THE HANDBOOK OF
JAPANESE
ADJECTIVES
AND
ADVERBS
Taeko Kamiya
KODANSHA INTERNATIONAL
Tokyo • New York • London
Distributed in the United States by Kodansha America, Inc., and
in the United Kingdom and continental Europe by Kodansha
Europe Ltd.
Published by Kodansha International Ltd., 17-14 Otowa 1-chome,
Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8652, and Kodansha America, Inc.
Copyright © 2002 by Taeko Kamiya.
All rights reserved. Printed in Japan.
ISBN-13:978-4-7700-2879-2
ISBN-10:4-7700-2879-2
First edition, 2002
12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4
www.kodansha-intl.com
CONTENTS
Preface 9
ADJECTIVES 11
Introduction 11
Types of Adjectives 11
Noun Modifiers 11
Adjectival Predicates 12
Auxiliary Adjectives 14
Tenses of Adjectives	15
Levels of Speech 16
More Modifiers 16
PART I—CONJUGATION
20
1.	J-adjectives 20
2.	Nn-adjectives 27
3.	Auxiliary Adjectives 30
5
part II—USAGE OF ADJECTIVES 35
1.	Noun Modifiers 35
2.	Adjectival Predicates 38
3.	Expressions Following Adjectival Predicates 45
4,	Auxiliary Adjectives 71
5.	The Conjunctive and Те Forms 86
6.	The Adverbial Form 97
7.	The Conditional and Tara Forms J 02
8.	The Tari Form 108
9.	Noun Forms 111
10.	Polite Forms 115
ADVERBS	121
Introduction 121
Kinds of Adverbs 121
Word Modifiers 122
Onomatopoeic Words 123
Special Expressions 124
Adverbs Used as Verbs 125
Adverbial Position 125
Other Words Used as Adverbs 126
USAGE OF ADVERBS 128
1.	Adverbs Expressing Time 128
2.	Adverbs Expressing Quantity 156
3.	Adverbs Expressing Degree 173
4.	Adverbs Expressing Circumstance 185
6
5.	Onomatopoeic Words 214
6.	Adverbs Used with Negatives 258
7.	Adverbs with Different Meanings in Positive and Negative Expres-
sions 267
8.	Interrogative Adverbs and Adverbs Used with Conditionals 274
9.	Adverbs Expressing Desire, Conjecture or Resemblance 280
APPENDIXES 289
Adjectives
Answers to Practices
Part I 289
Part II 291
Sentence Patterns 294
Basic Japanese Adjectives
1. f-adjectives 296
2. Nfl-adjectives 299
English-Japanese Adjective List 303
Adverbs
Answers to Practices 310
List of Adverbs 312
Common Japanese Adverbs 318
English-Japanese Adverb List 322
7

PREFACE
The Japanese language is said to be rich in modifiers—adjectives
and adverbs. If you pick up a book or magazine and read a page
or two, you will see how adjectives go with nouns, and adverbs with
verbs, to convey accurate, vivid descriptions. In fact, these modifiers
add indispensable nuance and flavor to the language.
The purpose of this book is to help students obtain a basic knowl-
edge of Japanese adjectives and adverbs so that they may use them
effectively in sentences.
Adjectives are presented in two parts. Part I deals with the conju-
gations of the two types of adjectives—i-adjectives and na-adjectives
—and of some of the basic auxiliary adjectives. A conjugation practice
follows the description of each adjective or group of adjectives. Part
II deals with the usage of various adjectival forms. Each usage is illus-
trated with example sentences, and practices are provided every few
lessons to allow you to test your understanding. Adverbs are presented
by grouping them according to what they express—time, quantity,
degree, circumstance and so forth. Each adverb is illustrated with
examples sentences, and practices are provided every few lessons.
It is my wish that this book will prove useful, that you will come
to better understand the meanings of Japanese adjectives and adverbs
and be able to express yourself in “true Japanese.”
I thank my editors, Shigeyoshi Suzuki and Michael Staley at Kodan-
sha International, for making the publication of this book possible.
9

INTRODUCTION
This section deals with some of the main features of Japanese
adjectives as well as their similarities to and differences from
English adjectives. You are advised to read it carefully before moving
on to the main text.
TYPES OF ADJECTIVES
Japanese adjectives may be divided into two types: (a) z-adjectives,
which end with i, and (b) na-adjectives, which end with na. /-adjec-
tives are Japanese in origin while ««-adjectives are mostly Chinese-
origin words.
atarashii Ж Lit new
isogashii ItLU busy
omoshiroi НОЙИ interesting
shizukana пИ'Й quiet
sukina	favorite
benrina	convenient
NOUN MODIFIERS
When used as noun modifiers, Japanese adjectives, like their English
counterparts, precede the nouns they modify. Foreign words used as
adjectives in Japanese become ««-adjectives.
(a)	okii ie
a big house
kuroi kuruma
ЖИЖ
a black car
11
(b)	kireina hana
a pretty flower
modanna biru
=Е^'Уй:ел/
a modern building
genkina hito
7ЁЖ&Л
a healthy person
yunikuna aidia
f
a unique idea
ADJECTIVAL PREDICATES
/-adjectives, when used as predicates, behave like verbs. For example,
when okii jz § I1 (big) or kuroi Ж V' (black) is used as a predicate, it
means “is big” or “is black,” not just “big” or “black.”
Tanaka-san no ie wa okii.
Mr. Tanaka’s house is big.
Watashi no kuruma wa kuroi.
My car is black.
№i-adjectives, when used as predicates, behave like nouns. That is,
the stem form (the form without nd) must be followed by the copula
(be-verb) da, as must an ordinary noun. For this reason, fin-adjec-
tives are sometimes called “nominal (nounlike) adjectives” or
“adjectival nouns.”
12
Kono hana wa kirei da.
This flower is pretty.
Yamada-san wa genki da.
Ill Ш $ АЛ±тсЖ7ио
Miss Yamada is healthy.
Some ня-adjectives can be used as nouns when functioning as the sub-
ject or object of a sentence.
anzenna asobiba -* Kodomo ni totte anzen ga taisetsu da.
a safe playground Safety is important for children.
zeitakuna kurashi -* Sonna zeitaku wa dekinai.
tfLVc<»l^L
luxurious living	I can’t afford such a luxury.
Exceptions: The i-adjectives okii Jz В V' (big), chiisai <b § (small)
and okashii	L V' (funny) may be used as na-adjectives when mod-
ifying certain nouns such as those given in the examples below.

okina koen
chiisana ike
okashina hanashi
a big park
a small pond
a funny story
13
AUXILIARY ADJECTIVES
Auxiliary adjectives are adjectives that are attached to other adjec-
tives or verbs. Some are /-adjectives (Examples 1, 2, 3,4), while others
are //д-adjectives (Examples 5, 6).
1.	Ano resutoran wa takai rashii.
That restaurant seems to be expensive.
2.	Kono mondai wa judai kamoshirenai.
г	Ф/ЛЛ'Ь ьплйл
This problem might be serious.
3.	Fuji-san ni noboritai.
I want to climb Mt. Fuji.
4.	Kono kigu wa tsukaiyasui.
This utensil is easy to use.
5.	Kono pai wa oishiso da.
This pie looks delicious.
6.	Sumisu-san wa sumo ga sukina yo da.
Mr. Smith appears to like sumo.
14
Iii addition to auxiliary adjectives, there are also auxiliary verbs. These,
loo, can attach to adjectives.
(a)	Kono heya wa semasugiru.
гожими.
This room is too small.
(b)	Kare wa majime sugiru.
ms
He is too serious.
TENSES OF ADJECTIVES____________________________________
Japanese adjectives conjugate and have two tenses: present and past.
The same adjectival form is used to express both present and future
tenses.
(a)	Shiken wa yasashii.
aS® ULV
The exam is/will be easy.
Shiken wa yasashikatta.
The exam was easy.
(b)	Tetsuzuki wa kantan da.
The procedure is/will be simple.
Tetsuzuki wa kantan datta.
{±ЙЖГсэГсо
The procedure was simple.
15
LEVELS OF SPEECH
Japanese adjectives have plain, polite and superpolite forms or levels
of speech. The plain form is used among family and friends, as well as
in publications. The polite form is used among adults who are not close
friends. The super-polite form is seldom used by younger speakers
except in such greetings as o-hayd gozaimasu Й fi T ?	"T
(Good morning) or o-medetd gozaimasu t 9	(Con-
gratulations).
	(a) “It is interesting.”	(b) “It is simple.”
PLAIN	Omoshiroi.	Kantan da.
		
POLITE	Omoshiroi desu.	Kantan desu.
		
SUPERPOLITE
Omoshiro gozaimasu.
Kantan de gozaimasu.
MORE MODIFIERS____________________________________________
Japanese has various other kinds of modifiers besides the i- and na-
adjectives explained above.
1.	Demonstratives
There are two sets of demonstratives (“this,” “that,” etc.) that are
used like adjectives before nouns.
16
kono this ~	sono that ~	ano that ~ over there	dono f© which ~ ?
konna г/Л this kind of ~	sonna that kind of ~	anna that kind of ~	donna what kind of ~ ?
When items are in sight, kono and konna indicate items near the
speaker, e.g., kono zasshi (D ЙКо (this magazine); sono and sonna
indicate items near the listener, e.g., sonna tokei	(that kind
of watch); ano and anna indicate items away from but seen by both,
e.g., ano tatemono (that building over there). Dono and donna
are used in interrogative sentences, e.g., Sore wa donna tokoro desuka
? (What kind of place is it?). When items are
not in sight, sono and sonna refer to items known by the speaker or pre-
viously referred to in the course of conversation, e.g., sono hito
(that person (I met/just mentioned)). Ano and anna refer to items
known by both the speaker and the listener, e.g., anna kuruma %dKiT&
Ж (that kind of car (we saw)).
2.	Special Adjectives
Some adjectives do not conjugate and are only used as noun modifiers.
aru hi
tonda sainan
taishita gakusha
sugureta hon
arayuru shudan
naki chichi
353 H
35 51ФЗЖТзс
CS5C
a certain day
a terrible misfortune
a great scholar
an excellent book
every possible means
my late father
3.	Noun + no + Noun
A noun followed by the particle no forms a phrase that modifies the
noun that follows it. The use of no also applies to pronouns: Watashi
17
no feO (my), anata no htctzd (your), kare no (his), kanojo
no О (her), karera noffit>(7) (their). However, pronoun forms
are often avoided in Japanese unless there is a special need for them.
Nihongo no hon
gakko no sensei ^150 4-1
watashi no namae
a book on/in Japanese
a school teacher
my name
This no can also be added to a noun phrase that already has a particle
attached.
tomodachi kara no tegami
a letter from my friend
Shikago de no shigoto
a job in Chicago
4.	Relative Clauses
Relative clauses (noun-modifying clauses) precede the nouns they
modify. In Japanese, there are no relative pronouns equivalent to the
English words “which,” “that” or “who.” Japanese adjectives may
appear in any tense in the predicate of a relative clause, as may Japa-
nese verbs.
Samukunai hi wa niwa de hatarakimasu.
On the days that are not cold, I work in the yard.
18
Tanoshikatta natsuyasumi ga owatta.
The summer vacation that was enjoyable ended.
Genki datta koinu да куй ni shinda.
тёЖГсэ	/’о
The puppy that had been healthy died suddenly.
19
CONJUGATION
As we have seen earlier, there are two types of Japanese adjectives—
i-adjectives and zza-adjectives—as well as a variety of auxiliary adjec-
tives. They all conjugate. The following charts show how.
О
/-adjectives
I-adjectives are similar to verbs and conjugate like verbs,
samui Ж1Л “cold”
FORMS	CONJUGATION	
Stem	Samu- il-	
Prenominal	samui ЖИ	cold ~
Present	samui	is cold
Negative	samukunai 'A<W	is not cold
Past	samukatta	was cold
Negative Past	samukunakatta ЙК&Й'э/с	was not cold
Conjunctive/Те	samuku/samukute	cold and —
Adverbial	samuku *<	(become) cold
Conditional	samukereba W1TI3:	if... is cold
Tara (Conditional)	samukattara АЙ'эГсб	if... is cold
20
lari	samukatta ri Жй'эГсО	sometimes ... is cold and sometimes —
Noun	samusa Ж2	coldness
Examples of each form:
Prenominal form	samui fuyu a cold winter
Present form	Shikago no fuyu wa samui Chicago winters are cold.
Negative form	Куб wa samukunai. Today is not cold.
Past form	Kind wa samukatta. Yesterday was cold.
Negative Past form	Kyonen no fuyu wa samukunakatta. ^0^{±В<ДЙ'оГсо Winter last year was not cold.
Conjunctive/Те form	Soto wa samuku uchi wa atatakai. ЭДЖ, l*l(±Bg7i'Vv It’s cold outside and warm inside.
21
	Heya да samukute benkyo dekinai. The room is cold and I can’t study.
Adverbial form	Kino kara куй ni samuku natta. It suddenly became cold as of yesterday.
Conditional form	Samukereba hTta о tsukete kudasai. If it’s cold, please turn on the heater.
Tara form	Samukattara dekakemasen. If it’s cold, I won’t go out.
Tari form	Saikin, samukattari atsukattari suru. Жй, ЖЛ'эГсОВй'эГсО-Г-Ьо These days, it’s sometimes cold and sometimes hot.
Noun form	Hidoi samusa о kanjiru. I feel a bitter cold.
The adjective й is an irregular one. It is usually only used in the prenom-
inal and present forms. In all other conjugation forms, yoi is used.
22
ii/yoi V'LVW “good”
FORMS	CONJUGATION	
Stem	i-/yo- V'-/X-	
Prenominal	ii/yoi V'LVhll	good ~
Present	ii/yoi V'LVTIA	is good
Negative	yokunai	is not good
Past	yokatta ТЙ'э/t	was good
Negative Past	yokunakatta Т<ЙЙ'эЙс	was not good
Conjunctive/Те	yoku/yokute	good and ~
Adverbial	yoku X<	well
Conditional	yokereba wnii	if... is good
Tara (Conditional)	yokattara Тй'э/Еб	if... is good
Tari	yokatta ri Тй'о/сО	sometimes ... is good and sometimes —
Noun	yosa £2	goodness
Examples of each form:
Prenominal form
Present form
ii/yoi tenki
good weather
Koko wa itsumo tenki да ii/yoi.
The weather here is always good.
23
Negative form	Kyo wa tenki да yokunai. "t" El	££1Ло The weather is not good today.
Past form	Kino wa tenki да yokatta. The weather was good yesterday.
Negative Past form	Bosuton no tenki wa yokunakatta. Ь yoX&lidXWofco The weather in Boston was not good.
Conjunctive/ Те form	Tenki да yoku pikunikku wa tanoshikatta. - 7 ?	z_-o The weather was good and the picnic was enjoy- able. Keshiki да yokute takusan shashin о totta. The scenery was good and I took a lot of pictures.
Adverbial form	Gogo wa tenki да yoku natta. The weather became better in the afternoon.
Conditional form	Tenki да yokereba gorufu о shimasu. rf th 7 & L11о If the weather is good, I will play golf.
24
Tara form	Ashita kibun да yokattara shigoto ni iki- masu. ito If I feel better tomorrow, I’ll go to work.
Tari form	Ano resutoran no sabisu wa yokattari warukattari suru. й'эГсОТ&о The service at that restaurant is sometimes good and sometimes bad.
Noun form	Watashi wa kono e no yosa да wakaranai. &{± -	Wtf' G I cannot appreciate what is good about this picture.
PRACTICE 1
A. Give the negative form of the following words.
1. atsui Ц-И hot 2. mushiatsui Ж humid
3. atatakai HIM' warm 4. suzushii ifit Lv> cool
B. Give the past and negative past forms of the following words.
1. nagai	long	2. mijikai	short
3. 6i many/much 4. sukunai few/little
25
C. (Jive the te form of the following words.
I. hayai И early 2. hayai speedy 3. osoi iEV' late/slow
4. takai	high/expensive 5. yasui '4c И inexpensive
6. hikui	low
D.	Give the adverbial form of the following words.
1.	yoi <£ V4 good 2. warui bad 3. isogashii 'It'Ll' busy
4.	yakamashii Li' noisy
E.	Give the conditional forms (ba/tara) of the following words.
1.	muzukashii K L V' difficult 2. yasashii L V> easy
3.	omoshiroi ffiЙl' interesting 4. tsumaranai o t G & V' boring
F.	Give the tari form of the following words.
1.	atarashii L V' new/fresh 2. furui ’S’l’1 old
3.	omoi fil' heavy 4. karui Bl' light
G.	Give the noun form of the following words.
l.tGiitV'far 2. chikai near
3. wakai V> young 4. tanoshii 'M1-' enjoyable
26
No-adjectives are similar to nouns in that they conjugate with the
copula da.
shizukana нН'Й “quiet”
FORMS	CONJUGATION	
Stem	shizuka	
Prenominal	shizukana	quiet ~
Present	shizukada HWc	is quiet
Negative	shizukade (wa) nai (Й) Sit	is not quiet
Past	shizukadatta йй'/сэ/с	was quiet
Negative Past	shizukade (wa) nakatta	was not quiet
Те	shizukade	quiet and —-
Adverbial	shizukani	(become) quiet
Conditional	shizukanara (ba) (Й)	if... is quiet
Tara (Conditional)	shizukadattara	if... is quiet
Tari	shizukadattari ЙН'/сэГсО	sometimes ... is quiet and sometimes ~
Noun	shizukasa	quietness
Examples of each form:
Prenominal form
shizukana hoteru
a quiet hotel
27
Present form	Kono hoteru wa shizuka da. This hotel is quiet.
Negative form	Ano resutoran wa shizuka dewa nai. ь у That restaurant is not quiet.
Past form	Toshokan wa shizuka datta. The library was quiet.
Negative Past form	Hito да ozei ite, koen wa shizuka dewa na- katta. There were many people, so the park wasn’t quiet.
Те form	Koko wa shizuka de yoku benkyo dekiru. This place is quiet and I can study well here.
Adverbial form	Nikai no heya да shizuka ni natta. The room upstairs became quiet.
Conditional form	Nami да shizuka nara oyogimasu. If the waves are quiet, I’ll swim.
28
Tara form	Shizuka dattara yoku nemurareru. If it’s quiet, I can sleep well.
Tari form	Kono resutoran wa shizuka dattari nigi- yaka dattari suru. GOPX b у У(±^'ГсэГсО1С^Й'Гсэ fcDT&o This restaurant is sometimes quiet and some- times lively.
Noun form	Tori no nakigoe ga mori no shizukasa о yabutta. ДОЧ1 £ Яй^ООЛ'г^Жо Zco The bird’s cry broke the calm of the wood.
PRACTICE 2
A.	Give the negative form of the following words.
1.	kantanna ЖЖ& simple 2. fukuzatsuna W4 complicated
B.	Give the past and negative past forms of the following words.
1.	jozuna skillful 2. hetana unskillful
3.	benrina {SflJ& convenient 4. fubenna inconvenient
C.	Give the te form of the following words.
1.	anzenna safe 2. kikenna fel'ife?£ dangerous
3.	hitsuyona necessary
29
D.	Give the adverbial form of the following words.
1.	himana & free (not busy) 2. taihenna difficult
3. mendona ШИИ & troublesome
E. Give the conditional forms (nara(ba)/ tard) of the following words.
1. sukina & ё %: favorite 2. kiraina hateful
3. judaina important
F. Give the tari form of the following words.
1. shiawasena happy 2. fukona unhappy
3. kenkona	healthy
G. Give the noun form of the following words.
1. rippana	excellent 2. seikakuna accurate
Auxiliary Adjectives
Auxiliary adjectives attach to other adjectives or verbs. Some are i-
adjectives, e.g., tai ZzV' (want to), rashii G (seem), yasui
(easy to), while others are no-adjectives, e.g., yd da T ? tt (seem) and
so da -? 7 Zf (look, appear to). They conjugate in the same way as
other i- or no-adjectives. The following charts show the conjugations
of tai and so da as examples of each category.
Tai fcU
Tai is attached to the stem of the masu form of a verb to express a
first-person (I, we) desire to do something.
30
iku fr< go
FORMS	CONJUGATION	
Present	(iki)tai	want to (go)
Negative	(iki)takunai (fr£)	do not want to (go)
Past	(iki)takatta	wanted to (go)
Negative Past	(iki)takunakatta (fr^ )Л<Йй'эГс	did not want to (go)
Conjunctive/ Ге	(i ki )taku/( i ki Itakute (ff£)£</(fi^)£<<	want to (go) and ~
Adverbial	(iki)taku (ff£)£<	(become) eager to (go)
Conditional	(iki)takereba (IT £) МТПЙ"	if... want to (go)
Tara (Conditional)	(iki)takattara )ЛЙ'э/с5	if... want to (go)
Tari	(iki)takattari (fr£)fcft'ofcD	sometimes ... want to (go) and sometimes ~
Noun	(iki)tasa (ff£)£2	desire to (go)
PRACTICE 3
A. Attach the present form of tai to the following words.
1. kaimasu Wv'^Tbuy 2. urimasu T sell
3. mimasu JIST see
B. Attach the negative form of tai to the following words.
1. yamemasu T quit 2. okurimasu T send
3. arukimasu T walk
31
C.	Attach the past and negative past forms of tai to the following words.
1.	naraimasu T learn
2.	ben куб shimasu MSI L S T study
D.	Attach the te form of tai to the following words.
1.	kakimasu Ш S T write 2. yomimasu T T read
E.	Attach the conditional forms (baltara) of tai to the following words.
1.	tabemasu T T eat 2. nomimasu S T drink
3. kimasu come
F.	Attach the noun form of tai to the following words.
1. asobimasu	play 2. aimasu	meet
So da
So da is attached to the stem of an i- or a rm-adjective to express con-
jecture based on what the speaker sees or feels. There is no noun form.
ureshii HLvj glad
FORMS - .	CONJUGATION	
Present	(ureshi) soda	look(s) (glad)
Negative	(ureshi) sode (wa) nai (Й L) ? 7? (IS) ЙХ1	do(es) not look (glad)
Past	(ureshi) sodatta	looked (glad)
Negative Past	(ureshi) sode (wa) nakatta	did not look (glad)
Conjunctive/Te	(ureshi) sode (SL)f^	look(s) (glad) and ~
32
Adverbial	(ureshi) soni (BL)^-dlc	(glad)ly
(Conditional	(ureshi) sonara(ba) ($gL)^?»5(li£)	if... look(s) (glad)
Tara (Conditional)	(ureshi) sodattara (ffiL)-?•?/£ •э/Еб	if... look(s) (glad)
Tari	(ureshi) sodattari	sometimes... look(s) (glad) and sometimes —
genkina healthy
FORMS	CONJUGATION	
Present	(genki) soda (tcM) -?• d fc	look(s) (healthy)
Negative	(genki) sode (wa) nai (тсЖ)^-дТ?(й)й:н	do(es) not look (healthy)
Past	(genki) sodatta	looked (healthy)
Negative Past	(genki) sode (wa) nakatta	did not look (healthy)
Te	(genki) sode ПсЖ)^?Т?	look(s) (healthy) and ~
Adverbial	(genki) soni (teM) ? IC	(vigorous)ly
Conditional	(genki) sonara(ba) (tcM) -e o 5 (1#)	if... look(s) (healthy)
Tara (Conditional)	(genki) sodattara (teM) -?• ? ГсэЬВ	if... look(s) (healthy)
Tari	(genki) sodattari (jcM) -?• 9	sometimes ... look(s) (healthy) and sometimes —
PRACTICE 4
A. Attach the present form of so da to the following words.
1. oishii LV' delicious 2. mazui Sfid unsavory
3. daijina important
33
В.	Attach the negative form of so da to the following words.
1.	amai sweet 2. karai salty/hot
3.	kikenna dangerous
C.	Attach the past and negative past forms of so da to the following
words.
1.	tsuyoi strong 2. benrina Ю0& convenient
3.	hitsuyona 'J&Se# necessary
D.	Attach the te form of so da to the following words.
1.	yawarakai soft 2. mezurashii rare
3.	kokana	expensive
E.	Attach the adverbial form of so da to the following words.
1.	kanashii sad 2. omoshiroi interesting
3.	meiwakuna Ж® A" annoying
F.	Attach the conditional forms (naraltard) of so da to the following
words.
1.	уowa i V' weak 2. h i ro i 1Д V > spacious
3. fukuzatsuna complicated
34
USAGE OF ADJECTIVES
In Part I we saw how Japanese adjectives conjugate and make numer-
ous forms. Part II deals with how each of these forms is used in con-
nection with sentence structures. Let us begin with the simplest case
—adjectives used to modify nouns—and then move on to adjectival
predicates, expressions following adjectival predicates, auxiliary adjec-
tives and so forth on to more complex forms. The boxed sentence pat-
terns listed under each form are numbered and arranged from easiest
to most difficult. Non-conjugating adjectives are not covered here.
O' Noun Modifiers
1.1
Adj + N
(a)
akai hana
(red flower)
(b)
nigiyakana machi
(bustling city)
ЙТ
An i- or a лд-adjective modifies the noun that follows it. Note that two
or more adjectives may be used to modify a single noun (Example 3),
just as in English.
35
Examples:
1.	aoi sora (blue sky), shiroi kumo Й1Ш (white cloud),
kiiroi ribon V ds > (yellow ribbon)
2.	kireina e ЗгПИШж (pretty picture), azayakana iro
(bright color), daijina koto Cl (important matter)
3.	okii shiroi ie Л5Н, Й1ЛЖ (big, white house), kireina, akai
kutsu	(pretty, red shoes), sunaona, kashikoi
kodomo ЖИЭ&> fe'LilLVf-fit (obedient, smart child)
1.2 Adj + no 0
one
(a)	chiisai no
zb$ и О
(b)	jobuna no
О
(small one)
(durable one)
The particle no attached to an i- or a «д-adjective functions as a pro-
noun: it replaces a noun when the noun is understood from context.
Examples:
1. Ano chiisai no о misete kudasai.
Please show me that small one over there.
2. Jobuna no о erabimashita.
Lfco
1 chose а/the durable one.
36
I ,Л motto t э + Adj
(a)	motto tsuyoi
“-er,” “more”
(stronger)
(b)	motto fukuzatsuna
(more complicated)

The word motto placed before an i- or a nn-adjective creates the com-
parative form of that adjective.
Examples:
1. Motto tsuyoi himo о kudasai.
Give me a stronger cord, please.
2. Kore wa (sore yori) motto fukuzatsuna mondai desu.
г П!± (-en<fc <)) to
This is a more complicated problem (than that).
1.4 ichiban —S + Adj
(a)	ichiban wakai
(b)	ichiban taisetsuna
“-est,” “most”
(youngest)
(most important)
37
The word ichiban placed before an i- or a пд-adjective creates the
superlative form of that adjective.
Examples:
1. Kaisha de ichiban wakai hito wa Minami-san desu.
$ A-c-to
The youngest person in the company is Mr. Minami.
2. Kono naka de kore да ichiban taisetsuna jisho desu.
г co Ф -с г ПА—т-t о
Among these, this is the most important dictionary.
Adjectival Predicates
When used as predicates, Japanese adjectives have two tenses: present
and past. The following charts show these tenses and their negative
forms in both the plain and polite styles of speech.
takai iWjV"1 expensive
	AFFIRMATIVE (AFF)	NEGATIVE (NEG)
Present Past	takai |W>V‘ takai desu* is expensive takakatta takakatta desu* ЙЙ'-оАТТ was expensive	takakunai takakunai desu/takaku arimasen* S5 <	< & 0 i-ЙгА is not expensive takaku nakatta i4j ( ‘Cc iv о /z takakunakatta desu/takaku arimasen deshita* RATU was not expensive
*Polite style of speech
38
kireina $ fit'& pretty
	AFFIRMATIVE (AFF)	NEGATIVE (NEG)
Present Past	kirei da kirei desu* is pretty kirei datta kirei deshita* was pretty	kirei de wa/ja** nai kirei de wa/ja** arimasen* W/E^ £4 is not pretty kirei de wa/ja** nakatta kirei de wa/ja** arimasen deshita* Ш' tli/Ef &*) iikAt'EZ: was not pretty
k 1 ’elite style of speech * *Ja is more colloquial than de wa.
1’he following boxed entries (2.1-2.3) represent the three basic con-
structions in which adjectival predicates are used in the present, past
and negative forms.
2.1 N wa/ga IS/t)' + Adj aff
(a) takai/takakatta
i'uj V '/fS) о tz
“noun is adjective”
(is/was expensive)
(b) kirei da/kirei datta
ё v > tz!ё ftV> tztz
(is/was pretty)
The affirmative adjective used as a predicate provides information
about a noun, which may be either the topic or the subject of the sen-
tence. When the noun is the topic, it is marked by the particle wa,
and when it is the subject, it is marked by ga. The topic is often the
same as the subject.
39
Examples:
1.	Hoteru no resutoran wa takai/takai desu.
The restaurants in hotels are expensive.
2.	Umi no iro ga kirei datta/kirei deshita.
The color of the ocean was pretty.
2.2 N wa/ga + Adj neg “noun is not adjective”
(a)	takakunai/takakunakatta
Й<	&ZpoZ:
(b)	kirei dewa nai/kirei dewa nakatta
(is/was not expensive)
(is/was not pretty)
The negative form of an i- or a nn-adjective used as a predicate pro-
vides information about a noun, which may be either the topic or
the subject of the sentence.
Examples:
1.	Konsato no kippu wa takakunakatta/takaku arimasen de-
shita.
The concert ticket was not expensive.
2.	Mada koen no sakura no hana wa kirei dewa nai/kirei dewa
arimasen.
40
1'he cherry blossoms in the park are not pretty yet.
2.3 N1 watt N2 дай5 + Adj
“As for NOUN 1, NOUN 2 is ADJECTIVE”
(a)	nagai/nagakatta	(is/waslong)
/z
(b)	jozu da/jozu datta	(is/was skillful)
7z
I n the wa... ga construction, the topi: marked by wa and the subject
marked by ga appear in one sentence.
Examples:
1.	Watashi no inu wa mimi ga nagai/nagai desu.
My dog has long ears. (lit. As for my dog, his ears are long.)
2.	Haruko-san wa piano да jozu datta/jozu deshita.
Л {i e 7 7	К Z> fc/±¥7r Lfco
Haruko was good at piano, (lit. As for Haruko, piano was her forte.)
3.	Tomu wa sakana да suki dewa nai/suki dewa arimasen.
Tom does not like fish. (lit. As for Tom, fish is not his favorite.)
41
4.	Watashi wa atarashii kuruma ga hoshii/hoshii desu.
(Ж L v LIЫПГГо
I want a new car. (lit. As for me, a new car is desirable.)
5.	Watashi wa kare no shinsetsu ga ureshikatta/ureshikatta
desu.
& (f ® 0 ЙМ Ьй' э Гс/Я Сй'о Гс^о
I was pleased by his kindness, (lit. As for me, his kindness was pleasing.)
PRACTICE 1 (2.2-2.3)
A, Change the following sentences into the negative form.
1.	Koen no ike wa fukai.
The pond in the park is deep.
2.	Kono kaban wa benri desu.
If A If
This bag is convenient.
3.	Watashi-tachi no kyoshitsu wa akarui desu.
Our classroom is bright.
4.	Kono heya wa tenjo ga takai.
X <J) (f	l > o
This room has a high ceiling.
42
II, (ihange the following sentences into the past form.
I,	Ano resutoran wa yumei da.
b 9
That restaurant is famous.
2.	Kare no heya wa semai desu.
11 is room is small.
3,	Depato no ten'in wa shinsetsu desu.
7'*- boOlWPto
The salespeople at the department store are kind.
4.	Jimu wa tenisu ga heta da.
> A !± 9 — X К Ф Л?о
Jim is poor at tennis.
C. Change the following sentences into the negative past form.
1.	Watashi no kaisha wa eki kara tokatta.
My company was far from the train station.
2.	Kino no shiken wa muzukashikatta desu.
ft В	Zc-CTo
Yesterday’s exam was difficult.
3.	Sono machi no chikatesu wa kirei datta.
nv'Zfo tzo
That city’s subway was clean.
43
4.	Buraun-san wa sashimi ga kirai deshita.
7*7'? У £ A/t±£	LZio
Mr. Brown disliked sashimi.
D. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the adjectives given
in parentheses.
1.	Kanji no kuizu wa ta. (yasashii)
tzo $U')
The kanji quiz was easy.
2.	Koko no kiko wa desu. (ondanna)
Z.Z.<D M/K (i(inLHS &)
The climate here is mild.
3.	Kono suji wa desu ka. (tashikana)
г	-c-T^o
Is this number accurate?
4.	Ano mise no keki wa arimasen. (oishii)
The cakes at that store are not good.
5.	Kono shiroi koto wa ta. (yasui)
гойип-Hi Zco (£v>)
This white coat was not cheap.
6.	Gakusei wa ii kyokasho ga da. (hitsuyona)
________Zfo
Students needed good textbooks.
44
7, Watashi wa haha no shi ga ta desu. (kanashii)
1A let KJ:	tz -C-Го (f U>)
I was saddened by my mother’s death.
@ Expressions Following Adjectival Predicates
' (Adj pred)
Adjectival predicates in the present, past or negative forms are com-
bined with other elements such as auxiliaries, particles or phrases to
create various expressions.
3.1 Adj pred + daro /if 5 5 “probably”
(a)	tsumetai/tsumetakatta daro (is/was probably cold)
ir Art Via ZztJ'o tz tzb d
(b)	tekisetsu*/tekisetsu datta daro (is/was probably appropriate)
726 d
*Da tz drops.
Daro, the presumptive form of the copula (be-verb) da, is used as an
auxiliary to indicate the speaker’s conjecture. Desho is the polite form
of daro.
Examples:
1.	Umi no mizu wa tsumetai daro.
ЖОтки^/ЕИА’б d о
The ocean water is probably cold.
45
2.	Shiga Kogen wa suzushikatta desho.
<fc do
The Shiga Highlands were probably cool.
3.	Isha no shochi wa tekisetsu datta desho.
LHo
The doctor’s treatment was probably appropriate.
3.2 Adj pred I ka fc' “...?”
(a) oishii/oishikatta ka
LvVjsi'' Ld'-эЛ: fr
(is/was ... delicious?)
(b) genkaku*/genkaku datta ka
(is/was ... strict?)
*Datt drops.
The particle ka at the end of a sentence turns the sentence into a ques-
tion.
Examples:
1. Furansu ryori wa oishikatta desu ka?
Was the French meal delicious?
2. Kono kawa wa fukakunai desu ka.
Ciojll ligKSMWo
Isn’t this river deep?
46
Anata no gakko no kisoku wa genkaku desu ka.
Jb % tz	1±вй8Т’Т tJ'o
Are the regulations of your school strict?
3.3 Adj pred + ne fa	“...	, isn’t it/he?” “..., is it/he?”
(a) amai/amakatta ne fa	(is/was sweet, isn’t/wasn’t it?)
(b) genki da/genki datta ne	(is/was healthy, isn’t/wasn’t he?)
теЖЛг/теЖЛг-оЛ: fa
The particle ne at the end of a sentence indicates the speaker’s request
for confirmation.
Examples:
1.	Kono orenji wa amai ne.
iOtl/yyWHfao
These oranges are sweet, aren’t they?
2.	Ano resutoran no hanbaga wa oishikunakatta desu ne.
гИ1/Х b 7	(±WL<#fc'-DfcT-tfao
The hamburger at that restaurant wasn’t good, was it?
3.	Akira wa itsumo genki da ne.
ВД fa V > -Э t jttjiz fao
Akira is always in good spirits, isn’t he?
47
3.4 Adj pred + yo <£
“I tell you”
(a)	omoshiroi/omoshirokatta yo
ЙЙ0/ЙЙ)Ь£ X
(is/was interesting, I tell you)
(b)	benri da/benri datta yo
(is/was convenient, I tell you)

The particle yo at the end of a sentence indicates strong conviction
on the part of the speaker.
Examples:
1.	YObe no eiga wa omoshirokatta yo.
i9> 9	X о
Last night’s movie was interesting, I tell you.
2.	Kono dogu wa totemo benri desu yo.
This tool is very convenient, I tell you.
3.	Ano gaka wa yumei ja nakatta desu yo.
£ o ® WWS С &Л'о “СТ X о
That painter wasn’t famous, I tell you.
3.	5 Adj pred + ga Й' “but”
(a) yasui/yasukatta ga
(is/was inexpensive, but...)
48
(Ii) jOzu da/jozu datta ga (is/was good at (something), but...)
I he particle ga is used as a conjunction to combine two sentences that
express contrastive ideas.
I'xamples:
I.	Kono koto wa yasui ga shitsu ga warui.
гоп - i
This coat is inexpensive, but its quality is bad.
2.	Watashi no apato wa hirokunakatta ga kaiteki deshita.
My apartment wasn’t spacious, but it was comfortable.
3.	Ane wa ryori ga jozu desu ga watashi wa heta desu.
My older sister is good at cooking, whereas I am poor at it.
3.6 Adj pred + keredomo	“although”
(a)	muzukashii/muzukashikatta keredomo
fit L V '/It L/5' -o /2 It ft & (although ... is/was difficult)
(b)	hitsuyo da/hitsuyo datta keredomo
о tz it it if i> (although ... is/was necessary)
The particle keredomo is, like ga, used as a conjunction to combine
two sentences that express contrastive ideas.
49
Examples:
1.	Kono shigoto wa muzukashii keredomo omoshiroi desu.
Although this work is difficult, it is interesting.
2.	Atarashii konpyOta ga hitsuyo da keredomo ima wa kaenai.
fr L V' п > eл. - ?	h" i ^1±Ж Л
Although I need a new computer, I can’t buy one now.
3.	Kare wa gorufu ga jozu ja nakatta keredomo suki deshita.
(± rf th 7	C 1& ft э Тс 11H	if & T L tz о
Although he wasn’t good at golf, he liked it.
PRACTICE 2 (3.1-3.6)
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the adjectives given
in parentheses.
1.	Raishu no shiken wa daro. (kantanna)
OOOSI1 tzb^o 0W&)
Next week’s exam will probably be simple.
2.	YObe no opera wa desu ne. (subarashii)
Wao (Т1ХШ')
Last night’s opera was splendid, wasn’t it?
3.	Ano mise no sakana wa itsumo desu ka. (shinsenna)
Are the fish at that store always fresh?
50
1 loshokan wa chikatesu no eki kara nai desu yo. (toi)
мйштть)1h кv'*c-rxо (Mi')
Hie library is not far from the subway station, I tell you.
S Koko wa da ga kaimono ni da. (shizukana)
(fubenna)
С C(±Zc^Wi'WK Zfo (W&)
This place is quiet, but inconvenient for shopping.
ft. Ano resutoran wa keredomo ryori wa nai.
(yumeina) (oishii)
,Mj i/Z ь 7 >i±lifth*&#fl(±&v'o
(23V'Lt')
Although that restaurant is famous, the food isn’t good.
7. Kono kutsu wa keredomo ja nai desho.
(kireina) (jobuna)
г о < -s> (±  it n £4 frt'T L f 0
Although these shoes are pretty, they are probably not durable.
3.7 Adj pred + dake da TcWc “only,” “just,” “that’s all”
(a) okii/okikatta dake da
(is/was only big)
Jz & v'/Л £ т5'о fc ZfltZc
(b) majimena*/majimedatta dake da (is/was only serious)
£ £££*/;£ ШЫ: tztftz
*Da Zf changes to na &.
51
Used after an adjective, the particle dake limits someone or some-
thing to the state expressed by that adjective. The particle bakari may
be used in place of dake (Example 2).
Examples:
1.	Ano suteki wa okikatta dake da.
гЬ О Z 7 - А	Tc7i It Zf о
The steak was big, that’s all.
2.	Kare wa majimena bakari de, shigoto wa dekinai.
He is too conscientious and cannot do (good) work.
3.	Honda-san wa gorufu ga sukina dake da. JOzu ja nai.
ЗД $ ЛIt rf/V 7	ItZfo	U & ио
Mr. Honda just loves golf. It’s not that he’s good at it.
3.8 Adj pred + hazu da l<£ TU/ci “I expect that
(a)	mijikai/mijikakatta hazu da
(I expect that... is/was/will be short)
(b)	seiketsuna*/seiketsu datta hazu da
(I expect that... is/was/will be clean)
*Da changes to na &.
52
I<wd alter an adjective, hazu expresses the speaker’s expectation or
Mid that someone or something is, was or will be in some state.
I hi.:u is a pseudonoun—a noun never used independently.
I hampi.es:
I, Куб no kaigi wa mijikai hazu da.
I expect that today’s meeting will be short.
2, Byoin wa mina seiketsuna hazu desu.
The hospitals are most certainly clean.
J. Tetsuzuki wa kantan datta hazu da.
The procedure was no doubt simple.
3.9 Adj pred + koto да aru <2
“There are/were times when
(a)	furui/furukatta koto да aru
(There are/were times when ... is/was old)
(b)	kikenna*/kiken datta koto да aru
)e>	tz i t ifib &
(There are/were times when ... is/was dangerous)
*Da tz changes to natt.
53
Used after an adjective, the phrase koto ga aru indicates that a state
exists or has existed from time to time.
Examples:
1. Ano mise no pan wa furui koto ga aru.
There are times when the bread at that store is old.
2. Wapuro ga totemo takakatta koto ga arimasu.
*9 St»
There was a time when word processors were very expensive.
3. Tozan wa kikenna koto ga arimasu.
По
Mountain climbing can be dangerous at times.
3.10 Adj pred + no/koto 0/<L
that
(a) ii/yokatta no/koto
V'WXtf'oZ: (V/Z h
(that... is/was good)
(b) shojikina*/shojiki datta no/koto
1Е®&*/1ЕЙЛ:о£ V/Z t
(that... is/was honest)
*Da Zi changes to na Ze.
Both no and koto are nominalizers that turn adjectival clauses into
noun phrases. They are used interchangeably.
54
(.SAMPLES:
I,	Kudamono ga karada ni ii no wa dare demo shitte imasu.
Everybody knows that fruits are good for the body.
2.	Kino no shiai ga yokatta koto о kikimashita ka.
Did you hear that yesterday1 s game was good?
3.	Ano hito ga shojiki datta koto wa tashika desu.
It is certain that he was honest.
3.	11 Adj pred + kashira/kana	“I wonder”
(a)	shitashii/shitashikatta kashira/kana
fibWSLW: й>ье>/й'*
(I wonder if... is/was intimate)
(b)	tekito*/tekito datta kashira/kana
Л: Й' L £>/й'&
(I wonder if... is/was suitable)
*Da ti drops.
The particles kashira and капа are used at the end of a sentence to
express uncertainty. Kashira is mostly used by women and капа prin-
cipally by men. When kashira or капа follows a negative adjective, it
expresses the speaker’s hope that someone or something is not, was
not or will not be in some state (Example 3).
55
Examples:
1.	Masako-san wa Kida-san to shitashikatta kashira.
I wonder if Masako was intimate with Mr. Kida.
2.	Kono purezento wa kanojo ni tekito капа.
I wonder if this present is suitable for her.
3.	Куб no kogi wa nagakunai kashira.
Lbo
I hope today’s lecture won’t be long.
3.12 Adj pred + so da 5 7c
(a) omoi/omokatta so da
Жи/ЖтО'-эЛ: Ш
“I heard that —”
(I heard that... is/was heavy/serious)
(b) kirai da/kirai datta so da
(I heard that... dislikes/disliked)
So da is an auxiliary which expresses hearsay—what the speaker heard
or obtained indirectly.
Examples:
1. Yamada-san no byoki wa totemo omoi so da.
Ill Ш $ /vO^.jM!± E T d
I heard that Mr. Yamada’s illness is very serious.
56
I uinu wa seiseki ga yokunakatta so da.
Ь Л	d £'o
I heard that Tom’s grades were not good.
V Midori-san wa neko ga kirai datta so desu.
« 5 Adifo -	d -C-to
I heard that Midori disliked cats.
PRACTICE 3 (3.7-3.12)_____________________________________________
I lli in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the adjectives given
in parentheses.
I.	Buraun-san wa sakana ga hazu desu. (kiraina)
77 7 > $ /U±&Z5'liT’C'to
I expect that Miss Brown dislikes fish.
2.	Kore wa iro ga dake da. Shitsu wa nai.
(kireina) (ii)
Z’liZ’o &ИО (£Пи£)
(v> v>)
This has a pretty color, that’s all. The quality isn’t good.
3.	Ano umi wa so da. Kodomo ni wa капа,
(fukai) (kikenna)
-edZco	(^V>)
04)
I heard that the ocean is deep. I wonder if it is dangerous for children.
57
4.	Kono kohl wa bakari da.nai. (nigai) (oishii)
(Хт&'ОЛГо *ио
(i3i’Lt>)
This coffee is just plain bitter. It’s not tasty.
5.	Kino kare wa so desu. Ashita wa kashira.
(isogashii) (himana)
В£ВШ±'e-d’C-to frLfbo (It
U') (£>£*)
I heard that he was busy yesterday. I wonder if he is free tomorrow.
6.	Kacho wa keredomo koto wa mina ga
shitte iru. (genkakuna) (shinsetsuna)
M11 It П г t {± < й о X i > <5 о
(Ш&&) (aw*)
Everybody knows that although he is strict, the section chief is kind.
7.	Kono ко wa ga koto ga arimasu. (kashikoi)
(sunaona)
г (Dj-u&г h i) £ to v>)
(ЖЙ*)
This child is bright, but there are times when he is not obedient.
8.	Hayashi-san no byoki ga no wa kashira.
(omoi) (tashikana)
0(1 L t о (in) (Ш'£)
I wonder if it is certain that Miss Hayashi’s illness was not serious.
58
,1,13 Adj pred + shi L “and what’s more,” “so,” “moreover”
(it) yawarakai/yawarakakatta shi (is/was soft and what’s more)
(b) shizuka da/shizuka datta shi
^tz^tz^tz L
(is/was quiet and what’s more)
The particle shi is used as a conjunction to link two or more states.
Examples:
1.	Kono jaketto wa yawarakai shi, yasui desu.
This jacket is soft, and what’s more, it’s inexpensive.
2.	Koko wa eki kara tokunai shi, tsukin ni benri desu.
This place is not far from the station, so it’s convenient for commuting
to work.
3.	Sono shima wa shizukadatta shi, keshiki mo utsukushikatta.
That island was quiet, and moreover, the scenery was beautiful.
3.14 Adj pred + ka do ka	□ Й'
“whether or not”
(a)	wa ru i/wa ru katta ka do ka (whether or not... is/was bad)
59
(b)	ken ko*/ken ко datta ka do ka (whether or not... is/was healthy)
tz fr	*Da tz drops.
The phrase ka do ka indicates a question embedded in a sentence.
Examples:
1.	Kono shosetsu no yaku ga warui ka do ka wakaranai.
I can’t tell whether the translation of this novel is bad or not.
2.	Kyonen no natsu ga itsumo yori atsukatta ka do ka oboete
imasen.
I don’t remember whether last summer was hotter than usual or not.
3.	Noda-san no akachan ga kenko ka do ka shirimasen.
I don’t know whether Mrs. Noda’s baby is healthy or not.
3.15 Adj pred + noni 0k
(a) itai/itakatta noni
“although”
(although ... is/was painful)
(b) anzenna*7anzen datta noni
tz^tz<D{Z
(although is/was... safe)
* Da changes to na 4'.
The particle noni, when used as a conjunction, indicates a state that
is followed by a result contrary to expectation. If the predicate of the
60
Ilhiin clause (the clause following noni) is in the past tense, the tense
nt the noni clause (the subordinate clause) may be either present or
p.ist (Example 3).
I'.xamples:
I.	Kare wa atama ga itai noni kusuri о nomanai.
Although he has a headache, he doesn’t take medecine.
2.	Sakana wa atarashikatta noni oishiku nakatta.
ь IftttSrbflbtOlcfcHL <
7? 
Although the fish was fresh, it didn’t taste good.
3.	Sono michi wa yoru demo anzenna/anzen datta noni dare
mo toranakatta.
-e-omzfn ® «ь ?zo
Although the street was safe even at night, no one passed along it.
P RACTICE 4 (3.13-3.15)
fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the adjectives given
in parentheses.
1.	Umi no mizu wa shi, nami mo ta. (tsumetai)
(takai)
tzo C<v?z^) (js5v>)
The ocean water was cold, and what’s more, the waves were high, too.
61
2.	Imoto wa watashi yori piano ga ta ga, hitomae de
hiku no ga datta. (jozuna) (kiraina)
ШX <9И 7 7 AZA 
Z’ofco СЫ££)(Ши*)
My younger sister was better at piano than me, but disliked to play in
front of people.
3.	Kare wa ta ga,ta ka do ka shirimasen.
(kashikoi) (shojikina)
li Zc ZA tz fr if •?	<9 t A Ao (#' L
ги) ОЕй£)
He was bright, but whether or not he was honest, I don’t know.
4.	Koko wa natsu wa shi, fuyu wa shi, sumu
noni desu. (suzushii) (atatakai) (kaitekina)
^г{±Я!±U L, 
C-fo
Here it’s cool in the summer, and what’s more, it’s warm in the win-
ter, so it’s a comfortable place to live.
5.	Shiken wa ta noni, kekka wa ta. (kantanna)
(ii)
ВШ(±ZcOlA tzo
Although the exam was simple, the result wasn’t good.
62
,1.16 Adj pred + toki “when”
(л) sabishii/sabishikatta toki (ni)
StfLWSCXLtf'ofc B^dz)
(when... is/was lonely)
(b) taihenna*/taihen datta toki (ni)
(when ... is/was difficult)
*Datz changes to na 4.
The pseudonoun toki is an indicator of time. The particle ni may fol-
low it, but is optional. If the predicate of the main clause is in the past
lense, the tense of the toki clause (the subordinate clause) may be ei-
ther present or past (Examples 2, 3).
r’XAMPLES:
I.	Sabishii toki, tomodachi ni denwa shimasu.
When I’m lonely, I call my friends.
2.	BTru ga yasui/yasukatta toki ni, takusan katte oita.
I bought a lot of beer when it was cheap.
3.	Shigoto ga taihenna/taihen datta toki, doryo ni tetsudatte
moratta.
When the work was difficult, I had my colleagues help me.
63
3.17 Adj pred + uchi ni 3BL
“while”
(a)	akarui uchi ni
(b)	jobuna* uchi ni
d -Mz
(while... is/was light)
(while ... is/was bealthy/durable)
*Da tz changes to na
The phrase uchi ni is used as a conjunction. The uchi ni clause (the
subordinate clause) denotes a period of time during which someone
or something exists or existed in some state. The tense before uchi ni
is always present, regardless of the tense of the main clause.
Examples:
1.	Akarui uchi ni kaerimasho.
№SUdt>lz®b £ Li do
Let’s go home while it is light.
2.	Atatakai uchi ni tabete kudasai.
Sfc'Ud tz^-« < tz $ t'o
Please eat it while it is warm.
3.	Jobuna uchi ni dekiru dake hataraku tsumori datta.
3t^»d	<0 tz^tzo
I intended to work as much as possible while I was healthy.
64
,1,18 Adj pred + to “if’
In) chiisai to
к
(h) dame da to
(if... is/wassmall)
(if... is/was useless)
I lie particle to is used as a conjunction. The to clause (the subordi-
nate clause) expresses a condition that entails an uncontrollable or
unavoidable result. The tense before to must be present, regardless of
the tense of the main clause.
Examples:
I.	Mado ga chiisai to, heya wa kurai desu.
If the windows are small, the room will be dark.
♦
2.	Kono ryori wa karakunai to, mazui desu ne.
If it’s not spicy, this dish won’t taste good, will it?
3.	Kono kikai ga dame da to, atarashii no о kawanakereba
naranai.
г «ЙЖВД Tc h,	r L v > о £ Ж b * ittUf £ * v\
If this machine is no good, we will have to buy a new one.
65
I
3.19 Adj pred + kara Й'5 “because,” “so”
(a)	kitanai/kitanakatta kara (because ... is/was dirty)
Z/zb^/Ztzbfr^tz
(b)	nesshin da/nesshin datta kara (because... is/wasenthusiastic)
^tz/^'t'tZ'Dtz
The particle kara is used as a conjunction. The kara clause (the sub-
ordinate clause) expresses a reason or cause as interpreted by the
speaker. If the predicate of the main clause is in the past tense, the
tense of the kara clause may be either present or past (Example 1).
The plain style of speech is normally used in the subordinate clause,
but the masu form maybe used in very polite speech (Example 2).
Examples:
1.	Heya ga kitanai/kitanakatta kara, soji shimashita.
«Lt Lfco
Because the room was dirty, I cleaned it.
2.	Gogo wa isogashiku arimasen kara, asobi ni kite kudasai.
Zf$v>o
I am not busy in the afternoon, so please come visit me.
3.	Kare wa gorufu ni nesshin da kara, mainichi renshO shite iru.
He is enthusiastic about golf, so he practices every day.
66
1,20 Adj pred + node 0"^ “because,” “so”
In) mezurashii/mezurashikatta node (because ... is/was rare)

(b) j0daina*/j0dai datta node
WSI&jzot: <W
(because ... is/was important)
*Da 7i changes to na &.
I'hc particle node is used as a conjunction. The node clause (the sub-
nidinate clause) expresses a reason or cause that is more objective or
reasonable to the listener than one introduced by kara. Unlike kara,
node tends not to project the speaker’s personal opinion. The node
»l.iuse is usually not followed by a main clause involving the speaker’s
volition, opinion, command or invitation.
Examples:
I.	Kono tokusanhin wa mezurashii node, kankokyaku ni ninki
ga arimasu.
This local product is rare, so it is popular with tourists.
2,	Toshokan wa shizukana/shizuka datta node, yoku benkyo
dekita.
Because the library was quiet, I could study well.
3.	Sono mondai wa judaina node, ima kaigi de togi shite iru.
•f- © |uj ЙЕ 1±ЯАЯ:0	L T v > Ъ o
Because that problem is important, it is being discussed in the meet-
ing now.
67
3.21 Adj pred + dake de naku
“not only — but also
(a)	nagai/nagakatta dake de naku
(is/was ... not only long ~)
(b)	ganjona*/ganjo datta dake de naku
(is/was ... not only strong ~)
*Da tz changes to na &.
Used after an adjective, the phrase dake de naku expresses two states
in one sentence, with emphasis on the fact that the first is not the only.
Bakari de naku may be used in place of dake de naku (Example 2).
Examples:
1.	Kono inu wa ashi ga nagai dake de naku mimi mo nagai.
This dog has not only long legs, but also long ears.
2.	Kanojo wa atama ga yokatta bakari de naku shigoto ni mo
nesshin deshita.
<9 “Cfc < t lU'T’L/co
She was not only bright, but also intent on her work.
3.	Kono kuruma wa ganjona dake de naku sutairu mo kibatsu
da.
£0${±jin5t#7’Tt'C& < 7 9 d /Ь$>Жо
Not only is this car durable, its style is also original.
68
Adj pred + N
to make a relative clause
hi) kurai/kurakatta heya
(h) azayakana*/azayaka datta iro
(a room which is/was dark)
(a color which is/was bright)
*Da Zf changes to na tz.
I he relative clause is a modifying clause that is placed before the noun
Io be modified. Japanese does not have relative pronouns such as
"who,” “which,” “that,” nor relative adverbs like “when” or “where.”
I he lense of the relative clause must be in the present form if the
ulate presented there is concurrent with the action or state presented
In the main clause (Examples 2, 3).
Examples:
I.	Sakki made kurakatta heya ni hi ga sashikonda.
S о § £В ^Li^Zfo
I'he sunlight streamed into the room, which had been dark until a
while ago.
2.	Uta ga jozuna Mori-san wa itsumo pati de utatte ita.
Mr. Mori, who was good at singing, always sang at parties.
3.	Michiko-san wa iro ga azayakana doresu ga suki deshita.
$ ВШИТОЙ К UX W § "С LZro
Michiko loved bright dresses.
69
PRACTICE 5 (3.16-3.22)
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
1.	Kono apato wa semakatta dake de naku yachin mo takai.
Not only is this apartment small, its rent is also high.
2.	Sakura no hana ga utsukushikatta uchi ni takusan shashin о
torimashita.
I took a lot of pictures while the cherry blossoms were beautiful.
3.	Sakki made aoi sora ga kyu ni kumotte kita.
$ <5 § £	X § tzo
The sky, which had been blue a while ago, suddenly turned cloudy.
4.	Tenjo ga hikui da to, heya ga kurai desu.
If the ceiling is low, the room will be dark.
5.	Kono mondai wa fukuzatsuna kara, yoku kangaete kudasai.
гоГШЙШ'Ь, X<#x.-C<Z’$V>o
This problem is complicated, so please think hard about it.
6.	Kare wa shojiki da node, mina ni shin'yo sarete imasu.
Because he is honest, he is trusted by everybody.
70
t, KOon de kubi ga nagakatta tori о mimashita.
л Nil 'С Г(Lfco
I haw a bird with a long neck in the park.
I lima datta toki, itsu demo kite kudasai.
Please come anytime you are free.
'I I’ati de Nihongo ga jozu datta Amerikajin ni atta.
Л--7- 4	U
I met an American at the party who was good at Japanese.
Auxiliary Adjectives
Auxiliary adjectives are attached to adjectival predicates (Adj pred), ,
the stems of adjectives (Adj stem) or the stems of the masu forms of
verbs (V-(masu)). Auxiliary verbs may also be attached to the stems
ol adjectives.
I
«1.1 Adj pred + kamoshirenai Л'Ъ ЫТ.ЙХ1 “might”
(a)	tsumaranai/tsumaranakatta kamoshirenai
•oj	ibft'fr'itz ЙЧ Ltb&V'
(might be/might have been boring)
(b)	shinken*/shinken datta kamoshirenai
ЖЙУ*/ЖЙУ tz tz ЙЧ L tb £ v x
(might be/might have been serious) *Du tz drops.
71
The auxiliary z-adjective kamoshirenai expresses the speaker’s guess.
Kamoshiremasen is the polite form.
Examples:
1.	Ashita no pikunikku wa tsumaranai kamoshirenai.
Tomorrow’s picnic might be boring.
2.	Kare wa kondo no shigoto ni shinken kamoshirenai.
He might be serious about this new job.
3.	Jimu wa Nihon no eiga ga suki de wa nakatta kamoshire-
masen.
Jim might not have liked Japanese movies.
4.	2 Adj pred + ni chigainai (-'S/J'Lt&Lt “mustbe,” “no doubt”
(a) yasashii/yasashikatta ni chigainai
ki L V'/ki L й'о tz
(is/was no doubt easy)
(b) koka*/koka datta ni chigainai

(is/was no doubt expensive)
*Da tz drops.
The auxiliary i-adjective chigainai preceded by ni expresses the speak-
er’s conviction. Chigaiarimasen is the polite form.
72
|Ч л mpi.es:
I, Wada-sensei no shiken wa yasashii ni chigainai.
Professor Wada’s exam must be easy.
Tcnrankai wa gakusei ni wa omoshirokunakatta ni chigai-
arimasen.
U 14®a < laitpо Гс lz &V > гЬ ho
The exhibition was no doubt uninteresting to the students.
I.	Kono yubiwa wa koka ni chigainai.
Z.	V'o
This ring must be expensive.
1,3 Adj pred + rashii 5ЫЛ “seem,” “look like”
(a)	oi/oktatta rashii	(It seems that... is/was many/much)

(b)	fuben*/fuben datta rashii (It seems that... is/was inconvenient)

*Da fc drops.
The auxiliary z-adjective rashii expresses the speaker’s conjecture based
on what he has heard or read.
Examples:
1.	Ano chiho wa ame ga oi rashii desu.
It seems that region has much rain.
73
2.	Soko e kuruma de iku no wa fuben rashii..
Lv'o
It seems inconvenient to go there by car.
3.	Kino Ogawa-san wa hima ja nakatta rashii.
LV'o
It seems that Mr. Ogawa was not free yesterday.
Used after a noun, rashii also carries the meaning, “is the epitome of.”
Since it is an z-adjective, it can modify any noun that follows it (Exam-
ple 2).
1. Oda-san wa otoko rashii.
/|'Ш$А1±й61ДЛо
Mr. Oda is manly, (lit. Mr. Oda is like the ideal model of a man.)
2. Куб wa haru rashii hi desu ne.
^0l±f5bH0-CtiJo
Today is a springlike day, isn’t it?
4.4
Adj pred + yo da □ Tc
seem,” “look like1
(a) yowai/yowakatta yo da
tz X ? £
(It seems that... is/was weak)
(b) konnanna*/konnan datta yo da (It seems that... is/was difficult)
-э tz X 9 tz *Da tz changes to na &.
74
Hie auxiliary нп-adjective уд da expresses the speaker’s conjecture
based on firsthand information. Mitai da may be used in casual con-
versation in place of yd da (Example 3).
I'xamples:
I. Kono kuruma wa batten ga yowai yo da.
Cl 0) s' у 7- у — Zb'jjjglA X ) Zfo
Il seems that this car has a weak battery.
Sonansha no kyujo wa konnanna yo da.
. м wax d «о
It seems that the rescue of the victims is difficult.
3.	Hara-san no kega wa karukatta mitai da.
$ A О It ТТЖ)' э tc A Z: и Z’o
It seems that Miss Hara’s injury was slight.
Yd da also expresses a likeness between two people or things. With yd
da, the speaker is drawing a similarity based on the visual information
available to him. Since yd da is a nu-adjective, its prenominal form
yona can modify any noun that follows it (Example 2).
I.	Ano gaikokujin wa marude Nihonjin no уб/Nihonjin mitai da.
<ШИ1 A l± f & -С H $ A О 5/ H A A^fcLTco
That foreigner is just like a Japanese person.
2.	Asoko ni Neruson-san no yona/Neruson-san mitaina hito ga
imasu.
JbT г Г A Ъ 'J > $ Ло	A th V > $ A^AfAtf AA'v> J To
There is a man over there who looks like Mr. Nelson.
75
4.5 Adj stem + so da 5 7c
(a) ureshi so da
look,” “look like’
(look happy)
(b) kokyu so da
(look high-class)
The auxiliary ««-adjective so da attaches to the stem of an adjective.
It expresses the speaker’s conjecture concerning the present state of
someone or something based on the visual information available to
him. The adjective ii (good) and the negative nai (not) change to yosa
and nasa before so da (Example 2).
Examples:
1.	Куб wa Yoshiko-san wa totemo ureshi so da.
Yoshiko looks very happy today.
2.	Kochira wa yosa so da ga, sochira wa atarashikunasa so da.
г % ъ (i? tz-h\ адь<л:<н ? zfo
This one looks good, but that one doesn’t look fresh.
3.	Ano okujo no resutoran wa kokyu so da ne.
ioBio vx b 7 '/liraJS-?' d Zcfao
The restaurant on the roof (of that building) looks high-class, doesn’t it?
Sona, the prenominal form of so da, is used to modify nouns.
76
I. Kore wa taka sona kuruma desu ne.
This is an expensive-looking car, isn’t it?
♦
2. Ano mise ni wa shinsen sona sakana ga takusan atta.
There were many fish that looked fresh in that store.
PRACTICE 6 (4.1—4.5)________________________________________________
Complete the following sentences with the auxiliary adjectives kamo-
shirenai, ni chigainai, rashii, yd da or so da, using the adjectives given
in parentheses.
I.	Kondo no kdchi wa mae no kochi yori.
(kibishii)
The new coach might be stricter than the old one.
2.	Kanojo ga kite iru jaketto wa. (atatakai)
{ШЖН'ЬуЧЪ M±о (Кй'И)
The jacket she is wearing looks warm.
3.	Noda-san no hanashi ni yoru to, sono tetsuzuki wa
. (mendona)
__________________о (®
Я&)
According to what Mrs. Noda said, the procedures seemed to be trou-
blesome.
77
4.	Kono apato wa ga, yachin ga. (ii)
(takai)
гютл-Ш№	__________о (v'v>)
(®V>)
This apartment looks good, but the rent must be expensive.
5.	Kono mizuumi wa da. Mizu ga.
(fukai) (tsumetai)
гот По №о (^v>) (&
fcV')
This lake looks deep. The water might be cold.
6.	Nando mo shirabeta ga, kono kikai wa mo.
(damena)
гоВШИ о
I checked it many times, but this machine seems no good now.
7.	Sara wa datta. Shiken no kekka ga.
(kanashii) (warui)
•Ц- 9 l±/i	о
®lv>) ®v>)
Sarah looked sad. The result of the exam must have been bad.
4.6 V(-masu) + yasui
“easy to
yomi yasui/yasukatta
(is/was easy to read)
The auxiliary i-adjective yasui attaches to the stem of the masu form
78
of u verb. It indicates that someone or something (usually the topic of
the sentence) is easy to
I'tAMI'LES:
I. Kono hon wa yomiyasui.
СОфЙЗЙК’Тч
This book is easy to read.
2. Wada-san wa issho ni shigoto ga shiyasukatta.
iiifflMiMromtib /zo
Miss Wada was easy to work with.
,1. Arukiyasui kutsu ga hoshii desu.
I want shoes that are easy to walk in.
•1.7 V(-masu) + nikui l< < LI
hard to
oboe nikui/nikukatta
(is/was hard to memorize)
I The auxiliary i-adjective nikui attaches to the stem of the masu form
ol a verb. It indicates that someone or something (usually the topic of
the sentence) is hard to
Examples:
1.	Kono kanji wa oboenikui.
< V'o
This kanji is hard to memorize.
79
2.	Kida-sensei wa hanashinikutatta desu.
Professor Kida was hard to talk to.
3.	Hashi de tabenikui ryori wa kirai desu.
I dislike food that is hard to eat with chopsticks.
4.8 V(-masu) + tai TuLI
“want to”
kai tai
(want to buy)
The auxiliary i-adjective tai attaches to the stem of the masu form of a
verb. It indicates someone’s desire to do something, usually the speaker’s
if the sentence is declarative and someone else’s if it is interrogative.
Examples:
1.	Ano akai jaketto ga/o kaitakatta.
abOsJW'v-Y 'Z "j b	Zio
I wanted to buy that red jacket.
2.	Konban donna eiga ga/o mitai desu ka.
Д tz l ’
What kind of movie do you want to see tonight?
3.	Kyo wa nani mo shitaku arimasen.
4-H t LZr < ab 0
I don’t want to do anything today.
80
I ill l iin also indicate someone else’s desire to do something when it is
unt il with the auxiliary /-adjective rashii or the auxiliary ия-adjective
। la.
Iiampies:
I llaruko-san wa Pari e ikitai rashii.
{i [$ Mi'*')
It seems that Haruko wants to go to Paris.
1.	Yamada-san wa tenisu о shita so da.
Il looks like Mr. Yamada wants to play tennis.
t 4.9
Adj stem + garu
“show signs of
(и) kowa garu
£ b №%>
(b) meiwaku garu
(show signs of being scared)
(show signs of being annoyed)
I he auxiliary verb garu attaches to the stems of adjectives expressing
I human emotion or sensation. It indicates that a person other than the
speaker shows signs of being happy, sad or lonely, or that he feels pain,
* cold, hot, etc. Garu conjugates like a regular group-I verb: kowagara-
~ nai, kowagarimasu, kowagaru, kowagatte, kowagatta.
81
Examples:
1.	Kono ко wa oki inu о kowagarimasu.
This child fears big dogs. (lit. This child shows signs of being scared of
big dogs.)
2.	Akira wa ashi о itagatte iru.
Akira feels a pain in his leg. (lit. Akira shows signs of having a pain in
his leg.)
3.	Hara-san wa sono shotai о meiwakugatte ita.
Mr. Hara felt annoyed by that invitation, (lit. Mr. Hara showed signs of
being annoyed by that invitation.)
Garu is also used with the (-adjective hoshii or the auxiliary (-adjec-
tive tai to indicate another person’s desire to do something.
1. Ototo wa atarashii kuruma о hoshigatte iru.
L	tV'&o
My younger brother wants a new car. (lit. My younger brother shows
signs of wanting a new car.)
2. Hiroshi wa inu to asobitagatta.
Hiroshi wanted to play with the dog. (lit. Hiroshi showed signs of
wanting to play with the dog.)
82
I,|() Adj stem + sugiru
“too
hi) kata sugiru
(too tough/hard)
lb) zeitaku sugiru
(too extravagant)
I he verb sugiru (pass, go beyond a limit) is used as an auxiliary verb
ml li the stem of an adjective to indicate that someone or something is
In some state to an excessive degree. The adjective ii (good) changes
to yo before sugiru (Example 2). Sugiru conjugates as a regular group-II
Veil»: suginai, sugiinasu, sugiru, sugite, sugita.
Hxampi.es:
I,	Kono niku wa katasugite taberarenai.
г о й {±й'ГсТ т	& v >o
This beef is too tough to eat.
2.	Kono sutsu wa gakusei ni wa yosugimasu.
г озл - 7	-Го
This suit is too good for a student.
3.	Ano apato wa wakai fufu ni wa zeitaku sugimasu ne.
WA- b
That apartment is too extravagant for a young couple, isn’t it?
83
PRACTICE 7 (4.6-4.10)
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the adjectives or verbs
given in parentheses, with proper auxiliaries if necessary.
1.	kono hon wa kanji ga  kara, gakusei ni wa
nai. (oi) (tekitona)
________frv'o
(^и) (Ofc)
Because this book has too many kanji, it might not be appropriate for
students.
2.	Mizu ga • to,desu. (asai) (oyogu)
Жй5"C-to (i^V') (йс<")
If the waters are too shallow, it is hard to swim.
3.	Karui baggu wa  kara, ryoko ni  desu.
(motsu) (benrina)
gwty/ii-c-to (£K>)
Light bags are easy to carry, so they are convenient for travel.
4.	Kare wa chishiki wa  da ga, kono shoku ni wa
daro. (fukai) (wakai)
г©Kli tzb n о (g?v>)
Ggn)
His knowledge seems vast, but he is too young for this job.
5. Kore wa da keredomo,kara ima kaemasen.
(hitsuyona) (takai)
84
O')
Allhough this is necessary, it is too expensive, so I can’t buy it now.
ti. Soto ga ta node, kogi ga ta. (sawagashii)
(kiku)
W m Ой5
Because it was noisy outside, it was hard to listen to the lecture.
7. Watashi wa inu ga ga, Masako-san wa neko о
te iru. (hoshii)
________Tv^o
ИШ')
I want a dog, but Masako wants a cat.
K. Watashi wa tenrankai ni ga, Toda-san wa
। nai rashii. (iku)
РШ$ZUi ib Lио
(ff<)
1 want to go to the exhibition, but it seems that Miss Toda doesn’t
want to go.
9. Kono ryori wa node, dare mo nai yo desu.
(karai) (taberu)
г о li о -c, zf tL && и <t -cto
I O')
I Because this food is too spicy, it seems that no one wants to eat it.
85
The Conjunctive (Adj conj) and Те (Adj te)
Forms
The conjunctive form (ku form) of an i-adjective and the te form of
an i- or a nn-adjective are used in various ways as follows.
5.1 Adj conj “and”
ao ku
w <
(is blue and)
The conjunctive form (ku form) of an i-adjective is used to link adjec-
tives or clauses.
Examples:
1.	Sora wa aoku, kumo wa shiroi.
The sky is blue and clouds are white.
2.	Kesa wa netsu ga takaku, nodo ga itakatta.
This morning I had a high fever and a sore throat.
3.	Kono mise wa yasuku, shinsenna yasai о utte iru.
This store sells inexpensive, fresh vegetables.
86
1,2 Adjte~T
“and”
hi) iitsuku te
W< T
I|i) sunao de
(is hot and)
(is obedient and)
I lie te form of an i- or a nu-adjective is used to link adjectives or
। Luises. The state expressed by the first adjective is often the reason
lor I he state or action that follows (Example 3).
Examples:
I.	Kino wa atsukute, iyana tenki datta.
Yesterday was a hot, nasty day.
2.	Koko wa natsu wa suzushikute, fuyu wa atatakai.
Here it’s cool in summer and warm in winter.
3.	Yasuko wa sunao de, kawaikute, mina ni aisareta.
Yasuko was obedient and cute and loved by everybody.
87
5.3
Adj conj/Adj te + nakute ~ < /7r 1& < T.
“is not so “because ~ is not
(a)	toku nakute	(isn’t far and ~)
(b)	suki de (wa) nakute (doesn’t like and ~)
-c({±) &<T
Nakute, the reform of the negative nai, attaches to the conjunctive kti
form of an z-adjective or the te form of a na-adjective. It indicates a
reason or cause for a state or an action.
Examples:
1.	Supa ga ie kara tokunakute totemo benri desu.
The supermarket isn’t far from my house, so it is very convenient.
2.	Eiga ga omoshirokunakutetochO de demashita.
The movie wasn’t interesting, so I left in the middle.
3.	Nikuryori ga suki de nakute Yoroppa no ryokochu komari-
mashita.
3-n? /ЗДШтФШ b i LZco
Because I don’t like meat dishes, I had trouble during my trip to
Europe.
88
йгмллг usage: The ku forms of toi isA' (far), chikai KV' (near) and di
V' (inany/much) may be used as nouns. A noun plus no modifies
the noun that follows it.
t6ku no mori
chikaku no hon'ya
oku no gakusei
iSKCDW
distant woods
a nearby bookstore
many students
V4 Adj conj/Adj te + naku naru ~ < /7? & <
“not ~ anymore”
(n) takaku naku naru	(isn’t expensive anymore)
Й<
(b) mare de (wa) naku naru (isn’t rare anymore)
i " The phrase naku naru attached to the conjunctive ku form of an i-
adjective, or to the te form of a ид-adjective, indicates that the state
expressed by the adjective no longer applies.
i
Uxamples:
I.	KonpyOta wa takaku nakunarimashita.
S LZco
* Computers aren’t expensive anymore.
2.	Atarashii tomodachi ga dekite, Michiko wa mo sabishiku
►
nakunatta.
89
Michiko made new friends and is no longer lonely.
3.	Amerika kara no yunyuhin wa mo mare de (wa) nakunatta.
ту и	^^/z0
Imports from America are no longer rare.
5.5 Adj te + mo	“even if’
(a) chikakute mo
(even if... is near)
(b) muri de mo
(even if... is difficult/unreasonable)
The te form of an i- or a /га-adjective followed by mo constitutes a
conjunction that expresses a condition.
Examples:
1. Kare wa chikakute mo kuruma de ikimasu.
Even if it is near, he goes by car.
2. Chichi wa tenki ga yokunakute mo tsuri ni dekakemasu.
Even if the weather isn’t good, my father goes out fishing.
90
I, Watashi wa muri de mo kono purojekuto о tsuzuketai.
S' I ,ven if it is very difficult, I want to continue this project.
*t,ft Adj te + mo ii ~’СЫЛ1Л “It is all right if’
(>i) semakute mo ii
$< T & V'V>
(It is all right if... is small.)
(b) hade de mo ii
(It is all right if... is showy/loud.)
"C & V'V'
Hie le form of an i- or a пд-adjective followed by mo ii indicates some-
one’s conceding something.
Examples:
I.	Heya wa semakute mo ii desu ka.
Is it all right if the room is small?
*
2.	Kono sOtsu ni wa nekutai wa hade de mo ii desu yo.
9 A	V'V'-CT =fco
For this suit, it’s all right if the tie is flashy, I tell you.
3.	Tanjobi no purezento wa koka de nakute mo ii.
V'V'o
It’s all right if the birthday present isn’t expensive.
91
5.7
Adj conj/Adj te + mo ~ mo nai ~</7? 6 ~ </Tr Ь ОТЛ
“neither — nor
(a)	utsukushiku mo minikuku mo nai
L 'C	& &V'
(is neither beautiful nor ugly)
(b)	shiawase de mo fushiawase de mo nai
(is neither happy nor unhappy)
The phrase ~ mo ~ mo nai attached to the conjunctive ku form of an
i-adjective, or to the te form of a na-adjective, expresses a state that is
neither positive nor negative.	•>
Examples:
1.	Kanojo wa utsukushiku mo minikuku mo nai.
She is neither beautiful nor ugly.
2.	Kare no issho wa shiawase de mo fushiawase de mo nakatta.
& %/zo
His life was neither happy nor unhappy.
3.	Kono tatemono wa modan de mo rippa de mo nai.
This building is neither modern nor magnificent.
92
Adj conj/Adj te + nakereba naranai “have to,” “must”

Gt) hiroku nakereba naranai
(has to be large/spacious)
Ж <
(li)	kinben de nakereba naranai (has to be industrious)
I hc phrase nakereba naranai attached to the conjunctive ku form of
> <111 / adjective, or to the te form of a na-adjective, indicates that the
-.1 .ilc or condition expressed by the adjective is a necessity. Nakereba
luirimasen is the polite form.
$ I'.XAMPLES:
1.	Kodomo no asobiba wa hiroku nakereba narimasen.

The playground for children must be spacious.
2.	li seiseki о torn tame ni wa gakusei wa kinben de nakereba
t naranai.
In order to get good grades, students must be diligent.
3.	Ji wa kirei deyomiyasuku nakereba naranai.
Handwriting must be neat and easy to read.
93
5.9 Adj te + tamaranai ~	5&1Л
“unbearably,” “extremely”
(a) kanashikute tamaranai
(is unbearably sad)
(b) yukai de tamaranai
1Ж-С Art
(is extremely delightful)
The phrase tamaranai attached to the te form of an i- or a ид-adjective
expresses the feeling of the speaker or of someone close to him that
something is extreme or unendurable. Tamarimasen is the polite form.
Examples:
1.	Koinu ga shinde, kanashikute tamarimasen.
My puppy died, and I am very, very sad.
2.	Tomodachi ga ozei kite, pati wa yukai de tamaranakkata.
Many of my friends came, and the party was extremely delightful.
3.	Imoto wa ryori ya soji ga iya de tamaranai.
£ Ио
My younger sister just hates cooking and cleaning.
94
P R А С ТI С Е 8 (5.1—5.9)___________________________________
pil in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the adjectives given
In parentheses.
I. Kimira-san no ie wa te ta. (chiisai) (furui)
MJ' $ T Zzo (/J'$ v>) ($v>)
Mr. Kimura’s house was small and old.
’ Kono hoteru wa  de desu. (shizukana)
(kaitekina)
c<r>ds-r tn±-e-e-to (Ш>*) (Ofc)
This hotel is quiet and comfortable.
3, Ano mise no ten'in wa  nakute  datta.
(shinsetsuna) (fuyukaina)
tz^tzo (t«^)
('f'iiWi.'fc)
The salesperson at that store was not kind—he was unpleasant.
I. Shingo ga dekite, ano michi wa mo nakunatta.
(abunai)
UtW-G	0fe£v>)
A (traffic) signal was put up, so the road is no longer dangerous.
5.	demo Eberesuto-zan ni nobori  tama-
ranai. (kikenna) (tai)
-СЧ-x^ux b•)()t
l&£) (Лг v>)
Even if it’s dangerous, I really want to climb Mt. Everest.
95
6.	Himo wa nakute mo ii desu ka. Ее,te mo
ii desu. (nagai) (mijikai)
lM>li Ъ < X
(JSv*) (feV‘)
Is it all right if the cord isn’t long? Yes, the cord may be short.
7.	Ano sakka wa  mo  mo nai. (binbona)
(yufukuna)
t &v\>	(ЙШ4)
That writer is neither poor nor rich.
8.	Kion mo shitsudo mo te tamaranai. (takai)
(mushiatsui)
X®V')(ML
The temperature and humidity are both high, so it’s unbearably sultry.
9.	Tatemono wa de nakereba narimasen.
(ganjona) (anzenna)
вн t-ел/о (<£&)
(££&)
Buildings must be strong and safe.
96
Qty The Adverbial Form (Adj adv)
Adjectives are used as adverbs to modify verbs, other adjectives and
itilvcrbs as well. For i-adjectives, the adverbial form is obtained by
i hanging the final i to ku, and for no-adjectives, by adding ni to the stem.
Г>. | Adj adv /!« +V “-ly”
(a) hayaku okiru
(l>) shincho ni okonau
tiWi; ft 9
(get up early)
(act prudently)
Hie adverbial form of an i- or a no-adjective modifies the verb that
follows it.
Examples:
I.	Chichi wa maiasa hayaku okimasu.
My father gets up early every morning.
I
2.	Niwa ni hana ga utsukushiku saite ita.
।	Flowers were blooming beautifully in the garden.
3.	Kono koto wa taisetsu da kara, shincho ni okonawanakereba
naranai.
97
Because this matter is important, we must act prudently.
6.2
Adj adv — <./!<-+ Adj/Adv
-ly”
(a)	sugoku kireina
(extremely pretty)
(b)	moretsu ni atsui
Ж
(terribly hot)
The adverbial form of an i- or a na- adjective modifies other adjectives
(Examples 1,2) and adverbs (Example 3).
Examples:
1.	Oda-san no okusan wa wakakute sugoku kireina hito desu.
Mr. Oda’s wife is a young and extremely pretty woman.
2.	Kotoshi no natsu wa moretsu ni atsukatta.
This past summer was terribly hot.
3.	Kono sutsukesu wa hidoku ranbo ni atsukawareta rashii.
г о л - у 'г - х	< аа и® ъ ntz ь l vv
It seems that this suitcase was handled very roughly.
98
[Adj adv-1- naru ~</L
“become
i) ik.iku naru
’h<< ЪЪ
(become red)
ill) yiimei ni naru
(become famous)
(l I
(l &•?>
I In1 adverbial form of an i- or a ия-adjective followed by the verb
mini indicates a change of state.
Examples:
|, Aki ni wa kono ki wa ha ga akaku narimasu.
Ж
I ii autumn, the leaves of this tree become red.
I,	Kare wa besutosera о kaite, yumei ni natta.
I le wrote a bestseller and became famous.
3. Nyukoku no tetsuzuki ga kantan ni natta.
1'he immigration procedures became simple.
i 6.4 Adj adv + suru ~ < /L "iTS “do
(a) hikuku suru	(makelow)

99
(b) kirei ni suru
(make clean)
The adverbial form of an i- or a na-adjective followed by the verb suru
indicates someone’s altering the state of something.
Examples:
1.	Terebi no oto о hikuku shite kudasai.
Please lower the volume of the TV.
2.	Denki о tsukete, heya о akaruku shimashita.
I turned on the lights and made the room bright.
3.	Tomodachi ga kuru kara, ie о kirei ni shita.
Because my friend is coming, I cleaned the house.
PRACTICE 9 (6.1-6.4)
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the adjectives given
in parentheses.
1. Saikin yoru ga narimashita. (mijikai)
tKW& f) i LZio (®v>)
Lately the nights have become shorter.
100
UndOjo de kodomo ga asonde iru. (genkina)
rtJH’W BAz<’V>So (icMft)
S' (:hildren are playing excitedly on the playground.
1 Knre wa itsumo даккб ni kimasu. (osoi)
ДОЦЛ’-э	(Sv>)
I le always comes to school late.
•1, Depato да dekite, kono hen wa natta.
(sugoi) (benrina)
b > - ©ЙЙ ftfto ("Г
C'V') (WJft)
Л department store was built, making this area very convenient.
€
5, Kokuban ni kanji о kakimashita. (okii)
i LZ:o (Лё V')
I wrote kanji big on the blackboard.
ft. SenshO wa ta да getsuyobi kara natta.
(isogashii) (himana)
ft Ж±ft л ® H G ft ft о (ft L и)
(OS ft)
I was busy last week, but I became free as of Monday.
7. Tomodachi ga gaikoku e itte,narimashita.
(hidoi) (sabishii)
ШЯ-МоЛ ft HLfto (Iff
1з) ($^'Li3)
My friend went abroad, and I became very lonely.
101
8. Kono ita wa  sugiru kara, motto  shiin
kudasai. (atsui) (usui)
& о E LT< £'$v>.
(Жи) (ЙМ
This board is too thick, so please make it a little thinner.
©The Conditional (Adj cond) and Tara (Adj tara)
Forms
For z-adjectives (including auxiliaries and the negative nai), the con-
ditional form is obtained by adding kereba to the stem, and for no-
adjectives, by adding nara(ba) or de areba to the stem. The tara form,
which is a more colloquial conditional form, is obtained by adding
kattara to the stem of an z-adjective and dattara to the stem of a na-
adjective.
7.1	Adj cond —IS	“if’
(a)	samukereba
(if... is cold)
(b)	shinsetsu nara(ba)/shinsetsu de areba (if... is kind)
Ш & Ь (ОЮШШ
The conditional form of an z‘-adjective (the ba form) is used as a con-
junction to express a condition. Nara used with a пя-adjective is the
simplified form of naraba, which is the conditional form of the copula
102
ilil, ( Hu is usually optional after nara.) The main clause may express
ihr speaker’s volition, hope, suggestion or command.
IЧЛМПns:
I.	Samukereba mado о shimete kudasai.
> 11 it’s cold, please close the window.
1	Kono hon o/ga yomitakereba kashite agemasu.
С «	L T & If t To
If you want to read this book, I’ll lend it to you.
,1, Ten'in ga shinsetsu nara/shinsetsu de areba, mise wa yoku
hayarimasu.
A'iiltfwafcs/wci&ntf, f t To
11	the salespeople are kind, the store becomes popular.
7.2 Adj cond ~ hodo/dake ~lf —
“the more —, the more
(a)	kuwashikereba kuwashii hodo/dake
(the more detailed, the more ~)
(b)	shinsen nara(ba) shinsenna hodo/dake
* Ъ ((f) (i ЖТ
(the fresher, the more ~)
103
The conditional form of an i- or a пд-adjective (the ba form) plus
the same adjective in the prenominal form, followed by hodo/dake,
expresses a proportional relationship between two states (Examples
1,2) or between a state and an action (Example 3).
Examples:
1.	Setsumei wa kuwashikereba kuwashii hodo wakari yasui
desu.
The more detailed the explanation is, the easier it is to understand.
2.	Kudamono wa shinsen nara shinsenna dake oishii desu.
The fresher the fruit, the more delicious. _ ,
3.	Shinamono wa yasukereba yasui hodo yoku ureru.
The cheaper the articles are, the better they sell.
7.3 Adj cond + koso ~IS
“because,” “only because”
(a) tanoshikereba koso
UtW'
(because... is enjoyable)
(b) daitan nara(ba)/daitan de areba koso (because ... is bold)
Ь (Н)Ш1Т'^П1Т
The conditional form of an i- or a пд-adjective (the ba form) plus
koso puts emphasis on a reason or cause.
104
I'.xamples:
I. Tanoshikereba koso sofu wa mainichi niwa de hatarakimasu.

Because it’s enjoyable, my grandfather works in the yard every day.
Noda-san wa daitan nara/daitan de areba koso hitori de
Lozan shimasu.
Only because he is bold, Mr. Noda climbs mountains alone.
*	». Suki nara/suki de areba koso heta demo gorufu ga yamer-
arenai.
Because I love golf, I can’t give it up, even though I am poor at it.

7.4 Adjtara ~7c5
(a) sukunakattara
(if... a few/little)
(b) shinpai dattara
MZco tz h
(if... uneasy/anxious)
The tara form of an i- or a пд-adjective is, compared to the ba form,
a more colloquial way of expressing a condition.
Examples:
1.	Sankasha ga sukunakattara kono tsua wa kyanseru sare-
masu.
If the participants are few, this tour will be canceled.
2.	Oishikattara tabemasu ga, oishikunakattara tabemasen.
asu ьй'э te	i тязиl < 1&&эfc i -ело
If it’s delicious, I’ll eat it, but if it’s not, I won’t.
3.	Hitori de iku no ga shinpai dattara, watashi ga issho ni iki-
masu yo.
th t 0 W< il^TczjTc5	^Tio
If you’re uneasy about going alone, I’ll go with you.
PRACTICE 10 (7.1—7.4)
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the adjectives given
in parentheses.
1	.ba aruite ikimasho. (chikai)
L<t do (®V>)
If it’s near, let’s walk.
2	. Mizu ga tara oyoganai ho ga ii desu yo. (tsumetai)
If the water is cold, you had better not swim.
3	.nara temo kawanakereba naranai. (hitsu-
yona) (takai)
106
% Ь X Ъ ЖЬ* Ittux#
(A7i V')
S If it’s necessary, I will have to buy it, even if it’s expensive.
*
4	, tara nokoshite kudasai. (kiraina)
___(«v>£)
11 you don’t like it, please leave it.
. Mondai wa nara  hodo tokinikui desu.
(fukuzatsuna)
|«±* Ъ (5	< К’Го
The more complicated a problem, the harder it is to solve.
6. Kuruma wa  nara dake desu.
(ganjona) (anzenna)
i|'(±£6 Zflt-CTo
('£££)
The more durable the car, the safer.
I 7. Kare wa  koso  kodo shimasu. (wakai)
(daitanna)
W гT L iTo С£и) Ш1&)
f Because he is young, he acts boldly.
i
8.	Hayashi-san wa  koso  kurasemasu.
|	(yOfukuna) (zeitakuna)
I	#$л(±г-е-fbWo (») (-ей
t	tz < £)
Because Mrs. Hayashi is rich, she can live in luxury.
1
107
The Tari Form (Adj tari)
The tari form is obtained by adding kattari to the stem of an i-adjei
tive or dattari to the stem of a ид-adjective.
8.1 Adj tari + Adj tari suru ~/cD — fc D ITS
“sometimes — and sometimes —”
(a) kibishikattari suru	(is sometimes strict)
(b) seikaku dattari suru
(is sometimes accurate)
The repeated use of the tari form of an i- or a na-adjective followed by
the verb suru expresses an alternative or indefinite number of states
in no particular sequence.
Examples:
1.	Kida-sensei wa gakusei ni kibishikattari yasashikattari suru.
ГЖ Lt)' Э Tc t)	Lfe'o 1c t) t Ъ о
Professor Kida is sometimes strict and sometimes gentle with his stu-
dents.
2.	Ano mise no hososhi wa akakattari shirokattari aokattari
shimasu.
fcflMOUijSfibfc D Йй'э Тс ОИй'э Tc t) Lito
The wrapping paper at that store is sometimes red, sometimes white,
and sometimes blue.
108
I Kono tokei wa seikaku dattari fuseikaku dattari suru.
г oi#tfi±iHS7i:o Те	Tc t) t Ъ □
This watch is sometimes accurate and sometimes inaccurate.
h
H.2 Adjtari + (Adj) nakattari suru ~ D ~
“sometimes ~ and sometimes not
bi) tadashikattari (tadashiku) nakattari suru
(sometimes ... is correct and sometimes not (correct))
I
<b) sekkyokuteki dattari (sekkyokuteki de) nakattari suru
tz (»w) tz i) tz
▼ (sometimes ... is positive and sometimes not (positive))
I
I he use of the tari form of an i- or a na-adjective followed by the neg-
£ alive tari form of the same adjective, plus the verb suru, indicates
that a pair of opposite states are at work.
F Examples:
I.	Kono reproto no deta wa tadashikattari (tadashiku)naka-
ttari suru.
dcokds- Ь«•Г-^(±IELt)'эГсО (jELOStJ'ofcD’t&o
The data in this report is sometimes correct and sometimes not (cor-
ф rect).
2.	Kotoshi no haru wa atatakakattari (atatakaku)nakattari
shita.
109
(ВО' < ) ЙЛ'эГсО LZco
This past spring was at times warm and at times not (warm).
3.	Kare no shigoto ni taisuru taido wa sekkyokuteki dattari
(sekkyokuteki de) nakattari shimasu.
LKo
His attitude toward his work is sometimes positive and sometimes
not (positive).
J> R A С T I С E 11 (8.1—8.2)
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the adjectives given
in parentheses.
1.	Oda-sensei no kogi wa tari tari shimasu.
(omoshiroi)
Zc <0 tz <0 L (ffi£v>)
Professor Oda’s lectures are sometimes interesting and sometimes not.
2.	SenshO wa  tari  tari shita. (isogashii)
(himana)
ft W tz i)tz V Ltzo ('It Lv') m £)
hast week I was sometimes busy and sometimes free.
3.	Masao wa tari tari suru. (sunaona)
tz l)tz l) (ЖЖ&)
Masao is sometimes obedient and sometimes not.
110
I. Ano hito wa sakana ga tari tari shimasu.
* (sukina) (kiraina)
tz I) tz *) L £ to (» £ £)
1 le sometimes likes fish and sometimes dislikes it.
tari
tari shite.
nai.
(amai) (karai) (oishii)
4i|iO#S(±tz <0 tz'O Lt, 
» (tTi») (?н) (isv'Li')
& The meals my older sister cooks are sometimes sweet and sometimes
। salty, and they are not good.
(». Pari no seikatsu wa tari tari shita. (kaitekina)
|	/>’’) tz f) tz t) Lfco («&)
My life in Paris was sometimes comfortable and sometimes not.
V Noun Forms
An adjective may be used as a noun by adding the suffix sa to the stem.
The suffix mi may also be used with a limited number of i-adjectives.
9.1 Adj stem i sa S “ ness”
(a) shirosa
(b) rippasa
(whiteness)
(fineness)
111
The suffix sa added to the stem of an i- or a nn-adjective turns the
adjective into a noun that expresses degree.
Examples:
1.	Kabe no shirosa ga heya о akaruku shita.
< LTto
The whiteness of the walls brightened the room.
2.	Kono ike no fukasa wa dono gurai desu ka.
What is the approximate depth of this pond?
3.	Kare no taido no rippasa ni kanshin shita.
LZco
I was impressed by his fine attitude (lit. the fineness of his attitude).
9.2	Adj stem + mi 2/	“-ness”
kanashimi		(sorrow/grief)
tanoshimi		(pleasure/enjoyment)
nigami		(bitterness)
The suffix mi added to the stem of a limited number of i-adjectives
112
turns the adjective into a noun that expresses something emotive or
tangible.
I'.XAMPI-ES:
I,	Kanojo wa tomodachi no shi no shirase ni fukai kanashimi
ni shizunda.
At the news other friend’s death, she yielded to a deep sorrow.
2,	Ryoko wa watashi no ichiban no tanoshimi desu.
traveling is my number one pleasure.
3,	Kono bTru wa nigami ga arimasu ne.
cotf—
this beer has a bitter taste, doesn’t it?
PRACTICE 12 (9.1—9.2)________________________________________________
I'ill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the adjectives given
In parentheses.
I.	Kono kozutsumi no о hakatte kudasai. (omoi)
Zf$v>o «V')
Please weigh this package.
2.	Kono ofisu no wa chodo ii desu. (hiroi)
The size of this office is just right.
113
3.	Kodomo-tachi wa jiken no ga wakaranai yo da.
(judaina)
fftUiWO£ ИХ d (ЖЛ&)
It seems that children do not understand the seriousness of the incident.
4.	Kono keki wa ga tarimasen ne. (amai)
t-tf/vfao (#n)
This cake isn’t sweet enough (lit. lacks sweetness), is it?
5.	Watashi wa mune ni о kanjita. (itai)
&1Ж(ffin)
I felt a pain in my chest.
6.	Yamada-san no chosho wa seikaku no  desu.
(seiketsuna)
lllEB$-c-to (ЖЙШ
Mr. Yamada’s strong point is the pureness of his character.
7.	to kenko ga kare no desu. (wakai) (tsuyoi)
ЬМЖЙЧЙО-c-to (£n) (5£и)
Youth and health are his strengths.
114
I
I
о Polite Forms
Adjectives have polite forms. These include not only simple, polite
expressions, but honorific and humble expressions as well.
10.1	o-lgo- 3S-/C- + Adj	to make a polite expression
(a) o-isogashii 43ft LV'		(busy)
o-yoroshii 4з tv'		(good)
(l>) go-shinsetsuna raw*		(kind)
The prefix o- or go- added to an adjective expresses politeness. Basi-
Gilly, o- is used for Japanese-origin words and go- for Chinese-origin
words. All z'-adjectives are Japanese in origin, while most nn-adjec-
tives are Chinese in origin. Some Chinese-origin rza-adjectives may
lake o- instead of go-.
F.xamples:
1.	/'-adjectives:
o-atsui ЭЗЦ-и (hot), o-tsuyoi (strong)
2.	Chinese-origin nn-adjectives:
go-teineina	(polite), go-shinsetsuna
| (kind)
115
3.	Japanese-origin ия-adjectives:
o-shizukana	(quiet), o-sukina & (favorite)
4.	ид-adjectives that take o-:
o-jozuna & (skillful), o-genkina	(healthy)
10	.2 Adj te + irassharu ~
to make an honorific expression
(a) kashikokute irassharu
Zi'Lu ( ’C V'bo
(is intelligent/bright)
(b) o-jozu de irassharu
(is skillful)
js _h^"C i' к о L•?>
The te form of an i- or a ид-adjective followed by the verb irassharu
constitutes an honorific expression that shows respect to the person
it is directed at—usually the speaker’s superior (one who is older or of
higher social status than the speaker). The respect conveyed by irassharu
extends to the listener’s family members as well. Irasshaimasu is the
polite form of irassharu.
Examples:
1.	Yano-san no okosan wa kashikokute irassharu.
Mr. Yano’s child is bright.
116
ф l, Shacho wa gorufu ga o-jozu de irasshaimasu.
< l )ur company president is good at golf.
J. O-kasama wa o-genki de irasshaimasu ka.
Is your mother well?
10.3 Adj stem/Adj te + gozaimasu ~3/"C C IT
to make a superpolite/humble expression
ВЯ» W	F «ЧГ-	-Ф	(a) 1. ai-* о oi -* 6	chiisai -► tsuyoi -► ®V'	—	chiiso 443 tsuyo	gozaimasu r$"v^T gozaimasu r$"v^T	(is small) (is strong)
b	2. ii -» u	ureshii —	ureshu	gozaimasu	(is happy)
I 1		okii	-► —	окуй и» 7	gozaimasu	(is big)
	3. ui -* 0	atsui	-» ЙИ	—»	atsu	gozaimasu r$"v^T	(is hot)
к	(b) zannen de mr-c			gozaimasu	(is regrettable)
117
The stem of an г-adjective or the te form of a nu-adjective, followed by
gozaimasu, is a superpolite form. It can also be a humble form if th<
subject of the sentence is the speaker or someone close to him. The
stems of i-adjectives make the above changes before gozaimasu.
Examples:
1.	Kochira wa chiiso gozaimasu ga, sochira yori tsuyo goza-
imasu.
This one is smaller but stronger than that one.
2.	Haha ga genki de ureshu gozaimasu.
5 J ’t'o
My mother is healthy and I am happy.
3.	Waga chimu ga makete zannen de gozaimashita.
Lfco
It was regrettable that our team lost (the game).
Greetings: The superpolite forms of some adjectives are used as greetings.
arigato gozaimasu (Thank you)
omedeto gozaimasu
(Congratulations)
o-hayo gozaimasu (Good morning)


118
o-atsu
gozaimasu (It is hot)
o-samu
gozaimasu (It is cold)

PRACTICE 13(10.1-10.3)_______________________________________
Л. Change the following sentences into honorific expressions.
I.	Mori-san no okosan wa kawaii desu.
Mrs. Mori’s child is lovely.
2.	Ano kata wa borantia no shigoto ni nesshin desu.
He is enthusiastic about his volunteer work.
3.	Shacho wa san-ji made isogashii desu.
The company president is busy until three o’clock.
4.	Sumisu-san wa Nihon ryori ga suki desu.
X < x $ Л{± s W® W £ c-to
Mr. Smith likes Japanese meals.
5.	Ogawa-sensei wa gakusei katsudo ni kyoryokuteki desu.
'bl 11 M	(г шл Stto
Professor Ogawa is cooperative in students’ activities.
119
В. Change the following sentences into polite/humble expressions.
1.	Rainen wa Itaria e ikitai desu.
S' U Т'Чт
I want to go to Italy next year.
2.	Chichi no byoki wa karukatta desu.
Zz'C'to
My father’s illness was slight.
3.	Kono hen de jOgatsu ni yuki ga furu no wa mezurashii desu.
г ©atiij	v<’to
It rarely (lit. It is rare that it) snows in this area in October.
4.	Tetsuzuki wa omotta yori mendo deshita.
о tz X I) -C L tzo
The procedure was more troublesome than expected.
5.	Ano resutoran wa takai desu ne.
гЬосх Ь7УВЙК-Ш
That restaurant is expensive, isn’t it?
120
adverbs. You are advised to read it
on.
KINDS OF ADVERBS______________________________________
Adverbs are non-conjugating words that modify other words. Japa-
nese adverbs may be divided into two types according to usage: (a)
11 u>se that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs and certain nouns,
.uid (b) those used for special expressions involving negatives, inter-
rogatives, conditionals, etc.
1*	• (a) Modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs and	certain nouns
	Yukkuri arukimashita. I walked slowly.	(verb)
1	Eiga wa totemo omoshirokatta. 1	The movie was very interesting.	(adjective)
	Motto yukkuri hanashite kudasai. totib < OB LT < Please speak more slowly.	(adverb)
►		121
- г
Motto mae ni susunde kudasai.	(noun)
t) Э fl!l	/2 $ V'o
Please move forward a bit more.
Soko wa machi no kanari kita desu.	(noun)
That place is fairly north of the city.
(b) Used for special expressions
Ano hito wa kesshite sonna koto wa shimasen.
hl±Li-ltA/o	(negative)
He/she would never do such a thing.
Yamada-san wa tabun konai daro.	(conjecture)
Mr. Yamada probably won’t come.
WORD MODIFIERS
As mentioned above, Japanese adverbs are used as word modifiers.
These modifiers may be grouped according to the concepts they express. fl
1. Kare wa itsumo rokuji ni okiru.	(time)
He always gets up at six o’clock.	1
2. Takusan tabemashita.	(quantity)
LZro
I ate a lot.
122
	,1. Kono kabin wa totemo takai.	(degree)
	This flower vase is very expensive.
	4, Hakkiri kotaenasai.	(circumstance)
♦	Answer clearly. Jiken ga zokuzoku okotta.	(circumstance)
г i	Incidents occurred one after another. ONOMATOPOEIC WORDS	 (inomatopoeic words are words that imitate natural sounds (giseigo) <n describe actions, manners or states (gitaigo). In Japanese, they are
й	used as adverbs to describe circumstances.
	1. Giseigo (sound-imitating words) Ame ga zaza futte iru.	(sound of rain)
♦	The rain is pouring down. 2. Gitaigo (words that describe actions, manners or states)
1	Kodomo ga nikoniko waratte iru.	(manner of smiling) The child is smiling cheerfully.
123
SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS
As mentioned earlier, some Japanese adverbs are used for special ex
pressions. These expressions vary considerably but can be roughly f
grouped according to their functions or the notions they express.
1.	Kono mondai wa sappari wakaranai. I don’t understand this problem at all.	(negative) 1
2.	Naze tabenai no desu ka. Why don’t you eat?	(interrogative)
3.	Moshi ame ga futtara ikimasen. If it rains, I won’t go.	(conditional) i
4.	Zehi ano kuruma о kaitai. I definitely want to buy that car.	(desire)
5.	Densha wa tabun okureru desho. J; do The train will probably be delayed.	(conjecture)	<
6.	Marude haru no yo ni atatakai desu ne. It’s so warm, it’s like spring, isn’t it?	(resemblance) ’ 1
124
ADVERBS USED AS VERBS__________________________________
Some adverbs, particularly those that express manner of action or hu-
iihin emotion, combine with the verb suru to form verbs.
Onsen de ni-sannichi yukkuri shimashita.
We spent a few days leisurely at a hot spring.
I Densha ga okurete iraira shita.
i»ltlW5W5bfco
 The train was late, so I got irritated.
*	ADVERBIAL POSITION_____________________________________
| Hie position of an adverb in a sentence is relatively free as long as it
*	। is placed before the word it modifies.
Kaigi wa mo sugu hajimarimasu.
9	<9 ito
Mo sugu kaigi wa hajimarimasu.
The meeting will begin soon.
I
I lowever, it is better placed near the word it modifies when the sen-
tence is at all complex.
Jigyo ni shippai shite mo, kare wa kesshite kujikenai.
< E-lt^V'o (correct)
Even if he fails in his work, he will never lose heart.
125
Kesshite jigyo ni shippai shite mo, kare wa kujikenai.
$>» Wi <	(incorrect)
).
OTHER WORDS USED AS ADVERBS
There are a number of other kinds of words, besides those outlined
above, which can be used as adverbs in Japanese. These include ad-
jectives in the adverbial form, certain nouns that express time or
number and verbs in the te form.
Kesa hayaku okita.
I got up early this morning.
(i-adjective)
Shizuka ni shite kudasai.
Please be quiet.
(zz«-adjective)
Kimura-san wa ashita Amerika kara kaerimasu.
T+t? А/ШЛВТ / V *9 To (noun)
Mr. Kimura will return from America tomorrow.
Ringo о mittsu kudasai.
1) ЛГ^=Э<
Please give me three apples.
(noun)
Gakusei ga gonin kita.
Five students came.
(noun)
126
Isoide hirugohan о tabeta.
1 ate lunch in a hurry.
Sofa ni nete hon о yomimasu.
Lying on a sofa, I read a book.
(verb)
(verb)
127
USAGE OF ADVERBS
Яки
As mentioned earlier, Japanese adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, other
adverbs and certain nouns, and some adverbs are used to create special
expressions. This section presents the most commonly used adverbs.
They are grouped according to what they express and placed under
such headings as time, quantity, degree, circumstance and so forth.
Therefore, you can go straight to any heading that interests you. The
adverbial usage of nouns, adjectives and verbs is not covered here.
О
Adverbs Expressing Time
1.1 itsumo	“always,” “habitually”
Itsumo indicates a habitual action or a constant state. It is primarily
used in conversation.
Examples:
1. Chichi wa itsumo hachiji mae ni ie о demasu.
ЗШЬАЭЪЛВШиЖ&Ж t To
My father always leaves the house before eight o’clock.
2. Ano mise no pan wa itsumo atarashii desu ne.
T	У !± LOfefr L V' -CT fco
The bread at that store is always fresh, isn’t it?
128
1.2
tsune ni ®l<
“always,” “habitually”
Ганге ni indicates a habitual action or a constant state. It is primarily
used in writing.
Examples:
I, Toda-san wa tsune ni tabemono ni chOi shite iru.
Miss Toda always pays attention to what she eats.
2. Hara-san no taido wa tsune ni sekkyokuteki da.
Mr. Hara’s attitude is always positive.
1.3 taezu Шл.’З7’ “constantly,” “incessantly,” “consistently”
Taezu indicates a continuous action or a constant state.
Examples:
1.	YObe kara taezu ame ga futte imasu.
i9> 9	t v> i To
It has been raining incessantly since last night.
2.	Kono biru no mae о taezu kuruma ga totte iru.
г (D e	T о
Cars are constantly passing in front of this building.
129
3.	Jimu wa taezu doryoku shita kara, seiseki ga agatta.
уД	Zro
Jim made a consistent effort, so his grades went up.
1.4 shikiri ni Lt*OI<-
“constantly,” “strongly,” “eagerly” J
Shikiri ni indicates a continuous action or a constant state (Examples
1,2). It can also express eagerness (Example 3).
Examples:
1.	Tonari no denwa ga shikiri ni natte iru.
The phone next door is ringing constantly.
2.	Tomodachi ni kaigai ryoko о shikiri ni susumerareta.
I was strongly advised by my friend to travel abroad.
3.	Kare wa shikiri ni supotsuka о kaitagatte iru.
He is eager to buy a sports car.
1.5
tabitabi
“often,” “frequently”
Tabitabi indicates repetition of an action or event. It is primarily used
in casual conversation.
130
Examples:
I, Bucho wa shigoto de tabitabi Furansu e ikimasu.
iwts* 77
The head of our department often goes to France on business.
1 Sara wa byoki de tabitabi gakko о yasunda.
Sarah was frequently absent from school due to illness.
1.6 shibashiba LI^ LIdi
“often,” “frequently”
Shibashiba indicates repetition of an action or event. It is essentially
interchangeable with tabitabi.
Examples:
I. Ano horu de shibashiba konsato ga okonawareru.
Concerts are held frequently in that hall.
2. Kono atari wa shibashiba yuki ga furimasu.
C Ш	*) t to
It often snows in this area.
1.7 tokidoki
“sometimes,” “once in a while”
Tokidoki indicates that an action or state occurs or exists from time
Io time.
131
Examples:
1. Tokidoki kodomo о koen e tsurete ikimasu.
ttT If £ i Т о
Sometimes I take my children to the park.
2. Ano depato no gyararT de tokidoki shashinten ga aru.
ЙОТ??-	—1гВ?К?^ДШ5&-£>о
Photo exhibitions are sometimes held in the gallery of that depart
ment store.
1.8 tama ni Tc^l<
“occasionally,” “once in a great while”
Tama ni indicates that an action or state occurs or exists only occa-
sionally.
Examples:
1. Shokuba no doryo to tama ni shokuji о shimasu.
I occasionally have meals with my colleagues.
2. Tama ni asa hayaku okite sanpo ni iku koto ga aru.
Ё £ TIfeWf < i h o
Once in a great while I get up early in the morning and go for a walk.
132
PRACTICE 1 (1.1—1.8)
i4
I (circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
I. Ano hito wa (tokidoki/itsumo/tama ni) goji mae ni kaisha о
| deru.
-bOAli (IWV'OW
ф He leaves the office before five o’clock once in a while.
.1
9 Kacho wa kaigi de (shikiri ni/tsune ni/tama ni) jibun no iken
oshuchosuru.
(L£
The section chief always asserts his opinions at meetings.
t3. YObe tonari no inu ga (tokidoki/shikiri ni/itsumo) naite yoku
nemurenakkata.
&ИС J: <
Last night the constant barking of the dog next door kept me awake.
ф 4. Kotoshi wa sekai kakuchi de (shibashiba/taezu/tsune ni)
jishin ga atta.
(LlfLlX/^x-T/ITK)
W	This year there were often earthquakes in various parts of the world.
5. Mainichi isogashii ga, (tabitabi/itsumo/tama ni) shacho to
gorufu о suru.
„ I’m busy every day, but once in a great while I play golf with the
I	company president.
133
6. Kino wa asa kara (taezu/tsune ni/shibashiba) tsuyoi kaze ga
fuite ita.
Yesterday, strong winds blew constantly from morning on.
1.9 shibaraku LIS5<
“for a while,” “for a long time”
Shibaraku indicates that an action or event occurs for a short or long
period, depending on context (Examples 1, 2). It is also used as a
greeting (Example 3).
Examples:
1.	Koko de shibaraku o-machi kudasai.
Please wait here for a while.
2.	Shibaraku Nihongo о hanasanakatta node, heta ni natta.
Because I didn’t speak fapanese for a long time, I became bad at it.
3.	Shibaraku desu ne. O-genki desu ka.
LI^5<^'Tfeo
It’s been quite some time since I last saw you. How have you been?
1.10 shushi
“from beginning to end,” “throughout”
Shushi indicates that an action or a state continues to occur or exist
with little variance throughout a period.
134
Examples:
I, K6gi no aida Biru wa shushi n6to о totte ita.
Bill was taking notes throughout the lecture.
i. Kino no kaigi de Ono-san no kotoba wa shushi odayaka
datta.
1Ц-: H
At yesterday’s meeting, Mr. Ono’s words were amicable from begin-
ning to end.
1.11 zutto	“throughout,” “all the time,” “all the way”
Zutto indicates that an action or a state continues to occur or exist
for a long period or is constant throughout a limited period.
Examples:
1.	KyOkachO zutto ryoshin no ie ni imashita.
Lfco
1 stayed at my parents’ house throughout the holidays.
2.	Sumisu-san wa Nihon e kite kara, zutto kono ie ni sunde iru.
Mr. Smith has lived in this house ever since he came to Japan.
3.	Kare wa Shinkansen no naka de Osaka kara Tokyo made
zutto nete ita.
® liMo ф-СЛК/О' Ъ ЖЖ i
He was sleeping in the bullet train all the way from Osaka to Tokyo.
135
1.12 sugu (ni) 3"<’ (L)
“right away”
Sugu (ni) indicates someone’s doing something without delay.
Examples:
1. Sugu kite kudasai.
Please come right away.
2. Hoteru ni tsuite sugu ni shawa о abita.
Ф -r	> -V 7 - Wito
I arrived at the hotel and took a shower right away.
1.13 sassoku
“immediately”
Sassoku indicates someone’s doing something without delay. It is more
formal than sugu (ni).
Examples:
1. Bonasu о moratta node, sassoku atarashii konpyuta о kai-
mashita.
t Lfco
Since 1 received a bonus, I bought a new computer immediately.
2. Shinamono wa sassoku o-todoke itashimasu.
№ W	It V > Zz L t Т о
We will deliver the article immediately.
1ЧА
1.14 tadachi ni 7с 151>
“immediately,” “at once”
Tiidachi ni indicates someone’s doing something immediately in
response to some event. It suggests urgency and is used, for example,
when an emergency occurs.
I!xamples:
1. Hayashi-san ga taoreta node, tadachi ni kyukyCisha о yonda.
Mr. Hayashi collapsed, so we called for an ambulance immediately.
2. Kasai keiho de gakusei wa tadachi ni tatemono no soto ni
deta.
At the (sound of the) fire alarm, the students immediately got out of
the building.
1.15 tachimachi	“at once,” “in no time,” “suddenly”
Ttichimachi indicates that something happens quickly or abruptly. It
is not used when the speaker’s volition is involved.
L samples:
1.	Ano rokku shinga no konsato no kippu wa tachimachi uri-
kireta.
& со	> У -ff~ <D □ У ж- b	*) ty%itzo
Tickets to that rock star’s concert sold out in no time.
137
2.	Sono kusuri о nomu to, tachimachi zutsu ga naotta.
When I took the medicine, my headache went away at once.
3.	Kuroi kumo ga tachimachi sora ni hirogatta.
Dark clouds suddenly spread across the sky.
1.16 sono uchi (ni) ((<)
“soon,” “one of these days,” “before long”
Sono uchi (ni) expresses the speaker’s expectation that an action or
event will occur before long (Examples 1,2). When the final verb of
the sentence is in the past tense, it simply means “before long,” with
reference to some past occurrance (Example 3).
Examples:
1.	Sono uchi koen no sakura mo saku desho.
The cherry blossoms in the park will probably be out soon.
2.	Kare kara sono uchi ni renraku ga aru to omou.
I think that he will contact me one of these days.
3.	Sono uchi kanojo ni wa kare no seikaku ga wakatte kita.
His personality revealed itself to her before long.
138
1.17 izure
“soon,” “one of these days,” “before long”
I-tire expresses the speaker’s expectation that an action or event will
occur eventually. It is more formal than sono uchi (ni).
I.samples:
I. Izure Noda-sensei о o-tazune suru tsumori desu.
I intend to visit Professor Noda one of these days.
2. Izure mata o-ai shimasho.
L t L л d о
Let’s meet again soon.
1.18 mosugut>5t<
“soon,” “before long”
Mo sugu expresses the speaker’s expectation that an action or event
will occur shortly.
lixAMPLES:
1. Mo sugu natsu desu ne.
Summer is just around the comer, isn’t it?
2. Kono densha wa mo sugu Yokohama ni tsukimasu.
This train will soon arrive in Yokohama.
139
1.19 yagate V’fr'T
“soon,” “before long,” “at (long) last,” “in the end”
Yagate expresses the speaker’s expectation that an action or event will
occur eventually (Examples 1, 2). When the final verb of the sentence
is in the past tense, it means “at (long) last” or “in the end” (Example 3).
Yagate is more formal than sono uchi (ni) and can also express a
stronger sense of cause and effect.
Examples:
1.	Waga kuni no keizai wa yagate kaifuku suru daro.
wo шт ъ яь -5 □
The economy of our country will probably recover before long.
2.	Yagate kaimaku ni narimasu kara, o-isogi kudasai.
The curtains will soon rise, so please hurry.
3.	Yagate jiken wa kaiketsu shita.
At last the case was solved.
1.20 mamonaku fUEiteC “soon,” “shortly,” “before long”
Mamonaku indicates that an action or event will occur shortly or
that it has occurred not long after some other action or event.
Examples:
1. Mamonaku Kyoto-yuki ga hassha shimasu.
140
Mfe» < Wff £ w Ж L i to
The train bound for Kyoto will depart shortly.
Nihon de wa mamonaku sosenkyo ga okonawareru rashii.
H	h Lv>o
Il seems that a general election will soon be held in Japan.
3. Futari wa kekkon shite, mamonaku rikon shita
Г A (±« L	L Ao
The two got a divorce not long after getting married.
PRACTICE 2 (1.9-1.20)_________________________________
(Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
I.	Gakko ga owatta node, (sono uchi/mamonaku/sugu ni)
ryoko ni iku tsumoi desu.
(-eod *</т<"г) wrff
<0^1) -CTo
School has ended, so I will soon be going on a trip.
2.	Waga chTmu wa (sugu/sassoku/shushi) yoku tatakatta.
(Т<7ЖЖШ) £< Ao
Our team fought well all the way.
3.	Kacho ga kuru to, (sugu ni/yagate/shibaraku) kaigi ga haji-
matta.
(-tC'W^-C/LltAO
The meeting started as soon as the section chief showed up.
141
4.	Kare wa kaijo no jumbi ga dekiru made, (shibaraku/mo sugu/
zutto) roka ni tatte ita.
mWWiU i-e, (L(f h < Zt ? -Г <7Го t)
He was standing in the hallway the whole time until the assembly hall
was ready.
5.	Densha wa (mamonaku/shibaraku/izure) Osaka eki ni teisha
shita.
®Ж1± (im</LlU<Mfn)
The train stopped for a while at Osaka Station.
6.	Watashi wa jiko no shirase de (yagate/tadachi ni/tachimachi)
genba ni kaketsuketa.
At the news of the accident, I rushed to the scene.
7.	Paredo ga (shibaraku/mamonaku/sassoku) kono michi о
torimasu.
(Ы±^</ИП£</Ж®) ioMIWo
The parade will soon pass along this street.
8.	Mizu о yaru to, puranto ga (yagata/tachimachi/izure) ikikaetta.
When I watered the plant, it revived immediately.
9.	Sensei ni hon о itadaita node, (yagate/sassoku/tachimachi)
o-rei no tegami о kaita.
142
I received a book from my teacher, so I immediately wrote him a thank-
you note.
Ж 1.21 sakki	“a (little) while ago”
t ".
Sakki refers to a moment in the immediate past. It is primarily used
in casual conversation.
> Examples:
a I. Kare wa sakki uchi e kaerimashita.
• '	t Lfco
i 1 le went home a little while ago.
2. Sakki Rondon no shisha kara fakkusu ga haitta.
A fax came in from the branch office in London just a little while ago.
1.22 sakihodo
“a (little) while ago”
Sakihodo refers to a moment in the immediate past. It is primarily
, used in formal conversation and in writing.
ii
 Hxamples:
I. Sotsugyoshiki wa sakihodo shuryo shimashita.
L The graduation ceremony ended just a little while ago.
2. Honda-sensei wa sakihodo made ofisu ni irasshaimashita.
4	LZ.’o
Professor Honda was in his office until a little while ago.
143
1.23 tatta ima TcaTc^
“just now,” “a moment ago”
Tatta ima refers to a moment in the immediate past that is generally
closer to the present than an event expressed by sakki or sakihodo.
Examples:
1. Tatta ima okita tokoro desu.
I got up just a moment ago.
2. Yoshida-san wa tatta ima shokuji ni demashita.
LZco
Mr. Yoshida has just left for lunch.
1.24 sudeni
“already”
Sudeni indicates that an action or event has been completed by the
time some other action or event occurs.
Examples:
1. Кйкб ni tsuita toki, hikoki wa sudeni deteita.
When I arrived at the airport, the plane had already taken off.
2. Hoteru ni denwa shitara, kare wa sudeni chekkuauto shite ita.
л. f T V b LTwZro
When I called him at the hotel, he had already checked out.
144
1.25 kanete ЛЧЭТ
“before,” “previously,” “for some time”
Kunete indicates that an action or a state has continued from some
point in the past up to the present.
Examples:
I.	Sono uwasa wa kanete kiite imashita.
-е-ФРШййЧатйи-сиЗ Lfco
I had heard the rumor before.
2.	Kore wa kanete hoshikatta mono desu.
This is something I’ve wanted for some time.
3.	Kanojo wa kanete renshu shite ita kyoku о hita.
L X v > tz ffi & 5i₽ v > tzo
She played the piece (of music) that she had been practicing for some
time.
1.26 hajimete
“for the first time”
/ lajimete indicates that an action or event is the first of its kind.
Examples:
I. Kare wa kyonen hajimete Fuji-san ni nobotta.
He climbed Mt. Fuji last year for the first lime (in his life).
145
I
2. Watashi wa hatachi no toki hajimete kuruma о unten shita. I
I drove a car for the first time at the age of twenty.	g
1.27 mazu 5W' “first”
Mazu indicates that the action it modifies is a priority.
Examples:
1. Kyoto ni tsuite mazu Tanabe-san ni denwa shita.
OKtV'TfcWSAmUo
On arriving in Kyoto, I phoned Mrs. Tanabe first (before doing any
thing else).
2. Mazu kono shigoto о katazukete kara, tsugi no shigoto ni
kakarimasho.
ftKwftWiWM,	Lido
Let’s finish this job first and then move on to the next.
1.28 mata &Tc
« _ • » « »
again, once more
Mata indicates the recurrence of an action or event.
Examples:
1. Kyushu ni mata taifo ga kuru rashii.
Lv>o
It seems that a typhoon will hit Kyushu again.
146
2, Tsugi no shiai de mata ano chimu о makashitai.
I We want to beat that team again in the next game.
* PRACTICE 3 (1.21-1.28)_______________________________________________
< ircle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
I, Jimu wa Nihonjin no tomodachi ni sasowarete (sakki/ haji-
> mete/mazu) sumo о mini itta.
1 &ЯМто7с0
I laving been invited by his Japanese friend, Jim went to see sumo for
the first time.
Kozutsumi wa (mazu/tatta ima/sudeni) todoita bakaride,
mada akete imasen.
| V't-^/vo
* The package has just arrived and I haven’t opened it yet.
1. Kanji no kuizu de (mata/sudeni/hajimete) onaji machigai о
I shita.
a I made the same mistake again on the kanji quiz.
4.	Kyoto kenbutsu wa (mazu/mata/hajimete) doko kara hajime-
I masho ka.
1 Where shall we start when sightseeing in Kyoto?
147
5.	(Sudeni/sakki/kanete) byoki datta Kida-san wa kesa hayaku
nakunarimashita.
(T-CU/$ -Э	< t <
%*) t LZco
Mr. Kida, who had been ill for some time, passed away early tin.
morning.
6.	Tomodachi no hanashi ni yoru to, Minami-san wa (mata/
sudeni/sakihodo) shinbunsha о yamete, ima shosetsu о kaito
iru so da.
жакт, m$A,i±
According to what my friend said, Mr. Minami has already quit the
newspaper company and is writing a novel now.
1.29 ato de
“later,” “afterward”
Ato de refers to a point in the near future.
Examples:
1. Sono koto wa mata ato de hanashiaimasho.
i h(±£L no
Let’s talk about that matter again later.
2. Ima isogashii kara, kono shigoto wa ato de shimasu.
I’m busy now, so I’ll do this work later.
148
I..10 nochihodo	“later,” “afterward”
'’m hihodo refers to a point in the near future. It is more formal than
ulti de.
I
I samples:
I. Nochihodo o-ukagai shimasu.
I will call on you later.
2. Enkai no basho ni tsuite wa nochihodo o-shirase shimasu.
As for the location of the banquet, we’ll let you know later.
1.31 saki ni 5tl< “before,” “ahead of,” “first”
Suki ni indicates that an action or event occurs prior to some other
action or event.
Examples:
I. Kono mondai о saki ni kaiketsu shinakereba naranai.
We must solve this problem first.
2. Maiku wa mina yori saki ni shiken о sumasete dete itta.
Mike finished the exam ahead of others and left (the classroom).
149
1.32 maemotte вуЪоТ
“beforehand,” “in advance”
Maemotte indicates someone’s doing something ahead of time in
preparation for a future event.
Examples:
1. Kesseki no baai wa maemotte shirasete kudasai.
Should you not attend, please let me know in advance.
2. Kono purojekuto ni wa maemotte sensei no shodaku о
emashita.
LZco
For this project, we obtained our teacher’s consent beforehand.
1.33 arakajime US) “beforehand,” “in advance”
Arakajime indicates someone’s doing something ahead of time in
preparation for a future event. It is more formal than maemotte.
Examples:
1. Sono koto wa arakajime kacho to sodan shite oita.
I consulted with the section chief concerning that matter beforehand.
2. Konban no pat! ni wa biru о arakajime yoi shite oite kudasai.
Please have beer ready in advance for tonight’s party.
150
1.34 guzen
“unexpectedly,” “by chance”
Giizen indicates that something has occurred unexpectedly or by chance.
I'xamples:
I. Ginza de guzen Yamada-san no okusan ni atta.
1 met Mr. Yamada’s wife unexpectedly in Ginza.
2. Kanda no furuhon'ya de guzen kono jisho о mitsuketa.
. № H ©CTJS	W It tz о
1 found this dictionary by chance at a secondhand bookstore in Kanda.
1.35 ichio —Ш “once,” “briefly,” “for the time being”
Ichio indicates someone’s doing something in a brief or offhand man-
ner, often for some future purpose. It may imply a lack of thoroughness.
Examples:
I.	Kono repoto ni wa ichio me о toshimashita.
гои-	Lfco
I glanced through this report once.
2.	Mihon wa ichio misete moraimashita.
& G и2 Lfco
I had him show me the sample briefly.
3.	Kurejitto kado dake de naku, ichio genkin mo motte ikimasu.
? и v -у ь л - к tz tr-o * < t о т и § t to
I’ll take some cash as well as my credit card—just in case.
151
1.36 ittan
“once,” “temporarily”
Ittan indicates someone’s doing something temporarily.
Examples:
1. Buraun-san wa ittan kikoku shite Igirisu e itta so da.
/7 7 > $	ВL'C'f лМт-э d
I hear that Mr. Brown returned to his country once and then went to
England.
2. Kare wa daigaku о sotsugyo shite ittan ryoshin no ie ni
ochitsuita.
He graduated from college and settled in temporarily at his parents’
house.
1.37 |toto	“at last,” “finally,” “after all,” “in the end”
Toto indicates that an expected situation has come about after a con-
siderable amount of time has passsed.
Examples:
1. Matte ita tegami wa toto konakatta.
The letter that I had been waiting for didn’t come after all.
2. Kanojo wa karo to shinpai no tame, toto byoki ni natta.
Due to overwork and anxiety, she finally fell ill.
152
1.38 tsui ni OLMC “at last,” “finally,” “after all”
I'ttii ni indicates that an anticipated result has been achieved after
i considerable time and effort has been spent.
I.XAMPLES:
I. Ano futari wa tsui ni kekkon suru koto ga dekita.
The two were able to get married at last.
Sukai no shippai no ato, kare wa tsui ni jigyo ni seiko shita.
After several failures, he finally succeeded in his enterprise.
1.39 yatto
“at last,” “finally,” “barely”
Yatto indicates that a desirable result has been achieved at last and
with great difficulty.
I' Examples:
1. Kanojo no pianisuto ni naru yume wa yatto jitsugen shita.
I
Her dream of becoming a pianist came true at last.
2. Biru wa yatto shiken ni gokau shimashita.
’	Bill finally managed to pass the exam.
153
1.40 yoyaku
“at last,” “finally,” “barely”
Yoyaku indicates that a desirable result has been achieved at last atu I
with great difficulty. It is more formal than yatto.
Examples:
1. Yoyaku rainendo no yosan ga kettei shita.
£5 ¥><	L
The budget for the next fiscal year has finally been settled.
2. Sono kaisha wa yoyaku tosan о manukareta rashii.
b LV>O
It seems that company has finally managed to escape bankruptcy.
PRACTICE 4 (1.29-1.40)
Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
1. Watashi wa mada shigoto ga aru kara, (ichio/maemotte/saki
ni) itte kudasai.
§V->O
I still have work to do, so please go ahead.
2. Yube no enkai de (guzen/nochihodoAsui ni) mukashi no
dososei no tonari ni suwatta.
I happened to sit next to my old classmate at last night’s banquet.
154
J, Teate no kai naku koinu wa kesa (yatto/toto/yoyaku) shinde
t shimatta.
fr(W/H	JE
A/CLbfco
The treatment had no effect, and my puppy ended up dying this morn-
ing.
I. (Saki ni/ittan/ato de) hoteru ni modotte, kikaete kara yushoku
ni demasu.
I’ll return to the hotel for a bit, change my clothes, and go out for dinner.
Jikan no henko ni tsuite wa (arakajime/yatto/ittan) tsuchi ga
atta.
аЬ-зЛго
I had advance notice of the change of the time.
ft. Nando mo hanashiatte (guzen/toto/yoyaku) kare no kimochi
ga wakatta.
Й'о /Со
After talking with him many times, I finally understood his feelings.
7.	Kono deta wa kaigi no mae ni Toda-san ni (yatto/ichio/tsui ni)
shirabete moraimasu.
Hl have Miss Toda check this data once before the meeting.
155
8.	Rokuji made matta noni, kare wa (ittan/yatto/tsui ni) araware-
nakatta.
®l±	Ж1Л’
fr^tzo
Although I waited for him until six o’clock, he didn’t show up after all.

Adverbs Expressing Quantity
Most of the adverbs below express quantity. However, some may.
depending on context, also express time or degree.
2.1 minna/mina	“all”
Minna or mina indicates a total number or an entire amount. Mina
is primarily used in writing, whereas minna is colloquial.
Examples:
1. Kono ka no kanji wa minna oboeta.
I learned all the kanji in this chapter.
2. Kono baza no uriage wa mina kyokai ni kifu shimasu.
’	05g I)	W L iTo
We will donate all the proceeds from this bazaar to the church.
156
2.2	subete	“all”
Subctc indicates a total number or an entire amount. It is often used
III writing and is usually interchangeable with mina.
Examples:
I.	Kare wa sono hikoki jiko de kazoku о subete ushinatta.
I le lost his entire family in that plane crash.
2.	Ryokochu ni genkin о subete nusumareta.
I had all my cash stolen during the trip.
2.3	takusan	“many,” “much,” “enough”
Takusan indicates a number or an amount that is large or excessive.
Examples:
I.	Kono tori ni wa gifuto shoppu ga takusan arimasu.
b '>3 7
There are many gift shops on this street.
2.	Kotoshi wa ame ga takusan futta.
We had much rain this year.
3.	Sono taido wa mo takusan da.
Enough of that attitude!
157
2.4	jubun (ni) +5} ((<) “enough,” “fully”
Jubun (ni) indicates a quantity or degree that is plentiful or sufficient.
Examples:
1.	O-cha о mo ippai ikaga desu ka. lie, mo jubun ni itadaki
mashita.
43^^ & •?	wi, & •? t
How about another cup of tea? No, thanks, I’ve had enough.
2.	Eiga ga hajimaru made ni, mada jubun jikan ga aru.
There is still plenty of time before the movie starts.
3.	Hawai de Kurisumasu kyuka о jubun tanoshinda.
We thoroughly enjoyed our Christmas vacation in Hawaii.
2.5	tappuri ТстэЖО “full”
Tappuri indicates an ample number or amount.
Examples:
1.	Asoko made aruite tappuri nijuppun kakarimasu.
It takes a full twenty minutes to get there on foot.
2.	Kodomo wa pankeki ni shiroppu о tappuri kakete tabeta.
The child poured plenty of syrup over the pancakes and ate them.
158
2.6	ippai 1Л-эй:1Л “full”
//>/><(/ indicates that something is full.
Hxamples:
I.	Kino no ame de ike no mizu ga ippai ni natta.
H1-: H ©ЙШШЬЙЬН: % tzo
I >ue to yesterday’s rain, the pond filled up.
2.	Ano kissaten wa itsumo wakai hito ga ippai iru.
That coffee shop is always full of young people.
2.7	hotondo	“almost,” “nearly”
/ lutondo indicates a quantity that is slightly less than all, or a degree
that is very near complete.
ItXAMPLES:
I.	Haha ga okutte kureta kukkT wa hotondo tabete shimatta.
1 ate up almost all the cookies my mother had sent me.
2.	Watashi no hakase ronbun wa hotondo kansei shita.
fio hVI'nirn	L Лго
My doctoral thesis was nearly complete.
159
2.8	mitchiri "5 D “thoroughly”
Mitchiri indicates an exhaustive quantity or degree.
Examples:
1.	Pari de mitchiri e no benkyo о shitai.
LZrV'o
I want to study paintings in Paris (and learn everything there is t<>
know about them).
2.	Yamada-sensei ni mitchiri kanji о narawaserareta.
Ill R1	Г & a -5 0	% W b-fr Ъ nz;o
We were made to learn kanji (so thoroughly that we would not forget
them) by Professor Yamada.
2.9	sukunakarazu б’З7' “not a few,” “not a little”
Sukunakarazu is a kind of double negative. It indicates a quantity or
degree that the speaker does not consider to be small.
Examples:	1
1.	Kankyaku no naka ni wa sukunakarazu wakai josei ga ita.
О Ф Г 5 v >	> tz о
There were more than a few young women in the audience.
2.	Shacho no totsuzen no intai ni shain wa sukunakarazu
odoroita.
|±M(D(DЪI® ЙЯI±'J> Й'53*ВV'Zcо
The company employees were not a little surprised at the sudden
retirement of their president.
160
т PRACTICE 5 (2.1—2.9)
4
• ircle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
I. PSti no junbi wa (subete/hotondo/sukunakarazu) kanryo
ф	shimashita.
a	LZ:0
I All the preparations for the party have been made.
| 2. Kare no jimanbanashi wa mo (jubun/subete/takusan) da.
*	$Л) Z’o
(I’ve had enough of his bragging.
.1 Ano mibojin wa zaisan о (minna/tappuri/ippai) boko ni kifu
.	shita.
	ЬЛ1о
I	1'hat widow donated her estate entirely to her alma mater.
•I. Sono	ken wa (takusan/ippai/jubun) chosa suru	tsumori da.
(Zc<	*)tzo
We intend to investigate that matter fully.
5.	Nihon ni iru aida ni, Nihongo bakari de naku Nihon bunka
mo (sukunakarazu/mitchiri/hotondo) benkyo shitai.
; While in Japan, I wish to study not only the Japanese language but
also Japanese culture thoroughly.
161
6.	Tomu wa daigaku о sotsugyo suru noni (takusan/sukuna-
karazu/tappuri) doryoku shita.
(Zc<
Tom made more than a little effort to graduate from college.
7.	Fumiko-san ni karita shosetsu wa (ippai/jObun/hotondo)
yonde shimatta.
I have almost finished reading the novel I borrowed from Fumiko.
2.	10 sukoshi L “a little,” “a bit”
Sukoshi indicates a small quantity or degree.
Examples:
1. Sono posuta wa mo sukoshi migi ni hatte kudasai.
Please put that poster a little bit to the right.
2. Saikin sukoshi samuku narimashita ne.
It has become a bit cold lately, hasn’t it?
2.11 I chotto	“a little,” “a bit”
Chotto indicates a small quantity or degree. It is more colloquial than
sukoshi.
162
♦
» Examples:
I,	Chotto ие о goran.
♦ , Look up a bit.
f*
*	’ Achira e chotto iku to, hiroi michi ni demasu.
I	I f you go a little that way, you’ll come out on a wide street.
2.12 wazuka	“a little,” “only”
 Wazuka indicates a quantity or degree that is so small that the speaker
considers it insignificant. In certain cases it may be interchangeable
with sukoshi or chotto (Example 1, not 2), but, in any case, it carries
slightly more emphasis than either.
I'XAMPLES:
I.	Kion ga wazuka agarimashita.
• The temperature went up a little.
2.	Kare wa kega ga karukatta node, wazuka itsuka de taiin
dekita.
Because his injury wasn’t serious, he was able to get out of the hospi-
tal in only five days.
163
2.13
tsui О1Л
‘just,” “only”
Tsui emphasizes closeness in time or space.
Examples:
1. Hayashi-san wa tsui sakki kaerimashita.
t L£o
Miss Hayashi went home only a moment ago.
2. Wada-sensei no ie wa gakko no tsui saki desu.
Professor Wada’s house is just down the street from the school.
2.14 seize! tiivtf U
“at most”
Seizei indicates an estimate unlikely to be exceeded.
Examples:
1. KyOka о totte mo seizei isshukan desu.
Even if I take a vacation, it will be one week at most.
2. Kono shina wa seizei goman-en gurai desho.
i	И <" b ИТ L X 9 о
The item would cost about 50,000 yen at most.
164
2.15 sukunakutomo £Ъ “atleast”
Sukunakutomo indicates a conservative estimate.
((XAMI'LES:
I. Ronbun no shiryo о atsumeru noni sukunakutomo sUkagetsu
wa kakaru.
,Й	ЖЙ Ъ (Г) №>13. < £ ЪШ' Л (±^3 о
It takes at least several months to collect materials for a thesis.
2. Кйкб kara machi no chOshinbu made sukunakutomo nijQ-
mairu wa aru.
£ faro 2 №>13< £=b“+v A ;K±<fe & o
It is at least twenty miles from the airport to the city center.
2.16 tatta ofc
“only”
TnIta emphasizes the smallness of a number or an amount.
Examples:
I.	Kare wa jogingu о hajimeta ga tatta mikka de yamete shi-
matta.
> a 3г > У /с^ГсэГса H L t о
He started jogging but quit in only three days.
2.	Kanojo wa tatta hitori de tabi ni deta.
She went on a trip all alone.
165
2.17 tada fcTc
only,” “merely’
Like tatta, tada emphasizes the smallness of a number or an amouiil |
(Example 1). Unlike tatta, however, it often appears together with I
dake or bakari to indicate that someone or something is limited to son в t
action or state (Examples 2,3).	|
Examples:	.
1.	Suzuki giin wa tada hitori sono hoan ni sansei shita.
Representative Suzuki was the only person (in the Diet) to approve j
the bill.
2.	Ono-san wa tada hataraku bakari de tanoshimu koto о shi
ranai.
/hSf $ Л JifcOi < Iffr <9 ХЖ L ft - L &£11L & wo
Mr. Ono does nothing but work and doesn’t know how to have fun.
3.	Ano kOcho wa tada gakko no hyoban о ki ni shite iru dake da.
That principal is concerned about nothing but the school’s reputation.
2.18 tan ni Ф1С “only,” “merely”
Like tada, tan ni often appears together with dake or bakari to indicate
that someone or something is limited to some action or state. When it
is used in a negative expression, it means “not only” or “not merely.”
Tan ni is also more formal than tada.
166
IIxamples:
I. Kono e wa tan ni Mone no e о moho shita dake da.
This painting is a mere imitation of Monet’s.
1. Kore wa tan ni kono kuni no mondai dake de naku sekai zen-
tai no mondai da.
ctiii^icdoSo^BZctfc* <
This is not only this country’s problem, but a problem shared by the
whole world.
PRACTICE 6 (2.10-2.18)	______________________________
(aide the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
I.	Kyuko de ikeba, soko made (sukunakutomo/wazuka/sukoshi)
ichijikan de ikeru.
If It So
If you take an express train, you can get there in only one hour.
2.	Kare wa (tan ni/seizei/tatta) isshukan de sono shigoto о shi-
ageta.
®(± (шк/-£и-еи/£-э7г)
He completed that work in only one week.
3.	Shojo wa (tada/tatta/tsui) naku bakari de shitsumon ni kotae-
nakatta.
4^l± (ZrZf/ZzoZr/^v^) й<
The girl did nothing but cry and she didn’t answer the questions.
167
4.	PatT wa rokuji kara desu ga (tsui/chotto/sukunakutomo) h.i j
yaku iku yo ni shimasu.	|
J; о Ы'УЪ < £&) i,i i
< ff < £ ? t- L £ To	,
Even though the party starts at six o’clock, I’ll try to go a little earlier
5.	Kono biru no shOzen wa (seizei/sukunakutomo/tan ni) rokk.i
getsu wa kakaru daro.
The renovation of this building would take at least six months. '
6.	Kimura-san to wa (tsui/chotto/tada) senjitsu denwa de hana- 
shimashita.
W$A;h(± (-ovVT 1 о Eltztz)
I talked with Mrs. Kimura over the phone only the other day.	!
7.	Jon wa (wazuka/tan ni/seizei) seiseki ga ii dake de naku sha-
kai hoshi mo shite iru.	I
>a>(±	,
John not only gets good grades, but also does social services.	<
2.19 yaku Й about ” “approximately”
Yaku indicates that what follows is an approximation.
168
EXAMPLES:
I Bungakubu no gakusei no yaku rokujO pasento wa joshi
gakusei desu.
i About sixty percent of the students in the literature department are
female.
Kuruma no shuzen ni yaku isshukan kakatta.
It took about a week for my car to be repaired.
2.20 oyoso/oyoso	“about,” “roughly”
()yoso or oyoso indicates that what follows is an approximation. In cer-
tain cases (Example 1, not 2) it may be interchangeable with yaku.
Examples:
I. Kono machi no jinko wa oyoso gomannin desu.
г <ш<^ ли йшгекл д-еТо
The population of this city is about 50,000.
2. Kono kozutsumi no omosa wa oyoso dono gurai desu ka.
г	{±азаз<К^- <" h ^"t^o
What is the approximate weight of this package?
169
2.21 zatto с?
“about,” “roughly”
Zatto indicates that what follows is an approximation. In certain сам .
it may be interchangeable with yaku, oyoso or dyoso.
Examples:
1. Hara-san no okusan wa zatto yonjussai gurai desu.
1Ж $	$ АЛТсУэ tЩ1‘й<. С £>
Mr. Hara’s wife is somewhere around forty.
2. NyOjosha wa zatto sanjunin no mikomi desu.
The audience is estimated to be roughly thirty (people).
2.22 hobo 1313 “almost,” “nearly”
Hobo indicates that, all details considered, something is close to com
pletion or perfection.
Examples:
1. Shi no doro koji wa hobo kansei shita.
ЖоЖЖЕЖ1±13135ёЖ L£o
The city’s road construction was nearly completed.
2. Gakucho no konin wa hobo kettei shita so desu.
^ДоШ£(±1313'^йЬЛ:-?--9 T'To
I hear that the university president’s replacement has almost been
decided.
170
2.23 daitai “almost,” “roughly”
I i/tilai indicates that something is close to completion or perfection
In .1 general way.
I
Examples:
I. Ashita no shiken no junbi wa daitai dekita.
I9J В
The preparations for tomorrow’s exam are just about done.
I. Gaido no setsumei de kono shiro no rekishi ga daitai wakatta.
Thanks to the guide’s explanation, I roughly understood the history
of this castle.
2.24 taitei TtlATlA “usually,” “mostly”
Taitei indicates that an action or state occurs or exists in most cases,
but not in all.
Examples:
1. Kare wa taitei asagohan о tabemasen.
He usually doesn’t eat breakfast.
2. Fureba taitei doshaburi da.
IWniSTclirH L 1Ш *) tio
When it rains, it usually pours.
171
PRACTICE 7 (2.19-2.24)
Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
1.	Kongetsu no linage wa (hobo/yaku) mokuhyo ni tasshita.
(ШГ/Й)
The sales for this month almost reached our goal.
2.	Hako no naka ni ringo ga (taitei/zatto) jukko nokotte imasu.
(fct'-CWS'-o h)
There are about ten apples left in the box.
3.	Sara wa (hobo/taitei) hachiji mae ni gakko e kimasu.
•9-7(± ((Ш/£:и-Си)
Sarah usually comes to school before eight o’clock.
4.	le no soji wa (taitei/daitai) owatta.
The housework was almost finished.
5.	Jikken no kekka wa sono deta kara (oyoso/yaku) hanmei
suru daro.
The results of the experiment may be roughly determined from the
data.
172
о Adverbs Expressing Degree
I’lic following adverbs express degree or extent. See also Adverbs
~ I'xpressing Quantity, as the two categories overlap.
4
.1.1 taihen
“very,” “extremely”
I'aihen emphasizes degree.
Examples:
I. Eiga wa taihen omoshirokatta.
ИЛЙ Й о Zco
,	The movie was very interesting.
I i
2. Subarashii shirase ni kanojo wa taihen yorokonda.
I She was extremely delighted at the wonderful news.
3.2 zuibun «FlAiIi/v “very,” “awfully”
Zuibun emphasizes degree. It is primarily used in casual conversation.
f Examples:
I. Zuibun samui desu ne.
It’s awfully cold, isn’t it?
173
2. Kyo wa zuibun shigoto ga hakadotta.
tzo
My work went very well today.
3.3 totemo	“very,” “terribly”
Totemo emphasizes degree. In certain cases it may be interchangeable
with zuibun.
Examples:
1. Kaigan zoi no keshiki wa totemo utsukushikatta.
'«Sfc (± LT L fr fzo
The view along the coast was very beautiful.
2. Saikin, kono hen no apato no yachin ga totemo takaku natta.
t£^tzo
Lately, rents for the apartments in this area have risen a lot.
3.4 oini ЛЬМ< “very much,” “greatly,” “largely”
Oini emphasizes degree, particularly of someone’s involvement in
something.
Examples:
1. Watashi wa kare no iken ni oini sansei desu.
I largely agree with his opinion.
174
4. Kongakki wa oini benkyo suru tsumori da.
Zco
I intend to study very hard this term.
*
1.5
jitsu ni Wk
“truly,” “indeed”
litsti ni expresses the speaker’s surprise or awe.
I 'samples:
1. Masako-san wa jitsu ni ryori ga jozu desu.
Masako is indeed good at cooking.
2. Kare wa jitsu ni rippana seijika datta.
(MWIC зЖ&ВДиЖЛ:-э Z:o
He was truly a fine statesman.
3.6 kiwamete
“very,” “extremely”
Kiwamete expresses a degree that is exceedingly great. It is primarily
used in writing.
Examples:
1. Kore wa kokubojo kiwamete jOdaina mondai da.
This is an extremely important problem for national defense.
175
2. Kono kikai wa kiwamete seikaku ni deta о kiroku suru koto
да dekiru.	X— P йЙйТ £ h АЖ Ж -Б о
This machine can record data extremely accurately.
3.7 kanari 0 “fairly,” “considerably”
Kanari expresses a degree that is greater than normal, but not exceed
ingly great.	
Examples:
1. Куб no shiken wa kanari muzukashikatta.
н «жт о ж l ^<5 zro
Toda/ s exam was fairly difficult.
2. Ano kuni wa kanari sangyo ga hattatsu shite iru.
& oaiifr» 0	L X	o
Industry is considerably developed in that country.
i
3.8 sdto $@==1 “fairly,” “considerably”
1
Soto expresses a degree that is greater than normal, but not exceed- :
ingly great. It is interchangeable with kanari.	’
Examples:	|
1. Yasuko-san wa saka de koronde soto hidoi кеда о shita.
$ A	& t'l'ga£ L/Co	j
Yasuko fell on the slope and suffered fairly severe injuries.
176
2,	Neruson-san wa soto Nihongo ga jozu ni natta.
-Г» Л/ v $ А/В	1т Zro
Mr. Nelson became fairly competent in Japanese.
.1.9
daibu ЛЯ
“fairly,” “quite”
I >dibu expresses a degree that is greater than normal, but not exceed-
ingly great. It is more colloquial than kanari or soto.
Examples:
I. Kyo wa daibu kibun ga ii desu.
I feel quite well today.
2. Bijutsukan wa eki kara daibu toi desu.
K-Го
The art museum is fairly far from the train station.
3.10 nakanaka	“quite,” “fairly,” “considerably”
Nakanaka expresses a degree that is considerable, notable or exceeds
I he speaker’s expectation.
Examples:
I. Kono sakubun wa ichinensei ni shite wa nakanaka yoku
kakete iru.
This composition is quite well written for a freshman student.
177
2. Kono shigoto о hikiuketa ga nakanaka mendo da.
I took this task upon myself, but I find it quite complicated.
PRACTICE 8 (3.1-3.10)
Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
1.	Kono chiho de yuki ga furu no wa (soto/daibu/kiwameto)
mezurashii.
Ш'о
It is extremely rare for it to snow in these parts.
2.	Kare wa kabu de (totemo/jitsu ni/soto) moketa rashii.
W?	!>W?>Lv>o
It seems he made a considerable amount of money in stocks.
3.	Byoin de (daibu/jitsu ni/kiwamete) matasaremashita.
ШЖ/SM) fefcsni L£o
I was made to wait for quite a long time at the hospital.
¥
4.	Pat! de nondari, utattari, odottari shite, (nakanaka/daibu/oini)
tanoshinda.	-----
We greatly enjoyed drinking, singing, dancing and doing other things
at the party.
5.	Musume ga yoru osoku made kaeranakute, (taihen/nakanaka/
kanari) shinpai shimashita.
178
Ml < i -C-Ж Ь * < X. fr * fr/fr * V) 'L'ffi L
iu„
My daughter didn’t return home until late at night, so I was very worried.
6.	Wakai baiorinisuto no debyu konsato wa (kanari/jitsu ni/
 । daibu) daiseiko datta.
’ fiwu	M± (№/£№
1 5»
।	The young violinist’s debut concert was a great success indeed.
7.	Kono sojiki wa tsukatte miru to (oini/nakanaka/soto) benri
desu.
M-c-to
When I tried this vacuum cleaner, I found it quite convenient.
3.	11 isso 1Л э 5 “more,” “all the more”
liso indicates an intensification of degree. It implies a contrast between
(wo states or conditions.
Examples:
I. Hachigatsu ni wa atsusa ga isso kibishiku naru.
ЛЯ
In August the heat becomes even more severe.
2. Sono jiken ga ryokoku no kankei о isso akka saseta.
That incident worsened the relations between the two countries even
more.
179
3.12 masumasu
“more and more,” “increasingly”
Masumasu indicates an intensification of degree. It implies a contr.r.f
between a present and past state or condition, and thus its usage i1.
more restricted than that of issd.
Examples:
1. Chichi wa jogingu о hajimete kara, masumasu wakagaetta.
Since he started jogging, my father has become more and mon
young-looking.
2. Damu kensetsu ni taisuru hantai no кое ga masumasu taka
matta.
Opposition to the construction of a dam became increasingly vocal.
3.13 sara ni iEk.
“even more,” “further”
Sara ni indicates an intensification of degree or an increase in quan
tity or level. It is more formal than issd or masumasu.
Examples:
1. Fukeiki no tame kaisha no un'ei wa sara ni muzukashiku
natta.
Due to the recession, managing the company became even mor<
difficult.
180
J. Rainen kara sara ni gakusei no kazu ga fueru kamoshirenai.
44	Ш4 1Ж'о
Next year, the number of students may increase even more.
1.14	motto Ь э	«	 » « » more, -er
Malto expresses the comparative form of an adjective.
IIxamples:
I. Motto yoku renshu shinakereba jotatsu shimasen.
fe э	L £ li ft (i'±it L £A, о
Unless you practice harder, you won’t improve.
Motto kantanna hoho о oshiete kudasai.
Please tell me a simpler way.
.1.15	mottomo ЯЬ	“most,” “-est”
Mottomo expresses the superlative form of an adjective.
Examples:
I. Keiki kaifuku no tame ni mottomo taisetsuna koto wa nan
desu ka.
What is most important for the recovery of the economy?
181
2. Kanojo wa kaimono о shite iru toki ga mottomo tanoshii.
She enjoys herself the most when she is shopping.
3.16 ichiban —S
«	X » « X»
most, -est
Ichiban expresses the superlative form of an adjective. It is more col
loquial than mottomo.
Examples:
1. Sono naka de ichiban okii no о moratta.
f-coФ"<?'—Szfc^V'CO'&’t fjoZio
I got the biggest one among them.
2. Anata no ichiban sukina sakkyokuka wa dare desu ka.
Who is your favorite composer?
3.17 zutto
“by far,” “far more”
Zutto indicates a great degree of difference between two states oi
conditions.
Examples:	'
1. Atarashi shacho wa bucho yori zutto wakai.
Our new company president is much younger than the division managei.
182
1 Kono mise wa sOpa yori zutto sabisu ga ii.
। This store provides far better services than supermarkets.
.1.18 toku ni
“specially,” “especially”
Токи ni expresses a degree that surpasses what is common.
IIxamples:
I. Nihon ryori no naka de toku ni tenpura ga suki desu.
11«fflOФic№ £ t’to
Of all the Japanese dishes, he especially likes tempura.
i. Nonaka-sensei wa toku ni Tomasu Hadi no kenkyO de shi-
rarete iru.
b-vx • S'-T'i
Professor Nonaka is especially known for his studies of Thomas Hardy.
PRACTICE 9 (3.11-3.18)____________________________________________
(Iircle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
1.	Kore yori (sara ni/motto/isso) yasui no о misete kudasai.
Please show me a cheaper one than this.
2.	Kono kyokasho wa mae no kyokasho yori (toku ni/zutto/
masumasu) muzukashii.
183
This textbook is far more difficult than the previous one.
3.	Kare wa sOkakokugo ga hanaseru ga (motto/toku ni/isso)
Kankokugo ga tokui da.
3s (*>о жм?-e?) isa^i1;
He is able to speak several languages, but he is especially fluent in Korea 11
4.	Yo ga fukeru to, (sara ni/mottomo/ichiban) kaze ga tsuyoku
natta.
When it grew late, the wind became even stronger.
5.	Fuji-san wa Nihon de (motto/isso/mottomo) utsukushii yama
desu.
s±Lll(±H^-C (Ut/vw-НЖ) HLwilfC-to
Mt. Fuji is the most beautiful mountain in Japan.
6.	Biru wa sensei ni homerarete (toku ni/masumasu/zutto)
benkyo shita.
Having been commended by his teacher, Bill worked harder than ever
7.	Sensei no naka de Ono-sensei ga (zutto/ichiban/sara ni)
gakusei ni ninki ga aru.
(To
Of all the teachers, Professor Ono is the most popular with the stu
dents.
184
Adverbs Expressing Circumstance
The following adverbs express manners of action, human emotions,
Males or situations. Some of the adverbs that express manners or
emotions optionally take the particles to, e.g., yukkuri (to) (leisurely),
or ni, e.g., tsugitsugi (ni) (one after another), and maybe combined
with the verb suru to form verbs.
<1.1 yukkuri 1Фэ < D “slowly,” “leisurely”
Yukkuri indicates a leisurely manner.
Examples:
I. Motto yukkuri (to) hanashite kudasai.
Please speak more slowly.
2. ShOmatsu wa taitei uchi de yukkuri shimasu.
jgNClifcwCw? tfCIbCDLito
I usually relax at home on weekends.
4.2 sassato Ji
“quickly,” “hurriedly”
Sassato indicates a hasty or expeditious manner.
Examples:
I. Kanojo wa shigoto ga owaru to, sassato ie ni kaeru.
When she finishes work, she hurries home.
185
2. Sono shigoto wa sassato katazukete kochira о tetsudattu
kudasai.
Z’$V'o
Please finish up that work quickly and help me with this.
4.3
hakkiri Йэ£!)
“clearly”
Hakkiri indicates a clear or unambiguous manner or state.
Examples:
1.	Kare ga kangaete iru koto wa hakkiri (to) wakarimasu.
I understand clearly what he is thinking.
2.	Kanojo wa kotoba о hakkiri (to) hatsuon shinai kara,
wakarinikui desu.
Because she doesn’t pronounce her words clearly, it is difficult to
understand her.
3.	lesu ka no ka, hakkiri shiro.
Yes or no? Be clear!
186
-1.4 kippari ФэВО
“flatly,” “once and for all”
Kippari indicates resolution.
IIxamples:
1.	Kanojo wa kare no puropozu о kippari (to) kotowatta.
Жtn 1Ж© У п - X & Ф э I# О (h) Юг /г о
She flatly declined his proposal of marriage.
i 2. Kono ken wa tsugi no kaigi de kippari (to) kimetai.
I want to decide on this matter once and for all at the next meeting.
4.5 kichinto ф-5/vt “regularly,” “neatly”
Kichinto indicates orderliness.
Examples:
I. Kare wa ron о kichinto shiharatte imasu.
Ш c - > &	Xи £ To
He pays the loans regularly.
2. Kodomo ga asobi ni deta ato de, heya о kichinto katazuketa.
After my children went out to play, 1 tidied up the room.
187
4.6 kossori С D “quietly,” “stealthily,” “secretly”
Kossori indicates a secretive or sly manner.
Examples:
1. Jimu wa kogi no tochu de kossori (to) kodo о deta.
Jim slipped out of the auditorium in the middle of the lecture.
2. Otto wa kossori (to) sono josei ni atte imashita.
JdicofD	LZ:o
My husband was meeting with the woman in secret.
4.7
sotto э <h
“quietly,” “softly”
Sotto indicates a quiet, gentle manner.
Examples:
1. Kanojo wa wain gurasu о sotto teburu no ue ni oita.
She placed a wine glass softly on the table.
2. Watashi-tachi ga hanashite iru toki, dareka sotto doa о akete
haitte kita.
&Ж L X Z’ft^o <t KT &	A о X £ Zr0
As we were talking, someone quietly opened the door and walked in.
188
i -1.8 shikkari ЬэЙ'0	“steadily,” “firmly”
'? Shikkari indicates a firm or steady manner or state,
b
Kxamples:
< I. Daigaku ni hairitakereba shikkari (to) benkyo shinasai.
Т»	Lofe'D (h)^L*$v\>
j} ф If you want to get into college, study hard.
h
»
Ropu ni shikkari (to) tsukamatta.
1 held on fast to the rope.
4.9 sesseto tiэtit	“diligently,” “laboriously”
Sesseto indicates a diligent manner.
liXAMPLESZ
I.	Kida-san wa sesseto hataraite rippana ie о katta.
Mr. Kida worked hard and bought a fine house.
I
 2. Kon'yaku shita Nobuko-san wa sesseto ryori kyoshitsu ni
kayotte imasu.
t to
I Nobuko, who is engaged, is diligently attending cooking classes.
189
4.10 narubeku
“as ... as possible,” “if possible”
Narubeku expresses the speaker’s desire to do something or see some
thing done if circumstances permit.
Examples:
1. Kono shina wa narubeku yasuku uru tsumori desu.
We intend to sell this item as cheaply as possible.
2. Doyobi no pikunikku ni wa narubeku sanka suru yo ni shi
masu.
в (d e ? - у z к ияз^с^йпт x d r l i To
I’ll try my best to come to the picnic on Saturday.
4.11 tonikaku <Ь1<й'<
“at any rate” “anyway”
Tonikaku introduces a decision or suggestion made without regard
to, or in spite of, other considerations.
Examples:
1. Kimeru mae ni tonikaku mo ichido hanashiaimasho.
At any rate, let’s talk about it once more before we make a decision.
2. Saikin karada no guai ga warui node ashita tonikaku byoin e
itte mimasu.
ЙЙ1И JUf	ВД El	T t To
I haven’t been feeling well recently, so I think I’ll just go to the hospital
tomorrow.
190
4.12 sekkaku
“with effort,” “kindly,” “especially”
Sekkaku expresses the speaker’s regret over what he views as a wasted
opportunity (Examples 1, 2). It also expresses his appreciation for
trouble taken on his account (Example 3).
IIxamples:
1.	Takashi wa sekkaku ii kaisha ni shushoku shita noni, ichinen
de yamete shimatta.
Although Takashi succeeded in finding work with a good company,
he quit after only a year.
2.	Sekkaku Ginza ni iru'n dakara, yukkuri shite ikimasho.
Фо < i)
As long as we’re in Ginza, let’s relax and enjoy ourselves.
3.	Kono doresu wa ane ga sekkaku kureta kara, konsato ni kite
iku tsumori desu.
п у-9— b <
о *> l9 t'To
I intend to wear this dress to the concert since my older sister went to
the trouble of giving it to me.
4.13 wazawaza	“expressly,” “specially”
Wazawaza indicates someone’s taking time or trouble to do some-
Ihing on someone else’s account.
191
Examples:
1. Tomodachi ga kuru node, wazawaza keki о kai ni itta.
Because my friends are coming, I went out specially to buy some cakes.
!
2. Yukiko-san wa wazawaza watashi no ie made hana о
motte kite kureta.	* >
Wf-$	t	< n£0
Yukiko took the trouble of bringing flowers to my house.
___________________ !
4.14 tsuide ni OLlTrk.
“while (I am/you are at it),” “at the same time”	i
Tsuide ni indicates someone’s taking advantage of a situation to do >'
something additional and usually of secondary importance.
Examples:
1. Shigoto de Kyoto e kita tsuide ni kenbutsu mo shimashita.
Lt LZ:o
While I was in Kyoto on business, I did some sightseeing.
2. Kono heya ga sundara, tsuide ni tonari no heya mo s6ji
shite kudasai.
When this room is done, please clean the room next to it as well, ;v в
,	, •	t
long as you re at it.
I
I
192	Ж
PRACTICE 10 (4.1-4,14)__________________________________________
( ji de the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
I, Minna ga wakaru yo ni (hakkiri/kippari/sesseto) hanashinasai.
Speak clearly so that everybody understands you.
Kanojo wa daigaku о deru to (kichinto/sassato/hakkiri) boi-
furendo to kekkon shita.
As soon as she got out of college, she hurried to marry her boyfriend.
I, Kare wa (narubeku/sekkaku/kippari) joshi no iken ni hantai
shinai yo ni shite iru.
ct d L'CV''/Ьо
He tries as much as possible not to oppose the opinions of his boss.
I. Kyonen wa totemo isogashikatta node, kotoshi wa (kich-
into/yukkuri/hakkiri) shitai.
< b/l±
^£b) Lfcv>0
1 was very busy last year, so I want to relax this year.
’>. Yubinkyoku e iku no nara, (wazawazaAsuide ni/kossori) kono
tegami mo dashite kudasai.
If you are going to the post office, please mail this letter at the same time.
193
6.	Kuwashii koto wa wakaranai ga, (narubeku/tsuide ni/tonl
kaku) genba e itte miyo.
do
We may not know the details, but let’s go to the scene anyway and
see (what there is to see).
7.	Akachan ga okinai yo ni (kossori/sotto/sassato) doa о shimo
mashita.
Wo h/$ о $ h) b r
L£o
I closed the door quietly so that the baby wouldn’t wake up.
8.	Kono shotaijo ni wa (kichinto/wazawaza/hakkiri) henji о da
sanakute mo ii desu yo.	f
Cl «ЖЖ (± (£ Ъ к E!Ь	*) )	& Ж $ A
You need not take the trouble to answer this invitation.
9.	(Sekkaku/tsuide ni/sesseto) itta noni resutoran wa rinji ky(i
gyo datta.
Although we went all the way to the restaurant, it was temporarih f
closed.	I
I
10.	Kanojo wa (sesseto/kossori/narubeku) byoin ni chiryo ni f
kayotte iru.	I
tfcfcii teo-tth/ciW	I
She is going to the hospital secretly for the treatment.	£
194
•1.15 hotto fiot
“be relieved”
/ lotto expresses relief that a worrisome situation is over.
Examples:
1. Yoi shirase ni watashi wa hotto shimashita.
1 felt relieved at the good news.
2. Kosho ga matomatta node, kankeisha wa hotto shiteiru.
£ h t о tzoLrv^o
Since the negotiations have been squared away, the parties involved
are breathing sighs of relief.
<1.16 uttori do it)
“absorbedly,” “in a trance”
Uttori expresses the feeling of being absorbed in something beautiful.
Examples:
I. Kanojo wa yuyakezora о uttori (to) nagameta.
She gazed fixedly at the sky aglow with the setting sun.
2. Meikyoku ni uttori shite jikan no tatsu no mo wasureta.
Entranced by the beautiful music, I was unaware of the passage of time.
195
4.17 bonyari I37v№ О
“vacantly,” “absentmindedly”
Bonyari indicates a spacey manner.
Examples:
1. Kare wa tori ga tonde iku no о bonyari nagamete ita.
He was looking vacantly at the birds flying away.
2. Saikin Sachiko-san wa konpyuta no mae de yoku bonyari
shite iru.
Lately, Sachiko has been doing a lot of daydreaming in front of tin
computer.
4.18 shonbori
“dejectedly”
Shonbori indicates a lonely or depressed manner.
Examples:
1. Ishidan ni otoko no ко да shonbori suwatte iru.
A boy is sitting dejectedly on the stone stairway.
2. Ano rojin wa inu да inaku natte kara itsumo shonbori shito
iru.
$> L<k/ul3'D LO'-So
Ever since his dog disappeared, that old man has been depressed.
196
1.19 sukkiri 1Г э 2г О
“feel fine,” “feel refreshed”
Sukkiri indicates a cheerful mood or a refreshing feeling due to a
ihange in fortune or circumstances.
Uxamples:
I. Shakkin о minna haratte shimatte sukkiri shita.
1 paid off all my debts, and I feel great.
2. litai koto о itte kimochi ga sukkiri shita.
I said what I wanted to say and got it off my chest.
4.20 sappari	I# 0
“feel refreshed,” “feel relieved”
Siippari indicates a refreshing feeling or relief in general. It is usually
interchangeable with sukkiri.
Uxamples:
I. Undo no ato de shawa о abite sappari shimashita.
-Y 7 ~	э I# 0 L £ L Zco
1 took a shower after exercising and felt refreshed.
2. Kare to no kon'yaku о kaisho shite sappari shita.
'1&t	L<Soli0 L/Zo
1 have broken off my engagement with him, so I feel relieved.
197
4.21 gakkari й‘эй'0
“be disappointed,” “be discouraged”
Gakkari indicates a feeling of unhappiness due to the failure of hope
Examples:
1. Kare wa kanojo ga deto о kotowatta node gakkari shite iiu,
He is disappointed because she turned down a date with him.
2. Biru wa yoku benkyo shita noni shiken ni shippai shito
gakkari shita.
Е'Лг{±J; <	Lfco
Bill was discouraged because he failed the exam in spite of having,
studied hard for it.
4.22 mutto 43 э t “get angry,” “be offended”
Mutto indicates a feeling of anger or hostility.
Examples:
1. Watashi wa Kihara-san no shitsureina kotoba ni mutto shita.
I was offended by Mr. Kihara’s rude remark.
2. Tomu wa kesa kara zutto mutto shite imasu.
b А HW'ЬГо h43о£ LTV'i to
Tom has been scowling all morning.
198
hatto йэ£
“be startled,” “be taken aback”
Ihilto indicates a feeling of surprise or alarm.
I MAMI'I.ES:
I,	Surudoi tori no nakigoe ni hatto shita.
I was startled by the sharp cry of a bird.
' Kuruma no mae ni kojika ga tobidashita toki, watashi wa
. hatto shite bureki о kaketa.
*	lйййэ<t lт-/ u-&w/л
When a fawn rushed out in front of the car, I got startled and
slammed on the brakes.
PRACTICE 11 (4.15-4.23)
('.ircle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
I.	Ame de pikunikku ga chushi sareta node, (sappari/sukkiri/
gakkari) shimashita.
We were disappointed because the picnic was called off due to the rain.
2.	O-furo ni haitte kami о aratte kikaetara, jitsu ni (bonyari/
sappari/uttori) shita.
(fb/d-otb) LZ:o
199
Once I took a bath, washed my hair and changed my clothes, I fell
truly refreshed.
3.	Akira wa tomodachi ga Nagoya e iten shita node (shon
bori/uttori/sukkiri) shite iru.
WWM'Mmfc©? (L 5 A(?*9/d о h *9/1
§ *9) L-CH&o
Since his friend moved to Nagoya, Akira has been lonely.
4.	Purojekuto ga kigenmae ni kansei shite minna (sukkin
hotto/hatto) shite imasu.
(to § *9/(5о h/lI
oh) LTV>iTo
Our project was completed on time, so we all feel relieved.
5.	Hayashi-san wa watashi ga deta no machigai о shiteki sum
to (shonbori/gakkari/mutto) shimashita.
Л{±^й57я’“ 9	& h (L 5 Л(5**9/й5- 
T*9/froh) UUo
Miss Hayashi scowled when I pointed out to her the mistakes in the data.
6.	Haha ga nyOinchu, watashi wa denwa ga naru to (hatto/
hotto/mutto) shita.
WAK4N	h («ot/lbi/trot) LZh.
During the period my mother was in the hospital, the sound of tin
phone ringing never failed to startle me.
200
4.24 kitchiri Эгэ'50
“exactly,” “perfectly”
Kitchiri indicates an exact or perfect state or manner of events.
Examples:
1. Kono jaketto wa watashi ni kitchiri (to) aimasu.
This jacket fits me perfectly.
2. Kaigi wa kitchiri (to) sanji ni hajimarimashita.
mfco
The meeting began exactly at three o’clock.
4.25 pittari Cf oTtO
“exactly,” “perfectly”
Pittari indicates an exact or perfect state or manner of events. In cer-
tain cases (Example 2, not 1) it may be interchangeable with kitchiri.
Examples:
1. Kono keisan wa pittari (to) atte imasu.
This calculation is perfectly correct.
2. Hikoki wa pittari (to) teikoku ni tochaku shita.
ШМШОЬГсО (h)	Lfco
The airplane arrived right on schedule.
201
4.26 chodo *5 «к □ E
“just,” “right,” “exactly”
Chodo indicates that a time, size, number or amount conforms to a
certain standard or expectation.
Examples:
1.	Soko made densha de chodo ichijikan kakaru.
-e г i -сжжт-5 л 5	o
It takes exactly an hour to get there by train.
2.	Raishu no kayobi nara chodo tsugo ga ii desu.
в * ъъ«к5>v
Next Tuesday would suit my schedule very nicely.
4.27 yuttari 1Ф о t) “be spacious,” “be loose”
Yuttari indicates ampleness in terms of size or space.
Examples:
1. Watashi no atarashii apato wa mae no apato yori kanari yu-
ttari shite iru.
b lIlW''- b J; <0	<0 Ф-эГсЬ LTV'
So
My new apartment is quite a bit more spacious than my previous one
2. Kono gaun wa yuttari shite kigokochi ga ii desu.
This gown is loose and comfortable to wear.
202
-1.28 hissori QofD
“quietly,” “still”
/ lissori indicates stillness, tranquility or a quiet state of isolation.
Examples:
I. Gogo hachiji sugiru to kono machi wa hissori suru.
This town becomes quiet after eight o’clock p.m.
I
Mori no naka ni marutagoya ga hissori (to) tatte iru.
A log cabin stands quietly isolated in the woods.
*
•1.29 tsugitsugi “one after another” “in succession”
Tsugitsugi indicates the continual occurrence of an action or event.
Examples:
I. Ii kangae ga tsugitsugi (ni) mune ni ukanda.
((Г)
Good ideas came to mind one after another.
2. Kono shina wa hyoban ga yoku tsugitsugi (ni) chOmon ga
kuru.
< ж? (r)
This product is popular and orders keep coming in.
203
4.30 zokuzoku
“one after another,” “in succession”
Zokuzoku indicates the perpetual occurrence of an action or evenl. hi
certain cases it may be interchangeable with tsugitsugi. However, II.
frequency expressed by zokuzoku is usually greater than that of hiu
itsugi, and it often implies accumulation.	>
Examples:
1. Sono jiken no ato de fushigina dekigoto ga zokuzoku (l<>)
okotta.
After that incident, strange events occurred one after another.
2. Hanami no jiki ni wa kono koen ni kankokyaku ga zokuzoku
(to) otozureru.	I
Г г о&й	io
During cherry blossom season, tourists come flocking to this park. I
4.31 chakuchaku
“steadily,” “step by step”
Chakuchaku indicates steady progression.
Examples:
1. Idenshi no kenkyO wa chakuchaku (to) susunde iru.
Genetic research has been making steady progress.
204
2. Kare wa ikoku de chakuchaku (to) Kirisutokyo о hirometa.
lie steadily spread Christianity in foreign countries.
♦________________________
4.32 jojo ni U U <k l< “gradually,” “slowly”
, /<>/'(> ni indicates slow, gentle change. Its emphasis is on the quality of
i hange rather than the direction.
Examples:
I.	Tenki wa jojo ni kaifuku suru desho.
JtC.klClBlfMT&'CL x do
I he weather will gradually clear up.
2.	Kion wa jojo ni josho shi, sesshi yonjOdo о koeta.
W(±L<kU<J:IC±#L,
л The temperature went up gradually, exceeding forty degrees Celsius.
4.33 dandan Tc/u/c/v
“gradually,” “slowly”
Dandan indicates gradual change. Its emphasis is on the direction of
I he change rather than the quality.
Examples:
1. Hikoki no oto ga dandan kikoenaku natta.
The sound of the airplane gradually died away.
205
2. Kono chiiki no kankyo ga dandan yokunatta.	i
The environment in this area has shown gradual improvement.
PRACTICE 12 (4.24-4.33) 
Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
1.	Ima ga hanami ni wa (kitchiri/yuttari/chodo) ii jiki desu.
(got,	d h*) У'У'ВЗЭД'С'То
Now is just the right time for cherry-blossom viewing.
2.	Kore kara (dandan/tsugitsugi/hissori) samuku natte kimasu
yo.
It will gradually start to get colder, I tell you.
3.	Ressha wa jikan dori (chSdo/kitchiri/yuttari) hassha shsita.
The train departed exactly on time.
4.	Kono mise ni wa watashi ni (pittari/yuttari/hissori) au saizu
ga nai.
This store does not carry any size that fits me perfectly.
5.	Kare no jigyo wa (jojo ni/chakuchaku to/zokuzoku to) yol
jisseki о agete iru.
ШОЖЖ14 (t-X
206
 His business is steadily showing positive results.
t
6.	Ano resutoran wa kyaku ga sukunaku itsumo (kitchiri/yuttari/
hissori) shite iru.
। ZV) Lrv^o
That restaurant has few customers and is always quiet.
7.	Kuruma ga (zokuzoku/jojo ni/dandan) kite michi ga watarenai.
» Cars are coming one after another, so I can’t cross the street.
4.34 kitto Sot
“surely,” “certainly,” “without fail”
Kitto expresses the speaker’s confidence or strong belief.
Examples:
1.	Kono hon wa kitto yaku ni tatsu to omoimasu.
- oTli£ Э	rsо h ш VTo
I am sure this book will be helpful.
2.	Watashi ga kuruma о arau to, kitto ame ga furu.
When I wash my car, it rains without fail.
4.	35 kanarazu tkf'lF' “surely,” “certainly,” “without fail”
Kanarazu expresses the speaker’s conviction. It is more formal than
kitto.
207
Examples:
1. Kono shigoto wa kanarazu getsumatsu made ni kansei slil
masu.
г	T £	l £ To
This work will surely be completed by the end of the month.
2. KotsO kisoku wa kanarazu mamoranakereba naranai.
You must obey traffic regulations no matter what.
4.36 mochiron £>"55/u “of course,” “no doubt”
Mochiron expresses the speaker’s certainty about something.
Examples:
1. Akiko-san ga ikanai no nara, mochiron watashi mo ikimasen
If Akiko doesn’t go, I won’t go either, of course.
2. Taifu ga kureba, mochiron fune wa demasen.
Ь55МйЙ1ШЛо
If a typhoon comes, the ship is certain not to set sail.
4.37 yahari/yappari Тй О /Той" t)
“as expected,” “after all
Yahari or yappari indicates that something has turned out the way il
was expected to. Yappari is more colloquial than yahari and, in some
cases, more emphatic.
208
I samples:
I. Yahari watashi no suisoku wa tadashikatta.
I was right in my conjecture after all.
Ano kaisha wa yappari tosan shita so da.
I hear that company went bankrupt, as predicted.
i _________________________
4.38 kekkyoku “after all,” “finally,” “in the end”
Kekkyoku emphasizes the fact that a conclusion has been reached re-
I'.u dless of whatever decisions or circumstances led to it.
Uxamples:
I,	Yoku kangaeta ue de, kekkyoku sono ginko ni tsutomeru
koto ni shita.
Ж	Z h Г L/Co
Upon careful consideration, I finally decided to work for the bank.
2.	Nando mo hanashiatta ga kekkyoku ketsuron wa denakatta.
Although we discussed the issue many times, in the end we never
reached a conclusion.
3.	Karera wa sanzan кепка о shite ita kedo kekkyoku kekkon
shita.
®	$ Л SW & LXWJt Jf,	L /co
They bickered a lot, but in the end, they got married.
209
4.39 tsumari О
“in brief,” “in other words,” “that is to s.iy
Tsumari is used to summarize or rephrase what has been said.
Examples:
1. Kore wa imoto no musuko, tsumari, watashi no oi no shashut
desu.
This is a picture of my younger sister’s son, that is, my nephew.
2. Ano sutsu wa takakute kaenai. Tsumari o-kane ga nai to ю
koto desu.
•to	‘ t
That suit is too expensive. In other words, I haven’t got the money for il. s
4.40 tatoeba $!1Л1ё£ “for instance”
Tatoeba is used to give an example.	,
Examples:	{
1. Nihon no shosetsu, tatoeba Kawabata ya Mishima no /
sakuhin о yonda koto ga arimasu	ka.	f
"t^o	j
Have you ever read any Japanese novels—works by Kawabata or M i |
shima, for example?	I
210
Natsuyasumi ni iroirona koto о shita. Tatoeba umi de oyoi-
* dari, sakana о tsuttari, kyanpu ni ittari shita.
1	L£o
We did a lot of things over summer vacation—swam in the ocean, went
fishing, went camping...
4.41 aikawarazu 5 £F “as usual,” “as always”
iMkawarazu indicates that an action or state is ongoing.
Examples:
I. Yoshida-san wa aikawarazu ganko desu ne.
nffl $
Mr. Yoshida is being his usual stubborn self, isn’t he?
2. Kare wa aikawarazu asonde bakari imasu.
® {iffiS t> 5 З’Ж Л “С ti'fr 0 V'J to
He does nothing but fool around, as always.
4.42 kaette Й'Яэ 77
“on the contrary”
Kaette introduces a result that is contrary to expectation.
EXAMPLES:
1. Homerareru dokoro ka, kaette shikarareta.
Far from being praised, I was scolded.
211
2. Hirune о shite kaette zutsO ga hidoku natta.
£oZz<>
I took a nap and woke up with a worse headache.
4.43 saiwai
“fortunately”
Saiwai indicates a favorable situation.
Examples:
1. Ono-san no ofisu ni yottara, saiwai kare wa hima datta.
XU^foZz^, ^UWfZ^ZcoZzo
When I stopped by Mr. Ono’s office, he was, fortunately, not busy.
2. Pikunikku no hi wa saiwai ichinichijO tenki ga yokatta.
X - -7 X О В В	Zdo
Fortunately, on the day of the picnic, the weather was good all day k>np.
4.44 ainiku	“unfortunately”
Ainiku indicates an unfavorable situation.
Examples:	'
1. Sore о kaitakatta ga ainiku kurejitto kado о motte inakatta. I
'?‘^^Hv>ZzZ)'oZzZ5'®LMC< X b -ft —	i
Z'^Zzo	I
I wanted to buy it, but unfortunately I didn’t have my credit card 4
with me.	I
212
Ainiku kaze о hiite enkai ni shusseki dekinakatta.
J61MC < й'-tf & 51 v > -С'ы£ U ЖЖ ЖЖ * й'о tz о
Unfortunately, I got a cold and couldn’t attend the banquet.
PRACTICE 13 (4.34-4.44)___________________________________________
i ircle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
I. Raigetsu no kurasukai ni wa (kitto/yahari/kekkyoku) kite
kudasai ne.
Please be sure to come to the class reunion next month.
?.. Yosan ga nai kara kono purojekuto wa (tsumari/yahari/ainiku)
dekinai so desu.
H± 0/^(±1)/гЬ1Чг<)
1 heard that this project cannot be carried out as expected for lack of
budget.
3.	Watashi wa yakusoku shita koto wa (saiwai/kaette/mochiron)
jikko shimasu.
I will of course carry out what I promised to do.
4.	Sofu wa (kanarazu/tatoeba/aikawarazu) choshokumae ni
sanpo ni dekakeru.
mi±
My grandfather goes out for a walk before breakfast as usual.
213
5.	Jimu wa (tsumari/kekkyoku/ainiku) gakko о yamete shimnttn
Jim quit school after all, to my regret.
6.	Yamada-san wa (ainiku/saiwai/mochiron) sono ochita hikni i
ni notte inakatta.
Fortunately, Mr. Yamada wasn’t on the airplane that had gone down
7.	Kanojo wa kokana mono bakari kau so desu ga, (tsumaii.
tatoeba/yahari) donna mono desu ka.
I hear she buys nothing but expensive things, but what things dm .
she buy, for example?
8.	Tenchi shitara (yahari/kitto/kaette) taicho ga waruku natta.
ItettLZcF,	#fl»<&-oZ:o
I went for a change of air, but became more ill.
О
Onomatopoeic Words
Onomatopoeic words are adverbs that imitate sounds (giseigo) or
describe actions, manners or states (gitaigo). Some onomatopoek
words may optionally be followed by the particles to or ni, and can
combine with the verb suru to form verbs.
English has onomatopoeic words too, but they tend to be verbs
rather than adverbs, e.g., “murmur,” “scuttle,” “screech,” etc. This ten
214
,1.1	nikoniko L cl IZl
г
' tlcncy is evident in the entries below, where some words are trans-
lated as verbs. Such translations are intended to be conceptual.
i
“with a smile,” “happily”
Г
Nikoniko describes a smile that conveys happiness, pleasure, friendli-
ness or kindness.
Examples:
I.	Akachan ga watashi о mite nikoniko waraimashita.
♦	LZco
The baby smiled happily at me.
2.	Ototo wa tanjobi ni kamera о moratte nikoniko shite iru.
My little brother got a camera for his birthday and is all smiles.
f
“with a grin,” “with a smirk”
Niyaniya describes a grin, smirk or knowing smile.
* Examples:
1.	Shiranai otoko no hito ga niyaniya warainagara watashi ni
chikazuita.
A strange man approached me with a sly grin.
5.2 niyaniya l<'V)(c-№
215
2.	Kare ga niyaniya shite iru toki ni wa kanarazu nanika taku
rande iru.
ШЯС HZ L T и &	a тНк Л -С V о
When he grins, you know he is up to something.
5.3 kusukusu
“giggle,” “chuckle”
Kusukusu describes a giggle or a chuckle.
Examples:
1. Shojo-tachi wa rojin no okashina kakko о mite kusukusu
waratta.
The girls giggled at the old man’s odd appearance.
2. Hito ga majime ni hanashite iru toki kusukusu warau no w.i
shitsurei da.
11L<v>-g, Rf<Г<d О
It’s rude to giggle when someone is speaking seriously.
5.4	geragera If 5 If 5	“(laugh) loudly”
Geragera describes the sound of someone exploding with laughter.
Examples:
1.	KanshO wa shikaisha no jodan ni geragera waratta.
5 If 5^0 Z_’o
The audience roared with laughter at the MC’s jokes.
216
2.	Nan de mo nai koto ni geragera warau hito wa kirai desu.
Ш E Ulf Slf 5лДд Д(Жи-СТо
I don’t like people who laugh loudly at nothing.
i
5.5	shikushiku L< L< “sob,” “weep”
Shikushiku describes the sound of someone quietly sobbing (Examples
I 1,2). It also describes a slight pain, as in the stomach (Example 3).
I
Examples:
1.	Shoppingu moru de maigo ni natta onna no ко ga shiku-
shiku naite iru.
The girl who is lost in the shopping mall is weeping sadly.
2.	Haha wa chichi no soshiki no aida shikushiku naite ita.
Mother sobbed throughout Father’s funeral.
3.	Kesa kara hara ga shikushiku suru.
I I’ve had a stomachache since this morning.
5.6 wawa ЪЗбЪдо
“(weep) loudly,” “wail,” “cheer”
Wawa describes the sound of someone wailing or cheering loudly.
?	217
Examples:
1.	Subette koronda kodomo wa wawa nakidashita.
it о TijgAfc44ftl±to®to®&£ ж LZzo
The child who had slipped and fallen started to cry loudly.
2.	Kanojo wa sono kanashii shirase ni hitomae de wawa naita.
® tQ (±	L v	t -tf ic Л ни t? to® to® hX v > tz o
Hearing the sad news, she started bawling in front of everyone.
3.	Sakka fan ga wawa sawaide ita.
•9-7Й-7Т >^to®to®Bv'*cv>fco
The soccer fans were cheering loudly.
5.7 poroporo U5U5
“(shed tears) in large drops”
Poroporo describes the manner in which tears trickle down the face.
Examples:
1. Kanojo wa yuzai no hanketsu ni poroporo namida о kobo
shita.
She shed tears at the verdict of “guilty.”
2. Watashi wa namida ga poroporo kanojo no hoho о koboreru
no о mita.
I saw tears trickle down her cheeks.
218
5.8 kankan (ni) &h>&h> ((<)
“(fume) with anger,” “(shine) hot”
Kankan describes boiling anger or intense heat.
I'XAMPLES:
1. Watashi ga mudan de kaigi ni kesseki shita node, kacho wa
kankan (ni) okotte iru.
КL tz(D"С, Bft(IC) & о T v>
-bo
The section chief was furious because I missed the meeting without
permission.
1. Musume wa hahaoya ni boifurendo no tegami о yomarete
kankan ni natta.
У h У	nxtthuttha^^tZo
The daughter was furious because the letter from her boyfriend was
read by her mother.
.. Hi ga kankan (ni) tette iru kara, boshi о kabutte ikinasai.
В &Ь'Н>Ь'Н>№ Sbivm, W% о Т?Т£ & S V'o
The sun is shining hot, so go out with your hat on.
>.9 punpun ii\hjii\hj
“in anger,” “in a huff”
Piinpun describes indiscriminate anger.
219
Examples:
1. Jokyaku wa kuko de nanjikan mo matasarete punpun okoliu
ita.	I
& ft/г $ П<*7иЛ7и&о	i
The passengers were very angry because they were made to wail ! >i •
many hours at the airport.
>
2. Watashi dake pati ni sasowareta no о shitte Michiko-san w.i l
punpun shite imasu.	f
T	$ AJ±i3»7ui3i/u I I
-CHt-To
Michiko knows that only I was invited to the party, and she is in .1 
huff because of it.	у
5.10
gamigami
“(snap at someone) angrily”
Gamigami describes the manner in which someone who is angry lash
es out at another.
Examples:
1. Tonari no okusan wa asa kara ban made kodomo о gami-
gami shikatte iru.
1ЙОЖ ? Л	T и & о
The woman nextdoor scolds her children harshly from morning till
night.
2. Noda-san wa joshi ni gamigami iwarete repoto о kaki
naoshite iru.
220
yjf н $ /и±±ц| кйчиьчт^п-с	ь	£ й L -си &о
Miss Noda was yelled at by her boss, so she is rewriting the report.
PRACTICE 14 (5.1-5.10)__________________________________
(arcle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
I.	Chikagoro Ishida-san wa (gamigami/niyaniya/punpun) shite
chikazukinikui.
L’CS'O^lc
< ио
Lately, Ms. Ishida has been in such an angry mood that it is difficult
to approach her.
2.	Yano-san wa atarashii jitensha о nusumarete (wawa/gami-
gami/kankan ni) okotte iru.
fi“C
tf'AX)
Mr. Yano is furious that his new bicycle has been stolen.
3.	Kurai eigakan no ushiro no seki de dareka (geragera/kusu-
kusu/niyaniya) waratte ita.
(If Gif G/< t < -f/lc^lc^)
Someone was giggling in a rear seat in the dark movie theater.
4.	Erebeta о oriru to, Wada-san ga (nikoniko/kusukusu/gera-
gera) shite tatte ita.
Z> h' JlililMf (|:ccc/<f <-Г/1Т
GlfG) L-C±o-CHfco
221
When I got off the elevator, Mr. Wada was standing there (in front I
me) with a broad smile.
5.	Densha no naka de osanai kodomo ga (shikiishiku/boio
boro/wawa) naite hahaoya о komaraseta.
A young child cried loudly in the train, embarrassing his mother.
6.	Watashi ga heya ni haitta toki, Ono-san wa (niyaniya/kusn
kusu/punpun) shinagara zasshi о mite ita.
fcsJWWM /J'SfS/U±
When I entered the room, Mr. Ono was looking at a magazine and
grinning.
7.	Ano ко wa (kankan ni/gamigami/punpun) itte mo terebi о
mite bakari imasu.
&(7)=f-l± (2>>АЙ'ЛГМЗД?АЛ£Л^А) loUrm
JLGfH t'tto
Even if I scold him harshly, that child does nothing but watch TV.
5.11 gatsugatsu Л'ЭЛ'О
“hungrily,” “gluttonously,” “(eat) like a pig”
Gatsugatsu describes the manner in which a very hungry person eats.
It carries negative connotations.
222
Examples:
I. Mikka mo tabenakatta node, dasareta tabemono о gatsug-
l atsu tabeta.
Because I hadn’t eaten for three days, I wolfed down the food that
was served.
2. Kare wa okii suteki ni gatsugatsu shite iru.
He is hungry for a big steak.
5.12 morimori £> О Ъ t)
(eat) like a horse,” “have a hearty appetite1
Morimori describes the manner in which a person with a good appetite
eats heartily.
Examples:
1. Senshu-tachi wa shiai no ato de yOshoku о morimori tabeta.
After the game, the players wolfed down their dinner.
2. Byoki ga hobo kaifuku shita node, morimori taberareru yo
ni natta.
Having recovered almost fully from my illness, I’m able to eat like a
horse again.
223
5.13 poripori
“munch”
Poripori describes the sound of someone eating crackers or otlici
crunchy treats.
Examples:
1. Otoko no ко да futari koen no benchi ni suwatte potelo
chippu о poripori tabete iru.
Two boys are sitting on a bench in the park and munching on potan >
chips.
2. Eigakan de tonari no hito ga poppukon о poripori tabeto
urusakute tamaranakatta.
[JO) $ < T/
The person sitting next to me in the movie theater was munching on
popcorn, and it was extremely irritating.
5.14 pekopeko
“on an empty stomach,” “with one’s head bowed”
Pekopeko describes the sound of someone’s stomach growling foi
food (Examples 1, 2). It also describes a groveling, obsequious mannei
(Example 3).
224
Examples:
1.	Hashitta kara onaka ga pekopeko desu.
zLo tz fr Ъ # t£	T"to
£ I ran, so I’m awfully hungry.
2.	Onaka ga pekopeko de taore so da.
|	Zc'o
I’m so hungry I feel like I’m going to collapse.
* 3. Kare wa itsu de mo joshi ni pekopeko shite imasu.
 He’s always playing up to his boss.
I
*
5.15 gabugabu tfZSWiJi “quaff,” “(drink) thirstily,”
(inbugabu describes the manner in which someone guzzles some-
thing.
’ EXAMPLES:
j 1. Nodo ga kawaita kara mizu о gabugabu nonda.
0 V -> tz	Ж £	tz о
Because I was thirsty, I drank a lot of water.
| 2. Kida-san wa bTru о gabugabu nomu kara, saikin futotte kita.
*И $ Adi tf- Л/	X % tzo
'' Mr. Kida drinks a lot of beer, and that’s why he has recently
gained weight.
225
5.16 chibichibi tSlTSlf
“(sip) little by little,” “in sips”
Chibichibi describes the manner in which someone sips something.
Examples:
1. Kare wa ba de hitori uisukT о chibichibi nonde iru.
He is sipping whiskey alone at the bar,
2. Yoshiko-san wa wain о susumerarete, chibichibi nonde ita,
Having been offered a glass of wine, Yoshiko (accepted it and) drank
it in sips.
5.17 perapera ^5^5 “fluently,” “rapidly”
Perapera describes the manner in which someone speaks fluently in a
foreign language or rapidly in general.
Examples:
1. Sumisu-san wa sannen de Nihongo ga perapera ni nari-
mashita.
Mr. Smith became fluent in Japanese in three years.
2. Sensei ga Nihongo de perapera hanashita node, nani mo
wakaranakatta.
226
H	LZcОЧл Ж ftfr %%&=> Zco
Because the teacher spoke rapidly in Japanese, I understood nothing.
5.18 berabera *<5^5
“(talk) on and on,” “blab”
Hcrabera describes the manner in which someone talks on and on
without stopping, often about something that he should not be talk-
ing about.
IIxamples:
1. Kanojo wa hito no hanashi о kikazu hitori de berabera sha-
beru.
® A l± А <Г) & И й'Т— Л	5 L & о
She talks on and on without listening to others.
2. Ano hito wa nan demo berabera hanasu kara, ki о tsuketa
ho ga ii desu yo.
io
He blabs about everything, so you had better be careful about what
you say.
5.19 pechakucha /'s‘5 ¥> C Ъ “(talk) noisily,” “chatter”
Pcchakucha describes the manner in which someone talks noisily
without stopping.
227
Examples:
1. Kanojo ga kuru to itsumade mo pechakucha shaberu kaui,
shigoto ga dekinai.
t V'-o i -c&'Ч’В¥> <-5¥> L ✓<£ й'b' {±.ШЧ11
Ж£ио
Whenever she comes over, she chatters on and on, so I can’t get nr
work done.
2. Kissaten de wakai josei ga o-cha о nominagara, pechakucha
shabette ita.	.
Some young women were chattering away while having tea in th к
coffee shop.	?
I
5.20 hakihaki ййгйЗг “clearly,” “unambiguously”
♦
Hakihaki describes the manner in which someone speaks clearly and/
or with conviction.	।
Examples:
1.	Sono ко wa keikan no shitsumon ni otona no yo ni hakihaki i
kotaeta.
<fc о 1гй£йШй> |
That child answered the policeman’s questions clearly, like an adult.
2.	Ono-san wa taido ga hakihaki shinai kara, gokai sareru koto I
ga aru.	I
228
ЙФ L * ж $
Because Mr. Ono’s attitude is ambiguous, there are times when he is
misunderstood.
5.21	hisohiso
“in whispers”
llisohiso describes the manner in which someone speaks in a low
voice so as not to be heard by others.
Examples:
I. Ano futari wa itsumo heya no sumi de hisohiso hanashite
imasu.
Those two are always talking in whispers in the corner of the room.
2. Jugyochu hisohiso hanashite sensei ni shikarareta.
We whispered during class and got scolded by the teacher.
PRACTICE 15 (5.11-5.21)
Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
I.	Gaikoku de mizu о (chibichibi/gabugabu/gatsugatsu) nonde
geri о shita.
I drank a lot of water while abroad and had diarrhea.
229
2.	Kesa kara nani mo tabete inai kara, onaka ga (gatsugatsu/
morimori/pekopeko) da.
V'j}'h,	ij I,
Zfo
I haven’t eaten anything since this morning, so I am starving.
3.	Hara-san wa Pari de umare Pari de sodatta kara, furansugo
ga (hakihaki/perapera/berabera) desu.
77'/X^ (U
Miss Hara was born and raised in Paris, so she is fluent in French.
4.	Hondana no muko de futari no josei ga (hisohiso/hakihalu/
pechakucha) shabette iru no ga yoku kikoeru.
? TTAoW	< I,
I can clearly hear the two women chattering behind the bookshelf.
5.	Hayaku genki ni natte mae no yo ni (morimori/gatsugatsu/
poripori) tabete kudasai.
¥<тсЖГй-оТйо<£ ? Г ($> $> i)(jf;)
< Zf$v>o
Please get well soon and regain your hearty appetite.
6.	Mada kimatte inai noni, Yoshida-san wa tsugi no puro-
jekuto no koto о (berabera/hakihaki/pekopeko) hanashite ita.
t? Иг
g§L-Cv>Z:o
In spite of the fact that it hasn’t been decided yet, Mr. Yoshida was
blabbing about our next project.
230
7.	Kodomo ga kurakka о (gatsugatsu/poripori/pekopeko) tabe-
nagara ehon о mite iru.
7 7 7 л - (^ t) ir г г)	4*
The child is looking at a picture book while munching on crackers.
5.22 burabura 315315 “leisurely,” “idly”
linrabura describes the manner in which someone dangles something
(Example 1) or the way something dangles. It also describes leisurely
movement that is without purpose (Example 2), or the manner in
which someone idles his time away (Example 3).
Examples:
1.	Sono onna no ко wa isu ni swatte ashi о burabura sasete ita.
^0#0^1±HTK^<W&3i53i5$-£-CV>fco
The girl was sitting on the chair, dangling her feet.
2.	Koen о burabura arukimashita.
£H£3i53i5^£LZ:o
I went for a leisurely walk in the park.
3.	Kara wa shitsugyo shite kara burabura hi о okutte iru.
W£itLT^3i53i5H&^-oTH&o
Since he lost his job, he has been leading an idle life.
231
5.23 zorozoro
“in succession,” “in streams”
Zorozoro describes the comings and goings of crowds of people.
Examples:
1. Tenrankai no kaijo ni hito ga zorozoro haitte kita.
T § izo
People streamed into the exhibition hall.
2. Sensei ni insotsu sarete, shogakusei ga zorozoro michi о
watatte iru.
Led by a teacher, a crowd of schoolchildren is crossing the street.
5.24 tobotobo tlS'tlS'
“trudge”
Tobotobo describes a slow, heavy gait.
Examples:
1. Yuhi о se ni shite nofu ga inakamichi о tobotobo aruite itta.
H &WK	^tzo
With his back against the setting sun, a peasant trudged along the
country road.
2. Watashi wa kacho ga rojin no yo ni tobotobo aruku no о
mita.
I saw our section chief trudging along wearily like an old man.
232
5.25 yoroyoro <£5<£5
“stagger”
Yoroyoro describes an unsteady gait due to drunkenness, handicap or
physical weakness.
Uxamples:
1. Yopparai ga kurai roji о yoroyoro aruite itta.
Mv'«t<jm5mv'TV'<>/t
A drunken man staggered along the dark alley.
2. Yuka ni taoreta otoko wa yoroyoro tachiagatta.
The man who had fallen to the floor staggered to his feet.
5.26 urouro 5555
“wander about,” “hang about”
Urouro describes the manner in which someone loiters or wanders
about aimlessly in a limited area.
Examples:
1. Hen na otoko ga ie no mae о urouro shite imasu.
15555 LTV' t’to
A strange man is wandering about in front of my house.
2. Isogashii toki ni kono heya no пака о urouro shinai de hoshii.
ft L	i OgllgOФ & 5555 L* V'Lио
When I’m busy, I don’t want you to hang about in this room.
233
5.27 utouto
“drowse,” “doze”
Utouto describes the manner in which someone falls into a light sleep
unintentionally.
Examples:
1. Sensei no setsumei о kikinagara Rinda wa utouto shite ita.
Ш b V > У {±5151L-C v>fco
Linda dozed off while listening to the teacher’s explanation.
2. Utouto shite iru aida ni terebi no bangumi wa owatte ita.
5	U	о T v>fco
While I was dozing, the TV program ended.
5.28 suyasuya
“(sleep) calmly,” “(sleep) peacefully”
Suyasuya describes the manner in which someone sleeps peacefully
without any disturbance.
Examples:
1. Akachan ga ubaguruma no naka de suyasuya nemutte iru.
The baby is sleeping peacefully in the baby carriage.
2. Byonin wa kusuri о nonda ato de nanjikan mo suyasuya
nemuritsuzuketa.
After taking the medicine, the sick person continued to sleep peace-
fully for hours.
234
5.29 gugu < 5 < 5
“z-z-z,” “(sleep) soundly,” “snore”
Gugii describes the manner in which someone sleeps soundly. It also
describes the sound of a snore.
liXAMPLES:
I. Shujin wa gaikoku ryoko kara kaeru to, shawa о abite gugii
nete shimatta.
> v 7 - %iW'-C < 5 <5ЙХ L
i о /с.о
When my husband came home from abroad, he took a shower and
fell soundly asleep.
2. Hoteru no tonari no heya de dareka gugii ibiki о kaite ita.
Someone was snoring loudly in the hotel room next door.
PRACTICE 16 (5.22-5.29)
Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
I.	Kankokyaku ga gaido no ato kara (burabura/yoroyoro/zoro-
zoro) tsuite ikimasu.
(ЛТЬЛТЬ/АбТ 6/-Г6-?6)
STo
The sightseers are closely following the guide in a crowd.
235
2.	Koko о (utouto/urouro/yoroyoro) shinai de sassato shigoto
о katazukenasai.
Don’t hang around here. Finish up your work quickly.
3.	Tenki ga yoi kara koen demo (burabura/tobotobo/zorozoro)
arukimasho ka.
тшл'М. (л^тм/ws) ’I.
J L ± d й'о
Since the weather is good, shall we take a stroll in the park?
4.	Densha no naka de (suyasuya/utouto/yoroyoro) shite eki о
norikoshita.
tzo
I dozed off on the train and rode past the station.
5.	Eki no homo о (tobotobo/yoroyoro/zorozoro) aruite ita otoko
ga watashi ni butsukatta.
The man staggering along the station platform bumped into me.
6.	Kare wa tomodachi ni sake о nomasarete sofa no ue do
(urouro/utouto/дйдй) nete shimatta.
<"d <"d)
He was made to drink sake by his friends and fell fast asleep on the
sofa.
236
5.30 furafura 3» 53» 6 “feel dizzy,” “be unsteady”
Furafura describes a dizzy or lightheaded feeling. It also describes
someone who is shakey or unsteady.
Examples:
I. Kesa okiru to atama ga furafura shita.
Lfco
When I got up this morning, I felt dizzy.
2. Haha wa taiin shimashita ga mada ashi ga furafura shite
imasu.
В ИЖ L £ L tz ifiU. tzftffi& 53» 5 L -C w £ т о
Although my mother is out of the hospital, her legs are still unsteady.
5.31 gangan tfiKitfiKi
“have a splitting headache,” “hear a ringing in one’s ears”
Gangan describes a splitting headache or a ringing in the ears.
Examples:
1. Kaze о hiite atama ga gangan shite imasu.
тМ?'& 51 иTLT v-> £ -to
I have a cold and my head aches.
2. Hikoki ga chakuriku suru toki mimi ga gangan natta.
ШШЖТtzo
I had a terrible ringing in my ears as the airplane landed.
237
5.32 fufu
“puffing and panting,” “gasping for breath"
Fufu describes the sound of hard breathing or blowing.
Examples:
1. Kare wa hashitte kita node fufu itte iru.
Because he came running, he is panting.
2. Kanojo wa fufu iinagara shiken benkyo о shite iru.
L*CV'^>0
She is wearing herself out studying for the exam.
5.33 zokuzoku	“feel excited,” “shiver”
Zokuzoku describes tingling joy or excitement, or a chill due to fear,
a fever or cold weather.
Examples:
1.	Ichiro no fainpure ni zokuzoku suru hodo kofun shita.
Ichiro’s fine play sent shivers down my spine.
2.	Yo ga fukeru to, samusa de karada ga zokuzoku shi hajimeta. *
As night wore on, I began to shiver from the cold.
I
238
3.	Kare wa konetsu de karadaju ga zokuzoku shita.
L£o
Due to his high fever, he felt chills throughout his entire body.
5.34 gatagata	“rattle,” “tremble”
(iatagata describes a rattling sound or the manner in which the body
trembles.
Examples:
1.	Kaze de doa ga gatagata shi hajimeta.
KT- FTtWIctMc
The door began to rattle in the wind.
2.	Kawa kara tasukeagerareta kodomo wa samusa de gata-
gata furuete ita.
) 11 й't В it .к if t ft tz Eft (± Ж $	x. T v > tz o
The child rescued from the river was trembling from the cold.
3.	Yama de kuma ga arawareta toki, osoroshisa de hiza ga
gatagata furueta.
When a bear appeared in the mountains, my knees trembled with fear.
5.35 kirikiri^D^D “have a sharp pain”
Kirikiri describes a sharp pain.
239
Examples:
1. Atama ga kirikiri itamu node asupirin о nonda.
I have a piercing headache, so I have taken some aspirin.
2. Tanaka-san wa sutoresu de i ga kirikiri suru to itte iru.
ИФ$Л(±Х b
Mr. Tanaka says that stress causes him an acute stomachache.
5.36 zukizuki sT9r
“sting,” “throb”
Zukizuki describes a sharp, throbbing pain.
Examples:
1.	Yube ha ga zukizuki itande yoku nemurenakatta.
Last night I had a toothache and couldn’t sleep well.
2.	Yubi no kirikizu ga zukizuki suru.
<0 Wtttttbo
The cut in my finger throbs with pain.
5.37 pinpin UKitfhj
“be lively,” “be full of life”
Pinpin describes a healthy state.
240
Samples:
I, Sobo wa shi no zenjitsu made genki de pinpin shite ita.
My grandmother was well and full of energy until the day before her
death.
2, Mori-san wa ikkagetsu mae ni okega о shita noni mo pin-
pin shite iru.
fc $ A (±-Я й Г лта & L tz 0 lz Ъ о OTuO-Tu L T v > & o
Although Mr. Mori was badly hurt a month ago, he is already full of
life again.
I PRACTICE 17 (5.30-5.37)____________________________________________
Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
I
1 I. Ha ga (zukizuki/gatagata/gangan) itamu node nani mo tabe-
f rarenai.
I	(T §T^Wtz^tz/^^^ ffitrO-CM& П£ИО
Because my tooth aches, I can’t eat anything.
2.	Yube karada ga (furafura/zukizuki/zokuzoku) shita node, atsui
o-furo ni haitte neta.
Last night I had the chills, so I took a hot bath and went to bed.
241
3.	Kino made (kirikiri/pinpin/furafura) shite ita Hayashi-san gw
куй ni nakunatta.
i:t<W2o
Miss Hayashi, who was full of life until yesterday, passed away suddenly,
4.	Hajimete disuko ni itta toki, soon de mimi ga (gangan/zoku
zoku/zukizuki) shita.
ЙЙТТЧ X 3 [cfy-j .йтв’СМЙ5'	< •?*</
Lfco
The first time I went to a disco, the loud noise caused a ringing in nn
ears.
5.	Kare wa oisogi de kita node.heya ni haitta toki (furafura/
fufu/gatagata) itte ita.
(Л>£Л>£/Л>? Л>')/
v'‘o_Cv'‘Z:o
Since he came in a big hurry, he was puffing and panting when he
entered the room.
6.	Jusei о kiite hiza ga (furafura/gatagata/zokuzoku) furue, ippo
mo arukenakatta.
At the report of a gun, my knees trembled and I couldn’t move even
one step.
242
5.38 wakuwaku
“be excited”
Wakuwaku describes a feeling of excitement, joy or expectation.
Examples:
1. Ashita wa gakko no ensoku na node kodomo wa waku-
waku shite imasu.
LTV'i-to
My child is excited about tomorrow’s school field trip.
2. Kare kara tegami о uketotta toki, kanojo wa yorokobi de
mune ga wakuwaku shita.
WfflWlXlX Lfco
When she received a letter from him, her heart leaped with joy.
5.39 isoiso	“cheerfully,” “joyfully”
Isoiso describes a cheerful manner.
Examples:
1. Musume wa isoiso (to) deto ni dekaketa.
(h) 72 * * s- b KHWfco
My daughter went out for a date looking very happy.
2. O-kyaku ga kuru kara, haha wa isoiso (to) shokuji no shitaku
о shite imasu.
Ъ fr b'	(h)	LГ V' iTo
Guests are coming, so my mother is cheerfully preparing food.
243
5.40 ikiikiUSUS
“be lively,” “be full of life”
Ikiiki describes someone who is full of energy or in high spirits (Exam
pies 1, 2), or something such as a plant that is fresh or full of life
(Example 3).
Examples:
1.	Kyanpu kara kaetta kodomo-tachi wa jitsu ni ikiiki shite iru.
+ V У	LTИ&О
The children who have come back from camp are truly in high spirits.
2.	Yamanaka-san wa wakai josei to saikon shite ikiiki shitn
imasu.
LTHSUSLTV>£i-o
Mr. Yamanaka remarried a young woman and has been full of life
ever since.
3.	Haru ni natte kigi ga ikiiki shi hajimeta.
With spring here, the trees have begun to come to life again.
5.	41 nobinobi (DCFCDtf
“feel relieved,” “feel refreshed,” “be at ease”
Nobinobi describes the feeling of being relieved, refreshed or at ease.
244
Examples:
1. Sujitsu onsen de sugoshite jitsu ni nobinobi shita.
ifcB	Г	Lfco
I spent a few days at a hot spring and felt truly refreshed.
2. Tokai о hanarete inaka de nobinobi kurashitai.
LfcV'o
I want to leave the city and live a carefree life in the country.
5.42 dokidoki E&E&
“thump-thump,” “feel nervous,” “feel excited”
Dokidoki describes the sound of someone’s heart thumping due to
anxiety, excitement or intense physical exertion.
Examples:
1. Shiken no mae ni wa itsumo dokidoki shimasu.
ВЖФни rtiwo	L t to
I’m always nervous before an exam.
2. Sancho ni tsuita toki типе ga dokidoki shite shibaraku
hanasenakatta.
When I reached the mountaintop, my heart was pounding so hard
that I couldn’t speak for a while.
245
5.43 harahara IS SIS 5 “feel nervous,” “feel uneasy”
Harahara describes the feeling of fear, suspense or excitement th.il
comes with observing a situation of uncertain outcome.
Examples:
1. Watashi wa harahara shinagara musume ga suketo о suru
no о mite ita.
I was watching nervously as my daughter skated.
2. Kino no shiai ni wa saigo made harahara saserareta.
H oM-o Г £ -CIS SIS 5 h Ktzc
Yesterday’s game kept me in suspense to the end.
5.44 bikubiku CFCO'C
“nervously,” “timidly”
Bikubiku describes the feeling of being nervous or ill at ease.
Examples:
1. Sono otoko wa bikubiku shinagara keisatsu ni shutto shita.
He appeared at the police station looking apprehensive.
2. Kono ко wa okii inu ga chikazuku to bikubiku shimasu.
This child gets nervous when a big dog comes near.
246
5.45 iraira 1Л61Л6 “be irritated,”‘be impatient”
Iraira describes the feeling of being irritated or impatient.
I
Examples:
| I. Hikoki no shuppatsu ga okurete iraira shita.
The departure of the airplane was delayed, and I got irritated.
i 2. Shacho wa kosho ga hakadoranai node iraira shite iru.
ttM	Wli fr h & v > o W 5D5 Lt и йо
Because the negotiations are not progressing, the company president
I is losing patience.
5.46 muzumuzu СЭ’СЗ’
“impatiently (eager)”
Muzumuzu describes the feeling of being impatiently eager.
Examples:
1. Akira wa atarashii kamera de shashin о toritakute muzu-
muzu shite iru.
fJJ lift L v У 7	Д & h 1) tz < WS'CS’ Lfv^o
Akira is eager to take pictures with his new camera.
2. Masako wa Pari de katta jaketto о tomodachi ni misetakute
muzumuzu shite iru.
tEd4±/>’ V -С’М-э tz у b
Masako is eager to show her friends the jacket she bought in Paris.
247
5.47 mojimoji L U L L
hesitantly’
Mojitnoji describes the feeling of being hesitant or embarrassed.
Examples:
1. Kare wa mojimoji shite shitsumon ni kotaenakatta.
He hesitated to answer the question.
2. Kanojo wa sukina dansei no mae dewa mojimoji shite hana-
shi mo dekinai.
She feels flustered in front of the man she likes and can’t even talk to him.
5.48 magomago	“be confused”
Magomago describes a state of agitated confusion.	i
Examples:
1. Jon wa Nihongo de hanashikakerarete magomago shite ’
shimatta.
'У з >{±QL WhLTLioZco
John got totally confused when he was spoken to in Japanese.
2. O-kane о harau toki, saifu ga mitsukaranakute magomago
shita.	1 ’
#&&&? L	T^C^CLZco
Just as I was about to pay, I couldn’t find my wallet and panicked.
 i
248
PRACTICE 18 (5.38-5.48)
Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
I.	Kanjo wa patT no shotaijo о moratte (mojimoji/isoiso/muzu-
muzu) henji о dashita.
tt k-э-с (t
Т'йГ) ЖЖ&ШЬЛго
Having received an invitation to the party, she cheerfully sent a reply.
2.	Shiken ga owatta node, gakusei wa (wakuwaku/nobinobi/
isoiso) shite imasu.
(b< t</<W'<W7w^n-?-)
l/CV'tto
With exams finished, the students are feeling relieved.
3.	Kacho wa buka no shigoto ga osoi to (iraira/muzumuzu/
mojimoji) suru.
(wtwib/trt'frT/t tU) По
The section chief gets impatient when his subordinates are slow in
their work.
4.	Watashi wa kodomo ga tsunawatari suru no о (wakuwaku/
iraira/harahara) shinagara mite ita.
SMiWmtW (Ъ< b</v>P>v^/{iib{±6) L
I was nervously watching a boy tightrope walking.
5.	Koko e kuru yo ni itta noni, ano ко wa toguchi de (mojimoji/
magomago/muzumuzu) shite tatte iru.
249
(% ti> C/1
Г J Г/trTtrT) L"C±o"CV>So
I told the girl to come here, but she remained standing hesitantly in
the doorway.
6.	Shinsenna yama no koki о sutte (wakuwaku/ikiiki/harahara)
shita,
(£?<	L/г.,
Breathing the fresh mountain air, I felt alive.
7.	Yonaka ni ayashii ashioto о kiita toki, типе ga (bikubiku/
dokidoki/isoiso) shita.
w (cr<	г
L/го
When I heard strange footsteps in the middle of the night, my heart
pounded with fear.
8.	Zasshi о mite ita Jon wa sensei ni shitsumon sarete (waku-
waku/magomago/harahara) shita.
r7(iLl±L) L/го
John, who had been looking at a magazine, was asked a question by
the teacher and got confused.
250
5.49
zaza
(rain) in torrents,” “(rain) cats and dogs'
7aza describes the sound of pouring rain or torrents of water.
Examples:
1. Yamagoya de yasunde iru toki, ame ga zaza futte kima-
shita.
i LZco
When we were resting in a mountain hut, the rain came pouring down.
2. Otoko no hito ga mise no mae no tori ni zaza mizu о naga-
shite iru.
й о о о й 2“ao ao	L x w & о
A man is dumping water on the street in front of the store.
5.50
shitoshito Lt Lt
“drizzle”
Shitoshito describes a gentle rain.
Examples:
1. Gozenchu wa ame ga shitoshito futte ita ga gogo kara hareta.
It was drizzling in the morning, but it cleared up in the afternoon.
2. Shitoshito furu ame no пака о kodomo-tachi ga hashitte iku.
Lt Ltl^ffiO'l1Tft < о
The children are running around in the drizzling rain.
251
5.51 chirachira 5555
“flicker,” “flutter,” “(fall) lightly”
Chirachira describes the way something flickers or flashes or becomes
momentarily visible and then disappears again (Example 1). It also
describes the way small, light flakes fall (Examples 2, 3), or the win
dim lights appear in clusters far away (Example 4).
Examples:
1.	Tokidoki terebi no gamen ga chirachira suru.
т U ИОЙШ5'5555Т^о
Sometimes the TV screen flickers.
2.	Asa okiru to, yuki ga chirachira futte ita.
W5555lto-CHfco
When I got up in the morning, it was snowing lightly.
3.	Koen no sakura no hana ga kaze ni chirachira chitte iru.
The cherry blossoms in the park are scattering in the wind.
4.	Toku ni machi no hi ga chirachira mieru.
Ж< l-Wo^T>is5555Mx.-?>o
You can see the lights of the city in the distance.
5.52 kirakira$5^5
“twinkle,” “sparkle”
Kirakira describes the way something twinkles or sparkles.
252
Examples:
1.	Yozora ni hoshi ga kirakira kagayaki hajimeta.
5^ 5Ж § ffiib Zzo
The stars came out twinkling in the evening sky.
2.	Mori no naka no mizuumi wa tsuki no hikari de kirakira
hikatte ita.
(D Ф (D Й0 {± л О it T? 5 5 о X v > tz о
The lake in the woods was sparkling in the moonlight.
3.	Kanojo no hitomi wa kirakira shite ita.
LXV'Zio
Her eyes sparkled beautifully. .
5.53 pokapoka
“nice and warm”
I Pokapoka describes the state of being comfortably warm.
I Examples:
1. Kono heya wa minamimuki na node asa wa pokapoka atata-
kai desu.
i zff) йрж(±ж1й] §
r Because this room faces to the south, it is nice and warm in the morning.
2. Wain о sukoshi nondara karada ga pokapoka shite kita.
7 'f у L^tz MWlSfc'ISfr LT § tzo
When I had a little wine, my body warmed up.
253
5.54 rinrin О/и О/и
“jingle,” “tinkle”
Rinrin describes the jingling of a bell.
Examples:
1. Tonari no heya de denwa ga rinrin natte iru.
KO	WW D/uDMb W6o
The phone is ringing in the next room.
2. Furin ga rinrin natte hirune no jama о shita.
L£o
The tinkling of a wind chime disturbed my nap.
5.55 додоСЗСЗ
I
I
I
“with a roar,” “with a rumble”
Gogo describes the roaring of a machine or of flowing water.
Examples:
1. Ressha да дбдб oto о tatete torisugita.
5 C' 5 # & tz ~G. ~G.Й 'O ® tz о
A train came roaring past.
2. Game de mizu да mashita kawa wa дбдб nagarete iru.
L tz) 11 {± C 5 C' 5	v > Ъ o
Swollen with heavy rain, the river is roaring by.
254
i 5.56 guruguru <3<3
“around and around”
Guruguru describes the way something turns in circles or revolve
around something else.
Examples:
1. Yuenchi no merT-go-raundo ga guruguru mawatte iru.
ВШ У V - rf- 7 •>	<3 |Ti| о -C v' Ъ о
The merry-go-round in the amusement park is going around anil arouni
2. Kodomo ga te ni nigitta kazaguruma ga chiisana oto о ti:
tete guruguru mawatta.
The pinwheel in the child’s hand went around and around ni.ikin
a little sound.
5.57 guragura <‘5 < 5
“shake”
Guragura describes the manner in which something shakes.
Examples:
1. Jishin de ie ga guragura yureta.
The house shook as a result of the earthquake.
2. Sono isu wa guragura shite iru kara tsukawanai ho ga i
desu yo.
That chair is shaky, so it is better not to use it.
25
5.58 korokoro	“roll”
Korokoro describes the manner in which a small, round object, sue II
as a ball or a marble, rolls (Example 1). It is also used figuratively of
emotion (Example 2).
Examples:
1. Boru ga korokoro korogatte mizo ni ochita.
ds —)]/о Xi#Wi tzо
The ball rolled and fell into a ditch.
2. Kanojo no kimochi wa itsu demo korokoro kawaru.
Her feelings keep changing.
PRACTICE 19 (5.49-5.58)
Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
1.	Orenji ga teburu kara ochite yuka no ue о (guragura/koro-
koro/guruguru) korogatta.
t V 'у	(<’£>
<"&<"&)
An orange fell off the table and rolled on the floor.
2.	Hi ga (pokapoka/shitoshito/kankan) teru hi ni wa gaishutsu
shitaku arimasen.
256
Вт5?	В	< &
<0 £-£Ло
I don’t want to go out on days when the sun shines hot.
3.	Renjitsu ame ga (shitoshito/zaza/chirachira) futta node, ike
no mizu ga ippai ni natta.
1ВШ5	£>*>£>) IbfcWC,
(i°v4z&o tzo
Because it rained cats and dogs for days, the pond swelled.
4.	Umibe no hoteru de hitobanju nami no oto ga (guragura/
gogo/rinrin) kikoeta.
Ф г Д'	(<" cwr? r-5/1) Л о Л)
I could hear the roaring sound of waves all night at the seaside hotel.
5.	Saikin kon'yaku shita ane no yubi ni daiya no yubiwa ga
(chirachira/kirakira/rinrin) kagayaite ita.
«йш/гйжп (t> ъъ &
АЛАА) «HWfco
A diamond ring glittered on the finger of my older sister, who
recently became engaged.
6.	Tetsudo senro no soba no ie wa densha ga toru tabi ni
(guruguru/gogo/guragura) shimasu.
(<"& Сб/Г? rd/
<'Ъ<Ъ) L^-to
The houses near the railroad tracks shake whenever a train passes.
257
7.	Heya no mado kara (kirakira/chirachira/shitoshito) furu ynl l
о nagemete iru to, куй ni kokyo ga natsukashiku natta.
(£ L/t>Lt>L/LL Lb)	*'
L.	L <
I suddenly felt homesick, looking out the window of my room and
seeing the snow falling gently.
Adverbs Used with Negatives
The following adverbs are used with negatives such as nai or muri Io
express negation or denial.
6.1
sukoshi mo iJ>L£>
“(not) at all,” “(not) in the least”
.Mte- 'ДИШ.. 4
Sukoshi mo in the form sukoshi mo ... nai expresses total negation.
Examples:
1. Kono kusuri wa takai bakari de sukoshi mo kikime ga nai.
This medicine is just expensive; it’s not effective at all.
2. Kanojo wa konpyuta no chishiki ga sukoshi mo arimasen.
№ з > L л. - ? “ 0»^ ЬЪгЬ 1) t -&Л/О
She hasn’t the slightest knowledge of computers.
258
6.2 chittomo
“(not) at all,” “(not) in the least”
('hittomo in the form chittomo ... nai expresses total negation. It is
more colloquial than sukoshi mo.
Examples:
1. Konogoro bucho wa chittomo gorufu о shinai.
i	У & L * и0
These days the division chief doesn’t play golf at all.
2. Ano eiga wa chittomo omoshirokunakatta.
That movie wasn’t interesting at all.
6.3
sappari сУоЙО
“(not) at all,” “(not) in the least”
Sappari in the form sappari... nai expresses total negation and indi-
cates an unfavorable situation. It is, like chittomo, more colloquial
than sukoshi mo.
Examples:
1. Saikin Rinda ni sappari awanai.
I haven’t seen Linda at all lately.
2. Konogoro sappari okyaku ga konai.
There are no customers these days.
259
6.4
kesshite ;£LT
“never,” “absolutely (not),” “by no mean
Kesshite in the form kesshite ... nai expresses total negation. Unlit 
with sukoshi mo, chittomo or sappari, sentences with kesshite nui)
involve the speaker’s volition (Example 2).
Examples:
1.	Kono deta wa kesshite machigatte inai to omou.
- o Y- F	LT Fnlis О T V * & v > h	o
I think that there is no way this data is wrong.
2.	Mo kesshite koi nado shitakunai.
I never want to fall in love again.
6.5
totei £5TL>
“(cannot) possibly”
Totei in the form totei... nai or totei... muri expresses the speakei
belief that something is impossible.
Examples:
1. Kono shigoto wa mikka de wa totei dekimasen.
I can’t possibly do this work in three days.
2. Kono tenki de wa totei pikunikku wa muri desu ne.
i oXMTli£5W E - у liMST-rfco
In weather like this, we can’t possibly have a picnic, can we?
260
6.6 taishite Л LT
“(not) very,” “(not) much”
Taishite in the form taishite... nai expressses the speaker’s belief that
something is not particularly significant or outstanding.
Examples:
1. Shacho wa taishite gorufu ga jozu ja arimasen.
Our company president is not very good at golf.
2. Taifu no higai wa taishite nakatta.
There was not much damage from the typhoon.
6.7 metta ni Й>э ZcL “rarely,” “seldom”
Metta ni in the form metta ni ... nai expresses the speaker’s belief
I hat someone or something hardly ever does something or that
something rarely happens.
Examples:
1. Noda-san wa metta ni sake о nomanai.
Mr. Noda seldom drinks alcohol.
2. Jimu ga kurasu ni okureru koto wa metta ni arimasen.
'J у л lzj!StL.b ci t !±й>э/г:(сгЬ 0 S-tT/vo
It rarely happens that Jim is late for class.
261
6.8 kanarazu shi mo ОТЪЬ
“(not) always,” “(not) necessarily”
Kanarazu shi mo in the form kanarazu shi mo ... nail ienailkagira mil
qualifies an assumption by negating it in part.
Examples:
1. Yasui mono ga kanarazu shi mo shitsu ga warui to wa ienai.
One cannot always say that inexpensive things are inferior in quality.
2. Yoku benkyO suru gakusei ga kanarazu shi mo yoi seiseki <>
ageru to wa kagiranai.
A student who studies hard does not necessarily get good grades.
6.9 rokuni 5 <. l«- “(not) enough,” “(not) properly”
Rokuni in the form rokuni... nai expresses the speaker’s belief that
someone or something does not or cannot do something sufficiently
or properly.
Examples:
1. Rinda wa rokuni hiragana mo yomenai.
’) >	<ICO	t йсй& V'o
Linda cannot read even hiragana properly.
262
2. Rokuni junbi mo shinai de shiken о uketa ga kanari yoku
dekita.
I took the exam without properly preparing for it, but I did fairly well.
6.10 manzara	“(not) altogether,” “(not) wholly”
Manzara in the form manzara ... nai expresses the speaker’s belief
that someone or something is not totally what he or it would seem to be.
Examples:
1. Ano otoko wa manzara baka de wa nai.
That man is not altogether stupid.
2. Kanojo wa manzara kare ga kirai ja nai rashii.
LV'o
It seems that she does not dislike him altogether.
6.11 masaka S <*/)' “Incredible!” “I never thought...”
Masaka in the form masaka ... hazu ga nai (Example 1) expresses the
speaker’s belief that something will never happen. In the form
masaka ... omowanakatta (Example 2), it expresses the speaker’s dis-
belief or surprise about something that has already happened.
263
Examples:
1. Masaka Toda-san ga ima kaisha о yameru hazu ga nai.
There is no way Miss Toda would quit the company now.
2. Masaka Oda-san no ie ga kaji de yakeru to wa omowana-
katta.
I never thought that Mr. Oda’s house would be destroyed by fire.
6.12 imasara c* 5 “now (when it is too late)”
Imasara in the form imasara ... nai expresses the speaker’s belief that
it is too late for someone or something to do something or for some-
thing to happen.
Examples:
1. Kanojo to no yakusoku о imasara torikesu koto wa deki-
masen.
It is too late now to take back the promise you made to her.
2. Imasara yatta koto о kokai shite mo shikata ga nai.
It’s no use now to regret what you have done.
264
PRACTICE 20 (6.1-6.12)
Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
1.	Chikagoro Midori-san wa watashi-tachi no atsumari ni
(kesshite/taishite/sappari) kimasen ne.
№£&£*)	0)
These days Midori doesn’t show up at all for our gatherings, does she?
2.	Ano otoko ga itte iru koto wa (sukoshi mo/manzara/totei)
uso de wa nai.
Cli&V'o
What that man is saying is not altogether a lie.
3.	Ano ко wa mainichi piano о renshu shite iru noni (metta ni/ >
chittomo/taishite) jotatsu shinai.
±LT) ±!UV'O
Although the girl is practicing piano every day, she doesn’t improve
much.
4.	Watashi wa (kesshite/kanarazu shi mo/imasara) kare no
kangaekata ni doi shinai tsumori desu.
fJ-C-To
I will never go along with his ideas.
265
5.	(Metta ni/masaka/rokuni) kanojo ga gaikokujin to kekkon
suru to wa omowanakatta.
(ad о tz K/2 $ Mb < Г)	h b E li
Kfr^tzo
I never thought she would marry a foreigner.
6.	Isoide mo niji no ressha ni wa (manzara/totei/kesshite) ma-
niaimasen yo.
Even if you hurry, you won’t possibly be in time for the two o’clock train
7.	Kenkona hito ga (sukoshi mo/kanarazu shi mo/metta ni)
nagaiki suru to wa kagiranai.
^V'o
Healthy people do not necessarily live long.
8.	Kare wa hanashikakete mo isogashii to (chitto mo/rokuni/
masaka) henji mo shinai.
L^V'o
Even if I talk to him, he does not give a decent answer when he is busy.
9.	Ichido chQdan sareta kosho о (masaka/imasara/totei) hajime-
te mo shikata ga nai.
It’s no use now to restart negotiations once they have fallen apart
already.
266
Adverbs with Different Meanings in Positive
and Negative Expressions
The following adverbs convey different and sometimes opposite
meanings depending on whether they are used in positive or negative
expressions.
7.1 mada S/c “still,” “(not) yet”
In a positive expression, mada indicates continuation of an action or
a state. In a negative expression, it indicates that an action or event
has not yet occurred or that a state has not yet been achieved.
Examples:
1. Kaze wa mada fuite imasu.
Ж.(±^ГсР^1''-С1''^То
The wind is still blowing.
2. Kanojo wa mada kuruma о unten shita koto ga nai.
She hasn’t driven a car yet.
mo 65
7.2
“already,” “(not) anymore”
In a positive expression, mo indicates that an action or event has
occurred or that a state has been achieved. In a negative expression, it
indicates that an action or event has stopped occurring or that some-
one or something no longer exists in the state he or it has been in.
267
Examples:
1. Bangohan wa mo owarimashita.
We have already finished dinner.
2. Buraun-san wa mo ano ie ni sunde inai so da.
I heard that Mr. Brown no longer lives in that house.
7.3 totemo	“very,” “(cannot) possibly”
In a positive expression, totemo emphasizes degree. In a negative
expression, it expresses the speaker’s belief that something is difficull
or impossible.
Examples:
1. Kogi wa nagakute totemo taikutsu datta.
< -сггъж® tzo
The lecture was long and very boring.
2. Koko kara bijutsukan made totemo aruite ikemasen yo.
i г	WT W £	£ о
You can’t possibly walk to the museum from here, I tell you.
amari <6^ 0
7.4
“very,” “much,” “(not) very,” “(not) much”
In a positive expression, amari expresses the speaker’s belief that some-
thing is excessive. In a negative expression, it indicates that a degree
or extent is not as great as it is assumed or expected to be.
268
Examples:
1. Kodomotachi ga amari sawagu kara shikatta.
<*fr Ь PEo tzo
The children were being so noisy that I scolded them.
2. Ane wa ryori ga amari tokui de wa nai.
My older sister is not very good at cooking.
7.5 domo<*f5t» “somehow,” “very,” “much”
In a positive or negative expression, domo introduces a guess that is
not based on direct evidence, but is nevertheless felt to be true (Exam-
ple 1). It can also simply emphasize degree (Example 2). In a negative
expression, it indicates that something is beyond one’s ability or con-
trol (Example 3).
Examples:
1.	Neruson-sensei wa domo kikoku shitai rashii.
Т-Л/У	Lv'o
I somehow sense that Professor Nelson wants to return to his country.
2.	Domo arigato gozaimasu. Domo moshiwake gozaimasen.
Thank you very much. I am very sorry.
3.	Nando yonde mo domo wakaranai.
ь & v'o
No matter how many times I read it, I just don’t understand it.
269
7.6	hotondo 15<t!\>iz	“almost,” “hardly”
In a positive expression, hotondo means “almost.” In a negative
expression, it means “hardly.”
Examples:
1.	Ashita no shukudai wa mo hotondo dekimashita.
ВДВ0ЙИН dLfco
I have almost finished tomorrow’s homework already.
2.	Fukutsu de hotondo nani mo taberarenakatta.
I could hardly eat anything due to a stomachache.
7.7	nakanaka £РЙ'#Й'
“considerably,” “quite,” “(not) easily,” “(not) readily”
In a positive expression, nakanaka indicates that someone or some-
thing is admirable, impressive or exceptional. In a negative expres-
sion, it indicates that a favorable situation does not come about easily.
Examples:
1.	Abe-san no atarashii ie wa nakanaka rippa desu ne.
Л Ofr L v' Ж (Л&й'&й'а/.^'СТ fco
Mr. Abe’s new house is quite impressive, isn’t it?
2.	Kanji wa mainichi renshu shite iru noni, nakanaka oboer-
arenai.
life В	L "C v	co U, &й'#й'1: x. G П # v >o
Although I practice kanji every day, I can’t learn them easily.
270
7.8	zenzen “totally,” “quite,” “(not) at all”
In a positive expression, zenzen emphasizes degree. In a negative ex-
pression, it indicates strong negation. Note that the use of zenzen in
a positive expression is extremely colloquial.
Examples:
1.	Kono shosetsu wa zenzen omoshiroi kara, yonde mitara.
This novel is quite interesting, so why not read it?
2.	Sonna koto wa zenzen shirimasen.
I know absolutely nothing about the matter.
7.9 issai —И
“all,” “(not) at all”
In a positive expression, issai indicates a total number or amount. In
a negative expression, it indicates strong denial and is esssentially inter-
changeable with zenzen.
Examples:
1. Kare wa toshi ni shippai shite zaisan о issai ushinatta.

He failed in his investment and lost all his fortune.
2. Kare wa sono jiken ni wa issai kankei ga arimasen.
He has nothing whatsoever to do with that incident.
271
7.10 betsu ni BllL
“separately,” “(not) especially,” “(not) particularly”
In a positive expression, betsu ni indicates that an action occurs sepa-
rately or independently. In a negative expression, it indicates lh.il
someone or something is not exceptional or unusual.
Examples:
1. Kore wa betsu ni tsutsunde kudasai.
Please wrap this separately.
2. Ima no tokoro betsu ni mondai wa arimasen.
•Фо t i	I)
There are no problems in particular right now.
PRACTICE 21 (7.1-7.10)
Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
1.	Ono-san wa (mo/hotondo/mada) ano furui kuruma о untcn
shite iru.
W$/U± (&Zf)
Mr. Ono is still driving that old car.
2.	Watashi wa kare no iken ni (nakanaka/zenzen/totemo) hantai
desu.
272
I am totally against his opinion.
3.	Kono tegami wa kanji ga okute (totemo/mada/amari) yome-
nai.
(trt/JtH&t f))
This letter has too many kanji, so I can hardly read it.
4.	Kusuri о nonda noni netsu ga (amari/mada/nakanaka) sa-
garimasen.
Although I took some medicine, my fever just won’t go down.
5.	Yube wa ha ga itakute (mo/hotondo/issai) nemurenakatta.
Last night I hardly slept due to a toothache.
6.	Куб wa (domo/amari/hotondo) atsukunakatta node, ichi-
nichijo niwa de hataraita.
^Hl± (^7 Ш	XfrbfcOf, -НФ
MTijV'fco
Since today wasn’t very hot, I worked in the yard all day.
7.	Mori-san wa (mada/domo/nakanaka) watashi-tachi to issho
ni ikitakunai rashii.
Lv'o
I somehow feel that Miss Mori doesn’t want to come with us.
273
8.	Kare wa arubaito de kaseida o-kane о (issai/betsu ni/ ho-
tondo) ryoko ni tsukatta.
KWcW (—^rj/SUlc/jatЛ>f) Жги
He took all the money he had earned working part-time and spent it
on his trip.
9.	Kacho no uta о hajimete kikimashita ga (mada/issai/naka
naka) jozu desu ne.
аШйШпГЙШЬ5	±r--C
Tfao
I heard the section chief sing for the first time. He is quite good, isn’t he?
lO.	Gogo (mo/betsu ni/hotondo) yoji ga nakereba, kaimono ni
demo ikimasen ka.
W (bd/^U/lihA^) WW'WM Hv>WU-cMr
§
If you don’t have anything in particular to do this afternoon, would
you like to go shopping or something?
О
Interrogative Adverbs and Adverbs Used with
Conditionals
8.1
do <L”5
“how,” “in what way,” “how about”
Do is used to inquire about the state of someone or something (Exam-
ple 1) or the way in which something is done (Example 2). It is also
used to elicit someone’s opinion or to offer something to someone
(Example 3).
274
Examples:
1.	Kikai no choshi wa do desu ka.
How is the condition of the machine?
2.	Kono kanji wa do yomimasu ka.
i li £ 5	11 tK
How do you read this kanji?
3.	Wain wa do desu ka.
7 а
How about some wine?
8.2 ikaga 1ЛЙ'Й' “how,” “how about”
Ikaga is used in polite speech to inquire about the state of someone
or something or to offer something to someone.
Examples:
1.	O-tosama wa ikaga desu ka.
ХШ t± t >й'й? 4? T tK
How is your father?
2.	Keki wa ikaga desu ka.
(±1>Й'Й‘‘'СТ^о
How about some cake?
275
8.3 doshite if 5 LT “why,” “how,” “in what way”
Doshite is used to inquire about a reason or cause or the way in
which something is done.
Examples:
1. Doshite kurasu ni okureta no desu ka.
LT? 77.
Why were you late for class?
2. Kore wa doshite taberu no desu ka.
How do you eat this?
8.4 naze
“why”
Naze is used to inquire about a reason or cause. It is more formal
than doshite.
I
Examples:
1. Ogawa-san wa naze chushokukai ni sanka shinai no desu ka.
/Ь ЯI
Why won’t Miss Ogawa attend the luncheon?	?
2. Hayashi-san wa naze hayaku kaetta no desu ka.	•
# $ Л -? < о tz fro	»
Why did Mr. Hayashi leave early?	|
276
8.5
ittai — 1$
“What on earth!”
Ittai expresses the speaker’s disbelief, astonishment or total lack of
comprehension.
Examples:
1. Ittai dare ga sonna hidoi koto о shita no desu ka.
—t П tz О Wo
Who on earth did such a terrible thing?
2. Ittai sono jiko no genin wa nan desu ka.
What on earth was the cause of that accident?
8.6 moshi fe L> “if’
Moshiin the form moshi ...baJtara indicates a condition or supposition.
Examples:
1. Moshi Kida-san ga tsugo ga warukereba, watashi ga kawari
ni shusseki shimasu.
ъ	f) irl t -to
If Mr. Kida is not available, I’ll attend in his place.
2. Moshi ashita ame ga futtara, pikunikku no kawari ni koko de
patT о shimasho.
& L S L i ? о
If it rains tomorrow, let’s have a party here in place of a picnic.
277
8.7
man'ichi/mangaichi 7j—/Tjtfi—
‘by any chance,” “In the event...”
Man’ichi or mangaichi in the form man’ichi/mangaichi... tara/te ma
indicates a hypothetical situation that is either highly unlikely or .1
worst-case scenario.
Examples:
1. Man'ichi gaikoku de byoki ni nattara do shimasu ka.
75—f-?
If you were to get sick in a foreign country, what would you do?
2. Mangaichi kare ga shusseki dekinaku te mo, kaigi wa okonai-
masu.
751у-'^ШХ % * < X	И £ To
Even if he should not be present—which is highly unlikely—the
meeting will still take place.
8.8 tatoe TctT “even if’
Tatoein the form tatoe... te mo indicates a supposition.
Examples:
1. Jimu wa tatoe даккб о yamete mo benkyo о tsuzukeru darC.
Even if he quits school, Дш will probably continue his studies.
2. Kare wa tatoe yumei ni natte mo mukashi no tomodachi о
wasurenai to omou.
278
Г & -э X	И t ж 9 о
I think that even if he becomes famous, he won’t forget his old friends.
PRACTICE 2 2 (8.1-8.8)
Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
1.	Kono yasai wa (ikaga/do/naze) kirimasho ka.
How shall I cut this vegetable?
2.	Samu wa (do/naze/ikaga) sensei ni shikarareta no kashira.
•Ц'А(± (L Co
I wonder why Sam was scolded by his teacher.
3.	Mo goji sugi na noni ano ко wa mada kaeranai. (Naze/
man'ichi/ittai) do shita no desho.
& 9 Ъ'П-гзЙ i?	C & V^o ~/H$)
f ? L/iOt'L i d о
It’s already past five o’clock, but my child hasn’t come back yet. What
on earth could have happened?
4.	(Doshite/ikaga/naze) kono bin no futa о akeru no desu ka.
(t"d Lt/vW/W)
How do you take the lid off this bottle?
5.	(Tatoe/moshi/doshite) kikai ga areba, Hokkaido no yuki-
matsuri о mitai.
If I have the opportunity, I’d like to see the Snow Festival in Hokkaido.
279
6.	(Ittai/do/man'ichi) jishin ga okotte mo kono chiiki wa hikaktn
teki anzen daro.
(-{ф/ьз/л-) ox &
In the event of an earthquake, this area would be relatively safe.
7.	(Tatoe/doshite/ittai) kacho ni tanomarete mo kono shigoto
wa shitakunai.
&v>o
I wouldn’t do this work even if asked to by the section chief.
Adverbs Expressing Desire, Conjecture or
Resemblance
9.1 dozo
“please”
Dozo is used to offer something to someone or to ask someone to do
something in a polite way.
Examples:
1. Dozo o-sukina dake o-tori kudasai.
Please take as much as you like.
2. Dozo kochira de shibaraku o-machi kudasai.
e>-cuxe <	< Л:$ио
Please wait here for a while.
280
9.2 doka izoti' “please”
Doka is used to ask a favor in an emphatic way.
Examples:
1. Doka dekiru dake hayaku kakuto о o-negai shimasu.
L Jto
Please give us a definite answer as soon as possible.
2. Doka shiharai о ato ikkagetsu nobashite kudasai.
Please put off the payment for another month.
9.3 zehi tf О	“by all means,” “without fail,” “definitely”
Zehi expressses a person’s strong desire to do something.
Examples:
1. Kare wa rainen wa zehi Eberesuto ni noboritai to itte iru.
He says that he definitely wants to climb Mt. Everest next year.
2. Watashi wa musume no Akiko ni zehi bare о narawasetai.
W Ktf O' V “ & W	tz v' o
I really want to have my daughter Akiko learn ballet.
281
9.4
tabun
probably”
Tabun expresses the speaker’s fairly confident conjecture.
Examples:
1. Kabushiki shijo wa tabun nennai ni kaifuku suru daro.
The stock market will probably revive within the year.
2. Kazuko-san wa sasotte mo tabun konai desho.
do
Even if we invite her, Kazuko probably won’t come.
9.5 osoraku®! 5 <	“probably”
Osoraku expresses the speaker’s less-than-confident conjecture.
Examples:
1. Kimura-san wa osoraku raishu wa mada shukkin dekinal
desho.
l л d □
Mr. Kimura probably won’t be able to come to work next week.
2. Kono koto wa sensei to sddan shinakereba, osoraku kaiketsu
shinai daro.
This matter probably won’t be solved unless we consult with our
teacher.
282
9.6 tashika “perhaps,” “I suppose”
Tashika expresses the speaker’s conjecture based on memory.
Examples:
1. Tanabe-san no kekkonshiki wa tashika rokugatsu itsuka
datta to omoimasu.
S В Z’o tz tz i To
As I recall, Mr. Tanabe’s wedding ceremony was on June 5th.
2. Sono satsujin jiken wa tashika yonen mae no koto deshita.
-C L£o
That murder case was four years ago, if I remember right.
9.7
doyara £5 Th
“likely”
Doyara expresses the speaker’s conjecture based on what he sees or
feels.
Examples:
1. Doyara ano futari wa mata giron shita rashii.
Lv'o
It seems that those two had an argument again.
2. Kare wa doyara watashi no kotoba о gokai shita rashii.
®!±<!:5Т5^ДоЖЖ^ЖЙ¥ЬДг 6 Lv'o
It is likely that he misunderstood my words.
283
9.8 chodo ~5 <k 5 iz
“just like,” “as if,” “just right”
Chddo in the form chodo ...no yona indicates a close resemblance
between two things. In the chodo ...no yona pattern, the form, nature
or quality of one thing is being compared to that of another to show
that the one is similar to the other in one respect or more.
Examples:
1. Ano kumo wa chodo tori no yona katachi о shite iru.
<k •? L<v^o
That cloud is shaped just like a bird.
2. Ani wa chodo nakunatta chichi no yo na kao о shite iru.
ati'SckSft < =ЬШ)<к d
My older brother has a face just like our late father.
9.9
marude
“just like,” “as if’
Marude in the form marude ...no ydna indicates a close resemblance
between two things. In the marude ... no yona pattern, the form,
nature or quality of one thing is being compared to that of another
to show that the one is similar to the other in all respects, not just in
one.
Examples:
1. Ano shojo wa marude Nihon ningyo no yo ni kawaii.
That girl is lovely, just like a Japanese doll.
284
2. Kaigan no keshiki wa utsukushiku marude ehagaki no yo da.
L <	J; 9 £'o
The coastal landscape is beautiful, just like a postcard.
9.10 samo ctfe
“as if’
Samo indicates someone’s behaving as if he were someone else or in
a way that is out of character.
Examples:
1. Kare wa isogashikunai noni samo isogashi so ni shite iru.
He behaves as if he were busy even though he is not.
2. Hayashi-san wa shokuba de wa samo kanemochi no yo ni
furumatte iru.
In her workplace, Miss Hayashi is behaving as if she were rich.
9.11 atakamo ЗоТиЙ'Ъ “as if’
Atakamo indicates someone’s behaving as if he were someone else or
in a way that is out of character. It is more formal than samo.
Examples:
1. Bucho ga rusu no aida, Sagawa-san wa atakamo bucho no
yo ni furumatta.
9 l:.Wbfco
285
Mr. Sagawa behaved as if he were the division chief while the i c'ii I
division chief was away.
2. Kanojo wa sono sakka to ichido atta dake na noni, atakamo
shin'yQ no yo ni itte iru.
[-Н'з "CV'-Sc
Although she has only met the writer once, she speaks as if they wen
close friends.
PRACTICE 23 (9.1-9.11)
Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses.
1.	Jikan ga dekitara (dozo/tabun/zehi) kaigai ryoko ga shitai.
If I could make some time, I sure would like to travel abroad.
2.	Ame wa (tabun/doyara/tashika) yami so desu.
Ж1±	lE^-ed-CTo
The rain is likely to stop.
3.	Ano kumo wa (samo/chodo/osoraku) tori no yo ni miemasu
ne.
($*>/*> J;
That cloud looks just like a bird, doesn’t it?
286
4.	Honda-san wa (doyara/tabun/tashika) nisannen mae ni
intai shita hazu desu.
To
I am quite sure that Mr. Honda retired a few years ago.
5.	(Doka/atakamo/zehi) kono michi ni kuruma о tomenai yo ni
o-negai shimasu.
(if 7	J: ?
Lite
Please don’t park your car on this street.
6.	Kore kara kono kojo no seisan wa (tashika/osoraku/doyara)
gensho suru daro.
(WVS^C/ifd^)
Z:6do
The production at this plant will probably decrease from now on.
7.	Kanojo wa yakusoku о yabutte mo (tashika/tabun/samo)
wasurete shimatta yo ni furumau.
(Ш'/^Я7$&) StrC L t о tz X •?
Even if she breaks her promise, she’ll behave as if she had forgotten
all about it.
8.	Nimotsu о hakobu noni (zehi/tabun/chodo) motto okii
torakku ga iru desho.
«£>/^-Я7Т <t ? if) & о ЬЛё V' b у "j 9
"C L f "7 c
We’ll probably need a bigger truck to transport the goods.
287
9.	Kare wa shashin wa ama na noni (chodo/atakamo/osoraku)
puro no yo ni hanashite iru.
(t> л •? W&tzfrW&b <) 7°п<т>Х
•? ГвйЫи&о
Although he is an amateur photographer, he talks as if he were a pro.
APPENDIXES
ADJECTIVES
ANSWERS TO PRACTICES (PART I, CONJUGATION}
Practice 1
A.
1. atsukunai	< Zf V > 2. mushiatsukunai ЖLZfV> 3. atatakakunai ® Zn < & V'
4. suzushikunai ® L < ZfH
B.
1. nagakatta ftZ'o Zr, nagakunakatta ft < Z£ Zn-o Zz 2. mijikakatta tz, mijika-
kunakatta fi < Zf Z' о Zz 3. okatta % tf о tz, okunakatta < Zi.' Zn о tz 4. suku-
nakatta Zi.' Zn o tz, sukunakunakatta Ze < ts tr tz
C.
1. hayakute 7 < X 2. hayakute Й < X 3. osokute й < X 4. takakute й < X 5.yasu-
kute 'Й < X 6. hikukute 1ft < X
D.
1. yoku <t < 2. waruku ЯК < 3. isogashiku tt L < 4. yakamashiku ftJZ' i L <
E.
1. muzukashikereba ffi L It tl If, muzukashikattara ffi L i)' о tz 2. yasashikereba
й L It i t if, yasashikattara й L Z' o tz b 3. omoshirokereba iT(i ГI I t it if, omoshi-
rokattara iftlT IZ' Z: ft 4. tsumaranakereba i ft Ze It tl If, tsumaranakattara i
ft Zc Z' o tz ft
F.
1. atarashikattari ®f LZ'o tz 0 2. fiirukattari A tz 0 3. omokattari MZ'o tz 0
4. karukattari liZ'o tz 0
G.
1. tosa Sa $ 2. chikasa i!r $ 3. wakasa $ 4. tanoshisa L $
Practice 2
A.
1. kantan de (wa) nai (if) &И 2. fukuzatsu de (wa) nai fS№X (if) Z£
B.
1. jozu datta tz о tz, jozu de (wa) nakatta ±=F"C’ (It) ZcZno Zt 2. heta datta
tz-z>tz, heta de (wa) nakatta I' Tt? (li) tz 3. benri datta	tz, benri
289
de (wa) nakatta'OSfiJX(lf)	4. fuben datta ip'OSZfoZ:, fubende (wa) nakalt.i
^1M-C(li)*;5'oZ:
C.
1. anzen de "iff: X 2. kiken de fcl%X 3. hitsuyo de ‘ЕЯ1Х
D.
1. hima ni OS IZ 2. taihenni ),'£(^ 3. mendo ni ®flK
E.
1. suki nara(ba) £? eS Zc £> ((f), sukidattara И7i: o 7c £> 2. kirai nara (ba) i*V'Zr
£> (!f), kiraidattara '7c o 7c £> 3. judai nara (ba) ‘ЕЛ4" (If), jfldaidattara 'ft Л
7c о 7c G
F.
1. shiawase dattari ^-±Z5o 7c 2. fuko dattari ip^Zf o 7c 3. kenko dattari Mik
7c о 7c t)
G.
1. rippasa ЙЖ $ 2. seikakusa $
Practice 3
A.
1. kaitai Sv'ZzV' 2. uritai тс 0 Z:V' 3. mitai MZtv>
B.
1. yametakunai 7c < & V» 2. okuritakunai й 0 7c < & v > 3. arukitakunai § 7z
<*V>
C.
1. naraitakatta §v'7c7)'o 7c, naraitakunakatta § V' Z: < fair о 7c 2. benkyo shitaka-
tta (ЙЙ LZrZi'o 7c, benkyo shitakunakatta (ЙЙ LZ: < ZcZfo 7c
D.
1. kakitakute ia § 7c < X 2. yomitakute aft < X
E.
1. tabetakereba ft^ZclfiLlf, tabetakattara ft^ZcZe^ 7c G 2. nomitakereba
Zr(i#T(X, nomitakattara ifc&ZrZro 7c G 3. kitakereba $i7cIf Hlf, kitakattara ikZ:
fr^Tcb
F.
1. asobitasa ;Й U'7c $ 2. aitasa f I 'Z: J
Practice 4
A.
1. oishi so da f5V' L-f d 7c 2. mazu so da f 0 7c 3. daiji so da 0 7c
B.
1. ama so de (wa) nai Ll -f’ о X (Й) # V» 2. kara so de (wa) nai	-? X (!i) Zcv'
3.	kiken so de (wa) nai	X (Й) ZfV'
C.
1.	tsuyo so datta Й d 7c -э 7c, tsuyo so de (wa) nakatta -? d X ((i) & Й' o Tz
290
2.	benri so datta 9 Zf o Z:, benri so de (wa) nakatta IMfO-E" 9 4? (t±) ZfZn-э Zt
3.	hitsuyo so datta £'W'E' ') hitsuyo so de (wa) nakatta £<W'E' 9 (Ii)
D.
1. yawaraka so de ^Zn-E" 9 4? 2. mezurashi so de J^L-E" 9 "C 3. koka so de I’.’Sflffi'E'
9 4?
E.
1. kanashi so ni L -E" 9 12 2. omoshiro so ni ffi Й -?• 9 U 3. meiwaku so ni
F.
1. yowa so nara	4yowa so dattara §§-E" 9 Zf o Z: €> 2. hiro so nara "E" 9
£>, hiro so dattara ЙЕ-Е" 9 Zd o Z: €> 3. fukuzatsu so nara WJS'E'9 & £>, fukuzatsu
so dattara Ййй'Е’ 9 tz 'jkh
ANSWERS TO PRACTICES (PART II, USAGE OF ADJECTIVES)
Practice 1
A.
1.	Keen no ike wa fukakunai. EJIfl<Z)jfll(iSS E Zcv'o
2.	Kono kaban wabenri dewaarimasen. XCOZNfZUi'fM^IJ'diib I) j£-fr/vo
3.	Watashi-tachi no kyoshitsu wa akarukunai desu/akaruku arimasen.
< * Ч 4-*Ло
4.	Kono heya wa tenjo ga takakunai. 21 <D д|5Ж li72Jl’-ZnИ E Zf t\,
B.
1.	Ano resutoran wa yumei datta. $>W I/ X bizXi^^Zf-sZto
2.	Kare no heya wa semakatta desu. ®<Z)Si® li'JfeZfo Zr'C’l'o
3.	Depato no ten’in wa shinsetsu deshita. z'zt— Ь liSWt5 LZro
4.	Jimu wa tenisu ga hetadatta. l±f- XZp’T f Zio Zro
C.
1.	Watashi no kaisha wa eki kara tokunakatta.
feOzHtIiSRZnf>ia<
2.	Kino no shiken wa muzukashikunakatta desu/muzukashiku arimasen deshita.
3.	Sono machi no chikatetsu wa kirei de wa nakatta.
-E-coUrcoiftT&li £	Zio
4.	Buraun-san wa sashimi ga kirai de wa/ja arimasen deshita.
L&smv'-CIi/C^ifel) i-frA/CLZio
D.
1. yasashikat й L Zn o 2. ondan im® 3. tashika J8Zn 4. oishiku й V»L E 5. yasu-
kunakat E Zf Z;'« 6. hitsuyo dat iK'WZfo 7. kanashikat MS; LZno
291
Practice 2
1. kantan ИЖ 2. subarashikatta T if t L й' -э tz 3. shinsen №№ 4. toku (
5. shizuka Ий', fuben i'ffi 6. yumei da tz., oishiku A V' L < 7. kirei da S h
V'Zf, jobu A A
Practice 3
l.kirainalKV'^: 2. kireina StLV'&, yoku f < 3. fukai S<V', kiken fel'fe 4. nig.il
^V', Oishiku f5V'L< 5. isogashikatta 'It Ьй'-э tz, hima O' i 6. genkaku da
shinsetsuna 8JVJ й 7. kashikoi Й' L 71', sunao de wa/janai Ж it Xlf/1 f
&V' 8. omokunakatta Ж < йй'-з tz, tashika®^'
Practice 4
1. tsumetakatta ijf tz й' -p tz, takakat йй' 'j 2. jozu dat _h tz -p , kirai tt 11
3. kashikokat й' Ь^й'^, shojiki dat iEjtZfo 4. suzushii да Lk', atatakai 1®й'>. >,
kaiteki 'hfeifi 5. kantan dat ИЖ tz -э, yokunakat f < й й' о
Practice 5
1. semai ft V' 2. utsukushii S L И 3. aokatta ff й' -э tz 4. hikui to 1Й V' k
5. fukuzatsu da kara Й1ИАЙ't 6. shojikina node iEA7. nagai tori _L< V'
8. himana toki O' i A'lEf 9. jozuna Amerikajin l‘-=E& 7 V Й A
Practice 6
1. kibishii kamoshirenai LV'A t LtL&V' 2. atataka so da ЙЙ'Х d tz 3. mendo
datta rashii ffifiif tz -э tz t L V' 4. yosa so da f 5 X ? tz, takai ni chigainai ?й V ЧС fei
ЙЧ'&И 5. fuka so , tsumetaikamoshirenai	Lft&V' 6. dame-
na yo da It Ii & f Й tz 7. kanashi so L , warukatta ni chigainai 18 й' o tz U Ъ
й{к'£к'
Practice 7
1. 6 sugiru	tekito de/ja nai kamoshire ifi'H’Cif/1 vА'ИЙХ Lfl 2. asa-
sugiru idi’i'SX, oyoginikui	3. mochiyasui	benri ftflj 4. fuka
so IS-?'d , wakasugiru SrT cTS 5. hitsuyo £•?<, takasugiru iWT S’6. sawaga-
shikat 5Ъй{Ьй'-з, kikinikukat И S < Й'о 7. hoshii $cLv\ hoshigat $(ЬЙС>
8. ikitai fr S tzb\ikitaku fr S tz < 9. karasugiru S*Z>, tabetagara Й^<А:й'Е>
Practice 8
1. chiisaku 4' ё < , furukat Л й'-э 2. shizuka Ий', kaiteki ftifi 3. shinsetsu de wa/ja
ffi VJ’Cli/14’, fuyukai i'lw'hfe 4. abunaku < 5. kiken ft fife, takute tz < X
6. nagaku J5 < , mijikaku ® < 7. binbo de yufuku de ftrfewX 8. takaku
mushiatsukute L# < X 9. ganjo ДЙЗЙ, anzen de
Practice 9
1. mijikaku Я< 2. genkiniTC5t!^ 3.osokui!M< 4.sugoku ,benrini ffiW-
292
5.6 kiku Л t < 6. isogashikat 'It L T о, hima ni it i IC 7. hidoku it t" <, sabishiku
t (f L < 8. atsu S, usuku Ж <
Practice 10
1. chikakere Й It it 2. tsumetakat t 3. hitsuyo dtio, takaku В < 4. kirai dat
SJtV'Zf-^ 5. fukuzatsu fukuzatsuna & 6. ganjo ЛЙТ, ganjona ЛЙЛй,
anzen 7. wakakereba Sir it it If, daitan ni I- 8. yufuku nara/yufuku de
areba	T'&tLIf,zeitaku ni -ttV'Zr < (C
Practice 11
1. omoshirokat ffiЙfro, omoshirokunakat fit i	2. isogashikatIt L T -э,
hima dat О i ii: о 3. sunao dat ЖЙ iio, sunao de nakat Ж1Й & T -э 4. suki dat
№ t ii-у, kirai dat ШV'H-p 5. amakat #Т-э, karakat ¥T'j, oishiku S3V' L <
6. kaiteki dat ‘RilS it -э, kaiteki de nakat I'tilST ?£ T -э
Practice 12
1. omosa 43 2. hirosa /ii ? 3. jfldaisa 4Л ? 4. amami UTa 5. itami Й1<А
6. seiketsusa iff Й? ? 7. wakasa Sr ?, tsuyomi ® <A
Practice 13
A.
1.	Mori-san no okosan wa kawaikute irasshaimasu.
&ЗЛй:&Т341ИТи< Lyi'ito
2.	Ano kata wa borantia no o-shigoto ni nesshin de irasshaimasu.
ifeOifrlfT'? >7 4 TOMtVUgMyCV'b-p LyV'ito
3.	Shacho wa sanji made o-isogashikute irasshaimasu.
tfcftliTBf i -СЙ-lt L < TV' Ъ ъ L v V' i To
4.	Sumisu-san wa Nihon ryori ga o-suki de irasshaimasu.
Z 5 Z $Aif	STV>?>o L4=V>iTo
5.	Ogawa-sensei wa gakusei katsudo ni kyoryokuteki de irasshaimasu.
иШЛЙ-CV' Ъ ъ L 4= V' i To
B.
1.	Rainen wa Itaria e ikito gozaimasu.
*^lif 9 ’J T^frS t ? r^V'iTo
2.	Chichi no byoki wa karfl gozaimashita.
tTS'V'i LZto
3.	Kono hen de jflgatsu ni yuki ga furu no wa mezurashfl gozaimasu.
T0ia-C+flUWj5WS©lf^Lt?>? Гё'ТТо
4.	Tetsuzuki wa omotta yori mendo de gozaimashita.
£ If .g -y it f 0 ®$JT Г §"V > i L Zro
5.	Ano resutoran wa take gozaimasu ne.
i®V7, h 5	r^V'iTSSo
293
SENTENCE PATTERNS
1.	Noun Modifiers
1.1	Adj + N, 35
1.2	Adj + no <D “one”, 36
1.3	motto i 'j t + Adj “-er,” “more”, 37
1.4	ichiban + Adj “-est,” “most”, 37
2.	Adjectival Predicates
2.1	N wa/ga (±//)4 s + Adj aff “noun is adjective”, 39
2.2	N wa/ga (±/Й* + Adj neg “noun is not adjective”, 40
2.3	NI wa (± N2 ga i)* + Adj “As for noun 1, noun 2 is adjective”, 41
3.	Expressions Following Adjectival Predicates
3.1	Adj pred + daro/26-j “probably”, 45
3.2	Adj pred + ka /)' “...?”, 46
3.3	Adj pred + ne fa "... isn’t it/he?” “... is it/he?”,47
3.4	Adj pred + yo <£ “I tell you”, 48
3.5	Adj pred + ga tfi “but”, 48
3.6	Adj pred + keredomo Itfat' t “although”, 49
3.7	Adj pred + dake da tzlttz “only,” “just,” “that’s all”, 51
3.8	Adj pred + hazu da (±ТЛ: “I expect that 52
3.9	Adj pred + koto ga aru 6 h 6 “There are/were times when ~”, 53
3.10	Adj pred + no/koto (DIZ h “that —”, 54
3.11	Adj pred + kashira/kana Й» L 6 //)' 4* “I wonder”, 55
3.12	Adj pred + so da ? tz: “I heard that —”, 56
3.13	Adj pred + shi L “and what’s more,” “so,” “moreover”, 59
3.14	Adj pred + ka do ka /)'t'? /Р “whether or not”, 59
3.15	Adj pred + noni <D (C “although”, 60
3.16	Adj pred + toki “when”, 63
3.17	Adj pred + uchi ni 9 (C “while”, 64
3.18	Adj pred + to <h “if’, 65
3.19	Adj pred + kara Й' 6 “because,” “so”, 66
3.20	Adj pred + node <7)3? “because,” “so”, 67
3.21	Adj pred + dakedenaku Zflf-C/c < “notonly—.butalso—”,68
3.22	Adj pred + N to make a relative clause, 69
4. Auxiliary Adjectives
4.1 Adj pred + kamoshirenai	“might”, 71
4.2 Adj pred + ni chigainai (C /АV > й V ' “must be,” “no doubt”, 72
4.3 Adj pred + rashii 6 L V > “seem,” “look like”, 73
294
4.4	Adj pred + yo da <£ 9 tz “seem,” “look like”, 74
4.5	Adj stem + so da 9 tz “look,” “look like”, 76
4.6	V(-masu) + yasui A3 "fl' “easy to —”, 78
4.7	V(-masu) + nikui < V' “hard to —”, 79
4.8	V(-masu) + tai V > “want to”, 80
4.9	Adj stem + garu “show signs of 81
4.10	Adj stem + sugiru S%> “too —”, 83
5.	The Conjunctive and Te Forms
5.1	Adj conj — < “and”, 86
5.2	Adj te —f “and”, 87
5.3	Adj conj/Adj te + nakute — < /"C & < < “is not —, so —,” “because — is
not —”, 88
5.4	Adj conj/Adj te + naku naru — < /"C & < А Ъ “not — anymore”, 89
5.5	Adj te + mo — X “even if’, 90
5.6	Adj te + mo ii — X & V > V ' “It is all right if’, 91
5.7	Adj conj/Adj te + mo — mo nai — < IX ~ < IX £> V' “neither —
nor —”, 92
5.8	Adj conj/Adj te + nakereba naranai — < IX ti It fl t£ h ?£ V' “have to,”
“must”, 93
5.9	Adj te + tamaranai —Xtz J A I' “unbearably,” “extremely”, 94
6.	The Adverbial Form
6.1	Adj adv — < lit + V “-ly”, 97
6.2	Adj adv — < /1- + Adj/Adv “-ly”, 98
6.3	Adj adv + naru ~ < /12 А Ъ “become —”, 99
6.4	Adj adv + suru — < IK. "t Z> “do —”, 99
7.	The Conditional and Tara Forms
7.1	Adj cond —If “if’, 102
7.2	Adj cond — hodo/dake — (f — it t/tflt “the more —, the more —”, 103
7.3	Adj cond + koso — (f A	“because,” “only because”, 104
7.4	Adj tara ~tzh “if’, 105
8.	The Tari Form
8.1	Adj tari + Adj tari suru — tzty ~ tztyX “sometimes — and sometimes —”, 108
8.2	Adj tari + (Adj) nakattari suru — tzty ~ t&il' о tz “sometimes — and
sometimes not —”, 109
9.	Noun Forms
9.1	Adj + sa A “-ness”, 111
9.2	Adj + mi 7л “-ness”, 112
295
10.	Polite Forms
10.1	o-/go- 43-/E- + Adj to make a polite expression, 115
10.2	Adj te + irassharu ~"CV» о L E to make a honorific expression, 116
10.3	Adj stem/Adj te + gozaimasu — 0 /f E V' J to make a superpolite/hum
ble expression, 117
BASIC JAPANESE ADJECTIVES
1. /-Adjectives
abunai, fe/rl ' dangerous
akai, /JE' red
akarui, Ф] Zi V» bright
amai, #V» sweet
aoi, Wk' blue
arai, JEV' rude
arai, JfflV' coarse
arigatai, £> ') й5Лгк» thankful
asai, ®V' shallow
atarashii, ?fr L V' new, fresh
atatakai, B£S'V» warm (weather)
atatakai, JmS'V' warm (water)
atsui, >V' hot (weather)
atsui, ЙЕ' hot (coffee)
atsui, thick (board)
awatadashii, Si Ъ tz tz: L V' hurried
bakarashii, Ю'й Lk' foolish, silly
chiisai, zf» $ V » small
chikai, ffiV' near
darashinai, tzh L&V» untidy
darui, tziA' languid
egatai, JfHiffV' hard to obtain
erai, Wk' great
fukai, ЙЕ' deep
furui, Ek' old
fusawashii, Л. $ fc L к > suitable
futoi, ^Ck' thick (thread)
gikochinai, E & V' awkward
hageshii, Й L V'violent
hakanai, (±S>&k' ephemeral
haradatashii, ffijiZt Lk' provoking
hayai, ^-k' early
hayai, JJk> speedy
hazukashii, K'T Й' Lk' bashful, shameful
hidoi, tft’k' terrible
hikui, Jtt V'low
hiroi, Ek' large, spacious
hisashii, A Lk' long-continued
hitoshii, If L V' equal
hokorashii, Lk> proud
hoshii, Й;Ц ' want
hosoi, 83 k' thin, narrow
ichijirushii, W L к» remarkable	4
ii, к»V' good
ikagawashii, иЯчРЬ Lk' doubtful
isagiyoi, §?k' upright, brave
isamashii, -9) i L к' brave	»
isogashii, 'It L к' busy	$
itai, ЙЕ'painful
Jirettai, L tt tz V» irritating
josainai, Sflkf'&k» shrewd, tactful
kanashii, L к' sad
karai, ¥k' salty, hot
karui, flk» light
kashikoi, Й' L E к» wise, bright, intelligi'ill
kawaii, S'fck'V» cute, lovely
296
katai, Z'L’V» tough, hard
kayowai, Zi'fe'iJV' delicate, feeble
kayui, й'Ф V' itchy
kedakai, ЖЙ V1 noble
kemui, litfV» smoky
kemutai, IttfZrV» smoky
kewashii, Pife L- V » steep
kibishii, M Lv» strict
kiiroi, Jtfev» yellow
kimuzukashii, ЖЖ Lv» fastidious
kitanai, § L & V» dirty
kitsui, § ОИ tight, strict
kiyoi, ifiv» clean, pure
kiyowai, M?§V» fainthearted
kizuyoi, ЖЙА» stouthearted
kobashii, § (i L V' fragrant
kodakai, zJ'Kv» slightlyelevated
kogoshii, ЙА Lv> divine
koi, <*V> dark, thick
kokorobosoi, -L'WIV' lonely, uneasy
kokoroyasui, 'll'£‘V> intimate, friendly
kokoroyoi, ft V» pleasant
komakai, fill Т V» small, detailed
konomashii, Й-J Lv» desirable
kowai, -Lf'iV» fearful
kurai, BbV' dark
kuroi, M; V» black
kurushii, S L V» painful
kusai, < $V> stinking
ku washii, Л L V» detailed
kuyashii, < T Lv» regrettable
maatarashii, L V» brand-new
mabushii, i Л? Lv» dazzling
machidoshii, fyf Lv> long in waiting
magirawashii, i IT L> LV' confusing
marui, /LV' round
mazui, iTv» unsavory
mazushii, It Lv» poor
meatarashii, 11 Sr L V» novel
memagurushii, I! i <"-& Lv» dizzy
memeshii, Lv» unmanly
mezamashii, H'i'£Lv» remarkable
mezurashii, L V» rare
mijikai, fev» short
minikui, Л-U < V» ugly
misuborashii, Л-ТИ?h Lv» shabby
mittomonai,	ugly
mizumizushii, Л-ТЛ-Т LV» fresh
mizuppoi, (?v1 watery
monomonoshii,	Л L V» showy
mugoi, t'L'V» cruel
munashii, LL L V» empty
mushiatsui, sS Ь ' humid
muzukashii, 8t L V > difficult
nadakai, T й V» famous
nagai, Sv» long
namagusai, ^LMv» fishy
nasakebukai, 1W liS V» benevolent
natsukashii, L V» dear, longed for
nayamashii, 1йi Lv» distressful
nebarizuyoi, й О ЙА' tenacious
negurushii, ЙТ? Lv» wakeful
nemui, IIK.V' sleepy
nemutai, llK.LV> sleepy
netamashii, faL i Lv» jealous
nezuyoi, ШЙА' deep-rooted
niawashii, LV» suitable
nibui, V» dull
nigai, Sv» bitter
niganigashii, S'V Lv» disgusting
nikui, ‘I®V» hateful
nikurashii, 'It £> Lv» hateful
noroi, О 6 V» slow
nozomashii, 3 i L V» desirable
nurui, ifciZj V» lukewarm
oi, ^V» many, much
oishii, t5V» LV» delicious, good, tasty
okashii, TZ'Lv» funny
okii, V» big
omoi, ® V' heavy, serious
omoshiroi, Ж Й V»interesting
297
omotai, Ж Л: V > heavy
osoi, iSV» late, slow
osoroshii, S-6 L V' fearful
otokorashii, Я £> L V ' manly
otonashii, & t fa LV' gentle, obedient
rikutsuppoi, Яй o (TV» argumentative
ririshii, 0 0 Lv> gallant
sabishii, $ f/LV' lonely
samui, 'A'iV' cold
sawagashii, K/P Lv> noisy
semai, ftl' narrow, small
shibui, astringent
shibutoi, t V' stubborn
shimeppoi, S o (TV > damp
shiroi, ЁЗ V' white
shitashii, intimate
sosokkashii, -S’-?- о L V' careless
sozoshii, 1И -V L V» noisy
subarashii, MW в Lv> splendid
sugasugashii, Тй’ТLv> refreshing
sugoi, terrific
sukunai, 'Pfa V» few, little
suppai, (Йо IfV' sour
surudoi, Sfev1 sharp
susamajii, i t-V> dreadful
suzushii, L V » cool
tadashii, jE LV' correct
tadotadoshii, fa if fa t L V» faltering
takai, MV» high, expensive
takumashii, fa <i i Lv> robust
tanomoshii, LV' reliable, promising
tanoshii, L V> enjoyable
tegowai, ipil f jV ' formidable
toboshii, /2. Lv> scarce
togetogeshii, t If t (f Lv> sharp, harsh
toi, jaV' far
totoi, CS' V' noble, valuable
tsumaranai, ”2 i £> 4’V' boring
tsumashii, of Lv> frugal
tsumetai, Ir/iV' cold
tsurenai, 'jM'V1 heartless
tsutanai, ”2 fa fa V' unskillful
tsutsumashii, oot LV' modest
tsuyoi, ®V> strong
umai, i V» delicious, skillful
urayamashii, о ₽> T L V > enviable
ureshii, Ж Lv > glad, happy
urusai, 0 Z> $ V' annoying, troublesome
uruwashii, Ж LV' beautiful
usugurai, iWi'i v> dusky
usui, flt V»thin, light
utagawashii, LV' doubtful
utsukushii, 36 Lv> beautiful
wabishii, fa> Ur L V' miserable, lonely
wakai, JjV' young
wakawakashii,	L V»youthful
warugashikoi, : L i V ' cunning
warui, SV'bad
yakamashii, b’i LV' noisy
yasashii, й L V' easy
yasashii, fS L V' gentle
yasui, t£JV' inexpensive
yasuppoi, So ITV> cheap
yawarakai, ifi/j'V» soft
yayakoshii, LV' complicated
yoi, V' good
yojinbukai, ИЬЬ'ЙЯ' careful, prudent
yorokobashii, Я-lf Lv' happy
yosoyososhii, <k -S’ <k -S’ L V> aloof
yowai, !jS]V' weak
yowayowashii, SjijLV' weak-looking,
fragile
yurui, fiV' loose
zurui, V' cunning
ziizushii, T d T"? LV' impudent
'«lb
298
2. Ne-Adjectives
aimaina, 1'4 ambiguous
akirakana, ВД 4Й'4 apparent
angaina, ЖЯ-4 unexpected
anshinna, '4'L? 4 relieved
anzenna, '44' 4 safe
asahakana, 11Ш4'4 shallow-minded
atatakana, ®Д*4 warm
awarena, $>4ft4 pitiful, miserable
azayakana, If 4^'4 bright
bakana, 11й'4 foolish
bakudaina, Ж A 4 enormous
benrina, 4' convenient
bimina, 4 delicious
binbona, 442.4 poor
binkanna, ftlS ?£ sensitive
binsokuna, ftiS 4 quick
bitekina, 44l'j4 aesthetic
buenryona, Й4Й1Й4' unreserved
bujina, IJIQ’J '4 safe
bukimina, МЖРЖ4 uncanny
bukiyona, IffiX'rJIl 4' unskillful
bukkirabona, о § в (J 0 4 abrupt
bunkatekina, Aft li'j4 cultural
byodona, T’4 4 equal
byotekina, 41Й 4 morbid
chachina, -f & cheap
chamena, lif II 4 mischievous
chaminguna, -4 -V — 74" 4 charming
chiisana, $ 4 small
chinpuna, 1Ж1Й4 trite
chitekina, ЙЁЙ4 intellectual
chohona, fR' i-14 valuable
chfijitsuna, .'I1.'A 4 faithful
chflshotekina, flh^W4 abstract
daihyotekina, ft АЙ 4 representative
daijina, A']l4 important
dainamikkuna, 4’4 A 5-у 4 4 dynamic
daitanna, A№4 bold
damena, St II 4 useless
danpentekina, Йг1|'Й4 fragmentary
danseitekina, ЯЙЙ94 manly
dasantekina, Ij/S)fl!j4 calculative
datona, Й'1! 4 appropriate
dentotekina, {5МЙ4 traditional
deriketona, ~т' V 'r — b 4 delicate
dokutokuna, й#4 peculiar
doramachikkuna EyVfyJ'i: dramatic
dotokutekina, )й{*Й4 moral
eikyutekina, Ж AM 4 permanent
eirina, IKf II4' sharp
ekizocikkuna,	у ? tz exotic
enerugjsshuna,	energetic
enmanna, I'lift 4 harmonious
eregantona, xA/jf's 1'4' elegant
erochikkuna, inf-?? j: erotic
fuanna, /''44 uneasy
fuanteina, /'Sze4 unstable
fubenna, /'ffi4 inconvenient
fudotokuna, 4'1Й£Й4 immoral
fugorina, -R nf® unreasonable
fuhona, 4'iJ;4 illegal
fujitsuna, /''44 unfaithful
fujiibunna, 5f'+5J’ 4 insufficient
fujunna, /'Ж4 unseasonable
fujunna, -4'^114 impure
fukakaina, /'’BTfr'i4 incomprehensible
fiikanona, /'йГвь4 impossible
fukanzenna, 4'7c/'4 imperfect
fuketsuna, /'ll! 4 dirty
fukisokuna, /'ffijjlj 4 irregular
fukitsuna, /'ct 4 ominous
fukoheina, /'4"l' 4 unfair
fukona, 4'^4 unhappy
fukuzatsuna, 1МЯ4 complicated
furesshuna, 7 к у 'у j- 4 fresh
fuseikakuna, /ЧЕЙ! 4 inaccurate
fushiawasena,	unhappy
fushigina,	mysterious
299
fushinsetsuna, Я>Ю()й unkind
fushizenna, if* g Л й unnatural
futsugona, ЯМЖи’й inconvenient
fuunna, А)Шй unfortunate
fuyukaina, А'1й'|'Лй unpleasant
ganjona, лЙзСй strong, durable
gankona, /ЙЕ1й stubborn
gehinna, Tbb й vulgar
gekitekina, ЙЙ(1й dramatic
genjitsutekina, РЦ'АЙ(1й realistic
genkakuna, ЙЙбй strict
genkina, /С Ай healthy
genshitekina, 1ЖЙпЙ(1й primitive
genshukuna, ЙРЙй solemn
gojona, 5S'IW й stubborn
gokana, ЖЖй gorgeous
gomanna, A 9 '|*гй arrogant
goritekina, A-I-WlA rational
guretsuna, йнАй foolish
gurobaruna, АТкй global
gurotesukuna, V n ‘r JX З7 й grotesque
gutaitekina, Л-(ЙЙ(1й concrete
guzenna, 1йЛй accidental
hadena, ЙРРй showy
hakujona, iW1# A coldhearted
hankana, ¥WA bustling
hansamuna, /'У'Ч'Дй handsome
heibonna, A ILA commonplace
heiseina, calm
hetana, TA A unskillful
hibonna, 1РЯ.й uncommon
hidona, JP-JU A inhuman
hikantekina, SfWKlA pessimistic
hikutsuna, A mean
hikyona, A cowardly
himana, (Pi 4 free (not busy)
hitsuyona, 42'HA necessary
hofuna, A abundant
hokentekina, ЙЛЙ(1 A feudal
hoshutekina, ftl'j'F’Lj A conservative
hotekina, A legal
ichijitekina, — 1ВД(1 A temporary
idaina, P'L A A great
igaina, SALA unexpected
ijiwaruna, йЛйА ill-natured
ijona, -A'fiPA abnormal
ikanna, iflfeSA regrettable
ikina, #й chic
inkenna, Ш£й cunning
inkina, IBM A gloomy
iroirona, fe b ts. various
itazurana, V'AT A mischievous
iyana, ЙРА distasteful
jakenna, Wife A cruel
jidotekina, l’l®jfl(jA automatic
jimutekina, ‘Ji-fWl A businesslike
jindotekina, AififlW humane
jinkotekina, AT.flPj'Jf artificial
jisshitsutekina, 'А'ЙЙ(1& substantial
jiyuna, 11 ft 4' free
jobuna, А Ай; healthy, durable
johinna, I'.i'h'iA refined
joseitekina, &Й1Й& feminine
jozuna, skillful
jubunna, 15? A sufficient
judaina, Ж Ай important
jfljunna, йИМй obedient
junjona, Мвй purehearted
jiiyona, ЖИй important
kaihotekina, ИЙСЙЙй openhearted
kaikatsuna, ‘lAiffi'Cc cheerful
kaitekina, comfortable
kakkitekina, 1ЮТЙ:1й epoch-making
kandaina, ЙАй generous
kanjotekina, !'ЖЙЙ(1& emotional
kanshotekina,	sentimental
kantanna, flW-й simple
kanzenna, йАй perfect
kappatsuna, Й?ёй lively
300
kattena, Kftftft selfish
kawaisona, /Mil'ft-} ft pitiful
keisotsuna, tWft hasty
keizaitekina, ft economical
kekkona,	good
kenkona, f/llflft healthy
kenmeina, ft ВД ft wise
kibatsuna, uiftzft original
kikenna, fe f ife ft dangerous
kinbenna, ®®ft industrious, diligent
kindaitekina, jSftWft modem
kiraina, SitV'ft distasteful
kirakuna, ft carefree
kireina, ё fit'ft pretty, clean
kisokutekina, JflllWj ft regular
kiyona, SJJIft skillful
kodaina, vast
kofukuna, 'I’ftfift happy
kofflna, t1 i tel ft old-fashioned
kokana, iftiffiift expensive
kokina, iftifift noble
kokusaitekina, Ull^lSft international
kokyuna, SiMft high-class
konnanna, ВДЙЁ'Ь difficult
koshona, I'.'.'jftft refined
kounna, ® ft fortunate
kyodaina, ff^ift huge
kyoikutekina, &fi fill ft educational
kyoryokuna, ft powerful
kyoryokutekina, KSfjfllJft cooperative
majimena, i Eft ft serious
makkana, -ft o //ji ft deep red
makkurana, fto Hiift pitch-dark
makkurona, Ж о Ж & deep black
manzokuna, iWEft satisfactory
marena, i fl ft rare
massaona, fto rift deepblue/green
masshirona, iftAi pure white
massuguna, ft о Й ft'ft straight
meihakuna, ВД Й ft clear
meiwakuna, iisSft troublesome, annoy-
ing
mendona, Eftlft troublesome
minshutekina, Jft iiflljft democratic
miryokutekina, ЙЛ/li'jft charming
modanna, -t У > ft modern
moretsuna, 1ft® ft terrible
mottomona, & о t & ft reasonable
muchina, Й1Й1 ft ignorant
mudana, ft &kft wasteful
muekina, .ft ft ft useless
mugaina, ft ft ft harmless
muimina, ftftlftft meaningless
mujakina, ft Uli ft ft innocent
munona, ftffift incompetent
murina, ft JI ft unreasonable
musekininna, ft Jiff ft irresponsible
nadarakana, ft tz 7Й ft gently sloping
nagoyakana, fli ft peaceful
naibuna, ft -f — 7ft naive
namerakana, i# h ft ft smooth
nesshinna, Sl'L'ft enthusiastic 
nigatena, ftrftft unskillful
nigiyakana, ft eS'ftftft bustling
nodokana, ft tfti'ft peaceful
noritsutekina, lift rift ft efficient
nyunenna, Alfe ft careful
ogesana, ftllf ft ft exaggerated
oheina, ft arrogant
ondanna, ft mild
onshirazuna, Е Й I tTft ungrateful
onwana, 'inlfli ft gentle
orijinaruna, ftU ftftilft original
otomachikkuna, ft —bv-ftyftft auto-
matic
popyurana, ift'af-ft popular
puraibetona, 77^7 — f ft private
rakkantekina, TjtiWil'l-f ft optimistic
rakuna, Sift comfortable
ranbona, SL^ft violent
reiseina, ip"fiyft cool
301
rekishitekina, К S&ffij ft historical
rikona, ft1! I I ft bright, intelligent
rikotekina, WeiЙft selfish
rippana, jZilKft fine
riseitekina, flttffijft rational
risotekina, SlSffiJft ideal
romanchikkuna,	romantic
ronritekina, Bin fl Й ft logical
rorenna, -JiSift veteran
ryoshintekina, IftL'filft conscientious
saiwaina, i^nft fortunate
samazamana, ft various
sawayakana, £ ft1 ft ft ft refreshing
seidaina, Stftft grand
seijitsuna, ft faithful
seijona, IE's- ft normal
seiketsuna, iniMft clean, pure
seikakuna, TEffift accurate
seikona, ffiI5ft exquisite
seishintekina, ffiWWft spiritual
seitona, TE 4|i ft just
sekaitekina, it-^ffijft worldwide
sekkyokutekina,	positive
senchimentaruna	senti-
mental
senjotekina, ft sensational
shakotekina, ft sociable
shiawasena, ф-tf ft happy
shinchona, tBSft prudent
shinkenna, Ж^О ft serious
shinmitsuna, ft intimate
shinpaina, jL'fEft uneasy
shinpina, ТФЙ ft mysterious
shinpotekina, JS^ffijft progressive
shinpuruna,	simple
shinseina, Wftfft divine
shinsenna, Wffilft fresh
shinsetsuna, ЖЙ1 ft kind
shitekina, WffiJft private
shizenna, Il Й1 ft natural
shizukana, nEftft quiet, calm
shojikina, jEjK ft honest
shokyokutekina, IBW’filft negative
shosaina, TTffll ft detailed
shukantekina, ilSffijft subjective
sogonna, J® ft grand
sojukuna, -V-Sftft precocious
somatsuna, ffllift humble
sotchokuna, 4'41'ft frank
sukina, 4f 1? ft favorite
sunaona, KlKft obedient
sutekina, KS&ft splendid
tabona, ft busy
taidana, .El'lift lazy
taihenna, 1ft 15. ft difficult
taikutsuna, ТШ11! ft boring
tairana, 'F* ft ft even
taisetsuna, JzW ft important
tanchona, li'-Sft monotonous
tanjunna, li'-^ftft simple
tankina, felftift short-tempered
tasaina, ^4ft versatile
tashikana, fO'ft accurate
teikyuna, IftMft low-class
teineina, ‘CV’faV'ft polite
tekisetsuna, ЙВД ft appropriate
tekitona, ЙД ft appropriate
tokubetsuna, 4ftЯЧ ft special
tokuina, f lf Aft ft skillful
tomeina, Ф1 ft transparent
tsukaina, Irfi'I'Jlft thrilling
tsuzokuna, jtfiftrft popular
ubuna, d -Kft naive
wagamamana, JEft i i ft selfish
waridakana, ‘Mi' .'jft comparatively high
priced
wariyasuna, ffliScft comparatively low
priced
wazukana, 151Й'ft little, few
f
♦
1
302
yabanna, & barbarous
yahina, Й’-Ф-А vulgar
yasurakana, AL A & peaceful
yawarakana, A L soft
yochina, & infantile
yoina, ALj % easy
yubona, promising
yudokuna, poisonous
yuekina,	useful
yufukuna, rich
yugaina, AAA harmful
yugana, A elegant
yukaina, iiw'№ A delightful
yukanna,	brave
уйкбпа, АЙА effective
yukotekina, A friendly
yumeina, f fAiA famous
yunikuna, —'7 unique
yunona, A Hl A competent
yurina, AfUA profitable
yiiryokuna, АЛ/ A powerful
yushiina, ffiZA superior
yutakana, SZ'A abundant
yuutsuna, A melancholic
zankokuna, ЯАп A cruel
zannenna, ЖАА regrettable
zeitakuna, -tfV'A^ A luxurious
zenryona, AAA good
zokuakuna, {A.'L A vulgar
zuborana, A If L A negligent
zuiina, MAA optional
ENGLISH-JAPANESE ADJECTIVE LIST
abnormal, ijona liZ'M'A
abrupt, bukkirabona -L A (f'i A
abstract, chushotekina ЙЖЙА
abundant, yutakana ft A A, hofuna ft
Ж A
accidental, guzenna ffiKi A
accurate, tashikana ft A A, seikakuna IE
ffiA
aesthetic, bitekina A
aloof, yosoyososhii	Ll1
ambiguous, aimaina i> V > i V ’ A
annoying, urusai 9	§ V'
apparent, akirakana ВД L A A
appropriate, tekitona i® S A , tekiset-
suna %, datona £'&
argumentative, rikutsuppoi flffl о (f'V'
arrogant, gomanna d й#, oheina Й
artificial, jinkotekina
astringent, shibui
automatic, jidotekina 1’1 !Й , otoma-
chikkuna —
awkward, gikochinai & V'
bad, warui
barbarous, yabanna M’fS’Cc
bashful, hazukashii ВДТ Й' LA'
beautiful, utsukushii 3^ Lv\ uruwashii
ВЕи
benevolent, nasakebukai ifiltSA'
big, okii V»
bitter, nigai
black, kuroi .T.V'
blue,aoi nV'
bold, daitanna A№A
boring, tsumaranai « ib i I', taikutsu-
na
brand-new, maatarashii LV'
brave, isamashii -!Йi Lv',yukanna ДЖ
%, isagiyoi iKV'
303
bright, akarui ВД 4i I', azayakana ЙЖЙ'
tz, kashikoi Й' L V', rikona 4Ц LI 4
businesslike, Jimutekina ЖЙгЙ4
bustling, nigiyakana IZ Й' 4, han-
kana JW4
busy, isogashii It Ll', tabona ^‘It4
calculative, dasantekina JTJf Й4
calm, shizukana nf Й'4, heiseina T:nT4
carefree, kirakuna 4W4
careful, yojinbukai ffl'L'S-V', nyunenna
ЛЙ4
careless, sosokkashii ой'LV'
charming, miryokutekina ЙЛЙ<14, cha-
minguna f t4
cheap, yasuppoi it I TV', chachina t>
t>4
cheerful, kaikatsuna 'I'tft4
chic, ikina $+4
clean, kireina HV'4, seiketsuna 1й1|’
4, kiyoi in V'
clear, meihakuna tl Й 4
coarse, arai S.V'
cold, samui tkV', tsumetai
coldhearted, hakujona ДИН 4
comfortable, rakuna 4, kaitekina 'It
Й4
commonplace, heibonna ^/14
comparatively high-priced, waridakana
МЙ4
comparatively low-priced, wariyasuna
MS4
competent, yiinona 41ft 4
complicated, yayakoshii ^-^CLV', fuku-
zatsuna 1ЙЙ4
concrete, gutaitekina Д{$Й4
confusing, magirawashii OtfiLv1
conscientious, ryoshintekina _fS.t'ft'j4
conservative, hoshutekina fr''tft'j4
convenient, benrina 1Ю114
cool, suzushii Ж LV', reiseina 4?i'iy4
cooperative, kyoryokutekina 1ЙЙ ft 4
correct, tadashii IE L V'
cowardly, hikyona Ж1Й4
cruel, mugoi btl', zankokuna £1® 4,
jakenna И1Ж4
cultural, bunkatekina jt'ftft'il 4
cunning, zurui T?> V', warugashikoi 3g
Й{ L 4 V», inkenna	4
cute, kawaii й' b V' V'
damp, shimeppoi ifio (TV'
dangerous, abunai 1b;4v', kikenna ЕЖ
4
dark, kurai Вн V', koi iBV'
dazzling, mabushii i Lv>
dear, natsukashii ЙЙ' L V'
deep, fukai i£V'
deep black, makkurona Ж о Ж 4
deep blue/green, massaona to n 4
deep red, makkana i'l o <lj<4
deep-rooted, nezuyoi tSS^V'
delicate, kayowai t'ijij'V', deriketona т V
4—b 4
delicious, oishii JoV' LV', umai ? i V',
bimina =ЙРЖ4
delightful, yukaina iw'IE4
democratic, minshutekina й±Й4
desirable, konomashii if 4 Ll', nozoma
shiiSi LV'
detailed, komakai fflt'V', kuwashii ilf L
V', shosaina litchi 4
difficult, muzukashii BLv», konnann.i
В № 4, taihenna	4
diligent, kinbenna it® 4
dirty, kitanai i^V', fuketsuna 4'11’4
disgusting, niganigashii ^4- LV'
distasteful, iyana Ж 4, kiraina в’Л'4'
distressful, nayamashii 1Э i LV'
divine, kogoshii	L V', shinseina N1
®4
dizzy, memagurushii [J i<"-bLl'
304
doubtful, utagawashii gb LV', ikaga-
washii	Ll'
dramatic, gekitekina й fi-J •& , dorama-
chikkuna KyvfyJ'j:
dreadful, susamajii$ J tt'
dull, nibui S® v'
durable, jobuna ЙЙ4', ganjona
dusky, usugurai i'.IHn V'
dynamic, dainamikkuna У A j~ 5 -у У ii
early, hayai -ф-V»
easy, yasashii й L V \ yoina	ii
economical, keizaitekina Й i/rft'-J 4'
educational, kyoikutekina ft
effective, yukona Й7Й 4'
efficient, noritsutekina
elegant, yilgana (gift ii, furyuna Mill 4",
eregantona -t f 1 (i
emotional, kanjotekina I® hl Й ii
empty, munashii tr ii L V'
energetic, enerugisshuna
enjoyable, tanoshii Й Lv»
enormous, bakudaina ЖЛ&
enthusiastic, nesshinna
enviable, urayamashii о LA*
ephemeral, hakanai йй'&И
epoch-making, kakkitekina liHJBJftl-S,'
equal, hitoshii Lv\ byodona 'phrfc
erotic, erochikkuna -n n -t-y
even, tairana £> ii
exaggerated, ogesana	? 4‘
exotic, ekizochikkuna	'/=}- у ? i&
exquisite, seikona hj-Pj-5:
fainthearted, kiyowai '
faithful, chfijitsuna АНЙ'Сс, seijitsuna M
gii
faltering, tadotadoshii Л: ЙЙ Й L I'
famous, ywneina f i % ii, nadakai £ Si V >
far, toiiaV*
fastidious, kimuzukashii Lv>
favorite, sukina frf 5 fr
fearful, kowai С Ъ v», osoroshii ®: % L V >
feeble, kayowai ЛМШ V»
feminine, joseitekina Й'ЙГ.Й1 'fc
feudal, hokentekina I'itlllPJ &
few, sukunai tyii\\ wazukana b~ffrii
fine, rippana vltlilfc
fishy, namagusai ЗуЦл*
foolish, bakarashii {f £> L V», bakana
formidable, tegowai	i'b v»
fortunate, saiwaina kounna 'PiS
ii
fragile, yowayowashii !jSj L V '
fragmentary, danpentekina WfJr'fft ii
fragrant, kobashii fr !iL I'
frank, sotchokuna ФЙ&
free (not busy), himana V' i ii, jiytina
ЙЙ1*
fresh, atarashii St Lv\ shinsenna ii,
mizumizushii	Lv\ furesshu-
na 7 f'7 У Д (i
friendly, kokoroyasui yukotekina
t&Wi
frugal, tsumashii <3 J [_V'
funny, okashii 43 Й» L V >
gallant, ririshii 0 !) LV'
generous, kandaina
gentle, otonashii 43 h ii L V >, yasashii fg
L v', onwana i mt fl I ii
gently sloping, nadarakana iitih^ii
glad, ureshii Lv>
global, gurobaruna УП-ЛП/ii
gloomy, inkina 1ЖЖ&
good, ii V'V\ yoi i V\ кеккбпа
zenryona # Й.4"
gorgeous, gokana ‘Sk^tii
grand, seidaina &fcii, sogonna 447Й4’
great, erai idaina
grotesque, gurotesukuna Й □ xX X ii
305
handsome, hansamuna /чУ-Ц-Д &
happy, ureshii № LV', yorokobashii
Ii* L V', shiawasena kofukuna
hard, katai
hard to obtain, egatai f'J-ЙЛ»
harmless, mugaina
harmonious, enmanna Е11й&
harsh, togetogeshii t If t If Lt ‘
hasty, keisotsuna
hateful, nikui Iff V', nikurashii ‘Iff h L V'
healthy, genkina 7Г?Ж&, jobuna
kenkona Ж &
heartless, tsurenai ofl&V'
heavy, omoi jlfV', omotai
high, takai гД V'
high-class, kokyflna
hot, atsui Ц-И, atsui karai ^V'
huge, kyodaina
humane, jindotekina ЛЖЙ^й
humble, somatsuna
humid, mushiatsui L>l'
hurried, awatadashii гЬЪЛгЛ: L V'
ideal, risotekina ЯЗ§Й-)&
ignorant, muchina 1ЖЙ1&
illegal, fuhona
ill-natured, ijiwaruna л£й1,'Е Д
immoral, fudotokuna
imperfect, fukanzenna
important, daijina taisetsuna iz
W judaina ‘ftЛ %, juyona	&
impossible, fukanona nffiti'
impudent, zuzushii "f ? "f •) Lt'
impure, fujunna
inaccurate, fuseikakuna
incompetent, munona
incomprehensible, fukakaina
inconvenient, fubenna zf'® Д, futsugo-
na
industrious, kinbenna
inexpensive, yasui
infantile, yochina ijjft'ilti:
inhuman, hidona ififi'fc
innocent, mujakina
insufficient, fujubunna 4'lf№
intellectual, chitekina Jillfi'j'b
intelligent, kashikoi L X V>, rikona I1!
di
interesting, omoshiroi Ш Й V'
international, kokusaitekina ВИ5£Й9#
intimate, kokoroyasui -L'ic V», shitashiI
iftLV', shinmitsuna &
irregular, fukisokuna &
irresponsible, musekininna
irritating, jirettai L fl о tz V »
itchy, kayui	Ф V'
jealous, netamashii fafr i Lt'
just, seitona 1ЕЙ -Cc
kind, shinsetsuna ffiLJ
languid, darui ft &
large, hiroi j£ V'
late, osoi igV'
lazy, taidana 4'
legal, hotekina
light, karui ®V>, usui iWt'
little, sukunai wazukana Д'Гй'Д
lively, kappatsuna 15^%
logical, ronritekina
lonely, sabishii 5 Ur L V', wabishii Ъ
LV\ kokorobosoi 'C?9IV»
long, nagai JcV'
long-continucd, hisashii X Ll'
long in waiting, machidoshii is Ll'
longed for, natsukashii Lv >
loose, yurui
lovely, kawaii v' V»
low, hikui ®V'
low-class, teikyuna Д
lukewarm, nurui fa&l'
luxurious, zeitakuna -tFV'f: <
306
manly, otokorashii Я b LV', danseiteki-
na^ttlW
many, oi
mean, hikutsuna Ж® &
meaningless, muimina Й.ЙЖ&
melancholic, yuutsuna
mild, ondanna
mischievous, itazurana	cha-
mena Ж S &
miserable, awarena £> fa fa fa, wabishii fa
tfLv*
modern, kindaitekina Й fa fi'j fa , mo-
danna t У
modest, tsutsumashii О'Э i Lv*
monotonous, tanchona fa
moral, dotokutekina JfifeК) fa
morbid, byotekina Й Й-J fa
much, oi
mysterious, fushigina fa ® iS fa , shin-
pitekina WWj
naive, ubuna ? -fa fa, naibuna ±4—У fa
narrow, hosoi ffiv», semai
natural, shizenna 1=1 St fa
near, chikai Й1'
necessary, hitsuyona dZ'5? fa
negative, shokyokutekina (НЬйЙОй
negligent, zuborana TIJ fa
new, atarashii Ж L V'
noble, kedakai 5irufa', totoi koki-
na rftififa
noisy, yakamashii i L V', sawaga-
shii Й>6l LI', sozoshii K dr L V»
normal, seijona iF'ffi'fa
novel,meatarashii Lv>
obedient, otonashii й t 4 Lt', sunao-
na WiKfa, jujunna flOlIfa
old, furui A’V'
old-fashioned, kofuna i’i/Mfa
ominous, fukitsuna 4'1'f fa
openhearted, kaihotekina [Jfjlj'zfi'jfa
optimistic, rakkantekina fa
optional, zuiina Kl.'Sfa
original, kibatsuna nt tfc fa, orijinaruna
УУ tv fa
painful, itai ffi V», kurushii S111
peaceful, nagoyakana fH-fti'fa, nodoka-
na © h'fafa, yasurakana 'it Ъ ti'fa
peculiar, dokutokuna rffi^fa
perfect, kanzenna
permanent, eikyutekina TkXG'jZt
pessimistic, hikantekina ЖВ11Й
pitch-dark, makkurana Ж-э Hb&
pitiful, kawaisona Ъ v' d , awarena
pleasant, kokoroyoi tfe V'
poisonous, yudokuna 'fi'ilii
polite, teineina X V > fa V'
poor, mazushii it Lv», binbona if/5.Zc
popular, tsuzokuna 1Й ft? Zc, popyurana
positive, sekkyokutekina Й-)
powerful, kyoryokuna SiS Jj
precocious, sojukuna V-SiZi:
pretty, kireina
primitive, genshitekina
private, shitekina puraibetona У
b &
progressive, shinpotekina 1ЙФЙ-)
promising, tanomoshii UV', ytibo-
na
proud, hokorashii gf Lt'
provoking, haradatashii UMifa Lv>
prudent, yojinbukai IH'll'SV', shincho-
na i'H-jS*
pure, kiyoi In I», seiketsuna in ® Zi:
purehearted, junjona
pure white, masshirona ЖоЙ4
quick, hayai 14 binsokuna
quiet, shizukana ® й'-Сс
307
rare, mezurashii Ж L V», marena £ ftft
rational, riseitekina 1114611 ft, goritekina
ft Wife ft
realistic, genjitsutekina lii^ftlfeft
reasonable, mottomona {>? к i>&
red, akai ЙА»
refined, johinna I . пи ft, koshona Ж |nj ft
refreshing, sawayakana ? LWftft, suga-
sugashii •f"ftft ft L V»
regrettable, kuyashii < •f’ Lv», zannenna
?S,ftft, ikanna iS'Bft
regular, kisokutekina ЙЩЦ fife ft
reliable, tanomoshii 1Й L L V'
relieved, anshinna Tfefef'ft
remarkable, ichijirushii Lv», mezama-
shii R'KLJ Lv»
representative, daihyotekina "ft ?< ft'J ft
robust, takumashii tz < £ Lv»
romantic, romanchikkuna IWf-zfS:
round, marui flA»
rich, yufukuna ftrta ft
rude, arai ЙА»
sad, kanashii Ж; L V'
safe, anzenna ‘ft ft ft, bujina I®# ft
salty, karai V»
satisfactory, manzokuna Shift
scarce, toboshii tL Lv»
selfish, kattena wagamamana Sc
ft £ £ ft, rikotekina jlldfifeft
sensational, senjotekina Liinftfeft
sensitive, binkanna fiftiSft
sentimental, kanshotekina	fife ft, sen-
chimentaruna dr A	>9 th ft
serious, majimena £ L A> ft, shinkenna
jMHIft, omoi #A»
shabby, misuborashii ft Lv»
shallow, asai i'£v»
shallow-minded, asahakana it lift ft
shameful, hazukashii Iftftft Lv»
sharp, surudoi SKv», eirina SKfOft, toge-
togeshii t if t if L V »
short, mijikai ЙА'
short-tempered, tankina ft
showy, hadena ifif ft, monomonoshi I
Lv»
shrewd, josainai iN-i' ft V»
silly, bakarashii liftL Lv»
simple, kantanna lift j1-ft, tanjunna
ft, shinpuruna ft A 71V ft
skillful, jozuna I . T ft, umai d £ V», ki-
убпа ЯШ) ft, tokuina ife.iSft
sleepy, nemui BKv», nemutai llKferV'
slightly elevated, kodakai d'K V»
slow, osoi iS V', noroi Ю % V»
small, chiisai d' $ V», chiisana d' $ ft,
komakai ffl Й» V», semai ft V'
smoky, kemui If trV», kemutai If trftv»
smooth, namerakana i'n ft ftft
sociable, shakotekina LI: ft: fife ft
soft, yawarakai -J<ftV», yawarakana feL L
tf'ft
solemn, genshukuna ЙиМ ft
sour, suppai if V»
spacious, hiroi £ V»
special, tokubetsuna ftijll ft
spiritual, seishintekina Я Will &
splendid, subarashii Ж Ин L Lv», suteki-
паЖЙй
steep, kewashii fife L V»
stinking, kusai Ж V»
stouthearted, kizuyoi M?®V»
straight, massuguna Ж о lit <* й
strict, kibishii ЙLv», genkakuna
strong, tsuyoi ЙА», ganjona
stubborn, shibutoi LA? t V», gankona
лЦЛШ, gojona
subjective, shukantekina НЁЙЙЙ #
substantial, jisshitsutekina
sufficient, jflbunna 1'5? ft
suitable, fusawashii Л> $ Ъ L V», niawashii
fa-&fcLv>
superior, yushiina ffi^ft
sweet, amai 1Г V»
308
tactful, josainai ill ^">5.' 11
tasty, oishii do V' L V»
temporary, ichijitekina —IJl’fli
tenacious, nebarizuyoi ЙО
terrible, hidoi O' t'V»
terrific, sugoi moretsuna
thankful, arigatai 0 /ЛЛЧ'
thick, atsui Жи, futoi >kv», koi
thin, hosoi ffilV', usui iWV’
thrilling, tsukaina
tough, katai Й'ЛгИ
traditional, dentotekina
transparent, tomeina 18ВД й
trite, chinpuna МОК &
troublesome, urusai 9 & $ V', mendona
lS®l meiwakuna
ugly, minikui Л-1’ < V», mittomonai
uncanny, bukimina
uncommon, hibonna Jf/Lir
uneasy, fuanna	shinpaina >11' Till
4", kokorobosoi
unexpected, igaina ЙЭД-й, angaina ЖЯ-
*
unfair, fukoheina
unfaithful, fujitsuna
unfortunate, fuunna
ungrateful, onshirazuna .Й.Й1 G &
unhappy, fukona 'F 'p &, fushiawasena
unique, unikuna -3-—~ 9
unkind, fushinsetsuna
unmanly, memeshii ic>^ Lv>
unnatural, fushizenna >F [1 Si &
unpleasant, fuyukaina d'lirai'Mi
unreasonable, murina SPli, fugorina
unreserved, buenryona *Ж1Й 4c
unsavory, mazui iTV'
unseasonable, fujunna 4'ЛЙ
unskillful, hetana nigatena ST'Kc,
bukiyona "Й ffl 4", tsutanai О tz & V '
untidy, darashinai tz h L & V >
upright, isagiyoi Й? V'
useful, yuekina 'fi’it'J.'
useless, muekina
valuable, totoi ^tV', chohona
various, iroirona fe 4 , samazamana
Ш>^ й
vast, kodaina
versatile, tasaina
veteran, rorenna
violent, hageshii iK Lt', ranbona
vulgar, gehinna Гпйй, zokuakuna fir.®
4, yahina И'-’-U ti
wakeful, negurushii LV'
want, hoshii & L V'
warm, atatakai UlS/'Pl'', atatakai ifi Й' V>,
atatakana
wasteful, mudana MS'S.'
watery, mizuppoi zko (fV1
weak, yowai sjsjl'
white, shiroi Й V'
wise, kashikoi Z' L КI \ kenmeina КВД 4.'
worldwide, sekaitekina
yellow, kiiroi Kfet'
young, wakai JrV'
youthful, wakawakashii Ll1
309
ADVERBS
ANSWERS TO PRACTICES
Practice 1
1. tokidoki В^Л 2. tsune ni 3. shikiri ni L 0 U 4. shibashiba Lii’HX
5. tama ni tz i U 6. taezu Й1Х.Т
Practice 2
1. sono uchi 9 t> 2. shushi 3. sugu ni f CU 4. zutto t 5. shi-
baraku L If t> < 6. tadachi ni tz tzI- 7. mamonaku PH & & < 8. tachimachi
tz 9. sassoku
Practice 3
1. hajimete WAT 2. tatta ima tzo tz^~ 3. mata f tz 4. mazu vtT 5. kanete/r
fot 6. sudeni
Practice 4
1. saki ni rtU 2. gflzen ISIS 3. toto t 9 t b 4. ittan V’-otA 5. arakajime i> G
ZrlSA 6. yoyaku f 0 < 7, ichid—tc> 8. tsui ni-эпи
Practice 5
1. subete T2. takusan tz < 5 A 3. minna hkti 4. jubun 5. mitchiri
<&o t> 0 6. sukunakarazu tyt&fr7. hotondo (i h Л t'
Practice 6
1. wazuka ЪТЙ» 2. tatta tZ-atz 3. tada tz tz 4. chotto Ъ i о t 5. sukunaku-
tomo < h & 6. tsui'ЭИ 7. tanni^ U
Practice 7
l.hoboiilf 2. zatto 3. taitei Z: И Tv» 4. daitai Л14- 5. oyoso fsfs f-?
Practice 8
1. kiwamete ftAX 2. soto ffiS 3. daibu 4. oini AnlC 5. taihen 6.
jitsu ni 7. nakanaka й&Z'
,310
Practice 9
1. motto i о t 2. zutto Tot 3. toku ni #(i 4. sara ni 5. mottomo й t
6. masumasu J T £ T 7. ichiban —-iff
Practice 10
1. hakkiri (io S *9 2. sassato S о S t 3. narubeku A A A < 4. yukkuri Ф о < *9
5. tsuide ni о V' 4? (- 6. tonikaku t A Z' < 7. sotto tot 8. wazawaza b S't> S'
9. sekkaku -tiro T < 10. kossori t о T <9
Practice 11
1. gakkari Zso *9 2. sappari S о (i° 0 3. shonbori L X Alt 0 4. hotto (Sot
5. mutto tr о t 6. hatto !i о t
Practice 12
1. chodo A X 9 t" 2. dandan tilvtzlv 3. kitchiri J о t !j 4. pittari ffoZJ)
5. chakuchaku to t 6. hissori t>o -£ *9 7. zokuzoku К 4"
Practice 13
1. kitto Sot 2. yahari tdi V) 3. mochiron A A A A 4. aikawarazu AT
5. kekkyoku #n Aj 6. saiwai T V » 7. tatoeba fkll X. if 8. kaette A X. о X
Practice 14
1. punpun Л5А.Й A 2. kankan ni Zi'AzJ'Al^ 3. kusukusu t T t T 4. nikoniko
(2t(;2L 5. wawa ЪгЬЪгЬ 6. niyaniya (CTiST 7. gamigami
Practice 15
1. gabugabu ЙАКЙАК 2. pekopeko	3. perapera A A A A 4. pechakucha
A A 4- C A 4= 5. morimori A 0 & 0 6. berabera A A A A 7. poripori if fl (3° I)
Practice 16
1. zorozoro TA -? A> 2. urouro d -A 9 A 3. burabura Л? A^° A 4. utouto 11 ') t
5. yoroyoro 3 6 i 6 6. giigu <” 9 <* 9
Practice 17
1. zukizuki TS TS 2. zokuzoku-? <-? < 3. pinpin O'AtZA 4. gangan Z)SAZSA
5. fiifuA9A9 6. gatagata Z)!AZ!Z:
Practice 18
1. isoiso V»-t V'-t 2. nobinobi О Vs0) Vs 3. iraira V' A V > A 4. harahara ii A !± A
5. mojimoji ALAA 6. ikiiki V»S V' S 7. dokidoki t" S f S 8. magomago i t."
ir
311
Practice 19
1. korokoro Ct Ъ CI Ъ 2. kankan й'А/й»А/ 3. zaza $"гЬ $’& 4. gogo CL" ? -j
5. kirakira S L c L 6. guragura <" L <" L 7. chirachira L L LL
Practice 20
1. sappari S о if •) 2. manzara i Л S t 3. taishite A Lt 4. kesshite $LLT
5. masakaiSZ' 6. totei L ? TV' 7. kanarazu shi mo dZ-T L L 8. rokuni 6 < It
9. imasara t* S L
Practice 21
l.madaiZ: 2. zenzen 3. totemoLT£> 4. nakanaka ZcZ'ZcZ' 5. hotondo
15 h Л f 6. amari #) t ‘J1 7. domo f Z t 8. issai — Щ 9. nakanaka й Z' й A'
10. betsu ni glj It
Practice 22
1. do f ? 2. naze 4-tf 3. ittai —ft 4. doshite f ? LT 5. moshi t L 6. man’ichi
JJ— 7. tatoe Zctz.
Practice 23
1. zehiifTL 2. doyara L 3. chodo L 4: Z L 4. lashika fff Z' 5. dokat’ZZ'
6. osoraku S L < 7. samo S L 8. tablin g7/ 9. atakamo ZoZtZ'L
LIST OF ADVERBS
1. Adverbs Expressing Time
1.1 itsumo V'O t “always,” “habitually”, 128
1.2 tsune ni "S'it “always,” “habitually”, 129
1.3 taezu “constantly,” “incessantly,” “consistently”, 129
1.4 shikiri ni L § 0 It “constantly,” “strongly,” “eagerly”, 130
1.5 tabitabi JiL Л' “often,” “frequently”, 130
1.6 shibashiba LifL If “often,” “frequently”, 131
1.7 tokidoki H):4' “sometimes,” “once in awhile”, 131
1.8 tama ni Z: i It “occasionally,” “once in a great while”, 132
1.9 shibaraku L if L 7 “for a while,” “for a long time”, 134
1.10 shiishi “from beginning to end,” “throughout”, 134
1.11 zutto Tot “throughout,” “all the time,” “all the way”, 135
1.12 sugu (ni) "J- <’ (it) “right away”, 136
1.13 sassoku V-LE “immediately”, 136
1.14 tadachini ZtZfLlt “immediately,” “at once”, 137
1.15 tachimachi Z: t> i t> “at once,” “in no time,” “suddenly”, 137
1.16 sono uchi (ni) -S'OZ L(lt) “soon,” “one of these days,” “before long”, 138
312
1.17	izure V'f tl “soon,” “one of these days,” “before long”, 139
1.18	mo sugu t ?’t’ C “soon,” “before long”, 139
1.19	yagate “soon,” “before long,” “at (long) last,” “in the end”, 140
1.20	mamonaku I'll t й < “soon,” “shortly,” “before long”, 140
1.21	sakki 3 -э c “a (little) while ago”, 143
1.22	sakihodo 5fc!5 h* “a (little) while ago” , 143
1.23	tatta ima Л: о ЛгФ “just now,” “a moment ago”, 144
1.24	sudeni “already”, 144
1.25	kanete i'fcf “before,” “previously,” “for some time”, 145
1.26	hajimete -iVJfe < “for the first time”, 145
1.27	mazu ftT' “first”, 146
1.28	mata S Лг “again,” “once more”, 146
1.29	ato de “later,” “afterward”, 148
1.30	nochihodo Ш5 f “later,” “afterward” , 149
1.31	saki ni jfcU “before,” “ahead of,” “first”, 149
1.32	maemotte И £> о T “beforehand,” “in advance”, 150
1.33	arakajime <h (5 Й' 15 Й> “beforehand,” “in advance”, 150
1.34	guzen (йй) “unexpectedly,” “by chance”, 151
1.35	ichio — Й5 “once,” “briefly,” “for the time being”, 151
1.36	ittan lofcA “once,” “temporarily”, 152
1.37	toto h ") h ") “at last,” “finally,” “after all,” “in the end”, 152
1.38	tsui ni OI'IZ “at last,” “finally,” “after all”, 153
1.39	yatto “at last,” “finally,” “barely”, 153
1.40	yoyaku f ?	< “at last,” “finally,” “barely”, 154
2.	Adverbs Expressing Quantity
2.1	minna/mina	“all”, 156
2.2	subete ’t'CT “all”, 157
2.3	takusan tz < S К “many,” “much,” “enough”, 157
2.4	jtibun (ni) l‘5r (U) “enough,” “fully”, 158
2.5	tappuri fz'j & •) “full”, 158
2.6	ippai V'o If V'“full”, 159
2.7	hotondo 15 h Л “almost,” “nearly”, 159
2.8	mitchiri Л-o •) “throughly”, 160
2.9	sukunakarazu Z' “not a few,” “not a little”, 160
2.10	sukoshi 'P L “a little,” “a bit”, 162
2.11	chotto 5 о h “a little,” “a bit”, 162
2.12	wazuka ЪТЙ' “a little,” “only”, 163
2.13	tsui -ЭИ “just,” “only”, 164
2.14	seizei -IfV'-tfl' “at most”, 164
2.15	sukunakutomo 'Ptt < h £> “at least”, 165
2.16	tatta tz о tz “only”, 165
313
2.17	tada “only,” “merely”, 166
2.18	tan ni “only,” “merely”, 166
2.19	yaku ft “about,” “approximately”, 168
2.20	oyoso/oyoso 33 <k X T “about,” “roughly”, 169
2.21	zatto Sot “about,” “roughly”, 170
2.22	hobo (iI? “almost,” “nearly”, 170
2.23	daitai “almost,” “roughly”, 171
2.24	taitei ZzV'TV' “usually,” “mostly”, 171	‘
3.	Adverbs Expressing Degree
3.1	taihen “very,” “extremely”, 173
3.2	zuibun Tv'«KA, “very,” “awfully”, 173
3.3	totemo t X t “very,” “terribly”, 174
3.4	oini Xv'JC “very much,” “greatly,” “largely”, 174
3.5	jitsu ni XU “truly,” “indeed”, 175
3.6	kiwamete ®Й>Х “very,” “extremely”, 175
3.7	kanari i) “fairly,” “considerably”, 176
3.8	soto “fairly,” “considerably”, 176
3.9	daibu ХЙ* “fairly,” “quite”, 177
3.10	nakanaka	“quite,” “fairly,” “considerably”, 177
3.11	issdV'oTd “more,” “all the more”, 179
3.12	masumasu i T i T “more and more,” “increasingly”, 180
3.13	sara ni HU “even more,” “further”, 180
3.14	motto tot “more,” “-er”, 181
3.15	mottomoffit “most,” “-est”, 181
3.16	ichiban — § “most,” “-est”, 182
3.17	zutto Tot “by far,” “far more”, 182
3.18	toku ni % U “specially,” “especially”, 183
4.	Adverbs Expressing Circumstance
4.1	yukkuri Ф о < 0 “slowly,” “leisurely”, 185
4.2	sassato $ о $ t “quickly,” “hurriedly”, 185
4.3	hakkiri Во i? I) “clearly”, 186
4.4	kippari $ о iff) “flatly,” “once and for all”, 187
4.5	kichinto § Л t “regularly,” “neatly”, 187
4.6	kossori С. о T 0 “quietly,” “stealthily,” “secretly”, 188
4.7	sotto Tot “quietly,” “softly”, 188
4.8	shikkari Loi'l) “steadily,” “firmly”, 189
4.9	sesseto-tt о-ft t “diligently,” “laboriously”, 189
4.10	narubeku	“as ... as possible,” “if possible”, 190
4.11	tonikaku t UT < “at any rate,” “anyway”, 190
4.12	sekkaku -it о T < “with effort,” “kindly,” “especially”, 191
314
4.13	wazawaza Ъ “expressly,” “specially”, 191
4.14	tsuide ni	“while (I am/you are at it),” “at the same time”, 192
4.15	hotto lJ-э t “be relieved”, 195
4.16	uttori ? о t 0 “absorbedly,” “in a trance”, 195
4.17	bonyari li'A I) “vacantly,” “absentmindedly”, 196
4.18	shonbori Lx/vl?1) “dejectedly”, 196
4.19	sukkiri T -э $ !) “feel fine,” “feel refreshed”, 197
4.20	sappari 5 о IX 0 “feel refreshed,” “feel relieved”, 197
4.21	gakkari A'0 “be disappointed,” “be discouraged”, 198
4.22	mutto tro t “get angry,” “be offended”, 198
4.23	hatto U'J t “be startled,” “be taken back”, 199
4.24	kitchiri D “exactly,” “perfectly”, 201
4.25	pittari /г 0 “exactly,” “perfectly”, 201
4.26	chodo i 9 t “just,” “right,” “exactly”, 202
4.27	yuttari f) “be spacious,” “be loose”, 202
4.28	hissori O' o	•) “quietly,” “still”, 203
4.29	tsugitsugi ^<4- “one after another,” “in succession", 203
4.30	zokuzoku £Й4- “one after another,” “in succession”, 204
4.31	chakuchaku b “steadily,” “step by step”, 204
4.32	jojo ni IL X IL X U “gradually,” “slowly”, 205
4.33	dandan Z5A/Z5A/ “gradually,” “slowly”, 205
4.34	kitto J 'J t “surely,” “certainly,” “without fail”, 207
4.35	kanarazu JZ'T “surely," “certainly,” “without fail”, 207
4.36	mochiron & Л/ “of course,” “no doubt”, 208
4.37	yahari/yappari ^IX l)1X°O “as expected,” “after all”, 208
4.38	kekkyoku #nX.j “after all,” “finally,” “in the end”, 209
4.39	tsumari о J 0 “in brief,” “in other words,” “that is to say”, 210
4.40	tatoeba X. IX' “for instance”, 210
4.41	aikawarazu	T “as usual,” “as always”, 211
4.42	kaette х о T “on the contrary”, 211
4.43	saiwai “fortunately”, 212
4.44	ainiku	“unfortunately”, 212
5.	Onomatopoeic Words
5.1	nikoniko U i (C i “with a smile,” “happily”, 215
5.2	niyaniya (A ’t’ “with a grin,” “with a smirk”, 215
5.3	kusukusu < T < “giggle,” “chuckle”, 216
5.4	geragera (f “(laugh) loudly”, 216
5.5	shikushiku	“sob,” “weep”, 217
5.6	wawa XrifeibJb “(weep) loudly,” “wail,” “cheer”, 217
5.7	poroporo	“(shed tears) in large drops”, 218
5.8	kankan (ni) A'A, A'A. “(fume) with anger,” “(shine) hot”, 219
315
5.9	punpun	“in anger,” “in a huff”, 219
5.10	gamigami /У'Лй'Л “(snap at someone) angrily”, 220
5.11	gatsugatsu	“hungrily,” “gluttonously,” “(eat) like a pig”, 222
5.12 morimori t Ь •) “(eat) like a horse,” “have a hearty appetite”, 223
5.13 poripori (S’!) (S’!) “munch”,224
5.14 pekopeko ^7 d ^7 7. “on an empty stomach,” “with one’s head bowed”, 224
5.15 gabugabu	“quaff,” “(drink) thirstily”, 225
5.16 chibichibi O' “(sip) little by little,” "in sips”, 226
5.17 perapera t “fluently,” “rapidly”, 226
5.18 berabera fj “(talk) on and on,” “blab”, 227
5.19 pechakucha 4= <	-5= “(talk) noisily,” “chatter”, 227
5.20 hakihaki (i ё (i S “clearly,” “unambiguously”, 228
5.21 hisohiso O'-f' O-ir “in whispers”, 229
5.22 burabura	“leisurely,” “idly”, 231
5.23 zorozoro -?'?> -? •% “in succession,” “in streams”, 232
5.24 tobotobo t Ift (I “trudge”, 232
5.25 yoroyoro Ji Ъ i 6 “stagger”, 233
5.26 urouro 9676 “wander about,” “hang about”, 233
5.27 utouto 7 17 t “drowse,” “doze”, 234
5.28 suyasuya“(sleep) calmly,” “(sleep) peacefully”, 234
5.29 gugu <Cd “z-z-z,” “(sleep) soundly,” “snore”, 235
5.30 furafura Л. fj A. “feel dizzy,” “be unsteady”, 237
5.31 gangan	“have a splitting headache,” “hear a ringing in one’s ears” , 237
5.32 fufu Л. -) Л> -) “puffing and panting,” “gasping for breath”, 238
5.33 zokuzoku -?<•£*< “feel excited,” “shiver”, 238
5.34 gatagata	“rattle,” “tremble” , 239
5.35 kirikiri	“have a sharp pain”, 239
5.36 zukizuki T S T S “sting,” “throb”, 240
5.37 pinpin 0еЛ O'A. “be lively,” “be full of life”, 240
5.38 wakuwaku fc < Ъ < “be excited”, 243
5.39 isoiso V»-E-V'-£- “cheerfully,” “joyfully”, 243
5.40 ikiiki V' S I'S “be lively,” “be full of life”, 244
5.41 nobinobi	“feel relieved,” “feel refreshed,” “be at ease”, 244
5.42 dokidoki if § f § “thump-thump,” “feel nervous,” “feel excited”, 245
5.43 harahara Й h (d £> “feel nervous,” “feel uneasy”, 246
5.44 bikubiku O'" < O' < “nervously,” “timidly”, 246
5.45 iraira V1 “beirritated,” “be impatient”,247
5.46 muzumuzu trTti’T “impatiently (eager)”, 247
5.47 mojimoji t Li t L. “hesitantly”, 248
5.48 magomago t 7‘ i 7 “be confused”, 248
5.49 zaza ?$> cf db “(rain) in torrents,” “(rain) cats and dogs”, 251
5.50 shitoshito L t L h “drizzle”, 251
316
5.51	chirachira t L L L “flicker,” “flutter,” “(fall) lightly”, 252
5.52	kirakira § § fj “twinkle,” “sparkle”, 252
5.53	pokapoka	“nice and warm”, 253
5.54	rinrin A> A> “jingle,” “tinkle”, 254
5.55	gogo T’d T d “with a roar,” “with a rumble”, 254
5.56	guruguru <”?> “around and around”, 255
5.57	guragura <" L <" L “shake”, 255
5.58	korokoro Т 7} 7> “roll”, 256
6.	Adverbs Used with Negatives
6.1	sukoshi mo 4? L L “(not) at all,” “(not) in the least”, 258
6.2	chittomo % о t L “(not) at all,” “(not) in the least”, 259
6.3	sappari $ о If “(not) at all,” “(not) in the least”, 259
6.4	kesshite ft LT “never,” “absolutely (not)”, 260
6.5	totei t d TV' “(cannot) possibly”, 260
6.6	taishite ^LT “(not) very,” “(not) much” , 261
6.7	metta ni Й> o tz “rarely,” “seldom”, 261
6.8	kanarazu shi mo -ftT L L “(not) always,” “(not) necessarily”, 262
6.9	rokuni ?><(; “(not) enough,” “(not) properly”, 262
6.10	manzara i /v L'L “(not) altogether,” “(not) wholly”, 263
6.11	masaka i L d'“Incredible!” “I never thought ...”,263
6.12	imasara £ L “now (when it is too late)”, 264
7.	Adverbs with Different Meanings in Positive and Negative Expressions
7.1	mada i ti “still,” “(not) yet”, 267
7.2	mo L d “already,” “(not) anymore”, 267
7.3	totemo t T L “very,” “(cannot) possibly”, 268
7.4	amari £> i '•') “very,” “much,” “(not) very,” “(not) much”, 268
7.5	domo L d L “somehow,” “very,” “much”, 269
7.6	hotondo (51Л f “almost,” “hardly”, 270
7.7	nakanaka	“considerably,” “quite,” “(not) easily,” “(not) readily”, 270
7.8	zenzen “totally,” “quite,” “(not) at all”, 271
7.9	issai —W “all,” “(not) at all”, 271
7.10	betsu ni 8!IU “separately,” “(not) especially,” “(not) particularly”, 272
8.	Interrogative Adverbs and Adverbs Used with Conditionals
8.1	dot'd “how,” “in what way,” “how about”, 274
8.2	ikaga V'd'/L “how,” “how about”, 275
8.3	doshite t'd LT “why,” “how,” “in what way”, 276
8.4	naze “why”, 276
8.5	ittai —# “What on earth!”, 277
8.6	moshi L L “if’, 277
317
8.7	man’ichi/mangaichi 7jV7j Й{— “by any chance,” “In the event278
8.8	tatoe tz t Л “even if’, 278
9.	Adverbs Expressing Desire, Conjecture or Resemblance
9.1	dozo it')	“please”, 280
9.2	doka t'7	“please”, 281
9.3	zehi ift)1 “by all means,” “without fail,” “definitely”, 281
9.4	tabun %? fa “probably”, 282
9.5	osoraku & £> < “probably”, 282
9.6	tashika ft'Z' “perhaps,” “I suppose”, 283
9.7	doyara f 7 ’f’ £> “likely”, 283
9.8	chodo j; 9 “just like,” “as if,” “just right”, 284
9.9	marude i Z> "C “just like,” “as if’, 284
9.10	samo 5 t “as if”, 285
9.11	atakamo $>tzt)'i> “as if’, 286
COMMON JAPANESE ADVERBS
Note: Sometimes Japanese adverbs translate into verbs in English.
aikawarazu, Ъ EjT as usual, as always
ainiku, SiV'lC < unfortunately
amari, $> i 0 very, much, (not) very,
(not) much
arakajime, h Zp 15 Й beforehand, in
advance
atakamo, <k/zt)'%> as if
ato de, later, afterward
berabera, *5 (talk) on and on, blab
betsu ni, ‘/JU15 separately, (not) especially,
(not) particularly
bikubiku, (Z < nervously, timidly
bonyari,	vacantly, absentmind-
edly
burabura,	leisurely, idly
chakuchaku, # steadily, step by step
chibichibi,	(sip) little by little, in
sips
chirachira, £> flicker, flutter, (fall)
lightly
chittomo, 11 (not) at all, (not) in
the least
chodo, j; 9 f exactly, just like, as if,
just right
chotto, 11 о t a little, a bit
daibu, ~K'jt fairly, quite
daitai, almost, roughly
dandan, ZfAZf/v gradually, slowly ,
do, f 7 how, in what way, how about
doka, t'7 Z' please
dokidoki, it 5 it thump thump, feel
nervous, feel excited
domo, it') b very, much, somehow i
doshite, i' "j L t why, how, in what way
doyara, t* 9	likely
dozo, if 9 -f’ please
fufu, Л>9 Л>9 puffing and panting, gasp-
ing for breath
furafura, Л» ij feel dizzy, be unsteady
gabugabu,	quaff, (drink) thirstily
gakkari, й5о Й' Ь be disappointed, be dis-
couraged
gamigami,	(snap at someone)
angrily
gangan, й:Л/гЛ have a splitting head-
ache, hear a ringing in one’s ears
gatagata, Z£Z:Z5Z: rattle, tremble
gatsugatsu,	hungrily, glutto-
nously, (eat) like a pig
geragera, If £>lt* (laugh) loudly
gogo, Cl* 9 fl' 9 with a roar, with a rumble
gugii, <’ 9 <’ 9 z-z-z, (sleep) soundly,
snore
guragura, <’?><’£> shake
guruguru, ('Z> Сй around and around
guzen, unexpectedly, by chance
hajimete, ЙЛТ for the first time
hakihaki, (± § l± clearly, unambigu-
ously
hakkiri, If о $ Ь clearly, unambiguously
harahara, If If feel nervous, feel
uneasy
hatto, (i -э t be startled, be taken aback
hisohiso,	in whispers
hissori, -? 0 quietly, still
hobo, (iff almost, nearly
hotondo, li t !xj t almost, nearly, hardly
hotto, lio t be relieved
ichiban, ‘ff most
kino. “It once, briefly, for the time being
ikitga. V'Z'Zi' how. how about
ikiiki, V' V' be lively, be full of life
imasara, Ф J now (when it is too late)
ippai, V'ol±°V> full
iraira, V> V> £> be irritated, be impatient
isoiso,	cheerfully, joyfully
issai, —Я all, (not) at all
isso, V ' о 9 more, all the more
itsumo, V'9<> always, habitually
ittai, —What on earth!
ittan,	once, temporarily
izure, soon, one of these days
jitsu ni, ^11 truly, indeed
jojo ni, С X C X 1- gradually, slowly
jcibun(ni), f"fj'(U) enough, fully
kaette, T on the contrary
kanarazu, •JZ-'T surely, certainly, without
fail
kanarazu shi mo, L f> (not) always,
(not) necessarily
kanari, Z'Zc fairly, considerably
kanete, Й' fl T before, beforehand, for
some time
kankan, Z'М'Л (fume) with anger,
(shine) hot
kekkyoku, Si ku after all, finally, in the end
kesshite, Sit never, absolutely (not)
kichinto, cS Л i: regularly, neatly
kippari, £ о If f) flatly, once and for all
kirakira, J ct £> twinkle, sparkle
kirikiri, S 0 have a sharp pain
kitchiri, с) о i? 0 exactly, perfectly
kitto, S -j t surely, certainly, without fail
kiwamete, feAT very, extremely
korokoro, Cl % Cl 6 roll
kossori, quietly, stealthily, secretly
kusukusu, < T < giggle, chuckle
mada, i Zf still, (not) yet
maemotte, ГЙ t> о beforehand, in
advance
magomago, i 3.* i ЗГ be confused
mamonaku, t Zc < soon, shortly,
before long
man’ichi/mangaichi,	by any
chance, In the event...
manzara, f Л (not) altogether, (not)
wholly
marude, J £ "C just like, as if
masaka, i $ Й' Incredible!, I never
thought...
masumasu, i i’t’ more and more,
increasingly
mata, J tt again, once more
mazu, ztT first
metta ni, о Zr (3 rarely, seldom
minna/mina,	all, entirely
mitchiri, & о ij 0 thoroughly
mo, £> ? already, (not) anymore
mochiron, & •б Л- of course, no doubt
mojimoji, t> IL £> IS hesitantly
morimori, £> I) 0 (eat) like a horse,
have a hearty appetite
moshi, & L if
mo sugu, t ? T C soon, before long
motto, fi -s> t more
mottomo, iii i> most
mutto, ti'-o t get angry, be offended
muzumuzu, trT trT impatiently (eager)
nakanaka, ZcZ'ZcZ' quite, fairly, consid-
erably, (not) easily, (not) readily
narubeku, Zc < as ... as possible, if
possible
naze, Zc-tf why
nikoniko, 13 3 13 3 with a smile, happily
niyaniya, 13	13 with a grin, with a
smirk
nobinobi, О CX 0 CX feel relieved, feel
refreshed, be at ease
nochihodo, fifli t" later, afterward
oini, ^CV'(3 very much, greatly, largely
osoraku, ® h < probably
oyoso/oyoso, ЛЗ f -? /Лэ й f about,
roiighly	<
pechakucha,	(talk) noisily,
chatter
pekopeko, 3s 3/ on an empty stom-
ach, with one’s head bowed
perapera,	fluently, rapidly
pinpin, СХЛГХЛ be lively, be full of life
pittari, tXoZr 0 exactly, perfectly
pokapoka, lStJ'ISZ)' nice and warm
poripori, (J I) if 1) munch
poroporo,	(shed tears) in large
drops
punpun,	in anger, in a huff
rinrin, 0 /v 0 Л jingle, tinkle
rokuni, 6 < 13 (not) enough, (not) prop-
erly
saiwai, fortunately
sakihodo, ztti h' a (little) while ago
saki ni, 5t(3 before, ahead of, first
sakki, $ -si # a (little) while ago
same, $ & as if
sappari, $ о if 0 (not) at all, (not) in
the least, feel refreshed, feel relieved
sara ni, M13 even more, further
sassato, ? i quickly, hurriedly
sassoku, -T-iS immediately
seizei, -frV'-tfV' at most
sekkaku, -tf о < with effort, kindly,
especially
sesseto, -tf-s>-tJ t diligently, laboriously
shibaraku, L If < for a while, for a
long time
shikiri ni, L 0 13 constantly, strongly,
eagerly
shikkari, LoZ'O steadily, firmly
shikushiku, L < L < sob, weep
shitoshito, L t Li drizzle
320
shonbori, Lx/Ufl) dejectedly
shiishi, ft ta from beginning to end,
throughout
sono uchi (ni), ftf) 9	(U) soon, one
of these days, before long
soto, fairly, considerably
sotto, f о t quietly, softly
subete, Tall
sudeni, already
sugu (ni), T <" (U) right away
sukkiri, to J I) feel fine, feel refreshed
sukoshi, ^'L a little, a bit
sukoshi mo, ''b' L t (not) at all, (not) in
the least
sukunakarazu,	not a few, not
a little
sukunakutomo, < 1at least
suyasuya,	(sleep) calmly, (sleep)
peacefully
tabitabi, often, frequently
tabun,	probably
tada, tz tz only, merely
tadachi ni, tz tz IZ immediately, at once
taezu, constantly, incessantly, con-
sistently
taihen, very, extremely
taishite, tLT (not) very, (not) much
taitei, fcl'TV» usually, mostly
takusan, tz < § Л many, much, enough
tama ni, tz i 1- occasionally, once in a
great while
tan ni, Ж I- only, merely
tappuri, tz о 0 full
tashika, (O' perhaps, I suppose
tatoe, tzk x. even if
tatoeba, И X. If for instance
tatta, tzotz only
tatta ima, tz о tz just now, a moment
ago
tobotobo, t lit Is trudge
tokidoki, sometimes, once in a while
toku ni, I# U specially, especially
tonikaku, h IZt)'' < at any rate, anyway
totei, t •? TV' (cannot) possibly
totemo, Iz X t> very, terribly, (cannot)
possibly
toto, t d t 9 at last, finally, after all, in
the end
tsugitsugi, Ж ** one after another, in suc-
cession
tsui, OV' just, only
tsuide ni, Wfl: while (I am/you are at
it), at the same time
tsui ni, о V * I- at last, finally, after all
tsumari, О i 0 in brief, in other words,
that is to say
tsune ni, "fit К always, habitually
urouro, 9696 wander about, hang
about
utouto, 9 t 9 t drowse, doze
uttori, dot1) absorbedly, in a trance
wakuwaku, Ъ < Ъ < be excited
wawa, t> Ъ (weep) loudly, wail, cheer
wazawaza, t> $ Ъ $ expressly, specially
wazuka, a little, only
yagate,	soon, before long, at (long)
last, in the end
yahari/yappari, If •) о If I) as ex-
pected, after all
yaku, ft about, approximately
yatto, < о t at last, finally, barely
yoroyoro, f 6 Ъ stagger
yukkuri, toft1 slowly, leisurely
yuttari, Ф о tz I) be spacious, be loose
zatto, 5o t about, roughly
zaza, 5	5 (rain) in torrents, (rain)
cats and dogs
zehi, -tfft by all means, without fail, def-
initely
321
г
zenzen, totally, quite, (not) at all
zokuzoku, one after another, in suc-
cession
zokuzoku,	feel excited, shiver
zorozoro, T T ?> in succession, in
streams
zuibun, TV'^A very, awfully
zukizuki, T T г sting, throb
zutto, T о it throughout, all the time,
all the way, by far, far more
ENGLISH-JAPANESE ADVERB LIST
Note: Not all the adverbs presented in this book are listed below.
a bit, chotto А X о it, sukoshi T L
about, oyoso/oyoso
yaku Й, zatto cTo it
a little, chotto X о it, sukoshi 4k L,
wazuka trffr
a (little) while ago, sakki $ о § , saki-
hodo it*
a moment ago, tatta ima tz о tz T
absentmindedly, bonyari (f AT 1)
absolutely not, kesshite — nai ft L T ~
absorbedly, uttori 7 о it 0
after all, toto it 7 it 7 , tsui ni OV'IZ,
yahari/yappari T If Ь /Т о If Ь , ke-
kkyoku ?-u li a
afterward, ato de ffe'C, nochihodo f£li it*
again, mata f tz
ahead of, saki ni 5tl-
all, minna/mina <Ah tilЛ tc, subete T
^"C, issai
all the more, isso V'o 7
all the time, zutto T о it
all the way, zutto To it
almost, hotondo (f it Ait*, hobo (f If,
daitai AH
already, mo & 7, sude ni T"Cl-
always, itsumo V'O &, tsune ni ',7,4-
angrily, gamigami
anyway, tonikaku it {-Л‘<
approximately, yaku Й
around and around, guruguru <’?> <"•£>
as always, aikawarazu Ъ T
as ... as possible, narubeku A A <(
as expected, yahari/yappari T If 1) /To
if 0
as if, chodo % x 7 it", marude i A T,
atakamo i>ft^'t,samo $ {>
as usual, aikawarazu h T
at any rate, tonikaku it \Z-fr <
at last, toto it 7 it 7, tsui ni ov>(2, ya-
gate TZ^T,yatto To it
at least, sukunakutomo T& < it &
at most, seizei -ftV'-tfV'
at once, tadachi ni tz tz I*
at the same time, tsuide ni OV'flC
awfully, zuibun TV'A A
barely, yatto T о it
before, sakini 5tl-, kanete
beforehand, maemotte Й t oT,araka-
jime Е.Л, kanete Z'hf
before long, izure V' TH, mamonaku
M & A < , mo sugu & 7 T sono
uchi (ni) T W 7 A ((-), yagate ТЙ’Т
briefly, ichio — Й5
by all means, zehi -tf'ti
by any chance, man’ichi/mangaichi 7j 7
by chance, giizen (ЯЙ)
by far, zutto T о it
♦
♦
322
cannot possibly, totei ~ nai/muri t ? X
V'~ A V'/ftffS, totemo ~ nai/muri t
certainly, kitto Jot, kanarazu -JZ-T
cheerfully, isoiso V'-g-V'-f-
clearly, hakihaki If S li S, hakkiri li о
£ i;
considerably, kanari 4 , nakanaka
A AAA, soto 403
consistently, taezu ЙХ-Х’
constantly, taezu X-T, shikiri ni L S
DC
dejectedly, shonbori L X Alf D
diligently, sesseto -tiro-fr h
(drink) thirstily, gabugabu AAA A
eagerly, shikiri ni L § D C
(eat) like a horse, morimori t> D t> D
(eat) like a pig, gatsugatsu А*э Ao
enough, jubun (ni) + 5J- (C), takusan
A< ?A
entirely, minna/mina AAA/AA
especially, toku ni 43C, sekkaku -ft -э A <
even if, tatoe Zc t Л
even more, sara ni Ж C
exactly, chodo Lilt, kitchiri Jot,
D, pittari tZ-o Ze 1)
expressly, wazawaza Ъ
extremely, taihen )<&, kiwamete ЖЙ>Т
fairly, daibu A 55, kanari A A D , naka-
naka A A A A, soto 403
(fall) lightly, chirachira furu fj %,
far more, zutto Т -з f
finally, toto t 7 t 7 , tsui ni OV'C,
yatto ’T’-o t, kekkyoku Ju lai
firmly, shikkari L o> A D
first, mazu AT, saki ni AC
flatly, kippari J? о If D
fluently, perapera G
for a long time, shibaraku Lift <
for a while, shibaraku L If <
for instance, tatoeba Ж X. If
for some time, kanete A4aX
for the first time, hajimete ЙЙТ
for the time being, ichio —Й>
fortunately, saiwai
frequently, tabitabi
from beginning to end, shushi
full, ippai V'o <fv\ tappuri Zt-э A D
full of life, ikiiki V> V» , pinpin tZA
ZZA
fully, jubun (ni) lAj" (C)
(fume) with anger, kankan A AAA
further, sara ni 'El-
gasping for breath, ftifti A -) A •)
gluttonously, gatsugatsu Ao Ao
gradually, dandan Zf AZf A, jojo ni 15 i
15 fl:
greatly, oini ^tV'C
habitually, itsumo V'O i, tsune ni fill-
happily, nikoniko C £ C £
hardly, hotondo ~ nai 15 E At' ~ A V'
hesitantly, mojimoji & 15 & 15
how, do t' 7 , doshite t* 7 LT, ikaga
V'AA
how about, do t'7, ikaga V' A A
hungrily, gatsugatsu A'o Ao
hurriedly, sassato $ о $ t
idly, burabura A A
if, moshi & L
if possible, narubeku A
immediately, sassoku ТЙ1, tadachi ni A
A C
impatiently (eager), muzumuzu trTtrT
in advance, maemotte HU & о T, araka-
jime 15 Й>
in a huff, punpun A A A A
in anger, punpun A AAA
in a trance, uttori -) о t D
323
in brief, tsumari oi I)
incessantly, taezu
increasingly, masumasu ± "f i
Incrediblel/I never thought ..., masaka
indeed, jitsu ni ^13
in other words, tsumari О f Ь
in sips, chibichibi Iff Vs
in streams, zorozoro S' %
in succession, tsugitsugi Ж , zokuzoku
foe , zorozoro	?'?>
in the end, yagate kekkyoku Jrif),
toto t 9 t 9
In the event.... man’ichi/mangaichi 7J—/
in what way, do f 9 , doshite f 9 LT
in whispers, hisohiso
just, tsui 'ЗИ, chodo tilt'
just like, chodo 11 i t’, marude J 41
just now, tatta ima tz о tz^C
kindly, sekkaku <
laboriously, sesseto if о -tf h
largely, oini At'13
later, ato de ЙЧ?, nochihodo t*
(laugh) loudly, geragera If f If f
leisurely, burabura «К f £>, yukkuri
Ф-э < I)
likely, doyara t'9 № f
lively, ikiiki V' § V' , pinpin t>%O%
many, takusan tz < $ K,
merely, tada tztz, tan ni Д13
more, motto tot, isso V»-э £• 9
more and more, masumasu J "f J "f
most, ichiban —Ф, mottomo й t
mostly, taitei AV'TV'
much, takusan tz < $ A, domo t"9 t
nearly, hobo If If, hotondo If t A t'
neatly, kichinto § f A t
nervously, bikubiku Cf < CZ <
never, kesshite ~ nai & L T ~ & V >
no doubt, mochiron 1f 6 A
not a few, sukunakarazu A & A f T
not a little, sukunakarazu Ф'А'A t T
not altogether, manzara ~ nai f A $' f
not always, kanarazu shi mo ~ nai
LWV'
not anymore, mo — nai t 9 — tc V'
not at all, chittomo — nai fj о t t —
sappari ~ nai ? о !±° 1) ~-fcV',
issai ~ nai — 9 ~ 5: V', zenzen —
nai — tc V '
not easily, nakanaka — nai tc A tc A ~
not enough, rokuni — nai A < 13 ~ tc V'
not especially, betsu ni ~ nai 8!l 13 ~ % V'
not in the least, chittomo — nai f -o 11
~ l\ sappari ~ nai $ о li’ ~ tc
V'
not much, amari ~ nai & J ~ & V',
taishite ~ nai ALA — A V'
not necessarily, kanarazu shi mo ~ nai
not particularly, betsu ni ~ nai illl (3 ~
not properly, rokuni — nai % < 13 ~ &
V»
not readily, nakanaka ~ nai	~
not very, amari ~ nai ~	V',
taishite — naif^LT — & V'
not wholly, manzara — nai i Л S’ —
not yet, mada ~ nai J tz~ tc V'
now (when it is too late), imasara f)
occasionally, tama ni tz i (3
of course, mochiron t 6
often, tabitabi В£Л
324
on an empty stomach, pekopeko CL C
on the contrary, kaette Z'Z. -э "С
once, ichio —Й>, ittan
once and for all, kippari -э If
once in a great while, tama ni Z: f IZ
once in a while, tokidoki ff Л-
once more, mata J Z:
one after another, tsugitsugi , zoku-
zoku feii -<
one of these days, izure f ft, sono
uchi (ni)	((C)
only, tada Z: Zf, tan ni Ж1С, tatta Z: о Z:,
tsui W, wazuka ЪТZ'
perfectly, kitchiri $ -э t), pittari O' -э
Z:D
perhaps, tashika
please, dozo t" ? -F, doka f? Z'
probably, osoraku St < , tabun fy'i?
puffing and panting, fufii Л.') Л.')
quickly, sassato ? -э 5 t
quietly, hissori О -э Ь , kossori (1 о -S’
0, sotto -fo t
quite, nakanaka & Z’ & Z', daibu A 9ft,
zenzen
(rain) in torrents, zaza
rapidly, perapera
rarely, metta m — nai Й о Z: (C~ & V'
regularly, kichinto	A t
right away, sugu (ni)	<” (|C)
roughly, oyoso/oyoso ftj f	j3 J; £-,
zatto Jft t, daitai Aft
secretly, kossori C ft ij
seldom,mettani ~ nai й-АА-Zc I'
separately, betsu ni ‘/JU IC
(shed tears) in large drops, poroporo (if
(shine) hot, kankan Z'/vZ'A
shortly, mamonaku |i"J ft 4' <
(sip) little by little, chibichibi ОЪ O'
(sleep) calmly/peacefully, suyasuya
(sleep) soundly, gugii <" 7 <’ 7
slowly, yukkuri t9> -э < I) , dandan Zf /v
Zf A, jojo ni IS i К <t (Z
(snap at someone) angrily, gamigami Zs
<AZ^<A
sob, shikushiku L < L <
somehow, domo f 7 ft
sometimes, tokidoki В(рЛ
soon, yagate J?ZS'C, izure V'Tft-, ma-
monaku ftij ft & < , mo sugu ft 7
<’, sono uchi (ni) -ft7 ft (A)
specially, toku ni # |C, wazawaza
steadily, shikkari LoZ' •) , chakuchaku
stealthily, kossori C oft 9
step by step, chakuchaku
still, mada J Zf
strongly, shikiri ni L <=) ft IZ
surely, kitto Jot, kanarazu
(talk) on and on, berabera ft ft
(talk) noisily, pechakucha
temporarily, ittan I ' -j Z:Z
terribly, totemo t T ft
that is to say, tsumari <3 J I)
thoroughly, mitchiri Л- -э ft; i)
throughout, zutto f о t, shflshi
thump-thump, dokidoki t' § f §
timidly, bikubiku (7 < t?' <
totally, zenzen
truly, jitsu ni ^zlZ
twinkle, kirakira t J ft
unambiguously, hakihaki ii li §
unexpectedly, guzen
unfortunately, ainiku i) V' (C <
usually, taitei tz V' "С V'
325
vacantly, bonyari t)
very, taihen totemo <t X i>, zuibun
kiwamete ЙЙ>Т, domo fc"
9 i>
very much, oini )z V '(i
(weep) loudly, wawa ЪгЬЪгЬ
What on earth!, ittai —
while (I am/you are at it), tsuide ni ov
ti:
why, doshite 9 LT, naze &9L
with a grin/smirk, niyaniya MTL
with a roar/rumble, gogo L’ -9 ^ 9
with a smile, nikoniko L Z (C >2
with effort, sekkaku о <
with one’s head bowed, pekopeko л
without fail, kitto & о L, kanarazu SL'X,
zehi -it* О
z-z-z, gugii <"9 C’ri
4
4
326

KODANSHA INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARIES
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THE HANDBOOK OF JAPANESE VERBS В	} \Z7 К у ^7 Taeko Katniya
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THE HANDBOOK OF JAPANESE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
B'$Tah$tBr|s] 	К '7 ^7 Taeko Karniya
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READ REAL JAPANESE: All You Need to Enjoy Eight Contemporary Writers
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Original Japanese essays by Yoko Mori, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Machi Tawara, Shoichi Nejimr,
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13 SECRETS FOR SPEAKING FLUENT JAPANESE
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BREAKING INTO JAPANESE LITERATURE: Seven Modern Classics in Parallel Text
Giles Murray
Read classics of modem Japanese fiction in the original with the aid of a built-in, customized dic-
tionary, free MP3 sound files of professional Japanese narrators reading the stories, and literal
English translations. Features Ryunosuke Akutagawa's "Rashomon" and other stories.
Paperback, 240 pages; ISBN 4-7700-2899-7
BREAKTHROUGH JAPANESE: 20 Mini Lessons for Better Conversation
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A lively book that amplifies and reinforces the skills gained from more conventional textbooks.
Designed to stimulate or rekindle a learner's curiosity, it is packed with activities that make
language speaking fun. For all levels.
Paperback, 176 pages; ISBN 4-7700-2873-3
MAKING SENSE OF JAPANESE: What the Textbooks Don't Tell You
Jay Rubin
"Brief, wittily written essays that gamely attempt to explain some of the more frustrating hurdles
[of Japanese].... They can be read and enjoyed by students at any level." —Asahi Evening News
Paperback, 144 pages; ISBN 4-7700-2802-4
BEYOND POLITE JAPANESE: A Dictionary of Japanese Slang and Colloquialisms
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Expressions that all Japanese, but few foreigners, know and use every day. Sample sentences for
every entry.
Paperback, 176 pages; ISBN 4- 7700-2773-7
LOVE, HATE and Everything in Between: Expressing Emotions in Japanese
Marniko Murakami
Includes more than 400 phrases that are useful when talking about personal experience and
nuances of feeling.
Paperback, 176 pages; ISBN 4-7700-2803-2
BASIC CONNECTIONS: Making Your Japanese Flow
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Explains how words and phrases dovetail, how clauses pair up with other clauses, how
sentences come together to create harmonious paragraphs. The goal is to enable the student to
speak both coherently and smoothly.
Paperback, 160 pages; ISBN 4-7700-2860-1
JAPANESE CORE WORDS AND PHRASES: Things You Can't Find in a Dictionary
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Some Japanese words and phrases, even though they lie at the core of the language, forever elude
the student's grasp. This book brings these recalcitrants to bay.
Paperback, 144 pages; ISBN 4-7700-2774-5
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