Author: Слепович В.С.
Tags: общие вопросы лингвистики, литературы и филологии языки мира английский язык перевод текстов
ISBN: 985-470-020-8
Year: 2002
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npe,lJ
npe.!!
(
J10jf«(
.... -
water (n) - BOlla
water (v) - nOJ1HBaTb
closed (v, past simple) - JaKpblJ1
closed (participle II) - 38KpblTblH
empty (adj.) - nycTOH
empty (v) - OnOpO>KWlTb
books (n, pI.) - KHHrl1
books (v, 3"' person, sg.) - 3aK83bJBaeT
6
lO.)l".
'0 HJUt
IbJH"
VMellUU
ITb, Ka-
lCTII pe-
DBce He
IUKCbl H
BJUleTCJI
I aKalle-
10pa" -
BbtnOn-
peMeHH.
, nplina-
,eneHHJI :
!)I(CKOro
) " - Ha-
Tal( KaK
:I1TbC" K
cause (n) - npH'iHHa
cause (v) - Bbl3blBaTb, 6blTb npl1'iHHOii
official (a) - O<pHUlJaJlbHblii
official (n) - O<pHUliaJIbHOe mu.{o
- -- ..... ..-..;---
C8Moe npOCTOe npeJJ)lO>KeHUe This results ill a good effect H)'>KHO npo-
aHaJlH3HpOBaTb C TO'iKH 3peHI111 ero CTPYK1Ypbl, a He Ha'il1l1aTb nepeBOlJ.JITb C
"K06bl npOCToro 11 O'feBI1.l1Horo: "3TH pe3ynbT8TbL..", T8K KaK .l1aJ1bWe -1)'-
miK. 3TO KaK pa'3 TOT cnY'iaii, KOr.l1a "Bce cnOBa 311alO, a ncpeBCCTIf He MOry".
Bo-nepBblx, B .l1aHHOM aHrnUHCKOM npeJUJO>f(eHH" .'This" - He ":nll", a
":noT". Tor.l1a nO'leM}' "pe3ynbTaTbJ"? B TOM-TO .i /leno, '1TO HUKaKHe :no Ife
"pe3ynLT8Tbl". OCT8eTC" O.l1HH BapHaJIT: "resulls" - 3-c miLlo C.l1HHCTBeHHoro
'1Hena rnarona "result". CnOBapb .l1aeT 3Ha'leliHe rnamna result (in): I1pllOD-
oumb (K).
Tenepb BCe BCTaeT aa CBOH MeCT8: This results in a good effect - 3TO
npHBO.l1I1T K nonO>KmenbHoMY 3<p<peK1Y (pe3ynbT8TY).
. OCHOBIIOft BbJB0.l1113 npHBe.lJ.eHHOrO BbllIIe npuMepa: <jTOObl pa306paTbcH
B crpY"''Ypc aHrJIIIiicKoro npeJJ.J10 eIllIH, B nepBYlo O'fCpC.lJ.b Hco6xoJJ.1I1\1O
lIanTII CKUJYeJlfOe. Bce, '1TO CTOI1T CJleaa OT cK83yeMoro, 6YJIeT OTHOCHTbCJI K
zpynne nOOjIeJICOUIe20 (:no MO>KeT 6b1T 60nbwe, '1eM OJIHO HJlIf JIBa cnOBa), a
cnpaoa OT cK83yeMoro 6YJIeT zpynna oonOJIHeH1Ul. 3aTeM - 06cmOHme.nbcm60
(nOCJlCJIHee, B '1aCTHOCTH. 06CTmrrenbCTBO BpeMeHH. MO)l(CT CTOJlTb B Ha'laJIe
npeJUJO)l(eHlIJl).
11, HaKOHCLl, OCHOBHOii Bonpoc: KaK Haiinl cK83yeMoe B aHrnl1iicKOM
npeJIJIO)l(CHHU?
CywccrnYCT rplt OCIIOBllhlX oplBuaK3 cK31yel\IOro aHrnuHcKoro npCJI-
nO>KeJmJl:
I. Bee <pOpMbl BeUOMOraTe,1bHLIX (be. do. have) H MOJIaJlbHLIX rnaronOB
(can. may. must, should, etc.) BXO,WIT B COCT8B CKa'3yeMoro. 3TO OJIHO
113 HCMHorHX npaBlUI aHrnlliicKoii rpaMMaTI1KII, B KOTOpOM Hem uc-
K!1I0'leHlIll.
2. CY<P<PHKC -ed Past Simple. HO: He nyTaTb ero c npOIIICJIWHM npH'IaC-
THeM (Participle II). To eCTb O.l{Ha H T8 >Ke <popMa, HanplfMep. lised,
>'!O)l(eT nCpcBO.lJ.HTLC" KaK lICnOllb3OOaJ/ H UCnOJIb3000l1llbill.
B npeJUJO>KellHJI The method lLfed was effecti 'e cKa3yeMbiM JlB-
nHeTCJI was good (CM. l-ii nplI3l1aK). 3na'lHT, cneBa OT Hero - rpynna
nOJUJe)l(awero, TO eCTb used - :no onpeJIeneHHe nOJUJc)I(amero
method, H OHO K TOMY >Ke CTOHT nocne onpellenHCMoro cnOBa (B PYC-
CKOM Jl3blKe '1awe Bcero Ha060pOT). TaKHM 06pa'30M, ncpCBOll npen-
7
J10)/(emlJl CJ1e.ilYlOuuti:t: "l1cn0J1b30BaliHbIll MeTOJ1 6bm 3<1>( eKTIIB-
HblM".
3. OKOlf1{aHHe - s 3-ro J1Ulla CIUIIICTBeHHoro 4Hcna Present Simple (In-
definite), HO: He nyTaTb ero C MIJOiKeCTBeHHblM <JHcnOM CYllleCTBH-
TeJIbHblX (4)opMa books nepeBODJITCSI KaK 30K03b/(Juem 11 KHU,'U; re-
sltllS - npU600U11l [K] H pe3)'J1b11laJllbl).
r:
eT 6
1blcn
laXOlJ
. 01l.HH n3 BajKHbIX 3TIlnOB nHCbMeIllloro nepCBOJ1.a - ero pet>lIKlIlllpOBOIUle,
TO ecTb npllBeJ1emle TeKCTa ncpeBOlla B COOTBeTCTBne C HopMaMU pOll.HOro
Sl3b1Ka.
Dpn nepeBOlle aIlrJJHiicKOro TCKCTa He CJ1CllYCT ncpCHOCIITb B PYCCKllii
1'CKC1' Cnelll14>H'ICCK le <JepTbI aHrnUltCKOrO OpHn1HarJa:
a) aHrJJUHCKI-fe JIII<JllbIe <}JOpMbl ncpellatoTC.II PYCCKIIMI1 HeOnpell.CjlCJlIJO-
J11f'IHbIM 1 060pOTaMU:
.!J.)
Ipll n
. aJ1blll
H
'RtJ/KU
'leTa.
'Illcr
....
-
You mighl ask why the bank has choscn this policy.
MO:J/CIiO cnpOCU11lb, nO'IeMY GaHK t36parJ 3ry nOJ1UnlKY.
EI
: III C
_ /)1(110
P to t
lie I.
We kl/ow the inflation rate to be directly dependent on increase of price
level, wages, and production costs.
lf36ec:nlllO, 41'0 ypoBem, HHtPmllll1lI lIanpllMYIO 38BHCUT 01' pOCTa llCII,
3apa601'HO" I1.J1 1 3a1'paT H8 npOmnOJ1C1'Bo.
6) B aHrmdicKHX TeKCTax HCpCJ1KO YlloTpe6J1.11CTC.II 6YJ1YIT.lec BpCM.II llJIS!
BblpIDKCHlU1 06bl<JHOro J1ei\CTBllJI, 1I00TOMY IIpn nepcBollc CJ1CJ1YeT lICnOJ1bJO-
BaTb Hac rmullee BpeMS!:
)JJ
--.
The exchange rate is detcnnined by dcmdnd dnd supply, which will be
universaJ economic categories.
06MCHHblii K)'pc onpCJ1CJIS!CTCS! cnpocoM U npc!I.JIO)/(CHIleM, KOTopble
R6.!/RlO mCR y mIBepcanbHbll'lfll 3KOHOMII<JCCKIIMII K8Teropn.llMH.
,))KeH
HBlIO!
On\HC
To
nlOC)}
Bepil
JpMa
B) B aHrJJHHCKOM S!3blKe cpopMa naCCI1BlIoro 3arJora HCnOnbJyeTcR 20pmoo
'wUfe, qeM CTp8J1aTeJIbHbIH 3anor B PYCCKOM S!JblKe, n03ToMY npH nepeBollc
c J1e 11Y eT HCnOJ1bJOBaTb Ii J1pynle CpeJ1CTna BbIpaIKeHlUl:
This issue was discussed in the board meeting.
3TOT Bonpoc 6b111 o6c}':iKJ1eH Ha JaCeJ1aHlUf COBen.
:trOT BOnpOC 06CYJ1Hmf Ha JaceJ1aHIUI COBeTa.
:trOT Bonpoc 06cY)j(J1arJc.II Ha 38CCJ1aIlHII COBeTa.
3aCeJ1aHUe COBeTa 0 6CY.!lI 31' OT Bonpoc.
HeJ
II yc
8
KTJIB-
r) nOpRJJ.OK CnOB PYCCKOro npeMOiKeillUl, B OTnlf4Ue OT aHrnUHCI\OrO. He-
CeT 60nblll}'lO CMblC!10BYIO HarpY3KY. "1 eHTp TJliKCCTlI", TO CCTb rJJaBHaJI
\iblCnb B PYCCKOM npCMOiKeHUH, B OTJIH'Ule OT aHrJIII"CKOro. ljaCTO MO)KeT
HaxOJJ.HTbCII B KOHlIe npeJUIOiKCHlUI.
e (In-
CTBH-
'.I; re-
--'"' --1'
'IIlUe,
'0
A studcnl has done this rescarch.
31'0 uccnellOBaJme npoBl!J1 CTyllCHT [a He 3CCUCTeliT llnl! HaY4Hbifi CO-
TJ'YllHIfK].
CCKII"
ll) HaKOHCU, He06xOllUMO )'4I1ThlBaTb pa3!IJI'IHR K)'J1bl)'p II peanuM CTpaHbl
npll nepCBOJJ.e C OllHoro R3blKa Ha JJ.PYro", 1130eraTb KanbKllpOBaH1U1 If OYK-
BaJlbllblX ncpeHOCOB.
HanplIMep. BblpaiKCHlle dozells of examples CJ1c.a.yeT nepeBecTIf KaK oe-
L.JIfIlKli [a lie «Jl./O>KIIHbm] nplL\fepo6. nOCKOJ1bKY Y lIac J.lCCIITH'1H3R CIlCTeMa
c4l!Ta. CnoBo «11I0>K1II13» B nepcnollc 6YllCT YMecTHo TO:lbKO. KOrJ.l3 PC'lb If'IeT
o IjJfcnc <<12».
ICHIIO-
f price
Erne ollim npUMep P33JUIIjIlR B peanmlx - KOHCTPYKUIIR OKOH B AHrnlm
mm CWA, OTnJII.laIOLLlMCH OT KOIICTPYKUHII HaWIlX OKOH TeM. IjTO IIX paMbl
HY>KHO nOOHJI11lb. '1T06b1 OTKpblTb. I1Memm n03ToMY npCMO)KCHlle "He came
.Ip to the window and raised if' nepenollllTcH «OH nOllOllleJ1 K OKHY II OIllKpbl.1
a He nOOIl.RJI] ero».
AnH 1136e)KaHIiR KaJlbKllpOB3111U1 (T04110ro IIOnropeHlI1I) CTPYKrypbl npell-
10>KeHiUl nplt ncpcnOlle IIHor1l3 J1Y'llue nOCn0J1b30naTbCSI MeTOJ.lOM «OT npo-
rJIBHOro). Hanpmlep, npeMO>KCHUC "Remember lO call her" B nepeBO!lC
,10)l(HO llaTb K3K ((He 3a6yob n0360l/Unlb eu»).
To >Ke OTHOCI1TCH K cnY4aSlM nepeBoJJ.a, KOr.l1a «MIIIIYC Ha MIIHYC llaeT
lJ1IOC)), TO eCTb .l1Ba OTpHl..laHIUI (not uncommon; not until) nCpCBO.l1l1TCR KaK
rTBep>KJJ.emlc (n0.l1p06HCC 06 3TOM CM. B p3311eJ1e 2.3. <<JIcKCllljeCKlle TpaHc-
!JOPMalUIIi npll nepeBO.l1e))):
a ueH,
IR JJ.J1R
OJ1bJO-
w;ll be
ITopble
"" "BK;
It's 1I0t ullcommoll to use this method.
I1cnoJ1b3onailuc 3Toro MCTOJIa - 06bl4HM npaKTIIKa.
'Jpa300
peno.n:e
The credit was 1101 granted 11111;1 early March.
Kpc JJ1 BbI 'Wb B Ha4ane MapTa.
HeJ1Hwile HanOMlIlITb 06 3TIIKC nCpCBO,ll'IIIK3. KOTOplliI OC06CHHO B3JKHa
'pl! YCTHOM nOCJ1e.l10BaTeJ1bHOM nepeBoJJ.e.
9
"...
nOCKOnLKy nepeBOll.'1HK neCeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a aneKBaTHOCTb nepe 3.
BOll. IMOi\ HHctJopMauHH, OCIIOBHLIM npaBllnoM 3TII'-:1I nepcBoJl'fIlKa IIBjf1leT
CR Hep33rnarnemte 3TOH HHctJopMaUlUt, coxpaHeHHe KOHctJltneHUliaJ1bHOCTH. 4.
YCTHblH nepeBon'HiK (confcrence intcrprcter) !lOJDKeH nOMHllTb 0 TOM, 'IT ,
OH IIBJlReTC1I «TCHblO» rnaBHblX Y'IaCTHHKoB nepcroBopoB. A 3TO 3Ha'lHT, 'IT 5. I
COBcprneHHO HeYMCCTHbI ero c06CTBeHHbie KOMMeHTaplfH, npHBJle'leHHe K ce I
6e BHHMaHH1I H T.lI.. nHllIb R CJI}"-Iae He06xo.!l.ltMOCTH MO)f(HO n01lCHJlTb OCO I
6eHHOCTH HaUHOH8JlbHOro xapaKTepa H MeHTaJ1HTeTa, 'fTOObl CMblCJI BblCK 6. I
3bIBaHHH CMblCJI BbICK33b1BaHflH 6b1J1 1ICHee. 7. I
npeKpacHo, ecnH nepeBOJl'lIlK HaxOJlIIT TO'lHoe COOTBCTCTBlle ctJpa3eoJl
fH3MaM H IIJlHOMaTH'IeCKHM BbJpIDKeHmlM B .!I.PyroM 113b1KC. HO J1Y'lwe _
npH6erHyrb K HeH11>aJ1bHOH JleKCHKC nplt nepeBO.!l.C, '1eM B norOHC 3a «Kpac
BOCTblO» HCK33HTb CMblcn. 113BecTHo, K KaKIiM nOCJ1eJlCTBIIHM B OTHOrneHIIJl
Me)f(Jl)' CCCP II CIllA npllBC1l «B01lbHbIH nepeBOID) <pp33bl H.C. XpYlllea
«Mbl BaM nOKaJKeM K)'1bKHH}' MaTb!», npmi3HCCeHHOH 11M Ha ceCCIUI reH.
paJ1bHOU ACCaM6J1ell OOH. B ncpeBOJle 3TO np03BY'IaJ10 KaK "We will bu
you!" (<<MI.l Bac noxopoHIIMh». HaBepHoe, KpaiiHciI CTeneHblO yrp03bl COBe
CKOro PYKoBoJlHTenH B nepeBOll.e Morna CTaTb BCpCHH "\Ve' II tcach you a Ie
son" (<<MI.l nOKa)f(eM BaM!» HJJH «MI.l npO}"-lHM Bac!»). B caMOM lI.e.Ile, KOr.
)f(e 3aXO'feTCR 6blTb noxopoHeHHblM 3a)f( tBo? H3BeCTHo, '1TO 3a 3T1tM nepeB'
lI.'IeCKHM Jl1InCYCOM (KCTaT", CJlOBO 3TO JlaTHHCKoe: lapsLls - OWHOKa) nOCIi'
lI.0BaJ1 O'lepClI.Hofi BIITOK rOHKH BOOPY)f(eHllfi.
nepCBOll.'iItK lI.0Jl)f(eH 6blTb KOppCKTHbIM, C06mO.!l.aTb Bbl.!l.ep)f(K)', OTJI
'IaTbCR nYHK1)'aJlbHOCTblO H 6blTL aKK)'panfO H c11>0ro Oll.CTbIM. npH pa60Te
KOMaHlI.e He06xoll.HMO TaKTH'lHO npUXOJUITb Ha nOMOll.lb TeM, II.TO XY)f(C op'
CHTHPYCTCR B CH'I)'aUHH.
nOMHIITe, 'iTO JlaJIeKO He Ka)f(lI.bJn, I\TO BnaneeT 1I3b1KOM, 06JJa.1laeT cn
c06nOCTblO HlIH HaBblKaM11 aJ1.eKBaTHoro nepCBO..1a. 3TOMY }'iaTCS!, np"""
npouecc OCBoeHliS! MaCTepCTBOM nepeBO.!l.a O'ieHb J1JUlTeJlbHbln. TOT, lITO )10'
THr onpeJ1.eJ1eHHorO ypOBHII, HO He pa60TaeT HaJl COBepweHCTBOBaHueM f
BblKOB nepeBOJ1.a, npoCTO TepReT 3TOT ypOBeHb. nepeBOJl'UlK)', K3K cnopTCM
HY H M}'3LIKaHT)', HeOOXOll.HMO nOCTOS!HHO nO.lU1ep)f(ItBaTb (POPMY.
1:1:] BOnpOCbl AI1S1 caMOKOHTPO S1
1. qTO TaKoe nepeBOJl?
2. qro He06xoll.IIMO 3HaTb nepCBOJ1.'iHKY? B 'ieM 3aKJIIO'laeTCR TeXHli
nepeBon.'IUKa?
10
fb nepe. 3.
HBlmeT -
)CH\. 4.
TOM. 'fT(
'fHT, 'fTO 5.
me K ce-
l1Tb oco.
I BbICK8. 6.
7.
pa3COJlo,
''fwe Yi!,
L «KpaC\I.
DWeIUlJl.>
)( PYllleB,
1If retu
will bur
Ihl COBeT'
IOU ales
'ne. KOM
I nepeBo
a) nocnc
KY. OTml
pa60Te I
Y)I(e Opll
n,aCT cno
:. npll'fc\
. KTO }lOC
LIII:ICM m
:nopTcM
.J! TeXBlf:,
C KaKHMH BHllaMlf ncpeBOlla HaM 'fallle Bcero npnXOl1llTcJl. HMeTb lle-
n.o?
B 'n M npwurna cmyaUHlf, KOflla «Bce cnOBa 3HalO, a nepeBecnl He
MOry»?
KaKOH 'fnCH npC.lIJIO)l(eH1U1 Heo6xOllliMO YCTIlHOBIITb B nepB)'IO O'fe-
pellb npn nepeBOlle c aHrnniicKoro J!3bIKa? no KaKHM cpOpM3JIbHbiM
npli3l1aKaM cro MO)l(HO HanTH B npe.lIJlO)l(CHlm?
B 'fCM 3aKJIlOl.JaCTCJ! npouccc pCllaKTHpOBaHHJI. nepCBOlla?
KaJCOBbi Tpe6oBaHHJI. K YCTHOMY nepCBOllI.JHK}' C TO'fKH 3peHHJI. npo-
cpeCCHOH3JIbHOU 3T1fKH?
11
Ii] l/acmb II.
'Il!1I
4a
PYC
nEKC 4ECK EBonpOCblnEPEBO A
m nepeBOA
----'-"
3Ha'
Hen
Db'"
He J
.lIon:
WI(
[IJ] YCTaHOBIIeHMe 3Ha"feHMJI CIIOBa
npH nepeBo.n:e C anrJUlHcKoro H3blKa Heo6xo.LUIMO 06HapYII{llTb cnOBO
pO.llHOM H3b1Ke, KOTopoe HBJlHeTCII 6JlH3KHM no 3Ha'leHHIO aHfJlHikKOMY CJlO
BY. TaKoe CJlOBO B TeOpH" nepeBO '1a na3blBaeTCH ReKClI'leCKWH, lUll! C706a
lib! w. coomeemCm611eM.
,[{J1H npaBHJ1bHoro HCnOJlb30BaHHH JleKCH'leCKHX. ImH CJ10BapHbIX, COOT
BeTCTBI1H cne,':{)'eT pa3J1H'IaTb CJIelIYlOlllue lnunhl CMblC"706bIX onlHowellU
Me.J/{'oY C:7oeQ.:"Il/:
liMe!
) nJ
; 'llp/,
flpal
fO 3.'
I
IIUII
l. 3Ha'leHI1I1 CJIOB B aHrJHlikKOM II PYCCKOM H3blKax nOJ1HOCTblQ COOTBCT
Cl BYIOT .u.pyr .n:pyry. He3aBHCI1MO OT KOHTeKCTa. 3Ha'leHl1e aHrmlikKO.
cnOBa nepC.llaeTCH OJ1HIIM H TeM IKe ]K6l1RO.'lell11lIMt.
K TaKIiM enOBaM (om! eOCTaBJ1HIOT OKO.l0 30 IIpoueHToB CJ10Baplloro C J
eTaBa H3b1Ka) OTHOCHTCII IfMeHa c06cTBeHHble, 'II1CiUITeJlbHble, na3BaHI1H itHe
HeneJlII 11 MeClIueB. MHorHe HaY'IHble H Te>"HIf'leeKI1e TepMHHbl. l"CorpaqJHtl':
CKHe Ha3BaHIIH H IIp.: Canada, twelve. Tuesday. July, tractor. inflation. tho
Netherlands. etc.
eCK4
aria
l.
IIO'lt
'1011,
h
lien
r 14
HTHb
OIlKp
ITCII:
2. Ecml 3H8'1eHI1IO aHrJ1I1HCKOrO e110Ba cooTBe.TcTByeT HeCKU7bKO C110B
pO.D.HOM H3b1Ke. Mbl I1MeeM 'J.e110 C OOpllQllnlllbltl COOm6emC11l6Ue,tf.
3T0 HaH60Jlee pacnpocTpaHelUfblH nm CMblCJlOBblX OTHoweHIIH Me>K'1
C,lOBaMI-!. 3a.D.a'la Bbl60pa HY>KHOro BapHaHTa .llOBOJlbHO CnO>KHaH. II nepeBI
.D.'IHK .n:OJI>KeH Y'II1TblBaTb p011b KOHmeKcma, TO eCTb OKpY>KeIlI1H. B KOTOP"
BCTpC'IaeTCH ltaHHOe C110BO.
HanpHMep, aHfJll1HCKOMY cnoBY variability B PYCCKOM 113blKe COOTBCT(
BY/OT If3MeH'IIfBOCTb. 6apuamu6Hocmb, Hep061lUClnb, lIt!ycmoii'lllBOcmb:
I)
2)
3}
4)
.1WJ8'I -...m
Variability of temper - 113Mell'lHBOCTb HacTpoeHll1I
Data variability - BapH3TI1BHOCTb J:laHHbIX
Variability of character - HepoBHocTb xapaKTepa
Variability of prices - ueYCToH'IHBOCl b ueH
""""
)J;J
11Mb,.
.011 pI
'lKoJla
/OBoe
12
I
.....
I1HOrJIa aHrJ1o-pyccKulI CJ10Bapb n.aeT HeCKOJ1bKO 3Ha'ieHUiI cnOBa, npll-
'Il:M JIa)Ke npaBllnbHO Bbl6paHHoe 3Ha'ieHUe YBOJIUT HaC B cTopony 6)'K6aJ/l13-
""a (KaQbKUp0601l1l020 nepe(000) U npH nepen.a'ie CMblcna "3BYIUIT He no-
PYCCKH".
HanpUMep, B npe.IVIO)KeHliIJ I am happy to be itn'oLJ'ed ill lhis project If3 7
A 3Ha'ieHI-IH rnarona illvolve nOJlXOJIlIT TonbKO 606.-'leKamb. 11. TeM He MeHee,
HeJ1b3H npUHJlTb KaK YJla'lHbli\: nepeBOll npeJ.U10)KeHUJI JJ C 1 /QC11mZl6 (paO)
6b""6 606Jle'le/lIlbUf 6 3mom npOeKI1I. )J;Pymx BapnaHTOB HI1 OllllH CJIOBapb
He JI3eT, HO TaK He roBOpHT no-pYCCKU. KaK HOCIITenl1 PYCCKoro H3b1Ka, Mbl
JIOn)KHbl, HaBepHoe, CI"13aTb jJ paD Y'lUCIII606U/llb (J 311/0.\1 npoe"l1Ie lIJUI JIOC-
TH)KeHIIJl MeKBaTHOCTH nepeBOJIa, TO eCTb nepeJIatlIl CMbicna BbICK83blBafmJl.
AHaJIOm'lHblH npUMep MO)KHO npUBeCTII CO CIlOBOM ambitious, KOTopoe
HMeeT 3Ha'leHUJI I) '1ecnlO.QI06116blU, 2) C11IPe.MJlUIZlUCJI, JIC£lJ/CO}l/lllii (oj),
CJ10BO II 3) npe11lel/lll103l1blli. OllHaKo B npe.IVIO)KeHHU The govemmelll is determilled to
IMY CIlO- imple11lellf its ambitious pla1ls .lVlJI aJleKBaTHOCTII nepeBon.a ny'lwe CKa3aTb
C!106ap- npa611l1leJlbCl1I60 lIauepeHo npe11l60pZl11lb 6 JlC1I3Hb c."e_lble rL'IOlIbI, XOTH TaKO-
ro 3Ha'leHUJI B cnOBape HeT.
x, COOT- be3YCJ10BHO, 60nbrnllHCTBO cnOB aHrmdkKoro H3blKa HBnHeTCH _''''0<'0-
IOmeHUli .Jlla'lllbMfll. npH'IeM Ka)KJIOMY TaKOMY CIlOBY B PYCCKOM H3blKe COOTBeTCTBYeT
HeCKonbKO 3Ha'ieHill1, KOTopble (B OT1IH'IHe, HanpUMep. OT 3Ha'leHHU cnOBa
variability) c06eplllellItO Onl.J1U'Illbl opyz Olll opyzu.
'OOTBe 1- tITo6b1 nepeBecTH MHOr03Ha'iHOe cnOBO, CHa'laJIa Ha.XOJIIITCH HYJICHoe
Hi;jcKor, 3HO'IeHUe, a nOTOM (3 npeiJfnar: 3/1/020 31la'leHWI HMO OTblCK3Tb coort/6emcm-
ByIOUlee OJlJl OaHHOi!O KOllmeKCma 6apllOHI1IHOe coomeemCm8lle.
Horo co- HanpUMep, bonbrnOll aHrIlO-PYCCKUll cnOBapb B JIBYX Tor.mx nOJI peJIaK-
mJl IlHe\! uueH nporl>. H.P. raJIbnepHHa (MOCKBa: COBeTCKaH 3HulIKnonemul, 1972) JIa-
-paQJwlc.l!T 14 3Ha'leHl1i1 cnOBa rate. B Ka)KD,OM 113 3f1a'leHIIH IiMeeTCH HeCKonbKO Bapn-
ltion, th aHTHbiX COOTBeTCTBIIll, a OHII, B CBOfO O'iepeIlb nOIlp83JIeIlJlfOTCJI fla erne 60nee
KOHKpeTHble BapllaHTbJ. TaK, B npeIlenax 2-ro 3Ha'ieHUH CJ10Ba rate BbJIleIlJl-
fOTCJI:
) cnOB B
".
n Me)KJI)
I nepeB,'
KOTOpO 1
1) CTaBKa, TapHQJ; TaKca; pacueuKa;
2) rPw/. KYpC;
3) ueHa; oueHKa;
4) pi ::Hc.-o. rpY30BOH TapuQ>.
)OTBeTCT'
rb:
AnH nepeBOD,a CneUUaJlbHOrO TeKCTa peKOMeH!1YeTCJI nOIlb30BaTbCH cne-
UliaJIbHblM CJ10BapeM. AHrno-PyccKIIH cnoBapb no 3KOHOMUKe U cpHHaHcaM
nOJI peJIaKUlieH npoQJ. A.B. AHHKHHa (CaHKT-DeTep6ypr: 3KOHOMU'IeCKall
UJKOJ18, ]993) cnOBY rate OTBOIlI1T 7 (ceMb!) cTpaHllU, rJIe JIafOTCH JIeCIITKIi
cnOBOCO'leTaHurJ, B COCTaB KOTOpblX BXOJIHT :no enOBO.
13
nO.D.06HLlA npHMep MO>KHO npllOeCnl Ii npH 06paTHOM nepeBO.D.e. To CCTb
Y O.D.HOrO pyccKoro CJIOBa MO>Ke1" 6LlTb HeCKOJIbKO aHrmliicKlix cooTBeTCTBHH,
HanpHMep:
-
2.1.:!
-
'UI.l IiWB
K
OrKpbIBaTb:
open (KHHry, OKHO H T..D..)
discover (HoBbie 3eMnH)
reveal (ceKpeT)
unveil (naMJlTHHK)
prescription (Me.D..)
recipe (K)'JIHHap.)
fonnula.
:a,3al
13 COB
lTaJlb
H3HeC
anuc,
Peuem:
EOJIee nO.D.p06HO np06JIeMLI ncpeooJIa C PYCCKOro Jl3blKa Ha aHrmlHcKH i
3aTpOH}'Tbl B 4-A qaCTH .D.aHHoro Kypca.
[1] BOnpOCbl AJ1R CaMOKOHTpOIlR
1.
2.
3.
4.
qTO TaKOe CJIOBapHOe COOTBeTCTBuc?
KaKHe cymeCTB}'IOT THnbl CMblCJIOBblX OTHolllemlH Me>K.D.Y CJIOBaMH?
qTO TaKoe KomCKCT H B 'feM COCTOItT ero ponb npH nepeBon. e ?
KaK)'lO CJIO>KHOCTb .I1ml nepeBO.ll'fHKa npe.llCTaBJIJlIOT MHOr03Ha'fHbl-
CJIOBa? qTO Heo6xoIDIMO .II.IUI nepcBO.lla MHoro3Ha'fHbIX CJIOB?
Cy
epHa.
KOM 11
i s 9t _
. .llBe
1)
o npaKTM"ecKoe _HMe
nepCBe.D. 1fre cne.D.)'lOlUHe npe.ll1IO>KeHIUI, CO.D.ep>KaWlle MHOr03Ha'fHbI
CJIOBa:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
14
The company's directing agency is located in Detroit.
This can hardly be treated as a free article. You'll have to include th
funds for the customs clearing.
Competitive capacity of enterprises is number one issue.
The rent and utilities coverage in the country is gradually growing an
will reach as much as 80% by this July.
Price gap has become the main rcason for many domestic goods bei
brought out of the country.
They have been speculating on margin for a couple of years now.
The new chief executive officer was appointed in May.
The immediate task is to temper the impact of inflation.
To eCTb
TCTBlIn,
IIIHTepHa MOHanbHble CIIOBa M "I10>KHble ,QPY3bJl"
nepeBO,Q"fMKa
.--
K HHTepHaUHoHanbHblM CIlOBaM (HHTepHaUHoHanH3MaM) OTIIOCRTCH CJlD-
Ba, 3aUMCTBOBaHHble 1t3 lI.pyrnx H3blKOB - rpelJeCKOrO H JlanlHCKOro, a TaK:>Ke
H3 cOBpeMeHHblx H3blKOB (B OCHOBHOM - 3TO TepMHHOJlOrHH: MY3blKanbHIDI H3
trraJIbHHCKOro, 6aneTHble. TepMIIHbl - H3 ct>paHU)'3CKOrO, KOMnbloTepHIDI 11
6H3HeC-TepMI1HOJlOrIDI II3 aHrm:llfcKoro). TaKHe CIlOBa CXOll.HbI no 36Y'lQHUIO,
lIanucaHUIO H 3Ha'ieHUIO:
UIHCKHV
contrast - KOlflJ'aCT
dumping - lI.eMnHHr
manager - MeHell.:>Kep
inflation - HHct>JlRUIDI
philosophy - ct>HJlOCOct>",I
television - TeIleBHlI.eHlle
Cyw:eCTByeT ropa3l1.0 60JlbllIe CIlOS, KOTopble MbI Ha3blBaeM IlCe6iJouH-
mepHQ1IuOHa.!lbHblMU, mlH ".'lOJ/Clf61JlIU i)PY3bRAIU" nepc6oi).,UKU (B aHrJlnH-
OHaMH? CKOM JlJblKe NUl TaKIiX cnOB 3aHMCTBOBaHO ct>paHU)'3CKOe Bblpa:>KeHlle "faux
? amis" - JlO:>KHble lI.PY3bH). B PYCCKOM RJblKe 3TH cnOBa MO:>KHO nOll.pa3l1.eJl b
3Ha'lHbl(: Ha lI.Be rpynnbl:
]) Cll08a, Komopble UMelOm cxoOlloe lIanucaHue U npOU3HomeHue, HO CO-
6epUleHlIO iJpyzoe 3l1a'leHUe no cpaBHeHmo C aHr1lHHCKlIM. HU:>Ke
npUBO.lllfTCH KpaTKHH cnHCOK TaKHX cnos:
'3HalJH.bl
elude th
,wing and
ods being
lOW.
accurate
actual
advocate
aspirant
bullion
clay
complexion
compositor
corpse
data
decade
decoration
Dutch
fabric
familiar
--
TO'lHbIH, a He aKK)'paTHbIH;
lI.eHCTBHTenbHblH, ct>aKTHlJecKHH, a He aKT)'anbHbln;
cropOHHHK, JaIl1HTHHK, a He allBOKaT
npeTeHlI.eHT, a He aCntlpam;
CJlHTOK (JOJlOTa HJlH cepe6pa), a He 6ynboH;
rmma, a He KlIeH;
UBeT JlHua, a He KOMIUleKUHH;
Ha60pll1HK, a He KOMnOJHTOp;
Tpyn, a He Kopnyc;
lI.aHHble, a He JlaTa;
lI.eCHTHJleTlfe, a He JleKa.u.a;
JHaK OTml'lIDI, YKpallIeHHe, a He lI.eKOpaUHH;
rOJInaHJlCKHH, a He lI.aTCKHH;
TKaHb, a He ct>a6pHKa;
HJBeCTHblH. JHaKOMblH, a He ct>aMHJlbHpHbIH;
]5
fraction
list
maga7lne
mayor
physician
principal
production
prospect
r dpport
receipt
replica
resin
troops
.D.P06b (..warne...,.), a He I}JpaKUlIH;
cnnCOK, a He J1IICT;
JKypHaJ1, a He Mara3 IH;
M3P, a He MaHOp;
Bpaq-TepanCBT. a He <p113I1K;
OCHOBHOH, a He npItHUlll1IlaJ1bHhril;
npOn3B0'1CTBO, a He npo;J.YKUl-JH:
nepcneKTIiB3, a He npocneKT;
.D.06phle OTHoweHIIII, a lie panopT:
KBlITaHUI1H, 'leK (113 Mara3HHa), nOJI)'leHlle, a II
peuenT;
TotlHaJi KonnS!, a HC pellilllKa:
CMOJ!a, a lie pC3I11Ja:
Bof1cKa, a He -rpynbl
2) 6oJ!ee CJIOJKHhlMII clY'laSl..w IIBJlSlIOTCH TC aHrnnilcKlic ",'lO:JICl/ble oJ}
'3bR" nepeGOO'lliKa. Komopble J711111b G oOlln 1 Will OG}'x 3f1Q'tellZlJ/X C
naoalO111 C PYCCKliMU C!IO(W. Ilt. flO pac)"ooRmcR (] ocma.7bllblX. K TaK
CJ!OBaM OTIIOCJlTCJI:
authority
activity
aggressive
baJance
cabinct
camcra
character
champion
collect
concrete
conductor
contrihution
control
convention
copy
correspondencc
credit
16
BnacTb (peiKe - aRTopll reT):
.D.eJlTCJ!bHOCTh, (peJKe - anHBllocTb);
::mcpnltJHblil. I13CTOil'IHBblil, a He TOJIhKO arpcccl.1l
Hbli1;
CaJ1h.D.O, OCTaTOK, a He TOJ!hKO 6aJ1aHC;
MeoeJ!hHaH ceKUlUI, a eCRU II "Ka6I1HeT", ro ....IIIHI
CTpOB", T.e. npaBIITCJ!hCTRO:
1jJ0ToarmapaT (peiKC - KaJl.lepa);
nepcOHmK, a lie TOJlhKO xapaKTep;
60peu, n060pHIIK, 3alllilTHIIK, a He TOJlbKO 'leMIlI
OH;
B3HMaTh, a HC TOJlbKO c0611paTh unn KOJIJICKUlI01 I
pOBaTb:
6eTOH, a He TOJ!bKO KOHKpCflIhlil:
npOBO.D.IIIIK; J1l1pllJKep, a lie TOJ!hKO KOH.nYKrop;
BKnall. (peJKe - KUIITPIl6yuUH):
ynpaBJlHTb, a HC TOJlbKO KOHTpOJllIpOBaTh;
C"be3Jl, a He TOJ!hKO KOIIBeHUIl8;
3K3eMnJlHp, a lie T01lhKO KOI1lIH:
COOTBeTcTBlle; 3aMCTKa B ra3eTe. a He TOJ!bKO KO
pCCnOHJ1CIIl!IIH II nepemlCKa:
3ac.rryra, a He TOJlbKO KpCJlIIT;
Ie, a II'
/Ib1e rJp.l -
IWIXCOC
K TaKII\I
IrpeCCIIIJ'
0"1\1111-1 .
o 4eMOII'
eKUlIOHII-
;TOP:
1IbKO I\or
critical
department
dramatic
element
figure
intelligence
interest
international
leader
legal
liberal
mark
minister
momentum
nation
number
object
officer
onglilal
panel
panisan
party
position
pretend
public
rally
fC<11 i.le
record
regular
eparate
sessiun
solid
speculation
substance
04ellb RaIKHbl 1. a lie 1'01lbKO KpIlHI'lecKuf'i;
ynpaB1IeHUe, ljJaKY1lb1'cT (CWA), MlIlIHCTepCTBO
(ClIIA), a lie 1'OJlbKO lJ.cnapTaMeHT;
pClllaIOW,Un, a He 1'OJlbll.O .apaMaTII'ICCl\lIiunpaMa-
nl l IHbli1;
cn1xml, a He 1'011hKO JJICMCII r;
PIlCYIlOK. UH Jpa. a HC TOJlbKO IjJllrypa;
pa3ne.zu<a, a He T011bKO HHTe1111el<T II YM:
npOLleHT (R 6aHKC), a He 1'011hKU 11H Icpee;
MC)!(nYHapO..'1Hbli1. a He 1'01lhl\0 IIHTCPIl3LlIIOUa.1bHhIH;
PYKOBOJUlTe:lb, a lie 1'O.1hKO 11I1'ICP;
npaROROH, IOpll1J.1t4ecKIli1, a HC roJILKO JleraJIhHhlH:
ryMaHuTapHblH (06 o6pmoBaHIIII), a lie T011hKO .111-
6epaJlbHblii;
MC1'Ka. III1TIIO, MapKa (HO HC 1I041'onml);
CBflIIlCHI-IIIK, a lie TOJlhKO MJIIIlIClp;
mlcpUIIH, f'O.I140K, a CCJUI MOl\lellT. TO aO.J/CIIIIII,
11lHIRI1lHhlli:
CTpalM, lIapo..'!. (peiKe - HliLlIIH):
4ItCIlO. KO.1JtlleCTBU. d HC 1'OIlLKO HOMCp:
UC11L. 3alla l Ja. a He TUJlbKO 001:.eK1':
LJUIIOBHIIK. IlO,l)f(HOCHIOC ;muo. 3 He T011hKO O J\I-
uep;
nepBOHa4aJ1bHbliL 1I01VJllllllblil. a He nUbKO opllnl-
HaJlbHbli1;
ceKullfi (Ha KOHqJCpCIIUIIII), a He T011bKO naHC-'lh;
C10pOllHltK (peiKC - napTH3all):
CTopOHa (B JJ.OJ'OBope), 3BaHbi1i Be'lep 11'111 I3C4Cpllll-
Ka, a He 1'OJlhKO napTlUI:
1l0J1)f(IIOC1'b (a He 1'011bKO 1I03I1LlIUI);
npiiTROpHTbCH (pC)\(C - npCTellJJ.OBa1'h);
J'OCYJIapC1'BeHHbIH, li He 1'OJlbKO ny6.'1H'IHLIi1;
ro.o\HTllllr (a He 1'OJlbKO aBTOpa.'lJIII);
nOlm m1'b. npeJlC1'aBJIH1'b ce6e (peiKe - peaJIU30Bhl-
BaTb);
3amlCh, Ollle1'. nIl3C1IIJlKa. 3 lie 1'011LI<O pel\Opn.:
06hl'IHblli, a HC WIlbKO perymlpHLliI;
OTJJ.e-'lbHbli1 (pCiKe - ccnapal Jlblff);
I3CTpC4a, 33ltHTUe, a He 1'011bKO CCCCIHI;
TBepllhlH. a HC TOJlbKO COJlIeJ.IILliI:
npen.nOIlOiKeHUC (pC)\(C - cnCKYJlflUIIH);
C}W,IIOC1'b; Beruec1'Bo (peiKC - cy6C1dIlLlW1)
17
Oc06yJO rpynny COCTaBmlJOT aHrmdkK e clToaa, 6.'1U1KUe ('W He
ui}eHmll'lHble) no HOn/iCOI/U/o U j6)''lOHUIO H COOTBeTCTBeHHO MeJOLl!He
pa3Hble 3Ha'leHH1I:
- -
accept (v)
except (conj)
access (n)
accession (n)
adapt (v)
adopt (v)
addition en)
editiun (n)
affect (v)
effect (v) (n)
allusion (n)
illusion (n)
elusion (n)
ante- (prefix)
anti- (prefix)
avoid (v)
evade (v)
attain (v)
obtain (v)
censor (n)
censure (n) (v)
census (n)
consensus (n)
civic (a)
civil (a)
)IV....
.a. L=--- ,.
npHHHMaTb
KpoMe (3a HCKJlIO'IeHHeM)
llocryn (K 'IeMY-To)
noBblllleHHe (no CJl)?K6e), BCl)'fU1eHHe (B OPraHHJaWiJO)
npHcnoc06HTb
npliHIiMaTb; yCblHOBJUITb
llo6aBJleHfIe
H311aH e
B0311eHCTBOBaTb. BlTli1lTb
npoH3BOllliTb. BbJnonH1ITb; 3!jJ!jJeKi'
CCblnKa Ha 'ITo-nH60
}L'JnJ03HJI, caMo06MaH
YKJIOHeHl1e
110 (paHee) H nepe.u: antechamber
aHTH, npoTHB: anti-war
1136eraTb
YKJJOH1IThC1I (OT ynnaTbI HanoroB)
1l06HBaThC1I,llOCTHraTb
no aTh,llOCTaBaTh
ueH30p
)f(eCTKaJl KpHTHKa. 06BHH1ITh
nepenHCh
KOHceHcyc,cornacHe
rpa)f(llaHCKHH (06 06Ll!eCTBe)
rpa)f(llaHcKHH. (a He BoeHHbIH; a He yronoBHblH)
complement (n) (v) llononHeHHe, KOMnneKT; llOnOnHJlTb
compliment (n) (v) KOMnnHMeHT, nOXBana; Bblpa:3HTb KOMnnltMeHT
conscious (a)
18
C03HalOLl!Hn, B C03HaHHH
'0 lie conscientious (a) .lI.06pOCOBeCTHbIH
OIl.l le
continual (a) qaCTO nOBTopBIOUudfcB
continuous (a) .lI,1UneJ1bHbIH, 6ecnpepblBHblH
--
council (n) COBCT (MYHIf1.lUnaJIUTeT)
counsel (n) 06c .lI.eHUC;a.lI.BOKaT
data (n) llaHHble
lli110 ) date (n) )laTa
dawn (n) paCCBeT
down (ad v) BHm
delivery (n) .lI.OCTaBKa (rpY3a)
deliverance (n) m6aBJ1eHHe
deprecate (v) B03paJKaTb
depreciate (v) na.LIaTb B ueHe
draught (n) TIlra B03.lI.yxa, CKB03HBK
drought (n) 3acyxa
draughts (n) (UK) lllaUJK 1
economic (a) 3KOHOMHQeCKHH
economical (a) 3KOHOMHbIH, 6epC>KJIHBblH
eminent (a) Bbl.lI.alOUJ.HnCB, BIUl:HLlfi
imminent (a) HeH36e)K}{bIH. Ha.LIBHralOUUlHcB
expand (v) paclllupBTb( CB)
expend (v) paCXO.lI.OBaTb(cpe.lI.CTBa)
historic (a) UMelOlIJ,HH IICTOpnqCCKOe 3HaqeHHe
historical (a) OTHOCIIUJ.HHCII 1\ HCTOpl1H
human (a) qeJIOBCqeCKH" (oHmoponoR02.)
humane (a) QenOBeqHbIH. ryMallHblH
ingenious (a) H306pcTaTenbHbIH,IICK)'CHbIU
H) ingenuous (a) HCKpeHHHH, npBMoH, npocToH
later (ad v) n03)Ke
T latter (a) nOC'le.lI.HlIH "3 nepeqHCJ1eHHblX
letter (n) 6YKBa, nHCbMO
19
lose (v)
loose (a)
meter (n)
metre (n) (UK)
moral (a)
moralc (n)
persecute (v)
prosecute (v)
personal (a)
personnel (n)
policy (n)
politics (n)
rCpJlTb
cBo6011Hbll1, 6e3 orpaHH4CHI111
[i
C4eT'I\1K
MeTp
MOpaJIbHblH, HpancTBeHHblH
'WOpaJIb. MOp<L1b/lOC COCTOJlHI1C
2
3
nOIlBcpraTb roHeHntO, IIa.'1.0C}laTb
npeCJleIlOBarb no CYllY
4
JII1'IHbIH, ncpcoHa.1bHblf'l
nepcoHa.1
nO.11ITIIKa (KaK ,1I1HI1 nOBcllt:IHIII)
nOJII1TIIKa (pOLl 3aH THH)
pLIX I
plincipal (a) rJlaBHbltt OCHOBHOf!
prmcipal (n) (U.S.)lulpeKTop WKOJlbl
principle (n) npllHuHn. npaBlIJIO
quiet (a)
quite (adv)
. raise (v)
rise (v)
stationary (a)
stationery (n)
strip (n)
stnpe (n)
vacation (n)
vocation (n)
variable (a) en)
varied (a)
various (a)
vary (v)
20
cnOKOHHbIH, HIXlIi:t
Bno.1He, COBCCM. COBCpWCHHO
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
l)
I
I
I
nOIlHHMaTb, nOBblwaTb
nOllHHMaTbCJI. n03pacTaTb
CTaUIiOHapllblf!. HenOllBlI)KllblH
KaHllCJIllpCKlIe TOBapbl
Y3KI-IH KYCOK. nOJloca (3eMJllI)
nOJloca (Ha qmare). HaWlIBKa
OTnyCK. KaHIiKYJlbl
nplnBaHI-IC. npO(pcccl-tJl
lEI
H3MCH4IiHbIM; ncpCMCHHa
pal.J1Il4HblH
r
R CBf
OCOOI
(
pa3Hoo6pa3HhIH
II3MCHJlTbCJI
- --- '""-
CTO JI
YiKel
H Tex
(
--
[i] BOnpOCbl ,qIlSl caMOKOHTpOIlSl
L 4TO TaKOC HIITcpHaUUOHaJlbHblC cnoBa?
2. KaKHC CJlOBa Ha3bIBaIOT "nmKHbIMU n:PY3bHMIf" nepeBOlJ.'H1Ka?
3. Ha KaKlfe lJ.BC rp} nnbl lIo..a.pa3;:IenHIOTCII "I1O>KHbIC nPY3bSJ" nepCBOJl-
'HlKa?
4. 4TO HYjKHU HMCTb B BHlJ.Y nepCBOlJ.<IHKY npn pa60Te C TaKHMH CJlO-
Ba!'.fH?
o npaKTM.eCKoe 3aAaHMe
YKajKlfTC 3Ha4cmfe CnelJ.YIOUUfX aHrI1HHCKIiX cnOBOCO'leTaHHH. B KOro-
pblX Iicnonb3yIOTcH «J10jKHble lI.pY3bSm nepeBon'IHKa:
L Banking ufficers
2. Public debt
3. Interest rate
4. Convention of the Entrepreneurs Union
5. Personnel department
6. Champion of peace
7. Ammunition storage
8. Null document
9. Legal matters
10. Accurate data
11. Title and position
12. Human values
[!]] HeOIlorM3Mbi
flpo6neMa ncpcBon:a HC0J10rtfJI\IOB (HOBbIX CJIOH, nOHBHBWIiXCH B H3blKC
B CBIIJlf C pa3BI1T11eM 06wccTBa II nm!B,lCHUCM HOBblX nOHHTIfM) 1aHIIMaCT
oco6oe MCCro B nepcBoJJ.'fCCKOH npaKTIIKe.
CaMO nOHHHfe hHeoJlori13M" OTHOClfreJlbIlO. To, 4TO 6blJ10 HCOJlOrll3MOM
CTO neT Ha3an: (caMORem. i/em'lUK) IUlH n03jKC (me.7eBui)eHue, .Hel/el/blll amo.u),
YJKe He HBJllleTCH TaKOBblM cCM'Iac UMeHHO B CUlT)' Pa3BHTlUI 06mCCTBa, HaYKlf
H TeXI-II1KH, a. cne.aOBaTenbHO, H 113b1Ka.
CymeCTBYCT HeCKOJlbKO cnoco60B 06pa30B3111tH nC0J10nB'\10B:
21
C03.llaHHe HOBbiX CJlOB H3 OCHOBe ItMelOlUlfXCH B H3blKe CJ10B006p33o-
B3TeJ1bHbIX CpenCTB (CyI}JI}JHKCOB, npeI}JHKCOB, CJlOBOCnO)!(eHH1I111lp.).
CpellH npO.nYKTHBHbIX CyI}J4JIIKCOB. HcnoJlb3yeMblx .llJ111 06pa30BaHH1I HC
OJlOrH3MOB. MO}l(HO Ha3BaTb. Hanpl1Mep. - ian: - atiotl:
-
ballistician - CneUHaJIHCT no 6aJIIII1CTlfKe (no o6pa3uy musician, phy
sician);
commodification - IfCnOJlb30BaHHe lleHer B Ka'leCTBC TOBapa. KOTOpblH
MO}l(HO npo.naBaTb H o6MeHHBaTb Ha l1pyroi1 (no 06pa3u
p lific atio!;!.- _ _..__
......:IJ.II
Av.T
-
JIll B
Bce .
IInOH
man
Cll0B,
TH Cll
nOClle.nHI1H npHMep 6Y.lleT HanlH.nHee npe.ncTaBHTb B KOHTeKCTe:
For the past five years banking talk has been dominated by thre
ghastly -ations: globalisation, securitisation and commodification.
These trends - of a worldwide market. of borrowers shifting from loan'
to securities, of money becoming more like a commodity - have indee
been strong.
2.
ECOllomist 26 March 198 :
a. UI,
npOll)'KTHBHbIMH cy4J4JHKcaMH JJ)JH 06pa30BaHIDI He0J10HI3MOB TalOKe HB
JlHIOTCH:
, .....
onep
BalOl
pa. a
ro lie
MImi
- ship
brinkmanship - 6aJIaHCHpOBaHHe Ha rpaHl1 BOHHbl
craftsmanship - HCKYCCTBO B03.neHcTBHH Ha MaCCbl
showmanship - }'MeHHe nOKa3aTb TOBap llHUOM;
nyCTHTb nblJlb B rJIa3a
-dum
bangdom - OpraHI130BaHHblH 6aH.nHTH3M
bogdom - }I(H3HeHHbIH rynHK
suckerdom -ryHeHJ1eu
-ize
itemize - paccMaTpHBaTb no nYHKTaM
institutionalize - Y3aKoHHBaTb
unionize - 6b1Tb 'l1IeHOM npo4JcOI03a
H!l1I
C110B
TlI 2
_. 10a,
B aHrJJHHCKOM H3b1Ke nOCTOSlHHO n01lBJUlIOTCJI HeOJlOrH3Mbl, 06pa30BaH-
Hble nyreM cnOBOCnO}l(eHHJI:
3
know-how
stay-in
sit-in
Hoy-xay,TexHonorHSI
nHKCTHpoBaHHe
CH.llH<fWl3a6aCToBKa
22
16pa]0-
up.).
"WI He-
.........
In, phy-
OTOpblH
)6pa]u)
IY three
ication
m loans
: indeed
ch 198f
K>Ke H B-
-.-
OHHbl
l1aCCbl
nJ.IUOM.
>a]OBaH-
-
huy-in
Bblro,D.HaJI CneJlKa (noKpblTHe pacxo.QoB]a CqeT
npO!laBU3 Ha 6Hp>Ke)
pa36HBKa no napaMeTp3M
pacnan
]aKpbITHe. J1HKBH.lIaUlUI (3aBona)
YTCqK3 M03roB
nOJlHTW-ICCKHH ;J.CIITeJlb. YTpanlBwuti CBOe BJlHIIHHC
break-down
break-up
shut-down
bram-dram
has-been
HeKOTopbtC HeOJlOrH3Mbl, 06pa30aaHHbie nyTeM CJlOBOCJIO>KeHHII, B03HUK-
JlI1 B 8HrJll1H:CKOM Jt3blKC I1CK)'CCTBCHHbIM nYTeM. npHqeM npHJJ.YMaJlU ux BO-
Bce He HOCHTCJlH aHrJll1iicKoro H3b1Ka. TaK. Hanpl1Mep. 6JlarOJJ.apH IBBeCTHOH
JtnOHcKof.! Kopnopaum1 "COHJI" ("Sony") nOHBIIJlI1Cb TaKI1C CnOB8. KaK walk-
man 11 discman. KOTopble nO-PYCCKI1 nepe.QaIOTCH. YBbl, BOBce He PYCCKII\I
cnOBOM "nneHep" (COOTBCTCTBeHHO J])lH aynlioKacceT 11 KOMnaKT-11I1CKon). xo-
TH cnOBO npOUi!pbl6ame'lb elllf' COBceM He.!laBHO 6b\JJ0 B XO,:{y.
2. nCpCOCMbICJ1CHlIC cYlllcCTnYlOllUlx B H3bll\e CJ10B; TO CCTb npU!l.aHHe HM
HOBblX 3HaqCIUifi.
TaK. CJlOBO egg (HMUO) npH06pcJ10 CnCUHaJlbHOC 3HaQCHliC - a6ua60Moa.
8 summit (BCpWHH8. BblCUJall TO'-lKa) - 6Cmpe'la Ita fib/CUt eM Y1W6He.
Ellle 01l,HI-I npHMCp. Me!l.HUI1HCKHfi TCpMI1H domi1lo 0603H8QaeT T8K)1O
Onepal1l1l0 no nepeCa.!lKC opraHoB, BO npeMH KOTOpOH: naUI1CH1)' A nepeCa>Kll-
BalOT HOBOC cepJIue H nerKlie OT nOJlY'-IHBwero KpOB0l13Jl1UIHIle B M03r 110110-
pa. a nauneHT)' b nCpCCa>KHBaIOT CTapoe Cep!lUe namlCHTa A. nOHBneHHe :no-
ro HeOnOfll3Ma B 80-x rO.Qax CBH3aHO C nepeUCMblCJ7eHlle. ' lIa36aHWI Uc}Jh/ iJo-
1>//IHO. r.lle Ka>K.QaSl KOCTb pa3nCJ1eHa Ha JIBe paBHble QaCTI1:
-
''There's such a shortage of organs here". says Juliera Gonzalez.
spokeswoman for the university medical centre in Tucson, Arizona,
where the country's fifth domino was carried outlast month.
Sunday Times 8 May 1988
.n;pyrnM npHMcpoM nmlBneHHH HeonOnJ3Ma B pe3ynbTaTe ncpcOCMbICJlC-
HliH IIBJlHCTCIi CJlOBO colour-blilld (adj.). nepBOHaQaJIbHOC 3HaQeHHe :noro
CJ10Ba - 'U!J/06eK, He pCl3.111'lalOllIUU lfflema, oa7bmOHUK. B nOCJleJIHeHQCTBCP-
Tit 20-ro BeKa OHO npl106peno 3HaQeHile 'leW6eK, Komupblu /Ie pa.JiJe'/J/em
7100ezi no paco60l1 U HQlIUOlla bNuu (JmHII'leCKoziJ nplLHaiheJic/1oc/l1u.
3. 3allMCTBOBaHliSi In npynlX Sl3bIKOB. HecMoTpIi Ha npe06J1a!1aIll1e 3a11M-
CTBOBaHHblX 113 aHrJll1ifcKOfO H3blKa C'IOB Ii TCpMHHOR B Jl.pyrl1X H3blKax
(BanplfMep, B 06J1acTiI 6u3Hcca H <pI1HaHcoB: nar < lag - 3ana3nblBaHlle:
MapKenlHf < marketing; nHJ1ep < dealer H T..Q.), B aHrnl1ikKHM H3blK raK-
''"'
-.)
»<C HOlUl0 (npaB.aa, 3Ha'UlTellbHO MCHbwec) KOJHI'ICCTBO CllOB U3 ,1PYI HX
Sl3bIKOB.
HeKOTopblC 113 3a11\ICTBOBaHI1I1 y»<e 3aKpennCIII,1 B Ka4CCTBe cnOHapHblX
CTaTeH:
411.l ,__
--
. -
He'
ii, m
/Hoe
JI
Hal
1, ali
laral
Ha::
khozraschot /101111 [a confl.ltion of the Russian phrase kllOzvaisIVe/lllY
rase/wI. meaning 'self-supporting running'] - (in the Soviet Union)
economic accountability; the notion that industrial and other undertak-
ings should be responsible for their own finances, and not depend on
the state subsidies (John Ayto. The I ongman Register of New Words.
Special Edition. - Longman. 1989, p. 216).
ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)
LISP (Lisl Processing)
FORTRAN (Formula Translation)
Anron
Jlucn
<1>opTpall
. OTJ
8p
»<c c(
iatio
WII
.W.1.
I Tel.
npl
). to
busi/J
rIp I
"sel'"
: KOB)
06p<13
..!UlUI
IhB
'giun
AB
soec(
H co (
C Me"
CTCH.
[blH r
01. J:
ball
"hB.
6, n
n (cni
Ellli:
BO 0'
lIltll) I
HOBbl
an ae
Nn 01
Khozraschot [sic] means the end of huge subsidies to inefficient enter-
prises, which will result in closures and lay-offs.
Daily Telegraph 5 January 1988
HapSlJ..lY co cnOBOM kho-:.lll5chor. B CnoBape HOBblX CJIOB al-lrnHHcKoro
113blKa Ijmrypl1pYIOT TaKlfe l-IeOJlOrI11Mbl-.lalfMCIBonamISi In PYCCKOro, KaK
gl£1.'mo.ft Ii perestroika co CCbL1KOil Ha IIX aBTopa M.C. rOp6a4ena. KCTaTI1,
eme OlUlH HCOJI01"lI3M-3C1HMCTBOBaHl1e B aHrmdkKoM 113blKC, Ha :)1'01' pa3 C Klt-
TailcKoro. npe..rc l"a13nSleT C060H CIIIIOIlI1M cnOBa pere.ftmika. no C110130 gai-
ge, KOTopoe TO»<C nO!lpa3YMcBaeT pelj>opMY (B KHP). HO 60Jlee paJUfKaJ1bHYIO,
4eM nepeCTpoi1Ka B CCCP. KaK nHCaJla ")J,eiiJlH Tenerpa!f>n (20.04.1988),
"Pe,.e .troiktl has a slight suggestion of moving things about. Gai-ge is
stronger: it means getting rid of things as wcll dS changing them - radical re-
form".
CnOBO tranche (TpaHIlI) - npllMcp 3allMCTBOBaillfSi U3 !\>paHUY3cKoro Jl3bl
Ka. OHO 0603Ha'laeT HeKoTopoe KOnU'IeCTBO cel MCHTOB, lIa KOTopoe ,QemrrcJI
ueJlOe: 'IaCTb KpellllTHof.! JIlfHUIl IlJUI 3aHMa. 06bl'JHO 3aiiMbi Me»<,QYHap0D:HO-
ro BaJllOTHOrO Ij>OH,Q3 H 8ceMilpHoro 6aHKa Bbl,Qen1l1OTCJI mpl11/UltlMU.
..
4. COKpameHlIH (a66peBllaTypblll aKpOlHlMbl).
A66pe61wm}pa - cOKpallleHHe, KOTopoe npoH3HOCHTCIJ no 6YKBaM: PC
Lpi: si:J - personal computer (nepCOHaJlbHblH KOMnbIOTep).
Ah"poll/.w - cOKpalUeHlle, 1j>0HeTIf'IeCKaSi cTpYKI)'pa KOToporo COBnaJl.aeT C
1jJ0Henl'leCKOH CTpYKI)'pOH 06w.eynoTpe6uTeJIbHblX cnOB. B Ka'leCTBC nplt>o1c-
pa aKpoIHIMOB MO»<HO npllnecTu lIa:mallHSI aJlrOpHTMH4ecKHX 1I3bIKOB:
I1Hor.aa 6.lJarO;lapll Pa3BHTUIO SI'3blKa a66peBl1a1)pa Mo»<eT TpaHcljJopMII-
pOBaTbcSI B aKpoHlfM: PR (public rel,ltlOns) - mlap.
24
lI.pynlx
HeonOrH3Mbl, 06pa30naUHblC nYTeM COKpalllCHUii C.l0B lUlU cnODOCOqCTa-
nil, nOCTORHHO nORBJUUOTCR B aHrnuilcKOM R3bIKC, npll'leM BHOBb 06pa30-
aHHoe CJ10BO (TcpMlm), npCJICTaBJIRR c060ii aKpoHWlI, 'laCTO HC BocnpUHU-
laeTCA KaK COKpalllCHue.
HanpuMep, scuba (cKy6a. lIblXaTeJlbHblii annapaT !VIR IUlaBaHlUl nOlI BO-
oH. aKB8JIaHr) - 3TO cOKpallleHlle OT self-co1ltai1led llllderwater breathillg
pparatlls.
Ha3naHlle palIHOnOKaIUIOHHOll YCT3HOBKH paoap (radar) - :no cOKpallle-
ne OT radio detectillg alld rallgillg.
BpJl,ll nu MbI 3a.11YMblBaeMcA 0 TOM. 'lTO I13BCCTHbli1 HaM ny'l J/a3ep - :no
O>Ke COKpalllCHlle: laser - light amplification [by] stil1llllated el1li. . ilJl/ r of]
7diatioll.
WlipOKO npuMelUleMbIii B 6aHKoBcKOii cqlepc TCpMllII CBI1<DT
;.W.I.F.T.) - COKpallleHlle OT Thc Society for Worldwide Illterballk Fillall-
ial Telecol1l'" ,,"icatio"s.
npuMeHIDOTCR cOKpallleHI1J1 n B 111IUOMaTlI"lCCKlfX BbIpmKelllUlx, l1anpn-
rcp. to TCn (U.S.) 3HaQUT npeycneeamb R 6wlIece (coKpamclIue OT take care
f bllsilless).
npnBe.neHHble Bblwe npllMepbl IICOnOnl3MOB 06pa30BaHbl B OCHOBHOM OT
J'1\6ellllblX cOl\pOlqelllll1 CJlOB (3a nCKJlIO'leHneM Ha3BaHUii aJlrOpIfTMIt"leCKUX
3bIKOB). ECTb \I lIpyrue BIU1b1 cOKpawcHuH, Koma cOKpalllalOTCJI "IaCTl1 clIon
06pa3}'1OTCA CJIOZ06ble Cpall{ellllR UlIIl ycelli!/Iltb/e c.'WBa. HaKOHeLl. CCTb
1lelllUI111ble COl\pOlI{ellllR, COCTOJlWlie 113 6YKn, cnoron, IUll}>p II cnOB.
H3BeCTJIbIe npUMcpbl C.'lOZ060Z0 Cpall{ellllR - Benelux (I>eIlIlJII01cc) OT
.elgium. Netherlands, Luxemburg It Hi-Fi (Xaii-<Daii) OT High Fidelity.
A BOT B nOABItBmCMCJI B KOHue 80-x rollon 3KOIiOMll'lCCKOM HeOnOrll3Me
resoecOIlOmic (Me303KoHoMII'IecKllii) ncpBblH cnor OT medillm-sized coe.!1l1-
eH CO CJlOBOM eco1lomic. 3Ha'leHltc HOBOro cnona - npOMC)j,,)'TO'IHoe COCTOR-
ue Me)t(!lY macroeconomic II micmecollomic. ABTOp 3Toro HeonorH3Ma 113-
::CTeH. 3TO' aHrmlHcKllH 3KOHOMI1CT CTiOapT XOJlJl3H.1l (Stuart Holland), KO-
JpblH B 1988 r. ynoTpe61UJ ero B KHl1re Towards a New Political Economy
vol. I: The Market Economy: from micro to mesoecollomics; Vol. II: 71ze
:lobal Economy: from meso to macroeconomics).
113BecTllbiif npl1Mep HeOJl0rJ13Ma, 06pa30BaHHoro nYTcM yce',eIllIJl 06YX
106. npe.nCTaBJlJleT CJIOBO stagflatiun. 0110 06pa30BaJ1OCb 01' lIaQaJIa stagna-
on (CTarH3lUU1, 3acToit) 11 KOHua inflation (I1HCpJIJlUlUl).
Ewe O.nI1H npuMep HeOJIOBI3Ma - yce'leHHoro cnona - illfomercial. 3TO
lOBO 06pa30BaJlOCb OT coemmCHIiJi Ha"laJIbliOH 'laCTH informntion (HHI}>OP-
aUHJI) II KOHe'lHOH QaCTl1 commercial (TcnCpeKJIaMa). frOT TepMIIH B CnOBa-
HOBblX CJlOB aHrJJI1HCKOrO A3blKa onpc.neJl eTC KaK "a short film produccd
y an advertiser giving information about goods which it has for salc, to be
10wn on tclevision" (p. 206).
lapHblX
,'[velln}'
Union}
dertak-
,end on
Words.
tenter -
ry 1988
rHCKoro
'0, KaK
{cTanl.
13 C KH-
BO gai-
JlbHYIO.
k 1988),
ri-ge is
lical rc-
ro Jl3bl-
tell I1TCJI
IpO.!1 H O-
aM: PC
ra.l1.aeT C
npHMe-
$OpMI1-
25
nOll.06HbiM cnOco60M 06pa30BaH HCOJlOnf3M 113 Cq,epbl 6H3HCCa promo-
tools (n., pI.) 01' promotional tools (Har;UI.D.HbIC MaTcpmUlbl, I1cnoJlb3yeMbiC B
pCKJlaMHblX I CJl1IX). I1HOr.D.a B TaKHX CJlOBaX YMblWJ1CHHO MeH1IIOT n: HJUi
HHblC 6YKBbi .!VU! npHRJTC'lCHH1I BHHMaHIU!, HanpuMcp: showbiz 01' shol\' b/lsi-
/less (woy 6H3HCC).
fOBOp1l 0 cOKpamCHH1IX, CTO"T TaIOKC ynoMSlH}'Tb HCnOJTb30BaHlfe
a) COZllaCl/blX (ncpBoi1 H nOCJ1CLlHei1 "nl1 nCpBOI1, CpCLlI1HItOI1 If nOCTJe -
Hew) dJlR KpamKocmu 3anucu C!lOBa:
etr (centre); fwd (forward); jr (junior); shlg (shortagc): rqs (reqUire-
ments); ppd (prepaid).
6) Ha'lQ.7bHblY. CJ10208:
libs (liberals) - IIU6epanbl; dept (department) - LlcnapTClMeHl: nukes
(nuclear weapons) - SI,lJ,epHoe opy»mc.
B) CJWeWaHHblX COKpUU{eHlIlJ:
ATM machine (automated teller machmc) - 6aHKoMaT
E-mail (Electronic mail) - 3neKTpoHHilli nO'lTa
H-bomb (Hydrogen bomb) - BOLlOpOlJ.Jia1l 60M6a
M-way (Motorway) - aBTO.ilOpOra
X-ing (Crossing) - nepcxo,lJ, ()TO !laJKC He 6YKBCHHOC COKpawchlle, a
1t306paJKeHI1C CJlOBa "pecn! - cross)
D-Mark (Dcutsche Mark) - MapKa <I>Pf
X-rays - pCHTfeHoBcKIiC ny'UI
ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) - anron (anfopIHMI-I'lCCKUfi 1I3b1K)
EYKBbl B KatteCTBC COCTaBHblX '!aCTeH HeOJIOfH3MOB MoryT 11 He 6blTb CO-
KpallleHHCM. OHM caMM no cc6c 'ITO-TO 0603Hatta1OT:
T-shirt - q,yr60JlKa, TO CCTb Mai1Ka C KOpOTKliMH PYKaBaMIf B <pOP\iC
6YKBbi T.
U-turn - pa3BopOT MaWUHbl Ha 180 rpa.u.yCOB, TO CCTb B cJ10pMe GYhRbl U.
COKpall.leHHSlMJI nOJlb3YIOTC1I B lI.CJJOBOH nepenHCKC, HanpHMCp:
CC (cll/bon copy - KOIllU!);
RSVP {a66peBuaiypa cJ>paH CKO" Qipa3bl re.tponde<. .t'il \'(/11.\ plau-
npowy OTBCTHTb);
ASAP (as SOOIl as possible - KaK MQ)KHO cl\opce).
HaKoHell. cOKpamCHH1I n3 6) KB 1-1 u l1 <PP CT3.Jllf HCnOIlbJOBaTb !LiBl Bhlpa-
jf(eHHSI CJlOB I ,lJ,aJKe lleJlblX 4>p:n. COBmlJIaIOIllH'( no 3ByttaHlfIO c HalBaHlieM
6YKB H UH<fJp:
[OU - I owe you- U2 - you too R-'- arc
4U - for you 8 - ate 2B - to be
Y - why B4 - before .Vl - you won
B2B - business to business ICQ - I seek you
4X - forex (foreign exchangc, hJ.rd currency)
B4U - before you
26
B KIDKJJ:OH cclJepe JJ:ewre.nLHOCTl1 cymeCTBYIOT CBOI1 COKparneHlUl. nepeBO.ll.-
'1I1K, KOTOPLI" cnewmmt3HpYeTC:JI B TOll lUlU UHOH 06J1aCTH, JJ:OJl)l(eH CJ1eJJ:lITL
3a nOJlBJ1eIDIeM HOBLIX cOKpameHidl H 06HOBJUITL CBOH aKTIIBHLIH CJ10BapL
a66peBHaryp. HanpHMep, K cclJepe Me>K.ll;)'HapoJJ:HLIX clJllllaHcoBblx HHCTIIl)'TOB
OTHOCJlTCJI TaKl1e cOKparneHUJI, KaK:
BOP - Balance of Payments (nJlaT )I(HLIH 6allaHc)
CCFF - Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility (Mexa-
HH3M KOMneHcamtOHHoro 11 '1pe3BbI'IaftHoro clJHHaHcupoBaHlUl,
C01>c1I )
CPI - Consumer Price Index (I1HJJ:eKc nOTpe6lfTeJ1LCKHX l!eH, I1m..{)
EFT A - European Free Trade Association (EBponeHcKaJI aCCOI!Hal!l1J1
cBo60JJ:HOH TOproBJ1I1. EACT)
EMC - European Monetary System (EBponeHcKaJI BalllOTHaJi CIIcreMa,
EBC)
IBRD - Internationa1 Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Me-
)l(llYHapoJJ:HLIVI EaHK PeKOHCTpYKmm U Pa3BlfTI1J1, BceMupHLIH EaHK)
IMF - International Monetary Fund (Me)l(JJ:yllapoJJ:HLlii BalllOTHblH
clJOH.II., MBcI»
OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OpraHI13aUHJI3KOHOMU'IeCKoro C01"pYJJ:Hu'IeCTBa H Pa3BI1TUJI, 03CP)
SDR - Special Drawing Rights (Me)l(JJ:YHap0JJ:HaJi pac'IeTuaJI eJJ:ltHHl!a
C P)
SNA - System of Nationa1 Accounts (CHcTeMa Hal!110HallLHbiX C'ieTOB,
CHC)
VER - Voluntary Export Restraints ()J;06poBoJ1LHoe orpaHH'ieHUe 3KC-
nopn)
I1CTO'iHHK: r.llOccapZlli MEcP. BaWHHrTOH, 1998.
5. KOHBCpCIUI. BeCLMa pacnpoCTpaHeHHblM cnoc060M 06pa30BaHHJI HeOJlO-
rH3MOB HBJlJleTCJI KOHBepcIDI. TO eCTb 06pa30BaHHe OJJ:HOH 'iaCTH pe'iH OT
JJ:pyroii. HanpHMep, rnar0J10B OT HMeH cyrneCTBHreJlbHblX, 0603Ha'ialO-
rnHX onpeJJ:eJIl!HHoe ,neikTBHe. CnoBapb He Bcer.aa clJHKcHpyeT 3TH CJlOBa,
HO 06 HX 3Ha'leHHI1 MO)l(HO ,noraJJ:aTLCJI no KOHTeKCry nyreM conOCTaBJIe-
HIDI co 3Ha'leHHeM I1CXOJJ:HOro cyrneCTBH1'eJILHoro 11 TOll clJYHKIUIH, KOTO-
PYK> BLJnOJlHHeT npe.l1MeT, BblpIDKeHHblH 3TIIM cymecTBUreJ1bHb1M:
The gap is to be bridged in the near future.
:trOT pa3pblB 1I)')I(HO npeOOOJlem6 B 6ml)l(aiiweM 6YJJ:yrneM. (Bridge-
MOCT)
The new system test might trigger an arms race.
I1cnblTaHl1e HOBOH CHCTeMbI MO)l(eT BWJBam6 rOHK)' Boop}')KeHuii.
(Trigger- K)'pOK B orHeCTpeJILHOM Op}')KHH)
27
Programs invo/i'ed III Teaching English as a foreign language mush-
roomed ill the 60-ies in the Ullited States.
KOJut'lCCTBO nporpaMM o6Y"lcmul aHmuiicKoMY H3bll\"y KaK HHocTpaH-
HOM Y peJl<O 8O:Jp OC.!W (llo cnoBHo: Cl1laJlU pa c"lU, I WI{ zpunbl).
06paTHbiA npHMcp KOHBepcml - o6pa30BaHHc HMeHH CYlllCcTBIlTe,lbHoro
01' rnarona:
.... --
Spend (n) - an amount ((0 be) spent (Konw-lccTBO nOTpa"lCHUbIX lICHer),
KaK B cnellYlOlllcM cny'lae:
It is also believed the winning agency l:ould benefit from an Increa ed
spend on (he account of up to 1.5 million.
6. MCTactmpbl It JI.'l110MaTIt'lCCKItC BblpaiKeHJlSI ral\iKC MorYT 6blTb IICTO'I-
HIIKOM 06paJoBaHliH He0J10rH3MOB. Jlnll IICpCBOll'lHKa 31'0. H3BCpIlOC. ca-
MhlH cnOiKHblH cnY'laH, nOCKonbKY OH Tpc6YCT rny60Koro 3H3HHII peaJIliH
CTpaHbl, C Jl3blKa KOTOpoil l1CnaCTCJI IIcpeBOll. nOMOII!H IKaMIl 3,'leCb MOryT
6blTh c,10Bapli ".aHOM aHrnHHCKoro JBbIKa. K aHrJmHCKHM HeOJ10rl13MaM B
06naCTil 6H3Hcca, KOTOpblC 06pa30BaHbi 3THM cnoc06o , MOiKHO OTHeCTH
cnC,1YIOUU1e npHMepbI:
-
...dIe
dead-cat bounce (!10CnoBHo: omC/WK dOXi/01 KOUtKll) - 06MaH'IHBOe
BpcMeHHoc BOCCTaHOBnCHue lJ,eH Ha aKlJ,ml Ha 6 lp)l(eBOM pblflKe, r.ae
06b!'IHO YPOBCHb lJ,eH !10CTaTO"lHO HlI3KHil (uMceTCJI B BlillY, '11'0 .aa>KC
llOXJIaJl KOWKa OTCKO'I!1T 01' 3eMnH. ecnH ee C6POCHTb C 6OJJbWOH Bbl-
COTbl).
HCTO'lHI1K: 101m A VlO. The Longman Register of New Words. Longman
Group UK Ltd.. 1989.
Dutch bareain (LlocnoBHo: i'O,7JIaHOCKW/ ciJe:/Ka) - CllcnKa. B pe1ynb-
faTe KOTOPO" Rce IIpell YU1ecTRa non)''IaCT nllWb O'1Ha CTopOHa:
marLipan laH r (.lI.OCJ10BHO: .IWPl.jllfWNU8blli c/Oli) - cpCilHee 3BeHO
ynpaBJI H ISI Ko naHHH, KOTOPot. C'lHTaCTC mlWHI1M H He npHHOCII-
UlUM eil nOJlb3Y:
sih'er wheelchair (ilocnOBtlo: cepe6pRlla5I lIlf8t.UU()HWI KCHJ/c,,;a)-
KpY"HaJl C}MMa ,aeHer. BblllcneHHall 'IneHY Bblcwcro pVKOHOJ1.eTBa
KOMnaHHH K3K KOMneHCamlJl 1a -YTpaTY lI.OmKHOCTIf (B pe3vnbTaTc no-
mOmeHIIJI ee 60'1ce KpynHoH KOMnaHHeil);
think tank (llOCJIOBHO: .\,,01?oBozl pe:Jep8yap) - M03fOBO" LleHTp, T.e.
rpynna 3KcnepToB. pa3pa6aTblBalOlllll'i nnaHbl IIJIl1 peKOMCH!1.aw-m:
windfall (.aocnoBHo: C6U/IIblii 8e/llpm-l n.T/oi» - HeO>KHD.aHHali flpu6blnb.
HCTO'lIlHK: E. ){OUI08CKaJI. 1101IOMamlt'leCKl/e 6hlpG;)ICeHllR 6 oe 1060 \f
alJ?.mdJcKOM Jl3blKe. - Cn6.: JlaHh. 1997.
28
.. ..c-c
[LJ BOnpOCbl ,AI1S1 caMOKOHTpOIlSl
I. KaKHe CJlOBa Ha3bIBaIOTCH HeoJlOrH3MaMu?
2. KaKHe cnoc06b1 06pa30Bam1H HeOJlOfH3MOB BaM 113BecTHbl?
3. 4TO 1'3KOe nepeocMbICneHi-le cnOB B H3b1Ke?
4. KaKoBa pOJlb 3auMcTBOBaHI1H B 06pa30BaHlIIf HeOJlOfll3MOB?
5. Kaxne BlUlbl cOKpaweHilii Bbl 3HaeTe? DplfBe;J.lITe npUMCpbI.
6. 4TO TaKOe KOHBepclIlI?
7. B 'IeM TpYD.HOCTb nepeBOD.a HeonorU3MOB, 06pa30B3HHbiX nYTeM
KOHBepclIIl H C Hcnonb30BaHI1eM MeT34>op 11 lID.noM?
o npakTWqeCKOe 33AaHwe
nepeBeD.I1Te CJJeL{)'lOru.HC npe,n.,10)l{eHIfH. COD.ep)l{aru.ne CJlOBa-
HeOJlOrH3MbI, II YCTaHOBHTe cnoc06 HX 06pa30BaHIUI. J],nH pa60TbJ Ha.lI. nepe-
BOD.OM MO)f(HO HCnOJlb30BaTb CnOBapb HOBblX CJlOB aHrnlii1cKoro 113blKa ,lJ,)I{.
3iho (MOCKBa: PYCCKllii I13bIK, 1990):
I. About 65 Amerasialls arrived in Thailand yesterday with their rela-
tives on their way to their new homes in the United States.
2. The first generation of baby-boomers m Britain and the U.S. was born
in late forties-early fifties.
3. Slowly, and unevenly, a 'call-do' attitude is beginning to replace the
inertia in the trade unions.
4. Capira/flight is now becoming less accessible from foreign creditors.
5. If the merger boom is now nearing a close. will it be followed by a
demerger boom?
6. E-commerce has become wide spread in the U.S.
7. The companies are now joining their forces because thc potential SY"-
ergy is evident.
8. If an insurance company wishes you a happy birthday, take it as a sure
sign that they view you as a target for a touch of cross-marketing. In
other words, having sold to you once or twice before, they would like
to do it over and over again.
[III MHoro4>YHK'-'....OHaIlbHble CIIOBa
B aHrmdlcKoM H3b1Ke cyru.ecTByeT ueJlbl1l P}!.:J, CJlOB, BbInOJlHHIOUJ.ll'( pa3-
Hble 4>YHKLlIUI B npCJ\.J10)f(CHIII1. K HUM OTHOCRTCH HCKOTopble COI03bl, npcJ\.J10-
29
riel. MeCTOHMeHlliI, CJlOBa-3aMeCTHTenl1 11 1I.p. OHit liHOfJIa npeJICTIlBJlJlIOT
TpYJIHOCTb JIml Ha1.JHHalOlLlero nepeBon.'mKa:
om
1) KOHcTpYKuml there is/are nepeBon.HTCJI KaK ecmb. cylilecmeyem. HOXa-
iJumCJl. a nepeBon. npeJUIoiKelUiJI C TaKOH KOHcTpYKUHeii Ha'lIlHaIOT C 06-
CTOJlTeJlbCTBa MeCTa:
-
There is some discrepancy in the results obtained.
B nOH)"l eHHblx pe3Y]lbmamax ecmb pacxo:JIC oeHlJJl.
-- - ---......... ---
BMecTo CPOpMbl be MOiKeT CTOJlTb rnarOJ1 exist:
t.._1l1it
There exist different ways to solve this problem.
Cj:ulecm«ylOm pa3Hble cnoc06bl peUiel/Z Ul 3m ou /U.
CO'leTaHlie there is no question of... 3Ha1.JliT "He .MO;)lcem 6blmb U pe'lU
0...".
BblpaJKeHlie there is ,zo doubt about it nepeBOJU1TCJI "8 'JnlOM "em CO,\tHe-
NUll".
2) MeCTOliMeHHe mWf, myiJa:
.JfWI¥I JIiI"'tf
Leave the lettcr there.
.!J.l E2 there m y self.
QCTaBb mlCbMO mw.f.
!l noeJIY caM myiJa.
3) Me)ICJIOMeTlliI"Y 80m. 80m nWK. 6yiJem me6e Ii JJ.p.:
--
....-
There you go!
e. th: re. !;,op crying!__
BOT MOJ1on.eU! (BOT TaK!)
»> E.r ! Te XBam ... aKa Tb!
o npaKTMqeCKOe 33AaHMe
nepeBeJ.UtTe CJ1eJI)'JOILlHe npeJUIO)ICeHlliI:
1. There is a certain rule to be used in this case.
2. There are many options to choose from herc.
3. There is no question of printing empty moncy.
4. There has been recently developed a new approach to this.
5. There exist more than one possibility for attracting investments
6. There seems to be another solution to the problem.
30
7. There must be a new instrument to deal with this issue.
8. There are a few things I want to make clear.
m
I) nH'IHOe MeCTOHMeHue (B HMeHlITenbHOM HllH KOCBeHHOM na.lleiKe):
- -
I have heard the news and find it very important.
jI }'iKe CJIbIUlaJI HOBOCTb U ClJlITalO ee O'le Hb Ba})<HOH.
I' -:.
2) YKa3aTenbHOe MeCT01iMeHHe:
" .... "\oUr..,. JRIIIII!f>
(t's today's newspaper. It's interesting.
3mo cerO.llH1IUlWUI ra3eTa. aHa HHTepeCHaJl.
-- -- -. -- ............ - -- -"< -
.
..
3) MeCTOltMeHHe, 3aMeIDIIOlUee BCe npe.llWeCTBYlOlUee BbICKa3b1Bamie, nepe-
BO.llHMOe KaK 3mo:
-
-"...-.
The price rise is inevitable. It means that...
POCT ueH HeH36eiKeH. 3mo 03Ha'iaeT, '11'0...
_ --.' ""_ ___ _. ______ .t!
4) ct>oPMaJlbHOe nOAJIeiKamee, KOTopoe He nepe60i>UI1ICJ/, nOCKOJlbK)' B PYC- ·
CKOM Jl3b1Ke, B OTnU'IHe 01' aHrnHiicKoro, cyweCTBYIOT 6e3J1H'IHble npe.ll-
JlOiKeHH1I:
-
MIl is! Ir'-.....
It is necessary to think it over.
He06xo.llHMO :no 06.1lY MaTb .
In ancient times it was believed that the Earth was flat.
S .IlpeBHOCTH .Il)'MaJlU (C'lHTanH), '11'0 3eMlUf nnOCKIDI.
{t seems that...
It is known that...
It's common knowledge that
It was observed that
nO-BIUlHMOMY
H3BecTHo, '11'0
06weU3BeCl'HO, '11'0
Eblno OTMe'leHO. <{TO
5) ilJopManbHoe nOAJIeiKawee B YCHllHTenbHoH KOHCTpYKWIH it was lie ...who
C nepeBolloM "UMeHHo... ":
,-" IP"'IiIJ""V
It was Lomonosov who founded Moscow university.
J1MeHHo nOMOHOCOB OCflOBarJ MOCKOBCKHIt Y H P TCT.
L"
6) ilJOpMarJbHoe .Il0nOnHCHHe, KOTopoe He nepe600 UmCJl .
31
-
I find it hard (0 undcrstand him.
Mllc -rpYJl.HO cm nOllil1'b.
-
This mcthod makcs it possible (0 obtain rcJiaolc data.
31'01' MCTOJI. Jl.ae1' B03MO>KHOCTb nOJlY'IH1'b .LI.OC1'OBCpHbTe Jl.aHHLTe
o npaKTM.eCKoe 3a,qaHMe
nepeneJI.IITC cneJJ.yIOII.IlfC npe!UlO)KeHWI:
I. It is worth while discussing this matter.
2. Takc it seriously. It might help.
3. It is not at all casy to put it into pr.Ktice.
4. It will be of no use to transfer more money than needed.
5. It is thought that this approach will be more helpful.
6. We hope this decision \vill make it only difficult to attract the savings
of thc population.
7. In our case it is a usual procedure.
IS. It was the first pricc rise that cmptied the shops counters back In
1991.
im1]
1) YKaJaTCnbHoe MCC1'OIIMCHue ('3)mom. ('3)l1Ia, (3)mo:
-
Show me that magazinc please.
nOKa>KUfC :l-me, nmKaJlylicTa, mum >KypHaJI.
That's just what I was going to say.
3mu KaK paJ TO, '11'0" c06lfpaJIC}I CKa3aTb.
2) 1fJ0pMaJlbllOe nOJl.JJe)l(alll.ee, KOTopoe lie nepC60Ul/1l1CR:
"'-
That will do.
That's quite right.
D:ocTaT04HO. (XBaTIIT.)
ConcpUleHno nepno.
3) COI03 that K31\ nOlUle>K3mee mo, '/11l0:
That thcy havc prepaid for the delivcry of goods was part of the con-
tract.
32
To, 'llno OIm npOIl3RC,m npc.lI.orulary 3a .lI.OCTaBKY TOBapoB, 6I.JJIO oro-
Bopello B KOHTpaKTc.
4) nO!l.'UlHUTC11bHbJH COI03 'll1lO: mo. 'mlO:
.... A>-
They believe That there will be no problem with payment.
aHU n01131"aIOT. '11110 C onJl3TOIl np06J1c'l.l HC oyneT.
Thc advantage of this method is thaT it has been rested.
npen 'IYlIteCTRO )TOrO MCTO.ll.a B 1110\1, 'I/nO OH Y>KC npoBcpclI.
5) OTHOCHTelbHOC MCCTOIIMCHIIC KO/nOpblij (-aH, -De):
It's a problem ThaT needs to be discussed In detail.
3TO np06J1eMa. KOl1l0pl'IO Hco6xo,U1MO nO.!l.p06HO 06CYilHTh.
6) C110BO-3a'VIeCTHTC11b (3aMcmacT paHee CTOllmee CYIllccTRI1TenhHoc JI ncpc-
BO,1111"CJI TeM >Ke C)'mccTBIITe11bHbIM UJ1II onycKacTcJI IIpl1 nCpCBOJl.C):
The inflatIon rate 111 October was hIgher than ThaT in September.
YpoBeub JIII<t>JllIuml B OKT1I6pe 6blJl BhIWC, '.eM (yponeHb UHQ;;/RI/llll) B
CeHTJl6pe.
7) COlO3 '/n106bJ (Korna 011 BXO!l.IIT B COCTIlBHOH COI03 In order - OIH /11020
'l11106bl ):
.. iio.-.A... "IT
rilleave the paper with you ill order that you (should) read it.
51 O B Tc6e CTaThlO. '/11106hl TC ee np041HaJI.
8) 4aCTb ycltJllne.lbHoro 060poTa (tL\1ellllo):
/t was uur strong willthllt helped find [he solullun 10 [he problem.
/l"elflw lIawa CIUlbHaJl 80ml nOMoma Halfrlf pelllcHflc "}Toif np06JICMhi.
9) MeCTOIIMCHlle /I1Q/wu (-aH. -oe). maK:
It wasn't Thar bad
DblJlO He 11W" }.jK nJloxo
o npaKTM"feCKOe 3a.QaHMe
rICpCBCJUI1 e c-'Ie..'!.) 101.l..lllC npcJ]JIo)f(elUlJI:
1. The idea that was put IC)fward by the managing director did nm seem
to be right.
2 3aK 46
33
2. The suggestion was made that all the deparunents were represented on
an equal basis.
3. Their wages were so low that there was no use to start this campaign.
4. That the commercial would do no harm was obvious.
5. The idea behind it is that we might reduce the time for this operation.
6. It was not until the Euro was introduced that the EU countries harmo-
nized mutual settlements.
7. The paper that was presented by a visiting lecturer from the UK
aroused great interest.
8. The dollar value of wages in the Baltics is higher than that in the other
fonner Soviet Union republics.
mm
I) OTHOCHTeJlbHOe MeCTOHMeHHe Komopblu:
....
The speed at which the car was moving was too high.
CKOpOCTb, c Komopou .D.BHranaCb MaWHHa, 6bJna C bICOKOii .
2) OTHOCHTenbHOe MeCTOHMeHHe 'lmo B 4JYHKlliUl nOlUIeJKaWero B npH.D.a-
TO'lHOM npelUIO:JKeHHH:
The minimum wage will be increased, which will cause the price rise.
MHHHMaJIbHCUI 3apnnaTa 6Y.D.eT }'B enH'IeH3, 'lmo Bbl30BeT pOCT LleH. _
3) .npyrHe CJJ)"IaH:
_.
They were doing research of unemployment, in which case both official
and hidden unemployment was studied.
OH" 3aHHMaJIHCb HCCJ1e.D.OB3HHeM 6e3pa60THLlhI, U B 3mO.M CJlY'lae H3Y-
'1aJI3Cb K3K o4J"LlHaJIbHCUI, TaK " CKpblTIUI 6e3pa6oTHLla.
For which reason - H no :nO" npH'HtHe;
For which purpose - H lUIH :noro;
The manner in which - TO, KaK ...
The extent to which - TO, HaCKonbKo ...
o npaKTM"feCKOe 3a,Q,aHMe
TIepeBerorre cneJI)'JOllI.He npelUIO:JKeHWI:
I. The extent to which all the components are involved depends on the
situation.
34
2. Pierre and Marje Curie were mostly engaged in researching radioac-
tive elements, ill which field they made most essential discoveries.
3. Factors are investigated which play an important role in the process
under study.
4. The economic growth was substantial, which is due to the production
volume.
5. The way in which this was achieved is not exactly what we have in
mind.
L1m!]
I) BonpOCHTeJ1bHOe CJ10BO 'lmo:
..-
What do you mean?
lfmo TbI UMeeWb B BU.ny?
--
2) BonpOCmeJ1bHOe CJ10BO KaKOU:
--... ,Io. .:..-..& "'q"'" - b:-___
What size do you wear?
KaK011 paJMep BbI Hocme?
- -, .. ..
3) OTHOCHTeJ1bHOe MeCTmlMemle mo. 'lnlO; 'lmo:
...G.---
Tl
.......
:IL
We accept what you offer us.
Mbl npHHIiMaeM mo. 'lmo BbI HaM npellJ\araeTe.
They wanted to know what had happened.
OH!.!, )"renH 3HaTb. 'lmo npoH3owno. .:...
4) OTHOCHTeJ1bHOe MeCTOHMeHHe B I}>YHKUlilI 1}>0pManbHoro nOllJ\e)Kam:ero
mo, 'lnJO (ljaCTO He nepeBO.lurrCR):
-
ili W 11f
-.,
....
... .
...
What he said may have been true.
To. 'lmo OH CKa3aJ1, B03MO)KHO, 6bIno npaB./J,On.
What happened was that they were late.
CnY'lIinocb TaK, 'lmo OHH on03./J,aJllf.
What I mean (What I want to say) is that we must go there anyway.
51 IiMelO B BM.ny (51 xO'ly cKaJaTb), 'lmo HaM H)'IKHO ry./J,a noexaTb B
mo6oM CJ1}"1ae.
--
5) OTHOCIfTeJ1bHOe MeCTOUMeHHe B I}>YHKUHH onpe.!l:eneHlU1 mo. KaKoii:
35
What technique is to be used should be coordinated with your research
supervisor.
He06xo.illIMO cornacoBaTb c BaUHlM BaY'tHbIM PYKOBO.LUlTeneM. /(QKOZ;
MeTO.l\ cne.l\y nOJl Tb.
6) oc06bJe CJ1)"IaH:
II
JtUlenli O{JL:106JUNO nt.' ,- II niJel\uQm",
-
A price rise is what followed after that.
B.uecmo "POCT ueH - TO, '1TO nOCne.l\OBaJ10 3a .3nIM" J1)"Illle nepeBeCTIJ
"3a.3TI!M nOCJle.llOBaJ1 pO CT u '._
6W llJlfl!llUA
....
What about. . . ?
What does it matter?
In what follows...
What for"!
- ""
KaK HaC'teT?
KaKoe :no HMeeT 3Ba ' leHHe?
B .l\a.lbHeHllleM...
3a'leM?
o npaKTH.eCKoe 33J1aHHe
nepeBe.lUITe npe!lJlmKeHWI co CJIOBOM what.
1. What I have tried to do is to give an analysis of the situation.
2. What really matters is the attitude to the problem.
3. What approach is the best should be decided in advance.
4. We didn't know what the nature of this phenomenon was.
5. What was the fonnula you used in your calculation?
6. The answer will depend on what you decide.
7. If this is the nonn, what about the other cases?
8. What followed was the study of possible solutions.
m
I) Hape'lHe KaK. noiJ06Ho:
-
Orders and requests are wriuen like any other business letters.
3aKa3b1 H npocb6bl oc}JopMmlloTcH nO!l06HO JlI06bJM .n.PyniM .l\e.'IOBbIM
miCbMaM.
_ r-L<<J.
36
h-
2) np"JlaraTeJlbHOe noxo:HCUu. noo06HblU, CXO:JICIIU:
-.. ........
-.
-
These substances have like properties.
Y 3THX BeLUeCTB cxo:ame cBoilcTBa.
3) marOJlllpa611mbCR:
_ I!iI!II!!! -.......
-
....,
-
I like this design.
M e nCR_3TI1 TpYKLlIUl.
[1m
I) npen.nor OJIR. 3a:
-
-.....
-..
"'"
Nobody will do this/or you.
HHKTO He c.u:eJlaeT 3TO 3a Te6J1.
There is a package left/or you here.
3.u:ecb dlJR Hac OCTIIBJIeH naKeT.
2) HenepeBo.u:IIMbli\ npe.ZI.1Ior nOCJIe maroJla wait:
Who are you waiting/or?
Koro TbI >I<.u: Wb?
...1'
3) npen.nor 6 me'leHue:
-
JWt- -
.
_ .... wr ..........-...;. ':y ,__
--
We've been working on this project/or half a year.
Mbl pa60TaeM HaLl 3THM npOeKTOM 6 me'ieHUe nOJlyro.u:a.
(1111": Y:JICe n01J o.u:a )
4) no.u:'lHHJITe1JbHbIH COI03 nocKo,7bK}'. maK KaK. 110mo.MY '11110, u60:
--
It WdS necessary to introduce a system of rationing, for the shortage of
food was high enough.
He06xo.u:HMO 6blJlO BHeCT" KapTO'lH)'JO CIiCTeMY, 11laK KaK .u:e$IfLllIT
npo.u:YKTOB nHTIl HI!JI QbIn .u:OCTaTO'lHO 60JlbWUM.
BI
I) nO.!1'JHHI1TeJ1bHblii COlO3 maK KOK. u60:
37
They were not ready to discuss this problem as nobody
had informed them about it.
OHH 61>1nH He rOTOBbl 06cY)I{JJ.aTb 3TY npo6neMY, m.K. HM HHKTO 06
3TOM He co06u.lHn.
2) Hape'iHe KaK:
.. J " 8lW i
This form needs to be filled in as reqUired by the consulate.
3ry aH TY He o6x oD.HMO 3anOJIHHTb, IWK "p!6yeTc" KO CYJ1bCTBOM.
3) nOD.'iHHHTeJlbHbIA COlO3 BpeMeHH no Mepe mo,'o K{JJ(, 1\0;>00, 6 /nO ape.WI KaK:
t.:l.8II ..... ....:.. y .-» .... ........ :R 1 a""_ . ".,,
The inflation rate grows a:> credit emission increases.
YpoBeHb HH<tJn"llIiH paCTeT no Mepe m020 I(OK YBenH'iHBae-rcJI 06"bf!M
KpeD.HTHOA 3MHCC H.
4) B YCTOA'iHBbIX BblpCUKeHHIDc
.-
As far as I know...
HaCKonbKO" 3HalO...
1) Hape'iHe mOJlbKO:
!!......
.,.
..
-
. .....-
-
Only he was able to help us.
TO.%KO OH Mor nOMO'ib Ha .
2) npHIlaraTenbHoe eouHcmaellllblu (c apTHKneM I1JfI1 nplITJlJ!<aTenbHblM Me-
cToHMeHHeM):
i
J _
-
The onl)' thing that could help them was time.
Ei)uHcmaemlOe, 'iTO Morno HM nOMO'ib, 6b1no BpeMJI.
His only book was printed after his death.
E o eOllHCmaeHHaR KHHra BbIllIJla nOCJ1e o cMe pTH.
3) COlO3 HO:
..., J M
They were prepared to do it, Dilly they were never asked.
OHH 6blnH raTOBbl TIO CD.eJ1aTb, HO HX TaK H He non p OCHnH.
...............
!m1m
1) npe)lJlOr BpeMeHH (HQ'lIiHaR) c, noc:le:
38
We haven't Ialked since Monday.
bI He paJroBapHBaJIli c n one.a eJIbHHKa.
I.
2) nape'lue apeMeHH c mex nop:
I haven't seen her since.
R. ! m.n:eJI e , :!!!!!!..!.!!!E:
3) no.n:'lHHlnenbHbIH COlO3 c mex nop. KOK:
-
-... --.a'
j
- . .. MIiiJ
-
He hasn't writtcn since hc Icft.
.2H He HanlfC aJI .=.. mex nap. KaK yeXaJI.
-
4) no.n:'lIlHUTeJILHbIH COlO3 mOK KOK. nocKoflbKY:
Since everythmg was ready, we didn't want to waste time.
TOK KOK BCe ObInO m Bo, MW lie XOTCmt TCpJl Tb BpeMII.
o npaKTM"feCKOe 3aA2HMe
nepeBe.lUtTe CJIe.ayrollllie npelUlO)!(eHHII C MHoro<pYHKUHOHaJIbHblMIJ cno-
BaMB.
1. In the short period since the collapse of the USSR, there have been
formed new rclations in the region.
2. The only legal place available for gambling is a casino.
3. As the time passed, we werc ablc to see thc changes.
4. It is difficult to believe it, for so many attempts have been madc.
5. It was their only chance to be involved in the project.
6. As wc are to take four exams in this coming session. I don't think I'll
be ablc to join you.
7. Both thesc countries have like tendencies of development.
8. Macroeconomic stabilization is necessary, since it is the only way to
market reforms.
B «npaKTItK)'Me nepeao.n:a» nepeBe.n:HTe CTaTblO, nOMellleHHYIO B 3a.n:aHHC
lO pa3.n:ena 5.1.1. (<<nepeBOD. opHTaHcKHX HCTO'lHHKOB»), o6palllIDI BHHMaHI1C
Ha \!HOr03Ha'lHble CJ1y)!(eOHble C1Ioaa.
39
nepeAa'la MMeH co6CTBeHHbiX M Ha3BaHMH
(TpaHCKpMnQMfl,TpaHCIIMTepaQM ,nepeBoA)
B CBH3" C TeM, 'ITO aHrJIlIHCKlffi Sl3blK UMeeT JlaTIfHCKIfM llJpmpT, a pyc-
CKufi - KHpHJIJlHLlY, npH mlCbMeHHOM nepCBO.lle C aHrJIHficKOro H3blKa B03HH-
KaJOT TPYJUIOCTH, CBSl3aHHbIe C nepc.l1a'Ieii HMeH c06CTBeHHblX H Ha3BaHitH.
Ha6JIJO.IlaTenbHblH 'IltTaTeJIb 06pawae-r BHHMaliHe Ha TO, 'ITO O..'1HO H TO
)Ke aHrJIHHCKOe HMH c06CTBeHHoe no-pa3110MY nepeJlaeTCH Ha PYCCKlfif H3b1K.
HanpHMep, BHJIbHM 11 YUJIbHM (William), reKCJIH H XaKCJ1H (Huxley), BaTcon
H YOTCOH (Watson).
O.l1no 11 TO )Ke HMJI Charles, eCJIH 0110 OTHOCliTCH K anrJll1l1CKIIM KOpOJ1SlM
.AHHaCTlm CTJOapTOB, nepe.llaeTCJI KaK KapJI (HanpIiMCp, Kapn I. KOTOpblH OWl
Ka3HeH B XO.lle AHrnHllCKOH 6yp»<ya3H0I1 pCBO:IJOlUUI 17-ro BCKa), a B Ha-
CTOJlWCe BpeMJI (JlIDKC eCJIli :no HaCJICII.HHK aHrnHHCKOI"O npccTOlJa) - KaK
QapJIb3. DO'ICMY Tal< npmICXO.llUT? 3na'lHT ml :no, 'ITO HC cywecTByeT 'leTKIIX
npaBliJI .IllUI nepe.lla'Ili lIMeH C06CTBCHHbIX?
Bce .IlenO B TOM, 'ITO aHrJIHHCKlIe UMeHa c06CTBeHHbIe paHbllJe nepeJlaBa-
lHiCb C nOMOWbJO mpallCJ1umepat{IlU, TO eCTb nepen.a'1U rpa lI'leCKoj:j, 6YK-
BeHHoii. $OpMbI CJIosa (.IlOCJ10BHO C J1anlHcKoro: lralls litera - 'lepe3 6YK6Y)
6e3 Y'ICTa $oHeTH'1eCKOll TpaHCKpUnL.llll1. OTcJOJla el.llc Y J1oMoHocoBa B "O.n.e
na BOCIllCCTBlie Ha npeCTOl] EmnaBeTbl neTpoBHbI" MbI 'lI1TaCM, 'ITa
MO;)ICem c06cmaellliblx flnamoH06
J16YUHbIX pa3)'.'>f0.M lIe611l01106
3e.wlJl POCCUUCKClR p0;)ICOamb.
I1MeHHo TaKlIM 06pa30M Ha PYCCKUH Jl3b1K nepCJlaBaJIaCb $aI\HI1IIUI H3-
BeCTHoro aHrmd1cKoro yqeHoro I1caaKa HblOTOHa (Isaac Newton). C Te'IeHH-
eM BpCMCHI1 CTaJIa npe06JIa.llaTb mpaIlCKpUIIl{UJi, TO eCTb OlleTH'-leCKl1ii
(3BYKOBOH) cnoc06 nepe.na'lu aHrmlilcKI1X IIMeH PYCCKHMU 6YKBaJ\U1. XOTH no
mpaOUlfUll OCTaJIHCb CJlY'fall nOJIHOll TpallCJll-nCpalt HH (Hanpnl\lep, allrmlH-
CKHe KopomI James - .sIKOB; Georgc V - feopI- V: William thc Conqucror-
BHJIbreJIbM 3aBOCBaTeJIb).
KCTaTu. B CJIY'lae C HbJOTOIiOM BCJlb TOJIbKO $aMHJI1111 Tenepb lIepcn.aeTCJI
nYTeM TpaHcKpHnIUIH, a HMJI I1caaK no-npe)KHeMY OCTaJIOCb B TpaHCJJIlTepa-
LlHOHHOii nepeJI.aqe. 3aTo HMJI ero Te3KH, 113BCCTHoro aMepHKaHcKoro nHcaTC-
JIH- aHTacTa AU3eKa A3Z1.M06a (Isaac Asimov), Y)Ke ncpeJlaHO C nOI\lOl.llblO
TpaHcKpumuIH (XOTJI nOBOJl.OB OCTaTbCJI I1caaKoM y A3HMOBa 6blJIO 60JIbIlle.
'lCM Y HbIOTOHa., nOCKOJJbK)' OH po.n. H JJC1I B Pocclm).
I1TaK, nyreM mpaHC:7umepallUli UMCHa c06cTBeHilbic nepCJlaJOTCII HCTO-
pH'leCKH 111111 TpaJlHLlHOHHO: .Ilo....,op BaTcoH (a He YOTCOH) Y KonaH JJ.Or'I1IH,
nOCKOJIbK)' KHHre 0 IllepnoKe XOJIMCC Y)Ke 60nce CTa neT; rpliHBU'ICKIIH l\1e-
40
pmmaH (XOTR OH npOXO.L\HT 'IepC3 ropO.L\, m13BaHHC KOTOpOrO npOlI3HOCIlTCH
rpUHU'I) H .L\p.
HMCIOTCR II .n,pyrHc CJI)"Ia'f .L\BYX BapHaHTOB nCpe.L\a'lH HMCHH (q>aMMlUlI1).
KpOMe HcaaKa (Afi3eKa), MO)f(HO npHBeCTH npHMCp C $aMluUfcH Huxley. 3T0
, rCKCJlM, $H3I1K-CCTCcTBOIICnbITaTeJIb 19-ro BCKa, Ii XaKCJUf, aHrJIHHCKlIll nll-
CaTCJIb 20-ro BeKa (npHMep H.E. ApJlCTOBa).
Bcc .L\pynfe nonblTKII nOJIb30BaTbCH TOJIbKO TpaHClUlTepaUllel1 npH nepc-
.L\a'le HMeH c06CTBel:HblX BMeCTO TpaHclqmnmm, r.L\e :JTO B03MO)f(HO, npen-
CTaBJIHIOT C060H HapyweHHe YCTaHOBJIeHHOH HOpMbl. ECJIH 3TO nO-rrpe)f(HeMY
l!MeeT MeCTO, TO .L\O HaC .L\OXO.L\HT HCKmKeHHoe JlMH c06CTBeHHoe.
.HpKJlM npJlMepOM TaKoro HCKa>KeHHH CTaJIa $aMHJ1I1H H3BeCTIIoro nliaHII-
CTa, JIaypea-ra Me>KnYHap0.L\Horo KOHKypca HM. n.H. IJaHKoBcKOro B MOCKBe
B 1958 r. 1,13 B:ma KJIaii6epHa (Van Cliburn) OH 6JIaro.L\apR He O'lellb rpaMOT-
HOMY paGoTHIIKY KOIICYJIbCKOrO OT.L\eJIa nOCOJIbCTBa CCCP B CWA, Bbl.L\aB-
weMY eMY Bmy, npeBpanUlclI B BaHa KJIu6epHa (nMellllo noD. 3ntM J.\MeHeM
OH II CTaJI H3BeCTeH B CCCP, XOTII Y>Ke B COBeTcKoM 3HUHKJIOne.L\H'ICCKOM
CJIOBape 1982 r. 3Ta oWHoKa IICnpaBJleHa).
B :nOH >KC CBH311 HCnOCJlC.llOBaTeJIbHO BblrJIHlUfT H HanucaHIiC $aMIUlIIII
M3BCCTHoro aMcpuKallcKoro aKTepa CH.JlbBCcTpa Cmal/liOHe Ha HT3.JlbRHCKMii
MaHcp. Y Hero D.ellcTBHTCJIbIlO liTaJIbHHCKnc KOpHM, HO OH, 'ITO Ha3bIBaCTCH,
HarypaJIlt30Ballllbll! aMcpnKaHCU, Ii $aMIUlUR Stallonc no-aHrm-llicKIi 'IUTaeT-
cx CmQJI.I/0YII. O'leBJI.llHO, CJIeJl.OBaJIO ee 11MeHHO TaK H nCpeJl.aTb nO-PYCCKIL
Bo06we iKe C ncpeJl.a'leH HMen c06CTBeHHbiX aHrmf'laH H aMepHKaIlUCB, y
KOTOpblX He aHrJIO-CaKCOHCKHe KOpHU, B03HHKalOT 60nbWHe np06neMbi
MMeHHO Y TCX, KTO 3HaeT, KaK OHM npOllJllOCHTCR Ha JBblKe OplinlHaJIa. LLnH
YMelOwHX 'HrraTb rrO-nOJlbCKI1 $aMIUIItJO Rzcczycki HeCJIO)f(HO npO'mTaTb
npaBHJ1bHO: )f(3'lbllfKU, HO ecnM aMcpMKaHeu nonbCKoro npOlICXO)f(D.CHHII, lie
3HalOlIUdi R3blKa CBOIfX npcllKOB, Y)f(C .aaBno npol13HOCUT ee Pe3UCKU, TO. cJle-
.nyx npaBHJ1aM nepe.aa'lJl HMeH c06CTBellHblX Ha PYCCKHfi H3bIK, ee IIMeHHO TaK
" TpaHCKpJl6HpYIOT, npll 3TOM OHa nepeCTaeT CKJIOIIHTbCH no naD.ejKaM.
)]:OBOJIbIiO 'IaCTO npH TpaHCKpu6upOBaHlfIJ OJJ,HOBpeMeIiIiO Y'HlTbIBaeTCH n
op$orpa$IDI. HanpHMep, HCKOTopbIe COrJIaCHbie aHrmdkKoro H3b1Ka, KOTO-
pblC He npOH3HOCHTCH, B PYCCKOM BapliaHTe, TeM HC MCHCC, OTpaJl<aIOTCII:
--.
K3Mn6en.l
C1>OJIbKCTOH
Ma.TJbKOnbM
nanM
P06epT
Y IICTJI
,.....,
Campbell
Folkslonc
Malcolm
Palm
Robcrt
Whistlc
41
Y'iIlTblBCUI TO, 'fro B PYCCKOM 1I.3b1Ke OTCYTCTBYIOT HeKOTOpble 3BYKli aHr-
mdicKoro 1I.3LIKa, HanpHMep, [1]], [wJ, [re], [0] If .n.p., MbI npOCTO BLIHY>K.n.eHbI
npll6eraTb K co emaHUIO TPaHCKpHnLUfIf II TpaHCJ1HTepaUlIlf.
CYl.I..leCTBYIOT onpe.n.eneHHble p'YCCKlie 6YK6ellHble COOT1lBemCm6Wl GlIi?.!luzi-
CKUM 36YKl1M:
[rel nepe.n.aeTClI. 6YKBaMH "3" WIH "a", Hanpl1Mep:
Allan - kmaH
Graham - rp3M
Bradley - DP3J!iUl
S ford - C H<I>opn:
[e] nepe.ll.aeTCSI 6YKBaMH "3" WIll "e", HanpUMep:
11111
T ..
Elliot - 3JUIUOT
Cocn - K03H
Essex - 3cceKc
Ben - DeH
Betty - beTT"
Evans - 3BaHc
[A] nepe.n.aeTClI. 6YKBOH "a" HJ1H HCTopwlecKu- 'Y':
J_
._-
Shuttle - lllaTTn
Dublin - ,Ay6111iH
-
iIt
Huntly - XaHTnlf
Hudson - rY.lI.30H
[3:] nepellaeTCSI 6YKBOA "e" (pe>Ke - "3", HO He "e"):
....
- -
-
JiIIr
Burns - EepHC (a He DepHC!)
Turner- TepHep
Bernard - EepH _,
Bird - D3pn.
Surbilon - CepoHToH
Pe.n.YLlHpoBaHHble maCHble nepe.n.aIOTClI. C nOMOlilblO oprporpa nlll, T.e.
TPaHcnuTepnp}'lOTCJl:
-"'f
-
......
Boston
Chester
110: Plymouth
bOCTOH
qeCTep
M yr
--
AHmUHCKHe ouifJmOl/2U H mpurjJmoll2u, nocne KOTOpblX CJ1e.n.yeT 6YKBa r,
06b1'iHO nepe.n.aIOTCJI PYCCKOH maCHOH (B cnY'lae TpIirpToHra B03MO)l{eH BapH-
aRT C llBYMJI macHblMIi) Ii 6YKBOH p:
Moor - Myp
Tower - TaY3P
r 11"- , AmrriF
Blair - Emp
Clear - Krtl1p
--
-
iii!
42
[r] nepelUle-rcH 6}'KBOR ''p'', JJ.a>Ke eCJIH OH He npOH3HOCHTCH:
....
'\. .2"0
-
:;.....-.-""...._--
Harper - Xapnep
Darwin - .D;apBHH
Richard - PHqapn
Charlotte - ll1apnOTTa
...... -
[it] nepenat!TcH 6}'KBOH "3":
Warner Brothers - Y opHep EpaJep3
[9] nepenaerCH 6YKBOit "T":
- -
117
J 1
....
Thatcher - T3T'Iep
Hathaway - XaTapR
Smith - CMItT
Thom- TopH
Ho: Labour Monthly - fleR60p MaHcJlH
[IJ] nepenaeTCH 6YKBOCOqeTaHlteM "Hr":
Morning - MopHHHr
Stron - C -rpoHr
Singer - CHHrep
Rin go - PHHro
[wJ nepenaeTcH 6YKBOH "y" BO Bcex cJI)"laJIX, KpOMe OnHoro: Korna OH CTOHT
nepen3BYKoM [u], TO nepenae-rcH 6YKBOH UB":
J.. L- .dJ
Wolfenson - Bynb$eHcoH
Worcester - BYCTep
OI« ..
-
Wood - Byn
Woopie - BynH
Wilde - YaJtnLn
West - Y3CT
Q n - KYHH
Windsor - YIfH,n30P
William - YlfJlbHM
Quarter - y p Tee.....
........--
Bce, qTO He COOTBeTCTBYeT naHHOMY npaBH1I)', - pe3ynLTaT IfCTOpHqeCKO-
ro IfJIIf -rpa,nlIUHoHHOro HanlfcaHWI, HanplfMep: BaHOMIfHr, BawIfHIToH, ,n-p
BaTCOH, BHHH" nyx, BIfJILJlM ll1eKcnlfp_
[h] nepenaeTcH 6YKBOH "x" IfJIIf -rpaJ1IfUIfOHHO ur":
'I
"'!'1IiU 1-'''
LI;: .K. ;("M
6
Horton - XOpTOH
Harr - X appoy
Henry - feHplt
..!:astin gs - faCTHHrC
43
fipH nepe.na4e Y060eHHblX aHrmli1cKHX CornaCHbiX B I1MeHaA C06CTBeH-
HbIX Cne.LlyeT COXpaWlTb HX B PYCCKOM BapHaHTe, eCJ1H 33 HHMH He cne.nyeT
ellle O.nHH cornaCHbIH:
-..
-..JI
II.'!'II!I -
--
Betty - 6eTTH
Wittaker- YHITaKep
Morris - MOppHC
Churchill - Qep4HJ1J1b
Benneton - 6eHIIeToH
Lizzie - JIH33H
Bess - 6ecc
Ferry - <I>eppH
Ho: fpa$CTBO MUOJlCeKC (Middlesex) B Am-mm
fopo.ll: llumc6YPi! (Pittsburg) B CUlA
__ fopo .n CU3m.n (Seattle) B CIlIA ___.
ECTecTBeHHO, 11JI1I TOro 'IT06bI npaBWIbHo nepe.naTb Ha PYCCKOM H3bIKe
aHrJ1l1ikKOe HMlI C06CTBeHHOe, HY)KHO YMeTb npa6lL7bHO ei!O npO'lUmamb.
31-0, Ka3aJ10Cb 6bI, caMO C060H pa3YMeeTcH, HO HMeHHO H3-3a HeYMeHHH npo-
'iHTaTb HMII C06CTBeHHOe npoHcxoW1T ollm6KH B nepe.na'ie HX no-pyccKIi (Bbl
3aMeTWIH, 'iTO HH pa3Y He 6bIJ10 yn01pe6J1eHO CJ10BO "nepeBOll", nOCKonbK)'
HMeHa He nepeBO.ll)ITCII).
O.ll:Ha H3 TaKIiX OWU60K }JKc 6bIna ynoMIIHYI"a: KRu6epH BMeCTO KRau-
6epHa. CJ1e.nyeT nO.ll:4epKHYI"b, '1TO pe4b H.lI:eT HMeHHO 06 UH2JlUUCKUX HMeHax
c06CTBeHHbIx, a He 060 Bcex, BCTpe4alOlllHXcII B aHrJ1HHCKOM TeKCTe (HanpH-
Mep, $paHUY3cKHX, HTaJIbllHCKIiX H n.p.). Cpen.H 3aMeQeHHbiX OlllUOOK non.o6-
Horo pon.a MO)KHO OTMeTHTb TaKlie, KaK:
-
......!. JJ ,'
..u. .9 t-
Graham - rpaxaM (npaBWIbHo - fp3M)
Heather-Xemep WIHXu3ep (npaBltnbHO - Xe3ep)
Keath - Kuc WIH Keum (npaBWIbHo - KliT)
Stephen - CmerjJeH (npaBWIbHo - CUIBeH)
Sean - Cean (npaBHl1bHo - UlOH)
Walles - Ba'lflec (npaBWIbHo - Yonnec)
Steinberg - lllmeuH6epz (npaBWIbHo - CTaHH6epr, eCJ1U 3TO He HeMe
a aHTJ1H'1aHHH WIH aMepHKaHeu.)
alter - BOJ/b mep (np WIbl!2 ep)
fiepeBon.4HK .LlOl1)KeH 3HaTb H npaBIf11a nepen.a'lH Ha PYCCKHH H3bIK Ii n.py-
rHX liMeH co6CTBeHHbIX, B 4aCTHOCTH, Ha3BaIlUii KOMnaHlili, napTHi1, ra3eT,
reOrpa$HQeCKHX Ha3BaHHH H T.n..
reozDat/III'1eCI\Ue IIUJ6Ult"H:
a) nepe600HmCR: Lake Superior - 03epo BepxHee; the Pacific Ocean-
Tm,"ii OKeaH; Cape of Good Hope - MbIC .n:06poii Han.e)K!lbl); Prince Edward
Island - OCTpOB fipHHu.a 3J1.Yap.na, O)l.Ha H3 .LleCJlTIi npOBHHu.Ili1 KaHa.LlbI;
Rocky Mountains - CKaJ1HCTbIe ropbl;
44
6) mpallCl\pUnllpYHJmCR (nepeOalOl11CJl I'/}me.." mpallCKpllm{Uu: Newfound-
land - HblVrjJuYl/o:'eniJ. a He "BHOBb HaifnCHHall 3e 1J1H (OCTpOB l1 npoBHHUHII B
KaHa.1le); New Mexico - HblO-MeKClIKO, a He "HoBall MeKCI1Ka" (W1'a1' Ha lOre
CiliA); Sail Lake City - CO:lnJ-J7eziK-Cumu, a He "rOpOJ.1 COJ1eHoro 03epa" (ro-
pojJ. B aMepUKaHCKOM WYcHe IOTa); Anchorage - AI/KUpUOJ/C, a He " KOpH<UI
C1'OflHKa" I1ml " KOpb CnaCCHI1I1" (roP011 B dMepllKaHCKoM WlaTe AllflCKa); Pearl
Harbor - flepR .\ap6()p, a He ")I{eM'IY}!(Hafi 6yxra" (BOCHHO-MOPCK<UI 6a3a
CiliA Ha oC11>0Be Oaxy, OJ.1HOM H3 raBaHcKHx OC11>0BOB, k"y1.!.a B 1941 r. BTopr-
JlIICh IInOHUhl, B1'IIH)'BwHe CoemmellHble WTaTbI BO BTOPYIO '-mpoBYIO ROihi)').
B HeKo1'ophlX CJ1)ItIaflX coxpaHllc-rcfI Tpa1U1UHoHHall. XOTII H HCKa>Ke lHafl
TpaHCKpl1nUl1f1: Texas - Texac (a He TeKcac); Derby - 11.ep6H (a He 11.ap6H).
Arkansas - ApKaH3ac (a He ApKaHeo).
B) nepeOGlOmCR C,llellWllllblM cnoco6oM: North Dakota - CeBepH<UI 11.aKo-
1'a: New Zealand - HOBafi 3eJ1aHlI.HfI.
flpH nepeBolle C aHrJmifcKoro HHOll3blI.JHblX Ha.:mmmH (HeMeUKHx, $paH-
UY3CKHX H J.1p.) coxpaHfle1'cfI YCTOIIBW<UlCfI rpa.l.lHUHOHHall <\JopMa: Mexico
City - MCXHKO; Munich - MIOHxeH; Venice - BCHeUHfI; Nice - Hl1uua.
llaJ6ll/IIIR KO. "'"llllli nCpClI.alOTCII C nOMOU.lblO TpaHCKpumum:
Paramount Pictures
BBC
CNN
General Electric Corp.
Levi Strauss & Co.
Johnson & Johnson Inc.
flapaMaYHT fll1KLfCp3
bH-bU-CH
CII-'3H-3H
AJKeHepan 3ncK11>HK KopnopeHwH
J1HBaii CTpOCC 3HJ.1 KOMnaHH
_. OHCOH - H -11. OH HHKopnopeHTen.
HaJ6UHlIR "e/JIIOOllllecKlIx lIJiJallllli. KO/Ja6.'1eti. 1'.11Il(, IUtlll({u)eu. nze-
""'P06 " JIfI'JbIK1l1bllbL\: <>VI'II" TaK}!(e TpaHcKpH6I1pYIOTCfI:
--
The Wall Street Journal
Agricultural Engineering
Journal of Economics
"Queen Elizabeth"
"Mayflower"
Downing Street
Piccadilly Circus
Bedford Square
Madison Avenue
/10: Trafalgar Square
-
Y OJ1J1 CTpm A}!(OPH3J1
(apmUK.7b onycKaeTclI)
3rpI1Ka. Lfypan 3H..l1}!(HHHpHHr
11.}!(opH3n 0$ 3KOHOMHKC
"KYI1H 3J1H3a6eT"
"M3H$naY3p"
11.aymmr C11>lfT
flHKKa!t IJ1nH CepKYc
bell<tJop.1 CKBep
M3JmCOH ABeHIO
Tpa$a.'1brapCKa nnOW.a.J.b
45
Covent Garden
Metropolitan Opera
Deep Purple
The Rolling Stones
Spice Girls
KOBeHT rap.l1eH
MeTponomtT3H Onepa
,l],Hn nepnn
Pon1Umr CToym
Cnafic repJ13
r _.(
K CO)f(aJIeHlliO, MHorne )K)'pHaJIHCTbl B nOcne,llHce BpeMJI He yrpy)f(J!.aK>T
cc6J1 ncpeJ],aIJen no-pYCCKH Ha3BaHI1H clJHPM, ra3eT H T..I1., B pC3ynbTaTe qero B
PYCCKOM TCKCTe cnnOWb H pJl.IJ.OM cne.nyIOT aHrnHHCKHe Ha3BaHHII, HanpHMep:
McDonald's
The Financial Times
WIIIQ" J 111V"
BMeCTO
BMecTO
MaKJl,OHaJlb!lC
<I>afill3Hwen TaHMC
HHor.l1a YMY.l1pJlIOTC" O.l1HO Ha3BaHUC HanHcaTb J1BYM" WpI1lJJTaMU: KHHO-
Cl)'.lI.WI "XX BeK Fox", PM-CTaHIUl" (PM - COKpaLl.!eHl1e OT pa.l1110Tep\1Hl10B
frequency modulated - 'lacmomHo-.1f,foOYJllIpOaom/blu H frequency modula-
tion - '1aC1nOnlHOJl MoOYllRljUR).
EcnH B npeccc BCTpeIJaeTC" clJpa3a "no C006Ll.!CHHIO BBC....., TO J],IDKe
BJlaJ1ClOml1fi aHrnHficKHM "3bIKOM IJHTaTCJlb (a >KYpHaJIHCT He .I10n)f(CH .I1eJlaTb
CTaBI<)' Ha TaKOrO IJltTaTenH) npe>K1le BCCro MO)f(eT nO.l1YMaTb 0 PYCCKOM CO-
KpameHI1H BBC OT BoeHHo-B03.nyWHbIX CM, a He 0 EH-6u-clI.
B PYCCKOM TCKCTe He06xo.l1HMO Bce nncaTb no-pyccKH. ,l],onycKaeTCJI
nUWb (H TO He06H3aTem,HO) B cK06Kax YKa3aTb opt)Jorpa$1t1O opHrltHaJla.
H036aHliJl napmuii. ueXOYllapOOHblX 0p2alfU3aljuii U 20cyoapC1n6eUHblX
CJIyx6, KaK npaBIDIO, nepeBO,llJITCJI:
n
Conservative Parly
Security Council
House of Representatives
U.S. Department of Stale
-IT
-
O.l1HaKO H 3.11eCb eCTb CBOH HCKJlIO'IeHWI:
KOHCepBaTltBHaJI napTIlJl
CoaCT 6e30naCHOCTIt
naJIaTa npe.l1CTaBlfTenefi
rO apT T ClllA
Labour Party
Scotland Yard
Foreign. Office
Intelligence Service
-
JIeH60pHcTcKaSi {a He TpY.l10BaJl) napTWI
CKOTnaH.I1 Rp.ll. (a HC 1ll0Tnall.l1cKHfi
,l],BOp) - ynpaBJleHlte nOH.I10HCKOH nonH-
llHH
<I>OpItH Ot)JHC (a He ItHOCTpaHHaH KOHTO-
pa) - MI1,l], COe.ll.HHt!HHoro KOpOJlCBCTBa
HHTCnnH.I1)f(eHC cepBliC (a He cnYJK6a Pa3-
Be.l1KH) - pa3Be.l1ynpaBJlCHItC BenHK06pll-
TaHlm.
46
[!] BOnpOCbl AJ1H caMOKOHTpOIlSI
]. KaK nepe.ll.aIOTC" Ha PYCCKldt "3b1K aHrmdfcKlie IIMeHa co6CTBeHHLIe II
clIOBa-Ha3BaHIIJI?
2. LJeM OTlIWiaeTCJI TpaHCnInepaUII" OT TpaHCKplmum1?
3. KaK BJIIDIeT Jl3blKOBaJI Tpa.ll.HUillI Ha cnoco6bl nepe.ll.a<J:II aHrJIHficKHX
IIMeH co6CTBeHHbrx Ha PYCCXHH Jl3bIX?
4. B KaKlfX cny<J:aJIX HMeHa co6cTBeHHbie II Ha3BaHIiJi nepeBo].J.J!TCJI?
5. KaK nepe.ll.aIOTCJI Ha PYCCKIfH Jl3blK aHrJIHHCKHe IIMeHa II Ha3BaHHJI, B
COCTaB KOTOpbIX BXO.ll.HT HeCKOlIbKO COCTaBHblX 3neMeHToB?
6. B KaKOM cnY'lae B PYCCKOM TeKCTe .lI.onycKaeTCJI coxpaHeHlfe Hanlfca-
HIDI
7. aHrmdicKOfO IfMeHII co6CTBeHHofo HJIH Ha3BaHIDI B OpHrHHane?
o npaKTH eCKOe 33AaHHe
HanHIllHTe nO-PYCCKH ClIe.D,ylOl.I.(He 8HflIHifcKlie IIMeHa C06CTBeHHhlC C
Y'leTOM npaBlilI TpaHCKpHnUHH II TpaHCJ1HTepauuu:
,
-=-
James Garficld
Chester Arthur
Grover Cleveland
William McKinlcy
Woodrow Wilson
Calvin Coolidge
Dwight Eisenhower
William Howard Taft
James Madison
John Quincy Adams
William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore
Franklin Pierce
James Buchanan
Bce 16 HMeH H <}>aMHJ1HIi, KOTopble Bbl TonbKO 'lTO HanHC81IU nO-PyccKH,
npHHall)]e)l(aT npe3H.l1.eHTaM COe.ll.lIHeHHblx WTaTOB AMepHKH. A Tenepb no-
ynpa)l(HJlHTeCb B nepe.ll.a'le .lI.pyrux IIMeH co6cTBeHHblX:
Philip Riley
Joshua Myers
Morris Woodley
George Ogden
Alan Headbloom
........
John Swales
Dudley-Evans
Lynne Wright
Jim Caswell
Heather Griswold
Merrill Bloor
Brian Cohen
Iris Murdock
Gene Flowers
Stephen Swan
47
David Banks
Ian Abercrombie
Walter Dyer
Joan Morley
Walter Hartright
Cheryl Hymes
Dorolhy McNeil
Todd Lawrence
Garry Sweeney
Eugene O'Neil
Sheila Stone
Maxwell Burt
Sam Oakland
J. MiddlelOn
Hugh Colter
nepe.n:aiITe no-pyccKU CJJe.n:)'IOlllue Ha3BaIlHjj:
1. nepllOOllqeC li.lIe IIl0u/IUII:
Los Angeles Times
Daily Telegraph
The Christian Science Monitor
U.S. News and World Report
The Herald Tribune
Finance and Development
Political Affairs
The Independcnt
2. AJpOllOplllbi II 60KJaJlbl:
Heathrow
Newark
Waterloo Station
Union Station
3. Ko",,"allllU U opzaltllJall,lIu:
..-
Daily Mirror
The Guardian
Readers Digest
Fortune
Journal of Psychology
Business Central Europe
The Observer
Automotive World
WItJK,dJ 1SdIU!
"I:f -v-q
Gat wick
J.E Kennedy International
Paddington
Euslon
.... ..........
General Motors Corporation
AT&T
The World Health Organizalion
Chase Manhauan Corporation
British Petroleum Company
The UN General Assembly
General Electric
Ford Union
The House of Commons
Waterhouse Corporation
The European Bank for Reconslruction and Developmcnt
Crysler Corp.
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)
British Broadcasting Corporation (BsC)
Thomas Cook & Bros.
Ke ky Fried Chicken orp. (KFC)
48
4. reo.?plllpU'IeCKlle IIm6allUJl:
Milwaukee
Dorsetshire
New Jersey
Nova Scotia
Gulf of Mexico
Ulstcr
Wyoming
Dorsctshire
Iowa
Bath
Freetown
South Carolina
Hudson Bay
New Brunswick
Meditcrranean Sea
Cardiff
Hampton Court
New Hampshire
Utah
Pebble Bcach
--
5. HU36UIIlLR Y.!IUl{ U IUlOIl(aoeu:
1f
Regent Street The Strand
Lincoln Square Taft A venue
Cromwell Road Cherry Lane
Wigmore Street Whilchall
Sloane Square Thayer Strcet
AMepMKaHM3Mbi
St. Lawrence Rivcr
Sutherland
Greenwich
North Yorkshire
Delaware
Pacific Grove
Easter Island
Rodc Island
Birmingham
I vory Coast
-
Pall Mall
Wellington Terrace
Charing Cross Rd.
Fleet Street
East Lake Drive
OnHOlt 113 paCXOJKHX «t>pm 06 OTJ1I1'-lHU aMepHKaHcKoro OT 6plfTaHcKoro
BapllaHTOB aHfJ1l1iicKOro H3blKa SlBJUICTCH YTBep JleHlle 0 TOM, 'JTO :no OOZIH
H3bIK, pa3.D.emUOLLlHH 06a HapO.D.a.
Pa:UIIIlIlUi 6pHTIUlCKOro II aMeplfKaHcKoro alirmfltCKOro OqeBI-IJlHbl B npo-
H3HOllleHlm, op«t>orpa4>ml, rpaMMaTIfKC, CJ10BapHOM 3anace, H.LUfOMaTIf'IeCKUX
BblpaIKeHHHX H .D.aJKe nyHKT}'amfH.
H nllCbMeHHoro nepeBOll.a Ha pycCKufl H3blK ItallOOJlblUee 311a'JCHlfC
npH06peTaeT 3HaHHe auepUKallll3.1H06. 01111, 6C3jCJIOBIIO. He MCHHIOT OCHOBbi
aHrmlflcKoro Sl3blKa (rpaMMaTII'JCCKoro CTpOSl II OCHOBIIoro CJlOBapHoro 3alla-
ca), HO HX HCOOXOllllMO YlJHTbiBaTb nepeBOJl'JUKY.
B pa."_"a""'Ke aMepUKaml3MbI npOHBJ1HIOTCH B CJ1Cn.) IOLLleM:
I. BMCCTO «t>OpMbl Present PerJeCIHCn0J1b3jCTCH Past Simple (lndefillite):
They just lcft 6.MeCmO They have just left.
The President addressed the nation 6Mecmo The President has ad-
dresscd the nation (l7fJU omC\'lIIcnuiUU 06ClIIOJlme7bCI71fla apeMeuu, Ha-
npu.uep. las( week)
49
B 3TOM cnyilae B03MOX<HO llBOeilTeHHe co CJlOBOM never, TaK KaK B npell-
J10x<eHlfH C Present Perfect OHO 3HailHT HUKoziJa, a C Past Simple - maK U lie:
v ....,.,. l.df""'¥"
He never thought about it B aMepHKaHcKoM BapHaHTe MOX<eT 6LITb KaK
011 HUKoziJa He iJYMa7 06 3 OM, TaK H 011 m(lK U lie noiJYMaJI 06 3m o,
2. HCnOnb30BaHlle Past Simple BMeCTO Past Perfect:
-
----.
After he came home back home he ate dinner (BMecTo After he had
come...)
3. B aMepHKaHcKoM BapHaHTe Ha6moJIae-rcR RBHaR mellOeH"lIWl lIec06J/1oiJe-
HWl npaeuna C02JlaC08aIlWl epeMi!lI:
"W U _
l L
--
....
He said he is feelIng bad.
She thought it is Monday today.
4. Pa3JIHQHOe ynO'rpe6neHue rnarOJlOB:
a __ _
--
--
Did he use to smoke? (U.S.)
011 paHbUJe KYpun?
Used he to smoke? (UK)
Let's not do it (U.S.)
llaeaU He 6yiJeM 3 m02o iJeJlamb.
Don't let us do it (UK)
5. B crpyKType npe.D.JIox<eHIIR B aMepHKaHcKoM BapHaHTe Ha6JIIOJIaeTCR iJpy-
20U nopRiJoK CJl06, HanpHMep, HapeqH.!1 qaCTO cneJIyJOT nepell rnaronOM:
He then asked for another appointment.
6. OnyweHHe 'faCTH naCCHBHoro HH$HHHTHBa B KOHCTpYKUHH "Complex
Object":
...r:..._ - F . III
He ordered the money [to be] withdrawn immediately.
OH nOTpe60saJJ HeMe.D.JIeHH O Tb co C 'f lleHbrH.
7. "3KOHOMHR" CJIOB npORBJIReTCR H B onyweHHu should B npHllaTO'fHblX
JJ.onOJIHHTenbHblX:
50
They suggested that I [should] do it myself.
It is important that they [should] correct this mist c.
B 3TOM CJ1Y'lae nepeBOD:'1HK)' H)')KHO 6hlTh oco6eHHo BHHMaTeJJLHblM K
KOHTeKC1)', 'ITo61>1 nOHIITh CMblCJ1 npe.ll)10>KeH1fS, T.K. OD:HO H TO >Ke npe.ll)10-
>KeHHe MO>KeT HMen. JUla 3Ha'leHHII:
-
..
-. . .
It is important that we do it regularly.
Ba>KHO, '1TO MbI D:enaeM 3TO perynspHO.
Ba>KHO, '1T061>1 MbI .£1e "!.an 3 TO pe rynsp .
8. OnycKaeTCS cnOBO that B COlO3e so that, '1TO TalOKe MO>KeT npHBeCTH K
JUlOe'lTeHHIO 6e3 Y'l KOHTeKCTa:
-.
--
..,. ........
We invited him so [that] he could see it for himself.
MbI npHrnaCHJIH ero, '1T06bl OH CaM Mor YBH.u:eTL 3TO.
pHmaCHJ1H ero, n03TO MY OH c Mor Y BH.£1eTb.
3arurrag nepe.u: so D:eJJae-r B03MO>KHh\M mill.!b BTOpo" BapHaHT nepeBo.u:a.
9. K aMepUKaHH3MaI.1 B rpaMMaTHKe MO>KHO OTlfeCTH If ynOTpe6neHlfe
npeonoz06 H apmUKT/eU, OTnH'mlOllleeCS OT 6pHTaHcKOI"O BapHaHTa;
HBnH'IHe HJ1U oTCyrCTBHe TO'leK B a66peBuarypax - nplfMep Pa3JJ1f'lIL11
aMepHKaHcKoH H 6pHTIUlCKOft nYHKTyaUHH).
fIJ
.!._JI
TPII'
HI "51
on the street (U.S.)
fill out a fonn (U.S.)
be oriented at (U.S.)
on weekends (U.S.)
do over (U.S.)
ill the street (UK)
fill ill a form (UK)
be oriented to (UK)
at weekends (UK)
do " I?. (UK)
Ha ymme
3anonHHTb aHKe1)'
opneHHlpoBaTLclI Ha
B BbIXO.£1Hble
nepeD:enaTL
- -
It'Jlml."Ii"
one thing or the other (U.S.)
go to the hospital (U.S.)
in the hospitaJ (U.S.)
II morni g (U.S.)
one or other thing (UK)
go to hospital (UK)
in hospital (UK)
all the morning (UK)
51
-
10. HaKOHe1!, K l1>aMMaTlIl.JeCKIiM pa3JHII.JHHM aMepuKaHcKoro Ii 6pHTaH-
CKoro BapHaHTOB aHfJll1HCKOrO H3blKa OTHOCHTCH pQ3l1ble q;Op."'bl
npomeOutezo npU'lQCIllWl:
1 11
... T.
,..-
gotten (U.S.)
proved and proven (U.S.)
stricken (U.S.)
learned (U.S.)
smelled (U.S.)
got (UK)
proved (UK)
struck (UK)
learnt (UK)
smell (UK)
B OptJJOZPOlJlIIll aMeplIKaHH3Mbi OTnJ1I.JaIOTCH «3KOIiOMueJ(» 6YKB HH:H 60-
J1ee patUfOHanbHblM, no MHeH:H1O aMep IKaHueB, HX IICn0J1b30BaHlleM II pacno-
J10iKeHHeM:
EpUmallCl(llU oapllolllll
aluminium
aneamia
catalogue
centre
cheque
defence
dialogue
judgement
labour
licence
likeable
moustache
organisation
programme
sizeable
sulphur
travelling
tyr ___
A,Uepll1\OllC1\1II1 oapllll;II'"
aluminum
anemia
catalog
center
check
defense
dialog
judgment
labor
license
likable
mustache
organization
program
sizable
sulfur
traveling
tire
B J1eKCII'leCI\O,tf cocmooe Mbi HaxO.lUfM 3HaI.JHTeJ1bHOe KOJ1H'leCTBO pac-
XOiK.l1eHUH MeiK.l1Y aMepHKaHcKIfM H 6pHTaHCKHM BapliaHTaMII aHrJ1HilcKOro
H3I>1Ka. HmKe npllBO.l1l1TCH .l1aneKO He nORHblii cnHCOK paCXOiKlleHlIii B CJlO-
BapHOM lfJotl.l1e ,QaHHblX BapHaHTOB aHrmliicKoro H3h1Ka. KOTopble CJ1e1l)'eT
3HaTb nepeBO.!J;1UU<y.
52
bpUmaHCI(IlU A..,epIlKaIlCKUU 3l1U'Ielllle
sapuullm 6apUalllll CROSa
- -
accumulator battery aKKYMynJlTop
adopt nominate Bbl,U,BlUaTh
(KaH.1l. I .f.lI.aTa)
aerial (TV) antenna aHTeHa
air hostess flight attendant cTIOap,U,ecca
anti-clockwise counterclockwise npOHIB IlaCOBon
CTpenKH
aubergine eggplant 6aKJ1aJKaH
autumn fall oceHb
banknote bill 6aHKHOTa
barrister trial lawyer, a,U,BOKaT
attorney (at law)
barrow pushcart TaIlKa
beetroot beet CBeKJIa
bill check CIleT
booking office ticket office )I(.-,U,. Kacca
biscuit cookie neIleHbe
blinds (for windows) shades WTOpbl
braces suspenders nOl1TJI)I(KH
car boot trunk 6ara)l\HliK
car pack parking lot CTOJlHKa
carriage car )1\.-11. BarOH
cash dispenser A TM machine 6aHKoMaT
cashier teller Kaccllp
centre of the city downtown uemp ropol1a
chemist's drugstore ameKa
cinema movies KHHoTcaTp
clever smart YMHblH
coach bus aBTo6yc
company corporation KOMnaHJtH
conceal hold up cKpblBaTb
corn wheat nweHltUa
country nation cTpaHa
cram bone up 3y6pHTb
crossroads intersection nepee3,U,
cupboard closet KJla.!lOBKa
cutting clipping Bblpe3Ka U3
ra3eTbi
diary (record) journal l1HeBHIIK
dinner jackct toxedo CMOKHHr
53
district neighborhood >KHJIoR paHoH
district section patioH ropo.na
doctor physician BpaIJ
draughts checkers llialliKU
dressing gown bathrobe XaJlaT
dust-bin garbage can "lli.UK JIJI"
Mycopa
engage hire HamfMan
flat appartment KBapTHpa
form grade KJIacc (B wKone)
frontier border rpamu.la, py6e}l(1
full stop period TO'lKa
gIVe way yield ycrynan
government administration npaBHTenLCTBO
ground floor first floor nepBLIH 3T3>K
high street main street l.1empaJILHaJi
ynUl1a
on holiday on vacation B oTnycKe
lent loaned lIaJI B3anMLI
lift elevator nml)T
liquidiser blender MHKcep
lorry truck rpyJOBJIK
Ltd. Inc. 000
main road highway 1J.J0cce
minced meat ground meal $aplli
pavement sidewalk TpoT)'ap
petrol gasoline, gas 6eH3UH
porridge oatmeal OBC"H3JI Kallia
railway railroad >Kene3HaH
lIopora
relax let up OTlIOXHYfL,
paccna6uTLcH
ring road beltway KonLueBaJi
lIopora
shop store Mar33UH
sleepers railroad ties llinaJILI
stocks inventory uHBeHTapL
subway pedestrian underpass nomeMHLIH
nepexOll
I B aMepuKaHcKOM Bapl1aHTe frontier 03Ha'iaeT paiioH, npu\lblKolOlIfUu K
zpaHUI/e nepeoBu:»ceHUH nepBblX noce.neHI/€8; OKpaUHa CoeouHeHllblx Wma-
mOB.
54
tap
timber
toilet
tram
trousers
twin-town
underground (tube)
k U.a proble m)
faucet
lumber
restroom, washroom
street car
pants or slacks
sister-city
subway
figu e out
KpaH
.n.peBecuHa
'I)'arreT
TpaMBai1
6plOKH
ropo.n.-n06panfM
MeTpo
p eUlaTb
KaK BlflUlO 1f3 nplme.n.eHHoro BLlme KpaTKoro cnnCKa, ynoTpe6J1eHHe
MHOrux CJlOB pa3J1H t lH0 B 6pl-lTaHCKOM II aMcplfKaHcKoM Bapll3HTax aHrJJHH-
CKoro R3b1Ka. I1rHoplfpoB3Hlle 3TOro npllBo.aIlT K oUlu6KaM B "c'IllTblDaHlm"
HH<I>opMauulI, HanpllMep, CJlOBO homely 0603Ha t laeT npocmoii. //enpuI/V:JIC-
oeHllblli B 6pllTaHcKoM Bapname. HO npocnlOeamblii. //enpu@eKame7bHblli B
aMepIlKaHcKOM.
Ellle B 60JlbUlen creneHU 3TO OTHOCIITCR K C,10BOCO'IeT31UIRM. KOTopble
Mbl OTHOCIIM K fjJpa3eo.'lOZu1.UU'If (no.n.p06Hee 06 3TOM B pa3.n.eJle 2.2.2.) T3K,
Bblpa)f(eHlle It went like a bomb B 6pnTaHcKoM BapllaHTe 0603HaQaeT, tlTO yc-
nex 6blJI Oi!pOAfHblli. B TO )f(e BpeMR, B aMepllKaHCI<OM Bapmune 3TO BbJpaiKe-
Hue (TO'IHee. it bombed) 3Ha'IHT, 'ITO BCe 6bl'10 Y:JICac/lo.
BOT eUle OJ.J.lfH npllMep. Bblpa)KeHlle YlIoBOnbCTBIUI, CtJaCTMI II y.n.oBJIe-
TRopeHHR y aMeplfKaHlteB 3BY'IIIT "I'm as happy as a clam in high waters"
(.n.OCJlOBHO: "jJ .llOBOJleH HJ1H CqaCTJlHB, KaK MHlIUR BO BpeMR npIIJllma"), 3 Y
6pl1TaHl.leB - 'Tm w; happy as a lark high up in the SkY" (n:OCJlOBHO: "KaK )f(a-
BOpOHOK BbICOKO B He6e"). HaBepHoe, B PYCCKOM nepeBo.ae. D 3aBHCHMOCTIf OT
clIl}'al.lHH, MO)f(HO CKa3aTb, liTO 'IeJlOBeK 6blJl O'leHb .n.OBOJleH HJ1lf .n.OB01IeH,
KaK pe6eHOK.
HU)Ke Ltae-rCR KpaTKnft cnHCOK pa3.iUl'illif Me)K.llY c/Jpa3eo.'10i!U1Ha 1U B
6pHTaHCKOM H a"iepUKaHCKOM BapHaHTax aHrnnitcKoro R3bIKa.
EpumUHcl\UU
apUUlI,!'
cheese off
get one's cards
in top gear
to cut the long
story short
AAlepUI\UHCl\lIU
6apUUI/III
...'"
tick off
get a pink slip
in high gear
to make a long
story short
lI1U'leJIUe
UOllO..,61
-= --
Ha.llOeCTb
6bITb YBOJleHHblM
H3 BceH CKOpOCTIf
KopO'Ie rOBOp1l
55
small hours
wee hours
BpeMH JIO paCCBCTa
devil of work
working devil
TpYJIom06uBbiU '1elIOneK
get out of bed get up on the
ro!l.g side _ _ w ng side
BCTaTb C neHOn 1I0nl
CnCJIYCT OTMenrrb. '1TO CYlllccTByeT pHJI t!>pmconOnl'lCCKJlX CO'lCTaIlIlH 11
IfJIHOMaTH'IeCKHX Bblpa)f(CIIIIH, KOTOpblC ynOlpe6mnoTcJI lllORbKO B 6pl-fTall-
CKOM 11JIH aMcpllKaHcKoM BapHallTC aHrmlHCKoro Jl3b1Ka. 31'0 TaKIKC He06xo-
JIHMO Y'lIfThIBaTb npH nepeBO.D.e.
C/Jpa3eOJlOCU1.1f,fbl, Komopble xapaKmepHbl mO.1bKO ORR 6PUnltlllCKOZO 60-
puullnro u nO'Imll HE ynompe6.'1RlOmCJI 6 a'ltlepllKaHCKOAf 6apuallme
al/2.'111iiCK020 R3blKa:
Dutch courage
be mean with money
(we) cannot run to it
--
carry the can
nbllHaH YJIaJlb
6blTh )f(a.rulbIM
Mbi He MO)f(CM ce6e 3TO
n03Bomrrb
B3HTb Ha cc6J1 BCIO
OTBCTCTBCHIIOCTb
IUIOXO 3aKOII'llrrb
6blTb YBonCHHbIM
TIln-nJin
npOY'lHTb
come to a sticky cnd
get the push
higgledy-piggledy
send someone away with a flea in his ear
C/Jpa3eOROi?U3Mbl, Komopble TapaKmepHbl nlORbKO 0.111 tUfeptlK(tIICIWZO
8upuolllno u nO'lnlll HE ynompe6JtJllomCJI 6 6pumaliCKOM 6apltallme
aH?.7UUCK020 R3blKa:
.....,
beat one's brains out
be from Missouri
chew thc fat
do a land-office busincss
drop the ball
fecI like two cents
Johnny-on-the-spot
Lately-corne-lately
live high off the hog
rest on one's ores
to snow someone
lAm: - .
nOMaTb ronoBY Ha.,\ 'leM-n.
6blTb cKennfKoM
CIUICTHU'iaTb
IfMeTb MHoro KJJJlCHTOB
COBepWHTb rnynylO 0I1J116KY
IUIOXO ce6J1 '1}'BcTBoBaTb
MaJlb'mK lIa n06erywKax
HOBH'IOK
IKHTb B POCKOWH
CJIenaTb nepCllblWKY
6net!>0 peJI KeM-n1l60
56
)]:JTII allCKBaTl-loro nepCROlla TCKCTOB In a>"lcpIiKaHCKJIX IiCTO'IHHKOB PC-
KOMCHllYCTCII. HapllllY C l1BYll3blLJllblMH cnOBapllMH, 06paU1aTbOI K aHrJIO-
allrnUHCKIiM (TonKOBbIM) cnOBapllM CWA, lIanplU1Cp. Wchster's New Inter-
national Dictionary, The American Heritage Dictionary of thc English I an-
guage Ii IIp.
[:!:] BonpOCbl AJlJl CaMOKOHTpOIlSl
I. B 'leM npmlBllHeTclI pa1IlHLJHe Me)J(l{)' 6plnaHcKIf\l Ii aMepHKaHCKJlM
BaplfaHTaMJI aHrmlikKoro H3b1Ka?
2. KaKlie Pa3JUI'IHR B 6pliTaHcKoM Ii aMepHKaHCKO'wl BapllaHl11x aHrnllH-
CKoro R3blKa HaH60Ilee Ba)J(HO 1HaTb nepcBoll'IHK)'?
o npaKTM'IeCKOe 3a,QaHMe
A. rrCpCBCltJITC cnellYIOU1I1C npC!lJIO>KCHIIII Ha PYCCKliH H3bIK, o6palllall
BHIIMdHUC Ha aMepllKaHlI3Mbl:
J. The clause was stricken out.
2. I visited with my family after doing all the errands in the West
3. The university faculty were invited to attend a meeting with the
delegation of Detroit's sister-city.
4. This offer will sure be of interest to career officers.
5. The baggage d.l.im area was right under the main hall of the air-
port.
6. The performance lasted for two hours without intennission.
7. He got the extension of his program through March IS!.
8. Hope you'll be ablc to let up after everybody fll\s out their forms
and leaves.
9. The frontier days attract a lot of visitors in Wyoming and Colo-
rado.
10. Boning up on foreign languages is mevitable at the initial stage of
studies.
II. He updated me on the recent events.
12. The unemployment has sky-rocketed in the country due to reces-
sion.
I). Cllenaine nepeBoll CTaTeH U3 ra3eTbi «Y oml CTpJI r JI.>K0pHe.1». no-
MelueHHblx B 'laCTI1 5 «npaKTHhYM nepcBoDa» (pa1Jle;J 5.1.2.).
57
--.- -----
.2. nepeBo.Q C110BOCO"leTaHHlII
---
I[EiJ CBo6o.QHble CIIOBOCO"feTaHMH
B CBo600HblX Cl/060CO'lemaHUf/X c.nOBa coxpaWIIOT CBOlt 3Ha'leJUUI. no-
3TOMY np" nepeaO!1e TIlKI1X CJIOBOCO'lCTaHlIH Ba:iKHO 3HaTb nepCBO!1 COCTaB-
nHIOUUIX nx KOMnOHeHTOB.
..
B Tex C11y<laJlX, Kor.na B PYCCKOM IDh!Ke HeT Henocpe.nCTBellHoro COOTBeT-
CTBIiH H3blKOBbIX e.nHHHU aHrnuHcKoro H3h!Ka, npn nepeBo.ne npHMeHHeTCJI
npneM, KOropblA Ha3h1SaeTCJI KfL1bKllpoeallue, npH KOTOpO!>! nO,7HOCmblO (6e3
KaKUX-!1lI60 U3.MeHeIlUU) BocnpOIl3Do.nIlTCJI Bce COCTaBHble 4aC-Hi cnOBOC04e-
TaHWI. H\feHHO 6naro.napH KClJ/blmpOeOIlUlO B Jl3h1KaX CymeCTBYeT 60nbwoe
'Ulcno 3alIMCTSOBaHHH II HHTepHaW1OHa,lMlhlX nOWITIlU II Ha3BaHui1, KOTopble
npe.nCTaBJIJIIOT C060" WHpOKO ynoTpe6JIJleMhle cnOBa II cnOBOCO'leTaHHJI, Ha-
npl1Mep:
.............
, - .
-
shuttle diplomacy
vicious circle
head of the government
Ivory Coast
free economic zone
maldistTibution of costs
--..
'IenHO'lHaJi mtnJiOM3TH1I
nOpO'lllblH Kpyr
rnasa npaBliTenbcTB3
6eper CnoHOBofi KocTH
cB06011H311 3KOHOMH'IeCKa1l 30H3
HenpaB bHoe pacllpen:enenlfe 3aTpaT
KaK BH.nHO In nocne.nHIIX .nBYX npHMepoB, KanbKHpoBaHue npl1MeHJleTCJI
npl1 nepeBo11e TepMHHoB. nOCKOnbl\Y' HX KOnH'leCTBO nOCTOJIHIIO YBenH'Ilma-
eTCH B CBJl3H C pa3BHTl1eM Bcex c4>ep )l(1f3HH II HaY1.fHO-TeXHII'leCKHM nporpcc-
COM, paCTeT H '1l1cno KanbKHpOBaHUhlX TepMIIHOB.
Cne.nyeT no.n'lepKH)'Tb, o.nHaKO, 'ITO nepeBon CBo60!1HhlX CJlOBOCO'leTa-
HHi! BOBce He CBO.nllTC1I K MeXaHII'leCKOii nepe.na'le 3Ha'leHHJI BXOnJlWHX B 1111"
cnOB. 3TH cnOBa 'IaCTO HaXO.ltJITCJI B CJlO)l(HhJX OTHoweHWlX .npyr C .nP}TOM.
J].a)l(e caMble npocThie aTpl16ynIBHhle rpynnhl, TO eCTb TaKlle, KOTOphlC no
cTpYKT)'pe COBna11alOT C PYCCKlIMH CO'leTaHlVlMII "nplUlaraTeJIbHOe + cyweCT-
BHTenbHOe" (A+N: Adjective+Noun). IIMelOT CBOli CnO)l(HOCTH npH nepCBO.nc:
I) O.nHO II TO )l(C aHrnl1liCKOe cnOBO (nplUJaraTenbHoe B 4>YHKIlIUI onpe-
.nenemul) nepeBO.ltHTCH nO-pa3HOMY B 3aBUCIU\fOCTlf OT 3Ha'le1l1lJl cne-
.LI}'IOmero 3a HIIM onpe.neIDIeMoro cymecTBHTeJIbHoro:
--
publi opinion
public debt
p c sca!lodal
- ........ -
o6wecTBeHHoe MHeHlle
rocy.napCTseHHhlH .nonr
n y6nl1'lHhlH CKaH11an
-
58
2) nOJlBJIJleTCJI npe.nnor B PYCCKOM SapHaHTe:
,
European security
stateless citizen
terrorist trial
commercial revolution
6e30naCHOCTb 8 EBpone
lfeJlOBeK 6e3 rpaJK.U.aHCTBa
CYll HaD TeppopHCTaMH
peBOm01.lWl8 c«JIepe pblHKa
3) nepeCTaBJIJIIOTCJllfIleHbI al'pH6yrHBHoH rpynnw:
Y--'II .
....
working expectancy - O)l(H.!I.aeMIUI npoJ10JDKHTenLHOCTb
l'pYllOBOR J1eJlTenLHOCTH
administrative efficienc y - )'M P¥ KOBOJ1CTBO
4) B nepeBolle HCnOnb3)'1OTCJI maronbI H HapelfWl:
I hope you had a good time (sleep).
Ha.a.elOcb, BLI xopow nPo.!!!!!.!!..6p eMJl (6blCntL7Ucb ).
5) nepeBO.!1'lHK BLIH)fJKJ1eH npH6eran. K olIHcaTenLHoMY nepeBo.ll,)':
--
-
jet lag (llOCJIOBHO: peaKTHBHOe oTCTaBaHlle) - HapyweHHe CyrOIJHOro
pHYMa OpFaHH3Ma, paCCl'pOHCTBO 6HOpwrMOB B CBJl3H C nepentITOM (OT-
ClOlla B 3TOM cnOBOCOIJeTaHHH cnOBO jet - peaKTHBHLIH caMoneT) IJepe3
HeCKonLKO lfaCOBLIX nOJICOB.
B npe.nnO>KeHHH 3TO cnOBOCOlJeTaHHe, eCTeCTBeHHO, MO>KHO nepeBecTH
ropaJJ10 KOpOlJe C YlJtITOM KOHTeKCTa:
On the third day of my stay in California, I still had ajerlag.
Ha l'peTI1H J1eHL npe6b1BamUI B KaJlHcpOpHHH JI nO-npe>KHeMY 0WYWaJI
Pa3HUl/Y 60 6peMeHU. (3Ta paJHHua COCTaBJIJleT 10 lJaCOB Me>K.lI,)' Eena-
PYCLIO H THXOOKeaHCKHM n06epeiKLeM CllJA.)
B aHmHHCKHX npe.nnO>KeHHJlX BCTpe'"l8lOTCJI onpe.neneHWI, BLlpaiKeHHbIe
uenoi:! rpynnOH cnOB, npeJ1CTaBJUllOwnx C060H 3aKOH'"IeHHYIO MLICJIb:
111M
,;:: W" _ - - -1
_.
The president pursued his better-Iale-lhan-never courtship of the Con-
.E:._
59
B 3TOM npe.!])JO:nceHlIH noroBopKa better late than /lever (nytu.ue n0311HO,
'1eM HHKorlla) CTaJla onpelleneHHeM K CJJOBY courtship. TaKue npelUlo:nceHlUI
npH nepeBolle nonHOCTblO MeWllOT CBOIO CTPYKTYPY:
......., -
llpe3uiJeHln Ha'laf/ lJ6XQ;JICliSamb IWI/2peCC, UCXoOR U3 m020, 'l1n0 I'Y'l-
ule n030Ho, 'leM HUKo2CJa.
Hau60nbwaR WHpOTa CMbicnOBblX cBR3ei1 npOCne)f<liBaeTCR B cnOBOCO'le-
TaHHRx, 06pa30BaHHblx m llBYX rulH 60nee cYLUecTBHTenbHblX (N+N:
Noun+Noun - stone wall) Hml cYLUeCTBIITenbHblx, nepell KOTOpblMIl CTOHT
MHOrO'lneHHOe CO'leTaHHe B ponH onpelleneHIfR (CM. nocnellHHn npuMep). 8
TaKHX cnOBOCO'leTIlHIDI:X 211a6HblM ClI060.M RBJlReTCR nocnellHee cYLUecTBH-
TenbHoe, a npellweCTBYIOLUHe cnOBa '1aLUe Bcero BbmonHRIOT CPYHKUlUO onpe-
.nenemul:
__C:
stone wall- emeHa (KaKaJI?) H3 KaMHR runt KaMeHHaJI
shuttle diplomacy - '1enHO'IHaJI .nHJ1JJOMaTHR
top trade union leaders (UK)/top labor union leaders (U.S.) - lIUOepbl
(KaKHe? '1ero?) COI0306 (KaKHx?) nporjJeccuoHallbHblx (KaKHe nH.nepbl
npo4> 1030B?) ?blCUiUe => 8bl e py«. CJ npo rjJco '!!!06 __
'\
HHorlla nepBoe cymecTBHTenbHoe B cnOBOCO'leTaHHH N+N Bblcl)'nae-r B
ponH (a) 06cToRTenbCTBa HJIH (6) .nonOJIHeHlUl:
(a) weekend rally MHTHHr B KOHue He.nenH
seashore bike ride BenOCHne.nHaR nporynKa no 6epery MOpR
(6) space programme nporpaMMa KOCMIf'leCKHX IIccne.noBaHIIH
corruption struggle 60pb6a C KopPynuueft ,
-- -- ----.......,. - -.....-,._. --
. .. MH020'llleHHble cnOBOCO'le-raHIDI npH nepeBolle Heo6xo.nHMO nOWlTb C
TO'lKII 3peHHR CMblCnOBOn CBR3H COCTaBmiIOLUHX IIX KOMnOHeHTOB. npH 3TOM
OCHOBHbIM HnH onopHblM cnOBOM BCe paBHO 6y.neT nOcneJ.tHee:
... -. 1! ___ ..-. ___
most-favoured-nation trading status - cTal)'c HaH60nbwero 6naronpH-
R!:TB ?Ba':l"" -.!. Topr e ___ __ -'-
G:J BonpoCbl Ami caMoKoHTpOIlH
I. qTO TaKoe cBo60.nHoe cnOBOCO'leTaHlle?
2. B '1eM 3aKJJIO'lae-rCR C}'Tb KaJJbK"lIpoBaHHoro nepeBolla cnOBOCO'leTa-
nun?
60
3. KaKoBbi oco6eHHocTH nepeBoIla cnOBa B COCTaBe Hau60Jlee npocTblX
CBo6o.D.Hb1X CJlOBOCO'leTIlHHH A+N?
4. B KaKRX CBo6oD.HbIX cnOBOCO'leTaHHHX Hau60Jlee umpoKo npOHBJlH-
IOTeH CeMaHTll'IeCKHe (CMbICJlOBble) CBH3H?
5. KaK nepeBoIUITCH aTplt6ymBHbie CJlOBOCO<JeTIlHHH nma N+N?
6. 4TO Heo6xom fO nOH1ITb nepeBOD.4uKY npH nepeBoIle MHoro4J1eH-
HblX cBo6oIlHbiX CJlOBOC04eTaHHH?
7. B KaKOH nOCJleD.OBaTeJlbHOCTIf nepeBO)lHTCH TaKHe CJlOBoco<JeTaHHII?
npaKTM"feCKOe 3a,QaHMe
TIepeBeIlIiTe CJle.nylOllllle cBo6oIlHbIe CJlOBOCO'leTIlHHII Ha PYCCKUi'i H3bIK:
iron curtain
Energy Department spokesman
mountain war
exchange rate policy
perfect murder
perfect stranger
dog-eat-dog rules
reception hall
behi nd-the-scenes decision
non-for-profit institution
UN Security Council resolutions
structural reorganisation goals
Union Ford assembly plant
Freedom Support Act
market reform development scenarios
join-the-solidarity-movement march
no-more-war-actions call
a new space satellite communications system
business communication workshop
Statistics and Analysis State Committee
non-taxable income
Parliament civil rights representative
University students association's rally
"Change-thc-attitude-to-minorities" conference
61
OepeBelUITe CJlClIYlOII.I.l1e npeJl)10)f(eHIHI, CO.i1Cp)f(aIllHe aTpl16YTlfBHbie CllO-
BOC01.JeTaHHJI N+N:
1. The IMF experts have recommended to rdise cost recovery ratios in
communal services to 50%.
2. Growing inter-enterprise indebtedness may mamtain production levels
for some time.
3. Consumer goods shortages become widespread, as price dislOrtiOIl.f
encourage the informal export of food products to neighboring coun-
tries_
4. The street market exchange rate depreciates in line with inflation ill-
crease.
5. Monev supply growth falls when the budgetary policy remains tight:
6. Full exchange rate liberalization is another market reform larget.
7. The Paymellts Operatioll ' Di"i .ioll of the Central Bank is responsible
for conducting clearing and settlements.
8. Interest rate subsidies are envisaged by the government.
.2.2.1 CBSl3aHHb.e (4)pa3eoIlOrM eCKllle) CIIOBOCO"feTaHMR
"
<I>paJeonOrll4CCKHe CJlOBOC01.JeTaHHJI npellCTaBJlJlIOT C060H 60Ree lL1U Me-
Hee ycmoii'lU6ble J/eKClI'leCKlie CO'lemalll/5/, 3Ha4eHHe KOTOpblX onpell.eJlJleTCJI
In ljeIl020 6blpa:J/CeHU5l, a He IB COCTaBJIHIOIllHX HX KOMnOHeHTOB, HanpllMep:
..
it's high Wile -1laBHO nopa (a He "BbICOKoe BPCMJI")
take your time - He TOponlfCb ( a He "6CpH CBOe BpeMJI")
!:..ep .2:!.!!!.se/f- E.lll aikJl (a He " n raij cc 6e") _ _
C T01.JKI1 3peHHJI cmeneHU n'hlCJ70601i C6R1QHHOCmll KOMnOHeHTOB tppa-
3eonOfH3Mbl lleJlJlTCJI Ha Heo6pu3uble If 06po3Hble.
Heo6plIJHbie t/JpaJeOllOi!U3.t1bl IfH84e HaJblBalOT rPpmeoJ/o<'llllecKuMll co-
.1ema1/l.lJ/.MU. B HHX COCT8BJlJlIOIllHe 3neMeHTbI COXP8HJlIOT CBO 3H81.JeHue. HO
C01.JeTaIOTCJI TOJlbKO C onpe.QeneHHblMIf CJlOBaMH. n03ToMY HX Henb3J1 npOH3-
BonbHO MeliJlTb:
no He HMeeT 3Ha4eHlUI (a He U2paem).
no He HrpaeT pOJlH (a He lL',/eem).
------
62
,-I B aU,,,,","'OM .,.,n'" CYWeCTSY"- 6onbllioe qUeBO
(CBH3aHHblX, $pa.3eonOrH'leCKnx) CO'leTamdi:
TaKUX YCTOn'lHBblX
Ifl
-
.. --
to take measures - npHHHMaTb (a He 6paTb) Mepbl
(s to make a decision - npHHHMaTb (a He .nenaTb) pe1lleHlfe
!S
B TIlKIfX cnOBOCO'leTaHHHX HHor.na .nonycKaeTcH CJIHOHHMU'leCKaH 3aMe-
1-
Ha, HanpHMep: to take a decision.
t- t
31'0 cBli.ne-renbcTByeT 0 TOM, 'lTO $pa.3eOnOrH'leCKHe CO'leTaHHS He SBJUI-
IOTCH 3aCTblB1lIHM KOMnneKCOM:
e
__..u..,;:;...... ....... 1IJ T T 11"
I!!UIL ....... 161
to achieve results - .n06HThCS pe3ynbTaTOB
to accomplish results - -"-
Ho 'lame Bcero OHH HBnslOTCS HMeHRO ycmOU'lU6bl_MU cnOBOCO'leTaHHII-
MH:
17...........
pay attention - 06pa1llaTb (a He nnaTHTh) BHHMaHHe [CBOe]
draw (smb's) attention - 06pall{aTh BHHMamte ['lbe-TO]
"-
nepeBO.n Heo6pa.3HbIX $pa.3eOnOrH3MoB oCYll{eCTBJlSeTCS .nBYMH cnoco-
6aMH:
I) OOHUM CJI060M Ha OCHOBe cYll{eCTBHTenbHoro YCToifluBoro aHrnHH-
CKOro CnOBOCO'leTaHHH:
IR
- 1I',I!f!I ......£
-
to take a chance
to have a rest
to take offence
to take a nap
pHCKOBaTh
OT.nblxaTb
06H.neTbcH
B3.npeMHyrb
2) 3K6U6aJ1eHmHblMU CO'lemaHllRMli (a6conlOTHblMH H OTHOCHTeJlbHhIMH):
a) a6CORlOmHble 3K6U8aJ1eHmbl:
---
shadow cabinet
to hit the target
--.
TeHeBOn Ka6uHeT
nonaCTb B uenb
-
--
63
golden share
to put an end to
to play with fire
the root of the trouble
to read bctwcen lines
30JlOTaH aKUl-IH
nOJlOiKlITb KOIICU, npeOllOJleTb
IIrpaTb C OrHeM
Kopcm, 3J1a
'UlTaTb Me>Kll} CTpOK
6) O/n1l0ClImeRbHble :)K6U6QJleHnlb/:
......
to take into account
to make a point
to jump at conclusions
moment of silence
ups-and-downs
trouble shooter
at the world's end
think tank
token strike
-"""""*-"... -
nplllUlMan, BO BIHfMamlC
06pauITb oc06oe BIUlMmmc
D.CnaTb nOCnCliJHble BblBOllhl
MI1Hyra MOn'IamfH
B3nCTbI u na.llemlH
CnCL{HaJUICT no pa3pCliJCHlU0
KOI-UpmfKTHblX cmyauliH
Ha KpalO CBeTa
M03rOBOH UCHTp
npc.llynpC.llIITCnbHaH 3aoacToBKa
.-Q.okcn :::.. 3HaK)
<Dpa3CO.ilOrH'ICCKHC C.llIlHCTBa (cO'ICTaHlfH) HBnSlIOTCH HCOTbcr.mCMOH 'Ia-
CTbIO aHrnuikKoro H3b1Ka, 11 3HaHHC :nux cnOBOCO'ICTaHllii - 3anor ailCKBaT-
HOro ncpcBo)].a Bccro BbICKa3bIBaIllIH.
HU>KC npUB01J.lfTCII KpaTKI1H cnHCOK nauoonce 'IaCTO BCTpC'IaIOIIUfXCH YC-
TOH'IH.BLIX CJlOBOCO'IeTamlii C npC,lUIOraMlf, KOTOpblC OTHOCHTCH K lIe06pa311ou
tPpa3eoJlO2uu:
in accordance with
on account of
in addition to
at any rate
on behalf of
on the basis of
for the benefit of
by and large
in charge of
in connection with
in contrast to/with
in the course of
as early as
with the exception of
at thc expense of
64
B COOTBCTCTBlfH C
lIa OCHOBaHlIlf
B !I06aBJlCmIC K
B BCHKOM cnY'lac
OT IIMCHU
na ocnonc
Ha 6naro
B ucnOM
OrnC'IaIOlUHii 3a
B CBH311 C
B OTJIII'I HC
B XOllC
ClUeS
3a IfCKJUO'ICHIleM
3a C'IeT
with an eye to
(= with the intention ot)
by force of
in lieu of (= instead ot)
as a matter of fact (= in fact)
on the occasion of
off and on = on and off
on dnd on
in opposition to
over and over (again)
on the part of
for the purpose of
at the rate of
hy reason of
in recognition of
with/in reference to
in relation to
in response to
in return for
for the sake of
in search of
in spite of (= despite)
on the strength of (= relying on)
to and fro = up and dO\\n
in token of (= as a sign ot)
by virtue of (= because of)
in th e wake of (= following)
c BaMepeHHeM
B nmy
BMeCTO
Ha caMOM J1ene
no cnY'lalO
HcperyJUlpBo
HenpepblBHo
B npoTHBoBec
CBOBa H CHORa
co CTOpOHbl (KOro-TO)
C uenblo
co CKOpOCTblO; Ilpl1 Kypce (CTaBKe)
110 npl1'1I1He
R npmHaHI1C
I1CXODJI 113
O1'HOCI1 rcnbllO
B OToeT
B3aMeH Ha
pa}1!1
B nOHCKax
BMeCTO
nOllaraHCb Ha
l)'Jla-Ha3a.Il (MHoro pa3)
B 3HaK
no npll411HC
BClleJ! 1a
IleKoTopble CXOllme aHrnl1ikKUe ClIOROCO'leTaHHH '!aCTO nYTalOT 113-3a
HaJUI'IIUI/OTCyrCTBlUI apTI1KJlSI IIJllt laMeHbI npellJ10ra. 06paniTe RHIlMaHlle Ha
TaKIIC napbl:
-..
III case or
in the ca:,e of
--
U clIY'lae
'110 KaCaC"1 CSI
in (the) face of
on the face of
in favour of
in favour with
3 3aK. 468
B nplicyrcTBIHt
CYJ1S1 no
B nOllb3Y
0.u.o6pelllfC ('!be-n.)
65
for fear of
in fear of
'IT06L1 He
B CTpaXe 3a
by the name of
in the name of
no HMeHH
BO HMR
at the point of
on the point of
Ha rpaHH
nepe.n (KaKHM-n. .neHCTBneM)
in possession of
in the possession of
BJIal{eTb (cI>aKTIlMH)
BJIal{eTb(COCTORHHeM)
in/with regard to
out of regard for
OTHOCHTeJIbHO ('Iern-n.)
no npH'IHHe
in respect of
with respect to
'ITO KaCaeTCR
OTHOCHrenbHo ('Iero-n.)
at the sight of
in the sight of
npH BH.ne
C TO'lKH 3peHHR
at the same time
in the same time
B TO JKe BpeMR
3a O.nHO H TO >Ke BpeMR
at the time of
in time of
BO BpeMR (C06b1THR)
BO BpeMeHa
in time
BOOpeMR (KO opeMeHH);
co BpeMeHeM
BOBpeMR (nyHKI)'aJlbHO)
on time
KaKOBa 61.1 HH 6L1na creneHl> CBX3aHHOCTH KOMnOHeHTOB cl>pa3eonorH'le-
CKOro eJ{HHCTBa, rnaBHblM npaBHJJOM npH nepeoo.ne oCTal!TcR c06mo.neHHe
IIOpM PyccKoro A3I>lKa, TO ecn. He.nonyrueHHe 6YXBaJlH3MOB H HapyweHHR yc-
TOXBIllHXCR CO'leTaHHH CJIOB B PYCCKOM A3IdKe.
06p031161e t/Jp03eollolU3MN, HJlH cl>pa3eonOnt'leCKHe cpallleHHII. lI3BeCT-
Hid no.n HaJBaHHeM U(}UOMbI.
HouoMa - 3TO 3aCTLIBwee CJIOBOCOlfeTaHlie (pe'leBOH 060pOT), 06111HH
CMblcn KOTOpOro He RBJUleTCR CYMMOH 3HaqeHHH COCTaBJIRlOlllHX ero KOMno-
HeHTOB. B PYCCKOM Jf3IdKe, HanpHMep. K IUl.HOMaM OTHOCRTCR TaKlle Bblpa>Ke-
HHR, KaK:
66
norHaTLCft 3a .lI.BYMJI 3aih.1aMH
nOnaCTb KaK I<YP B ouum
aMOKJIOB Me'l
KHWKa TOHKa
B aHrnHikKOM Jl3b1Ke, KaK H B mo60M lI.pyroM, TalOKe Hcnonb3yeTcJI
60nbWOe KOnH'IeCTBO H.lI.lIOM. I1x KOMnOHeHTbl )'TpaTIUIH CBO" nepBOHa'laJIb-
Hbl" CMblcn H He BocnpnHltMalOTCJI no OT.lI.enbHOCTH:
through thick and thin I
tooth and nail
it's raining cats and dogs
to be caught red-handed
iI--Afl
BO 'ITO 61.1 TO Hli CTaJlO
He )I(aJ1eJl CHn, 3aCY'lHB pYKaBa
.lI.0iKlI.b nLeT, KaK H3 Bell.pa
6LITb nOHMaHH blM MeCTe npeC1)' fJl
npH nepeBO.ll.e aHrnHHCKHX H.lI.HOMaTlf"leCKlfX Bblpa)l(eHHH HCnOJIb3YlOTCJI
HX coom8emcm8W/ B PYCCKO"f Jl3b1Ke. OHH MOI)'T 6blTb BblpIDKeHbt cneLJ.YlO-
ll\HMH cnoc06a m:
I) a6coR1omllblMu 3K6U80J1eHmallJU B Tex cnyqaJlx, KOrll.a 3TH Bblpa)l(eHIDI
JlBJIJlIOTCJI HHTepHallHOHaJ1bHblMH:
..--_..# .
to shed crocodile tears
to sugar the pill
lion's share
!2.. pla with fire
nHTb KpOKOll.lmOBbl Cn 3b1
nO.ll.CnaCTHTb mUIlOnlO
nbBUHaJi .lI.0JIJI
HrpaTb or _
2) onmocunzeJlbHbl.IIJU 3K6116aJ1eHnlQMU B Tex cny"laJIX, KOr.ll.a npH coxpa-
HeHHlt 3Ha'leHlUl aHrmdlcKoro Bblpa)l(eHlU1 B PYCCKOM BapHaHTe
IfMelOTCJl HeKoTopbIe OTml'lHft:
sword of Damocles
to show one's teeth
to start business from scratch
whip-and-carrot policy
aMOKJIOB Me"l
orpbl3aTbCft
Ha'laTb C Hynft
non !a I HnKa
'1- \ ., ,1-,
3) cOBepweHHo .npyrHMH neKClf'leCKHMH cpe.ll.CTBaMH, Koropble Ha3b1-
BaJOTCJI tjJp03eOJI0ZWIeCKUMu QHaJl02QMU:
a) npH nepeBO.ll.e noc706uq:
67
....
IIIiik- .......
East or West - home is best.
B rocnlx xopomo, a .nOMa ny'lme.
Make hay while Lhe sun shines.
Kyi1 JKeJIe30, nOKa rOpRlJo.
You can't eat your cake and have it.
Henb3R COBMeCTHTb HeCOBMeCTHMoe. (Ha CJlKY BJlC3Tb If He YKonOTb-
CR.)
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
J1 yqme CHHHl.{a B Py eM >K)' paBJIb B He6e.
6) npH nepeBo.ne 06pa311blX 6blpa:>ICelluu:
,.
r .1
-
-
-
.-
Lo make a mountam OUI of a molehill - .neJlaTb H3 MYXH cnOHa (mole-
hill - KpoToBHHa)
by hook or by crook - He MbITbeM, TaK KaniHbCM
to hit the nail on the head - nonaCTb B TO'll<}' (He B 6pOBb, a B rnaJ)
to beat about the ush - O.nHTb BOK Py OK O
4) C nOMOll(blO onHCaTCJlbHoro nepeBo.na, Kor.na B PYCCKOM R3blKe HeT
cooTBeTcTB}'IOll(HX 3KBJlBaJleHTOB wm aIlaJIoroB:
c-. .l .......:.....
to show the white feather - npORBIITb Man0..'O'mHe, TPYCOCTb (BblpaJKe-
HHe nOKll3amb 6e.noe nepo HlI"IerO He rOBopHT HOCHTCJlfO PYCCKoro
R3b1Ka)
to have a skeleton in the cupboard (closet) - lIMeTb JIlt"lH)'IO JlJUI ce-
MCi1HYfO Tai1H}', CKpblBacM)'IO OT nOCTopOHHIIX (B PYCCKOM R3blKe HCT
O l paJKCHlIR " HMe:. CJI mKacp y").
npHBe.nCHHble Bblme npHMepLl OTHOCRTCR K ccpepe 06mero ynOlpe6J1eHIIH
aHrnHHcKoro R3b1Ka. Ee3YCJIOBHO, B KaJK.nOH npocpeCCIIOHanbHofi ccpepe IIC-
nonb3YCTCR MHOJKCCTBO H.nHOM, npH nepe.na'lc CMbICJIa KOTOpblX TaKJKe npu-
XO.nHTCH npl!6eraTb K 017ucame.nbHOMY nepe6ooy.
HanpliMCp, 6 c<jJepe <jJUHaHc08 U 6U3l1eca K TaKUM cppaJeOJIOrH3MaM OT-
HOC1ITCH:
68
creeping takeover
tape dancing (U.S.)
triple witching hour
nOCTeneHHaII cKynKa aKUI1H KOMnlUiI1li Y IiH-
llliBI1.ayaJIbHblX aKUI10HepOB 110 TOrO MOMeHTa,
nOM He Ha6epCTCJI IlOCTaT04Hoe KOnll4eCTBO
J1/1J1 BJlalleHHJI KOHTponbHblM naKeTOM aKUUH
MeTOll MaHHnynlipoBaHlU1 ueHaMH aKUIiH. npJI
KOTOpOM 6pOKep BKlJI04aeT B HHX CBOI1 KO-
MHCCIiOHHble, TeM caMbiM nOBblWaJl ueii)' aK-
UHH
f .
OIlHa If3 qeTblpCX nJiTIUlU B rollY, Korlla UCTe-
KalOT CpOKH onmlOHHbIX H IjJblOqepCHbIX KOH-
TpaKTOB
HnorAa IjJpaJeonOrH4eCKUe cnOBOC04CTaHIUI nORl/OcmbJO connaAaIOT no
COCTaBY co CB060llHbIMU cnOBOCOqCTaHiUlMII, n03TOMY nepeBOll4UKY He06xo-
AlIMO onUpaTbCJl na KOHTeKCT Jl]lJl UX pacn03HaBalUUI 11 anCKBaTHoro nepCBO-
lla:
.......=w u
to sit on the fence
red tape
yellow pages
red herring
."<.." .
CUACTb lIa 3a60pc. a mwc:>ice BbDKliAaTb
KpaCHaII TCCbMa, a maK:JK:e BOnOKltTa. 6lOpo-
KpaTHII
>KenTble CTpaHJ1Ubl. a maK:>iCe >KenTble CTpaHI1-
UbI KaK "faCTb Tene<l>oHHoro CnpaBO"fHIIKa C
lIHljJopMaulIet! 06 OpraHll3aUUJlX
KOrT"leHaH cencllKa, a maK:J,ce oTBnCKalOlllJlH
MaHeBp (to draw a red herring across the path -
OTBJleKaTb BHJlMaHHe)
- --- --
B CBII3U C TCMOH <l>paJcoJlonm CTOHT TaJOKC OTMCTI1Tb, qTO IIH0rlla nepc-
BOll411K CTaJlKI1BaeTCJI C nepcooAoM CI,el(uf/JU'IeCKU IlUl(UOIla.1bHb,t: U()uo,,,.
)J.OCJlOBHbIii nepcBoA 3AeCb YMCCTCH TOJIbKO B cn}"tae, eCnlf 3Ha4CHI1C
aHrJ1JIHCKOH ItAltOMbI HaM xopomo 1I3BCCTHO, HanpllMep, to corry toof'TO New-
castle - B03WlIb Y20J/b B HblOlWCJI (HblOKacJI - ueHTp yrncll06blBalorneH npo-
MblWJleHHOCTH AHrnml). B OCTaJlbHblX cnY'lallx (04eBJID.HO, IIX 6YlleT 60nb-
me). cnellyeT nOAblCKaTb lIeiJmpa1bllbl1lllnH pll320BOpllblli (B 3aBllClfMOCTif OT
CTlfJUI) PYCCKItH )KBIIBaJleHT Ii 1f36eraTb HaUItOHaJlbHO oKpawcHHbIX"PYCCKl!X
69
BLlpIDKCHHit Ha npHBCnCHHOM npHMCpC C YfneM He H)l:JICHO npH ncpCBonc lfC-
nonb30BaTL noroBopKY "e3nHTb B Tyny CO CBOHM caMOBapOM".
CncumJm'leCKH HaUHOHaJILHLrc If,lUrOMLI nepeBOl{J'lTCR KaK HeifrpaJILHOH
neKClfKOH, TaK If YCTOH'lHBLIMH BLlpIDKeHnRMH PYCCKOfO R3LIKa:
6blmb CKemnlllWW
Y/lbl6ambCR 60 6eCb pom
OH nopoxa He 6bloy...taem URU 011
36e30 C He6a lie x6amaem
-t,i
to be from Missouri
to grin like a Cheshire cat
he will not set the Thames on fire
----- - - --....-
HaH60nec nonHLIM CnpaBO'lHLIM noc06HCM no nepCBO.zry <f!pa3eOnOfH'Ie-
CKHX CO'leTaHnH, enHHCTB H Hl{UOM JlBJIJlCTCJI: KYlIltH A.B. <I>pa3COnOfH'lC-
CKlfH cnOBapb aHfnlfHcKOro Jl3LIKa. - MOCKBa: PyCCKldi R3b1K, 1984.
[1J BonpOCbl AIlSi caMOKOHTpOIlSI
I. KaKHe cnOBOCO'lCTIUlHJI Ha3L1BaJOTCJI <f!p33conOfH3MaMlr H KaK OHH
KJIaCcH<f!IJUHP}'JOTCR C TO'lKH 3peHI1JI c-reneHH CMLIcnOBOH CBR3aHHO-
CTlf?
2. KaKoBa poru. KOMnOHCHTOB. BXOIDIwHX B <f!pa3eOnOfH'IeCKIJe CO'leTa-
mill?
3. KaKoH npH3HaK CBHneTCnLCTByeT 0 TOM, 'lTO <f!pa3eOnOfH'IecKoe CO-
'IeTaHHe MO)fCCT He 6LITL 3aCTLrBWHM KOMnneKcoM?
4. KaKHe cnoco6LI nepeBOna HcnollL3}'JOTCJI npn nepeBone aHrJlHHCKHX
He06pa3Hbrx <f!pa3eOnOfH3MoB?
5. B 'd!M p33JIH'lHC Me>K.l!y a6COJIJOTHLlMlf H OTHOCIITeJIbHbrMH 3KBJJBa-
neHTaMH?
6. liTO TaKOe Hl{HOMa?
7. KaKHe cnoc06L1 nepeBona aHfnHHCKlfX H.nHOM BLI 3HaCTe?
8. B KaKHX CJI)"IaJlX HCnOnb3yeTcJI onHCaTeJIbHbdl nepcBon?
9. B 'IeM 3aKJJJO'IaeTCJI pOllL KOHTeKCTa npH nepeBo.ne <f!pa3eOJIOfH3MOB?
10. KaKOBLI OCo6eHHOCTH nepeBOJIa cneUH<f!H'leCKH HaUHOHaJILHhIX IUJ.HOM?
o npaICTM ec.oe 3a,qaHMe
I. nepeBenHTe cnenyJOWHe <f!p33eOnOfH3MLI H3 c<f!epLI o6wefO ynOT-
pe6neHH!I aHfJIHHcKOro. OTMe'IaJI npn 3TOM cnoco6 nepeBOna (a6co-
70
JTIOTHbIH HJlH OTHOCIfI'eJILHLlH 3KBHBaJleHT, aHaJlOr, onHcarenbHblH
nepeBo.n):
I ) out of the blue
2) to spread like wildfire
3) to turn back the clock
4) Caesar's wife is above suspicion
5) to leave much to be desired
6) to work one's fingers to the bone
7) a hard nut to crack
8) a storm in a tea-cup
9) to bite the hand that feeds you
(0) to go from one extreme to the other
II) to fall between two stools
12) to come off with flying colours
13) a blind date
14) a burning question
15) to put (something) by for a rainy day
(6) to bark up the wrong tree
17) to buy a pig in a poke
(8) an apple of discord
19) a bed of roses
20) a feather in onc's cap
21) a Jack of all trades
22) elbow room
23) by fair means or foul
24) to sleep like a log
25) a fly in the ointment
26) a mare's nest
27) a snake in the grass
28) when in Rome, do as the Romans do
29) a rolling stone gathers no moth
30) the proof of the pudding is in the eating
31) never look a gift horse into the mouth
32) if you lose, don't lose the lesson
33) let sleeping dogs lie
34) don't cross the bridge until you come to it
35) at a snail's pace
36) a small fry
37) to win with a narrow margin
38) to keep low profile
39) an old battle axe
40) to kick the bucket
41) Queen Anne is dcad!
71
42) to put the cart before the horse
43) to kill two birds with one stone
44) to talk shop
45) let by-gones be by-gones
46) time and again
47) double Dutch
48) (to give somebody) the cold shoulder
49) the small hours
50) to keep one's fingers crossed
51) on the face of it
52) Can the leopard change his spots?
53) a slip of the tongue
54) in the nick of time
55) a lame duck
56) Break. a leg!
57) Alpha and Omega
58) to keep an eye on something
59) the black sheep (of the family)
60) to make (both) ends meet
2. nepeBe.nwre CJIe.nyK>UJ.He npe.lIJlO)l{eHHH, co.nep)KaULHe aHrnHnCKHe
Il>pa3eWlOrIDMbI H3 cll>epbl 6u3Heca 11 ll>uHaHcoB (I1CTOIJHHK: 6. Xo-
1ll0BCKIDl. lirutoMaTWIecKHe Bblpa)KeHitH B .nenOBOM aHrnHikKOM Il3bI-
Ke. - Cn6.: ]IaHb, 1997):
1. The proposal went over big with big business.
2. In the times of stagflation many overseas companies pulled over, but
somehow we managed to buck tlIe trend.
3. Lel's deal him in and give him a piece oithe cake.
4. The manager has put our project into cold storage. so it is still up ill
the air.
5. Lots of hot mOlley is being transferred (Q Swit7erland which has al-
ways been the tax haven for Europe's wealthy.
6. All we understood from his double-dutch was that it was supposed to
be a Dutch party.
7. The company has gone on the hook recently.
8. If you think he is a soft touch, you have another guess coming: he is
just a loan shark., something of a shylock.
9. The turnover has increased considerably before the triple witching
hour.
10. The business is slack, and our sales level hardly reaches the break-evell
point.
72
.2.3. nepeBO,Q 3ar0l10BKOB
I
,Z:{aHHbIH nO!tpaJ!ten BKJlIO'I H B K)'pC nepeBO!ta, nOCKonbK)' 3aronoBKH
CTaTeH B aHrnOR3bl'lHOH npecce TaJOKe RBnRIOTCR CJl080CO'lemaHWlMU, npWleM
B CHJI)' TOro, 'ITO HX OCHOBHIDI 4>YHKUlfR - npUBJlellb BHHMamle lfHTaTeJUI,
CTOlfT 06paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha oco6eHIIOCTH If X CTpYKTYpbl .lUIR npaBHJlbHOrO
nOHHMaHIfR If a.n:eKBaTHoro nepeBO.D:a.
TpY!tHOCTb nOHIfMaHHR ra3eTHbiX H >KYPHaJlbHbIX 3aronOBKOB 06ycJIoBJIe-
Ha .D:B}"MR npHlfHHaMH:
- TeM. "TO B HHX .D:onycKaeTcR HapYllleHlfe R3blKOBbiX HOpM (COKpallle-
HHe CTpYKTYpbl npe.lUIO)KeHIDI, OTcyrcTBHe apTHKJleH, rnaronOB-CBR30K
H .D:aiKe CMbicnOBblX rnaronOB, .D:pyrHe oc06eUHOCTH ClfHTaKCHCa, no-
pR.D:Ka enOB If IlYHKTYaUHH);
- He.D:OCTaTOqHO nonHblM If rny60KlfM 3HaHHCM peaJIlfH If K)'lIb1)'pbl
CTpaHbI ll3yqaeMoro R3b1Ka, a TaJOKe np06enaMIf B 3HaHHH tl>paJeono-
rHH.
KaK npaBHJIo. 3a nepeBO!t 3aronOBKa cJIenyeT nplIHHMaTbcR nOC;1e npo-
IJTeHiUl BceH CTaTbH. 3To 06nerqae'r nOHHMaHHe cO.D:ep>KaHHR 3arOJIOBKa. eCJIH
OHO He RCHO.
Cne.nyeT HMeTb B BH.ny cne.nyIOlllHe oco6eHHocmu 3ClZOJl06K06:
,
t. nOmlbie npe.lUIO>KeHHSI B Ka'leCTBe 3aronoBKoB (6e3 nponycKoB cny-
>Ke6Hb1X cnOB, apTHKJleH If.npe.lUIOrOB) BCTpelfalOTCR He TaK Y>K lfaCTO. 3.D:eCb,
KOHe'lHO, BaJKHO npaBHJlbHO nOWlTb 3aronoBOK-npe.lUIO)KeHHe H C.D:enaTb ero
a.n:eKBaTHbdi nepeBO.D:. (npHMepbl 3arOnOBKOB CTaTeH B3RTbI H3 raJeTbl "The
Finarzcial Times" H >K}'PHaJlOB "Business Week" H "The Economist". B 3aro-
nOBKax Bce cnOBa MOryr 6LITh HaIlHCaHLJ C JarnaBHOH 6}'KBbI.)
,, -
'I:I1iaII1.A.e' J
-
Small Investments That Make A Big Difference - He60llblllHe HHBe-
CTHUHH. HrpalOlllHe 601lblllym ponb_
Czechs pay a heavy price for bank sell-offs - 1.J.eXH nnaTRT .D:opol)'lO
HY 3a p ac np o.D:a>K)' 6aHK oB.
2. 1.J.aLl.(e Bcero nOJIHbie npe.lUIO>KeHHR B KalfeCTBe 3aronOBKOB OTJIH'IaJOTCR
nponycKoM apTlflCJIei1:
73
. . "f;.... ....-..:
Italy's bank governor paints [a] black picture - npel{Ce.naTCJIb npaBJIc':'
Hlf H HT3.1IbHHCKOro 6 a PIlCYC2, Kapnmy B 4l!pHblX TOHax. _, _
3. ,ZJ;aJKC cCJm 3arOJIOBOK npCl{CTaBJIHCT c060n nOJIHOC no c-rpyK1)'pe
npC.n:rrO)f(CHHC, .lUVI ero nCpeBOl{a He06xol{JfMO IfHOrl{a npO'lIfTaTb CTaTbIO IfJIIf
XOTII 61>1 nCpBLI" a63a11, 'IT061>! nOHIITb CMblCJI:
- :&"t:
Euro nses on talk of ECB intervention - EBpO pacTe-r 6JIarOl{apH IfH-
repBCH11IDlM EL.U> (EBponcHcKoro l.\CHTpaJIbHOro 6ama).
BMW plans Rolls-Royce plant in south of England - KOMnaHHH 6MB
ruIaHHpYeT Ha<JaTb C60PKY aBTOMo6HI1CH POJIJIC-POHC Ha HOBOM 3aBOl{e
Ha lOre AHrJIHIf.
4. nOCJle.n.Hlfe l{Ba nplfMcpa npc.n.CTaBJlRIOT coGO" CLUe oJJ.H)' oco6eHHoCTb
3arOJIOBKOB - HaJIlf4He BCHKoro pol{a cOKpaLUcHlfu (6YKBeHHblx, CJIOroBbiX lf
.n.p.) 061>1'1HO 6)'KBeHHble cOKpameHlliI 061>HCH1UOTCH B nepBoM )f(e a63a11e:
- -
Handspring reduces [PO price range - KOMnaHIfH X3Hl{Cnplmr cOKpa-
lLlaeT .n.HaIIa30H npeJlJJaraCMblX cTapTOBblX 11CH. (B nepBoM a63aue CTa-
Tblf 061>RCIDICTCR 3Ha<JCHHC a66peBlfarypbl !PO - Initial Public Offer-
ing.)
NASDAQ and Dow soar on tech buying [NASDAQ - National Associa-
tion of Securities Dealers automated quotations - CHCTeMa aBTOMaTH4e-
CKO" KornpoBKIf Ha11HOHaJIbHOH aCCOUlfalUUI 6IfP)f(CBbIX .n.HJlCpOB;
Dow - Dow Joncs index - HHnCKC ,ZJ;oy J].*oHca HblO-HoPKCKOH 4>OH-
.n.OBO" 6lfp)f(H; tcch - high technology - 3d. aK11HH BblCOKOTeXHOJIOm<J-
HIdX KOMnaHHii] - HH.lleKCbl HAC,ZJ;AK If ,ZJ;oy )J;JKoHca pe3KO nOBblClf-
J1HCb Ha npH06peTeHIfH aK OKOTeXHO HbIX a i1. '_
5. 3arOJlOBKif no CBOCi1 CTpyKT)'pC '{aCTO npCLlCTaBJIRIOT co60" '31U1UnCUC,
TO CCTL npe.n:rrO)f(CHHC, B KOropOM C 11eJILIO nplfBJle<feHIfJI BHHMaHlfH onycKa-
fOTCR TC HIlIf HHbie CJlOBa. HapH.n.y C apTHKJHlMH, nplITIDKaTeJlbHblMIf MCCTO-
HMeHlfHMH If .n.pyntMlf CJJy)f(e6HLIMH cnOBaMH, '{aCTO onycKalOTCH «I>OpMbI rna-
roJIa to be, HanpHMep:
.. ..IIIa:.
Sara Lee [is] to refocus [its] activities - KOMnaHHH "Capa lIlt" c06lfpa-
eTCH c.n.enaTb HOBblt! aK11CHT B CBOC" .n.CHTeJlbHOCTH.
74
OAS [is] divided on [the] Peru action - OAr (OpraHl13aLlIUl aMepUKaH-
CKUX rOCYJ1apCTB) pa3J1emmaCb B MHeHlUIX no Bonpocy 0 J1eHCTBUJlX
nepy.
6. HHOrJ1a B 3aronOBKax OnyCKaIOTCJI CMLICJIOBbie rnaronbl If J1pyme cno-
Ba, 0 KOTOpbIX MO}KHO JlOraJlaTbCH nUWb nOCJIe npocMO"Tpa CTaTbU:
California ['s voters sland] for GOP - Bbl60pllUfKU (npeJ1CTaBUTeJIlf
m6npaTeJIeii) JlenafOT Bbl60p B nOJIb3Y pecny6mf"aHLleB (GOP - Grand
Old Party, "Tpa.I1lliUIOHHOe Ha3Balme Pecny6mfKaHcKoii napnm B
ClllA).
Israeli and Palestine envoys [are heading] for talks - nOCnaHHI1Klf H3-
paUJIH H naneCTIIHbl HanpaBJUlfOTCJI H3 neperoBop l.
7. P3CnpOCTp3HeHHOH OpMOH 3HrmfHcKoro 3aronOBK3 HBJIJleTCH HOMn-
H3THBHoe (Ha3b1BHoe) npe.lV10}KeHHe (K3K OJlIlOCOCTaBHOe, TaK H COCTOHlllee Ii3
D.BYX WUf HecKonbKlfX cYllleCTBHTeJIbHblX no Tllny N+N):
-
A Brave New Economy for Singaporc - CMeJICUI HOBCUI 3KOHOMHKa .lV1J1
CHHranypa.
DT incentives for retail buyer - CntMynbl KOMIIaHHH ,Z:{oHlJe TeneKOM B
pa60Te C I1HJ1HBH.lIYaJlbHbIMU (p03HHlJHbIMU) 3aKa3lJHKaMIi.
IMF loan acc ord delay - 3aJlep}KKa cornaweHHR 0 KpeJlHTe MB<I>.
T 1 4 --- - --.
8. AHrmliiclme 3aronOBKII MOI)'T 6blTb npCJlCTaBneHbl cnOBOCOlJeTIlHHeM
C npH'iaCTUeM WIH repYH.lllfeM:
_ J!IIfIdR I \. IHI" --
Muddymg the waters - B MyrHOH BOJle (JlOCJIOBHblfi ncpeBOJl "MyrJl
BOLlY" ROHO 6bln 61,1 HCYJlalJHbIM).
Kc epin up the pace - COXpaHJlJI TeMn.
9. AnJi npllBJlelJeHHJI BHHMaHHH B 3aronoBKax HCnOnb3)'1OTcH JlBOeTOlJWl H
BonpocHTcnbHblc 3HaKH:
h. .
Laptops: Do we need that speed? - nOpTaTHBHbli1 KOMnbfOTep: ECH. nil
Hc06xoJ1HMOCTb B TaKofi CKOpOCTU?
75
Is the weak euro making Germany complacent? - I1rpaeT JlH 11£1 PYI<Y
repMaHHH naJIeHHe eBpo? . . _
10. Bonpoc B JarOnOBKe MO)f(eT 6b1Tb KOCBeHHbIM:
f T M.c
Why BIg Tobacco Can't Be Killed - n01leMY Henb3S1 JIHKBHJIBpOBaTb
Ta6a'lHYIO npOMblwJleHHocTb.
What's wrong with paying off the national debt - B 'leM 3aKJIlOlJalOTCSI
npO Jle,\{bl c BblllJlaTOM rocYJIapCTBeHHoro JIOJlra.
11. YnoTpe6J1eHHe B 3aroJlOBKaX pa3roBopHblx <f>0PM H cneHra TaK:>Ke
cny A<l1T CpeJICTBOM npHBne'lellWI BHHMaHlliI '1HTaTeJlSl:
.... ""'I'i"
Web Lotto: It aill'l pretty - TOTaJlInaTOp B I1HTepHeTe: He 60nbHO OH
Xopow.
Hey, walllla buy some used mortgages? - He XOTI1Te JlH npHo6pecTH
nOJIep)f(aHHYIO I1nOTeKY? (Pe'lb UleT 0 TOM, '1TO KHTaikKHe 6aHKI1 JI1]SI
nony"leHlliI HaJlH"IHOCHI nepenpOJIalOT BnyrpeHHHe KpeJIHTbl.)
Coke: Say good-bye to the good 01' boy culture - KOKa-Kona: npomaH,
cTapoe JIo6poe BpeMII.
12. Hau6onbwyIO CJlO:>KHOCTb npB nepeBOJIe. O'lCBHJIHO, npeJICTaBJlSleT
HCnOJ1b30BaHI1e B 3aronoBKax <f>pa3eOJlOrI13MOB, Hrpbl CJIOB H YMblwnCHHO
113MeHeHHbiX yc roH1IIIBbiX Bblpa)!(eHHH, CMblCJI KOTOpblX SlBJlSlCTCSI np03pa'l-
HblM JIlfWb.llJlSl Tex, KTO xopowo 3HaeT KYJlbT)'pV aHrJJOSl3bl'lHb1X cTpaH:
....
.......-
-
Has Ford backed Detroit into corner? (back into comer - 3aroHlITb B
yron; mnOBJwe npeJInpUSITHe "$oPl!" HaXOJIHTCSI B L(eTpoihe. CiliA)
To save or not to save? (napa<f>pa3 H3 llIeKcnHpa "To be or not to
be?" - "6b1Tb HJlI1 He 6b1Tb ?")
Much ado about lending (napa<f>pa3 113 WeKcnupa "Much ado about
nothing" - "MHoro WYMa 113 HI1'1ero")
North Korea: Why it's suddenly ready to come in from the cold (lIB/IO
nCpeKJlHKaeTCSI C HaJBaHl1eM caMoro H3ReCTHOro pOMaHa anrnl1ilcKoro
76
OIiCaTeJl1l ,l{)I(OHa JIe Kappe "WOIIOH, KOTOpblH npl1Wel1 C xOJloJl.a"-
John Le Carre "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold")
Ready, steady. go - Ha CTapT. BHI1MaHl1e, Mapw!
(ucnOJlb30BaHl1e cnopnfBHoro )l(aproHa)
Suddenly Goldman is less golden.
3.lJ.eCb lIzpn Cl106 (no-aHrIJI1HCKH pia\' 011 1V0rd.f; pUll) c03n.ae1'C1I 3a C4eT
C04eraHHH Ha3BaHI1H KOMnaHltIJ Goldmall. Sachs & Co. 11 cnOBa !?oldell - 30-
.WlnOZ; B CBH3H C Kpl1T1IKOH, KOTopall 06pYWHnaCb Ha KOMnamno BCl1e.lJ.CTBlie
COMHHTel1bHblX onepaUliH.
HMeHHO u.?pa C70B 4allle Bcero 1IBI111eTCH KaMHeM npeTKHOBeHIIH npM ne-
peBo.'le Bo061lle H, B 4aCTHocnt, npM nepeBOJle 3aronoBKOB.
BbIXO.lJ. In nOnO)l(eHUH - B HeH-rpa.IJbHOM nepeBon.e. HanpMMep: HeoJlclI-
Oall1lble np06JIe.'WbI Y KmmaHlili "rO.'lbOMQH, 3aKC u Ko.".
06bl<IHO cnen.YlOwee nocne 3aronOBKa npeOJlOXeHlIe-aHHOnlalfliR 061.HC-
HHeT 3Ha4eHilC HrpbJ cnOB lilll1 n.aeT npen.CTaBnCHHC 0 TOM, 4TO KpoeTCH 3a
Bblpa)l(CHHCM, npen.CTaBJICHHOM B 3aronOBKe. HanpUMep, nOCJlC.!I.HIiM 3arono-
BOK CTaHOBI1TC1I nOH1ITHbIM 6JIaro.n.apH cnellYlOweMY nocne Hero aHHOTaUH-
OHHOMY npCJJ)10)l(eHIiIO:
After a string of troubled deals. {he firm [Goldman, Sach & Co.] is fac-
ing criticism.
flocJ/e pJloa Co.I.fHUlne./b/lblX coewK cjJllp.\la [ro.-7bo.wa/l. 3aKc II Ko.}
nOOBepi'ae' R .!!.anadKau (KplilnUKe).
nOCK011bKY lIcpa CIIOB nocTpoeHa Ha .lJ.BOHIIOM 3Ha4emtIJ KaKorO-TO C110Ba,
npli4eM BTopoe ero 3Ha4eHlie 4allle Bcero cncHroBoe, nepeBO.lJ.4HK l1Horn.a
BnpaBe npocTo .lJ.aTb KOMMeHTapHH IUIH 06'b1lCHeHlle K LlaHHoMY Bblpa)l(CHHIO,
nOCKOJlbK}' nepeeoo B npHHUHne HeB03MO>keH. BOT npHMep IIrpbl cnoB, OCHO-
BaHHoH Ha n.BYX 3Ha4eHIIHX cnOBa gralld: 1) BemtKOJIenHblH, BOCXIiTI1TeJlb-
HbIM; 2) C7eH?: ThIC1I<la 1l0JIJlapoB). KOTOpylO MO)J{HO .iIUIllb 06'b1lCHI1Tb:
" 1IifRflil'! [:!q.....
Love is grand.
Divorce is a hun d ¥,rand.
BepHeMCH K 3aroJIOBKaM. KOTOpblC MO)l(HO nOHHTb. JIUWb 3HaH pea!1lUl 11
K)'nblYPy CTpaHhl. nOHHMaHHIO TaKllX 3aro,10BKOB cnoco6cTByeT KOlimeKcm.
06paniTc BHI1MaHHe Ha C!lellYIOIllHe 3arOJIOBKI1, B KOTOpblX IiCnOJIb3YIOTC1I
77
H3BeCTHhie ycmou'Iu8ble 8b1paJ/CeHlUl, KOHTeKCTOM !l1UI nOHHMaHlU1 CMblcna
KOTOpblX CJI}')f(aT npellJlO)f(eHHH-aHHOTIlUUH. nOMell.leHHble cpa3Y nO.'1 3aro-
JIOBKaMH:
..-
Rich man, poor man - I)ora'-l, 6eJI.IDIK (HaJBaHue H3BeCTHoro pOMaHa
I1pBHHa CToYHa).
flpeoJlo;JICe"Ue-aHHomaZjUR: The gap betwecn high earners and Lhc low-
est paid has widened.
Keep the hive humming - DYCTb ynefi )i()')K)f(IlT.
flpeo.'lO;JICeHUe-aHilOmaZjUR: Immigrants may prevenL the economy from
overheating.
Tenepb CTaHOBJITCH nOHJITHblM CMbICJ1 3aroJIOBKa: HMMltrpaHTbl, pa60-
TaJOll.IHe Ha MHorHX MaJIOOnna'-lHOaeMbIX pa6oTax, 3anonHHIOT pblHOK
TpYJI.a H JI.aJOT B03MO)f(HOCTb )KOHOMUKe JI.UHaMH"IHO pa3BHBaTbcH.
That sinking feeling - OII1YllleHHe H!lYlllero Ha JI.HO (06blrpblBaeTCH
npHMoe u nepeHocHoe 3Ha'-leHUe rnarona 10 sink - mOHymb. udmu IIQ
OHO H nomepnemb tjJUOCKO).
flpeollO;JICeHue-oHHomoqzUl: Once a sure way to make a fortune. the
personal-computer business is an even surer w a,y to lose onc.
[1] BOnpOCbl AI1H caMOKOHTpOIIJI
1. B '-leM 3aKJDOQaeTCJI OCHOBHIDI c}lYHKUHJI 3aroJIOBKa?
2. B '-leM COCTOIIT TpYJI.HOCTb nepeBOJI.a raJeTHblX H )KypHaJIbHblX 3aro-
nooKOB?
3. DO"leMY 3arOJIOBOK 06bI'-lHO nepeBOJI.H B KOHue pa60Thl Hall. nepeoo-
nOM CTaTbH?
4. HaJoBHTe oco6eHHocTH CHHTaKCUQeCKoit crpYKTYPbl aHrJIufiCKHX 3a-
rOJIOBKOO.
5. KaKue JI.pyrHe oc06eHHocTH aHrnHHCKHX 3aronoBKoB CJ1enyeT JIMeTb
o BH.ny JI.]lH HX aJJ:eKBaTHoro nepeBOJI.a?
6. qTO nOMorae-r nOIDITb CMbICJI 3aronOBKOB B npecce BenHK06puTalillu
H CIlIA?
7. qTO Bbl3b1BaeT HaH60JIbWHe TpYJI.HOCTH npIl nepeBone 3ar01l0BKoB?
8. ECTb nH CXOJI.CTBO Me)f(.ny aHrnHficKlfMII Ii PYCCKlfMH 3arOJIOBKaMH?
78
o npaKTM"feCKOe 3a,qaHMe
nepeaeD.liTe CJ1e.nyIOWlie 3aroJ10BKH li3 ra3eTh1 "The Financial Times" H
JK}'pHaJlOB "Business Week" Ii "The Economist". flpu nepeaoD.e OTMeTbTe
YKaJaHHbIe abIllIe oc06eHHocTH 3aroJ10BKOB.
l. Is this deal really dead?
2. China trade: Will the U.S. pull it off!
3. Ford: A comeback in Europe is job one
4. Brussels plan aims to boost cross-border investment
5. Fed plans disclosure system for banks
6. Israeli high-tech companies need more promising land
7. Hyundai founder steps down in concession to refonn plans
8. Maybe what's good for GM is good for Ford
9. Globalization: What Americans Are Worried About
10. Remember interactive TV? It's active again
II. The struggle against red tape
12. A difficult meeting of cultures
13. A Cap on Bank Deposit Rates?
14. Did NAFfA Backers Bamboozle America?
15. A Nation of Risk-Takers
16. Come see my movie - please!
17. Iran: Don't write offthe refonners yet
18. Slowdown in sales
19. Give me that old-time economy
20. California: 'Public school system to the world?'
21. The recovery: so far, so good
22. New tact[ics] but US-EU trade disputes remain
23. OECD is warning of inflation and further rate rises
24. Unfriendly skies for an airline merger
25. Is the market too high or too low? Maybe a little of both
c.... eCKi-1e TPaHC i-1i-1_ nep;B Ae I '
flCKCll'iCCKIfC TpaHc$opMaUHlI (.ll06aBJIeHIiJl, onyweHHJI, 3aMeHbI) JlBJlJI-
IOTCJl qaCTblO nepeBOD.'ieCKOH npaKTHKH a CItJ1y paJHoii CTPYK1YpbI aHrnHH-
CKOro H PYCCKOro npe.ll.1l0)KCHHH ItJ1H HeB03MOJKHOCTII BaHTU 3KBHBaJlelIT CJIG-
sa IUIH ero COOTBeTCTBHe.
79
, j(06aS/JeIlUR. 3ToT npHeM nepeBona CBH33H C TeM, 'ITO aHrnHikKHM
npelJ,JlO>KCHHHM CBoikTBCHHa KOMnpCCCHJI. To, '1TO HCBO HOCHTemo aHrnHH-
CKoro R3b1Ka, Tpe6yeT n06aBncHHR B PYCCKOM BapHaHTe, 'IT06bl He BblHHI 3a
paMKH HOpMbl PYCCKOro R3b1Ka. Pe'lb HneT, 6c3ycnoBHo, 0 cnoBax. KOTOpblC lie
HOCKT xapaKTep CMblcnoBoro n06aBneHHR, HanplfMep:
'.. - --
I saw a face watching me out of onc of the upper windo\\-s. - JI }'BHnen
nHUO 'le.rzo eeKa, Ha6mo.lJ,aBwero 3a MHO" H3 OLlH9ro H3 BepxHlrx OKOII.
- --- -- ---.--
B BLlWCnpJlBCneHHoM npJIMcpe 'llfTaTemo HCHO, 'ITO Ha6moJ\an. MOiKeT
'lcnoBCK, a lie nHUO. n03TOMY np" nepCBOlle nplfwnOCb CncnaTb 006a6!/eHlle.
AilaJIOm'lHblH np"eM Hcnonb30BaH B cnenYlOlUlfx nplfMepax:
.. -...........
The IMF mission IS to arrive in Minsk on May 20. The sraff will fncus
on the general macroeconomic indicators. - 20 MaR B MIIHCK non>Klla
npH6blTb MJICCIfJI MB<1>. COTpynmrKJI q;oHoa COCpC.lJ,OTO'laT 6l1lL\lalllle
na 06111HX MaKp03KOHOMH'leCKHX nOK33aTcnHX.
"Jupiter" is 40 percelZl owned by individual shareholders.
Ko."'llallWl "IOn"Tep" lIa 40 npouellTOB npllHalJ,Jle>KIIT HHDlIBUJIyaJIb-
JlblM aKuHoHepaM.
... 125 passengers and 5 creH' - 125 nacca>KU JOB H 5 'l_7e/J06 3Klma>Ka.
- -----
OIlJ'"(eIlUR. JTOT npHcM nepeBO,Aa Hcnonb3ye rC1I B cnY'tae 1136bITO'l1l0-
crn HH<!>0pMaUUlI, KOTopaR npenCTaBJTReT coGon HapYlllCIUIC HOpM PyccKoro
1I3b1Ka. HanpHMep, He leulled forward to take the paper. - 011 IIUKJ/OIllUCJ/.
'lm06bl 63Jlnlb 6.:J1Macy. nOIDITHO, '1TO OH lfa1010HHnCli 6nepeo. n03TOMY 3TO
cnOBO MOiKHO onYCTJITb npH nepeBOne.
I1Horna onYllleHHH npH nepCBOJ!e Bbl3BaHbl pa3JT11'1IUIMII B CTPYl<1)'pe
aHrJlHHcKOro " PYCCKoro npennO>KeHllll. B PYCCKOM Jl3blKC HCT HeooxonHMO-
CTH B nonHOM Ha60pe Bcex '1neHOB npCnnO>KeHJlR:
Thc fist thillg I did was to givc her a cnll. - OepBoe. '1TO 11 cnenaJI. no-
3BOIUUJ eH.
".
-""'
1.JacTo onYCKalOTCH nplITII>KaTeJTbBble MeCTOIIMCIUlII, KOTOphiC B PYCCKOM
nepeBone IIBJlJlIOTCH 1136b1TO'lllbIMIf:
-
He took his bag in his right hand. - 011 B3Rn CYMKY B npaBYIO PY"y.
80
OnYCKaeTCR npH nepeBOlle TalOKe OllliU 113 napUblX (paBU03Ua'lHLlX) cn-
HOHHMOB. KOTopble 1l0BonbHO qaCTO BCTpeqalOTCR B aHfnH,kKOM R3b1Ke:
-
The town we stayed in was very nice. alld attractive. - rOpO!1., B KOTO-
pOM MI.l OCTaHOBHJlHCb, 6blJ1 OqeHb Y'Ol11l1blM.
The treaty was pronounced null and void. - ,UOroBOp 6bm npll3HaH lIe-
oeiicmeume.JlbllbVIl.
......-.. ..- -
I1cnoJTb3YR npHcM onYllIeHnR, Heo6xollHMO nOMHltTb, '1TO :no He Jla3eHKa
J1)JR nponycKa TpYllHblX MeCT npH nepCBOllC. CMblcn npC.'LJ10jKellHR lie !1.0n>KeH
6bITb HCKa>KCH.
JaMellbl. AaHHblH npnCM JlOBOJlbHO Wl1pOKO IIcnO.'lbJycrcR "pn nepeBOllC r
B ,-ex CJ1yqallx. Korlla OTCyrCTBYIOT npRMble cnOBapHhlC COOTBeTCTBI1.R. B nOM
cJlY'Iae Heo6xollHMO HaHT" BapHauT nepcBo1l8. KOTOpbIii nO!LxoJlltT J]JJR .I1.all-
HOro KOHTCKCT8, H8npl1Mep:
f..&:W
Privacy w impossible. - EblJlO HeB03MO>KHO nooblTb OJlHOMY.
Invas i ne's p ri a c)'.::. BMCWaTCJlbCT BO B %10-11. 1qHYIO >KI
KOHTCKCl)'anbHaJI 38MCH8 K8K Bnll neKCI1'ICCKOii Tp8Hc<popMaLulII nCnOJlb-
3YeTCR B ,-ex CJI}"laJIX, KOfJla Heo6xollHMO Cllen8Tb )'TO'lHCHne (KoIIKpem1l1a-
ZlU10), 06061l1CHHe (zeHepWlI13alIUlO). 8 T8K>Ke 3aMemnb OTpHuaTeJlbH)'JO KOH-
CTJ>YKUillO H8 yroepllHTeJlbHYIO 111111 Hao6opOT (aIlI1IOIIlUlU'lec"uii nepeeoo)
I11IH nOJIHOCTblO nepeOCMblCJIUmb 6blCKa"3bleaHlIe (H8npIlMCp, I1PH ncpeBOlle
4>pa3e0J10Hf3MOB ).
npMMepbl pa3J1M'IHbIX BMAOB 3aMeH:
1.
KOIIKpel1lU3allllR (Hcnonb30BaHHe npH nepeBOJ1e C'IOBa C 601lee }"3KUM
3H8'1eHHeM, qeM cnOBO B Opl1rltHane):
r
-
The curtain went up. - 38H8Bec tlOOIlRJICR.
The facilities were downstairs. - Yo06cmea H8XO!I.lIJIIICb BHln)'.
Pul him on the phone please. - n030BIi era, nOiKaJIYHcTa. K TCJle<p olI )'.
2. relleplL7U1allUR (l1cnonb30B8mlc npn nCpeBOJ1C CJIOBa c 60nce Wl1pO-
KI1M 1I1.I'IClmeM. 'leM B opun-mane):
She was killed in a car accident. - Gila n02u6'IQ B aBTOK3TaCTpo4>e.
To the la:..t ounce of effort - 113 l7oC:leoHux CWI.
81
3. AHmoHuMu'IecKUu nepe600 (3aMeHa D.B)'X OTpHl.taTe.m.HblX cJ>OPM Ha
oD.Hy }'TBepJlHTenbH}1O, KOrD.a "MHH)'C Ha MHH)'C D.aeT I1JUOC", H Ha-
06opoT, }'TBep.wrrenbHoro cnOBa Ha 0TpHuamte C TeM JKe 3Ha'iemieM):
-
It's not uncommon for families in rural areas (0 have three and more
children. - B cenhCKOH MeCTHOCTH B CeMbJlX 06bl'lllO 6blBaeT no Tpoe H
60nee D.ereH.
Remember to wake me up at 7 a.m. - He 3a6yob pa36YD.HTb MeIDl B 7
yrpa.
They never found out until afterward what he had to go through. - OHH
'lUlUb enoCJ1eocmeuu Y3Ha'lU, 'ITO eMY npHlUnOCb nepe>KHTb.
---,. . ....- '- - ___. '»0
.c
HHOrD.a aHTOHHMIi'IeCKHH nepeBon JlBJlJleTC" eD.HHCTBeHHO B03MO>KHblM
CpeD.CTBOM ,U)IJI D.OCTH>KeHIDI 8J(eKBaTHoro nepeBO,IIa:
The last thing I would like to do is to spoil our relationships. - MHe 6bl
O'leHb He XOmeJ10Cb HCnOpnITb HalUlI oTHOrneHHJI.
'rn! ..&l wu
'i'i3:
nferiority of the_enemy - npe6::.;: m lU!!!. B .
4. lleJ1ocmHoe nepeOCMblCJ1ellUe - Hau60nee TpYD.HblH BHD. KOHTeKC"I)'-
aJIbHOH 3aMeHbI npH nepeBone. OHO 3aKJIIO'laeTC" B nOHHMaHHH aHr-
nHHcKoro YCTOHtlHBOro CnOBOCO'lC'TaHH" (cJ>pa3eOnOrH3Ma) H nepeD.a-
'Ie ero nO-PYCCKH COBepmeHHO D.pyrHMH neKCH'IeCKIiMH CpeD.CTBaMH:
-
To be an albatross
(around one's neck)
Work and pleasure
No way!
Stretch onc's leg
Jack of all trades
Still waters run deep
In the nick oftime
r_
ELITb 06)130H ("pMOM)
Done3Hoe C npli"THLIM
HH 3a 'ITO! (HH B KoeM CJIyqae!)
Pa3MJlTbCJI
MacTep Ha Bce PYKH
B TIlXOM OMyre 'Iepnl BOIDITCR
B nOCnen"H" MOMeHT
,
[1J BonpOCbl A11J1 CaMoKOHTpOIlJl
1. tIeM BLl3BaHO HCnOnbJOBaHJte neKCWIeCKIiX TpaHccJ>oPMaUIIH KaK
cnoc06a nepeBOD.a?
82
2. KaKue BHJIbI neKCH'IeCKHX TPaHc4>opMauHii HaH60nee 'IaCTO }lCnOflb-
3Y1OTCH npH nepeBO.lle?
3. B KaKHX cJI)"laRX npH nepeBO.lle }lcnonb3yeTcH iJ06aa.J7ellue?
4. KOr,lla npl{ nepeBO.lle npHMeWieTcH onYllfellue?
5. KaKue BaM H3BeCTHb1 Hal{6onee pacnpocTpaHeHHble npHMepbl ony-
meHiur CJ10B npH nepeBO.lle?
6. 0 'Il!M Heo6xo.llHMO nOMHIITb npl{ ItCnOnb30BaHiUt npHeMa on)'we-
HUH?
7. B KaKlfX cJI)"laRx npH nepeBo.ne HCnOnb3yeTcR npneM 3llMeHbl?
8. KaKHe BHllbl 3aMeH BCTpC'iaJOTCR HaH60nee <faCTo?
9. nORCHlITe 3Ha'ieHlle KaiK.noro Bu.na 3aMeHb1.
o npaKTMqeCKOe 3aAaHHe
OepeBe.nHTe CJ1e.nyIOWHe npe.nnO>KeHIDI Ii cnOBOCO<feTaHIiR, npHMemrR
pa3Hble BIUlbI neKCH'IeCKHX TpaHccl>opMamdi.
I) J(06a8JleHWI:
The flowers carpeted the hills and fields.
She has never travelled internationally.
They watched the criminal out of the court room.
Professionally, he can be completely relied on.
According to the company's president. the reorganization is inevitable.
There were no villagers nearby to ask the way.
He stole a look at the girl.
2) On)'UJeHWI:
He jumped to his feet and ran after them.
Why scratching your left ear with your right hand?
The invaders came to kill and murder civil population.
Working men and women deserve a better life.
We were sick and tired of waiting for hours and hours.
3) KOHmeKcmyaJlbHble 3aMellbl:
a) KOHKpeTH3auIDl:
Things look promising.
The meal was served at 6 p.m.
83
......
It will take me about an hour to drive there.
All the hotels in the city provide parkingfaci/ities.
6) reHepamnaUHH:
Two persons were reported shot.
The dog sniffed every illch of the ground.
A J 20-voice choir was performing in the opcn air.
The five-minute meetillg with reporters was over.
B) aHTOHHMH'IeCKIii! nepeBOJ1:
Their attitude was not ullfriel/dly.
She had 1/01 Icft the reception wltil after hcr driver came to pick her up.
Thcy had little to say to each other.
The permission is not given uIIless authorized by the dean.
Her name does lIot sound ul/familiar to me.
r) ueJIOCTHOe nepeOCMblCJIeHHe:
Sleep on it, tomorrow is a new day.
Robbing Peter to pay Tom.
It's easy to be wise after the event.
No gain without pain.
Do as you would be done by.
Black sheep.
Re-inventing the wheel.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
84
iii I.{acmb III.
rPAMMATlt14ECKlt1E BOnpOCbl
nEPEBO.QA
Aiul 8J1,eKB8THOrO nepeBOJl,8 8Hrmd1cKOrO TeKCTa nepenOJl,'IIiK He MO)KeT
He Y'II1TbIBaTb rp8MMaTI1'leCKOrO 3Ha'leHml $OpM 8HrnlllfcKoro npeLlJ\O)Kemul.
HeBepH<UI nepeJl,a'l8 3H8'leHlill aHrmtikKllX rpaMM8TII4eCKliX $OpM 11 KOIICT-
PYKLlI1H npllBOJlI1T K liCKa)KeHHIO CMbIcna opHnlHan8. 8 npaKTIIKe nepeBOJl8
He06xoJl,HMO oOHoepe.MeHHo Y41HblB8Tb 3Ha4eHHe neKCliKH H ocooeHHocTIl
rpaMM8T1iKH. HHbIMH cnOB8MH, nepeBOll'lIlK BCerJl8 HMeeT .neno C JleKCllKO-
2pa\iMamUileCKW..fll COOTBeTCTBIUIMIi.
.1.
3MeHeH e CTPYKTYPbl npeAnO>KeH fI
np peB OAc:. ___
"
)J.aneKO He BCerJl,a nepeBO.n aHfJUlnCKOro npeLlJ\O)KeIll1J1 38KJlIO'IaeTCJI B
OOCJIOeHOU nepe.n8'1e 3H8'1eHIIJI Ka>K.noro cnOBa (CM. "06llUle BonpOCbI nepe-
BOlta"). lJ:allle Bcero npn nepeBo.ne C 8HfJlHifcKOro npHxo.nHTCJI MelUITb CTPYK-
1YPY npe.lUIO)KeHHH, nopJl.noK cnOB, pa36l1BaTb OJlHO npe!lJlO)KelUle Ha .nB8 11m1
06'be.nHIDITb .nB8 npe.lUIO)KeHHJI B O.nHO.
flpUIJUllaAlU "faKIr.< I13MeHeHHH MOJYf 6b1Tb OTc}'TCTBHe COOTBeTCTBYIOLl1e-
ro rpaMM8T1I'leCKOrO JlBneHHH B PYCCKOM Jl3bIKe, a TaK)Ke HecoBn8.nemle CTH-
JlI1CTH'IeCKIiX oc06eHHOCTeH rp8MMaTH'leCKI1X KOHCTpYKlllIH H CMbIcnoBoH
CTpYKTYpbl 8HrmiHcKoro H PYCCKOro cnoBoc04eTaHHJI. Hanpl1Mep:
""'''1
,.,.
It being very dry, forest fires were common. - T8K KaK 6b1no O'leHb cy-
XO, 'laCTO B03HHKanu JleCHI.Ie nO)K8pbl.
Had he come carlier, he would have helped us. - IlpH.nH OH (ecJlI1 6LI
OH npl1wen) paHbwe, 011 6bI HaM nOMOr.
What I mean is that it needs to be done right now. - 51 IIMCIO B BHlIY.
'lTO :no HY)KHO c aTb npJlMO ceH4ac.
Ilpll Bbl60pe nopROKa CJl06 B npouecce nepeBOlta H8 PYCCKUH H3blK Heoo-
XOJl,HMO p8CCM8TpUBaTb .nB8 Tlln8 8HfJllli"lCKUX npelI!lO)KeHII H: (1) C npllMblM
85
nopRllKOM CJIOB H (2) C HHBepCneH, TO eCTb HapywemfeM 06bl'lHOro nOpRllKa
CnOB.
(1) B PYCCKOM Jl3b1Ke, B OTJIH'lHe OT aHrJU1ikKOro, CMblCnOBofi ueHTp Bbl-
CK3.3bIBaHIDI ("UeHTp nI)!(ecnf") 'laCTO HaxO.lunCJI B KOHue npe.!U10)!(eHHJI:
Winter came. - Hac1)'nJfJla 3HMa.
books were brought. - npJfBe H I H H. _
-...-.
---
OpH nepeBo.Qe aHrmdi:cKoro npe.!U10)!(eIUfJl C npJlMbIM nOpJl.QKOM cnOB He-
06XO.QHMO onpe.QemlTb ero CMblClIOBOH ueHTp, 'lT06bl TO'lHO nepe.QaTb CMbIClI.
B KOHelj PyccKoro npe.lUIO)!(eHHJI 06bl l IHO CTaBHTCJI cnOBO, KOTopoe Bblpa)!(ae-r
H06)'1O UHtjJOp,..taljUIO B aHrmdicKoM nOBeCTBOBaTenbHOM npe.lUIo)!(emUI 6e3
3MrjJa3bl (lIOrH'leCKoro Bbl.lteJIeHHJI):
---- 1W
An old man was slowly walking along the road.
no nopore Me.!UIeHHO well CTaPHK.
CpaBHlfTe C 3M$arn'leCKHM npe.nnO)!(eHHeM:
It was Lomonosov that founded Moscow University.
HMeHHo 1I0 OHoCOB OCHOBan MOCKOBCKHif )'HH B epcHTeT; _
-
(2) AHrJIHiicKHe npe.nnO)!(eHHR C HHBepcHeli nepenCUOTCJI Ha PYCCKHH
R3LIK npe.nnO)!(eHHJlMH, B KOTOpblX TaK)!(e HapyweH 06bl'lHblU nOpJl.ltOK CJlOB
(3a HCKJlIO'leHHeM clI)"faeB ZpOJI1MamUllecKou HHBepcHH, T.e. H3MeIleHltJl no-
pJl.ltKa ClIOB B BOnpOCHTellbHblx H nOBenHTeJIbHbIX npe.lUIO)l(eHHH):
....
4!.f1
Mine is a totally different approach. - no.nxO.lt Moli cOBepllIeHHo .ltpy-
roH.
Ideas he had plenty. -1f,lteH y Hero 6bfJIO Macca.
-. .....- - I I ---...-.."..-... --"-..rP __ __
...
AnJi .QOCTIDKeHHR a..aeKBarnocrn nepeBO.lta 'laCTO DpHXO.ltHTCJI MeIDITb
'UleHbl npeOJlO:JICeHWl JI3-Ja HeCOBna.QeHIDI CMbICJIOBOH CTpyKl}'pbl aHrnHiI-
CKHX. H PYCCKHX. cnOBOCO'leTaHHH H npe.lVlo)!(eHHR, HanpHMep:
.- .:b......4.
-
I am confident he will benefit from participating in this research pro-
gramme both personally and professionally.
R YBepeH, I{TO OH nOJJy'lHT nOJIb3Y OT Yl{aCTIDI B 3TOH HaY'IHO-
HCCne.ltOBaTeJ1bCKOH nporpaMMe KaK 6 JlUllHOM. maK U npotjJeCCUOHWlb_
HOM maHe.
--
86
nepeBOJl,'IHK HMeeT npaBO npU6eraTb K u:JA.telleHUIO CmpYKmypbl npeono-
:J#CellWl (Mewrrb npOCToe npeDJIO)l(eIDIe Ha CnO)l(HOnOJl,'IHHeHHOe WIH cnO)l(-
HOCO'lHHeHHOe, pa36UBaTb OJl,HO npeDJIO)l(eHHe Ha Jl,Ba WIH 06'beJl.HHHTb Jl,Ba
npe.lUlO)l(eHIIH B O.ll.HO), CC,"H :no He06xOJl.HMO .lUIH nepeJl.a'lll CMblcna, HanpH-
Mep:
-
They didn't expect us to come back soon.
OHII He O)l(l.f..lI.aJIH, 'ITO Mbl CKOpO BepHeMCH.
1" '" a-
Inflation remains high, it being somewhat lower over time.
I1HtlmHllHH OCTaeTCH BbICOKOM, XOTH npu 3TOM OHa HeCKOJlbKO CHmKa-
CTCH co BpeMCHeM.
A three-day conference on Chernobyl issues gathered as many as five
hundred delegates from all over the world in late March.
B KOHue MapTa COCTOHnaCb TpeXllHeBHaH KOH4JepeHllIiH no np06neMaM
IJepH06b1J1H. B HeM npltH'IJ1M yqaCTlie He MeHee nHTI1COT J1.eJ1eraTOB 1t3
Bcex yroJ1KOB 3CMHOro mapa.
The opening ceremony was delayed. The guests didn't mind though.
epeMoHWI OTKpblTHH 3aJl.ep)l(I1BaJIaCb; OJl.HaKO, rOCHi He BbICKa3blBa-
1111 HeJl.OBonbCTBa.
[1:J BonpOCbl AI1J1 caMOKOHTpOnJi
1. B 'IeM 3aKJIIO'IaJOTCH OCHOBHble npJf'lI1Hbl H3MeHeHHH CTPY"'Ypbl
npeDJIo)f(eHWI npH nepeBOJl.e C aHrnHikKoro H3blKa Ha pycCKl1ii?
2. KaK1ie BUJ],bII13MeHeHH" CTpY"'Ypbl npe.lUlO)f(eHHH npM nepeBOJl.e HB-
nHIOTCH H8M60nee p8cnpOCTpaHeHHblMI1?
3. CpaBHltTe nOpHJl.OK cnOB B aHrnU"CKOM u PYCCKOM npeDJIO)l(eHHHx.
4. liTO nOHHMaeTCH noJl. CMblcnOBblM ueHTpoM BbICKa3bIB8HHH?
5. fJl.e B PYCCKOM npe.IVIO)l(eHI1H MO)l(eT HaxOJl.HTbCH CJ10BO, KOTOpoe B
06bl'lHOM aHrmiHcKoM nOBeCTBOBaTeJ1bHOM npeDJIO)l(eHIU! Bblp8)l(8e-r
HOBYIO ItH$opMaUI1IO?
6. KaK nepeJl.aeTCH 3M4Ja3a aHrJIHHCKoro npe.lUlOjKeHltH nplt nepeBOJl.e
H8 PYCCKI1" H3bIK?
7. liTO TaKOe ItHBepCIDI 11 KaK OHa nepe!l.al!TcH nplt nepeBOJl.e Ha PYC-
CKliA H3b1K?
8. B KaKlfX cnyqaJIx II C KaKon uenblO nplt nepeBOJl.e np0l13BOJl.HTCH 3a-
MCHa 'IlICHOB npe.nn:O)l(CHwl?
87
9. B 'ieM 3aKJUO'iaeTCR H3MeHeHue CTpYKl)'pbl npH nepeBOLle C aHnJHH-
Cl\oro R3bJKa Ha PYCCKHH?
10. B KaKnx cny'iCUIx npH nepeBoLle npHMeIHlIOTcR npueMbl 'iJIeHellIDI H
06be./:llIHemUI npe.u.rrO)l(eHHH?
.2. nepe,Qa a apn'llc.nJl
ApTHKJIb (HeonpeLleJ1eHHbJH, OnpeLleneHHblH u "H}'neBOH", T.e. ero 3Ha
IJHMoe oTcyrCTBue) HWIHeTCR onpeJlemneneM CYUleCTBHTenbHoro B aHrmdi-
CKOM H3bJKe. B PYCCKOM H3blKe apTHKJIR B 'iHCTOM BHLle HeT. I1MeIOTC" nHllil
HeKOTOpbJe ero COOTBeTCTBIDI, HanpHMep:
-y
B meampe KO Mile 06pamW/Qcb otJ1Ia tJe6J1I.UKa c npocb6ou nOJlfeHRmbCJ
MeCmaMU. 3ma Oe6)'I.UKa xoltleIla cuoemb pROOM C noopyzou.
--- - -
B 3TOM npHMepe COBepmeHHO OIJeBHLlHO, liTO oOlia - OnpeLleJIHTeJ1b cy.
UleCTBHTeJ1bHOrO Oe6)'I.UKa, a He I{HCnHTeJ1bHOe "OLlHH", TO eCTb 31'0 CHOBO co.
OTBeTCTByeT HeOnpeOe.!1emlOMY apTHKJIIo (0 girl). YKa3aTeJ1bHOe MeCTOHMeIlH
3ma COOTBeTCTBye-r onpeOeIlell11oMY apnlluDo (the girl).
l{aUle Bcem apTHKJIb npH nepeBoLle onYCKoemCR. OJlHaKO HeKoTopLl
3HaQeHH" 8pTIfKJIH B 8HrJIHHCKOM R3blKe Tpe6}'1OT nepeLl8QH "PH nepeBOLle m
PYCCKHH H3LIK, B Q8CTHOCTU, KorLl8 8pTHKJIb Hcnonb3ye-reR KaK:
1) cpeocm60 6bloe.nemm CMblCJ106020 ljeHmpo 6blCKa3blBaHUR, npH 3TOM
HeOnpeOeIleHllblii 8pTHKJIb (oc06eHHo nepeLl nOJlJle)l(aUlHM) YKa3bIBa.
e-r H8 HOBYIO HH4>0PM8UHIO, T.e. npH nepeBoLle H8 PYCCKlfH "3b1K nOLl-
ne)l(8mee CTaBUTCH B KOHeu npe.u.rrO)l(eHH" (A table was brought. -
flpllHeCJ1U cmon. ) , 8 onpeOeIleHHblU apTHKJIb YKa3blBae-r H8 TO, 'iT{]
HOBaH HII4>OpM8UIfH COJlep)I(HTCR B LlPyroM MeCTe npe.u.rrO)l(eHHH (TI'I!
table was plit in the middle of the room. - CmoJ1 nocma6UJlU noceoe-
oUlte KOMHambl .);
2) Heonpeoe.neH1lOe JueCmOU-weHue (ueKuii., KQKOU-mO, Oduu), H8npH-
Mep:
-- ..__.. .
A passenger was looking for a place to put his bag.
KaKou-mo naCCa)l(Hp HCKaJJ MeCTO. KYLla nOCTaBHTb CYMK)'.
I have found a fellow-student who agreed to help me.
51 Hallien oiJHOZO COKypcHHKa, KOTOpbIH cornaCHJ\CH MHe nOMO'iL.
88
A Mr. Brown has left a message for you.
BaM OCTIiBHII C006WC H HC He,..-u u (KaK ou- mol r -H BpaYH.
3) IlUCJlUmenbHOeMecmOlLwellue O UH:
-
...
...... ..
-
Babies normally gain a kilogram a month.
rpY.ll.HLlC .ll.CTH 06L1'1HO Ha6HpaIOT B Becc [O.ll.IIH] KHiiorpaMM 3a [O.nlfll]
MeCHU.
b
4) YK03amenbHoe MeCmOlJ.lWeHue:
... Ii] !!U
Ii
Shc is the right person to speak to on this mattcr.
OH3 mom IJCJJOBCK, C KOTOpblM Ha.no roBOpl1Tb 06 3TOM
I'm sure you'lIlikc the placc.
jJ: YOCpeH, re6c nOHpaBHTCH 3mo MCCTO.
e
Hc is no longcr the Johnson we used to know.
OH )"Kc HC mom )J,>KOHCOH, KOToporo MI.l 3HaJlH paHblUC.
i::
a
This is an approach not everybody will agree to.
31'0 maKoii no.II.XO.ll., C KOTOpblM HC Bce conmCHTCH.
- ....
5) cpeOcmBo YCUJlellWi (3M4>a3b1):
"'"
'"
)
It is just an option, not the option we should accept.
31"0 nHWb oOUH U3 BapHauToB, a BOBce He mom eOUllcmBeHHblU, KOTO-
p LiH HaM cnC JJY npHHHTb.
---........
B KaIJCCTBC 3ClMeHUmeJleU apTHKJ1H HCnOJ1b3}1OTCH MCCTOHMCHI111 some H
any. a TIUOKe npHTIl>KaTeJ1bHblC MCCTOliMCHI1H:
-
They took some bread and water with them.
Olfil B3MH c co6oH XJle6a u BOON.
Is there any tea (efl?
Erne CCTb qaii: (CKOJIbKO-HH6y.ro.)?
He took his bag and left.
OH B3M (C BO ) CYMKY Ii y n. _
89
Oc06ble CJl)''lau nepeOO'l1i apmUK'm:
The sooner you do it, tire better.
lIe..., cKopee Bbl c.nenaeTe :no, me.'" J1Y'Jwe.
The process of adaptatiun proceeds the quicker the sooner international
students start their programme.
npouecc a.uanTamm npoxo.lll-IT me." 6b/cmpee. 'Ie...., CKopee 3apy6e)/{-
Hble cl)'JleHTbI Ha'JUHaIOT CBOIO nporpaMMY.
He is a most interesting person.
O H - uHT cpe cHeHwuH (O'ieHl), a He ca,ub/ii HHT epeCHbIH) 'JeJ10BeK.
- - --""---
o npaKTM"ecKoe 33,11aHMe
nCpeBeJJ.lnC CJleJIYIOWHe npeJUTO)/{elU111, o6pawall BHHMaHI1e Ha CJlY'JaH
nepc.o.a'lu apTHKJUI:
1. A new team was formed to develop the project.
2. The new team was accommodated in the University Inn.
3. The few objections I have are not aimed at ruining the project.
4. I'm waiting here for a Dr. Fisher to get the papers.
5. She is a kind of person you never know what to expect.
6. The report now seems to be more solid than the one presented in the
previous board meeting.
7. Following the agreement, a third ofthe funds cannot be spent untIl
next July.
8. Miss Trotwood came on the Friday when David was born.
9. This is a most serious matter, and it needs to be treated with care.
W. Many women in the U.S., now in the professions, would be unable to
work without illegal immigrants' domestic help.
11. The danger of forest fires is the greater the more carelessly people act
when camping.
12. I'm sure they've got a motivation for completing the research before
the financing is stopped.
13. Under the circumstances, a courier is the only safe way to send them
a message.
14. A peculiar coalition of business and consumer groups defends the
system.
90
15. Usually, Taiwan prefers to talk of becoming a "regional operations
cenLre". However, at a conference in Taipei earlier this month, many
speakers at long last applied the phrase to the island's connection to
mainland China.
16. To smooth future international bankruptcies. new rules are needed.
.3. J nepeBO rl1aro n C B OM 3 a Ore
nacCUBHblH (cTpa.1taTenbHbJH) 3aI10r nOKa3blBaeT, IjTO nOlIJ1e>Kawee BIoI-
pa>KaCT nuuo HJ1U npe.nMCT, 1100 KomopbUl' cOBepwaCTcR .1teikTBue:
. il1fiII' ---AlII!
He ;s always asked many questions.
EMY B a 3a.na":T MH Oro Bonpo oB.
B aHrmdicKOM "3blKe naCCllBHaJi KOHCTPYKUlfJl ynOTpe6nRCTcJI ropa3.1tO
Ijawe, ljeM B PYCCKOM, n03TOMY cyweCTByeT if 60JlbWe cnoco6oB ee nepeBO.1ta
Ha PYCCKldi R3bIK.
Cnoco6bl nepeeoCJa 2J7aaonoe e naccueHOM 3anoae:
]) PYCCKUM cTpa.naTenbHblM 3aI10rOM UJIU KpaTKuM CTpa.naTenbHblM npu-
'IaCTueM:
-
-
---
America was discovered by Columbus.
epuKa (6blJ1a) om Kpblma -!<onyM6oM.
2) PYCCKHM lleRCTBHTeJlbHblM 3aI10rOM ('lawe Bcero C 06paTHbiM nopJlll.-
KOM CJIOB, TO eCTb c nOlIJ1e>KalUHM B KOHue npelIJ10>KeHHJI):
--,-
v.,...".-
--
'r'"
America was discovered by Columbus.
A Me !s'y TKpbIn -?; 6.
nepeBO.n "KOnyM6 OTKpbIn AMepul<)''' 6bln 6bl HeBepHblM, TaK KaK B HeM
CMeweH CMblcnOBoii ueHTp OpUrHHaIla: Ba:KHO CKa3aTb, KnlO OTKpbIn AMepH-
1<)', a He limo OTKpbln KonyM6. B nepeBO.1te .'KOJ7Y.M6 OlnKpblJ7 AMepw..y" KaK
pa3 nOll.'IepKHBaeTCJJ, 'ITO KOnyM6 OTKpbln IfMeHHO AMepUKY (a He I1Hlullo), B
TO BpeMJI KaK nepeBOll. "A)wepwO' omKpblJ/ KOJ7YM6" KaK pa3l1.eJlaeT aKueHT Ha
TOM, 'ITO AMepHI<)' OTKpbln HMeHHO KonyM6 (a He MareJIJlaH).
,
,
,I,
91
3) PYCCKHMH B03BpaTHbiMu rnarOnaMJf:
... T .- __ - .r- 11"" t ...... - . f.iIIiIIIIiiw.,
The research was done a few years ago.
3TO " Jf P06 WlOCb HeCKonbKO neT ml3a.l1..
4) PYCCKIIM 6e3JTU'lHbIM npeJIJIOJKeHlieM:
.;.
The research was done a few years ago.
3T0 HCCneJIOBaHHe np0600uHll HeCKonbKO neT Ha:3aJI.
It was believed (thought, considered) that...
fu'M (c anll, no ranJi), '{ TO:.._
npeJIJIoru, CTO'lllme nocne aHrmiikKIfX rnaronoB B naCC IBHOM '3anore,
npH nepeBOJIe CTaBIITC'I nepeJI cnOBOM, KOTopoe B aurnuilcKoM npeJIJIOJKemIH
BbmonHHeT $YHKluno nO.ll.JleJKalllero:
"J!IW.WI _
This article is often referred to.
Ha 31)' CTaTblO 'laCTO CCblJlaJOTCJI.
Their conclusions can be relied on.
Ha IIX BblBOJIbl MOJKHO nOnOJKHTbCJI.
-. -
pJl.Q aHrnHikKHx rnaronoB C npeJIJIOraMH nepeBO.DJITCJI PYCCKHMIf rnaro-
naMli, nocne KOTOpblX npe.ll.Jlor He ynoTpe6mleTCH:
-
How is. this phenomenon accollnted for?
KaK 06-bJIClfRf!11lCR 3TO HBneHHe?
B 'lucno 3T1iX rnaronoB BXOJIJlT:
--
-
bring about
comment on
deal with
listen to
subject to
touch on
Bbl3blBaTb, OCYllleCTBJJJlTb
KOMMeHTllpOBaTb
paCCf>faTpUBaTb
cnyll1aTb
nOJIBepraTb
'3aTpanrnaTb
B TO JKe BpeMH HeKOTopblM aHrJJHiicKHM nepeXO!l.HblM rJmronaM COOTBeT-
CTBYIOT PYCCKHe rnaronbl C npeJlJloroM:
92
....... . -
The eclipse was watched by millions of people.
3a conHe'lHbIMH 3aTMeHlteM Ha6mo.u.aJUi MunmlolibI mo.neH.
K TaKUM rnaronaM OTHOCHTCH:
-
... .
address
affect
answer
attack
follow
influence
JOI
o6pamaTbcH K
OKa3hlB3Tb BmUIHIie I/O
OTBe'laTb I/a
Hana.naTb 1/0
cnenoBaTb 30
Bm-lHTb 1/0
npncoe.nIlHJlTbCH K
o npaKTM"feCKOe 3aAaHMe
nepene.nHTe npe.nnO>KeHHH c naCCliBHofi KOHc-rpYKUllen:
1. A new computer has been recently bought for the lab.
2. It was found that the papers for the conference were printed double
space instead of 1.5.
3. It is assumed that the participants will take care of their accommoda-
tion themselves.
4. The productivity issue has been given special emphasis to in the
meeting.
5. It was suggested by the commission that the project should be worked
out in the context of the new circumstances.
6. The construction of new houses in another place is being ncgotiated
with the disuict authorities.
7. Nobody has been refused a chance to put forward their ideas for dis-
cussion.
8. Making decisions is always preceded by a thorough analysis of the
market situation.
9. They will be shown the draft plan right upon their arrival.
10. Some new approaches to attracting foreign investments are dealt with
in this paper.
11. The issues of foreign exchange policy are also touched on in the rc-
port prepared for the board meeting.
12. The higher inflation rate in the second quarter is accounted for by the
Central Bank's loan to the government for the needs of agricullure
and housing construction.
93
13. The decision of merging the companies was followed by dismissing a
few hundred employees.
14. The economic growth is influenced by a number of factors.
15. The sooner the unification of exchange rates is completed. the more
smoothly the companies will adapt to new market conditions.
16. Practically all the enterprises in Russia and the CIS countries were af-
fected by the financial crisis of 1998.
17. Social issues will certainly be taken care of by the new management
of the company.
18. An aUempt was made to harmonize the legislation of the two coun-
tries right after the presidential elections.
19. Urgent steps are taken to overcome the consequences of the disaster.
20. The denomination of the local currency had been carried out before a
decision on merging the two currencies was passed.
m'ri peBo,q B ; H;'H T BHbIX -
1. 060 POTO _._
AHrnuHCKHH HH$HHHTliB cYUlecTBeHHO OTnl1'laeTCJl OT PYCCl<Oro no $op-
Me, $YIU<J..{IDIM H HaJIH'UOO HH$UHHTHBHbIX 060pOTOB.
Henep$eKTHLlC $OpMbl aHrmrncKoro HH$umfTUBa (Indefinite - to do
<active>. to be done <passive>, continuous - to be doing) OTnHqaIOTC.R OT
nep$eKTHblX (Perfect - to have done <active>. to have been done <passive>;
Perfect COlllilluous - to have been doing) oTHeceHHocTblO n.eifcTBH.R K Ha-
CTO.RUleMY H 6yn.YUleMY BpeMeHu. CpaBmfTe:
m
I'm glad to do (to be doing) this for you. .
51 paJ{ coe/lamb (J{enaTb; liTO ,llemuo) 3TO .lUI.R Te6J1.
_ . ':'::. ""-
I might do it later.
B03MO)f(HO, JI COeJ/QIO :no n03>Ke.
I'm glad to have done (to have been doing) this for you.
51 PM, qTO COeJ/Wi :no lUIJI Te6J1 (i)enalO ece 3mo epe.MR. T.e. HaqaJI Ii
npoJ{OJ1>KaJQ ,lleJJaTb).
-------.....- -- - -- ...,:-
Cnoco661 lIepe80 O ullfjJul/umueo 8 pO:JJlUilI/6IX tjJYI/KI{URX:
I. I1HfjJuHumu6 e fjJYHKl/UU noOJle:HCaUje20 nepeBO,llHTCJI PYCCKHM UH$H-
HHTHBOM (Heonpe,lleJJeHHOH $OpMOH rnarona) IfJllt CYUleCTBltTenL-
HLlM:
94
".. -
To solve this problem is very important.
Peuwmb 31)' npo6neMY ("3an.aIJY) OlJeHb B8)I(HO.
Pewellue 3TO" np06neMbi JlWUleTCH OlJeHb Ba>KHbIM.
-.-...-. ...
, ..---.- ...41
2. 1111q;ullumu8 8 q;YIIK1/UU 06cmoRnteJlbCm6a TIUOKe nepeBo.nHTCR C no-
MOlllblO PYCCKOro HHIJ>HHHTHBa HnH CYllleCTB}rrenbHoro. pe>Ke - C
nOMOlllblO rnarona H .D.eenpHlJaCTHJI (CM. 2B):
a) 06CmORmeJlbCm80 Zje'lu:
r>": 'Ii" ,:.:-...-":
--9"'-' .
To solve this problem we had to involve experts.
rJmo6bl peUllIlnb (OJIR peUteUWl 3TOH np06neMhI) 31)' np06neMY, HaM
npHlllJIOCb npHBJIelJb 3KcnepTOB.
The interest rate was raised (so as) 10 attract customers.
npOlleHTHaR CTaBKa 6b1na YBem1IJeHa (1m (c Zje'lblO) npu6J/e'lellllR
BKJI3.lI.IJHKOB ('1m06bl npU6J1e'lb BKJIaLlIJHKOB).
6) 06CmORmeJlbCm80 ClleOC11l6UR (nocne cnOB enough, too, so/such... as):
-
This method is good enough to achieve reliable results.
::nOT MeTO.D. oocmamo'illo xopow, '1m06bl OOCmU'lb (011 ,\IOZ OOCmU'Ib)
HaLle>KHble pe3ynbTaTbl.
They are too young to mnke such decisions.
OHH cnHllKOM MOnO.D.bl, '1m06bl npUIIU\fOmb TaK}{e peweHHH (olm npu-
HRmUR TaKUX pelleHH").
The results achieved were so significant as to affect the final conclu-
sIOns.
DOJI)"leHHble pe3ynbTaTbi 6blml HOCmOJlbKO cymecTBeHHE.Ir.m, t{TO 110-
6J111.R.J1U (MOZJIU n06J1URmb) Ha OKOHt{aTeJIbHble BbIBO.D.bl.
The workshop was arranged is such a way as to give everybody an op-
portunity to equally participate in it.
CeMHHap 6bIJI OpraHH30BaH maKUM o6pa30M (moK), t{TO npeoocmo6.J15lR
(MOZ npeoocma8umb) BceM paBHble B03MO>KHOCTH AJlR Y'JaCTHR B HeM.
95
B) 06CmORme.nbCmeO cOllymCnl6}'I011fUX yC,706UU:
"' &1
He reached the island to discover he had left his fishing rods.
011 .no6pancJI AO oCTpoBa 1I 06Hapy.1ICuH, 'no 3a6b1JI YAOIJKli.
Hydrogen and oxygen unite to form water.
Bo .nopo.n II Kllcnopo.n CO..:..nIl J'?!CJI, OOP03YR (u 06pa3YI OT) Bo ny.
3. Lfacmb cocma6H020 CK£13ye,'.-1020:
a) 8 KOllcmpYK111l1l "be + 1l1lplllllltn1l6" (n TOM 'lHClIC C MOJ1aJlbHbIM 311a-
'IeHlieM) nepeBOAIITCJI 11H4>"HIITIIBOM (pe}Ke - CYllIeCTBlrrenbHbIM):
-
The next stage will be to publi.vh the results of the research.
Cl1C.nYIOUUIM :nanOM 6YAeT on)'D.'1l1K0601l1le (0l1y6JIUKOaamb) PC3YJIbTa-
Tbl liCCl1e.nOBalllIJl.
The research supervisor is to take care of that this week.
HaYlIHblH PYKoBollllTel1b OOll:NCeH 1l03a60nlllmbCJI 06 3TOM Ha :nOH He-
nene.
II is to be noted that all the exams will be in writing.
He06xoouuo ontwe11l111llb, LITO Bce 3K3aMeHbI 6y.nyr mfCbMeHHblMH.
A rainstorm was about to start.
C0611pa'la£..b (iJo..7.7ICHa 6bl'Ja IW'lambCR) rp03 _
6) noc.'1e .MoiJa7bllbix Z.ofQZO'lOa nepcBOnHTCJI rnaronbHblM eKa3yeMblM 111111
HH4>IIHIITIIBOM:
They may have already replied him.
Oml, B03MO}KHO, Y}Ke Omee11llL711 eMY.
He must hOl'e known thc time of the train's arrival.
OH oOJ7:NCell 6b11 311amb BpeMJI npl16blTHJI 1l0C3.na.
B) 6 060pome "1I.lIellllme..7bllbzii naoe:NC C llllqJlIllIllI1ll80 1" IlCpeBoJUfTCII
rnarol1bHblM CKa3ye'olbIM npllnaTOIJHOrO npCJUlO>KCHHJI (nonpo6Hce-
CM. Hn4>mmTUBHLle 060pOThI):
96
- .....-.-
They are said to be making (to hm'e made) progress.
rOBOpJlT, 'lTO OHH oeJlalOm (coeJlQJIU) ycneXH.
The experiment is unlikely to be completed this week.
M OBepOJITHO, 'lTO :>KcnepuMeHT 6yoem 3aRepllu!1I Ha e.!l.en.::..
4. 011peoe. elllle nepeBOJIHTCJl npUllaTO'lHblM orJpe.ll:emnenbHblM lUlU
maronbHblM CKa3yeMbIM:
..L11 .
The policy to be chosen must be socially oriented.
3KOHOMH'.lecKCUI nOn/nHKa, KomopylO c eoyem 6bl6pamb. J1on)lma
6bITb COllHaJ1bHO opHeHTlfpoBaHHoH.
The issue 10 consider next deals with investment policy.
Bonpoc, KOTOpbll1 6yoem paCCAtamp1l6ambCR .lI:anee, KaCaeTCJl HHBe-
CTHlU:IOHHOii nOnIITHKH.
I have a lot of problems to solve (to be solvcd) now.
Y MeHJI cefi'lac MHoro npo6neM, Komopble ue06xoouuo pellllll1lb. (MHe
CeH'l3C He06xo.ll:HMO pewHTb MHOro np06neM.)
The first (second, last) person to come was N.
TIepBblM (BTOpbIM, nocneLUiIIM), KI1l0 npliUle.T1, 6bIJI N.
There are many things to be clone today.
CerollHII H}')KHO (npe.l1CToHT) C.l1enaTb MHOro .aCJl.
YcmOII'l1l60e C.Jl060CO'le/1WlIlle:
For many years to come - Ha MHorHe 2pRo)'1llue 200bl (200bl 6Ilep o).
5. B600Jllll jj 'U/ell npeoJlo:JIcellllJl:
To begin with. I would like lO thank you for coming.
llpe."JIcoe 6Cei!0 (Blla'laJ1e) MHe 6bJ xorenOCb no6naro!IapUTb Bac 3a TO,
'lTO I3bl npHWJIIt.
To be honest, it's a surprise for me.
ECflU 6bll1lb 'leC/1l11bl U (lfecl1lllo i!060pR) , 1l.!IJ1 MeWI :no IICOIKIl1all-
nOCTh.
4 JaK .fb8
97
Bblpa:JICeHWl e uHflJU1IumU60M 6 £/lYHK1jUU 660011020 'lJleHa npeOJlO:JICeHliR:
to anticipate a liule
to be sure
to conclude (to sum up)
needless to say
not to mention
to put it in another way
to say nothing of
so to speak
suffice it to say
that is to say
to tell the truth
,... T r
3a6eraJi HeCKonbKO BnepeJJ.
HeCOMHeHHO
B 3aK11IO'IeHHe (CYMMHPYJl)
CaMO co6o" pa3YMeeTCJI
He roBOpH }')Ke 0
HHaqe roBOpJl
He roBOpJl YJl'e 0
TaK CKa3aTb
JJ.OCTaTO'lHOCKa3aTb,'ITO
TO eCTb
no npaBJJ.e roB Op
6. pOnOJlHellUe nepeBo,IDrrcH PYCCKJtM HH!fIHHHTHBOM:
We are planning (want) to finish the work today.
Mid lU1aHHpyeM (XOTHM) 3OKOIl'lUmb pa6my cerOJJ.HH.
A number of factors have made us agree to their terms.
l{enblH pM !fIaKTopoB 3a CTa eOZJlacum C HX .1'cnoBH _
7. ({aemb CJlO:JIC1I020 iJonORlIellWl nepeBoJJ.HTCH rnaronbHblM CKa3yeMbIM
np"JJ.aTO'IHoro npeJ1JlO)l{eHHH (noJJ.p06Hee - CM. "I1H!fIHHHuIBHble
o60p<>Tbl"):
............... -
We don't want them to be late.
MI.l He XOTHM, 'lm06bl OIiU onmObl6aJlU.
Everybody heard Izim say this.
Bce CJlbIIDaJlH, KaK OH 3TO eK03aJl.
o npalCTM'll!CKoe _HMe
llepeBeJJ.HTe cneJJ.)'IOIllHe npeJl)lO)l{eHlliI C JtH!fIHHJITHBOM B pa3nH'IHblX
!fIYHKUlliIX, nonb3YHCb II3JIO)l{eHHblMH BblllIe npaBHJlaMH nepeBOJJ.a:
1. The first step to be laken is to start negotiations.
98
2. The inflation rate was not high enough tu start paying compen!>ations
to workers.
3. To ensure a steady economic growth, all the macroeconomic parame-
ters must be involved.
4. Suffice it to say, the unemployment rate has substantially declined in
the free economic zones.
5. The tendency to increase the amount of benefits paid to the population
is becoming more obvious. .
6. The crops harvested were so big as to be able to store them and even
export part of them.
7. To unify the exchange rates would be one of the main objectives of
the country's foreign exchange policy.
8. Poland was the first post-communist country to implement what I,lter
on was called a 'shock therapy' in the economic policy.
9. The type of policy to be followed will be broadly discussed in the
mass media.
10. To go back again to the first-turn measures, all the circumstances are
to be taken into account.
11. The results of the talks have led us to conclude that cash transactions
would prevail over barter.
) 2. The terms to be insisted on in the upcoming talks are as follows.
13. Much more investment is to be attracted to make a considerable pro-
gress in exports.
14. h is to be remembered that seasonal factors are unlikely to radically
change the situation.
15. The lMF experts arrived on a regular mission to find that their rec-
ommendations were not followed to the full extent.
16. They had so much to do in their field of studies.
17. No one was reported to be missing in action.
18. He was not quite prepared for the talks, to put it mildly.
19. Bribes are thought to have been paid to civil servants on a regular ba-
SIS.
20. The company needed to restructure its bank debts earlier this year, but
it claims to have already paid off a substantial sum.
IIIH4>MHMTMBHble 060POTbi
CnocOObl nepeBolla aHrIlWHCKOro HH4>I1HHTltBa B COCTaBC IIH4>HHHTI1BHbIX
060pOTOB l.JaCTHI.JHO ynoMI1HaJlltCb Bblwe. PaccMoTpHM OTllCflbHO Bce Tpl1 HH-
4>HHHTltBHbIX o6opoTa llJIlI TOro, I.JTo6bl OCJOWH60'IHO 1\'1( )'3HaBaTb B TCKCTC II
npaBHflbHO nepeBOlll1Tb.
1. 06opom" For + Noull (Pronoun) + Illfillitil.e"
99
npU nepeBO.lle Ha PYCCKUH Jl.3b1K npeA/lOr for onYCKaeTC}I, np" 3TOM UH-
4>UHHHIB nepeBOJ1UTCJI. CKa3yeMbIM npHJ1aTO'IHoro npeJJ.JIOlKeHIIII, a CTOJl.lllee
nepeJ1 HUM CYllleCTBIITe1lbHOe (MeCTOHMeHHe) - nOllJTeIK3111111l-t:
1!!dIIIr =-
...
For money to be able to work it must be either invested or deposited in
a bank.
lL'lJl m020 'lm06bl del/b21l .\IOi'11ll paoomamb, !IX HY>KHO BO 'ITO-TO B1I0-
IKI1Tb 111111 nOMeCHITb B 6aHK.
Their proposal was rcasonable enough for the board to consider it in a
meeting.
Hx npeJUIO)KeHIIe Obl1lO 1l0CTaTO"lHO pa3YMllblM. 'lm06bl COBem pac-
cMompeJ/ ero Ha 3aCe,!13mm.
The tendency was for the inflation rate to gradually decline.
TCHJ1CHllUJI. 33KJ1IO"IaJUlCb B TOM, "ITO ypOBeHb Ill/tP_IJ/lfUIi nOCTcnClillO
CHU.J/Car/Cf/.
This decision was for her to he made.
3TO peWeHJle dOJ/:JIClia oblJ/a npzlHRmb olla.
It's quite possible for them to accept your proposal.
Bn01lHe B03MO>KHO, 'ITO OIiU npuuynz Bawe npel1J10IKCHlle.
The best decision for us to make at the moment is to wait and sec.
CaMoe 1IY'lwee peweHHe, Komopoe .UbI ,\lo;)/ce.\' npZlHJ/l1lb cefl"lac, :no
n CM OTpeTb. KaK OYllY T pa3B HBaTbCJI. C06bITHJI..
2) 060pol1l "Complex Object"
HH4>I1HlIHfB (6e3 "IaCTHllbl to noc1Ie rnaronOB 'l)'BCTBeHHOrO BOCnpHJl.HIII
111U1 C "IacTHllcii to nocne llpyrux r1larOn08) K3K "IaCTb C1I0IKHOro 1l0nQj1HeHHJI.
("complcx object") nCpeBOllHTCJI. H3 PyccKllii Jl.3b1K cK33yeMbiM 1l0n0J1HltTe1lb-
HOro nplfllaTO"lHoro npeJJ.JIO)KeHlIJi (TaKJlM 06Pa30M, 3HrJIIlftcKoe npoCToe
npeJJ.JIO)KeHHe co C1I0)KHbIM 1l0n01lHeHJleM "PH nepeBOlle CT3HOBHTCJI. PYCCKI-IM
C1IO)KHOnOll"lIfHI:!HHblM):
rr'iR'_"ft.... U Yo.... liB t _ ;r--
I saw him pass the paper to the secretary.
51 BltJlen, KaK ('HO) OH neped(L7 JlOKYMeHT ceKpCTaplO.
We expect the government to provide assistance to the needy popula-
tion.
Mhl O)KltllaeM, "ITO npaBltTe1lbCT80 OK3)KCT nOMOlllb MaJlOlIMYlllUM C1I0-
HM H3ceneHHH.
100
HH<jJl1HHTHB to be B enO>'KHOM !l.OnOnHCHHII npH nepeBo.ne 'lame Beero
onyeKaeTcfl, T8K KaK B pyecKoM fl3blKC HCT rnarona-CBfl3KII. B :nOM CJlYtjac
pYCCKoe npelVloiKcHHe TOiKC 6y.neT npocTblM no cOCTany:
We considered this decisiolllO be the best one.
Mbl Ctjl1TaJlH 3TO pcwcHHe HaHn)"lWI1M.
3) 060pom "Complex Subject"
B o60poTe "Complex Subject" ("I1MeHliTenbHbIii mUlC>K C IfH<jmHI1H1-
BOM") lUutmmITHB flBnfleTCfl lI8CTbiO cocTaBHoro rJJaronblloro CKa3yeMoro 11
MOiKCT CTOflTb nocne rnaronOB B JJ.BYX cpopMax - (a) naccHBHoH H (6) aKTHB-
HOH:
IL.-",
..a.
.-
r 1.L.
(a) They are known (were reported) to have WOII.
H3BecTHo (C006LUI1.J1I1), tjTO OHH o.nep)KaJUI n06el1Y.
OHI1. KaK IBBeCTHO (KaK C006ml1JlII), o!lep>KaJll1 n06e!lY.
(6) Their tealll seems to Iw\'e WOf!.
Ka>KeTCfl. tjTO HX KOMaH.na o.nep>KaJla n06e.ny.
J.1x KOMaH!l3, KIDK TC fl, ep>KaJla n06e.ny.
KaK BH.nHO H3 npHBeJI,eHHbIX Bblwe BapHaHToB nepeBOD.a, npelJ,J10>KCHHfl C
3THM 060pOTOM MOryr nepeBOD.JfTbCH C CepeOll1lb1 HnJ.f C Hcnonb30BaHHeM
(J600H020 c.'106a. npH 3TOM HHcpHHHTHn nepeBOD.J.fTbCfl cKa3yeMblM (npHD.aTotj-
Hom npe.l1JlO>KeHlHl B nepooM cJlytjae HllH npocTora npe.llJ10>KeHHfl BO BTO-
pOM).
B 3aBHCI1MOCTH OT cpOpMbl HH<t>HHl1THBa npH nepeBOD.e CKa3YCMoe BbIpa-
>KCHO rnaronOM COBcpweHHoro Hnl1 HCCOBCpWCHHoro BH..'I.a B HaCTOIl111CM, 6y-
.!IYLUeM HllH npOWC..'I.WeM BpeMeHH:
-
He is unlikely to come today.
MaJlOBepOHTHO. lITO OH cero.nHII17puikm.
He seemed to be sleeping.
Ka3aJ10Cb, OH cnUnl.
He is saId to hLIIJe made a good report.
rOBOpJl r, liTO OH coe:la'i XOPOWIIH lI.OKlla.n.
They are known to /zaJle been working on this issue for a year.
H3BCCTII0, tjTO OHI1 r:a6?!!!.wom Ha.n 3TOH npo6neMoH )'iKe ron.
101
HHor11a B03MO>KeH nHWb 011"H M3 YXa3aHHbIX Bblwe cnoco60B nepeB
06opoTa "Complex Subject":
...... ..........
They worked out what seemed to be quite a reliable scheme.
OHM pa3pa6oTanH cxeMY, 1<0mopl1Jl. I<al< npeocma6.!IJIJIOCb. RB/IRe"
BnORHe HaJ1e>KHoit
Single currency was considered to be a way out.
Crmmanu (C1IumanoCb). limo e11HHa.ll BamOTa R6.!lJlemCH BblX0110M
nonO>KeHIDl.
u. _ _
TpyomJle cnyllau nepeBoOa 060poma Complex Object:
.'. 'i
There seems to be at least two :>cenarios of the government's actions.
1l0-6uoUMOM}'. C}'UlecmfI)'em no KpaHHeH Mepe 11Ba cueHapH.II11eHCTB
npaoHTeJIbCTBa.
This approach may easily be shown to be far more productive.
MO:JK:HO Jlecl<O nOKtl3amb. "'TO 3TOT nO.lLX0111l6!UlemCR ropa3J1o npol{)
THBHee.
The new European currency was approved and found to meet the d
mands of all the EU member nations.
HOBaJl eBpOneHCKaJl BaJIlOTa 6bl..'Ja oo06peHa. u OI<tl3a70Cb. limo OJ
YOOiJ/lem60pRem Bce CTPaHbl, BXOlUlllU1e B EBponeHcKHIt COI03.
-..- --.,..--
o npaKTM"ecKoe 3aJ\aHMe
nepeBe.nme CJIeJ1ylOlllHe npe.llJIO)f(eHH", C011ep)f(aUUle HH4JHHJ1THBHb
060pOThI:
I. The economic laws are known to be universal.
2. The employees expected the management of the company to recon-
sider the tenns of the contract.
3. For the economic growth to continue a whole set of macroeconomic
measures needs to be taken.
4. The financial crisis appeared to have affected different regions of the
world.
5. The new method is believed to have given good rcsults.
6. A new social protection policy is expected to be put into practice al-
ready this year.
102
..
7. At the end of the year the statistical data will be found to be in line
with the projections.
8. The arrival of the technical experts is not likely to change the general
picture of the reforms under way.
9. They established what is believed to be a solid system of relationships
with trade partners.
10. Their attitude to the process of reforms has ncver been thought to
change so radically.
II. There seems to be a misunderstanding as to the approachcs used.
12. Their efforts have not been reported to have resulted in substantial
changes.
13. According to recent research, one might expect the purchasing power
of the population to be gradually rising.
]4. The only way for companies to avoid double taxation was to lower
their profits.
15. The tendency was for the exchange rate to be slowly stabilized after
the National bank's interventions.
16. Thc exchange rate policy was devcloped earlier this year and found to
be far from being perfect.
C.lI.enaihe nepeBO.ll. CTaTCH H3 3a.LlaHWi 6 npaKTHKYMa nepeBO.ll.a (pa3.l1.en
5.1.1.).
.5. nepeBO,q npa.1'1aCTloUl M npM'IaCTHbIX 060pOTOB
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT q;OpMbl npH<faCTHe nepeBO.ll.HTCH Ha PYCCKHIf H3LIK
npH'IaCTHeM, .lI.eenpH'l3CTHeM HJIH CKa3yeMbiM npH.lI.aTO'lHOrO npe.lJ.)10>KeHHH:
--
fl!Ifm
doing (research) being done
npOBOlIJl (HcCne.ll.OBaHHe) npoBO.ll.lIMOe
npOBO.ll.HWHH npoBO.ll.HBWeeCH
npOBO.ll.HBWHJt
r&iI1/1ifi1!iII
'er f'cl Parliei lit having done
npOBelIJl
done
npOBe.ll.eHHoe
6Y.ll.Y'lH npOBe.ll.eHHLlM
having been done
nocne Toro KaK
(HCCJle.ll.OBaHHe)
6b1no npOBe.ll.eHO
103
B 'IUCJIe TpYD.HOCTeH nepCBOAa aHrnnHcKoro npH'IaCTlUI Ha PYCCKHii Jl3blK
cne.l{)'eT OTMenrn. CJle.L(ylOlllHe:
1. ct>opMa Participle II "npaBwlbllblX" maronoB COBna.l1.aeT C Past
Simple, TO ecn. closed - 3aKpbL7 Ii 3aKpblnUJll1.
2. npH'Iacnle B $YHKUHH onpe.l1enemUi 8 aHrmdicKOM npe.llflO>Kemm
MO>KeT CTOJITb noc.?e onpe.l1enJleMoro cnOB3, 'ITO MOjKeT C0311aBaTb
TpYAHOCTH em )'3HaBamIJl:
The method developed made it possible to achieve good results.
P03pa6onzaHHblii MeTO.l1 n03BOm/J1.l10CTII'Ib XOpOlUHX pe3y.m.TaTOB.
3. B CJ1)"I<LIlX. KOrJIa CO'lemaHUe aHrmlHCKoro cYlllecTBltTeJ1bHOrO H
npWlaCTHJI lie coom6emcm6yem 1I0pJlla\l CO'lemae.Mocmu B PYCCKOM
Jl3b1KC, ero npHXOAHTCJI nepeBoAHTb .l1PYntMH neKcHKo-rpaMO,I3TH-
lJecKHMH CpeACTBaMH:
__ .... 11
f1! !111
There was only one question before him asking whether or not he ac-
cepts the terms offered.
nepe.I1 HUM CTOM TOJ1LKO 011HH BOnpoc: npHIIUMaeT nH 011 npeJlJ1o-
>KeHHLle yenoBHJI. (BblpIDICeHHc "Bonpoc. cnpaUluaaHJU{uii... .. He COOT-
yeT HO pM BM COlJeTaeMOCTH en OB B PYCCKOM Jl3b1Ke.)
4. Participle n B HalJaJIe npeJlJ10>KelllLll B clJYHKUHH 06CToRTenbCTBa ne-
pCBO.l1HTCJI 6e3JUf1.IIIbIM npH.l1aTO'lIlLIM npeJlJ10>KeHueM:
-- ........
Asked if the unification of the currencies is going to take place already
this year, the Central bank governor did not give a straightforward re-
ply_
Ho 6Onpoc 0 mOM, COCTOIITCJI ml 06"be.l1UHeHlle BaJIlOT Y>Ke B 3TOM ro-
.l{)', ynpawvnoUU1ij LleHTpaJI II,IM 6aHKoM H€? J1 npJlMOr O OTBeTa.
5. npulJacTHJl. 06p33oBaIlHble OT allrnnHcKnx rnaronoB, KOTOpblC He
COBDaJ1aIOT C PYCCKI1MH no nplf3HaK)' lIaJIWnUI!OTcyrCTBI1R cne11}10-
UU1X 33 HHMH npe.llfloroB, Tpe6YlOT oco6oro BlUlMallHJI npH nepeBOJ1e:
...
The issues touched upon in the report are of great importance.
3ampOll)lmble .llOKJIa..o,e BonpOCbI npe.l1CTaBnJlIOT coGO" 60nblUoe 3Ha-
lJenne.
The lecture followed by discussion was a great success.
eKlll Vl, a K omopoii nOCJl C: 06c )'>KlleHl1e, 6b/J1 lJeHb ycnelUHoi1.
104
6. DPWIaCTIDI. KOTopble CTOKf H8 nepBOM MeCTe B npeJV1o)l(emm 11 HB-
JUlIOTCH qaCTblO CKa3yeMoro. 3To npe.llllO)l(CH1U1 C I1HBepClIeH, II IIX
cne.ayeT nepeBoAIITb, Ha4HHaH C 06CTOJITenbCTBa lillU AononHeHIIH.
CTOHlllero nocne npU'IaCTUH, nocne 'Iero nepeBOAlrrCH CKa3yeMoe II B
KOHue - nO.lllle)l(amee:
Attached to the dfticle dre tablcs and graph .
K CTaTbe npltJIaralOTCJI Ta6miU,blll rpall>lIKII.
7. npll'laCTIDI, KOTopble HBnHlOTCH BBOIlHblM 'I1leIlOM npeJV10)l(eIlIlH. MO-
ryr nepeBOIllITbCH nO-pa3l1oMY:
--
116. --=' -
, ...
,,<..,..,
Summing up. we must pomt out the following issues.
flo0800R Um0211, He06xoAHMO BblIlenHTb cneIl)'lOlUue MOMellTbl. (Aee-
npWlacTHblH 060pOT);
ECllu n00600lImb um02U, ...(lIeonpeIlenellllaH 1I>0pMa rnarona C COlO30M
«ecnt!» );
floiJeeiJe.M um02U;... (oTIlenbHoe npeJV10)l(CHUe co CKa3yeMblM, Bblpa-
)l(eHHbI M rnaronOM B I-M JlHue Mil.". nO B n enbHoro HaKJIOlleHlUl)
DepeBOA o6CTomenbcTBeHHbix npM acTHblx 060pOTOB
AHrnnficKHe 06CTOHTenbCTBeHHbIe npH'mcTHblc 060POTbi nepeBOAJITCH Ha
PYCCKIIH H3blK HeCKonbKHMH cnoco6aMH: Ileenpn4aCTJlblM 060POTOM, 06CTOH-
TenbCTBCHHblM npUAaTO'IHblM npeJV10)l(eHlleM H OTrnaronbHblM cYlllecTBII-
f Te1IbHblM C npeJV1oroM npu:
_ . ...
Working on this project we found out a 101 of interesting things.
Pa60maR (Ko2oa ."rlbl pa60maJ/u) Han 3THM npOeKTOM, Mbl o6HapY)1{[Um
MHoro HHTepeCHoro.
Considered in isolation the example does not seem to be that convinc-
mg.
llpu U3ollHpoBaHHoM paccwompelluu (Ec'lu paccl'tfompUeamb 1130mtpO-
BaHHo), 3TOT npHMep He npeACTaBJUleTCH TaKHM y6eAltTellbHblM.
Having completed the preparation, he took a short break.
3aKOH'IZl6 nOJJ.rOToBI<)', OH CAenaJI KOpOTKHH nepepblB.
Having beel! refrigerated. the melon was very good to eat.
lloc.!/e m020 KaK blHIO OXJW01L7Z1, ee 1.1I0 npltJlTHO eCTb.
105
npOl1lelll1lee npH'lacTIle given nepeBOllHTC'I "'npH ycnoBlUl, eCJllf", "ecJ1l1
HMeeTCH":
Given the inflation rate does not excecd 2% pcr month thc GDP growth
could be considcred rcalistic.
ECJ/u ypoBcm, MCC'IlJHOii HHQ>n'lUIfIf He npeBblcHT 2%, pOCT BBIl M01K-
6Y.ll.CT ClJHTaT b peanbllblM.
EenH nepell npHlJaCTHeM CTOHT COlO3 (when. whiLe. if, unLess. until. Ollce,
though. etc.), 3TO He BnH'ICT cywecTBeHHO Ha YKa33HHble Bblwe cnoc06bl ne-
peBona:
.,;;,'1Mj! aJ&...:ZIr
Unless otherwise specified, the time of departurc is always thc samc.
Ecnu BpCMJI ompaBlIcHHH oc060 He 020eopueaemCR. OHO BCCr.ll.a O.ll.HO
If TO )Ke.
Everybody is innocent until provell guilty.
HHKTO HC MO)KeT ClJHTaTb C'I BIfHOBHblM, 110KO lie ()oKa301l 0 ero BIfHa.
nepeSOA npM'IaCTHOro o6opoTa «CnO>KHOe AononHeHMe»
npH'laCTIle, KaK II mfQ>IfHJITIfB. M01KCT BXO.ll.HTb B COCTaB ClIO)KHOrO 1l0-
nOJlHCHHJI. B TaKOH rpaMMaTH1.feCKOii KOHCTpYKUHIf npH1.faCTIfC ncpCBO.ll.HTC'I
CKa3YCMLlM npH.lI.aTOIJHoro npCAJI01KeHlul:
--
.;.
Thc peoplc watched the firemen c.Iimbillg the tallcst towcr in thc city.
JTIO.lI.If Ha6111O.lI.WIIf 30 me.M, KOK nO:J/CopllZiKU nO()IIlHla7UCb Ha caMYIO
BbICOK)'1O 6awHIO B ropo.ll.c.
---
Ami cpaBHcHIDI MO)KHO npHBCCTH npCJIJI01KCHHC c I-U1Q>mmTlIBHblM 060-
pOTOM:
-
-
1IIfWi
- ......,
The people saw the firemen climb...
lho.ll.lI BH.lI.CJJH, KaK nO:J/CoplluKU noollJl!luc,; ,:._
nepeSOA He3aSMCMMoro npM'IaCTHOro o6opoTa
HC3aBHclfMblii npHlJaCTHblH 060POT COCTOHT H3 .lI.BYX 3nCMCHTOn: CYWC-
CTIUITCJJbHOC HJUI MCCTOHMCHHC + npHlJaCTHe (N. or Pron. + Participle). I1Ho-
r.ll.a nepBblM 3nCMCHTOM MO)KCT 6bITb there. HC3aBHcliMblM 3TOT 060POT lIa3bl-
BafTCR nOTOM)', 'ITO 6e3 Hcro npC.lI.J10)KCHUC BnonHe MO)l(CT CYWccTBoBaTb H
6b1Tb nonHblM no CBOCMY COCTaBY.
106
.f ECJJH He3aBHCHMLlA nplf'faCTHLIit 060POT CTOUT B H8'18J1e npeJV10:IICeHHA.
nOCJJe Hero BcerJla CTOHT 3arurraJl. Ero nepeBO.lJ. Ha'lHHaeTCJI CJlOBaMH maK
KQK, nOCKORbK)1, Kozaa, KOK mORbKO, eCRU, a npH'IaCTHe nepeBO.lJ.HTCJI CKQ3}'e-
1 MblM nplUlaTO'lHoro npe.llJlOJKeHID1:
" dW------I'R'"1T
The room being too small, we moved into a larger one.
TaK KaK (nOCKOJlbK)1) 3ma ayOumopWl 6blRO CRUWKOAf ManeHbKOU, MbI
nepeUIJUf B .lJ.PYI)1O.
The work done. we were paid right away.
n OCRe m020 KaK p060mo 6blJ1o cOellOHa, C HaMl11)'T JKe pacc'l f1'8JmCb.
)
There being too many applicants. the interviews were split into two
days.
TaK KaK 6blJlO CRUUlKOM MH020 npemeHoeHm06. co6eCe.lJ.OBaHlUl npOBO-
.lJ.HJmCb B Te'leHHe .lIBYX .lIHeA.
Weather permitting, the expedition will start tomorrow.
ECRu n02000 n036011um, 3KCne.llHUIDI oTnpaBHTCH 3aBTpa.
ECJJH He3aBHCHMblA npH'IaCTHbIA 060POT CTOUT B KOHue npell.J102KeHIIH,
nepe.lJ. HUM BCer.lIa CTOUT 3arurraJl. Ero nepeBO.lI Ha'nIHaeTCJI co CJlOB nplJlle.!>I.
npu 3mO,\f, U. a; caMO JKe nplf'faCTue nepeBO.D.HTCJI CKQ3ye1tbl,\f npJf.lIaTO'IHOrO
npe.llJlOJKeHHJI:
T ...
All the athletes were accommodated in the Olympic village, (heir
coaches staying ill the same blocks.
Bcex cnopTcMeHoB pa3MecHIJUi B OmfMnuHcKoH .lIepeBHe, npu 3mOM
ux mpeHepbl HaxOOUI1UCb 6 mer: :JICe Kopn)'cax.
CTOJlUUfH nepe.lI He3aBHCHMblM npJI'IaCTHblM 060pOTOM npe.llJlor with He
nepeBO.lJ.HTcH:
....... fI! .,
We stopped for a few minutes, with our guides continuing to pack the
equipment.
Mbl OCTaHOBWlHCb Ha HeCKOJlbKO MJlHyr, a lIaUlU np0600HUKU npo-
oOJl:JICanu ynaK06bl6amb CllapR:JICeHue.
..-..- --..... -- -...-
107
npaKTM"feCKOe 3a.qaHMe
nepeBe.lurre npe.lUlO)KeHUII c npl1'.JacTWIMU H npll'laCTHblMIl 060poTaMU:
I. Having established the reasons we can proceed with our regular work
in this malter.
2. When studying market economy we havc to understand that business
enterprise is the very heart of private property and market rcldtion-
ships.
3. Adam Smith's works followed by those of Karl Marx and John May-
nard Keynes constitute different approaches known in the economic
thought.
4. Unless otherwise stated we shall consider only economies in transi-
tion as opposed to the advanced economies.
5. The articles referred to above deal with the corruption combat in the
developing countries.
6. It is a common observation that bodies expand when heated.
7. The part played by the small businesses is hard to overestimate.
8. Taken together, these factors constitute the main picture of the finan-
cial crisis.
9. I haven't heard any of those factors mentioned.
10. Shown below are the two trends in comparison.
] I. The progress of the refonn being slow, the government is determined
to continue supporting the needy population.
]2. There being no additional foreign financing, the domestic resources
had to be relied on.
13. The loans were granted by the commercial banks, the central bank
strictly monitoring the situation.
14. The focus was made on the quality of goods, the productivity still faI-
ling behind.
]5. As pointed out previously, the explan.ltion given is by no means com-
plete.
]6. The exchange rate being fixed, the population has all reasons to keep
their savings in the local currcncy.
fEE] ne pe BOA repYHA s:I iii repYHA al1bHblX
_p 60POT
repymmn. I\al\ HH4mHlfTIIB II npll'laCTlle, HBJlHeTCH HeJllIllHOn 4Jop\toil
rnaroJla. no rpopMe OH nO'ITII nOJlHOCTblO COBnallaeT C npll'laCTIICM (3a HC-
l\J1fO'IeHlleM 1l>0pMbi npowe.nwero nplll.JaCTlIH - Participle II):
108
Gerund:
mTlB
umd1111!iJ
doing
haying done
being done
haying been done
k
--
):Lnll TOrO 'IT06b1 npaBMnbHO nepeBOmITb repYH.D.lIn, He nyr<UI ero C DPY-
nlMII rpaMMaTIl'IeCKIIMII ipopMaMlI, IIMelOLUIIMH OKOH'IamIC -ing, He06xODH-
MO 3HaTb ero OTJllftniTenbHblC nplt3HaKII.
HTaK, -ing-lfJopMa - :no repYHJlIIfI. ecml OHa:
I) JUURelllCR noo.T/e:JICaUIIL\f (6e3 apnlKllJl IIJIII OKOH'IaHIIJi S MIlOiKeCT-
Bemwro '1lfcna: B 3TOM CJIY'Iae Mbl II111eeM n,eno C OTrnarOJlbHbl1lf cy-
LUeCTBII-reJlbHbIM):
lil
L r-'£I .i=
-- ....
......
Smoking is harmful.
KypellZ/e Bpe!1Ho.
KYpZ/lllb Bpe.D.lfo.
2) cmOlim nOClle npeil'102a, Komopblli 6ce20a OlllllocumCR K Z'lai'oJ/Y, 1110
eClllb 60 2Jla6e YZlla - iJeiiCnl6l1e:
.......-al..
011 completillg the experiment, we decided to consult the supervisor.
ITo OKOH'laHZ/1I 3KcnepHMeHTa (Iloc.'1e m020. 'WK 6blJ/ 3aKOII'leH 3Kcne-
pIIMeHT), Mbl peWIfJlI1 nOCOBeTOB3TbCJI C PYKoBo.D.I1TeneM.
The results depended on the problem being soh'eel Oil time.
Pe3YJlbTaTbl 33BIICeJIII om m020, 'lnlO np06,'le..\1a 6yoem peUI€Ha 606pe-
;WR (om c60eBpe..,eHH020 peUlellUJl npo6.'1eMbl).
NB: lie nymamb C npll'laClllue.M, K020a npeDJIOi' OmIlOC71mCR mOJ/bKO K £)1-
UlecIIIBllllle.'1bHO.ll1Y. 1110 eC111b pe'lb uoe111 0 "pUJIlUKe:
..
Il all depends 011 the problem being solved.
Bc!:! 3aBHCIIT 0111 111020, 'W'WR np06lle/lw HQ.yoi)umcR 6 emaDZ/li peU/emlR
(.D.OCnOBHO: 0111 peuwe\fQU npo6,'le!.tb/).
3) emoum llOCJle z,'la20Ra:
n
--
M
..
17
They regretted having told him about it.
OHIi COiKaJIenH 0 mo t., m paeCKa3Q.T/U eMY 06 3TOM.
109
B CnHCOK rnaronOB. nocne KOTOpbJX ynOTpe6nReTCJI repYHLUIH. HapJl.ny C
ApyrHMH, BXO.DJIT rnaronbl, BbIpIDKalOlllHe Ha'4QJ/O, npoOOJ1:JICeJlue U KOJlefJ
oeucm6UR: start, begin, keep, continue, go on, finish, stop.
PM rnaronOB C npeJl/10raMH, nocne KOTOpblX ynOTpe6nJleTCJI repYHAHfi,
CTOHT 3anOMHHTb, nOCKOJIbKy B PYCCKOM nepeBOAe npeMor OTcyrcTByeT:
. I
account for
differ in
be interested in
keep from
result from
succeed in
06"bJlCmITb
OTnHlfaTbCJI
HHTepeCOBaTbCJI
MelllaTb
HBJ]RTbCJI pe3ynbTaTOM
YAaBaTbCJI,A06HB Tb JI
4) cmoum nOCJ/e npUmR:JICameJIbJl020 J\.tecmOUMeliUR U!lU cyulecmeu-
meJIbHOZO 6 npU11lJ/:JICameJIbJlO.'-' naoeJ/Ce:
.-
Do you mind my opening the window?
BbJ He B03pIDKae-re, eCJ/u R OlnKp010 OKHO?
His coming late was not a surprise to anyone.
To, limo OH npUUle.n n03AHO, HHKoro He YAHBJUlO.
(£20 n03AHHft npuxoO HJIKOrO He YAHBHJ1.)
My friend's becoming the prize winner of the contest was a good news
for all of us.
To, 'lmo ...fOU opyz cman naypeaToM KOHKypca, CTaJIO LlJ1J1 Bcex Hac XO-
pOllieH HOBOCTblO.
5) ynompe6.'lRemCR nOCJ/e CJ/eoylOUlZlx CJ/06ocOllemaJluii:
.
cannot help - He MOry He:
I cannot help thinking about it.
He MOry He A)'MaTb 06 3TOM.
it is worth (it is wOlth while) - CTOHT (I{To-nn60 cAenaTb):
It's worth while reading this book (This book is worth reading);
3Ty KHlfry CTOHT IIpolfHTaTb.
II is no use - 6ecnone3HO, He CMbJCJIa:
It is no use waiting for him.
Her CMblCJ1a )I(.naTb ero.
110
C KaK BHJlHO H3 npOBeJleHHblX BLlme npHMepOB yno..-pe6neHHH H nepeBOJla
Ij repyHJlIDI Ha PYCCKH H3L1K, cYllleCTByeT 4 cnoc06a nepeBOJla repYHJlHH:
i.
I) HMeHeM cYll(eCTBHTenbHblM;
2) HeOnpeJlen HHoi\ 4>OpMOH rnarona;
3) JleenpH'faCTHeM;
4) npHJI.aTO'fHbIM npeJ1J10)i(eHHeM B COCTaBe cno>KHOno.n'lHHeHHOro
npeJ1J1o)i(eHIDI.
06paTHTe BHHMaHlle Ha ynOTpe6neHue repYHJlIDI B 4>YHKUHH p33JIH'JHbIX
arneHOB npeJ1J10)i(eHH!! H oc06eHHoCTH ero nepeBOJla Ha PYCCKHH H3b1K.
I) floOlle:>ICaIilee
[-
Implementing market reforms is a lengthy process.
OCYU le . p bIHO'fHblX pe4>op 3 !0 J].1IHTen lr np ouecc.
NB: He nymamb c npU'IaCmUeAf:
' .,....--
Implementing market reforms, it is necessary to keep in mind social
needs of the population.
OC)lUlecm6JUUl pbJHO'fm.le pe4>opMbJ, Heo6xoJlHMO lfMeTb B BHllY COlUf-
aJlbHble nOTpe6HOCTH HaCeneHH!!.
s
2) flpJIMoe OOnOJIHeHUe
....-
-
-,
-
--
Would you mind showing us the whole process?
flOKa:JfCUme HaM, nO)i(aJJ)'HCTa, BeCb npoLlecc.
Would you mind their showing us the whole process?
8bJ He B03pIDKaeTe, ecnH !!!!!!..!!..OKa:J/C)lm HaM BeCb n pouecc? .
repYHJlHH B 4>YHKLlUH np!!Moro .nononHeHH!! ynOTpe6mleTCH Taf()i(e nocne
rnaronOB avoid (u36e2amb). enjoy (HpaeumbCR). excuse (U36UWl.mb). illtend
(c06upambcR. lIaMepeeambcR), like (1lI06Umb, IIpaeumbCR). prefer (npeono'lu-
mamb), prevent (Mewamb. npeI1RmCm606amb). regret (CO:JICWlemb), try (nbl-
mambCR. cmapambCR). withstand (npomu60cmoRmb).
3) J!onollllellue c npeOllOZO,."
- --.--
We have succeeded in maillluining productivity Icvcl over the whole
period.
HaM YJlaJ10Cb yoep:JICamb ypoBeHb npOll3BOJlIITenbHOCTH B Te'leHlle
Bcero nepHOJla.
III
4) 06CmORme!lbC11160
-
/n establishing a refinance rate it is necessary to take into account a
monthly inflation rate.
flpu ycmal10611ellUU CTaBKl1 pectJl1HaHCllpoBaHlUI lIe06xo]J,fIMO )"IHTbI-
B M H'I Hblii ypoBeHb uHcJ>mu.u m.
5) OnpeOe!leHlle
'IJ;f .;l
-- -
...:..........- '- .... -.-
....
There is little probability of financial assistance being provided this
year.
Ma.nOBCpOHTHO, 'ITO cJ>mfaHCOBa nOMOll1.b 6ydem 6blOe r iellG B :nOM ro-
JIY.
nepeBOA repYHAMal1bHblX 060pOTOB
repYlliJuwlbllblli 060P0111 MO:>KeT UMeTb .nBC IfIOPMbl II nepeBoIUlTCH Cyulc-
CTBHTellbHblM HlIIi npH.naTO'lHbIM npe.n.nO:>KCHUCM B COCTaBC ClIO:>KHOnOll'lI!-
HCHHoro:
I) cYll1.eCTBHTeJIbHOe B npJIT :>KaTCJlbHOM lUlU 06ll1.eM na.nC:>KC (npnT :>Ka-
TCJIbHOe Me ToHMeHue) + repYHlllIH:
....... -
Professor Jolznsoll's (His) preselltillg 1I paper at the conference was not
announced until yesterday.
To, '11110 npofjJeccop Il:J/COHCOII (011) 6yoem 6blcm)'JllIf1Ib c OO/U7aVD.\I Ha
KOHlIJepeHUlIII, 6bIJIO 06'b BJIeHO TOJIbKO B'lcpa. (E?o 6blcmyn..'lellue ...
6bIJIO o6'bIlBJIcno TOllbKO B'ICpa).
The outcome depends on all the of factors being IIsed lOgether.
PCJYJIbTaT JaBIICHT om 1110. 7 0, 'InlO ace qJOl<:11/0pbl lICnORb3)'IOI1/CR (011/
IIC nOJ/b3 6alll1Jl 6!!. ex cpal<:mOp06) .!;'leCTe.
2} nOL\JIC:>Kall1.CC anrllllilcKoro npc.n.nO:>KeHIIH (KOTOpOe lie HBJI eTC He-
nocpe.nCTBeHHblM cy6'beKTOM rCPYHllll ) + rcpYH!J.un:
""""'
All the former Soviet republics arc alike ill havillg their poorly devel-
oped infrastructure,
Bce 6bIBwne COBCTCKIIC pecny6mlKu CXOllllbl me.u. '11110 y IIUX c.w6o
pa3611111aR IlllrjJpacmp)'KnI) 'Pa.
112
o npalCTM"ecKoe 33AaHMe
f1epeBeJlIITe CneJlYlOll.lHe npeJl,Jl0>KeHUII c repYHJllleM II repYHllllaJ1bllLIMIi
060pOTaMU:
I. Calculating consumer price index is part of general stdtistic proce-
dure.
2. He could not help telling the results of the negotiations.
3. It is worth while having all the data together before discussing them.
4. Would you mind our taking part in the discussion?
5. High credit emission in 2 nd quarter resulted in the inflalion rate having
been considerably raised.
6. Both the companies are alike in being rcpresenled in the European
market.
7. In dealing with statistical data it is necessary to have all the factors
involved.
8. Upon being shown in tahles, the figures were subject to lhorough
analysis.
9. There is high probability of their being invited to lhe congress as spe-
cial guests.
10. We'll probably lhink of trying anolher approach in !his malleT.
II. The manager insisted on all the employees geuing bonuses.
12. President Coleman's being late was accepled wilh patience.
13. In spite of not having special training, they performed quite well at all
!he stages of !he cxperiment
14. In addition to being accommodated in double rooms, they were asked
to check out of the hotel four hours before the usual time.
15. They objected to the talks bcing held without all the partics repre-
sented.
16. Do you think it's worth while beginning this project without waiting
for the confinnation to arrive?
I
17. Such result may be accounted for by their having slarled the experi-
ment in the middle ohhe year.
18. Newton's having discovered the laws of mechanics delcrmined the
devclopment of science for many years to come.
J 13
EJ nepeBoA 4>OpM COCl1araTenbHOrO H a KnOHeH JI J
1. CHHTeTH'leCKHe cJ>OPMbl
a) B nplf.ll.aTOIJHhlX ycnoBWI:
r . 7 -
If the terms be the same, we'll most probably have a deal.
ECJJH ycnoBWI 6yoym npe>KHHMH, Mbl, BepmlTHee Bcero, .nOroBOpHMC1l.
If you were able to come, it would be very nice.
EcnH 6bl Bbi CMOZJIU npHATH, 6blJ10 61.1 OlJeHb xopowo.
If it were not for financial assistance, they wouldn't be ablc to join this
project.
ECflU 6bl He cJ>HHaHCOBa1l nOMOlI1b, OHH He CMornH 61.1 npHCOeAHHHTbCH
K :noMY npoeKl)'.
6) B npHAaTOIJHblX .nonOJJHHTeJJbHbIX nOCJJe 6e3JJHIJHbiX npe.n.nO>KeIlHH
THna "it is important, necessary, etc." H "it was suggested":
It is important that the terms be observed.
Ba>KHO, 'lm06bl YCJJOBHH C06Jl10iJ{L UCb.
It was suggested that the agreement be reached in the near future.
npe.n.nO>KHlIH, 'lm06bl cornaweHHe 6bl1l0 3aKJI10'le1/0 (3aKJIIO'IlL7U) B
6nIDKanwee BpeM1I.
B) B npJlllaTOIJHhlX LleJJH:
. .... -r- ....-v 'I!'IIif['"
The Central bank initiated intervcntions lest the exchange rate be de-
preciated.
UeHTp06aHK npe.nnpHH1In IHTepBeHLl'IH. 'lln06b1 06MeHHblH K)'pC He
ynOJl.
r) B nplf.ll.aTOIJHblX cpaBHHTenbHblX nocne COl03a as if
T .<h
He offered to pay as ifhe were able to afford it.
OH npe.n.nO>KHlI 3aJ1JIaTHTb, KaK 6yiJmo 6b1J1 B COCTOHHlut n03BOJJHTb
ce6e 3TO.
114
"1
2. AHaJlliTHlJeCKlie cpopMbI
I
.J
a) B npe.u.nO>KeHIDIX HepeaJIbHOrO YCJ10BHJI:
If they agreed, it would be great.
ECJlH 6bl OH" cornaCllilnCb, 6bl'lO 6bl . OpOBO.
6) B npocTblX npe.u.nO>KeHIUI:X:
There would be no life without water.
6e3 BO.llbi He 6wIO 6bl >KH3HH.
liS
B} B npHJI8ro'lHbIX .llOnOJlHHTe..'IbHbfX, B TOM IJHCne nocJ1e 6e3JIJ:l'lHbIX
npe.u.nO>KeHHH THna "it is necessary":
-
(;JI
It is necessary that business education should be part of the academic
curriculum.
He06xoJIliMO, IJro6bJ 6J:13HeC-06paJoBaHHe cmOllO IJaCTbJO YHHBepcH-
TeTCKOrO )"Ie6Horo JUIaHa.
if!
They advised that I shollid join them.
OHR nOCOBe TOBaJlH, '1nl06bl JI K HJ:lM I1pucoeouHu7cR.
'" ---, -- .< ----
r) B npH.llaTO'lHbIX YCJ\OBlIJl:
B
P\R1"'" __''fI_-'"
If you should decIde to join us, please call any time.
ECJ\H (Bce-TaKH) Tbl peuiUUib K HaM npIiCOeD.UHJ:lTbCJl, nOJKaJIYHCTa,
3 HH B JlJ060e BpeMJI. _ >_
le-
He
npaKTM"feCKOe 33AaHMe
nepeBeD.lITe CJle.!t)'lOWHe npe.llJIO>KeHHJI, B KOTOpblX CO.llep>KaTCR cpOpMbl
aHrJ1HHCKOro COCnaraTeJ1bIlOrO HaKJ10HeHIDI:
rn.
1. If there were only one exchange rate. it would be easier to perform all
export -import transactions.
2. It is essential that all the parties involved be treated equally.
3. It is unlikely that the trend should continue in these circumstances.
115
4. This would most probably result in another recession.
5. The market behaves as if no interventions had been made on the part
of the Central bank.
6. If he were to make this decision, he would not hesitate.
7. If they hadn't been warned, nobody would have had any objections.
8. Unless a technical assistance had been provided, they wouldn't have
been able to make this report based on updated methodology.
9. If it hadn"t been for their help, I wouldn't have been able to arrive on
time.
10. Should the works be finished sooner than planned, there would be al-
ways someone to pay you right away.
II. The situation would have worsened had it not been for the timely as-
sistance.
12. In order that the prices should not go up, the local producers werc
encouraged by the government.
13. It is natural that everybody should get equal chances in the
preparation period.
14. Unless their own candidate were there. we might suggest one for
them.
15. Had the news reached us earlier, we would have given a proper rc-
sponse.
.o.-...-.'__
.8.
.-...-. -'
nepeBOA 3M4>anIYeCK X KOHCTPYKL-' i1
3Mcpanl'leCKne KOHCTPYKLlHH BbIllemilOT TOT 111111 UHOH 'lneH npe.!l1JolKe-
HUll nyreM Henonb30BaHHII: a) YC lnHTenbHbIX cnOB H enOBOeO'leTaHHii;
6) 06paTHol"O nOpll.!1Ka cnOB; B) ,lJ.BOnHOI"O OTpUl.\aHml.
a) YCWUlTeJlbHble CJ10Ba n CJIOBOCO'leTaIllUl:
- -
As mllcl, as
The unemployment rate reached as much as 15 percent at that time.
YpOBCHb 6c3pa6onUlbJ B TO BpeMH nO,lJ.HJlnCII Ha LlenblX 15 npoueHToB.
As early as
As early as in the end of WW II they started using antibiotics.
YIKe B KOHue BTOPO" MHpOBOn BoliHbl CTIum npnMeHIITbcH aHTH6uonl-
KH.
116
Do
He did show up at the reception.
OH (Bce)-TaKH nmIBHJ1CJl Ha npncMe.
J: d<=, I u ,i
It i... ... that (who, whic/r)
It is these characteristics that are important to us.
,lVIJi Hac npe.QCTaBmnOT Ba>KHOCTb UMeliHO 3TH xapaKTepllCTUKH.
It was Francisc Skaryna who printed the first Bible in the Bclarusian
language.
I1MeHHo <I>paHlJ,HCK CKapblHa HaneljaTaJI nepBYIO EH6nmo no-6eJ1o-
PYCCKH.
6) 06paTHblH nOpJl.QoK CJIOB yn01pe6J1J1eTCH nOCJ1e pH.Qa HapeljHH 11
COI030B:
:e-
fI;
hardly ... when
no sooner... than
not OIrly ... but
only
never
nowhere
neither
nor
so
e08Q ... KaK (lie YClle..1 ... KUK)
.".
lie nrO/lbKO ... 110 U
,"O/lbKO
lIuKozoa
lIuzoe
u lie; U nrUKJ/ce lie
-"..
Q maKJ/cej II
Nowhere can this phenomenon be observed better than in a transitional
economy.
HHr.!l.e HeJ1b3H nyqllJe Haomo.!l.aTb 3TO HBJ1eHHe, KaK B cTpaHe c nepe-
XO.!l.HOH 3KOHOMHKOH.
B) J!BOHHoe OTpHlJ,aHue:
I.
-
It is 1101 uncommoll to have a few jobs now.
Cefiljac .QOBOJ1bHO pacnpocTpaHeHHblM HBJ1HeTCII pa60TaTb B HeCKOJ1b-
KHX MeCTax.
H-
The first progress was 1101 made Llnlil the end of the year.
nepBble ycnexH 6b1J1H .!I.OCTHrH)'TbI nllllJb B KOHlJ,e ron.a.
117
o npaKTM"feCKOe 3a,QaHMe
nepeBe.rorre npelVIOJKeHIDI, conepJKaurne 3M<l>aTlf1IeCKlie 060POTbI:
1. The problcm does exist, whatever you think about it.
2. Not only <toes the government support the needy population, but it
also subsidizes all the agricultural sector.
3. Related to the market refonns are the issues of privatization and en-
trepreneurship.
4. Nor should there be distortions in social policies of the local govern-
ments.
5. Included in the report are the latest figures submitted by the statistic
board.
6. Whoever the author of this project may have been he should have co-
ordinated his actions with the executive bodies.
7. This option is not improbable in the present situation.
8. It was not until mid-90ies that some progress was observed.
9. It is these facts that drew our special attention.
10. No sooner the committee started operating than the first positive re-
sults could be seen.
11. It was L. Balcerowicz who introduced a "shock therapy" economic
policy in Poland in the early 90-ies.
12. As early as in 1953 the first tractor "Belarus" was assembled in
Minsk.
13. Strange as it may seem, they were reluctant to learn from native
speakers of English.
14. The economic growth reached as much as 5 percent last year against
1.1 percent two years ago.
15. Never was there a grcater surplus of the u.S. budget than in 1999.
118
& lIacmb IV.
""-
nEPEBO.Q C PYCCKOrO S13b1KA
HA AHrJlVnf1CK"1i+1
)-
B 60nbW IHCTBe ony6mlKoBaHHblX KypCOB H.noco6H" no TeopHH H npaK-
THKe ncpeBOlla ]])I" crylleHToB, H3YLJalO\UHX aHrm1ikKHH "3bIK, aBfopbl CLJH-
TaJOT caMO C060H palYMelO\UliMclI COCpC.10TOLJltTb BHHMaHHe JHIWb 1-13 npo-
6J1CMaX nepeBolla C aHrJ1HikKoro Jl3blKa Ha PYCCKHH. 31-0 - ncpBblH H, 6C3YC-
nOBHO, OLJeHb Ba)l(Hbl H 3Tan nepeBOllLJeCKOrO Y'ICHULJCC rs3. Y LJ HTbIB3", LJ fO B
HaWIiX YCJ10BH"X nepeBOll C aHfnuMcKoro "3blKa Ha PYCCKHH JlBJIJlCTCII ncpc-
BOllOM Ha pOOUOli 113b1K, llaHHblH BIU. TpaHcqJOpMaLU1ll TeKCTa llJ1J1 ncpCBOlltll1-
K8 RBnJleTCJI 60nce Yllo6HbiM 11 ecrecTBeHHblM, nOCKonbK}' OH CBo60D.HO BJla-
lleeT KO()OM, C nOMO\UblO KOTOpOfO ocy\UeCTBJllleTCJI 3TOT npouecc.
nepeBOll C PYCCKOro Jl3hrKa Ha aHmHHCK IH (T.e. C pOllHoro H8 HHOCTpaH-
HbIH) - HeH3MepHMO 60nee CnO)l(HblH npouecc, nOCKonbK}' OH Tpe6yeT my6o-
KorO 3HaHHJI H3blKOBbiX H HaLlHOHaJ1bHbIX peaJUlH, HHaLJe rOBopR, YBepeUIIO-
cr t B TOM, '-ITO U'>1eHHO mOK roBOpRT nO-aHrllHikKH B llaHHOH KOH"PeTHOH CH-
1)'aLllUl.
rnaBHoe «opY)I(He» npli nepeBone C PYCCKOro Jl3blKa Ha aHmHHCKI1i1,
:t KpOMe cnOBapH (KOTOpbIM H}/KHO YMeTb nonb30BaTbCJI), - 3TO TatoKC 3HallHC
rpaMMaTHKH allrmlikKoro Jl3b1Ka. ECTeCTBeHHO, <JTO nepeBOD.LJHK 110nJKCH
HMeTb onpellenCHHble n03HaHHII B TOn 06JlaCTH 3HaHHiI. K KOTOPO" OTHOCIITCII
TeKCT llJ1J1 nepCBona.
Heo6xOllHMO TaK)I(C YLJHTblBaTb allpecaTa. TO eCTb llJ1J1 KOfO npellH33Ha-
<feH nepeBOllHMblH MaTCpliaJl. lfTo6bl Bbl6paTb 6pHTaHCKHH HJ1H aMepHKall-
CKHH aapHaHT aHfJ1HHCKOfO JllhlKa. OllHOH H3 pacnpOCTpaHeHHbl'X OWHOOK B
I1HCbMeHHOM nepeBOlle C PYCCKOfO Jl3blKa JlBJ1HeTCH c.MeweUlie opctJOrpaljJHIi,
CJ10BapH, rpaMMaTHKH H T.ll. 3THX llB}'X Hal16oJ1ee pacnpOCTpaHCHHblX BapHall-
TOB aHfJ1HikKOfO 113b1Ka.
Opl1 nepeBOlle IjJp33conorHlfeCKHX e1lHHCTB H)')I(HO 3HaTb YCTOHLJHBblC CO-
'-ICTaHHJI allrnHHcKoro Jl3b1Ka, a B cnYLJae c 06p33HOH $pa3e0J10rHCA (H)].HOMa-
MI1 H n0CJ10BHuaMH) H pa3rOBopHblMH Bblpa)l(CHHJI>.1H llJ1H llOCTH)I(CHHJI alleK-
119
BaTHOCTIf nepeBOlla BnOJlHe MO)l(HO npll6erHyrb K HeihpaJlbllblM BblpaJKeHH-
HM, lIanpllMep:
qeM tti!pT He wyrlIT - you never can tell; there is no telling what could
happen.
MHe OT :noro HII )l(apl<o Hii xonOllHO - it's all the same to mc.
BonpOCbl Teopml II npaKTlil<H ncpeBolla C PYCCKOro H3b1Ka lIa aHrmliicKllH
CIICTeMHO paccMaTpHBalOTcR <j>aI<Tlfttect.1I IIHWb B OllHOM K)'pce l , CTp}'KTYpa
1<0TOporo II B3HTa 3a OCHOBY llaHHoH ttaCnl noc06W1. Bcne.n 3a YI<a3aHHbIM HC-
TOttHHKOM, PYCCKIiH TeKCT paccMaTpHBaeTCR KaK MaTpHWl nepeBo.ntteCKItX
npo6I1eM, peWaeMbIX B pycne 1<0MMYHIIKaTlIBHoH MOllenH nepeBolla.
J],nR MeKBaTHoro nepcBolla C PYCCl<oro R3b1l<a H3 allrnHHcKIiH Heo6xomn..
Y" npe().MemHou cumYOlluu, kOTOpaJI oTpaJKaCT ynoMHHaeMble B PYCCKOM
TeKCTe npellMeTbl II CBR3H Me)l(Jl)' HHMH. HanpHMcp, cHryallHR, Korlla 'ien.OBeK
"cu()um nORO:JlCIl6 Hozy lIa Hozy", nO-aHrIlHHCKH BblpaJK3eTCJI cnOB3MH "with
one's knees crossed", a "neHKa Ha MOJIOKe" nepellae-rCJI npH nOMOWII IIHOro
nOHJITHJI - "milk with skill on it" (Epeyc E.B., 1998:6).
KmOtteBblM B npollecce nepeBOlla RBJUleTCR nepe.na'la CMblCJIa, n03TOM)'
He CTOIIT <j>IIKCHpOBaTb BHIIMaHHe Ha nOIlCKe 3Ha'lellliR 1<0HI<peTHOro C110Ba BO
<j>pa3e. HanpHMep, 3HrnHHCKIIH BapHaHT npeIDlO)l(eHIIR Mile mpyollo 3mo no-
IIRmb BnonHe MO)l(eT GMTb TaKHM: J have a difficult time ullderstanding this. A
cnOBOCO'leTaHHe cmon lIaxOiJOK nepe.naeTCR KaK lost and found, TO eCTb 8006-
we C nOMOWblO llpyrltX IIeKClf1.IeCKHX II rpaMMaTWleCKIIX If>oPM, KOTopble nplf
3TOM IIBJtIlIOTCJI ero ceMaHTHtteCKllM 3KBHBaJleHTOM, TO eCTb COXpallJlIOT ero
CMblcn.
nepeBOll'lHK)' Hc06xOlllfMO 6b1Tb O'leHb BHHMaTenbHhlM JUUI 1136e)l(aHIIJI
6YK6WlbllOZO, HJlII KaJlbKUp08aHHOZO, nepe600a (carbon-paper trallslation).
Oc06eHHO 3TO OTHOCHTCJI I< cnY'iaRM, Korlla B PyccKo-aHrIlHHcI<OM cnOBa-
pe UMeeTCJI IIHWb OJUiO nOJ1XOll)lwee no cMblcny 3Ha'leHHe C110Ba, 110 OHD-TO II
.neJ\aeT nepeBo.n Hey.na'lHbIM H HenOHRTHblM HOCHTenRM aHf11l1i\cI<OfO Jl3b1Ka,
Tal< KaK He y'UITbIBaIOTCR HallHOHaJlbHble oc06eHHoCTH II peaJlHH CTpaHbI.
HanpUMep. B npe.nnO)l(eHHH DHa 6blRa U36paHa ()eJleZamOM pecllYU/lU-
KanCKOZO Cbe:J()a Y'lumeJleu cnOBO pecny6nuKallCKUU .nOJ\)I(HO 6b1Tb nepeBe.ne-
HO KaK national, nOTOM)' '1TO HMeeTCJI B BH1J.Y 06U/eliaZ/uoHaTlbliblU C'bC3.n, B TO
I Epeyc E.B. OCHOBbl TeOplUl If npaKTIIKII nepeBolla C pyccKoro 113b1Ka Ha
aHrIlHHCKHH. MocKBa: J.13.n-BO YPAO. 1998.
120
""-
BpCMJI Kat( ClIOBO republican YBe.neT 3HrnOll3blllHOro lIlHaTenJi B cTopmry 11
MO>KeT 6b1Tb nomITO, H3np11MCp, KaK npHHa.nnC}I{HOCTb K Pecnyuj/uIWIICKOU
napmull. OllCBH.llHO, liTO 6blBIIIHH CT31)'C bcnapYCH KaK On.HOH H3 COBeTCKI1X
pecny6mtK HaKJI3.lI.blB3CT OTneIJ3roK H3 YIloTpc6neHl1e B nepCBon.e Ha 3HrIUfH-
CKJ.Ut H3b1K cnOB3 pecny6RuKU ImK republic BMCCTO COlllllry lUll! nation.
mId
KHIt
ypa
I1C-
KHX
ElUe OJtHH npl1Mep non.06Horo pon.a - cnOBO YlOmllblii, KOTopoe B PYCCKO-
aHrJll1HCKOM ClIOB3pe nepeBo.nI1TCJI K3K cosy OJJ.HaKo .HUM npl1JlaraTenbHbiM
nO-aHrJIHHCKH MO>KHO onpen.eJIHTb nHWb KOMI/amy WHI YZWIUK, B TO BpeMJI
KaK nO-PYCCKH BnonHe MO>KHO CK33aTb 11 ")l10mHblli ?opoC>". AHrIUfikKOe CO-
OTBeTCTBl1e BbICKa3blBaH 11O "r opon. HaM nOKa3aJ1CJI OlleHb y,omHbl U" MO}l{CT
6blTb TIlKHM: "The town seemed to us very nice and attract;w!".
IJ.HM
KOM
IBeK
with
10ro
HeOllblTHblH nepeBon.lIl1K nopoH CTaHOBI1TCH «3aJ10>KHI1KOM» YCBOCHllblX
3HalleHl1H cnOB. He YlIlITbiBaH npcn.MeTHYIO CH1)'aumo, B KOTOpOH OHI1 ynoT-
pe6nHIOTCH. HanpltMcp. Bce 3HaIOT. liTO n'lOUjaOb (ropOJtCKaJl) no-
aHrJIHiicKH - square, H HH Y KOro He Bb13blBaeT COMHeHHJI npaBHnbHOCTb cno-
BOCO'leTaHHH Trafalgar Square. Red Square. Independence Square 11 T.JJ.. Ho
HeKoropble ropo.nCKHe rmOlUaJIH I1MelOT KpymylO ttJOPMY, H HX TaK Ii Ha3bl-
B3IOT: KPY?J'laR nnozqaOb. OIJeBMJJ.HO, '11'0 cnOBOCOIJCTaHHe Round square He
MO)t(CT He Bbl3BaTb CMCX Y aHrJIoroBOpJlWero, TaK KaK square - ewe II K6ao-
pam, KOropblH He MO>KeT 6b1Tb KpyrnblM. 3n.eCb BnonHe YMCC1'HO BCnOMHI1Tb 0
nOH.nOHCKOH rmoman.H nHKK3.lI.WInl1 - Piccadilly Circus. HMeIOlUeH KpyrnylO
ttJOPMY.
OM}'
aBO
no-
's. A
006-
npH
ero
PaCCMOTpHM elUe OJtMH npHMep, Kor.u.a He06xOl1HMO Y'HITblBaTb cl1rya-
UI1IO H IIIHpOKHH KOHTeKCT npl1 nepeBone. Koma Mbl BelleM pellb 06 On7'luc.'le-
I/UU KaKOH-TO CYMMbl JJ.eHer, TO eCTb BblllHTamm ee 113 60nce KpynHOIt. eCTC-
CTBCHHO. Mbi 6cpeM 3a OCHOBY maron deduct II 0 r nero 06pa30BbIBaeM cYlUe-
CTBHTCnbHOC deduction. Hya KaK 6blTb C Rhlpa)l{CHHe\ll om'WC'lellZtR 8 (neIlCZt-
OHHhlU tPOI/O)? Be.nb deduction - 31'0 OT'iIiCnCHlie 11..3 'lem-TO, a He 60 liTO-TO.
3n.CCb cneJJ.YeT PYKOBO/lCTBOBaTbCJI norliKoH lleHCTBIiJl II BMeCTO deductions
from ynO"IpC6IITb contriburi01IS to (the pensionjimdJ.
lHIDI
OBa-
TOM
blKa,
AnSI nepell.a'lH cMblcna BbICKa3bIBaHItJl Mcnonb3YIOTCJI (a) Cxon.llbie 1U1H
(6) pa3nH'lHble H3blKOBbie cpeJJ.cTBa, HanpliMcp:
(jJ'U-
ell.C-
Bro
(a) Mbl perynJlpHO 'lHTaCM ra3CTbl. - We regularly read newspapers.
.a lIa
(6) 0 n.eTIlX n03a60T1U1IfCb. - The children were taken care oj.
(AKTIlBHaH KOHCTpYKLlM JI npH nep cp H BOM)
121
npHMCpOB co CXO.ll.HblMH Cpe.nCTBaMH BblpaJICCHHJI npn ncpeBon. e fOpa3!J.O
MeHbUle, 'ieM CJ1)"1aeB, KOf.na npHXOJUITCJI .lleJIan. BceB03MOJICHbiC 3aMeHbi H
npe06pa30BaHHJI Jl1IJI .nOCTIlJlCeHml 3KBHBaJleHTHOCTIi.
PaCCMOTpHM Hau60nee pacnpOCTpaHt!HHLle IIPOO/1e.M"" B03HHKalOUlJle
npH nepeBO.lle C PYCCKom Jl3blKa Ha aHfJ1ldiCKHit
1. Bb160p neKCH'IeCKoro COOTBeTCTBHJI Bb13b1BaeT TpYAHOCTIt Y Ha'lHH8.lOLl.{C-
ro nepeBOA'l}\Ka, KOTOpbIH YBepCH B eAIIHCTBeHHOM CYllleCTBYlOweM 3R-
BliBaJlCme PYCCKoro CJ10Ba B aHrJ1HHCKOM Jl3b1Ke.
Ka3aJ10Cb 6bl, HII Y Koro He Bbl3blBaeT COMHeHlUl, 'iTO nOJle3HblU no-
aHrJ1l'lnCKH _ useful. 11 .neHCTBllTeJ1bHO, none3HaJ/ pa60ma - useful work; no-
Jle311ble 311alltlR - useful kllowledge H T.A.
OAHaKO, CCJ1H Mbl roBOp IM 0 TOM, '1TO 060UIU U CPPYKmbl nO.7e3Hbl IUJU
nnoeamb none3110, TO CAHHCTBeHHbli'i BapuaHT nCpeBO.lla - healthy, nOTOMY
qTO useful npeAnOJlaraeT ucnOllb30eaHue e onpeiJelellHblX lleJlJlX.
):{aJlec, ecmt MI.l IIMeeM B BnAY, LITO 'Iel10eeK WIU lIeH-TO C08em OKa3aJ1CJI
nOJ/e3HblM. TO 31ICCb YMeCTHO yn01pe611Tb aHfJ1ltitcKOe CJ10BO helpful.
HaKOHeU, B pJllIe PYCCKHX CJ10BOCO'ieTalmH nOJ/e311b1U "MeeT It Apyrne
aHrmIikKHC COOTBCTCTBIUI, HanpnMep:
_ ,'" ]M'
nOJlC3HaJI IIH4>opMaUHJI
nOJlC3Hble nCKonaCMblC
nOne3HaJI JlCWIaJI nJ10IU8JJ.b
nonC3HaJI nJIOllla.llb
n0J1e3HaJI MOlllHOCTh
n0J1C3HOe .llCHCTBHe (MaUlHHbl)
n0J1e3HaJl Harp)"3Ka
none3Hoe npHMCHCHHe
'ieM MOry 6L1Tb non.e 3eH?
1111- '
"
valuable information
minerals (mineral resourccs)
actual living space
usable area
available capacity
efflcicncy
working load
beneficial use
(how) can I help yo ?-.
BeJlHK C06na3H npH nepcBoAe C PYCCKOro BOCn0J1b30BaTbCR HHTepHaUlto-
HaJlbHhIM cnOBOM B aHrnHHcKOM R3b1Ke, KOTOpOC, OAHaKO, MOJlCeT ynoTpc6-
JUlTbCH nHUIb B OAHOM WIH HeCKO.llbKHX, HO He BO BCCX 3Ua'leHIIIIX pYCCKoro
cnOBa, KOTOpOC H)'IKHO ncpCBCCTH.
B03bMeM Jl1IR npHMcpa lIBa cnOBa - npO""'UKO H eJlO. KOHC'IHO JlCC, CCTb
aHfm-JHCKoe CJ10BO practice, KOTopoe nO.lIXOAIIT B TaKOM KOHTCKCTC, KaK
npOKmUKO ucnOJ/b30eOllWl 'le2o-Jlu60 WIn lIeo6xOOu.uo npaK/llUKa (mpeHup08
KO) iJJlR 3aKpe1L7eml1l Mamepuana. OAHaKo Jl1IR ncpcBoAa cnOBOCO'lCTaHHH
cmy ell'leCKQJl npal\J7JJlKU IIU npe npUJl1nuu H)'JICHO Apyroe aHfJ1lIiicKOC CJ10-
BO _ internship (LITO-TO BpOlIe UHmepHomYPbl). Tcncpb B03bMeMCJI 3a «ACJ10»
Ka3aJ10Cb 6bl, HH'lero, l<poMe business, 31ICCb HaM HC MOJICCT nOAOnTH. O.lllla
122
l311.0 ICO npeJUlOJKeHHe Y MeHJZ 6 zopoOe OeJla B nepeB011.e 6YJI.eT I've got some er-
101 H rands 10 do in town. To JKe cnOBO errands H)')lCHO Hcnonb30BaTb np" nepeBOJI.e
npeJUlO)ICeHIDI 011 ywen no OeJlaM.
lUle Oco6eHHO BenHKa BepoJiTHOCTb HCnOnb30BaHIUI B nepcBOJI.e C PYCCKoro
Jl3Lnca Ha aHfnHi1cKIDt HesepHoro sapHama cpeJI.H MHOrocJ>YHXlUIOHMLHblX H
cny)ICe6HhIX cnos. HanpHMep, B Bonpocax KaK nlbl Oy.Maeulb? KaK 011 Bbl2!lJl-
lUe- oum? BMeCTO how Hcnonb3YeTCJI what: What do you lhink? What does he look
3K- like? A BOnpoc KaK nOJl6WlCJl 3aMblCeJl ;Jmou KHUZU? MO)ICHO nepcBecTH
Where does the idea of the book comefrom?
To )ICe cnOBO KQK HMeeT elUe llBa aHfnHHCKHX COOTBeTCTBIDI - as H like.
no- 1C0TopLie ",aCTO II)'TII1OT:
no-
IUl.1
OMY
UlCJl
(rue
].HO-
pe6-
<oro
eCTb
KaK
p06-
lHHJI
cno-
110».
AHa-
lfiilJW' r
i......
KaK H Bce OCTaflbHble pecny611HKH 6blBwero CCCP, 6enapYCb CTonK-
H)'naCb C MHOrHMH 3KOHOMH",eCKHMH np06neMaMH.
Like all the olher FSU republics, Belarus faced numerous economic
problems.
KaK HaM CKaJMH, B 6nH)lCaHlllee BpeMJI He npeJI.BH.ZurrCJI cyw.eCTBeH-
HblX nepeMeH.
As we were told, no major changes were expected in the near future.
- ----.,;.. -, ... --
2. 011.Ha H Ta )ICe npeJI.MeTHCUI clfTYaUHJI B PYCCKOM Jl3blKe MO)ICeT 6b1Tb no-
paJHOM)' BhlpaJKeHa B aHrnHHCKOM Jl3b1Ke. HanpHMep, HCXOl1.HCUI H KOHe'l-
HCUI cJ>OPMhI MOryr 06'be.!l.HHJlTbCJI OTHOllleHHeM npouecc - pe3ynbTaT
(JI.eHCTBHe - npIi3HaK):
.--
'!'t
OH lIep6I1U'lWl. - He was nervous.
3T0 6bl3blBaem omep l!.. U/..elllle. - This is disgl'.!!!.ng.
3. Mcnonb3yeMbie npH nepeBOJI.e Ha aHrlllii1cKuR 1I3blK rllaroJibl no OTHOllle-
HHIO K pyCCKUM rnarOllaM MOryr 6h1Tb CBJl3aHbi npH'IllIIHO-CneJ1.CTBeHHbIM
OTHOllleHHeM, npH :nOM npli'lHHa Ii CneJI.CTBHe MOryr MeHJlTbCJI MeCTaMH 1 :
"
'f&I""'
v...
MU", "'2; IV Jl:tliNMAItiI --
3T0 6bl3bl6aem HenpHJI3Hb 06111eCTBeHHOCTH. [npH'IIiHa]
This tums the public against them. [cnellcTBlie]
Mbl pacullIpJleM npaBa MeCTHblX opraHoB. [cnellcTBHe]
We are giving more rights to local govemme1!1 bodies. [npll'mHa]
- --- --- -- - -.."
I 3TOT II pJlJI. J1.pyrrn:: npHMepoB JI.aHHoro paJJ1.ena npliBOIDITCJI H3 YKaJaH-
HLlX Bblllle "OCHOD TeoplUl H npaKTIiKH nepeBO.Aa C pyccKoro Jl3h1Ka Ha aHr-
JIHRcKHJf' (Epeyc E.B. (998).
123
4. npli nepeBO!le BLlC'Ka3b1BaHml C 06paTHbiM nOpSl./J,KOM CJlOB Hy')f\HO nOM-
HIITb, "fTO CTapaH HHlfJopMauHH (me. IQ) B PYCCKOM npe!lJlOiKeHItH nO..1e-
waeTCH B Ha"faIle npe.llJTOiKeHl1S1. a HOBaH HHqJOpMauHH (pe. IQ) - B KOJIUe
npe.llJTOiKeHHII, B TO BpeMH KaK 3TO HBJleHlle B aHrmdlcKOM npe.lVTOiKCHUl1
Bblpa>KaCTCSI C nOMOWblO apnlKJISI (Heonpe.ll.eJleHHblH ncpe.!! pe.t/oil Ii on-
pe.ll.eJleHHblH nepe.ll. me.MOu):
.........
B KOMHary npIlHeCmt 60Jll,ll10H CTOJI.
A big table was bro tght to the roO/1l;
nOCJIe BOHHbl npOl130WJIa onpe.ll.eJleHHaH nepeoueHKa ueHHocTei1.
The early post-war period saw a reappraisal of values.
(B npe.llJTO>KeHIUl.X C 06CTOHTeJIbCTBOM BpeMeHl1, KpOMe marOJIa see. ItC-
nOJIb3YIOTCH TalOKe rJIaroJIbI witness, signal, bring aboltl.)
".
¥lH)'IO n0311UHIO 3aHHJla <I>paHUIUI.
A dif ferent stand w.!!!!.!!...ken by Franee-.
5. nplf nepeBO.ll.e PYCCKHX npe.llJTO>KeHliH C o6paTHbiM nOpH.lI.KOM CJIOB .lI.O-
nycKaeTCH npe06paJoBaime OOCTOHTeJlbCTB 11 1l0nOJlHeHHfi B aHrmd\cKoe
nO.llJTe>Kawee (a), a B cJl)"{ae C npocTblM maroJIbHbIM cKaJyeMblM - HC-
nOJIb30BaHHe o6opoTa lherc is H lfJopMaIlbHOrO nO.llJTe)f(aw.ero il (6):
--
SiJIV""- ,
--.-"
(a) K IDIaHaM 3KOHOMHtteCKOH caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTH OT.neJIbHbIX pentO-
HOB OH OTHOCHJlCH pe3KO oTpHuaTeJlbHo.
Economic independence for individual regions was viewed by him as a
very dim prospect.
(6) npoBO.ll.HJICH peryJIHpHblH oOMeH .lI.eJIeraumlMH.
There was a regular exchange of delegations.
YKopeHillIHCb CBH3H B 06JlaCTIi KYJIbl)'pbl.
It has become standard practice to maintain cultural ties.
- .... ........
6. nepeBo.n 6e3m1IJHbiX PYCCKHX npe.llJTO>KeHIIj:j Tpe6yeT HCnOJlb30BaHlfH
paJHo06paJHbiX aKTItBHblX It naCCliBHblX KOHCTPYKUl111:
-"
fie3 HalJaIla npouecca npHBannaUlUJ HeB03MO>KHO ocywecTBIITb .nPY-
rHe MaKpo3KOHOMI1'IeCKI1e npeoopaJoBamul.
If you don't start the privatization process, you willl/ot be able to im-
plement other macroeconomic reforms.
]24
M-
e-
lIe
111
n-
7. nepeBo,n KOHCTpYKLU1H C onnaronbHblM cYLllecTBlITeJlbHblM:
a) CliOBOCO'leI1IOIIlle J\fOJlCem 6blmb npe06pa30Ball0 B OmOe?blll!e npeo-
JlO:JICelllle:
..
YC1lJ/W1 npotjJcolO30B lIanpa6J1eHbl Ha OKa3a1me nOMOLllI1 lIaH60nee HY-
iK,naIOLllIIMC" .
Tile unions are working towards pro 'iding assistallce 10 the most
need..... popula,t ion.
6) 6 HeKOlt/OpblX CJ1)''laRX PYCCKoe C}7IfeClt/6I1me.'lbllOe 6 po..?U noil1exa-
llle20 npll nepeBooe onYCKaemCR. a B Ka'leCnl6e 1700.'le:JICallte20 llC-
nO'lb3yeIllCJ/ all2-?UlicKOe Om2-?a20.lbllOe C}'lIteCIl1BlI1lleJlbllOe:
C-
...- 1 ;a
EiKero,nHO cmpalla 3KcnopnipyeT OKono 100 MIUUJIIOHOB TOHH CblpOIt
Hel!>nl.
Annual exports of crude oil amoullllO about 100 million IOns.
D-
)e
c-
B) PYCCKue omi'J/a20.1bllble cYUleClt/6Ilme?bHble (3 pO. III BmopocmeneHHblX
llJIell08 npeO-?O:JICeHllJl .u02ym nepe60()llnlbCJ/ al/2.!/lllicK1L\t llHcjJWlllmll-
BO.M UJ1U 2epYHOlle, I:
,nonOJ1HCHIIC:
a
T _ -.....
He,naBHHe nepeMeHbl no6y,nmm CTpaHbl Ll.cHTpanbHOH H BOCTO'lHOi'i
EBponbi K Bcmyn?eHIlIO H al(TlIBHO"IY Y'/QCIIIIIIO B EBpone!fcKlfX CTpYK-
rypa..x.
Recenr changes have prompted Central allli East European cOlli/tries to
enter (lnd actively participate in lhe European organizations.
J-
onpe,neJICIIIIC:
9...... r ...
Eenapycb o,nHa 113 nepBblX nO.lUl.epiKana HllelO C030aHWI 6e3'b"llepHbIX
301-1.
Belarus was one of lhefirsl10 supporllhe idea of creating Illiclearfree
zones.
ISf
06CTOHTeJIbCTBO:
{-
- -
OOH MHoro c,nenana .llI1" C6Rll:JICeHllJl n03HuIIH CTOpOH B llaHHOM KOH-
I!>J1HKTe.
The United Nalions has done much to bring the parties in this conflict
clos e':..!.ogether.
1-
125
8 tIneHeHHe BbICKB3bIBaHHH npH nepeBOne, TO eCTb npe06pB30BaHHe pyc-
CKOro BbICKB3bIBaHHJI B nB3 WlH 60nee B 3HrnHHCKOM TeKcre:
__,;,a.
HaM 6b1 x >TenOCb oCoQo OTMeTHTb Heo6xonHMocTb pacnmpeHliJI Me>K-
nYHaponHLIX KOHTaI<TOB.
What we'd like lO emphasize is that we 11eed to expand our interna-
tional contacts.
KpynHblH BoeHHo-npoMblwneHHb.lH noreHUHan II 3HaQHTenbHoe BJIliJI-
HHe, KOropblM pacnon3ranll CiliA, naBanli HM B03MO>KHOCTb npoH3He-
CTH BeCKoe cnOBO .lUlSi o6Y3naHHJI 3rpeccopoB.
The United States wielded great military and industrial power and had
considerable influence. This gave it an ample pos!jibility for sounding a
stem waming to curb the aggressors.
.... ..--
9. 06be.!UfHeHlie BblCI<a3b1B31UfH (KoMnpeCCHJI) npH nepeBone C PYCCKOro
Jl3blKa H3 3HrnHnclmA:
ntr
A_
OTBeT H3 3TOT Bonpoc HMeeT npHHUlimfanbHoe 3H3'leHne. OH Ba>KeH
He TOnbKO .D.JIJI BblJlCHeHHJI MeCTa H poml npo!J>C01030B B >KH31U1 o6me-
CTBa B HaCT01!mee BpeMJI.
The importance of this fundamental question goes beyond the aim of
elucidating the place and role in the public life today.
npaBHrenbCTBO H3bICKHBaeT nOnOnHifTenbHLle 3KcnopTHble pecypcbl,
'ITo6L1 3apy6e>KHble napTHepb.l MornH BOCCTaHOBHTb nOBepue K 3aKJIIO-
QCHHblM C HaMU noroBopaM.
The go 'emment is seeking extra export revenues to bring back the con-
fidence of our overseQs partners in !h; ag" lIIents we have sig _
B nocnenHeM npllMepe IIcnonb30BaH wnpOKO pacnpOcTpaHeHHblH npHeM
o6benHHeHIIJI BblCKB3bIBaHUH npH nepeBone C PYCCKOro Jl3blKa Ha 3Hrmdt-
CKHH - 3aMeHa 06CT01!renbCTBeHHoro npHJJ.aTO'lHoro uenH HnH pe3ynbTaTa B
PYCCKOM npe.IUIO>KeHHlI H3 aHrnHfkKIIH IIH!J>HHHHIBHbIH 060pOT.
10. npH nepeBone cBo6onHblx cnOBOCO'lelllHHf\ He06xonHMo YCTaHOBllTb
KJlIO'IeBoe cnOBO II CMblcn onpenenJilOmero cnOBa B KOHreKCTe, 'ITo6bl
HaATH ero 3Hrmd%cKHR 3KBHBaneHT:
126
K-
"MHu;y6HCH" W1H " eHepaJI MOTOP3" He noi)'iUHJllOmCJl HH npe3H-
.lI.emy, HH I1Mneparopy. OH" noi)'lUIIJllOmCJl mORbKO 3KOHOJWUKe U IOpU-
OU'leCKUM 3aKOllaM naHHoro rocynapCTB8.
Mitsubishi or General Motors don't answer to the President or Em-
peror. They operate accordillg to the ecollomic laws alld the legislation
ill ge!!:!!!!. of the ap p ropriate coun try.
7-
lI-
e-
Bbl60p .lI.aHuLrx aHrnHHCKHX 3KBHBaJleHTOB neJIaeTC" B pe3YJIbTare conoc-
TaBJIeHIDI Bap"aHTOB B roJIKOBOM (aHrno-aHrnHHcKoM) CJIOBape.
npH nepeBone CB060.ll.HLIX CO'feTIlHHA MOryr HCnOJIL30BaTbC" JleKCU'Ie-
rd CKue U CeMaHmU'leCKUe npeo6pa70salluR, HanpHMep:
a
_____. _dIII,. ,
"'0
OH nO.ll.WlJI PYK)I. - He raised his hand.
OH B3"JI pe6l:!HKa Ha PY""U. - He took the child in his arms.
(KoIIKpemU3aljWl, WlU C)':»ceHue)
:H
Bce HaJlOrn .lI.OIDKHbI nocmynamb B MeCTHbli\ 6lOn)l{eT. - All taxes
should go to local budgets.
(FeHepanU3alJUJl. WlU paCUlupeHue)
c-
of
Bce )l(elIalOT U3MeHeHUJl oen K llJ''izuewy. - Everybody wishes improve-
ments.
(KoMnpeCCUJl. WlU neKCU'leC1We c6epmbl6allue)
>I,
B YClIOBH"X c6060i)HOU npooa:J#CU aKLlHH MOryr 6b1Tb cKynJIeHbl KeM
yro,Wm. - In afree market, shares can be bought out by anyone.
(MemOIlUMU'ieCKUU nepeeoi), oCII06allHblu Ha CMe:»CHocmll nOIlJl/1/lIii 6
UCXOi)IIOM U nepe60i)Jlzqe.W R3blKax)
D-
'1-
:M
fi-
B
II. np" nepeBO.ll.e PYCCKHX CB"3aHHblX ClIOBOCO'leTaHI1H (lfJp83eOnOrH3MoB)
no B03MO)l(HOCTH HanO C1]>eMHThc" nepenaTb liX HnHOMaTH'lHOCTb, a eCJ1H
cOOTBeTCTBYlOlllHf1 IfJp83eonorH3M B aHmHHcKoM "3blKe OTcyrCTByeT, TO
MO>KHO orpaHH'lHTbC" HdhpaJIbHbIM oapHaHTOM:
'V---..
iHIWl
Tb
Ihl
Kpblmb 6bUlO He'leW, OCTanC" TonbKO O.ll.I1H apryMeHT - onblT.
I didn't have a leg to stand Oil (There was nothing I could say); my last
line of defence was practice.
OH BLl3BaJI MeIDl Ha nOJIH}'lO OTKpOBeHHOCTb H np"MO 6bl6epll) ' 'l .weHR
Hau311tJ.IIK)1.
He got a full confession ou t of me and fumed me inside Olll.
127
12. npH nepCBOJIC ny6muUICTlI'lCCKIIX TeKCTOB JIonyCTJIMO IICnOnb30BaIlIlC
CpCJICTB 3KcnpcccIIBHOfi pa'3rOBopHoi1 pe'm II Heo6xoJIIIMblX npco6pa:30-
BaHilii (CTillUlCTI1'lCCK8J1 IIJIItOMaTII'lHOCTb nepCBOJIa):
a) Ifcnonb30BallUC TCManflleCl\Oro nOJlJ1e)\{a cro, BblpmKcHHoro MCCTD-
HMeHHeM we JIIlJI KOHKpCnl'3aUl-m H C03JIaHJUI orreHKa HCKpCHHocru:
--
DpH caMol}>JIHaHCllpoBaHlfll YCTOH'lIlBbIC n031II{IIU Ha MHpOBOM pblHKe
JlBJUIIOTCJI Henpell1eHHblM ycnoBlleM.
To be really cost erfeclivc, we musl havc a good fooling in the world
market.
6) rpynna CKa3ycMoro IfCXO.D.HOro (PYCCI<Oro) BbICKa3blBaHHJI CTaHOBHT-
CJI caMOCTOJITenbHblM aHrmfifCKHM npC.D.J10)\{CHHeM, a nO.D.J1e)f(a ec
nepcBo,n:HTCJI BTopocTeneHHblM npC.D.J10)\{eHHcM:
_. .......,.
TenepL OTC'ICCTBCHHaJi cBo6o,n:3 6blcmpo cocmapZUla "c.UeJlble" npo-
U36eoeIlUH.
Now, with freedom at home, the boldest works of literature age with
amazing speed.
- .--
B) IICnOnb30BaHlle rnaronOB C nocnenoraMU (phrasal verbs) BMeCTO
"KHU)\{HbIX" rnarOJIOB C ucnblo C03JIaHIIJI CTJlJ1lfCTJI'lCCKOrO 31}>1}>eKTa:
--
11> ........ .....
mak.e up for (BMCCTO compensate)
lurn down (BMeCTo reject)
stand behind (BMecTo support)
put up willI (BMeCTO tolerale) If T.,n:.
-- --- - -
KOMnCHCllpOB8Tb
OTBepraTb
nOJJ.JIepil<JIBaTb
npllMUpJlTLCJI
HanpHMep:
-
CHbi Ha He<t>Tb 6yJO'T onpeoe.'15lnlbCJl HCXOM H3 Tell.1'1IUIX MllpOBLIX
UCH.
Oil prices will be pegRed to currcnt world priccs (JIOCnOBHo: 3al}>uKCJI-
pOBaliLI Ha ypoBHe. npIlBH3aIlLI).
nO'lCMY HMeHHO cen<Jac 3Ta COLlllaJIbUaJl 6onc3Hb np02peccupyem?
Why is Ihis social diseasc Kellillg worse?
128
'C
/-
r) UCnOnb30SaHHe npHl!Ma aHTOHHMllllCCKOro nCpCB011a:
1-
..........
3TO 06CTOJlTCJlbCTBO lie CJlUlllKm-l MIIO;'O 3l1a'lZtnl LL'IH llaJ1bHCHWCro
pa3BHTUJI.
This fact has little relevance for further dcvclopmcnt.
e
O m ompuzlalll HaCTOHLUce 3a CLJeT 6YllY Ulero .
T hcy preferred f U( rc o !he pres cn
d
11) m6C)/(amfe B nepCB011C Ha aHrnnHCK111I H3blK naccliBHoro 3aJ10ra C
u.cnblo CHII)/(ClllfJl O mIUfaJ1bHOCTn CTl1JI1I:
3TO nOHIITIlO Ka)/(110MY 3KOHOMHCry. - Every cconomislllrzderstands it.
..
'-
e
O'-lCBH11HO. liTO YKa3aHHblC BblWC 11BCHa.Llu.aTb CJ1Y'-laeB. npCllCTaBJlHIOw,nc
co6on HaH60nec nmU'-IIiLlC TpYJI,IIOCTH npn nepCBOJl,e C PYCCKoro Jl3blKa Ha
aHrnHikKlfi:i, He OXBaTblBaJOT Bcero Kpyra np06J1CM Jl,aHHOil 06naCTIf.
....
h
COBepWCHCTBOBallJlC HaBblKOB ncpcnoJl,a C PYCCKoro H3blKa Ha allnmM-
CKHH - npou.ecc JI,JUlTeJ1bHblii, npOHCXO,lJ)lLUnri napaJ1nenbHO C 6eCKOHe'lllbnt
npOu.eccOM OCBoemUI H3b1Ka. 3J1,eCb HeT npe.n.cna cOBeplUeHcTBY. HCCOMHeHHO
OllIlO: KOnH'-ICCTBO BpcMeUIf, npOBeJl,eHHOrO 3a IIHTcpeCIICHlUcii TBOpLJeCKOH
pa60TOH nepcBo11a, U o6beM 3TOii pa60Tbi 06J13aTeJ1bHO nepeH11)'T B KalleCTBO
nepeBOD.a.
o
? BonpOCbl AJlSl caMOKOHTpOJlSl
.
1. lICM OTnU'-IaCTCH npolJ,ccc nepeBOJl,a C PYCCKOro Jl3blKa Ha aHrmlii-
CKliH If no'-lcM)' OH C'-IHTaeTCH 60ncc CnO)KHbIM no cpaBHcHUlo C nc-
PCBOJl,OM C aHrnnnCKOro Jl3blKa lIa pycclmrl?
2. liTO TaKOe npCD.MCTHaJI Clll)'aLlnH n KaKOBO ee 3Ha l iCHne llIDI ncpCBO-
Jl,a C pYCCKoro HJblKa lIa aHrJ1nikKufi?
3. liTO SlBJlHCTCH Han60ncc BaiKHbl">l ,ll,.Jl.H ncpCBOD. ' Il1Ka, KOTOpblH 3allHT
ncpCBOD.OM C pyccKoro H3blKa lIa aHrnnllcKlfH?
4. KaKoBo COOTHOlUCllne CMblcna Ii 3Ha l lCIIIIH KOHKpCTIlOrO CJ10Ba npl!
ncpeBo.nc C PyccKoro Ha allrnuiicKuH?
5. B '-IeM onaCHOCTb 6YKBaJllf3Ma (KaJ1bKUpOBaHHoro ncpcBolla)? npll-
BC.llIITC np IMCpbl.
6. KaKllC H3blKOBble CpC11cTBa Hcnonb3YloTCH WIH ncpe.na'-lll cMbIcna?
5 3ax 468 129
7. MCnOJTh30BaHI1e KaKHX Jl3blKOBbJX cpe.nCTB BJIeIJCT 3a co6on BceB03-
MO)KHble 3aMeHhl 11 npe06pa30BaHlIJI?
8. B KaKHX cny'laJIX Bbl60p JleKClIlJeCfo:oro COOTBeTCTBIUl Bbl3b1BaeT
Tpy.nHocnl y HaIJlrnalOlllero nepeBo.nIJI1Ka?
9. Dpl1Be.nI1Te npHMep, Kor.na o.nHa 11 Ta )Ke npe.nMeTHaJl cl'nyaUlli! B
PYCCKOM Jl3blKe MO)KeT 6blTb nO-pa3HoMY BblpalKeHa B aHrmdicKOM
H3b1Ke.
10. KaKlfM OTHOUIeHl1eM MOIyr 6bITb CBJl3aHbi IIcnoJlb3yeMbie npn nepe-
Bo.ne Ha aHrmdfcKHH Jl3b1K pyccKl1e H aUrJllfHCKlie rJlarOJIbl?
11. liTo Ha3b1BaeTCJI TeMOH H peMoH?
12. KaKoBbl oco6eHHocTH nepeBo.na npelUlo)Kemd\ C o6paTHbiM nopJl.n-
KOM CJIOB?
13. lITO H)')KHO Y'I"TL1BaTb npH nepeBO.ne PYCCKIIX 6C:L1HIJHbIX npe.lUlO-
)KeHHH Ha aHrJlHiicKHi:\ H3bIK?
14. B '1eM COCTOJIT oco6eHHoCTH nepeBo.na Ha aHrJIHHCKHU H3blK PYCCKUX
KOHCTpYKUI1" C OTrJIarOJIbHblMII cYUleCTBI1TeJlbHbIMU?
15. lITO TaKOe '1neHeHHe H o6oe.nHHeHHe KaK cnoco6bl nepeBo.na C pyc-
CKOro Jl3b1Ka Ha aHrJlHHCKHH?
16. liTO He06xo.nllMo y<lHThIBaTb B nepB}'IO OIJepe.nb npH rrepCBo.ne CBO-
60.nHb1X CJlOBOCO'leTaHHii? KaKHe JleKCl1lJeCKl1e H ceMaHHIIJeCKUe
npe06pa30BaHHJI npH 3TOM MOIyr npollcxo.nI1Tb?
17. B qeM COCTOJIT oc06eHHoCTI1 nepeBo.na Ha aHrmdicli:lfH Jl3blK PYCCKUX
$pa3eOJlOf"H3MOB (cBH3aHHblx CJlOBOCO'leTaHl1ii)?
18. KaKHe npneMbJ H cpe.ncTBa I1cnoJlb3YlOTCJI npH nepeBo.ne Ha anrJllln-
CKHH Jl3bJK ny6J1HlUICTH'lecKHX TeKcToB?
o npaKTM"feCKOe 3aAaHMe
npoaHaJlI13HpyiiTe npHMepbl nepeBo.na PYCCKHX npelUlO)KeHUii Ha aHr-
JlHiicKI1H Jl3blK H onpe.neJIHTe, KaKHe H3 BblUIenepelJHCJIeHHblX oc06eHllOCTeii
rom Tpy.nHOCTeH nepeBo.na 3.neCb npl1cyrcTB}'IOT:
1. OH H3BHHHJICJI, CKa3aB, qTO ero 'IaCbI on03obl6olOm.
He apologized saying that his watch was slow.
2. DOCKOJlbK}' CTIlpaJI 3KOHOMI1<leCKaJI CHCTeMa ymponlWlo ;HCu3I1ecnoc06-
lIocmb, Ha.u.O He OTKJJa.u.bIBaJI C03.naBan HOBYIO.
A new economic system has to be urgently built, since the old one 110
longer works.
130
3. Bo BCf:M MHpe JlUJCTaTOpbl mepl1Rm "pax.
Allover the world dictators fall.
4. 3KoHoMHKa H nonHTHKa lIepQ3pb/6Hb/.
The economy and politics go hand-in-hand.
5. Jhlillb 3HaTOKH MOryr narimu OTnHQIlH OT nOJlJIHHHbIX BarOHOB 4mpMbl
"Epem", 3aK)Jn'lellllb/X B AHrmm B 1907 ro.ny.
Only the experts could see the difference between this and the Bresh
trams brought from England in 1907.
6. HanpaBneHue 6b/6pa1l0 npaBWlbHoe.
We are heading in the right direction.
7. B nocJ1eollue ?oQbl 6blCTpO pa3BuBalOTcH MaJlble npen.npuHTHH.
Recent yeaTS smv a rapid development of small businesses.
8. 3a npoUleoullle oecRmb nem 6bIn npoBeJlen pHJl uccnen.OBaHUH B :noii
06nacnt.
The past decade has brollght about a number of investigations into this
field.
9. BOKPYZ 3mOli np06J1eMb/ BCer1l.a 6bInO MHoro COOpOB.
This problem has always been the subject of debate.
10. Ho 6HelliHeM pb/HKe 60nbwHM cnpocoM nonb3YlOTcH 3TJt TOBapbl.
There is a great demand for these goods in the foreign market.
I J. 06 Jmmf wen pa3rOBOp Ha noenemleM 3aCe1l.alum.
This was the theme of the last meeting.
12. Oco6eHHo cmpaoQlom OT cero1l.HHWHeii 6e3pa60HIUbl MonOllble mo-
1I.H, BnepBble nOna1l.alOIl!He Ha pblHOK "fPY1l.a.
The hardest hit are the first-time job seekers.
13. I1cxooR U3 mpe60(JaHlIIi :JK'U311U, Ha.1l0 nO-HoBoMY BJrnHHyrb Ha HeKO-
Topble npe1l.CTaBneHItH H KOHuenW1H.
Life prompts us to take a new look at some ideas and concepts.
14. PaCTtIT qucno CneUUaJlHCTOB BblcweH KBaJlmIJl1KaUItH. 3T0 nlOIUI, 6eJ
KOTOpbIX pQ36Unllle cOBpeMeHHoti 3KOHO\IllKU npocTo HeB03MO>KHO.
We have a growing number of highly skilled specialists. Without
them today's economy would simply be incapable of developmellt.
131
] 5. fl06blule1lue Ha.'10206, poem IleH, eOKpaU,ellue npuU3Boocm(J(I II 'Ja-
oep:JlcKu C (JbllllWmoii 3apnTJambl nOBJleKllIl 3a c060il 3l1a'llnenLHoe
nOHH)KeHHe ypOBHJI lIaCeneHIfJl.
Increased tax:es, soaring prices. redllced production and delayed
wages considerably lowered people's living standards.
16. flpoBeoellue nepe206op08 no 3TOMY KPYry BonpocOB He TonLKO )Kena-
TenbHO. HO H He06xoJUIMO.
Negotiations on these issues are not only desirable but necessary.
17. 3TO rOBopHT 0 He06xon.uMocTIl pocnla npOll3BOOCm8o II COKpalll€lIl11/
6e3pa60nlUlfbl.
This points to the necessity of keeping production growing and bring-
ing down unemployment.
18. On.HOCTOpOHHIIH ynop lIa 8oellH)'1O elmy B KOHe'lHOM CLJ(:Te ocna6nJleT
n.pyrne KOMnOHeHTbl HaUHOHaJlbliOH 6e30nacHocTIl.
If a country relies exclusi\'ely on military might, it will in the final
analysis undermine other aspects of its own security.
19. TaKOn, Ha nepBL!" B3rnJln., 1l'lIoe O,'1R 3KOllmfW\Il 06epHyncJI r.umy-
eOM - pe3KIIM HapacTaHueM KpH311CHbiX JlBneHlliI.
At first sight this seemed an economic victory. But it further deepened
the crisis.
20. HeCMOmpJllla HeKomopble nOJW:J/Cume.'1bHble C06lI?U B pRoe ceKlllOpOB,
3KOIl0MU'leCKWI clm'yaljUR B uenOM OCTae-rCJI O'leHb CnO:ilmOll.
Some sectors have achieved certain improvemems. but the economic
situation as a whole is very complicated.
21. npouecc "$eMIIHH3aLlHH" Haer.IHOrO TpYJIa - a6CORlOl111lblU U U11IJ/o-
CUmeJ7bllblU pocm :J/CeHcKoli 'lacmu 3KOJIO.'Ill'leCKU aKll111BH020 Hace-
Jlelll11/ - 3acnY)KIIBaeT oco6oro BHltMaHUJI.
The number of women in the active population has grown in real and
absolute terms. The process known as feminization of labour deserves
special attention.
22. Bce 'iawe II BCe rpoM'le MbI roBOpllM 0 r.rry6I1HHLIX np"'IItHaX TOpMO-
:>KeHHJI pe$opM H, KOHe'inO, MLI XOTlIM y6eJIIITbCJl B 006poc08ecmllo-
cmu npoeKmallmoB.
We are becoming ever more outspoken in analyzing the profound fac-
tors that slow down reforms. and naturally we want to find out
whether the desigllers acted ill good faith.
132
23. Mbl cerl'Jac cmOlW Ha pa3BJIJIKe ./!opor.
We are now at crossroads.
24. flJ7oXO pa60mQloU/e. IY npOU360()cm6v Yll06HO 6UIIU111b CMe:>lCIIUK06.
It's convenient for a loss-making company to blame suppliers for its
own fault.
25. repMaHIUI 3allUMaem 00110 10 6eoyU{ZL"C Mecm no 3Kcnopmy onTJI'le-
CKlIX np1l60poB.
Germany is a key e>..porter of optical instruments.
26. CHOBa 6ce ynlipaeTCJI B 3KOHO\fIl'lec"-"Y1O Mo./!elIb.
Again we return to the economic model
27. He cmpeMRcb oc06eHHo K nonYJ/Rpllocmll. CraHIICJIaB lllaTamm, 113-
BeCTHblii PYCCKIiH 3KOHOMHCT, OTHOCIIJICJI K TeM, KTO ./!IDKe B caMoH
CJlO)/(IlOH CH1)'aWIH He n0360J7Rem 3MOlfWlM 3QX,?eC11lIlymb paccyooK.
A man, who steered clear of the limelight, Stanislav Shatalin, a well-
known Russian economist, applied a business-like approach to analy-
sis of the most complex of situations.
28. Ha1l60.T/ee Heyoo6.7em6opumeJ/bHo 06c11l0u11l oe.1O C MepaMu no Bbl-
nycK)' TOBapoB Hapo./!Horo no-rpe6JIeHIUI.
The hardest hit is the consumcr goods production.
29. 3KOHo"M1I'leCKIiH pOCT pa3BI1BalOlI..{HXCJI cTpall cYlI..{eCTBeHHO OClIO)/(-
I-IJleTCJI, a lIepeOKO nOJlIIOCnlblO napaJ7luyemcR no./! B1I1IIIHileM TaKl1X
4>anopoB, KaK YXYllWeHJle YCJIOBUH 06MeHa Ha M1IpOBOM pLIHKe, 0[-
pOMHaJI BHeWHJIJI 3all0J1)/(eHHOCTb 11 }')/(eCTO'leHlle YCJ10Bllii npe./!oc-
TaBJIeHUJI Kpel!l-tTOB.
Economic growth of the developing countries has been severcly im-
peded, if not paralyzed due to such factors as the deteriorating terms
of cxchange in the world markets, a vasl foreign debt and restrictions
imposed on credils.
30. bOlIbrnlIHCTBO 113 npelL'IaraeMbrX nporpaMM J/e:JIC011l :wi!pmabl.M 2pY3mt.
Most of the programs offered lie on the shelves collecting dust.
133
a l/acmb V.
nPAKTVlKYM nEPEBO.QA
3Ta 'laCTb ny6m1K)'cMoro K)'Pca nepeBona COCTOHT U3 11BYX pm.acnOB C
npaKTll'-leCKHMIl MaTepHaJIaMH )]JJH IIcpeBOlla C aHrnllilcKoro Ha PYCCKHH 11 C
PYCCKOro Ha aHrnui1cIGlll. B 060ux pmJJ.enax .1I.alOTCH KOMMeH rapUH, concp-
>KaWIiC Hau60Jlcc TUn1l'IHbiC ollm6KU, CTaTbl1 C ncpeBOllaMU llJIH aHaJIlna 11
06CY>KIICUIIH llOCTOHHCTB 11 HCIIOCTaTKOB lIocne11HIIX, a TaK>KC CTaTblf )]JJH nc-
peB011a no CnCWlaJIbHOCTH "Me>KLI)'Hap011HbIC 3KOHOMII'leCKUC OTIIOliJCHI1H".
5.1. nepeso.Q C aHrl1 v.CKoro Sl3blKa Ha PYCCKHV.
XOpOliJHH nepeB011 'lawe Bcero HC 3aMC'laCTCH "llHaTenCM. DpHBJ1eKaIOT
BHliMaImC nHliJb nepeB011'ICCKHe HeY11a'lH (nHncycbl), KOTopble Bbl3BaHbi PH-
110M nplI'-lHH:
uec06nlOlleHueM HOpM PYCCKOro H3b1Ka;
06HnHeM 6YKBaJIH3MOB;
ncpeUOCOM rpaMMaTit'leCKHX CTpYI\I)'P 113 aurnlliicKoro H3blKa B PYC-
CKHii;
CTIUlUCTH'leCKIIMH nOrpeliJHOCTHMU;
HeYMeHHeM nonb30BaTbC1I cnOBapeM.
BHlIMaTenbHOMY 'lHTaTenlO, KOTOpbli1 BJ1allCeT aHrmti1cKIiM H3bIKOM, .ua>Ke
HeT Heo6xoJl,HMOCTH HMeTb nepe.a C060H OpHntHaJI, 'lT06bl }B11lleTb orpCXU B
nepeBOlle. PaCCMOTpHM llJIH npUMepa OTpblBOK H3 HUTCpBblO, KOTopoe .uaJI
"6enOPYCCKOH ):{eJ10Boit rmeTe.' COBCTHltK BCCfo.UlpHOro 6aHKa ):{>KOH ):{O-
HaJI.uCOH (CTIlTbH O. TOMaliJCBCKOM "3a Ka>KllblM KpC.uUTOM CWA BJI,!J)lT caoil
Hlrrcpcc" a HOMcpe 3a 4 OKT1I6pH 1999 r.; O'lCBI1.llHO, HHTepBblO 6blJIO 3anHca-
HO Ha .lIYIKTOelioH H 3aTeM ncpeBe11eHo aBTopOM CTaTbu).
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«...60JlbliJJ1HCTBO aMepHKaHueB XOTHT BU.ueTb KOHKpeTH)'IO nOnb3Y B
Tex c$epax, KOTOpble OHH 1JepeJ BCeMUpHblR 6aHK nOlUlep>KUBaJOT - B
cellepe 06pmOBaHHH, OpraUH3aUHH 6a3060U feOU1JUlICKOU nOMOUJu. 1
HapyrueHHe YCToH-mBoro CO'leTIlHHH B PYCCKOM H3b1Ke, Bb\3BaHHOe
KaJIbKHpOBaHHeM aHrJlHHCKOrO CJlOBa basic.
134
OHU XOTI1T 6L1n. )'BepeHHbIMH, qro BCe 60JIbWe JlIOD.eH MO)l(eT 1l0C'la-
x()ombCR 1 XOTJI 61.1 caMblMH npoCTbIMIi D.OCTIi)l(eHIDIMIi pblHO'lHOH
3KOHOMHKIi, KOTOpble ecTb y aMep IKaHl(eB. 11M XOlleTCJI, lIT06bl Ii Y
D.pyrHX 61.1110 mo xe cG./I.we. 2 Ha MOn B3r.lUl.fi, cerOD.nJl AMepHKa no-
3
HHMaeT, KaKIIMH MOryr 6b1Tb nocneD.CTBIDI lleUH6eCmUpOfJOHUJI B PaJ-
BIiBalOUlHeCJI CTpaHbl. ECTb HeMaJIO JlIOD.en, KOTopble ClIlITalOT, liTO
61OD.)I(eT D.OJI)I(eH cj:JHHaHCHpOBaTb TOJIbKO II)')KD.b1 ClllA. ECTb II nOJIII-
nlKlI, KOTOpble ClIHTaIOT, 'lTO tiy)l(HO D.YMaTb TonbKO 0 CBoeH CTpaHe,
$HHaHCHpOBaTb TOJIbKO OMepUKOIiCKue OeJ/o. 4 KCTaTH, O"ieHb MHorue
aMepllKaHlThl C'lHTaIOT, 'lTO Ha BHeWHee HHBeCTHpOBaHHe HD.eT ropa3.!lO
60JIbWIIH npOl(eHT 61OD.)I(eTHb1X CpeD.CTB, 'IeM :Jmo ecmb 5 Ha caMOM ne-
JIe.
Ho nOnaBJUIJOmee 6oJIbWHHCTBO aMepHKaHl(eB 6epRm 6 , "iTO pblHKH ne-
pepaCTaJOT Hal(HOHaJIbHble paMKH, "iTO pblHOK paCTeT B rn06aJIbHbiX
MaCWTa6ax. EcJU pblHKH CTpaHbl OTKpblTbl, TO 3TO XopOWO He TOJlbKO
111111 3THX CTpaH, }!O H 111111 CiliA. Pa3YMHoe HHBeCTltpOBaHHe B HItX $16-
llRemCR xopOUteu uoeeu. 7 R nyMalO, Mbi nOCTllrnH onpeD.eJICHHOrO npo-
rpecca B 06'bJlCHeHHH aMepUKaHCKOu ayoumopllu 8 ne06xoD.HMOCTH Ta-
I HenpaBlUIbHblH Bbl60p 3HalleHIDI CJIOBa el/joy. KpoMe HaC!UJ:)/Coal1lbCJl.
CJIOBapb naeT eme OD.HO 3Ha"ieHHe: nO b3O(JambCJl (HanpHMep, to enjoy the
rights - nOJIb30BaTbCJI npaBa III).
7
- r1pOTHBope'lHe npeD.bl.IJ;j'll(eM}' npe111l0)l(eHHIO, nOCKonbK)' aMepHKaHl(bl
nO.lIh3YlOTCJI D.aJIeKO He COMbllt-tU npOcmblMU D.OCTlI)I(eHlfIlMH PblHO'-lHOit 3KO-
HOMHKH, n03TOM}' mo ;)ICe CllMoe - HeYMeCTHoe BblpIDKeHHe B D.aHHOM KOH-
TeKCTe.
3 CnIJIHCnl"ieCKaJl norpeWHOCTb, Bbl3BaHHaR aHrnllHCKHM CJIOBOM I/ol/il/-
vestment. MO)l(HO 6blJI0 ynOTpe6HTb npHD.aTO"iHoe ycnoBHoe npe111l0)l(eHHe
"eCJIu ue 6yoem lIH6ecmlllfuit".
4 3neCb nepeBOD.lIHK JlBHO nepecTapaJIcJI. He aJ.tepUKaHcKue oeJ/a (husi-
nesses), a G.\fepUKaHcKuii 6u3uec.
5 JIllwHHe cnOBa, nepeHeCCHHble H3 CTpYKTYPbl aHrmtlfcKoro npe111l0)l(e-
HWI (HanpllMep, than it is in reality).
6 He 6epJ/m, a C'lumalom IIJIH nOllazalOm. OnJlTb (KaK H CJIOBOM el/joy) B
nepeBo.!te HCnOJIb30BaJIOCb 3I1a"ieHHe, KOTOpoe "Ha CJ1YXy" BMeCTO .!tpyrHx,
KOTopble .!taCT cnOBapb. HeJIHwHe HanOMHlffb npoC1)'JO HCTHH)': 6eJ CRoBapR
pa60maem J'UUlb clL"oY6epenn6'u U (UJlu) JlenUB6'u IlepcBolJ'IUK.
7 Emf! o.!tHa KaJIbKa C aHrmdfcKoro BblpIDKeHHJI ... is a good idea. HH 0 Ka-
KoR H.!tee 3.!teCb pe'lb He l1.!teT. MO)l(HO roBOpHTb 0 lfeJ/eco06p03Hocmu B .!taH-
HOM CJIyqae.
8
CTIIJIHCTH'leCKaR norpeWHOCTb, Bbl3BaHHaJl 6YKBaJIbHblM nepeHOCOM
3Ha"ieHlIJI CJIOBa audience. npome 6b1JIO 6b1 Hanl1CaTb "aJ.tepUKaHCKlI.M 2pa:JIC-
oaHG.1\.f 111111 OMepuKaHlfOM n.
135
Koro ctJJiHaHCHpOBaHIUI. Me)f(J.lY npOLJHM, 3TO 2060pum B nOJIL3Y TOro,
LJTO MI,l 2060pU.U I He KaK aMepHKaHUbl HJIn npCJ.lCTaBHTCnJl KaKOH-nu60
D,pyroi\ HalJUU 2 , a KaK Me)f(!{)'HapOJlHbIC LJUHOBHHKH - COTPY.llHUKII op-
11IH1f3amlJl, npC.llCTaBJIIlIOIllCif MHonle CTpaHbl. KorJ.la MI,l 06"b CH eM
.lle TCnbHOCTL BCCMHpHoro 6aHKa aMcpHKaHuaM, B ncpB)'JO OLJepeJ.tb
MI,l 06"bSICWICM JIM, LJTO MI,l JlenaeM B Tex cTpaHax, KOTophle 6epym 6
OO1l2. J M)'I XOTHM 06"bIlCHHTb, LJTO TO, LJTO Mbl J.lenaCM - 3TO HC Bbl6pa-
CblBannc J.lCHCr Ha Bcrep. JIIOJIIIM, KOTOpblC nOJIYLJalOT ,!leHbnl, HC
Il)'ilma MHJIOCTblH , HM H)')f(Ha B03MO)f(HOCTb H3McmlTb CBOIO )f(ll3l1b. 11
3TO 3aCma6J/Jlem 4 JIIOJ.leH UCHHTb TY pa6o-ry, KOTOp)'JO Mbl npOBO,[(HM B
3THX CTpaHax.
Mbl paCCKa3b1BaCM aMcpHKaIluaM 0 TOM, KaKHC 61,11111 YCTaIfOBneHbl
CBII3J1. B 60nbl1lHHCTBe cnYLJaCB MI,l CTpCMUMC . LJT06b1 Ilpe.llnpmITH
CiliA pa6oma,71J 6Mecme 5 C npe.llnpn nl MH cTpaH-no.'1YLJaTCncif no-
MOIllH. 3To He06xoJUIMO H .llJl Toro, LJTo6b1 6bl /Q coe. aHa lIallia pa60-
'fa. B JfD,CaJ1C MI,l XOTCJIJf Obi 6b1T)' 3a Ka.apOM - LJTo6bl LJaCTllblH ceKTOp
J.lcnaJ1 CBOe .acno, a npaBJfTCnbCTBO - CBOe. B PC3YJlbTaTC TaKO" n01ll1-
TOKH CTpaHbl-nonYLJaTCnJf nOMOIllH CTaHOB TCII J.lOHopa lJf. H 110Jl1020-
10m pa60mamb \ cmpaHauu. Komopble He I1pOlI6emalOm».
B nCpCBOJ.laX C alfrJIHHcKOro Ha PYCCKliH 3b1K UHTCpBblO, TCMaTUKa KO-
TOpblX nHTepccye-r JIlilliL CnCUUaJ1HCTOB B TOll 11.111'1 HHOH 06naCHI, Heo6x01U1-
MO 6bITb oco6ellHO BHHMaTcnbH),IM K Tep niHaM. npOallaJ1Jf3HPyeM HCKOTO-
pblC MeCTa H3 IIHTCpBbJO npCJ.lCTanHTCJIH MB<f> B Pccny6JIHKe DcnapYCb Map-
Ka XopTOHa «(EeJIOPYCCKa ra3e-ra», 30 0l<T 6p 2000 r.):
I HC)f(CnaTenbHO JfCnOnb30BaTb .llBa)f(.llbl o;um rJIaron B npCJl)lmKCHlu1.
3J.lcc), nO.llOI1lJIO 6bl "6blcmYl1ae.M ".
2 11 CHOBa HCBCpH)'IH Bbl60p 311aLJCHHII cnOBa, cnpOBounpOBaHHblH }?KC H3-
BCCTHblM HaM HBJICHJlCM "nO)l{H),IC .llpy.3b ncpeno.aLJHKa" (CM. IJacT)' 2 .aaHHO-
ro KYPca "JIcKCJfLJCCKHe np06JICMbI nCpCBO.lla"). Nation ropa3.110 LJalllC nepe-
BOlI.IITC KaK cmpaHo. HOpOiJ.
3 CnlJ1HCTULJeCKH OnpaBlI.aHHblM 31I.CCb 6bln 61.1 BapuaHT "KOmOpblJU I1pe-
OOCma61lRIOmCR Kpeoumbl".
4 3J.leCb HC HJ.leT pC'll. 0 TOM, LJTO KTO-TO KorO-TO 3aCTaB.fISIJI. 3TO ney.aa'lHo
BblopaHHOC JUTH nCpCBOJ.la CJIOBO 6YKBaJ1bHO nepCHCCCHO 113 aHrJIHHCKOro
make people value. CMblcn KOToporo: oaem llIOOR.M 603.\IO:HCHOCmb Oljellumb.
5 OLJCBHllHO, I1MeeTCIJ B BII).{)' compYOHlI'l{UU, a He pa60manu 6.uecme.
CTlU1HCTI1LJCCKaJ1 OlU116Ka. OC'faBlUJiCCH .llBa BblpaiKCHJUI 113 npIiBC.llCHHOrO
I1HTepBbJO, BblllCJ1CHHbIC KypCIIBOM, TalOKC OTHOC TCH K CTJfJ1HCTHLJCCKJIM no-
rpCI1IHOCT"M ncpeBOlla.
136
),
'0
-
...n03TOMY. C06CTBeHHO roBOpH. EenapYCb He HMeeT COrJIarnemLII
stand-by.
... Pe'lb 0 stand-by MO>KeT Hn,TII nHlllb TonbKO B TOM cn)"lae, Korna pe-
3ynbTaTbl MOHIfTOpHHra ... O KIDKyT CH ycnelllHblMH.
)-
M
lb
6
i-
IC
11
B
Bblwe (B <JaCTH BTOpOH llaHHoro K}'pca) }1Ke OTMe'laJlOCb. <JTO B PYCCI\OM
TCKCTe n,on>KHO 6b1Tb BCl! HamlcaHO nO-PYCCKH HnH. KaK HCKJlJO<JCHHe, llaBaTb-
CH B n,BYX BaplIalITax. AIDKe ccnu lIeT 3KBHBaneJrra TepMlllry stand-by. MOIKHO
n,aTb ero B TpaHcKpullUHH (CTIJUI.-6aH) H npll nepBoM ynoMllllaHHH nmICHHTb.
lITO OH o603Ha<JaeT.
bl
III
J-
J-
>p
I-
Q-
I13BCCTHO. 'ITO aHrJlOH3bl<JHaH TepMllllononlH Me)Kn.yHapO.ll.1I0ro BanIOT-
Horo 1}>0Hn,a - 3TO cBoeo6bl'IHblH >KaprOH, KOTOpblii nOlUlTell n,aneKO lie nCCM
3KOHOMIlCTaM-HOCIITeJ1HM aHrnllHCKoro H3b1Ka. TeM 60nee eCTb lIe06xon,n-
MOCTb B nOHCHeHiLllX. 11 CUlt! C OJ1HiIM TaKliM TepMIIHoM npo.iXC TaK II nocrynu-
ill! B ny6nHl\aulIlI YKaJaHHoro HHTCpBblO:
o-
Il-
0-
-
...B HeKoropblx cTpaHax. K npHMepy B JIIITBe, MOlleTapllblH pC>KIiM
n03BOIDIeT C 60nblllofi nep01lTHOCTbIO npen,cK33blBaTb I<Ypc HaUHO-
HaTlbHOH BaTlIOTbl. B JIHTBe n,eiicTBYeT BaTllOTHOe ynpaBneHlle (cur-
rency boar d):.:.;..
p-
H.
OllHaKO n.aTlee B TeKCTe HI-ITCpBblO YlKe I}>HrypHpyeT TonbKO aHfnHiicKHH
BapuaH 3Toro TepMIIHa:
13-
0-
* m
...On.IIH 113 npe.ll.1laraeMblX BapuaHTOB CTa61f11ll'3alUUf 6enopYCCKOro
py6nH - nplfBH3Ka <Jepe3 currency board K poccHficKOMY. ...
...Korn.a rOBopRT 0 currency board. Ha,110 OTBCnlTb Ha Bonpoc: «rOTO-
Bbl JIll npaBHTenbCTBO H KOMMep'leCKlle 6aHKU pa60TaTb 6e3 Kpen.HTOB
UeHTpaTIbJlOrO 6aHKa?» ...
...TaK <JTO currency board - KpacHBblH lleBlI3, HO EenapYCb He roToBa
K BOIUlOUleHHlO ero B >KH3Hb ...
'e-
'e-
rfO
ro
Ie. KCTaTlf, npH ncpeBon.e TaKoro pOJ1a IfHTepBblO Heo6xon.HMO BOOPY>KlfTbCH
ro CneWlaTlbHblMH cnOBapHMH, a B n,aHHOM cnY'lae - rnoccaplle 1 MB$, KOTO-
0- pLIH n.al!T 3Ha<JeHlIe TepMHJla currency board KaK ea'llOlll1fbUi coeem (KOMlI-
mem), Mexallll3M earllonm020 coeema.
137
-
. 3aAaHMe 1
OpoaHaJUl311pYHTC ncpeBO.n TCKCTa C aHrnl1ficKoro H3blKa Ha PYCCKI1H.
06panne BHHMaHHe Ha neKCH"eCKI1C 11 rpaMManlqeCKlie npl1CMbl nepenOll.3.
THE ROLE OF THE WORLD BANK IN BELARUS
(npeJIOCTaBJIeHO npe.nCTaBJiTCJlbCTBOM BeeMl1pHoro 6aHKa B I>enapycn. 1998 r.)
II The World Bank started working
with the Government of Belarus in
] 992. The first project was to im-
prove the environment, and it fo-
cused on improved forest manage-
ment in the Belavezhskaya Pushcha
nature reserve. From that time the
World Bank has assisted with an
economic rehabilitation loan, institu-
tion building, forestry development,
phase-out of zone-depleting sub-
stances, and a number of technical
assistance projects supporting areas
such as legal reform. procurement,
social safety net, public education.
macroeconomic assistance and oth-
ers.
g Currently preparatory work is go-
ing ahead for a pilot project to save
energy in schools and hospitals. The
total value of loans approved from
1993 to date has been about $] 70
million, and grant financing secured
by the World Bank from other
sources has been about $10 million.
138
II BCeMl1pHblH 6aHK HaqaJ1 pa60TaTb
C npaBHTeJIbCTBOM Ecnapyclf B 1992
ro.ny. nCpnblH npoeKT Obi.'! HanpaB-
nCH Ha ynyqWeHlie OKp}')KaIOWeH
Cpe.iJ.bl. Ero 33D.aqa 3aI<J1IOQaJ1aCb B
nOBblWeHlIl1 KaQeCTBa ynpaBneHIDI
neCHblMI1 pecypcaMI1 Ha 6a3e 3ano-
Be.iJ.HlIKa EenOBC)I(CKall nyw.a. Oocne
:noro BceMHpIlblH 6aHK OKa3blBaJ1
nOIll1epiKKY EenapYCH B BH.ne 3KOHO-
MH1.JeCKHX 3aHMon (pea6I1JlHTaUHOH-
HblH 11 IIHCHI1)'UIIOHaJ1bHbIH, lIa Pa3-
BI1Hle JlCCHOrO x03HilcTBa), rpailTOB
(Ha BblBO.ll. 113 npl1MeHeHIUJ 030HO-
pa3pywalOw.HX BCW.CCTB), a TaIOKe B
BH.ne npoeKTOB TeXHH1.JeCKOfi nOMO-
W.H B TaKHX 06J1aCTHX KaK pe$opMa
npaBOBOH CHCTCMbl, rOC3aK)'nKI1.
CIICTeMa COUHaJ1bHOH nOMOw.If, Ha-
pO.ll.HOe 06pa30BaHlIC. MaKp03KOHO-
MlIQCCKlie KOHCYJlbTaUliH Ii T..lI..
g B HaCTOJlw.ec BpCMH ocyrnecTBJlH-
eTCH pa60T3 no nO.ll.rOTOBKC nlIJlOT-
Horo npocKTa no 3Heproc6epc)I(eHInO
B UJKOJlaX If 60JlbHHuax. 06w.lii1
06'beM 3aHMoB, BbI.UeJlCHHbIX B nepH-
O.ll. C 1993 rO.ll.a no HaCTOHrncc BpeMH,
COCTaBnHCT OKono 170 M11H. .lI.onna-
pOB, a $HHaHClipOBaHlie B BlI.lI.e
rpaHTOB, nOJI)"IeHHbIX BceMHpHblM
6aHKoM H3 .lI.pynlx HCTOQHI1KOB, co-
CT3BJlHCT OKono 10 M,1H. .lI.OnJlapOB.
.
g No new loans were approved after
1994 apart from a $1 million prepa-
ration loan in 1998 for the energy
efficiency project. Several loans un-
der preparation were suspended in
1995 and 1996 - private enterprise
finance, petroleum development, and
flood control on the Pripyat river.
The first of these was suspended be-
cause of policy disagreements, and
the second two were cancelled be-
cause the Government decided not to
go ahead with them.
9 In June 1997 the World Bank and
the Government signed an agreement
(the Memorandum of Understand-
iog - MoU) on a broad refonn pro-
gram as a basis for the resumption of
the lending program.
o
a However, none of the most impor-
tant reforms that were set out in the
MoU have been undertaken. As a re-
sult, in April 1998 a high level World
Bank Operations Committee sus-
pended the preparation of new pro-
jects in Belarus. The MoU's most
important provisions concerned: (i)
exchange rate liberalization; (ii) price
decontrol; (iii) credit restraint; (iv)
phase-out of subsidies, and (v) priva-
tization.
I,
-
g nocne 1994 ro.lla HOBbie 3aHMbi He
Bbl.llemUllicb. 33 HCKJlIO'ieHUeM
$] Mn H. B 1998 rollY Ha no.n.roToBKY
npoeKTa no 3Heproc6epe)Kemtlo. B
1995 Ii 1996 ro.llax 6b1na npel<pame-
113 nO.llrOTOBKa HeCI<OnbKIIX 3aIIMOB:
cJ>lfH3ncoBoii nODllep)\(KI! 'IaCTHoro
npe.llnpUHHMaTenbCTBa. pa3BIITHH
HCcJ>THHOH oTpacml. npoTHBOnaBO.ll-
KOBOIt 3alllHTbI B 6acceHHe peKI1
nplfnHTb. Pa60Ta Ha.ll nepBblM 3aH-
MOM 6LIJ1a OCTaHOBneHa 1f3-3a pa3HO-
rnaCU" B 3KOIIOMII'ICCKOH nomlTHKe.
a BTOpLIC llBa 6blJllf OTMCIICHbl U3-3a
peWCHHH npaBllTCnbCTBa IIX He
6paTb.
9 B lIlOHC ] 997 ro.lla BccMnpllhlii
6aHK U npaBuTenbcTso nOLmncaJUI
cornaWCHlie (Mer-lOpaHllYM 0 S3aJl-
MonOHIIMamlli - MoB) 0 BceCTopOH-
Hen nprpaMMC PC4IOPM - OCHOBe lUIH
B0306HOBJ1eHHH KpC.llIfTIIOIt no.ll-
.llCP)KKlI.
O.llHaKO He 6bma npOBe.lleHa Hli
O.llHa U3 caMblX Ba)\(HbIX pe4l0pM, CO-
.llep>KamllxcjJ B MoB. B pe3ynbTaTe B
anpcJ1c 1998 r. onepalUloHHbIH KO-
MIITCT Bccr-mpHoro 6aHKa, 'inCHaMU
KOToporo jJi3njJlOTCjJ PYKoBO.lllneJUI
BblCllIcro 3SCHa, npliocTaHOBHJ1 no.ll-
rOToBKY HOBbiX npOell.TOB ,lJ.J1jJ ECJ1a-
PYCIi. K HaH60nee Ba>KHbIM nonO>Ke-
HIfHM MoB OTHOCHTCjJ: (a) nH6epaJIlI-
3aUIDI 06McHHoro Kypca; (6) OTMel-la
perymlpOBaHI1H LlCH; (s) orpaHlt'le-
HHe Kpe.llltTHOH 3MIfCClm; (r) nOCTe-
nCHHajJ OTMeHa Cy6CH.llIfH; (.ll) npll-
BaTH3aLlHjJ.
139
3 No substantive action in these key
areas has been taken. The economy
remains subject to as tight or even
tighter controls over the exchange
rate and prices. Credit growth has
continued with accompanying infla-
tion and currency instability, and
subsidies have remained as large as
before. Privatintion has progressed
very slowly and then largely in the
smaH scale sector.
The economy has grown quite
rapidly in the past two years; the
Government has statcd that this is a
sign that the policies are working.
The view of the World Bank, how-
ever, is that while this is a real
achievement. it has been mainly the
result of bringing idle capacity back
into operation and reopening old
markets in Russia. It has not been
backed by fundamental enterprise
reforms and has been accompanied
by a worsening trade deficit. loss of
foreign exchange reserves and de-
clining profitability.
Investment has been inadequate,
and little progress in new techniques
or new products has been made,
which would make Bclarus competi-
tive in the world market. Yet these
are the indispensable ingredients of
long term economic growth without
which production assets will deterio-
rate and the C{;onomy will stagnate
after a time.
140
3 B :HHX Kl1lO'IeBblX 06nacTJlx He
6b1110 nplUUlTo HIlKaKHX cyw.CCTBeH-
HblX Mep. B 3KOHoMUKe npo11omKa-
eTCJI )J(ecTKoe Ii BCe 60Jlcc Y)J(eCTo-
LJalomcecJl peryJlllpOB8Hlle 06MCHHO-
ro Kypca 11 ueH. np011011)J(aeTC1r pOCT
Kpe11ItTHOii 3MliCCli11, conpoBo)J(-
11alow.liikJl 1H4>JlIIUliCn Ii HCCTa-
61111bHOCTblO BaJlIDTbl, a 06"beM cy6-
CIiI11Ii1M OCTaTlCJI TaKIIM )J(e, KaK iii
paHbwe. npIIBaTIiI3aUIIJl npOIlCxOIlJlT
OLJeHb Me,WleHHO II, B OCIIOBIIOM, B
ceklope MaTlblX npe11npmITUH.
i)3KOI-lOl\UlKa pocna l1OBOJlbllO 61>1-
CTpO B nOCl1e11HHe Jl.Ba rol1a. npaBu-
Tel1bCTBO CLJIITaCT :HO Jl.OKaJaTCl1bCT-
BOM 34><!JeKTI1BHOCTII npOBOJl.UMOii
nOmITlIKU. Ol1llaKo, no MHeHll10
Bccl\1HpHoro 6aHKa, HeC IOTpJl Ha TO,
LJTO 3TO pCaTlbHOC 110CTli)J(CHIIC, B cro
OCHOBe, rnaBHblM 06PaJOM, nC)J(HT
BBC11eHIlC B CTpoii npOCTallBaBWI1X
MOw.IIOCTeii II B0306HOBnCHUC pa60-
Tbl Ha npC)J(HHX poccuikKIIX pblHKax.
POCT HC n011Kpenl1eH <!JYH11aMell-
TaTlbHblMII pe4>opMaMIi npe11npllJiTlliI
II conpOBO)J(l1aeTCII YBemlLJ:CmICM
11c4>muna TOproBJlIi, COKpaw.CHlleM
BaJllOTHblX pC3epBOB II CHII)KCHlleM
peHTIl6CJlbHOCTH.
3 He110CTaTOLJeH 06"bl!M HHBCCTII-
UIIH, HCBcnHK nporpecc B OCBoeHlilU
HOBOn TCXHOl1onm II HOBblX 11311e-
mli\, LJTO IIc06x011HMO 11JUI 06ecne-
LJeHHJI KOHKypeHTocnoc06HOCTH Ee-
JlapYCH Ha MHpOBOM pbIHKC. Bce
3TO - He3aMeHHMble COCTaBJlJiIOw.He
110nrOCpOLJHOrO 3KOHOMIILJCCKOro
pOCTa, 6C3 KOTOpblX npOl13B011CTBCH-
Hble 4>OH11bl 6y.nyT paJpywaTbCJi, 11
co BpCMeHeM HaLJHeTCJI CTarHaUIIJl
3KOHOMHKH.
1-
This lack of product development
and competitiveness is one of the
reasons for the diversion of export
trade from the West to the Russian
market. The Russian market will ab-
sorb Belarus' products because of
tariff protection, traditional loyalties,
and because Belarus accepts barter
paymcnt, which other supplicrs do
not.
r
IIi! But this situation cannot last.
Russian consumers will sooner or
later switch to cheaper or highcr
quality products from East Asia or
the West.
>,
'0
x.
II! Investmcnt and innovation can-
not be sufficient because profits are
down, local savings are too low, and
foreign inveslment in Belarus is
among the lowest per capita in the
FSU [former Soviet Union].
[H
f-
[I! The reason why investment is
not taking place is because of infla-
tion and currency instability and be-
cause the controls on the market have
caused money to flee out of the
country and foreign investment to be
discouraged.
-
a OTCyrCTBUC HOBOii npoLlYKWUf H
HeKOHK)'peHTOCnoc06HoCTb - oLlHa
H3 npI[1IUH nepeopUeHTaW1H 3Kcnop-
Ta c 3anaLlHbIX pblHKOB Ha POCCUH-
CKIiC. PblHOK POCCIlU nornOlll.aeT 6e-
nopYCCKYIO npol{)'KUIUO B CIUI)' Ta-
pmlmoH 3alllifTbl, TpaLlliUUOHHoro
nocTOJUlcTBa, a TaK)!(C nOTOMY, 'I TO
6cnapYCb cornaCHa Ha onnal)' 6ap-
TCpOM. B OTJII[1IIiC OT LlPyrnx no-
cTaBlllHKoB.
IIi! o.ZUlaKo, nOLl0611aSl CliTYaUHSI He
MO)!(eT npO'l.OJI>KaTbCH. PaHo unl1
n03LlHO POCCl1fiCKUC nOTpc6uTenH
npeLlnoLfl)'T fionce LleWCBYIO U fionee
Ka'feCTBeHH)'IO npoLlYKUHIO BOCTOLf-
HOH A3UIl lUlU 3anaLla.
II! 113-3a HH3KOii npl16bIJIli HHBC-
CTHUHII H I1HHOBaUI1U OCYllleCTBnH-
10TCSI B HeLlOCTaTO'fHOM 06"LeMe. Hu-
30K ypOBCHb c6epe)!(eHUH HaceneHIUI.
a no VPOBWO IIHOCTpaHHblX UHBe-
CTIIUHH Ha .uyWY HacenCHIIH 6cna-
PYCb 3aHUMaeT OLlHO 113 nocncLlIUix
MeCT cpelUl pecny6JIIIK 6bIBlllero
COBeTCKoro COI03a.
[D I1HBecTHUlIIf HC npOll3BOD)lTCH
"3-3a IUlIl)JIHUHH Ii HeCTa61UlblloCTH
BaJllOTbl, a TaK)!(e no TOH npl1LfIlHe,
'I TO perymlpoBaHHe pblHKa Bbl3bIBaeT
orrOK .'lCHer 113 CTpaHbl II He CTIIMY-
nHpyeT IiHOCTpaHHblC UHBCCTIIUIII1.
141
[I! It is quite possible that a revival
of investor confidence in Belarus
could bring back into the economy
large sums of money that are cur-
rently placed outside, and solve hoth
the current account deficit and the
investment difficulties that face the
country. However, that revival of
confidence depends on reforms.
II! The World Bank stands ready
to assist Belarus by resuming lending
as soon as substantial progress has
been made in the reform areas. This
resumption is not based on political
considerations, but on economic
ones.
[g When the World Bank first
started lending to FSU republics. it
was to support economic transition.
This meant first and foremost the lib-
eralization of markets to encourage
creativity, innovation and develop-
ment.
1m These types of liberalizing re-
forms have been entered into over
virtually the entire world during the
last 30 years, and they have been re-
sponsible for increasing the world's
wealth and prosperity. The World
Bank wants to see the economy of
Belarus succeed and believes that
these reforms are essential. It is
hoped that reforms will soon permit
operations to be resumed and ex-
panded.
142
II! Bnonlle B03MO)KHO, 'iTO BOCCTa-
HOBlIeHUe llOBepml JIIIBeCTOpoB I(
EellapycI! nOMO)KeT nepHyrb B CTpa-
HY 60nbWHe CYMMbl neHer, HaXO!IJI-
lllueCJI n lIaCTOJlluee BpeMII 3a ee
npe,!1ellar.lU, H PCWUTb UMelolUllC MC-
CTO B CTpaHe np06.1CMbl KaK lleqm-
LUlTa Te.;ywcro C'lCTa, Tal( n J!HBC-
CTJlUuii. OllHaKo BOCCTallOBJIelU1C
llonepm!. 3aBllCHT OT pe4>0pM.
!I! BceMupHblA 6allK fOTOB OKa3aTb
nO.l1.!1ep)KK)' EellapycH, B0306HOBI18
KpelllITOBamle. KaK TOllbKO 6YlleT
llocTllrnyr CYlUCCTBCHHbliI nporpecc
B ocyruecTBlIeHlII1 OCHonllbiX pc-
4>OpM. B03001l0BlIeHne nOMOLlU! 3a-
BIICUT OT 3KOHoMu'lecKux, a He OT
nOllUTH'ICCKHX cl>aKTopOB.
[g Koma BceMupllblH 6aHK Bncp-
Bble Ha'iaJI npellOCTaBJlJlTL 3afiMLI
pecny6mlKaM 6blBWCro COBCTCKOro
COI03a, 3alla'ia COCTOJllla B nO.l1.!1ep)K-
KC npC06pa30BaHIIJI 3KOHOMUKU.
[lpe)Klle Bcero 3TO 03Ha'laJIO 1I116epa-
lIH3aLlHIo pblHKOB C uellblO CTHMYllU-
pOBaHlIJI TBop'ieCTBa, JIHHOBaullf'1 U
pa3BUnUI.
II! B nOClIelllllle 30 neT nOll06Hbie
lIu6epaJIl\3aUUOHHblC pecl>opMbl npo-
BO,WITCJI npaKTH'ieCKII BO Bcex cTpa-
Hax Mllpa. I1MCHIIO olin cnoc06cT-
BYIOT 06eCneQCIIUlO 6narocoCTOJlHIIJI
U npoUBCTaHml B Mupe. BceMHpHbJiI
6aHK JKenaCT BJ1)1eTb 3KOHOMII"1' Ee-
napycII ycnewHo pa3BIIBaloweiicH II
Cl.JnTaeT, 'iTO 3TU pe4>opMLI nMelOT
OCHOBononaralOwee 3Hal.JeHne. Ha-
lleeMCJI, 'iTO pe4>opMLI BCKope no-
3BOllJlT B0306nOBIITL II paCWllpllTb
lleJiTenLHOCTL 6auKa B EellapycII.
a-
. 33AaH: e2
COnOCTaBbTe OpHrHHM TeKCTa C nepCBOJlOM, 06palllall BHHMaHHe Ha npo-
H3Be.n:eHHble 3aMeHbl B neKCl1QeCKOM COCTaBe H rpaMMaTlf'lCCKOfi CTpYK'IYpe
npeJUIQ)KCHH".
(npCJlOCTaBJIeHO npeAcTaBHTeJIbCTBOM MB<1> B Pecny6JIHKe ()eJIapYCb)
l-
e-
- --
General Considerations in the
Organization of a Central Bank
in a Market-Based Economy
rb
'C
(Prepared by the Monetary and Ex-
change Affairs Department of the
International Monctary Fund. Au-
gust 1992)
o
11(-
[I All the former re ublics of the
Soviet Union, even including those
which are not prescntly committed to
issuing their own currcncy, have
plans to establish full-fledged central
banks. This note endeavors to pro-
vide some preliminary, and necessar-
ily general. thoughts concerning the
organizational structure of a modern
central bank for these countries, as
well as for others which may have a
similar background.
la-
11-
I
e
D-
1-
UI
:fi
g The object is to present a "styl-
ized" description of the organization
and structure of a central bank, in
part to highlight some issues and
principles to be kept in mind in mak-
ing organizational decisions and pro-
vide a conceptual framework or "il-
lustrative model" to guide actual de-
cisions.
-
II
- h.... ..... '
06ume co06pa>li:eHIUI
OTIlOCIITeJlbllO opraHII3aUlill
UCIiTpaJlbHOrO 6aHKa B YCJlOBIIHX
pLIIIO"!llOii 'JKOIIOMIIKII
(nOJlroTOBJIeHO YnpaBJIeliHeM no
KpeJlHTHO-JleHC)f(HbIM a BamOTHbIM
BonpocaM MC)f(J).YHapOJlHOrO BanJOT-
HOro cl>OH.I1a. aBrycT 1992 roJla)
1:1 Bcc 6 b1BWHC pccny6JIIII<H C;.;;-
CKOro COf03a, BKJIIOQall H Te, KOTO-
pblC B HaCTO"WCC BpCMlI He HaMepe-
Hbl BbmYCKaTb C06CTBCHH)'fO BaJIIO-
1)', HMefOT ruIaHbl no OpraHlI3al!HH
nOJIHOI!CHHblX I!CHTpanbHblX 6aHKOB.
JJ.aHHblH JlOK)'MCHT lIBJI"eTC" nonblT-
KO" BbICK33aTb HCKOTOpblC npe.aBa-
pHTCJIbHble H. B CHII)' :noro, o6ll1uc
C006pa)f(eHH" OTHOCIITCnbHO oprallH-
3a1!HOlilloi:f CTpYK'IYpbl COBpeMCHIIO-
ro I!CHTpanbHOro 6aHKa .llJl1l 3THX
CTpaH H JlPYrux CTpaH C nOJl06HOH
npCJlblCTOpucif.
g B Hawy 3a.aaQY BXOD,HT «CTIIJIIf30-
BaHHOC» OmtCaHl1C opraHH3amm II
CTpYK1)'pbIQCHTp06aHKa O"PIaCTH C
TCM, 'iT06bl BblCBCTHTb P"Jl BonpOCOB
H npUHlUfnOB, KOTOpblC HCo6XOJlUMO
HMCTb B BHJlY nplt npHH"THH opraHH-
3amiOHHLlX pewemdl, 11 JlaTb KOH-
l!emyanbHYfO OCHOBY Hnll «HJIJ110CT-
pantBH)'fO Mo.acnb» KaK OpHCHTHp
.llJlH cl>aKTII'iCCKHX PCWCHHH.
143
g The appropriate organi.lation and
structure of a specific ccntral bank
will depend upon me social. political,
and economic circumslanccs of each
country. Moreover, the appropriate
structure will change over time, as
certain functions assume greater or
lesser importance.
9 The basic objective of a centra]
bank for an independent country is
generally considered to be the main-
tcnance of the external and internal
slability of the domestic currency.
Tn the case of the countries of the
Former Soviet Union (FSU) this ob-
jective may need to be qualified,
since some of these may opt to issue
their own currency, while others may
opl to remain as members of a ruble
area.
! The freedom of action of the
countries which do issue their own
currency may well be more circum-
scribed than they believe. In addi-
tion, thcre arc important functions of
a ccntral bank which apply, whether
or not therc is an indcpcndent cur-
rency.
i Besides the primary objective
mentioned above, a subsidiary objec-
tive, which is often mentioned, is that
the central bank should try to ensure
the soundness of the financial system
and the effective functioning of the
payments system; although in some
countries the task of supervising the
banks is the responsibility of a sepa-
rate institution.
]44
i! CooTBeTcTBYIOII aH OpraHIf3aUHII
H crpY""1)'pa KOHKpernoro lleHTpo-
6a1IKa 3aBIICHT OT COUllaJlbHbIX, no-
nnTU'JeCKliX H 3KOHOMH'leCKUX ycno-
BlI" CTpaHbJ. nonee Toro, COOTBeTCT-
B}'JOlllaH cTpYKrypa MeHHeTCI:I C Te-
'leHHeM BpeMeHI1, no Mepe TOro KaK
3Ha'leHJle OTLlenbHblX qlYHKUll1t YCH-
nUBaeTCH IUlIi ocna6cBacT.
9 OCHOBHOIt 3aLla'lcfi UCHTpa.rlbHoro
6aKa He3aBllcHMoro roCYJIapCTBa
npllHIITO C'lIITI1Tb 1I0LlJJ.Cp:>KaHlle
BHCWHefi 11 BHYTpelllleH CTIl6I1nbIJO-
C m HaUHOHaJlbUofi SMIOTbl.
5! B OTHOllJCHlllf CTpaH 6b1BIlICrO
cCCP 3Ta 3aLla'lY, BepOHTHO, II)')KIJO
YTO'lHIITb, TaK KaK HeKOTopble H3 HlIX
MOI)'T nplfWlTb peweHl1e 0 BLInYCKe
c06CTBeHHOH BaJlIOThI, B TO BpeMH
KaK LlPynle nO:>KCnalOT OCTaTbCH B
Py6ncBofi 30HC.
CB060Lla JlCfiCTBHIt cTpaH, KOTO-
pbIe pellJaT BbmycKaTb CBOIO BaJlIOry,
MO:>KeT OKa3aTbCH ""yJla 60nee orpa-
HH'leHHOii, 'ICM OHI! npCnllOJTaralOT.
B )J.onOIlHCHlie K 3TOMY 3aMeTlIM, "TO
pHLl Ba:>KHblX <PYHKLUlfi llcHl]JooaHKa
CYlllccTByeT HC3aBliCUMO OT TOro,
eCTb Y CTpaHbJ C06CTBCHHall llCHC:>K-
HaJI eLllfllllua mIll neT.
fJ nOMHMO ynoMHIIYTOH Bblwe
maBHofi 3alla'llf, 'laCTO lIa3blBaeTCH
JaLla'm LlOnOnHIlTenbH<U!: lleHTpo-
6aHK )J.omKCH 06CCnC'IIITb HallC:>K-
HOCTb <pHliaHcoBofi CIlCTeMbl H 3<p-
<peKTHBHOe <PYHKLlI!OHllpOB311l1e CIIC-
TeMbi IUlaTe:>Ken; XOTH B lJeKOTOpblX
CTpaIJaX KOHTponb 3a neHTeJTbHOCTblO
6aHKOB HBnlleTCH npcporaTlfBofi cnc-
UllaJlbHOro Y'IpC:>KLlemIH.
D-
r-
t3 The traditional functions of a cen-
tral bank are typically considered to
be: (i) to act as the bank of currency
issue); (ii) to aid the government in
designing and implementing mone-
tary policy, including managing ex-
change rates and international re-
serves; (iii) to be the banker to the
banks, including lender of last resort;
(iv) to organize, supervise, and, if
neccs.o;ary, administer the paymcnts
clearing and seUlemenlS system; and
(v) to be the banker/fiscal
agent/financial adviser/public debt
manager to the Government.
(
[-
ro
1-
[0
nx
e
1)',
In addition to these 5 basic func-
tions, central banks may also perform
the following 3 functions: (i) act as
economic advisor to the Government
and to the Parliament; (ii) supervise
financial institutions, particularly
banks; and (iii) print the currency.
Although it is not uncommon to have
institutions other than the central
bank supervise bank and print the
currency.
TO
m
,c-
IIi! In order to operate the above ar-
eas, appropriate support services will
be needed, including central bank
accounting and internal audit. pri-
mary data collcction and processing,
vault management, security. and ad-
ministration (including personnel and
training).
I(
blO
c-
-
Tpall.HUHOHHblMlI 4>YHKUIUIMH
ueHTpaJIbHoro 6auK3 C'UtT31OTCH
CnCll.)'IOlllne: (i) BblcT)'n3TL n poml
63HKa-3MHTeHT3 .llCHC>KllblX 3HaKOB;
(ii) OK33bIBaTb npaBlfTenbCTBY no-
MOlllb B paJpa60TKe II npOnC11CHliJI
11eHe>KHo-KpCmnHOil nORItTilKII,
BKJ1IO'-IaH pcrynupoB3HlIC 06MCHHOro
K)'pC3 M ynp3BJICHUe Me>K.ayH3pO.ll-
IIblMH pe3epnar-.m; (iii) 6b1Tb 6a1lKI1-
POM 6aHKoB, B TOM '-IlIcne KpellltTO-
pOM nocne.llHeil IIHcTaHUlm; (iv) op-
raHII30BblB3Tb. I\OHTpORlipOBaTb It
nplt Heo6xo,ll,IIMOCTII ynpaBJIHTb CIIC-
TCMOii KJ1l1pllHra, nnaTC)KCn II pac'-le-
TOB; II (v) GMTb .lUUI np3BlITenbCTB3
6aHKllpOM f 4>IICKaJlbllhlM 3rCHTOM /
4>UllallcOBblM COBeTHilKOM I ynpaB-
nHlOlllliM roCYJ13pCTBeHHbIM )Ion roM.
2! 8 ,lI,OnOnHCHIiC K :lTlIM nJ/TII oc-
1I0BllbiM 4>YHKUIIHM, U.cHTp06m1K
MO)KCT T3JOKC BblllonHHTb CJIC1I.YIO-
llme 3 4>YHKl\IlII: (i) BblcT)'naTh B po-
nH 3KOIIOMU'-IeCKoro COBCTHIIKa npa-
BlrrcnbCTB3 II nap.naMeHTa; (ii) ocy-
lllccmnHTb mul.30p 3a QJIIH3HCOBbiMIt
yqpCiK,lI,CHIIHMI1. B '-I3CTIIOCTU, 63H-
KaMU: (iii) nCqaTaTb 1I.CHbrll.
II!! )J.nH BblllonHCHUH 6alll\OM YKa-
3aHHblX <j)YHl\UII" Hc06xOJJ.IIMbl co-
OTBCTCTBYIOUJ.IIC BcnOMoraTcnbHbrc
cnYiK6bl, 3aHIIM3IOUJ.IICCH 6yxY'-IeTOM
II BH)'TpCHHCit PCB/HUC". C60POM 11
o6pa60TKoii nepBlillHoii InI4>opMa-
UlUi, ynpanncmreM Xp3HIIJllllltaMII,
o6eCne'-lCHHeM 6c30naclloc rII H a11-
M II IIIICTpaTiIBHbl MH BonpocaM II,
BKJ1IO'-IaH n01160p II non.roToBKY Kan-
pOB.
145
OJ There will inevitably be debate
concerning the weight to be attached
to some of the above functions and
their appropriateness. In particular, in
numerous countries there has been
debated concerning: (i) the desired
degree of independence of the central
bank in carrying out the major func-
tions and, as a subsidiary question.
the extent to which it should be given
autonomy in designing and carrying
out exchange rate policy; and (ii)
whether supervision of banks should
be carried out by the central bank or
by a quasi-independent authority.
(. ..)
f!) One of the main arguments for
independence is that it provides a
barrier against shon term political
pressure that may arise especially
when policy makers have face re-
election frequently. However, inde-
pendence has to be balanced by ac-
countability if independence is to be
sustained. A central bank which is
dominated by the Government, while
superficially attractive for the politi-
cal authorities, may be ineffective,
particularly in an inflationary envi-
ronment.
146
[D Hem6e)l(Ho 6ynyr B03HUKaTb
cnopbl OTHOCHTenbHO 3HaqeHHJi H
He06xoJ.J.HMOCTH HeKoTopblX H3 ne-
petl.HCneHHblx ct>YHKl.lHU. B qaCTHO-
CTH, BO MHorHX CTpaHax BeJIHCb J.J.e-
6aTbl no nOBollY (i) >KenaeMoii CTe-
neHH He3aBl1Cl1MOCTH l{eHTp06aHKa B
Bonpocax BbInOJUIemUI OCHOBHblX
ct>YHKl.mii H BblTeKalOuteii OTCIOJ.J.a
CTeneHH ero caMOCTOSITenbHocTH npli
paJpa60TKe II npOBelleHl11i nOJUlTHKH
06'1eHHoro Kypca; H (ii) KOHTponSi 3a
J.J.eJl.TenbHOcTblO 6aHKOB - J.J.OJI>KeH nll
ero ocywecTBJUlTb l{eHTpo6allK JiJIlI.
KBa3l1-He3aBI1ClIMblii opraH. (...)
[D OllHHM H3 OCHOBllblX apryMeH-
TOB B nOJlb3Y He3aBl1CHMOCTlJ 6aHKa
SlBJISleTCSl TO, 4TO OHa 06ecne4HBaeT
3autHTY OT HMelOUlero KOH1>IOHK1)'p-
H)'IO nOJ.J.oIIJIeK)' nonHTH4eCKoro
J.J.aBJleHIDI, KOTopoe MO>KeT B03HIiK-
H)'Tb oco6ellllO TorJ.J.a, KorJ.J.a PYKO-
BOJ.J.CTBO 4acTO npoxoJ.l.lIT 4epe3 npo-
u.ell)'PY nepem6paHHSI. OJ.J.HaKO lJ,JUI
Toro tlT06hl He3aBHCliMoCTb 6blJIa
YCTOlt4HBOH, et! HC06XOlll1MO c6a-
JIaHClIpOBaTb nOJ.J.OT4eTHOCTblO. I..{ell-
Tp06aHK, HaXOJl.IIUUlItCSI noJ.J. nOCTo-
1!HHbIM KOHTponeM npamlTenhCTBa,
'ITO JiBJIReTCR 04eHh npHBnCKaTenb-
HhlM Jl!1S1 nOnHTH'ICCKOrO PYKOBO-
J.J.CTBa, MO>KCT pa60TaTb He3!f>ct>eK-
TImHO, oco6eHHO B ycnOBlJ1!X 11H-
<lJmnum.
1-
II! Two of the main drguments
against indcpendence are, first. that
monetary policy and fiscal policy
need to be coordinated and. second.
that elected officials must. in the last
analysis. be held responsiblc for the
sut:cess or failure of macroeconomic
policy and hence should be able to
direct this policy.
-
taB
I1pJI
IKIi
13a
1111
m
II! The tendency in recent years has
been to try to ensure a greater degree
of independence thdn was previously
the case and to provide greater trans-
parency in cases where the govern-
ment wishes to overrule the central
bank. In part. this may be a reaction
against the inflation of the 1970s and
early I 980s with greater emphasis on
the need for. and advantage of. price
stability and thc credibility of mone-
tary and exchange policies.
H-
(a
T
'P-
,-
)Q-
UI
eH-
)-
. 3a t ;".\
[I'! }J:BYMJI OCHOBHblMH B03pa>Ke-
HIiJlMH npoHm lIeJaBnCI1MOCTH JlB-
nIlIOTCJl: I) He06xoltl1MOCTb CKOOp-
nlilUipoBaHHOCTl1 neHe>KHO-
KpelU1THoM H Ij)licKanbHoM nOJUlIIIKH;
2) 06J13aHHOCTb J.136paHHbl"( o<IJIIIlI1-
anbHbl" JUm OTRC'IaTb 3a ycnex J.\nli
IlpOBa.'1 \1a"PO JKOHOJ\UI'-ICCKOM n01ll1-
TlIKIi, B CBJl3H C 'leM OHI1 nOn>KHbl
lI\1eTb B03MO>KHOCTb HanpaRlIJlTb "ny
1l0JU1T11J<y .
II! TIocne;:ume roDbl Ha6mo J 'lanaCb
Te lDeHmlJl K ooecne'leHIlIO 60Jlb-
wen, 'le npe>KDe, Cl'eneHII He3aBH-
cnMOCTH UeHTp06aHKa H 60llee WIi-
pOKoii maCHOCl'H R Tex ClIY laJlX, KO-
rna IlpalUlTellbCTBO XO'ICT YCT3HO-
BHTb Han HHM CBOe ,-oCITOnCl'BO.
OT'laCTlI .no MO>KeT 6bl I b pcaKlllldj
Ha IIHIj)JIII11I11O 70-x H Ha'HIJI3 80-x
ronOB c 601lbWliM ynopoM Ha lIe06-
XonllMOCTb H IlpeHMywecl'Ba CTa-
6Hnbllocl'H lleH H nOBeplU1 Hacene-
Hlil! K ltClle>KIIO-Kpe,lHTlIOii II Ban IOT-
H0I1110mHI1KC.
I1JY'lHTe aHI'JIHiicK}'Io H PYCCI\Y'IO Bepcml CTal'bll 113 >KypHana «<DlHIaHCbl II
pa3BJil HC». KOl'OpblM IB!taeTCJI MC}\{j1YHaponHbIM BanlOl HblM 1j)0H!l.OM Ha He-
CKOJIhKUX Jl3b1Kax. 06paTiiTe BHIIMaHlle Ha TCpMIIHbl. liCnOJlb3YCMble B CTaTbe.
AHaJllI1 H conOCTaBJ1eHIIC OUCHX BCpCIIM- xopowaH npal'.TI1Ka B pa60l'C nepe-
BO.Q'lHKa. EC.fm y Bac eCl'b CBOH BapllaHT nepeBO.Qa HeKOl'opblX MeCT Cl'al'bH. He
6ofn-ecb nOCnOpJ1l'b C ony6mlKoBaHHOn PyccKoH BepcHeii B nlO60M cny'lae.
3aHMIne aKHIBHyto 1l03HllHlO B cpaBtnITc.'lbHOM aHanmc aHrnllikKOI1 Ii PYCCKOH
oepcHH. Balli rllaBHblH CnpaBO'lHIIK B B03MO)J(HOM cllope - cnonapb.
i,
i>-
-
147
....
Time to Rethink Privatization
in Transition Economies?
(Finallce & Development,
June 1999)
by John NeUis
(Senior Manager of the Enterprise
Group in the World Bank's Private
Sector Development Department)
-
BpeMS! nepeocMLlc:IIITb
npliBaTll3allllW B cTpaHax
c nepeXO HO" 3iWHOMIiKOil?
(C/>lIHaHCbl II pa36Umlle,
"IOHh 1999 r.)
.l(iKOH HemUlc
(cTapllIHH PYKoBolUlTeJlb rpynnbl
Pa3BHTWI npe.llnpmlHl1t
no pa3BHTHIO "IaCTHOTO ceKTopa
Bce!'.mpHoro 6aHKa)
[! P;ivat has on the day in --llnpHBanI3aUU5I o!l.ep)J(aJIa n06ell; B
transition .n or has it? Where have
privatization efforts - particularly
those in Central and Eastern Europe
and the former Soviet Union - suc-
ceeded, where have they failed, and
how can these countries best pursue
further privatization?
g Privatization appcars to have
swept the field and won the day.
More than a hundred countrics, on
every continent. have privati Lcd an
estimated 75,000 state-owned com-
panies. Assessment after asscssment
has concluded that privatization
leads to improved perfonnance of
divested companies and that pri-
vately owned firms outperform
state-own cd enterprises. This has
been conclusively proved in indus-
trial and middle-income countries.
and there is increasing evidence that
privatization yields positive results
in lower-income and transition
countries as well.
148
c-rpaHax c nepexo HoH 3KOHOMHKOH
... mIll He o ep)J(aJIa? B KaKIiX CTpa-
Hax, oc06eHHO B l{eH-rpaJIhHOH II
BOCTO'iHOH EBpone II B 6b1BllleM Co-
BeTCKOM COI03e, oHa 6hlJla ycnelll-
nOH, a B K8KIIX nOTepnen8 HeY.lla'l)', H
KaK 3TlIM cTpaHaM nY'iwe npOBO IITh
.ll8J1bHeHwYlo npUBaTH3aUIlIO?
g nplm8TlI3amul, K8K npe CTaBJllleT-
CR, nOJlY"IIUIa wllpoKoe p8cnpocTpa-
HeHlie II o ep)l(a.rla n06en:y. DQjlee cTa
CTpaH H8 Bcex KOHTHHeHTax npllBanl-
JUpOB8J111 npllMepHo 75000 rocnpe.ll-
npIIRTHM. MHOTO'iIlCJleHHble oueHKl1
nOKa3hIBaIOT, 'iTO OHa Be eT K nOBbl-
WCHI110 3<p<peKTlIBHOCTII OT'{Y)!{.lleH-
HblX KOMn8HlIH II '{TO 'iaCTHble <pHp-
Mbl HMelOT 60nee BhlCOKlie nOKa3aTe-
Jill, '1eM rocnpe.llnpIlRTlUI. 3TO 6bIJIO
OKOH'iaTCnbHO .llOKaJ8HO B npOMblW-
neHHO p83BIITbiX CTpaH8X 11 c-rpaH8X
co Cpe.llHHM ypOBHeM OXO OB, H no-
c1)'naeT BCe 60JlbWe CBe.lleHUH 0 TOM,
'1TO npHB8TH38UIIII .llaeT nOJIo)J(HTeJlb-
Hble pe3YJlhTaTbi B cTpm!aX c 60nee
HH3KHMH OXO.l1aMIi H B cTpaHax c
nepexo Hon 3KOHOMHKOH.
B
D In t.he lransition countries, the
evidence of good results comes
mainly from Cenlral and Eastern
Europe and the Baltic states. Evi-
dence - early and fragmentary,
but impossible to ignore - from
farther east - Armenia, Georgia,
Ka78khstan, the Kyrgyz Republic,
Moldova, Mongolia, Russia, and
Ukraine - shows less promising
results:
Private ownership often does not
lead to restructuring (that is, mak-
ing changes to position a firm to
survive and thrive in competitive
markets).
Some partially state-owned firms
perform better than private com-
panies.
In some counlries, there are few
differences in performance be-
tween (wholly) state-owned and
privately owned firms.
In other countries, there are clear
perfommnce improvements only
in those very few firms sold to
foreign investors.
What is t.he explanation for these
poorer results, and what should
the affected transition govern-
ments. and those who assist them,
do to improve these results?
Ii
b
r-
ra
1-
f,
,-
-
g B CTpaHax c ncpcxoll.Hoii 3KOIIOMH-
KO" CBu.lI.CTenbCTBa nonmKHTcnbHblX
pe3ynbTaTOB 06HapY)f(UBaIOTCH B oc-
HOBHOM B UCHTp3J1bHOH II BOCTOtlHOH
EBpone If B rocYlI.apcTBax E3J1T1I11.
OnblT cTpan, pacnonmKcHHb/X }l3J1CC Ha
BOCTOK (ApMcmm, rpY3UH, Ka3axcTaHa,
Kb/prbl3cKoif Pccny6mlKI1, MonnoBbl,
MOHf011lHl, Pocnllt II YKpaUHb/), YK8-
3blBaeT Ha Menee OOlla}le)f(liB8IOUUIC pc-
3YJlbTaTb/; XOTH :nOT OnblT UMceT npeJ1.-
BapUTe.:IbHb/H II HenOJlHblH xapaKTcp,
ero HCB03MO)f(HO UfHOpllp008Tb.
1.J8CTHaH C06CTBCUHOCTb '!aCTO He BClleT
K PCCTPYKT)'pll3aUIUI (TO CCTb OCYllJ.eCT-
BnCHlliO H3MCHCHIlii, KOTOpblC n03Bonu-
nil 61.1 !f>npMc Bbl)f(llTb \I npoUBcTaTb H8
pb1HK8X. mc CYIlJ.CCTBYCT KOHKYpeH-
UHJI).
HCKOTOpblC 1.J8CTHI.JHO rocy.n.apcTBcHHb/C
!f>HPMbl liMCIOT 60ncc BblCOKIIC nOK838-
TCJlH, l.JeM npl1B8Tli311poBaHHble KOl\m8-
HlUI.
B HCKOTOPb/X CTp8H8X nOllTit HeT pa3-
11I1I.JHH B nOK338TCJlJlX (nOJlHOCTblO) ro-
CY1l.8pCTBeHHb/x Ii 1.J8CTHblX qmpM.
B npyrux CTp8H8X ynYl.JlllcHlul nOK838-
Tcncif 1l06HlUICb TOJlbKO TC HCMHOro-
'lHcnCHHble !f>UPl\lb/, KOTOpblC 6blJlH
npo.n.8Hbl UHOCTp8HHbiM liIIBCCTOpaM.
K8K 06M/CHlITb :nn XYlllllHC pe3ynbTa-
Tnl, H I.JTO H}')KHO CnCJl8Tb np8BlITCnbCT-
B8M CTp8H C nepcxollHOif 3KOHOMHKOif Ii
TCM, 'CTO OK83bIB8CT 11M nOMOllJ.b, I.JT06b1
ynytllllllTb 3TU PC3YJlbT8Tbl?
149
9 Russia's privati7ation experi-
ence illustrates the problems. The
mass privatization program of
1992-94 transferred ownership of
more than 15,000 firms through a
distribution of ownership vouch-
ers. A worrisome result of this
program was that "insiders" -
managers and workers com-
bined - gaincd control of an aver-
age of about two-thirds of the
shares of privatizcd firms. Still, by
thc fall of 1994, hopes werc mod-
estly high that privatiLation would
Icad the way toward rapid transi-
tion to a market economy.
Financial discipline would, it
was anticipated, start to force sec-
ondary trading in shares of in-
sider-dominated companies and
introduce outside ownership, and
transparent and sound methods
would be used to privati7e the half
or more of industries still in state
hands.
! This. by and large, did not
happen. First, insiders - particu-
larly the workers in the newly pri-
vatized firms - deeply feared out-
side ownership and a loss of con-
trol (and jobs). Secolld, because
the financial and physical condi-
tions of many firms were unattrac-
tive, not many outsiders wcre in-
terested in acquiring their shares.
Third, there was an acute lack of
dcfined property rights, institu-
tional underpinnings, and safe-
guards for transparent secondary
150
9 OnblT npHBanf3al.lHH B Poccml cny-
iKHT HJ1J1IOCTpal.lHeH CYlllCCTBYlOlllHX
np06ner.!. no nporpaMMe MaCCOBOH
npuBaTH3al.lHH 1992-94 rr. npaBa c06-
CTBeHHOCTU ua 60nee 'leM 15000 IfJUP\1
nepCWJIlI 'iepe3 paCnpeileJICHlle npHBa-
TII3al.ll10HHbiX Ba)"lcpoB. TpeBoiKHhlM
pe3YJlbTaTOM 3TOn nporpaMMbl 6bb10 TO,
'iTO «HHCanllepI,I» (PYKOBO)JJITeml Ii pa-
60HIIIKH npCllnpmlTUH BMeCTc B3J1Tble)
nOJ1Y'HInH KOHTponb npliMepHo Ha1l
llBYMJI TpeTJlMH aKWln npHBaTlnUpO-
BaHUblX cfJUpM. OmraKo, ellle K oceHU
1994 rolla BblCKaJblBamlCI, "YMepeHHo
BblcoKHe" Ha.aeiKllbl, 'iTO npUBan13aUUH
OTKpOeT nyrb K 6blCTpOMY nepexoJI;)' K
pblHK}'.
npellnOnaraJIOCb, '/TO IfJUl:lallCOBall
llliCUlmJIllHa BbHlYllHT l:Ia'iaTb BTOpH'i-
H)'IO TOprOBJ11O aKllilHMU KOMnaHUn, B
KOTOpblX llOMHlUlPYIOT HHcaHllepbl, '/TO
n03BOJIlIT npUllTlI c06cTBeHlUIKaM 113-
BHe, a npUBaTll3aUIVI nonOBlIHbl film:
60nee npellnpllJITUH, oCTalOlllHXCH B PY-
Kax roCYllapCTBa, 6YlleT OCYllleCTBJ1J1Tb-
CH TpaHcnapeHTHbIMH II 060CHOBaUHbl-
Mli MeTOllaMH.
3TOro B uenOM He npml30llIIIO. Bo-
IIepsblx, UHCaH1lepbl (oc06eHHo pa60T-
HHKH BHOBI, npllBaUI3HpOBaHHhlx
IfJIIPM) cepbeJHo OnaCaJlHCI, co6cTBeH-
HHKOB 1I3BHe H nOTepH KOHTpOJ1J1 (1'1 pa-
60Tbl). BO-61110PbIX, nocKonI,K)' tPifilaH-
COBoe H MaTepHaJlbHO-TeXHU'IeCKOe co-
CTOJlHHe MHorHX qntPM He 6btnO npH-
BJleKaTeJ1bHbIM, He MHorHe JIlII.ta H3BHe
6blnH 3aHHTepccoBaHbi B npHo6peTeHmi
aKUlIH. B-l1Ipel1lbUX, BO MHOH-IX cnY'la-
JlX npaBa co6CTBeHHoCTlI He 6blJUf 'Ie-rKO
onpeJJ.eneUbl, HHCTlrryUlIOHaJlbHaH OC-
HOBa He 06ecne'HlBaJla C-ra6WIbHOCTH, a
JIY- trading; this further discouraged rapaHTIIH TpancnapeHTHoH BTOpH'lHOH
( outside investors. FOllrtlr. various ToproBml OTCYTCTBOBaJIlI; :no HBJUIJIOCb
Russian governments failed to put JlOnOJIHHTeJIbHblM TOpM030M .lUUI HHBe-
IG- in place supporting policies and CropOB InBHe. B-IIem8epmblx. Pa3.llWi-
IpM institutions - such as hard budget Hble npWmTeJIbCTBa B POCCHH He CMor-
Ba- constraints, reasonable taxes and JIlt BHCnpliTb cooTBeTCTB)'IOIU)'1O nom1-
M services. and mechanisms to per- THK)' Ii IIf1CTlIT)'Tbl, nO.ll.ll.ep)!(HBaJOlUue
) TO. mit and encourage new business 3TOT npoLlecc, HanpnMep, BBeCTH )!(l!CT-
pa- entrants - that might have chan- Klle 61011)!(eTHble orpaHIi'lellllH, p83)'M-
,Ie) neled enterprise activity to pro- Hble HaJIOrli II ycnyrH, a TaK)!(e Mexa-
ductive ends. HII3Mbl, JlOnycKalOlUlie Ii nooUlpHIOUlllC
nOHBJIeHl1e HOBblX npennpmiHMaTe'Iei1,
f KOTopble CMornH 6b! nepeoplieHTHpo-
f!0 BaTb npe.!lnpIDITHH Ha nponYKTl1BHble
111» Llem!.
K
fJ Worse was to come: a donor- a OJlHaKo. xynillee 6b!JIO BnepeJlIi:
led effort to persuade the Russian npeJlnpliHIIMaBillliecH no IIHHLlliaTHBe
iH government to sell at least a few JlOHOpOB nonblTKH y6eJlHTb npaBlfTeJIb-
4- large frrms using rransparent and CTBO POCCHH npOlJ,aTb no "-paHHei1 fle-
B credible "case-by-casc" methods CKOJIl.KO KpynHblx ctJliPM, IICnOJIl.3YH
no produced few results. Much of the TpaHcnapeHTHble H 3acnY)!(HBaIOUlHe
1- second wave of privatization that 110BepH,:J MeT011b1 <mHnHBIiI1YaJ1bHOrO
did take place - in particular, the nOlJ,XOl1a» He naJIn 60nl.llloro pe3YJll.Ta-
py- "Ioans-for-shares" scheme. in Ta. Bo MHOroM BTopa» BOJIHa npllBaTli-
Tl.- which major Russian banks ob- 3alllUl, B 'iaCTHOCTII, no cxeMe «06MeHa
1>1- tained shares in firms with strong Kpe.lUITOB Ha aKmlH», npll KOTOpOH Be-
potentiaJ as collateral for loans to JlYUllte pOCcuiicKlle 6aHKH nOJIY'iaJIlt
the state - turned into a fraudulent aKllHH ctJlfpM, npeJlCTaBJIHlOlUHX CYUle-
,- shambles, which drew criticism CTBeHHblU HHTepec lUIH IIX IiCnOJIb30Ba-
IT- from many, including supporters HHI! B KatJeCTBC 3aJIOrOBOro 06ecne'ie-
of the frrst, mass phase of Russian HUH KpeJlHTOB npaBIITenbCTBY, npeBpa-
1- privatization. THJ1aCh B MOillCHHH'iecK)'1O onepamno,
la- Bbf3BaBWYJO 3HatJHTeJIbHYIO KpIlTltK)', B
IH- TOM tJlicne co CTOpOl-lbl CTOpOHHHKOB
0- nepBoro, MaccoBoro 3Tana pOCClliiCKoii
npHBaTIi3aLlHH.
IC
Hif [;! Others concluded that not just ,Z:{pyme npHlllJUf K BbIBO.uy, tJTO He
a- the second phase of privatization Tonl.KO BTOpOU 3Tan npHBaTH3a1Uflf, HO
rKO but the whole approach was 11 Becl. nO.IIXol1 6blJl HeBepHblM; 'iTO
wrong: that il should have been npliBaTiBalUfII .u:OJl)!(HO 6b!J1o npe.lJ.ille-
, a preceded (no£ accompanied) by CTBOBaTb HHCTHl)'IlHOHaJ1bHOe cTpon-
151
-
institution building; and that the
proper way forward would be to
concentrate on strengthening the
structures of the state, especially
mechanisms to manage public
finns.
D ... In many transition coun-
tries, mass and rapid privatization
turned over mediocre assets to
large numbers of pcople who had
neithcr thc skills nor the financial
resources to use them well. Most
high-quality assets have gone, in
one way or another (sometimes
through the "spontaneous privati-
zation" that preceded official
schemes, sometimes through ma-
nipulations of the voucher
schemes, and perhaps most often
and acutely in the non voucher
second phases), to the resourceful,
agile, and politically well-
connected few, who have tended
not to embark on the restructuring
that might have justified their ac-
quisitions of the assets. In many
instances where ordinary citizens
managed to obtain and hold mi-
nority blocks of shares in high-
quality firms, they have been in-
duced to turn over these shares to
others at modest prices or have
seen - without warning or much
subscquent explanation -the
value of their minority shares fall
to nothing.
152
TenbCTBO; H IjTO Ha 6Y.lIYlUee He06xo-
L\HMO cOCpeJlOTOljlfTb ycrum Ha YKpen
nemm CTPYKl)'P rocYJl.apcTBa, B oco-
6eHHOCTJi MeXaHl13MOB ynpaBJIeHH ro-
cYJl.apCTBeHHbtMH npCJl.npIDITH MH.
I... Bo MHornx cTpaHax c nepexoJl.-
HOH 3KOHOMJiKOH 6btCTpa MaCCOBIDI
npHBaTH3aLln npHBena K TOM)', '1TO no
cpellcTBeHHblC no CBoeMY Ka'leCTBY aK-
THBbl 6bInH nepeJl.aHbt 60RbWOMY '1HC 1
mill, KOTOpblC HC 06namum Ha KBaJUI-
$HKaLlHcM, HH $mIaHCOBbIMH pccypca-
M I JJ.]Ul HX 3etJetJCKTHBIIOrO npHMeHCtm'
EonMlla 'taCTb BhlCOKOKaljCCTBeHHbtX
aKTIIBOB 6btna nepcJl.alla TCM ruUl HHbI
cnoco60M (HHOrJl.a nOCpeJl.CTBOM
«cnOirraHHoH npHBanI3aLlHH», KOTOpa-
npC!.I.WeCTBOBaJla o<j>mmaJIbHoii npoLle
.lIYpc, a HHorJl.a nocpCJl.CTBOM MallHny-
mlpoBaml BaYljepHoH npoUCJl.YPOH, HO
Bepo THo, HaH60nee ljaCTO nyrCM pc-
WHTcnbHblX Jl.eiiCTBHH B XOJl.e BToporo,
HeBaYljepHOrO 3Tana) HeMHorOIjHCnCH-
1I0H rpynne npeJl.npHI1MIjHBbIX, npo-
BOpHbtX Ii 06J1aJl.alOlUHX WllpOKHMH nL-
J1HTHIjCCKHMU CB 3f1MH nHLl, 06b1ljHO II
3aHHMaBIllHXCfI pCCTpYKryp l3allHCH,
KOTOpIDI Morna 6bl OnpaBJl.aTb npHo6pe
TCHHC HMH aKTHBOB. Bo MlIorHX CJIY't
JlX, Kor.n.a 06blljHbte rpmKllallc cYMcm1
nOJ1YljllTb II y.n.cp)l(aTb Hc60nbWHC na-
KeTbt aKlll1H. BblcoKOKa'leCTBCHHbtX
etJHPM, HX BLIH)')I{.n.aJIH nCpeJl.aBaTb 3TH
aKUUH .n.pyrHM mmaM no HH3KOH llCHe, ,
ImH ux nC60JlbIllHe naKCTbl aKllHH na-
Jl.aJIH B lleHe .11.0 HHIjTO)l(HO Hll3KOrO
YPOBHJI.
XO-
Kpen-
;0-
In 1'0-
I.
II!! These outcomes have been
most pronounced where the post-
transition slate structures have
been weak. and fractured, allowing
partS of the government to be cap-
tured by groups whose major ob-
jectivc is to use the stale to legiti-
mate or mask thcir acquisitions of
wealth. (Poor outcome can also
occur when stronger governments
fail to create a modicum of pru-
dential regulation for financial
and capital market...)
The international financial institu-
tions musl bear some of the re-
sponsibility for these oulcomes,
because they requesled and re-
quired transilion governments to
privati7e rapidly and extensively,
assuming that private ownership
would, by itself. provide sufficient
incentives to shareholders lo
monitor managerial behavior and
encourage firms' good perform-
ance.
:o.n-
ill!
.0 no-
,yaK-
'lIIcny
JlH-
rpca
eHII}!.
HblX
,tHblM
'opa}1
)OLlL -
-Iny-
I"" HU ,
pe-
>oro.
:JIeH-
0-
" no-
fro lie
:H,
06pe-
1)"ra-
en II
na-
[1]1... In many transilion coun-
tries with weak. instilutions, priva-
tization's promise has not been
fulfilled. Some therefore argue
that the best eourse of action for
such countries is to postpone fur-
ther privatization until competi-
tive forces and an enabling institu-
tionaVgovernmental framework
are in place. With regard to what
has already been done. there have
been calls for renationalization of
some or many divested firms,
3nl
(eHe.
na-
D
-
Em TaKoH pe3YJIbTIlT Hall60JIee 'laCTO
BCTpe'laJICJI B cTpaHax, B KOTOpblX rocy-
.napCTBeHHbre CTP},K1Ypbl nocJIe ocywe-
CTBJIeHiUl ncpcxo.na 6b1JI" cna6b1I\UJ H
pa:311p06JIeIlHbIMIi. 'lTO n03BOJIJlJI0 on-
pe.neneHllblM rpynnaM 3aXBaTb18aTb He-
KOTopble rocYllapcTBCHllble opraHbl.
npccnell)'JI CBOIO fJlaBII)lO 3a.naqy: HC-
nonb30BaTb rocYl1apCTBO c LleJIblO Y3a-
KOIIIITb mm 3aMaCKllpoBaTb np1l06pCTC-
HHC 60raTCTB. (He6naronplIlITHblil liC-
XOlt B03MoiKell TaKiKC B cnytIaIlX, KorAa
60ncc CHJIbllOe npaBIITcnbCTBo He 06ec-
nC'lllBaeT MIlHlIMaJlbHOC npy.nCHLlllaJIb-
HOC perymlpoBamre (jJIIHaHCOBbIX Pblll-
KOB Ii pblHKOB KamITaJla.)
OnpCl1CJ1eml}10 OTBCTCTBCHIIOCTh 3a
CTOJlb lIe6naronpmnHbll! IICXOlt .noniK-
IIbl HeCTH H MCiK.n}'HapO.lHlble (jJIIHaHCO-
Bble opraHlnaLllUl, nOCKonbK)' Ol-lli npo-
CWIII IUlH -rpC60BaJllI, t-IT06b1 npaBII-
TenbCTBa CTpaH C ncpexo.nIlOH 3KOHO-
MI1KOI! OCYWCCTBnJlJIII 6brc-rpylO
lliUPOKYIO npllBaTlI3aLlIlIO, npc.nnOJ1a-
raJi. 'lTO tlaCTHaJi c06CTBeHHOCTh caMa
no cc6c 06CCneQllT ltOCTaTOtlHhlC CTH-
MYJ1bl aKLlI10HepaM .lI.JlJl Ha6JIIO.ncHl1J1 3a
nOBcltCHIICM PYKOBOJJ.lITCJ1eH (jJllpM 11
6YJlCT cnoc06CTBOBaTL BblCOKIlM 3KO-
HOMII'lCCKHM nOKa3aTenJiM 4JlipM.
[II ... Bo MIIOrJlX cTpaHax C ncpexo.ll.-
HOH 3KOIlOMIIKOil, IIMelOWliX cna6}'1o
HHCHI1)'LlIIOIl3.JlbHYIO CTpYKrypy, Bbll'O-
JIbl OT npl1BannaLlll1f He 6blJlH peaJIll30-
Ballb!. n03TOMY lIeKOTopbre yrBepiK.!la-
lOT, QTO OllTIIMaJlbHblM perneHueM D,HJI
TaKlfX CTpaH 6b1JIO 6b1 OTnOiKHTb llaJIb-
HcfiwyIO npl1BannaWllo JlO Tex nop,
nOKa He Ha'lH)'T lleHcTBoBaTb Clinbl
KOHI\'"YpCIILllfH 101 He 6Yl1CT C03.naHa He-
06XOllIIMill! 11HCnlryLlIIOHaJlbHaJi CTpYK-
rypa II cTpYKl)'pa rocopranoB. t.J.TO Ka-
caCTCJI YiKe npOJlCnaHHOH pa60Tbl, TO
153
with the intention of undoing the
damage in11icted and managing
these assets more in the public
interest. through greater state in-
volvement - possibly with these
firms being hreprivatized" at some
later date.
III ... It is time to rethink priva-
tization, but only in those transi-
tion countries where history, ge-
ography and politics have resulted
in secmingly laudable economic
policies producing clearly subop-
timal outcomes. In Russia and
elsewhere. too much was expected
of privatization.
But admissions of error should
not be overdone. When it can car-
ried out correctly, privatization is
clearly the right course of action.
...One must continually ask what
was and is the alternative to priva-
tiLation. It is not clear that Russia
would be better off today had it
not undertaken the mass privati7a-
tion program of 1992-94.
II! So, in sum. privatization is
the gencrally preferred course of
action. but its short-term eco-
nomic effectiveness and social
acceptability depend on the insti-
tutional underpinnings of capital-
ism. If these undcrpinnings are
missing but govcrnment is effcc-
154
pa:3I.taBaJUICl> npH3blBbl npoBecTH peHa-
LlHOHaJUnaLlIUO qaCTII IiJIH 60nbllllIHc .
Ba OTq}')KJ1 HHbIX $UpM C LlenblO nHK-
BHlIaLlHH npH'HIHl!HHoro JiM yll.(cp6a u
06eCneqeHIDI: ynpaBJIeHWI :nHMH aKTI!-
BaMH B 6 nbllIeM COOTBeTCTB11II C roC) .
!(apCTBeHHhIMu HJrrepeCaMH nOCpe!(CT- -
BOM 60nee UJHpOKOro YI.IaCTlUI" rocy lI.a -
CTBa, npH B03MO>KHOCTH «noBTopHOH
nplfBaTinaLlIIH» 3TlIX $HPM Ha He-
CKonbKO 60nce n03!(HeM :nane.
III ... npJ111InO Bpe ul nepe cMblcnH
npUBaTp.3aLllllO. HO TonbKO B Tex cTpa-
Hax. B KOTOpblX B cHJI)' I1CTOplfqeCKhX
reorpa$H'IeCKltX n nOnHTllqeCKIIX $aK-
TOpOB. HecMoTpH Ha Ka>KyWYlOcH npa-
BIUlbHOCTb JKOHOMI11.IeCKOH nomrrHKn.
pe3ynbTaTbI HC 6b1nH HalL1)'qWHMlI. B
POCCHH H B JJ.pynfx cTpaHax OT npHBa-
Tll3aLlUH >KllaJUI C.ilHWKOM MHororo.
OnHaKO He CJ1enyeT nepeycepnCTBoBaT
B npoLlecce npH3HaHlfH oW1I60K. npJ1-
BaTJ13aLlHH. KorlIa IIMeIOTc" B03MO>KHO-
CTH n./UI e(! npaBIDIbHoro npoBenCHH",
6e3YC.ilOBHO, HBJUleTCH BepHblM HanpaB-
neHlfeM neIlTcnbHOCTIi. ... CnenyeT no-
CTOHHHO CTaBHTb Bonpoc 0 TOM, KaKoBa
6b1na Ii KaKOBOn HBnReTcH aJlbTepHaTH
nplfBaTinallIUI. He OqeBIUUlO, qTO Poc-
CII" 6blna 6bl B JJY4weM nOJIO>KeHHIf ce-
roll.H", ecnH 6b1 OHa He OCYllleCTBIUla
nporpaMMbl MaccoBof.\ npUBaTinaLllf1f
1992-94 ronOB.
II! HTaK, B LlenOM, npHBaTH3aLlIDI: "B-
nReTC" npennOqTlrreJIbHblM HanpaBne-
HHeM neHcTBuH, HO KpaTKOCpOLJH3JI
JKOHOMlI'IeCKaH OTlIa'ta OT Hee If ee CO-
LlHaJlbHaR npHeMneMOCTb 3aBHCHT OT
Ha1ml.,"" IlHcTlrryLlHOHaJlbHOH 6331>1 Ka-
n1fTaJlH3Ma. ECJIH TaK3JI 633a OTCyrCT-
BYeT, HO npaBlfTenbCTBo pa60TaeT Hall.
'Ha-
HCT-
IK-
aM
:TII-
>cy-
(CT-
.a.ap-
IH
tively working toward their con-
struction or reinforcement. then
delaying privatization until the
government's efforts have born
fruit might be the optimal course
of action. Hungary and Poland
offer cases in point.
1UTb
>a-
fiX.
laK-
la-
KH.
B
la-
II! The heart of the matter is
whether and how privatization can
be achieved where governments
are unwilling or incapable. The
necessary long-term course of ac-
tion is to support measures en-
hancing governments' will and
capacity (assuming that one
knows what these arc). The rea-
sonable short-tenn course of ac-
tion is probably to push ahead
with case-by-case and tender pri-
vatization and rcprivati7ation with
the international assistance com-
munity. in hopes of producing
some success stories 10 emulate.
laTl,
M-
HO-
J!,
laB-
no-
oBa
nlBa
oc-
ce-
1
1-1
ee c03JJ.amiCM IUJU YKpennCHIiCM. 3a-
.lIcp>KKa npUBannauuu 110 Tex nop, nOKa
ycmUfH npaBIlTenbCTBa YBeH'IaIOTCH yc-
nCXOM. MO>KeT 6MTb OnCUMaJlbHblM pC-
rucmleM. XapaKTCpHblMII npHMepaMu
MO[)'T CJlY>KUTb BCHrpll1l H nonbwa.
II! r.l1aBlibliI Bonpoc - MO>KCT nil 6blTb
ocymcCTBJlCna npliBaTll3aUHSI II KaKliM
ofipa30M. ecnn npaBUTcnbcTBa He XOT1IT
lillli HC MoryT ee npOBOLUlTb. J le06xo-
.lIHMblM .nonrOCpO'lHbIM HanpaBnCHliCM
.lIeikTBHi1 HBJlHeTCH nO.llJlep>KaHHC MCp
no YKpcnnenll10 BOnll Ii pacrunpcmno
B03MO>KHOCTCH npaBMTcnbCTBa (npu
TOM npc.rtnonO>Kcmm, '1TO HaM Ii3BCCT-
HO, 'ITO oHn c060il npCllCTaBn1lIOT).
KpaTKOCpO'lHbIM pa3YMllblM HanpaBnc-
ImeM llCi1CTBHH, BCp01lT1I0, HBllHeTCH
npoBe.a.CHl-le IIHJI.IIBH11YaJIbHOil npllBanl-
3aLUUI lIa OCHOBe TCHllepOB, a TaK"'ACC no-
BTOpHOi1 npUBannauuu B COTPYllHII'IC-
CTRC C MC>K.a.YHapo.a.HbIMU KpyraMM,
OKa3bIBaIOI1!IIMll nOMOl1!b, B Ha.nC>Klle Ha
onpe.lIeneHHble KOTopble MO>KHO 6bTno
fib! nOBTopHTb B Jlpyrnx curyaLUUIX.
[1J] nepeBOA 6pMTaHCKMX MCTO"lHMKOB
lJpo'llimaiime nOMel1!eHH)'1O HlliKC CTaTblO, 6bllluuwme 3Ha'lCmHI cnOB,
BLI.lIeneHHLIX K)'pCMBOM, a 3aTeM npoaHaJllnupyihc H cpaBHuTC .lIBe BCpCHlI
nepeBO.ll.a :nOH CTaTbH, CllenaHHble Cry.ll.CHTIlMU cl>aKynbTeTa Me>K.ll.)'HapOllHbiX
3KOHOMH'IeCKIIX oTHoruemdt ECJlOpYCCKoro rOCY.ll.apCTBeHHoro 3KOHOMII'IC-
CKoro YHltBepCliTeTa. Ii ompeooKmupyzime IIX.
06paTIne BHIIMaHItC Ha cl>pa3eOnOnt3Mbl gaill withollt paill. live off the fat.
blow the whistle. grin alld pare It MCTIlcl>oPY look like aflashillg amber light.
. 33ACiHHe 1
H-
Ie-
:0-
Ka-
r-
ill
-
155
-
UK TRADE
(The Financial Times, May 12, 1998)
II Th idea that the
UK economy might
be able to gain with-
out pain suffered a
re,,'erse yesterday.
fJ First, the Confed-
eration of British
Industry's (CBI) In-
dustrial Trends sur-
vey showed that
manufacturers were
more pessimistic
about exports than at
any time in the last
18 years.
g Then, as if to con-
finn these fears, of-
ficial figures showed
a rapid widening of
the trade deficit
from J600m in Janu-
ary to J 1. 7bn in Feb-
ruary.
!! The rise in the
deficit was. to be
sure. partly caused
by special factors;
and over six months
the volumcs of both
imports and exports
have been little
changed. Even so,
the CBI survey
156
...'.-- -
II B"Iepa 6LUJa nOKOJle6-
neHa YBCpCHHOCTb B TOM,
"ITO 6pHTaHCKajl 3KOHO-
MliKa 6yltCT npOlIomKaTb
paCTH.
g Bo-nepBLIX, KaK BbI-
IIBIUlO HccnClIOBaHlIC
TeH.aeHlluH B npOMLIW-
neHHOCTli KOHlt>elIcpaUI-III
6pHTaHCKOH npOMbIwnCH-
HOCTli (KEn), 3a nOCJIelI-
HHe 18 neT Ha6mOlIaeTCjI
HaHBbICWajl CTeneHb ncc-
CHMII3Ma OTHOCHTenbHO
3KcnopTa.
5! PaC1)'IIlHe onaCeHHjI
nO.ll.TBep)f(,!laIOTCjI H 0!1>H-
UHaJILHbIMH ,!laHIILIMH,
nOKa3hlBalOWUMII 6b1-
C'!'pOC YBenWiCHue lIelf>u-
UHTa TOproBOro 6aJIaHCa
C 600 MnH. 4>.-CT. B HHBa-
pe.IJ.o 1,7 MJIP.IJ..If>.-CT. B
If>cnpaJIc.
!'! Pa3YMeeTCjI, pOCT .IJ.e-
4>muna 6bIJI IJaCTH"IHO
o6ycnOBJICn OC06bll\1H
06cToHTenLcTBaMH: 3a
weCTL MeCHueB 06'beMbI
lIMnOpTa II 3KcnopTa Ma-
no 113MeHHJIHCh. TeM He
MeHee, I1CCne.IJ.OBaHlie
KErr npe.[{CTaBJIjlCT no-
CJIe.IJ.HHC .IJ.aHHhIC no 6pH-
..... _.
II npcnnOnO)f(CHHe 0 .
TOM. IJTO 3KOHOMI1Ka
Benl1K06pHTaHHU ncr-
KO cnpaBHTCjI c HLI-
HeWHlil\1U np06ncMaMI1
6L/JI0 BIJCpa onpOBcpr-
!;!YT0'
!!:! Bo-ncpBblX, HCCne.IJ.(}
BaHHC COBCTa 6pHTaH-
CKOti npOMblWJIellHOCT'
(CEIT) TCKYWHX TCHnCu
llHH B npOMblwnCHHOC'
nOKa3aJIO, "ITO 6plfTau-
CKlie npOU3nO.IJ.I1TCnH 3a
nOCne.IJ.HHC 18 JIeT HliKC-
rna HC 6bIJIH HacTpocHLI
CTOJIb neCCUMI1CTHIJHO B
OTHOIllCHHH 6Y.IJ.YIllcro
6pl1TaHcKoro 3KCI10pTa.
o KpOMC Toro, KaK 6bl
nO.IJ.TBCp)f(ltaji naHHLle
onaCeHHjI, o4>IfUllaJIbHa I
CTaTIfCTUKa OTMCIJaeT
311a"lHTCnbHbIH pOCT Jle- .
If>HUlITa Topronoro 6a-
naHca C 600 UlH. If>. CT. B
jlHBape.IJ.O 1,7 MJIPJl. If>.
CT. B If>eBpaJIC.
HeCOMHCHHO, pOCT .IJ.C
If>HuHTa ToproBoro 6a-
JIaIlca 6b/JI "IaCTII'mO Bh -
3BaH OC06LIMII If>aKTopa-
MI1, H, KpOMe Toro, 3a n ' ..
Cne.IJ.HIiC 6 MeCHueB
H3MemlJIHCb He TonLKO
06'beMbI 3KcnopTa, HO 11
lIMnOpTa. TeM He MCHee,
aHaJIl13 CErr nOCne.IJ.HlIX
make... the latest TIlHCKOH BHeWHeH TOp- CTaTlICTH'iCCKIIX !laHHblX
trade data look very roBJIC COBCCM B llpyroM o BHCWHeH ToproBJIe Be-
much like a flashing CBeTe. llIK06pHTIlHHlI BbI3b1BaeT
amber light. cepbe3Hoe 6ccnoKoHcTBO.
For much of last Ii! EOJIbW}'IO 'iaCTb npo- !i B1IJIOCTb BHeWHeii TOp-
'- year. the resilience wnoro rolla Bcex y,IUIBJVI.Jla rOBJIlI BeJIltK06pHTIlmm.
of UK trading per- CTa6wlbHOCTh pe3YJ1b TaTOB rnaBHblM 06PaJOM, B
IH. formance in the face BHeWHeH TOprowm Bem-I- npOWJIOM ron:y, lIa $oHe
"- of a steep rise in the K06pHTIlHHH npH 3Ha'lll- YKpenJI1llOUJ.ero CBOH no-
value of sterling pre- TeJ1bHOM pocre K)'pCa $YH- 3lIlliIH $YHTa CTepJIHnroB
10- sented something of 'fa crepm-lHroB. He}')KeJIIt BbIrJUllUlT 1l0BOJIbHO
'- a puzzle. Had British 6pJI'faHCKmi npoMblwncH- cTpaHHo. CTana JIll 6plf-
TII industry become HOCTh cTaJla B 90-e rollbl TIlHCKa1l npOMbIWjfCH-
H- more competitive oollee KOHK)'peHTOcnoc06- HOCTb 601lce KOHI<ypCH-
:TlI during the 1990s? Hoil? A. MO)l(CT 6bITb, OHa Tocnoc06Hoii B TC'ieHHC
l- Or was it living off BCe erne )l(UlIa 3a C'IeT 90-x rollOB? HlIU )l(e olla
3a the fat at big export KpynHblx npl16blJ1cil OT "npoellana ., orpoMHble
co- margins achieved JKCnOpTa, nOJI)"leHHblx OT npU6b1JIH, no,1Y'leHHble
Ibl after the collapse of B pe3YJ1bTare na.n.eHlUl elO nOCJIe 06BaJIa $YHTa
I B sterling in 1992? K)'pca $YHTII CTepJIl1HroB B CTcpJIlIHrOB B 1992 rOllY?
I 1992 rollY?
a.
! In either case, i1 ! KaK 6bI TO HH 6b1JI0, ! B .'110601'.1 cJ1Y'iae, HeT
was argued, manu- paHbrne }'TBepJKllaJIOCb, COMHCHlIH B TOM, lITO
facturers could with- liTO npOMblllweHHOCTb npOJl3BOlliITeml MOm"
aJl stand thc strcsses of CMOJKeT BblllCpJKaTb 11aB- 6bI CnpaBllTbC1I H C BbICO-
high interest rates JICHlIe BbICOKI1X npOll.eHT- KIIMII npoueHTHblMH
:- and a strong pound HbiX CTaBOK Ii CHJlbliOrO CTanKaMH, II C BblCOKIfM
better than some of $YHTII cTepmmroB ropa3- KypCOM $YHTa CTepllHH-
'. B their apologists sug- 110 J1Y l lwe, 'ieM npellno- ron, npJl'ieM 11a>Ke yc-
gested. However, the JIaranH MHome ee JIo66u- neulHcH, '1CM npC11nOJIa-
trends survcy, which CTbI. OllHaKo, Bblllleyno- rmOT me 3alUUTHIIKH. 011-
has been a reliable M1IH)'Toe HCCJIellOBalmc, B HaKO, npellCTaBJICIlliOe
{e- indicator in the past, npOWJIOM YiKC 1l0KaJan- IICCJIellOBaHue Te,,'YUUfX
now points dcci- Illee CBOIO nalle)l(HOCTb, TeH.!J.ellll.JliI, KOTopoe Bce-
bl- sively downwards. Tenepb OKOIr'laTCJIbHO rIla 6blJI0 Ha.!J.e>KHbIM HH-
a- YKaJblBacT Ha BCpOIlTHblH .!J.uKaTopoM C06bITuil B
10- cnall. npOIllJIOM, IlOKaJblBaCT
cOBepwclilio o6panlOe.
e,
I(
157
iJ Expectations for
total orders, exports
and domestic busi-
ness are now much
more pessimistic
than a year ago, and
the outlook has dete-
riorated since Janu-
ary. This survey ac-
cords with recent
official data which
suggest that the
long-predicted slow-
ing of the economy
has begun.
t:! Preliminary data
for gross domestic
product in the first
quarter showed a
slight deceleration;
the growth of retail
sales has slowed
significantly: growth
of the money supply
has eased; and un-
employment may be
falling less fast.
D In short, the Bank
of England's tight
money policy may at
last be working in
the way it must, by
squeezing the sup-
pliers of tradable
goods and services.
Does this mean that
the Bank should
158
iJ O)KHJJ,aHIUI OTHOCH-
TcnbHO 06lllero 06"beMa
3aKa30B, 3KcnopTa Ii
BuyrpeliHero cnpoca Te-
nepb rop33.no 60nee nec-
CHMHCTH'IHbI, 'IeM ro.n
H33a.n. H nepCneKTHBbl
Ha'IIIHa.ll C .IIHBap.ll BCe
BpeM.II yxy.nWaIOTC.II. Pe-
3YJlbTaTbl nccne.nOBaHH.II
COBna){aIOT C He.naBHO
ony6mlKoBaHHbIMH Q(Jm-
Ul:lanbHbIMH JJ,aHHbIMH,
}'K33blBaIOlllIiMH Ha Ha'Ia-
no 3aMe.l1JlCHH.II 3KOHOMIf-
'lCCKOro pOCTa, npofHO-
3lfpOBaBwcrocII y)Ke .l1aB-
HO.
G! npe.nBapnTCJlbHaH
OUCHKa BanOBoro BH)'T-
pCHIICro npo.nYKTa B nep-
BOM KBapTaJle BblRBliJIa
He60nbwoc 3aMC.l1JIelUle
pOCTa. Opn 3TOM 311a'IH-
TcnbHO 33Me.l1JlUJICH pOCT
p03HH'IHOrO TOBapo06o-
pOTa, HCMlloro cHH3Hnacb
CKOpOCTb pOCTa .nCHC)I{-
1I0H MaCCbI, a CHHIKCHHC
ypOBfUl 6c3pa60TlfUbI
H.neT y)Ke He TaK 6blCTpO,
KaK paHbWC.
D B 06lllCM, nOXO)KC, 'ITO
)KeCTKaJI JJ,eHe)l{HaSl nonn-
THKa EaHKa AHrJlliH CTa-
na, HaKOHeu, npHHOCHTb
OIKI:I.naeMble pC3ynbTaTbl:
YCJiJIHBaeTCSI n.aBneHlle Ha
nOCTaBlllHKOB KOHKypeH-
Tocnoc06Hblx TOBapOB 11
ycnyr. 03Ha'IaCT nu 3TO,
'ITO EaHh.")' Tcncpb cne.ny-
iJ O)KH.l1aHHR "fIlOrO'IIIC
nCHHbIX npOMbITllJJCllllbl
3aKa30B, pOCTa 3KCnOpT'
H BH)'TpCHHCro pbIJIKa
CeH'IaC HaMlIoro neccu-
MUCHI'IACe, 'IeM B npo-
umOM ro.ny. C SlHBap.ll
3Toro ro.na CHl)'aUH.II CTa
1Ia ClI1e xY)Ke. YnOMRH)'-
TOC BbIUle JICcne.nOBaHlfC
nO.l1TBep)KD.aCT Hc.naBIUfe
Q(lmUlfaJIbHbIC CBC.nCIIJUI
o TOM. 'ITO paHce npe.n-
CK33aHHbIH 3KOHOMH'IC-
CKliH cnaD. Ha'ianCH.
;3 Ope.nBapllTeJlbHble
nallHble no BBn B nep-
BOM KBapTane TCKymcro
rona nOK33aJ1H HC3I1alHl-
TCJlbllOC YMCHblIIeHHC;
pOCT p03HU'iHOM TOproB-
nl:l 3Ha'IHTCJlbHO 3aMCn-
nUJICR; CIIH3HJIOCb YBcm1-
'ICHUe nCHC)KHOH MaCCbl;
B03MO)KCH pOCT 6c3pa60-
TIIUbI.
D BnonHc BepORTHO, 'iTO
)l{eCTKaJI .neHe)KHaJI nOJlH-
TIIKa 6aHKa AHrJIIIH
CMO)l{CT HaKOnCII. 3apa6o-
TaTb TaK. KaK OHa II
.non)Klm: CHH311Tb npe.n-
nO)l{CHHC nponaBaeMblX
TOBapOB 1:1 ycnyr. 3Ha'II:IT
nH :no, 'iTO CCH'IaC 6aHKY
cnc.nyCT 333BOHHTb BO Bce
iC- now blow the whis- eT 3aCBlICTeTb B CBHCTOK K01l0KOlla H 06'bHBHTb,
.IX lie and declare, as H 06'bHBHTb, KaK npe11J1a- KaK If npe.ll.nollarae-r CEn,
ra the CBI suggests, raeT KEn, '1TO npoueHT- o TOM. '1TO npoueHTHble
that illleresl rates Hble CTItBKH .lI.OCTHrlli1 CTaBKi1 .lI.OCTHfJlH CBoero
have reached their cBoero nHKa? mlKa?
peak?
fa- U!! Probably not. fIi! BepoHTHo, HeT. Be..lrh fI!! B03MO>KHO, HeT.
,- For domestic de- Ha BH)'TpeHHeM pblHKe Cnpoc Ha BHyrpeHHeM
IC mand is still buoy- nOKa Ha6mo.ll.ae-rcH pblHKe OCTaeTCH BbICO-
Ie ant; and, despite 0>K1IBJIeHUe cnpoca, a KI1M, H HecMoTpH Ha npo-
H their protests, manu- np0l13BO.ll.HTeJIH, HeCMOT- TCCTbl. npOU3BO.ll.UTCJIII
facturers still enjoy pH Ha npOTeCTbI nponID BCe ew "HaCna>Kl1aIOTCH"
healthy export mar- nOllHTIIKlf EaHKa AHfJIIUf. BblCOKIIMlf npll6blJlHI\IIf OT
gins. Meanwhile BCe ewe HMelOT npIfJIH'I- 3KcnopTa. Me>KllY TeM,
product;llit)' im- HyIO npll6bIlIb OT 3Kcnop- pOCT npOH3BO.ll.i1Te.JIbHO-
provements remain TIt. Me>K.u.y TeM, y.rry'lUle- CTH HC3Ha'HucnCH.
low. HHC npOH3BO.ll.i1TClIbHOCTH
npo.ll.Oll>KaeT H.lI.TlI MC.lI.-
lIeHHblMH TCMnaMH.
ID Yesterday's SUf- [I] B'IepaUIHee HCClIe.ll.O- [I! B IICCJIe.ll.OBaHlUl no-
vey showed that de- BaHue nOKa3aJJO, '1TO HC- Ka3aHO, 'ITO npOH30Ul1l0
spite this poor pcr- CMOTpH Ha np0611eMbi C 3Ha'II1TClIbHOC CHlI>KCHIIC
fonnance, there has npoH3BoroneJIbHOCTblO, npe.ll.nOllaraCMblx 3aTpaT
been a sharp drop in Ha6J1I011ae-rcH pC3Koe Ha O>KII.lI.aCMble paCxO.ll.bl
the forecast expelldi- CHIDKCHi1e nporH03npye- no y.rry'lUleHIlIO npO.l{)'K-
1- lures on product and MbIX paCXO.ll.OB Ha yll)"l- UlIH i1 nO.ll.roToBKe Ka.ll.-
process innovation - UleHHe TOBapoB i1 TCXHO- pOB.
and on training. nondi. a TaK>KC Ha 06y-
'1CHIIC nepcoHaJJa.
[g The weakening !D MO>KeT nOKa3aTbCH. IE! OClIa6nCHlfc $YHTa
of sterling during '1TO anpClIbCKOe oClIa6ne- cTepmlHroB B anpelle
April may secm to Hlle $YHTa cTcpmmroB MO>KCT npllHecTH neKOTO-
) promise a little res- o6emaeT npOMbIUllleHHO- poe 0611Cr<ICHl1e, HO 06-
pite, but the last CTH He601lbwylO ncpe- BaJJ CTCp1lltHra - 3TO no-
thing which the UK .lI.bIWK)'. O.ll.HaKO, nalleHlle CnC.lI.HCe, '1TO H}'>KHO ceii-
economy needs at HaUlfOHaJJbHOH BaJJlOTbl - 'lac 6plfTaHCKOll 3KOHO-
the top of its cycle is 3TO nOCJIe.ll.Hee, B '1eM MlfKe. HaXO.ll.SIIUeUCH Ha
a collapse of ster- H)'>K.lI.ae-rCH 6plfTaHCKaH Bepxy UlflUla. Eam.:y
ling. The Bank will 3KOHOMlfKa. HaXO.ll.lICb Ha AHr1ll111 npH.lI.eTCJI npll-
need to sit tight until BepwHHe 3KOHOMIf'leCKO- llep/KIfBaTbCH HbllleWHcro
companies show bet- ro UHKJla. EaHK)' AHrmm >KeCTKoro K)'pca .!I.O TCX
\ ter control of their npH.lI.eTCJI npoBolIHTb jf(e- nop, nOKa KOMnaHI1H He
e costs: industry must CTK)'IO nOllHTlfK)', nOKa YllY'lwaT KOHTpOllb 3a
159
grill and pare it.
KOMnamm HC YJl}"HUal
KOHTpOnb Ha.u CBOIIMH
m.uepJKKaMH: npOMblIU-
nelIHOCTb CK8.J1HT 3y6bl,
HO CM npH.ue rCJI :no c.ue-
naTb.
CBOHMH pacxo.n:aMU -
nyCTb CKpenJi cepMe, HO
npOMbllWlCHHOCTb .uonJl{-
Ha COKpaTHTb HX.
. 3aAaJut "2
npO'IIITaiiTe aHanUTJl'leCKlle 0630pbJ cHryaUIIH B 3KOHOMHKe H npe.n:npH-
HHMaTenbCKoii .n:e"TenbHOCTH Poccml. 6eJlapycu H nOJlblliH ("Business Cen-
tral Europe. The Annual 2000 "). 06paTIITe BHUMaHile Ha If.n:UOMalWJeCKUe
BblpaJKeHlfll I{ .n:pyrue IIHTepecHble .D.JIJI nepCBO,lta l\feCTa, Bbl.n:eJleHIIble KypCIf-
BOM. C.u.enaHTe nOJlHbIH DlfCbMeHHblii nepeBO,lt 060llx TeKCTOB.
RUSSIA
The economy is in a goodlbad news situation. Cataclysm has
been avoided. The rouble maintains its mystcrious stability; and production
figures are chugging Itpwards again after the calamitous drops of 1998. Many
observers even forecast modest GDP growth after a rise in world oil prices.
Even beuer, the government has committed itself to a series of reforms _ in-
cluding hard budgetary constraints. better tax collection amI bank reslructur-
ing - on order to meet the terms of a new $4.5 billion loan from tile IMF.
But the apparent recovery is equivocal. not least because official economic
figures should be taken with a heavy pinch of salt. Much of the apparent rise in
production is the result of windfall gains for exporters from devaluation.
Among thc population, conditions have steadily worscned. While production
has gone up, domestic consumption has slumped. The average monthly wage
is now below $70 - down over one-third in real terms year on year. And un-
cmploymcnt is creeping up. to as high as 18% by somc measures.
And if the government's reform's commitmcnt to the IMF sounds? liulc
familiar, that's because it's been promised beforc. Discussion with the IMF
still revolves around the absolutc basics of tax and bank reform. Thesc are
measures that should have been tackled before the crisis, and certainly not
postponed after it.
The crisis looked likely to knock Rus.'iian business hack infO
the Dark Ages. In fact, it had little effect. Indeed. 1999 has seen rising movc-
ment. both foreign and domestic, in Russian production - largely a defensive
strategy against the falling rouble. Firms such as America's Ford, Switzer-
land's Ncstle and France's Danone are stepping up investment in Russian fac-
160
tories, rather than relying on imports. And that has to be good both for the
economy and for Russian business culture.
D Such investments are largely opportunistic, and they certainly don't mean
:_ that Russia has become respectable. Businessmen, especially foreign ones,
have just given up waiting for the new laws and regulations that arc needed to
make Russia a decent place to make business. So they've decided to push 01/
regardless. But if 2000 is to bring any general improvements for the average
Russian. it will come from ground-level developments like these. Politicians
certainly won't help.
BELARUS
I-
I-
e
(-
One of the main reasons that Russia may be wal)' abollt
swallowing lip its western neighbour is the sheer scale of Belarus.s economic
woes. Mr. Lukashenko docs his best to cover up the problems by selective use
of statistics, but the fact is that his economic policies don't work.
Inflation is the biggest headache, and looks like ending 1999 at around
200% thanks to extremely loose credit policies.
In an attempt to prevent inflation. the government has imposed a system of
price controls which in turn creates severe shortages of most staple goods. (...)
It's hard to blame Mr. Lukashcnko completely. His throllgh-lhe-looking-
glass ecollomic policies have at least served to maintain almost universal em-
ployment and affordable utility and housing prices for his voters. And Russia
has conni\'ed ill the process: by etIectively agreeing 10 act as a dumping
ground for low-quality, cheap Bclarusian goods. Russia has de!>troyed any mo-
tivation to restructure the industrial base and look for new markets to the west.
Belarus may not return to being part of Russian sovereign territory, but as far
dS economics is concerned, the Soviet structure is stillfirmly in place.
s
y
POLAND
. . I With the 1998 Russian crisis slashing cross-border trade by
40%, the Polish economy faces a rod,)' time in 2000. Cross-border trcldc with
Russia will tumble further following EU demands that Poland tighten border
controls. That's one reason why recent surveys show that just 46% of respon-
dents favour EU membership, compared to 70% two years ago.
Still. while economic prospects for 2000 aren't exactly rosy. they could
hardly be called bad, either. Growth should accelerate to 5%, from 3.5% in
1999, while increased privatization revenues will help fund both the struggling
budget and social security reform.
I. I" There are some good business reasons why the Polish econ-
omy is faltering. Laggardly privatintion (40% of industrial workers arc slill
6 3aK -168
161
employed by state firms) means that communist-era companies are an increas-
ing drag on the wider economy. The coal sector alone lost $800 million in
1999, for example, and the government's own economic plans accept that
rapid growth can't be sustained until the COUflU"y'S unproductive mines and still
mills are sold off.
Still, some long-delayed privatizations were carried out in 1999, including
Bank Pekao, LOT airline and the Polski Koncern Naftowy oil conglomeratc.
That will continue in 2000, when state companies worth some $4 billion
should be sold.
That should allow the government to focus on providing a better environ-
ment for Poland's uncompetitive private sector, where big improvements in
labour efficiency and quality arc still needed.
Increasingly, the bigger private companies are accepting they can only
survive with a foreign partner. But most Poles work for 2.5 million small com-
panies that produce nearly half of GDP. They remain backward, and largely
incapable of competing internationally. If Poland wants to carry on growing,
that must change.
3a,qatfJ.1e 3
03lfaKOMbTeCb c aHaJIHTH'JeCKoif CTaTbt!M 0 nOmfTHlJeCKOH H 3KOHOMl1lfe-
CKOM CHl)'al.lHH Ha Y KpaHHe B KOHue 1999 rona, ony6nHKoBaHHofi B e)l{ero.'1.-
HHKe «Business Central Europe. The Annual 2000». YKIDKHTe CJ1YlfaH IICKa-
)l{eHIDI CMbICJIa, 6}'KBaJIH3MOB H Hec06moneHIDI HOpM PyccKoro Jl3b1Ka B npH-
Be)J.eHHOM nepeBO.ll:e. C.lI:eJJaihe CBOn BapHam nepeBO.ll:a CTaTbli.
II Politics. Ukraine, a fertile land
with 50 million well-educated people
on the edge of the world's largest in-
tegrated market, is a crisis-ridden
country with huge potential. Which
is exactly what it was in 1991.
g The only silver lining in 1999 was
that this young democracy escaped a
Communist comeback. Acrimonious
presidential campaigns overrode all
other concerns for the whole year. In
the end, President Leonid Kuchma, a
slow reformer, received another five-
year term in office, crushing his
162
II nOJUITHKa. YKpaHHa, l1JTo)J.opO.ll:-
HeUl 3eMJUl C 50-MJlJInIfOHHbIM BblCO-
Ko06p3.3oBaHHbIM HaceneHHeM Ha
rpaHlfl!e caMora 60nbworo MUpOBO-
1'0 IfmerpHpoBaHHofO pblHKa, OXBa-
qeHHaJi Kplf3HCOM cTpaHa C orpOM-
HblM nOTeHtUlanOM. I1MeHHO 3TO 61.1-
JIO B 1991 fOL!)'-
g E.lI:HHcTBeHHblM npocBcTOM B
1999 rony 6b1JIO TO, IJTO IOHaJI .lI:eMO-
KpantJl H36e)l{ana B03BpaTa KOMMY-
HIt3Ma. Pe3KaJI H36HpaTenbHaJi KOM-
naHIDI npe3H.D.eHTa 3aTMHna Bce OC-
Ta./lbHble .lI:cna Ha ueJThIi1 ro.ll:. B KOH-
Lte KOHUOB, npe3H.lI:em JIeOHH.lI:
KYlfMa, MCJllIeHHLIH pe<}>opMaTOp,
Communist rival Petro Symonenko
in the second round of voting. Par-
liament, packed with presidential
challengers, did its best to frustrate
Mr. Kuchma's ambitions.
g The gridlock between president
and parliament, worse than last year,
has bccn bad news for impatient
Westerners and Ukrainians who ar-
gue that the country can't wait any
more time in its halting transition to
a free market. Mr. Kuchma has ruled
over one of the biggest economic de-
clines ever experienced in Ukraine.
!! After re-election, he promised to
get a pro-reform majority in parlia-
ment dnd turn the country around.
But he can't keep his promises with-
out an overhaul of the country's in-
competcnt government.
S1 Economics. First the good news:
Ukraine weathered the 1998 financial
disaster in the region well. The hryv-
nia lost half of its value over the
year, but expectations were much
worse than reality.
n0J1)"11111 BTOpOU IDITHJ1eTHHn CpOK
npe3Hl1CHTCTBa, pa36HB CBoero KOM-
MYHHCTH'fCCKOro concpHHKa IlcTpa
CIfMOHCHKO BO BTOpOM Kpyrc rono-
COBaHIUI. OapnaMeHT,3anOJ1JJeHHbIM
6pOCaIOU1HMH Bbl30B npC3Hl1eHry,
llenan BCe, '1T06bl pacCTpoHTb aM6H-
llIll1 K)"IMbl.
g IlpoTHBOCTOJlHItC npc3HlleHTa It
napnaMeHTa, OOOCTpItBllleCCJI B 3TOM
ro.ll.Y, JlBHJ10Cb MOXOM HOBOCTblO D..'JJI
HCTepnemlBblx 3anal1HblX )l(IITcJ1eii
YKpallHbl II YKpamU.leB, KOTOpblC YT-
Bep)l(JJ,aIOT, '1TO CTpaHa He MO)l(eT
60nbille TpaTHTb BpeMJI B 3aTJlUYB-
llleMCJI nepexoJl,e K CBOOO.ll.HOMY
PbIHKY. f-H KY'IMa npaBHT BO BpeMJI
OJl,HOrO 113 caMblX OOJ1bIllIlX 3KOHO-
MlJ<ICCKUX cna.a.OB, KOrJl,a-J11160 liC-
nblTaHHblX YKpallHoii.
!J OOCJ1C ncpeH36paHlUi OH 06eU1an
nOJ1Y'UITb npopcljJopMaTopcKoe
OOJ1bIllIlHCTBO B napnaMCUTC II
YJ1Y'lIllI1Tb nono)l(cultc B cTpaHe. Ho
OH He MO)l(eT BbmonHUTb CBOe 06e-
U1aHlJe 6e3 pCBll3lm pellleHlIH. npH-
"I.JMaeMbIX HeXOMneTeHTHblM npaBU-
TcnbCTBOM.
3KOIiOMIlKa. IlepBaJi xopowaJl
1I0BOCTb: YKpaHHa nepeHCCJ1a 1jJ1I-
HaHCOBblH Kpl13HC 1998 roJl,a. rpllBHa
nOTCpJlJ1a nonoBHHY CBOe" CTOHMO-
CTH 3a roll., HO O)l(HJI,aHllII 6blnu lIa-
MHoro xY)I(e l1eikTBUTenbHOCTII
163
! Production volumes have mostly
been restored and foreign capital has
not fled the country. Credit goes to
the government, which devalued
gradually and postponed foreign debt
payments.
iJ The bad news is that the fears of a
radical leftist becoming presidcnt has
halved foreign direct investmcnt
flows and slowcd privatisation to a
crawl pre-election. That could
change if Mr. Kuchma moves
quickly and decisively to halt subsi-
dies to loss-making state-owned in-
dustry. That will increase unem-
ployment, but it will stop draining
the budget and reduce some of the
rampant corruption, which has fed
the capital flight.
Another immediate task is to deal
with forcign debt payments, which
will be a staggering $3bn in 2000,
with a third of that due in the first
quarter. Little chance then that the
government predictions ofUkrainc's
first-evcr incidence of GDP growth
will come true.
Business. The devalued hryvnia
has helpcd many Ukrainian compa-
nies. Local goods kicked imported
ones off the shelves, benefiting foOO-
processors the most.
164
! 06'beMbl npOH3BOllCrBa B OCHOB-
HOM BOCCTaHOBIiJUlCb, If nllocTpal-I-
HblH KanHTaJI lie yweJl 1I3 CTpaHbI.
3acnyra npHHallJ1e)\(IIT npaBl-ITCJJbCT-
BY, KOTopoe nOCTcneHHo llCBaJJbBI1-
pOBMO H OTJlO)\(HJ!O nJlaTC)\(1I 3a
lU-IOCTpaHllblii IlOJlr.
i! nJloxaJl HOBOCTb - :no TO, 'I ro
cTpaxlf JleBoro pa.!UIKaJJa, CTaBwero
npCJlIlleHTOM, YMeHhwHJlII "pj]MbIC
IIHBCCTIIL{UOIIHble nOTOKH II 3aJ\1C,L{-
JlI1J1lI npHBaTUJaLllIIO B CBjJ311 C TII-
HYLllHMIICJI BhI6opal'>llI. 3To MOrJIO
6b1 113MeHIIThCJI, CCJlII KY'IMa 6blCTpO
OTMeHllT Cy6ClIllIIII HecYLlleii nOTcpH
rocnpOMbIIllJleHHoCTII. 3TO YBeJllf'lIiT
6e3pa6oTlmy, HO OCTaHOBI1T yre'-lKY
6fOll)f(CTa II HCCKOJlhKO YMCHbWHT
pmpoclll}'IocJI KopPynumo, KOTOpaJi
npHBCJla K OTIOKY KanHTaJJa.
L{pyrajJ CpO'-lHajJ 3alla'Ja - :no pC-
IllCHJfe np06J1e bl BHeIllllcro llOJlra.
KOTOpblH npU6nH)\(aCTCJI K OWCJJOM-
nJifOll1cii uuc)3pe 3 Mnpll. llOJJnapOB B
2000 rollY, npH'IeM TpeTb ero llOn)\(-
Ha 6bITh noraweHa B nepBoM KBap-
TaJJe. WaHchl Toro, '-ITO nporHo3bI
npaBHTenbcTBa HaC'-II:!T nallCHIfJl
ypOBHJI BBn C6YllyrCJI, O'-lCHb MaJJhI.
D l)UJHCC. J{cBa.'IhBHpoBaHHajJ
rpHBHa nOMoma MHorHM YKpaHH-
CKliM KOMnaHIIJlM. MecTHbIe TOBaphI
BblMCCTlfJIlf liMnopTHhle C MaraJIIH-
HblX nonOK II npHHecnH npll6bIJlb
nlfLlleBo npOMbIlllJIeHHOCTII 60nbIlle
Bcex.
II!! That was the only consolalion
for Ukrainian businesses in 1999.
Corruption, red tape and tax burden
still stifle businesses and deter for-
eign investment. Heavy taxes mean
businesses are forced into under-the-
able deals. So the government un-
leashes the tax police on to the
country's few remaining entrepre-
neurs, in an attempt to collect some
taxes. J n short, Ukrainian enterprises
continue their struggle to find a place
within a stifling business environ-
ment.
[I) There should be an increase in
foreign direct investment in 2000.
Many foreign companies put their
plans on hold this year, waiting to
see who would become president.
But that is unlikely to help Ukraine's
small businesses, which are in des-
perate need of cash injections.
[0 And even with the elections
won, politics will continue to domi-
nate Ukrainian business prospects.
The hope is that president can tackle
the opposition-dominated parliament
and reshuffle his government. other-
wise Ukraine will rcmain a crisis-
riddcn country with great potential
for many years to come.
-
IIi! 31'0 61,1110 e.ll.lIHCTBCHHblM yre-
llleHHCM YKpauHcKHx npe.ll.npUHUMa-
TeneH B 1999 ro.ll.Y. Koppym.lHII, 610-
pOKpaTHJI I HaIlOrOBOe 6peMli BCe
ellle .lI.aBIIT npe.ll.npMlllfMaTencH H
Y.lI.Cp)J( lBaIOT IHocTpaHHbIH KanMTaJ1.
Eon bIll He HaIlOrH BblH)0K.uaIOT 6113-
HCCMeHOB YX0.ll.MTb B nO.ll.nOnbC. 00-
3TOM)' npaBHTCJlbCTBO H3np3BJUleT
HaIlOroBYIO nomlUHIO K OCTaBlllHMCJl
S npC.lI.npHHHM3TcmlM JUlJI C60P3 Ha-
noros. O.ll.HMM cnoBoM, YKp311HCKUe
npc.unpUIITl1J1 npO.ll.On)J(31oT 60poTbcli
3a MCCTO B Y.D.YUIaJOllleii 6U3HCC cpc-
.lI.bI.
[II B 2000 ro.uy .lI.On)J(Hbl YBeml-
<{MTbCJI npJlMbie MHOCl"p3HHbIC HHBe-
CTHLlUU. MHomc HHocl"paHHble KOM-
naHlni npH.lI.Cp)J(aIIH CBOI-! nn3Hbi B
:nOM rony nepe.ll. Bbl60p3MI1 npe3H-
.lI.CHTa. Ho 3TO BpJl.ll. nH nOMO)J(eT M3-
nOMY YKP3UHCKOMY 6H3HCCY, KOTO-
pblii 01"'l3llHHO H)0K.lI.aCTCJI B .lI.CHC)J(-
Hoii HHbeKI.llm.
[B 11 n3JKC C no6e.ll.oii H3 Bbl60pax
nonHTHK 1 6ynyr nponon)J(aTb .lI.OMH-
HHpoBaTb H3J1 YKpaHHCKHMH neno-
BblMH nepcneKTMBaMIl. Hane)J(.lI.a B
TOM, <{TO npe3H.lI.eHT CMO)J(eT cnpa-
BHTbCIi c onn03ULlHOHHbIM napna-
MeHTOM It neperpynnHpoB3Tb npaoll-
TCnbCTBO; MHa<{C. YKpaUHa oCT3HeT-
CJI oXBa<{CHHoii Kp 13HCOM CTp3HOH C
OrpOMHblM nOTeHLll-!aII0M H3 MHorHe
ro.ubl.
165
3aAaHM,'
npO'lHTaiiTe nOMell..teHH)'IO HIDKe CTanlO, BbImfUlHTe He06xoJUtMbfe JI./HI
ee nOHHMaHIDI TepMI1HbI 11 CJIOBOCO'leTaHJfJl, 06panIB BHHMaHHe Ha TO, ':ITO
BhIJ1eneHO KYpCHBOM. B CTaTbe 'IaCTO BCTpe'laeTCJI a66peBliaTYpa OECD. Ec-
JIll B cK06Kax He YKa3bIBaeTCJI 3Ha'lel-me, TO :no pacnpOCTpaHeHHoe COKpall..te-
HHe. H CTYJ1elIT-3KOHOMHCT J10JI)f{eH ero 3HaTb
HaJf,nHTe 3Ha'leHHe CJIell)'lOlI..tlfX aTpH6yn'IBHblX CJIOBOCO'leTamtli (N+N).
KoropbIe HaxOJl,JlTCJI B TeKCTe CTaTbH:
tax. revenues
tax. base
tax. yields
tax. competition
tax rates
tax efficiency
tax haven(s)
tax. paying world
tax reforms
tax free jurisdiction
tax. convention
06paTHTe BHHMaHHe na nepBoe npeJI./IO>KeHUe B 3-eM a63aue. rJl,e $op-
MaJlbHOe 1I0nonHeHHe it He nepeBOJ1HTCJI (CM. pa3J1en 2.1.4. MHoro$YHKltHO-
HaJlbHble CJIOBa).
npoaHaJlH3HpyiiTe nepeBOJ1 CTaTbH C TO'IKH 3peHIDI ero a,lIeKBaTHOCTH.
GOOD AND BAD
("The Financial Times", April 29. 1998)
IJ Globalisation poses an undeniable
threat to the tax revenues of states in
the developed world. Yet as the
OECD secretariat points out in its
new report on harmful tax competi-
tion. it has also prompted tax reforms
that have broadened the lax base
while reducing tax rates. This has
minimised tax-induced distortions to
trade and investment.
166
I] rn06aJ1U3aUIDI npeJl,cTaBJIJleT He-
COMHCHH)'IO yrp03Y HaJlOroBbIM no-
Cl)'ruICHIDIM Pa3BUTbIX cTpaH. TCM
HC MeHee. KaK OTMC'IaeTCJI B HOBOM
OT'll!-re ceKpe-rapHaTa 03CP 0 Hera-
THBHblX nOCJIClICTBHJlX HaJlOrOBOii
KOHK)'pCHUlfH, rn06aJ1H3at..\HJI TalOKC
CTHMYJIlipOBaJla HaJlOrOBble pe$op-
Mbl, YBemi'lHBUlHe HaJloroBYK> 6a3Y,
npJf 3TOM CHH3HB CTaBKH HaJloro06-
JIO>KeHHJI. 3TH Mepbl CBenH K MHHH-
MYMY ncpeKoCbl B TOprOBJJe H HHBe-
CTHpOBaHHH, Bbf3BaHHbie pa3JJH'IIDI-
MH B HaJloro06JJo>KeHHH.
The fear that corporation tax
yields will be driven down to zero by
harmful tax competition is also not
wholly justified by the numbers.
Taxes on corporate income within
OECD have remained remarkably
constant as a percentage of GDP over
the past 20 years. Why, then, the
deep antipathy, especially in Brus-
sels, towards tax competition?
D One answer is that governments
are finding it increasingly difficult to
persuade citizens to finance high lev-
els of public spending through higher
taxation. They are thus more sensi-
tive to the potential loss of marginal
tax revenue. It is no coincidence that
the most vocal states on this score
tend to be the ones whose spending
takes a very high share ofGDP.
9 More fundamentally, the fear that
tax rates will be bid downwards by
global competition is, at least in the
long run, well founded. The yield
from capital taxes MS certainly been
eroded in some countries as a result
of such pressure. And the preferen-
tial reliefs accorded to debt as
against equity in all OECD countries
ensures that corporation tax is be-
coming increasingly voluntary as
corporate financiers urge tax effi-
ciency on their clients.
g CTaTHCTIlKa He nO,lJ.TBCp)f(,lJ.aeT II
onacCHHW, 'iTO ry6HTcnbH8jI HMoro-
Ba", KOHtcypcmUUI cBe,lJ.e-r K Hymo ,lJ.O-
XO.lIb1 Hel<OTOpblX rocY,lJ.apCTB OT
B3HMaHH'" KOpnOpaTlfBHOrO HMora.
B Te'leHHC nocne,lJ.HHX ,lJ.BYX ,lJ.eCfITH-
neTHH 61O,lJ.)f(eTHble ,lJ.OXO,lJ.bl rocy-
,lJ.apCTB 03CP no 3TOW cTaTbe 6I:.IJIlf B
Bi.JcweR CTeneHlI CTa6lf.ilbHblMH no
OTHomeHHlo I< pa3MCpy BBn. OTl<Y-
.n.a )f(e TaKOe ClfJlbHOe HenpIDITHC Ha-
noroBon 1<0HK)'pem.UIH, OC06CHHO B
EplOccenc?
D O,lJ.Ha H3 npli',ulH 3aKJDO'IaeTCH B
TOM, 'ITO npaBlITenbCTBaM BCe CJIO)f(-
Hce y6e)f(,lJ.aTb rpIDK.D:aH lUIaTUTb
60nbwe HMOroB .lJ.]JH nO.lUlep)f(aHHfl
BblCOKOro ypOBHfl rocpacxo!tOB. 00-
3TOMY 3TH npaBHTenbCTBa CTaIlOBHT-
Cfl BCe 60nce '1YBcTBHTcnbHbIMJI K
nOTeHUHMbHOMY cOKpaweHHIO npc-
,lJ.CJ1LHbIX HMOroBblX nocT)'lUIemrn.
Hecn)"-laAHO no 3TOMY Bonpocy
rpOM'IC BCCX nOD,aroT ronoc Te cTpa-
HbI, B KOTOpblX rocpacxOllbl 3aHH"da-
lOT O'lCHb 60nbWYlO D,omo BBn.
!! ECJIlf yrny6HTbcH B anMH3, TO
BHlI.HO, '1TO onacCHIDI CHH)f(eHlfH Ha-
noroBLlx CTaBOK no,lJ. B03,lJ.ciiCTBHCM
rn06MLHOH KOHK)'pCHLlHH D,OCTa-
TO'IHO 060CHoBaHHbi - no KpaHHcii
Mepe, H8 ,lJ.onrocpO'lHOM 3Tane. )];0-
XO.llb1 OT HMora H8 K8mrraJI B HeKO-
TOpblX CTpaHax D,eHC"TBHTCnLHO 6bInH
no.n.opB8HbI KOHKypeHLlHen co CTO-
pOHLI 60nce 6n8ronpIDITHLIX HMO-
rOBLIX pe)f(HMOB. npH 3TOM nbroT-
Hble HMoroBble oCB06mK.lI.eHUJI, npe-
D,OCTaBJIHeMLle KOMnaHHHM C onpc-
,lJ.CJ1eHHbIM ypOBHeM C06CTBeHHblX '"
167
The question. then, is how to rc-
tain bencficial tax competition while
minimising distortions. And the
OECD report rightly eschews any
assault on generalised competition
over tax rates, preferring to focus on
tax have1ls and on prefercntial reliefs
that admit low or no laxation on spe-
cific kinds of incomc.
r.J In the interests of fiscal neutrality,
preventing the use of tax concession
to bribc internationally mobile activi-
ties towards a given jurisdiction is
clearly desirablc. Note, though, that
the losers from tax compctition are
often those countries that have been
slow to reform inefficient systcms.
Public choice theorists would argue,
too, that havens also provide a useful
disciplinc to prevent predatory states
resorting to extreme taxation.
168
3a MHLIX cpe.n:cTB, nOKa3blBaIOT, "JTO
HaIIoro06no)KeHHe KopnOpal.lHH CTa-
HOBHTCR BCt! 60nec npOll3BonbHbIM, II
TO BpCMR KaK KopnopanlBHLle tpH-
HaHCI1CTbl npH3blBaIOT CBOIfX KJlIICH-
TOB K nOBLIlliCHHIO 3tptpCKTHBHOCTli
lfaIIoro06nomelflfR_
Tor.n:a Bonpoc B TOM, KaK coxpa-
HIITL 6J1arOnpIfRTHYIO HaJIOroBYIO
KOHKYpemtlilO, nplf 3TOM CBe.n:R K
MIiHIIMYMY C HcraTHBIIbie nocne.n:-
CTBIIR. O'leHb XopOWO. "JTO OT4 T
03CP n03.n:cp)KHnaCTCR OT nlO6LIX
HanimOK Ha HaJIOronylO KOHKypCH-
11HIO Bo06111e, npc.n:nO"JHTaJI COcpc.n:o-
TO'IlfTLCR Ha OtpllIOpHLIX 30Hax If
nbrOTHbIX HaJIOrOBbIX pCmJiMaX,
npc.n:YCMaTpHBalOlllHX O"JCHb Hl13KOe
HaJIoro06no)KeHlfC mIH .n:ame ero OT-
cyrcTBHe B OTHOllICHHl1 onpe.n:eneu-
HblX BHllOB .n:OXO.n:OB.
a HUTCpCCbl tplfCKaJIbHOro HCHTpa-
nHTCTa RBHO TpC6YIOT npe!lOTBpallle-
HID! Ifcnonb30BaHH.II Ha.noroBLlx
nbroT TeMU CTpaHaMH, KOTopble CTa-
palOTCJI TaKHM CIloc060M npUBnC4b
M06HJILUhle B Me)KJIYuapo.n:HOM
MacwTa6c BII.n:LI X03RHCTBCUHOH .n:CJI-
TcnbHoCTH. OrMCTIfM, O.n:HaKo. 4TO B
pe3ynLTaTe HaJIOrOBOn KOHKypCH11ID1
npOHrpblBaIOT 06bl4HO TC CTpaHbl,
KOTOpblC MC.lUIJiT C pelflopMHpOBaHlf-
CM HC3!J>!J>CKTIIBHbIX HaJIOroBLlX CI1C-
TCM. K TOMY )KC, Cne11l1aJIHCTbl B 06-
JlaCTlf TCOpl1lf 06UtCCTBCIIIIOrO Bb160-
pa yrnCp>KllaIOT, "JTO OlflwopHbIe 30-
HLI JlrpalOT Ba)KH)'IO ponb, lie
n03BOIDIR nonymlcTcKJlM npaBHTCnb-
CTBaM nplf6craTL K KpartHc )KeCTKO-
MY II HCBblro.n:HOMY JUUI 6HJHCCa Ha-
noroo6nO)KCHJlIO.
iJ The OECD's call for countries to
terminate tax conventions with the
worst tax havens is probably pious.
As wcll as a bolt holc, havens pro-
vide 3 conduit between tax free juris-
dictions. for example in the Middle
East, and the tax paying world. But if
the report hclps bring a little more
transparency and fairness to the sys-
tem. it will have done well.
3a. a Me 5
iI HaBcpHoe, HeMHoro JIIU.leMepeH
nplt3b1B 03CP K CBOIiM CTpanaM-
Y4aCTHHLtaM pa30pB3n. COfJlaWemUI
06 H36eJKamm .nBOHIiOro HaJIoro06-
JlOJKeHHR C caMblMIl KpynHblMH 01»-
WOpHbIM 1 30Ilat\ut. nOM IMO I»YHK-
LtIIH HaJIOroBOro y6eJKHIIla, ol»wop-
Hble 30Hbl BbmOJlWlIOT I»YHKLlIut
coOe06pa3Hoi'l CBR3YlOIll.cilIIIITU Me-
JK.lI;)l 6e3H3JlOrOBb11\l11 30HaMIl, lIa-
npl1MCp, 6J11IJKHCBOCT04IfblMli. II oc-
TaJlbHblM, IIcnpaOIiO IUlaTRllllIM Ha-
nom, MUpOM. Ho CCJlU OT4CT 03CP
nOMOJKCT npuoHccTU 0 CHCTCMY HC-
MHoro np03pa4Hocnlli cnpaoe.ll1m-
Bocnl - 3H34HT, BCe 6blJlO c.nCJlaHO
HC 3pJl.
nCpCBC.n UTC nOMCIll.CHHYIO JUDICC CTaTblO. 06panrre OHHMaJUle H3 3020-
ROBOK 11 nepe.na4Y UMel/ C06C»l6eHl/bIX, KOTopble BCTpe4alOTCR 0 TeKCTC CTa-
Tbll. 3a KOHCYJlbTaI1HCii 06paniTeCb K COOTOeTCTBYlOlll.UM pa:meJlaM nepooi'!
<{aCTH .n3HHOro I\:ypca (2.2.3. It 2.1.5.). CocTaBbTe cnooapb CJlOB II OblpaJKe-
Illlf!, Obl.neneHHbIX K)'pCHBOM.
MUCH ADO ABOUT LENDING
(The Finallcial Times, May 12, 1993)
FINANCIAL CONSIDERATIONS ALONE NO LONGER DICTATE AID
STRATEGY FOR RUSSIA, say Edward Ball and Jolm Lloyd.
II The International Monetary Fund does not. for once, hold all the bar-
gaining chips. Negotiators are in Moscow this week to thrash oW {l tough
credit plan with the Russian government. without which no wcstcrn aid can
flow. But they know that the west is determined to start relcasing funds soon.
no matter what kind of agrecment is reached or whcther it can he implementcd.
--
169
g Financial considerations alone no longer dictate the west's aid strategy
to the former Soviet Union, much to the IMF's dismay. Official from the
Group of Seven (G7) industrialiscd countries say they are determined not to
see a repeat of last year, when only $1 bn of an original $24bn aid package was
disbursed because the Russian government was unable to meet the IMF's
tough fmancial conditions.
D "The G7 did a lousy job lasl year." admitted one senior G7 official. hA
good opportunity was lost because the IMF tried to nail down too many de-
tails. We are determined not to see that happen again:'
!I At their meeting in Tokyo four wecks ago, the G7 foreign and finance
ministers announced a headline figure of nearly $44bn of assistance to Russia
over the next year from the IMF, the World Bank and in bilateral aid. (Both the
IMP and the World Bank re<;:eive the bulk of their funding from the G7.) But
the ministers told the Fund to dispense with its nomlal practice of waiting for a
track record of finaTJcial discipline before releasing aid.
g Instead, they instructed the iMF to offer each of the former Soviet re-
public fast disbursing aid -labelled a "systemic trll1lsformationfacility" _ half
of which would be paid immediately to any governmem demonstrating a
"credible" reform slrategy. For Russia this facility will provide $3bn. The IMF
was also told to begin to disburse to Russia a further $4bn in standby loans by,
at the latest, October I, and preferably before July G7 summit in Tokyo. The
World Bank is being pressed to lend about $4bn during its next fiscal year,
which runs from next month to June 1994.
I The recent Tokyo meeting posed a problem for both the bank and the
fund - and potentially a crisis of authority. According to a senior bank official.
the G7's command that the bank and the IMF must come to an agreement with
the Russians is "unprecedented in the annals of the bank or the fund, in any
country. Nothing is remotely comparable".
iJ Another bank official said that "the danger is that our reputation and
our expertise will be debauched. We are big organisations which have built up
a large body of expertise. Now we are being told: just do it. What happens to
morale? And what about those countries which also didn't meet the criteria we
set and didn't get the money? You can't bet there is a lot of screaming going
on behind the walls in Washington."
170
S! Life had already become increasingly uncomfortable for the lMF, even
before these new pressures were applied. "Last year," said one IMF official,
"was a disaster. But it has been a disaster not just for Russia, but for the IMF
itself:' At the root of the west's difficulties is Russia's failure to meet the
stringent targets set down faT the receipt of the aid. (...)
D The IMF argues that its inability to lend more is the resuh of the Rus-
sian government's financial profligacy, not excessive caution. Mr. Michelle
Camdessus, the IMF managing director, wrote recently in the daily Russian
newspaper Izvestia that the fund could not lend money to inflation-wracked
Russia only to see it leave the country as investors took flight from a falling
rouble.
i1i! Since those remarks, the west has had a change of heart. First. western
governments, seeing reform stagger and sometimes go into reverse last year,
have become more aware of the consequences of failure. President Clinton il-
lustrated the shift in attitude in a speech on April I: "If Russia's reforms tLIm
sour, if it reverts to authoritarianism or disintegrates into chaos, the world can-
not afford the strife of the former Yugoslavia replicated in a nalion as big as
Russia. "
ill Second, the Clinton administration has been influenced by western
advisers to the Russian government, who have, al times, mounted a ferocious
critique of what they term the passivity and alleged incompetence of the IMF.
Professor Jeffrey Sachs of Harvard University, who has led this attack, says
the IMF has proved incapable of lhinking tactically and continued to view aid
as a reward for success, rather than a pre-condition. "The IMF has refused to
agree realistic targets which lake into account the amount of available foreign
financing, .. he said.
[f) ... G7 officials rebut the suggestion that aid will now, in practice, be
unconditional. 'We have focused conditionality, not weakened it," said Mr.
Lawrence Summers, assistant secretary for international affairs at the U.S.
Treasury. Nonetheless, growing tensions between the G7 and the international
financial institutions remain and cannot be dismissed over strategy. (...) "G7
officials do not believe that it is appropriate til lend regardless of what is going
on in Russia," he added. "But the task now is to push the Russians to do the
right thing. We cannot wait to negotiate every 'i' and ever)' 't':'
171
3 ....
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cnpaBoK npocMoTpHTe pa3JIeJI «nepeBOJI 3aroJIOBKOB».
London welcomes the Russians who came in from the cold
(The Fillallcial Times, OClOber 3, 1997)
Gilliall Tett assesses the impact oftlie big spellders from the former
Soviet Union
In Davos, Switzerland Mr. Boris Fyodorov, the former Russian finance
minister, observes that "flats bought by Russians are helping the London prop-
erty market very much".
Nearby. a Swiss banker notes that there is a "huge cash business coming
our of Russia - no one knows where it is going".
Meanwhile. on London's Bond Street an exclusive jeweller is delighted by
the surge it has seen in Russian customers.
Two years after the collapse of the Soviet Union a new breed of Russian
business person - and Russian money - is beginning to arrive in Western capi-
tals. The scale of the capital flight is startling.
Last year official assets from the former Soviet Union held by Western
banks doubled to almost $ I 8bn. with about $4.4bn of this held in London.
Much of this is accounted for by Russian businesses and banks but anecdotal
evidence suggests that some significant fortunes held by Russia's new elite are
hidden away in these accounts. In London alone at Icast £50m worth of prop-
erty is estimated to have been purchased by buyers from the former Soviet Un-
ion in the past two years, some by companies and some by newly rich indi-
viduals.
Mr. Nikolai Chetvertakov, a former employee at the Russian trade delega-
tion in London and now a business consulldnt, said: "Many Russian business-
men are buying homes in London. They come to rest and to work." Hc said
that London was a favoured haven for three reasons: the high value Russians
attach to the English language and education system; its position as a financial
centre; and above all, its proximity to the metal, mineral and oil exchanges _
an area which has proved lucrative for both legal and illegal Russian exporters
in the past.
172
Although the influx is tiny compared to the 1970s spending sprees of the
Middle East's oil-rich it is presenting both an opportunity and a problem for
London financial institutions which fear that some of the money might be from
less-than-reputable sources.
Russians themselves are keen to minimise this threat, arguing that criminal
money forms only a fraction of funds arriving in the West. But the chaotic na-
ture of the Russian legal system means that distingui hing the legal from the
illegal is onen extremely difficult.
Meanwhile, as bankers point out. most of the money arriving in London is
doing so by locally legitimate means. Russian regulations stipulate that Rus-
sians can only open offshore bank accounts with the Russian Central Bank's
permission. and restrict most Russian companies from exporting their hard cur-
rency profits or investing them overseas.
Russian businesses and individuals are usually able to circumvent this by
setting up a joint-venture or overseas company subject to loeallaw. (...)
Some buyers have been Russian companies, operating as joint-ventures
out of London or an offshore base. The Russian Rosallrading group provides a
typical example. A British-Russian joint-venture based in Monaco for tax pur-
poses, the company trades in metals from the Siberian are and has bought
properties in London for the use of its employees. (...) Mr. Nick Gilchrist, of
Lassmans estate agents. which has sold about five properties to Russians
around £ I m mark, recently sold a £1 m property to a Russian business family
from St. Petersburg. Mr. Gilchrist said: "They were wanting a family.home
bC{;ause they are puuing their daughter through further education here.'. He
added that the family arrived with a beautiful collection of Russian antiques.
(.. .)
Mr. Ivan Samarin, Russian expert at Sotheby's, said that whereas five
years ago "there would have been no Russian buyers at the auctions of Russian
art, now there might be up to a dozen". (_..)
Russians have also been spending money on education. Oakley Hall
school in Cirencester, Gloucestershire launched an advertising campaign in
Russia last year. It attracted 18 Russian pupils at £7,335 a year each.
Fee payments are made in a range of hard currencies, using an "innova-
tive" system. according to Mr. Rawlinson, the school's headmaster. One set of
parents paid through both a German and an American bank. And although Mr.
Rawlinson turned away one suspicious parent who arrived at the school with
cash in hand, he is confident that the business can expand. with about 100 pu-
173
pils projected to arrive at a range of British private schools next year under a
scheme being established by Me. Rawlinson.
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}1eneHHble I<YpCHBOM B 06eHx CTaTbJlX.
SBERBANK AGREES TO ACCOUNTING BENCHMARK
(The Financial Times, July 11,20(0)
By Charles Clm'er ill ltJoscow
[I Sberbank, Russia's largest bank. yesterday agreed to long-standing de-
mands by the International Monetary Fund that it pllblish accounts done to in-
ternational monetary standards.
It also agreed to submit to an investigation by the IMF. which wants to as-
sess whether the rapid growth in Sberbank's lending poses a threat to Russia's
financial stability. There have been fears that Sberbank may have over-
stretched its loan book last year.
g These steps appear part of a plan to boost the bank's capital by attract-
ing foreign funds. They also follow a recent shareholders' meeting at which
Russia's central bank - which owns 58 per cent of Sbcrbank - helped to abol-
ish provisions that restricted foreigners from owing shares in the bank.
Andrei Kazmin. Sberbank president, said that hoped the bank could raise
$500m-$lbn abroad in the next five years, in part from selling share to for-
clgners.
He said he hoped to attract the new finance to top lip the bank's capital.
"Like any Russian bank, Sberbank suffers from a shortage of capital," he said.
g Sberbank is by far the largest bank in Russia with 23 per cent of corpo-
rate deposits and 90 per cent of household deposits. Analysts have expressed
fears that the bank may be overextending itself.
Sberbank emerged from Russia's August 1998 economic collapse with a
quasi-monopoly on Russia's fast growing loan market, fuelled by the large de-
valuation of the rouble.
Most of Sberbank's competitors did not survive the bank panic that en-
sued.
174
!! Financial statements compiled by Pricewaterhouse-Coopers revealed
this week that Sberbank's loan portfolio trebled in 1999, from Rbs32bn
($1.3bn) at the end of 1998 to Rbsl20bn at the end of 1999.
Yesterday Mr. Kazmin said that he would like to double the volume of
credits to Russian citizens.
The IMF has been seeking to probe Sberbank's books for over a year 10
determine whether the bank is overextending itself.
g The bank's refusal has been a major stumbling block in reaching an
agreement with the IMF on further credit disbursements to Russia's govern-
ment.
Mr. Kazmin said that the IMF's inspection would stMt "within the next
few days."
Alexei Zabotkin, banking analyst at Moscow's United Financial Group,
said: "There are still a lot of things to be done, but the first step was taken at
the AGM."
u.s. SEEKS TO STOP NET BECOMING AN OFFSHORE
TAX HAVEN
(The Financial Times. July I ]. 20(0)
By Peter Spiegel in Wadlington
[I The US government is working with other nations 10 develop proce-
dures to prevelll the internet from becoming an offshore tax haven, Larry
Summers, US Treasury secretary, said yesterday.
Mr. Summers warned it was becoming increasingly easy for e-commerce
companies to set up websites in jurisdictions that were unwilling to share tax-
payer information, allowing them to sell their goods worldwide without any
scrutiny from international tax agencies.
fJ ''Tax administration can and should provide an environment in which e-
commerce can flourish," Mr. Summers said, "while at the same time ensuring
that the internet does not become a tax haven that undennines the revenues that
allow public service to function normally."
The Treasury secretary said there was already significant evidence in
internet retail sales that some companies have taken advantage of differences
in tax levels to al'oid sales taxes. It was possible that increasingly sophisticated
encryption technologies. intended for commercial security, could be used to
conceal relevant tax informatIOn.
175
g Mr. Summers the Clinton administration wanted the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development to come up with a consensus on
how to handle internet taxes. But he added that the administration would reject
new taxes aimed specifically at web transactions, as well as schemes that
would suspend all taxes on internet purchases. 'Tax rules and tax administra-
tion should be neutral and non-discriminatory between e-commercc ad non-
internet transactions," he said. "PoJicymakers can apply existing tax principles
to e-commerce, based upon consensus on the application of those principles."
9 While tax evasion WiiS a big concern, Mr. Summers also said OECD
countries must co-ordinate policies to make sure e-commerce transactions
were not double-taxed. (He also warned] that the rapid movement of capital
over internet could make it easier to move money in and out of tax havens.
(...) The Clinton administration [is1 pushing legislation that would require re-
porting of payments to "identified tax havens", as well as measures that would
force hanks in those havens to meet more rigorous requirements than the banks
elsewhere if they want to become "qualified intermediaries" under US regula-
tions.
. 3a,lta".l1e :
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OM BbIpaiKeHl1e, Bbl.aeJIeHHOe KYpCHBOM.
C.aeJIaHTe aHHomm/uoHHblZI nepcBo.a (3-4 npe11JlOiKCHwl) npe11Jlaraer.mii
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CTaTbl1, KOTOpbd1 npe.aCTaBJ1HeT c060ii napa<pp3.3 113 6uomm (B cOBpeMeHHoil
pe.aaKLluH: "Six days you shall labour and do all your work, but the seventh
day is a Sabbath to the Lord and God", Exodus, 20: 9-10 - «lllecTb !lHefi pa-
60Tafi, 11 .aeJIaH BCHKHe .aena TROll; a neHb ce.abMblH - cy660Ta rocnony Eory
TBoeMy» ).
SIX DAYS SHALT THOU SHOP
(The Economist. September 2 nU . 200m
In one way or another, the world is full of laws intended to save people
from their own base instincts. It is illegal in most countries to takc even "soft"
drugs. In Britain, most pubs still close at 11 pm. And in Germany, the laws tries
to stop you shopping more than you oughf.
176
Later this year, however, the vice of consumerism may become easier to
indulge. On August 28 1h , all but three of Germany's 16 states agreed on a pro-
posal to relax the country's Ladellschlussgesetz, or shop-closing law. This
would allow shops to stay open until 10pm on weekdays, instead of 8pm, the
limit since J 996. and until 8pm on Saturdays, instead of 4pm. Save four times
a year. Sundays would stay sacred - except in tourist spots, hcalth resorts or
places of pilgrimage. Clearly, holiness has its limits.
After its probable approval next month by the Bundeslat. the upper house
of parliament. in which the states are represented, the proposal will go to the
Bundestag, the lower house. Its chances are good. but success is not assured.
On the minus side, the ruling coalition is led by the Social Democratic
Party (SPD), which has traditionally had close links with the trade unions, and
may yet have cold feet over the reform. The unions. with the churches, are
adamantly against a relaxation of the law. BcfOTe the last federal general elec-
tion in 1998. says Christiane Zerfass of the NBV union which counts 250.000
shop workers among its 460,000 members, the SPD promised no new deregu-
lation. "We will go on strike," she says. "if there is any sign that the promises
from 1998 won't be kept."
On the positive side, however, the government has lately been burnishing
its pro-market credentials. In July, it forced an important tax reform through
the Bundesrat. Pension refomls are now being prepared. Reform of the shop-
hours laws would be another trophy.
Relaxation would probably be popular. Last autumn. Ifo. a research insti-
tute, found that 45% of shoppers would like to do away with all restrictions
between Monday and Saturday, while 36 would not; 46% would like some
loosening of the Sunday ban, with 44% against. In fact. there is already a good
deal of disrespect for the Sabbath. You can buy victuals [vitl7.J (at a premium)
and newspapers at garages and railway stations. More braLcn breaches of the
rules, mainly in the east, have proved 3 hit. There's no saving some people.
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TIlTe BHHM3HIfe Ha nepcHocHbri1 eMblCJ1 3aroJlOBKa CTaTbll.
FUELLING RUSSIA'S ECONOMY
(The Ecollomist, August 28 th , 1999)
iJ They pretend to pay us, we pretend to work. This half serious summary
of communist economics contained a kernel of truth: for Soviet workers. the
177
--
freedom to pilfer and dawdle made up, to some extent, for empty shelves and
wretched wages. Like other illusions, it served a purpose for a while, though
that could not last. Since the Soviet collapse, a different soT( of illusion about
the Russian economy has been cultivated in western capitals as well as in
Moscow: "You Russians pretend to be creating a law-based. market-friendly
liberal democracy. We westerners pretend to believe you - and what's more.
we pay you for it."
g This new fiction has also served a purpose. By fostering a climate of
determined optimism, both the American and the Russian governments per-
suaded voters and sceptical legislators that the promised land of prosperity and
reform was just round the corner. That was politically expedient. But whatever
its virtues, the post-communist illusion was likewise doomed to be shattered-
if only because Russians and Americans had different expectations about the
"promised land". Americans were led to believe that. for an outlay of a few
bil1ion dollars, Russia could be transformed into a country in their own image:
open to American business and cooperative with American diplomacy. Rus-
sians were encouraged to think they could enjoy the benefits of a market econ-
omy without the hard slog; and that economic strength would enable them to
flex their muscles, and defy America. on the world stage.
g Any remaining illusions about the efficacy of western reform in Russia
have been evaporating over the past few weeks with exceptional speed. Soon
there may be nothing left of them, and Russian-western relations will have to
be rethought from scratch. The final blow could be the broadening probe by
America's federal authorities into one of the largest molley-laundering scan-
dals they have ever uncovered: the apparent use of accounts at the Bank of
New York, as well as at several European banks, to process about $10 billion
in ill-gotten Russian gains. The authorities also want to know whether the
Bank of New York was one of the chain of banks through which at least
$200m may have been diverted from credits granted to Russia by the Interna-
tional Monetary Fund.
!! This follows the acknowledgement by the Russian central bank that it
channelled tens of billions of dollars, including money received from the IMF,
into a shadowy offshore company in Jersey - which then speculated in a lucra-
tive government-bond market that the central bank was supposed to be regulat-
ing. The IMF's admission that "we were lied to" by the Russian central bank
about the location of $1 bil1ion inforeign exchange reserves in 1966 has done
nothing to allay the suspicion that worse had happened both before and after.
178
... Western governments should be prepared to take responsibility for
whatever emergency aid they give to Russia rather than force the LMF to en-
gage in games of make-believe. A policy based explicitly on saving Russia
from self-destruction carries risks too: it creates an ince1l1ive for Russian rulers
to engineer situations that are fractionally disastrous, and then extort credits
from the West. But if western governments suspect the Russian government of
playing this game, they should voice their suspicions - and make sure the Rus-
sian eLectorate gets the message. That is better than conspiring with the Krem-
lin to deceive voters in both countries.
. .' aHHet'
npu nepeBolle nOMew.eHHoH HH>Ke CTaTbH 06paTitTe BHUMaHHe Ha MIIOro-
3HaqHbie cny>Ke6Hble C.:iOBa, KOTopble BbilleJIeHhI KypCIIBOM B TeKCTe.
ON THE SOON-TO-BE EASTERN FRONTIER
(The Economi.ft, August 26, 2000)
II Marching through the forest near the hunting lodge, Wlodlimier7. Ci-
moszewicz, briefly prime minister of Poland in 1996-97 and still very much a
politician, is careful not to step over the invisible border into Belarus. 'There
might be a Belarussian soldicr behind one of these trees," he cries, waving at
the forest ahead, indistinguishable from the forest behind: "We don't want an
incident. "
g When Poland joins the European Union, which could be as SOOIl as
2003, but will probably be closer to 2005, the primeval Bialowieski forest,
where Mr. Cimoszewicz and his dachshunds hut deer and wild boar, will be-
come the EU's eastern border. It will also constitute a small stretch of what is
known as the "Belgian curtain", the symbolic divide, named after the country
that hosts the European Commission, between those countries favoured for EU
membership and the hapless ex-Soviet countries to the east.
g The thought that this leaky wooded area could soon become the EU's
eastern perimeter makes certain Union members, notably Germany and Aus-
tria, deeply uneasy. They would like to see put in place something along the
lines of America's militarised 'Tortilla curtain", to keep out unwanted mi-
grants, smugglers and other undesirables. Poland, by contrast, would like to
have a well-patrolled, but physically open border. Cutting off neighbouring
Ukraine and Belarus with high fences topped with razor wire and high-tech
179
--
surveillance, Poles argue, might suit populist politicians in Western Europe but
would seriously offend their friends to the cast.
!! Poland may not feel able to press its case. Some 70% of Polish trade is
now done with the EU, and only about a tenth of it with the ex-Soviet coun-
tries. Moreover, Poland recognises that there will be huge pressures from peo-
ple to its cast seeking a better life to its west. The income gap between Poles
and Belarussians is not only much larger than Ihal between Poles and Ger-
mans, but is widening. And eastern Poland is the country's poorest region. La-
bourers can be hired in the villages around the Bialowieski forest for just 25
zlotys ($6) a day. Unemployment is officially 15%, but probably far higher.
Ever since the Russian financial collapse of 1998. the stream of Bclarussians
coming to Poland to barter vodka for western goods has also dried up, costing
many informal jobs on the Polish side.
5! In any event, the idea of hermetically scaled border is probably unreal-
istic. Organised criminals. who currently smuggle contraband and people into
Poland, might well find a way through any physical defence, by bribery and
sheer ingenuity. Jerzy Lugowoj. of the Polish state forestry company, says he
already uncovers tunnels on his patch, their entrance covered with brush and
pinecones, through which pass Afghans, Vietnamese dnd others. on their jour-
ney westwards.
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NEW OPTIONS FOR THE POOR?
(The Economist, August 19,2000)
[I Is the world ready for a World Commodities Organisation? Such an
idea did not seem ludicrous to John Maynard Keynes, one of the main forces
behind the creation of the World Bank and the IMF five decades ago. At that
time, he wantcd a sister institution to bring order to volatile commodity mar-
kets. Keynes failed then, but plans are afoOl to revive a version of his dream.
Given the bleak history of such schemes. that seems surprising. Motivated by
the noble aim of helping the poorest countries, groups ranging from the Euro-
180
pean commission to the IMF to various United nations agencies have set up
"commodities stabilisation" funds. Most have fallen foul of market forces, and
failed.
g At first blush. the World Bank's latest initiative. known as the Interna-
tiona] Task Force on Commodity Risk Management in Developing Countries
(ITF), promises to be different. Though populated by the usual intemationdl
agencies, the ITF has also attracted the interest of private firms, such as Car-
gill, a grain trader, and Credit Lyonnais, a bank with a big commodity-finance
arm. Nawal Kamel, the group's leader, insists that the ITF has learned from
earlier attempts to manipulate the markets: "As the Chinese say, don't push
against the water."
g Instead, says the ITF, it wants to help small producers gain access to
financial techniques, such as put options, in order to secure a minimum price
for their harvests. If farmers can do that, they need not rely on usurious money-
lenders: local banks will be more willing to lend them money at reasOlwble
rates, so they can invest in pesticides and equipment. and so, virtuously, on.
There are obvious snags: small farmers are often unaware or suspicious of
such instruments, and lack the money to buy them. Counterparties are deterred
by the tiny volumes they want to trade, and by their uncertain creditworthi-
ness.
!! The ITF aims to help poor farmers to overcome such obstacles, with-
out forming a bloated new bureaucracy or spending huge sums to fight the
market. It hopes to achieve this through "capacity-building" and training, in
farmers' co-operatives and similar organisations. What about up-front cash to
buy options? Ah, subsidies would be required, comes the answer. And credit
risk? We would help vouch for them, is the reply.
So how much will this nimble, market-friendly venture cost? A tidy
sum, it turns out. Figures as high as $1.5 billion over five years were men-
tioned when this proposal was presented to the World Bank's board recently.
Insiders say that the ITF team was rapidly bundled out of the room, and to put
together a more rea]istic plan. The group is now planning pilot projects in
countries such as Uganda, and hopes to return to the board by the end of the
year. (...)
181
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FROM SCRATCH
(The Eco1lomist. September 2"'" 2000)
[I With the ratio of Internet hype to reality in China so high, its web en-
trepreneurs are under pressure to add a twist to their marketing pitches. For
many, the favoured approach is to explain that operating online in China is
somehow different from that in the West - and that only they understand quite
how.
g Not all of this is guff. There is at least one very real difference from
West. In rich countries, the Internet takes industries that have been developing
for decades, if not centuries, and makes them more efficicnt; in China, many of
those industries have never existed, so the Internet helps to create them from
scratch. The prize for the winning business models might thus go to those who
pioneer not the new economy, but the old.
II Consider, for instance, the travel industry. Americans and Europeans
take for granted long and sophisticated supply chains that enable them to walk
into a travel agency and but the cheapest ticket to. and hotel room in. the desti-
nation of their choice. The Internet, to them, only promises to move some links
in that chain online.
!! Not so in China. Travel use to be either off-limits or simply unafford-
able. So cven as the budding middle classes now form the first queues for tick-
ets to the Terracotta Army, the country still has no travel industry to speak of.
A few state enterprises claim to be "agencies", but in fact only sell guidcd
package tours to a small number of destinations. Individual travellers seeking
bespoke itineraries arc on their own: thcre is. for instance, no catalogue or da-
tabase of room prices for China's 4,500 star-rated hotels.
This seems odd to Neil Shen, a worldly thirty something from Shanghai
with a degree from Yale. A fonner head of Deutsche Bank's Chinese bond
business, in 1999 he set up one of China's first travcl brands, ctrip.com, a web-
site in Chinese and English where visitors can read travel reviews and book air
tickets or hotel rooms.
182
1-
3 But gelling the business ready has involved painstaking work. Clrip has
20 employees ringing up hotels (3.000 so far) to build the nation's first room-
price database. It plans to do the same for air tickets. Since China lacks proper
credit-card and express-mail industries, Mr. Shen has signed up local milkmen
to collect ca-c;h at customers' doors.
:-
iJ This sort of meticulous. first-time data collection is spawning entire
service industries. From medicine and hospitals to restaurants and movie tick-
ets, says Judy Pan at the Boston Consulting Group, China has studiously
avoided consolidating information. It was only last year that the first Chinese
Yellow Pages telephone business directory was published.
r
The new lIend goes far beyond the pooling of data. Take the office-
supplies industry. Thousands of small stores and state-owned companies in
China make pencils, rulers and staples. But there is no "procurement" industry
(wholesalers. logistics networks and so on) connecting them with customers.
In this case. it was four Chinese, who met at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. who decided to do something about it. They founded
Asia.EC.com, China's first vertically integrated procurement firm. At the
user's end there is a website, but behind this stretches an entire supply chain:
AsiaEC has produced China's first comprehensive cataJogue of office supplies,
both on paper and online. It has the warehouses and does the wholesaling. It
even leases the trucks that deliver the goods and extends trade finance.
IIi! What is noteworthy about Ctrip. AsiaEC and their kind is not that they
have good websites. but that they -are selling out to build businesses that have
been evolving over decades elsewhere. "Whether it's online or offline doesn't
matter," Mr. Shen says. "It's really about starting new industrics."
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B TeKCTC CTaTbH: ceiling, rollback, trigger.
183
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OTBeT.
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LJ:acTb 3 JIaHHoro Kypca 'TpaMManl'ieClme BonpocbI nepenOJIbl").
ENTREPRENEURS FIND BELARUS IS TOUGH GOING
(The Wall Street Journal. June I. 1998, p. A 14)
By lUark Whitehouse (Special to The Wall Street Journal)
[I When Victor Cardenas accepted a job managing an Italian restaurant
here in the capital of Belarus, he knew he was entering one of Eastern
Europe's most idio.'I)'tlcratic markets. BUI it never occurred to him that lasagna
could be against the law. "It was very strange", said Mr. Cardenas, a Cuban
expatriate employed by Belrosinter, a British-Belarussian joint venture. "Most
of our dishes aren't Belarussian, th y're Italian. So of course, they weren't in
thc book." After 10 days, the restaurant reopened with special licenses to pro-
duce "house" dishcs such as lasagna and ravioli - as long as the chef followed
followed Obshepit-approved recipes.
'Normal Economic Activity'
g It is tough to be an entrepreneur in Belarus. Since President Alexander
Lukashenko took power in 1994 and thrust this fonncr Soviet republic of 10.2
million people back into a command economy, a number of entrepreneurs have
fled. Those who rcmain can find themselves under criminal investigalion or in
jail. Fortunes are still being made - but in the same ways as in the Soviet Un-
ion's heyday. The politically connected make money within the government
structure or at its margins; profiting from the distortions crealed by centrali7ed
control.
D Meanwhile, the government itself has sprollled commercial subsidiaries
ranging from real estate to furniture production, with proceeds going inlo UIl-
lludiled SlllSh funds. "This is normal economic activity, " said Pyotr Kapitula -
Mr. Lukashenko's top economic aide and manager of the Presidential Pro-
grams Fund. He says the fund works in Ihe people's interests, funding chil-
dren's programs or to meet unspecified emergencies. "I work like d regular
investment fund manager, " he says.
184
.Ie
II.
)i!
Coping With Regulations
9 But what is regular in Belarus? Regulations, many of them unpub-
lished, are in a constant state of flux. Government officials make the rules and
play the game. Entrepreneurs can expect other surprises. When, for example,
the centra] bank's free-spending policies triggered .1 20% drop in the local cur-
rency against dollar in mid-March, the government ordered all retail stores,
state and private, to roll back prices to March 1'1 levels, and avoid contaclS
with so-called speculators [profiteers], referring to private wholesale distribu-
tors. Store directors failing to comp(}' risked losing their jobs or store licenses.
D-
\1.
nl
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13
111
51
n
)-
d
!J Combined with a previous decree that seta 2% ceiling on monthly priee
increases, the rollback has made retailing in Belarus next to impossible. Viktor
Nerol.ya, director of the upscale Yubileiny supermarket. said his margins have
been wiped out, and he carries fewer produclS. By April the store offered just
4,500 items, compared with 8,000 before the order. Importing orders simply
isn't attractive, making cheese and haby food scarce on the store shelves. In
early April, there was no sugar for several days. The administration's response:
Let them eat potatoes. "Excuse me, but our Belarussian agriculture is perfectly
capable of supplying the country with food, .. said Mr. Kapitula, calling the
sugar shortage a provocation. "We can only lose certain products, such as
high-quality juices and tropical frui IS , that aren't necessary for our Belarusian
population, which has survived Chernobyl." The latest fallout: bargains. In
Minsk, McDonald's sells some of the world's cheapest Big Macs, at about
$1.19 each. At Yubileiny, sugar goes for 50 cents a kilogram (2.2 pounds) and
milk for 20 cenlS a liter (1.06 quarts).
More Profitable to Sell Abroad
! But there is another consequence. People buy or produce goods in Beld-
rus and sell them elsewhere. Many locals set their sights on Russia, which has
a free-trade agreement with Belarus. "You can do a good business by produc-
ing here and selling ahroad, .. said Pavel Daneiko, deputy director of the Inde-
pendent Institute for Privati73tion and Management in Minsk. "The production
costs here are much lower." Mr. Daneiko also serves as chairman of !\1ilovica,
a maker of women's underwear. He says the company has captured 20% of the
Russian market by unckrc:uttillg competitors. "We sell about 150/" here, and the
rest is all export:' he says. "The key is not to sell in Belarus."
iJ Ford Motor Co. of the U.S. last year laullched a Belarussian asscmbly
plant that produces for the Russian markct; meanwhile. so-called shuttle trad-
ers hop on Moscow-bound trains with Belarussian meat and foot to peddle at
outdoor bazaars. Belarussian exports to Russia increased 53% to $4.62 billion
last year. from $3.02 billion in 1996, according to state statistics; informal
shuttle trade goes uncountcd.
'I
1
c
/1
I-
II
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,.
185
-
Padding O/flewl Salaries
3 To deter Belarussians from exporting evcrylhing that isn't nailed dOll-'n,
the government requires enterprises to sell a certain percentage domestically. Di-
rectors of state enterprises can pad their official salaries, which rarely surpass
$200 by selling unregistered production to private traders. The traders then resell
locally at black-market prices or send the stuff abroad. "Everybody is stealing, "
Mr. Daneiko says. "What do they care? It all belongs to the state." (...)
33AaH <;
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'laeMOH CneLlHaJIbHOCTU.
ALAN GREENSPAN'S SPEECH ON PRODUCTIVITY
(before a conference of the New York Association for Business Economics)
June) 3. 2000 (Reuters)
[I This afternoon, bearing myoId business economist credentials. I would
like to discuss productivity fTOm delving into the microeconomic details of our
current business environment. I believe the gains from this approach are likel}
to be greater than those from efforts to squeeze additional insight out of a lim-
ited number of macroeconomic statistics.
g Until recently. much of the professional debate on the performance of
productivity centered on whether there had been any meaningful acceleration
of nonfarm business sector output per hour - a standard measure of aggregate
productivity. That there has been some underlying improvement in the growth
of aggregate productivity is now generally conceded by all but the most skep-
tical. The discussion has shifted to the extent and nature of that acceleration. A
great deal of the evidence offered by the participants in this debate focuses on
examinations of very aggregative measures of productivity. However, while
the application of sophisticated filtering techniques. cyclical adjustment proce-
dures and other statistical tools to the analysis of aggregate productivity may
improve our understanding in some respects, these approaches ultimately have
significant limitations.
186
D Only when data are disaggregated can we reasonably hope to tie pro-
ductivity performance directly to business practices in our offices, on our plant
floors, and through our distribution channels. Evidence developed at this level,
recalibrated to an economywide scalc, is, for reasons that I will discuss, more
persuasive than that offered by the aggregate figures. Both the extent of the
acceleration we are experiencing and the forces that underlie this improvement
can be brought into sharper focus using a disaggregated approach.
9 To make any headway toward understanding productivity trends, one
must first understand the data. In that regard, disaggregation often uncovers
troubling implications of the underlying data that are not immediately obvious.
For example, separating nonfarm business sector output per hour into nonfi-
nancial corporate, financial corporate, and noncorporate sectors has revealed
disquieting problems with the measurement of productivity, especially in the
noncorporatc sector.
This Thursday, the Commerce Department will release data on output
by industry, or "gross product originaling," which will allow this decomposi-
tion to be updated to more fully reflect the benchmark revision to the national
ineome and product accounts (NIP A) published last fall. Taken at face value.
the pre-revision data suggested that the level of noncorporate output per hour
was no higher in the late 1990s than it had been in 1985. Indeed, the data
pointed to falling levels of productivity for many years in such industries as
construction and medical, legal, and business services - areas that are impor-
tant in the noncorporate sector. These statistics, however, are wholly at vari-
ance with our casual day-by-day experiences. (...)
a None of the available measures of productivity are without drawbacks.
But I prefer to focus greater aUention on the productivity measure for the non-
financial corporate sector, which accounts for some 70% of total nonfarm
business product. (...) The remainder, while far from perfcct, may provide a
beuer represcntation of productivity developmellts in the economy. (...)
iJ Substantial increases in U.S. capital investment and the accompanying
faster growth of our capital stock relative to labor input - so-called capital
deepening - explain a large part of the pickup in underlying growth in omput
per hour over the past five years, irrespective of how measured. But there has
also been a marked step-up in the growth of so-called mullifactor productivity
(MFP). MFP is, of course, that porlion of labor productivity that cannot be ex-
plained by other identifiable inputs into the production process. To a signifi-
cant extent, MFP captures technological and managerial advance. These influ-
ences are very difficult to quantify, and we can only indirectly check that the
187
resulting performance of other economic measures conform with our judg
ments about underlying efficiency gains in the production of specific gooe'
and services.
There is considerable evidence at the microcconomic level that compa-
nies have continued to reap ample retLtms on capital outlays. In that regard,
the rate of return on capital has been well maintained in recent years, despit
the huge expansion of the capital stock. This conclusion rum colllZter to our
usual expectation that increased supply brings down the marginal product of
capital and is certainly COllsistellt with some continuing improvement in multi-
factor productivity. (...)
D Because the future is never entirely predictable, risk in any business ac
tion committed to the future - that is, virtually all business actions - can be re-
duced but never eliminated. Information technologies arc reducing the degree
of uncertainty and. hence, risk. In short. information technology raises output
per hour in the total economy principally by reducing hours worked on activi-
ties needed to guard productive processes against the unknown and the unan-
ticipated. (...) The expanding opportunities for E-commerce are already
changing the relationship between businesses and consumers. (...) Not all
technologies, information or otherwise, increase productivity - that is. output
per hour - by reducing the inputs necessary to produce existing products.
Some technologies bring about new goods and services with above-average
value added per work hour. The dramatic advances in biotechnology, for ex-
ample, are significantly increasing a broad range of productivity-expanding
efforts in areas from agriculture to medicine.
[Ii) In summary then, most of the gains in the level and the growth rate of
productivity in the United States since ]985 appear to have been structural.
largely driven by irreversible advances in technology and its application - irre-
versible in the sense that knowledge once gained is almost never lost. To be
sure, some of the increase in output per hour may well rencct cyclical rather
than structural changes. Output can be stretched beyond sustainable capacity
for a time, raising measured output per hour. And, on the other side. a cyclical
slowing in demand is not usually matched by a prompt scaling back of em-
ployment, resulting in a temporary decline in output per hour or, at best. a sig-
nificant slowing in its growth rate.
]88
Idg
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PRODUCTIVITY DROPPED OVERALL IN 2 ND QUARTER
Bllt Hourly Work Olltput Rose ill ,Uanufacturillg, Lahor Departmellt Says
(The Wall Street JOlln1ll1. September 8, 1994)
by Paulette Thomas Staff Reporter of the Wall Street JOllrnal
ac-
rc- W ASHIGTON - Overall prudllcth,;ty fell in the second quarter. but con-
Te Linued to rise in mllllufactllr;ng. re\l;secl government statistics showed.
put
IV The Labor Department said productivity. or output per hour of work, de-
an- dined at a revised 2.5% annual rate in the nOllfarm business sector in the sec-
Idy ond quarter. Previously, the department estimated that productivity dropped at
all /.2% pace during the period. Productivity rose at 2.9% rate in the first quarter.
put
:ts. "I'm still encouraged by the overall trelllL:' said Steven Roach, senior
19c economist at Morgan Stanley & Co. He warned that quarterly produetivilY re-
ex. ports arc \'olatile and sometimes unreliable. A decline in service-sector produc-
mg tivity accountedfor the decline. but isn't separately calculated in the report.
A similar dowllward blip occurred in the first quarter of 1993, but was fol-
of lowed by a strong reboLilld in the second half of the year, he noted. Second-
'a1. quarter productivity remains 2.3% above the 1993 second quarter. "Il's still an
rc- encouraging increase at this stage in the busilless-cycLe expansion." he added.
be
lCI" The revised report also showed stronger signs of inflation than the previ-
'ill ous estimate. VII;t Labor costs for nonfarm business rose at a 3.4% seasonaLLy
cal adjusled alUllIal rate over the pre,ious quarter; that originally had been re-
m. ported as a 2% rate of increase. Year on year. however. unit labor costs are up
Ig- just 0.7%1 But factory wages don't appear to be wldel pressure: Unit labor
eosts in manufacturing fell at a 5.8% rate in the revised repon. compared with
a previously reported 5.2% rate of decline.
Productivity also continues to increase in manufacturing. The revised re-
port showed a 4.5% rate of increase in manufacturing productivity, eompared
with a 3.8% rate of increase.
189
For the quarter, output grew at a 2.9% rate and a number of hours worked
increased at a 5.8% pace. During the first quarter, output increased at a 5.5
rate, and hours worked rose at a 2.6% clip.
. _3aAaHHe .
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W ALL STREET GOES TO WAR
(T1MK February 23. 1998)
by Daniel Kadlec (TIME's Wall Street c:ulunl1list)
Like presidential approval ratings, stock prices tend to infldte when the
U.S. cngages in armed connicts. Look no further than the tireless bull market
that we enjoy today. It began in 1991 when the U.S. drove Saddam Hussein
and his Iraqi army out of Kuwail. The first allied air raids came on January 17
of that year and sent the Dow Jones industrial average soaring 4.6% in a day
By mid-march the Dow had jumped 20%.
Yes, sir! The generals on Wa]J Street do love a war. There's nothing like
the smell of smart bombs in the morning - as 10llg as they're ours - to arouse
feelings of invincibility. And what better frame of mind for dialing one's bro-
ker and cheerfully picking up 100 shares of Boeing or Lockheed Martin? With
Saddam the Sequel possibly only hours away, I guess it's no shocker that tlIe
market has hitlJew highs for the first time in six months.
Be warned, though. that a Saddam II. if it does happen. would be nothing
like the original- at least not in the stock market. When the Gulf War began.
the U.S. was in the throes of a banking crisis and slipping into recession. Sad-
dam was bent 011 hanging on to his oil-rich conquest. Stocks were down. and
oil prices had briefly doubled to $40 per bbl [barrel]. There was a lot of fight
for. This time around. stocks arc high and oil is low. The economy is 011 a his-
toric roll. And Saddam isn't strong enough to upset any of that greatly; he is
merely being defwnt. Where is the market's upside?
190
;ed
:io/r
Once a U.S.-led attack starts - if the situation should get that far - Wall
Street is counting on a swift allied victory that would destroy Saddam's "germ
factories" and perhaps even take out the tyrant himself. The generals on Wall
Street are so certain of the outcome that in their minds they've already won the
war and held the ticker-tape parade. And that's just the point. 'There's a lot of
room for disappointment." notes Tom McManus. a market strategist in Kato-
nab, N.Y. "People have forgotten how easily things can go wrong." What if we
don't quickly knock out Saddam's weapons of mass destruction?
Ii
m
(0-
"bl
Any measure of failure could upset the markets. For example, today's be-
nign inflation and low interest rates are partly the result of cheap oil prices.
And Wall Street expects that a defeated Iraq would be allowed to flood the
world oil to raise money to rebuild , which is one reason the price of crude oil
has slumped since October from $23 to $16 per bbl. But would Iraq be treated
with such kindness if an allied mission were unsuccessful? Doubtful. Such an
outcome could reverse psychology in the oil market and send prices higher,
stoking inflation and squeezing stocks and bonds.
'VL
11'-
>11-
h:
Yes, success in the Persian Gulf would vindicate all those market pauiots
bidding up share prices. But because it is so widely expected. success would
merely maintain the stams quo - not inspire a whole new bull market. And for
those who worry about a bllllgie. stocks of defense COl/tractors, oil producers
and oil services companies would be good hedges. Remember, lhose generals
on Wall Street wear suits, not baulc fatigues. They don't really know a thing
about war.
,
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ECONOMISTS EXPECT 3 RD -QUARTER GROWTH TO BE
MORE SLUGGISH THAN ANTICIPATED
(The Wall Street JOllmal, Augusl29, 1994)
By Lucinda Harper, staff reporter of The Wall Street JOllrnal
II WASHINGTON - Many economists now expect the current quarter to
be a bit more sluggish than they first anticipated. Their outlook has been
damped by the Commerce Department's revised estimate Friday that the econ-
omy grew at a 3.8% pace in the second quarter. That reading is up from an ini-
tial estimate from 3.7% and is stronger than the first quarter's growth rate t,f
3.3%. many analysts had expected more. however, with some looking for a re-
vised growth rate as high as 4.4% in the second quarter. But con.mmer spend-
ing, where many expected added strength to show in the revised government
numbers. remained quite anemic. In addition, the largest upward revi.'iions
came in inventories. which were already high in the original report last month.
g Some economists worry thaI the large built-up in stockpiles. combined
with weak spending, means many firms will sit right until those excess inven-
tories are clepleted. "That could slow economic growth considerably." says
Sung Won Sohn, chief economist of Norwest Corp. in Minneapolis. Me. Sohn
expects growth to rise at a 2.5% rate in the third quarter but says it could be as
low as 2.0%.
g Bruce Steinberg, .senior economist for Merrill Lynch & Co., says gros!o
domestic product. the value of goods and services produced in the U.S.. could
rise at less than a 2.0Cff rate this quarter. Robert Dederick, chief economist of
Northern Trust Co.. forecasTs growth of 2.6% now, less than the 2.9% he
though before. However, industrial production increased in July and a sUrI'ey
of purchasing managers suggested the manufacturing sector was the strongest
it had been in six years. suggesting the growth has not slowed so dramatically.
D Many economists still believe the second-quarter buildup in inventories
was intentional despite sluggish demand. Companies had depicted their stock-
piles 10 such low levels that they had to rebuild or risk losing sales. But re-
gardless of firms' intentions. hIt is unlikely that the inventory's growth we saw
in the second quarter will be repeated in the third," said Alan Gayle, chairman
of the economic advisory committee of the American Bankers' Association.
&J Financial markeL\;, in the odd way they see things. regarded the small
upward division in GDP as very good news. The markets have been looking
for signs that the economy isn.t working too fast and possibly stirring lip infla-
192
tion pres.'iUres. The Dow Jones Industrial Average finished 5 L 16 points to
close at 3881.05 Friday, and the benchmark 30-year Treasury bond rose 23/32
to end at 1007/32. The government's report also said after-teL"( corporate prof-
its grew at a 7.4% annual rate in the second quarter. Paul Mastroddi. general
director of U.S. economic research for Morgan Guaranty Trust Co., said the
to strong showing was bounce back afLer profits declined at a 3.8% rate in the
n first quarter due to the Northridge earthquake in California. Financial compa-
n- nics bore the I1mnt of those losses. due to insurance payments. Nonfinancial
11- firms were able to boost profits in the second quarter by pushing throllgh price
Jf ;IlCl"ea...e.... Mr. Mastroddi said.
-
1-
I1t
IS
Separately, the University of Michigan's report on its August consumer
...enJiment index was said to have shown d decrease to 91.7 from the 92.6 read-
ing in its preliminary report at mid month, according to market sources who
ha\c seen the report. Consumer expectations and views about current condi-
tions both fell.
d
1-
'S
GDP REVISED UPWARD FOR 2 ND QUARTER
n
'.\"
(Tire Wall Street Jormra/, September 3D, 1994)
s
,I
By Christopher George (staff reporter of The Wall Street Journal)
IJ W ASHIGTON - Updated figures for second quauer economic growth,
combined with an unexpected rise in new-home sales for August, underscored
the IIWme1lt1lt1i of the economy. But some economists cautioned that they are
expecting slower showings in both areas in coming months. Gross domestic
product - the total value of goods and services produced in the country - was
up 4.1 % in the second quarter, a slight increase from the previous estimate of
3.8%, the Commerce Department said. The upward revision was due mostly to
new information on the increase of farm inventories, now put at 7.5% up from
an original estimate of 4.6%.
r
I
Growth in Inventor;)'
g Some economists said large inventory growth in the second quarter-
total business inventories rose at an annual rate of $59.2bn, up from $25.4bn in
the first period - presaged a slowdown for GDP in the third quarter, as busi-
nesses sit tight on built-up supplies. "Some of the inventory growth in the sec-
ond quarter was due to fast growth in imports," said Daniel Bachman. senior
economist at the WEFA Group, an economic advisory concern in Pennsyl-
vania. "But recent factors, such as caution on the part of retailers, should cause
inventories to fall off."
7 3all:. 468
193
--
Ed Yardeni, and economist .It c.J. Lawrence Corp., predicted that third-
quarter inventories would grow but at half the pace of the second quarter and
would be a drag on the coming GDP figures.
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lIoe. I.le 3a6Y.D.bTe 0 nononHeHlH1 cBoero cnOBapH TepMIIHOB. Y6e,LUITCCb B
TOM, '1TO Bbl11eJleHHhIe A"ypCliBOM CJlOBa 11 BLlpa)KeUUR BXO.D.HT B Baw aKTUB-
HhIll CJlOBapb.
GLOBAL BONDS GAIN LUSTER FROM HIGHER
INTEREST RATES
(The Christian Science Monitor. February 13, 1996)
By GllY Halverson, staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
I] NEW YORK - Most people know about the advantages, of oversell
stocks. And investors know that it can be wise to own a mix of equities and fix
income products. But only in reccnI ycars have average Americans begun to
explore the world of ovcrseas bonds - mainly through mutual funds.
g Global bonds funds offer diversification - offsetting risks in the LS
bonds market. Moreover. the interest income and total return (including share-
price gains) from overseas honds can represent "very good value", says Dayle
Christensen, co-portfolio manager ofWalburg Pincus Fund in new York.
g For the reasons. Mr. Christensen points to Europe. where the bulk of
the fund a....sets he manages is invested. COnlinental Europe has slow economic
growth, tight central bank supervision over money supply growth. and low in-
flation - all signals of a climate favorable to bonds.
. . !! This has brought unusually steep spreads between posted interest rates
and inflation rates. Put another way, "real" (inflation adjusted) interest rates
are high compared with those in the United States. The pattern is most visible
in Germany, but extends to much of Europe and even part of Asia.
194
ird-
an I
S! In Germany, lO-year government bonds have been yielding about 6
percent. Subtract inflation running at about 2 percent. and you have rcal inter-
est rates slightly more than 4 percenl. That real rate is well above the 2.5 per-
cent rate in the US for government bonds of 10 years or longer.
"Over the next few months, the economic backdrop appears to be more
favorable [for fixed-income investments] in Europe than in the US," Christen-
sen says. He suggests selective buying of overseas bonds, but cautions that
"you have to keep an eye on how central banks and overseas governments deal
with their fiscal and monetary policies." Policy that results in higher inflation
would be bad news for bonds.
aii.
far.
1\
) C
or
b B
IIB-
i1 Christensen also sees opportunities in the Pacific Rim. His fund is put-
ting about 15 percent of its pOltfolio in Asia. buying convertible bonds with
yield ranging from I to 3 percent above US government bonds yield. (Con-
vertible bonds can be converted at a stipulated price into conunon stock.)
w
IX'
III
Bond experts, while no necessarily IOllting overseas bonds, concede
that auction may now be in order regarding the US bond market, particularly
long bonds, given uncertainties about interest rates. "I'm not suggesting that
1996 is going to be a repeat of 1994 [when the US bond market collapsed], but
the risks in the market have clearly risen," says Raye Kan.lenbach, senior port-
folio manager at Insight Investment Management in Minneapolis. He says in-
terest rates on long bonds could inch liP, casing the value of those held in port-
folios to decline. Thus, he suggests that investors cut back the average mamri-
lies in the US-bond portfolio to "shorter time frames."
2! Global bonds may represent an important from of diversification for
older, conservative investors who put a lot of money into fixed-income prod-
ucts, says Mark Wright, a bond expert at Morningstar Ine.. a mutual-fund rat-
ing finn in Chicago.
II!] Overseas bonds are useful for people "saving for retirement." says
Richard Hawkins, portfolio manager of the MFS World Governments Fund,
offered by Massachusetts Financial Services in Boston. "On a valuation basis,"
overseas bonds now "look more attractive than US bonds."
JS
r( -
VIe
(1/
11':
Ill'
.C
iJI There are two ways of buying overseas bonds: individually, through a
broker, or through a mutual fund. If you buy a bond through a hroker, you will
pay a commission. In addition to weighing ilJlerest, rate and credit risk, you
will also have to track the impact of currency flucluations, which affect the
underlying Imiue of your bond product. Or you can huy honds through a mu-
tual fund, where fund managers do the tracking.
_C
lie
195
Ii! Some funds use futures contracts and options to insulate the fund
from the impact of shifts in the value of cl currency - a strategy known as
"hedging". But hedging can be expensive, sometimes costing up to 5 percent
of a fund's assets. A fund's prospectus will identify hedging policie . There.
can be advantages to either approach.
I!! "The case for buying overseas bond funds is that overseas bonds wlll
often perform diffcrently than the US bond market," Mr. Wright says. That
does not always hdppen. In 1994. wh n the US bond market plummeted. so did
many overseas bond markets. "Financial markets are increasingly interlinked."
he notes.
IE! Still, Wnght says the case for diversification has been underscored by
recent favorable returns from abroad. For the last six months of 1995. the
global bond funds tracked by Morningstar had a total return of 6.91 percent.
compared with 5.82 percent for funds investing in general US corporate is-
sues. Over the last decade. global bonds averaged 8.35 percent annual returns,
versus 9.25 for US corporates and 7.98 for US government bonds.
IE! Global bond funds have taken off in popularity. At the end of 1995.
there were some 145 global bond funds. with assets of $33.4 billion. up from
37 such funds and $12.4 billion in 1990.
. 3aAa.fM. >m
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CHBOM npll'laCrHble It 11HQ>ltHHTHBHble 060POTbi (CM. 4aCTb 3 !laHHOrO KypCd
«(rpaMMaTlt t leCKl1e Bonpocbl nepeBOJ1a»).
WAGE PRESSURES AND INFLATION STAY IN CHECK
(The Wall Street JOl/rnal. Septcmber 6. [994)
By Lucinda Harper, staff Reporter of the Wall Street Journal
I] WASHINGTON - For academic economists. two specters arise when
unemployment falls to around 6%: wage increases and int1ation thdt eventually
could threaten business expansion. But so far, in this economic recovery,
things haven't been so scary. In August, the Labor Department said, the unem-
ployment rate was unchanged at 6.1 % of the work force. marking the fou'1h
month in a row that joblessness has been at a level generally viewed as spark-
196
--
nd
as
'n!
:rc
ill
lat
id
t:.
ing wage increases and higher prices. But wage pressures arc virtually absent
from the picture; the latest unemployment rate shows that average hourly earn-
ings in the nonfarm sector rose just 0.2% last month and were up only 2.5%
from a year ago, a bit lower than the inflation rate. The number of jobs grew
by 179,000 last month, with gains being mostly ill the service illdustries.
E! What gives? For one thing, economists say, it's too soon/or wages to
start picking up. Despite isolated cases of wage increases. they say wage pres-
sures aren't likely to appear in a broad way until early next year. "There is
usually a lag time between a low unemployment rate and inflation problems,"
says Paul Mastroddi, managing director of U.S. economic resedrch for Morgan
Guarantce Trust Co. But analysts say that even given a lag time, wage pres-
J) sures are still quite low. Unit labor costs, which take productivity into account.
1e are usually rising at a 5.29t annual rate, 13 quarters into a recovery. But at that
II. stage in this recovery - this year's second quarter - they increased at only
.f- 0.4%. says Stephen Roach, senior economist for Morgan Stanley & Co.
s.
5.
S! Many economists say international competition, low job security and
weak union bargaining power have all helped to hold wage increases down.
Mr. Roach notes that much of the job growth of recent months, strong as it has
been, has been concentrated in temporary-help scrvice firms, restaurants and
retailers. "That's just not where wage pressures are going to start," he says.
Wages usually go up first at manufacturing. transportation and finance compa-
nies. he says.
m
it
Ii
)-
a
!! Labor Secretary Robert Reich says, "Therc's still some slack in the la-
bor market. Eight million people are out of work, and several hundred thou-
sand more are discouraged about finding jobs." But these mitigating forces
may not be at work for much longer, especially with strong increases in new
jobs. "The bargaining balance is about 10 shift to labor, given the advanced
stage of the cycle and the scarcity of skilled workers," says Gene Sherman, di-
rector of research for M.S. Schapiro & Co. Indeed, problems are popping up in
certain areas of the country. The Federal Reserve, small-business associations
and employment agencies have noted labor shortages - particularly in the
Midwest. which is about the strongest economic region of the country. Mr.
Mastroddi notes that wages in the government's employment-cost index have
risen in a range of 3%-3.5% in the Midwest. That compares with 2%-2.5% two
years ago.
n
.
g This rise in wages in the Midwcst puts a hole in the argument that in-
ternational competition will help keep labor costs low. The heart of U.S. manu-
facturing beats in the Midwest, with large compallies such as Caterpillar Inc.
197
and General Motors Corp. doing a large an/oUIlI of exporting. "This is the
place that should be affected most by international competition," Mr. Mas-
troddi says. "And already, this is where we are seeing wages accelerate." He
says that although wages are still quite tame in the South, another suong spot.
"this may be the next area to pick up."
I Factories added 32,000 jobs in August after hardly adding in July. With
several indicators suggesting the manufacturing sector is slowing, many ana-
lysts expected factories to add far fewer workers. As usual. much of the em-
ployment growth last month was in the service sector, which added 123.000
jobs. Retailers added no jobs at all last month. after adding 100.000 in July.
Construction employment dropped.
All figures have been adjusted for normal seasonal variations.
tatisti ;"I<Sum, j
Here are excerpts from the Labor Department's employment report. The
figures are seasonally adjusted.
-
-J ...
---
l!)ZI
(millions of people)
131.2 138.5
123.2 122.5
8.0 8.0
II3.7 113.6
(percent of labor force)
6.1 6.1
5.4 5.6
5.4 5.3
17.5 17.7
5.3 5.4
11.5 11.2
36.8 38.1
10.2 10.1
(hours of work)
34.5 34.7
42.0 41.9
4.8 4.6
Civilian labor force
Civilian employment
Unemployment
Payroll employment
Unemployment:
All civilian workers
Adult men
Adult women
Teenagers
White
Black
Black teenagers
Hi span ie
A verage weekly hours
Total private nonfarm
Manufacturing
Factor' overtime
198
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II
I-
I-
o
e
How Has the Asian Crisis Affected Countries of the Former
Soviet Union?
(Finance & Developmelll, September 1998)
By Jol1/1 Odlillg-SlIlee, Director if the IMF's Europcan II Department
II The impact of the Asian crisis on
most countries of the former Soviet
Union was widespread but relatively
modest. Disturbances transmitted by
capital markets were largely muted
because, as a group. countrics in thc
region have accumulated relatively
liule foreign debt (with most borrow-
ing centralized by the government)
and because domestic capital markets
arc relatively small. with only mod-
est linkages to international markets.
----
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199
9 The trade impact took place
largely through the fall in oil prices,
which affected primarily the oil ex-
porters (mainly Russia). The loss of
export markets in Asian countries
with substantially devalued has yet to
be felt, but is not expected to be a
major factor for most countries.
Overall, the main impact has been to
adversely affect access to, and in-
crease the costs associated with, bor-
rowing on international capital mar-
kets. Nevertheless, growth for coun-
tries of the former Soviet Union is
expected to rise.
g However, in Russia and Ukraine.
both of which had been actively bor-
rowing on international capital mar-
kets, substantial pressures on domes-
tic financial markets have developed
as a direct result of contagion from
Asia, which may have long-term
conscquences for the transition proc-
ess in these countries.
9 The authorities in Russia success-
fully defended the exchange rate in
late OctoberlNovember 1997, and
again in January 1998, by raising in-
terest rates sharply, increasing re-
serve requirements on foreign ex-
change deposits, and intervening in
the foreign exchange and treasury
bill markets.
200
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Ka3Ha'ieilcKllx 06nllraUIIII.
A new exchange rate policy,
which became effective on January I,
1998, has accommodated a larger
fluctuation margin to reduce the risk
of speculative attacks. Once the au-
thorities had demonstrated their will-
ingness to raise intcrest rates to de-
fend the ruble, speculative pressures
subsided, allowing rates to move to
more sustainable levels.
The morc reccnt attack on the ru-
ble. which startcd in mid-May 1998,
was due more to internal policy
weaknesses - especially poor fiscal
pcrformance - than to a reassessment
of emerging markets following the
Asian crisis.
iJ Inadequate fiscal adjustment in
Ukraine led to rcliance on official
short-term borrowing, which hight-
ened the country's vulnerability to
adverse external developments. As
the Asian crisis developcd, exchange
market pressures started to build to-
ward the end of October 1997 and
forced the authorities to defend the
exchange r.lle by widening the ex-
change rate band and increasing both
inlerest rales and reserve requirc-
ments.
HOBaH BanlOTHaH nOJIIITlfKa, BC1)'-
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nano cTpaHY 60nee nOJ1BCpiKeHHoil
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3IICa CTano YBcmlLIlfBaTbCjI naBnClllfC
Ha BanioTHblH pblilOK K KOHUY OKTHO-
pR 1997 r., 4TO 3aCTaBnJIO BnaCTIf
nO.lUlCpJKUBaTb 06MCIIIllilH KYpc ny-
TeM pacwupcHIfR BanlOTHoro KOPH-
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CTaBOK II pC3CpBllbJX Tpc60BaHItH.
201
S! These mea.<;ures. together with
additional external borrowing under-
taken in early 1998 to shore up re-
serves, were insufficient to stern
speculative pressures, and the central
bank consequently had to tighten
monetary policy further in 1998.
It! The differences among the re-
gion's countries in the severity of
interest rate and equity price move-
ments illustrate the importance of
sound domestic mm..roeconomic and
structural policies in limiting their
vulnerability to contagion from in-
ternational financial markets.
iii! In Russia and Ukraine, weak fol-
low-through in the implementation of
structural and financial sector re-
forms. substantial dependence on
short-term government borrowing,
and (in Russia) a large fiscal deficit
caused, in part, by chronically weak
government revenues largely explain
the intensity of the impact of the
Asian crisis on them. The crisis has
exposed many policy shortcomings
in the region and made more appar-
ent the need to address them ur-
gently.
202
a 3T11 Mepbl, HapJlJl.Y C lIonollHM-
TellbllbJ\HI BHelllHIIMlllaUMcTBoBa-
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1998 r. C lle:JblO n0.llJ1Cp)K8Tb pe3ep-
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«YOllJI CTpI1T LJ,iKopHeJl» (71le Wall Street JOlllllal Europe, Octoher 11. 2000),
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6eHHocTH cTpaH, ftBJ1J1I0111HXCft MeCTOM lleHcTB1i1l B 'laHHbIX CTaTbftX.
1. McDONALD's FRANCHISEES OST AIN MORE LEEWAY
Other Restaurant Concept.. Are Now Fair Game
Fast-Food Giant Branches Out
By Jeml;fer Ordmzez, staff reporter
A long-held prohibition against McDonald's franchisees operating other
restaurant concepts is about to end.
McDonald's Corp. said it agreed to allow one veteran franchisee to oper-
ate as many as three Chipotle Mexican Grill restauranrs in the Dayton, Ohio,
area.
McDonald's last year acquired a majority stake in Chipoule. a Denver eat-
ery chain specialized in overstuffed burritos.
The Oak Brook, Illinois, hamburger company also said it has identified
other McDonald's franchisees to operate a small number of Boston Market and
Dunatos Pizza restaurants, two other brands McDonald's recently acquired.
McDonald's franchisees, concerned about growth opportunities in a satu-
rated fast-food marJ...et. have long expressed interest in operating additional
brands, something McDonald's prohibits.
The test could determine the extent to which the franchisees will be al-
lowed to operate more than one restaurant brand, the company said, but the
trials will proceed slowly.
Franchisees of Burger King, a unit of Diego PLC. and Wendy's Interna-
tionallnc.'s Wendy's are allowed to operate other restaurant concepts, includ-
ing some belonging to competitors.
McDonald's operators typically haven't been allowed to operate any other
retail business - not even, say. automotive stores. The number of McDonald's
they operate tends to be limited, [00. Few McDonald's franchisees have more
than 12 units.
Ben Scott Jr., a Dayton-area franchisee whose family operates nine
McDonald's, will take over at least two Chipotle restaurants. Mr. Scott wa"
203
chosen because he "runs great McDonald's restaurants." Said a company
spokesman, adding that specifics of the operating agreement were still being
workcd out.
"Hundreds of operators expressed interest to be considered to work willl
other brands," said Brad Task, a McDonald's spokesman. ''This is just the first.
There will be others."
Growth is a sensitive topic for the company. In recent years, McDonald's
has opened fewer hamburger restaurants in an attempt to alleviate franchisee
concern that new locations were siphoning off sales from existing ones.
New concepts offered a potential way to grow beyond the golden arches,
so the company acquired Donatos, Boston Market and its Chipotle stake.
The growth potential for the other concepts would appcar deeper than that
for the hamburger chain.
While there are more than 13,000 McDonald's restaurants in the U.S..
Boston Market, Chipotle and Donatos combined have fewer than 1,000 sites.
Some industry observers say new units of any brand owned by McDon-
ald's won't be of any significant help to franchisees looking for continued
growth.
2. RUSSIA STRENGTHENS TIES WITH FORMER REPUBLICS
New Group Will Focus on Law Enforcement
Associated Press
ALMATY, Kazakhstan - The leaders of Russia and four other former So-
viet republics agreed to form an organil.ation aimed at integrating their econo-
mies and boosting trade.
Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Belarus had previously
formed a customs union to revive trade ties that were severed with the breakup
of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The five nations' leaders agreed to rename the organization the Eurasian
Economic Community, and extend its activity to strengthening external bor-
ders and forming joint law-enforcement units to battle smuggling and drug-
trafficking.
Russia is already assisting Tajikistan with joint border patrols considered
necessary to stem drug and arms smuggling across the volatile border with Af-
ghanistan.
204
Russian President Vladimir Putin said that "the main thing is to settle
questions of collective security and the main goal is to settle the issues peace-
fully:' The members of the community should jointly battle problems includ-
ing "terrorism, drug smuggling, and the illegal export of weapons and aggres-
sive nationalism," Mr. Putin said.
1
s
c
According to the leaders' joint statement, the Eurasian Economic Commu-
nity will establish a common payment system and will provide equal access to
foreign investment in all the member-countries. It will also coordinate the
countries' relations with the World Trade Organi7ation.
"We have worked out a model for integrating our states," Kazak President
Nursultan Nazarbayev told the gathered leaders. He called the new group "a
new model close to the European Council and othe.r international organiza-
tions." Belarusian President Alelsander Lukashenko said the new organi7ation
should significamly boost trade in the region, and specifically that it should
bring down high Russian cargo tariffs.
;,
1t
1-
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"Belarus now exports about 50% of its products to the West because there
are no obstacles hindering the fTee movement of cargo," hc was quoted as say-
ing by the Interfax news agency.
Me. Putin and several of the other leaders were scheduled to travel to the
Kyrgyz capital Bishkek today for a summit on bolstcring military cooperation.
Russia and several fonner Soviet republics in Central Asia have been rattled
by Islamic insurgencies and alanned by the Taliban's recent ad ances in Af-
ghanistan.
3. STOCKS IN GREECE DROP ON POLITICAL UNREST
D-
D-
By K. PapadopoliloliS
ATHENS - Greek stocks fell in slow trade. as the market was dragged
down by a sharp decline in telecommunications supplier IntracoDl and poor
sentiment attributed to political unrest.
Traders said there was a lack of fresh interest because of deteriorating sen-
timent amid talk of political unrest.
A general strike paralyzed transport in Athens, while post offices. banks.
utility offices and most couns were also closed around Greece as unions op-
posed government plans to restructure the laoor market Airline travelers were
left stranded and government offices were closed. Hospitals only handled
emergency cases.
Unions are fighting government plans to shake up Greece's labor market
with proposed changes including capping overtime and giving employers
flexibility in setting work hours.
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205
Buses, trolleys and, for the first time, Athens' new subway were closed.
Operations at the airport were limiled with Olympic Airways flying only a
few routes. Intercity trains also carried out limited trips.
The government insists its plans will combat high unemployment, cur-
rently about I] %. But unions say the changes will undermine job security.
They are also seeking a reduction of civil servants' workweeks to 35 hours
withom pay reduction.
The protests have brought pressure on the Socialist government. which is
planning to push through the unpopular reforms ahead of Greece's entry into
the European Union's common currency January 1 st .
All this turmoil left the outlook of most sectors mixed.
Among telecoms, Imracom was hurt after and international brokerage
house lowered its recommendation on the stock. Imracom slid 4% to J 1,065
drachmas (32.60 euros).
By contrast, Hellenic Telecommunications Organization was unchanged
at 7,190 drachmas, Panaron rose five drachmas to 3,630 drachmas.
EFG Eurobank Ergasias was the only bank share that went against the
negative current, gaining 1.2%, or 125 drachmas, to 10,980 drachmas. In con-
trast, Alpha Bank dropped 1.4%, 200 drachmas, to 14,250 drachmas.
. 3.aAa......e>1:.
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U.S. INSISTS DOLLAR POLICY REMAINS UNCHANGED
Treasury Chief Set Conditions for Euro Rescue
(The Wall Street JO/lrnal Europe, September 25,2000)
By Michael M. Phillips alld G. Thomas Sims (stdffreporters)
[! PRAGUE - The U.S. finally joined Europe in attempting to rescue the
bcleaguered curo, but Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers wants everyone
to know that boosting the II-nation common currency doesn't mean he's
abandoning the strong-dollar policy that has been a mainstay of Clinton ad-
ministration economic policy for the past five years.
In the first U.S.-supported intervention in currency markets since Mr.
Summers became secretary, the U.S., Europe, Japan, Britain and Canada
bought euros Friday, stopping - at least for onc day - the 2]-month-old cur-
rency tailspin.
206
I.
The curo had fallen to 85,73 U.S. cents Friday morning, and was already
rising when the Group of Seven major industriali7cd nations and the European
Central Bank intervened. pushing the currcncy up to 90.40 ccnts. By late trad-
ing in New York, the euro had slipped a bit, to 87,84 cents.
a
.-
I.
.s
g The intervcntion came 15 years to the day aftcr G-7 economic officials
met at the Plaza Hotel in New York and agreed. successfully, to push down the
U.S. dollar. But U.S. officials prefer parallels to the June 1998 U.S. move to
help Japan boost the yen. which left the dollar in a strong position against the
currencies of other major trading partners.
For the moment, Mr. Sununers seems to have pulled off his tightrope walk,
if investor reaction is any guide. The dollar rose Friday against the yen, trading
at 108.03 yen compared with 106.67 yen late Thursday.
The G-7 said it acted Oil! of "shared COllcern about the potential implica-
tions of recent movements in the euro for the world economy." But Mr. Sum-
mers made sure the Europeans agreed that their announcement would say that
the action took place "at the initiative of the European Central Bank," a loud
hil/l that the U.S. is willing to help, but docsn't want to undcrmine its strong-
dollar stancc.
s
o
e
5
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g The administration credits that dollar policy for helping restrain infla-
tion, attracting foreign investors and preventing the red-hot American econ-
omy from glowil/g ",'hite. Plus. the U.S. economic team was undoubtedly eager
to avert any possibility - however small - that an official move to boost the
eum at the dollar's expense might spark a larger flight from the greenback by
investors worried about the huge U.S. trade deficit.
i-
!! After a meeting of finance ministers and central bank governors in Pra-
gue Saturday, French Finance Minister Laurent Fabius argued the move should
reassure those in policy circles .tnd financial markets dismayed at the contra-
dictory signals European officials have sent during thc euro's steady descent
from a high of around $1.18 shortly after its creation in January 1999. '"This all
shows us the statements of Europeans can't he taken lightly," Mr. Fabius said.
,e
,e
S! Mr. Summers' decision to join the European action, takcn in consulta-
tion with Federal Reserve Chairman Lan Greenspan, added the credibility that
markets craved. And G-7 officials made clear they were willing to intervene
again if circumstances warramed.
"The real surprise is that ... the U.S. was on board," said Joahlm Fels. a
Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co. economist in London. "And that makes me
very confident that the move will be effective in pll1tillg a floor under the cure
's
1-
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207
both against the dollar and the Japanese yen. It was the right move at the right
time."
a The Europeans, loath to seem like a charity case, spread the word
against financial meetings in Prague that the U.S. agreed to their request be-
cause the Clinton team believe the weak curo presents a threat to the U.S.
stock market. Several American companies, including Intel Corp., have
blamed the euro's fall for disappointing profits.
A German Finance Ministry official. who asked not to be named, said he
believed Intel's profit warning late Thursday and the fall in U.S. stock market!.
the following day "helped make the poim."
''The U.S. reali7ed that they have to have a balanced policy, a strong-
dollar policy, but they also have to take illto accoum profits and equity mar-
kets, and what the euro could do to them," he said.
iJ Actually the decision had been taken hours before the Intel news went
public. And while u.s. officials weighed those broad considerations, their
choice appears based mostly on a belief that the global economy would be bet-
ter off if Europe - because of its economic importance - had a more stable and
stronger currency and if their policy makers acted in a way that inspired confi-
dence instead of confusion.
"The U.S. is seen in Europe as anti-euro." said economist Rudi Dornbusch
of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Not supporting the currency
would confirm everyt.hing the Europeans believe about t.he U.S:'
The big test of whether the central banks have succeeded comes when
market open this morning. Wim Duiscnberg, president of the ECB, talked of
an "orderly reversal" of the euro's movements, while other 0-7 officials were
more vague about what constitutes victory and suessed that the important thing
was to signal investors that government won't stand aside indefinitely.
"If you stabilize it, that's a good thing; if you reverse some of it., that could
be construed as a good thing," said one senior G-7 official. "Nobody is IlIlder
the illusion that such an action by the central bank is going to dictate the ex-
change rate:'
The Europeans began talking about intervention Sept. 9 at a gathering in
Versailles, France, and then began courting the U.S. early last week. U.S. offi-
cials launched a series of conference calls among themselves to figure out
whether it made sense to join in, should the Europeans ask. (...)
208
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CONSUMER SPENDING. INCOME INCREASED IN AUGUST,
SIGNALING ECONOMIC GROWTH
't
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(Tire Wall Street Joumal. OclOber 3. 1994)
By Christopher Georges, Staff Reporter of lhe Wall Street Journal
II WASHINGTON - Americans earned more and spent more in August,
indicating there still is considerable strength in the economy.
Disposable income rose 0.4% in the month, the seventh straight increase,
while consumer spending jumped 0.9%, the largest gain since a 1.3% rise in
February, the Commerce Departmellt reported.
h
Y
g These figures, combined with last wcek's reportcd increases in durable-
goods orders, lIew-home' sales, and revised Gross Domestic Product. all
painted a picture of faster growth. But economists say they expect the pace of
growth to slacken in coming months. AnalysLS concluded that in inndtionary
pressure may continue to grow, but at a moderate rate.
n
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g "Yes. the economy is cxpanding, but as it does, we are bound to hit
price pressure," said Charles Renfro of Alphametrics Corp., an economics
consulting firm in Bala Cynwyd, Pa. "It's a given we will have some inflation.
but the data do not suggest a dramatic increase in prices."
The Commerce Department's personal cOl/sumptioll expellditllre report
showed that spending on long-lasting items such as cars and appliances rose
4.2% in August. while spending on nondurable goods such as food and fuel.
rose 0.5%. Spending on services increased 0.4%.
The combination of rising incomes and spending meant that Americans'
savillgs rate - savings as a percentage of disposable income - fell to 3.8% in
August from 4.2% the previous month.
g
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!! Wages and salaries. the most closely watched component of income,
increased $7.9 billion in August after a $14.4 billion rise in July. Economist
8 3aK. 468
209
havc kept an especially close eye on wages in recent months as a key indica/or
of potential inflation, but most agreed Friday that August's rise wasn't dra-
matic.
Analysts said that they didn't expect any immediate action by the Federal
Reserve Board on interest rates in light of last week's economic data.
The Fed's Open Market Committee, which met Tucsday, dccided not to
raise rates for the time being. But the Fed Chairman, by custom, has the au-
thority to raise rates at Icast one-quarter percentage point between meetings
without a formal committee vote. The next scheduled meeting is Nov. 15, and
many analysts say they expect the Fed to boost rates for the sixth time this year
at that time.
rs! The central disclosed Friday that its most recent decision to increase
rates by one-half percentage point. made at its Aug. 16 meeting, wm; unani-
mous.
According to a summary of the meeting released Friday, members of the
Open Market Committee believed that "the rise of interest rates since the be-
ginning of the year had had some restraining effects on interest-sensitive et
penditures, notably housing and perhaps to a lesser extent some consumer dur
ables, but to date these effects had not been large."
The report also noted that "despite SOme differing views, the members
generally concluded that the economy was probably operating at a Icvel that
was close to, of not already at, its long-run potentiaL"
atistical Summa j
Personal Income
(the figures at seasonally adjusted annual rates in trillions of dollars)
Personallm:ome
Wages and salaries
Factory payrolls
Transfer payments
Disposable personal income
Personal outlays
Consumption expenditures
Other outlays
_ 2e rsonal savin gs
Aug. 1994
5.727
3.290
.619
.969
4.984
4.796
4.667
.129
.188
210
July 1994
5.703
3.282
.616
.965
4.962
4.735
4.627
.128
.207
This IS important because Irlllls{er paymellfs help cushion personal in-
come during recession. Although GDP income. such as wages and salaries.
may fall sharply due to unemployment. the continued receipt of transfer pay-
ments (such as unemploymenl compensation) prevenls total personal income
from falling as rJ.pidly as GDP income. This helps maintain personal consump-
tion despite the recession's increase in unemployment.
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SUBVERTING CORRUPTION
8J Robert KliLgaard
(Finance & De 'elopll/ell1. June 200m
[! The focus of countries' anticorrup-
tion efforts typically begins with con-
sciousness raising , shifts to making
Iwvernments less susceptible , and then
addresses the problem of corrupt sys-
tems. When this third stage is reached,
what measures can governments, con-
cerned citizens. and others take to
subvert entrenched corruption ?
E! Almost four decades ago. the po-
litical scientist Colin Leys asked
"what is the problem about corrup-
tion?" Following a line that might re-
mind one of the sociologist Roberton
Merton. or the political philosopher
Niccolo Machiavelli. Levs argued that
-
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211
corruption has its functions, even
benefits. Under awful conditions,
bribcry and its close relatives may be
socially and just privately beneficial.
The political scientist Samuel Hunt-
ington chimed in : " In terms of eco-
nomic growth the only thing worse
than a society with a rigid , overcen-
tralized, dishonest bureaucracy is one
with a rigid, overcentralized. honest
bureaucracy:'
II These scholars had a point. But
nowadays it is easier for us, sensitized
by both passionate denunciations and
econometric estimates, to reel off
some of the costs. Systemic corruption
distorts incentives , undermines institu-
tions and redistributes wealth and
power to the undeserving . When cor-
ruption undermines property rights,
the rule of law, and incentives to in-
vest, economic and political develop-
ment are crippled. Even Huntington
pointed out that "a society in which
corruption is already pervasive, how-
ever, is unlikelv to be improved by
more corruption: '
!! Since Huntington wrote those
words in 1968, the fight against cor-
ruption has progressed. We have ex-
perienced a first stage of anticorrup-
tion efforts, wherc consciousness is
raised about the existence and harms
of corruPtion. In many countries, there
seems to be a sea change in public
opinion , as elections are increasin!.!ly
fought in terms of what to do about
corruption.
212
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g We have progressed to a second
large of anticorruption measures,
which adds systems analysis to con-
sciousness raising. Civil service re-
fQrms are moving beyond "capacity
lluildim1:" to emphasize information,
incentives, and competition. Research
is moving beyond percePtions of cor-
ruption to studies of where in govern-
ment and markets the vulnerabilities to
corruption lie.
We now need to learn and do more in
a third stage of anticorruption activi-
ties. What can be done if conscious-
nesS raising and prevention have
failed, if corruption has become the
norm, and if political will cannot be
counted on? How can systemic cor-
ruption be subverted '!
IH
Ii
:HCT-
pac-
"Normal" to systemic corruption
a Consider a real example, stripped
down and renamed to protect its iden-
fuy,. PHS is the part of a country's
health ministry that distributes phar-
maceuticals and health services to the
poor. There are eligibility cards and
subsidies, supply chains and spccial
health posts, and lots of contractin
and procurement. Corruption has al-
ways existed in PHS. But suddenly
things get worse.
The country's president is involved in
a scandal unrelated to PHS. He may
be impeached. Parliament forms a
committee to investigate. The presi-
dent and his party try to influence the
committee. A rclative of the commit-
tee chairman is named the director of
PHS. Other new appointments in PHS
are from the same region as the com-
mittee chairman.
pyn-
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213
iJ Procurement becomes deeply cor-
rupted. Competitive bidding , once the
norm in 90% of procurement con-
tracts. is used in less than half. The
other half are declared "emergencies"
and are Ict without competition
through PHS's regional offices. In the
words of one official, "Many of these
peoplc decide which firms will get the
contract and then both manage the
project and are responsible for audit-
ing it."
Even when procurement is competi-
tive, abuses spread. Contract
specifications are tailored to enhance
the chances of favored supplicrs. Cost
overruns are approved in exchange for
bribes.
t3 Politicization undercuts external
controls. The president's party instal1s
a compliant individual as the new di-
rector of the supreme audit agency.
The attorney general, the presidcnt's
old friend, is unwilling to pursue sen-
sitive cases .
As the corruption in PHS grows, or-
gani7ational chaos ensues. The manual
of procedures is abandoned . Eligibility
cards arc allocated through extortion
and fraud . Theft becomes widesprcad,
and medicines disappear. Some tiles
disappear, then many more, so that
even if investigations or audits arc
started, thcre arc often no records . No
one is sure if contracts have becn let
or if funds are availablc. As a result,
more contractors are not paid. Delays
and further rounds of corruption fol-
low. Eventually, suppliers charge
higher prices or retire from this mar-
ket, leading to less competition and
214
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further opportunities for corruption
and inefficiency. An honest auditor
finds a PHS warehouse full of televi-
sions, champagne glasses, and so
forth.
PHS free-falls into financial collapse.
Health care for the poor disintegrates.
0;
Action in normal circumstances
I What can be done? At the second
stage of fighting corruption. a variety
of measures can be taken to prevent
corruption.
Agents (that is. public officials) arc
selected on the basis of competence
and honesty.
/ncemives are structured to reward
projects and purchases with excellent
results. Penalties are exacted from
those who give or receive bribes.
A variety of mechanisms are used to
gather to gather information about the
possibilities of corrupt behavior at
each stage of its development - infor-
mation ranging from bidding: patterns
to comparative costs to the lifestyles
of the individuals involved .
Competition is encouraged.
Official discretion is circumscribed -
for example. by conducting objective
studies of. and specifying clear criteria
for. government procurement and
other adminisrrative practices.
The moral costs of corruption behav-
ior are sometimes emphasized through
codes of conduct. publici tv cam-
paigns, and the encouragement of
reputations for probity by the firms
involved.
CKlJaJJ.;
Bxo.nm B pe>KHM coo6oD.Horo naJJ.e-
mUl;
pa30aJIHBaeTCH;
mcy.napcTBeHHI>Ie .non>KHOCTHbIe
nHlla;
nocTpOCHHe CUCTCMbI CTHMynoB Ta-
KHM 06Pa30M, 'lTo6bl ...;
no.nBepraK>TCH WTpa4>HbIM caUKIlH-
HM;
OT (HaIJHHaH c) cxeM npoBe.neHlIH
Topmo; COnOCTaBHMble ueHbl;
COOTBeTCTB)'IOll.lHe nHua;
orpaHHlJeHHe c60600bl deiicm6ui"i
04>HUHaJJbHblX BJlacreG;
YKa3aHHe IJ UX KpJ.fTepneB;
MeTo.nbl;
Ko.neKcbl (HOpMbI) nooeneHHH; peK-
naMHble KaMnaHlm;
nopH.nOIJHOCTb;
215
IIi] But because corruption has be-
come systemic. PHS has suffered
breakdown in all these areas.
.._ When systems are so thorou!i:hly
corrupted, there may be lillIe, if any
political will to reform them. Calling
for better agents, improved incentives ,
better infonnation, more competition,
less official discretion, and higher
economic and social costs is well and
good . But who is going to listen'! Who
is going to act? The usual anticorrup-
tion remedies may not work. Now
what?
Analogy of disease
III Consider an imperfect but sug-
gestive analogy. Corruption is like a
disease pandemic. It is a problem in
every country. and especially preva-
lent and damaging in a few. The social
consequences are at many levels, in-
cluding economic. Finally. the conta-
gious disease is difficult to combat.
and it may adapt itself to efforts to de-
feat it.
What might be called the first stage of
reacting to either corruption or disease
is a raising of consciousness. In a
number of recent books corruption is
attributed to bad attitudes regarding
authority and probity. The political
culture is a pernicious sort of "privati-
zation of the State," the infonnal and
illicit private use of government by the
political class and its allies .
216
nOTepncna He}lla y;
rny6oKo;
TpC60BaHHSI 0 (Ha ma'lelllm)
311. - 6011ce npUBJIeKaTenbHblC eHI-
Mynbl;
XOPOWII Ii npaBIIJlbHbl;
cpCllCTBa 60pbObi c KoppynllllcH;
HaBO.!1JUuaSi Ha pa3MblwnCHIUI;
3apa3HaJl;
McpOnpmlTlUl, HanpaBJIeHHblC lIa ee
YHU'ITO>KClme;
onacHblH;
He3aKoHHbln;
COl03HIiKU;
IS The curc for corruption? Moral
renovation. cultural change, an eleva-
tion of consciousness . ... The problem
with this advice is practical. We know
little about how to em!ineer a moral
renovation . so we also work at other
levels.
A second stage of reacting to disease
or corruption emphasizes prevention:
keep healthy bodies free of contagion.
The anticorruption measures described
above, from selecting better agents to
raising the economic and social costs
of corruption, are derived from this
approach.
ec
Analyzing and attacking corrupt
systems
[II But what if corruption has a l-
ready become embedded ? When pre-
vention has failed. a third stage of
fighting corruption is also needed, one
that goes after the disease. New ques-
tions arise.
In addition to strengthening govern-
ment institutions, the task is now to
weaken corrupt institutions. This is
difficult but not impossible. "To en-
e:age in corruption ," law professor
Philip Heymann notes, "a government
official and a private party have to
identify each other as potential corrupt
partners, and find a way to reach an
agreement, and then deliver what each
has oromised without being detected .
Each ofthese steps can be extremely
difficult, for in each there are vulner-
abilities to detection."
l1CLleneHue;
nOBblwelme C03HaTenbHOCTH;
Mbi B HeJJ.oCTaToLlHoii Mepe 3HaKOMhi
c OpralUi33Lluei1 npoLlecca MOpaJIb-
HOro o6HOBIleHl1J1 ...;
.l\aHHhli1 no.l\XO.l\ nocnYJKHJJ OCHOBOIt
.lJ)1R pa3pa60TKII (Mep);
}'KopCHl11IaCb;
.lJ)1JI cOBeplllemUi aKTa Koppynw U1 ;
YBU.l\eTb JJ.pyr B JJ.pyre;
BblnOJIHHTb (KaJK.l\bli1) CBOe o6ema-
Hl1e 11 He 6bITb pa306JIaQeHHbIM;
YJl3Bl1MbIe MecTa;
217
[D The corrupt system itself should
be analyzed from beginning to end.
For example, how are corrupt buyers
and sellers found and matched ? How
do they make and enforce their im-
plicit contracts'? What footprints does
their illicit transaction create, and
what steps do they take to cover them
up?
Then. countermeasures should be de-
signed. For example, how might un-
dercover agents be introduced to the
svstem in order to disruDt it? Who are
the disaffected in the corrupt system,
and how may they be induced to de-
fect ? How might corrupt contracts be
exposed, undercut, or destabilized?
How might disinformation be injected
into the corrupt system to create false
impressions. schisms. distrust. and
risk ?
II! With these questions in mind, let
us return to the case of PHS. How
might the corrupt coalition of the
president, the congressional commit-
tee, the contractors, the political me.
pointees , and PHS be subverted? Here
are a few ideas.
Disseminate information that the cor-
rupt system would like to keep hidden.
Some corrupt appointees have grown
rich. Purchases of houses and cars and
other forms of conspicuous consumo-
tion can be documented and shared
with the press.
The prices of various goods and ser-
vices can be compared with prices be-
fore the erosion of PHS, with prices in
the private sector, and with prices in
neighboring countries. All these com-
parisons reveal PHS's current corrup-
tion.
218
HaXOIDITCJl If CXOl!.JITCII;
3aKIIIo'JaIOT H o6ecnc'JHBalOT Bbl-
nOllHeHHe CBOHX HcrnaCHblX !loro-
BOpOB:
npoTHBonpaBHall CllClIKa;
KaK BHe.npHTb B cHcTeMY TaHHblX co-
TpY.llHHKOB;
pa3pYUIHTb: HellOBOllbllblC;
n06Y.llHTb nepeHTH Ha .npyl)'lO CTO-
poHY:
06HappKHTb; oClIa6uTb;
C uellblO C03.llaHHII lIO>KHbIX Bnel.JaT-
lIeHIIH, BHeceHHII pacKolla, He.noBC-
pHil H omymeHHII pHCKa;
Ha3HaQeHUbI;
6pocalOmeecJl B rJla3a nOTpe6neHue;
p O>KeHHe;
One can give information to, and then
work with, the firms that could poten-
tially compete for PHS's business, as
well as with associations of industry
leaders, auditors, and lawyers. Pres-
sure points can thereby be found and
exploited to Dush for change .
Organi7cd extortion for PHS eligibil-
ity cards ean be undernlined by using
undercover agents, confidential exit
interviews, and video cameras.
t In both Italy and Ne.w York, suc-
cessful efforts against organized crime
have subverted the Mafia's culture of
secrecy. Crucial have been such
measures as using undercover agents,
planting electronic surveillance de-
vices, and inducing key insiders to be-
come state witnesses . Also, misinfor-
mation and "dirty tricks" have been
used to create distrust among the Ma-
fiosi - for example, planting false ru-
that someone was a turncoat or
catalyzing animosity amon!! various
factions . Could similar steps be imag-
ined in PHS or, more broadly, in the
national government?
[iJ These are interesting possibili-
ties - but who might undertake them?
The list of potential actors is long:
citizens' groups, including Transpar-
ency International ; the press; religious
groups; business groups, which realize
that, viewed as a whole. business loses
from systemic corruption; and interna-
tional organizations. Sometimes a
congressional committee can be the
catalyst, at other times a supreme audit
authority or a ministry of justice or a
police department. Even within a cor-
ruoted 8t!:encv. the infection is never
---
KOTopble MOrJIH Obi CTaTb nOTeHUH-
aJlbHbTMH YI.JacTHHKaMH KOHK)'peHT-
HOW 60pb6bl 3a npaBo nOCTaBOK B
nu-3n'J-3c;
6one3HeHilbie TO'IKH;
JUUI OCYlllccTBneHHR ncpCMeH;
BblMoraTcnbCTBO B CBR3H c;
CKJIOnCHUC Ban\HCHWHX 'J'lCHOB
BHYTpCHHeii CTpYKl)'pbl Ma4JHlI K
BbTCl)'IlJTCHHIO B Ka"lCCTBC rocY.D.ap-
CTBCHHblX CBlI.D.eTCncii;
pacnpocTpaHcHlIc nO}KHbIX CnyxOB;
ncpC6C}K"lUK;
pa3}KuraulIc Bpa}KJJ.bl MC}KD.)' Pa3-
J1H"lHblMU rpymmpoBKaMH;
OpraHl!3aUWI «TpaHcn3pcHcli HH-
TepH3WeHll»
BhlCUIHll pCBH3HOHHblH opraH;
219
rupted agency. the infection is never
complete, and given the opportunity,
people ranging from secretaries to
technicians to long-term civil servants
may be valuable sources of informa-
tion about exactly how the corrupt
system functions.
Ideally, third-stage anticorruption ef-
forts will bring together all these ac-
tors to subvert systemic corruption.
Where is systemic corruption
most severe?
IE! Systemic corruption can worsen
as various forms of central govern-
ment control break down or recede .
One example is when a state collapses
in the face of unrest or postcommunist
trauma, being replaced in part by or-
ganized crime and corruption. Another
examplc - less dramatic but perhaps
more widespread - is what happens
when federal functions devolve upon
localities and municipalities .
In our new book. Corrupt Cities,
Ronald MacLean-Abaroa, Lindsay
Parris. and I note that around the
world. local governments are suscep-
tible to systemic corruption. Com-
pared with national governments, mu-
nicipal administrative systems are
usually weaker. Pav scales for profes-
sionals are lower. leading on average
to lower-quality personnel. The risks
of cooptation by elites or populists .lre
higher. In the hands of unscrupulous
opportunists or idealists unable to
manage. city governments can easily
become the sites of petty tyrannies.
systemic corruption. or both.
220
rocc;rylKaw.ne n3 'Hlcna BeTepaHoB;
CBO!UIT BoellHHO Bcex Y'IaCTHIfKoB
60pb6bl c cncTeMlloH Koppymmcf1;
no Mepe pa3pymeHl111 mIll oCJ1a6ne-
HIIH pa3mNHbiX BnllOB KOH"f1JOJ1H co
CTOpOHbl ueHTpaJIbHoro npaBIITeJ1b-
CTBa; nOll B0311.eHCTBIIeM 6eCnOpHlI.-
KOB;
nepexollHT K MeCTHblM II MYHHun-
naJIbHblM opraHaM ynpaBJ1eHlIJI;
nOllBcplKeHbI;
oIUJaTa "f1JYlla cneUl1aJJ11CTOB;
HCll06poCOBccTHble;
I Even in rich countries, the threats
are real. The substance and style of
city management are changing in ways
that promise better governance but si-
multaneously offer more opportunities
for corruption. "Many of the recent
changes in local governmcnt," the
Audit Commission of the United
Kingdom asserts. " have been awav
from centralized controls and tight fi-
nancial regimes and have increased
the risks of fraud and corruption oc-
cuning." According to one estimate.
provincial governments in Japan have
3 times more officials than the na-
tional govcrnment but produce 15
times the reported number of corrup-
tion cases and 4 times the number of
arrested officials. In New York City,
the cost of past corruption in school
construction alone is measured in the
hundreds of millions of dollars. Pub-
lic-private partnerships , correctly con-
sidered the wave of the future, can
mutate into systemic corruption.
fIi! No wonder local corruption is a
topic of increasing concern. The Chil-
ean policy analyst Claudio Orrego
points out that "all the objectives that
have been established for the reform
of the municipal sector (increasin
their Icgitimacy and democratiLation,
increasing the efficiencv and effec-
tiveness of their services. and increas-
ing citizen participation), can be
summarized as part of this broader
goal: strengthening accountability. ,-
When corruption does become sys-
temic, as it did in PHS, the usual anti-
corruption measures are incfficient.
Not obsolele. to be sure : there will al-
ways be a need to raise consciousness
about corruption's costs, and to make
Cyrb;
PeBH3uonnali KOMliCCIIR;
npollcxo.1UIT BHe paMoK:
napTHcpCTBa c Y'laCTHeM rocY.lJ.apCT-
Ba H 'laCTHblX CTPYK"I)'P;
IIBlIeHne;
YKpenneHHe ux 3aKOHHOCTlI;
34><l>CKTIIBHOCTb 11 .lJ.ciicTBCHHOCTb;
3TO He 03Ha'laeT, 'lTO (01111) YCTape-
JIll:
221
the institutions of state and market less
vulnerable to corruption. But we also
need new thinking about ncw models
of action by ncw sorts of actors that
can facilitate joint efforts to subvert C0311an, 6naronpmlTHhre ycnoBml.
corruption.
nepesOA C pYCCKOrO st3blK3 H3 aHrJ1 CK
'5.2.
AHaJIOnt'lHO npellblllYUle'dY pa3.lleny npaKTHKYMa, Ha'IHeM C aHaJIlI3a
npHMepoB HeYlla'lHoro nepeBO.lla Ha aHrnuilcKHH Sl3blK. nonYfHo OTMeTUM,
'11'0 nepeBOll'Ull\.}' npllXO.llHTCSI ItHoma pe.llaKTllpOBaTb PYCCKUI1 TeKCT, npe)f{lle
'1eM nepeBeCTH ero Ha aHrnHilcKuiI Sl3blK BO m6eiKaHile BCSlKHX HccypaJHU. B
3TOH CBSl3H MO)((HO npHBecTH TaKO" npuMep. B miCbMe mlmUlia.J1bHoro nlfua B
allpec 3apy6e)((HOif OpraHli3aWiH 6b1na Bblpa)((eHa 6narollapHoCTb (<3a 'leJ/oae-
'leCKOe OTHoweHHe K rpynne nocTpanaBwllx rpa)((llaH Hawdi CTpaHbl.. .».
O'leBUllHO, '11'0 B TeKCTe nHCbMa He06xo.llUMO 6b1J1o 3aMeHHTb '1eJlOae'leCKOe
Ha 'leJ/06e'lIlOe, a B nepeBolle ynoTpe6uTh cnOBO humalle, a He humall. A B
peKJIaMHOM npocneKTe U3BeCTHoro MY3b1KaJIbHOrO KOnneKTUBa, KOTOPbl" lIC-
06XOllHMO 61.1110 nepeBeCTH Ha aHrnuilcKuH H3bIK, OTMe'laJIOCb, '11'0 B era
KOMn03HUHSlX «Bcerlla eCTb 60)((eCTBeHHoe U 'le.TlOae'lIlO{!». B 3TOM CJI)"iae ne-
peBoll'lIU,:y TalOKe npliwnocb pe.llaKTltpOBaTb OpHrHHaJI It ynoTpe6uTh cnOBO
.. humall" - 'leJ/06e'leCKoe.
nepBLIA npeDJIaraeMblH DJlSI aHaJIU3a TeKCT nepCBO.lla - 31'0 OTpbIBOK 113
IfHqJOpMaUHOHHoro coo6weHWI ° npOBe.llemm MC)((.llYHapO.llHOH KOIlQJcpeH-
UIUI, KOTopoe 6blJlO pa30CJIaIlO I1a PYCCKOM H aHrmliicKoM Sl3blKax nOTeHUlI-
aJILIIbIM yqacTHIlKaM. HeYJla'lHbiC MeCTa B nepeBO.llC BbllleneHbI KYpCIIBOM U
npOKOMMelITHpoBaHLI B TpeTbCH KOJlOHKe.
(. . .) Me)((lI)'I1apOll-
HLIH HHCnrryr no
panH03Kononrn HM.
A.ll,. CaxapoBa, (...)
Y HHBepCHTeT C3ppU
(BeJIUK06pHTaIlWl)
(oo.)
(oo .) International Sak-
harov Em ' irOllll1el/t
Ulliversity. (...) Uni-
versity of Surrey (Great
Britain) (...)
222
HCKaA(eHO Ha.JBaIllle HHCTU-
TYTa: International Sakharov
Institute of Radioecology.
B PYCCKOM TeKCTe Ha.JBaHlle
6pHTaIlcKoro YlIIlBepcuTeTa,
cnelI)'1I TpanuuHoHHOH
TpaHcmnepaW1H (CM. ARI"-
nO-PyccKlill CJ10Bapb npoft>.
B.K. MlOnnepa), J1on)((}IO
61.11'1. Cyppeii.
(...) B paMKax pe- within the frame of the npaBlUIbHo: framework;
fHOHaJIbHOH npo- Regional Academic op$orpa4mSl cnOBa npo-
rpaMMbl aKa,n.eMH'Ie- Program i!paAfMa B nCpeBO.l1e .l1aHa B
CKoro napTHepCTBa 3Mep"KaHCKOM Bap"aHTe,
(REAP) (...) XOTSI Cpe.l1H OpralUf3aTOpOB
KOH$epelUulH - TI'" 6pH-
TaHCKHX " H" OMOro aMe-
pHK3HcKoro YlmBepCIITCTa
(.l1aJ1ee no TeKCTY nepeBO.l1a
.l13eTCSI 6pHTaHCKasI op$o-
rpa$lliI, '1TO HB.1ISleTCSI np"-
a MepoM l/enocneo08ameJ/bllo-
iI. emu).
lC
B (. . .) npOBOJUIT KOH- (...) im'ite to allend the «BonbHblii nepeson» BMeCTO
B el1epeHIJ.IDO «Me)f(- conference "Interna- are holding;
e- .l1)'HapO.l1HOe 06P830- tional Education and
». BaHHe" n3pTHepCT- Partnerships" $opMa MIIO)f(. '1HCna (parr-
'Je BO» llerships) np".l1a cnoBY
B .I1pyroc 3Ha'ielUle: m08apu-
c- Ujeemea KaK $opMa MaJ10ro
fO 6H3Heca.
le-
BO (...) KOHlpepeHmlSl The conference will The conference is (called) to
nplt3Bana cnoc06cT- provide the discussion promote (...);
BOBaTb 06cY)f(.l1eHHIO and dissemination of onpe.l1enenHblH apTHKJlb He-
m nonO)f(liTenbHoro the positive experience )'MecTeH, TaK KaK ClIOBO dis-
'H- OflblTa pa60TbI npo- of REAP projects, (...) cussion .l1aHO B 06Il1CM
Uf- eKTOB REAP, Bblpa- contribute to the devel- CMbICIIe;
III 60TKe npe.l11IO)f(eHHH opment of partnership paenpocmpaHeHue (dissemi-
no .l1aJ1bHCHIllCMY and networking of the nation) - Y.l1a'lHOe CIIOBO,
p83BHTHIO napTHep- universities, businesses XOTSI B TeKCTe opHrHHaJ1a
rH- CTBa B)'30B. 6H3Heca, and the improvement ero HeT;
rov C06epw.eHcmeoeaHwl of academic pro- B aHrnHikKOM npe.l11Io)f(e-
06p83oBaTenbHblx grammes for training 1-1"" .l1Ba OllHOpO.l1HblX 'IneHa
nporpaMM If nonro- specialists for the (CK83yeMble), KOTOpble
me TOBKH KallpoB .l11ISI needs of market econ- OOJ/:HCHbl 6blmb coeouHeHbl
:T3. Hy)f(ll H 3anpocoB omy. COlO30M (as well as. p83 }')I(
pblHO'IHOH 3KOHOMH- and BCTpe'laeTCH HeCKonbKO
Ir- K". p83);
$. Ha 3TOT pa3 op$orpa$"SI
programmes - 6pHTaHCKaJl
()'MeCTHO, HO HenOClIe.l10Ba-
223
B paMKaX KOHlJle-
peHuml 6Yl1yr pa60-
TaTb TpH ceKUIIH:
CeKtfUJ/ I. 06pa:m-
BaTenbHhIe npo-
rpaMMbl .lUIH MaJIOm
1'1 Cpel1Hem 6H3Heca.
CeKt{UJ/ 2. 06YlJeHHe
HHOCTpaHHblM R3bI-
KaM .lUIH CneUlIaJIb-
HblX uenefi.
CeKl{UR 3. 06YlJeHHe
Ii nOl1roToBKa 3a py-
6C)/{OM: np06neMbl.
OITbIT,nepCneKTHBbI.
(...) OpfKOMHTeT
KOHlJlcpenuliu npn-
HlIMaCT Te3nCbl l10K-
naJIOB 1'1 BblcT)'nne-
HUH .lUIH ny6.ruIKa-
UHIt B C60pHHKe
KOHlJlepeHUUIIl10 5
HOH6pR 2000 r.
224
The activities of three
sections are planned.
Section I. Educational
programmes for SMEs.
Section 2. Foreign
Language Training for
Specific Purposes.
Section 3. Study and
Training Abroad: Prob-
lems, Experience. Pros-
pects.
We invite the theses of
reports at the Confer-
ence by November 5,
2000.
TCnbHO );
PYCCKOM)' cnOB)' «KaJIpbl»
eCTb npHMOH 3KBI1BaJIeHT B
aHrnlti1cKoM - cadres.
JJ:dkTBliTenbHO. section -
3KBliBaneHT cnOBa CeKI{Ufl,
1\0 na KOH!jJepeHUIIJ[X 06bl'l-
no npOBOl1I1T panel discus-
sions.
Panel /.
A66peBuaTypa SMEs 3l1eCb
YMeCTHa (small-and-
medium-scale enterprises).
Panel 2. 3l1eCb BC nOCTaB-
neHO c 1102 lIa i'OllO«y:
So-ncpBLIX, cnOBO training
B 3TOM KOHTeKCTe nYlJrne
3aMeHlITb Ha teaching; BO-
BTOpbIX, 1\3 l1amlOfO nepe-
BOJIa Cnel1yeT, lJTO 06Y'IaIOT
He aHrmliicKOMY H3bIK)' .lUIH
CneUHaJIbHblX ueJJeil, a 110
11ll0Cmpml1lo.u Jl3bl/(e i'omo-
aRm K cnet{lIOJlbllbl U 'leJlR.\f.
Panel 3. CyulecTBHTCJlbnOe
study B el1HHCTB. 'mCJJe :ma-
IJHT li3)"1eTllle, lICCJleiJ06a-
lIl/e, a He 06Y'lenne (l1onyc-
TItMO studies). 3]1eCb BnonHe
MO)/{HO 6b1no 060iiTlICb 0]1-
IUIM cnOROM training.
3TO l1a)/{e «BOJIbHbIM nepe-
B0]10M» nenb'3H Ha'3BaTh. Bo-
ncpBLlx. marOJI invite OTHO-
CHTCII K nlOl1RM. a He K He-
Ol1yrneBJJeHHbIM npel1MCTaM;
BO-BTOpblX. HaJIlIUO KaJIbKIi-
pOBaHlle TepMIIHOB npH ne-
peBOl1e: theses -l1nccepTa-
WIIi (06bILJHO Ha cmlCKallllC
3a,qaHMe 1
CTcnC1l1f MarucTpa) a Ine:JU-
Cbl - abstracts;
reports - JlOKmUlbl B $OpMC
OT'!eTa, a dOJG10dbl IIQ KOH-
t/Jepellliull - papers ItJUI
presematiolls.
B-TpeTbllX, 0 ny6J1HKaLlUn B
C60pllHKC aHrJlOSl3bl'lHbJIt
lJUTaTeJlb Bo06IUe H""ero He
Y3HaJI.
03HaKOMbTeCb co CTaTbl!H Eropa raiiJlapa, JlHpeKTOpa I1HcTHT)'Ta 3K01I0-
MHIGI nCpeXOJlHoro nepHOJla (B 1992 r. - rJlaBa npaBIITCJlbCTBa Poccml),
ony6Jll1KOBaHiloH B )K)'pHane «<DuHaHCbJ 1-1 Pa3BUTI-IC» (HIOHb 1999 r., cTp. 6-8)
H BIIJIMaTeJlbHO 113Y'lwre aHrmdicKlt1t Bapl1aHT CTaTbH. CpaBHcline opllrHHana
C nepeBOD.OM - Ba)KHblit 3TIm npnoopcTcHUH nCpCBOD.'1CCKoro OnbITa, OC06CH-
HO npn ncpcBOD.C C pOD.HOro H3blKa lIa IIHOCTpalillbiu. OTMcTbTe Hml60Jlce 1111-
TepecHble, C BameH TO'lKH 3peHml, MCCTa nepcnoJla. Oonomunc CBOH PYCCKO-
aHrIIH"CKHM CJlOBapb TepMHHOB.
YPOKLt1 POCCLt1VtCKOrO
KPLt13Lt1CA llJUl CTPAH
C nEPEXOllHOVt
3KOHOMLt1KOVt
Ie
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nmcpJUulJJlSlIUIII. YpOK, KOTOPbl" H3
3TOro MO)KHO H3BJ1C'Ib, 3aKJIIO"IaCTCH 8
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1-
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II KaKHC ypOKIf MOryr 6bITb H3BJ1C"IC-
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C
LESSONS OF THE
RUSSIAN CRISIS FOR
TRANSITION ECONOMIES
son budget constraints and wcak
administrative controls brought
Russia to the brink of hyperintla-
tion. Thc lcsson is to disint1ate rap-
idly and to imposc hard budgct con-
straints quickly.
Y cgor Gaidar
II What lessons docs the Russian
financial crisis hold for other
economies in transition? I could
225
XOJlHoA 3KOHOMHKOH? .H 6L1 MOr no-
JlOI1TH K pacKpLlnno .naHHOI1 TeMbl,
npe.nCTaBHB MHO:iKeCTBO no.np06HO-
cTeH 0 BwnOTHblX KYpCa.X, npoueHT-
HblX CTaBKaX H 61OIDKeTHoii nOJlHTHKe
IUIH, 'no. BepOJITHO, BbI3BaJlO 6bl
60JlbwHH HHTepec, C006111HB no.np06-
HOCTH 06 oWH6Kax, .nonyllleHHblx
npaBHTeJlbCTBOMPOCCHH,pOCCMHCKHM
ueHTpaJIbHLlM 6aHKOM, H 3TO TaK, .Qa-
)!(e MBCl>..H:, OJlHaKO, He CTaH)' 3TOro
JlenaTb, a cocpe.nOTO'lYCb BMeCTO 3TO-
ro Ha np06J1eMe MJlrKHX H )!(eCTKUX
610IDKeTHhlX orpaHH'IeHHii.
MSlncnc 61O.n)!(CTHbIC OrpaHII'ICIUlSI
g nOHJITHe MJlrKl1X 61O.n:iKeTHbIX or-
paHWleHHH. 03Ha'laJOwee, no C)TIi,
OTcyrcTBHe I}>HHaHcoBoR no.noT'leTHo-
CTH PYKOBo.nHTeneH npe.nnpmITHH,
6b1no BnepBhle pa3pa60TaHO HeCOUHa-
lIHCTH'IeCKnMn 3KOHOMHCTaMH npH-
MeHIITeJlbHO K npe.nnpnJlHUIM B paM-
Kax COLUtaJIHCTH"IeCKOii CHCTeMhI. Ha
MOH B3mJl.!(, HCnOllb30BaHHe .naHHOro
TepMltHa B OTHOllJeHlIlt npe.nnpHJlTHfi
cTpaH C nepexo.nHOH H nOCTCOllHaJlH-
CTH'lecKoR 3KOHoMnKoR COBepllJeHHO
YMeCTHo.
g B COUHaJlHCTH"IeCKOA CHCTeMe
nOnHOMO"lHJI PYKoBo.nHTenJi npe.nnpH-
JlTltJl He liMenH HIi'lero 06wero C TeM,
JlBJlJleTCJllIH npeJlnpHJlTHe peHTa6enb-
HblM HJJH HeT. MJlrKne 610IDKeTHbie
orpaHWleHHJI JlBJlJlJIIICb 06bJ'IHO CJle.n-
CTBHeM rocy.napcTBeHHoro 61O.n:iKeT-
HOro npouecca. me c006pa)!(eHHJI 31}>-
l}>eKTHBHOCTH HnH npn6b1J1H 6b1nH
KpaHHe JlaJIeKH.
226
approach the topic by providing an
avalanche of details about exchange
rate, interest rate, and budgetary
policies. or. perhaps more interest-
ing. details about errors committed
by the Russian government the
Russian central bank, and. yes, even
the IMF. I will not do so, however,
but will instead focus on the prob-
lem of soft and hard budget con-
straints.
Soft budget constraint
g The concept of the soft budget
constraint - essentially a lack of
financial accountability by enter-
prise managers - was first elabo-
rated by nonsocialist economists for
enterprises under the socialist sys-
tem. The application of the term to
enterprises in transition economies
and in postsocialist economies is, in
my view, entirely appropriate.
I! Under the socialist system, the
authority of the enterprise manager
had nothing to do with whether or
not the enterprise was profitable.
The soft budget constraint was
normally the result of a state budget
process far removed from consid-
erations of efficiency or profit.
:e
9 B YCJIOBHJIX pLIHKa, B CWl)' TOro
'1TO npH6LIJIb COCTaBJIReT caMYJO Cyrb
nOJIHOMO'IHA PYKOBOJlHTeml. MRrKlle
6JOJl>KeTHble orpaHlNeHHR RBJlRJOTCR
peJlKOCTbJO H Bcer.na HOCRT BpeMeH-
Jlbl" xapaKTep. PLIHOqHaR 3KOJlOMHKa
OCHOBaJla Jla '1pe3BblqaeiHo >Kl!CTKOit
6JOJl)KeTHOn JUICLlImJUlHe. Mene.n>Ke-
pa, 6e3pa3JUI'IHe KOTOpOro K 6JOll>KeT-
JlblM C006pa>KeHIIRM D.OBOD.IIT npell-
npllRTHe .no 6amq)OTCTBa, 6LICTpO no-
CTHraeT HenpmlTHaR yqacTb.
:n
Jr
JKecTKlle 811MIIHIICTp8TIfBllble
orpSIIII<JelilUI
[3 C .l1Pyron CTOpOHbI, B YCJIOBIIRX
COIlHaJ1HCTI\l{eCKOH CIlCTeMbI MRrKlfe
6JOJl>KeTHble orpaml'leHHR cocyw.eCT-
BOBaJ1H C >Kl!CTKIIMH aJI.MIlIUICTpaTlfB-
HblMII orpaHII'IeHIIRMIi. nOCKOJlb"1'
Ka>KJlOe npeD.npllRTlle 6blJI0 l{aCTblO
Bce061>el\lJ110mefi lIepapXIUI, rocYD.ap-
CTBO ocyw.eCTBJIRJlO >Kl!CTKIlIi KOH-
TpOJlb 3a HaJHal{etlHeM PYKOBO.nIlTe-
neA H 06ecnel{HBaJlO BLmOJlHeHlle liMn
nOCT8BJIeHHbiX 3a.n.a'l, BKJIJO'laR .nOC-
TIl>KeHne pa3JI111{HbiX COIlllanbHLIX Ile-
nel!.
In
I
OJlHaKO, C Hal{aJlOM paJBaJla TOTa-
mrrapHhIX COIlHaJlHCTH'IeCKHX pe>KlI-
MOB a.nMHHIICTpaTHBHbIH KOHTpOJlb 3a
PYI<OBOJlIITeJ1RMH npe.nnpHRTliH TaK>Ke
npel<paTlUlCR. Ha onpeJleJleHHOM 3Ta-
ne pa3BHTlIR Bcex nOCTCOlHIaJ1HCTIf'le-
CI<UX CTpaH 3TO RBlIeHHe npHBeJlO I<
$aTa.I1bHOMY COl{eTaHIlJO MRrKoro
61OJl)KeTHoro KOHTpoml H MRrKOrO IUIH
Hecyw.eCTBYJOw.ero a.n.MIIHHCTpaTliB-
HOro KOmpOJlR.
!! Under market conditions, be-
cause profits are the very essence of
a manager's authority. the soft
budget constraint is rare and always
temporary. The market economy is
founded on very tough budgetary
discipline. A manager whose indif-
ference to budgetary considerations
allows an enterprise to fall into
bankruptcy suffers 8 swift and un-
pleasant fate.
Hard administrative constraint
On the other hand. under the so-
cialist system, soft budget con-
straints coexisted with hard admin-
istrative constraints. Since each cn-
tcrprise was part of a comprehen-
sive hierarchy, the state exerciscd
rigid control over the appointment
of managers and made sure that
they fulfilled the tasks assigned to
them, including thc achievement of
wide-ranging social aims.
When, however, the totalitarian
socialist regimes began to disinte-
grate, administrative control over
the enterprise managers also fell
apart. In some stage of development
in all postsocialist economics this
phenomenon led to a fatal combina-
tion of soft budget controls and soft
or nonexistent administrative con-
trols.
227
iJ t.IT06b1 nOHATb nOJIO>KCHllC PYKO-
BOJUtTeJ1CH B COUlIaJlllCTHLJCCKOH CHC-
TCMC, nonblTaiheCb npe.aCTaBlITb ce6c
3KOIIOMHKY, B KOTOpOH Bna.n.enbUY
npe.unpHATlliI HeT HY>KJI.bl 6ecnOKO-
HTbCA B CJIy'lae OTCyrCTBHA Y npe.u-
npHJlHIA npu6blJIU. OH 3HaeT, "iTO
cna6bllt lITOrOBblH pe3YJIbTaT 6y.ueT
KOMneHcnpOBaH C nOMolUblO Pa3J1WI-
HblX 61O.u>KeTHbIX .uorOBopeHHoCTctt,
HanpHMep. cy6CH.uUH. Kpe.uHToB Ha
JlbroTHblX YCJ10BlliIX H B03MO>KHOCTH
.uOnyCTltTb HaKOnJIeHlfe 3a.u0J1>KeHHO-
CHI no HaJlOraM 6e3 He6J1arOnpHAT-
HblX nOCJ1e.uCTBnft. npen.CTaBbTC ce6e,
LJTO 3TO 03HaLJaJlO 6b1 JI.1IA 06IUen 3ctJ-
ctJeKTHBHOCTI1 pbIHOLJHOrO MexallH3Ma!
Bo-nepBblX, 3TO 0311aLJaJlO Obi, LJTO
06blLJHbie pblHOLJHble IIHCTpYMeHTbl
nepcpacnpc.uCJ1eHIIA PCCypCOB OT nJ10-
XO 4>YHKUHOHUp)'lOIUIIX HC34>ctJCKTllB-
llblX npc.unpllilTld:i K 60J1ee 3!f>ctJCKTIIB-
Hblt.! npc.unpnAHIAM HC paOOTaIOT.
PblHOLJHaA mfCUlmJllma 6b1J1a 6b1 CBe-
JICHa Ha HCT.
D BO-BTOpbIX, nOCKOJ1bKY MArKne
61O.u>KeTHble orpaHlILJeHlliI HeCOBMec-
TH"vIbi CO CnpaBCJlJIIIBoft II 3!f>!f>eKTnB-
HOH HaJlOroBO" CHCTeMOH, HaJlOrOBble
06A3aTeJ1bCTBa npe.anpllJlTlln CTaJlH 6b1
Ha npaKTlIKe onpe.uCJ1ATbCH He HaJlO-
roBblM 3aKOHo.uaTeJ1bCTBOM, a YCJ10-
BHAMH JlOrOBopa, 3aKJIlOLJeHHoro B pe-
3YJ1bTaTe nepcroBopOB Me>K.uy npe.u-
npllilTlIeM II BJIaCTAMlf. TaKlIC nepero-
BOpbl He1l36c>KHO Be.nyr K Koppynuun.
228
fJ To understand the attitude of
managers in the socialist system, try
to imagine an economy in which an
enterprise owner has no need to be
concerned when the enterprise fails
to turn a profit. He knows that a
weak bottom line will be compen-
sated by various budgetary under-
standings, such as subsidies, loans
on easy terms, and the possibility of
allowing tax arrcars to build up
without untoward consequences.
Imagine what this would mean for
the general efficiency of the market
mechanism!
First, it would mean that the
usual market instruments for redis-
tributing resources from poorly
functioning. inefficient enterprises
to bctter functioning. efficient ones
would not work. The discipline of
the market would be rendered inef-
fectual.
D Second, because soft budget
constraints are incompatible with an
equitable and efficicnt tax system,
the enterprise's tax obligation
would be determined in practice not
by tax law but by the terms of a
contract negotiated between the en-
terprise and the state authorities.
Such negotiations invariably lead to
corruption.
v
Hallxy.arnce COlJeTaHlle
IIi! KaK JI TonhKO '1TO OTMenm, npaK-
TH'ieCKI1 Bce nOCTKOMMYIUlCTH'IeCKHe
CTpaHbI cTonKHynHcb C np06neMaMH.
npOI1CTeKaJOwHMH 113 non06Horo co-
1JeTaHHJI MJlrKlfX 61O,II)KeTHbIf, orpaHH-
'1eHlii'i 11 MJlrKI1X anMHHHcTpaTHBHblX
orpaHli'leHliit KaKoBO pa3JUI'iUe Me>K-
JI.'j 3KOHOMI1KOi'i «pbIHO'lHblX COLllmJm-
CTlI'leCKHX» cTpaH ..0:0 Ha'laJJa npoBe-
neHUJI cepbe3HOH pe<l>opMbl H Ha no-
CTKOMMYHHCTH'ieCKOM 3Tane? Ao Ha-
'18JJa pe<l>opM Ha PYKoBOllHTeneH
npen.npmmlH >KeCTKO pacnpocTpaHJI-
naCb CHCTeMa TOTanHTapllOrO nOnIfTH-
'1eCKoro KOHTponJi. OHH ..o:omKHbI 6bl-
nH BeCTH ce6J1 ..o:OJJiKHblM 06pa30M.
OHU n.on>KHbl 6blnIi n.eMoHcTpHpoBaTb,
tlro JlBnJlIOTCJI nOJlJIbHbIMH 'IJIeHaMH
napT"".
f
U1
TaK>Ke, K CO>K8JJeHHIO, BepHO " TO,
'1TO MHome PYKOBon.IITeml 3anycK8JJH
PYKY B Kaccy npennpmlTlJiI, o6oraWaJI
ce6J1 II CBOlI ceMbH. On.HaKO. CYWeCT-
BOB8JJH npen.enbl non.o6HblX napywe-
Hlln. llpennp"JlTHe nO-npe>KHeMY
nOJI>KHO 6blno BbInOnHJlTb Tpe60BalUIJI
LleHTp8JJbHOrO lUIaHa H 06eCne'lllBaTh
6narocoCTmIHile CBOIIX pa60TH"KOB.
HeHcnonHeHlle OCHOBHblX ynpaBneH-
'1eCKIIX 06J13aHHocTef\ paCCMaTpHBa-
nOCb 61,1 KaK HapyweHlle PYKoBon.HTe-
neM KOHTpaKTa C nOnIITH'IeCKHM HC-
TeOnnIllMeHToM. 3TO npocro He npaK-
THKOBanOCb " Momo "MeTb cepbe3Hble
nocne..o:CTBHJI .lIJIJI npOBHHHBillerOCJI
P)'KOBon.ItTeJlJl.
ot
1-
to
"""--
Worst of both worlds
IIi! As I just mentioned, practically
all postcommunist countries have
experienced problems with this
comoination of soft budget con-
straints and soft administrative con-
straints. What is the difference be-
tween "market socialist" economies
before the start of serious reform
and in the postcommunist reality'?
Before thc reforms. enterprise man-
agers were firmly under a system of
totalitarian political control. They
had to behave. They had to show
that they were loyal members of the
party.
[lilt is also unfortunately true that
many managers skimmed off funds
from the enterprises, enriching
themselves and their families.
There were limits to such transgres-
sions, however. The enterprise still
had to meet the requirements of the
central plan and still had to provide
for the welfare of its workers. Fail-
ure to carry out fundamental mana-
gerial duties would be regarded as
breaking the manager's contract
with the political establishment.
This was simply not done and could
result in serious repercussions for
the offending manager.
229
[D DocJ1e ,,"paxa KOMM}'HH3Ma TOTa-
J1IITapHblH pe}J<UM co BCeMII CBOItMH
COUHaJIbHblMH H a!tMUHHCTpaTHBHLlMH
OrpaHl1'1CHlUIMI1 npeKpanUl cymcCT-
BOBaHHC. 3aTcM CJ1a6bIe OlOlUKeTHble
orpaHHtleHHH B CO'leTaHHU co cna6bl-
MIl allMHHHCTpaTHBHbIMI1 orpaHWle-
HHHMIf nOBneKJUI KpaHHe HeiKena-
TeJ1bHblC nocne.nCTBlUl WISI npellnpH-
HTHH, 06meCTBa H 3KOHOMUKU B ue-
J10M. DOll06Hoe paJBIITUe c06bInlH
6b1no a6coJ1loTllO npellCKaJyeMblM C
)"leTOM COUl1aJIbHblX YCJlOBn". cno-
iKUBWHXCH nOCJ1e paJBaJIa TOTIUHlTap-
Horo pC}f(IIMa.
II! DO'IeMY? Bo-nepBbIX, B CUJ1Y
MlipOB033peHltH, rny6oKo YKopeHHB-
werocH 3a 70 J1eT COUHaJIH3Ma. OT-
HJOllb He HBJUUICb 060c06neHHblMH
cy6'beKTaMH, npelU1plUITHH paCCMaT-
pnBaJIHCb B Ka'IeCTBe COCTaBHOH 'IaCTH
roCYllapCTBa. npOlIYKTa COUHaJIlfCTli-
'IeCKOH HHll)'CTpllaJII13aUHIf. KaK
MO}f(HO 6b1J10 HaKaJblBaTb TO HnH liHoe
npellnpHHrne Ha TOM 6aHaJIbHOM oc-
HOBaHUH, 'ITO B TC'IeHlie KaKoro-TO
BpeMeHH OHO He Morno BbfOOnHjlTb
CBom HaJIOroBblX 06j13aTenbCTB? 3TO
6bmo 6bI a6cyp.!um: .nonr rocy.napCT-
Ba - 3a60nrrbCH 0 npe.nnpHJlTHHX, a He
Ha060poT.
II! BO-BTOpbIX, nOCKonbKY PYKOBO-
.nHTenH npellIIpHJITlln HBnHnUCb 'Ia-
CTblO COUUaJIbHOH HHcppaCTpYKIYPbl
TOTaJI"rrapHoro 06meCTBa, oml HH'IeM
He OTJ1H'IaJIHCb OT llpynlx .nOJ1}f(HOCT-
HblX J1UU rOCa)lMHHI1CTpaUIUI. OHH
BMeCTe noCemaJIH YHHBepCHTeT, BMe-
CTe pa60TaJIH, 06WaJIliCb .npyr C llPy-
rOM. OHH TalOKe MornH BC1)'naTb B
230
[B After the crash of communism,
the totalitarian regime. with all its
social and administrative reslraints,
ceased to exist. Then, the combina-
tion of soft budget constraints and
soft administrative constraints pro-
duced most undesirable conse-
quences for the enterprises, for so-
ciety, and for the economy as a
whole. These development'i were
entirely to be cxpected, given the
social environment that emerged
after the breakup of the totalitarian
regIme.
II! Why? First. because of a mind-.
set deeply ingrained over 70 years
of socialism. Far from being dis-
tinct entities, enterprises were re-
garded as part of the state, a result
of socialist industrialintion. How
could an enterprise he disciplined
on the trivial grounds that for a time
it was unable to fulfill its tax obli-
gations? It would be absurd: the
duty of the state was to provide for
the enterprise, not the other way
around.
II! Second, because enterprise
managers were part of the social
infrastructure of the totalitarian so-
ciety, they were in no way different
from other officials in state admini-
stration. They had gone to univer-
sity together, they worked together,
they socialized with one another.
They could also collude together.
msm.
I its
aims.
lbina-
and
pro-
CroBOp .n.pyr C .n.pyroM. ECJlH TonbKO
He cymeCTBOBa.rm KOMneHcup)'1OlUue
nomfnt'leCKHe H npaBOBble 3alUHTHbie
MeXaIUl3MbI (a B nOCJle11Hee 11eCSlTlme-
THe TaKOBblX 6blnO HeMHoro), n01106-
Hoe CO'leTaHHe CJ1a60ro 61011>KeTlIOI'O
KOmponR, CJ1a60ro a.n.MuHHCTpaulB-
HOro KOHTpOJlR Ii K)'MOBCTBa nopo>K-
.nano He3$$eKTHBH)'lO, 3acToHHYlO H
Ifpe3BbI'laHHO KopPYMnHpoBalrnylo
cpe.n.y .
r so-
a
'erc
the
,ed
arian
mind-
'ears
lis-
re-
sult
low
ned
a time
)bli-
he
Ie for
ay
Mepbl no IICnpaBJlelllllO nOJlO:>KeHIlSI
II! lITo Morno 6b1 H3MeHHTb !J.aHH)'1O
CHl)f8U1IIO? KaKue CHJlbl MOrJlH 6b1
no.n.roJlKHyrb 3KOHOMIIK)' K Y>KeCTO'le-
HHIO OrpaHII'leHHii .!VIR npe.n.npHRTHii?
nepBoe He06xo.n.IIMoe ycnoBHe - pe-
meHHe np06neMbl OrpOMHblX 610.11-
)KeTHblX .n.Hc6anaHcoB II H36blTKa 11C-
He>KHOA MaCCLI, npe.n.CTaBJ1RIOIUHX
MaKp03KoHOMH'leeKOe HaCJ1e11Ue co-
UHaJlHCTII'leCKOH 3nOXII. CTpeMJ1eHHe
'laCTIi nOJlHTH'feCKOA 3J1HTbl C06J1IOCTH
3ana;rnble HOpMbl MaKpo3KoHOMH'Ie-
CKOH cTa6wu13awUl Tpe6YeT 3aMe.!VIe-
HID! TeMnOB .n.eHe>KHOA 3MHCCHH, co-
Kp8IUeHWI 61O.IDKeTHOrO .I1e$IILlHTa II
YCTpaHeHWI MRrKHX 610lVKeTHbix or-
p8HH'IeHHH (BKJlIO'I8R KpaHHe }KeCT-
KyIO n03HLlHIO B OTHoweHlUi 3a.n.OJl-
>KeHHOCTH no HaJlOf"aM).
;e
tal
n so-
rerent
Imini-
ver-
ether,
ler.
her.
a B TaKHX CTpaHax IJ,empanbHoft
EBpom.l, KaK BeHrpnJl H nOJlbWa, OKa-
3aBIlIIIXCJI B aHaJlOrH'fHOH cHryaLllfl1,
r.n.e YKa'3aHHble YCTpeMJleHWI 6b1JJ11
n011Kpcnnem.1 npHBep>KeHHOCTblO
3JUIT1.I BcrynHTb B EBponeHCKHn Co-
1D3, npaBHTCJ1beTBa Ha paHHcM 3Tane
nepex011Horo ncpHo.n:a peWlITeJlbHO H
Unless they were countervailing
political and legal safeguards - and
over the past decade there have
been few - this combination of fee-
ble budgetary controls, weak ad-
ministrative controls, and "old boy"
cronyism engendered an inefficient.
stagnant. and extremely corrupt
environment.
Remedies
IE! What could change this situa-
tion? What forces could nudge the
economy in the direction of tighter
restraints on the enterprises? The
first prerequisite is to deal with the
huge budget imbalances and mone-
tary overhang that remain as the
macroeconomic legacy of the so-
cialist era. Aspirations on the part
of the political elite to confirm to
Western norms of macroeconomic
stabilization require a slowdown in
the rate of monetary creation, a re-
duction in the budget deficit, and
the elimination of the soft budget
constraints (including a very hard
stand against tax arrears).
I:m In Central European countries,
such as Hungary and Poland, that
found themselves in a similar situa-
tion, and where these aspirations
were reinforced by the elite's com-
mitment to join the European Un-
ion, governments acted resolutely
and quickly to impose serious, not
231
6bICTpO YCTIlHOBIlJUI .1]]))1 npel1npllilTHII
Cepbe3HYIO, eCJUI He CKa3aTb iKeCTK)'IO,
4J1maHcoaYl0 JUICllHIUlIIH)'. I1x peWH-
MOCTb 6b1na TaKoaa, 'ITO YiKe B Ha'mne
nepeXOJlHOrO nepnOl{a OHIf CMOfJIH
U3iKHTb yKopeHllBlU}'IOcH TpallliUl110
MHrKHX 61O,IDKeTHbIX OrpaHH'IeHHH.
[iJ G"eWCKaII Pecny6nHKa npe.l1CTaB-
nHeT c060II IfHTepecHbl1t npHMep. no-
CKOnbl\}' cpe.l1lf acex COLlnaJInCTll'{e-
CKIfX CTpaH ee «lJl-lHaHCOBoe nonOiKe-
HHe Ha I\WMeHT pa3aaJIa COUHaJIJfCTlI-
'IeCKOJl 3KOHOMHKIf OKa3aJIOCb
HalUJY'lWHM If OCTaBaJIOCb npO'lHbiM a
nepBble ro.l1bI nepeXO.l1HOrO nCpHOl{a.
nOJUlaBWHCb qyBCTBY caMoycnoKoeH-
HOCTH B pe3ynbTaTe CBOIfX 4mHanco-
BblX npeHMYlII.eCTB. npaBHTenbCTBO He
CTaJIO Bcepbe3 .I106UBaTbCH )l)KeCTO'le-
HUH 61O,IDKeTHbIX orpaHH'IeHHH B OT-
HOllleHHH npe.u.npIfHTHH. HeCMOTpH Ha
npeB03HOClIMYIO MaKp03KOHOMH'Ie-
CK)'IO 34>4>eKTlfBHOCTb G"eWCKOH Pec-
ny6J11IKIf, npaJIllTenbCTBO 3aTHH)'no C
Ha1laJIOM pecrpYKT)'pmaLlIfH, Jlonyc-
TUB coxpaHemfe a nepBble Tplf ro.u.a
nepeXOD,HOrO nepHOl1a MHrKHX 6Io.u.-
iKeTHblX orpaHlI'IeHHH B OTHowemlll
KpynHblx rocnpe.u.npHHTHH If npl1l1Ha
3aKOH 0 6aHKpOTCTBe 1IIIWb B 1993 ro-
JI.'j. B pe3ynbTaTe 3TOH 3a.u.epiKKH TpH
LleHHblX roD,a ,lJ.JIH pa3BIITIUl 6bInlf no-
TepHHbl.
[£! B 60nbWInICTBe cnY'laea MaKpo-
3KOHOMWleCKaH cTa6HJllf3aUlIH a nOCT-
COLlllaJIlfCTl1'1eCKHX crpaHax HeOTD,e-
nlfMa OT MlfKp03KOHOMHKlf. CTa6nnn-
3aLlIDI He MOiKeT npOl1BnraTbCJI BnepCl1
6e3 61O,IDKeTHbIX orpaHIfQeHHH Ha
ypOBHe npe.u.npmrmi! n 061lleH peop-
232
to say harsh, financial discipline 011
enterprises during the early stage of
the transition. Their resolution .was
such, that they were able to eradi-
cate the institutionalized cultures of
the soft budget constraint soon after
the transition began.
[fJ The C7ech Republic provides
an interesting example because, (If
all the socialist countries, it found
itself in the best financial condition
at the moment of the crash of the
socialist economy, and its financial
condition remained strong during
the first ycars of transition. Lulled
into complacency as a result of its
financial advantages, the govern-
ment failed to push seriously to
harden budget constraints on enter-
prises. Despite the Czech Repub-
lic's vaunted macroeconomic effi-
ciency, the government delayed re
structuring, allowing the large stale
enterprises to continue to enjoy sAt
budget constraints during first thrce
years of transition and implement-
ing a bankruplcy law only in 1993.
The result of the delay was the loss
of three precious years of develop-
ment.
IE! In the majority of cases, mac-
roeconomic stabilization in the
postsocialist countries is insepara-
ble from the microeconomy. Stabi-
li7ation cannot go forward without
budgetary restraint at the enterprise
level and a wholesale restructuring
On raHH3aU.m He3(j>(j>eKTHBHblX onepa- of inefficient operations. In Russia.
: of UHH. B POCCUH. paJYMeeTC . MaKpo- of course. macroeconomic policy
'a 3KOHOMH'leCKIDI nOJUfTUKa B nepBble during the first years of transition
1- rOllbl nepexollHoro nepHolla 6blJla was extremely weak. mainly be-
> of Qpe3Bbl'laHHo cna60H. B OCHOBHOM. cause of a lack of political consen-
flcr 1f]-3a OTCyrcTBlUI. nOJUITII'iCCKOrO sus and a division of political power
KOHceHcyca II paJ06W.CHHOCTIi nonu- (as evidenced by rampant inllation
TU'IeCKOH BJIaCTIi (0 'ifM CBlIlleTenbCT- during those years). Inadcquate
es Bye-r 6YPHIDIIIH4>n UH B 3TH ro.il bl ). budgetary and monetary constraints
of He.n.oCTaTO'lHble 61O.il)l(enlble H .n.e- at the macrocconomic levcl com-
Id He)l(1I0-Kpe.n.lITHble orpalill'ieHU Ha bined with inadequatc budgetary
IOn MaKp03KOHOMII'IeCKOM ypoBHe CO'le- constraints at the entcrprise level.
T3JlHCb C He.ilOCTaTO'lHbIMII 61011)l(CT-
-ial IIb1MH orpaHH'ieHWlMJI Ha ypoBHe
(J npeJUIpWITIdL
<>
d
iL<;
1- cI>llIIallcllpoB31l11C 61011IKCT3 Financing thc budget
I Ko BpeMeHH npe!1npHI-UITOH B [Ii] By the time monetary stabili7a-
tcr-
)- POCCInI nonblTKU n:eHe)l(HO-Kpe.ll.HTHOH tion was attcmpted in Russia, inlla-
II' CTa6WUf3aUlill IIH4>nHuIIH npUBeJIa K tion had eroded cash balances and
H:- cOKpaw.eHHIO KaCCOBbTX OCTIlTKOB II made the financing of budget defi-
tatc npaKTH'ieCKJf HCKJlIO'ilUla B03MO)l(- cits all but impossible. People were
soft HOCTb (j>uHaHcHpoBaHWI 61O.il)l(eTHbrX sick of the prolonged inflation. The
hrcc .n.e4>liuHToB. HaceneHHe H3HeMOraJIO situation was quite different from
nt- OT npo.n.OJDKIITCnbHOH tUl(j>mIUIUf. C what it had been at the moment of
93. MOMeHTa KpyweHlUl. COUllaJIIICTH'Ie- the collapse of the social ist econ-
lo s CKOit,3KOHOMIUGI clfIyauuH BeCbMa omy and demonstrated the folly of
or nepeMeHlUlacb II CBII.aeTenbCTBOBarra 0 delaying reform.
6c3paccy.n.CTBe OTKJla.ubIBaH" pe-
$aPM.
Em B pC3ynbTaTC COKpaUleHH n:e- E!! Thc erosion of monetary bal-
He>KHbIX OCTaTKOB no.!!. B03.aeiicTBHeM ances by inflation made the ration
ac. HH$JuIUHlf OTHoweHHC .aeHer K BBn of money to GDP much lower than
OKaJaJIOCb 3Ha'llITCJIbHO HlfiKe, 'ieM B it would have been if disinflation
.fa. cnyqae, ecnH 6b1 nonblTKa npoBe.!!.eHH had becn attemptcd at an earlier
abi- n:e4>IDIUIIOHHOH nOJllfTHKIi 6b1JIa npe.a- stage. Moreover. the freedom of
,oul npmurra paHbwe. KpoMe TOro, CBO- enterprises to accumulate tax ar-
)rise 6on:Hoe HaKonneHlle npe.ilnpH TIIHMlf rears also contributed to an erosion
ing 3a.QomKeHHOCTH no Ha.lIoraM T<lK)I(e of budgetary receipts. It was very
cnOC06CTBOBaJIO COKpaIlleHHIO 610.n.- difficult to challenge, Ict alone
233
)l(eTHhIX nOC1)'nneHHH. EpOCHTb Bbl30B
:nOH YKOpeHHBl.UeHCSI npaKTHKe II TCM
60nee H3MeHHTb ee 6blJ10 KpafiHe
TpY.llHO.
m CnOC06HOCTb npaBHTeJlbCTBa 3a-
HMCTBOBaTb Ha BH}'TpeHHeM POCCUH-
CKOM pblHKe !lJIJ{ 4JHHaHcHpOBamUi
.lle4JHUKTa KpaHHe OrpaHH'fHBaJlaCb
He.l{OCTaTKOM KaCCOBbIX OCTaTKOB B
3KOHOMHKe. Ero 61O.l{)I(eTHble .l{OXO.l{bl
6blJ1H HH3KHMH KaK B a6conIOTHOM
Bblpax<eHHH, TaK H B cpaBHemni C .l{0-
XO.l{aMH Tex CTpaH C nepeXO.l{HOH 3KO-
HOMHKOj:f, B KOTOpblX npouecc pe4JopM
6bIn HaqaT pam.me. 11, Ka3aJ10Cb, OHO
He 6b1no cnoc06Ho npHHJlTb 3aKOHO-
.l{aTenbCTBO 0 pe3KoM cOKpall(eHHII
paCXO.l{OB, He06xo.l{l1MOM W1S1 .l{eHe)l(-
HO-Kpe.llHTHoii CTa6HJUt3aUHu.
m B nepUO.l{ C 1995 rO.l{a no nepBYIO
nonOBHH)' 1998 rO.l{a npaBHTenbCTBo
Beno 60pb6y npoTHB He)l(eCTKUX
61O.lJ.)I(eTHbiX orpaHuqemIii Ha ypoBHe
npe.l{npHJlTHA, OrpOMHblX 61O.lJ.)I(eTHblX
.l{Hc6aJ1aHCOB Ha MaKp03KOHOMnqe-
CKOM ypoBHe n cna60H .l{eHe)l(HO-
Kpe.l{UTHOM: nOJlUTIIKll. EMY Y.l{aJI0Cb
Y)I(eCTOqHTb .l{eHe)l(HO-Kpe.lllITHyIO no-
J1HTHKY, O.l{HaKO OHO np0.l{on)l(aJlo
6HTbCSI Ha.l{ MHKp03KOHOMH\fCCKHJlm H
MaKp03KoHOMHqeCKHMH 61O.l{)I(eTHblMH
np06J1eMaMH.
m B 1995-1998 ro.D.b1 np06J1eMa co-
6HpaeMoCTH HaJlOrOB He SlBJlIDIaCb
np06neMOH HaJloroBOit a.l{MHHHCTpa-
UHH B 06b14HOM CMblcne. 3TO 6bwa
CKopee nommlQecK3jl60pb6a BOKpyr
Toro, B Q M 3aKJIlOQaeTCR CYll(eCTBO
4J O pMHpYlOllleiicH 3KOHOMUQeCKOfi
234
change, this frrmly established
habit.
m The government's ability to
borrow in the domestic Russian
market to finance the deficit was
severely limited by the lack of cash
balances in the economy. Its bm]g-
etary revenues were low, both abso-
lutely and relative to revenues in
those transition economies that had
begun the reform process earlier.
And it seemed unable to legislate
the drastic cuts in expenditures nec-
essary for monetary stabilization.
Betwecn 1995 and the first half
of 1998, the government struggled
against easy budgetary restraints at
the entcrprise level, huge budgetary
imbalances at the macroeconomic
level. and weak monetary policy. It
succeeded in tightening monetary
policy, but it continued to struggle
with its microeconomic and macro-
economic budgetary problems.
m During 1995-98, the problem
of tax collection was not a problem
of t.tx administration in the usual
sense. It was more a political strug-
gle about what constituted the es-
sence of the emerging economic
system, whether it was to be a sys-
cnCTCMbl, 1l0mKHa mt OHa CTaTb C.HC-
TeMOn, B KOTOpoii B38HMOOTHOUJeHmi
Me)K.ay rocy.napCTBOM II npellnpn-
HTH1IMH 6y.ayT peryJ1UpOB8TbCH 3aKO-
HOM UJm COXpaHHTCH npe)KIUIH npaK-
THK8, OCHOBaHHaH Ha IICnOJlb30BaHHII
nOnUTII'IeCKoro BJ1ID1HlHl '" nWIHblX
KOHTIlI\70B.
1-
Pe3YJ1bTaTOM :nofi 60pb6bI CT8J10.
H 6bI CKa38J1, nonypaBHOBCCHC, npH
KOTOpOM 61OJ1)KCTHbIH llcqmll.HT CTa-
6nmmfpOB8J1CH Ha ypoBHC npnMepHo
6 % IIml 7 % BBD; OJ1HaKO, .lIJlH co-
K}JaLl.!CHIUlllaHHoro nOKa3aTCJUI OTC}'T-
C1'BOB8J1a 1l0CTaTO'IHaH nonHTWleCKaH
no.n.nep)KKa. OllCBHllHO, liTO B .nonro-
CpOllHOit ncpcnenHBe lleqmll.uTbl no-
.l106HbiX MaClllTIl60B SlBJlSlIOTCH JKOHO-
MH'-IeCKH HenpnCMneMblMlf. OHII MO-
ryr. BepOHTHO, coxpaIDITbCH Olll1H Hnn
J1Ba r01l8, OllHaKO 3aTCM npaBHTeJ1bCT-
BO .l10J1)KHO nH60 COKpaTHTb paCXOllbi
H nepcc-rpOHTb B3altMOlleilc1'BHC rocy-
.l1apCTBa II npellnpIDITHH I-f.lm O1'Ka-
3aTbCH 01' Allen J1ene)KHO-KpellIITHOH
CTa6HJ11138WUf. BLI60p SlceH.
If
y
HblHeUJllue onaCHOCTIf
fD KaplllIH8J1bHOe H3MeHeHHe MC)K-
lIYRapO.lI,Horo qmHaHcoBoro KmlMa1'a c
1997 rOlla C03J18e1' 3HalllfTeJIbH)'iO
onaCHOCTb .ltJUI poccnikKoH 3KOHOMU-
1\11 C e cna60H «!JHHaHcoBofi nOJ1IITH-
koit 6y.ayq}1 Hecnoco6HbiM COKp8TlITb
6IO.lI.)KeTHbIH .lI.eQ>HlUIT, np8BHTeJIbC1'BO
POCCHIt HClThlTbIBaeT K}JaHHne 38TpYJ1-
BeHIDI C Q>HH8HCl-fpOBaHl-feM .lI.ect>nll.HTa
l{eJJHKOM 38 C'Ifu 38HMCTBoBaHni1 y
MBc1> H BceMHpHoro 68HKa, He roBO-
pJl }'>Ke 0 eLl.!e 60J1bUJHX TpY.ll.HOCTHX
H3b1CKaHIDI KOMMeplleCKHX Kpe.lUfTOB
tern in which the relationship be-
tween the state and the enterprises
was to be regulated by law or
whether it would be business as
usual. based on political influence
and personal contacts.
m The result of the struggle was
what I would call a semi-
equilibrium in which thc budget
deficit was stabili7ed at around 6 or
7 percent ofGDP, but there was not
enough political support to reduce
this figure. Obviously. deficits of
this magnitude are unsustainable in
the long run. They can continue
perhaps for a year or two. but then
the government must either cut ex-
penditures and restructure the inter-
face between the state and the en-
terprises or forget about monetary
stabilization. The choice is clear.
Present dangers
Elf! Radical changes in the interna-
tional financial climate since 1997
have posed a considerable threat to
the Russian economy with its weak
financial policies. Unable to reduce
the budget deficit, the Russian gov-
ernment is finding it extremely dif-
ficult to finance the gap entirely by
borrowing from the IMF and the
World Bank. Needless to say, it is
experiencing even more difficulty
in finding commercial credits to fi-
nance the deficit. Its ability to bor-
235
,WUI cpHHaHClipOBaHIiH llecpuwna. Ero
cnoc06HOCTb nonY'-IaTb KOMMep'leCKMe
3anMbl 3aBI1ClIT OT Kone6amlH lIa-
CTpoeH1U1 Ha MeiKllYHapOllHblX cpIJHaH-
COBblX pblHKax.
!I ECJUi 3TH pblHKH HaCTpoeHbl on-
THMMCTI1'lHO Ii HaXOIDITCH Ha nOlloeMe,
TO B03HliKaeT onpelleneHHaH B03MOiK-
HOCTb ,!]JlH MaHeBpUpOBaHl1H, OllHaKO B
cJI)"lae 113MeHeHIUI Hac-rpoeHl1ii 3a M-
IllHK OKa3bIBaeTcH 0 O'leHh cephe3HOH
nOBYWKe. HHoc-rpaHHble HHBeCTopbl
KpaHHe OCTeperalOTCH pl1CKOBaTh B
ycnoBHHX nenpellCKa3yeMoH nomfm-
KI1 B OTHoweHHH 06MeHHoro Kypca:
,!]JlH npHBne'leHml KamITaJIOB He06xo-
.llHM TpaHcnapeHTHhdi H cTa6H.JIbHbln
06MeHHhlH K)'pC. Ecnl1 BaJIlOTHhle
pl!CKIi He xe.lUKHp)'lOTCH, TO npnTOKa
KanHTaJlOB He npmICXO!UIT.
m B nepHOll C oceHH 1997 ro.lla no
aBryCT 1998 roD.a pOCcliHcKoe npaBIi-
TenbCTBO CTOJIJIO nepell Bbl60pOM Me-
>KJJ.Y llBYMH B03MO>KHblMII c-rpaTenul-
MH. nepBaH COCTOJIJIa B TOM. 'lTOObl
npOlleMOHCTpHpOBaTb HaJIl1'll1e Y Hero
nOmlTl1 leCKOH BOnl! K Y)I(eCTO'leHIIIO
OIOD.>KeTa B pe3ynbTaTe npe06pa30Ba-
Hml CBOUX OTHoweHHIl C KpynHblMl1
npeD.npIlHTIi!!MII, HanpllMep, HecpTera-
30Boro ceKTopa, (1)'TeM BOelleH"!! )1((:-
CTKJIX 61O)1>KCTHbIX orpaHIi leHIiH.
BTOpaH CBOllllJIaCb K KanHT)'JI!!UHIi H
OTKa3Y OT nOnhlTKH cnoc06CTBOBaTb
npOBeD.eHHIO aHTHHHcpmlUHOHHOH no-
JIHTUKU. K CO)l(aJIeHIDO, nonblTKa Y>Ke-
CTOQHTb 61O)1iKeTH)'IO nOJIlITHKY He
nOJI}"iH.JIa llOCTaTO'lHOH nOJII!TH'le-
CKOH nOlI.Jlep)l(KH. Pe3ynbTaT 6bm He-
H36e)l(ell: np0.l10IDKeHIle MHrKI!X 610)1-
236
row commercially depends on
swings in the mood of the interna-
tional financial markets.
!m If these markets arc optimistic
and expansive. there is some
breathing space, but if the mood
changes, the borrower is caught in a
very serious trap. Foreign invcstors
are cxtremely wary of taking
chances with an unpredictable ex-
change rate policy: to attract capi-
tal, you must have a transparent and
stable exchange ratc. Capital in-
flows will not occur if currcncy
risks are not hedged.
fD Between the autumn of 1997
and August 1998, the Russian gov-
ernme11l faced a choice betwecn
two possible stralegies. The first
was to demonstrate that it had the
political will to tighlcn lhe budgel
by reforming its relationship with
large enterprises, such as Ihose in
Ihe oil and gas sectors. through the
imposition of hard budget con-
straints. The second was 10 give up
abandoning the attempt to promote
anti-inflalion policies. Unfortu-
nately, thc attempt to tighten budg-
elary policy received insufficient
political support. The result was
inevitable: the continuation of soft
budget constraints, soft budget pol-
icy, and soft monetary policy.
>KCTHbIX OrpalUI'ICHHH. HC)I(eCTKOii
61O.n)l(CTHOii nOJUlTUKli li HC)I(l!CTKoii
J1CHC)I(HO-KpeJlHTHOfi nOJlHTHKH.
a
; KaK nOKa3aJUI ncpBble warn HO-
Bora npaBlneJlbCTBa, C<t>OpMHpOBaH-
Horo B ceHTH6pe 1998 ro.na, OHO TaK-
:JI(C 6e30ronopO'lHO OT.naeT npe.nno'l-
TeHne He)l(eCTKOH 6JOlDKeTHOH aJII,-
TepHaTuBe. B tll!M COCTOHJUI JTH
nepBble want? Bo-nepBblX, npaBli-
TeJlbCTBO 3aKJ1JO'lHJ10 HMorOBblC CO-
rJ1awemul C KpynHeilwltMU HMOro-
f11IaTeJ1bllUlKaMli POCCIUI, liHCTIIl)'-
UlfMH3lipoBaB TaKHM 06pmOM npaK-
Till\)' YCTaHOBJ1eHlUl HMorOBbIX
06J13aTeJ1bCTB Ha OCHOBaHIUI CorJ1a-
meHI1H, a He 3aKOHa. BO-BTOpbIX, OHO
HHCTI1T)'UHaJlU3UpOBMO TaK)I(e CHCTe-
MY .neHe)l(HblX 3a t leTOB, n03B0J1HB
npe.nnpmlTHIIM BHOCHTb HMorn B Ha-
T)'pMbHOM BH.ne n cnncaB 3a.n0J\)I(eH-
HOCTb C npe.nnpIDITHH CeJ1bCKOX03HiI-
CTBeHHoro ceKTopa.
d
I 3TO He H30J1HpOnaHHble nmlUHa-
THBbl. GRlf HBJUlJOTCH 'laCTbJO 061l1.eH
nOJ1ltTItKIf (.na)l(e eCJ1n npaBllTeJ1bCTBO
3Toro He npH3Hal!T), nanpaBJ1eHHOH no
cyru CBoeH Ha TO, 'IT06bl n03BOmITb
3J11fTe COXpaHi-ITb KOHTpOJ1b 3a ueH-
HhIM ItMywecTBoM H npo.nOJDKaTb
ynpaBJ1HTb npe.nnpllHTHHMH, HeB31fpaH
Ha ypOBeHb liX 3<t><t>eKTlfBHOCTIt, B TO
BpeMH KaK rocy.napCTBO pacnJ1a'llma-
eTCH no C'leTaM. I1MeHHo 3TO npoltc-
XO,!J,HT B Poccml B nOCJ1e.nHl1e nHTb
MeCHueB.
m! The first steps of the new gov-
ernment formed in Septcmber 1998
showed that it, too, very much pre-
ferred the soft budget alternative
What were these first steps? First. it
negotiated tax agreements with the
largest Russian taxpayers, thus in-
stitutionalizing the practice of de-
fining tax obligations not by law.
but by agreement. Second, it also
institutionalized a system of mone-
tary offsets by allowing enterprises
to pay taxes in kind and by forgiv-
ing the debts of enterprises in the
agricultural sector.
m These are not isolated initia-
tives. They are part of comprehen-
sive policy (even if the government
docs not recognize it) whose es-
sence is to enable an elite to retain
control over valuable properties,
regardless of their level of effi-
ciency. while the state picks up the
tab. This is what has been happen-
ing in Russia during the past five
months.
237
PeKOMeH,Q3LUIll
gm B 3aKJIIO'IeHHe H XOTen 6bl C!f>op-
MynHpoBaTb pH.lI. ypOKOB H3 POCCHlI-
CKOrO OnbITa.
ECJIH COLlHaJUlCTJl'{eCKali 3KOHO-
MHKa 60JIbllle He !f>YHKUHOHIIPY-
CT. TO npaBlfTenbCTBY cnellyeT
KaK MOJKHO 6bICTpee nonblTaTbCR
OCYUleCTBHTb lle311H<!JJIRWilO.
OTJIOJKeHHaR .lI.e3HH!f>nHuIiH 6y-
.lI.eT 3Ha'lIiTenbHO 60nee 60ne3-
HeHHoit
Ecnn npaBHTenbCTBO CTOIfT ne-
pe.ll. HC06XOllllMOCTblO OTCpOIJKli
.lI.e3H1I!f>nRLlIUl, eMY cne.ll.YeT pa-
.lI.l!KaJIbilO COKpaTHTb 6IO.lI.JKeT-
Hblll .lI.e!f>HLllIT.
Cnc.lI.YCT OTKa3aTbCIi OT IIJIJlI03HH
o B03MO>KHOCTII !f>llHaHcHpOBa-
HUH .lI.e!f>H1.UITa C nOMOIIlblO
KpaTKOCpOIJHOro nopT!f>eJIJl.
CJlC.lI.YeT )"IliTbIBaTb 3aBliCll-
MOCTb pC>KHMa 06MeHHoro Kypca
OT H3MeHeHlrH LleH Ha CblpbCBblC
TOBapbL
CnC.lI.yeT nOHHMaTb, IJTO Y>KCCTO-
'lCHIlC 61O.lI.>KeTHbIX orpaHIlIJeHHii
HMceT BaJKHOC 3HaQCHHe HC
TonbKO .lJ.]I1I YBeJIlIIJelUl1I 61O.lI.-
>KeTHbIX .lI.OXO.ll.OB, HO TalOKC ,lUUI
C031laHlIII ycnoBHH .lI.J111 pa60TbI
pblHOIJHblX MexaHIBMOB H. TaKHM
06PaJOM, nOBbIWeHlfJl 3!f>!f>eK-
TliBHOCTH 3KOHOMHKH.
238
A word of advice
!Ii! In conclusion, I would draw a
number of lessons from the Russian
expenence:
If the socialist economy no
longer functions. the govern-
ment should try to disinOate .)S.
rapidly as possible. A delayed
disinOation will be much more
painful.
If the governmenL is con- .
fronLed with delayed disinOa-:
tion, iL should cut budget defi-
cit radically.
The illusion of being able.Lo
finance the deficit out of a
short-term portfolio should be
abandoned.
Consideration should be given
to the vulnerability of the ex-
change rate regime to changes
in commodity prices.
IL should be undcrstood that
hardening the budget con-
straint is importanL not only
for raising budgct revenues
but also for allowing market
mechanisms to work and Lhus
for increasing the efficiency of
the economy.
3aAaHMe 2
a
an C.n:enaHTC nepeBO.n: CTaTbH KaTepHHLI CYXOBOH «C 3aH\10M npH.n:eTCJI no-
.no aTb», ony6nlIKoBaHHoH B «EenopyccKOH fa3CTC» 29 MapTa 1999 ro.n:a,
onnpaJICb Ha IUII01JeBble cnOBa H Bblpa>KeHnJl, BblJ1eneHHble KYpCHBOM H no-
Mewt!mn.le B npaBoA KonOHKe. 03HaKOMbTCCb C Bapl1aHTOM pe epanlBHoro
a nepeBO.Aa CTaTbH Ha aHrnUHCKHH H3bIK, nOMelllt!HHbIH BCneJ1 3a TeKCTOM CTa-
'd TbH.
Ire
[I ITon CHrCJ1b6aYM. J1HpeKTOp OT- Paul Siegelbaum; division:
p:eJ1a cTpaH YKpaHHbl H EeJ1apycH, "
Pyr EaxMaep . HCnOJ1H11TeJ1bHhlH J111- Ruth Bachmaycr; executive director;
peKToP BceMlfpHoro 6aHKa, Hen.aBHO
03HaKOMiflIH 06111CCTBCHHOCTb C made it public (publicized)
6aHKoBcKOii «CTpaTemeii nOMOutH
Pecny6J1 IKe EeJlapycb».
1-
Ie
n
g EaHKoBcKHe pCKOMeHJ1aLUiH COB-
MI1HY no V1IY'IWeHHIO 3KOHOMH'Ie-
CKOH cH1)'aUHH 3a nOCJ1eJ1Hlfe He-
CKOJ1bKO J1eT HlfCKOJ1bKO He H3MeHIf-
J1HCb. ITo MHeHUIO CneUlfaJIlfCTOB
BE, pe>KHM peryJ1lfpOBaHHJI LleH,
ToproBLlx Ha1l6aBoK no-npe)l(HeMY
He 6narocKJ10HeH K npen.np"JlTlfJIM,
3aTpYllHSleT npOllmKV TOBapOB B
CTpaHe H CTIfM)'JlHPveT HX BLlB03 B
POCCInO, C03J1aBaJI TOBaPHblH lle4m-
mrr B caMOH EeJ1apvclf.
's
s
OI
o Kpe.ZJ:IiTHaJI 3MlfCClfSi npo.n:o J1 >KaeT
OKa3L1BaTb IfH<!>J1S1UlfOHHoe JJ.aBJ1e-
. J1eJ1aSi "HaHC"pOBaHlie 3KO-
HOMIIKH y6bITO'lHLlM . TOJ1bKO no-
CJlCJJ.OBaTeJ1bHOe npOBe.n:C1me pe-
$opM,npHBaTH3aLlHJI,HCnpaBJ1eHlfe
{>e>KIlMa 06MCHHOro Kvpca If J1.p)')Ke-
mo6Hoe OTHorneHHC K 'IaCTHOMY
6H'3Hecy cnoc06Hbi npHBJ1e'lb HHBe-
CTOpOB B CipaH)'.
Council of Ministers;
on the improvement;
over thc recent years;
according to the WB experts:
trade mark-ups;
unfavorable (unfriendly);
makes the sales of goods difficult;
encourages:
shortage of goods within Belarus;
put an inflationary pressure thus turn-
ing the economy's financing into
loss-making one:
consistent:
exchange ratc regime:
attract:
239
9 n. ClireJIl,6aYM npH3HaJlC". 'ITO
eMY nH'IHO npltXOJ1ltTCII pa31>HCfUlTb
n03Humo 6aHKa 6enOPYCCKOMY npa-
BHTenbCTBY B 'IeTBepTbln pa3. llli:
nnOMaTINHO OThfentB HeKOTopble
nonmKHTenbHble VCII.'III" no nJl6epa-
nJnaUl1l1 BaJllOTHOrO pblHKa . OH BbI-
CKa3aJ1 nO)KenallHH B nOCTltiKeHlIH
60nee BblCOKOH CTeneHiI nporpecca.
5! B npaBIITenbCTBe, B CBOIO o'le-
. He BnonHe nOHIIMalOT, nO'IeMY
Eenapycb OKa3aJ1aCb enlfHCTBeHHOH
CTpaHOn CHI", He nOJl)'lIlfBlllei1 Hit
onHoro 3allMa 33 nOCne!lHlle 11'H ro-
.ill! (npyntc C'Tpanbl nOJl)"lIUlIi Kpe-
nlITbl Ha 0611..{)'10 CYMMY 60nee 501
MJIpn. JlJ1" peaJIll3au,HH 90 npoeK-
TOB).
I Ecnn nona'lany Ii B03H1fKaJllI
cnOObl OTHOCHTenbHO nporpaMMbI
3KOHOMINeCKIiX pe<f>opM B c11'aHe,
(...) TO B HaCTO"lllee BpeMH Eena-
PYCb, no MHeHIllO npaBlfTenbCTBa.
rOTOBa nplfH"Tb 3aHMbi JlJ1" OCYUle-
CTBJIeHHH nBYX Hall60nee 1I0LlroTon-
neHHblX npoeKTOB - npoeKTa no pa3-
BIITHIO nne.'mpltHHMaTenbCTBa II
npOCKTa no 3Heproc6epe)f(eHIlIO B
COU,lfaJIbHOi1 c<f>epe.
iJ TeM fionee. 'ITO BE npmHaJI 3KO-
HOMII'IeCKHe nOCTII)f(elllf" 6enapycit
B 1996-97 rr.. npllHu,HnHaJlbHO 113-
MemlB nOllXOllbl K npUBaTlf3alllflf
KoynHblx npOMblUlneHHblX npellnpl1-
HTI1H. a TalOf(e cornaCllnCJI C MneHH-
eM 0 neB03MO)f(HOCTIf «06B<lJJbHori»
JIlf6evaJlll3alJ,1II1 ueH 6e3 pa3pa60TKif
nporpaMMbl COUllaJlbllOH 3aUUlTbi
MaJlo06ecne'lellllbiX cnOCD nacene-
HII" .
240
Having diplomaticaJly pointed out;
efforts on liberali7ing a foreign ex-
changc (forcx) markct;
in its turn;
[notJ a single loan over the past three
years;
for the implementation;
arguments regarding (cuncerning);
on the development of business (en-
trepreneurship );
approaches to large-scale industrial
privatization;
an overnight price liheralization; de-
veloping a program of social protec-
tion (a social safety net) for the needy
population;
S! ..- no cnOBaM n. Cm'enb6a)'Ma,
paCC'IUTblBaTb Ha 3afiMbI OT B6 npa-
BIITeJlbCTBO 6cnapycli CMOj!{CT Tonb-
KO nocne nOll}"lCHlU1 3aiiMa MB<1> B
paMKax nporpaMMbl KOMneHcaUlIOH-
Horo llpe3BbI'IaHHOrO Il>UHaHcupOBa-
HIUI (CCFF). B 3TOM cny'lac H Bcc-
MUpHbIH 6aHI< roTOB Bbl.D.emfTb Kpe-
.n11T B pa3MepC $25 MnH. II, OLleHlfB
ero OCBocmIC, npc.!J.oCTaBHTb ClUe
O.n11H - B TOM )j(C OO"beMC.
.e
HanOMHHM, '1TO MHCCHJI MB<1>
)')KC TpmK.D.bl H3)"1aJ1a B03MOIKHOCTb
npe.D.OCTaBnCHHJI npaBHTCnbCTBY P6
KpeJl.HTa CCFF. nOcnC.D.HlIlI BlmlT
3aBCpWIUICJI ncpC.D.a'lCH ncpBOMV'
BHue-npCMbCPV B. JJ:onroneBY oqe-
pe.D.HOrO nepe'lHJI Mep no npORC!l.C-
"HID C11'VKTYpHbIX npe06pa30BaHHA .
1-
iii) Do cnOBaM IiHWOpMHpoBaHHoro
HCTo'nmKa , MHOflie BbJ.D.BIiHyrbIC
MB<1> TpC60BaHlfJl (...) nOTpc60BaJ1H
Jl.OnOnHHTcnbHbIX KOHcynbTaLlIIH C
MB<1>. CnC.D.OBaTcnbHO. pCWeHJiC 0
npeJl.OCTaBnCHIfif 6enapycn KpC.D.IITa
CCFF OTl(][a!l.blBaCTCJI 110 nY'llll11X
BPCMl!H.
[e-
'C-
edy
ID BceMupHblH oaHK HaMepCH Jl.0-
)l(HJl.aTbCJI 3TlfX caMblX BpCMCH,
CKOHLlCHTpIiPOBaBlllUCb Ha npocBc-
TIITCnbCKOH H 06pa30BaTcnbHOH
Jl..CJlTCnbHOCTlf . Do cnOBa."d
P. 6axMacp, 6aHK 6Y.D.eT npOBOll.IITb
CCMHltapbI, Y'le6y CnCLlUaJ1lfCTOB, a
TaIGKC 1i3)"1IIT B03MOIKIIOCTII pacwII-
peHUH C011'YJl.HH'ICCTBa B COLlIfa....b-
HOII cll>cpe.
9 33\; 461\
Belarus' government won't be ablc to
count on the WB loans until it gets
the IMF loan within the framework of
CCFF (Compensatory and Contin-
gency Financing Facility);
extend (grant, issue);
utilization;
First dcputy Prime Minister;
list of measures on the implementa-
tion of structural reorganization;
an informed sourcc;
is put off (postponed) until belier
times;
intends:
focusing on educational and training
activities;
conduct;
241
II! «BceMHpHLIH 6aHK He nOKHHeT
De.napycb Hit "pit KaKlIX pa3HOrna- whatever discord there may be;
CllHX» , 3aHBltJI el! KOJIJIera n. ClI-
reJIb6aYM. DOJIee TOro, 6aHK HaMe-
peH c.neJIaTb BCl! B03MO)l(HOe .I1ml aK-
THBH3aLlllH cBoeH pa60Tbl B EeJIapy-
CH. (oo.)
Pecl>epaTMBHblH nepeBoA (Summarized translation)
Recently, Paul Siegelbaum and Ruth Bachmayer, senior World Bank offi-
cials, promulgated the bank's strategy of financial assistance to Belarus. Just as
a few years ago, the bank now argues that business-unfriendly price regulation
and pro-inflationary credit expansion should be replaced with reforms in priva-
tization, foreign exchange policy and business-friendly environment. Accord-.
ing to Mr. Siegelbaum, the government should hurry up with forex liberaliza-
tion.
Meanwhile, the government of Belarus, the only CIS state having no loans
for three years running, maintains the country's eligibility to raise loans for
business development and energy saving projects is supported by the World
Bank's recognition of Belarus' economic achievements in 1996-97 and the
bank's changes, views on large-scale industrial privatization and price liberali.
zation. However, it is only after Belarus receives the IMF's CCFF loan that the
World Bank will be able to extend a $25m loan followed by a second one like
this upon evaluating its utili7ation. The latest IMF requirements make it neces-
sary for the government to further consult with the IMF.
The World Bank is not going to leave Belarus. At this point, it will focus
on educational and training activates. It also intends to move its representative
office closer to the government and resume the position of resident-
representative in the country as of July-August.
3aAaHHe 3
C.neJIaATe aHaJIH3 .nBYX BapHaHTOB nepeBo.na HHTepBbW. KOTopoe naJI
«DeJIOpyccKOA .neJIoBoil ra3CTe» (29 MapTa 2000 r.) rJIaBa npencTaBHTenbcTB8
BceMHpHoro 6aHKa B Pecny6JIHKe DeJIapycb CepreH KYJIHK. B cJ1Y'lae, eCJlI1
BLI He cornacHbl HH c O.llHHM H3 npltBeneHHblX BapHaHTOB (HX aBTopLI - C1)'-
.neHTbI, H B nepeBo.nax HHor.na BCTpe'lalOTCH 01lm6KH), npe.iUlO)l(HTe CBOIO
BepcHlO nepeBo.na.
242
3<P<PeKT Effect of Presence Effect of
np cyrcTB By VerOllu:a Presence
BepolluKa l.JepKucoBU Cherkasova Verollika
Cilerkasova
BceMlipHLIii fiaHK - II T h w ;jd Bacl:'"is [I The orld Bank is
O)lHa U3 HeMHOrHX Me)l(- one of the few world one of international
ll)'HapO.lJ.HLIX cTpYKTYP, organizations that has organizations which
KOTOpaJi He npeKpanrna not stopped its assis- has not discontinued
li- OKa3aHl1e nOM0l1111 6ena- tance to Belarus. The rendering aid to Bela-
as pyC". CYMMbl, npas.lJ.a, sums are not big, rus. The amount of aid
on HeBeJlHlm, HO fiaHK BCeM" though, but the bank is is not large, but the
ta- CIUla1.tIt nbITaeTCIi coxpa- out for keeping the "cf- Bank is doing its best
rd- HHTb B Haweli CTpaHe fect of presence" in our to maintain the "effect
w- «3«l>4>eKT npHCyrCTBHII». country. What for? On of presence" in our
Ha Bonpocbl «6,lJ;r» OT- the questions of BDG country. Why? Sergey
m. Be'faeT rnaBa npel1CTaBH- answers the World Kulyk, the head of the
for TenbCTBa BceMlipHoro Bank resident- WB ' s represent<iti ve
rid fiaHKa B 6enapycn Cepreii representative in Bela- office in Minsk, is an-
the KymtK. rus Serge Kulik. swering the BDG's
lli- questions.
lh,' g - Bo BpeMH CBoero He- g - During the reeent g - During his recent
ikc
es. J1.aBHero BH31ITa B MltHCK visit to Minsk, the di- visit to Minsk. Mr.
1111peKTOp OTllena B6, KY- rector of the dcpart- Luka Burboni, the
;u pnpYK>lI.lero 6eJ1apycb H ment of Belarus and head of the WB' s de-
IH' YKpaHH)', r-H llioKa 6ap- the Ukraine of the partment for Belarus
nt- fioHHe OTMe'faJI, 'I TO ecnH World Bank Mr. Luka and Ukraine, pointed
HaMeTltBWlliicH nporpecc Barbonne has noLiced out that if the started
B ofinacTH 3KOHOMmm H that if the indicated progress in the field of
BaJllOTHOro perynllpoBa- progress in the sphere economy and financidl
RmI npO.1IJlHTCH finH)I(an- of economy and for- regulation goes on for
mue HeCKonbKO MeCHl!eB, eign exchange regula- another couple of
BceMlfpHbln 6aHK MO>KeT tions will continue dur- months. the WB can
1a- B0306HOBl1Tb CBOIO no- ing the following cou- restore its aid to Bela-
rBa MOUlb EenapycH. KaKoBbI pIe of months. the rus. What are the per-
'JIB nepCneKTHBblnOn)"leHHJI World Bank can re- spectives of getting
1)- HOBbIX 3aHMoB? sume its' assistance to new loans?
010 Belarus. What are the
prospects to get a new
loan?
243
-
g - 51 He CJTY'IaHHO ro-
Boplln 0 TOM, 'ITO Mbl
cefftlac CTapaeMcH C03-
llaTb CIICTeMY MOHIITO-
pHHra JlH6epamniluHH
06MeHHoro K)'pca. YHII-
$HKaUHH K)'pCOB - 3TO He
elll1HOBpeMeHHblH npo-
uecc, nOll HelO nOHIIMaeT-
CH WHpOKllH KOMnneKC
MepOnpIDITliH, KOTopble
npOBO./UITCH COBMeCTHO
HaLUiOHaIlbHbIM 63HKOM Ii
npaBJITenbCTBOM 6enapy-
CH.
!! D03TOMY Hawa 3a.Lla-
1.J3 - npOBCCTJI JlHBeHTa-
PH33UlllO Bcex ycnOBH"
06Mena H3UIIOHaIlbHOH
BamOTbI Ha IfHOCTp3HH)'IO
H nocMOTpeTb, KaKHMH
6y ll)'T COBMeCTHhle warn
npaBJITenbCTBa II HalUIO-
HaIlbHOrO 6aHKa no npll-
BellcHlllO B UIIBIIJIH30BaH-
Hble paMKH $YHKUHOHH-
pOBaHID! HamlOHaJIbHOH
BamoTbI. a TalOKe xmKlle-
HID!, 06paweHHH II 06Me-
na HHoc-rpaHJ:IOif BaIllOTbI
Ha TeppllTOpHH .EenapycII.
5! LIel\1 rny6)/(e Mbl pac-
CMaTpllB3eM 3TY npo6ne-
MY, TeM 60nbwe nomlMa-
eM, 'ITO OllHHMJI J1HWb
MOHeTapHblMH McponpllH-
TlLll.MH YHH$IIKauHIO 06-
MeHHoro I<Ypca He ocy-
244
g Irs not by chance
that I have mentioned
that we are trying to
create a monitoring
system of exchange
rate liberaliLation. The
unification of exchange
rates is not a one-time
process. it implies a
whole package of
mea!.uJ"cs that is being
carried out by the Na-
tional Bank and the
government of Belarus.
D That is why our task
is to carry out the cal-
endar of all the. condi-
tions of currency con-
vertibility and see what
will be the joint efforts
of the government and
the National Bank in
making the national
currency function in
civilized frames and
foreign exchange - cir-
culate and be con-
verted on the territory
of Belarus.
S! The close we con-
sider this problem. the
bettcr we understand
that only monetary
methods cannot com-
plete the unification of
exchange rates. The
g I have nO( acciden-
tally been speaking
about our endeavors to
create a system of
monitoring for the
process of liberaliza-
tion of exchange rate.
A unification of ex-
change rate is not J.
matter of instant im-
plementation: it is un-
derstood as a broad set
of measures which are
jointly carried out by
the National Bank and
the government of Bel-
arus.
!! That is why our ob-
jective is to perfonn ,\11
inspection of all na-
tional-la-foreign cur-
rency exchange proce-
dure conditions and to
see what the joint ef-
forts of the government
and NBB will be to-
wards adjuslment of
foreign currency for its
circulation and con-
vertibility in Belarus.
The more pro-
foundly we approach
this problem, the more
it becomes clear that
the unification cannot
be reached by solely
monetary methods. A
..,....
'I
meCTBHTb. 3.necb H)?KeH
ueJIblH KOMnJIeKC Mep,
KOTOpblR 6y.ne-r BKJ1IO aTb
B ce6H JUt6epaJIH3aI.1HlO
3KOHOMH eCKOH .neHTeJ1b-
HOCTIt, orpaHWIeHlte HJUi
.naJKe OTMeH)' ueHoBoro
KOHTpOIDI, peOpraHlt3a-
WlIO CHCTeMbl 6YXraJITep-
CKOro )"IeTIl.
I n03TOMY, CKopee Bce-
ro, npouecc YHm!mKauHIt
6y.ne-r COCTOHTb 1t3 .nBYX
acreH, o.nHa ItX KOTOpblX
BKJ1IO HT B ce6H \fHCTO
MOHeTapltCTCKHe MeTO.nbl,
BTOpaH - MeTOD.bl CTpYl\-
'I)'pHble H 3KOHOMWIe-
CKHe. Mbl6y.neM BHHMa-
Te1IbHeHWHM 06pa30M OT-
CJIe>KItBaTb D.HHaMHK)'
3TOro npouecca, T06bl
np"crynHTb K no.nroToBKe
COBMeCTHblX npOeKTOB
Tor.na, Kor.na OH npHMeT
He06paTHMblH xapaKTep.
j
'1-
)-
all
"'-
.0
;:nl
its
iJ npWIeM Mbl He C06H-
paeMCH .nO>KH.naTbCH Ka-
I<OH-TO onpe.neJIeHHoit .na-
TbI, a 6YD.eM npHC'I)'naTb
I< no.nrOTOBKe HOBblX npo-
eKTOB, KaK TOJIbKO YBII-
.nIDd, TO pa3BItTHe n.neT B
npaBHJIbHOM HanpaBJIe-
HHH.
h
)rc
t
01
'I
A
package of measures
which includes liber-
alization of economic
aClivity, limitation or
even setting aside price
control, reorganization
ofthe accounting sys-
tem is needed.
3 That is why the pro-
cess of unification will
consist of two parts -
the first will include
purely monetary meth-
ods and the second will
include both structural
and economic meth-
ods. We will carefully
keep track of the dy-
namics of this process
to initiate the prepara-
tion of joint projects at
the moment when it
becomes irreversible.
iI We are not going to
wail for a parlicular
date but we'll slart de-
veloping the new pro-
jects as soon as we'll
see that the evolution is
going the right way.
whole set of measures
is needed here. It in-
cludes the liberalin-
tion of economic ac-
tivities, the restraint or
even abolishment of
price control, the reor-
ganization of the book-
keeping system.
! That is why the uni-
fication process will
probably be composed
of two parts: one of
them will merely in-
clude the monetary
methods, whereas the
second part will in-
clude structural and
economic methods. We
will thoroughly scruti-
nize the dynamics of
the process in order to
get down the prepara-
tion of the joint pro-
jects when the process
becomes non-
reversible.
; Besides, we are not
going to wait for a cer-
tain date, but we'll get
down to the prepara-
tion as soon we see
that the course is mov-
ing in the right direc-
tion.
245
[3 - Ho, OTCJIemHBIDI JUI-
HaMmC}', BbI He MO>KeTe He
3aMeTIITb nocne,nHHrt HO-
BOBBen:eHJlH npaBHTeJIb-
CTBa - }'BenH'leHHSI Ha
10% 061>eMOB 06S13aTeJ1b-
HOrt npo.nIDKH BaJllOTbl,
BBen:eHH1I nm..leH3HpoBa-
HIDI nocpeJIHlf'IeCKOH
.ne1lTeJIbHOCTH. KaK BbI
pacueIDIBaeTe 3TH manl?
- On:H03Ha'lHO OTpH-
uaTenbHO. MomHo no-
H1ITb, ,W1S1 'Iero 3TO c.nena-
HO, HO COrnaClITbCSI C Ta-
KHMJI rnaraMH HeJ1b3S1.
rIm B caMOM 6aHKe Be-
.neTcSl HeMaJlO n:e6aToB Ha
3TY TeM)'. MHorHe aHaJllf-
THKH C'lHTatOT, 'lTO npo-
eKTbI He ,nOCTHraJOT Tex
uenef!:, Ha KOTopble 6b1nH
OpHeHTHpOBaHbI.Ha.no
CKa3aTb, 'ITO HalD 6aHK He
SlBJISleTCSI 'IHCTO clmHaH-
COBblM Y'Ipe>K,neHHeM, 3TO
B nepBYJO O'lepe.nb - )"1-
pe>K.lleHHe p83BHTH".
246
a But tracing the dy-
namics, you cannot
help noticing the latest
government's innova-
tions. for example. sur-
render requirements
increase by 1 0% and
licensing of intermedi-
ate trade.
How do you estimate
these steps?
:!! Only as negative. It
can be understood, we
cannot agree with such
steps.
- How do you esti-
mate the efficiency of
the World Bank pro-
jects in Belarus?
1m There are many
discussions of this
topic in the Bank itself.
Many analysts consider
the projects not reach-
ing the aims the were
oriented at. First of all,
it is the institution of
development, not just a
purely financial one.
G! But scrutinizing the
course. you wi II have
to reckon with such
government's innova-
tions as a 10% increase
of surrender require-
mcnt and licensing the
intermediary activities.
How do you assess
these steps?
t'J Definitely as nega-
tive. It is possible to
understand what for it
is done, but it is im-
possible to accept these
steps.
- How do you assess
the effectiveness of
the World Bank's
projects which are
being carried out in
Belarus?
1m In the Bank itself
there is plenty of de-
bates on Ihis issue.
Many analysts reckon
that the projects do not
achieve the goals set. It
must bc noted that out
bank is not solcly a fi-
nancial establishmcnt,
but first of all it's an
institution of develop-
ment.
Ie B 06bl'lHblX 1<0MMep- iD In ordinary com- m For commercial
'1eCKHX 6aHKaX qmHaJIb- mercial banks the goal banks, gaining profit is
HOH 'laCTblO KaKOrO-JJu60 of any project is gain- an ultimate goal of any
npoeKTa C'IUTae-rCR nony- ing profit. In our bank project. For our bank,
lse qeHHe npH6blnli. B Ha- every project has to be however, each project
weM JKe 6aHI<e l<aJK.lI.bIH a substantial contribu- becomes a signiticant
Ie npoeKT nOJJJKen CTaTb Be- tion to the country's investment in the coun-
s. COMblM BKJIaJ10M B 31<0- economy. The target lry's economy, and the
HOMHI<)' rocynapCTBa, 8 Ta sphere has to be self- sphere of its
o6J1acTI., Ha KOTOpYlO sufficient upon the implementation must
npoeKT 6hJJ1 HanpaBneH. completion of the pro- become self-
,nonJKHa nocne ero OKOH- ject. We think that our supporting. We believe
LlaHHR CTaTb caMonon- task is not to supply that out goal is not
1- ,nepJKHBaIOLU,efi. Mbl CLlH- money to the country, provide a country with
TaeM, 'ITO Hawa 3anaqa He but to teach it how to money, but (0 teach it
it 06eCne'IHTb cTpaH)' neHb- earn this money. how to earn money.
rar.m, a HaY'IHTb e 3TH
sc ,neHbrH 3apa6aTblBaTb.
- "MeeT nil Torn8 ro - Does it make I:D - Is there any
CMblCJ1 OKa3b1BaTL no- any sense to provide sense to aid Belarus
MomL IJeJ18PYCIl 8006- assistance to Belarus at all?
me? at aU?
- Hawa TO'lKa 3peHHJI (u - Our point of view - Our viewpoint (which
OHa nO.lUl.epJKHBaeTCJI py- (and it is supported by is shared by our man-
f 1<0BOncTBoM) 3aKJIIO'Iae-r- our headquarters) is agement) is as follows:
CR B TOM, 'ITO, nOCI<OnbK)' that since Belarus was as Belarus has been
Eenapycb 6bma H OCTaeT- and remains a member- and still is a member-
CJI '1neHOM BceMHpHoro nation of the World stale of the World
rI 6aHKa, HaM Ha,nO nOCTa- Bank, we have to do aU Bank, we must try to
01 paTbCR cneJIaTb BCe B03- possible to help the do our best to help the
.It MOJKHOe J1J1R Toro. '1T06bl country realize it's counlry realize its
It CTpaHa Morna peaJIli3o- membership without membership without
1- 8aTb CBo(! qneHCTBO, He feeling any discrimina- any discrimination.
t, ow.yw.aJ'I HHKaKo nllC- tion.
I<pHMHHa\.lIlH.
1-
247
II! XOT . JIeHCTBlrreJlb-
HO.HHorJIaKa*eTC :HY
3a'leM nOMaTb Konb , f'e-
pml'feCKH npeOJIOneBaJI
npen TCTBml. KOTopble
nOCTOJIHHO B03HHKaJOT y
Hac Ha nyrH? BeJIb TO *e
BBeJIeHlie 10 %-HOI1 na,a-
6aBKH K 06 3aTeJ]bHon
npOJIIDKe BaJIiOTbl npo-
H30llI1I0 B MOMeHT npH-
CyrCTBlliI B 6enapYCH
MHCCHH MB<1>, KOTOpaJI,
KCTaTH. Berra neperoBopbl
06 OTMeHe 06H3aTenbHoi:t
npOJIaiKH BamOTbI Bo06-
me...
II! 3To napaJIOKCanbHaJI
CHTYaUH : 0 JIonOJ]HH-
TenbHblX 10% CTano 113-
BeCTHO, KorJIa npeJICTaB"-
Terrn MB<1> $aKTll'feCK"
CHJIeJIH 3a CTonOM nepe-
rOBopoB C r-HOM npOKO-
nOBII'leM... TeM He Me-
Hee, MO TOIfKa 3peHHJI,
KOTOp)'lO pa3JIerr JOT H
KonnerH. H MOe Heno-
CpeJICTBeHHOe PYKOBO-
JICTBO, - MI.) He JIOniKHbl
Tep Tb HIlTh. KOTOpaJI Hac
CB 3hmaeT C 6eJIapYCbJO
KaK C 'lJIeHOM Harne" op-
raHII3aUJUI.
248
II! Though sometimes
it does seem: why to
break a lance. heroi-
cally overcoming ob-
stacles that always ap-
pear on our way?
Even a 10% rise of sur-
render requirement
happencdwhenlhc
IMF mission was
working in Belarus nc-
gotiating the abolish-
ment of surrender re-
quirement.
rD It's a paradoxical
situation: the introduc-
tion of an additional
10% rise became
known when the IMF
representativcs were
sitting at the table of
negotiations with Mr.
Prokopovich... Never-
theless, my point of
view shared by my col-
leagues and my direct
authorities is that we
shouldn't loose the
thread that connects us
with Belarus as a
member of our organi-
zation.
[E! Though some-
times it really seems
there is no need to
break spears and heroi-
cally overcomc the
barriers emerging be-
fore us. The very im-
posing of a 10% in-
crease of surrender re-
quirement occurred
right at the moment
when the IMF mission
was in Minsk negotiat-
ing the total dbolish-
ment of surrender re-
quirement.
m It is quite a para-
dox: an additional 10%
increase was intro-
duced exactly when the
IMF experts were in
the meeting with Mr.
Prokopovich [the gov-
ernor of the National
Bank]. And yet, my
viewpoint. which is
shared by my col-
Icagues and my direct
management, is thai
we should not lose
connection with Bela-
rus as a member-state
of our organization.
)1-
[g no:nOM}' MLI CTapa-
eMCJI COCpen:OTO'lHTbCJI Ha
Tex 06naCTJIX, me BCTpe-
'laeM non Hoe nOHHMaHHe
H rn:e MO)t(eM npOlIOJ!)t(aTb
COTpyn:HH'leCTBO, He-
CMOTpJl Ha cnO)t(lIble \faK-
p031\0HOMU'leCKUe yeno-
BUJI.
- 0 K3KIIX 06JI3CTHX
1I.11t:T pe'lb?
,n
It-
- :fro. npe)t(n:e Bcero, CO-
LlHaJlbHblH ceKTOp. no-
cKonbK)' MI.l npeKpaCHO
nOHUMaeM. '1TO peaJIbllbie
3aplUJaTa H neHCHJI y Ha-
CeneHlIJI nOCTOJlHHO CHU-
)t(aJOTCJI, II B CTpaH)' npH-
XOn:1IT 6en:HocTb. A noTO-
M}' MI.l OTCne)t(HBaeM
npOLleCCb!, npOUCxo.IUI-
lltue B COLlHaJlbHOfi cl}>epe,
'lTo6b1 6b!Tb roTOBblMH B
cnY'lae 3anpoca 6enopyc-
CKoii CTOpOHbl OKaJan.
nonHOMaClliTa6H)'10 KaK
HaY'lHYIO, TaK II npaKTU-
'lecl\}'1O nO.ll1l.ep)t(KY.
)tk
tJ1l"
v-
:t
a-
te
3aAaHMe, .
[L1 That is why we
try to concentrate on
the spheres where we
find full understanding
and can continue part-
nership in spite of dif-
ficult macroeconomic
conditions.
- What spheres do
you mean?
- First of all, this is a
social sector, because
we clearly understand
the real wages and
pensions of citizens are
constantly declining,
and poverty comes to
the country. That is
why we are tracing the
processes that occur in
the social sphere to be
ready to give scientific
and practical support in
case Belarus requests
us.
r.:g That is why we try
to focus on the fields
where we have a com-
plete understanding
and where we can keep
cooperation despite of
hard macroeconomic
conditions.
- What spheres are
meant?
- This is a social sector
in the first place. be-
cause re realize well
that with real salaries
and pensions shrink-
ing, poverty is coming
to the country. And
that is why we are
keeping an eye on the
social developments in
order to be prepared to
provide a full-scale
support to the Belaru-
sian side at its request.
Cn:enaihe nOnHbl" nlfCbMeHHbIH nepeBon: CTaTbH. nonroTOBJ1elIllOfi I\OH-
CaJlTUHroBOH rpynnoii «lOHI1TEP» If ony6nHKoBaHHOH B «l)eJ10pyccKofl n:e-
nOBOn ra.3eTe)) 8 l}>eBpaJIJl 1999 rolIa. non: Ka)t(nbiM a63aueM B KB3l1.paTHblx
cK06Kax n:aH CJ10Bapb non:q pKH)Tb!X cnOB II Bblpa)t(eHIIH.
30nOTO BEK AMEPV1KAHCK01l1 3KOHOMV1KV1
I] 06Hapon:oBaHHble B npoUlJl)'lO mrrHlfUY llaHHble 0 pOCTe BHn CWA
He npOCTO nOllTBeplllUlH, 1.JTO aMepllKaHCKaJl 3KOHOMHKa IIm!T BneDell
llJllpoKlfMIf waraMII. HO .I1a)t(e nopaJunu 60J1bWUHCTBO HaOJ1I01la'te-
249
neRo Ter.m ITPHpOCTa BHn B 4-M ImapTaJIe COCTaRlIl1 5,6 %, B TO Bpe-
MH KaK Bce O:IKIIJIaJIH UIIIIJpbl B paMone 4 %.
,..
[GNP, gross national product; is moving ahead at high speed; the
gro wth rate; ac counted for 5,6 %]
g CTOJIb BbiCOKH" nOKaJaTel1b POCTa JIeMOHcTpupyeT, 'ITO ClMepUKau-
CKIDI 3KOHOMHKa CYMeJ1a "3Bne'lb BblroJIV In peJIKoro MH Ml1pOBOU
3KOHOMHKH CO'leTamUI BblCOKOro ypOBlUI nOTpeoneHIIH B CTpaHe H
CTarHHpYlOlUHX (HeCMOTpH Ha BbiCOKIfH cnpoc) liCH. l1H1pl1HliHjI B 4-M
KBapTaJIe COCTaBl1JJa mUllb 0,8 %, CHn3HBWHCb no cpaBneHlf10 C I % B
3-M KBapTaJIe 1998 rOJIa. YpoBeHb HHcpJIIHllUl B CTpaHe cef.i.'lac caMbIIi
HH3KHH co BpeMeH nDe3HJlelITa 3"3eHXaV3pa .
--
[growth index; benefit from; inflation rate; since President Eisen-
hower's time]
g KOMnaHiUl HHBecTHpYIOT BCe 60JIbllle JleHer B pa3Bl!THe H B cpeJlcTBa
npOH3BOJlCTBa . Orll BblCOKOii CTOIIMOCTlt OrmaTbI TPVJla II HH3KOM
ypoBHe 6e3pa6oTIIlJ.b1 Kopnopawm npeJInO'lHTaIOT BKJ1allbiBaTb !lOJ1-
JIapbl B TeXHononm, a He HaHHMaTb HOBblX pa60'lHX H cny)!(aulIIx . B
AeKa6pe 06'beM HHBeCTHLlH" B CpeJICTBa npOH3BOJICTBa npeBblclUl no-
KaJaTeJ1b JIeKa60H 1997 roJ.la Ha 16,7 %. POCT HHBecTHw1i1 npHBOJIItT
K 6b1CTpOMY pocry 06'bcMOB npOH3BOJICTBa. B03pocwee npe!lJlOiKe-
HHe CAep:IKHBaeT poCT ueH . B HaCTOHlUee BpeMH HHBecnlliHII B HOBbIe
TeXH0J10rHH onpaBllblBalOT ce6H .
r1£- -
[means of production; with high cost of labor payment; instead of hiring
new employees; exceeded the 1997 December index; price rise; are
quite appropriateL... _
!J UI ycneUlHoro oCYlUeCTBlleHHH JIaHHOii cTpaTenm B .aaJIbHenwe:\1
He06xOAHMO nponopUl'IOnaJIbHO pacTVlUee nOToe611eHHe. lloMawllllc
X03J1MCTBa CiliA nOTpe611HIOT CeM'IaC OK0110 2/3 npOH3BeJleUHbIX B
CTpaHe TOBapoB H HBJIHIOTCH OCHOBOH MOlUneHwero BHYTpeHHero
pblHKa B cTpaHe. POCT nOTpe6neHHJI B nOCne!lHHe rOJlbl npJlMO CBJl3aU
C pOCTOM «l>OHJlOBOro DbIHKa . nOA'beM pblHKa aKliHii npHHec aMepH-
KaHCKHM 'laCTHbiM HHBeCTopaM 3a nOCl1eJIHHe 'leTblpe C He60JJbWHM
roAa OKOJIO 5 TpJIH. JIOJUIapOB nD\oI6b111H . .lI.OJ1H B110)!(eHIIH B aKUlHI B
C6eOC)!(eHHHX AOMaWHHX X03J1HCTB BblpOCJ1a JIO HCTOpU'ieCKU MaKC\{-
MaJIbHblX 3Ha'lenHii. SUAH, KaK paCTeT CTOHMOCTb nopTdJeJ1eH aKliuii
250
.
aMepHKa'il.1bl Ha1JaIIH paCXOllOBaTb Ha nOTpc6nemie n01JTII BCe CBOH
TeKVillHe lIOXOllbl .
----
[proponionally growing consumption; households; stock market; eqUIty
market; profit; investment in stock; savings; portfolios; current in-
comes]
nOTeHl(HaJlbHaH onaCHOCTb Konc6aHH" cJl0H110BOro pblHKa COCTOlfT B
TOM, 1JTO HaceneHHe B OllJlH MOMeHT MO)KeT CHH31fTb nOlpe6neHlle,
ecnH pblHOK aKUHH ynalleT. BblCOKHH cnpoc Ha BHYIl'eHHeM pblHKe
CT3J1 lIBJlraTCnCM BOCbMnneTHerO pOCTa aMepmcaHCKOH 3KOHOMliKIl.
Ero nO.l1llCp)KaHIIC - BIDKHei1rnee ycnoBHe H36e)KaHHH 3KOHOMH1JCCKO-
ro cnalla. EcnH cnpoc no lCaKHM-TO npJl1JHHaM CHH3HTCH. cpellCTBa,
BnO>KeHHble B OrpOMHOM ICOnH'JCCTBC B p33BHTJle npOJJ3BOllCTBa,
06epH)'TCH l\JIH KOMnaHHH nOTepHMJI.
..A-..- __ -=
[fluctuations; overmght; demand; driving force; maintenance; aVOiding
an eco ?mic recessio i, r. so me reaso s] _ _ __
3 lJoc3MepHoe HHBeCTJlpOBaHHe Ha lIaHHOM 3Tane 3KOHOMlf'JeCKoro
wilma. Korlla 3KOHOMHKa, B03MO>KHO. npeononeBaeT CBOIO BeplllHny,
6ecnOKOHT MHOrHX aHaJlIfTHKOB . npHpOCT BHn Ha 5.6 % B rOllOBOM
JJ3MepCHlUf 3a 4-H KBapTaII Bbl3blBaeT aHaJlOnm C CHTyaUHeH B 51no-
mllf Ha'laJla 80-x . KOMnaHJIJi c nerKOCTblO HaxollHJ1H cpeJICTBa D.J111
HOBblX npOeKTOB H HHBeCTHUHn, npoH3Bo.!tCTBO 6bl110 poeno. Cnpoc B
3KOHOMJlKe H3 KaKOM-TO 3Tane OTCTaII OT npeD.J10>KeHHH, II C1l'aHa
OK33aJ1aCb B Kpn:mce nepenpOH3BOllCTBa, nepernellrneM 3aTeM B rny-
6oK)'IO H npOllOn)KHTenbH)'lO peueccmo. He60cKpe6bl rOllaMJI CTOH.JIII
nyCTbIMH. 0600v 1l0BaHHe BaJlHnOCb 6e3 nem B 3aBonCKHX uexax. a
6aHlGf, He cnoc06Hble BepH)'TI> BbllIaHHbIe KpenHTbl. HaIJaJlH npHTaTb
CBOH orpOMHhle y6b1TKH B ocJIrnopHblX 3011ax. 51nOIDUl TaK no CHX nap
H He CMorna BHOBb BepH)'TI>CJl K cJl33e 3KOHOMHQeCKoro paCTa.
, Y.'........ "'if '
[excessive; business cycle; is a matter of concern for analysts; on a
year-to-year basis; the early 80-ies; funds; lagged behind; machinery
was scattered all over in the factory shops; issued/extended loans]
251
3a,qaHMe
C,!leJiame nOJIHblH nHCbMeHHblH H pe4>epaUIBHbIH nepeBO,!l I1HTepBblO,
KOTOpOe ,!laJI «beJlOpYCCKOH AenOBOH ra3eTe» 20 lleKa6p1l 1999 r. npe,!lCTaBH-
Tcnb MB<D B JlJ.ITBe U bCJlapycu MapK XOpTOH.
B MHTepBblO r-H XOpTOH CpaBHMI1 cMl)'al.-'MIO B I1MTBe M 6eI1apycM:
[l3To He TaK npocTO CpaBHHBaTb. ECJIH Bbl B nOCnC,!lHee BpCM1I noce-
lltaJIH J1UTBY, TO BbI MornH 3aMeTlfTb, 'ITO ,!laJIa CBOH rIJlO,!lbl H36paHHaH
3TO£} CTpaHOH BaJlIOTHa1l [exchange] nOJIHTI1Ka. B 1994 rony 61.11111 Bbl-
6paHbi O'leHb CTDome [stringent] lleHeiKHO-Kpe1ll1THaH [monetary] 11
BaJllOTHaH CHCTeMbI. Ebmo peweHO He ne'laTaTb llCHbrH, He nOllKpen-
JI HHble .l10JJJJapOBblMH 3anacaMH [reserves]; BaJllOTHble KYPCbl [ex-
change rates] 6blIlH 3a4>HKCl1pOBaHbl.
g B pe3YIlbTaTe B J1HTBe }'iKC HeCKOJIbKO neT nonHOCTblO cTa6HJ1bHaH
BaJlIOTa. HaaepHOC, MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, 'ITO cero.llHH mlTOBCKaH BaJllOTa
TaKaH )l(e CTa6HJ1bHaH, KaK H .l10JJJJap. B Te'ICHHe 5 neT B J1liTBe OQCHb
HH3KaH HH4>n1lI.1HJl, 8 B 3TOM ro.l1Y OHa npCllnOnO)l(HTCIIbHO COCTaBHT
HOIlb npOUCHTOB. JI J{)'M81O, 'ITO 3TO cepbl'!3Ho nOBJlHSmO Ha npHToK [in-
flow] B CTp8H)' HHBecTHLUIH. JJ;OXO.l1 B J1HTBe COCTaBJIHeT nOp1l,!lK8 USD
4 TblC"-'I B ro.l1 HB 'IeJlOBCKa. 3TO rJI8BHbiU 3JIeMCHT ncpeMeH. MO)l(HO
cnopHTb, MO)l(HO roBOpHTb 0 TOM, 'ITO TaKaH CHCTeMa He nOllXO.l1HT JJ.JUI
beJ18PYCH, HO ee pe3YJlbTaTbI XopOWO BI1.llHbi Ha npHMepe J1HTBbl. )]jJH-
TeJlbHaH CTa6HJ1bHOCTb BaJIIOTbI, CTa6HJ1bHOCTb LleH npHBneKalOT
60JIbWOe KOJIli'IeCTBO liHBeCTHUHfi; B pe3ynbTaTc paC1)'T .llOXO.llbl Hacc-
JIeHIDI.
g _ K8K Bioi C.UlTaeTe, nO<JeMY B JbnBe It 6eJJapycil CTOJIb pa3-
nll<JHaH 3KOHOMII<JeCKaH cltTyaulul? Be.llL He T8K .118BHO 01111 BXO-
.llllnli B O.llHY CTpaHY.
MO)l(HO rOBOpHTb 0 MHOrID{ 4>al\.opax. Ho BCe )Ke, MHe Ka)l(eTC1I, 3Ha- -
'Il1TeJIbH)'lO pOJIb CblrpaJIa BaJllOTHaH nOIlHTHKa B 060l1x rocynapcTBax.
B 60IlbwIIHcTBe CeKTOpOB 3KOHOMHKIt JlHTBbl npHcYTcTB)'IOT I1HO-
CTpaHHble KOMnaHHH. ECTb HHBCCTltUHH H B 6aHKoBcKOM CCKTOpc.
3Ha'IHTeJ1bHble cpe.l1cTBa BJIO)KeHbl B nullteB)'IO npOMblWJleHHocTb.
I1HoCTpaHHble I1HBeCTHLlIUI npHcyrCTB)'IOT B TeJleKoMMYHItKaLlHU H
:mepreTuKe [energy sector]. Eonbwoe KonW-leCTBO I1HocTpaHHbix UIIBC-
cTltUl1fi B J1uTBc c03.l1ae-r p83HI1 Me)l(J{)' 6eIlopycCKOH U nmoBcKoii
3KOHOMHKOti [pI.: economies].
252
9 -- KaK B :noii CBSl311 BLI MO)KCTC OX8p8KTCpII30BaTb 3KOHOMII'IC-
CKYIO nOJJJITHKY B I>CJl8PYCil - K npUMCpy, BaJlIOTlIYIO II l1CHC)KHO-
KpC11IITHYIO ?
B nocncn.HifC HCCKonbKO Hcn.cnb npOl1301llJUI Koe-KaKUC H3MCHCHifH.
Ho MHC Ka:>KCTCH. 'iTO B ucnOM nClIC>KHO-Kpcn.HTHajj, 4>HCKaJJbHaH II Ba-
mOTHaII nommlKa [pI.: policies] OCTaJIaCb npc>KHcfi. OHa HanpaBnClla
Ha 110CTJI:>KCHIIC npOMbIllinCHHoro pOCTa. 3TOT pC3ynbTaT nOCTHraCTCjj
Ha HCKOTOpOC BpCMII. HO nOTOM Ha'iIUlaCTCII YBcml<JCHHC IfII<pnjjUHH. H
OHa paCT T O<JCHb 6b1CTpo. Korn.a IIH(JmjjWUI nOCTllraCT TaKoro ypOBHH,
KaK B ECJlapycH 3a nocncnHlIC 2-3 rona, 3TO O'iCHb HcraTifBHbIH <paKTop
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1
b
r
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MIIIICK MIiCCIIII ct>OH11a?
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ro <pHHaHcHpOBaHHjj, a TaK>KC npllBncKaTb 60nhlllc BHelIlHero ct>IfHaH-
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MeCHU. <DOlin. peKoMeHllyeT CHlI3lITb 3TOT nOKa3a-renb [index; figure] no
2-3 %. HaUlioHaJJbHOMY 6auK)' pCKOMelln.OBaHO YHlf<PIfUlipoBaTb pbJ-
HOK BaJJIOTbl.
)
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6HllIf3amm. B HOjj6pc IfH4>lljjUJ1l1 COCTaBlllla 14%. L{o TOro KaK Ha'la-
JIliCb ncpBbIc llIam B 0611aCTII nH6cpaJJlI3awm. 6bIllO CIIlIbHoe naBnc-
Hue Ha Ba.slIOTHblH pbIHOK. PCKOMeHD.3UlliI MIICCHH 3aKnlO'{aJIaCb B TOM.
'{TO 6CllOpYCCKoe npaBIITellbCTBO !l.O.liKHO H3MCHHTb nClleiKHO-
KpC.aHTHYIO II <pHCKaJIbHYIO nOJUITIIKY, 3aJlte.1UUfTb IIH JJlHUHIO, 0611cr-
lllfTb pcryJmpOBaHlle B&lJOTlIOI'O pblHKa. npC>Knc '{CM npOBOll.IITb .!lC-
i
253
HOMHHaLlIDO. B TaKOM CJIY'Iae .neHOM lHaLlIDl MOx<eT npHUeCTH K nono-
X<HTenbHOMY J4>4>eKTY. B npOTHBHOM CJlyqae OHa Mox<eT eUle 60JlbWe
nOJJ.TQJlKH)'Tb cTpaH)' K HH4>mILlIUl.
fJ - KaK Bbl MOjKeTe npOKOMMellTllpoB3Tb iKeJl31111e oeJlOPycCKoro
PYKOBO.nCTB3 nO.'1Y"J3Tb .neUlcBble Jlleprolloc neJIII IJ POCCIIII?
_ ... I1MeR .nocl)'n K .neweBblM JHeDrOHocHTenRM [energy], npellnpJ1-
RTltR He .nyMaIOT 0 TOM, '1T06bI YMCHbwaTb Jlle p rol!M KoCTb [cnergy
consumption] n nOBbiwaTb 3 4>cb eKTuBHoCTb n p OIf3Bo .n CTB a [production
efficiency]. TaK 'ITO C JTHM Ha.uo 6bITb OCTOpOX<HblM- B KOHue KOHIlOB,
He H)')KHO 6bITb 3aB ICHMbIM OT n.CWeBbIX PCCypCOB, nOCKonbK)' B OD.MH
npeKpaCHbIn n.eHb OHI1 MOryr CTaTb lIe.nOCT)'IIHhIMI1, It 3TO CTaHeT WO-
KOM n.JUI 6eJlopYCCKOii 3KOHOMHKIf.
G! - MmKCTe JIll Bbi cpaBHIITb c)n1H311CllpOBaJlIIC, KOTopoe MB«1>
npei10 CT3 B.f1HeT JhnBe II 6e..rI3PYCII?
_ Tpn 6a.,1TlfikKMX rocy.uapCTBa He TaK D.aBIlO .nOroBOpllnllCb C MB<I>
no nOBOllY npom3MM cr.m.n-oait [on stand-by arrangement). EUle
paHbwe 3TH Tpll CTp3HbI 3aRBWUI 0 TOM, 'ITO He 6yn.yr IfCn0J1b30BaTb
.nCHbnl, npe.n.OCTaB.I1CIIHble MB<I>. ,D;OroBOpCIIIIOCTb 0 npCll.OCTIlBJICHUIf
Kpcmrra cT3H.I1-6an II)')KHa flM KaK onpc.neJ1eHHWH 3HaK. Ha npowcn.-
weit Hen.cnc B BWlbHIOce pa60TMa MHccml MB<l>. TIpcll.nOJIaraeTCR,
'ITO JImBa nOJl)"lIIT 3aeM B 80 MnH. 1I.0nnapOB, 110 cTpaHa paCC1.jHThIBa-
eT He HCnOJlb30BaTb 3Tlin.eHbrH, XOTH BnpaBc 6Yll.eT }!eJlaTb 3TO. B 6e-
napYCH, KaK BbI 3HaeTC, MHCCiUl 4>OHlJ.a 6bma B IlOHOpC. B03MOiKHOCTb
npe.uOCTIlBJ1eHIUI KpeJUITa .l1ax<e He oOCYJKD.anaCb. ECJlII lIa'laTblC warn
no ml6epanll3aLl 1H BanlOTHoro pblHKa H YiKccT04eHUIo [tightening] lle-
HeX<Ho-KpeJI.1ITHoil nOJlMTlIKIl npo.nOJlx<aTCR, TO Mox<eT B03HlfKHyrb 6a-
3a .lU1R Ha4Ma .nUCII.")'CC IH no nOBo.lIY nporpaMMbl -'1I1H EcnapyclI B nep-
BOM nonyromUl CJlCn.YIOlllCro ro.na.
. 3a t:fHe .
L(ml nepeBon.a B .naHIlOM 3an.aHIUI npe.lU1araIOTCR TPH HeOOJlbWHe CTIlTblf
cnelUlMHCTOB B 06J1aCTH 4>HHaHCOB 113 POCCHH, BeHrpHH J1 4exllU, KOTopble
6b1J1H ony6J1HKOBaHbI B «EeJlOPYCCKOM raJeTC» 2 OKTA6pR 2000 r. no.n Py6pH-
KO" «KanHTMH3M».
06paTHTe BHIIMaHlle Ha 3aronOBKH Kax<n.oM U3 CTaTeH. ,D;..'UI npUBJle1.jeHHH
BHHMaHHR 'IHTaTeJ1R HCnOJlb3)'1OTCH TaKHe cpen.cTBa, KaK Memm/JOpa (<<BeH-
repcKHe Ka'IeJlID) - "Hungarian Swings"), aJIJ1103UR (<<OT pbI6b1 - K y.no 'IKe » -
"From Fish to Fishing-Rod", Kor.na HMeeTCR B BH.lIY Jl3BeCTHaH aHrJJuikKaH
254
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all
npHT'Ia 0 TOM, 'ITO JJ.JUI nOMOIliH I'OJlOllHblM HaJi,O Ha}"JHTb IDe nOBHTb pbl6y, a
He KIDKLlblH paJ LlaBaTb HM pbl6y, Kor.na HM XO'IeTC" eCTb) H ucnon6:J08allue
C038)'IlHblX cn08 (<d13L1ep:>KKH 3aJi,ep:>KKH» - "The Costs of the Delay") CLle-
name H 06cYLlHTe Ha 3aIDITHH nOJlRbIH nllCbMeHHblH nepeBoLl Ka:>Kll.OH CTaTbH,
a 3aTeM CLleJlaHTe pe4>epanIBHblH nepeBoLl Bcen nOLl6opKH.
OT Pbl6bl - K YilOl.fKE
3aJtlecmume.rz6 .Mullucmpa fjJullallco8 Poccuu AAeKceu YmoKue8
[J CeH'IaC y Hac B cTpaHe LlOBOJlbHO npOTHBOpe'IlffiaJI clfI)'alIWl. C O.ll.HOH
CTOpOHbl, 3KOHOMHqeCKHe nOKaJaTenH O'IeHb xopomHe. Mbi HHXorLla He liMe-
nH TaKIDe XOpOIilllX nOKaJaTeJJeH He TonbKO 3a nepHOLl TpaHc4>opMallHH, HO H
3aD.Onro LlO 3Toro. 3a 8 MeC"lleB 3KOHOMH'IeCKHH pOCT - 8 %, pOCT npoMbIm-
neHHoro npoH3BOLlCTBa - 60nbme 10 %, pOCT HHOeCTIlUHH - 60nbme 14 %
POCT nOCJIeLlHerO nOKaJaren" 03HaqaeT, qTO 6H3HeC OlleHHoaeT CBOM nep-
cneKTHBbl Ha poccHlicKOM pblHKe KaK LloJlrOCpOqHble. Mbl xopowo IIcnonHH-
eM [execute] TeK)'IllHli 6JOJDKeT. EcJUI paHbwe npaoHJ10M 6bJnO HCJi,OBbInOn-
HeHHe [underexecution] 6JOLI:>KeTa, HaKonneHHe 3aD.On:>KeHHOCTH no 06jJ3a-
renbCTBaM 6JOLI:>KeTa [accumulating or accruing arrears on the budget
liabilities), TO B 3TOM roJl.Y Mbl nonytlaeM LlOnOJlHHTeJJbm.Ie LlOXO.ll:bl
[revenues). 31'0 C03L1aeT HeKoe Bne'IaTJleHHe KOM4>OPTHOCTH. Ho MI,l nOHHMa-
eM, qTO BO MHOroM [in many respects] BCe :no ynHpaeTCJI 0 6naronpllJlTH)'JO
BHemHe3KOHOMH'IecK)'IO KOH"bIOHIITYpY [situation, state of affairs, state of the
market], XOT" He TOJlbKO B Hee.
g KorLla pOCT B POCCHH CB"3bIBaJOT e LleBaJIbBaUHeH H yny'IWeHHeM ye-
DOBHH ll1I" KOHKypeHlU-rn, CHH:>KeHHeM OTHOemeJlbHblX M3L1ep:>KeK [relative
costs] ll1I" npeLlnpIDITHH - 3TO, 6e3ycnoBHo, npaBltJlbHo. KorLla ero CB"3bIBa-
JOT e xoporneH KOH'bIOHKl)'pOH Ha He4>Tb H Ha raJ, LtBeTHble [nonferrous] Me-
TaJIlIbl, TO 3TO TO:>Ke npaB.lJ.a. Ho 3TO He BC" npaB.lJ.a. Y Hac 6blJla eXO.llHaJI Kap-
11ma no LlHHaMHKe LteH 3KcnopTa, HO MI,l HMenH He pOCT, a eepbe3Hbli1 cnaLl
[decline) npOlf3BOLlcTBa. POCT CeH'IaC 03Ha'IaeT, '1TO Clj>opMHpOBaJICJI pbIHO'I-
HO OpHeHTHpOBaHHblH ceKTOp. KOTOpblH HayqHDC" pearHpOBaTb Ha MaKp03KO-
HOMH'IecK)'IO LlHHaMHK)'. ,lLIUI npe.ll.I1pHjJTIIH Y:>Ke pa60T3JOT 6JOJDKeTHbie orpa-
HH'IeHH" [restraints]. 31'0 3Ha'lHT, '1TO 6H3HeC H3XOllIIT B03MO:>KHOCTH CHH-
:>KaTb H3L1ep:>KKH.
g OpH HblHemHeH KOH"bJOHKl)'pe BHernHero pbIHKa HaM He HY:>KHbI Kpe-
.lUfTb1 MH<%>. 4TO HaM H)':>KHO OT EC, TaK :no npH3HaHHe POCCH" KaK CTpaHbI C
pbIHO'IHOfi 3KOHOMHKOH. 31'0T mar cepbe3Ho nOMO:>KeT HaM B OCYllleCTBJleHHIl
pe4>opM. CerOLlH" nOMOII{b co CTODOHbl [on the part of] Me:>KLlYHap0.ll.HbIX op-
255
raHI13aUHH ocywecTBml'eTClI HCCKOnbKO XaOTlI'IHO. Pa3HbIe MIlHHCTepCTBa B
CBOlIX C06CTBeHHbIX pe)[nlMaX BeJ{)'T neperoBopbl. Mbl XOTenll 6b[, 'no6bI
TeXHlf1.IeCKaR nOf,tOWb OCYIlleCTBmlJIaCb B paMKax [within the framework 01]
.lleCRnrneTHeH crpaTeBm pa3BHTHR Poccml (00.)'
BEHrEPCKLI1E KALJEJlLl1
Jl,fltllucmp pllllUIIC06, zocce«pemapb Bellzpllu ll,fuxa.'lbl Bapza
[J 3KOHOMH'IeCKOe Pa3BHTUC BCHrpl1H MO)KHO pa3.n:emfTb Ha nllTh :nanOB.
Oml BbI.llCmI'IOTClI no TOMY, KaK npoBolurnacb 3KOIIOMH'IeCKall nOnllTl1Ka, Ka-
KHe CTaBHJIIICb uemf, KaKOBhI 6hlJII1 TeMnbI pocTa II IIH<I>nllUIfH. nepBbIH
:nan - nOnHTH(leCKCUI TpaHc<I>opMaUHlI 1990-92 rr. EbUI npc.n:npl1HHT LlenblH
pll.n: MCp no nepexoDy K pbIHO'IHOH 3KOHOMI1Ke. Ho MbI HC 6hilll1 B COCTOllHlUi
Y.llep)KaTh cTpaHY OT CnOmaHWI' K <l>l1HaHCOBOM}' KpI13HCY. 3TO 6blJIa nnaTa 3a
CHCTeMHbJe [systemic] -rpaHc<I>opMaUl1l1. Ha BHyrpeHHeM pbIHKe pe3Ko B03pOC
l1MnOpT, yxy.n:WHJIOCb nOJIOiKeHHe rocnpe.llnpH1ITHi1. Cy6C11.llHlI YBCJIII'IUBaJIU
.llaBJIeHlle Ha 61O.ll)KeT. YCHJIHBaJIOCb IfII<I>nllUHOHHOe .n:aBneHHe. Pocna 6c3pa-
60THua, YBenl1LJHBaJIaCb COLllfaJIhHall HanpllJKeHHocTb. CTlIMymlpOBaJIHCb
HHocTpaHHbIe IfHBeCTlfllHH, KOTopbIe cnoc06CTBOBaJIH npHxo.n:y B cTpaHY Tex-
HOJIOBIH H 3HaHl1I\.
g BTOPO" nan - 1993-94 rr. - OTMCqeH 3KOilOMlILJeCKHM pOCTOM (5 % B
1994 r.). Ka3aJIOCb, npaBIITcnbcTBY y.n:aJlOCh OCTaHOBIITb naIleHlIe BBn. CTa-
6Hnll3HpOBaTb npOIl3BO.llCTBO. BnepBblc nocne npo.n:OJJ)KHTCJIbHoro ncpuo.n:a
CTamaUHH OTHoweHue [ratio] «noTpc6nCHl1e-HHBCCTHI.lHH» CTaJIO CKJIa.n:bl-
BaTbClI B nonb3Y lfHBCCTHUI1H. O.llHaKO, B 3KOHOMHKe Ha6nlO.n:aJIl1Cb CYWCCT-
BCHHble .!J.Hc6aJIaHcbl. B 1994 r. .n:cdmllHT TCKvw.ero C'IeTa [current account
deficit] HaxO.llIUlClI Ha onaCHO HH3KOH OTMCTKC - 9,4 % BBn. IhfCThI" BHern-
HI1" .n:OJIr [Nct foreign debt] BblpOC J10 $18 MJIp.n:., 61O.n:JKeTHbIi1 .n:eQ>lfuIfT - J10
8,4 % BBn. HH<I>nllulIlI nO-npC)[(HeMY OCTaBaJIaCb OqCHb BblCOKOH - OKono
20 % B rOJ1. (00') CH'I)'aUHIO ycyry6nllIlo [was aggravated] OTCyrCTBHc pe-
<l>OpM B rocceKTope.
(j
L
1
I TpeTHH 3Tan - 1995-96 IT. - MO)[(HO Ha3BaTh nCpH0J10M )KOHOMU(le-
CKOH KOHCOnHJ1aUHH H pecTpYK1)'pH3aUIIII. MHorHc rocnpellnpHlITlllI TOJIbKO
Ha 3TOM 3Tane nOqYBcTBOBaJIlf BCIO cepbe3HocTb 6101I,)[(eTHb1X orpaHIILJeHl1ii.
npaBlrrenbCTBO 6blJI0 BbUlY)[(lIeHO lIeBaJIbBlfpOBan <l>OPlfHT, YBCJIII'IHnaCb
IfH<I>nllUl1H. MHomc 6101I)[(CTHlIKH [budget sphere employees] nOTCpllm-1 pa60-
1)'. 3KOHOMHLJeCKCUI pelIccclIH nOBneKJIa 3a c060" [was followed by] cOKpa-
IllCHHe COUHaJlbHblX nporpaMM l1 pOCT Hanpll)[(CHHlI. MHOf1ie 6alIKH 6b1JIl1 B
Kpl1TH'ICCKOM COCTORHHH. If rocYlIapcTBo nomno 11M Ha BbIpY'lKY [came to the
T
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256
B rescue], HCn01lb30BaB 601lbWOe KonH'JeCTBO 610llJKCTHbiX llCHcr - OK01l0
1.1 $2 Mnpll. 3TO 6blJlllanCKO HC ny'lWHi't cnoc06 liHBCCTllpoBamm.
f)
!J T01lbKO Ha 'lCTBepTOM 3ranc - 1997-98 rr. - 6bI1II1 3anOJKCllbI OCHODbl
C-ra6H11bHOro 3KOHOMH'JCCKoro pOCTa. 3Ha t UITe1lhHO BbIpOC 3KcnopT, npeUMY-
lIlCCTBeHHO 3a C'IeT pa60ThI HHOCTpaHliOro Kamnana BHYTpl1 CTpaHbl. Bncp-
BbiC C 1989 r. pOCT 33HHTOCTH [cmployment] conpOBO>KllancH pOCTOM nOTpc6-
neHHH [consumption]. (...) 611arollapSi KpynHoMaclll-ra6Hoi't npnBaTII3alUUf H
CTa6H11H3aLUiH llCHeJKHOH CHCTeMbl, C03llaHlflO 6naronpllHTHoro I1HBeCTIIUH-
B. OllllOro KJIHMaTa OTMC'JCH pOCT 'JHC1Ia npellnpmrmH Manoro H CpC.lI.Hcro 6ID-
1- Hcca.
ii
II
II
a
C
II
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flUblH 3Tan Ha'JanCH B 1999 r. fnaBHoH 3alIa'lefi HBl1J1eTCJI BbIXO.lI. Ha
M3Kp03KoHoMII'JecKHc nOK33aTcnH cTpan 3ana1!.HOii EBponbl. 3-1"0 UC06XOllH-
MO TaK>KC .lJ.JIH Bbtn0l1HCHJ1H VCJlOBHH [meeting the rcquirements] no BC1)'n1le-
HHiO B EC. (...) 51 YDCPCH, 'I.TO 'l1lCHCTBO B llaHHOIr OpraHl13alUIH 3Ha'JIfTCnbHO
YBeJUI'JHT B03MOJKHOCTH HaWCH CTpaHbl.
3nEP K 3ADEP K
B
MllIlucmp fjJullallco6 lJexuu Huallllu..11111 (Blleplloo 1997-98 u.)
I] CcrollllH 3KOHOMII'JCCKaJl cH1)'aLlHJI B 1.JCXHlI [the Czech Republic] HC-
MHoro Y1I)"fUJacTCJI. 3KOHOMH'JCCKOC Bbl3.lI.OpOB1ICHHC npOIfcxollHT npn COUII-
an-.lI. CM oKp3TII'JCCKOM npaBlfTC1IbCTBC, HO xO'l.y CKa3aTb, '1TO OCHOBY .lJ.JISi Bbl-
XO.lI.a JIX PCUCCCHlI 3anO)KHI10 npC.lI.bI.lI.YlI.{ce npaBHTCJlbCTBO. rOD.OBaR IIH<I>JlSI-
UHSI COCTIlBJlSlCT 4 %, 'JTO S1BJlRCTCSI 01!.HHM H3 ny'JUJIIX nOKalaTCl1CH
[in icators] CpeD.H cTpaH UCHTpanbHOii H BOCTO'lHOIi EBponbl (...).
g 51: c'JHTalO, '1TO pcry1lHpOBaHnc Ii onpcllcl1eluIc napaMcTpoB COLlHanb-
Hhtx paCXO.lI.OB HBJlSlCTCSI OllHOn 1f3 caMblX CJlO)KHblX c<I>cp npn npoBcllcmm
1paHc<I>opMaLlHH. 06S13aTCJlbHblC paCXOD.bl 610ll>KCTa, TO CCTb Tpc6ycMbie 3a-
KOHOM COLlHanbHblC BblIlJ1aTbl (nCHCIUI H T.1!..) COCTaBJUUIII 44 % B 1995 r. B
2001 r. .lI.aHHbIH nOKa3aTCJlb 6Y.lI.CT lfaXOllIITbCSI Ifa ypOBHC 56 %. To CCTb 6C3
113MCHcmm COUllanbHofi CliCTeMbl COCTOSlHilC rocy.aapcTBcHHblX [public] <1>11_
HaHCOB pC3KO YXYlllllae-rcSi. ,[{a>Kc eClIIl B cTpaHc 6YllCT HaomollaTbcH 3KOHO-
MII'ICCKlfH pOCT, 61OD.>KCTHbJC nOCTVnncmlSl [revenucs] 6Yll}'T HU>KC 06S13a-
TeJIbCTB. PaHO HJ111 n03lIHo HallO 6Y!lCT npHMCHJlTb HenonynSlpHblC MCpbl. ,[{a.
TpYD.HO 06"bJICmITb nlOlISlM, '1TO IIcnb3S1 BC'IHO )Klnb 8 llOJlr. ... OOD.06HIDI 3a-
l!a'la no.!! ClUry TonbKO cnnbHOM)' npaRinenbCTB)". KOTOpOC peWHTCJlbHO Ha-
CTpoeHo Ha CTOJIb HC06XO.lI.IIMblC pC4JOPMbl. C03D.3Hlle np3BOBoH cpellbl .lUVI
257
clJYHKLlHOHHpOBaHlUl qmHaHCOBoro H 4>OHJIOBOfO [stock] pbIHKOB HBnJlCTCJI
06H3aTeJlbCTBOM rocYJlapCTBa. (...)
g C nepBoH np06neMoH HenOCpeJlCTBeHHO CBII3aHa BTopaH - rocYJlapCT-
BeHHbIH JlOJlr H npOBeJleHHe JlJ16epaJIH3aLlHH clJHHaHcoBOn cclJepbI H nplfBaTIt-
3aLlHH 6aHKoB. (. . . ) PellleHHe 0 npJlBaTH3aLlHH 6aHKoB 6bIJlO npHHJITO B
1997 r. CHryaUHJI 6bU1a TaKOH. IjTO ueHa BbITIlnfBamlH 6aHKoB H3 KPH3Hca
OKa3aJ1aCb Bblrne, ljeM B03MO)l(HOCTb nocrynneHHH OT npHBaTlI3aLUiJI. 11 cero-
JlHR Mbl HMeeM orpoMHoe KOJlHljeCTBO «rIJ]OXHX» JlOJlroB. I1x 061,CM B HOM}!-
HaJlbHOM BbIpa)l(eHIUl [in nominal value] oLlemmaeTCR B 90 % BBn. ... tIeru-
CKOMY npaBHTeJIbCTBY HaJIO JlOBeCTH JlO KOHLla npHBaTH3aLlIDO 6aHKoB, nOTO-
MY IjTO 6e3 HliX HelIb3" 06eCne'UITb HOpMaJlbHOe clJYHKUHOHHpOBamle PbIHOIj-
HOH 3KOHOMHKH.
I
IJ
C
tJ
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q
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!! TpeTbR np06J1eMa, 0 KOTOpOH " XOTeJl 6bI CKa3aTb. - 3TO COBO KYTI HbIn
[aggregate] JlOlIf. K ero YBeJ1H'-IeHillO HMeJOT OTHorneHHe H HepeclJopMHpoBaH-
HaR COUHaJlbHaH Cl1CTeMa, H B(,JT"rl1BaHHe H3 KpH3l1Ca rocYJlapCTBeHHbIx 6aIt-
KOB. XOIjY OTMeTHTb, IjTO cTapTOBbIe YCJlOBHJI AI1J1 npOBeJleHHJI peclJopM B tIe-
Xl1H. B OTJlH'me OT nOJlbWH, 6bIJIH JlOCTaTOIjHO XOPOlllHMH. ... B Ha'laJIe pe-
clJOPM ,l1oJIr COCTaBJI"JI Bcero [accounted for just] 10-15 % BBn. IDKe B
1996 r. ,l10Jlr COCTaBJ1"J1 TOJlbKO [did not exceed] 9,9 % BBn. Ho B 3TO BpeMJI
np0.lloJl)l(aJI HapaCTaTb CKpbITblH .Ilonr. Ero 06'bf!M 6bIJI ropa3,l10 BbIrne, '1eM
OclJ"UlaJ1bHO perHCTpHpyeMbIH. B 3TOH cHryaUHH He06xoJlHMO 6blJI0 cQIo.-pa-
maTb paCXOJIbl [expenditures] H YBemlljl1BaTb JlOXOJI.bl [revenues].
o
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11
to
11
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51 np110pHTeTOM '1ernCKOH 3KOHOMl1'1eCKoi1 nOJll1THKlI JlOJI)I(HO 6b1Tb OT-
KpbITOe OTHOWeHl1e K JIomy. Han.o ero He npJlTaTb, a nOKa3aTb peaJIbHOe CO-
CTOJlHHe oomeCTBeHHblX c1J"HaHCOB. ... np03pa'lHOCTb clJHCKaJIbHOii nOJlllTlIKll
HBJI"eTCJI ne06XO)U1MbIM 3J1eMeHTOM BblXOJla tIexHiI 113 Kpl13Hca. Ha cero
,[lH"WHHH JleHb, nocJle 11 lIeT peclJoPM, nO-npe)KHeMY HaJIO CJlelIaTb OljeHb
MHoroe. (...)
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CJlenaATe peclJepaU1BHbIH nepeBOJl Ha aHfJlHticKl1H H3blK CTaTbH pOCJlaBa
POMaHIjYKa, ony6J1HKOBaHHOH B «EeJlOPYCCKOH ra3eTe» 30 OKTH6p" 2000 r.
258
:TCjj
HAM Mom CKOPO LJTO- TO llA Tb
Y8epelllIO :lU8/lR1011l 6e.nOpyccKue 8110cnru 110 110800)' "peOUI1l08 AfBtlJ
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S! ... ECJlH Bb! 6Yl1eTC )f\.uaTb, '{TO 60JlbillHHCTBO HaCCJlCHHII 1-1 nOmITH-
lICCKHX napTH" BbiCKa)KeT CBOe OJIOOpCHHC npe.lUlO)KCHHOfi BaM" npo-
rpaMMbl, TO BLI HHKOr,lla HC Ha'-lHeTe npouccc TpaHclJ>opMaUHW. ECJlU
6LI Mbl HC HallaJIH aKTI1BHO .ueHCTBOBaTb, a )KJIaJIl1, TO norpjl3J1H Obi B
.uHCI\YCCHJlX H HHKor,aa HH'lero HC ,l106HnHCb. J1 3TO B YCJlOBlijlX .nel\w-
KpaTHH. CKOpOCTb H npaBIUlbHO BbJ6paHHOC HanpaBneHHe l1BHiKeHHjI-
)TO KJlIO'-IH K ycnexy. (...)
263
PEKOMEH.QYEMMI Ilit1TEPATYPA
II
r
1. Ail3emwn e.M., Ea oacapo8aJI.B., BacuHa He., DlyufeHKo HH.
Y'IC6HOC nOC06JiC no TCXHIi'lCCKOMY ncpcBony. POCToB-ua-,lJ.oHY:
<1>CHliKC, 1996.
2. AHopliaHoB e.H., CopoKUlla fl.H YttC6HHK 3KOUOMHttCCKOro nCpcBOJl.a.
MOCKBa: MC)!(nyHapOD.HbIC OTHOIllCIUUI, ] 961. 2
3. AnOJl!lOBa M.A. rpaMMaTH'ICCKI1C TJ'y,lUIOCTH ncpcBOJl.a. MOCKBa:
BblCUlM IDKOJIa, ] 980.
4. AplicmoB HE. OCHOBbl ncpcBon:a. MocKBa: H"3J1.aTCJIbCTBO JII1TCpaTYpLl
Ha I1HOCTpaHHblx J13bIKax, 1959.
5. EapxyiJapOB JI.e. R3blK 11 ncpcBOJl.. MOCKBa: MC)!(Jl.YHap0Jl.HbIC
OTHOIDCHHJI. 1975.
6. EapxyoapOB JI.e., )J(YKOBO 1011., KaaclOK HB., l1Iaeulfep A.p. Ooc0611c
no ncpcBO)lY TCXnH'ICCKOH mnepaTYPbl (aUrJIHHCKliH Jl3bIK). MocKBa:
BblclllaH IDKO,1a, 1967.
7. EenocmOlfKuu 1O.r., EYJ/2aKOBa JI.H, J]RmJ/oea e. B. II iJp. noco611c no
ncpcBony: PYCCKHH - aHrJIl1HCKHH J13bIK. MocKBa: PyCCKJlH 113b1K. 1990.
8. EOJ/xOBlImliI/OB B.B., CUIIb601/0all'l H.11. Y'JC6HO-MCTOJl.H'JCCKOC nocoGlic
no npaKTJlKC nepcBOJl.a (aHrm1HcKHH Jl3bIK) J]JlJl C1j')lemOB IV KYpca
nepeBO)l'lCCKoro 4JaKYJIbTeTa. MIUICK: MrOH"H5I, ] 98].
9. Epeyc E.B. OCHOBbJ TeOpml11 npaKTI1KI1 nepeBo)la C PyccKoro H3blKa
Ha aHrmiikKI1H. MocKBa: H"3)laTCJIbCTBO YPAO, 1998.
10. BJlaxOB e., f]JJ/oPUI/ e. HcncpcBO,ll.HMOe B nepcBO,ll.c. MocKBa:
MC)!(nyHapO,ll.HbJC OTHOllleHHJI, 1980.
11. Tpll20p08 B.E. KaK pa60TaTb C HaY'IHoH CTaTbt!H. MocKBa: BblCIllM
UlKOJIa, 1991.
12. TymHep MJ1.. Ooco6lic no ncpcBO,ll.Y C aHrmlHcKoro Jl3hlKa Ha PYCCKJlH
06mccTBcHHo-nOmITH'ICCKHX TCKCTOB. MocKBa: BblCIllM IllKOJIa, 1982.
13. pOKWmeiiH CJl., MQ1wpoaa EA., POGO,WZIl/OBa CC npaKTU'ICCKI1H "'YP c
nepcBO,ll.a HaY'lHO-TexIDI'JccKOH mt,.epaTYpbJ (AHrJIHHCKlin H3bIK).
MocKBa: BocmI3,l1.aT, 1973.
14. 3pa:JICeaCKaR T.A., TycbKoea T.11. TpY,lI.HOCTII nepcBO,ll.a o6mccTBCHHG-
nOJII1TI1'JeCKoro TCKCTa C aHrmtiicKoro H3blKa Ha PYCCKJIH. MocKBa:
BblclllaH IllKOJIa, 1986.
15. Ka60KIJu B.B. OpaKTI1Ka aHrJIl1HCKoro Jl3b1Ka. C60pHHK ynpa)!(HeHI1H
no nepeBony. English - Russian. CaHKT-OCTep6ypr: COI03, 1999.
264
]6.
17.
IE.
19.
la.
20.
bl
one
10
o.
,611e
27.
28.
j:i
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29.
,ype
30.
)- 31.
32.
KmaKOBa T.A. npaKTIl'leCKHe OCHOBbl nepeBo.ua. English - Russian.
CaHKT-ne-rep6ypr: COlO3, 2000.
KonaKOBa KJI., Wax-HmopoBa B.C I Can Give You a Hand.
(TIoco6He no .I1.BYCTopoHHeMY nepeBo.uy.) MOCKBa: MC>K.Q)'HapOJl.HLle
OTHOllleHIDI, 1976.
KOMllCCOpOB B.H. TeopHH ncpcBo.ua. MocKBa: BhlCUI<UllllKOna, 1990.
KOMlIccapoB B.H., Kopa706a A.JT. npaKTilKYM no nepeBony C
aHrmdicKoro H3blKa Ha PYCCKUH. MocKBa: BhlClllaH lllKona, 1990.
KOMlIccapo6 R.H., PeZlKep HM., Tapxo6 B.H. noc06J1c no nepeBo.uy
C aHfJluikKOro H3blKa Ha PYCCKIIH. 4acTb I. JIeKCI1Ko-4>paJeOJlOfH'JecK le
OCHOBLI nepeBo.ua. MOCKBa: Ih.uaTeJIbcTBo mrrcparypbl Ha uHoCTpallHblx
H3L1Kax, ] 960.
21. KOMuccapo6 B.H., PellKep JUI., Tapxo6 B.H nOC06He no nepCBO.uy C
aHfJll1HCKOrO H3L1Ka Ha PYCCKUrl. 4aCTb II. fpaMMaTH'JecKJle H >KaHpOBO-
CTIUlIiCTH'JCCKHe OCHOBbl nepeBona. MOCKBa: BblClllall lllKOJla, 1965.
2. KpynHo6 B.H B TBop'JecKofi na60paTOpHH nepeBO.ll.'Jlli<a. MocKBa:
Me>K11)'HaponHble OTHOllleHHH, 1976.
23. KpynllOB R.H. Kypc nepeBona. AHrJlJlikKlIn H3bIK. MocKBa:
Me>KJ!.YHapo.uHble OTHOllleHUH, ] 979.
24. KYlllfe6U1J CE., C\fUpH06a H. r:t>. rpaMMaTIl'leCKJle TpYJl.HOCTJI nepeBo.u a .
MHHCK: MrJIY, 1999.
25. fIamb/WeB Jl.K. nepeBo.u: np06J1eMbl Teopuu, npaKHIKu H MeTo.uUKU
npenOJl.1iBaHI1JI. MOCKBa: npOcBeweHlfe, 1988.
26. fIe6U1JKaR T.P.. (/JlImep fQH A.M Teopl1Jl H npaKTUKa nepeBona
C aHrmfiicKoro H3h1Ka Ha PyccKuii. MocKBa: lh.u-Bo JIltTepal)'pbl
Ha HHocTpaHHbix H3blKax, 1963.
fIeB U1 I KaR T.P.. (/JlImepMaH A.A!. np06neMbi ncpeBo.ua. MocKBa:
Me>KnYHapo.uHble OTHOlllCHI1JI, 1976.
MeolluKoaa 3.M (pen.) TIepeBo.u KaK acneKT Jl3Y'JeHI111 HHoCTpaHHoro
H3b1Ka. MocKBa: Ih.uaTeJIbCTBO MfV. 1976.
MlIllbRp-EeJlopY'le6 P.K. 3amicH B nOCJlenOBaTeJIbHOM nepeBo.ue.
MOCKBa: BbICW<UI IlIKOJl3, 1997.
MlIXeJlbCOH T.H. YcneliCKaR HE. C60pHHK ynpa>KHeHll1i no OCHOBHblM
pa3.ueJIaM rpaMMaTuK11 aHfJlHHCKOro HJbIKa. JIeHIIHrpan: HaYKa. 1989.
H06UlfKaR T.Af. KY'1U1i H./1. npaKTWleCKaH rpaMMaTIIKa aHfJlHHCKOro
H3h1Ka. MOCKBa: BblClll<UI IlIKOJla, 1979.
HoceHKO If.A., rOp6Yllo6a E.B. noco6J1e no nepeBony HaY'JHO-
TexHII'JecKoii JIlrreparyphl C aHfJlHHcKOro HJblKa HB PYCCKIli1. MOCKBa:
BbICIlI<UI WKona, 1974.
265
33. flaBJIo(Ja Jl.l1., KpoxaJ/eBa Jl.c., JlaBblul T.A. U iJp. Kypc nepeBolla
C aHrmdkKoro H3b1Ka Ha PYCCKHH. MHHCK: MrOHJMI, 1982.
34. fTapaxuHa A.B. iloc06He no nepeBollY TeXHlf'leCKUX TeKCTOB
C aHrnHHcKoro H3blKa Ha PYCCKHH. l13.n:aHHe 3-e, llOnOJIHelUloe. MocKnn:
BblCIllWl IDKOJla, 1982.
35. fTpoHuHa P.(/). ITepeBo.n: aHrnuHCKOn HaY'lHo-TeXHH'IeCKOA JUiTCpaT)'pbI.
MocKBa: BblCIllWl IlIKOna, 1986.
36. flY.,'It1VlHCKUii A.Jl. BBellcHue B npaKTHI<)' nepeBOlla HaY'lHoi! u
TeXHH'-IeCKOH nHTepal)'pbl Ha aHrJIHHCKHH H3hIK. MOCKBa: HaYKa, 1981.
37. fTYMlVllICKUU A.Jl. LlTCHHe H ncpeBoll aHrJIHnCKOH HaY'IHoi!
Ii TeXHH'IeCKoi1 nHTepal)'pbl. MHHCIC ilonyppli, 1997.
38. flYMlVlHCKlll1 A.Jl. Ynpa)f(HeHHH no nepeBollY aHrmtiicKoH HaY'lHoii
H TeXHlflleCKoH nliTepal)'pbl C aHrJIHHcKOro H3hlKa Ha PYCCKIfH
If C PYCCKOro Jl3hlKa Ha aHrmdicKIfH. MIfHCK: OonYPpH, 1997.
39. fTMlHKo8a T.M ilocooHe no nepeBoll) nonIf3KBHBa.'1eHTHblX TepMIfHOB
Ha aHrJIlfikKHH Jl3MK. MocKBa: BbiCIllaH IlIKOna, 1973.
40. Pel/Kep Jl.11. Teopllil nepeBolla H nepCB011'1eCKWI npaKTHKa. MocKua:
Me)f(.l1YHapo.aHhle OTHOIlleHIIH, 1974.
41. CeuoJl J(:JIC.. MaKJ.lOpOll Y. 11.n:1I0Mbl aHrmdkKoro R3blKa
H ux ynOTpe6neHHe. MocKBa: BblCrnaJiIliKona, 1983.
42. Y80p08 B.n. (oom. pell.) KaK HaY'IHTbCJI nOHlIMaTh H nepenollHTb
HHOcTpaHHblH TeKCT. MHHCK: Bbl1lI3fillIaJl IllKona, 1968.
43. (/)i!OoP08 A.B. OCHOBbl o6mei! TeOplUf nepeBolla. MocKua: BblCIllWl
WKona, 1983.
44. (/)eoomo(Ja H.T., llblzaHKo(JQ HH AHrnHikKHH H3blK. ITpaKTIfKYM
no llUYCTopoHHeMY nepeBo.l1)'. MocKBa: BhlcrnaJi WKona, 1992.
45. lfepHo6 T.B. OCHOBhl CIfHxpoHHoro nepeBOlla. MocKua: BblcwWI WKona,
1985.
46. lfepHRX08CKaJl Jl.A. ITepeBolllf CMLlcnOBWI cTpYK1)'pa. MocKBa:
Me)f(llYHapollHble OTHOWeHIfR, 1976.
47. LJumaJlllHO H.A. Y'IIfTeCb nepeBOlllfTh (fleKCH'IeCKlfe npo6neMbi
nepeBolla). MOCKBa: Me)f(llYHapollHble OTHOIlleRHJI, 1975. .
48. lfY:JICaKUH A., flaJIo.JIC'leHKO n. MHp nepeBolla, IIJUt Be'lHhlii nOllCK
B3aIfMonOHHMaHHJI. MocKBa: BaneHT, 1997.
49. 1l16eUl/ep A.p fllfTepal)'pHLlll aHrJ1HHCKH" Jl3blK B CIliA H AHrmm.
MocKBa: BblcwaJl WKona, 1971.
50. 1l16eUl/ep A.p. OepeBoll II nHHrBHCTIfKa. MocKBa: HaYKa, 1973.
51. 1l16eUl/ep A.p Teopml nepeBolla: CTIll)'C, npo6neMhl, aCneKTbl. MOCKBa:
HaYKa, 1988.
5
5
5
266
52.
53.
Ia:
54.
L1.
l
illexm/"'QH HA. npaKTnKYM no c1JpaJeononm cOBpeMeHHoro
aHrmrncKoro Jl'3L1Ka. lIeHnHrpa.a: npOcBelllemle, 1971.
IOduHQ rr Learn to Interpret by Interpreting. Y'IHTeCb YCTHOMY
nepeBollY. MocKBa: Me>KllYHapollHLle OTHOWeHH1I, 1962.
lOoUHQ rr. Improve Interpreting Skills. (CoBepWeHCTByiiTe YCTHblH
nepeBoll.) MocKBa: Me>KllYHapollHble OTHoweHIDI, 1976.
CO.QEP>KAHME
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