Umar,
in occordance with the rule of first satislYing the Qur'anoc shares, gave the
 2 shares, the mother6 and the uterine brothers 3, thus exhausting the
estate and leaving nothing for the residuary heirs, the full brothers. Since then
was no dispute about the nghts of the husband and the mother the I:ase re-
solved itself into a straightforward I:ompetitlon forthe 3 resIdue between the
heirs of the old customaI)' law and the new Qur'anic heirs, and Umar had
pretern;d thedaims of the latter. The fun I:mthers later appealed against the
decision on the ground that at least they had the same mother as the deceased
and therefore po<:o;es<;ed the very the same quality of relationship which was
the exdusive basLs of the utenne brothers' nght of inhentance. According to
the logIc of thIs argrunent, Umar allowed them to share equally with the u!er-
inebrothersinthe3.
Naturally enough the Caliphs alone had the power of posltLve legislation.
Such power seems occasIonally to ha\le been exen.--.sed during the Me<inan
period by way of II supplement to the Qur'an - to lay down, for e>anple, the
penalty for wine-dlinking. This was fixed, apparently, at forty lashes by Abu-
334

Hakr, and later at eighty lashes by All, latter drawing a rough parnllel with the
false accusation of unChastIty for which the Qur'an fixed the same penalty.
In 661 A.D. the Umayyad dynasty was founded. From their seat of gov-
ernment at Damascus the Empire builders wielded their political power in the
name of Islam; but wlule the Medinan Caliphs had been the servants of the
religion the Umayyads were its masters.
The bask polil:)' of the Umayyads was the preservation of the existing
administrative structure in the jXOVince'>. Umayyad practice absorbed many
I:oncepts and mstltutions of foreign origin. The legal status of non-Muslim
subjects in Islam was modeled on the position of the non-citizen groups in
the Eastern Roman Empire. The Jewish and Christian COOlIIIlInities paid a
IX"II tax in return for the guarantee ofprote\:tion and the ion of their
rights under their own personal law administered by their rabbinical and ec-
desiasticaltribunals.
Among the anny of officials I:reated by the Umayyad admimstration was
the qadi, a judge of a special kind. Like all other officials he was the delegate
of the local governor and had the particular task of settling disputes. In the
early days we find the chiefpolil:e and the Master of the TreasUl)' actmg as
judges. Not until towards the end of the Umayyad penod, It would appear,
were judges exclusively concerned with judicial business. By the end of the
Umayyad period the judges had advanced far from their original position as
official arbitrators. They had become an integral and important part of ad-
mimstratlve machine, no Iooger I:ontrolled, by themselves controlling, the
I:ustomary law and by their decisions adapting it to meet the changing dr-
wmst:mcesofsociety.
Under the Umayyad.. the bask material of the local cu'ilDlnary law had
been modLfied by the elaboration of the Qur'anic rules, overlaId by a I:orpus
of administrative regulations and infiltrated by eleJnerItg offoreLgn legal sys-
tems.
?
. (e) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
I. What was the basIc policy ofthe Umanads like?
2. What were the duties ofthejudges'? -
335

Ib) Match the following English expressions with their Russian equiva-
lents Make sentences 01 your own using the word combinations in
the table.
(I) rnm-nary law
(2) aIX'Jlltax
(3) false accusation
(4) uterine brothers
(5) resIdue
(6) ashare
(7) adeceased
(8) Treasul)
(a) nOJKHoe 06B11HeHHe
(b) 6paTM! no MaTepHHcKOH m-IHI-Irl
(I:) noJJ;YUIHbIllHaJlOr
(d) Ka3H<J1JeHCTBO
(e) HOC1JellCTIlO. 0'illIl{eHH()C ur JlOJlroB 11
3aBewa-reJlbHbIXOTKa30B
(f) ,llO!lJl.a!(U1:IJI
(g) I:KOWJaBIlJI1ikll
(h) 06bl<iHoe fiImICI
Task 3. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend if.
W'here appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other
references & source books on low.
LEGAL PRACTICE IN MEDIEVAL ISLAM
Westemjurispnxkn:e has provided a number of different answers to the
question of the nature of the law. variously finding its source to lie in the or-
ders of a IX'Jhtil:al superior. or in the very nature of the universe itself. For
Islam this same question admits of only one qlJf<;tJOf) which the religious
faith supplies. Law is the l:ommBnd of God. Since law can beonly be the pre-
ordained sysrem of God's commands or Shari'a, Jur is the scleoce
of understanding and ascertaming that law. Shari'a law hac! I:ome into being
as a doctrinal system inrleperrlerd of and essentially opposed to rurrent lega1
practil:e
Organi:w.tion of the Islamic state under the Umayyads was not based upon
any finn separation of the exewtive and judicial fimctions. Settlement of dis-
putes of a pnvate nature was a specifil: duty delegated to ajudge. The J-Idges
I:ame to have a genera1judidal c.ornpetence, and by the end of the Umayyad
period they had I=ome thel:entral organ forthe administration oflaw.
Wi[htheon to IX'Jwerofthe Abbasid dyn3<:t)' and its declared IX'Jlil:)'
of implementing the s}'stem of religious law I:wrently being worked out by the
scholar-jurists, the status of the judiciary was greatly enhanced. Henceforth the
judges I=ame inseparably linked with Shari'a law which it was their bounden
duty to apply_ Organized as a pute<;'lion under the authority of a chief judge,
they were no longer the spcksmeP ofa law which represented the COO1II1a!)('I
of the dlstnct governor but now owed a1legiance exclusively to Gods law. But
336

the Shari'a I:Ourts never attained that p:Jsltion of sup-eme judida1 authority in-
dependent ofp:Jlitical l:ontro1. Althoughjudges may have been appointed by
the I:hjefj, the judiciaJ)' held office only during the p1easw-e of the p:Jliti-
cal authority, as indeed did the chief justice hImself. and their I:haracter of p0-
litical subocdinates was responsible for a senous lirrutation on their p:Jwers of
jurisdiction which existed fromthecUset.
The factor whil:h senous1y impaired the effidency of the Shari'a I:Ourts
was the system ofprocedw-e and evidence by which they were boWld. On the
basIs of the initial psumption attached by the law to the facts (e.g. the pre-
sumption of innocence in a criminal case or the presumption of freedom from
debt in a civ suit) the parties of litigation were a1l0tted to the roles of plain-
tiff and defendant respel:tively. the former being the party whose assertion
ran I:ounter to this tion, the latter the party whose assertion was sup-
p:Jrted by it. Up:Jn the p1aintiff fell the burden of proof, and this burden l:ou1d
shift many times in the I:ourse of the same SUit. Whether on an intermediate
or the ultimate issue the burden of proof was always the same; the plaintiff
had to produce two male adult Mus1ims to testifY orally to their direct knowl-
edge of the truth oflus claim. Wntten evidence was not acceptable and any
form of drcumstantia1 evtdenre was totally inadmIssible. Some hnuted ex-
I:eptions were reco'I1ized in certain cases one witne<;<;. might be suff".cient
if the p1aintiff a1so took an oath mnfirming his daim and the testimony of
women mig\1: be acceptable (though two women were usually required to
take the place of one man) - but ill aU I:ases the witness had to p:J..-..es5 the
highest quality of mora1 and religious probity. Where the plaintIff failed to
disch.1rge this rigid burden of proof. the defendant was offered the oath of
denial. Properly sworn on the Qur'an such an oath secw-ed judgment in his
favour; If he failed to take it, judgment would be given for the plamtiff pro-
vided. m some drcumstances, he himself took an oath. The ngldly fonnalis-
til: and mechamcal nature of Shari"a procedure left little or no scope for the
ise of any discretion by the judge in I:ontrolling jXOCttdings before him.
Criminal law was the obvious sphere where p:Jlitical interests I:ould not
tolerate the I:umbersome nature of Shari 'a pucernre. JurisdIction here mainly
belonged to the p:Jlil:e, the delegate who exen:ised it being alternatively
I:alled the offidal in charge ofl:rimes. These courts mnsidered cin:uJTJSl:antial
evidence, heard the testimony of wItnesses of dubious I:haracter, put them on
oath and crosv-examined them; they imprisoned su<;pects. I:onvil:ted them on
the basis of known I:haracter and previous offences, might make the aa:used
swear the oath by a local saint instead of on the Qur'an, and in general I:oold
take such measures to di guilt, including the extortion of cooJessirns.
as they saw fit.
337

Enough has now been said to indit'ate that Shari'a law. however strong its
re1igious force as provJding an icleal and cornpdJensive I:ode of conduct for
the individual, can fonn only a part of the Is1amic legal S}"IteiIi. Islamic lega1
practil:e was based on a dual system of I:Ourts. Islamk govemmenJ: has never
meant, m theol)' orin practke, the exc1usive JurIsdIction of SharI 'a tribWlals.
L1 (0) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. What was the system ofprocedure in the Shari'a 1:0urts like?
2. What was the system ofprocedure in the polil:e I:OW1S like?
Ib) Explain the meaning 01 the loIlowing words and expressions.
offidal in I:harge of I:rlmes
l:ircWllstantialevidenl:e
the oath of denial
burden of proof
written evidence
supreme judicial authonty
judicial)'
spokesmen of a law
judll:Ja1 competence
Task 4. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it
Where app-opriote, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or olher
references & source books on low.
RELIGIOUS LAW AND SOCIAL PROGRESS
IN CONTEMPORARY ISLAM
Looking to the future there are twO princIpal femures of modernist lega1 ac-
tivIties whIch umrmnd attention.
In the first place the I:urrent expression of the law rests upon a stnking
diversity of jurislil: I:riteria, which repre<;ent varying degrees of fusion be-
tween the two basic influences of practical necessity and religious princip1es.
During the first stage of legal modernism these two influences had produced
a dear-cJJt did"lOtonJy in the law. Western law was directly adnrted in the
fie1d of I:rime and dvil transac:tioos gereraUy, whi1e trarlitiona1 Shari'a doc-
338

trine I:ontinued to govern the sphere ofpersona1 status. Recent trends, how-
ever, have tended to break down this finTJ division. In the civil law a growing
emphasis has been placed on religious principles. A merger of foreign and
Islamil: elements is the outstandmg feature of the Iraqi Civil Code promul-
gated in 1953. Family law, on Its sIde, has been mcreasmgly penneated with
Western standard and values, and its here that the juristic basis of the law,
viewed as a whole, appears most I:omplex.
Ecooomk groWlds alone were thus held to justifY the total abolition of
family settlements under the trocl1tlona1 waaf system (a settlement of property
under which ownership of the property is ({lmmobilized» and the usuffuct
thereof is devoted to a purpose which is deemed I:haritable by the law) in
Syria In 1949 and in Egypt three years later, while social necrssity has been
the declared basis of I:ertain recent refonns in that traditional most invu1ner-
able sphere of Shari' a - the law of succec:<:ion. In 1945 ajudicial circular in
Sudan aUowed bequests to be male, within the establIShed limit of one-third
of the net estate, in favour oflega1 heirs, and Iy stated the reason for
this refonn to be the need felt by testators to make additional provision for
the less fortunate of these helrs.
An even more radil:al departure from the traditIonal law of succession is
I:ontained in the Tunisian law of 1959 which provides that any lineal descen-
dant of the deceased, male or female, exdudes the deceased's collateral rela-
tives from intestate sua;e<;<:ion; for under the agnatIc system of traditiona1
law the brothers of the dereased in the absence of any surviving male ascen-
dant ordescendant, are the primary residuary heirs. It could in fact beargued
with some facts that this provIsion does implement the general spint of the
Qur'al1Jl: legislation. For one of the basil: trends of the refonns introduced by
the Prophet was the replacement of the wider social unit of the tribe by the
unit of the indi\'Khri1 family. This purpose had been largely nullIfied by the
tradltiona11aw, in Inheritance at least, by Its retention of the custDmary tribal
system. v.hK:h gave superior rights to male agnate re1atives. But it is obvi-
ously the concept of the family, as wnsisting of the husband, wife, and their
issue, whll:h inspIred the Tumsian refonn.
The second feature of modem Islamic law ",lOCh is relevant to the ques-
tion of potential future development is the fact that many of the substantive
refonns must appear, on a long-tenn view, as temporary expedients and
pieremeal aa:omJoodations. This is not to deny the present efficacy of the
refonns in solving the immediate problems of the areas in v.ful:h they have
been introduced But I:ertain provisions, such as the partial restrictions placed
upon polygamy and repudiation, poir1l inevitably towards the direction which
future s must follow and can represent only the il1tttmIXhate stage in
339

the advaru:emertt ora society a10ng this road. In some I:ases nove1 provisions
lie in uneasy juxtapositIon with the traditiona11aw. The introduction of the
tation rule in the SUC("e<:<:ion in Pakistan, for example, is ccrnpletely
dismplive of the finely balanced scheme of priorities eSlablished by the
Shan'a. hI other cases refonns, far-reaching in themselves, disclose a root
problem which has slill to be solved. The restriction of polygamy and repu-
diation is obviously aimed at the ultllllate goal of equality between the sexes
Radical though the break with past tradition which such an a(1XOOCh in-
volves might be. it is nevertheless a break with a partl(;Ular I:onstruclion of
the religious law and nOI with its essence. This, al any rate, would seem to be
the only realistil: basis for future development and the only alternative to a
I:omplete abandonment of the notIon of a law based on religIon. Law, to be a
living force, must reflect the soul of a society; and the soul of present Muslim
society is reflecled neilher in any form of outnght secularism nor in the doc-
tnneofthe medieval text books.
L1
. ANSWER mE FOLLOWING QUESfIa\JS:
I. Whal is the first teature of modem Islamll: law?
2. Whal i!'; the second feature of modem Islamic law?
Task 5. Translate from Russian into English:
(I, B rnapllfffCKIIX I:)'.nax I1CTel! ,l\OJlJKCH 6bUJ npel!OCTaBHTh ,l\B)'X
B3pocJlbIX M)IJK'-IHH-M)'cynbM8H. <cro6bl OHI1IlOl{I11e1J.l1HH I:npasen-
nHBOCTbero-.pe60BaHHM.
(2) nHcbMeHHble nOKaJ8HWI B 3T1iX I:)'.nax He npHHIlMaJIH(1,.
(3) CY1lb! umpIlma HHKor.na He 1I0CTHraIIH nOJIIUltI1 opraH8 BbJaJJeii
\:Y.u.e6HOiiBJIaCTH.
(4) Hy.n.rlicKHe H lCl1UIHCKlIe 06I.Jl!:1HbI1l.ll8THJ1H nornHblM Hanor B
06MeHHa:>aLl\l1TyBJJOCTell
(5) B KopaHe COJ1q»I<IIIOI MHOro nOJlOJKeHHM, KBC8101.Jl!:IJl:C$! nopmlKB
HacJle.l\OBaHl{$!.
(6) KopaH3anpew.aeTpoc1"f.lBI1lU'r
(7) KapaH c:o.aep.KI-fT MHOro npaBJ-1J1 opa3BO.D.e It 6paKe.
340

Unit 4. NOTARY PUBLIC
Useful Words and Expressions for Speech Practke
notary public HOTapH}'c
to notarize 3aBepm'b, 3aI:BHJ",e'reJlhCTIjOBaTh HO-
TapHaAbHO
to administer an oath to IIpIIBOJI,IITb Koro-J\H50 K npHDlre
smb.
statutory declaration
to authenticate
authentication
office
officer
officially record
legaleffed
apprentke
apprenticeship
to commission to
to maw
toaltest
tocertiry
d<e.
IIHa.MeHHoe noK<I3illllle nOA npHcJI-
roM
3aBepm'b, I:BlJAeTellbCTBOBaTh, nOA-
TBepJKAdTh, YAocTOBepm'b YCTaHaB-
J\HBdTh nONWHHoCTh
HAelJI, onOOHaHlle, oro-
JK,lI,eCTBJ\eHHe
nOCT, AOJI)IUfOCTb, (:J\.}')I<5a; AOM. 06.11-
3dHHOCTh, IfJ)'HKlIIDI
'lHHOBHHK, AOlUKHocTIloe J\HII;o; ClI.y-
)K3ll\Hti
$D.p:IaAhHO 3aruICblBaTh, peDlCTpH-
pOBaTh; 3aHOCHlD B I:nHCOK, B npo-
TOK01\; c4JoPMAHTh KaK AOK)'MeHT
(KilKlIe-J\H50 IfJaKThi H T.ll)
npaBoBhle nOCJ'oeACTBlIft; IOplWf'Je-
I:Ka.IIl:HAa
HOBW/OK; Hil'lHHillOrqIDi; nOAMaC're-
phe, y<leHHK
o6ytleHHe, Y"Ielille, y<leHWlecrno;
I:pOK y<leHllJJ, neplf()A o6y'leHIDI
Hi:l3Hil'lClTb Hi:l AOJI)IUfOCI"b; ynO/lHOMO-
'lHBaTh (B lOpJ1AK'lt'CKOM H 06ll\e-
H3blKOBOI\I I:MbICll.e)
mCTiIIWITh, c4JoPMAHTh (AOK)'Mem');
BbInHChIBdTb ('leI(, ClJeT, to draw out,
to draw up)
YAOCTOBepm'b; nOATBepJKAaTh; npI-f-
BOAHTh K npuCSJre
nOATBep.JKAdTh, 3aBepm'b, YAocToBe-
pm'b; AillJaTh pa3peIIIeHHe, MBaTh
npa.ao Ha'lTO-J\H50
AOK)'MeHT (3d nOAffilChlO KOro-JUI60);
AeAO", 3aIIHl:b; nepeurnaTh no aKTY
(TJK. deed over to)
341

will
testamentary document
conveyance
real property
persona) property
public instrument
negotiable instromenl
3aBeIJJ;aHHe
AOK}'MeHT. mPJI<ilIJJ;lrn: 3aBell\a-
TeAbHWe pal:nopsrn<eHID!. 3aBell\il-
TeAbHbIH AOK)'MelIT
nepeACi'la co6crneHHOCTH (oco6eHHo
HeABHAUiMoro HM}'llIeCTBa) OT OAfIoro
MiLIa APyr0M)'. AOKYMeHT 0 TaKOH
nepeACi'le
H_
/.IIH'llIIDICOEiCT-
BeHHOCTb
0611\ec:rnelmo 3m'lIfMWii AOxyMem'; ilK"!'
o6opcrI'HHii: KpeAH'I"HO-AeHe)f(}jhlH
AOK eHT
Task 1. Study tne text below. making sure you fully comprehend it.
Where app-oprioIe, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or alher
reference & source books on law.
WHAT IS A NOTARY PUBLIC AT LARGE?
You may know that in tht: USA a notary publk is an offker w110 1:00 ad-
minister oaths and statutory declarations, witness and autnentil:ate docu-
ments and perfonn I:ertain other acts dependIng on the jurisdiction. Gener-
ally speaking, a notary publil: in the United States of Ameril:a has powers
that are far more limited tnan the role of a I:ivillaw notary in the rest of the
world. There are far more notaries in tne United States tlJan in other I:OWl-
tries. For tne purposes of authentication, most I:ountries require co[[(merda1
or persona1 dOClUTIents whkh ongmate from or signed in another I:OlU1try to
be notarized before tney I:an be used or officia1ly recorded or before they
1:00 have any legal effect. This includes the translation of such documents
done by an expert translator approved by a governmental entity.
In some I:ountries and states. notaries are reqUIred to undergo spedfil:
training in the perfumance of their duties. Many ITIllst also fIrSt serve as an
apprentil:e before being commissioned or lil:ensed to practice tneir
mil tsion.ln many I:ountrles even licensed l:myers (such as barristers or
solil:itors) ITIllst go through additional specialized notaria1 training and ap-
prentkeship before being aUowed to practice as a notary. A notary publk
1:00runissioned in tne United States of Ameril:a is not an attomey-at - law
unless also admitted to the bar. (Altnough some countries consider tne pro-
fession of a dvil law notary. itself. to be the practil:e of law. many even
have institutes of higher education issuing degrees in the field. In the
United Kingdom, for exalllp1e. a notary pwlic can perfonn any task a 50-
342

lil:ltor or otller lawyer I:an perfurm, as part of t!leir notary publil: duties,
with the sole e'\:ception of representing others before the I:owts, unless they
are also members of the baroradmilled as a solicitor.)
«Generally speaking, a notary may be descn"bed as an officer ot the law
whose public office and duty is to draw, attest or I:ertity under his offidal
seal deeds and otller documents, including wills or other testamentary
documenN. mn\'e}'ances of real and personal property and powers of attor-
ney; to authentkate sLich documents under his signature and offidal seal in
such a marUler as to render them acceptable, as proof of the matters attested
by him, to the judil:ial or otller publIC aut!lorities in the I:ountry m.ere t!ley
are to be used, whether by means of ISSUlIJ,g a notarial I:ertifkate as to the
due e-tfCUtion of such documents or by drawing them in the form of public
instruments; to keep a protocol containing origil1als of all mstruukrdS
whil:h he makes in the public form and to issue authentil: copies of such
instruments; to administer oaths and declarations for use in proceedings; to
note or I:ertity transactions relating to negotiable instrwnents, and to draw
up purests or otller formal papers relating to OCClIITeUI:es on the voyages of
ships and their navigation as we1l as the I:arriage of I:argo in ships».'"
(Oupt.r I ofthe «Brookc's Notary» 12 1b editl0n)
'1 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. How many definitions ofa notary public are given in the text?
2. Wh\l:h one is most exhaustive?
3. What are a notary»s functIons?
4. What kind of training soould a notary publil: possess?
Task 2. Translate the 10010W1l1g phrases into Russian:
you may know
the texts are borrowed from
who can administer oaths
whkh originate from or signed in
another country
c10cumrnts to be notarized
by means of issuing a notarial cer-
tificate as to the due execution of
such docw-nents
to keep a protocol I:ontalning
wi! nals of a1l instruments
+(Thelf.\a ubau/ noImH!!, ure botlIMwji-am ,he lItulHlflhpublishedonthe InIf. Jelby
the .VokJn. Publ,c A'<SOCu;o'l. a 1101lP"?/it pUJ{i:wialiof tJrWU1imt;on. on wtIK;r;1y fQr
in/Olmalionon!\'otorylal\ls,cus/omsond.)
343

Task 3. Give Russian counterparts ollhe tollowing English sentences:
(I) Many must a1so first serve as an apprentice.
(2) A notary may be described as an officerofthe law.
(3) Notaries are required to undergo specifk training in the perfunu-
ance of their duties.
(4) SOffit: l:olU1trIes (;onsider the profession ofa dvillaw notary to bt:
thepracticeoflaw.
(5) But many even have Institutes of higher education issuing de 6 'Tees
inlnefield.
Task 4. Match Ine English phrases wlln Ineir Russian equivalents
(I) notarypublicoffil:er
(2) dvilJaw notary
(3) governmental entIty
(4) undergo specifk train-
mg
(5) ptrl"()J1J)!I[)l'eofduty
(6) serve as an apprentice
(7) pral:til:e a profession
(8) specialized notaria1
training
(9) to be admitted to the
b"
(10) issue a degree
(II) issueanotaria1l:ertifi-
cate
(12) issue an authentil:
"'py
(13) public office and duty
(14) powerofanomey
(15) render smtn. accepI-
able to
(16) proofofthe mauer
(17) keep a protocol
(a) rocYi\apCTBeHHaJI 1:.nyJK6a (i I:.nyJKe6Hwe
06i1JaHHOCTII
(b) BbIlIaBaTh OpHrHHaJlbHblH 3KJeMnIDlp
(c) BeCTH npOTOKOJl/KHHTY perHCTpau,ul
JtOKYMeHTOB
(d) llOKa3blBaHHeneJla
(e) JtJUI HcrIDJ\laOBaHHSI B l:yne6HOM pa36H-
paTeJlhCTBe; cynonpOH3BOllCTHe
(t) 1:000001IH(iK rocynapcTBeHHoro HOTapHa-
n; rocynapCTBeHHhlM HOTIlpH)'C
(g) npaBHTeJlhCTBeHHaJI opraHH3al\lIi1
(h) npoxolIHTb cneUHaJJhHyKJ nO.!lrOTOBKY
(I) BbJnOJlHeHHe 06.1t3aHHocTeM
0) I:II)'JIlIITb, pa60TaTb B KaIJeCTBe nOlIMac-
Tepbil,YlJeHI1Ka
(k) p86oT8n. no CneUHaJlhHOCTH, 38HI1-
MaTheJI npol}Jeccl1oHaJlhHOH neJITeJlhHo-
crow
(I) crJeUIlaJlhHaJI nonrOTOBKa B 06J1acTH
""""mrn
{m)noJl)"lHTh npaBO I\.IlBOKaTCKOH npaKTHKH
BOY'"
(n) pernC1]JHJXJBHl1> H 3aBepJITb, YlIOCTOBC-
pJITbl:lIeJlKH
344

(18) for use in proceedings
(19) noteorl:ertlfytransac-
tions
(20) draw up protests or
other formal papers
(0) 1:0CTaBJUITb aneJlJUIUHH, OnpOTeCTOBa-
H(lJI. npoTeCThI HJlH lIpyrHe 04>HUHaJJb-
Hble !\OKYMeHTbI
(p) HOTapHYC B rpwKlIBHCKOM npaBe
(q) 1I0BepeHHOCTb
(r) lIeJlaTh IJTo-JlH60 IIpHeMJleMblM
(S) BbIJlflBaTbCTeneHb(YlJeHYIO)
(t) BbIlIaBaThHOTa HaJJbHoe
UJ ra.k 5. G;ve Eoglffih co"ote"",", 01 the follo,""9 R",,;oo
sentences:
(I) HOTIIJmyc B AMepHKe - 3TO nomKHoCTHoe nHUO, B 06i1JaHHOCTH
KOroporO BXOlIHT HeTOJibKO Y 1I0KYMeHTbl. HO MHoroe
lIPyroe.
(2) OJlHaKO OH HMeeT HaMHoro 60Jlee orpaHH'-JeHHble nQJ1HOMO'lH!!,
'IeM HOTaplfY(:bJ IpB)KJlaHCKOro npaBa B lIPynlx l:1pamlx.
(3) nepeBolI TaKI-IX !\OK}'MCHTOB ]1OJ1>KeH 6bJTh BblnOJlHeH npo4Jeccllo-
HaJJbHblM nepeBOlI'IHKOM. HMeIOll(IIM aTIeCTaU:!lO rocy!\apcrneH-
HorOY'lpe)Kl!eHI1H.
(4) Bo MHOfHX l:1paHax na)Ke HMelOJl[I:Ie nHueHJHIO arlBOKaTbl o6J1Ja-
Hbl IIpOHTH .l\OnOJlHHTeJlbHYIO I:neuHaJJbHYIO nO.llfOToBK)' H npaK-
THK)' B 06J1aCTH HOTapHaJJbHofi: neHTeJlbHoCTH. 1JT06bl 6bITb nony-
weHHblMH K pa60re B KaIJeCTBe HOTIlpHyca.
(5) B AHrnl1H HOTapI-l)'C B paMKaX I:BOeH I-JOCIII MO)KeT BbI-
nOJlH!!Th m06ylO pa60ry CTpJlnlJero HJlH 11Horo 3,lIIM)I(aT3. 3a e.llHH-
I:TBeHHbIM HCKJlIO'IeH11eM - npel!CTaBJlJlTb I:Boero )(J]HeHTa B I:Y-
ne. e\:JlH OH He nOJl)"lHJI npaBa arlBOKan:KOH npaKTHKH B q'Jle.
 Make "oc;e" compa"og the follow;og,
the definitions of the notary publk in Text I and the same in Russia
the Itst of fuoctions ofthe two notane5 in Text I and the same in
Russia
the kinds uftraining Amerkan and Russian notaries are to possess
345

Task 6. Read the text below making sure you fully comprehend it.
COMMON LAW JURISDICTIONS
A notaJy. in almost all I:ommon law jurisdictions. is a qualified, experi-
enced practitioner trained in the drafting and execution of legal documents.
Traditionally. notaries recorded matters of Judil:iallmportance as well as
private transactions or events where an officiaUy authenlll:ated record or a
docwnent drawn up with professIonal skill or knowledge was required.
Specifil:ally. the functions of notanes include the preparation of certain
types of documents (including international contracts, deeds, wills and
powers of attorney) and I:ertifka!ion of their due exeaJti.on, administering
of oaths, witnessing affidavits and statutory declarations, I:ertifkation of
copy documents, noting and protesting ofblUs of exchange and the prepa-
ration of ships' putests.
Documents certified by notariec: are scaled witn the notary»s seal or
stamp arn:\ are recorded by tlle notaJy In a register (also I:alled a (<protocol»)
maintained and perruauenUy kept by him or her. These are known as (mo-
tarial acts". In countries subscribing to tne Hague Convention Abolishing
the ReqUirement for Legalization for Foreign Publk Documents only one
further oct of I:ertlfil:ation is required, known as an apostille, and is issued
by a government department (usuaUy the Foreign Affairs Department or
similar). For other I:ountries an (,authen!ll:ationH or (!legalization>, must be
issued by the Foreign Affairs Ministry of the I:ountry from whil:h the
document is being sent or tne Embassy. Consulate-General or High Com-
mission ofthe country to which it is being sent.
Notes
l:ertJfication
draft
execute
execution
duo
record
apostille
JaBepeHHe(l}JaKTa)
nHcaTb <iepHOBHK,JlenaTb npHKlIJIKY. Ha6pOCOK
OI}JOpU1J1Tb (.:1.(II()IMeHT), I:06JTIOCTH BCe: I}JOjJN8J1bHO-
CTH (.am! OC)llJlCCTB.1CHI1J! <iero-nH60)
BbJJJO:;JHeHHe I}JOpMaJJbHOCTdL HHe (.QoK)'-
MeHTOB)
.QO;J)I(llb[iI.IIa,;:uJeAC&IUm.KJIqHii
AO)(YMCHT.rrncb"'CHHOttpCIIW-II-IOCCI.!lt'lCTCJIbCT-
BO;rutl:b-(l-flJoCnoJ\eJ]Y;.MriI-tl.bIJIau..
perncrpl1JX1B11Th; 3aIIOClITb B cm1COK, B nporoKOJJ;
ol}Jop"'JI!ITb)(aJ(JIOK)'lIICIrr(KaJOIl:-lIHful}JaJITbIHT.Il)
3aMeIJaHHe Ha ID'DI.'<., TIMeTKa; 300CTHJlb (ne<JaTb.
npocrdBJlJlCl\ldH IID W1 oprdHdIlPl (pa3HbIMH
346

B pa3HhLX ctpaHax) Ha J\lCI6oM H013pllaJIbHO rmepeH-
HOM ,AOK)'Mt:HTt:. HBnHdlHHO" B COOfBeTCTBflH I: "Ipe-
60BaHH).tH f aarCKOH JOCJHBeHUHH 1961 1"., Hague
Convention, .ooJIY'IeHT I: TaKOH ne'-laTblO aBTOMaTH-
IJCCKH,AeflCTBlfreJ)eH HeTOrIbKUBctpaHe BbU\aIJH,HO
TalOKt BOBCCX rocy.aapcTBax,IIOJlT!HCaeUJlf"(KOHBeH-
UHIO (He 1]J'OOye1csr KOHcyJlbCKHX 1H60 HHbIX ilOK)'-
MeHTO!!, YlIOC1OnepslIOlUIJX nO..JJIIJHHOCTh"ClllOTOilo-
K)'MeHTa»
affidavIt nHCbMeHHoe nOKWal-llle no..:! npltCllroii
to swear (to make) an naBaTh nOKaJaHI1J! no..:! npHCTOH
affidavit
blllofe'<dJMoge I\CKCeJ1b,-.parra
ships' pI"rJIe'it MOpcKOH npOTecr
? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. What kind of training is a notary of?
2. What is the function of notaries'?
3. Whatisaprotocol?
4. What is a notarial act?
5. What is an apostille'?
6. What is an affidavit?
Task 7. Give Russian counterparts 01 the following sentences:
(I) Tradit!onally. nOJafies recorded matters ofjudidaJ importance as
well as private transactions or C\e where an officially
uail til:cated record or a document drawn up wIth professional
skill or knowledge was requiTed.
(2) Documents I:ertified by notaries are sealed with the notary's seal or
stamp and are recorded by the notary in a register (also l:aUed a
«proIooob» maintained and pennanently kept by him or her.
(3) For other I:ountries an «authentK:ation» or (degalization» must be
issued by the Foreign Affairs Ministry of tile country from whil:h
the document is being sent or the Embassy, Consulate-General or
High Commission ofthe 1:0lUltry to which it is being sent.
347

Task 8. Complete tne sentences:
(I) is a qualified, experienced practitioner trained in the
drafting an d exeroDon oflega1 00cuments..
(2) Notanes recorded _ where a c10cument clrawn up with
professional skill or knowledge was required.
(3) Documents I:ertified are sealed with tne notaryl)5
_ancl are r econkrl by the notary Ula register_
(4) _maintained and permanently kept by him or her.
(5) Documents I:ertified by notaries and the protocol are known as
UJ ra,k 9 G;,e E091;,h co"nte'port, 01 the follow'"9 ,eo-
tences:
(I) nO'lTH BO Bcex IopoclIPKIlIVIX Hompnyc - no nOJl)"-lHBIlJHH I:ne-
W1aJ1bHYIO KBaI1H<pHKaIlHlo OnbITHbl" npoif!eccHOHaJI. OOy'leHHbIH
COCTaBIDITb H 04>oPMJUlTb lOIn-I)lHIJCCKHe .l\OKYMeHTbl
(2) B $yHKIlHH Horapll)C3 B'I{OllllT nollJUl{)BK!l 1I0K)'MeHToB onpelle-
neHHoro nina, 3acBI-I)leTeJlbCTBOBaHHe 11)( npaBHJlbHoro opMJle-
HI1.II, npHBelIeHHe K npHCJlre H npO'Jee.
(3) B crpaHBX, nolInHcaBWHX faarcKYlO KOHBeHUHlO 06 ynpa3l!HeHHH
Tpe60BaHH" no neraJIH3aUHH 3apyf;e)f(HbJX rocynapcTBeHHblx .00-
KyMeHJOB., He06....01IHM nHWb OlIHH JIOKYMeHT no 3aCBHlIeTeJlbCT-
BOBaHHlO, 113BCcr1-JbJrl KaK anOCTHJlb, KOTOPbl"  npaBH-
TeJlbl.-meHHblM Y'Jpe)\()\eHlteM (06bIIJHO JJ.enapTaMeHTOM HHO-
I:1paHHbIXJleJlI1J1H npYIl1M }"JlJC)KJleHHeM nOllooHoro pol!a).
Task 10. Compare the information in Texis 1 and 2 and trace tne
difference between tne following. Supply arguments from tne texis to
prove your poin! 01 view.
Notary publk's defUlitions in tne first and second texts.
Notary publk's status in tnt: first and second texts.
Notary publk's appointments.
Notary publil:'s oftke and duty.
The law and regu1ations governing notaria1 practil:es.
348

i&. ') Task 11. Read the text below to learn more about nolones
 in individual countries.
ENGLAND AND WALES
After the pa<:<:age of the 1533 Al:t, whkh was a direct result of the Refor-
mation in England, aU notary appomtments were issued directly through
the Court of Facu1ties. The Court of FacultIes is attached to the oftke of
the ArchbIshop ofCanterbwy
In England and Wales there are several dasses ofnOianes. English no-
taries, not to be I:onfused wit]] I:ommissioners for oat]1s. also acquire the
same powers as solic:itors and other law practItioners, witl1 the exception of
the right to t others before tile courts (unJess also members oftne
bar oradmined as a solil:itor) once they are licensed or commissioned nota-
ries. There are also SCrivener notanes. who get thelr name from tile Scriv-
eners' Company; until 1999, when they lost this moncpoly. they were the
only notaries pennitted to praclke in the City of London
The other notaries In England are either ecclesiastical notaries whose
functions are limited to the affairs of tile Church of England or olher
uailfied persons who are not trained as sohdtors or banisters but satisry
the Master oft!le Faculties of the Archbishop ofCanteduy tJlat t!ley pos-
sess an adequate lUderstanding of the law_ Both tIle latter two l:aregoOes
are reqUll"ed to pass examinations set by the Master ofFacu1tles. The regu-
lation of notaries was modernized in the 1990 as a result of section 57 of
the Courts and Legal Servkes Act 1990.
The Notary Society gives tIle nwnber of notaries in England and Wales
as (<9{)O or so».
NOTes.
10 pass
passage
Refonnation(the)
n(Jl1HHIIIBTh ('jaKoH. pe-JO.lOl1HIO H T.n.); 6bITb
I1pIIHHIh1N. 6b1Tb OlIo6peHHblM (,IaKOHOJIaTeJlb-
HOM opraHoM); nepewllllTb B .1P}'I11C PYKH (no
Hac.flClOC11l}' Ii T.n. -0 co6cmeHHOCTU)
npoBe,1IeHlie, YTIlqmule.-ilte ('jllKoHa), BC'I)'I1JI:e-
HHe")BK()HaBCHJI)'
PeopopMaUIDI (UlHpOKUe 061l1CC1l1l'11HO-
nOilHTH'JC(;KOt' Ii penW1 llBJtA(eHHe B 3a-
fi!I.'\Hoii H I {empa.rTuioii EBpone XVI B., HOCHB-
Ulee BcooeiioCHOBealfI1lxapa"TCp
H npHH.IIBUlee I}>opMY 60pbGbI npOTHB Karo:UI'Je-
CKOIIUepKBH)
349

"PfIOIlibnent
Court of FacultIes (the)
attach
not to be I:onfused ",jth
commissioner for oalhs
e<:c1es!8stlcalnotary
Scm.ener.>' Ccrnpany (so-
Clcty ofscnvcncr Notarics
of London)
MasteroftheFaculoes(the)
latter
-
NotarySocJety
Ha3Ha'leHHe(Ha.aO."DKHOCTb,Mecro)
9.A apxQenllCKOna Kt:trrepUepI1HCKOro (ofuJa-
JlIDOll\I1H npasOM pa:Jpewan. UJt."1)'I1IJQi11ll ur
npasl1J1, Hanp II (fI1-I(IllJt:J]H JalUllOLJeHHJI 6paKa)
npiu..pl:nJlJlTb, CBJl1bIBaTb (0 'JCM-JIJ!6o HCMaTC-
pHWlbHOM)
<n06bl He nyraTb I: 1JeM-IIH6oIJre\I-nH60
ynOJ1HOfOOKIeHHblii, cIJelllLl.llbHUi yrIOJ1HOMo-
'IeHHblii,KOMlRXdpnunpHlle.1IeHl1taKnpllL"HI"e
UepKOBHblHHOTapH)'C
O6lQeCTBo HOTajJl1)'COJl <<CKpHBeHep» 11oHlIOHa
rnaBatIJaK)'JlbTeTa
He;J.aBIJHH,1'io.nce nU1llHHH. nocnc.:u-urn
npaBHJla H HOpNIDlIBb!; npoueccya.J1bHble HOpMbI
HnOJ1o>JreHIDI
061l1CCTDO, o6t.c$Inuule., opraHl-f3atJ.Hj[ HOrapll)'COO
f1
. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESfIONS:
I. In what way I:ould one become a notary in England?
2. What kmd ofnotanes are there in England and Wales?
3. What are the powers of English notaries?
4. In what way would you characterize each dass of English notaries?
5. What do you think about the number of not.u"ie<: in England and
Wales?
Task 12. Match the English phrases with their Russian equivalents
(I) passage
(2) appointment
(3) nottobel:on-
fusedwitlJ
(4) commissioner
foroatlJs
(5) ecclesiastical
notary
---------------------
(a) npOBel!eHHe, ymeJ»KJ\eHHe (3<l.KOHa), IIC1)'nJleHlle
JaKOHaBI:H.II)'
(b) Ha3Ha'leHHe (Ha JI()JJ)KHOCTb, Mecro)
(I:) 1Jro6bl He ll)'TaTb I: KleM-JlH60'Ke"'-JlH60
(d) ynoJlHOMOLJeHHb]M.l:neJllIB/JhHbIMynorrH-
HblH, KOMHCCap no IlpIIB<:neHHIO K npHC.IIre
(e) uepKOBHb!HHUIapJI)'C
(f) npaBHJla Ii HopMaTHBbl; npOl-lcccyanbHble HOPMb!
I1nOJlOJKeHH.II
3S0

(6) regulation
(7) quaJified
(8) pr!l(:titioner
(9) matterofJu-
dicialimpor-
taoce
(gf 3HaIOWI-lfi: KOMneTeHTHblfi:, CBe.llYlIJ.I:Ii1; norrY'IHB: -
WHHCOOTBC'fCTB)'lOmylOKBaJlHl)JJlll3Qll1O
(h) npaKTHK, npo4)eCC110HaJI (B 'l.aI:THOCTI-I npaKTH-
K)'IOWI-lfi:Bpa<J/JOpHCT)
(i) Bonpoc.]],eJIO l:yp:eoHow!3aKoHHoH BIDKHOCTI-I;
npHH.UIJIC'JK3llIH W 3IIKOIIY
(j) I:HHMan nOKa1aHWI
(IO)totakean
affidavit
UJ To,k 13. Tmn,lo" the follow;ng te" ",,0 Engl;,ho
(I) npl-lH.IITHe 3aKOHa 1533 ro.na B AHDTHI-I JlBHJlOCb npJlMbIM I:JlelIcr-
BHeM Peq.opMaUHIJ.
(2) Bce Ha'jHa<JeHIJJI Ha J[.OJI)KHOCTh HOTIIpH)'C!I ocYll\eCTBJIJIJIIJCb (;)'-
.DOM ap,menl1CKOna KeHTep6epHfi:cKOro.
(3) CY.D apxHenHclwna Ketrrep6epIitcKoro HfIXQUIITCH B Henocpel!CT-
BeHHOM nOlI'l.HHeHI-IH BellOMCTBy ap:weI!HcKona Ketrrep6epDicJlOro.
(4) B AHDTHH 1-1 Y:Mbce I:YWecTBYIOT HeCKOJlbKO KJlOCCOB HOTapHY-
I:OB.
(5) O.DI-IH KJlacc - aHDTHfi:cKHe HurapJl)l:bI. KUrOpbIl' HMelOT re >Ke
nOJlHOMO'-JH!!, <JTO H JJ.PyrHe --eHOHaJlbl npaBa.
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3S1

Task 14. Con you compare the informollon about notaries given in
Texts 1, 2 and 3 and trace as many differences between them as
possible?
Task 15. Draw a table to sort out the Inlorrmtion about the three
notary syslems to identify elements in common between the tJ-r-ee, the
two, as well as major discrepancies.

 Make a s10ry to analyze the character of the three no-
tary sysfems. Compare them with the information you have about the
Russian one.
 Task 16. Read more about nolories In the Uniled King-
dom.
SCOTLAND
Notaries public have existed in &rtJand sim:e the 13'" I:entury and devel-
oped as a distinct element of the Scottish legal profession. Those who wish
to practice as notary must petition the Court of Session. This petition is
usually presented at the same tIme as a petition to practke as a solicitor. but
I:Bn sometimes be earlier or later.
Whilst notaries in Scotland are always solkitors, the profession re-
mains separate in that there are additiona1 ru1es and regulations governIng
notaries and it IS possIble to be a solkitor. but not a notary. They are also
separate from notaries in other jurisdictions ofthe United Kingdom.
The profession IS administered by the Coundl of the Law Society of
Scotland under the Law Refonu (MIScellaneous Provisions) (Scotland) Act
1990.
Notes;
dlSlinct
petltlon
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COBt:To5L11('Taa paOo-rHHKOB npaaa
theCourtof
the Council of the
Lav.-Society
3S2

L? ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS,
I. Since what time have notaries publj(; existed in Scotland?
2. What kind of practitioners I:an petition the Court ofSe<;sion?
3. In what way does the notarial professIOn remain separate from
other legal professLons?
4. What entity is the notarial profession administered by?
5. In what way are Scottish notaries connected with notaries in other
jurisdil:tions in the United Kmgdcm?
Task 17. Complete the following phrases.
(I) _have existed in Scotland since the 13 111 century.
(2) Notaries public developed as_ of the Scottish legal pro-
fession.
(3) Those who wIsh to prnctll:e as notary the Court ofSes-
sion.
(4) This pet1lJon IS usuaUy presented at the same time as a pet1lJon to
(5) Notaries in Scotland arealways_.
(6) arldltlonal rules and regulations governmg notaries
(7) They are also _ from notaries in other jurisdil:tions of
the United Kingdom.
(8) The profession is _ by the Council of the Law Society of
Scotland
Task 1 B. Read Texts 3 and 4 again to trace the variations of the no-
tary practices in England, Wales and Scotland. WHch of the systems
IS mare complicated ar training intensive?
"-"'1. Task 19. Read the text aboul the notaries in the U.s. and
....., do the tasks following it.
UNITED STATES
In the United States a notary public is a person appomted by a state gov-
emment (often the govemor or the secretary of state of the state, or in sonte
3S3

I:ases the state legislature) to serve the publil: as an impartial witness. Since
the notary IS a state offker. whether the jurisdktion is I:orrunon law or dvil
law is detenmned on a state-by-state basis; Louisiana IS the only I:JV]llaw
state. In most states, only qualified persons I:an apply for such an appoint-
ment, I:alled a I:orrunisslon. Qualifkations vary from state to state, but
states often bar people with I:ertain types of criminal convil:tions and/or
below a certain age from being appointed, and applil:ants usually must pass
an examination I:m.ering notary practil:es and law. The material for such
exams is typicaUy I:ontained in a booklet published by the state. Some
states also require a bond or insurance.
Notaries in the United States are much less closely regulated than nota-
ries in I:ivillaw jurisdictions or in most other common law countries, typi-
I:ally because U.S. notanes have less autllOnty. In the United States, a non-
attorney notary may not offer legal aOvice or prepare docwnents (with the
e-<ttption of U\uisiana) and I:annot recommencl how a person should sign a
document or even what type of notarization is necessary. In many I:ases, a
notary I:almot authenticate a I:opy ofa document. The most C(IIIlJI1(I[I notar-
ial acts in the United States are the taking of acknowledgements ancl oaths.
 Task 20. Read the supplementary texts given below and
answer the queslions that follow them.
INTERESTING FAGS FROM THE HISTORY OF NOTARIES PUBLIC
Notaries Public (also l:aUed «(!Jotaries», «(!Jotarial offK:ersn, or (\public
notaries») hold an offke which I:an trace its ongms bock to ancient Rome,
when they were I:alled «scirbae», (<tabellius» or (<I)()tariUSJ>. They are the
oldest contiwing branch of the legal profession worldwide.
Chapter I of the «Brooke's Notary» 12' edition sets out details of the
history of NOOIries.. The oftice of a public notary is said to be a public of-
fICe. The oftil:e had its origin in the dvil institutions of ancient Rome. Pub-
lic officials, I:alled «scribae», that is to say, scribes, rose in rank from bemg
mere I:oprers and transcnbers to a learned profession promlnent in private
and public affairs. Some were penuanent officials attached to the Senate
and I:Ourts of law whose duties were to recode public proceedings, tran-
scribe state papers. supply magistrates with legal fonns, and register the
decrees andjudgments of magistrates.
In the last century of the Republic, prohably in the tune of Cicero, a
new fonn ofshorthancl was invented and I:ertain arbitrary marks ancl signs,
I:alled (<notae» were substituted for words in I:Olmnon use. A WIlter. who
adopted the new method was I:alled a notarius. OriginaUy, a notary was one
3S4

who took clown statements in shorthand and wrote them out in the fonn of
memoranda or minutes. Later the title .<notarius» was applied almost exdu-
sively to registrars attached to high government officials, includmg provin-
I:ial governors and sec to the Emperor.
Notwithstanding the I:ollapse of the Western Empire in the  I:entury
AD, the notary remained a figure of some importance in many parts 0 I:on-
tinental Europe throughout the Dark Ages. When the I:jyillaw experienced
its renaissarn:e In medieval Italy from the 12 th I:entury onwards, the notary
was established as a I:entral institution of that law. a posItIon which stili
obtains in I:ountries whose legal systems are derived from the dvillaw.
The separate development of the common law in England, free from
most of the influences of Roman law. meant that notaries were not mtro-
duced into England until later in the 13 111 and 14 111 centuries. At fn"St, nota-
ries in England were appointed b} the Papal Legate. In 1279 the
Archbishop or Canterbury was authorized by the Pope to appoint notaries.
Not surprisingly, in those early days, many of the nOiaries were members
of the dergy. In the I:ourse oftlme, members of the dergy ceased to take part
in secular business and laymen. especiaUy in towns and tradIng I:entres, be-
gan to a<;<;(lIuethe oftkial character and functicos ofa modem notary
The Reformation produced no material I:hange in the position and fimc-
tions of notaries in England. However. in 1533 the enactment of «tlle Act
Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensatioll») (The EcclesiastIcal LIcenses
ht, 1533) tenninated the power of the Pope to appoint notaries and vested
that power in the King, who then devolved it to the Archbishop of Canter-
bury who III turn devolved II to the Master ofthe Faculties. TraditionaUy.
notaries recorded matters of judidal importance as well as private transac-
tions or events where an officially authenticated record or a document
drawn up with professional skill or knowledge was required.
?
. ANSWER THE FOllOWING QUESTIONS TO MAKE SURE
YOU FULLY UNDERSTAND THE TEXT:
I. What are the names used to l:aU a notary public')
2. What is the origin of those words'?
3. Where did the offll:e ofa publll: notary have its origm?
3S5

4. In whatl:ontext is Ckero mentioned in the text?
5. What kind of public offidal was l:aUed a@otarius»originally'?
6. When was the notary establIShed as a l:entraJ institution of the law?
7. At what penod oftlme were nomnes introduced into England?
8. Who were the fJl"st notaries in England and why?
9. In what way are notaries appointed in England?
10. What are the traditional fimctions of notaries in England?
\.6.
Task 21. Read some more interesting information about
nolones. You can learn more about them on the E-net
and olher sources
FAMOUS NOTARIES
In addition to many well-known notanes publk from the world of the law,
there are several well-kno",," notaries from other arenas of al:hievement.
Klaus Hetges(;heimer of Massapequa, NY has the dIstInction ofbel:omLng
the first notary to be Ikensed Ill. aU fJfiy states (a feat since duplkated sev-
eral times by others), as wen as numerous territories and trust possessions.
Rkhard Nixon confidante Robert Abplanalp was a notary for many years,
as were Faun Hall, astronaut Knsta MI:Aullffe, and fonner major league
baseball pitcher Joe Moeller.
From the world of entertainment, actor Stanley Tucci, actress Mindy
Cohn, television host David Horowitz, and radIO producer Gary Dell»abate
all hold or have held notary I:ertitkates. At 2007's Amerkan Association of
Notaries Publk convention in Laughlin, NY, the surviving members of
Moby Grape were p with Lifetime Adue\'ement Awards, in recog-
nition of their lifelong efforts to promote the image of notaries public.
Upon the death of President Warren G. Harding in 1923, Calvin Coo-
lidge was sworn in as Presidenl: by his father, a Vennont notary public. As
there was some I:ontroversy as to whether a state notary public had the au-
thority to administer the presidential oath ofoffke, however, Coolidge took
the oath again upon returning to the I:apltal
3S6

\
.J-...H. CREAllVE AOIVITIES
Look through the texts and I:ompile a I:hronologll:al regIstry of the
history of notary publk in England and the USA.
Make a short story describing the origins of notaries public in Eng-
land and the USA
Make a table to I:ompare similar and different offices of notaries
public in England and the USA.
What do you know about notary pubhc in Russia? Write a com-
parative story based on the material of the unit for a newc:paper. as
a lawyer would expJain the issue.
Write a brief surrunary of the infonnatjon on notary public pre-
sented in the unit you have just studied.
3S7

REFERENCES
1)U7\V-8!JDTI:IIICIrnfi: JOPl-I.IlWIecKldi I:JlOBapb / COCT. 11.11. EOpHCeHKO,
B.B. CaeHKO. KHeB: IOpHHKOM HHTep, 1999.6081:.
5D.1bUlOli 4mmIHI:OBo-JKOHoMw.jeCKHH I:JlOBapb / COCT. A.f. nHBOBap;
nOlI pel!. B.l1. OCHnoBa. M.: 3KJaMeH. 2000. 064 1:.
5U7bUlOU aHrno-pyccKHll lOpIU\h'Jeaat CJIOBapb / COCT.
A.f. nI-1BOBap. M.: 3K3aMeH,2003. 864 c.
AH.?'iO-pya:K" nOJlHblH IOpI-l,l1H'IecKHH CJIOBapb I COCT.
A.c. MaMyNIH, C.IO. KaIllKIiH. M.: 3KCMO, 2006. 8ODc.
0xjiJrd Advanced Leamer's Dktionary of Current English Ed. by
A.S. Hamby. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. 1041 p.
The Oxford Russian Dktionary / English-Russian Ed. by P. Falla; Ru
smn-English Ed. b) M. Wheeler. B. UnbegaWl. Revised and updated
throughout by Colin Howlett. Oxford, N.Y.: Oxford University Press,
1995.1340p.
Riley, David. Check Your Vocabulary for Law. A wor\dx:rl.; for users.
Peter Collin Publishing Ltd., UK, 1996.
http.llen. wikipediaorg
http ru. wikipediaorg
http://dk.lK:ademic.ru!dk.nsf/ruwiki/488241 http://www. krugos-
vet.rulenc/gwrumitarnye_ nauki/SQ(;lokJgiya!PRESTUPNOST.html
hnp:/!v.v.v..xres.ruA.iewpage.php? page id=36 hnp:1Iwww.lawto-
day.rulrazrleVbiblolkrinma1ogiya/OI2 php -
3sa

Contents
Introduction
Chapter I. WHAT IS LAW? 6
Unit I. LAW AND SOCIETY 7
Unit 2. VIOLENCE 34
Unit 3. HUMAN RIGI-ITS 64
Unit4. CRIME DETECTION 89
Unit 5. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 128
Chapter II. LAW WORLDWIDE: 144
Unit I CENTRALFEATURFSOFTHFBRITISH
LAW SYSTEM 145
Unit 2. U.S. COURTS 186
Unit 3. THE JURY 209
Unit4. FAMILY LAW 221
Unit 5. POLICE AND THI:, PUBLIC 255
Appendix I. CASE STUDY 280
Appendix 2. SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS 317
3S9

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