TAPESCRIPTS AND ANSWER KEY SECTION
Introduction to the Teacher’s Edition
“A WAY TO SUCCESS” is a coursebook for first-year university students studying English as their major. The book provides challenging authentic materials that teach students to function in real-life situations and let them enjoy a feeling of success and achievement in language learning. Students learn the language that can be put to immediate use in speaking and writing. They also learn the language necessary for understanding when reading and listening to texts of the genre and level of difficulty specified by the Curriculum for English Development Course (Kyiv, 2001).
Developing students’ socio-cultural competence is viewed as a task of paramount importance. The book is aimed at contributing to the development of a language personality able to successfully function in multicultural and multilingual environment. Both the activities and materials used in the coursebook serve to raise students’ cultural awareness, get them better acquainted with the culture of English-speaking countries and provide them with a deeper insight into the native language and culture.
The methodology of the course presents a combination of the time-tested old methods with effective new ways of learning the language. It does not represent a prescribed approach. The book can be used with a variety of instructional methods and teaching styles and the suggested procedures can be adapted to meet the needs of individual learners. However, by replacing communicative tasks with grammar-translation exercises the effect of using the coursebook would be diminished and the achievement of the above stated aims might be impeded. The coursebook is aimed at developing reading and writing as well as listening and speaking skills. Activities in the book are subdivided into 3 main categories: awareness raising, skill building and skill developing. Their level of difficulty correlates with B+ Level of the Common European Framework of Reference. Reflective tasks included in the course-book contribute to developing professional competence of future teachers of English.
The book contains 19 Units organized around certain topics. Each Unit opens with “Lead-in” section that helps to tune the students into the mood of the
process and prepare them to absorb the new material. It is intended both to elicit the students’ background knowledge and to motivate them so that they will be ready to learn. Each Unit also focuses on one function or a group of related functions and the students are taught alternate ways to perform the same function. Since grammar and pronunciation practice are mainly dealt with in separate supplementary books, the coursebook puts special emphasis on vocabulary aspect. New vocabulary is presented and practiced in meaningful contexts. “Useful Language” and “Vocabulary” boxes contain both new items and those already known that need to be revised. Vocabulary activities are varied and motivate the students to learn new language and use it for communicative purposes. The language items are recycled within one unit and are found in some other units as well. In order to develop students’ study skills they are encouraged to use monolingual dictionary while doing certain vocabulary activities.
Each Unit contains several reading and listening sections. They provide an opportunity for the students to use what they know to decode authentic material taken from fiction, newspapers and magazines, tourist brochures, dictionaries and encyclopedias, the Internet. Pre-reading and prelistening tasks are aimed at eliciting students’ background knowledge before any new input is given. Taking into consideration the level of the students, a teacher may find it necessary to preteach some vocabulary and structures by adding some more activities to those recommended in the coursebook. Pre-reading and pre-listening tasks as well as instructions for the while-reading and whilelistening stages help the students to choose the most efficient reading or listening strategy thus developing flexible reading and listening skills. Post-reading or post-listening activities are aimed at checking the students’ comprehension, expanding their vocabulary and knowledge of the topic. Comprehension is checked through answering questions, filling in the tables and doing test tasks (multiple choice, true/false, cloze tests, bank cloze tests, multiple matching, etc.). The activities focus on
personalization and assimilation of the new material. They also serve to motivate students to engage in sharing ideas and exchanging opinions, which is the main focus of speaking sections.
Speaking and writing sections focus on applying communication skills. Students are encouraged to use any language they have learned to discuss thematically related issues, to solve problems, to express their opinions orally and in writing. The teacher should create comfortable and relaxing atmosphere in class so that the students could express their ideas and exchange opinions with ease. Wherever appropriate pair and group work modes should be encouraged with regular changes of group composition and dialogue partners. Students may role-play a situation, discuss a topic, or talk about their personal experiences. In fact, personalization runs throughout the book forming the basis for drawing intracultural and intercultural parallels and comparisons.
Activities to develop writing skills are included into each Unit. All creative tasks are preceded with appropriate guidelines, sample texts, or algorithms thus providing sufficient orientation basis for the students. A great deal of attention is paid to socio-cultural appropriateness of the students’ writing, the choice of the format and language resources used in the text.
Throughout the book monolingual (English) activities dominate but there are several translation activities included into each Unit. Translation is viewed as a teaching tool and a means of formative assessment. In the coursebook translation activities are mainly used for home assignments.
Each Unit of the coursebook contains a number of pictures most of which are polyfunctional, that is, they do not just illustrate the text contents, but also serve as a visual support for additional skill developing activities that a teacher may design in response to the students’ needs.
It is hoped that the teacher will find the suggestions in the book useful and will include them into their own repertoire of teaching techniques.
Unit 1. HELLO! NICE TO MEET YOU...
Lc; 2.d; 3.a; 4.g; 5.f; 6.b; 7.e.
□
1. pseudonym/ pen name; 2. full name; 3. named;
4. first name/ patronymic/ family name = surname;
5. namesakes; 6. pet names; 7. initials; 8. nicknamed;
9. real name; 10. maiden name; 11. on first name terms.
в
a) anagram; b) similar; c) milestone; d) affection;
e) medieval; f) ward off; g) in reverse; h) totem.
SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
The three ways people are given names.
Why are new names given?
The four ways English surnames were adopted.
Names that have male and female forms in Ukrainian. Unique names.
Names given to twins.
Pet names.
Ш
1.	Paul was in his early twenties/ was aged 22/ was at the age of 22 when he got married.
2.	My little son is a baby.
3.	Kate turned 30 yesterday, it was a great birthday party!
4.	Mike is a teenager/ is in his teens and you know how difficult these years are!
5.	My father is over forty, he is an accountant and works in a bank .
6.	I am in mid fifties but I think my life has just started!
7.	His brother was in his late forties when he moved to the USA.
8.	My Granny is in her late seventies, but she likes to dress up very much.
9.	Her grandfather was a bus driver for 40 years but now he is retired.
10.	She is 25 and her husband is the same age.
11.	Children in Ukraine start school at the age of 6.
12.	My little cousin is a toddler, but he’s falling all the time.
13.	She called her daughters “the girls” though they were middle-aged.
14.	I learnt these songs when I was on my mother’s lap.
ш
1.	English and American names don’t have patronymics. But they often have a middle name which is placed before the last name if the name is written in full.
2.	Parents sometimes name their newborn babies after some older members of the family.
3.	Pre-schoolers and teenagers often give funny nicknames to the people they like or dislike.
4.	Kate hated her maiden name so much that she changed it as soon as she got married.
5.	We are so used to actors’ and singers’ pseudonyms and writers’ pen names that their real names surprise us.
6.	Kids of any age like sitting on their mothers’ laps.
7.	It’s hard to be under age. Adults keep telling you that you’ve grown up, but in fact the older generation doesn’t take very seriously people who haven’t turned 30 yet.
8.	When young people in Ukraine come of age, they get their passports.
9.	20-year-old young men consider middle-aged people to be elderly.
10.	My mother is in her late 30s, she is almost forty. She isn’t retired yet, and doesn’t want to think of the time when she’ll grow old.
11.	Unfortunately, as soon as a person turns 60, he/she starts thinking about how much longer he/she will live. 12. How many years is that girl younger than you? — Five. She is the same age as you. — So, she is twice as old as my sister.
Ш
1. Alan York; 2. 24; 3. not mentioned in the text;
4. Southern Rhodesia (village Induna); 5. he represents his father (in his London office); 6. (they trade in copper, lead,) cattle; 7. transporters.
TAPESCRIPT
Inspector Lodge looked at me steadily, then drew a sheet of paper out of a drawer, unscrewed his fountain pen, and wrote, I could see, the date and the time. A methodical man.
“I think we had better start at the beginning,” he said. “What is your name?”
“Alan York.”
“Age?”
“Twenty-four.”
“Address?”
I gave Davidson’s address, explaining whose it was, and that I lived there a good deal.
“Where is your own home?”
“In Southern Rhodesia,” I said. “On a cattle station near a village called Induna, about fifteen miles from Bulawayo.”
“Occupation?”
“I present my father in his London office.”
“And your father’s business?”
“The Bailey York Trading Company.”
“What do you trade in?”
“Copper, lead, cattle. Anything and everything. We’re transporters mainly,” I said.
He wrote it down, in quick distinctive script.
17A)
l.F; 2.1; 3.F; 4.1; 5.F; 6.1; 7.F; 8.1.
TAPESCRIPT
1)	She opened the door to find a broad-shouldered man with a big fair moustache and a cheerful red face, standing on the mat. His glance, a quick one, took her in as he asked in a pleasant voice: “Are you Mrs Beresford?” “Yes.”
“My name’s Grant. I’m a friend of Lord Easthampton’s. He suggested I should look you and your husband up.”
“Oh, how nice, do come in.”
(Agatha Christie, “N or M?”)
2)	When they got back to the house Mrs Murry was still in the lab.
“This is Calvin O’Keefe, Mother. Is there enough for him, too? It smells super.”
“Hello, Calvin. Nice to meet you. We aren’t having anything but stew tonight, but it’s a good thick one.” “Sounds wonderful to me. May I use your phone so my mother’ll know where I am?”
(Madeleine L "Engle, “A Wrinkle in Time"")
3)	He saw that the two persons who were to make the four had already arrived. They were Prince Ali and his secretary. Ashenden was astounded.
“Allow me to introduce Mr Ashenden to your Highness,” said the baroness, speaking in her fluent French.
Ashenden bowed and took the proffered hand, the prince gave him a quick look, but did not speak. “I am delighted to make your acquaintance, Mr Ashenden,” said the prince’s secretary, warmly shaking his hand.
(W.S. Maugham, “Miss King"") 4) Arnie: Yes. (To Joan.) This is Sheila O’Connor, Joan. This is my wife, Sheila.
Sheila: Hello, Miss.
Joan: Hello, Sheila.
Arnie: Evening, Maureen. I don’t think you know my wife. Joan — this is Maureen.
Maureen: It’s very nice meeting you, Joan. (They shake hands}
(David Storey, “The Restoration of Arnold Middleton”) 5) “Hello, James.” Sealfont extended his hand to Matlock. “Mr Loring, may I present Dr Matlock?” “How do you do?”
“We’ve met before, haven’t we?”
(Robert Ludlum, “The Matlock Paper”)
6) Man: (Finally finds himself beside the girl.) Hi baby! Girl: I don’t believe we’ve met.
Man: Oh, don’t you remember me? I’m the guy who sat beside you on the bus out of Kansas City.
Girl: I still say we haven’t met.
Man: My name’s Bo. What’s yours? (She only looks at him scornfully) I see you brought your suitcase in.
(William Inge, “People in the Wind”)
7) Harry: Judge Applegarth, may I present Miss McCutcheon?
The Judge (removing his hat and bowing low): An honor, Miss.
Miss McCutcheon: How do you do, Judge?
Harry: Miss McCutcheon’s the new teacher at school! The Judge: We are honored to have you. The children, the parents, and — the rest of us.
(William Saroyan, “The Oyster and the Pearl”) 8) Jim Raddigan: Introduce me to your friend.
Gaucho: That’s Mario. He lives upstairs.
(Gloria Gonzalez, “Gaucho”)
17B)
Dialogue 3: “I am delighted to make your acquaintance, Mr Ashenden,” said the prince’s secretary, warmly shaking his hand.
Dialogue 4: It’s very nice meeting you, Joan.
Dialogue 5: “Mr Loring, may I present Dr Matlock?”
“How do you do?”
Dialogue 6: “I still say we haven’t met.” “My name’s Bo. What’s yours? I see you brought your suitcase in.”
ш
l.d; 2.b; 3.f; 4.h; 5.g; 6.i; 7.c; 8.j; 9.e; lO.a.
ИЛ
l.c; 2.g; 3.k; 4.a; 5.f; 6.j; 7.d; 8.i; 9.e; lO.h; ll.b.
TAPESCRIPT
Lesley: Good morning everyone. Thank you for inviting me to your school today. My name is Lesley
Gearhardt. I’m an American. I’m from Livitz, Pennsylvania, which is a small town about an hour and a half west of Philadelphia. I grew up there. Then I moved to Philadelphia to study political science and international relations at Temple University. I got my Bachelor’s Degree in May and two months later I became a Peace Corps Volunteer. I’m here in Ukraine for two years to teach English to 5th and 6th grade students at Public School 123. I’m happy to answer any questions you may have about me and about life in America.
Student 1: What is your patronymic name?
Lesley: Well, my last name is my patronymic name — that’s the one I get from my father. My middle name is Lynn.
Olga: Does that name come from your mother? Lesley: Well, she picked it out but I’m not named after her or anything like that.
Olga: I see. And can you tell the class how old you are?
Lesley: I just turned 22 last week. I’m totally over the hill now.
Student 2: Are you married, Lesley?
Lesley: No way. I don’t want to get married until I’m 24 or 25.
Student 1: And how many brothers and sisters do you have?
Lesley: I have one older brother and one younger sister. Student 2: Why have you come to Ukraine?
Lesley: Well, I majored in international relations in college because I’m interested in learning about and working with people from different cultures. When I was at Temple I had a chance to learn German and I spent a semester abroad studying in Berlin. I loved it. But after college I wanted to do something different and go someplace really special and help people. So I joined Peace Corps. They offered me a position in Ukraine and I took it.
line 6: She’s from Livitz, she didn’t say exactly where it is. — I’m from Livitz, Pennsylvania, which is a small town about an hour and a half west of Philadelphia. line 9: to teach English at our University — to teach English to 5th and 6th grade students at Public School 123.
line 11: her patronymic name was her nickname — My last name is my patronymic name.
line 12: Her pet name is Lynn — My middle name is Lynn.
line 12: she is named after her mother — I’m not named after her or anything like that.
line 14: She ... even can’t get married — I don’t want to get married.
line 15—16: she had one older sister and one younger brother — I have one older brother and one younger sister.
line 18: she had majored in computer science —
I majored in international relations.
line 18—19: she was interested in computers — I’m interested in learning about and working with people from other cultures.
1.	I think I know this man. He used to live in the next street. A strange personality. I know him by name only. His name seems Teddy. But I don’t think it’s his real name. Maybe it’s just his nickname. I remember that when he moved here he was in his early 30s. He must be in his late 40s now. Actually, it’s hard to tell how old he is.
2.	My son is a teenager, he’s under 16. He’s going to enter a medical school. He is good at natural sciences. I thought that I would have a lot of problems with him in his teens. But, frankly speaking, he was more difficult to cope with when he was young. He was so naughty!
3.	Betty was a pretty girl. At school she had
a nickname “doll”. At home everyone loved her and gave her funny pet names. Even when she grew-up everyone continued calling her by various funny names. When she turned 35, among her presents there were traditional dolls and soft toys.
4.	My cousin and I are namesakes. I was named after my granddad, and he was named after his father. However, we have different patronymics.
5.	His aunt decided to keep her maiden name when she got married. That’s why her husband and she have different surnames, and their children have taken their father’s surname.
6.	He entered university when he was just a little over 20, and when he was about 30, he wrote his first book. He chose a pen name because he didn’t like his first name and surname.
7.	I tried to tell her real age. If she left school at 17, then she must be 32 now. It turns out that we are of the same age, and I thought that she was about 25.
8.	When I sign my letters to Peter I never put my full name, just the initials. It’s more than enough because we are good friends.
9.	When parents register their child’s birth, they choose a name that he/ she will have for the rest of their life.
Sometimes he/ she is named after another person, a relative or a celebrity. Sometimes parents choose strange and funny names, and they can influence the person’s life later on. If a person doesn’t like his/ her name he/ she can change it or choose a pseudonym, especially if he/ she works in some field of art.
10.	— I know him by name only. I don’t know him really well. We have a formal relationship.
— Ask Nick to introduce you. I think they are of the same age and have known each other since they were just a little over 20, and they are good friends.
11.	Everyone in our family has a pet name, and they are really funny. As for school, children, and especially teenagers, give each other nicknames that can be offensive, and sometimes they can stick to people even when they are all grown up.
26 B)
a)	Mr Sunderland
192 Whitney Lane
Oregon City, OR 97045
USA
b)	Mr Kitzhaber
23 3rd September Street #47
San Diego, CA 96098
USA
c)	Mrs J. Lowe
Planter House Princess Street #48
London, EC 1 7DQ
UNITED KINGDOM
d)	Ms Carmen Brown
Florida International University
34 University Park Lane
Miami, FL 33139
GUIDELINES FOR ADDRESSING ENVELOPES
1.	Write the address of a person you are writing to almost half-way down the envelope and indented about one-third of the way from the left edge.
2.	Put the return address in the upper left-hand corner.
3.	On the envelope put the full name or a “title” (Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms, Dr, etc.) before the name.
4.	Put house number, street name, then town, and ZIP code.
5.	Do not use a comma to separate a state from ZIP code and a street number from the name of the street.
Miss Nancy Shafer
2362 Jackson Street
Wheeling, IL 60090
Ms Naomi Martinez.
423 St.Catherine Avenue Phoenix, AZ 85040
Unit 2. HANDSOME IS AS HANDSOME DOES
3
HEAD: face; cheekbone; earlobe; forehead; nostril; jaw; mouth;
TRUNK: shoulders; back; neck; waist; buttocks; bosom; navel; belly; breast; chest;
LIMBS: hand; fingernail; thumb; palm; ring finger; knee; ankle; toes; arm; forefinger; elbow.
El
A) 1. jaw; 2. hair; 3. teeth; 4. cheek; 5. eyebrow; 6. eye; 7. nose; 8. throat; 9. eyelashes; 10. ear; 11. forehead;
12. chin; 13. lip; 14. tongue; 15. mouth; 16. neck.
В) 1. shoulder; 2. head; 3. back; 4. elbow; 5. thigh;
6. wrist; 7. ankle; 8. foot; 9. leg; 10. chest; 11. finger; 12. hand; 13. knee; 14. bottom; 15. toe; 16. stomach; 17. waist; 18. heel; 19. arm; 20. thumb.
в
1. bulging; 2. receding; 3. shrewd; 4. frail; 5. stooped;
6. hour-glass; 7. snub; 8. aquiline; 9. tangled.
□
a.4; b.5; c.2; d.6; e.8; f.ll; g.7; h.9; i.21; j.13; k. 18; 1.16; m.17; n.14; o.l; p. 12; q.10; r.20; s.19; t.15; u.3.
□
1.	“How could any woman not love him? Six feet tall, two hundred pounds, wide shoulders, a slim waist, muscular, and a face like a dark angel: well-cut lips like those on a marble statue. It wasn’t unusual for women to be struck dumb at the sight of him.” (Jude Deveraux, “The Heiress”)
2.	“As for Jamie, he saw a very pretty young woman, not beautiful like the heiress, but the animation on her face made up for everything. She had a heartshaped face with dark hazel eyes surrounded by silky dark lashes, a little straight nose and the most perfect mouth he had ever seen.” (Jude Deveraux, “The Heiress”)
3.	“She had short, thick forearms, fingers like cocktail sausages, and a broad fleshy nose with flared nostrils. Her head was too large for her body. Her earlobes were weighted loops, her earrings sitting in them like children in a merry-go(not all the way)-round.” (Arundhuti Roy, “The God of the Small Things”)
4.	“In his late thirties, he was an unathletic little man. His taut belly was completely at odds with the rest of his thin, narrow body and sallow cheeks. His neat, pencil moustache divided his upper lip horizontally into half. His hair had begun to recede. It was oiled and combed back off his forehead. Clearly youth was not what he was after.” (Arundhuti Roy, “The God of the Small Things”)
5.	“Then a figure appeared in the doorway. He saw me without surprise, with a small smile on his face. He was nearly completely bald as old leather, a man whose age was impossible to tell. The most striking thing about him was the intensity of his eyes: very dark-brown emphasized by the remarkably clear whites. He was obviously a man who rarely smiled. Deep furrows ran from beside his aquiline nose to the corners of his firm mouth; they suggested experience, command.” (John Fowles, “The Magus”)
6.	“It was a slim girl of about my height, in her early twenties. She had a ravishingly pretty face, but completely untanned, without any make-up. The Botticelli face; gray-violet eyes. The eyes especially were beautiful; almond eyes, giving a natural mystery to the face... But her smile was strange — as if she was sharing a secret with me. There was something about her mouth calm and amused, that was at the same time enigmatic...” (John Fowles, “The Magus”)
KQ
1.	I liked Rebecca at first sight. She had clever (intelligent), kind, slightly quizzical eyes, a little bit turned up small nose, well-cut lips and a charming smile.
2.	Like a real Frenchwoman Mari changed her hairdo and the colour of her hair very often. Yesterday she could be a blonde with beautifully waved shoulder-length hair; today she could wear it in a bun at the nape of her head, and it could shine in the sun like copper; tomorrow it could be ash blond with a few highlights in flyaway breezy strands. Mari was light-minded and thought more about her appearance than about her studies and her future career.
3.	Though Mrs Louder was not yet 35 there were a lot of grey strands in her hair. She had hardly ever dyed
her hair and one could see that before she started to go grey, her hair was dark brown. In the picture hanging on the wall one could see young Mrs Louder. In it she had two funny pig-tails, mischievous eyes and a broad happy smile.
4.	Agatha Christie gave her famous character Hercule Poirot such a memorable appearance that this character of her novels could always be easily recognized/ be easy to recognize. He was not tall and rather stocky. He had an egg-shaped head, a bushy moustache, which he took great care of, and clever, shrewd eyes. Besides he had a habit to dress well and in taste, he liked punctuality and symmetry in everything.
5.	Most nations have distinctive features of appearance. For example, people from oriental countries are short rather than tall. They have jet-black hair, dark slanting eyes and round faces. Slavs, on the contrary, are usually tall, with fair or chestnut hair, big blue, hazel, grey or green eyes. Historic chronicles describe Slavic men as broad-shouldered, muscular, with moustaches and beards. Slavic women were mostly tall and slender in youth, but got pleasantly plump in the middle age. By the ancient tradition Slavic women wore long plaits and did not cover their heads with kerchiefs. After the wedding the plaits were wound round the head and covered with a kerchief or a headdress.
Ш
1. Miserable Smile (4); 2. Power Smile (5); 3. Flirtatious Smile (2); 4. Qualifier Smile (3); 5. Embarrassed Smile (6); 6. Felt Smile (1).
Ш
ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE SMILES
attractive
brave, broad
charming
disarming, deceiving encouraging
friendly, false, fake, fixed glued, genuine hearty, happy ironic, intriguing, icy jolly
kind, knowing lovely, little mysterious nasty, nervous, nice, naughty optimistic
pleasant, polite
radiant, ready, reassuring
sceptical, silly, sincere, stupid, sunny
trained, tense
understanding
victorious
winning
KB
to cheer smb up; to change mood; a bad experience;
a toothy grin; a sincere/ genuine/ felt smile; genuine happiness; eye contact; miserable; to reflect the smiler’s feelings; the more you smile, the happier you become; persuasive; trustworthy.
ш
l.g; 2.d; 3.f; 4.b; 5.a; 6.c; 7.e.
1. took the edge off; 2. gets to; 3. feel blue/ are feeling blue; 4. felt the urge; 5. lift her spirits; 6. feel at ease; 7. make the best of.
Ш
SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
1. mysterious; 2. icy; 3. sceptical; 4. nervous;
5. victorious, happy, radiant; 6. happy; 7. nasty;
8. fake, fixed, glued, insincere; 9. happy, radiant, friendly; 10. ready, fake, fixed, glued.
EEJ
TAPESCRIPT
Smile, though your heart is aching
Smile, even though it’s breaking, When there are clouds in the sky.
You’ll get by, if you smile
Through your fear and sorrow, Smile and maybe tomorrow You’ll see the sun Come shining through For you.
Light up your face with gladness,
Hide every trace of sadness,
Although a tear may be ever so near.
That’s the time you must keep on trying, Smile, what’s the use of crying?
You’ll find that life is still worth while If you just smile.
25 B)
l.i; 2.d; 3.c; 4.e; 5.j; 6.b; 7.k; 8.1; 9.f; lO.g; ll.a; 12.h.
ИЯ
stupid — not very smart; cruel — not very kind; greedy — not very generous; rude — not very polite; ugly — not very good-looking; reserved — not very open/ not very communicative; absent-minded — not very attentive; cowardly — not very brave; suspicious — not very straightforward; boring — not very interesting/ not very exciting; short — not very tall; miserable — not very happy.
Si
l.j; 2.a; 3.i; 4.f; 5.b; 6.c; 7.h; 8.d; 9.e; lO.g.
1. opinions; 2. practise; 3. intuitive; 4. activity;
5. considerate; 6. understanding; 7. quick; 8. appearing; 9. enthusiastic; 10. opposite; 11. comfortable; 12. listen; 13. conversation; 14. might.
TAPESCRIPT
Think the spelling of your name means nothing? According to the noted astrologist Terry Miller, the spelling of your name says a lot about your personality. If the first vowel in your first name is ‘a’, you are assertive, bold and dramatic. You have strong opinions and sometimes you talk before you think things through. You may need to practise diplomacy and tact. If the first vowel in your first name is ‘e’, you are thoughtful, entertaining, intuitive, and usually able to keep up any conversation. Your mind needs constant activity, so you may have trouble staying totally focused.
If the first vowel in your first name is ‘i’, you are considerate, gentle and you try to maintain a positive, understanding approach in conversations. Patience is sometimes lacking, so you may have a quick temper. Learn to let some time pass before making any hasty decisions.
If the first vowel in your first name is ‘o’, you are knowledgeable, sensitive and patient. You usually try to go along with the crowd in conversations. You can seem a bit phony at times, and should watch appearing two-faced.
If the first vowel in your first name is ‘u’, you are intelligent, charming, enthusiastic, socially skilled, and good with words. You can be somewhat withdrawn or shy, or just the opposite — overly talkative at times.
If you’re shy, take a debate class to help you feel more comfortable speaking up.
If you’re overly talkative, learn to listen more.
If the first vowel in your first name is ‘y’, you are intuitive, somewhat controlled and contained at the beginning of conversation. You can sometimes seem stand-offish or “bottled-up,” so it might help you to take a speech class to help you be more open.
1.	By her nature, she was very stubborn and with a strong commanding stance/ liked to be bossy. She trusted only herself and was independent in her thoughts and deeds. All these qualities can be spoken of both as advantages and disadvantages.
2.	I never liked his caution and suspicion in his attitude to other people. I was looking forward to going back home.
3.	When we describe our favourite cinema characters they turn out to be very nice people that is honest, faithful, friendly and always ready to help.
4.	We think that a future teacher should be optimistic. This profession presupposes an active position in life, creativity, generosity of heart, flexibility and tolerance to pupils’ mistakes.
5.	His love of travelling and risk-taking brought him to remote Alaska. His fear of strong emotions, his confidence that these feelings were not for him, deprived him of the only loving heart. All he had was loneliness and eternal winter.
6.	Experts claim that our attention is mostly drawn to considerate/ thoughtful/ sympathetic, modest and sociable people. Naturally this only happens when they are physically attractive.
Unit 3. EVERY MAN TO HIS TRADE
3
l.c; 2.e; 3.f; 4.i; 5.j; 6.g; 7.b; 8.k; 9.d; lO.h; ll.a.
В
l.d; 2.a; 3.f; 4.e; 5.g; 6.c; 7.b; 8.h.
□
1. mathematician; 2. technician; 3. chemist;
4. astronomer; 5. physicist; 6. physician;
7. physicist; 8. psychologist; 9. historian;
10. philosopher; 11. actor; 12. editor; 13. musician.
В
a) postman; b) soldier; c) lawyer; d) secretary;
e) librarian; 0 architect.
□
Professions: lawyer; web designer; broker; receptionist; draughtsman-draftsman (AE).
Trades: engine driver; florist; forester; goldsmith; midwife; traffic warden; typist; refuse collector; blacksmith; guard.
Unskilled jobs: laundress; locksmith; loader; miller; shepherd; bricklayer.
Q
1.	media: an editor; a journalist; a newsreader;
a publisher;
2.	tourism: a travel agent; a guide;
3.	counselling: a psychoanalyst; a social worker;
4.	finance: an accountant; an auditor; a bank teller;
5.	sciences: an astronomer; an archaeologist;
a physicist;
6.	arts and entertainment: an actor; a DJ; a playwright;
7.	health care: a physician; a surgeon.
□
1.	by adding the suffix -ist: e.g. florist, physicist...
2.	by adding the suffix -er/or: e.g. furrier, dyer...
3.	by adding the suffix -ian: e.g. electrician, physician...
4.	by adding the suffix -ess: e.g. actress...
5.	by joining two stems (compounding): e.g. dairymaid, paymaster, goldsmith...
6.	by abbreviation: e.g. DJ...
7.	by collocating two words: e.g. traffic warden.
в
1. a flight attendant; 2. ambulance staff/ ambulance crew; 3. a chairperson; 4. a cleaner; 5. a fire fighter;
6. a supervisor; 7. a nurse; 8. a police officer;
9. a sales assistant/ a shop assistant; 10. a spokesperson.
a) lawyer; b) farmer; c) vet; d) waiter; e) customs officer; f) model; g) architect; h) tailor.
EE]
1. an astrologist; 2. a florist; 3. an archivist;
4. a surgeon; 5. a tailor; 6. an optician; 7. a dustman;
8. an electrician; 9. an estate agent; 10. a publisher;
11. a receptionist; 12. a dentist; 13. a hairdresser.
Ш
1.	The job of a school teacher has its advantages and disadvantages, but it is as interesting as working in a higher education establishment if one really loves children.
2.	Waitresses and flight attendants have to be attentive and very polite in order to serve customers and passengers well.
3.	Housekeeping is a job just like any other one. No one can say for sure how long a housewife’s day lasts.
4.	A miner’s work is very hard labour. They work deep under the surface of the earth in hard working conditions. That’s why they take early retirement.
5.	The police look for criminals and solve a lot of crimes every week.
6.	I’ve always dreamt of being an army officer (= a military officer) and serving in the army.
7.	Nowadays, sales-assistants at the market not only weigh products but also wrap them in some paper (= put them in a paper/ plastic bag).
8.	This old experienced hairdresser makes wonderful hairstyles for his clients. It’s no wonder that there’s always a queue of people (= a line of people (AE)) to see him (OR: you have to sign up in advance to see him).
9.	When a fire breaks out, people call a fire brigade at once, and fire fighters try to put out the fire as soon as possible.
10.	Best architects in the world were invited to the building of St Petersburg.
11.	There are so many laws in our country that only the best-qualified lawyers and judges know them perfectly well.
12.	Every play by this extremely talented playwright reflects the psychology of an ordinary contemporary person.
13.	Doing research in the field of physics and chemistry as in any other field of science requires considerable investments.
14.	The Head Engineer asked his secretary reader to make a copy of this letter, to send a fax and to make arrangements for the meeting and presentation of the new products planned for the next day.
KB
to get the sack — to be dismissed — to be fired;
to be laid off — to be made redundant;
to be hired — to be employed;
to be a workaholic — to work like a dog;
to recruit — to take on;
to be unemployed — to be out of work;
to get promoted — to climb a career ladder.
EQ
1.	My father works in shifts.
2.	I prefer to work flexi-time/ flexi hours.
3.	I was made redundant./ I was laid off.
4.	Brian works part-time.
5.	My mother works regular hours./ She works nine-to-five.
6.	You are a workaholic.
7.	He was fired./ He got the sack./ He was dismissed.
8.	He has taken early retirement.
9.	He has been promoted.
10.	He is on the dole.
EB
“a job” — what you have to do, a task, a duty;
“an occupation” — what your time is chiefly engaged with; one’s trade;
“a trade” — skilled manual jobs requiring training;
“a profession ” — a job that requires considerable training and/ or qualifications;
“aposition” — a person’s relative place, as in society;
rank, status;
“a post“ — the same as ‘job’ in formal style with reference to professional people.
1. occupation; 2. career; 3. position; 4. profession;
5. position; 6. post; 7. vacancies; 8. jobs; 9. job;
10. profession; 11. position; 12. vacancies; 13. career;
14. post; 15. job; 16. calling; 17. occupation; 18. job.
EQ
Work: to get; to do; to find; to look for; to have; to offer A Job: to get; to do; to find; to look for; to have;
to offer; to take on
A Living: to make; to earn; to do for
EQ
	Job	Work place	Responsibilities	Special qualities required
1.	pilot	airport,	operates the controls	perfect eyesight, quick
		airplane	of an aircraft	reaction
2.	farmer	farm	woks on a form, grows vegetables, breeds animals	physical strength, love for nature
3.	draughtsman	design bureau	makes plans and sketches of machinery and buildings	accuracy, patience, good eyesight
4.	sculptor	art studio	creates works of art in stone, metal, wood, etc.	artistic talent, imagination
5.	secretary	office	types letters, reports, etc.	handwriting skills
6.	cook, chef	restaurant	cooks food	knowledge of different countries’ cuisines
7.	veterinarian	veterinary hospital, clinics	treats sick animals	sympathy, patience, love for animals
ЯП
1. salary/ promotion; 2. qualifications; 3. commission;
4. references; 5. perks; 6. job security; 7. ambitious.
ЕЯ-П
A bad workman blames his tools.
If a job is worth doing, it’s worth doing well.
Make hay while the sun shines.
Many hands make light work.
Too many cooks spoil the broth.
Early to bed, early to rise makes you healthy, wealthy and wise.
Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today. The devil makes work for idle hands.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
The early bird catches the worm.
Поганому танцюристу ноги заважають.
3 розумом провадити справу.
Куй зал!зо, поки не згасло.
Гуртом добре й батька бити.
Де велика рада, там рщкий борщ.
Хто робить — голий не ходить.
Що маеш завтра зробити, зроби сьогоднь Диявол знаходить роботу незайнятим рукам. Праця без вщпочинку розуму не додае.
Рання пташка пшеничку клюе, а шзня — очки дере.
1.	I take true pleasure in my job. I’m lucky to have nice colleagues. I’ve got quite a high salary and a flexible schedule (= I work flexi-time). But the most important is the chance to travel abroad three or four times a year.
2.	The thing that I like most about my job is the opportunity to do intellectual work and improve my knowledge. Our boss is an inspirational person. Besides, thanks to him, we have a chance to serve people through our work.
3.	I am a creative person, so it is important for me to have a chance to plan my day myself. Sometimes, I can work overtime on weekdays and then work over the weekend. At other times I finish work early. Besides, I always need a long vacation.
4.	Everyone dreams of having a pleasant job with good promotion prospects.
5.	I often remember my first job. The working environment was pleasant and we costantly received some kind of training.
RS
1. developing; 2. seing; 3. one with their; 4. one of learning; 5. unsure of his ability; 6. gain confidence;
7. getting a B; 8. seing the progress; 9. have been accepted; 10. encourages me; 11. personal investment.
TAPESCRIPT
The two factors which make my job as a high school teacher satisfying are developing a sense of trust with the students and seeing their progress. First of all, it is necessary to develop a sense of trust between my students and myself. I have always felt that it is indispensable for the teacher to build a good relationship with students, and one with their parents as well. A good relationship with the students makes the atmosphere in class one of learning and the students find themselves eager to learn. For example, last year a student of mine, Juan, told me that he was very unsure of his ability to do mathematics because he had been transferred from a school that had a poor math department. To help him gain confidence, I worked with him during the lunch period and helped him catch up with the class. At the end of the semester, he was getting a B, and he said to me, “You trusted me and helped me learn to trust myself. Thank you.” The second factor that makes my job as a teacher satisfying is seeing the progress of my students.
Of course, it is part of my job to encourage students to get good results on their examinations; yet, it gives me a sense of personal satisfaction when they have been accepted by the university of their choice or get a summer job based on some of the skills I have taught them. Their success encourages me to work harder so that their dreams, and those of their parents, will come true. While it is true that I am often evaluated by whether or not my students succeed, it is the personal investment in their future that makes me feel satisfied with my job. If I had to choose a career all over again, I would definitely choose teaching.
l.c; 2.k; 3.b; 4.h; 5.g; 6.d; 7.i; 8.a; 9.e; lO.j; ll.f.
1. wages; 2. fees; 3. commission; 4. grant; 5. royalty;
6. pay; 7. holiday pay; sick pay; 8. bonus; 9. salary; 10. overtime pay.
ЕТП
l.a; 2.a; 3.c; 4.b; 5.a; 6.b; 7.c; 8. mail Box 45867, Chicago 60647; 9. call Mr. Merton, tel. number 555-1921.
l.F; 2.F; 3.F; 4.T; 5.F; 6.F; 7.F; 8.T.
1. boom; 2. flip-flops; 3. to redeem; 4. show up;
5. to sell oneself; 6. a headhunter; 7. a job prospect;
8. put off; 9. scramble; 10. fancy; 11. to stump.
RESOURCE MATERIAL FOR THE TEACHER
10 Tips for getting a Great job
(by Tom Fischgrund, p. 82, 92, Cosmopolitan, June, 1994)
1.	First, get comfortable with the idea that finding a job is going to be a full-time occupation. Then set some specific goals and make up a time schedule. For example, the first month you might plan to focus on a career in banking. If after a month your attempts to get interviews in banking are unsuccessful, then try something else such as accounting or look for a slightly different position in banking. Every week, plan to send out ten letters and call five new companies. This may sound very structured, but it will help keep you going in the face of rejection.
2.	Desire is everything. You must want the job and communicate this to the interviewer. Employers always look for enthusiasm in applicants, because usually an enthusiastic interviewee becomes a successful employee. If you want something badly enough, you generally have a good chance of getting it.
3.	Be persistent. Persistence pays off Many times employers go through an elaborate job search, select a candidate, and then notify the other prospective candidates that the job has been filled. Sometimes the person they’ve chosen changes her mind. Then the search is reopened. In that case, the persistent but unsuccessful job seeker who had sent a thank-you note and followed up after being rejected will have a head start on the others. Also, you may not be right for the job you were interviewing for, but you may be a good fit with the company. Therefore, just because you have been turned down for one position doesn’t mean there aren’t others that would be just right for you.
4.	Send out a lot of resumes, and don’t be discouraged. Getting a job is like finding the right man — you only need one. Some job hunters send out hundreds of resumes. In this market environment, when companies are cutting costs and downsizing, job opportunities are limited. Therefore, it may take extra effort to get a job. Remember, the more resumes you send out, the
better the possibility of finding what you want. When you send out lots of resumes, you’re going to get lots of rejections. Don’t take this personally. With heavy competition for few positions, rejection is part of the process. Almost everyone gets a job eventually. Stay with it, and don’t be discouraged.
5.	Use your contacts. It’s not only what you know, it’s who you know. First, a good contact can ensure that your resume will be looked at seriously. Second, a contact can vouch for you, which automatically lessens the risk for the prospective employer. Third, contacts may suggest some companies and industries you might never even have thought about.
6.	Set realistic goals. We all want great jobs in high-paying industries with solid futures. The reality is that most jobs don’t offer that, especially when you start out. It is necessary for most new employees to pay their dues and work hard before they reap great rewards. Decide what you want to do. Aim high, but be realistic. Your first job in your chosen career may be at a lower level than you anticipated. But if it offers good, long-term opportunity, then the potential benefits will outweigh any short-term disadvantages.
7.	Make sure you feel good about the company’s products and services. Who would you rather work for, a company whose products you love or one whose products you consider second-rate? While you don’t necessarily have to personally use a product or service — for example, a man could sell women’s shampoo or a woman could market football equipment — it is critical that you respect the company. You should feel good about what the company sells, its philosophy, and the people who work there. When you join the company, you represent them and become part of the corporation, and it’s important to feel some pride in what you do.
8.	Try to schedule an interview with the key decisionmaker. When looking for a job, go directly to the top if possible. Try to find out who does the actual hiring, then call him or her and try to set up an interview. The human-resources department is often used to collect resumes and screen candidates. They decide whether or not a resume is sent on, but they don’t decide whom to hire. Personnel managers are important since they can block your candidacy, but it’s a good idea to try to speak directly with the person doing the hiring. Do be careful not to offend the people in personnel or make them feel you are going over their heads. On the other hand, if you can talk with the person who can say “Yes, you’re hired,” do it.
9.	Don’t rule out quirky alternatives. Do not rule out small companies you’ve never heard of or unfamiliar industries. Many of the companies most admired ten years ago have lost money and cut staff. Other companies, which were just starting up back then, have made millionaires of many of their employees. There are many small, unusual companies in the communications and computer/ entertainment industries. Retailing is going through great changes, which means more nontraditional avenues may open. Be creative in your job search, and don’t reject unknown companies. Ten years from now, these unknowns may dominate the industry.
10.	Take your time. When looking for a job, each week may seem endless. It is never easy to get what you want. You have a lot of interviews, receive lots of positive feedback, and then often are rejected. It is easy to get discouraged, especially in a tight job market. You may become so frustrated that you’re tempted to jump at the first job you are offered. Try not to panic. Decide whether the offer is really right for you, and if it isn’t, turn it down politely. An extra couple of months in the job market may seem like forever, but it is almost always worth the wait.
36 A)
THE WRONG WAY:
1.	He lost patience with having to repeat the same information several times.
2.	Because he was annoyed, he did not give all the information he should have given to Mr Livingstone’s secretary. She got a bad impression of him.
3.	By the time Joe talked to Mr Livingstone, he’d forgotten all the rules of having a good telephone interview. His answers were not good. He didn’t even give his name. Mr Livingstone had to ask for it.
4.	He didn’t talk about the personal qualifications he had.
5.	He did not answer politely.
6.	He did not seem interested in the job.
7.	He gave Mr Livingstone the impression that he really didn’t care about the job.
THIS IS WHAT JOE SHOULD HAVE DONE:
1. He should have patiently and politely repeated his name and reason for calling to each person to whom he spoke.
2. He should have answered Mr Livingstone’s questions about qualifications by listing personal characteristics that would help him do a good job. (For example, “I have a good attendance record. I enjoy working with lists and inventories. I keep very accurate records. If I
am given directions, I follow them well, and so on.”) 3. He should not have used slang (“Yeah”) or incorrect business English when speaking to anyone when applying for a job.
4.	He should have used the name of the person to whom he is speaking, if he can. This is polite and makes a good impression.
5.	He should hsve asked what he needed to know about the job. (Such things as where the job is, the hours, and the type of work.)
6.	He then should have found out if they wish him to come in, and if so, the time and place.
Joe didn’t get to steps 5 and 6 because Mr Livingstone cut him off. He had lost interest in talking with Joe. He probably decided that Joe was not the kind of person he wanted to hire.
TAPESCRIPT 1
Secretary: Mr. Livingstone’s office.
Caller: May I speak to Mr. Livingstone, please?
Secretary: May I ask in reference to what?
Caller: (getting annoyed) I’m calling about a job.
Secretary: What job is that, sir?
Caller: (getting more annoyed) Stock clerk.
Secretary: Is that the stock clerk at the supply warehouse or the dock warehouse?
Caller: (rudely) The dock warehouse, if it makes that much difference.
Secretary: One minute, sir. I’ll see if Mr Livingstone is available.
Mr Livingstone: John Livingstone.
Caller: I’m calling about a job.
Mr Livingstone: What job?
Caller: The stock clerk in the dock warehouse.
Mr Livingstone: To whom am I speaking?
Caller: My name is Joseph Smith.
Mr Livingstone: What qualifications do you have for the job?
Caller: I don’t know. I never had a job like that before. Mr Livingstone: (sounding bored) Did you graduate from high school?
Caller: Yeah.
Mr Livingstone: (coldly) Give me your phone number. Caller: 387-4952.
Mr Livingstone: We may call you. (Hangs up.)
36 B)
TAPESCRIPT 2
Mr Livingstone: John Livingstone.
Joe: Mr Livingstone, my name is Joseph Smith. I’m calling in answer to your ad in the Sunday News for a stock clerk in your dock warehouse.
Mr Livingstone: Fine, Mr Smith. What are your qualifications for the job?
Joe: Well, sir, I am good at keeping accurate records.
I kept records of the stock in a grocery store last summer. I got good grades in math in school. I also had a good attendance record.
Mr Livingstone: Did you graduate from high school? Joe: Yes, Mr Livingstone. I graduated in June. Can you tell me something about the job, sir? What would I be doing?
Mr Livingstone: Of course. You would be keeping the records of all incoming stock that is received at our dock warehouse. You would also be responsible for letting the foreman know when more has to be ordered. Joe: I could handle that, sir. Where would I be working?
Mr Livingstone: The warehouse on the docks is located at 110 Water Street.
Joe: Mr Livingstone, what salary is being offered? Mr Livingstone: The starting pay is $175 per week. If you do well, you would get a $25 a week raise after six months.
Joe: That sounds very good.
Mr Livingstone: I am interested in talking with you in person. You sound like someone we’d like to hire. Can you come for an interview tomorrow at 10 A.M.? Joe: Yes, sir. Where would I come for the interview? Mr Livingstone: My office is in the Steel Building on the corner of Light and Dark Streets. I’m in suite 553. Joe: (reading) That’s the Steel Building, Light and Dark Streets, Suite 553 at 10.
Mr Livingstone: That’s correct.
Joe: Thank you, Mr Livingstone. I’ll be there. Goodbye.
a) 3; b) 7; c) 9; d) 8; e) 1; f) 4; g) 5; h) 6; i) 10; j) 11; k) 12; 1) 2.
ЕЛ
1.	Job satisfaction is very important but I have a family, so I have to think about money too. I am an architect by profession and recently I have been made redundant (I have been laid off). At the moment I am looking for a job; I want to know what prospects I may have, what salary I will get, whether there will be any pay rise, a chance of promotion and perks
such as free meals and transport. I also want to know whether I’ll have holiday pay, sick pay, at what age I’ll be able to retire. I can’t be called a workaholic, but I am not going to hold the same position all my life, and I want to climb the career ladder.
2.	While job-hunting one should know how to read want ads, fill out job applications, write resumes and have a successful interview. Most Americans start working part-time when they are teenagers. Young people often need to get part-time jobs after school and at/ on weekends in order to make pocket money. Males tend to get jobs as delivery boys and females work as babysitters. Teenagers also get jobs in retail stores, fast food restaurants, etc. Most of these jobs often pay the minimum wages. People get full-time employment after they complete high school, a training course or college. Most American people work until the age of 65, though there are companies that allow employees to work until they are 70 or let them take early retirement before 65.
3.	Michael decided to change his job — his position of a clerk in an accountant department seemed boring and monotonous, he didn’t get any bonuses, he often worked overtime. After a couple of months he managed to find a job in an international travel company. He applied for a vacancy and was taken on. But after a year he disliked his new job — that life in hotels, the constant moving around. Besides, the management of the company found his work unsatisfactory and finally he was fired (sacked, dismissed, given the sack). Now Michael is out of work (unemployed) and he is on the dole, which is hardly enough to live on (survive).
4.	I do clerical work in the office. I deal with the in-tray correspondence that I have to send to other companies. I file these letters alphabetically into a big filing cabinet. I have to answer the telephone calls and arrange meetings for my management as well. I work much at the computer. Of course, it’s very important that we should always have envelopes and paper and so on, and it’s one of my responsibilities to buy stationery. I wonder what they’d do without me!
5.	Many young people go to higher educational establishments. They want to be teachers. I regard the profession of a teacher as very noble and useful. The teacher constantly deals with many people, especially children. You have to know your subject perfectly and be creative; all the time you have to invent something new that can interest your pupils. Like any other profession the profession of a teacher has both advantages and disadvantages. Of course,
it’s not considered to be one of the best-paid jobs, but teachers’ working day is short, though you have to work at home as well, teachers have long holidays and they are always in summer. But the main thing is that the process of teaching pupils and learning something new together with them gives an incredible enjoyment! 6. My father works as a carpenter at a building site. It’s hard manual ( = physically hard) work. He mainly works in shifts. He has a lot of experience and recently he has been appointed foreman. He is considered to be a skilled worker and gets decent money (wages, pay) for his job. And my mother is a nurse at a local hospital, and she works flexi-time. She gets far less money than my father does, though her work isn’t less exhausting.
7. I work as a translator for a scientific publishing house. I translate books in different fields from English into Ukrainian. It is, certainly, sometimes difficult to translate scientific works in chemistry or physics, but talking to specialists in these fields is very helpful. My latest work, a book by a group of British authors in criminology (OR: science of crime detecting), was extremely interesting and maybe that’s why didn’t seem all that difficult. Besides, I’m responsible for keeping up business correspondence with the British and American publishing houses that we work with. Nowadays the correspondence is kept up almost exclusively through the e-mail. So, today computing and Internet user skills are among the many requirements to the contemporary translator.
Unit 4. WORK DONE, HAVE YOUR FUN
□
1.	I can’t stand/ hate/ can’t bear jazz.
2.	I can’t stand/ hate/ can’t bear/ get annoyed about by watching horror films.
3.	He didn’t care for the cinema.
4.	This painter’s pictures appeal to me.
5.	They are keen on/ are crazy about gardening.
6.	She is keen on/ enjoys/ is very fond of skiing and golf.
7.	Did you enjoy the concert yesterday?
8.	She is crazy about/ adores her cats!
9.	I was fascinated with/ enjoyed reading the stories of his travels around the world and hunting in the jungles.
□
1. go; 2. did; gave it up; 3. collected; 4. play; 5. makes; 6. go/goes; take; 7. joined; 8. play; watch; listen to;
9. do; 10. go.
EQ
27 B)
VERB	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
adore	adoration	adorable, adoring
attract	attraction	attractive
appeal	appeal	appealing
hate	hate, hatred	hateful
prefer	preference	preferable
enjoy	enjoyment	enjoyable
fascinate	fascination	fascinating
care	care	caring, careless, careful
tempt	temptation	tempting
tend	tendency	—
collect	collection, collector, collecting,collectible (n)	collective, collectible (adj)
1. caring; 2. preference; 3. collection; 4. tempting;
5. adorable; 6. fascination; 7. appealing; 8. enjoyments.
EQ
1. boring; 2. routine; 3. leisure; 4. music; 5. take up;
6. become; 7. casual; 8. devote; 9. influence; 10. room.
EQ
stamp(s)
EQ
1. needlepoint; 2. crocheting; 3. embroidering;
4. patchwork; 5. batik; 6. knitting; 7. sewing;
8. ceramics; 9. jewellery; 10. weaving; 11. leather;
12. metalworking.
EQ
5. computer addicts;
7. (possible answers) connect people, make them friends, exchange knowledge, information and joy. Computers process information by helping to create it and by displaying it, storing it, reorganizing it, calculating with it, and communicating it to other computers. Computers can process numbers, words, still pictures, moving pictures and sounds. The most powerful computers can perform tens of billions of calculations per second.
EQ
a) hot-air ballooning; b) scuba diving; c) bungee jumping; d) mountaineering; e) mountain biking;
f) canoeing; g) wall climbing; h) hang gliding; i) whitewater rafting; j) paragliding.
1. hair-raising; 2. ardent; 3. myriad; 4. to swoop; 5. to catch on; 6. to shiver; 7. to anticipate; 8. to hover; 9. to swell.
LF; 2.F; 3.F; 4.F; 5.F.
27 C)
1. a lucky escape; 2. a fully mature animal; 3. regular vaccinations; 4. natural immunity against disease;
5. to be extra-susceptible; 6. disease antibodies; 7. deadly virus; 8. table scraps; 9. to do harm; 10. a regular source of food; 11. tinned food; 12. greasy or highly spiced food; 13. a cure for worms; 14. internal parasites; 15. a prescribed medicine.
TAPESCRIPT
We asked the Australian Veterinary Association for its views on some common beliefs about our four-footed friends.
Belief: A cat has nine lives.
Fact: Sadly, no — but he certainly has some lucky escapes!
Belief: A year in the life of a dog or a cat is the equivalent of seven years in a man’s life.
Fact: Your pet is younger than you think! A one-year-old dog or cat is a fully mature animal, both physically and sexually. A two-year-old pet is the equivalent in human terms of someone in their mid-twenties. After two, each year of a cat’s life is roughly the equivalent of four human years, while each year for a dog is nearer to five. Smaller dogs will live even longer.
Belief: A cat always kept inside has no need for regular vaccinations.
Fact: Vaccinations are doubly important. An animal confined to the house does not build up the natural immunity against disease that outside animals do. A cat kept indoors is therefore extra-susceptible as it has no chance to build up disease antibodies. It’s vital that cats are vaccinated against enteritis, for example, as this deadly virus can be brought in on footwear or clothing.
Belief: You should not feed bones or table scraps to pets.
Fact: To be on the safe side, you should not give bones to cats. Some table scraps, such as bread, cheese or vegetables will do no harm, so long as the pet has a regular source of food, such as tinned food. Most animals should not be given greasy or highly spiced foods.
Belief: Garlic is a cure for worms.
Fact: The only cure for worms — or any internal parasites — is with a prescribed medicine, either from a pet shop or a veterinary surgeon.
ЕЕИЛ
1. gardening; 2. sewing; 3. photography;
4. mountaineering; 5. computer.
l.K,G; 2.K; 3.K,B,S,G; 4.B,S; 5.S; 6.G;
7.B,S and K.
TAPESCRIPT
1.	Hi, my name is Kenneth Wishart, my friends call me Kenneth, K, super К or K.W. You can call me whatever you want! I am currently studying for a degree in History at Aberdeen University in Scotland. When I have completed my degree I plan to become a teacher of English Literature, like my father Leonard Wishart. In my spare time I enjoy reading and writing poetry. I find the hobby gives me relaxation and peace of mind. I also find pleasure in gardening. I love being alone with nature. I am in the University Life Saving club and I work as a lifeguard when I’m not at university. E-mail me for laughs and friendship ... and maybe more.
2.	Hello everyone. I’m 17, my name is Brenda, and I’m from Melbourne, Australia. I’m interested in making friends with as many people as possible and helping people through my friendship. I love cycling, swimming, playing guitar, singing, songwriting, spending time with the people I love, and playing with my dog. Besides, I’ve got a lot of beer mats, they’re all everywhere in my room. When my friends come around, I show them my treasures! If any of you share these interests, or even if you don’t, drop me a line some time!
3.	My name is Serene. I am a Singaporean and a current working adult in the sales line. Due to my flexible time, I always have lots of chances to relax and occupy myself with many activities. I love sports, all types of ball games, but not swimming coz I can’t swim! When I am playing sports games, I can’t think of anything else. I am completely absorbed in them. And I am always eager to win. If I fail, I feel frustrated. Besides, I adore travelling, meeting people, movies, eating out, clubbing and shopping. When buying watches for my collection I usually choose something of an extraordinary shape or design. If you have the same interests or you are willing to be friends, write me now. Looking forward to hearing from you soon.
4.	Hello!! I am called Gareth, and I am from England. I am mad about photography and would like to exchange e-mails (or normal mail) with anybody from
anywhere who also loves taking pictures. I especially like black and white ones because I can print my own photos. I like taking pictures of old buildings, famous people and exotic flowers at exhibitions. I like macrophotography, and trying new and different things, such as print toning. If you too have a love of photography, and want to write and swap photos, then mail me!
ЯЯ
Anna — Liz Gracy; Debbie — Mick Carter; Susan — Patrick; Peter Barnes — Julie Potter; Chris — Kate Columbus.
34 A)
l.F; 2.T; 3.F; 4.T; 5.F; 6.T; 7.T; 8.T; 9.F; 10.F; ll.T;
12.F; 13.F; 14.F; 15.T; 16.F; 17.T; 18.F; 19.F; 20.F.
34 B)
Collecting everything connected with pigs: “mostly toy pigs and porcelain figures of piglets, postcards, calendars, funny posters; about 30 pig shaped pens, erasers and pencil sharpeners”.
Learning foreign languages: “picked up six languages... Italian, then Polish, Russian, Czech, Greek and Spanish ”.
Collecting dictionaries: “...buying dictionaries of different languages ... have more than a hundred, even one in Swahili and a rare Mongolian-English edition ”. Travelling: “...I travel to a new country every 3 or 4 months”.
Knitting sweaters and scarves: “...they always have the American flag ornament”.
Collecting wall-clocks: “Most of them are rather unusual in their form (shape) and they show the time of the countries they were brought from ”.
Woodcarving: “I took up wood-carving”.
“I managed to carve a complete replica of the...” Going in for sports: “Гт a member of our local golf club and I play golf...”
“Гт fond of high mountain skiing...” “I often do a lot of windsurfing ”.
Candlemaking: "... I shape up bears and rabbits, pigs”. Singing: “Ising with the church choir”.
Gardening: “I do a lot of gardening. Гт mad about roses”.
TAPESCRIPT
Interviewer: Today in our programme we are going to speak to Phil McDowell from New York who’s world-famous for the number of hobbies he has had in his life. Mr. McDowell, what was your first hobby?
Ph.M.: When a child I lived on a farm with my parents 15 miles away from New York and it was an apple farm. But we also had half a dozen pigs, which I loved dearly. I spent hours with my pigs every day and it was then that I started my first collection. I collected everything connected with pigs, mostly toy pigs and porcelain figures of piglets, postcards, calendars, funny posters. I had about 30 pig shaped pens, erasers and pencil sharpeners. My friends even started calling me Porky, mainly for those things they saw in my schoolbag.
I: And was it your sole hobby or did you do anything else then?
Ph.M.: Er... Well, when I was 12 my father started inviting students from different European countries to help gather apples on the farm. Every summer I made friends with students of different nationalities and thus for six summers I picked up six languages. I turned out to be good at languages, you know. The first was Italian, then Polish, Russian, Czech, Greek and Spanish. The students usually left some books for me to read during the winter, and sometimes sent me some dictionaries and manuals. That was a kick-start for another collection. I’ve been buying dictionaries of different languages all my life. Now I have more than a hundred, even one in Swahili and a rare Mongolian-English edition. Actually, you can see them all here on the shelves.
I: And do you sometimes use them?
Ph.M.: Ha-ha-ha... I don’t speak all these languages, of course. But when I travel and I do travel a lot, I take one with me. Sometimes it helps explain what I need. I hope, I’ll learn more languages.
I: So travelling is another hobby you have, isn’t it? Ph.M.: Yes, I can afford it and I travel to new countries every 3 or 4 months. I’ve been to all European countries, Australia, New Zealand, some countries in Asia and Africa. This year I’m going to start exploring South America. So I’m mastering my Spanish at the moment.
I: But you must be spending a lot of time on board or do you travel by car?
Ph.M.: I hate driving. I used a bicycle when I travelled around France, cycling used to be my hobby at that time. But now I really spend plenty of time in planes, trains, coaches, sometimes I go by ship. This is quite time-consuming and I hate wasting a single moment, so about 5 years ago I started knitting to keep my hands busy and brain awake while travelling. This monotonous process of creating something beautiful makes the dull journey fly by.
I: And what beautiful things do you knit?
Ph.M.: Sweaters and scarves mainly.
I: Are they your own or someone else’s design?
Ph.M.: As a matter of fact, they all are of the same design: they are plain and they always have the American flag ornament.
I: What do you do with them?
Ph.M.: I give them to nice people I meet in other countries. We swap souvenirs, actually. They give me flags, national dolls, models of their landmarks, well, different things.
I: Do you collect them as well?
Ph.M.: No, I usually give them to my friends in America. But when I was in France one French guy presented me with a very unusual wall-clock in the shape of the Eiffel Tower. That became the first item of my wall-clock collection.
I: How many wall-clocks do you have in your collection?
Ph.M.: 73, it makes about 10 for each room in my house. Most of them are rather unusual in their form and they show the time of the countries they were brought from.
I: Then I wonder how you tell the time when you are at home?
Ph.M.: I have a wristwatch, of course. Ha-ha-ha... I: Mr McDowell, is knitting the only craft you are interested in?
Ph.M.: To tell the truth, I enjoy work which uses my hands as well as my mind. That was one of the reasons why I took up woodcarving. When I was in Russia about 20 years ago I bought a wooden spoon to use in my kitchen. Then my girlfriend saw it and wanted to have the same. So I decided to make one for her. It didn’t turn out to be extremely difficult but was really exciting. I bought all the necessary tools and, can you imagine, I managed to carve a complete replica of the Russian spoon. I’ve been into woodcarving since then and I can assure you, it’s a fascinating hobby.
I: And what do you carve?
Ph.M.: I carve souvenir plates, kitchen utensils.
At the moment I’m working on a big box for my sister’s jewellery.
I: And do you play any sports?
Ph.M.: Em... I can’t say I’m crazy about sports but I’m a member of our local golf club and I play golf from time to time just to be English enough, you know. In winter I usually spend a week in the Swiss Alps as I’m fond of high mountain skiing. But I still need an instructor. And in summer I often do a lot
of windsurfing. That is the only kind of sport I feel confident about. It makes me feel younger and I love the smell of the sea wind.
I: Last year you were in all local newspapers for the giant candle you made for Christmas celebration in the Town Hall.
Ph.M.: Yeah, this is one more hobby I have that I’ve picked up from my grandpa. He taught me how to make candles and every year before Christmas I’m busy candlemaking both for my numerous relatives and for charity. I shape up bears and rabbits, pigs, certainly. I prefer animal shapes but the candle you’ve mentioned I made in the shape of a Christmas tree about 5 feet high.
I: Oh. It’s really amazing. Can you say what other hobbies you have?
Ph.M.: Well, when I’m at home I sing with the church choir. It’s part of our social life here in New York because of our famous cathedral. I used to be interested in archaeology and even dug up some artifacts here in the centre of town. I do a lot of gardening, indeed, I’m mad about roses. I think I have some hobbies but I can’t remember right now.
I: That’s incredible!? How do you find time to do all that? Don’t you have a job?
Ph.M.: Frankly speaking, I inherited a small fortune from my uncle, so I don’t have to work... Ha-ha-ha...
1.	All my groupmates have some hobbies. These activities help them to relax and have a rest after classes. The girls prefer sewing, knitting or embroidery, but the boys tend to do physically active hobbies such as sport games, hiking, mountain climbing, skating or skiing. Almost all my friends have pets: goldfish, hamsters, parrots, cats and dogs. We often tell funny stories about them and how we take care of our pets.
2.	People of any age can have different hobbies. These hobbies help them to spend their free time pleasantly, make new friends and learn something new. People often start (= take up, choose) a hobby, which is quite different from what they usually do at work. For example, if a person works in an office all day long, they will enjoy (doing the) gardening, going fishing, playing football or tennis, in other words, they will choose an outdoor activity. And if a person is a part of a large staff (group) and socializes with many people, in their leisure/ free time they prefer staying alone to relax after work reading an interesting book, drawing or taking photos.
3.	Hobbies change with age. When I was seven, I got fond of collecting. What didn’t I collect then! Stamps, badges, coins, post-cards, posters, car models. I exchanged (swapped) my treasures with my friends, who were also enthusiastic (keen) collectors. I’ve been keeping my collections since then.
4.	My friend is crazy about (mad on/ about) high-risk sports. He goes in for mountaineering. I don’t share his hobby; it seems to me very dangerous. He says that this sport is for real men and that he gets away from the daily routine climbing a steep rock and that the feeling of risk gives him pleasure. But it all frightens me! I’m afraid of heights, my heart pounds and my hair rises when I just watch TV reports about mountaineers!
5.	There are a lot of things I don’t like. My pet hates are commercials on TV, they are horrible (dreadful)!
I don’t mind watching interesting, educational programs, but some films and musical clips are just disgusting (revolting). I’m also annoyed by boring and primitive soap operas. I can’t stand (bear) people who are sitting in front of their TV for hours and are not interested in anything else (indifferent to everything). In my opinion, this quickly becomes a nasty habit.
6.	There are many places for leisure activities in our city. In recreation centres you can find any hobby to your liking. If singing appeals to you, you can join a choir, if you care for the theatre, you can play in an amateur dramatic society. In these centers different sport clubs are also available. If you haven’t decided on a hobby yet, experienced specialists will help you. They will tell you what equipment you need to get for cultivating your hobby, give you reference literature, introduce you to other hobbyists (enthusiasts). You will be taught to play musical instruments, take care of pot plants, pets, or play board games.
Unit 5. YOUTH IS FULL OF PLEASURE?!
В
Ld; 2.b; 3.a; 4.d; 5.c; 6.d; 7.c; 8.b.
□
a) Edward; b) Edward; c) Martin; d) Martin;
e) Edward; f) Edward; g) Edward; h) Edward;
i) Edward; j) Edward; k) Martin.
El
1. to tackle a problem; 2. to exaggerate a problem;
3. to worsen a problem; 4. to cause a problem;
5. to face a problem, to come up against a problem;
6. to iron out a problem, to sort out a problem, to fix a problem; 7. to solve a problem; 8. to find an easy way out.
KQ
a) to face, come up against a problem; b) to solve, fix, iron out, sort out a problem; c) to have, experience a problem; d) to worsen a problem; e) to exaggerate a problem; f) to run away from a problem; g) to find smth a stumbling block; h) to find an easy way out.
[Q
l.f; 2.a; 3.b; 4,g; 5.c; 6.d; 7.e.
EEQ]
1. impulsive; 2. aggressiveness; 3. recognition; 4. arguments;
5. conflict; 6. restriction; 7. control; 8. settle.
ПсПП
1. trustworthy; 2. share; 3. establish; 4. sacrifice;
5. positive; 6. pressure; 7. loneliness.
EB
•	insecure
•	worry
•	impulsive
•	conflict
•	violence
•	fear
•	face
•	argument
•	restriction
•	rehabilitation
•	solution
•	fund
•	break off
Ш
an unfavourable daily environment; a transitional period; a growing need; a bad crowd; custody for vagrancy and begging; settlement of conflicts; lack of recognition; to commit a crime; specifics of age; legal immaturity; drug and tobacco addiction; centers for social and psychological rehabilitation; state support; seminars on the issues of the preparation of young people for married life; to challenge conventions; to become dropouts; to be deeply concerned; to feel fear of poverty; to lose hope for education; to fund oneself; to establish contacts; to share good times; to sacrifice anything for smb; to easily break off with smb; to come down to conflicts; to prevent juvenile criminality; to set goals; to realize one’s potential in life.
noun	verb	adjective
development	develop	developed, developing
poverty, poor	impoverish	poor
recognition	recognize	recognizable
influence	influence	influential
increase	increase	increasing
prevention	prevent	preventive, preventable
establishment	establish	established
violence	violate	violent
anxiety	—	anxious
home	home	homeless, home
loneliness	—	lonely
maturity	mature	mature
addiction, addict	addict	addicted, addictive
security	secure	secure
certainty	ascertain	certain
insecure; uncertainty; unfavourable; indirect; impossible; independent; illegal; immaturity; ineffective; insecurity; unpractical/ impractical; unemployment.
FBI
1. environment; 2. experienced; 3. lack; 4. established;
5. trustworthy; 6. sacrificed; 7. crime; 8. drug-
addiction; 9. issues; 10. begging; 11. defend; 12. peers;
13. crowd; 14. resulted.
1. to become addicted; 2. to put you at serious risk;
3. becoming totally dependent on it; 4. to interfere with your daily activities; 5. get yourself some help to quit; 6. constant use.
TAPESCRIPT
Letter #	Addressed to Speaker #
1.	4
2.	3
3.	2
4.	3
5.	1
6.	1
7.	4
8.	2
9.	1
10.	3
11.	4
12.	2
1.	Amanda: I have a problem racking my brain. I have been best friends with Kathy for 10 years. On her birthday last year, we were supposed to hang out. I have no idea what happened, she stopped talking to me and calling me. She told me that she was moving and that she wouldn’t be able to see me, but she would be able to talk to me. Then she disappeared. That was in August. We didn’t talk until 10 months later.
I found out from a teacher’s aide that her family was still in town. By that time, she had a job and a boyfriend. I was hurt. When I asked her why she stopped calling, she said that she was depressed and that she didn’t want to bother me with it. I thought she could have called me during the good times in her life (her boyfriend and her job), but she didn’t say.
I have left messages on her machine. I stopped by her house once. Her mom said she was sick, but I feel like she is avoiding me for no reason.
I am sad because it feels like our friendship isn’t worth fighting for. I want to, but I feel like I’m the only one trying. I don’t know if her one-year relationship with her boyfriend is worth more than our 10-year friendship. Please help. I don’t know what to do. I don’t want to lose her as my best friend. Thank you for listening to me.
2.	Sabrina: I know you probably get a lot of letters from young ladies with low self-esteem or physical insecurities. You see, I suffer from insecurities, too.
I watch television, and I see all these women with “to die for” figures; supermodels with a 10-inch waist-to-hip ratio and shapely legs. I am thinking to myself, “Why don’t I look like that?” Help me, please.
I was the first girl in my class in school to develop, and I was so happy. Then, as I entered higher grades, I became less and less happy with my body. The other girls in my classes were developing softer figures, while I still looked like a boy. I used to cry and cry about it. Here I was, at 13 and 14, about 5’10, with a ruler for a figure. That’s not even to mention the flat chest I had. All my junior high years were devastating.
I understand now I’m not that bad, but I’ve already got used to thinking that my appearance is imperfect. It makes me really shy. When last week at a party, a Spanish guy started telling how cute he thought I was, I first accepted it as a joke, but then understood he was not kidding and couldn’t utter a word. He evidently decided I was stupid and couldn’t keep up a conversation, so he just walked away to some other girl. But I think if I were really beautiful he would have stayed with me even if I were dumb!
3.	Max: I am a senior in high school. I am used to making mostly A’s, but this year I got a C in my English class. It has left me so depressed. I can’t say I worked less for my English class, I just started lagging behind while more and more people are doing better in English. Teachers say they are preparing us for college, that’s why senior English is a pretty tough course, but why don’t other people experience such difficulty? I understand that with all my other /f’s it will not influence my chance of going to college, but I’m still worried. Do you have any advice for me?
4.	Lucia: I am a senior girl and will be starting college while I am still 17! I feel like I have been pushed into growing up. I really get no support in any of the things I do, and am having a difficult time with this transition.
My passion is drama. I absolutely love it! My parents think that it is stupid, that I will never make it and refuse to support the pursuit of my dreams.
All I have ever wanted is the chance to act and “make it big”, but I feel like they are preventing me from reaching my full potential. I know that when I am 18 I can do as I please. I don’t know why I suddenly want support from the members of my family, but I would like them to be there for me whether I succeed or fail! I don’t know what I should do. Should I take a year off and find myself, or go the separate path and get my degree in criminal justice as my parents want?
If I fail at acting, I will inevitably go back to the college thing. I just don’t know. Please help.
1. copying their way of behaving, dressing, and talking; 2. environment; 3. mass media; 4. stereotyped opinions; 5. are incapable of striving for high ideals and recognizing true heroes; 6. relatives; 7. school teachers; 8. TV stars; 9. fairy-tale characters;
10. decline; 11. increase; 12. peers and celebrities;
13. achieved success; 14. losers; 15. not threatened.
TAPESCRIPT
Many psychologists say that idolization is a characteristic of teenagers who often create themselves idols and try to imitate them, copying their way of behaving, dressing, and talking. This idolization is often formed not by the teens themselves, but under the influence of the environment they live in. The child just adopts the ready-made images. There are a number of factors that influence the child’s mind. The most powerful among them are the mass media,
especially television, and stereotyped opinions. In the view of older generations, modern youth is incapable of striving for high ideals and recognizing true heroes. To prove or refute this idea and reveal the tendencies for idolization, the Day's correspondent went to Kyiv schools to ask the questions to junior and senior pupils, “Who do you believe your hero is?” and “Who is your idol whose example you follow?”
It became clear from the answers given by ninety pupils from two Kyiv schools that teens’ idols undergo significant change with time. The heroes of the youngest are mostly their relatives, school-teachers or television stars, and in several cases their favourite fairy-tale characters. For children in their early teens, as a rule, there is a tendency of declining their parents’ significance and increasing the prestige of their peers and celebrities. Only nine out of thirty-four seventh grades named their relatives among their heroes; others believe pop and film stars to be their idols (Claudia Schiffer, Natalia Oreiro, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Russian pop singer Alsu, or even Japan’s animated Pokemons). With older pupils the situation is more complicated: their attitude toward idols is determined by the success their idols have achieved. Many boys, for instance, called Bill Gates their hero. Older schoolchildren despise losers and idolize those who already enjoy fame, even if of an ill nature. Some children, the most advanced ones, dream and strive to be like well-known politicians. Even teens whose idols are their parents explained this by their success.
It is difficult to make any clear conclusions about the new generation’s ideals: each child comes through his/her own process of growing up, each is surrounded by a special environment, and each has individual psychological characteristics. However, we are not threatened by the total de-idealization of society that is so widely discussed. You still meet with rare cases of true understanding of heroism among the young, like this tenth-year pupil who wrote, “A true hero is my father who supports our whole family in spite of being blind...”
(By Hanna Teliuk, The Day, #1(170), 2002)
ЯП
I D; 2.B; З.С; 4.A.
31 A)
TAPESCRIPT
I demanded money for getting ears pierced and was refused. Cries, threats, banging doors followed. I
didn’t see any point in staying at home after that, as it seemed to me parents didn’t care about me any longer. Why should I? I asked my former boyfriend to help me collect belongings, we decided to carry on our relationship, but in a week we had the same argument as before and I moved out of his house and left school. I felt miserable: just think, a drop-out and a walkout rolled into one, with nowhere to live and not a penny in my pocket! Actually, it was one of the worst moments in my life.
But fortune smiled on me and my friend, Melanie, agreed to have me round at her place for a while. In a week my mom spotted me standing in a doorway smoking. I took her for some coffee and said I was staying with Melanie but didn’t give any phones, no matter how she insisted.
Then Melanie’s dad told me to move out and suggested coming back home. I had nothing to do but go nowhere. In about a week Mother spied me out living in a boarding house with a friend and called on me. When Mother dropped in quite unexpectedly, I suddenly realised how badly I had been missing her. Two days later it was my birthday and Mom sent me some flowers. I remembered my usual birthdays, it made me about to cry and I first time felt like coming back home for a short stay.
Then one more “friend” threw me out and I had nothing to do but ask my parents for some money to rent a flat. They agreed to pay for only a month as I had to find a job and to fund myself to prove my real independence. I failed with the job, and came back both home and school.
Two weeks ago my friend walked out. “Stupid little creature, needs to grow up,” I thought at hearing about it.
1.	The surveys of young people’s views show that many teenagers hope to solve their key problems in counselling centers where specialists help to find the right solutions, to set real goals and build up a positive way of life. The problems of our society tell on our youth, that’s why various youth-oriented programmes require practical state support.
2.	Conflicts with parents and peers are typical problems of teens. Lack of understanding in their families and reliable friends bring young people to bad crowds.
3.	I am concerned about my appearance. I think I am ugly. I can’t share this problem either with my parents,
or my friends, nor can I sort it out myself. Who can I ask for help or advice?
4.	My friend wants to find a part-time job. He is a student and has to fund himself. No doubt this job can be a stumbling block to his successful studying and passing the exams.
5.	My friends often let me down, that’s why I have to break off with them. It seems to me that I am ready to sacrifice anything for them but they don’t appreciate it. I feel lonely.
6.	All his efforts to settle the conflicts with his parents end in failure. Nevertheless he doesn’t lose hope for establishing good relations in his family.
7.	The most serious problems that teenagers face are drug addiction, toxicomania, alcoholism, prostitution and other vices. The special programmes help youth to solve their burning problems and overcome their uncertainty about the future.
8.	Many teenagers understand that good education gives them good prospects for their life and career.
To realize their potential, they try to study well, go in for sport and take active part in social life.
9.	The anti-drug organizations hold seminars for teenagers, their parents and teachers, create helplines, release (issue) posters and magazines that tell about the danger of drug taking.
10.	Music and television are the most important aspects of youth’s life. Pop and rock-performers, film stars very often influence teenagers. Young people try to copy their idols in everything: hairstyles, dressing, behaviour. Sometimes the idolization is dangerous and harmful.
11.	The aggressive and violent behaviour of teens is quite often caused by their desire to challenge the conventions of the environment. They also want to be independent of their parents and their restrictions and control.
ЯЯ
l.H; 2.A; 3.C; 4.D; 5.E; 6.G; 7.B; 8.1; 9.J; 10.K; ILL;
12.	F; 13.M; 14.N.
Unit 6. YOUR NEAREST AND DEAREST
aaj
• well-off
•	low-income
•	one-parent
•	tight-knit
El
1. one-parent; 2. childless; 3. nuclear or immediate;
4. huge; 5. tight (close)-knit; 6. well-off; 7. foster, adoptive.
□
	mother	sister	О V)	nephew	husband	child	parent	granny	wife	c 'Я о u	aunt
...-in-law	+	+	+				+				
step	+	+	+			+	+				
grand	+		+			+	+				
half		+									
great				+				+			+
ex					+				+		
god	+		+			+	+				
second				+						+	
Q
SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
a)	mother, father, sister, brother, sibling;
b)	great-grandmother, great-grandfather, great-grandson, great-granddaughter, great-grandparent(s);
c)	mother-in-law, father-in-law, sister-in-law, brother-in-law, daughter-in-law;
d)	great-aunt, great-uncle, second cousin, forty-second cousin, cousin seven (several times) removed;
e)	nephew, niece, first cousin, grandmother, grandfather, aunt, uncle;
f)	father, brother, uncle, grandfather, nephew;
g)	mother, sister, aunt, grandmother, niece;
h)	sibling, parent, cousin, grandparent, parent-in-law.
□
1. stereotypical; 2. only; 3. on my father’s side;
4. split up; 5. great-aunt; 6. spinster; 7. relatives;
8. uncles; 9. cousins; 10. distant; 11. keep in touch with; 12. established a very close relationship with;
13. nieces or nephews.
Ш
1. father; 2. fatherhood; 3. fatherless; 4. fatherly;
5. fatherliness; 6. fathered.
Ш
1.	All his life, Father has worked very hard, just like Aunt Margaret and Uncle Thomas.
2.	My father and my mother live there, but my grandparents live with their youngest daughter in another city.
3.	My father is related to the prime minister in my home country.
4.	Maria’s cousin Elizabeth is a captain in the military.
5.	My aunt and uncle are both doctors.
6.	Ann and Mary are cousins. Their mothers are sisters. 7. I don’t want to come back home late as Mother gets nervous and Father can’t fall asleep.
пая
l.c; 2,f; 3.i; 4.e; 5.h; 6.g; 7.d; 8.b; 9.a.
Ш
1.	George VI — father; George V — grandfather;
Edward VIII — uncle; Prince Charles — son; Sophie Rhys-Jones — daughter-in-law; Princess Beatrice — granddaughter; David Viscount Linley — nephew; Mary, Princess Royal — aunt; Prince William — grandson; Princess Margaret — sister; Princess Alexandra — cousin; Philip, Duke of Edinburgh — husband; Ann, Princess Royal — daughter, Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones — niece; Samuel — great nephew.
2.	George, Duke of Kent is related to:
Princess Marina of Greece — husband; Princess Alexandra — father; Hon Angus Ogilvy — father-in-law; Richard, Duke of Gloucester — uncle;
George V — son; George VI — brother; Queen Elizabeth II — uncle; James — grandfather; Lady Rose Windsor — great uncle.
3.	ex-husband;
4.	great-great-grandson;
5.	great-great-grandfather;
6.	second cousin;
7.	George VI and the Queen Mother;
8.	the Queen Mother;
9.	four;
10.	Queen Elizabeth’s II Princess Margaret;
11.	1, the rest are ex-.
ш
See the Royal Family Tree on the next page.
TAPESCRIPT
The British monarchy is an enormously popular institution. The British public is greatly interested in the details of royal family life, and when people feel that the Queen has problems with her children they see her as a “real person” with the same worries
as themselves. Possibly the most popular member of the royal family was the Queen Mother, who was descended from the Scottish royal family. She left the family forever in 2002 when she was 101. In January 1923 she married an old childhood playmate, the Duke of York, son of King George V. They had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret.
In 1952 King George VI died and Princess Elizabeth, the present queen, ascended the throne. The first child of the then Duke and Duchess of York was bom on April 21, 1926. Assuming the throne she has been a tireless and popular monarch. In 1947 Elizabeth married Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, now officially known as His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He was the son of Prince Andrew of Greece and a great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria. They have four children, Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, and Prince Edward, as well as six grandchildren, Prince William, Prince Harry, Princess Eugenie, Princess Beatrice, Peter Phillips, and Zara Phillips.
The Prince of Wales and the first son of the present queen Charles Philip Arthur George was born in Buckingham Palace on November 14, 1948. Over one billion people around the world watched as he married Lady Diana Spencer on July 29, 1981. It was seen as a fairy tale wedding and a romantic storybook marriage generated new public interest in the monarchy. The royal couple has two children, Prince William and Prince Henry, known as Harry. However, despite their glittering public image, the Prince and Princess of Wales separated in 1992 and divorced four years later. Public sympathy for Diana reached a peak in 1997, when she crashed in a horrific car accident.
With his good looks and charm, Prince William has emerged as the royal family’s major sex symbol. Second in line to the throne behind his father, William is two years older than his brother Prince Henry, who was born in 1984.
Princess Anne has earned widespread respect as one of the most serious and hard working royals. The second child and only daughter of the Queen, she is two years younger than her brother Charles. In 1973 she married Lieutenant (later Captain) Mark Phillips of the Queen’s Dragoon Guards. They had two children, Peter and Zara, who do not possess hereditary titles because their father did not have one. Princess Anne and Mark Phillips split up in 1992. Later that year the Princess married Captain
GEORGE V 1865-1936
m. Princess Mary, dau. of Duke of Teck (1867-1953)
DUKE OF WINDSOR 1894-1972 EDWARD VIII (abdicated 1936) m. Wallis Simpson, dau. of Teackle Wallis Warfield (1896-1986)
GEORGE VI
1895-1952
m. Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lion, dau. of Earl of Strathmore and Kinghome
(THE QUEEN MOTHER)
d. 2002
Mary,
Princess Royal 1897-1965 m. Earl of Harewood
I
2 sons
QUEEN ELIZABETH II
b. 1926
m. Phillip, DUKE OF EDINBURGH, son of Prince Andrew of Greece
Princess Margaret
1930-2002
m. Antony, Earl of Snowdon (divorced 1978)
Charles,
Prince of Wales b. 1948 m. Lady Diana Spencer (divoced 1996) d. 1997
Anne, Princess Royal b. 1950 m. Captain Mark Phillips (divoced 1992)
Andrew, Duke of York b. 1960 m. Sarah Ferguson divoced 1996)
Edward, Earl of Wessex b. 1964 m. Sophie Rhys-Jonnes
David,
Viscount Linley b. 1961 m. Serena Stanhope
Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones, b. 1964 m. Daniel Chatto
Peter Zara Phillips Phillips
b. 1977 b. 1981
m. Commander
------------1 Timothy Laurence ’rince William Prince Henry of Wales of Wales
b. 1982 b. 1984
-----------1
Princess Princess Beatrice Eugenie of York	of York
b. 1988	b. 1988
Charles Margarita
b. 1999 b. 2002
Samuel Arthur
b. 1996 b. 1999
Timothy Laurence of the Royal Navy.
The youngest child and third son of the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh, is 14 years younger than his sister Ann. He is the only child of the Queen’s not to cause a scandal. After publicly denying that he is homosexual, Edward married Sophie Rhys-Jones, a public relations executive, in 1999.
Queen Elizabeth’s younger sister, Princess Margaret Rose is considered the unhappiest royal. She was bom in 1930. Artistic and fond of nightlife, Princess Margaret fell in love with a divorced man, Group Captain Peter Townsend, in the 1950s. She abandoned plans to marry him when she was told that she would be unable to marry a divorced man and remain in line to the throne. Instead, in 1960, Princess Maigaret married Antony Armstrong-Jones, a professional photographer. The couple had two children, David,
Viscount Linley, and Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones. Princess Margaret’s stormy marriage was the subject of much gossip until she and Lord Snowdon were separated in 1978. The Princess passed away only few months before her mother in 2002.
Prince Richard Alexander Walter George, a grandson of King George V, and first cousin to Queen Elizabeth, was born in 1944. In 1972 he married Brigitte Eva van Deurs, daughter of a Danish lawyer. They had three children, Alexander, Earl of Ulster, who was bom in the same year as his grandfather died; Lady Davina Windsor, bom in 1977; and Lady Rose Windsor, who is 3 years younger than her sister. None of the children undertake official duties.
a)3; b)5; c)l; d)6; e)2; f)4.
Henry,
Duke of Gloucester 1900-1974
m. Lady Alice Montagu
Douglas Scott
Henry,
Duke of Kent 1902-1942 m. Princess Marina of
Greece
prince John
1905-1919
lichard,
Duke of Gloucester
b. 1944
m. Brigitte van Deurs
Edward,
Duke of Kent
b. 1935
m. Katherine Worsley
Princess Alexandra, b. 1936 m. Hon Angus Ogilvy
Prince Michael
b. 1942
m. Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz
Alexander, LadyDavina Lady Rose Earl of Ulster Windsor	Windsor
b. 1974	b. 1977	b. 1980
George, Lady Helen Lord Nicolas
Earl of Teylor Windsor
St. Andrews b. 1964 b. 1970
b. 1962
James Marina
b. 1964 b. 1966
Lord Lady Frederick Gabriella Windsor Windsor
b. 1979 b. 1981
7.30 — At 7.30 she prepares the twins’ breakfast, wakes them...
18 — Her son from her first marriage, Ted, is 18.
170 — She is 170 cm tall.
5.45 — She gets up at 5.45 am
54 — Her weight is 54 kg.
16 — Her daughter, Eva, is 16.
1974 — Meredith and David got married in 1974.
12 — Meredith and David co-starred in the TV series
12	years ago.
ЕЕПП
a.	False. She’s been married twice.
b.	True.
c.	True.
d.	False. She is a strict vegetarian.
e.	False, “...neither of us is involved much in Hollywood parties and industry events'".
f.	True.
g.	True.
h.	False. “No one has the secret to a good marriage.
Every day is a new challenge. It’s a hard job... ”
l.n; 2.J; 3.d; 4.q; 5.f; 6.g; 7.h; 8.i; 9.b; lO.k; 11.1; 12.m;
13	.a; 14.o; 15.p; 16.e; 17.c.
a.	How many children do you have?
b.	How long has David raised your children from your first marriage?
c.	What helps you to raise your children?
d.	How do you start your day?
e.	What is necessary for a marriage to last long? f. How do you manage to take care of your big family and do the household chores?
g. How do you spend your weekends?
h. How does the fact that you and your husband belong to the same occupation affect your family life?
l.F; 2.T; 3.F; 4.F; 5.T; 6.T; 7.Е
TAPESCRIPT
After the end of the work day millions of Ukrainians hurry home to their families. For most of us the family is associated with tasty home-made meals, playing with children, household chores, weekend outings and a dozen of other customary things. In other words, for people in Ukraine the family is something usual and almost routine. The family gives protection and comfort when we need them most. We value the warmth and emotional support of our close relatives. As the ancients used to say, my home is my fortress. So, what is the Ukrainian family of today? According to statistics, over the past decade the average age of newly-weds in Ukraine has significantly increased. The main reason for this is the introduction of new, market conditions and the lack of social guarantees for the population. This encourages young people to get to know their future spouses better before getting married as well as to save up enough money to base their family on.
Another reason for the “aging” of the Ukrainian marriage is that more and more women in Ukraine prefer to become mothers at a later period of their life (usually at the age of 30), which historically was not typical of the Ukrainian nation. Women do not want to financially depend on their husbands and that’s why pay growing attention to their education and career. According to the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, the number of marriages registered in the country has decreased sharply over the past fifteen years (from 490,000 in 1985 to 345,000 in 1999). It is interesting to note that despite the decrease in the number of marriages, the number of divorces has remained relatively stable. For example, while in 1985 there were 183,400 official divorces, in 1999 they totalled 175,800. The saddest thing about divorces in Ukraine is, perhaps, that 80 percent of them affect families with underage children.
80 percent of young Ukrainian families report the worsening of their financial situation; and 64 percent
have to rely on financial support from their parents. Only 2 percent answered that they earn a sufficient income to maintain their families. Due to the lack of funds, 2/3 of young Ukrainian families cannot buy or rent apartments and have to live either in youth hostels or share housing with either spouse’s parents. Almost 1/3 of young Ukrainian families have no children; 63% have one child; and only 6% raise two children.
As a positive trend, I would like to note that Ukrainian parents are now better educated in child care and children’s psychology. They know not only how to feed and care for the children, but also how to develop their abilities, give them the basics of sexual education, etc. Among other features that distinguish the modern Ukrainian family I can name the fact that it is not unusual for the spouses to live in different cities or even countries — primarily, due to the difficult employment situation in Ukraine. More and more often children are born outside of marriage and raised without a father, which is often the conscious choice of a woman.
However, these radical changes in the Ukrainian family are not only because of economic hardships in the country. In many respects they reflect global family planning tendencies. For example, a drop in birth rate and an increased number of childless couples are observed throughout Europe as well as in the USA.
(By Oleksander Pidlisny)
According to the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, the number of marriages registered in the country has decreased sharply over the past fifteen years (from 490,000 in 1985 to 345,000 in 1999). It is interesting to note that despite the decrease in the number of marriages, the number of divorces has remained relatively stable. For example, while in 1985 there were 183,400 official divorces, in 1999 they totalled 175,800. The saddest thing about divorces in Ukraine is, perhaps, that 80 percent of them affect families with underage children.
80 percent of young Ukrainian families report the worsening of their financial situation; and 64 percent have to rely on financial support from their parents. Only 2 percent answered that they earn a sufficient income to maintain their families. Due to the lack of funds, 2/3 of young Ukrainian families cannot buy or rent apartments and have to live either in youth hostels or share housing with either spouse’s parents. Almost 1/3 of young Ukrainian families have no children; 63% have one child; and only 6% raise two children.
1.	Our family is quite large — there are nine of us. We are lucky to have a big house and there is enough space (room) for all. So, our family consists of my father, mother, my grandmother and grandfather on my father’s side and me. Besides, my elder brother’s family lives with us. My brother is married and they have two children — the twins, that is I have a nephew and a niece. Actually, I have a lot of other relatives (relations): aunts, uncles and their children. I have counted once (I worked it out once) that I’ve got 15 cousins, because my father’s father married twice, and my mum’s mother also married twice.
2.	My younger sister got married and now is living with her in-law. Her father and mother-in-law are elderly people and need support. Besides, she often keeps in touch with her sister-in-law; they are the same age and have much in common. Almost all other relatives of hers live in different places and seldom visit them.
3.	My friend, Brenda, comes from a very friendly and tight-knit family. They really take care of (support) each other and spend time together. I’m glad to see that real family ties exist. I’m less lucky: I come from a nuclear family, which includes only my parents and me. I’d like to have blood (full) brothers and sisters, but I’ve got only first and second cousins.
4.	Bill was an orphan and he only had two close relatives — an aunt and an uncle. They were a childless couple and became his foster parents. Besides, he often saw his great-aunt, she was a good musician and took him to concerts.
5.	The average (typical) British family consists of a husband and wife and two children. Grandparents live separately as a rule. Children are brought up at home or sent to a nursery school, if both parents go to work. Though nowadays the structure of the family is changing — more families have only one child (an only child); quite a few children are brought up (raised) in one-parent (single parent) families.
6.	My father is quite old; he is 71. Mother is 15 years younger. It’s their second marriage. I’ve got two brothers who are much older than me. Though one of them is my half brother, we have established good relationships; we see them a lot, often call and visit each other. The other is my full brother, but we hardly ever get in touch as he’s living and working abroad.
7.	David is very proud of his family tree. He originated from an ancient and well-off family. All of his ancestors were noble people. For example, his greatgrandfather was a duke and one of his great-great
grandmothers was a countess. When guests come to see him, he always shows them his family tree, which he compiled from different archives and chronicles.
8.	I want to show you our family album — it keeps the whole history of our extended family. Here are the photos of my great-grandfather and greatgrandmother on my mother’s side. They look so young here! I have very vague memories of my greatgrandfather and great-grandmother on my father’s side, because they died when I was quite young. I like to look at these old photos to get a feeling of a different time and life of other generations. And here are the photos of my cousins — Nick and Alec. They are identical twins and one can’t tell them apart, even now, when they are 35. And here are my uncle and aunt — they are my father’s sister and her husband. And here are their grandchildren, Nick’s children. When we get together on holidays and for birthday parties we have a lot of fun.
Unit 7. WEDDING BELLS HERE AHD THERE
El
1) to cuddle; 2) a date; 3) to go out with, to date; 4) to split up with; 5) to be (deeply, madly, hopelessly) in love with smb; 6) love; 7) to fall out of love with smb; 8) to worship; 9) a date; 10) a dating agency.
EHl
1. to find a way to one’s heart; 2. to break smb’s heart; 3. to give your heart to; 4. to open your heart to;
5. to win smb’s love.
EEQ
1. find; 2. gave; 3. win; 4. broke; 5. gave.
в
Suggested answers:
1.	a love affair, a love triangle, a love nest, a love story, a love song;
2.	unhappy love, true love, tender love, great love, lost love, romantic love;
3.	to send love, to feel love, to give love, to deserve love, to lose love;
4.	romantic feeling, romantic relationship, romantic story, romantic hero;
5.	to look romantic, to seem romantic, to be romantic, to turn out romantic, to sound romantic.
Tapescripts and answer key section
И	Ш
1. to break smb’s heart; 2. to date, to go on dates; 3. to fall in love with smb; 4. to fall out of love with smb; 5. to be head over ears in love with smb; 6. to split up with smb; 7. to find a way to smb’s heart; 8. to have a steady boyfriend/ girlfriend; 9. a dating agency; 10. mutual love; 11. love at first sight; 12. a love letter; 13. to worship smb.
l.k; 2.a; 3.d; 4.c; 5.b; 6.i; 7.e; 8.f; 9.j; lO.h; ll.g.
l.A; 2.E; 3.B; 4.D; 5.C.
Ш
1.	Любов перемагае все.
2.	Любов слта.
3.	У любов! й на вшш eci засоби гарш.
4.	3 милим рай i в курен!.
5.	Любов не ходить без ревнощ!в.
6.	Любов породжуе любов.
ЕЕ
1. married; married into; 2. to marry into; 3. married beneath; 4. married above; 5. married; is married to;
6. are getting married; 7. married (her daughter) off;
8. is (happily) married to.
IB
1. a bridal couple, newlyweds; 2. a bride-to-be;
3. to ask smb to be his wife; 4. a wedding gown;
5. to break off an engagement; 6. a white wedding;
7. a marriage of convenience; 8. a tuxedo (AE).
EE
1.	Participants of a wedding ceremony: a
celebrant; a bride; a bridegroom (groom); a bridal couple = newlyweds; a bridesmaid; a clergyman; ushers; a best man; a page.
2.	Wedding clothes: a veil; a white wedding; a train; a morning coat; a wedding gown; a tuxedo (AE).
3.	Reception: a toast maker; to drink (a toast) to; to leave for a honeymoon.
4.	Engagement: matchmaking; an engagement ring;
a dowry; an engagement; to ask smb to be one’s wife; to make/ accept/ turn down a proposal;
to get engaged; to bless; to break off an engagement.
5.	Wedding ceremony procedure: to exchange marriage vows; to walk up the aisle; to sign the register;
a registry office; to bless a wedding chapel.
a)	party/dress/cake/round loaf/towels/day/ ceremony/ photos/ procession/ reception/ vows/ album/ preparations/ video/ anniversary;
b)	arrange/invite to/conduct;
c)	successful/ broken/ first/ second/ early/ late/ conventional/ loveless/ arranged;
d)	be over/fail/break down/end/fall apart.
20 A)
1. paper; 2. wood; 3. tin; 4. crystal; 5. china; 6. silver;
7. pearl; 8. coral; 9. ruby; 10. sapphire; 11. gold;
12. emerald; 13. diamond.
1.	Bouquet is not an element of wedding clothing.
2.	Pages are usually kids, not adults, taking part in the wedding ceremony.
3.	Honeymoon takes place after the wedding while the others before.
4.	Clergyman participates in a church wedding while the others are connected with a civil ceremony.
5.	Aisle is a place while the others are people.
OR: “bachelor” has nothing to do with church.
6.	Dowry is a sum of money or property while the others are people.
1.	Женився на швидку руку, та на довгу муку.
2.	Протилежносп сходиться.
3.	Одруження (шлюб) — це лотерея.
4.	У шлюб! — або пан, або пропав.
5.	Шлюби здшснюються на небесах.
6.	У того добра годинка, у кого в!рна жшка.
l.F; 2.F; 3.F; 4.F; 5.Т; 6.F; 7.Т.
TAPESCRIPT
Appointed by the Department of Internal Affairs, marriage celebrants may conduct weddings and issue Certificates of Marriage anywhere in New Zealand and Australia. These are two types: religious and civil. Marriage celebrants go through a strict selection process and meet certain criteria.
No training or qualifications are required, however, there is training available — for example Auckland University of Technology offers a Certificate in Celebrant Studies. Any marriage celebrant who has completed this training will have a deep understanding
of wedding ceremonies and what is needed to make your ceremony work.
You can choose how much you want your celebrant to do ... from writing and delivering the whole ceremony to working with what you’ve written.
There is no specified fee for marriage celebrants. They charge between $100 and $500 — higher fees usually mean that the marriage celebrant has a great deal of experience and will be offering something more than the basic ceremony. Remember, your wedding ceremony is the heart of your wedding day and sets the tone for your celebration, so don’t decide on price. I, myself have been working as a civil marriage celebrant for five years and have conducted over 300 weddings. My style is relaxed, flexible, and I believe the wedding ceremony needs humour, as well as creativity to be memorable.
I love being a marriage celebrant. To me, every wedding is special and I always aim to provide with the type of ceremony my clients REALLY want. This can be relaxed, formal or a bit of both.
One thing I’m sure of is that personal touches are very important.
I always tell the bride and the groom: “It’s your day, and everyone involved will be working to ensure your wedding day will be remembered with the greatest of pleasure.”
l.F; 2.T; 3.F; 4.F; 5.F; 6.T; 7.T.
TAPESCRIPT Part I
Interviewer (I): I’d like to give a warm welcome to Vlada Suslova who is the managing director of one of the best bridal salons in Kharkiv.
Vlada, tell us a few words about yourself and your business. You are so young. How did you get to be the managing director of your own bridal salon?
Vlada (V): My family has been in the business of bridal fashion for over a decade. It all started fourteen years ago when my parents hired two dressmakers to sew after my mother’s designs. Back then, all they had were a couple of stalls rented in the Central Market of Kharkiv. There wasn’t much competition at the time and the business turned out to be profitable and was constantly growing. So three years later my parents were able to open a small bridal salon in our neighbourhood. Soon we could afford to open a much bigger bridal salon in downtown Kharkiv, and having obtained my degree in Law I took over managing it.
By then I already had some experience as I’d been helping Mom and Dad for as long as I can remember. I: Now I’m starting to get the picture. Having worked in this field for more than 10 years is amazing. Can you trace any changes in bridal fashion business in Ukraine? Are brides-to-be who come to your salon today different from those of 10 years ago?
V: Well, I wouldn’t put it that way. Today’s brides-to-be are all searching for the perfect wedding dress just like it was 10 years ago. It’s easy to understand why. It is the gown in which they will say “I do” to the man of their dreams. However, there is one major change in our clients. Their taste, in general, has become more sophisticated. Today, it’s impossible to surprise or impress a bride-to-be. Girls are much more...
I: ...capricious? Fussy?
V: No, I’d rather say demanding. They have a much wider choice today. Every year more and more new bridal salons are opened in Kharkiv. It means one more option for brides-to-be but another competitor for us. Besides, there are dozens of bridal magazines available and plenty of independent professional dressmakers ready to fulfill any wish of yours. Thus, it’s incredibly difficult to survive in this business today, a lot more difficult than it used to be, anyway. I: It’s nice to hear that today’s brides-to-be have more chances to find the perfect wedding dress. So, when a girl comes to your salon, what can she expect to find there?
V: As most bridal salons in Ukraine, we offer several options. You can either buy a dress off the rack or you can hire one. It is possible to borrow a brand-new dress or a dress which has already been borrowed by others. Besides you can have your gown made or ordered from a catalogue and then brought all the way from Italy or France.
Lb; 2.a; 3.d; 4.e; 5.c; 6.f.
TAPESCRIPT Part II
I: I can only imagine the questions a bride-to-be asks herself: “Should I buy it off the rack? Should I have it made? If I decide on having it made I must choose the design and fabrics — where do I start?”
V: You definitely start with determining your budget. I feel this is to be considered first, before even looking at the dresses.
If you are willing to spend around, I would say, 2,000 Hr or more then you can afford to order your gown from
abroad or have it made in one of the best bridal salons. Of course, not all dresses are within that price range. It is twice as cheap to hire a dress. If it has been used before it can cost you 400 Hr or even less.
I: Really?!
V: It is worth mentioning that we hire the most reputable dressmakers who are capable of designing a dress, making the pattern, and sewing it to perfection. I: Wonderful!
V: Once you’ve determined your budget, go through some bridal magazines. Cut out the pictures of the dresses you like, make a file and take it with you when visiting the salons. You can look through some catalogues on the spot. While doing that notice details like necklines, sleeves, design lines; fabrics such as laces, satins and silks; trims such as pearls and embroidery.
I: Right.
V: Then we proceed with trying on ready-made dresses. I always insist that my client should try on several dresses that appeal to her, to help us decide which styles look especially flattering on her figure. Finally, when the choice is made, a general rule of thumb with the clients is to state clearly how far in advance they need to place their order, how many fittings will be required, and how and when payments must be made.
I: Vlada, what’s the statistics? Which of the options are more popular? What would you recommend?
V: Increasingly, brides are hiring dresses, mostly because it’s cheaper. I am a little biased here, since in my opinion, nothing beats a well-made, unique wedding dress tailored specifically for the bride. But this is a decision every girl must make for herself.
I: Sure. And my last question. What other services does your salon provide?
V: At our salon you can buy everything you need for the wedding except for shoes: all sorts of bridal veils, diadems, jewelry, wedding towels, all kinds of ribbons and decorations for cars and the escort. We also provide photo and video services.
Besides, I am a qualified image consultant. So, we offer our clients make-up services on their wedding day.
I: Vlada, thank you so much for coming to speak to us today.
ЕИ
1.	When did Vlada’s family start their business in bridal fashion?
2.	What were their first steps in the business?
3.	Why were they able to expand three years later?
4.	What is their latest achievement?
5.	What kind of education does Vlada have?
6.	What are brides-to-be looking for when they come to a bridal salon?
7.	What has changed in today’s young ladies’ taste? 8. Who are the main competitors of a bridal salon?
9. What are the options offered to the clients in bridal salons?
EE1
l.c; 2.a; 3.b; 4.e; 5.f; 6.h; 7.d; 8.g; 9.j; lO.i.
EQ
1. pledge; 2. swear; 3. was about to; 4. opted for; 5. was bursting with; 6. she was so lost in; 7. brought up the rear; 8. cooked-up modern versions; 9. Maths wasn’t one of his talents; 10. wrapped her arms around.
Ш
1. was about; 2. the congregation/ vicar; 3. wreaths; 4. vows; 5. frock/ had been so lost in; 6. leather-bound; 7. for better or for worse; 8. opted for; 9. was bursting; 10. it has never been one of my talents.
l.c; 2.e; 3.a; 4.f; 5.d; 6.b.
EQ
l.a; 2.g; 3.i; 4.e; 5.d; 6.h; 7.j; 8.f; 9.c; 10.1; ll.b; 12.k; 13.n; 14.m.
TAPESCRIPT
Clergyman: So you, Mary, are the bride. What’s your fiance’s name?
Mary: Andrew.
Clergyman: Yours and Andrew’s parents and close relatives arrive a few minutes before the bride.
The bridegroom and his best friend should be in their places at least ten minutes before the service starts. Your bridesmaids and pages wait in the church with a person who is to arrange the bride’s veil before you go up the aisle. There is a tradition in Britain that the bride should arrive a few minutes late with her father who is giving her away. As the organist starts playing, you, Mary, will move up to the aisle with your veil over the face. You go in on your father’s right arm, and the bridesmaids follow. As you approach the alter, the bridesmaids and ushers go to their places in the front pews but your chief bridesmaid stands behind the bride and holds your bouquet.
Then I begin the service. First I will explain the reason
for this gathering. I will ask the people there if there is any objection to the marriage. I hope there is none. Mary: No, no, of course, not.
Clergyman: Then I will ask you and your groom if you wish to become the wedded wife and husband. And if you agree, I will pronounce you to be married. According to our custom that is the moment for your father to pass your hand to me. I will pass it to your bridegroom and you both say the marriage vow.
Mary: And what about the wedding rings?
Clergyman: It’s your best man who keeps them until you’ve said your vows. Then he takes your wedding rings out of his pocket and places them on the open prayer book. After a prayer for the blessing of the rings, your groom will put the ring on your third finger of your left hand and you on his.
Mary: Is that all? What shall we do after that? Clergyman: After the ceremony the couple should go into the vestry to sign the register with their parents, the closest relatives, best man and bridesmaids. Only after that you will throw back your veil and open your face. The organist starts playing again and you and Andrew and your relatives walk down the aisle. Guests wait until the wedding procession has passed them before leaving the church.
THIS IS THE ORIGINAL VERSION:
Women
1.	If you kiss her, you are not a gentleman.
2.	If you don’t, you are not a man.
3.	If you praise her, she thinks you are lying.
4.	If you don’t, you are good for nothing.
5.	If you visit her too often, she thinks it is boring.
6.	If you don’t, she accuses you of double crossing.
7.	If you are well dressed, she says you are a playboy.
8.	If you aren’t, you are a dull boy.
9.	If you are jealous, she says it’s bad.
10.	If you aren’t, she thinks you don’t love her.
11.	If you are a minute late, she complains it’s hard to wait.
12.	If she is late, she says, “That’s a girl’s way.”
13.	If you kiss her once in a while, she professes you are cold.
14.	If you kiss her too many, she yells that you taking advantage.
15.	If you fail to help her in crossing the street, you lack ethics.
16.	If you do, she thinks it’s just one of the man’s tactics.
17.	If you stare at others, she accuses you of flirting.
18.	If she is stared by others, she says that they are just admiring.
19.	If she talks, she wants you to listen.
20.	If you listen, she wants you to talk.
In short,
Oh God!!! You created those creatures called ‘WOMEN’.
So simple, yet so complex. So weak, yet so powerful.
So confusing, yet so desirable.
“O Lord, tell me what to do, A MEN.”
EE
1. Wasima; 2. Wasima; 3. both; 4. Navida; 5. none;
6. both; 7. Navida; 8. Navida; 9. none; 10. Wasima; 11. both; 12. Wasima.
TAPESCRIPT
Part I
Everything in my life has been planned — school, exams, medical school, marriage. I met Raj on Wednesday, saw him again on Friday, and a week later we were married.
I always knew I’d have an arranged marriage but it was still a bit of a shock when I started meeting prospective husbands — I said no to the first few I met. Then I went to India to meet Raj. My parents had already met him and brought back photos, so I’d had time to get used to his face. It was just a question of whether we’d hit it off. But to start with, we really didn’t. We hated each other.
I still don’t know why I said yes. I guess it was just that he had a nice smile and then I gradually began to warm to him. There were 1000 people at the reception because he is from a village outside Calcutta and everyone there was invited. After the wedding we spent two weeks in his village. He was very bright and a perfect gentleman.
When we arrived back in Birmingham it was difficult. My social life had to take a back seat while I tried to get Raj used to the lifestyle over here — and myself used to being married. He moans about the weather and says there’s no summer here. But I do appreciate that it’s been hard for him leaving his friends and family.
My parents were born in India. They had an arranged marriage too: Dad came here when he was 16, and Mum came here later, after she married him.
It’s strange because in India a lot of girls aren’t having arranged marriages any more, while over here it’s still
quite a big thing. I think many young girls aren’t sure what they want to do. I don’t envy them that. I look back at friends who had relationships at university, and most didn’t last very long. I knew I’d have an arranged marriage so I didn’t go looking. I didn’t want to invite trouble. Now I am married to a perfect man and I’m sure it’s for the whole life. I’m happy.
Part II
I was born and raised in Luton, and my parents are very traditional. They were determined that I should have an arranged marriage, like my older brothers and sisters. During a family holiday in Kashmir in 1996, when I was only 16 and was really planning to continue school, my parents revealed their intentions. A husband had been found, and the wedding planned for the end of the month.
They told me he was a 29-year-old carpenter from a really good family in the nearby village. His background was all that mattered to my parents.
I tried arguing, begging and pleading, but I knew that if I didn’t get married I would never leave the country. So I can say I was tricked into this arranged marriage by my own parents.
The bridegroom was a complete stranger to me — I met him about ten minutes before the wedding ceremony started. I didn’t even want to look at him — I had started hating him a long time before.
It was midnight and the wedding celebrations were in full swing. As the guests were dancing, my husband led me into the house. In the room he grabbed my hair and started beating me. ‘You are in my house now. I own you!’ he said. Then he threw a glass of water in my face and rejoined the party, leaving me on the bed weeping. But that was only the beginning. During the weeks that followed, his attitude became more severe. He treated me like a thing he’d bought.
I was convinced his reason for the marriage was to get a British visa, which meant I would have to return to England six months before he could make an application. I understood it was the only way to escape. So I returned to my parents’ house in Luton, but two weeks later I fled to a secret address in Scotland and started building a new life. Soon I met Dave, a 26-year-old salesman and we’ve been dating ever since. I hope one day we’ll be able to get married. I’m happy.
1.	The moment I saw Jane I realized that I was head over ears in love with her. When I told my best friend
about my feelings, he only shrugged his shoulders and said he could not understand what I saw in that girl. It was incredibly hard (very difficult) for me to bring myself to ask the girl of my dreams for a date, and even harder to confess I was mad about her, but I did it! How happy I was to learn that Jane fancied me too and did not mind having me as her boyfriend.
2.	Have you ever suffered from unrequited love? I have. Having lost my head to a classmate I was afraid to tell her about my feelings or even to ask her out. I showed her certain signs of affection but it was not enough to find a way to the beauty’s heart.
3.	After three months of dating my girlfriend and
I realized that we were gradually drifting apart and we had to break off our relationship.
4.	Following the tradition, before the wedding the bridegroom arranged a stag party where his closest friends had been invited.
5.	I was greatly impressed by the wedding reception. The bride looked wonderful in her elegant wedding dress and most of the guests turned out to be exceptionally pleasant and nice people who wished the young people happiness with all their heart. After the ceremony of cutting the wedding cake the newlyweds set out on their honeymoon.
6.	I think you need a matchmaker’s services: you seem to be unable to find a wife yourself. You have already proposed to three women but have been turned down in all three cases (every time). — It happened because they thought of a marriage of convenience, but I’d like to find true love.
7.	Having said their vows (after saying) the bride and groom exchanged their wedding rings handed in by the best man.
8.	Did you have a civil or church wedding ceremony? — Both. — How did it all go? — As to the church ceremony it was difficult for us to find proper pages. But in the registry office we had no problems. — How many people were present at the wedding? — There were fifty people on the guest list, but as we had sent out the invitation cards at the last moment, unfortunately, some couldn’t make it.
Unit 8. SPARE THE ROD AND SPOIL THE CHILD?
□
1. top; 2. whistle; 3. balloon; 4. rattle; 5. pyramid;
6. Frisbee; 7. plasticine.
□
doll’s pram; building blocks; construction set; train set; water pistol; toy soldier; skipping rope; teddy bear; jigsaw puzzle; rocking horse; modelling clay; video game.
в
1. skateboard; 2. darts (not a board game), chess (singular), or dominoes (3 syllables); 3. plasticine; 4. fluffy; 5. train set.
Q
l.e; 2.d; 3.c; 4.f; 5.a; 6.b.
□
TAPESCRIPT
“And now,” Mrs Henne-Falcon said, “we will play hide-and-seek in the dark.” Peter watched his twinbrother and saw, as he had expected, the lips tighten. Francis, he knew, had feared this moment from the beginning of the party, had tried to meet it with courage and had abandoned the attempt. Several children ran upstairs, and the lights on the top floor went out. Then darkness came down like the wings of a bat and settled on the landing. “You and Francis are on the hiding side,” a tall girl said, and then the light was gone.
“Where’s Francis?” he wondered. “If I join him he’ll be less frightened.”
“Where, if I were Francis, should I hide?” Such, roughly, was his thought. And because he was, if not Francis himself, at least a mirror to him, the answer was immediate. “Between the oak bookcase on the left of the study door, and the leather settee.” Peter Morton tiptoed towards Francis’s hiding place. On stockinged feet he moved silently towards his object. Instinct told him that he was near the wall, and, extending a hand, he laid the fingers across his brother’s face.
Francis did not cry out, but the leap of his own heart revealed to Peter a proportion of Francis’s terror. “It’s all right,” he whispered, feeling the squatting figure until he captured a clenched hand. “It’s only me. I’ll stay with you.”
Peter Morton thought with intensity, “I am here. You needn’t be afraid. The lights will go on again soon. That rustle, that movement is nothing to fear. They are beginning to whisper together. They are tired of looking for us. The lights will go on soon.
We shall have won. Don’t be afraid. They are feeling for the lights.” In the case above their heads a loose book shifted under a touch. “Only Joyce, only Mabel Warren, only Mrs Henne-Falcon,” a crescendo of reassuring thought before the chandelier burst, like a fruit tree, into bloom.
(Graham Greene, “Nineteen Stories”)
l.C; 2.A; З.С; 4.B; 5.C; 6.C; 7.A; 8.B; 9.A; 10.B.
ш
1. to obey immediately; 2. to moralise; 3. to tell smb off/ to scold; 4. to find fault with; 5. to grant children sufficient freedom; 6. to throw a tantrum; 7. to moan and groan; 8. to neglect one’s duties; 9. to rebel against smth; 10. to ignore regulations; 11. to behave properly/ to be a model child; 12. to nag at smb; 13. to bribe a child; 14. to praise; 15. to sulk about/ over smth; 16. a troublemaker.
EQ
1. to bring up a child, to raise; 2. to moan and groan;
3. to encourage; 4. to rebel; 5. to tell off, to scold;
6. to rebuke, to reprimand; 7. to praise, to give praise;
8. to neglect one’s responsibilities; 9. to moralise;
10. to have rows; 11. to disobey; 12. to reward.
ЯП
1. to be lenient; 2. to reward; 3. to grant smb sufficient freedom; 4. to disobey, to misbehave, to behave poorly/ badly; 5. a disobedient, spoilt child; 6. to praise; 7. to get along/ on; 8. to obey; 9. to be a troublemaker.
Ш
verb	noun	adjective	adverb
obey, disobey	obedience, disobedience	obedient, disobedient	obediently
encourage	encouragement	encouraging	encouragingly
behave, misbehave	behaviour, behaviourism, misbehaviour	ill/ well/ badly-behaved, behavioural	—
rebel	rebel [‘rebl], rebellion, rebelliousness	rebellious	rebelliously
punish	punishment, punishability, punishableness, punisher	punishable, punishing, punitive, punitory	—
neglect	neglect	neglectful, neglected	neglectfully
ignore	ignorance, ignoramus, ignoration	ignorant, ignorable	ignorantly
humiliate	humiliation, humility	humiliating, humiliated	humiliatingly
1. ignorant; 2. neglectful; 3. behaviour; 4. rebellious; 5. punishment; 6. obedience; 7. encouragement;
8. ill/ badly/ poorly-behaved; 9. ignorance; 10. humiliation.
l.k; 2.1; 3.a; 4.i; 5.e; 6.j; 7.d; 8.g; 9.c; lO.f; ll.b; 12.h.
l.b; 2.b; 3.a; 4.a; 5.b; 6.b; 7.a.
TAPESCRIPT
I: “Mom, when you were young, did you ever...?” Here come the questions parents are so much afraid of: “Did you ever get high?” “Did you ever date anyone other than Dad?” “Haven’t you ever smoked?” With the loosening attitudes towards love relationships in the ‘60s and the casual drug use in the ‘60s, ‘70s and ‘80s, many of us made some poor choices when we were young. Now that we’re parents, we must decide: what should we tell our kids about our past? Today we have an opportunity to address this question to an expert, a child psychologist, Dr Robin Baker. Doctor, should we be honest with our children?
R.B.: That depends on why your child is asking. Get to the heart of the matter by asking, “Why do you want to know?” Focus on your child’s situation, not your own. If your child is facing a problem similar to one you once dealt with, discussing an example from your past might help. The child asking such questions is not trying to be nosy. He/ she is wondering: “Is it okay for me to use drugs? When is it okay for me to have sex?” I: Are there any things that I have to reveal to my child?
R.B:. If you struggled with alcoholism or drug addiction, your child needs to know, even if he’s not asking questions. Substance abuse can run in families. Even if you would rather not talk about it, someone else is likely to spill the family secrets. You better make sure that your children hear the real story from you and not from a stranger or a neighbour.
I: How much information can a child handle?
R.B.: Obviously, what you tell a seven-year-old is different from what you tell a 13-year-old. If you think your child is too young to hear what you have to say, simply tell him, “That’s a conversation for when you are older.” I: Wouldn’t it be easier to lie?
R.B.: It’s tempting, but no. Kids are very good lie detectors. They would at once know when you are
not telling the truth. If they sense that you are hiding something, they’ll never be sincere with you.
That doesn’t mean you have to tell all. Refusing to discuss every detail of your past is not lying. Aren’t there other times when you decline your children’s direct questions? Do you tell them how much you earn?
I: How do I answer “You did it and you were okay in the end”?
R.B.: Were you really okay? Many of us suffer from consequences and have bad memories because of stupid decisions we made when we were young. Kids tend to think that nothing bad is ever going to happen to them, so make sure you mention the consequences you suffered. And if you didn’t really suffer, give examples of those who weren’t so fortunate.
I: Won’t talking about drugs plant ideas in their heads? R.B.: Children are faced with pressures and temptations at earlier and earlier ages. So don’t be afraid that you are revealing information about drugs, because they could have already heard about them. If you don’t discuss such things with them, someone else will. We, parents, may be uncomfortable with conversations about drugs. We need to get over that fear, because our children are crying out for help and guidance. The sooner we start, the better.
I: Won’t we lose their respect?
R.B.: Not if you show them how you struggled to iron out your problems and don’t laugh with them about how you once outdrove the cops or dated a 30-year-old man when you were 16. Once your children see that you faced those same hard choices, you’ll grow closer. I: Thank you, doctor for coming in to speak to us today.
EH
l.T; 2. F; 3.F; 4.T; 5.T; 6.F;
7. not enough evidence; 8.T.
EE1
1. expectations; 2. frustration; 3. sanity; 4. yelling;
5. allowance; 6. mishap; 7. tedious; 8. in an offhand way; 9. to get hold of oneself; 10. to cough up the money; 11. preaching; 12. to refrain from;
13. stamina; 14. outpouring; 15. aftertaste.
1.deprived; 2.boarding; 3.orphanages; 4.set up;
5. current; 6. pre-schoolers; 7. winning; 8. charitable;
9. intellectual; 10. spiritual; 11. abandoned; 12. effective; 13. housing; 14. status.
TAPESCRIPT
The number of orphan and half-orphan children deprived of parental care and living on the street is increasing in Ukraine with every year. Childcare agencies usually send most of such children to boarding schools. However, the boarding school system is unlikely to be able to adequately prepare a child for self-sufficient life in society. To solve this problem, Ukraine has been paying more and more attention recently to the development of family-type orphanages. For example, in Kyiv region only, 15 family-type orphanages have been set up and are already taking care of 185 children, including 125 adopted ones.
A family-type orphanage is an unusual large family. The current practice is to adopt five to ten children (plus biological ones). In such families the biological children are most often the eldest and already grownup. So, they do not object to their parents raising others. Other children’s age ranges from pre-schoolers to adolescents. In this situation, mother is usually a “stay-at-home mom”. She looks after the youngest children, and father is responsible for winning his large family its daily bread. Children here are raised as a single close-knit team.
The family and youth department of the Kyiv Oblast Administration supervise these families. With the help of different charitable foundations they organize such events as concerts, festivals and picnics. Their purpose isn’t mere entertainment for kids. The adults are offered lectures, workshops, psychological advice and round tables to exchange experience.
Psychologists involved in such projects can’t help pointing out positive effects of this approach and willingly list their achievements. For example, first-graders who couldn’t speak two years ago, are now on the same level with their peers at school. A three-year old girl, who was almost dying in a hospital eighteen months ago, is a lively little beauty. These families, psychologists say, have gained valuable and unique experience not only in the health of children but also in their intellectual and spiritual development. Ukraine has today a total 91 family-type orphanages. The experience of each family of this type deserves close attention. A family-type orphanage is a relatively new form of care for the orphaned and abandoned children. Nevertheless, the ten-year experience of practising a family-type orphanage demonstrates that it is quite an effective way to solve the problem of orphans.
Lately, it was decided to hold an experiment to form smaller adopted families, which will have a total five children at most and may adopt as few as one child. These forms of orphan care differ from traditional foster care. Here the state gives the child-raising funds directly to the adopting family or the family-type orphanage. Obviously, implementing something new always implies solving a certain number of problems. In this case, these are such problems as housing for those who turn eighteen, for at this age they lose the status of orphan, creating new methods of selection, improving the procedure of adoption and others. All these issues should be taken into account by lawmakers.
EH
a) Threats; b) Blaming and Accusing; c) Warnings; d) Comparisons; e) Lecturing and Moralizing;
f) Commands; g) Sarcasm; h) Martyrdom Statements.
1.	Praise your child as often as possible. Praising and rewarding good behaviour will encourage them to behave well. Buy them a toy as a reward. The toy can also be useful. For instance, a painting set — pencils, oil paints and watercolours, a nice album — develop a child’s creativity and imagination. Don’t think that buying another toy for your child will spoil them. They will feel your love and care. In the end you will see that they will improve their behaviour.
2.	When a child, I didn’t really get along with my elder brother. We often had rows and even fights. Our parents tried to reconcile us with each other but we only blamed one another. He often took away my toys and once even broke my train set. Our parents punished him, told him off, put him in a time-out spot, but he took no notice of the punishments. Later on when we grew up we never became close.
3.	I don’t understand this boy’s parents! They fuss over him so much! They believe that if they tolerate his bad behaviour, he’ll be a model child. He is a real mischief in the family! Yesterday I was scolding him for offending a little girl. First, he was answering back, then sulked, and even tried to throw a tantrum. But in the end he calmed down and apologized to the girl.
4.	There are a lot of factors that influence children’s behaviour. Among them we can name their parents’ behaviour. Parents must remember that they should behave just like they would want their children to do. Toys, games, books and TV have considerable impact on children. Violence on TV can foster an aggressive
behaviour of a child, who finds the behaviour like that acceptable. Don’t threaten your child, don’t humiliate him/ her, don’t moralise, but trust him/ her and teach him/ her to be good.
5.	I love visiting my granny. She always hugs and kisses me when we meet, (OR: She always gives me a hug and a kiss...) and I can feel how happy she is to see me. I remember when I was young, we played different games. The room turned into a ship and we played pirates. Then we would imagine a medieval castle and become princesses. We would put on long dresses and hats with veils. When I grew up a little I played with dolls, and Granny taught me to make clothes for them. We would play for hours. Besides, I really appreciate that my granny has always been honest and sincere with me. She can always explain everything to me and help me find the right way out of difficult situations.
6.	A lot of psychologists advise not to punish or scold your child. But it is impossible in real life. Constant disobedience has to be punished but the punishment must be fair. You won’t get much if you shout at your child, spank him/ her, and criticize. Try to pay more attention to your child, teach him/ her to play board games, read books together, model in clay, build houses out of building blocks or go out to the yard, slide, swing and ride on round-abouts.
7.	One of the most urgent problems in modern society is bringing up orphans. These children are most often brought up in orphanages. A lot of consideration is given to family-type orphanages. Adoptive parents (= foster parents) bring up from 5 to 10 children. In families like these mothers are usually stay-at-home moms, and fathers act as sole bread winners. The state and charity foundations help these families. They organize concerts and holidays for them, buy presents and toys and other necessary things. However there are a number of financial and law problems connected with bringing up orphans and abandoned children.
Unit 9. LIFE IS NO BED OF ROSES
ал
l.g; 2.i; 3,j; 4.f,m; 5.d; 6.m; 7.b,e; 8.a,g; 9.k; lO.h; 11.1; 12.e; 13.k; 14.c; 15.k.
В
1. shout; 2. stammering; 3. shouted/ yelled at her;
4. remained speechless; 5. screamed; 6. yelling;
7. raised his voice, spoke calmly; 8. whispered; 9. spoke sharply; 10. apologising, answered back; 11. yelling/ shouting at; 12. murmured.
Q
1. ...acted as sole breadwinner; 2. ...didn’t contribute financially to their marriage; 3. ...had a comfortable income; 4. ...and treated their parents as moneybags;
5. ...were a financial drain on the family; 6. ...splashed out money; 7. ...was heavily in debt; 8. ...was hard up;
9. ...to make their ends meet; 10. ...had to live from hand to mouth; 11. ...had to tailor their lifestyle to fit their income.
Ш
1. to blame smb for your own mistakes; 2. family discord; 3. to make compromises; 4. to insult;
5. to speak sharply; 6. to answer back; 7. fragile relationships in a family; 8. enduring relationships;
9. bumpy relationships; 10. to tailor one’s lifestyle to fit one’s income; 11. to splash out money; 12. a serious rift in family relationships; 13. to have a comfortable income; 14. to dominate other members of the family;
15. he is a financial drain on the family; 16. to break up family relationships; 17. to sever friendship;
18. to find fault with smb; 19. to lead to open hostility;
20. to turn housework into a battleground.
13B)
1. Jessica; 2. Jessica; 3. not stated; 4. Shawna;
5. Jessica; 6. Shawna; 7. not stated; 8. Jessica;
9. Shawna; 10. Jessica.
TAPESCRIPT
1. Jessica Davies, a journalist
By my mid-30s I had a good career as a journalist and a comfortable income. Like many working women, I had delayed motherhood partly to establish myself professionally. I have a lot of friends who had their first child as late as at 36 or 37. It was the ticking of my biological clock that prompted our decision to have a baby.
During the pregnancy, I continued working and was very happy. Every day was a miracle for me. I never thought about how we were going to manage, and after the birth I was too absorbed in my baby to return to full-time work. And a baby costs money. As most families in Canada, my husband and I maintained separate incomes after getting married. I quickly spent my maternity pay and was soon using my savings.
I had never had to ask my husband for money before. It was a shock for me to have to ask for money now that I was a mother. I dreaded dependency and felt guilty about not being able to contribute financially to our marriage.
I am sure my story isn’t unique. I know many women who stopped working after having a baby and suffered because, on the one hand they had a sense of disappearing from their professional field, and on the other hand, they felt that they couldn’t decide how money is spent because their partners earned it.
As for me, at some point I realized that communication was essential. I started talking to my husband about it and discovered that he was willing to act as sole breadwinner. For me it was a revelation. He told me that all I had to do was ask, because that’s what he would do. So, we seem to have found a solution: after all the bills are paid, the remainder of his paycheque is shared equally between us.
Still, I believe I must work. A part-time nanny means I can work, mostly from home. Of course, I earn much less than before but it can help take some of the load off my husband. More importantly, though, I’m beginning to understand the meaning of partnership. It is difficult for me but I am trying to accept that as a family we have shared goals and what I contribute is of equal value — even if it can’t be measured in dollars and cents.
2. Shawna Stephens, a stay-at-home mother
In my opinion, it is a sad society that can’t recognize the value of a woman staying home to raise her children. No career offers more opportunity to shape and change our world than that of a stay-at-home mom. After all, “the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world”.
I have a master’s degree in art, but I choose to stay at home with my children while they are young. I have never felt that I am less than my husband, nor that I am a financial drain on the family. In our family it has never been “his” money or “my” money. I never had to ask for it. We are married and we are equals. I am a Mommy, wife, cook, maid, nurse, chauffeur, friend, accountant, personal shopper... and the list goes on. The pay isn’t very high, but I wouldn’t change a thing.
My husband works 1 */2 jobs to keep our heads above water. We tailor our lifestyle to fit our income. My husband’s salary is mine, too. I put as much work into supporting and maintaining our family as he does — it is just different work.
I grew up knowing that I could choose whatever career I wanted. I choose to be a mother.
1. separated/ divorced/ started divorce proceeding;
2. divorce rate; 3. walked out on; 4. ex/ ex-husband;
5. obtain a divorce/ divorce/ get divorced; 6. to be awarded alimony payment; 7. divorcee.
1. the highest divorce rate; 2. adultery and violence;
3. ...is that he has grown in his professional career and his wife is no longer his equal; 4. she has become more mature and her views of marriage have changed;
5. ...to break up than to have a constant source of stress; 6. ...rush into another marriage; 7. a good reason to split up.
ЯПП!
Violence is another reason, cited in about 35 percent divorce cases.
Each year about 1 million children—almost 2 percent of all children in the United States—are involved in a divorce.
Two thirds of all children see their parents divorcing before they come of age!
A child’s chances of seeing his or her parents divorce are by 90% higher today than they were a generation ago.
TAPESCRIPT
I: As the statistics say, one out of three marriages ends up in divorce.
B: Yes. Today — as in the past — the United States has the highest divorce rate in the industrial world.
I: Mr Bradley, who is usually the first to start the divorce procedure: the wife or the husband?
B: It’s usually the wife.
I: Marriages break off every day for all sorts of reasons. And why do people most often divorce?
B: Well, the reason as it sounds in the court is usually adultery. Violence is another reason, cited in about 35 percent divorce cases.
I: I see...
B: But I think there are other reasons. The couple may have grown apart with time and their relations may have cooled off. This is the most frequently heard husband’s reason. The wife usually says that she has become more mature and her views of marriage have changed. This particular one doesn’t satisfy her any more.
I: You have been going through the most unpleasant sides of marriages for years, do you think the institution of marriage will survive?
В: I see a lot of good marriages as well, so I strongly support marriage as it is. Marriages do work, but they need a lot of effort to keep them going. But if you can’t make them work and bring joy and satisfaction, it’s better to break up than to have a constant source of stress.
I: I absolutely agree.
B: Still, I would advise ex-husbands and wives not to rush into another marriage at once. Time cures, you know. Besides, when you stay emotionally apart from a painful event, you can see the reasons why your marriage hasn’t worked more clearly. And one more tip. People like to consider themselves in their heart better than they are. Stop painting yourself in brighter colours.
I: Do you agree that it is children who suffer most of all?
B: In fact, children suffer even more than we can imagine. Each year about 1 million children — almost 2 percent of all children in the United States — are involved in a divorce. But the number of those affected by it is as many as two thirds. Can you fancy that? Two thirds of all children see their parents divorcing before they come of age 18! A child’s chances of seeing his or her parents divorce are 90% higher today than they were a generation ago.
I: Do you think that having children is a good reason for staying together?
В: I don’t think so. Quite the opposite, children are a good reason to split up if the emotional atmosphere at home is very tense and there is nothing people can do about it. Having rows and arguments every day doesn’t make them happier.
I: Thank you very much, Mr Bradley, for talking to us.
Ш
a) to have an affair; b) to walk on eggshells; c) deep down; d) to confront; e) awful; f) to go off the rails.
1. break up; 2. pick up; 3. come up; 4. dress up; 5. put up; 6. throw out; 7. kick out; 8. take out of; 9. let in;
10. check smb into; 11. move in.
EEl
1. for, up; 2. out; 3. up; 4. up; 5. into; 6. up; 7. out;
8. out; 9. in; 10. for; 11. on; 12. off; 13. in with; 14. on; 15. up; 16. through; 17. back on.
1. divorced; 2. widower; 3. adopted; 4. independent;
5. chores; 6. around; 7. stay-at-home; 8. running; 9. swap; 10. self-help; 11. support; 12. child-minding.
As psychologists say, family life consists mostly of crises, when the relationships become bumpy or a rift emerges (develops) in them, quarrels break out and problems arise. Endless disagreements, tense relationships with in-laws often lead to hostility between a husband and a wife, and their family life turns into a battleground. The marriage can break up (dissolve). And what about love, harmonious life together and shared goals?
American psychologists consider that a family has five ages, and the change of each is a crisis. If all the problems are behind, family relations become stronger. If a compromise is found and conflicts are settled, the marriage doesn’t break up and the spouses are sure of each other more than before.
What does a family begin with? With a meeting, dates (dating), a declaration of love, a proposal and a wedding. Because it’s just what the first crisis begins with: there are two of us and we must find answers to many questions:
•	Which of us and in what cases will make decisions?
•	What income is comfortable? How to tailor our lifestyle to fit it and not to splash out money?
•	Will the husband act as sole breadwinner? Will the wife contribute financially or will she be a financial drain on the family?
•	Will we probably have separate incomes?
•	Which of us suggests (plans) recreation and entertainment?
•	When are we going to have a child?
Can't love, deep and sincere, settle these questions by itself? No, we must look for honest answers by ourselves in order to share then the same opinions on a lot of issues avoiding unnecessary arguments.
The second crisis: there are three of us.
“Youth is over,” the frustrated husband will think “this routine is forever. She needed a child, but not me.” “What was I looking at when getting married? How can I live with such a person?”
Psychologists think that disagreements in the family after the birth of the first child don’t allow the husband to succeed in his career and often cause alcohol addiction and adultery. The main evidence that the crisis has been overcome is the husband’s success at work.
The third crisis: we go to school.
Why are we so excited when our child goes to school for the first time (starts school)? Because we take our first social exam on how we have brought him up in the family. The sign that we have passed it successfully is that the child grows healthy and goes to school with pleasure.
The fourth crisis: how difficult these teenagers are! Your rebellious teenager establishes his identity. And his parents live through the mid-life crisis. What have I achieved (have I managed to achieve/ attain)? Have my dreams come true? Is everything important already behind? Some parents try to consider their children to be little as long as possible. “He is little” can be interpreted as “Гт still young”. But the child will anyway start his own life.
Perhaps it’s time to remember love, isn’t it? If, as before, there is something to talk about and be silent together, the fifth family age — “together again” — will be wonderful.
Unit 10. HOME, SWEET HOME
D
“East or west, home is best”, “There is no place like home”, “Home is where your heart is”.
в
1. a detached house; 2. a block of flats; 3. a multistoreyed building; 4. a mansion; 5. a bungalow;
6. a cottage; 7. a semi-detached house; 8. a skyscraper; 9. a terraced house.
El
1. a bungalow; 2. a hut; 3. a palace; 4. a mansion;
5. a terraced house; 6. a bedsitter; 7. a cottage;
8. a skyscraper; 9. self-contained; 10. a semi-detached house; 11. a villa; 12. a penthouse; 13. a homestead.
□
A. a semi-detached house; B. a terraced houses;
C. a detached house/ mansion; D. a bungalow;
E. a block of flats/ multi-storeyed building.
TAPESCRIPT
A. This type of house is built as one of a pair of houses which share a central wall. This saves land because they do not have gardens all round like a detached
house. The houses usually have a small garden at the front and a larger garden at the back and perhaps a garage at the side.
B. This house is still a favourite with the British builder and householder. It is sometimes called a “town house”. It may be three or four storeys high and have spacious rooms. This sort of house can be very expensive. But as building land is becoming scarce and therefore more expensive there is a tendency to build new houses attached to one another on both sides, in a long row. There are miles of older houses of this type in most towns. Over a quarter of British families live in them.
C. It has land all around it and is the most expensive type of home. The house has privacy from neighbours and is ideal for keen gardeners who have plenty of time to work in the garden.
D. It is the dream of many older people to buy such a house by the sea when they retire. All the rooms are on the ground floor so it is a particularly suitable type of home for older people.
E. These houses were built in large numbers in the 1950s and early 1960s to provide the most accommodation using the least amount of land. People needed to be re-housed after the destruction of the war years. Sociologists gathered evidence that living in such a house has problems. Families feel isolated and lonely. There is not much contact with neighbours.
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Personal opinion: cosy; crammed; dilapidated; in good/ bad condition; luxurious; messy; modern; neglected; spacious/ roomy; stuffy; tidy/ untidy.
Material: brick; clay; concrete; concrete and glass; mud; stone; wooden.
Location: country; suburban; town. Form of property: municipal; private.
□
1.	to make oneself at home — (spoken) used to tell someone to relax when they are visiting your home;
2.	an old people’s home — an institution for elderly people needing care or rest;
3.	to stay at home — to be at the place where you usually live, especially with your family;
4.	to be quite at home — to feel comfortable somewhere, or feel confident doing smth;
5.	to feel at home — to feel relaxed;
6.	to play at home — to play in the town, etc. to which the team belongs;
7.	to find a home — (BE) to find a place where smth can be kept;
8.	a home from home — a place where one is as happy, comfortable, etc. as in one’s own home.
□
1. housewives; 2. household; 3. home-made;
4. housekeeper; 5. homesick; 6. housework;
7. homecomings; 8. housebound;
9. homegrown; 10. homeland;
11. housewarming.
Ш
l.b; 2.e; 3.g; 4.f; 5.i; 6.j; 7.d; 8.c; 9.h; lO.a.
TAPESCRIPT
The primitive dwellings of many native tribes are often little more than shelters of mud, skin or wood, hardly deserving the name of ‘house’. Permanently constructed houses have only developed in settled civilizations. Their forms differ widely according to the kind of life people live, the climate, the materials available for building, and the skill with which these are used.
The shape of the house is strongly influenced by the climate. Where it is warm, the plan of the house is open. The rooms in such houses are often arranged round a courtyard which admits air but not too much sun. In the north, houses are more compact so that they can be more easily kept warm in winter. Where there is much rain, they have steep roofs to throw it off. But where there is much snow and frost, they generally have flatter roofs where the snow will lie, making a warm blanket over the house. Still, in hot countries flat roof may also be common because no slope is needed to throw off rainwater.
The shape of windows is also dependent on the climate. They are large in the north to admit sunlight, though not so large as to make the rooms too cold. In the south, windows are small so as to keep the house as cool as possible inside and are often shaded away from the sun. Shutters outside the windows also provide protection from the sun. Balconies and verandas in hot climes are usually rather big to be used as a cool sitting place in the open air. Windows are placed facing away from the sun in hot countries and, where possible, towards the sun in cold climates to let in as much light and warmth as possible.
Chimneys are a prominent feature of the exterior of the northern house.
The shape and size of the rooms and therefore of the house as a whole, depend on the way people live. In the Middle Ages, when people spent most of their time out of doors, rooms were few and barely furnished. But as indoor activities increased, rooms were set apart for different purposes. Nowadays, in the West, the desire for privacy has led to houses or flats with small rooms, so that each family can have a separate living place and each person a separate room. Still, in warm countries people live much more out of doors than in the north. So, the houses are simpler and the rooms are less heavily furnished.
l.F; 2.F; 3. no evidence (NE); 4.T; 5.T.
EE
1.	Home, sweet home. It doesn’t matter what type of house you live in: in a detached house, a semidetached house, in a block of flats or in a modest bungalow. It is the place where you moved once and it has become your second (alter) “ego”. Certainly, the size of your dwelling depends on the size of your income. Some people can afford a spacious house built of bricks in the suburbs with a splendid (marvelous) view over a river or a forest; others live in town, in a studio. But the main point is that your house should be a cosy place where you want to return after work or classes, where you get together with your friends at weekends or on holidays.
2.	America is a country of skyscrapers. This is what always impresses people who arrive in this country. These modem houses built of glass and concrete are in all large cities of the USA. There are companies’ offices, apartments there and on the top floor luxurious dwellings called penthouses are located. The rich prefer living in suburban houses: mansions, villas, some of them look like real palaces.
3.	My friend has often moved during his life. His living conditions depended on his career and income. When he was a poor student he rented a small studio, which was always in a mess. After graduating from the university he got a job of a bank teller and moved to a small cottage. His accommodation was only called a cottage; it looked more like a dilapidated hut. He tried to keep his new house in order — he even repaired and redecorated it, yet it was in bad condition. After being promoted he moved to a municipal semi-detached house, not far from the center where he lives now. He is still dreaming about buying a detached house.
a)4; b)l; c)5; d)7; e)6; f)8; g)2; h)3.
1. a shed; 2. a well; 3. a drive(way); 4. a loft;
5. a porch/ veranda; 6. a radiator; 7. a heater;
8. a fence; 9. shutters; 10. a French window; 11. a lock; 12. a balcony; 13. an antenna/ an aerial.
1. gutter, drainpipe; 2. conservatory, a hothouse/ greenhouse; 3. cellar, basement; 4. terrace, veranda/ porch; 5. steps, staircase, stairs; 6. hedge, fence;
7.	storey, floor.
Lb; 2.a; 3.c; 4.b; 5.b; 6.b; 7.a; 8.b.
SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
1.	a terraced house — a row of houses with common walls; the rest are buildings standing separately and they are for one person or family;
2.	a ceiling — the inside surface of the top part of a room; the rest words denote the things found outside a house;
3.	a ceiling fan — a device with rotating blades, operated mechanically to create a current of cool air; the rest things are designed to heat rooms in a house;
4.	a cellar — a room under a house; the rest things are at the top of a house;
5.	a doormat — a piece of thick material which covers part of a floor at the front door; the rest things belong to the door;
6.	a hostess — a woman at a party who invites guests and organizes a party; the rest people are connected with renting or letting flats and houses;
7.	to pull down — to destroy a building, wall etc.; the rest verbs denote the process of creating smth new in rooms, buildings etc.
STUDENTA
1.	Shortly after completing his famous Paris tower, Gustave Eiffel built a three-storey house in a small town on the French Riviera. The house was badly damaged during the last war but restored using local materials. The first floor has a living room whose
double glazed windows come onto the overgrown garden with Mediterranean plants and native flowers. The dining room which is also on the first floor has a fireplace. The modernized kitchen is fully equipped. Beautiful wooden stairs lead upstairs, where four bedrooms and a sitting room are located. The property also includes a swimming pool and a caretaker’s cottage.
2.	Located above a beautiful beach, this whitewashed stone house enjoys expansive views of the lake. On the ground floor the residence has an entrance hall, a large living room and a spacious kitchen. The master bedroom, with a dressing area, and a nursery are on the second floor. An independent guest section on the second floor has a bathroom, a loft sitting area and a kitchenette. Tall wood-beam ceilings and marble floors are found throughout. Additional guest quarters include a two-bedroom guesthouse with a porch and a detached studio.
3.	Designed in the local style this three-bedroom villa is crowned with a flat roof based on brightly coloured walls and columns. Bamboo blinds filter the sunlight in the large open dining room on the first floor. Upstairs, beyond the shuttered terrace, there are three air-conditioned bedrooms with hardwood floors. Drainpipes in the form of Chinese monkeys beautifully ornament the villa. A separate pavilion, in the front garden, houses the dining area which has an airy kitchen and a bar.
4.	This fine semi-detached house has now been sensitively developed into completely self-contained apartments, each with its own private entrance and veranda. Heated by period fireplaces, this apartment is available for letting from early spring till late autumn and takes up the whole of the first floor giving magnificent views from all windows. A driveway from the house leads directly to the pebble beach. West facing garden is furnished with the garden furniture.
STUDENT В
1.	Shortly after completing his famous Paris tower, Gustave Eiffel built a two-storey house in a small town on the French Riviera. The house was badly damaged during the last war but restored using local materials. The first floor has a living room whose French windows come onto the well-kept garden with Mediterranean plants and native flowers. The dining room which is also on the first floor has a fireplace. The old-fashioned kitchen is fully equipped. Beautiful marble stairs lead upstairs, where four bedrooms and
a sitting room are located. The property also includes a wine cellar and a caretaker’s cottage.
2.	Located above a beautiful beach, this whitewashed brick house enjoys expansive views of the sea. On the ground floor the residence has an entrance hall, a large living room, a dining room and a spacious kitchen.
The master bedroom, with a dressing area, and a study are on the second floor. An independent guest section on the second floor has a bedroom, a loft sitting area and a kitchenette. Tall wood-beam ceilings and parquet floors are found throughout. Additional guest quarters include a two-bedroom guesthouse with a balcony and a detached studio.
3.	Designed in the local style this three-bedroom villa is crowned with a tiled roof based on brightly coloured walls and columns. Bamboo shutters filter the sunlight in the large open living room on the first floor. Upstairs, beyond the shuttered veranda, there are three air-conditioned bedrooms with carpeted floors. Drainpipes in the form of oriental dragons beautifully ornament the villa. A separate pavilion, in the front garden, houses the dining area which has a small kitchen and a bar.
4.	This fine detached house has now been sensitively developed into two completely self-contained apartments, each with its own private entrance and garden. Centrally heated, this apartment is available for letting throughout the year and takes up the whole of the first floor giving magnificent views from all windows. A footpath from the house leads directly to the sandy beach. South facing garden is furnished with the garden furniture.
Ea
Mr and Mrs Townsend’s family lives in a small brick semi-detached house. On the tiled proof there is a small dormer window and two chimneys. The house is surrounded by a low hedge, and there is a narrow asphalt path leading from the iron gate to the front (entrance) door. To the left of the house there is a garage and there is a wide driveway leading to it. Like the majority of houses in England, the Townsends’ house has got two floors and there is neither a balcony nor a porch in it. In front of the house there is a tiny garden with two flower beds where Mrs Townsend grows roses and other flowers according to the season. Behind the house there is a small orchard and a vegetable garden. Recently Mr Townsend has built a hothouse where he grows tomatoes and cucumbers. For Mr Townsend growing vegetable is not
a business but a hobby. It is certainly pleasant to treat your family and friends to the fruit and vegetables that you have grown in your own garden. At the back there is also a small shed where the owners of the house keep garden tools, ladders, children’s bicycles for which there is no room in the house.
The front door has got a door-handle and a door bell. There is no spyhole on the door as you can see through the glass who is ringing the bell or knocking at the door. On the doorstep there is a door mat to wipe your feet.
The design of the house is typical for English suburban areas. There is neither a basement nor a cellar in the house. In the early 20s when the house was built it had no central heating nor running water. But now each room has got radiators and you don’t need to carry water from the well.
On the ground floor there is a kitchen, a dining room, a sitting room and a study. The floor in the house is wooden as parquet floor is very expensive.
The Townsends’ house is very cosy and hospitable. Their friends like to come to them for a cup of tea or dinner. There is a lot of joy and laughter in the house. All guests feel at home in it.
ЕТЯ
1. to convert; 2. to move out; 3. to rent; 4. to let;
5.	to share; 6. to furnish; 7. to pay a deposit; 8.
to hunt; 9. to rebuild; 10. to keep house; 11. to redecorate; 12. to restore; 13. to pull down; 14. to design; 15. to move (in)to a new house; 16. to renovate.
1. mortgage; 2. monthly installments; 3. original cost;
4. pay a deposit; 5. rent; 6. tenant; 7. landlord (landlady); 8. estate agent; 9. removal firm.
LA; 2.A; 3.R; 4.K; 5.R; 6.R; 7.A.
TAPESCRIPT
Part I
Presenter: Adam Shearn, 29, and his girlfriend Katie Mulrooney, 22, have bought a two-bedroom Victorian terraced house in Chapel Allerton, a suburb of Leeds. He works in IT, she is a market researcher and between them they earn £42,000 a year. The house was on the market for £145,000 and they paid £143,500.
Adam: I’ve been trying to get onto the property ladder for about a year. I work in Birmingham and Katie
works in Leeds, and our original plan was to buy two separate properties in the two cities. I was keen to get onto the ladder as the prices are increasing faster than my salary. But I couldn’t find anywhere in Birmingham: I was starting to look around, only to find that everybody else seemed to be looking there as well.
It was a problem for Katie to find anywhere she could afford in Leeds, so eventually I suggested investing together. I won’t be able to move to Leeds for a while, but our plan is to rent out the second bedroom, which will cover my rent in Birmingham.
Katie: We were very lucky to get the house we’ve bought. Leeds is a vibrant city. I saw the property next door to our house on the Internet so I phoned the estate agents and found the place had already been sold. But they told me the one next door had just come onto the market. We had wanted three bedrooms and this was only two, but we went to look at it and thought it was really nice.
Adam: I’ve been saving frantically for two years and Katie had money put aside, so we were able to afford a large down payment.
Part II
Presenter: Ruth Corrigan paid her younger brother £50 to camp all night to secure her a yet-to-be-built flat in an apartment complex in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne. After queuing for 12 hours she paid 10% reservation fee on a first-floor, one-bedroom apartment costing £85,000. Corrigan, 24, qualified as a solicitor last month and earns £30,000 a year.
Ruth: Buying the apartment was quite a rash decision. “I thought it was important to get onto the property ladder so I went to look at some new properties and saw that this flat was within my price range, which not many properties are.
The complex is a converted Victorian printworks with an extension and it’s right in the middle of the city centre, near China Town, which is the sort of area in which I want to live. It’s quite cosmopolitan.
I was born in Newcastle and although most of my friends have moved to London I chose to stay here as Newcastle has really progressed.
I decided to buy the apartment about four hours after seeing the plans and photographs. They were being sold on a first-come, first-served basis, so because I didn’t have time to queue overnight — I was working for an exam — I paid my brother to sleep in the car and then joined him in the morning.
The apartment will be completed by March, which gives me a bit longer to save. I still have student debts, which I’m paying off each month. I didn’t have a problem getting a mortgage.
There are other people in a similar position to me who are finding it hard to decide on what to buy and I knew it was a good deal. It will work out cheaper than renting, which is what I’m doing at the moment. The flat is both a nice place to live and an investment.
1.	Most British people obtain their home in one of three ways. About two thirds, buy their own houses or flats. About 10 per cent of the population live in houses which they rent from private owners. The majority of the remaining 25 per cent live in dwellings/ accommodation rented from their local councils. Such houses are cheap, but in many areas there are long waiting lists, and the homes go to the most needy people.
2.	The majority of Englishmen buy their homes on a mortgage taking a loan from a building society or a bank. The loan is repaid in monthly installments over a period of twenty years or more.
3.	When Diana Summers was looking (hunting) for a house, she needed something small and cosy that would be easy to manage yet could be added to. She eventually found a Georgian house surrounded by mature trees. The house was built in 1820 and needed structural alterations as well as a great deal of redecorating. The exciting part was planning the rebuilding of the inside of the house. She did nearly all this herself but hired an architect to deal with the trickier jobs. The house has three floors including a basement with French windows opening on to a pretty garden. Here she made a kitchen/dining room, creating an illusion of space with a mirrored wall, and turned a small room into an office. A minute bathroom has been crammed in to make the basement self-contained. The guest room was converted into the main bathroom so a spare bedroom has been fitted under the roof. By the time the house was finished Diana had found herself a new career — as a professional interior decorator.
ш
Size: spacious; good-sized; double-fronted; impressive; open-plan.
Distance: close; not far from; secluded; in immediate proximity to; handy.
Age: pre-war; mature.
Other: purpose-built; luxury; superb; impressive; well-proportioned; fantastic; fabulous; sweet-looking; convenient; charming; fully-applianced; prime.
Unit 11. THERE IS NO PLACE LIKE HOME
В
FLOOR: bare; carpeted; freshly-painted; laminate; linoleum; parquet; polished; stone; tiled; (wooden) plank; vinyl.
WALL: adjoining; back/ front; bare; brick; carpeted; freshly-painted; garden; (plastic) paneled; partition; plastered; stone; tiled; wall-papered; white-washed; (wooden) plank.
в
LIVING ROOM
I liked the room we entered at once. It seemed to be light and spacious. It was papered in light-green. Its big windows not covered with lace curtains faced a carefully mowed lawn in front of the house.
It is impossible to imagine a living room in an English house without a fireplace. In this room there was a fireplace too and there were several logs lying on the hearthrug. Henry, our hospitable host, said that he would make a fire in the evening when it got colder. It pleased me very much as I think that burning fire gives some special charm to old English houses. My attention was attracted by the mantelpiece. There was an ancient chiming clock, several elegant statuettes and two family photos.
Right opposite the fireplace there was a white leather lounge suite that consisted of a comfortable sofa with cushions and two deep, soft armchairs. To the left of the fireplace, in the corner there was a TV set with a VCR and two shelves for video cassettes. In the opposite corner there was a coffee table with a beautiful inlayed top where several photo albums were lying.
They say that houses reflect their owners’ personalities. It was evident that growing flowers was the hosts’ hobby as the enire windowsill of the large window which overlooked the garden was filled (crammed) with the pots with brightly coloured home plants. Flowerpots stood on low bookcases and on special glass shelves near the window.
In the evening the room was lit with a modern elegant light, several wall lamps and a beautiful standard lamp with a greenish lampshade.
I’ll remember the hospitable hosts and their cosy house for long.
KB
BEDROOM
I decided to change everything in my bedroom. First I bought a comfortable double bed, which I placed in the middle of the room. I put bedside tables on either side of the bed. I set a chest of drawers for the linen by the window. Opposite the chest of drawers I put a dressing table with a mirror. I ordered a built-in wardrobe so that it didn’t take much space. I chose one colour for everything — bedspreads, bedside rugs, wallpaper and curtains — all of them were light green. They say green colour calms down. I think I should buy new pillows and duvets.
EB
a) into the cupboard; b) on the cutting board; c) into the sink/into the dishwasher; d) into the fridge/freezer; e) on the hotplate of the cooker; f) into the oven; g) into the garbage bin; h) into the microwave oven; i) on the draining board/ dish rack; j) into the coffee grinder; k) into the blender; 1) into the meat mincer/food processor.
ЯП
1. covered; 2. consisting; 3. is heated; 4. opens;
5. used; 6. arranged; 7. form; 8. keeps; 9. stretches; 10. contains; 11. has; 12. wiped; 13. fixed.
KITCHEN
Kitchen is the place in a house where women spend most of their time, especially if they have big families. That’s why they attach great importance to choosing furniture and kitchen appliances. In a kitchen everything has to be handy, efficient and well-planned. Usually people equip the kitchen with a sink, a kitchen cupboard with a work top, a wall cupboard for keeping crockery, a fridge and a cooker (stove). Some housewives prefer an electric stove (cooker) to a gas one, because it is easier to clean, and you don’t really need a cooker hood very much.
Dining rooms are rare in modern flats and houses and that’s why people place a table in the kitchen and a family gets together around it to have breakfast and dinner (supper). The table can be of
different shape — round, oval, square — it depends on the size of the kitchen and the owners’ taste. It is very convenient if the dish rack is placed above the sink and the garbage bin under it.
In modern kitchens you can often see a microwave, a coffee grinder and a coffee maker, a mixer, a toaster etc. All these things make the work in the kitchen pleasant and quick. A good housewife will make her kitchen cosy by decorating it with pretty curtains and two or three flowerpots.
1. have/take a bath, plug; 2. mop; 3. dry his/ her hands on the towel; 4. flush down; 5. having/ taking;
6. having/ taking, wipe the mirror, to apply the face cream; 7. hanging the towels over the rail
1) of; 2) from; 3) for; 4) at; 5) of; 6) down; 7) towards; 8) along; 9) to; 10) at; 11) on; 12) in; 13) on; 14) in;
15) into; 16) in; 17) on; 18) of; 19) with; 20) in;
21) beside; 22) with; 23) on; 24) of; 25) with; 26) from; 27) with; 28) with; 29) along.
ИЯ
thatched roof; extensive hall; abundant natural light; stylish desks; king-size bed; checkered tiles; spectacular, breathtaking sea view; white foamy bed; antique chest of drawers; fluffy rug; wicker baskets; cozy wooden cot; French windows; spacious oven; carved oak; rattan furniture; fitted kitchen unit; electric cooker.
28 A)
to tie in with — to match. (Moreover, with four children you can never have enough storage, and wicker baskets tie in with the contemporary yet country style of the kitchen.) to make the most of — to profit as much as one can from smth. (It was built in the 1920s to make the most of the sea views. ...make the most of the abundant natural light.) a lick of... paint — slight application of paint (...a lick of white paint has given it a new lease of life.) to make a special point of — to do smth because one considers it important or necessary. (Mary, who is also twelve, makes a special point of having flowers and several mirrors in her pink room.) odds and ends — small things that are not important or valuable. (They are also good for storing papers and odds and ends.)
to give warmth to — to make cosy. (Original oak panelling and parquet flooring give warmth to the room.)
a new lease of life — a chance to live longer or with greater vigor, satisfaction etc. (...a lick of white paint has given it a new lease of life.)
to splash out on — to waste money. (Caroline says she has saved money on some things, which has let her splash out on others, like the sofas and armchairs.)
EET51
1. splashing out on; 2. а Иск of (bright) paint; 3. tie in with; 4. a new lease of life; 5. to give warmth to; 6. make a special point of; 7. odds and ends; 8. to make the most of.
ЕТП
1.	2 bedrooms: 1 bedroom with 1 double bed and
1 single bed, 1 bedroom with 1 double bed, bathroom and a toilet, shower room and a toilet, electric shower downstairs, kitchen for breakfast with electric hobs and oven, microwave, fridge/ freezer. Dining room view, central heating. £ 400.
2.	Luxury apartment, lift and porter. Recently refurbished, 2 bed all en suite, with balcony. Views over the park. Available for long let, unfurnished $1,600 per week. Call 07885 33847777.
3.	Off Tower Bridge Road. Immaculate 2 double bedrooms fit in new house. 1 en suite + separate bath and shower rooms. Wood floors, fully furnished to high standard. Lounge/ diner, fully furnished kitchen with all modern conveniences. $ 290 per week. Tel 07766 352653.
4.	Ideally located only a five minutes’ walk from the tourist and craft shops. Comfortably furnished with quality furniture, this spacious cottage offers an ideal holiday home for extended family groups who will respect his owner’s ‘pride and joy’. Beaches 1 mile, Snowdonia mountains 6 miles. 3 bedrooms: 1 bedroom with a double bed, 1 bedroom with 2 single beds, 1 bedroom with 3 single beds in ‘Studio Room’ with wood burning stove. Bathroom with a toilet. Attractive fitted kitchen/ diner, fridge, electric hob with oven, microwave, autowasher. Lounge with fireplace housing solid fuel stove, colour TV. Gas, central heating. Small back patio. Electricity and gas by meter reading. Payphone. Street parking or free car park nearby. Shops/ Inn 300 m. Beach 1 ml, British Rail 1 km.
ЯПП
final touch; fitted carpet; fluffy cushions; bay window; adjacent walls; colour board; cotton bathmat; real challenge; disarranged furniture; small alcove; leaf pattern; table runner; dark-green throws; rush mat
TAPESCRIPT
Presenter: Are you not satisfied with the room you live in? Do you hate the dull walls around you? Do you want to give a new lease of life to your old furniture but do not know how? Do you have no money for expensive decorations? The answer to all these questions is: Invite the MAKEOVER SPECIAL TEAM (MST) and they’ll solve your problem in no time!
The previous weekend the team worked in Michelle Sims’ flat. Today our guests in the studio are Michelle herself, Ed Birks, interior designer from MST, and his wife Emma Birks, artist for MST. They are here to tell us how they changed Michelle’s flat.
Michelle, just a few words about yourself and about the task you set for MST.
Michelle: I’m 25, I live in a small one-bedroom flat in London. Next year I’m going abroad to study for about 18 months, but in the meantime, I wanted my livingdining-room to have a quick change.
Ed Birks: When we first entered the room I understood it was a real challenge — dark grey walls, disarranged furniture, a sofa too big for the room, lack of light. Michelle said she didn’t mind any changes. Her only condition was to keep the cream sofa, bookcase and dining furniture.
On hearing that Michelle was moving to a sunnier country, we thought we’d get her in the mood with green and tropical tones. So, we painted the window wall and the small alcove in soft green with the two adjacent walls in brighter green.
Presenter: Michelle, what was your reaction to the new colour board?
Michelle: The thought of green on my walls frightened me at first, but as soon as I saw the colour board, I relaxed. Ed Birks: And the slightly paler green on the two opposite walls softened the look.
Emma Birks: I also suggested using a wallpaper border with an exotic leaf pattern for the top of the walls, but Michelle didn’t agree.
Michelle: No, I found it too bold then. Now I wish
I had agreed as well.
Ed Birks: Yeah, that’s a pity. Though she didn’t mind moving the furniture around. We moved her small dining table and chairs from the centre of the room to the side which gave the impression of more space. But still the too big sofa spoilt the view. Then I had an idea to tuck it into the bay window — and it looked smaller at once. Presenter: What did you add to the room design, apart from just colours and moving things around?
Emma Birks: Our crafts designer Bridget made very unusual fluffy cushions which look like polar bears
from a cotton bathmat. Dark green throws and white cushions brought out the colours of the walls and they are so cozy!
As for the window, Michelle didn’t use to have any curtains but blinds. I think blinds look too official in a living-room, but I understood massive curtains will dominate this room too much. The solution was to use a light curtain. It allows the light into the room and doesn’t attract any attention to itself. We also put a large rush mat on the floor to cover the dull grey fitted carpet. Ed Birks: While Bridget worked with the cushions and the curtain, I painted Michelle’s bookcase white as its original lifeless very-light yellow colour didn’t tie in. We also brought in a small white coffee table, very cheap, it was just £10.
Presenter: But a table for 10 pounds is definitely plain and can’t look very attractive, I am afraid.
Emma Birks: After making the cushions and the throws for the sofa Bridget had some leftovers, so we made a runner and two napkins for the coffee table. With the dark green runner and brighter napkins the table became gorgeous.
To give the final touch to the room I decided to define the dining area by hanging three plates on the wall above. I simply painted a green stripe on a white plate and then hung them on the wall. But the way, as I felt my ‘leafy’ idea had to be somehow realised, I painted green leaves on some white cups and plates and put them on the tables.
Michelle: I desperately wanted to do my share in this redecoration and suddenly I felt my room lacked life. So I went to buy some plants at the nearest florist’s. Emma painted the pots very pale green. We put them on the dining table and now it looks like a doll’s garden. So the colours now all make sense and I know I can live with them quite happily.
Presenter: Thank you for your wonderful story, I hope many people would like to change something...
Item	Used to be	Now
1. the walls	1. dark grey	1. different shades of green
2. small dining table and chairs	2. in the centre of the room	2. to the side
3. wallpaper border	3. none	3. none
4. sofa	4. a) the centre of attention in the room	4. a) tucked into the bay window
	b) empty	b) made the cushions and the throws
5. carpet	5. dull grey fitted carpet	5. put a large rush mat to cover the carpet
6. window	6. had blinds	6. light curtain
Item	Used to be	Now
7. bookcase	7. lifeless very-light yellow	7. painted it white
8. a small white coffee table	8. newly-bought, but very plain	8. made a dark-green runner and two napkins
9. plates, cups and wall plates	9. white	9. painted green stripes, green leaves on some cups and plates
10. pot plants...	10. bought them after the redecoration of Emma’s room...	10. there are two on the dining-table
gg
1. Taurus; 2. Aries; 3. Cancer; 4. Leo; 5. Gemini; 6. Libra; 7. Scorpio, Aries; 8. Pisces; 9. Capricon; 10. Aquarian; 11. Sagittarius; 12. Virgo.
ЕИ
1.crammed with smth; 2. to have an eye for smth.;
3. collectibles; 4. to liven up; 5. well-portioned;
6. luxurious/ luxe; 7. floor heating; 8. vintage;
9. to enlarge; 10. handcrafted
EQ
l.F; 2.T; 3.T; 4.F; 5.F; 6.F; 7.T; 8.F; 9.F; 10.F; 11.F
Student: A friend told me I might find some accommodation here.
Landlady: Yes? I have a spare single.
Student: What’s the price of the room?
Landlady: $30 per month. And you’ll have to pay in advance.
Student: When you say $30, is that with lighting and telephone?
Landlady: It’s including lighting but excluding telephone. And I’ve got some terms. You are not bringing your friends for nights, you are not arranging these wild parties after 10 pm. You are going to keep the room in order and use the furniture with care. I don’t want to have it scratched or something. If you want me to cook your meals, you’ll have to pay extra. Student: Would it be convenient to see the room?
Landlady: Come in by all means. Will Saturday do?
EQ
	Student 1	Student 2	Student 3	Student 4	Student 5
a) has experience of living in the halls of residence?			+		+
b) speaks about the lack of privacy in the halls?	+			+	
c) sees advantages of living in the halls?		+			+
d) considers halls good life school?		+	+		
e) mentions regulations you have to obey?					+
TAPESCRIPT
1.	I remember talking to my cousin who was about to finish her second year at university. She’d been staying in the students’ dorm from the very beginning and had lots of stories for a curious soon-to-be-a-student me. Being the kind of person who is easily tempted I was terrified.
I couldn’t imagine myself, a diligent girl, sharing the room with a bunch of crazy fellows and having dozens of neighbours whose sanity is just as questionable. You know what I mean, don’t you? All those endless parties, tea breaks which last till the small hours, lack of silence or any sort of privacy, people coming at any time they need to borrow your frying-pan, common facilities, water and electricity cuts, and so on. Well, there are still a number of things to be added to that list. You can add them without my modest help.
2.	God’s favour, I never had to live in the dorm.
I managed to rent a flat for myself. Actually it’s hard to say with absolute certainty whether I should feel lucky avoiding this “fun life”. Despite all inconveniences there is a wide array of advantages to it. You are never alone, someone is always there not to let you feel lonely and miserable. A students’ dormitory is a perfect place for those who want to learn patience, tolerance, coexistence, who want to be free of any biases, who want to get ready to live in any kind of society and survive in the most unfriendly environment.
3.	If you didn’t live in a hostel, you were not a real student! A hostel is a real school of life. While living in a hostel, you can try yourself in different roles, because you must do everything yourself, only sometimes with the help of your neighbours. You can be a carpenter hammering the nails, repairing some pieces of furniture, locks and so on; a plumber cleaning sinks and loos that were choked up; an electrician repairing wall outlets and different domestic devices. You can be a cook, a sewer, and a teacher helping your junior friends to do their homework. You can even try to be a “big boss”, if you are a head of a section. You have a great number of opportunities to learn the things that you have never thought you need. They say that the best teacher is your own experience.
And don’t think that life in a hostel is a constant struggle for surviving. It is a merry atmosphere of students’ life. You are among the friends who are always ready to help you and share with you both their meal and their knowledge.
4.	As I live in a flat, I’ve got a sketchy idea about students’ life in a hostel. But from my friends’ complaints about it I can conclude that life is difficult there.
In the hostel you will find neither luxury nor superb accommodation, just the necessary things: plain furniture, central heating, running cold and hot water, electricity. In every room there live two or three people. If you find the room very crammed for living, you can’t but resign yourself to the inevitable. There’s no telephone, no gas (as there are electric cookers in the hostel). If electricity is cut off, you won’t be able even to warm up your food (if there is any). You can’t be independent here: you have to share a kitchen, a toilet, and a bath with several people.
And there is one more problem — how to organize your study time. It seems that the time is slipping away here. You are constantly distracted by drop-in visitors, whom you have to deal with and it’s rather difficult to tackle your daily tasks.
From the previous considerations I conclude that living in the hostel is not a piece of cake. To survive in these awful conditions you have to be smart, energetic, efficient and hardy. And if you can afford to be independent in your own self-contained place, avoid living in the hostel.
5.	Living at a hostel ... well, for me it’s, first of all, living among people, like in a small town. Here you have its own administration and its population: your neighbours and some strangers. Corridors are like streets that link separate apartments with their own secrets. Every student who lives here has duties and rights. You get cheap lodging and new friends but you can’t come late, otherwise you’ll sleep outside, and you have to get along with your new enemies. As students of all the years live together you get a unique opportunity to come into notes on various subjects, drafts of research work, textbooks and sound advice whenever you need it.
At a hostel the big students’ family usually gather on special occasions such as formal and informal holidays. You will be amazed by the wide range of parties. Students’ imagination gives birth to carnivalmasquerades, discos, concerts, competitions and so on. Surely, you won’t get bored, but... you can fail your exams or something like this if you have them the next day as you might not have even a petty chance to learn the subject or at least to prepare cribs.
It’s common knowledge that it is easier to overcome hardships all together. So in the evening a small group of students make their way in corridors (it is quite possible that the electricity was cut off) to bathrooms to wash before going to sleep. When they reach their destination, it might appear that water was cut off, so ... c’est la vie.
But anyway you’ll get valuable experience of living on your own, without parents’ support. Whether it tempers or overwhelms, it depends utterly on the person.
UnitlZ. HOUSEKEEPING IS NOT A JOKE
в
1.	I squeeze the water out of my linen, and then I hang the washing out pegging it to the washing line.
2.	I go shopping.
3.	I clean the windows.
4.	I spring-clean/ do/ have spring cleaning.
5.	I do, tidy up, clean the house, I air the rooms,
I sweep/ wash/ brush/ polish/ mop/ scrub the floor, vacuum, hoover/ clean/ beat/ sweep/ shake the carpets, dust the furniture and then I set/ lay the table.
6.	I clean everything up after my guest, i.e. sweep the floor (the carpet), vacuum, hoover the pieces of glass.
7.	I clean everything up after my dog, brush or vacuum, hoover the carpets.
8.	I try to soak my blouse before washing, then I leave it to soak, I try to remove the stain/ to get a stain out of the blouse with the washing powder/ detergent.
9.	I wash up; wash the dishes up with the washing-up liquid.
10.	I go and empty a dustbin = garbage pail (AE).
11.	I clear up the mess.
12.	I air the rooms.
13.	I wring the linen to squeeze water out of it or, if
I use my washing machine, I tumble dry it.
14.	I try to soak my tablecloth before washing, then
I leave it to soak, I try to remove the stain/ to get a stain out of the tablecloth with the washing powder/ detergent.
15.	I starch the collars.
16.	I bleach the linen.
17.	I set the ironing board then iron/ press the things with a steam iron.
□
a) washing up; b) ironing; c) washing; d) shopping;
e) cooking; f) vacuum cleaning; g) window cleaning;
h) dusting; i) polishing; j) bed making.
□
SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
1.	You: They need to be washed./ They definitely should be washed.
2.	You: You should starch them./ The collars need to be starched./ The collars should be starched.
3.	You: Never mind. I’ll bleach it./ I’ll get the stain out of the tablecloth.
4.	You: The room needs to be tidied up. You should/ must clear up the mess.
5.	You: The litter needs to be taken away into the dustbin./ The litter should be taken away into the dustbin.
6.	You: Sure, you should take them away into the wardrobe.
7.	You: I’ll sweep the floor and then mop it; if necessary, I’ll scrub the floor.
8.	You: You should sew it (on). It needs to be sewn./ It should be sewn.
9.	You: It needs to be dusted./ It should be dusted.
в
a broom — a brush with a long handle, used for sweeping floors;
a dustbin — a large container where you put waste so that it can be taken away;
a mop — a thing for washing floors consisting of a long stick with a sponge or pieces of thick string at the end; pegs/ pins — a small plastic or wooden object used for fastening wet clothes to a washing line;
a duster — a cloth for removing dust from furniture;
a bottlebrush — a thing consisting of hairs fastened on to a handle; you use it for cleaning bottles;
washing powder — soap or detergent in the form of powder for washing clothes, etc.;
laundry soap — a substance used for washing and cleaning, made of fat or oil combined with an alkali;
a dustpan — a flat container with a handle and a brush, used to remove dust and dirt from the floor; bleach — a chemical used to clean things or make them whiter.
в
1. to spring-clean/ to do/ have spring cleaning; 2. to air a room; 3. to clean the windows; 4. to sweep the floor; 5. to soak clothes before washing; 6. to rinse and wring the linen; 7. to remove a stain/ to get a stain out of clothes; 8. to starch collars and cuffs; 9. to bleach the linen; 10. to hang the washing out; 11. a clothes line/ a washing line; 12. to peg; 13. washing powder/ detergent; 14. to set/ lay the table; 15. a scourer; 16. to set the ironing board; 17. to wash a pile of dishes (up);
18. to wring a wet towel; 19. to mop/ to clean/ to wipe the floor.
Lc; 2.h; 3.d; 4.f; 5.j; 6.a; 7.g; 8.i; 9.e; lO.b.
EQ
TAPESCRIPT
On Saturday. I wake up to see Courtney, my youngest 1-ycar-old daughter grinning at me from her cot. It’s a treat for me to stay in bed until 8 o’clock — in the week I’m up at least an hour earlier to see the kids off to school. A quick breakfast of toast and jam at 9 before starting on the housework. It may be the weekend but there’s no let-up with the washing and I’ll usually have to do about five loads. Thanks to my new washing machine I don’t have to wait hours for my laundry to dry up — it takes about 15 minutes. Then I can start ironing I’ll also have to nag the children to tidy up their bedrooms so I can vacuum.
At 11 we’re off to the park to get the kids tired, although often it wears me out as much as them. Usually we meet up with some other families. The last time we ended up with 16 of us on a football ground having a kick around.
At 2 pm we come back home and lay the Sunday lunch table. The youngest ones are still finishing their lunch as we clear up around them. There is no time to sit around. Martin starts giving baths to our younger children and it takes up to three hours before everyone’s finished.
At about 3 I go off to the supermarket with one of the older children while my husband, Martin, looks after the rest of the children. Supermarket shopping is a huge undertaking and the bill comes to at least $70. At 5 pm I take four huge pizzas out of the freezer for the kids’ weekly treat. They are heated in the microwave oven one by one. The children usually rush into the kitchen by this time. While the children are eating I start polishing the shoes that children and Martin will need on weekdays. Cleaning the family’s footwear is almost a full-time job in itself. Last Saturday, for example, I had to polish twenty-two pairs, only two of which were mine.
At 8 pm after the little ones are in bed the older kids are allowed to watch a video while I cross-stitch. I’ll often work on a sampler for two hours at night.
At 9.30 pm all the kids go to bed, which leaves us free to have a meal, which Martin cooks. We eat at 10 pm, watch a bit of TV and then rest for half an hour with a cup of tea and a woman’s magazine. Soon I doze off on the settee.
At 11.30 pm we fall into bed exhausted.
Time	What Linda and Martin do
8 am 9 am—11am	1.	Linda wakes up. 2.	Linda has breakfast of toast and jam. 3.	Linda starts doing the housework. 4.	Linda does the washing. 5.	Linda does the ironing. 6.	Linda makes her children make their beds. 7.	Linda does the vacuuming.
11 am—2 pm	8. Linda takes the kids to the park. 9. They play games with a ball.
2 pm—3 pm	10.	They come back home. 11.	They lay the Sunday lunch table. 12.	They clear up the table. 13.	Martin starts giving baths to their younger children.
3 pm—5 pm	14. Linda goes off to the supermarket with one of the older children. 15. Martin looks after the rest of the children.
5 pm	16.	Linda heats 4 huge pizzas in the microwave oven one by one. 17.	The kids usually rush into the kitchen. 18.	Linda starts polishing the shoes that the children and Martin will need on weekdays.
8 pm—9.30 pm	19.	Linda and Martin put their little children into bed. 20.	The parents allow the older kids to watch a video. 21.	Linda cross-stitches.
9.30 pm	22. All the kids go to bed. 23. Martin cooks a meal.
10 pm—11.30	24.	Linda and Martin have a meal. 25.	Linda and Martin watch a bit of TV. 26.	Linda rests for half an hour with a cup of tea and woman’s magazine. 27.	Linda dozes off on the settee.
11.30 pm	28. Linda and Martin fall into bed exhausted.

l.C; 2.A; 3.C; 4.D; 5.D; 6.D.
Ш
job responsibilities; working hours; days off and holidays; salary; job security; work dangers; work benefits.
Ш
1. rinses; 2. loads; 3. detergent; 4. turns; 5. radio waves;
6. cook; 7. warming; 8. heat; 9. designed; 10. surface;
11. baking; 12. brown; 13. current;
14. wire rack; 15. cleaning; 16. attachments;
17. equipped; 18. inaccessible; 19. dries; 20. settings.
1. dishwasher; 2. microwave oven; 3. stove/ cooker;
4.	toaster; 5. vacuum cleaner/ hoover; 6. washing machine.
A)	washing up dishes — put in the sink, turn on the tap, add some washing liquid to get soapy water, wash with a sponge or scourer, do not splash, rinse, put on the draining board to drain, wipe with a cloth, put on a rack in a cupboard;
B)	ironing a T-shirt — set up the ironing board; refill the water container (if steaming is necessary), plug in
the cord in a socket, set the temperature and steam controls according to the type of fabrics, do not touch the stick-proof sole with a finger; spread the garment to avoid creases, push the iron smoothly, fold/ hang up the garment on a hanger;
C)	making the bed — fold and take away the bedspread, spread the sheet and the blanket (blanket cover), plump up the pillows;
D)	washing the floor — pour water in a bucket/ a wash-basin, soak and wring the floor-cloth/ a mop, wipe the floor clean once or twice.
FBI
1. doing their laundring by hand; 2. to get out the dirt;
3. scrubbed their laundry; 4. puts in laundry;
5. puts bleach and fabric softener; 6. set of controls determines; 7. a hose connected to; 8. time to rinse;
9. the bascket begins to speed rapidly; 10. pumped out of the machine.
l.b; 2.e; 3.j; 4.h; 5.a; 6.g; 7.c; 8.d; 9.f; lO.i.
1. chores; 2. ironing; 3. dustpan; 4. washing line;
5. toaster; 6.bleaching; 7. mop; 8. blender; 9. laundry;
10. tidying up; 11. pegs; 12. hoover; 13. rinsing;
14. scourer; 15. detergent; 16. broomstick.
l.a; 2.a; 3.d; 4.c; 5.d; 6.a; 7.d; 8.d; 9.a; lO.b; ll.b; 12.b.
FBI
Power/ Electric Tools: a hand/ electric drill, an electric saw.
Measuring Tools: a tape measure, a folding ruler, a set square, a spirit level.
Drawing Tools: a paintbrush, a (paint) roller.
Cutting Tools: an axe, a (an electric) saw, pliers, a chisel, scissors.
Gardening Tools: a rake, a spade, a fork, scissors. Woodworking Tools: a hammer, a plane, a screwdriver, a file, sandpaper, a chisel.
Fastenings: a screw, a nut, a bolt, a nail, a hook, a washer, a spanner = a wrench (AE).
1. spanner; 2. hammer; 3. plane; 4. axe, saw; 5. chisel;
6.bolts, nuts; 7. screw; 8. scissors; 9. screwdriver;
10. spade; 11. drill; 12. nail; 13. rake; 14. pliers.
1. I’d plug in and switch on my hair dryer. 2. I’d turn it down. 3. I’d unplug the iron. 4. I’d switch off my washing machine. 5. I’d turn it up. 6. I’d switch on my coffee grinder. 7. I’d turn it up. 8. I’d turn it down. 9. I’d plug it in and switch it on. 10. I’d turn it up.
11. I’d switch the lamp off. 12. I’d switch it off and unplug.
ЕИ
l.T; 2.F; 3.F; 4.T; 5.F; 6.T; 7.F; 8.T; 9.T; 10.F; ll.T.
l.c; 2.e; 3.g; 4.a; 5.h; 6.d; 7.b; 8.f.
ш
1. a safe place; 2. accidental injuries; 3. a knife rack; 4. broken glass; 5. a sharp-edged tool; 6. glass splinters; 7. to pick up glass splinters with bare hands; 8. to wipe;
9. to spill water; 10. to burn or to scald; 11. a pot handle; 12. to stick out; 13. to knock a pot over; 14. an electrical appliance; 15. a conductor of electricity; 16. to be electrocuted; 17. a battery-powered radio; 18. hazardous items; 19. poisonous chemicals; 20. tightly covered containers; 21. a well-ventilated area; 22. to handle with caution; 23. a hiding place; 24. to suffocate; 25. work gloves; 26. to protect hands from cuts and scratches;
27. fertilizers; 28. precautions; 29. to trip over smth; 30. to keep everything in its proper place.
l.b; 2.f; 3.g; 4.a; 5.d; 6.c; 7.e.
EQ
1. to sweep them under the carpet; 2. washing his dirty linen in public; 3. call a spade a spade; 4. A new broom sweeps clean; 5. to wipe the slate clean; 6. when the dust settles; 7. it’s never late to mend.
EQ
Reporter: I know that you have got a big family, five children, and you are the eldest daughter. How are household chores divided (distributed) in your family? Oksana: Of course, it is Mum who does the biggest part of housework. She cooks and does the main part of the shopping. But we all help her as much as we can. For example, everybody makes his or her bed in the morning. On Saturdays we tidy up the flat all together. Dad and my elder brothers hoover the furniture and beat the
carpets. Unfortunately we have an old vacuum cleaner and it can’t shampoo the carpets like modern models. In the rooms we have parquet floors that is why we do not wash them but polish. But to wash them in the kitchen, bathroom and the corridor where they are covered with linoleum, is my duty.
Reporter: Do the younger members of your family have any duties?
Oksana: Certainly, they do. In big families you have to teach children to do work about the house since very early age. My three-year-old sister, for example, knows that she must dust all the furniture she can reach from the chair. And my brother, first-grader, always buys milk and bread.
Reporter: To wash dirty linen is in my opinion the dullest and most difficult chore. Who does it in your family?
Oksana: Fortunately we have a new washing machine that even wrings the linen itself. What is only left is to iron it. Dad irons big linen like blanket covers and sheets, and Mum and I iron small things. Last year we gave Mum an ironing board and a clever steam iron with temperature settings. Mum says that now ironing is a sheer pleasure.
Reporter: And if something breaks down in your house, do you call fitters and plumbers?
Oksana: Only if our dad is away on business. He is Jack-of-all-trades. He can both mend a tap and make new furniture.
Reporter: Do you redecorate your flat too?
Oksana: Yes, and do it with great pleasure. By the way we last redecorated our flat last year. My dad and my brothers rearranged the furniture and wallpapered the rooms, while Mum and I painted the windows and the doors. Everyone had a wonderful mood and we worked very quickly. We completely finished the redecoration within two weeks.
Reporter: Thanks for the interview, Oksana. After talking with you one may want a big family.
Unit 13. EAT WITH PLEASURE. DRINK AT MEASURE
в
l.a; 2.b; 3.f; 4.c; 5.e; 6.d; 7.g.
Q
1. fresh, hot; 2. greasy; 3.sour, unripe; 4. overcooked;
5. underdone; 6. done to a turn; 7. bland, tasteless;
8. frozen; 9. burnt.
1.	I had a cup of tea that smelled of coffee. Didn’t you wash the cups after breakfast?
2.	This mineral water smells like vinegar.
3.	Our plums taste delicious! (OR: Our plums taste like heaven!)
4.	It’s strange that these cakes taste of chocolate, although I didn’t add chocolate to the dough.
5.	What are you doing? — I’m tasting the soup. It tastes like mushroom soup.
6.	The smell of freshly baked bread always makes the atmosphere of a home cozier.
7.	After I’ve tasted a bit of every dish, I’ve realised that I don’t like the way she cooks at all.
8.	The room smelled of lemons.
9.	This dish smells really nice. I hope it’ll taste just as well.
10.	Something smells (= stinks) in the kitchen. — Oh, my God! It’s the fish I was going to make for dinner.
11.	Stewed aubergines (= (AE)) eggplants smell like mushrooms.
12.	This dish tastes too much of garlic.
13.	Her breath smelled of mint.
14.	The child bit off an apple from the vase on the table but it was tasteless and he thought it wasn’t real.
15.	What are you making? It smells like shashlik. — Just roasting some meat.
ЕШ
a) 1 (to bake); b) 3 (to stew); c) 5 (to boil); d) 7 (to steam); e) 6 (to roast); f) 2 (to deep-fry);
g) 9 (to grill (= (AE))-, h) 8 (to fry).
В
1. boiled meat; 2. medium/ rare/ underdone steaks;
3. overcooked/ overdone cutlets; 4. roast the chicken;
5. grilled/ broiled meat; 6. steam meatballs; 7. fried food; 8. deep-fried; 9. well-done; 10. done to a turn.
Ш
l.to crunch; 2.to devour; 3.to have a sweet tooth;
4. to recover oneself; 5. to remove fat; 6. to plaster with butter; 7. to slit in two parts; 8. to help oneself; 9. to serve coffee; 10. an antifat rusk; 11. to eat gluttonously;
12. a hog;
13. a luncheon; 14. to stroll; 15. to drink at a gulp.
EB
l.to; 2.by; 3.without; 4.with; 5.in; with; 6.in; of; 7.at;
8. for.
TAPESCRIPT
Dear boys and girls! Every day you eat bread, and buns, and porridge, and your favourite cornflakes with fruit, nuts and milk. But have you ever thought about what they are made of? Or do you believe bread, like apples, grows on trees? I know one little girl who is sure about that, and she keeps asking her father to plant a cake tree in their garden. But as a matter of fact all these products are made of different types of grains which grow in the fields on arable farms and today I am going to tell you about them.
Grains, also called cereals, are the seeds of such plants as barley, corn, millet, oats, rice, rye and wheat. The human diet has been based on grains for thousands of years. Western people eat a lot of bread, and rice is the main food in many oriental cultures. Millers grind much of the world’s grain, especially wheat, into flour. Wheat flour is used in almost all breads, in pastries, and in macaroni and other kinds of noodles.
Bread is made by baking dough that consists of flour mixed with water or milk. In many parts of the world, people make bread by hand much as ancient bakers did. In industrial nations, however, most bread is made by machine in commercial bakeries.
Bread may be divided into three main types: yeast bread, quick bread, and flat bread. Yeast bread is called so because it is raised by yeast. You definitely like French bread and rolls. And your mum makes your sandwiches with wheat or rye bread. All these are kinds of yeast bread.
Quick bread requires less preparation time before baking than yeast bread. It is raised by the use of baking powder or some other substance that raises dough. Quick bread includes corn bread, doughnuts, muffins, and pancakes. Most quick bread is baked at home or in local bakeries and supermarkets.
Flat bread contains little or no yeast. Flat bread is a major food in many parts of the world. Central Americans eat various flat breads made from com or wheat flour, called tortillas. People in the Far East make several types of flat bread from rice flour. In the Middle East, a flat bread called pita bread is made. Here in Britain we eat lots of products made from grains. My children prefer French-type rolls such as croissants for their breakfast. Do you? For tea buns are often eaten, especially in winter. Otherwise butter, jam, honey, meat or fish paste are spread on slices of white or brown bread. I’m certain that different sweet foods made with flour
are among your favourites. Just remember that large cake which your mum cut or sliced at your birthday party! Personally I prefer small cakes, for one person, especially those with a strawberry on top. The many different kinds of biscuit include chocolate, digestive biscuits, ginger nuts and custard creams. Water biscuits or crackers are usually eaten with cheese.
Some confectionery is traditionally prepared for a particular festival or celebration. Christmas pudding is eaten at Christmas. Pancakes are often served (as a sweet course, with lemon and sugar) on Shrove Tuesday, and hot buns are eaten on Good Friday. Special big cakes are prepared for weddings and birthdays. Wedding cakes are usually elaborately iced and decorated with two or more tiers; birthday cakes are also normally iced, with the person’s age shown by the number of small candles stuck in the icing. And now, my dear children, after I’ve told you so much about breads, I’ll ask you a few questions. Send your answers to me, Aunt Polly of Primary School Radio. The first 10 correct answers will get a prize! Question one: How many kinds of grains I mentioned in my talk can you name?
Question two: What is the main food in many oriental countries?
Question three: What happens to most of the world’s grain, especially wheat?
Question four: How is bread made in industrial nations? Question five: What are the three types of bread? What is the difference between them?
Question six: Do you eat the same kinds of bread for breakfast and for tea as my children do, or do you eat something different? Tell me about it!
Question seven: Which sweet foods made from flour do you like? Which do you rarely eat?
Question eight: Can you describe the birthday cake you had last year?
I’m looking forward to you answers, my dear young listeners, good-bye!
1. Mix the yeast with sugar, add a little water or milk. 2. Leave it till it’s all bubbly, and about twice the volume that it was.
3.	Mix the yeast into the flour until you’ve got something not very sticky.
4.	Knead for five or ten minutes until you can feel it’s really springy.
5.	Roll it up into a ball and leave it to double in size.
6.	Push it into the shape you want.
7.	Let it rise, put it in a very hot oven, and then start bringing the temperature down.
8.	Give it a tap, and if you get a sort of hollow sound then the bread is ready.
9.	Tip it out of the tin.
Ш
1. cream; 2. add; beat; 3. combine; 4. stir; 5. pour;
6.	bake; 7. cool; 8. poke; 9. mix; 10. spoon.
EQ
1)	Ukraine is famous for its bread. Stop by any baker’s and you’ll see a myriad of kinds of bread: white bread, rye bread, bread with bran. You can also buy rolls, croissants, doughnuts and different buns for tea.
2)	Katie was on a diet, and of all breads she could only eat stale rye bread. Sometimes for breakfast she had a couple of crackers or rusks. And her younger sister Carol couldn’t help herself and always had a sponge cake for dessert and tea with gingerbreads.
3)	After dinner Mom put the leftover slices of bread into the bread bin, cleaned breadcrumbs off the table, and served tea with fruit pies, cookies and croissants.
4)	It’s very good for you to eat different cereals. A lot of people don’t like semolina that they probably ate too much of in the childhood. But I personally try to have some boiled buckwheat, rice or oatmeal once a day, mostly for breakfast. Today, in the shops you can buy muesli with different fruit to which you add some hot milk or yoghurt and get yourselves a nourishing/ rich breakfast.
5)	I believe that Italian pasta is the best in the world.
I know that there are many kinds of it but the most common are macaroni, noodles, spaghetti and vermicelli. Boil any kind of pasta in a lot of water, drain it in a colander, add some cheese and sauce. It’s very fast, convenient, and the most important of all delicious.
ЯД
l.f; 2.c; 3.a; 4.b; 5.d; 6.e.
1.	Try to cut down on beef, pork and mutton. It’s better to consume boiled chicken, steamed chicken cutlets (rissoles), and stewed sea fish. You can also have different seafood once a week, shrimps are especially good for you.
2.	Everyone in my family is a vegetarian, and I can’t live without meat. I think there’s nothing better than a veal chop. I prefer well-done veal chops and some
others like their steak rare. When I have no time to cook I buy frankfurters, chain sausages or pate.
3.	Of all kinds of meat products I love poultry most: chicken, duck or goose. I have read a lot about delicious game dishes, but I’ve never tried one. Dishes made of pheasant, grouse or partridge seem exotic to me.
4.	Once a week we go to a fish restaurant and have dishes made of different kinds of fish and seafood there. My husband prefers river fish like carp, perch and pike, and I like salmon and cod. Sometimes I buy some fish and cook it at home, though I absolutely can’t stand scaling it.
5.	Could you, please, stop by the store on your way home and buy some lamb, goose liver, and some ham for breakfast? Buy some plaice for Granny as well, she asked for some fried fish.
6.	You have to eat more dairy products. Have some kefir, milk or yoghurt every day. Dress your salads with Greek yoghurt instead of mayonnaise. Hard and cottage cheeses are very good for you too.
картопля — potato(es); морква — carrot(s);
томат — tomato(es); опрок — cucumber;
буряк — beetroot; капуста — cabbage; лук — onion; солодкий перець — sweet pepper; горох — peas;
квасоля —French beans/ haricots; часник — garlic.
1. a courgette/ a zucchini (AE)\ 2. an aubergine/ an eggplant (AE)\ 3. a turnip; 4. dill; 5. cauliflower;
6. parsley; 7. lettuce; 8. broccoli; 9. Brussels sprouts;
10. a radish; 11. a pumpkin.
яблуко — an apple; абрикос — an apricot;
банан — a banana; грейпфрут — a grapefruit; виноград — grapes; лимон — a lemon; манго — a mango; апельсин —
an orange; диня — a melon; персик — a peach; груша — a pear; слива — a plum; вишня — a cherry.
FRUITS: kiwi; persimmon; pineapple; pomegranate; tangerine; watermelon.
BERRIES: cranberries; currants (red, black); gooseberries; strawberries; raspberries.
DRIED FRUIT: date; dried apricots; fig; prunes; raisins, sultanas.
NUTS: almond; coconut; hazelnut; peanut; walnut.
roll dough; scale fish, peanuts; whip cream, pastry; dice/ cube potatoes, vegetables, cheese, hard-boiled eggs, chicken meat; scramble eggs; mince meat, chicken; stew meat, vegetables; beat eggs; squeeze a lemon; knead dough; stuff chicken; crack nuts; steam vegetables; chop vegetables; grind coffee beans; grate cheese; peel potatoes; bone fish; mash potatoes.
1. buckwheat; 2. yeast; 3. parsley; 4. turkey; 5. strawberry; 6. pineapple; 7. rusks; 8. spaghetti; 9. hen; 10. pepper.
34 B)
l.j; 2.f; 3.a; 4.e; 5.i; 6.b; 7.c; 8.d; 9.h; lO.g.
35 A)
l.F; 2.T; 3.F; 4.T; 5.T; 6.F; 7.T; 8.F.
TAPESCRIPT
Cha-Cha-* Cha
In Great Britain, the average person drinks more than four cups of tea a day. Ireland is the only country that drinks more.
In order to be successful, a drink has to contain a stimulant, and tea contains more caffeine than coffee. Green tea has very small caffeine content. Tea comes from an evergreen tropical bush of the camellia family. It has stiff, shiny leaves and white, waxlike flowers. The top two leaves and the bud of the third are all that is used in tea making. India is by far the largest tea growing country.
The best of several legends about the origins of tea tells of a Chinese saint who decided to devote the rest of his life to sleepless contemplation of the Buddha. To confirm his determination he cut off his eyelids and threw them away. The eyelids sprang up into plants, from whose leaves man could make a drink to fight tiredness.
Tea should always be kept in something that has no smell, because it is very sensitive and takes up other odours. The container should also be dry, dark and airtight; a tin is best. In these conditions, it will keep fresh for eighteen months. Tea bags originated when a tea merchant handed out samples of tea, sewn into little bags, to his clients. His clients liked that way of brewing tea and asked for repeat orders. Earl Grey was on a diplomatic mission to China, in the 1820s, when a mandarin told him the secret recipe of this delicious tea. It is a blend of China and Indian teas sprinkled with the oil of a citrus fruit called
bergamot. It is an excellent teatime drink, and very good after dinner to clear the palate off the taste of a sweet dessert.
Many great figures have been passionate tea drinkers. For example, the outstanding linguist Dr Johnson’s kettle hardly had time to cool: “With tea he amused the evening, with tea solaced the midnight and with tea welcomed the morning.”
English Breakfast Blend is one of the most popular speciality teas. A blend of Assam and Ceylon teas, it is strong and fragrant.
The price of tea fluctuates when it is auctioned every Monday in the city of London by brokers acting for the tea gardens. The main buyers are Brooke Bond, Lipton’s, and some others. Then they blend it to the tastes with which the many people are familiar. Each blend has its own colour, taste, smell and strength. Indian tea gives strength, African tea colour and Ceylon tea flavour. Eighty per cent of tea drunk in Britain is blended.
Tea tasters sample each consignment. Experienced tasters can distinguish a tea’s country of origin and geographical area. Moreover, they can compare a tea in front of them with one they tasted a week ago.
35 B)
1. evergreen; 2. tiredness; 3. smell; 4. bags; 5. recipe;
6. kettle; 7. breakfast; 8. strength.
ЕИ
Borsch
La saucepan; 2.potatoes; 3.cabbage; 4.pearl barley;
5. beet; 6. carrot; 7. tomato; 8. leaves; 9. salt; 10. garlic;
11. cream.
Varenyky with plums and sour cherries
1. roll; 2. cut; 3. pinch; 4.bring; 5. drop; 6.pour.
ЕЕИ1
LA; 2.B; З.С; 4.C.
ЕЕЕЛ
1. turkey; 2. teaspoon; 3. sliced; 4. carrots; 5. margarine;
6. sprinkle; 7. herbs; 8. roasting pan; 9.25 minutes;
10.180°C; 11. one and a half or two hours; 12. serving.
TAPESCRIPT
Here is what you should remember if you want your
Christmas bird to be perfect:
•	When shopping, choose a bird with smooth, creamy, soft skin, avoiding turkeys with any torn skin.
•	Don’t forget that fresh turkey can be stored in the coldest part of the fridge for 2 days at the most. Freeze no longer than 2 months.
•	Cooked turkey should be consumed within 3 days or frozen up to a month. It will retain moisture if you freeze it in chicken or turkey broth.
•	Today you can buy a bird with a pop-up thermometer, which shows the temperature of the turkey inside and indicates when it is completely cooked. Many birds have been injected with butter or vegetable oil, so you will not have to baste it while cooking.
And, finally, here comes the recipe.
You will need:
•	1 turkey (14 pounds)
•	1 tablespoon salt
•	1 teaspoon pepper
•	4 medium onions, sliced
•	4 celery ribs, sliced
•	2 medium carrots, sliced
•	3 bay leaves
•	l/2 cup butter or margarine, melted
•	3 teaspoons poultry herbs
First of all, rub the surface of the turkey and sprinkle cavity with salt, pepper and herbs.
Next, in a large heavy roasting pan, place onions, celery, carrots, bay leaves. Place the turkey, breast side up, over vegetables.
Don’t forget to sprinkle the butter over the turkey. Remember: the general rule for roasting such a big bird as a turkey is: bake it about 25 minutes to a pound. In our case, we’ll cover the bird loosely with foil and bake at 180eC for two and a half hours; then, remove foil and bake for one and a half or two hours longer, basting every 20 minutes. Finally, cover again and let it stand for 20 minutes before serving.
ЕЕТЯ1
l.F; 2.T; 3.T; 4.F; 5.F; 6.T; 7.F.
39 C)
La; 2.e; 3.c; 4.g; 5.h; 6.f; 7.b; 8.d; 9.i; lO.j; ll.k.
TAPESCRIPT
If you ask anyone in Britain who enjoys a traditional Christmas what they will be eating this Christmas Day, most would say roast turkey, followed by Christmas pudding with brandy sauce. I know this because it’s what we have every year and I love it. When my
wife, who is Spanish, had her first Christmas dinner with my family several years ago, I was surprised when she said she had never had Christmas pudding before. Up until then, I wrongly believed everyone ate it at Christmas. So for all those British — and my American friends — let’s look at the traditions of the Christmas pudding and then I’ll give you a recipe so that this year you can all try it.
The Christmas pudding originated as porridge in the 14th century. It was made of beef, mutton, raisins, currants, prunes, wine and mixed spices. It was eaten as a fasting dish before the Christmas celebrations began. In the 16th century, it becomes known as plum pudding when spirits and dried fruit were added along with eggs to thicken it.
It was the Victorians we have to thank for the Christmas traditions we know today. There is a range of customs and traditions that surround the Christmas pudding. In the family, we add silver coins to the pudding for luck, and we all have a stir of the pudding and make a wish. Traditionally those who find the coins are supposed to get the luck, and if they made a wish, their wishes will come true. Here is the recipe that was given to me by my mother. It is her traditional pudding recipe that my family enjoys every year, so you are all really blessed. So you’ll need:
5 oz of wholewheat breadcrumbs
4 oz of plain flour
4 oz raisins
4 oz currants
2l/2 oz glazed cherries
4 oz brown sugar
1 apple peeled, chopped and grated 172 oz blanched almonds, chopped a pinch of nutmeg
2 beaten eggs
7 fl oz brown ale
2 fl oz of brandy
Place all the ingredients in a large mixing bowl and mix. I would like to give you a bit of advice. Nowadays my mother keeps the tradition alive and adds ten pence pieces (Americans could use quarters). If you do decide to follow this tradition, ensure you warn people what to expect as you wouldn’t want anyone to accidentally swallow a coin! In our family, my mother now puts the coins in the dessert bowls before serving so everyone has a bit of luck, and so we all see the coins so none of us swallows them.
Take a large (2 pints) ovenproof bowl and grease it, and then add all the mixed ingredients. Using a spatula
or the back of a large spoon level off the mixture so that you have an even surface. Grease a piece of greaseproof paper and cover the bowl, and then with a piece of greased and pleated tin (aluminium) foil (to allow for expansion) place it over the greaseproof paper. Secure the layers to the bowl with a piece of string. Steam the pudding for six hours and then let it cool. The pudding must then be stored in a damp free place. To serve on Christmas Day, steam it again for three hours and then invert onto a serving plate. For adding excitement, douse the pudding with a little extra brandy and set alight. Then slice the pudding and serve in the dessert bowls with ice cream or more traditionally, brandy, butter or warm brandy sauce. If you have never had Christmas pudding, you will not believe how good it tastes. For me, Christmas pudding is at the heart of a traditional Christmas. It really wouldn’t be the same without it. Try it, you won’t be disappointed!
E3
Pudding is a national English dish eaten for dessert. You have certainly heard about the Plum Christmas pudding. Do you want to learn to make a real pudding? We suggest three different recipes of puddings.
Potato Pudding. Mix boiled potatoes with butter, eggs, milk, wine, lemon juice, sugar, salt, and finely grated lemon peel. Put the mixture into a greased bowl and bake in the oven for 30 to 40 minutes. When serving, sprinkle with finely chopped almonds.
Pasta Pudding. Cook pasta in milk (about 500 ml). Add sugar, 250 ml milk, well beaten eggs and salt. Mix carefully. Spread the mixture in a greased ovenproof bowl. Bake in the oven for 30 minutes.
Chocolate Pudding. Mix the cocoa powder with dried and finely ground breadcrumbs. Pour in milk and cream. Stir well and set aside for 10 minutes. Cream butter with 20g sugar. Add egg yolks, wheat flour, baking soda, the cocoa and breadcrumbs mixture, chopped almonds, cognac, and egg whites beaten with sugar. Mix everything well. Pour the mixture into a greased ovenproof bowl. Steam for about an hour.
Ш
1. nobody; 2. described; 3.justified; 4. changing;
5. cooking; 6. abroad; 7. dishes; 8. countries; 9. provide; 10. overdone; 11. complaints; 12. boil; 13. water;
14. vegetables; 15.unfair; 16.anything; 17.beef; 18.steak; 19.jelly; 20. visitor.
45 A)
l.e; 2.i; 3.d; 4.a; 5.f; 6.c; 7.b; 8.g; 9.h; lO.k; 11 J.
EH
•	as cool as a cucumber
•	as red as a beetroot
•	as warm as a toast
•	as flat as a pancake
•	as keen as mustard
•	as different as chalk and cheese
•	to sell like hot cakes
•	to be packed like sardines
ES
Tell Me What You Eat and I’ll Tell You Who You Are.
Can you tell a person’s character at the table? Research done by foreign psychologists has shown that it is possible.
An expert of the Japanese natural dieting association Mr Kuriyama classifies six groups of people according to their favourite dishes (their preferences in food). People who like stewed carrots and other vegetables are most often eager learners, and ambitious, but in everyday life they are quiet and don’t really care about their health. Meat-eaters, juicy steak lovers, are impulsive and often succeed in life, but there are just as many ups as downs in their life, (there are just as many rises as there are falls...)
People who love fruit are very emotional. They are into creative jobs, attentive to others, and make friends easily. You like apples? So, you are a diligent person, but a bit old-fashioned. And a person who likes strawberries is fond of beautiful things.
“Fish souls” are noted for being calm and stable, they are respected, but a little cold in human relationships. You can definitely rely on such a person in family life.
It is hot spices that are fancied by vigorous (= energetic), adventurous people who like taking risks and travelling. They are selfish and can’t stand objections.
People who are fond of fatty foods often reach the top of the career ladder. They are open-hearted, charming and like flirting.
A Norwegian scientist Olaf Lindstrem studies the influence that vegetables have on the human nature. According to the professor, lettuce develops musical talents, leek develops logical thinking, and carrots and spinach cause melancholy (= spleen), and potatoes have a soothing effect.
Greedy people prefer tasteless (bland) food. The selfish prefer something sour. People inclined to selfsacrifice and romantic ones can’t resist sweets and confectionery. Passion for salty delicacies is typical not only of pregnant women, but of creative, hard-working and passionate people as well.
The famous dietitian G. Wilson writes about “emotional food”. When we are simply happy and satisfied with our life, we long for sweet things. When we are mad, we prefer cold starters. Loneliness increases our body’s need of liquids like soups, juices, milk. When we are overwhelmed with troubles and fears, we subconsciously dig in (= stuff ourselves with) something hard, cold but sweet. At such moments chocolate is beyond comparison (is streets ahead of anything else; ...beats everything).
Unit 14. SO MANY COUNTRIES. SO MANY CUSTOMS
El
l.to ask diffidently; 2. to show gratification; 3.a silver tankard; 4. to see one’s long face; 5. to settle an old score with; 6. to put a spoke in one’s wheel;
7. to deserve a treat; 8. to feel like a spirit in heaven;
9. to catch a glimpse of smb.
□
1. picnic site; 2. a snack-bar, a mobile canteen;
3. a restaurant; 4. a bar; 5. a station buffet;
6. a fast-food restaurant.
11 A)
1. theme; 2. hamburgers; 3. sandwiches; 4. relaxed;
5. customers; 6. preserved; 7. cuisine; 8. vegetarian;
9. clientele; 10. tablecloths; 11. menu; 12. eating out.
12 A)
a grocery store a candy counter fast food chains a sandwich shop a deli a cafeteria a coffee shop a fine restaurant a pizza place a pancake house
a family restaurants a bar
TAPESCRIPT
Eating Out in the USA
American restaurants are in many ways similar to those in Britain. If you’re in a hurry, you may just want to grab some “junk food” at a candy counter, or you may get a bite to eat at one of the many fast food chains, like McDonald’s, Pizza Hut, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, or Taco Time. Or you can get a sandwich “to stay” or “to go” from a sandwich shop or deli. Some of these places have tables, but many don’t. People eat in their cars or take their food home, to their offices or to parks.
If you prefer a relaxed sitting down but still don’t want to spend much, you can try a cafeteria. Here you pay at a cash register before you sit down, and you don’t have to tip anybody — but you usually have to clear the table when you finish!
Coffee shops are usually less expensive and formal than fine restaurants. So are pizza places, pancake houses, sandwich shops and family restaurants.
Many restaurants don’t serve alcoholic drinks for people to feel comfortable and bring their children. You may be asked to show some ID that proves your age before you go into a bar. In some restaurants you can bring your own wine.
In the US people would rather wait for a table than sit with people they don’t know.
If you are sitting at a table with strangers, it is impolite to light up a cigarette without first asking if it will disturb them.
At American restaurants, cafes and coffee shops you are usually served tap water before you order. You may find the bread and butter is free, and if you order coffee, you may get a free refill.
Servings in restaurants are often large — too large for many people. If you can’t finish your meal but would like to enjoy the food later, ask your waitress or waiter for a “doggie bag”. There may be a picture of a dog on it, but everybody knows you’re taking the food for yourself.
In some restaurants, a check is brought on a plate and you put your money there. Then the waiter or waitress brings you your change. In some restaurants you can pay with a credit card, including the tip. Tips are not usually added to the check or included in the price of the meal. A tip of about 15% is expected, and you should leave it on the table when you leave. In less
expensive restaurants, you pay your check at the cash register on your way out.
Starters	Main Courses	Desserts
pine-apple and shrimp salad; cabbage soup; prawn cocktail; asparagus salad seasoned with mayonnaise.	chicken Kyiv; steak and chips; shepherd’s pie; fish and chips; kidney pie; roast beef with steamed vegetables.	vanilla ice-cream; apple crumble and custard; raspberry jelly; chocolate gateau.
18A)
l.d; 2.c; 3.e; 4.b; 5.a.
l.f; 2.h; 3.b; 4.g; 5.a; 6.d; 7.c; 8.e.
ш
l.T; 2.F; 3.F; 4.T; 5.F; 6.F; 7.T; 8.T.
TAPESCRIPT
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen! Tonight we have a very special guest in our studio. A top chef, Anthony Bourdain, will take us behind the kitchen doors for a look we won’t forget.
I: Anthony, having worked as a chef for a long time and having been in restaurants on a daily basis, you must have developed perfect eating habits. Could you share some general principles that we should know of? A: Well, you are surely right about my job. It did make me change my eating habits, and today I choose to live by some definite do’s and don’ts. In general, good food and good eating are always risky. Every once in a while an oyster, for instance, will make you sick. Does this mean you should stop eating oysters? No way! But you should be more careful next time you choose a place to eat out because that’s where it all begins.
I: It’s hard to disagree with you on that but what should we watch out for?
A: When you see a restaurant that’s clean, with well-groomed waiters and a busy dining room, and if everyone seems to actually care about what they are doing, then chances are you are in for a good meal. But say the owner, chef and a bored-looking waiter are sitting at a front table chatting about soccer scores. Bad signs.
Never eat in a restaurant with filthy bathrooms. If their floors are dirty it means their refrigerators and work spaces aren’t much better.
Your waiter looks like he just woke up from under a bridge? If management allows him to stand in front of you looking like that, who knows what they are doing to your shrimp?!
I: OK. Let’s say we have chosen a nice clean two- or three-star place, have been seated comfortably by the head waiter and are now looking at the menu. Any hints on how to choose the right dishes?
A: Rule #/; be always careful with fish and seafood! Chinese and Japanese eateries often advertise DISCOUNT SUSHI. You can as well read this sign as CHEAP SUSHI or OLD SUSHI. Doesn’t sound so tempting any more, does it?
Rule #2: skip the fish on Monday. Unless you are dining at a four or five-star restaurant. You can’t imagine how old a lot of seafood is on Monday — about four or five days from the time it was purchased! I: And why is that, I wonder?
A: I’ll tell you the truth. This is how it works: most chefs order their fish on Thursday night. They usually order a big amount of it too as the market is closed Friday night and they are not going to get another delivery until Monday morning. They hope to sell the bulk of that fish on Friday and Saturday nights, of course. Now, guess what is done with whatever is left over from the weekend? It is used up on Monday. If a piece of fish still smells okay on Monday night, you may be eating it.
I: I see now. And what day should we make the day for eating out, then?
A: Tuesday. The food that comes in on Tuesday is fresh, and the chef is well rested after a Sunday or a Monday off. It’s the real start of the week, the chefs got his best products coming in and he’s had a couple of days to think of creative things to do with it. He wants you to be happy on Tuesdays.
I: Now, let’s talk about bread. I heard that the reuse of bread is a common practice. Is that true?
A: Well, I know that some restaurants strictly instruct their bus boys (bus boy — покпчник офоданта, який прибирав брудний посуд 3i столу у ресторан!) to throw out all that unused bread — which by my calculations is about 50 percent. But when it’s busy and the bus boy is crumbing tables, refilling water glasses, making espresso and cappuccino, hustling dirty dishes to the dishwasher — and he sees a basket full of untouched bread — most times he’s going to use it. This doesn’t bother me and shouldn’t surprise you. Always eat the bread, it is the one and only thing in places where people eat out that will never make you sick.
I: OK. Thanks a lot for your advice. I’m sure our viewers will keep in mind everything you said and will be a lot wiser when eating out.
A: And one more “exclusive” tip for your viewers: look at your waiter’s face. He knows. It’s a good reason to be polite to your waiter: he could save your life — or at least your night — with a raised eyebrow or a sigh...
ЯД
cutlery — knives, forks, and spoons that you use for eating and serving food;
chopsticks — two thin sticks that you use to eat food in many countries in Asia;
to wait the tables — to work in a restaurant serving food and drink to people at their tables;
spicy — food that is spicy has a pleasantly strong taste, and gives you a pleasant burning feeling in your mouth;
shrimps — small sea creatures that you can eat, which have ten legs and a soft shell;
clay pot — a pot made of clay;
herb mixture — a mixture of plants that is used to improve the taste of food;
side dish — a small amount of food such as a vegetable that you eat with a main meal.
1.
— Have you decided, sir?
— Not quite. What’s speedy risotto?
— It’s white meat — boneless chicken thighs — skinned and sliced into stripes and stewed with rice, chopped onion, tomatoes, mushrooms, garlic, prawns, peas and seasoned with paprika, parsley, salt and pepper. It’s really delicious.
— It sounds good, all right. I’ll take your word for it and try some.
— All right, one speedy risotto.
2.
— May I take your order?
— I think so ... What is the warm lamb salad like?
— Grilled lamb steaks cut into thick slices and mixed with leeks, cabbage, beansprouts and walnuts seasoned with orange juice, mustard. The salad is served warm. Would you like to try some?
— No, thank you. I’ll just have the beefsteak, medium-rare, please.
3.
— Are you ready for dessert?
— Yes, I believe so. What’s your Black Forest cake like?
— It’s a very rich chocolate cake, and comes with whipped cream and cherries on top and between the layers.
— Oh, yes, that sounds delicious.
— Can I bring you a piece?
4.
— What would you like, sir?
— A lager, please.
— Would you like bottled lager or draught?
— What’s draught?
— Oh, that just means it’s out of the barrel. It’s very good, I can assure you.
— O.K. I’ll try some of that, then. And two cold lamb sandwiches.
1. napkin; 2. plate; 3. bread and butter plate; 4. juice glass; 5. wine glass; 6. cup and saucer; 7. fork for the main course; 8. knife for the main course; 9. butter knife; 10.fork for entree; 11.teaspoon; 12.spoonfor soup.
1.	Place personal items, such as purses and glasses on the table. A small purse belongs on the lap and large purses and briefcases near your feet.
2.	When drinking, look into ... not over, your cup or glass.
3.	Pasta that is six inches or longer should be twirled with a fork and spoon. Otherwise you just use a fork.
4.	Don’t smoke before or during a meal. If you are seated in a smoking section light up only after dessert is finished. In private homes and businesses, the absence of ashtrays means no smoking.
5.	Don’t blow on food that is hot. Wait until it cools. Eat soup from the side of the bowl first, where it cools the fastest.
6.	Stroke the knife toward you while cutting meat. Never saw back and forth.
7.	Eating chicken, first cut off as much as you can and then when you can’t use knife and fork any more, use your fingers.
8.	Don’t bite into the whole slice (of bread); break it off piece by piece.
9.	If you get a foreign object in your mouth remove it with your fingers and place it at the edge of your plate 10. When you have finished eating, place your fork and knife parallel diagonally across your plate and don’t push your plate away from you.
•	splash (a piece of something dropped into your soup) • rattle (of glasses if you beat your leg against the leg of the table)
•	grate (a knife and a fork being scraped together)
•	bang (your bag that was on your knees fell down)
•	whistle (calling a waiter)
•	choking (eating hurriedly)
ЕЭ
l.K; 2.D, H; 3.A; 4.J; 5.1; 6.E; 7.B; 8.F; 9.C; 10.G.
1.	A lot of new restaurants offering traditional dishes of different countries have recently opened in our city. Personally I like Japanese cuisine which is rich in (OR: ...which widely uses) seafood and vegetables.
I often take my friends to my favourite cafe in the centre of the city. We always order vegetable starters (= appetizers/ hors-d’oeuvres/ entrees) and sushi.
2.	Traditional English pubs offer their visitors a lot of sorts of beer. There, you can also socialise (= hang out) with friends, listen to some music. Nowadays in most pubs, you can also have something to eat, order salads and even hot meals. I never have more than one pint of beer.
3.	There are a few fast-food restaurants, a sandwich shop and a tea room near our University. However, we prefer the pizza place which is 15 minutes away, because the service is better there, the prices are a lot lower, and the pizza they serve is always fresh and good.
4.	We were looking for a restaurant which would serve traditional Ukrainian dishes as our friends wanted to try borshch and meat stewed with mushrooms and served in a clay pot. But prices in restaurants were exorbitant (= extremely high), so we decided to make dinner at home (Or: ...to opt for a home-made meal).
5.	In any big modern city there is a fast-food chain. On the one hand the customers can have something to eat fast and for a reasonable price. But on the other hand, all these restaurants sell junk food. These are self-service restaurants. There are no waiters there. The customer gets his/ her food at a cash register or picks
the food up him/ herself and pays at a cash register. You can get a takeout at such places.
6.	—- Hello! We have a reservation for two. (OR: We booked a table for two for today.)
— Hello! Follow me, please. Is this table by the window OK?
— Yes, thank you.
(A waiter approaches.)
— Here are the menus. Are you ready to order?
— Yes, we are.
— What would you like to start with?
— I think we’ll start with hors d’oevres. We’ll take a shrimp cocktail, a potato salad and some jellied beef tongue.
— And what about the main course? Our specialty for today is roast beef potatoes country-style.
— OK, that’s what I’ll take, and my wife prefers fish. What could you suggest?
— How about grilled fish?
— That’s fine. As for the drinks, we’ll have a glass of white and a glass of red wine.
— What would you like for dessert?
— No dessert, thanks. Just two coffees. Black, please. 7. Welcome to our restaurant! This is an exclusive stylish restaurant with a varied/ diverse menu.
You can enjoy classical European cuisine or exotic oriental one. We offer an enormous variety of appetizers, main courses, exquisite desserts. You’ll be able to find wines from all European and even Latin American countries on our wine list. (OR: on our wine list only will you be able to find ....) You will find nice live music, modern interior, soft lighting and first-class service here. We expect you from morning till the last customer.
Unit 15. SHALL WE SHOP TILL WE DROP?
Q
1. consumer; 2. to scatter; 3. appealing; 4. shopping list; 5. a cart; 6. an electronic pricing scanner; 7. downtown; 8. the price tag; 9. to charge; 10. revenue; 11. a sales tax.
Q
l.DS; 2.SM; 3.SC; 4.DS; 5.OM; 6.SM; 7.DS,SC; 8.OM; 9.DS.SC; Ю.ОМ; 1LSM.
EH1
a)5; b)l; c)9; d)8; e)7; f)3; g)12; h)10; i)6; j)13; k)4; 1)2; m)ll.
s
ш
a)	to overcharge — to charge someone too much money for smth;
to undercharge — to charge too little or less than the correct amount of money for smth;
b)	a shopkeeper — someone who owns or is in charge of a small shop;
a shop assistant (= sales clerk (Л£)) — someone whose job is to help customers in a shop;
c)	shopping — the activity of going to shops and buying things;
window-shopping — the activity of looking at goods in shop windows without intending to buy them;
d)	a wholesaler — a person or company who sells goods wholesale;
a retailer — a person or business that sells goods to customers in a shop;
e)	a supermarket — a very large shop that sells food, drinks, and things that people need regularly in their homes;
a department store — a large shop that is divided into separate departments, each selling a different type of goods;
f)	a counter — the place where you pay or are served in a shop, bank, restaurant etc.;
a cash desk — the desk in a shop where you pay.
12B)
•	Acknowledging an opinion before disagreeing: “That’s a good point but... ”; “That’s true but I don’t really agree with that.”; “Isee what you mean but...”; “Well, maybe, but don’t you think... ”; “Yeah, but still... ”
•	Disagreeing: "No, no”
•	Agreeing: "Oh, yeah!”; “Oh, yeah! I do agree they...”
•	Asking for opinion: "Don’t you think it’s too easy?!”
TAPESCRIPT
Alice: Hello, Tom, you look so happy! What have you been doing?
Tom: I finally managed to find what I’d been looking for for so long.
Alice: Ah! Christmas shopping is always exciting, isn’t it? Don’t you love cruising the shops trying to find the right thing for everyone in the family? What were you looking for?
Tom: My brother has been dreaming about a bicycle-touring trailer, and I’m so relieved to have finally found it. Can you imagine? I bought it at our local bike shop.
Alice: Well, why are you surprised? It’s the only bike shop in town and it has been in business for some 20 years. Why hadn’t you checked it in the first place? Where have you been looking for the trailer?
Tom: I’ve been all over the Internet. I’ve been doing all my Christmas shopping that way. This bike shop is the first store I’ve set foot in all season.
Alice: You know, you sound so proud of yourself, and as if you hate real shopping.
Tom: Oh, I don’t know. I don’t hate shopping as such. In fact, I don’t mind buying food and clothes. What I could never stand was shopping just before Christmas. Don’t you think the crowds are terrible? Alice: Oh, yeah! I do agree they are especially terrible in big department stores. That’s a good point but what I like and what you don’t see much of these days are those little shops, where you get a sort of personal service, where people say “Thank you” and “You are welcome”, and where the owner can offer you to carry your purchases out to the car...
Tom: That’s true but I don’t really agree with that. They are small, and it always takes forever to pay by credit card. No, no — come on, the Internet is the best thing. You’ve got the whole range of everything in the world you can possibly imagine. And, besides, you must admit that the prices are lower.
Alice: Yeah, yeah. I see what you mean but...
Tom (interrupting)'. There’s no hurry. You go on-line in your spare time, any time of day, you choose whatever you like, punch in the number of your credit card and then it arrives at your doorstep. It’s all so easy.
Alice: Well, maybe, but don’t you think it’s too easy?! This way you’ll soon never leave your home, you’ll never meet anybody! Good retail business is a dialogue,
not the punching of a few keys and the exchange of a credit-card number. Where’s the personal touch on the Internet? In real shops you can have a pleasant time. Didn’t you have a nice time in that bike shop?
Tom: Yeah, I did, and the owner was very helpful, but still...
Ш
cash — money in coins or notes;
a fine — money paid as punishment for breaking a law or a rule;
wealth — great amount of money and other riches; change — money difference between the price of smth and the sum you actually paid;
currency — money that is in official use in a country; tax — money to be paid by people or businesses to a government for public purposes;
a fee — amount of money paid for joining a club, organisation, etc.;
fare — money charged for a journey by bus, ship, taxi, etc.
l.cash; 2.fare; 3. change; 4.wealth; 5.fine; 6.fee; 7.tax;
8. currency.
1. paper money; 2. big money; 3. taxpayers’ money;
4. pocket money; 5. prize money; 6. spending money;
7. easy money.
Ш
Lout; 2.around; 3.in; 4.from, in; 5.on; 6.for; 7.in;
8.in, by; 9.under; lO.at; 11.at.
l.cost; 2. lend, pay back; 3.borrowed; 4. exchange;
5. refund; 6. sell; 7. buy, spend, waste.
La five-pound note; 2.a ten-cent coin; 3.cash;
4. to pay by cheque; 5. fare; 6. a heavy fine;
7. to introduce the single currency; 8. income tax;
9. to lend/ to borrow money; 10. easy money; 11. to have money on oneself; 12. to buy goods at a discount;
13.	to cost a fortune; 14. to refund the full cost of the purchase; 15. to waste money.
5) payday — the day on which you get your wages;
a three-for-two offer — an offer to buy two things for the price of one;
a clearout sale — a sale during which the store wants to get rid of all its present stock;
to set a fairly tight budget — to limit somebody’s budget; to blow all our savings in one go — to spend all the money at one attempt;
to be hard up — if you are hard up, you do not have much money.
TAPESCRIPT
Put an End to Spend Spend Spend
Staring at the cashpoint screen, I paused over the £50 key, then pressed the £200 instead. I’d only been paid two days before and had already spent most of my £800 monthly wage.
Working in a bank I liked to think I was good with cash. I was certainly good at spending it. Payday was my favourite day.
I went shopping. In the chemist’s there was a three-for-two offer on shampoo. It was an expensive brand but I reckoned it was too good an offer to miss. So I bought three bottles, along with lipsticks and moisturizers and bottles of bubble bath. I was a sucker for a special offer.
I spent just under £50, but I wasn’t worried, it was an investment, and I wouldn’t have to buy any more for ages. I continued shopping, adding a pair of shoes from a new collection at “Clark’s” and a top from “Marks & Spencer’s” for only £19.99 — there was a clearout sale on summer clothes there.
Back home I was pleased with my wares but as
I emptied my purse my good spirits melted away. After rent and bills, I had £15 left for the rest of the month. What was I going to do? I went round to Mum’s and asked if I could borrow £20.
“Not again,” she signed.
I was always borrowing money from Mum, but I never managed to pay it back. Sometimes I was so hard up I even had to move back home for a week or two. I knew I couldn’t go on like this but I didn’t know how to stop. Then Mum rang me: “Nicola, I’ve decided it’s about time you learnt to deal with your cash,” she said. “But how?” I asked.
Mum explained she had seen a programme on television called Your Money or Your Life. The presenter, financial expert Alex Hill, helped people to reorganize their finances so they didn’t spend so much. Mum had contacted him and asked if he could help me.
I went to see Alex. He asked me about my spending habits and, crucially, why I enjoyed shopping so much. “Buying things helps me forget about my problems,” I said. Even as I said the words I realized how stupid they sounded.
Alex made me set myself a weekly budget, and told me I could only visit a cash point once a week instead of two or three times a day as I had been doing.
I also promised to save 10 per cent of my wages every month to pay my mum back.
At first it was hard but as the weeks passed I slowly got used to it, until it became almost second nature. Eighteen months on, I’ve paid back every penny to my parents. And although I now have less money than ever, at least I have a good excuse — I’m at college preparing to go to university.
I’ve two part-time jobs to cover my rent but my income is still half what it was before. Occasionally when I walk past a shop I am tempted to go back to my old ways. But these days I limit myself to the odd treat — and blowing £200 in one go is certainly a thing of the past.
27 A)
aware of her awful clothing; was painfully aware of the women around her; wanted to crawl in a hole; the more she saw, the worse she felt; to her horrified amazement; came out of her trance; revolving doors puzzled her; knowing full well that she failed on every count.
27 B)
so fantastically well-groomed; fairy; perfectly trimmed and polished; clothes were nothing less than divine; stood still for a moment, dazzled.
27 D)
a)	drawback — a disadvantage of something, that makes it seem less attractive;
b)	to get the hang of something — to learn how to do smth or use smth;
c)	to be dazzled — not to be able to see properly for a short time; to feel strong admiration for smth exciting or unusual, to be impressed;
d)	to have an eye for something — to be good at noticing a particular type of thing, especially smth attractive, valuable, of good quality;
e)	to fail on every count — to be worse in all aspects;
f)	to be at ease — to feel relaxed, especially in
a situation in which people might feel a little nervous;
g)	to be up to a standard — to be good enough to reach a standard;
h)	to be puzzled — to be confused and unable to understand something;
i)	heaven come to earth — an extremely enjoyable situation or place.
27 E)
1. to get the hang of; 2. puzzled; 3. dazzled; 4. heaven come to earth; 5. dazzled; 6= (was) up to (her usual) standard; 7. to get the hang of; 8. have a good eye for.
ЕЕЕП
•	Bag of potatoes, apples
•	Box of matches, chocolates
•	Tub of ice-cream, cottage-cheese
•	Packet of biscuits, cigarettes
•	Can/ bottle of coca cola, beer
•	Carton of milk, fruit juice
•	Jar of instant coffee, jam
•	Tin of beans, sardines
•	Barrel of wine, cognac
•	Case of jewellery, spectacles
•	Tube of ointment, toothpaste
•	Sachet of shampoo, tomato sauce
FEI31
1.	a plastic bag of oranges — convenient to carry;
2.	a jar of honey — to prevent from being dried;
3.	a box of cigars — to keep the contents together and prevent from moisture;
4.	a tin of pate — to prevent the air from penetrating inside;
5.	a bottle of perfume — to prevent from losing smell;
6.	a case for pencils — to keep the contents together and prevent them from being broken;
7.	a carton of milk — to give the ingredients and the expiry date;
8.	a tube of face cream — to give the ingredients, the expiry date and instructions for use;
9.	a barrel of wine — to keep for a certain period of time before bottling;
10.	a tub of margarine — to protect from the sun-light and to prevent from melting.
EH
1. parsley, grapes, flowers; 2. soap, chocolate; 3.beef;
4. eggs; 5. thread; 6. wall-paper; 7.gloves; 8.books; 9. CDs.
l.D (box); 2. В (packet); 3.A (bar); 4. D (tube);
5.D (bottle); 6. В (packet); 7.C (jar); 8.D (tub).
1.	In our days shopping has become a true challenge for many people. Consumers are influenced by advertising, the huge choice of goods in bright
packaging on the shelves, and constantly changing range of fashionable clothes and shoes. Customers are constantly faced with the same problem — how to choose the necessary product of better quality and how not to not waste money and manage on (get by on) a certain sum of it. We can find plenty of advice given by psychologists and economists as for how to be a reasonable customer in different magazines and newspapers. Here is some: go around a few shops in your neighbourhood to compare the prices on the products you need; make a shopping list of what you need to buy; don’t go shopping for food when you are hungry — you take the risk of buying more than you need; make “big” purchases during sales; don’t forget that you can buy many things cheaper at the market.
2.	Every Wednesday, Susan went to the supermarket to do all the necessary shopping for the week. It was more convenient than going to small shops because all the necessary products were packaged and gathered in one place, and she rarely had to stand in a long line, (she rarely had to queue). Besides, she had a discount card, which allowed her to save a considerable sum of money in a year. She always had her shopping list (puchase list), but she sometimes allowed herself to buy a small thing or an issue of a women’s magazine. She would push her cart moving along the shelves with various products, would look at the price tags and gradually fill the cart up. Having reached the cashiers (the checkout/ the cash desk), she would pay, get her receipt and go home.
3.	I can’t say that I’m a kind of person who likes going shopping, but sometimes I go to a department store or a mall. It’s real heaven come to earth for the shoppers! You can find everything you need and even more in numerous departments. You’ll buy a bottle of perfume or toilet water at the perfumery department, you can get a set of wine glasses or a tea set at the glassware department, you’ll be offered T-shirts, running shoes, and tracksuits at the sportswear department, and at the souvenirs department you can buy nice presents for your relatives and friends: statuettes, candlesticks, vases and many other little things. In the departments of ready-made clothes, you can choose any clothes starting with a fur coat and to the underwear. If you don’t have enough cash on you, you can get some with your credit card from a cashpoint (cashmachine/ cashdispencer/ ATM) located right there.
4.	Before Christmas I decided to buy some small presents for all members of my family. I bought a pair of mittens and a muffler for my granny at the knitted wear shop. At the department store I bought a
pair of warm slippers for my grandad and a stylish tie for my dad. At the music department, I found a CD for my elder brother with a concert of his favourite group. I have chosen a silver chain for my little sister at the silverware department. My mom likes making clothes, so I bought some fabric for a blouse for her at the textiles shop, and thread and buttons at the haberdashery department. As for myself, I decided to buy a dictionary of contemporary English I had been dreaming of for so long.
5.	An average shopper in modern society goes to different shops from time to time to supply his or her family with all the necessary products. But there are people who, besides ordinary shops, like going to boutiques, where you can buy exclusive expensive clothes, and to antique shops to find old things. There have recently appeared new ways to do shopping: you can choose goods through a computer net or from a catalogue, and then order them by post or telephone. Some companies will deliver your purchases to your home free of charge. There are special TV programs that will allow you to choose and order whatever you like. You can pay for all your purchases by cheque, cash or a credit card.
Unit 16. AT YOUR SERVICE
Q
l.wig; 2. to bleach; 3. depilatory; 4. crop; 5. ringlet; 6.to dress one’s hair; 7. to braid; 8. curling-irons/ tongs.
в
l.a; 2.k; 3.c; 4.b; 5.e; 6.g; 7.1; 8.f; 9.j; 10.1; ll.d; 12.m;
13.h; 14.n.
Q
l.mud pack; 2.creams; 3.facial; 4.tweezers;
5. foundation; 6. blusher; 7. powder; 8. eyeliner;
9. mascara; 10. false eyelashes; 11. pencil; 12. lipstick.
В
l.d; 2.f; 3.b; 4.e; 5.c; 6.a.
a beautician: mudpack to improve smb’s skin; mascara to colour eyelashes and make them look thicker; tweezers to pluck eyebrows;
a barber: an electric razor; a safety razor; a straight-edged razor to remove hair from the skin;
a shaving brush to spread soap or shaving cream over the face when a person shaves; scissors to cut hair; shaving cream to put on the face before shaving; aftershave lotion to put on the face after shaving;
a pedicurist (a manicurist): cuticle stick to remove cuticles; scissors to cut nails; a bottle of polish to paint on nails to make them look attractive; nail file to make nails a nice shape;
a hairdresser: a hairbrush, a comb to make hair smooth; a curling iron to put curls in hair;
scissors to cut hair; an electric hairdryer to blow out hot air for drying hair.
ш
l.d; 2.h; 3.b; 4.i; 5.a; 6.c; 7.e; 8.f; 9.g.
Ш
a)F; b)T; c)F; d)F; e)T; f)F; g)T; h)F; i)T; j)T.
TAPESCRIPT
We are today at the Balyuk Atelier in Kiev, a unique Ukrainian enterprise that creates noble beauties. When you try on their article of clothing you get a lump in your throat — it’s so beautiful. Oksana Balyuk, the owner of the atelier has agreed to answer some of our questions.
Interviewer: Oksana, what makes the clothes that you design so unique?
Oksana Balyuk: Well, our articles of clothing are handcrafted including cutting, sewing, beadwork, embroidery and art dyeing of designs on fabric.
I: Really? And who are your employees? Are they professional tailors?
O.B.: Oh, no. You’ll probably be surprised, but the specialists of our atelier are professional painters who have studied traditions of art dyeing of designs on fabric in India for five years. Moreover, the master painters developed their own technology of this art, which is unknown to India and perhaps the world as a whole. Besides, we can make a copy of any famous paintings on fabric, achieving incredible durability of the work. Thanks to this technology, we offer clients the things that nobody else can make in the whole world.
I: The number of staff members is not large, only twelve persons. How do you manage?
O.B.: You have to take into account the fact that our atelier is equipped with modern facilities and software. We not only sew garments, but also work on creative complex ideas. We want to satisfy our clients. We produce small series of products up to several hundreds
of pieces. But we also make exclusive articles of clothing that you will not see elsewhere.
I: You mostly focus on clothing, don’t you?
O.B.: No, along with creating collections of clothing we offer trimmings, accessories (neckties, scarves, shawls and bags). We can do quality, computer-aided embroidery of logos. We have successfully completed several orders submitted by the Moscow patriarchate and the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. We’ve worked for many foreign clients and diplomats accredited in Ukraine. I: And the last question, Oksana. Can we refer to your products as “haute couture”?
O.B,: Unfortunately not. We cannot afford to finance costly projects on our own. The creative potential of our staff lets us carry out ambitious plans, but we constantly try to attract investment. We need to expand our production and open new markets. I am sure, we have a lot we can offer to the world.
12A)
to develop a film; lens, zoom lens; negative; to wind a film; to load a camera; to print photos; fast film; the background; a flash.
EEl
1) postal; 2) communication; 3) delivered; 4) postage stamps; 5) postcards; 6) addressee; 7) registered;
8) receipt; 9) sender; 10) money orders; 11) the boxholder; 12) legibly; 13) postal codes; 14) envelopes.
l.d; 2.j; 3.a; 4.i; 5.h; 6.g; 7.k; 8.e; 9.f; lO.c; ll.b.
EQ
Lh; 2.g; 3.c; 4.i; 5.f; 6.e; 7.b; 8.a; 9.d.
TAPESCRIPT
Dry cleaning is a process that removes dirt and stains from fabrics. Dry cleaning uses little or no water, but in no case is the process dry. Rather, it involves the use of liquid solvents.
Dry-cleaning plants clean items that may shrink, fade, or be damaged in some other way if washed in water. These items include certain clothing, including garments made of wool or silk, and household objects such as draperies and bedspreads.
Some materials should not be dry-cleaned. For example, dry cleaning may cause vinyl or artificial leather to crack or split. Most garments have care labels that tell how to clean them.
How clothes are dry cleaned. Workers begin the process by sorting the clothes according to color and type of fabric. Workers in a spotting department then prespot garments by brushing or spraying stains and spots with special chemicals. These chemicals loosen or remove spots that might otherwise become permanent later in the process.
Other workers then put the clothes into a large machine that resembles a washing machine used in the home. The dry-cleaning machine has a rotating drum that is filled with a liquid synthetic solvent instead of water. Workers usually add a dry-cleaning detergent to the solvent to help remove water-soluble spots. As the drum rotates, the solvent circulates through the garments.
17B)
1.	hand wash warm; do not bleach; medium iron; dry clean; do not tumble dry.
2.	hand wash in hot water; any bleach; hot iron; do not dry clean; tumble dry hot.
3.	wash in cool water; do not bleach; do not iron; do not dry clean; tumble dry at low temperature.
4.	do not wash; do not bleach; cool iron; dry clean; do not tumble dry.
iB
1. to starch; 2. keeping pace; 3. hectic; 4. garments and gowns; 5. to handle; 6. to reproof; 7. table linen;
8. trims; 9. lace; 10. pristine; 11. hangers; 12. studs; 13. corduroy; 14. in-situ; 15. alteration; 16. reweave; 17. heirloom; 18. no extra charge.
ЯЯ
1. stud; 2. alterations; 3. pristine; 4. lace; 5. hanger;
6. hectic; 7. heirlooms; 8. handles; 9. extra charges; 10. keep pace.
— I would like to have my things washed, please, (la) — Really? I would never have thought... Anyway, when can I get the rest back? (lb)
— I would like to order a wedding gown. (2a)
— Yes, please. And when shall I come for a fitting?
(2b)
— Hello, Lily. Can I have my hair cut? (3a)
— No, I haven’t decided on the colour yet. (3b)
— Can I have my film developed here? (4a)
— Now, you decide on the size... Here are the samples.
(4b)
— What’s your rate of American dollar to sterling? (5a) — Three fifties, please, and the rest — in any notes. (5b)
TAPESCRIPT
1.	—...a
— Have you made out a list, sir?
- No, I...
— OK, no man ever does. And then you say we’ve lost a couple of shirts. Hey, we know your tricks, sir, of course we do!
- No, I...
— Never mind, I’m just kidding. We’d better check it now. Two white shirts, one blue one, a sheet and two pillowcases, four T-shirts... Oh, what’s that?
— You see, I spilt coffee on this T-shirt.
— Well, well, I can’t guarantee anything, the stain looks rather old. Old stains are hard to remove... And sir, we can’t take this suit — it’s to be dry-cleaned. - ...b
2.	-...a
— Have you decided on the material, Miss?
— In fact, I would like to see what you can offer.
— What colour, Miss?
— My fiance insists on a white one, but I’m not so sure. Frankly speaking, I’d rather have it either pink or beige.
— I’m afraid the colours won’t match your eyes and your fair complexion. How about this blue silk with a narrow white stripe? It’s very trendy, indeed. I can already imagine one of the latest designs made from this material... Yes, it would look perfect on you.
— And I also want it decorated with a lot of white lace.
— Yes, sure. Would you like to have your measurements taken now?
- ...b
3.	-...a
— Short or just a trim?
— Just a trim. Not much off the top, but take away those untidy curls off the neck.
— Ugh, I think it’s high time you had it dyed!
The front is going grayish.
— I’m really thinking of it.
— We could do it along with the trimming, luv.
- ...b
4.	—...a
— You are welcome, sir. Printing as well?
— I’m not sure. There may be some spoilt ones.
— We can do it each good one for you, ignoring the ones not worth printing.
— OK, do you require any down payment?
— No, if you order a complete service. And you also get a 15 percent discount. You’ll pay tomorrow when you come to collect the ready prints. But you’ll have to collect all the prints which are good quality — you know, you can’t leave it just because you don’t like your face expression or there is a shade under someone’s nose.
— Yes, it’s fair, and the discount’s really cool. I think I’ll bring another film tomorrow.
- ...b
5.	-...a
— How much would you like to exchange?
— What I need is about 200 pounds.
— Then you have to exchange about 340 dollars.
— OK, let’s make it 400. Here you are.
— Sorry, ma’am, but first I need your name and your address.
— My name’s Lucy Dubko, you spell it d-u-b-k-o. As for the address — I’m not local, I’m staying with a friend. Shall I give you hers?
— Yes, please. I hope your friend doesn’t mind. And how would you like your money?
- ...b
1.	A visit to a beauty parlour is always a real holiday for any woman. Modern specialists offer an enormous range of services which can help any woman become more beautiful. Cosmetologists offer a facial peeling and a massage, nourishing and moisturizing face packs, professional make-up, and experienced hairdressers recommend you a modern hairstyle, you can have a manicure and a pedicure made.
2.	My friend and I decided to change our hairstyles and went to a famous hairdresser. He cut my hair according to the latest trends; he bleached several strands, dyed the remaining hair red and set it with a hairdryer, using (applying) a great deal of different mousses, gels and sprays. My friend has long straight hair which she wears in plaits and that’s why he just trimmed it having cut the split ends off and made her fringe shorter. He didn’t change her hair colour, he only made it more intensive using a colouring shampoo. We were very satisfied (pleased).
3.	— Take a seat, please. (This chair, please.) What can I do for you?
— I would like to have a shave, please.
— All right. Now I’ll apply some shaving cream. — I also want to have my moustache trimmed. (some minutes later)
— Is that how you like it?
— Yes, thank you. Everything is wonderful.
— What shall I apply: after-shave lotion or balm?
— Lotion, please. How much do I owe you?
4.	Before Christmas I decided to send postcards and small presents to my friends and relatives. I went to the post office and sent the postcards to my friends by air(mail) because they lived abroad. I also sent a small postal packet (wrapper) to my aunt and uncle. I sent money order to my Granny and Grandpa so that they could buy something for the holiday. Then I took a message form and sent an express telegram to my parents to inform them about my arrival at Christmas.
5.	— Good afternoon. What can I do for you?
— Good afternoon. I would like to have my photo taken.
— What size would you like?
— 10 x 15 cm for my family album.
— How many pictures would you like?
— Three will be enough, I think.
— Which background do you choose: light or dark?
— Light will be better.
— All right. Take this chair, please. Head a little higher, please. Will you kindly look this way, please? Don't move. Say "cheese".
— I’m afraid I have blinked.
— That's all right. I'll take another picture. It's done.
I think the photos will turn out well.
— Thank you. When shall I come in for the photos?
— You can call for them in two days.
6.1 always buy ready-made clothes, but before my birthday I decided to have my dress made by a dressmaker. I wanted something unusual and exclusive. I bought silk of a light colour and headed for the nearest dressmaker’s (atelier). We chose a style, the dressmaker suggested beads as a decoration. The dress turned out wonderful, because handcrafting is always in fashion. Now I need some matching accessories that will go with the dress (will match the dress).
7. If you need to wash your clothes or remove stains, study the signs on your clothes labels. Make sure you understand all the signs. Follow the instructions on the label. If the things can’t be washed, take them to a dry cleaner’s. Specialists recommend to dry-clean, but not to wash the things made of silk, wood and other fine fabrics, as well as leather and fur garments so that they aren’t (spoiled) damaged; so that they don’t shrink or stretch, the colours don’t run.
8. As my lifestyle is becoming more and more hectic, and my washing machine has broken down, I decided
to go to a laundry. When I brought my things there, they were sorted out, I was asked if I would like my bedclothes to be starched, but I got my blouse back, because I was advised to take it to a dry cleaner’s. The washed and ironed things were given two days later. Everything was excellent — the service was quick, convenient and at a reasonable price. Next time I’ll take their delivery service.
Unit 17. GOOD CLOTHES OPEN ALL DOORS
В
a.24; b.2; c.4; d.12; e.15; f.8; g.9; h.21; i.5; j.3; k.11,16; 1.10; m.18; n.20; o.22; p.19; q.27; r.25; s.14; t.7; u.29; v.17; w.26; x.23.
в
SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
•	a brassiere (bra), a bikini, a pinafore dress, tights, knickers;
•	a bow-tie; boxer shorts; swimming trunks;
a waistcoat = vest (AE)\ braces = suspenders (AE)\
•	an anorak; a cardigan; a jacket; a jumper; a pullover; • (above the waist) a brassiere (bra); a bow-tie; a scarf; (below the waist) boxer shorts; knickers; slacks; (both above and below) overalls; pyjamas = pajamas (AE)\ a swimsuit; a tracksuit;
•	a brassiere (bra); knickers; briefs;
•	an anorak; a fur coat; a jacket.
в
a.3; b.ll; c.l; d.9; e.8; f.7; g.5; h.10; i.2; j.6; k.4; 1.12.
Q
SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
•	Wellington boots/ wellies/ rubber boots; moccasins; trainers/ sneakers (AE)
•	high-heeled shoes; stiletto shoes;
•	flip-flops; sandals;
•	boots;
•	trainers/ sneakers (AE)\ moccasins; loafers;
•	high-heeled shoes; stiletto shoes.
0
a.3; b.4; c.l; d.5; e.9; f.6; g.2;
h.10; i.8; j.7.
Ш
a.2; b.5; c.4; d.l; e.7; f.3; g.6; h.8.
EQ
l.c; 2.a; 3.e; 4.b; 5.f; 6.d.
KQ
1. suit; 2. fits; 3. match; 4. clashes; 5. go with; 6. set off; 7. go together; 8. match/ go together; 9. matched;
10. clashes; 11. suit; 12. go together; 13. clash; 14. match.
EQ
Skimpy = close-fitting; baggy = loose; stylish = snazzy; to follow = to keep pace with; up-to-the-minute = the height of fashion; worn out = shabby; costly = expensive; to be in = to be trendy.
EB
The same colour — a different colour; suits made to measure — ready made suits; up-to-the-minute — outdated; genuine fur coat — fake fur coat; long-sleeved shirt — short-sleeved shirt; pure silk — artificial silk; to be slovenly in appearance — to be particular about appearance; to put on — to take off; to dress up — to put everyday clothes; to buy designer clothes — to buy clothes off the peg; a clinging dress — a loose-fitting dress; to be dressed in good taste — to be dressed in bad taste; light shade — dark shade.
EQ
l.c; 2.d; 3.e; 4.b; 5.f; 6.a.
EB
1. outfit; 2. clothing; 3. costumes; 4. garment;
5. uniform; 6. clothes; 7. garments; 8. clothing;
9. outfit; 10. costumes; 11. uniform; 12. clothes.
1.	socks are shorter than stockings;
2.	tights — a piece of women’s clothing made of very thin material that fits tightly over the feet and legs and goes up to the waist, stockings don’t go to the waist;
3.	suit — a set of clothes made of the same material, usually including a jacket with trousers or a skirt; costume can be national, theatre, period (=the clothes of a period of history), swimming etc.;
4.	swimming costume (BE) — a piece of clothing worn for swimming, especially the type worn by women; swimming trunks — a piece of clothing like shorts, worn by men and boys for swimming;
5.	shirt — a piece of clothing that covers the upper part of your body and your arms, usually has a collar, and is fastened at the front by buttons; blouse — a shirt for women;
6.	cardigan — a knitted garment fastened at the front with buttons or a zip; the rest are also knitted garments without buttons that you wear on the top half of your body; jumper is always made of wool; sweater can also be made of cotton;
7.	glove — a piece of clothing that you wear on your hand in order to protect it or keep it warm; can be made of rubber, leather, other fabrics; mitten — a type of glove that does not have separate parts for each finger;
8.	bathrobe — a long loose piece of clothing made of thick soft cloth, that you wear before or after you have a bath; pajamas — light trousers and a shirt that you wear in bed;
9.	scarf — a piece of material that you wear around your neck, head, or shoulders; shawl — a large piece of cloth that a woman wears around her shoulders or head;
10.	stilettos — woman’s shoes with high pointed heels, or the heels of this kind of shoe; loafers — fesp. AE) flat shoes, similar to moccasins for casual wear;
11.	T-shirt — a cotton shirt with short sleeves and no collar; sweatshirt — a thick soft cotton shirt with long sleeves and no buttons down the front;
12.	anorak — a short coat with a part that covers your head; jacket — a short light coat;
13.	clogs — shoes made of wood or with a wooden sole; flip-flops thongs (AE) — light open shoes that have only a v-shaped band to hold your foot;
14.	overalls — (BE) a piece of clothing like a shirt and trousers joined together, that you wear over your clothes in order to protect them, (AE) trousers with a piece that covers your chest, held up by two bands that go over your shoulders; dungarees (BE)\ trousers — a piece of clothing that covers the lower part of your body, with a separate part covering each leg; pants (AE).
а) втратити витримку; b) бути в чшйсь шкурц с) не можна тдходити до ecix з одшею м!ркою; d) чи раз, чи два — она б!да; е) жити в злиднях; f) убраний в шовк i в золото; g) по своему л!жку протягай шжку.
и
1. The word “jeans” comes from Genes, the French word for Genoa, a port in Italy. The first jeans were made in the United States during the 1850’s by Levi Strauss, an immigrant from Germany. Strauss arrived
in California during the Gold Rush and started a business manufacturing sturdy work pants for gold miners. Strauss dyed the denim a deep blue called indigo, which became the traditional color for jeans. The word “denim” comes from the French phrase de Nimes, meaning from Nimes.
1. to exaggerate one’s shape; 2. to dress up denim and create a smart daytime outfit; 3. to hide smb’s wide hips; 4. to suit everyone; 5. to team with a bright top;
6. to get away with trendy styles; 7. to give a feminine take; 8. to fit and flatter; 9. to be generous around the hips; 10. to balance smb’s shape; balance out the body proportions; 11. to decide what to wear with them;
12. to add accessories.
ED
red: scarlet; ruby; cherry; crimson;
green: emerald; lime; olive;
blue: turquoise; azure; navy;
violet: purple; lilac; lavender;
brown: coffee; chocolate;
white: ivory; beige; cream.
32 A)
clerical shirt £9.99	—
knitted top £99	G
knitted top £30	S
silk blouse £49.99	S
patterned vest £12	G
dress £150	s
dress £16.99	G
jeans £24.99	—
straight-legged trousers £59	G
stretchy cropped trousers £25	s
wide-legged trousers £35	s
bell-shaped skirt £14.99	s
denim skirt £19.99	G
three-piece suit £170	G
tracksuit £70	—
bottoms £8	—
suede shoes £60	—
flip-flops £39	G
textile sneakers £19	S
leather shoes £79.99	—
TAPESCRIPT
Dialogue 1-
S: You know, I hated my job as a doctor, but I have always liked to spend time in church. It took me three years to study theology and now I’m working as a curate in a church in south London. I need to look smart, but I hate shopping, and I can never decide, what to buy.
FE: Don’t worry, it’s not going to be difficult. Let’s start with casual clothes and something you can wear at work.
S: At work I wear a clerical shirt, which I already have. And my bottom half needs to be smart but practical because I do a lot of cycling around.
FE: Then I suggest this pair of stretchy cropped trousers. They’ll look smart and be comfortable for cycling. You can also look more summery by wearing them with light coloured textile sneakers.
S: Good idea, but I really tend to wear dark clothes. FE: Then it’s my duty to introduce you to some brighter colours. How about these wide-leg trousers and the emerald silk blouse?
S: Yeah, the blouse is gorgeous and the trousers are really comfortable — just right for lounging around the house. But you see, I can’t wear trousers all the time — I would hate that!
FE: Look! That’s exactly what you need! This lilac bell-shaped skirt and the matching sleeveless knitted top cost under £50. What a bargain!
S: I like the colours and the skirt is a good shape for me — a great outfit to wear when meeting my friends for lunch. Plus I can just throw it in the washing machine, so it’s really practical.
FE: But I’m sure it’s not only lunchtime that you go out, Sarah. What about evenings?
S: As a matter of fact, I do need an elegant evening look sometimes.
FE: Why not to choose this sparkly turquoise dress? It’s a little bit too expensive, but it’s worth the money paid, I assure you.
S': I’d only wear something like this for a really special occasion, but it’s stunning! I’m going to a tennis club ball quite soon — this will be perfect!
Dialogue 2
G: I spent 13 years as a stay-at-home mum. I used to live in jeans and tracksuits, but now I need a new look. You know, I’m starting my own business.
I often have to go to business meetings and I need to look professional. But I’m really at a loss. I just don’t know what women making a career wear.
FE: It’s OK; I’m here to help. First of all, I would choose this light-coloured silk-and-linen suit. With the skirt it looks smart without being too severe. With the trousers it’s more business-like and aggressive.
G: I love its ivory colour — it’s so nice to get away from dark colours for the summer. And it’s so right for meetings. But working at the office or at home, I like to be comfortable and a little more casual. FE: I am sure, this fine-knit crimson top with a V-neck and some straight-legged cotton trousers with Lycra will provide the answer.
G: Though the top is too expensive for everyday wear, I’ll have it because I particularly like its neckline. And the trousers are quite casual without being jeans — perfect for sitting behind a computer. FE: Do you still spend much time with your family? G: Yes, but our time together has become more social — going out to dinner, day trips and picnics with my business partners and their families.
FE: For these occasions I would choose this pretty summer dress made of soft polyester as well as some trendy separates. Navy denim skirts are good for outdoor activities and look perfect with bright patterned tops. Don’t forget about leather flipflops — they are a ‘must-have’ this summer.
G: Great! I can wear this pale-lavender dress when I’m out with my daughters or even for a work meeting if it is dressed up with some jewellery. Not with the flip-flops, of course, but with my favourite suede shoes. And I really like this red-and-beige vest — the pattern is simple but it attracts attention.
ЕЕЕП
l.c; 2.f; 3.b; 4.h; 5.e; 6.g; 7.a; 8.d.
TAPESCRIPT
a)	Good old Marks and Spencer — their Per Una collection is spot on again. The Per Una label translates looks from the catwalk to the high street for a fraction of the price. This season’s must-haves include smart tailored suits in pinstripes and tweed, folk fashion, peasant tops and cotton cropped trousers. Hand-knits are also very popular, and they can also be found in the Per Una collection. Best of all, Per Una, which goes up to size 18, is in 140 Marks and Spencer stores all over the country. (7)
b)	The best solution for you is to go to a shop where they offer mix-and-match swimwear. Try Bhs and Seafolly to start with. As for the style — choose briefs with the highest cut leg you dare. Bikini bottoms that
come up to just below your belly button are also a good style for you, and they’ll make your legs look longer, too. Avoid wearing shorts-style bottoms with a line cut straight across the leg — they’ll make your legs look shorter and will accentuate your hips. (3) c) Late evening outing during summer isn’t an excuse for putting on an evening dress, but you certainly need to choose something that’s got a bit of sparkle. I suggest a knee-long silk dress with a beaded cardigan. Always take a shawl, as it might get cold, and leave your hat at home. Bear in mind, that you may have to walk across soft earth so avoid wearing your best shoes — you don’t want to ruin the heels. (1) d) Don’t fall into the trap of thinking hot-wear clothes have to be revealing. Long, loose and floaty are much more elegant and practical, too. For example, a linen tunic and loose linen trousers are the coolest outfit once temperatures are steamy. If you want to hide your upper arms you can do it with a pretty lightweight shirt, worn unbuttoned over a simple cotton vest. As for the shorts — they are rarely as practical, or as flattering, as we like to think. Loose-fitting cropped trousers are better. (8)
e) You are right — they are a big trend. There is no secret in wearing them well — just be bold. My personal view is that it’s best to avoid wearing contrasting colours — tonal ones, for example black on black or red on red look better. And do never wear them if your dress is heavily decorated or has a bright pattern. (5)
f) Baggy T-shirts can make you look larger, and not many women over 21 can comfortably show their stomachs with cropped styles teenagers may like. The important thing is to buy a ribbed T-shirt or one that has some lycra content — it will look far more flattering and should retain its shape after washing. (2) g) North Africans have an excellent solution which is very simple to make — it consists of a 90 cm wide piece of fabric folded in half to form a square and sewn on either side, leaving an opening for the arms. A slit is made for your head in either a V- or round-neck shape. It can be any length. It’s called ‘jellabah’. If you don’t have time to make this, a sheer sarong or tunic sold together with a bikini is another, though a more expensive solution. (6)
h) I absolutely agree with you — if you haven’t got perfect feet, flip-flops don’t look great and can’t be comfortable, too. A much better option is mules with a covered toe. For example, white cotton ones from Clarks shoe shop look great, feel cool and cost only £12.99. (4)
Tapescripts and answer key section
ЕЕПП
What to wear		What not to wear
a.	smart tailored suits in pinstripes and tweed, folk fashion, peasanttops and cotton cropped trousers, hand-knits	—
b.	a brief with the highest cut leg, bikini bottoms that come up to just below your belly button	shorts-style bottoms with a line cut straight across the leg
c.	knee-long silk dress with a beaded cardigan, a shawl or pashmina	an evening dress, hat, your best shoes
d.	Long, loose and floaty clothes; a linen tunic and loose linen trousers; lightweight shirt, worn unbuttoned; a simple cotton vest; cropped trousers	shorts
e.	Tonal colours	heavily decorated dress or one which has a bright pattern, contrasting colours
f.	Baggy T-shirts, a ribbed T-shirt or one that has some lycra content	cropped styles
g-	‘jellabah’, a sheer sarong or tunic	—
h.	mules with a covered toe	flip-flops
EE1
1. must-haves; 2. mix-and-match; 3. a bit of spark;
4. loose-fitting cropped; 5. tonal, contrasting; 6. ribbed T-shirts; 7. V- or round-neck; 8. covered toe.
EE
1.	I like plain, practical clothes, which accentuate (emphasize) the advantages and wear well. I try to follow the fashion and change the clothes style according to the situation — from the classical one at business meetings to the chic (smart) style for special occasions and the sporting style for relaxation at home and out of doors. As to my business suits I prefer a formal (style) cut for my jackets, skirts and trousers, all my evening outfits are tight fitting, and all my home casual clothes are loose, even baggy style. While choosing a piece of clothes I always pay my attention (concentrate on) to details: the shape of the collar and the neck, the location of pockets, buttons. After having bought my clothes I try to get footwear and accessories to go with this or that garment.
2.	— Good afternoon, what can I do for you?
— Good afternoon, I’d like to look at some headgear. — What would you like me to show — hats, caps, or berets? — I want a felt hat with a broad brim. I think it’ll match my new coat.
— What colour?
— Light brown, please. I also want to buy a cap for my son. I’ll take the checked one. And will you show me a bobble hat for my daughter.
— Here you are.
3.	In winter it was cold inside the house. She came home from work, took off her tight (close) fitting formal suit, the high-heeled boots and changed into the cozy woolen sweater, loose corduroys and warm furry slippers. In the morning before she started doing exercises she put on her tracksuit, a T-shirt and trainers. Sometimes she went jogging in the park: she put on her warm jacket with a fur-trimmed hood.
4.	Welcome to our new shop! Here you can find footwear to everyone’s taste! You can get elegant stiletto shoes, comfortable moccasins, summer sandals made of leather, thick-soled sabots, high-heeled shoes which are always “in”, men’s shoes with laces and buckles, high boots. You can choose soft slippers, various sporting shoes for leisure and rubber boots (Wellingtons) for wet weather. Enjoy your shopping!
5.	There were many smartly dressed people in the hall. The ladies were dressed in long silk or velvet dresses with expensive jewelry, many of them had gloves and hats on; the men were dressed in tuxedos and tailcoats. The splendour of the guests’ outfits impressed greatly. The hostess came out. She had a formal black dress with a white lace collar. She greeted the guests and invited all to dinner.
6.	— I’m going to the seaside; please, help me buy all necessary things.
— You’d better take clothes made of light, natural fabrics: cotton, linen and silk. (You) buy some bright pinafore dress or a sleeveless dress; now striped and polka-dotted things are “in”, take a T-shirt, shorts, a couple of skirts, surely jeans (necessarily), a warm jumper, you’ll need them in cold weather.
— And what shoes (footwear) shall I take?
— Trainers, flip-flops, sandals. And don’t forget to take a swimming costume, sunglasses and a panama.
7.	We are celebrating my husband’s birthday tomorrow and I want to buy a shirt and a tie for him. He mainly has striped a shirt, that’s why I bought a plain shirt in dark-blue colour, it will go with his grey suit.
I got a light blue tie to match his shirt. I hope the new shirt will fit and flatter him.
8.	— Good afternoon, what can do for you?
— Good afternoon. I’d like to buy some winter outer clothing.
— Would you like to have a fur coat, overcoat or a jacket? — I want a warm jacket. It’s more convenient to have it on, it’s not so long as an overcoat or a fur coat. Besides garments made of fur are incredibly expensive. I wear sporty clothes, so I’ll take this suede jacket with a zip.
— Would you kindly go to the fitting (changing) room and try it on. It fits and flatters you. I’d rather recommend a different hat. A beret and a long scarf will go with this jacket. Such a combination looks very romantic.
Unit 18. SOME MEN ARE WEATHER WISE, OTHERS ARE OTHERWISE
ЕЕЛ
SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
1. cats; 2. tables; 3. Tatiana; 4. Merkulova;
5. travelling; 6. jumping; 7. Turkey; 8. ideas; 9. strange; 10. join; 11. Kharkiv; 12. dirty; 13. frog; 14. smile; 15. drive; 16. stupid; 17. 1000.
азя
Temperature: freezing; cool; cold; hot; boiling. Precipitation: a shower; a drizzle; a downpour; rain; hail; sleet.
Wind: a gale; tornado; breeze; a hurricane; blizzard; a snowstorm.
El
l.f; 2.d; 3.a; 4.b; 5.c; 6.e; 7.h; 8.j; 9.g; lO.k; ll.i.
EG!
1. a flood; 2. a volcanic eruption; 3. a drought;
4. an avalanche; 5. an earthquake; 6. a typhoon; 7. a tsunami.
ЕЕП
Highest Temperature recorded was 136 degrees F. (58.0 degrees C) at Al Aziziyah, Libya, on Sept. 13, 1922. The highest temperature recorded in North America was 134 degrees F. (57 degrees C) in Death Valley, Calif., on July 10, 1913.
Lowest Temperature observed on the earth’s surface was —128.6 degrees F. (—89.2 degrees C) at Vostok Station in Antarctica, on July 21, 1983. The record low in the United States was —80 degrees F. (—62 degrees C) at Prospect Creek, Alaska, on Jan. 23, 1971. Highest Air Pressure at sea level was recorded at Agata, in the Soviet Union (now Russia), on Dec. 31, 1968, when the barometric pressure reached 32.01 inches (81.31 centimeters or 108.4 kilopascals).
Strongest Winds measured on the earth’s surface were recorded at Mount Washington, N.H., on April
12, 1934. For five minutes the wind blew at 188 mph (303 kph). One gust reached 231 mph (372 kph).
Driest Place on earth is Arica, Chile. In one 59-year period, the average annual rainfall was 3/100 inch (0.76 millimeter). No rain fell in Arica for a 14-year period. Heaviest Rainfall recorded in 24 hours was 73.62 inches (186.99 centimeters) on March 15—16, 1952, at Cilaos, on the island of Reunion, a part of France, in the Indian Ocean.
The most rain in one year was at Cherrapunji, India. From August 1860 to July 1861, 1,041.78 inches (2,646.12 centimeters) fell. The wettest place is Mount Waialeale, on the island of Kauai in Hawaii, with an average annual rainfall of 460 inches (1,168 centimeters). Heaviest Snowfall recorded in North America in 24 hours — 76 inches (193 centimeters) — fell at Silver Lake, Colo., on April 14-15, 1921.
The most snow recorded in North America in one winter — 1,122 inches (2,850 centimeters) — fell at Rainier Paradise Ranger Station in Washington in 1971-1972. Largest Hailstone in the United States fell in Coffeyville, Kansas, on Sept. 3, 1970.
The hailstone measured 17 1/2 inches (44.5 centimeters) in circumference, and it weighed l2/3 pounds (0.76 kilogram).
□
1. shower; 2. precipitation; 3. hoarfrost; 4. earthquake; 5. thunder; 6. sleet; 7. drizzle; 8. typhoon; 9. thaw;
10. breeze; 11. sandstorm; 12. frost; 13. tsunami;
14. heat; 15. lightning; 16. hail.
Q
1.	a breeze — a light wind; a gale — an extremely strong wind; a tornado — a violent storm with very strong winds which move in a circle;
2.	rain — water that falls from the clouds in separate drops; snow — small soft white pieces of frozen water that fall from the sky in cold weather; sleet — a mixture of rain and snow;
3.	rain — water that falls from the clouds in separate drops; a drizzle — light fine rain;
a shower — a short period of rain or snow;
4.	snow — small soft white pieces of frozen water that fall from the sky in cold weather; hoarfrost — ice crystals which become attached to trees and bushes and are formed by the condensation of fog or mist;
5.	a thermometer — an instrument for measuring the temperature of the air or a person’s body;
a barometer — an instrument for measuring air pressure to show when the weather will change;
6.	fog — a thick cloud of very small drops of water in the air close to the land or water that is very difficult to see through; mist — a cloud of very small drops of water in the air just above the ground, that makes it difficult to see; fog — denser than mist and has greater power to cut off the vision;
7.	a snowfall — an occasion when snow fall;
a blizzard — a snowstorm with very strong winds;
8.	cold — low temperature; cool — fairly cold; chilly — too cold to be comfortable;
9.	a snowflake — a small piece of frozen water that falls from the sky as snow in cold weather;
a snowdrift — a deep pile of snow that has been blown together by the wind.
□
1. It was a flood. 2. It was a thick fog/ a blizzard/a snowstorm. 3. It was a thaw. 4. It was a terrible drought. 5. It was a hurricane/ tornado/ a storm. 6. It was hailing. 7. It was a shower/ downpour/torrential rain. 8. It was humid. 9. The thunderstorm was approaching. It was lightning. 10. It was boiling hot. 11. The trees were covered with hoarfrost. 12. It was an avalanche. 13. It was an earthquake.
□
1. global warming; 2. rain forests; 3. glaciers; 4. muggy; 5. heat waves; 6. permafrost; 7. average temperature; 8. deserts; 9. flat terrain; 10. conifer.
Ш
l.o; 2.e; 3.a; 4.f; 5.b; 6.j; 7.c; 8.k; 9.d; lO.i; ll.m; 12.1; 13.n; 14.g; 15.q; 16.r; 17.s; 18.p; 19.t; 2O.h.
Ш
1. temperate climatic zone; 2. ocean current; 3. average annual temperature; 4. 10 degrees above zero; 5.
frontal depressions; 6. changeable weather; 7. solar heat; 8. northwest; 9. northeast; 10. southwest; 11. southeast; 12. maritime climate; 13. cold airstreams;
14. the European continent; 15. the Lake District; 16. southerly latitude.
EQ
1. strongly; 2. to finish raining; 3. deeply; 4. mild;
5. temperate; 6. cloudy; 7. humid; 8. heavy; 9. wind;
10. large.
Ш
1. in; 2. with; 3. like; 4. in; 5. away/ down; 6. on; 7. in; 8. out; 9. over; 10. in; 11. under.
1.	The weather is determined as the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place depending on the temperature, air pressure, the strength and direction of the wind, humidity, cloudiness and precipitation.
2.	Using the data of meteorological observations weathermen can give an accurate forecast only for 48 hours. Forecasting the weather for the nearest week or month they base their predictions on the usual weather conditions for the given place and time and, of course, sometimes can make mistakes.
3.	Great Britain is an insular country and that is why the seas surrounding it greatly influence its climate and weather conditions. The Gulf Stream, a warm current in the Atlantic Ocean, makes (the) winter warmer and (the) summer rainier. Due to (thanks to) this current the seas around the British Isles do not freeze over.
4.	The weather in Britain is unpredictable, and within one day all four seasons may replace each other. The sun may shine brightly in the morning, there may be a shower in the afternoon and the day may end with a snowfall.
5.	Though Britain is famous for its frequent rains one can’t say that it is the rainiest country in the world. There is quite little precipitation in some areas of the country. For example, in the south-east, in the county of Kent, there is much less precipitation than in the Scottish Highlands. Sometimes these regions even suffer from drought but it happens very seldom.
Ш
l.T; 2.F; 3.F; 4.F; 5.F; 6.T; 7.F; 8.T; 9.T; 10.Е
ш
1. ultra-modern equipment; 2. a fairly reliable system;
3. dense clouds; 4. a heavy rainfall; 5. the new moon;
6. silvery crescent; 7. fair weather; 8. hard night’s frost; 9. a shooting star; 10. an accurate forecaster;
11. weather conditions; 12. domestic animals;
13. feathered friends; 14. traditional ways of predicting the weather.
gg
(1) to; (2) from; (3) on; (4) from; (5) into; (6) of;
(7) of; (8) in; (9) to; (10) in; (11) with; (12) on; (13) to; (14) of; (15) of.
21 A)
noun	adjective	verb
1. snow	snowy	to snow
2. rain	rainy	to rain
3. drizzle	drizzly	to drizzle
4. sleet	sleety	to sleet
5. fog	foggy	to fog
6. cloud	cloudy	to cloud (over)
7. thaw	—	to thaw
8. hail	—	to hail
9. thunder	thundery	to thunder
21 B)
1. snows; 2. was snowing; 3. snowy; 4. rain;
5. was raining; 6. rainy; 7. drizzling; 8. drizzle;
9. drizzly; 10. sleets; 11. foggy; 12. was fogged;
13. cloud; 14. cloudy; 15. thaws; 16. hails; 17. thunder;
18. thunders; 19. thundery.
22 A)
regions	spells of sunny		wind	rah	thaadrr-storm	dry weather	temperature
Sweden				+			2—6
Norway	+					+	5-7
						+	
France	+NE			+NW	+S	+	14-18
	+		+	+			18-23
Italy				+			19-24
Greece	+						22-25
				+			12-14
							12-14
England		+	+SE	+SW			12-NSW 14-17SE
TAPESCRIPT
Now here’s the weather forecast for the next three days. General outlook for Europe.
Norway will be dry with the best of sunshine on the west coast. Northern Sweden and Finland will be cloudy with rain in Central Finland. Southern Sweden and Denmark will have sunny spells with light showers on the Baltic Sea coasts. The temperature will be 2—6 °C across Sweden and Finland, 5—7 °C across Norway and Denmark. Germany, Switzerland and Austria will have a dry day with the best of sunshine in the north.
The north-east of France will be dry with sunny spells and variable cloud formations. The north-west will have occasional rain or drizzle. The southern regions of France will have outbreaks of heavy rain with localized thunderstorms. The temperature will be around 14—18 °C.
The north-east of Spain will have occasional rain with thunderstorms possible. Portugal will have sunny spells with a few light coastal showers and gusts of wind.
The temperature will be 18—23 °C.
In Italy heavy rain will move eastwards during the day with thunder and lightning. The temperature will be 19—24°C.
In Greece all areas will have sunny spells with only patchy cloud. The best of the sunshine will be towards the south. The temperature will be 22—25 °C.
The rest of the Mediterranean will be fair with a cool breeze.
And now the weather forecast for the British Isles.
The British Isles will be unsettled with showers. Rain in Northern Ireland, Wales and southwest England at first, will extend to Scotland and the rest of England during the day. The rain could be heavy over the northwestern hills. There might be some storms with thunder and lightning, in southwest England and the western coasts are expected to become misty and drizzly with scattered showers later on. Temperatures will be 12-14 °C.
In the south-east evening showers will die away into a cool night with increasing clouds from the west. Wind will be southwesterly. In the south-east thickening clouds from the west could bring some light rain and mist during the day, although some parts should stay dry. Temperatures will be from 14 °C to 17 °C.
And that’s all from me.
Joke 1: 1. of; 2. by; 3. upon/ on; 4. at; 5. about; 6. to; 7. in; 8. of.
Joke 2: 1. in; 2. in; 3. at; 4. on; 5. to; 6. after; 7. to;
8. like; 9. back; 10. to; 11. in; 12. at; 13. back; 14. to; 15. of.
1. mouth; 2. pass; 3. day; 4. delight, warning; 5. soon;
6. way, head; 7. still; 8. flowers; 9. tune; 10. hay, finely.
a)3; b)l; c)5; d)3; e)l; f)6; g)4; h)5.
TAPESCRIPT
1.	It’s Raining Cats and Dogs Today.
(Justine knew that there would be a shower today, but she didn't realize it would rain so heavily...)
Stephen: Wow, you look like a drowned rat! Didn’t you know there would be a thunderstorm today?
Justine: I knew there would be a shower, but I didn’t realize it would rain cats and dogs today.
Stephen: Well, you’d better take a hot shower right now, or you’ll catch a cold.
Justine: I know. I don’t want to get sick, especially during finals week.
2.	The Drought Conditions are Severe!
[Radio broadcasting: ...Temperatures have today reached a record 102 degrees and may well hit 110 tomorrow. Much more distressing, experts say, is that a drought has set in remarkably early and shows no sign of letting up soon... The ground is still parched from last year’s drought — crops, plants and trees are being crippled at their most vulnerable time...]
Anna: Did you hear that? The drought conditions are severe! There’s a lot of death, dying, and suffering out there!
Rose: I heard that, but it’s not surprising actually, ‘cause we haven’t had as much rain as normal this year.
Anna: Well, if it could rain even a drop, things would be much better! And my flowers in the garden would come back in a heartbeat.
Rose: I guess you might have to quit watering your garden. I heard that they are going to start rationing water. In fact, this morning I happened to hear on the radio that the reservoir had dipped below half its capacity this month and the volume of water entering the reservoir is the smallest in fifty years. Anna: Really! I thought that might happen. Great!
There go my vegetables!
Rose: I guess so. But think about Africa.
3.	Oh, My! The Whole World is Broiling.
(Gary and Sharon are complaining about how hot the weather is today...)
Gary: Oh, my! It’s really hot! I’ve never seen such scorching weather in my life!
Sharon: Tell me about it! It’s like the whole world is boiling.
Gary: Oh, look at the thermometer! The temperature has hit 98!
Sharon: I hope it’s not gonna break into three digits! Gary: But it’s already awfully close!
Sharon: Well, I just hope it’ll level off.
Gary: I guess we can’t do anything until after dark then. Sharon: I guess so. What else can we do? You can’t stay in the heat for long!
4.	You’ve Got to Drink a Lot of Fluids.
(It's such a hot day that Wendy and Mark just want to stay at home and spare themselves the worst of the heat.) Wendy: Oh, gosh! Nobody can stand this kind of scorching heat.
Marc: Tell me about it! You can’t even stay in the sun for five minutes.
Wendy: You’ll be scorched like a shrivelled plant. Marc: Or like a shrivelled old man!
Wendy: I like your humour, Marc. Anyway, I guess this afternoon there’s nothing we can do but stay home. Marc: I guess so. I don’t want to be taken to the hospital for heat exhaustion or sunstroke or something. Wendy: You want my advice? Drink a lot of liquids and spare yourself the worst of the heat!
Marc: Yeah, you’re right. Got to drink a lot of fluids. Do we have any Cola?
5.	Oh, the Heat is Unbearable!
(It's a very hot day. The heat is so unbearable. To make it worse, the air-conditioner is broken...)
Chris: Oh, the heat is unbearable! Didn’t you turn on the air-conditioner?
Paula: The heat has blown our air-conditioner on the roof!
Chris: What the...! So, what are we going to do?
Paula: We’ve got to have it fixed as soon as possible. I’ve called someone and they’re on the way.
Chris: Thank God!
Paula: Here you go. You can use the electric fan here. At least you can catch a breeze.
l.b; 2.e; 3.g; 4.h; 5.d; 6.i; 7.c; 8.a; 9.f.
l.a; 2.e; 3.b; 4.g; 5.f; 6.d; 7.c.
ЕТП
Like other peoples of the world, ancient Slavs carefully observed changes in the weather to predict future crops. The most important days for weather forecasting were the days from December 26 to January 6.
The weather of each day (Each day’s weather) foretold the weather of the corresponding month. So it was though that if, for example, December 30 was sunny, then the whole March would be (was to be) sunny and clear. If it rained on that day, then March was
expected to be rainy. If on that day everything was covered with hoarfrost, then according to folk signs it was to get warm a week later.
New Year and Christmas were especially important for crop forecasting. If the New Year day was dull (gloomy), and at night the sky was starry, graingrowers expected a good crop of wheat. If it was warm on that day and there was little snow, the crops promised to be poor (bad). If on Christmas night all the sky was covered with stars, then the crops forecasting was even better and also a good breed of cattle and a lot of berries in the forests were expected. Here are some more interesting folk signs.
Thaws in January promise cold spring and rainy summer.
If after a rain or a thunderstorm vapour rises above the ground, there again will be a thunderstorm or a strong wind.
If it rains on January 25, the summer will be rainy and cold, but if it is sunny, birds will come from the south earlier than usual.
The harder the frosts in February, the shorter the winter.
If at the end of February icicles become long, the spring will be long and cool.
If birds (build) nests on the southern side of a tree, the summer will be cold.
If in spring the sun melts on the northern side of the anthill, the summer will be warm and long, if (it happens) on the southern side, the summer (it) will be short and cold.
If it rains on the first days of June (early in June), the rest of the days will be dry. If there are a lot of fogs in this month, there will be a lot of mushrooms in the woods.
Bees become angrier and sting oftener (more often) before a drought.
If July is hot, December will be frosty.
If there is little snow in winter, there will be few rains in summer.
Unit 19. LEARN WHILE YOU ARE YOUNG
□
SUGGESTED ANSWERS:
S — serious when dealing with serious matters;
T — talented; tolerant; tactful; true friend; thankful; thinking; thorough;
U — unique; used to working hard; undaunted; uninhibited;
D — diligent; decisive; determined;
E — enthusiastic about his/ her chosen future profession;
N — nervous before exams;
T’ — true to the vocation she/ he has chosen;
S — searching/ seeking answers to his/ her numerous questions; self-confident; sensible;
L — laborious; learn more than he/ she is taught; lucky at exams;
I — interesting personality; imaginative; intellectual; inquiring;
F — friendly; flexible; faithful to the vocation he/ she has chosen; fond of studying; forward-looking; frank; E — energetic; eager to get knowledge.
EE]
1. applicants; 2. a freshman; 3. a sophomore;
4. a senior; 5. an undergraduate; 6. post-graduate;
7. a doctoral.
□
a) teaching staff; b) a deputy dean; c) a tutor; d) a vice-rector; e) a professor.
□
1. into; at; 2. —; 3. at; —; 4. in; at; 5. to; 6. at; on; on; of; 7. of; with; in; 8. —; of; 9. for; in; 10. in; for; 11. from; for; 12. off; in; 13. for; 14. at; in.
□
1. done; 2. sitting/ doing/ taking; 3. done; 4. made;
5. made; 6. take; 7. made; 8. take; 9. making/ taking; 10. is doing/ does; 11. make.
EQ
1. to take/ make notes; 2. to skip/ miss classes/ to play truant; 3. to fall/ lag behind the group; 4. to get a Bachelor’s/ Master’s degree; 5. to do well in English/ to be good at English; 6. to hand in a course/ term paper (project) in time; 7. to have a good ear for languages; 8. to have a good command of French; 9. to catch up with the group; 10. Admissions Office; 11. to prepare for/ to read for an exam; 12. to revise material before the exam; 13. good academic performance;
14. low/poor attendance; 15. a first-year student/ a freshman; a second-year student/ a sophomore; 16. a post-graduate student; 17. a teaching staff of the department; 18. to be (on) top of the class; 19. the
monitor of the group; 20. a full-time or a part-time student; 21. to submit an application for admission; 22. a student’s card; 23. a major; 24. to cram before exams.
Ш
1. introduction; 2. successful; 3. attention;
4. assignments; 5. unreadable; 6. failure; 7. revision;
8. mistaken; 9. succeed; 10. absences; 11. punishments; 12. gifted; 13. satisfactory.
EB
1. an elective course; 2. to study in depth; 3. to conduct a seminar; 4. title of the lecture; 5. a disciple; 6. a survey course; 7. to enroll in a course/ to sign up for a course;
8. to prepare a paper on; 9. grades; 10. to rehearse;
11. to deliver a paper; 12. to make notes; 13. to hang on every word; 14. a pile of books.
IQ
WHAT JESSICA SAYS:
I had to work harder than I had expected to keep my grades up.
...there is a strict rule — “if you flunk one test, you’re screwed.”
There’s sleep ... I found myself staying up as late as 3 or 4 in the morning, either partying on campus, or studying in the library.
...the absolutely new experience — living in a dorm. ...break all the connections you had before and start a new life.
Learning to live with a slim wallet is the thing almost all freshmen face ...I had two jobs during my freshman year.
TAPESCRIPT
Interviewer: Our program today is for those who are planning to go to college. What do you know about college life? Your parents keep telling you that college means studying, studying and more studying, that if you want to succeed in life, you should always be on top of your class. Or don’t they? Still, your friends and elder cousins tell you quite the opposite. So who are you inclined to believe? Here in our studio is Jessica Klein, a sophomore from the University of Utah, who will try to tell us what it is that freshmen wish they’d known. Jessica, what did you expect your first year at university to be?
Jessica: Frankly speaking, I thought I knew the stories. As a high-school senior, I imagined a wild
undergraduate lifestyle straight out of the movies. Now my freshman year at the University is over. I found I had to work harder than I had expected to keep my grades up. I think my mum was right saying that studying is the priority, while movies show the bright side only. Very soon I found out that there is a strict rule — “if you flunk one test, you’re screwed”. You have to have so much self motivation.
Interviewer: Yeah, popular mythology about college life seems to be quite deceiving...
Jessica: At the end of my freshman year I did have a project for my sociology class and asked some fellowstudents to imagine they were giving advice to their younger siblings about what they wished they’d known before starting college. Topics ranged from dating to drinking to dorm life. But they all agreed that by the end of the first year you change a lot.
Interviewer: What are the most common problems they mentioned?
Jessica: There’s sleep, for a start. Almost everyone mentions it. As for me, I found myself staying up as late as 3 or 4 in the morning, either partying on campus, or studying in the library. University libraries work overnight most of the time, you know.
Interviewer: What is the solution? Is it possible to choose either partying or reading?
Jessica: If you never go to parties, you’ll soon become an outcast, and that’s very unpleasant. If you don’t go to the library, you’ll soon stop being a student, and that’s disastrous. One of my fellow students, Chris, suggests taking late classes, so that you don’t get up too early. Interviewer: What is too early?
Jessica: For me, too early is 10, for him — 12, I think. Interviewer: Ha-ha. And what was said about the absolutely new experience — living in a dorm?
Jessica: For most people the most challenging point is learning to live in a prison-cell-size room — with another person.
Interviewer: But very often roommates grow to become lifelong friends.
Jessica: Not in the case of my fellow-student James, who returned home one night to find his roommate having turned their room into a hard-rock music studio. He got really depressed because he couldn’t fall asleep with someone practicing hard-rock music in the same room all night long!
Interviewer: Is there any antidote for disorderly roommates?
Jessica: Honest communication is usually a good start. But that wasn’t enough for James. He ultimately had to
complain to the college authorities, and his roommate kind of got kicked out.
Interviewer: How do you get on with your roommate? Jessica: Now it’s all right, but at the very beginning it was quite difficult. She kept very distant from me. You know, that “ho met own-honey” phenomenon: she arrived at college attached to her boyfriend from high school, and spent her time either talking to him on her mobile, or writing long letters and crying. It took her about half a year to notice that there’s a whole other world out there.
Interviewer: Yes, you kind of break all the connections you had before and start a new life. Adult life, by the way. And in adult life money plays an important role. Were there any comments about money in your survey? Jessica: Sure. Learning to live with a slim wallet is the thing almost all freshmen face. Even if your parents are well-off and keep supporting you, it’s never enough.
Interviewer: Is it possible for a freshman to find a job? Jessica: Most colleges offer campus jobs. I had two jobs during my freshman year. But if I had to do it again I would have gone the first year without a job. It might have given me more time to enjoy the first year the way I imagined it.
Interviewer: Thank you, Jessica.
l.F; 2.T; З.Т; 4.T; 5.F; 6.F; 7.T; 8.T; 9.F; 10.F; ll.T.
l)f; 2)b; 3)j; 4)a; 5)d; 6)c; 7)e; 8)h; 9)g; 10)i.
1. to tailor to; 2. to figure out; 3. to go to optional review sessions; 4. to drift off; 5. to cite; 6. to include a catchphrase; 7. to proofread; 8. to glance through a blue book; 9. notes on lectures; 10. to get/ have a second wind; 11. to fight tooth and nail; 12. to keep a close eye on smb or smth.
26 A)
weekly assignments; average progress; sophisticated students; challenging and rewarding studying;
applicable knowledge; university-related people.
1.	In my course of General Linguistics I’m getting applicable knowledge.
2.	Studying at this University is challenging and rewarding.
3.	All the students in my group are sophisticated.
4.	All the University-related people live on campus.
5.	My teachers say I’m making average progress.
6.	Every Monday we are given a weekly assignment.
27 A)
TAPESCRIPT
I’m in Davis, well... it’s been six weeks already, just finished my 4th week of classes... Yes, life here is measured in weeks — according to the syllabi and the amount of work to be done. My life is pretty much — studying, studying, studying. Meaning — no life! College is very different from schools in terms of the community both of students and professors, demands and expectations from you. A LOT OF WORK!!! Every week I get about 1000—1500 pages to read on average, plus those weekly writing assignments, e.g. papers, briefs, reviews... whatever, that’s not very fun stuff. So far I’ve been making very average progress, struggling to self-discipline... Most recent news is that I’ve finally got a computer, it’s making my life much easier (now I can do all-nighters writing papers...).
I’m taking three classes in my major area of study. They are 3-hour seminar sessions and include History, Home Politics, and International Political Economy... I’m feeling like an absolute idiot among all those oh-so-sophisticated colleagues of mine, every time I open my mouth to say something in class — I feel that I am saying something absolutely stupid!!!
I’ve also opted for a couple of extra classes — they are Spanish, French and I’m thinking of taking Mathematics as well but it will mean even more work, so I’m not sure.
But, in fact, I love people here, we’ve got a great community of students. There aren’t many of us freshmen — I think fifty or something, and about 30% are never around cuz they’re either working, or just not willing to study, but the rest are fun and smart. So far, classes and studying and learning have been very challenging and rewarding, despite a lot of work I finally feel that I am actually learning something important and applicable!
Other than school — well, I’m playing tennis, a colleague of mine a few years ahead of me in the department is an excellent player, so we hit once-twice a week, there are also a couple of girls I met who are very good, so at least I get to get out and exercise. On Saturdays my roommate and I go to American football games, sometimes to the
bar. Most of the time it’s just all about reading and reading. Besides shopping for food, cooking and watching our favorite TV show from 7 to 8 pm. My roomie is cool, we are taking the same classes, and go along very well (hey, she’s got a tiny kitten... HURRAY!!!). The town of Davis is small, mostly university-related people, I got a great bike for myself and enjoy rides — there’s practically no public transportation, and everybody gets around by bike, it takes about 3—4 minutes from campus downtown, and all the shopping is nearby... Finally I’m learning all those traffic rules!
OK, that’s in brief all about my life here.
27 B)
1.	measured in weeks
2.	demands and expectations
3.	3-hour seminar sessions
4.	go along
5.	from campus downtown
6.	opted for
7.	on average
ЕТП
l.F; 2.F; 3.T; 4.T; 5.T; 6.T; 7.F; 8.T; 9.T; 10.T.
1.	I have always had a flare for foreign languages. My favourite subjects at school were English, Russian and Ukrainian Literature. That’s why I decided to go to the foreign languages department where I can major in these subjects. Besides I took the German language. Before the entrance examinations I submitted all documents to the Admission Office and began to revise for the exams. I passed two exams in English and Ukrainian with excellent results. Now I am a full-time student. Being a University student is difficult but interesting. Every day we have three double-periods: a lecture, a seminar and a practical class. Most of all I like to work in the language laboratory where I can master my English and German. I devote much time to my studies and I hope to make good progress.
2.	In my life I haven’t met a single schoolchild or a student who wouldn’t be afraid of exams. I am afraid
of them too though it is rather strange because I always pass them well and haven’t failed a single exam. But all the same every time before the exam I get nervous. And do you know any way to get over your fear of exams?
3.	Tom became very tired of working at his French and felt sleepy, but a mug of steaming coffee woke him up and gave him a second wind. He again set about the translation with enthusiasm.
4.	At school Sue always got good marks in Algebra and Geometry. She liked not only to do difficult sums herself but also to explain new material to those who fell/ lagged behind the class because of some illness and couldn’t cope with it themselves. So after leaving school she went to university and did Mathematics for four years. Then for two years she trained as a Maths teacher in a Teacher Training College. There she got her Master’s degree and now teaches children in on one of the schools in London.
5.	Martin failed his History exam and had to sit it again. He was frustrated but realized that his failure was explained by several reasons. First of all, his attendance and performance during the term were rather poor. As he had nobody to pay his fees for education, he had to earn money himself. He worked as a barman at a night club and studied during the day. Sometimes at lectures he felt that his attention drifted away and he was falling asleep. Secondly, he hated to cram/ swot but History course was full of dates and events that had to be learned by heart. Thirdly, he didn’t have all lecture notes and didn’t go to optional review sessions. But he knew that he had to fight tooth and nail for his Bachelor’s degree and the only way out was to hit the books again.
6.	Students’ routine differs from schoolchildren’s life. Being at university takes more discipline and selfpolicing. First of all, you have to keep to a rigid schedule, attend seminars and lectures and hand in all papers in time. You’d better make up your to-do list in the planner beforehand (in advance). If I have some spare time, I spend it with my friends. We go to our favourite cafes where we have coffee and desserts, listen to good music and chat. Perhaps, such lifestyle seems boring, but I like it and I’m sure that I’m at the right place.
“A WAY TO SUCCESS” is a multi-skill English course for first-year university students who major in English.
It combines a clear structure and organisation with a flexible approach to language work, encouraging students to take responsibility for their own learning.
Additional key features of the coursebook are:
•
authentic and near-authentic listening and reading texts;
• real-life functional language;
• exposure to cultural diversity of English speaking world;
• contemporary issues of interest to young adults;
creative, task-based activities;
skills integration with a special emphasis on writing for real communicative purposes