ДВС Теория рабочих процессов ч.2

ISBN: 978-5-06-004143-9
Similar
Ζητήματα και ασκήσεις φυσικής
Τα έργα αββά Ζωσιμά, Ισαΐσου, Δωροθέου (ΕΠΕ)
Geographia. Tom 2
Maximoy о omologhtoy
Text
                    ABJ1rATEl\J1
BHYTPEHHEro
crop AHJ15I
-
I
I
I,
I
r'
I
-
2
P
N
Pr
.
.QMHOMMKO
M KOHCTPYMpOSOHMe
.'
..

c
,,'.-
..
r
.- \ ,. ,,:" .
", t ,.
II :;:::' .
,.- .
 :
,
..
- "".,-

..
...--
.
i:.", "
, , ..
. - 
.

.,.
 1'I\AAC',.
'" oJ>
 TBT 
't 1Il d
0(;AjI\\l

ABJlfrATEl\JIf
BHYTPEHHErO
CrOPAHJlf5I
2
HHaMHKa
H KOHCTpy"pOSaHHe
H3()UHlIe mpel11be, lIepepa6ol11aHHOe
Ilo)J pe)JaKIJ.MeH
1meHa-KoppecnOH)JeHTa PAH,
npoq,., kpa TeXH. HaYK B.H. JIYK311HH3
11 npoq,., )J-pa TCXH. HaYK M.r. 1113TpoB3
J.LonyutCIIO
MI1III1CTCpCTBOM 06pa30BamUII1 lIaYKH
Poccl1iicKOii ct>eltcpal!m-1
B K3'1CCTBC Y'lCOIHU\a .rillS! C1 YIlCIITOB
BhlCllilIX Y'lC6I1bIX 33Bc.'1.eIll1H.
06Y'laIOlltI1XCIi 110 CnCUHaJlbUOCTH
«ABTOM06I1JIIJ H aBTOM06nJ1bHOC X03JJilcTBO»
IIanpaBJJCIII111 nO.L\fOTOBKII I\lflTJJOMl1pOBanUbiX
CnCUIIaJ1I1CTOB «3KCnJ1yaTaulUl Ha3cMHoro
TpaHcnopTa n TpaHcnopTHoro 060pY;:\OBaHIIII»
i
r
/ll11 \.\\"r"
MOCKI3t\
«BbICillA51 ill KOJIA»
2007

y,nK 621.43
EEK 31.365
,n 23
YlJe6HlD\-KOMnAeKC «pBC» yi)ocmoen npeMUU IIpaiJumeAbcm6a
POCCUUCKOU (]>ei)epalluu 6 06AaCmU naYKU U meXHUKU 3a 1999 zoi)
A B TOp LI: B. H. JIYK8HHH, 1-1. B. AJIeKCeeB, M. r. DaTPOB,
A. B. llSBJIOB, 10. B. rOpUIJ(OB, H. 1-1. H838poB, C. ll. E)I{OB,
JI. M. M8TIOXHH, B. B. CHHHBCKHH
Pe1\eH3eBT -
Ka4Jea <<IIoplliHCBL1e H KOM6HIDlpOBallHblC AlUiraTeJlH»
MITY HM. H. 3. :6aYMaHa (3aB. Ka4Jelq)oH - 3aCJIYJKeHHL1H CJlTem. HaYKH
H TeXHHKH P<1I, -p TeXH. HayI, np04l. H. A. HBall\CHKo)
tl,UH('8TeJlH BHYTpeHHero Crop8HHH. B 3 KH. KH. 2. J].HHaMHKa
tJ. 21 II KOIICTPYMpOBaHl:le: Y'le6HMK A.JUI BY30BjB. H. JIYKaHHH,
11. U. AneKceeB, M. r. illaTpoB H p.; rro pe. B. H. J1YKaHHHa H
M. r. IllaTpoBa. - 3-e H3. nepepa6. - M.: BLIClll. lllK., 2007. -
400 c.: HJI.
ISBN 978-5-06-004143-9
B KHHrC COCp:IKaTCJ1 CBeeBRJ1 no KHHeMaTRKe H aMHKe KpHBOIllHIIBO-
rnaTYlIHoro MexaBH3Ma, B3JIaralOTCJl BOnpOCL1 ypaBHOBellIHBaJJHJ1, KOJIc6aIlHH, my-
Ma H BH6paB ,l],BC H HX 3JICMCHTOB; npOBceB aHaJIH3 YCJIOBHH pa60Thl, oc06eH-
Hocreii: KOHClpYKlJ,HH, pac'lCTa eTaJIeii: H CHCTeM ,nBC; paccMOlpeHbI OCBOBLI
npoeKTllpOBallHJl )],BC C HCrrOJI&30BallHeM 3BM.
PAR cmy(}enmof meXlJ!I.'U!C KUX eY306 u cneljuaAucmoe.
---
Y,l],K 621.43
E:6K 31.365
ISBN 978-5-06-004143-9 (KH. 2)
ISBN 978-5-06-004145-3 @ <1IrYn <ill3aTeJl&CTBO <<BLICmaJI 1IJI(0JIa», 2007
OpHrHHa.rr-MaKeT MHHoro H3MHHJ1 J1BJIJ1eTCJI C06cTBeBHOCTblO H3J{areJIhCTBa <<BLI-
cmaJI WKO.rra», Hero penpO,q)'lIHpOBamJe (BocnpOH3BeellHe) JII06LIM crroco60M 6e3
cor.rraCHJ1 H3MTeJIhCTBa 3arrpCll\aeTCJl.
",

IIPE).I.HCJIOBI-IE
HaCTOmQWI KHHra JIBIDIeTCSl BTOpOH 'IaCTblO Y'Ie6HHKa no )J,BHra-
TeJUIM BHYTpeHHero crop8.HHJl, BKlIlO'IRlOIIleH p3.3JJ:eJIbI, KacaroIIlHecSl
KHHeMRTHKH, roIHaMHKH, OCHOB KOHCTPYHpOBaHWl H paC'IeTa 3JIeMeHTOB
H CHCTeM J]:BC.
DeHOBY npHBe.a;eHHoro B KHHre )"Ie6HOrO MaTepHRJIa COCTaBJISlIOT
KYpchI JIeXUHH, KOTopbIe 'lHTa.JIHCb 'lJIeH8MH RJJTOpCKOro KOJIJIeKTHBa
B MA.LJ:11 (ITY) .a;IDI CTy.n:eHTOB, 06}"1aIOIWIXCg no HanpRBJIeHHlO «Ha-
3eMHble TpRHCnOpTHbIe CHCTeMbI», H no o6:beMY H co.n:ep>KaHHIO COOT-
BeTCTBOBaJIH HX }"Ie6HbIM fiJIaHaM H nporpaMMRM.
Y'Ie6mn<: MO>KeT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaH T8lOKe CTy.n:eHT8MH BbICIllHX
}"Ie6HbIX 38Be.a;eHHH, 06}"1a1OIUHXCg no HanpRBJIeHHID «3HeproMamHHo-
CTpOeHHe» H Cnel{HRJIbHOCTH <<):(BHr8TeJIH BnyTpeHHero CrOpaHIDI»; no
HanpRBJIeHHIO «TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKHe M3.IIIHHbI H o6opy.n:oBaHHe» H cneH-
RJIbHOCTH <dIo,lJ;DeMHo-TpaHCnOpTHbIe, cTpoHTeJIbHhIe, .n:opO>KHhIe M8-
llIHHhI H o6opy.n:oB8HHe»; no Hanp8BJIeHHIO «3Kcn.rry8T8.I{IDI TpaHcnopT-
HhIX Cpe.a;CTB» H CneHa.JILHOCTJIM «QpraHH381IIDI .n:opo>KHoro .ltBH>Ke-
HIDD), «CepBHC H TeXHJfqeCKag 3KCnrry8T8.I{IDI TpaHcnopmhIX H Tex-
HOJIOrH'IecKHX MRIIIHH H o60py.n:OB8.HIDD) (8BTOMo6H1IbHbIH Tp8HcnopT;
cTpoHTeJIbHOe, .n:opo)I(Hoe H KOMMy-HaJIbHOe MamHHOCTpoeHHe); no H8-
npRBJIeHmo «H3.3eMHble TpRHCnOpTHhIe CHCTeMbI» H CneHRJIbHOCTJIM
«ABToM06HJIe- H TpaxTopocTpoeHHe», «ABTOM06H1IH H 8BTOM06HJ1bHOe
x03srliCTBO», «MRIlIHHhI HH>KeHepHOro BoopyxceHWl».
MeTO,lUlK8 H3JIOXCeHIDI MaTepHRJI8 OT.n:eJIbHbIX p8.3.n:enoB M8.KCHM8-
JIbHO a,n;8llTHpOB8.H8 IC cOBpeMeHHbIM cnoco6aM 8HRJIH3a p86oTocnoco6-
HOCTH, 8 TaJOlCe TepMH'IeCKOH H .a;HH8MH'1eCKOH HarpyxceHHOCTH 3JIeMeH-
TOB ,lJ;BHr8TCIDI C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM 3BM.
B }"Ie611bIH M8TepHaJI BICJIIO'IeHhI HOBCHmHe .n:OCTH>KeHIDI B ICOHcrpy-
HpOB8.HHH ,lJ;BHraTeJIeH, Hcnonb3yeMhIX B cpe.n:CTB8X H83eMHOrO Tp8.HCnO-
pT8, HX 3JIeMeHTOB B CHCTeM, 8 TaIOKe OllBC8.HhI COBpeMeHHbIe Tex-
HOJIOnm HX npOB3Bo.n:CTBa, 3Kcn.rryaT8.WIB H peMOHT8.
Bo BTOpOH .KHHI'e aBTophI Y'IJIH B3MeHeHIDI B .n:BHr8TeJIecrpoeHBH,
npoHcme.n:nme co BpeMeHH ee nepBoro B3.n:8.HHg (1995).
OT.a;eJIbHble p3.3.a;eJIbI H8llHCa.JIH: B. H. JlYX8HHH - npe.n;nCJIOBHe,
rJI. 15; 11. B. AJleXCeeB - 1.1.2, rJI. 2, 8 (xpoMe  8.15); M. r. i118T-
pOB - rnRBbI 1 (KpoMe  1.1.2)  1.1.1, 1.2, 3.5, rJI. 4, 5,  8.15, 9.4;
A. B. nRBnOB - rJI. 7, 10, 14; 10. B. rOpllIKOB - rJI. 6, 11,  9.1, 9.2,
3

9.3; H. M. Ha3apOB - rn. 3 (KpoMe  3.5), 15; C. n. EJKOB -  12.1,
12.2, 13.1, 13.2; JI. M. ManoXHH -  13.3; B. B. CHIDIBCKHB -  12.3.
ABTopCKHii KonneKTHB BLIpaJKaer HCKpeBHlO1O 6naro.napBoCTb Kon-
neKTHBY Kacpe,nphl «nOpIllBeBLIe J{BHraTeJIID) MITY .HM. H. 3. fia}'MaHa
(3aB. Kae.npoB - .n-p TeXH. Hayxc, npo. H. A. lliaeHKo) 3a npHHnH-
n.HaJThBOe H .n06pOJKenaTenbHoe peeB3HpOBaHHe PYKonHcH. Hx 38.MeQa-
HHSl BO MHOrOM cIIoco6cTBOBaJIH YJIyqmeBHIO KaqecTBa yqe6HHKa.
ABmopbl
,

rJIABA 1
KHHEMATI1KA H ,l(HHAMHKA
KPHBOIIIHIIHO..mATYHHOrO
MEXAHH3MA
1.1. KHHEMATHKA KPHBOIIIHIIHO-mATYHHOrO
MEXAHH3MA
B aBTOTpaKTOpHhIX .D;BC B OCHOBHOM HCnOJIL3yroTCR CJIe,AyroIQHe
TpH T1ma KpHBomHllBo-maT}'HHoro MeXaBH3Ma (KllIM): 7.IeHmpaAbHblU
(8.KCRanbBLIi), cMeujeHHblu (,ne38.KCHaJIbBLIi) R MeXClHU3M C npU7.lenHblM
wamYHOM (pHC. 1.1). KOM6HBHPYR J{aBBble CxeMLI, MO)KBO c4>OpMHpO-
BaTh KIDM KaK JIHBeiiBOrO, TalC H MBoropJI.AHoro MBOrOnamm,ApoBoro
.D;BC.
PeaJIH.3a:QHR CMeIQeBBOrO (.ne3aKCHa.JIbBOro) MeX8.BH3Ma B03MO)KBa
B ,nsyx sapH3HTax: B nepBOM CJI}"Iae OCb HJIHBJJ.pa Be nepeceKaer OCb
KOJIell'laTOrO Bana .D;BC, a BO BTOpOM - OCb nopmBeBoro naJILa
CMeIQaerCR omocHTeJILBO OCR HJIHII.lXpa.
KpHBonmnHo-maTymn.Iii MexaHH3M C npu::n:enHbIM maTyaoM OT-
.JIH1iaeTCR OT J{PyrHX cxeM H8.JIH1IHeM npu::n:elIHoro maTYHa, COeJ{HHeH-
Horo na.JIbeM c rJIaBHbIM maTYHOM B ero KpHBommmOK rOJIOBKe."
a
(;
6
Pac. 1.1. KHHeMaTH'lecl:He cxeMLI:
Q - :QCII1"p&JII>BOro KIDM; 6 - CMCl:QeBIIOro KIDM;" - - MCX8.BB3Ma c CIIBWM UJa'I}'BOM
5

He06xo){HM0 OTMeTHTb, 'ITO KHHeMaTHKa MeXaHH3Ma rJIaBHOrO maTY-
Ha He OT.JIH1'IaeTCH OT KHHeMaTHK:H n:eHTpa.m.Horo H CMem;eHHoro
KIllM.
li3yqeHHe 38.KOHOB ABIDKeHIDI J1.eTaJIeH KmM npOBOJUlTCH C Y'IeTOM
TOJIbKO ero CTPYICTypbI H reOMerpH'IecKHX COOTHOmeHlm Me)ICJ1.Y 3Bem,H-
MH MeX3HH3Ma He3aBHCHMO OT CHJI, BbI3bIBaroX ero J1.BIDKeHHe, H CHJI
TpeHIDI, npH OTCYTCTB:H:H 38.30pOB Mexc}1.y COnpSDKeHHhIMH ::meMeHTaMH
H nOCTOHHHOH yrJIOBOH CICOpOCTH KpHBomHIla.
IIpH pa60Te )J;BC OCHOBHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI KmM cOBepmalOT p8.3JIII'I-
HbIe BH.W>I nepeMeIQeHHH. IIopmem, }1.BIDKeTCH B03BpaTHo-nocrynaTeJIb-
HO. maT}'H COBepmaeT CJIO>KHoe IDIOCICOnapaJIJIeJIbHOe J1.BIDKeHHe
B UJIOCKOCTH ero lCa'l3HHH. KpHBomHII KOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa COBepmaeT
BpaaTeJIbHOe }1.BH)lCeHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHO ero OCH.
1.1.1. KUHEMATIIKA QEHTPAJlbHOrO If CMEII(EHHOrO
KPHBOIIIHIIHO-mATYHHbIX MEXAHH3MOB
PaC'leTHaH KHHeMaTH'IecICWI cxeMa KIllM npeJ1.CTaBJIeHa Ha pHC. 1.2.
OcHOBHbIMH reOMeTpH'IecrcHMH nap3.MeTpaMH, onpe.n:eIDIlOIQHMH 38.K0-
RbI J1.BHx<eHHH 3JIeMeHTOB n:eHTp8..JThHOrO KmM, JIBJIHIOTCH paJ1.lI}'c KPH-
BOlIlHna 1C0JIeH'laTOrO BaJIa r H .wIlma maTYHa 1m.
TlapaMeTp l = rll m HBIDIeTCH KpHTepHeM lCHHeMaTH'IeclCoro no.n:o-
6HH uell rpaJlbHoro MeXaHH3Ma. IIpH 3TOM .n:IDI KIllM p8.3JIH'lHhIX P8.3-
MCpUlt, 110 C O,l\HllaICOBhIMH l 38.KORbI .n:BIDKeHHH 8HaJIOrll'lHhIX 3JIeMeH-
IOn lIo){o611b1. B aBToTpalCTopHhIX )J;BC HCnOJIb3YIOTCH MeX3.HH3MbI
c l 0,24...0,31.
II CMCII{ellllhlX KIllM CYIQeCTBYeT eIQe OJUIH reoMerpH'IecKHii napa-
MC I p, HJIHHlOllUIH Ha ero KHHeMaTHICY,- BeJIH'lHHa CMeIQeHIDI OCB I{H-
JIHH.n:pa (naJIbn:a) OTHOCBTeJIbHO OCB
1C0JIeH'laTOrO BaJIa a. IIpH 3TOM OT-
HOCHTeJIbHOe CMeIQeHHe k = air JIBJIH-
eTCH .n:onOJIHHTeJIbHbIM (IC l) KPHTepH-
eM lCHHeMaTH'IeCICOrO no.n:06HH. TaKHM
06P8.30M, nOJ1.06HbIe CMeIQeBHbIe
KmM HMelOT OJUlH8.KOBbIe l B k, r.n:e
k H3MeIDIeTCH B npe.n:eJIax 0,02...0,1.
KalC cJIe}1.yeT H3 cxeMbI (CM. pHC.
1.2), lCHHeMaTBlCa KmM nOJIHOCTblO
OllHCblBaeTCH, ecJIH H3BeCTHbI 3aKOHbI
H3MeHeHIDI no BpeMeHH CJIe,l{YIOIQHX
napaMeTpoB:
. nepeMeIQeHIDI nopIIIllll x. Hafla-
JIO OTC'IeTa (x=O) - nOJIO)ICeHHe 110-
pmIDI B BepXHeii MepTBoH TO'llCe
><
CI) ><
a
6
PRc. 1.2. PaC'leTHhle cxeMLI KIllM:
a - }lellTJ>lU1hHoro; 6 - CMelUeBBoro
6

(BMT); 3a nOJIO)KHTellbHOe nanpaBllCHHe OTC"'IeTa npHWITO ero )];BHx<e-
HHe OT BMT IC HHX<HeH MepTBOH TO'iICe (HMT) npH Bp3.IQeHHH ICpHBO-
nmna no 'iaCOBOB: CTpellICe;
. yrJIa nOBopOTa ICpHBOlllHna cpo Ha'i8JIo OTC'ieTa (cp=O) COOTBeT-
cTByeT nOJIO)l(eHHlO ICpHBOIIIHna npH HaxO>K,l];eBHH nopmWI B BMT;-
. yrJIa OTICJIOBeHH.H maTYBa OT OCB .QBJIBB,lI;pa P (fJ=0 npH cp=O).
KaueMBTHKB KpllBOBlBDB. Bp3.IQaTellbHoe ,lI;BIDKeBHe ICpHBOIIIHna ICO-
JIell'laTOrO Bana onpe,ll;elleBO, ecJIH H3BeCTBhI 3aBHCHMOCTH yrJIa nOBO-
pOTa cp, yrJIOBOB: CICOpOCTH ro H YCICopeBIDI £ OT BpeMeBH t.
TIpH ICHHeMaTH'iCCICOM aH8JIH3e KillM npHRJITO .n;ellaTb .n;onyII.\e-
HHe 0 nOCTO.HHCTBe yrJIOBOH CICOpOCTH ('iaCTOThI BpeHH.H) ICOJIeH-
'iaTOrO Barra ro. Tor.n;a cp=rot, ro=const H £=0. YrJIOBa.H CICOpOCTL
II 'iaCIOTa paIUemul KpHBomHfia ICOllell'laTOrO Barra n CBB.3aHhI COOT-
HomeHHeM ro=1tn/30. aHHoe .n;oneHHe n03BOJUIeT H3yqaTb 3aICOHLI
.D;BIDICeHIDI 3JIeMeHTOB KillM B 60JIee y.n;06HOH napaMeTpH'ieCKOH
pMe - B BH.D;e cl>YHKl\HB OT yrJIa nOBopOTa KpHBOIDHIIa H nepexo-
.D;HTb npH Heo6xo.D;HMOCTH K BpeMeHHOH clIopMe, HCnOJIb3YB. JIHHeibIyro
CBB.3b cp H t.
KaueMBTllKB nOpmBR. KHHeMaTHlCa B03BpaTHO-noCTynaTCJIbHO .n;BH-
x<ym;crocB. noplllH.H OllHChIBaeTCH 38.BHCHMOCT.HMH ero nepeMemeHH.H x,
CICOpOCTH v H YCICOpeBIDI j OT yma nOBopOTa ICpHBOillHna cpo
. llepeMeUleHue nOpUlHR npH nOBopoTe ICpHBOIillma Ba yrOJI cp onpe-
.n;eIDIeTCJI ICaIC cyMMa ero CMemeHHH 9T nOBopOTa ICpHBOlliHna Ba yroJI
cp (XI) H OT OTICJIOBeBHJI maT}'Ba Ba yrOJI P (Xn):
X., = r+ 1m - r cos cp -1m COS P
HJIH C Y'ieTOM 1= rll m
x.,=r[(I-cos cp)+(1/1)(I-cos /1)].
(1.1)
CoH3b Mexc.n;y yrJIaMH cp H P onpe,ll;eIDIeTCH no 06meB: CTopoBe DE
TpeyrOJIbBHICOB ODE H CDE (CM. pHC. 1.2, a), OTICY,ll;a,ll;IDI eHTparrbHO-
ro MeXaHH3Ma r sin cp = lw. sin p HJIH 1 sin cp = sin P, a ,lI;IDI CMemeHHoro
r sin cp - a = lw. sin p, 1 (sin cp - k) = sin p. HCnOJIb3 YJI ,lI;3.HBbIe COOTHome-
HIDI, a TaIOICe )"UIThIBaH, 'iTO cos p = .../ 1 - sin ! p, nO.JIy'iHM CJIe,ll;yromBe
3aBHCHMOCTH nepeMCmeHHH nopmWI OT yrJIa nOBopoTa ICpHBOillHna:
MJI eHTp8JIbBoro KillM
x.,=r[(1-cos qJ) + (1/1) (1- .../ 1-12 sin 2 qJ)]; (1.2)
MJI CMemeHHoro KmM
x.{ J(I+i)' :;. - >OSP-= J.
(1.3)
7

C I(eJIblO ynpOlIteHHjJ paC'IeTllblX 3aBHCHMOCTeH ,l\ID1 I(eBTpaJIbHOrO
KIll M p8.3JIo X<HM B p)J,[\ no lPopM}'JIe 6HHOMa HblOTOBa pa,WIKaJI
.J 1_)..2 sin 2 cp:
.J l-)..2 sin 2 = 1- ()..sincp)2-()..sinq>t-()"sin cp)6_
2 8 16
5 ( 1. 8
-- Asmcp) +...
128
#
llpH )..=0,25 8.MIlJmTY.IU>I npH rapMOHH'IecIOlX 'lJIeHaX p8.3JIox<eHIDI
COOTHOCjJTCjJ ICaK 1: 0,031: 0,000488: 0,000015, a npH 1=0,30 - ICaIC
1 : 0,045 : 0,001012 : 0,000046. C Y'leTOM :noro C ,QocTaTO'IHOH ,QIDI npaIC-
THICH TO'IBOCTblO MOJICBO OrpaHH'lHTbCSl ,QB}lMSl nepB.bIMH 'IneHaMH P8.3-
JIox<eBHjJ H nOJIaraTh
.J 1-12 sin 2 cp 1- 1 2 sin 2 cp= I- 1 2 (1-cos2cp).
2 4
TOf,Qa
Xq> r [(I-cos cp) + (1j4) (I-cos 7cp)] =XI+Xn. (1.4)
. Cl<opocmb nOpUl1IR onpe,QeJIReTCR lCaIC nepBaJI npOH3BO,QHaJI OT
IICpCMClIlCIIHH nopUIHR no BpeMeBH, T. e.
dx dx drp
r -----
'1'- dt - tlrp dt'
(1.5)
....0 IIpHMCHHTeJIbBO IC ypaBHeHlDIM (1.1) H (1.4) ,Qaer TO'IBYIO
Vq> = rro sin (cp + fJ)Jcos fJ
(1.6)
H npH6mVICeBHylO
v'I'rro [sin cp + (1j2) sin 2cp]
(1. 7)
3aBHCHMOCTH CICOpocm. nopmIDl OT yrJIa nOBopoTa ICpHBOIllHna.
KalC BH.n;HO 83 (1.6), MaICCHMaJIbHOro 3Ba'leBIDI CICOpOCTb ,QOCTHraer
npH cp + f3 = 90°, lCor,Qa sin (cp -f fJ) = 1. TIpH 3TOM OCb maTyHa nepneH-
.nmcYJIjJpHa P8.JUIycy ICpHBomHlla H
vmJI.X=rro .JI +1 2 .
(1.8)
illHpOICO npHMeIDleMaJI WUI OI(eHKH ICOHCTp)'KI(HH. )J;BC cpedHRR
cKopocmb nopwHR, ICoTopaR onpe,QeJIRerCH ICaIC Co = SnJ30, CBR3aHa
8

m

o
!p
Ew
e
!p
PHC. 1.4. KHHeMaTJf'lecKBe napaMeTpl>l maI}'H8.:
a - yrJIOBOC nepeMew;cHBc; 6 - yrJIOB8.I Cl:opoc-n.. tI - yrJIOBOC ycKopeHBC
'lJIeHe, nponOpI(UOHaJIbHOM kJ... TalC KaK AID! COBpeMeHHbIX ,n;BHraTeJIen
kl=0,01...0,05, TO ero BJIIDIHUe Ha KHHeMaTHKY MeXaHH3Ma HeBeJIHKO
H Ha npaKTuKe HM 06bI'IHO npeHe6per3.lOT.
KHHeM8THK8 m8TYH8. CJIo)I{Hoe WIOCKOnapaJIJIeJIbHOe ABIDI<eHUe ma-
TYHa CKJIa.lU>lBae-rCH U3 nepeMem;eHHH ero BepXHen rOJIOBKH C KHHeMaTH-
'1ecKHMH napaMeTpaMH nopIllHH Hero HH)KI{en KpUBOIDHllHon rOJIOBKH
C lIapaMCTpaMH K0tma KpHBOillHlla. KpoMe Toro, maTYH COBepmae-r
IIpUllldrCJlbllOC (Ka'laTeJThHoe) ABIDKeHHe OTHOCHTeJThHO TO'IKH CO'lJIeHe-
\uUI ilia ryna C 1l0plliHeM.
. Y? AOBoe nepeMeUj.enue wamyna P = arcsin (l sin cp). 3KCTpeMaJIb-
IIMC lJIa'lCIIHH P= :!:::arcsinl HMelOT MecTO npu cp=90 H 270°. B 8.BTO-
I paK IOpnhlX ,lUmraTeJIHX Pmax= :!:::(12...18°).
. YZA08aR. CKopocmb Ka1ltlHWI wamyna row=dPmfdt HJIB row=
= J..w cos cplcos Pm.
3KCTpeMaJIbHbIe 3Ha'leHWI row = :!::: J..ro Ha6JIIOAalOTCB npu cp = 0
H 180 0 .
. YZA060e YCKopeHue wamYHa
dIDm dc.ow drp daJ m . ). 2 _1
e.n=-=- -=ro-=J..ro 2 SInCP .
dt dqJ dt dqJ (1-).2 sin 2 qJ)3/2
3KCTpeMaJIbHbIe 3Ha'leHHB Em = :!::: J..ro 2 J.J 1 + J.. 2 AOCTHralOTCB npH
cp=90 H 270°.
H3MeHeHHe KHHeMaTH'iecKHX napaMeTpOB maT)'Ha no ,YI'.ny nOBopo-
Ta KOIleH'!aTOrO BaJIa npe.u;CTaBJIeHO Ha pHC. 1.4.
10

C'
PacwI1pe-
BnYCK C>KaTI1e HI1e BbmYCK
zl:!______________ L--:'  - : L  . - ; .  .!  @  j
" . . \ : ,'. : . "\ :
...... ' \.... ,,' 1"....,,1: .... ,,' :
0' I
360 - 360 +q>: 0 :
3 : 720-q>:
C' : :
, I
I ,
, I
:b 4 :
'8 (' q>
360 0 - q>
360 0 + q>
p
BMT
7200_ q>
PHC. 1.8. IIepeClpOeBHe TOpBOH arpaMMhl H3 P - V- B P - fP-IoOpaTLI
[J - V B KOOp.n;HHaThI p - qJ noCpe.n;CTBOM onpe.n;eJIeHH.H: V tp = x",Fu
c HCnOJIb30BaHHeM 3aBHCHMOCTH (1.1) HJIH rpa4mQeCKHX MeTo.n;OB
(plfC. 1.8).
CHJIa .n;aBJIeHH.H: r8.30B, .n;eiCTBYIOIIta.H: Ha nopmeHb, HarpY)I(aeT no.n;-
IIIf)l(Hhle 3JIeMeHThI KillM, nepe.n;aeTC.H: Ha KopeHHhle onophl KapTepa
" ypaBHOBemHBaeTCK BHyTpH ,D;BHraTeJI.H: 3a CQeT ynpyroi .n;e<}>opMaWlH
PRC. 1.9. B03eHCTBHe raJOBLIX CHJI Ba 3JIeMeBThl KOBClpynuIH KllIM
15

3JICMCHTOB, 4>OPMHPYIOIWIX BHYTpJIHH,lI;pOBOC npOCTpaHCTBO, CHJIaMH
Pr H P;, .c.ciicTBYIOIUHMH Ha rOJIOBKY I1HJI.HB,ltpa H Ba nopmCBb, KaK 3TO
nOK8.3aHO Ba pHC. 1.9. 3TH CHJIbI HC ncpeJXaJOTC Ba onopbI .n;BHraTCIDI
H HC BbI3bIBalOT cro HcypaBBoBcmCHHOCTH.
1.2.2. CIIJlliI UHEP IDICYII{HXCjJ: MACC KllIM
Pea..rrbHbIH KillM npe.n;cTaBJIHeT C060H CHCTCMY C pacnpe.n;eJIeHHbIMH
napaMeTpaMH, 3JIeMeHTbI KOTOpOH ,D;BH>KyTCH HepaBBoMepHo, 'ITO BbI-
3bIBaer nOBJIeHHe HHepl1HOBHbIX CHJI.
):(eT3JIbBbIii aH3JIH3 ,D;HH8MHKH TaKOH CHCTeMbI npHHl1HllH3JIbHO B03-
MOJKeH, O,ZJ;HaKO conpIDKeH C 60JIbmHM 06'beMOM BbI'lHCJIeHHH.
B CB3H C 3THM B HIDKeHepBoH npaKTHKe .lI;JIH aH3JIH3a ,D;HH8MHKH
KllIM IllHpOKO HCnOJIb3YlOT .n;HHaMH'leCKH 3KBHBa..rreBTBbIe eM)' CHCTC-
MbI C COcpc.n;oTO'leHHbIMH napaMeTp8MH, cHBTe3HpyeMbIe Ha OCHOBe
MCTo.n;a 3aMem;aJOIUHX Mace. KpHTepHeM 3KBHBa..rreBTBOCTH SIBJIHeTCH
paBeHCTBO B JIlO60H 4>8.3e pa60'lero n;HKJIa COBOKynHbIX KBHeTH'lecKHX
3HcprHH 3KBHBa..rreHmOH Mo.n;eJIH H 3aMCm;aeMoro elO MexaHH3Ma. Me-
To.n;HKa CHHTC3a Mo.n;eJIH, 3KBHBa..rreBTHOH KillM, 68.3HPYeTC Ha 3aMeHe
ero 3JIeMeHTOB CHCTeMOH Mace, CB38.HHbIX MCy C060H Be.oeCOMbIMH
a6COJIlOTHO JKecTKHMH CBH3HMH.
. J(emaAU nopume60U pynnbl C06epwOJOm npRMoAWleUHoe 6036pam-
Ho-nocmynameAbHoe ()6UJfCeHUe B.n;OJIb OCH II;RJIHH,lJ;pa H npH aHaJIH3e ec
HlleplHOIIUWX CBOHCTB MorYT 6bITb 3aMem;eHbI paBHOH HM MaceoH Inn,
C()CPCJOTo...eUUOH B n;eBTpe Mace, nOJIOJKeBHe KOToporo npaKTH'IecKH
COIUlUJlUC r C OCblO nopmHeBoro n3JIbn;a. KHHeMaTHKa 3TOH TO'IKB onH-
cJ.mac rc)! 3aKOHaMH ,D;BHJKeHIDI nopmIDI, BCJIe.n;CTBHe 'Iero CHJIa HHepl1HH
IIOPIIll!)! Pju= -mrJ, r.n;e j - YCKopeBHe n;eBTpa Macc, paBBOC YCKOpe-
11"10 IIOpUlHH.
. KpU80wun KOAeH"IlamOO 6aAa C08epwaem pa8HOMepHOe 6paUja-
meAbHoe ()6u:JK:eHue. KOBCTpyKTHBHO OB COCTOHT H3 COBOKynBOCTH .c.BYX
IIOJIOBHH KOpeHHbIX meeK, ,D;BYX m;CK H maTYBHOH mCHKH. RBCPI1HOHHbIC
CBOHCTBa KpHBomHlla onHChIBaJOTCH C}'MMOH n;cBTpo6e>KHhIX CHJI 3JIe-
MeHTOB, n;eHTpbI Macc KOTOphIX Be JIeJKaT Ha OCH ero Bpa.rn;eHHH (m;eKH
H maTyHHaH meHKa): K:I=Krm.m+2Krm.=mmmrro2+2m.rJJmro2, r.n;e Krm.m,
x'm H r, Pm - n;eHTpo6eXOIbIe CHJIhI H paCCTOmm OT OCH Bpa.rn;eBHH.n;O
n;eBTpOB Mace COOTBeTCTBeHHO maTyHHOH meHKH H m;eKH, mm.m H Inw. -
MaCChI COOTBCTCTBeHHO maTyHHOH mCHKH H m;eKH. TIpH CHBTC3e 3KBH-
Ba..rreHmOH Mo.n;eJIH KpHBomHll 3aMeIDllOT MaceoH , BaXOJXmn;eHCH Ba
paCCTOHHHH r OT OCH Bpam;eBIDI KpHBomHna. BeJIH'lHHY  onpc.n;eIDIlOT
H3 YCJIOBHH paBCHCTBa C03.n;aBaCMOH elO n;eHTpo6c>KHOH CHJIbI CYMMe
n;eBTpo6eXOIbIX CHJI Mace 3JIeMCBTOB KpHBOIIIHna, oTKy.n;a nOCJIe npeo6-
p8.30BaHHH nOJI)"lHM =mmm+2mnJJ,Jr.
. 3AeMeHmbi wamYH1tou pynnbl C06epwalOm CAO:JICHOe nAOCKonapaA-
AeAbHoe ()6u:JK:eHUe, KOTOpOC MOJKeT 6bITb npe.n;CTaBJIeBO KaK cOBoKyn-
16

HOCTb nOCTynaTeJIbHOrO ABH)lCeHIDI C KHHeMaTH'IecKHMH napaMeTpaMH
QeHTpa MaCC H BpaIQaTeJIbHOrO ABIDKeHIDI BOKpyr OCR, npoxoAAJI1:eii
'Iepe3 QeHTp Mace nepneH,l\HKymIpHo llJIOCKOCTH Ka'laHIDi maTYHa.
B CBJl3H C 3THM ee HHepQHOHHbIe cBoiiCTBa OllHCbIBaIOTCJI ABYMJI napa-
MeTpaMH - HHepQHOHHbIMH CHJIoii H MOMeHTOM. JII06WI CHCTeMa Mace
no CBOHM lJHepQHOHHbIM napaMeTpaM 6YAeT 3KBHBaJIeHTHa maT}'HHOii
I'pynne B CJI}":Iae paBeHCTBa HX HHepQHOHBbIX CHJI H HHepQHOHHbIX
MOMeHTOB. IIpoCTemnWI H3 HHX, nOKa3aJIHWI Ha pHC. 1.10, COCTOHT H3
)(BYX Macc, OAlIa H3 KOTOpbIX lnm.n=m,Jnu.//m COCpe,lJ;OTO'leHa Ha OCH
nopmHeBoro n3.JIbQa, a ,lJ;pyrWI lnm...=mm/m.oI/m - B QeHTpe maTYHHoii
meiiKH KOJIeH'IaTOrO Barra. 3,lJ;ecb Im.n H lw.J. - paCCTQjIHIDI OT TO'leK
pa3MeIQeHIDI Mace ,lJ;0 QeHTpa Mace. B 3TOM CJI}":Iae ,lJ;lliI 06ecne'leHHJI
IKDHBa.n:eHTHOCTH HHepQHoHHbIX cBoiiCTB He06xo,lJ;HMO, 'IT06bI c06mo-
JlaJIHCb cJIe,lJ;YIOe yCJIOBIDI:
1) cyMMa Mace 3KBHBa.n:eHTHoii CHCTeMbI AOJIxma 6bITb paBHa Macce
I pynllhI maTyHa: mw.n + 111mJ. = 111m;
2) nOJIOJKeHHe QeHTpa Mace 3KBHBa.iIeHTlIOii CHCTeMbI ,lJ;OJDKHO CO-
nna,lJ;aTb C QeHTpOM MaCC maTyHHOii rpynnbI. BbIllOJIHeHHe 3TOro YCJIO-
IIHH npH paBeHCTBe ,lJ;JIHH 3KBHBaJIeHTHOii CHCTeMbI H maTyHa rapaH-
I HpyeT TO)K,l];ecTBeHHOCTb HX KHHeMaTHKH;
3) cYMMa MOMeHTOB HHepQHH MaCC 3KBHBaJIeHTHOii MO,lJ;eJIH J 3D
JlOJDKHa 6bITb paDHa MOMeHT}' HHepQHHpea.n:bHoro maTYHa J m OT-
IIOCIITeJIbHO OCH, npoxo,lJ;m:n:eii 'lepe3 QeHTp MaCC nepneH,l\HKYlliIpHO
IIJlOCKOCTH Ka'laHIDI.
IIepBbIX ,lJ;Ba YCJIOBIDI B .naJIHOM CJI}":Iae BbIllOJIIDIIOTCJI, TaK KaK
ItI m _ u +mw...=111m/mJ.//m+111mlw..J/m=lnm II c}'MMa CTaTH'leCKHX MOMeH-
108 Mace 3KBHBa.n:eHTHoii CHCTeMbI OTHOCHTeJIbHO TO'lKH 0, COOT-
. ,
..
m n
8
\, : 
"J 
I
 mw_.,1 . iJmw. K. m
, m ';i
r' '-
A'  >m >m
2 O,5m. w O,5m.. w e

" .
'"
e
.f
PRc. 1.10. <1IopMHpoB aHHe 3IBHB aJICHTHoA aMH'IeCKoii: MOeJUI KIlIM:
KIllM; 6 - :mIBBanc 1 D MOb KIIIM , /I <:Wlbl _, CCbI KmM; ij - MaCCbI
maT}'llj;)! ¥-l'iadi tpililolidlb
f 'X'}','J, '.reI... \{ II.....'. . '" .. ....". n::T 17
 :..1 r J - 1 /i .J T
 ,.;......J ... .

BeTCTByroeH eHTpy MaCC maTymIOH rpYIIIIhI, mw_n1m.n-mnu}nu.=
=mw(Im.J l,Jlm.n - mw(Im.,JlnJ1m... = O.
TpeTl.e YCJIOBHe AJUI maryHoB cym;eCTByroHX ABC 06L1'IH0
He BLIIIOJIHXercx. TIpHHWlIIH8JThHO 3T0 HeCOOTBeTCTBHe Mo:xceT 6L1Tb
CKOMneHCHpOBaHO .n;06aBJIeHHeW K CHCTeMe HHepl1HOIIHOrO MOMeHTa
/!"Mm=(Jm-J...)e, r.n;e e - yrJIOBoe YCKopeHHe maTYHa. Ha npaxTH-
Ke .n;aHHOH .n;068.BKOH npeHe6per8.lOT BBII,ZJ;Y He3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH ee BeJIH-
'lHHLI.
T8.KHM 06P8.30M, 3KBHBarreHTHWI CHCTeMa, 38.Me8.IOaJ.l KIlIM,
npe.n;CTaBJIXer c060ii: CHCTeM)' .n;BYX )KeCTKO CBJI3aHHhIX Me:xc.ny c060ii:
Macc:
. Maccy, COCpe.n;OTO'leHH}'IO Ha OCH na.rn.a H COBepm8.lOIQyIO B03-
BpaTHo-nOCT}'IIaTeJIhHOe .n;BIDKeHHe B.n;OJIb OCH ItHJlHB,lI;pa C KHHeMaTH-
'IecICHMH napaMerpaMH nopmIDI, mj=mn+lnw.n;
. Maccy, pacnOJIOXCeHH}'IO Ha OCH maryHHoii: meii:ICH H COBepma-
IO BpaaTeJIbHoe ,ZJ;BIDKeHHe BOKpyr OCR KOJIell'laTOrO Barra,
nt,=m.:+Inw... (,ZJ;JllI V-06P8.3HhIX ABC C ,ZJ;BYMX maTyn8.MH, pacno-
JIo:xceHHhIMH Ha O.lUIOH maryHlIOH meiiKe KOJIeH'laTOrO Barra, m,=
= m.: + Dnw....
B COOTBerCTBHH C npHIDIToii: Mo.n;eJIhlO KmM Macca m j BhDLlBaeT
CHlIY HHepHH Pj= -mjj, a Macca m, C03.n;aer eHTpo6exrnylO CHJIY
HHepHH K,= -a m .uPl,=m,rro 2 . .
C raTHCTH'lecKHe .n;8.HHhIe no paCCMOTpeHHhIM nap8.MeTp8.M KIIIM
COUpcMClIllblX aBToTpaxTOpHhIX ,ZJ;BHraTeJIeii: npe.n;CT8.BJIeHLI B Ta6JI. 1.1
n DH)lC KOIlCTPYKTHBHhIX Macc m'=m/F n , r.n;e Fn -llJIO8Jn> nopIDHX;
m Macea COOTBeTCTByroero 3JIeMeHTa KIlIM.
Ta6I1Ufilll.l
1.{acrOTa KOHc-rpyrrHBHaJI MBCCa nI, OmomCIIHc lw....11m
THn rr/¥
AIIuraTCJIJI BIllUnCllBJl, nopnmcBOA JlHHciiHhlc V-06pa3Hh1C
MIDI-I maTYHa
rpynIlhl
)J;BHraTeJIH c
HCKPOBLIM 3a:IKH- n<4500 (1,08...1,2)D. (1,35...1,4S)D 0,26...0,28 0,28...0,30
raHHeM n>4500 (I,Ll,25)D (1,7m2,0)D 0,26...0,28 0,28...0,30
)J;H3eJIH aBTO- n < 3000 (I,L2,O)D (2, 1...2,25)D 0,26...0,30 0,30...0,34
M06HJI&BLle n>3000 (I,Ll,7)D (1 ,6...1 ,9)D 0,22...0,23 0,22...0,23
)J;H3eJIH TPaI- - (2,0...2,2)D (2,3...2,5)D 0,26...0,30 0,30...0,34
TopBLIe
· D - aMClp QIIJIHB.lWa, MM.
Cwra uHeplIuu Pj ypaBHoBemHBaercx peaKD:IDIMH onop, Ha KOTopLle
YCTaHOBJIeH ,ZJ;BHraTeJIh. Ey.n;y'IH nepeMeHHoii: no .BeJIH'lHHe H HanpaBJIe-
HmO, OHa, eCJIH He npe.nyCMOTpeTh Cnel1Ha.rrhHhIX MeponpIDITHii: no ee
18

 = P(tp)
R = R(tp)
R = R(tp)
a
X A , Xe = [(rot)
6  ,Y e = [(rot)
PRc. 1.11. B03eii:cTBHe CM HHepItHH H8. onopLl HraTeJIJ1:
a - CWla P; 6 -CWla K,; Kx=KrcosQ'=K,cos(wt); Ky=K,sinQ'=K,sin(wt)
yp8.BHOBeIllHBRHIDO, MOXCeT 6hITh npH'lHHOH BHelIIHeH Heyp8.BHOBemeH-
1I0CTH ,Z:\BHraTeml, KaK :no nOKR3RHO Ha pHC. 1.11, a.
IIpH RHaJIH3e AHHRMHKH ,D;BC H oco6eHHO ero ypaBHoBemeHHOCTH
c yqeToM no.nyqeHHOH pRHee 3aBHCHMOCTH YCKopeHHJ.I j OT yrJIa nOBOpo-
ra KpHBomHna qJ CHJIY HHepqHH Pj y,Z:\06HO npe,Z:\CTaB.illITb B Be CJMMhI
)BYX rapMOHll'leCKHX 4>YHKWIH, KOTophIe OTJIll'lalOTCJI aMlIJIHTY,Z:\OH
It CKOpOCTblO B3MeHeHBJ.I apr}'MeHTa B HR3hIBaIOTCJ.I CBJIRMB HHepUHH
lIepBoro (p}1) B BToporo (P jlI ) nopJ.I,WCa:
Pj= -m}rro 2 (cos qJ+lcos qJ)=

= C cos qJ + lC cos 2qJ = P}l PjlI,
I )e C= -mjrw 2 . .
lJeHmpo6e:JICHaR cUJca UHeplIuu Kr=m r rro 2 BpaIQalOlI(IIXCR Macc
KIDM npe,Z:\CT8.BJIReT C060H nOCTomUIbrn no BeJIH'DIHe BeKTOp, Hanp8.B-
IICHHhIH OT eH"rpa BpameHIDl no a,nHYCY KpBBomHlla. CBJIa Kr nepe,Z:\a-
"rCR Ha onopLl ,Z:\BHraTe.illl, BbI3hIBaR nepeMeHHbIe no BeJIH'DIHe peaKUHB
(pHC. 1.11, 6). TRKHM 06PR30M, CHJIa K" KaK H CBJIa Pj, MoxceT J.lBJIJIThCR
IIPHqHHOH HeypaBHoBemeHHOCTB ,D;BC.
19

1.2.3. CYMMAPHbIE CRJIbI II MOMEHThI,
.n.E:RCfBYIOIItHE B KIllM
TIpB .QHH8.MH'IecKOM 8.BaJIH3e KmM CUlILI Pr H Pi> HMelOHe 06-
IO TO'IKY npHJIO)ICeHIDI K CUCTeMe H e.QHH)'IO JIHHHIO ,neHCTBHjJ:, 33.Me-
WIIOT C}'MMapHOH CHJIOH, JIBJIJIIOeHcjJ: HX anre6p8.H'IecKoH C}'MMOH:
Pr.=Pr+Pj (PBC. 1.12).
,l(illl aHaJIH3a ,neHCTBIDI CHJIhI Pr. Ha 3JIeMeHThI KmM ee paCKJIa,/J;hI-
BaIOT Ha ,nBe cocTaomlloHe: S B N. CHJIa S ,neHCTByeT B,nOJIb OCB
WaTyua H Bhl3h1BaeT nOBTOpHO-nepeMeHHOe CJKaTHe - paCTjJ:)ICeHHe ero
3JIeMeHTOB, a CUJIa N nepneH.QHKYilllpHa OCH n;HJIHH.l(pa B npIDKHM3.eT
nopmeHb K ero 3epKaJIY. ,l(eHcTBBe CHlILI S Ha COnpJDKeHHe maT}'H -
KpHBOIIIHll MO:xrnO On;eHHTb, nepeHeCjJ: ee B,nOJIb OCH maT}'Ha B TO'IKY HX
mapHHpHoro CO'IJIeHeHIDI (S'), r.l(e OHa paCKJIa.;u.maeTcjJ: Ha HOpMaJIb-
HYIO CUJIY K, HanpaBJIeHHYIO no OCH KpHBomHlla, H TameHD;HaJIbHYIO
CHJIY T.
CHJIhI K B T nepe,nalOTCjJ: Ha KopeHHhIe onophl .noBraTeilll. ,l(mI
aHaJIH3a xapaICTepa HarpyiKeHIDI KOpeHHhIX onop ,nBHraTeJIjJ: CHJIa K ne-
peHOCBTCjJ: no JIHHHH ee ,neHCTBBjJ: B n;eHTp KopeHHOH onophl (K'); clO,na
)ICe ,n06aBmIIOTCjJ: paBHbIe no MO,nYJIIO CHJIe T H HMelOHe napaJIJIeJIb-
HbIe C HeH JIHHHH .l(eHCTBHjJ: CHlILI T' B T" (CM. pHC. 1.12, a). TIapa CHJI
T H T' Ha nJIe1fe r C03,naeT KPYTmn;Hii MOMeHT MIl" ICOTOpLIii ,naJIee
nepe.n.ae-rcH Ha lIarpY3KY, r,ne cOBepmaeT nOJIe3uylO pa60TY. C}'MMa CHJI
K' H T" .n.aCT CHJIY S", npOeKD;IDIMH KOTOpOH Ha OCb n;HJIHII)];pa H op-
rOl.ouallblloe CM HanpaoJIeHHe JIBJllIIOTCjJ: CHlILI N' H Pr.' O'leBHO, 'ITO
N- - N' H Pr.=Pr.. CHJIhI N B N' na DJIe'le h C03.l(aIOT onpOKH,lJ;hlBa-
,Olll"" MOMCIIT Moop=Nh, KOTOpLrli ,naJIee nepe,naeTcjJ: Ha onophl ,nBHra-
I' J>r J>r
I N 
J>r,

J>r
o
q>
N -
K
T T
q>
q>
J>'r, 
a 6
PRc. 1.12. CHJILI B KmM:
,
"
a - pIIC'IeTBU cxeMa; 6 - :i&BBCBMocn. CBJ] B KIllM or yrna DOBopoTa ItOnell'l&Toro BMa
20

TeIDI H ypaBHOBemHBaeTCJI HX peaKIJ;IDIMH. MOMeHT Monp H BhI3hIBaeMhle
HM peaKInIH onop H3MeHJlIOTCJI no BpeMeHH H MorYT 6hITb npH'lHHOH
HeypaBHoBemeHHOCTH ABHraTeJIJI.
COOTHOmeHHJI Mey CHJIOBblMH c}>aKTOp8.MH, HarpyxalO1IMH 3JIe-
MeHThI KIllM, C y<leTOM ero reOMeTpHH H xapaKTepa .neHCTBHJI CHJI:
COS (qJ+P)
N=Pr..tgfi, S=Pr..{l/cosfi), K=Pr.. ,
cosp
T - P sin(qJ+p> "II _ 'T'.
- r.. , .lY.lq>-.L r.
cosp
00060 cJIe.nYeT OTMeTHTb COOTHomeHHe Me)I()];y ICpynm::tHM H onpo-
lCH,nhIBalOII:tHM MOMeHT8.MH:
sin (qJ +P>
Monp=Nh=Pr..tgfi (Zmcosfi+rcos qJ) = Pr..r -
cosp
= Tr=Mq>.
1.2.4. CH.JThI, :A:CfBYIOII{HE HA mEffirn:
KOJIEJI1IATOrOBAJIA
CIIJILI, AeiiCTByJOlQlle UB mBT)'HnylO meiiKy. Ha maT}'HH}'1O meihcy
KpHBOIIlHna .neHCTByIOT CHJIa S, HanpaBJIellll3JI no OCD maT}'lla,
a Ta.IOICe o:eHTp06eXHaJl CDJIa Krw, AeHCTByIOajI no Pa)J;nycy ICpH-
BOlliHna (PHC. 1.13). Pe3YJIbTHpyIOaJl CHJIa R.n.JJl> HarpYJKalO3JI
rnaTYHH)'IO meHKY, onpeAeJIjIeTCjI KaK BeKTOpH3JI c}'MMa :nBX ABYx CHJI.
Ee 3aBHCHMOCTb OT yrJIa nOBopOTa 1C0JIelI'laTOrO B3JIa qJ MOXeT 6hITb
npeACTaBJIeHa B B.H)::te nOIDIpHOH AHarp8.MMhI Harpy:urn Ha maT)'HHyIO
rneHICY (II,[(Hmm), ICOTOp3JI JlBIDIeTCJI reOMeTpHqeCICHM MeCTOM TOqelC
KOan;a pa.nuyca-Benopa Rm.m, opHeHTHpoBaHHoro OTHOCHTeJIbHO CH-
CTeMbI ICOOP.l:tHHaT, CBJl3aHHOH C ICpHBomHllOM. IIpH 3TOM ICpHBomHn
yCJIOBHO nOJIaraeTCJI HenOABH)I(HhIM, a OCb o;RJIlIH,[I:pa BpaaeTCJI B npo-
rHBOnOJIOX<HyIO CTOpoHY C TOH xe yrJIOBOH CICOpOCTblO. TaKoe npe.l:t-
CTaBJIeHHe He H3MeWIeT B3aHMHOrO pacnOJIOXeHWl 3JIeMeHTOB KIDM H,
CJIe.nOBaTeJIbHO, 3HaqeHIDl H opHeHTaWIIO CHJI, .l:teHCTByIOIIUlX Ha HBX.
raK KalC npH HenO.l:tBIDKHOM ICpHBomHlle JIHHHH .l:teHCTBIDI CHJI K,
T D K,m 0.l:tH03Ha1ffiO onpe.l:teJIeHhI, TO npc..Qe.l:tYPa nOCTpOeHHjI .l:tHa-
l'pa.MMhl CHJI Rm.m 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO ynpoaeTCJI. II,[(Hmm ,lI;aer Har-
IUI,lI;HOe npe,ll;CTaBJIeHHe 0 3HaqeHHH H HanpaBJIeHHH ,lI;eHCTBIDI OTHOCHTe-
IIbHO 3JIeMeHTOB KIDM CHJlhI, HarpYJKalOeH B ,lI;8.HHOH c}>a3e pa60qero
I{HlCJIa maT)'HH)'1O meHKY, a T3lOKe Onpe,ll;eIDIer YCJIOBH)'IO TOllY ee
"pHJlOXeHHJI. ,
3aBHCHMOCTb MO,ll;YJIJI CHJIhI Rm.m OT yrJIa nOBopOTa, nocrpoeHH3JI
" npmiOyrOJIbHhIX KOOp,ll;HHaTax R.n.m - qJ, ,lI;3JIee HCnOJIb3YeTCJI ,WIJI
21

u
,;
r1
540 720 <p
"
..
E
3
r:r:.';
6
OCb M8CI10-
nOBOAll.\ero
OTBepCnl
6
2
PHC. 1.13 K pac'Iery CHJI, Barp}'JI:3.IOIUHX maTYJlBYlO meiiIy:
Q pBC'ICTHU CXCMa; 6 - DOC'l'pOCllHC IIMIDID; 8 - II,/UImm; z - TCOpeTH'iecxU AHarpaMMa
mHoca IUaTymlOi meiim
.uJaJIH.,a uarpyxeHHocTH maTYHHoro no.wnHTIHHlCa. ,nJUI 3Toro HCnOJIb-
IYlorCH CJleYIOIQHe ee napaMeTpbI: Rw.mmax - npH BbI60pe MaTepHRJIa
m
aHTH$pHICl\HOHHOrO CJIOJl; R.u.w.cp= f Rm.wdqJ - JIJI paC'IeTa ICOJIH'Ie-
7t't
o 
CTBa TeIIJIOTbI, BhI,lI;eJIJlIOIQeM:CJI OT TpeHIDI; Rcp= J RlILwdqJ -
tp,,- Ch
UJ"
npH paC'IeTe MHHHMa.JIhHOH TOJIIIUlHbI MaCJU.lHoro CJIOJl B no.wnIlDHHlCe.
3eCb n. - yrJIOB8Jl ,lUIBTeJIbHOCTb pa6o'lero [(IIKJla; . - IC03c}>c}>HQHeHT
TaKTHOCTH; CPR' qJ" - COOTBeTCTBeHHO yrJIbI Ha'laJIa H lCollI!a neTJIH
MaKCHMa.JIhHbIX Harp}'301C (yqaCTolC MalCCHMa.JIhHbIX HarpY301C Ha roIa-
rpaMMe, orpaHH'IeHHbIii yrJIaMH, npH ICOTOpbIX R lILm = Rm.wcp).
C Y'leTOM H3JIOXeHHoro Btnne MeTO nOCTpOeHHJI rr,nHmm CBO-
roITCg IC CJIe.nyroIQeM}'. B npJIMoyrOJIbHhIX lCoopHHaTax H3 nomo-
ca 0 (PHC. 1.13, 6), ICOTopbIii COOTBeTCTByeT QeHTpy maTynHoH meHD,
22

,AIDl Ka>K,l{OrO 3Ha'ieHID:I cp Ha COOTBeTcrBYIOHX ocn HauOCBTCB BeK-
TOphi CHJI K., H Tip, pe3YJlbTaTOM reOMeTpH'IecKoro CYMMHpOBaHHB
KOTOphIX ilBIDleTCB CHJIa Sip. KOHQhI BenopoB 3TOB CHJIhI, nonyq:eHHoB
,AIDl MHOXecTBa 3Ha'leHlm cp, nOClIe,AOBaTeJIbHO COe,AHIDIIOT nJIaBHOB
KpHBoB, B pe3ynbTaTe 'Iero cpOpMHpyroT ee nOIDlpuyro ,AHarpaMMY.
3aTeM nomoc ,AHarpaMMhl 0 nepeHOCHTCB B TO'IICY Ow B nOJIO)I(HTeJIb-
HOM HanpaBJIeHHH no OCH K Ha BeJIH'lHHY eHTPo6exHoB CHJIhI 'IacrH
MaCChi maT}'Ha, npHBC,AeHHOB K KpHBomHlI)' K,w. BeKTop, coe,AHHmoHB
JII06yro TO'IICY ,AHarpaMMhl C nonlOCOM Om, BBIDleTCB pe3YJIbTHpYIOeB
CHJIOB Rw.m.
)];IDl V-06pa.3HOrO JJ;BHI"aTeIDl BH,A ,nHarpaMMhl onpe,AeIDleTCB THTIOM
coe,AHHeHHB maT}'HOB C KOnell'laTbIM BaJlOM. ,lJ;IDl ,ABlITaTeIDl C maT}'Ha-
MH, pacnOnOXeHHhIMH nOCAe006ameAbHO Ha OOHOU wamYHHOU weUKe,
pe3YJIbTHpYIOHe CHJIhI, HarpYXaIOHe COOTBeTCTBYlOlIUie yq:acrKH
rneihrn .AlliI Ka:x<.I\oro H3 maTYHOB, Onpe,AeIDlIOTCB OT,AeJIbHO, aHaJlOrH'I-
nO TOM)', KaK 3TO BhlTIOnIDIJIOCb B cnyq:ae nHHeiiHoro JJ;BHraTeJIB.
B rr)];Hmm V-06pa.3HOrO JJ;BHraTeIDl C COIlAeHeHHblMU wamYHaMU pe-
3YJIbTHPYIO3jJ: CHJIa Rm.m' HarpYXaIOII1aB maT}'HHyro meBKY, onpe,AeJIB-
eTCB reOMeTpH'IeCKHM CYMMHpOB3.HHeM BenopOB Rm.m(n) H Rm.m(n), O)UIO-
BpeMeHHO ,AeBcrByrolIUiX Ha meBKY co CTOpOHhI HJIHH,ApOB neB oro
H npaBoro pMOB.
CaJILI, oarpyxcaJOII(IIe KopeoHhle meibal. KopeHHhle meBKH KpHBomH-
na O)UIOItHnHH,ApOBOrO JJ;BHraTeIDl Harpyx<:alOTcB CHJIOB Rm.m = S + Krm
H eHTpo6e)I(HoB CHJIOB HHepItHH HeypaBHoBemeHHhIX Macc KpHBOIlIHTIa
K" (PHC. 1.14). Hx pe3YJIbTHpYIO3jJ: CHJIa R,,=Rm.m+K,. BOCnpHHHMaeT-
CJI JJ;BYMB KOpeHHhlMH onopaMH, n03TOMY CHJIa, ,AeBcTByroaJl Ha KaJK-
J\YIO KOpeHuyro meBKY, paBHa nonOBHHe pe3YJIbTHpyro.lQeB CHJIhI R"
H npOTHBOnOJIoxrno HanpaBJIeHa:
R".m= -O,5R,,= -0,5 (S+K..m+KJ= -0,5 (S+K,),
,'e K,= Krm + K".
3To o6crOJITeJIbCTBO n03BOIDleT .AlliI oIIpeeneHHB HarpY3KH Ha
KopeHHhle meBKH O)UIOHJIBH,ApOBOrO ,ABHraTeJUl HCnOJIb30BaTh
II,lJ;HllIID, ecJIH ee nonlOc nepeHecTH H3 TO'IICH J m B TO'lKY 0", nonoxe-
IIHe KOTopOB Onpe,AeIDleTCB BeJIH'lHHoB oTpe3Ka Om O " = IK,I. B 3TOM
cJIyqae OTpe30K 00" npe.n;craBJUleT co6oB MOL(yJIb cYMMhI BeKTopoB
K,m H K,.. YMeHbmHB MacmTa6 CHJI B 2 pa.3a H H3MeHHB OpHeHT8.UHIO
IlHarp8MMbI R" Ha npoTHBOnOnO)I(Hyro, nonyqHM nOIDlpnylO ,AHarpaMMY
lIarpY3KH Ha KopeHHYIO meBKY (IIt(HKID).
BnIDIHHe npOTHBOBeCa Ha KOpeHHyro meii:KY MOxrnO yq:ecrb, npH-
IIOJIOlB ero HHepHoHHyro pe3ynbTHpylOlQ)'1O CIIJI}' Rnp K TO'lKe 0".
23

J
J
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
" W\
o "
-8'f- W J I _ 0
 cpo -cp'I+(720 -9.
1(,/ q O,58} J J- J,
CPs = cP
 1'6 1-5 -3-6-2-4-1-5
, 0 0
WI, ( 240 1, 480 I
2,5 3,4
on
3
:\c:
U')
c5
on
:\c:
U')
c5
PRe. 1.14. IIoClpoeBHe nOJIJIPHoH )J;HarpaMMLI JlarPY3U IIa ICOpeHHYIO meiiKy (mecTU.
IopellHaJ! meiiKa meCTHnH.JIHB,Zij)oBorO '1eTLlpeXTaITBOrO JIHHeiiHoro HraTeJIJ1)
HarpY3KH Ha KopeHHhIe memcH MHOrClQHJIlIII,l(pOBOrO ABHI"aTemI MO-
)KilO oupC,l.{eJIHTb, npe,l.{CT8.BHB ero B BH,l.{e COBOlCynHOCTH O,l.{OHOQHJIHH.n;-
ponLlX ,l.{OHraTeJIeH, ICpHBOillHllhI 1C0TOpbIX BparoTCg CHHXpOBBO H no-
IICPIlYTb1 Apyr OTHOCHTeJIbHO Apyra Ha yrOJI b, onpeAeJIgeMhIii ICOM-
mUlOUO'fUOH cxeMoH 1C0JIeH'laTOrO oarra, a npOQecCbI B ero .QHJIIIII,l(Pax
C)UJHHYTbI no «l>a3e B COOTBeTCTOHH C nopJI,WCOM pa60TbI H yrJIOM
'ICpCJ\OBaHWI pa60QHX XO,nOB. B 3TOM c.nyqae pe3YJIbTHpYIOI.Qag CHna
R._ w }, AeiiCTOYIOI.Qag Ha j-IO 1C0peHHylO onopy, nOJIy<IaeTCg CyMMHpoBa-
HHeM Harpyx<aroIQHX ee CHJI co CTOpOHhI onHparoI.QHXCSI Ba Bee ICpBBO-
lI1HIIOB: Runj=0,5(R.U-I)+RJ. If,QeHTH<<l>BKHg BelCTopOB CHJI, ,neHCT-
0YIOI.QHX OMOMOMeBTHO co CTOpOHbI CMe)ICHbIX ICpBoomBIIOO, peaJIH3Y-
eTCSI COIIOCT8.BneHHeM «l>a3 npo.Qeccoo 0 j-M H (j - 1 )-M .QH.JIHII,llpax:
qJj=qJj_1 + (720-(Jjj_I), r,Qe (Jjj-l - yrOJI 3ana3,l.{b1BaHHSI pa60Thl j-ro
.QHJIHHApa OTHOCBTeJIbHO (j - 1)-1'0.
Ha pBC. 1.14 npBBe,QeH npBMep nocTpoeBHM nO.IDIpHO:H ,l.{HarpaMMbI
Barpy31CH Ba meCTyro 1C0peBByro meHKY meCTHU;HJIBH.n;pOBoro JIBHeH-
BOl'O ,QBHI"aTeIDI. ,Z:\JIM :noro TI,Z:\HKID (IT nMToro H mecToro ICpHOOillH-
IIOO opBeHTHpYIOT ,Qpyr OTBOCHTeJIbHO Apyra 0 COOTBeTCTBHH C HX
B38.HMBbIM paCIIOJIO)ICeHHeM Ha 1C0JIeH'laTOM Barry (iJ AaHHOM cnyqae no,Q
yrnoM b= 120°). TIOJIIOCbI 0. 06eHX ,l.{HarpaMM COOMeI.Q8JOT. 3aTeM
npOH3BO,QMT IIOnapHO reOMeTpBQeCKOe cyMMHpoBaBBe BelCTopOB R.s H
24

R K . Wb
R K . W _ CP
R.:_Ul_cP
o 90" 180" 270° 360" 450" 540" 630" 720" Ip
PRc. 1.15. ,AHarpliMMa llarpY30I Ha IOpeHH)'lO mehy:
cnnonmu .lIIUIHII - 6c3 1Ip0000000BCCOB; IIITpBXOBU - C npomBOBccaMB
RIfj, lIJ1;eHTHcpHl\HPYSI HX no cpa3aM pa60'lero npol.\ecca: Q>6 = Q>j + 480 0 .
OTC'IeT YfJIOB B nOJI}"IeHHoii n,D;HKID Be,Ayr no (j-l)-MY (B ,AaRHOM
npHMepe no 5-MY) ICpHBOumny.
BJIHJlHHe npOTHBOBeCOB Ha HarpyxceHHOCTl, 1C0peHHoii meiilCH nOlCa-
3aHO Ha pHC. 1.15.
1.2.5. TEOPETIfIIECI(Aj{ PAMMA mHOCA IIlEilKH BAJIA
C HCllOJIL30BaHHeM nomIpHLIX ,AHarpaMM cTpOJIT TeopeTH'IeclCYW
){Harp8MMY H3Hoca meiilCH Bana (T,D;mnB). C ee nOMOlI.\L1O MOJICBO
onpe,AeJIHTL Mecro Ha nOBepXHOCTH meHxH, B 1C0TOpOM l.\eJIeC006pa3Ho
paCnOJlO)KHTL BLlXO,A MaCJlOnO.ZJ;BOAAlI.(erO KaRana. nOCTpoeHHe T AIDIIB
8Cj\eTCS npH CJIe.ny101I.(HX j\onym;eHIUIX:
. BeJIH'lHHa H3Hoca meiilCH npOnOpI.\HOB8JILHa j\eiiCTBywm;eii Ha Hee
cHJle;
. H3HOC paBHOMepeH B npej\eJlax celCTopoB, ollHparom;HXcSI Ha l.\eHT-
paJILHbIe yrJIbI 60° B 06e crOpoHhl OT YCJIOBHOH TO'IIGI npHJIO)JCeHHJI
CHJIbl, '1TO COOTBeTCTBYeT 30He 1C0HTalCTa sana H nO,lUIIHIIHBICa s npe-
l{eJIax .QyrH 120°;
. ICOpp03HOHHLIii H 3po3HOHBLIii H3HOC mdflCH OTcyrCTByeT.
,D;Jlll nocrpoeHBSI T AHIlIB MOJICBO npHBSlTb TaKYIO nOCJIe,AOBaTeJIb-
1I0crL ,AeiiCTSHii (CM. pHC. 1.13, 8, z).
1. Ha nOBepxBoCTb meiiKH, H306paJKeHHOii B npoH3BOJIbBOM Macm-
ra6e, nJIOCICOnapaJIJIeJILHO C nOJISlpHoii ,AuarpaMMhI nepeHOCJIT CHJ1hl
Rw w, nOJI}"IeHHbIe '1epe3 paBHhle }TJIOBbIe UHTepB8JIhI nOBopoTa ICOJIeH-
'IaTOrO SMa, ICpaTHbIe 360 0 (HanpHMep, 30°), TalC, '1T06bI CHJIbI 6b1JIH
lIanp3.BJIeHbI K l.\eHTpy meiilCH.
25

2. Ha meihee Bh1.lI:eIDllOT celCTOp B 120 0 , opHeHTHpOBa.HHLIH cBoeH
A)TOH BHH3, C 6HcceICTpHcoH yrJIa, cOBna.n;alOeii C BepTHICa.JIbHOH OCblO
ICpHBomuna.
3. IIpoH3Bo,WIT C)'MMHpOBaHHe Bcex CHJI Rm.m "" nonaBmux B .n;aHHbIH
ceICTOp. C yqeTOM npHIDITbIX .n;onymeHHH H3HOC B npe.n;eJIax ):(aHHOrO
celCTopa 6y.n;eT paBHOMepHbIM B no BeJIH'lHHe npOnOpItHOHaJIbHbIM no-
JIyqeHHoH C}'MMe CBJI.
4. B npmUITOM MacmTa6e (nile, '1T06bl cyMMa CHJI.n;IDI HarJIB.n:HOCTH
COCTaBJISIJIa npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO 1/3 pa.n:uyca meHICH) Ha 6HCceICTpBce yrJIa
celCTopa OTICJIa.l1:blBaIOT OTpe301C, nponop:qHOH3..JJbHblH H3HOcy, OT Ha-
pyJICHOH nOBepXHOCTH IC :qeHTpy OICPY)IQJOCTB meHICH.
5. 3aTeM Bbl.AeIDllOT CJIe.n:yroI:QHH celCTOp, nOBepHYTLIH OTHOCHTeJIbHO
npe.l1:bl.l1:Y:I:Qero Ha q,HlCcupoBaHHbIH yroJI, COOTBeTCTByroI:QHH npHmIToM)'
yrJIY .n;HClCpeTH3a:qHH Rw.m (B HameM CJIY'lae 30 0 ), H nOBTopHIOT one-
p3.:QBH 3 H 4. ,Z:(aHHble .n;eHCTBWI npoH3Bo.n;HT nOCJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO .n;o Tex
nop, nOlCa HHTepBaJI .l1:HClCpeTH3aItHH He nepelCpOeT BCIO OlCpyxrnOCTb
meHICH.
6. IIoJI}"leHHble TO'IICB, xapaICTepH3YIOI:qHe H3HOC, coe.n;HIDIIOT DJIaB-
HOH ICpHBoH.
7. Ha OCHOBaHHH cq,opMHpOBaHHOH KpBBOH Bbl6HparoT OCb Mac-
JIonO):(Bo.n;JIIII;ero lCaHarra TaK, '1T06bl OHa Haxo,lOfJIaCb B 30He C MH-
HHMaJIbHbIM H3HOCOM, '1TO COOTBeTCTBye-r MHHHMaJThHOMy y):(eJIb-
HOMY .n;aBJIeHHIO Me)I(.l1:)' nO,l{IIIHnHHKQM H rnemcoH. I1MeHHo B :nOH
'Jonc B03MOX<:HO HaHMeHbrnee nepeKpbITBe KaHarra nOBepXHOCTblO
IIOlunHIUlHlCa. He06xo,/UIM0 OTMeTHTb, '1TO T,Z:(I1illB n03BOJlHeT
JIHIIII. Ka'lCCTBeHHO OllHcaTb xapalCTep H3Hoca rnemcH. IIpH BbI60pe
P,UIHOIlaJIbHOrO MecTa pacnOJlox<:eHHJI OTBepcTHJI WIH MaCJla Ha
lllcit KC CJIe.n:YeT TaK)I(e yqHTbIBaTb H 4>8.KTOpbI, B.JIHJIIOimie Ha ee
IIpOIfHOCTb.
1.2.6. CYMMAPmIA: KPYTmI{IDi MOMEHT
,l(B1ff ATEJllI
MOMeBTLI, CKpyqBBaJOII1IIe Kopelllllde weBB MHOroQHpoBOro
ros1ll'8TeJIB. B O.n:uO:qHJIHH.n;POBOM .l1:BlITaTeJIe KpyrHI:qHH MOMeHT M KP =
= Tr. TalC lCaK r - BeJIH'lHHa nOCTOJIHHaJI, TO xapaICTep ero H3MeHeHWI
no yrJIY nOBopOTa ICpHBomuna nOJIHOCTbIO ilnpe.n;eJIHeTCH H3MeHeHHeM
TameHItHaJIbHOH CBJIbl T.
MHoroItHJIHH.l1:pOBbIH .l1:BHraTeJIb MO)I(HO npe.n;CTaBHTb lCalC COBOKyn-
HOCTb i .n:HOItHJIHH)I;pOBbIX, pa60'IHe npo:qeccbI B 1C0TOpbIX npOTelCaIOT
eHTH1ffiO, HO C.l1:BHB)'TbI .n;pyr OTHOCHTeJThHO .n;pyra Ha yrJIOBbIe HH-
TepBaJIbI B COOTBeTCTBHH C npHHHTbIM nOpSIJJ;ICOM pa60TbI H yr.nOM
'1epe.n;OBaHWI pa60'lHX XO.n;OB .n;BlITaTeJ!JI. MOMeHT, ClCpyqHBaroHH ICO-
26

peHHYIO weihey, MOEeT 6b1Tb onpe,QeneH lCaIC cYMMa MOMeHTOB, ,Qeikr-
BYIOIqHX Ha BceX ICpHBolllHnax, nperonecTBYlOmHX eB.
B lCa'leCTBe npHMepa Ha pHC. 1.16 npe,QCTaBneHa cxeMa 4>opMHpOBa-
HIDI ICPYTHII(HX MOMeHTOB B '1eTblpexTalCTHOM (1'=4) 'IeTblpeXIUlnHH,Q-
pOBOM (i=4) nHHeH:uOM ,QBHraTene C nOpJIJUCOM pa60Tbl l1H1IHHJtpoB
1- 3 - 4 - 2- 1. llpH paBHoMepHoM 'Iepe,QoBaHHH BCnbIIllelC ,QM ,QaH-
Horo .QBHraTeM yrnoBoB C.QBHT Me:xc.AY nocne,QOBaTeJIbHhIMH pa60'IHMH
XO,QaMH COCTaoHT 6=720 0 /i= 720°/4 = 180°. <I>8.3oBLIii C,QBHT MOMeHTa
Me)K,AY nepBLIM H TpeTbHM ICpHBOnmnaMH COCTaoHT 180°, Me:xc.AY nep-
BLIM H 'IeTBepTLIM - 360°, a Me:xc.AY nepBbIM B BTOpbIM - 540°. Ku
cne,QyeT B3 npHBe,QeHHoB CxeMhl, MOMeHT, CKpyqHBaroHii nlO6}'1O (i-IO)
KOpeHH}'IO weHKY,
1-)
M..mi= L Mi=r L Tt.
o
M 2 = T 2 r
M, =T,r 
 T,
"', 
/
M 3 = T3 r
Jd,
.,?",
4
.,/'
nOpflOK pa60TbI 4HIlHHpOB
1- 3 -4-2-1
720°
e= T
e,_,=7200
Jd,
'?'
1
a
o 180 360 540 720 180 360 540
r 1
o
r,
r I
.I
r.
PRc. 1.16. CxeMa 41opMHpo-
BaHHJl c)'MMapBorO KPYTe-
ro MOMeHTa '1eThlpexTaITHO-
ro '1eThlpeJIIIH.Iq)OBoro
JIHHeiiHoro araTeJIJI:
a - CXCMa MOMeHTOB. ACB.crBy1O-
 sa OTAcm.m.n Jq)BBOlIIBIIax;
6 - CXCMa OOC1JX>CBWI c-
ro MOMCBTa
27

KpHBa.JI H3MeHeHHJI. Mo:. wi no yrJIY nOBopOTa KpHBOlllHna B 3TOM
CJIyqae onpe.n;eIDIeTC.JI CYMMHpOBaHHeM KpHBbIX CHJI T, .n;eHCTByro-
I.IViX Ha BceX i -1 KpHBOrnHITaX, npe.n;rneCTByrom:HX .n;aHHOH KopeH-
HOH IIIene.
MOMeHT, CKPY'IHBaromHH nOCJIeAHlO1O KOpeHHYIO meHKY, SIBJISIeTCSI
cYMMapHblM KJ1ymJlUluM MOMeHmOM o8UZameJl.1l Mr., KOTOphIii .n;aJIee
nepe.n;aeTCSI Ha Tp8.HCMBCCHlO. COBeprnaeMaSi HM pa60Ta MO)l(eT 6bITb
nOJIY'IeHa HHTerpHpOB8.HHeM ME (qJ) no yrJIY nOBopoTa KpHBOrnHITa qJ
B yrJIOBOM HHTepBaJIe, COOTBeTCTBYlOmeM pa60'leMY IJ;IIKJIY .n;BHraTe-
IDI () «(}=720° .n;IDI 'IeTbIpeXTaKTHoro .n;BHraTeJI.JI H (}=360° .n;IDI .n;Byx-
TaKTHoro ):
6
L1:=f Mxp1:(qJ)dqJ.
o
HOpMBpOBaHHe ee no yrJIOBOMY HHTepBaJIy .n;JIHTeJIbHOCTH pa6o'lero
IJ;mma (J AaeT CpeAHH.H cYMMapHhIii KpYTSUUHH MOMeHT
6
Mo:p.cp= f Mo:pt{qJ)dqJ,
o
coo mCTCTBYlOmHH HH;J;HKaTopHOMy MOMeHTY M i , pa3BHBaeMOMy .n;BH-
J"<l rCJICM.
MOMeHTLI, CKpY'fHBBIOIIJ;He maTYHHLle meiiKH MHoroQHJlHtmpoBoro
".BHI'aTeJIH. B O.n;HOIJ;HJIHH.n;poBOM .n;BHraTeJIe B pe3YJIbTaTe .n;eHCTBHH
CYMMapHbIX CHJI Ha KopeHHhIX rneHKax KOJIeH'laTOrO BaJIa B03HHKalOT
peaKIJ;HH RKH RT, o.n;Ha H3 KOTOpbIX R T =O,5T, .n;eHCTBYlOmaJI B WIOCKO-
CTH, nepneH;J;HKymlpHOH KpHBOlIIHny, CKpY'lHBaeT rnaTYHHy"1O meHKY.
Tor.n;a BeJIH'lHHa CKp}"IHBalOII(erO MOMeHTa 6y.n;er pasHa Mw.m=Rr=
=O,5Tr.
llpe.n;CTaBHB MHoroIJ;HJIHH.n;poBbIH .n;BHraTeJIb B BH.n;e COBOKYllHOCTH
O.n;HOIJ;HJIHH.n;pOBbIX H paCCMaTpHBa.JI TOJIbKO B08.n;eHcTBHe Ha KpHBOIIlH-
llbI TameHIJ;HaJIbHbIX CHJI, nOJIY'IHM MOMeHT, cKPY'lHBalOIIJ;Hii i-IO rna-
TYHHYIO meHKY:
M w . Wi = Mo::mi+ Rrr = Mo:.mi + 0,5 Tir,
rAe MImi - MOMeHT Ha i-H KOpeHHOH rneHKe.
28

1.2.7. B.JIIDlHIIE KOHCTPYKTHBHbIX COOTHOIIIEHItA. B KUIM
HA nOKAJATEJIH ABHI'ATEJUI
KOHCTpyK KIllM CYI.l\eCTBeHHhIM 06p3.30M BJIIDIeT Ha xapaK-
TepHCTHKH ,[(BC, TaKHe, KaK 3KOHOMH'IHOCTh, ra6apHTbI, Macca, J];OJIrO-
BeqaOCTL H T. J];. PaCCMOTpHM MeX8.HH3M BJIIDIHIDI Ha napaMeTpbI ):(BC
OCHOBHhIX KOHC-rpYKTHBHLIX coomomeHuH B ero KillM: K03cpcpHeHTa
l=r/lm H OTHomeHIDI K=S/D.
OTHOmeHBe pa)J.Hyca KpHBolDBlla r K )J.JIHHe ma'I)'HB lw (l=r/l.J.
AHaJIH3 BJIIDlIIID[ l Ha napaMeTpLl )J;BC npoBeJ];eH npu Heu3MeHHoM
pa60'leM 06"beMe V" u OUaMempe lIUJlUHOpa D. B 3TOM cJIY'Iae H3MeHe-
JlHe A. BLI3bIBaeTCJI TOJILKO BapHaJIIDIMH AJIHHhI maTyHa. TIpH yMeHL-
meHHH A. (<<.n;JIHHHLm» maTYH) B03paCTaIOT Macca mm H ee COCT3.B-
JUllOIItHe lnw..n H lnw..". TIpH 3TOM paCTeT n;eHTp06exrnWI CHJIa HHepH
Krm; J];IDI ee KOMlIeHCaD;HH no-rpe6YeTcJI yBeJIH'IeHHe CTaTH'leCKOrO MO-
MeHTa npoTHBoBecOB Ha npoJ];OJIJKeHHH IIteK KpHBomHlIa, qTO CBJl38.HO
C nOBLIllIeHHeM MaTepHaJIOeMKOCTH KOHCTPYKIW-H J];BHraTe.ill1. BmUI:HHe
CHIDKeHIDI A. Ha Pj npOTHBOpe'IHBO: C OJ];HOB CTOpOHhI, paCTeT Inw_n H CBJI-
laHHWI C HeB Macca mj, '1TO J];OJI){(IIO npHBecTH K yBeJIH'leHHIO .
C J];PyroB CTOpoHhI, H3-3a HaJIH'lIDI A. B BbIpaxceHHH, onpeJ];eIDIIOI.l\eM
aMIIJIHTYJ];Y CHJIbI HHepD;HH BToporo nopB.n;Ka Tb B03MO){(II0 ee YMeHL-
meHHe. YMeHLmeHHe l BLI30BeT yBeJIH'leHHe BbICOTbI H MaCCbI ):(BC, qTO
CBJl3aHO C «YMBHeHHeM» maTyHa. ROJIee J];JIHHHh1B maTyH npHBO,nHT
I alOKe K YMeHLmeuHlO yrJIa Pmu., '1TO BLI3bIBae-r YMeHLmeUHe 60KOBOB
CHJILI N. MeHLmHe N H P o6ecne'IHBaIOT, npH npo'IHx paoHbIX YCJIOBIDIX,
CIIIDKeHHe H3Hoca B nOJ];BIDKHhIX CO'IJIeHeHJJjIX IUlJIHHJ];ponopIIIHeBOB
IpynllLI.
Y COBpeMeHHLIX J];BHraTeJIeH C HCKpoBLIM 3aJKHraJIHeM ():(cl13) ma-
rYHLI, KaK npaoHJIO, J];JIHHHee, '1eM Y ,nH3eJIeH. 31'0 CBJl38.H0 C nOBLIIlIeH-
IIOB: 6bICTpOXOJ];HOCThIO nepBhIX H upeBaJIHpyIOIItHM BJIHmmeM Y HHX Ha
PJ BTOpOB rapMOHHKH. B J];H3eJISIX H3-3a 60JIee BbICOKHX MaKCHMa.JIbHbIX
l.a30BLIX HarpY30K nonepeqaoe ceqeHHe crepJKIDI maTYHa 60JIbme H yBe-
JIH'feHHe lnw..n npH YJ];JIHHeHHH maT}'Ha OKa3LP3aeT Ha Pj 60JILmee BJIIDI-
IIHe, '1eM YMemmeHHe 8.MII.J1HTy-J];bI P jn -
BeJIH'lHHa A. OKa3bIBaeT BJIHJUIlle Ha XapJ'lKTep H3Hoca IUIlIHHJ];pa.
II ,)KcnnyaTH H3HOC IUlJIHHJ];pa HepaBHOMepeH - 60JIbme H3uamHBa-
(' rCJI Ta ero CTopOHa, K KOTOpOB: 60KOBaJl CHJIa N npIDKHMae-r nopmeUb
liP" pa60qeM xOJ];e, qTO CBJl3aHO C 60JILmHM ee 3Ha'leHHeM BCJIeJ];CTBHe
MaKCHMaJILHbIX 3HaqeUuH Pr Ha TaKTe paCllIHpeUIDI. TIpH BBeJ];eHHH
I{ClaKCaxca MaKCHMaJILHLIH yrOJI OTKJIOHeHHJI maTyHa P npH pa60'leM
m.a:e no a6cOJIIOTHOM)" 3Ha'leHHIO CT8.HOBHTCJI MeHLme, '1eM H3.H60JIb-
II Ice OTKJIOHeHHe npH TaKTe C)J(aTHH, '1TO n03B0.ill1eT BLIpOBHJlTh H3HOC
HHIIHHJ];pa no ero nepHMeTpy.
29

He06xo,z:nIM0 OTMeTHTb, qTO npHMen:eHHe «ICOpOTKHX» maTYHOB
B HeKOTOpbIX c.JIY'Ian MOXCeT YCJIO>KH5ITb KOMllOHOBXY ,roJHraTeIDI, TaK
ICaK H3-3a 60JIbUIHX 3HaqeHHii Pmax B03MOXCHO 3aJJ;eBaHHe maTYHa 3a
HIDKHIOIO qaCTb :QHJIHH.npa BJIH 106KY nOpmIDI.
OTBOmeBHe XOJJ;8 DOpIDml S K AB8MeTpy 8 D (K=S/D).
llpH Heu3.M.eHHO.M pa6oe.M. om,e.M.e 08UZame.llJl VII yBeJIH'IIeHHe K B03-
MO>KHO 3a C'IIeT )'MeHbrneHIDI D npH OW{OBpeMeHHOM YBe.rIH'ieHHH
xOJJ;a noprnIDI S. BbI60p paI(HOHa.JIbHOH .z:tJ.Ul JJ;3HHOH KOHCTPYICUHH
,roJHraTeJUI Be JW'iWihI K B 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH Mepe CB.H3aH C B03MOXC-
HOCTbIO )'Mem.meHIDl cpe.l(HeH CKOpOCTH noprnIDI C n = Sn/30. )J;8.HHbIi
napaMeTp xapaKTepH3YeT KOHCTpyKl(HJO ,[(BC C TO'IKH 3peHIDl ee
,nHHaMHqeCKOH H TenJIOBOH Hanp.HXCeHHOCTH, a TaIOKe H3HOCOCTOH-
KOCTH 3JIeMeHTOB ,roJHI"aTeJUI (oco6eHHO ero I(HJIHH.npOnOprnHeBOH
rpymIbI). M3BeCTHO, qTO Hanp.H)I(eHIDl OT HHepI(HOHHbIX HarpY30IC
Ha 3JIeMeHTbI Km.1 nponOpIWOHa.JIbHbI C:, a TenJIOBa.H HanpSDKeH-
HOCTb JJ;BHraTeIDI H JIHHeihILIH H3HOC JJ;eTaJIeH :QHJIHpOnOpmHeBOB
rpYIIIIbI nponOpHOB8..JJbBbI C n .
cI>opMaJIbHbIi aHaJIH3 BbIpaxceHIDI, onpeJJ;emnorqero cpeJ];H101O CKO-
poeTb noprnIDI, nOK8.3bIBaeT, qTO ,Q06HTbc5I ee CBH)KeBIDI npH HeH3MeB-
HOB qaCTOTe BpameBWI KOJIelI'laTOrO BaJIa n MO>KHO 3a C'leT YMeBbme-
HIDI S.
Ol\HaKO, KaK npaBHJIO, 3TO npHBO,ltHT IC POCTY HHepHOHBbIX Harpy-
:lOK lIa 3JICMeHTbI KIDM. 3TO 06'b5lCIDIeTC.H 'reM, 'liTO Macca ,QeT8JIeB
KIUM npOnOpl\HOH8JIbHa D3, B TO BpeMJI KaK CHlDKeHHe CKOpOCTH
lIopnnUI BCJIe,QCTBHe )'MeHbrneHH.H ero xO,Qa npOnOp:QHOBaJIbHO D. llpH
y"CJIH'fCIIHH D TaK)Ke B03paCTalOT ra30BbIe BarpY3KH Ha KIDM, 'liTO
L::IUUaIiO C pOCTOM llJIOIq8.J];H noprnIDI.
TaKHM 06P8.30M, YMeBbrneHHe K HeOJ];H03Ha'IHO BJIIDleT Ha JJ;OJIrOBe-
qnOCTb ,WmraTeIDI. C OJJ;HOB CTOpOBbI, OBa YBeJIH'lBBaeTCB H3-3a YMeBb-
lllCHWI C n , a C ,QpyrOB - YMeHbmae-rC.H H3-3a B03paCT8.HWI HHep:QHOH-
HbIX H r8.30BbIX HarpY30K Ha JJ;CTaJIH KllIM. KaICO H3 npHBeJJ;eHBbIX
<paKTOpOB 6Y,QeT npeBaJIHpOBaTb, perna.eTC.H HH,ltHBH,lJ;yaJIbHO AJI.H KaXC-
JJ;OB KOHKpeTHOB KOHCTPYKnHH ,D;BC.
B COBpeMeB 6bICTPOXOJJ;HbIX ,[(cM3 Ba6JI1O,Qae-rc.H TeH.neIDI
K HCDOJIb30B8.HHIO ICOpOTICOXO,QHbIX KOBCTPYKnHB C K < 1, 'lITO n03BOIDI-
eT nOJIyqHTb ,QOnOJIBHTeJIbHbIii pe3epB yoeJIHqeBIDI n.,,,, npH BeH3MeB-
HOB C n . B ,ltH3emIX C HX MeHbrneB 6bICTpoXO,ZUIOCTblO HCnOJIb3YIOT 60JIee
AJIHHBOXO,QBbIe KIDM C K= 1,0...1,2.
YMeBbmeBHe K npHBO,ltHT K YBeJIHqeHHIO ra6apHTBOi ,QJIHHbI ,[(BC
H ,QJIHHbI KOJIeBqaTOrO BaJIa. IIpH 3TOM YMeBbmae'rC.H BbICOTa KaMepbI
CrOp8.HIDI, 'liTO B pJI,L{e CJIY'faeB YCJIOXCH.HeT nOJIY'feHHe OnTHM8..JJbBOH ee
$oPMbI. 3To MO)KeT npHBO,QHTb K yxy.wneHHIO YCJIOBHH npOTeK8.HIDI
30

npoeccoB cMeceo6pa30BQHHJI H CrOp8.HIDI. Y J1:cR3 B03paCTaeT TaIOK:e
BepoJlTHOCTb B03HHKHOBeHHJI AeTOHaqHH. K nOnOX<HTenbHhIM KaqeCT-
BaM KOpOTKOXO.n;HLIX KOHCTPYKrvm CJIe.n:yeT OTHecTU CHIDKeHUe TeIDIO-
OT.n;aqU B creHKB BJIHHApa, ynyqmeHue B03MOX<HOCTH yBenll'leHIIJl
npoXO,lUIhlX ceqeHU rOpnOBHH KJIanaHOB, 06eCneqeHHe 6dJIbmerO nepe-
KpbITIDI meeK KOneHqaTOrO Bana, YMeHbmeHlle nonepeqHhIX ra6apHTOB
KapTepa H MaCChi J1:BC.
.I

r J1ABA 2
YPABHOBEmEHHOCTL
H YPABHOBEIDHBAHHE ,lJ;BHrATE.JIEH
BHYTPEllliErO CrOPAHIDI
IIpH pa60Te t:\BC B ero KOHCTpYH B03HHKaJOT CBJIbI, BbI3bIBa-
lOe Kone6aTeJIbHhIe SIBJIeBIDI KaK B 3neMeHTax C8.Moro .n;BHraTeIDI
(<<6HympeHHRR» HeYP8.BHOBemeHHoCTb), TaK H B CHCTeMe aBTOM06HJIb
(TpaKTOp) - ,lJ;BHraTeJIb «<tJHeulHRR» HeypaBHoBemeHHoCTb).
BHeumeypaoHoOetue1lHblM Ha3bIBaeTCSI TaKOH .D;BHraTeJIb, npH YCT8.HO-
BHBrneMC5J pe)J(HMe pa60TbI KOToporo peH Ha ero onopax OCTaJOTCSI'
nOCTOSIBHhIMH no BeJIH'IBHe H Hanp8.BJIeHHlO. Taxoii ,lJ;BHraTeJIb C8.M He
COBeprnaeT Kone68.BHH Ha onopax (nO.D;BeeKax), a T8.IOKe He nepe.n;aeT
KOJIe6aTeJIbnylO 3HeprHIO H He B036YQaer. Kone6amrli: B KOHCTpyKqHH
MamHHbI, Ha KOTOpyro OH YCTaHOBJIeH.
KOMnneKC MeponpWITuH no YJIyqmeHHIO yp8.BHOBemeHHOCTH H83LI-
BaeTCJI ypaoHo8ezuusaHueM 08uzameAR.
2.1. CMJIOBLIE f1)AKTOPLI, BLI3LffiAIOIl{UE
HEYPABHOBEIDEHHOCfL
nOPIIIHEBOrO ,roIHI' ATEJDI
CHJ10BbIMH <paKTOp8.MH, onpe,lJ;emnoHMH Heyp8.BHOBemeHHOCTb
ABC SIBIDIIOTCSI Bce CHJIOBb1e .paxTOpLI, KOTopt.Ie ypaBHOBernHBaJOTCJI
peaKWiSIMH onop H npH :nOM H3MeIDllOT CBOIO BeJIH'lHHY H (HJ1H)
Hanp8.BJIeHHe.
2.1.1. OOPOB.brn Ill'ATE.JI.b
llaCTb peaxIUrli onop, OTBeTCTBeHHaSI 3a ypaBHoBemeHHoCTb O.D;HO-
I{H.JIHH,lJ;poBOro ,lJ;BHraTeJIJI (Ot:\), onpe,lJ;eJIJIeTcJI COBOKynHoCTblO CJIe.n;y-
lOx CHJIOBbIX <paxTOpOB (pHC. 2.1): R A R B ,...,R,,=j(P}1' Pjll, K" M oup ).
B HX 'IHcno He BXO.n;5JT: .
. r830BaJI CBJIa Pr KaK He BbI3bIBaJOmaJI peaKrpdi Ha onopax;
. Bee ,lJ;BHraTeIDI G KaK napaMeTp, He H3MeIDIIOIQHHCSI no BeJIH'lHHe
H Hanp8.BJIeHHIO.
32

I},
, 1]u
Pr
, M onp
"HC. 2.1. CaJIoBLle 4Jaa:ToPbl, BhI3h1B3.IOIUHe BeypaBBOBemeHHoCTb OOItH.JIHlIJI;poBoro
HraTeJIJl
T8.KHM 06P8.30M, CHJIOBhIMH $aKTOp8.MH, BhI3b1B3.IOHMH HeypaB-
1I0BemeHHOCTb OAHOn;HJIHH,lJ;pOBOrO ABlITaTeIDI, SIBJISIIOTCSI
"b ]b. K" Morrp.
2.1.2. MHOrO.QRJIlIH.ll;POBblll ,roJHI' ATEJIb
MHOrOD;HJIHH.ApOBLIH ABBraTeJIb (M):() npeACTaBIDIeT C060H COBOKY-
I1110CTb i (i - ICOJIH'leCTBO D;HJIHH.APOB) 0));, ICpHBomBIIhI ICOTOpbIX no-
IIcpuYTbI .n;pyr OTHOCHTeJIbHO .n;pyra' Ha yrOJI l>, onpe.n;eJISIeMhIH ICOM-
IIOIlOBO'IHOH cxeMoH ICOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa, B Bp3.ID;3.IOTCSI CHHXpOHHO,
il pa6o'IHe npon;ecChl C,ABHHYTbI no (j>8.3e Ha yrJIOBOH HHTepBaJI B COOT-
IIC rCTBJIH C npHWITbIM nopjJJJ;KoM pa60ThI ABlITaTeJISI.
Iia ICaJK,ZJ;OM B3 0):( .u;eHCTBYeT ICOMllJIeKC CHJIOBbIX (j>aKTOpOB, BLI3LI-
lIillOlIUlX ero HeypaBHOJremeHHoCTb (p)], P Jll , K" ..t/ oup ). 'BeJIH'lHHa H Han-
pallJleHHe ax .n;eHCTBIDl onpe.u;emllOTCg nOJIO)ICeHHeM"ICpHBOIIIHna ICIDK-
)101"0 0):( O,WlOCBTeJIbHO ero BMT.
CYMMHPYSICb no .n;JIHHe .u;BHI'aTeIDI, O,nHOHMeHHbIe CHJIOBLIe 4>8.KTOpLI
Mill YT OCJIa6JlSITb HJIB YCBJIHBaTb HeypaBHOBemHBalOee .u;eHCTBBe .l\Pyr
'Ipy'a. npH :nOM MorYT B03HHKl1YTb npOAOJIbHhIe MOMeHTbI, YPaB-
IfCl/lCIIIHBaIOIQHecg pe8.Kn;IDlMH onop .n;BHraTeJUl.
33

B lCa'leCTBe npHMepa paCCMOTpHM yp8.BBOBemeBBOCTb .nBYJIBB.n-
pOBOro O,ltBOpJI,l{BOrO I\BHraTeIDI (i =2) C yrnoM Mex<;J;Y ICpBBomunaMH
180 0 -2P(b= 180°), cxeMa 1C0TOporo npHBe,lteHa Ba pHC. 2.2.
3.D;eCL C.H.JILI HHepWiH nepBoro nOpJl.D;lCa, ,lteKcTByroIltHe Ha nep-
BOM P j1 (1) = C cos cp H BTOpOM YCJIOBHOM 0)]; - P j1 ('1) = C cos (cp - 180°) =
= -Ccoscp. ORB OCJIa6.1U11OT (B .D;aHHOM cJIy'lae HeiiTpaJIH3)'1OT) Heyp8.B-
HOBeIllBBalOIltee ,lteHCTBHe ,ltpyr ,ltpyra, Tax lCaK 1:P iI =O. O,ZJ;Haxo npH
3TOM B03HHlCaeT npo,ltonLHLIii MOMeHT 1:M j1 =P j1 a=l=O, ICOTOpLIH ypaB-
HOBemHBae-rCjI peaKInlSIMH onop. COOTBeTCTBeHHO CRJILI HHepHH BTO-
poro nopjI,l{1(a:
PjD(I)=).CCOS cp; 1I(2)=).CCOS 2(cp+ 180 0 )=).Ccos2cp,
1:P jD = 2lC cos 2cp =1= O.
OTCIO,lta CJIe,ltYeT, '1TO CHJILI 1I B ,lt8.HHOM cnylfae YCHJIHBaroT He-
ypaBHoBemHBarom;ee )J;eHCTBHe )J;pyr ,ltpyra, HO npH 3TOM He 06p8.3YeTCjJ.
HeYPaBHOBemeHHLI:H npO,ltOJILHLIii MOMeHT, Tax Kax 1:1I=0. AHano-
rH'IHLIK BHaJIH3 n;eHTpo6e)KHLlX CIDI
HHepIJ;HH nOIC8.3LIBa.eT, '1TO K'(I)=
= -K'(2)' 1:K,=O H 1:M,=K,a=l=O.
TaKBM 06p8.30M, CHnOBLIMH q,alC-
TOpaMH, BLI3LIBaIOIltHMH HeypaBHoBe-
meHHOCTL M)];, S1BIDllOTCjJ.:
I(l)
11'
o
1l(1) I1(2)
o
1.'(1)
l Monp
I(2)
(/I!,
WJ.
1/3.
W!ft
PRc. 2.2. K llHaJIH3Y CHJIOBhIX 4JaK-
TOpoB, Bhl3L1B3.IOIUHX HeypaBHoBe-
weBHOCTL MBOroItHJlHH.lij)oBhIX H-
raTeJIeii:
34
1:P j1 , 1:P jlI ; 1:K,; 1:M j1 ;
1:M jlI ; 1:M,; 1:M oap.
Or.D;eJILHLle CHnOBbIe cpaICTOpbI, ne-
pe'IBCJIeHHLIe BLllIIe, He Mor}'T ypaB-
HOBeIllHBaTL ,ltpyr ,ltpyra, TaIC lCalC HMe-
lOT JIH60 p8.3.IIHlfHLIe JIHHHH ,lteHCTBHJI,
nH60 p8.3.IIHlfm.m 3aKOH H3MeHeHHjJ. no
BpeMeHH. TI03TOM)' .nIDI ypaBHoBemH-
B8.HHJI M)]; Heo6xo,lUlMo nop03HL ,lt0-
6HBaThCjJ. BbIllonHeHIDI cne.D;ylOIltHX
ycnOBHH:
1:P J1 =0; 1:PJlI=O 1:K,=O;
1:M jI =O; 1:M JII =O; 1:M,=O;
Monp = O.

BhIllOJIHeHIDI nepBLIX lllecTH H3 BHX B03MO)KHO ,U06HTbCJ.I ,UByMS.I
Clloc06a.MH:
. BbI6opOM pOHa.JIbHO:H KOMllOHOBO'lHO:H CXeMbI )];BC ('DIcJIa
I H yrJIa pa3BaJIa oce» :QHJ]HHpOB y, yrJIa Me KpHBOIllHnaMH
KOJIeH'laTOrO Barra b);
. HCnOJIb30BaHHeM ClIeWla..JIbHhIX ypaBHoBelllHBaIOUl;HX MexaHH3-
MOB.
B HaCTOSIDlee BpeMJI He C}'lQecTByeT MexaBH3MOB, ypaBHoBemHBa-
IOJl\HX .I:Monp, n03ToM}', Kor,Ua pe'lb H,l{eT 0 «nOJIHOCTblO ypaBHoBemeH-
110M ,l{8HI"aTeJIe», HMeeTCH B BH,l{)' ero ypaBHOBeIlIeHHOCTb no CYMMap-
III..!M CKJIaM HHepnHH H HX MOMeHTaM.
2.2. llPIDII..{.I1JThI YP ABHOBEDIlIBAHIDI
({EHTP06E)KJ{bIX ClIJI HHEPl(mI M MX MOMEHTOB
(YP ABHOBEIIIlIBAHHE KOJIEIJIIAThIX BAJIOB)
KOMllJIeKC KOHCTPYKTopcKO-TeXHOJIOrH'IecKHX MeponpHSITBH, Han-
plll\JleHBbIX Ha BbllIOJIHeHHe YCJIOBHH .I:K,=O B .I:M,=O, Ha3b1BaeTC)l
,paIUlOBeIllHB8.HBeM BarrOB.
BMIIOJIHeHHe YCJIOBBJI U,=O Ha3bIBalOT cmamU'leCKUM yp01JHOeew.u-
tftlllfieM, TaK K8.K npe,UnOCbIJIKOH ero BbIllOJIHeHIDI SIBJIHeTCB naXO>K,lJ;eBHe
1\('\1 rpa Mace (I.J;M) BaJIa Ha OCB ero BpaUl;eHIDI; npH 3TOM cyMMa
,. I a rH'IecKHX MOMeHTOB MaCC me OTHOCHTeJIbHO nee (PBC. 2.3, a) O.JDKHa
1".1'" paBHa nymo:
a
R A
fj.
K,(l)
I
I
} K'(2)
PRc. 2.3. K aHaJIH3Y YCJIOBHH ypaBHOBeruCH"OCllf KOJIC"'''' IJoIX ftllll1111"
a - CTa11l'leo:oi; 6 -- ,romaM""", "ell
.,

I:K;.=Kr(l) + K r (2) =M.:r(I)W 2 + M .:r(2)W 2 =m,rw 2 + m r ( - r)w 2 = O.
OrClO.n:a CJle.n:yeT, 'ITO I:K;.=O npH I:Mcr=O.
KOHTpOJIb BhIIIOJlHeHIDI TIOrO YCJIOBIDI OCecTBIDIeTCjJ: B CTaTHKe
npH Me.n:JleHHOM npOBOpa'IHBaHHH Bana Ha npH3Max C npoBepKoB HanH-
'lID! «6e3pa3J1H'lHOrO» paBHOBeCIUI BO BCeX B03MOXCHbIX ero nOJlO>KeHH-
SIX. BbillOJIHeHHe I:Mr=O SIBJljJ:eTCjJ: YCJlOBHeM OU1ta.MUeCK020 yparmoee-
UlU6a1tUR, TaK KaK npOSIBIDIeTCjJ: TOJlbKO npH BpameHHH Bana H ou;eHHBa-
eTCjJ: no ypOBHIO BH6paItHH ero onop (PHC. 2.3, 6). 3.n:ecb I:Mr=Kra
ypaBHOBemHBaeTcjJ: MOMeHTOM, B03HHK3.IOIIJ;HM Ha onopax: Mon=Ronb
H Ron=K.a/b.
Ha npaKTHKe BbillOJlHeHHe YCJlOBIDI I:K,=O .n:OCTlITaeTCjJ: YCTaHoBKoH
npOTHBOBeCOB Ha npo.n:OJl>KeHHH meK KOJleHqaTOrO Bana. Ha pHC. 2.4, a
npOHJIJlIOCTpHpOBaH npHHIJ;Hn no.n:60pa nap8.MeTpoB npOTHBoBecoB .n:IDI
ypaBHoBemHBaHIDI I:K, Ha npHMepe O.n:HOKOJleHHOrO BaJla.
YCJlOBHe ypaBHOBenmB3.HIDI: Kr=2Kup, r.n:e Knp=Mcr_upw 2 , K,=m,rw'J.
H Mcr.up = O,5m,r.
CHCTeMhI npoTHBoBecOB Ha npo.n:OJl>KeHHH meK HCnOJlb3YIOTCjJ: TaK-
>Ke .n:IDI J1:HHaMHQecKoro ypaBHOBemHBaHHjJ: KOJleHQaTOrO BaJla. Ha pHC.
2.4, 6 Ha npHMepe nJlOCKOrO .D:ByXKoJleHHoro Bana npo.n:eMOHCTpHpOBaH
npHIIIHn ypaBHosemHBaHHjJ: I:M r . llpOTHBOBecbl Ha npo.n:OJl>KeHHH
KpaitlUlx ll-\eK C03.n:a1OT napy CHJI Knp=Mcr_npw 2 =1nnppnpw 2 , KOTOpaJI
UR nnc'fC b <»OpMHPYCT MOMeHT Myp=Kupb, ypaBHoBemHBalOIIJ;HH I:M r =
K,a = m,rw 2 a.
Kr
K np
a
K np
Pnp
PRc. 2.4. IIpHHItHDLI ypaBHoBelllHBaIIHJ1 KOJIeH'laTLIX BMOB:
a - craTIl'lecxoro; 6 - AHHaMH'lCCKOrO
36

OTCIO.n;a CJIe.n;yeT, '1TO JUfH3.MH'IecKoe ypaBHOBemHBaHHe 6y.n;eT
HMeTb MecTO npH Mr:r.op =m,r (alb).
IIpR BbI60pe KOJIR'IeCTBa H pacnOJIO>KeHIUI npoTHBoBecOB AJUI ypaB-
JlOBenDlBaHIUI BaJIa Heo6xo,ZJ;HMO OT.n;aBaTb npe.n;nO'lTeHRe TeM BapHaH-
raM, KOTopbIe o6ecne'IIIBaIOT:
O.n;HOBpeMeHHoe BbIIIOJIHeHHe 060HX YCJIOBHH ypaBHOBemHB8.HHlI
(I:K;.=O,1:M,=O);
MHHHMarrbHbIii cYMMapHbIii CTaTH'IecKHH MOMeHT Bcex npOTHBO-
neCOB.
IIpHMepbI HeOnTHMaJIbHbIX C 3THX n03H:QHH CHCTeM pa3MeIQeHHlI
IIpOTHBOBecOB npHBe.n;eHbI Ha pRC. 2.5.
8apR8.HT ypaBHOBemHB8.H1UI OJUlOKOJIeHHOrO Barra, npe.n;CTaBJIeHHbIH
1I:l pRC. 2.5, a, He onTHMarreH no cpaBHeHHIO C BapH8.HTOM pHC. 2.4, a,
I aK KaK 3.n;ecb npH Mr:r.np=m,r H 1:K,=O nOllBIDIeTClI HeypaBHoBemeH-
III,Ui npo.n;OJIbHbIH MOMeHT 1:M,=K,c. TaIOKe He pa:QHOHaJIbHa cxeMa
ypaBHoBeIIIHBaHIUI nJIOCKOrO .n;BYXKOJIeHHOrO Barra, npRBe.n;eHH3J.l Ha
pHC. 2.5, 6, TaK KaK B :nOM cJIY'Iae no cpaBHeHBlO C BapR8.HTOM pRC.
.'A, 6 WIll BbIIIOJIHeHHlI YCJIOBRH 1:K,=O, 1:M,=O -rpe6YIOTClI npoTu-
IIOl)eCbI C 60JIbmHM CTaTH'lecKHM MOMeHTOM M::r.op=m,r(alb') (M::r.op>
. Mr:r.op, TaK KaK b ' <b). -
B MHOrOQRJIHH.n;poBbIX .n;BRraTeJIllX B03MO>KHbI KOHCTPYK:QHH KOJIeH-
'm rwx BarrOB, WIll KOTOpbIX YCJIOBRII RX nOJIHoro ypaBHOBeIIIHB8.HHlI
IlIoIJlOJIIDIIOTClI: aBTOMaTH'leCKB 6e3 YCTaHOBKB npOTHBOBeCOB. TaKHe
lIallbI Ha3bIBaIOTClI: CaMoypa8Ho8eweHHblMU.
::hHM CBOHCTBOM 06JIa.n;aIOT, HanpRMep, nJIOCKBH 'IeTbIpeXICOJIeH-
III,." Barr (PRC. 2.6, a), a T3.IOKe npoCTp8.HCTBeHHbIH mecTHKOJIeHHhIii BaJI
, yI"J10M Me KpUBOmBlIaMH 120° (PRC. 2.6, 6).
K,
Knp
1/13
q
Pnp
r
6
I'H'. 2.5. IIpHMephi BeoDTHMaJI&BLlX CHCTeM ypaBBOBeIlIHBaBHJl KOJIeH'laTLIX BaJIOB:
a - CTaTH'lecxOro; 6 - AHI!RMD'!ecxoro
37

K r (4)
6
tie.
11P
1,6
 / "\120.
I \
I I
2,5 ,,__, 3,4
120.
6
Pac. 2.6. CaMOypaBHoBemeHBhle KOJIeH'laTLIe B8.JILI:
a - 'IcThlPCXXOJ1emn.rl1 IIJ]oCKHii:; 6 - mCC'mKoncHHhlii npOC'lp8Bc-mCHHl.lii c yrJ10M M IpBIIOWB-
nBMB 120 0
,l(illI KOHCTp}'KIl;uH CaMOyp8.BHOBemeHHhIX BarrOB XapaKTepHO:
'IemOe 'lHCJIO KpHBOIIIHnOB (6oJIbme BJIH paBHO 'IeTbIpeM);
nJIOCKOCTb, npoxo.wnn;ail 'Iepe3 reOMerpH'IeCKHH n;eHlp Barra nepneB-
,WIKYillIPHO ero npO,QOJIbHOH OCR, .HBillIerC.H IIJIOCKOCTblO 3epKarrbHOH
CHMMeTpHH.
Iia npaKTHKe npoTHBoBecbI HCnOJIb3yroTC.H H B KOHCTpyKnIDIX caMO-
yp:umORemeHHhIX BarrOB. B :nOM cny'Iae HX H3.3Ha'IeHHe - pa3zpY3Ka
KOP('II11hIX nOOtuun1lUK06 OT ,QeHCTBIDI n;eHTpo6e)l(HbIX CHJI HHepxum
H KOIIC rpYKQHH Barra OT ,QeHCTBH.H B3m6alOIn;HX MOMeHTOB.
Pac. 2.7. CxeMa HarpyxellHJ1 KOpeB.
BhlX onop B caMoypaBBOBcwellHOM '1eTLI-
peXKOJIeHHOM DJIOCKOM KOJIeH'IaTOM BaJIe
38

Knp
K np
PHC. 2.8. Pa3MenteHHe opOTHBOBeCOB 
pa3rpY3IH KOpE:HIILIX onop B caMOypaB-
BOBemeHHOM '1eThlpeXJ:OJIeHHOM DJIOC-
KOM IOJIeH'IaTOM BaJIe

"HC. 2.9. PaJMcweHHe opoTHBOBeCOB B IOB-
e rpyxItHH '1eTLIpeXIoneBHoro DJIOCIOrO IO-
JleH'laTOrO BaJIa, 06ecne'IHB3.IOmee ero llaH-
JlY'IillflO BByrpeHBlOIO B BBCWBlOIO ypaBBO-
BCWeBBOCT&
IIpHH.QHn BCnOJIb30BaHBjJ: npOTBBOBeCoB B C8.M0yp8.BHOBemeHHhIX
naJIax paCCMOTpeH Ha pBC. 2.7 Ha npBMepe nJIOCKOrO '1eThIpeXICOJIeH-
lIoro Barra.
1-13 npBBeeHHOH cxeMhI CJIeyeT, '1TO CBJILI K" eHCTBYIOIQBe Ha
KpBBomBllax, HarpYXaIOT onopLI Barra: 1-10 onopy - CBJIOH 0,5K r ; 3-10
U1IOPy - CBJIOH Kr; 5-10 onopy - CBJIOH 0,5K r .
,l(IDI BX pa3rp}'3KB MO:JKeT 6LITb BCnOJIb30B3.Ha CBCTeMa npOTHBOBe-
COB, nOKa38.HHWI Ha pBC. 2.8.
3ecb npB CTaTH'lecKoM MOMeHTe npOTHBOBecoB Mcr_np= 0,5m,r,
f. Kr = 0 B I:.M r = 0, a CBJILI, Harp}')KaIOlI(He onopLI C t -H no 5-10, paBHbl
"YJIlO. O,WIaKO npB :nOM MOMeHT OT napLI CBJI K" eHCTByrolI(HX Ha
I-M B 2-M KpBBomBll8X, M rl - 2 , yp8.BHOBeIIIBBWICb napOH QeHTp06e)I(HhJX
CHlI l-ro B 2-ro npOTHBOBecOB Mnp(I-2)' HarpY:JK3.eT KOHCTPylC.QH1O Barra
H"Jm6aIOIQHMB HanpJI:JKeHIDIMH (see ClCa33.HHOe BbllDe B paBHOH Mepe
cnpaBeJt]IBBO B AillI 3-ro, H 4-ro ICpBBomBlloB).
,l(mJ. ycrp3.HeHBJI 3.HHOrO HeOCTaTlCa B HeKoTopbIX ,WJBraTeJUIX
IIpBMeHJIeTCJI CHCTeMa npoTHBoBecoB, npBBeeHHWI Ha pBC. 2.9.
B :nOM c.rry'lae Kr yp8.BHOBeIIIBBaeTcjJ: HenocpeCTBeHHo Ha KpBBO-
lIIune, 'lTO n03BOIDIeT npB nOJIHOCTbIO yp8.BHOBemeHHOM Barre (I:.K,.=O;
I:Mr=O) B nOJIHOCTbIO pa3rpY:JKeHHbIX onopax B 3Ha'IBTeJIbHOH Mepe
pa3rpY3BTb ero KOHCTpYJ<llHlO OT eHCTBHJI B3rB6alOIQHX MOMeBTOB.
O.QHaKO npH :nOM cyMMapHLIii CTaTB'IecKBH MOMeHT npOTHBOBeCOB
yoelIH'lBBaeTCJI B 2 pa3a.


2.3. llPH.HQIIIILI yP ABHOPEnrn:BAHIDI
IIPOCTPAHCTBEHllLIX KOJIEffliAThIX BAJIOB
BarrLI, KpBBOIllBllbI KOTOpbIX pacnOJIO:JKeHbl B HeCKOJIbKBX D./IOCKO-
C nIX, Hocn Ha3B3.HBe npOCmptlHCm6eHHblX.
PaCCMOTpBM npBHU;Bn HX ypaBBoBemBBaHBJI Ha npBMepe TpeXICO-
IICHHoro Barra C ICpBBOmBllaMH, pacnOJIO:JKeHHbIMH B Tpex D./IOCKOCTJIX
IIO yrnoM c5= 120°. CxeMa ero npBBeeHa ua pHC. 2.10, a.
39

6
K r (3)
PRc. 2.10. K aBaJIH3Y ypaBBOBeWeBHOCTH TpeXKoneHHoro opocrpaHCTBeBHoro KOJIeB-
'1aTOrO BaJIa c yrJIOM M KPHBOlIIRIIaMH 120°:
a - exeMa SarpYZCHWl; 6 - Bc:rrOpSU ,l\BarpBMMa 1tCJITP06cmu,u CRJI; II - BCITOpSU ,l\BarpaMMB
MOMCBrB QCIITp06e:ll:lIWX C8JI
Pe3YJIbTHPYIOaJI ueHTpo6e>KHhIX CHJI B JJ;aHHOM CJIY'iae OlIpeJJ;eIDI-
c rCH BCKTOpHbIM CYMMHpOB8.HHeM CM K" ,lJ;eikrnylOHX Ha OT,lJ;eJIbHhIX
KpHUOUlHlIax, H, K8.K BHJ(HO H3 pHC. 2.10, 6, pRBHa HYJIlO:
I:.K,= Kr(l) + Kr(2) + Kr(3) = o.
-+ -+ -+
MOMeHT 3THX CBJI OTHOCHTeJIbBO TO'IKH 0: I:.M,=Mr(I)+Mr(3). Mo-
,AyJIH CJIaraeMbIX MOMeHTOB CBJI K" ,lJ;eHCTByroHX B IDIOCKOCTJIX l-ro
H 3-ro KpHBomHIlOB, IMr(I)1 = IMr(3)1 = K,a = m,rw 2 a. BeKTOpHOe c)'MMHpO-
BaRBe 3THX MOMeHTOB IIpe,lJ;CTaBJIeHO Ha pHC. 2.10, 6. OrclO,lJ;a CJIe,lJ;yeT,
'iTO MO,lJ;YJIb C}'MMapHoro MOMeHTa, olIpe.neJIeHHbIH IIO TeopeMe KOCHHY-
COB H3 3aUITpHXOBaHHoro TpeyrOJIblIHKa,
II:.M,I =  (K,a)2 + (K,a)2- 2(K,a)2 cos 120° =
=.J3 K,a = .J3m,rw 2 a.
YrOJI (fJh OlIpe,lJ;emIIOHii IIJ10CKOCTb ero ,lJ;eHCTBWI OTHOCHTeJIbHO
llJIOCKOCTH l-ro KpHBomHIla, paBeH 30°. YpaBHoBecBTb 3TOT MOMeHT
40

PHC_ 211. PaJMelIteBHe npOTHBOBecOB
II lpeXKOJleBHOM opoClp&BCTBellHoM KO-
,leH'laTOM BMe, o6ecne'IHBalOlItee ero
1I0Jl&ylO BBCWBlOIO H HaRJIy'lWflO BHYT-
peBHIOIO ypaBBoBemeBHOCT&
II
MO>KHO, C03,D;a.B B llJIOCKOCTH era ,D;eHCTBIDI Myp= -1:M,; IM yp /=I1:M,I=
Knpb = J3m,rro 2 a. ,[(JUI ::noro, KaK nOK8.3aHO Ha pHC. 2.10, a, B nJIOC-
KOCTH ,D;eHCTBIDI I.M, Ha IIpO,D;OJDKeHHH Kpammx eK YCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCX
IIponmOBeChI co CTaTllqecKHM MOMeHTOM M",_np=y'3m,r(afb). B03HHKa-
I\lnax IIPH 3TOM Ha llJIeqe b IIapa CHJI Knp=M",.npro 2 =mnppnpro 2 C03,D;aeT
lIl"o6xo)];HMLIii )];IDI ypaBHoBernHBaHIDI MOMeHT Myp.
3TOT BapBaHT p8.3MeeHIDI IIpOTHBOBeCOB 06eclIeqHBaeT IIOJIHYIO
ypaOHOBerneHHOCTb BaJIa IIPB MHHHM3.JIbHOH cYMMapHoH MaTepBaJIOeM-
KIICTH IIpOTHBOBecOB (1:M",.np-+min). Q,D;HaKO IIPB 3TOM Bce KopeHHhIe
IIIIOphI HarpyxcalOTCX .QeHTp06e>KHbIMH CBJIaMH, a KOHCTPYK.QIDI BaJIa -
II 'I"H6alOI.QBMH MOMeHTaMH.
Pa)];HK3.JIb1lbIH cIIoc06 BX p8.3rpY3KH IIPB coxpaHeHHB IIOJIHOH ypaB-
IIOIJCllIeHHOCTB BaJIa - p8.3MeI.QeHHe npoTBBoBecoB Ha IIpO,D;OJI>KeHHH
III ex ero I.QeK, Kax :no nOK8.3aHO Ha pBC. 2.11, HO IIPB :nOM MaXCHM3.JIb-
11\) 1J03paCTaeT MaTepHaJIOeMICOCTb KOHCTp)'K.QHB (1:Mc-r.np-+max).
Iia npaxTBXe qaCTO BCnOJIb3YlOTCSI KOM6BH8..QBH 3TBX ,D;BYX cxeM,
'II 0 II03BOJISIeT qaCTH'lHO p8.3rpY3BTb OIIOphI H KOHCTPYK.QHIO BaJIa IIPB
IIpOMe>KYTo'IHoM 3HaqeHBH M",.np.
2.4. llPI YPABHOBEmHBAHIDI CHJI
HHEPQIllI MACC, t(BIDKXCB
B03BPATHO-IIOCTYIIATEJIbHO
l--1.neSI KOHCTpYK.QBB MexaHH3Ma )];JlSI ypaL./IOBeIIIBBaHHSI CKJI HHep.QHH
111'1)1101.0 P j1 B BToporo Pju. IIOpSI,lUCOB 68.3BPYeTCX Ha B03MO>KHOCTB
"1)(,)(""TaBJIeHHSI HX B BB)];e reOMeTpBqecX(.H CYMMbI Bpa..rn;aIOI.QBXCSI
" IIpOTHBOnOJIO>KHbIX HalIpaBJIeHHSIX .QeHTp06e>KHbIX CBJI. Ha pBC.
I 12, a CBJIa P jI npe,D;CTaBJIeHa Kax pe3YJIbTaT CJIO>KeHIDI BeKTopa C MO-
llYIICM (O,5C+), BpaI.QaIOI.QerOCJI C yrJIOBOH CKOpocTblO +ro, H BeKTopa
III, '1(' ), BMelOI.QerO YrJIOByIO qaCTOTY -roo 3,D;eCb >Ke npHBe,D;eH Mexa-
1111 1M ypaBHoBernHBaHHSI CBJIhI Pjl' COCTOSII.QHH H3 npOTKBOBecOB CO
I 1111 H'IecKHM MOMeHTOM M",_npt = TnnplPnph KOTophIe p8.3MeI.QeHhI Ha .D:BYx
41

Pac. 2.12. IIpHBWIII ypaBBOBemHBaHHJl eM BBepltHJl MaCe, cosepmaroIUBX B03BpaTHO-
nOCT)'IlaTeJI&Hoe ABlDI:eBHe:
Q - ocpBOro nOPJlAIa; 6 - BToporo nopJlAI&
BaJIaX, BpaaIOHXCSI C yrJIOBOB '1aCTOTOB :!:: co. B03HHKalOHe npH
:nOM neHTpo6e)KHbIe CHJIbI KupJ + H KupJ - BparnalOTCSI CHHXpoHHO
C YPaBHosemHBaeMbIMH HMB CHJIaMB O,SC+ 8 O,5C-. YCJIOB8e ypaB-
HOBemHBaHWI KnpJ = TnnpJpnpJco 2 = O,SC = O,SmJ rco 2 BhIllOJIWleTCSI npH
Mer.upJ = O,Sm.f.
Ha pHC. 2.12, 6 nOICaJaH aHaJIom'lHLli MeXaHH3M YPHOBenmB8HHJl
CHJIbI "U. 3.n;ecb PJ"U - reOMeTpH'IecICaJI cyMMa CHJI O,5.A.C+ H O,5.A.C-,
Bp8.IOHXCSI COOTBeTCTBeHHO C yrJIOBbIMH CICOpoCTJIMH + 2m H - 2co.
Ka)fCJ{aJI 83 HHX yp8.BHOBemHBaeTCII neHTp06excHbIMH CHJIaMB 2 H
42

K;2' KOTOpbIe 06p3.3}'1OTCB np" Bpam;eHHR C yrJ10BhIMR qaCTOTaMH :f:2ro
IIpOTHBOBecOB, HMelOIQHX Mr:r.np2=1nup2Pnp2, Ha BYX ,l(OnOJIHHTeJIh-
JlbIX Ba.n:aX. Y CJIOBRe ypaBHoBeIIIHBaHIDI Knp2 = 1nup2fJnp2(2ro)2 = O,5lC =
-= O,5A.m}"ro 2 BhIllOJ1HXeTCII npH M CT.np2 = mnp2Pnp2 = 1/8A.mj r.
2.5. AHA.JllI3 yP ABHOBEDIEIllIOCfH II
YPABHOBEnnmAlillE )];BHrATEJIEH C JlHHEIDIbIM
PACnOJIO)KEHHEM QlIJllIH)J.POB
2.5.1. O,l(HOQlfJJJlH,ll;POBLrn ,ZI,BHI' ATEJIL
O,WIOnHJIHH.l{pOBLIH .l{BHraTeJIh HMeeT O.l{HOKOJIellHhIif BaJI, ypaBHo-
IICIllRB8.IIRe KOToporo paccMoTpeHo B P3.3,l(. 2.3.
Y paBHOBeIIIHBaHHe CHJ1 HHepnHH T. R Pin pea.n:R3yercSI C nOMOIIJ;b1O
McxaHH3Ma JI8.II'Iecrepa, nOCTpoeHHoro HR 63.3e paCCMOlpeHHbIX BbIIIIe
II pHHIWnOB HX ypRBHOBeIIIHB8.IIIDI.
Ero OCHOBY COCTRBIDIIOT (pRC. 2.13):
2(j>
Pac. 2.13. CxeMa MexaRH3Ma JIaB'IeCTepa
43

. ABa Ba.rra, Bpam;alOmHecSl C yrJIOBLI-
MH CKOpOCnIMH :t w, 0 YCTaHOBneHHLIe
Ha HHX npOTHBOBeChl co craTll'leCKHM MO-
MeHTOM M r:r_npJ = O,5m j r; OHH ypaBHoBe-
UlHBalOT CHny HHepUHH P jJ ;
. ABa Ba.rra, Bpam;alOmHecJl C yrJIOBLI-
MH 'faCTOT8.MH :t 2w, 0 YCTRHOBJIeHHLIe
Ha HHX npOTHBOBeChI co craTH'feCKHM MO-
MeHTOM Mr:r_np2=1/ 8Nnjr ; ORB ypaBHoBe-
UlHBalOT CHny HHepUHH Pjrr.
BCJIe.D:crBHe rpOM03.D:KOCTH H KOHCT-
pYKmBHOH CJIO)KHOcrH MexaHH3M JIRH'fe-
CTepa npaKm'fecKH He HCnOJIb3yercJI
B Tp8llCnOpTHLIX ABHraTeIDIX H npHMeHJI-
ercJI JIHIIIb B CneUHaJIbHLIX CTaWIOHap-
HLIX YCTRHOBK8X, npe.D:Ha3Ha'feHHLIX .D:JUl
npOBe.D:eHHJI HCCne.D:OBaTeJIbCKHX pa60T.
B 60nbllIBHCTBe TpaHcnopTHLIX 0
npOMhlllIJIeHHhIX O.D:HOqH.JlHH,l(pOBLIX .lI:BC
.D:JIJI o6JIcneRBJI pa60TLI ynpyrnx 3JIe-
MeHTOB nO,/:\BecKH HCnOJIb3yeTcJI nx paJr-
pY3Ka 3a C'feT nepeHoca 'faCTH CHJILI P}l
B nnOCKOCTb, nepneH,ll;HKYJIJlPHYIO OCH UH-
JIHH,lI;pa. .
,l],nJl 3Toro Ha npoTHBoBecLI Bana ycraH8BJIHBaerCJI .D:OnOJIHHTeJIbHWI
Macca Am up , KaK 3TO nOKaJaHO Ha pHC. 2.14. IIpH Bpam;eHHH KpHBollIBna
c yrnoDoH '1aCTOTOH W B03RBKaeT CHJIa l1Knp=pnpW2. Ee npoe1UI
II.! OCL l{HJIHII,l:(pa AK,,=l1Knpcos qJ. 3Ta CIDIa MO>Ker yp8BHOBecHTb
'iaC"'L CHJIbI P jl = C COS qJ. Heo6xo.ZJ:HMLIe AJUI 3Toro KOHCTpyKTHBHLIe
uapaMeTphI npoTHBoBeca onpe,/:\erunoTCJI 03 p8BeHCTBa 1:1K,,= AP}l.
3,/:\ech A = 0...1 - 'faCTI, CHJILI P}l, nO.D:ne>K8I.QWI ypaBHoBeWHBaHHlO.
OrClO,/:\a npH Mcr.np=Amjr B.D:OJIb OCH WlJIHH.D:pa .D:eHCTByer CHna P E =
=P}l-AK,,=(I-A)P}l. O.D:HaKO npH 3TOM B nepneH.D:HKynJlpHoM H8ll-
paBneHHH B03HHKaer CHJIa My = AKnp sin qJ = M J:f.npw 2 sin qJ = A C sin qJ.
\
\
--+---
I
I
-/// /00
t.K x
Pac. 2.14. IIpHBIUIJI nepeHoca 'Ia-
CTH CHJILI HHep nepBoro no-
pa B DJIOCKOCTh, DepneKY-
JIJ1PByIO OCH lUlJlHarq>a
2.5.2. YXQIfJIUH,.lJ;POBLIE ur ATEJIH
.n;BYXWlJIHH,lI;pOBLIe .D:BHfaTeJIH BbllIOJIIDIIOTCSI no .D:B}'M KOHCTpyK-
THBHhIM cxeMaM:
C yrnoM Me>K.D:)' KpHBOWHllaMH 180° - 2P (t5 = 180°);
C yrJIOM Me>K.D:)' KpHBOWHll8.MH 360 0 -2P (t5=3600).
BfaTeJIL 2P (t5= 180°). KOHCTpYKTHBHWI cxeMa 0 8lI8JIH3 ypaB-
HOBeweHHOCTH .D:RHHOrO .D:BHfaTeJUl npHBe.D:eHbI B p83,/:\. 2.1.2. HeypaB-
HOBemeHHLIMH B .D:BHfaTeJIe JlBJIJIIOTCJI:
44

. C}'MMapHbIH MOMeHT l{eHTp06e>KHhIX CHJI I.M r =m,rw 2 a;
. CYMMapHasI CDJIa DHep1.UlH 2-ro nopJI,WCa 1:ljn=2lCcos 21p;
. C}'MMapHbIH MOMeHT CUJI HHepl{HH I-To nopJlAXa - 1:'1. =
Cacoslp.
Yp3.BHOBellIHBaHHe 1:M r AID! nJIOCKOrO ,lUJYXKOJIeHHOrO Barra, DC-
1I0JIb3yeMoro B 2P (= 180°), paccMoTpeHo B paJ,lJ;. 2.3.
HeypaBHoBemeHHoCTb no 1:P jTI Cp3.BHHTeJIbHO HeBeJIHKa, H 3TOT
CHJIOBOH cl>anop B 60JIbllIHHCTBe KOHCTPyHi OCT3.BJIJIIOT HeypaBHoBe-
IIICHHbIM.
HaH60JIee cyn:t;CCTBeHHO Ha ypaBHOBemeHHOCTb ,lJ;BHraTeJIB D3 nepe-
'IHCJIeHHbIX CHJIOBbIX cl>aKTopoB BJIIDICT cYMMapHbIH MOMeHT CHJI HHep-
I{HH l-ro nOpSI,lJ;Ka 1:M}l=CacoSIp. .Q.rrJl ero ypaBHOBellIHB8.HIDI MO)KeT
hI.! fb HCnOJIb30BaH Cnel{DarrbHbIH MeXa.HH3M, cxeMa KOToporo npHBe,lJ;e-
11.1 Ha pHC. 2.15, a. KOHCTpYKWfB ypaBHoBemHBalOIQerO MexaHD3Ma
II "ma-.:r:DTeJIbHOH Mepe onpe,lJ;emIeTCJI TeM o6CTOJITeJIbCTBOM, 'lT0 1:M.iI
11(' H3MeIDIeT llJIOCKOCTb CBoero ,lJ;eHCTBIDI; OH 8cez()a HaxO,lJ;HTCJI B nJIOC-
I( I )CTH oceH I(H1IpoB, KaK :no nOKaJaHO Ha CDJIOBOH cxeMe MexaHH3-
Mil (pHC. 2.15, 6). npOTHBOBeCbI Ha ,lJ;OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX BaJIax (ux yrJIOBbIe
I KOpOCTD +w H -W) C03,lJ;a1OT Ha llJIe'le b napbI CHJI, cl>OpMHpyroIQHe
MOMeHTbI:
M + - K .+h- M Z b - Z b .
yp- upV- c-r_opw -mop.popw ,
M = K;b = Mc-r_opwzb =moppopwzb,
I\I"K .-opbI KOTOpbIX nepneH,lJ;DKYJIJlpHbI nJIOCKOCTBM pacnOJIO)KeHIDI npo-
11I1I0BecOB. npoeKWfH 3TUX MOMeHTOB Ha OCD x H y paBHbI COOTBCTCT-
111"11110
M+=K+ b cosm'M+=K+ b sin m '
y up y, x up y,
M; = K;b cos ( -Ip); M; = K;b sin ( -Ip).
raKHM 06p8.3oM M; =M; H 1:My=2Mc-r.upw2bcoslp, B TO BpeMJI KaK
'I: = -M; D 1:M x =O.
Y CJIOBDe yp3.BHOBellIHBaHIDI 1:M}l' KaK 3T0 CJIe)];)'CT B3 CHJIOBOH
, ("MI.I, 1:l=1:My, '1TO HMeeT MecTO npH Mr:r_up=l/ zmjr (alb).
KOHCTPYK MexaHH3Ma MO)KCT 6bITh CyIQeCTBeHHO ynpOIQeHa,
,", II" B Ka'lecTBe O,lJ;HOrO D3 BarrOB, a HMeBHO Bana, BPaIQalOIQerOCB
I yl IIOBOH CKOpOCTblO + w, HCnOJIb30BaTb KOJIeH'IaTbIi Barr (PHC.
I I". «).
KaK CYIQeCTBeHHbIi He,lJ;OCTaTOK ,lUJDraTeJIB 2P (15= 180°) CJIe)];)'eT
1111\ ICTHTb, '1TO '1eTbIpeXTaKTHbIe )J;BC npH TaKO:H KOMllOHOBKe KpHBO-
IIIIUIOB HMelOT HepaBHOMepHoe -.:r:epe,lJ;OBaHHe pa60'IIIX XO,lJ;OB COOTBeTCT-
111'11110 '1epe3 180 H 540° nOBopoTa KOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa.
45

'
a
'-f=:\
6
6
-.......
PRe. 2.15. YPaBBOBCWHBaBHe yxIUlJIHILl{poBoro poro HraTeJIJ1 c yrJ10M Me-.ny
B:pHBolDHnaMH 180°:
a - npmnnm ypaBHOBeIIIBBIUIWI MOMetrTB CHJI BBep nepBoro nOpJI,/1XB; 6 - BCITOpBJUi ,QIIBIpaM-
MB 4x>PMHpOIIBImII ypaBBOBeIlDlBIUOIqerO MOMCBT8; /I - CXCMB MCXaHB3MB ypaaUOBCIIIHBIUIWI MO-
MCH'J"B CR1I BB ncpBoro nOpJI,!1II:B C OAHBM ,IIOUOJ1HBTCJIbHhIM BMOM

I
I
BraTeJlJo 2P (lJ = 360°). KOMnOHOBO'IHaJI cxeMR ABHraTeIDI npHBe-
,QeHa Ha pHC. 2.16, a. npaKTH'IecKaJI D;eJIecoo6pa3HoCTL ero B 3Ha1fHTeJIb-
HOH Mepe onpee.IDlerCJI B03MO)l(HOCTbIO 06ecne'leHWI paBHOMepHoro
qepeOBaHHB pa60'lHX XO,nOB ('Iepe3 360° nOBopOTa KOJIeH'laTOrO Ba..JIa)
B 'IerblpexTaxmbIX )J;BC.
no ypaBHOBemeHHoCTH ,naHHLIB: .nBHTaTeJIb 3KBHBa..JIeHTeH ,nBHra-
Temo O.QHOD;HJIHHpOBOMY, HMelOIIteM}' Y.lVJOeHHbIe MacChI nOBIDKHbIX
)JIeMeHTOB. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM CBJIOBble $axTOpbl, onpeemIlOIItHe
ero ypaBHOBemeHHOCTb:
1:1 = 21 = 2C cos qJ; 1:P j D. = 21I = 2lC cos 2qJ;
1:K,=2K,=2m,rw 2 ; 1:M}I=O; 1:A(,II=O; 1:M,=O.
Ha pHC. 2.16, 6 npHBeeHa cxeMa ypaBHOBemHBaHHJl1:M" COrJIaCHO
KOTOpOB: Ha npoomKeHHH IIteK p8.3MeIItaIOTCB npoTHBoBecbl co CTam-
'tCCUM MOMeHTOM M cr .up=lJ 2 m,r.
HeypaBHoBemeHHOCTb, Bbl3bIBaeMaJI CHJIOB: 1:II, omOCHTeJIbHO He-
IICJIHKa, H aHHLIB: CHJIOBOB: $axTOp B 60JIbllIHHCTBe KOHCTpyKD;HB: )J;BC
(l(.,iaBJUIIOT HeypaBHOBemeHHbIM.
06B3aTeJIbHOM)' ypaBHOBellIHB3.HHK> B .lVJHTaTeJIBX 2P (b = 360°) no-
IIcpraerCB HaH60JIee 3Ha'lHMbIB H3 HeypaBHOBemeHHbIX CHJIOBbIX $aK-
IOpOB -1:P}I=2Ccos qJ. Ha npaKTHKe 3Ta 3a,na'la MOJKer 6b1Tb pemeHa
)tIlYM1l cnoc06aMH:
1) HCnOJIb30BaHHeM '1aCTH MexaHH3Ma JIaH'IecTepa, npe.QH8.3Ha'leH-
IIOU .zwB ypaBHOBemHB3.HHB CHlIbI HHepD:HH nepBoro nopJI,nKa, npHmIB
'" laTH'IecKHii MOMeHT npoTHBoBecoB Ha OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX BaJIax, paB-
IIIdM M cr.up! = mj r;
2) npHMeHeHHeM ypaBHoBellIHBaK>IIterO MeX8.HH3Ma C .lVJYM1l ,nonOJI-
lutTeJIbHbIMH Ba..JIa.MH, Bpam.aIOIItHMHCJI B OOHOM Hanp(lllJleHUU C YZA060U
'Illcmomou - W H OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIMH npoTHBoBecaMH Ha KOJIeH'IaTOM
lIany.
CxeMa Taxoro MeX8.HH3Ma npHBe,neHa Da pHC. 2.16, 6. 3ecb CHJ1a
1: PJl = 21 3aMeIIteHa 3KBHBa..JIeHTHOB: eB: reOMeTpH'IecKOB: C}'MMOB: .l\Byx
(."11 C Mo.nyJIeM C, oAlla B3 KOTOphIX (C+) Bpam.aerCJI C yrJIOBOH
l:KOpOCTblO +w (CHHXpODHO C KpHBomHllO'W), a ,npyraJI (C-) - C yr-
IlnBOB: '1aCTOTOB: -W.
,n:IDI ypaBHOBemHB8.HHB CHJIbI C+ Macea npoTHBoBecoB Ha KOJIeH-
'm roM B8JIY }'BCJIH'lHBaerCJI COBOKYUHO Ha BeJIH'lHHY !!.mop, B pe3YJIbTaTe
'tno B03HHKaer D;eHTpo6e)l(HaJI CHJ1a K = AmupPopw 2 . Y CJIOBBe ypaB-
IIOlteIIIHBaHWI K=C=ml.w2 BbIllOJIliJIeTCB npH !!.mop=mjrJpop.
CUJIa C- ypaBHoBemHBaeTCB paBHo,neiicTBYIOIIteB: 2K; ABYX .QeHT-
p06e)l(HbIX CBJI K;, B03HHKalOID;Hx OT BpalD;eHWI npOTHBOBeCOB Ha .nnyx
IU)JIOJIHBTeJIbHbIX B8JIax, BpaIItaIOlD;HxCB C yrJIOBOH '1aCTOTOB: - W (CHH-
"'POHHO C ypaBHoBemHBaeMOH CHJIOH). OCB BpalD;eHHJI B8.JIOB
47

K,
K,
'?
11" Pnp
m np
K np
a
6
6
i!
Pac. 2.16. YpaBBOBemHBaHHe }'XlUlJIHB,Zq)oBoro poro ,ABHraTeJIJI e yrJIOM MeIJtY
KPHBOlIIHDaMH 360°:
a - CXCM8 ABBrBTeJD; 6 - ypaBBOBCumB8HBC Jl:OJICB'mroro BMa; /I - MCX8HB3M yp8BHOBCDIBII8BIIJI
cyMMRpBOit CIIJIbI BUCPQIIB ncpBOro nopJUUB; Z - .lnIarpaMMhI MOMCllTOB, ypaBHOBCWHB8CMJ.lX pe8JI:-
IIBIMB onop ,ll.llBraTCJlJl

c npoTHBOBeC3.MH CMeeHbl OTHOCHTenbHO OCH IC.OneH'IaTOrO Bana Ha
lIeJIH'IHHY a B HanpaBneHHH BMT.
Y CJIOBHe ypaaHoBemHBaHHJI 2K; = C =mj TW 2 BbillOJIIDIeTCJI UpH
MCT_UP= 1/2 m jT.
IIpH 3TOM 3a C'IeT CMeeHIDI oceH BpaeHHJI IC.OJIeH'IaTOrO Bana
H p;OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX BanOB B03HHKaeT MOMeHT M IIp = C (AD I ) = Ca sin £p,
KOTOp..m B3aHMOp;eHCTBYeT C M olIp , KaK 3TO nOlCaJ3HO Ha pHC. 2.16, z.
n pe3YJIbTaTe pe3YJlbTHPYlOIWIH MOMeHT MOIIp.p",,=Moup-Mnp, nepe-
HaBaeMhIii Ha onopbI, HMeeT MeHbmylO HepaBHoMepHoCTb, '1eM MOMeHT
onpOlrn,lU.IBaIOIUHii.31'0 n03BOlUleT YJIY'IIIIHTb ypaBHoBemeHHoCTb P;BH-
I aTeJUI no onpOIrn.n;bIBalOI.QeMy MOMeHTY.
BeJIH'IHHa CMeeHIDI oceii KOJIeH'laTOrO H ,[(onOJIHHTeJIbHbIX BanOB a
onpe.n;eJUIeTcJI H3 YCJIOBIDI 06ecne'leHIDl M3.KCHMa.JIbHOrO 341cpeKTa BbIpa-
/lIlHBaHIDI Moup Ha Hau60JIee XapaIC.TepHOM 3KcnnyaTaIUloHHoM peXCH-
Me pa60TbI ABHraTeJUI (06hI'lHO 3TO pe)l(HM HOMHH8JIbHOif MOIUHOCTH).
Y'iHTbIBaJI TO 06CTOJITem.CTBO, '1TO Moup(t) - nepHo,nH1.J:ecIC.aJI <PYHlCJI
c nepHo.n;OM.n;JUI 1.J:eTbIpexTaKTHoro ABHTaTeJIJI T=41T./w, OH MO>KeT 6bITh
pa3JIO>KeH B PJI.n cI>YPLe:
<>0
Monp(t)=Mcp+ L Mksin(kc:ot+£Pk)' r,[(e k= 1,2,3...
k-I
TalC. IC.aIC. £p=c:ot, TO Mnp=Casin£p=Casinwt H MO>KeT HeHTpanH30-
U.l Tb O,nHH H3 'IneHOB TpHfOHOMeTpH'IeCKOfO nOJIHHOMa, a HMeHHO 'IJIeH
l': k= 1. 3To B03MO)I(H0 npH M 1 = Ca, BCJIe.n;CTBHe qero a=MdC.
2.5.3. TPEXQRJII-III)J.POBbIft roIHI' A TEJIb
,l..(BHTaTeJlb HMeeT TpexKOJleHHLIii UpOCTpaHCTBeHHLIii KOJIeH'IaTbIif
naJI, KpHBomHllbI KOTOpOfO pa.3BepHYTbI .n;pyr OTHOCHTeJIbHO .n;pyra Ba
VIOJI 120°. CxeMa ABHraTelUl KOMllOBOBICH 3P (l)= 120°) npHBeJ1;eHa Ba
pHC. 2.17, a. K ero J(OCTOHHCTB8.M CJIe.nyeT OTHecTH B03MO)I(HOCTb HMeTb
paHHOMepHoe qepe,ll;OBaHHe pa601.J:Hx XO,ll;OB Ka' B '1eTbIpex-, TalC. H B
IlIIYXTaIC.THOM HCnOJIHeHHH. 
B '1CTbIpeXTaKTHOM J];BC npH nOpJlJ(Ke pa60T{ I J.:(HJ1HH.n;pOB 1 - 2 -
I - 1 pa6o'IHe XOJ(hI qepep;yroTcJI '1epe3 240°, B ABYXTaKTHOM - qepe3
IlO° UpH pa60Te J.:(HJIHH.n;pOB B nopJl.n;ICe 1 - 3 - 2 - 1.
AHanH3 ypaBHOBemeHHoCTH H ypaBHOBeillHBaHHe KOJIeB'IaTOrO Bana
'lUHfaTeJUI 3P (l)= 120°) paccMoTpeHhI paHee B pa3,l1;. 2.3.
CYMMapnaJl CHna HHepIUlH nepBqro nopJIJ(Ka paBHa J;IYmo:
I:. P Jl =P J1 (1) + P J1 (2) + PjI(J) = C cos £p +
+ Ccos (£p+ 120°)+ Ccos(rp + 240°) = O.
49

l]I(l)
l}u (1)
1
2,3
,
,
I
I
,
\
\
3 '.... 120. ,
'-r--
PRe. 2.17. YpaBBOBeWHBaBHe lpCJIHHJJJIOBOrO pJ1)J;HOI"O ltBHraTeJIJI c yrJIOM M
KPHBOIDHnaMH 120°:
a - cxeMa ,QBHraRJlJl; 6 - MexaJlH3M ypaBBoseumBaHWI MOMCHTa CWI HHepI1HH nepBOro nopJI,ZIEa

II
II
CYMMapHaJI CBna BHepL(HH BTOpOrO nopJI,WCa TaIOKe paoHa HYmo:
I:.P jII = P'II(I) + PjII(Z) + P jII (3) =
= J.C cos 2qJ + lC cos 2 (qJ + 120°) + lC cos 2 (qJ + 240°) = o.
CYMMapHLIH MOMeHT CIIJI BHep:QBB nepBoro nopJI,WCa HeypaoHoBe-
rneH; ero 3Ha'leHHe OTHOCBTenbHO TO'IKH 0:
I:.I(O) = P}I(I)2a + P}I(Z)a = Ca [2 cos cP + cos (cp + 120°)] =
= Ca (1,5 cos cp - 0,866 sin cp).
31'0T MOMeHT J(eucTByeT Bcer J(a B nnOCKOCTB oceu L(H1IBHJ(POB
" ypaBHoBecHTb ero MO)KHO, KaK B B cny'lae MHraTenB 2P (b= 180°),
CHCTeMOU npOTBBoBecoB Ha MYX BCTpe'lHO BpaI:QaIOI:QHXCB Banax (0J(-
IIHM H3 HUX MO>KeT SIBilllTbCB KOneHqaTLIH Ban). CxeMa TaKoro MexaHH3-
Ma npBBeJ(eHa Ha pBC. 2.17, 6. ):(illl onpeJ(eneBBB Ha'la.T.lbHOrO yrnoBo-
I 0 nOnO>KeHHB npOTHBOBeCOB OTHOCHTenbHO WIOCKOCTH nepBoro KPB-
IIOIIIBlia HaBJ(eM 3KCTpeMYMbl I:.I(O); dE,I(o)/dcp = Ca ( -1,5 sin cp-
0,866 cos cp) = 0, oTICYJ(a I:.1max = I, 732Ca H BMeeT MecTO IIPH CPI =
150° H qJz=330°. 31'0 03Ha'iaeT, '1TO npB IIOBOpOTe I-ro KpBBOillHlIa
lIa yron 150° IIpOTBBOBeCbl Ba 060HX Banax J(OIDKHbI HaXO,lUlTbCB
II nnOCKOCTBX, napanneJIbHhIX IIJIOCKOCTB oceu :Q1IJIBH,lJ;pOB, KaK 3TO
IIOK33aHO Ha cxeMe, H C03J(aBaTb TaM MaKCBMaJIbHbIU CYMMapHLIH
vpaBHOBeIIIBBalOI:QHU MOMeHT I:.Myp=(M:ri,)+(M;;'). ):(lliI 3Toro IIpOTB-
IIOBecbI J(on)IQIbI paClionaraTbCB B IIJIOCKOCTBX IIOJ( yrnoM ::t 30° K nnoc-
KOCTB I-ro KpBBoIIIBlia. Hx CTaTB'leCKuH MOMeHT onpeJ(eilllercB H3
ycnoBIDI ypaBHOBelllBB3.HIDI I:.1m8JI. = M + M;;'. OTclOJ(a C yqeroM Toro,
'11"0 IMI=IM;;'I=Knpb=MCT.npbw2; M CT _np=0,866mjr(a/b).
B J(BBraTene 3P (b = 120°) HeypaBHoBemeH TaIOKe cYMMapHLIii MO-
MCHT CBn BHep:QBB BToporo nOpBJ(Ka:
I:.II(O) = P}Il(l)2a + II(Z)a = lCa [2 cos 2qJ + cos 2 (qJ + 120°)] =
= lCa (1,5 cos 2cp + 0,866 sin 2cp).
OH TaK>Ke J(euCTByer B nnOCKOCTB oceu :Q1IJIBH,lJ;pOB B ypaBHoBecBTb
"I 0 MO)KHO YCT8.HOBKOU npOTBBOBeCOB Ha MYX J(OlIonHHTeJIbHbIX Ba-
!lax, BpaII:l:alOI:QHXCB C yrnOBhIMB cKopocnIMH ::t2w. BBBJ(Y HecYIIteCT-
IIl"IIIIOCTH HeypaoHoBemBB3.IOI:QerO J(eHcTBIDI I:.11 H rpOM03J(KOCTB
I'\ICXaHH3Ma ypaBHoBemBBaHIDI ero 06bI'1HO OCTaBlliIlOT HeypaoHoBe-
IIICIIHbIM.
51

2.5.4. ThIPEPOB.hIfi,lUlHI' ATEJIL
-qeTbIpeXTaKTBhIii 'IeThlpeXWIJIHH.n;pOBLIii ,lUJBraTeJIb HMeeT llJIOCKBH
'ICTbIpeXKOJIeHHl,m KOJIeH'IaTl.rii BaJI C yrJl3MB Me>IC,lJ;Y KpBBOlllHna-
MH 180°, "'ITO n03BOJlJIeT BMeTb pauHoMepHoe 'Iepe.n;oBaJlUe pa6o'lux
XO.n;OB "'Iepe3 180° npB .n;BYX B03MO)l(HblX nopB.lUCax pa60TbI I1BJIBH.n;pOB:
1-3-4-2-1 RJIB 1-2-4-3-1.
CxeMa ,lUJBI'aTeJIJI C KOMllOHOBKOH 4P «(j= 180°) npBBe.n;eHa Ha pRC.
2.18. Ero KOJleH'IaTbIii B8.JI y.n;OBJleTBOpJleT YCJ10BHJIM CaMoypaBHoBe-
meHHOCTH, n03TOMY cYMMapHaSJ: CHJIa HHepl1HH Mace, COBepwalOIUHX
BpamaTeJIbHOe ,WJB)l(eHBe, 1:.K" Tax )l(e K8.K B MOMeHT 3TUX CM "1:.M"
aBTOMaTBIJeCKH pauHhI HYmo.
B .n;aJlHOM .n;BBI'aTeJIe ypaBHoBeweHLI "1:.Pj1 U 1:.1:
I:.P j1 = 1(1) + 1(2) + 1(3) + P jI (4) =
= CCOS qJ+ CCOS (qJ + 180°)+ Ccos(qJ+ 180 0 )+Ccos qJ=O;
I:.M j1 (o)=P j1 (1) .1,5a+ P jl (2). 0,5a+ P j1 (3). 0,5a+ P jl (4) .1,5a=0.
CYMMapHaJl )l(e CUJIa HHeplUlB BToporo nOpJl,LJ;Ka 3.n;ecb He ypaB-
HOBeweHa:
1(4) 1';11(4)
I(I)
ljll (I)
1,4
BIf,lI; no A
Pac. 2.18. K aHaJIH3Y ypaBHoBemeBHoCTH '1eTLIpe.J1HB)q>OBOro poro HraTeJ1R.
C DJIOCKHM 1I:0JleB'IaTLIM BaJIOM
52

1,1
}:.PjD. = PJII(I) + P jll (2) + P j D.(3) + P jII (4) =
= J.C COS 2cp + J.C COS 2( cp + 180°) + J.C COS 2( cp + 180°) + J.C COS 2cp =
=4J.Ccos2qJ.
O,mIaxo B CH.JIY CHMMeTpJPIHOCTH KOneH'IaTOrO BMa C)'MMapHhIH
MOMeHT 3THX CBJI ypaBHoBemeH:
}:.TI(O)=TI{I). 1,5a+ P jTI (2)' 0,5a+ P jTI (3). 0,5a+ P jTI (4) .1,5a=0.
TaKHM 06PaJOM, B ,lI;BHTaTeJIe 4P (1)= 180°) HeypaBHoBemeH TOJIbKO
n.lUfiI cHnoBoM l}>aKTop }:.n=4J.C2costp.
Tax Kax no ypaBHOBemeHHocTH }:.P jII '1CThIpeJIHH,lI;pODhIH ,lI;BHra-
I eJIb nO,ll;o6eH O,ll;HOHJIHH,I];poDOMY npH mj"4D = 4m j , TO H ypaBHOBeCHTb
CI.O B03MO){(HO TOM '1acrblo MexaHH3Ma JIaH'Iecrepa, KOTOpaJI npe,ll;Ha3-
IIa'leHa ,lI;IDI ypaBHOBemHBaHIDl CHJIhI II' T. e. ,lI;BYMR BparrtalOlQHMHCJI
c yr JIOBOH '1aCTOTOH :f: 2m BaJIaMH C YCTaHOBJIeHHhIMH Ha HHX npoTH-
IIOBecaMH co craTH'IecKHM MOMeHTOM Mr:r.up=4e/ 8 mjrJ.).
2.5.5. .AHA.JIH3 YPABHOBEIllEHHOCm 1:1 YPABHOBEIIII:IBAHI:IE
Iff ATE.JUI SP (b= 72°)
CxeMa ,lI;BHTaTeJIJI npHBe,ll;eHa Ha pHC. 2.19, a. On HMeeT IDITHI<OJIeH-
III,IH BaJJ C yrJIOM Mey KpHBOIIIHnaMH 1>=72°; cxeMa BaJIa nOKa3aHa
I/a pHC. 2.19, 6. TaKoM DaJI o6ecne'IHBaCT paBHOMepHoe B '1CThIpeXTaKT-
110M BapHaHTe <J:epeD:ODaHHe pa60'lHX XOD:OB c yrnODhIM HHTepBaJIOM
(= 720° Ii = 144° npH nopJUJ;Ke pa60TbI IUfJIHH.lI:pOB 1 - 2 - 4 - 5 -
\ -1.
PaCCMOTpHM ypaBHOBemeHHocTb KoneH<J:aToro Dana no eHTpo6e)f(-
II!.IM CBJI8.M HHepItHH.
Kax CJIe,ll;YCT H3 CHJIOBOH CxeMbI (PHC. 2.20, a) H MHoroyrOJIbHHKa
CHiI K,(I) (PHC. 2.20, 6), cyMMapHaJI CHJIa HHepItHH
.,
5..... -. ..... ..... -+ .....
L K,{.) = K'(I) + K'(2) + K'(3) + K,(. + K,(5) = O.
i-I
AmI aHanH3a MOMeHTa IteHTpo6e)KHhIX CBJI HHepItHH M,(I) paCCMOT-
IUlM cyMMy 3THX MOMeHTOB OTHOCHTeJIbHO TO'IKH 0 Ha pHC. 2.20, a:
s
L M,(i) = [M'(I) + M,(5)] + [M'(2) + M'(4J.
i-I
53

P;-J(5)
J(J)
o
Il(3) P;-1(4)
1(3)
A
--
0=72"
Pac. 2.19. KOMDOBOBO'IHaJI exeMallJffHlUlJIHll.0BorOpJl.lUlOro HraTeJlll
Mo)],ynu MOMeHTOB nonapHO paBHbI:
IMr(I)1 = lj)1 =K,. 2a=m,rw 2 . 2a;
IMrd = IM'(4)1 = K,a = m,rw 2 a.
liCK ropbl MOMeHTOB Mr(i) HanpaBJIeHhI nepneH,lUIKYlliIpHO llJIOCKO-
l....HM HX .neikrBHJ.I (llJIOCKOCTJIM COOTBeTCTByrolWlX i-x KpHBOillHIIOB),
KalC :>TO nOK3.3aHO Ha pHC. 2.21, a.
IIocJIe CJIOxceHHJ.I BeKTOpOB MOMeHTOB M,(l) H M,(s) (pHC. 2.21, 6)
nOJIY'lHM, '1TO MO)],YJIb cYMMapHoro MOMeHTa
IMr(I.5)1 = -J2 M,t)- 2M'J) COS 72° = 1,17557M,(J)=2,35m,rw 2 a
H BeKTOp ero HanpaBJIeH no)], yrJIOM 54° K llJIOCKOCTH, nepneHrolKYlliIp-
Hoil I-MY KpHBoillHny (pRC. 2.21, 6).
AHaJIOfH'lHO, K8.K nOKa33.HO Ha pRC. 2.21, 8, MO.QyJIb CyMMapHoro
MOMeHTa
IM r (2,4)1 = -J 2M,2) - 2M'2) cos 144°= 1 ,902m,TW2;
ero nHHlUI )],eHCTBIDl HaxO)J,HTCJl no)], yrnoM 54° K nJIC\CKOCTH, nepneH-
.wncYlliIPHOH llJIOCKOCTH 1-ro KpHBOillHlIa.
54

a
 72' 72'
Kr(4) K r (3)
Kr(l) 72'
72'
K r (5) K r (2)
6
K'(l)
72'
PRc. 2.20. CXeMa Barp}'JI:eBHJl IOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa u;eBlpo6eIHLIMH CHJIaMH HBepltHH:
Q - CBJIO&aJI CXeM8; 6 - CIIJ1oBol MHoroyroJIbllBl[
TaxHM 06P3.30M, BeKTOphl Mr(I,S) R M r (2,4) RMelOT e.wmylO JlHHHIO
HeHCTBRJI; cyMMapm.m MOMeHT
1*M,(i)1 = IM'(I,S)I-IM'(2,4)1 =O,449m,rco 2 a
It 8eKTOp ero HaxO,QIITCJI no,n yrJIOM 54° K nJIOCKOCTH, nepneH,QIIKYJIJlp-
IIOH I-MY KpHBomany (pRC. 2.21, Z R d). Kax cne.nyeT H3 MeXaHHKH, C8M
MOMeHT ,neuCTBYeT B nJIOCKOCTR, nepneHAHKYJIJlpHOU ero Benopy (CM.
pHC. 2.21, i», T. e. B nJIOCKOCTH no,n yrJIOM 54° K OCR l-ro KpHBOmHna.
Oil MOEeT 6hITL ypaBHoBemeH MOMeHTOM Myp=Kopb, C03,naBaeMhlM
llIipOR neHypo6e)J(HhIX CBJI J(..p=moppopco 2 npoTHBoBecoB, paCnOJIOEeH-
1II.ul Ha KpaiiHHX eKax Bana B nJIOCKOCTR ,neue- BBJI MOMeHTa.
Y cnoBRe ypaBHOBemHB8.HllJI: IMypl = I f Mr(i)1 OTCIO,na MOEeT 6h1Th
1 I
Ullpe.neJ!eH Heo6xoABMLIH ,nJIJI :noro CTaTR1JecKHii MOMeHT npOTRBOBe-
COR M<:r.op=1noppnp=O,449m,r(alb).
PaccMoTpHM .nanee yp8.BHOBemeHHOCTb .nBHraTeJlll no CBJIaM RHep-
ItltH Macc, ABJDCyxcJI B03BpaTHo-nocrynaTeJIbHO, R no MOMeHTaM
. I HX CRJI:
55

Mr(l)
M r (l.5)
a
nJIOCKOCTb
MOMeHTII
IM r
6
2
a
PRc. 2.21. ,[{HarpaMMa 4JopMHpOBaBHJI. C)'MMapBorO MOMeHTa I\eBlp06exHhIX CHJI
HBepwm:
a - aeITopS3JiI 1V<IarpaMMa MOMCBTOB. lICiiCTB)'IO sa OTlICJlhHWX KpIIBO.lllHIIaX; 6 - IlCETopSIUI
1V<IarpaMMa cyMMapsoro MOMeHTa 118 I-M H 5-M KpHBOIIIIIIl8X; /I - BcrropB3JiI l1B8IJ!8MMA cyM-
MBpHOro MOMCHTa B8 2-M H 4-M KpHBOIIIIIDax; Z - BexropHIUI .ltHarpaMMa cyMMapBorO MOMCHTa BCeX
IICH-rpo6emlhlx CHJI BILJI8; iJ - CXCMa 4>OpMHpOB8HIDI ypaBBOBCIIIIIB8IOIQCro MOMCHTa
54°
m np
A "
.--r '
-00 !-n
"
Bn..D. no A
PRc. 2.22. KOBClpyrrHBBaJI cxeMa MeXaHH3Ma ypaBBOBeUlHBaBHJl C)'MMapBOrO MOMeBTa
eHJI HHepH nepBoro nop .

5
1) L P j1 (1) = P j1 (1) + P j1 (2) + P j1 (3) + P jI (4) + Pj1(S) = C[cos q> + CDS (q> + 216°) +
1
+COS (q> + 144°)+cos (q>+ 72°)+cos (q> +288°)]= 0;
5
2) L Pjll(l) = Pjll(l) + P jTI (2) + P jll (3) + P jll (4) + Pjll(S) =)..C [cos 2q> +
i-I
+ cos 2 (q>+ 216°) + cos 2 (q> + 144°) + cos 2 (q> + 7r)+ cos 2 (q> + 288°)] =
=0;
3) cYMMapm.m MOMeHT CHJI HHepIUIH nepBoro nopJI,WCa OTHOCH-
TeJIbHO TO'IKH 0 1 :
5
L 1(1) = 1(J) + 1(2) + 1(3) + 1(4) + 1(5) =
i-J
m np (2)
, ....
" ,
+2(0 ",- t ,
r /  ',' "
-1--- ----1--
Pnp(2) "
" ,,,
m np (2) I
18 0
00
.I ,,t-...., -200
- .L_  ' -1-\
I . J
\ Pnp(2)
'.... j ,/
I m np (2)
-ISo
BJf.l1noA
I'Ml:_ 2.23. KOBClpYITHBHaJI: cxeMa MeXaHH3M8. ypaIlHOBeJIUlBaHHJ1 cYMMapHoro MOMeBTa
CBJI BHep BToporo noPllJtIa
57

=4a]iI(I) + 3a1(2) + 2a1(3) + a1(4) + 0 =4aC cos qJ +
+ 3aC cos (qJ + 216°) + 2aC cos (qJ + 144°) + aCcos (qJ + 72°) + 0 =
= aC (0,2639 cos qJ - 0,36327 sin qJ) = O,449aC cos (qJ + 54°).
3TOT MOMeHT .D;eiiCTByeT B IIJIOCICOCTB oceii IlBJIBH,lJ;pOB B BMeeT
3ICCTpeM8JIbHLIe 3Ha'leHBB :f: 0,449aC npB qJ = 306° B qJ = 126°.
CxeMa MexaHH3Ma ero ypaBHOBeWBBaHH.B npRBe.D;eHa Ha pRC.
2.22. CTaTH'IeCICHH MOMeHT rrpoTBBoBecoB Ha npO.D;OJDKeHHB KpaB:-
HHX m;eIC KOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJla H Ha .D;OrrOJIHHTeJIhHOM BBJIy Mnp_<:r=
=0,2245C(afb)fro 2 =0,2245mj r(afb);
4) c}'MMapHhIii MOMeHT CBJI HHepIlBB BToporo nop.B.D;Ka OTHOCBTeJIb-
HO TO'IICB 01:
5
L TI(i) = TI(I) + M jD(2) + TI(3) + M}TI(4) + TI(S) =
i-I
= 4aTI(I) + 3aP}TI(2) + 2aTI(3) + a-n(4) + 0=
=4aAC cos 2qJ + 3aAC cos 2( qJ + 216°) + 2aAC cos 2( qJ + 144°) +
+aACcos 2(lp+ 72°)+0 =aAC[4,736 cos 2lp-I,5388 sin2lp]=
= 4,9797 aAC cos (2qJ + 18°).
3TOT MOMeHT BCer.Qa .QeHCTByeT B IIJIOCICOCTB oceH IlBJIHHJ1:pOB
H HMeeT 3ICCTpeM8JIbHLIe 3Ha'leHWl i:.4,9797aAC npB lp=81, 171, 261
H 351°.
IlpHIIIVIllHanbHo ero MOJKHO ypaBHOBeCBTb cBCTeMoii .QBYX BanOB
C npoTHBoBecaMB, BpaIIlarom;HMBCB C yrJIOBhIMB qaCTOTaMB ::I:2ro (PBC.
2.23). CTaTH'IecKHii MOMeHT npOTHBOBeCOB Ha .lJ;OnOJIHBTeJIbHbIX, Bpa-
lI(aJOll.{HXCB HaBCTpeqy .Qpyr .Qpyry Bana."t
Mnp.<:r(2) = 2,48985AC (alb )f4ro 2 = 0,6224625bnl' (af b).
2.5.6. lUEpoBIdA ,l(BHI'ATE.JIh
IDeCTlIIUIJIBH.lJ;POBbIB: qeTbIpeXTaICTHbIB: JIBHeiim.J:ii .QBHraTeJIb (PHC.
2.24) BMeeT npocrpaHcTBeHHhIii meCTHICOJIeHHhIii Ban C yrJIOM Me)lC.Qy
ICpBBOmHDaMH 120°, qTO o6ecne'IBBaeT paBHOMepHoe qepe.D;OBaHHe pa-
60qHX XO.QOB C yrJIOBhIM HHTepB8JIOM 120° npH qeTbIpeX B03MO)KHbIX
nopAAICax pa60Th1. H3.116oJIee BOCTpe6oBaHHhIMH B3 HHX BBJUIIOTCB:
t - 5 - 3 - 6 - 2 - 4 - I; 1 - 4 - 2 - 6 - 3 - 5 - 1.
KOJIell'laTbIB: B8JI caMOypaBHOBemeH B I:K,.=O; I:M,=O.
CiuILI BHCPItBH nepBoro H BToporo nOp.B,lUCOB, TalC )ICe ICaIC B IleHTpo-
6e)KHhIe CHJILI, ypasHoBemeHhI H He C03.D;aJOT HeypaBHOBemeHHhIX MO-
MeHTOB:
58

E.P]l = I(l) + t(2) + 1(3) + P]1(4) + 1(S) + 1(6) =
= C COS q> + C COS (q> + 240°) + C cos (q> + 120°) + C cos (q> + 120°) +
+ C cos (q> + 240°) + C cos q> = 0;
E.p]U = P]U(I) + Tl(2) + U(3) + P]U(4) + PjTl(S) + P jD (6) =
= J..C cos 2q> + J..C cos 2( q> + 240°} + J..C cos 2( q> + 120°) +
+ J..C cos 2( q> + 240°} + J..C cos 2( cp + 120°} + J..C . 2 cos cp = 0;
E.M]l(O) = 1(1) . 2,Sa + P jl (2) . 1 ,Sa + P]l(]) . O,Sa + P j1 (4) . O,Sa +
+ l(S) . 1 ,Sa + P}l(6) . 2,Sa = 0;
E..Mill(o) = Pjll(l) . 2,Sa + P ill (2} . 1 ,Sa + p]U(]} . O,Sa +
+ P iD (4) . O,Sa + PiD(S) . 1 ,Sa + 1I(6) . 2,Sa = O.
T8.KHM 06Pa30M, ,nBHraTeJIb 6P (b = 120°) IIOJIHOCTblO ypaBHOBeIIIeH
no CHJ11iM HHepI\HH H MOMeHTaM CHJ1.
t{ ,;
V l !II
1,6
 iII
.I
BIDI no A
'f/3.
11#

PRc. 2.24. AH3J1H3 ypaBBoBcweBHoCTH mec-
.JUIIUij)OBoro pllNloro HraTeJIJI c yrJIOM Me
"pHBOIDHDaMH 120°
59

2.6. AHAJIH3 YPABHOBEIDEIllIOCTII II
YPABHOBEDII1BAHlfE V-06PA3HbIX ,lJ;BHI'ATEJIEH
llpH aHaJIH3e ypaBHOBemeHHOCTH V-06p3.3HhIX ,roJHraTeJIeii HX pac-
CMaTPHBaIOT KaK COBOKynHOCTb il2 (i - KOJIBqecTBO .mIJIBH,l];pOB) ,roJYX-
IUUIHHpOBbIX V -06P3.3HbIX ,roJHraTeJIeii C TeM )Ke yrJIOM p3.3BaJIa oceii
IUUIHHpOB ')I. Hx KpHBomunbI nOBepHYThI Pyr OTHOCHTeJIbHO pyra Ha
yrOJI f>, ODpeeIDIeMhIii KOMDOHOBO'iHoil cxeMoii ,roJHraTeJIJI, H Bpama-
IOTCH CHHXpOHHO.
O.zw.OHMeHHbIe CWlOBbIe r}>8.KTOpbI Ha OTeJIbHblX YCJIOBHbIX BH-
JIHHpOBbIX .l(BHraTeJIJ.IX aJIee C}'MMBPYIOTCH no AJIHHe KOJIemaTOro
BaJIa.
T8.IGIM 06pa30M, ana.JIH3Y ypaBHoBemeHHOCTH V-06p3.3HOrO BHra-
TeJIH npeIIieCTByer aHaJIH3 ypaBBOBemeHHOCTH ,roJYXIUlJIHHpoBoro V-
06p3.3HOrO BHraTeJIH C TeM )Ke yrJIOM p3.3B8JIa oceil .mIJIBlI.lI:pOB ')I.
B aBTOTp8.KTOpHOii TeXUHKe B8.H60JIbmee pacnpOCTpaneHHe nOJIY'lH-
JIB V-06p3.3Hb1e ,roJHraTeJIH C ')1=90°.
2.6.1. AHA.JIH3 YrABHOBEmEHHOCTIf roJYXI.(HJIHII.lI;POBOrO
V-OIJPA3HOrO }UlHI'ATEJllI C YI'JlOM PA3BAJIA 90 0 -2V ('y=90 0 )
)J;BHraTeJIb 2V (')I = 90°), cxeMa KOToporo npeCTaBJIeHa Ha pHC. 2.25,
a, HMeeT O,lUIOKOJIeHHhIii BaJI. J(IDI ero ypaBHoBemHBaHHH (pHC. 2.25, 6)
Ha DpOOJI)KeHHH IQeK YCTanaBJIHBaIOTCH Ba npoTHBoBeca C Mr:r_up=
=muppup=1/2m,'r, re m,'=Ins+2m.n.x. 3ecb Y,roJoeHHe MaCChI maTYHa.
npHRcJ\eUHOH K KpHBomuny Inm.x. CBJI3aHO C TeM, qTO B 2V (')I = 90°) Ha
KpHUOUlHD ODHpaIOTCH o8a maTyHa. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM neHTP06e)K-
lIaH CHJIa HHepnHH K: = m:rro 2 .
CYMMapHM CHJIa HHepnHH nepBoro nOpJl,lJ;Ka rl><>PMHPYeTCH KaK
rCOMCTpH'IecKM cyMMa O,lWOBMeHHhIX CHJ1 JIeBOrO (HHeKc - JI) B npa-
BOro (HHeKC - n) nwIHHpoB:
.... .... ....
1:P}1 = P iI(JI) + P}1(n); IP}1(JI)1 = C cos qJ; IP}1(n)1 = C cos (qJ + 270°) = C sin qJ.
MOYJIb cy MMapBoH C H.J1hI 1:P jl
I1:P}1\ = .J p }(JI) + P}(n) = .j (C cos qJ)2 + (C sin qJ)2 = C = const.
YrOJI MC BCKTOpoM 1:P}1 B OCLIO JICBOrO IUlJIHH,Upa:
ex = arctg [PjI(n)/ P}1(JI = qJ.
T8.KBM o6pa30M, B ,roJsraTCJIe 2V (')1=90°) cYMMapHaJI CHJIa HHepnHH
nepBoro nOPAAKa 1:P}l=C=const B HanpaBJIeHa no KPHBOIIIHIIY OT
60

'
',,\,
m j
l}I(JI)
R=K,.+C
6
a
6
"HC. 2.25. K aBaJIH3Y ypaBHosemellHOCTH yxIUlJIIDI,lQ)oBoro V-06pa3HOrO HraTeJIJ1
c yrJIOM pa3B3.JI8. oceii: IUlJlHHJqIOB 90°:
" CBJIOBU CXCMa; 6 - ypaBBOBCIllHBBBBC C}'MMapBoA CHJIIM HBCPI\HB ncpBoro nopJIJ1Xa; IJ - 31[-
BUBlLJICBTBU CWJO CXCMa
ICHTpa ero BpeHHa (an8JlOnl'lHhIMH CBoiicrBaMH 061Ia..u;aeT eHT-
po6eX<.Haa CHlIa K). COOTBeTCTBeHHO OHa MO>KeT 6bITL ypaBHOBe-
IllCRa YCTaHOBKOB Ha npoTHBoBecax )J,onOlIRHTeJILHhIX Macc Amnp=
Ij2 m j(rjpnp}.
CYMMapHIDI CHlIa HHepIUfH BToporo nopJI)J,lCa:
I:.P jn = Pjn(H) + PjTI(D); IP j1 (H)1 =.A.C cos 2lp;
IPjTI(D)1 =.A.C cos 2( lp + 270°} = - .A.C cos 2lp;
II:.Pjnl = .J P}n(H) + 't(D) =
= .J (.A.C cos 2lp)2 + ().C cos 2lp)2 =.A.C .J2 cos 2lp.
YrOlI Mey OCLID lIeBoro I1H1IHH)J,pa H BeKTOpOM I:.P jTI paBeH lpI=
arctg [(PjTI(D)/PjTI(JI)] = arctg [ -1] = 45 HlIH BY.
61

TaXHM 06p3.30M, npu aHaJIU3e ypaBHOBemeHHOCTU V -06pa3HOrO
MHOrOHJIBH.npOBOro .D;BHI'aTeIDI C "I = 90° Ka>K.D;bIH YCJIOBHbIH .D;BYxnu-
JIHH.D.pOBhIB .D;BBI'aTeJIb, COCTOH U3 KpuBoIllHna U O)J.HOHMeHHbIX
ItWIHH.D;pOB npaBoro U neBoro pH,lJ;OB. 3aMeIDleTCJI KpO:BomHlIoM C npu-
nO)KeHHLIMH K HeM)' CJIe.D;}'IOmHMH CHJIaMH (po:c. 2.25, 8): R = K: + C =
= (m: + mj)rro 2 . HanpaBJIeHHOH no ero OCB OT eHTpa BpeRIIJl; I:.R jll =
=J2;"Ccos2qJ, HanpaBneHHOH nepneH)UlKYIDIpHO WIOCKOCTH ocd: UH-
JIHH.n;pOB.
2.6.2. mECTHQRJII-fH)J;POBLIR: ,roJHrATEJTh C YrJIOM PA3BAJIA
90° If Yl'JIOM MEJI\,lJ;Y KPIfBOIIIHIIAMH 120 0 -6V (')1=90°)
.D:Bo:raTem. 6V ("I = 90°) (puc. 2.26) O:MeeT HepaBHOMepHoe '1epe,nOBa-
RIle pa6o'IHx XO,nOB (90 - 150°) npo: nopJl.Luce pa60TbI HJIHH.D;pOB In -
I D - 2n - 2,. - 3n - 3 D - 1. JUI aHaJIH3a ypaBHoBemeHHOCTU OH MO-
)KeT 6bITb paCCMOTpeH KaK cOBoKynHOCTb Tpex .D;BUraTeJIeH 2V (y = 90°),
KpO:BomHlIbI KOTOpbIX pa3BepHYTbI Ha yron 120°. K KOMY KpO:Bomo:-
ny npo:nO)KeHbI CHJIbI:
l)= 2) =3) = K,+ C= (m;+ m j )rro 2 ;
I:.TI(l) =.J2;..C cos 2qJ, I:.R j ll{2) =.J2;..C cos 2( qJ + 120°),
I:.R JTI (3) = J2;..C cos 2( qJ + 240°).
OI.(CHKa ypaBHOBemeHHOCTH ).(aHHOH cxeMbI no CHllaM R 0: no u:x.
MOMeUTaM MeTO).(H'IeCKU aHa.JIOrU'lHa aHa.JIH3Y ypaBHOBemeHHOCTH
a
30'
6 -
PRe. 2.26. A8aJIH3 ypaBHoBemeHHOCTH meCTHBoro V -o6pa3HOI'O HraTeJlJI.
c yrJIOM pa3BaJIa oceii: OB 90°:
a - CJ:CMa lI,BHI"8TCllII; 6 - CXCMa lI8IJ'YZeHBJI IOJICB'laTOrO Dana C8JJ8MH R H RJTI
62

1 peXXOJIeHHoro BaJIa C t5= 120° (CM. p8.3,l\. 2.3) C TOM JIHlIIb p8.3eM,
'I ro 3,lJ.eCb BMeCTO CHJI K, t}>mYPHpyK>T CHJIbI R. BCJIe,lJ.CTBBe 3TorO
2
.ER=O. TaK K8.K R=K;+ C=K;+ LP}l' TO O.lUlOBpeMeHHO BblIIOJIIDIIOT-
6 6
nl ,lJ;Ba YCJIOBWI YPaDHoBtmeHHOCTH: LK,.=O H LPjI=O.
MOMeHT CM R paDeH j:EMRI=J3Ra=J3(m+mj)rro2a. OH AeM-
e fByeT nOA yrJIOM 30° K DJIOCKOCTH nepBoro KpHBOmHna H MO){(eT 6bITb
ypaBHoBemeH .lI.BYMB npoTHBoBec8.MH, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIMH Ha npO,l\OJI){(e-
11MB KpaIDIIIX eK noon yrJIOM 30° K DJIOCKOCTH. ero ,neHcTBHJl. AJUI 3Toro
craTH'IecKllii MOMeHT Mr:r.np=J3 (m; + mj)r (a/b). TIpH 3TOM O.lUlOBpe-
MCHHO pemaeTCjJ np06JIeMa yp8.BHOBemHBaHWI, 1:M R = 0 H 1:M}l = O.
HTaTeJIb 6V (y = 90°) yp8.BHOBemeH no CBJIaM HHepHH BToporo
lIopjJroca. TaK KaK
6 2 2 2
L Pill = L Pjll(l) + L P jll (2) + L P jn (3) =
=.J2;'C [cos 2cp + cos 2{ cp + 120°) + cos 2( cp + 240°)] = O.
HeypaBHoBemeHHbIM JIBJIjJeTCjJ CyMMapHbIH MOMeHT 3TIIX CM:
1:ll = R jll (I)2a + R}ll(2)a = .J2;'Ca [COS 2cp + cos 2( cp + 120°)] =
=.J2;'Ca[l,5 cos 2cp + 0,866 sin 2cp] #:0.
OH ,l\eMCTBYeT B rOpH30HTaJIbHOH nJIOCKOCTH H HMeel' M8.KCHM)'M
!:M;nmax= 1,732J,2;'Ca npH cp= IS H 195°. 3TOT MOMeHT MO){(eT 6bITb
vpaBHOBemeH npoTHBOBeCaMH, YCTaHOBJIeHHbIMH Ha ABYX BpamalOIIVIX-
CH B npOTHBOnOJIO>KHbIX HanpaBJIeHHJlX C yrJIOBbIMH CKOpOCTjIMH 2ro
){OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX BaJIax. TIpoTHBoBecbI pacnOJIaralOTcjJ TaK, 'ITo6bI npH
Ip= 15, 105, 195 H 285° HX eHTPo6e){(HbIe CHJIbI ,l\eMCTBOBaJIH B roPH-
IOHTaJIbHOH nJIOCKOCTH (B nJIOCKOCTH ,neMCTBHjJ 1:n> H C03,l\aBaJIH
MaKCHMaJIbHbIM YP8.BHOBemHBarouH MOMeHT.
BCJIe,nCTBHe KOHCTPYKTHBHOH CJIO>ICHOCTH B npaKTH'IeCKHX KOHCTPYK-
I(MJlX ABC T8.KOH MeXa.HH3M He npHMeIDIeTCjJ.
2.6.3. BOCLMIt:QI-f.JIIlliOB:bIA: )J.BHI' A TEJTh C YrJIOM
P A3BAJIA 90° -8V (y = 90°)
ABHTaTeJIb 8V (1' = 90°) B 60J1bmHHCTBe KOHCTpyKItHH HMeeT Kpe-
c ro06P8.3HbIH KOJIeH'IaTbIM BaJI (pHC. 2.27, a), 'ITO npH Hau60JIee
pacnpocrpaHeHHOM nopJI,ltKe pa60TbI In - 10 - 4n - 4 0 - 20 - 3n -
63

,
4
a
RJ
R 2
4
14
6
6
PHC_ 2.27. YpaBHOBeWHB8.HHe BOCbMHB,IIpOBorO V-06pa3HOrO HraTeJIJI c yrJIOM
pa3BaJIa 90° H IpeCToo6pa3BL1M 1C0JIeB'IaTLIM BaJIOM:
a - C8J1OBaJI CXCMa; 6 - IICJ[TOpHaJI W'larpaMMa CBJ1 R;
If - IICJ[TOpBaJI W'larpaMMa MOMCBTOB C8JI R
3n - 2n - In o6ecne'IHBaeT paBHOMepHOe Qepe3 90° Qepe.n;OBaHHe pa-
60QUX XO.n;OB.
llpH amUIH3e ypaBHoBemeHHOCTH TaKOH ,n;BHraTeJIb MO>KeT 6blTb
npe.n;CTaBneH KaK COBOKynHOCTb 'ierblpeX ,n;BHraTene:H 2V (y = 90°),
KpHBomHIIbI KOTOpblX pacnOnO>KeHbI B ,n;Byx nnOCKOCTJlX, HaxO,WI-
IWIXCJI no.n; yrnoM 90°. Ha Ka)l()];OM H3 HHX .n;eHCTBYIOT CHJIbI L4) H
4
1:R jD (L4). KaK cne.n;yer H3 pHC. 2.27, 6, L R= R(J) + R(2) + R(3) + R(4) = O.
4 1 -
MOMeHT 3THX CHn LM R =MR(J-4)+M R (2-3). 3.n;eCb IM R (J-4)I=R"3a=
1
64

= (m + mj)rw 2 3a ---, MOMeHT CHJI I) H 4)' .neHcTByroHii B IliIOCKOCTH
l-ro H 4-ro KpHBOnmnOB (BeKTOp ero nepneH.lUUYIDIpeH ,lJ,aHHOH illIO-
CKOCTH, CM. pHC. 2.27, 8); IMR(2_3)I=Ra=(m+mj)rw2a - MOMeHT CHJI
2) H 3)' )];eHCTBYIOHii B llJIOCKOCTH 2-ro H 3-ro KpHBomHIlOB. Mo-
.nYJIb C}'MMapHOro MOMeHTa CHJI R
I M1 = .J M 2 R(1-4) + M 2 R(2-3) ="';1 ORa = .JiO(m + m j )rw 2 a.
8
YrOJI MeJK,ZJ:Y BeKTopoM LM R H llJIOCKOCTblO 2-ro H 3-ro KpHBonmnoB
qJI =arctg [MR(2-3)/MR(I-4J =arctg [1/3] = 18°26'.
8
TalCUM 06P8.30M, llJIOCKOCTb )];eHCTBHH MOMeHTa L M R pacnOJIO)l(eHa
no)]; yrJIOM 18°26' K nJIOCKOCTH l-ro KpHBomHIla.
,z::(mI ero yp8.BHOBemHBallIDl B 3TOH llJIOCKOCTH Ha npO)];OJI)I(eHHH
KpaHHUX eK paCnOJIaraIOTCH ABa npoTHBoBeca, QeHTpo6e)l(HhIe CHJIhI
KOTOphIX Kup C03)];aIOT Ha IIJIeqe b YP8.BHOBemHBaIOIQHH MOMeHT Myp=
= Kupb=Mr:r_upw 2 b.
8
Y CJIOBHe ypaBHOBemHB8.HHH: L M R = Myp, oTKy)];a
Mr:r.up =.JiO (m + mj)r (aj b).
C}'MMapHaH CHJIa HHep:rum BTOpOro nopH,AKa I:P jlI = I:RjlI(l) + I:R j "Il(2) +
+ I:R j "Il(3) + R jlI (4). Bee 3TH CHJIhI )];eHCTByroT B nonepe'IHOH nJIOCKOCTH,
HMelOT nap3JI.JIeJIbHbIe JIHHHH ,lJ,eHCTBIDI H no BeJIH'lHHe paBHhI:
I:RjlI(l) = ,.j2;'C cos 2qJ;
I:R jlI (2) =,.j2;'C cos 2 (qJ + 90°) = -,.j2;'C cos 2qJ;
I:R,"II(3) =,.j2;'C cos 2 (qJ + 270°) = -,.j2;'C cos 2qJ;
I:R'"II(4)=,.j2;.C cos 2(qJ + 180°}.=,.j2;.C cos 2qJ.
8
OTCIO)];a CJIe)];yeT, qTO LP,"II=O.
CYMMapHLIii MOMeHT CHJI HHepQHH BToporo tIopH,lUCa OTHOCHTeJIbHO
8
IOqKH 0 (PHC. 2.27, 6) paBeH Hymo: LM j (11(o)=O.
65

1.6.4. IDECTI1.QHJIIIH,lI;POBbm HI' ATEJIb
C YrJIOM PA3BAJIA lZOo-6V ('y=lZOO)
,Z:(BHraTeJIL 6V (y = 120°) npH HCnOJIL30BaHHH B ero ICOHCTPYICUHH
TpeXICOJIeHHOrO npocTpaHCTBeHHoro Bana C yrJIOM Mexc,a;y ICpHBoIDHna-
MH b = 120° HMeeT paBHOMepHoe '1epe,/J;oBaHHe pa60'IHx XO,/J;OB npH
nopJIJ];Ke pa60TLI JIHH,D;pOB IJI - In - 2 J1 - 2n - 3J1 - 3n - IJI.
,Z:(JIJI aHaJIH3a ypaBHOBemeHHocTH 3TOT ,/J;BHI'aTeJIL eJIeco06p83HO
paccMaTpHBaTL lCaIC COBOICYllHOCTL ,/J;BYX TpexnHJIHH,/J;poBLIX OJ];llOpJI,lJ;-
HbIX ,Z:(BC, llJIOCKOCTH oeeR nHJIHH,D;pOB ICOTOpLlX pacnoJIo>KeHLI no,/J;
3 3
yrJIOM 120° (PHC. 2.28). TaIC lCaIC cYMMa CHJI HHepnHH L,P}l H LP jII B
ICa.:>IC,aOM H3 YCJIOBHLIX -rpeXIUUIHH,/J;poBLIX ,/J;BHI'aTeJIeii paBHa H)'JllO, TO
6 6
H B J];BHraTeJIe 6V (y= 120°) HMeeM: LPjI=O H LPjII=O.
B K3.>K,lJ;OM H3 YCJIOBHbIX TpeXlUlJIHH,/J;pOBLIX ,Z:(BC ,/J;eiiCTByeT HeypaB-
HOBemeHHLIH MOMeHT CHJ1 HHepnHH nepBoro nOpJI,AKa:
3
LMj(I(JI)= Ca(I,5cos qJ-0,866 sin qJ) - B DJIOCKOCTH oceii llH.JIHIlJ];-
pOB JIeBOrO pJI,Aa;
3
L l(n) = Ca [1,5 cos (qJ + 240°) - 0,866 sin (qJ + 240°)] - B llJIOCICOCTH
oeeR I:1:HJIHH,D;pOB npwmro pJI,Aa.
6.... 3.... 3 ....
,D,JIB 6V (y = 120°) L M}l = L M}l(JI) + L M}l(n) H, lCalC :no cJIe,/J;YeT H3
cxeMbl pHC. 2.28, 6,
1 6 1 [( 3 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 3 3 ] 112
LM}l = LM}l(JI) + Ll(n) -2LM}1(JI)L1(n)cos60° .
3TOT MOMeHT B nponecee pa60TL1 ,/J;BHraTeJIB MeWIeT CBoe 3Ha'leHHe,
HanpaBJIeHHe H DJIOCICOCTL ,/J;eRCTBHB.
06L1'IH0, 6yJJ:Y'IH HeypaBHOBemeHHLIM, OH OIC3.3L1Baer 60JILmoe B03-
6YXC,/J;aIOII{ee B03,/J;eiiCTBHe Ha onopLl J];BHI'aTeJIB.
npHllItHn clJYHKllHOHHpOBaHHJI MexaHH3Ma ,lUIJI ypaBHOBeIDHBaHWI
C}'MMapHOrO MOMeHTa CHJ1 HHepllHH I-ro nOpJI,lJ;Ka B J];BHraTeJIe 6V (y =
3
= 120°) 3aICJllO'IaeTCJI B CJIeJ];ylOII{eM. ,Z:(JIJl ypaBHoBemHBaHHJI L M}l(JI) He-
06XOJ];HMO, lCaIC H ,lUIJI Jl1060ro 3P (b = 120°), paCnOJIO>KH'fL ,/J;Ba npOTH-
BOBeca C M cr .np=0,866 mjr(a/b) Ha KOJIeH'IaTOM BaJIy B DJIOCICOCTH no,/J;
yrJIOM +30° IC nepBOMY KpHBOlllHny, a TaIOKe Ha ,/J;onOJIHHTeJILHOM
BaJI)', BpaII{alOII{eMCJI C '1acToToii - (J) no,/J; yrJIOM - 30°, lCaK nOK3.3a-
66

120.
a
BMT B 111
6
J
'A
1/1

/
(0
Knp(n)
i)
120"
6
BMT B In I
/JA'
I I ,
, "
(0
i!
-(0
60.60.
I"" (.) ,
np I _210.
--'
Knp(n) \ \"
"-i.
e
I'HC. 2.28. YpaBBOBeWHBaHHe mecTllltlfJlHH,lijoBoro V-06pa3Boro HraTeJIJ1 c yrnoM
pa3BaJIa 120°;
II cxeMa ABBraTernl; 6 - BCIITOpB8JI nJl8.IPaMMa MOMeBTOB CBJI BBCPI\HH DepBOro DOpJl.QU;
.... cxeMlol MCXamDMOB ypaaBOBelIIHB1UDIJI MOMCHTOB CIIJJ BHeplVDl nepBoro DopJl,!\Ea OOOTBCTCr-
""""0 neBOro B npaBoro ycnoBBhIX TpCXItllJIBIIAPOBhIX pll,lUlbIX aTCJIeii; i) - CXCMa ypBBBOBCUIB-
"MIOIl\CrO MeXaBB3Ma;  - 3DBBaneHTB8JI cxCMa :lllMeCHBJI CHCTCMhI IIpOTBBOBCCOB Ba ,QODon-
BBTCJIbBOM Bany
IIn Ha pHC. 2.28, 8. AuaJIOrH'lHhIH MeXaHH3M ,..uuI ypaBHOBemHBaHHH
I
L M J1 (D) npHBe.n;eH Ha pHC. 2.28, z.
IIpoTHBoBecbl Ha ICOJIeH1f.aTOM H .n;OIIOJIHHTeJIbHOM BaJIaX MorYT
hl.l rb o6'be.n;HHeHhI, lCalC :no IIOIC83O Ha pHC. 2.28, (}. Ha ICOJIeH1f.aTOM
"" /lY npoTHBOBeChI COBMeIQalOTCH H MorYT 6hlTb 3aMeHeHhl napoii
67

I
+oo{; ,
r ,
, ,
I
\
+30. \
PRc. 2.29. MeXaHH3M ypaBBOBemHB3.HHJi cyMMapaoro MOMeHTa CHJI HHep nepBOTo
nop B WecTHItWIHH,lij)OBOM V-06pa3HOM HraTeJIe c yrJIOM pa3BaJIa 120 0
npOTHBOBeCOB C M;;'.np= 1,732m j r(a/bj, pacnOJIOXCeHHOH B IIJIOCICOCTH
no,/:{ ymoM 30° IC I-MY ICpHBOIllHny.
Ha ,/:{onOJIHHTeJIhHOM BaJIY npoTHBoBechI paCnOJIaralOTCJI B pa3HhIX
IIlIOCKOCTJIX, HaXO,WImRXCJI nOA yrJIOM 120°. OHH MorYT 6hITh 3aMeHeHhl
HapO" npoTHBoueCOB, pa3MeIIteHHhlX B IIJIOCKOCTH 6HCCeKTpHCLI yrJIa
-+ .... -+
120°, npH YCJIOBHH (PHC. 2.28, e) 1:Kop=Knp(JI)+Knp(D).
TaKHM 06P330M, I1:Kopl = IJI)I + IKnp.)D)I, ouy,/:{a M;.np = 0,866m.f (a/b),
a caMH npOTHBOBeChI paCnOJIar3.lOTCJI B IIJIOCICOCTH no,/:{ yrJIOM -210 0
K IIJIOCKOCTH I-ro ICpHBomBlla. KRHeM8.Tlf'leCK8JI cxeM8. ypauHoBelliHBa-
lOm;ero MexaHH3Ma npHBe,/:{Ha Ha pHC. 2.29.
B .l{BHraTeJIe 6V (y = 120°) TaK xce HeypauHoBemeH MOMeHT CHJI
HHepHH BToporo nopJI,l(Ka. Ero napaMeTphI MorYl" 6hITh onpe,/:{eJIeHhI
no MeTO.l{HlCe, 8.HaJIOrIf'lHOH TOH, "ITO HCllOJIh30BaJIaCh .l{JllI 8.HaJIH3a
MOMeHTa CHJI HHepIUlH nepBoro nopa.
,lLrnI ero ypaBHOBemHB3.HHJI nOHa,zJ;06RJIcJI 6hI MeX3.HH3M, COCTOJIID;llH
H3 .l{Byx BCTpe"lHO-Bpam;3.IOmRXCJI C yrJIOBOH "IaCTOTOH :f: 2(0 BaJIOB
H CHCTeMOH pa3MeIIteHHLIX Ha HHX npoTHBoBecOB. _
Y"IHThlB8JI cpauHHTeJIhHO Hecym;ecTBeHHoe BJIIDIHHe MOMeHTa CHJI
HHepHH BToporo nopa Ha 06m;yK> ypaBHoBemeHHOCTh ABHraTeJIJI,
CJIOXCHOCTh H rpOM03,/:{KOCTh MeX3.HH3Ma ypaBHoBemHBaHIDl, B 60JIh-
lliHHCTBe 1C0HCTPYKI1:HH ero OCTauJUIlOT HeypaBHoBemeHHhlM.
68

2.6.5. AHA.Jrn3 YPABHOBEIDEHHOCTH II YPABHOBEIDIfBAHHE
){BHrATEJUllOV (y = 144°)
CxeMa ,WJHI"aTeJUI B IIOJIO>KeHHH, cooTBeTCTByrom;eM IIOBOPOTY
nepBoro KpHBoillHIIa OTHOCHTeJIbHO BMT B IIepBoM JIeBOM (IJ
J\HJIH.H,lJ;pe Ha yrOJI cp, IIpHBe,lJ,eHa Ha pHC. 2.30. ,[(BmaTeJIb HMeeT
IIJ1THKOJIeHHbIH BaJI C yrJIOM Mex<,I],y KpHBOillHIIaMH {) = 72°, 'ITO o6ec-
lIe'IHBaeT paBHoMepHoe B 'IeThlpeXTaKTHOM BapHaHTe 'Iepe,lJ,OBaHHe
pa6o'IHX XO,lJ,OB C yrJIOBLIM HHTepBaJIOM 0= 720 0 /i=72° IIPH nOpJl)];Ke
pa60ThlpOB IJI-4n-2J1-5n-4J1-3n-5J1-ln-3J1-
2..-I Jl o
CHJIOBble cl>aKTOpbl, OTBeTCTBeHHble 3a HeypaBHoBerueHHocTb ,lJ,BHra-
reIDI 10V (y = 144°), Moryr 6b1Tb onpe,lJ,eJIeHbI KaK reOMeTpH'IecKWI
CYMMa O,lJ,HOHMeHHbIX CBJI H MOMeHTOB, ,lJ,eHCTBYIOllUlx Ha OT,lJ,eJIbHbIX
(lIp3.BOM H JIeBoM) IDITBJlHH,lJ,pOBbIX P)J,lJ,HbIX ,lJ,BHfaTeJIJIX:
10 S S S S
1) Ll= Ll(JI)+ Ll(n)=O, TaK KaK Ll(JI)= Ll(n)=O;
10.... S.... S.... S.... s....
2) LlI= LlI(JI)+ LlI(n)=O, TaK K3.IC LlI(JI)= LlI(n)=O;
10 S S
3) L MJl = L MjI(JI) + L M J1 (n) #: 0;
MO,lJ,YJIb BeKTopa CYMMapHoro MOMeHTa CHJI HHepQHH nepBoro no-
pHJU(a JIeBOrO YCJIOBHOrO IIJlTHQHJIH.H,lJ;poBoro ,lJ,BHfaTeIDI
y= 144'
OJ
Pac. 2.30. KOMDOBOBO'IHaJI cxeMa ABHraTeJI1I toV (1'= 144°)
69

It MjJ(JI)1 = 0,449aC cos (qJ + 54 0).
MOMeHT eiiCTByeT B nJIOCKOCTH oceii ero IVIJIBB.D;poB H BelCTOp
HanpaBJIeH nepneB.D;HICYJUIpHO :noii llJIOCICOCTH, lCalC nOK8.3aHO Ha pHC.
2.31.
AHaJIOrH"IHO, ltIDI npauoro ,wJHraTelliI:
ItMJ1(D)1 =0,449aC cos (qJ + 216° + 54°)= 0,449aCcos (qJ + 270°).
MOYJIb c}'MMapHoro MOMeHTa MO)ICeT 6h1Tb onpeeJIeH no TeopeMe
ICOCHHYCOB H3 3amTpHXoBaHHoro CHJIOBOrO TJ>eyrOJIbHHlCa (CM. pHC.
2.31):
1 10 I [( 5 ) 2 ( 5 ) 2 5 5 J I/2
L MJl = Ll(ll) + L l(D) - 2 Ll(ll) Ll(ll) cos 144° =
=0,449aC[cos 2 (qJ + 54°)+cos 2 (qJ + 270°)- 2 cos (qJ + 54°) x
x cos (qJ+2700)co 144°]1/2.
10
HanpauJIeHHe BeICTOpa MOMeHTa L MJl onpe.D;elliIeTCJI yrJIOM PI =
= 90° + ex" re PI - yrOJI Me)IC,AY BelCTopOM MOMeHTa H llJIOCICOCTbIO
oce" llHJlHB.D;pOB JIeBOrO pa;
aJ = arcsin {[ (tl(D») I (1) ] sin 1440}.
CHHTe3 ypauHoBemHBalOIlterO MeXaHH3Ma pe8JIH3YeTCJI KalC ooBO-
KylIHOCTb MeXaHH3MOB ypaBHoBemHBaHml MOMeHTOB CHJI HHep
nepBoro nopJl,IUa neBoro (pHC. 2.32, a) R npauoro (pRC. 2.32, 6)
YCJIOBHhlX IDITHIVlJIHH,Z:J;POBhlX )J;BRI"aTeJIeii. 3TH MeXaHH3MhI npeCTaB-
IDIIOT c060ii CHCTeMhI npOTHBOBeCOB co CTaTH1JeCICHM MOMeHTOM
Mup.I:f=0;1245ml'(a/b), pacnono)ICeHHhIX Ha npoOn)ICeHHH ICpaHHHX IlteK
KOJIeH'IaTOrO B8JIa H Ha .D;OnOnHHTeJIbHhIX BCTpe"IHO-BpaIltaIOIltHXCJI Ba-
JIax no yrnaMH IC nnOCICOCTH nepBoro ICpHBomuna COOTBeTCTBeHHO
+ 54° R - 54°. COBMemeHHe 3THX BYX MexaHH3MOB, BhIllonHeHHoe Ha
pHC. 2.32, 8, nOKa3h1BaeT, 'ITO 3<l><}IeKT nOJIHOrO ypauHoBellIHBaHWI
cyMMapHoro MOMeHTa CHJI HHepIVIH nepBoro nopJlmca MO)ICeT 6b1Tb
OCTHrHYT cneIOIlteii CHCTeMoii:
70

y= 144 0
10
};1
Pac. 2.31. CxeMa 41opMHpoBaHHJI cyMMapHoTo MOMeHTa CM HBepItHB nepBoTo nopJJ.ltl[a
. YMJI npOTHBoBecaMH co craTH'IecKHM MOMeHTOM M.cr= 2M CT _np =
= 0,449m j r (a/b), pacnOJIaraeMhIMH Ha KOax KOJIeH'IaTOrO B8..IIa
n DJIOCKOCTH no,n: yrJIOM +54 0 K nJIOCKOCTH nepBoro KpHBomHDa;
. ,nB}'MR npoTHBoBecaMH Ha KOax ,nonOJIHHTem.Horo B8..IIa, Bpa-
lI{aJOmerOCB: e yrJIOBOB '1acroToB - w, KOTophIe pacnOJIO)KeHhI B nJIOC-
KOCTH no,n yrJIOM - 234 0 K nepBOM}' KpHBomHDY; HX CTaTH'IecKHH
MOMeHT MO)KeT 6hITb onpe,neJIeH no TeopeMe KOCHHYCOB H3 CHJIOBOrO
rpeyrOJIbHHKa :QeHTp06eXCHhIX CHJI npoTHBoBecoB, pa.JMemaeMhIX Ha
JlonOJIHHTeJIbHOM Barry (pHe. 2.32, 8):
MCT.np(T.) = .J2 M.np - 2M:r.np cos 108 0 = 0,363mjr(a/b).
KOHCTpyKTHBHaJI exeMa MeX8.HH3Ma npHBe,neHa Ha pHC. 2.33.
HeypaBHoBemeHHhIii eYMMapHhlii MOMeh r CHJI HHep:QHH BToporo
1I0pB:,n:Ka
10 5 5
4) LlI= LlI(JI)+ LlI(n)O.
Mo.nym. BeKTOpa C}'MMapHoro MOMeHTa CHJI HHep:QHH BToporo no-
IIMJ{Ka JIeBOrO YCJIOBHOrO nB:TH:QHJIHH.ltpOBOrO J1:BHraTeIDI
I:I:Mjll(JI)1 = 4,9797 alC cos (2cp + 18 0 ).
71

nJIOCKOCTb oceR
nellblX I.{HJJHIf.lUJOB
a
IInOCKOCTb oceR
npaBblX L(WlHH;D:pOB
6
8
PRC. 2.32. CHHTe3 MeXaBH3Ma ypaBHOBeIDHBaHHJ1 cyMMapBoro MOMeHTa CHJI HHepIOIH
nepBoro nopa:
a - CXeMa yp8BHOBeIIIBJI8.HWI cyMMapHoro MOMe!lTa can HBepQIIB nepBoro nopJl,llElL neBoro ycnOBHO-
ro OBOro ABHraTeJ1ll IIpB BMT B ItBJDIII.lIPe IJI; 6 - cxeMa yp8BBoBeDIBB8.HWI cyMMap-
Horo MOMc:BTa can HBepIVIB nepBoro nopJUlKa lIpasoro ycnOBBOro BOro .l\BHraTeJ1ll IIpB
BMT B  In; II - CXeMa COBMeeHBoro Mexaml3Ma

I
M
CT.np(X) I
I
I
I I
, ' I
" / J
",./ -0)
I'HC_ 2.33. KOBClpyKTHBBaJI cxeMa MeXaHH3Ma ypaBBOBemHBaHHJl cyMMapHoro MOMeHTa
CM HHepQHH nepBoro nop
MOMeHT ,neiicTBye-r B WIOCKOCTH oceH IVIJIHH,npOB JIeBOrO pg,na
" BeKTop ero HanpasJIeH nepneH.ltHKYIDIpHO :noii WIOCKOCTH, K8.IC nOKa-
1.1110 Ha pHC. 2.34.
AHa..nom'IHo, ,nJUI npasoro ,nBlITaTeIDI:
I1:M jll (n)1 = 4,9797 aJ.C cos [2 (rp + 216°) + 18°)] =
=4,9797aJ.C cos (2rp +450°);
nel< rop ero nepneH,nHKYJUIpeH nnOCKOCTH oceii IVIJIHH,npOB npasoro
I'HJa.
MO,D;yJIb c}'MMapHoro MOMeHTa CBJI HHPplVIH BToporo nopg,nKa
I\U»I(eT 6hITb onpelJ:eJIeH no TeopeMe KOCHXYCOB H3 3arrITpHXOB8.HIIOrO
I "JlOBOrO TpeyrOJIbHHKa (PHC. 2.34):
1 10 I [( S ) 2 ( S ) 2 S S J I/2
L M jll = L Tl(I1) + L Tl(n) - 2 L M jll (I1) L Tl(n) cos 144 ° =
=4,9797 aJ.C [cos 2 (291 4;- 18°) + cos 2 (2rp + 450°)-
1/2
-2cos (2rp+ 18°)cos (291 +450°) cos 144°] .
73

In
PRc. 2.34. ,[(HarpaMMa 41opMHpoBaHHJl cYMMapBOro MOMeHTa CHJl HBCPQBH Broporo
nopa
10
Hanp8.BJIeHHe BeKTOpa MOMeHTa L MJU onpe,ZJ;emIeTC.B yrJIOM P2 =
= 90 0 + a2. 3ltecb P2 - yrOJ1 Me)l(,lJ;y BeKTOpOM MOMeHTa B llJIOCKOCTblO
oceH D;BJIBH,ZJ;pOB JIeBOrO pJI,lJ;a; a2 = arcsin [ ( t A(,U(n) I  A(,u) sin 1440 1
)J;mI ero yp8.BHOBemBBaHIDI Heo6x-o,rolMO BMeTb CHCTeM)' ,ZJ;BYX BCTpe-
'IHO Bpwn:aIOID;HXC.B BarrOB C yrJIOBOH '1aCTOTOH ::1:200 C YCTaHOBJIeHHOH
ua HHX cHCTeMoH npoTHBoBecoB (PHC. 2.35). BB KOHCTPYKTHBHOH
CJIO)[(HOCTH Tame MeXaHB3MhI Ha npaKTHlCe He npHMeIDIlOTCB.
PRc. 2.35. KOHClpYKTHBBaJI cxeMa MeXaHH3Ma yp&BBOBeWHBaBHJl cYMMapBoro MOMeBTa
CRJI HBepQBH BToporo nop.
74

2.6.6. roIEHA,.l(QATHQHJII1H,LJ;POBLIR. roIUI' ATEJTh C yr JIOM
PA3BAJIA 60° -12V (y= 60°)
)];BHraTeJIb KOMllJIeKTYeTCJI rnecTBKOJIeHHbIM npocrp8..HCTBeHHbIM
BaJIOM C KpBBOmHllaMH no yr110M 120° (TaICO:H )I(e Barr BMeeT meCTB-
QBJlBH.l1:pOBbIii JIBHeiffihIii ABHraTeJIb), qTO n03BOIDIeT 06eCne'IHTb PaB-
IIOMepHOe, qepe3 60° qepeOBaHBe pa6o'IHx XOOB npH nopAAKe pa60TbI
IBJlBH.l1:pOB IJI - 6n - 5JI - 2n - 3JI - 4n - 611 - In - 2JI -
5n - 4n - 3n - In.
TaICoH ){BBraTeJIb MO)I(HO paccMaTpBBaTb KaK COBOKYmIOCTb
J{BYX O){HOPAAHbIX lIIecTB:QBJIBH){POBhIX. ,ZJ;BBraTeJIe:H, BMelOIItBX 06-
IlHii KOJIeHqaTbIH Barr. TaK KaK K3.)K){bI:H B3 HHX nonHOCTblO ypaa-
IIOBelIIeH, TO B 12V (<<5= 120°) TaK)I(e 6Y){eT nOJIHOCTblO ypaBHOBe-
lIIeH. 3To cnpaae.wmBO npB mo60M yrJIe p8.3Barra; O){HaKO paBHO-
McpHoe qepe){OBaHHe pa60qHX XO){OB 6y){eT HMeTb MeCTO JIHllIb npH
y=60, 120 H 180°.
2.7. TEXHOJIOffi1lECKMI HEYP ABHOBEIDEIllIOCfb
t(BHr ATEJIEH BHYTPEHHErO CrOPAHlUI
npOBC){eHHbIii aHa.JIB3 ypaBHoBelIIeHHOCTB )];BC p8.3JI}lqHhIX cxeM
II TBnOB HOCBT TeOpeT}lqecICBii: Xap3.ICTep, TaIC KaIC nOCTpoeH Ha
111)CJU!OJIO)I(eHHB 0 paaeHCTBe BceX CBJIOBhIX ct>aICTOPOB, ct>OpMBPy-
IOIlHX. C)'MMapHbIe CBJIbI H MOMeHTbl. Ha npaKTHKe OHH 6y){yr He-
I KOJIbKO OT.JIH1iaTbCJI ,Zq)yr OT ){pyra B CIDIY ecTeCTBeHHhIX TeXHonorH-
'll"CKHX OTKnOHeHu:H npB npOB3BO){CTBe OJUl0TImHbIX 3neMeHTOB ,ZJ;BB-
I II rcnJI.
TaK, B MHOrOItHJIHH.Ll:pOBblX ,ZJ;BBraTeIDIX BCJIe){CTBHe ){OnYCTHMblX
. II KnOHemrn B npeeJIax TeXHOnOrHqeCKHX ){onyCKOB MorYT OT.JIH1iaTb-
..1 MaCCbI nOpmHe:H, a TaJOKe MaCChI B nonO)I(eHIDI :QeHTpa Macc
liiol rYHOB.
IrO npBBeeT K H3MeHeHHIO Macc mj=mu+m.n(/m.J/uJ B CHJI HHep-
IIliH Pj, npBH8.Me)I(3lItHX OTeJIbHbIM :QBJlBH.l1:P8.M. )];.JIJI Orp8..H}lqeHHJI
"" "Harum mJ p8.3HOBecHOCTb nOpllIHe:H, HCnOJIb3yeMbIX ,lVIJI O){HOrO
IIIUlraTeillI, OrpalIH'lHBaeTCJI npe){enaMH 1...6. npH 3TOM nopmHH Cop-
IIII'YIOTCJI no BecOBbIM rpynn8.M, a illI 6oJT..ee TOqHO:H nO){rOHKH B HX
III)llcrpYKIUlB npeycMaTpBBaroTCJI TeXHOnOrHqecKHe 30HbI, B KOTOpbIX
"1t'HUUI MO>KHO y){aJIJITb.
lUaTYHbI 8..HaJIOIll'ffiO COpTHpyroTCJI H nOJU'OHJlIOTCJI no Macce H no-
'11 UkCIIHIO l!eHTpa Macc.
J'nJI onpe){eneHHJI  B 1m:.. maTYH B c60pe C BKJIabIIll3.MH B lIIaTYH-
"101M" 60nTaMH B3BeIllHBaeTCJI (onpe){eJIJIeTCJI m,J B 3aTeM YCTaHaB-
75

JlHBaeTCB: CBOHMH rOJlOBK8.MH C nOMO-
ll\b1O CnenHa.JIbHhIX KpOHIllTeHHOB Ha .n;Be
'lamB BeCOB. Kax nOK8.33.HO Ha pac. 2.36.
)J,06aBJIeHBeM MaCCLI &n Ha '1amy
m lllK C BepXHeB rOJlOBKOB BecLI npHBOlUITCJI
B COCTOJIHBe paBHOBecWI. llpa 3TOM
m",.n + &n =fnw.".
TaK KaK mw.n+m",....=m",. m w . n =
=1/ 2 (mw-l1m) a mw....= mw-mw.n. TO
lm.n=l(mm.Jm w ) B lw....=l(m",.n!mw).
)J,JIJI no.n;rOHKB maTyHOB no Macee
m", B no nOJlO)l(eHBIO QeHTpa Macc Ha
rOJIOBKaX maT}'Ha npe.n:ycMaTpHBaIOTCJI
MeCTa. B KOTOphIX MeTaJIJI MO)KeT 6hITb y.naJIeH.
,ZJ;JIJI ycrpaHeHIDI TeXHOJlOrB'IeCKOii Heyp8.BHOBemeHHOCTH no CBJ1aM
HHepQ.HH BpaIQ.aIOIUBXCJI Mace H HX MOMeHTaM KOJleHqaTLIe BanbI, Ma-
XOBHKH, a 3aTeM KOJIeH'IaTLIB Ban B c60pe C MaXOBHKOM nO,nBepralOTCJI
,lUIH8.MHQecKOH 6a.n:aacHpoBKe.
Ea.n:aac8poBKa Bana npoBo.n;HTCB: np8 YCTaHOBKe na maT}'HHbIe meii-
KH TeXHOJIOrH'leCKBX Macc, HMHTHPyroIIUlX npHCYTCTBHe Ha HBX npHBe-
.n;eHHbIX Mace maTYHa 111m..... Ea.n:3.HCHpOBKa Be.n;eTCJI KaK MlIHHM}'M no
,nBYM WIOCKOCTSIM - no WIOCKOCTH nepe,lUleH H 3a,lUleii onop. nY'f.IlIe,
ecn:H 6a.n:aHCHpoBKa Be.n;eTCJI no llJIOCKOCTJIM BceX KpHBomHnOB, neHTpo-
6eX<HbIe C8JIhI KOTOphIX ypaBHosemHBaIOTCB: npoTHBOBeC8.MH.
KpoMe Toro, ypaBHoBemeHHOCTb )];BHraTeJIB: B 3Ha'llITeJIbHOH Mepe
1aBHCHT 01' pa36poca yrJIOB MeJK.D:Y OT.n;eJIbHbIMH KpHBOIIIHII8.MH b.
I laH60JIee cTa6W1bHbI 3TH yrJIhI B WIOCKBX Banax H B KOJIeH'IaTbIX
lIaJlaX, nOJIyqaeMbIX OTJIHBKOH 83 BLICOKOnpOTffibIX <:IyrYHOB B 060JIO'l-
KOBble cfI0pMbI.
B KOBaHh1X Ba.n:ax nOCJIe p8.3Be.n;eHIDI KpHBOIllHnOB Ha HY)IQlbIH yrOJI
He06xo,lUlM TIQ.aTeJIbm.m OTIKHT 3arOTOBKH }l)Ijl CWITHJI OCTaTO'IHbIX
HanpIDKeHHH. B npoTHBHOM cJIY'lae yrJIbl b no HCTeqeHHa BpeMeHH
MOIYT CaMOnpOH3BOJIbHO YMemmaTbCJI C Henpe.n;CK8.3yeMblM H3MeHeHH-
eM ypaBHOBemeHHOCTH .n;BHraTeJIJl.
t llln
tlllll.
m llln
BeCbl
PRe. 2.36. Pa3BeceHHe MaCC mary-
Ha MeTOOM B3BeIlIHBaHHJI
2.8. HEPABHOMEPHOCTh KPYTBII(ErO MOMEHTA
llapHO .neiiCTByIOIUBe B CHCTeMe JI,BHraTeJ1b - TpaHCMHceHB: - no.n;-
BecKa KpynnnHH: a onpOKll.l1;bIBaIOIQ.HH MOMeHTLI B ca.ny BX HepaBHOMep-
HOCTH no yrny nOBopOTa KpHBOIllHna MorYT BbI3bIBaTb nepeMeHHYIO
3axPYTKY 3JIeMeHTOB )];BHTaTeJIJI a TpaHCMlICCHH (KpYTHJIbHbIe KOJle6a-
HIDI), a T8.IOKe nepeMeHHbIe peaKLtHH Ha onopax )];BHTaTeJIJI (ero HeypaB-
HOBemeHHOCTb). ):\JUI cyxc.neHHJI 0 CTeneHH paBHOMepHOCTB C)'MMapHoro
76

KpYTero MOMeHTa nonh3YIOTCH K03ifjifjU1.JUeHmOM Hepa8HOMep1-IOCmU
KpymRUjezo .MO.MeHma p=(M'l.rm.x-M'l.min)fM'l.cp, r.n;e M"rm.x, MJ<Pmin,
Af,,_cp - COOTBeTCTBeHHO MaKCHMaJIbHOe, MHHHMaJIbHOe H cpe,a:Hee 3Ha-
'ICHH:Jl cyMMapHoro Kpyrero MOMeHTa .n;BHI'aTen:Jl.
K03tPtPHeHT p H3MeIDIeT CBOIO BeJIH'IHHY B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pe)I(H-
lI.1a pa60TLl ,a:BBraTeilll. TalC lCalC M'I..cp nponopIUloHanell pa60Te .lI.BHra-
I CJI:Jl 3a ItHKJI, T. e. HarpY3Ke Ha ,nBHraTeJIb, TO 3HaMeHaTenb BbIpaJKeHH:Jl,
'HlHCbIBalOero p., onpeJJ:eJIHeTC:Jl HarpY30'IHbIM pe)I(HMOM ero pa60TbI.
II HCJIHTeJIb JKe B 60JIbWeH CTeneHH 3aBHCHT OT MalCCHMaJIbHOrO H MH-
II IIMaJIbHOrO 3HaqeHHH CHJI HHepItHB (o6bI'lHo ero BeJIH'lHHa pacreT
, YBeJIHqeHBeM qacroTbI BpaIl\eHIDJ. JJ:BHraTeJIH), T. e. B OCHOBHOM onpe-
I(CJI:JleTC:Jl CKOpOCTHhIM pe)I(HMOM pa60TbI ,nBHraTe.Jlll. C yqeToM :noro
11.l3nH'IlIble ,a:BHraTeJIH cpaBHHBalOTCJI no K03tPtPHIUfeHTY p. Ha peJKHMe
IIOMHHaJIbHOH MOlQHOcrH.
M
II>
;=1
a
M
=9.7 . 2
1=
M Kp cp
2 y=180'
Ip
6
6
M
z
=0,92
M M ;=8
a -<p-cp
II> I 1'=90'
M =0,23
;=12
e M KPcPI2 y=60'
0 180' 360' 540' 720' Ip
I", 2.37. CYMMapHLIe KPYTJDUHe MOMeHTLI '1eTblpexTaKTHLIX HraTeJIeii: C HCKpOBhlM
3a::KHraHHeM H pa3J1H'IBhIM KOJIH'IecTBOM UH.JIHH,D;pOB (a...e)
77

J.:b KOHCTPYKTHBHhIX napaMeTpOB ,lUJHraTeIDI, Onpe,ll;eIDIIOIItHX 3Haqe-
HHe K031}>I}>HIUleHTa J1., CJ1e,ll;Ycr BhI,1];eJIHTL:
. qHCJ10 :QHJ1HH,!:\pOB ,lI;BHraTellil i;
. l}>aKTop paBeHCTBa yrJIOBLIX HHTepBaJIOB Me>K,ll;y pa60<mMH xO,ll;a-
MH B OT,lI;eJ1LHLIX QHJ1HH,lJ,pax.
Ha pHC. 2.37 npHBe,ll;eHLJ KpHBLle cyMMapHLIX KPYTmI(HX MOMeHTOB
O)J;HOTHnHLIX ,lI;BHI'aTeJ1eH, HMelOIWIX O,ll;HHaxoBLle pa60'lHH npo:Qecc,
D H S, HO p8.3JIH'lHoe KOJIHqecTBO IUIlIHH,lJ,pOB i. AHaJIH3 :flHX KPHBLIX
nOK8.3L1BaeT, '1TO J1. pe3KO YMeHLmaeTCjf C }'BeJIH'IeHHeM KOJIH'IecTBa
.QHJIHH,lI;pOB.
B Ka'leCTBe HJ1JIIOCTpaIUIH BJIHJIHHjf Ha BeJIH'lHHY J1. l}>aKTopa paBHO-
MepHOCTH '1epe,nOBaHHjf pa6o'IHx XO,ll;OB OTMeTHM, '1TO B mecTHIUlJIHH,lI;-
pOBLIX ,lI;H3emIX C JIHHeHHLIM pacn0J10)I(eHHeM :QHJ1HH,lI;pOB H paBHOMep-
HLIM, '1epe3 120°, '1epe,ll;OBaHBeM pa6o'IHX XO,ll;OB J1.= 1,5, B TO BpeMjI KaK
B ,nBHraTemIX 6V npH '1=90° ('1epe,ll;OBaHHe pa6o'IHX XO,ll;OB HepanHoMep-
HO: 0=90 H 150°) p=2,08.
TaKHM 06p8.30M, ,nIDI 06ecne'leHHSI H8.HJ1Y'lIIIeH ypaBHoBemeHHOCTH
no OnpOKH,lI;LlBalOlIteMY MOMeHT}' 6oJ1ee npe,ll;IIO'lTHTeJILHLI ,lI;BHI'aTeJIH
C paBHOMepHhIM '1epe,ll;OBaHHeM pa6o'lHX XO,nOB H C 60J1LllIBM 'lHCJIOM
.QHJIHH,lI;pOB.
2.9. P ABHOMEPHOCTb XO)J;A )J;BIII' ATEJUI
I1epaBHoMepHOCTb MI:, KpOMe Toro, 'ITO OHa Bb13bIBaeT ueypaB-
II08emCIIHOCTL ,lI;BHI'aTellil nO M onp , HMeeT eme O,ll;HO HeraTHBHoe ,lI;JIJI
pa60TbI ,nBHraTeJ1jf nOCJ1e,ll;CTBHe - OHa JIBJ1jfeTC)1 npH'IHHOH HepaBHO-
MCpHOCTH yrJ10BOH '1aCTOTLI BpameHIDI KOJ1eH'IaTOrO BaJIa.
TIpoHCXO>K,ll;eHHe 3Toro JIBJ1eHHjf MO)I(eT 6L1TL nOjfCHeHO Ha OCHOBe
aHaJIH3a 6aJ1aHCa MOMeHTOB Ha BaJIY 'leTLIpeX:QHJIHH,1J.pOBOrO '1eTLlpex-
TaxTHOrO ,lI;BHI'aTeIDI, npHBe,ll;eHHOrO Ha pHC. 2.38. )];IDI npocToTLI aHa-
JIH3a OrpaHH'IHM paccMaTpHBaeMYIO 3a,ll;aqy CJ1e,nyroI:QHMH YCJIOBHJIMH:
. MOMeHT conpOTHBJ1eHIDI Me He H3MeIDIeTCjf no BpeMeHH (yrJIY
nOBopOTa KpHBomHIIa);
. pe)I(HM pa60TbI ,lUJHI'aTeJ1jf - YCTaHOBHBIUHHCjf; HH,lI;HKaTOpHbIii
MOMeHT paBeH MOMeHT}' conpOTHBJ1eHHjf Mi=Mrp.cp=Me; npH 3TOM
cpe,ll;HSISI yr J10BaJI qaCTOTa Wcp OCTaeTCjf HeH3MeHBOH;
. MOMeHT HHepIUlH BceX nO,ll;BIDKHLIX. 3JIeMeHTOB ,lUJHraTeJISI J o , npH-
Be,ll;eHHbIii KOCH KOJIeH'laTOrO BaJIa, He H3MeIDIeTCSI no BpeMeHH.
B 3TOM CJIY'Iae Ha KOJIeHqaTOM BaJIY B mo60H l}>a3e pa6o'lero :QHICJIa
Mrp-Me=M_; MI:-M e =Jof.= Jo(dw/dt), r,ll;e MJm - HHepIUlOHHbIii
MOMeHT; f. - yrJIOBOe YCKopeHHe CUCTeMhI KOJIeH'laTlilli BaJI - Ma-
XOBHK.
78

11:3 npHBe,QeHHOrO BhIIDe ypaBHeHIDJ CJIeA)'eT, TO B MOMeHTbI BpeMe-
liD, ICOr,Qa Mr.p=Mc (TO'IKH-l...8 Ha pHC. 2.38), dwldt=O. 3T0 COOTBeT-
cTByeT 3ICCTpeM)'MY yrJIOBOH CICOpoCTH.
KaecTBeHHbIii aHaJIH3 nOIC8.3hIBaeT, 'ITO eCJIH 3TOM)' npe.nmecTBOBa-
Iro M..>Mc H dwjdt> 0, TO B 3THX TO'IICaX (2. 4. 6, 8) 6Y,QeT COmax;
COOTBeTCTBeHHO, eCJIH M..<Mc H dwldt<O, TO 6Y,QeT Wmin (TO'IKH 1, 3,
. 7).
TIpHBe,QeHHhIe paccy)IC)J,eHHSI CBeTeJIbCTByroT 0 HeH36eX<HOCTH B03-
IIHICHOBeHHSI HepaBHOMepHOCTH yrJIOBOH CICOpOcrH BCJIe,QCTBHe nepeMeH-
1I0crH no yrny nOBopOTa ICpHBOIDHna ICpyrero MOMeHTa ,mmraTeIDI.
HepaBHOMepHOCTb w O.QeHHBaeTCSI K03rPrPullueHmoM HepaoHoMepHO-
emu xoaa a8uzameAR [)=(wmax-wmin)/wcp.
)];IDI HaXO)lCJJ;eHIDI 3aBHCHMOCTH [) OT ICOHCTPYICTHBHhIX H pexalMHhIX
'!laICTopoB, xapaICTepH3yroIQHX pa60T}' )];BHraTeIDI, npOHHTerpHpyeM
ypaBHeHHe 6aJIaHCa MOMeHTOB Ha yqacrICe OT tpJ-Wmin,QO qJ2-Wmax (CM.
pHC. 2.36). TIocJIe p8.3,QeJIeHHSI nepeMeHHhIX C yqeTOM Toro, TO
(dwldt) = (dwldqJ)(dtpldt) = w(dwldtp) = 1/2(dw2IdqJ), nOJI)"laeM
,,_ "'max
f(M..-Mc)dqJ=Jo f dw 2 .
". 9'min
"'.
0603Ha'IHB f (M,,- Mc)dqJ epe3 H36hITo'IHYIO pa60Ty A m6 (3amT-
".
pOXOBaHHMI llJIOl.Qa)J.Ka Ha pHC. 2.38) H BhIllOJIHHB HHTerpHpOBaHHe
"PaBOH 'laCTH, nOJIy<IHM
A m6 = 1/2JO( w - w) = 1/2JO( W max + Wmin)( W max - Wmin)( wcp/wcp).
TIocJIe npeo6pa30BaHHH C Y'leTOM Toro, 'lTO wcp';;::j1/2(W max +Wnnn),
HMeeM Am6=JOW[), oTICy)];a [)=A m6 /(J o w:"). .,
):(aHHMI 3aBHCHMOCTb H1IJIIOCTpHpyeT ICOH'-lpYICTHBHLle napaMeTpbI,
c nOMOl.Qb1O KOTOpLlX B03MO)IQJ0 ynpaBJIeHHe _JIH'lHHOH [) npH P8.3-
pa60TKe ,QBHraTeIDI. 3TO B nepBYIO o'lepe,Qb BapbHpOB8.HHe HCJIOM
r1HJIHH.l{pOB H «paKTOpOM paBHoMepHoCTH epeJJ;oBauIDI pa60'IHX XO)];OB,
OT KOTOpbIX HCICJllO'lHTeJIbHO 3aBHCHT BeJIH'lHHa A m6 , a npH npHHSIToH
KOMllOHOBO'IHOH cxeMe ,QBHraTeJUI - H3MeHeHHe J o . ):\JUI nOJIyqeHHSI
rpe6yeMoro [) B KOHCTPYKl!HH JJ;BHTa'i'eJUI npeAycMaTpHBaeTC}l MaxOBHK,
UpH HCnOJIb30B8.HHH KOToporo Jo';;::jJ.., T. e. npaKTHqecm BeCb MOMeHT
HHepl{HH B 3TOM cJIyqae cocpe,QoToeH B MaXOBHKe.
79

a
Me
Ij)
Wmin
Ij)
Ij)I - (fJmin
1j)2 (fJmax
PIIC. 2.38. .baJIaBC MOMeBTOB IIa BaJIy '1eThlpeXTaKTBOrO '1eThlpeXI1HJ1IIH,l]pOBoro Hra-
TeJIII IIa YCTaBOBHBWeMCJiI pe.1[HMe pa60TLI
YoeJIH'feHHeM J", MO)KHO nOJIyqHTb CKOJIb yroBo MaJIyro BeJIH'lH-
ny 15. OH8.KO B aBTOM06HJIbBbIX BHraTemrx: He Bcera QeJIeC006p83-
HO HCnOJIb30BaTb MaxOBHKH C 60JIblliHM J"" T8.K K8.K 3TO npHBOHT
K B03paCTaHHlO HHeplUloHHocTH H 3aMeIDIeT npoQecc nepexoa ero
C pexHMa Ba pe)I(HM, oc06eHBo npH pa3roBe. TIpH 3TOM Moryr cymeCT-
BeBHO YXy.nmHTbCl1 ,mIHaMH'Iecue XapaKTepHCTHKH aBTOM06HJ111 B Qe-
JIOM.
)];IDI TSII"a'leB H TpaKTopoB, B KOTOpbIX npHeMHCTOCTb He HMeCT
nepBOCTeneBBoro 3Ha'leBIDI, BeJIH'lHHa J", onpeeIDIeTCg H3 YCJIOBIDI
llJIaBBOCTH TporaHHl1 C MecTa npH BKJIIO'feHHOM CQellJIeHHH H pa60'feM
nOJIO)J(eHHH 6yKCHpoBO'IHoro ycrpoBCTBa.
B COOTBCTCTBHH C 3THM B cOBpeMeBHbIX KOHCTpyKLtHJIX Tp8.HCnOpT-
HbIX cpe.nCTB .f(.JUI aBTOM06HJIbHbIX ,nBHraTeJIeH c5 = 0,02...0,025, IDI
,WJHraTeJIeH TpaKTOpOB H ura'leB 15=0,005...0,01.
IIpH no,n60pe MaxoBHlCa aBTOM06HJIbHOrO BHraTeJlJI 'faCTO HCnOJIb-
3YlOT Tax Ha.3bIBaeMbIH 6e3pa3MepHblU MOMewn UHepl/UU t/t =
80

= J ..w;,..! M....JJ<JM' KOTOpLIii JJ.JIB Maxo-
"HKOB 60JIbIIIBHCTBa ,D;BHfaTeJIeii aBTO-
M06HJIeH BapbHpYeTCS B cpaBHHTeJ1b-
110 Y3KHX npeeJIax, TalC 'ITO C OCTa-
ro'IHOH ,WIJ.I npaICTHKH TO'IHOCTblO MO-
}((HO nOJIaraTb t/1  const.
3eCb Muo.. H WHO" - COOTBeTCT-
BeRRO 3Il>«peKTHBHbIH MOMeHT H ':Iacro-
ra BpaxneHIDI KOJIeH':laTOrO B3JIa Ha
pC)J(HMe HOMHHaJIbHOii MO.I.IUIOCTH.
Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHHH J..-::::;
-::::; t/1(Muo../.,.J, re  = 1to..J30;
n HO " - 'UlCJIO 060pOTOB B MBHYTY KO-
neH'laTOrO B3JIa Ha paCqeTHOM PeJKB-
Me; t/1=200...350.
llpH ICOHCTPyupoBaHHH MaxoBHICa
ero «paICTH'leCKHH MOMeHT HHepIUiH
J",.». OJl)I(eH 6bITb paDeB J... Beml'lHHa J...1J. C OCTaTO':lBOH npaKTHqecICoil
ro':IHOCTblO MO)I(eT 6blT!> onpe,L\eJIeHa eJIeBHeM TeJla MaXOBHKa Ha
N KO.J1heBblX 3JleMeHTOB C npoCTeihneil reOMeTpHeil ee':leHIDl, KaIC 3TO
nOKa3aHO Ba pRC. 2.39. .
N
B 3TOM cJIY'lac J". A  L m;r?, r,L\e m; H r; - COOTBeTCTDeBHO Macca
;-1
H paCCTOJ.lBHe OT OCB BpaxnCHWI O eBTpa nonepeqHOrO eeqeBWI i-ro
KOJ1bueBOrO 3JlCMeBTa.
mJ
r4
...
... ,/
... ,/
...
,/
,/ ...
,/ ...
,/ ...
m2 rJ
,/
, f
, /
I
, m)
/ '
r2
r\
N
J Mf1 =I:,m;"rj
1=\
_L-l._
Pac. 2.39. OopeeJIeBHe eii:CTBHTem.-
Boro MOMeHTa BHeplVla MaxOBHKa
2.10. OCHOBbI AHAJIH3A II AMOPTH3AQID1
KOJIE6AH11:H ,lJ;BHrATEJllI HA nO,lJ;BECKE
2.10.1. CRJIOBbIE fl)AKTOPbI, BbI3bmAlOII(HE KO.JIEl)AHmI
nOPllIHEBbIX WlC HA nOWlECKE
KaIC cJleA)'eT H3 pHC. 2.40, KOJIe6aHIDI ,lJ,BIiCaTeJlS Ba 3JICMeHTax ero
4>HKcB Ba paMe RJIH KY30De aBTOM06RJ1H (TpaKTOpa, OpO)I(HO-CTpO-
HTeJIbHOH MalliHHhI) Moryr B036Y>K,naTbCB BCMH CHJIOBblMH «paKTopa-
MH, BbI3bIBaIOIUHMH BeypaBHODemeHHOCTb ,nBHraTeillI. T8.1OKe MO)I(eT
HMeTb MeCTO KHHeMaTH'IecICOe B036Y>K.L\eBHe KOJIe6aHRH co CTOpOBbl
maCCR npH HaC3,L\C TpaHcnopTHoro cpecTBa Ha npenBTCTBRc (RJ.
Bo BTOpOM CJIyqae KOJlc6aaWI B03HHKalOT B KOBCTPYH BeeH
rpaacnopTBoH eJWHH, H HX anRJIH3 BblXO,l(HT 3a paMKB BaCTOBIUcro
Kypca. II03ToM)' 3,L\CCb OrpaHH'IHMCB H3YQCHHCM Konc6aH.Hii OT
81

,.--
/
,.
I
I
I
I
....-\
I \.
I
_/---
,.",
/ I I \
/ I I \
I I I \
Ui,T / I I \
_-----J11 '_,
--- \
I
I
,
,
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
-,-,.,'
YnpYfHe
3JJeMeHTbJ
nOlIBeCKH
'-
PRc. 2.40. CHJlOBLIe 4JaKTOPLI, BhI3LIB3.IOe KOJIe6a11HJ1 HraTeJIJ1 H8. noecKe
HeypaBHoBerneHHhIX CHJ1 HHepHH I:. P J1, I:.1I' I:.K.,. HX MOMeHTOB I:.l'
I:.lI, I:.M" a TaKxce onpOlCH,nhIBalOIQerO MOMeHTa Monp.
,ZJ;JUJ. YMeHbWeHH.JI KOJIH'IecTBa 3HeprHH, nepe,nauaeMoii OT KOJIe6-
JllOIQeroc.JI ,l{BHraTeJISJ. Ha 3K1maJK H Ha060pOT, ,ZJ;BC BH6pOH30JIHPY-
lOT OT KY30Ba (paMhI) C nOMOJ.W>1O YCTaHOBKH ero Ha CHCTeMY
ynpyrHX 3JIeMeHTOB, H3.3h1BaeMYIO noiJ8eCKOu.. O,nHaKO npH 3TOM
B03MOXCHO B03paCTaHHe aMIDIHTY,n KOJIe6amm: caMoro ,nBHraTeIDI,no
BeJIH'IHH, HapyrnalOIIUlx pa60Tocnoc06HOCTL ero 3JIeMeHTOB H CH-
CTeM.
TaKHM 06pa30M, 30iJO'lO npoeKmUp08aHUR noiJ8ecKu MoxceT 6h1Th
e<i>OPMYJ1HpOB8.Ha CJIe.nyIOIQHM 06p8.30M: MHHHMH3a.nHSJ. KOJ1HQecTBa
:meprHH, KOTopaSJ. nepe,naeTCSJ. CHCTeMe ,nBHraTeJIL - nO,nBeCKa - 31CH-
naxc npH coxpaHeHHH Ha npaKTll'leCICH npHeMJIeMOM ypOBHe RMlIJIHTY,n
BH6pan;Hii ,nBHraTeIDI.
2.10.2. PAC1IETHAJI CXEMA ,roIHI'ATEJUI,
KOJIK6JllOlI{ErOCJI HA nOECKE
PaCQerHhle HCCJIe,noBaHHSJ. KOJIe63.HHii B CHCTeMe ,nBHraTeJIL - no,n-
BecKa Tpe6YIOT 3aMeHhl ee ynpOII1eHHOH )UlHaMH'IeclCH 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH
Mo,neJILIO, B KOTOpOH coxpaIDIIOTCSJ. TOJILKO Cyru:ecTBeHHhle ,nIDI ,n3.HHOrO
pac'Iera CBOHCTBa 061>eKTa.
AHaJIH3 KOJIe6aB.Hii ,nBHraTeJISJ. Ha nO,nBeCKe npHIDITO npOBO)UlTh npH
CJIe,nYIOIQHX OCHOBHhIX ,nonyw;eHHSJ.X:
. ,nBHraTeJIL (CHJ10BOH arperaT) nOJIaraercSJ. a6CO;UOTHO XCeCTKHM
(He,ne4>opMHpyeMLIM) TeJIOM;
82

. p8.Ma (Ky30B) nOnaraeTCJI a6coJIloTHo )KeCTICoii H HMelOeH 6ec-
KOHe'IHO 6oJIbmyro Maccy;
. Ha'IaJIO cHcreMhI KOOp,nHHaT COBnaeT C :QeHTpOM HHep:QHH CHJIO-
Boro arperaTa, OCH KOOp,lUlHaT HBnJDOTCJI :QeHTpaJIbHbIMH.
B :nOM CJIyqae (pHC. 2.41) no,/J; JJ;eHcrBHeM nepe'IHCJ1eHHhIX BhIIlle
CHJIOBhIX 4>aKTOpOB JJ;BlITaTenb cosepmaeT mecrb B03MO>KHhIX Kone6a-
reJIbHhIX JJ;BHx<eH.HH: TpH nOCTynaTeJIbHhIX B HanpaBneHHR oceH x=x(t},
v=y(t}, z=z(t} H TpH yrnoBhIX OTHOCHTeJIbHO TIHX oceii cp=cp(t}, a=
=a(t}, P=P(t}.
)J;lliI BbillOJIHeHIDI Ka'IecrBeHHoro aH8JIH3a HBneHHH, onpe,/J;eJIJDOI:QHx
XapaKTep Kone6aHHii ,/J;BHraTeJIJI Ha nOJJ;BeCKe, paccMoTpHM npocreHmHH
CJIyqaH - KOJIe6aTeJIbHOe ,/J;BIDKeHHe )J;BC OTHOCHTeJIbHO KOOpJJ;HHaTbI
 no,/J; ,/J;eHcrBHeM CHJIbI HHepUHH nepBoro nOPAAKa T..P J1 = A cos cp =
= A cos (rot) (PRC. 2.42).
TIonaraJI ,/J;lliI npoCToTbll. = 1 2 H )KecTKOcrb JIeBOrO ynpyroro 3neMeH-
ra C h paBHOH )KecTKOCTH npaBoro 3JIeMeHTa C 2 , nOJI)"IHM paC'IeTH}'1O
cxeMY, COOTBeTCTBYIOI:Q}'IO Kone6aTeJIbHOH cHcreMe C O,/J;HOH creneHbIO
cBo6oJ{bI. TIocJIe BBeJ{eHIDI B cHCTeM}' 3JIeMeHTa, 0603Ha'IeHHOrO Ha pHC.
2.42 '1epe3 rI a HMHTHpYIOI:Qero Heynpyrae nOTepa 3Hepnm Kone6aHHH
11 CHCTeMe, C }"IeToM npHll:QHna ,/J;'AJI8.M6epa COCT3.BHM ypaBHeHHe 6ana-
Ilea eHJI:
P JIlf. + P 1Ll1 + P)'lIp =T..P J1
HJIH
m (d 2 x/dt 2 ) + r(dx/dt}+ T..Cx=A cos (rot).
Iecb m - Macca ,/J;BlITaTeJIJI; P_=m(d 2 x/dt 2 } - CHJIa HHep:QHH; P H _ n =
-= r (dx/dt) - CHJIa HeynpyrHx nOTepb; r= 2rIm; rI = W OOT/W oo - K034>-
x
x
J:,PiJ
C 2
11,
11 2
I(
1 2
"HC. 2.41. CxeMa aMop1B3HpOBaBHO-
ro HraTeJIJ1
'PRc. 2.42. Pac'leTHaJI cxeMa KOJIe6aHHB: H-
raTeJIJ1 Ba nOeCKe OTHOCHTeJI&BO OOH H3
0606weHBhlx )(OOpaT - OCH x
83

clJHI1HeHT HeynpyrHX nOTepb (W OOT - 3Hepnm, pacceHBaeMaJI B CHCTeMe;
WOOAI' - 3HeprIDI, nO,ltBO.lUfMall K KOJIe6aTeJlbHO:H CHCTeMe); Pynp=
=1:Cx - ynpyrWl CHJIa .n:e4>opMHpoBaHHhlX ynpyrHX 3JIeMeHTOB.
OrclO,n:a MO>KeT 6hITb nOJIY'IeHO ypaBHeHHe ,n:BH>KeHIDI aMOpTH3HpOBRH-
BOra ,n:BHraTelliI OTHOCHTeJlbHO KOOp,n:HHaTLI x:
(d 2 x/dt 2 ) +2,,(dx/dt)+rox=a cos (rot),
r,n:e roo= ..j};C/m - 'IaCTOTa c06CTBeHHhIX KOJIe6aHlm cHcreMbI; a=
=A/m.
PemeHHe :noro ypaBHeHIDI H3BeCTHO:
a
x - cos(rot-t/1),
.J(w 2 _W)2 +4'l2W 2
r,n:e ro - KpyroBWI qaCTOTa B03Myn.J;arom:eH CHJThI (B ,n:aHHOM CJIy<lae
OHa COBna,n:aeT C yrJIOBOH CICOpOCTbIO KOJIeH'laTOrO BMa); t/1 =
=arctg[2"ro/(ro Z -ro$)] - clJa30BhI:H C,n:BHr Mey nepeMem:eaHeM H BhI-
H)')K.n:aIOm:eH CHJIOH !:.P}l.
OrBJIeKallCb OT clJ8.3L1 KOJIe6aaHH, HeCyJI(eCTBeHHO BJIHIDOlI{eii Ha
3aepreTHqecKHe OQeHKH, pemeHHe MO >KeT 6hITb 3aDHcaa o B CJ.le,n:}'lOlI{eM
BH,n:e: x=K(ro)!:.P jb r,n:e K(ro)= (J( ro 2 -rot)2+4,,2ro 2 )-1 - clJYHKQIUI
nepe,n:a'IH KOJIe6aTeJIbHOii CHCTeMLI. cI>aKTHqeCKH K(ro) BBlliIeTCIl qaCTO-
THO-3aBHCHMbIM K03clJclJHQHeHTOM npo-
nOpUUOa8..JIbHOCTH Me>K.D:Y nepeMem:e-
aHeM H CHJIoii, B036YX<.n:arom:e:H KOJIe-
6aHBll. Ee BeJIH'lHHa npB clJHKcHpoBaH-
aOM 3HaqeBBH ro onpe,n:eIDIeTCJI BC-
KJDO'lHTeJlbHO ynpyroMaCCOBhIMH xa-
paKTepBCTHK8.MH KOJIe6aTeJlbHOii CH-
CTeMbI, TaICHMH, Kax m, !:.C, ". rpaclJB-
qecKaJI 3aBHCBMOCTb K(ro)=f(ro), npH-
Be,n:eHHaJI Ha pBC. 2.43, nOK8.3bIBaeT,
qTO ee 3HaqeHHe B3MeIDIeTCil B 3aBBCB-
MOCTH OT CKopoCTHoro peXCHMa pa6o-
ThI ,n:BHraTeJIJI, ,n:OCTBrall MaxCHM}'Ma
npH ro=roo (ro= xn/30; n - 'iBCJIO
060pOTOB KOJIeH'laTOrO BMa B MHHY-
TY). "IlHCJIeaHOe 3Ha'IeHHe K(ro)mu.
onpe,n:elliIeTCJI Ko3<l>clJBl1HeHTOM Heyn-
pyrHx nOTepb B CHCT-eMe ". qeM HIDKe
ypOBeHb HeynpyrHX nOTepb, TeM 6oJIb-
me K (ro )max; npH OTCYTCTBHH nOTepb
(,,=0) K(ro)mu-+oo.
K(IIJ)
CO»O)o
(n»no)
COI
O)=.! = !!.!!.
t 30
he. 2.43. qacTO-rHU arpa.MMa 4Jy-
BKWIJI nepe'IH IOJIe6aTeJI&HOH CH-
CTeMhl C OJ:(llOii: CTeneHLIO cBo60
('11 >'l
84

OTCIOJI;a CJIeJl;YeT, qTO HaH60JIbillaJI aMIlJIHTYJI;a ICoJ1e6aHHH H MaIC-
CHMYM ICoJ1e6aTeJIbHOii 3HeprHH, nepeJl;aBaeMoii Ha 3IC1ma:>K, Jl;OCTHI'a-
JOTCg npB COBn3JJ;eHHH (pe30HaHCe) qacroT B03M}'1l{aromeH CHlIhI B
co6cTBeHHhIX KOJ1e6aHHii CRCTeMbl (n=30w/1t=no=30roo!7r.). Ang RCKJIIO-
'ICHHg pe30H3.HCa Heo6xoJl;BMO J1R60 He Jl;onycKaTb pa60TY .l{BHI'aTeJ1g
C n = no (06hI'lHO n» 110), JIH60 nOHH>KaTb qacroTY C06croeHHh1X ICOJ1e-
fiaHHii 110 Jl;0 BbIIIOJ1HeHHg OTMeqeHHOrO BbIIlle YCJ10BHg.
2.10.3. noHSITIUI 011 OCBX, .QEHfPE :>KECfKOcru
nOMECKH H CBIDA.IIIThIX KOJlEIIAHIDIX
AnanH3 KOJIe6aHHii ,D;BC Ha nO.l{BeCKe OTHOCRTeJIbHO OCR x, BbIIIOJ1-
I/CHHLIH B npe.lU>l.nyIItCM naparpa«l>e, 68.3RpoBanCg Ha Jl;OnyIQeHHn 0 pa-
I\CHCTBe I, = 1 2 H C, = C 2 . DJIarOJl;apSJ. 3TOM}' B paCCMaTpBBaeMOM CJIY-
'lac CBJIa 1:. P Jl BbI3bIBana CMCmeHHe Jl:BBraTeJUI TOJIbKO B HanpaBJ1eHBB
OCH x, qTO, Bo06mc rOBOpg, gBIDIeTCg JIH[llb qaCTHbIM CJIyqaeM. HeBbl-
I/OJIHeHRe JII060ro H3 oroBopeHHbIX BbIIIIe YCJ10BHii npBBeJl;eT K TOM}',
'I ro CBJIa, HanpaBJ1eHHaJI CTporo B HanpaBJIeHHB OCR x, Bbl30Ber CMeme-
JlHe Jl;BBraTCJUI OTHOCBTeJ1bHO .l{Byx (BJ1B 60JIee) KoopromaT. ,D;JUI nogc-
I/CHHg 3Toro paCCMOTpHM KOJIe68.HHg ,D;BC, H3MeHHB >KecTKOCTb 33JJ;He-
I 0 ynpyroro 3JIeMeHTa Tax, qT06bl C 2 = 2C I (PHC. 2.44).
llpocTeiinmii 3.HanH3 nOK8.3bIBaer: Jl;JUI Jl;3.HHbIX YCJIOBHH, Y'lHTbIBag,
',ro pea.KIVIB Ha onopax B03HHKaIOT 3a cqer HX ynpyroii .n;e«l>opMa:QHH,
Jlo.ny'IHM R, = C,A, =R 2 = C 2 A 2 H, CJ1eJl;OBaTCJIbHO, A 2 =A,(C,!C 2 )=1/ 2 A J .
'.neeb Al H A 2 - Jl;e«l>opMa:QHH COOTBerCTBeHHO I-ii H 2-ii onop. 3T0
I) maqaCT, qTO B Jl;aHHOH cHTyaIUlB CBJIOBoii «l>aKTop, Jl;eiiCTBYlOmHii
IHHOCHTeJIbHO oJUlOii H3 Koop.n;HHaT (x), Bbl3bIBaer CMcmeHHe ,nBBra-
I CJUI OJUIOBpeMeHHO OTHOCHTCJIbHO Jl;BYX Koop,romaT - OCB x H nOBO-
pOTa Ha yrOJI p OTHOCBTCJIbHO OCB z. TaxBC KOJIe68.HHg HOCgT H8.3BaHHc
t)ftyxC8R3aHHblx (B 06mCM c.ny'lae MHOZOC8Jl3aHHblX).
HexceJ1aTeJ1bHOCTb «l>eHoMcHa CBg3aHHOCTB K0J1c63.HHH OqeBH,WIa. Ha
II paxTHKc }'MCHbillBTb BJIH, Ha060pOT, YCBJIHTb 3«l>4>eKT CBg3aHHOCTH
KOJIc63.HHH B03MO:>KH0 H3MCHCHHeM n0J10>KeHIDJ JIHHHH Jl;CHCTBHg B03-
hY>K.D:aIOmeii CBJIbl. B npeJl;eJ1e JIHHHIO Jl;eiirTBIDJ MO:>KHO OpqeHTHpOBaTb
II rHOCBTCJ1bHO 3J1eMCHTOB nO.l{Beem TaKHM 06P8.30M, qTO HanpaBJ1eH-
Jlbm BJI;OJIb Hee CBJIOBoii «l>axTOp 6YJl;eT Bbl:-'bIBaTb cMemeHHc .l{BHraTCJISJ.
IOJIbKO OTHOCBTCJIbHO O,nHoii B3 oceii KOOpJl;HHaT (Ha pBC. 2.45 OT-
JlOCBTCJIbHO OCB x). B .naHHOM npHMepe 3TO BMCJIO 6hl MCCTO npB
JlanpaBJIeHHH B036Y:>KJI:aIOmHX CBJI BJI;OJIb OCB, p8.3J1;eJHIIomeii paCCTOg-
JlHe M onop8.MH. B OTHomeHHB 2: 1 (I, =2/ 2 ). TorJl;a R 2 =11 2 C 2 =
2R, =2A,C" a TaK KaK C 2 =2C" TO A J =11 2 , 31'0 HanpaBJIeHHe HOCHT
JI.13BaHHC OCU :JfCeCmKOCmu 1l008eCKU.
85

X I.P il
/1
/2
PRc. 2.44. CxeMa B03HHIHOBeBHJI CBJ13aH-
BIolX IOJIe6aHHH
OCb )/(eCTKOCTH
I.P il
/---------- -----,
I \
<i'
II
..j
"
"/ C I
/J =2/ 2
PHC. 2.45. CxeMa pa3MelIteBHJl OCR :B:ecT-
Iocm nocm, napa1lJIeJI&BOH: OCH x
IIpHHI\HllHaJILHO HX MO>KeT 6LITL TpH - :no OCH )KeCTKOCTH,
nap3JlJIeJThHLIe OCSIM Koop.rumaT X, Y H z. ORH Moryr nepeceKaThCX
B OAHOH TO'IKe (He 06X3aTeJILHO!), KOTopax B :nOM c.ny'lae HOCHT
B3.3BaHHe lj.eHmpa :HCecnuwcmu nOdeecKu.
Tax KaK CBX3aHHOCTL Kone6aHHH - mmeBHe He)KeJIaTeJIbHoe, TO
npH npoeKTHpOBaHHH nO):{BeCKH H BLI60pe KOnH'IeCTBa, pa3MeeBIDl
H xapaKTepHCTHK ynpyrHX 3JIeMeHTOB Heo6xo.IUIMO CTpeMHTLCX K CO-
BMeeBHIO .QeHTpa Macc ,l\BHfaTellil (KY,l\a npHJIO)KeBLI HBepUHOHHLIe
ClU10BLIe llIaxTOpLI, B036YJK.aalOIUHe Kone6aHHB) C .QeHTpoM )KeCTKOCTH
1l0,l\BecKH (npH ero HaJIH'lHH) HJIH COBna,l\eHHIO ero C Ha.H60JIblliHM
KOJIH'IeCTBOM oceH )KecTKOCTH.
2.10.4. OCHOBHhIE TPEBOBAHIDI
K KOHCfPYKTIIBHhIM llAPAMETPAM nOECKH
IIpH npoeKTHpOBaHHH nO):{BecKH He06xo.IUIMO, '1To6LI ee KOBCTPYK-
.QIDI Y,l\OBJIeTBOpSUla cJIe.aylOeM)' MHBHM)'MY Tpe6oBamdi:
. KOJIH'IeCTBO, p3.3MeeHHe H ynpyrHe xapaKTepHCTHKH ::meMeHTOB
nO,l\BeclOl ,l\OJDI(HLI 06ecne'lHBaTL OTC)'TcTBHe co6cTBeHBLIX pe30H8.HC-
BLIX KOJIe6aHHH B .IUIall3.30He '1aCTOT BpameHHx KOJIeB'laTOrO BaJIa
BhIllie MHBHMaJILHLIX YCTO:H<:IHBLIX 060poTOB xonOCToro XO,l\a ,l\BHTa-
Teml (30Ha pa6o'IHx pe)KHMOB ,l\BHfaTeml Ha pHC. 2.43);
. MaTepHaJILI H KOHCTPYK.QIUl ynpyrHX 3JIeMeHTOB ,l\on)KBb[ o6ec-
ne'lHBaTb Ha.H6oJILmHH ypoBeBb Heynpyrux nOTepL (Ba.H6onLlliHe BeJIH-
'lBHLl 7']);
. npH npopa6oTKe KOHCTpYKTHBBLIX BapH8.HToB. npe,nnO'lTeHHe CJIe-
.ayeT OT,l\aBaTL TeM H3 HHX, B KOTOpLIX Ha6JllO,l\aeTCX COBMemeHHe
.QeHTpa Macc C Ha.H6oJILmHM KOJIH'IeCTBOM OceH )KecTKOCTH.
86

a
a
I-I
6
Pac. 2.46. CxeMa UO,ABeCili (a) H BapHaHT IOBClp ynpyrax 3JIeMeHTOB (6) &BTOMo-
6BJlbHorO HraTeJU
Ha pHC. 2.46 B Ka'leCTBe npHMepa npHBe)J;eBbI cxeMa p8.3MeeBHg
H BapHaHT ICOBCTpyKIVIH ynpyrux :meMeBTOB nO)J;BecKH aBToM06HJ1b-
Horo )J;BHI'aTeJUI.
"

rJ1ABA 3
OCHOBbI KOHCTPYHPOBAHIDI II
llPE,l(IIOCLIJIKH K PACqETY ETAJIEf1
,lUJIffATEJIJI HA llPOq}{OCTb
3.1. 3KCllJIY ATAQHOHHbIE
TPE60BAHIDI K IIPOEKTIfPYEMOMY
,l:(BHrATEJIIO
IIpoeKTHpOBaHHe ,nBHraTeml HBIDIeTCB CJIO)KHhIM npon;ecCOM, npH
KOTOpOM cnen;HaJIHCT8M npHXO,WITCB pemaTL KOMnJIeKC np06JIeM, CBB-
3aHHLIX C YOBJIeTBopeHHeM TJ)e60BaHHH, onpeeIDIeMLIX Ha:ma'leHHeM
,nBHraTeIDI H YCJIOBHiIMH ero 3KCfiJIyaT8.D;HH. ,[(JIB C03aHHB BLICOKonpo-
H3BO,AllTeJILHOB, 3KOHOMII'IHOB B 3KCfiJIyaT8.D;HH H 3KOJIOrH'IeclCH 1fHCTOB
TpaHcnopTHoB, Opo)KHO-CTpoHTeJIbBOB H ceJIbCKOX03sm:CTBeHHOB Tex-
lJHKH aBTOTp8.KTOpHLIe BHraTeJIH OJDKHLI o6ecne'IHBaTb:
. BLICOKYro Hae)J(HOCTb B pa.3Hoo6pa3HLIX 3KCIIJI}'aTaIVIOHHLIX
yCJIOBHJIX;
. Beo6xo,WIMLIe 3HepreTH'leCKHe H 3KOHOMH'lecKHe Xap3.KTepHCTHKH
Ha BCeX pe>KHMax pa6oTLI;
. HOpMaTHBBLIe 3KOJIOrH'IeclCHe nap8MeTpLI ,nBHraTeJIB;
. xopomHe nYCKOBLIe Ka'leCTBa;
. JIerKOCTL ynpasJIeHWl H aBTOMaTH3aIVIlO pa6oTLI;
. npoCTOTy TeXHll'lCCKOrO o6CJI}'JKHB8.HIDI H peMOBTa;
. MHHHM)'M 3KCWIyaTaD;HoBHLIX 3aTpaT.
Q,nHOB H3 OCBOBHLIX 3KCIIJI)'aT8.D;UOBBLIX Xap3.KTepHCTHK BHraTeIDI
JIBJUleTCB ero Bae)KHOCTL, nOCKOJILKY C ee ypOBHeM BanpgM}'1O CBB3aHLI
3aTpaTLI Ha nOMep)K3.HHe pa6oTocnoco6BoCTH H paCXOJU>l, BLI3B3.HHLIe
npoCToeM MamHHLI H3-3a OTKa.30B 3BepreTHTfeCKOB YCTRHOBKH.
IIo Ha()e:JICHOCmblO nOHHMaIOT CBOBCTBO 06'LeKTa coxpaIDITL pa6o-
Tocnoco6HOCTL Ha YCTRHOBJIeHHOM ypOBHe 3KCfiJIyaT8.D;HOHHLIX nOKa.3a-
TeJIeB npu 3a..zJ;3.HHLIX YCJIOBIDIX ero 3KCIIJI)'aT8.D;HH H peMOHTOB B TeTfeHHe
Tpe6yeMoro npOMeJKYTKa BpeMeBH H (HJIH) Tpe6yeMoB Hapa6oTICH.
88

3.2. BbI60P THllA U OCHOBHbIX KOHCfPYKTHBHbIX
llAPAMETPOB .u;BHr ATE.JIR
OCHOBOnOJIaralOIWIM ,/J;OICYMeHTOM npH p3.3pa60TICe 3HepreTH'IecKoH
YCT8.HOBm MamHH, onpe,/J;emnoIQHM H,/J;eOJIonuo ee KOHCTpYKIUIH, jJ:BIDI-
CTCjJ: meXHUlleCKOe 3ai)Q.HUe. B HeM orOBapHBaIOTCjJ: H3.3Ha'leHHe, YCJIOBBjJ:
)KCllJIYaTaQIIH H MOTOpecypc ,D;BHraTeIDI, a TaIOKe ero 3HepreTH'Iecme,
)KOHOMH'Iecme, 3KOJIOrH'IeCme H BeCOra6apHTHhIe xapaICTepHCTHm.
Ha BLI60p muna i)euzameAR pemaJOee BJIIDlHHe OK3.3LIBaIOT H3.3Ha-
'IeHHe H YCJIOBHjJ: 3KcnJIyaTH ,/J;BHraTeIDI, a TalOKe 3a,zJ;aHHble ypOBHH
cm 3KOHOMH'leCICDX (3KCllJIyaTaI{BOHHhIH pacXO,/J; TOIDIHBa) H 3KOJIOrH-
'Iecmx (3MHCCIDI TOKCll'lecmx KOMnOHeHTOB H ypoBHH myMa H BH6-
paH) nOK3.3aTeJIeH. TIpH 3TOM HCXO,/J;JIT H3 Toro, 'lTO )J;H3eJIH no
cpaBHeHHIO C cH3 o6ecne'IHBaIOT CYIQecTBeHHO 60JIee HH3me (,/J;o
40%) 3KCllJIyaTaoHHhIe pacxo,/J;bI TOnJIHBa, HMelOT MeHbmHii HCXO,/J;-
IILIH ypoBeHb BLIXO,/J;a TOKCH'IecKHX KOMllOHeHTOB, MeHee KpHTlf1IHbI
K HOMeHKJIaType HCnOJIb3yeMbIX TOllJIHB. l1x OCHOBHhIe He,/J;OCTaTm:
fioJIbmHe Y,/J;eJIbHaJI Macca H ra6apHTHbIH 06'beM, a TaIOKe Bblcome
ypOBHH mYMa - B 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH Mepe HHBeJIHpyroTCjJ: B03MO)I(HOCTblO
HCnOJIb30B8.HIDI HaM)'Ba B mHpOKOM cneKTpe 3KCllJIyaTan;HoHHbIX pe)ICH-
MOB. K ,/J;OCTOHHCTBaM )J;cH3 CJIe,ZJ;yeT oTHec:rH nQ'ITH B,D;Boe MeHbmHe
Y,/J;eJIbH}'1O Maccy H ra6apHTHbIii 06'beM (no cpaBHeHHIO C 6e:mYBHbIM
J'H3eJIeM). B CBjJ:3B C OTMe'leHHbIM ,/J;H3eJIH B HaCTOJIIQee BpeMJI 1[BmlIOTCjJ:
nCHOBHbIM mnOM 3HepreTH'IecKoH YCTaHoBm JI,JIfl rpY30BhIX aBTOM06H-
IICH, aBTo6ycOB, TpaICTOpOB H ,/J;Opo>ICIIO-CTpOHTeJIbHbIX MamHH. )J;BHra-
reJIH C HCKpOBbIM 38.X01raHHeM YCT8.HaBJIHBaIOT npeHMym;ecTBeHHo Ha
JlerKOBhIX aBTOM06HJUIX, y KOTOpbIX ,/J;OCTOHHCTBa CBjJ:3aHbI C HX Xopo-
IUHMH Maccora6apHTHbIMH nOK3.3aTemIMH. BMeCTe C TeM CJIe,ZJ;yeT OT-
MeTHTb paCillHpeHHe npHMeHeHIDI ,/J;H3eJIeH H Ha JIerKOBbIX aBTOM06H-
JUIX, OC06eHHO Ha TaKCH.
IIoCJIe,/J;yroHe CTa,lUlH p3.3pa6OTKH ,/J;BHraTeIDI Ha'lHHaIOTCjJ: C Bbl6o-
pa cnoco6a nOJIyqeHIDI KOMnJIeKCa OCHOBHblX HCXO)J;HbIX nOK3.3aTeJIeH
IIpoeKTHpyeMoro ,/J;BHraTeIDI, TaICHX, KaIC HOMHH3JIbH8JI MOOCTb NeB;
Y AeJIbHaJI MaCCa gN H ra6apBTHbIii 06'beM ,/J;BHraTeIDI V r .
Tpe6yeMoe CO'leT8.HHe 3a,zJ;aHHbIX napaMeTpOB B03MO>ICIIO nOJIy'IHTb,
lIapbHpYjJ: 3Ha'leHWI pa6o'lero 06'beMa ,/J;BHraTeJIfl iV", HOMHHa.m.HOH
'laCTOTbl Bp3.IQeHWI KOJIeH'laTOrO Bana ,D;BHraTeJIJI , cpe,/J;HerO 3I}>c}>eK-
rHBHoro ,/J;aBJIeHWI Pe C yqeTOM TeXHll'leCKHX B03'JlO>ICIIOCTeH H 3KOHOMH-
'leCKOH .QeJIecoo6p3.3HOCTH HX pea.JIH3an;HH.
HOMHHaJIbHaJI MOIQHOCTb ,/J;BHraTeJIJI DPH npo'IHx paBHbIX YCJIOBHjJ:X
upOnOp.QHOHaJIbHa ero pa60'leMY 06'beMY. O,/J;HaKO C YBeJIll'leBHeM iV"
CYIQecTBeHHO B03paCT8.IOT ra6apHTbI H Macca KOHCTpyIC.QHH, nOBbDlla-
C rCjJ: pacxo,/J; TOllJIHBa. B CBfl3H C 3THM 3a nOCJIe,/J;HHe ,/J;ecjJ:THJIeTHjJ:
onpe,/J;eJIHJIaCb TeH)J;eH.QWI nOBbIIIIeHHJI 3HepreTH'IeCmX nOK3.3aTeJIeH
89

H CmDKeBHSI MeT3.JlJIOeMKOCTH KOHCTPYK JJ,BHraTeIDI nyreM cPOpcHpO-
BaHHH ero no n..o.. H p.
YBeJIH'ieHHe HOMHHaJIbHOH 'iaCTOTLI BpeHHH KOJIeH'laTOrO BaJIa
ABHraTellil npHBO,l\HT K nponOPQHOHaJILHOMy POCTY HOMHHaJILHOH MO-
II{HOCTH, HO npH 3TOM COOTBeTCTBeHHO yne.JIlf<lHBaIDTCJI HHepQIIOHBLIe
HarpY3KH Ha 3JIeMeHTLI ABHraTellil ('" n;,..), YXY,l\maIOTCH 3KOHOMH'iec-
me nOK8.3aTeJIH ABHraTellil H COKpamaeTCH pecypc 3a CqeT poCTa cu"'Ftm,..,
a TaK)Ke B03paCTaeT 3MHCCHH TOKClPleCKHX KOMllOHeHTOB H mYMHOCTL
ero pa60TLl. IIpe,l\eJILl f}>opcHpOBaHIDI no IfaCTOTe BpazneHWI ,l\H3eneii
orpaHH1fHBaIDTCH B03MO)K}JOCTHMH OpraHH3aQRH 3f}>f}>eKTHBHoro npoTe-
K3.HHJI npOQeccoB cMece06p8.30B8.HWI H cropaHIDI, a TaIOKe ,l\OnYCTH-
MhIM YPOBHeM HHep.QHOHHLIX HarpY30K Ha ero 3JIeMeHTLI. BCJIe,l\CTBHe
:noro npaxTH1fecKH AJ1Sl Bcex THllOB JJ.BHraTeneH pa3JIH'iBLIX TpaHCnOpT-
HLIX cpe,l\CTB YCTaHOBWIHCL PaQROHaJILBLIe ypOBHH npe,l\enLHLIX 3Ha1fe-
HHii: Ftm,...
cI.>opCHpOB3.HHe ABHraTenH no p ,l\OCTHraeTCH rJIaBHLIM 06p3.30M
npHMeHeHHeM H8.MYBa. 3TOT cnoco6 n03BOllileT nOJIy'lHTb 3aHHYIO
NB npH OTHOCHTeJILHO HeBLlCOKHX n,..,... npaKTH1fecKaH B03MO)KHOCTL
ero HCnOJlb30BaHWI B AcH3 OrpaHJl1lHBaeTCH yxy.nmeHHeM npH 3TOM
3KOHOMH1feCmX H 3KOJIODl1fecKHX xapaxTepHCTHK ABHraTellil H npH-
MeIDIeTCH B OCHOBHOM KpaTKOBpeMeHHO Ha f}>opcHpOBaHBLlX pe)KHMax
era pa6oTLI. JIlHpoKoe HCnOJlb30BaHHe Ha)J.ZJ;yoa B ,l\H3eillIX 06'bHCHHeTCH
6JIarOnpHHTHbIM ero BJIWIHHeM Ha xapaxTep npoTeKaHHH npOQeCCOB
cMeceo6pa30B3.HWI B CrOp3.HIDI H, KaK CJIe,l\CTBHe :noro, YJIY'flIIeHHeM
3KOHOMHKO-3HepreTH1fecKHX B 3KOJIOrB1fecKHX XapaKTepHCTBK ,l\BHra-
TeJIH. YBeJIH<IeHHe p npB HAYBe npa.IC.TB1fecKH nponOPQBOHaJILHO
CTeneHH nOBLlIIIeHHH ,l\aBJIeHHH , 3Ha'ieHRe KOTOpoH OrpaHB'lHBae-rCH
B OCHOBHOM ,l\onyCTHMhIM ypOBHeM TenJIOBOH B MeXaHJl1lecKoH Ha-
rPY)KeHHOCTH 3JIeMeHTOB JJ.BHraTeJIH B TPYAHOCTHMH o6ecne1feHHH 3a-
,l\3.HHOrO ero pecypca.
KOJIH1fecTBO QllJIHH,lJ;pOB ,l\BHraTellil onpe,l\eJIHeTCH paQIIOHaJILHLIM
pa60'lHM o6'beMoM QllJIRH,lJ;pa V h H COOTHomeHHeM ero reOMeTpH1fecKHX
napaMeTpOB S H D C TO<IKH 3peHWI B03MO)J(HOCTH opraHH3aQHH 34>4>eK-
THBHoro npOTeKaHWI B HeM pa6o<Iero nponecca.
OCHoBHaH Macca aBTOTpaKTOpHLIX ,l\H3eneH, BLIIIYCKaeMLlX npOMLl-
lI1JIeHHOCTLIO, HMeeT ,mIaMeTp .QHJIHH,l\pa, Haxo.wn:uHHCJI B AHana30He
100...140 MM. IIpH MeHLlliHX ,mIaMeTpax .QHJIHHl{pa YXYAllIalOTCH ycno-
BIDI cMeceo6p3.30B3.HHJI H CrOpaHHJI H3-3a CHIDKeHHJI HBTeHCHBHOCTH
ABH)KeIDI B03.aymHoro 3apAAa, a npH 60JILlliHX B03paCTaIDT TellJIOBLle
H MeXaHH1feCKHe HarpY3KH Ha rOJIOBKY .QHJIRH,lJ;pa H J]opmeHL.
B .D;cM3 MaKCHMaJlbHOe 3Ha<IeBHe ,l\HaMeTpa .QHJIHlJ)J;pa OrpaHH'lHBa-
eTCH ,l\eTOHaQHeH, BepOJITHOCTL B03HHKHOSeHHJI KOTOpoii nOBbIIIIaeTCJI
90

C yseJIH1f.eHBeM paCCTOJIHIDI OT 3JIeICTpO.n;OB CBe'UI lJ,0 Ba.B6oJIee Y,[I,aJIeB-
BhIX 06'beMOB TOnJIHBOB03,[1,YUlHOii CMecB. BBBA)' 3TOrO ,[I,BaMeTp IUiJIBH-
.l{pa J(c113 Be npeBLIIIIaer, lCax npaBHJIo. 105 MM.
llpB BLI6paBBOM D xo.n; nopmmI S onpelJ,eJIgercg lCo3cl><PHQHeHTOM
1C0poTICOXO.n;BOCTH k= Sf D.
C YBeJIH'leHHeM ICOJIH1f.eCTBa nH1IHB,[I,poB y.ny1J.IIIaerCJI paBBOMep-
BOCTL XO,[l,a ,[I,BHraTeJIJI, 06ner1f.aeTCJI nyCIC. YMeHLmaeTCJI Macea Maxo-
BHlCa. BMecTe C TeM yseJIH1f.eBHe 1C0JIH1f.ecTBa QBJIHMPOB npHBO,[I,HT
IC YCJIOX<HeBmo 1C0BCTpYHH H pocry 3aTpaT Ba 06CJI)')I(HBaBBe B 3lCcn-
JIyaTaItHH lJ,BHraTeIDI.
llpH OTMe1f.eBBLIX BLIIIIe lJ,HaMerpax QBJIHpOB Ba cpe.wmx. 60JIL-
merpY3BhIX aBTOM06HJUIX H aBT06ycax yCTaBaBJIHBaJOT npeBMecT-
BeBBO meCTH- H BOCLMHQBJIHU,[I,pOBLIe ,lJ;BmaTeJIH. J(.mI JIencoBhIX aBTO-
Mo6HJIeH B 60JILmHUCTBe CJI}"IaeB npBMeIDIIOT 1f.erLIpeXIUlJIHB,lJ;pOBLIe
,lJ;BmaTeJIH.
llpH onpe,lJ;eJIeHBOM 'lRCJIe QRJIHMPOB pemalOee BJIHJlHHe Ba ra6a-
pHThI. reOMerpH1f.eCICHB 06'beM H ypaBBOBemeHBOCTL ,[I,BHraTeIDl OICa3LI-
Baer cnoc06 HX ICOMJIOBOBICH. J(IDl aBTOM06HJILHLIX H 'Tp8.ICTOpHhIX
,lJ;BmaTeJIeH npeBMym;ecTBeBBoe pacnpOCTpaBeBBe nOJIY'fBJIH ICOMJIOBO-
BO'IHbIe cxeMLI C paCnOJIO>KeBHeM QRJIHH,lJ,pOB B O,lJ;HU (JIHBeHBLIe ,[I,BHra-
TeJIH) BJIH ,[I,Ba (V-06pa3HLIe ABC) pJl)J.a C pa3JIH'lBLIM yrJIOM }' MC)K,lJ;Y
OCJIMH QBJIHH,lJ;pOB JIeBoro H npasoro pJl)J.OB.
Cpe,lJ;H 1f.eTLIpex- H meCTliIWJIHB.l];pOBLIX ,[I,BHraTeJIeH npe06JIa.n.alOT
MOlJ,eJIH C OlJ,HOpJIlJ,BLIM pacnOJIO)ICeBHeM numm.D.pOB. ,[(BHTaTeJIH, BLI-
nOJIBeBHLIe no nO,lJ;06BOH cxeMe. xopomo 1C0MfiOuyIOTCJI KaK Ba 8BTO-
Mo6HJUIX C Ka6mlOH 3a ,[I,BHraTeJIeM. Tal( H Ba aBTOM06HJUIX C l(a6HHOH
Ha,lJ; ,[I,BHfaTeJIeM. OBH HMelOT ,lJ;OCTaTo<rno npOCTylO ICOHCTPYKIO
6JIOI(-KapTepOB H y,lJ;06HLI ,[I,.IDl 06c.rry)ICHBaBIDl B npoQecce 31CCIIJI)'-
aT3.qHH.
3Ha'IRTeJILBO pe)ICe npHMeIDllOT mecTHQHJIHBlJ,poBLIe lJ,BmaTeJIH c V-
06pa3HLIM pacnOJIO)ICeHHeM .I1HJIHHlJ,pOB. O)IHHM H3 npelliITCTBHii IC npH-
MeHeHHIO TaICHX ,[I,BHraTeJIeH JIBJIJIerCJI BepaBHOMepBOCTL 1f.epe.nOB8.BHJJ.
pa601f.HX XOlJ,OB npH Haa60JIee pacnpocrpaBeBHOM yrJIe pa3BaJIa QRJIHB-
).\POB 90°. HCICJlI01f.eHHe COCT8BJIJIIOT paCCMaTpHBaeMLIe ,lJ;BHraTeJIH co
CMemeBBLIMB maT)'HBLIMB meHlCaMH KOJIeB1f.aTOrO Bana lJ,IDl Ka)lCJJ,OH
napLI maTYHOB CMeX<HLIX nH1IHB.npoB. TIT'H 3TOM ,[I,OCTmaeTCJI pasHO-
MepBoe 1f.epe,lJ;OB8.BHe pa60'IHX npOQeC-.-COB OT,lJ;eJlLBhIX lUlJIHH,lJ,pOB, BO
YCJIO>KHJIerCJI 1C0HCTpYICIVUlICOJIeH1f.aTOrO BP,:JIa.
B ,[I,BBraTeIDIX C KOJIH1f.ecTBOM H)J,pOB BOceML H 60JIee npHMeIDI-
lOT HCKJIIO'lHTeJILBO V-06pa3BOe pacnOJIO)ICeHHe QRJIHB,lJ;poB.
,D;OCTOHBCTBOM V -06Pa3BhIX ,[I,BHraTeJIeH no cpasBeHHIO C O)IHOpJIlJ,-
IlbIMH TOH )ICe MOIIUIOCTH HBIDleTCJJ. YMeHLmeHHe y,lJ;eJILBOH MaCChI ,[I,BH-
l"aTeJIH. ero ra6apHTHhIX pa3MpoB (AJIHHhI H BLICOThI) H, KaK CJIe,lJ;CTBBe,
1I0BLlmeHHe )lCecTlCOCTH 6JIOK-KapTepa H KOJIeH1f.aTOrO BMa.
91

lIpH KOHCTpYHpOBaHHH V-06P8.3HhIX ,roJHraTeJIeH oco6oe BHHMaHHe
y,neIDIlOT Bhl60py yrJIa pa3BaJIa QHJIHH,npOB y, OT 3Ha1feHWI KOTOpOrO
38.BHCgT YP8.BHOBellleHHOCTb ,nBHraTeJIg, p8.BHOMepHOCTb ero xo,na H ra-
6apHTHhle p8.3Mephl.
OJUlHM H3 B8JKHbIX aCileKTOB npH npoeKTHpOB8.HHH ,roJHraTeJIg smng-
ercSl Bhl60p ero CHCTeMbI OXJIaJK,lI;eHWI, KOTOpag B 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH Mepe
onpe,nen.Her ero KOHCTpyKlUllO H 3KCDJIyaTa.QHOHHhle CBOHCTBa.
HeCMOTp.H Ha npOCTOT}' H 60JIee BhlCOKyIO Ha,ne>KHOCTb B 3Kcnny-
aTan;HH, CHCTeMbI B03,nynrnoro OXJIa)K,AeHHg HaxO,ngT OrpallH'leHHOe
npHMeHeHHe rn8.BHbIM 06p8.30M Ha TpaHCIIOpTHhIX ,roJHraTeJUlX MaJIOH
MOII\HOCTH H3-3a rJI8.BHOrO CBoero He,nOCTaTKa: HeB03MO>KHOCTH 3c1>cI>eK-
THBHOrO o6ecne'leHIDI TeDJIOOTBo,na OT rOJIOBOK QHJIHIJ,l{pOB H noplllHeH
,roJHraTeJIeH npH HX cl>OpcHpOB8.HHH HaMYBOM.
lI03TOMY C Y'lerOM CnO>KHBllleHC.H B MHpOBOH npaKTHKe TeH,neH.QHH
nOBbIIIIeHHg y,nenbHhlX MOIl\HOCTHhIX H 3KOHOMH'lecKHX nOK8.3aTeneH
,roJHraTeneH 3a C'ler cl>OpCHpOBaHWI pa6o'lero npoQecca npeHMYII\eCT-
BeHHoe pacnpOCTp8.HeHHe nonyqHna CHCTeMa KOCTHoro OXJIaJIC,Ae-
HIDI, KOTOpaJI o6ecne1fHBaeT CTa6HJIbHOe TeruIOBoe COCTO.HHHe ,roJHra-
Ten.H B IllHpoKOM ,nHan8.30He .CKOPOCTHbIX H HarpY301fHbIX pe>KBMOB ero
3KCDJIyaTan;HH.
3.3. OIIPEEHHE PAC'IETHLIX HArPY30K
II PEXCHMOB
Bo BpeMR pa60ThI ,roJHraTeng MeXallH'leCKHe HarpY3KH Ha ,neTaJIH
,/:\BHraTeJUI Bhl3bIBalOTCg CHJI3.MH ,n8.BneHWI r8.30B Pr, CHn3.MH HHep.QHH
nocTynaTeJIbHO ,roJH)K}'.ll{HXC.H H BpaIl\alO.ll{HXC.H Macc , CHJIaMH TpeHH.H,
TaK:>Ke ynpyrHMH KOJIe6aHH.JIMH, pa3BHBaIOII\HMHC.H B pe3YJlbTaTe
nepeMeHlIOCTH H nepHOJ{H'lHOCTH ,lJ;eUCTByJOIUHX CHJI. B :meMeHTax
JJ;BHraTeJlll HMelOT MeCTO TaIOKe TepMH'leCKHe HarrpSDKeHH.H, B03HHKa-
IOlI\He B TOM c.JIY'iae, ecJIH no o6'beMy- ,neTaJIH HMeeTC.H rp3.,lJ;HeHT
TeMnepaTYp.
lIpH pacqeTax ,neTaneH ,roJHraTem Ha np01ffiOCTb OCHOBHbIMH Ha-
rpY3K8.MH .HBIDIIOTC.H CHJIbl ,lJ;aBJIeHWI ra30B Pr H HHepQHOHHhIe CHJIhI .
3TH CHJIbI Ha 60JIblllHHCTBe 3KcnnyaTan;HOHHhIX pe>KHMOB pa60ThI ,roJH-
raTem B3aHMHO yp8.BHOBeIllHBaIOT ,npyr ,npyra, nOCKOJIbKY OHH ,no-
CTHraIOT MaKCHMaJIbHhlX 3HaqeHHH npaKTHqeCKH O,ltHOBpeMeHHO npH
nOJIO>KeHHH nopIIIHg B BMT B Ha'laJIe xo,na paCIIIHpeHIDI H npH 3TOM
npOTHBOnOnO>KHO Hanp8.BJIeHhl.
3a . paC'letHhIe pe>KHMbI Bhl6HpaIOT HaH60JIee TJDKeJIhIe H3 3Kcnny-
aTan;HOHHbIX 1 a HMeHHO TaKHe pe>KHMbI, npH KOTOphIX OJUIOH H3 ,neHCT-
ByIOII\HX CHJI MO>KHO npeHe6pe'lb. K HHM MO)KHO OTHeCTH:
. pe:>KHM nYCKa (Kor,na npOHCXO,nHT nepBaJI BCIIbIIIIKa);
92

. pexrnM M3.KCHMaJIbHOrO Kpynll.QerO MOMeHTa M:r.max np" '1aCTOTe
IIpaeHWI n..;
. pexrnM MaKCHMaJIbHOii '1acrOTbI Bp3.I.QeHIDI KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa npH
X:OJIOCTOM XOJ{C.
IIepBbIc ,nBa H3 YKaJaHHbIX peX<HMOB Xap3.KTCpH3YIOTCJI MaKCHM8JIb-
IlhIM 3HaqeHHeM CHJIbI .n;aBJIeHWI raJOB (P rmaJ, HarpY)K8.IOeii .n;CTaJIH
HBuraTCIDI. IIpH paC'IeTax Ha :nHX peX<HMaX .n;eiicrBHeM CHJI HHepIUlH
IlpeHe6per8.lOT.
Ha TpeTbeM paCqCrnOM pexGlMe CHJIbl HHepIUlH .n;OCTHraIOT HaH6o-
IIbUIHX 3Ha'ieHuH, a .n;aBJIeHHe raJOB He3HaIIlTeJIbHO. .D.IDI ,Wl3eJIeii M3.K-
CHM8JIbHaJI qaCTOTa Bpa.I.QeHWI XOJIOCTOrO xo,na n xlDJlx = (I ,05...1 ,07)n BO "
H onpe,neJIJICTCJI pa6oToH peryIDITopa. .D.IDI ,nBHraTeJIeii C HCKpOBbIM
laX<HraHHeM 6e3 OrpaHH'IHTeJIJI qaCTOTa BpaeHHJI npHHHMaeTCJI
fl xmax =(1,4...1,6)n BO .., a C orpaHH'lHTeJIeM qaCTOTa BpaeHHJI n xmu =
= (1,1... 1,1 5)n,.0...
PaCqeT TeWIOBoro H HanpJI)KeHHo-,ne<}>opMHpOBaHlIOro COCTOJlHHJI
)CTaJIeH no ,necpeKTaM, npOJIBIDllOHMCJI Ha J{J1HTeJIbHOM nepHo.n;e 3KC-
IlJIyaTa.QHH (ycraJIocrHbIe nOJIOMKH, H3HOC H T. ,n.), npoH3Bo,nHTCB Ha
lIaH60JIee Xap3.KTepHOM 3KcnnyaTaIUlOHHoM pe)KHMe pa6oTbI. B KaqeCT-
IIC TaKOBoro J{J1JI aBToTp3.KTOpHbIX ,nBuraTeJIeii npHHHMaeTCJI peX<HM
IIOMHHaJIbHOii MOHocm N eBo .. npH qaCTOTe Bp3.I.QCHWI KOJIell'laTOrO
lIaJIa n..o...
3.4. PAC'lET ,ZJ;ETAJIEH )(BIITATEJUI HA llPO'IHOCfb
C yqETOM llEPEMEHHbIX HArPY30K
MHorHe ,neTaJIH ,nBuraTeJIJI (KOJIeHqaTlilli -BaJI, maTYH, nopmHeBoH
lIaJ1en H ,np.), pa60T8.IOI.QHe B YCJIOBIDIX nHKJIHqecKH H3MeIDIlOIIJ.HXCJI
lI,lrpY30K, paJpymalOTCJI npH MaKCHMaJIbHbIX HanpJDKeHIDIX, HaMHOrO
MCHbmHX npe,neJIbHO ,nOnyCTHMbIX npH HX CTamqeCKOM HarpY)KeHHH.
II PH'lHHOH 3THX paJpymeHuH JIBJIJIeTCB YCTaJIOCTb MaTepHaJIa.
Y cma./lOCmb MamepUa/la - 3TO JIBJIeHHe paJpymeHHB ,neTaJIH npH
mn,neiiCTBHH Ha Hee 6oJIbmoro 'lHCJIa nOBTopHo-nepeMeHHblX HarpY)KC-
II HH. OC06eHHOCTJIMH yCTaJIOCTHblX paJpymeHHH JIBIDllOTCB:
. BHe3anHOCTb npOJIBJIeHHB, MHHYIOaB '-"Ta.n;HIO nJIaCTH1{ecKBX .n;e-
'/IopMa.QHH;
. nOJIOMKH npOHCXOJ{BT B MeCTax KOll.Qer .PaQBU nanpJDKeHHii;
. npe,nCJIbHO ,nonYCTHMbIe HanpJDKeHWI onpe,neJISIIOTCJI He TOJIbKO
clloHcrBaMH MaTepHaJIa H KOHcpHrypanHcH ,neTaJIH, HO 3aBHCJIT H OT
1'..lpaKTepa IUlKJIOB HanpJDKeHHH.
I.(uK./lOM HanpR:HCeHUU Ha3h1BaIOT COBOKYnuOCTb Bcex 3Ha'leHHii nepe-
I\ICIIHblX HanpJDKeHuH 3a O,nHH nepHo,n nponecca HX H3MeneHHJI (PHC.
I I).
93

cr
I {11K11

i1
b
Pac. 3.1. QRu H8.npuceBHii
06IQHM cny1JaeM JIa HanpIDKeHHH JIBJIHeTCH aCU.M.MempurlHblu
JI. Ka>K.lU>Iii H3 HX COBOICYnuOCTH xapaICTepH3YeTCH MaICCHMaJIb-
HbIM (Jmax., MHHHMaJIbHbIM (Jmin H cpeJUIHM (J '" = «(J max. + (Jmin)/2 HanpjDJ(e-
HIUlMH QRlCJIa, a TaIOICe 8.MIIJIHT}',Aoii (Ja=«(Jm&-(Jmin)/2 H IC034>H1UI-
eHTOM aCHMMeTpHH I(HlCJIa r=(Jmjn/(Jrnu.. 3ICCTpeMaJIbHbIe HanpH)lCeHIDI
JIa (Jrnu. H (Jmin COOTBeTCTBeHHO paBHbI: (Jm&=(J",+(Ja; (Jmin=(J",-(Ja.
H8.H60JIee xapaICTepHbIMH 1JaCTHbIMH cJIY1JaHMH aCHMMeTpH'lHOrO JIa
JIBID!IOTCH I(HICJI cUMMempuHblu «(J",=O, (Ja=(Jmin= -(Jmax., r= -1)
H I(HICJI cmamuec'<:ozo HO.ZpY:HCeHUR «(Ja=O, (J"'="(Jmjn=(Jm.... r= 1).
IIpH paC1leTe Ha npo'IHocTb no,A ,AeiiCTBHeM QRICJIH1JeclCH H3MeWI-
IOll{HXCH BO BpeMeHH HarPY301C 3a npe,Ae.rrbHo ,AonycTHMOe npHHHMaeTCH
HanpJDKeHHe, HaJhIBaeMoe npeoeAoM 6blHOCAU8ocmu. IIpe,AeJI BbIHOCJIH-
BOCTH (J, onpe,AeID!eTclI lCalC M3.ICCHMaJIbHOe HanpIDKeHHe B UHlCJIax
c O,lUmaICOBbIM 1C03cpHQReHToM aCHMMeTpHH r, 1C0TOpoe MO)ICeT BbI,ZJ;e-
)KaTb MeTaJIJI 6eJ pa3pymeHHH npH 3a,naHHOM 'iHCJIe (06hI'lH0 10)
IJ.HK1l0B HarpY)ICeHHH.
HaH60JIee OnaCHbIM ,AID! YCTaJIOCTHbIX paJpymeHHH JIBID!eTClI CHM-
MeTpH'lHhIii I(HICJI. 3TOT I(HICJI no cpaBHeHHIO C .D;pyrHMH I(HlCJIaMH HMeeT
H8.H60JIbmylO aMllJIHTYAY npH OAHHaKOBbIX 3Ha1JeHIDIX (Jma'
BJIIDIHHe K03cpHI(HeHTa aCHMMeTpHH r Ha npe.D;eJI BbIHOCJIHBOCTH
MO)ICeT 6hITb YCTaHOBJIeHO no AHarpaMMaM npe.D;eJIbHbIX a.MIIJIHTY,A
(PHC. 3.2), nOJIyqeHHbIX no pe3YJIbTaTaM 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX HCllbITa-
HHii I(II.JIHH)];pH1JecKHX 06pa3I(OB. 3Ta .n;HarpaMMa CTpOHTCH B 1C00p-
.l{HHaTax (Ja- (J", H xapaICTepH3yeT 3aBHCHMOCTb npe.n;eJIbHbIX aMllJIHTY.n;
I(HICJIa OT 3Ha1JeHIDI 1C03HI(HeHTa aCHMMeTpHH.
Ha .n;HarpaMMe npe,AeJIbHbIX aMllJIHTY.n; T01JlCa A cooTBeTCTBYeT
npe,AeJIY BbIHOCJIHBOCTH npH CHMMeTpH'lHOM I(HlCJIe (J _ b T01JKa D-
npe.n;eJIY TeICyqeCTH (In a T01JKa V - npe.n;eny np01JHOCTH npH nOCTOHH-
Hoii HarpY3ICe - (J.. JIY1J, npoBe.n;eHHhIH H3 Ha1Ja.rra lC{)oPAHHaT 1Jepe3
T01JKY N C 1C0op.n;HHaTaMB (Ja H (Jm' JIBID!eTCH reOMeTpH1JeCICHM MecTOM
T01JelC, COOTBeTCTByIOIQHX Bceii B03MO)KHoii COBOlCynuOCTH I(HlCJIOB
94

cr.
ti 
b b
r = (Till - cr tl
(J", + 0(1
V r =1
cr m
cr mr
crT
cr"
PRc. 3.2. J];BarpaMMa npeBhIX aMDJIHTy
C O,AHHaICOBhIM 1C03«}>4>HQHeHTOM aCHMMeTpHH r, TaIC lCalC tgy=a,Ja m =
(1 - r)/(1 + r).
CYMMa 1C00pHHaT 3TOH TO'IICH paBHa MalCCHMaJIbHOMY pa60'leM)'
lIanpmKeHHlO QHlCJIa amu:.
npeeJIbH8JI aMIIJIHTYa AJIJI QHlCJIa C 3a8.HHbIM 1C034><PHQHeHTOM
.tCHMMeTPHH HaxOHTCJI Ha nepece'leHHH npoOJI)f(eHHJI JIY'la ON C ICpH-
/lOB Harp8.MMhI (TO'IICa B), a npeeJI BbIHOCJIHBOCTH a, - lCaIC cyMMa
Koop,zumaT 3TOH TO'lU: a,= aa,+ am,.
,AmI eTaJIeii H3 IIJIacTH'IHbIX MaTepHaJIOB onaeeH He TOJIbICO «}>aICT
p3.3pymeHHJI, HO H B03HHKHOBeHHe OCTaTO'lHblX e«}>opMaI.tHii, T. e.
IIpOJIBJleHHe TeKyqeCTH. TI03TOMY H3 06JIacTH, OrpaHH'IeHHOii JIHHHeii
A V, Bee TO'IKH KOTOpOB COOTBeTCTBYIOT IUlKJIaM, 6e30nacHbIM B OT-
lIomeHHH YCTa.rrOCTHbIX p3.3PyrneHuH., BbI)J.erunoT 30B)'. COOTBeTCTBY-
I0W:yIO IUlKJI8.M C MaKCHMaJILHbIMH. HanpJl)f(eHHJlMH, MeHbIIIHMH npe-
JleJIa TelCyqeCTH. AJIJI 3Toro H3 TO'IKH D npOBO,lUlT npJlMyIO no yrJlOM
45° K a6ccce o nepeee'leHHJI C JIHHHeii A V B TO'lKe C. TO'IKH,
Ile)f(aIItHe BhIIIIe JIHHHH CD, 6y):{yT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb IUlKJIaM C MaIC-
CHMaJILHbIMH HanpJl)f(eHHJlMH, npeBbIrnalOII1HMH npeeJl TeKyqeCTH
(a max > aT). TaKHM 06p3.30M, QHlCJIbI, 6e:mnaCHbIe B OTHomeHHH YCTa-
IIOCTHoro p3.3pymeHIUI H B03HHlCHOBeHIUI TelCyqecTH, pacnoJIoJKeHhl
II 06JIaCTH OACDO. B npHHne yq:aCTolC ,nuarpaMMbI AC ICpHBOJIHHeB-
IlbIH, OHa.ICO ,Wll[ npaICTH'IeclCHX paC'IeTOB B03MO)J(H0 CXeMaTH3HpOBaTb
JtHarpaMM}' npeeJIbHbIX aMlIJIHTY (PHC. 3.3) AJIJI 3TOro ICpHB8JI AC
taMeWleTCJI npJIMOH, npoxo.wnn:eH '1epe3 TO'llty A O nepece'leHHJI C JIH-
IIHeH CD. JIy'I OC eJIHT HarpaMMY Ha Ba Y'laCTlCa: CJ1eBa HaXO,lJ;JlTCJI
lice 1CJIhI, AJIJI 1C0TOpbIX npo'IHOCTb JlHMHTHpyeTCJI npeeJIOM BbIHOC-
IIHBOCTH a, (ytlacmoK I), cnpasa - npeeJIOM TelCyqecTH aT (y'laCm01C II).
II0JIoJKeHHe p3.3eJIHTeJIbHOrO Jlyq:a onpeeJIJleTcJI yrJlOM "IT' TameHC
KOToporo
95

a_l-tgtp. aT
t8 }It - .
aT-a -1
J1.mI npoH3BOJIbHOrO aCHMMeTpll'lHOrO ItHJCJIa, HMelOIUerO tg}l =
=a"/a,,., eCJIH tg}l>tg}ln npO'IHOCTb nHMHTHpyeTCJI npe,ltenOM BbIHOC-
JIllBOCTH, B npOTHBHOM CJIY'lae - npe,ltenOM TeICY'IecTH.
PaCC}'](J!CHHJI 0 nOCTpoeHHH ,ltHarpaMMLI, npose,lteHHbIe WIJI ItHXJIOB
HOpMaJIbHbIX HanpJlJICeHHH, npHMeHHMbI .lVIJI UHlCJIOB ICacaTeJIbHbIX Ha-
npn[CHD (npH ICp}"ieHHH); npH 3TOM B npHBe,AeHHbIX c}JopMynax H3Me-
mDOTCJI 0603Ha'leHHJI fr. BMecTO a. H T. n.).
HanpJDl[eHHOe COCTOJIHHe ,AeTaneii ABHraTeJIJI npH nepeMeHHhIX Ha-
rpY3ICax .lVIJI ItHIJIOB, npHHeJI[aIUHX Y'laCTICY I, npHIIJITO oueHHBaTb
3anacoM np01JHOCTH n. no npe,Aeny BhlHOCJIHBOCTH, no,lt ICOTOpLIM nOHH-
MaIOT OTHomeHHe npe,AeJIbHO ,ltOnYCTHMOrO HanpJDl[eHHJI a,(r,) I[ M3J[-
CHM3JIbHOM)' ,lteHCTB)'IOIUeM)' amu: (r....J:
n.=a,jamu., n.=Tr/Tmu.,
a npHHa.z:tJIeJIC3IIUIX Y'IacTlCY II - 3anaCOM npo'IHOCTH n. no npe,lteny
TexY'IecTH, ICOTOpblii npe,ltCTaBJIJIeT OTHomeHHe npe,ltena TeI}''1ecT11
aT(TT) IC M3J[CHMaJIbHoM)' ,lteHCTBYIOIUeMy ICacaTeJIbHOM)' HanpJI)ICeHHIO
amu: (Tmu:):
lJy,,=aiama.., lJy=TT/Tmu:.
Ha.a6onee npoCTO 3anac npo1JHOCTH WIJI WlICJIOB, HaxO.wnuHXCJI
B I 30He .QHarpaMMLI - nIl (n.) onpe,AeJUleTcJI B cJI}"lae CHMMeTpH'lHOrO
UHICna H3MeHeHIIJI HanpJI)ICeHHH, T3J[ X3J[ npe,Aenbl BbIHocnHBOCTH MaTe-
pHana a_I (T -1) npH T3.ICHX UHICJIax 06bI'1HO H3BecTHb1:
0" r=-I
A
. (J", - aD
r=-
0,,,+ aD
m
 
"'b t:)
- am
1:)
aT
PRc. 3.3. CXeMaTB3BpOBaHHU AHarpaMMa npeem.BIolX aMIIJIBTY
96

n(l=u_alu a , ='t_I/'ta.
,D;IDI paC'IeTa 3anaCOB npO'IHOCTH no npee.rry BhlHOCJIHBOCTH
11" aCUMMeTpH'lHhIX £tHICJIOB o6bl'lHo nOJIb3}'1OTCJI npo.QeYPOB npHBee-
I/HJI aCHMMeTpll'lHOrO £tHICJIa K 3KBHB8JIeHTHOMY CHMMeTpH'lHOM)'. IIpo-
H:mOJIbHLIii aCHMMeTpH'IHbIii .QHKJI C Ko34>4>H.QHeHTOM aCHMMCTpHH r
C'IHTaIOT 3KBHB8JIeHTHhIM CHMMeTpll'lHOMY C aMIlJIRTYOB (CM. pRC. 3.3)
(T:- = U a + a.,p m, r e a.(I = tg qJ - K034>4>RnHeHT npHBeeHHJI 3aamIOro
aCHMMeTpH'lHOrO .QHKJIa K 3KBHB8JIeHTHOM)' CHMMCTpH'lHOMY. K034>-
IllHWfeHT a.(I 38.BHCHT TOJIbKO OT CBOHCTB MaTepH8JIa. Tora 3anac
I/pO'lHOCTH AIDI aCHMMeTpH'lHOrO D;HKJIa 6YeT p8.BeH
0"_1
n-
(I
O"a+lXaUm
AH8JIom'IHO, AJIJI KaCaTeJIbHhlX HanpIDKemm:
't_1
n..-
't a + lX,;'t m
113 ,/UIarpaMM npeeJIbHblX HanpJI:JKeHuH nOlly'leHO BbIpa:JKeHHe AJIJI
lanaca npO'IHOCTH 6e3 Y'leTa KOHIJ;eHTpa..QHH HanpIDKeHHH, BbI3bIBaeMhIX
lIaJIH'lHeM B eT8JISIX pe3KHX H3MeHeHHB ee 4>OPMbI, a6COJllOTHbIX PaJ-
MepOB H Ka'lecTBa 06pa6oTKH nOBepXHOCTH. BmfiIHHe Ha 3anac npo'IHo-
C fH BbllIIenepe'IHCJIeHHbIX 4>aKTopoB AJIJI KOHKpeTHOB eTaJIH Y1fHTbIBa-
C fCJI 34>4>eKTHBHbIM K034>4>HWfeHToM KOH.QeHTpaD;HH Hanp1DKeHHB
Ka (K..), MaCmTa6Hb1M 4>aKTOpOM E (E) H TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKHM 4>aKTOpOM
" ( " )
/;" E. .
3cpcpeKTHBHhIH: Ko3$4>HWfeHT KOHIJ;eHTpa:U;HH HanpIDKemm J:.s(KJ
II peCTaBIDIeT C060B OTHomeHHe npeeJIa BbIHOCJIHBOCTH 06paJ.Qa npH
l/arpyxceHHH ero CHMMeTpH'lHbIM WfIUIOM B cJIy'lae OTCYTCTBHJI B HeM
KOHIJ;eHTpa..QHH HanpIDKeHHH K npeeJIY BhlHOCJIHBOCTH 06paJ.Qa Tex :JKe
paJ¥epoB, HO npH H8JIH1fHH B HeM KOHIJ;eHTpa:u;HH HanpIDKeHHii.
MacmTa6Hh1ii .paKTOp E(E) paBeH OTHOmeHHIO npeeJIOB BbIHOC-
IIHBOCTH npH TeX:JKe YCJIOBIDIX HarpY:JKeHIDI BrTYPHOH eTaJIH H rJIa)],KHX
06pa3.QOB H8.MeTpOM 7...10 MM, H3rOTOBJIeHBhIX H3 TorO :JKe MeTaJIJIa,
'I fO H eT8JIb.
TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKHH cpaKTOp E; (E) npeCT8.BIDIeT C060B OTHomeHHe
I/peeJIa BhIHOCJIHBOCTH 06pa.3.Qa C nOBepXHoCTHoH o6pa60TKoB, aH8JIO-
J'H'mOB 06pa60TKe eT8JIH, K npeeJIY BbIHOCJIHBOCTH nOJIHpOBaHBoro
C faH,D;apTHOro 06pa.3D;a.
C Y'leTOM BJIIDIHIDI KOHIJ;eHTpa:U;HH HanpJI:JKeHHH, paJMepa H Ka':lecTBa
n6pa60TKH nOBepXHocTH eT8JIH BbIpa:JKeHHe 3anaca npo'IHOCTH npH
97

paC'le-re no npe.n;eny BblHOCJIHBOCTH .n;JUI HOpM8JThHhIX HanpJDKeHHH
HMeeT BH,l(
11-1
nil = ,
(/tllt;)l1a+a.tI1m
AIDI ICacaTenbHhIX HanpIDICeHHH
'1"-1
n.:- (KI ' " ) .
. E:.e. '1"a+IXz T m
TIpH ClIO)ICHOM HanpJI>ICeHHOM COCTOSIHHH (npH COBMecTHOM .n;eHCT-
BHH nepeMeHHhIX ICaCaTeJIbHbIX H HOpMaJIbHhIX HanpJI>ICeHHH) HanpJDKeH-
Ho-.n;erl>opMHpoBaHHoe COCTOJIHHe .n;e-raJIH on;eHHBae-rCJI C}'MMapHbIM 3a-
naCOM npO'IHOCTH
n"n.
nr.. - .
J n2 + n 2
II .
3.5. METO,L(LI PAC'lETHOrO MOJJ;EJlHPOBAHIDI
HAnPHHO-JJ;EOPOBAHHOrOCOCTORHHg
II TEllJIOBbIX llOJ1EH ,[(ETAJIEH II Y3JIOB JJ;BC
B npOIl;ecce pa60TbI B ICOHCTpyICIl;HH .n;BlITaTeJUI HMelOT MeCTO H3Me-
HJIIOIII;HecJJ no o6neM)' ero 3neMeHTOB TeMTIepaTypbI, nepeMeIIl;eHHJI,
HanpJI)I(eHHJI H .n;pyrHe rl>aICTOpbI, onpe.n;emllOIIl;He HX HanpJDKeHHo-.n;e-
!f>opMHpOBaHHOe COCTOJIHHe. ,AJUI onpe.n;elIeHIDI 3THX !f>alCTopoB Heo6-
xo.n;HMO MaTeMaTH'lecICH onHcaTb HX CBJI3b C ICOHCTpyICTHBHbIMH napa-
MeTpaMH 3neMeHTOB, B ICOTOpbIX OHH cYIII;eCTByIOT.
TeOpeTH'leCICH .n;3.IIayK> 3a..n;aqy MO)ICHO pemaTb aHa.nHTIf'IeCICH. O.n;Ha-
ICO npaICTH'leCICH 3TOT nYTb MaJIOnpo.n;yICTHBeH BCJIe.n;CTBHe CJIO)ICHOCTH
3.IIaJIHTH'lecICHX Mo.n;elIeH, OllHCbIBalOIII;HX .n;aHHoe JlBneHHe. TI03TOM)'
B HaCToee BpeMX npH pemeHHH no.n;o6HbIX 3a..n;a'l HCnOJIb3yIOTCJI
MeTo.n;bI .n;HCICpeTHoro Mo.n;enHpOB3.HHJI, ICor.n;a .n;eT8JTh CnO>ICHOH ICOH-
rl>lITypan;HH npe.n;CTaBnjIe-rCjI CHCTeMOH reOMeTpH'leCICH npoCTbIX 3neMeH-
TOB, B npe.n;enax ICOTOpbIX CBJI3b Mexc.n:y ycnOBIDIMH Ha HX rpaHHl.l;e
H xapaICTepHCTHICoH noJUI onHCbIBaeTCJI MaTeMaTH'lecICH, a rp3.llH'IIu,oIe
ycnOBHJI Ha «Bxo.n;e» If.l{eHTH!f>HIUIPYIOTCJI no aHaJIOrH'lHhIM napaMe-r-
paM Ha <<BblXo.n;e» coce.n;Hero 3neMeHTa. PeaJIH38.Il;HjI .n;aHHoro no.n;xo.n;a
Tpe6yeT 60nbmoro 06neMa BbI'lHCJIHTeJIbHbIX pa60T H CTaJIa .n;OCTynHOH
AIDI npaICTH'leCICOrO HCnOJIb30B3.IIHJI B pe3YJIbTaTe p83BHTHJI cOBpeMeH-
HOB BbI'IHCJIHTeJIbHOH TeXHHICH.
98

H8.H60JIbmee pacnpocTpaHeHHe B npaICTmce .n;BHr8TeJIeCTpOeHHJI no-
JIY'lRJIH MeTO,zu.r ICOHelfHhIX paJHOCTeH (MKP) H KOHe'lHhIX 3neMeHTOB
(MK3). .
B nepBOM CJI}"I8e pemalOT JUl4>4>epeHIUI8JIbHbIe ypwmeHIDI C 38.n8H-
nbIMH rpaHlI'IHbIMH yCJIOBHJIMH. Bo BTOpOM CJIY'Iae (MK3) MHRBMH3H-
PYeTCJI HHTerp8..JIbHaJI BeJIH'IHHa, CBJl3aHHaJi C COOTBeTCTBYIOHM JUl4>-
ltJepe8..JIbHbIM ypaBHeRBeM.
IIpH onpe.n;eJIeHHH nOIDI nepeMeeHHH B CHCTeMe MHRBMH3HpyeTCJI
nOTeHqHaJIbHaJI 3Hepnm paCCMaTpHBaeMOH CHCTeMbI. .LI:JIJI Mo.n;eJIHpO-
naHmI pacnpe.n;eJIeHWI HanpSDKeRBH MHHHMH3HPYlOT .n;onOJIHHTeJIbHYIO
pa60TY CHCTeMhI. IIpH onpe,n:eJIeHHH nonJl TeMllepaTYP MHHHMH3HPYeT-
CH 4>ymc:QIIOHaJI, OllHCbIBaJOHii nepeHOC TenJIOTbI.
IIpH HCnOJIb30BaHHH MK3 aHaJIH3HpyeMyro HenpepbIBHO H3MeHJI-
cM}'IO BeJIH'lHHY B ,C(eTaJIH .n;BHraTeIDI (TeMllepaTYPY, .n;aBJIeHHe, nepeMe-
IIeHHe) annpOKCHMHpYIOT ,C(HCKpemOH Mo,n:eJIblO, KOTopaR onHCbIBaeTCJI
MHO)I(ecTBOM ICycO'IHO-HenpepbIBHbIX 4>YHKnHH, onpe,C(eJIeHHbIX Ha KO-
ne'IHOM 'lRCJIe no,C(06JIaCTeH - 3.11e.MeHm08. COBoICynHocTb .n;aHHbIX 3ne-
MeHTOB 4>OpMHPYeT paCCMaTpHBaeMyIO CHCTeMY. 3JIeMeHTbI B 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT HX KOH4>HrYPHH H Tuna 3a,n:a'IR (O,D;HO-, ,C(Byx-, TpeXMepHOH)
H38HMo,C(eHCTBYIOT M C060H B TOIfKax, no JIHHHJIM H nOBepXHOCTJIM.
lHalfeHWI aJIaJIH3HpyeMoH BeJIHlfHHbI paCClfHTbIBalOT B ICOHelfHOM 'lRCJIe
J"OlfeK (y3.11ax) paCCM8TpHBaeMOH 06naCTH ,n:HCKperHOH Mo,n:eJIH, 8 3a-
reM, HCnOJIb3YJl H3BeCTHbIe CBOHCTBa ICYCO'IHO-HenpepbIBHbIX 4>ymc:QIIH
(ItJ}'HKIJ:Hii 4>OPMbI, ICOTopbIe 06bI'1HO 3a.n;aJOTCJI B BH,n:e nOJIHHOMOB),
n8xo.n;JlT 3H8lfeHHJI .n;aHHoH BeJIHlfHHbI B JII060H TO'IICe 3JIeMeHTa.
B KalfeCTBe 3JIeMeHTOB HCnOJIb3YlOT 4>HrYPbI ,C(oCTaTO'IHO npoCTOH
(OPMbI, ICycO'IHO-HenpepbIBHbIe 4>}'HKIJ:HH, ICoTopbIe 0,D;H03Ha'IH0 OllHCbI-
IJalOTCJI B 3JIeMeHTe no HX 3H8lfeHHJIM B Y3JIOBbIX TO'IIC8X.
Mcxo.n;JI H3 3Toro, npH nOCTpoeHHH ICOHe'IHO-3JIeMeHTHOH Mo,n:eJIH
pem8eTCJI cJIe,u;yIOHii KOMllJIeKC 38,n:alf.
1. B HCCJIe.n:yeMoH ,n:eTaJIH 3a,n:a1OT KOHe'IHoe 'lRcno Y3nOBbIX TOlfeK.
ORB BbI6HpaJOTCR B Tex MecTax, B KOTOpbIX n;eneco06p3.3HO 3a,n:aTb
J.paJIH'lHbIe YCJIOBWI, 8 T8K)I(e TaM, r,n:e Heo6xo,n:HMO ,n:eTaJIbHO OllHcaTb
KOH4>HrYPan;H1O .n;eTaJIH HJIH onpe.n;eJIHTb HCCJIe.n:yeM)'lO BeJIH'lHHY.
2. B 3a.BHCHMOCTH OT p3.3MepHOCTH 38.n;8'IH H OT p8CnOJIO)I(eHHJI
y3noBbIX TOlfeK Hccne.n;yeMyIO 06nacTh p3.361J.B81OT Ha KOHelfHbIe 3JIe-
MeHTbI. B Ka'leCTBe 3JIeMeHTOB MoryT BbI6up8ThCJI CTep>KHH .n;IDI O,D;HO-
MepHoH 3a,n:8'IR; 6aJIKH, TpeyrOJIbHHKH, lfeTbIpexyronbHHKH - AITJI
AByxMepHOH; 6aJIKH, TeTp83.n;pbI, npH3MhI It T. n.- AillI TpexMepHoH
Ja,n:aIfH. BbI60p BH,l);a KOHelfHoro 3JIeMeHTa onpe,C(eJIJleTcJI npoCToToH
Ja.D;aHWI ero 4>YHKnHH 4>opMhI, ma,u;KOCTblO 3TOH 4>ymc:D;HH H/WIIt ee
npoH3Bo,C(HbIX H8 rpaHHn;ax npu nepexo,n:e OT 3JIeMeHTa K 3JIeMeHTY.
UuJIHH,n:pH'IecKHe ,C(eTaJIH B pR,lJ;e cnYlf8eB MO>KHO paCC'lHTbIBaTb B oce-
CHMMeTpll'lHOH (,lJ;ByxMepHoH) nOCTaHOBKe. CTeneHb ,n:HCKpeTH3HH
99

<<rYCTOThD) CeTIc.H H3 ::meMeHTOB onpe.n;e1llle-rCH Heo6xo.n;u:MOH TO'IHO-
CTblO OnHca.HHJI reOMe-rpHH .n;eTaJIH. 3a.n;8.HHH .n;eHCTBYIOeH HarpY3ICH
a TaIOICe nO"rpe6HOCTbIO OnHCaHHJI H3MeHeHIDI 8.HaJIH3HpyeMoro nap8.Me-
Tpa B onpe.n;eJIeHHOH 06JIacTH, B ICOTOPOH. HanpHMep. 60JIbillHe TeM-
nepaT)'pHbIe rpa.n;u:eHTbI HJIH HanpIDICeHIDl. O6bI'lHO HCCJIeJJ;OBaTeJIb
0603Ha'faeT ICOHTypbI pa36HBaeMbIX 06JIaCTeH JJ;eTaJIH. 38,l:(ae-r CTeneHb
HX .n;HCICpeTH3aH H THn HCnOJIb3yeMhIX. ICOHe'IHhIX 3JIeMeHTOB. a npe-
npoeccop ICOHe'IHO-3JIeMeHTHoro ICOMllJIeICCa BbIllOJIIDIeT pa36HBICY 3THX
06JIaCTeH aBTOMaTH'IeCICH no cneHa.rrbHOMY aJIrOpRTMY.
ECTeCTBeHHO npH nOBbIIIIeHHH pa.JMepHOCTH 38,l:(a'IH H CTeneHH JJ;HCIC-
peTH3arom HCCJIe.n;yeMoH .n;e-raJIH pacTyr Tpe60BaHIDI IC B03MO)KHOH
npOH3BOJJ;HTeJIbHOCTH BbI'lHCJIHTeJIbHOH TeXHIIICH. ee 6bICTpO.Q:eHCTBHIO
H 06'beMY naMJITH. a.nropHTMH'IecICHM B03MO)KHOCTJIM HCnOJIb3yeMhIX.
nporpaMMHbIX KOMllJIeICCOB. '1TO onpe.Q:e1llleT Ka'fecTBO H BpeMJI pac-
'feTOB.
3. B Y3JIOBbIX TO'fICax HJIH Ha rp8.HJIX. 3J1eMeHTOB 3a.Q:aIOTCJI rp8.HH'I-
HbIe YCJlOBIDI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pemaeMoH 38,l:(a'IH: nepeMeeHBJI.
230
220
210
190
170
160
IO
100
230
220
210
;'
6
Pac. 3.4. TeMDeparypBoe -nOJIe (0)
H MHHHMaJIbBLIe TJIaBHhle BalIpuce-
BHK nopIDHJl eJIJ1 (6), n0JIY'leHBLIe
c nOMOlIt&1O IOBe'lBO-3JIeMeHTapBOH
MOeJIH (8)

CH.IILI, ,naBneHWl (3a..na'lH TeOpHH ynpyrOCTH), TeMIIepaTyphl, IC03<P<PHIUI-
CHThl TeIIJIOOT,na'IH HJIH TeIIJIOBhle nOTOm (TelIJIOBhle 3a,na'IH).
4. IIpoB3Bo,nHTCJI paC'leT aH8.1IH3BpyeMoH BeJIH'lBHhl OTHOCBTeJIbHO
Y3JIOBhIX TO'leK B 3aTeM C BCnOJIb30BaHHeM <PYHKIJ;HH <popMhI 3JIeMeHTOB
pacc'IHThIBalOTCJI pacnpe,n;eJIeHWl nepeMemeHHH, HanpJDKeHBii, TeMIIepa-
ryp, KOTophle 06Ll'1HO BH3yanH3HpYlOTCJI nocmnp01.J.eccopOM KOHe'IHD-
meMeBTHOrO KOMIIJ1eKCa B rpa<pB'lecKoii clK>PMe B Be B30JIHHHii BJIB
H30noBepxHOCTeii B paccMaTpBBaeMoH ,n;eTa.JIH.
Ha pBC. 3.4 npe,ncTaBJIeHhl KOHe'IHO-3JIeMeBTHaJI Mo,n;eJIb, TeMIIepa-
I ypHoe none B HanpJDKeHIDI nopmmI ,nH3eJlll.
J1cnOJIbJOBaHHe MK3 npB npoeKTBpoBaHBB, BCCJIe,nOBaHBB .n;BC ' II
lice B 60nbmeM 06'LeMe BHe,npJleTCJI B npwcTlucy ,nBBraTeneCTpoeHWl. OB
UpBMeBJleTCJI ,nJlll pemeHWl TeIIJIOBhIX, npo'IBOCTBhIX Ja..na'l, BCCJIe,nOBa-
IIIDI KOJIe68HHH ,neTaneH .n;BC, 3a..na'l ,nBHaMHKH )l(H)UCOCTH B raJa,
a TalOKe aKYCTBKB ,nBBraTeJIeii. B nOCJIe,nBee BpeMJI ,nJlll pemeHIDI no-
CJIe,lJ;HHX TpeX Ja,n;a'l Ba'l8.1l npBMeIDITbCJI MeTO,lJ; rp8HH'IHbIX 3JIeMeBTOB
(Mr3).
4

.
rJIABA 4
QH.JIHH,l];POBAlI rpYIllIA If KAPTEPLI
Kopnyc J{BHfaTeJUI JlBJUIeTCjJ KOMDJIeKCOM 6830BLIX 3JIeMeHTOB, Ha
KOTOpLIX MOHTHPYIOTCjJ ero OCHOBHhIe MeXaHH3MbI H CHCTeMbI, a TaIOKe
YCTpoikrna, C nOMO1O KOTOphlX 06ecnc'lHBaerCJI YCTaHOBKa JJ:BC Ha
TpaHcnopTHOM cpeJ{CTBe. Kopnyc cpopMHpyeTcjJ COBOKYllHOCTblO CJIeJ{Y-
IOIQHX 3JIeMeHTOB: IIUAUHiJp08 HJIH 6AOKa IIUAU1tiJP08. ZOA08KU IIUAU1tiJP08
H Kapmepa, 06hl'IHO COCToero H3 .lXByx p3.3'bCMHLIX 'IaCTeD. HH>KHmI
qaCTb B ,l{BHfaTeJIn: C MOKphlM KapTepoM JlBJUIeTCjJ eMICOCTbIO ,l{JUI
MaCJIa H H3.3hIBaerCjJ MaCAR1tblM noiJiJ01tOM.
B aBTOTpaKTOpHhlX JJ:BC BHyTpHJIHpOBhle npOCTpaHCTBa cpop-
MHPYIOTCJI CbeM1tOU ZOA08KOU IIUAU1tiJP08, KOTopaR C nOMOIW>1O a1tKep-
1tblX (CUA08blX) umUAeK (6oAmo8) cpHKcHPyerCJI Ha 6JIOKC, a CThlIC Me>K,l{Y
HHMH, H8.3hIBaCMhlH za308blM cmblKOM, .YWlOTHjJerCJI npOKJIa,wcoD. MMc-
IOTCB KOHCTPYH C Mo1to6AO'l1tblM KopnYCOM, B KOTOpLIX 6JIOK H ro-
JIOBKa QHJIHpOB BhlllOJIIDIIOTCjJ B BH.l{e cJ{HHoii OTJIHBKH.
B lJ:BHraTellilX pa3Horo H8.3HaqeHIDI YK83aHHbIC 3JICMeHThl MorYT
HMCTb p8.3JIH'lHYIO KOHCTPYK.QHIO B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOJIHqeCTBa, P8.3-
MCpOB H cnoc06a KOMllOHOBKH HH,l{poB. B 8.BTOTpaKTopHhIX JJ:BC
HaH60JIbllICe pacnpoCTpaHCHHC nOJI}"IHJIH KOMDOHOBO'IHbIe cxeMbI
C pacnOJIO)l(CHHCM IVIJIHpoB B OJ{HH pRJ{ - AUHeU1tble (omlOpRiJ1tble,
pRiJ1tbze) H .l{Ba pJI.l{a - V-06pa31tble (iJ8yxpRd1tble). KOMnOHOBKa KOp-
nyca H KOHCTPYKUHjJ OTJ{CJIbHLIX cro 3JICMCHTOB BO MHOrOM onpeJ{CJUI-
IOTCB THllOM CHCTCMbI OXJIa)l(.l{eHHB ABHraTeJIB. TalC, ,l{JUI ABHraTCJIeii
C >KH,lJ;KOCTHhlM OXJIa)l(.l{CHHCM B03MO)l(HO 061>C,lUIHcHHe IJ;HJIHpOB
B e,lUlHhlii y3eJI, Ha3hIBaeMhlH 6AOKOM IIUAUHiJP08. B J{BHraTCJIn: C B03-
,l{}'IIIHhIM OXJIIDIC.l{CHHCM HCnOJIb3YIOTCB HH.l{HBH.l{YaJIbHhlC Ope6peHHhlC
:u;HJIHH)J.PbI, 'ITO onpe,l{eJUIeTCjJ TCXHOJIOrH'IecKHMH CJ10)l(HOCTJIMB OTJIHB-
KH HX B BHJ{e c.zumoro 6JIOKa. B pBJ{C CJIyqaCB IJ;HJIlIH.lXpbI OCHamaJOTCB
C1>CMHhlMH 3J1eMCHTaMH, H8.3hIBaCMhlMH ZUAb3aMU (8mYAKaMu) IIUAU1tiJ-
p08. B npaICTmc.c ABHraTCJICCTpOeHWI npH HaJIH'IHH TeXHOJIOrHqecKHx
B03MO)l(HOCTeii npe.lUlO'lTeHHe OT,l{aerCB 6JIoqHhIM KOHCTPYKIUiBM KOp-
nycHhlX 3JIeMCHTOB, qTO n03BOJUIeT 06ecnC'IHTh H8.H(jOJIhmYJO >KeCT-
KOCTh Kopnyca 6e3 cymeCTBeHHoro YBCJIHqeHHB ero MaTepHaJIOeMICOCTH.
B CBjJ3H C 3THM B 8.BTOTpaKTopHLIX .lXBHfaTeJ1n: C >KH,lJ;KOCTHhlM OXJIa-
>K,JJ;CHHCM 6JIOK IVIJIHHJ{pOB H BepXHlOIO nOJIOBHHY KapTcpa 06bI'lH0 (npH
102
-

KOJIH'IecTBe InIJIHH.ZJ;poB B PJI.D:Y MeHee mecTH) BhIllonIDIlOT B Be
e.znmoii OTnHBICH, Ha3hIBaeMOH 6AOK-KapmepOM.
Ha ICOHCTPYICIUIIO ICopnyca .D:BC B pae CJIy-qae"B pemalO:mee BJIIDIHHe
OICa3hIBaIOT YCA08Wl ezo pa6ombl, TaICHe, ICaK:
. 60JILDIHe JUII(JIH'IeCKHe HarpY3KH OT ra30BhIX H HHepIUlOHHhIX CHJI;
. BLICOKHe TeMIlepaTypa, aBneHBe H CICOpoCTb BIDICeHHB. BO
BHYTpHl\HnHHpOBOM nVOCTpaHCTBe pa60'lero Tena, co.n;ep)I(a:mero ICOp-
p03HOHHo-aICTHBHLIe 3neMeHTLI;
. 3Ha'llnenbHLIe OTHOCHTenbHLIe CKOpOCTH nepeMe:meHHB. ConpB.-
>KeHHLIX 3neMeHTOB IUlJIHMPOnOpmHeBoii rpynIILI B no.n;rnBIIHHKOBLIX
Y3nOB IIpH 60JlbDIHX y.n;eJlbHbIX .n;aBneHBB.X Mey HBMH;
. 60JlbDIHe rpMHeHTLI TeMIlepaTYP no 06DeM}' 3neMeHTOB npB
BbICOKOH CTeneHB HX HarpeBa;
. KOpp03HOHHoe H 3po3HOHHoe B03eHCTBHe Ha HapY:>KHbIe 3neMeH-
rbI Kopnyca CO CTOpOHLI OKpyxcalOIIteH cpe.ln2I.
<l>ynXD;HOHaJIbHoe Ha3Ha'leHBe H ycnOBHB. pa60TbI ICopnyca .n;BHra-
reIDI H OT.n;eJIbHLIX ero 3neMeHTOB OPMHPYIOT PJI.D: (/jYH(}a.MeHmaAbHblX
mpe608aHUU K ezo KOHcmpYKZlUu, TalCHX, KaK:
. MaKCHM8JIbHaB. )I(eCTKOCTb KOHCTpyKIUIH, 'ITO Heo6xo.n;HMO .n;na
orpaHB'IeHHB. eOpM8ltHH, KOTopLIe Monm 6LI npHBeCTH IC B3MeHeHHIO
83aHMHOrO pacnOJIO)I(eHHB. conpSDKeHHhIX nO,l{BBXCHLIX 3JIeMeHTOB C 'Ia-
CTIl'lHOH (nOBLIllIeHHLIii H3HOC) HJIH nonHOH (33J(JIBHHBaHHe BJIH nonOM-
Ka) nOTepeH HX pa60Tocnoc06HOCTH;
. MHHHM8JIbHO B03MO)ICHaB. Macca (B COBpeMeHHLIX aBTOTpaKTOp-
IIhIX .n;BHraTeIDIX Macca ICopnyca COCTaBIDIeT 25...35% OT MacCLI Bcero
}(BHraTeIDI).
Y.n;oBneTBopeHHe 3THX .n;Byx B 3Ha'DITenbHOH Mepe npoTHBope'DIBLIX
rpe60B8.HHii J1BnB.eTCB. KJIIO'IeBOH np06neMoH ICOHCTPYHPOB8.HmI KOp-
uyea .n;BHraTeJIJI.
4.1. KOPTIYCHLIE 3JIEMEHThI,mJHrATEJIEH
OCfHOrO OXJIHIDI
&OKR B K8pTepw. EnOK JUIlIHH.n;poB COCTOHT H3 CJIeA)'IOIItHX :meMeH-
rOB: 60KOBLIX H TOpI(eBbIX CTeHOK, IUUlHMpoB, Me)I(QHJIHH.ZJ;pOBLIX nepe-
MbI'IeK (B HeKOTOpLIX KOHCTpYKIUIJIX MO)I(e1. OTcyrCTBOBaTb) H BepXHeii
..opB30HTaJlbHOii nJIHTLI, 06DeHHeHHhIX TepMHHOM <<BOJ];B.BaJI py6am-
Ka». IIpH OTJIHBKe InIJIHHpOB COBMeCTHO C 80,WIHOH py6amKoii H npB
OTcyrCTBHH YCT8.HOBneHHLIX B HHX TOHKOCTeHHLIX rBJIb3, cyxu.x ZUAb3,
finOlc Ha3hIBaeTCB. HeZUAb308aHHblM 6AOKOM ZlUAUH(}p08. ECJIH InIJIHHpbl
C"beMHLIe H OMblBa.IOTCa oXJIaxc.n;aIOII(eii )I(H,lUCOCThlO, TO HX Ha3LIBaIOT
MOKpblMU ZUAb3a.MU.
KapTep COCTOHT H3 60KOB:.IX B TOpI(eBLIX CTeHOK, neperopo.n;OK
KOpeHHLIX onop H .n;Byx IDIHT: BepXHeH - B MecTe CTLIKOBKH InIJIHHpOB
103

H KaPTepa H HH:>ICHeH, Ha KOTOpOH 4>HKcHpyerCJI MaCJllIHhIH nOMoH.
IIocJle,WmH MO)KeT 6bITb BhllIOJlHeH KaK B BH,lI;e TOHKocTeHHoH
lIIT3.MnOB8.HHOH KOHCTpYKl.{HH, npe,WIa3Ha'leHHOH TOJlbKO WHI c60pa
H pMem:elDUl MaCJla, TaK H B BH,l{e MOHOJIHTHOrO Hecym:ero :meMeH-
Ta, 06'be.lUlHJlIOm:ero B e.n:HHbIH 6J10K KPbIUIKH KOpeHHbIX nO.l1:lliHfi-
HHKOB.
IIo TOM)', KaICBe 3J1eMeHTbI Kopnyca .l1:BHraTeJleH C :>ICH,lUCOCTHbIM
OXJIa.JK,AeHHeM BocnpHHHMaIOT HarpY3KY OT ra30BbIX CHJI, pa3J1H'laIOT
CJle.nyrom:He HX CHJIOBbIe cxeMbI.
1. C HeCYUjUM 6A01WM lIUAUHOP06 (PHC. 4.1, a), KOr,lta CHJIbI .n:aBJleHHJI
ra30B HarpY:>ICaIOT 3J1eMeHTbI 6J10Ka I(HJIHH.n:POB. Pa3HOBH.l1:HOCTblO .n:3.H-
HOH CHJlOBOH cxeMbI npH MOKpbIX rHJIb3aX HBJljJ:eTCjJ: cxeMa «c Hecym:eH
py6anncOH» (PHC. 4.1, 6). B 3TOM CJlY'lae ra30Bble CHJIbI HarpY:>ICalOT
(paCTJIrHBaIOT) TOJlbKO CTeHKH BO,WIHOH py6amKH.
2. C HeCYUjUMU CUA06blMU UmUAbKllMU (pHC. 4.1, 6). IIpH 3TOM
3J1eMeHThI 6J10Ka JIHH,n:pOB B pe3YJlbTaTe npe.l1:BapHTeJlbHOH 3aTJDKKH
mnHJIeK HaXO,ltHrCjJ: B C:>ICaTOM COCTOjJ:HHH H ra30BhIe CHJIbI pa3rpY:>ICaIOT
HX. I)JIOIC:-KapTephI, BhIllOJIHeHHbIe no ,ltaHHOH cxeMe, B CHny HX MeHbmeH
Harpy:>ICeHHOCTH Moryr OTJlHBaTbCjJ: H3 aJDOMHHHeBOrO CllJIaBa.
IIpaKTHKa .l1:BHraTeJleCTpoeHHJI BhIpa60TaJIa PJI.lt THllOBhIX KOHCTpyK-
THBHbIX npHeMOB, n03BOIDIIOm:HX nOBhICHTb :>ICeCTKOCTb KopnYCOB ,lJ;BC
6e3 cym:ecTBeHHOrO yneJIH1leHHJI HX MeTaJIJlOeMKOCTH:
. BhIllOJlHeHHe Kopnyca .l1:BHraTeJljJ: B BH.l1:e e.n:mlOH OTJlHBKH;
. HCnOJIb30B3.HHe nOJlHOOnOpHbIX KOJleH'laTblX BaJIOB. IIpH 3TOM
H3-3a 60Jlbmero KOJIH'lecTBa neperopo,n:OK KOpeHHhIX onop ICOHCTpHJI
6J10IC-ICapTepa nony'lae-rcjJ: 60Jlee :>ICecTKOH (PHC. 4.2, a);
. ope6peHHe neperopo,n:oIC KOpeHHbIX onop H 60KOBbIX creHoK 6J10-
ICa I.\HJlHH,lI;pOB H KapTepa (PHC. 4.2, 6);
. Pr
2
6
e
PIc. 4.1. CuoJlLle cxeNLI ABC e JlDl.nIOCTIILIM OXJI8I)J;eBlleM:
Q - C B 6JJOJ:ON IIIfJ]IIBJqIO.; 6 - C Becym;ei py6l1D1J:oA; . - C B canO.WNII -
J:&MII
104


B
a
6
e
iJ
e
)I(
"HC. 4.2. Oc8oBBhle IOBClpyKTHBBLle MepOnpHJlTHJl no nOBLIIIIeBHlO IecTKOCTH 6JIoJ:-
uprepa:
II ncpexo,Q OT HCnOJITtOOnopHoro J: nOJIHoonOpHOMy J:oncll'l&TOMy Bany; 6 - ope6pcm1C ncperopo-
nnK KopeHllhlX onop H 6oJ:OBhlX CI"CHOJ[; " - noma:CHBC nnoCJ:OCTB pa310CMa J:apTCPa; Z - 'l)'HHeJIb-
I\III nprep; c) - 06K,QIIHcHI!IC II:pLllllCJ: J[opCIIHhIX onop B c,QIIH)'KI J[OHcrpymnno; e - «apo'IHan
'1"'PM8 6oJ[OBhlX 3JJCMCHTOB 6noJ[-J[apTepa; :Nt: - COBMCCHIIC occii 8.liJ[epHLIX 1IIIIBJICJ[ C OCJIMII
6oJITOB II:pCnnCIIWIlI:phlIlIU J[opemn.IX nO,!IIIIHIIIIID:OB
. YCHJIeHHe 60KOBbIX CTeHOK 6JIOKa :QHJIHH,ZJ;pOB H KapTepa 3a C'ICT
"PH.ll:3.HIDI HM «apO'lHOID) 4>OpMhI (PHC. 4.2, e);
. BhIllOJIHeHHe llJIOCKOCTH KpenJIeHIDI MaC.JllIHOrO nOAAOHa HH)[(e
JlJlOCKOCTH p8.3DeM8. KopeHHbIX onop, BCJIeACTBHe'lerO CWIhl H MOMeH-
J"', nepeAaBaeMhIe Ha KopnYCHbIe 3JIeMeHTLT, BocnpHHHMaJOTCB 60JIL-
IIIHM 06DeMOM MCTaJIJIa (PHC. 4.2,6);
. npHMeHeHHe ropH30HTaJILHbIX CTBXCHLO" 60JITOB HJIH IIInHJIeK AJIB
)OIIOJIHHTeJILHOH CBB3H KpbIIIIeK KOpeHHbIX onop C KapTepOM (PHC. 4.2,
He). 3TO oco6eHHO BaXCHO )J;IDI 6JIOK-KapTepoB ,ZJ;B.HraTeJIeB. V-06pa3HOH
KOMllOHOBICH;
. 06De,ZJ;HHeHHe KphIilleK KOpeHHbIX onop KOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa B O,ZJ;HY
MUHOJIHTuyro lCOHCTpyK:QHIO B Be cne:QHaJIbHOB. lllDKHeH Kop06'1aTOH
'/ltCTH KapTepa (<<nocreJIbHaJI II.JIHTID> KOpeHHbIX no.n;mHDHHICoB), KOTO-
105

r
p8JI B3rOTOBJUIeTCR H3 8JIIOMHHHeBOrO CllJI3.Ba JIBTbeM no.n; .n;3.BJIeHBeM
IIJIB p8.MbI (pHC. 4.2, d);
. BCnOJIb30BaHBe TYHHeJIbHOrO KapTepa, He BMelOm;ero paJ'beM8. no
KOpeHHbIM onopaM (PHC. 4.2, ).
 }'MeHbmeHIDI .n;eopMal\Hii 6JIOK-KapTepa OCH aHKepHbIX 60Jl-
TOB (mnWIeK) n;eJIeCOo6paJHO COBMem;aTb C OCRMH 60JITOB KpeIIJIeHIDI
KphlmeK KopeHHhIX no.n;m:HTIHHKOB (PHC. 4.2, :He), 'ITO n03BOJIHT H36e-
)ICaTb nORBJIeHIDI .n;onOJllIHTeJIbHbIX MOMeHTOB, HarpY)ICarom;HX ero
3JIeMeHThI.
QaJIBu.n;pW. TIpHMeHeHHe HerWIb30BaHHoro 6JIOKa n;HJIHH,lI;pOB PY-
6amKB 06ecne'IHBaer BhlCOKYIO npo'IHOCTb H )ICecTKOCTb 6JIOK-KapTepa.
TuaJI KOHCTPYICIJ;HR cnoc06CTByeT }'MeHbmeHBIO ra6apBToB H MaCChi
Kopnyca H COKpam;aeT 06'beM em MeXaHH1JeCKOH 06pa60TKH.
O.n;HaKO npH 3TOM TeXHOJIOrH'IeCKB CJIO)I(HO nOJIY'lHTb Ka'IecTBeHHYIO
OTJIHBKY co CTa6HJIbHbIMH reoMeTpB'IecKBMB napaMeTp8MH. KpoMe
Toro, npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH 6JIOKa He06xo,WIMO npe.n;ycMoTpeTb KOMllJIeKC
TeXHOJIOrH'IecKBX MeponpHRTHH no nOBbIIIIeHHIO B3HOCOCTOHKOCTH no-
BepXHoCTB IJ;HJI.HH.n;pa (no 3TOH npB1J:IIHe B TaICHX KOHCTp}'KIJ;IDIX 3aTpY.n;-
HeHO npHMeHeHBe aJllOMBHHeBbIX CllJI3.BOB). llpB BblXo.n;e )ICe H3 crpOJI
o.n;Horo H3 IJ;HJIBH.D:pOB Tpe6yercJI 3aMeHa Bcero 6JIOKa.
])JIOKH IJ;H.JIIIH)J;pOB C MOKpbIMH BCT3.BHbIMH B cyxHMH r1lJIb38MH
B 60JIbmeH WIH MeHbmeH CTeneHH JImneHhI )'Ka3aHHbIX He.n;OCTan:OB.
O.n;Ha.KO MOKpble rHJIb3b1 Moryr .n;onOJIHHTeJIbHO .n;ecpopMHpOBaTbCR npB
HapymeHHH TeXHOJIOnm MOHT3.)I(a.
Cyxue Ullb3bl H3rOTOBJImoT .n;BYX BB.n;OB: C BepXHHM onopHblM 6yp-
moM H 6e3 Hero (PHC. 4.3, a, 6). TO.JIm;HHa CTeHOK TaKBX rWIb3 IJ;HJIHH.n;-
pOB COCTaBJIReT 2...4 MM. rllJIb3h1 BToporo THna 3anpeccoBhlBaIOT
D 6JIOK C HeKOTOpbIM HaTSIrOM C n;eJIblO cpHKCaIJ;HB HX .D:JUI OKOH'IaTeJIb-
HOH 06pa60TIQI nOCJIe YCTaHoBKB B 6JIOK B npB pa60Te .n;BHI"aTeJIJI.
rHJ1b3bl C OnOpHhIMH 6YPT8MH no 3aBepmeHHH MeXaHH1JeCKOH 06pa60T-
2
a
6
6
z
iJ
PRc. 4.3. OcBOBBhle THOLl rHJI&3 IUlJIHH,I:qX>B: _
a - cyx&II 6e3 ODOpBOro 6ypn; 6 - cyx3JI C BepXBHM ODOpBbIM 6yprOM; /I - MOIIp&II C BepXBHM
ODOpiIhIM 4meM; Z - Moxpaa C BIDmHM ODOpBbIM 4mCM; d - Moxpaa co cpe,qmIM OUOPBbIM
4mCM; 1- ODopm.m 4mauc.Q; 2- BaopIUIC (I1CBlJIHP}'IOIIij!Ic) DOJIC8; 3-- )'IlJI011lllTeJIbBlilC
IOJ1&I1a; 4- oDopBLIi 6ypr; 5- cyxaa I1IJI&38; 6- MO:llpaa I1IJI&3a
106

KH 3anpeccoBLIBaIOT B 6JIOK (6JIOICH H3 8JIIOMHHHeBOfO CDJIaBa) HJIH
YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT B HeM no CKOJ1b3J1II\eH noca.D;Ke C 3a30pOM 0,01...0,04 MM
('1yrYHHhIe 6JIOKH). Pa3HOBH,lJ.HOCTblO CYXHX fHJIb3 JlBJISIIOTCH YKopO'leH-
IlhIe BCTaBKH H3 aYCTeHHTHofo '1yr}'Ha B BepxneH 30He .QHJIHH.n;pa,
1I0JUJep>KeHHOH HaH60JIbmeMY H3HOCY.
Oc060e BHHMaHBe npB HCnOJIb30BaHHB CYXHX fHJIb3 y.n;eJIHlOT 06ec-
lIe'leHHIO xopomero KOHTaKTa C 6JIOKOM. B npOTHBHOM c.rry'lae yxy.n;ma-
JOTCH YCJIOBHH TeDJIOOT.n;a'lH OT fHJIb3hI B OXJIa>K.n;aIOII\yro XCH.n;KOCTb,
u pa.n;HaJIbHOe pacnpe.n;eJIeHBe TeMnepaTYP CTaHOBHTCH 60JIee HepaB-
1I0MepHhIM, 'ITO BhI3LIBaeT ee He>KeJIaTeJIbH)'lO TepMH'IecKyro .n;e4Jop-
MIO.
M OKpaR 8Cma8HaJl 2uJtb3a HMeeT onopHblU ,pJtaHell (1), KOTOphIH
pacnOJIaraeTCH B BepxneH, cpe.n;ueii HJIH HIDKHeii 'IaCTH fHJIb3hI B KOJIb-
I{CBhIX npHJIHBax 6JIOKa (pHC. 4.3, 8, 2, d). )l(eCTKocTb 4JJIauna .n;OJDKHa
ObITb .n;OCTaTO'IHOH ,l{JUI npe.n;OTBpaII\eHHH H3JIHnmeH .n;e4JoPMawm fHJIb-
Ibi npH 3aTH>KKe CHJIOBhIX 60JITOB (nmHJIeK).
EOJIee HH3Koe pacnOJIO>KeHHe onopHOfO 4Jmmn;a cnoc06CTByeT yJIy'l-
meHHIO OXJI3.>K,1J;eHHH H3.1160JIee TepMH':IecICH Harp}'>KeHHhIX Bepxneii '1a-
TH fHJIb3hI H nopnmeBhIX KOJIen;. 31'0 }'MeHbmaeT TepMH'IecKoe Kopo6-
IICHHe Bepxnefo nOHca fHJIb3hl, n03BOJIHeT CHH3HTh H3HOC H HCKJIIO':IBTb
la.n;BphI nOBepxnoCTcii TpeHHH 3JIeMeHTOB n;HJIHH.n;pa H nopmHeBoH
JpynDhI.
C n;eJIblO }'MeHbmeHHH .n;e4JopMH OT .n;eiiCTBHH 60KOBOii CBJIhI
N fHJIb3Y 4JmcCHPYIOT B JUJYX onopHhIX HanpaBJIHIOIUHX nOHcax (2),
pacnOJIO>KeHHhIX B BepxHeH H HlDKHeH ee '1aCTHX.
,LJ;JIH fepMeTB3BH Boromoii py6amICH B KOJIbn;eBhIX KaHaBKax HIDK-
nefO HanpaBJIHIOII\efO nOHca fHJIb3hl YCTaHaBJIHBalOT ynJtOmHUmeAbHble
KOAblla (3) H3 4JTopKayqYKa, 4JTOpyrOJIbHO-BO.n;OPO.n;HOfO KaY'lyKa, 4JTO-
pOCHJIHKOHOBOfO KaY'lyKa HJIH pe3HHhI.
BepxnHii noca,u,o':lHbIii nOHC fHJIb3hI paCnOJIafaIOT TaKHM 06Pa30M,
'1T06hI ynJIOTIDIIOII\Hii nOHC nopmHH npH efO nOJIO>KeHBH B BMT HaxO-
}{H1ICH Ha ypoBHe XCH.n;KOCTB B py6amKe OXJI3.>K,1J;eHHH.
BCJIe,ncTBHe BhlCOKO'IaCTOTHoii BH6paIUlH, Bhl3LIBaeMoH y,napaMH
OT nepeKJIa,u,OIc nopIIIHH, Ha oXJIWK,ZJ;aeMoii nOBepxnocTH MOKpOH
'"H.JTh3hI npOHCXO.l{HT Ka8umalluoHHble npOljeCCbl, npHBO,wnn;He K ee
)P03mI. CHIDKeumo HX HHTeHCHBHOCTH cnoco6cTByeT KOMIUleKC KOH-
CTp}'KTHBHbIX MepOnpHHTHH, )'MeHbmaIOIUHX 3Hepfmo y.n;apoB OT ne-
pCKJIa,noK nopmueii, a TaK)I(C: nOBhIIIIeHHt; Xc:eCTKOCTH fHJIb3hI, 60JIee
IlJIOTHaH ee nOC8.,/Ua B HanpaBJIHIOII\He nOHca, YCTaHoBKa CneIUl8.JIb-
noro .n;cMn4JHpyrom;ero KOJIbn;a B 30HC HIDKHero CThIKa fHJIb3hI H 6JIo-
Ka (pHC. 4.4).
BcpxuHii TOpen; fHJIb3hl ,nOJDICeH BbICTynaTh Ha,u, onopHoH IIJIOCKO-
CThIO 6JIOKa Ha 0,05...0,15 MM 'C n;eJIbIO 60JIec Ha,ne)I(HOH fcpMeTH3a-
HUH r3.30BOrO CThIKa npH 3aTH>KKe auKepHbIx IIIIIHJIeK.
107

TOJlll{HHY CTeHOK UHJIHpa Ha3HaQalOT
MHHHMaJIbHO ,nOCTaTO'IHOH ,nIDI Orpaml'ie-
HHH ,nO ypOBHlI ,nOnyCTHMOH ero ,ne4>opMa-
QUH npH c60pKe H pa60Te ,nBHraTeJUI (AJIH
creHoK MOKpbIX qyryHHbIX IlIJIb3 - 5...8 MM).
B HerH.JIb30B8.HHbIX 6JIOKaX Bhl60p TO.JJ:mHHhI
creHKH I1;HJIHH,npa npoH3Bo,nHT C )"IeTOM B03-
MO)I(HOH ero «pa:mocreHHocrH» upH H3rOTOB-
neHHH H He06xo,nHMoro npHnycKa Ha paCTO'IKY
PRe. 4.4. YDJIOTBellHe THJI&- npH peMOHTe.
3h1 B BHIIIeM nOJlce: ,[{rrHHY I1;WIlIH.lJ;pa yCTaHaBJIHBalOT MHHH-
MaJIbHOH H3 YCJIOBmI 06eCne'leHWI B03MO)I(H0-
CTH CB060,nHoro ,nBH>KeHmI npoTHBoBecOB
H maTyHa. IIpH 3TOM ,nOnYCKaeTClI BbIXO,n HH>K-
HeH KpoMKH 106KH nOpmWI 3a npe,neJIhI I1;H-
JIHH,npa npH em nOJIO>KeHHH B HMT ,nO BeJIH-
'lHHhI 0,2D B CJI)"Iae OTcyrCTBHJI Ha nopume HIDKHero MaCJIOC'beMHoro
KOJIbI1;a Ha 106Ke nopmWI.
,[{mJ YMeHbmeHmI MaCChi 6JIOK-KapTepa BhlCOTa BO,WIBOH py6amKH
BHH3Y OrpaHH'lHBaeTCH OCblO nopmHeBoro n8JIbI1;a npH HaxO>K,neHHH
nopumJI B HMT H COCTaBIDIeT OKOJIO 70% xo,na nopmWI S.
Tpe6yeMaJI ,nOJIl'OBe'lHOCTb I1;HJIHH,npOB ,nocnrraeTCH p3.I1;HOHaJIbHhIM
no,n60poM MaTepHaJIOB rwIb3h1, nopmlDl H nopmHeBbIX KOneI1;, on-
THMH3an;HeH MHKporeoMeTpHH H TBep,nocrH HX pa60'IHX nOBepXHoCTeii,
06eCne'leHHeM CTa6WIbHoCTH ero TeillIOBoro COCTOHHHH BHe 3aBHCHMO-
CTR OT pe>KHMOB pa60ThI ,nBHI"aTeJIH, a TalOKe no,n60poM XapaKTepHCTHK
H Ka'lecTBa O'IHCTKH TOWIHBa, MaCJIa H B03,nyxa.
rHJ1b3h1 I1;HJIHH,npOB H3rOTOBJIHIOTCJI MeTO,nOM I1;eHTpo6e>KHOrO
llHTbH H3:
. cepbIX B MaJIOJIerBpOB8.lIBbIX WYHOB nepJIHTHOii CTPYKTYPhl co
cpe,nHenJIaCTHH':IaThIM HeopHeHTHpOBaHHhIM rpal}>HToM, C ,n06aBKaMH
XpOMa, MOJIR6,neHa, I}>ocq.opa, Me,nH, BaHa,nwI ,nIDI nOBhlIIIeHHH H3HOCO-
H KOpp03HOHHOii CTOHKOCTH nOBepXHOCTB I1;HJIHH,npa;
. a30THpyeMhIX CTaJIeU;
. aJDOMHHHeBbIX 3a.3BTeKTlflleCKHX CnJIaBOB C npoTpaBJIHBaHlleM pa-
60'IHX nOBepXHoCTeu I1;HJIHH,npa ,nO nOmmeHmI Ha HHX BKpanneHHu
KpeMHBB ,nJUI nOBhIIlleHHB B3HOCOCTOUKOCTH.
CHH>KeHHIO pacxo,na MaCJIa Ha yrap H nOBhlIIIeHHIO H3HOCOCTOii-
KOcrB nOBepXHOCTH I1;HJIHH,npa cnoc06cTBYeT C03,naHHe no nepBMeTpy
H no 06p8.3yroII1;eu pa60'leu nOBepXHOCTB I1;HJIBH,npa MaCJIoy,nep>KBBa-
lOII1;ero peJIbel}>a MeTO,nOM HaKaTKH WIH XOHHHI"OBaHHB._
KopellllLIe DO HIII( B HBIDIIOTCH O,nHHMH H3 HaH60JIee Harpyx<:eH-
HhIX 3JIeMeHTOB ,nBHI"aTeIDI (PBC. 4.5). J(JIB nOBhlIIIeHHB K031}>I}>HI1;HeHTa
Ha.,ne)I(HOCTB OCTHoro TpeHHB B no,nm:HllHHKax B8JKHO OrpaHH'lHTb
108
1
4
3
5
]- l1IJIb:Ja I\H.IIHH.zwa; 2-
MOJI:-Kaprep; 3- I0JlbI10 AJl.II
ynnOTBeBBII CT1oIJ;a; 4-- 8BTB-
I&BBT&:QBOBHOe Iom.O; 5-
empHpyJO nOJic
2

4
I:
1
PRc. 4.5. KpelIJIellHe KPLIIDeK KOpeHHlolX nOI(OB KOneB'IaTOrO BaJIa:
1 - OCHOBHILII CHJlOBILIII1IIIHJIbU; 2- CTDtIIILII Cl:B03HILII IIIIIH1IbD.; 3- CTDtIIOH 60=; 4- clnm:aPy-
IO nOBepmocn.; 5- npmoHHU BryJ:ll[a; 6- cj)m:cepy1OJ48C BhICI)'IIIol Iphlli.IIB; 7- yc-raHOBO'DIhIil:
mmcj)T
J{el}>opM8lUIH 3JIeMeHTOB ,na.HllOro Y3JIa, a TaIOKe 06ecne'IHTb COOCHOCTb
KOpeHHbIX onop .l{BHraTelliI.
IIpH pa3'beMHbIX 1C0peHHbIX no.wnHllHHlCax HIDKHIDI ero '1aCTb BbillOJI-
lIeHa B BH,ZJ;e KpblUlKU H I}>HICCHPYeTCB B neperopo,nlCe lCapTepa 60JITaMH
HJIH IIIllHJIblCaMH. AmI }'MeHbilleHHB MOMeHTa, ,nel}>opMBPYlOero
KPhllIIICY, paCCTomme OT OCH mnHJIelC ,no OCH 1C0JIeH'IaTOrO D8..JIa npHHH-
MaeTCB MHHHM8..JIbHO D03MO)I(HbIM. IIoc3..lJ;lCa ICpbIIDlCH OCymecTDlliIeTCB
110 TOpn;eBbIM llJIOCICOCTBM, BbII}>pe3epOBRllHbIM B npHJIHBaX neperopon;-
KH lCapTepa. YBeJIH'IeHHIO >KecTICOCTH H npO'IHOCTH lCapTepa cnoc06CT-
"YeT CTIDKKa ICphllIIlCH co CTeHlCaMH KapTepa C nOMOIIU>1O 60JITOB (PHC.
4.2, :He). Or B03MO)I(HbIX 601C0BbIX cMeeHHH ICpbIIDlCH I}>HKCHPYlOT
II pBAe CJIy'laeB Cnen;H8..JIbHbIMB ycr8.HOBO'IHbIMH illTH4>TaMH HJIH npH-
10HHbIMH BTYJIlCaMH 5 (CM. pHC. 4.5).
B aJnOMHHHeBbIX KOHcrp}'KD;IDIX AJIB l}>Y"iCCaQIIH aHKepHb!X IIIllHJIelC
IIpHMeHSllOT 6p0H30BbIe BTYJIICH (l}>YTYpICR) C BnyTpeHHeH pe3b60H, 3aJIH-
lIaeMbIe B TeJIO 6JIOK-lCapTepa.
TOHKocmeHHble 8KAaoblUlu 1C0peHHbIX no,nIIIHnHHKOB CKOJIb)KeHHB
YCT8.HaBJIHBaIOT B onopax C HaTBrOM (66JIbillHM B CJIY'Iae KapTepoB H3
:UIIOMHHHeBbIX CllJIaBoB); OT npOBOpa'IHB8.HIDI H OceBbIX nepeMeeHHH
HX 4>HKcHpyroT illml}>TaMH, 3anpecoBRHHhlMB B lCapTep (ICPbIIIIKY), HJIH
OTrH6HbIMH <<yCHKaMH», ynHpRY>!UHMHCJJ D nJIOCICOCTH CTblKa BepxHeH
H HH)I(HeB '1aCTeH onopbI.
109

B lCapTepe 06hl'lHo paCnOlIaraIOTCB ZAa8HClR MaCARHaJl MaZUCmpaAb
,AHaMeTpOM 10...14 MM H KaHaJIhI ,AHaMeTpOM 3...5 MM .n;IDI nO.n;Bo.n;a
Macna no.n; ,ltaBlIeHHeM Ie nO,/UlIHnBHIC3.M 1C01Iell'laTOrO BaJIa.
MBTepHBJILIlCopnycHWX .n;eTBJlei. ElIOIC-lCapTepLI ,/UmraTelIeH B oc-
HOBHOM H3rOTOBJUIIOT H3 qyryHa HJIH aJIIOMmmeBOro cnlIaBa H nOlCa
.n;ocraTO'lllO pe.ltlCo H3 MRrHHeBOro CIIJIaBa. AmoMmmeBLIH CIIJIaB no
cp8.BHeumo C qyryHOM MeHee H3HOCOCToelC, HMeeT B 2,5 p8.3a MeHb-
myro IIJIOTHOCTb, B 1,5 p8.3a MeHbmyK> npO'lllocrb, B 3 p8.3a 60JIbmylO
TeIIJIOnpoBo.n;HOCTb, B.n;Boe 60JIbmHii 1C03eHT JIHHemoro pac-
IIIHpeHIDI. .l(mI 06ecneqeBHB Tpe6yeMoB npo'lllocrH H xcecrlCOCTH 31IeMe-
HTbI 1C0HcrPYHH 61I01C-lCapTepa H3 aJIlOMHHHeBLIX CnnaBOB HMelOT
601IbillHe p8.3MepLI, qTO qacrll'lHo HHBelIHpyeT HX npeHMYecTBa no
Macce no cpwmeBHIO C qyrYHHbIMH 6JIolCaMH. B l\eJIOM H3I'OTOBlIeBHe
6JIOIC-lCapTepa H3 amoMHBHeBOrO CIIJIaBa n03BOIDIeT YMeHbillHTb ero
Macey ,lt0 30% H Maccy seero .n;BHraTeIDI Ha 12...20%. AmoMHHHeBLIe
cnnaBbI 06ecne'IHBalOT JIyqmHH TennOOTBO.n; OT HarpeThIX 30H H, CJIe.n;o-
BaTeJIbHO, MeHbillHe BelIH'lHHLI TeMIIeparypHbIX rpa.n;HeHToB H TepMH-
qecICHX HanpjDICeBHH. O.n;HalCo 60JIbmee TeMIIeparypHoe pacillHpeBHe
npHBo.n;HT IC He06xo.n;HMocrH yqeTa :norD JIBJIeHIDI npH Ha:maqeBHH
BeJIlAHH 3a30pOB Me)I(,AY 3JIeMeHTaMH COnpjI)ICeHIDI nopmeHb - .QH-
JIHH.n;p. lIHH.ltpbl H3rOTOBIDIIOT H3 amoMHBHeBOrO cnnaBa, CO,ltep-
xcamero 30% ICpeMHHjI C OnTHMH3HpOBaHHOH crPYICrypOH ICpHcraJIJIOB,
H .ltJljI nOBbIilleHHjI HX H3HOCOCTOHICOCTH npe.zxycMaTpHBalOT cnel\HaJIb-
Hble TeXHOJIOI'lAecKHe MeponpHjITHjI.
nepcnelCTHBHLIM MaTepHaJIOM KOpnyCHbIX 31IeMeHTOB JIBJIjIeTCjI qy-
ryH C BepMHICYlIjIpHbIM rpaHToM, HMelOHH B 2 pa3a 601IbmyK> npo-
'1HOcrb no cpaBHeBHIO C eepbIM qyrYHoM C nlIacrHHqaTbIM rpaHToM.
Ero npHMeHeHHe n03BOlIBeT CBH3HTh Maccy KOHCTPYK.QHH H npH61IH-
1HTbCH no :noM}' nap3.MeTpy IC 6JIOIC-ICapTep3.M H3 aJIlOMHBHeBLIX cIIJIa-
800.
TIpH OICOHqaTeJIbHOM BLI60pe MaTepHaJIa .ltJljI ICOpnyCHblX .n;eTaJIeH
,l.I;BC HCXO,WIT H3 COBOICynHOH crOHMOcrH Bcex :nanOB HX >KH3HeHHOro
.QHIClIa, B TOM 'lHCJIe H3rOTOBJIeHHjI (crOHMOcrH MaTepHaJIa, OTJIHBICH
H 06pa60TICH) H 3lCcnnyaTa.QHH (3aTpaT Ha nepeMeeHHe .n;onOJIHHTeJIb-
HOB MaCCbl, H8.,lJ.e:xrnOCTH H ,ltOJIrOBe'IHocrH).
rOJlOBKII QHJIHB.n;poB. B COOTBeTCTBHH C }'HK.QHOHa.JIbHbIM H8.3Ha'le-
BHeM 1C0HCTpjI rOJIOBICH I\HlIHH.ltPOB .n;OJDICHa:
. c03.n;aBaTh 06DeM lCaMepLI cropaHHjI B COOTBeTcrBHH C Tpe60BaHH-
JIMH, npe.n;'bJIBJIjIeMbIMH IC ee opMe cnoc060M OpraHH3aquH pa60'lero
npol\ecca;
. 06eCne'IHBaTb OnTHMaJIbHyIO ICOHcrp1O BnycKHbIX H BhIII}'CIC-
HLIX ICaHaJIOB;
. C03.n;aBaTb Ha.n;e:xrnoe ynJIOTHeBHe r8.30BOrO cTLIKa; -
. oCYII\ecrBlIKfb pexaIM qupICYHH OX1Ia.JIC.ltalOeH XOJ.m(OCTH,
06eCne'IHBaIOlUHH HaHMeHbmyIO TennosyK> HanpIDKeHHocTb 31IeMeHTOB
rOJIOBICH Ha ocex peX<HMax pa60TbI;
110

. 06ecne'IHBaTb PaIVlOHaJIbHOe p3.3MeIQeHHe He06xo,QHMbIX j\eraJIeH
){BHraTelliI (CBe'l/4><>pcYHOIC, onop paCnpe,l{eJIHTeJIbHoro BaJIa 8 T. ,Q.),
MOHTHpyeMhIX Ha rOJIOBKe QHJIHH,QpOB.
rOJIOBKH QHJIHH,l{poB BbIIIOJIIDIIOT B BH):{e e,QHHOH OTJIHBKH ,l{.JUI
O,l{HOrO pB,lJ;a QHJIHH.D:pOB HJIH HH,l{HBH):{YaJIbHO ,l{lliI KaJK,lJ;OrO QHJIHH,l{pa.
HH(}USU(}YfJAbHble ZOA08KU n03BOlliIIOT MHHHMB3HpOBaTb HX TepMH-
qeCKHe ,QeclJopMaI{HH, 'lT0 n03BOJIBeT nOBhlCHTb 3KCllJIyaTa.QHOHHyIO Ha-
.l{exrnOCTb r3.30BOrO CTLIKa, 06JIer'IHTb MOHTIDKHO-,QeMOHTIDKHhle pa60-
rhl npH npOH3BO,QCTBe, peMOHTe H 3KCllJIyaTa.QHH .l{BHraTelliI. rOJIOBKH
.l{aHHOrO THlla 06bl'lHO HCnOJIb3yK>T B ,l{BHraTelliIX, q>OpCHpOBaHHbIX
H3.,lJ"lJ;}'BOM.
BB8J{y BhlCOKHX r3.30BhIX H TepMH'lecKHx HarpY30K ,l{.JI1I 06ecne'leHHB
lIe06xo.QHMOH >KecTKOCTH rOJIOBKH ee HIDKHIOIO onopHyK> CTeHKY CO
CTOpOHbI npHBaJIO'IHOH nnOCKOCTH ,QenalOT ,QOCTaTO'IHO MaCCHBHOH.
rIpH 3TOM CHH>K.aerCB BepmITHOCTb Kopo6neHIDI ce,Qen KnanauoB H no-
BbIillaerClI Ha,l{exrnoCTh r3.30BOrO CTbIKa. OnOpHaB CTeHKa B ronoBKax H3
aJIlOMHHHeBOrO cnmma HMeeT npH6nH3HTenbHO B 1,5 p3.3a 60JIbmyK>
roJ.I.IQHHY, 'IeM B 'IyryunbIX.
B rOJIOBKH 83 aJDOMHHHeBOrO CllJI8.Ba .l{BHraTeneH C HCKpOBbIM
3IDKHraHHeM CBe'IH BBepTbIBalOT B 6pOH30Bhle BTynKH 606b1illeK, KOTO-
phle CO Bcex CTOpOH OMblBalOTCJI OXJIWIC,l];alOIQeH >KHJ{KOCTblO.
B ,QH3emlX C p3.3,QeneHHbIMH K8.MepaMH cropamu.I BHxpeBhle KaMepbI
H npe,nKaMephl pacnonaralOT B rOnOBKe H BbllIOnHJIIOT COCT8.BHbIMH.
BepxIDIJI 'IaCTb BHXpeBOH K8.MepbI pacnonaraerCB B Tene ronOBKH, a HH-
>KIDllI H3rOTOBlliIerCJI H3 >KapOCTOHKOH CTaJIH H MOHTHpyercB C BHyTpeH-
HeH CTOpOHbI rOJIOBKH 3anO,l{.JlHn;0 C npHBaJIO'IHOH ee llJIOCKOCTbIO.
rIpe.nKaMepbI YCTaHaBnHBalOT B CneWlaJIbHyIO nOnOCTb ronOBKH C Ha-
pyxrnOH ee CTOpoHbI.
IIpH )KIf,W(OCTHOM OXJIaXCJ{eHHH ,l{.JIJI CHIDKeHHJI TellJIOBOH HarpyxceH-
HOCTH rOJIOBKH B HeH C03,l{a1OT CHCTeMbI KaHaJIOB H nOJIOCTeH ,l{.JIJI
UHPKYJIJIIJ;HH OXJIWIC,l];alOIUeH KOCTH. B .QH3enJIX )KH,l{KOCTb nOCTynaeT
B ronOBKY H3 6nOKa QHJIHH,IJ;pOB K H8.H60nee ee HarpeTbIM 30H8.M
K clJopcynKe/CBe'le, K ce,l{.JlY H npHJIHB8.M Hanp8.Bm.lIOIQeH BT}'nKH BbllIyCK-
Horo KJIanaHa, K nepeMbI'lK8.M Me>K.l{y KJIanaHaMH, K BbllIYCKHbIM naT-
py6KaM, K BuxpeBOH K8.Mepe HJIH npe,QK8.Mepe. B )];cM3 OXJIa)I()];aIOIQall
)I(IJ,l:{KOCTb B rOJIOBKY nO,QaerCJI HaCOCOM Henocpe.n:CTBeHHO H3 Pa..AH-
aTopa. )];lliI HHTeHCHq>HKa.QHH OXJIa)K)J,eHIDI H2.d60nee TepMOHarpyxceH-
HbIX 30H oprauH3yK>T HanpaBJIeHHOe ,QBH>.KZHHe >KH,lJ;KOCTH c nOMOIW>1O
cneQHaJIbHbIX 3anpeccoBauHbIX pacnpe,QenHTen. HbIX Tpy60K, HanpaBnJI-
IOIQHX pe6ep H T. n.
rOJIOBKa QHJIHH,ZJ;pOB JlBlliIeTCJI O,l{HHM H3 Hau60JIee HarpY>KeHHbIX
3neMeHTOB ,QBBTaTenJI. QHa HarpyxcaerCB YCHJIHHMH OT npe,QBapHTenb-
HOH 3aTJI>KKH, BocnpHHHMaeT H nepe,QaeT Ha aHKepHbIe CBJI3H YCHJIHB
OT ,QaBneHHJI r3.30B. XapaKTepH<?H oc06eHHOCTblO ycnOBHH pa60TbI
ronOBKH QHJIHB,lJ;pOB JIBIDllOTCJI BbICOKHe TepMH'IeCKHe HanpJI>KeHIDI,
111

no BeJIH1fBHe 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO npeBhIllialOIQHe MeX8.HH'IecKHe. 31"0 JlBJUleTCR
CJIe)];CTBHeM BLICOKHX TeMIIeparyp H 60JIbillHX HX rp3.,lJ;HeHTOB Me)I()];y
OT)];eJIbHhIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH. ee KOHCTpHH. npH Hey)];a'IHO opraHH30-
B8.HHOM OXJIaXC)];eHHH B nepeMLI'lKax MeXC)];y KJIanaHaMH MOryT 06P830-
BbIBaTbCR TpeIQHHbI BnJIOTb )];0 nommeHIDI nporapOB. npH 60JIbillHX
TepMH'IecKHx )];ecpopMaqHRX rOJIOBKH MO:JKeT Ha6JI1OAaTbCR p83repMeTH-
38.I!IDI KJIanaHOB H ra30Boro CTbIKa.
B rOJIOBKaX H3 qyryua TeMDepaTypa nOBepxnoCTH KaMepLl CrOpaHIDI
AOCTHraeT 350°C, nepena.wu TeMDeparyp MeXC)];y OTAeJIbHbIMH TO'IK8.MII
)];OXOAAT )];0 150°C, a rpa)];HeHTbI TeMDepaTYP COCTaBJUllOT 6...10 K/MM.
B rOJIOBKax H3 aJIlOMHHHeBbIX CDJIaBOB, 06JI3.,lJ;aIOIQHX JIY'fIIIeH TeIIJIO-
npoBO)];HOCThlO, MaKCHMaJIhHLle TeMIIepaTypLl He npeBhIIDalOT 300°C,
nepena)];LI TeMDepaTYP )];OCTHraIOT 60°C, a rp3.,lJ;HeHTLI TeMDepaTYP
1,5...2 K/MM. 60nee 6JIarOnpHRTHoe TeruIOBoe COCTORHHe rOJIOBOK H3
8JIIOMHHHeBbIX CDJIaBOB n03BOJIReT ycneillHo HCnOJIb30BaTb HX B )];BHra-
TeJIRX, cpOpcHpoBaHHLIx HOM.
¥WIOTHeHHe ra30Boro CTLIKa (PHC. 4.6). ):(JIR npeAOTBpaIUeHHR npo-
pbIBa r830B H OXJI8.)J(J1:aIOweH >KII)];ICOCTH Me:JK)];y rOJIOBKOH H 6JIOKOM
WUIHHJ1:pOB HX CTbIKOBO'IHaR 30Ha ynJIOTIDIeTCR npOKJIa)];KaMH. K HX
KOHCTpyKnHH npe)];1>RBIDIIOTCR CJIe)];YIOIQHe Tpe60BaHIDI:
. COXPaHRTh pa60Tocnoc06HoCTb B Te'leHHe )];JIHTeJIbHOrO nepHO)];a
3KcnnyaT8.I!HH npH B03AeHCTBHH Ha HHX BLICOKHX TeMDepaTYP, a T8.IOKe
KOppo3HoHHo-aKTHBHLIX 3JIeMeHTOB;
. 06JI3.,lJ;aTh AOCTaTO'IHOH IIJIaCTH'lHOCTblO AJIR 3anOJIHeHHR HepOB-
HOCTeH Ha onopHbIX nOBepxnoCTRx rOJIOBKH H 6JIOKa I1HJIHHJ1:pOB;
. HMeTb He06xo)];HM)'1O ynpyrOCTb AJIR 06eCne'leHIDI repMeTH'lHO-
CTH ra30Boro CThIKa npH BbICOKOH ee YCTaJIOCTHOH npo'lHOCTH.
Y npyrocTb H TOJIIQHHY npOKJI3.,lJ;KH onpe)];eJISIJOT BeJIH1fBHaMH HepoB-
1I0CTeH YIIJIOTHReMLIX nOBepxHocTeH; )I(ecTKOCTJIMH, ynPyroMeXaHH'Iec-
KHMH CBOHCTBaMH CTRI"HBaeMLIX JIeTaJIeH H XapaKTepHCTHK8.MH MaTepH-
aJIa npOIUIa)];KH.
II'
4
5 4
a
6
6
l
PRc. 4.6. YDJIOTHeHHe ra30BOrO CTLlKa:
a - c ynnOTHJllOcii: npooii: II nnoCDIM rop.QOM I1IJIb3bI; 6 - c npoJtJIoii: II BbIcrymuoI.QIIM
6yp-I1D:OM BepXBero TOp.Qa I1IJIb3hI; II - c npo)[J]lL,l:tKoA II ynnOTWllOI.QIIM ItOJIh.QOM; l - C ynnOT-
BIIIOIl\ltM IOJIh.QOM; 1- onopHBII mIOCItOcrb; 2- .QcHTpBpytoI.QBit nose; 3- npo:EJ1lL,l:tKa; 4- yrutOT-
HJIIOee IOJIh.QO; 5- pe3HBOBOC IOJIh.QO ynnOTBCHBJI ]l[BAJ:OCTIlOro CTbJI[a
112

B aBTOTpaKTOpHhIX ABHraTemIX B OCHOBHOM BCnOnL3YIOT npOKJIaA-
KH cne.nyroIIUlx KOHCTPYKQHii:
. ZJeAbHOMemaAAU'leCKUe B BHAe llHCTa B3 MBrKOB CTaJIH, MeAH BJIB
,lnIOMBHBJI;
. Ha6opHO-MemaAAU'leCKUe, npeACTaBnJIlOllVle C060H Ha60p (naKeT)
lIecKonLKBX TOHKBX nBCTOB MBrKOrO MeTallna;
. npOKAaOKU C OCH080U 8 6UOe CemKU UAU neprjjopup06QHHOZO AUCma
U3 CmaAU UAU aAJOMUHUJI C HanOllHBTeneM B3 nHCTOB rpaBTB3BpOBaH-
lIoro TepMOCTOBKOrO KapTOHa. ,l(lliI nOBLIIIIeHBJI npO'IHOCTH KapTOH
IIpOnHTLlBalOT pe3BHOB BJIH CneaJThHhIMB CBJI3yroBMB )KapOCTOB-
KHMH MaTepHallaMH.
MeTallllH'fecKaJI OK8.HTOBKa OTBepCTHJI npOKJIa,l.(KH B 30He KaMepLl
CrOp8.HWI n03BOlliIeT 3aIIUlTHTL ee OT AeBCTBWI ra30B, nOBLlCBTL ee
ynpyrocTL, npO'IHOCTL H H8,lI;e)KHOCTL. ,l.(mI C03AaHBJI 60nLIllHX YAeJIL-
IILIX AaBneHBH B 30He OKaHTOBKH TOnIIUlH)' npOIm8,ll;KH 3AecL HeCKOJILKO
YBellH'lHBaIOT.
B pAAe KOHCTpyKwW Ha Ka)K)J;OM BJIHHApe YCTaHaBnHBaIOTCJI yn-
I10THJIIOIIUle KOJIba B3 KpaCHOH MeAD BllH RJIIOMBHBJI, 3anOllHJIIOBe
KOJILeBLle K8.HaBKH Topa rHJIb3L1 npH 3aTJI>KKe amcepHLIx mnBneK
(60nTOB). B BLlCOKOOpCHpOB8.HHhIX ABBraTeJUIX aHallOrH'IHLIM o6pa-
'JOM MOryr HcnonL30BaTbCJI npOKJIa,l.(KH H3 MSIT'KOB CTallH.
,l(lliI ynnoTHeHBJI BOAO- H MacnOnpOBOAminiX ic8.HanOB B npOKJIa.mce
YCT8.HaBllHBaIOT pe3HHOBLle KOJIba.
HiDKmlJI DOJIOBHHa KapTepa BbillOnHJIeT pOJIL pe3epByapa AlliI c60pa
H Xp8.HeHWI Macna H H3rOTOBlliIeTCJI nH60 mTaMllOBKOB H3 llHCTOBOB
CTaJIH TOHHOH 1...1,5 MM, nB60 OTllHBaeTCJI H3 aJllOMHHBeBOrO cnna-
Ba. ,l(lliI nOBLIIIIeHHJI )KecTKOCTB H BHTeHcHBKan;BH OXll8.)K)J;eHBJI ero
BHy-rpeHHIOIO H HapY)I(Hyro nOBepXHoCTB B pAAe cny'faeB OpepJIlOT,
a B 30He CTbIKa C BepXHeB nonoBHHoB KapTepa npBBapHBalOT nnaCTBHY
H3 nHcToBoB CTaJIH. ,l(nJI repMeTB3an;BH B CHIDKeHHJI mYMoH3nY'feHHJI
nOMOHa ero B30nBpyroT OT BepXHeii 'faCTB KapTepa C nOMOID;L1O cneH-
allbHhIX npOKJI8,lI;OK.
B np8.KTHKe cOBpeMeHHoro ,lUJHraTeneCTpoeHIDI Bce 60JILmee pac-
npOCTp8.HeHHe nOJIY'lalOT eJILHOnBTLle KOHCTpyKIVIH HIDKHeH 'faCTH
KapTepa, B KOTOpLIX KpLlIIIKH KOpeHHhIX onop H MacmmLIii nOMOH
06'LCADHeHLI B OAHOM 6noKe. TIpH 3TOM cyecTBeHHO nOBLIIIIaeTCJI
)KecTKOCTL Kopnyca, }'MeHLmaIOTCJI AeopManuH B nOBLIIIIae-rCJI cooc-
HOCTL KopeHHhIX onop.

4.2. I..{H.JIlIH,l(PLI If KAPTEPLI J];BlIT ATEJIEii
C B03WIIIHLIM OXJIA)K,l.(EHHEM
Kopnyc ABBraTelliI C B03AYIIIHbIM Oxna)K)J;eHHeM 06L1'IHO COCTOBT H3
KapTepa C YCTaHOBneHHhIMH Ha HM OTAenbHbIMH JIHHApaMB.
B nenn. BHTeHcHcpHKan;BH OTBOAa TennOTbI OT AeTalleB, cpopMB-
pyroHX KaMepy cropaHWI, HapY)l(HYIO nOBepXHOCTL .QHJIHHAPOB H ro-
113

JIOBOIC JIHHApOB Ope6pJlIOT. 06hl'lHo lCo3$HeHT Ope6peHHJI-
OTHOmeHHe nJIOIQa,zJ;H ICOHTaKTa C OXJIaroIQHM B03.n;YXOM Hapy>ICHoii
nOBepXHOCTH n;HJIBH.n;poB K BeJIH'lHHe ICOHTaICTa BHyTpeHHeii nOBepX-
HOCTB n;HJIHH.l1:pOB COCTaBJIJleT B aBTOTpalCTOpHLIX ,Z:(BC 15...23.
,D;omI TenJIOThI, ICOTOpaJi OTBO.n;BTCB: '1epe3 cHCTeMY OXJ1aJlC,lJ;eHWI
H npaxO.n;BTCB: Ha rOJIOBKY n;HJIHH.l1:pa, COCTaBJIB:eT .n;mr .n;B3eJIeii 45...60%
H,/J;JIJI ,Z:(cM3 60...75%. B TaKOM)lCe COOTHomeHHH HaXO,WITCB: H nJIOIQa,zJ;H
ax ope6peHHB:.
no cnoco6y HICCHB n;BJIBH.n;pOB Ha lCapTepe p3.3JIH'IaIOT CJIe.n;y-
lOIn;He CHJIOBhIe CXeMhllCopnycOB ,Z:(BC (PHC. 4.7):
. C HecYIn;HMB n;HJIHHAPaMB, lCor.n;a CHJIhI .n;3.BJ1eHWI r3.30B BOC-
npHHHMaIOTCB: CTemcaMB n;HJIpa; npH :nOM rOJIOBlCa K .n;HJIHHAPY,
a TaK)lCe n;BJIHH.n;p IC onopHOM}' c1Jmmn;y lCapTepa ICpemrrCB: ICOpoTKHMH
IImBJIblCaMB;
. C HeCYIn;HMB CHJIOBhIMH IImHJIbICaMB, lCor.n;a rOJIOBlCa n;BJIHH.l1:pa
H n;HJIHHAP c1JHICCHpyIOTCB: Ha KapTepe C nOMOIn;b1O ,/J;JIHHHbIX IImHJIelC;
npH 3TOM rOJIOBlCa H n;HJIBHAp C)lCHMaIOTCB: YCHJIBJlMH npe,/J;BapHTeJIbHOii
3aTSJJKKH IImHJIelC.
Ope6peHHble I#UJtUHapbl ,D;BC B03.n;yIIIHoro OXJIeHHB: H3rOTOBIDIIOT
OTJIHBICOii H3 '1yryHa HJIH aJIlOMBHHeBLIX CllJIaBOB. B pJl,lJ;e CJIY'IaeB
Hcnonb3yIOT 6HMeT8JIJIH'IeclCHe n;HJIHHAPbl, npe.n;CfaBIDIIOIQHH co6oii '1Y-
ryHHyIO rHJlb3Y C HanpeCCOBaHHoii (3aJIHToii) Ha Hee aJIlOMHHHeBOH
ope6peHHoii BTYJIKoii (PHC. 4.8). Bo BTOpOM cJIY'Iae o6eCne'IHBae-rcSI
nY'lIII8JI TellJIOnepe.n;a'la OT n;HJIBHApa K ope6peHHoii BTynlCe BCJIe.n;CTBHe
60JIee lCa'lecTBeHHOro ICOHTalCTa MeTaJIna rHJlb3hI H 3neMeHTOB ope6pe-
HID! n;BJIHH.n;pa.
B n;BJIHH.l1:Pax H3 8JIIOMBHHeBhIX CllJIaBOB Ha BH}'TpeHHIOIO pa6o'lYIO
IIOBepXHOCTb HaHocn Cnen;H8JIbHOe npoTHBoH3HocHoe aHTHICopp03HOH-
Hoe IIOKpblTHe (B npOCTeiimeM CJIy'lae CJIoii nopHCforo xpOMa).
a
6
6
a
PRc. 4.7. CHJIoBhle cxeMLI ,nBC c B03-
BhIM OXJI8.Z,AeBHeM:
a - c B IIIIJIHII,!\I)aMB; 6 - C BecyJURMB
CBJIOIIbIMB IIIIIIIJlldaMB
114
Pac. 4.8. I..\BJmB;IpIoi nBC C BO
OXJIRz.AeBBCM
a - MOBOMeTIIJIJIB'ICCIBC; 6 - 6BMCT8JI-
JIH'ICCIBC

Ope6peooaJI '1aCTb HJIHu.npa, COCTaBmIIOIQaJI 45...55% BceH ero
JUIHHhI, Oa'lHHaerCJI oenocpe,UCTBeooo OT CThIKa C rOJIOBXOH H ,UOXO,Z:{llT
AO 30HhI pacnoJImxelIIDI nopIlIHeBhIX ICOJIe npH nOJIO)[(eHHH nopmHJ.I
oHMT.
reOMerpH'IecICHe napaMeTphI pe6ep H HX XOJIlf'leCTBO onpe,UemIlOTcg
ueJIH'lHHoH llJIOIQ8,l{H nOBepXHoCTH OXJIaeHIDI HJIHH.lI:pa H TeXHOJIO-
J'H'IeCICHMH B03MO:>KHOCTJIMH npoH3Bo,UcTBa. HaH60JIee paQHOOaJIbOOH
1}>0pMOH nonepe'lHoro Ce'leHHJI pe6pa JIBIDIeTCg TpanelUleBH,lJ;HaJI. CTeo-
KH IUIJIHu.n;pa C pe6paMH COe,Z:{llHJIlOT nJIaBHhIMH nepexo,UaMH B BH,lJ;e lJ.yr
oICpyJKHOCTeH. Ha HHTeOCHBOOCTb TenJIOOTBOlJ.a OT pe6ep cyIQeCTBeooo
IJJlID!eT mar MC)[()J.Y HHMH. OKoJIO 1/3 mara npHXOIJ.HTCJI Ha TO.J1IQHHY
pe6pa. ECJIH mar HeIJ.OCTaTO'leO, TO Y OCOOBaHHJI B npoMexcYTxe Me)[(IJ.Y
pe6paMH 06pa3YIOTCJI 3aCToiiHhIe <<MepTBhIe» 30HhI H 3cpcpeXTHBOag
1I0BepXHOCTb OXJIIDX,D;eOID! YMeHbmaerCJI. B npaxTlf'leCICHX XOOCTpYKWi-
)IX BeJIH'lHHa mara OaxOIJ.HTCJI B npelJ.eJIax OT 8 11.0 3,5 MM.
BhICOTa pe6ep IUIJIHHlJ.pOB 06hI'111o oe npeBbIIIIaeT 14...18 MM; ee
paQHOH3JIbOaJI BeJIH'lHHa 3aBHCHT OT TenJIOnpoBOII.HOCTH MaTepH3JIa
I{HJIHu.n;pa, a npaICTH'IecICaJI - OnpelJ.eIDIerCJI TeXHOJIOrlf'leCICHMH B03-
MO:>KHOCTJIMH JIHTeiiHoro npOH3BOIJ.CTBa. IDI 06ecnC'leBHJI OIJ.HHaxoBoH
pa,Z:{llaJIbOOH )[(ecTXOCTH ope6peHHoro IUIJIHHlJ.pa npH oeB03MO:>KHOCTH
o6ecne'IIITb OIJ.HHaXOByro BhICOT)' pe6pa no DceM)' ero nepHMerpy HX
J.eJIaIOT pa3pe3HhIMH. IIpH npHMeOeHHH BhICOICHX pe6ep C eJIbIO CBH)[(e-
IIID! HX BH6pH H myMoH3JI}"IeHHJI Me)[(lJ.)' OHMH YCT8.H8.BJIHBaIOT
CneHaJIbOhIe lJ.eMncpHpyroIQHe 3JIeMeOThI.
TeMIIepaTypa nOlJ.orpeBa B03IJ.yxa npH npOXO)[(IJ.eBHH Me)[(IJ.Y pe6-
paMH MO)[(er 1J.0CTHraTb 60...70 DC, a ero CXOPOCTb Me)[(lJ.)' pe6PaMH
J.OXO,Z:{llT 11.0 50 M/c.
TOAo8Ka IIUAUHOpa B IJ.BHraTeID.IX C B031J.YIII0hIM OXJIIDX,D;eBHeM JIBIDI-
CTCJI OIJ.HHM H3 oaH60JIee TenJIOOarpY'XeHHhIX 3JIeMeOTOB. BCJIe,UCTBHe
)Toro ee, Kax npaBHJIO, H3rOTOBmIIOT H3 3JIIOMHHHeBhIX CnJIaBOB, 06-
na.n;aroIQHX xopomeH TeruIOnpOBOIJ.HOCTblO, OTJIHBKOH B MeTa..n.nH'IecICHe
<pOpMhI. onYCTHMaJI TeMnepaTypa B ee HaH60JIee BarpeThIX 300ax
II 3TOM CJIY'Iae 1J.0JDKBa orpaBH'lHBaTbCJI 215...230°C H JIHllib KpaTICo-
"peMeOHo MO)I(eT 1J.0XOIJ.HTb 11.0 260°C. IIpH XOOCTpYHPOBaHHH rOJIOBXH
60JIbmoe BHHMaHHe YlJ.emIlOT 06eCnC'leHHIO paBOOMepHOCTH TeMnepa-
I ypooro nOIDI C eJIblO YMeobmeHHJI TepMH'leCKHX lJ.ecpopMHii rOJIOB-
KH H BepXHeH '1aCTH HJIHHlJ.pa. IIpH H3r070BJIeBHH rOJIOBKH BCJIelJ.CTBHe
CJIO:>KHOH ee xOOCPHrYPaQHH BhICOT}' pll6ep OXJIa)[(IJ.eHIDI OeJIb3JI ClJ.eJIaTb
fioJIee 50...60 MM. IIpH H3rOTOBJIeOHH prfiep cppe3epOBaHHeM YlJ.aeTCg
necXOJIbXO CXOMneHCHpOBaTb 3TOT HelJ.OCTaTOX 3a c'Ier ,lJ.OBe,UeHHJI TOJI-
ILtHBhI pe6pa ,UO 1,5 MM npH mare 3,5...4,0 MM.
repMeTH3aQHIO ra30BOrO CThIKa npH H3rOTOBJIeBHH rOJIOBOK H3
.UIIOMHHHeBOrO CUJIaBa B03MO:>KH0 06ecne'lHTb 6e3 npHMeOeOIDI npo-
IUIa.n;OK 3a C'IeT lJ.ecpopMH 3JIeMeHTOB CThIKa npH 3aTJI)[([(e CHJIOBbIX
mnHJIeK.
115

4.3. PACQETHAiI OQEHKA PA60TOcnOC06HOCTII
3JIEMEHTOB rA30BOrO CThlKA
Pa60Tocnoco6HOCTb raJOBoro CThIKa lIraTeIDI 0I:teHHB3.IOT no ero
repMeTH'lHOCTH npll peaJIH38.I:tH1i pa6o'lero npo.Qecca II no ypOBHIO
HanpIDKeHHo-.n;e«}JopMHpOBaHHOro COCTORHIDI ero 3JIeMeHTOB - nmHJIb-
KH HJIH 60JITa, npOlma.n;KH II 6JIOIca.
OcHOBHbIMH paC'leTHbIMli HarpY3KaMH Ha raJoBLIii CTbIK BBIDIIOTCB
(PIiC. 4.9, a):
. CHJIa npeapllTeJIbHOii 3anDKKH;
. HarpY3Ka OT raJoBoii CHJIbI;
. TepMll'leCKRB CHJIa, o6paJyIOll.taBCB npH rrporpeBe ,lI;BHraTeIDI BCJIe.n;-
CTBHe pa3JIH'lHbIX K03«}J«}JH.QlleHTOB JIHHeiiHoro paCillHpeHIDI 3JIeMeHTOB
CTbIKa.
O.QeHKa pa6oTocnoco6HoCTH raJOBoro CTbIKa npOBo.n;IITCB C }"IeTOM
no.n;aTJIHBOCTIi ero 3JIeMeHTOB.
CBB3b Me)KJJ:Y CHJIoii P, ynpyroii .n;e«}JopMa.QHeii l 3JIeMeHTa nOCTORH-
Horo ce'leHHB F, ,WIHHoii I II Mo.n:yJIeM ynpyrOCTIi E OIIHChlBaeTCB
3aKOHOM ryKa
l=PIIEF.
3TO Bblpa)KeHlle MOxmO npe.n;CTaBHTb B CJIe.n:yroll.teM BH):te:
p p .
l=-=-=PK
EF/l C '
me C - )KecTKOCTb 3JIeMeHTa; C=EFll, HIM; K - no.n;aTJIHBOCTb 3JIe-
MeHTa: K=II(EF)= IIC, M/H.
IIo.n; .n;eiiCTBlieM CHJIbI npe.n;BapllTeJIbHOii 3aTIDKKH nmHJIbKH/60JITa
Pup .n;e«}JopMHPYIOTCB .n;eTaJIH ra30Boro CThIKa: DKHM3.IOTCB rOJIOBKa,
npOIma.n;Ka II pa60'laB '1aCTb 6JIOKa npll O.D:HOBpeMeHHOM paCTIDKeHIIH
nmHJIbKH (PIiC. 4.9, 6).
IIpli peaJIH38.I:tHH pa6o'lero npo.Qecca raJOBaJI CHJIa CKHMaeT rOJIOB-
KY II paCnITIiBaeT IIIIIHJIbKY, a .n;e«}JopM8.I:tH1i npOlma.n;KH II 6JIOKa YMeHb-
ill3.lOTCB - npOllcxo.n;IIT paJrpY3Ka raJOBoro CThIKa. EcTeCTBeHHo, ec.rrH
HeT paJrepMeTlI3a.QIIH CTblKa, TO npllpaI.QeHHe .n;e«}JopMa.QHii IIInHJIbKH
H roJIOBKH A(A.nn + AroJ paBHO rrpllpaI.QeHlllO .n;e«}JopMa.QHii rrpOKJIa.n;KH
II 6JIOKa A(lup + lruJ. ,D;IDI Har.JUI,l:tHOCTIi BhlBO.n;OB 06paTIIMCB K .D:IIarpaM-
Me CHJIa - .n;e«}JopMa.QIDl B BH):te, rrOKaJ8.HHOM Ha pliC. 4.9, 8.
CHJIa Ha CTblKe npu za3006MeHe 6Y.D:eT p8.BHa cyMMe CHJI npe.n;-
BapllTeJIbHOii 3aTIDKKH II TepMH'IecKoii Ph '1TO COOTBeTBYeT MUHU-
MaAbHOu. CUAe, pacmJlZu8aJOUleu. umUAbKY:
Pr:r = Pup + P,=P pmin .
116

co_ - c 
 _3  P cr
-A
A..-on +Anp +A 6n
p
0..-
+
o..'l
Awn + A,on
a
Q.
o..
A
Awn+ A,an A np +A 6n
6
p
- 1 - ! ---- - ff - --- -
--- ---- -
0..  0.. 


___ I. ____ ___ __ _

-
A
"t
6
PRe. 4.9. K oeBIe Be:J[HOCTH 3JIeMeHTOB raJOBoro CThiia HraTeJIJl:
a - p8C'reTII8JI CXCMa; 6 - Jle4IoPMIIIVIJI 3J1eMeBTOB CI'hIJ[a IIpB 3a'I"JlJlXC;
II - arpaMMa Jle4!oPMazprli
EcJIB npe,ZJ;IIOnmKHTb, 'iTO r330BaSI CHJIa, HarpY)K8.IOmaSI rOnOBKY,
paBHOMepHO BOCnpHHHMaeTCSI mnHJIbKaMH, OTHOCSIInHMIICSI K )};8.BHOMY
IHJlHH.APY, TO MaKCHM8.JIbHOe ee 3Ha'ieHHe, npHXOAAIQeeCSI Ha O)};HY
I UllHJIbKY, Onpe)};enSIeTCSI KaIC Pz=Pz/i, r)};e Pz=pz1tD/4-MaKCH-
M8.JIbH8JI CHJIa )};3.BneHIDI r330B )};efCTBHTenbHOrO HlC.JIa Ha paC'ieTHOM
117

pe)fQIMe; i - ICOJIlf'leCTBO nIllHJIelC, npBXO,WIlI(HXCJl Ha OHH :QHJIHH,ZJ;P;
pz - MaICCHMaJIbHOe aBJIeHHe pa6o'lero :QHICJIa; Dnp - ,wI8.MeTp OTBep-
CTHJl B npOICJI3JtlCe.
B pe3YAbmame eUCm8UR 2a3080U CUAbl Ha eTa..n:B CHJIOBOB CXeMbI
,WIBraTeIDI:
. CBJIa Ha CTbIICe YMeHblliaeTCJI Ha BeJIH1lBH}' I1P B paBHa
P = (P np + P,) -I1P;
. e4>opM3.:QIIB npOICJI3Jt1CB B 6JIoICa }'MeHblliaTCJl Ha BeJIII'IBH}'
11(4 + lwJ;
. llinHJIblCa B rOJIOBlCa OnOJIHBTeJIbHO 6y lJ.YT HarpyxeHbI CBJIOB
P'z-11P B MaICCHMaJIbH3JI CBJIa, paCTJIrBBalOmaJI llillBJIbICY, 6yeT paBHa
P pmax = P+ p;,= (P np + P j )+ p;,-I1P;
. e4>opMa:QHB llillBJIbICB B rOJIOBICB YBeJIB'IaTCJI Ha BeJIB'lBH}'
11(A.m. + ArOJ).
C }"IeTOM Toro, '1TO 11(4+lwJ=I1(A.m.+AroJ B )..=PK, nOJI}"IBM
I1(Knp + KoJ =(Pz-I1P)(Kmn + KroJ.
llocJIe npeo6pa30B8.HuB OICOH'IaTeJIbHO no.rry'IBM
11P= p;, Kmn + K roJI = p;,  + K roJI .
 + Krorr+ Knp + K.w. I:.K
CBJIa, OnOJIHBTeJIbHO paCTJIrBBaIOmaJI llillBJIbICY B C)ICBMaIOmaJI
rOJIOBICY :QHJIHH,ZJ;pa,
p'_I1P= P'. Knp+K6JI = P'
z z EX X z,
re X - lCo34>«P B :QHeHT OnOJIHBTeJIbHOB HarpY3ICH pe3b6oBOrO coe-
romeRWl: X = (Knp + KoJ/I:.K. MaICCHMaJIbH3JI CBJIa, paCTJIrBBaIOmaJl
llillBJIbICY B ClCHMaIOmaJI rOJIOBICY,
P pmax = (Pnp + P,) + xP'.:.
3Ha'leHIDI X onpeeJlSnOTCJI COOTHomeHBeM nOaTJIBBOCTeH 3JIeMeH-
TOB CThIlCa. "tleM 60JIbme COBOlCynHaJI HX nOaTJIHBOCTb, TeM MeHbmaJI
'1aCTb ra30BOB CBJIbI 6YeT Harpyx<:aTb CBJIOB}'IO llillBJIbICY. TalC, IDI
)J;BC C ICOpOTICBMB (xecTICHMB) CHJIOBbIMB IIIllHJIblCaMB X HaxOAATCJI
B npeeJIax 0,06...0,07 (O 0,15), B TO BpeMJI lCaIC npB OTHOCBTeJIbHO
YAJIHHeHHbIX (noaTJIBBbIX) llillBJIblCax - 0,03...0,04. MeHbnme 3Ha'le-
HIDI X xapaICTepHbI AJISI ICOHCTpyICD;uB, B ICOTOpbIX BCnOJIb3}'1OTCJI eT3JIH
B3 aJIIOMHHBeBOrO CllJIaBa.
118

YCJIOBHe HepaClCphITBJl r3.30BOrO CThIICa MO)KeT 6hITL C4>OPMYJIH-
pOBaHO B BH,lI;e P:O UJIH P:=(Pnp+Pt)+(I-X)P;O. C Y'IeTOM
TOrO, 'fTO TepMH'lecICaJI CHJIa YBeJIH'lHBaeT repMeTH3Hpyromuii 34>4>eICT
npeABapHTeJILHOH 3aTJDI(J(H, BeJIH'lHH)' P np CJIeAyeT OnpeAeIDITL npH ee
OTcyTCTBHH (HanpHMep, npu XOJIOAHOM 3anYCICe). OTCIOAa MHHHMaJIL-
HaJI CHJIa 3aTJDI(J(H P npmin = (1- X)p;. )];IDI AOCTlDICeHIDI Tpe6yeMoH Ha-
AexcHOCTH CThIICa CHny 3aTJDI(J(H YBeJIH'lHBalOT H P np = m (1- X)p;. K034>-
4>lII{HeHT 3anaCa m npHHHMaeTCJl p8.BHLIM 1,3...3. MeHLnme 3Ha'feHHJl
OTHOCJlTCJl IC )J;cM3, 60JILmHe - IC BLICOIC04>OpcHpoBaJlHLIM AH3eIDIM
C HaM}'BoM.
TepMH'IecICaJI CHJIa Pt MO)KeT 6LlTL onpeAeJIeHa H3 COOTHOmeHHJl
Ae4>opMii 3JIeMeHTOB CTLIKa npH ero HarpeBe AO pa6o'feii TeM-
nepaTYpLI:
rlron1rwr.!!..tron + a.nplnp!!..tnp + a.w.16n!!..t6n - a.umlum!!..t um =
= KI'OIIPt + KnpPt + Km,.P t + K.m,P t ,
OTICYAa
(CXrOJllronl1tI'OIl + a.nplnpl1tnp + a.w.16nl1t6n'> - ClmnlumMum
= .
:EK
3AecL a. - ICo34>4>HD;HeHT JIHHeiiHoro pacnmpeHHa; !!..t - TeMDepaTYpa
nOAorpeBa cooTBeTCTByroIn;erO 3JIeMeHTa CThIICa. TorAa
Ppmin=Pnp+P t ; PplDMX=Pnp+Pt+XP;; P:=Pnp+P t -(1-X)p;.
IIo H3BeCTHLIM napaMeTp8M D;.HICJIa HarpY)KeHHJl nmHJILICH onpeAe-
mllOT HanpIDICeHIDl B pe3L6oBOH 'faCTH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIn;ue ee MHHH-
MaJILHOM)' AH8MeTpy:
_ P plDMX _ Pnp+Pt+x Pnp+Pt
U lDMX --- , Umin=--.
Fop Fop Fop
K034>4>lII{HeHT ICOHn;eHTpHH HanpIDICeHIDI K,.I(f.f.;) WUl nmHJIeIC H3
.JIempoBaHHLIX cTaJIeii - 4...5,5. Ko3<}>4>Hn;HeHT 3anaca npO'IHOCTH
nmHJILICH n(l HaxOAHTCJl B npeAeJIax 1,3...2.
M3 aH8JIH3a xapaICTepa CHJI, Harp}')IC.aIOIItHx CHJIOByro IIfiIHJILICY,
CJIeAYeT, 'fTO HaH60JIee TJDKeJILIe YCJIOBHJl ee pa60TLI HMelOT MeCTO Ha
pe)KHMe M8ICCHMaJILHOrO ICpYTmn;ero MOMeHTa.
IIo.rryqeHHLIe 38.BHCHMOCTH n03BOJIJIIOT nporHo3HpOBaTL nOBeAeHHe
3JIeMeHTOB r3.30BOrO CThIICa B p3.3JIH'lHLIX YCJIOBHJlX 3ICCllJIyaTan;HH. IIpH
neperpeBe ABHraTeIDI B pe3YJILTaTe HapymeHHJl CrOpaHIDl HJIH H3-3a
HapymeHIDI pa60ThI CHCTeMLI OXJIa.xc.neHHJl npoHcxoAHT pOCT CHJILI Pt H,
ICaIC CJIeACTBHe, DmHJILICa BocnpHillfMaeT AOnOJIHHTeJILHLle HarpY3ICH.
119

IIpH nepexoHhIX pe)I(HMax pa60TbI BHTaTeIDI B03paCTaeT BepmITHOCTb
«3a6poca» Pz, '1TO eJIaeT BepOJITHblM yseJIH'leHHe HarpY3KH Ha mnHJIb-
KY H }'MeHbmeHHe CHJI Ha CTblKe P:.
BIDIrnbIM npH MOHTIDKe JIBJIJleTCJI OCTIDKeHHe Tpe6yeMoH CHJIbI
npeABapHTeJIbHOH 3aTIDI(I(H, YCTaH3.BJIHBaeMOH HHCTpHeH 3aBOa-H3-
rOTOBHTeJIJI H npoBepJleMOH C nOMOIIn>1O HHaMOMeTpH'IeCKOrO ICJIIO'Ia.
IIocJIeoBaTeJIbHoCTb 3aTIDI(I(H mnHJIeK/60JITOB, CTpOrO onpeeJIeHH8.JI
AIDI 06ecne'leHHJI OHHaKOBOH e«l>opMa 3JIeMeHTOB no BceM)' 06'b-
eMY rOJIOBKH n;HJIpOB.
3HMOH B YCJIOBHJIX HH3KHX TeMllepaT}'p OKPY)I(aroeH cpe,l{bl Kpaii-
Hero CeBepa npH XOJIO,nHOM 3anYCKe BHraTeIDI C aJIlOMHHHeBOH rOJIOB-
KOH H '1yrYHHbIM 6JIOKOM B03MO:xrn0 paCKpblTHe ra30BOrO CTblICa H3-3a
Toro, '1TO TepMH'leCKajl CHJIa npHHHMaeT OTpHn;aTeJIbHOe 3Ha'leHHe npH
Ml{HYCOBbIX TeMllepaTYpax.

rJIABA 5
nOPDIHEBMI rpYIll1A
nopmHeBWI rpynna BlUIlO'IaeT B ce6x nopmem, nopmHeBhIe KOJIbQa
(YDJIOTHHTeJlbHhIe H MaCJIOC'beMHhIe), nopmHeBoH naJIeQ H 3J1eMeHThI,
OrpaHH'lllBalOIQHe ero oceBble nepeMeIQeHHX.
lIopr.ueH& BocnpHHHMaeT ,lJ;aBJleHHe ra.30B, pa3BHBaJOIQeecx B QHlIHH-
J'pe npH peaJIH38.Q11H B HeM pa60'lero QHlCJIa, H 'Icpe3 naJIeQ nepe,lJ;aeT
yCHJlHe Ha maTYH.
AID! repMeTH3aQIIH BHYTPHQllJI.HH.n:POBOro npOCTpaHCTBa KOHCTPYIC-
IUUI nopmHJI COBMeCTHO C CHCTeMOH KOMnpeCCUOHHblX KO.lfl!¥ 06Pa.3yK>T
na6HpHHTHoe ero YDJIOTHeHHe.
PaBHoMepHoe pacnpe,lJ;eJleHHe MaCJIa no 3epKa.rry QIIlIHH,ZJ;pa H npe-
J,OTBp3.IQeHHe nOna,lJ;aHHX H36bITo'lHOrO ero KOJIH1lecTBa B KaMepy cro-
paHHX peaJIH3yK>TCX C nOMOlQb1O MaC.lfOC'beMHblX KO.lfelJ.
B npoQecce pa60ThI .lJ;BHraTeJIJI 3J1eMeHTbI nopwneBoH rpynllhI
1I0.lJ;Bep)J(eHhI B03,lJ;eHCTBHIO Ha HHX HHTeHCHBHblX nepeMeHHhIX Mexa-
IIH'IeclCHX (OT r3.30BhIX H HHepqROHHhIX CHJI) H TenJlOBLIX (B pe3YJlb-
raTe qRlCJlH'lecKoro H3MeHeHHX TeMnepaTyphI pa60'lero TeJla) Harpy-
.'OK. K OC06eHHOCTJlM YCJIOBHH pa60ThI, BJIHJIIOII{HX Ha KOHCTPYIC-
Juno ,lJ;eTaJIeii nopmHeBoH rpYIlIIbl, CJle.ZJ;yeT OTHecTH 60JlbmHe CKOpO-
cm OTHOCHTeJIbHOrO nepeMeIQeHIDI 3J1eMeHTOB HX. TpyIQHX.CX coIIpJIXCe-
ImH npH BhlCOICHX y,lJ;CJIbHblX ,lJ;aBJleHIDlX Mey HHMH, y,lJ;apHble JIBJle-
IIIDI, conpOBOalOIQHe nepeMeIQeHHe (<<nepeKJI8.nKY») nopmHJI
u npe,lJ;eJlax 33.30pa MeJE.D;y nopmHeM H qKJT"dH.ApoM no,lJ; ,lJ;eiiCTBHeM
OOKOBOH CIIJIbI N, a TaK:JICe KOHTaKT C pa60'lHM TCJIOM, CO,lJ;ep:JICa.m;HM
ICOppo3HOHHO aKTHBHble KOMnOHeHTbI H m...- ":IOII(HM BLICOKylO TeM-
nepaTypy.
Cne,lJ;YeT OTMCTHTb, 'lT0 MeXaHH'ICCUe nOTepH Ha TpeHHe Me:JIC,lJ;y
JJleMCHTaMH QlllIHH,ZJ;ponopmHcBoH rpynnbl COCTaBmDOT 45...650/. OT
c}'MMapHbIX nOTepb Ha TpeHHC B ABC; H3 HHX. ,lJ;0 50% npHX.O.lJ;llTCJI Ha
,lJ;OJIlO conpJDE:cHHJI nopIDHeBhIe KC\JIbQa - 3CpKaJIO QHJI.HH.n:pa.
121

5.1. nOPIIIEHL
cI>YHKOHaJIbHoe Ha:ma'feHHe H YCJIOBHH pa60TbI nopmIDI npe,non-
pe,neJIJilOT CJIe.nyIOHe Tpe60BaHIDI K ero KOHCTpHH:
. cl>opMHpOBaHHe 3a.n;aHHoH KOHcl>mYPaJUlH K8.MepbI Crop8.HIDI;
. Ha.n;eXCHaH repMeTH3an;HH BuyrpHn;HJIHH,npOBOrO npoCTp8.HCTBa
(YTe'IKH pa6o'lero TeJIa B KapTep He ,nOJIJKHbI npeBbIIllaTb 0,5...1 % OT
pacxo,na B03.nyxa);
. npe,noTBpaeHHe nona,n8.HHH '1pe3MepHoro KOJIH1IeCTBa MaCJIa
B K8.Mepy CrOp3.IIIDI, pacxo,n MaCJIa Ha yrap ,nOJDKeH 6hITb He 60JIee
0,3...0,6% pacxo,na TOllJIHBa;
· YMem.meHHe TenJIOBocnpHHM'lHBOCTH ,WIHI.D;a H o6ecne'leHHe 3<1>-
cI>eKTHBHoro TellJIOOTBo,na OT rOJIOBKH nopIllHH B CTeHKH n;HJlHH,npa;
. ,nOCTIDKeHHe MHHHMaJIbHO B03MOXCHOH KOHCTpyKTHBHOH MaCCbI
npH ,noCTaTO'IHOH npo'IHOCTH H >KeCTKOCTH;
. YMem.meHHe pa60TbI TpeHIDI 3JIeMeHTOB nopmHeBoH rpynnbI
H o6ecne'leHHe HX BbICOKOH H3HOCOCTOHKOCTH;
. o6eCne'leHHe CTa6HJIbBOCTH BeJIH'IHH 3a30poB Me)I(,L{y .3JIeMeHTaMH
noplIIIDI H 3epKaJIOM :n;HJIHH,npa Ha pa3JIH'lHbIx pe'KHMax pa60TbI ,nBma-
TeJIH.
B KOHCTpHH nopIllHH npHIDITo BLr,lI;eJIJITb (PHC. 5.1): ZOll08KY 1,
B cl>YHKD;HH KOTOpOH BXO,nHT cl>opMHpOBaHHe K8.MepbI CrOp8.HHH, TellJIO-
OTBO,n OCBOBHOH ,nOJIH TellJIOTbI, BocnpHHHMaeMoH nopmHeM OT pa6o-
'fero TeJIa, H rt"pMeTH3an;HH BayTpHn;HJIHH,npOBOrO npoCTp8.HCTBa; 106KY
2, 3a,na'la KOTOpoii - BocnpHHTHe JUlH8.MH'IecKHX HarpY30K H o6ecne'le-
HHe ,nBIDKeHHH nopmIDI B n;HJIHH){pe 6e3 nepeKocoB. KOHCTpYKIPlIO
rOJIOBKH cl>OpMHPYlOT i)Hue 3, OZHe80U (:HCap080u) 4 H ynllomHRlOU/-uu
5 nORca. I06Ka nopmIDI COCTOHT H3 60-
6blUleK 6 H Hanp(18.IIRlOU/-eU '1acmu.
Ha pHC. 5.2 H 5.3 npe,ncTaBJIeHbI TH-
llH'lHbIe KOHCTpYKIPlH nopIllHeii aBToTpa-
KTOpHhIX ,nBHraTeJIeii p8.3JIH'lHoro THlla.
KOHCTpIDI ,WImn;a nopmHeii onpe-
,neJUIeTCH THllOM ,nBHraTeIDI, npHIDITbIM
cnoco6oM cMeceo6p8.30BaHHH H cl>opMoii
K8.MepbI crop8.HHH. IIopIllHH C llJIOCKHM
.lUIHIIteM H3.H6oJIee pacnpoCTpaHeHbI
B )];cM3, a T8.IOKe B ,nH3eJUIX C p8.3,neJIeH-
IIbIMH K8.Mep8.MH CrOp8.HHH. TaKaH KOHCT-
PYKIPIH o6ecne'IHBaeT HaHMem.mylO Ten-
PRe. 5.1. Oc8oBBLle 3JIeMeRTLI JIOBOCnpHHM'IHBOCTb ,l(HHa, a T8.IOKe
1}:0pWHJ1: ynpoaeT TexaonorHIO H3rOTOBJIeHHH
nopmIDI. B l(cM3 Moryr Hcnonb30BaTbCH
1- I'OJIOBIa; 2-lo6u; 3- e;
4, j- omcBOB (JDpoBOii) B ynnOT- TaK>Ke nopIllHH C BhIllyKJILIM (c BhITecHH-
HJIIOII(HIi DOJIC&; 6- 606&mm1 TeJIeM AJUI o6ecne'leHWI Tpe6yeMoii CTe-
3
4
6
2
122

I
PRe. 5.2. KOBClpJl noplllHeii: Jleii:
I pe6pa, coe.zlBUlODVle e B 606LIIIIKB nopDIllll; 2- 606LmID co CIODIeHHhIM IIII}'I"pCBBBM
TOP1l0M; 3- B&Ipe3 non an8JI
neHH CXCaTHJI) H BornyrhIM .z:tHHmeM. B ,WI3eJIJIX C ofu.eMHhlM, npHcre-
HO'IHhIM H 06'LeMHO-npHcreHO'IHhIM cMeceo6pa30BaHHeM K8.Mepa cropa-
IIIDI paCnOJIaraeTCJI B rOJIOBKe nOpillIDI. Ee reOMeTpHqecKHe napaMeTphI
CTporO COrJIaCyroTCJI C paCnOJIOx<eHHeM OPCYHKH, KOJIHqecrBoM H pac-
IIpe.n;eJIeHHeM no o6'beM}' K8.MephI aKeJIOB paCnhIJIJIeMOrO TOUJIBBa,
a 06'LeM onpe.n;emleTCJI npBHSITOH creneHblO CXCaTHJI.
CJIoxaUUI KOHBrYPJI nopillIDI, 6hICTpO MeIDllOmHecJI no BeJIH-
'1HHe H HanpaBJIeHHIO TeUJIOBhIe nOTOKH, B03.n;eHCTByromHe Ha ero 3JIe-
MeHThI, npBBOJU[T K 60JIbillHM rpa.ZJ:HeHTaM TeMllepaTYP no ero 06'beMY
H, KaK CJIe.n;CTBHe, K 3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIM nepeMeHHbIM no BpeMeHH JIOKaJIb-
IlhIM TepMH'leCKHM HanpJDKeHWIM H .n;eopM (CM. pHC. 3.4).
TellJIOTa, BocnpBHHMaeMaJI rOJIOBKOH nOpIIIHJI OT pa6oqero TeJIa,
o rBo.n;HTCJI B CHCTeMY OXJULxc.n;eHIDI qepe3 OT.n;eJIbHhIe ero 3JIeMeHThI
8 CJIe.n;yromeM COOTHOilleHHH (%): B OXJlaJK,ZJ;aeMYIO cremey D:HJIHH.lI:pa
'lepe3 KOMllpecCHOHHble KOJIba - 60... 70, epe3 106KY nopmWI-
20...30, B cHcreM}' CMa3KH Qepe3 BH}'TpellHlOlO nOBepXHocrb .ZJ:HllIIta
1I0pmHJI - 5...10. IIopmeHb TaK)lCe BocnpHHHM r 1eT QaCTb TenJIOThI, BhI-
e.JllllOmeHCJI B pe3YJIbTaTe TpeHIDI Mexc.n:y 3JIeMeHTaMH nopnmeBoH
.'pynllbI H D:HJIHH.lI:pa.
,ZJ;.JllI nopmHeH cOBpeMeHHbIX aBTOTpaKTOpHbIX ):tBBraTeJIeH xapaK-
repHbI cJIe.n:yroID:He 3KcnAyamalluoHHble iJe(JeKmbl:
. H3HOC H pa3pymeHHe nosepxHocTeH BepXHeH KOJIbD:eBOH KaHaBKH;
. p8.3pymeHHe (nporap) .n;HHma nOpIllHJI;
123

5
[r
1
3
Pac. 5.3. IIoplllBH HraTeJIeH e HCIpOBLIM 3U1:HraBHeM:
J- TepMOperyJIHP}'IOIl\1UI JlCTlUlKa; 2- T-06pa3B1UI npope3b; 3- BCTaBU ][8B8B1IB OOA ncplloc ][OMn-
pcccHOHBOC ][OJ1b!iO; 4-- 30Ba Bw60plIB MCTaJ1JIa AJIJI noAI"OBDl no Macce; 5- noncpeomu npope3b;
_ .IIC38II:CIIK
. nmnmeHHe TpeHH H 06rOpaHHe ICpOMOIC lC8.MepLI CrOpaHmI;
. neperpeB 30HhI lCaHaBlCB BepXHerO ICOMIIpeCCHOHHOrO ICOJIba c no-
Tepeii ero nO,[J;BIDICHOCTH;
. HHTeHCHBHoe OTJIO)ICeHHe Harapa Ha 3JIeMeHTax rOJIOBICB nOpIllHJI;
. H3.BOJI8.KHB3.HHe MeTaJIJIa H 3aro1pLI Ha 3JIeMeHTax HJIHH,LI;ponop-
nmeBOH rpynIIhl;
. H3HOC 60ICOBbIX nOBepXHOCTeii 1061CB;
. 96p8.30B3.HHe TpeHH B 606hIIIIlCax noplliWl.
)J;3.HHhle .n;eICThI npHBO,WIT IC yxy.n;llieHHlO nOIC8.3aTeJIeii pa60TLI
,[J;BHraTeJIJI, BnJIOTb .n;o BbIXo.n;a ero H3 CTpOJI, H CBJI3aHhl, XU npaBHJIO,
C }'MeHbllieHHeM MOll.{HOCTH. nOBbUIIeHHeM pacxo.n;a TOUJIHBa B MaCJIa,
CHH)lCeHBeM MOTopecypca, a TalOICe YXy.n;lliaIOT 3ICOJIOrH'leCKHe xapalC-
TepHCTHICR ABC.
124

5.1.1. KOHCfPYKTUBHLIE TIAPAMETPbI
OCHOBHbIX 3J1EMEHTOB IIOPIIIIDI
Bblcoma ZOA06KU h r onpe.n;clliIcT ra6apHThI H Maccy Bccro noplllHH,
n CBH3H C '1CM cc BhI6HpalOT MHHHM8JIbHO Hc06xo,IJ;HMOH .n;.JllI HOpMam.-
1I0ro cpYHlcn;HOHHpOBaHHH 3JICMCHTOB ynJIOTWIIOID;Cro nOHca. Oc06oe
IIJlHMaHHC npH 3TOM 06parn;aCTCH Ha TCnJIOBoe COcrOHHHC 30HhI KaHaBKH
ncpXHcro KOMllpecCHOHHoro KOJIbn;a H 606h1meK noplllIDI.
IIpH Bhl60pe BhICOThI ozue60Z0 nORca h crpeMHTCH 06CCnC'lHTb pac- I
1l0JIO)KCHHC BepXHCrO KOMllpeccHoHBoro KOJIbI:\a B npe.n;CJIax OJUIa>K.n;a-
(.MOM '1aCTH n;HJIlIH,lJ;pa npH HaXO)K,lJ;CBHH noplllHH B BMT. YBCJIH'ICBHC h, I.
I(HKryCMOC Be06xo,IJ;HMOCTblO nOMep)KaHIDl TeMllepaTypbI BepXHeH Ka-
lIaBKH Ha ypOBBC BIDKC TCMllCparypbI KOKCOBaHHH MaCJIa, npHBO,IJ;HT
K pocry TCMllCpaTyphI .n;HH.lII;a noplllBH H, CJIc.n;OBaTCJIbBO, K Bc06xo.n;H-
MOCTH YBCJIH'ICHHH MOBTaiKBoro 38.30pa MCxc.n;y OrBCBhIM nOHCOM H n;H-
IIHH.n;pOM. 3T0 BbI3h1BaCT pocr Bpe,IJ;BOrO 06"bCMa Ba.n; nCpBhIM KOMllpec-
CHOHBhIM KOJIbn;OM, '1TO yxy.n;lllaCT, OC06CBHO y ,lJ;H3CJICH, Ka'lCCTBO
pa60'lcro npon;ccca, nOBhIliHUI KOBn;CBTpan;HIO TOKCH'ICCKHX KOMllOBCB-
roB B oTpa60TaBlllHX r8.3ax.
Bbicoma ynAomuRIOUlezo nORca onpe.n;CJIHCTCH KOJIH'ICcrBOM H TOJI-
II{HBOM KOMllpeCCHOBBblX KOJICn;. B COBpeMCBBbIX ,lJ;BHraTCmlX,lJ;JIH 06ec-
IlCQCHHH 3cpcpCKTHBBoro ynJIOTBCBHH HX 'lHCJIO, KaK npaBHJIO, BC npCBhI-
lIIaCT ,lJ;Byx (PHC. 5.4) H B pJI,lJ;C CJI}"IacB .n;OBO.n;HTCH .n;o O,IJ;Horo. 60JIblllee
KOJIH'IecTBO KOJICn;, npaKTH'lCCKH BC YJIY'IIllaH rcpMCTH3an;H1O BBYTPH-
I{HJIHH,D;pOBOrO npoCTpauCTBa (PHC. 5.5), nOMHMO ysCJIH'ICHIDl MaCChI
It ra6apHTOB noplllBH npHBo.n;HT K cyID;CCTBCHHOMY B03pacraHHlO no-
rcpb Ha TpCHHC. IIpH BbI60pe HX 'lHCJIa Hc06xo.n;HMO HMCTb B BH.n;y
ralOKC H TOT cpaKT, '1TO 'ICpe3 KOMllpecCHOHHhlC KOJIbn;a OTBO.n;HTCH
.:;;:.-
::t:
.I
g
.:;;:. .:;;:.N
PRc. 5.4. IIapaMelpLl J:OBClpyITHBBhlX 3JIeMeHTOB nopllIHeBoH rpYDDLI
125

Pz 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%
Pz
PRe. 5.5. lliMeBeBHe JIe-
BHJl B JIa6HpHHTBOM ynJIOT-
BeBHH opH pa3J1H'IBOM IO-
JIH'leCTBe IOMopeCCHOBBlolX
Itone
OCHOBHIUl omI TellJ10TbI, BOCnpHHBMaeMOH nOpllmeM. 3TO 06CToSlTe-
JIbCTBO HaK.JIaaeT cym;eCTBeHHbIe Orp8.HHqeHHSl Ha MHHHMH3an;HIO HX
KOJ1H'1eCTBa H TOmn;HHhl.
B HIDKHeii qaCTH ynJIOTWUOm;ero nOSlca YCTaHaJuIHBaerCSl O,l{BO Mac-
.IIoa.eMHoe KO.llb1l0. )J.ID1 Orp8.HH'IeHHSl nocTynJ1eHHSl MaCJIa B 38.30p
Me)K):t)' 106KOii H rHJIb30ii IJ;IIJIHH,LI;pa npH 60JIbWOii ero BeJIIf1UIHe Ha
Henporpe-rOM )\BH.raTeJ1e B HIDKHeii '1aCTB 106KB BHor,n,a ycnUlaBmm8.lOT
BTopoe MaCJIOC'beMHoe KOJIbn;O.
Bblcoma Me:>fCKO.llblle8blx nepeMbl'leK hu npBHBMaerCSl npaKTB'Iecm
paBHOH BbICOTe KOJIbn;a, qTO o6ecne'DIBaeT HX .n;OCTaTO'IHYIO npO'IHOCTb.
11cKJ11O'IeHBe COCTaBIDIeT nepeMbI'IKa Me)l( nepBbIM 11 BTOpbIM KOMll-
pecCHOHHbIMH KOJIbn;aMH, KOTOplUl HMeer 60JIbillYIO BbICOTY, TalC KaK
OHa BocnpBHHMaeT BhlCOKH.e a.BJ1eHH.Sl ra30B.
,[(illI OTBo.n;a B 3aTIOpmHeBoe npOCTpaHCTBO H3JIHlIIKOB MaCJIa, CHH-
Ma.eMb1X Ma.CJlOCbeMHbIM KOJIbOM, B ,!J.HH.m;e ero KaHa.BKB ,!J.IDI Ma.CJIo-
C'beMHbIX KOJIen; BbICBepJIHB8.IOT 6...12 dpeHa:J#CHblx omnepcmuil .n;HaMeT-
poM 3...5 MM co crOpoHh1 pa6o'lH.X nOBepXHocTeii I061Q1.
TO.llUlUHY dHuUla nOpw.HR {) H8.3Haq8.lOT HCXO,WI H3 Tpe60BaHHH o6ec-
ne'leIDiSl Heo6xoAKMOrO TeIlJIOOTBO,!J.a OT 3neMeHTOB ero ronOBKB.
C }'BeJIHqeHHeM TO.lIII{HHbI .n;HIIIIJ;a CHIDKaercSl TepMHqecKoe conpoTHB-
neHH.e Ha nyTH. pacnpocrpaHeHH.Sl TennOJoro nOToKa, '1TO npH.BOH.T
K BhIpaBHHBaHHIO H CHH>KeHHlO TeMnepaTyphI 3JIeMeHTOB rOJIOBKH
nopumSl, ynY'filleHHlO YCJ10BHB pa60Th1 KOMllpeCCBOHBbIX KOnen;. no
:nOH)l(e npH'lHHe B C n;eJIbIO OrpaHHqeHHS 3HaqeHuB: JIDKaJIbHbIX rpa.u;H-
eaTOB TeMfiepaTYP nepexo,l],hl OT ,nHH.m;a nopmIDI lC. ynnoTHJIIOm;eM)'
noSlcy H 606bIllIICaM BblllOJIWUOTCSl M8.CCHBHbIMH, oco6eHHO y nopwHeii
AR3eneH.
126
.

Bblcomo 106KU h,., ,l{OmKHa 6bITb MHHHMaJIbHO ,l{OCTaTOtfHOH MB
o6ecneeHmI ,l{BIDKeHHB nOpllIHB B l{HJIHH.D;pe 6e3 nepeKOCOB. B 3TOM
c.JIY'Iae nOpmeHb npH ero nepeKJI3,lI;Ke ,l{OJDKeH KOHTaKTHpOBaTb C 3epKa-
110M QHJIHH,l{pa HIDKHeH H BepXHeH KpOMICaMH 1061CH, '1TO rapaHTHpyeT
OTCYTCTBHe KpoMO'IHOrO KOHTaKTa C l{HJIHH,l{pOM B 30He ero rOJIOBICH.
TaKHM 06pa30M, pal{HOHaJIbHag BeJIH'lHHa h,., 3aBHCHT OT BbICOTbI
("OJIOBKH nOplIIIDl, BeJIH'IHHLI ,WiaMeTpaJIbHbIX 3a30pOB Mey nopm-
lIeM H QRJIHH,ZJ;pOM B 30He rOJIOBKH H 1061CH, OT HX npoctJHJIeH no
HbICOTe.
llOAO:J#CeHue ocu nOAbllo h 2 BbI6HpalOT H3 yCJIOBmI o6ecneeHHg
paBHOMepHoro pacnpe.neJIeHIDI .n;aBJIeHWl CHJIbI N no BLICOTe 106KH,
)WCTaTOHoro ,WUl He.n;ony{QeHWl pa3pLIBa MacJIgHOH llJIemrn Ha 3ep-
Ka.rre UHJIHH.n:pa. C 3TOH QeJIbIO OCb naJIbl{a CTpeMjJ:TCB MaKCHMaJIbHO
npH6JIH3HTh K l{eHTpy Mace noplIIIDl, TO n03BOJUIeT TaK)J(e MHHHMH-
"JMpOBaTh HHTeHCHBHOCTb ero nepeKJIa.n;Kli. ,AocnrraeTcR 3TO npH Pa3-
Me{QeHHH naJIbl{a npHMepHO B cepe,l{HHe BLICOTLI 106KH nopmWl.
YMeHbmeHHlO 3HeprHH y.n;apa npH nepeKJIa.n;Ke cnoco6cTByeT TaK)J(e
CMe{QeHHe OCH OTBepcTIDI no.n; na.rrel{ OTHOCHTeJIbHO npo.n;OJIbHOH OCH
CHMMeTpHH nopmlUl B CTOpOH)' HaH60JIee HarpY)J(eHHOH ero 60KOBOH
1I0BepXHOCTH Ha BeJIH'IIIHY, paBHyIO (O,02...0,03)D. IIpH :nOM B 30He
BMT MOMeHT Haa.rra ,l{BIDKeHHB nopmHR OT -O,l{HOH CTeHICH QHJIHH.D;pa
K ,l{pyrOH He 6Y,l{eT COBn3,ll;aTb C MOMeHTOM pe3Koro HapaCT3.HIDI ,l{aBJIe-
IlmI CrOp3.HIDI.
OnopHOR OAUHO  omsepcmuil B 606blWKOX npH 3a,l{aHHOM JUiaMeTpe
IIa.JIbQa ,l{OJDKHa o6ecne'IHBaTb npHeMJIeMLIii ypOBeHb y,l{eJIbHblX ,l{aBJIe-
IIHH H, CJIe,l{OBaTeJIbHO, ,l{OCTaTO'IHYIO H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb COnpg)I{eHIDI.
BeJIH'lHHa ,l{3.HHOrO napaMeTpa ,l{OJDKHa COrJIaCOBhlBaTbCg C MHHHMaJIb-
nO Heo6xo,l{HMOH .n;JIHHOH nopIIIHeBOH rOJIOBKB maTYHa.
IIpH npoeKTHpOB3.HHH nopIIIHB B KaeCTBe HCXO,l{HbIX napaMeTpOB
HCnOJIb3YIOTCg CTaTHCTH'leCme ,l{aHHhIe no KOHCTPYKTHBHhIM pa3MepaM
em 3JIeMeHTOB (CM. pHC. 5.4, Ta6JI. 5.1).
Ta6.IIU1jiJ 5.1
I
H8HMeBOBaBBC nap3MCTpa ,l{cJ.i3 eJIB
BLlCOTa nopIDHJl H/ D 0,60...0,80 0,80...1,20
TOJlntHHa ,!I;IIHIIta nopIDHJllJ/D 0,06...0,09 0,15...0,22
BLlcoTa Jl:apOBOro nOllca h/ D 0,03...0,08 0,06...0,18
BLlcoTa nepBoH IOJIL{teBoH DepeMhI'IKH hn! D 0,04...0,05 0,05...0,08
BLlcoTa CTeBIH rOJIOBIH nopIDHJl siD 0,05...0,10 0,05...0,10
PaccTOJlHHe o OCH DaJIb/.{a hdD 0,30...0,50 0,50...0,62
ToJIIItHHa CTeBIH 106IH nopIDHJl llw, ,MM 1,50...3,00 1,50...3,50
127

-
IIpo(}O.II3ICDlUe ma611. 5.1
HIUlMClloll&Hllc II&p&MCTp& ,l{cID ,l{H3CJIB
Pa,u;H8.JI&H8.J[ TOJIJIIHHa IOJI&1Ul I:
KOMnpeCCHOBHOTO IJD 0,040...0,045 0,040...0,045
MaCJIOCDeMBOTO t"JD 0,038...0,043 0,038...0,043
BLlcoTa IOJI&Qa h..., MM 1,00...1,75 1,75...3,00
Pa,u;HaJI&BLIH 3a3Op IOJI&Qa B IaBaBIe nopIDRJI At,
MM:
IOMDpeccHOBHoro 0,70...0,95 0,70...0,95
MaCJIOC'beMBOrO 0,9...1,10 0,90...1,10
PaJHOCT& Me BeJlH'lBB8.MH 3aJOpoB 3aMIa IOJI&-
Qa B CBo6oABoM H pa60'lew COCTOJlBHJlX Sit 2,5...4,0 3,2...4,0
KOJIH'lecTBO MacJIJlllhlX OTBepCTHH B nopllIHe ;"'.0 6...12 6...12
AaaMe1p OTBepCTH MaCJIJIHOrO IaBaJIa d...o/h 0,30...0,50 0,30...0,50
Hap}'JI:BLlH Clp naJI&1Ul dn.-a!D 0,20...0,28 0,32...0,40
BByrpeBHHii ABaMe-rp n8.JI&Qa du/ilu:. 0,65...0,75 0,50...0,70
,[{.mma n8.JI&Ita I.JD 0,85...0,90 0,85...0,90
PaCCTOJIHHe M TOPU;aMH 606&mIeI h6/D 0,25...0,40 0,25...0,40
AaaMe1p 606LIWIH dr,/D 0,30...0,50 0,40...0,50
):{;mila TOJIOBIH maT}'Ba aiD 0,28...0,45 0,28...0,32
IIpBMC'i8BBC. BHyrpemnrli l1BaMC'Ip nopmBJI MM: d;=D-2(II+t+/J.t).
5.1.2. 3A30PLI ME)I(,lJ;Y 3JIEMEHTAMH
IIOPIIIIDI II .QHJIHH,ZJ;POM
3a30phI M 3JIeMeHT3.MH nopmmI B 3epICaJIOM ItBJIBH.l1:pa npB
nporpeTOM .l1:BlITaTeJIe JIBIDIIOTCJI O.l1:HBM B3 H3.B6onee BaxcHhIX napaMer-
pOB, BJIlUIJOIqIIX lCaIC Ha pa6oTocnoco6HOCTh nopmHeBOH rpynllhI, TalC
B Ha nOTpe6BTeJIhCICBe lCa'leCTBa .l1:BlITaTeillI B QeJIOM. HaJIB'lBe 3a:JOpOB
B BX BeJIB'IBHa 38.BBCJIT OT ypoBHeH MeXaHB'leCICOH B TenJIOBOH Har-
pY)ICeHHOCTB 3JIeMeHTOB QBJIBH.l1:pOnOpmHeBOH rpynnhI, COOTHomeHIDI
ICOHCTpyICTHBHhIX napaMe1"pOB B TennOcPB3B'IeclCHX CBOHCTB MaTepBanOB
BX 3neMeHTOB.
ITpo6neMa cTa6HJIH3anBB BeJIB'lBHhI 38.30pOB B COnpJDICeHBB no-
pmeHh - QBJIBH.l1:P .l1:IDI Bcero MHor006p8.3HJI 3ICCnJIyaTaItHOHHhIX pe)ICH-
MOB pa60ThI OCJIO)f(HJIeTCJI TeM, '1TO IC03c1>cPBItHeHT JIBHeHHOro pacmHpe-
HIDI nopllIHeH B3 aJIIOMHHHeBhIX CnJIaBOB B 1,5...2 p8.3a npeBhIIllaer
lC03c1>cPBQBeHT nBHeiffioro pacmHpeHHJI CTaJIhHOH BJIB qyrYHHoH rHJIh3hI
D:H.JIBH.l1:pa. TenJIOBOe COCTOJIHHe nopmHJI Ha p8.3JIH11HhIX pe)ICHMax pa6o-
TbI )J;BC cym;ecTBeHHo BaphHpyeTCJI. Ero TeMfiepaTypa H3MeHJIerCJI OT
MHHHM3..JIhHOH npH nyClCe H nporpeBe XOnO.l1:HOrO .l1:BBraTenJI .l1:0 MaIC-
128

-
CHMa.JIbHOH Ha pexcHMax HaH60JIblllHX HarpY301C. Ha cpOHe OTHOCHTeJIb-
HO CTa6HJIbHOrO TellJIOBOrO COCTO'-'HIDl I1HJlHH.n:pa :no 06cTO'-'TeJIbCTBO
npe,nonpe,neIDICT cyeCTBeHHble H3MeHeHIDI BeJIH'IHH 3a:mpOB no pe>KH-
MaM pa60TbI .nBC. CTa6HJIH3aQIDI 38.30pa B conpSDKeHHH 106Ka no-
pnmSl - 3epICaJIO I{HJIHB,lJ;pa JlBIDICTCSl O,l:(HOH H3 KJIIO'IeBLIX H TJ>Y,l:(HO
pemaeMblX np06JIeM 1C0HCTPYHpoB8IUfB: nopumeH H3 aJIIOMHHHeBLIX
CllJIaBOB.
YllJIOTmnoeM}' noSlCY rOJIOBKH nopmIDI no ero 06p8.3yIOeH npH-
,naCTC'-' o,nHa H3 CJIeJJYlOHX cpOpM: cmyneHllamaR, KOHUileCKall, nepeMeH-
Hall no AeKaAbHOU KpUOOU. Y'IHTLIBaSl Xap3.KTep pacnpe.n:eJIeHIDI TeM-
nepaTypbI no BhICOTe YllJIOTIDIIOIUerO nOSlca (BepXHSlSl ICpOMKa-
280.. .320 °C, HH)lQHllI - 120...140 °C), T3.K8JI ero lCoHcpmyp8.l1HSl n03BO-
JISlCT npH ,nOCTIDKeHHH mTaTHoro TenJIOBOrO COCTOSlHIDI npH,naTb rOJIOB-
Ke nopumSl I1HJIHH,npH'IecKyIO cpOPMY.
I06Ke nopmIDI B coBpeMeHHhIx KOHCTpYK.QIDlX npH.ll:aeTCH 60fJKOo6-
pa3Hall rftop.Ma. 3TO n03BOJUleT H36e)ICaTb KpOMO'IHOrO y.napa npH
nepeKJIal1KaX nopIIIHeH, 06JIePIHTL ycnOBIDI cpOpMHpoBaHIDI MaCJUI-
Horo KJIHHa B conpSDKeHHH 106Ka nopnmSl - 3epKaJIO IUUIHHApa, a T3.K-
)ICe Y'lecTL oc06eHHoCTH ee TepMH'IecKoH ,necpopMaQHH BCJIe,nCTBHe Hepa-
BHoMepHOCTH pacnpe,neJIeHHJl TeMTIepaTyphI no BhICOTe (OT 120...140°C
B BepXHeH ]1.0 95...100°C B HH)KHeH 30Hax). TIpHMeHeHHe nopmHeH
C OllTHMaJILHOH cpOpMOH ero 06p8.3YIOIneii (PHC. 5.6) 06ecne'IHBaeT
YMeHbmeHHe (,no 20%) HX TepMoHarpY)ICeHHOCTH, a TaIOKe cnoco6cTByeT
YJIyqmeHHIO 3KOJIOrH'leCKHX Xap3.KTepHCTHIC H CHIDKeHHIO pacxo.n:a Mac-
JIa Ha yrap.
npH Harp}')KeuHH 106KH nopmIDI 60KOBOH CHJIOH N npoHcxo,nHT ee
OBaJIH3aQIDI, '1TO JlBIDIeTCSl cne,nCTBHeM UepaBUOMepHOCTH pacnpe]1.eJIe-
HIDI HarpY3KH no ee nepHMCTpy (30Ha HarpY3KH orpaHH'Ieua B nonepe'l-
HOM ce'leHHH .n:yrOH C yrJIOM 80...100°) (PHC. 5.7). 3TO 06cToHTeJIbcTBo,
a TaIOKe HepaBHoMepHOCTb .n:ecpopMaItHH KOHCTp}'ICQHH nopmIDI OT ,naB-
'IeHHSl r8.30B Ha ,nHIIIQe H npH TellJIOBOM pacmHpeHHH npHBO.l(SIT K TOM}',
'lT0 pa60'l8JI '1aCTh 106KH npH06peTaeT cpopM}' OBaJIa c 60JIbmeH OCblO
B HanpaBJIeHHH OCR na.JIbI{a. .nIDI HeHTpaJIH3aQHH 3Toro JlBJIeHIDl npH
H3rOTOBJIeHHH nopmIDI npe.n:yCMaTpHBaCTCJl TeXHOJIOrH'leCK8JI OBaJIH3a-
I\IDI ero 106KH C MeHblIIHM .nuaMe'IpoM no OCH nopmHeBoro naJIbI{a (CM.
pHC. 5.6). B 3TOM CJIY'lae npH mTaTHOM TeI:.lIOBOM COCTOSlwm cpopMa
106KH npH6JIH)ICaCTCSl K IUUIlIH.ApH'IecKOH.
JIHMHTHpOBaTb BeJIH'IHHY TenJIOBOH ,new.JpMaItHH 106KH B03MO)IC-
/10 3a C'IeT Orpa.HH'leHIDI noc-rynalOIUHX B Hee TeIIJIOBhIX nOTOICOB OT
10JIOBKH nopmIDI C nOMOIULIO O,lJ,HOH HJ1H ,l:(Byx cHMMe'IpH'IUO pac-
JlOJIO)ICeHHhIX nonepe'IHhIx npOpe3eH no )].HH.Il\Y KaHaBKH MaCJIOC"beM-
1I0ro KOJlbQa (CM. pHC. 5.3). O,lJ,HaKO npH 3TOM 3aTpYJI.IDleTCH TenJIOOT-
no.n: OT 3JIeMeHTOB rOJIOBKH, a TUK)J(e yMeHbmaeTcH )J(eCTKOCTb KOHCT-
PYKQHH nopIIIIDI.
129

T
o
......
Il)
0
0
M
CO M
...... N
......
CO
,..:
<I
M
c5
npOcpnb nOpWH B OceBOM
CeH.nepneHKYnpHOM
OC nOBepXHOCT 
,225 - 0.245
0.190-0.210 ....
0,152.0,112 <»
0,118-0,135 :::
0.100-0,115 
0,060 - 0.070 
.045 - 0,055 0
0.024 - 0,030 _
0.011 - 0.016 
0.004 - 0,007 
0,001 - 0.003 
0,000 <»
0.003 - 0.006 co
010 - 0 015 ....
119,86+0.02
,nO nOl<S)bITfI
PRC. 5.6. IIpoc\lHJI& noplllWl no ero BhlCOTe H no 0KP}'JI:BOCTH
TepMOCTa6HJIH38.U;mo 3a:30pa Me)I(,lJ;Y H,lI;pOM H 106KOH no-
pIIIIDI npH H3MeHemm peXCHMa pa60TbI ,lJ;BC B pJJ,ZJ;e KOHCTPYKwm
oceCTBmnoT Bep-rHKaJIbHhIMH npOpe3J1MH, paCnOJIaraCMblMH Ha
TOH ee CTOpOHe, KOTOp8.JI He npIDKHMaeTCJI K H,lI;PY BO BpeMJI
pa6o'lero xo,na nopmWl (CM. pHC. 5.3). llpH :nOM  XOJIO.ll;HOM COCTO-
130

a
80...100 1J
t Ii
.
8
PRe. 5.7. ne4JopH nopDIHJl:
a - 3mopa ,D/iBJIcHHi BB mil:}' IIOpIIIWI or 6oKOBOi CBJn.l N; 6 - .t\C4IOpM noplllHJl nOli
JlCiiCI1lBCM ra:JOBhIX C8Jl; /I - .t\C4IoPMAQIDI noplllHJl nOli lIcicrBBCM -reDnoBoii Harpy.D:B
HHHH 38.30p C03AaeTCJI AOCTaTO'IHO M8JIbIM, 1fTO crrOC06CTByeT YCTpa-
HeHHlO CTYXOB nopmHJI H .myMa. TIo Mepe rrpOrpeBa .zumraTeJUI 106Ka
paCnmpJleTCJI, HO 3aK.JIHHHBaHIDI rropmHJI npH BbI60pKe 38.30pa He
rrpOHcxo.zUIT, TaK K8.K YBe.JIH'leHHe ,lJ;HaMeTpa 106KH KOMneHCHpYeTCJI
}'MeHbmeHHeM nmpHHbl rrpope3eii.
B nopmHJIX ,D;cH3 HCrrOJIb3YIOT KOM6HHHpOBaHHbIe TI- H T-06p8.3-
HbIe rrpOpe3H. CJIeA}'eT 3aMeTHTb, 1fTO A8.HHbIe MeponpIDITIDI 3Ha1fH-
Te.JIbHO CHIDICaIOT MeXaHH1fecKyro npO'IHOCTb KOHCTpYKIUm nopmHJI,
BCJIeACTBHe 1fero He npHMeIDllOTCJI B COBpeMeHHblX cpOpCHpOBaHHblX
,lJ,BHI"aTeJUlX..
3q>cpeKTHBHbIM cpeACTBOM perYJIHpOBaHIDI TelIJIOBOrO paCillHpeHHJI
1060 JlBJIJleTCJI rrpHMeHeHHe CneH8JlbHblX TepMoperYJIHpylOmuX BCTa-
BOK, pa3MeaeMbIX B BepXHeH 1faCTH 106KH. Hau60JIbmee pacnpocT-
paHee nOJIY'fHJIH KOHCTpyKIl;HH nopumeu co 8Cma8KaMU CJIeAyromux
THnOB.
. ABmOmepMuK. B nopmeHb 38J1HBaIOTC£. )];Be CT8.JIbHble BCTaBO,
cOBMecmo C JIHTbIMH CTemcaMH CBJl3b1BaiOIItHe 106KY C 606b1IIIKaMH
(PHC. 5.8, a). ,D;Be nonepe'lHble npope3H Me">'  rOJIOBICOH H 106KOH
o6ecne'IIIBaIOT CHH)KeHHe TeMllepaTypbI 1060, a TaK)Ke OrpaHH'lHBalOT
BJIIDIHHe AecpopMaIUIH rOJIOBO Ha ee cpOPMY. ])HMeTaJIJIH'leCKaJl CTeHKa
H3-3a p8.3HOCTH K03cpcpHIUIeHToB JIHHeHHOro paCillHpeHIDI ee CJIOeB npH
HarpeBe H3rH6aeTCJI B HanpaBJIeHHH OCH rraJIba H BTJITHBaeT BHYTPb
pa6o'lHii Y1faCTOK 106KH, KOMlleHcHpYJI IlPH :ITOM YBeJIH'leHHe ee ,lJ;HaMeT-
pa 3a C'leT JIHHeiiHoro paCillHpeHIDI.
131


Po1
a
6
PRe. 5.8. TepMopery.1IBpYIOIUHe BCTaBKH nopWBeii::
Q - noncpe>mLIe IICT&BD nma aBTOTepMmt; 6 - KOJIbIlCBBJI BCT8BKa nma KJIcpoManu:
. ABmOmep.MamUK.. KOHcrpYXTHBHO aHaJIOrH'leH 8.BTOTepMHKY, HO
6e3 nOnepe'IHhIX npOpe3eH MeJIC,l(Y TOJIOBKOH H 106KOH. EcTeCTBeHHO,
T8.KaJI KOHCTpYICIUIJI MeHee 3eKTHBHa, HO npH 3TOM nOpmeHb HMeeT
60nee BbICOKyro :xcecTKOCTb H MeHbmylO TeMnepaTYPY ynnoTHJIIOIQerO
nOJICa.
. K./tepo.MamUK. HJIH K.OHtfiop.MamuK.. B BepXHIOIO lfaCTb 106m 38JI11-
BaeTCJI CT8JIbHOe apMHpYIOIQee KOJIbQO (pe:xce Ba nonyxoJIbQa) Kpyrno-
ro BJIH npJIMoyronbHoro eelfeHBJI (PHC. 5.8, 6). T8.KaSI KOHCTp)'KI1:IDI
}'BCJIH'lHBaeT :XCecTKOCTb BepXHeH 30HbI 106m H TeM CaMbIM Orp8.HH'lHBa-
eT pa,wl8JIbHbIe TennOBbIe eopMH He TOJIbKO B nJIOCKOCTH pac-
nono:xceHBJI KoneQ, HO H no BeeH BbICOTe 106m.
. /(uomep.MamuK. B 106KY nopmIDI 3aJIHBaIOTCSI HrYPHbIe BCTaBm,
BepXHHe KpOMKH KOTOphIX OXO.l1JlT o TOpl.{eBOH nOBepxHoCTH KaH8.Bm
MaCJIOCbeMHOrO KonbQa.
J],JlJI YMeHbmeHBJI pa60TbI TpeHBJI, YCKOpeHBJI npoQecca npHpa60T-
KM, npH.naHIDI 106Ke nopmIDI XOpOIIIHX aHTHpHKI.{HOHHbIX H aHTHH3-
HOCHbIX KalfecTB, 3aIWITbI OT KOpp03HH Ha ee pa6olfyIO nOBepXHocTb
HaHOCJIT pa3J1H'lHbIe nerKOllJIaBme nOKpblTHJI C nOMOIQblO .lI)'JKeHBJI
onOBOM, CBHH:U;eBaHBJI, ocaTHpoB8.HHJI, rpaHTH3aI.tHH. .nIDI nOBbI-
meHIDI MacnoeMKoCTH Tpyru.erocJI cOnpJI:xceHHJI Ha HapY)f(HOH nOBepx-
HOCTH 106rm C03.n;aIOT opraHH30BaHHbIH MHKpopeJIbe.
B HIDICHeH lfacrH ro6Ka Mo:xceT HMeTb npope3H ,WIJI npoxoa npo-
THBOBeCOB KoneHlfaToro BaJIa.
.ltmI Orp8.HHlfeHHJI TeXHOJIOfHlfeCKoH HeypaBHoBemeHHocTH ,nBC JIH-
MHTHpyeTcJI pa:moBecHoCTb nopillHeH, Be.JIHl{HHa KOTOpOH o6bl'lHo He
npeBbIIIIaeT 0,5...1,0%. IIoroHKY nopillHeu no Macce oC}'Il{eCTBnJllOT
CIDITHeM MeTaJIJIa co cneI.{HaJIbHbIX npBJIHBOB Ha BH)'TeeHHeu nOBepx-
HOCTH 106KH.
132

5.1.3. KOHCfPYKTIIBHhIE MEPOIIPIUITIUI no nOBblWEHIUO
npO"lffiOCfI{ I{ ,n;OJII'OBE"lffiOCfH
O.nHHM H3 HaH60JIee YSl3BHMLlX 3JIeMeHTOB 1C0HCTPYKI{HH nopIIIHSI
IIBIDIIOTCSI cmeHKU KaHaBKU 8epXHezo KO.MnpeCCUoHHOZO KOAblla, 1C0TopbIe
paJpymaIOTCSI B pe3YJIhTaTe MeXaHH'leClCOrO, 3po3HoHHoro H ICOpp03H-
OHHoro BX B3Hoca. CpOIC CJIyx<6bI 3JIeMeHTa noplIIIDJ B HeKoTopbIX
c.rryqaJIX onpeAeruu:T MOTOPecypc Bcero ,l(BBraTeJISI. AmI YCTpaHeHBSI
j,aHHOrO erlleKTa npaKTHKa ,l(BBraTeJIeCTpOeHIDI HCllOJIh3yeT p KOHCT-
PYKTHBHhIX MepOnpIDITHH, OCHOBHbIMH H3 1C0TOpbIX SlBJUlIOTCSI cJIeAY-
JOI.QBe.
. PaJMeI.QeHBe B rOJIOBKe noplIIIDI H3 aJIlOMHHBeBOrO CllJIaBa 6cma6-
KU U3 U3HococmouKozo .MamepUaAa (PBC. 5.9, a). B lCaTfecTBe MaTepBaJIa
I1CTaBOK HCnOJIh3yroTCSI aYCTeHBTHbIH '1yryH (HHpe3HcT) (15...17% Ni, 5%
Cr, o 3% Cu) B cJIa60JIempOBaHHhIe CTaJIB. MOHT8JK BCTaBKH npoB3-
IIO,lUlTCJI C BCnOJIb30BaHHeM a.m.cpHH-npon;ecca, cyTb KOToporo 3alUIlO'Ia-
CTCS B aJIBTBpOBaHBB ee HapyxmbIX nOBepXHOCTeH, YCTaHoBKe B KOKBJIb
"3aJIHBKe OCHOBHbIM MeTaJIJIOM. B pe3YJIbTaTe 06PaJYeTCSI,lUI<l><l>Y3HOH-
naSI MeTaJIJIyprB'IecKWI CBS3b Mey BCTaBKOH B TeJIOM noplIIHs B Be
aJIlOMB,Aa x<eJIe3a TOJII.QB.HOH 0,02...0,03 MM. JI;aHinilli MeTO n03BOJUler
YBeJIB'lBTb B3HOCOCTOHKOCTb KaHaBKB B 3...4 paJa. OHaKO npH 3TOM
pe3KO B03paCTaIOT TpYA03aTpaTbI Ha npoH3BoCTBO, CBJl3aHHbIe C He06-
XO,lUlMOCTbIO KOHTpOJUI Ka'lecTBa ee YCTaHOBKB C nOMOlItb1O YJIbTpa3BY-
KOBoro e<l>eKToClCona (HeCnaH He AOJDKeH npeBblIIIaTb 7% ee nepHMeT-
pa). B n;eJIOM TpyoeMKOCTb B3rOTOBJIeHBJI nopIIIHJI nOBblIIIaeTCJI Ha
'iO...60% npB B03paCTaHHB era MaCChI Ha 7...10%.
B nOplIIHJIX, 3RrOTOBKH KOTOpbIX B3rOTOBJIJIIOTCS MerOOM ropJl'le-
"0 npeccOBaJlBS, BCTaBKY eJIaIOT B Be 6alJ.L(WRa B npBBapBBalOT
K rOJIOBKe noplIIHs 3JIeKTpoHHO-JI)"IeBOH cBapKoH (PHC. 5.9, 6). npB
r
r
r
a
3J1eKTpOHHO- J1yqeBan
CBapKa
6
PRe. 5.9. IIpoTHBoH3HocBLIe BCTaBI:H noplllHeBLIX IaHaBOJ::
a - TBIIIol IICI"8.BOI; 6 - lICTuII:a C OOCTllBBLlM nopnmCM
133

3TOM O,ll,HOBpeMeHHO TCXIIOJIOrH'IecKH pHOHanLHO pemaeTCB npo6JIe-
Ma cl>opMHpOBaHHB B nopwfle OXJI31OIItHX KaHanOB ,ltJIB n;HpKY.IDlQHH
MaCJIa.
. lloBblllleHHe TBep)J,OCTH H >Kaponpo'iHOCTH 3JIeMeHTOB BepXUeH
KaHaBKH nepenAaBOM UX n08epXHOCmHOZO CAOR C BBe)J,eHHeM JIerHPY-
IOIItHX ::meMeHTOB. IIepenJIaBKa Be)J,eTCjJ: 3JIeKTpo)J,OM H3 >KeJIe30HHKeJIL-
XpOMOBOH npOBOJIOKH.
. YnpO'IHeHHe BepXUeH KaHaBKH (H KpoMOK lCaMepLI CrOpaHWI)
nopnmjJ: BBe)J,eHHeM B CTpyICTYPY ero rOJIOBKH OpHeHTHpOBaHHLIX B npo-
crpaHCTBe KepaMU'leCKUX 80AOKOH H3 OKCIIJ{a anIOMHHHjJ:, HHTpH)J,a
H lCap6H)J,a KpeMHHjJ:. TaKHe nopmHH H3rOTOBJIJIIOT MeTO)J,OM >KH)J,KOH
IIITaMlIOBKH. .n;OCTOHHCTBOM MeTO)J,a JlBJIjJ:eTCjJ: TO, '1TO BLICOKaJI Mexa-
HH'lecKaJI npo'IHOCTL, CTOmcOCTL K B03)J,eHCTBHIO BLICOICHX TeMlIepaTYP,
60JILmaJI H3HOCOCTOmcOCTb 3JIeMeHTOB nopmIDI 06ecne'IHBaIOTCjJ: 003
yBeJIH'leHHjJ: MaTepHanOeMKOCTH ero 1C0HCTp.
. 1l0KpLITHe rOJIOBICH nopnmjJ:, BICJIIO'IaJI nepByIO 1C0JILn;eByIO Ka-
HaBKY, 3ManLIO, 'ITO nOMHMO 38.IItHTLI OT 3po3HH H KOpp03HH n03BO.JllleT
yMeHLmHTL TeIIJIOBOCnpHHM'lHBOCTL )J,HHIIJ;a. 3'1'0 cyIn;eCTBeHHO o6JIer-
'1fieT YCJIOBIDI pa60TLI nopmIDI H KOMlIpecCHOHHLIX KOJIen;.
O)J,HOH H3 Ba>KHLIX np06JIeM KOHCTpYHPOBaHH}I nopmHeH JlBJIjJ:eTCB
He06xo)J,HMOCTL OZpaHU'leHUR meMnepamypbl 8 30He BepXHezo KOMnpec-
CUOHHOZO KOAblla. IIpH TeMlIepaTYpe Bblllle 200 ec ,ltJIjJ: pjJ:)J,a MaceJI
C HH3KOH TeMlIepaTYPoH KOKCOBaHIDI B03MO>KH0 3aICOKCOBblBaHHe nep-
BOH KOJILn;eBOii KaHaBKH C nOTepeH nO)J,BH>KHOCTH KOJILn;a. .n;8.HHajJ:
npo6JIeMa pemaeTcjJ: JIH60 Y8eAU'leHUeM Bblcombl omeBOZO nORca, '1TO
yXY)J,mae-r Maccora6apHTHLIe Xap8.KTepHCTHKH nopmIDI, JIH600praHH3a-
IUleii KaHaA08 )J,IDI OXAa:JH:i)eHuR 3TOH 30HLI MaCAOM. O,ll,H8.KO 3TO CBjJ:3a-
no C YCJIO>KHeHHeM KOHCTpyICn;HII nopmIDI H npHBO)J,HT K COKpmn;eHHIO
cpOKa CJIy>K6LI MOTopHoro MaCJIa. .lJ:ng 3THX ]l(e n;eJIeH HCnOJIL3yIOTCB
Cnel\HaJILHLIe CaMOO'lU(l}()UeCR KOMnpeCCUOHHble KOAblla.
B BLICOKocl>opcHpoBaHHLIX )J,BHraTeJIJIX ,ltJIjJ: YMeHLmeHWI TeIIJIOBOH
HarpyxceHHoCTH nopnmeii HCnOJIL3YeTCB HX npuHyi)umeAbHoe OXAa:JfCi)e-
Hue, KOTopoe opraHH3yeTCJI no O)J,Hoii H3 CJIe)J,}'IOIn;HX KOHCTpyICTHBHLIX
cxeM.
1. C1'pyHHOe OnpLICKHBaHHe BuyrpeHHeH nOBepXHOCTH ,lI,Hmn;a no-
pmIDI MaCJIOM, nO)J,BO)J,HMLIM OT KOJIeH'IaTOrO Bana no KaHany B CTep]l(-
He maT}'Ha K Bepxueii ero rOJIOBlCe. MacJIo paCllLIJIHBaeTCjJ: '1epe3 KanH6-
poB8.HHLIe OTBepcTHJI B BepXHeH TOJIOBlCe maTYHa (PHC. 5.10, a). ,LJ;8.HHLIii
cnoc06 06ecne'lHBaeT CHIDKeHHe TeMlIepaTypLI )J,HHID;a nopllIWl Ha
15...20 ec. ])OJILillaJI 3c}>cl>eKTHBHoCTL OJUIeHHJI )J,OCTHraeTCjJ: npH pac-
IILIJIHBaHBH Macna '1epe3 cl>OPCYHKY, HenO)J,BIDKHO YCTaHOBneHHYIO B 30-
He HIDKHeii 'IaCTH n;HJUIII)J,pa Ha KapTepe )J,BHraTe.Jlll. IIpH 3TOM TeM-
nepaTypa )J,Hmn;a nopmIDI MO]l(eT 6L1TL CHIDKeHa Ha 25...30 ec.
2. IIo)J,a'la MaCJIa '1epe3 maTYH B oxna)l()J,31OIItHe nOJIOCTH B nopnme,
3a1IOJIHjJ:eMLIe MaCJIOM npHMepHo Ha 1/3 06"LeMa. J]pH HepaBHOMepHOM
134

J\BlDKeHHH nOpnmJI npOHCXOJ).HT ero nepeMemHBaHHe, "ITO HHTeHCH$H-
UHPYeT TellJIOOTBOA OT ero J).HHllta. TaKOH cnoco6 n03BOJUleT CHH3HTb
reMnepaTYPY ,lIHa noplIIIDI Ha 30...40 DC.
UonOCTb B ne1IbHOnHTbIX noplIIIDlX cl><>PMHPYeTCJI npH OTJIHBKe C no-
MOIQblO BOAopaCTBOpHMbIX CTep>KHeH (PHC. 5.10, 6). B COCTaBHhIX no-
plIIHJIX nOJIOCTH $OpMHPYIOTCJI cHCTeMoH yrJIy6JIeHHH Ha ::UIeMeHTaX
8
e t
6
iJ
PRe. 5.10. IIoplllHH e opHBYTeJILBLIM OXJIaIeHHeM:
a - crpyibIoe OXJ1aJ(eHBe ABJIIII,a nopIIIIIII; 6 - d - nonOCTHoe OXJ1eBBe nopIIIIIII (6 - IIOnocn.
II HOMeraJ1J1I!I'iecltOM nopIIIHe; c - no:\OCTIo, UKphlTU 3JICMCHTOM, 4IOpMBp}'lOIII;BM DMepy
crop8JlBa; z. iJ - IIOnocn.. c41opMBPOII8.IIBU AIIYMa 3JIe:MellT8MB cocr8BHOro IIOPIIIHJI)
135

nopmBJI, COCABIDICMblX CHdpKOH (PHC. 5.9, 6; 5.10, 8), JIH60 C no-
MOIm>1O pe3b6oBoro COCJ'HIICHHJI (pHC. 5.10, Z, d).
OpHCHTHpoBO'iHO OltCIIH fb Ha CTa.lVJH npocICTHpOBaHBJI TCUJIOBYIO
HanpJDKCHHOCTb nopmHcBoH rpynIIbl H IleJIccoo6pa.3HOCTb cro npHII)'AH-
TcnbHoro OXJIa)lC,l];CHBJI MaCJIOM n03BOIDIeT PM ICpHTCpHCB, OCHOBHbIMH
H3 ICOTOpbIX JIBJIJIIOTCJI:
· ICpHTCpHH rH6ypra - N=NeBOM/(iD}= 1,96p.,cJ), rAc N eBOM -
HOMHHaJIbH8JI MOIIlHOCTh, ICBT; i - ICOJIB'iCCTBO IlHJIHHApoB; D - ABa-
MCTp IlHJIBH.JJ;pa, CM; HC OXJIa)lC,l];aCMbIC nopmHB aBTOTpaICTOpHhIX ABHra-
TcnCH HMCIOT N= 1,5...2,5 ICBT/CM;
. ICPHTepHH KOCTHHa (AJIJI 'ieTbIpeXTaJCTHbIX ABHraTCJICH) - qn=
=2,34c.s(PJJeTIc/Tot.ss[D/(PJJ1,,}t3S, rAC C n - cpe)(HJIJI CICOpocTh nopm-
HJI, M/C; Pe - cpeAHee 3<}><}>eICTHBHOC AaBJIeHBe, Mila; ge - YAeJIbHbIii
3<}><}>eICTHBHbIii pacxoA TOUJIHBa, ICr/(ICBT. 'i}, D - ABaMeTp IlHJIHH.JJ;pa,
AM; Pic H Tic - A8.BJIeHHe, Mila, H TCMUepaTYpa, K, Ha BnYCICe; '1,,-
IC03<}><}>BIlHeHT HanOJIHeHIDI; AIDI ABHraTeJIeH 8.BTOTpaICTopHoro THna
qn= 3,5... 7,0;
· nOpUIHCBaJI MO.IIUIOCTb N n =N eJ1DM /(iF.;), rAC Fn - IDIOIIla.zU>
nOpllIHJI, M 2 ; B .lUI3eJUIX C N n 60JIee (0,22...0,30) "10 4 ICBT/M 2 IleJIecoo6-
pa.3HO OpraHH30BbIBaTb npHHYABTCJIbHoe MaCIDIHOC OxnaJIC,ZJ;cHHe nop-
IIIHCH.
3a .nmm pa60TbI ,lJ,BHraTelDI TCMnepa-rypa pa6o':lero TCJIa, ICOHTaK-
mpYIOIl(ero C ,/::WHIl(eM nopmIDI, H3MeWIeTCJI Ha 2000...3000 K, 'iTO
MO)l(eT COnpOBO)lC,l];aTbCJI o6pa308ClHueM mpl!UIUH, oco6eHHo Ha KPOM-
Kax KaMepbl czopaHUIl, JlBJUIIOIl(HX.CJI KOHIleHTpaTopaMH TepMH'IC-
CICHX HanpJI)I(eHHii. ):(JIJI 60pb6bl C 3THM JlRJIeHHCM npaKTBKa ,lJ,BHraTC-
neCTpOCHBJI BbIpa60Tana KOMllJICKC TCXHH'ICCKHX MCpOnpIDITHH, Ta-
KHX, KaK:
. ydaAeHue YZAy6AeHuiJ nod KAanaHbl B AHHIIlC nopmHJI, CKpYZAeHUIl
KpOMOK KaMepbl czopaHUR H T. A.;
. OnAa8JleHUe nOBcpmOCTHoro CJIOJI KpOMOK. KaMepbl CZOPaHUR Jla3e-
pOM;
. msepdoe aHOdUp08aHUe KpOMOK U n08epXHocmu dHUUla nO]JWHIl
C nOBbIInCHBCM COACp)l(aHIDI MC.nH B nOBcpmocTHoM cnoc, 'ITO n03BOIliI-
CT B 3...4 pa.3a 3aMCAJIHTb npOllecc 06pa.30BaHBJI TCPMOYCTaJIOCTHhIX
TpeIl(HH nyreM C03AaHIDI TBCPAOH OICCH,lJ;ROH nncHICH C BblCOICOH CTOHICO-
CTblO npoTHB nOJI3Y'ICCTB.
)J;IDI AH3eJICH, <}>OpcHpOBaHHbIX HRM}'BOM, npHMcmnoT nopIIIHH
C ynPO'lH1l1OUlUMU nOJIOCTb ICaMepbI cropaHBJI 3KpaHaMU U 8CmaBKaMU H3
'ICpHbIX MCT3JIJIOB, nopOIDICOBbIX H ICOMD0311IlHOHHbIX TCpBaJIOB. Wc-
nOJIb3YIOTCJI nopmHB C 30HHblM apMUp08aHUeM KpOMOK, 1C8.MCpbI cropa-
HIDI ICep8.MH'lCCICHMH BOJIOICHaMH Ha OCROBe OICCH,lJ;a aJllOMHHBJI, HBT-
pBJ];a H lCap6B)(a ICpeMHBJI (10...20% OT secre 06'bCMa). 3TH McponpH-
JITIUI n03BonBlOT nony'IHTh 2...3-ICpaTHOC nOBbIIDCHBC npo'IHOCTH :,mc-
136

MeHTOB a nOpllIHH npH cymeCTBeHHOM YCJIO>KHeHHH H y,nOpO>KaHHH
ero KOHCTpyKnHH.
Donee /!,OCTyrIHbI npH cepHHHOM H MaCCOBOM rrpOH3BOl{CTBe KOIICT-
PYKWIH COCTaBHbIX nopnlHeH, B KOTOpLIX J{.JUI }'BeJlH1leHIDI TepMonpOq-
HOCTH ronoBKY HJIH e H3rOTOBJIJIJOT H3 :>Kaponpo1ffiLIx MaTcpH-
aJIOB - CT8.JIH, wyua, KepaMHKH (PHC. 5.11). OAHaKO npH 3TOM
He06xoJ{HM0 C'iHTaTbCH C TCM, 'ITO Macca COCTaBHLIX nopmHeii npH-
MepHo Ha 30% 6oJThme, qeM MOHOMeTaJIJIHqeCKHX H3 aJnOMmmeBoro
CIIJIaBa.
K HaB60JIee HarpyxceHHbIM 3JIeMeHTaM nopmIDI OTHOCHTCg 606b1W-
KU nopuotR. )];eOpManHH nopllIHH H nopmHeBoro naJIbna nOI{ AeHCTBH-
eM CHJI AaBJIeHIDI r8.30B HapymalOT napaJIJIeJIbHOCTb onopHLIX nOBepx-
HOCTeH 606LImeK (PHC. 5.12, a), B CBH3H C qeM y KpOMOK HX OTBepcTHH
HMelOT MeCTO 3Ha'IHTeJIbHLIe KOHneHTpanHH HanpH)KeHHH. )];aHHoe JIB-
neHHe MO)KeT ycyry6HTbcH npH 06pa60TKe oTBepcTIDI no He,nOCTaTO'IHO
BbICOKOMY KJIaccy TO'IHOCTB, qTO MO)KeT JlBHTbCH npH'lBHOH 06pa30Ba-
IIIDI TpeII(HH Ha onopHLIX nOBepXHOCTJIX.
PemeHHe np06JIeMhl nOBhIIlleHHg HecyII(eH cnoc06HoCTB 606bIIlleK
CBH3aHO C peaJIH3anHeii KOHCTpYKTHBHLIX cnoc060B }'MeHbmeHHH y,neJIb-
IlLIX ,naBJIeHHH B conpSDKeHHH C nOpmHeBhIM naJIbneM, TaKHX, KU:
. BbIpaBHHBaHHe y,neJIbHLIX ,naBneHHH no nepHMeTpy onopHLIX no-
UepXHOCTeH, <ITO cnoc06CTByeT ynyqmeHHIO ycnOBHH CM8.3KH conpmKe-
HIDI B p8.3JIH'lHbIX 8.3ax pa60<Iero QHKJIa; HaB60nee PanHOHaJIbHO :na
]a,na<Ia pemaCTcH npH BbIIIonHeHHH BHYTpeHHBX TOpnOB 606hIIlleK co
CKOCOM B CO<ICTaHHH C BepXHeH rOJIOBKOH maTyHa TpaneQHeBH,nHoH
fj>OPMLI. llpH 3TOM IIJIOII(a,Qb BepXHeH <IaCTB onopHoH nOBepXHoCTH
606bImeK npeBhIIllaeT HIDKHIOIO, <ITO 06ecne'IHBae-r CHIDKeHHe ,naBJIeHHH
R AaHHOH 30He Ha 15...40%;
2
1
1
a
1
2
PRe. 5.11. BapHaHTLI COeHeHHJI COCTaBHLIX noplllHeii:
" - QCIITp8J1Id1h1M 6onroM; 6 - BBHTaMB DO nepHIjlcPRB; /I COCIlHam.BbIMB BhlcryollMH; Z - 6oJl-
TIIMH DO DepHct>ePBH; 1- BCpmD 'I8C'I1o COCTIUIHoro OOpllIBJI; 2- KPCoc:II:IIhIi 3J1CMCBT
137

EH3 - --
. . -
-- --
6
PHC. 5.12. HarpY3D H e4JoP-
Mw:nm: 606L1IDea: noplIlBJl:
a -1¥4Io B BanpJDl[eHBJI
B 606hIDIUX DOpD1BJl; 6 - IJP04Iu-
nB:pOB8.BBC nOpnmCBOl'O oa.m.II&
. nP04>UJIupoBaHue ct>oPMhI HapyxmOB nOBepxaoCTu naJIba TaICHM
06PaJOM. ':lT06h1 npu Harpyx<eHHB OHa COfJIaCOBbIBaJIaCb C JIHHHeB efO
nporH6a Ha Y'laCTKe KOHTaKTa C 606h1mKOB (puc. 5.12.6). 3TO n03BOJllI-
tIT nOBhlCHTb HecyIlfj'1O cnoco6HOCTb 606h1weK nopWIDI Ha 40%;
. aHaJIofH'lHbIB 34>4>en MOX<eT 6h1Tb nO.1l}"leH TaJOKe COOTBeTCT-
ByroIf(HM npo4>wmpOB8.HHeM onopHbIx nOBepxaoCTeB 606h1IlleK B 30He
BH}'TpeHHHX KpoMOK. O,lJ;HaKO 3TO CBB38.HO C CyIf(ecTBeHHhIM YCJIO)J(HeHH-
eM TexaOJIOrHH U3rOTOBJIeHHB nopnmB;
. cKpymeHHe HapyxmhIX KpOMOK OTBepcTHB B 606h1ll1Kax (c 4>ac-
KaMH no ynpOIf(eHHOM)' BapuaHTY). '1TO n03BOJIBeT YMeHbWHTb KOHUeH-
TP8.l.\HIO HanpJDKeHHB Ha 40%;
. pacnOJIox<eHHe B oTBepcTWIX J],IIB naJIba BTYJlOK H3 no,naTJIHBhIX
MaTepHaJIOB (aJIIOMHHHeBO-Me CWI8.BOB. aJnOMHHHeBOB 6poH3h1.
nopowKoBhIX MaTepUaJIOB); HaJIB'lHe ynpyroro 3J1eMeHTa MeX<.nY naJIb-
eM u 606hIIIIKOH n03BOJlJIeT nOBhlCHTb BX Tpe.If(HHOCTOmcOCTb Ha
30...50%;
. ,n:po6ecrpyiiHaB 06pa6oTKa BJIH pacKaTKa pOJIHKOM BUYTpeHHeB
nOBepxHOCTH OTBepcTHB B 606hIIIIKax. '1TO cnoco6cTByeT nOBblIIIeHHIO
BX YCTaJIOCTHOB npO'IHOCTH (Ha 8...20%);
. H3fOTOBJIeHHe 3arOTOBOK nopwHeH H3 3BTeKTH'IecKofO cHJIYMHHa,
'1TO nOBbIIIIaeT Ha 15...26% TpeIUHHOCTOmcOCTb 606h1weK.
138

5.1.4. MATEPI1A.JThI II TEXHOJIOrIDI
mrOTOBJlEHIDI nOPIIIHE:A
C Y'IerOM cne.QHcl>HKH pa60TbI nopIllHeB K HX MaTepHaJIaM npe'bjffi-
JUUOTCSI CJIeA}'lOI.QHe Tpe6oBaHHSI: M8.JIasI nJIOTHOCTb, BbICOKaSI npo-
'IHOCTb, HH3KasI CKJIOHHOCTb K TpeI.QHHOo6pa.30BaHHIO H YCTaJIOCTH,
repMo-, XBMIIKO- H H3HOCOCTOBKOCTb, MaJIWI TeWIonpoBoHOCTb, HeBhl-
comB K031l>1l>H.QHeHT JIHHeiiHoro pacmHpeHIDI, HH3KaSI CTOHMOCTb MaTe-
pUaJIa H TeXHOJIOrHH H3rOTOBJIeHHSI nopmWl.
,l{mI H3rOTOBJIeHHSI nopmHeB aBTOTp8.KTOpHbIX BC B HaCTOJIl.Qee
/lpeMSI B OCHOBHOM HCnOJIb3yIOT 3JIIOMHHHeBhIe CnJIaBhl, pe>Ke cepLIii
"JIB KOBmB 'Iyryn, a T3.IOKe KOMl103HUHOHHhIe MaTepH3JIhI.
AAIO.MUHUe8ble C1lAaBbl HMelOT M8.JIyIO nJIOTHOCTb, qTO n03BOIDIeT
CIlH3HTb Macey nopmHSI, 06JIa,n:a1OT BhICOKOB TenJIOnpOBO,nHOCTblO,
1I03BOJISIIOI.QeB npH npo'IHx p8BHbIX YCJIOBHSIX HMeTb MeHbmHe TeM-
lIepaTyphI 3JIeMeHTOB nopmHeBOH rpynnhI. K nOJIO)I(HTeJIbHhlM KaqeCT-
/laM 3JIIOMHHHeBhlX CTIJIaBOB CJIe.nyeT OTHeCTH H M3JIbIe 3HaqeIDUI K031l>-
(HUHeHTa TpeHIDI B nape C qyrYHHhIMH BJIH CT3JIbHhIMH mJIb3aMH
ItHJIHIJ.l(POB.
O,nH8.KO nopmHSIM H3 aJllOMHHHeBhlX CnJI8BOB npHcyIIt PB.lt cepbe3-
IlbIX HeOCTaTKOB, OCHOBHhIMH H3 KOTOpbIX JlBIDIIOTCSI HeBhICOKasI YCTa-
1I0CTHWI npO'lHOCTb, pe3KO YMeHbmalOIItWlCSI npH nOBbIlIIeHHH TeM-
lIepaTyphl, BhlCOKHH Ko3ll>Il>H.QHeHT JIBHeiiHoro paCDIHpeHIDI, MeHbmaJl,
'leM y 'l)'ryHHbIX nopmHeii, H3HOCOCTOBKOCTb, cpaBHHTeJIbHO 60JIbmaSI
CTOHMOCTb.
B HaCTOSllItee BpeMSI AillI H3rOTOBJIeHHSI nopWHeH HCnOJIb3yroT JIB-
reiiHbIe H KOBO'IHhIe CWI8BbI aJllOMHHHSI C KpeMHHeM - CBJIYMHHhl ABYX
nHOB: 03BTeKTuqecme C coep>KaHHeM KpeMHHSI 11...14% H 383BTelC-
(H'Iecme - 17...25%.
YBeJIH'IeHHe cOep>KaHHSI KpeMHWl B cnJI8.Be npHBOADT IC YMeHbwe-
limo K031l>1l>H.QHeHTa JIHHeiiHoro pacmHpeHHJI, K nOBbIlIIeHHIO TepMO-
H H3HOCOCTOHKOCTH, HO npH :nOM YXY,l{IIIaIOTCJI ero TeXHOJIOrHqeclCHe
KaqecTBa H paCTeT CTOHMOCTb npOH3BOCTBa.
,l{mI YJIyqmeIDUI CPH3HICO-MeXaHJl1lec.KHX CBOHCTB CUAY.MUH08 B HHX
RBO,WIT pa.3JIH'lHhIe JIempyIOIItHe o68Bm. .D;o6aBICa B aJDOMHHHeBO-
KpeMHHeBhIii cnJI8B o 6% MeAD npHBOADT IC nOBhIilleHHIO YCTaJIOCTHOH
npoqHOCTH, yseJIH'lHBaer TenJIOnpOBO,nHOCTI" Y.ny<Iwaer JIHTeiHhle ICa-
'1eCTBa H, cne.n;OBaTeJIbHO, CHIDKaer CTOHMTb H3rOTOBJIeHHSI. O,nH8.KO
IIPH 3TOM HeCICOJIbICO cHHxcaeTcSI H3HOCOCTOHICOCTb nopmWI. McnoJIb-
:JOBaHHe B KaqecTBe JIerHpYIOIItHX .n;o6aBOIC HaTpIDI, a.30Ta, ll>oc4><>pa
YBeJIB'lHBaer H3HOCOCTOHICOCTb CllJIaBa. nerHpOBaHHe HHlCeJIeM, XpO-
MOM, MarHHeM nOBbIlIIaer >KaponpO'lHOCTb H H3HOCOCTOHICOCTb KOHCT-
PYKUHH.
3arOTOBICH nopmHeH H3 aJIIOMHHHeDblX CllJIaBOB nO.ny<lalOT nyTeM
OTJIHBICH B ICOlCHJIb HJIB rOpSI'IeH lllTRMIIOBICOH. IIocne MeXaHH'leCICOH
139

o6pa6oTICH OIDf nO,nBCpmIOTCR TepMH'IeCICOH o6pa6oTICe II)IJI no-
BhlIIIeHHSI TBep,nOCTH, IIpO'lIiOCTH H H3HOCOCTOihcoCTH, a TalOl(e
.n.rrR npe,I:(}'IIpe>K,ll;eHHR Kopo6J1eHIDI npH 3ICCnJIyaTaH. KOBaHble
noplllHH nOICa HCnOJIb3YlOTCR pe)Ke, 'IeM JIHThIe, B OCHOBHOM B CHJI)'
orpaHH'IeHHhlX B03MO)KHOCTeH IJ;>opMoo6p330BaHIDI npH rOpJI'IeH
IIIT8.MIIOBICe.
lJYZ)lH B Ka'IeCTBe MaTepH3JIa ,nIDI nopIIIHeH no cpaBHeHBIO C aJnO-
MHHHeBhIM CllJI8.BOM 06JI8.,lJ;aeT cJIe.n;yroMH nOJIO)I(HTeJIbHbIMH cBoii-
CTBaMH: 60nee BLICOKBMH TBep,lJ;OCTblO B H3HOCOCTOiiKOCTblO, xcapo-
npO'IHOCTblO, O,WIH3.KOBLIM K031J;>IJ;>BI{BeHTOM JIHHeiiHOro paCllIBpeHIDI
C MaTepB3JIOM JIHH,lJ;pa. IIocJIe,lJ;Hee 06cTOftTeJIbCTBO n03BOIDIeT c}'Ine-
CTBeHHO YMeHbIIIBTb B CTa6H1IB3BpOBaTb no pe)I(HMaM pa60TLI 3330pbI
B C01fJleHeHBB 106Ka nOpIIIHft - HJIHH)I;p. OaKO 60JIbIIIaSl nJIOTHOCTb
He n03BOIDIeT BCnOJIb30BaTb ero IIIBpOKO .lUllI nopIIIHeii BbICOKoo6opOT-
HbIX 8.BTOM06HJIbHbIX .D;BBraTeJleii. )];aHHLIH He.n;OCTaTOK MO)l(eT 6L1Tb
qaCTB'lHO HHBeJIBpoBaH BKJIIO'IeHHeM B CTpynypy W}'Ha IIIapOBHoro
rpalJ;>BTa, qTO n03BOJUleT OTJIHBaTb 3JIeMeIlTbI nopIIIIDI C}'InecTBeHHO
MeHbIIIeii TOBHbI. KaK CJIe.n;YeT B3 CK8.3aHHOrO BbIIlle, HH CB.rryMHHbI,
HH '1yryHbI B nOJIHoii Mepe He RBIDIIOTCSI B,lJ;e3JIbHbIMH MaTepB3JIaMH ,lJ;IDI
B3rOTOBJIeHHft nopIIIHeii.
B CBDB C 3TBM B BaCT01lIQee BpeMft Be,lJ;eTCR aKTHBHaJI pa60Ta no
BCnOJIb30B8.HBIO KepaMuKu .n.rrR B3rOTOBJIeHHR nopIIIHeii, KOTOpaJI Ha-
BJIY'IIlIHM 06p8.30M OTBeqaeT Tpe60BaHmIM, npe,lJ;'bJIBJIJIeMhIM K MaTepB-
3JIaM nopIIIHeBoii rpYIIIIbI. ::ho M3.JIaJI nJIOTBOCTb npB BbICOKBX npo'IHo-
CTH, TepMo-, XHMHKO- B B3BOCOCTOHKOCTB, TenJIOnpOBOlUlocTH H on-
THM3JIbHOM 3HaqeHHH K034><PB:QBeHTa JlHHeiiHOro pacIIIHpeHHJI.
O,lJ;HH B3 npaKTlPleCKHX cnoco6oB HCnOJIb30B8.HBJI Kep8MIIKII COCTO-
HT B H3rOTOBJIeHHB AeT3JIeii nopIIIIDI B3 MeT3JIJIO- BJIH nOJIHMepOKOM-
1I03HllHOHHblX MaTepBaJIOB.
MaTpeii nepBoro THlla MaTepB3JIOB JIBJIJIeTCJI 3JIIOMHHHii HJIH
M3.J'HHH, a B KaqeCTBe HanOJIHHTeJUI BCnOJIb3}'1OT KepaMll'lecKBe H Me-
T3JIJIlPleCme nopolliKH BJIH BOJIOKHa nopBCTbIX MaTepB3JIOB.
OcHOBY nOJIHMepOKOMl103BI{BOHHbIX MaTepBaJIOB COCT8.BJIJIIOT no-
JIHMepHbIe MaTepBaJIbI C HanOJIHBTeJIeM B3 BOJIOKOH yrJIepo,na, CTeKJIa,
nopolliKoB MeT3JIJIOB HJIH KepaMHm. OHB 06J18.,lJ;8.IOT MaJIoii llJIOT-
BOCTblO, BbICOmMH 8.HTH<PPHICD;HOHHbIMH CBOHCTBaMH B npHMemnoTcSI
.lUllI 3JIeMeHTOB C He60JIbIIIHMH TellJIOBbIMH narpY3KaMH, uanpHMep AIDI
B3rOTOBJleHHJI 106m nOpIIIHJI.
IIepcneKTHBHblM JIBJIJIeTCJI apMHpOBaHBe 3J1eMeHTOB nOpIIIHJI Kepa-
MHqecKHMH BOJIOKHaMH B3 OKCHAa aJnOMHHHJI AhO] H AHOKCH,lI;a KpeM-
HIDI Si0 2 . IIpH COAep)KaHHH B OCHOBHOM M3.TepHane AO 40...50% AhO]
nOJIyqaeTcJI aMop<pHoe KepaMHqeCKOe BOJIOmO C .n;HaMeTpoM 2...3 MICM,
ycnemHo pa6OTalOmee npH TeMllepaT}'pe 1200...1300°C. EcJIH co.n;ep)Ka-
HHe A1 2 0] npeBbIIIIaeT 70%, crpYKTypa BOlIOKHa npH6JIH)KaeTCJI K KPH-
140

I'
CTaJIJIH'leCICOH, 'ITO npeOnpeemICT BhlCOKHe npO'lHOCTHhle H CTa6HJIb-
Hhle TepMH'IeclCBe XapaXTepHCTHKH H3eJIIDI.
OcHOBHhIMH np06JIeMaMH, Cep)ICHBaro.mHMH IllHpolCOe HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHe lCepaMHICB NUl H3rOTOBJIeHHH nOpmHeH aBTOTpalCTOpHhIX ,l(BRra-
TeJIeH, HBmIlOTCJl XpymcOCTb, HH3ICaJI npO'lHOCTb Ha H3rH6 R npH HK-
JIH'leCKHX HarpY31Cax, CICJIOHHOCTb IC Tpe.mHHOo6pa30BaHHlO, a TalOlCe
BhlCOIC8J.l CTOBMOCTb.
B pJIe c.rryqaeB, lCora B ABC MaKCHMaJIbHhle aBJIeHIDl CrOpaHBJI
npeBhlWaIOT 21 MITa, nopmHH MorYT H3rOTOBJUlTbCJI H3 CTaJIB.
Hau.nyIfiIIBM CO'IeTaHHeM xopomHX MaCCOBhIX H npO'lHOCTHhIX xapa-
KTepHCTHK 06JIaaIOT nopllIHH H3 THTaHa. Mx IllHpOKOM)' BHepeHHIO
npemnCTByeT BLlCOJl:WI CTOHMOCTb npOH3BO,ll;CTBa.
5.2. nOPIDHEBOii IIAJIE:Q
KJIIO'IeBaJI np06JIeMa KOHCTpYHpOBaHIDl nopmHeBoro naJIba-
o6ecne'IeHHe BbICOKOH YCTaJIOCTHOH npO'lHOCTH, )lCeCTKOCTH H H3HOCO-
CTOHKOCTB npH MHHBMa.JIbHhIX KOHCTPYKTBBHOH Macce H 3aTpaTax Ha
npOR3BOCTBO.
B aBTOTpaKTOpHhlX BHI'aTeJIJlX OCTaTO'IHO IllHpoKO HCnOJIb3YIOTCJl
na.JIbbI npoCTeiimeH Tpy6'IaTOH q,opMbI (PRC. 5.13, a). OAHaKO B pJl,l.J,e
KOHCTPYKH }1.JIJI MHHBMB3anuH MaCCbI npH coxpaHeHHH BbICOKOH npo-
'lHOCTH naJ1e H3rOTOBJIJIIOT B Ce'IeHHH B BH,LJ;e 6aJIKH, paBHoH npo'lHo-
CTH Ha H3rR6 (PHC. 5.13, 6 - z).
ITo cnoco6y CO'lJIeHeHIDI C BepxueH rOJIOBKOH maTYHa pa3JIB'IaIOT
nopmHeBbIe na.JIbbI DJIaBaro.mHe H 3a.meMJIeHHLIe.
3aUjeMAeHHble naAbljbl q,HKCHPYIOTCH B maT}'He, 'ITO n03BOJIHeT yoe-
nH'lHTb JIBHY onopHoH nOBepXROCTB B 606L1IllKax nopmIDl H (BJIH)
YMeHblliHTh ,WI8.MeTp naJIba 3a C'IeT COKpeHBJI }1.JIHHbI onopHoro
Y'IaCTKa B rOJIOBKe maT}'Ha.
OTcYTCTBHe 3a30pa Me naJIbeM H maT}'HoM n03BOJUleT YMeHb-
IllHTb OTKJIOHeHHe maTYHa B HanpaBJIeHRH OCR KOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa.
OARaICo npH npHMeHeHHH 3a.meMJIeHHbIX naJIbeB RX H3HOC no Ha-
PRc. 5.13. KOBClpyIllHliI nopWHeBhIX DaJIbl1;eB:
a - ..-py6uThll; 6 - Z - paBBoupo'IIILIlI c ItOHH'ICCI[Oi! BsyrpeHBei nOBepXBOCTIdO
141

P)"KHOH nOBepXHOCTH IICpaHHOMepeH B CHJIy Toro, 'ITO B npOlecce
pa60ThI nanen He BpaI1.taeTCH
KaK 6L1JIO nOKa.3aUO pauee, npOll>HJIHpoBaHHe HapyxmOH nOBepx-
HOCTH naJIhna npoH3Bo,nJlT C Y'IeTOM B03MO)I(HOCTH YMeHbmeHHJI y,neJIb-
HLIX ,naBJIeHHH, OKa.3bIBaeMbIX HM ua 606hIIIIKH nopmIDI.
CO'leT8.HHe BhICOKHX YCTaJIOCTHOH npO"tffiOCTH naJIbna H H3HOCO-
CTOHKOCTH ero HapY)lCHOH nOBepXHOCTH 06eCne'lHBaeTCJI BhI60pOM
COOTBeTCTByrom:ero MaTepHaJIa WllI ero H3rOTOBJIeHIDl, a TaK)I(e HC-
nOJIb30BaHHeM TepMOXHMH'leCKHX (3aKaJIKa TB1:l, neMeHTanIDI), Tex-
HOJIOm'leCKHX (nmHcI>oBKa, nOJmpoBaHHe) MeTo,nOB ynpO'IHeHIDI ero
KOHCTp)'KnHH.
IIaJIbUhI ,l];cM3 H3rOTOBJIJIIOT H3 cpeJUleyrJIepo,nHCTbIX CTaJIeH 45
H 40XA. Mx HapY)l(HaJI nOBepXHOCTb 3aKaJIHBaeTCJI TB1:l Ha rJIy6HH)I
1,0...1,5 MM ,nJIJI no.rryq:eHHJI TBep,nocTH HRC 52...60. ,l];JIJI naJIhneB
,nH3eJIeH H cl>OpcHpOBaBHbIX ,l];cM3 HCnOJIb3YlOT JIempOBaBHhIe CTaJIH
15X, 15XA, 18X2H4MA H 12X3A, KOTophIe neMeHTHpYIOT Ha my6HUY
1,0...1,7 MM. Mx nOBepXHOCTUaJl TBep,noCTb ,nOCTHI'aeT HRC 56...65.
,ZJ;onOJIHHTeJIbHaJI n;eMeUTHJI nanbIta H nOJIHpOBKa ero BHY1'peHHeH
nOBepXHOCTH n03BOJIJllOT nOBhICHTb YCTaJIOCTuyro npo'IHocrb ua
15...20%. IIopmueBhIe DaJIhUhI, H3rOTOBJIJleMbIe H3 a.30THpyeMbIX cra-
JIeH, nOCJIe COOTBeTCTByrolIteH TepMo06pa60TKH HMelOT Ha 35...45%
60JIbmyro YCTaJIOCTHyro npO'IHOCTb.
5.3. nOPIIIHEBLIE KOJILQA
KOUCTPYKItHH DopmueBbIX KOJIen cl>YHKItHOUaJIbUO CneItHaJIH3HpOBa-
IIbI. KOMnpeCCUOH.H.ble KO./lbIJa JlBJIJIIOTCJI OCHOBHbIM 3JIeMeUTOM JIa6H-
pHHTuoro YDJIOTHeUHJI BH)'TpHUBJIHH,lJ;pOBOrO npocrpaucrBa. ,l];JIJI HX
UOpMaJIbUOrO «PYHKIJ;HOUHPOBauHJI ue06xo,nuMO, 'lT06hI OHH ycrauaB-
JIHBa.JIHCb B KaHaBKH nopmIDI C ,nocraTO'lHO 60JIbIllHMH pa,nHaJIbHbIM
H OCeBbIM 3a.30p3.MH. TaxaJl KOHCTpyKnBJI JIa6HpHHTHoro ynrroTueUHJI
06JIa,naeT HaCOCHblM deilcmoueM H npHHn;HDHaJIbHO He MO)l(eT orpaHH-
'lHTb nOCTYDJIeUHe MaCJIa B ItHp. 3Ty «PYUKItHIO BblDOJIIDIIOT Mac-
./lOCbeMH.ble KO./lbIJa, ycraHaBJIHBaeMbIe B KaHaBK}' C MHHHMa.m.HbIMH
3a.30paMH, B KOTOpbIX HMelOTCJI nOJIOCTH JJ.JIJI c60pa H OTBo.n;a MaCJIa H3
3a.30pa B 3anopmueBoe npocrpauCTBO; Ha HHX T8.IOKe B03JIaralOTCJI
«PYHKWlH peryJIHpOBauHJI pe)I(HMa CMa3KH CO'IJIeHeHHJI nopmeHb - ItH-
p.
KOUCTPYKItHH uaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaueHHbIX B aBTOTpaKTOpUbIX
,nBHraTeJIJIX KOMnpeCCUOH.H.blX KO./leIJ npHBe!{eBhl Ha pHC. 5.14.
. KO./lbIJa C npRMOYZOAbH.blM nonepe'lH.blM Ce'leHUeM (pHC. 5.14, a)
npoCThI B H3rOTOBJIeHHH, HMelOT 60JIbmyro nJIOIIta.D:b KOHTaKTa no
pa60'leH nOBepXHOCTH co creuKoH ItHJIHH,lI;pa, '1TO cnoco6crBYeT XOpO-
142

a &J IA?
, ri3 
.  ,

,., 
"
Pac. 5.14. KOBClp}'KUHJl IOMnpeccHoBHLIX'IOJIen:
a - npJIMoyrOJIhBOro JJPOCl>BJII; 6 - C KOBB"'leQ[O:lt pa6o'le:lt noBepXBOCTbIO; /I - C 6o'lJ[o06pa3BoA
pa6o'iCA noBepXBocn.lO; z. iJ - npJIMOyroJJhBOro npo4>H-u C npJIMoyro.rrhBoii HJIIJ CEomeBBoii BBJT-
peBBe:It II1oITO'lJ[O:lt; . 3/C - C nonepe'IBbIM ce'iCBBeM B lIII,I\e CHMMel1ul'lBoii B BCCIIMMe-IpB'lBoii
1J>8.IIeI\HH; S - ape6KOBhle; U - Bm'hIe CTlUIhBhle; Ie - C o6paTIIhIM TOpcBOBOM
meMY TeDJIOOTBO,n;y OT mJIOBICH nOpmWI B CHCTeMY OXJIaxc.n:eHHSI. O.n;Ha-
KO HX He,n;OCTaTKOM SIBIDIeTCg Tpy,n;HOCTb npHpa60TKH pa60'leii nOBepX-
HOCTa K 3epKaJIY ItHJIHpa.
. KOAb1j.a C KOHUileCKOU pa6o'leU n06epXHOCmb1O (<<MHH)'THbIe») C yr-
JIOM HaKJIOHa pa60'leii nOBepXHOCTH K 3epKaJIy .QHJIHH,n;pa 15...30' a3-3a
nOBbIIDeHHom ,n;aBJIeHIDI Ha pa60'leii KpOMKe 6bICTpo npHpa6aThIBalOT-
Cg K 3epKaJIy .QHJIlIH)];pa, nOCJIe '1ero npa06perWOT Bee Ka'leCTBa KOJIe.Q
C npD1OyrOJIbHbIM Ce'leHHeM (pac. 5.14, 6). O.n;H3.KO npOH3Bo,n;CTBO
TaICHX KOJIe.Q 60JIee CJIO)I(llO.
. ,D;ocToHHCTBa a He,n;OCTaTICH KOJIe.Q npJIMoyrOJIbHOrO H KOHH'IeC-
Koro ce'leHHii B 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOii Mepe )"ITeHbI Ii KOHCTpYICUHH CiCp)"lU6a- I
IOUlUXCR (mopCUOHHblX) KOAe1j. (PHC. 5.14, Z, 0). TalCHe KOJIb.Qa B cB06o,n;- I,
HOM COCTOSIHHa HMelOT npgMoyrOJIbHOe ce'le..He C BbITO'IICaMH, OCJIa-
6mnom;HMH BepXH1010 30HY Ce'leHHg KOJIb.Qa.
B pa60'leM COCTOSIHHH T3.KOe KOJIb.QO «CKpY'fHBaerCID) 3a C'IeT 60JIb-
meii ero ,n;e4>opM8..QHH B BepXHeii 30He eeqeHIDI Hero pa60'lag nosepx-
HOCTb KOHT3.KTHpyer C 3epKaJIOM Y3KOii KpoMKoii, KaK a B CJIY'lae
<<MHHymoro» KOJIb.Qa. 3T0 cnoco6cToyeT 6bICTpoii em npapa60TKe.
O,ltHaKO TaKHe KOJIb.Qa DJIOXO KOHTaKTHpYIOT co CTemc:aMH K8.HaBlCH, '1TO
143

3a-rpy.zIUICT TellJIoo6MCII '1CpC3 IIHX Mexc.ny rOJIOBKOH nOpIIIHR H CTemcoH
lIIiftpa.
. hO'l1C006p03HOR pa6o'laJl n08epXHOCmb 1COAb'la (CHMMeTpH'lHaR HJIH
aCHMMCTpH'lH8JI) 06ecne'lHDdCT OnTHMaJIbHoe pacnpe,neJIeHHe MaCJIa no
Xo,ny nOpmHR, HCKJIIO'IaeT KpOMO'lHLIH KOHTaKT KOJIb.qa C .qHJIHH,npOM H,
CJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO, paJpLlB MaCJIRHOH llJIeHKH npH «BLlBOpa'IHBaHHH»
KOJIb.qa H3-3a H3MeHeHHJI HanpaBJIeHHR ero ,roJIDKeHWI. TaKoe KOJIb.qO
6hICTpO H xopomo npHpa6aTLlBaeTCJI K 3epK8JIY rouIHH,l];pa (PHC. 5.14,8).
. KOJIb.qa C nonepe'IHbIM ce'leHHeM 8 8uoe OOHOCmOpOltHeU UAU
o8ycmopoHHeU mpane'luu H C npJIMoyrOJIbHOH HJIH 60'IK006pa3HOH pa-
6o'leH nOBepXHOCTbIO xopomo npoTHBOCTORT npmopaHHIO ,na)Ke npH
nOBhIllIeHHbIX TeMllepaTYpax B 30He KaHaOKH (PHC. 5.14, a, ;)fC). OceBoe
H pa,l{HaJIbHOe ,roJB>KeHWI nopmHJI npH ero nepeKJIa.,nKe npHBO,l{JIT K H3-
MeHeHBIO 3aJopa Me>K,l{Y Top.qeObIMB nOBepXHOCTJIMB KOJIb.qa B KaHaOKH
nopUIHR, '1TO npe,nOTBPaIQaeT 3aCTOH MaCJIa B KaHaBKe, a 06pa3YIDlQIIH-
CR Harap HenpepLIBHO paCTBpaeTCR H BhlMLlBaeTCJI H3 3aJopa. TaKHe
KOJIb.qa HOCRT HaJBaHHe COMOO'lUUjQ1OUj.UXCR. KOJIb.qa C O,l{HOCTOpOHHeH
-rpane.qBeH BCJIe,nCToHe aCHMMeTpB'lHOCTB BX npOlpBIDI 06JIa,naroT Bce-
MH COOHCTBaMH TOpCHOHHhIX KOJIe.q.
. KOHH'IeCKHH CKOC pa60'leH nOBepXHoCTB Y c1Cpe61C08bIX 1CoAe'l
npBBO,l];HT K }'MeHbmeHHIO ee nJIOrna.,nH B, CJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO, K yoeJIB'Ie-
HmO paJ.(H8JIbHOrO ,ZJ:aOJIeHHJI KOJIb.qa Ha 3epK8JI0 IIHJIHH,l{pa (PHC. 5.14,
3). TaKoe KOJIbIIO, OCTaOaJICb KOMllpeCCHOHHhIM, MO>KeT B OrpaHH'IeH-
HOM 06"beMe BbIIIOJIIDITb CPymcnHlO MaCJIOCLeMBOro.
. HIDKHee KOMllpeccHoHHoe KOJIbIIO HHor,ZJ:a BbIIlOJIHRIOT mopCUOH-
HblM (pBC. 5.14, 1C) C pacnOJIO)KeHBeM OCJIa6JIRIOeH npOTO'IKB B HH>KHeH
'1aCTH ce'leHWI H O,ZJ:HoBpeMeHHLIM «MHH}'THbIM» CKOCOM pa60'leH nOBep-
XHOCTH. IIpH YCTaHoBKe B ItH1IlIIiftp 06ecne'IBBaeTCR ero KOHTaKT C IIH-
JIHH,ZJ:pOM no HIDKHeH KpOMKe. no CPymcIIHOHaJIbHbIM CBOHCTBaM OHO
6JIH3KO K CKpe6KOBOM)' KOJIbIIY.
KOHCTPYKIUlR MOCAOCbeMHblX 1COAe'l ,ZJ:OJI>KHa 06ecne'IIIBaTb CDeM
B3JIHIlIKOB MaCJIa co CTeHOK ItH1IHH,l];pa, a TaIOICe pacnpe,ZJ:eJIeHHe ero
B BH,l{e llJIeHm nOCTOJIHHOH TO.IIIIIHHLI no ero 3epK8JIY. B 30Hax KOHTaK-
Ta KOJIb.qa B IlHJIB:H,l{pa Ha Bcex pe1KllMaX pa60ThI ,l];OJI>KHa coxpaIDITbCR
MaCJUIH8JI llJIemca TO.IIIIIHHOH 0,003...0,012 MM. AJIJI npe,ZJ:OTBp8lIIeHHR
'1pe3MepHoro «OT)KaTHID> MaCnOCDeMHOrO KOJIbIIa OT 3epK8JIa ItH1IHH,l];pa
Hero «BCllJIblTIIR» Ha MaCJISIHOH llJIeHKe OHO ,lJ;OJDKHO o6ecne'IBBaTb
BbICOKoe pa..nH8JIbHOe ,lJ;aBJIeHHe Ha CTeHKY IIBJIHH.npa no cpaOHeHBIO
C KOMllpeccHOHHbIM. B HaCTOJ.lee BpeM}! B KOHCTPYKIlHH aBTOTpaKTOp-
Hh1X ,l];BHraTeJIeH H8.H60JIbmee pacnpOCTpaHeHBe nOJIY1J:HJIB: CJIeIIlHe
THllbI MaCJIOC'beMBhIX KOJIeII (pBC. 5.15):
. 'lyz)'HHble MOHOAumHble C 8umblM '1UAuH()pU'leC1CUM npY;)fCUHHblM
pocwupumeAeM 6paCAemHOZO muna XapaKTepH3YIDTCJ.I BbICOKOH rB6Ko-
CTblO B 06eCne'IHBalOT paoHoMepHoe pacnpe,l];eJIeHHe ,l];aBJIeHHR no BhI-
COTe KOJIbIIa (PBC. 5.15, 6). Me pa60'lBMH nORCK3.MH TaKoro KOJIb.qa
144

S8
a 6 e
:iJ:iJ!jJ
i!
a
e
Pac. 5.15. KOHClpYIUHH MacJIOCbeMHLIX IOJIe:
a - Iopo6'laTOro TIlDa 6c3 pacnmpHTernr; 6 - Iopo6'13TOrO TIlDa C III!TYM np)'1DlBHhlM pacnmpB-
TCJJeM; II - B8 ape6IOBLIX IOJIhIla; z - Iopo6'13TOrO nm3 C p8J1B3.nhBhIM p8C1DBpBTeJ1eM;  - C
 B OceBLIM pacnmpBTCJICM; e - C HLDd pacumpBTCJIeM
HMeeTCg KaHaBKa-pe3epByap IDI c60pa MaCJIa, OTBO KOTOpOrO B 3aIIO-
pIIIHeBOe IIpOCTpaHCTBO ocymeCTBIDIeTCg '1epe3 peHaxrnhIe OTBepcmg
B IIOpWHe. BHYTpeHHlO1O IIoBepxaoCTb KOJIbn;a BhIlIOJIIDIIOT B Be
IIOnyOKPY)ICllOCTH HJIH V -06pa:mOH OpMhI. B nepBOM CJI}"Iae IIpyxoma
6hICTpee IIpHpa6aTbIBaeTCg, OAHalCO OHa MO)ICeT 3aKpbIBaTb '1aCTb IIJIO-
ma,n;H peHaxrnhIX OKOH. JrOT THII KOJIbn;a HCIIOJIb3YlOT IIpaKTH'IecKH Ha
Bcex aBTOM06HJlbHhIX H3elliIX H IIpHMepHO Ha TpeTH KOHC-rpYKIJ;HH
,[\cH3. ,[\IDI IIOBhIIIIeHHg ,no.nrOBe'IHOCTH pa60'IHe IIOgCKH KOJIen; IIOKphI-
BalOT 3JIeKTpOJIHTH'IecKHM CJIOeM IIopHCToro xpOMa;
. cmaAbHble cocmaBHble (c60pHble) XpOMUp08aJUtble MaCAOC'be.MHble
KOAblla, COCTOmn;.He H3 ABYX KOJIbn;eBhIX OIIOpHblX IIJIaCTHH H paClliHpH-
TeJIeH (oceBoro H pa,nH8JIbHOrO HJIH TaureHU;H8JIbHoro), HCIIOJIb3YK>TCg
B OCHOBHOM Ha ,[\cH3 (PHC. 5.15, Z - e). H8.H60JIee 3cpeKTHBHhI KOJIbn;a
C TaureHU;H8JIbHLIM paCIIIHpHTeJIeM, 06ecne'IHBaIOmHM OIITHMB..JIbHOe
paCIIOJIO)ICeHHe OIIOpHbIX KOJIen; B KaHaBKe (PHC. 5.15, e). PaCIIIHpHTeJIH
3a C'IeT c06CTBeHHoH ynpyrOCTH n03BOJUIlOT IIOBhICHTh aBJIeHHe OIIOp-
Horo KOJIbn;a Ha CTeHICY npH MHHHMaJIbHOH ero paaJIbHOH TOJIIIJ;HHe.
TaICoe KOJIbn;O 60JIee m6Ko H JIY'lllIe IIpHcIIoCa6I1HBaeTCg K HClCa)ICeHHHM
OpMhI n;HJIHHpa, a y,neJIbHOe aBJIeHHe Hu CTemcy IJ;HJIHHApa M8JIO
3aBHCHT OT BeJIH'lHHbI H3Hoca ero 3JIeMeHI0B;
. cucmeMa U3 08YX KOAeli cKpe6Ko8oz0 mil' a (PHC. 5.15,8), YCTaHaB-
JIHBaeMbIX B O):{Hy KaHaBKY (Bepxaee KOJIbn;O IIPH 3TOM HMeeT peHa)I(-
HhIe IIPOpe3H), oIIycKaeT B03MO)l{HOCTb HX «He3aBHCHMOH» pa6oThI,
'1TO YJIY'ffiIaeT ymcn;HOHHpoBaHHe KOJIen; npH BIDKeHHH IIopmIDI C He-
1C0TOpLIM IIepeKOCOM.
Ka'lecTBeHHOe BhIlIOJIHeHHe QYHICn;HH CHCTeMOH KOJIen; B COCTaBe
nopmHeBOH rpynIIhI OIIpeeIDIeTCg He TOJIbKO BhIcoKo34>eKTHBHbIMH
145

KOHCTPyKIIUIMH OT,QenJ.IIJ.1X cc :mCMCHTOB, HO H npaoUAbHocmblO noo6o-
pa ux KOMnAeKma.
06hI'lH0 B ,D;cM3 BCpXUCC, KOMIIpecCHOHHOC KOJIbItO - IIpHMOyrOllb-
Horo CC'leHHH C 60'IK006pa3UOH pa60'leii IIOBepxnOCTblO, a HIDKHee -
cKpe61C0Boe, TopcHOHHoe HnH MHHYTHOe.
B CBH3H C TeM 'ITO Y 1}J0pcHpOBaHHbIX AH3eJIeii C1IO)KHO 06ecne'IHTb
TCMIIepaTYPY B 30He lCaHaBKH nepBoro 1C0MIIpeccHoHHoro 1C0JIbIta HIDICe
TeMIIepaTyphI 1C0ICCOBaHIDI MaCJIa, B lCa'lecTBe nepBoro 1C0MIIpecCHOH-
Horo HCnOJIb3YIOT 1C0JIbItO C ,QBYCTopOHHeii TparreItHeii (,Qo 75% BCCX
MO,Qelleii). HH)KHee 1C0MIIpeccHoHHoe 1C0JIbItO - npHMoyrOJIbHOrO ce'le-
HID! (AO 40%), cICpe6KoBoro (AO 35%) H pex<e c ce'leHHeM B BRAe
ABYCTOpOHHeii Tpanc.QH.H (,Qo 25%).
B npoItecce 3KCnJIyaTaItHH KOJIbItO TepHeT CBOIO ynpyrocTb HepaB-
HOMepHo no ero nepHMeTpy. B ncpBYIO o'lepe.Ql> npoHcxo,QHT nOTepH
ynpyroCTH KOJIbIta B 30He 3aMKa H3-3a ero 1I0KaJIbHOrO ODICHI"a. KOllbItO
B 3TOii 30He Ha'IHHaCT nnoxo ICoHTaKTHpOBaTb C xOllo,QHoii CTeHICoii
ItHJIHH,Qpa, npoItecc ODI<Hra C nOTepcH ynpyroCTH pe3Ko YCICOpHeTCH
H 1C0JIbItO BbIXO,QHT H3 CTpOH.
BClIe,QcTBHe :noro 1C0JIbIta H3rOTOBlIHIOTCH C HepaBHOMepHOii 3Il1O-
poii ,QaBlIeHIDI. EOllbIlIHe y,QCJIbHhIC ,Q3.BlIeHHH npeA)'CMaTpHBalOTCH
B 30He 33.MICa, 'ITO 1C0MIICHCHpyeT nOTeplO ero ynpyroCTH H, CJIC,QOBaTe-
JIbHO, YBCJIH'IHBaeT cpOIC cro CJIyx<6hI (PHC. 5.16).
<I>opMa 3a.MKa 1C0MIIpCCCHOHHOro 1C0JIbIta Mox<eT 6bITb npHMoyrollb-
Hoii, 1C0coii H CTyneH'IaTOii (pHC. 5.17). HaH601lee npocTa B H3roTOBlIe-
HHH npHMoyrOllbH8JI 1}J0pMa 38.MICa, HO OHa 0611a.n;aeT HaHXY.lUIlHMH H3
ncpe'IHCJICHHbIX ra.3oynlloTIDIIOm:HMH CBOHCTBaMH, 'ITO, O,QHaICO, Marro
CKa.3bIBaeTCH Ha CP}'llICItHOHaJIbHbIX lCa'lCCTBaX npH HCnOllb30B8.HHH HX
p,MDa
6
5
90 0
3
270 0
I
0 0
PRc. 5.16. 3nroPLI pa)J;HIlJIbHLIX MBJIeBHii KOJI&I(a 11& 3epIaJIO IIHJIBII.[ij)Il
no 0KP}'JI:Bocm:
]- rpymCBB,AllaJI; 2- OB8JIldl8JI; 3- cpe,!IBCC pa,qe1LJI&BOC AftBJ1CmlC
330 0
146

gp
u
\lL-rU
lllTH/fn'
C)LJ
6
6
i!
PRe. 5.17. <1IopMa 3aMKa J[OJI&ua:
a - npJIMoyroJIhB8JI; 6 - Jl:oca.II; " - cryneH'laT3Jl; Z - co mmcllTOM lIJ1JI ltBYXT8rI1II>lX lUIBI"aTeJ1ell
B 6hICTpOXOAHbIX ,lUJHraTeIDIX. BeJIll'lHHa 3a30pa B 3a.MKe B pa60'leM
COCTOJIIIHH 0,05...0,1 MM.
B Ka'lecTBe MamepuaAa ()JlH nopume8blX KOJleli B OCHOBHOM npHMeIDI-
lOT Cne.QHaJIbHhIH: CephIH: BhICOKOnpO'IHhIH '1yryu, KOTOphIH: 06JIaAaeT
cTa6HJIbHhIMH nOK83aTeJUIMH npo'lHOCTH H ynpyrocm npH pa60'le.H
TeMllepaTYpe B Te'leHHe BCerO cpOKa CJIyx<:6hI KOJIL:Qa, BhICOKOH H3HOCO-
CTO.HKOCTLIO B yCJIOBHJIX rpaHH'ffiOCO TpeHHJI, XOpOmHMH aHTH$pHK.QH-
OHHhlMH CBO.HCTBaMH, CnOC06HOCTblO AOCTaTO'lHO 6hICTpo H 3$<l>eKTHB-
HO npHpa6aTLIBaTbCJI K nOBepXHOCTH :QHJIHH,l{pa. JIecHpyIDI:QHe A06aBKH
Cr, Ni, Mo, W CnOC06CTByIDT nOBLlIIIeHHIO ero >KaponpO'lHOCTH )];0
340°C. HaJIH1DIe 3Ha'IHTeJILHO.H 'laCTH yrJIepoAa B Be IIJIaCTHH'laTOrO
rpa$HTa npHBOAHT K nOBLlIIIeHHIO aAcop6HPYIOI:QHX H CMa3bIBalOI:QHX
Ka'lecTB nopmHeBoro KOJIb:Qa, a TaJOKe CHIDKaeT ero 'lyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb
K KOH:QeHTpaTOp8.M HanpJI)KeHlm.
TeXHoJlozwr U3Z0m08J1eHUH nopume8blX KOJleli AOJI)J(Ha 06ecnequoaTL
TaKyID $OPMY KOJIb:Qa B CB060AHOM COCTOJIIIHH, KOTOpaJI C03A8BaJIa 6L1
He06xoAHMyID 3nlOpy AaBJIeHIDI B ero pa60'leM COCTOHHHH. COBpeMeH-
HhIe KOJIb:Qa OTJIHB8JOT HHAHBH,l1;yaJIbHO C MBHHMaJIbHhIMH npHnyCIC8.MH
Ha MeXaHH'leCICyID o6pa6oTKY H 3aTeM o6pa6aThIB8JOT no KonHpy.
IIocJIe 3aKaJIKII H OTnYCKa B HHX. BLlpe3alOT 38.MOK. OKOH'laTeJIbHoe
UIJIH$oBaHlle nOBepXHoCTeH KOJIL:Qa npOH3BOAKr nOCJIe HallLlJIeHH)l H3-
HOCOCTORoro MaTepHa.n:a.
BHThIe KOJIb:Qa H paCllIHpHTeJIH M8CJIOC'beMHLIX KOJIe:Q H3rOTOBJIJIIOT
H3 CTaJIbHOH nOJIHpOB8.HHOH JIeHThI. ):(JUI YJIyqmeHIDI npHpa6aThI-
BaeMOCTH, yoeJIH'leHIDI H3HOCOCTOROCTH H 38I:QHThI OT KOpp03HH
Ha pa60'lyID nOBepXHOCTL KOJIb:Qa H8.HOC)lT CneI1HaJIbHLle nOKphITHJI
nopHCToro xpOMa (CM. pHC. 5.14). IIpH 3TOM OnTHMaJIbHWI TBepAOCTb
pa60'leH nOBepXHOCTH KOJIb:Qa AOCTHraeTCJJ npH TOJImuHe CJIOJI xpOMa
AO 0,25 MM.
HaH60JIee cOBpeMeHHhIe KOHCTpYKnHH - KOJIb:Qa C MOJlu6()eHo8blM
nOKpLlTHeM pa60'leH nOBepXHOCTH, H8.HOC"'-MLIM HallJlaBKOH HJIH HalILI-
JIeHHeM B llJIa3MeHHoH CTpye. TaKoe nOKphITHe 3$$eKTHBHo npeAoT-
Bp8I:QaeT «npWKOrH» 6JIarOAap)l BhICOKOH TeMllepaType llJIaBJIeHH)l MO-
JIH6AeHa, a nO.JIy'laeMWI npH HaHeceHHH ere nopHcTWI CTpyICTypa nOBep-
XHOCTH cnoc06cTByer YAep)KaHHIO MaCJI)lHOH nJIeHKII. 06P8.3YIOI:QHHC)l
npH TpeHHH OKCH,l1; MOJIH6AeH::t. 06JIaaeT XOpOllIHMH CM83LIB8JOI:QHMH
CBOHCTB3.MH.
147

l),illl C03AamIR «npHpa6o 1"0'-11\01'0» nOKphlTIDl Ii Ami 3aIlUIThl KOnbIR
OT KOpp03HH B pMe CJIY'MCU HCIIOJ1b3YIOT AY:HCeHUe HJIH ifJocifJamupoea-
Hue pa6o'IHx nOBepXHOCTeH KOMIIpecCHOHHhIX Kone.Q, KpOMe nepBoro.
5.4. P AC1JET nOPIllHB
06'beKTHBHaJI O.QeHKa HanpR)KeHHO-AerpopMHpOB3.HHOrO COCTOJIHWI
3JIeMeHTOB nOpIIIBJ.I J.lBIDIerCJ.I CJIO:>KHOH H B HaCTOJ.I.I.Qee BpeMjJ AO KOH.Qa
HepellieHHoH HH)KeHepHOH 3aAa'leii.
CYI.QeCTBYIOI.QHe Ha.[(e)KHhIe 'iHCJIeHHbIe MeTO.[(hI aH3..JIH3a TenJIO-
Boii H .[(HHaMH'IeCKOH HarpY)KeHHOCTH nopIIlIDl (HaIIpHMep, MeTOA
KOHe'lHhIX 3JIeMeHTOB) n03BOJIJ.IIOT C .[(oCTaTO'IHoii TO'IHOCTbIO nOJIY-
'laTh TeMnepaTypHoe nOJIe nopmIDI H HanpIDKeHHJ.I B ero 3JIeMeHTaX
OT BceX BH,D;OB MeXaHH'IeCKHX H TelUIOBhIX HarpY30K. OCHOBHaJ.l npo-
6JIeMa HX npaKTH'IeCKOrO HCnOJ1b30BaHWI - MeTO.[(H'IeCKaJl CJIO)K-
HOCTh OIlHcaHWI rp8.HH'IHbIX YCJIOBIDf:, OT npaBHJIbHOCTH H onpe.[(eJIeH-
HOCTH 3a.[(3.HIDI KOTOphIX 3aBHCJ.lT TO'IHOCTh H 06'beKTHBHOCTb paC'IeTa,
R TRK)Ke 60JIblliaJI TPy.[(oeMKOCTh IIOWOTOBHTeJIbHhIX H pac'leTHhIX
pa60T.
OpHeHTHpOBO'lHbIe .[(RHHbIe 0 pa60Tocnoco6HOCTH KOHC-rpYK.QHH MO-
:>KHO nOJIY'fHTh, BCnOJIb3YJ.I ynpom;eHHbIe paC'IeTHbIe Mo.[(eJIH H pea.JlH3Y-
eMhIe Ha HX OCHOBe cpaBHBTeJIbHbIe O.QeHKH HanpIDKeHHo-.[(erpopMBpo-
BaHHoro COCTOJIHWI. .
H3HoCOCmOU,KOCmb 106KU nopWHR KOCBeHHO O.QeHHBaerCJ.I no y.[(eJIh-
HOMY JJ:aBJIeHIIIO qlO, MITa, B COnpJDKeHBB 106Ka - .QHJIHH,lJ;p. O.QeHKa
npOBOJJ:HTCR Ha pe:>KHMe HOMBH3..JIbHOB MO:m;HOCTB (N eHoN , o,J DO 3aBH-
CHMOCTH
qlO= NmAJ(h,JJ),
cJJ:e N mAX - MaKCHMaJIbHaJI BeJIH'IlIHa 60KOBOii CHJIbI, MH; hlO - BbICO-
Ta 106KH nOplliIDI, M.
AIDI DOpIIIBeii Acl:I3 qlO=0,5...0,8 MITa;.[(.illI nopIIIBeii JJ:H3eJIeii qlO=
=0,7...1,2 MITa.
HaJIH'lHe rapaIITHpOBRHHOii nO.QBIDKHOCTB noplliIDI O.QeHHBRerCJ.I no
));HRMeTpaJIbHoMY 3a:30py Me)I(.[(y .Q1illBH,lJ;pOM B noplliHeM A' HR npozpe-
mOM JJ:BHraTeJIe:
A' = A + Du.au. (/u. - 1 0 ) - DnlXu (In - 1 0 ),
r,ll;e au., !Xu - K03rprpH.QHeHThI JIHHeHHOrO paClliHpeHBJ.I MaTepHaJIa WI-
llHHJJ:pa H DOplliIDI, IlK; Iu., In - TeMIlepaTypbI .QHJIHH,lJ;pa H COOTBerCT-
BYIOI.QeCO 3JIeMeHTa noplliIDI, K; 10 - Ha'l3..JIbHRR TeMDepaTypa DOplliHJ.I
H .QHJIHHJJ:PR, K; A - MOHTR:>KHbIii 3a30p, M.
148

06hl'IHO AaHHhle 33.30pbl npOBepSllOT ,lI.illI. BepXHero TOpa rOnOBKH
IInpIlIHR H AmI ero 106m, 3a.L\aBall HX paCqeTHhle pa3Mepbl H TeM-
IIepaT}'phI. OmOCHTeJIbHhl.U .llfaMeTpa.nbHhl.U 3a.30p (!!/D) ,l1,JIR ,lIaHHbIX
lOll COOTBeTCTBeHHO COCTaBnlleT 0,002...0,003 H 0,0005...0,001.
5.5. PAC"IIET nOPIDHEBOrO ITA.JIbQA
B npoecce pa60ThI no,l( ,l(eHCTBHeM HHepHOHHbIX H ra.30BLIX CHn
II KOHCTPYKl\HH: naJIba B03HHKalOT BanpIDKeHHll H3rH6a, cpe3a H OBaJIH-
laLWH.
KOBCTpyKTHBHhIe nap8.MeTphI na.m.a npH ero npOeKTHpOBaHHH nep-
IIOHaqa.m.HO onpe,l(emIlOT no CTaTHCTHqecKHM AaHHblM (CM. Ta6n. 5.l),
a 3aTeM YTO'lH1llOTCR no pe3ynbTaTaM npOBepOqBLIX paCqerOB.
IIpH onpeAeneHHH nap8.MerpOB d n , /6 H a (pHC. 5.18, a) Heo6xo-
){HMO PYKOBo,l(CTBOBaTbClI cne,Q)'IOm;HMH co06pa)KeHIDlMH. Y nallba
JlnaBalOm;eii: KOHCTpYKIWH H3HOCOCTOHKOCTb BT}'nKH BepXHeH ronOBKH
lUaTyHa BLlIIIe, qeM 606L1IIIeK nOpIllHlI, a o6ecneqHTb xopoIllHe ycnOBHlI
cc CMa3bIBaHIDI nePle, qeM conpIDKeHIDI na.ne - 606b1IllKB.. IIo3ToMY
onopHYIO ,l1,JIHHY BT}'nKH HCXO,lUI H3 npHHIUlna pBBOnpOqHOCTH eneco-
1
o
3
PRe. 5.18. Pac'IeTHaJI cxeMa noplllHeBoro naJI&l\a:
a - OCHOIIHhlC rCOMCTplf'lccnlC COOTBomcmu; 6 - CXCMB BBrP)'ICHWI na.JIbQa IIpB mm6c; II - KOCH-
syCOBAaJIhBOC pacnpcACJICHBC BIIIJIY3EB no 'IOBCpXHOC1"II naJIbI\a; Z - HBIlpJIXCIIRJI Ba BHyrpCHHcii
H Bap)'IBoA noaepxllocT.X na.nba
149

06p8.3HO npHH.51Th MeHbWCH, qeM COBoKynuag AJIHHa OnOpHhIX nOBepX-
HOCTeH 606b1IIIeK.
KpHTepHJIMH npaBHJlbIIOCTH BbI60pa reOMeTpH<IecKHX napaMeTpOB
naJIbn;a H COnp.H)KeHHhIX C HHM eT3J.IeH du, 16 H a JIBJI.HIOTC.51 onYCTHMbIe
yeJIbHLIe aBJIeHH.51 B COnp.51:>KeHU.HX, onpeeIDllOue HX H3HOCOCTOH-
KOCTh.
H3HococmOUKocmb naAblla OQeHHBalOT no yeJlbHhIM aBJIeHHJIM
MeQY BT}'JIKOH maTYHa qm, 606bIIIIKaMH nopmIDI q6 H onopHhIMH
nOBepXHOCTJIMH naJlbn;a (Mila):
qm = (Pz + PjJ/(dua);
q6 = (Pz + 6.J/(2dJ6)'
re Pz - CUJIa aBJIeHWI C8.30B, MH; Pjn - CUJIa HHepn;HH nOpIIIHeBOH
rpYIIIIhI, eHCTBYIOa.H Ha BTYJIKY maT}'Ha, MH; u= -11Iurc.o 2 (I +l);
11Iu - MaCCa nOpIIIHeBOH rpYIIIIhI; P j6 . n - CHJIa HHepl1HH Macc nopm-
HeBOH rpynnbI 6e3 MaCCbI n8JIbn;a, eHCTBYIOa.H Ha 606bIIIIKH
nOpIIIHg, MH; Pj6.n= -1nti.nrc.o2(1 +l); lnti.n=11Iu-mD.u, re 1nu.n - MaCCa
n3J.Ibn;a, lIT.
B nepBOM npH6JIH:>KeHHH MJI aJIIOMHHHeBbIX nOpIIIHeH )];cR3 m6.n 
 0,7m n H JI.H H3eJIeH m6.n  0,65m n .
PaC<IeTHbIe pe:>KHMbI WIg ouemrn yeJIbHbIX aBJIeHHii BbI6HpalOT H3
YCJIOBHg nO.rry<IeHH.51 MaKCUMa.JIbHhIX 3Ha<IeHHH COBOKynHOCTH CUJI
(Pz + PjJ H (Pz + P j6 . n ). Y )];cR3 :no o6bPIHO pe:>KHM MaKCHMaJIbHOro
KpYUUQero MOMeHTa n=n.,., M.=M. max , w..=nn,.J30, a WIg ,lUI3eJIeH -
HOMHHaJIbHOH MOIIUlOCTH n = TtgO)l., N e = NeRo".
)];11.51 nopIllHeBhIX n3J.Ibn;eB )];cR3 q6 = 30...35 H qm=35...40 Mila; IDI
JH3CJleH q6=40...45 H qm=45...55 Mila.
H3ZU6 naAblla. PaC'leT H3rH6alOHX Hanp.H)KeHHii B KOHCTPYKn;HH
D3J.IbQa npoBOHTC.51 C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM paC'leTHOH MOeJIH, npeWIO>KeH-
HOH P. C. KUHacolliBHlIH. 3Ta MOeJIb npeCTaBJI.HeT C060H 6a.mcy,
xapaKTep pac:DpeeJIeHH.51 eHCTByroHX CHJI no 1IHHe KOTOpOH nOKa-
3aH Ha pHC. 5.18, 6. PaC<IeT npOBO,lUlTC.51 npH CJIeyrolD;Hx onYIUeHH.HX:
pac<IeTHa.H CHJIa P=P z +P j6 . n , HaH60JIbIllHe H3ru6aroID;He Hanp.51:>KeHWI
HMelOT MeCTO B cpeHeM Ce<IeHHH n3J.Ibn;a:
Mmax P(ln+2h6-1,5a)
(J - -
n- w l,2d:"(I-a 4 )'
re ex - OTHOIlleHHe BHYTpeHHero HaMeTpa naJIbn;a ! HapY:>KHOMY:
ex = do_HI d u .
XapaICTepHbIe WIg nalIbQeB aBTOTpaKTopHbIX BHraTeJIeH HanpIDKe-
HWI H3rH6a (JB= 120...160 Mila.
150

MaKCHMaJII.HLIe KaCaTeJIbHLIe HanpJDKeHHg B naAblje om Cpe3Q
B03HHKaIOT B ero ce'leHIDlX Me>K.l{y TopaMH 606bIIlleK H BTYJIKH ma-
TYHa. Hx 3Ha'leHHe B HeihpaJIbHOH ruIOCKOCTH onpe,AeJIgeTCg 3aBHCH-
MOCTLIO
O,85P I +cz+cr
t=-
.B (1- CZ4)
,[(mI n8JTheB aBTOM06HJILHLIX ,D;BC HanpJDKeHHg, BLI'lHCJIeHHhIe no
')TOM)' ypaBHeHHIO, HaxO.zurrCB B npe.n;enax 80...120 Mlla.
08aAU3aljueU naAbllfl H8.3bIBaIOT ero .n;eopMaHIO c npHo6peTeHHeM
l}>opMLI OB8.JIa C 60m.IDHM ,nHaMeTpOM B nonepe'IHOM Ce'leHHH noon
.n;eHCTBHeM HepaBHOMepHoro pacnpe,neneHWI CHn no ero nepHMeTpY
(pHC. 5.18, 8). PaC'IeTHhIe 3aBHCHMOCTH JJ)IJl. oeHKH ,neOpMaItHii: H Ha-
npJDKeHHH OT OBaJIH3aI(HH 68.3HPYIOTCg Ha ypaBHeHWIX, OllHcbIBalOX
HanpSDlCeHWI B 6pyce MaJIOH KPHBH3HhI npH KOCHHYCOH,ltaJIbHOM pac-
npe,neneHHH HarpY30K no ero nOBepXHOCTH.
MaKCHMaJILHoe npHparqeHHe ,nHaMeTpa nopIDHeBoro naJILa npH
OBaJIH3aItHH OTMe'laeTCg B cpe.AHeii ero 'laCTH:
11d.nu. - O,09P(1 +CZ)3 k
EJD(1-CZ)3 '
r.n;e k - nonpaBo'lHhIii Ko3ll>cl>HI(HeHT, onpe.n;eJIeHHLIii: Ha OCHOBaHHH
CTaTHCTH'lecICOH o6pa6oTICH 3KCnepHMeHTaJILHLIX ,l{aHHLIX: k= 1,5-
-15(a:-0,4)3; En - Mo.nynb ynpyroCTH MaTepHaJIa naJIbQa, Mlla.
BeJIH'lHHa ,lUIaMeTpaJILHOH ,l{c$OpMaQIIH He ,l{OJDKHa npeBbIIllaTL
nonOBHHhI .n;HaMerpam.Horo 38.30pa Me>K.n;y naJILQeM H BTynxoii BepXHeii
ronOBICH maTYHa H 06Ll'1HO COCTaBngeT 0,02...0,05 MM.
llpH OBaJIH38.QHH Ha Hapy:xrnoH H BHyrpeHHeii nOBepXHOCTgX naJTha
B03HHKaIOT HanpJDKeHIDI, 3nlOpa ICOTOpLIX npHBe.n;eHa Ha pHC. 5.18, z.
OHH paCC'nITbIBalOTCJl no 3MUHpH'leCICH yrO'IHeHHbIM ypaBHeHHjJ:M ,WIg
onpe.n;eneHWI HanpSDlCemm B 6pyce ManOH KPHBH3HhI B xapaICTepHLIX
TO'lICax ero BHenmero (TO'IXH 1 H 3 Ha pHC. 5.18) H BHyrpeHHero (TO'lICH
2 H 4) BonOKOH:
. i)AR HaPY:JICHOU n08epXHocmu naAblja
"
(J = pr [ 2 6r+h I: -l,.
a hiD h('lr+h)J2 r J '
. i)./UI 8HympeHHeU n08epXHOCmU naAblja
pr [ 6r-h Ii ]
(Ji= - hiD 2 h (2r-h )/z+--; k,
151

rAe h - TOJIIIUlHa CTelllCH lIaJlbl(a: h = (dD.B - dn..J/2; r - Cpe,nHHH pa-
AHYC nalIba: r=(dD.B+d".,,}/4;ji Hh - 6e3paJMepHbIe 4>ymcwm, 3aBH-
ce OT yrJIOBOrO nOJIO)l(eHHJI paC'IerHOrO ce'leHIDI cp, P8)J;:
Ii =0,5cos cp+0,3185 sin cp-0,3185 cpcos cp;h=1i -0,406.
HaH60JIee HarpY)I(eHHOH npH OBa..JIH3aI1;HH JlBIDIercg TO'iKa 4 (cp =
= 90°).
,[(IDI nalIbeB aBTOTpaKTOpHbIX ABHraTeJIeH xapaKTepHbIe 3Ha'le-
HWI HanpJDKeHHH OT OBa..JIH3aI1;HH HaxO,l(1lTCg B npeAeJIax 0'0.= 110...
140 MIla.
3a30phI B CO'lJIeHeHHJIX nOpIIIHJI H maTYHa c naJIbIteM 3aBHCJIT OT
cnoco6a ero COe,lUlHeHIDI C BepxHeH rOJIOBKOH maTYHa. MOHTa)J(HhIe
3a.30phI Ha XOAOOIIOM ABHraTeJIe MexcAY naJIbeM llJIaBaIOmero THna
H BTYJIKOH maTYHa !! COCTaBmIIOT 0,01...0,03 MM; B 606hIIIIKax 'Iyryu-
Horo nopmIDI - 0,02...0,04 MM. ,[(ng np02pem020 ABHraTeJIg npH lliIa-
BaIOmeM naJIbIte 3a30p Me>K,ZJ;y naJIbeM H 606hIIIIKaMH nopmIDI !!'
AOJIXCeH COCTaBJIJITb He 60JIee 0,001d...", a MOHTaXCllhIii 3a.30p
!! =!!' + (CXn.n!!tn. n - a.6 I1t 6)dJJ.B,
rAe CXn_n H a.6 - Ko34><l>HUHeHThI JIHHeiiHoro pacmHpeHHg MaTepHaJIOB
naJIbIta H 606hIIIIKH, 1/1<; I1t n . n H I1t6 - COOTBeTCTBeHHO npeBhIIIIe-
HHe TeMllepaTYP naJIba H 606hIIIIKH H8)J; TeMllepaTypoii oKpyxcaromeH
cpe.lU>I.
5.6. PACq[T nOPIIIHEBOrO KOJIbI..1;A
KOHCTPYKTHBHbIe nap8MerphI KOlIba (PHC. 5.19, a) BhI6HpalOTCg no
CTaTHCTH'IeCKHM AaHHhIM.
. Bblcoma KOAblla b npHHHMaeTCg paBHoH 1...1.75 MM AmI ,[{c11.3
H 1,75...3 MM - )VUI .z:tH3eJIeii. EOJIee TOHKHe KOJIbua n03BOlliIlOT
YMeHbmHTb ra6apHThI H Maccy nopmIDI, JI}"lme npHpa6aTblBaIOTCg
K 3epKaJIY HJIpa H CHIDKalOT pa60-ry TpeHIDI B nape KOJIbO-
UH.JIHII)];p. OJ(HaKO OHH 60JIee CJIO>KHhI B npOH3BOJJ;CTBe, xyxce OTBOAJIT
TellJIOTY OT rOJIOBKH nOpIIIHJI K CTemeaM UHJIHH,lI;pa, 60JIee CKJIOHHbI
K BH6paInlJIM.
. PaOuaAbHaR mOAUlUHa t=(0,04...0,045)D; ee BapHaII;HH no .z:tH8MeT-
py HJIHII)];pa npHBeAeHbI Ha pHC. 5.19, 2. KOJIbua C 60JIbmHM t 60JIee
ynpyrH, OKa3b1BaIOT 60JIbmee J(aBJIeHHe Ha CTemey HJIHII)];pa, Ha 60JIb-
meM nepHOAe 3Kcn.rryaTainiH coxpalUllOT pa60Tocnoc06HOCTb. l1.x HeAO-
CTaTKOM MBJIgercg MeHbmaJi H3m6HaJI npO'IHOCTb.
. BeJIH'lHHa OTHOCHTeJIbHOrO npY)I(HHeHIDI KOJIbua -So/t= 3...4, rAe
8 0 = S - /j; 8 - 3a.30p B 38MKe KOJIbua B CB060,nHOM COCTOJIHIIH; /j - TO
xce, B pa60'leM ero nOJIOXCeHHH COCTaBJIgeT 0,05...0,1. MM.
152

a
KOMnpeCCHOHHbJe
Dlt KOJIbua
24
22
HanpaRJIeHJ-Ie W tB $
YCJ-IJIJ-IU
.l\e<popMHpO-
BaHHH
KOJIbua
K03<p<pJ-IUJ-leHT 1,0 1,57 2,0
m
e
60
100 140 D,MM
l
PRe. 5.19. PaC'IeT noplllHeBoro IOJI&:
II OCHOBHhlC I'COMC1})!I'ICCl:BC COO1BOllicmu; 6 - HIIH60JICC IIpUCMJIei'lIoiC 3IIIOpLi ,l\aBJIcHBii; /1-
cnoco6L1 H8.ACBaBBJI J:OJIbIUi H& nopmcm.; z - 3&BBCBMOCT& J:ORcrpYJ:11lllBLIX nap8MerpoB J:oa OT
,QBBMC1pIL  D
. Cpe.u;Hee no nepHMCTpy 3Ha'leHHe ,naBJIeHIDI ICOJIbn;a (MIla) Ha
leplCaJIO lUI-JIHIIApa onpe,nemICTCJI no ypaBHeHHlO AJllI 6pyca MaJIOR
KpHBH3HhI:
0,425 Solt
P= 3-p E (D/t)(D/t_l)3 "
3,necb J.L - 1C03<IxPHn;HeHT, Y'IHTbIBalOHii BJIHJlHHe «l>OpMhI 3mophI ,naB-
lIeHHJI Ha Pr;p; AJllI Hep3.BHOMepHOR 3mopbI J.LO,2; E - MO,nYJIb yn-
pyroCTH MaTepHaJIa ICOJIbn;a. .l(JIJI qyryna E= {1,0...1,2) .10 5 MIla.
XapaICTepHhIe 3Ha'ieHIDI Pr;p B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THna ICOJIbn;a H ,QHa-
MeTpa n;HJIHH,lJ.pa D npHBe,neHbI Ha pHC. 5.19, -
. Onpe,nemnoTCJI HanpJDICeHHJI H3rH6a, B03HHlCaIOe B Ce'leHHH
KOJIbn;a, npOTHBOnOJIO)ICHOM 3a.M1(y B pa60'leM ero COCTOJlHHH:
(J. - 1,275 E SoIt
mu- 3-p (D/t-1)':
IS3

npe.neJIhHhIe 3Ha'leHHIl Umu: = 300...400 Mna, 'lTO COCTaBIDIeT 50...
70% npe.neJJa npO'lHOCTH qyryHa npH H3TH6e.
. OneHHBaJOTcSI HanpJDKeHHJI B ICOJIbne npH pa3Be.neHHH 3a.MICa H Ha-
,neBaHHH ero Ha nopmeHb:
, 3,9 1- (So/t)/[(3 - p)n]
U =-E
max m (D/t-l)2'
T.ne m - IC03l}>CPHnueHT, Onpe.neIDIeMhIi cnOC060M H3.,lJ;eBaHHSI ICOJIbna
Ha nOpmeHb (pHC. 5.19,8).
IIpe,neJIhHhIe 3Ha'ieHIDI HanpJDICeHHSI u:n.x Ha 10...30% 60JIbme npe-
.neJIbHbIX BeJIH'IHH U max H COCTaBJUllOT 400...500 MIla.

r JIABA 6
mATYHHAB rpYIllIA
6.1. KOHCTPYKTHBHLrn 0630P
illaTy:HHWI rpynna BhIllOJIHjJerCjJ no O,WIOH H3 CJIe.n;yroHX KOHCT-
PYKTHBHhIX cxeM:
C Hepa:n.eMHOu. KpusowunHOU. ZOA06KOU. H no.n;m:HIIHHIC8.MII Ka'leHHjJ;
co CbeMHOu. KpblWKOU. KpUSOWunHOU. ZOA08KU, no.n;m:HIIHHKOBhIMH
8KJIa..n;bIIII8.MII, maTy:HHhIMH 60JIT8.MH H 3JIeMeHT8.MH HX HKcau;HH.
IIpaKTH'IecKoe npHMeHeHHe nepBoH cxeMbI 06ecne'IHBaer MaKCH-
MaJIbHyJO )l(ecTKOCTL KpHBOmHnHOH rOJIOBICH H B03MO)l(HO npH HCnOJIL-
IOB3.HHH B KOHCTpYKH .n;BHraTelliI p8.360pHOro KOJIeH'laTOrO BaJIa.
06LI'lHO HCllOJIL3yeTCjJ B MaJIOD;HJIHH,ZJ;pOBLIX pOJIHTpaxrnLIX .n;BHra-
remIX COBMeCTHO C HrOJIL'IaTLIMH (poJIHKOBLIMH) maTYHHhIMH no.n;m:Hn-
IIH1CaMB.
B no.n;aBmnoeM 60JILmHHCTBe KOHCTPYlCIum Tp3.HCnOpTHLIX ,[{BC
JlpHMeHJIIOTCjJ maTy:HLI C p8.3DeMHOH KpHBOmHnHOH rOJIOBKOH H maTYH-
IlhIMH no.n;m:HnHHK8.MII CKOJIL)I(eHHjJ.
B npOD;ecce pa60TbI .n;BHraTeJljJ maTy:HbI no.n;Bepr8.lOTCjJ HHTeHCHB-
IlbIM 3HaKOnepeMeHHhIM HarpY3K8.M OT r8.30BLIX H HHepOHHLIX CHJI
H HMelOT nOBLlIIIeHHLle.n;o 100...120°C pa60'llle TeMDepaT}'pLl. MaTepH-
3JI H KOHCTp}'KD;IDI maT}'Ha .n;OJI)I(HLI 06ecne'lHBaTL BLICOKYIO ero YCTa-
JIOCTHyJO npO'IHOCTL H )l(ecTKOCTb npH MHHHMaJIbHOH KOHCTpyICTHBHOH
Macce.
,[{.mJ H3rOTOBJIeHHjJ maTy:HoB .n;BHraTeJIeH C HCKpOBhIM 3IDKHr3.HHeM
IlpHMeHJIIOTCjJ CTaJIH 45, 45r2, 4Or, 4OX, 4OXH, 40P; .n;.rnI .n;H3eJleH -
JlempoB3.HHLle CTaJIH C BLICOICHM npe.n;eJIOM npO'IHOCTH 18X2H4MA,
18X2H4BA, 4OX2H2MA, 4OXH3A, 40X2MA. 3aroToBICH maTy:HOB
1I0.rry'laIOT KOBKOH B IllTaMDax H no.n;sepralC' MeX3.Hll'leCKOH H Tep-
MH'IeCKOH 06pa6OTKe. ,[{.InI nOBLlIIIeHHJI YCTaJIOCTHOH npO'IHOCTH maTY-
IlbI 06.n;YSaJOTCjJ .n;P06LIO H HHor.n;a nOJIHpyroTCjJ.
B COBpeMeHHhIX aBTOM06HJ1bHLIX .n;BHraTeJlJIX .n;lliI nOJIy<leHIDI 3a-
I"OTOBOK maTy:HOB Bce '1e HCnOJIb3yerCJI OTJIHBKa HX H3 KOBKoro
lIepJIHTHOrO llYZYHa Kq BJIH BLlcOKOnpO'IHOro 'l}'ry:Ha C mapOBII,lUILIM
l.paHTOM (Bq45). IIoCJIe,WIHH no CBOHM MeXalIH'IecKHM CBOHCTB8.M
155

npU6JIUJKaeTCjJ: (( CTaJIJlM, HMeeT 60JIee HB3IC)'IO qyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb
IC ICOHQeH"lpaTOpaM HanpJl)l(CHHH H 06JIa.n;aeT nOBhIIIIeHHhIM BH)'TpCH-
HHM "lpeHHeM, '1TO cnoc06cTByeT .n;eMll$HpOBaHBIO Bu6paqHH. B lCa'lecT-
Be MaTepHana AJU.I JIHTblX UlaTYHOB nepcnelCTHBHhI JIHTeHHhIe THTa-
HOBbie CllJI8.BhI BT C BblCOICHMH xapalCTepHCTHIC8MH npO'lHOCTH (0".=
= 1000 Mila, E= 1,16. 1O Mila).
Tpa.nHnHOHHLIH TeXHOJIOrH'IeCICHH qHKJI npe.n;ycMa"lpHBaeT p3.3.n;eJIb-
Hoe H3rOTOBJIeHBe rnaTyua H ICpHBOIllHllHOH rOJIOBICH H paCTO'IICY OTBep-
CTBjJ: no.n; BICJIa,zu.mm nOCJIe HX c60plCH. ,LJ;.JllI HX $HlCCH 06bI'lHO
HCnOJIb3)'1OTCjJ: n;eHTpup)'lOIWIe BT}'JIICH HJIH npH30HH8J.I '1aCTb maTYU-
HhIX 60JITOB (PHC. 6.1).
B coBpeMeHHL.IX )J;BC npH npoH3Bo.n;cTBe lliaTyuoB HCn01Ib3yeTcH
e.n;H118J.1 38TOTOBlCa, OT 1C0TOpOH ICphIIIIlCa OT.n;e.JllleTCH nyTeM OTJI8MbI-
BaHID.i no TeXHOJIOrU'IeCICH 06YCJIOBJIeHHL.IM MeCTaM. BCJIe.n;CTBHe 3T0-
ro npu MOHTa)ICe OTlla.n;aeT He06xo.n;HMOCTb B Tpa.n;Hn;HOHHhIX cnoco-
6ax n;eHTpHpOBaHID.i (n;eH1pHpOB8HHe npOHCXO,l(HT no CTpYICType U3JIO-
Ma). TaICajJ: 1C0HC"lpYKn;IDI 06eCne'DIBaeT CTa6HJIbHylO reoMeTpmo 3JIe-
MeHTOB ICpHBOlllHIlHOH. rOJIOBKH, HO .n;eJIaeT maT}'H HenpnrO,lUlblM
K peMoHTY.
B HaCTmnn;ee BpeMii Bee 60JIblliHH HHTepec B npalCTHlCe .u;BHraTeJIeCT-
poeHBjJ: npOjJ:B.JllIeTCJ.I IC HCnOJIb30BaHHIO AJllI H3rOTOBJIeHHjJ: «06JIer<IeH-
-? Fep
__ 0,10...0,15
J
7
5 B
tlJ
PRe. 6.1. KOHClpyIIUIJi O,IJ,HHapHOrO IDaTYBa:
1- BepXHJIJI (nopIIIIICIIU) roJIOBJ:a; 2- 6poB30B8JI BTyJIl[a; 3- crep.cm.; 4-- maTyllJllodt 60=;
5- mnmu (KpHBOIIIHIIB8JI) I"OJIOUa; 6--- Bcpxmm  7-lIBJImBii B:EJIa,!J,bI!II; 8- YCIIIB,
c B][J111J1}d11IB OT DpOBOpa'IBBIIHBI B OCCIlOI"O .CMCIJI,CBJD.
156

IlbIX» maTyHOB MeTaJIJIOKepaMHKH H KOMl103HnHOHHhIX MaTepHaJIOB na
OCHOBe CHJIYMBHOB, apMBpOBaHHhIX BOJ]OKH8.MH SiC H Al 2 0 3 .
B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT KOMnOHOBKH lITaTemI maTym.I MorYT BhIllO.ll-
IUITbCJI o()WlapHblMu H CO'l/leHeHHbl.MU (PHC. 6.2). HaH60JIbmee pac-
"pocTpaneHHe nOJI}"illJIH o,WmapHbIe maT}'HbI (CM. pHC. 6.1), YCTa-
lIaBJIHBaeMLIe KaK B JIHHeHmnx, T8.K H B V -06P83HhIX KOHCTPYKWUIX.
B V-06Pa3HhIX lITaTemIX B 3TOM c.rryqae na O.l(HOH maTyHHOH meiixe
IIOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHO paCnOJIar8lOTCJI KpHBomHIIHhIe rOJIOBICH maT)'HOB
JtBYX npOTHBOJIeXCaIl(Hx IUIJIHMpOB, OCH KOTOphiX CMem;eHhI Apyr
o rHOCHTeJIbHO APyra B npOAOJIbHOH llJIOCKOCTH. ,AmI o6ecne'lellIDl
pacnOJIoxceHIDI 0AHOHMeHHhlX IUIJIHMpOB npaBoro H JIeBOrO pJlAOB
II O.l(HOH nonepe'lHOH IIJIOCKOCTH HCnOJIb3}'1OTCJI lUamYHbl lIeHmpa/lbHD-
..0 CO'lAeHeHUR (BJlJIb'laTbIH H BH)'Tpemmii: maT}'HhI, pHC. 6.2, 0) HJIH
.. /108HbIU lUamYH C KpU8olUunHou ZOA08KOU, onuparom;eHCJI Ha maTyn-
"yro meiiKy, H HeCOOCHO CO'lJIeHeHHhlH C HeH npulienHoU lUamYH (PHC.
6.2, 6).
B KOHCTpyK maTyHa BhlAeJIJUOTCJI TpH KOHCTpyKTHBHhIX 3JIeMeH-
fa (CM. pBC. 6.1): nopume8oR (8epXHRR) i!OA08Ka, Cmep:JICeHb H KpU80lUun-
liaR ZOA08Ka CO CLeMHOH KphIIIIKOH.
KOHCTpyKlVIJI nopume80U ZOA08KU lUam)lHa onpe.LI:emIeTCJI cnoco60M
CO'IJIeHeHHJI nopmHeBoro n8JIbn;a C maTyHOM (PHC. 6.3). npH llJIaBa-
lOID;eM naJIbn;e B Hepa3pe3HYIO nopIllHeBYIO ro.nOBKY maTyHa 3anpec-
COBhIB8lOT 6pOH30ByIO BT}'JIKY. B CJIyqae YCT8.HOBICH 38.1n;eMJIeHRhIX
n8JIbn;eB t}>HIccan;IDI HX B rOJIOBKe OCecTBJIJleTCJI 3a C'IeT rapaHTBpO-
BaHRoro meMnepamypHOZO HamRZa npu c60pKe (20...40 MICM). BepXHSilI
J-I
a k-
1
2
;1
6
PIIc. 6.2. KOBCTpJl CO'lJICHeHHblX maryBoB:
a - :QClITp&JJhBOro CO'IJICBCBIIJI; 6 - C DpBIlCDBWM WA'l)'BOM; ]- IIBJIl>'l8TIi1:1 DIaryH; 2- II!IJITPCB-
mdt DIaTYB; 3- rJIaBm.rlt lUaTYB; 4-lW1c:Q CO"IJICBCmu IIplUlelIBoro lUaryHa C rnuHI.IM; j- DpB:Qcn-
BOA wa"I)'B
157

J
a
6
PaCnbUlUmeJlb
e
t
MacJIo
6

t
MacJIo
a
PRc. 6.3. IIoplllHeBLle rOJIOBIH maTYBOB:
a - " - .QIIHraTeJIB C IIpBBy,QIITeJIIdIWM 3IUEB-
1"8.H1IeM; Z - e - .QB3eJIB
rOJIOBKa HMeeT 3JIeMeHThI, HMelOHe H36h1TOK MeT8JIJIa, npeAHa:ma'leH-
Horo AJUI nOAroHICH maT}'HoB no Macce H no pacnOJIo)J(eHHIO eHTpa
MaCC (pHC. 6.3, a). JUI nOAa'lH CMaJICH Ha nOBepxuOCTb nopmHeBoro
naJIba B Bepxueii, MeHee HarpY)J(eHHoii 'IaCTH nopmHeBoii rOJIOBICH
BbITIOJIHJIIOT OTBepcrHJI - HalwnumeAU MaCAa.
B aBTOTpWCTOpHbIX ABmaTeJIJIX CHJIa AaBJIeHHJI ra30B Pr MO)J(eT
3Ha'iHTeJIbHO npeBbIIIIaTb CHJIhI HHep:QHH PJ. llpH OAllHaKOBoii nJIO3.AH
onopHoii nOBepXHOCTH TOJIlQHHa MacmIHoro CJIOJl Me)l(Ay naJIb.QeM
H HH)KHeH nosepxHOCThIO BTYJIICH 6YAeT MeHbme B CHJIY 60JIbmHX
BeJIH'IHH YAeJIbHOrO AaBJIeHHJI, 'IeM B Bepxueii. BbIpaBHHB8.HH1O TOJI-
llUIHbI MaCJUlHoro CJIOJl cnoco6CTBYeT }'MeHbmeHHe OilOpHOii nOBepx-
HOCTH Bepxueii nOJIOBHHhI BT}'JIICH 3a C'IeT pe3epoB8.HIDI yrJIy6JIeHIDI
Bee cpeAHeii 'IaCTH (PHC. 6.3,6). B ,lJ,H3eJIJIX, B KOTOphIX pa3HHa Me)J(A)'
CHJI8.MH  H Pr HaH60JIee oyrHMa, BepxuHe rOJIOBICH maTYHoB BbillOJI-
IDIIOT C HaKJIOHHbIMH TOpeBbIMH llJIOCKOCTJIMH (pHC. 6.3, z) C TaICHM
paC'leTOM, 'ITo6h1 MaKCHMaJIbHhle BeJIH'lHHhI YAeJIbHbIX AaBJIeHHii n3JIb-
a Ha BepxulOlO H HIDKHIOIO nOJIOBHHhI BTYJIICH 6hIJIH O,lJ,HHaKOBbIMH.
B OpcHpOB8.HHbIX ,lJ,H3eJIJIX ocym;ecTBJUlIOT CMaJKY nopmHeBoro
naJIba nOA ,IlaBJIeHHeM (pHC. 6.3, a, e). ,l(BmaTeJIH, pa6oTaromue co
CTpyiiHbIM OXJIIDKAeHHeM AHHm;a nopmIDI, HMelOT Ha nopnmeBoii ro-
JIOBKe pacnblAumeAb (pHC. 6.3, e).
H3.116oJIee HarpyxceHHbIM 3JIeMeHTOM Bepxueii rOJIOBICH JlBJIJleTCJI
ce'leHHe B 30He nepeXOAa nopnmeBoii rOJIOBKH maTYHa (TO'IKa A, CM.
pHC. 6.1) B CTep)J(eHb maTyna. YnpollHeHwo nopwHe6oU ZOA06KU cnoco6-
CTBYIOT CJIeAYIOm;He KOHCTPYKTHBHhle MeponpHJlTHJI (PHC. 6.4):
158

1-[
[
X
I
yy
.-[
x
a
6
6
z
PRc. 6.4. KOBClpyKTHBBLle IIpHMephi yopO'IHeHHJI nopllIHeBoii: rOJIOBKH:
II yueJlH'lCIIBc ca nepexo.Qa or CTep.ml UIaT)'Ha I ronoBIc; 6 - C03,QIIBBC opBJIllBOB MeT8J1JJa
II ,OBe ncpexo.Qa; . - }'MeBLIDCllBC C)'ZeHHII CTep:mIJI Y ronOBJ[B 11P nonHoro ero ycrpBBeHBJI;
z - pacnono:Kelllle IIO.JIOJ[ maT)'HA B DJIOCJ:OCTB D'I&IIBJI
. yueJIH'IeHRe pa,W!yca nepexoa p OT CTep)I(IDI maTYHa K rOJIOBKe
(pUC. 6.4, a) R YMeHbmeHRe cyx<eHHjJ: CTep)I(IDI Y rOJIOBICH o nOJIHoro ero
YCTpaHellIDl (PRC. 6.4, 8);
. C03aHBe npBJIHBOB MeTaJlJIa B 30He nepexoa (PRC. 6.4, 6);
. BhIllOJIHeHHe TpeTbeH nOJIKH BAOJIb llpOAOJIbHOH OCR CTep>KHjJ:
(puc. 6.4, 8);
. pacnOJIO>KeHRe OCR OTBepcTmI no naJIeI1 3KCI1eHTpIf1lHO OTHOCR-
ICJIbHO OCR rOJIOBKR (PRC. 6.4, a);
. npaHBe apo'lHOH 4JoPMLI CTep>KH1O maTyHa (PRC. 6.4, a), 'ITO
CIIIDKaeT KOHQeHTp3.l1RIO HanpjJ:)l(eHHH B 30He nOA nopIIIHeBoH rOJIOB-
KOH;
. pacnOJIO>KeHRe nOJIOK maTYHa B llJIOCKOCTR ero Ka'laHBjJ:, 'ITO
yc rpaIDIeT KOHCOJIbHOCTh nopmHeBoH rOJIOBICH B HanpaBJIeHHR npo-
J{OJIbHOH OCR na.m.I1a (PRC. 6.4, z).
TOIIKOCTeHH)'lO 6pOH30B}'IO BTY.ITIC:Y, YCTaHaBJIHBaeM}'IO B Bepx-
111010 rOJIOBKY npR llJIaBalOmeM naJIbI1e, R3rOTOBJUIIOT CBOpa'lHBaHB-
CM H3 JIHCTOBOH 6pOH3bl C nOCJIeA)'lOmeH MeX8.HIf'ieCEOH 06pa60TEoH
)(0 TO.JIIl(HHbl CTeHOE BTymrH 0,8...2,5 MM. MaTepRaJIOM AJIJI BTYJIOE
CJIY>KaT aJIlOMHHReBO->KeJIe:mCTaJI 6pOH3a Ep.A.)K9-4, OJIOBjJ:HHCTO-
ItHlIKOBajJ: 6pOH3a Ep.Ol.{C4-4-2,5 H OJIOBJIH.HCTO-4JOCOpHCT8.JI 6pOH-
la Ep.O<I>6,5-0,15.
3830p Mey naJIbI1eM H 6poH30BOH BTYJIKOH B 3aBRCHMOCTR OT
){HaMeTpa na.m.I1a Ha3Ha'l3.lOT B npeAeJIax 11= (O,OO04...0,OOl)d n .
CTep>KHH maTYHOB aBTOTp3.ICTOpHblX ,l.(BRraTeJIeH HMeIOT, K3.IC npa-
nHJIO, BYTaBpoBoe ce'leHHe (CM. pRC. 6.1, !A). CMeIl1eHRe CTep>KHjJ:
lUaTyHa OTHOCRTeJIbHO npOAOJIhHOH OCR CHMMeTpHH KpHBOIIIHIIHOH
I.OJIOBICH npH HenOJIHOOnOpHhIX KOJIeH'IaTblX BaJIax n03BOIDIeT YMeHb-
IUHTb paCCTOjJ:HHe Me>K.nY OCjJ:MH QHJIHMPOB H AJIHHY ,lUIHraTeJIjJ:, HO npH
JTOM B03MO>KeH HepaBHOMepHblii H3HOC 3JIeMeHTOB ma1}'HHbIX nOAIIIRn-
IIUKOB.
159

K KpUSOfUUnHOU ZOA08Kl' fUOmYHO npe.l{bSIBJUlIOTCJI CJIe,l(yroIItHe mpe-
60S0HUR:
. BLlCOlCaJl )lCecTICOCTb, 06ecDe'lHBalOaJI Ha..n;ex<HYIO pa60TY TOHKO-
CTeHHbIX BICJIa,l(hIIIIeH H UIaTYHHLlX 60JITOB;
. MHHHMaJIbHhIe ra6apHTHbIe pa3MepbI H Macea;
. MHHHMH3aIUlJl KOH..QeHTpal(HH HanpJDICeHHH B MeCTax H3MeHeHWI
ee cpOpMbI;
. B03MO)ICHOCTb npOXO)l()J;eHHJI rOJIOBKH '1epe3 l(HJIHII,[(P npH MOH-
T8.)ICe (HenpeMeHHOe YCJIOBHe MJI .l{BlITaTeJIeH C 6JIOIC-lCapTepaMH).
KpHBOUIHDHbIe rOJIOBICH UIaTYUOB aBTO-rpaICTOpHbIX .l(BHraTeJIeH
no B03MO)ICHOCTH BLIIIOJlliJllOTCJI C npJlMbiM (HOPM8.JIbHbIM) p8.3"beMOM,
IUIOCICOCTb 1C0Toporo nepneH,LJ;HKYJUIpHa OCH UIaTyua (CM. pHC. 6.1).
TIpH p8.3BHTbIX maT)'HHbIX weiiKax C ):(HaMeTpaMH 4mn=(0,7...0,8)D
BbIllOJIHJIIOT ICOCOH. pa3"beM, fiJIOCICOCTb 1C0Toporo pacnOJIarae-rcJI no,l(
ymoM rp = 30, 45 HJIH 60° IC npO,l(OJIbHOH OCH CTep)I(IDI waT}'Ha (PHC. 6.5).
TIpH ICOCOM p8.3'beMe CHJIa HHepl(HH P IUI' HarpY)lCalOaJl waTYHHLIe
60JITLl, }'MeHbUIae-rCJI, a .lWJI BOCIIpIDITIDI B03HHICalOHX IIPH 3TOM
60KOBbIX YCHJIHH 1"101 B 1C0HCTp}'lCl(HH rOJIOBKH IIpe,l(ycMaTpHBaIOTCJI
ClIel(lla.JIbHLle cpHKcHpyroHe 3JIeMeHTLl (HaIIpHMep, TpeyrOJIbHbIe UIJIH-
l(bI Ha pHC. 6.5, 0, 6YPTHICH KphIIIIKH Ha pHC. 6.5, 6 HJIH cpHICCHPYlOllUIe
UITHcpTLl Ha pHC. 6.5, s). TIPH ICOCOM pa3'beMe ICpLlIIIKH ICpeIIJlT IC UIaTYHY
B OCHOBHOM 60JITaMH, BBepTbIBaeMbIMH B TeJIO BepXHeH IIOJIOBHHbI
rOJIOBICH.
.D:JUI YMeHbUIeHHJI 1C0Hl(eHTpal(HH HanpJl)ICeHHH IIepeXO,l(bI IC OIIOp-
HhIM nnOCICOCTJIM ronOBOIC IllIIHJIelC, 60JITOB, raelC BLIIIOJIIDIIOT C B03-
MO)ICHO 60JIbUIHM pa,l(HycoM r (CM. pHC. 6.1, Ii) HJIH C IIO,WIYTpeHHeM no
paHYCY rl (CM. pHC. 6.1, B). ,[(JIJI YMeHbmeHWI ra6apHTHbIX p8.3MepOB
H MaCCLl ICpHBOUIHIIHOH rOJIOBKH UIaT}'HBbIe 60JITLl H IllIIHJIbICH CTpe-
MJlTCJI paCIIOJIaraTb lCaIC MO)ICHO 6JI1DI(e IC OCH UIeHICH. B HelCOTOpbIX
P"
HH
PH
6
Pac. 6.S. KpHBOWHIIHaJI rOJIOBU maTyH8. C ICOCLIM paJ"beMOM B BHe rpeyrOJI&HhIX WJlHl{
(a) H IIJIOCKHX CThIKOBO'IIILIX 1J0BepxHOCTeH e ct>HKCHpyIOIUHMH 6ypmKaMH (6) HJIH mm4l-
TaMH (e)
160

I(()HCTp}'ICIUIX B TeJIe BKJIbIIlla npe,AyCMaTpHBaeTCJI BLlT01fKa AJUI
upOXO)I()J;eHIUI waTyaaoro 60IITa.
IDaTYHHhle nOMIHITHHKH CICOJIb>KeHHJI ICOMfiOH}'lOTCJI B3 ,lUIyx TOIIlCO-
(. reUHbIX BKJIeH.  npeAOTBpeHIUI HX npOBOpa'IHB8.HBJI H oce-
IIOrO CMe.lIl;eHBJI Ha O,n:HOH H3 ICpOMOIC BICJIa..n:blWa oTm6aeTCJI clJBIC-
('HPYIO.III;HH Bblcryn, BXO,n:H B CneQH8JIbHYIO n8.30B}'IO lCaHaBICY B ICpH-
JlOlIIHllHOH rOJIOBlCe WaTYHa (CM. pHC. 6.1). llOMIHllHHICII pa60T8.IOT
II YCJIOBIDIX BblCOICIIX 3H8.lCOnepeMeHHhIX MeXaHH'leCICIIX HarpY301C H no-
IIbIWeHHbIX TeMfiepaTYp.
KOHCTp}'ICTBBHO BKJIa.,n:LIIIIH BbIllOJIHJIIOT 6UMemaA/tU'leCKUMU (CTaJIb-
nclJI OCHOBa H aHTHpHHOHHLIii CJIOB) H mpUMemaAAU'leCKUMU (CTaJIb-
naJI OCHOBa, npoMe>Kyro'lHhlii, 06bI'IHO Me,n:HO-HHlCeJIeBLIH, H aHTHpHIC-
I(HOHHhlB CJIOH). 06.1I1;aJI TO.JIID;HHa wa1)'HHbIX Bl(JIa.,n:LIIIIeB COCTaB-
llJIeT = 1,3...2 MM ,ltJDI ,n:BlITaTeJIeB C HClCpoBbIM 3aXCHraUHeM, npH
)TOM TOJ1IIl:HHa aHTHpHHoHHoro CJIOJI 0,2...0,4 MM; .lI:1IJI .lI:H3eJIeB
fJ = 2,5...3 MM (TOJIllHa auTHpHHoHHoro CJIOJI He 60JIee 0,3...
0,7 MM). AuTHpHICIUIOHHbIB CJIOB nO,n:Bep>KeH YCTaJIOCTHhIM p3.3pywe-
HIDIM, ICOpp03HoHHo-MeXaHB'IeclCoMY H a6p3.3HBHOMY H3HanmBaHHIO.
B cOBpeMeHHhIX aBToTpalCTopHhIX ,lUIlITaTeJIJIX B lCa'leCTBe aHTHpHICQH-
OHHbIX MaTepHaJIOB npHMeHJIIOT CBHHI(OBO-OJIOBBHHCTbIe, aJllOMHHHe-
Bble BblCOICOOJIOBBHHCTbIe CllJIaBbI H CBHHOBHCT}'IO 6pOH3Y. CllJIaB
COC-6-6 (no 5...6% OJIOBa H CypbMbI, 88...90% CBBHI(a) HCnOJIb3}'1OT
B OCHOBHOM B ,l];cM3. llpH nOBblWeHHhIX Tpe60BaHlUIx K YCTaJIOCTHOB
npo'lHOCTH aHTHpHICQHOHHOrO CJIOJI npHMeHJIlOT aJIlOMHHHeBLIH BblCO-
KOOJIOBJIHHCTLIH cnJIaB A020-1 (20% - OJIOBa, no 1 % Me.ll:H H HHKemI,
78 % aJIIOMHHBJI). Bl(JIa.,n:LIIIIH nOMIHllHHICOB ,n:H3eJIeB, pa6oT8.IOx
C oco60 BblCOICIIMH uarpY3ICaMH (HanpBMep, KaMA3), BbIllOJIHJIIOT C aH-
THclJPHOHHhIM CJIOeM H3 CBIllmOBHCTOB 6pOH3b1 I>p.C-30 (30% CBHiI-
a, 70% Me,n:H). CBHHOBHCTaJI 6poH3a cpaBHHTeJIbHO Tpy,n:HO npHpa6a-
TbIBaeTCJI IC nOBepxaoCTH weBICII, nJIOXO norJIO.lIl;aeT a6pa3BBHhle '1aCTH-
bI H nO,lUlep>KeHa ICOpp03HH (<<BblnOTeBaHHe» CBHHI(a) BCJIe,n:CTBHe HaJIH-
'lHJI ICIICJIOTHhIX coe,n:HHeHuB B M3.CJIe. B CBJI3H C 3THM B MOTopHoe MaCJIO
BBO,n:JIT cneQHaJIbHhle npHC8,lI;ICII, npe,n:oxpauJIlOe Bl(JIa.l\:hlIIIH OT P3.3-
pyweHBJI, a nOBepXHoCTh auTHpHHoHHoro CJIOJI nOlCpbIBalOT TOHICOB
nJIeuKoi (3JIeKTpoJlllT1l'IecKoe ocaJ1C,D,euBe) CllJIaBa CBBHI(a C OJIOBOM,
CBHHa C HH,lOIeM H1IH CBlllma C lCeM. TOJIlIUlHa nOlCpblTBJI
0,015...0,04 MM. B .lI:H3eJIJIX, pa6oTaJO.III;HX C BblCOICHMH ra30BbIMH Ha-
rpY3ICaMH H MeHee 3Ha'IHTeJIbHhIMB HHepBOHRbIMII, BepxHHii BICJI8,lI;bIW
MO>KeT 6b1Tb BbIllOJIHeH C npHMeHeHHeM CllJIaBa AO 20-1, a HH>KHHB -
H3 CllJIaBa ACM (HanpHMep, ,lUIlITaTeJIH BT3). ArrIOMHHBeBLIH CllJIaB
ACM (0,7% MarHIUI, 6% CYPbMbI, 93,3% aJDOMHHHJI) npHMeIDIIOT
B OCHOBHOM ,n:IDI BKJIa.w.nneB ICOpeHHbIX no,n:nnmHBICOB Tp8.ICTOpHhIX
.lI:H3eJIei.
161

,l(mI 60JIbmHHCTBR ABHraTCJIeB: BICJI al"(J.TTTTA KOpeHHhIX DOAIIIHIIHBKOB
Bh1ll0JIHmoT C b=2,4...3 MM (aBTOM06BJIbHhIe ,nBHTaTeJIB) H 15=4...
5 MM (TpanopHble .nBHI'RTeJIH). ,AHaMe-rpaJIbHhIe 3a30phI, OTHeceH-
HbIe K ,z:r;HaMeTpaM meeK: 6./d=0,0005...0,0007 B CJI}"Iae npHMeHe-
HIDI BblCOICOOJIOBBHHCThlX CDJIaBOB; 6./d=0,0007...0,00l .lIJUI CBIIHnOBHC-
TOB: 6pOH3b1. IIpH HCDOJIb30BaHHH CDJIaBa ACM OTHOCHTeJIbHble 38.30-
pbl B 1C0peHHhIX nOAIIIHIlliHKax L1mJd ml =0,012...0,015; 6.mmldwm=
=0,001...0,0012.
OceBoii 38.30p, KOTOPOMY cOOTBerCTByer B03MO)I(Hoe nepeMelQeHHe
maTyHa B,nOJIb maTyHHOB: meiiKH, He ,nOJDKeH npeBhIllIaTb 0,2...0,3 MM
(CM. pHC. 6.1).
WaTYHBbIe 60JITbI no,nsepT8.IOTCB HarpY3KaM OT CHJIhI npe,D;BapH-
TeJIbHOii 3aTIDICICH H CHJI HHep. }l,IDI nOBhIllIeHHB ycmaAOCmHOU npo-
'lHocmu 60Am08 30HLI nepexoJJ;oB B Mecrax H3MeHeHHB eTO clJOPMbI
Bh1ll0JIHmoTCB B BH,ne TaJITeJIeii (PHC. 6.6, 6, 8) C B03MO)I(HO 60JIbIlIHM
pa,z:UIYCOM r=(0,15...0,5)d HJIB ,nBywI pa.nUYCaMH (r2>rl), nOBepXHOCTb
HX 3JIeMeHTOB mJIHclJyercB (nOJmpyeTcB), a pe3b6a Bh1ll0JIHBerCB C MeJI-
KHM marOM MeTO,nOM HaKaTICH.
Oco60e BHHMWlHe npH KOHcrpYHpoBaHHH maTYHHbIX. 60JlTOB y,neJIB-
erCB ycrpaHeHHIO BJIH CBe.neHHIO K MHHHM)'MY HX DOBTopBo-nepeMeH-
BOTO H3TH6a, HMelOIQerO Mecro BCJIeJJ;crBHe Aeclx>PMaIUIH ronOBD B 30-
He crbllCa.
AmI 3Toro HCDOJIb3yercB CJIeAYlOlQHH KOMDJIeKC KOHCTpyKTHBHbIX.
MeponpmrrHii:
. YBeJIH'leHHe JICecrKoCTH ICpHBOIUHDHOH rOJIOBKH;
a
a
6
i!
8
PRc. 6.6. KOBCTp ma"l)'HHhIX 60JITOB c ronouoi BeCHMMe-rpll'lBoii: cJ.IoPMhl C Bep-
THKaJIhHLIM cpe30M (0), C yMeH&meHHhIMH OnOpBhlMH nosepxBOCTJIMH rOJIOBOI (6), co
c4JepH'leCKHMJI nOBepXBOCTJIMH IOHTaKTa TonOBIH 60JITa Hero noc8JJ;o'IHoro MeCTa
B maTYBe (6), C YCTaBOBO'IBLIM 3JIeMeKl'OM (z) .
162

. YMeHLmeBHe OnOpHLlX nOBepXHOCTeH rOJIOBOIC 60JITOB (CM. pHC.
6.6, 6);
. HCnOJTh30BaHHe CaM0YCTaHaBJIHBaIOIWIXCSl (cci>epH'IecICHX) nOBepx-
IIOCTeH ICOHTUTa rOJIOBICH 60nTa Hero nocaJl;O'lHOrO MeCTa B maTyae
(CM. pHC. 6.6, 8);
. p8.3rpY3ICa 30H C BLICOICOH ICoH:QeHTpanueii HanpJDKcmrli OT H31116-
IIOH JJ;e4><>PMa:QHH nyreM C03J1;3.HHSl B ICOHCTp}'IC:QHH 60nTa yqaCTIca C no-
IIwmeHHoH nOJl;aTJIHBOCTLIO (y'laCToIC / Ha pHC. 6.6, z).
Or HanpSDICeBHJI ICpY'IeHIDI, B03BHKalOI:QerO npH 3aTJDKI(e, 60JIT P8.3-
I pyxcaeTCSl nyreM 06paTHoro nOBopOTa raHKH Ha He60JThmOH yron.
IDaTyaBhIe 60nTLI ICpHBomHllHLIX ronODOIC C npSlMLlM p8.3'LeMOM,
!CalC npaBBJIo, HMelOT npH30HHLIH noSlCOIC, ci>HKCHpYIOI:QHH nOnO)l(eBHe
!CpLIlIIKH OTHOCHTeJILHO maTyaa (PHC. 6.6, z).
EOJITLI BhIDonHSIIOTCSI H3 XpOMHCTLIX H XpOMOHHKeJILMOJIH6J1;eHO-
IIhIX CTaJIeii 30X, 35X, 40X, 45X, 40XHMA IIIT8.MIIOBICOH Ha XonOJl;-
JlOBLlCaJl;O'IHLIX aBTOMaTax C nOCJIeJJ;ylOl:QeH HaxaTICoii pe3L6L1 H Tep-
MH'IeCKOH 06pa60TKoH (3aKaJIKa H BLIcoKHii oTnyCK). t:h06L1 npeJl;OTB-
paTHTb npoBopa'IHBaHHe 6onToB, HX ronOBKH BbillOJIBmoT HecHMMeT-
pH'lHOH 4><>PMbI C BepTHKaJILBLIM cpe30M (CM. pHC. 6.6, a, pHC. 6.1),
.l B TeJIe maTyaa ci>pe3epYIOT WIOI:Qa.ztKH HJIB yrny6neHIDI C BepTHKaJIL-
IlhIM ycrynOM (CM. pHC. 6.1). B psme CJIyqaeB B I"OJIOBKe 60JITa JJ;IDI :nHX
J{eJIeH npeJJ;ycMaTpHBaIOT ci>HKCUPYIOI:QHii BLlCT}'II (PHC. 6.6, z). raiiIm
maTyaHLIX 60JITOB caMOICOHTpSlI:QHecSl (06)1(aTbIe no rpaIDIM HJIH, pe)l(e,
110 Top:QaM).
6.2. PAC1IET 3JIEMEHTOB mATYHA
HA llPOq}{OCfL
3neMeHTbI maTYHHoH rpYIIIIbl pa60TalOT B YCJIOBHSIX nepeMeHHLIX
narpY30IC, H3MeHSIIOI:QHXCSI no BeJIH'lHHe B nmpoICHX npeJJ;eJIax B 3aBHCH-
MOCTH OT peXCHMa pa60TLI ronrraTemI.
JJ;eHCTDYIOI:QHe B 3JIeMeHTax maTyaa HanpJDKeHHJI Jl;OCTHralOT BLlCO-
KHX 3Ba'lemrli, oc06eBHO npH iPOpcHpOBaBHH ronrraTe.n:eH, npH 3TOM
a6coJIlOTBhIe 3Ha'leBHSI MaICCHMa.J1LHLIX HanpJDKeHHH: MorYT npH6JIH-
>KaThCSI IC npeJl;eny BhIHOCJIHBOCTH.
PaC'leT maTyaHoH rpynnLl CBOJl;HTCSI K orpeJl;eneHHIO HanpSDKeHHH:,
J{eiPoPM8.I(Hii H 3anaCOB npo'IHOCTH B ee 3neMeHTPX.
llOpUme8aR ZOA08Ka wamYHa HarpyxcaeTcSI D;HKJIlI'IecKOH CHnOH
PEn = Pr + Pjn, rJl;e Pjn - CHna HHep:QHH nopIIIHeBoii rpynnLl, a TaIOKe
j{aBJIeBHeM p co CTOpoHbI 3anpeCCOBaBHbIX B Hee 6poH30BOH BTYJIKH HJIH
nopmHeBoro naJILD;a. B COOTBeTCTBHH C TUUM xapaxTepoM .l1;eHCTBY-
fOl:QHX Harpy30K o:Qemc:y HanpJDKeHHO-,LJ;eiPopMHpoB8.H.HOrO COCTOSIHHSJ
BepXHeii ronOBKH npOBOAAT no 3anacy npO'IHOCTH npH nOBTopHo-nepe-
MeHHOM ee HarpY)l(eHHH.
163

HanpJDICeHHJI B ::meMCHTaX rOnOBICH OT .n;anneHHg p He H3MeHRlOTCg
no BpeMeHH npH HeH3MeHilOM peJKHMe pa60Thl .n;BHI'aTeng H onpe,nellil-
IOTCg Ha BHemHei tT" H BHYTpeHHei Ii; ee nOBepXHOCTJIX no OpMYnaM
JIaMe:
2tJ2 n:l+d:l
. ,lJ;IDI nnaBalOm;ero naJIb.Qa u=p-, u'.-p.
D:_d:l j- D:-d:l'
, n , D:+dn
. ,nIDI 3am;eMJIeHHOrO naJIb.Qa Ua=P :l_ , u,=p .
D:-dn D:-dn
TIpH paC'IeTe ,nanneHIDl p npH nnanalOm;eM naJIb.Qe onpe.n;emnoT
cyMMapHhIii HaTgr B COnpJDICeHHH A+A" r,ne A - HaUlT OT 3anpeCCOB-
ICH 6pOH30BOi BTYJIICH; At=dAT(a.-a.,J - TeMDepaTYPHLJii HaTM;
At = 100...120 °C - pa3HOCTb TeMDepaTYP nopmHeBoi rOJIOBICH Ha pac-
'1eTHOM pe)KHMe H npH <<XOJIO,nHOM» )].BHI"aTene; IX" H au. - KOH.QHeH-
ThI JIHHeiHoro paCIDHpeHIDI COOTBeTCTBeHHO MaTepHaJIa BTYJIICH H ma-
TyHa. CyMMapHLJii HaTgr (A + At) MO)I(eT ,nOCTHraTb 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOH Be-
JIH1IHHbl (0,12...0,14 MM). B03HHKaIOm;ee npH 3TOM y,neJIbHoe .n;anJIeHHe
Me)I(J()' BTYJIKOH H nOpmHeBOH ronOBKOH panHO:
. ,nIDI nJIaBaIOm;ero naJIb.Qa
h+h,
p- [ (D:l+d:l)/(D:l_d:l)+ll (d:l+D:l)/ ( d:l_d . :l)-1l ] ;
d r r + n n
Em . E.
. .n:IDl 3a.m;eMJIeHHOrO naJIb.Qa
h,Em (D: - d;) (d; - c1;,J
p= 2tP D:l_d:l .
D r BJI
3.n:eCb Em H E. - MO.n;yJIH ynPyrOCTH MaTepHana COOTBeTCTBeHHO maTY-
Ha H BTYJIICH, MTIa; p. = 0,3 - lCo3«}>H.QHeHT TIyaccOHa.
3ICCTpeMaJIbHbIe 3Ha'ieHIDI CHJIbI PEn HMelOT MeCTO:
P max = P jn = - m n Tro 2 (l + A) 10- 6 npH tp = 0° npH nOJIO)I(eHHH nopmIDI
B BMT B Ha'laJIe TaKTa BnycKa (MaxCHMaJIbH8JI paCTgrHBarom;8JI CHJIa);
P mio = pzFn - m n Tro 2 (1 + A) 10 - 6 npH tp = 360° B BMT Ha TaxTe pac-
IDHpeHIDl (MaxcHMaJIbHag C)I(HMaIOm;ag CHJIa).
HanpSDKeHIDl paCTg)I(eHHg H OKaTHg B nopmHeBOH rOJIOBKe maTYHa
OT CHJI P mu. H P min Onpe.n:emnoT Ha OCHOBaHHH ypanHeHBii 6pyca MaJIOH
KPHBH3HbI, nO.rry'leHHbIX npH Cne.n;yIOm;HX (}OnYUleHURX:
. CBJIa P mu. panHOMepHO pacnpe,neneHa no BepXHeH nonyoKpY)I(-
HOCTH rorroBICH pa,zJ;HyCOM Tcp=(Dr+d)/4 C HHTeHCHBHOCTblO p=
=pmaJ(2Tcp) (PHC. 6.7, a);
164

a
6
z
PRc. 6.7. PacnpeeJIeBHe Harp)'30I B nopllIHeBoH rOJIOBJ:e H 3D1OpLl mmpuceBHii 11&
BBcwHeii: H B&yrpeBHeii: nOBepXHOCTJIX:
a - CXCMA pampe,neneBBJI BlU'py3m DpB pacrJmeBBB; 6 - :Jmoplol BaDpJDl[euuit DpB pacro:eBBB;
tI - CXCMa p8Cope.IIeneBIUI BBrpy3:m DpB CKaTBB; Z - :Jmoplol Banpo:emdl DpB CKaTBB
. CBJIa P mm pacnpe,neJIeHa no HIDKHeii no.nyOlc:pyxrnOCTH P3,lUlYCOM
r cp C HHTeHCHBHOCTblO P = P mm cos a./nT cp (PHC. 6.7, 8);
. B MecTax nepexo,na rOJIOBKH maT}'Ha B CTep)l(eHb (ce'leHHe A)
npe,ll;noJIaraeTcJI 3a.n;emc:a (PHC. 6.7, a);
. rOJIOBlCa YCJIOBHO paccelCaeTcJI no BepTmc:aJIbHOii OCH CHMMeTPHH,
npaBaB '1aCTb oT6paCbIBaeTCB, a ee ,neiiCTBHe Ha OCTaBmyroCJI '1aCTb
33.MeWleTCJI H3rH6aroM MOMeHTOM Mo H HOpMaJIbHOii CBJIoii No.
BeJIH'lHHbI H3rH6arox MOMeHTOB M H HOpMaJIbHbIX CBJI N Haxo,nJITCB
,lI;IDI ce'leHHii: II-II (CM. pHC. 6.7,6) B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YrJIa ([J. TIocJIe
onpe,neJIeHIDI M H N ,ltillI ,naHHoro Ce'leHHJI rOJIOBKH maT}'Ha no,nC'IHTbI-
BalOT HanpJI)KeHIDI:
Ha HapY:HCHOM 80./l0KHe
[ 6r: +h J I
U,,= 2M cp +kN-;
h(2rcp+h) ah
Ha 8Hympe1OleM 80AOKHe
[ 6rcp-h J 1
Uj= -2M +kN -,
h(ucp-h) ah
r,ne a - AJIHHa nopmHeBoii rOJIOBICH (CM. pHC. 6.1); h=(D r -d)/2-
TOJIID;HHa CTeHKH rOJIOBKH. K034>4>HeHT £'=0,8...0,85 }"IHTblBaeT, 'ITO
'IaCTb ,neiiCTBYIOIQHX YCBJIHii BocnpHHHMaeTCB He MaTepHaJIOM rOJIOBICH
maT}'Ha, a 3anpeccOBaHHoii B Hee BT}'JIKOii.
KaIC: CJIe.nyeT H3 aH3JIH3a 3mop HanpSDKemm Ha BHenmeii H BH)'TpeB-
Heii nOBepXHOCTJIX rOJIOBICH, MaIC:CHM8JIbHaJI 3.MIIJIHT}',na HanpJI)KeHHB. 3a
l\HKJl BarpyxeBHJI HMeeT MeCTO B TO'llCe A Ba BHellmeM BOJIOICHe B ce'le-
165

HHH 3a,r(eJIIOI npH qJ=qJ (pHC. 6.7, a, 6). )];lliI :noro Ce'leHHJI MOMeHT
H HOpM3JIbH3JI CHJIa npH .D.eHCTBHH Ha rOJIOBKY HarpY3KH P max:
M max = P maxr cp[(0,00033qJ - 0,0297) + (0,572 - 0,0008qJ.) x
x (1- cos qJ.)- 0,5(sin qJ. -cos qJ.)];
N max =PmaJ(0,572-0,0008qJ.)cos qJ.+0,5(sin qJ.-COS qJ.)].
AHaJIOrH'lHO, npH Harpyx<eHHH rOJIOBKH CHJIOH P min
M min = Pminrcp [ (3,3qJ.-297)1O-4 + (0,572-0,0008qJ.) x
( sin rp. rp.. cos rp' )J
x (1-cosqJ.)- 2- 180 SlnqJ.-----;- ;
[ ( sin rp, rp, cos rp, )J
Nmin=P min (0,572-0,0008qJ.)cosqJ.+ ---sinqJ.-- .
2 180 x
HanpJlX<eHHJI B paC'leTHOH TO'IKe A rOJIOBKH OT .D.eHCTBHJI CHJI
P max H P min paBHhI COOTBeTCTBeHHO
[ 6rcp+h J 1
UAmax(min)= 2M max (min) +kNmax(min) -.
h(2rcp+) ah
MaKCHManLHoe H MHHHMa.m.Hoe HanpJlX<eHHJI KJIa
Umax=U+UAmax; Umin=U+UAmin.
3anac npO'IHOCTH nO.D.C'lHThlB8.IOT nOCJIe HaxOX<,lJ;eHHJI aMIIlIHT}'.D.HOrO
H cpe.D.HerO HanpJlX<eHHH KJIa. XapaKTepHhIe Be.JIH1lHHLI 3anaCOB npo-
'lHOCTH nopmHeBhIX rOJIOBOK maT}'HOB JIeX<aT B npe.D.eJIax 2,5...5,0.
Pa6oTocnoco6HoCTL COnpJlX<eHHJI nopmHeBoH nanen - maTYH OneHH-
Bae-rCJI TaK:x<e no npe.D.eJIbHOH .D.IUiMeTpanLHOH .D.ecl>opManHH OT .D.eHCT-
BHJI CHJIbI P max, He Hapym8.lOIneH HOpMa.m.HYIO pa60TY Y3JIa. OneHO'l-
HbIM nap3.MeTpOM JlBlliIeTCJI BeJIH'lHHa }'MeHbmeHHJI nonepe'IHoro .D.Ha-
MeTpa rOJIOBKH no.D. .D.eHCTBHeM CHJIbI P max:
11,1 _ Pmaxd(rp.-90)
"max EmJ'
r.D.e dcp - cpe.D.Illm .D.HaMeTp roJIOBKH; J=ah 3 /12 - MOMeHT HHepH
llJlOIna.D.H Ce'leHHJI rOJIOBKH. ,lJ;onYCTHMaJl .D.H3.MeTpa.m.HaJi .D.ecl>opManHJI
.D.oJI)JQIa 6L1Tb npHMepHO B 2 pa3a MeHbme 33.30pa Me:X<.D.)' BTYJIKOH
H na.m.neM, '1TO COOTBeTCTBYeT OTHOmeHHIO (l1dm.Jdcp)<0,001...0,007.
166

HanpJfX(eHHOe COCTOJlHHe Cmep:HCHR WamYHa oneHHBalOT no MaIC-
CHMaJIbHLIM 3Ha'leHHJIM ,neikrBYIOII!HX HanpJDICeHHH H no 3anacaM npo-
'IHOCTH C }"IeTOM nepeMeHHOCTH HarpyxcaIOlI!eH em CBJIbl S=(P r +
+ Pj)/COS fl.
MaKCUMaAbHaR CUAa (MH), C:HCUMaIOUjaR Cmep:HCeHb wamYHa, HMeeT
MecTO B BMT npH qJ = 360° (Ha'laJIO T3.ICTa pacnmpeHHJI):
P"m=Stp_3BJD=P;F'u-(Tnn+mm.r:p)rro2 (1 +l) 010- 6 ,
r,ne mm.r:p - 'IaCTb MaCCbl maTYHa, pacnOJIO)ICeHHaJI BbIIIIe ce'leHBJI Fr:p.
C ,nOCTaTO'lHOH AJIJI npaICTHICH TO'IHOCTblO MO)ICHO npHBJITb mu + mm.r:p 
mj.
M aKCUMaAbHaR pacmR2u80J0Uj.aR CUAa (MH) COOTBeTCTBYeT qJ = 0°:
Ppm=Stp_OD= -mjrro 2 (I+l).1O- 6 .
PaCTJIrHBalOlI!8.JI CBJIa MaICCHMaJIbHa npH. nOJIO)ICeHHH nOpIllBJI
8 BMT B Ha'laJIe TaICTa BnycICa.
B CJIO>ICHBmeHCJI npaICTHlCe ,paC'IeTa CTep)ICHJI maT}'Ha npHHJITO onpe-
Jl,emITb YCJIOBHOe CYMMapHoe HanpJDICeHHe, O,nHOBpeMeHHO }"IHTbIBa-
IOll!ee C)IC3.THe H npo,noJIbHbIH mrH6 AmI cpeAllero Ce'leHHJI CTep)ICHJI
waT}'Ha Fr:p (CM. pHC. 6.1). HanpJDICeHHe B CTepne maT}'Ha npH npo-
,nOJIbHOM H3rH6e B llJIOCICOCTH ICa'l3.HHJI 0')= -K"Pc.mlFr:p H B nJIOCICOCTH,
nepneHAHICYmIpHOH llJIOCICOCTH ICa'l3.HHJI, 0'2 = - Kyl' c.m/Fr:p. K03$$HQH-
eHTbl K,,Ky= 1,10...1,15; COOTBeTCTBeHHO HanpJDICeHHJI, YCJIOBHO Y'IH-
rbIBaIOlI!He npoAOJIbHbIii: H3rH6 CTep)ICHJI maTYHa, COCTaBJIJIIOT 10...15%
CYMMapHbIX HanpJDICeHHH H O'min=O') =0'2.
HanpR:HCeHUe paCmR:HCeHWI maT}'Ha AJIJI cpeAHero CeqeHHJI O'pm=
= Pp.mlFr:p = O'max.
3HaqeHWI O'min = 0') =0'2 AOCTHraIOT 160...250 Mila. 3anacbl npo'IHo-
CTH CTep)ICHJI maTYHa JIe)ICaT B npeAeJIax 2...2,5 AmI aBTOM06HJJbHbIX
)\BHraTeJIeH H 2,5...3,0 AJIJI TpaICTOpHhIX.
PacqeT BepXHeH rOJIOBICH H CTep)ICHJI maTYHa npOBOAHTCJI Ha pe)ICHMe
HOMHHaJIbHOH MOII!HOCTH no BHemHeH CICOpoCTHOH xapaICTepHCTHlCe.
KpblwKa KPUOOWunHOU 20A08KU wamYHa HarpY)IC3.eTCJI CBJIaMH HHep-
L\HH nOCTynaTeJIbHO .D;BWICYII!HXCJI H BP3lIla.Y II!HXCJI Macc (63 }"IeTa
MaCCbl C8.MOH ICphlIIIICH). CHJIa PJIfIf (MH), Ae$opMHPYlOlI!aJI ICPbIlIllCY,
onpeAemIeTCJI Ha pexGlMe n:unax:
PJIfIf= -[mjrro 2 "max(1 +l)+(Inuu:-mIILKp)rro:m.J .10- 6 ,
J'.D;e 17'Zm-KJI  (O,2...0,25)m", - Macca ICPblllIICH. MaICCHMaJIbHOrO 3HaqeHHJI
CHJIa P PJ1. .D;OCTHraeT B BMT B Ha'l!1JIe TaICTa BnycICa npH qJ = 0°.
167

TIpH paC'leTe KpLllllKH upeADOJIaralOTCJI CJIe.nyroHe (}OnYUJeHUR:
. rOJIOBKa H nO,mIIHnHHKOBble BICJIa.AhIUIH .D;e4K>PMHPYJOTCJI COBMe-
CTHO; npH :nOM H3rH6a1OlllHe MOMeHTbI Me)I(J];Y BICJIR,lJ.hllIIeM H KphlIIIICOH
paCnpe.D;eJUllOTCJI nponOPQHOHaJIbHO MOMeHT8.M HHepIWH HX nonepe'l-
HhIX ce'leHHii;
. CThIIC nOJIaraerCJI a6cOJIIOTHO He.D;ell>opMHPyeMhlM;
. B MeCTe nepeXO.D;a rOJIOBICH B CTep)J(eHb npe,lUIOJIaraeTCJI 3a.n;emca.
3a paC'IerHoe npHHHMaeTCJI cpe)];Hee Ce'leHHe KPblInlCH, a 3a P8.)];Hyc
KPHBH3HbI paC'IeTHOH 6aJIICH - nOJIOBHHa paCCTOJIHmI Me)J()];y OCJIMB
60JITOB C/2 (CM. pHC. 6.1). KOHe'IHaJI pac'IemaJi npH6JIH)J(eHHaJI 4>oP-
MYJIa ,(MTIa) HMeer CJIe.D;YIOIIUlH BH.D;:
D [ O'023C 0,4 ]
O'..r=r... + ,
(1 +J./Jm.Ip)W Fm.q.+Fm__
r.D;e Jm.q. H J m ._ - MOMeHTbI HHepIWH ce'leHHii maTynHoH KPblInlCH H
BlCJIa)];hIIIIa; Fm.Ip H Fm._ - nJIOa.n;H nonepe'IHbIX ce'leHHii maT}'HHOH
KphlIIIICH H BKJIR,lJ.hIllia; W - MOMeHT conpOTHBJIeHIDI H3rH6y paC'ler-
Horo ce'leHmI I1IaTyuHOH KphIllilCH. HanpIDKeHHJI 0'.",. HaxO.D;JlTCJI B npe-
.D;eJIax 100...150 MTIa.
CHJIa HHep.QHH P ..., .D;e4>oPMHPYJOaJl KPhlIIIICY KpHBOmHnHOH roJIOB-
ICH, HarpYJKaer nepeMeHHbIMH no BpeMeHH YCHJIWIMH H wamYH-
Hble 6oAmbl. Ha Ka)I(J];hIH 60JIT .D;eHCTByer 'IaCTb :nOH CHJIhI P;"=P..ji 6 ,
r.D;e i6 - KOJIH'leCTBO 60JITOB, a TaJOKe CHJIa npe)];BapHTeJIbHOH 3aTJI)J(-
KH Pup.
HapymeHHe pa60Tocnoco6HOCTH 60JITOB nOMHMO .D;eHCTBmI OCHOB-
HOH HarpY3KH MO)J(er HMeTb MecTO BCJIe.D;CTBHe:
. He.D;OCTaTO'IHOH CHJIhI npe.D;BapHTeJIbHOH 3aTJDKICII 60JITOB, 'ITO
conpOBoxc.n;aeTCJI paCKphITHeM CThlICa H o6pa30B8.HlleM Ha ero nOBepx-
HOCTJIX HaICJIena;
. MOHTaxcHOH neperJl)IQ(H 60JITOB, ConpoBO)I(,WU()eHCJI TeKY'lecTblO
MaTepHaJIa C .D;aJIbHeiinmM OCJIa6JIeHHeM 3aTIDKIH;
. HanpJD.ICeHHii H3rH6a, B03HHICaIDI.QHX H3-3a He.D;OCTaTO'IHOH ]l[eCT-
KOCTH KpHBOlliHnHOH rOJIOBKH H HenapaJIJIeJIbHOCTH onopHhIX nOBepx-
HOCTeH 60JITa H rainI.
C Y'leTOM nO.D;aTJIHBOCTH 3JIeMeHTOB CThlICa rOJIOBICH .D;OnOJIHHTeJIb-
HaJI IIUKAUIleCKaR HaZpY3Ka Ha 60Am XP;", r.D;e X=K.uJ(K..+K 6 ) - K034»-
HIUleHT OCHOBHOH HarpY3KH pe3b6oBOro coe)];IIHeHHJI; K6 H K...-
no,naTJIHBOCTb COOTBerCTBeHHO 60JITa H CTJII'HBaeMhIX '1aCTeH KPH-
BOIlIHIIHOH rOJIOBKH. Ha OCHOBaHHH CTaTHCTH'IeCKHX ,naHHbIX. X =
=0,15...0,25.
CUlla npe(}8apumeAbHOU 3am.R:JlCKU onpe,neJIJileTCSI H3 YO:lIOBHSI HepaCJ::-
pbITmI CThlICa Pup = m (1- X)p;,.. Ko34>H.QHeHT 3anaca m npHHHMaIOT
paoHhIM 2.. .2,5.
168

MaKCHM8JIbHaJI H MHHHM3JIbHaJI CBJIbI, HarpY)I(alOmHe 60nT, paBHhl
COOTBeTCTBeHHO P mu = Pup + XP;"'; P min = Pup = m (1- X)p;...
3KCmpe.MaAbHble HanpR:HCeHUR 8 60Ame umu.=Prn.JF op ; Umin=
=Pmm/F op , r.l{e Fap - nnOa.l{b MHHHMa.JIbHOrO ce'leHmI 60nTa no pe3b-
60BOH '1aCTH (CM. pHC. 6.6, z).
IIocne onpe.l{eJIeHmI aMnJIHT}'.l{bI HanpJDKeHHJI U a H cpe.l{Hero 3Ha'le-
HmI HanpJDKeHHJI U m BbI'lHCmIeTCJI 3anac npO'IHOCTH rnaT}'HHoro 6onTa.
IIpH 3TOM npHHHMaeTCJI K.s/f.a= 5...5,5. 3anac npO'lHOCTH rnaTYHHbIX
60JITOB .l{OJI)I(eH 6bITb He MeHee 2,0.
"

I
r JIABA 7
KOJlEHqATLIH BAJI
7.1. KOHCfPYKTHBHLrn: OG30P
KOJIeH'laTI.rii Barr, BOCnpHHHMUI nepeMeHHhIe no BeJIH'lHHe H Hanpa-
BJIeHHlO ra.30BhIe H HHepnaOHHhIe CHJIhI H HX MOMeHThI, nO,l{8epraeTClI
,lI;el}>opMaQIUIM H3rH6a H ICpy<IeHHlI, a TalOlCe ,lI;el}>opMa:QWIM OT H3rH6HhIX
H ICpyrHlIbHhIX lCoJIe6aHHH., HeH36e)KHO HMelOmHM MecTO npH pa60Te
,l{8HraTeIDI. Bee :no MO)KeT npHBO,ll;llTh IC YCTarrOCTHhIM pa3PymeHmlM
3JIeMeHTOB ICOJIeH'laTOrO Barra.
TIo 3THM npH'lHH8.M ICOJIeH'laTbIii BaJ1 COBpeMeHHoro ct>OpCHpOBaH-
Horo ,lI;BHfaTeIDI JlBIDIeTClI o,ll;lloii H3 H3.H6oJIee qaCTO nOBpe)I()J;aeMhIX
,lI;eraneii.
B KaqecTBe MaTepHanOB,lI;IDI H3rOTOBJIeHHlI KOJIeH'laThIX BanOB ,l{8H-
raTeJIeii BCnOJIh3yIOT cmaAU 45, 45X, 4OXcI>A, 42XMcI>A, 18X2H4BA.
,D;IDI ICOJIeH'IaThIX BarrOB )J;BHraTeJIeii C BCKpOBhIM 3a)lCHfaHHeM ,lI;O-
CTaTO'lHO IIIBpOKO BCnOJIh3yroT cephIe H KOBKHe '1YryHhI. TIpeHMyme-
CTBaMH qyryHHhIX BarrOB JlBIDIIOTClI MeHbmaJI CTOHMOCTh, CHIDICeHHe
npunYCKOB Ha MexaHH'lecKyro o6pa6oT.l[Y H 3KOHOMWI CTarrhHoro
npOKaTa. O,ll;ll8.KO B A.B3eJI.RX OHH B HacToee BpeM1l He nOJI)"IIUIH
llllipOKoro pacnpOCTpaaeHIDl, TaK KaK npeAeJI BhIHOCJIHBOCTH qyryHa
cymecTBeHHO HlDlCe, 'IeM CTaJIH, n n03TOMY npn OrpaHH'IeHHhIX Pa.3-
Mepax 3JIeMeHTOB BaJIa CJIo:xrn:o 06ecne'IHTh B A.B3eJIe Tpe6yeMhIii:
3anac npO'lHOCTn.
BwIlJ
1/2
b
PRC. 7.1. PDMepLl3JIeMeHTOB IOJIeH'laTo:ro BaJIa
170

PRe. 7.2. CTaJIbHOH IOneB'laThJii: BaJI
npH KOHCTp)'HpoB8.HHH BaJIa IIIHpoKO HCnOJTh3yroT CTaTHCTH'Iec-
KHe ,naIDIhIe no OTHOCHTeJIbHhlM p8.3MepaM 3JIeMeHTOB BaJIa (PHC.
7.1) ,nIDI p8.3JIH'lHhIX KaTeropHH ,lXBHraTeJIeH. B Ta6JJ. 7.1 npHBe,neHhI
TaICHe CTaTHCTH'IecKHe ,n8.HHhIe ,nIDI aBTOTpanopHhIX ,lXBHraTeJJeH.
Ha pHC. 7.2 B Ka'lecTBe npHMepa paccMoTpeH CTaJThHOH KOJJelf'laThIH
BaJI '1eThIpeXInlJIHH.Iq)oBoro '1eThIpeXTaKTHOrO ,nBHraTemI, a Ha pHC.
7.3 - '1yrYHHhIH JlHTOH KOJJelf'laThIH BaJJ. KaK BH,lXHO H3 pHC. 7.3,
B JlHTOM BaJIe MO>ICHO npH,lXaTb 60JJee pOHaJIbuyro rI>opMy BII}'T-
peHHHM nOJJOCTJIM weeK H meK, o6ecne'IHBalOIItHX nOBhIweHHe YCTa-
JIOCTHOH npO'IHocTH.
Ta6J!U1#ll 7.1
BuraTeJII.
Pa3MepLl C BapOIlLlM 311ZBJ'8.1D1CM AH3CJIh
JIHBeiim.m V-06pa3m.rli JIHBeiim.m V-06pa3m.di
dz.m!D O,6S...0,80 0,63...0,75 0,72..0,90 0,70...0,75
dw.m!D 0,60...0,70 0,57...0,66 0,64...0,75 0,65...0,72
l...m/d;m 0,5...0,60 0,40...0,70 0,45...0,60 0,40...0,55
0,74...0,84 0,70...0,88 0,70...0,85 0,65...0,86
lm.m!dwm 0,45...0,65 0,80...1,00 0,50...0,65 0,80...1,00
hiD 1,00...1,25 1,05...1,30
hiD 0,20...0,22 0,24...0,27
PRe. 7.3. llyryHHLlA Ban:
171

IIpo(}o.II3ICeHue ma611. 7.1
,l{BJrnLTC1Ib
Pa:JMepbI C BCKpOBbIM 8.HHCM AH3C11b
J1BBc:Iim.rlI I V -o6puHbIii J1BBciim.di I V -o6pa311b1i
6.fdmm - 0,30...0,40
p/h 0,15...0,20 0,15...0,23
m.m!rlwm - 0...0,5
· Bo Bropoi C"IpOKC DpBBCACHbI AJIBHbI Kpaibmx KOpeHIIhIX meeK.
B8JIbI YCTaHaBJIHBalOT 06hI'lHO Ha nO,o:IIIHllHHKH CKOJIbXCeHHB. llpH-
MeBeBRe nO,nIIIunBHKoB Ka'leBIDI B03MOXCBO B KOBCTpyKnHJlX KOJIeB-
'IaTbIX BaJIOB KaK COCma8l1blX (pHC. 7.4, a), Tax: H M01l0AUmHblX (pHC.
7.4, 6).
KOJIeH'laThIe BaJIhI COBpeMeHHbIX JJ:BHraTeJIeH B 60JIbmBHCTBe C.JJY'Ia-
eB BhIDOJIBJIIOT nOJIBOOnOpBhIMH, T. e. C KOJIH'leCTBOM KOpeBBbIX meeK,
p8.BBhIM i+ 1, r,o:e i - KOJIH'leCTBO KpHBoIIIHnoB BaJIa. Tax:WI KOBCTpyK-
ItIDI BMa o6ecne'IHBaeT 6oJIbmyro XCecTKOCfb, a TeM CaMhIM H 60JIee
6JIaronpHBTBhIe YCJIOBIDI pa60ThI 6JIOK-KapTepa, KOpeHBhIX no,o:IIIHn-
HHKOB H CaMoro KOJIeH'laTOrO BaJIa.
B pAAe 3apy6eXCBbIX H OTeqeCTBeBBbIX V -06Pa3BbIX JJ:BHraTeJIeH
maT)'BBhIe meiiKH O.lUlOHMeBBhIX .QHJIHH,ZJ;pOB JIeBOrO H np8.Boro PAAOB
,o:eJIaIOT 8.BTOBOMBhIMH co CJJ:BHraMH ,o:pyr OTBOCHTeJIbBO ,o:pyra Ba yrOJI
lJ WIB Toro, 'lT06hI 06ecne'lHTb p8.BBoMepBoe 'Iepe,o:oB8.HHe pa60'lHX
XO,o:OB. Ha pHC. 7.5 nOKa38.H TaKoH KpHBomun mecTH.QHJIHB,o:poBoro
V-06pa3Horo .u;BHraTelliI JIM3-KA3-642. OrpOMBoe BJIHBBHe Ba B8.)];eXC-
HOCTb pa60ThI KOJIeH'IaTOrO BMa OKa3hIBaIOT BecOOCBOCTb KOpeHBhIX
onop 6JIOKa H 6HeBHe KopeHBhIX meeK Bana.
WCCJIe,o:oBaHIDlMH HATH yCTaHOBJIeHO, 'ITO npH HeCOOCHOCTH KO-
peHHblx onop 6JIOKa, He BhIXOJJ:jIIl];eH 3a npe,o:eJIhI, orOBopeHHhIe Tex-
HK'IeCKHMH YCJIOBIDIMH, 38.nac npO'IHOCTH BaJIa }'MeHbmaeTCB He 60JIee
s.;,,:f
...J
a
6
PRC. 7.4. YCTaBOBD COCTaBBOrO (a) H MOBOJIHTBOrO (6) IOJIeB'laTOrO BaJIa Ba no.tnmm-
BHIH Ka'leBHJI
172

"eM Ha 13%. TIpH HeCOOCHOCTH, npeBocxo.wnu;eH 3TH npe,ne1IhI, 3anac
IIpOIffiOCTH pe3KO )'MeHLmaeTCJl, ,nOCTHr8Jl 30...50% npn 3KceHTpHcH-
reTe 0,1...0,15 MM. AHarrornlfHLIH 3eIJeKT Ha6mop;aeTCJl n npn HepaB-
lIoMepHoM H3Hoce napLI meIDca Barra - no,nmHIIHHK. TIpn 3TOM 6oJIL-
mee BJIIDIHHe Ha npolffiocTL KOJIeH'IaTOrO B8.JIa OKa3hIBaeT Hecooc-
IIOCTL KOpellHLIX onop, lfeM KOpeHHLIX meeK. TaK, nCCJIe.n;OBaHIDI
If A TH nOKa3aJIH, o npn HepaBHoMepHocTH H3Hoca nO)J;IIIHIIIIHKOB
0,05...0,06 MM B03HHK8eT pe8JThHaJl onacHOCTb nOJIOMKH KOJIeH'l8TOrO
lIa.rra.
OCo6eHHOCTblO KOHCTp}'KlnlH KOJIeH'I8TLIX BarrOB coBpeMeHHbIx
)RHraTeJIeH HBJUleTCJl OTHOCHTeJILHO 60JIbmOH }:(HaMeTp KOpeHHbIX
II maT}'HHbIX meeK, 'ITO npRBO}:(HT K nepeKpLITHlO meeK (CM. T86JI. 7.1)
II cnoco6cTBYeT nOBLIIIleHHlO H3TH6HOH )l(eCTKOCTH KOJIeH'IaTOrO BMa.
B maTymIbIX meHKax p;e.rraIOT nOJIOCTH - YJIOBHTeJIH MeXaHH'IeCKHX
',aCTHIt (pHC. 7.6). 3TH nOJIOCTH )'MeHbmalOT Heyp8.BHOBemeHH)'lO
Maccy KpRBOmHIIa, '1TO n03BOJUleT HeCKOJIbKO CHH3HTL H Macey npo-
rHBOBeCOB.
II.J:eKH BaJIa BLIIIOJIHJlIOT 3JIJIHllTll'leCKHMH, npJIMoyroJlbHbIMH HJIH
KpyrJIbIMH. reOMeTpll'lecKHe napaMeTpLI meK COBpeMeHHblX aBTOTpaK-
ropHbIX ,nBnraTeJIeH npnBe.n:eHbI B Ta6JI. 7.1.
TIpH BbI60pe $opMbI eKH oco6oe BHHM8.HHe .n:OJDKHO 6bITb y,n;eJIeHO
roM)', '1To6h1 MaICCHMaJIbHO pallHOH8.JIbHO nCnOJlb30BaTb MeTaJIJ1 3a
C'IeT 3J1eMeHTOB eKH, He nepe.n:aroIllHX YCH.JIHii COnpJl)l(eHHbIM meHKaM.
B 3TOM CJIY'Iae y.n:aeTCJl YMeHbmHTb Macey KOJ1eH'IaTOrO BaJ1a aBTOMO-
fiHJIbHOrO .n:BHraTeIDI Ha 7...8% 6e3 CHIDKeHHJl ero npO'lHOCTH.
TIepexo.n:bI (TaJITeJIH) OT IlleK K meHKaM BLIIIOJIIDllOTCJl llJIaBHhIMH
C pamlYCaMH (0,05...0,07)d.
B HeKoTopLIX KOHCTpyKllHJIX raJITeJIH BbIIIO.JIHJllOT no .l1:BYM HJIH
'peM pa.l1:HYCaM HJIH C nO,WIyTpeHHeM (pnc. 7.7), '1TO CHIDKaeT KOH-
o
"HC. 7.5. KpHBOIDHD co CMeBHOB: maryH- Pac. 7.6. IIoo M&CJIa I waTymIhIM
BOH meiiKoH no.l1IIlHlIllHKaM
173

a
6
6
Pac. 7.7. c1JopMLI raJITeJIeB::
Q - MBOropa,ttHyCIIB-I; 6 - C IIO.AJlYI1lCBBCM B eKY; /I - C IIOAJlYTPCHBCM B mcitKy; 1- aa.
1- mciiIa
eHTpaumo H3rH6HhIX HanpIDKeHHH npH COXpaHeHHH onopHOH romHbI
BKJIa,Willlla.
O,WIHM H3 HaH60JIee npHHIVIllH8..JIbHhIX BonpoCOB npH KOHCTp}'HpO-
BaHHH KOJIell'laTOrO BaJIa JIBJIBeTB BLl60p cxeMLI pacnOJIO){(eHHB KPH-
BOIIIHllOB. Or :noro KOHCTpYKTHBHoro nap8MeTpa pelIIaI01WIM 06pa30M
3aBHCBT ypaBHOBelIIeHHOCTb BBraTeIDI, paBHOMepHOCTh ero xoa, na-
p8MeTpLl Kp}'THJIbHhIX KOJIe6aHHH KOJIell'laTOrO BaJIa.
Kax npaBHJIO, npHOpHTeT npH pelIIeHHH aHHOrO Bonpoca pacnpee-
IDIeTCB CJIeYIOHM 06pa30M:
. o6ecne'leHHe paBHoMepHOCTH 'IepeJJ;OBaHIDI pa6o'lux XOOB H BLl-
60p panuoHaJIbHoro nopJI,WCa pa60Tbl BBraTeIDI;
. CTeneHb BHelIIHeH ypaBHoBelIIeHHOCTH BBraTeIDI no CHJI8M HHep-
ItHH H MOMeHTaM 3TIIX CHJI;
. B03MO){(HOCTb OCTIDKeHIDI CpaBHHTeJIbHO npoCTLlMH MeTOaMH
M8.KCHM8..JIbHOH BHYTpeHHeH ypaBHOBelIIeHHOCTH ,nBHraTeIDI;
. B03MO){(HOCTb nepeMeeHHB rJIaBHhIX H CHJIbHhIX rapMOHHIC KPy-
TX MOMeHTOB 3a npeJ];eJIbI Hana30Ha, B KOTOpOM HaxOBTCB 'IaCTO-
TLl HH3lIIHX cpOpM KOJIe6aHHii KpyrBJIbHOH CHCTeMLI.
IIpH npOeKTHpOBaHHH BHraTeIDI O'leHb BaJKHhIM JIBJIBeTCB Bonpoc
o BLl60pe KOJIH'leCTBa, pa3MepOB H 0 pa3MeeHHH npOTHBoBecOB,
KOTopoe J];OJI){(HO npH MHHHMaJIbHOH MeTaJIJIOeMKOCTH o6ecne'IHBaTh
BHelIIHlO1O H MHHHMH3HpOBaTb BHYTpeHHIOIO HeypaBHOBelIIeHHoCTb
,nBHraTeJDl. .
174
Pac. 7.8. <1IoPMLI JIleK H opOTHBOBeCOB IOJIeB'laTOrO BaJIa

a
6
6
PRe. 7.9. YnopBLIe no AWHUHBIUI KOJIeB'Iaroro BaJIa:
a - BIJIa,w.mm C 6ypnu:&MB; 6 - ynopHWc IOJlblla; II - ynopHhlil DO,l:lIlIB1IBBI[
KOHCTpyKTHBHO npoTHBoBechI BhIIIOJIHjfi()T JIH60 KU eromoe :QeJIoe
C B8JIOM, JIH60 YCTaHaBJIHBaIOT Ha npOAOmKeHHH I:QeK B BlI,lJ;e aBTOHOM-
IlhIX 3JIeMeHTOB. HeKOTOphIe HX KOHClpyK:QHH nOK3.3aHh1 Ha pHC. 7.8.
OceBag «pHKCa:QWI KOJIell'laTOrO BaJIa OTHOCHTeJIhHO KapTepa 06ec-
Ue'iHBaeTCg ynopHLIMH KOJIb:QaMH (PHC. 7.9, 6), 60pTaMH BICJIR)J;hIIIIeH
(pHC. 7.9, a) HJIH ynopHbIM nO,lUllHDHHKOM (PHC. 7.9, 8).
YnopHhIe KOJIb:Qa H3roToBmnoT H3 6pOH3hI, CT8JIH HJIH MeT8JIJIOKe-
paMHKH. CT8JIbHbIe KOJIb:Qa H onopHhIe 60pThI BICJIRAhIlIleH 3a.JIHBaIOT
aHTH«PPHICItHOHHhIM CnJIaBOM. Or npoBOpa'iHBamUI KOJIb:Qa YAep)I(HBa-
10TCSI IDTH«pTaMH. OceBhIe 33.30phI YCTaHaBJlHBaIOT B npeAeJIax
0,05...0,15 MM.
MaCJIo K KOpeHHhIM nOAllIHIIHHKaM nO)1.BOAHTCSI OT rJIaBHOH Mac-
JUlHOH MarHCTp8JIH B M8JIOHarpYjl(eHHyro 30HY HX Hap}')KHOH nOBepx-
1I0CTH.
K maTYHHbIM nOAIIIHIlHHK8.M MaCJIO nO)1.BOAHTCSI no npocBepJIeH-
HhIM OTuepcTIDIM B I:QeKaX H no PR)J;HaJIbHbIM OTBepcTWIM B maTYHHoH
meHKe (CM. pHC. 7.S).
7.2. PAC1IET KOJIEIf1IATOrO BAJIA HA llPOqHOCfL
"
KOJIeH'IaTbIH B8JI npeACTaBlliIeT C060H MHorOOnopHyro CTaTll'leCKH
lIeonpeAeJIHMyIO KOHClpYK:QHIO, HMelOI:Qyro CJI(')l(Hyro «poPMY H 3arpy-
)l(eHHyro npOCTpaHCTBeHHOH CHCTeMOH nepeMeHHbIX CHJI.
B HaCTOJII:Qee BpeMJI npH paC'leTax Ha npO'IHOCTb HaH60JIee mHpOKOe
pacnpOCTpaHeHHe n0JIY'lHJIa TU Ha3bIBaeMWI pa3pe3HWI cxeMa, B COOT-
ueTCTBHH C KOTOPOH H3 KOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa no cepeAHHaM KOpeHHhIX
meeK BhIpe3aeTCg KpHBomHn, KOTOphIH paCCMaTpHBaeTCSI KU .lUJyx-
onopHaSI 68JIKa.
175

IfCCJIe,lJ;OBaHHSIMH P. C. KHllaCOlIlBHJIH YCTaHOBJIeHO, 'ITO npH pac-
'IeTe BaJIa Ha npo'IHOCTb C I"O'fKH 3peHIDI npaKTH'fecKOH nOJIe3HOCTH
nOJI)"IeHHbIX pe3ynbTaToB He HMeeT cym;eCTBeHHoro 3Ha'feHIDI, BeeTH JIH
paCIIeT BaJIa no pa3pe3HOH UJIU no Hepa3pe3HOH cxeMe. TaK, 3anac
npO'IHOCTH KOpeHBbIX meeK nOJIY'faeTCB npaKTH'fecKH O,lJ;HHaKOBbIM,
a maT}'HHbIX meeK npH paC'feTe BaJIa KaK pa3pe3HOro Ha 5...10%
MeHbme H TOJIbKO ,lJ;JllI IQeK pe3YJIbTaThI paC'leTOB cyIQeeTBeHHO pa3IDIT-
CB. HanpHMep, ,lJ;.JllI KpaHHHX [QeK 3anaCbI npO'IHOCTH npH paC'IeTe BaJIa
KaK paJpe3Horo nOJI)"IaIOTcB Ha 30...40% MeHbme, 'IeM-npH pac'feTe ero
no HepaJpe3HoH cxeMe; eIQe 60nbme 3Ta paJmm;a ,lJ;IDI npoMe)K}'TO'IHbIX
IQeK.
Q,lJ;HaKO HanpamHBalOIQuHCB BhIBO,lJ; 0 He06xo,lJ;HMOCTH Be,lJ;eHHB pac-
'IeTa no HepaJpe3HoH cxeMe HMeJI 6b1 CMbICJI TOJIbKO B TOM CJIY'fae, ecJIH
6bIJIa 6b1 B03MOXCHOCTb ,lJ;OCTOBepHO Y'IeeTb B paC'leTe T8.KHe TPY,WIO
nporn03HpyeMbIe cpaKTopbl, KaK HecOOCHOCTb onop H KopeHHbIX meeK,
HepaBHOMepHOCTb H3Hoca UX B npon;ecce 3KcnJIYaTaD;HH H ,lJ;HHaMH'feCme
,lJ;el}>opM8l!HH onop KapTepa H meeK.
C Y'feTOM BhIlIIeH3JIOJKeHHOrO OrpaHH'fHMCB paCCMOTpeHHeM MeTO-
)];IIKH paC'feTa BaJIa no paJpe3HOH cxeMe. lIpH 3TOM 3anaCbI npO'IHOCTH
KopeHHbIX H maT}'HHbIX meeK 6Y,lJ;eM onpe,lJ;emITb B Ce'feHHBX MaCJIOnO,lJ;-
BO,lJ;mn;HX KaHaJIOS, a AJlB IQeK - B MecTax ConpBJKemm HX C meHKaMH,
T. e. B raJITeJUlX.
npO'IHOCTb KOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa onpe,lJ;eIDIeTCB CJIe,lJ;yIOIQIIMH cpaKTO-
paMB: .
. paJMepaMH H cpOpM8.MH OT,lJ;eJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB BaJIa;
. H8JIH'fHeM KOHI1:eHTpaTopoB HanpBJKeHHH Ha KpoMKaX M3.CIDIHbIX
KaHaJIOB, rarrreneH H ,lJ;Pyrux nepexo,lJ;ax;
. xapaKTepHCTHKaMH npo'lHOCTH MaTepHana 0'., O'-h O'T, 't'., 't'-h 't'T;
. HCnOJIb30BaHHhIMH npH H3rOTOBJIeHHH BaJIa KOHCTpYKTHBHhIMH
H TexaOJIOrH'IecmMH MeTO,lJ;aMB ynpO'IHeHHB;
. H8.JIH'fHeM H opHeHTaD;HeH BuyrpeHHHX ynopAAO'leHHhIX CTpYKTYP,
pacnOJIOJKeHHeM BOJIOKOH, 3aBHCBID;HM OT cnoc06a H3rOTOBJIeHHB KO-
JIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa.
TIpH npoeKTHpOBaHHH ,lJ;BHraTeJIB p8.3Mepbl OT,lJ;eJIbHbIX 3JIeMeH-
TOB BaJIa 3a,D;8.IOTCB Ha OCHOBaHHH CTaTHCTH'IeCKHX ,lJ;3.HHbIX, npHBe-
,lJ;eHHblx B Ta6JI. 7.1, C Y'leTOM KOHCTpYKTHBHbIX oc06eHHoCTeH H CTe-
neHH cpOpCUpOBaHHOCTH npOeKTHpyeMOI"O ,lJ;BmaTeJUl. TIocJIe 3Toro
npOH3BO,lJ;HTCB On;eHKa HanpJDKeHHOrO COCTOJIHHB KIDK,ZJ;OrO 3neMeHTa
BaJIa.
PaC'IeT KOpeBBIdX meeK. KopeHBble meHm HarpYJKalOTCB rJIaBHbIM
06paJOM Kpynnn;HM MOMeHTOM, TaK KaK BeJIH'fHHbI H3rH6alOIQHX ux
MOMeHTOB M8..JIbI BCJIe,lJ;CTBHe OTHOCHTeJIbHO MaJIOH ,lJ;JIUHbI meeK. no-
3TOMY 3anaCbI npo'IHOCTH KOpeHHbIX meeK npHIDITO On;eHHBaTb TOJIbKO
no KaCaTeJIbHbIM HanpBJKeHHSIM. TIoCJIe,lJ;OBaTeJIbHOCTb paC'IeTa npH
3TOM TaKa.JI:
176

. no JJ;a.HHhIM JJ;BHaMH'IeCICOrO paC'IeTa JJ;BHraTeIDI COCTaBIDIIOT Ta6-
JI BJIH CTpOSIT rpa4>HICH Ha6enllOX ICpyrJIIIUIX MOMeHTOB. nepe-
)aBaeMLIX OTJJ;eJIbHhIMH ICOpeHHbIMH meiilCaMH (CM. rJI. 1). PaC1fer npo-
UOJ];HTCSI JJ;JUI TOU meuKH. Ha6eralOII{Hii KpyrJIII{Hii MOMeHT Ha KOTOpoH
HMeer H3.H6oJIbmylO aMlIJIHTYJJ;Y;
. onpeJJ;eIDllOT MaICCHMa.m.Hoe H MHHHMaJIbHOe 3Ha'leHHSI lCaCaTeJIb-
IlbIX HanpJDICeHHH (Mila):
M:I<p.max M:l<pmin
'l: max =-. 'l:miD=-.
W".JD W"-m
I JJ;e W".m = : cC.m [ 1- (:) 4 ] - MOMeHT conpoTHBJIeHHSI meiilCH ICpyq:e-
IIH1O. M 3 ;
. onpeJJ;elliIlOT aMlIJIHTYJ];Hoe H cpeJ];Hee HanpJDICeHHSI B QHlCJIe:
2
Tmu + TmiD
H't"m - .
2
Tmu - TmiD
't"a-
. onpeJJ;elliIlOT 3anac npo'lHOCTH n... ,D;IDI onpeJJ;eJIeHIDI n.. Heo6-
XOJ];HMO 3HaTb K./E.. - omomeHHe 3<l>4>eICTHBH()ro lCo34>«PHI{HeHTa ICOH-
IWHTPaQHB Hanp.sDICemm K npOH3BeJJ;eHHIO MacmTa6Horo H TexnOJIOrH-
'1eclCHx «paICTOpOB. BeJIH1fHHa :norD OTHomeHHSI 3aBHCHT OT MHOrHX
«paICTOpOB, npe)I()];e Bcero OT ICOHCTpYICTHBHblX oco6eHHoCTeii BaJIa. r H
opHeHTHpOBO'IHbIX pac'Ierax P. C. KBHaCOmBHJIH peICOMeHJ];)'er npm..H-
MaTb K./E..=2.5.
3Ha'ieHIDI n.. JJ;IDI ICOpeHHblX meelC BaJIOB JJ;BHraTeJIeii. xopomo 3ape-
KOMeHJ];OB8.BmHX ce6SI B 3KcIIJIYaTaQHB, HaxoJJ;SITcSI B npeJJ;eJIax: 8.BTOMO-
6HJIbHble J];BHraTeJIH - n..=3...4. TpaICTopHble - n.=4...5.
Pac"leT maTymu.IX meeK. Ha mal)'HHbIe meiilCH JJ;eiiCTBYIOT OJ];HOBpe-
MeHHO nepeMeHHble ICpyrJIIIUle H H3CH6aIOII{He MOMeHTbI. BCJIeJJ;CTBHe
TOCO. 'ITO 3KCTpeMa.JIbHbIe 3Ha'leHBJI 3THX MOMeHTOB He COBnaJJ;aIOT no
BpeMeHH. npHIDITO onpeJJ;eIDITb p8.3JJ;eJIbHO 3anaCbI npo'lHOCTH no lCaca-
TeJIbHhIM H HOpMa.JIbHbIM HanpJDICeHHSIM. a 3aTeM HaxOJ];HTb pe3YJIb-
THPyIOII{aii 3anac npo'IHOCTH.
3anac DpO'lHOCTR no lCaCaTeJIbHhIM HanrJDICeHBSIM n.. onpeJJ;eIDIerCJI
B Toii )ICe nOCJIeJJ;oBaTeJIbHoCTH. '1TO H npH pac'Iere 3anaca npO'IHOCTH
KOpeHHbIX meeK. TOJIbKO 3Ha'ieHIDI ClCpyq:HBaOII{HX MOMeHTOB onpe,l{e-
JISIIOTCJI no Ta6JIHIt8.M BJIR rpa4>mc8.M Ha6eraIOII{HX KpyrJlII{HX MOMeH-
TOB Ha maTyHHble meum.
PaC1feTHaSI cxeMa. HcnOJIb3yeMWI npH onpeJJ;eJIeHHH 3anaca npo'l-
HOCTH no HOpMaJIbHbIM HanpJDICeHIDIM, npHBeJJ;eHa Ha pRC. 7.10. )J;JISI
ynpoII{eHHSI 3J];eCb npHIDITo. '1TO ICpHBomHII cHMMeTpH'lHbIH H IteHTpO-
6exaIbIe CHJIbI II{elC H npoTHBoBecoB JIe>KaT Ha oJJ;Hoii JIBHHH.
177

R T
A. /IIIIII
A rlUK
Krw
Krill
-r--
PBc. 7.10. Pac'leTaaJI cxeMa KPHBOIDHOa
nOCJIe.o;OBaTeJILHOCTL paclfera CJIe.o;)'IODl8JI:
. onpe.o;elliIlOTCg H3rH6alOIlUle MOMeHTLI B ce'leHHH MaCJIOnO)UJOJ];il-
II\ero lC8.Halla B nllOCICOCTH ICpHBonmna M" H B nllOCICOCTH M T , nepneH-
J];HICYIDIPHOB WIOCICOCTH ICpHBonmna:
1 ( I ) 1
M,,=R,,-+{Krw.-Krup) --0 , MT=R T -,
2 2 2
R K Krnu+Krm.m+ 2K I'II(-lK rup _ K-X,. R _ _ T
rJJ.e ,,=-
2 2 2 ' T- 2.
B 3THX BLIp3JICeHmIX: K - CHJIa, ,ZJ;eBCTBYIOII\WI B,ZJ;OJIb no ICpHBO-
IllHny; KrULJ< - n;eHTpo6e)J(Hag CHlIa HHepD;HH MacehI ruaTYHa, omeceH-
HOB IC ICpHBOruHllY; KI'II(.IlJ - n;eHTpo6e)J(HWI CHlIa HHepl1HH maTYHHOH
meBKH; Krw. - n;eHTpo6e)J(HWI cHlIa HHepD;HH II\eKH; K rup - n;eHTpo-
6e)J(Hag CHJIa HHepD;HH npoTHBoBeca; K.,= (m DU +mJrro 2 '10- 6 - n;eHT-
po6e)ICHWI CHlIa HHepD;HH Bpam;WOID;HXCg Mace, MH; T - T8.HI'eHD;HaJIb-
HWI CHlIa.
MO,ZJ;YJIb cyMMapHoro H3rH6woIl\ero MOMeHTa 6y.o;eT paseH M =
= JM ;+M:. llllOCICOCTb ero ,ZJ;eHCTBIDI H 3Ha'leHHg npH BpaIl\eHHH
Bana 6y,ZJ;yr MeIDlTbCg. TalC lCalC MalCCHMaJIbHWI lCoHD;eHTpan;Hg HanpIDICe-
mm Ha rueHlCe HMeeT MeCTO Ha ICpOMICax MaClIonO)UJo.wnn.ero OTBepCTIDI,
TO YCTanOCTHoe p8.3pyrueHHe ruaT}'H.HOB rueBICH H3.H6ollee BepOJITHO
B8.38.HH. -
J.brH6alOlD;HH MOMeHT, .o;eBCTByIOIIUIB B WIOCICOCTH MaCJIOn0,l{80,l{jI-
II\ero lCaHa..na (PHC. 7.11), onpe,ZJ;ellJleTCJI H3 BhlpaxceHHJI
178

Mrp = M"cos ql +M T sin ql.
3KCTpeMaJILHhIe 3HaqeHIDI 3Toro MOMeHTa MorYT 6hITb onpe.n;eJIeHhI
C HCnOJIb30BaHBeM nOIDIpHoH .n;BarpaMMbl HarpY3KH Ha maT}'HHyro
meHKY (PBC. 7.11), oTKy.n;a (MH. M)
- mp I - mpl
Mrp'max=II".mAJ- -, Mrp'min=II".mA2--'
2 2 2 2
J/1,e mp - MacmTa6 CBJI l1.HarpaMMbI, MH/MM (CM. rJI. 1); 1- paCCTO-
)lHBe Me OCBMH QllJIHH/1,pOB, M;
. onpe/1,eJIHB M rp'max B M rp'm.n> HaXO,WIT MaKCHMa.JIbHoe B MHHHMaJIb-
floe HanpJDKeHHB H3m6a B maT}'HHoH meHKe:
M.;max Mrp'min
O'max=- B O'min=-,
W.,m.m W.,m.m
1-/1,e W.,m.m =  tC.m [ 1- (: ) 4J - MOMeHT COnpOTHBJIeHHB H3rH6y ma-
rYHHoH meHKH, M 3 ;
. no B3BeCTHbIM O'mu: B O'min onpe/1,eJUIIOT aMlIJIBT}'11.Y 0'." cpe/1,Hee
maqeHHe HanpJDKeHHH O'm B 3anac npOqHOCTH n.,.
\
\
12..'
\
\
PRc. 7.11. K p&C'leTY maTyJJHoA weiiKH Ba H3rH6
179

3Ha'leHIDI Ka H K.. IICo6xo.QHMhIe .nIDI pac'Iera n tl H n, MO)KHO
onpe,n;eJIHTb no Ta6JI. 7.2 (npH d,,11I/.w=O,05...0,15), a MacmTa6HbIH
H TeXHOJIOrH'IecICHH 4>aKTOpbI - no Ta6JI. 7.3.
Ta6I1Uf/iJ 7.2
IIpeAcn K.s K IIpe,l1cn K.s Kr
DpO'lHOCTH, DpO'lHOCTB,
MIla Mlla
60 2,00 1,8 90 2,15 1,9
70 2,05 1,8 100 2,20 1,9
80 2,10 1,85 120 2,30 2,0
Ta6I1Uf/iJ 7.3
aMt:Tp YmepoC"I"We CfaJDII JIempoBlIHHLIe CTaJII!I
lUeiI:u, MM 8t1 fir 8t1 fir
80...100 0,73 0,72 0,64 0,72
100...120 0,70 0,70 0,62 0,70
120...150 0,68 0,68 0,60 0,68
. onpe,n;eJIHB  H n tl , HaxO,n;wr 06HH 3anac npO'IHOCTH maT)'HHOH
meHICH n.
y 4>OpcHpOBaHHbIX COBpeMeHHbIX ,nBHraTeJIeH n=2,O...2,5.
PaC"leT lIteR. IIJ;en nOABepralOTCH H3rH6y B ABYX IDIOCKOCTJIX, pac-
TJlJKeHHlO, CX<aTHIO H KpY'IeHHIO, T. e. OHH JlBIDIIOTCH H8.H60JIee CJIO)KHO
HarpYJKeHHhIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH KOJIeH'IaTOrO Ba.JIa. 3anaCbI npO'IHOCTH
onpe,nemIIOT B MeCTax H8.H60JIbmeH KOHIteHTpaItHH HanpJIJKeHHH - B
r3JITeJIJIX.
. 3anac npOflHocmu no HOpMaAbHblM HanpR:JICeHURM. M3rH68.1OI.QHH
K-K,
MOMeHT B nnOCKOCTH KpHBomHlla p8.BeH M B J11.=R-..a, r,ne Rl[=-.
2
C)'MMapHoe HOpMa.JIbHOe HanpJIJKeHHe OT H3rH6a H paCTJlJKeHHH
(CJKaTWI)
MB.IJJ. Rl[ K-K, ( a  ,
O'III= W B J11. + fIll = W B J11. + f;j .
MaKCHM3JIbHOe HanpJIJKeHHe 0'Dl-1DaX
Kmu -K, ( a I )
-+-
2 W JLIII fIll .
Krom-K, ( a 8
MHHHMaJIbHoe HanpJIJKeHHe G III . rom - - + - ,
2 W B J11. J.
180

l"l\e WB.m=bh 2 /6 - MOMellT COnpOTBBJIeHHSI meKH H3rH6y, M 3 ; fm=
= bh - llJIOm8.l\b paC"'ieTHOrO Ce'leHIDlmem, M 2 . P8.3Mep b npHHHMaJOT
no ce'leHHlO r8JITeJIH maTYHIIOH meBm.
HanpSI)J(eHHSI OT H3rH6a meKH B nJIOCKOCTH, nepneHJUIICYJUlpHOB
IlJIOCKOCTH KpBBonmna, B paC'IeT He npHHHMaJOTCSl, T8.K KaK OHH MaJIhI
H3-3a 60JIbmOrO 3Ha'leHIDI MOMeHTa COnpOTHBJIeHIDI W=hb 2 /6. llpHHH-
MaSI OTHomeHHe /Etr paBHhIM 2,0...2,5, paCC'IHTbIBaJOT 3anac npo'IHo-
CTH meKH no HOpM8JIbHbIM HanpIDKeHHSIM ntr.
3anac npO'lHOCmU no KaCame.llbHblM HanpR:JICeHWlM. KpY'IeHHe meKH
BbI3b1BaeTCSI MOMeHTOM
Ta
MIPm=Rra=-.
. 2
MaKCHM8JIbHOe H MHHHM8JIbHOe 3Ha'leHIDI KaCaTeJIbHhIX HanpSI-
)J(eHHB '[miu H '[min COOTBeTCTB}'IOT 3KCTpeMaJIbHbIM 3Ha'leHHSIM TaH-
reHUHaJIbHOB CHJIbI T. MOMeHT COnpOTHBJIeHIDI mem KPY'IeHHIO
W IP .m;=abh 2 , r,l\e a - Ko34>tPHIJ.HeHT, 38.BHCSIIIJ.HH OT OTHomeHIDI b/h.
C ,l\OCTaTO'IHOH CTeneHbIO TO'IHOCTH ero MO>KHO onpe,l\eJIHTb H3 Bblpa-
)J(eHIDI
1
a - .
3 + l,8(h/b)
C Y'IeTOM Toro, '1TO K</E<2,O, paCC'lHTblBaeTCSI 3anac npO'lHOCTH no
KaCaTeJIbHhIM HanpIDKeHWIM TJ.,;. 3aTeM onpe,l\eJUleTCSI 06mHB 3anac
npO'lHOCTH meKH n. Y cOBpeMeHHhIX 8.BTOTp8.KTOpHbIX ,l\BHraTeJIeB 3a-
nac npO'IHOCTH meK JIe)J(HT B npei1:eJIax 1,5...3,0.
Pac"ler KOneO"laToro BaJI8 V -o6pa30oro ,WIBr'8TeJIH. B 60JIbmHHCTBe
KOHC'TpYKIJ.HB V-06P8.3HbIX ,l\BHraTeJIeB: aBTOTp8.KTOpHOro THna Ha ma-
TYHHOH meBKe nOCJIe,l\OBaTeJIbHO p8.3MemeHhI ABa maTyaa, BCJIe,l\CTBHe
'1ero KpBBonmn BOCnpHHHMaeT HarpY3KH OT ,l\BYX UHJlHH,lJ;pOB.
3anachI npO'IHOCTH KOpeHHbIX H maTYHHhIX meeK no KaCaTeJIbHbIM
HanpIDKeHIDIM onpe.n;eJIJIIOT B TOR xre nOCJIe.n;oBaTeJIbHOCTH, 'ITO H ATISI
O,lUIOpSI,ll;HOrO ,l\BHraTeJISI.
llpH onpe,l\eJIeHHH 3anaca npo'IHOCTH maT)'HHhIX meeK no BOpMaJIb-
HbIM HanpIDKeHHSIM paCCMO'TpHM H8.H60JIee 06q\HB CJIY'laH, KOr,l\a KpH-
BOIDHn HMeeT CMemeHHyIO Ha yroJI b (CM. pE:. 7.5 11 7.12) maT}'HHyro
meBKY. C'lHTaeM, 'ITO KpHBOIDHll CHMMeTpH'lHLIii, T. e. b l =b 2 =b
Hal =a2=a. PeaKIJ.HSI Ha JIeBOB onope B llJIOCKOCTH KI (PHC. 7.12)
l-b b
R7,= (K I - /(,DUJJ- K,JIJ.J - + (K 2 - K,wm - K,ULJ- cos b-
1 1
181

I-a a 1  h.
- (Krm. - K rup ) - - (Krm. - K,up) cos  - K.m. - cos - + T 2 - sm .
I I 2 2 I
re K:m. - nempo6e)J(HaJI CHJIa CBJI3YIOLQeii LQeICH.
PeuIUIJI Ha JIeBoii onope B nJIOClCOCTH TI
I-h h  K ' I .  ( K y ) h . 
RT=TI-+T2-COSU+ rm.-SlD-+ K 2 - rw.ul-"'-" -SlDu+
I I 2 2 I
+ (Krm.- K.np) sin fJ.
I
ITpH onpeeJIeHHH peunaH Heo6xoHMO }"IHThlBaTb 3HU fJ: nOJIO-
xOlTeJIbHbIii. ecJIH maTYHHag meiiKa npaBoro InUIHIIJ];pa onepe)[(aeT
maTYHHyro meiiKY JIeBOrO, H OTpaTeJIbHbIii, ecJIH maTYHHaJI meiiKa
npaBoro QHJIHH.npa OTCTaeT (PHC. 7.12).
l'I3rH6alOlItHii MOMeHT B cpe,mIeM Ce'leHHH JIeBoii (CM. pHC. 7.12)
maT}'HHoii meiiKH B nJIOCKOCTH Kr
M." = R."b + (Krm.- Kpup) (b - a)
H B IlJIOCKOCTH TI
MT=R./J.
l'I3m6alOlItHH MOMeHT B IlJIOClCOCTH MaCJIOnO,WIO,l:{JllQero K8.HaJIa
(CM. pHC. 7.9) M,,= M." cos ql + M T sin ql. ITo 3KCTpeMa.J1bHbIM 3Ha'leHHJIM
&2
K;w.
5
n
Pac. 7.12. K pac'leTy KPHBOIDHOa co CMenteHHOH maTYBHpii: menoA
182

Krmm
K rmK K rnIK
Krw. Krm
R T1
PRe. 7.13. CxeMa Barp}'JI:ellHJI KPHBoIDHDa V-06pDBoro HraTeJIJl
M", onpe,nelliIlOT HanpJDKeHmI O'max, O'min H 3anac npO'IHOCTH no HOpMaJIb-
HhIM HanpSJKeHIDIM n l1 , a 3aTeM - 06II.{HH 3anac npO'IHOCTH n.
B TOM c.ny'lae, ecJIH V -o6P3.3HhIii ,nBHraTeJIh HMeeT 06LI'IHhIii KpHBO-
IllHn, paC'IeT npoBo,nHTClI no Toii >Ke MeTO.l(HlCe npH  = 0 H K:m. = 0 (PHC.
7.13).
Hanpll)ICeHHlI H 3anaChI npo'IHOCTH II.{elC onpe,neIDIlOT TalC )ICe, lCaK
H B O.l(HOpll.l\HOM .l(BHraTeJIe, HO C yq:eTOM HOBhIX peaxnIDi Rd H R... 2 .
7.3. METOI YllPO'IHEHIUI KOJIEIJ1IAThIX BAJIOB
IIoBhIIlleHHe YCTaJIOCTHOii npo'lHOCTH 1C0JIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa MO>KeT
6blTh ,nOCTHrH)'TO lCaIC 1C0HCTpYICTHBHhIMH, TalC H TeXHOJIOrH'IecmMH
MeponpWITH1IMB.
K 1C0HCTp}'ICTIIBHhIM MepOnpHlITH1IM OTHOC1ITClI:
. C03,naHHe BaJIOB C nepeKphITHeM meelC (p3.3Mep t1 Ha pHC. 7.1);
. )'BeJIH'IeHHe P8,l(Hyca raJITeJIH HJIH BhIlIOJIHeHHe MHoropHYcHoii
raJITeJIH C n;em.1O )'Mem.meHWI 1C0HD;eHTpan;HH HanpJDKeHHH npH co-
XpaHeHHH HeH3MeHHOii onopHoii AJIHHhI no,nIllHllHHlCa;
. YBeJIH'IeHHe TOJIII.{HHhI h H IllHpHHhI b wpm;
. 60'IIC006p3.3HaJI 4>opMa nOJIocTeii B meiiICax;
. pacnOJIO)ICeHHe MacnonO.l(Bownn;ero lCaHP..rra B maT}'HHOii meiilCe
no,n yrJIOM ql = 90°.
K TeXHOJIOrH'leclCHM MepOnpWITH1IM, IllHpOICO npHMeHlIeMhIM B Ha-
CT01llD;ee BpeMJI, CJIe.nyCT OTHeCTH 3aKamcy meelC H raJITeJIeii BaJIa TB1.J
npH 6hICTpoBpaxn;aroII.{eMClI BaJIe C OXJIIDIC)J;eHHeM no,n cnoeM )J(H)J;ICOCTH
C nocne,nyroID;HM HH3ICOTeMfiepaTypHhIM oTnyclCoM. IIpH HCnOJTh30Ba-
HHH cpe.l(Heyrnepo.l(HCThIX CTaJIeH H npH 3alCa.mce TBtI 34>4>eICTHBHhIM
183

cnoc060M ynpO'lBeBHiI raJITeJIeH SIBJIJIeT-
CS HX nJIaCTH'IeCKaJI .n;e<}>OpMaIVUI 06KaT-
KOH pOJIHKaMH (PHC. 7.14).
3Ba'lHTeJIbBoe nOBhlIIIeBHe Ba.n;e)KBO-
CTH KOJIeB'laThIX BanOB .n;ocrHraeTCiI 3a
C'IeT a.30mpOBaBHB:, npH KOTOpoM ycra-
JIOcrBaJI npo'IBocTh yseJIH'IIIBaeTCS B
1,5...2 pa.3a H 60JIee '1eM Ba 20% B03-
pacraeT H3BOCOCTOHKOcrb meeK.
He.n;ocraTKaMH npOlecca a30THpoBa-
HHiI SIBJIJIIOTCS BLlCOKas Tpy.n;oeMKOCTh
H OrpaHH'IeBHaJI B03MO)KBOCTb nepelD1IH-
PRc. 7.14. 06pa60TIa raJITeJIeii <}>OBICH BanOB npH peMOBTe.
poJIHIOM IIpHMeBJIIOT.n;sa cnoc06a a30THpoBa-
BHiI BanOB: 1) ra.30BLIH; 2) xrn.n;KocrHLIii.
IIepBLIB 06eCne'IHBaeT r.ny6HHY CJIOil C BLICOKOH TBep.n;oCTLIO .n;o
0,4...0,5 MM, HO HMee-r cyecrBeBBLIH Be.n;ocraToK - 60JIbmylO TPy.n;O-
eMKOCTb (OKOJIO 60 'I). BTOPOH, BecMOTpS Ha pg,n npeHMYeCTB (npo-
ecc AJIHTCJ.I 3 'I, BLlCOKaJI IDBOCOCToHKOcrb nOBepXHOCTHoro CJIOS
H MaJIaJI XPYDKocrb ero, B03MO)KBOCTb npHMeBeBHiI BeJIempoBauHhIX
H HH3KOJIefHpOBaHHbIX cralleH), pe3lCO CHIDlCae-r H3HOCOCToHlCocrb npH
peMOBTHOH nepemJIH<}>oBlCe, a TalOlCe 06JIa.n;ae-r BLlCOlCOH TOlCCH'lBOcrblO
cOlleH H xrn.n;lCocreH, HCnOJIb3yeMLIX B npoecce.
IIpHBe.n;eBHLle BhlIIIe MeTO.n;LI ynpO'IBeBHiI lCOJIeH'IaThIX BanOB H BLI-
COKoe lCa'lecTBo TeXHOJIOfH'IecICHX npoeccoB H3fOTOBJIeHHS n03BOJIJIlOT
nOBLlCHTh pecypc BaJIOB 11.0 500...600 TLIC. lCM np06era 8.BTOM06HIDI.
KOJIeH'IaTLle B8JIhI B c60pe co BCeMH 3lleMeHT8MH no.n;sepraroT CTam-
'1ecKOH H ,lUIHaMH'leClCOH 6anaucHpoBlCe. BellH'IHHa .n;onycrHMofo ,lUIC-
6a.rrauca YBeJIH'lHBae-rCJ.I 38.BOAOM-H3fOTOBHTelleM.

rJIABA 8
KOJIEBAIllIR B )J;BHrATEJIRX
BHYTPEHHErO crop AIllIR
8.1. 06 CBE;::J;EHIDI 0 KPYTIIJlbHLIX
KOJIE6AHIDIX KOJlEIf1IAThIX BAJIOB
IIepHo,ll;H'Iecne 3HaIConepeMeHHLIe OTHOCHTeJIbHLIe yrJIOBLIe CMeme-
lllUI 3JIeMeHTOB ICOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa, npoHcxo,n:glIUle no,ll; ,n:eHCTBHeM ne-
peMeHHhIX no BpeMeHH H C,lI;BHHyrLIX no l}>a.3e ICpyrJII:QHX MOMeHTOB Ha
OT,n:eJIbHbIX ICpHBomHllax (PHC. 8.1), Ha.3bIB8.lOTCg ICpyrHJIbHhIMH lCoJIe6a-
IIIDIMH ICOJIeH'IaTOrO Bana.
IIo onpe,ll;eJIeHHIO OHH JlBJISllOTCg lCoJIe63.HIDIMH BbIBY'K.lI:eHHbIMH. Mx
lIapaMeTpLI 3aBHCgT ICaIC OT ynpyroMaccoBbIX H ,lI;HCCHIIaTHBHbIX xapaIC-
repHCTHIC ICpyrHJIbHOH CHCTeMbl, TalC H OT xapaICTepHCTHIC CHJIOBbIX
lalCTOpoB, B036yJK,lJ;8.lOHX lCoJIe63.HHg.
K OCHOBHbIM xapaICTepHCTHlCaM ICOJIe6aTeJIbHOH CHCTeMbI OTHO-
CSITCg:
. COBOICynHOCTb '1aCTOT co6CTBeHHLIX ICoJIe63.HHH ICPYTHJIbHOH CH-
CTeMbI {COo};
. I}>OpMhI lCoJIe6a.HHH q>yrHJIbHOH CHCTeMbI, COOTBeTCTBYIOHe lCa-
JlC.Ll;OH H3 COBOlCynHOCTH '1acTOT co6CTBeHHbIX ICOJIe63.HHH (l}>opMa ICOJIe-
6aHHH - 3TO ,QIIarp8MMa pacnpe,ll;eJIeHHSI 8.MIIJIHTY,lI; yrJIOBhIX CMee-
lIuB 3JICMCHTOB Bana no ero o606eHHbIM ICOOp,ll;HHaTaM);
. ,QIICCHllaTHBHLIe xapanepHCTHlCH, xapaICTepH3}'1OHe Heo6paTH-
Mhle Heynpyme nOTepH ICOJIe6aTeJIbHOH 3HepI'HH B ICPYTHJIbHOH CHCTeMe;
06bI'lHO OHH OneHHB8.lOTCg IC03clxPHna:eHTOM n r TepL, npe,ll;CTaBmIlOInHM
C060H OTHomeHHe ICOJIH1leCTBa 3HepI'HH, Ho6paTHMO TepgeMOH B ICPy-
rHJIbHOH CHCTeMe, IC ICOJIH'IecTBY 3HepI'HH, BHe' ':HMOH B Hee CWIOBLIMH
tj>aICTOpaMH.
cI>anopaMH, B036}'JK,lJ;8.IOII\HMH lCone63.HWI ICpyrWIbHOH CHCTeMbI,
II01UllOTCg ICpyrJllIUle MOMeHTbI MIp (I) Ha OT,lI;e.JIbHbIX ICpHBonmnax,
KOTOpWC II,lI;CHTH'IHbI no cI>opMe BpeMeHHOH peanH33.nHH H OTJIH'l8.IOTCg
J(Pyr OT ,lI;pyra l}>a30BLlM C,n:BHI'OM, onpe.,ll;eIDIeMblM nOpJI.wcOM pa60Tbl
H yrJIOM '1Cpe,ll;OB3.HHSI pa6o'IHx XO.l.OB B .,lI;BHI'aTene.
185

OOPJI.lIOK pa60Tbl
1-3-4-2-1
"'"-wo-" "-yo-'''-v-' '-'Y-'
180'180"180"180'
O'
180.
360'
540'
720'
he. 8.1. CXeMa BarpyzellHJ1 IOneB'laTOrO BaJIa nepeMellBLlMH MOMeHTaMH
MOMeHT MIl' (t) - cIIyHKII;IDI nepHO,nH'ieCKag, T. e. MIl'(t)=
= MIl' (t + 1), r,ne T - nepHo,n. K8lC H JIlo6aJI nepHO,l{H1IeCKag cIIYIDI
(c HecyIQeCTBeHHLIMH ,nIDI ,naHHoii 3a.u;a'IH orpaHH'leHIDIMH), MIl' (t) MO-
X<.eT 6bITb C mo6oii T01lUOCTbIO annpOlc.CHMHpoB8.H TpHroUOMeTpH'leC-
ICBM nOJIHBOMOM (pa:moX<.eH B pJI.l{ «I>ypbe):
MIl'(t+7)=Mcp+' f MkSin ( k.2n+'Pk ) '
k-I T
r,ne k= 1, 2, 3, n., ex) H 2nlT=ro - KpyrOBaJI 1IaCTOTa Kpynnnero
MOMeUTa.
KaX<.,l{hIii 'lJIeH nOJIHBOMa - 3TO cHHycOH,l{a C aMlIJIHry,noii M k ,
1IaCToToii kw H <}I3.30ii 'Pk. KaX<.}{aJI T8lCaJI CHHycoH,na H3.3hIBaeTCJI rap-
MOHHKOii KpYTJIlItero MOMeHTa k-ro nopJI.znc.a.
MUO>KeCTBa {M k } H {'Pk}, COOTBeTCTBYlOlI(He 1IaCTOTaM kro, JIB-
illIlOTCH OCHOBHbIMH Kone6aTeJIbUhIMH xap8lCTepHCTHKft,MH CBJlOBOrO
<}IaKTopa.
TIpH BbllIyx<.D;eBHhIX ICOJIe68.HHKX Ha.H60JIbmasI HX HHTeHCHBHOCTb
Ha6mo,naeTCg Ha pe)J(HMe, Ha3hIBaeMOM pe30H8.HCHbIM, Kor.zxa O,lXHa H3
186

MHOEecTBa '1acTOT C06CTBeHHhlX lCoJIe6auD CHCTeMLI COBna,naeT C '1a-
CTOTOH O,WIOH H3 rapMOBHIC ICpYTJlIQerO MOMeBTa.
CneAYeT OTMeTHTb, '1TO ICpyrHlIbBaJI CHCTeMa ICOJIeB'IaTOrO Bana
OTBOCHTCJI IC ICOJIe6aTe.m.BhIM CHCTeMaM C BhICOICOH «Ao6pOTBOCTbIO»,
T. e. HMeeT O'leBb BH3ICHH ypoBeBb BB)'TpeBBHX norepb. )J.JIJI T3.ICHX
CHCTeM x".,aT>""'TlliI CJIe.QylOmHe oco6eBBOCTH:
. ':I.a!u!a BhIHY)I(,l{eBHhlX pe30B8.BCBhIX lCone68.BHH npaICTH'lecICH CO-
Bna,naer C co6cTBeBBOB '1aCTOTOB;
. cpopMa BhIH}')I(,l{eBHhlX pe30B8.BCBhlX lCone68.BD ToecTBeBBa
cpopMe co6CTBeBBhIX lCone6auHH;
. npH nOJIllI'apMOBll'leCICOM CHJIOBOM B036Y'ICAeBHH CHCTeMLI no-
,n:a.BJIJIlOmaJI AOJIJI lCone6aTeJThBOH 3BeprHH CocpeAOTO'leHa B pe30B8.BC-
HOB 30Be.
IIpHMeHHTenbBo IC 3a.na'le auaJIH3a ICp}'TIIJIbBhIX lCone6aHHH CJIe.no-
BaBHe 3THM npHHWlnaM 03Ba'laeT, '1TO:
. onpe.neneBHIO nOJUIe)ICaT TOJThICO '1aCTOTbl H cpOPMbI co6cTBeBBhIX
Kone68.BD ICPYTIIJIbBOB CHCTeMLI;
. B paC'ler npHHHMaIOTCJI TOJThICO pe)ICHMhI pe30H8.BCHhIX lCone6a-
Hd;
. npaICTH'leCICHH 8.BaJIH3 aMnJIHTY.n BLlHY'lCAeBBhIX ICpym..m.HhIX ICO-
JIe6aBHH npoBo.n;HTCJI npH B036yxc.n:eHHH ICPYTH.m.BOB CHCTeMLI TOJThICO
OJUIOH (pe30BHpyromeH) rapMOHHICOH.
KPYTHJIbBaJI lCone6aTenbBaJI CHCTeMa ICOneB'laTOrO Bana OTBOCHTCJI
K CHCTeMaM C nOJIHCHJIOBhIM (MBorOTO'le'IBLIM) B036yxc.n:eBHeM. B 3TOM
cJIY'lae 6oJThmoe 3Ba'leBHe HMelOT cpa.30BhIe COOTHomeHIDI Me'1KJ1:j OT-
.n;e.m.BbIMH CHJIOBhIMH cpaICTOpaMH. Ha.u6onbmee ICOJIH'llecTBO 3HepIllH
lIepe.n;aerCJI B lCone6aTe.m.Byro CHCTeMY, lCor.n;a Bee cpaICTOphI .neHCTByroT
CHHcpa.3HO; BaHMeBbmee - lCor.n;a Bee CHJlOBhIe cpaICTOphI no cl>83e OT-
JIH'laIOTCJI .n;pyr OT .n;pyra. llpH pe30B3.Hce lCone63.HHJI ICPYTIIJIbHOH
CHCTeMhI B036y)I(,l{8.IOTCJI O,WIOH (pe3oBHpYlOmeH) rapMoHHICOH MIl"
)eBCTBYlOmeH Ba KWIC,ZJ:OM H3 ICpHBomHlIoB. OIIH HMelOT O.n;HHaICOBhIe
3.MIIJIHTY)];hI H OTJIH'I8.IOTCJI TOJThICO cl>a30B B COOTBeTCTBHH C cl>a.30BbIM
C,n:BHrOM ICpYTmItero MOMeBTa.
Ha.u6oJThIlI}'lO onaCBOCTb JUIJI ICOneB'laTOrO Ba. f)y.n;yr npe.n;CT8.B-
lIJITb pe30B3.HCHhIe lCone68.BHJI, B036yxc.n:aeMLIe rapMOBHlCaMH, cl>a3hI
KOTOphIX COBna.n;aIOT. TaICHe rapMOBHICH Ba.3bffialOTCJI Z./Ia6HblMU.
EcJIH cl>a3hI pe30HHpyroeH rapMoBHKH Ba ICWIC,lJ;OM H3 ICpHBonmnoB
lie COBna.n;WOT, TO TalCHe rapMOBHKH B8.3hIBTCJI cAa6blMU H OHH He
HbI3hIBaIOT onaCHhIX AJUI npo'IBOCTH Bana aMlIJIHTY.n; yrnoBhIX CMe-
lIeHHH.
llpOMe)ICYTO'lHoe nonOEeHHe 3aHHMaJOT CUAbHble rapMoHHKH, cl>a3bI
KOTOphIX coBna.n;8.IOT Ha '1aCTH (o6hI'lHo nonOBHHe) ICpHBOllIHnoB.
Ha.u6o.m.nme CJIOJKHOCTH npOi aHanH3e lCone6aTeJThHbIX xapalCTe-
pHCTHK yrrpyrOB CHCTeMhI ICOneB'laTOrO Bana BLl3hIBaeT TO OOcrOJI'renbCTBO,
187

'lTO OHa OTHOCHTCJI K CH(,-rCMaM C pacnpe,neJIeHHhIMB napaMe'TpaMH;
B HUX Macca H ynpyroCTb pacnpe,neJIeHhI no seeM)' 06veM)' 3JIeMeHTOB,
OPMHPYK>X KpyrHJIbIlYIO CHCTeM}'. T8JCHe CHCTeMLI OqeHb CJIOXCHhI
,WDI aHa.JIH3a, TaK ICaIC HMelOT 6ecKOHe1£HO 6oJIbmoe 'lHCJIO qaCTOT
H COOTBerCTBYIOIQUX HM OpM C06cTBeHHhIX KOJIe6amdi.
TIpaICTll'leCmH aH3.1lH3 KpyTHJIbHhlX KOJIe68.HHH He Tpe6yer yqera
B03MOJKHOrO pe30HaHca no 60JIbmoM}' qHCJIY '1aCTOT c06CTBeHHLIX
KOJIe6amm. .QmI 3Toro ,nOCTaTO'IHO aH3.1lH3a no nepBhIM (HH3llIHM)
.l!B)'M-TpeM B3 HHX, C ICOTOphIMH B pa60qeM ,nHan330Re '1aCTOT BpaIQe-
RWI MOryr pe30HHpOBaTb TpH-qerhlpe rapMORBKB MIfJ. B nOJIb3Y
3TOro rOBopBT TO 06CTmrreJIbCTBO, qTO 3Ha'lC?HHe aMIIJIHT)',n rapMO-
HHK Kpynmero MOMeRTa MIfJ 6hICTpO y6h1BaeT C yseJIH'leHHeM ax
nopSI}J;ICa B npB pe30HaHce Ha qaCTOTe BbIIIle 4w 60JIbmax 3.MIIJIHTY,n
KOJIe6amm He 6y,ner B CHJI)' MaJIOCTB M k . C yqeToM 3TOro npB pemeHHB
,naHBOH 3a,naqH pe3JIbB3Jl KPYTBJIbHWI CHCTeMa KOJIeHQaTOrO B3.1la MO-
xcer 6hITb 3aMeHeBa cBcTeMoH C COCpe.l10TOqeBHhIMH napaMe1"paMH,
ronIaMHqecKB eH 3KBHB3.1leBTHOH npB pe30HaHCHhIX KOJIe63.IIIDIX no
HH3I1IHM OpM3M.
::c
"""
I I
I I
I I
J I
'M I
k\ I
I
1 I
I 3
J. IJ 4 I "
I J 6
I. III 1 111 IIV Iv
(lrM (j).M (j)M ft'tM
C III C IV C v
J 2 h J 4 J 5 J 6
Pac. 8.2. 3uIIBII.JleBTBaJI KpyrKJI&BaJI CHCTeMa '1eThlpCX1UIBoro
PJUUloro ,WIBI"aTeJUI
188

I 'j
3KBHBaJIeHTH8.H ICPYTHJIbH3Jl CHCTeMa (PHC. 8.2) COcraBillIeTCH H3
Y'faCTICOB HeBecoMoro IUfJIHH.n;pHqeclCoro Bana HeH3MeHHOro ,LJ;HaMerpa
" COcpe.n;OTO'leHHhIX Macc, ,LJ;HHaMH'IeclCH 3aMeaIOHX MaCCbI nO,LJ;BH-
IIOlbIX 3JIeMeHTOB cxo.n;CTBeHHhIX yqaCTICOB pea.m.HOB ICPYTHJIbHOB CHCTe-
MbI. 3ICBHBaJIeHTHOCTb 06YCJIOBJIHBaeTCB paBeHCTBoM HX ICHHeTH'leCICHX
H nOTeanbHhIX 3HeprHi.
8.2. YPABHEHIDI roJIDKEHIDI 3KBlIBAJlEHmOH
KPYTHJIbHOH CHCTEMbI
PaCCMOTpHM BbIBO.n; ypaBHeHIDI ,LJ;BIDICeHHB n MaCCOBOB 3ICBHBaneHT-
nOB ICpyrHJIbHOB cHcreMbI, npHBe.neHHoB Ha pHC. 8.3.
B lCa'lecTBe o606eHHbIx ICOOp,LJ;HHaT npHHHMaIOTCH YI"JIbI nOBopoTa
COcpe.n;oTO'leHHhIX HHepoHHocTeB {O;},,; o606eHHbIe CHJIbI - Cyrb
MOMeHTbI {M,}", .n;eBCTByIO.mHe Ha HHX (B '1aCTHOM cJI)"lae M, MO>KeT
6bITb paBHbIM HYmo).
,lJ;illI HaXO>K,lJ;eHIDI ypwmeHIDI ,LJ;BH>KeHIDI 3ICBHBaneHTHOB cHcreMbI
OTHOCHTeJIbHO i-B o606eHHoB ICOOp,LJ;HHaTbI BOCnOJIb3yeMCj) ypaBHeHH-
eM JIarpaH>Ka:
d ( OT ) oT oil M
dt oil, - oB, + oB, = ,.
"
l.n;ecb T=0,5 L 1,61- nOJIH8.H lCHHeTH'IeCIC8.H 3HepmH cHcreMbI; TI=
'-I
,,-I oT .
=0,5 L C,{O,-0i+1)2 -nOJIHaj) nOTeIlIl;Ha.m.H8.H 3HeprHj); ---;-=J,fJ,;
'-I oBI
 ( o: ) = d(Jpi) =/,; oT =0. oil o{O,5[C,(B,-Bi+I)2+C'_I(B'_I-B,)2]}
ot oB, dt oB,' oB, oB,
= C,{O,- 01+1)- C'_I (O'-I - 0,).
M I M 2 MJ M; M;+I M,,_I M"
0000000
ecl'c .s-c,T+J_et-1 e
'fWeJW ",,
J I J 2 JJ J j J j + 1 J,,_I J"
PRc. 8.3. 3IBHBIUJeBTBU .:pynvIbBaJl CHCTeMa C PI 0606weBHhIMH IOOp;:J;HBaTaMH H CH-
CTeMOB: 0606IIlellHhlx CHJI
189

TaKBM 06p3.30M, )J.BH:MCCIiHe 3ICBHB3JIeHTHOH ICpYTHJIbHOH CHCTeMhl
OllHChIBaeTCJI CHCTeMOH JIHlleihlbIX ,n:HepeHItHanbHhIX ypaBHeHHH BTO-
poro nopJl.ll:lCa:
{ CHCTeMa n (i= 1, 2, 3, ..., n),
J,.();+ C; (8;- 8/+1) - Ci-I (8;_1 - 8;) = M;.
M3 3THX YP3.BHeHlm: CJIe,n:yeT, 'ITO ,n:JHI ,n:mUlMH'IecICoro COOTBeTCTBIDI
3ICBHBaneHTHOH H pe3JIbHOH ICPYTHJIbHbIX CHCTeM Heo6xo,ll:HMO, 'ITo6bI
BbIIIOnHKJIHCb CJIe.n:yroe ycnOBIDI:
{C;}={C;ua} H {J;3E.}={(.1j)}
r,n:e {(.1j) J - CYMMa MOMeHTOB HHepl!HH Bcex N no,n:BIDICHhIX :me-
MeHTOB, Haxo,n:JIW:HXCH Ha i-M }"IaCTICe ,neHCTBHTeJIbHOH CHCTeMhl.
8.3. CHHTE3 3KBHBAJIEtlTHOR KPYTHJIbHOii
ClICfEMLI
MeTO,ll:HICa CHHTe3a 3ICBHB3JIeHTHOH ICPYTHJIbHOH CHCTeMbl (3KC)
63.3HPYeTCJI Ha cne.n:yroru;HX nplIHQHnax:
. ICOneH'IaTblii B3JI p3.36HBaeTCJI na P xapaICTepHbIX }"IaCTICOB,
B ICa'IecTBe ICOTOpbIX BbICTyn8.lOT ICpHBOIllHDbI C 3neMeHTaMH lllaTYHHoH
H noplllHeBoH rpynn, }"IaCTOIC co IllKHBaMH H 3neMeHTaMH npHBo,n:a
BCllOMOraTeJIbHbIX MeXaHH3MOB, a TaIOlCe }"IaCTOIC C MaxOBHlCOM;
. ICa)J(,lJ:OMY Y'IaCTICY peaJIbHOH CHCTeMbl COOTBeTCTBYeT CBOH }"Ia-
CTOIC 3KC;
. 3ICBHBaneHTHaH CHCTeMa npe,n:CTaBJll[eT C060H Ban nOCTOJlHHOrO
ce'IeHHJI (o6bI'IH0 3T0 Ce'IeHHe ICOneH'IaTOrO B3JIa 110 ICOpeHHbIM llleH-
ICaM), Ha OT,n:eJIbHbIX }"IaCTICax ICoToporo B MecTax, COOTBeTCTByroru;HX
l!eHTpaM Mace cxo,n:CTBeHHbIX }"IaCTICOB pe3JIbHOrO Bana, HaxO.ll:J.lTCH
COCpe,nOTOqeHHhIe HHepOHHhIe 3JIeMeHThI;
. ,n:illI cxo,n:CTBeHHhIX }"IaCTICOB peanbHoro Bana H 3ICBHBaneHTHOH
CHCTeMbl ,n:OJDKHhI BbIIIOnHJlTbCJI ycnoBHJI paBeHCTBa HX )I(eCTICOCTeH Ha
ICpY'IeHHe H MOMeHTOB HHepl!HH.
IIepBbIe TPH H3 COPMYJIHp(' rl.bIX BbIIIIe IIpHHl\HIIO onpe,n:emnoT
ICOHIITYPa.u;mo 3KC, nOCne.l\HHH - ycnoBIDI paBeHCTBa ee 1I0TeHItH-
3JIbHOH H ICHHeTH'IeCICOH 3Hepnm: aHanOrH'IHbIM lIapaMeTpaM ,n:eiiCT-
BHTeJIbHOH CHCTeMbl.
190

1'lTaK, paBeHCTBO nOTeHlUHUlbHbIX 3Hepndi 3KBBBa..n:eHTHOii B ,neiiCT- I I
IIllTeJIbHOii CBCTeM 06ecne'lHBaeTCR npB BbIllOJIHeHHB ,ltIDIlCa)I(J:toro i-ro
.. , HX cxo,nCTBeHHbIX }"IacrlCoB paBeHCTBa CIs.. = C I .
113 onpe,neJIeHIDI KPYTBJIbHOii )[(eCTICOCTB lCaK MOMeHTa M, BbI3bIBa-
JOILlero 38.Kpync:y ,ne$opMBPyeMoro }"Iacua Ha e,nHHlI'IHbIH yrOJI 0,
IIOJIY'IaeM C=M/O B B COOTBeTCTBBB C 3aKOHOM rYKa C=GJp/l, r,ne
(; - MO.nyJIb ynpyrOCTB npH C,nBHre; J p - nOJIRpHbIB MOMeHT HHepquJl
tOIO ce-qeHIDI; 1- ,WIHHa }"IacTKa.
C Y'IeTOM 3Toro paBeHcTBo )[(ecrlCoCTeii cxo,ncrBeHHbIX }"IaCTICoB
"MeeT MecTO, ecJIH
GJp..../l lm = GJp;f/i.
TalC !CaK J]>3..=O,1 (d:' m -,5:.m) OAHH8.KOB ,nJIR 8cex Y'IacrlCoB 3KC,
lIapHa.l\BB HX )[(eCTICOCTeH B03MO)I(Hb[ TOJIblCO 3a C'leT H3MeHeHIDI ,nJIHH
" Ii.... = II (Jps../J p ;). IIpon;e,nyPY onpe,neJIeHIDI ,WIHHbI Y'IaCTICa 3KBBBa-
"CHTHOii CHCTeMbI, o6ecne'IBBaIOIn;eii ICPYTHJIbHylO )[(ecTICOCTb T8.KyIO
)l(e, 1C8.K Ha cxo,ncrBeHHoM }"IacTlCe ,neHCTBHTeJIbHOH CHCTeMhI, Ha3hIBaIOT
npuoedeHueM dAUH.
H8.H6oJIee npoCTo peaJIH3yeTcR npBBe,neHHe ,WIHH n;HJIHH,ZJ;pH'leclCHx
Y'IaCTICOB 1C0JIeH-qaToro Ba..n:a (PHC. 8.4):
II.... = II ( - ,5:',J/(d 4 - ,54)i.
EcJIH Y'IacrolC KOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa HMeeT CJIOJKHyIO cl>oPMY, TO .wU.l
"pBBe,neHHB ero ,nJIHHbI OH MO)[(eT 6bITb pa3,neJIeH Ha pJl,L{ 60JIee npo-
CTbIX Y'laCTICOB, 1C8.K :no nOICa3aHO Ha pHC. 8.5.
3,necb no,n ,neiiCTBHeM ClCp}"lBBaIOIn;erO MOMeHTa M }"IaCTICH ,neHCT-
BHTeJIbHOrO H 3KBBBa..n:eHTHoro Ba..n:OB 3aICpyqHBaIOTCB Ha OAHH8.KOBbIH
b. d'
+=I=' r M
I.
I
I I J
I I
I /3KB I I
E--------+ r M
jp3KB
PRc. 8.4. IIpHBeAeBHe B M-
pH'lecIHX )"IaCTl:OB IOJIeB"IaTOrO BaJIa
PRC. 8.5. IIpHBe.aeBHe B Y'laCTI:OB BaJIa
CJIO:B:HOB: IOH4IBrypauBB
191

yron 0, = 0,,... Tax KU 8, = ( £ OJ ) = OJ + O 2 + ... + ON, TO 0,... = ( f OJ ) :
\;-1 , _) I
TIOCJIe .lJ;eneHIUI npaaoH H neBOH 'IaCTeH ypaaHeHIDI Ha M nOJIY'lHM
I/C,....= £ (1/C}), OTlCYAa cneAYeT, 'lTO 1,...= [ £ (Jp3uIJpJ) J =
J-l -1 I
= ( £ Ipu ) :
"-I I
TaKHM o6pa30M, npHBe.D:eHHaJI ,WIHHa Y'IaCTKa Cn0)f(80H cl»OpMLI
pasHa CYMMe npHBeAeHHbIX .AJIHH OT.lJ;eJIbHbIX ero 3JIeMeHTOB.
llcnoJIb3yeM 3TOT npHH.QIID .D:ID1 onpe.D:eneHIIJI 3ICBHBaneHTHOH ,WIH-
HhI KpHBomuna. Kax 3TO CJIe.D:YeT H3 cxeMhI pHC. 8.6, 1..3D = lam.... +
+ 1m.m.3u + 21w..3u.
TIpHBe.D:eHHhle AJlHHhI:
. ICOpeHHOH meHKH I.m.3D = lua, Tax Kax J p .... = J pa . m ;
. maT}'HHOH meHKH 1m.m.3D=lw.m(d.-lJ:..J/(d4-lJ4)mm.
TIpH onpe.lJ;eJIeHHH npHBe.lJ;eHHOH ,lJ,JIHHhI mem CJIe,D;yeT HMeTL B BMY,
'ITO npH KpyqeHHH ICpHBomuna meKa HCnLlThlBaeT .D:ecl»OpMa.nu1O H3fH6a,
lCaK :nO nOIC8.38HO Ha pHC. 8.7.
TIpH :nOM OCL ICpHBomuna OTKJIOHHeTCH Ha yrOJI
T
P=M
EJm.(1<-1<)
OTHOCHTeJThHO CBoero nepBOHa'l8JIbHOrO nOJIO:JKeHHH. 3.lJ;ecL Jm.(1<-X)=
= (hb 3 )/12 - MOMeHT HHepnHH !.QeKH OTHOCHTeJIbHO OCH x-x.
....-- M
I II
\ \ \
a=/3KB.W
T
O,5/ Kill
/IUW
O,5/ KlII
0,5/ 3KB . KlII
h
x
Ir
PRe. 8.6. IIpllBeeHBe IJ,!UIBLI IpHBODIHna
PIIc. 8.7. IIpBBe,!{eBHe A1lBBLI U(e-
U IOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJJa
192

)l(ecn.0CTb eIH Ha H3rH6
Cm.=M/P - EJm.(JC-JC)
r
OJDKHa 6bITb pauHa ICpyrHJIbHOH )l(eCTICOCTH CXOCTBeHHoro Y'IaCTICa
3ICBHBaneHTHOH CHCTeMbI: Cm.= CUI. 3D' OTIcya
G J p3D
(GJ,,..)/IIII.,..=(EJUI.JC-JC)/r H 3D=r--.
EJUI(JC-JC)
O,WI8.ICO TaICoH paC'IeT He o6ecne<IHBaeT Heo6xoAHMOH IDl npax-
TH'IecICoro HCnOJIb30BaHmI TO'lHOCTH onpeeJIeHHJI 11I..3D, T8.IC IC8.IC He
}"IHTLIBaeT T8.ICHe B8JlCHble ICOHCTp}'ICTHBHbIe aJCTOphI, IC8.IC nepeICphITHe
meeIC ICOJIeH'laTOrO BMa, H8JIH'lHe ranTeJIeH B MecT nepexoa meeIC
B eICY, pa3rpY30'IIIhIX ICaHauoIC B 30He ra.nTeJIeH H T. .
II03TOMY Ha np8.ICTHICe AJUI onpeAeJIeHmI IUD HCllOJIb3yK>TCJI nOJIY-
3MllHpH'Iecme OPMYJIbI. ,l(mI ICpHBomHllOB auTOTpaICTOpHbIX ABHra-
TeJIeH HaHJI}"IIIIHe pe3YJIbTaTbI aeT clK>PMYJIa C. C. 3BMaHeHICO:
( O,6 )( b )
1 3 " = 11I..m + 11l..m d...m + 0,8/ m .m + 0,2 ; dll..IU x
.m-;.JJl r .JJl-;.JJl
X 4 4 +- 3 .
c1;.m- m.m jd: m hb
PaBeHCTBO ICHHeTHT.J:eCICHX 3HeprHH 3ICBHBaJIeHmOH H eHCTBHTeJIb-
HOH ICpyrHJIbHbIX CHCTeM ICOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa o6ecne'lHBaeTCJI paueH-
CTBOM CocpeAOTO'leHHbIX MOMeHTOB HHeplVIH {J i3D } H cyMMbI MOMeHTOB
HHeplVlH COBOICynHOCTH nOABH)KHb1X 3JIeMeHTOB Ha HX CXOACTBeHHbIX
}"IaCTICax ( f  ) :
-1 I
PaCCMOTpHM MeTOAHICY onpeeneHmI J'3D AJUI }"IaCTICa 3ICBHBa.neHT-
HOB CHCTeMhI, 3aMealOero ICpHBonmn. KaIC cJIeAy-eT H3 CxeMhI pHC.
8.8,./".3D=J"=J,,.m+Jm.m+2Jm+nJop+/uu+.T;. lecb J".m, Jm.m, 1m, Jop,
JwJ.,  - MOMeHTbI HHepltHH OmOCHTeJIbLO OCH ICOneH'laTOrO Bana
COOTBeTCTBeHHO ICOpeHHOH H maT}'HHOH meer, men, npoTHBoBeca,
MacchI maTYHa, oTHeceHHoH IC ICpHBomHllY, MaCChI 3JIeMeHTOB, ABIDICy-
l:QHXCJI B03BpaTHo-nocTynaTeJIbHO; n - ICOJIH'IecTBO npoTHBoBecOB Ha
KpHBomHlle.
MOMeHT HHepltHH KOpeHHOH J".m=Jp".m/".mfJ H maT}'HHOH Jm..m=
=Jpm.mlm.mfJ+Inw..mr2 meeK (p -1lJ1.0THOCTb MaTepHana Bana) OTHOCH-
193

J 3KBo 'i.=J'i.
hi
PRe. 8.8. K onpeJIeBHlO MOMeB-
Ta HHepWIH KpHBOmHOa
PRc. 8.9. Oopeen:eHHe MOMeHTOB HHepIUIH
lQeI B opoTHBOBeCOB
TeJIbUO OCO BpwneUIDI Bana onpe.n;emnOTCB no 03BecTHbIM COOTuomeuo-
JIM, ue uY'f',l{aIOIUHMCB B KOMMeUTapIDIX.
MOMeuT HHepIUIH :meMemOB KpHBomHIla, HMelOIQIIX CJIO)I(lIYIO reo-
MeTpO'lecKyIO OPMY, onpe.n;eIDIeTCB rpa4>oaUaJIHTO'lecKHM cnoc060M
no UX 'IepTe")KaM. TaIC:HM cnoco60M onpe)J.emIlOTCB 06hI'ffi0 MOMeUThI
HHepwm lUeK Jm. 0 npoTHBOBeCOB Jnp.  3TOro lUeKa (npOTHBoBec),
KaIC: 3TO nOK8.3aHO Ha pOCo 8.9, p8.36HBaeTCB .n:yr8.MH oKpyxmoCTeH
ua N 3JIeMeUTOB co cpe)J.HHM P8.AUYCOM R, 0 IllHpOHOH Mi. .D;IDI
K8.X<)J.OrO 03 nux 3aTeM onpe)J.eIDIeTCB MOMenT HHepI\RH OTnOCOTeJIbUO
OCR BpalUeHIDI Bana l!sJ i = fun,R.,2 = l!s V i pR,2 = M JripR,2 = l!sL i l!sR;h,pR,2 =
7t 2 7t 3 A AT
=- aiR,/lRihipRi =- aipMhiRi , r.n;e fun i , L.1 Vi, M" LlLi, hi, ai - COOT-
180 180
BeTCTBeHHO Macca, 06"beM, pOUTanbUaB IIJIOIU8.Ab, AJIHHa, IIIHpoua
o I\eUTpanbuhIii yrOJI cpe)J.ueH .n:yrH 3JIeMeUTa.
MOMeuT OUepIVfO ll{eKH (npOToBoBeca) onpe.n;CIDleTCB 3aTeM KaIC
CYMMa MOMeUTOB HHepI\HH Bcex N :meMeUTOB:
N 7t N
Jw.(np) = L Al, = - p L a;l1RJri R l.
I-I 180 1-1
MOMeuT ouepIUm OTUOCOTeJIbUO OCO BPaIUeHHB KOJIell'laTOrO BaJIa
'IaCTO MaCChI maTyua, oTHeceHHoH K KpHBOIllHIIHOH rOJIOBICe, J UJ..K =
=muu r2 .
HnepIVfouuoe B03)J.eHCTBoe ua KpyrRJIbUyro COCTeMY Macc m j KpHBO-
IIIHIIHo-maT}'HHoro MexaHH3Ma, COBepmalOIQIIX B03Bpamo-noCTyna-
TeJIbHOe .n;BlDIC:eUHe, YIfHThlBaeTCB HX MOMeUTOM HHepIVfIl, npHBe.n;eHHbIM
K OCH Bana J i . .D;JllI onpe.n;eJIeUIDI ero 3Ua'leUIDI Macca mj, COcpe.n;OTO'leU-
UaJI B I\eu-rpe BepxneH rOJIOBICH maTyna H .n;BIDIC:YIUaBCB C KHHeMaTH'Iec-
194

KHMH napaMeTpaMH nOpUlHJI, 3aMeIDIeTCB rornaMHlfecKH 3KBHOa.rreHTHOH
ci-i. MaCCOH mjm, COcpe,AOTO'feHHOH B .QeHTpe maTYHHOH meHKH. Y CJIOBHe
IKBHBa.rreHTHOCTH - paOeHCTBO HX lQffieTHqeCKRX 3Hepnm: l/ Z m;V;=
_l/Zmj......U Z , r,Ae U=rro - CKOpOCTb .QeHTpa ma1}'HHOH meiiIrn; V n =
rw (sin cp + 1/ z). sin 2 cp).
OTCIO,Aa cne,AYeT, qTO mjm = mj (V n / U)Z = mj(sin cp + 1/ z ). sin 2cp)z =
I(cp), T. e. npe,ACTaonSIeT C060H nepeMeHHyIO rapMOHHqeCKR H3Me-
1U11OI.QYIOCB BeJIH'fHHY. B CBB3H C 3THM ,AIDI npaKTHqecKHX paC'feTOB
ItCnOJIb3yeTcB cpe,lUIee 3a .QHKJI pa60TbI ,l\BHraTenB 3HaqeHHe mjm.
II pH ero BbI'fHCneHHH ,nenaeTCB ,nonYI.QeHHe, qTO nopmem ,l\BIDKeTCB
paBHOMepHO co CKOpOCTblO, paBHOH cpeJ1,HeH V n  C n = (Sn )/30 = 2rw/n,
I J{e S = 2r - XO,n nopmIDI; n = 30w/n - qHCnO 060pOTOB KOneHqaTOrO
lIana B MHHYTY.
TaKHM 06P8.30M, mj3D=mj(2/n)Z1/zmj H =1/2m/,z.
IIpH onpe,AeneHHH JwJ. H  B V-06p8.3HOM ,l\BHraTene ,nIDI KaX<,lJ,OrO
KoneHa He06xo,lUlMO Y'fHThlBaTb 06a nopnmJI H maryHa, CO'IJIeHeHHbIe
C KpHBoIllHnoM.
8.4. 'lACfOThI 1:1 OPMLI COECfBEHHLIX
KOJIE6AH1:1ii KPYTIfJILHOH CHCTEMLI
IIonYlfeHHbIe B pa3,n. 8.2 ypaBHeHHJI onHChlBaIOT BhIHY)I(,AeHHbIe
KOJIe6aHIDI KPYTIIJIbHOH CHCTeMbI no,A ,AeHCTBHeM COBOKynHOCTH 0606-
IQeHHbIX CHn {M i }.
C06CTBeHHbIe KOJIe6aHWI JIDIDllOTCJI qaCTHhIM CJIyqaeM BLIHY)I(,AeH-
HbIX Kone6amm npH {Ma = 0, qTO n03BOIDIeT onHcaTb HX cHcTeMoH
ypaBHeHHH
{ CHCTeMa n (i= 1, 2, 3, ..., n),
J,.jji+ C i (8 i -8i+1)-C i _ 1 (8 i _ I -8 i )=0.
PemeHHe 3TOH CHCTeMbI H3BeCTHO:
{ CHCTeMa n (i= 1, 2, 3, ..., n),
8 i =A i cos (wot); "
{ HCTeMa n (i= 1, 2, 3, .... n),
8 i = - A;CO cos (wot).
IIo,AcTaHOBKa :3THX pemeHHii B HCXO,AHYIO CHCTeMY ,AaeT ,nJISI npOH3-
OOJIbHOrO i-ro ypaBHeHIDI
-AiJiWCOS(root)+ Cj[AjCos(wot)-Aj+J cos (wot)]-
195

-C'_I [A, I cos(wot}-A,cos (wot)] =0
B nOCJIe anre6paB'leCKHX npeo6pa30B3.HBH
A,_,C'_I +A,(JpJ-C'_I- C,}+Ai+IC,=O.
IIocne 3.Hanom'IHbIX npe06p3.30BaHBii AJUI BCex n ypaoHeHBH BCXO,lJ;-
HOH cHcreMhI cl>opMBpyeTCJI cHcreMa anre6paJl'leCICHx ypaoHeHBH, CBH-
3LIBaIOIQaH Me)l(,lJ;)' C060H aMlIJIHTY,lJ;Ll {A} no BceM n 06061I\eHHbIM
1C00p,l{HHaTaM H 'IaCTOThI C06croeHHbIX lCone6aHBii {wo}:
{ CBcTeMa n 0= 1, 2, 3, ..., n},
A'_IC'_I +A,(JpJ-C'_I-C,}+Ai+IC,=O.
3Ta CHCTeMa B npHHIUlne MO)ICeT 6hITb Bcnonb30BaHa AJUI onpe,lJ;ene-
HBH COBOICYllHOcrB 'IaCTOT {COo,} B COOTBeTCTB}'IOlI\eH ICaJIC,ZJ;OH B3 HBX
cl>OpM {A}, c06crBeHHhIX lCone6aHBii. OcHOBHoe 3aTpy,lJ;HeHBe npB ee
pemeHBB BbI3LIBaeT TO 06croHTenbCTBO, 'ITO 1C0JIH'IecTBO HeB3BecTHhIx
(n+ I) Ha e,l{HHBy npeBhIIIIaeT 'IIICJIO YP3.BHeHHH B CHcreMe n (B 'IHCJIO
HeH3BeCTHhIX BXO,lJ;S.lT n aMlIJIBTy-,lJ; CMelI\eHBH CHcreMhl OTHOCBTeJIb-
HO 06061I\eHHhIX 1C00p,lJ;BHaT, a T8.IOICe 'I8.CTOTa co6crBeHHbIX lCone6a-
HBii COo).
):(mI nOllIDlCeHIDI 1C0JIHqeCTBa HeB3BeCTIIbIX B npBBe,lJ;eHHLIX BLIme
ypaBHeHIDIX nepexo,W1T OT a6comoTHbIx aMnJIBTylt IC aMIIJIBTy-,lJ;aM
OTHOCBTeJIbHhIM. .AmI 3Toro Bee a6comoTHbIe aMIIJIBTY,lJ;Ll HOPMBPy-
IOTCH no AI. B 3TOM cny'lae al =AI/AI = 1, az=Az/A" ..., a,=A.JA.. ...,
a ll =A,JA I B
{ CBCTeMa n (i= 1, 2, 3, ..., n),
a,_IC,_1 +a,(J,w-C'_I-C,}+ai+IC,=O.
P3.3BepHeM 3TY cBCTeM}' ypaBHeBBi:
al (JIW - C I ) + a.ZC I = 0
01 C I + a.2 (Jzw - C I - C z ) + a. 3 C Z = 0
0,- I C'_I + a, (J.-(JJ - C'_I - C,) + ai+ I C, = 0
o,,-zC II - z + o,,-I(JII-I- C II - Z - C n - I }+ anC:_ I =0
o,,-IC n - 1 + all(J"ro-Cn-I)=O.
196

aJ U2 a] a4
;=1 (J.w-C.) C. 0 0
;=2 C. (J2 - C. - C 2 ) C 2 0 =0.
;=3 0 C 2 (J]w - C 2 - C 3 ) C]
;=4 0 0 C] (J4W - C 3 )
Bee nyJIeBble pemeHHJI oIIpe.n;eJIHTeJIJI .n;alOT n-l 3Ha'leHBJI '1aCTOT
co6CTBeHHbIX lCoJIe6aHlIH (B HX 'lHCJIO He BICJIIO'IaJOTCJI 06J13aTeJIbHble
.n;JIJI Bcex ICPYTHJIbHbIX CBCTeM pemeHBJI w= 0, IIPB ICOTOpblX Bee HHepnH-
OHHble 3JIeMeHTbI CBHXpOHHO BpamaJOTCJI COBMecTHO C B8J10M).
B .n;aHHOM cny'lae TaICBX '1aCTOT 6y.n;eT TpB: WOl; W02; Wo] (B IIOpJl,lJ;lCe
B03paCTaHBJI).
IIo.n;CT8.BIDIJI lCaJK.n;yIO B3 HHX B yp8.BHeHHJI, IIOJIY'lHM TpB MHOX:ecTBa
OTHOCHTeJILHbIX aMIIJIHTY.n;, oIIpe.n;eJIJIIOI[(BX TpB p3.3JIH'lHbIe «l>OpMbI
co6CTBeHHbIX lCone6aHBH:
{ai}m..; {ai}",..; {ai}m...
np" cool
np" C0 0 2> COol
np" C0 0 3> C0 0 2
PIIc. 8.11. <1IopMH J;oJIe6aBHii 3DHBaJIeBTBOH IpYTHJILBol CBCTeMLI npB pIL3JIlI'IIIWX
3Ha'leHHJlX eo6crBeHIILIX '1aCTOT
198

Ha pRC. 8.11 npRBe,neHa rpacplI'leclCWl RHTepnpeTa:QIDI pacnpe,ne-
JIeHHJI OTHOCHTeJIhHLIX aMllJIHT}',n no o606lI(eHHhIM lCOOprornaTaM CH-
CTeMhl;
. cpopMa lCoJIe6aHHH, COOTBeTCTByrom;U H3.HMeHbmeH (HR3meH) H3
co6cTBeHHLIX '1aCTOT, HMeeT O,nHH Y3eJI (ce'leHHe Bana, r,ne a=O) B HOCBT
H3.3BaHHe OHOY3A080U;
· npB COOl (com> COo2 > rom) pacnpe,neneHue 3MIIJlHTY,n xapalCTepH3Y-
eTCJI HaJIH'IBeM .nByx Y3JIOB lCoJIe6aaBii: R T8.ICaJl cpopMa HOCHT H3.3BaHHe
8YXY3A080U;
. npR CO03 RMeeT MecTO mpexY3Ao8aJl cpopMa lCOJIe6aHHH.
8.5. r APMOJm1lECKHif AHAJIH3
KPYTmI(HX MOMEHTOB
IIpH aaaJIll3e lCpyrUJIhHLIX lCOJIe6aHHii: lCOJIeH'laTOrO Bana lCpynII:Quii:
MOMeHT Ha lCaJIC,.lJ;OM B3 lCpHBODIBIIOB npe,nCTaBJIJleTCJI B BB.ne TpBrOHO-
MeTplI'leclCoro nOJIBHOMa
MKp(t+ 1)=Mcp-J- f MkSin ( k.21t+qJk ) '
x-I T
r,ne k= 1, 2, 3, ..., 00; (21t/1) = co - lCpyroBaJl '1aCTOTa lCpynIIIero
MOMeHTa.
Ha pRC. 8.12 npHBe,neHa rpacplI'leclCaJl RHTepnpeT8.:QIDI npo:Qe,nypLI
npeo6p3.30BaHHJI BpeMeHHoii: cl>yHICltBB ICpyrJIJ:QerO MOMeHTa, HMelOm;ero
nepRO,n T, B COBOlCynHOCTb rapMOHlI'leclCHX CJIaraeMLIX (zapMOHUl<)
C p3.3J1H'lHLIMH aMDJIBT}',naMH {M k }, cpa38.MH {qJk} R lCpaTHbIMB 'laCTOTa-
MB {kw}. 3Ta npo:Qe,nypa HOCHT H3.3BaHHe p3.3JIOEeHHJI BpeMeHHoii:
cpymm;BB B PAA cI>ypbe.
CnaraeMoe M cp lC8.IC BeJlH1lHHa nOCTOilHHU Ha lCoJIe6aHHJI B JIBHeii:-
HOii: lCpyrllJIbHoii: CBCTeMe BJIIDlHHJI He OlC3.3LIBaeT. BeJIH'lHHbI M k R
qJk AJIJI lCa)K,lJ;OH rapMOHRICB onpe,neJIJlIOTCJl BHTerpanaMB KomB:
;I
Mk= .../A l+Bf; qJk=arctgAJBk)'
T T
r,ne Ak= f MKp(t) cos (k. 21t)dt; Bk= f MKp(t)Sin(k.21t)dt.
o 0
199

M K
360"
k=2M 2
720.
fj)=(J)JJ.BC ./
Ip
Ip
Ip
Ip
Ip
PRc. 8.12. rpa4lH'lecIaJI BBTepnpeJi opOle.zxypLl pa3JIozeHHJi B pu <1Iyp&e IpYTJllItero
MOMeBTa
,Z:(lliI aHaJIHTH'IeclCoro onpe,l(eJIeHIDl lCo3l}>cl>H:QHeHTOB cI>ypbe (A k H B k )
Heo6xo,nHMO HMeTb cl>YHICItHOHaJIbHYIO 38.BHCHMOCTb MIJI=f(t). CYII1eCT-
ByIDlItHe MeTO,l(LI paC'IeTa ,Z:(BC He n03BOJIJIIOT nOJIY'lHTb ypaBHeHHJI,
OllHChIBaIOIItHe H3MeHeHIDl MIJI no BpeMeHH. nO:nOMY Ha npalCTHlCe WDl
BbI'IHCJIeHHJI 3THX lCo3l}>cl>H:QHeHTOB HCnOJIb3yIDT rpacl>H'IeclCHe 38.BHCHMO-
CTH MIJ>=f(t) (pHC. 8.13).
B :nOM cJIY'lae Ak H Bk onpe,l(eJIJIIOTCJI npH6JIH)lCeHHO. 06IItHH
anropBTM BX paC'IeTa COCTOBT B 3aMeHe BHTerpaJIOB Konm ICOHe'lHhIMB
CYMM3.MH, ,l(lliI qero nepHO,l( T ICpYTJIIItero MOMeHTa p8.36BBaeTCJI Ha
N OT,l(eJIbHbIX yqaCTICoB ,WDHeJIbHOCTblO /},t. Tor,l(a
. { 2 N [ ( At, )] } 2l1t N ( At )
Ak=hm - r Micos k. 21t- /},t - L Micos k. 21t- i .
At=o T i _ O T T i-O T
C yqeTOM Toro, 'lTO T//},t=N, nOJIY'lHM
2 N ( 2 )
Ak- r M,cos k!:. i .
N , _ o N
no aHaJIOrHH
2 N ( 27t )
Bk- rMisin k-i .
N i _ O N
rapMOHHICH {Mksin(krot+{J'k}, cocraBIDIIOIItHe p cI>ypbe ICpyrJI-
lItero MOMeHTa, HMelOT qaCTOTbI, ICpaTHbIe yrJIOBOH qacroTe ero H3Me-
200

Mr<p
t=!.
w
123
N
PHC. 8.13. npH6JUlIeHHOe onpeeJIeBHe ItOHI{8eHTOB YPLe no KPHBOB ItpYTJlIItero
MOMeBTa
lIeHHll. Mx IC03<}>ctJHUHeHT ICpaTHOCTH k= 1, 2, 3, ..., 00 Ha3LlBaIOT
MameMamU'IeCKUM UHdeKcoM rapMoHHIC, a caMH rapMoHHICH - Mame-
MamU'IeCKUMU.
TaICaJI ctJopMa 3afiHCH He Bcer,na y,no6Ha AIDI rapMOHH'IecICoro aHa-
.IH3a npoueccoB B J(BC, ICOTophIe B 60JIbillHHCTBe c.rryq:aeB HMelOT
'1aCTOThI HX H3MeHeHHlI, lCpaTHhIe yrJIOBOH '1aCTOTe BparueHIDI ICOJIeH-
'1aTOrO BaJIa: OJ]1.Bc=7C1J/30.
Tax, B '1eTLIpexTaKTHOM .n;BHraTeJIe nepHo,n H3MeHeHHs.I ICpYTs.IIUero
MOMeHTa T paDeH BpeMeHH ,nBYX 060pOTOB ICOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa, CJIeAO-
naTeJIbHO, ICpyrOBaJI '1aCTOTa ero COCTaDJIs.IeT nOJIOBHHY yrJIOBOH '1aCTO-
I'Ll BparueHIDI .n;BHraTeJIs.I: OJ = l/ZOJ/J.BC. B 3TOM CJI)"Iae 60JIee YAo6Ha
IPyraJI ctJopMa 3an:HCH pIlAa:
""
MIp(t) = Mcp + L Mht sin (k,..OJ,lIBcI + t"Pk,..),
k-O.S
me k,..=1/zk=O,5; 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5; ...; 00.
TaxHe rapMoHHICH HOCfl H3.3BaHHe MomopHblx, a k,..= l/zk H3.3hIBaeT-
Cs.I MomopHblM UHdeKcoM zapMOHUK.
8.6. 4])A30BLIE COOTHOmElllUI r APMOHHK
KPYTBIQHX MOMEHTOB, t(EHCTBYIOII(HX
HA OT ,l(EJILHLIX KPHBOIIIHIIAX
KaIC nOICa3aHO Ha pHC. 8.1, ICPYTs.IIUHe o1OMeHThI Ha OTAeJIbHhIX
KpHBoillunax MHorOQllJIHHApoBoro ABHraTeJIs.I OAHHaxOBhI no ctJopMe HX
IIpeMeHHoii. peaJIH38.UHH H OTJIH'IaIOTCll TOJIbICO ctJ3.3aMH. BCJIe,ncTBHe
')Toro 6yAYT O,nHHaICOBLIMH H annpoKCHMHpYIOIUHe HX TpHI"OHOMeT-
pH'leCICHe nOJIHHOMhI, rapMOHHICH O.lUlOCO noplIAICa B ICOTOphIX 6y,nYT
OTJIH'IaTbCs.I TOJ!bICO ctJ3.30BhIM C,lJ.BHCOM.
201

PaCCMOTpHM cp8.30Bble COOTIIOllleHHSI, XapaKTepHhIe JVllI npOH3BOJIb-
HOH k,.-H MOTOpHOH rapMOIIHKH, )J,eHCTByK>eH Ha OT)J,eJIbHblX KpBBO-
IllHnax Vi - nOpJI)J,KOBblH HOMCp KpBBOIDBlla):
{ M kH sin (kNW.nscl + qJkM(.r) } .
C )"IeTOM Toro, '1TO yrOJI nOBopOTa KpHBOlllHna qJ = WjJ.BCt,
{M kN sin (k,.qJ + qJkM(.r)}.
rapMOHHKH, )J,eHCTByK>He
. Ha I-M KpBBonmne: M kM sin (k,.qJ + qJkM(I»;
. Ha j-M KpBBonmne: M kN sin [k,. (qJ - A6 1 _ j ) + qJkM(ll
3)J,ecb A6 1 - J - yrJIOBOH BHTepBaJI, Ha KOTOphlH npoecchI B j-M
BH)J,pe 3an8.3)J,bIB8.IOT OTHOCHTeJIbHO npoeccoB B I-M .qHJIBH)J,pe.
OrClO)J,a M kN sin [k,.qJ + qJkM(l) - k,.A6 1 - J ] H qJkM(.r) = qJkM(l) - k,.A6 1 _ j .
Tor,na «}>8.30BhIH c,nBHr Me rapMoHHKOii C MOTOpHbIM BH,AeKCOM
k.. Haj-M H I-M KpHBolllHnax 4(j)=qJkM(j)-qJkM(I)= -k,.A6 1 _ j .
c1>33oBhle COOTHOmeHHSI MeJlCtty O,nHOHMeHHhIMH rapMOHBK3.MH KPy-
TJIII(erO MOMeHTa O«}>OpMIDIlOTCSI B BH)J,e !fta308b1X duazpaMM. OaH npe)J,-
CT8.BIDIIOT co6oii cHCTeM}' BeKTopoB, CHMBOJIH3HPYIOHX aMlIJIBTY.nLI
rapMoHBK Ha OT,neJIbHb1X KpBBomBllax, nOBepHYTbIX OTHOCHTeJIbHO BeK-
Topa l-ro KpBBomBlla Ha yrJIhl AqJkN(j).
MeTo.wncy nOCTpOeHHSI cl>330BbIX ,na:arpaMM paCCMOTpHM Ha npB-
Mepe MOTOpHb1X rapMoHHK KpyrSlero MOMeHTa Ha KpBBonmnax '1e-
TblpeXQHJIHH,ApoBoro '1eThlpexTaKTHOrO O,nHOpJI,AHOrO ,nBHraTeJISI (pBC.
8.14, a).
llpB nopJI)J,Ke pa60Thl 1-3-4-2-1 B yrJIe '1epe,nOBaHHSI pa6o'lHX
XO,nOB 6= 180° yrJIOBhIe BHTepBaJIhI c,nBHra npoeCCOB B HJIHll.Ll:Pax
OTHOCHTeJIbHO nepBoro: nepBoM 61_1=0°; BTOpOM A6 1 _ 2 =5400;
TpeTbeM A6 1 - 3 = 180°; '1eTBepTOM A6 1 _ 4 = 360°.
1,4
A ,.,- -',
" \
T- -'3
" ,.'
- -'
2,3
.
1
14
1234
a
6
8
z
PRe. 8.14. <1IaJoBhle arpaMMhI MOTOpBlolX rapMoBHI KpYTJllItero MOMeHTa '1eThlpex-
ItH.IIRBJq)OBoro '1eThlpeXTaITHoro poro HraTeJIJl: _
Q - oopcACBBe yrJIOBIoDl CAJIHI"OB npon=B B IOOIBB.!tpax; 6 - 4I83oBU AIIarpaMMa rapMOBBIB
C It.. =0,5; II - 4>83oSaJI AIIarpaMMa rapMOBBIB C k..= 1,0; z - 4I830BU AftIIl'P8MMA rapMoBBIB
C It.. =2,0
202

<I>a30BWI WlarpaMMa rapMOHHKH C MOTOpHbIM lIH,lJ;elCCOM k,. = 0,5
IIpHBe,neHa Ha pHC. 8.14, 6. <I>3.30BLle C,l{BHTH rapMOHHICH Ha ICpHBOIlIH-
uax OTHOCHTeJIbHO nepBoro: nepBoM Atpo,S(I) = 0°; BTOpOM AtpO,S(2) =
= - k,.A8 1 - 2 = - 0,5' 540° = - 270°; Tpen.eM AtpO,S(3) = - k..A81_3 =
-= -0,5.180°= -90°; '1eTBepTOM AtpO,S(4)= -k..A81-4= -0,5.360°=
-= -180°.
.D:IDI 3TOH rapMOHHlCH xapalCTepHO, '1TO Atpo,S(I) =I=- AtpO.S(2) =I=- AtpO,S(3) =I=-
! AtpO,S(4)' TaICaB rapMOHHlCa H3.3hIBaeTCB c.Ila6ou.
AHaJlOrH'lHO onpe,neIDIeTCB «pa3OBaB ,lUiarpaMMa rapMOHHICH C MO-
ropHLIM lIH,lJ;elCCOM k..= 1,0, npHBe,neHHWI Ha pHC. 8.14, 8. 3,necb:
l\tpl,O(I) = 0°; Atpl,0(2) = - k..A8 1 _ 2 = -1,0 . 540° = - 540° = -180°; Atpl,0(3) =
= -k..A81-3= -1,0.180°= -180°; Atpl,0(4) = -k..A81-4= -1,0.360°=
= -360°=0°.
XapaICTepHbIM npH3HaICoM ,naHHoH rapMoHHKH JlBJIBerCB: Atpl,O(I) =
= Atpl,O(4) =I=- Atpl,0(2) = Atpl,0(3). TaKaB rapMoHHKa HOCHT Ha3BaHHe CU./lb-
II0U.
Ha.H60JIblliyro onaCHOCTb npH pe30HaHCHhIX lCoJIe6aHIDlx npe.Q-
CTaBJIBIOT rapMoHHICH, «pa3OBWI WlarpaMMa 1C0TOpLlX nOKa38.Ha Ha pHC.
8.14, z. B HameM cJI}"Iae TalCyJO WlarpaMMy HMeer rapMoHHlCa C MO-
ropHLIM HH,Z:{eICCOM Ie,.. = 2,0, TalC lCaIC ,nIDI Hee: Atp2,0(1) = 0°; Atp2,0(2) =
= -k..A81_2= -2,0.540°= -1080°=0°; AqJ2,0(3)= -k..A81_3= -2,0.180°=
= - 360° = 0°; Atp2,0(4) = - k..A8 1 _ 4 = - 2,0 . 360° = -720° = 0°.
TalCHe rapMoHHKH Ha3hIB8IOTCB Z.IlCl8HblMU. XapalCTepHbIM HX npB-
"tHaICOM BBIDIerCB CHH«p8.3HOCTb .QeHCTBBB Ha OT,neJIbHbIX ICpHBoIIIHnax:
Atp2,0(1) = Atp2,0(2) = Atp2,O(3) = Atp2,0(4).
8.7. qACfOTIIMI JJ;HArPAMMA
KPYTIlJIbHbIX KOJIEIJAIII1ii
HaJlB'IHe HH«pOpMHH 0 COBOlC}'llHOCTH '1aCTOT c06CTBeHHhIX 1C0JIe-
6amli CHCTeMbI {WOI} H 0 3aBHCHMOCTH '1aCTOT MOTOpHhIX rapMOHHIC OT
ClCopOCTHoro pe)ICHMa pa60TLI ):{BHraTeJIB n03BOIDIeT npOBecTH lCa'ieCT-
oeHHblii 8.HaJIH3 ICPYTBJIbHhIX KOJIe68.HHH.
3Ta 3a,zJ;a'la pemaerCB C nOMO{W>1O acmomHOU dUaZpaMMbl, npe.Q-
CTaBJIeHHOH Ha pBC. 8.15.
3,necb no OCB a6cItHcc OTICJIa,l\bIBaerCB '1aCTOTa BpeHIUI KOJIeH-
'1aTOrO BaJla ,l{BHraTeJIB w1J.Bc=7Cn/30 B BLI,Z:\em'TCa 30Ha pa60'mX '1a-
CTOT Bpa.I.QeHWI OT Wminx_x=7C1lrmnu/30,n0 W maxu =7CTlmux.J30, r,ne 1lrmnu-
MHHHMaJIbHOe YCTOH'lHBoe 'lHCJIO 060poTOB P MHHYTY KOJIeH'IaTOrO
BaJIa Ha pex<HMe XOJIOCTOrO xo,na; 1Zmaxu - MalCCHMaJIbHhIe 060POThI
XOJIOCTOrO xo,na no BHenmeH CICOpOCTHOH xapaICTepHCTHlCe.
IIo OCB op,nHHaT OTJIOEeHhI ICpyroBLle '1aCTOThI MOTOpHbIX rapMO-
HHIC ICpYTBII1erO MOMeHTa W = k,.W1J.BC H '1aCTOThl co6cTBeHHhIX KOJIe6a-
HIDi ICpYTBJIbHOH CHCTeMbI {WOi}.
203

k..=3,5
Pa6o'lH 11 1111alla30H
aCTOT'" HpillueHI1H Barra
COO]
C0 02
COOl
COmin x_x cop{3.S) CO p (]) cop(2.S) COma>: x.x CO.n nc
PRc. 8.15. qaCToTHu )J;HarpaMMa KpynvIbHlolX IOJIe68.HHii
Hcxo.lVl H3 YCJIOBHH HaJIH'IBJI pe30HaBCa roOi=k..roJ{BC, no T8lCOii
,nHarpaMMe MOxmO YCTaHOBHTb Bce B03MO)l(llble pe30HaBCHble peJKHMbI
KOJIe6amm B pa60'leM )J;Hana.30He '1aCTOT Bpam;eHIDI:
. no O)J;HOY3JIOBOii cl>opMe (rom) rapMOHHKH C k..=2,5 Ha '1aCTOTe
Bpam;eHIDI ro2,S)' a T8lCxe rapMOHHICH C k,. = 3,0 Ha '1aCTOTe Bpam;eHWI
ro].O):
. no ,lJ;BYXY3JIOBOii cl>opMe (rom) rapMOHHKH C k..= 3,0 Ha '1aCTOTe
Bpam;eHIDI ro;(3,O);
. rapMOHHICa C k,. = 3,5 pe30HHPye-r co BceMH TpeMSl npHcyTCT-
BYIO Ha )J;HarpaMMe '1aCTOTaMH co6CTBeHHbIX KOJIe6aHHii Ha COOT-
BeTCTByIOHX '1aCTOTaX BpaeHIDI KOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa.
C nOMOI:Qb1O '1aCToTHoii ,nHarpaMMbI B03MOxmO:
. YCTaBOBHTb HaJIH'lHe pe30HaHcHbIX peJKHMOB KpyrHJIbHbIX KOJIe-
63.HHii B pa60'leM ,nHana.30He '1aCTOT Bpam;eHHH KOJIell'laTOrO BaJIa
,lJ;BHraTeJIH;
. onpe)J;eJIHTb MOTOpHbIH HH,lJ;eKC pe30HHpyIOeii rapMOHHKH H '1a-
CTOT}' Bpam;eHHH )J;BHraTeJIH, npH KOTOpoii 6Y)J;eT HMeTb MeCTO pe30-
HaBC;
. C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM cl>a.3oBoii ,nHarpaMMbI pe30HHpyIOeii rapMo-
HHKH Ka'leCTBeHHO On;eHHTb CTeneHb onaCHOCTB T8lCoro pe30HaBCa (npa-
KTH'IecKB onaceH pe30HaHc B OCHOBHOM ZAaBHblX rapMoHHK);
. oneHHTb Ha rHnOTeTH'IecKOM ypoBHe Mepy onaCHOCTB pe30HaBCa
no MOTOpHOM}' HH.l(eKcy pe30HHpyIOeii rapMoHHICH ('1eM BfdIIIe k,., TeM
204

() rHOCHTeJIbHO MeHbIlle aMllJIHTY,lI;a M kM rapMOHHKH H TeM MeHee ona-
ceH pe30H8.HCHhlH pe)l(HM KOJIe6aHHH);
. onpe,ll;eJIHTb OPMY pe30HaHCHbIX KOJIe6amm Bana H, CJIe,ll;OBaTe-
JlbHO, BIillIBHTb HaH60JIee onacHbIii ero Y'laCTOK.
8.8. nOTEPH 3HEPrHH llPH KOJIE6AHIDIX
PaCCMOTpHM CTpYKTYPY ypaoHeHHJI, OnHCbIBaIOlI(erO CB060)];HbIe KO-
Jle6aHHJI KPYTHJIbHOH CHCTeMbl OTHOCHTeJIbHO O,ll;HOH H3 06061I(eHHLIX
Koop,ll;llHaT: JlJ j + Cj(Oj- Oi+l)- Cj-1(Oj-l - OJ) = o.
IIo H3H'IeCKOH CYII(HOCTH CJIaraeMble, BXO)];SIlI(He B ypaBHeHHe,
Ilpe,ll;CTaolliIlOT C060H:
MHB.=J..(), - HHepIUlollHbIii MOMeHT;
Mynp=[C;(Oj-Oi+l)- C/_1(Oj_l-Oj)] - ynpynm MOMeHT ,lI;eOpMHpO-
BaHHoro i-ro Y'laCTKa KPYTHJIbHOH CHCTeMbl.
C Y'leroM :noro ypaoHeHHe ,lI;BIDKeHHJI MO){(er 6hITb 3allHcaHO B BH,lI;e
MHR+Mynp=O.
OTClO,lI;a cJIe)];yer, '1TO MHR=Mynp H COOTBeTCTBeHHO paBHbI pa60TLI
HHepIUloHHoro H ynpyroro MOMeHTOB L.u. = 4ut,.
EcJIH TaK8.JJ. CHCTeMa cOBepIllaeT Bh1Hyx<,z:teHHLle KOJIe6aHIDI, TO
MHB.+Mynp=MJKTJ6, r,ll;e M Br06 =M j - MOMeHT, B036Y)I()];aIOmHH KOJIe-
6aHHJI.
B CIIJI)' Toro '1TO MHB.=Mynp, B036Y)I()];aIOII(HH MOMeHT BHOCHT B CH-
CTeMY 3Heprmo L B036 , KOTOpaJI HH'IeM He KOMlleHcHpyerCJI H npHBO,ll;HT
K 6eCKOHe'IHOMY POCTY 3.MII.J1HTY,ll; KOJIe6aHHH 3JIeMeHTOB KPYTHJIbHOH
CHCTeMbI: {A j } - 00. Ha npaKTHKe TaKOe JIBJIeHHe He Ha6JIIO,lI;aerCJI B CH-
JIY Toro, '1TO 3.MII.J1HTY,lI;LI yrJIOBhIX KOJIe6aHHH OrpaHH'IHBaIOTCJI B03-
HHKalOlI(HMH npH KOJIe68.HHJIX nOTepJIMH 3HeprHH (B OCHOBHOM 3T0
nOTepH Ha TpeHHe).
IIpH HaJIH'IHH KOJIe6aHHH C nOTepJIMH 3Hepnm B ypaBHeHHe MOMeH-
roB "He06xo,ll;HMO ,lI;06aoHTh MOMeHT conpOTHBJIeHIDl M wnp, KOTOpLlH
Y'lHTLIBan 6L1 He06paTHMbIe nOTepH B CHCTeMe: MHB.+Mwnp+Mynp=
= M B036 . "
C Y'leTOM Toro, '1TO MHR=Mynp, Mwnp=MB036. 3T0 03Ha'laer, '1TO
npH KOJIe6aHIDlX pa60Ta BHeIIIHHX CHJI L.o..o 3aTpa'IHBaeTCJI Ha npe-
O,ll;OJIeHHe pa60TLI HeynpyrHX conpOTHBJIeHHH B CHCTeMe L.x,np, eCJIH
qaCTOTa H opMa Bh1HYX<,lJ;eHHbIX KOJIe6aHHH COBna.n;aIOT C '1aCTOTOH
H OpMOH co6CTBeHHLIX KOJIe6aHHH. 3T0 YCJIOBHe, aKTH'leCKH 06ec-
ne'IHBalOlI(ee BbIIIOJIHeHHe paoeHcTBa Mmt = Mynp, npH cooepIlleHHH
CHCTeMOH BbIHY)I()];eHHLIX KOJIe6d.HHH BLlnOJIillIerCJI ,lI;1liI CHCTeM 6e3
205

nOTepb H B 3Ha'IHTeJIbIlOH Mepe JUUI CHCTeM C HH3KHM HX ypOBHeM TeM
B 60JIbmeH CTeneHH, ..eM BbIllle «06pOTHOCTb» KOJIe6aTeJIbHOH CHCTe-
MbI. Cne,lJ;YeT oc060 OTMeTHTb CnpaBe,lJ;JIHBOCTb aHllOro ymepxc.AeHIDI
TOJIbKO ,lJ;.IDI CJIy<Iag 8blHY:JfCOeHHbIX pe30HaHCHblX KOAe6aHuii..
OCHOBHbIMH lj>aKTopaMH, Bbl3blBalOW;HMH nOTepH 3HeprHH npH KO-
JIe6amUIX B KPYTHJIbHbIX CHCTeMax J.(BC, JIBJIm<>TCg nepeMeHHhIe CHJIbI
)KH,lJ;ICOCTHOro TpeHHg B nOJUlIHllHHKaX H B CO'IJIeHeHHH nopmeHb - I{H-
.JIHH.[I:p, nponopn;HOHanbHble CKOpOCTH OTHOCHTeJIbHOrO nepeMew;eHHg
COnpJDKeHHbIX eTaJIeH, a T8lOKe CHJIbI BHyrpeHHero TpeHHg B MaTepH-
ane KOJIeH'IaTOrO DaJIa (ynPynm rHCTepe3HC), 3aBHcgw;ue OT aMWIHTY-
,/J;bI yrJIOBbIX cMew;eHHii ero 3JIeMeHTOB.
B J.(BC BCJIe,lJ;CTBHe He60JIbmoro 06"bCMa Bana nOTepH 3HeprHH Ha
BHyrpeHHee TpeHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHO HeBeJIHKH. II03TOM}' npH npaKTH1feC-
KHX paC'IeTaX nOJIanUOT, '1TO MOMeHT conpOTHBneHIDI nponopn;HOHaneH
CKOpOCTH KOJIe68.HHii:: M ooDp = iJ, r.o;e  - K031j>Ij>HI{HeHT .o;eMlllj>upOBa-
HIDl, y<IHThIBaIOIn;Hii Bce BH.lU>I nOTepb.
3Ha'leHHe , paC'IeTY He nOMaeTCg H onpe.o;eIDIeTCg Ha OCHOBe CTaTH-
CTH'IecKHX 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHhIX .o;aHHbIX no Ko34><PH.QHeHTaM .o;eMllIj>H-
pOBaHHg AJIg J];BHraTeneH aHaJIOrH'lHOH KOHCTPYKn;HH.
J.(IDI nopmHeBbIX ,lJ;BHraTeneH i.,lJ;OBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHble pe3YJIbTaTbI ,lJ;a-
eT 1j>0pMYJIa BHAJIepa =O,79p.D r 2 i, r.o;e D - .o;HaMeTp n;HJIHlI.a:pa, CM;
r - PRJJ.:UYC KpHBomHlla, CM; i - 'IHCJIO .QHJIHH.o;pOB, OllHpalOIn;IIXCg Ha
OJ];HO KOJIeHO; p=O,OI5...0,02 AJIg aBTOM06W1bHhIX J];BHraTeneH.
C y<IeToM MOMeHTa cOnpOTHBJIeHWl, a TaIOKe npHHHMaJI BO BHHMa-
HHe, '1TO npH paC'leTe napaMeTpOB KpyrHJIbHbIX KOJIe6aHHH Y'IHThIBaIOT-
Cg TOJIbKO pe30HaHCHhIe pe)I(HMbl, ypaBHelIIDl J];BIDKeHIDI KPYTHJIbHOH
CHCTeMbl npHHHMaIOT BH.o;
{ CHCTeMa n (i= 1, 2, 3, ..., n),
1.-8;+ 8j+ C;«(}j-(}j+l)- Cj-1«(}j-l-(}j)=M kM sin (k.,roABCt+ qJk..(I).
T8.KHM 06pa30M, BBeJJ;eHHe B cHcTeM)' YPaBHeHHH MOMeHTa conpoTH-
BJIeHWI, npOnOp.QHOHaJIbHOrO CKOpOCTH, OCTaBJIgeT ee JIHHeimoH, a He-
BblCOKHH ypOBeHb HeynpyrHX nOTepb npe.o;onpe.o;eIDIeT npaKTH'IecKYIO
lI,lJ;eHTH'lHOCTb '1aCTOT H 1j>0pM BblHY)J(}J;eHHhIX pe30HaHcHblx H c06CTBeH-
HhIX Kone63.HHH KpyrWlbHOH CHCTeMbl.
B 3TOM cny'lae npH pe30H8.HCe OTHOCHTenbHO 8cex 0606w;eHHhIX
KOOp.o;HHaT HMelOT MecTO npoCTble rapMOHH'IeCKHe Kone6aHWI C '1aCTO-
TOH k..roI1.BC = roo H C O.D:HHaKOBOH cl>a30H 'Vb, T. e. Bee HHep.QHOHHble
3JIeMeHTbI J];BHxcyTCg CHHIj>R3HO H O,lJ;HOBpeMeHHO .o;OCTHralOT MRKCHMY-
Ma H MHHHM}'Ma yrnoBbIX CMem:eHHH.
PemeHHe CHCTeMbl .o;IDI .o;RHHoro CJIy<IaJI HMeeT BII,lJ;
{ CHCTeMa n (i= 1, 2, 3, ..., n)
(}j=A1- sin(k..ro/1.Bct+'V. .
206

OCHOBHoe OTJIH'lHe AaHHOrO pemeHIDI L
OT pemeHHSI AmI CHCTeMbl 6e3 nOTepb
COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO 3a C'IeT pacceHBaHIDI
JHepmH aMIIJIHTYAhI CMell\eHHSI no COOT-
neTCTByroll\HM KOOpAHHaTaM At 6YAYT
MeHl,me. CABHr c}>a3 He onpeAeJISleTCSI OA-
1I03Ha'IHO c}>8.3aMH rapMOHHK MOMeHTOB
lIa OTAeJIbHhIX KpHBomHllax H 3aBHCHT OT
){HCCHllaTHBHbIX CBOHCTB H pe>KHMa KOJIe-
oaHHH CHCTeMhl.
B KPynLJIbHOH CHCTeMe KOJIeH'IaTOrO
llana, KaK H B mo60H KOJIe6aTeJIbHOH
CHCTeMe C BbICOKOH «Ao6pOTHOCTblO»,
nCJIeACTBHe u,n;eHTIl'iHOCTH OpM CO-
6cTBeHIIbIX H BbIH}')K.1J;eHHbIx pe30HaHc-
IlbIX KOJIe68.HHH pa60Ta B036}')KAalO.ll\HX
MOMeHTOB paBHa pa60Te MOMeHTOB conpOTHBJIeHIDl. 3TO n03BO-
'ISleT CymecTBeHHo yrrpocTHTb npOl-teAYPY OnpeAeJIeHIDI aMIIJIHTYA
laKpyrKH CHCTeMbI no OTAeJIbIlbIM o606.ll\eHHbIM Koop.zumaTaM. AmI
')Toro Moryr 6bITb HCnOJIb30BallbI OpMbI CBo6o)Ulhlx KOJIe6aHHH,
nOCTpoeHHbIe B OTHOCHTeJIbIlbIX aMlIJIHTYAax, a HOPMHpYIO.ll\aSl aMn-
JIHTYAa Ar onpeAeJISleTCSI H3 p3.BeHCTBa Lmo36=L.;,np, KaK 3TO rrOK8.3aHO
ua pHC. 8.16.
L"036
A'
I
Ai
PHC. 8.16. OnpeeJIeHHe aMIIJIH-
TY IOJIe6aHHH 3JIeMeHTOB KPY-
THJIbHOB: CHCTeMhl C Ma.!IhIM ypOB-
BeM Heynpyrax nOTepL
8.9. P AlJOThI B036Y)K)I;AIOll{HX
MOMEHTOB rIPlI PE30HAHCE
Pa60Ta pe30HHPYIOll\eii rapMOHHKH C MOTOpHbIM HHAeKCOM
k.. H C nepHOAOM T k ..=2n/k..(J)JJ.Bc Ha i-M KpHBOIIIHrre:
TIeN.
L ao 'J6(., = J Mk(.,dO j ,
o
me M k(i) = MIeN. sin (kJJ.Bcl + (fJ1eN.(i»; OJ = At sin (k..(J)JJ.BcI + ')lIeN.).
B pe3YJIbTaTe rrOACT8.HOBKH HMeeM
TIeN.
L aoo6 (., =MIeN.At J sin (!c..(J),/:\BC t + (fJk..,(.,) d[sin (!c..(J)JJ.Bcl+')I)].
o
IIocJIe HHTerpHpOBaHIDI
L..cm,(f) = nMbJAt sin «(fJk"'<i) - ')Ik..).
207

CYMMapHWI pa60Ta IImoY)I{,l\aJOIQerO MOMeHTa Ha BCeX N ICpH-
BOIIIHllax
N
L"'6(T.) = L L. 036 (J) =
i-I
= nM,...
N J 2 [ N J 2
 Ar sin CPk..,(i) +.L Ar cos CPk..(i) . sin (Yk.. - t/1,...),
1.1 .-1
N
E Ar sin CPk..,{i)
[ i_I J
r,ll;e t/1,... = arctg N .
:r Ar cos CPk..,(r)
il
Tax Kax npH pe30HaHCe BeJUI'lHHa pa60ThI ,lI;OCTHI'aeT MaKCHM)'Ma,
'1TO HMeeT MecTO npH (Y/r;M-t/1JaJ=n/2, TO B 3TOM CJIY'Iae pa60Ta B03-
6}'XC,l1;aroHX MOMeHTOB p8.BHa
L.o36(r.)=nM,...AT far sincp""(i) J 2 + [ f ar cos CPk"<i} J 2,
.-1 .-1
8.10. PAROTA MOMEHTOB COIIPOTHBJIEHIDI
Pa60Ta MOMeHTa COnpOTHBJIeHIDI Ha i-M ICpHBOIIIHDe 3a nepHO,ll;
KOJIe6aHHii Tk.. paBHa
TkM
LaJlIJO..I)= f M OO np{i)d6 i , r,ll;e Moonp{i)=6i;
o
8 i =Ar sin (k..wW\c1+YkM); 8i=k..w1J,BCAr cos (k..W1J, BC l + ynJ.
OTcJO,lI;a
TkM
401lp{,) = k..w1J,BC(Ar)2 f cos (k..w1J, BC l + y,...)d[sin (k..W1J,BC + YkM)] H
o
Lconp(i) = nk..wW\c(Ar)2.
208

CYMMapHWI pa60Ta MOMeHTOB COnpOTHBJIeHWI Ba BceX N ICpHBO-
IIIHnax:
N N
L oo JJ1(T.) = L Lconp(l) = 1[k..co 1J.Bc(A r)2 L (ar)2.
i-I i-I
8.11. OllPE)U:JIEHlIE AMIIJllfTY)J;
VrJIOBLIX CMEII(Emrn: 3JIEMEHTOB
KPYTIlJIbHOii CHCTEMLI
B COOTBeTCTBHH C npHIDIThIM ):{oeHHeM npH pe30HaHce L.,x, =
=Lconp, oTKy):{a aMllJIHTy):{a CMeeHIDI no nepBoH «HOpMHpYIOeH»
Koop,lUlHaTe:
Mk,.
[£ at sin rpkM(I)J +[£ atcosrpkM(i)J
.-1 .-1
N
k,..w1J.BC L (at)2
i-I
AT
)J,eHCTBHTeJILHLIe aMIIJIHTYALI BLIHyeHHLIX yrJIOBLIX ICOJIe6aHHH
OCTaJIbHhlX MaCC onpe):{emnoTCJI YMHO)J(eHHeM Ha AT OTHOCHTeJlbHbIX
aMIIJlHTY):{.
8.12. OllPE)J;EJIEHlIE HAITPIDKEHHii
B 3J1EMEHT AX BAJIA OT KPYTIIJILHLIX
KOJIE6AIIHH
)];onOJIHHTe.JIbHbIe HanpJDKeHWI CKpyqHBaHWI, B03HBKaJOIQHe B KO-
JleHqaTOM BaJIY OT pe30HaHCHbIX KpyruJILHbIX KOJIe6aHmi, onpe):{eJlmoT-
CJI no ynpyroM)' MOMeHTY B HaH60Jlee HanpJI)I(eHHOM ero yqaCTKe:
-r:=Mynp/W o , me Mynp=Ci[Ar-AI] - HaH60Jlbmee 3Ha'leHBe ynpyro-
ro MOMeHTa (06bI'lH0 :no ynpyrHH MOMeHT Ha yqaCTKe C Y3J10M KOJle6a-
Hmi); C i - KPYTHJIbHWI )J(ecTKOCTb i-ro paC'leTHoro yqaCTKa CHCTeMbI;
Ar, Ar+1 - aMllJIHT}'):{bI yrJlOBbIX cMeeHmi no 0606eHHbIM ICOOp-
):{HHaTaM, OrpaHH'lHBaIOIQIIM paCqeTHbIH yqaCTOK; W o - MOMeHT co-
npOTHBJIeHHlI cKpyqHBaHHIO paCqeTHOrO Y'laCTKa BaJIa.
209

8.13. cnOCOEM YMEHhmEHlUI AMIIJIHTY J(
BbIHYHllhlX KPYTMJIbHbIX KOJlE6AH11ii
ECJIH pe3YJThTaTLI paC'le-ra napaMe-rpOB ICpyrHJThHhIX lCoJIe6amdi
ICOJIeH'laTOrO BaJIa, no,nTDcpX<JJ.eHHhle 3ICCnepHMeHTaJThHhIMH Hccne,nOBa-
HIDIMH, nOIC33aJIH, 'lTO OBB HapyrnaIOT pa6oTocnoco6HoCTb ICOHCTpYK-
:qHH .noHraTCml, Hc06xo,WIMO YCTpaHHTb HX HcraTHBHhIe nOCJIC,IJ;CTBIDI
O,nHHM H3 CJIC.lJ;yIOIQHX cnoc060D:
. AJllI 'lCThIpCXTaICTHhIX ,lJ;BHraTeJICH, y 1C0TOphIX HMeCTClI HecICOJThICO
B03MO)ICHhIX BapHauToB nop1l,nICa pa6oThI, He06xo,WIMO Bhl6paTb TOT H3
HHX, ICOTophlii o6ecnC'DIBaCT cp330Bhle COOTHOmeHWI B036yxcJtaIOIl1HX
rapMOHHIC Ha ICpHBOmHIlaX, ,lJ;aIOm;HC HaHMeHbnme 3Ha'leHHlI paBHO,lJ;CH-
CTBYIOm;CrO BelCTOpa OTHOCHTCJThHhIX aMlIJIHTY,IJ; CMem;eBBH:
[ i ar sin qJk"{i) J 2 + [ .f (ar) cos qJk..{,) J 2 -+min;
.=-1 ,-I
. H3MCHHTb 1C0HCTpYICQHIO ICOJIClI'laTOrO DaJIa C .QcnblO nOBhIIIleHHlI
'laCTOThI c06CTBeHHhIX lCoJIc6aHHH CHCTCMhI H BhlBO,lJ;a pe30HaHcHoro
pe:>KHMa 3a npe,lJ;cJIhI pa60'lcro ,nHan330Ha 'laCTOT Dpam;CHHlI; 3TOM}'
cnoco6cTByeT }'MeHbIIlCHHC MOMCHTOD HHCp.QHH no.noH)I(HhIX 3nCMCHTOD
ICpHDomHIlHo-maTymIoro McxaHH3Ma, a T8.IOICC nODhIIIlCHHC ICPYTHJIbHOH
)lCeCTICOCTH 1C0nCH'laTOrO Dana;
. CCJIH yIC33aHHhIe MCpOnpIDITHlI HC ,lJ;alOT )lCeJIaCMOrO pe3YJThTaTa
HJIH HC MorYT 6h1Tb npalCTH'lCCKH OCYIl1CCTBnCHhI, Ha 1C0nCH'laTOM Bany
YCTaHaBJIHBalOTClI cne.QHaJIbHhIC zacumeAU KpymuAbHblX KOAe6aHUU.
lIo cnoc06y D03,1J;CHCTBIDI Ha ICPYTHJIbnylO CHCTeM}' 1C0JIClI'laTOrO
BaJIa raCHTcnH ,nCJUlTClI Ha ,nBa Tuna: 1) raCHTCJIH 6e3 nOrJIOm;CHIDI
Konc6aTcnbHoH :mcprHH CHCTeMbl - MaRmHUK08ble (,WIHaMH'lCCICHC) ra-
CHTeJIH, HJIH aHmU8u6pamopbl; 2) raCHTeJIH C 'laCTH'IHhIM nOrJIOm;CHHCM
H nocnC.IJ;yIOm;HM paCCCHBaHHCM B OlCpyxcarom;yro cpe,ny 3HcprHH ICPy-
THJIbHhIX ICOJIc6auHH - i}eMn(ftepbl.
raCHTCJIH ncpBoro THIIa pa6oTalOT no npHH.QHIIy «paccTpOHICH»
pe30H8HCHOH CHCTCMhI DaJIa. IIo3ToM}' ORB 3cpcpCICTHBHhI TOJIbICO D y:3-
ICOM ,ZJ;Han330HC 'lacTOT Ha OAROM pe)ICHMC pa60ThI ,lJ;BHraTeJUI (pe30-
HaHCHhIH pe)KHM). Ha OCTa..JIbHhIX pe)KHMax ORB MaJI034JclJeKTHBHhI
H Moryr ,na)ICC, Ha06opoT, HHTCHCHcpHIUlpODaTb lCoJIc6aHIDI ICOJICH-
'laTOrO DaJIa. Bcnc,nCTBHC 3Toro ORB npHMCH1IIOTClI D OCHODHOM D CTa-
..QHOHapHhIX ,lJ;BHraTCJUIX, pa60TalOI.QHX Ha nOCT01lHHOM CICOpOCTHOM
pe)ICHMc.
B raCHTCJU.lX BToporo THna ,lJ;OnOJIHHTem,Hoe nornOmCHHC 3HcprHH
lConc6allHii OCYIQCCTBJllICTClI 3a C'lCT yoCJIH'lCHIDI cyxoro TpeHIDI B CHCTe-
Me (zacumeAU cyxozo mpeHUR), JIH60 3a C'lCT >IOI,L{KOCTHOro TpeHII1I
(zacumeAu :JICui}KocmHozo mpeHuR), JIH60 3a C'lCT HYTpeHHero MOJICICY-
210

1
2
o
6
PRc. 8.17. CxeMa racHTeJIeA KPYTHJI&IILIX ICoJIe6aBHii:
a - MOJ1eEyJ1.11pBOro 'l"pCBBII; 6 - OCTBoro 'l"pCBBII; 1- BBepIn!oBlll>lit 3J1eMeBT; 2- ynpyrnA
3J1eMeBT; 3-  BllIIOJ1BllTeJ1b
JUlpHoro TpeHIDI B MaTepHaJIe ynpyroro 3JIeMeHTa raCHTeIDI (pe3UH06ble
zocumeJlu). CxeMa Ha.u6oJIee paCnpOCTpaHeHHhIX B aBTOTpaKTOpHhIX
J],BHraTeJIJIX raCUTeJIeH MOJleKYJlRpHOZO U :HCUOKOCmHOZO mpeHUR npHBe-
J],eHa Ha pHC. 8.17.
raCHTeJIH KOJIe63.HHii BToporo THlla }'MeHbmaIOT aMWIHTYJ],LI KPY-
THJlbHhIX KOJIe6aHHH npH JII060H 'lacToTe BpaIlteHHX ,ABHraTeIDI, BKJIIO-
'lax H pe30HaHCHYIO. l103TOMY J],eMnephI HaIIIJIH nmpOKoe npHMeHe-
HUe Ha MHOrOpeXCHMHhIX ABHraTeJUIX, B 'IRCTHOCTH Ha aBTOTpaKTOp-
HhIX.
8.14. OCHOBHLIE CBEHIDI 06 1-I3rIffiHLIX
KOJIE6AH1llIX KOJIEWIAThIX BAJIOB
B COBpeMeHHhIX J{BHraTeJIXX BHyrpeHHero cropaHIDI K 'lHcny JJ.HHa-
Mll'IeCKHX XBJIeHHH, OKa.3hIBaIOIltHX 3aMeTHoe BJImIHHe Ha pa6oTocnoco-
6HOCTb KOHCTpyKnHH, CJIeJJ.ye-r oTHecm H3m6HhIe KOJIe6aIIIDI KOJIeH-
'1aTOrO Bana. npH 3TOM 3JIeMeHThI Barra nepHOJJ.H'IecKH CMeII1aIOTCX
n;pyr OmOCHTeJIbHO JJ.pyra B HanpaBJIeHHH, nepneH)QIKYJIXpHOM npo-
J],OJIbHOH ero OCH.
211

3TO mmeOHe npHBO,nHT K B03HHKHOBeHHIO OnOJIOHTeJlbHhIX 3Ha-
KOnepeMeHHhIX H3fH6wOI..QHX lIanpIDKeOuB B 3JIeMeHTax KOJIeH'IaTOfO
BaJIa, 'ITO B PMe CJIY'IaeB MO:JKeT KBJISITbCs.\. npH'IBHOH ero nOJIO.MICH.
.D;JDI 60JIbillHHCTBa CYJ.l{ecTBYIOI.QHX J];BC BJIHmme H3rH6HhIX KOJIe-
6aouH Ha HX pa60Tocnoco6HOCTb He cyecTBeHHO; HX .r.eHCTBHC CT8.HO-
BUTCR 38.MeTHbIM JIHDIb B BbICOKOcpOpcHpOB3.HHhIX 6bICTpOXOHbIX ABH-
raTeIDlX. II03TOM)' B HaCTOJll.Qee BpeMJI np06JIeMa H3fH6HhIX KOJIe6aHHH
JIBIliICTCR cp3.BHHTeJIbHO HOBOB IDl ABHraTeJIeCTpOeHHR, 'IeM H 06'MICWI-
eTCR MaJIaR H3Y'leHHOCTb 3TOfO JIBJIeHIDI.
OCHOBHOH npH'lHHOH B03HHICHOBeHHR H3m6HhIX KOJIe68.HuH: B no-
pillHeBhIX )J;BC RBIDIeTCg B38.HMOeHCTBHe paJIbHhIX COCTaBIDIIOJ.l{HX
faJOBOH H HHepItHOHHbIX. CHJI C ynpyrOH cHCTeMoH KOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa.
3To o6CTORTeJIbCTBO n03BOIDleT OTHecTH HX K KaTefopHH BbIHeHHhIX
KOJIe6amm, napaMeTpbI KOTOpbIX onpeeJISIIOTCg COBOKynHOCTbIO 'Ia-
CTOTHhIX xapaICTepHCTHK CWIOBoro cpaICTopa H ynpyrOH KOJIe6aTeJIbHOH
CHCTeMbl. HH3ICHH ypoBeHb Hco6paTHMhIX Heynpyrux nOTepb B H3fH6-
HOH KOJIe6aTeJIbHOH CHCTeMe KOJICH'laTOfO BaJIa n03BOIDleT Ha.u;eIDITb ee
BceMH CBOHCTBaMH CHCTCM C BbICOKOH «06pOTHOCTblO». TaxHMH >KC
CBOHCTB3.MH 06JIa.ZJ;aeT KpYTHJIbHag CHCTeMa KOJIeH'IaTOfO Bana, n03TO-
MY 8.HaJIH3 H3fH6HhIX KOJIe68.HHH B03MO>KHO peaJIH30BaTh MeTOH'IeclCH
8.H8JIOfH'lHO C aHaJIH30M KOJIe68.HuB KpyrHJIbHhIX.
TaK, CHJIOBOH cpaICTOp, B036YJK,II.alOI.QHH H3fH6HblC KOJIe6aHIDI,-
CHJIa K, Hanp3.BJIeHHaJI no pa.ZJ;Hycy KpHBoilluna, JIBJIRCTCg CPYUHeH CHJI
Pr H Pj H H3MCWICTCR no CJIOXCHOM}' nepHOH'IecKOM}' 3aKoHY C nepH-
OOM T="t1cjw (PHC. 8.18), mc 't - K03c}>cpHCHT TaICTHOCTH. Ero
'IaCTOTHyro xapwcTepHCTHKY B03MO>KHO onpe.r.CJIHTb paJJIO>KeHHCM
B PM C1>YPbC aHaJIHTH'IeclCH WIH rpacpH'IeCICH 3a.u;aHHofo 3aICOHa H3MeHe-
HIDI CHJIbI K no BpeMCHH. 3Ta npOne,lJ;ypa MCTO,lJ;H'IecKH nOJIHOCTblO
8.HaJIOfH'IHa annpOKCHMa:QHH TpHroHoMCTpH'lCCICHM nOJIHHOMOM Bpe-
MeHHoH CPYUKnHH KpYTJll.QCrO MOMeHTa npH 8.H3JIH3e KPYTWIbHhIX KO-
JIe6aHHH H CBO,lJ;HTCR K onpe,lJ;eJIeHHIO COBOKynuOCTH aMllJIHTY,lJ; {K.t.}
H cp8.3 {CPk} fapMoHHK CBJIbI K:
K(t):=Kq,+ r AkSin ( k27t+CPk ) =.Kq,+ f K.t. Sin ( kwt+CPk ) '
k-l T. k-l "t
r.r.e k= 1, 2, 3, ..., 00.
KOJIeH'IaTLIH BaJI npeCTa.BJIgeT C060H ynpyryro MHOfOonopH)'1O
H3fH6HYIO cHCTeM}', KOTOpaJI HMeeT .MHO>KeCTBO cpOpM H COOTBeTCTBY-
IOX HM 'IaCTOT co6CTBeHHbIX KOJIe6auuH: {COo}.
Kwc B B cJI}":lae KPYTBJIbHbIX KOJIc6aHHH, 33..ZJ;a'la onpeeJIeHBs.\. {wo}
pemaeTCR C BCnOJIb30BaHBCM ynpOJ.l{CHHOH 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH KOJIe6aTeJIb-
HOB: CHCTeMbI. YCJIOBUs.\. npBBe,lJ;eHHR ,lJ;eHCTBUTeJlbHOH H3fu6HOH KOJIe6a-
TeJIbHOH CUCTeMbI KOJICH'IaTOrO BaJIa K ee .r.HHaMH'IecKU 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH
38.MeaJOJ.l{eH Mo.r.eJIU Te >Ke - paseHCTBO B JIl060H MOMeHT BpeMCHH
212

I II III IV V VI
M 1 M 2 M) M4 M5 M6
. . . . .
J J J  J
/ / / ,
q C 2 C) C 4 C 5 C 6
PRe. 8.19. 3IBHBaJIeHTBaJI cxeMa H3m6BOH CHCTeMbI IOJIeH'laTOrO Bana
KpHBomHllOB no .qeHTpaM maT}'HHbIX meeK CHJIOH P C 3aMepOM npOTH6a
Yi nOA TO'IKOH npHJIOJKeHWI HarpY3KH. 3aTeM onpeAeIDIeTCB JKecTKOCTb
Ha H3TH6 Bcex }"IaCTKoB CHCTeMbI: C,=P/Yi.
TIpH paC'leTe 3KBHBarreHTHbIX Mace }"IHTbIBaIOTCB Bee nO,lU3HJKHbIe
MaCChi KmM, OTHoceCB K CXOACTBeHHOMy Y'IaCTKY AeHCTBHTeJIbHOH
CHCTeMbI.
TIoCJIe onpeAeJIeHWI napaMeTpOB 3KBHBarreHTHOH paC'IeTHOH MOAe-
JIB {m,} H {C i } npOH3BOAHTCB paC'IeT 'IaCTOT co6CTBeHHbIX KOJIe6IU1HH,
MeTOAHKa KOTOpOTO 6a3HPYeTCB Ha CJIeAYIOIItHX AonYI.qeHIDIX:
. HeynPYTHe nOTepH npH H3TH6Hb1X KOJIe6aHHJIX OTCYTCTBYIOT;
. KWI<,.D;bIii: }"IaCTOK 3KBHBarreHTHOH paC'IeTHOH MOAeJIH AHHaMH'Iec-
KH o6oco6JIeH.
C }"leT OM npHHBTbIX AonylI\eHHii co6crneHHhle KOJIe68.HHB 3KBHBa-
JIeHTHOH MOAeJIH OllHChlBaIOTCB cHCTeMoH n He3aBHCHMbIX OAHOpOAHbIX
JIHHeHHbIX AH4>rPepeHIVIaJIbHbIX YP8.BHeHHH (n - KOJIB'IecTBO Y'laCTKoB
paC'IeTHOH MOAeJIH):
{ CHCTeMa n (i = 1, 2,
tflxi
m , -+C ;x .=O
dt 2 I'
..., n),
214

Il1.e i - HOMep paC'IeTHoro yqaCTICa; X, - CMeeHHe i-H COCpeI1.0TOqeH-
IIOH MaCChI.
PemeHHe :nOH CHCTeMI:.I H3BeCTHO:
{ CHCTeMa n (i= 1, 2, ..., n),
Xi = Ai sin (roOiI + qJi),
I"l1.e roOi B qJ, - COOTBeTCTBeHHO 'laCTOTa B HaqaJILHaJI cpa3a C06CTBeH-
IIbIX B3rB6HhIX KOJIe68.HHH i-ro Y'lacTKa.
IIoCJIe nOI1.CT8.HOBKH I1.8.HHhIX pemeHHH B HCXOl1.HyIO cHCTeMY ypaBHe-
IIHH no.rry'IBM MHO)KeCTBO 'IaCTOT co6CTBeHHhIX KOJIe6amdi CHCTeMhl,
COOTBeTCTBYIOee KOJIH'IecTBY ee Y'laCTKoB:
{ CHCTeMa n (i= 1, 2, ..., n),
 .
rooi= .
mi
B HaCTOmnee BpeMJI OTcyrCTBYIOT 11.0CToBepHhIe MeTOl1.hI, n03BOJIjI-
10Be 11.0 Koa npoBeCTB paC'IeT KOJIeH'laTbIX BaJIOB ,l],BC Ha H3rH6Hh1e
KOJIe68.HIDI, T. e. ollpel1.eJIHTb aMIIJIBTY!1.bI cMeeHHH OTl1.eJIbHhlX Y'laCT-
KOB Barra npB pe30HaHCHhIX B3rH6HhIX KOJIe6amUIX ero KOHCTpyKH
H paCC'lHTaTb 11.0nOJIHBTeJIbHhle HanpJDKeHIDI B ero 3JIeMeHTax. CyeCT-
BYIOIItHe MeTOl1.HKH n03BOJIJIIOT JIHIllb OIteHHTb B03MOXCHOCTb B03HHK-
HOBeHHjI B ynpyrOH CHCTeMe Barra pe30H8.HCHhIX H3rH6HbIX KOJIe6aHHH
B npel1.eJIax pa60'lero l1.Hana30Ha CKOpoCTHbIX pe>KHMOB pa60ThI l1.BBra-
relliI, B CBJI3H C 'IeM paC'leT OrpaHII'IHBaeTCJI onpel1.eJIeHBeM MHO)KeCTB8
'laCTOT co6CTBeHHbIX KOJIe68.HHH {rooi} B nOCJIel1.YlOero HX cpaBHeHIDI
C 'IaCTOTaMH [(2lr)kro)] OCHOBHLIX (HaH60JIee 3HeproHaChIIIteHHbIX)
rapMOHHK B036y>Kl1.aIOIIteH B3rH6HbIe KOJIe6aHIDI CHJIbI K (06hI'IHO :no
rapMOHHKH C k= 1. ..12) Ha npelJ.MeT BbUIBJIeHIDI B03Moxmoro pe30H8.H-
ca. Y CJIOBBe OTCyrCTBIDI pe30H8.HCHbIX H3rH6HbIX KOJIe6aHHH npB
3TOM
roOmin > 6{ 1t1tmaJ30),
rl1.e roOmin - HaHMeHbm8J.I H3 MHO)KeCTBa n '1aCTOTa co6cTBeHHbIX KOJIe-
63.HHH; n",... - MaKCBM8JIbHO B03MO)KHaJI pa6 '18J.1 '1aCTOTa Bp8.IQeHHjI
KOJIeH'laTOrO Barra l1.BBraTeJIjI.
IIpBHllHarrbHo BhIllOJIHeHWI :norD YCJIOBIDI B03MO)KHO 11.06HTbCjI
I1.B}'MiI cnoco6aMH:
. npBMeHeHHeM aBTOHOMHbIX racHTeJIeii KOJIe6aHHH;
. nOBbIIlleHHeM MHHHM8JIbHOH qaCTOThI co6CTBeHHhIX KOJIe6aHHH
CHCTeMhl KOJIeH'laTOrO B8JIa.
215

llepBLIii cnoco6 He HameJI IIIHpOKoro np3.KTB'leClCoro npHMeHeHIDI
B nopmHeBhIX TpaHCnOpTHbIX ./U3HraTeJUIX B OCHOBHOM BCJIe,QCTBHe KOH-
CTp}'KTHBHOii: CJIO)KHOCTH H BhICOKOii: CTOHMOCTH raCHTeJIeii:. llo:noMy
B TpaHCnOpTHhIX H, B 'IaCTHOCTH, B aBToTpaKTOpHhIX ABmaTeJIBX HeBhI-
nOJIHeHHe c$OpMyJIHpOBaHHoro BhIIlle YCJIOBWI OTCYTCTBIDI pe30HaHC-
HhIX H3rH6HhIX KOJIe6aHHii: BocnpHHHMaeTcB KaK CHrHaJI K Heo6xoAIIMO-
CTH nOBhIIlleHHB C:OOmin B OCHOBHOM nocpe,nCTBOM yseJIH'IeHIDI H3rH6Hoii:
xceCTKOCTH COOTBeTCTByIDero KpHBomHlla. 3TOMY cnOC06CTByIDT:
. npHMeHeHHe B KOHCTpYKnHH ,roJmaTeJIeii: nOJIHoonopHhIx KOJIeH-
'IaThIX BaJIOB;
. YBe.JIll'leHHe nepeKphITHB meeK KOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa;
. YMeHbmeHHe onopHoii: ,QJIHHhI KopeHHhIX H maT)'HHhIX meeK npH
O,wIOBpeMeHHOM YBeJIB'lemm HX ,QHaMeTpa.
8.15. KOJIE6AHIDI KOpnYCHLIX T AJIEH ,lI;BC
Kopnyc ,QBmaTeJIB KU 6a30BLIii 3JIeMeHT KOHCTp}'KlJ;HH nO,roJepxceH
B03,Qeii:CTBHIO HHTeHCHBHhIX nepHO,QH'IecICHX HarpY30K, cnoco6HhIX BhI-
3hIBaTh QHK.JIH1:IecKHe ,Qe4>opMa ero 3JIeMeHTOB. KaK H mo6WI yn-
pyrOMaccOBWI CHCTeMa C pacnpe,neJIeHHhIMH napaMeTpaMH, OH o6JIa,Qa-
eT 6eClCoHe'IHO 60JIbInHM KOJIB'leCTBOM 'IaCTOT H COOTBeTCTByIDimiX HM
c}>OpM co6CTBeHHhIX KOJIe6amm (cI>CK). B CJIy<lae COBna,/J;eHHB O,WIOii: H3
HHX C 'IaCToToii: H3MeHeHIDI CHJIOBOrO c}>uTopa, BOCnpHHHMaeMOrO
KOpnyCOM ,l(BC, aMIIJIHT}',QhI ,Qec}>opManHH em KOHCTpYKItHH MorYT
,QOCTlITaTb 3Ha'leHHH, CYIneCTBeHHO BJIHBIOHX Ha ycnOBIDI pa60ThI
,nBHraTeJUI. OHH Mor)'T CTaTb npB'lHHoii: HapymeHHii: HOPM8JIbHOii: pa6o-
Thl MeX8.HH3MOB H CHCTeM ,QBmaTeJUI, BhI3hIBaTb ,QonOJIHBTeJIbHhIe Ha-
npB)I(eHIDI B ,QeTaJIBX ,l(BC, yseJIH'lHBaTh nOTepB Ha TpeHHe H B3HOChI
COnpBJKeHHhIX nOABIDKHhIX 3JIeMeHTOB ABC, YXy.nmaTb ero ypaBHoBe-
llieHHOCTb.
KOHCTpYKItHB Kopnyca TaKHM )I(e o6pa30M BJIIDIeT Ha BH6powcYCTB-
'IecDe XapaKTepBCTHD ABmaTeJUI.
llpB ,QOBe,QeHHhIX no aKYCTB'leCKHM nOK3.3aTelliIM cHCTeMax ra3006-
MeHa OCHOBHWI ,QOJUI H3JIy<laeMoii: ,QBllraTeJIeM 3B}'KOBOii: 3HeprBH npH-
xO.QHTCJI Ha CTJ'YKTypHhIii: myM, B03HHKaroIUHii B pe3YJIbTaTe ICOJIe68.HHii:
Hap}')I(HLIX nOBepxHOCTeii: Kopnyca ABBraTelIJI. Ka'lecTBeHHhle H ICOJIH'Ie-
CTBeHHhle nOK8.3aTeJIH CTpyKTypHoro myMa ,QBllraTelIJI onpe,QeJIBIOTCB
CO'leTaHBeM 'IaCTOTHO-3HepreTB'leCDX xapWCTepBCTBK CH1IOBhIX c}>aKTo-
POB H KOJIe6aTeJIbHhIX MeXaHOUYCTH'IeCKHX xapWCTepHCTHK KOHCTpyK-
IUIH Kopnyca. B 3TOii: CHTYanHH npHHnHIllIaJIbHO B03MO)I(HO B03,Qeii:-
CTBOBaTb Ha HHTeHCHBHOCTb KOJIe6aTeJIbHhIX npO:QeCCOB B KopnYCHhIX
3JIeMeHTax ,l(BC AB)'MB cnOC06aMH: B3MeHeHHeM 3HepreTH'IecICHX xapa-
KTepHCTHIC CBJIOBhIX c}>WCTOPOB, HX BhI3hIBaroHX; pa:QHOHaJIB3a:QHeii:
ynpyroMaccoBoii: KOJIe6aTeJIbHoii: CBCTeMhI Kopnya. HanH'lHe 60JIblliO-
216

ro 'lHCJIa CBJIOBLIX c}>ar:TOpOB, B036YX(JJ;alOX ICone6auBJI B CTJ>YXType
,lJ,BC (Bee DpoQecCLI II .n;IIHraTeJIe, CODpoBO)J()];8.IOIIlBecB coy.n;apeHIDIMB
Mexc.ny 3JIeMeHTaMB, ra30BhIe Harpy:neB Ha ):teTaJDI, c}>OpMBpYIOIIlHe
H"Y'rpIlltHJI.BII)];pOIlOe npOCTpaHCTBO, H T. .n;.) B 06na.u;alOlUBX CODOCTa-
DHMhIMB cneIITpaJIhHO-3HepreTH'IecICBMB Xapal:TepHCTBICaMB, .n;eJIaeT
npaICTH'lecKH 60JIee Qe.rrecoo6pa3HhIM BTOpoB Dyrb - B3MeHeHHe KOJIe-
6aTeJIbHbIX CBOBCTB KopnYCHbIX .n;eTarreB. 3To D03BOIDICT O)J.HOBpeMeH-
110 B03):teBCTBOBaTb Ha HHTeHCBBHOCTb BeeX BCTO'IHBKOB CTpynypHoro
mYMa )];BBraTeJIB.
Mero,z:u.I KOHCTpyKTBBHOrO yrrpaBJIeHIIJl 'laCTOTHLlMB Xap8JITepH-
CTHKaMH .n;eTarreii )];BC C l{eJIbIO cHIDlCeHBJI ero CTpYKTYPHoro m}"Ma
CBO,nBTCB B OCHOBHOM K l{eJIeHanpaBJIeHHOMY B3MeHeHBlO KOHCTpYIC-
QHB OT.n;eJIbHhlX 3JIeMeHTOB Kopnyca, HMelOIIUIX BhICOKHH ypoBeHb
KOJIe6aHHii:, c IteJIbIO OllTHMB381{BH BX ynpyroMaccoBhIX xapaJITepB-
CTHK nyTeM nepepacnpe.n;eJIeHBJI MeT8JIJIa B BBo.n;a B Hee JJ;onOJDIHTeJIb-
HbIX 3JIeMeHTOB. TIpeJ{IIO'lTeHlle npH :nOM JJ;OJDICHO OTJJ;aBaTbCB TeM H3
HBX, KOTophIe o6ecne'IHBaIOT OnTHMH3BaIVllO KOJIe6aTeJIbHhIX
CBOBCTB KopnYCHbIX .n;eraJIeB 6e3 yse.lIB'leHBJI BX ra6apHTOB, MaCChI
H CTOHMOCTB.
TIpB HCCJIeJJ;OBaHHB KOJIe6aTeJIbHhIX xapaICTepHCTBIC .Kopnyca HC-
nOJIb3yroTCB ABa MeTOJJ;a: 3KcnepUMeHmaAbHblU. u paemHbIU. Ha
CTaJJ;BH pa3pa60TKH B aKYCTK'leCKOB JJ;OBOJ{KB KOHCTpYKl{HB 60JIee
eJIeC006pa3HO HCnOJIb30BaHKe paC'ICTHOrO MeTOJJ;a, n03BOIDIIOII{erO
MHHBMH3HpOBaTb MaTepH8JIbHhle H BpeMeHuhIe 3aTpaTbI 3a C'IeT
3aMeHhl TPYJJ;oeMKBX H JJ;opOrOCTOBIl(BX HaTypHhlx BH6pOaICYCTH'IeC-
KBX HCCJIe.n;OB8.HKB KOHCTpYICTHBHbIX BapHaHTOB 'lHCJIeHHhlMH 3KC-
nepHMeHTaMH.
Ha DpaICTBKe npB paC'IeTHOM aHarrH3e KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIX BBJIeHBB
B KOpnyCHbIX 3JIeMeHTax )];BC HaBJIY'IIIIBe pe3YJIbTaTLI .n;aeT MeTO.n;
KOHe'IH0-3JIeMeHTHOrO MO):teJIBpOBaHBJI.
OcHOBHble DPIIHIVIDLI DOCTpOeHHB KOHe'lHO-3JIeMeHTHLIX MOJJ;eJIeB
(K3M) AJIB 3a.u;a'l BB6poaKYCTBICB CyII{eCTBeHHO OTJIH'l8.IOTCB OT BC-
nOJIb3yeMbIX DpB DpO'IHOCTHbIX paC'IeTax B CBO.n;KfCB K cJIeA)'lOlI{eM)':
1. IIpB pemeHBH 3a.n;a'l BCCJIe.n;OBaHHB ABHaMHKB .n;eTarreii )];BC
He06xo)];BMO }"IIITbIBaTb TO, '1TO DPB BCllOJIb30BaHHB K3M CYlUecTBeH-
"0 yseJIB'lBBaCTCB BpeMB paC'IeTa no cpaBHeHBlO CO CTaTHKOB. 3JJ;ecb
CJIe):tyeT '1eTKO COOTHOCIITb KOHe'IHbIe QeJIB HCCJIe.n;OBaHHJI C He06xo.n;B-
MOB TO'IHOCTbIO H Ka'lecTBOM Do.rry'laeMOB BHc}>OpMaQBH.
2. CTeneHb ABCKpeTH381{BH K3M JJ;eTaJIeB )];BC AJIJI HCCJIeJJ;OB8.HHJI
ax KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIX xapaICTepBCTBIC no cpaBHeHHIO co CTaTBICoH JJ;OJDICHa
6hlTb cyII{ecTBeHHo Memme, HO .n;OCTaTO'IHOB AJIJI DOJIy<leHBJI DepBbIX
10-15 MO.n; co6cTBeHHLIX KOJIe6aHBH.
3. C QeJIblO YMeHbmeHBJI BpeMeHH 'lHCJIeHHOrO 3ICCnepHMeHTa AJIB
no.n;p06Horo Bccne.n;OBaHBJI CBOBCTB OT.n;eJIbHLIX II>parMeHToB .n;eTaJIB
He06xoJ{HM0 C03JJ;8.BaTb '1aCTHble Mo.n;eJIH.
217

C yqeTOM paCCMOTpeHHhIX BhIllIe oco6eHHocTeii MOnenUpoBaHIDI
lCoJIe6aTenbHhIX Xap3.I(TepuCTmc 1C0pnyCHhIX neTaneii ,D;BC eneco06p83-
HO UCllOJIb30BaTb Mil paC'leTHbIX 3ICCnepuMeHTOB 0606eHHble K3M
,ZJ;eT8JIeii ,ZJ;BHraTenll.
OcHOBHall lI,ZJ;ell 0606eHHbIX K3M 38.1UI1O'IaeTCIl B CJIe,ZJ;YIOeM.
B CHJIY perynilpHOCTU ICOHCTPYH BHa'l8JIe eneco06p83Ha p83pa60T-
lCa 0606meHHOii K3M ceICItHH rUnOTeTU'leclCoro ,ZJ;BHraTeJI1l. 3aTeM OHa
TpaHCI}>OPMHPYeTCIl B 1C0HlCpeTH)'1O 1C0HCTPyIC1O C Heo6xo,ZJ;uMbIM ICO-
JIK'lecTBOM QHJIHH,ZJ;poB.
B lCa'leCTBe npuMepa HIDKe npHBe,ZJ;eM pe3YJIbTaTbI uccne,ZJ;oBaHUH
lCoJIe6aTeJIbHbIX xapanepuCTHlC V-06pa3Horo ,ZJ;H3eJI1l SlI 110/115.
B pe3YJIbTaTe paC'IeTOB no ,ZJ;aHHoii MO,ZJ;enu B ,ZJ;uan830He '1aCTOT
100...2500 r BbI1IBneHO 60nee 40 1}>0pM C06cTBeHHblX ICOne6aHuH. fu
CUCTeMaTH3aIDI n03BOIDIeT BbI.neJIHTb TpU OCHOBHbIX Tuna 1}>0pM c06-
a
z
Pile. 8.20. opMa C06CTBcHBLIX IOJIe6aBHii CHCTeMLI «6JIOI-nprep  IOJIeB'l&TLIA B8.JD)
,/UI3eJIII 811 110/115 H8. '1a"'7orax:
a -417 rQ; 6 -725 rIl
218

CTBeHHhIX KOJIe6aHHH 6JIOIC-KapTepa: KpY'leHHjJ B H3rB6a BeeH KOHCTPYK-
[(DB, a TalOlCe B3m6Hh1x Kone6aHHH ee OT)'J;eJIbHLIX 3JIeMeHTOB.
<I>opMbI c06CTBeHHbIX KOJIe6aHHii, COOTBeTCTByrolI{He ICoJIe6aHHSIM
BeeH KOHCTpyxuHH, 3aperHCTpHpOBaHbI B JJ;Hana30He '1acTOT 300...650 r.u.
ECJIH HH3IIIBe 4>opMbI COOTBeTCTByroT KpY1feHHIO B,nOJIb OCB KOJIeH-
qaTOrO Bana, TO AJIjJ <I>CK 60JIee BLICOKBX nOpJI,nKOB xapaICTepHo
KpY'leHHe OT,neJIbHbIX. PJI,nOB 6JIOKa D;HJIHH.Z1:pOB OTHOCHTeJIbHO BepTH-
KaJIbHOH OCH pJI,na.
qaCToTLI B3m6Hh1x KOJIe68.HBH Beeii CTpyKTYPbl 6JIOK-KapTepa
pacnOJIar8.lOTCg B JJ;HanB.30He 1000...1250 rD;. <I>OpMaM C06CTBeHHhIX
KOJIe6aHBii Ha HIDKHeii rpamm;e )'J;a.HHoro BHTepBana '1aCTOT COOTBeT-
CTByroT CHH4>a3Hh1e KOJIe6aHIDI PMOB 6JIOKa n;R/IBH.APOB. C yoeJIH'Ie-
HHeM '1aCTOTbi HMelOT MeCTO <I>CK C KOJIe6aHHJIMB pjJ.n;OB B npoTH-
Bo4>a3e.
Co6cTBeHHble KOJIe6aHHjJ oT.n;eJIbHblX 3JIeMeHTOB 6JIOK-KapTepa npa-
KTB'IeCKB OXBaThIB8.lOT Becb 3B}'KOBOH ,nBana30H. B HH3ICO'laCTOTHOH
06JIaCTH npe06JIa.n.aroT alCYCTJI1IecICH H3.H6oJIee alCTHBHble C1>CK MeM6-
paHHoro THna, cOBepmaeMhle HapyxrnbIMB naHeJIJIMII 6JIOKOB .uHJIBH)'J;-
pOB. C yoeJIll'leHHeM '1aCTOThI OTMe1faIOTCjJ C1>CK 60KOBLIX CTeHOIC
H pa3Bana, HMelOIn;He Y3JIOBhIe JIHHHH B MecTax coeJJ;HHeHBjJ CTemeH
C neperopo)'J;KaMB KOpeHHblX onop npB pa3JIH"'IHhIX 4>a30BLIX COOTHome-
HWIX no 1fepe.n;OBaHBlO ny<IHOCTeH. _ .
H3.H60JIbIIIBH npaICTB'IecKBii BHTepec npe)'J;CTaBJIjJJOT HB3KO'IaCTOT-
Hble <I>CK neperopo)'J;OK KopeHHbIX onop, KOTopLle MorYT SIBJIjJTbCjJ
IIpJl1lBHoii HapymeBWI HopManbHOB pa60TLI Y3JIOB nO)'J;IllHIIHHICOB KO-
peHHhIX OIIOp KOJIeB'IaTOrO Bana.
60JIee IIpB6JIBXCeHHbIMB K YCJIOBWIM pe8.JIbHoii pa60ThI B HraTeJIe
SIBJIJIIOTCjJ paC1feTHble BCCJIe.n;OBaHBjJ no OI1emee xapaICTepBCTBIC lCoJIe6a-
TeJIbHOH CBCTeMhl «6JIOK-KapTep - KOJIeH1faTLIH Ban».
Ha pBC. 8.20 - 8.22 npe.n;CTaBJIeHbl xapaICTepHble C1>CK CBCTeMbl
B JJ;Hana30He 1faCTOT 200...2500 r.u.
<I>opMhl co6CTBeHHhIX KOJIe6aHHii, COOTBeTCTByIOIn;He KOJIe6aHHJIM
KpY'leHIDI Beeii KOBCTpYKn;BB paccMaTpBBaeMoii CDCTeMbl, OTMe'leHbI
B JJ;Hana30Be 200.. .650 rD;. Y HB3mHX 4>OpM npeBanupYeT KpY'leHHe
B)'J;OJIb OCD KOJIeH'IaTOrO Bana, a AJIjJ <I>CK 60JIee BLlCOKoro IIOpJI,nKa
xapaICTepBo KpY'leHBe OT)'J;eJIbHbIX PMOB 6JIOKa H,IJ;pOB OTROCBTe-
JIbRO BepTBK8.JIbHOB OCD pJI,na.
C06cTBeHHble B3rn6HLle KOJIe6allWI BC,cH KOHCTpyKn;BB pacnOJIoxce-
RLI B .l{Bana30He 700...1000 rD;. 3.n:ecb DMelOT MeCTO C1>CK lCaIC C CBH4>a3-
HbIMB KOJIe6a.HWIMB pJI,nOB 6JIOKa -UBJIBH.n:fJ0B, TalC D C KOJIe6aaIDIMB
B npOTDBo4>a3e.
l1:3rB6HLle C1>CK OT)'J;eJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB 6JIOIC-KapTepa nO)'J;06HbI
KOJIe63.11IDIM MeM6paa, rpaHB-ULI KOTOpbIX apMBpOB3.IIhI neperopo)'J;Ka-
MB B npo,nOJIbHbIMH IIJIHTaMB. H3.H60JIee HHTeHCHBHble B3rD6Hb1e KOJIe-
6a.muJ: KOJIeH'IaTOrO Bana HMelO'I MecTO Ha 1faCTOTe 1048 r.u.
219

a
6
PRc. 8.21. <1IopMa Co6CTBeBHlolX IOJIe6aaHii
CUCTeMLI «6JIOI-IapTep - IOJIeB'laThlH BaJJ»
eJIJl 811110/115 11& '1aCToTax:
Q -733 rIt; 6 --970 r
a
Lh
tx
z
PRc. 8.22. <1IopMa c06CTBeHHlolX IOJIe6a-
BHii: CHCTeMhl «6JIOI-Uprep - IOJIeB'Ia-
TLJii: BaID) eJIJl81l11O/115 11& 'laCTOTe
1048 nt:
6
Q - B camy; 6 - B c60I}'
BLIlloJIHeHHhIH 8.HaJIH3 n03BOJUIeT npeWIO)KHTh ICOmc:peTHhIe ICOHCT-
pynHBHhIe pemeHHH, HanpaJmeHHhIe Ha CHH)KeHHe BH6poaxYCTH'IecICOH
aICTHBHOCTH 6nOIC-ICapTepa Hero OTAenbHhIX 3neMeHTOB. ()qeBa
Ileneco06p83HOCTh BBeAeHWI npOAonhHhIX pe6ep )I(eCTICOCTH Ha HapY)I(-
HbIX nOBepXHOCTJIX pa3BaJIa 6JIOIC-ICapTepa. 3Ha'IHTeJIhHhlii 3tlJ4>eICT MO-
)KeT AaTh CBH3ICa pOB InIJIHHJlpOB no TOPIl8.M 6JIoICa. )KeJIaTeJIbHO
nOBhIIlleHHe )I(ecTICOCTH 60ICOBbIX CTeHOIC ICapTepa B MecTe ero CTbIICOBICB
C Ma:CJUIHbIM nOMOHOM, 'ITO npaICTH'IecICB B03MO)I(HO npB HCllOJIh30Ba-
HHB CHCTeMbl, 06'heAHHHIOIIleH ICpLIIIIKH Bcex ICOpeHHbIX nO JTTHmm ICOB
HraTeJUI.

rJIABA 9
MEXAHH3M r A30P ACTIPE,l(EJIEHIDI
MeXaHH3M r8.30pacnpeJJ:eJIeHIDI (Mrp) COBpeMeH:80rO aoToTpanop-
Horo ,l!;BC JIBJUleTCjI O.n;HHM H3 KJIIO'IeBhIX ycrpoHCTB, 4>ym<:.qHOH8..JIbHOe
I18.3Ha'leHHe H KOHCTpyKqHjI KOToporo BO MHOrOM npe.n;onpe.n;eJUlIOT
reXHH'IeCICHH ypOBeHb H nOTpe6HTeJILCKHe CBOHCTBa lCalC CaMoro JJ:BHra-
reJUl, Tax H Bcero TpaHCnOpTHoro coCTaoa B eJIOM.
Eme B He.n;aoHeM npOmJIOM, 4>OpMyJIHPYjI Tpe60BaHIDI IC 4>y:HICItH-
OHaJILHLlM Ka'lecTBaM MrP, .n;OCTaTO'IHO 6LIJIO OTMeTHTL He06xo.n;H-
MOCTL 06ecne'leHIDI nOCTynJIeHHjI MaKCHMaJIbHOH MacCLI CBe)I(ero 3apjI-
.n:a B H1IHpLl JJ:BHraTeJIjI Ha OJJ:HOM H3 xapaKTepHLIx pe)JOlMOB ero
pa60TLI. MeXaHH3MLI ynpaoJIeHIDI npoeCCaMH r8.3006MeHa B COBpe-
MeHHLIX ,l!;BC BLIllOJIWlIOT 60JIee nmpOKHe 4>YHICD;HH H, B 'IaCTHOCTH, Bee
B 60JILmeH CTeneHH )"IaCTB}'IOT B CPOpMHpOB8HHH BHemHeH CKOpOCTHOH
x.apaxTepHCTHICH (onTHMH3au;IDI HanOJIHeHHg Ha HeCKOJILICHX pe)I(HMax
HJIB BO BeeM pa60'leM .n:uan3.30He 'IaCTOT BpameHHjI KOJIeH'laTOrO BaJIa)
H ynpaBJIeHHH HarpY30':IHLIMII pexmM8.MII erO pa60TLI (perYJIHpOBaHHe
MOmHOCTH JJ:BHraTeJIB). C1>y:HICItHH ynpaoJIeHHSl pa60TOH JJ:BHraTeJIB MrP
npH06peTaeT npH HCllOJIL30BaHHH B ero KOHCTpHH YCTpOHCTB ynpa-
BJIeHIDI 4>a38.M11 ra30pacnpe.n;eJIeHHjI H perYJIBpoBaHIDI BLICOTLI no.n:'LeMa
KJIanaHOB.
B cOBpeMeHHhIX 'IeTLIpeXTaKTHLIX JJ:BHraTeJUlX npHMeHmoT KJIanaH-
HLIe MeXa:aH3ML1 r8.3opacnpe.n:eJIeHWI, xapaICTepH3}'1OIQHeCjI npOCTOTOH
KOHCTpyKH, MaJIOH CTOHMOCTLIO H3rOTOBJIeHHjI H peMoHTa, XOpOillHM
ynJIOTHeHHeM KaMepLl CropaHIDI H Ha.n:e)I(HOCTblO B pa60Te.
9.1. KOHCfPYKTHBHbW 0.630P
B MrP COBpeMeHHLIX JJ:BHraTeJIeH HCll0J11....JYIOTCSl HClCJIIO'lHTeJILHO
MeXaHH3MbI C pacnOJIO)I(eHHeM KJIanaHOB B rOJIOBKe .qHJIBpoB (BepX-
HeKJIanaHHble MeXaHH3MLI). Mx KOHCTPYKTHBHoe MHoro06p3.3He onpe.n:e-
JIjIeTCJ.I CJIeIIUIMH OTJIH'lHTeJILHLIMH npH3HaK8.MII:
. KOJIB'IecTBOM KJIanaHOB Ha O.n:HH I\HJIHHJJ:P;
. CHCTeMOH pa3MemeHIDI KJIanaOOB B ronOBKe I{HJ1HpoB;
. cnoc060M npHBO,lJ;a KJIanaOOB;
221

. ICO.Jnl'leCTBOM B paCDOJIO>KeHBeM paCDpeeJIUTeJIbHhIX DaJIOB;
. ICOBCTp}'lC@eii DpBBOa paCnpeeJIBTeJIbHbIX BaJIOB;
. CDoc060M H ICOBCTpeii YCTpoiiCTB B3MeBeHUg 413.3 r3.30paCn-
pe,ZJ;eJIeHIDI U nO'LeMa lUIanaBOB.
TPR,l(BD;UOBHhIe BYXI(JIanaBHhIe ICOBCTpyICIJ;BB Mrp (PRC. 9.1) C 0)];-
BBM BnyCICBhlM R OHBM BbIDYCKBhIM lUIanaBaMB Ba I!BJIIIII,ZJ;p B co-
BpeMeBHbIX ICOHCTpyKI!IDIX JJ;BC npBMewnoTCg cpaBHBTeJIbBO pe,nxo.
KJIaDaBLI npu 3TOM pacnOJIararoTCg: BOJIb OCU rOJIOBICB I!BJIBH,ZJ;pOB
U Moryr JIU60 '1epeOBaTbCg (puc. 9.1, a), JIB60 paCnOJIaraTbCg nonapHo
(PHC. 9.1, 6); O,ZJ;BOHMeBBhIe lCJIanaHhI MOryT TaIOKe BaxO,lUlTbCg B OT-
eJIbBhIX PAAax OTHOCHTeJIbBO OCB 6JIOICa (PHC. 9.1, 8). ITpH BLI60pe
CXCMhI p8.3MCmCHH1I KJIIlII8.lI0D D paC'IeT npUHHMWOTC1I CJIClQ'IOIIDIC
npaICTH'lecICHe C006p8.>KeBWI:
. B03MO>KBOe HCICJIIO'IeBHe 30B rOJIOBICB I!HJIBH,ZJ;poB C ICOBTPaCT-
HhlMH TeMTIepaTypaMH (30HhI 1 H 1 Ha pHC_ 9_1,6, B);
. ynpomeHHe TexnOJIOrnu H3rOTODJIeHHJI raJIODm 3a C'IeT 06beu-
HeHWI ICaB3JI0B O,W{OHMeHBhIX CUCTeM ra3006MeBa.
B cOBpeMeBHhIX ,nBUraTellilX Hau60JIbmee pacnpOCTpaHeHBe no.ny'IB-
JIB Tpex- B '1eThIpeXICJIanaBBhIe MeXaBH3MhI (puc. 9.2, a, 6). Ha BeICOTO-
pbIX MoemIX BaXOjJT npBMeHeHBe IDITHICJIanaBBhIe (puc. 9.2, 8) H B no-
pAAKe 3ICCnepBMeHTa @upMa <<Maserati») - meCTBlUIanaBHhIe. YBeJIU-
'1eBHe '1HCJIa lCJIanaBOB O '1eThIpeX Ha I!BJI.HH.l{p n03BOllileT nOBLICBTb
cyMMapH)'IO llJIOIUR,l(b npOXO,ZJ;BbIX Ce'leHBB rOpJIOBUB, YMeBbmBTb ra-
6apuTbI H Macey lCJIanaBOB U 3JIeMeHTOB BX npBBoa, '1TO cnoc06CTBYeT
CHB>KeBHIO BBep:QBOBHhIX BarpY30IC Ba ;D;eT3JIU MeXaHB3Ma r3.30pacn-
peeJIeHIDI. PaCnOJImKeHBe lCJIanaBOB B rOJIOBKe BHraTeJIjJ npe,l1CTaB-
JIeHO Ba puc. 9.3. CrreeT 3aMeTBTb, '1TO )'BeJIB'IeBUe KOJIB'IecTBa
a
6
6
PRc. 9.1. PacnOJIOJl:eHHe yx IJIanaHOB 11& OARB QllJIIIBJij) OTHOCHTeJI&HO npooJI&HoA OCR
6JIOU QllJIIIBJij)OB:
Q - BII)'CIHIoIC B BIoIII}'CIHIMC IJIIIDBmol "ICpC.l1}'IOTCJI; 6 - TO KC. pacnOJIOKcm.z nonapHo; II - ,l/BYXPJl,/\-
HOC p8CnOJIOKCBIIC KJI&DasOB
222

a
6
6
PRc. 9.2. PacnonO:ll:eBHe IJIaDaBOB MBOJ"OIJIaIUUlBLlX MeXaHH3MOB OmOCHTeJI&HO opo-
OJI&BOil: OCR 6JIoII:a QHJIIIJI.aPOB:
a - '1eT101pe EJJaIlIIJIB; 6 - TPB UBIIIIBa; . - mrn. UBIIIIBOB
KJIanaHOB Ha HH.np BhIIIIe '1eTbIpex npH p8.3MeIQeHHH eHTpOB OTBep-
CTHH rOpJIOBHH Ha OKpyxcnOCTH, KOHeHTpH'lHoii nepHMeTpY HJIHpa
(pHC. 9.2, 8), He Bcer,n:a COnpOBO)K,ll;aeTCJI pOCTOM fr.r (KaK npaBHJIO,
fEr npH :nOM 3aMeTHO CHIDKaeTCJI).
IIpH B..mOpe KOHCTpyKIUIH npHBo,n:a ICJIanaHOB npH npo'lHX paBHhIX
YCJIOBIDIX npe):{nO'ITeHHe OT):{aeTCJI TeM H3 HHX, ICOTopbIe HMelOT
, ,
.... ..\.. ,,::

 '.
,. ,:
a
6
6
PRe. 9.3. PacnonO:ll:eBHe IJIaDaBOB MBOrO IJIanIlRR yexaHll3MOB B rOJIOBKe .l(llJIHB,lij>a:
a - '1cnq>e InallABa sa ItBJIHH,l1P; 6. . - Iln& UBIIIIBOB BA ItI!JIBII,!UJ
223

MHHHM3JIbHYIO Macey ,nB1DICXCJI 3JIeMeHTOB
npH MaICCHM3JIbHOR HX XecTICOCTH.
B ,nBYXlCJIanaHHLIX MeXaHH3Max HCnOJIb3Y-
IOTCJiI 1C0HCTpHH npHBO,lJ;a C HIDICHHM (cpe,lJ;-
HUM) H BepXHHM pacnOJIO)f(eHHeM pacnpe,lJ;eJIH-
TeJILHhIX BanOB. HH)lCHHe pacnpe,lJ;eJIHTeJILHLle
B3.JILI YCTaHaBJIHBalOTCJI B ICapTepe HJIH B Pa.3-
Bane 6JIOICa nHJIHHpoB V -06pa3HLIX ,nBUraTe-
JIeR. npHBO,lJ; lCJIanaHOB npH HH)I(IIeM H cpe,lJ;-
HeM pacnOJIO)f(eHHH pacnpe,lJ;eJIHTeJILHOrO BaJIa
BEJIIO'IaeT B ce6J1 ICYJIa'lOIC 4, TOJIICaTeJIL 3,
IllTaHrY 2 H 1C0pOMLICJIO 1 (PHC. 9.4). TaIC8JI
ICOHCTpJI HMeeT 6oJILmyro COBOICYIIHYIO
Macey nO,lJ;BIDKHLIX 3JIeMeHTOB npH ManOR HX
)f(eCTICOCTH, BCJIe,lJ;CTBHe '1ero npHMeIDIeTCJI HC-
EJIIO'lHTeJILHO B ,lJ;BC C HOMUHa.m.HOR '1aCTO-
TOR Bp&neHHJI: MeHee 4000 MUH- I . HUXCHHR
pacnpe,lJ;eJIHTeJIbHLrli Ban '1aIne BCero npHBO-
1- KopoMWC1JO; 2- mraBI'&; ,WITCJI BO BpeHHe Henocpe,nCTBeHHO OT ICO-
3- TOJUaTeJIb; 4- K)'na'Uo- JICH'IaTOrO BaJIa C nOMO1O Ha60pa ICOC03Y-
m.dt BU 6LIX mCCTepeH (puc. 9.5, a, 6). llpH 60JIbIDOM
pacCTOJIHHH Me)f()J;)' neHTpaMH pacnpe,lJ;eJIH-
TeJILHOrO H ICOJIeH'IaTOrO BanOB )J;.JIJI npHBO,lJ;a HCnOJIb3YeTCJI nenH8JI
nepe,na'la (PHC. 9.5,6').
BepxHHe pacnpe,lJ;eJIHTCJILHLIe BaJILI- D)J;HH (pHC. 9.6) HJIH ,lJ;Ba (PHC.
9.7) pa.3Mew;alOTCJl Ha rOJIOBICC 6JIOICa nH.JIHH,Z:tpoB. npHBO,lJ; lCJIanaHOB
ocyw;eCTBJIJleTCJl npH :nOM O)J;HHM H3 CJIe,lJ;}'IOW;HX cnoco60B:
. npH pacnOJIO>KeHHH lCJIanaHOB B O,lJ;HH PM - JIH60 Henocpe,lJ;CT-
BeHHO OT ICYJIa'iICOB pacnpe,lJ;eJIHTeJILHOrO Bana '1epe3 HanpaBmuow;HR
CTaICaH (puc. 9.6, 6), JIu60 '1epe3 ICOpOMLICJIa (puc. 9.6, a);
. npH ,lJ;BYX H Tpex ICJIanaHax Ha O,lJ;HH nHJIHH.D;p, pacnOJIO>KeHHLIX
B ,lJ;BYX pMax: 1) B CJIY'Iae O)J;Horo pacnpe,lJ;eJIHTeJILHOrO Bana - '1epe3
I
2
3
4
PRc. 9.4. IIpHBo IJIanaHOB
npH BJmBeM KJIH cpeeM
pacnOJlOeBHH pacnpe-
JIHTeJILBoro BaJIa:
a
2
2
4
3
6
6
PRe. 9.S. IIpHBo mmBBX pacnpeeJIHTeJI&BLIX BaJIOB e nOMolO:
a - 3y6uTOii DlLpW; 6 - OPOMeayTO'mWX mecrepeH, «- QeUBoii DepeIl&'IB; 1- IoncH'I&TWI B&JI;
2- K)'n&'lIoBhlIIl&J1; 3- npoMCK)"TO'IBU IUCCTcpHI; 4- nCIIh
224

2
a
6
6
z
iJ
PRc. 9.6. IIpHBo IJIanaaOB o-
HHM pacnpe.aeJIHTeJI&HLIM BaJIOM:
a, 6 - npB O)Ul0PJIJ1BOM p8CnOJIOJf:e-
HBB IJI3DaHOB; /I - i) - npB IUl)'xp.llk
HOM p8CnonOJf:cmm IJIanaHOB; 1-
m)1pOJl:OMDcscarop; 2- HllIIpaBJllI-
roIItBii CTaJl:8.B
KOpOMbICJIa (pHC. 9.6,6, Z, 0); 2) npH ABYX pacnpe.l(eJIHTeJILHbIX BaJIaX-
Henocpe,IJ,CTBeBBO OT KYJIa'IKOB ':Iepe3 BaDpaBlliIIOmHe CT8.K8.BhI (pIiC. 9.7,
6), JIH60 C nOMOIW>1O phl'larOB (PIiC. 9.7, a);
. B ':IeTblpeXKJIaDaHHbIX MeX8.HH3MaX, r,IJ,e BCer,Aa HCllOJIb3YIOTCJI.ABa
pacnpe,AeJIIITeJIbHhIX BMa, - Benocpe.n.cTBeBHo OT KY JIa'IKOB ':Iepe3 Ba-
npaBJIJIIOIUHe CTaICaHbI (pIlC.- 9.7, 6) H./III ':Iepe3 KOpOMbICJIa;
225

a
,
, ..::::::

B
6

-'1!&
1 -
-
 =
r
PRc. 9.7. IIpHBo IJIaDaROB )'MJ1 pacopeeJIHTeJI&BLlMH BaHaMH:
a - C IIpHBO.I\OM IJIaII8HOB '1CPC3 pbI'lar; 6 - z - C uenocpc.!lCTIlCHB&IM IIpHllO.I\OM IJIan8HOB
. npH nSITH lCJIanaHax Ha OAHH nRJIlIH,lJ;p H ABYX paCnpeAeJIHTeJILHhIX
Ba.JIaX - HenOCpeACTBeHHO OT KYJIaYOB Qepe3 Hanpaomnoe CTaK8.Hhl
(PHC. 9.7, z);
. B cny'lae npHMeHeHHJI B KOHCTPYKIVIH MrP CHCTeM yrrpaoJIeHIDl
3aKOHaMH nOJ{beMa KJIanaHOB nOCJIeAHHe B 60JILlliHHCTBe CJIY'IaeB HMe-
lOT IillAHBHAYa.JILHhIH npHBOA.
BepXHHe paCnpeAeJIHTeJILHhle Ba.JIhl, KaK npaBHJlO, npHBO,nJITCJI n;e-
llblO (PHC. 9.8, a) HJIH 3y6'1aThIM peMHeM (PHC. 9.8, 6). K AOCTOHHCTBaM
n;enHoH rrepeAaQH CJIeAYeT OTHecTH:
. B03MO>KHOCTb nepeAa'IH Bpam;eHHJI npB 60JILlliHX Me>Kn;eHTpOBLIX
paCCTOmIBJIX KOJIeH'laThlX H pacnpeAeJIHTeJILHhIXBa.JIOB;
. cpaoHHTeJIbHO HeBhlCOKyIO IIIyMHOCTL pa6oThl;
. npoCTOTY KOHCTpyxn;BH;
. B03MO>KHOCTb CHIDKeHHJI MaCChI npHBOAa.
B npaKTH'leCKHX KOHcrpylCWIJIX ,D;BC HCrrOJIL3yIOTCJI 3y6'1aThle
B BTYJIO'IHO-poJIHKOBLIe AByxpJI,AHhle n;ellH. IIoCJIeAllBe nOJI}"IHJIH npe-
226

7
1
6
9
/2
6
5
PRc. 9.8. IIpHBo K BepXIIHM pacopeeJIHreJI&BLiM BaJIaM:
a - C nOMOIItbIO I1CIIH; 6 - c nOMOIItbIO 3y6'1aTOrO peMHJI; 1- 311C3,QO'iJ:a pacnpC.l1C.JmTeJ]LBOrO Bana;
]- I1COb; 3- ycnOXOBTeJIb xOJIe6amdi I1CIIH; 4- 311C3,QO'iXa npBBO,Qa MaCJIJIBOrO Hacoca; 5- 3SC3,QO'l-
Ka XOJICH'laToro sana; 6- 68lliMBJ: HaTJIJI[HT I1CIIH; 7- HaTJDl:BTCJIb I1CIIH; 8- UImS XOJICIPraTOrO
sana; 9---lIIKBs OCI"lIoro mcoca; 10-- HaTJlJll:HoJ:i poJIBJ:; 11- 1IIII:BB pacnpe.QeJIHTCnbBoro sana;
12- 3y6'1aTLIi peMCHb
HM}'IUeCTBeHHoe paCnpOCTpaHeHHe BCJIe,nCTBHe MeHbIneH HX CTOHMOCTH.
OCHOBHbIMH He,nOCTaTKaMH uellHOrO npHBO,na RBIDIIOTCH BH6paUIDI Ue-
IIH IIPH nYJIbCHpylOIUHX HarpY3Kax, a TaJOKe H3HOC H BbITJDKKa UenH
B npouecce 3KCIIJIyaTauHH. n03TOM}' ,nIDI uenHbIX npHBo,nOB 06H3aTeJIb-
HbIMH RBJUIIOTCH HaTH)l(HbIe YCTpOHCTBa H ycnoKOHTeJIH KOJIe6aHlm UenH
(JIeHHKCbI).
Ha COBpeMeHHbIX 6bICTPOXO.nHbIX ,nBHraTe.illIX lliHpOKoe paClIpOCT-
paHeHHe nOJI}"IHJIH nepe,na'lH, B KOTOpbIX BMeCTO uenH HCnOJIb3YeTCH
3y6'1aTl.rli peMeHb, H3rOTOBJIeHHbIii H3 CHHTeTH'IeCKHX MaTepHaJIOB co
CTeKJIOHHTHHbIM HJIH npoBOJIO'lHbIM KOp,nOM. npHBO,n C 3y6'1aTbIM peM-
HeM He Tpe6yeT CMa3KH H OTJIH'IaeTCJI ,nOCTaTO':IHOH ,nOJIrOBe'IHOCTblO,
YCTOH'lHBOCTblO perYJIHpOBOK, HeBbICOKOH CTOHMOCTbIO, HH3KHM ypOB-
HeM rnYMa. OT cxo,na C .QHJIHH,npH'IecKHX 3y6'1aTbIX IllKHBOB, BKJIIO'Ia.g
H BaTIDKHOH pOJIHK, OB npe,noxpaHHeTCJI 6YPTHK3.MH.
227

9.2. CHCTEMbI YIIPABJIEHHB A3AMH
rA30PACllPEEJlEHHB II 3AKOHAMH
nO'LEMA KJIAIIAHA
TpHD;HOHHhIe ICOHcrpyICIJ;HH MrP o6ecne'IHB8JIH pa60TY ,nBHra-
TemI C nOCTOIIHHhIMH a3aMH r3.30pacnpe,neJIeHIDI H BeJIH'IIIIIaMH no,n"b-
eMa lCJIan3.HOB Ha Bcex CICOpOCTHLIX peXCHMax pa60ThI ,nBHraTeJUI. 3To
npe,nonpe,nemmo no.nyqeHHe BhICOICHX 3HaqeHHii ICpyrllrnero MOMeHTa
B orpauH'leHHoii 4JHlCCHpOB3.HHOii 06JIaCTH lfaCTOT BpaIl{eHIDI ICOJIeH-
qaTOrO BaJIa.
COBpeMeHHhIe ,lJ;BC, KaIC npaBHJIo, OCHarnalOTCII cneQHaJIbHLIMH
ycrpoiiCTBaMH perYJIHpOBaHHJI $a3 r3.3opacnpe,neJIeHIDI H BhICOThI
no,nDeMa lCJIall3.HOB. 3TH CHCTeMhl nOJIY'faIOT ICOMaH,nhI OT 3JIeKTpOHHO-
ro 6JIoICa ynpaBJIeHHII (36Y) ABHraTeJIeM, HaCTpaHBaeMoro Ha nOJIyqe-
HHe )l(eJIaeMbIX xapaICTepHCTHK )J;BHraTeJIJI H BocnpOH3BO,w.lInerO Heo6-
xo,nHMhIe AillI 3Toro KOMaH,lJ;HhIe B03,neiiCTBIDI Ha HX HCnOJIHHTeJIbHbIe
MeXaHH3Mhl.
llpHllHaJIbHO TaIClle CHCTeMhl MOryT 6hITb HCnOJIb30B3.HhI B TpeX
4JYHICQHOHaJIbHbIX BapHaHTax: AillI pezYAup08a1luR TOJIbICO ifja3 za30pacn-
pedeAellUR; ,nJllI ynpasAeliuR HCKJIIO'lHTeJIbHO 8blcomoil nodbeMa KAana-
1108; AillI Od1l08peMe1l1l0Z0 peZYAup08ll11UR U ifja3 za30pacnpedeAellUR,
U 8eAU'lWlbl nOdbeMa KAanll1l08.
HCTOPHqecICH nepBLIMH Ha .[I,BC MaCCOBbIX 8.BTOM06HJIeii 6hIJIH
npHMeHeHhI KOHCTpyKTHBHO HaH6oJIee. npoCThIe MeXaHH3Mhl cmynell-
'lamOZO peZYAup08a1lWl 4Ja3 BnycICHbIX ICJIallaHOB. Ha pHC. 9.9 npHBe,neHO
O,lUlO H3 TaICHX ycrpoiiCTB, KOTOpoe ocyrneCTBJIlleT TpaHc4>opMRnHlO 413.3
r3.30pacnpe,neJIeHIDI B ABYX 4JHKcHpoBaHHbIX BapHaHT8X 3a C'IeT nOBopo-
Ta ICYJIa'lICOBOro BaJIa.
llOBOpoT BaJIa ocyrneCTBJllIeTCII C nOMOInbIO BHHTOBOii naphl BHYT-
peHHero 3RnellJICHHII, CBJI3bIBalOrneii Be.nyrnyro 3Be3,nO'IKY 2 C BaJIOM 6.
OrHOCHTeJIbHoe yrJIOBOe nOJIO)l(eHHe BaJIa H3MeHlleTCII npH CMerneHHH
Be,noMoii meCTepHH 3 no llIJIHnaM 9 ICYJIa'IKOBOro BaJIa B l'e3YJIbTaTe
B03,neHCTBIDI Ha Hee YCHJIIDI B03BpaTHoii npY)I(HHbI 4 H ,naBJIeHIDI lCap-
TepHoro MaCJIa, no,n8.BaeMOrO no K3.HaJIy 7 B nOJIOCTb 10. Ynp8.BJIeHHe
YCTpoiiCTBOM peaJIH3YeTCII no ICOM3.H,naM H3 36Y, nocrynarornHM Ha
HCnOJIHHTeJIbHbIii COJIeHO 12, OCYInecTBJIJIIOInHii nepeCTaHOBKY llJIYH-
)l(epa 13.
MWluMaAblioMY nepeKpblmwo KAanll1l08 (cOJIeHO «BTSIByr») COOT-
BeTCTByeT KpaHHee JIeBoe nOJIO)l(eHHe ynpaBJllIIOrnCrO llJIYIDlCepa 13.
llpH 3TOM .ApeHa)ICHOe oTBepCTHe 11 OTKpblTO H MRCJIO, nOCTynarornee
B Y3eJI perYJIHpoBICH 413.3 H3 CHCTCMhl CMR3ICH ABHraTenll no CBepJIeHHIO
7, BhI6paCbIBaeTCII qepe3 Hero B nOJIOCTb 4JJIaHna 14 H 3aTeM y,naJIJIeTCII
B lCapTep. Be,noMall mecTepHJI 3 npyx<HHoii 4 nepeCTaBIDIeTCII B KpaiiHee
JIeBoe nOJIox<eHHe, OCYIneCTBJIJIJI npH 3TOM Heo6xo,nHMoe yrJIOBoe CMe-
II.{eHHe BaJIa OTHOCHTenbHO Be.nyrneii 3Be3,nO'IKH.
228

M aKCUMaAbHOMY nepeKpblmWO KAanOJl08 COOTBeTCTBYeT KpaBHee
np8.BOe nOJIO)l(eHHe Be.n;OMOH mecTepHH 3. IIpH :nOM COJIeHO MaK-
CHMaJIbHO (<BhI)I;BHHyn), ynpaBJUIIOII(HH nnyH)I(ep 13 nepeMeIl{aerCjI
onp8.BO .n;o nOJIHoro nepeKpbITIDI .n;peH8.)I(HOrO OTBepCTHjI 11. B pe3YJIb-
TaTe .n;8.BJIeHHe MaCJIa 6y.n;eT B03.n;eiiCTBOBaTb Ha Be.n;oMylO mecTepHlo
3 H, npeo.n;OJIeBaJI YCHJIHe npY)I(HHbI 4, nepeCT8.BHT ee no BH)'TpeHHHM
CUHpanLHLIM IUJIHQ8.M Bana B KpaHHee npaBoe nOJIO)l(eHHe. B HTore
npoH3o.ii.n;eT nOBopOT KYJIa'lKOBOrO BaJIa, 06ecne'lHB8I01I{HH M8.lCCH-
MaJIbHhIi yrOJI onepe)l(eHHjI OnpbITH}J BnyCICHLIX ICJIanaHOB.
CylI{eCTBeHHO 60JILillHe B03MO)J(HOCTH 4>OpMHpoBaHH}J Xap8.ICTepH-
CTHK .n;BHI"aTemI 06ecne'lHB8IOT CHCTeMLI 6eccmyneH'lamOZO (Henpepbl8-
HOZO) peZYAup080J1UR 4>8.3 BnYCKHbIX ICJIanaHOB. T8.lCHe YCTpoiiCTBa B P8.3-
JIH'lHOM KOHCTpYKTHBHOM HCnOJIHeHHH mHpoICO HCUOJIL3yIOTC}J MHOrH-
MH 4>HPMaMH.
Ha pHC. 9.10 npHBe.n;eHa cxeM8 rpOMeXaHH"'IeCKOrO perymITopa
HenpepbIBHoro H3MeHeHIDI 4>8.3 ra30pacnpe.n;eJIeHHjI BnyclCHLIX ICJIana-
HOB. Pacnpe.n;eJIHTeJILHhIi Ban 1, ynP8.BmIIOII(HB pa60ToB BbIII)'CKHbIX
KJIanaHOB, npHBO.n;HTc}J OT ICOJIeH'laTOrO Bana .lI;ByxpAAHoii pOJIHKOBOii
QeIThIO. 3aTeM BpalI{eHHe OT Hero C nOMOIl{L1O 3aMICHYToii QenHoii
nepe.n;a'IH 2 nepe.n;aeTCjI Ha 3Be3.n;0'IICY 3 npHBo.n;a Bana ynpaBJIeHHjI
onYCICHLIMH ICJIanaH8.MH. C6eralOIl{3.jI H Ha6er8lOII{aJI BeTBH 3aMICHyroii
QeUH «paCUHpaIOTC}J) iIepeHaCTpaHBaeMbIM rlf,Qp8.B:JIH"'IeCICHM HaTJDICH-
TeJIeM 4, nepeMelI{aIOlI{HMc}J B HenO.lI;BIDKHOii Hanp8.BmIIOlI{eii 5. B pe-
3YJIbTaTe H3MeWIeTCjI OTHOCHTeJILHoe yrJIOBOe nOJIO)l(eHHe BnycKHoro
H BbIIIYcKHoro KYJIa'lKOBbIX BaJIOB.
ABanom'IHbIMH 4>yHIC.QHOHanLHhIMH B03MO)J(HOCTJIMH 06JIa.n;aeT
rH)I;pOMeXaHH"'IeCKajI CHCTeMa H3MeHeHHjI B3aHMHOrO yrJIOBOrO nOJIO)l(e-
HIDI BanOB npHBo.n;a BnycKHbIX H BbIIIYCKHbIX ICJIanaHOB, npHBe.n;eHHaJI Ha
pHC. 9.11. HCnOJIHHTeJILHLIii MeXaHH3M CHCTeMLI pacnOJIO)l(eH Ha Koune
onycKHoro pacnpe.n;eJIHTeJIbHOrO Bana, npHBo.n;HMoro OT 3Be3.n;O'IICH
Ha BbIUYCKHOM pacnpe.n;eJIHTeJIbHOM BaJIY. POTOp 3 C JIOnaTIC8.MH
38.ICpeWIeH HenO.lI;BIDKHO Ha KYJIa'IICOBOM Barry 4, a KopnyC 6JIOKa
6 - Ha 3Be3.n;0'lKe npHBo.n;a 5. IIo ynpaBJIgI()Il{eM)' CHI"Hany OT 36Y
.n;BHFaTemI M8CJIO H3 CHCTeMLI CM8.31CH .n;BHI"aTemI no ICaHaJI8.M B pac-
npe.n;eJIHTeJILHOM Barry no.n;aerc}J B npOCTpaHCTBO Mey JIOnaCT}JMH
pOTopa H KopnycoM 6. IIo.n; .n;8.BJIeHHeM M8CJIa, B03.n;eiicTByIOIQero
Ha JIOnaCTH pOTopa, npoHcxo.n;HT nOBopoT pacnpe.n;eJIHTeJIbHOrO BaJIa
Ha Be.lIH'lHHY, 3aHHyIO perymrropoM, IJOCJIe 'lero BaJI 4>HKCHPYeTC}J
rH)I;poynp8.BJI}JeMLIM CTOnOpHLIM naJILQeM 2 0 nOCTynneHHJJ o'lepe.n;-
HOB ICOM3.H.D:bI OT perYmITOpa.
MeXaHH3ML1 8.BTOHOMHOrO perYJIHpOBaHH}J BbICOThI no.n;"LeMa KJIana-
HOB B np8.ICTHICe .lI;BHraTeJIeCTpoeHIDI np8.ICTH'leclCH He HCnOJIb3yIOTC}J,
O.n;HaKO B HaCTOJIIl{ee BpeM}J Bce 60JIbmee pacnpOCTpaHeHHe nony'IaIOT
CHCTeMhI, KOMIIJIeKCHO perYJIHpYIOe 4>8.3bl r8.30pacnpe.n;eJIeHIDI H BbI-
COT}' nO.ZJ;DeMa ICJIanaHOB.
229

12 1314
1 2
3 4 5
6
11
10
9
8
7
a
BMT 15
BMT 15
17
16
HMT
6
HMT
6

H8.H6oJIee 113BeCrHaJi H3 HHX - CUCTeMa Valvetronic (PHC. 9.12),
peaJIH3}'1OID:a.JI H3MeHeHHe rl>3.3 H BLICOTY nO,lJ;'LeMa BnYCKIIhIX KJIa-
naHOB.
Be KOHCTp CocrOHT H3 pacnpe)J;eJIHTeJIbHOrO 1 II ,lJ;OnOJIHHTeJIb-
Horo 4 BaJIOB C 3Kcn:eHTpHICOM 5, pacnOJIo)J(eHHhIX B rOJIOBKe n:HJIHH)J;-
pOB. B 33.BHCHMOCTH OT nOJIO)J(eHIDI 3Kcn:eH"TpHICa 5 npoMe)J(yrO'IHLIH
pbI'lar 3 II BnycKHoH KYJIa'lOK 2:
. He OTKphIBaIOT KJIan3.HLI (PHC. 9.12, a);
. 06ecne'IHBaIOT MaKCHMaJIbH}'IO BhlCOTY nO,l{beMa KJIan3.HOB H HX
OnTHMaJILlIhIe rl>3.3LI (puc. 9.12, 6);
. 06ecne'IHBaIOT npOMe)J(yrO'IHLIe 3Ha'leHHJI rl>3.3 II BhlCOT}' nO,lJ;'LeMa
KJIanaHOB, KaK :no nOK3.33.HO Ha pliC. 9.12,6.
npyxama 6 o6ecne'lHBaeT nOCTOJIHH}'IO KHHeMaTII'IecK}'IO CBJI3L
Me)I(,lJ;Y poJIHKOM 7 npoMe>KyTO'IHOrO pbI'lara 3, pbI'larOM 9, KYJIa'lKOM
2 II 3Kcn:eHTpHICOM 5. 3Kcn:eH"TpIiK H3MeIDIeT CBoe nOJIO)J(eHHe no,lJ;
J.\eHCTBueM marOBoro 3JIeK"TpO,lJ;BHraTeJIJI, KOTOphlii ynp3.BJIJleTCJI OT-
.D.eJIbHLIM KOMIILIOTepOM no,lJ; ICQHTpoJIeM 36Y ,lJ;BHraTemI. KOMllLlOTep
nOJI)''1aeT ICOM8.H,lJ;LI OT 3JIeKTpoHHoro «aKceJIepaTopa», nOJIO)J(eHHe ICO-
roporo 3a.n;aeTCJI BO,lJ;UTeJIeM. ,lJ;pOCceJIbHaJI 3aCJIOHICa OTcyrcrByeT H Ha-
IIOJIHeHHe IIHJIHII,lJ;pOB CBe)I(HM 3apJI,UOM perYJIHpYeTcJI BeJIH'lBHOH no,lJ;'L-
eMa ICJIan3..Ha.
):{oCTaTO'lHO ,lJ;aBHO (c 1983 r.) HCnOJIb3yerCJI Kopomo ce6J1 3ape-
KOMeH,lJ;OBaBmaJl zuiJpO.MeXaHUileCKaR cucme.Ma ynpa6AeHUR ifja3a.MU
U 6blcomou nOObe.Ma KAanaH06 (PHC. 9.13). KOHCTp}'ICTHBHble ee oco-
6eHHOCTH: '1eTLIpe lCJIan3..Ha Ha D;HJIHH,lJ;P; WIJI npHBO,lJ;a ,lJ;Byx BIIyCK-
HhIX. lCJIanaHOB (7 H 8) HCnOJIb3yroTCJI TPH lCopoMhlCJIa (1, 2, 3) H "TpH
KYJIa'IKa (4, 5, 6), ICIDIC,l{hlH H3 KOTOphIX. o6ecne'IHBaeT nO,lJ;'LeM KJIana-
Ha Ha pa3JI1f'1HY1O BhlCOTY. H8.H6oJILwyro BhlCOT}' nO,l{LeMa lCJIanaHa
(100%) o6ecne'lHBaeT ICYJIa'lolC 5; KYJIa'lOIC 4 - 75% H KYJIa'lOIC
6-5%.
KopoMhIcJIa 1 II 3 KOHTaKTIIPYIOT COOTBeTCTBeHHO C ICYJIa'IKaMH
6 H 4 H BnYCKHhIMH KJIan3.HaMH 8 H 7. KopoMhICJIa IIMelOT rH,ZJ;p3.BJIH'Iec-
KHe 1C3..HaJILI 10 H 12, B ICOTOphlX nepeMeID;alOTCJI nopIllHH-6noKHpaTopLI
9 II 11. KYJIa'lOK 5 KOHTaKTIIPYeT TOJIbKO C ICOpOMhICJIOM 2, KOTopoe
Henocpe,lJ;CTBeHHO C ICJIan3..HaMH He CBJI33.HO.
PRc. 9.9. MeXaHH3M CTyIIeB'laTOrO peryJIHPOBaIIHJ1 yrJIa onepeJI:eHHJi OTKpLITHJi BnyCKHLIX
IJIaDaHOB:
a - o6 BB,A; 6 - MBIIHM8JILBOC DcpeKpLITBC I.JJaDBHOB; II - MUCBM8.JILBOC DCpCItpLITHe InaDa-
UOB; 1- po.JIIROB8JI :QCDb IIpBBO.I\a K)'Jla'lJ[OBOro B&JJIL; 2- BCIUI :J1IC3,!I0'ID DpBBO,Qa K)'JIa'll:OBOrO
Bana; 3- BC.I\OM8JI mecrepHII; 4-- BO:JBpamlUl Dp)'JEHlla; j- ODOpa K)'JIa'll:OBOrO B8.J1a; 6- K)'JIa'l-
J[oBhII Ban; 7 - DB8JI DO,QaO.l\& Macna m CBCTeMbI 04830 ,QaBraTeJIJl; 8-- KaHan DO.QBO,Qa MacJ1a;
9- Brym:a K)'Jla'll:oBOro B8.J1a C aapy:w;BbIMB DpllMoyrOJlloHbIMl!l IIIJIBQ8.MB; 11- JJPCB&JIBOC OTBCp-
cmc; 12- BCDOJIHHTCJ1h11bIii COJlCBOB,l:\; 1 J- ynpaBJWO DJJyBJI<ep; 14- 4mBHCQ; 1 j- DcpeKpLITBC
IJI8DBHOB; 16-- DpO.I\OJDDlTCJI&BOCTh 4»83LI BhIII)'CD; 17- DpO.I\OJDmTCJJbBOCTb 4»a:n.J: BDyCIa
231

I 2
6
PRc. 9.10. nllV>OMexaBH'lecKU CHCTeMa BeDpepLIBBoro perYJIHPOBaHHJI 41aJ raJopacope-
e.neBHJI BnyCIBhIX IJIaDaROJl (opllllQBlDl8JI&HaJ[ cXeMa):
a - MUCIIM&JI&BOC DepeEphl'l1lC DanaHOB; 6 - NJIIIBM&JIWIOC DepeEphITBC I.J1aD8HOB; J- KYna-.-
IolIhIii Ban BwnyCItIIhIX I.J1aD8HOB; 2- poJDD:OIIIUI QeIllo 1lp1lBO.QB BnycmOro p&Cnpe.lleJlJn"CJlWloro
sana; 3- 3Be3,!\OUa BDyaBOro eJIIITeJ]bBOro B&JIa; 4--  «IIBUIIITCDIo»; 5-
BAIlpIlBJJJllOIq1IJI BBTJIKIITeJIa
Ha HH3KHX 'lacToTax BpeHIDI KOneH'laTOrO Bana nopmHH-6nOKR-
paTOphI paCnOnaraIOTCJI TaK, 'lTO KopOMhIcna 1 R 3 pa60TaIOT He3a-
BRCHMO .n;pyr OT .n;pyra (PRC. 9.13, a). TIpR 3TOM KJIanaH 8 nO.n;HHMaeT-
CJI Ha He3Ha'lHTeJIbHYW BhICOTY (npR6JIB3RTeJIbHO 50/0 OT MaKCHM8..JIb-
HOH BhICOTbI ero no.n;"beMa), a KJIanaH 7 - Ha BhICOTY, paBH)'lO npR-
6JIH3RTeJIbHO 75% OT MaICCHM8..JIbHOH._ TIpR cpe,l];HHX. 'lacroTax Bpame-
HIDI KOneH'laTOrO Bana KOpOMblcna 1 R 3 6noKRPYWTCJI nopm-
HeM 9 (PRC. 9.13, 6) R 06a KnanaHa ynpaBmuoTCJI KYna'lXOM 4 (PRC.
9.13, 6), nO.n;HHM8JlCb Ha O,IJ;HHaKOBhIe BhICOTbl (-75% OT hDLmu.).
Ha BhICOKHX 060pOTax KOneH'laTOrO Bana (PRC. 9.13, 8) .n;onOJIHH-
TeJIbHO 6nOIrnPYWTCJI nopmHeM 11 KopoMblcna 1 H 2. B 3TOM cny-
'lae Bee TPR KOpOMhICna npe.n;craBmuoT C060H e.n;HHblH 6nOK R KJIa-
naHbI 7 H 8 ynpaBnJIIOTCJI Kyna'lXOM 5, 'leM o6ecne'lHBaerCJI HX
no.n;'LeM Ha MaICCHMaJILHYIO BLICOTY. Ha pHC. 9.13, z, () npe.n;craBJIe-
RbI 33lCOHLI .n;BIDKeHHJI KJIanaHOB npH pa3JIB'lHLIX peJKHMax pa60TbI
,l{BHraTeillI.
llepecnmoBKa nopmHeH-6noKHpaTopoB B cooTBeTcrBHH C -rpe60Ba-
HIDlMH peXCHMa pa60TLl )];BC OCyecrBJIJIeTCJI 3a cqeT .n;aBneHHJI Macna,
232

I
2
J
4
6 5
a
@ tQ)
6 6
PRc. 9.11. :6JIOI CHCTeMLI BenpephIBHoro peryJIHpOBaJJHJl 4JaJ BnyCIHLIX IJIanaHOB:
a - o611tBi IIBJI; 6 - paBBCC onp1ilTBe Bnyc:DlOro DaDe&; II - n03.IIBee 0Tq>1iITBe BnyCDIoro
umDaB&; ]- IpIoUIIKB 6J1oJ:&; 2- cronopm.W lW1eq; 3- poTOp C JlODBCTIMB; 4- BIlyaHoii pac-
npe.llCJIBTCJ1&BbIB Ban; J- 3Be3'ID npBBO.IIB Bana 4; 6-- J:opnyc 6J10J:B
nepepacnpeeIDIeMoro no lCaHaJI8M 10 H 123JIeKTj>OHHO ynpaBJIJJeMhIM
30JIOTHHKOM.
AHaJIOrH'IHhIMH YHOHaJIbHhIMH B03MO:JKHOCTJIMH o6JI8.,lJ;aeT zud-
pOMeXaHUileCKaJl cucmeMa npusoda enYCKHblX KAanaH08 C «3anuplllOUJUM»
eaAOM, OT.JIH1IaroaJlCJJ TeM, 'ITO Ha BepXHeH llJIOCICOCTH KOpoMbIceJI
npHBoa BnyCKHhIX lCJIan8HOB 4 (PHC. 9.14, a) YCT8HaBJIHBae-rCJJ CynnOpT
2, pOJIHK lCoToporo CBJJ38H C pacnpeeJIHTeJILHhIM 1 H onOJIHHTeJ1bHhIM
(<3a.IIHpaIOHM» BaJIOM 3. TIOJIO)KeHHe CynnOVTa, YCT8HaBJIHBaeMoe
rH,L:q>aBJIB"'IeCICOH CHCTeMoii: no KOM8.H,lJ;e 3JIeKTpOHHOrO «aICceJIepaTopa»,
onpeeJ1JJeT CTeneHL ero B3aHMOeHCTBHJJ C Ka<.dM H3ICYJIa'IICOB 1 H 3.
.n;OCTOHHCTBOM aHHoii: CHCTeMhI JJBJIJJeTCJJ B03MO:JKH0CTh H3MeHJITb BbI-
coT)' nO,/{LeMa ICJIanaHa 6eccmyneHilamo.
Bee paccMoTpeHHbIe BLlIIIe CHCTeMhI ynpaBJIeHHJJ nap8.MeTpaMH
pa60ThI CHCTeM r8.3006M:eHa 06JI8.,lJ;aIOT B 60JILmeii: HJIH MeHLmeH CTe-
neHH orp8.HH'IeHHbIMH rl>YHOHanHblMH B03MO)KHOCTJJMH, He n03-
233

1
3
2
a
6
BnyCKHolt kJlanaH
hkJI ,MM
8
6
4
2

o
60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 S40 600 660 q>0
6
PRe. 9.12. CHCTeMa H3MeBeBHJ1 BLlCOTbI nO.l{LeMa BnyCKIILIX IJIanaaOB VaIvetronic no yrny
nOBopoTa IOneH'laTOTO BaJIa:
Q - KJIJlDaHhI 3HpI.rl"bl; 6 - EJ18D1IBIiI nOJIBOCThIO Onphl'IDI; II - npoM'IBhIC 3U-.CHIIJI 
II JICJIB'IBII nO,!\'bCMa IJI8.IJIUIOB; 1- Bnycmoii pllClJpC.l\CJnITCJIhIIhIii INLJI; 2- IYna-.oJ: BnycmOro
EJ18DaBa; J- npoMCKYTO'lBblil phl'l8r; 4- 3I[CQCB'lpHJ:OBhII Ban; 5- 3J:CI1CB1pHJ:; 6- npymma; 7-
poJIBI[ npoM9yTO'IBOrO phl'l&ra; 8-- IIJK>4>wmpoBIIBBhIii nO)lllIl1llD:: phI'IB.I'a 3; 9--- poJJBIOBLIii
JIhI'IIIr npllBO,!Ia BIIycIBOro JrnaiI8.Ha; 10-- BlIycIBoii J:J1anaB; 11- rBl\POJ:OMIICBC8TOP
PRc. 9.13. IIpHBO BnyCIDlLlX IJIaDaROB TH,lij]OMeXaHH'IecIoH CHCTeMLI:
Q - BB]][BC -.acro'IDI ap8JIJ.CBIUI J:OJICB'laroro Bana; 6 - cpe,tlBBc -omCJ'O'IDI BCBWI J:onCB'lRToro
sana; II - Bhlcomc 'lllCTO'IDI CBWI J:OJIeB'Iaroro sana; z - BCJIiI'IHBhI OTE})J,ITIIK BnyCIBhIX
EJ18DaBOB; iJ - 3U:OBbI I13MCBCHIIJI nOW>CMa Bnyt:mhIX DammOB no yrny nOBOpOTa J:onCB'lRToro
sana; 1- J:OPOMbIeJIO, J:0BTan"l!PYlODJ;ce C J:J1anaBOM 8 II KyJ1a-,,:oM 6; 2--J:opoMhIeJIO, EOBTU-
TllpytoIll;cc ronuo C IYna-,,:oM 5; 3-J:OPOMbICflO, EOBTUmpylODJ;cc C KyJ1a-":OM <I II l[J]aIIaBOM 7;
9 II 11 - 6nompaTopt.IEopoMhlcen; 10 II 12 - m;qJaBJIll'lC:CO:c IauaJIhl 6nOmplLropoB; 13- IYna-.-
J:oBLIii INLJI

JL vi
cP

I / -
01  """'" '
o ..,... ;:::i
/\ 1  
(  .,.;J ,_.,
 '
o .
........'
\;I=' (fJ
 I\'\' 'I
-
l..
a (
A-
-z::-
o 00 1'04- '-" 0
m
00
<=>
IJ;
t-
o
.e-
-z:: -
;00jJ;
-I]; 
t-
o
.e-
-z:: -
;mI;
t-
1];
t-
o
.&

hKJI,MM
10
8
6
4
2
0 720<1'
270 360 450 540 630
6
5
hKJI,MM
10
8
6
4
2
0 720.p°
270 360 450 540 630
z
5
PRc. 9.14. rll,llpoMeXaHH'IeCIaJI CHCTeMa 6ecCTyneB'laTOrO peryJIHPOBaIIHJ1 4Ja3 Ta3Opacn-
peeBHJl BUY IJIaDaBOB:
a, 6 - MBBJiIMaJ1hHoe OTEpblmc BnycnlOI'O IJIB.IIIIB&; /I, Z - MUDlMBJlhBoe onpwme BnycnlOro
UBnaHa; 1- Bnycnloii pBCDpCJ\eJIJrTCJIhIIWii B8JI; 1- cynnopr c po.mo:OM; J- «38IIBpIUO B&JJ;
4-- J:OpoMblCIIO npBBOlIa BDyCnIbIX J:JJBIIBBOB; j- Bnycnlol J:JJBIIBB
B01lll1OH OnTHMH3HpOBaTb ynpaBJIeHHe )UlHTaTeJIeM Ha BceX B03-
MO)J(HblX peXCHMax ero pa60TbI. 3Toro He.nOCTaTKa JIHllIeHa CHCTeMa
3.1leKmpOMeXaHeCKOZO npU800a KmmaH08 (3MIIK), o6ecne'IHBa-
IOIUaJI B03MOxmOCTb 1IH.nHBH,/:{Ja.m.HO ,WllI K3JIC,lJ;0rO KJIanaHa H3MeHJITb
BLICOTY nOJrbeMa H pery.rrupOBKY 8.3 ero OTKpblTWI H 3aKpLlTWI. IIpH
- npHMeHeHHH 3MIIK OTna,naeT He06xoJUlMOCTJ. B KYJIalJKOBIdX Banax,
.npocceJIbHLIX 3aCJIOIlKaX, HX. npHBO.nax, 'ITO 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO CHIDKaeT
Macey )UlHTaTeIDI. 06IUHe nOTepH Ha TpeHHe B CHCTeMe r8.3opacn-
pe.neJIeHIDI cOKpaIUaIOTC)! Ha 90%. BMecTe C TeM YCJIo)J(WleTcH CHCTe-
Ma ynp8.BJIeHHJI KJIanaHaMH. K )')ICe CYIUeCTByIOIUeMY 3JIeKTpOHHOMY
6JIOKY ynpaBJIeHIDI )UlHTaTeJIeM AOnOJIHHTeJThHO BBO,lJ,HTCR 3JIen-
pOHHJ.IH 6JIOK ynp8.BJIeHHR KJIanaHaMH (3EYK). OcHOBHbIM 3JIeMeH-
TOM, B 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH Mepe JIHMHTHpylOIUHM TeXHH'IecKHe xapaKTepH-
CTHEH CHCTeMLI, HBJI.JleTCH 3JIenpoMexaHH'lecKoe YCTPOHCTBO ynP8.B-
JIeHHH KnanaHOM (PRC. 9.15).
236

,D;BIDKeHHeM KJIanaaa ynpaBJISllOT
.n;Ba 3JIeICTpoMamHTa (3 H 6), ocym;ecr-
BJUIIOIIUle ero nepecTaHoBKY no 1C0MaH-
.n;e 3EYK. IIpH BbIlCJIlO'IeHHhIX 3JIeICT-
pOMarHHTax )];Be BCTpe'IHO .n;eBCTBY-
IOHe npyxmHhl (2 H 8) C H,.n;eHTH'I-
HhIMH xaparrepHCTHlCaMH yep)I(HBa-
lOT BICOph 4 B HeBTpaJIhHOM nOJIO)l(e-
IIHH (B QeHTpe B03.n;yIIIHOro 3a30pa 5).
TBrOBhIe Xap3.ICTepHCTHICH 3JIe1CTpoMa-
I.HHTOB BeChMa HeJIHHeBHhI (3JIeICTpO-
MarHHTHaB CHJIa, C038.BaeMaJI O.n;HOB
KaT}'IIIICOB, yueJIH'lHBaeTCB 06paTHo
npOnOPQHOHaJIhHO ICBa.n;paTY paCCTOB-
HIDI OT mcOpB o lCaTymIOI). II03TOM)'
"JJIeICTpOMarHHTHhIX CBJI MO)l(eT He
XBaTHTh .n;IDI OCTH)I(ellIDl He06xo.n;H-
MOB CICOpocTH nepeCTaaoBICH ICJIanaHa.
.lJ.IDI YClCOpeHIDI 3Toro npoQecca Hcno-
JIh3yIOTCB lCoJIe6aTeJIhHhle JIBJIeHIDI
B ynpyroMaccoBoB CHCTeMe ICJIanaH -
HlCOph - npY)I(HHhI. IIpH cHHcl>a3HoM
nepeICJIlO'IeHHH 3JIeIITpoMarHHToB ne-
peMeHHhIe 3JIeICTpOMarHHTHhIe CHJIhI
BhI3hIBaIOT pe30HaacHhIe lCoJIe6aTeJIh-
HhIe npoQecchI, conpoBoxc..n;aIOlIVlecB
HapacTaHHeM 8.MIIJIHTY.n;hl lCoJIe6aHHB
HlCOpB H ICJIanaaa. IIpH 3TOM mcOph
B MOMeHT noa'IH ynp8.BJISllOero CHI"-
HaJIa Ha 06MOTKY cooTBerCTBYIOero
MarHHTa 6yeT HaxO.n;HThCB B 30He
60JIhDIHX BeJIH'lHH MarHHTHhIX CBJI
H 3acl>mccHpyercB Ha HeM .n;o no.ny'le-
HIDI O'lepe.n;HOB 1C0MhI OT 6JIoICa
ynp8.BJIeHIDI. IIO'lTH BCB 3HeprIDI, 3a-
rpa'IHBaeMaJI Ha nepeMeeHHe KJIana-
Ha, H3.IC8.IIJ1HBaeTCB B npyxmHax. 3JIelC-
TpoMarHHTLI 3 H 6 OCym;ecTBIDIIOT cl>H-
KCaQllIO mcOpB B BepXHeM nOJIO)l(eHHH
(ICJIanaH 33.ICphIT) HJIH B HIDKHeM nOJIO)I(emm (KJIanaH nOJIHOCTblO
OTlCphIT), a T8lOKe COBMeCTHO C npY)I(HHaMH ynp8.BIDIIOT 3aICOHOM H3Me-
HeHHB ero no.n;'heMa.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
PRe. 9.15. HenOJlHBTeJI&Hoe YCTpOH-
CTBO 3JIeKTpOMeXaHH'IeCKOrO opHBD-
AA IJIallmOB 3MIIK:
1 -.QaT'DlJ[ UOJlOICHWI nITOO oamma;
2 - nr pmBa mTOO IJIaDIUI B BOpJl;
3 - BepXHBi 3JICJ:TpOMarnllT; 4 - Bopb
nITOD ImIIIasa; 5 - BO"J,!\YllIIIbIii 3a3Op;
6 - JIB"" mIit 3JICJ:1J>OMarmrr; 7 - mroJ:
oanasa; 8 - npymma IJIaDlIHa; 9 -
ImlIlIUI
237

9.3. 3JIEMEHTbI MEXAHH3MA
r A30P ACIIPE}.J;EJlEHlUI
PacnpeeJIHTem.llLle BaJILI. 11.3roTOBJUIIOTCJI JIH60 H3 MalIOyrJIepO-
,roICThIX (I5X, 20X, 15H2M, 12XH3A), JIH60 H3 cpe,mIeyrJIepO,WICThIX
(40,45, 45X) cmaAeU. 3aroToBKY pacnpeAeJIHTeJIbHOrO BalIa nOJIyqalOT
KOBKOH B mt3.MIIax C nOCJIeAYIOeH MeXaHHqeCKOH 06pa60TICoH onop-
HhIX meeK H KYJIa'UCOB no KonHpy. KJI TepMOXHMHqeCKOH 06pa60T-
KH - n;eMeHTaI{IDI MlI MalIoyrJIepO,WICThIX CTaJIeii H nOBepXHOCTHaJI
3aKaJIl(a TBq AIDI cpeAHeymepO,rolCThIX CTaJIeH Ha r.rry6HH)' 2...6 MM AO
TBepAOCTH HRC 50...60. 3aTeM onopHhle 3JIeMeHTbI BaJIa (KYJIaqKH
H meHKH) mJIH$YIOTCJI H nOJIHpyIOTClI.
KOJIHqecTBO onopHhIX meeK Bhl6HpaeTCJI H3 YCJIOBHlI 06ecneqeHWI
AOCTaTO'IIIOH H3m6HOH >KecTKOCTH npOJIeTOB BalIa H 06hI'IH0 paBHO
KOJIHqeCTBY KOpeHBhIX onop KOJIeHQaTOrO BalIa. Opu Hu:JfCHeM pacno-
AO:JfCeHUU pacnpe()e.llUmeAbHOZO 8a.ll.a nOAillHllHHKH onopHhIX meeK BhI-
nOJIIDIIOTCJI B BH));e 6HMeTaJIJIHQeCKHX BT}'JIOK (c 3alIHBKOH CllJIaBOM
cac 6-6 HJIH H3 aJllOMHHHeBOrO CnJIaBa), 3anpeccoBhIBaeMhIX B Kaprep
HJIH 6JIOK. .D;JIlI 06J1erQeHWI MOHTa>Ka pacnpeAeJIHTeJIbHhIX BaJIOB ,WIa-
MeTphl onopHhIX meeK YMeHbmaIOTClI no MHHe BalIa OT nepe,mIero ero
KOHn;a. Opu pa3MeHUU pacnpe()eAumeAbHOZO 8a.ll.a 8 ZOA08Ke IlU.II.UH()p08
HCnOJIb3YIOTCJI p8.3"LeMHhle nOJnIlHllHHKH, pOJIb KOTOphIX 06hI'IH0 BbIllO-
JlIDIIOT 3JIeMeHThI onopHhIX CToeK, ecJIH OHK H3rOTOBJIeHbl H3 alIIOMHHH-
eBoro CllJIaBa. B QyrYHHble CTOHKH YCT3.HaBJIHBaIOT BICJJ ,W>nTTJI C aHTH-
I!>PHKn;HOHHOH 3alIHBKOH. MacJIo nOA AaBJIeHHeM nOAaeTClI K nOAillHn-
HHKaM IIIDKHHX pacnpeAeJIHTeJIbHhIX BalIOB no K3.HalIaM B neperopOAKax
KapTepa; K nOAIllHIIHHKaM BepxHHX BalIOB - Qepe3 BHYTpeHHIOIO no-
JIOCTb BalIa H CHCTeMY nonepe'IIIhIX CBepJIeHHH B ero onopHhIX meHKax
H KYJIa'IKax. B oceBOM HanpaBJIeHHH pacnpeAeJIHTeJIbHbIH BalI I!>HKCHPY-
eTClI CTaJIbHbIM HJIH 6pOH30BbIM ynopHblM I!>JI3.Hn;eM 1 (pHC. 9.16, a).
Heo6xo,WIMbIH oceBOH 38.30p o6eCne'IHBaeTClI AHCT8.HII;HOHHOH maii60H
2. B pe TpaKTOplihIX ABHraTeJIeH BaJI I!>HKCHPYeTClI C OJJ:HOH CTOpOHbl
6YPTHICOM nOAIllHllBHKa 4 (pHC. 9.16, 6), a C APyroH - perYJIHpoBOQ-
HblM 60JITOM 3. BMecTO 60JITa MO>KeT 6h1Tb YCTaHOBJIeH npY)l(}fHHbIH
ynop, o6ecne'IHBalOHii nOCTOJIHHOe nOJIO>KeHHe pacnpeAeJIBTeJIbHOrO
Ba.rra B oceBOM HanpaBJIeHHH. TIpH p8.3"LeMHbIX nO.lUIlHllHHKax BepXHHe
B3..JIbI I!>HKCHpyroTCJI 6YPTHKaMH 5, OllHpaIOHMHClI Ha TOPI!hl CToeK
(pHC. 9.16, 8).
KJJ:anaHLI (pHC. 9.17). TIOABepraIOTclI B03AeHCTBHIO n;HKJIlI'IeCKH Me-
IDIIOIn;HXClI BhlCOKHX HHTeHCHBHhIX MeX3.HHQecKHx H TenJIOBhIX HarpY30K.
Cpe,mIJilI 3a n;HKJI TeMllepaTypa rOJIOBKH BnyCICHOro KJIanaiIa Ha H8.H60-
JIee HanpIDKeHHhIX pC)KHMax pa60ThI ,Z:(BC AOCTHraeT 300.. .420 °C. .D;IDI
HX H3rOTOBJIeHHJI HCnOJIb3YIOTClI CT8.JIH 38XC, 40XH, 50XH,
238

a
PRc. 9.16. <1IHKcaIlHJl pacopeeJIHTeJI&BOrO BaJIa OT OceBIolX nepeMcweBHH:
a - 6poH30BbIM ynopHhIM ctm3HCM; 6 - 6yprmOM OOAWHlIJDI][a B pcrylIBpoBO'IHhIM 6oJITOM; /I -
6ypTBUMB; 1- ynopHoe ][ono; 2- AIICTaHIJ;BOHHU: BTYnn; 3- pcrylIBpoBO'lHlilii: BHHT; 4-- nOA-
IIIIIIIHB][OI!lUl BTYJII[B; 5- ynopHhIit 6yp-rm
40XH2MA, 40X9C2, 40XlOC2M. CpeHjilI TeMIIepaTypa roJIOBKH BhI-
UYCKHhIX KJIaIIaHOB B ,ABHraTe.illlX C HCKpOBhIM 3a)IQITaHHeM MO)I(eT
JJ:OCTHraTb 800...850°C (500...600°C B ,l(H3eJUlX).
B CBR3H C 3TKM BblIIYCKHbIe KJIaIIaHbI BbIIIOlIHRIOT H3 )I(apOIIpO'i-
HbIX H KOpp03KOHHO-CTOHKHX CIIJIaBOB: 30X13H7C2, 45X14H14B2M,
45X22H4M3, 3D 322, 55X20r9AH4. ,l:(.illI IIOBhImeHlUI OJITOBe'i-
HOCTK K K3HOCOCTOBKOCTK Ha pa6o'i}'lO nOBepXHOCTb rOJIOBKK KJIa-
IIaHa (PHC. 9.17, z) H Topen; CTep)f(HR (PKC. 9.17, 6) HaHOCJIT CnJIaBhI
3D 869 (CTeJIJIHT), B3K, X20H80 (HKXpOM). llHoTJJ:a Ha 3aTbIJIOK
CTep)f(HR HeBaJOT KOJIIIa'iOK, BbIIIOJIHeHHbIB K3 3THX xe ClIJIaBOB (PHC.
9.17, a). Bo MHomx c.II}"I8JIX .illI CHIDKeHIIR CTOKMOCTH KOHCTPYKn:u:K
KJIaIIaHa H3 xapoCToHKoro MaTepHaJIa BbIllOIIHmoT TOJIbKO ero rOJIOB-
ICY, a CTepxeHb - H3 CTaJDI 40XH C nOCJIeyrolI(eH cBapKoH BCTbIK.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CPOpMbI rOJIOBKH KJIaIIaHbI nopa3eJIRIOT Ha
nAOCKue (PHC. 9.17, a, z), 8blnYKAble (PHC. 9.17, P) K mKJAbnaH006pa3Hbie
(pKC. 9.17, 8).
IIAOCKUU (TapeIIb'iaTIilli) KJIaIIaH OTJIK'iaeTCjI" cpaBHlITeJIbHO 60JIb-
mOB TOJIII(HHOH rOJIOBKH, MaJIbIM P8.,l(HYCOM nepexoa OT CTep)f(HR
IC rOJIOBKe H nJIOCKHM TOpn;OM rOJIOBKK. rOJIOBKK T8.KOH cpopMbI HaH6o-
JIee IIpOCTbl IIPH K3rOTOBJIeHIIH, BCJIeCTBHe 'iero IIOJI}"IHJIH IIpeHMyIIJ,e-
CTBeHHoe IIpHMeHeHHe.
BblnYKAaR cpopMa rOJIOBKH Xap8.KTepHa .lXIDI BbIllYCKHhIX KJIanaHOB.
IIpK 3TOM YJIY'IIIIaeTCR 06TeK8.HHe lCJIaIIaHa co CTOpOHhI n:u:JDlH,lJ;pa npH
239

CTenmn
1
dOT
'0 di
/ .6 . d.
(1<1> 6
a 6
2
PHC. 9.17. KJIanaBLI HraTeJIei:
a. Z - [lJ]OCEBC; 6 - BhIII)'XJIhIC; /I - noJIbDIUlOO6p&3H1olC; ]- crODOpHOC J[OJIhIlO; 2- HBlIpaBIDI-
IOJIVUI-BTyJml
BhIDYCKe OTpa60T8.BmHX ra30B, nOBLIIllaerCJI >KecTICOCTb rOnOBlCH, HO
ysenH'lHBaIOTCJI ee Macea H TennoBocnpJmM1DlBOCTL.
C 6oZHymou HJIH mKJAbnQ11006pa3HOU cl>OpMOH rOnOBKH BLIllOnHJIIOT
BnyclCHhle lUIanaHhI, CHlDICaIOIItHe rH,Ap8.BnH'leClCHe nOTepH npH nOCTyn-
neHHH CBe>KerO 3apJIJJ;a B I1HJIHH.D;p. Macea lUIanaHa npH 3TOM CHH>K8.er-
CJI, HO TalOI(e yseJIH'lBBaIOTCSI TennOBocnpHHM'mBOCTb rOnOBKH H TpY-
.D;OeMICOCTb ee H3rOTOBneHHSI.
IIepexo.D; OT CTep>KIDI K rOnOBKe lUIanaHa BLIllOnIDIerCSI 60JIbllIHM
P8..D;HYCOM, yseJIH'lBBaroHM >KecTICOCTb rOnOBICH H npe.D;OTBparoIItHM
Kop06neHHe cl>aclCH npH HarpeBe lUIanaHa. O.D;HOBpeMeHHO yMeHbmaIOT-
CSI rH,Ap8.BJIH'IeclCHe nOTepH npH 06TeKaHHH lUIan8.Ha CBe>KHM 3apAAOM
npH HanOJIHeHHH IJ;HJIHH.D;pa. ronOBICH, KaK np8.BHJIO, HMelOT IJ;HJIIIHJ{-
pH'lecKHH nOJICOK BhlCOTOH OKono 2 MM, KOTopbIi n03BOIDIer COXP8.HHTb
OCHOBHOH pa3Mep lUIanaHa d.. npH peMOHTHOH nepenmHcI>oBKe ynnOT-
HJIIOeH cl>aclCH, yseJIH'lHBaer )l(eCTKOCTb ronOBICH H npe.D;OXp8.HJIeT
KpOMICB. cl>aCKH OT 06rOp8.HHB. Yron cl>acKH IXcjt .D;IDI BLIIIYCICHbIX lUIammOB
COCT8.BJISIer 45°, a .D;IDI BnyClCHhIX -30 H 45°. Yron cl>aclCH, p8.BHhIH 30°,
06eCne'IHBaeT 6oJIbmyIO no cp8.BHeHHIO C cx4>=45° BeJIH'lHHY nnoa.D;H
npOXO.D;HOrO Ce'leHHSI lCJIan8.HHOH rneJIH npH OAHHaICOBOH BhlCOTe no.D;'b-
eMa ManaHa, HO npH 3TOM B03paCTae-r ypOBeHb rH.n:paBJIH'IecICH.X no-
Tepb H yse.lIH'lHBaeTCB repMH'leCKaJI HarpyxreHHoCTb ynnOTHJIIOeH
KpoMICB.. Yron cl>acICH. rOnOBICH. KJIanaHa BLIllOnWIeTCJI Ha 0,5...1 ° MeHb-
me yrJIa cl>aclCH ce.n:na. 3TO 06eCne'lHBaeT KOHT8J(T Me>K.ll:Y lUIan8.HOM
240

B CeJIOM no HapyxmoH KpOMKe f}>acKH B rapaHTBpYeT 6h1CTPYIO npBpa-
60TKY KJIan3.Ha K ceAJIY. Co CTOpOHhI CTep)I(IDI rOJIOBKe KJIaIIaHa IIpa-
eTCB KOHli'lecKaB f}>opMa (CM. pBC. 9.17, a). YroJI IIPH OCHOBaHHH KOHyca
(y cpaclCH) COCTaBIDIeT 12...15°, '1TO 06eCIIe'IHBae-r HaBJIY'lIIme YCJIOBHB
06TeKaHHB 3apMOM IIpH HaIIOJIHeHHH .o;BJIlffi,lJ;pa. ,[(lliI BbIDYCKHoro
KJIaIIaHa 3TOT yrOJI 6JIH)I(e K 20...25°, '1TO cIIoco6CTByeT JIY'lIIIeMY
TeIDIooTBoy OT ero rOJIOBICH. aMeTp cTepxmB  OIIpeellileTCB BeJIH-
'lHHOH TeIDIOIIOTOKOB, KOTophle He06xoHMO OTBOHTb '1epe3 CTep)I(eHb
OT rOJIOBICH KJIaIIaHa IDI IIOMep)I(aHHB ero HOpMaJIbHOrO TeIIJIOBOrO
COCTOSIHIDI, a TaIOKe, B pe.wc:ux CJIY'IaBX, KorDa 60KOBhle YCHJIWI, B03-
HHKalOHe IIPB OTKpbJBaHHH KJIanaHa, BocnpHHHMaeT CTep)I(eHb. no
:nOH npB'llfHe CTep)J(eHb BhlIIYCKHoro KJIanaHa, KaK npaBBJIO, HMeeT
60JIbIIIHH HaMeTp, '1eM CTep)I(eHb BIIYCKHoro. ,[(JIHHa KJIaIIaHa MO)I(eT
BapbHpOBaTbCB B IIIHpOKHX npeeJIax H OIIpeeillIeTCB B OCHOBHOM
He06xo,WIMOH AJIHHOH HaIIp3.BIDIIOeH BTYJIKH Hero IIpY)I(HHHOrO y:ma.
<I>opMa BhlTO'IKH no cyxapHKH B BepxaeH '1aCTH cTepxmB 3aBHCHT OT
KOHCTPYK.o;HH YCTPOHCTB CPHKCa.QHH TapeJIKH IIPY)I(HH KJIanaHa. 06h1'IH0
BhlCOTa ee paBHa ,WIaMeTpy CTep)I(IDI KJIaIIaHa.
OnpeeJ1moI.o;HM napaMeTpOM Mrp SIBJIBeTCB ,WIaMeTp rOpJIOBHHhI
BIIYCKHoro KJIaIIaHa d" (pBC. 9.18, 6). KOHCTpYKTHBHhle pa3Mephl OCHOB-
HbIX 3JIeMeHTOB KJIaIIaHHOro MexaHH3Ma IIPH ero npoeKTBpoBaHHH
onpeDeIDIlOTcB KaK '1aCTb d r CJIeDyIOIIUlMH CTamCTH'IecICHMH COOTHOIlle-
HIDIMH (CM. pHC. 9.17):
. illI BnycKHoro KJIaIIaHa d.d", d,.=(I,12...1,16)d" H =(O,16...
O,25)d,,;
. lliI BbIDYCKHOro KJIaII3.Ha d.=(O,76...0,9)d,,; d,.=(O,79...0,92)d r
H =(O,22...0,3)d,,;
. 1=(2,5...3,5)d r ; a=(O,08...0,12)ci; b=(0,05...0,12)dr; r c =(O,25...
O,35)d r AJIB DJIOCKHX H BbIDyKJIbIX rOJIOBOK KJIaII3.Ha; r c =O,54d r AJIB
TIOJIbII3.HOo6p8.3HbIX.
Bo H36e>KaHHe 3aKJIBHHBaHHB KJIaIIaHa B HaIIp3.BJImoeH BTYJIKe IIPH
ero TenJIOBOM .pacIIIHpeHHB ,WIaMeTp CTep)I(IDI Y rOJIOBKH YMeHbIllalOT
. d r 'h c  D j?;j
6 6
T
 1- -------- 1
a l a
Pac. 9.18. Cewm KJIanaHOB:
a - c rpexyrJIOBoii cjJaCKoii; 6. tI - c 3aJII!'iKoii B MaTepSaJI rOJIOBKH; Z - C paC'leKamroii MCT8JI.JIIt;
" - C ct>mr:caIlHcH ynopHWM :lJICMeHTOM
241

(CM. pBC. 9.17, 6) JIB60 BblUOJIHXIOT BT}'JIKY C BH)'TpeHHBM KOHYCOM (CM.
pBC. 9.17, z).
)J;lliI CHIDKeHIDI TeIIJIOBOH HarpyxceHHOCTB BhIIIYCKHbIX KJIanaHOB
B pJI));e KOHCTpyK pe8.JI.H3yeTC.sI nPHHY.n;BTeJIbHblH OTBO)); TenJIOTLI.
KnanaH npB :nOM BhIllOJIHJIIOT nycTOTeJ1hIM B Ha 50...60% 3anOJlHJIlOT
COJIJIMB HaTpIDI, TeMnepaTypa IIJIaBJIeHBJI KOTOpLIX 97°C (CM. pBC.
9.17, z). 3a c'Ier nepeMellIBBaHIDI )I(H)U(oro HaTpIDI npB ,lJ;BIDKeHIDIX
KJIanaHa BHTeHcBJW;BpyeTCJI nepe)];a'la TeIIJIOTLI OT rOJIOBKB K CTep)l(-
mo. )J;lliI }'BeJlB1leHIDI )];OJITOBe'lHOCTB B Ha.ne)KHOCTB pa60TLI ynnOTHJI-
IOII(BX acoK B COnpJI)KeHBB KJIamm - ceAJIO rOJIOBKa KJIarraHa )];OJDl(-
Ha nepBO)];B'IeCKB B3MeIDITb CBoe nOJIO)l(eHBe OTHOCBTeJIbHO ce)J;JIa.
AmI :noH II;eJIB Ha MHorBX ,lJ;BBraTelliIX cyxapmm 3a)f(BM3.IOTCJI B )];0-
nOJIHBTeJIbHOH KOHB'IeCKOH BTYJIKe 4 (PBC. 9.19, z), KOTOpaJI HIDKHBM
TOpIl;OM OllBpaerCJI Ha IIJIOCKyro nOBepXHoCTb )];OHbIillKa TapeJIKB.
MOMeHT TpeHIDl, B03HHKalOIII;BH Ha :ITOH nOBepXHOCTB, HeBeJIBK,
B npB BB6p3.Il:BB B OT)];eJIbHbIe nepBO)];bI BpeMeHB OH MO)l(eT YMeHb-
illaTbC.sI )];0 HYlliI, '1TO )];aer B03MO)l(HOCTb KJIarraHy npOBOpa'IBBaTbCJI.
MHOr)];a rrpBMeHJIIOT CrreIUlaJIbHbIH MeX8.HB3M AJllI rrpOBOpa'IBB8.HBJI
KJlarraHa.
B 60JIbillBHCTBe .n;BlITaTeJIeii aBToTpaICTopHoro TBna npyxmHa Ha
KJlan8.He BKCBPYeTCJI pa.3pe3HbIMB cyxapBKaMH 1 B OnOpHbIMB Ta-
peJIKaMB 2 (PBC. 9.19). HaB60JIee npOCTWI. opMa BLITO'IKB Ha KJla-
n8.He - II;HJIBH)J;pB'IecKWI. C r3JITeJIJIMB (PBC. 9.19, a). IIpBMeHJIIOTcJI
B 60JIee CJIO>KHLIe OpMLI II;BJlBH)J;pll'leCKBX BbITO'leK - C O)J;llBM BJIB
.n;B}'MJI nOJICKaMH (PBC. 9.19, 6, 6). B pJl)J;e KOHCTpyxn;Bii Ha CTep>KHe
KJlan8.Ha BbITO'IKB BhIllOJIHJIIOT KOHll'leCKOii OpMbl (PBC. 9.19, 6),
a cyxapBKB y)];ep)f(BBaIOT KJlanaHLI 3a C'leT BH)'TPCHHero KOH)'ca. 3TO
3
a
i ffi g
{I
10...15°
6
2
5 4
PRc. 9.19. 3JIeMeBTLI KPenneHHJiI TapeJIKH IJIaa
242

n03BOnJIeT YMeHblliHTb ICOHQeHTpa:QHIO HanpSDKeHHH B CTep>KHe 3a
C'IeT yseJIH'IeHHiI PMHyca raJITeJIH. YrOJI KOHYca CyxapmcoB COCTaB.illIeT
10...15°, a ex BblCOTa npHMepHO pwma ,lUIaMeTpy CTep>KHiI /j. HH)Ke
onopHoii TapeJIIQI Ha CTep).l(l.le ManaHa MOJKeT 6b1Tb YCTaHOBJIeHO
npyxClIHHoe KOJIb:QO 3 (pHC. 9.19, a), KOTopoe nperuITCTBYeT na.n;eHHIO
ICJIanaHa B :QRJIHH,ZJ;P npH nOJIOMKe XBoCToBmca CTep>KHiI HJIH npYJKHH.
IIpYJKHHbI onHpaJOTCiI Ha rOJIOBKY 6JIOKa '1epe3 cneue8JIbHble CTaJIbHble
illTaMIIOB8.HHble TapeJIIQl.
Ce.n;J18 KJIanaHOB (CM. pHC. 9.18). Pa60TaJOT B YCJIOBIUIX, BO MHO-
rOM CXO.n;HbIX C pa60Toii rOJIOBOK KJIanaHOB. Qepe3 ce.n;na OTBO.n;HTCJI
OCHOBHaJI (60...80%) .n;0.illI TennOTbl OT KJIanaHa, n03ToMY oc060e
BHHM3.HHe y.n;e.illIeTCJI opraHH3aqHH pa:QHOHaJIbHOrO ero OXJIa).l()];eHHJI.
J];.illI ex H3rOTOBJIeHHJI npHMemnoT CneltHaJIbHble nerHpoBaHHble '4yzy-
Hbl HJIH :HCapOCmOuKue cnAa8bl. BeJIH'lHHa y.n;eJIbHoii HarpY3KH TapeJIICH
ICnamma npH YAape ero 0 ceAno AOCTHTaeT 113 Mlla, a CTaTH'IeCKail
HarpY3Ka - 49 Mlla. 3TO 06ycnoBHJlo :Qeneco06p83HOCTb YCTaHOBKH
ceAen He TOJIbKO B ronoBKax :QHJIHHApOB H3 aJDOMHHHeBOro C.lIJlaBa,
HO H B -qyryHHbIX. Ha pa60'IHe nOBepXHOCTH ceAeJI BblIIYCKHblX KJIana-
HOB AJUI nOBblllieHIDI ex ).I(aponpO'IHOCTH HHorAa HaHOCJIT cnoii TyrO-
.IIJIaBKOrO MaTepHaJIa. 3arOTOBKH ceAeJI nOJl}"laJOT B BH,lI;e M8CnOT,
OTJIHBaeMblX B neC'IaHO-rJIHIDIHble rIIOpMbI, C nocneA)'lOIl.{eii p83pe3Koii
Ha OTAeJIbHbIe KOJIb:Qa. A-mr 06ner<leHIDI npHpa60TKH K rIIacKe KnanaHa
ynrroTHJIIOIl.{aJI nOBepXHOCTb ce.lt.JIa BblIIOJIHJIeTCJI C TpeMJI yrnaMH
HaKJIOHa 15, 45 H 15° TaKHM 06P830M, 'lT06b1 ynrrOTHHTeJIbHblH
nOJICOK ce.lt.JIa HMen yron 45° H nmpHHY OKono 2 MM (CM. pHC. 9.18, a).
HapyxCHaJI nOBepXHOCTb KOJIb:Qa :QHJIHII.l:q)H'IeCK8.JI (CM. pHC. 9.18, 6)
HJIH KOlIH'leCK8.JI (CM. pHC. 9.18,8). Ce.lt.JIa rIIHKCHpyroTCiI B ronoBKe 3a
C'IeT HanIra npH 3anpeccoBKe C AOnOJIHHTenbHOii pac'IeKaHKoii MaTe-
pHaJIa ronOBKH (CM. pHC. 9.18, z). Y CTaJIbHbIX. ceAen AOnOJIHHTeJIbHO
p83BaJIb:QoBblBaeTCJI BepXHJIJI '1aCTb ce.lt.JIa (CM. pHC. 9.18, a). llPH
3anpeCCOBKe :QHJIHHApH'IeCKHX H KOlIH'lecKex ceAeJI Ha ex HapyJKHoii
nOBepXHocTH BblTa'IHBaIOTCJI KOJIb:QeBble K8.lIaBKH (CM. pHC. 9.18,6,8),
B KOTopble B pe3YJThTaTe 3arrpeccoBKH 3aTeKaeT MeTaJIJI ronOBKH.
QIDIHHJJ:pH'IeCKHe ceAJIa 3arrpeccoBblBalOTCJI B me3.n;a AO ynopa, a KO-
lIH'IeCKHe - C He60JIblliHM Top:QeBbIM 3830pOM AO 0,04 MM (CM. pHC.
9.18, 8). TonIl.{HHa CTeHKH ce.lt.JIa /jc=(0,08...0,15)d.-, BblCOTa h.:=
=(O,16...0,25)d.-. HanIr npH 3anpeccoBKe COCTaB.illIeT 0,0015...0,0035 OT
Hap}'JKHoro .n;HaMeTpa ce.lt.JIa. B pilAe KOHC:PYKIUrli ceWIa c}>HKCHpyroTCJI
B ronOBKe C nOMOIl.{b1O n83epHoH cBapm.
HaopaBJIBIOUVle BTY JIKII (CM. pHC. 9.11). BblIIonIDIlOTCiI cneKaBHeM H3
XpOMHCTOH HJIH XpOMOHHKeJIeBOH KepaMUKU C nOCJIe.n;yIOIl.{HM cynbc}>H-
.n;HpOB8.HHeM H rparllHTH3a:QHeii nYTeM «rrpOBapHBaHIDD) B MaCJIe, COAep-
).I(am;eM paCTBOp KOJIJIOH,ll;HOrO rparllHTa. llOpHCTaJI CTpYKTypa BTYJIOK
n03BOnJIeT XOpOlliO y.n;ep>KHBaTb CMa3KY. J];JIJI npe.n;OTBpaIl.{eBHiI nona-
.D:8.HHJI MaCJIa B :QHJIHH.n;pbl no CTep>KHJIM BnyCKHbIX KJIanaHOB HX ynJIOT-
243

WIIOT MaIDKeTaMH 5 (CM. pHC. 9.19, z) H3 MacJIo6eH3OCTOBKOH pe3HHh1.
KOBCTpyKTHBBO BanpaBJUlIOIl1He BTYJII(H BhIIIOJIWIlOT C BapyxmhIM KO-
B)'COM (CM. pHC. 9.17, a), C BByrpeBBHM KOBYCOM (CM. pHC. 9.17, z),
C 3an.rre'IHKaMH (CM. pHC. 9.17, 6, 6) H C BhITO'IICOB no,Q npyxmBBoe
CTonopBoe KOJIbn;O 1 (CM. pHC. 9.17, a). TOJIIn;HBY CTeBICH BTYJIICH
,QeJIWOT paBBOB 2,5...4 MM. t(JIHBa BTYJIICH 3aBHCHT OT ,QHaMeTpa H ,wIH-
BhI CTep>ICIDI lCJIanaoa H BaxO,QHTCjJ B npe,QeJIax /1 = (1, 75...2,5)d,.. BeJIH-
'IHIIa 3aJopa Me)I(,QY BanpaomIlOIn;eH BT)'JII(OB H CTep>KBeM BnyCK-
BhIX lClIanaooB A=(0,004...0,01)l5. t(JUI BhIII)'CICBhIX lCJIanaooB A=
= (0,006. nO,012)l5.
llpy)JCJUILI K.lIanauoB (PHC. 9.20). IIpe.lUlaJBa'leBhI AJUI KOMneBCan;HH
HBepn;HOBBhIX CBJI, BhI3h1BalOII{HX paJphIB lCHBeMaTH'IecKoH CBJl3H Me)IC-
J1.Y 3JIeMeHTaMH MrP B «}>aJe 3aMe,wIeHHJI KJIanaoa npH ero npH6JIH)ICe-
HHH K TO'lKe Bepxnero BhICTOJI. B MeXaHH3Max COBpeMeBHhIX ,QBHraTeJIeH
npHMeHJIIOTCJI B OCHOBBOM n;BJIHB,QpH'lecKHe npJ'KHBhI C nOCTOJlHHhIM
marOM H yrJIOM nO,QDeMa BHTKa 8...12° (PHC. 9.20, a). 3aroToBICH
npY:XQm nOJIy<laIOT MeTO,QOM XOJIO,QHOH BaBHBICH nOJIHpOBaHlIOB npOBO-
JIOKH ,QHaMeTpOM 3...6 MM H3 CTaJIeB C65, C65r BJIH 50X<I>A. IIpY)lCHBhI
nO,QBeprWOTCJI 3a.ICamce H cpe,QHeMY OTnYCKY ,QO HRC 40...48. KOHn;eBhIe
BHTKH npy)ICHB C6JI1DKalOT ,QO conpHICOCHOBeHBJI H COIWIH«}>OBhlBWOT AJUI
nOJIy<leHIUI KOJIbn;eBOB onopBoB nOBepxnoCTH. t(.rrJl nOBbIIIIeBIDI YCTa-
JIOCTBOB npO'IHOCTH npyxmBhI 06,QyoWOTCJI CT8JIbHOB ,Qpo6blO. C n;e-
JIbIO 3aIn;HThI OT KOppo3HH npyxmBhI OKCH,l(HpyroT, On;HHICOBhlBWOT BJIH
Ka.,QMHPYIOT. IIpH npommeHHH pe30BaiICHhIX KOJIe68.H11H BHTKOB HC-
nOJIb3YIOTCJI npyxmBhI C nepeMeBHhIM marOM BaBHBICH (PHC. 9.20, 6).
mar H3MeHJleTCJI HJIH no BanpaBJIeHBIO K BenO,QBH>KBOM}" KOBn:y npyxm-
HbI, BJIH OT cepe,QHHhI K 060HM ee KOBn;aM. IIpH nO,QDeMe lClIanaHa
coce,QHBe BHTICH nepHO,QH'IeCICH conpHKaCWOTCJI. KOJIH'IecTBO pa6o'lHX
BHTICOB npH :flOM }'MemmaerCJI, a )ICecTKOCTb H co6CTBeHHasJ '1aCTOTa
KOJIe6aHH.ii npY)lCHHbI COOTBeTCTBeBBO B03paCTWOT. t(m.I :nOB )ICe n;eJIH
HBor,Qa HCnOJIb3yroT ICOHH'leClCHe npY)lCHBhI (PHC. 9.20, 6).
Dcp


--
d-
'-
-
I
a 6 6
PRe. 9.20. IIp}'JI:HHLI IJIanaHOB e nOCTOJIBBLIM (a) H nepeMeBHLIM (6) marON BlI'IIa;
IOHH'IeCUe np}'JI:HBLI (e)
244

B npyxcHHHOM Y3ne COBpeMeHHLIX ABRra-
CeneH B 60JIbUIHHCTBe cnY'faeB RCnOJIb3yroT
.n;Be npyxcHHhI Ha lCaJIC.nblH KJIanaH, '1TO YMeHb-
maeT ra6apRTLI R nOBLllIJaeT Ha,n:e)KHOCTb Y3-
na. HaBRBICH BHYTPeHHeH R HaPY>ICHOH npyxcHB
.n;OJDICHhI 6bITb npOTHBonono:xrno HanpaoneHhl
nH60 pa3JIH'IaTbCH yrn8.MH, '1T06hl npR nonOM-
ICe RCKJIIO'lIITb nonaaHHe BRTICOB O.n;HOH npy-
JKHHLI Me)lC,ZJ;Y BRTlCaMH .n;pyrOH.
mTBHrB (PRC. 9.21). IIpeACTaBnHlOT C060H
CTep:xceHb Tpy6'1aTOrO Ce'feHWI, R3rOTOBJIHe-
MbIH H3 aJUOMWlue6ozo CnAa6a (AIOpamoMHHIDI).
B BepxHHH R HH)KHHH 1C0HI1hI CTep>ICHH 3anpec-
COBblBaIOT CTaJILHhIe HaKOHe'IHHlCH, RMelORe
Ha HH>ICHeM 1C0He cclJePlf'leclCyro nOBepxnOCTb,
a Ha BepxneM B 3aoRCHMOCTR OT 1C0HCTpYICIUIR
Y3JIa npHBo.n;a 1C0poMblcna CclJePlf'leclCyro ro-
nOBICy (PRC. 9.21, a) HJIR CclJePlf'lecICoe rHe3.n;0
(pRC. 9.21, 6). OnopHhIe nOBepxnoCTH HaICOHe'IHHICOB TepMH'IeCICH 06-
pa6aThIBalOT .n;o HRC 50...60, mJIRcpyroT R nOJIHpyroT. B pJI,ZJ;e ABRra-
TeJIeH B HaKOHe'lHIIICax BhlIIOJIIDIIOTCH OTBepcTWI .n;JIH no.n;a'IH Macna OT
TomcaTenH IC 1C0pOMhIcny (PRC. 9.22, 6, 6). -
TOJDCaTeJIB. B 8BTOTpwrrOpIlbIX ABHraTeIDIX B 38BRCHMOCTR OT
npocpHJUI KYJIa'IICOB RCn01Ib3Y1<>TCJI TomcaTeJIH AByx. THIIOB - nAOCKue
(PRC. 9.22, a) R pOAUK06ble (PRC. 9.22, z). POJIHICOBhle TomcaTeJIH
60JIee .n;oporH, HMelOT 60JIbmyro Macey R 1lI}'MHbl B pa60re. B V -06pa3-
HbIX. ABHraTeIDIX '1aCTO RCn01Ib3yroTCJI phl'lIDICllbIe TomcaTeJIH (PRC.
9.22, 8, z).
.QmJ 1C0MlleHC B03MOXOlbIX nepelCOCOB Me:xc.n;y ICYJIa'IICOM R ro-
JIOBICOH rpR61C0Boro TomcaTeJUI R AJlJI ero npoBopa'IHBaHWI, '1TO He06-
XO.n;HMO .n;mI o6ecne'leHWI paBHOMepHoro H3HOCa, onopHylO nooepx-
HOCTL BhlIIOJIIDIIOT cclJePlf'leclCOH (R=750...1000 MM), a ICYJIa'lOK-
1C0Hlf'leCICHM C yrJIOM Ha.ICJIOHa 06pa3yIDIIteH IC OCH Bana 7...15' (PRC.
9.22, a). B pJI,ZJ;e 1C0HCTp TaKOrO :xce 3clJclJeICTa .n;OCTHralOT CMell(eHH-
eM TO'IICH 1C0HTaICTa Ha BeJIH1lHH)' e= 1...1,5 MM OTHOCHTenbHO OCR
TomcaTe.JIJI (PRC. 9.22, a). "
,lJ;R8MeTp CTep)ICIDI H .n;mma onopHoH '1aCTH TomcaTenJl Bhl6Rpa1OT-
CJI TalCHMH, 'lT06hl y.n;eJIbHoe AaoneHHe B CC'tipIDKeHHH He npeBhllIIaJIO
10 Mila. 3a3op Me)lC,ZJ;y CTep:xrneM TomcaTenJl R Hanp8BmIIOll(eii: HaxO-
.n;HTCJI B npe.n;enax 0,01...0,08 MM. CMa3h1B3.HHe TOJIlCaTeneH OCYll(eCTB-
JIJleTCJI npeHM}'IItecTBeHHO MacnOM, CTeICaIOIItHM no llITaHre.
B TomcaTeIDIX BLlIIOJIBJIeTCJI CclJePH'IecICoe rHe3,no, Ha 1C0TOpoe onH-
paeTcJI rOJIOBKa IllT8.lIrR. ,lJ;JUI 06pa30BaHHJI KJIHHOBHOro 33.30pa
245
W
a
6
PRc. 9.21. KOBClpyIIUIJ!
nOJIOH IDTaHrH (a) H IOB-
C'Ip)'IUHJI onopHoro CT8.JIL-
Horo BaKOBe'IBHU (6)

a
8
Pac. 9.22. TOJIKaTeJIH:

6
J
2
3
4
5
2
a - lpH6IOBhIii co c4>epH'lecJ:oA onopHoA nOBepmoCTbIO; 6 - phI'IBJDIhIii B.&myIJIhIA; 1/ - phI'IaJI[-
HbIit po.mu;ollhlii; z - nJ,!IpaBJIH'Iecmii (1- Iopnyc TaJIIaTCIDl; 1- ynop lllT8Bm; 3- BHYfPCmnrli
nOAJ!JDl[HOB CTaI8B; 4- 3ILnopHbIit IJI8.D8B; 5- B03BpaTHIUI npyJDIHa)
Me ronoBKoH R me3,UOM (pRC. 9.22, a) pa.uBYc c«pePhl me3,Ua
'1 BbIllonHmoT Ha 0,2...0,3 MM 60JIbme pa.;wca conOBIOI '2.
Ha pJJ)J.e ABRCaTeneH yCTaH3.BJIBBaIOT zuopasJlUileCKUe mOJlKameJlU,
Il03BomIloe BCKJIIO'IIITb TeIIJIOBOH 33.30p B MrP, TBIlR'lHaJI KOHCT-
PYKQWI KOTOpbIX IlpBBe,UeHa Ha pRC. 9.22, z.
B COBpeMeHHbIX ,[(BC AillI KOMIIeHCBB TellnOBOCO 3a30pa RCIlOJIb-
3yroTCil CH.l\pOKOMIIeHCaTOphl 3 (PRC. 9.23, z), CXCMa KOTOpbIX IlpHBe,Ue-
Ha Ha pRC. 9.24.
TIpR BepXHeM paCIlOnO>KeHBB pacllpe,UenRTeJIbHbIX BarrOB KJIalla.HhI
npRBo,UJITCJl Henocpe,UcTBeHHo OT Kyna'IKa, nR60 'Iepe3 HanpaBJIJlIOH
CT8.KaH 1, nepeMe:r:qalO:r:qBiicJl B CTomce 2 (PRC. 9.23, a), JIR60 'Iepe3
O,!:{HOIIJIe'llle phl'lam (PRC. 9.23,6 - z). O,!:{HoIIJIe'llle phl'larH cHa6>KeHhI
llJIOCKHMH (PHC. 9.23, 6) RJllI cl}>epR'IeCKHMH (PRC. 9.23, 8, z) Tomca-
TeJIJIMH. PacnonoxeHbI ORB Ha 06:r:qeH OCR (PRC. 9.23, 6) HJIH Ha
IllI,UBBH,UyarrbHbIX onopax (PHC. 9.23, 8, z). B ponR TaICBX onop 'IaCTO
RCllOJIb3YlOTCil rH.ApOKOMIIeHCaTOphl (3 Ha pHC. 9.23, z). O,UHODJIe'llle
phl'larH y,Uep>KHBaIOTCJl Ha C«pepH'IecKOH OIlOpe ClleIUlaJIbBOH npYXQmoH.
TomcaTenR H3roToBnmoT R3 MaJIoyrnepo,l(BCTbIX C'mQJIeu 15 H 30,
BH3KoneCRpOBaHBbIX cTarreH 15X H 20X, XpoMoBHKeneBbIX CTarreH
12XH3A R cepozo 'lyzYHa. OIlOpByro nOBepXHoCTh qyrymIbIX Tomca-
246

a 6 6 e
PRe. 9.23. 3JIeMeBThl opHBOM KJIanaHOB IIpH BepXBeM pacnOJIo:m:eHHH pacnpeeJIBTeJI&-
Boro BaJIa
TeJIeii oT6eJIHBaIOT. EOKOBhIe H BnyrpeHHBe nOBepXHoCTH TOJIKaTeJIeii
83 MaJIoyrJIepoAHCThIX CTaJIeii :QeMeHTyroT, a H3 cpeAHeyrJIepOAHCThIX
cTaJIeii - 38.KaJIHBaIOT TBtI AO HRC 50...60. OnOPHYIO nOBepXHocTb
CTaJIbHhIX TOJIKaTeJIeii HanJI8.BJIJIIOT JIempOB3HHhIM oT6eneHHhIM 'IY-
rYHoM.
KOpoMLICJIB npeACT8.BJIJIIOT co6oii ABynJIe'IHe (pHC. 9.25) phl1farH.
B ABHI'aTeIDIX C o6m;eii AIDI rpynllhI :QBJIHHAPOB rOJIOBKOii KOpOMhICJIa
p8.3Mem;aIOT Ha o6m;Hx CTaJIbHhIX HenOABIDKHhIX ocn Tpy6'1aToro ce'le-
HIDI, nOJIOCTb B KOTOphIX HCnOJIb3yerCg AIDI nOABOAa K HHM CMa3KH.
KopoMhIcJIa HMelOT nOAIllHllHHKOBhIe BT}'JIKH 83 OJIOBgHHCTOii 6pOH3hI.
1
PHc. 9.24. CxeMa rH.D;PoIOMneBca-
Topa:
1- I)'JIa'IXOBIodi BM; 2- pOll:cp; 3- 00-
nocn. DJIyIDII:cpa, DOCTOJIBBO 3&DOJIHIeMU
IaprepBhIM M8CJIOM; 4-- OTCC'IIIoe M8CJ10,
BIMreDJOce B :J830p MC IOpnycoM
DJIyIDII:cp& H DJIyIDII:cpOM; 5- e.nm-
orp8HH'lBTeJIB ocpeMemeBWI DJIyHKcpa;
6- IOpnyC IOMOCBC8TOpa; 7- ronOBD
AJIBI';lTC11Jl; 8- DJIyIDII:cp; 9- 06paTBhIii
KJmII8B; 10- .QepJI:BTeJIb o6pamoro IlIB-
rom&; 11- BO:JBpBTBIIJI npymmB DJIyIDII:e-
pa; 12- IBMcp& ,tIBBJICBHII; 13- M8CJ1JI-
m.m UBaJI B rOJIOBIC
2
3
7
8
9
10
11
'12
247

A1UI OrpaHH'leHHB OCeBhIX nepCMeeHHH KOpOMhIcen MC)l()];Y HHMH YCTa-
HaBnHBalOT paCnOpHhIe .QHnHH,ApH'lecICHe npY)l(HHhI.
3arOTQBICH KOpOMhIcen OTnHBaIOT H3 'lyr}'Ha HJIH IIIT3.MIIYIOT H3
CmaAeU 20X, 40X, 45. OnopHhIe nOBepXHoCTB nO,ABCpraIOT TepMoo6-
pa60TKc ,AO HRC 50...60. Haxo,WIT npHMeaCHHC KOpOMhICna 06JIeP:lCH-
Horo THTIa, H3rOTOBnBeMhIC H3 JIHCTOBOH CT8JIH. TaICHe KOpOMhICJIa
Ka'laIOTCB OKono ccpepH'leCKOH HJIH nOJIyc«I>epH'lecKoH onophI, 3aKpen-
JIeHHOH Ha HlIJ{HByaJIbHOH CTome (PHC. 9.25,6). Ha pB,l(e .l{BHraTeneH
AJUI YMcHbmcHHB nOTepb Ha TpcHBe B onopc KOpOMhICna HCnOJIb3yeTcB
HroJIb'laTbIH nOAlliHTIHHK.
Co CTOpOHhI lliTaHrH B KOpOMhICno BBepThIBaIOT 60JIT 1, KOTopbIH
HCnOJIb3yeTcB ,AJllI perYJIHpOBaHHB TellJIOBOrO 38.30pa (PHC. 9.25, a, 6)
H HMceT npope3b no,A OTBCprKY HJIH yrJIy6JICHHe no,A Cne.QHaJIbHbIH
KJIIO'l. PcrYJIHpoBo'llIbIii 60JIT CTonopHTcB KOHTpramoH. OTHOlliCHHC
llJIC'l KOpOMhICJIa lJ1T= 1,4...1,75 (PHC. 9.25, 6).
TIpH nOBopoTe KopoMhICJIa Ha HeKoTophIH yroJI :QHJIHH,ApH'lecKaB
nOBepxHocTb HOCKa KOpOMhICna npOCKaJIb3hIBaeT no TOPy CTCp>KIDI
KJIaTIaHa. ,ZJ;JllI YMcHbllieHIDI CKOJIbXCHHB OCb KOpOMhICJIa ,AOIDKHa pac-
nOJIaraTbCB TaK, 'lTo6hI eHTp c«I>epH'lCCKOH rOJIOBICH HaKOHe'llIHKa nc-
peMCaJICB no A)'rc, pacnonoxeHHoH CHMMCTpH'lIIO OTHOCHTcnLHO
llJIOCKOCTH, npOBC,ACHHOH 'lepe3 OCL Ka'laHHB KOpOMhICJIa ncpncH,Z:(H-
KYJllIpHO OCH KJIaTIaHa. B03HHKaIOaB npH CKOJILXCHHH CHna Tpe-
HID! BhI3hIBaeT H3rH6 CTCp>KIDI, AJIB YMCHblliCHIDI BeJIH'lHHhI KOToporo
J
J
6
PRe. 9.25. KOpOMLlCJIa
248

HHora B llJIe'lO 1C0pOMhlCJIa BBepThIBaJOT BHHT 2 (CM. pHC. 9.25, 6).
B CcpepH'IeclCoe rHe3O BHHTa 3aB8JIbQOBhIBalOT mapmc: co cpe3aHHbIM
cerMeHTOM 3. B 3TOM CJIY'Iae CICOJIb:EeHHe cel"MeHTa no 3aTbIJII(Y ICJIana-
Ha '1aCTH'lHO IOMlleHCHpYeTCH nOBOpoTOM mapHICa B rHe3e.
MaCJIo I o,nuOllJIe'IHM phl'laraM H KOpOMhICJI8.M, pacnOJIO)f(eHHhIM
Ha o6meH OCH, nO;J;BO,wiTCH no COOTBeTCTBYIOmHM KaHaJIaM H3 Buyr-
pemIeH nOJIOCTH OCH. O,nuOllJIe'IHe phIQarH Ha Ba.m.HhIX ono-
pax CMa.3WBaJOT Qepe3 OTBepcTIDl, BLlIIOJIHeHHhIe B KYJIaax. PH.LJ:
KOHCTpyICQHH npe.n:yCMaTpHBaeT nO;J;BO MacJIa OT TOJI][aTeJlll K 1C0pO-
MbICJIY Qepe3 OTBepcTHe B lllT8.HI'e. K pa60'IHM nOBepXHOCnlM 1C0pO-
MbICJIa, H306pemIoro Ha pHC. 9.25,8, MacJIO nO;J;BO,wiTCH H3 MaCJIH-
HOH MarHCTp8JIH 4 B 6JIoICe H no oceBOM)' H pa.JIbHOM)' OTBepcTIDIM
B cToHlCe 5. HCnOJIb3yeTcH T8DlCe BapHaHT CM8.3m 060HX ICOHQOB 1C0pO-
MhICJIa MaCJIOM, BhITelCaJOlItHM H3 3a30pa Mey nO nrmnTH HlCOBOH BTYJI-
KOH H OCbIO.
9.4. IIPOEKTHPOBAHHE MEXAIill3MA
r A30P AClIPE,L(FJIEHIDI
IIpoelCTllpoBaBHe MrP BICJIIO'Ia.eT B ce6H HeclCOJIblCO B3aHM03aBHCH-
MhIX nOCJIeOBaTeJIbHLIX 3TanOB.
llep8blu 3man - onpeeJIeHHe Ipyra CP}'lllCWlOHa.JIbHbIX 3a.n;aQ, B03-
JIaraeMbIX Ha Mrp, H Bw60p ero ICOMDOHOBO'IHOR cxeMhI (ICOJIH'leCTBO
H pacnOJIOICeHHe uanauoB B IUlJIHu.n:pe, 1C0JIll'leCTBO H pacnOJIO)f(eHHe
pacnpe.n;eJIHTeJIbHLIX B8JI0B, cxeMa MeXaBH3Ma HX npHBo.n;a, HaJIH'lHe
H nplllllVln CPYUKD:HOHHpoBaHIUI YCTpOHCTB peryJIHpoBaHHH no.n;:&eMa
KJIanaHa H cpa.3 r8.3opacnpe.n;e.rreHHH). KOHCTpYICTHBHLIe cnoc06hI peme-
HHH .n;auHLIX npo6JIeM onpe.n;e.JIJIIOTCH H.LJ:eoJIorHeii ICOHCTpyICIUIH .n;BHra-
reJlll: ero THDOM H pecypcoM, KOJIH'leCTBOM H pacnOJIO)f(eHHeM QHJIHH.n;-
pOB, HOMHHa.JIbHOR QaCTOTOR Bpa.IQeHHH, ypoBHeM cpOpcHpOBauHOCTH,
cnoc06aMH perYJIHpOBaHHH MOJ::QIIOCTH H cpOpMHpoBaBHH 3a.n;auHbIX
nap8.MeTpOB BHenmeR CICOpocTHOR Xap3.ICTepHCTHICH" llJIaHHpyeMhIMH
3aTpaTaMH Ha npoH3Bo.n;CTBO H 3KCDJIyaTaQHlO, a T8DlCe nOTpe6HTeJIbc-
KOH CTOHMOCTblO.
Ha BmOpOM 3mane napaJIJIeJIbHO C 1C0MllOHOBICOR KllIM H npopa60T-
KOR 1C0HCTpyICQHH lCaMephI CrOpaHHH onpeeJIJ11OTCH OCROBHhIe ICOHCT-
pyICTHBHLIe napaMeTphI MrP, Tame, lCaIC .LJ:HaMeTphI rOpJIOBHH ICJIana-
HOB, MaICCHMa.JIbHLIH nOJ{beM UanaHOB, cp8.3 J .£ r8.30pacnpe.n;eJIeHHJI Ha
xaparrepHhIX (orOBapHBaeMhIX B TeXHH'IeCICOM 38,l1;aBHH) pe)f(HMax no
BHemHeH ClCOpocTHOH xaparrepHCTHlCe, a TalC)f(e pea.JIH3YeTCH npocpUJIH-
pOBaHHe ICYJIaOB.
Co.n;epxcaHHe mpembezo 3mana COCTaBIDIeT oTpa60TICa 1C0HCTpyICQHH
OT.n;eJIbHhIX 3JIeMeHTOB MeXaBH3M.
249

9.4.1. OIIPE)J:EJIEHUE OCHOBHLIX llAPAMETPOB
MEXAHH3MA r AJOPACIIP.E,D;EJIEHIDI
J(UaMempbl ZOPA06UH KAanCl1t06 BhI6HparoTCB MaKCHM8JIbHO /tonycTH-
MhIMH H3 YCJIOBHB B03MO)J(HOCTH HX p8.3Mem;eHIDI B rOJIOBKe B npe-
/terrax HH/tpa. CYMMapHaB llJIOm;a,w. rOpJIOBHH BnycKHhIX H BLIIIyCK-
HhIX KJIanaHOB /tBYXKJ1anaHHhIX MrP COCTaBlDIeT 25...40% nJIOm;H
nopIllHB En. 66JIbmHe 3Ha'leHIDI OTHOCBT K maTpOBhIM H nony*pH'le-
CKHM K3.Mep3.M cropaHHB, a MeHbmHe - K K3.Mep3.M ,QR3eJIeH H KJIHHO-
BhIM. B Tpex- H '1eThIpeXKJ1an8.HHhIX KOHCTpYKIIUIX :na BeJIH'IHHa MO)J(eT
/tOXO,QRTb /to 65% En. HaHJIY'IIIIHe nOKa3aTeJIH /tBHraTelDI o6ecne'IHBa-
IOTCB npH cOBoKynnoH llJIOm;a,QR rOpJIOBHH BnyCKHhIX KJIan8.HOB, Ha
30...45% 60JIbmeH, '1eM KJIan8.HOB BbllIYCKHhIX.
,ZJ;OCTaTO'lBOCTb onpe/terreHHhIX TaKHM 06pa30M npOXOroIhIX ce'leHHH
rOpJIOBHH KJIan8.HOB npoBepBeTcB no nep60u YCA06HOU CKOpOCmu nomOKa
za3a, KOTOp8JI BhI'lHCIDIeTCB H3 ycrroBWI Hep8.3phIBHOCTH nOTOKa B ce'le-
IIIDIX rOpJIOBHH O/tHOHMeHHhIX KJIan8.HOB H B QHJlHH,lI;pe (PHC. 9.26, a):
v'/(iu/r}=cJ"n. YpaBHeHHe nOJIY'leHO npH CJIeIOID;HX /tonym;eHHBX:
pa6o'lee Terro HecKHMaeMO; KJIanhI B rOpJIOBHHax OTCYTCTByIOT; no-
pmeHb nrrOm;blO En .D;BIDKeTCJI C nOCTOJIHHOH cperoIeH CKOpOCTblO Cn.
3/teCb iu - KOJIH'IecTBO o.iI.HOHMeHHhIX KJIanaHOB, npHXO/tJIID;HXCJI Ha
O,QRH QHJIHH,lI;p, C llJIOm;a,w.1O npOXOroIOrO ce'leBWI rOpJIOBHHhI 1C3JK,IJ;oro
fro B 3TOM CJIY'lae v'=cnF,J(iu/r}. ,ZJ;IDI 8.BTOTpaKTOpHhIX .D;BHraTeJIeH
C /tByxKJIanaHHhIMH MrP XapaKTepHhIe BeJIH'IHHhI v' COCT8.BrrJIlOT /tIDI
BnyCKHOH ropJIOBHHhI 50...80 M/c H 70...IOQ M/C AJIB BbllIYCKHOH. B MHO-
rOKJIanaHHhIX MrP 3TH CICOpOCTH y/taeTCJI CHH3HTb /to 3Ha'leHHH COOT-
! en ==const
a
6
d
d(
6
PRe. 9.26. K onpeeJIeBHlO cpe,ItIIBX YCJIOBHLIX CIOpocreB: nOTon raJa:
a - oepBoii ycnOBHOii- CEOpoC'lB ,,1; 6 - BTOpoA ycnOBHOB CEOpocm tI'; /I - p8C'ICTHIUI CXCMa AJDI
BhI'IHcneHHII 1IpoXO,QIIoro ce'ICHHII DO ct>aCEe IJIaDaBa
250

BeTCTBeHHO 35 H 50 M/C. '1TO n03BOJI.Her cyru;eCTBeHHO }'MeHbIllHTb
ypoBeHb rH,lJ;paBJIJI1IeCKHX nOTepb B cHcTeMax ra3006MeHa H TeM caMhIM
YBeJIH'lHTb MaCCOBoe HanOJIHeHHe :QH1IHH,[(pa.
MaKcuMaAbHblu noObeM KAanaHa hv.mu. Ha3Ha'iaerC.H TaKHM, 'IT06b1
npH nOJIHOCTblO OTKpblTOM KJIanaHe nJIoIlta,[(b npOXO,[(Horo Ce'leHH.H
lUIanaHHOH IlteJIH fuUJAX 6bIJIa paBHa llJIOIlta,[(B npOXO,[(Horo Ce'leHH.H
rOpJIOBHHbI fro 3TO YCJIOBHe o6ecne'IHBaerc.H, ecJIH BeJIH'lHHa nO,[("beMa
KJIanaHa COCTaBJI.HeT h uUJAX  O,18dr P.JI.H KJIanaHOB C yrJIOM $aclCH
lX,j,=30° H hv.mu.O,3dr npH acjt=45°.
IIpe,[(BapHTeJIbHWI On;eHKa ,[(OCTaTO'IHOCTH npHHSIToH BeJIH'lHHbI
humax npOBep.HeTCJI no 8mopou YCA08HOU CKOpOCTnU nomOKa za3a npH
MaICCHMaJIbHO OTlCpbITOM KJIanaHe v". OHa TalC)lCe onpe,[(eJIJleTCJI H3
YCJIOBIDl Hepa3phIBHOCTH nOTOlCa HeC)ICHMaeMOrO pa60'lero TeJIa. IIpH
3TOM C'lHTaerC.H, 'ITO B Te'leHHe BCero TaKTa BnYCKa KJIanaH nOJIHOCTbIO
OTKpbIT, a nopmeHb ,[(BH)lCeTCJI C nOCTO.HHHOH cpe,[(HeH CICOpOCTblO
C n (PHC. 9.26, 6).
Tor,[(a ,[(IDI i O,[(HOHMeHHbIX KJIanaHOB C llJIOIlta,[(b1O npOXO,[(Horo
Ce'leHH.H fumax ypaBHeHHe Hepa3phIBHOCTH nOTOlCa 38lIHllleM lCalC
v"iJumrur. = cnFn, oTlCy,[(a v" = cnFn!(iuUJAJ. B ,[(BHI'aTemtt C ,[(ByxIClIanaH-
HbIMH MeX3.HH3MaMH CKOpOCTb v" ,[(IDI 8nYCKHblX KJIanaHOB HaXO,[(HTC.H
B npe,[(eJIax 80...90 M/C H MO)ICeT 6bITb CHH)lCeHa ,QO 55 M/C B MIl' npH
Tpex H 'IeTblpeX KJIanaHax Ha n;HJIHMp.
IIJIOIlt3JJ;b npoxo,[(Horo ee'leHIDl KJIanaHa fu C YI'JIOM $acKH lX,j, npH
npOH3BOJIbHOH $a3e nO,[('beMa ICJIanaHa hu onpe,[(eJUIeTCB KalC 601C0BaJl
nOBepXHOCTb yce'leHHoro KOHyca (PHC. 9.26, 8): fu=nhl (dr+d l )/2.
C yqeTOM Toro, 'ITO .wnma 06pa3YlOIlteH 1C0Hyca hi = hu cos acjt,
a d l = dr+ 2h l sin lX,j"fu = nhu (drcos lX,j,+hucos 2 lX,j, sin lX,j,).
BAuRHue npOfpuAR KYAa'lKa U npU1mmblX (/ja3 za30pacnpei)eAeHuR Ha
r3.30,[(HHaMH'IecKHe nOK3.3aTeJIH Mrp On;eHHBaerC.H no cpe,[(HeH 3a maKm
za3006MeHa BeJIH'lHHe npoxo,[(HoI'o Ce'leHH.H KJIanaHHOH IlteJIH H COOTBer-
cTBYIOIlteH eH mpembeU YCA08HOU cKbpocmu. Mx pac'Ier npOBO,[(HTC.H npH
CJIe,[(yJOID;HX ,[(onym:eHH.HX: pa60'lee TeJIO Hec)ICHMaeMO, KJIanaH Heno-
,[(BH)lCeH H nO,[(HSIT Ha BblCOTY, o6ecne'IHBaIOm:ylO cpe,[(Hee 3Ha'leHHe
npoxo,[(HOI'O ee'leHWI, 3 nopllleHb H3 npOT.H)ICeHHH BeeI'O T3ICTa BnYCK3
(tRoutJ ,[(BH)lCeTC.H paBHOMepHO co CICOpOCTblO, paBHOH cpe,[(HeH CICOpOCTH
nOpmH.H (PHC. 9.27). TOI',[(3 C Y'lerOM TOro, 'ITO n=30ro/n, cP=rot
H ro(tl:-tR)=n,
.I
en
tl: 9'0: iu A '
iu7t f/u dl iu f /udqJ
t R 'PH
I',[(e A - BpeMJI-ce'leHHe KJI3naH3, M 2 /C; CPR = rot R , CPI: = rotl:' p3JJ;.
" Cnco(tl:-
v. n -
C n
251

hKJI
h K " max
o
180.
q>
PRe. 9.27. K oopeeJIeHHlO TpeT&eH cpe,IIHeB: YCJIOBBOH CKOpoCTH opH OBaIOBIolX 4Ja3ax
B pDJIH'IHLIJI. np04lBJIJIX (1-1) H opH 0,IJ,HH3.l:OBLlX np04lHJIJlX B pa3JIB'IIILIX 4Ja3a.x (1-3)
Xap8JCTepHhIe 3Ha'leHHJI v: WUI enycKHozO lCJIan8.Ha B ,nBHTaTemIX
C ABYMSI KJIanaHaMH Ha IUlJIIlllAP Mrp - 90...150 Mfc ,WIJI J];cM3
H 80...110 Mfc ,WIJI ,nH3eJIeH. B MHOrOlCJIan8.HHhIX KOHCTpynJ;IDIX BeJIH-
'lHHa v: MO)KeT 6h1Tb nOHIDKeHa ,no 3Ha'leHHH 62 H 55 Mfc COOTBeTCT-
BeHHO.
9.4.2. KPHTEPHH OQEHKH IIP04fJH.JIER. KY JIA qJ(OB
J];IDI o6ecne'leHIDI MaKCUMa.llbHOU zui)poi)uHClMU'leCKOU 3ifjifjeKmU8Ho-
cmu MrP )KeJIaTeJIbHO, '1To6h1 KYJIa'lOK o6ecne'IHBaJI MrHOBeHHOe OTK-
pbITHe, nOCTomIHLIii MUCHMaJIbHhIH BbICTOH KJIan8.Ha H MrHOBeHHoe
ero 3UpbITHe. llpUTH'leCKaJI peaJIH3JI Tuoro ui)ea.llU3Up08aHHozo
3aKOHa ABH)I(eHlIJI lCJIan3.Ha npHBeJIa 6bI K B03HHKHOBeHHIO 6ecKoHe'IHo
60JIbIDHX YCKopeHHH H, CJIe,noBaTeJIbHO, 6ecKoHe'IHo 60JIbIDHX HHepn;H-
OHHhIX HarpY30K Ha :meMeHTbI MeX8.HH3Ma B Ha'laJIbHOH H KOHe'IHOH
«p8.3ax ero ABH)KeHIIJI.
C Y'leToM 3Toro 3a.n:a'la npo«pHJIHpOB8.HHJI KYJIa'IKOB MO)KeT 6h1Tb
e<}>OpM)'JIHpOB3.Ha KU CUHme3 maKUX npoifju.Ileu, Komopble o6eCne'lU8{lJlU
6bl Hau6o.llbUlYlO zui)poi)UHClMU'lecKYIO 3ifjifjeKmU8Hocmb MFP npu npueM-
.IleMblX i)UHClMU'leCKUX HazpY3Kax Ha 3.1leMeHmbl npu8oi)a K.IlanaHa.
Fui)poi)uHClMU'leCKaJf 3ifjifjeKmU8Hocmb npoifju.IlJf KY.lla'lKQ onpe,neIDIeT-
CJI 3UOHOM H3MeHeHIIJI npoxoAHoro ce'leHIIJI lCJIan8.HHOH In;eJIH fIll 3a
BpeMH COOTBeTCTByIOIn;ero TaKTa (BnyCKa BJIH BhIII)'CKa) H On;eHHBaeTCJI
'h
napaMeTpOM BpeMSI-ce'leHHe A =; f fu d({J. llpH 3a,naHHH yrJIOB ({JB H
9'B
({Ja B rpa.n:ycax.
252

""
A= f fvr.drp
180co
""
II
I
HIIH, C )"IeTOM OJ = 7r.nj30,
""
A= ffvr.drp.
6n "" 1 1 '1
IIpH Ta6IlHlffiOM 33.HHH 3aICOHa BIDICeHHJiI BpeMJI-Ce'leHHe onpe,Qe- I
mIeTCg npH6JIHJICeHHO:
h
1 J 1 180. A.rp i-N .
A=- fvr.drp';l:j- 'Lfvr.l:1rp=- 'Lfvr.i'
6n 6n O. 6n i-O
""
r,Qe N - KOJIH'IeCTBO )"IaCTKOB C nOCTOJIHHOH yrJIOBOH ,QIIHTeJIbHOCThlO
I:1rp, Ha KOTOphle p836HBaeTCg COOTBeTCTBYIOIltHH TaKT r83006MeHa;
I:1rp= 180 D IN.
Yp06eHb UuHaMU'4eCKoU HazpY3ICel-IHocmu 3JIeMeHTOB Mrp onpe,Qe-
JUIeTCg BeJIH'lHHOH H XapaKTepOM H3MeHeHIDI no BpeMeHB CBJI, B03-
HHKalO B r830pacnpe,QeJIHTeJIbHOM MeXaHH3Me npH pa60Te ,QBHra-
TeJIJI. HHTeHCHBHLle .wmaMH'IeCJme HarpY3Jm cnOC06HhI HapYIIIHTh
pa60Tocnoc06HOCTh KOHCTPYKItHH Mrp He TO}ll>KO BCJIe,QCTBHe B03-
HHKHOBeHIDI B ero 3JIeMeHTax onaCHLIX AJUI npO'lHOCTH HanpgJICeHHH.
OHH MorYT JlBHThCg TaIOKe npH'lllHOH B03HHKHOBeHIDI B ynPyroH CHCTe-
Me MeXaHH3Ma uwneHcU8HblX pe30HaHCHblX KOAe6aHUU, KOTophIe MorYT
npHBO,QHTh J( cyru:eCTBeHHLIM HCICIDKeHHBM 3aICOHa .QBBJICeHIDI J(JIanaHa
no CpaBHeHHlO C 3aBaeMhlM npo4>HJIeM KYJIa'IICa. B npe,QeJIhHOM CJIY-
'Iae TaKHe KOJIe6aHIDI MorYT CTaTh npH'lHHOH nOTepH KOHTaICTa MeJIC.AY
3JIeMeHTaMH Mrp - HapyrneHHg (p83pbIBa) KHHeMaTH'IecKOH CBg3H
MeJIC)J;Y HHMH, a TaIOKe pa3repMeTH3H BHyrPHnHJlHB,ZJ;pOBorO npo-
CTpaHCTBa.
J
9.4.3.  K.JIAIIAHHOrO MEXAHH3MA
r A30PACIIPE,lJ;EJIEHH r
OcHOBHhIMH pac'IeTHhlMH HarpY3KaMH, onpeJJ;emIIOru:HMH KOHCTPYK-
QHIO H ypooeHh ,QHHaMH'leCKOH HarpY)JCeHHOCTH ,QeTaJIeH KJIanaHHOro
MexaHH3Ma, JlBJImoTCJI CBJIhI HHepnHH Pjvr.> ynpyrocTB npyJICHHhI Pup,
JJ;aBJIeHHg ra30B Pr (PHC. 9.28).
253

Pro Kilt
a
I K 4
. I K
'K-
IT
6
PRc. 928. CHJILI, eHCTByroe B Mrp .IVlK CJIe1IUIX cxeM opHBoa uanaBHoro
MeXaHH3Ma:
a - oAHonn plol'l&r, 6 - JIBYIUIe'lHi pt.mII" (IopoMhICITO)
CHJIhI HHepqHH B0311HKalOT BCJIe,lI,CTBHe HepaBHOMepHOrO ,lI,BIDICe-
HIDI 3JIeMeHTOB Mrp. KaqeCTBeHHhIH aH3JIH3 KHHeMaTlIICH KJIanaHa
CBH,IJ;eTeJIbCTByeT 0 HaJIH1IHH B xapanepe ero ,lI,BIDICeHIDI qepe,lI,OBaHIDI
a3 pa3rOHa H 3aMe,lI,JIeHIDl. B0311HKalOmHe npH 3TOM 3HaJmnepeMeH-
HLIe CHJIhI HHepH P jvI = - mvju. B CHJIY pe3KOrO H3MeHeBIDI OX
HanpaBJIeHIDI Ha CThlKe 3THX 8.3 JlBJUIIOTCH MOmHhiM axTOpOM,
CnOC06HhlM CnpOBOIJ;HpOBaTh HHTeHCHBHhle pe30HaHCHLIe KOJIe6aHHH
B ynpyroMaceoBoH CHCTeMe Mrp. .n;1llI HX pacqeTa He06xo,lI,HM0 KpO-
Me 3HaHIDI 3aKOHOB ,lI,BIDICeHIDI 3JIeMeHTOB MexaBH3Ma, onpe,lI,eJIJleMhlX
npHJIeM KYJIaqx:a, HMeTh CBe,lI,eHIDI 06 HX HHepoHHhlX xapaK-
TepHcTHKax. B npaxTHKe npoeKTHpOBaHIDI Mrp npH pacqeTe P jvI ,lI,eH-
CTBHTeJIbHhIii MeX3.HH3M 3aMeIDIeTCJI ,lI,HBaMHqeclCB 3ICBHBarreBTBOH eM)'
MO,lI,eJIblO, npe,lI,CTaB1llIlOmeH C060H CHCTeM)' a6COJIIOTBO )KecTICHX BeBe-
COMbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, KOTophle ,lI,BIDKYTCJI C KHBeMaTHqecKHMH napaMeT-
paMH 38.MelQaeMhlX HMB ,lI,eTaJIeH H HMelOT Macey 11Zz....", COcpe,lI,OTOqeB-
BYIO Ha KJIanaue. IIpHBe,lI,eBBaJI Macca Ollpe,lI,e1llleTCJI- H3 paBeHCTBa
KHHeTHqecICHX 3Bepnm pearrbBoro Mrp Hero 3ICBHBaJleBTHOH MO,lI,eJIH
(pIiC. 9.29):
254

W:mo=:EW 3JJCM = W IJI + W np + W""-'of+ W CT + Wup+ W",op+ W IIIT + W n
(.,ne W"". = 1/ 21nna1l :"; W IJI = 1/ 2 """,,-11:", W Tap = 1/ 2Innpll :"; W ""-'of = 1/21n:.....11:,,;
W CT = 1/ 2mCTlI :"; W up = 1/ 2 (2/3Tnup)v:"; W",op = 1/ 2 JmpOJ;'p = 1/ 2 J",opll:J l;
1
W lIlT = 1/21nurr1l:; W T =-1n;1I: - COOTBeTCTBeHHO ICHHeTH"IecKU 3HepmH
2
JKBHBaJleHTHOH CHCTeMhI H ee 3J1eMeHTOB, KJlanaHa, TapeJIKH, 3aM-
KOBoro YCTpOHCTBa, CTaKaHa, rrpY)l(HHhI, KOpOMhICJIa (phl'lara),
IIITaHTH H TOJIKaTeJUl, rJ{e J",op - MOMeHT HHepIVDI KopoMhICJIa OT-
IIOCHTeJlbHO OCH ero Bpam;eHIDI, OJ",op - yrJlOBaH CKOpoCTb KOpoMbIC-
JIa. 3,necb KHHeTH"IecKu 3HeprHH npyxmHhI onpe,neIDIeTCH HCXO,l(JI H3
cJIe,nyroIIVIX ,nOnyIQeHHH (PHC. 9.30): Macea npyxmHhl p8.BHOMepHo pac-
npe,neJIeHa no ee AJIHHe I; CKOpOCTb .wm)KeHIDI 3JIeMeHTa npyxm-
IIhI nponopHOH8JIbHa ero paCCToHHHIO x OT HIDKHero HenO,l(BH)lCHO-
ro ee Topa. B 3TOM CJIy'lae 3J1eMeHT dx, Haxo,ncH Ha paCCToH-
IIHH x OT onopHoro Topa npyxmHhI, HMeeT MaCCY =Tnupdx/l,
CKOpOCTb lIx='VvI(X/l) H ICHHeTH"IecKyro 3HeprHlO dWx=I/21I:=
= 1/2Tnnpll:"(X2/13)dx. IIoJIHU KHHeTlflleCKU 3HeprIDI npyxmHhI W up =
I .
= f dW x = 1/ 2 (2/3Tnnp)v:n. IIocJIe no,nCTaHOBKH B Hcxo,nHoe ypaBHeHBe
o
m/(}/
*'

m,
PRc. 9.29. K opHBe,AeBHlO Mace rA3opacnpeemrreJI&Boro MeX8.BH3Ma
255

Bblpa)KeHHH, onpe.n;eJUlIOHX KHHeTH'leC-
KHe 3HeprHH 3KBHBarreHTHOH CHCTeMhl
H 3JIeMeHTOB MeXaHH3Ma, C )"IeTOM o'le-
BHAHOrO COOTHOIIIeHHg vdvT=IJ1T no-
JIY'IIIM
m...)U =  + mT&p + m,..... + Incr +
+ mup/3 + Jr.op/l: + (m urr + mT}/i:.
v
Ha Ha'laJIbHOM ::ITane npoeKTHpoBa-
HHg .nIDI 3a,naHHg Mace .n;eTaJIeH Mrp
Hcno.m.3}'1OTCg CTaTHCTH'IecKHe .n;aHHhle.
Y.n;em,Hag npHBe.n;eHHag Macea KJIanaHHO-
ro MexaHH3Ma, onpe.n;eJIgeMag KaK Macca, npHXO.z:um:taJICg Ha e,ZJ;HHHItY
IIJIOa,ZJ;H rOpJIOBHHbl BnYCICHoro KJIanaHa, ....r.=mr.....r.Ifr, HOCHT H3.3Ba-
HHe KOllcmpYKmUBlIOU MaCCbl MrP. Ee CTaTHCTIf1IeCKag BeJIH1:lHHa .n;JUI
Mrp C lIenocpeikm8ellllblM npUBoi)oM COCTaBJUleT 200...300 Kr/M2,
a C npu8oi)O.M 'lepe3 mOAKameAb, wmallzy U KOpO.MblCAO - 400...
500 Kr/M 2 .
B COOTBeTCTBHH C yHKOHaJIbHblM H3.3Ha'leHHeM npYXUHbl KJIana-
Ha ee ynpyzaR cU./I.a Pup .n;OJDKHa 06ecne'lHBaTL KHHeMaTH'IecKYIO CBg3L
Me)I(,lJ;)' KJIanaHOM H 3JIeMeHTaMH ero npHBo.n;a, Kor.n;a BO BpeMB: 3.3bl
3a.Me.n;JIeHHg OTpHItaTe.m.HaJI CHJIa HHepItHH Pj CTpeMHTCg p3.30pBaTL 3TY
CBg3L (PHC. 9.31), a TaIOKe y.n;epXOlBaTL CHJIOH CBoeH npe,ZJ;BapHTeJILHOH
.n;eopMaH Po KJIanaH B 3aKphITOM nOJIO)KeHHH B npoIteccax ra3006-
MeHa.
Hep3.3pblBHOCTL KHHeMaTH'IecKoH CBDH KYJIa'IKa C 3JIeMeHT8.MH npH-
Bo.n;a 06ecne'IHBaeTcg, ecJIH B 3.3e 3a.Me,WIeHHg Pnp=Pj, r.n;e k 3 -
K03<pHItHeHT 3anaca, Y'IIITblBaroHH B03MO)KHoe npeBbIIIIeHHe HOMH-
HaJILHOH '1aCTOTbl BpaIIteHIDI ,ZJ;BHraTeJUI OT n..o.. .n;o n ma .. H BH6partHIO
BHTKOB npYXOIHbl. Ero 3Ha'leHHe HaxO,ZJ;HTCg B npe.n;eJIax k 3 = 1,5...2,25.
MeHbIIIHe 3Ha'ieHIDI k3 OTHOCgTCg K ,[(BC C OrpaHH'IIITeJIeM '1aCTOTbl
BpaIIteHIDI.
,[(JUI npYXOIH C JIHHeiiHoH xapaKTepHcTHKoH 3aBHCHMOCTL ee ynpyroH
CHJIbl OT nepeMeeHHg KJIanaHa MO)KeT 6LITh 3aUHcaHa B BH.n;e Pup =
=Po+Cuphxn, r.n;e Cup - )KeCTKOCTL npYXOIHhI, H/M. Tor.n;a npe,ZJ;BapH-
TeJILHag .n;eopMaItIDI npYXOIHbl !o=Po/Cup, a ee MaKCHMaJIbHaJI BeJIH-
'lllHa Imn = P upmn/Cup = fo + hr.JJma..'
IIpH H3BecTHLIX BeJIH'lllHaX P upmu.' hxnmu H Po MO)KHO onpe.n;eJIHTL
Heo6xo,ZJ;HMyro )KeCTKOCTL npYXOIHbl: Cup=(Pupmn-Po}/huunn.
M aKCUMa./l.bllaR ynpyzaR cU./I.a npYXUHbl P upmu. = P jmn = kplnaJr.JJma...
B 3.3e 3aMe.n;JIeHIDIjr.JJInU HMeeT MeCTO B TO'IKe, r vr.JJ=O, T. e. B TO'lKe
BepXHero BhICTOg npH hxn = humu.
PRc. 9.30. K oopeeJIeHHlO npH-
BeeBHOH MaCCLl IJIanallHOH npy-
:&HBhI
256

Po
o
a
PHe. 9.31. 3aBHCHMOCTb H3MeBeBHJl CHJI B MrP:
6
a - or yrna DOBopoTa pacnpeneJIilTeJIbHoro Bana; 6 - OT XOna U&Dana
YnpyzaJI CUAa npY:HCUHbl om ee nped6apumeAbHou de,popMa'lUU Po CO-
oTlle'rCTBye-r flu = 0 (ICJIanaH 3aICpLIT) H .n;OJDKHa 6LITL .n;OCTaTO'IHoii .n;JUl
y.n;epJKaHHJI B 3aICpLITOM COCTOJlHHH:
1} 6blnYCKHOZO KAanaHa Ha maKme 6nYCKa 6 d6uzameARX 6e3 HaddY6a,
Kor.n;a Ha ICJIanaH .n;eHCTByeT CTpeMB:aJlCJI OTKpLITL ero CBJIa P r . BWn =
1t
=4(Prp-Pa)t4Bwn' r.n;e t4.BWD - .n;BaMe-rp ropJIOBHHLI BLIIIYCKHoro ICJIana-
lIa; Pa, Prp - .n;aBJIeHWl B I1HJIHH.n;pe H BLIllYCKHOM Tpy6onpOBo.n;e. B .n;B-
leillIX CBJIa Pr.BWD MaKCHM8JILHa Ha pe)I(HMe MaICCHMaJILHLIX 'laCTOT
UpameHWl; B ,ZJ;cM3 Ha XOJIOCTM Xo.n;y npH MaICCHMaJILHO npmcpLIToii
){pocceJIbHoii 3aCJIomce;
2} 6nYCKHOZO KAanaHa Ha maKme 6blnYCKa 6 d6UZameARX C HaddY60M,
KOr.n;a Ha KJIanaH .n;eiiCTBye-r CTpeaJlCJI OTKPLITL ero CHJIa P r _ Bn =
1t
=4 (P.. - Pr}t4BJI' r.n;e t4.BJI - .n;BaMerp rOpJIOBHHLI BnyCKHOro ICJIanaHa; Pro
p" - .n;aBJIeHWl B ItBJIHH.n;pe H BnyCKHOM -rpy60npoBo.n;e. .
Heo6xo.n;HMO OTMeTHTb, 'lTO npyxmHa HMee-r HaHMeHbIllHe ra6apH-
rLI npH fmulfo = 2. ,l(mI aBTO-rp8.ICTOpHLIX .n;BHraTeJIeii .n;amlOe OTHome-
IIHe o6LI'IHo HaxO.n;BTCJI B npe.n;eJIax 1,6...3,2. IIpH ero BLI60pe Heo6-
XO.n;BMO npOBepJlTb BLIllOJIHeHHe YCJIOBWl Po> Puwn .n;nJl 6e3H3MysHLIX
.LJ:BC H Po> Pun - .n;nJl .n;BHraTeJIeii C Ha.n;.n;yBOM.
IIpH HCnOJIL30B3.HHH B ICJIanaHHOM MeX3.HH3Me .n;Byx npyxClm HX
xapaICTepHCTHICH .n;OJDKHLI BLI6HpaTLCJI TaICHMJ, 'lTo6LI BLIllOJIIDIJIHCL
yCJIOBWl:
Pnp_U+Pnp.B=PO npH flu = 0;
Pnpmaxu+Pnpman=Pnpmax npH hu=humu..
MaICCHM3.JIbHaJl CBJIa HapyxrnoH npYJKHHLI onpe.n;eJIJle-rcB KaK 'laCTL
o6eH ynpyroii CBJILI Pnpmu.B=knpPnpmu., a MaICCHM8JILHaJI CBJIa, Harpy-
257

)ICalOIQaR BHYTpeHHlO1O npY)f(Huy, P npmaxBR= (1- knp)P npmax' 06Ll'lHO P;JUl
8.BTOTpaKTOpHhIX p;BuraTeneH knp = 0,55...0,65.
CUAbl aQ8AeHUR za308 Pr p;eHCTByIOT TonLKO Ha nonHOCTLIO 3aKpLI-
TLIe KJIanaHhI npH HaJIH'lHH nepenap;a p;aBneHHu Ha ero ronOBKe. 3TH
CHJILI MorYT CTpeMHTLCR OTKpLITL KnanaH, npoTHBop;eucTBYR npH 3TOM
CHJIe Ha'.laJIbHOU p;ecpoPM8.IUlH npY:>KHHLI Po. B Ha'.l3.JIbHLIe MOMeHTLI
OTKpLITHR KJIanaHOB CHJThI p;aBneHIDI ra.30B p;eHcTBYIOT B TOM )ICe Hanpa-
BneHHH, '.ITO H ynPyme CHJILI npYXQiH, p;OnOJIHHTenbHO HarpY)ICaR npH
3TOM 3neMeHTLI npHBop;a. HaH60nbmee 3Ha'.leHHe 3Ta CHna HMeeT 8 MO-
n
MeHm Ha'laAa omKpblmUR 8blnYCKHOZO KAanaHa: Prmax = 4 (Ph - Pr)d;:B>lJI> rp;e
dr.BWD - JJ;HaMeTp ropnOBHHLI BLillYCKHoro KJIanaHa; Ph, Pr - COOTBeTCT-
BeHHO p;8.BneHHR B UHJIlIIIJJ;pe H B BLIII}'CKHOM TPy6onpoBOp;e B MO-
MeHT Ha'.laJIa OTKpLITHR BLillYCKHOrO KJIamma (no H.H,l{HKaTOpHOU JJ;Ha-
rpaMMe).
9.4.4. YllPYmE KOJIEGAHIUI B MEXAHIDME
r A30PACIIPE,lI;EJIEHIDI
COBoKynHOCTL 3neMeHTOB MIl> npep;CTaBJUleT C060H ynpyroMac-
COByIO CHCTeM}', B KOTOpOH p;eHcTByIOT nepHOp;H'lecKH H3MelilllOIQHeCR
cpaKTopLI, B036Y)I(J{aIOIUHe B HeH ynpyrHe Kone6aHIDI.
YnpyrHe p;ecpopMa.QHH p;eTaneu npHBop;a KJIanaHa ynplp HaKJI8.JJ;LIBa-
IOTCR Ha ero nepeMeIQeHHe, 3a.p;8.BaeMOe 3aKOHOM JJ;BIDKeHIDI TOnKaTeJUl
help (PHC. 9.32, a), H B pe3YJIbTaTe hUIp=(help+ynplp)liK"
TaK KaK HaH60nbmee 3Ha'.leHHe aMIDIHT}'P;LI BLlHY)I()J;eHHhIX Kone6a-
HHH p;OCTHraeTCR npH pe30HaHce, TO P;JUl OUeHKH HCKaxceHHH ,nBHx<eHIDI
KJIanaHa Heo6xop;HMO onpep;eJIHTb roo - 'lacmomy co6cmeeHHblX KOAe-
6aHUU ynpyroH CHCTeMLI Mrp, BLl'lHCnHTL aMnAumyay 8036Y:JICa(J}(}ezo
rfiaKmopa Ha P;aHHOH '.IaCTOTe, a 3aTeM paCC'lHTaTb aMnAumyay ynpyzux
aeifJOpMallUU.
TIpH pemeHHH p;aHHOH 3ap;a'IH MexaHH3M ra.30pacnpe,n:eneHIDI 3aMe-
IDllOT JJ;HHaMH'leCKH 3KBHBaneHTHOB: eM}' cHCTeMoH, COCTORI.QeU H3 (pIlC.
9.32, 6):
. ynpyroro 3JIeMeHTa C JKecTKOCTblO Cnp, (HIM), HMHTHpYIOIQero
KJIanaHHYIO npY:>KHHY;
. 3JIeMeHTa, cpHKCHpyIOIQerO npHBep;eHHYIO K KJIanaHY CYMMapHYIO
3H:eCmKOCmb aemaAeU npU80aa KAanaHHOZO MexaHU3Ma C IBC ' (HIM);
. npHBep;eHHoH K KJIanaHY 3K8u8aAeHmHou MaCCbl noi}8u:JICHblX ae-
maAeU Mrp (KJIanaHa, npyJKHHhI, KOpOMLICJIa, mTaHrH H TOJIKaTeJUl)
m...N.-X, lIT;
. p;eMllcpHPYIOIQerO 3JIeMeHTa, HMHTHpYIOIQero Heo6paTHMLIe nOTe-
pH B MexaHH3Me, 06YCJIOBJIeHHhIe BHYTpeHHHM "TpeHHeM H TpeHHeM
Me)I()J;y 3JIeMeHTaMH npHBo,n:a, e K03(/j(/jUIJueumoM nomepb , (H' elM);
258

'k "
rvr:",
hKJIlp
h lci; "-,1
Tip
h Tlpt
Ip
J KOp ; m KOp ; C KOP
 i\Ynpq> ,
 --
, --"Ip 
m UlT , CUlT
m T
t hKJIlp
, m K . M . K
O)
O)
a
6
PRc. 9.32. ClIopMHpOBaHHe MOeJIH Mrp  ooperomeBHJI ero )J;HHaMH'IeclCHX xapu:-
TepHCTRJC:
a - CXCMa I1cACTBBTCJlhHOrO MCX8BB3Ma; 6 - 3IaIBJlII.J1CHTBIUI. p;BBB.MB'lcaI:lUl Oll,BOMaccoBaJI
MOI1CJI&
. KYJIa'IKa, 3a,nalOIQerO TOJ1KaTeJIIO 3aKOH ero nO,l:t'beMa, he"" M.
t:lHCJIOBLIe 3Ha'ieHIDI 3THX napaMeTpOB onpe,neIDllOTCjJ H3 o6IQero
YCJIOBWI 3KBHBa..neHTHOCTH - pa.BeHCTBa nOJ1HhIX 3HeprHH ,l:teilcTBHTeJIb-
HOM H 3KBHBaJIeHTHOM CHCTeM.
PaBeHCTBO HX nOTeHa..nbHhIX 3Bepnm (nOJIarMl KJIanaH H TOJ1Ka-
TeJIb He,necpopMHpyeMbIMH) HMeeT MeCTO, ecJIH
CmrC xop
CU-X-N = 2 '
ix C"op + C nn
r,ne CmT, C mp - >KecTKOCTb lliTaHrH H KOpOMbICJIa, HIM.
BeJIH'IHHa m".MJI BbPlHCIDIeTCjJ H3 yCJIOBWI pa.BeBCTBa KHHeTH'IecKOM
'JHeprHH:
1 Jxop 1 mmT 1
l'nx_n=mv.+-lnnp+-+- 3 [ . C /( . C )] 2 +m,.,
3 I; 1,,+ un I" "op 
r,ne mv. - MaCCa KJIanaHa H ,neTa..neM KpenJIeHHSl KJIanaHBOM npY)I(H-
HLI, lIT; mop - MaCCa KJIanaHBOM npY)I(HHLI, lIT; Jx;op - MOMeHT HHepH
KOpOMbICJIa OTHOCHTeJIbHO OCH ero BpaIQeBIDl, Kr. M 2 ; Inun: - Macca
UITaHm, lIT; m T - MaCCa TOJIKaTeJIjJ, KL
B CBjJ3H C TeM, 'ITO CHlILI r3.30B, ,neiiCTBYIOIQHe Ha KJIanaH, HecYIQeCT-
BeRRO BJIIDIIOT Ha ,WIH8.MHKY Mrp, yCJIOBHe paBHoBecIDl CHlI, npwIO-
)[(eHHbIX K 3KBHBa..neHTHOM CHCTeMe:
259

Pup" + Pj., + P ynp., - P DOT., = 0,
r,n:e Pup.,=Po+C., - YCHJIHe, p3.3BHBaeMOe KJIamUIHOH npyxmHOH
npH nO,n:'beMe KJIanaua Ha BeJIH':I.HHY hu,,; Pi,,=muJ.(d2hVl,,/dt2) - CHJIa
HHepn;HH 3ICBHB8JIeHTHOH MaCChi _N..,,; P ynp" = CDJ.... (hu" - hv,o,,) -
ynpyroe YCBJIHe, B03HHKaIDIl{ee npH ,n:el}>opMan;HH ,n:eT8JIeH npHBo,n:a:
huo., = hr"i" - nepeMeeHHe KJIanaHa B npe.nnOJIoX\.eHHH, '1TO 3JIeMeHThI
CHCTeMhl a6coJDOTHo )I(eCTICHe: PDOT,,=(dhv,.,/dt) - CBJIa Heynpyrux
conpoTHBJIeHHH MexaHH3Ma.
1'13 npHBe,n:eHHoro ypaBHeHHJI 1I0CJIe 8JIre6pau'leCKHX npe06p3.30Ba-
HHii nOJIY'lHM
d2h..n" tJh.n" ( .
m u .,,- +-+ Cup + CDJ....)hu,,= CDJ..NI"hT,,-P o .
dt dt
PaCCMaTpBBaJl npaByro '1aCTh ypaBHeHIDI KaK He3aBHcHMhIii CBJIOBOH
l}>aKTop, B036yxc.n:a1OIqIIH ynpyrylO CHCTeM)', F., = CDJ....i"hr., (3,n:ecb no-
CTommaJl CHJIa Po onyeHa, KaK He BJIHmoIl{aJl Ha KOJIe63.HHJI JIHHeiiHoH
CHCTeMhl), nOJI)"IHM JIHHeiiHoe Heo.n:uopo,n:Hoe JUll}>l}>epeHIJ;H8JIbHOe ypaB-
HeHHe BToporo nOpJI,n:Ka. Y'lHThIB8JI nepHo,n:H'lHOCTb (nepHO,n: 1) B03-
6yxc.n:alOIl{ero CHJIOBOrO l}>aKTopa F., H nOJIaraJl, 'ITO no,n:aBlliIlOIl{8JI
'IaCTb 3HepmH ynpyrux KOJIe6aHHH cocpe,n:OTO'leHa B 30He pe30Hauca Ha
'1aCTOTe c06CTBeHHhIX KOJIe6auHH CHCTeMhl roo, CBe,n:eM 3a.n:a'lY paC'IeTa
3MIIJIHTY.D:hI ynpyrux ,n:el}>opMan;HH Ie paC'IeTY 3MIIJIHTY.D:hl BblHY)I(.D:eH-
HbIX KOJIe6auHii npH ,n:eHCTBHH Ha 3KBBBaJIeHTHYlO CHCTeM)' TOJIbKO
zapMoHUKU CUA080Z0 rjjaKmopa C 'lacmomou ro = roo.
PellieHHe :norD ypaBHeHHJI .D:JllI CJIyqaJl CB060,n:HhIX KOJIe6aHHii (6e3
IIpaBO H '1aCTH) onpe,n:e IDIeT co6cmt/eHHYIO 'lacmomy KOAe6aHUu Mrp
roo =  (Cup + CD.""')/"'J..
AMIIJIHTy.n;a rapMOHIIKII 8036Y:JICowoUjezo rjjaKmopa Fa C '1aCTOTOH
D.=k2n/T=roo onpe,n:eJIJleTcJI KaK aMnJIHT}',n:a k-H rapMOHHKH pJl,l(a cI>y-
pbe I}>YHKIJ:HH F(t)-F,,:
T T
Fo= .J Af+Bf; Ak;= f F(t)cos(krot)dt; Bk= f F(t) sin (krot)dt.
o 0
)];IDI 'IeThlpexTaKTHOrO )];BC HOMep 6JIIDKaiirneH K roo pe30HHpy-
lOIl{eH rapMOHHKH B036Y)I(.D:aIOIl{ero l}>aKTopa k=int(roO/rok;). C Y'leTOM
Toro, 'ITO F" == Cu.ui"hr." a no,n:'beM TOJIKaTeJIJI hr" 3,n:aeTCJI B Ta6JIH'I-
HOH 1}>0pMe B BH.D:e COBOKynHOCTH 3Ha'leHHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIllUX P3.3JIIf1I-
HhIM yrJIaM nOBopoTa KYJIa'IKOBOro B8JIa, HHTerpaJIhl KOIIIH, ODHChIBa-
IOIqlle Ak; H B k , onpe,n:eJUIlOTCJI IIpH6JIH)I(eHHo:
260

2 i-N ( 2ft ) i-II ( 2 )
Ak=-CnJ..Ni. L hc1cos k-i ; Bk=CnJ..Ni"LhTisin k...!!.i,
N i-O N i-O N
CAe N -ICOJIB'leCTBO p3.36HeHlm yrJIOBOrO HHTepBaJIa ICpHBoii nOA'LeMa
KJIaDaHa C nOCTOJIHHhIM lDarOM I:up, 11([J=360oIN; i - TeICYB HOMep
Ta6JIH'lHoro 3Ha'leHWI Fa..
AMnJtumyi)a pe30HfIHcHblX KoJte6fIHUUICJIaDauHoro MeX8.HH3Ma
Fa.
l1yupa. = -.

!M.S. CHHTE3 TIPOfbRJIEA KY JIA "l{l{OB
HCXOAHLIMH napaMeTp8.MH ,/VIS! CHHTe3a ICYJIa'IKOB JIlo6oro npOHJIJI
HBJIJIIOTCJI:
. MaICCHMaJIhHhIH nO.l{heM lCJIaDaua h umu ;
. 3.3h1 r3.30pacnpeAeJIeHIDI (yrJIhI onepexceHWI OTICphlTHJI ([Jon.Bn,
([Jon.B1lJ1 H 3aICpbITWI ([J3auno ([Jsu..BWJJ BnycKHoro H BbIDYCKHOI'O lCJIaDauOB);
. BeJIH'lHHa TeDJIOBOrO 33.30pa ho: AJllI 6nycKHblx ICJIanauoB ho =
=0,25...0,35 MM, a AJllI 6blnycKHblx ho = 0,35...0,50 MM;
. nepeAaTo'IHoe OTHOlDeHHe DJIe'llCopoMhICJIa i.=IJlp
Ha HX OCHOB8.HHH onpeAeJIJIIOTCSI:
. yrOJI AeBCTBWI ICyJIa'IKa ([Jo=2«([Jon+ 180+ ([Jsu.)/'r;
. MaICCHMaJIhHaSI BhlCOTa nOA'LeMa TOJIlCaTeJIJI hcmu = humuli1t.;
. TeDJIOBOii 33.30p co CTOpOHhI TOJIlCaTeJIJI hOr=holi.;
. '1aCTOTa Bp8IQeHHJIICYJIa'IKa W1t.=o.JT.
1-13 YCJIOBHSI o6ecne'leHIDI AOCTaTO'IHOH H31'H6HOii XCecTlCOCTH pac-
npeAeJIHTeJIhHOrO BaJIa B npOJIeTe MeXCAY OnOpaMH onpeAeJIJIeTCJI P8AH-
yc Ha'laJIhHOH OlCpyxcuOCTH ICYJIa'IKa ro=(1,5...2,O)h u lllaJ[.
 KOppeKTHpOBICH npoHJIJI Ha B03MOXCH}'lO TeMDepaTypHyJO Ae-
OPM3lUf1O AeTaJIeii MrP paAHYc OlCpyxcuOCTH 3aThlJIKa ICyJIa'IKa r1t. BhI-
nOJlIDIlOT MeHhlDHM Ha BeJIB'lHHY TeDJIOBOrO 33.30pa ho-r H COnpJII'aJOT
C pa6o'IHM npOHJIeM Ha nepeXOAHOM }"IaCTICe no napa60JIe HJIH CHCTe-
MOH JJ.YI' r1t.=ro-ho-r (PHC. 9.33, a).
llpH npoHJIHpOBa.HHH ICYJIa'IKOB 8.BTOTpaICTOpHhIX .ZJ;BHl'aTeJIeii B Ha-
CTOJImee BpeMJI HCnOJIh3yJOT .ZJ;Ba MeTOAa:
. npoHJIHpoB8.HHe no 38AaHHOM)' 3aKo.JHY 06p3.30BauIDI npoHJISI
KYJIa'IKa;
. npoHJIHpoB8.HHe B COOTBeTCTBHH C 38AauHLIMH 381COH8.MH ero
KJIaDaHa.
llep6blu Memoi) n03BOJISIeT nony'IHTh npoHJIH cp8.BHHTeJThHO Tex-
HOJIOrH'IHbIX ICYJIa'IICOB, TalC lCaIC "UpOHJIh KyJIa'IKa npH 3TOM 06pa.3YeTCSI
cHCTeMoH COnpJDKeHHhIX Me)K,ZJ;Y co6oii II.Yr olCPY)lCHoCTeii p3.3JIH11Hoii
261

°1
a
6
6
PRc. 9.33. IIpo4JHJIH Kyna'IIOB:
a - BbIII}'UhIii; 6 - T8HI'eHIV5am.m.m; II - BOmyThIii
KpHBH3HhI. OAH8.lCO 3TOT MeTO,n; He n03BOillIeT ,n;06HThCH CKonbKO-HH-
6y,ZJ;b OnTHMaJIbHOrO COlfeTaHIDI XOpOlliHX r830,ZJ;HHaMHlfeCKHX (BpeMH -
celfeHHe) H ,ZJ;HHaMH'leCKHX (CHJIbI HHepUHH) nOK83aTeneH MIl'. C HC-
nOnb30BaHHeM ,n;aHlIOro MeTo,n;a npOlI)HnHpoBaJIHCb nmpoKo pacnpoCT-
paHeHHble paHee 6blnYKAblu mpexpa()uycHblU. BOZHymblu U maHZeHIIUaAb-
HblU KYAaIlKU.
KynalfKH BbllI}'KJIoro npo<}>HillI MOryT HCnOJIb30BaTbCH C mo6LIM
THlIOM TonKaTeneH, B TO BpeMH K8.lC BorHyrblii H TaureHttHaJIbHbIii
pa60Tocnoc06HhI TOJIbKO B nape C ponmcoBbIM TOJIKaTeneM.
Bmopou Memo() He HaKJIa.ZU>IBaeT OrpaHH'IeHHH Ha 38.lCOH 06p830Ba-
HID! npo<}>HIDI Kyna'IICa, Bcne,n;CTBHe Ifero. npe,n;OCTWlnHeT 60nblliHe B03-
MOX<HOCTH no 01ITHMH38lV1H nOKa3aTeneH MrP. CnpmpHJIHpOBaHHble
3THM MeTO,n;OM KynalfKH no napaMeTpy (<BpeMH - Ce'leHHe» He YCT}'IIa-
lOT, a B pJI,ZJ;e Cny'laeB npeBocxo,n;JIT Kyna'IICH, C1IpO<}>HJIHpoBaHHble no
nepBOMY MeTO,n;y, HO npH 3TOM o6ecnelfHBaIOT IIJIaBHoe H HenpephIBHoe
H3MeHeHHe YCKOpeHHH oanaHa, If TO cnoc06CTBYeT CHH)I(eHmo HHTeH-
CHBHOCTH y,n;apHbIX B3aHMo,n;eHCTBHH 3neMeHTOB B MIl' H }'MeHbmaeT
BJIIDIHHe Kone6amm npHBO,n;a MeX3.HH3Ma Ha KHHeMaTHKY KnanaHa. no
3T0M}' MeTO.n:y npol}>HnUPYlOTCH KynalfKH COBpeMeHHbIX ,Z:{BC, H83h1Ba-
eMble 6e3y()apHblMU, HanpHMep KYAallKU KYP'Ila H «nOAu()aUH». OAHaKO
cne.n:yeT OTMeTHTb, 'lT0 Kyna'IICH TaICoro npO<}>HillI 60nee cnOX<HbI B npo-
H3Bo,n;CTBe H, cne,n;OBaTeJIbHO, 60nee ,n;oporH.
npo4tIl.llllpOB8HHe BhIII)'KJIoro -rpeXP8JVIycuoro H TaurII&JD.HorO Ky-
Jl8'IKOJI. IIoCTpoeHHe npo<}>HlliI Kyna'IICa npoH3BO,ZJ;JIT HCXO,wI H3 H3BecT-
HbIX BeJIH'lHH hrmu, ({Jo, To, TJf. H 3a,n;aBaSICb BeJIH'lHHOH T2=2...8 MM (pac.
9.33, a) H3 ycnOBIDI conpSDKeHHH ero C .nyrOH nepeXOAHOH OKpyJKHOCTH
onpe,n;emnOT ee Pa,ZJ;Hyc
 +tf--2roacos<"pO
Tl - ,
2(ro-r2-aeos <"pO)
r,n;e a = hrmu + To - T2; ({JpO = ({Jo/2.
262

KYJIa'lOK C T8.HreHW{aJIbHbIM npo4>HJIeM HBJUIeTCjI 'IacrHLIM CJIY'Ia ;M
BLIIIyKJIOrO TpeXp3JnlYCHOrO KYJIalJ:Ka npH rl = 00, 'ITO B03MO)I(H0 nl,H
rO-r2-aCOSCPpO=O H
COSlppO
r2=rO-h.rmu. .
1 - cos CfJIIJ
Pacilem napaMemp08 i)8u:JICeHUR n.llOCKOZO mO.llKame.llR npH pa60-
Te C BLIIIyKJIhIM TpeXpa.n;HyCHbIM KYJIa'lKOM npOH3BO,lJ;HTCjI WIjI ,lJ;Byx
yqaCTICOB:
. l-u yqaCmOK - KOHTaKT KYJIalJ:Ka C TOJIKaTeJIeM B npe,lJ;errax ,lJ;yrH
AB nepeXO,lJ;HOH OKpyxmOCTH npB yrJIe nOBOpoTa KYJIalJ:Ka 0  CPa. CP=-..
3,lJ;ecb
CP=-. = arcsin ( a sin lppO ) ,
. rl -r2
a yrJIOBWI CKOpOCTb KyJIaIJ:Ka co..=dcpa./dt. llapaMeTpbI ,lJ;BIDKeHHB TOJIKa-
TeJlll: h.rl = (r1 - ro) (1- cos CPa.) - nepeMelQeHHe, VTI = (r1 - ro) co.. sin CPa. -
CKOpOCTb H jTI = (rl - ro)ro: cos CPa. - YCKopeHHe;
. 2-u YllacmOK - KOHTaKT KYJIalJ:Ka C TOJIKaTeJIeM B npe,lJ;e.n:ax ,lJ;yrH
BC OKpyxmOCTH npH ero BepIllHHe. KHHeMaTH'IecKHe napaMeTpbI TOJIKa-
TeJlll Ha BTOpOM Y'IacrKe npBBJITO Onpe,lJ;eIDITh, OTC'lHTbIBWI yrOJI nOBO-
pOTa KYJIalJ:Ka OT nOAO:JICeHUR 8epXHezo 8blcmOR B HanpaBJIeHHH, 06paT-
HOM Bp8.IQeHHIO KYJIalJ:Ka. YroJI nOBopOTa KYJIalJ:Ka npH :nOM H3MeIDIeT-
CjI B npe,lJ;eJIax OCPfJCPfJmax, r,lJ;e CPfJmax=CPpO-CPa.max; co..= -dcpfJ/dt. llapa-
MeTpbI ,lJ;BIDKeHIDl TOJIKaTeJIjI:
h.r2 =acos CPfJ+ '2- ro; V T 2 =a co.. sin CPfJ; 11'1.= -aro:cos CPfJ.
Pacllem napaMemp08 i)8U:JICeHUR P0.llWC080Z0 mO.llKame.llR npB pa60Te
c. T8.HreHnHaJIbHLIM KYJIalJ:KOM npOB3BO,lJ;.HTCjI WIjI ,lJ;Byx yqaCTICOB:
. l-u ytlacmOK - KOHT8.KT KYlIalJ:Ka C poJIHKOM B npe,lJ;eJIax nepexo,lJ;-
HOH npJIMoH AB npB yrJIe nOBOpoTa KYJIalJ:Ka O<CPa.<CPa.mu:. 3,lJ;ecb
( asin CfJIlJ )
CPa.mu:= arctg - ,
ro+r
r,lJ;e r - pR,lJ;HYC pOJIHKa, a ymoBWI CKOpOCTh KYJIalJ:Ka co..=dcpa.fdt.
llapaMeTpbI ,ltBB)I(eHIDI TOJIKaTelIB:
(ro+r)(l-eosrp..) (ro+r)w.,sinrpa.. (ro+r)w;(I+sin 2 rpa.)
h.rl - ; VTI - 2 ; iTI - 2 ;
COS rpa. «:OS rpa. eos lpa.
263

. 2-u Y'laCmOK - KOHTaXT C pOJIHKOM B npe,ZJ;eJIaX ,ZJ;yrH BC OKPY-
)l(HOCTH npH BepIIIHHe xYJIa'IXa. KHHeMaTHqeCKHe napaMeTphl TOJIICa-
Teml Ha BTOpOM yqaCTKe npHIDITO Onpe,ZJ;eJIBTb, OTC'lHThIBMI yrOJI nOBO-
pOTa KYJIaqKa OT nOJIO)J(eHHJI BepXHerO BhlCTOB B HanpaBJIeHHH, 06paT-
HOM BpeHHIO KYJIa'IXa. YrOJI nOBOpoTa KYJIa'IICa npH 3TOM H3MeIDIeT-
CB B npe):{eJIax O qJp qJpmax., me qJpmJJ.x= qJpO- qJamJJ.x; COJ[= -dqJp/dt. IIapa-
MeTphl ,nBH)J(eHIDI TOJIKaTeJIJ.l:
( ..II-a: sin 2 cpp )
hr2=a COSqJp+ at -(ro+r);
2 [ . aJ sin2cpp ]
V T 2 = acoJ[ SlfiqJp+ ;
2.jl-a: sin 2 cpp
. 2 ( al CDS 2cpp+a: sin 4 cpp )
lT2= -acoJ[ COSqJ.B+ ,
( -2. 2 3f2
1-"I SID CP.B)
r,ZJ;e a 1 =a/(r+r2).
Ha pHC. 9.34 npe,ZJ;CTaBJIeHa rpa4>HqeCKMI HHTepnpera:QM 3aKOHOB
,nBH)J(eHM TOJIICaTeJIeii C paCCMOTpeHHbIMH BhlIIIe npo4>HJIJIMH KYJIaq-
KOB.
06IItHM He,ZJ;OCTaTKOM KYJIa'IICOB. cnpo4>HJIHpOBaHHbIX no nepBO-
MY MeTO,lfj', JlBJIJ.leTCB CKa'lKOo6pa3Hoe U3.MeHeHUe YCKopeHUR (a CJIe-
,ZJ;OBaTeJlbHO. H CHJI HHepH) npH nepexo,ZJ;e OT 4>3.3bI p3.3rOHa K 4>a3e
3aMe,ZJ;JIeHHB. 3TO npHBO,ZJ;HT K nOJIBJIeHHIO «MJITKHX Y,ZJ;apoB» B Me-
xaHH3Me. npOJIBJIJ.IIOIItHXCJI TeM B 60JIbWeH CTeneHH. qeM BbIWe
ypOBeHb ero HarpY)J(eHHOCTH HHepHOHHblMH CHJIaMH. B CBJl3H C OT-
MeqeHHblM T3.KHe KYJIa'IXH 3aTpY,ZJ;HHTeJIbHO HCnOJIb30BaTb B )J;BC
C n"o.. > 2000 MUH - 1.
IIpot)lI.IIIIpoB8HHe 6e3Y,ZJ;8pHoro KYJI8"IK8 KYP,,8. TIpH npo4>HJIHpOBa-
HHH KYJIaqKa Kypa HCXO.lUlbIM JlBJIJ.leTCB 3aKOH H3MeHeHM YCKopeHHB.
npe,ZJ;CTaBJIJIIOIIUlH C060H Hepa3phIBHyro 4>ym<:mno 6e3 TaK Ha3hIBaeMbIX
«MSlrKHX Y,ZJ;apOB». KpHBaSljT=j(qJJ[} 4>OpMHPYeTCJI (PHC. 9.35) nOCJIe,ZJ;o-
BaTeJlbHbIM Ha6opoM KpHBbIX:
. Ha yqaCTKe c6era <1>0 - 1/4 BOJIBbI KOCHHYCOH,ZJ;bI; npH 3TOM BbI6H-
paeTCB TenJIOBOii 3a30p ho, a CKOPOCTb TOJIICaTeJIJ.I ,ZJ;OCTHraeT BeJIH'lHHhI
vTOJ:, MM/rpa,ZJ;;
. Ha yqaCTKe nOJIO)J(HTeJIbHhIX YCKopeHuH pa6oqero npo4>HJIJ.I: <1>1 -
112 BOJIHbI CHHYCOH)J;bI; _
. Ha HaqaJIbHOM yqaCTKe OTpH:QaTeJIbHb,JX YCKopeHuH: <1>2 - 1/4
BOJIHbI CHHYCOH)J;hI;
264

OJ.
---....
t VI
+"1
a
liT
V T
j,
'Po 'P.
'P''''=T
6
'P.
jT
'P.
--..---
--.--.-.
6
PRc. 9.34. KHBeMaTH'lecme napaMClpLl MrP:
a - cxeM& Mex&ml.3Ma; 6 - 3ILBHCHMocrb nepcMCHmI aopocm B ya:opellB!l IllBnua no yrny
1I01lOpor& IYJJa'ID; II - cp&BHCBBC nmCMaTBnl TOJD:&TCJ1eB C IILIII}'KJIhIM (1), BOrsyn.IM (2) B rllBrCll-
J:tWLJJbIIWM (3) npocllWID4JI npH O.AHBUOBIMX nO,Q1oCMaX B yrnax ,l\eAC11IJU:
. Ha OCHOBHOM Y'IaCrKe OTpaTeJIbHhIX YCKOpemm: «1>] - 'Iacrb
napa6oJIbI.
TIpH CHHTe3e nporl>HJHI ICYJIa'IKa JJ;8.HHOrO THna HCXO,l(HblMH napaMeT-
p3.MH JIBJHlIOTC.H: yrOJI JJ;eHCTBH.H ICYJIa'IKa qJo; MaKCHMaJIbHbIH nOJJ;"beM
I"OJIKaTeJI.H h.max; CICOpocrb TOJIICaTeJIJI B ICOHQe Y'laCTKa c6era v'rlIE=
= 0,008...0,022 MM/rp; omOCHTeJIbHa.H AJIHTeJIbHOCTb yqacrKoB Pa3-
/"OHa H 3aMe.D;JIeHIDI: «1>. = (O,33...0,67)(cI>2 + cI>]), «1>2 = (0, 1...0,25)c1>], qJo=
=2(<<1>. +«1>2+«1>3)' p. .I
TIpH Bbl60pe BeJIH'lHH «1>. + «1>2 + «1>] Heo6xoJJ;HMO yqHTblBaTb, 'ITO
'.eM ICOpo'le Y'IacroIC nOJIO>ICHTeJIbHbIX ycrOpeHlm «1>., TeM 60JIbme
«OpeM.H - ce'leHHe» KJIanaHa. OroIaKO npH 3TOM B03pacralOT MaKCH-
MaJIbHbIe 3Ha'leHH.H nOJIO>ICHTeJIbHbIX YCKOpeHHH, 'ITO npHBO.D;HT IC pocry
HHHaMH'leCKOH HarpyxceHHocrH 3JIeMeHTOB MrP.
YpaBHeHB.H, onpeJJ;eJI.HIOInHe XapaKTep H3MeHeHB.H YCICOpeHH.H Ha
OTJJ;eJIbHbQ:. Y'laCTICax JJ;BIDKeHB2 ICYJIa'lKa:
265

"T
o
V T
0
iT
,
,
.,
,
,
,
0 1/>.0 I
I
,
"'0
Pac. 9.35. rpa4Jam nOADCMa h.x, CKOpOCTH IJT.H YCKOpellHJl jT TOJIDTeJIJ[ IYJIa'lKa,
enpo4lHJIHPOBaHHOrO no MeTo KypQa
. Ha Y'laCmKe c6eza K)'Aa'lKa (OqJ"oCl>o) .
( n ) 2 n
j.rlJ = W: ho - COS - qJ-..o;
2<110 2<110
. Ha )"laCmKe nOAO:JICUmeAbHblX YCKopeHUU (0  qJJ:1  Cl>.)
. 2 ( n ) 2. n
iT.=W"C'2 - Sln-qJJ:l;
c1J. <11.
. Ha nep60M Y'laCmKe ompUameAbHblX YCKOpeHUU (0  qJ,,2  Cl>:z)
. 2 ( n ) 2. n
iT2 = - W" C 22 - sm - qJJ:2;
2<112 2c1J2
266
. Ha BmOpOM Y'laCmKe ompUameAbHblX YCKOpeHldl (0  qJ,,3  Cl>3)

jT3 = - W: [2C 32 -12C 3 ,(cI>3 - tpv)2].
K03«p<pBIJ;HeHThI Cll' C'2' C 21 H T. A. paCC'lHThIB3JOTCjJ H3 paBeHCTB
COOTBeTCTBYIO nepeMeI.l\eHHH, ClCopOCTeH H YCKOpeHHH Ha rpaHBIJ;ax
CMeX<HhlX yqacrKoB, 38.IIHCaHHbIX B BltAe CHCTeMbl H3 mecTH ypaBHeHlm.
TaK KaK B HeH COAep>KHTCjJ ceMb HeH3BecTHbIX Ko34>«PHeHTOB, TO AJIjJ
ee pemeHIDI Heo6xOWlMa AOnOJIHHTeJIbH8JI 3aBHCHMocrb, xapaKTepIDY-
1Om;8JI cl><>PMY OTpBIJ;aTeJIbHOH '1aCTH ICpHBOH YCKopeHIDI Z =jTa.fjT3K'
3Ha'leHHe ICOTOpOH 06hI'lHO npHHHMalOT 6JIH3KHM K 5/8.
BhIpWKeHIDI AIDI paC'leTa nyrH H CKOpOCTH TOJIKaTemI nOJl}''13JOT
HHTerpHpOBaHHeM no BpeMeHH BblpWKeHHii, onpeAe.illIlOID;Hx YCKopeHHe
Ha paccMaTpHBaeMhIX yqaCTICax.
YrJIOB8JI AJIHTeJIbHOCTh yqacTICa c6era cI>0 onpeAeJIjJeTcjJ no npHHjJ-
TOH BeJIH'lHHe vrlh<. TaK lCaK CKOpOcrb TOJIKaTeJDI Ha 3TOM Y'IaCTICe
4>ofIIJ:
vrlh< = f hcrJit= hrljW K  sin  tp-..{J,
2<110 2<110
o
TO B 1C00ne Y'IacrlCa npH tp-..{J = cI>0
Vrlh<=hcofOK1tI(2cI>0) H cI>0=hrtJ1t1(2v.
IIp8.BHJIbHOCTh BhI60pa HCXO.nuhIX AaHHbIX npOBepjJeTCjJ no COOTBeT-
CTBHIO paCCMaTpHBaeMhIX KHHeMaTH'IeCKHX BeJIH'lHH Ha CThIlCax yqacr-
KOB. ,Z:{mI nepeMem;eHHH H ClCopOCTeH OHH He AOJDKHbI npeBhIIlIaTb
0,0001, a AJIjJ YCKOpeHHH - 0,001.
K AOcrOHHcrB8.M ICYJIa'IKOB KYP.Qa CJIeA}'eT OTHecTH B03MOxmOCTh
HX pa60ThI C IIJlOCKHM TOJIKaTeJIeM.
KYJIa'lOK, cnpocl>HJIHpOBaHllhIii no MeTOA}' KYP.Qa, He yqHThIBaeT
ynpyrHe Aecl>opMa.QHH npHBOAa ICJIanamIoro MeXaHH3Ma H 06bI'lHO npH-
MeHjJeTCjJ B MeX8.HH3Max C HenocpeAcrBeHHbIM npHBOAOM ICJIanaHOB.
llpotll.llllpOB8HHe fie3Y Aapooro KyJIa-m8 DO MeTO,lQ' <<IIoJIll,Aaiiu».
B MrP, B ICOHcrpyK.QHH lCoToporo HMelOTCJI 3JIeMeHThI C nOBhIIlIeHHoH
nOAaTJIHBocrblO (lIITaIITH, ICOpOMblCJIa H T. A.), KYJIa'IKH .QeJIeC006pa3HO
npo«pHJIHpOBaTb TaKHM 06PaJOM, 'lT06bI OHH o6ecne'lHBaJIH ICOppeKD;HIO
HCKWKeHHH 3aKOHa )J;BH)I(eHIDI ICJIan3.Ha, B03HHKarom;HX BCJIeAcrBHe yn-
pyrHX KOJIe68.HHii npHBoAa.
H8.H6oJIbmee pacnpocTpaHeHHe B npaKTHKe ABHI'aTeJIecrpoeHHJI AJIjJ
pemeHIDI AamIoii 33.Aa'IH nOJl}"lHJI MeTOA nPOcl>HJIHpOB8.HHjJ KYJIa'IKa,
Ha3hIBaeMhIii MeTOAOM «nOJIHAaHH».
B 3TOM c.rry'lae Heo6xoWlMhIii 3aKOH nOA'beMa ICJIan3.Ha 33.AaeTcjJ
nOJIHHOMOM
I'
I
I'
I'
I
Ii
267

., = hEnmax[ 1 + C 2 (;:) 2 + C p Cp:X +
+Cq (;: Y +C, (} +C 8 (:pO} J.
a Tpe6yeMLIii AilB ero BocnpOH3BeeHHB 3a.KOH nepeMexneHHB TOJIKaTeJlll
hr." Y'DIThIBaIOIItHH HaJIH'lHe ynpyrHX KOJIe6auHii npHBo)'.(a, onpe)'.(eJlll-
eTCB Ha OCHOBauHH .nHcl>cl>epeHnHaJIbHOrO YPaBHeHWI IDKeHWI 3JIeMeH-
TOB MIl' C }"IeTOM HX no)'.(aTJIHBOCTH (CM. Pa3)'.(. 9.4.3):
d2h..H." dhu., .
m..H.... + - + (Cnp + CUH.}hu.,= CJLuiA.,- P.
dt dt
1l0JIaras OTCYTCTBHe B CHCTeMe Heynpymx nOTepb (= O), a TaJOKe
Y'fHTLlBaB, '1TO t = (J)..(f).., nocne npe06pa30BaHHH nOJI}"IHM
1 ( Po Cnp + CUH. 2 d2 )
hr., = f(.,} =-;- - c + c .,+ m...M"'CJJ; -,_2 .
'I IL:I:.M D.I..!II: "'iIJ[
1l0)'.(CTaHOBKa B 3T0 ypaBHeHHe nOJIHHOMa, OnHCbIB8.IOlIterO h..m"
)'.(aeT 3a.KOH nepeMelIteHHB TomcaTenB hr., = f( (f)..).
COOTBeTCTBeHHO CKOpOCTb v"I" H yCKopeHHe j"I" TOnKaTeJlll Mor)'T
6bITb no.rryqeHbI KaK npOH3BO)'.(HbIe no BpeMeHH OT hx.,=f«(f)...}.
YrOJI (f)... B HHTepBane (f)pO  (f)...  0 OTC'lHTbIBaeTCB OT TO'IKH uepxae-
ro BbICTOB KYJIa'lKa.
llapaMeTpbI p, q, T, S JIBillIIOTCB nOCJIe)'.(OBaTeJILHOCTLIO 'lJIeHOB
B03paCT8.IOmeii apHcl>MeTH'IecKoii nporpeCCHH C pa3HOCTblO (p - 2). IlpH
60nbIDHX p yBeJIH'lHBaeTCB BpeMB - ce'leBHe, HO B03paCTaeT MaKCH-
MaJIbHOe 3Ha'leBHe nonO)I(HTeJIbHLIX YCKOpeHHH. 1l03TOM)' AilB KYJIa'l-
KOB Mrp 6bICTpOXO.AHLIX ABC npHHHM8.IOT 3Ha'leHlUlp=6; 8; 10, a.nmI
HraTeJIeii OTHOCHTeJThHO THXOXO)'.(HLIX p = 12; 14. Ilo H3BeCTHbIM BeJIH-
'lllHaM p, q, T, S onpe)'.(eillIlOTCB K03cl>cl>unHeHTbl C 2 , C p , C q , C" C 8 :
C -pqrs . C _ 2qrs .
2=
W-2Xq-2--' p -W-V-p-'
C = -2prs . C _ 2pqs .
q , r t
W-W-p-- V-2-V-ry
C 8 = -2pqr .
(s-2)(s-p)(s-q)(s-r)
268

PRC. 9.36. rpa4lHIH nO.l{LeMa kr H YCIopeBHJl iT
jT TOJIIaTeJ1JI IYJIa'ID, cnp04lRJIHPOBaHHOrO
no MeTOA}' <<noJIH,Aaii:&», C pa:lIlII'IHbIMH 11&-
60paMH nOIaJaTeJIei creneHei nOJIHHOMa
I (6-10-14-18); n (14-26-38-50)
"
"'
"'
,
,
,
,
,
" krJ
, '
"
:A
,
,
(j>K
..-
----
o
Ha pHC. 9.36 .D;aHbI rpacl>HICH H3MeHeHWI napaMe'TpoB lCHHeMaTHICH
TOJIICaTeml no ycII'j nOBopoTa ICYJIaua C npocl>HJIeM «nOJIH,lJ;aHH» .D;JIJI
CO'leTaHuHp, q, T, S npHp=6 Hp=15.
B ypwmeHHe, OllHChlBalOee nepeMeeHHe TOJIlCaTeJUl, BXO.D;IIT yr-
JIOBaJI '1aCTOTa BpeHHJI ICYJIa'lICOBOCO Bana . 31'0 rOBopHT 0 TOM,
'1TO Ha Ka:JfCi)oM pe:JfCUMe pa60mbl ,Z:.{BC AJUI nOJIHoro YCTpaHeHHJI
HeraTHBHOrO BJIIDIHWI Ha .D;BH)I(eHHe ICJIanaHa ynpyrux 1C0JIOOaHHH B ero
npHBoJ{e Heo6xoiJuM C80U npoifjUAb KYAa'lKa. I103TOMY ICYJIaUH, cnpocl>H-
JIHpoBaHHLIe no MeTO.D;y <<DOJIlI,lI;aHID>, HCnOJIb3yK>TCJI B OCHOBHOM Ha
MamHHax C orpaHH'leHHhIM .D;Han330HOM H3MeHeHHJI clCopoCTHoro pe>KH-
Ma pa60TLI.
9.4.6. OllPE,.lJ;EJlEHHE rEOMETPIf1IECKUX ITAPAMETPOB It
OQEHKA PA60TOCllOC06HOcru: IIPYJICHlIbI KJIAIIAHA
Onpe.D;eJleHBe reoMeTpll1fecKIIX napBMeTpOB upymmw.
1. aIOTCJI HH,ZJ;eKCOM npyxcuHLI cnp=Dnp/dnp H Bhl'lHCIDDOT 1C03cl>-
cl>eHT ee cl>opMLI X, )"IHTLIBaIOJ:QHii HepaBHOMepHOCTb pacnpe.D;enellHJl
lCaCaTeJIbHLIX HanpJDKeHuH B Ce'leHHH BUTlCa BCJIe.D;CTBHe ero ICpHBH3HLI
(MaKCHMaJIbHLIe HanpJDKellHJl B03HHICaIOT Ha BH)'TpeHHHX BOJIOKHax ce-
'1eHHJI BUTKa), Xnp=(4cnp+2)/(4cnp-3). JUI aBTOM06HJIbHhIX BC Cnp=
= 8...12 H Xnp= 1,1...1,2. .I
2. I10 CTaTHCTll'leCICHM .D;aHHLIM BLI6HpaJOT cpe.D;HuH .D;HaMe'Tp npy-
xamLI Dnp (PHC. 9.37). JIJI aBTOTpaKTOpHbIX PC Dnp=(0,8...0,9).
3. I10 H3BeCTHOMY .D;OnYCTHMoMY HanpJl)I(eHHIO (AlIJI npY)KHHHhIX
CTaneH (or] = 350...600 MIla) Bhl'lHCJIJleTCJI JUUlMeTp npoBOJIOICH:
1 8XnpP upmaxDup
d- --
op- . 7t[-r] .
269

d


"""

"
.......

-
DIlP
a
6
6
z
PRe. 9.37. reoMelpH'leCKHe napaMe'IpLl IJIanaJJHLIX np}'JI:HB opH pa3JIH'IHLIX
ee eOCTOJIBHJIX:
a - C8060ABoC COCTOJlHBC; 6 - opB 3UpLITOM EJIaII8HC; /I - opB nOJIHOCTbIO OnphiTOM JrnIIIIIIHC;
Z - OOOTBOmCHBC IOBCTpyrrBBBhIX napaMCTpoB npyJEHBhI
PaC'IeTHoe 3Ha'leHHe dnp OKpyrillIeTCB: 11.0 6JIIDKaihnero CT8.H,l1;apTHOro
no copTaMeHTY npOBOJIOKH: 2,8; 3,0; 3,2; 3,5; 3,8; 4,0; 4,2; 4,5; 4,8; 5,0;
5,5; 6,0 MM.
4. IIpoH3BolJ.lITCB: npOBepKa HHl1.eKCa npYJKHHhI H, ecJIH 3TO He06-
Xo,n:HMO, paC'IeT BhIUOJIHB:eTCB: nOBTopHO.
5. Onpe,n:eillIeTCB: KOJIH'IecTBO pa60'IHx BHTKOB npY>KHHhI
ip = Gop<tmaJ(8P optDa71D),
KOTopoe 3aTeM oKpyrillIeTCB: 11.0 n:eJIoro HJIH KpaTHoro 0,5.
6. BbI'lHCIDIIOTCB: reOMerpH'IecKHe napaMerpbI MaKCUMa/lbHO C:HCa-
moil npY:HCUHbl:
. mar pa60'IHx BHTKOB npY>KHHhI tmin = dop + Amin' r,n:e A min - MHHH-
MaJIbHhIH 38.30p MeX<,ll;Y pa60'IHMII BHTKaMH npYJKHHhI npH ee MaK-
CHMaJIbHOH l1.ecl>opMaD:HH; A min = (0,1O...0,15)dnp, '1TO COCTaBJIB:er 0,5...
0,9 MM;
. MHHHMaJIbHaJI l1.JIHHa npYJKHHhI l.mn= t min (ip-2)+dop(i o + I), me
,,- 'lHCJIO onopHbIX BHTKOB, npHHHMaeMoe B npe,n:eJIax 2...3.
7. Onpel1.eJllIlOTCH napaMeTpbI npYJKHHbI npu 3aKpblmoM K/lanaHe:
· l1.JIHHa npYJKHHhI 10 = 1mm + h UIDax ;
. mar BHTKOB npYJKHHhI lo=[/o-t4(io+I)]/(ip-2).
8. PaCC'IHTbIB8.IOTCH napaMerpbI npYJKHHbI 6 c606o0HOM cocmORHUU:
. ,n:1IHHa npYJKHHhI 1r:a=/o+/o. IIpH lo/Dop>2,5...3,O BO H36e>K3.HHe
nOTepb npo,n:OJIbHOH YCTOH'lHBOCTH npYJKHHY YCT3.HaBJIHB8.IOT B HanpaB-
JllIIOIn}'IO I"IIJIb3y - CTaK3.H;
. mar BHTKOB «cB060I1.HOH» np}'JKHHbI (mar HaBHBKH)
t ca = [/ca -dop(io+ I)]/(ip - 2).
270

OQeHKa pa60ToClloc06HoCTH npyXCllllhl.
1. Bhl'lHCJUIIOTCB MaxCHM3JIhHhIe U MBHBM3JIhHhIe HarrpIDKeHBB Kpy-
eHBB pa601Jero BUTKa npY)KUHhI:
1'max = 8 XnpP npmuDnp/( nd:x,) U 1'min = 8 XnpP npminDnp/( nd:x,).
2. PaCC1JHThIBaeTCB K03ll><PHnHeHT 3anaca 11". 3HaqeHHe 11" AOJDKHO
HaxOAHThCB B npeAeJIax 1,2. ..2,0.
3. BhIllOJIIDIeTCB npOBepKa npY)J(HHhI Ha pe30HaHc.
Y CJIOBHe OTCYTCTBUB pe30HaHcHhlX KOJIe6aHHH:
Wet/WI> 10,
r.n:e Wel - nepBaH 'laCTOTa C06CTBeHHbIX KOJIe6aHuH npY)J(HHhI,
rc::; dnp . 10 6 {G:;
Wel = n .y ;;';;;; = Dip .y 2;;;, ;
WI - qaCTOTa BpameHBB pacnpe.n:eJIUTeJIhHOrO B8JIa, ro.: = nnJ30;
Innp.p - MaCCa pa6o'IHX BUTKOB npyxmHhl; Gnp - MOA}'JIh ynpyroCTH
BTOpOro pO.n:a MaTepH8JIa npOBOJIOKH. ,l(JIB npyxmHHhIX CTaJIeH
Gnp=(7,6...8,2)'10 4 Mila, pnp=7800...7900 Kr/M 3 ;3HaqeHBB  U Dnp-
BMM.
4. .D;ocTaT01JHOCTh pa,LtH8JIhHhlX 33.30pOB Me>KAY HanpaBmnomeii
BTYJIKOH H BHYTpeHHeH npY)JGlHoH, BHyrpeHHeH H HapY)J(Hoii npyxmHa-
MB .n:oCTlrraerCH npH BhIllOJIHeHBH CJIe,LtyIOmHX YCJIOBHH:
(Dnp.B-.B)-d,.T2 MM H (Dnp.JI-.J-(Dnp_.+dnp..)2 MM.
"

rJIABA 10
CMA30qHA.H CHCTEMA
10.1. MOTOPHLIE MACJIA
O,nHHM H3 OCHOBHhIX 4JaKTOPOB, 06eCne'IHBa1OIWIX H3JJ;e)KHYIO pa60-
TY ,lUJHraTeIDI, mJIDIeTCg HenpepLIBHaJI pKymng MaCJIa '1epe3 3a30pLI
TpyIT(HXCJI cOnpg)l(eHHH.
IIpH :nOM MaCJIO YMeHbmaeT H3HOC, CIIH>KaeT nOTepH 3HeprHH Ha
TpeHHe, repMeTH3HpYeT J];eT8JIH (HanpHMep, nOpmeHb H rHJIb3Y QllJIHHJ];-
pa), OTBOJ];llT 06pa3YIOID:yroCJI npH TpeHHH TenJIOTY H 3aIWIID:aeT MeT8JI-
JDI'IecICHe nOBepXHOCTH OT KOpp03HH, BblMLIBaeT H3 3a30pOB npO.nyKTbI
H3HOCa.
KpOMe npJIMOrO Ha3Ha'leHIDI B HeKOTOphIX ,lUJHraTeIDIX MaCJIO HC-
nOJIb3YeTCg KalC pa60'lee TeJIO AJIJI mJ];poMy4JT npHBOJ];a BeHTHJIJITOpa,
J];JIJI cepBOMOTOpOB CHCTeMbI perYJIHpOBaHHg, a B 4JOpcHpOBaHHbIX J];BH-
raTeJUIX - H J];.JIJI OXJIaxc.n;eHIDI nopmHeH.
COBOKynHOCTb YCTPOHCTB, 06ecne'IHBaIOID:HX CMa3KY J];eT8JIeH J];BHI"a-
TeJIJI, COCT8.BJIJIeT CMa30'lH)'lO CHCTeM)'.
K MaCJIaM, npHMeHJIeMbIM B aBTOTpaKTOpHbIX J];BHI"aTeJUIX, npeJ];'bSIB-
IDIeTCJI PM 3KcnAyamalluoHHblx mpe608aHUU, rJIaBHbIe H3 KOTOphIX:
. B03MO)KH0 60JIee HH3KaJI TeMIIepaTypa 3aCTLIB8.HB.JI;
. nOJIoraJI Bg3KOCTHO-TeMIIepaTypHaJI xapalCTepHCTHKa;
. He06xoJ];llM3.JI CTeneHb 4JH3H'IecICOH H XHMH'IeCKOH CTa6HJIbHOCTH;
. MHHHMaJIbHOe KOpp03HOHHoe B03J];eHCTBHe Ha MeTaJIJIbI;
. OTcYTCTBHe MeXaHH'IecKHx npHMeceH H BOJ];bI. MacJIo He J];OJDKHO
6bITb TOKCH'IHbIM H BbI3LIBaTb 3arpJI3HeHHe OKPYJKalOID:eH cpeJ];bI.
MOTopHoe MaCJIO KalC KOHe'IHbIH npoJJ:yKT COCTOHT H3 6a30BOrO
MaCAa U npucaOOK. 110 cnoc06y npOH3BOJ];CTBa pa3JIH'IaIOT 6a30BLIe
MaCJIa MUHepaAbHble, nOJI)"laeMbIe neperOHImH H3 He4JTH, H CUHmemuec-
Kue, BbIpa6aTbIBaeMbIe nyreM Opr8.HB.'1ecKoro CHHTe3a. CyIT(ecTByroT
H TalC Ha3LIBaeMbIe nOAYCUHmemueCKue MaCJIa, npeJ];CTaBJIJIIOIWIe C060H
CMecb MHHepaJIbHOrO H CHHTeTH'leCICOrO 6a30BhIX KOMIIOHeHTOB.
MUHepaAbHble MaCAa 6JIaroJ];apJI OTHOCHTeJIbHOH npoCTOTe npOH3-
BOJ];CTBa HaH60JIee pacnpOCTpaHeHbI H J];emeBbI.
CWtmemueCKue MaCAa npeBOCXOJ];JIT MHHepaJIbHbIe no COBOKynHO-
CTH 3KCllJIyaT8.II;HOHHbIX CBOHCTB. OHH MeHee BJI3KH npH HH3KHX TeM-
272

nepaTypax, n03TOM)' o6ecne'lHBalOT 60JIee JIerKHH nyclC BHraTeIDI H CO-
XpamIlOT Heo6xoHMbIii ypOBeHb BjJ:3ICOCTH B YCJIOBHJIX BbICOICHX TeM-
nepaTYp.
CHHTeTH'IeClCHe MaCJIa 06JI3.,l);aIOT TaIOlCe XOpOIIIHMH MOIOIl\HMH
CBOHCTBaMH.
npUCaKU COCTaBIDIIOT o 20% OT 06'bCMa MaCJIa H o 85% OT ero
CTOHMOCTH. B OCHOBHOM :ITO XHMH'IeclCHe (MHHepaJIbHbIe H CHHTeTH'IeC-
me) npoICTbI, paCTBOpHMbIe B 68.30BbIX MaCJIax, nperoI8.3Ha'leHHbIe
IDI YJIY'lIIIeHHjJ: Tex HJIH HHbIX 3ICcIIJI)'aTHoHHbIX Xap3.ICTepHCTHIC Ma-
ceJI. B MOTOpHbIX MaCJIax B OCHOBHOM HCnOJIb3}'1OTcjJ: CJIe,nYIOIUHe
rpynllbI npHcaolC.
. enpeccopHble, npeIDITcTBYIOIl\He o6pa30BaHHIO ICpHCTaJIJIOB napa-
cpHHa H TeM caMbIM nOHH)J(aIOIl\He TeMllepaTYPY 3aCTbIBaHIDI H y.nyq:-
IllaIOIl\He TeICY'IecTb MaCJIa npH HH3ICHX TeMllepa-rypax;
. 3aZ)'U/-{l}()UlUe, nOBLIIllalOIl\He BjJ:3ICOCTb H YJIY'lIIIalOIl\He HX BjJ:3-
lCoCTHO-TeMllepaTypHbIe xapalCTepHCTHICH;
. MOIOU/ue, npenjJ:TCTB}'IOIl\He OTJIO)J(eHHIO Harapa Ha 3JIeMeHTax
BHraTeIDI;
. aHmUOKUCAumeAbHble, nOBbIIIIaIOIl\He cpH3HICO-XHMH'IecICYIO CTa6H-
JIbHOCTb MaCJIa;
. npomueoKoppo3UOHHble, CHH)J(aIOIl\He XBMH'IeclC}'lO arpeccHBHocTb
MaceJI;
. npomueou3HocHble;
. npomU80neHHble, npeoTBpan:taIOIl\He BCneHHBaHHe MaCJIa npH ero
.QHPICY.IllIl\HH B CHCTeM:e CM8.3bIBaHIDI;
. MHozorPYHKl/.uOHaAbHble, YJIY'lIIIalOIl\He oroIoBpeMeHHo HeCICOJIbKO
3KCnJIyaT8..QHOHHbIX xapalCTepHCTHIC MaCeJI.
HaH60JIee BaX<HbIMH H3 MHO)J(eCTBa nOK8.3aTeJIeH, xapaKTepH3}'1O-
Il\HX KomcpeTlIl.ni COpT MaCJIa, JIBJIJIIOTCg:
KAacc 8R3KOCmu no rOCfy HJIH SAE (onpeeJIjJ:eT ce30H H KJIHMaTH-
'1eclCHe YCJIOBHB 3KCII.1IYaTaHH);
zpynna, onpeeAR1OUIaR yp08eHb Ka'lecmoa (COBOKynHOCTb 3KCllJIY-
aTaIVIOHHbIX CBOHCTB) no rOCTy, API BJIH ACEA, YCTaHaBJIHBaIOIl\WI
npHrOroIOCTb aHHOrO copTa MaCJIa AJlg HCllOJIb30BaHIDI B romraTeJIJIX
C aHHbIM ypoBHeM cpOpCHpOBaHHOCTH.
BR3KOcmb - BWKHeiiIIIWI Xl1paKTepHCTHK'l MaCJIa, onpe.n;emnoIl\aB
TeMnepaTypBbIe npeeJIbI ero pa6oTocnoco6HOCTli. TIpH HH3KOH TeM-
nepaType oKp}')KalOIl\erO B03.n;yx.a BjJ:3KOCTb '"Ie JJ;OJDICHa 6bITb CJIHIII-
KOM BeJIHKa, 'IT06bI CHH3HTb nycKOBOH MOMeHT npH 3anycKe XOJIO-
Horo ABHraTeJUI H o6ecne'IHTb Ha,zJ;e)J(Hoe npOKa'IHB8.HHe MaCJIa no
MacJUIHoH CHCTeMe. TIpH BbICOKOH TeMnepaTYpe BjJ:3KOCTb He OJDICHa
6bITb C1IHIIIKOM Marra, '1To6bI rapaHTHpOBaTb cpOpMHpOBaHHe MaCJUI-
Horo KJIHHa H C03aHHe CMa3bIBa!<>Il\eii nJIemm B Y3JIaX H MexaHH3Max
ABHraTeJUl.
273

BR3KocmHble C60UCmea H6AHIOmCR OCH06HblM npU3HaKOM KAaccuifjuKa-
'lIUU MOmOpHblX MaCeA.
OTHOCHTeJIbHhle XapaKTepHCTHKH B.SI3KOCTH onpe"qeIDIIOTC.H no MeTO-
ronce SAE (Sosiety of Automotive Engineers). QuCPPhI, YK8.3aHHhle nOCJIe
a66peBHaTYPhI SAE, XapaICTepH3YlOT B.H3KOcrb MaCJIa.
6)'KBOH W MapKHpYIOTC.H 3HMHHe copTa MaCJIa. CTaa"qapT SAE
npe"qyCMaTpHBaeT mecrb 3HMHHX KJIaCCOB B.H3KOcrH -OW, SW, lOW,
lSW, 20W, 25W, rapaHTHpylOlIUlx B03MO>KHOcrb nycKa XOJIOAHoro
,roJHraTeIDI H "qoCTaTOqH)'lO npOKa'IHBaeMOCTb MaCJIa npH TeMllepaTYpe
OT - 30 o 5°C COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
Y JIeTHHX COpTOB 6YKBhI W B 0603HaqeHHH HeT. OHH pacnpe,nemnoT-
C.H no KJIaCCaM B TaKOM nopsmx:e: 20, 30, 40, 50 H 60 C nOBhIIlleHHeM
BJl3KOCTH npH t = 100°C OT 8 ,no 16 CCT.
113-3a Heyo6cTBa HCn0JIb30BaHIDI ce30HHbIX COpTOB MaceJI no-
BceMecTHo npHMeHIDOTCJI Bcece30HHhIe cOpTa, B MapKHpoBKe KO-
TOpbIX CHaqaJIa CJIeYeT 3HMHHH nOK8.3aTeJIb, a 3aTeM JIeTHHH:.
Me)l( ABYMJI 0603HaqeHIDIMH o6bI'lHo CTaBJlT ecl>Hc wm 3HaK
p06H, a lIHora HeT HHKaKOrO 3HaKa. HanpHMep: SAE l5W-40,
SAB 5W/50, SAB lOW30.
BmopblM o6R3ameAbHblM npU3HaKOM KAaccufPuKa'lluU no C060KYTlHO-
cmu 3KCnAyama'llUOHHblX C60ucme R6ARemCR zpynna Ka'leCmea.
OAHOH H3 OCHOBHhIX Mexc"qYHapOAHhIX KBalIHcpHKartHOHHhIX cHcreM
no 3TOM}' npH3HaKY JlBIDIeTCg CHCTeMa API (American Petroleum
Institute). IIpHH3.AJleiKHocTb MaCJIa K onpeeJIeHHOM}' KJIaccy API ycra-
H3.BJIHBaeTCJI PMOM KJIaCCHcpHKartHoHHhIX HCllhITaHHH B ,nBHraTeilllX HlIH
CneQHaJIbHhIX MOTOpHhIX YCTaHOBKax.
KJlaccuifjuKa'llUR API no,np8.3,neillIeT MOTopHhle MaCJIa Ha ,roJe KaTero-
pHH:
. S - IDI 6eH3HHoBhIX ,roJHraTeJIeH;
. C - ,nIDI ,nH3eJIeH.
0603HaqeHHe KJIacca CKJI8."qhIBaeTCJI H3 HaQaJIbHOH 6)'KBhI, 0603HaQa-
IOIneH KaTeropHIO, H BTOpOH 6)'KBhI, 0603HaQaIOIneH ypoBeHb 3KCllJIY-
aTartHOHHhIX CBOHCTB. lIeM 6JIIDKe K HaQa..ny JIaTHHCKOrO a..ncp3.BHTa
BTOpWl 6)'KBa, TeM HIDKe cBoHCTBa ,naHHOrO MaCJIa. B cHcreMe API
HMeeTCg ,neBJlTb KJIaCCOB ,nIDI 6eH3HHoBhIX ,nBHraTeJIeH - SA, SB, SC,
SD, SE, SF, SG, SH, SJ - H ,necKrb KJIaCCOB .ltJ1g ,nH3eJIeii - CA, CB,
CC, CD, CE, CF4, CF, CG4 H CDII, CF-2 (.nJIg ,nBYXTaKTHhIX
,roJHraTeJIeH).
)J;illI YHHBepca..nbHhIX MaCeJI HCnOJIb3yIOT ,roJoHHoe MapKHpOBaHHe,
HanpHMep CF4/50, SH/CG4. IIpH 3TOM Ha nepBoM MecTe crOHT
0603HaQeHHe THlla ,roJHraTeIDI, ,nIDI KOToporo 3TO MaCJIO B OCHOBHOM
npeAH8.3HaQeHO. -
E6poneUcKaR KJlaCcufPuKa'llWl ACEA (AccoartHJI eBponeHcKHX npo-
H3BO,nHTeJIeH aBTOM06HJIeH) 68.3upYeTcg Ha e,nHHhIX Tpe60BaHIDlx K MO-
274

TOpHhIM MaCJIaM, COrJIaCOBaHHhIX 16 Be,lQ'IIUiMH eBponeHclCHMH 4>Hp-
M8MH.
KrraccH4>HKaItBJI MOTOpHhIX MaCeJI no ACEA CO.l(ep)I(HT .l(eBHTb
KaTeropHH.
"tleM 60JIbme ItB4>poBoe 3Ha'leHHe nOCJIe 6}'ICBhI, TeM JIyrmIe xap8IC-
TepHCTHKa MaCJIa.
OTeeCTBeHHhIe MaCJIa KJIaCCH4>HrtHPYIOT B COOTBeTCTBHH C
rOCT 17479 - 85. npH3HaKH KJIaccH4>HKa.I:(HH Te )ICe, '1TO npHIDlTId
B Me)I()J.ynapO,lJ;HbIX CHCTeMax: He06xo,lJ;HMajJ BjJ3KOCTb MaCJIa npH
t= 100°C H t= -18°C, a TaK)I(e rpynna Ka'lecTBa. no :noH Imac-
cH4>HKa Bee M8CJIa nOJJ;pa.3,lJ;emnoT Ha WITb rpynn (Ta6JI. 10.1).
Ta611Jl11il 10.1
rpynna Ka'lecTlla Pe][OMeIlA)'eM3JI o6.nacn. DpBMCBI:IIIDI
A He4JopCHpOBaBHLIe HraTeJIH
:6 MaJI04JopCHpOBaBHLIe HraTeJIH
B Cpe)J;He4JopcapoBaHHLIe HraTeJIH
r BLlcoK04l0pcHpOBaBHhle aTeJIH
.A BLIcoIo4l0pcHpOBaBHhle eJIH, pa60T3.IOIUHe B TJI-
:ll:eJIbIX YCJIOBRJIX
B Kaxc.nOH' rpynne MapKa MaCJIa 0603Ha'iaerCJI 6YKB8MH H H4>PaMH
(Ta6JI. 10.2). EYKBa M 03Ha'laer, '1TO MaCJIO MOTopHoe. QH4>pa nOCJIe
6}'ICBbl M xapaICTepH3yer BjJ3KOCTb B C8.HTHCTOKCax (CCT) npH TeM-
nepaTYpe 100°C HJIH B BH.l(e ,lJ;P06H, y KOTOpOH IlH4>pa B 'lHCJIHTeJIe
xap8ICTepH3yer BjJ3KOCTb MaCJIa npH TeMfiepaTYpe -18°C, a IlH4>pa
B 3HaMeHaTeJIe nOK3.3bIBaer BjJ3KOCTb B CCT npH 100°C. E}'ICBa «3»
B HH.n;eKce 0603Ha'laer, '1TO MaCJIO 3aryeHHoe, T. e. co.n;ep>KHT 3arYlQa-
IOIQHe npHC8,WCH. .I1H;:{eKcoM 1 MapICHpyroT MaCJIa .l(BHraTeJIeH C HC-
KpOBhIM 3a>KHI'aHHeM, lIHJI:eKCOM 2- ,lJ;H3eJIeH. EcJIH HHJ(eKC OTCyrCTBY-
er, TO 3TO 03Ha'.laeT, '1TO MaCJIO npe,lJ;H3.3Ha'ieHO ,lJ;IDI o6eHX KaTeropHH
.n;BHraTeJIeH.
PAR opueHmUp080'lHOZO 8bl6opa zpynnbl MaCAa MO>KHO peKoMeHiJo-
8amb:
. AIDI ,lJ;BHraTeJIeH C HCKpOBhIM 3a>KHraHHeM:
npH £=6,5...7,5 H n=3000...4000 MHH- 1 - MaCJIa rpYIllIbI Bt;
npH £=8...9 H n=5000...6000 MHH- 1 - MaCJIa rpynllbl rt;
. .n;ID1 ,lJ;H3eJIeH HCnOJIb3yeTcjJ YCJIOBHbIi nOK3.3aTeJIb HanpIDKeHHo-
CTH pa60Tbl MaCJIa B .l(BHraTeJIe:
"
GTN e 1
A=--K,.Kp
FiG.. n '
r,lJ;e G T - '1aCOBOH pacxo.n; TOllJIHBa, KI'/'I; F - cYMMapHaJI nJIo8JU>
pa60'IHX nOBepxHOCTeii 3epKaJIa JIHHJ(pa, ,lJ;HHlQa nopmIDI, rOJIOBKH
275

IVUIHH.n;pa, M 2 ; i - ICOJIH'ICCr80 QHJIpOB; N - 3cpcpeICTBBH3JI MOIQ-
HOCTb .n;BHraTeIDI, ICBT; G N - eMICOCrb cHcreMhI CMa3ICH, lIT; n - '1a-
croTa Bp8.IQeHIDI 1C0JIeH1faTOrO BaJIa, MHH- 1 ; K..= 1,0- .n;IDI 6e:m3.n;YS-
HhIX .n;BHI"aTeJIeii; 1,3- .n;JUI .n;BHraTeJIeii C HaM)'BoM; K{J= 1,7- .n;.illI
.n;BHraTeJIeii B03.n;ynmoro OXJIIDK)J,eHIDI; l,o-.n;.illI .n;BHI"aTeJIeii )ICH)J;ICocr-
Horo OXJIIDK)J,eHIDI;
· .n;IDI TpaICTOpHhIX .n;H3eJIeii:
A  150 - MaCJIa rpynnhI 1>2;
A = 197...223 - MaCJIa rpynnhI B 2 ;
A=358...648 - MaCJIa rpynnhI r 2 .
Ta6l1utplIO.2
Knacc TIpq\CJIhI BJI3I[OCTII, rpymIhI MaceJI DO 3E1IJ1}'aTOHIIhIM CBOBCTIJaM
1Ul3I0- _2JC, DpS
CTB TeMIIeparype. .C
100 -18 6 1 B r
B 1 B 2 r l r 2
6 6:1:0,5 - M6:6] M6B] - M6r] -
8 8:1:0,5 - M8:6] M8B] M8B 2 M8r] M8r 2
lO 10:1: 1 - MI0:6] MI0B] MI0B2 Ml0r] Ml0r2
12 12:1:0,5 - - - M12B 2 - M12r 2
4J/6 6 :1:0,5 1300...2600 M43/6:6] M43/6B] - - -
4J/8 8 :1:0,5 1300...2600 M4J/8:6] M43(8B] M4:Jf8B2 - -
4J/I0 10:1:0,5 1300...2600 M4J/I0:6] M43/lOB] M4J/lOB 2 - -
6 3 /10 10:1:0,5 2600...10400 - M6 3 /lOB] M63/lO M6 3 /lOr] M6 3 /10r 2
10.2. P AcqET I..(UJll:IH)(PJI1IECKOrO
nO)J;IIllIIIllHKA
B COnpJDICeHHBX .n;eTa.rreii .n;BHraTeJIeii npe06JI3.n;8.IOIQHM HBJISIeTCSI
TpeHHe CICOJIb)ICeHHSI, 1C0Topoe no.n;pa3.n;eJISIIOT Ha cyxoe, XCB.LUCocrHoe,
rpaflHTiHoe H nOJIyJI<H.l{ICOCTHoe HJIB nonycyxoe.
TIpH pa60Te .n;BHI"aTeJISI B pa3JIII'IHhIX ero COnpSI)lCeHIDIX MO)ICeT
C03.n;3.BaTbCSI TOT HJIB HHoii BH,n; TpeHIDl, TalC lCaIC cnoc06hI nO.n;Bo.n;a
MaCJIa H YCJIOBHSI Harpy)ICeHIDI BeCbMa pa3JIlI'IHbI. HanpHMep, B nape
BblIIYCICHOii ICJIanaH - HanpaB.JllIIOIQ3JI BT}'JIlCa BepOSITHO nonycyxoe,
B nape nopmHeBoii na.rreIl; - 6061illII1CH nopmWI - rpaHH'lHOe HJIB no-
KOcrHoe TpeHHe.
B no.n;IIIHIIHHKax 1C0JIeH'IaTOrO Ba.rra .n;onycKaeTCSI TOJIbICO )ICH)J;ICOCT-
Hoe TPeHHe. TIpH 3TOM pa3.n;eJISIIOIItHH MaCIDIHI:iIii CJIoii C03.n;aeTCSI 3a
C1feT Toro, 'lT0 npH BPaIQeHHH meiiKa Ba.rra YBJIelCaeT MaCJIO BO BpaIQa-
276

TeJIbHOe ,ABlDKeHHe (nepBblH rpaHlfIIHhIii CJIOH - 3a C'IeT MaCJUIIIHCTO-
CTH MaCJIa, a CJIe,AYIOIWIe - 3a C'IeT ero BJI3KOCTH). MacJIo, nOII8JI
B 1I0CTeneHHO YMeHbmaJOI.QHHCJI 06DeM a (PHC. 10.1), crpeMHTCJI BhITe-
KaTb BO Bcex HanpaBJIeHHJIX, 'IeM}' npelIJlTCTByJOT CBJIbl BJI3KOCTH, KOTO-
pble Moryr 6blTh IIpeO,AOJIeHbl 1I0BbIIIIeHHeM ,AaBJIeHHJI. B pe3YJIbTaTe
B ItrrHHOBH,lJ;HOH 'IaCTH MaCJIJlHOrO CJIOJl C03,AaeTCJI rH,lJ;po,l:tHH8.MH'IecKoe
,AaBJIeHHe, OTphIBaJOI.Qee meHKY OT BICJIbIIIIa.
O'leBO, 1I0.u;mHIlHHlCOBblH Y3eJI ,AOJDICeH 6hITL cnpoeKTHpoBaH
H paCC'IHTaH TalC, 'IT06bI IIPH Tex CHJIax., KOTopbIe ,AeHCTByJOT Ha Ban,
p8.3,AeJUllOI.QHii MaCJUIHblH CJIOH, o6eclIe'IHBan )I(H,lUCOCTHoe TpeHHe.
J.{JIJI 1I0.lUIIHIlHHlCOB KOJIeH'laTOrO Bana aBTOTp8JCTOpHblX ,ABHraTeJIeH
3T0 BblIIOJIHJleTCJI IIpH MHHHMaJILHOH Toe MaCJIJlHOro CJIOJl 4...
5MKM.
TIpH IIpoeICTHpOBaHHH ,ABHraTeJIJI no ,AaHHblM ,l:tHH8.MH'IeCKOrO pac-
'IeTa CTpOJIT 1I0JIJlpH}'1O ,l:tHarpaMMY HarpY30K, IIO KOTOpOH onpe,AeJIJIIOT
CHJIbl, ,AeHCTByJOI.QHe Ha nO,AIIIHIIHHK, a Ha OCHOBaHHH npO'IHOCTHOrO
paC'IeTa H KOMIIOHOBICH YCTaHaBJIHBalOT p8.3Mepbl ,lUIaMeTpa meeK
H AJIHHbl onopHOH 'IaCTH BICJIbIIIIa. TIo 3THM ,AaHHbIM OlIpe,AeJIJllOT
YCJIOBHOe ,AaBJIeHHe Ha eromy IIJIOI.QH ,lUIaMeTpaJIbHOH npoeKH
(MTIa):
p
K=-.
ld
l(JIJI rII.ltpO,l:tHH8.MH'IeCKOrO paC'leTa nO IffiRH lCa He06xo,l:tHMO
HMeTb TpH 3Ha'leHBJI K: cpeJUlee 3a pa60'lHH :QHICJI Kq, = P cp/(ld), cpe,AHee
PRe. 10.1. K paC'leTy nOWllHDBHIa eIOJI&)(eHHJl
277

B DeTJIe MaxCHMaJIbHLIX HarpY30K =PJ(Id) H MaxCHM8.JILHOe Kmax=
=Pmax/(Id).
IIo Kcp npoH3BO,QJIT TeDJIOBOii paC1le-r nO.QIIIHDHHKa, no  onpe-
,QemIIOT MHHHM3JIbHYIO TOJImuuy Macmmoro CJIOJI H no Kmax BhI6HpaIOT
auTHHKroIOHHbIii MaTepH3JI, YCT3JIOCmWI npO'IHOCTb KOToporo 06ec-
ne'lHT He06xo,nHM}'IO ,QOJIrOBe'IHOCTb pa60Tb1 Y3JIa.
OCHOBBLle napaMeTpLI QllJllIII)J;pH'leCKOro DO.QDIBDHHK8 B BCXO.QllLle
YpaBHeHBJI. B3JI, HarpyxceHHbIii CBJIoii P, npH Bpa.n:teHHH 38.HHMaeT
OTHOCHTeJIbHO nO.QIIIHDHHKa nOJIO)I(eHHe, YK8.3aHHOe Ha pHC. 10.1, r,Qe
yrJIhI CPt H cpz COOTBeTCTB}'IOT Ha'l3JIY H KOH Hecyznero MaCJISIHOrO
CJIOJI.
IIpHMeM CJIe.QylOmue 0603Ha'leHHJI H COOTHomeHlUI:
!!.. - ,QHa.MeTp8.JILHbIii 38.30p, onpe,Qe.IDIeMbIii Kax pa3HOCTb Me
,nHaMeTpoM D nO.QIIIHDHHKa H ,nHaMeTpoM d meiin BaJIa: !!.. = D - d;
 - p8.JILHbIii 38.30p, paBHbIii nOJIOBHHe ,QH8.MeTp8.JILHOrO 38.30-
pa: =!!../2=R-r;
'" - OTHOCHTeJIbHbIii 38.30p - ,l¥Ia.MeTpaJIbHhIii 38.30p, OTHeceHHbIii
K ,nHaMeTpy HJIH COOTBeTCTBeHHO K P8..Quycy meiin BaJIa, T. e.
'" = !!..jd= /r;
lId - OTHOCHTeJIbHaJI .QJIHHa nO.QIIIHDHHKa - OTHomeHHe ,nJIHHbI
I onopHoii meiin B3JIa K ee ,lUIa.MeTPy d;
e - 3KcIleHTpHcHTeT - oTpe30K 00' Ha pHC. 10.1;
X - OTHOCHTeJIbHbIii 3KCIleHTpHCHTeT - 3KCIleHTpHCHTeT, OTHeceH-
HbIii K p8.JILHOM}' 38.30PY, T. e. x=e/;
hmm - MHHHMa.JIbHWI TOJIIIVlHa MaC.IDIHOrO CJIOJI: hmm =  - e =
=-X=(I-X);
h.n.x - MaxCHMa.JIbHaJI TOJIIIVlHa MaC.IDIHOrO CJIOJI: h.nBX=+e=
=  + X= (l + X).
B OCHOBe pac'IeTa IUfJlHH,QpH'IecICHX. no.z:ummHHKOB JIexmT ypaBHeHHe
PeiiuOJIb,Qca:
dp 6pwx(cosfP-COSfP",)
-= ,
dfP 1/12 (I +XCOSfP)3
r,Qe p. - ,QHHaMH'IecIC.WI BJI3IC.OCTb MaCJIa; CPm - yrOJI ce'leHlUI, B KOTO-
pOM ,QaBJIeHHe MaxCHM3JIbHO.
)];aBJIeHHe B npOH3BOJIbHOM ce'leHHH cp' HecyIIterO CJIOJI
".
_ 6pw f X(COSfP-COS fP m )
p"._- dcp,
1/12 (l+xcOSfP)3
"1
a CHJIa Ha 3JIeMeHTapH}'IO DJIOIIta.wcy C IleHTp8.JILHbIM yrJIOM !!..cp'
278

I1P.,. = P .,.lrl1q/ = P.,.  I1q/.
2
CHJIa BO seeM I'BpO.AHH8.MH'IeCKOM (HecyeM) CJIoe
9'. 9"
3pw f f X(COSCP-coSCP,J
P=-Id COS[7t-(q/-tpa)]dtp' dtp.
1/12 (1 +XCOScp)3
"1
9',
9'. ,;
f f x<coscp-coscp",)
0603Ha'IHM 3 cos[7t-(tp'-tpa}]dtp' dtp=<P.
(l+xcoscp)3
"1 9',
TalCHM 06Pa30M, CHJIa P (MH) 6yeT pasHa
pJJJ
P=-Id<P.
1/12
De3pa3MepHYIO BeJIH'lHH)' <P, Ha3bIBaeM}'lO K03rPrPUljuewnoM Hazpy-
:HCeHHocmu nomuunHuKa, onpeeIDIIOT no 4JopMYJIe
pI/12 KI/12
<P=--=-.
Id pJJJ p.m
3Ta BeJIH'lHHa onpeeIDIeT nOJIO)f(eHHe Bana B nOJtIIIHllHHKe, T. e.
")KceHTpBCHTeT, a CJIeOBaTeJIbHO, H MHHHMaJIbHyro TOBHY MaCJIB-
Horo CJIOB, TalC KaIC
t:.
hmm =- (1- X).
2
Ha pBC. 10.2 npBBeeHhI rpa4JBICB, YCT8.HasJIBBalOe CBJI3b Mey
c:P B X .ltIDI pa3JIH'IHbIX OTHomeHHH lid. 3TH rpa4JBICB nocrpoeHbI Ha
OCHOB8.HBH MHOrO'lBCJIeHHbIX TeopeTH'leCKBX B 3ICCnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX BC-
CJIe,nOB3.HHH.
)J;IDI onpe,neJIeHBB 3Ha'ieHIDI Ko34J4JBIUleJITa Harpy)f(eHHOCTH Heo6-
XOJUlMO 3HaTb BB3KOCTb MaCJIa B Harpy)f(eHHOH 'IaCTH MaCIDIHOrO CJIOB,
'JHa'leHHe KOTOpOH 3ap8.Hee He B3BecTHO.
)J;IDI onpe,neJIeHBB BB3KOCTH B C)')K.lteHHB 0 TeMllepaTypHOM pOKHMe
pa60TbI npOB3BOABT menA080u. pacllem nOOwwmuKa, Ha OCHOBaHHH
KOToporo COCTaBIDIIOT TenJIOBOH 6an8.Hc H onpe,nemnoT TeMllepaTYPY
paBHOBeCWI, npH KOTOpoH TenJIOTa, pa3BHBaroaBcB B no,nllIHllHBKe,
paBHa TeWIOTe, OTBO.lUlMOH OT Hero. no 3TOH TeMllepaType onpeeJIB-
lOT BJI3KOCTb MaCJIa B npOH3Bo,nKf Bce ,n3JIbHeHmHe paC'IeTbI.
279

cI>
3,0
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
o
0,84 0,88 0,92 0,96 1,0 X
PRe. 10.2. 3aBHCHMOCTh IOHItHeBTa Barp}'JI:eBHOCTH OT OmOCHTeJI&BOrO 3J1:QtCHT-
pHCHTeTa
Teun:OBOi paClleT DO.mmum1lK8. COnpOTHBJIeHHe CMa30'IHOrO CJIOJJ
Bp3.IQeHHIO aml)hl onpe,nemnoT no y.neJIbHOMY conpOTHBJIeHHIO, IOTO-
poe no 3aKOay HblOTOHa paBHO
dv ( h dp V )
1:=p.- BJIH 1:=p. --+- .
dh' 2pdx h
CHJIa BJJ3IOrO C)J;BHra T nOJI}"IaeTcJJ C}'MMHpOBHHeM y.neJIbHbIX CHR
1: Ha DeeD: nODepXHOCTH HeC)'II(ero MaCIDIHOrO CJIOJJ Ir (qJ2 - qJl):
".
T= f 1:rdqJ.
"s
TIO.ncraBHB DMecro 1: ero 3Ha'leHHe, npo.ny'IHM
". ".
T - 3pw ' 'd [f X(COS rp-cos rpm) .J 1 f drp ]
--II uqJ+-
- 2 '" (1 +XCOSrp)3 3 1 +xcosrp .
". "s
BBe.neM nomITue KOSfP,pUl/-ueHma :JICUi)KOCmHOZO mpeHWf f = TIP
H o603Ha'IHM
280

.. ..
3 f X<COS cP-COS CPm)  1 f dcp
- -uqJ+- - CI>T.
2 (l+xcoscp)3 3 l+xcoscp
., .,
BeJIH1lHHY Cl>T H8.3L1BaIOT K03rfi,pUIIUeHmOM eonpomU//./IeHUR eMa30-
HOZO e./lOR lJpaUleHWO lIan,pbl. Tor,lJ;a
JJOJld T T <1I T /
T=-CI>n a -=/="'- BJIH -=-.
'" P <11 <111/1
npH H3BecTHOM 3Ha'leHHH l;f MOXQIO onpe,lJ;eJIHTb ICOJIH'IecTBO TellJIO-
ThI, ICoTopoe BhI,lJ;enHTcjJ B nO,lJ;IllHllHHICe B pe3YJIbTaTe TpeHHjJ (IC/1;JIC/c):
fP1JPw 2 .10 3
Q'lp=l; .
21/1
}J;aHHble no BeJIH'lllHe l;f, H8.3L1BaeMOi K03,p,pUlIueHmOM eonpomUlJ./Ie-
HUR wuna lJpaUleHWO, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3ICCneHTpHCHTeTa H OT OTHome-
HIDI lid npHBe,lJ;eHbI Ha pHC. 10.3.
YIC8.3aHH3J.I TellJIOTa B OCHOBHOM OTBO,IJ;HTCjJ B UHpICynHpYIOIUee
Qepe3 nOAlllHlIHHIC Macno, QaCTb ee nepe,lJ;eTcjJ TaIOJ(e no MeTalmy BMa
H ICapTepa B OICPY)l(3J()IUYIO cpeAY.
TellJIOTa, OTBO,IJ;HM3J.I MacnoM (IC}J;xc./c),
Q.. = M e..p.. (t&DI- t.J,
l",IJ;e M - ICOJIH'IecTBO Macna, nHpICynHpYWIUero Qepe3 nOAlllHllHHIC,
M 3 /c; e.. - TennoeMICOCTb Macna, IC]J,xc./(ICr. K); P.. - llJIOTHOCTb MaCJIa,
if 20
1Id=0,7
8 15 fj,d=0,6
d=0 4
7 Vd=0:3
10
6 5
5
4
3
0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 X
PIIc. 10.3. 3aBHCBMOCT& I034>cllHQHeBTa coopOTHBJIeBHJl WHUa BpanteHHlO OT OmOCHTeJI&-
Boro 3IceBlpHCHTeTa
281

KTIM 3 . .QIDI npHMeIDIeMblX D BC MaceJI npOH3Be.n;eHBe C,JJN npHMepHO
nOCTOBHHO H paBHO 1800...1900 K.Q>K/(M 3 . K); Invr., In - TeMllepaT}'pa
MaCJIa Ha BbIXo.n;e H3 nO.QIllHIIHHKa H Ha Bxo.n;e B Hero.
KOJIH'IecTBO MaCJla (M 3 /C). IUiPKYJIBpyIOfQerO '1epe3 no.n;DIBDHHK,
onpe.n;emleTCB no CJle.n;YIOIl\eMY BhIpa>KeHmo:
M=(qT+qJ! ld 2 ro,
2
r.n;e qT - K03cpcpBD;BeHT, }"IBThIBalOfQBH MaCJlO, BbIXo.n;sun:ee B3 Harpy-
>KeHHOH 30HhI nO,n;IIIBllHHKa (30Ha, B KOTOpOH pa3BBBaIOTCB rB.n;pO,n;BHa-
MB'IecKBe .n;aBJIeHHB), onpe.n;eJIBeTCB no rpacpmc:aM, npe.n;craBJIeHHhIM Ha
p 1/12 ( d ) 2
pHC. 10.4 .n;IDI pa.3JI1111HhIX 3Ha'lemm X H lid; qB=fJ """ - - - K03cp-
P (J) I
cpllI1HeHT, Y'lBThIBaIOfQBH MaCJIO, D:BpKYJIBpyIOfQee '1epe3 HeHarpyxceH-
HyIO 30HY nO,n;IIIBIIHHKa; PBI}; - .n;aBJIeHHe MaCJla Ha Bxo.n;e B nO,n;IIIBn-
HBK, Mila; fJ - K03cpcpHIUieHT; KOTOphlii MO>KeT 6hITb onpe.n;eJIeH H3
rpacpmc:a (PHC. 10.5).
TellJIOTa, OTBo.n;HMa.s.(no MeTan.ny Bana H KapTepa B OKpyxcaIOrQylO
cpe.n:y, He:ma'IBTeJIbHa, n03ToM}' npH TellJIOBOM pac'IeTe ee, KaK npaBB-
JIO, He Y'lBTbIBaIOT.
nOCJIe.nOBBTeJlbHOCTJ. pBC"leTB DO JllllllHIII( OB.
. 3aeTCB BeJIlI'IBHa .n;BaMeTpaJIbHOrO 3a.30pa:
qT
0,4
0,3 13
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,1
0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,90,95x
0,1
0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,90,95 X
PRc. 10.4. 3aBHCHMOCTb IOHItHeBTa pac- PHC. 10.5. 3aBHCHMOCTL I034Jq1H1tHeHTa
XOM 'lepe3 Barp}'JI:eBBJ'lO 'lacTb OT OTBOCH- fJ OT OTBOCHTeJI&HOrO 3IC1{eH"IpHCHTeTa
TeJILHOrO 3ICBlpHCHTeTa
282

L\=(O,5...0,7} .W- 3 d - .D.BHraTenH C HClCpoBhIM 3a)f(HnmHeM,
L\=(0,7...1,O} .W- 3 d - AH3eJIH.
. }:(aBneHHe H TeMllepaTypa MaCna Ha BXO,Qe B nO,lUIIHnHHIC IIpHHH-
MaIOTCJI paBHhIMH
Puc=0,3...0,4 Mlla; 'u=70...75°C -,nJUI,nBHraTeneB C HClCpoBhIM
38JKHraHHeM,
Puc=0,4...0,6 Mlla; 'IIX= 75...80 °C - ,QJIJI,nH3eneB.
. llo,n6HpaeTCJI COOTBeTCTByroee ycnoBIDIM pa60TbI MOTOpHoe
MaCJIO.
. PaCC'IHThIBaIOTCJI y,neJIbHbIe ,naBneHHJI Kq, H .
. 3a.naBaJiCb TpeMJI 3Ha'ieHIDIMH cpe.n.ueB TeMllepa-ryphl lop MaCJIa
B MaCJIJlHOM cnoe, no pHC. 10.6 onpe,neJIJllOT BJl31C0CTb Macna npH
Ka)J()J;OM 3Ha'leHHH I = lop.
. llpOH3BO.lUlT TennoBoB paC'IeT B nOCJIe,nOBaTenbHOCTH, H3nOJKeH-
HOB BbUIle, B pe3YJIbTaTe 1C0Toporo Ollpe,nenJllOTCJI Q'Ip H QN.
. llo 1I0ny'leHHbIM ,QaHHbIM CTpoJiT rpacpmc TennOBoro 6aJIaHca
(pHC. W.7). O'IeBII,l{HO, '1TO TO'IICe nepece'leHBJllCpHBbIX Q'Ip H QN 6y,neT
COOTBeTCTBOBaTb ,neBCTBHTeJIbHaJI TeMIIepaTypa Macna B MaCJIJlHOM
cnoe.
. Onpe,QemnoT BJl31C0CTb MaCJIa npH Haii,neHHoM 3Ha'leHHH lop, nOCJIe
qero paCC'lHThIBaIOT 1C03<l>cpHItHeHT HarpyxceHHocTH cI>, a 110 HeM}'-
OTHOCHTenbHhIii 3ICCQeHTpHCHTeT.
3TOMY 3KCIteHTpHCHTeTY 6Y,QeT COOTBeTCTBOBaTb MHHHMaJIbHaJi
T01IIl1HHa MaCJIJlHOrO CJIOJl
Il.MOa. c
7.0. 10- 8
J
6.0 . 10- 8
5.0' 10- 8
4,0 . 10- 8
3,0 . 10- 8
2,0. 10- 8
1,0' 10- 8
1. M-16-r 2 (K)
2. M-6 3 /14-r
3. M-6 3
4. M-5 3 /10-r 1
5. M-8-r 2 (K)
6. M-4 3 /6-B 1 Q1p
QM
II
QM
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 t: C
t CPt tcP} tcp]
tcp llellCTB.
tcp
PRc. 10.6. 3aBHCHMOCTb BJDIOCTH MOTOpBlolX MaceJI
OT TeMIIepaTypLl
PRc. 10.7. rpa4JDI TeDJIOBo-
ro 68.JI1U1ca
283
II:

6-
h.m.. = - (1 - X).
2
ECJIH h.m.. > 4 MKM H tcp < 115 °e, TO 3TO CBH.l{eTeJILCTBYeT 0 pa60TO-
cnOC06HOCTH nO,wIIHllHHlCa.
IIoJI)"IeHHoe 3Ha'leHHe hmm JIBJIJIeTCJI YCJIOBHLIM, TalC lCaIC B pea.JIbHOM
,nBHraTeJIe h.m.. HenpephlBHO H3MeIDIeTCJI. II03TOM}' B HaCToee BpeMJI
aHa.JIH3 pa6OTocnoco6HOCTH nO.l{lliHDHHlCa BICJIIO'IaeT B ce6JI paC'IeT
TPaelCTopHH neHTpa nanc}>hI, 'ITO n03BOmIeT onpe.l{eJIHTb BeJIH'lHHY,
MeCTO H WIHTeJILHOCTb C6JIH)lCeHIDI nanc}>hI C nO.l{lliHDHHICOM. IIpH :ITOM
HecynuuI cnoco6HOCTb MaCJHIHOrO CJIOJI paCCMaTpHBae-rCJI lCalC pe3YJIb-
TaT COBOlCynHoro .l{eBCTBHJI rll)J;poAHHaMH1.JeclCoro .l{8.BJIeHIDI H paAHa.JIb-
HOro nepeMeIQeHHJI nanc}>hI (PHC. 10.8).
Pe8JCQIDI MaCIDIHOrO CJIOJI Ha .l{eBCTBHe BHemHeB HarpY31CH P pac-
CMaTPHBaeTCJI 1C8JC paBHO.l{eBCTB}'IOIQaJI CUJI pa,n;HaJIbHOrO .l{8.BJIeHIDI
P pall. H CHJI rH.zq>oAHHaMH1.JeCICOro .l{aBJIeHHJI Pr.11..
IIpoeICQHH CBJI Ha mmmo neHTpOB H nepneH,ZUIICYmIp IC HeB 33.IIHmyT-
CJI B BlI)J;e
{ PCOS (6-}')=Pr-11.COS fJ + P p&11.'
Psin (6-}') =P r -11. sin fJ.
BhIpa3HM peaICTHBHhle CHJIhI B BlI)J;e 6e3pa3MepHhIX Be.JDl'lHH
PRc. 10.8. K paC'leTy TpaeITopHH
ItCBlpa uan4lLl
284
Pr-11.I/12
cI>r_ll.=-- H c1>plll1.
ld pm
P p lll1. 1/12
=--
ld pdx./dt'
npe.l{CTaB.ill.IIOIQHX C060B lCo3c}>c}>HIUleHThI
HarpyxceHHoCTH TOJILICO DpH Bpw:neHHH
H npH nocrynaTeJILHOM ,nBH)lCeHHH, Tor
no.ny'IHM
P 4)r_11P W elIpJJllJltJx
- cas (6- }')=- cas fJ +--.
ld 1/12 1/12 dt'
P . elIr.wMD . fJ
-sm(6-}')=-sm ,
ld 1/12
r.l{e ro=CO+COL -20; co -_yrJIOBaJI CICO-
poCTb BaJIa; COL - yrJIOBaJI CICOp<>cTb
nO,wIIHIIHHlCa (.l{JIJI mal)'HHoro nO.l{lliHn-

Aw CDS qJ
HHKa Clh - ); n - yrJIOBaJI CKOp<>cTb Bpam,eHIIJI BenOpa Ha-
"'1-).] sinqJ
rpy:nCH: n=db/dt. IIocne nO,D;craHOBKH Bblpuc:eHHJI MJl CO B cHcreM}'
nony'IHM
{ dX_ Pt/I] [ ( 5: ) siD(IS-Y) ]
--- cos u-y ,
dt ldp&1J. tgfJ
dlS _ 0 5( ) PI/1] sin (IS-y)
--, ro+roL -- .
dt ldr.Jt 2sinfJ
PaC'IeT TpaenOpHH CBO,D;HTCJI K nocne,D;OBaTeJIbHoM}' BbI'lHCJIeHHIO
X H b. IIpH 3TOM AJIJI Ha'laJIbHOii . TO'l1CH TpaeKTopHH 3a.n;aroT KOOP,D;H-
HaTbI Xl H b l . KOOp,lUlHaTa Xl BbI6HpaeTCJI npoH3BOJIbHO, a yrOJI b l npH-
HHMaeTCJI paBHbIM Yl. 3aTeM B COOTBeTCTBHH C H3MeHeHHeM 3Ha'leHHJI
H HanpaBJIeHHJI BHemHeii Harpy31CH BbI'lHCJIJIIOTCJI npHpameHHJI KOOp-
.lI:HHaT Ax H A":
! elIr.Jt [ "' I-X:. ]
AX=- COS(b-y} sm(b-y) roAt,
cIlpu O,7S1t(I- x)
A 5: [ CI)+CI)L cIlr.JI "'6,546-4,546x . ( 5: )] A
o.u= --- SIn u-y roo.t.
2m cIlpa,11 1,51t "'I-x
B Ka'lecrBe npHMepa Ha pHC. 10.9 nOlCa3aHa THnH'lHaJI TpaenOpHJI
u;eHTpa maT}'BHoii meiilCH aBTOM06HJIbHOrO ,nBHI'aTeJIJI.
.
OC& lliaTYHa
X
PIIc. 10.9. TpaenopHJI a1eOTpa maTYBHOB: melD
285

CJIeeT 3aMeTHTb, '1TO Jl,JUI BbIllOJIHeHIDI paC'IeTa TpaeICTOpHH TaK-
)Ke Heo6xo,mlMO 3HaTb Jl,eikrBHTeJIbHYIO TeMnepaTYPY MaCJIa B MaCIDI-
HOM CJIOe. IIo3ToMY Jl,aHHOMY pac'Ie-ry Jl,OJDKeH npeJI,IIIecTBOBaTb TellJIO-
Boii paC'IeT nOJI,IIIHllHBKa.
10.3. CXEMLI CMA301ffihIX ClICfEM
B COBpeMeHHbIX 3.BTOTpaKTOpHbIX Jl,BHraTeJIJIX npHMeWIlOT TOJIbKO
CM8.30'IHbIe CHCTeMbI (CC), B KOTOpLIX MaCJIO K 60JIbllIHHCTBY TpymHXCJI
conpJDKeHBii nOJl,BOJl,HTCJI noJl, Jl,aBJIeHBeM, C03J1,3.BaeMbIM MaCJIJIHbIM
HaCOCOM.
B 33.Blf.CHMOCTIf. OT MecTa HaXO)K,l{eHIDI OCHOBHoro KOJIH'feCTBa MaCJIa
CC nOJl,p8.3J1,eJIJIIOT Ha CHCTeMbI C MOKpblM KapmepOM If. CHCTeMbI C cy-
XUM KapmepOM. IIepBbIH BH,lI, CHCTeMbI npHMeWIeTCJI Jl,JIJI 6eH3HHOBLIX
Jl,BHraTeJIeii If. J1,113eJIeii cpaBHBTeJIbHO He6oJIbmoii MOIl{HOCTH, a BTO-
poii - Ha Jl,H3eIDIX, YCT3.HaBJIHBaeMLIX Ha TJDKeJILIX ICOJIeCHLIX H ryce-
HB'IHbIX MallIHHax, 'ITO n03BOJIJleT nOBbICIf.Tb 3anac XOJl,a If. C03J1,aeT
60JIee 6JIaronplf.JITHbIe yCJIOBIDI Jl,IDI pa60ThI MaCJIa.
KOJIIf.'IecTBO MaCJIa V.., Heo6xoJl,llMOrO AJUI HOpMaJIbHOrO «}>}'IIKIUI-
OHBpOBaHIDI CC, COCTaBIDIeT (JI):
(0,04...0,09)N" - 6eH3HHOBhIe Jl,BHraTeJIlf. JIerKOBLIX 3.BTOM06HJIeii;
(0,07...0,I)N" - 6eH3HHOBbIe Jl,Blf.raTeJIlf. rpY30BLIX 3.BTOM06HJIeii
H Jl,H3eJIH JIerKOBhIX aBTOM06HJIeii;
(0,11. ..O,16)N" - J1,113eJIH rpY30BbIX 3.BTOM06HJIeii.
B aBTOTpaKTOpHbIX Jl,BHraTeIDIX npHBOJl, MaCJIOHaCOCa OCymecTBJIJI-
eTCJI OT KOJIeH'IaTOrO HJIIf. pacnpeJl,eJIHTeJIbHOrO (6eH3HHoBbIe Jl,BHra-
TeJIH) Bana.
B CMa30'lHbIX CHCTeMax Jl,OCTaTO'IHO MOInHLIX Jl,Blf.raTeJIeii nplf.MeHJI-
lOT MaCJI03aKa'llf.BaIOII{lf.e HaCOCbI C npHBOJl,OM OT 3JIeKTpOMOTopa.
3Tlf.M HaCOCOM MaCJIO HarHeTaeTCR K TpynmMCR napaM nepeJl, nyCKOM
Jl,BHraTeJIJl, o6ecne'IHBaJI 60JIee JIerKHii nYCK H 60JIee HaJJ.e>KIIyIO pa60TY
nOCJIe nYCKa Jl,BHraTeJIR.
10.4. ArPErAThI CMA30'lHOfi ClILJEMLI.
MACJUIHLIE HACOCLI
B COBpeMeHHbIX Jl,BHraTeJIJIX npHMeHSUOT MaCJIJIHbIe HaCOCbI me-
CTepeH'IaTOrO THlla C BHenmHM (pHC. 10.10, a) H BHYTpeHHHM 3a:Qen-
JIeHHeM.
Bo BTOpoM cny'lae HCllOJIb3yIOT KaK 3BOJIbBeHTHOe (PHC. 10.10, 6),
TaK If. 3nHItHIUIOH,ll,8..JIbHoe 38.:QellJIeHBe (pHC. 10.10, 8). -
P8.3MepbI meCTepeH, a CJIeJl,OBaTeJIbHO, H npOH3BOJl,HTeJIbHOCTb Mac-
JlJIHbIX HaCOCOB :QeJIecoo6p8.3HO onpeJl,eJIJITb HCXOJl,R H3 :QHPKYIDI:QIIOH-
.
286

Be.ayuraJl
6
({
PRe. 10.10. MacJIJlBLle BaCOCbl e BBemBHM (a) H BByrpeBBHM (3BOJILBeHTHhIM - 6,
31IH1t11J[JI0aJI&BhIM - e) 3ellJIeHHeM
Horo pacxo.n;a MaCJIa 'iepe3 ,lJ;BHraTeJIb, Heo6xo)];HMOrO .n;1liI OTBo.n;a
TellJIOThi Qo..., BOClIpHHHMaeMOH MaCJIOM.
QuPKy.IDIItHOHHhIii pacxo.n; MaCJIa (M 3 /c)
V, QO.N
II c;.PN I11 N
TellJIOTa, OTBO)];HMaSl B MaCJIO (KI1.)f(/c),
1
Qo...= q.JIaH.. 36.10 6 '
,
r.n:e qN=Qo...IQT - OTHOCHTeJIbHhIH TennOOTBO.n: 'iepe3 CC; qN=
=0,015...0,02 -l1.cM3; qN=0,02...0,025 - )];H3eJIH; qN=0,04...0,06-
.n:H3eJIH C oxna)K)];aeMhIMH noplIIHJIMH.
IIepena.n; TeMlIepaTYP Me)K)];y BhIXO.n:OM H BXO.n;OM CC AI= 10...15 °c
B I1.cM3 H AIN = 20...25 °c B )];H3eJIJIX.
l1.eHCTBHTeJIbII}'lO 1I0.n;a'l)' Hacoca 3a.n;alOT 60JIbmeH BeJlH'lHHOH p-
KYIDIl(HOHHOro pacxo.n;a C neJIbIO 06ecne'ieHIDI He06xo)];HMorO .n;aBJIeHHSl
MaCJIa B MarHCTpaJIH BO BceM )];Hana30He 'iaCTOT Bp8ll!eHIDI H IIPH
H3HOce TPYII!HXCSl nap .n;BHraTelDI H Hacoca (M 3 /C):
V.II=(2,0...3,0)V II " .I
/
Tor.n;a V.II (M 3 /c) 6y.n;eT paBHO: ttI
(5,0)...6,0)N c .10- 6 -l1.cM3;
(6,0...9,0)N c " 10- 6 - )];H3eJIH;
(10... l1)N c .10- 6 - )];H3eJIH C oxnaeMbIMH noplIIHJIMH.
IIo.n;a'ia OTKa'IHBaIOInHX CeKnHH CHCTeM C CyxHM KaprepoM IIpHHH-
MaercSl paBHoH (M 3 /C)
287

V en " = (1,5. ..2,0) V -.rw,
r,n:e V DrI - nona'la HaTHeT8TeJIbHOii eeICl1HH Hacoca.
P83MepbI mecrepeH C Y'IeTOM o6'beMHoro Ko34xl>HI(HeHTa (M 3 /C)
no,n:a'IH Hacoca onpe,n:eJUIIOT H3 BbIpa)JC:eHIU.I
1 -9
V T = VJ'1.=1Cdwhbn.-.1O ,
60
r,n:e V T - TeopeTIl'lecx:u: no,n:a'la Hacoca, M 3 /C; '1. - o6DeMHbIii K03<1>-
c}>HltHeHT no,n:a'IH Haeoca, JUUI meCTepeH'IaTbIX HaCOCOB '1,,=0,6...0,85;
dw - ,n:HaMeTp Ha'lanbHOii OKpyxmOCTH Be.n:ym;eii mecrepHH Hacoca,
MM; h - BbICOTa 3y6a, MM; b - .wmHa 3y6a, MM; n. - '1aCTOTa Bparrte-
HIU.I Be,n:}'Jneii mecTepHH, MHH - 1.
MOHOCTb (KBT), Heo6xo,n:HMaJI ,lI;JIJI npHBo,n:a HaTHeTaTeJIbHOii eeK-
rom MaCJIJlHOrO Hacoca, onpe,n:eJIJleTCJI H3 BbIpa.x<:eHHJI
N,, - VT(PIIWX-PaJ .10 3 ,
PI..
r,n:e PIIWX-p.,.=0,3...0,6 - nepena,n: ,n:aJmeHHii, MIla; '1..=0,85...0,9-
MeXaHH'IecICHii KII)J; Hacoca.
Mac.lIJlllWe ..m""pLI. )J;IDI o6ecne'leHHR Ha,n:emIOii pa60TbI .lV3Hra-
TeJIeii Heo6xo,n:HMO npe)JC:)];e Beero o6etne'IHTb 38II!BTY Tp}'JnHXCJI co-
npJDICeHHii OT a6p83HBHbIx '1aCTHQ. 3TY c}>ymc.qmo BbIllOJIIDllOT MaCIDI-
HbIe c}>HJIbTpbI H O'IHCTHTeJIH. K nepBOMY THllY OTHOCJlTCJI YCTpOiiCTBa,
3a,nep)JC:HBalOlI(He '1aCTHqbI npH npoxmK,n:eHHH MaCJIa '1epe3 eJIH HJIH
KauaJIbI c}>HJlbTpyroII(HX nOBepXHOCTeii, KO BTOPOMY - O'IHCTHTeJIH,
y,n:ep)JC:HBaIOHe '1aCTmn.I C nOMOInbIO CHJIOBbIX nOJIeii.
B CM830'IHbIX cHCTeMax cOBpeMeHHbIX ,n:BHraTe.rreii npHMeWUOT
(/ju.Abmpbl zpy6oil. U mOlucoil. OIlUCmKU.
cI>HnbTpbI rpy60ii O'IHCTICH nonHOCTblO 3a,nep)JC:HBaIOT '1aCTbI
KpynHOCTblO 60nee 50...120 M1CM, a c}>HJIbTpbI TOHKOii O'IHCTlCH - 50...
40 M1CM. /(JIJI rpy60ii O'lHCTICH c}>HJlbTpyrornue 3neMeHTbI BbIllonWUOT
ceT'IaTbIMH, nnaCTHH'laTO-meneBbIMH H neHTO'IHO-meJIeBbIMH. )J;JIJI TOH-
Koii O'IHCTKH npHMeIDIlOT 3neMeHTbI H3 6)'MRrH, TKaHeii, KapToHa, XJIon-
'1aTo6)'MWKHoii npJl)JC:H H ,n:p.
113 O'IHCTHTe.rreii H81160nee IllHpOKO pacnpOCTpaueHbI QeHTpHc}>ym,
B KOTOpbIX y,n:aneHHe '1aCTHQ npOHcxo,n:HT no,n: ,n:eiiCTBHeM QeHTpo6e)l(-
HbIX CHn, BbI3bIBaeMbIX BparrteHHeM 3arpR3HeHHoro Macna.
B HaCTOJIIQee BpeMJI C'lHTaeTCJI, 'lTO HaH60nee 3c}>c}>eICTHBHbIM cnoco-
60M nOBblllleHHJI Ka'leCTBa c}>HJIbTpa, yoenH'leHIU.I (;poKOB CJIyxc6bI
Macna H nepHO,n:H'lHOCTH 06cnyxcHBaHHJI JlBIDIeTCJI npHMeHeHHe KOM-
6HHllpoBaHHoii CHCTeMLI O'IHCTICH MaCJIa, cocToJleii H3 nonHOnOTO'l-
288

1101'0 I}>HJIhTpa C 6}'MWICHhIMH I}>HJIhTpYIOHMB 3JIeMeHTaMH B "faCTB'lHO
UOTO'IHOH eHTpHl}>yrB.
B ICa"fecTBe npHMepa 1C0HCTp}'ICTHBHoro BbIIIOJIHeHWI nOJIHOnOTO"f-
HOro I}>IIJIhTpa Ha pHC. 10.11 npHBeJJ;eH I}>HJIhTp JJ;BHraTeJlll .HM3-840.
KaK OTMe"faJIOCh BblIIle, B Ka"fecTBe O'IHCTHTeJIeii HCnOJIh3YlOT
'1eHmpuyzu. IIpH 3TOM B OTe"fecTBeHHOM ABHraTeJIecTpOeHHH HaxOJJ;BT
npHMeBeHHe eBTpBl}>yrH C BHCInHHM rpasJlH1leclCBM peaKTBBHhIM
COllJIOBhIM npHBOJJ;OM H 6ecCOllJIOBhIe neHTpul}>yrn C BB}'TpeHHHM 8JCTBB-
UO-pe8.ICTBBHbIM npBBOJJ;OM, HCnOJIh3}'1OHe .ltJIJI BpaIIteHIDI pOTopa 3Bep-
I'HIO nOTOKa M3.CJIa, iIOJJ;BepraeMOro O'IBCTlCe. IIpHMepoM TalCoro O'IB-
CTBTeJlll HBIDIeTCJI 1C0HCTp}'lCll;WI neHTpHl}>yrH JJ;BHraTeJIH JIM3-840 (PHC.
10.12). T8JCHe neHTpul}>yrH 1C0MllaICTBhI H HRAe)J(HhI B 3ICCUJIyaT8.U;HH.
LJaCTOTa BpaIIteBBJI poTopa Ba BOMHHa.m.BOM pee pa60ThI ABura-
7
8
9
Pac. 10.11. IIoJIHoDOTo'lB&lA 41BJI&lp O'IHCTIH MaCJIa:
1- IopDyC; 2- pe3Io60.o1 ep; 3- _0110 KpoIIIID; 4- DpO IOJIIJllP; 5- ynJIOTHB-
-rem. 3JJeMarr&; 6- 4>u.1PYJO 3JJeMeBT; 7- IOJIDU; 8- IIpy:IDIB&; 9- CJDIJIB8.11 opo6u; 10-
1lpt.Q01IJD[
289

he. 10.12. IJ;eBlpH4Iyra:
1- J:OPnyc; 2- J:O.JmU; J- J:opnyc poTopa; 4-- J:onDo. poTOpa; J- mapm:oDO,QIIIHDHBJ:; 6- oa
poTOpa; 7- 4K>pcyHU; 8- 1IJ]1LC"I1IBD;  croDopHhIii DaJIeQ; 10--- npymma
TeJIB COCTaBIDIeT 6000 MHH -1, '1TO ,l(OCTaTO'IHO ,WIB o6ecne'leHIDI BhICO-
KOH CTeneHH O'IHCTKH MaCJIa.
MSCJIJDlLle p8,l(H8TOpLl. TeIDIOTa, OTBO,l{HMaJI MaCJIOM OT ,l(BHra-
TeJIB, ,l(OJDKHa 6hITb paccema B OKpY'KalO cpe.Qy. .l(JIB :nOH neJIH
Bee CHCTeMhI CMa3KH romraTeJIeH rpY30BhIX H MHOmX JIerKOBhIX
aBTOM06HJIeH yKOMllJIeKTOBhIBRlOT cneI{Ha.JIbHhIMH TenJIoo6Memm-
KaMH - MaClliIHhIMH pa1J;HaTOp3.MH. B aBTOTpaKTOpHhIX ,l(BHraTeJIJIX
HCnOJIb3yK>T ,l(Ba Tuna pa,mlaTOpOB: :HCui)KocmHo-MaCARHblU H 603-
- i)YUlHO- MaCARHbIU.
OCHOBHhIMH npeUMJlUleCm/JaMU 803dYUlHO-MaCARHblX paduamop08 BB-
runoTCB:
. MeHblliWI Macea;
. OTHOCHTeJIbHO npoCToe H Ha.;J:C)l(Hoe YCTPOHCTBO;
. B03MO>KHOCTb nO.Jl)"leHHB 60JIbllierO TeMllepaTypHoro Hanopa.
HedocmamKOM HX BBJIBeTCB Heo6xo,IUIMOCTb npHMeHeHHB CneIUfaJIb-
Horo nepenycICHoro KJIana..Ha ,WIB nepenycKa XOJIO,l(HOrO MaCJIa. ilpyXCH-
HY KJIan8.Ha perYJIHpyroT Ha nepena.n ,l(RBJIeHHH 0,15...0,2 Mila. ilo Mepe
nporpeBa MaCJIa ero BB3KOCTb nOHHj{(aeTCg, '1TO llpHBO,l(HT K YMeHbllie-
290

HRIO rpaDJIJI1IeCXHX nOTepb B pa;J;HaTOpe, H ICJIanaa aDTOMaTJI1IeCKH
3ax:pbIBaeTCJI.
OcaOBHLlM npeUMYUleCmBOM :JICUKOCmHO-MaC.lfRHblX paUamOp08 JIB-
JIJleTCJI 6bICTphIii nporpeB MaCna nOCJIe nyclCa ABHI"aTeJIJI H nOAAep)l(a-
HHe ero TeMnepaTYbI, 6JIH3ICOH IC OnTHMaJIbHOH.
BICJllO'IeHHe pa;J;HaTOpa B CM8.30'IHyro CHCTeM)' MO)ICeT ocyecrB-
JIJlTbCJI no OAROH H3 CJIe.nyroHX cxeM:
. nOCJIeAOBaTe.JIbHO B rJIaBHYIO MarHCTpaJIb;
. nap8JIJIeJIbHO rJIaDHOH Mal"HCTpaJIH C DOAa'leH OT OCHOBHOH celC-
QHH Hacoca;
. nap8JIJIeJIbHO rJIaBHOH Mal"HCTp8JIH C nOAa'leH OT AOnOJIHHTeJIb-
HOH celC Hacoca.
H8.H60JIee pacnpocrpaaeHa nOCJIeAHJIJI cxeMa, T8JC 1C8JC B 3TOM CJIY-
'1ae MacJIJlHbIi: paAHaTOp He CHlDKaeT AaBJIeHWI B rJIaDHOH M8.1"HCTpaJIH
H ICOJIH'IecTBO MaCJIa, nOCTYnalOero B pa;J;HaTOp, He 3aDHCHT OT H3HO-
meHHocrH ABHraTeJIJI H Hacoca.
PaC'leT MacJIJlHOrO pa;J;HaTOpa npOH3BOAjlT B OCHOBHOM B TOM )ICe
DOpjlAJ(e, 'lT0 H paC'IeT )I(Jf,lJ;KocrHoro pa;J;HaTopa.
PaCCMOTpHM oc06eHHocrH paC'leTa. KOJIH'IecrBo TeDJIOTbI
Qu. (K]J.'JIt.fc), OTBOAHMOH MaCJIOM OT ABHI"aTeJIJl, ,n:OJDKHO 6b1Tb paDHO
ICOJIH'IecTBY TeDJIOTbI, OTBO,n:HMOH pa;J;HaTopoM:
Qo... = CNPN V pa.q(t. x . p - t ma . p ),
r,n:e tu..p H t.wx.p - TeMnepaTYpa MaCJIa Ha Bxo,n:e B pa;J;HaTOp H BbIXo,n:e
H3 Hero, °C; V pa,II - PICYJIJlItHOHm.rli pacxo,n: MaCJIa '1epe3 paAHaTOp,
M 3 fc.
B cHcreM8.X CM831CH C cyxHM KapTepoM H npH DOCJIe,n:oBaTeJIbHoM.
BKJDO'IeHHH pa;J;HaTopa V.= V pa,II.
Ox.nWK,ZJ;aIOWI nOBep-xaocrb B03,n:ymHo-MaCJIJlHOrO paAHaTOpa
(M 2 ), KOTOpbIi: ,n:OJDKeH OTBO,n:HTb TeDJIOTY QO.N,
F: _ QO.N
pa,II r. -,
KN\'N_p - '..p)
r,n:e K... -lCo3414>H:QHeHT TenJIOnepe,n:a'IH OT MaCJIa IC B03,n:yxy,
KBT/(M 2 . K); I N . P - I.. p - p8.3HOCTb cpeJUlHX TeMIlepaTYP MaCJIa B Pa;J;H-
aTOpe H B03.n:yxa, npoxo.wno;ero '1epe3 pa;J;HaTOp, DC.
TIepena;J; TeMnepaTYP MaCJIa B pa;J;HaTOpe 06bI'lHO npHHHMaIOT
paDHhIM nepena.n:y TeMDepaTYP MaCJIa B ,n:BHI"aTeJIe: At p = At N .
TaKHM 06P8.30M, AJIJI paC'IeTa OXJIWK,ZJ;aIOeH nOBepXHOCTH pa-
,n:HaTopa ,n:OJDKHbI 6b1Tb 3a;J;8.HbI ICOJIH'IecrBo TeDJIOTbI Qo..., KOTopoe
Heo6xoAHMO oTBecrH, TeMnepaTypa OXJIa)K,lJ;alOero B03.n:yxa H )lCeJIa-
TeJIbHWI cpe.D:HJIjl TeMnepaTypa MaCJIR.
291
Ii

TeMllepaTYpa OIcPYIaIOlI{eii Cpe,lthl npH paC'IeTe llpHHHMaeTCJI paB-
HOH 45°C.
Capm.rli IC034>«PHltHeHT TewIOnepe,l(a'lH OT MaCJIa B03,l(YXY
[ICBT/(M 2 ° K)] p8.BeH

I F. () F. l'
--+--+-
a.. F .. IF.. a.
r,l(e IX... - IC034>«PHUUeHT TeWIOOTa'IH OT MaCJIa CTeHlCaM 1J>y601C,
ICBT/(M 2 . K); ex,. - IC03«p«pHIJ;HeHT TeWIOOTa'IH OT CTeBOIC 1J>y60IC B03-
lJ.YXy, ICBT/(M 2 . K); F. H F.. - nOBepXBOCTH OXJI8JKJ1.eHIDI no B03YXY
H Macny; qJ=F./F.. - IC03<}>«pHUUeBT Ope6peHBJI pa.nHaTOpa; qJ=2,5...3,5
AIDI 1J>y6'1aTo-WIaCTHB'IaThIX MacIDIBLIX pa,nHaTopoB; 6 - TOJIlI{IIBa
1J>y601C pa,lUlaTOpa, M; 1 - ICo3<}>cpBIVleHT TellJIOnpoBO,znIOCTJI Tpy61CB
pa,lUlaTOpa, ICJj;JK./(M ° C . K).
{)F.
TIpeBe6per8.JI BeJIH'lHHaMH -- BCJIeCTBHe BX MaJIOCTB, nOJIY'fBM
J..F..
I
K..=
I F. 1
--+-
a.. F.. m.
TIo OllhlTBhIM 8.BllhIM H3BeCTBO, 'lT0 IX... B 1,5...3 pa.3a 60JIbme ex,..
l103TOM}' K..=(0,35...0,55)a., a Y'lHTbIB8.JI, '1TO.ltilll ICOCTBoro Pa,lUl-
aTopa 1C03«p«pBIVleHT TeWIonepea'IB Ka., MOxmO npH OpBeBTBpOBO'I-
HhIX paC'leTax npBHBMaTL K.. = (0,35...0,55)K ,WUI O,ltBBaICOBhIX no ICOH-
CTpYJCUHB )lCBJUOCTHhIX B MaCJIJIBLIX pa.nHaTopoB H O,lUlH8.lCOBhIX Mac-
COBLIX ClCopocTeii B03,lQ'Xa nepe,l( «ppOHTOM pa,lUlaTOpoB. 3Ha'leHBe
K H HX 38.BBCBMOCTH OT V.p. npHBeeHhI B rJI. II.
,lJ;illI )ICB",ltICOCTHO-MaCJIJIHhIX pa,lUlaTOpOB C npJlMLlMH rJIa
1J>y6lCaMH npH ClCOpoCTH MaCJIa 0,1...0,5 M/C MOXCHO npHHBMaTL K..=
= 120...320 BT/(M 2 . K), a JIJI pa,lUlaTopoB co CneuuaJIbBhIMB 3aBHXpH-
TeJIJIMB B 1J>y6ICax K..=800...1000 BT/(M 2o K).
y eJIbHLIe noBepXBoCTJI pa,nHaTopoB BhIlIOJIHeHHLIX BHraTeJIeii Ha-
XowrrCJI B npeAeJIax (M 2 /ICBT):
B03ynmo-MaCID.IHbIe Fy.ll= (3...6,5) " 10- 2 ,
X<H,lI;ICOCTBO-MaCID.IHhIe Fy.Q = (0,2...1,1) .10- 2 (no Macny),
F Y .ll=(O,13...0,34). 10- 2 (no BOAe).

rnABA 11
CHCTEMA OXJIAHIDI
CHCTeMa OXJIWK,ZJ;eHIDI npe,ZJ;Ha:3Ha'ieHa ,ZJ;ID.I npHH}',ZJ;HTem,Horo OT-
BO,ZJ;a TeDJIOThI OT ,ZJ;eTaJIeB ,ZJ;8HraTeJlll, OMhIBaeMhIX ropSI'lHMH r8.3aMH,
,ZJ;JllI 06ecne'leHHiI HX OnTHMaJIhHOrO H CTa6HJIbHOrO TenJIOBOrO COCTOil-
HWl.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT cnoc06a opr3.HH3awm TeWI006MeHa Me)K.ny :,)JIe-
MeHT8.MH ,ZJ;8HraTeJlll H OKPY'KaroeB cpe,ZJ;OB pa3JIH'IaroT CHCTeMhI
C npOMe)K}'TO'IBhIM TeDJIOHOCHTeJIeM (InlPKymn:oHHhIe CHCTeMhI )KH,ZJ;-
KOCTHoro OXJIaJIC.lteHHJI) H 6e3 npoMe)KyrO'IBOro TeDJIOHOCHTeJlll (cHCTe-
Mhl B03,ZJ;ymBoro OXJIWK,ZJ;eBHJI H npOTO'lBhle CHCTeMbI >KH.AKOCTHOrO
OXJIWK,ZJ;eHHJI).
11.1. )KH)J.KOCfHAB CHCfEMA OXJIAX\,L(EHIDI
IIpomollHQR cucmeMa )J(HJU:OCTHoro OXJIWK,ZJ;eHHiI KOHCTpyKTHBHO
mm60JIee npOCTa B npOH3BO,ZJ;CTBe H 3KcWIyaTanHH. IIpocTeBw8JI KOHCT-
PyKIUliI TaKOB CHCTeMbI (PHC. 11.1) BIC.JIIO'IaeT B ce6i1 Bacoc 4, KOTOphIB
npoKa'IHBaeT OXJIWK,ZJ;aro}'IO >KH.AKOCTh (06hI'lBo BO.ny) 'Iepe3 py6amK)'
OXJIWK,ZJ;eHIDI ,ZJ;8HraTeJIiI 8, c6paChIBaeMYIO 3aTeM B OKpY'Karoee npo-
CTp8.HCTBO. PeryJIHpoB3.HHe npoH3BO,ZJ;HTeJIbHOCTH CHCTeMhI ocyineCTB-
flileTCiI 3a C'IeT H3MeHeHHJI pacxo,ZJ;a )J(HJU:OCTH 'Iepe3 py6amKY OXJIaJIC.lte-
1IHJ1 C nOMOIIU> ynpaBJllIeMOrO BeHTBJUI 7. IIepeCTaHoBKa BeHTBJIiI
OecTBJllIeTCJI no CHrHa.ny ,ZJ;aT'IHKa TeMlIepaTyphl 9. OcHOBHhIM He,ZJ;O-
CTaTKOM npOTO'lBhlX CHCTeM JlBJllIeTCiI Be06xo,ZJ;HMOCTb HMeTb 60JIbWOB
lanac oXJIa)K,ZJ;aroeB xm.wcOCTH, B CBDH C 'IeM OBH HClIOJIb3}'1OTCJI
/I OCBOBBOM Ba BO,WlOM TpaHClIopTe, r,ZJ;e Ka'lecTBe OXJI8JIC,l(aroero
.lreBTa HCnOJIb3YeTCiI 3a60pTH8JI BO,ZJ;a.
Ha Ha3eMHOM mpaHcnopme mm60JIbwee pacnpocTp8.IIeHHe nOJIY'lH-
IIH ¥UPKYAR¥UOHHble {)eyxKoHmYPHble cucmeMbl, r,ZJ;e TeDJIOOTBO,ZJ; oce-
C fBJllIeTCJI B B03,ZJ;YX, a OXJIa)K,ZJ;aro8JI >KH,lUCOCTb HCnOJIb3YeTCJI B Ka'leCT-
lie npoMexcyrO'IBOro TenJIOBOCHTeJIiI, IUlPKYJIHp}'lOero no 3a.MKBYT0-
MY KOHTypY.
KOBCTpyKIUUI CHCTeMbI >KH,lUCOCTHOrO OXJIa)K,ZJ;eHIUI BO MBOroM onpe-
){eJllleTCJI npHIDIThIM cnoco60M opraHH3HH InIPKYJIJmHH OCTH.
293

2
1
---- ------------
-----------------
----------------
---------------
---------------
--------------
----------
-
7


-

10
PRe. 11.1. IIpllllqHlIHaJIbBaJl cxeMa npOTO'lBOi: CHCTeMhI mIOCTBOTO OXJIellHJ1:
1 - BO,llo3a60pnn.dl ; 2 - 41BJ1brp; 3 - 06paTlllolil EJJaDaB; " - aacoc; J - NIIl1ICIpBJIb
DO,lIBO,lIa 3a60pmoA BO,llW I ,lIBHraTCJDO; 6 - MIIl1ICIpIIJIb BYXO,lla BO,llW B3 ,lIBBr&TCJllI; 7 -
yopaaIDICMLlii BCIITIIJDo; 8 - ,lIBBrarem.; 9 - TeMDeparypm.m JIlLnBI; 10 - 6J]OI )'DpIlBllCBIU
IIo :nOM)' npBJBaICY pa3.!IB'1aJOT CHcreMhI: mepMOCU,pOHHble, C npuHyau-
meAbHOU IIUPKYARlIueU :JICU(}KOCmU U cMewaHHble cucmeMbl OXAa:JIC(}eHWI.
B mepMOCU,pOHHOU cucmeMe (PBC. 11.2) IUlpICymIIVlJI XCB,ZJ;KOCTB npo-
BCXOABT B CBJIY pa3BOcrB ee TeMIIepaTyphl B IIJIOTHOCTB B pa3JIB':IHhlX
JOBaX XCB,ZJ;KOCTHOrO ICoBTypa. T8.I(aJl CBCTeMa OXJIaJKJJ;eHBJI ICOBCTpyK-
TBBBO B8.B60JIee npocra, Be.n;opora, BO npB npBeMJIeMhlX ee ra6apBTax
TenJIOTeXHH'leCICB Be.n;ocraTO'IHO 34>cpeICTBBBa.  BHTeBCBBBOB. IUlP-
ICYJIJl:QHB XCB,ZJ;KOcrB B BeB. Be06xoABM JBa'IBTeJIbHhlB. nepena,n TeM-
nepaTYP I1t. Ba pa.n;HaTOpe (nopJl,ZJ;JCa 30°C). B npoTBBBoM cJIY'lae
Be60JIbIIIBe CICOpOCTH ,nBIDICeBBJI XCB,ZJ;KOcrH MOryr npBBecTH IC Mecr-
HhlM neperpeB8.M B JBa'IBTeJIbHhlM Tpa.n;HeBT8.M TeMIIepaTYP B OXJIaJKJJ;a-
eMhlX 3JIeMeHTaX ,nBBraTeJIJl. B CBJI3H C OTMe"leHHhlMH Be.n;OCTaTICaMH
B cOBpeMeHBhlX Tp3.HCnOpTHhlX )];BC TepMocB4><>BHhle cBcreMhI OXJIa-
)I()];eHBJI Be npHMeBJllOTCJI.
CucmeMa c npUHy(}umeAbHOU IIUPKYARlIueU OXJIa.xw;alOero areHTa
B BacrOJlIQee BpeMJI JIBJIJIercJI O,I:\HOB. B3 OCHOBHbIX TBIIOB cHcreM OXJIa-
)I()];eHBJI aBTOTp8.I(TOpHhlX ,nBHraTeJIeB.. IIpBHYABTeJIbBaJI IUlPICYJIJlI\IUI
npOMe)l(yrO'IHOro TeIIJIOBOCHTeJIJI no DeeM)' ICOHTYPY ocyeCTBJIJlerCJI
)I(H,ZJ;JCocrHhlM BaCOCOM 6 (PBC. 11.3). OXJIIDK,lI;aJOHi areHT nO,nBOABTCJI
"Iepe3 HBJICHHB. nOJlc IUlJIHH,npoB. 
B C.MewaHHblx cucmeMax OX./Ul:JICaeHWI (PRC. 11.4, a, 6) OXJIa)l()];a-
lOaJI )I(H,ZJ;JC0CTb H3 p8.)I;HaTOpa 1 no.n;aercJI B BepXHlOro JOB}' py6amm
294

PRe. 11.2. IIPHBIDIIIH8JI&HU CXeMa TepMocH4JoBBoB CHCTeMhl oXJIa:l[eBHJl:
I - pa,llB8TOp; 2 - &eBTBJInOp; 3 - MOK IIHJ1HIIlIPOB; -I -:- Inn/WI" DOl\BOI\8 OXJIIlK.I1ILlOA
KH,I1J.:OCTII m pa,tlB&Topa B 6110K B; 5 - IIIJIB.Br 011l0l\B oXJIa.,I1ILlOii :II:B,I1KOCTII B3 MOK8
IIBJIHII.QPOB B pa,llB8TOp
OXJIa)I()];eHHH IUiJIHH.lij)OB (PHC. 11.4, a) HJIH B nOJIOCTb rOJIOBKH 6JIOKa
(PHC. 11.4, 6). B 3TOM CJIY'lae :qH1IHH,I:(pbl ,ABHraTeIDI OXJIa)I(,nalOTCH 3a
CqeT TepMocHt}K>HROrO <lleKTa. npH no,naqe OXJIaJK.n;aIOIl\ero TenJIO-
HOCHTeIDI B roJIOBKy 6JIOKa HHor.n;a (npH 60JIblllHX mmeiiHhIX Pa3-
Mepax ,ABHraTeIDI) HCnOJIb3yroT paciIpe.n;eJI.HTeJIbHbIe Tpy6b1 10 (PHC.
11.4, 6), n03BOIDIlOlUHe HHTeHcH4IIDUlpOBaTb OXJIa)I(.n;eHHe HaH60JIee
ropJI'iBX 30H KaMep cropaHIDl. Tame CHCTeMbI HCnOJIb3yroTCH npeHMY-
LQeCTBeHRO Ha ,l(cH3.
):lIDI 3THX )Ke eJIeH B pJI.Ae KOHCTPYKnHH AH3eJIeH npBMeIDIeTCH
08yxnoAOCmHllJI CUCmeMQ OXJIaeBIDI ,D,BHraTeIDl (PHC. 11.4, 8). no-
llOCTb Py6aIIIKH OXJIeBIDI KOH rWIb3b1 p8.3AeJIeHa neperopo.n;KoH
no BblCOTe Ha ,D,Ba (11 H 12) 06"beMa. B BepXHHH 06'beM 11 'Iepe3 KaHaJI
13 nO,ABOAHTCjI OXJIaxc.n;aIOLQaH XCBAKOCTb. 06"beMbI coeAHIDIIOTCH Me)I(-
AY C060H KOJIbeBOH IIteJIblO Me)fC)];Y neperopoqKoH 14 6JIOKa H cTeHKoH
rHJIb3b1. 3TO n03BOJIHeT HHTeHcH4JllUllpoBaTb OXJIaxc.n;eHHe BepxueH 'Ia-
cm rWIb3b1 3a C'IeT npHHYAHTeJIbHOH HPKYIDlItHH TeWIOHOCHTeJIjI
B 3TOH 30He. H3 BepxHeH nOJIOCTH OXJIalO3J.I )I(H)UOCTb nOCTynaeT
B rOJIOBKY 6JIOKa H 'Iepe3 meJIb B neperopoAKe 14 K HlDKHBM qaCTHM
rHJIb3, oceCTBJUIJ.[ HX OXJIeHHe B OCHOBHOM 3a C'IeT ecTecTBeHHoH
KOHBeKnHH.
295

PHc. 11.3. IIpllJlItllIDlaJILHaJI cxeMa 1tHP-
IYIDIIUIOBHOH CHCTeMLI ](OCTBOrO
oXJIaIJJ;eBHII:
I - JllWl&TOp; 2 - napoB03t{ymBu tpy5u;
3 - TCpMOCTaT; " - pIICIllBpB'l"CJIbll1oll 6&'IoE;
j - opo6n pacmBpBTeJIhBoro 5a'lD; 6 -:ll:B-
,QKocnu.Iit aacoc; 7 - py5anma 6non aBJDIH.II-
pcB; 8 - BCBTBJIaTOp; 9 - 06BOABU MBnICT-
pam.
PHc. 11.4. CxeMLI CMemaHHlolX CHCTeW
1DI,ItIOCTBOrO oXJU1:K,l/;eBHII:
a - C DO.IJIIO.IIOM OCI'B B BepXBBil: DO'-:
py611Il1J:11 0XJ18.Z.11eBU QBJIBIIPiPOB; 6 - C DOl1-
BO.IIOM KB,I1EOCTB B DOnOCTb ronoDJI MOn;
fI- .I)B)'XDOnoCTBU CllCTeMa OeBU; I-
pBJ:\B&TOp; 2 - oc:mw:it B&COC; 3 - 0.l1li0-
IJI8II&IIBWA TepMOCTaT; " - py5anma oxna-
JK,AeBU .llBBniTeJU; j - BeB"DlJln0P; 6 -
06BO.llllU MIII1IC'Ip&JIh; 7 - 
TepMOCTaT; 8 - OCBOBBO:il uamm TCpMOCTa-
u; 9 - .IIODOJIllB'l"CJIbBl> uamm TepMOCTaU;
IO - pacupe.IICJIBTeJ1hIIU tpy6a; II - Bepx-
IUIJI Donocn. OXJJU[.IIeHIIJI IIBJIBII.IIPOB; I2 -
JIB][BU DonOCTL OeBU IIBJIBII.IIPOB;
13 - D.BaJ1 A11K DO.IJIIO.II& TeI1J10BOCBTeJIa;
14 - DepcrOpo
1
5
a
2
.1
6
13
8
CHCTeMhI C npHH}',nHTe.J1bHOii H CMemamlOii HplCYlliIIUIeii )ICII,nICOCTH
(pHC. 11.3 H 11.4) nOMHMO paroiaTopa H )I(JlJ{lCOCTHOro Hacoca OCHaIQa-
IOTCJl TepMOCTaTOM, JIBJUllOlWIMCJl 3JIeMeHTOM perYJIHpOBaHHJl HX npo-
H3BOrolTe.JIbHOCTH no OCTHOMY ICOHTYPY. TepMoCTaT npe,nCT8.BJIJIeT
c060ii n03HItHoHHhIi peryJUITOp pacxo,na oXJIaxc.n8.lOIQeB: )I(JlJ{lCOCTH '1e-
pe3 TeWIo06MeHHHIC (paroiaTop). llpH ,nOCTIDKeHBH 38.HHoii TeMIIepa-
TypbI Ha BbIXo,ne H3 Py6allIlcH OXJI8.)ICJ{eHHJl OH nepelCpbIBaeT ,nOCTyn
296

XCII,lUCOCTH B pa.ztHaTOp, CTyneH'IaTO U3MeHRJl npu 3TOM npoU3BO.n;HTeJIb-
HOCTb CUCTeMbl (puc. 11.4, a).
llpB TaKOM cnoc06e peryJlllpOBaHHlI npu 3aICphIToM ICJIaIIaHe TepMO-
CTaTa pe31C0 B03paCTaeT pa3pexceHue BO BCaChIB8IOIQeH Maruc1]>aJIu
){(If,lI;lCOCTHOro Hacoca, '1TO Moxcer npHBeCTu IC Ka8wnaZluoHHOMY CPbl6Y
pa60mbl :HCUi}KOCmHOZO mpaKma. CJIe.n;CTBBeM }'MeHbmeHHJl .n;aBJIeHHB Ha
Bxo.n;e B Hacoc BBJIBerCB CHHxcellue TeMllepaTyphl ICHneHHlI TeIDIOIlOCU-
TeIDI B nepexo.n; ero B .nBYXcpa3Hoe COCTOBHHe. B pe3YJIbTaTe npou3-
BO.D;HTeJIbHOCTb Hacoca pe3KO na.n;aeT, 'lT0 HeMe.n;JIeHHO HapymaeT pe-
XCHM I\HplCymll\HH XCH.nICOCTH H npHBo.n;HT IC nporpeccHpyroIQeMy nepe-
rpeBY ,nBuraTeIDI.
AmI nOBbIIIIeHHlI IC8.BUT0IlHOH YCTOii'lllBOCTH CUCTeMbl npu pery-
JIUpoBaHHU ee npou3Bo,nHTeJIbHOCTH UCnOJIb3yIOTcB i}6yxKAanaHHble
mepMocmambl (PHC. 11.4, 6), ICoTophIe B CO'leraHHH C 06BOAHoi MarHCT-
paJIblO 6 OrpaHH'lBB8IOT pa3peXCeHHe Ha Bxo.n;e B Hacoc npH 3aKpbITOM
.n;OCTyne ){(If,lI;ICOCTU B pa.ztHaTOp. B 3TOM c.JIy'Iae HarpeTaa ){(If,lI;lCOCTb H3
py6amICH OXJIaxc,neHIDI nOCTynaer HJIH B pa.ztHaTop 1 '1epe3 OCHOBHOi
ICJIanaH 8 TepMOCTaTa 7 HJIH (u) Henocpe,nCTBeHHO BO BCaChIB8IOIQyIO
MarHCTpanb Hacoca '1epe3 ,nonOJIHUTeJIbllhIH KJIan3.H 9 U 06BO,nH}'lO
MaruCTpaJIb 6.
llOBLlIIIeHHOH K8.BBTOHHOH YCTOH'lHBOCTblO 06JIa,nalOT 3aKpbl-
mble cucmeMbl, XCII,lJ)(OCTHbIH ICOHTYP KOTOpbIX B onpe.n;eJIeHHOM ,nua-
na30He ,naBJIemm H30JIUpoB3.H OT aTMoccpephl. B OTJIH'lUe OT om-
KpblmblX cucmeM, I'.n;e ){(If,lI;ICOCTIIhIH TpaKT nOCTommo co06IQaerCB
c aTMocc}>epOH, CBB3b C OICpyxcarolI{HM npOCTpaHCTBOM B 3aKpbIThIX
cUCTeMax ocyIQeCTBJIBeTCB '1epe3 napo603i}yumylO KPblWKY pacwupu-
meAbHOZO 6a'lKa (puc. 11.5), KOTopaa co.n;epxolT BnYCICHoH (803i}YUlHblU)
H BhIII)'CICHOH (napo6ou) lCJIan3.Hbl. llapoBoH ICJIanaH peI'YJlllpYIOT Ha
H36bITO'IHoe ,naBJIeHHe napOB XCII,lJ)(OCTB 0,045...0,05 Mlla. TalOlM
o6pa30M, npu .n;3.BJIeHWIX B CUCTeMe HHxce .n;8.BJIeHHB cpa6aTLIBaHUB
napoBoI'o lCJIan3.Ha CHCTeMa H30JIupOB3.Ha ((3aKphITa») OT aTMocc}>e-
PhI. llpu 3TOM TeMllepaTypa B KOHTYpe MoxceT 6h1Tb ,nOBe.n;eHa
AO 105...110°C 6e3 onaCHOCTB 3aICHllaHIDI JKH.D;K.OCTH. B03A)'IIIHbIH
KJIanaH cpa6aThIBaeT npu na.u.eHHH .n;aBJIeBIDI B CUCTeMe npHMepHO Ha
0,01 Mlla. JJ;OCTOHHCTBOM 3aICphIThIX CUCTeM BBJIBerCB T8.lQKe BX
a 6
PRe. 11.5. KphlIDKa paCWHpHTeJIbHOrO 6a'lKa opH OTKpLlTOM J[JIIlnaHe:
a - BwnycDlOM; 6 - BIIyCDlOM
297

60nbmwr (npH npo'IHx paOHbIX ycnoBHBX) npOH3BO,z:urrenbHocrb, 'lT0
HBillIeTCJI cne,n;crBHeM nOBbllllCHHJI TeMllepa-rypHoro Hanopa Me)I(,AY OC-
HOBHbIM (B03,n;yx) H npOMC>KYTO'lHblM (oxnIDIC.n81OIQaJl OCTh) Ten-
nOHOCHTenJIMH B CHcreMe. B HaCTOJlIQee BpeMSl Bee 60nbmee pacnpocr-
paHeHHe non}"l81OT He06cJIY>KHBaeMhIe cHcreMhI C repMeTH3HpOBaHHbIM
>KH,n;ICocrHbIM KOHTypOM, B KOTOpbIX TeMllepaTypa TenJIOHOCHTeJIJI MO-
>KeT nOBLlIIIaTbCSI ,n;o 120 DC (npH ,n;aBneHHH ,n;o 0,2 Mila). B HHX
npHMeHJlIOTCJI ,n;ea3pHpOBaHllhlc (BaKYYMHPOBaHHbIc) TcnnOHOCHTelIH
C MaJIbIM 06'beMHbIM pacnmpeHHeM.
HCnOJIb30BaHHe B Ka'leCTBe npoMeJKyrO'IHOro TeWIOHOCHTCilli HH3-
K03a.Mep381OIItHX >KBJUCocreH (8.HTHl}>pH30B), HMelOIQHX 60JIbmOH K031}>-
I}>BWleHT 06'beMHoro paCmHpeHHJI, ,n;HKTyeT He06xo,n;HMOCTb HMeTb
B cHcreMe pe3epBm.rH KOMlleHCOHm.rH 06'beM. ,l(lIJI 3THX ne.rrcH HC-
nonb3YeTCJI paCnmpHTeJIbm.rH 6a'lOK 4 (CM. pHC. 11.3). 6y,n;}"IB ycr8.HOB-
neHHbIM B ca.Moii BbICOKOH TO'DCe OCTHoro KOHTypa C BblXO,n;OM BO
BcaCbIB81OIQyro MarHCTpaJIb Hacoca, OH BbIllOnWIeT I}>YHJCItHB KOH,n;eH-
caTopa, cra6HJIH3aTOpa ypOBWI OcrH B py6armce oxnaJK,n;eHWI
H ,n;ea3paTOpa (oT,AelIHTeilli B03.ZJ;yxa, r8.30B H napa OT oxna.xc,n;81OIQeii
>KH,n;ICOcrH), a TaJOKe JlBJIJleTCB 3JIeMeHTOM, orpaHH'lHBalOIUHM p8.3peJKe-
HHe Ha Bxo,n;e B Hacoc H TeM caMhIM nOBLlIIIalOIUHM KaBHT8.QHOHHyro
ycrOii'IHBOCTb cHcreMhI.
06bI'lH0 06'beM napoB03,n;ymHoro IIpOCTpaHcrBa COCTaBJUleT 5...
7% npH 06IQeM 06'beMe 6a'IKa 10...25% OT eMKocrH CHCTeMhI oxnaJIC-
,n;eHml.
Y,n;elIbm.rH 061.eM CHCTeMhI oxnaJIC,n;eHHJI ,n;BlII"aTe:rreH ,WllI nerKOBbIX
aBTOM06B1IeH COCT8.B1IBeT 0,18...0,24 n/KBT, .n;.rrB rpY30BbIX - 0,25...
0,34 n/KBT.
11.2. PErY JlHPOBAHHE IIPOmBO,l(HTEJlbHOCfH
CHCTEMhI )I(H,lJ;KOCTHOrO OXJIElnU[
PerYJIHpoBaHHe npoH3Bo,n;HTeJIbHocrH (KonH'IecTBa TeWIOTbI, OTBO-
,n;HMOH OT .n;BHraTemJ: B OKpyJK81OIQee npoCTpaucrBO B e,n;HHH BpeMe-
HH) cHcreMhI >KH,n;ICOCTHOrO oxna.xc,n;eHHJI ocyrnecrBnBeTCB H3MeHeHHeM
MaCCOBoro pacxo,n;a Oxna.xc,n;81OIQHX TenlIOHOCHTelIeii B rOpJl'leM H xo-
no,n;HOM KOHTypax pa,n;HaTopa.
OCH08Hoil (06J13aTeJIhHoii) JIBJUIeTCB cucmeMa peZY.llup08aHUJI npo-
U3800Ume.llbHOCmU no :JICUOKOcmHOMY KOHmypy. Ee OCHOBY COCTaBmnoT
aBTOMaTH'iecm ,n;eiiCTByroIItHe mepMocmambl, BKJDO'IaeMbIe B IlHPKY-
JllII{HoHHhlii KOHTYP H perYJIHpyroIQHe pacxo,n; XCH.n;KOCTH '1epe3 Pa,n;H-
aTOp. KOHCTpyKTHBHO ORB npe,n;craBJUIIOT co60ii ycrpOiicrBO, KOTO-
poe COBMeaeT H3MepHTeJIhHlde H HCnOJIHHTeJlbHldC l}>ymcUHH. B 3aBH-
CHMOCTH OT crenCRB OTKpblTIDI KJIaIIaHOB TepMOCTaTOB, onpe,n;enJl-
298

eMOH TepMOqyBCTBHTeJIbHhlM 3JIeMeHTOM, H3MemIeTC.II COOTHOmeHHe
nOTOKOB OJma)I(,L\aIOm;eH XCH,roI:OCTH, nOCTynalOm;eH BO BcacldBalOll\YIO
MarHCTpa.JIb HaCOCa Qepe3 paJUIaTOp OXJIaxc.n:eHH.II R Qepe3 06BO.n:H)'IO
MarHCTpa.JIb. no KOHCTpYKItHH TepMOqyBCTBHTeJIbHOrO 3JIeMeHTa P8.3-
.JIHqalOT TepMOCTaTld C :HCUi)KUM (PRC. 11.6) H m8epi)blM (PRC. 11.7)
HanOJIHHTeJIeM.
)[(Ui)KOcmHblU mepMocmam (PRC. 11.6) HMee-r CHJIbclloH 1, 3anOJIHeH-
HblH JIenOKHII.IIIIJ;eH )l(HJU[OCTblO e /3 3THJIOBOrO ClIHpTa, a OCTa-
JIbHOe - .LtHCTHJIJIHpOBaHHaJl Bo.n:a). HHXCWilI qaCTb cHJIbclloHa npH-
KpellJIeHa K KOpnyCY 3 C nOMOIIJ;b1O KpOHlliTeiiHa 8. Bo BpeMJI pa60TbI
nenporpeToro ,QBHraTeJI.II lCJIanaH 7, YCTaHOBJIeHHblH B BblXO.LtHOM (K
pa.n:uaToPY) naTPy6Ke, 3a.ICphlT. OXJIa.:xc.n:aIOIl\aJl )KII.lJ:ICOCTb nocrynaeT
'1epe3 OICHa 5 B naTPy60K, Be.n:ym;Hii K )KII.lJ:ICOCTHOM}' Hacocy, MHHYJl
pa.n:uaTOp. npR nOBhIllieHHR TeMnepaTYPhI'. XCH,lUCOCTH B cHJIbclloHe
HClIapJleTCJI XCB,IJ;KHH HanOJIHHTeJIb H no.n: .n;a.BJIeHHeM ero napoB CHJIb-
cpOH YAJIHHJleTCj[. KnanaHbl 7 H 4 OTKphIBaIOTCj[, peryJIHPYJI nOTOKH
OXJI8.JK,lJ;aIOIl\eH )JQl.LJ:KOCTH, nocrynalOIl\eH B pa.z:.;HaTop H 06BO.n:HyIO
MarHCTpa.m..
2 1
PRc. 11.6. TepMOCTaT C ::EJU!IBM BaDOJIHHTeJIeM:
1 - cwn.4K>H; 2 B 6 - repMe-JmHpylOe npoUIl.l\Dl; 3 - Iopnyc TepMOCTILTa; 4 - DCpenYCDIOA
"JIanu; 5 - OIBa nepenyc:moro IJIIUIUa; 7 - OCHOBHOA J[JUIIIU; B - IEpOIIIIlTCiiB Ilpel1JIcHBJIllltmlcA
'IBCTB cwn.4K>Ha I Iopnycy 3; 9 - HaIlp&IIJUIOIIIU mTOn OCHOBHOro uamma; 10 - mrOI OCHOBHOTO
"JIaIIIIHa; 11 - BloIXOoA na-rpy60I; 12 - oTBepc-me AJlII IIWXO B03 IIpB :JaIIOJIHCHBB CBCTeMlil
OXJI8Z.QlUOeI :KB):\I0CThI0
299

TepMOCTaTbI >K:HJ1.KOCTlIOro THlla HMelOT OrpaHH'IeHHLIB pecypc
BCJIeCTBHe 06p8.30BWIHH MHKpOCKOnH'leCKHX YCTaJIOCTHhIX TpemHH
B CTeHKax CHJIbc}><>Ha H nOTepH HM repMeTH'lHOCTH.
3Toro HeOCTaTKa B 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH Mepe JIHlIIeHbl mepMocmambl
c meepOblM HanOAHUmeAeM (PHC. 11.7). 0Im COCTOfi H3 lCancYJILI 9,
3aIlOJIHeHHOH TepMoaxTHBHOH MaCCOH (o6bI'lHo CMecb n;epe3HDa C Me-
IIbIMH OIIH.JIIC8.MH). KancYJIa 3aICpbITa pe3HHOBbIM 6ycI>epoM-MeM6pWIoH
5 H IIITOKOM 4, ynHpaIOHMCH B perYJIHpOBO'lHblii BHHT 3, pacnOJIO)ICeH-
HbIii B BepxHeH paMICe 2 TepMocTaTa, ICOJIbn;O KOTOpOH o6p8.3YeT ceAJIO
6 AJIH OCHOBDoro lCJIanWIa 7. Qepe3 HanpaBJIHIOee ICOJIbn;eBoe OTBep-
CTHe 10 B mDKHeH paMKe 1 npOxO,QIIT ICOHen; lCanCYJILI, Da ICOTOpOM
3axpenJIeH nepenycmoH lCJIanWI 11, 3ac}>HlCcHpoBallHbIii ynPyrHM ICOJIb-
n;OM 12 H npyx<HHoH 13. IIpH paClllHpeHHH aICTHBHOH MaCChI IIITOIC,
ynHpWOmHHCH B perYJIHpoBO'IHLIB BHHT, OTII<HMaeT lCancyJIY BMecTe
C OCHOBHhIM lCJIanauoM OT ceAJIa H OTlCphIBaeT npoxo OCTH
IC pa.,n;HaTOpy. O.nuOBpeMeHHO HHXOIHH ICOHen; lCancyJIbI C lCJIanauoM 11
1
3
11 10
Ha MaJIbJR Kpyr
K Hacocy
PRc. 11.7. TepMOCTaT C TBep BanOJIHBTeJIeM:
1 - BH_ paMIB TCpMOCTan; 2 - BepXJWI p8.MD TCpMOCTILn; 3 - peryJll!POBO'IBhIii 6OJlT; " -
IIITOJ:; 5 - pe3BBOBhIii 6yctJep-MCM6paua; 6 - CC,I\JJO OCBOBBOro KJIaIJaBa; 7 - OCBOBBOA IJJBD8.B; 8 -
1Ip}'IBB& OCBOBBoro KJIaD8.Ba; 9 - DIlcyna c unmHoA MIICCOA; 10 - IIBnpaBJ1lllOee J:OJ1hI1CBOC
arsepcmc; 11 - Depenycmoii IJJ8II8H; 12 - 4nu:CIIpyIOee J:OJIbIlO nepenycooro KJIaD8.B8; 13 -
lIpymum Depenycl:HOro InBII8.Ba; 14 - CC,I\JJO nepenycmoro KJIIIII8.Ba
300

nepelCphIBaeT PICYIDIItHIO )f(B)U:OCTH no MIlJIOM)' ICpyry. K 'lHCJIY .n;o-
CTOHHCTB TepMOCTaTa C TBep.QhlM HanOJIHHTe.n:eM OTHOCHTCJl era cno-
C06HOCTL pa3BHBaTb 60JIbllIHe YCHJIHJI AJIJl nepeMelQeHHJl pa60'IHX op-
nUIOB, BCJIe.n;CTBHe '1ero OB BameJI llIHpOlCoe npHMeBeBHe T8JOI(e H B CH-
CTeMax B03.QyIIIBoro OXJIa.x<;:J;eBHJl, B YCTpOHCTBax OTKJDO'IeBIUI BeB-
THJllITOpoB H T. .n;.
J];OCTH)f(BMaJI TO'IBOCTb CTa6HJIH3HH TeMTIepaTyphI OXJIa>K.l1:aroee
)J(HJ]:ICOCTH Ba BhlXo.n;e H3 .QBHraTeJIJI OrpaHlI'IHBaeTCJl TenJIOBOH HHep-
.QHOBHOCTblO ero TepMO'l}'BCTBHTeJIbHOrO 3JIeMeHTa. J];IDI COlCpameBHJI
BpeMeBH nepecTaHOBKH lCJIanaHOB B TepMO'I}'BCTBHTeJIbBhIii 3JIeMeHT
TepMOCTaTa C TBep.QbIM BanOJIBHTeJIeM MOHTHpyeTCJl 3JIeKTpoBarpeBa-
TeJIbBhIii 3JIeMeBT (pe3HCTOp) (PHC. 11.8). <l»3.KTH'IecKaJI TeMllepaTYpa
0X}IaJK.lJ;3.IOIQeH )J(HJ]:ICOCTH perHCTplIJ>YeTCJI npH :flOM aBTOBOMHhIM .n;aT-
'lHICOM, no cHrHaJIy 1C0Toporo Ba pe3HCTOp no.n;aeTCjI 3JIeICTpH'IecICHii
TOIC, HHTeHCHBBO pa.30rpeB3.I01QIIH TepMO'l)'BCTBHTeJIbBbIii 3JIeMeBT Tep-
MOCTaTa.
06IQHM Be.n;OCTaTICOM perYJIHpOBaBmI npoH3Bo.n;HTe.n:bBOCTH CHCTeM
)J(HJ]:ICOCTHOro OXJIaJK.lJ;eHIUI C nOMOl.Qb1O TepMoCTaToB JIBJIjIeTCJl TO, 'lT0
B lCa'leCTBe ynpaBJIJIIOlQero napaMeTpa 3):{ecb HCnOJIb3YeTCJI TeMllepaTY-
pa OXJIaXC):{3.IOIQeH )I(lf):{ICOCTH.
HCCJIe):{OB8.B1UI nOICa.3aJIH, '1TO AJIJI .n;OCTH)lCeBIDI MaICCHM8JIbHoii 34>-
$eICTHBBOCTH pa60ThI ,lUJHraTeIDI n:eJIeC006pa3HO nOMep>KHBaTL Ha on-
THM8JIbHOM ypOBue Be TeMllepaTYPY OXJIaxc,n;alOlQeii >KH.l\ICOCTH Ba BXO,Ae
B .n;BHraTeJIb, a TeMllepaTYPY BhICOICOBarpeTbIX ero ):{eTaJIee (uanpHMep,
IUlJlHH):{pa Hero rOJIOBICH). He H3MeIDIJI npHHIUlna TepMOCTaTH'IeclCoro
peryJIHpOB8.BmI, 3$<PeICTa cTa6HJIH3aIUlH HX TenJIOBOrO COCTOJIHlljI B03-
MOJICHO .n;OCTHmyn. 3a C'IeT BapHHH TeMllepaTyphI oXJIa>K.l1:aroeH
)J(HJ]:KOCTH, nOMep>KHBaeMOH TepMOCTaTOM, B COOTBeTCTBHH C ype60Ba-
HIDIMH pe)ICHMa pa60TbI .n;BHraTeIDI.
llPOzpOMMupyeMblu mepMocmam (PHC. 11.8) n03BOIDIeT .QeJIeuanpas-
JIeHHO BJImITb ua TeMllepaTYPY OXJIaJK.lJ;alOlQeH )I(lf):{ICOCTH, yseJIH'lHBaJI
ee 3Ba'leBIUI Ba '1aCTH'IHbIX HarpyJICax. TIporpaMMHPyeMLIii TepMoCTaT
perYJIHpyeT TeMllepaTypy B onpe.n;eJIeBBOM nOJIe pa60'IHX xapaKTepH-
CTHIC .QBHraTeIDI. J];IDI peaJIH3a.QHH OnTHMaJIbUOro TenJIOBOrO COCTOJIHBJI
.l{BHraTeIDI 3JIeKTpOHHhIii 6JIOIC ynpaBJIeHmI nO.l{aeT Ha TepMoconpOTHB-
JIeBHe 6 BanpJDKeBHe H TepMoCTaT OTICphIBaeTCjI npH 60JIee BH3KHX
TeMllepaTypax oXJIaJIQ:{3.IOlQeii )J(HJ]:ICOCTB. ,[{Han33oB peryJIHpOB8.BHJI
TeMllepaTYP - OT 85 DC (BOMHHaJIbBbIii pe)ICBV[) .n;o 110 DC ('1aCTH'lHbIe
HarpY3KH).
AnsI $opMHpOBaBHJI ynpaBJIJIIOlQero B03.l{eiicTBIUI 3JIeICTpOBHbIH
6JIOK ynpaBJIeBHjI 8.BaJIH3HpyeT nOIC338.B1UI CJIe.l{yIOlQHx .l{aT'lHKOB:
. BarpY3KH ,lUJHran:JIjI;
. '1aCTOTbI BpaIn;eBHjI ICOJIeH'IaTOrO BaJIa;
. CKOpOCTH ,lUJH)lCeUmI asTOM06HJIJI;
301

t
B pll,lUfaTOp
1
4
5
6
7
8
3
9
10
2
11
12
13
K py6allIKe
OXJI!UK)J;eHIDI

Pac. 11.8. IIpoIpaMMHpyeMLlii TepMOCTaT C TBep.ln>lM BaDOJIBHTe.neM:
1 - pa60'lHil oopJUeBb; 2 - 'I1ICpAWI BaIIOJJlDlTCJIJ>; 3 - peryJJBPYlO 3J1CMeBT; -I - mrretpaJIbm.di
IOpnyC; 5 - 3J1errpB"'1ecmA pa31oCM; 6 - TepM03JICMCBT; 7 - CCAJIO OCBOBBOro IJIaII8Ba; 8 -
OCBOBBOI IJJaIIILB; 9 - npymma OCBOBBoro IJ18.IUUI8; 10 - onopa 1IP OCliOBBOro IJIBIIBBa;
11 - npyImBa nc:pcnycmoro u&II8JI&; 12 - DcpclIYCnloi IJJ&iJ8B; 13 - CCAJIO ncpcnycmoro U&D8.B&
. TeMnepaTyphl OI(pyxcaroeii cpe,ll;hI;
. TeMnepaTyphl oXJI8.)J(,lI;8.IOeii >KH,IJ;KOCTH.
B COBpeMeHHhlX )J;BC C CHCTeM8.MH )J(H)J;lCOCmOrO OXJIaJK,AeHHJI ,lI;JllI
perYJIBpOBaBIDJ HX npoH3BO,ll;HTeJIbBOCTH HCnOJIb3yeTCJJ TaXJICe perYJIH-
poBaBHe TellJIOBOrO COCTOJIBIDJ ,lI;BHI'aTeJIJl 3a C'IeT U3MeHeHUR pacxoiJa
OXAa:JICiJ(J}()UIeZO B03iJyxa, npoXoiJRtqeZO y.epe3 paiJuamop. PerYJIHpoBaBHe
ClCopocm B03,l1;}'Xa pe3JIH3YeTCJI JIH60 nOCpe,ll;CTBOM U3.MeHeHWI a3poiJu-
HaMUy.eCl<OZO cOnpOmUSAeHWI B03,l1;ymHoro TpaKTa, JlH60 38. C'leT U3MeHe-
HWI npou3BoiJumeAbHOCmU BeHmUARmopa.
302

A3poi)uHaMU'leCKOe cOnpOmUSAeHUe 603i)yumozo mpaKma H3MeHSIeTCJI
nOcpe.n;CTBOM .n;poCCeJIHpOBaHHJI B03.n;ymHoro nOTOKa C nOMOIW>1O )I(a-
JII03H. )l{8JII03H BbIIIOJIHJIIOTCJI B BH.n;e Ha60pa BepTHKaJILHhIX HJIH rOpH-
30HTaJIbHhIX llJIaCTHH-cTBOpOK H3 OKoBauHoro XCeJIe3a. YnpaBJIeHHe
HMB OCyrn;ecTBJIJIeTCJI BPY'lHY1O HJIH aBTOMaTH'lecKH TepMOCTaTH'Iec-
KHMB YCTpO.HCTBaMH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TeMllepaTypLl OXJIaaroeH
>KH.n;KOCTH B paaTOpe. 3KTHBHOCTb perYJIHpOBaHIDI TaKHMH YCTpoi-
CTB8.MH HeBhICOKa, TaK KaK pacxo.n; B03.n;yxa He.n;OCTaTO'IHO CHBJKaeTCJI
.n:a)I(e npH nOJIHOCTblO 3aKphIThIX CTBOpKax. IIpH 3TOM B03paCTaJOT
MOHOCTH Ha npHBO.n; BeHTHJIJITOpa.
1f3MeHeHUe npou38oi)roneAbHocmU 8eHmUllRmOpa JIBJIJIeTCJI H8.H6o-
JIee pal(HOHaJIbHhIM H 3eKTHBHhIM cnoco6oM perYJlHpOBaHIDI Ten-
JIOBOrO COCTOJIHIDI .n;BHraTeJIJI no B03.n;ymHOMY TpaKTY. IIpH npHBo.n;e
BeHTHJIJITOpa OT KOJIeH'laTOrO BaJIa AJIJI TIoro HCnOJIb3)'1OTCJI rH.n;PaB-
.JIH1ieCKHe HJIH 3JIeKyPOMarHHTHhIe MYThI C perYJlHpyeMhIM CKOJIb-
)I(eHHeM. Ha COBpeMeHHbIX aBTOM06HJIJIX Bee 60JIbmee npHMeHeHHe
Haxo.wrr CHCTeMLI C aBTOHOMHLIM 3JIeKTpH'IeCKHM npHBo.n;OM BeH-
THJIJITOpa C n03H1.{HOHHhIM perYJlHpOBamIeM ero npOH3BO.n;HTeJIbHO-
CTH. YnpaBJIeHHe pa60TOH BeHTHJIJITOpOB ocyrn;eCTBJIJIeTCJI TepMOpeJIe
(.n;aT'lHKOM TeMnepaTypLl OXJIa)I(.n;alOeH )J(H)UOCTH), YCTaHOBJIeHHhIM
B pa,ltHaTope.
11.3. KOHCTPYKQIDI PA,lJ.HATOPOB
KOHCTpYKTHBHO pa..n;HaTOp COCTOHT H3 BepXHero H HHXCHero 6a'l-
KOB. MC)I(J{y HHMH paCnOJIaraIOTCJI )IQI.n;KOCTHhIe TPy6KH, o6'be.n;H-
HeHHhIe C llJIaCTHHaMH HJIH JIeHT8.MH OXJIaeHBJI B O.n;HH Y3eJI,
KOTOpLIii Ha3hIBaIOT OXJIIDIC.n;alOeH pewemKou, UAU aKmusHOU 30HOU
pai)uamopa. TIo KOHCTpyKI1;HH OXJIaJK,I:1;aIOeH pemeTKH p8.3JIH'IaIOT
pa..n;HaTOpLl oOHoxoi)o8ble U MHozoxoi)o8ble (.n;Byx- H Tpexxo.n;OBLle).
Pa..n;HaTOpLl O.n;HOxo.n;OBhle, B KOTOphIX OXJIIDK,ZJ;aIOaJI >KH,ZUCOCTb
IIOCTynaeT H3 BepXHero 6a'IKa B HIDKHHH no BeeM >KH,ZJ;KOCTHhIM
rpy68.M O.n;HOBpeMeHHO, HMelOT HaH6oJIbm)'lO TenJIOB)'IO 34>4>eKTHB-
UOCTb H HaHMeHbmee rH,ZJ;paBJIH'IecKoe conpoTHBJIeHHe. yx-
" Tpexxo.n;OBhle paTophl B aBTOM06HJThHOH TeXHHKe npaKTH'IecKH
lie npHMeHJIIOTCJI. HaH60JIee IIIHpOKoe npIMeHeHBe HMelOT pa.n;H-
aTophl c 8epmwcClAbHblM XOi)OM :JICui)Kocmu cBepxy BHB3. J(JUI pJl,lJ;a
JlerKOBhIX aBTOM06H.JIeH BhIllO.JlllJIlOT pa.n;HaTOphI C ropH30HTaJIb-
IIhIM, a ,WIJI HeKOTophIX MamHH CnelUfaJIbHOrO Ha3Ha'leHBJI - KaK
C ropH30HTaJIbHLIM, TaK H C HaKJIOHHLIM XO.n;OM XCH.n;KOCTH. KOHCT-
PYKWlH pa.n;HaTOpOB He3aBHCHO OT HX KOMnOHOBKH B npHHI.{Hne
O.n;HHaKOBhI.
303

)t..lIllklJl"lh
)l(HI\KOCTb
a 6
PHC. 11.9. CepeBHBLI OIItBX pemeroI pa,u;HaTopa:
II - 'lpy6UTO-lIJI8CJ'HH'IaToro; 6 - rpy6'1aTO-neBTO'llloro
B HacroSIlI1;ee BpeMil ,lVUI ,lJ;BHraTeJIeii aBTOM06HJIeii H TpaICTOpOB
HaH60JIee IllHpOICO HCnOJIL3yroT Tpy6qaTO-nnaCTHH'laThle H Tpy6qaTO-
JIeHTOQHhle ICOHCTpyKIUm pa,zJ;HaTOpoB (PH. 11.9).
llpH H3rOTOBJIeHHH OXJIaJK,lI;alOII!HX pemeTOIC Tpy6QaTO-nJIaCTHHQa-
ThIX pa,zJ,HaTopoB HCnOJIL3yroTCjJ Tpy6m (moBHhle HJIH QeJIhHOTJIHYThIe)
ICOTophle H3rOTOBJImoT H3 aJIIOMHHHeBOrO CllJIaBa, JIaTyHHoii JIeHThI
JI-68 HJIH JI-90 TOJIIItHHOii ,lJ;0 0,15 MM (PHC. 11.10). llJIaCTHHhI ope6pe-
HIDI BhIllOJIIDIIOTCjJ nnoclCHMH HJIH BOJIHHCThIMH H3 Toro )ICe MaTepHana,
QTO H Tpy61CH. B Tpy6QaTO- JIeHTO'lllhIX ICOHCTPyjJX JIeHTY H3roTOBIDI-
lOT H3 Me,lJ;H M-3 TOJIII!HHOii 0,05...0,1 MM.
B mpy6'lamO-nAaCmUH'lambJX paduamopax OXJIaJK,lI;aIOIQHe Tpy6m
Moryr paCnOJIaraThcjJ no OTHomeHHIO IC nOTOICY OXJIaJK,lI;alOIQero B03-
N
tP 0
2,5_ 0 ,25
2,2_ 0 ,12
a
'"
MeCTO CBapKH
6 -
Pac. 11.10. Tpy6m pa,u;HaTopBLIe:
II - MeJ\HNe IJaJIBLIe; 6 - caapHhle m aJIIOMHHBeBOro CWIa&a
304

B03.nyx
t! ! !
tcj>p
Bo3,ll.YX
! ! ! !
,
. ,
, , -I
-- s
a
6
Bo3.nyx
! ! !

o

6
z
Pac. 11.11. 3JIeMeBTLI OXJIa:EaIOIUHX pemeroJl: lpy6'1aTO-nJIaCTHH'laThIX pa.ll;HaTopOB:
a - pII.LIIIOC pacuOJlOKeHBe Oll:; 6 - waXM&1BOC pacnoJlo.eHBe; /I - TO .e, DO,Q yrJlOM
II: BO:J"QymBOM}' DOTOJ:Y; Z - OJUIIU[JlIUODI;U DJ18CTBBa c OTOI'B)'TlolMB opoce'III:&MH
,nyxa B PSI,lJ" B maxMaTHOM nOpSI,lJ,lCe 0 B maxMaTHOM nOpSI,lJ,lCe no,n yrnoM
(POC. 11.11). B ox 1C0HCTpHH Hao60JIbmee npOMeHeHoe HamJIH llJIOC-
me llJIaCTHIIhI HJIO llJIaCTOHbl C OTorHYThIMH npoce'IIC8.MH (TYP6YJIH3a-
TOpaMH), 1C0Tophle 06P3.3}'1OT Y3ICoe 0 1C0pOTICoe B03,nymHble lCaHa-
nhl, pacnOnO)l(eHHble no,n yrnoM IC nOTOICY OXJIIDIC,lI;aIOmero B03,nyxa.
B mpy6amo-Af!1ImoHblx pai)uamopax (poc. 11.12) OXJIa)IC,lJ;aIOmHe "fPy6-
m npaICTH'Iecm He OTJIH'laIOTCJI no CBoeH 1C0HCTpHH OT "fPy601C,
npHMeHJleMhIX B "fPy6'1aTO-llJIaCTHH'laThIX pa,lJ;HaTopax, HO pacnonara-
IOTCJI OHH TOJIbICO B pSI,lJ,. ,[(nJl YBeJIH'IeHHJI Typ6yno3aQHB B03.n}'nmoro
nOTOlCa Ha neHTax BhUIonIDIIOT JIH60 r}>OrypHYIO BbIillTa.MIIOBICY, nH60
OTorUYThIe npoce'IICB.
,[(IDI OleHICH 1C0HcrpHH pa,lJ;HaTOpa Hcnonb3YlOTCJI TpO rpynIIbI
nOIC3.3aTeneH:
1
a
2
 .),5
O
 T -'
9,5
6
Pac. 11.12. 3JIeMeHThi lpy6'1aTO-neBTO'lHLlX pa.ll;HaTopoB:
a - OXJIa)[JIlUOw;BJI peme-na p8.IIBaTopa (1 - o.JIa.,QIUODI;U JleHTB, 2 - mfJIJ:OC1BU OJUIUI:,QIIJODI;U
rpy6:u); 6 - OXJIa)[JIlUOw;BJI JleBn c 4IHl)'pHoi BIomITBMDOBII:oi
305

1) o6IW1e ,l\aHHblC uo ccpMeBHHe pa,zuiaTopa: 4>POHTaJIbHaJI no-
BepXHoCTb Fc'w=H' B (ll- DWCOTa, B - WHpHHa), rJIy6HHa I H o6aJI
ruIOaAb nOBepXHOCTH OXlla)l(/l.eHIDI Fou;
2) reOMeTpH'IecKHe pa'JMepbl 3JIeMeHTOB nOBepXHOCTH OXllaX<.ll:eHIDI:
pa3MepbI H 4>opMa X<H,lJ,KOCTHbIX KaHaJIOB, HX pacnOJIO>KeHHe, mar no
4>POHTY H rJIy6HHe pa,l\HaTOpa, 4>opMa H mar llJIaCTHH ope6peHHJI,
TOJIIWIHa CTeHOK KaHa.ITOB H T. JJ,.;
3) O:QeHO'IHbIe nap8MeTpbl HJIH K034>4>H:QHeHTbI, KaX<.ll:bIH H3 KOTOpbIX
xapaKTepH3yeT TO HJIH HHoe Ka'leCTBO HJIH KOMllOHOBO'IH}'IO oc06eH-
HOCTh KOHCTPYK:QHH pa,l\HaTopa:
. KOMllaKTHOCTb nOBepXHOCTH OXllaJK,AeHIDI O:QeHHBaeTCJI K03cl>cl>H-
:QHeHTOM 06'beMHOH KOMllaKTHOCTH qJ=FoxdV oXli (M 2 /M 3 ), r,l\e V OXll -
reOMeTpH'IecKHH 06'beM pa,l\HaTOpa;
. KOHcTPYKmBHa1l CTpYKTypa nOBepXHOCTH OXllaX<.ll:eHHJI onpe,l\eIDI-
eTCJI K09rjJrjJulIueHmoM ope6peHUR, T. e. OTHomeHHeM nOBepXHoCTH OXlla-
X<.ll:eHHJI, OMbIBaeMOH OXllaX<.ll:alOHM B03,nyXOM, K noaepXHOCTH OXlla-
X<.ll:eHHjI, OMbIBaeMOH OXllaX<.ll:alOeH )KJf,WCOCTblO: op = FoxdFmus..
BeJIH'IHHbI OXllaX<.ll:alOHX nOBepXHOCTeH p8.,l!HaTopOB FoXli opHeH-
mpOBO'IHO COCTaBmIIOT ,l\IDI ,l\BHraTeJIeH rpY30BbIX aBTOM06HJIeH 0,2...
0,4 M 2 /KBT, a AJIjI JIencoBbIX - 0,14..:0,2 M 2 /KBT. rJIy6HHa I aBTOMO-
6HJIbHbIX PMHaTopoB. COCT8.BIDIeT 60...130 MM, TpaKTOpHbIX - 80...
135 MM. IIJIoa,l\H 4>POHTa.ITbHbIX nOBepXHocTeH OXJIaX<.ll:alOHX peme-
TOK AJIjI BceX THnOB pMHaTopoB F4>P=0,2...0,6 M 2 .
K034>4>H:QHeHT KOMllaKTHOCTH Tpy6'1aTO-nJIaCTHH'IaTbIX pa,l\HaTOpOB
B 38.BHCHMOCm OT KOHCTPYIC:QHH cepMeBHHbI p8.BeH 440...850 M2/M\
a Ko34>4>H:QHeHT ope6peHHJI op=2,5...5,4.
Tpy6'1aTO-JIeHTO'IHbIe pa,l\HaTOpbI o6JIMalOT 60JIee BbICOICHMH 3Ha-
'1eHIDIMH KaK K034>4>H:QHeHTa KOMllaKmOCTH qJ= 1100...1200 M 2 /M 3 , TaK
H K034>4>H:QHeHTa ope6peHHJI op=5...11,5.
11.4. TEllJIOBbIE II rM,l];P AB.JIHqECKlIE
XAPAKTEPIICTHKH PA,lU-fATOPOB
OCHOBHOR TerulOBoH XapaKTepHCTHKoR pa,l\HaTOpa, KaK H BCjIKOrO
TellJIoo6MeHHHKa, HBIDIeTCjI K03rjJrjJulIueHm menJlonepeOlJllu K (BT/(M 2 . K»,
KOTOpbIH 3aBHCHT KaK OT KOHCTpyIC:QHH oXlla)J{,lJ;alOeH pemeTlCH pa,l\H-
aTopa, TaK H OT pe>KHMOB .znJH>KeHIDI TellJIOHOCHTeJIeH B )I(H,l\KOCTHOM
H B03AYllIHOM TpaKTax:
K - 1 .
( 1  ) 1
op -+- +-
1Xz), a"
306

3JJ:ecb a.. H ex,. - K03cpcpHlUfeHTbI TenJIOOTJJ:a<.lH B X<HJ{KOCTHOM H B03JJ:YIII-
HOM KOHTypax COOTBeTCTBeHHO: l - Ko34>cpHqueHT TenJIOnpOBOJ{HOCTH
MaTepHaJIa Tpy6KH;  - TOJIIIUlHa CTeHKH Tpy6KH.
K03cpcpHIJ;HeHT K, KaK CneJJ:)'eT H3 npHBeJJ:eHHoro ypasHeHID!, BcerJJ:a
MeHbIIIe, <.IeM KaJK.lU>IiI H3 <.IneHOB, CTOmuuX B 3HaMeHaTene: K < a..../op;
K < ex,.; K < l/('op.
B COBpeMeHHbIX pa,n;HaTopax BnIDIHHe TepMH<.IeCKOrO conpOTHBne-
HID! 'op/l Ha BeJIH'lBHY K CpaBHHTeJIbHO MaJIO (OKOJIO 0,5%) H n03ToMY
B npaKTH<.IecKHX paC<.leTax ero He y<lHThIB8.IOT. B CBR3H C 3THM
K a....ex,./(a.. + ex,.op).
Ii3 nony<.leHHbIX BbIpIDKeHuB: cneJJ:)'eT, <.ITO JJ:JllI onpeAeneHID! K03cp-
cpHI{HeHTa K Heo6xoJJ:HMO HMeTb 3Ha<.leHHII Ko34>cpHQHeHTOB TenJIOOT-
JJ:a'IH KaK no B03JJ:)'IIIHOH CTopOHe paJJ:HaTOpa ex,., TaK H no X<H,l:(KOCTHOH
a... BJIHRHHe CKOpOCTH Te<.leHHR TennOHOCHTeneH Ha Ko34>cpHqueHT
K pa3J1H'lHO. Ha Hero B 60JIbIIIeH CTeneHH OKa3bIBaeT BJIHmme CKOpOCTb
B03Ayxa v. (PHC. 11.13, 11.14), <.IeM CKOpOCTb OXJI8.IOm;eB )I(H,lI;KOCTB
v... (PHC. 11.15). PaC<.IeThl H 3KcnepHMeHTbI nOK3.3bIBa1OT, <.ITO K no
CBoeM}' 'lHCJIeHHOMY 3Ha<.leHHlO 6nH30K K BeJIH'lBHe ex,.. II03TOMY C .ZJ;O-
KJL
, (M2. K)
140
80
/ 1
./ 2
/ /
.
 / /3
 ,,'
/
/ ./ /4
 / ,.
/J /' /
'/ I ." 1
/ ,/ J2
/ 1/3
/' /J ./ 4
/ ''l /
/ :/;' /'
/ &1 .."
 ;.(.... 
 

6p p ,na
500
120
100
60
400
40
300
20
I)Hc. 11.13. Ko3414lHIUleHT TeDJIonepe-
Ila'IH K H aJpoMH'IeCKOe coopo.
I HBJIeBHe bpp B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Mac-
COBOB: CKopocm B03a:
I - illaxMaTHOC pacnonOJEeBBC Tpy6011:
110,[1 yrJ10M II: B03J1YIIIHOM)' DO TOE)'; 2 -
1II1LXM8THOC pacn0J10.CHBC 'lJ>y60ll:, 3 -
I'!!,ABce pacnono.t:HI!Ic py60ll:; 4 - -rpy6-
'18To-J1CBTO'lHhIC pa,!\H8TOphl
200
100
4
8
12
16
tJ. PB
20 Kr/(M2'. c)
307

l!.Pp,
TIa
600
400
200
BT
K, M2.K
150
140
130
120
110
o
8
16 VB. PH' Kf /(M2. C)
PRe. 11.14. BJIHJlHHe CIOpocTH OXJIa:K.a3.lOero B03.ayx&
Ba BeJIH'lHBLI K H  Pp aTopa
CTaTO';IHoii JJ;lliI HHxceHepHLIX paC1leTOB TO'IHOCTblO B 60JIbllIHHCTBe CJIY-
'1aeB MO)I(HO C'lHTaTb K=a...
C pOCTOM ClCopocTeii TeIDIOHOCHTJIeii YBeJIH'lHBaIOTCjI r.H,ZJ;paB-
JIH'leclCHe H a3pO,lUlHaMH'leClCHe nOTepH B CHCTeMe OXJIax<.lI:eHHjI, B '1aCT-
HOCTH Ap.. H Ap p (CM. pHC. 11.13, 11.14, 11.15). POCT YPOBIDI r.H,ZJ;p8.BJIH-
'1ecKHX nOTepb BJIe'leT 3a c060ii He06xoJJ;HMOCTh YBeJIH'IeHHjI Hanopa,
1C0TopLIii .a;OJI)I(HbI 06ecne'lHBaTb )l(lf,AICOCTHLIH Hacoc H B03.a;y:rnHblii
BeHTHJIjITOP npH pacxo.a;ax TeIDIoHOCHTeJIeii COOTBeTCTBeHHO G.. H G..
3T0 Tpe6yeT YBeJIH'IeHWI MOIQHOCTeii Ha HX npHBO.a;. TI03TOMY Mac-
COBaJI CICOpOCTb B03JJ;yxa P.v H ClCOpOCTb oXJIaXCAalOIQeii )l(HJJ;lCOCTH
orp8.HH'lHBaIOTCjI COOTBeTCTBeHHO BeJIH'lHHaMH 14...16 n/(M 2 . c) H
0,4...0,7 M/c. TIpH 3TOM B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT eMICOCTH CHCTeMbI OXJIaxc-
.a;eHWI )lCHJJ;lCOCTb MoxceT npOlCa'IHBaThCjI '1epe3 paJJ;HaTOp OT 10 .a;o
20 paJ B MHHYTY, a ee PICYJIjIQHoHHLIii pacxo.a; COCTaBlliIeT 90...
150 JI/(ICBT. 'I).
CICOpOCTb B03.a;yxa nepe.a; cppOHTOM p8.JJ;HaTOpa aBTOM06HJIeii, co-
3.a;aBaeMajI BeTHlliITOpOM, v=6...18 M/C, a npH .a;BIDICeHHH aBToM06HlliI
YBeJIH'lHBaeTCjI Ha v:=3...5 M/C B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT ero CICOpOCTH.
A3pOJJ;HHaMH'IeCICHe nOTepH Bceii B03.a;ymHoii cem Ape (TIa) MorYT
6bITb npe.a;CTaBJIeHbI BbIpaxceHHeM
P.V P.v P.v
Ape = Ap p + ApT' HJIH c- = p - + T-'
222
308

BT
K, M2.K
/';.p", ,
Mna
0,02
0,015
0,01
0,005
K
./ ,.....
/
/ J
p",/
/V
/"
",
140
130
120
110
o 0,3
0,5
0,7 v"" M/C
PRe. 11.15. BJlHJlBHe eKopoCTH oXJI3I3.IOIIteK Jf:OCTH Ba BeJIH'IHHLI K
H l:.P. pa,u;HaTopa
r):(e !!..Pc H c, !!..PP H p, !!..PT H T - a3pO):(HHaMHqeCKHe nOTepH
H K03cl>cl>HQHeHThI a3pO):(HH8MH'IecKoro COnpOTHBJIeHIDI COOTBeTCTBeHHO
BceH B03):(yIllHOH ceTH, pa):(HaTopa H B03.l{}'11IHOro TpaKTa. B HaH60JIee
pacnpocrpaHeHHbIX BapHaHTax B03.l{}'11IHbIX TpaKTOB 8.BTOTpaKTOpHhIX
):(BHraTeJIeH OTHomeHHe p/c=0,45...0,50. l103TOM)' MO>KHO npHWITb,
qTO !!..Pc2!!..pp.
3Ha'leHHe Kocl>HQHeHTa TenJIOnepe):(a'lH K H rH;J;p8.BJUI'IecKHe nOTe-
pH B03.l{}'11IHoro TpaKTa !!..PP pa):(HaTopOB p8.3JIH'lHoro THlla MO>KHO
opHeHTHpOBO'lHO OQeHHTb no KPHBbIM HX H3MeHeHHJI B 38.BHCHMOCTH OT
MaCCOBOH CKOpOCTH B03,Q)'Xa v.p., npe):(CTaBJIeHHbIM Ha pHC. 11.13.
11.5. )KJf,L(KOc:rHbIE HACOCLI
B aBTOTp8.KTOpHbIX ):(BHraTemIX HaH60JIbmee pacnpoCTpaueHHe no-
JIyqHJIH oi)HoKoAeCHble lIeHmpo6e:HCHble HaCOCbl C nOAyomKpblmcu KpblAb-
I{amxou (PHC. 11.16), HMelOID;He 4...8 cnHpa..rn.HhIX BJIH (pe)Ke) pa):(HaJIb-
IIhIX JIOnaTOK. ,I
B V-06p8.3HbIX L(BHraTeJIJIX. HHor):(a npe):(YCMaTpHBalOT ):(Ba OTBo):(a
H3 YJIHTKH Hacoca AillI nOJIyqeHIDI 60JIee p8.BHOMepHoro pacnpeL(eJIeHHJI
1I0TOKOB OXJIalOID;eH KOCTH no 6JIOKaM.
OCHOBHhIMH xapaKTepHCTHK8.MH Hacoca JlBJIJlIOTCJI no):(aqa GRas: (utc),
lIanop !!..PRas: (Mlla), nOTpe6JIJleM:uI MOID;HOCTb NlJ1J.c H rll,lJ,paBJIll'leCKHH
309

17
1
14
13
2
3
PRe. 11. 16. JKs-.wcOCTBLlB: H8.COC HraTeJIJl:
I - 6oJIT; 1 - seamrrnop; 3 - DIJHa; -I - cryIIB1I& IICBTIIJ18TOpa; j - DO romrmmr nrapmmBhIi
AIIYXPII):IIIYi; 6 - BHHT crODOpm.di; 7 - JJPCBImBOe oTBepCTHc; 8 - IpWllIlta; 9 - ynn011lllTCJIb;
10 - aan; II - IpIolJlh'lana; 11 - :a:opnyc; 13 - npBCMHOC OTBepCTBc IWIlIHra OTODHTCJ1JI; 14 -
npBCMHbII Day60:a:; 15 - DpOKJIa1IKa; 16 - :a:&Hall:&:a; 17 - :a:OJIhIlO; 18 - BTYJIU JlBCTIIHI\BOHIIU;
19 - ma.i6a npymnmu; .A. - DOJ/OCTh B&COCa
KIIJ]; 71r. Hanop, C03.ZJ;asaeMbIii HaCOCOM CO
CllHpaJIbHhIMH JIonaTKaMH, paseH 0,05...
0,20 MIla; MOmuOCTb, 3aTpa'lHBaeMaJI Ha npH-
BO.ZJ;, cOCTasJlller 0,5...1% OT HOMHHaJILBOH
MOIIUIOCTH ABHraTeIDI; rHAPasJIlPiecICHi KIlJ];
Hacoca HaxO.ZJ;HTCJI B npe.ZJ;eJIax 0,6...0,7. B CJIY-
'Iae npHMeHeHHJI pa.ZJ;Ham.HLIX JIOnaTOIC B03pa-
CTaeT Hanop, HO }'BeJIH'lHBaeTCJI nOTpe6Jll1eMWI
MOIIUIOCTL H CHIDKaerCJI rHApaBJIH'IecICHi
KIIJ];. AmI p83.J1H11HLIX ICOHCTJ>H HaCOCOB
MeXaHH'IecmH KIlJ]; 71...=0,8...0,9; 06neMHLIii
710= 0,8...0,9.
YWlOTHHTeJIL, repMeTIDHPYlOnum IlO.n;unm-
HHlCoBLIii Y3eJI, COCTOHT H3 ICopnyca 1, pe3HHO-
PRc. 11.17. YDJlO1BHTeJI& BOH ynnOTHKl'eJILHOH MaIDICeTLI 2, Pa3)ICBMHOH
OC1Boro &aeoca:
npY)J(HHLI 3 H rpacpHTOBOrO ICOJILa 4 (PHC.
11.17). HenOABIDKHoe rpacpHToBoe ICOJILO yn-
JIOTHHTeIDI YCHJIHeM npY'fOlHh1, HaxoeHCJI
B pe3HHOBOH MaIDICere, nOCTOJIHHO npH)KHMa-
eTCJI IC BpaaIOeMYCJI TOpItY ICpLIJIL'IaTm.
IIpoco'IHBmaJIcJI'Iepe3 ynnOTHHTeJIL )ICH.ZJ;ICOCTb OTBO.ZJ;HTCJI no .ZJ;peHa)K-
HOM}" OTBepCTmo 7 (CM. pHC. 11.16).
I - IopnyC; 1 - pe3llBOBU
ynnO'I'IIBTeJIIdIIU Ma.tmeTa; J -
p83JIDJMBU. npymma; -I - rpa-
4mroBOC :a:om.I{O
310

11.6. BEHTH.JUITOPLI
eCTBeHHoe pacnpo-
B CHCTeMaX XCII,WCOCTHOro OXJIaeHBH npeHMyrI{muAJImOpbl C KOJIH-
CTpaJIeHHe nOJI}"IHJIH oOHocmyneH'lamble oce8ble 8eH9.MeTpOM D = 300...
'1eCTBOM JIonacTei OT '1eTLlpex ,no BOCbMH H AB cornaCOBaHBH ero
670 MM. IIo,n60p BeHTHJIJITOpa ocymeCTBJIJIeTCH nplto npoH3Bo,nHTeJlb-
xapwCTepHCTHK (HaJIOp H nOAa'la) c norpe6HoH eIIIpH cpaBHHTeJIbHO
HOCTblO H nOTepeii Hanopa B B03,nyIIIHOi ceTH Apc. 1 0JIeca oceBbIX BeH-
BLlCOKHX 3Ha'leHmIX Apc (600...800 IIa) pa60'IHe KI{Xax.. IIpH HaJIH'lHH
THJIJITOpoB YCTaJlaBJIHBaIOT B HanpasJISlIOIInlX lC.O>KYdO)l(eT ,nOXO,nHTb ,no
Koxcyxa paCCTOJIHHe OT BeHTHJIJITOpa AO pMHaTOpa lv...15 MM. OKp}')KHaJI
80...100 MM; npH ero OTCyrCTBHH He npeBbIllIaeT 10..
ClC.opOCTb BeHTHJIJITopoB ,nOCTHraeT 80...125 M/C. lHblMU HJIH AumblMU
OceBLle BeHTHJIJITOpLl MOryT BblIIOnHJITbCJI KAena.a.MnyIOT H3 JIHCTO-
(PHC. 11.18). JIonaCTH KJIenaJIbIX BeHTHJIJITopoB mTJyIOT H yKpenmIIOT
Boi CTaJIH TO.IIIIUIHOi 1,25...1,80 MM, npOHJIHpY:>M (J K nnOCKOCTH
3a.KJIemcaMH Ha lC.peCToBHHe no,n HelC.OTOpLIM yrJIOjaCTei 40...45°, BbI-
BpameHWI. OIrrHMaJIbHLIi yrOJI aTaKH ruIOCKHX JIonmaHHLIMH nonaCTJI-
n}'KJIbIX - OKOJIO 35...40°. BeHTWIJITOpbI co lIITaMIlOJ HeBbIcomi KIIJ];,
MH C03AaIOT Hanop OKono 500...700 IIa H HMelOT IT H3 nOJIHMepHbIX
pasHLIi 0,2...0,4. JIHTLle BeHTHJlJITOpbI BblIIOJIHSlIOUipoB8.HHbIMH (lC.pY-
MaTepHaJIOB HJIH aJnOMHHBeBLlX CruIasOB C npo4>HJlIocHTeJlbHO HaJIpas-
'1eHbIMH) JIOnaCTJIMH. Yron 3a.KpyrKII JIonacrei OTHCOT 95 ,no 30°. KIIJ];
JIeHBJI nOTOKa H3MeWIeTCJI OT OCHOBaJlWI lC. BeplllHHe (
TaICHX BeHTHJIJITopoB MO)l(eT ,nOCTllI"aTb 0,55...0,65. Ha CTyne C nepe-
)];ruI }'MeHbmeHBJI myMa nonaCTH 1C0MlIOH)'IOTCH IpaBHa 30...70 MM.
MeHHbIM marOM. llIHpHHa JIonaCTei B cpe.nueM I.i (.n.JIJI .nBlII"aTeJIei
B OTAeJIbHLlX cJI}"laJIX OHa AOCTJII"aeT 88...100 MM
60JlbmerpY3HhIX aBTOM06HJ1ei).
.I

8
a
6
PRe. 11.18. OceBhle BeBTJIJIJITOpLr.
omOIDCHBlO J: MOCJ:OCTB
Q- uell&llWl; 6 - ycra.aOBD llOnacm KJIellllBoro BCBTI!J1nOpa no ()
BeBHII; II - JlBToi
311

11.7. OnPE)J,EJlEHHE KOHCTPYKTIIBHbIX
llAPAMETPOB 3JIEMEHTOB CHCfEMbI
)KH)J.KOCfHOrO OXJIA)K,l(EHIDI
11.7.1. IIPE,lI,IIOCbIJIKH K PAcqETY
C TOIIJIHBOM B nHJIHH,npbI )J;BHraTellil B eAHHHJ:1;Y BpeMeHH BBOAHTCg
TenJIOTa Qn '1aCTb KOTOpoii QoX1l OTBO,nHTCg '1epe3 cHCTeMy OXJIaiK,ll;eHIDI
)J;BHraTellil.
TeIIJIOTa QoX1l onpe,neIDIeT nOTpe6HyK> npoH3Bo,nHTeJIbHOCTb )l(HA-
KOCTHoro Q. H B03,nymHoro Q. KOHT}'pOB CHCTeMhl OXJIaiK,lI;eHIDI: Q. =
=Q.=QoX1l (J1.x</c), HJIH B p3.3BepHyrOM Be G.c.I1I.=Fp(v.P.)c.I1I.=
=QoX1l' r,ne Ft)p=B. H - nJIOIna,nb cppoHTaJIbHOii nOBepXHoCTH pa,nH-
aTopa, M 2 (pHC. 11.19); v. - CKOpOCTb B03,nyxa nepe,n cppOHTOM pa.nH-
aTopa, M/C. ropSI'lHii TeIIJIOHOCHTeJIb B CHCTeMe H3MeHger CBOIO TeM-
nepaT}'PY npH npoxo)l():\eHHH pa.nuaTopa Ha BeJIH'lHHY /1/.= 6...8 K. "lleM
HIDKe BeJIH'lHHa 111., TeM BbIIUe npOH3Bo,nHTeJIbHOCTb CHCTeMhl OXJIa)I(-
,neHIDI. XeJIaeMWI BeJIH'lHHa 111. npH 3a,naHHbIX npoH3Bo,nHTeJIbHOCTH
Q. H TeIIJIocpH3H'1eCKHX xapaKTepHCTHKax TeIIJIOHOCHTellil c. o6ecne'IH-
BaerCg COOTBeTCTBYIOInHM nuPKYJIgnHOHHbIM pacxo,noM )I(}f)J;KOCTH G..
XOJIO,IJ;HbIH TenJIOHOCHTeJIb (B03,nyx) ,nIDI OnTHMH3a.nHH TenJIocpH3H-
'1ecKHX H rp8.BJIH'leCKHX nap3.MerpoB B03.QyIIIHoro TpaKTa ,nOJDKeH
HMeTb MaccoBYIO CKOpOCTb v.P. R;j 14:..16 Kr /(M 2 . c), '1TO npH 3a,naHHoii
BeJIH'lHHe cppOHT8JIbHOii nOBepXHoCTH Fp onpe,neJIger BeJIH'lHHY no-
,norpeBa B03,nyxa B pa,nHaTOpe 111..
J1.1liI onpe,neJIeHIDI pac'IerHoii npOH3BO,lJ;HTeJIbHOCTH CHCTeMhl Heo6-
Xo,nHMO onpe,neJIeHHe QoX1l npOH3Bo,nHTb Ha pe)I(HMe pa60TbI ,nBHfaTeJIg,
Ha KOTOpOM KOJIH'IeCTBO TeIIJIOTbI, OTBO-
AHMOe cHCTeMoii OXJIa.x<,neHIDI, MaKCHMa-
JIbHO. J1.IDI aBTOTPaKTopHbIx )J;BHfaTeJIeii
TaKHM peX<HMOM mJJIgercg pe3ICUM HOMU-
HaAbHou MotqHocmu.
CBDH Me>KAy TeMllepaTypHbIMH pe-
>KHMaMH TeIIJIOHOCHTeJIeH, CKOPOCTgMH
HX ,nBIDKeHHg, xapaKTepHCTHKaMB )I(}f)J;-
KOCTHbIX HaCOCOB H BeHTHIliITOpOB, KOH-
CTPYKTHBHbIMH OC06eHHOCTJIMH OXJIa-
iK,lI;aroxnHX pemeTOK pa,nHaTopOB YCT8.Ha-
BJIHBaer ypaeHeHue menAonepeOa'lu Q. =
=KFOX1l117 (J1.]I(/C), f,@ K - K03cpcpHnu-
eHT TeIIJIOnepe,na'IH, BT/(M 2 . K); F oX1l -
IIJIoxna,nb oXJIa.x<,naroxneii nOBepXHOCTH
B
PRc. 11.19. ra6apBTBhle pDMe-
pLl oXJIaJK3.IOIUeii pemeTm pa-
aTOpa:
B - nmpHBa; H - BhlCOTa; 1- my-
6mla; FJltp - DJI01IWU> 4>POHTBJIbBOB
l-iio6oBOii) DOBepmocm
312

pa.lXHCTOpa, M 2 ; Ai = I..cp -I..cp - cpe.llHee 3Ha'leBHC TeMDCpaT}'pHoro
Hanopa B pa.lXHaTOpe, K, rJJ,e I..cp H I Lcp - cpeJJ.HHC 3Ha'IeHHJI TeM-
nepaTyp XCH)J.ICOCTH H B03JJ.Yxa B pa.lXHaTOpe, K.
11.7.2. PACllET PMHATOPA
PaC'IeT )[(Jf,WCOCTHOrO pa,lIHaTOpa BeJJ.YT B TaKOH nOCJIeJJ,OBaTeJIb-
HOCTH.
I. OnpeJJ,emllOT ICOJIH'IecTBO TellJlOTbI (Jl;1Klc), BBeJJ,eHHoH B .QH1IHHJJ,-
pbl JJ,BHraTeJIJI C TOllJlHBOM: QT=G T H.j3600, r,lJ,e HII - HH3maJi TenJIOTa
CrOpaHWI TOllJIHBa, l1.1K/lCr; G T - pacxoJJ, TOllJIHBa Ha paC'leTHOM pe)I(H-
Me, ICT 1'1.
2. HaxOJJ.HTCSI ICOJIH'leCTBO TellJlOTbI Q. (JI."1Kjc), oTJJ,aBaeMOH B ox-
JI8.)lCJ1,81OI.Q)'1O )KHJJ.IC.OCTb:
. 683HPYSlCb Ha HCIIbITaHHH JJ,BHraTeJISI C onpeJJ,eJIeHHeM COCTaBJIJI-
IOI.QHX TenJIOBOrO 6arraHca no BHenmeH CIC.OpOCTHOH XapaKTepHCTHlCe;
. Ha OCHOBaHHH CTaTHCTH'IecICHX ,lJ,aHHbIX no BeJIII'IHHe OTHOCHTeJIb-
Horo TellJlOOTBO,lJ,a B OXJI8.)lCJ1,aIOI.QYIO )KHJJ.ICOCTb q..:
Q.=QTq..
3Ha'leHWI q.. H3MeIDIIOTCSI B npe,lJ,eJIax 0,24...0,32 AJISI ,lJ,BHraTeJIeii
C HClCpOBbIM 3a1KllraHHeM H 0,16...0,25 JJ.IDI ,lJ,H3eJIeii.
3. 3a.n;aBaJiCb nepena.n;oM TeMllepaTYP B Pa.lXHaTope A/.=6...8 K,
BbI'IHCJIJleTCJI PKYJIJIOIlllbIH pacxO,lJ, OXJIa)K,A8.lOI.QeH XH)J.KOCTH (M 3 /C):
G. = Q..J(A/.c.p.).
4. BbI6HpaeTcJI ICOHcrpyrm;WI oXJIaQ81OI.Qeii pemeTlCH paJJ.HaTOpa
(CM. pHC. 11.11, 11.12). TIo CTaTHCTH'IeCKBM ,lJ,aHHbIM (CM. pHC. 11.13)
JJ,JIJI MaCCOBOH CKOpOCTH B03JJ.YXa vp. 14...16 1CT/(M 2 .c) onpeJJ,eJIJleTCSI
Ko3$4>Hl(HeHT TellJlOnepeJJ,a'IH paJJ,HaTOpa K.
5. PaCC'lHTbIBaeTCSI nOBepXHoCTb OXJI8.)lCJ1,eHHSI paJJ.HaTOpa (M 2 ):
F oXJI = Q.qll(KI1t).
3JJ,ecb At = I..cp -I..cp; I..cp = (/....wx + 1....J/2; I..cp = (lux + A/.)/2;
nOJJ,orpeB B03JJ.Yxa B pa.lXHaTOpe
A Q.
0/. ;
F tp(P.II;)c.
TeMllepaTypa B03JJ,yxa Ha BXOJJ,e B paJJ,HaTOp caC):
I....n = 10 + A/up;
313

tnp5...8 K - TCMllcparypa nO,lJ;OrpeBa B03,1J;yxa B MaCJUlHOM pa-
,IJ;IIaTOpC, CCJIH OH npe,lJ;UlCCTBYCT >KH,lJ;KOCTHOMY no XO,lJ;y B03,1J;ymHoro
nOTOKa;
c. = 1005 J1;;K/(Kr. K) - rCnJIOCMKOCTb B03,1J;yxa;
to - paC'ICTHag TCMIICpaTypa OKPY)IC81OCH cpe,IJ;hI, to =45 DC;
t....lIJD. - TCMIICpaTYpa )ICH,WCOCTH Ha BbIXO,lJ;C H3 JtBHraTC .illI, t..... wx =
=90...95°C - WUI OTKpblTbIX CHCTCM, t.....YX=(100 V 1OPIIBP-5°C-
,WllI 3aKpLITbIX CHCTCM;
PDJl.P.KJl - ,lJ;8.BJICHHC cpa6aTblBaHIDI napOBoro KJIan8.Ha KpblIllKH pac-
IIIHpHTCJIbHOrO 6a'IKa, MIla;
ql - K034>I}>HUHCHT 3anaca, Y'IHThIB8101UHH YXY,IJ;IIICHHC TcnJIo06MC-
Ha OT 3arpg3HCHIDI 3JICMCHTOB pcmCTKH pa,lJ;llaTOpa, ql = 1,1.
6. B COOTBCTCTBHH C npHWITOH KOHCTPYCH OXJIaJK,l:{alOcH pe-
mCTKH 3a.n;81OTCg pa3MCpbl OXJIa)I(J];81Ocro 3JICMCHTa (PHC. 11.20):
. ,IJ;.illI mpy6'lamO-nAaCmWl'lamblX paauamopo8:
tl)p - pa3Mep oXJIaJK,l:{81Oeii nJIaCTHHbl DO I}>pOHTY pa.n;HaTopa, Bbl-
6HpaCMblH C TaKHM paC'ICTOM, '1T06bl Ha pa3MCpe B B O,lJ;HOM pg,ZJ;y
pa,lJ;HaTOpa pa3MCCTHJIOCb ueJIOC 'IHCJIO 3JICMCHTOB iT.I)p; h - BblCOTa
3JICMCHTa, Bbl6HpaCMag C T8.KHM paC'ICTOM, '1T06bl oa pa3MCpe H Ha
O,IJ;HOH OXJIa)K,AalOCH Tl'y6Ke p3,lJ;HaTopa YJImKHJIOCb KOHe'IHOC '1HCJIO
3JICMCHTOB i,..; t m - pa3Mep 3JICMeHTa no r.ny6HHe p3,lJ;HaTOpa (3a.n;aCTCg
OpHeOTHpOBO'IHO); WI - TOJIlUHHa OXJIaJK,l:{alOeH nJIaCTHHbI; b - Pa3-
Mep OXJIa)K,AalOCH Tpy6KH no my6HHe pa.n;HaTopa; C - TO )ICC, DO
I}>pOHTY pa.n;HaTopa; TP - TOJIlI(HHa CTCHKH OXJIa)I(J];81OCH Tpy6KH;
. ,IJ;.illI mpy6'lamO-AeHmO'lHblX paauamop08 ,lJ;OnOJIHHTCJIbHO 3a,lJ;a-
IOTCg:
t n - mar rol}>pa JIeHTbI C TaKHM paC'ICTOM, '1T06b1 Ha pa3MepC
pa.n;HaTopa H Ha O,lJ;HOH OXJIa.JK,.lJ;81OCH Tpy6KC YJlOJKHJlOCb KOHC'lHOC
a
6
PHC. 11.20. OL3.IOIUHe 3JIeMeHThl pcweru pa.ll;HaTopa:
a - -rpy6UTO-IDIaC1'1lB'laThlX; 6 - ..-py6'1aTO-JIeHTO'IIIhIX
314

'DICJIO 3JIeMeHTOB; In - ,l]..JIHHa pa3BepTlW nOJIOBHHhI ro<l>pa OXJ1a)I()J;a-
lOeH JIeHThI.
7. Onpe,ll;eJIJIeTCJI lCo3<l><l>HI-UleHT ICOMnalCTHOCTH pa,ll;HaTopa (M Z /M 3 ):
qJ = FxnI VXJI'
r,ll;e FXJI - OXJ1a)I()J;8IOaJI nOBepXHOCTb 3JIeMeHTa pemencH pa.n;HaTopa,
M 2 ; VXJI - reOMeTpH'Iecmii 06'beM 3JIeMeHTa pemeTlCII pa,ll;HaTOpa, M 3 ;
. ,lI;IDI mpy6llamo-nAaemuHllamblx paduamop06
FXJI = 2(b+ e)h - 2(b + e)15nn+ 2(tojlpt rn - be), VXJl = tojlptrJt;
. ,lI;IDI mpy6llamo-AeHmollHblx paduamopo6
FXJI = 41 n t rn + 2( b + e )t m VXJI = tl)ptrnt n'
8. PaCC'IHTLIBaeTCJI rJIy6HHa pa.n;HaTopa I (M):
F oXJI
1=-.
Ftptp
9. YTO'IHJIeTCJI pa3Mep t rn OXJIa)I()J;alOero 3JIeMeHTa C TaICHM pac'Ie-
TOM, '1To61>l no rny6HHe I YJIQ)ICHJIOCb eJIoe 'DICJIO 3JIeMeHTOB (ir.rnl),
H onpe,ll;eIDIeTcJI ICOJIll'leCTBO OXJ1a.JKJJ;8IO TJ'y6olC paABaTOpa ,l]..JIJI
o,ll;Horo xO,ll;a OCTH:
i-rp.1 = tT.ojIpir.rn.l. .
KOJIll'lecTBO 3JIeMeHTOB B pemeTlCe pa.nHaTopa
i 3 = .i-rpl.
ll.7.3. PAC1IET BEHTH.T.UI.TOPA
HCXO,ll;HbIM napaMeTpoM ,l]..JIJI pac'IeTa BeHTHIDITopa JIBIDIeTCJI no-
Tpe6HhIii pacxo,ll; oXJ1a.JKJJ;alOero B03.nyxa G. (n/c) Ha paC'IeTHOM
pe)J(HMe pa60ThI )J;BC.
Pa6o'laJI TO'IICa Ha xapalCTepHCTHlCe BeHTBJIJITOpa Onpe,ll;eillIeTCJI ne-
pece'leHHeM ICpHBLIX CTaTll'leclCoro H8nOpa BeHTHJIJITOpa H nOJmoro
cOnpOTHBJIeHIDI B03,l1;YillHoro TpalCTa, T. e. T01JimH, ,lI;IDI ICOTOpOH
ApBt:lCT = APe,
r,ll;e !J..pBCm - Hanop, pa3BHBaeMhlH BeHTHIDITopoM, lla.
Be.Jlll'lHHY APe MO)I(HO onpe,ll;eJIHTb:
. no CTaTHCTll'leclCHM ,lI;aHHLlM Ap p =200...500 lla;
315

. no rpalI'IeCKHM 3aBHCHMOCT1IM (CM. pHC. 11.13).
OKPY:JICHflR CKopocmb AonacmeU 8eHmUAJlmOpa Ha ,lUI8.Me-rpe D.
U. = '" .J Ap»errl P.,
I",IJ,e'" - K03<PHI{HeHT «PoPMhl H yma YCT8.HOBKR JIOnaCTeH: "'=2,8...3,5
,IJ,IDI llJIOCKHX JIOnaCTeH, '" = 2,2...2,9 ,lJ,JIJJ npoHJIHpoBaHHhIX JIOnaCTeH;
p. - nJIOTHOCTL B03,1J,yxa npH TeMnepaTYpe t.. u = to + Atup + At.. CKO-
pocTL U. ,lJ,OJDKHa HaxO,lJ,HTLCJJ B npe,lJ,eJIax 70...100 M/c.
l(uaMemp 6eHmU.JlJlmOpa (M):
D.=u.. 60/(1[),
I",IJ,e  - '1aCTOTa Bpam;eHHJJ KpLIJIL'IaTKH, MBH- 1. .D:H8.MeTp BeHTHIDITO-
pa ,lJ,OJDKeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTL rOCfy H GLITL He GOJIee HRHMeHLmeI"O H3
paJMepOB OXJIaJK,lUUOm;eH pemeTKH H HJIH B.
lloiJatta 6eHmUJIJlmOpa (KI"/c):
G.=P.1J.F.
MOUjHocmb (KBT), 3aTpa'IHBaeM8J.I Ha npHBO,lJ, BeHTHJIIITOpa:
G.6p8f:1/IT
N. - .
P.rr.
11.7.4. PACllET )l(H)U<OCfHOrO HACOCA
JKH.n;KOCTHLIH Hacoc ,lJ,OJDKeH oGecne'IHTL pacxo,lJ, )KH,lU:OCTH '1epe3
p3,lJ;HaTop CHCTeMLI OXJIaJIC)J;eHIDI (n/c):
G - Q.
.- .
czAt.
PaCttemHblU Hanop Hacoca onpe,lJ,eJUIeTCJJ COOTHomeHHeM
Ap.:B = Apz.c,
I",IJ,e Ap..JJ - CTaTH'IecKRH Hanop, paJBHBaeMLIii )KH,[J,KOCTHLIM HacocoM,
lla; Ap..c - I"H,IJ,p3.BJIH'IeCKOe cOnpOTHBJIeHHe BceI"O )KH,[J,KOCTHOI"O TpaK-
Ta, lla. .
Onpe,lJ,eJIeHHe !::t.p..c ,lJ,OCTaTO'IHO CJIOXCHO, H KOHKpeTJlLle pe3YJILTaThI
o6h1'IHo nOJIyqaIOT TOJILKO Ha OCHOBaHHH JIaGopaTopHLIX HCnLIT8.Hwt
):(nIl opHeHTHpOBO'IHhIX paC'IeTOB MO)I(HO BOCnOJIL30BaTLCJJ I"paH'IeC-
KOH 33.BHCHMOCTLIO (CM. pHC. 11.15), Y'IHTLIB8J.I, '1TO B 60JILffiHHCTBe
316

CJIY'laeB Ap.=50% OT AP..e, HJIR CTaTRCTll'lecEBMR J1:Hm.n.m AP..e
38...55 ilia.
PaCllemHtl1I BellUIlUHa nodallu Hacoca (Eric):
G.. p = G../'I'/o,
re '1'/0 - o6DeMHLIH Kilt( Hacoca, '1'/0=0,8...0,9.
Paduyc BxodHOZO omtlepCmUR KpblllbllOJn1CU (M) (PRC. 11.21)
J G._P/P.+ c-r1U'
TI= ,
C I 7t
re CI = 1...2,5 M/c - a6cOJIIOTHWI CICOpOCTb oXJIalOIUeii XCH.lUCO-
cm Ha Bxoe B Hacoc; To - PHYC CTynRnhI IpblJIb'laTl:H (M).
OKpY3ICHaR CKOpOCmb Bblxoda :JICUdKOCmu C pa601lezo KOlleca (M/c):
U2 =  1 + tg Cl2 ctg P2 .J Ap ...J(P.'I'/r),
re Cl2=8...12° - yrOJI MY BeJ:TOp3.MII a6coJDOTHoii CICOpoCTR
C2 CXOAS. 1ICIIAICOCTR C pa6o'leii JIOnaTICH R OICpoii CICOpOCTR U2, rpa
(pRC. 11:21); 132 - yrOJI YCTRHOBICH JIOnaUB Ha BhIXoe AJUI pHa.JIb-
HbIX JIOUaTOIC paseH 35...50°; 'l'/r=0,6...0,7 - rRJJ;paBJIH'lecICHii Kil,n;
Hacoca.
Paduyc cxoda :HCUdKOCmu c pa601leU AOnam1CU (M):
PRC. 11.21. P8C'Icmu cxc... J[OCTHOr'O lUlCoca
317

'2= 30U2/(nn.),
r.n;e n,. - 'lHCJIO 060POTOB Raeoea B MHHYTY.
OKPY:JICHaR CKopocmb HH)J(UHX KPOMOK JIOnaTo:a: (M/e):
TJ
UI =U2-.
T2
PaU(lAbH(L1f CKopocmb cxoa :HCUKOCmu C JIOnaTo:a: (M/C):
A]J.J. tg!l2
C-
,
P.'IrUZ
YroJI PI Mexc.n;y OTHOCHTeJILHOH CKOPOCThIO WI H OTPllQaTeJILHhIM
HanpaBJIeHHeM OKpyxnOH CKOPOCTH UI
tgPJ =CI/UI.
A6co.lUOmHaR CKOpOcmb cxoa :HCUKOCmu (M/e):
C2 = c,/sin !Xz.
mUpUHQ pa6o"llux AonamoK (M):
-. Ha Bxo.n;e XCH)];ICOCTH B pa6o'lee KOJIeeO
b - G._ P .
1 P. ( 21t1'1 _--;!- ) cI'
S1nPI
. Ha BhIXo.n;e OCTH H3 pa6o'lero KOJIeca
.-P
b z = .
P. ( 21tTZ- .zlJ -\ c,
S1n pJ
MOU/HOcmb (KBT), 3aTpa'IHBaeMaJI Ha npHBo.n; Haeoca,
AT _ G..pl:.P.J. . 10- 3
l'B ,
P.!1N
r.n;e '1N=O,9...0,95 - MeXaJIH'IeClOlH Kn Haeoca.
318

11.8. B03t(YIIIHbIE CMCfEMbI OXJIA)K)I,I:HI1J1
B nO,ltaBIDIIOlI(eM 60JIblllHHCTBe aBTOTpaICTOpBhIX ,ltBHraTeJIeH B03-
,ltYmHoro OXJI8.)K,l{eHWI npHMeHJllOT cHcreM}' C npHHy,ltHTeJIblihIM HarHe-
TaHHeM B03,ltyxa B Mexcpe6epHhIe ICaHaJIhI rOJIOBOIC H HJIHH.JJ;pOB. Pac-
XO,lt B03,ltyxa perYJIHpYeTCH ,lte<pJIeICTHpYIOII(HMH 3JIeMeHTaMH (PHC.
11.22).
)];.illI o6ecne'leHWI BhICOICHX cICopOCTeH IUfpICymm:HH B03,ztyxa npHMe-
HjllOT BhICOIC03<P4>eICTHBHhIe oceBhIe BeHTIIillITOphI C 60JIblllHM ICOJIH'le-
CTBOM npo<pHJIHpOBaHHhIX JIOnaTOIC. ITOJIHh1ii Harrop, p8.3BHBaeMhIii Ta-
ICHMH BeHTHIDITOpaMH, ,ltOCTHraeT 1000...2400 ITa.
PaC'IeT CRCTeMLI B03.nyumoro OXJIaellllH. ITapaMeTphI oICpyxca-
IOlI(eH Cpe,lthl H paC'IeTHhIe peXCHMhl npHHHM8IOT T8.ICHMH xce, ICaIC H npH
paC'IeTe CHCTeMLI )I(H)(ICOCTHOrO OXJIaxc.neHWI. PaC'leTHhIe TeMllepaTyphI
HJIHH,lI;pa H roJIOBICH npHBe,lteHhI B Ta6JI. 11.1.
Ta611U/ill11.1
TBD wmraTe.JJJI MUCHManldIBll TeMIIeparypB, .C
I!BJDIHJWBI rOJIOHO 1tIIJIIIB'!\p&
Ir.J aJeInlam.Horo 'l}'lj'Ha m BJDOMllHBeBoro CIlJIBBa
ABTOM06HJI&BLJii: 220 I 340...360 240...260
TpanopBLIii: 200 I 320.__340 220...240
Cpe,ltHU TeMllepaTypa y OCHOB8.lIHH pe6ep IUfpa H3 qyrYHa
130...170 D C; y OCHOB8.lIHH pe6ep rOJIOBICH: H3 qyrYHa-170...220 D C;
H3 amoMHHHeBOrO CllJIaBa - 160...200 DC. TeMllepaTypa BHyrpeHHHX
1
-+-

o
co
-+
Pac. 11.22. CxeMa opraHH38.1V1H I.\HPJl:YJIJIItHH B03a B HraTeJIe
Booro OXJIB.a,U.eHBJI:
1 - ,QecjlJIenopw;  NBCJIBHhIit aTOp
319

nOBepXHOCTeH ltBJIBH.Apa AOn.Ha 6hITL He mm:e 130...140 DC. OrHOCH-
Tem,HbIi TellJIOOTBOA B CHCTCMY OXJUlZ,lJ;eHHJI COCT8.BJIJleT q. = 0,24...0,30
J1IDI ABHraTeJIeH C BCpOBhIM 3UC11I"amleM; q.=0,20...0,26 .AJIJI ,l:(II3eJIeH.
06IQee KOJIH'IecTBO TeDJIOThi (JJ."1lC./c), OTBO,ABMOH B CHCTeM}' OXJIaz.n;e-
HBJI, COCTaBJIJleT
QC_D = q.Qr.
C Y'leTOM TeDJIOTW, OTBO,nBMOH OT MaCJUlHOrO pa,lUlaTOpa B nOBep-
XHoCTeii KapTepa, Be.JIB1IIIHa Qc.o yseJIll'lBBaeTCJI Ha 10...15%.
B Ta6JI. 11.2 npHBC,neHhl cpeABecTaTHCTB'Iecne A8.HBhle no IOJIH'Ie-
CTBY TellJIOTLI, OTBO)nIMoii OT rOJIOBI8 B3 aJDOMHHBeBOrO CllJIaBa
qr 8 OT pa q.., B3rOTOBJIeHHOrO 83 'l}Ty:Ha. B cJI}"lae BLIIlOJIHeHIUI
rOJIOBn .IIHII,/J;pa B3 'i}'l)'Ha AOJUI TeDJIOThI, OTBOAHMOH OT rOJIOBIB,
yMeHbmaeTCJI, a AOJUI TeDJIOTLI, OTBO,IUIMOH OT pa, yse.n:H'IIIBa-
eTCJI.
T06JtU11il11.2
TIm A8BTeJD KOJDI"Iecno ool TCnJIOTW, A-Ic
aT l"OJIoallB lJr OT QIIJDIBJ\P& lJ]I
C BCKpOBLDl 38.m11'IUIIIeW 0,7 0,3
):\JDem. C Bep8.3.l1eJJeBBOi: KC 0,4 0,6
}J.H3eJI& C p8.3.I1eJIeBBoA KC 0,5 0,5
/J..mI ABHraTeJIJI C lUlJIHH.l1:poM C I(eJIbIO ynpOIQeHIUI paC'leT npoBO,nJIT
J].JUI o,nHoro JlIIJIHH,ZJ.pa B rOJIOBKH. Koml'leCTBO TeDJIOTLI (JJ."1K.jc), OT-
BOAHMoii OT OABoro pa, COCTaBHT
Q = 9.&C.D
. .
i
no1"pe6HhIi pacXOA oXJIaX,l!aIOII{ero B03.QyXa (rr/c), Heo6xo.lVlMhli
J].JUI OTBOAa TeWIOTW Q. OT O,lUloro ItHJIHHApa:
G - Q.
. ,
cJI (1",- I)
rAe cJI= 1005 /l."1lC./(IT" K) - CpeAIIJIJI TeDJIoeMJ:OCTb B03A)'xa; I", H I-
cpeAHHe TeMDepaTyphi B03A)'xa, BLlXo.wnn;ero B3 MeJl:pe6epHLlX KaHanOB
8 BXO,WIIQero B HHX, DC. TeMlIepaTypY I np8HHMaJOT paBHoii 45 DC,
a 1111 BhI'lHCJIJlIOT DO clx>PMYJIe 1",=(1.+1.)/2, rAe I. H I. - TeMDepaT}'-
pa B03.QyXa, BLlXo.wnn:ero COOTBeTCTBeHHO B3 sepxueii B HlDKHeH 30H
I\HJIHH.npa, DC; t. = 80... 110 DC; 1.=60...80 DC. Cpe,lJ,BJIJI TeMllepaTypa
320

B03)];yxa B Mexcpe6epHLIX lCaHa..nax t""=(t,,,+t)/2. 06'beMHblH pac-
XO)]; B03)];yxa (M 3 /C) Ha OXJIa)K)];eHHe O,lUlOrO QIIJIHH)];pa V.=G./P., r)];e
P. - WIOTHOCTL OXJIa)KJ{aJOIIIero B03):{yxa, Kr/M 3 . qepe3 HellJIOTHOCTJI
B ynJIOrneHHJIX B03JJ:YIlIHOrO TpaICTa TepJleTCB: 8...10% OXJIuc.n:aJOIIIero
B03)];yxa. C yqeToM :noro Heo6xo)];HMOe ICOJIH'IecTBO B03)];yxa (n/c),
nO)];aBaeMOro Ha OXJI8.)I()];eHHe O)];HOrO pa, COCTaBHT G =
= (I,08...1,I)G..
OpHeHTHpoBO'IHO MaCCOBhIB paCXO)]; B03)];yxa (ICr/c), Heo6xo)];HMbIH
)];JIB OXJI8.)I()];eHHJJ Bcero )];BlITaTelliI, HaxO)];jJ:T H3 BhIpaJKeHIDI G=Gi/qIJ..
EOJIee TO'lHhle 3Ha'leHHJJ G MO:xrnO nOJl}"lHTb, onpe)];eJIHB OT)];eJIbHO
ICOJIH'IecTBO B03)];yXa, Heo6xo)];HMOrO )];JIB OXJIa)K)];eHIDI rOJIOBKH -
JIHH,ZJ;pa.
Y)];eJIbHhlii pacxoA B03)];yxa [u/(c.rlJT)] Ha e)];HHHI{Y MOII{HOCTB
)];BlITaTelliI COCTaBHT g. = G/ He. )J;lliI OIemc:H npaBHJIbHOCTH paC'IeTa
Heo6xo)];HMO cpaBHHTL g. co CTaTHCTH'lecKHMH )];aHHhIMH, npHBe)];eH-
HLIMH B Ta6JI. 11.3.
ToOIIUIJllll.3
TBII AJIHI"&TCJ1a g.. Ir/(C.dJT)
C BCKpOBLIM 3am11"aHHeM 0,0265...0,0285
AH3em. c BeeJIeHHoii KC 0,018...0,021
AH3em. c eJIeHHoii: KC 0,0245...0,0265
TIOoepXHOCTL OXJIeHHjJ: FOD! (M 2 ) MOJKHO Onpe)];eJIHTb 'Iepe3 npH-
oe)];eHHyIO nooepXHoCTL Fnp OXJIa.JK.l];eHHB: qHJIHH,ZJ;pa II K03<Pc}JIIeHT
Ope6peHHB: 'op:
FOD!=Fup'op; Fup=n(D+2{,JhIJ.'
r)];e D - )];HaMeTp WIJIHH)];pa; {,IJ. - TOJIIIlHHa CTeHKH nwmHApa; -
BhICOTa Ope6peHHOii 'IaCTH JIHHApa: h,.=(1,2...1,4)S, me S - xo,/:(
nopmHjJ:. K03cl>cl>HeHT ope6peHHjJ: )];JIB aBTOTpaKTOpHLIX )];BlITaTeJIeii
'op=4,4...8,O.
Ha OCHOBaHHH CTaTHCTH'lecKHX ,/:(8.HBhIX FoVl = (0,4...0,8)iV Il - AJIjJ:
)];H3eJIeii; FoVl = (0,65...1 ,60)iV Il - )];lliI )];BHraT .tJIeii C HCKpOBhIM 3aJKIITa-
HHeM. 3)];ecb iV Il - pa60'lHH o6neM )];BlITaTelliI, JI.
cI>opMa H pa3MephI OXJIa)K)];aroHX pe6ep T,OJDKHhI o6ecne'IHTb Heo6-
XO)];HMyIO TenJIOoT.o;alfY npH MHHHMa..nbHOM 8.3pO)];HH8.MH'IeCKOM conpo-
THBJIeHHH, 'ITO Heo6xo)];HMO ,lJ.JIjJ: CHHJKeHIUI MOHOCTH, 3aTpa'lHBaeMOii
Ha npHBO)]; BeHTHlliITopa.
qae Beero HCnO.JID3yIDT TpanelHeBH}J.HLIe pe6pa, KOTophIe 60JIee
YAo6HhI B npOH3BO)];CTBe H HMelOT BblCOKYIO TeIIJIOBYIO 3cl>cl>eIITHB-
321

r.o
h
PRe. 11.23. TpaneltlleBe pe6-
pa OeHHJl
Do
HOCTb (PRC. 11.23). OCHOBHbIMH nap8.Me- .
TPaMH Ope6peHIDl mJJUIIOTCH KO.1IH"'ieCT-
BO pe6ep z, cpeJJ;WIH BLICOTa pe6pa h,
IUar ope6peHIDI S, CpeJJ;WIH TOHHa pe-
6pa fJ, cpeJJ;WIH IDHpHHa Me)Kpe6epHoro
KamlJIa I R )Ul8.MeTp H,lJ;pa y OCHOBa-
HIDI pe6ep Do.
3Ha'ieHIDI nepe'IHCJIeHHhIX nap8.MeT-
pOB npHBe.n;eHLI B Ta6JI. 11.4. TOJIIQHHa
pe6ep y OCHOB8.HIDI npHMepHo B 1,5 pa3a
60JIbme, '1eM Y BepIDHHhI.
Ta6I1U1plll.4
napBMtIpLi 'IyryB AmoMHHBemm CIIJI8.B
Ope6pemu, Cno:m rOJIOHEa Crum rOJIoua
MM
:QIIJ1BIWIa :QIIJ1BIWIa  :QIIJ1BIWIa
h 14...30 15...50 15...35 15...75
S 6...12 6...12 3,5...8 3,5...8
1 4...8 4...8 2...6 2...6
6 2...4 2...4 1,5...2,5 1,5...2,5
11.9. CPABHHTEJIbHbrR AHAJIH3 CHCfEM
)KH)J,KOCfHOrO II B03,l(YIDHOrO OXJIA)K,l(EHlUI
/(ocmOUHCm8a cucmeM :JICU(}KOCmHOZO OXAa:JIC(}eHUR: MeHbmHe MOH-
TaxcHbIe 38.30pLI Me)K.D;Y 3epKaJIOM ItHJIHH.D:pa H nopnmeM, CHlDKaIOlf(He
HHTeHCHBHOCTb XOJIO.D:HhIX CTYKOB; 3<peIC:THBHOe OXJIaJIC:.neHHe .n;eTaJIeB
.D;BHraTeIDI npH mo60B TeWIOBOB HarPY3Ke, '1TO CBH33J10 C BhICOKOB
TenJIOnpOBO.D:HOCTbIO OXJIa)K.D;aIOeB XOI,ZU(OCTH; paBHOMepHoe OXJIa-
)K.D;eHHe .n;eTaJIeB .n;BHraTeIDI; B03MO)I(H0CTb npHMeHeHHH 6JIOK-KapTepoB,
'ITO nOBbIIIIaeT )KecTKOCTb KOHCTpyICf(HH .D;BHraTeJIH; CTa6BJIbHoe TeDJIO-
Boe COCTOHHHe .D;BHraTeJIH Ha mo6LIX peJICHMax ero pa60ThI; B03MO)K-
HOCTb HCnOJIb30BaHIDI OXJIa)K.D;aIOeB JICH.D:IC:OCTH .D:IDI 060rpeBa Ka6BH
B CaJIOHOB Tp3JICnOpTHhIX Cpe.n;CTB; MeHbmHB IIIyM npH pa60Te .n;BHra-
TeJIH; MeHbmWI CICJIOHHOCTb K .n;eTOH8.I{HH ]J;cM3; B03MO)I(HOCTb peryJIH-
pOBamUI TeMllepaTyphI OXJIa)l(,lJ;aIOIf(eB XOI,ZU(OCTH no B03.n;ymHOMY
H )l(ll,AKOCTHOM)' Tp3.IIT8.M.
He(}ocmamKU cucmeM :JICU(}KOCmHOZO OXAa:JICiJeHUR: BhICOKWI Tpy.n;o-
eMICOCTb 3KcnnyaTaItHH CHCTeMhI B CBDH C He06xo.D:BMOCTblO npoBe.n;e-
HIDI perJI8.MeHTHhIX pa60T no KOHTpOmo ypOBHH OXJIaJIC:.nalOlf(eB XCH.n-
KOCTH, 01fBCTKB B npoMbIBKB py6amICB CRCTeMhI OXJIaxcieHIDI B P8,lUl-
aTopa, yCTpaHeHHIO no.n;TeKamUI OXJIIDK.D:alOeB JICH.D:IC:OCTH; Heo6xo.n;H-
MOCTb HMeTb CneItH8..JIbHyK> OXJIaJIC:.n8.lOyK> XOI,ZU(Oqb; B03HHICHOBeHHe
322

KaBHTaIVIOHHLIX JIBJIeHlm, pa3pymaronnu rHJTh3LI QHJIHHJl:pOB; nOTpe6-
HOCTb B oporOCTOBIIUlx .I\BeTHbIX MeTaJIJ1ax; 60JIbllIHe ra6apHTLI MO-
TopHoro oTceKa H3-3a HaJIH'lHB >KH.wcOCTHoro p8,l\HaTopa.
/(ocmoUHcmoa cucmeM 6030YUlHOZO OXAa:JICOeHUJl: npoCTOTa KOHCT-
PYKIVlH; 61>lCTpLIH nporpeB ,mJHraTeIDI nOCJIe 3anYCKa; MemmaJI 'lYBCT-
BHTeJIbHOCTb K H3MeHeHIDIM TeMnepaTypl>l oKpY>K3.IOeii cpeAbI H3-3a
BLICOICHX TeMnepaTYP QHJIHMPOB H rOJIOBOK ABHraTeJIB; npocToTa 06-
CJIY)J(IIBaHIDI H HH3KaJI CTOHMOCTb; MeHbillHe 3aTpaThI MOIQHOCTH (B
1,5...1,8 pa3a) Ha clJ}'HICII;HOHHpOBaHHe CHCTeMhI.
HeoocmamKu cucmeM 6030YUlHOZO OXAa:JICOeHUR: OrpaHH'leHHLIe
B03MO)I(HOCTH perYJIHpOBaHIDI npOIl3BO)UlTe.m.HOCTH CIiCTeMhI; MeHb-
mag )J(eCTKOCTb Kopnyca ,ZJ;BlITaTelliI 1l3-3a HeB03MO)I(HOCTIi npHMeHe-
HIDI 6JIo'lHLIX KOHCTpH ItRJIIlH)];pOB; 60.m.mlle rpa)UleHThI TeM-
nepaTYP B 3JIeMeHTax Kopnyca, 'lT0 npHBO)UlT K nOSIBJIeHHIO 30H JIO-
KaJThHOrO neperpeBa H TepMH'lecKoM}' Kop06JIeHHIO; 60JThillHe Me]l(-
QHJIHHJl:pOBLIe paCCTOJIHIDI H3-3a Heo6xo)UlMOCTU pa3Mel.l\eHIDI OXJIa-
)K,l1;alOBX pe6ep; YMeHbmeHue cpeHero 3<PclJeKTHBHoro asJIeHHJI
H JIHTpOBOH MOIQHOCTH BCJIeCTBHe CHBJKeHIDI IC03clJclJuIVIeHTa HanOJIHe-
HIDI; nOBhIilleHH8.JI myMHOCTb pa60ThI ,mJlITaTeJUI; nepeOXJI3JI(eHHe BH-
raTeJIJI npH HH3ICHX TeMnepaTYpax B03.nyxa, CBJlbHOM BCTpe'lHOM BeTpe
H ABH)KeHHH TpaHcnopTHoro cpenCTBa HaKaTOM, oco6eHHo Ha .D;JIHHHLIX
ropHLIX cnycKax.

rJIABA 12
CHCTEMAB03YXOllMTAHHR
12.1. CHCTEMA BllYCKA
CHCTeMa npeAHa:JBa-'1eHa J];lliI nOJ];BoJ];a CBeJKerO 3apR,Z:ta K na.JIHH)J;-
paM J];BC H opraHH3anaH npo.Qecca cMece06paJOBaHID.I B Kap6lOpaTop-
HhIX, ra30BhIX J];BHraTeIDIX H J];BHraTemIX C .QeHTpaJIbHhIM BnphICKOM.
CHCTeMa BnycKa J];omICHa 06ecne'IHTb MaKCHMaJIbHO B03MO)KHOe
HanOJIHeHHe .QHJIHH,ZJ;pOB cBexceB CMeCblO, J];lliI '1ero He06xoJ];HMO MHHH-
MaJlbHOe rll.a;p3.BJIH'leCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHe CHCTeMhI, '1TO J];aeT B03MO)J(-
HOCTb nOJI}"IIITb MHHHMaJIbHhIe nOTepH J];aBJIeHHSI Ha BnyCKe. J];lliI 3Toro
crpeMSITCSI HCIIOJIb30BaTb CHCTeMhI BnYCKa C npSIMbIMII HJIH cJIa60 H30-
rH}'ThIMH KaHaJIaMH (pHC. 12.1).
CrpeMB:Cb yoeJlH1:lHTb HanOJIHeHHe .Q.llJIHH.a;POB, B cOBpeMeHHhIX J];BH-
raTe.illIX npHMeIDlI<n no J];Ba-TpH KJIanaHa Ha BnycKe, '1TO BhI3hIBaeT
He06xoJ];HMOCTb HCnOJIb30BaHID.I MHOrOKaHaJIbHhIX BnYCKHhIX TpaKToB.
Ho B J];BHraTelliIX C BHelliHHM cMece06paJoBaHHeM npo.Qecc BnYCKa
CBSI3aH C npO.QeccOM cMece06pa30BaHHSI, Ha '1TO BJIID.Ier CKOpOCTb J];BH-
JKeHIDI 3apR,Z:ta. IIo3ToMY J];HaMerp BXOJ];HOrO KaHaJIa H BnycKHoro TpaK-
Ta .a;OJDl(eH o6ecne'lHBaTb CKOpoCTH, npH KOTOphIX npo.Qecc cMece06-
p330BaHID.I npaKTH'IeCKH 3aKaH'lHBaerCSI .a;o Bxo.a;a CMecH B naJIHH,ZJ;p, HO
He C03.a;aeT B TO )I(e BpeMB: 3Ha'lHTeJIbHhIX nOTepb J];3.BJIeHHSI Ha BnycKe.
B CJIyqae HCIIOJIb30BaHHSI MHOrOKaHaJIbHOrO BnYCKHoro TpaKTa B OJ];HOM
H3 KaHaJIOB ycraH3.BJIHBaerCSI 3aCJIOHKa, KOTopaSI 3aKphIBaer ero Ha
MaJIhIX HarpY3Kax nOJIHOCTblO H o6ecne'lHBaer nOBhIIDeHHe CKOpOCTH
nOTOKa B OTKphITOM KaHaJIe, '1TO cnoc06crByer YJIy'IIIIeHHIO cMece06-
pa30BaHHSI H npo.Qecca CrOpaHID.I (pHC.
12.2).
CHcreMa BnYCKa .a;OJI)KHa 06ecne'lH-
BaTb paBHoMepHoe HanOJIHeHHe Bcex na-
JIHH,ZJ;pOB J];BHraTelliI, nO,lllJ;ep)J(HBaSI B HHX
OJ];HHaKOBhIii COCT3.B CMecH. COnpOTHBJIe-
HHe BnycKHoB cHcreMhI O.QeHHBaercSI KO-
34>4>Hna eH ToM Bn.
 "
.  - ---/2- - -----
h
PRc. 12.1. BnYCKHoii: IaHaJI roHO'l-
Horo HraTeJIJ1 (V,,=3 JI, n=
=16000 MBH- 1 Ba BOMHBaJIe;
a no IJ;eHTPam.HoH JIHBHH
214,4 MM)
324

a
I
2
3
6
6
PRc. 12.2. lIeThIpCXIJIanaHHaJi ronOBD c nepeKPLlBaeMLIM IaHaJIOM:
a - pacnOJIO:KeBBC 38C1IOIIIB B IBBaJlC; 6 - MUU uarpy:JU; If - DOJIBU B8lpYlIa; 1 - :J8CJJOBD;
2 - DOCTOJIHIIO OTI}>Iilnm BII}'CDIoA IIIIIaJI I-JIU]oro CC'lCliHII AJIJI M3JILIX B cpc.LIBBX aarpy301:; 3 -
);1IB8JI DOJIHOtt MOII\HOcm

CneItH3JIbHOe npocfJHJIHpOBaHHe BnyCICHbIX KRH3JIOB C03aeT YCJIO-
BIDI HanpaBJIeHHOrO BI-I)J(CHJUI 3aps,n;a B ItHJIHpe BHraTeJIJI, 'ITO
BaJKHO AJUl Opr8.HH38.l\HH npoQecca CrOp8.HWI.
PeJKHMbI XOJIOAHOrO nYCKa H npOrpeBa ,WIHraTeJlll Tpe6yroT npo-
rpeBa BO BnycmOB: CHCTeMe CMeCU WIH B03yxa AJUl AH3eJIJI, ,WUI 'IerO
B CHCTeM}' YCT8.HaBJIHBaIOTCll nOOrpeBaTeJIH.  YJI}"IIIIeHHll HCnape-
HWI _TOWIHBa Ie BnYCICHOB: CHCTeMe nOBOHTCll TeruIO OT BLIIIYCICHOrO
Tpy60npoBOa HJIH CHCTeMbI OX.JIax<,u;eHWI.
Kap61OpaTOpHLIe ,WIHraTeJIH H BHraTeJIH C CHCTeMOH :QeHTpaJIbHOrO
BnpblCKa HMelOT .lij)eHaX<HylO CHCTeM}' WIll CJIHBa H36bITO'IHOH KOH
cfJ8.3b1 TOll.JIHBa npH CJIY'laHoOM nepe060r8l:QeHHH.
B COBpeMeBHbIX 6eH3HHOBbIX ,WIHraTeJIJJX, 060PYOB8.HHbIX pacnpe-
eJIeBHhIMH CHCTeMaMH BnpbICKa H.IIH CHCTeMaMH HenOcpeCTBeHHOrO
BnpblCKa 6eH3HHa B :QH.JIHH.nP, HCnOJIb3YlOT BnycICHbIe CHCTeMbI C H3Me-
IDIeMOH reOMeTpHei (PHC. 12.3), KOTopble n03BOJISIIOT c}'I:QecTBeHBO
nOBblCHTh K03cfJcfJHItHeHT BanOJIBeBIDI 3a C'IeT KOJIe6aTeJIbHOrO npon;ecca
3apAAa, Haxoronn;erOCll BO BnyCICHOH CHCTeMe. Aruma BnyCICHoro K8.HaJIa
HaCTp3.HB8.eTCJ Ha onpeeJIeBBLIi CKOpOCTBOH peXCHM ,nBmaTeJlll, H Ha
pemwax OT 1000 o 3000 MHH - 1 pa60TaeT WIHHHLIi KRHaJI, a Ha
peXCHMe OT 3000 o 6000 MHH- 1 - KopouHii. B HeKoTopbIX KOHCTpYK-
:QWIX HCnO.JIb3yIDTcll TPH pa3JIH'lHble JVlHHLI KaBana ,WUI -rpex CKOpO-
CTBbIX peJKHMOB. nmIBHJIaCb KOBCTpyK:QWI HenpepbIBBoro H3MeBeBWI
JVlHHbI BnyCICHOro Tpy60npoBoa (PHC. 12.4), OnTHMaJIbBOH ,wIJI BbI-
6paHHoro CKopoCTBoro peJKHMa. K CHCTeMe BnycKa 6eB3HHoBbIX BHra-
Te.JIeB: nO,l{lC.JIlO'IeBa CHCTeMa pen;HpKY.JUIn;HH OTpa60TaBIIIHX T8.30B AID!
CHH)KeBWI TOKCH'lHOCTH.
B ,WIHraTeillIX C B8.M)'BOM KpOMe 3JIeMeBTOB cfJWIbTpan;HH H myMO-
r.nyIIIellIDI B CHCTeM}' BnycKa BXOAllT KOMllpeCCOpbl H OX.JI8,lJ;HTeJIH B8,lJ;-
o'IHoro B03yxa. B CHCTeMe BnYCKa ,WImaTeJIeB: C 3JIeKTpoHHbIM
PRc. 12.3. BnyCDlall CHCTeMa C H3MeBJIe-
Moil reOMelpHeii:
a - ,ItJIHIIHbIi BIlycl[BOit I8BILJ1, COOTBeTCTBY-
JO pe<IFJiIMY BB3DIX B cpe,l\BBX o6opoTOB;
6 - IOpoTll:Bii I8BILJ1 AU paOOThi ,QIIBI"aTeJ1ll
sa pemIMC BhICODIX 06oporoB; 1 - B03-
BhIit 4mn&Tp; 2 -/J,POCCCJJ&B8JI 3aCJIoma; :I -
peclllICp; 4 - 3aCJIoHU, B3MCBJIIOIqU ,I/JIIIB}'
BIIycI[B&IX I8BILJ1q.a; J - IIpBBOA 311CJ101DB
326

PRe. 12.4. CHCTeMa e I11J8.BBhlM perYJlH-
pOBaBHeM ltJIHBLI Bnycmoro Tpalna:
Q - DW10Jl:CBBC DOlUllIJI:Boro 3J1CMCBTa
BnycmO:it CHCTeMhI, COOTBCTCTB)'IOlJtCro pc-
JI:IIM)' BB:3DX o60po-roB; 6 - DO.nOJI:CBBC 00-
lIBBJl:HOI'O 3J1CMCIITB BoycnJO:it CllCTeMhl,
06ecoC'IIIIIIU01Qcro l[opoTDii DBan AJIJI pa-
60Thl lUIBI'aTeJ1JJ BB pemlMC BWCOXBX o60po-
TOB; 1 - OOTOI[ or B03J1YII1110ro 4>RJIb;
2 - DOlUllDIJIbI:it DOBOpa'lBll8.IOCJJ 3J1e-
MCBT BoycnJoii CBCTCMhI, nn8BBO B3MCHJJ-
IOlqIIit AJIBHY BoycnJOro 'lpUTa; 3 - I[opnyc
BoycnJOro "Ipy600p0BO,Qa
ynpaBJIeHHeM p83MeeHhI paCXO,n:OMep B03,n:yxa, ,n:aT'mKH TeMDepaTYP
H ,n:aBJIeHIDl, CUCTeMa nYCKa XOJIO,n:HOrO .D:BuraTeJUI, ,n:pOCeeJIbHaJI 3a-
CJIOHICa C MeXaHH3M3.MH 3JIeICTpOHHOrO ICOHTpOJIJI H ynpaBJIeHIDI, a T8.IC-
)ICe ICJIanaHhI nepenycICa CBe)ICeH CMeCH, peItHPICY.JIjJ:QHB H BeH
ICapTepa.
KOHCTpyICItHB CHCTeMhI BnycICa 3aBHCHT OT THna, Ha3Ha'leHIDI H MO-
IIUlOCTH .D:BuraTeJIJI. BnYCICHhle CHCTeMhI aBTOM06HJIbHhIX ,n:BuraTeJIeH
06bI'lHO H3rOTOBJUIIOT H3 amoMHHHeBhIX CWlaBOB, HO B nOCJIe,n:Hee
BpeMH Bee 60JIbmee pacnpOCTp8,HeHHe no.ny'laIOT CHCTeMhI H3 cneQHa.m.-
HhIX llJIacTMacc.
B ,n:BYXTaICTHhIX .D:BHraTeJIJIX CHCTeMa B03.n:yxono,n:Bo,n:a COCTOHT H3
B03,n:YXOBo,n:a, CHCTeMhI 4>HJIbTPa.QHH B03.n:yxa, ICOMDpeccopa, ICOTOPLIH
no,n:aeT C)J:CaTLIii BO,n:yx B peCHBep, p83MeeHHLIii B nOJIOCTH 6JIOICa.
B ,n:BYXTaICTHhIX .l1:H3eJUIX C V-06pa:mOH KOHCTpYICItHeH 6JIOKa B Ka'leCTBe
pecHBepa HcnOJIb3YeTCg nOJIOCTb Mexc.n:y 6JIOIC3.MH.
12.2. BO]OOqJfCTIITF.JIH
OcHOBHhIMH Tpe60B3.HHJIMH, npe,n:DJIBJI.HeMhIMH K CBCTeMaM B03.n:y-
XOO'IHCTICH, .HBJIJIeTCg Ka'leCTBO O'IHCTKH B03,n:yxa H MHHHMaJIbHO B03-
MO:xrnoe rHJJ;paBJIH'lecKOe COnpOTHBJIeHHe 3THX CHCTeM, 'lT0 He06xo.n:u-
MO ,WIg CHlDKeHIDI 3aTpaT 3HeprHH Ha r83oo6MeH H nOBhlIIIeHH.H HanOJI-
HeHH.H poB. KOHCTpYICTHBHO CHCTeMa ,n:OJI)J:CHa HMeTb HaHMeHb-
llIHe ra6apHTLI H Macey, ,WI.H '1ero OHa 06" ,n:HH.HeTC.H C 3JIeMeHTaMH
myMor.nymeHIDI BnycKa. Oc060e BHHMaHHe npH 3TOM y,n:eJIJIeTc.H BLl60-
PY p3.3MepoB H reOMeTpH'IecKoH 4>opMe 3JIeMeHTOB B03.n:yXOO'lHCTHTeJI.H
H rJIymHTeJIJI myMa BnycKa, 'lT0 n03BOJIJIeT HCnOJIb30BaTb HeCTa.QH-
oHapHhle JIBJIeHH.H nOTOKa CBe)ICerO 3apg,n:a ,n:JIJI YJIY'ilIIeHHg HanOJIHeHH.H
QHJIHH,ZJ;pOB. B rpY30BhIX. aBTOMCi6HJIJIX H BHe,n:opO)J:CHHICaX npHMeIDIIOT
327

BhIHOCHhIe CHCTeMLI B03YX03a6opa C pa3MeIneBHeM B HHX 4>HJIbTPY-
IOInHX 3JIeMeHTOB. HepeJ\Xo B03YX03a6opBHK TaKHX aBTOM06HJIeii pac-
nOJIaraeTCg Ha,zJ; Ka6HHOH HJIH COBMeIneH co CToiiKoii-paMoii BeTpOBOrO
CTeKJIa, 'lTO n03BOIDIeT o6ecne'lHTb 3a6op B03a C BbICOTbI 2,0...2,5 M,
T. e. H3 30HbI C nOHB)I(eHHbIM nhlJlecoeJ»KaHHeM. OKOH':IaTeJIbHO 30Ha
3a6opa B03.Qyxa onpeeJIgeTcg nOCJIe HClIblTaHHii aBTOM0611IDl B 3.3po-
aMH':IecKoii Tpy6e. Y JIencoBbIX aBTOM06HJIeii B03YX 3a6HpaeTCJI
H3-no KanOTa aBTOM06HJIJI. MeCTOpaCnOJIO)l(eHBe B03yxo3a6opBHKa
onpeeJIJleTcg 3KcnepHMeHT3JIbHbIM nyreM, C Y'leTOM TeMllepaTYPHbIX
nOJIeii B norocanOTHOM npOCTpaHCTBe, 3Ha':leBHg KOTOpbIX IDI COBpe-
MeHHbIX aBTOM06HJIeii npHBO,ngTCg Ha pHC. 12.5.
B aTMoc4>epHoM B03e B 60JIbmeM HJIH MeHbmeM K01IH':lecTBe
ocera npHcYTCTByroT ':IaCTHIJ;bI IlbIJIB. KOJIH':IecTBeHHOe coep)l(8.HBe
IlbIJIB B B03.Qyxe O:QeHBBaeTCg 3anblAeHHocmblO 803()yxa (r/M 3 ), nOKa3LI-
BaIOIneii MaccoBoe KOJIH':IecTBO nLIJIII, co,nep)l(aI:Qeiicg B 1 M 3 B03.Qyxa.
3aIILIJIeHHOCTb aTMoc4>epHoro B03a 3aBHCHT OT MHOrHX 4>aK-
TOpOB: ce30Ha ro,na, THlla rp}'HTa H ,noporH (Ta6n. 12.1), BnumoCTH
B03a, HHTeHCHBHOCTH ,lUJIDKeHWI, THna TpaHCnopTHoro cpe,nCTBa
H KOHCTpYK:QHH lllHH, HanpaBneHBg .BeTpa, 3.3po,nHHaMHKH TpRHCnOpT-
Horo cpe,nCTBa.
3aIILIJIeHHOCTb B03.nyxa, nocrynalOInero B B03.Qyxo3a6opBHK CHCTe-
MhI B03.nyxOO':IHCTKH ,lUJHraTeIDI npH 3KcnnyaTa:QHH aBTOM06Hlli1, 3aBH-
CRT, nOMHMO BLIlIIenepe':IHCJIeHHbIX YClIOBHii, OT MecTOpaCnOJIOJKeHWI
66T
PRc. 12.S. PacnOJIO:ll:eRHe B0303a60pBHIa B nonOTBOM npoCTpaBCTBe nen:OBOro
8.BTOM06HJIJl c Y'leTOM TeMDepaT}'PBLIX nOJIeii:
328

B03YX03a60pHHlCa, CICOpocTH )\BH)J[eHIUI aBTOM06BJll1 H MOaCT 1C0JIe-
6aTbCJI B npeeJIax OT 0,0003 o 1,4 r/M 3 .
Ta6J1U11il 12.1
TBII BBTOM06BJ1hBoi AOporB 3allbLJ]eBBOCTh 1I03.A}'X& lip. ,llamE_ .IITON06RJ1J1, rIM'
Oll.HBoro II IonOBBe
ABTOMarHCTpIUIb 0,001...0,002 HeT MBHLIX
C TBep ac4>an&T06eTOB
IIhIM nOIpLlTlleM 0,004...0,005 O,01LO,020
:6e3 TBeporo noKpLITIUI 0,01...0,10 0,4...0,6
Kap&ep 0,5...1,0 Ao 2,0
OCHOBHaJl Macca 'IaC"fH:Q nhTJIH, nocrymllOIItHX IC B0300'IHCTH-
Temo roJHraTeIDl, HMeeT pa3Mep o 40 MICM H COCTOHT B OCHOBHOM H3
'IaCTH OICCH,l{OB ICpeMHBJI, )J[eJIe3a H amoMHHBJI. XHMH'IecICHH cOCTas
nhTJIH pa3JIII'IHhIX no'IB no reJJJ'o npHBe.neH B Ta6JI. 12.2.
Ta6J1U11il 12.2
TJru 110..101 PII3MCp 'UCTBI{, Co.llepJ[8BIIC npoIIL1IeBBorO 1IeII{CCJ'II&, % 110 MIICCe
MJ[N Si0 1 Al 1 0. + Fc 1 0 Al 1 O" Cao MgO FeO
JIi!cc 5...10 62,2 17,3 - 14,1 2,0 0,3
IIooJl 5...10 79,1 12,3 - 1,2 - -
10...250 89,4 - - 1,1 - -
llepBo-
3eM LI0 88,5 8,6 7,1 0,4 0,2 -
10...250 60,6 22,3 15,0 0,8 0,5 -
3anhTJIeHHOCTb B03yxa, nOCTyn8.IOrqero B B0303a60pHHIC ICOp-
nyca HJIbTpa, B 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH Mepe onpeeJIJleTCJI BblCOTOH ero pac-
nOJIo)J[eHHJI H3,lI; nosepXHOCTblO oporH. YBeJIH'IeHHe Ha 0,7 M BblCOTbI
pacnoJIo)J[eHHJI B03x03a60pHHICa )'MeHbmaeT 38.IIbIJIeHHOCTb B03xa
no'ITH B 8 pa3, B OCHOBHOM 3a C'leT )'MeHbmeHHJI 1C0HD;eHTpH B B03-
yx.e ICpynHbIX 'IaC"fH:Q llbIJIH (Ta6JI. 12.3).
Ta6J1U11ll12.3
BwCOTa3860pa CO.llqm&Blle IIIolJIII, .
npo6w, M JIen:olloA Cp}'30BOi
.IITON06BJJI, BBTON06BJ1h
0,5 0,20 0,50
1,0 0,14 0,35
1,5 0,04 0,22
2,0 0,01 0,14
329

O,WIOH H3 rnaBHblX XapaK rCpHCTHIC, BJIWIIOHX Ha nOKa3aTeJIH pa-
60ThI B03.n;YXOO'IHCTHTenCH, HBJIJleTCJI iJucnepcHocmb nblAU.
TIo CnepcHOMy COCTaBY nbillb AeJIHTCJI Ha TpH BH.n;a:
1. MrnoBeHHaJI IIhIJIb, KOTOpM nO.n;HHMaeTCJl B B03.n;yx C Aopo)I(HOrO
nonoma ,ltBIDKHMCJI TpaOCnOpTHhIM cpeACTBOM H HMeeT pa3Mep
'IaCTKQ 60nee 150 MKM H CKOpOCTb oceAaHIDl B HenO,ltBH)I(HOM B03.ZJ;yxe
1,0 M/C. TUHe 'IaCTKQbI cOCTaBillIlOT OKono 55% OT MaCChI nOAHHMa-
eMoB MamHHoB nbIJIH.
2. BpeMeHHaJI IIhlJIb HMeeT pa3Mep 'IaCTKQ 2...150 MICM H CICOpocTb
BbIlla.n;eHIDl (1,0...0,18). 10- 3 M/C. Macca IIbIJIH :noro BlI)J;a COCTaBillIer
47...90% OT MaCCbI nbIJIH, nOAHHMaeMOH MamHHoH, 'lTO 3aBHCHT OT
THna nO'IBbI HJIH nOlcpbITIDl AoporH.
3. TIOCTOJIHHWI IIhlJIb COAep>KHT 'IaCTKQbI, CKOpoCTb OC8JK,/J;eHIDI
KOTOpbIX MeHee 0,18.10- 3 M/c.
Hau60nee onaCHa ,lVlll )J;BHraTeillI KBapeBM nbIJIb, TBep.n;OCTb 'Ia-
CTH KOTOpOH BblIIle TBep.n;oCTH Tp}'IIUIXCJl nOBepXHOCTeH .n;BHraTeillI.
B IIbIJIH C ,l{opo)I(Horo nOJIOT':Ia npHcyTCTB}'1OT H .n;pyme TBep,l{bIe
MHHep3JIbl, Bxo.n;e B COCTau MaTepH3JIOB .n;0p0)I(Horo nOJIOTHa,
a TaJDKe C3.)I(a H 'IaCTHm>! OT H3Hoca IIIHH.
34>4>eKTHBHocTb B03.n;JxOO'lHCTHTeneB ABC oeHHBaroT cJIe.QylO-
MH nOKa3aTenJlMll:
. K03<l>4>HnHeHTOM O'IHCTICH B03.ZJ;yxa;
. rH,l{paBJIH'lecICHM cOnpOTHBJIeHHeM;
. nbIJIeeMICOCTbIO;
. Ha.n;exmOCTblO;
. MaCCOBbIMH H ra6apHTHbIMH nOKa3aTenJlMll;
. CTOHMOCTbIO ICOHCTp}'IW:HH H 3aTpaTaMII Ha ero o6c.ny>KHB8.HHe
B npoecce 3ICcnnyaTa.rtHH.
34>4>eKTHBHOCTb O'lHCTICH B03.n;yxa OT IlbIJIH oeHHBaroT K03!p!pU¥U-
eHmaMU 01lUCmKU '1 HJIH nponycKa nblAU s. Ko3<l>4>lIIUIeHT O'lHCTICH
xapaKTepH3yer OTHOCHTeJIbHOe KOJIll'leCTBO IIbIJIH (%), 3a.n;ep)I(aHHOH
B03.n;yxoO'IHCTHTeneM, H onpeAenJIerCJl ICaK
M 2 M l -M3
'1=-.100 - .100,
Ml Ml
r.n;e M" M 2 , M3 - COOTBerCTBeHHO MaCChI nbIJIH, nOCTynaroeH, 3a.n;ep-
:xamHOH H npoeHHOH B03,l{yXOO'IHCTHTeneM.
K034>4>HQlleHT nponycKa IIbIJIH onpe.n;eillIerCJl KaIC: OTHOCHTeJIbHOe
COAep)K8.HHe nbIJIH 3a B03,l{yXOO'lHCTHTeneM: S(M3/Ml). 100%.
K034>4>HQlleHTbI nponycKa H O'IHCTICH CBJl33.HbI 3aBHCHMOCTiolO S =
=(100-'1)%.
CHcTeMa O'lHCTICH B03.nyxa cyecTBeHHO YBeJIH'lHBaer rH,l{pasnll'lec-
Koe conpoTHBneHHe BnyCKHOH CHCTeMbI. rH,l{paBJIII'IecKHe nOTepH Ha
B03.n;yxoO'IHCTHTene Ha pe)KHMe HOMHHaJIbHOB MOHOCTH onpe.n;emnoT-
.
330

CB KaK pa3HOCTb Mey aBlleHHeM Ha BXOe B B03YX03a60pHHK
H aBlleHHeM noc.ne nOCJIe.l{HerO :meMeHTa B03YXOO'lllCTKH ()J.JIB MHO-
rOCTyneH'laTbIX. cl>HJIbTpOB).
rH)J.paBJIH'fecKoe COnpOTHBlleHHe B03A)'X00'lllCTHTeJIB OTPHQaTellb-
HO BJIHBeT Ha K03cl>cl>HItHeHT HanOllHeHIDI Flv, yxy.zunaeT 3cl>cl>eKTHBHbIe
H 3KOHOMH'feCme nOK8.3aTeJIH pa60TbI ABHraTeJIB. 3KCnepHMeHT8JIb-
HbIMH HCCJIe.l{OBaHHBMH YCTaHOBJIeHO, 'ITO Be.JIH1lHBa rH){paBJIH'IecKoro
COnpOTHBJIeHWI no Mepe 3arpB3HeHIDI cl>HJIbTp}'lOIItHX 3JIeMeHTOB JIHHeii-
HO B03paCTaeT H 11..0 HeKOTopoH «npeeJIbHOID) Be.JIH1lHHbI I1pup (o-
nYCTHMoe rH){paBJIll'leCKOe conpOTHBlleHHe, CM. Ta6ll. 12.4) He OK8.3bIBa-
eT cym;ecrBeHHoro BJIHmnuI Ha K03cl>cl>HnHeHT HanOJIHeHHB ABHraTeJIB.
01J.HaKO B03paCTaIOInHe npH 3TOM 3Hepr03aTpaTbI Ha r8.3006MeH yxy-
malOT MOmHOCTHbIe H 3KOHOMH'lecKHe nOK8.3aTeJIH ABHraTeIDI. HaH60-
llee 'l)'BCTBHTellbHbIM K conpoTHBJIeHHIO Ha BnyCKe BBIDIeTCB ABHraTellb,
pa60TaIOIItHH Ha 6yraH-nponaHe.
KaIC BH,lJ;HO H3 Ta6ll. 12.4, HopMaTHBHhIe 3Ha'ieHIDI I1pup 3aBHCBT OT
mna H H8.3Ha'leHWI ABHraTeIDI H onpe.l{emllOTCB TeXHl£'leCmMH YCJIOBH-
BMH 3aBOa-H3rOTOBHTeIDI.
Ta6JIUIID 12.4
,l{1DII1iTCJ1h /\;,pup. IlIa
C HCEpOBLlM 3aIHraHHeM 5,0
3eJI& 3,5...4,0
3eJIL c ryp60JI8.AnYBOM 4,5___5,0
TpanopHLJii: ]1.0 7,0
OrHOCHTeJIbHbIe nOTepH MOmHOCTH .l{JUI ABHraTCmeH npOnOpl{HOHa-
JIbHbI COnpOTHBJIeHHIO Ha BnycKe. TaIC, YBeJIH'leHHe ypOBHB rH){p8.B-
JIl£'lecmx nOTepb Ha 100 MM B01J.BHOrO CToJI6a (BO.l{.CT.) BhI3bIBaeT
CHIDKeHHe MOInHOCTH ABlffaTeJIB npHMepHO Ha 1,3%.
B TO :xce BpeMB ,wIHraTeJIH C annapaTypOH JVllI pa60TbI Ha CKmKeH-
HOM r8.3e npH BbIIlleH8.3BaHHOM COnpOTHBJIeHHH Ha XOllOCTOM X01J.Y He
pa60Tocnoc06HbI.
J{H:reJIH, HMelOInHe 60JIbmHe 3Ha'leHWI K03<}>cl>HI\HeHTa H36hITKa B03-
yxa, MeHee '1YBCTBHTeJIbHbI K YBeJIll'leHHIO rB.l{paBJlH'IeCKOrO conpOTH-
BJIeHIDI B03YXOO'IHCTHTeJIeH. YBeJIH'IeHHe -I1p B031J.YllIHoro cl>HJIbTpa
,[tH3eIDI Ha 100 MM BO. CT. BhI3bIBaeT yrJeJIH'IeHHe yeJIbHOrO paCXO.l{a
TOllJIHBa H )'MeHbmeHHe MOmHOCTH npHMepp..) Ha 0,5%.
Ha OTeJIbHbIX ,wIlffaTeIDIX npHMeIDIIOT CHCTeMbI B03yxoO'IHCTm,
,WUI yaJIeHHiI nbIJIH, B KOTOpbIX HCnOJ1b3YIOTCB ycrpoHCTBa C 3)KeH-
OHHbIM OTCOCOM, COe,[tHHeHHhIe C BblllYCKHhIMH CHCTeM8.MB. 01J.HaICO
npHMeHeHHe :»Kenopa npHBo.nuT K POCTY npoTHB011..aBJIeHHB Ha BbIII)'C-
Ke, 'ITO BhI3bIBaeT nOTepH MOIWIOCTH H YBe.JIH1leHHe 3«Pcl>eKTHBHoro
yeJIbHOrO pacxoa TOllJIHBa.
331

KOnH'IecTBO IIhIJIH W u (Kr), KOTOpoe B03.n;YXOO'IHCTHTeJIb 3a.n;ep:x<H-
Ba.eT JJ,O JJ,OCTIDKeHH» npe,C\eJIbHO ,C\OnYCTHMOH BeJIlf'lHBbI rBAp3.Bnlf'leC-
Koro ConpOTHBneHIDI, Ha3bIBalOT nblAeeMKocmblO.
COBepmeHCTBO KOUCTPYKl\HH B03JJ.)'X00'lHCTHTenJl Ol\eHHBaeTCJI ero
ydeAbHou nblAeeMKocmblO (Krln):
(J- W n
- v'
rJJ,e V - nonHbI.H 06'beM, 33.HHMaeMhIii CHCTeMOH O'IHCTICH B03JJ.)'Xa.
KOHCTpyKQHB H pafioTa CHCTeM O'lllCTKII B03,ltyxa. B COBpeMeBHhIX
3.BTO"TpaKTOpBbIX ABHraTenJIX Hcnonb3}'1OT B03JJ.)'X00'IHCTHTenH CJIeJJ,Y-
IO.mHX mnOB: UHepl/UOHHO-l/eHmpo6e:JlC1lble, nopucmble H KOM6UHUP08f1H-
Hble. B CTiil\HOBapBbIX ABHraTenJIX HCnOJIb3yroTCJI HJIbTpbI 3neKTpo-
CTaTlf'leClCOrO THUa.
Huepl\HOBBbIe cl>HJIb"TpbI (pemeTICH) npHMeUJIIOTCJI B Ka'lecTBe npeJJ,-
BapHTenbHOH CTyneHH O'IHCTKH B03JJ.)'Xa.
llpHmum pa60TbI HBeplUiOHBbIX c»HJIbTpOB 3aKnlO'IaeTCJI B CJIeAY-
lOeM. 3anbmeHBbIH B03Ayx I nOCTynaeT B Kopnyc c»HJIbTpa, B KOTO-
pOM pacnOnO)I(eHbI nepeKpbIBalOHe APyr Apyra BaKnOHBbIe pe6pa
pemeTICH. B03AYX ABIDICeTCJI MHMO 3THX 3neMeHTOB co CKOpOCTblO AO
25 M/C. 3neMeHTbI, cOCTaBmnoe pemeTKY, nOCTeneHlIO C)')ICaIOTCJI
H 3aCT8.Bn»IOT pe3KO H3MeHJlTb HanpaBneBHe ABIDKeHIDI B03.u;ynmoro
nOTOKa II, npH :nOM lIbIJIeBbIe 'IaCTHl\bI BbI)J;eIDIIOTCJI H3 nOTOKa H no-
crynaIOT B 6ymcep, OTICY,lJ;a y,lJ;8JIJIIOTCJI C nOMOIl\b1O 3)J(eICQHOHHOro
YC'TpOHCTBa.
T 34>4>eKTHBHOCTb HHepl\HOHHbIX clJHJIbT-
pOB 33.BHCHT OT reOMe"TpH'IecKHX p83Me-
pOB H COOTBOmeHHH 3neMeHTOB, COCTaB-
IDIIOX pemeTKY, a TalOl(e OT COOTBome-
HHJI CKopOCTeii B03.nyxa Ha BXOAe v.,. H
BbIXO,lJ;e VOTC. K03c»Hl\HeHT npOnYCKa
nnOCKHX HBeplUiOllHbIX pemeTOK npH
vcrrc/v.,.= 3,8...4,7 ua CT8B)I;apTHOH nbUIH
paBeH 16%.
IIn:ocme pemeTKH Bbl3bIB8IOT HeBbICO-
Koe conpOTHBneHHe, .n;o 120 MM DO,lJ;. CT.,
'ITO n03Bon»eT npHMeUJITb HX B Ka'leCTBe
npe.n;BapHTenbHOH CT}'IIeHH O'IHCTKH MHO-
rOCTyneH'laTbIX B03OO'IHCTHTeneH.
l.{eHTpo6e)I(Hble O'IHCTHTeJIH, HJIH .l\H-
KnOHbI, HCnOJIb3}'1OTCJI B K'IeCTBe nep-
BOH CTyneBH O'IHCTKH B B03AyxOO'lHCTH-
TeJUIX, YCT3.H3.BJlHBaeMbIX Ha ABHraTeJUIX
,lJ;OpO)J(HO-CTpOHTeJIbHbIX MamHB, BHe,lJ;O-
PRe. 12.6. HaepD;HoBHblii O_CTH-
TeJl& nepBOH CTyneHB 41HJI&rpa:
1 - 38II1oIJ]eJIBWi B03 11 - 0'111-
JqCHIIJ.Iit B03A}'X
332

pOEHHKOB, -rpaKTOpOB H CneU;TeXHHKH, npe,WIa3Ha'IeHlIOH,lVIJI pa60TLI
B CHJThHO 3anLIJIeHHbIX yCJlOBIDIX.
no KOHCTPYKu;HH HX MO)((HO pa3;zJ;eJlHTL Ha npSlMOTO'IHbIe u;mmOHLI
H u;mmOHLI C nOBopOTOM nOTOKa-B03A)'Xa Ha 180°, Ha MOHOU;HKJIOHLI,
Kor,na BeeL nOTOK B03.n)'xa npoxo,ron '1epe3 O.D;HH ItHKJIOH, HJIH MYJIb-
THu;HKJIOHLI, Kor,na O'IHCTHTeJTh COCTOHT H3 HeCKOJThKHX MOHOu;HK-
JIOHOB (pHC. 12.7).
npH pa60TLI u;eHTpo6e)((Horo O'IHCTHTeJUI OCHOBaH Ha .n:eHCT-
81m u;eHTpo6eXCHOH CHJIbI, KOTopaSl npH 3aKpY'ffiB8.HHB Bxo.nsrm:ero
nOTOKa B03.nyxa OT,l{e.JUIeT 'IaCTH.Q}' TILIJIH H3 B03.nyxa.
K034'4'Hu;HeHT nponycKa TILIJIH MOHOu;HKJIOHa npSlMOTO'IHOrO
Tuna - IJ,O 60%, MOHOU;HKJIOHa «)J;OH8.JTh;zJ;COID) -30%, u;HKJIOHa
342
a
2
3
5
6
2
2
1
8
4
Pac. 12.7. KOHCrpYKl\HH QHKJIOBOB:
a - MOBOOB co c60poM IIW1B B 6YHIep; 1 B03AYXOBOA AJllI oeBBoro B03AYD; 2 -
Iopnyc O'l1lCTHTeJ1JI; j - 6YHIep AJllI IIhIJ]S; " IpbUlb'lan::a, 3UJIY'IBBIUO nOTOI B03AYD; a -
OBhl AJllI M)'Jlb'J"BItIIKJIOBBLIX B03A}'XOO'IBCTHTe.JJCII; 6 - C T-llHI'eBItBILIIhBhIM BXOAOM B03AYXA; /I -
C IpbIJIb'IILn::o:ii: 1 - IOHB'IecJ[8J( 'IBCI'b Iopnyca I.IIIIJIOHa; 2 JJIIBAPH'lecI8JI 'IIICTh Iopnyca; j -
B03AYXOBOA AJUI eBBoro B03AYXa; " TlIHreHqHaJ1bBblB Da1PyOOI; 5 - IpblJlb'lan::a
333

C u:eHTp06excHhIM 3aBHXpHI-eJIeM «MaHID> - 40%. rH,ZJ;paBJIH1ieCKOe
conpoTHBneHHe u;HKnOHOB OT 50 1l.0 100 MM B01l.. cr.
HHeplJUOHHD-lJeHmpo6e:JICHble oucmumeAu npHMeIDnOTC.K B B03)Q'-
XOO'IHCTHTeJUIX aBTOTpanopHbIX 1l,H3eJIeH B Ka'iecTBe nepBoH cryneHH
O'iHCTKH. K03cl>q)JneHT nponycKa IIbIJIH TaKHX O'IHCTHTeJIeH Kone6-
JIeTC.K OT 10 }1,0 60%, a m;::J;paBJIH'ieCKOe conpOTHBJIeHHe He npeBLImaeT
100 MM B01l.. cr. TaKHe nOK8.3aTeJIH n03BOJUIIOT npHMemrrb HX B oc-
HOBHOM B Ka'ieCTBe nepBoH CT}'rreHH O'IHCTKH.
OCHOBHLIM H8.3Ha'ieHHeM nepBoH cryneHH O'IHCTKH B03}1,yxa JIBJUI-
erCJI CHIDICeHHe IIbIJIeBOH HarpY3Im Ha BTOpYK> OCHOBJIYIO CTyneHb
B03}1.yx00'iHCTIm, a cne}1,OBaTeJIbHO, yaeJIlf'leHHe npO}1,OJDICHTeJIbHOCTH
ero pa60TLI }1,0 Tex.IIH'ieCKOrO o6cnyxamaHIDI.
HaH60JIbmee pacnpOCTpaneHHe Ha rpY30BLIX aBTOM06HJUIX nony-
'iHJIH 6yxcmyneHamble 603yxooucmume.llU C KapTOHHLIMH cl>HJIbT-
PYK>HMH 3JIeMeHTaMH (PHC. 12.8, a) BO BTOpOH cryneHH O'iHCTKH.
Haxo}1,JIT npHMeHeHHe TaKXCe KOM6W1upo8aHHble 603j)yxooucmumeAu
C KapTOHHbIMH cl>BJIbTPYK>IIVIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH, B nepBoH cryneHH KO-
TOpLIX HCnOJIb3y:IOTC.K 6aTapeH u;HKJIOHOB co c60pOM oTcenapHpoBaH-
HOH IIbI.JIH B 6yHKepe C aBTOMaTlf'leCKHM y}1,aneHHeM ee C nOMOlI\b1O
r8.30BOrO 3xceKTopa.
Ha rpY30BbIX nOJIHOnpHBO}1.HblX aBTOM06HJIJIX npHMemnoTCJI KOM-
6HHHpOBaHHbIe CHCTeMLI O'iHcrIm B0311.Yxa (PHC. 12.8, 6), B nepBoH
cryneHH KOTOpbIX HCnOJIb3YlOTCJI KOHH'ieClCHe HHep:QHOHHbIe pemeTlCH
C aBTOMaTH'iecICHM y}1,aJIeHHeM oTcenapHpOBaHHOH r8.30BhIM 3)I(eKTOpOM
IIbIJIH.
mHpOKOM)' HCnOJIb30BaHHIO 6aTapeH :QHKJIOHOB B cHcreMax O'iHcrIm
BOJl1.Yxa npeIDITCTByroT HX 60JIbmHe ra6apHTbI H BblCOKaJI MaTepHaJIO-
eMKOCTb. ,[{JIJI o6ecne'ieHIDI HaH60JIbmeH npO,D;OJI)I(HTeJIbHOCTH pa60TbI
,nByxcryneH'iaTOrO B03J1.)'X00'iHcrHTeJIJI K03cpcpH:QHeHT nponycKa nhIJIH
nepBoH cTyneHH £1,D;O.JDI(eH HaXO,D;HTbCJI B npe,D;eJIax 8...15% (PHC. 12.9).
.l(aJIbHeiimee CHH)I(eHHe Ko3<l>CPH:QHeHTa £1 He npHBO}1,HT K yaenH'leHHIO
npo,D;OJI)I(HTeJIbHOCTH pa60TbI 1" ,nByxcryneH'IaTbIX B03.z:tYX00'iHCTHTeJIeH
C KapTOHHbIMH cpHJIbTpyroIIUlMH 3JIeMeHTaMH BCJIe.D:CTBHe Toro, 'iTO
C YMeHbmeHHeM p8.3Mepa 'ia nhIJIH, nOCTynaroeH Ha cpBJIbTpO-
BaJIbllbIB: KapTOH, Y.D:eJIbHaJi nbIJIeeMKocrb nocne,Wlero pe3KO COKpama-
eTCS!. TIOMHMO Toro YMeHbmaeTCjf pecypc pa60TbI B03,D;YXOO'iHCTHTeIDI
}1,0 MOMeHTa ,D;OCTIDKeHHS! npe.D:eJIbHOro conpOTHBJIeHIDI H3-3a nOBbIIlleH-
Horo conpOTHBneHIDI nepBOH cryneHH.
mHpOKO npHMeHJIBmHeCJI paHee B03}1.yx00'IHCTHTeJIH WleplJUOHHO-
MaCARHOZO muna, OTJIH1IalOIIUlecJI npOCTOTOH KOHCTPYKIUiH H 60JIb-
llIHM cpOKOM CJIY)I(6b1, 06na;:taroT PAAOM cymeCTBeHHbIX e;:tOCTaTKOB,
OrpaHH'lHBaroHX B03MOXCHOCTb HX pa.u;HOHa.JIbHOrO HCIIOJIb30Ba.HIDI
Ha ,nBHI'aTeJIe. 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTb O'IHcrIm B03}1.yxa OT IIbIJIH TaKHMH
cl>BJIbTpaMH cpaBHHTeJIbHO HeBblcoKa H B 3Ha'iHTeJIbI!0H Mepe 3aBHCHT
334

a
6
Pac. 12.8. B03,!Q'XOO'IHCTHTeJI& C nproBHLIM 41HJILlpflOIUHM 3J1eMeRTOM (a) B IOM-
611HBp0BaBBLIe yxcTYIleH'laTLIe B0300'IHCTHTeJIH (6):
J - npJIMoro'lllIolit MOBOOB; 2 - npromn.di 4>HJ1hTP}'IO :mCMCBT; 3 - 6ymep AJIJI c60pa
on:eDapllpOlI8BBoA m.vm; " - J:OBll'lCCEllJI BBCPIIBOBII8JI pcmcna; 5 - BBepltIIOBBo-MaCJIKBWIi
B03O'IBC'I'BTCJIh
OT pe)f(HMa pa60TLI ,nBHraTeJIJI. TaK, CCJIH npH pacxO,ll;e B03,l{)'Xa,
COOTBeTCTByroerO HOMHHa.JILHOMY pe)f(HMY pa60ThI ,nBHraTeJIJI, JIY'I-
nme 06paJ:n&I cIIHJIbTpOB nponycKalOT 0,8...1,0% IIbIJIH, TO npH pa60TC
Ha peXGIMax '1acTIf'IHbIX HarpY30K :nOT nOKaJaTeJIb }'BeJIH'lHBaeTC.R ,lI;O
5...10%.
B03XOO'IHCTHTeJIH cyxozo muna B 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOM Mepe JIHIIIeHhI
He,l{OCTaTKOB, npHC}'IlUIX HHepWloHHo-MacJUIHhIM B03XOO'IHCTHTeJIJIM;
OBB 06mi,laJOT 3c11<PeICTHBHOCTblO O'lHCTICH B03.nyxa, He 3aBHCHIJJ;eM OT
335

"t
3
"
20 40 60 80 100
€t, %
PRc. 12.9. 3aBHCHWOCTb OTROCBTeJI&BOrO BpeMeD pa60Thl or yxcryneB'laTOI"O .03pyxO-
O'IBC'l1ITeJlJI OT IOH1UIeBTa DpOnyCD nepBOB: cryneHH £]
peJKHMa pa60TLl ,WJHraTeJIJl, H B 10...30 pa3 npeBLlillalOT aHa.JIOTH'ffihIH
DOICa3aTeJIb HBepnBOHHO-MaCJIJnIbIX B03,AyxoO'lllCTHTeJIeH. KpoMe Toro,
BaICODHTeJIbBhlii xapU::Tep IIhIJIeOTJIO)J(eBIDJ Ha lCapToHHhIX r!JHJIbTPY-
IOIItIIX 3JIeMeBTaX (KcI>3) ,AeJIaeT B03MO)J(HhIM npHMeHeBHe npH6opoB
(HII,IJ;lIICaTOpOB 3aIIhIJIeBHOCTH), nOICa3bIBaIOlWIX B npOlecce 31CcDJIYaTa-
QHH poCT conpoTHBJIeBHSl CHCTeMhI BnyclCa 8.BTOM0611JU1 H CHrHa.JIH3HPY-
IOIItIIX 0 Beo6xo,nHMOCTH npoBe,neBHSl 06CJIyxmBaBHSl r!JHJIbTpyJOmero
3JIeMeBTa (PHC. 12.10).
TpY,nBOCTB ICOMDOBOBICB B03.A)'XOO'lllCTHTeJIeH C KcI>3 B 60JIbme-
rpY3BbIX 8.BTOM06HJHlX H Be06xo,QIIMOCTb BClCJllO'IeBIDl no,norpeBa BCa-
CblBaeMoro B03,Ayxa He n03BOJIJIIOT YCTaB8.BJIH-
BaTb T8.ICBe r!JBJIbTpbI B MOTOpBOM oTcelCe. Ta-
ICBM 06Pa.30M, Me)J(.Ay ,nBHraTeJIeM B B03.A)'XO-
O'lllCTHTe.neM B ICOBCTpyICWIH 8.BTOM06HJISl DO-
l JlBIDIeTCJI B03.A)'XODpoBO,n C pe3HHOBbIMH llIJIaH-
r8.MH B CTJDKBbIMH xOMyTaMH.
Cym,eCTBYIOIItlle MeTO,Qbl paC'leTa B03.A)'XO-
6 O'IBCTHTeJIeH B 3Ba'lBTeJIbBOH Mepe OCBOBaBbI
Ba HCDOJIb30BaBHH 3ICCDepHMeBT8JIbBbIX H CTa-
TBCTll'leCKHX ,n8.HHbIX. ,nOCTOBepBOCTb 1C0TOpblX
cpaBBHTeJIbBO BeBbIcolCa, BCJIe,ACTBHe qero npH
HX pa.3pa60TICe Tpe6yeTcSl npoBe,neHHe 60JIb-
moro 06'beMa 3ICcDepBMeHTa.m.HbIX ,AOBO,AOq-
BbIX pa60T.
PaC'leT HBepnBOHHbIX B03.nyIIIHbIX r!JHJIbT-
POB 683HpyeTcSl Ba onpe,neJIeHHH CKOpOCTB
oc3JK,LteHIDI TBep,nOH '1aCTB-UbI B B03.nynIHOM
nOTOKe, Kor,na B B03.nynIHOM npOCTpaHCTBe
YCT8.B8.BJIHBaeTCSl p8BeHCTBO CHJIbI nDlCeCTH
'1aCTH-UbI H CHJIbI COnpOTHBJIeHIDI B03a ee
,l(BIDICeHHlO. B 3TOT MOMeHT '{aCTH:D;a IIbJ1IH
Ha'iHHaeT nepeMemaTbCSl paBHOMepBO co CKO-
pocTblO ocWlC,lJ;eHIDI 110, 3BaqeBHe KOTOpoH 3a-
J
2
J
4
5
PRc. 12.10. H8.zJ;1uaTOP o-
nyCl1lMoro rBJIPaBJIH'lec-
Ioro coopoTHBJIeHHJ1 41ap-
M&I <<:6axapa»:
1 - upymma; 2 - CMOYpOIIoe
OEBO; !J - MeM6pllBJ.; " - J:op-
nye; S - p.I'W"; 6 - DOpwe_;
7 - OTBcpcme AU DOAJIOAa
B03
336

BHCHT OT MaCChI 'IaCTHlthI, ee p3.3Mepa, BJl31C0CTH H DJIOTHOCTH B03ym-
HOB cpe.w>I.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3axOHOM CTOlCca CICOpOCTb OCaJK,ZI;eHHJI 'IaCTHqbI
nbIJIH
Vo = gx2 (Po - p.)/2p,
re x - JtH8.Merp '1aCTHqbI IlbIJIH; Pn - llJIOTHOCTb 'IaCTHqbI IlbIJIH;
P. - WIOTHOCTb B03yxa; p - JtHH8.MH'leCIC8J.I BJl31C0CTb cpe.w>I.
OIHTaeTCJI, 'ITO B npe,nenax Re < 1 CICOpoCTb OCeHHJI mapo-
06pa3HhIX '1aCTHn nponOplUIOB8.JIbBa KBa.L\paTY HX JUi8.MeTpa, p3.3BOCTH
nnOTHOCTeB 'IaCTIIqbI H cpeAhI B 06paTHo nponopOHaJIbHa BJl31C0CTH
CpehI.
OAH8.lC0 peanbHaJi CICOpOCTb OCaJK,Zl;eBHJI TBepAhIX '1aCTH:Q B B03ym-
HOM nOTOlCe Ha 50% MeHbme TeOpeTH'leCICOii, 'lT0 Tpe6yeT 06J13aTeJIb-
HOB 3ICcnepHMeHT8.JIbHOB ,nOBO.u;ICH HHep:QBOHHbIX O'IHCTHTeJIei.
IIpB :QeHTp06e)ICHOB O'lHCTlCe B03,nyxa OCaJK,ZI;eBHe IlbIJIH npoBcXO,l\l1T
no.n; .n;eBCTBBeM :QeHTpo6exCHOB CHJIbI, B03HBKalOI:Qei 3a C'leT BHXpeBoro
,nBIDKeHHJI nOTOlCa B B03,nyxoO'IHCTHTeJIe.
CIcOpOCTb OCaJK,ZI;eHBJI 'IaCTH:QhI IlbIJIH B :QHICJIOHe
Va = 1:ro 2 R,
r,ne R - Pa.L\H)'c Bu:yrpeHHei nosepXHOCTH :QHICJIOHa; 1: - BpeMJI, B Te-
'IeHBe 1C0Toporo qaCTB:Qa IIbIJIB .n;OCTBraeT CTeHICH ItHICJIOHa; ro - yr-
nOB3.JI ClCOpOCTb, ro=vIR, V - CICOpOCTb B03.u;yxa B :QHlCJIOHe.
IIpH paC'leTe :QHICJIOHOB ycnOBHO npHHBM3.IOT, 'ITO qaCTJlIta IlbIJIH,
.n;OCTHrm8J.I BHyrpeHHeii nOBepXHOCTH ICJIOHa, BeJIJleTCJI H3 nOTOlCa.
BpeMJI, He06xo.u;BMOe .lU1J1 npeo,noneBHJI nym: OT BHenmei IIOBepx-
HOCTH :QHICJIOHa RI ,nO BIlyrpeHHei R, onpeeJIJleTCJI 1C8.IC
inRI
t=[(18p/p,.xvg)]-.
R
Onpe,neJIeHHe AH8.Merpa H8.HMeHbIllHX '1aCTJIIt, OT,neJIJleMbIX B :QBK-
nOHe, Be,neTCJI npH nOCTOJIBHOB CICOpOCTH Bpa.I:Q3.I01:QerOCJl B03A}'nmoro
nOTlCa: 
( R-R'\
Xmin=[(JL/xporo)]ln R J
3Ha'leHHJI Va, R H RI BbI6Hp3.lOTCJI 1C0HCTpyrrOpOM. 1:leM 60nbme
CICOpOCTb Va H MeHbme BeJIH'lHHa R - Rh TeM clJelCTHBHee pa60TaeT
:QHlCJIOH, HO npB 3TOM paCTeT ero conpOTBBJIeHBe.
337

Cym;ecTByroT ,Z:(pyrHc MeTOJU>I paCqera 1tHKJI0HOB: BHXpeBOH BOpOHICH
H C yqeToM Typ6YJIeHTHOrO nepeMemeHHB.
HaH60JIee 3<l>r}>eICTHBHO O'lHCTlCa B03,Z:()'Xa OCYlI!ecTBJUleTCB CYXHMH
HJIbTpyromHMH 3JIeMeHTaMH. KOHCTpW1 HJIbTpYlOmHX 3JIeMeHTOB
nOCTOBHHO COBepmeHCTBYeTCB, qTO n03BOJIBeT nOBhICHTb HX na..n:e:xc-
HOCTb, y,Z:(eJIbH}'lO B03,Z:(YUIHYIO HarpY3XY H nhIJIeeMICOCTb. nommeHHe
HJIbTpyroII!HX 3JIeMeHTOB Ha OCHOBe HJIbTpOBa.JIbHhIX xapTOHOB
H CHHTeTHqeclCHX MaTepHaJIOB n03BOJIHJIO C03,Z:(aTb 1C0HCTpHH O'IH-
CTHTeJIeH C 3ap8.Hee 3a,Z:(8.HHbIMH xapaICTepHCTHlC8.MH, qTO ,Z:(OCTHTaeTCB
H3MeHeHHeM pa3MepoB nop npH npOH3BO,Z:(CTBe HJIbTpOBaJIbHOrO 3JIe-
MeHTa, TeM C3.MhIM onpe,Z:(eJUleTCJI H8.H60JIbwHii xpHTH'IecKHii pa3Mep
qaCTHQ DLIJIH, 1C0TophIe MOryT npoHHlCHyrb BMecTe C B03,Z:()'XOM BO
BnyCICHyIO cHCTeM}' ,Z:(BlITaTeJUl. C1>HJIbTpyroH 3JIeMeHT MO)[(HO pac-
cMaTpHBaTb xalC MOHOJIHTHoe TeJIO, npOHH38.HHoe ICpHBOJIHHeHHbIMH
X8.HaJIaMH. B03J(yX ,Z:(BIDKeTCB no 3THM XpHBOJIHHeHHhIM K8.HaJI3.M C BOp-
CHCThIMH CTemcaMH, H qaCT nhIJIH OC3JK,ll;aIOTCB Ha CTeHKax, TeM
CaMhIM cyxBJIKaHaJI H nOBb1IIIaB TOHKOCTb t}>HJIbTpaH.
B o6meM c.nyqae K03(fi(fiu¥ueHm nponycKa Mo:xceT 6hITb onpe,Z:(eJIeH
-At '"
lCaIC e=e , r,Z:(e t - TO.JIII!HHa 'i'BJIbTpyromero MaTepHaJIa; 1- K03t}>-
HQlleHT oceHWI nhIJIH (BeJIH'lHHa 3ICcnepHMeHTaJIbHBJI).
YCJIOBWI pa60ThI t}>BJIbTpyromero 3JIeMeHTa oeHHBaIOTCB BeJIH'IH-
HOH yoeAbHou 6030yumou HaZPY3KU [M 3 /(q 'M 2 )]:
v.
q=-,
F
r,Z:(e V. - pacxo,Z:( B03,Z:()'Xa qepe3 ,Z:(BlITaTeJIb, M 3 /; F - DJIOma,zu. pa60-
qeH nOBepXHOCTH t}>HJIbTpyromero 3JIeMeHTa, M 2 .
KOCBeHHbIM ICpHTepHeM DhIJIeeMICOCTH cyxHX HJIbTpyroII!HX 3JIe-
MeHTOB JIBIDIeTCJI U3,MeHeHUe 6eAU'lUHbl ux yoeAbHozo conpomUSAeHWI:
Z M-bp.
,
cp
r,Z:(e Ap. H ApE - COOTBeTCTBeHHO HaqaJIbHoe H KOHe'IHOe conpoTHB-
JIeHWI t}>HJJbTpyromero 3JIeMeHTa; qJ - 3anhIJIeHHOCTb B03.nyxa, no.QBep-
raeMoro HJIbTparvm.
YoeAbH{J.R nblAeS{J.R HazpY3Ka Ha cyxo:ii:: 4>HJIbTpyroIqHii: 3JIeMeHT
onpe,Z:(emIeTCB KaIC g-..=Mz/F, rAe M 2 - KOJIHqecTBO IILlJIII, oceBmeH Ha
HJIbTpyromeM 3JIeMeHTe x MOMeHTY nOBhIlIIeHHB COnpoTHBJIeHWI B03-
,Z:()'XOO'IHCTHTeJUI ,Z:(O 700 MM BO,Z:(. CT.
OcHoBHhIe napaMeTphI 3JIeMeHTOB 83 lCapTOHa onpe,Z:(emnoTCB HC-
XO,Z:(SI H3 pacxo,Z:(a B03,Z:(yxa ,Z:(BHraTeJIeM Ha HOMHiIaJIbHOM pe:xcHMC
338

V. H npHHJlThIX 3Ha'lCHHH q, a TaIOKe OT cnoco6a yDIa..ztKH leapTOHHOH
mrophI B 3JIeMeHT (PHC. 12.11).
IIJIolIt pa60'leH nOBcpXHOCTH ICaproHa onpeAeJIJIeTCJI leaK
F=VJq.
mHpHBa CfOpoHbI ropa h = 0,002£1,5. mar MeXC)J;Y CKJIa,ltKaMH ro-
pa a=5...8 MM Bw6HpaeTCJI H B A8JIbHeHmeM npH KOMnOHOBICe ICOppeIC-
THPYeTCJI. BeJIH'lHHa mara BJIBJIeT Ba llhIJIeeMICOCfh. B CJIO)l(eHHOM
lTI
I D 8 -1A
i 
A-A
 -
a
6
i!
iJ
6
e
PIle. 12.11. OaIOBBWe p8.3Mept.I B cnoco6... yKJI8..aIB WTOpbl B CYXOM 41HJILlpylOIQeM
3JleM:eHTC:
a, 6, Z, d - C DOCTOJlllBoA lIDIpIDIol ; .,  - C DepeMeBBol IIIBpBIIol 
339

COCTOJIHHB nJIOIUa,nh 601(OB08 nOBepXHOCTH cl>HJIhTpYIOIUero :meMeHTa
Fl =O,5Falh. a..rree H3 paueHCTBa 0,5Falh=nDH onpe,ll;eJIJIeTcJI D HJIH
H C }"IeTOM COOTHOmeHHJI DIH=0,4...6, HO 3TO He JIBlliIeTCSI 06J13aTeJIb-
HLIM.
XapaKTepHCTHICH CYXHX cl>HJIbTPYIOIUHX 3JIeMeHTOB onpe,ll;emnOTCSI
COrJIaCHO OTpaCJIeBhIM CTaH.lI:apTaM H rocr 8002, rOCT H8034, SAB J
726, 726c (CTaH,Z:l;apTbI 06IUecTBa aMepHICaHCI<HX aBTOM06HJIbHhIX HH-
)l(eHepoB). Pa3MepLI CyxHX cl>HJIhTp}'lOII(HX 3JIeMeHTOB CT3.H)];apTH30BaHLI
(SAE J 114). Onpe,n:eJIeHHe aKYCTH'leCICOii 3<l>ct>eICTHBHOCTH rJIymHTeJIeii
myMa npoH3BO,ll;HTCB no CTaH,n:apTY SAB J 1207.
H3MeHeHHe 06'bCMOB Ha,n:rropWHeBoro npoCTpaHCTBa npH ra:m06-
MeHe npHBO.D:HT K B03HH1CHOBeHHIO IIIyMa. MOIWIOCTb aKYCTH'IeCKO-
1'0 H3JIY'1eHmI npH 3TOM 3aBHCHT OT .D:HaMeTpa IUlJIHll.npa H XO,ll;a
nopmIDI H npoJIBJIJIeTCJI B OCHOBHOM Ha HH3KHX 'IaCToTax, KpaTlIhIX
nepHO,ll;Y 'Iepe,n:OBaHIDI pa60'lHX OB B OT,lI;eJIbHLIX H.npax
.D:BHraTeIDI. ID}'M Ha cpe.D:HHX H BhICOKHX 'I8.CTOTax reHepHPyeTCJI
nOTOICOM B03J{yXa, 06TeKaIOmHM 3JIeMeHThI BnYCKHoro TpaKTa. Mom-
HOCTh aKyCTH'IeCKOrO H3JIY'1eHIDI Ha 3THX 'IaCToTax 3aBHCHT OT CICOpO-
CTH B03.lJ:YIllHoro nOTOKa. OCHOBHhIM H MaJIOH3yqeHHbIM HCTO'IHHKOM
JIBIDIeTCJI myM, B03HHKaIOIItHii npH nepelCphITHH ct>8.3 r8.30pacnpe,n:eJIe-
HmI, oc06eHHo B BhICOICOct>OpCHpOB8.HHhIX .D:BHraTeJUIX. HCnOJIh30Ba-
HHe CHCTeM TYP60Ha 3Ha'IHTeJIhHO nOBhImaeT MOIWIOCTh aICY-
CTH'IeCICOrO H3JIY'IeHmI Ha BnYClCe. YpoBeHb He3arJIymeHHoro mYMa
BnycKa Ha pAAe .D:BHraTeJIeH C Typ6oHaMYBOM npH6JIID1(aeTCJI IC 6oJIe-
BOMY nopory, ,lI;OCTHI"aB 135 ,nEA. O.D:ItHM H3 MeTO,ll;OB ycrpaHeHmI
3Toro HCTO'lHHKa WYMa JIBIDIeTCJI nOBhIweHHe 'IaCTOThI BpameHHJI
ICOMnpeccopa, 'ITO n03BOIDIeT nepeHecTH alCYCTH'leclCoe H3JIyqeHHe
B YJIhTp8.3ByICOBOH .D:Han8.30H 'IaCTOT, He BocnpHHHMaeMhIH opraHoM
CJIyxa. npHMeHeHHe TYP60ICoMnpeccopoB C 'IaCTOTOH BpRIUeHHB
130000...200 000 MHH -1 n03BOIDIeT «YBeCTH» alCYCTH'leClCOe H3JIY'1eHHe
B .D:HanaJOH 25...30 KrU;.
r.uymHTeJIH myMa BCaCLlB8.HHJI .D:BHfaTeJIeii BHyrpeHHero cropaHIDI
no,n:p8.3,n:eJIJIIOT Ha peaKmUBHble. aKmu8Hble H KOM6uHUp08aHHble. OCHOB-
HLIM 3JIeMeHTOM aKmu8Hozo ZAywumeAR JIBlliIeTCJI 3BYlConOrJIOmalOIn;HH
MaTepHaJI, KOTOpLIii paJMemeH BHyrpH Kopnyca rJIyIIIHTeJIB H B38.HM0-
,n:eiicmYeT C nOTOICOM raJa. CuIDICeHHe myMa npoHcxo,n:HT B pe3YJIbTaTe
npeBpaIUeHHJI 3ByICOBOH 3HeprHH B TellJIoTY B nopax 3ByIConorJIoma-
IOIQHX MaTepHaJIOB.
XapaICTepHCTHlCa 3ByIConOrJIOIUalOII(HX MaTepHaJIOB onpe,ll;emIeTCB
K03rfirfiU'IUeHmOM 38YKonOZA014eHUR, nOlCaJLlBa.IOHM BeJIH'lHHY OTHO-
weHIDI 3ByICOBOH 3HeprHH, norJIomeHHoii MaTepHaJIOM, IC 3BYICOBOii
3HeprHH, na,naIOmeii Ha nOBepXHOCTh MaTepHaJIa: a=EoornlEJUJ1..
HaH60JIee 3cl>ct>eICTHBHhIMH H pacnpOCTpaHeHHbIMH 3ByICOnOrJIOIu;a-
IOIn;HMH MaTepHaJIaMH .D:JUI CHCTeM BnyclCa JIBJUlIOTCJI TeXHH'leCmH
BOMOK, MHHepaJIbHaJI BaTa, KanpoHoBoe BOJIOICH(; 3ByICOnOrJIoma-
340

lOaJI cnoC06HOCTh pa3JIHQHbIX nOpllCTbIX MaTepH8JIOB B 06JIaCTH
HH3KHX '18CTOT BeCbMa MaJIa. HaH60nee 34J4>eKTHBHo 3BYKOrrOr JIOe-
HHe rrOpHCThlMH MaTepHaJUiMH rrpOIlCXO,lJ;HT B 06JIaCTH cpemrnx H BhI-
COKHX '1aCTOT II 3aBHCHT OT TOJImHHhl H Y,lIeJIbHoii IIJIOTHOCTH Ma-
TepH8.JIa.
PeaKmU8Hble ZA)lUlwneAu, HJIH axYCTH'IeCKHe 4>HJThTphl, He CO,lIep-
xcaT cneam.Horo 3ByKorrOrJIOTHTeIDI H rrpe.n;CTaBJUIIOT co6oii CO'leTa-
HHe K8.Mep H TPy60K, KOTophle COCTaBJUIIOT CHCTeMY pacmHpHTeJIbHhlX
K8.Mep H pe30HaHCHhlX 06'LeMOB. Ha60p 3neMeHTOB peaKTHBHOrO
rnynmTeIDI C03,lIaeT HMne):laHC paccornaCOBaHIDI H o6ecrre'lHBaer B03-
BpaT 3ByKOBOii 3HeprHH K HCTO'lHHKy. Peaxmu8Hble ZAYUlumeAU 34J4>eK-
THBHO pa60TalOT .lUUI rro.n;81meHIDI TOHaJIbHhlX COCTaBmnoHX m)'Ma
B ,lJ;Han8.30He HH3KHX II cpe,lJ;HHX '1acTOT. Pe30HaHCHble KaMepbl neJIeCO-
06p8.3HO rrpHMeIDITb .lUUI CHIDKeHIDI myMa BhlCOKOH HHTeHCHBHOCTH
H C Y310IM crreKTpOM H3JIY'1eHIDl. PaCUlupwneAbHble KaMepbl pa60TaIOT
B IllHpOKOM ,lJ;Harr8.30He '1aCTOT, HO HX 3arJIymaIOaH cnoco6HOCTb
HIDKe (PHC. 12.12).
KOM6UHuposaHHble ZAytUumeAU nOCTpoe-
HhI, Kax npaBHJIO, no npHHny peaICTHBHbIX
rJI)'mHTeJIeii, B KOTophle BMOHTHpoBaHhl ax-
THBHhle 3JIeMeHTbI.
Hyxmo CKa.3aTb, '1TO B03.n;yxOO'lHCTHTe-
JIH, KaIC npaBHJIO, JIBIDIIOTCH .n;OBOJIbHO 34>-
4>eKTHBHhIMH rJIYIllHTeJIJIMH myMa BnycKa.
B03.n;YX03a6opHHK H Kopnyc B03.n;ymHoro
4>HJIb Tpa npH 3TOM JIBIDIIOTCJI 3JIeMeHTaMH
peaICTHBHoro r.nymHTeIDI; KapTOHHhIii
4>HJIbTpyroHi 3JIeMeHT pa60Taer KaIC ax-
THBHhIii rJI)'IllHTeJIb H o6ecne'IHBaeT 34>cl>eK-
THBHoe 3ByKonOrJIOeHHe B cneKTpe BhlIIIe
3,5 KrJl.
PaCQeT e,lJ;HHH'lHOH paCIIlHpHTeJIbHOH Ka-
Mephl rJIYIIlHTeJIJI npOH3BO,lJ;Kf HCXO.n;JI H3
nOTpe6HoH BeJIII'IHHhI, Ha KOTOpyro Heo6-
XO,lJ;HMO )'MeHbmHTb ypoBeHb myMa nponec-
ca BnYCKa ALrn:
A4n=101 g [I+0,25( m-;r sin lJ
r.n;e m=F-JFT - OTHomeHHe IIJIOI.Q8JJ.H npo-
XO,lJ;Horo ce'leHIDI pacillHpHTCJIbIiOA KaMephl
K IIJIO8.lI:H Ce'leHHJI B03XOBo.n;a; 1= nr -
6e3p8.3MepBaJI '1aCTOTa, JIBIDlIOI.QItHCJI OTHO-
+
+
1:
PRc. 12.12. B03 41HJI&lp
C pe30BaHCHhIM rJIylllllTCJIeM
341

meHHeM cperoIereOMeTpH'IecKHX 'IaCTOT TpeThOlCTaBHhIX nOJIOC f K xa-
paIITepHCTH'IeCKOH 'IaCTOTe rJlYIDHTeJIJJ r =cf(41J;  - JJ;JIHHa paCIDH-
PHTeJlLHOH KaMephI; C - CKOpOCTh 3B}'ICa.
Pac'ICT e,WlHH'lHOB pe30H3.HCHOB KaMephI rJIymHTeJUI npoH3BOJUlTCJJ
H3 YCJIOBHJJ 06ecne'leHIUI Tpe6yeMoro 3arnymeHIDI ALrn Ha pe30HaHCHOB
'1ac:roTer npH lIO,4:
AT = 101 { I + [ /(2FT) J 2 }
n g I-Iff '
r.u;e =cLr - ,/VIHHa 3B}'ICOBOB BOJIHhI Ha pe30HaHCHOB 'IaCTOTe f*;
V - 061>eM pe3oHaTopa; F T - llJIOIItaJJ;h CeqeHHJJ :QeHTpaJIhHOH TPy6hI
rnyllIHTe.Jlll; Go - npOBO,D;HMOCTh OTBepCTHB, coe)J;HHJIIOIItHX Tpy6y
C pe30HaHCHOH KaMepOB, Go = nF on! h on + O,8F:, F UB - llJIOIItaJJ;h OT-
BepCTIDI, hUB - rny6HHa oTBepc:rHJI, n - KOJIH'IecTBO OTBepcTlm.
llpHMeHeHHe HOBhIX nOJIHMepHLIX MaTepHaJIOB )VlJJ H3rOTOBJIeHHJJ
Kopnyca B03.u;YIIIHOro HJIhTpa H BnYCKHhIX Tpy6onpoBo.u;oB nOMHMO
CHHJKeHHJI MaCChI aBTOM06HJUl cnOCo6cTBYCT CHlIJKeHHIO ero myMa.
TIO)J;ICanOTHOe npoc:rpaHCTBO C n03H:QHii aKYCTH'leCKoro H3ny'leHHJI
CJIe)J;)'CT paCCMaTpHBan. KaIC pe30HaTOp C TO'le'lHhIM HCTO'IHHKOM, pa-
6OT8.IOIItHM B HH3KO'IacroTHoM ,D;Hana30He qaCTOT.
XapaICTepHCTH1GI B03)J;)'XOO'IHCTHTeJIeB, HCnOJIb3yeMhIX Ha HeKOTO-
phIX COBpeMeHHhIX aBTOM06BJIJJX, npHjJC.QeHhI B Ta6JI. 12.5.
Ta611U11lfi2.5
nOJl:83aTeJIB pa6011.1
Mapo HOMH- CoOPOTBBDCHBC Koo4>4>BIDleB'T opouycu IIWIB. YlIem.BaJI
BOOA}'Xo- mun.HbIA DpB BOMBBaJIIr- "Io,DpII DWIe-
O'IBC'I1ITeJ1JI paCXOll BOM pacxOllC BOMBBaJIhIIOM 20% BOMBB8JIb- t:M][OCTh,
B03.gyxa, 803JO'X8, pacxOllC Boro pacxO,t18 rfn
M 3 f'l MM BOA. cr. B03 B03,lO'Xa
BM-16 (3M) 430 240 1,0 4,6 57
BMII-3 (3ID1) 430 305 1,2 5,3 187
BC-4 (3ID1) 490 220 0,38 - 370
l\HKJIOnaI FWG
(CllIA) 480 180 0,37 - 84
«PoTonaMHI»-
elIapp (CllIA) 800 210 0,13 - 193
342

12.3. ArPErATLI B03WXOIIHTAHIDI
,lJ;B1IT ATEJIm C HAMYBOM (KOMIIPECCOPLI,
TYPEOKOMTIPECCOPLI)
 c}>opcHpoBamuI TYp60B8.M)'BOM aBTOTpaICTOpHhIX ,L:(BC npHMe-
HmoTCB cpaBHHTeJIbHO He60JIbmHe Typ6o:rmMIIpeCCophl (TKP), HMe-
lOe HapyxQn.rli AHaMeTp KOJIec 06h1'1HO MeBee 110 MM, C KOHCOJIbHhIM
pacnOJIo)J(eHHeM KOJIeC KOMllpeCCOpa H Typ6HHhI H nOAIIIHIIBHK8.MH
CKOJIb)J(eHHJ.I. B HUX HCnOJIb3YIOTCJI, KaK npaBHJIO, I{empo6'eXCHbIe KOMll-
peccOphl H p8.,AHaJIbHO-OCeBhle TYp6HHhI, TalC KaIC ORB 06ecne'IHBaIOT
.n;OCTaTO'lHO BhlCOICHH KII,L:( npH MaJIbIX AHaMeTpax ICOJIec.
Ha pHC. 12.13 npe,nCTaBJieHa cxeMa Typ6oICOMllpeccopa TKP-7, YCTa-
HaBJIHBaeMOro Ha AH3eIDIX 8.BTOM06HJIeH KaMA3, r A3, pJI,Ae TpaICTOp-
HhIX AH3eJIeH. OrJIH'lHTeJIbHh1MH oc06eHHOCTJlMH Typ6oICOMllpeccopa
HBJUIIOTCB 6e3JIOnaTO'ffihle ,nHc}>CPY30P ICOMllpeCCOpa H HanpaBJImoIQHH
annapaT Typ6HHhI. KOJIeco TYp6HHhI HMee-r }'ICopo'leHHbIii AHCIC, 'lTO
ClDDICaeT MOMem HHepI{HH poTopa H YJIY'lmaeT AHHaMHKY pa3rOHa
4
3
2
1
14
13 12
11
10
PRc. 12.13. CxeMa lpy60IoMnpeccopa TKP-7:
1 - BILJ1 poTOpa; 2 - pa60'lee ][ooeco ][OMnpeccopa; 1 - ,llB4»4IY3OP ][OMnpeccopa; 4 - 4nm:aTop
B-ryJDI:B BILJ1a; 5 - IWIpBBJ1JIIOIABi lIlI1IapaT 'l)'p6HHb1; 6 - ][Opnyc ..-yp6H1no1; 7 - B"JYnD DOAUIBII-
BBJ:OB; 8, 14 - Me-ra.JlJ1B'ICCme ywIOTHBTCJJbHbIe ][oobI\8.; 9 - paOO'Iee ][ooeco yYp6H1no1; 10 -
TeDJIoaoit 3KpaII; 11 - ][Opnyc DOJnl!HIIIDIJ[Oaoro )"1JJa; 12 - ywIOTIDITeJIbBoe ][0010110; 11 -][J>hIIIID
ywIometDU; 15 - B-ryma ynn01.lemu; 16 - ][opDyC ][OMnpeccopa; 17 - raba
343

I
aBTOM06H.illI (pOTOpOM IId3blBalOT BCe BpalOm;BecJI .n;er8JIH TKP,
C06paHHhIe B e.ll:HHhIH Y3eJI). 1>0KoBoe paCnOJIO)l(eHBe CnBpaJILHhIX Ka-
Mep Kopnyca KOMllpeccopa H Typ6HHLI .n;aer B03MOEBOCTb YMeBbllIHTh
ra6apBTHhIe pa.3Mepbl TKP. IIpHHI(Bll pa60Tbl TKP CJIe.n;YIOIIJ;HH. OT-
pa60TaBllIHe ra3bl nOC-rynalOT B nO,ltBO,WIIIJ;HH Kopnyc Typ6BHbl 6, OT-
Ky.n:a nona.n;8.IOT B cY>KIIBalOm;HiicJI BanpaBmIIOIIJ;HH annapaT 5, r.n;e BX
CKOpOCTb yseJ1B'lHBaerCJI, H no.n;alOTCJI no.n; BeKOTOpbIM yrJIOM Ba JIO-
naTKB KOJIeca Typ6HHbl 9, Bb13hIB3JI ero BpeBBe. KOJIeco -ryp6HHbl
nepe.n;aeT Bpam;eBBe KOJIecy KOMllpeccopa 2, C KOTOpbIM CBJI38.BO Ba.n:OM
1. B03.n;yx '1epe3 BnyCKBOH naTpy60K KOMllpeccopa nocTynaer Ba BXO.n;
B KOJIeCO KOMllpeccopa 2, r.n;e no.n; .n;eHcTBHeM eBTp06e>KHhIX CBJI ero
CKOpocTb pe3Ko YBeJIH1IBBaerCJI, H BbIXO.ll:HT B3 KOJIeca B .lI:HcpcpY30P 3.
B .lI:HcpcpY30pe CKOpOCTb B03.n;yxa yMeBblliaeTCJI, a .n;aBJIeBHe pacTer .
,D;aJIee BO.n;yx nOCTynaeT B cllBp8JIbHblii C60PBHK Kopnyca KOMIIpeccopa
16, oTKy.n;a BanpaBJIJIeTCJI B .n;BlITaTeJIb.
,D;Hcp4>Y30P KOMIIpeccopa B BanpaBIDIIOIIJ;HH annapaT TypGHHLI MO-
ryT 6hITb BhIllOJIHeHbl JIOnaTO':IBbIMB H 6e3JIOnaTO'lBbIMB. YCT3.BOBKa
JIOnaTOK B AH4>4>y:iOpe B BanpaBJllIIOm;eM annapaTe nOBhIlliaer M8.K-
CHMa.n:bHhIe 3Ha'leHIDI Kll,D; KOMIIpeCCOpa H Typ6HBb1, O.n;H8.KO CYEaeT
.lI:Hana.30B BX 34>cl>eKTHBBOH pa60ThI. 1l0CKOJILKY npBMeBeHHe JIOnaTOK
YJIY'llliaeT nOKa.3aTeJIH pa60Tbl KOMIIpeccopa B Typ6HHbl npB cpaB-
BHTeJILHO 60JILlliBX .n;HaMerpax KOJIeC (60JILllie 100...110 MM), MaJIOpa.3-
MepBhIe TKP aBTOTpaKTopBhIX ABC BMeIOT B OCHOBHOM 6e3JIOnaTO'l-
HhIe .lI:H4>rPY30P B HanpaBJllIIOw:HH annapaT.
Kopnyc no.n;llIHIIHHKOBoro Y3JIa H3rOTOBJIJIeTCJI H3 aJIIOMHHHeBOrO
CllJIaBa BJIH WYHa. AmoMHBHeBhIH Kopnyc JIene, a -qyrYHlIl>lH npo':IBee.
KpoMe Toro, nOCKOJILKY K03rPrPHQlleBT TenJIOnpOBO,WIOCTH lfyryBa 3Ha-
'lHTeJILHO MeBbllie, '1eM a.n:IOMHBHJI, npH HCnOJIb30BaHBB '1yrYHBoro
Kopnyca }'MeBblliaeTCJI TellJIOBOH nOTOK, nepe.n;aBaeMhIii OT -ryp6BHhI
K KOMIIpeccOpy. 31"0 HeCKOJILKO CHIDKaer TeMIIepaTYPY H nOBbIIIIaeT
llJIOTHOCTb C)l(BMaeMOrO B03.n;yxa.
1l0.n;nmIIHBKoBhIH y3eJI BKJIIO'Iaer B ce6JI Ba.n: 1, KOTophIH BpaeTCJI
B 6pOH30BOH BTYJIKe 7, nocaEeHHoA B Kopnyc 11 C 3a.30poM (BTYJIKe
llJIaB8.IOm;erO TBna). BTYJIKa y.n;ep>KHBaerCJI nOJIblM cpBKcaTopoM 4. Ta-
K3JI KOHCTp}'KIJ;IDI 06eCne'IHBaer Ba.n;e>KHyIO pa60TY no.n;m:BllBHKOBoro
Y3JIa npH B03.n;eHCTBHH eBTp06e>KHblX CBJI, B03BHKarom;HX OT BeypaB-
HOBellieHHhIX Macc pOTopa, KOTOpLIH BpaerCJI C O'leBb BhICOKOH
'1acroToH, .n;oCTHralOm;eH 150000 MHB -1, a y nOCJIe,lJ;BHX KOBCTp}'KnllH
Ma.n:opa.3MepBhIX TKP - .n;aEe 60JIbille. IIO.n;m:BllBHKOBhIH Y3eJI BKJIIO-
'1aeT B ce6JI ynopBhIH no.n;mBllBHK, orpaHH'lllB8.IOm;d oceBoe nepeMem;e-
BHe pompa. B Typ60KOMnpeccope TKP-7 oceBoe nepeMem;eBHe Orp8.BH-
'lllBaerCJI TOp3.MII BTYJIKH 7. MacJIo no.n;BO.ll:HTCJI K 3a.30Py MeE.n;y
Ba.n:OM 1 H BTYJIKOH 7 no.n; .n;aBJIeBHeM no KaHa.n:y B rPHKcaTope 4. ,D;JIJI
CB060.n;Horo CJIBBa MaCJIa H3 Kopnyca no.n;nmIIHHKOBoro Y3JIa CJIHBHOe
oTBepcTHe .n;OJDKHO BMeTb .lI:HaMeTp, 60JIbllIHH, '1eM ,lJ;HaMeTp no.n;Bo,WI-
344

ero KaHaJIa B cpHKcampc 4. C QeJIbIO npe,QoTBpaeHHSJ nona.u;aHHJI
MaCJla B Typ6HHY H KOMUpCCCOp npeA}'cMoTpeHLI ynpycHe paJpe3HLIe
KOJIb:Qa THDa noplllHeBblx, YCTaHOBJleHHhIe no ABa co CTOpOHbl Typ6HHLI
8 H KOMDpeccopa 14. TeunoBoH 3aI:QHTHLIB: 3KpaH 10 CJIY:>KHT AJIJI
YMeHLmeHIDl TennOBoro nOTOKa, nepe,QasaeMoro OT Tfp6HHhI B Kopnyc
nO,lJ,lllHDHHKOBOro Y3J1a, H ,Qanee - B KOMDpeccop.
Koneca KOMDpeCCOpOB H Typ6HHhI OTJIHBaIOTCJI no BLIIlJIaBnJIeMLIM
MO,QeJIJIM. MaTepHaJIOM AJIJI Konec KOMDpeCCOpOB Cny:>KHT aJIIOMHHH-
eBLIii CnJIaB, a Tfp6HH - )Kaponpo'lHhIii cnnaB Ha HHKeneBOH OCHOBe.
JIonaTICH KOMDpeccopa MorYT 6LITL 3arHYTLI Ha33,.l:( no OTHomeHHIO
K HanpaBJIeHHIO BpaI:QeHIDl Koneca. :::ho npHBOAliT K nOBhIIIIeHHIO KTI,Z:(
KOMDpeccopa, O,QHaKO CHIDKaeT ero Hanop, 'ITO KOMDeHcHpyeTCSJ yoeJIH-
'IeHHeM '1aCTOTLI BpaI:QeHIDl pOTopa. Koneco Typ6HHLI )KeCTKO Coe,QHHJI-
eTCJI C BaJIOM MeTO,QOM CBapKH TpeHHeM, a Koneco KOMDpeccopa Kpe-
nHTCJI Ha Bany BMeCTe C BTYJIKOH YDJIOmeHHJI 15 ra.H:KOH 17 C neBoH
pe3L60H.
Adua6amHblu KTI,Z:( KOMDpeCCOpa onpe,QeJll[eTcSJ KaK omomeHHe
a.u;Ha6aTHoH pa60TLI CKaTHJI 1 Kr B03A}'xa B KOMDpeccope .8J1. K ,QeHCT-
BHTeJILHOH pa60Tel:rr..p.eACT:
'1UJI = 1:rr...J .a:ICT.
BHympeHHuu KTI,Z:( Typ6HHhI JIBJ1JIeTCB OTHomeHHeM ,QeHcTBHTeJIL-
HOH (BHYTpeHHcH) pa60TLI 1 Kr ra3a I Ti K pacnOJIaraCMOH Ir:
'1T.i = I Ti flT.
MexaHueCKue nomepu Ha mpeHue B nO,QIDHDHHKax pOTopa, KOTopLIe
B03paCTalOT C YBenH'leHHeM 'IaCTOTbI BpaI:QCHHB H ,QHaMe-rpa BaJIa,
npHHJITO OTHOCHTL K nOTepBM B Typ6HHe. TIo3TOMY 3cpcpeKTHBHLIH KTI,Z:(
Tfp6HHhI paCC'IHTbIBaeTCB C Y'IeTOM MeXaHH'IecKoro KTI)]; TKP '1u:
'1U! = '1Ti'1ul..
,Z:(Jll[ TKP C nO,lJ,lllHDHHKaMH CKOJIb)KeHIDl Ha HOMHHaJILHOM peXCHMe
pa60TbI ,QBHraTeJll[ '1U( = 0,94.. .0,96.
KTI,Z:( TKP
"
'1TKP = '1UJI'1T.".
KTI,n; TKP B03paCTaeT C YBeJIH'IeHHeM A113.MeTpOB Konec, nOCKOJIbKY
YMeHLmalOTCJI OTHOCHTenLHLIe nOTepH B npOTO'IHLIX 'IaCTBX.
YBeJIH'IeHHe Kll,Z:( TKP npHBO,IJ,HT K nOBLImeHHIO MOOCTH
H 3KOHOMH'IHOCTH ,ABHraTeJll[, a TaK)Ke YMeHbmeHHlO Bbl6poca ca)KH
Y A113eneH. 3TO 06'LBCHBeTCJI, Bo-ncpBblx, TeM, 'ITO c nOBLImeHHeM
Kn.u. "IYp6HHLI pacnOJIaraCMaJl 3HCprHJI raJa 60JIce nOJIHO npeBparrta-
345

eTCH 80 BpalI(aTCnMIOC .lI.8IDKeHHe KOJIeCa TYp6HHbI, 'ITO npHBOAHT
K yBeJIH'IeHHlO 'IacTO 1"1.1 Hpam;eHIDI pOTOpa H POC"fY ,lJ;aBJIeHIDI Ha.
K nOBbImeHHlO ,lJ;aBnCIIHJI Ha npHBO,lUIT TaDlCe yBeJIH1ieHHe Kll,[(
KOMIIpeCCOpa. B pe3ynbTaTe nOBLlmaeTCJI WIOTHOCTb Ha.z:tAyBO':IHOrO
B03.nyxa, yBeJIH'lHBae I"CJI 1C03lmHeHT H36bITKa B03.nyxa, B03paCTaeT
HH,ltHKaTOpHhIH Kll,n H }'MeHbmaeTCJI BLl6poc ca)ICH y ,nH3eJIeK. Bo-
BTOphIX, C pOCTOM Kll.n; TKP yBeJlH1lHBaeTCJI OTHOmeHHe P,,/Pn TalC
lCaK ,lJ;JUI no.nyqeHHJI HeH3MeHHoro ,lJ;aBJIeHIDI H3M}'Ba 1pe6yeTcJI 3a11'a-
THTb MeHbmyIO pa60TY BhlT3.JIICHBamlJI Ha npHBO,n; Typ6HHhI. llpH HeH3-
MeHHOH pa60Te BhlTaJIICHBaHHJI 6YAeT no.ny'leHO 60JILmee ,lJ;aBJIeHHe
H3.M}'Ba. B pe3YJIbTaTe B 060BX CJI}"I8JIX YJIyqmaeTCJI 6a.naHC pa60T
HanOJIHeHHJI - BhITaJIICHBaHBJI, 'ITO npHBO,lJ;HT K CHIDKeHHlO nOTepL Ha
ra.3006MeH H, lCaIC CJIe,n;CTBBe, IC nOBLJllIeHHIO MeXamI'IeclCoro Kll,[(
JJ;BHraTeIDI.
Ha xapaICTepHCTHICe ICOMllpeccopa, npe,lJ;CTaBJIeHHOH Ha pHC. 12.14,
npHBe,n;eHa 38.BHCHMOCTb CTeneHH nOBLJllIeHHii ,lJ;8.BJIeHIDI 7t. H a,nBa6aT-
Horo Kn.n; "UP. OT MaccoBoro pacxolta B03.nyxa G. npH pa3HhIX 'IaCTO-
Tax Bpam;eHHii poTopa 1Ip. 3ltecb )ICe HaHeceHhI JIHHBH COBMeCTHOH
pa60ThI JJ;BHI"aTeJIJI C ,n;a.HHhIM TKP no BHeIllHei CICOpoCTHOH 1 H JJ;BYM
HarpY30'IHbIM 2, 3 xaparrepHCTIIIC8M. CJIeBa xaparrepHCTBlCa orpaml'le-
Ha JIHHHei nOMllaxca 4. Cyrb JlBJIeHIDI nOMlla:J#Ca 3aKJIlO'IaerCJI B TOM,
'ITO eCJIH npH HeH3MeHHOH 'IaCTOTe Bpam;eBIDI poTopa }'MemmaTb
paCXOlt B03.nyxa '1epe3 ICOMllpeCCOp, TO paBO HJIH n03,W10 BaCT}'IIHT
1t K
2,1 J;'
I-IH- J
2,0
9000:0
1,9 4
80000
1,8
1,7 70000
60000
1,6
50000
1,5
40000
1,4
1,3 I
3
0,06 0,10
PRe. 12.14. XapanepHCTImI IOMDpCCCOpa
346

MOMeHT, I(or,n:a npOH30HJ'C." HapymeHHe HOpMaJIbHOrO Te'feHHJI B03,n:yxa
B Me1lCJI0naTO'lHbIX l(aHaJlaX KOJleca, COnpOBOxc.n:aeMOe OTpblBOM nOTOl(a
H 06pa3oBaHHeM 3aBHXPCUHH. IIpH 3TOM C)KaTHe B03,n:yxa B KOMllpec-
cope npel(paaeTCJ.I, COnpOTHBJleHHe Bpam;eOHlO KOJIeCa CHH)I(aeTCJ.I
H '1aCTOTa ero Bpam;eHHJ.I YBeJIH'IHBaeTCJ.I. DJIaro,n:apJI }'BeJIH'IeHHIO '1a-
CTOTbI BpaeHIDI HOpMaJlbHOe Te'leHUe B03.nyxa B KOJlece BOCCTaoaB-
JIHBaeTCJ.I, KOMnpeCCOp CHOBa Ha'lHHae-r C)l(HMaTb B03,n:yX, COnpOTHBJIe-
HUe BpaIIleHHIO B03paCTaeT U '1aCTOTa BpRIIleHWl OlliITb cHHxcaeTCJ.I.
B pe3YJIbTaTe QHKJIH'Iecl(oro nOBTopeHHJ.I ,n:aHHbIX npoeccoB B03HHKa-
lOT nyJIbCanHH '1aCTOTbI BpameHIDI pOTopa u ,n:aBJIeHID1 B03,n:yxa, '1TO
npHBo,n:HT I( CHJIbHOH BH6paHH TKP, pe31(oMY na..n:eHHlO JJ;aBJIeHHJ.I
H8.MYBa u yxy.z:u.ueHHIO nOI(a3aTeJIeii ,n:BlITaTeIDI. KOJIe6aHHJ.I JJ;aBJIeHHJ.I
B03JJ;yxa BO BnyCICHOii CHCTeMe, a T8JOKe 3arpJ.l3HeHWl Kopnyca 1(0Mllpec-
copa, nOJIBIDIIOUeCJ.I B xOJJ;e 3Kcn.rryaTaQHH, Moryr npU6JIU3HTb nOM-
n3.)l(. IIo3TOMY npu Bbl60pe TKP oe06xo,n:HMO 06ecne'IHTb 3anac no
nOMnIDKy He MeHee 10...15%. 3anacoM no nOMna:JICY Ha3bIB8.IOT OTHome-
Hue TeKyero pacxo,n:a B03,n:yxa I( BeJIB'lHHe pacxo,n:a B03,nyxa npu
,n:amlOH n p , npu 1(0TOpOH Ha'IHHaeTCJ.I nOMn3.)l(.
Ha xapalCTepuCTmc:ax Typ6HHbl, npeACTaBJIeHHbIX Ha pHC. 12.15, JJ;a-
Ha 3aBHCHMOCTb npHBeAeHHoro pacxoAa raJa '1epe3 TYP6HH)' G T .JT".r/PT
G T rr:, M2fK
PT C
3,2
3,0
2,8
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
1,8
1,6
I 336- I
2980 360
2690 , :;.,... ..-
2500,,- ........:: ;;.--
n p = 2190  
rr; /
1.2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1.6 1,7 1,8x T
1]Te
0,64
0,62
0,60
0.58
0,56
0,54
0,52
I 2690 2980 3230 3680
.!. -\1 '" -- ..... ....... \
- -2S9 :-., " ...... ""
np - 1191Y"'" ,
JT; If '\ , ,
,
'1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1.6 ] ,7 1,8x T
PH. i2.15. XApanepHCTHIH Yyp6HBLI
347

H 3cl>cpeICTHBHOrO KII)J, '1u OT CTeneHH nOHHXeHIDI ,naBJIeHHJI B 'fYP-
6HHe 1t r npH p8.3HblX 3I1a'lClIIDIX npHBe,neHHOB '1aCTOThI BpaeHIDI pOTO-
pa Tlp/.JT.r. B cl>OPMYIJY npHBCt{eHHoro pacxo,na ra3a Ha XapaKTepHCTH-
ICax TYp6RHhI npHIDITO nO,nCTaBlliITb ,naBneHHe (Kr/CM 2 ) nepe,n 'fYp6H-
HOB Pro
npHBO,nnoii HBrHeT8TeJlb. B pomopHo-wecmepeHamoM HaZHemameAe
THlla <<PYTC» ,nBa CBJI3aHHbIX mecTepem<:aMH pOTopa B cpopMe BOCb-
MepOK BpaaIOTCJI B p8.3HhIe CTOpOHhI. POTOPhI, nOO'lepe,nHO no,nxo,wI
CBORM BepXHHM ICpaeM IC BepXHHM ICpOMKaM ICopnyca, 3aXBaThIBalOT
06'beM CBexero 3apAAa V (PHC. 12.16, a), HMelOmero aTMoccpepHoe
,nasneHRe Po, H, npaICTH1feCICH He MeHSUI ,nasneHHJI, BhITaJIKHBaIOT ero
B BhIXO,nHYIO ICaMepy, r,ne HaXO,ZJ;HTCJI 3apAA C nOBhIIIIeHHhIM ,naBneHHeM
PE. B MOMeHT C006eHHJI 06'beMa V C BhIXO,nHOB ICaMepOH HaXOB-
CJI B HeH 3apAA no,n ,naBJIeHHeM PE BpbIBaeTCJI B 06'beM V, 'I TO BbI3hIBaeT
8.3pO,ZJ;HH3.Mlf<leCKHB mYM. J];JIJI 06eCne1feHIDI YllJIOTHeHHJI 38.30p Mexc.ny
pOTOpaMH, a T8.IOKe pOTOpaMH R CTeHICaMH ICopnyca ,neJIaeTCJI MHHH-
M8JIbHhIM. TeM He MeHee, npH 60JIbmnx 3Ha1feHIDIX P., COOTBeTCTBY-
IOIWIX BhICOKHM IfaCTOTaM BpeHIDI, YTe'IKH CTaHOBJITCJI 33.MeTHbIMH,
'1TO YMeHbmaeT CTeneHb nOBhIIIIeHHJI ,naBJIeHIDI H KIIJ]; HarHeTaTeJIJI.
II03TOM)' MaKCHMaJIbHag CTeneHb nOBhIIIIeHHJI ,naBneHIDl B TaICOM HarHe-
TaTeJIe COCTaBlliIeT 1,6...1,7.
B pomo]JHo-nAaCmUHamoM KOMnpeccope (PRC. 12.16, 6) no Mepe
nOBopOTa pOTopa npOHcxo,nHT nOCTeneHHoe CiKaTHe CBexero 3apAAa.
ICOTOphIii BbIT8JIICHBaeTCJI BO BnycKHoB Ko:rr.neKTop J];BC no,n ,naBJIeHHeM
PE. B pe3ynbTaTe TaKOH ICOMllpecCOp HMeeT MeHbmHB ypOBeHb myMa,
IfeM pOTopHo-mecTepeH1faThIii. IIOCICOJIbICY llJIaCTHHhI npIDICHMalOTCJI
IC CTeHICe ICopnyca eHTp06e)I(HblMH CHnaMH, YTe'IKH MHHHMaJIbHhI, no-
3TOM)' npOH3Bo,nHTeJIbHOCTb poTopHO-llJIaCTHH'IaTOrO KOMllpeccopa
paCTeT nponOPQHOHaJIbHO '1aCTOTe BpeHWJ. BMa .nBC, 'I TO xopomo
CorJIacYeTCJI C nOTpe6HOCT.JJMH .nBC npH pa60Te no BHemHeB CICOpO-
P K
a
---
po.
6
PRc. 12.16. 06'&eMHLle npHBOlUlLIe IOMopeccOpbl:
a - poropHo-mCCTepeH'lllThlii; 6 - poropHO-IlJ13.C11IH'IaThlii
348

CTHOH XapaKTepHCTHKe. OJHaKO C pOCTOM '1aCTOThl BpaI..QCHHH pOTOpHO-
IIJIaCTHH'IaTOrO KOMDpeccopa nOBhIIIIalOTCg nOTepH Ha TpeHHC nJIaCTHH
o CTeHKH Kopnyca, '1TO TaK>KC orpaHH'lHBaer CTeneHb nOBhlIllCHHg AaD-
JICHHg H8.M}'Ba.
KOMnpeccopbl C 8UlIm08blMU pomopaMU THna «JIHCXOJIbM» no cpaB-
HeHHIO C poTOpHblMH HarHeTaTeJUIMH THlla «Pyrc» HMCIOT 3Ha'lHTCJIbHO
60JIbDIHH KIIJ]; (AO 82%), O'lCHb BbICOKYIO CTeneHb nOBbIIlleHHH AaBJIe-
HmI B03Ayxa (AO ceMH npH HaJIB'IHH OXJIaaeMOro Kopnyca). BbICOK8JI
6bICTpOXOAHOCTb KOMllpeccopa (AO 12000 MHH- 1 ) n03BOIDIe"I CAeJIaTb
ero AOCTaTO'IHO KOMDaKTHbIM. J];OCTOHHCTB8MH TaIC>Ke JIBJIJIIOTCg BbICO-
Kag Ha..n;e>KHOCTb H ypaBHoBeIlleHHoCTb.
BHHTOBOH KOMllpeCCOp nOK3.3aH Ha pHC. 12.17. Ero pOTOpbI UMelOT
BHA 3y6'1aTbIX KOJIeC co CnHpaJIbHbIMH 3y6bJIMH H 60JIbIllHM yrJIOM
HaKJIOHa CnHpaJIB. BeAYH pOTOp 1 HMeeT '1erbIpC 3y6a, a BeAOMbIH
pOTOp 6 - IllecTb BbIeMOK, npocpHJIb KOTOpbIX cooTBerCTByer npocpHJIIO
3y6beB BeAero pOTopa. 3y6bg pOTOpOB B npon;ecce pa60TbI He CO-
npHKaCaIOTCg Mey C060H H KopnyCOM, '1TO 06ecne'lHBaeTCg H3.JIH'lHeM
CHHXPOHH3HPYIOIn;HX 3y6'1aTbIX KOJIec 5 H 2, 3aICpenJIeHHbIX Ha BaJIax
3 H 4 pOTOpOB, H nOADIHllHHKOB. OTHoIlleHHe '1HeeJI 3y6beB KOJIec paDHO
OTHOIlleHHIO 'lHeeJI 3y6beB COOTBerCTByIOIn;HX pOTOpOB. B03AYX, 3anOJI-
HJIIOIn;HH BHHTOBbIe Bn8.AHHbl BeAOMOrO pOTopa, npOTaJIKHBaerCg 3Y-
6bJIMH BeAero pOTopa co CTOpOHbI BCaCbIBaHH K cTopoHe HarHera-
HmI H TaKUM 06p3.30M C)I(HMaercg. OcHOBHbIMH HeAOCTaTK8MH BHHTO-
BbIX KOMDpecCOpOB JIBJIJIIOTCg BbICOKag CTOUMOCTb, CBJI38.IIH8JI co CJIO)I(-
HOCTblO cpOPMbI pOTOpOB, Tpe6YIOIn;HX AmI H3rOTOBJIeHHg Cnen;HaJIb-
Horo 060pYAOBaHmI, a TaIOKe 60JIbmag Macca H ra6apHTbI no CpaBHe-
HHIO C TYp60KOMllpeCCOp3.MH. KpOMe Toro, pa60Ta BHHTOBoro KOMll-
peccopa cOnpOBO)I()];aerCg IIIyMOM BbICOKOH '1aCTOTbI, BbI3bIBaeMbIM
nYJIbcJIMH npH BCaCbIBaHHH H HarHeraHHH.
BOAH080U 06MeHlIUK OCUJAellUU «KOMllpeKC» n03BOIDIeT HCnOJIb30BaTb
3HeprHIO oTpa60TaBDIHX r3.30B ABHraTeIDI Allil C>ICaTIDI nOCTynalOIn;ero
B n;HJIBlI,lJ;pbI B03AYxa npH HX HenocpeACTBeHHoM KOHTaICTe. IIpHHn;Hn
ACHCTBHg BOJIHOBOrO o6MeHHHKa AaBJIeHmI OCHOBaH Ha ra30AHH8MH'Iec-
KOM 3c}>cpeKTe B3auM:OAeHCTBmI BbIllYCKHbIX ra30B C B03AYXOM B KaHaJIax

6...J, 1
:;)}
 , .."""-
'1.\, .  \
,/I
-. . I
5 4 3 2
PRc. 12.17. BHHTOBOA a:oMDpeccop
349

Bp8.IOerOCJl pOTOpa. JIpH ,WJIDKeHHH ra30B B Y3ICHX ,ltJIHHHhIX KaHa-
nax BhlpaBHHBaHHe HX .n;aOneHuH npOHCXOAHT 3Ha'IHTeJIbHO 6h1CTpee,
'ieM nepeMeIIIHBaHHe.
BOAH080U 06MeHHUK i>a8AeHUJl (pRC. 12.18) npeCTaBIDIeT C060B IUI-
JIHH,D;pH'iecKHii BpalOllUIBcH pOTOp 1, 3aKpenneHHhIB B nO.AIllHllHHKax
H 3aKJllO'ieHHhlii B Heno,WJHXCHhIii KO)J(YX C Pa,r(H3.JIbHhIMH neperopo-
KaMH, 06pa3}'1OrnHMH KaH3JIhI TpaneHeBH.nHOro ce'ieHIDI. POTOp npHBo-
.D:HTCj{ BO BparneHHe C nOMOIl\b1O peMeHHoB nepea'IH OT KOneH'iaTOrO
Bana ,mJHraTeIDI. MOHOCTb, 3aTpa'DIBaeMaJI Ha npHBo pOTopa, HeBe-
JIHKa, TaK KaK pacxo.D;yeTCH TOJIbKO Ha npeoJJ:oneHHe TpeHIDI 0 nOJJ:IIIHn-
HHKax H BeHTHHOHHhIX nOTepb, H Ha HOMHHaJlbHOM pe)I(HMe COCTaB-
IDIeT Bcero nopJJ.mCa I % MOHOCTH ,mJHraTenJl. Top.Qhl pOTopa 3aKphl-
Thl KphlIllKaMH C OKHaMH, co06rnalOrnHeCj{ cneBa KaH3JIhI poTopa C TPY-
60npoBoJJ:aMH nOJJ:BOJJ:a B03,D;yxa HH3Koro JJ:aBneHIDI 2 H OTBO,D;a B03yxa
BhlCOKoro aBneHIDI 3, a cnpaBa - C TJ>y60npoBoJJ:aMH nO,QBoa ra30B
BhlCOKoro aBneHIDI 4 H OTBoa ra30B HH3Koro aBneHHj{ 5. CeqeHHe
OKHa, nO,QBo,nmnero oTpa60TaBIIIHe ra3h1 BhlCOKoro aBneHIDI H3 IUlJIH-
Mpa ,mJHraTenj{, Bhl6HpaeTcj{ TaKHM, 'iT06h1 Ha HOMHHaJIhHOM pe>KHMe
,D;aBneHHe B KaHane poTopa COCTaBnJIJIO 0,18...0,2 MTIa.
BOJIHOBOB 06MeHHHK aBneHIDI pa60TaeT cne}'IOIIUiM 06pa30M
(pHC. 12.19). .
1. OHH H3 KaHaJIOB pOTopa c 06eHX TopeBhIX CTOpoH 3aKphlT
H 33ll0JIHeH aTMOCepHhIM B03.D;yXOM.
2. TIpH BparneHHH poTopa npaBhIB TOpe KaHMa co06rnaeTcJl C OK-
HOM nO,QBoa oTpa60TaBIIIHX ra30B. B 3TOT MOMeHT B03HHKaeT BOJIHa
PRc. 12.18. BoJIHOBOB: 06MeBHHK aBJIeHHJ1 <U{OMnpeKC»:
1 -lIpaII\aIOCJl porop; 2 - DO,I{JIO,II BO:J,I\)'X& HJDIOro ,llllIIJ1CBHJ1; 3 - OTBO,ll B031\}'X& BhlCOIOTO
,I\aIIJ1CHmI; 4 - DO,llBO,II ra:K>B BhlCOIOro A8BJ1CHWI; 5 - OTBO,ll r830B BH3J[OTO ,IIIIBJ1CHWI
350

.l{aBJIeHIDI, KOTOpaJi pacnpoc-rpauJlercJI B031lYX
B KaHa..ne co CBepX3BYICOBOH CICOpOCTblO D
H C)lCHMaeT uaxo.AJlII\HiicJI 8 HeM B03.nyx. / .
3. JIeBLIB: TOpe KaR8JIa c006I1{aeTCJI
C -rpy60npoBO.l{OM nO.l{BO.l{a r830B BbICO-
Koro .l{aBJIeHIDI 4. AnHHY KaHaJIa H 'faCTO-
ry BpeHIDI poTopa BbI6HpalOT TalCHMH,
'lT06bI IC MOMeHT)' OTlCpbITHJI OICHa Ha 2
BbIXO.l{e B03.l{yxa BOJIHa )1,aBJIeuHJI ,QOCTHr-
JIa JIeBOrO TOPQa KaHa..na. OJUlOBpeMeHHO
B KaH8JI, HO }'Xe C MeHbmeB: CKOpOCTblO,
'feM pacnpOCTpaRBerCJI BOJIHa .l{aBJIeHIDI,
nOCTymuoT OTpa60Tasm8e r83bI, ICOTO- 3
pbIe BblTecHJllOT c)I(aTl.ni B03.nyx BO BnyCK-
HOH Tpy60npOBO.l{ 3.
4. llpaBbIi TOpeQ KaR8JIa 38.ICpbIBa-
eTCJI. B pe3YJIbTaTe BHe3anuoro nepelCpbI- 4
T8B r830Boro nOTOKa, nOCTyIIaIO.Iltero
B KaHa..n 83 oma BXO.l{a r3.30B, C03.l{aeTCJI
BOJIHa p83pexeHBJI, KOTOpaJI CHIDlCaeT ,Qa-
BJIeU8e r830B, a B03,nyx npo,nOJI)I(aeT He-
KOTopoe BpeMJI BLITeKaTb 'fepe3 OKHO 5 
BbIXo,na B03.n)'xa BCJIe.l{CTB8e Huep no-  f
TOKa.
S. JIeBbIi TOpeQ KaHaJIa (omo BbIXO.l{a
B03.n;yxa) 33.ICpbIBaeTCB, KOr.l{a CICOpoCTb
BLITeKaIOIItHX ra30B craHOBHTCB npu- 6 D
MepHo paBHOH HYJllO. B 3TOT MOMeHT
r83LI 3anOJIWllOT npU6JIH3UTeJIbHO ,ltBe
TpeTH .K8.H8..JIa. ,[J;3.BJIeHHe B .K8.Ha..ne cy-
[QeCTBeHHo MeHbme, 'feM B Tpy60npoBO-
.l{e nO,IJ,Bo.l{a ra30B, HO 3aMeTHO 60JIbme
aTMoc$epHoro.
6. l103TOMY, KOr.l{a npaBbIi TOpeQ Ka-
Ra..na co06n::taeTcB C BbIXOJnlbIM omOM, PRe. 12.19. CxeMa pa60Thl BOJIHD-
["83LI C BbICOKOH CKOpoCTblO BLITeK3.IOT 83 Boro 06MemDIIa JIeBHJI
KaUa..na B OTBOJnlOB: Tpy60npOBO.l{ BH3-
KOrO .l{aBJIeHBJI. llpH 3TOM C03.n:aeTCB BOJIHa p83pe)I(eHHJI, ICOTOpaJI
.n:OCTlIl'aer JIeBOrO TOpna lCaHa..na, lCaIC TOJIhICO OH no,nOE,ner IC omy
BXO.l{a B03.nyxa.
7. llo.l{ ,neHcTBHeM nepena..n:a ,naBJIeHHB: KaHa..n 3anOJIHJleTCJI CBe)I(JlM
B03,nYXOM, a OTpa60TaBIllHe r83L1 no HHep npo.n:omK3.IOT BbITeKaTb
B OTBO.ZJ;Hoii Tpy6onpoBoA.
Kor,na OTpa60TaBIIIHe r83bI H CMeCb r830B C B03.n)'XOM, 06pa-
3yroIQHecJl npH HX Henocpe,nCTBeHHoM 1C0HT8.ICTe, nOJIHOCl"blO BLlTeK3.IOT
351
ra3bJ
o
BOJIHa .naBJ1eHHSI 
 I P.

 I
BoJ/H3 pmpeJKemu)
o

o
d
.;:::v-

7 
.;::v-

H3 lCaHaJIa, QHKJI nOBTOpHeTCB. .AHaJIOI"H'IHbIe smJIeHHB npOHCXO):{BT
B .lij)YI"HX lC8.HaJIax, 'lHCJIO 1C0TOphIX B BhIllOJIHeHBbIX ICOHCTpBX
):{OCTHraeT 70.
Kn):( cOBpeMeHHhlX BOlIHOBhIX o6MeHHHI(OB ):{aBJIeHIDI ):{OCTuraeT
75%, a CTeneHh nOBblllIeHHB ):{aBJIeHIDI - 2,1. C neJIblO no.ny'leHIDI
CHMMeTpH'lHOI"O HarpeBa lCopnyca, He06xo,AHM01"0 WIB coxpaHeHIDI Ma-
JIbIX 38.30poa C TOpneBbIx H 60ICOBhIX CTOpOH, see oma H Tpy60npOBOW>I
BhIllOJIHeHbI napHbIMH '1epe3 180°. )];IDI 06eCne'leHIDI 3$4>eICTHBHoii pa-
60TbI BOJIHOBOI"O 06MeHHHlCa npH H3MeHeHHH '1aCTOThI Bpa.rrJ;eHIDI poTO-
pa H TeMllepaTyphI OTpa60TaBnmx 1"8.30B (HarpY3ICH ,nBuraTeIDI) B peaJIb-
HhIX lCoHCTpynumx B TOpneBhIX CTeHICax 1C0pnyca BhIllOJIHBIOT cne:QH-
8JIbHbIe lCaMephI (lCapMaHbI), 1C0TophIe H3MeWIlOT HHTeHCHBHOCTb OT-
pWICeHHB BOJIH C)IC3.TmI H pacillHpeHIDI H TeM caMbIM pacnmpBlOT ,AHa-
n8.30H 3eICTHBHoii pa60ThI BOJIHOBOI"O 06MeHHHICa ):{aBJIeHHB.
HeCMOTpB Ha B03MOJICHOCTb nOJI}"IeHIDI BbICOICHX 3Ha'leHHii MOm;-
HOCTH H 3ICOHOMH'lHOCTH .l{BuraTeJIeii C BOJIHOBbIM 06MeHHHICoM ):{aBJIe-
HIDI, CUCTeMbI B03.l{)'XocHa6)ICeHIDI B 3TOM CJI}"Iae HMelOT yseJIll'leHHbIe
l"a6apHTHbIe p8.3MephI H 60JIee BhICOICYIO CTOHMOCTb.
OXJI8.l{BTeJIII YB0'lROro B03.l{yXa. IIpHmUIll pa60ThI CHCTeM
OXJI8JlC,AeHHB HaMYBO'lHOI"O B03,Q}'Xa THlla «B03,Q}'X - B03):{YX» H «OXJIa-
)I(,l\aIOm;8JI )KH)UCOCTb - B03.l{)'X» no):{po6HO paccMOTpeH B l-ii ICHHl"e,
p8.3):{eJI 6.3. MaTepHaJIOM WIB H3I"OTOBJIeHHB oXJIa)J;IITeJIeii B03):{yxa
CJIy)lC3.T Me):{HbIe H aJIIOMHHHeBbIe CllJIaBhI H Hep)ICaBelOm;8JI CTaJIb. ArrIO-
MHHHeBhIe CllJIaBhI JIB.JlBlOTCB H3.H60JIee nepcnelCTHBHbIM MaTepHaJIOM
,WUI oXJIa.lUlTeJIeii. nOCICOJIblCy n03BomnoT CO'leTaTb HH3ICyID CTOHMOCTb.
BhICOICHe 3$4>eICTHBHbIe nOIC8.3aTeJIH. MeXaHll'leclCyID npO'lHOCTb H Ha.n;e-
JlCHOCTb 1C0HCTp C B03MOJICHOCTblO npHMeHeHHB BhIcolConpoH3BO-
)J;IITeJIbHhIX TexaOJIOl"lI'IeCICHX npOneccoB.
no ICOHCTpH TenJIOnepe):{aIOm;eii nOBepxHOCTH OXJI8.WITeJIH B03-
,Q}'Xa MOJICHO p8.3):{eJIHTb Ha Tpy6'1aTbIe, a T3JQI(e Tpy6'1aTO-JIeHTO'IHhIe
H nlIaCTHH'IaTO-JIeHTO'IHbIe. ,[{JIB HHTeHCHHIC3.:QHH TellJIoo6MeHa Ha
Hap}')ICHoii nOBepxaoCTH Tpy60IC ICpyrJIOI"O H OBaJIbHOI"O ce'leHIDI HC-
nOJIb3YlOTCB pe6pa. 1C0TophIe npHllaHBaIOTCB (npHBapHBaIOTCB) JIH60
06p8.3YIOTCB MeXaHll'leCICHM nyTeM (HaICaTlCoii. CTpOI"8.HlleM) Henocpe):{-
CTBeHHO H3 MeTaJI.!Ia CTeHOIC. B YCJIOBIDIX CHJIbHLIX BH6panuii 60JIee
Ha.n;eJICHbIMH smIDIIOTCB Tpy6ICH 1 C HaICaTaHHbIMH pe6paMH 2 (PHC.
1
2
PRe. 12.20. Tpy6'1aTblii: 3JIeMeHT 0XJJa,iJ;HTeJU[ H8.AAYBO'lHoro B03xa
352

12.20), HO TeUJIOnepeJJ.alOllI,aH cnoco6HoCTb TaKHX TPy60Ic MeHbllle, 'leM
TPy60IC C npunWIHHblMH (npHBapeHHhIMH) pe6p8.MH.
Tpy6'laTO-JleHTO'lHLIe H llJIaCTHH'laTO-JleHTO'lHhle OX1IaJI,HTeJIH B03-
A}'Xa 60Jlee KOMnaIITHbI, 'leM Tpy6'laTLIe, BCJle.n;CTBHe 60JlbmeH TenJlO-
nepe.n;alOm:eH nOBepXHOCTH npH TOM )ICe 06'heMe. IIJlacTHHhI H JleHThI
B MeCT8X conpHKOCHOBeHIDI Coe,lI;BIDllOT naiixOH H KOHTaKTHOH CBap-
KOH. Tpy6'lamo-AeHmO'lHbZe OXAaoumelZU (PHC. 12.21, a) HMelOT Tpy6-
KH, al>opMHpOBamIhIe H3 JlHCTa TOJlIltHHOH 0,3...0,5 MM, npH'IeM Tpy6-
KH 06paJOBaHhI H3 ABYX lllTaMIIOB8.HHhlX JJ;eTaJIeH H HMelOT ,ltBa
npoJJ;OJlbHhIX coe,lI;HHeHHJI, JlH60 BhIllOJIHeHhI H3 OJJ;HOH 3arOTOBKH
H HMelOT 0.l(H0 npoJJ;OJlbHOe coe.zumeHHe BH8.XJIeCTKY. TIOCJIeJJ;Hee no-
JIy'lHJI0 60Jlee nmpoKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe. BHyrpH H cHapyJICH TPy60K
B 061l\eM CJIy'lae paJMell\alOT I"OpHpOBaHHbIe JleHThI TOJlIltHHOH
0,12...0,15 MM H3 aJIIOMHHHeBOro JlHCTa. BHYTpeHHHe JleHThI AJIJI
a
6
PRc. 12.21. Tpy6'1Uo-JIeBTO'lBLle (a) H I'JlRCTHB'laTo-JIeHTO'lBLle (6) OXJIa,!UITeJIII -
.I1)'Bo'IHoro B03a
353

HHTCHCHHKRU:HH TCllJIoo6MeHa HMelOT OTBepcTIIJI H.JIH MCCTHhIC BLI-
llIT8.MnOBKH. Hap}')ICHLIe neHThI HMCIOT XC8JU03HHHhIC npoee'iKH )1.TUI
HHTCHCHHKRU:1m Tennoo6MeHa HJIH MorYT 6hITb rna.;:uDIMH, '!TO n03-
BOIDler no.rryrmTb MHHHMaJIbHOC COnpOTHBJIelmC co CTOpOHhI OXJIR-
>K.f(RIOIu;CrO B03.nyxR, HO Tpe6yeT }'Be.JIH1leHWI cIIpoHTaJIbHhIX p8.3MepOB
OXJIRTeIDI. ll.llaCmUWlamO-.IIeHmO r maR KOHcmpYK'IUR (PHC. 12.21, 6)
OT.JIH1IRerCJI OT Tpy6'IRTO-neHT01ffiOH TeM, '!TO He HMeer 1m OpMO-
B8HHbIX Tpy60K, 1m onopHhIX llJI8.CTHH, R KRHa..JIbI 3RMLIKRIOTCJI npH3-
MaTH'IeCKHMH 6pYCK8.MH. Bee pRccMoTpeHHLIe BH,[{bI oXJIa,mneneH MO-
ryr npHMeHJITbCJI B CHCTeMax OXJIa>K.f(eHWI Ha.z:ln}'B01ffiOro B03A}'XR KaK
THIIR (<B03.nyx - B03.nyx», TRK H «OXJIR>K.f(alOIu;aJl xrn..u;KOCTb - B03-
.nyx». Tpy6'IRTO-neHTO'IHLIe H llJIRCTIIH'IRTO-JIeHTO'IHLIe KOHCTpyKIJ;HH
B cHCTeMax THlIR «OXJIRXC.naIOIu;8JI XCHJO[OCTb - B03A}'X» MeHee HR.nexc-
HhI BB He.n;ocTRTO'IHOH np01ffiOCTH n8JIHhIX H CSRpHhIX coc.lJ;HHeHHii.
TI03TOMY OXJITenH THlIR «OXJIa>K.f(RIOIu;RJI XCHJI:KOCTb - B03,lIYX»,
KaK npRBHJIO, .n;enRlOT Tpy6'IRThIMH.

rJIABA 13
CHCTEMA BbmYCKA
13.1. CHCfEMA OTBO.ll.A OTPA60TAHIIIHX rA30H
CHcreMa BLIIIYClCa npe,W!a:ma':leHa ronI OTBO,l(a OTpa60TaBIIIHX raJOB
(Or). TIpH ee 1C0HcrpYHPOB8.HHH }"IHThlBaeTCJI T8JOlCe He06xo,l(HMOCTb
CHIDlCeHHJI TOICCH'lHOCTH H IIIYMa nponecca BbIIIYClCa. KpoMe Toro, B CH-
CTeMe Moryr 6bITb paJMem;eHhI HelCOTopbIe ,l(OnOJIHHTeJIbHbIe ycrpoi-
crBa, TalCHe, lCaK MOTOpHhlii TOpM03, cHcreMa 3)KelC.QBH B03,l(}'X00'IHcrH-
Te.JIJI, caxeYJIOBHTeJIb, HClCporaCHTeJIb H ,l(p.
CHcreMa BbIIIYCKa ,l(OJDICHa OKaJbIBaTb MHHHMaJIbHOe COnpOTHBJIe-
HBe ,nBIDKym;eMYCJI nOTOKY OTpa60TaBIIIHx raJOB, He 3aTpY,W!HTb O'IHcr-
KY I{HJIHH,ZJ;poB npH B38.HMHOM nepelCpbITHH TaKTOB BbIIIYCKa. 06'beM
cHcreMbI BbIIIYCKHbIX TPy60npOBO,l(OB ,l(OJI)KeH - 6bITb MHHHMaJIbHbIM,
C TeM ':IT06bI CHH3HTb BJIWIHHe HHepnHOHHOCTH ,nBH)I(}'m;eicJI MaCCbI
OTpa6OTaBIIIero raJa H }'BeJIH'lHTb HMIIYJIbC ,l(aBJIeHHJI BbIIIYClCa. Or-
,l(eJIbHhIe ycrpoiCTBa cucreMbI BbIIIYClCa CBJI3aHbI Tpy60npoBO,l(aMH PaJ-
JIlI'IHoro ,l(H8.MeTpa, conpOTHBJIeHHe KOTOpLIX nOTOKY oTpa60TaBIIIHX
raJOB ,l(OJDKHO 6bITb MHHHMaJIbHbIM. TIYJIbCHpYIOm;Hii nOTOK oTpa60Ta-
BIIIHX raJOB ,nBH1KeTCJI Qepe3', cHcreMY BbIIIYCKa C BbICOKHMH CKOpocrJIMB,
C nOCTOJIHHbIM nOHB1KeHHeM TeMllepaTypbI H nepeMeHHbIM COnpOTHBJIe-
HHeM nOTOIC)'.
BbI60p OITTHMaJIbHOro ,l(HaMeTpa BbIIIYcKHoro Tpy60npOBO,l(a npo-
H3BO,l(HTCJI B nponecce ,l(OBO,l(KH cHcreMbI BLIIIycKa C yqeToM pa3JIH'I-
HbIX arperaToB, YCTaHaBJIHBaeMbIX Ha JIHHHB BbIIIYcKa, rH,l(po,l(HH3MH-
QeCKOe conpoTHBJIeHBe KOTOpbIX pa3JIH'IIIO, HO HOpMBpYeTCJI OTpac-
JIeBbIMB cr8.ll,l(apT8.MB. TaK, HanpHMep, KaTa.JIHTH'Iecndi HeHTpaJIH3a-
TOp AJllI ,l(BlITaTeilll C VII ,l(0 1,8 JI He M01KeT HMeTb rH.npO,l(HH3.MB'Ie-
CKoe ConpOTHBJIeHBe 60JIee 250 MM BO,l(. rr. MecTO pacnOJIO)KeHBJI
HeiiTpaJIH3aTOpa H OT,l(eJIbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB IIIYMorJIymeHWI Be,l(eTCJI
C yqeTOM KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIX JIBJIemm nYJIbCHpYK' .nero nOTOKa BhIXJIOnHbIX
ra30B.
PaC'leT CHCTeMbI BLIIIycKa H cHcreMbI III)'MorJIymeHBJI ,l(OJDICeH Y'IH-
TbIBaTb ,l(HH3.MBQeCKBi pe1KHM HX pa60TbI.
K cHcreMe BbIIIyclCa npe,l('bJIBJIJIIOTCJI ,l(OCTaTO'lllO 1KecrlCHe Tpe-
60BaHHJI no Ha,l(eX<HOCTH H ,l(OnrOBe'lllOCTH. CHcreMa pa60TaeT npH
60JIbIIIHX TepMH'leCICHX HarpY3ICax H co 3Ha'IHTeJIbHhIM nepena,l(OM
355

TeMDepa-ryp. CHCTeMa BblUYCKa COBpeMeHHOrO 6eH3HHoBorO ,nBlITaTeIDI
C -ryp60H8MyoOM npeACTaBJIeHa HR pac. 13.1. B caCTeMe pa.JMem:3.IOTCii
l(JIan8.IIhI nepenYCKa oTpa6oTaomHX r8.30B, KOTopLle H3MemnoT peJKHMhl
pa60ThI Typ6HHhI.
CaCTeMa BhllIYClCa BLICOICoo6opOTHhIX ABlITaTeJIeH AID! nOBhIIlleHaii
34>cl>eICTHBHoCTH pa60TbI BIUIIO'Iae-r B ce6i1 npaeMHhIe TPy6LI, KOTophIe
nOA6apaJOTcJI no AJIHHe H COeAHWIlOTCJI B onpeAeJIeHHOM nopilroce (pac.
13.2).
1
2
10
I j
9
--
--
3
4
5
6
Pac. 13.1. CaCTeMa BhlXJIOna 6eH3HBOBOrO HraTe.u c ryp60BlUUJ,yBOM:
1 - pa,lIBaTop lIJUI OXJJUrJ\CHWI lJaAAYBO"IIIoro BO:3l\YXa; 1 - KJl8.!I8.B opcoyc.u "IIIoro
B03A}'X&; 3 - 001'011: BOOl\YXa; 4 - BOOJ1YllIllWl4>BJII.rp; 5 - II:OMnpeccop; 6 - ryp6HB1i; 7 - DOTOII:
orpa6oraBmBX I'IL30B; 8 - ocpcnycmoA DH8JI; 9 - B03BpaTIlhrll BO:3 lI:8Ban; 10 - ocpcnya-
BOlt KJlaOIlH arpa60TallmBX I'IL30B; 11 - c :JaCJIORm
356

M OmOpHblU mOpM03 COCTOHT H3 3aCJIOHICH, nepelC.pbIBalOmCH nOTOIC.
or H3 ,ABHfaTeJIJI H npHBO,lUlMOH B ,neHCTBHe CHCTeMOH pbl'larOB
HJIH COJICHOu,nOM C ynpaBJIeHHCM OT nc,narrH TopM03a. O,nHOBpeMCHHO
npeKpa,maCTCJI no,na'la TOllJIHBa B nHJIHH.l1:phI .nBHfaTeJIJI, 'I fO nCpeBO,lUlT
,nBHfaTeJIb B pe.1KBM pa60ThI JCOMllpeccopa. B pC3YJIbTaTC 3aTpaT
3Hcpnm Ha npOKpY'fBBaHHe .nBHfaTeJIJI 3el>cJ>eKTHBHOCTL TopMO)I(eHWJ
aBTOM06HIDI pe3KO B03paCTaeT.
HCKporaCHTeJIb pacnOJIO)I(CH B nOCJIe.l{HCH K8.MCpe rJIYIIIHTCJIJI myMa
BLIIIYCKa HJIH Ha KOHne BbIXJIOnHOH Tpy6hI. HaJIH'lHC HCKporaCHTeJIJI ,lUIJI
pJl,ll;a TpaHCnOpTHhIX H cnenua.m.HhIX ,nBHI'aTCJIeii JlBJIjJeTCjJ 06J13aTCJIL-
HhIM. TpancnopTHhle Cpe.nCTBa 003 HClCporaCHTCJICH HC .nonyCICWOTCJI
IC. 3KcnnyaTartHH B 30Hhl KaTcropHH A, HanpHMcp Hcil>TJIHhle 68.3bI, 30Hhl,
co.ncp)I(axnue TaICHC B3pbIBoonacHhIe BCmCCTBa, KaIC .npeBecHaJI B yroJIb-
HaJI nbIJIb.
CeJIbCKOX03JIH:CTBeHHaJI H JIeConOBaJIO'lHaJI TCXHIIKa C CBCTeM8.MB
BbIXJIOna 6C3 BCKporaCHTCJIcii MO)I(eT 6hITb npH'lBHoii nO)I(8pa B cyxYIO
noro.n)' npB y60pKe yp0)I(aJI 3JIaICOBhIX IC.YJIbT}'J>, pa60Te C ceHOM BJIB
B JIecy.
PaCKaJIeHHhlC '1aCTBIU>I ca)I(B, BhI6paCbIBaCMhIe CBCTeMoH BbIXJIOna
,nB3CJIJI, BJIH llJIaMJI npB .norOpaHHB TOllJIHBOB03.n)'IllHOH CMCCH 6hICTpO-
XO.l{Horo .f(BBraTeJIJI npH nponyClCc 33.)I(BranIDI HJIH 6hICTpOH CMCHC
peJICHMa pa60ThI JlBJIJIIOTCJI BCTO'lHHKOM nOBhIIlleHHoH nO)I(apHoii onac-
HOCTB. YCTpoHCTBa, pacnoJIo)I(eHHhlc B nOCJIe.l{HCH K8.MCpe rJIyIllBTCJIJI,
KaK npaBBJIo, JlBJImoTCjJ MeXanH3MaMB, HCllOJIb3yK>InHMH nCHTpo6C)I(-
HLIH 3el>cJ>eKT nOTOKa r83a. PacKanCHHhle'laCTHnbI OT6pacbIBwoTcJI Bpa-
.rnwo.rnHMCJI nOTOKOM r83a Ha nepBcPepBIO K8.MephI rnymBTeJIjJ, a nOTOK
a
"',
.' ,
. ",'
..",. "- ..
1'.,. ''.' ":'Jo.""'.\
 ,.......l.... i \,
..... ',i \,. '. "' "
 ?,"-"
I .... '- I"" -:
\ '..." .
Pac. 13.2. BLIXlIODH8.Jl CHCTeMa CnOpTHBHorO Hr&TeJlJ1 (nopoI pa60TLI OB:
1-5-3--7 -4-8-2-6)
357

OTpa60TaBmHX raJOB OTBO.D:HTCJI '1epe3 BhIXJIOnH}'lO TPy6y, pacnOJIO-
xceHHYIO :QeHTpaJIbHo. 8 HelCoTophIX cJIY'lagx B 1C0H:QeBoH TPy6e
Ha BblXo.n.e H3 I'JIynmTeJIJI YCTaH3.BJIHBaerCJI MeT3JIJIH'leCIC3JI ceTlCa,
YAep)J(HBaI01:Q8JI Ha cBoeo nOBepXHoCTH paCICaJIeHHbIe '1acrH:QbI CIDICII.
K cHcreMaM HClCporameHHJI npeA1>JIBJUIIOTCJI xceCTIGle Tpe60BaHHJI-
lOO%-HaJI rapaHTWl OTcyrcrBWl HCICp npB mo60M pe)KHMe pa60ThI
ABBraTeJIJI. HCnhITaHWl 34>4>eICTHBHocrB pa60ThI BCICpOraCUTeJIeH B nna-
MeraCBTeJIeH npoBOABTCJI no CTaHAapT8.M: .D.JllI MaJIhIX ABBraTeJIeii -
SAE J 350B, ,WIJI cpe.l(HBX - SAE J 350 B AJIJI J1:113eJIeii MOI:QHOCTblO
60JIee 350 ICBT - no craHJ1aPTY SAE J 342.
BblXAOTlHble mpy6bl B3rOTOBJIJllOTCJI B3 JIerBpoBaHHhIX MaTepBaJIOB,
ICoTophIe croibCB IC ICOppo3BB B TepMomolCY. ABToM06BJIbHaJI npoMLIIII-
JIeHHocrb B ABBraTeJIecrpoeHBe B HelCoTophIX CJIy'l8JIX .D.JllI B30JIJlItBB
BLIIIYCICHOH cHcreMbI OT BH6paI{HH .l{OnOJIHHTeJIbHhIX TepMH'lecICHx Ha-
rpY30IC B ICOMlleHC3.I{BR TenJIOBOrO pacmBpeHWl BCnOJIb3}'1OT MeTaJI-
JIB1IecIC.Be rB6ICHe PYKaBa (PBC. 13.3).
TIpOI{ecc BblIIYcICa or JIBJIJIeTCJI H3.H60JIee BHTeHCHBHbIM UCmo1lHU-
KOM zuYMa /(BC. MOI:QHOCTb H cnelCTpaJIbHLIH COCTaB ax:ycrH'IecICOI'O
H3JIy'leHHJI npo:Qecca BblIIYcICa xapax:TepmYIOTCJI BhICOICHMH HX 3Ha'leHH-
JIMH; OCHOBHaJi .l{OJIJI aICycrH'lecICoH 3HepmB npB :nOM pacnOJIaraerCJI
. .
I,...Q
\ \ \ I,.: ,', . I ,. ! ,, ,,
....' ',I. .'" . ..'T7"t 1 
... (: ....i.'....... i(.
/ --
..I

\
:,
 .
,.
PRe. 13.3. KOMDeoHllLle 3JIeMeHThl BhlnyCmOH (:HCTeMhl
358

B HaH60JIee axYCTH'IecKH He6JIarOnpIDITHOB 30He CneI<Tpa 3BYKOBhIX
BOJIH. YpOBeHb 3B}'KOBOrO AaBJIeHIDI B npBeMHOB BhIXlIOnHOB TPy6e
c»OpcBpOBaHHOrO ABHraTeJUI MO)I(eT AOCTBraTb 180 AD.
TIpO:Qecc BLIIIYCKa Ha'iHHaerCJI B MOMeHT Ha"IJa.na OTICphITHJI BhlDYCK-
Horo lCJIanaHa DO BpeMJi CB060AHoro BhIllYCKa b'b (PHC. 13.4) 3a 30...70°
AO HMT H xapa.:KTepB3yerCJI Ua..z:uc:pHTH"lJecKHM HCTe'leHHeM or. BTOpOB
nepBOA bq npoAOJDKaCT npOl{ecc OTBOAa or nOCJIe HMT. TeMnepaTypa
TII H AaBJIeHHe Ph' B MOMeHT Ha"IJa.na OTKphITHJllCJIanaHa B 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOB
Mepe onpe,neJIJIlOT xapalCTep aKYCTlflleCKoro H3J1)"1eHHJI npH npo:Qecce
BLIIIYClCa. MaxCHMaJIbHaJI MOIWIOCTb reHepHpyeTCJI B nepHOA HaH60JIb-
meB TYp6YJIH3a:QHH or, KorAa rpeHT cpeAHeB CICOpOCTH B lCJIanaH-
HOB m;eJIH AOCTHI"aer HaH60JIbmeB BeJIH'IHIILI. C)'MMapHaJI axYCTlfllec-
KaJl MOIWIOCTb, H3JI}"IaeMaJI Ha }"IaCTKe BLIllYCKa bfq, OnpeAeJIJIerCJI Ha
OCHOBaHHH nOCTOJIHHOB JlaiiTXBJlJIa, KOTOpaJI npOnOp:QHOHaJIbHa BOCb-
MOB CTeneHH CKOpOCTH r8.30BOrO nOTOlCa.
CneKmpaAbHblu CDCmas Typ6YJIeHTHOrO myMa r8.30BOrO nOTOKa
onpeAeJIJICTCJI Kax CTaTBCTlfllecKaJI BeJIH'lHIla. C)'MMapHaJI ero HHTeH-
CHBHOCTb IE (BT/M2) H cneKTpaJIbHaJI WIOTHOCTb !j CBE3aHhI Mey
C060B COOTHomeHHeM
Hau60JIee HHTeHCHBHOe H3.JIY'1eHHe axYCTlfllecKOB 3HeprHH cHCTeMoB
BLIIIYCKa npoHcxOAHT Ha HH3KHX "lJaCToTax; npH :nOM 3B}'KOBoe nOJIe
c»opMHpyercJI Ha 60JIbIllHX paCCTOJlHHJIX OT KJIanaua.
B Ha"IJa.n:bHhIii nepHOA BLIIIyCKa CTpYJl or paCnpOCTpaHJIeTCJI B He-
nO,nBIDICHOH cpeAe H He 38.HHMaeT Bee ee"IJeHHe BCJIeJJ;CTBHe C)lCaTIDl
CTpYH, n03TOMY JJ;eBCTBHTeJIbHaJI CKOpOCTb r83a Ha KOpOTKOM }"IaCTKe
3a K1IanamIOH m;eJIbIO MO)I(eT cym;eCT- p
BeHHO npeBbimaTb CKOpOCTb 3BYKa.
TpCTHH nepHOJJ; BhIllYCKa or - qa'
(nepHOJJ; BhITaJIKHB8.HHJI) - npOHCXO-
.nHT npalCTlfllecKH npa nOCTOJIHHOM JJ;a-
BJIeHHH B nwmu.npe. 11HTeHcHBHOCTb
BHXpeBoro ill)'Ma na :nOM }"IacTICe
npOnOp:QHOHaJlbHa mecroH CTeneHH CKO-
pOCTH nOTOKa (nOCTOJIHHaJI E. R. IO)].H-
Ha).
tJerBepTbrH a WITLIii 3Tanbi BhIllYC-
lCa - a'r arb' - npoHcxoJJ;JIT B ne-
pHOA nepelCphITIDI lCJIanaHOB. TIpo:Qecc
lU}'Moo6p830BaHHJI B 3THX 30HWl ra-
00
I E = f G(f)df
o
.,
b"
,D
v
PRc. 13.4. H:H./J.HKaTOpBaJI )J;HarpaMMa
c xapanepBLIMJI )"IaCTIaMH IDyMo-
o6paJOBaHHJl npH BLInycIe Olpa60Ta-
BWHX Ta30B
359

3006MeHa onpe,neJIJIeTCJI cPa33.MH r8.30pacnpe,nCJIeHHJI H B HaCTOee
BpeMJI H3}"1eH He.l\OCTaTO'lHO.
HHTeHCHBHOCTh aKYCTH'IecKoro H3.1I}"1eHHJI B I1pOlecce r8.3006MeHa
OIlpeACJIJIeTCJI KU I1apaMeTp3.MH pa60'lero npoItecca, TU H OC06eH-
HOCTJIMH KOHCTp}'KItHH DADC. B '1aCTHOCTH, Ha XapUTepHCTIIKH myMa
BJIBJIIOT IIJIOTHOCTh r8.3a Ha BhlIIYCKe pB1lJJ, I1pOTHBOAaBJIeHHe cpeAhI Pcp,
B KOTOpYlO I1poHCXO,n:HT HCTe'leHHe, H TeMTIepa-rypa or.
CYMMapHaJI UYCTH'lecKaJI MOIItHOCTh I1poecca BhlIIYCKa W (BT)
OIIpeAeJIJIeTCJI KU
W= WJlMUW,,+ Wc:-rp,
r,n:e W JlMU - MOIIUlOCTb IIIYMa, B036yJ1C,l1;aCMoro HMIIyJIhCOM AaBJIeHHJI;
Jv.: - MOIIUlOCTh myMa OT 06TeKaHIDI 3JIeMCHTOB KJIanaua; W c:-rp -
MOIIUlOCTh IIIyMa ra30BOH CTpyu.
13.2. rJIYIIIIITEJIH IllYMA BLffiYCKA
Cucme.MO UlY.MOzAyweHWl (pHC. 13.5) COCTOHT H3 ,nByx HJIH Tpex
OTAeJIhHhIX pe30HaTopHhIx HJIH KOM6HHHpOBaHHhIX rJIyrrlllTeJIeH AJUI
neI'KOBLIX aBTOM06HJIeH H MOH06no'IHoro rnynmTeJUI AJUI rpY30BhIX.
B nerKOBLIX aBTOM06HID1X B CHCTeMY BhlIIYCKa BKJDO'IaeTCJI KanUllITH-
'ICCKHH HeHTpa.mI3aTOp, xapUTcpuCTIIKH KOToporo y<lHThlBaIOTCJI I1pU
on;eHKe 3arnymalOII.J;HX. CBOHCTB BeeH CHCTeMhI. Ca>KeBLIH clJHJIbTp,
KOTOpLIH yCTaHaBJIHBaeTCJI Ha AlDene, 06bl'lHO KOMIIOHyerCJI C rnyrrm-
TeneM.
Pa3BHTHe aBTOM06HJIhHOH 3neKTpOHHKH I103BOJUleT HCIIOJIh30BaTb
AJUI CHIDKCHIDI myMa BLInycKa nOAyoKmu8Hble CUCme.Mbl, B KOHCTPYK-
I.J;HH KOTOpLIX HCIIOJIb3}'1OTCJI I10,nBH>KHhIe 3neMCHTLI, H3MeHJIIOII.J;He
rCOMeTpH'ICCKHe pa3Mepbl CHCTeMLI myMOTnymeHIDI, a HMeHHO aKTHB-
HyIO wnmy BhIXJIOOH TPy6bl. 3T0 I103BOJUICT H8.RJIY'IIIIHM 06pa30M
cornaCOBaTb 3arnymalOII.J;He CBOHCTBa CHCTeMhI C xapaIITCpOM CHJIOBO-
ro B036)"ICAeHIDI Kone6aHHH B HeH. Tax, CHCTeMa m)'MornymeHBJI
C HaH60JIhIIleH wnmOH 60nee 3clJclJeIITHBHa Ha pe>KHMax MaJIblX 'IaCTOT
Bp8.II.J;eHH.H KOneHqaTOrO BaJIa ,nBuraTeJUl, KOpOTKaJI - Ha BLICOKHX.
B KaqeCTBe I10,nBH:>KHOrO 3JIeMeHTa HCIIOJIh3yIOTCJI IIHeBMaTH'leCmH:
HJIH 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHblH KnanaH JIH60 ynpaBJUleMaJI 3aCJIOHKa HJIH
30nOTHHK.
DpHMeHeHHc nonyaxTHBHoH CHCTCMLl nOBOnJIer nOBhICHTb 3clJcPCK-
THBHOCTb IIIyMor.nym:cHWI Ha 10 AD Ha pCX<HMax Ma.JIblX 'IaCTOT Bp8.II.J;C-
HIDI.
Pa60Ta 60nce 3cl>clJeKTHBHoH aKTHBHOH CUCTCMbI myor.nym:cHIDI
OCHOBaHa Ha npHHI.J;HIIe I10,n:aBJIeHHJI myMoBoro H3JIyqeHHJI ax:YCTH'Iec-
ICBM CHrHaJIOM paBH03Ha'IHOrO cIIeKTpaJIbHOrO COCTaBa, HO I1o.n;aHHoro
B npOTHBocPa3e. Pa60Ta TaKoH CHCTeMbl Tpe6yer 3HaCJIbBbIX 3Hepro-
360

B
\9
l.t
I-I
'2
I-I
a
2-{:::'......\f
.!",,{:;y;;:;." \..
.-.......  " ',...
. .""
...:........;.))

ill'
116 100 235
6 585 I
PRe. 13.5. r.nynnrrenB ID)'Ma BLlUYCKa nerIOBOrO aBTOM06HJIJl (a) H aBT06yca (6)
3a'TpaT, n03TOM)' QeJIecoo6pa.3HO HCnOJIb30BaTb ee B 30He, r,lJ,e 3BYXOBble
,lJ,aBJIeHHJl MaJIbl, T. e. 6JIH)l(e Ie XBOCTOBOH Tpy6e. CHCTeMa 3$4>eIeTHBHO
pa60TaeT B llIHpOIeOM ,lJ,HIIa.30He Tf:acroT H n03BOJIJleT ,lJ,06HTbCJl CHH)J(e-
HD myMa BblllYClCa Ha 30...35 ,nO. .
3cpcpeICTHBHOCTb pa60TbI aICTHBHOH cHcreMhI I1I)'Mor.rrymeHIDI 3aBH-
CHT OT Tf:}'BCTBHTeJIbHOCTH H 6blCTpOTbI ,lJ,eHCTBHg ,lJ,aT'Imca H 3JIeICT-
pOHHoro 6JIOIc:a ynp8.BJIeHHJl III}'MonO,lJ,aBJ1JlK)m;eii CHCTeMOH.
Tpy6bl, coe,lJ,HWIIOIQHe OT,lJ,eJIbHbIe 3JIeMeHTbI CHCTeMbl BblllYCKa AIIJl
JIefKOBblX aBTOM06HJIeH, IC ICOTOphIM npe,lJ,'LJIB.JuIIOTCg 66JIee )J(ecnCHe
Tpe60BaHIDI no ypOBHJlM aKYCTHTf:eclCoro H3JIy'leHIDI, BblllOJIHJIIOTC1I
C .D.BOHHbIMH cremc:aMH.
CHcreMbl 8.BTOM06HJIeH BbICiliero ICJIacca HMelOT CneQHaJIbHOe Tep-
MOCToHlCoe nOlCpblTHe H3 CHHTeTH'leCICHX CMOJI C HanOJIHHTeJIeM, KOTO-
poe 3aIQHm;aeT HX OT lCopp03mmoro H a6pa.3HBHOrO H3HOCOB. OAH3.lCO
361

pacnOJIOXCeHHe rJIYlllHrCJIH B CHCTeMe BhIIIYClCa He MO)Ker 6hITb npoH3-
BOJIbHbIM, OHO 3aBHCHT OT 1C0HCTpyKnHH .QBHraTeilll, pacnOJIO)KeHWI
ABHraTeIDI Ha aBTOM06Hne H ,ZJ;onYCTHMoro COnpOTHBJIeHIDI BhIIIYCICY
or. BOJIHa ,ZJ;aBJIeHWI, nepeMemagCb no BblIIYCICHOM)' TPy60npoBOAY,
na,ZJ;aer Ha 31Cp8.H (rnylliHTenb), 06JIa,ZJ;aroI:I:tHii HMne,ZJ;aHCOM Z, H 0TPaxca-
eTCg. OrpaxceHHaJI OT rJIYllIHTeilll BOJIHa ,ZJ;aBJIeHWI B036y:xc,aaeT lCoJIe6a-
TeJIbm.m npou:ecc B CHCTeMe C Y3JI3MH H ny'IHOCnlMH ,ZJ;aBJIeHIDI, pac-
nOJIoxceHIUI 1C0TOpbIX B BbillYCICHOH CHCTeMe onpe,ZJ;eJllllOTCg 'IaCTOTOH
Bpa.m;eHWI 1C0JIeH'IaTOrO BMa ABHraTeJIg, TaICTHOCTblO H 1C0JIH'leCTBOM
.QHJIHH,ZJ;poB, nO,ZJ;ICJIIO'IeHHbIX IC 3TOH BblXJIOnHOH TPy6e.
BbillYCICHyIO CHCTeM)' ABHraTeilll BHyrpeHHero crop3.IIWI MO)KHO C'IH-
TaTb TI>y60H, OTlCphITOH C O)J;IIoro 1C0HIta H 3aICphITOH lCJIan8.HOM C ,ZJ;PY-
roro 1C0HIta. Tor,ZJ;a )];JIB ,ZJ;aBJIeHIUI HMeeM
P=Po sin kx=Po(2v+ l)n/2/,
a c06CTBeHHaJI 'IaCTOTa onpe,ZJ;eJIHTCB BblpaxceHHeMJ,,=(2v+l)c/4/, OT-
ICY,ZJ;a 1=(2v+ I)Aj4, r,ZJ;e k=2nw - BOJIHOBoe 'lHCJIO; w=2nf -lCpyrO-
BaJI 'IaCTOTa; v - nOpJl,ZJ;OK rapMoHHICH; l - ,ZJ;JIHHa BOJIHbI; f - 'IaCTO-
Ta; 1- )J;JIHHa TPy6b1.
PacnpoCTp8.HeHHe ,ZJ;aBJIeHIDI no ,ZJ;JIHHe TPy6b1 ,ZJ;illl OCHOBuoro Toua
H 06epTOHa npe,ZJ;CTaBJIeHO Ha pHC. 13.6.
Kor,ZJ;a BXO,ZJ; B KaMepy rnymHTemJ pacnOJIO)KeH B Y3JIe, T. e. B 30He
HaHMeHbmero ,ZJ;aBJIeHHg, oTpaxceHHaJI BOJIHa HMeeT HaHMeHbmyK> a.MII-
JIHTYAY H rJIYIIIHTeJIb pa60TaeT 60JIee .31}1cl>eKTHBHO no CpaBHeHHIO co
cny'laeM pacnOJIO)KeHHg ero B II}"IHOCTH ,ZJ;aBJIeHIDI. Au8JIH3HpYB pe3YJIb-
TaTbI 3KCnepHMeHTa nepeMemeHHg rJIymHTeilll no ,ZJ;JIHHe Tpy6b1, npoBe-
,ZJ;eHHbIe Ha .QBHraTeJIe MOIItHOCTblO 150 KBT (Ta6JI. 13.1), BH)J;HM, 'ITO
BTOpaJI n03HItIIg HaH60JIee 31}1<}>eKTHBHa no CHIDKeHHIO III)'Ma H c03,ZJ;aer
He60JIbmOe npOTHBo,ZJ;aBJIeHHe. IIBTaJI n03HJtHg T3.IOKe 3acJIYXCHBaer
BHHMaHHg. 3T0 nOJIOEeHHe rnymHTeilll c03,ZJ;aer HaHMeHbmee npoTH-
/
:' 'I
x=O x=/ x
1
PRe. 13.6. KOJIe6aHHJl MBJIeHHJl ra3a B lpy6e (B ce'leBHH x=O lpy6a HMeeT OTKpLlTblii:
IOBeIt, B ce'leBHH x=/- 3aKpLlTblii:):
1 - oc:BOBHoA TOR; 2 - nepllhlil: TOB; 3 - BTopoA TOB
362

Bo.n;aBJIeHHe. CnC.n;YeT nOMHHTL, 'ITO H3MCHCHHC ClCOpocTHoro pexoIMa
pa60TLI ,lJ;BHraTeJIJI nOBJIe'leT 3a c060H H3MCHeHHe 'IaCTOTLI BhlHyJIC,nCH-
HLIX KOJIe6amdi: r8.3a B Tpy6onpoBo.n;e H, DlC CJIeCTBHe, n01])e6ycT
H3MeHeHHB nOJIO]f(elllUl rJIymHTe.illl B CHCTeMe.
Ta6J1.J111ll13.1
Nt Amma IIWXJJODBOii Amma .II:0BItcaoi npoTBIIO- I!.L, .111> (A)
olD TPY6w 1JP rnyIlIB'l"CJla, TPY6w, MY AlUlJIeBIIC.
MY 6ap
1 1200 4800 0,95 13,0
2 2100 3900 0,71 16,5
3 3000 3000 0,83 7,5
4 3900 2100 1,01 10,5
5 4800 1200 0,73 13,5
6 5700 300 0,72 8,0
II
PaC'leT rnyIllHTeJIeH IlI}'Ma BLIIIYCKa BKJIIO'Iae-r B ce6JI TpH :nana:
l}onpe,neJIeHHe XapaKTepHCTKH HCTO'IHIIKa IlI}'Ma; 2) paC'leT nepe.n;aTO'l-
HOH «l>ymcH CHCTeM BLIIIYCKa; 3) onpe,neJIeHHe H3JI}"IeHBJI.
OcHOBHhIM COep]f(aHHeM paC'leTa nepe,naTO'IHOH «l>ymc SIBJIJIeTCJI
onpe,neJIeHHe 8.M11JIHT}'AHO-'IaCTOTHhIX XapaKTepHCTHK IlI}'MorJIymax
3JIeMeHTOB THna pacmllpHTeJILHhIX KaMep, pe301aTopoB H 3B}'Konor-
JIOInaIOX 3JIeMeHTOB.
B rnyIllHTeJIJIX B OCHOBHOM HCnOJIL3YIOTCJI 3JIeMeHTLI ,lJ;Byx TUnOB:
1) aKTHBHLIe (.nBCCHllaTHBHLIe); 2) peaKTHBHLIe. ,l(HccHllaTUBHLIe 3JIe-
MeHTLI npeo6p8.3yroT aKYCTH'IecKYIO 3Heprmo B TellJIOByro 3a C'IeT
paCCeJIHHB 3HeprHH npH nepe-reK8.IIHH or 'Iepe3 nopLl B BOJIOKHHCThIX
MaTepHaJIax.
OcHOBH}'IO ,nOJDO 3HeprHH, norJIOInaeM}'lO peaICTIlBHLIMH 3JIeMeH-
TaMH, COCTaBlliIIOT OTpaJICeHHe BOJIH H ax HHTeP4>epeHH.
XapaKTepHCTHKH HCTO'IHIIKOB myMa BLIIIYCKa COOTHOCSITCH C MaC-
COBLIM paCXOOM or 'Iepe3 CHCTeM}', XapaKTepHCTHKa 3arJIymeHHH
ICOTOpOH 3aBHCHT OT 06"LeMa rJIymHTeJIJI. Ero Ooo.eM onpe.n;eJIHeTCJI no
OCHOBHLIM napaMeTpaM ,lJ;BHraTeJIJI:
VII hi:.
V=K- v l/i,
n
r.n;e K = 5 . 10 3 -,ltJIJI TpaICTOpoB; U = 104- -,nJIJI BHe,ltopo)ICHHKOB;
K = 3,5 . 10 4 - IJ)1JI rpy30BhIX aBTOM06HJIeH; K= 5 .10 4 - IJ)1JI nenco-
BhIX aBTOM06HJIeH.
XapaKTepHCTHKa 3arnymelllUl3aBHCHT OT 'IaCTOTLI nYJIbCau;Hii. crJIa-
)lClfBaHHlO KOTOphIX cnOC06CTB}'IOT YBeJIll'leHHe KOnll'leCTBa JIHH,npoB
H B03paCT8.HHe 'IacTOThI Bp3.IneHHB n. IIpH 'IaCTOTaX Bp3.InelllUl BLIlIIe
3000 MHH- 1 Ooo.eM rnynnrreJIH MaJIO CK8.3hIBae-rCH Ha ero XapaKTepH-
CTHKe 3arnymeHHH, 'lTO XapaKTHO ,lJ;IDI ,ltBHraTeJIJI C KOJIH'IeCTBOM
363

QHJIHH.n;poB 60nee 'ieTblpeX. IIpH 3TOM m)'M BhlXJIOna B OCHOBHOM
l}>opMHPYeTCg nOTOKOM or.
reOMeTpH'ieCKHe paJMepbl rnYlliHTeneH onpe.n;eIDIIOT HCXO.n;jI H3 B03-
MO>KHOrO KOMllOHOBO'iHOrO npOCTpaHCTBa. IIpH 3TOM Y'iHTbIBaIOT, 'iTO
rnylliHTenH MHHHM8nbHOrO .D;HaMeTpa, Kax npaBHJIO, BblllOnIDllOTCjI no
O.D;HOTPy6HOH npJIMOTO'iHOH cxeMe C pe30HaHCHhIMH KaMep3.MH.
B cnyq:ae npHMeHeHHjI 3BYKonornoaroeH Ha6HBKH B03MO>KHO
)'MeHbmeHHe AJIHHbI pe30HaHCHoro rnymHTeIDI, HO HeBbICOKajI 31}>1}>eK-
THBHOCTb B HH3KO'iaCTOTHOH 06naCTH COXpaHHeTCjI. J(njI nOBbUlleHHjI
BenH'iHHbI 3arnymeHHg Heo6xo.D;HMO npHMeIDITh MHOrOKaMepHhIii rny-
lliHTenb C YBeJIH'ieHHbIM .lUIaMeTpOM.
OTHomeHHe AJIHHbI rnYlliHTenjI K ero .D;HaMeTpy OKaJbIBaeT cyeCT-
BeHHoe BnIDIHBe Ha BenlPUfHY 3arnymeHIDI mYMa H Ha .n;HanaJOH 3arny-
maeMbIX 'iaCTOT. KOpOTICHH rnYIllHTenb 60nbmero .D;H3.MeTpa .n;aeT
6onbmyIO BeJIH'lHHY 3arnymeHIDI, HO B OTHOCHTeJIbHO Y3KOM .D;Hana30He
'iaCTOT, B TO BpeMSI KaK rnyIIIHTeJIb C MaJIbIM .n;H3.MeTpOM 3arnymaeT
COCTaBnSIlOIWIe mYMa B 60nee IllHpOKOM .D;HanaJoBe 'iaCTOT, IIPH 3TOM
YMeHbmaeTCg BenH'iHHa 3arnymeHHjI.
KOM6uHup08aHHble zAywumeAu npe.n;CTaBnSIlOT C060H CHCTeMY pe30-
H3.BCHbIX K3.Mep, B KOHCTpY.KIUfH KOTOpLIX HCIIonb3}'1OTCjI 3BYKonor-
nOIQalOe MaTepH8nbI, TaKHe, KaK CTeKJIOBOnOlilio, nyTaBKa (CTaJIbBajI
IIpOBOnOKa, clipeccoBaHHaJI 6pHKeTaMH) H MeT8nnOKepaMHICa.
IIpH pac'ieTe rnYIllHTeneH Bce 3JIeMeHTbI CHCTeMbI nonararoT O.D;HO-
MepHbIMH. IIpoCTeHmHM o.n;HoMepHbIM 3.J)eMeHToM RBnjIeTCjI Tpy6a IIO-
CTomrnoro .n;HaMeTpa C )J(eCTKHMH CTeBKaMH. IIap3.MeTpbI MaTpHltbI,
oIIHcbIBaroIQeH axYCTH'iecKHe CBoHCTBa IIpocTeHmero o.n;HoMepHoro 3ne-
MeHTa, OlIpe.n;elliilOTCjI H3 pHC. 13.7 KaK COBOKynHOCTh napaMeTpOB
npjIMbIX H oTpa:x.<eHHbIX BonH:
p (x) =F+ellc+% +p-e ik -%;
v (x) = S [p+e-ik+j,
pc
r.n;e p + , p - - 3ByKOBoe .n;aBneHHe npJIMOH H o6paTHoH BonH COOTBeTCT-
BeHHO; k=wlc - BOJIHOBoe 'lReno; w - KpyrOBWI 'IaCTOTa; M - 'lRC-
no Maxa; S - nnoa.D;b nonepe'IHoro ce'ieHIDl.
P I! I P2 ,l:tIDI BhI'lHeneHIDI 3ByKoBoro .n;aBne-
: : HHjI P (x) H 06"beMHOH axyCTH'ieCKOH CKO-
! (p+)e2k+X! poCTH v (x) HCnOJIb3}'1OT ene.n;yIOIQHe ypa-
: : BHeHIDI:
: ___ (p-)e 2k - x :
 ! ! 
x=O x=l
PRc. 13.7. llpJiMaJI -rpy6a
A=FCOS (  ) .
I-M 2 '
364

. ( kl )
B=Fipc sm - ;
I-M 2
. 1 ( kl )
C=Fism- - ;
pc I-M 2
D=FCOS (  ) .
I-M 2
( Mkl ) . ( Mkl )
rJJ.eF=cos - -ism - .
I-M 2 I-M 2
IIpH pac'IeTe BhIIIYCmaJI CUCTeMa JJ.eJIBTCJI Ha }"faCTICH. Ha K3JKJJ.OM
83 KOTOphIX 3aJj.aeTCJI cpeJJ.WIJI TeMllepaTypa. BhI'lHCJUllOTCJI napaMerphI
MaTpHl!hI. a 3aTeM peaJIH3YeTCJI «CIDHBKa» Bcex O..-pe3KOB C HCnOJIb30Ba-
HHeM ypaBHeHBJI
[ A B ] = [ AI Bl ][ Az. Bz ] ... [ AII BII ] .
C D C 1 Dl C z D1. C" D"
JIHHeapH30B8.HHbIe ypaBHeHIDI COXpaHeHIDI 3HeprHH. MaCChI H KonH-
'IeCTBa JJ.BIDKeHIfJI npH nOCTOJIHHOii TeMDepaTYpe HMelOT CJIeJJ.yIDIQHH
BHJJ. (PHC. 13.8):
pc pc _ l!.p
P. +-M.v. =P2+- M -zV2-----;-.
5. 52 11-1
S.MtP. + pcv. =S2 M ,p+ pcV<J + S2M2Ap.
(S2+ S.M'f)P. + 2pcM.v. = (S. + S2 M ?)P2 + 2pcM 2 v" + S2M?Ap.
TJJ.e Ap - Heo6paTHMhIe nOTepH JJ.aBJIeHIDI.
Qepe3 HMlleJJ.aHC OTBeTBneHIIJI Z BhIpWKaeTCJI KaIC
---:L 
M. ---- :P2 ----M2 M.____P ---- M 2
V, t!l----- v.'
 
o
M, ___PI: P2 ---M
I VI:V2 2
a
6
6
PRc. 13.8. PaC'leTllaJI cxeMa:
Q - cyzeBBe DB&J1&; 6 - paalIBpdme IIBIUJa; . - 6oIo_ OTIIeTBllc:Rlle
365

[:J=[Z:l J[:J.
z.= R +i ( X _ Pc'1 ) ,
S. S. WIT
r.IJ,e R H X = ropl' - COOTBeTCTBeHHO 8.lCTHBHOe H pea.ICTHBHoe Y.IJ,eJIbHLIe
uYCTII'Iecme COllpOTHBJIeHIIJI rOpJIOBHHbI; S. - WIOIQaAb nonepe'IHoro
C'e'leBHJI rOpJIOBHHW; tl r - 06'beM nOJIOCTH rJIymHTeJIJl; I' - 3C)xpeICTHB-
H3J[ AJIHHa rOpJIOBHHbI.
Ha cpe,nBIIX H BHCOKBX '1acTOTax paC'leT no BbllDenpHBe.IJ,eHHb1M
ctK>PMYJIaM B03MOJICeB H AJIJI TJ'y6 MaJIhIX .IJ,HaMeTpOB. OAHaJ:O B 3JIe-
MeBTax PacmHI)lITeJIbBOH lCaMepH Ba 3THX '1aCToTax MOJICeT B03HIIICHyTb
TIepe,l\aT01J:HaJI
cl>YJIKl.\IDI
CHCTeMhI BhlnycKa
P(i)
XapaKTepHCTHKa
H3JIY'IeHIDI
L(i)
HCXOHhle aHHLle paC1J:eTa
iv,,; i; n; Fr; Tr; d.n; dawn; hifJ( max; i.. n . ifJ(; Y; 'I1; a;
cIla3h1 ra:ropacnpe,l\eJleHIDI; ra6apHTHhle pDMephi
npe,IUIoJlaraeMoA CHCTeMhI
I
IIpe.o;BapHTeJIhHhlA paC1J:eT KOMnOHOB01J:Hoii: cxeMhI:
paC1J:eT ra6apHTOB OT.o;eJlbHhIX rJIyI.l.IHTeJleA, HX
B3aHMHoe pacnOJlOXeHHe C Y'leTOM (003 Y'lera)
TOpM03a, caxeYJlOBHTeJUI
I
PaC1J:er OTeJlhHhIX 3JleMeHTOB rJIyI.l.IHTeJUl,
r+- ,l\HaMeTpa H WlHHhI CoeHHHTeJlbHhIX Tpy6 H
KOHe'lHoA Tpy6h1 no napaMeTpaM wyMorJIY-
llIeHIDI 6.1 H t.p
lf3roTOBJIeHHe npoTOTHna
I
AKyCTH1J:eCDfe HCnLlTIlHIDI npoToTHna:
a) CTaIUfOHapHl.le;
6) XOJlO,AHhle C nOTOKOM;
B) ropJl'lHe - Ha HraTeJle Ha pa3JlH1J:HhIX peJKHMax;
r) lI,HHaMH'leCKHe
 KOHCTpyJITHBHaJI opa6OTKa
I
HCnhITaHHe CHCTeMLI Ha H3J1eJICHOCn.:
a) BH6poHCnhlTliHIDI; -
6) HCnhITaHIDI B COJUlHoA BaHHe;
B) HCnLITaHIDI Ha TepMOlliOK
PRC. 13.9. IIp.lUlJ.4llllH aJIbBU CXeMa p8C'ICTa CIIcre.. BhIlI)'CD B mywOTJIYWeBllJI
366

\I
pe30HaHC nonepe'IBhIX ICoJIe6amlii, 'lT0 nOBJIHJIeT Ha YCJIOBmI pacnpOCT-
paHeHHJI IlJIOCICOH OHOMepHOH BOJIHhI. OHOMepHaJI MOeJIb paC'IeTa
He 6YeT 3,lJ;elCBamo onHCblBaTb COBOKynHOCTb KOJIe6aTeJIbHLIX JIBJIeHHH
B pe8.JIbHOM 06"beKTe. B 3TOM CJIY'Iae npHMeIDIlOT JIH60 Memoo MOOa.llb-
HOZO aHaAU3a, JIH60 MeTO ICOHe'lHblX 3neMeHTOB. TIpH MoanbHOM
3.HaJIH3e r330Byro cpey nOJIaralOT CDJIOIDHOH H 33,lJ;aroT Tame 3aBHCH-
MOCTH 3ByKOBoro aBneHHJI OT ICoopHHaT, KOTopble COOTBeTCTBYIOT
rpaHHn3.M ICaMepbI.
MeTO ICOHeq}{hIX 3JIeMeHTOB npHMeHHTenbHO K pac'Iery rnymH-
TeneH MO)J(eT 6bITb HCnOJIb30BaH ,WUI MOeJIHpOB3.HmI KaMep JU060H
cpOPMbI. OCHOBY Meroa COCTaBJIjJeT HHTepnpeT8,QBjJ 06"beMa IC8.IC COBO-
ICYDHocrH MHO)J(ecTBa M8.JIbIX 3JIeMeHTapHhIX 06"beMOB. AnjJ onpeeJIe-
HWl 3BYICOBoro 8.BJIeHWl B ICaxc.n:OM 3JIeMeHTapHOM 06"beMe 33,lJ;aeTCjJ
npH6JIH)J(eHHoe pemeHHe HH3Koro nopAAKa TO'IBOCTH B BH.n;e nOJIBHOMa,
B KOTOpOM HeH3BecTHhIMH JlBJImoTCB 8.MI1J1HTy.o;bl ero Y3JIOB.
OKOH'IaTeJIbHO .n;aHHble cHcreMbI onpeemIIOTCjJ nOCJIe HCDhIT3.HBjJ
ODbITHOrO 06p33.Qa B .n;OBOAKH ero KOHCTpyKTHBHhIX napaMeTpoB (PBC.
13.9). JIa60paTopHble aKYCTH'IecKBe HCnblTaHmI cHcreMbI BbIDycKa BbI-
nOJIHmoT C nOMOl.Qb1O BCKyCCTBeHHbIX HcrO'IIIHKOB 3ByKa. npaKTH'leCKH
8.ICycrH'IecICBe B MeX3.HB'IeCICHe cBoHCTBa cHcreMbI O.QeHHBaroTcB DpB
HCDbITaHHJIX Ha pe8.JIbHOM roJHraTeJIe. 06IQHH ypoBeHb IIIyMa aBTO-
M06HIDl, B TOM 'lHCJle H CHCTeMhI BhIXJIOna, O.QeHHBaeTCB B COOTBeT-
CTBBB co crapTaMH rocy, SAE B 53 npaBBJI E3K OOH. CT3.H-
.n;apT SAE J 1287 CJI}')J(HT ,WUI O.QeHKH myMa BIdlIYCJ[a MOTO.QHKJIOB;
SAE J 1169 - AJIjJ JIerKOBbIX aBTOM06BJIeH B SAE J 1207 - AJIB O.QeH-
ICB 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH r.nymHTeJIeH IIIyMa BbIDYCKa.
13.3. HEiiTP AJI1:13AQID1 OTPA60TABIIIHX r A30B.
HEitrPAJDDATOPLI
COep)J(3.HHe TOKCB'IHbIX KOMDOHeHTOB B or roJHraTeJIeH MO)J(eT
6bITb CHH)J(eHO 3a C'IeT KaTaJIHTH'leCKOH B TepMll'leCKOH HeH-rp8.JIH3artHB..
06IQHMH Tpe6oBaHHJIMH, npe"bJIBJIJleMbIMH J[ 3.HTHTOKCH'lecICBM
YCTpOHcrB3.M, JIBillIl<>TCjJ: M8.JIhIe rlf.lJ;paBJIH'leCKHe CODpOTHBJIeHWl, MH-
HHManbHhIe MaCCora6apHTHhIe nOK33aTeJIH, 6e3oTK33HaJi pa60Ta no
Kpaii:aeH Mepe .0;0 80000 J[M npo6era, TemClIorH'lHOCTb B IreBhICOK8JI
CTOBMOcrb.
K8.IC nOICa3ana npanmca, H3.H6onee 3WTIHBHhIMB OK33hIB3.IOTCB
cnoco6hI ICaTaJIHTH'IecKoH HeH-rpanH3artHB or, OCHOB3.HHhIe Ha nOHH)J(e-
HHB 3HeprerH'IecKOrO nopora npOTeK3.HBJI XHMII'IeClCHX npo.QeccoB.
CIIcreMbl ICaTaJIHTH'leCKOH HeiITp8.JIH3a.QHB B Co6CTBeHHO caMH HeH-
TpaJIH3aTOphI MOryr KJIaccBcpH.QBpOBaTbCJI no cneyroIQHM npH3HaKaM:
. no muny - OICBCJIHTeJIbHhIe (AJIJI OICBCJleHBJI CO B CH), BOC-
cr3.HOBHTeJIbHhIe (.n;m.I BOCCTaHOBJICHHjJ 330Ta B3 NO.,) B 6BcpYH-
367

OHaJIbHhle (rpeXICOMDOHeHTHhIe), B KOTOphIX Heii'rpaJIH3YIOTCJI CO, CH
HNO x ;
. no Ha3Ha'leHWO - rnaBHLIH H nYCKOBOH;
. no UcnO.A.HeHWO - OHO- H ByxKaMepHhle;
. no muny HocumeAR - C HaChIllHbIM WIH MOHOJIHTHbIM HOCHTeneM;
. no MamepuaAY HocumeAR - C XepaMH'leCImM HJIH MeTaJIJIH'IeClCHM
HOCHTeneM;
. no MamepuaAY aKmu8Hozo KamaAumU'IeCKOZO CAOR - C 6naropo-
HbIMH MeTaJ1JI8.MH H o6Ll'1HbIMH MaTepHaJIaMH;
. no tJ03M03ICHocmu pa60mbl C pa3AU'lHblMU monAusaMU - IDI pa-
60ThI Ha He3TBJIHpOBaHHhIX 6eH3HHaX H AJUI pa60ThI Ha 6eH3HHax
C orpaHH'IeHHhIM COJJ;epxcaHHeM B HHX CBHHa.
HeumpaAU3amop KOHcmpYKmUSHO COCTOHT (PHC. 13.10) H3 MeTaJI-
JDI<IecICoro ICopnyca 1, H3rOTOBJIeHHOrO 113 )IGlponpO'lHOB CTaJIlI TOJlImt-
HOB nopJI.ZnCa 1,5 MM, B ICOTOpOM HaxO,lUlTCJI nOICphlTLIi 8JCTHBHhIM
ICaTaJIHTH'IecICHM cnoeM 3 HOCHTeJIb 2. ):{IDI coe.zUlHeHHJI C 3neMeHTaMH
CHCTeMbI BhIllycICa ICOpnyC HeBTpaJIH3aTOpa cHa6:JKeH naHII;aMH. B e-
JllIX CHH:JKeHIUI. ypOBHJI nepeJJ;8.BaeMhIX OT .ltBHraTeIDI BH6p8.Il;HOHHLIX
HarpY30IC ICopnyc MO)J(eT no.n;coeHIDITbCJI IC BhIllYClCHOMy Tpy6onpoBo.ny
nocpeAcTBOM ICOMlleHcaTopa ICone6aHHii.
B ICaTaJIHTH'IeCICHX HeBTpaJIH3aTopax IIcnonb3YIOTCJI HOCHTeJIH Ha-
CblnHble (06h1'1HO rpaHYJlhl Ha OCHOBe ICepaMHKH), KepaMUileCKUe MOHO-
AUmHbie H MemaAAUileCKue. B BaCTOmIJ;ee BpeMJI HaChlllHhle BOCHTenll He
npllMeBJIIOTCJI BBH,AY HX nOBhlIlIeBBhIX rll)J;paBnH'leCICHX conpoTHBneBHB,
MeAJIeHBOrO nporpeBa II Be6onbllioro cpoICa cny:JK6h1 113-3a IICTHpaHlUI.
nOBepXHOCTeB rpauyn npH BH6plUIX.
Ha.u6oJlblliee pacnpOCTpaHeBHe B HaCTOJIIII;ee BpeMJI non}"IHJIH HOCH-
TeJlH H3 TepMOCTOH1C.OB 1C.epaMH1C.H. MOHOJIHT, H3rOTOBJUIeMhIH MeTo.n;OM
31C.CTPY3HH (BhlJl:aBnHBaHHJI), HMeeT 06hl'lHO OBaJIbBYIO HJIH ICpyrnylO
OPMY. OB npOHH3aB ICB8.JJ;paTHhIMH ICaH8JI3.MH (o6hl'lBo 31,46, 62, 93
J
3
2
.4rJ'5,. "":'7-- ..-;-: ,. ....
. ... ' - .,. --' ,:.;...... 
r ' -=- - . ---. ....11/,-..
',  ' .;... -;: _. _ ., ._..:......._ _ 't
i'_.\ _ ""'_, __. :_ __ ';:::: .
. .. . ,--=: .: - -.
'-
.( [ :
or'
2/] J r.:.--11 rr
PRc. 13.10. YClpOHCTBO IaTaJIHTH'leCl:OrO HeiilpaJIH3'lTopa
368

KaHaJIa HJIH 60JIee Ha 1 CM 2 nonepe1ffiol'o eeqeHWI) no HanpaBJIeHHIO
np01'eKaJIWI or. B .Qe.1lllX YBeJIH'leHIDI llJIOII{a,mI aIC1'HBHOH nOBepXHOCTH
HOCH1'eJIb nOKpbIBaerCJI nopHCTLIM CJIOeM l'8.MMa-OKCH.n;a amoMHHHJI,
nosepx K01'Opol'O HaHOCH1'CJI Ka1'aJIHTU'IeCKHH MaTepUaJI.
He.n;oCTa1'KaMH Beex Ka1'3JIH1'HqecKHX HeihpaJIH3a1'OpoB Ha OCHOBe
He6JIaropo.n;HhIX MeraJl]]OB JIBIDIIOTCJI HX M3JIaJI 3q,4>eKTHBHOCTh npH
nycKe XOJIO,D;HOI'O .n;BHI'aTeIDI H nOBhIlIIeHHaJI 'l}'BCTBH1'eJIhHOCTh K 3arpJI-
3HeHHlO 1'OnJIHBa CBHH.QOM H eepOH. 3TO JIBJDIeTCjJ npH'IHHOH npeHM)'-
I.QeCTBeHHoro UCnOJIh30BaJIHJI B HeH1'paJIll3a1'opax .n;oporOCTOJII.QHX Ma-
TepHaJIOB (nJIaTHHbI, naJIJIa,D;WI H pO.n;mI). PaJIee HCnOJIb30BaJIHCh TalOKe
PYTeHim H HpH.zuIii:. Ha O.n;HH HeihpaJIH3a1'Op pacxo.n;yercJI OT 1,5 .n;o
3 I' 6JIaropo.n;HhIX Me1'aJIJIOB. Ha llJIa1'HHe np01'eKalOT OKHCJIH1'eJIhHble
npo.QecChl, PO.n;HH )ICe cnoc06CTByer BOCCTaHOBJIeHHIO 8.301'a H3 ero
OKCH.n;OB. B cOBpeMeHHhIX KOHCTpYK.QHSIX HeHTpaJIll3aTOpOB qaCTO HC-
nOJIb3yerCJI naJIJIa.n;Hii. IIIHpOKoe HCnOJIh30BaHHe na.n.n:a.nuJI o6'bJICmIeT-
CJI ero MeHhmeii no cpaBHeHHIO C llJIaTHHoii CTOHMOC1'blO (npu6JIH3HTe-
JIbHO B 4 p8.3a) H 60JIee BblCOKOH 34>4>eK1'HBHOCTbIO npH OKHCJIeHHH
napaq,HHoB H apoMamqecKHX yrJIeBo.n;opo.n;OB.
B .QeIDIX CHIDKeHHJI MaCCbl .n;oporHx Ka1'8.JIH3aTOpOB CTpeMjJ1'CJI yse-
JIB'IH1'h nJIOTHOCTh KaTaJIHTHqecKH ax1'HBHhIX jJqeeK, qTO nOBhIIIIaeT
aK1'HBHyro nOBepXHocTh H HHTeHcH4>HPyer npo1'eKaHHe XHMH'IeCKHX
npo.QeccoB. IIepcneKTHBHbIe YJIbTpa1'oHKHe nOKpblTHJI O1'KpbIBalO1' HO-
Bbie B03MO)KHOCTH, nOCKOJIbKY npHBO,WIT K CYI.QecTBeHHOM}' CHIDKeHHIO
Macc H K YBeJIH'leHHIO aKTHBHhIX llJIoI.Qa,n:eii. IhBeCTHbI 1'eXHOJIOrHH,
n03BOJISllOI.QHe HaJIOCHTh 2000...1200 JI1IeeK Ha KBa.n;pa1'HhIii .n;lOiiM (npH-
6JIH3HTeJIbHO 310...186 Ha 1 CM 2 ).
Kep8.MH'leCKHii HOCHTeJIh O1'JIHqaerCJI Ma..JIhIMH 3HaqeHIDIMH K034>-
cI>HeHTa 06'hCMHOrO pacmHpeHIDI H 6JIaro,ltapjJ 60JIhmoMY c)'MMap-
HOMY npOXO,WlOMY eeqeHmO KaHaJIOB xaparcrepH3yeTCJI He3Ha'lHTeJIh-
HbIMH BeJIH'lHHaMH rH.D:paBJIHqeCKHX conpOTHBJIeHHii. He.n;oc1'anoM
KepaMH'leCKHX MOHOJIHTOB S1BillIerCjJ HX HeBblCOKaJI YCTOH'lHBOC1'h
npOTHB MeXaHHqeCKHX HarpY30K. II031'OMY Me>K.A)' KopnYCOM R HOCR-
1'eJIeM (CM. pRC. 13.10) p8.3MeII{alO1' 3JIacTH'IH)'IO Me1'aJIJIHqeCKyIO
npOlrna.D:KY 3 H3 BhICOKOJIerRpOBaHHOH npOBOJIOKH. JI;pyrHM HeJ],OC1'a1'-
KOM KepaMH'leCKHX HOCR1'eJIeH S1BIDIeTCJI OTHOCHTeJIhHO 6oJIhmoe Bpe-
MjJ, Heo6xOAHMoe .D:JUI HX nporpeBa .n;o pa6o'IHx 1'eMnepaTYP (Bblme
250°C).
B HaCTOJIIUee BpeMjJ HaMeqaerCJI 1'eH,ZJ;eRQWI K 60JIee lliHpOKOM}'
RCnOJIh30BaHHlO B KaqeCTBe HOCH1'eJUI )lCapOnp01ffihIX aYC1'eHHTHhIX CTa-
JIeii. fu npHMeHSl101' B BR.n;e I'04>PRpOBaHHOit 4>OJIbrR 1'OJII.QHHOii
0,04...0,05 MM. C1JOJIhl'a cBepHyra B PYJIOH, K01'OphIii npHllaJIH K MeraJI-
JIH'leCKOM}' Kopnycy (puc. 13.11). IIepBoHaqaJIbHo MeTaJIJIHqeCKHe HOCR-
1'eJIH RCnOJIh30BaJIHCb JIHlIIh B cTapToBhIX (nycKoBhIX) HeHTp8.JIH3aTO-
pax. B HaCTOm.Qee BpeMJI OHH npHMeHSllOrCJI H npH H3T01'OBJIeHRH
OCHOBHhIX HeiiTpaJIH3a1'OpoB. &e 60JIee UIHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe MeTaJIJIa
369
II

......'"1'-vu'"...-- _ A.J:
.
.,:
1,
:-- --.,
,j ..
_f
PRe. 13.11. IIpHMep HCn0JIL30BaIIHJ1 MeT8JIJIH1IecIoH 4JoJILrH B I&'1ecTBe BOCHTeJIJI
B Ka-qecTBe BOCHTeIDl 06'hB.CHJleTCJI pJI,ZJ;OM npeUM)'UIeem8 nO,lJ.06BbIX
BeHTpaJIH3aTOpOB:
. 6L1CTphIM npOrpeBOM ,lJ.0 pa60'IHX TeMllepaTYP;
. BLICOKOH npO'IHOCTblO;
. CTOHKOCTbIO K BLICOKHM (,z:t0 1300°C) TeMllepaTypaM H nepeMeB-
BbIM TepMH'IecKBM HarpY3KaM;
. HeOrpaHH'IeHBbIMH B03MO)l(HOCTJIMH no BLl60py KOBCTpYKTHBBbIX
clJOPM H p3.3MepoB HeHTpaJIB3aTOpOB;
. MaJIhIM rH,n:paBJllI'IeCKHM COnpOTBBJIeBBeM B CBa3B C Be60JIbmOH
TOJIIItBHOH clJOJIbrH BOCBTeIDl;
. B03MO)I(HOCTblO npH MaJIhIX ra6apBTHbIX pa3Mepax peaJIB30BaTb
60JIbmBe aKTBBHhle nOBepXBOCTB npH MeHbmHX pacxo.uax 6JIaropo.u-
HbIX MeTaJIJIOB.
CTaJIb, HCllOJIb3yeMaJI ,lJ.JllI H3rOTOBJIeHHB. MeTaJIJIH'IecKOH 4K>JIbrH,
06hI'lBo JIernpyeTCB. XpOMOM, aJIlOMHHHeM, QBPKOHHeM H KaJIb:QHeM.
EOJIee mHpOKOe npHMeHeHBe MeTaJIJIB'IeCmx HOCBTeJJeH ,lJ.JllI OCHOB-
HbIX ICaT8..JIB3aTOpOB OrpaHH'lBBaeTCB. B HaCTogmee BpeMB. HX OTHOCBTe-
JIbHO BLICOICOH CTOHMOCTblO.
QT06L1 06ecne'IBTb HOpM8JIbHYIO pa60TY mo60ro BeHTpaJIH3aTOpa,
CJIe.z:t}'eT nOJUJ;ep)l(BBaTb B Heo6xo,lJ.BMbIX npe,z:teJIax CJIe.z:t}'IOHe BeJIB-
'lBHLI:
. IC03clJH:QHeHT H36bITKa B03,lJ.yxa;
. ,lJ.OCTaTO'IHO BLlCOKyIO TeMllepa-rypy or;
. OTHomeHHe 061>CMHOrO pacxo,lJ.a or K 061>CMY BeHTpaJIH3aTopa.
IIpH npOxO)KJ{eHHH or B.uOJIb nOKpLlThIX aICTHBBbIM KaTaJIBTB'leC-
ICBM CJIOeM nOBepXBOCTeH HMelOT MCCTO TPH OCHOBHbIX np0:Qecca: 8..z:t-
COp6:QWI, c06CTBeHHO CaMH xHMB'Iecme peaKItBB B ,z:tecop6:QHJI.
KepaMB'Iecme MOHOJIBTHbIe H MeTaJIJIH'IecKHe BpcHTeJIB ,lJ.IDl yse-
JllI'IeHHB. HX 3eKTBBHOCTH nOKpbIB8.IOTCB. BHa'laJIe npOMe)l(yrO'lHhlM
CJIOeM H3 OKCH,n:a amoMHHHJI. I)JIaro,z:tapB. 3TOM}' 3clJeKTHBBaJI nOBepx-
HOCTb KaTaJIBTH'IecKH aICTBBHoro CJIOJI CYW;eCTBeI}BO B03paCTaeT. IIpo-
370

Me)l(YTO'iHhIiI CJIOH HMeeT Jle60JIbillyro TOJIII1HHY H co,n;epXQfT Tax Ha3h1-
BaeMbIe npOMOmOpbl, nOBbl1lI3.IOIQHe CnOC06HOCTb 8.lCICYMYJIHpOBaHHJI
Oz H YCKopmoIQHe peaKlUIH B3aHMOAeHCTBIDl yrJIeBOAOpoAOB H CO
C napaMH BO.D;hl. B Ka1f.eCTBe npOMOTOpoB HCnOJIb3yroTCJI, B 1f.RCTHOCTH
OKCH.D;hI nepIDl H nHPKOHHJI. IlpOTeKalOInHe npH :nOM B TpeXICOMllOHeHT-
HhIX HeKrpaJIH3aTopax peaKl.\HH HaKOWIeHHJI-paCXOAa KHCJIOpoAa B aK-
THBHOM CJIOe MOrYT OllHCLlBaTbCJI ypaBHeHHeM
2CeOZ-+Cez03+ 1/20 Z o
HaKanJIHBaeMbIii B aKTHBHOM CJIOe KHCnOpOA HCnOJIb3yerCJI 3aTeM
.n;mI OKHCneHWI npo.n;yKTOB HenOJIHOrO CrOpaHHJI H yrJIeBOAOpOAOB.
TBepAhIii paCTBOp CeO Z - Zro z He TonbKO nOBhIIIlaer AOmo 8.lCICy-
MyJIHpyeMoro aKTHBHhIM CJIoeM KHcnopoAa, HO H YCKOpJIer OKHCJIeHHe
CO H BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe NQ.
IlepBoHa'laJIbHO HaH60JIbillee pacnpocrpaHeHHe HamJIH HeUmpaJlU3a-
mopbl OKUCJlUmeJlbHOZO muna, npe.D;Ha3Ha'leHHhle .ltIDI OKHcneHWI CO
H CH B CO z H HzO, ,lUIJI HOpM8JIbHOH pa60ThI KOTOphlX Tpe6yeTCJI
HaJIH'lHe cB060AHoro KHcnopoAa. B 06IQeM cn}"lae AOnOnHHTeJlbHhle
KOJIH'IecTBa KHCJIopoAa BBO.lVITCJI B nOTOK or nepeA KaTaJIHTH'IeCICHM
HeHTp8JIH3aTopoM C BTOpH'lHhIM B03.QyXOM. OH nOAaerCJI AOnOJIHH-
TeJlbHhIMH B03.n;ynIHhIMH HaCOC8.MH IUlH )l(e _ Cnen;H8JIbHhIMH KJIanaH-
HhIMH YCTPOHCTBaMH, 06ecne'IHBaIOIQHMH BBeAeHHe B nOTOIC or BTO-
pH'lHoro B03.D;yxa B MOMeHT npoxoeHIDl BOJIHhI pa3pe)l(eOIDl.
HeHTp8JIH3aTOp YCTaoasJIHBaeTCX B6JIH3H BbllIYClmoro KonneK-
Topa. 6narOAapx 3TOMY 06ecne'IHBaercx TeMnepaTypa or (06bI'lH0
400...600°C), He06xoAHMaJI ,lUIX 3aBepmeHIDI YXa3aHHhlX peaKnuH
B Te'leHHe KOpOTKOro BpeMeHH npe6bIBaHHJI Ka)I(,AoH nopnHH ra3a
B HeifrpaJIH3aTope. llocKOJIbKY 34teKTHBooCTb HeKrp8.JIH3anHH B03-
paCTaeT npOnOpItHOHaJIbHO TeMnepaType, CKOpOCTb npOTeK3.IIHX XH-
MH'IeCICHX npe06pa30BaHHH 3aBHCHT OT oarp}'3KH, )'MeHbmaxcb npH ee
CHID1CeHHH.
EcTecTBeHHo, KaTaJlHTH'IeCKHH OICHCJIHTenbHbIH HeHTpaJIH3aTOp
HMeer CMbIcn HCnOJIb30BaTb .1IHIIIb B TOM CJIY'lae, eCJIH KaKHM-nH60
nyreM YAaeTCJI nOOH3HTb COAep)l(aHHe B or OKCH.n;OB a30Ta HlDKe
3Ha'leHHH, YCTaHasnHBaeMbIX AeHCTByroInHMH HOpM3.MH Ha TOKCH'I-
HOCTb. 1l0CKOJlbKY npaKTH'leCICH HeB03MO)J(H0 CHH3HTb HX co,n;ep)l(aHHe
B or AO 3aKOOOAaTeJlbHO npe.D;IIHChIBaf"MbIX 30a1f.eOHH TOJIbKO 3a C1f.er
penHPKYJllIItHH H H3MeHeHHX yrna onepexcHHx 3aJKHr3.HHJI, .D;JIJI CO-
BpeMeHHbIX asToM06HneH HeH36eJICHo HCnOJlb30BaOHe CnenH8JIbHhIX
HeHTpanH3aTopoB, 06ecne1f.HBaIOIQHX BOCCTaHOBJIeHHe aJOTa H3 ero OK-
CHJ(OB.
HeHTp8JIH3aTOpbI 'lRCTO 60ccmaH06UmeJlbHOZO muna B HacToXIn;ee
BpeMJI He HCnOJIb3YIOTCJI, nOCKonbKY .D;JIJI HX 34>cl>eKTHBHOrO npHMeHeHHJI
He06xoJUlMa pa60Ta .D;BHraTeJtll npH a < 1. To'IHO TaK )l(e HeneJIeco06-
371

pa.3HO H HCnOJIb30BaHHe J\BYXK3.MepHhIX HeihpaJIH3aTOpOB, B KOTOphIX
O,lUla. m KaMep C1I)')IClIT AJIH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHH NO.." a BTOpaJI"-.n;IDI
OKHCJIeHHH CO H CH .n;o CO z H HzO. B no.n;06HhIX CHCTeMax Heo6-
xo.n;HMbIi )];JIH' OKHCJIHTeJIbHhIX npol\eccoB KHCJIOpo.n; .n;omKeH 6hI.JI 6hI
no.n;aB8TLCH nepe.n; BTOpOH KaMepoH C BTOpH1JHhIM B03.n;yxOM.
IIoMHMO yxy.n:meHHH 3KOHOMH'IecKHX nOKa38TeJIeH J\BHI'8TeJIH npH
ero pa60Te Ha 060raeHHoH CMeCH K He.n;OCTaTKaM no.n;06HhIX CHCTeM
MO>KHO OTHecTH H TO 06CTOHTeJlLCTBO, 'lT0 06p8.3yromuHCH B nepBOH
BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHOH K3.Mepe 8.MMHaK BO BTOpOH K3.Mepe BHOBL OKHCIDI-
eTCH C 06pa30BaHHeM OKCH.n;OB 8.3OTa.
YK8.3aHHhIX He.n;OCTaTKOB JIHmeHhI 6urPYHKlIUOHa/l.bHble BJIH mpex-
KOMnOHeHmHble HeUmpaAU3amopbl. 0Im 06hI'lHO BhIllOJIHHIOTCH B O,lUlOM
Kopnyce H cnOC06HLI nOHIDlC8TL co.n;ep)K3.HHe B or Bcex TpeX KOMllOHeH-
TOB: CO, CH H NO..,. MHor.n;a HX HCnOJIL3YlOT T8.IOKe B Ka'leCTBe nepBoH
lC.aMephI JJ.BYXlC.3.MepHhIX CHCTeM. AIC.THBHhIH CJIOH TaICHX HeHTpa.rrmaTo-
pOB Co.n;ep)I(IfT llJIaTHHY, na.rrJIa.n;Hii, po.n;Hii B COOTHomeHHH 1 : 16 : 1 BJIH
1 : 28 : 1, 3JIIOMHHHH, OKCH.n;LI l\epHH H ItHpKOHHH, 8 TaIOKe H .n;pyrHe
BeeCTBa, cnoco6crByromue 60JIee 3cW>eKTHBHOM)' npoTeKaHmo XH-
MH'IecKHX peaKItHii. PeHH BOCCTaHOBJIeHHJI 8.30Ta H3 ero OKCH.n;OB
npOTeKaIOT npH B38HMo.n;eHCTBHH NO.., C HaxO.D:Jlll\HMHCH B or BO.n;OpO-
.n;OM Hz, C MOHOOKCH,lI;OM ymepo.n;a CO H C yrJIeBo.n;opo.n;aMH CH. IIpH
:nOM 06pa3YlOTCJI 8.30T H aMMHaK:
NO+CO- 1 / 2 N z +CO z ,
2NO + 5CO+ 3H z O-2NH 3 + 5CO z ,
NO +Hz_l/2N z +HzO,
2NO + 5H z -2NH 3 + 2H z O,
NO + (CH)-Nz+HzO + CO z + CO + NH3.
B pe3YJIbTaTe npOTelC.aHIDI BhIIIIenpHBe.n;eHHbIX peaHii npoHcxo.n;HT
He TO.JThKO )'MeHLmeHHe co.n;ep)K3.HHJI B or TOlC.CH'lHhIX OKCH.n;OB a30Ta,
HO H O,lUlOBpeMeHHoe nOHIDKeHHe B oTpa60TaBIllHX r8.3ax .n;OJIeH co
H CH (3a C'IeT HX OKHCJIeHHB B CO z H HzO).
ECJIH .n;BHI'aTeJIb pa60TaeT Ha CTeXHOMeTpH'leCKOH CMecH, B pe-
3YJILTaTe npOTeKaHHJI peHii BOCCTaHOBJIeHHJI B OCHOBHOM 06pa-
3yeTcB 8.30T N z , a npH pa60Te Ha 60raThIX CMecHX HMelOT MecTO
peaKmlH, npHBO.D:Bmue K 06p8.30BaHHIO 8.MMHaKa NH 3 . Ha.rrH'lHe B aK-
THBHOM CJIoe pO.n;HH cnoc06CTBYeT OTHOCHTeJILHOM)' YBeJIH'leHHIO .n;OJIH
06p8.3YIOerocJI 8.30Ta B pe3Y.JThTaTe COOTBeTCTByroero nOHH)KeHIDI
.n;OJIH NH 3 .
HaH60JIbIllHe 3Ha'ieHIDI Kmcl>4>HI\HeHTa npe06p8.30BaHIDI K;= (qx-
-qwx)/qwx no TpeM HOpMHpyeMhIM lC.OMllOHeHTaM (C i - KOHl\eHTpa-
372

:QIUI KOMllOHeHTa B or) HMelOT MecTO npH HeCKOJThICO 060ralQeHHOii
CMeCH, 1C0r,n:a a=O,98...0,99 H ,n:IDI OKHCJIeHIUI Hz, co H CH B CMecH
OIC8.3h1BaeTCB ,n:OCTaTO'fHO ICHCJIOpo,n:a, 06p8.3YlOlQerOC1I npH BOCCTaHOB-
JIeHHH N H3 ero OKCH,l\OB. Pe3Koe H3MeHeBHe CBHMaeMoro C A-30H,n:a
CHI'H8JIa npH a = 1 n03BOJIBeT no,n:,n:ep)KHBaTb Ha 60JThillHHCTBe 3ICCIIJIY-
aTa:QIIOHHhIX pe)KHMOB 1C03«l>«l>H:QlleBT H36LITlCa B03,n:yxa, Beo6xOAHMhIH.
,n:IDI 3«l>4>eKTHBHOH.: pa60TbI HeiiTp8JIH3aTopa. IIpH 3TOM OTIillOHeHHB
a OT CTeXHoMeTpll'lecICOrO COCTaBa }'IC1Ia.D:LIBa1OTC1I B BeJIBqHHY l1a =
= :t 0,03.
J1.illI HOpMaJThHOH pa60TbI CHCTeMLI HeHTp8JIH3a:QHH Ba)!(eH 6bICTpbIH.:
nporpeB A-30H,n:a nOCJIe nYClCa ,n:BHraTeJIB. ,l];JIB ero YCKOpeHHOro npo-
rpeBa ,n:o pa60qHX TeMllepaTYP (BbIIlle 300 DC) B COBpeMeHHbIX KOHCT-
pyK:QHBX HCnOJTh3yeTcB 3JIeKTponporpeB 30H,ZJ;a.
Muor,n:a CHCTeMbl llHTaHlUI (H BeH.:Tp8JIH3a:QHH) pa6OTaIOT C HCnOJIb-
30BaBHeM ,n:BYX A-30H,n:OB. O,n:HH H3 HHX pacnOJIaraeTCB ,n:o, a BTOpOH.: -
nOCJIe HeiiTp8JIH3aTopa. bJIaro,n:apB 3T0M}' y,n:aercB C}'3HTh ,n:Hana30H
H3MeHeHIUI K03«l>«l>H:QlleHTa H36LITKa B03,n:yxa, QTO cnoc06CTBYeT POCTY
K03«l>«l>H:QlleHTa npe06p8.30BaHlUI, a TaIOKe y:aeJIH'lHTb Ha..n:e>KHOCTb CH-
CTeMbI H ynpocTHTb opraHH3a:Qll1O ee ,n:HarHoCTHpoBaHRB.
IIpH KOMllOHOBKe CHCTeMbl BbIIIYClCa CTpeMBTCB YCTaHOBHTb HeHTpa-
JIH3aTOpbI no B03MO)!(HOCTH 6JIH)!(e K .D:BHraTemo, QTO n03BOJIBeT 06ec-
ne'IHTb He06xo,n:HMLIii .D:IDI 3«l>4>eKTHBHOH pa60TbI 6bICTpbIH nporpeB.
C 3TOH.: )!(e :QeJIblO npH6eralOT K TepMOH30illI:QIIH QaCTH CHCTeMbI BbIIIYC-
lCa OT BbIllYCKBbIX KJIanaHOB ,n:o HeiiTp8JIH3aTopa.
QT06bI 3a B03MO>KH0 60JIee KOpoTKHii OTpe30K BpeMeHH no,n:IDITb
TeMllepaT)'PY CHCTeMhI HeH.:Tp8JIH3a:QHH ,n:o pa60'IHX TeMllepaTYP, HC-
nOJTh3yK>T 3JIeKTpono,n:orpeB HeHTp8JIH3aTOpa H/HJIH cxwraBHe nepe,n:
HHM no,n:aoaeMoro Qepe3 cne:QH8JIboylO «l>OPCYHKY TOllJIHBa. IIpH no-
,n:orpeBe HeH.:Tp8JIH3aTOpa nOCJIe nycKa Henocpe,n:CTBeHHo 3a ,n:BHraTe-
JIeM B nOTOK or BBO,n:HTCB Heo6xo,n:HMLIii .D:IDI peaJIH33.1U1H OICHCJIBTeJIb-
HhIX pe8.IC:QuH.: ,n:onoJIHHTeJThHLIii B03,n:yx. IIpHMeHeHHe JII06oro THlla
no,n:orpeBa npHBo,n:HT K c}'I:QecTBeHHoM)' YMeHbmeBHIO co,n:ep)!(aHIUI Cll
HCO.
3JIeKTpono,n:orpeB HeH.:TpaJIB3aTOpOB Ha pOKHMax nycKa H nporpeBa
OC}'I:QecTBJIBeTCB BCnOJIb30BaHBeM Cne:Qll8.JIbHbIX 3JIeMeBTOB. 3TH 3JIe-
MeHTbI Mor)'T npOB3BO,n:HTbCB H3 MeT8JIJIHQeCKOH.: «l>OJIbrH (o6bI'lHo)
BJIB B3rOTOBillITbCB MeTo,n:OM 3KCTp}'3BH (nO,9;06HO HeH.Tp8JIH3aTOpRM
H3 Kep8.MHKH) H3 OTJIll'lalOI:QerOCB BbICOKOH.: :"'Opp03HOHHOH.: CTOH.:ICOCTblO
CllJIaBa )!(eJIe3a, xpoMa H 8JIIOMHHHB. B nOCJIe,n:HeM c.nyqae MeTaJI-
JIll'leCKHH.: MOHOJIHT C OTHOCHTeJThHO HH3_d KOJIH1lecTBOM BQeeK Ha
e.wmHI1:Y nOBepxHOCTH H C BbICOKHM 3JIeIcrpll'lecKHM COnpOTHBJIeHBeM
nOKphIBaeTCB KaT8JIHTII'IecKB 8.KTHBHbIM CJIOeM H YCTaHaoJIHBaeTCB
B Kopnyc nepe,n: OCHOBHbIM HeH.:TpaJIH3aTopOM. B03MO>KH0 HCnOJIb30-
BaHHe no,n:orpeBaTeJIbHOrO 3JIeMeHTa 6e3 lCaTaJIHTHQecKoro nOKpbITIUI,
HO B 3TOM CJIyqae TepBerCB ::weprHB, BbI.D:eJIBeMaJI npH OICHCJIeHHH
373

Ha KaTamrTll'leCKOM nOlCpbITHH, 'ITO 38.Me,WUIeT nporpeB OCHOBHoro
iIeB:TpaJIH3aTopa. l.{eJIeco06pa.3HO HCn0JIL30BaHHe npeABapHTeJIbHOrO,
1J.0 BKJIIO'IeHIDl ABHI"aTelliI, nporpeBa HeiTpaJIH3aTOpa npH npHMeHeHHH
MeTa.JIJIH'IecICOB: cl>OJIbrH B lCa'lecTBe HOCHTeJIS.
IIpH TeMDepaTYpax OICOJIO IOOO°C Ha'lHHaerCS CnelCaHHe DpoMe)KY-
TO'IHOrO CJIOS co CJIOeM lCaT8.JIHTII'IecKH aKTHBHbIM, 'lT0 BhI3bIBaeT
COlCpam;eHHe axTHBHOH nOBepxHOCTH H nOllIDKeHHe 3c1>cl>eICTHBHOCTH Ka-
TaJIH3aTopa. )J;arrbHeB:llIHB: poer TeMDepaTypbI or npHB01J.HT IC cym;eer-
BeHHoMY YCKOpeHHlO TepMH'leclCoro CTapeHHs HeKrpaJIH3aTOpa H IC CO-
OTBeTCTByJOm;eMy nOHH)KeBHIO ero 3cl>cl>eICTHBHOCTH. B CBS3H C 3THM
HeB:TpaJIH3aTOp 1J.OJI)KeH p8.3Mem;aTbcs nepe1J. rJIymHTeJIeM Ha BnOJIHe
onpeAeJIeHHOM paccrOJIHHH OT ABHraTelliI; HCKJIIO'I8IOm;eM ero ne-
perpeB.
IIoCICOJIbICY Ha J>e'lCHMax nyclCa H nporpeBa pacxoA or 'Iepe3 HeHTpa-
JIH3aTOp HeBeJIHlC, B HelCoTopLIX cHCTeMax HCnOJIb3yroT CneltHaJIbHbIe
CTapTOBbIe HeB:TpaJIH3aTopbI. liMes B CpaBHeHHH C OCHOBHblM MeHbnme
ra6apHTbI H Macey, erapTOBbIii HeHTpaJIH3aTOp yeraHaBJIHBaeTCS nepeA
OCBOBHhIM HJIH )Ke napa.I.lJIeJIbHO eMy.
OmTalOTcs nepcneKTHBHhlMH p8.3pa60TKH aAcop6epoB CH H CO-
3AaHHbIX Ha HX OCHOBe rn6pH,D;HbIx HeHTp8JIH3aTOpOB. IIocJIe nycKa
ABHI"aTelliI B TaxHX yerpoHCTBax HMeer MeCTO 8,ltcop6n;mI yrJIeBOAO-
POAOB, KOTopbIe 3aTeM, no AOCTIDICeHHH HeiiTpaJIH3aTOpOM pa60'IHX
TeMllepR'lYP, OKHCIDIIOTCS Ha ero lCaTamrTH'leCKH arrHBHbIX nOBepx-
HOCTJIX.
Kax peJKHMhI nporpeBa, TalC H peXCIIMbI p8.3rOHa xaparrepH3yJOTCS
pa60Toi 1J.BHI"aTelliI Ha 060ram;eHHbIX CMecSX, 'ITO conpoBO]KAaerCS
nOBbIIIIeHHbIMH BhI6pocaMH CH H CO C OTpa60TaBmHMH r8.38.MH. B TO
)Ke BpeMJI HaH.nyqnme 31C0HOMH'leCKHe nOKa3aTeJIH ABHraTemI 1J.OerHra-
IOTCJI npH ero pa60Te Ha CMecJ.IX o6e)J;BeHHbIX. TalC H8.3bIBaeMbIe a1J.COp-
61tH0HHO-lCaTaJIBTII'IeCKBe HeB:TpaJIH3aTOpbI cnoco6Hb1 06ecne'DlTb no-
lIIDKeHHe C01J.ep)KaHIDl B or perJI8.MeHTHpyeMbIX HOpM8.MH KOMDOHeH-
TOB lCaIC npH a< I, Tax H npH a> 1. IIo1J.06Hb1e HeiTpaJIH3aTOpbI Moryr
HCUOJIb30BaTbCJI He TOJIbICO Ha ABHI"aTeJIJIX C BCKpoBhIM 3aJ1CHI"aHHeM
H C Henocpe1J.CTBeHHbIM BnpbICICBB8.HHeM, HO T8DKe H B cHereMax BbIDYC-
ICa 1J.H3eJIeB:.
B HeB:TpaJIH3aTopax THna DeNO x HJIH <<)];EHOKO> (n H8.3bIBaIOT
T8DKe ceAeKmU81lblMU HeiiTpaJlH3aTOp8.MH) HOCHTeJIb nOICpbIT lCaTa-
JIH3aTopoM H3 DJIaTBHbI H alCTHBHbIM CJIOeM; 06ecue'IHB8IOIO;HM B CJIY-
'Iae pa60TbI 1J.BHI"aTeillI Ha 6e1J.BbIx CMeCJIX 8,ltcop61tH1O ABYOKHCH 8.30Ta
N0 2 , 06p8.3YIOm;eicJI B npHcyTCTBHH DJIaTHHbI H3 MOHOOKCBAa NO.
B c.nyqae pa60ThI 1J.BHraTe.rrJI Ha 060ram;eHHbIX CMecJ.IX a,zJ;COp6HpO-
BaHH8JI B alCTHBHOM CJIoe HeiTpaJIH3aTOpa ABYOKHCb N0 2 Boccra-
HaBJIHBaerCS B pe3YJIbTaTe B3aHM01J.eB:CTBmI C CO, CH H Hy2. IIoCICOJIb-
ICy 1J.BHraTeJIb B OCHOBHOM 1J.OJDKeH pa60TaTb Ha o6e)J;BeHHbIX CMecJ.IX,
KpaTICoBpeMeHHoe 060ram;eHHe CMecB Ha peXGIMax pa3rOHa He scer1J.a
374

II
MO>KeT 06ecne'IHTb KOJIH'IecTBa CH, co H H2' Beo6xo,lUlMble AIDI peaJIH-
38nHH nOCJIeX BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHbIX peaxIUlH. BOCCTaHOBJIeHHlO
6aJI8.Hca MO)ICeT CnOC06CTBOBaTh no.n;a'la Ha TaKTe paCllIHpeHIDI B IUI-
.JIHH,lJ;p He60JIbillOrO KOJIH'leCTBa TOlIJIHBa HJIH )ICe C)ICHraHHe TOllJIHBa
Henocpe.n;CTBeHHO nepe.lt HeiITpaJIH3aTOpOM B n:eIDIX CBJI3LlBaHHJI H3-
6bITO"IHoro KHCJIOpo.n;a. B TO )ICe BpeMJI npH pa60Te Ha CMeC.HX C He-
3Ha'IHTeJIbHbIM o6e.n;HeHHeM B or MO)ICeT He XBaTaTh KHCJIOpO.na L{IDI
OKHCJIeHIDI 06paJyronteroc.H B UHJIHH.l];pax MOHOOKCH.lta NO, 'ITO npH-
BO.n;HT K He06xo.n;HMocTH no.n;a'IH B cHCTeMY .n;onOJlllHTeJIbHOrO B03-
.n;yxa. 3TH o6CTOJlTeJIbCTBa HecKOJIbKO CHIDKaroT 3«}>4>eKTHBHOCTb HC-
nOJIb30B8.HIDI HeiiTp8.JIH3aTOpOB no.n;06Horo THlIa H YCJIOXClUllOT CHCTe-
MY ynpaBJIeHIDI .n;BHI'aTeJIeM. TIpeIDITCTBHeM  60JIee IllHpOKoro
HCnOJIb30B8.1ImI a.n;cop6IU1oHHO-KaT8.JIHTH'lecmx HeHTp8.JIH3aTOpOB
JlBJUIeTC.H OTHOCHTeJIbHO BbICOKoe co.n;ep:XC8.HHe cepbI B eBponeHcKHX
H 8MeplIKaHCKIIX 6eH3HHax. Co.n;epxc8.HHe B 6eB3HHax .n;axce He3Ha'IH-
TeJIbHOrO (60JIee 30 ppm) KOJIH'leCTBa cepbI cym:eCTBeHHo coKpaeT
CpOK HX C.ny:xc6bI.
Heo6xo,lUlMOCTb no,n,nep:XC8.HHB ex = 1 .wm 3rprpeICTHBHOH pa60TbI 6H-
«}>}'HICItHOHaJIbHbIX Hempa.JIH3aTopoB T3.IOICe llpHBO.n;HT K BLIBO.l(y 0 He-
B03MOX<HOCTH ax npHMeHeHHB Ba .n;H3eJIbHbIX aBTOM06HIDIX. TI03TOMY
TOKCH'lHOCTb or .n;H3eJIeH nOHH:xcaeTCB B OCHOBHOM 3a C'leT YMeHbmeHHB
BbI6poCOB co, yrJIeBo.n;opo.n;OB H aJIb.n;erH.n;OB npHMeHeHHeM OKHCJIH-
TeJIbHbIX HeHTp8JIH3aTopoB.
TIpOn:ecCbI .n;OXOlr8.HHB CaJICH YCICOpmoTCB KaTaJIH3aTOp8MH Ha oc-
BOBe OKCH.n;OB BaHa.n;IDI. 06pa3yIDIltHeCB Ba nooepXHocTH aICTHBHoro
CJIOB cB060JUIbIe pa,u,HKa.JIbI B3aHMo.n;eHCTByroT C or H BbI3LIBaIOT 06-
p8.30B8.HHe B HX 06'beMe HOBbIX aKTHBHbIX BemeCTB. TIoCJIe.lUIHe HHTeH-
CH«}>HIUlpyroT npOQeccbI oKHcneHWI ca)ICII. TIpon:eccbI OKHCJIeHWI caxm
Moryr yClCOpSITbCB BbICOICO'laCTOTHbIMH ::JJIenpH'leclCHMH nOIDIMH, KOTO-
pble cnoco6crByroT nepeHOCY pa,ZJ;HKaJIOB C aICTHBHOH nOBepXHOCTH
B 06'beM or, a T3.IOICe nyreM BBe.n;eHHB B or Bo.n;opo.n;a HJIH HOHH311p0-
BaHHoro raJa.
OKCH.n;bI 8.30Ta B YCJIOBIDIX AH3eJIeH QeJIeco06p8.3HO BOCCTaHaBJIH-
BaTh B npHcyrCTBHH MeAH, HarpeTOH BblDIe 800°C. B pe3YJIbTaTe B3a-
HMo.n;eHCTBHB Me.n;H H OKCB.n;OB 8.30Ta 06pa3yroTCB OKamma (OKCH.n;
Me.n;H) H 8.30T. OlCaJIHHa 3aTeM y.n;aJIBerCB C aICTHBHOH nOBepXHOCTH
nOTOKOM or.
TIoClCOJIbICY .n;H3eJIH pa60TaIOT JIHmb npH d> 1, B HX or Bcer.n;a
co.n;ep:XCHTCB KOJlH'lecTBO KHCJIOpo.n;a, He06xo.n;HMoe .n;IDI npoBe.n;eHIDI
OKHCJIHTeJIbBbIX npon:eccOB. O.n;HaKO OTHOCHTe.rr-...HO BbICOKoe co.n;epxca-
HHe cepbI B ,lUI3eJIbHbIX TOnJIHBax BbI3LIBaeT onpe,QeJIeHHhIe 3aTPY.lUIe-
BWI B HCn0JIb30BauHH 'lRCTO OKHCJIHTeJIbHbIX BeHTP8JIH3aTopoB. KaK
nOK8.3LIBaer onbIT, YBeJIll'leHHe TeMllepaTypbI or .n;o 450°C B cnyq:ae
yCTauOBKH oKHcnHTeJIbHOrO HeHTp8JIH3aTOpa BbI3bIBaer YBeJIll'leHHe BbI-
6poca C or 'IaCTIIQ H cYJIb«}>aToB, 'ITO npHBO,QHT K COIcpeHmo cpoKa
C.nyJK6bI HeiTPa.JIH3aTopa.
375

EcJIH ,roI3eJIbHhIH RBTOM06IDIb 3KCllnyRTHpyeTCJI B YCJIOBIDIX OrpR-
HH'leHHOrO B03006MeHR (HanpHMep, B 3RKpbITbIX npOH3BO,Zl;CTBeH-
HhIX. nOMeeHHJIX HJIH B nO,A3eMHbIX BbIpR60n:ax), TO ,ZI;JUI ,ZI;OnOJI-
HHTeJIbHOH O'fHCTKH or MorYT HCnOJIb30BRn.CJI :HCUOKOCTnHble Heiimpa-
/lU3amopbl. B :nOM c.rryqRe KaTarmTH'leexIDi: OKHCJIHTeJILHhIH HeHTpR-
JlH3RTOp CTRBHTCJI ,ZI;O HeHTparm3RTOpR xm.l{KOCTHOro, norJIoru:aroru:ero
nepe,Zl; BbI6poCOM B aTMoepy H3 or HH3IIIHe CIIHpTbI, am.,ZI;erll,lJ;hI
H cepHyIO KHCJIOT)'. B )lUf,ZI;KOCTHhIX HeHTparm3RTopax n:eJIeC006pa.3HO
HCnOJIL30BaTL BO,ZI;HbIe pacTBOpbI KOH H NROH JIH60 COJIeBhIe pac-
TBOphI. ,Z:(OCTRT01ffiO 3eKTHBHhIM OKa.3LIBReTCJI H HCnOJIL30BR-
HHe 06hI1ffiOH BO,ZI;hI. TIpome,l:(IllHe qepe3 OCTHhIe HeHTparm3RTO-
phI or nporu:e Oqmu:aTL OT CO,Zl;ep)ICRmeHCJI B HHX C8.)ICH C nOMOnu.1O
IDIbTpOB.
Onpe,Zl;eJIeHHOe npHMeHeHHe Ha ,roI3eIDIX HamJIH HeUmpa/lU3amOpbl
DeNO x (ceJIelCTHBHhIe HeiITpaJIH3RTOpbI). )];JISI 3TOro B CHCTeMY BbIllYCKa
(,ZI;O HeHTp8..JIH3RTopa) nO,Zl;aroTcSI aMMHaK, MOqeBHHR HJIH yrJIeBO,Zl;OpO,Zl;-
Hoe TOllJIHBO, He06xo,roIMLle ,ZI;.JIJI CBSI3L1BaHIDI CO,Zl;ep)ICaerocSI B or
KHCJIOpO,Zl;R. B KaqeCTBe KRTRJIH3RTOpOB B no,n:06HhIX HeHTp8..JIH3RTOpRX
HCnOJIL3yroTCJI Me,D;L H IteOJIHT. B HeHTpaJIH3aTOpe npOTeKalOT CJIe,n:y-
lOII\He peHH C 06p8.3oBRHHeM 6e3Bpe,Zl;HhIX nRpoB BO,D;hI B 8.30TR:
4NO+4NH 3 + Or-+4N2 +6H 2 0,
6N0 2 +8NH 3 -+7N 2 + 12H 2 0.
He,Zl;OCTRTKOM nO,Zl;06HhIX HeiITparm3RTopOB «)];EHOKC» JlBmIeTCJI
He06xo,Zl;HMOCTL nepeB03KH eMKOCTeH C RMMHaKOM BJIH MOqeBHHOH,
a TRK)lCe BCnOJIb30BaHHe Cnel(Ham.HhIX yc-rpOHCTB ,ZI;JUI HX ,ZI;03BpOBKB.
B YCJIOBIDIX JIerKOBhIX aBTOM06HJIeH HCnOJIL30BRHBe TRKHX CHCTeM
HeiITparm3RItHH npe,Zl;CTaBmIeTCJI MaJIOIteJIeco06p8.3HhIM. .n;.rnr CHIDKe-
HIDI BbI6poCOB CO, CH H am.,ZI;erH,l];OB CHCTeMhI BbIllYCKR C DeNO x
,n:OJI)I(HbJ BKJIIOqaTL B ce6SI ,n:onOJIHHTeJIbHO B OKHCJIBTeJILHLIH HeHTpa-
JlH3aTOp.
AmI y,n:aJIeHHJI qaCTHIt H3 or ,D;H3eJIeH BCnOJIb3yroTCSI p8.3JIHqHOrO
mna ,pU/lbmpbl B adcop6epbl. cI>BJILTpYIOBe 3JIeMeHTbI Moryr 6bITL
COTOBhIMH, naTpOHHLIMH (cBe'IHLIMH) HJIH COCTOJITL H3 RrJIOMepBpoBaH-
HOH MeTaJIJIOKepRMHKH. B mo60M CJIyqae BJILTpyroHii 3JIeMeHT ',ZI;O-
JDKeH o6ecne'IHBRTL BbICOKyro CTeneHL O'IHCTKH, ,n:OCTRT01ffiyro aICKYMY-
JIHpyrolIt)'lO cnOC06HOCTb, BhICOKyro MeXRHBqecKyro H TepMHqeCKYIO
CTOmcOCTb, xapaICTepH30BaTLCSI He3Ha'IHTeJIbHhIMH rH,l];pRBJIH'leCKHMH
conpoTHBJIeHHSIMH H npo,n:omKBTeJIbHhIM CpOKOM CJIY)IC6bI, R TaIOKe
,n:OJDKeH Bl>I,AepXOlBRTL 3a,n:aHHOe KOJIBqecrnO ItHKJIOB pereHepBpOBRHIDI.
B CJIyqRe HCnOJIb30BaHIDI nopBCToH Kep3.MHKH or ,n:H3emI .npOXO,n:SIT no
KaHaJI3.M, -MHOrOKpaTHO H3MeWlll HanpaBJIeHHe CBoero ,n:BIDKeHBSI, 6JIa-
ro,n:apg qeMY TBep,D;hIe qaCTHIthI OCaxc.n:aroTCSI Ha nopHCToH nOBepx-
HOCTB. cI>HJIbTphI H3 KepBMH'leCKOH HHTH HJIH H3 nopBcToH KepaMHKH
376

3a6HBalOTCJI OTJIO)KeHHJlMH 3a 10...12 q pa60ThI aBToMo6HJlJl, '1TO npH-
BO,lVlT IC POCTY npOTHBO,ll;aBneHHR B CHCTeMe BhIllYCKa. B CBJI3H C 3THM
c}>HJIbTphI HYaIOTCJI B 3aMeHe HJIH pereHepH Qepe3 lCa)K)\ble
450...550 ICM npo6era. ,lJ,nH BbDKHraHWI OC3.)K)J.eHHhIX Ha nOBepXHOCTRX
c}>HJIbTpa qaCTHl{ B aKTHBHblX cHcTeMax HCnOJ1b3yeTCJI HX 3neKTpono-
,lI;orpeB HJIH nO,ll;OrpeB cneQHanbHOH ropemcoH, a B naCCHBHblX HCnOJ1b3Y-
IOTCR KaT3.JIHTII'IeCKHe nOKphITWI. npHMeHeHHe c}>HJIbTpOB n03BOJllleT
nOHH3HTh cO,ll;ep)KaHlle '1aCTHQ B or Ha 90%. B HaCTOJlIQee BpeMH He
Cym;ecTBYeT ,lI;OCTaTO'lHO Ha,ll;e>KHOH H 3C}>cl>eICTHBHOH aBTOMaTH'leCKOH
cHcreMhI pereHepa:QHH c}>HJ1bTpOB.
Ha pHC. 13.12 npHBe)\eH npHMep coBpeMeHHoH ICOMnalCTHOH cHcre-
MhI BhIIIYClCa C OICHCJIHTeJIbHbIM HeHTp8JIH3aTOpOM 1, HIlTerpHpOB8.H-
HhIM B rJIYlIlHTeJIb C c}>HJIbTpOM .wuI ynaBJlHB8.HIDI ca)KH 2 H ceneKTHB-
HbIM HeHTp8JIH3aTOpOM 5. EcJIH ,roJIITaTeJIb )\JIHTeJIbHOe BpeMR pa6o-
TaeT Ha qaCTlfliHhIX HarpY3Kax, qepe3 c}>opcymcy 6 nO)\aeTCR TOIIJIHBO,
6narO)\apR qeMY )\OCTHraIOTCR TeMDepa-rypbI, Heo6xo,ll;HMble WUI BbI-
>KIITaHIIR OTnO)KeHuH ca>KH. KaIC cne,D;yeT H3 CxeMhI, or BHaqane npoxo-
)\JlT qepe3 OICHCJIHTenbHbIii HeHTpanH3aTop 1, 3aTeM qepe3 c}>HJ1bTp 2,
B KOTOpoM OCBo6oaroTCR OT qaCTln, nocne qero B cMecHTenbHoH
lCaMepe 3 qepe3 c}>oPCYmcy 4 B HHX BBO,ll;HTCR MOqeBHHa. B CenelCTHBHOM
HeHTpanH3aTope 5 npoTelCalOT Boccr8.HOBHTeJIbHbIe pe C 06P830-
BaHHeM a30Ta.
KpoMe lCaT3.JIHTII':IeCICHX, B npaICTHlCe )\BlITaTenecTpoeHHR OrpaHH-
qeHHOe pacnpocrpaHeHHe nonyqHJIH mepMU'leCKUe peaKmOpbl UAU mep'-
MU'leCKUe HeumpaAu3amopbl. Pe'lb H)\eT 0 ,lI;O>KHraHIIH CH H CO B cO 2
H H 2 0. 3TOT MeTO,ll; 3c}>c}>eICTHBeH nHIIIb npH TeMllepa-rype or BhIIIIe
700°C H npe)UlOnaraeT yoelIH'leHHe BpeMeHH HaXOeHH.H K3.)K)J.OH
nopHH or B 30He BbICOKHX TeMnepaTYp. npH ::ITOM B cnyriae pa60TbI
*
If., .:;:\1"..
.H,.:t. ,
... .::11il' '1,.
 -i\U ....:J-..... '\
i:r\:;'I"I;':., '&
,,,,. .;'" .1.*
.h"'>:.
'2 '. :.
\\ iAtf .')1
6 ..:>1",.1

h"1
)II' ..
4
Pac. 13.12. IIpHMep BhlnOJIBeBHJ[ CHcreMLI BLlnyCKa C HHTerpHpOBallHhlMH B rJIYWHTeJIe
OIHCJIHTeJI&HLIM KaTaJIH3aTOpOM, 41HJIbTpOM J[ YJIaBJlHBaHHg '1acrHIt H c ceJIeKTHBHLIM
BeHlp8JUl3aTopoM
-""--'. . ""
.......;,...' ,
...
. . ,""
k :.
...;. 5.1
ii..::: .; J
377

ABHraTem Ha 060nUeHHOH 11.0 a=0,8...0,9 CMeCH COJI.ep)l(8HHe yrne-
BOJI.OpOJI.OB B or YJI.aeTCJI nOHH3HTb npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO Ha 50%. BTO-
pHTffibIH B03JI.YX. noJI.8.eTCSI B 06"beM TepMH'lecKoro peaKTOpa cnenu8JIb-
HbIM HaCOCOM HJIH 3a C'IeT HCnOJIb30B8HIDI BOJmOBhIX JlBneHHii B CH-
creMe BbIIIYCKa. He06xoJI.HMocTl. Opr8HH3aHH pa60Tb1 ABHraTem
Ha 060raeHHOH CMeCH, cyru:eCTBeHHoe yBe.JIH1leHHe npOTHBOJI.aJmeHIDI
Ha BbIIIYCKe (11.0 ABYX pa.3), a TaK)I(e 3aTpaTbI 3HeprHH Ha npHBOJI.
Hacoca npHBO.zurr K 3Ha1lJITeJIbHOMY (11.0 15%) YBeJIH'IeHHlO paCXOJI.a
TOruIHBa.
B JI.BmaTeIDIX, pa60T8.IOx Ha o6eJI.HeHHbIX CMecSIX, npHMeIDIlOTCJI
TaK Ha.3bIBaeMbIe ZOpRIlUe mpy6bl HJIH 6eoHble pewanopbl. B HHX J1.lliI
OICHCJIeHHJI HCnOJIb3yeTCJI COJI.ep)I(aIUHHCJI B or CB060JI.HbIii ICHCJIOPOJI..
Ho BB.HJI.Y OTHOCHTeJlbHO HeBLlCOICHX TeMDepaTYP npoueccLl OKHCJIeHIDI
npoTeK8.IOT MeJI.JIeHHO, 'ITO Tpe6yeT cym:eCTBeHHoro yBeJIll'leHHJI 061>-
eMOB peaKTopOB B u:eJISIX npoJI.JIeHIDI BpeMeHH npe6L1B8.HHJI or B 30He
BbICOICHX TeMDepa-ryp, a TaK)I(e BeCbMa 31}>cpeKTHBHOH HX TeIlJIOH30-
HH.
06HM HeJI.OCTaTICOM TepMll'leCKHX peaKTOpOB JIBIDIeTCJI HeB03MO)l(-
HOCTb HeHTp8JIH3an;HH TOKCII'IHbIX KOMDOHeHTOB npH nycKe H nporpeBe
JI.BHraTeIDI, KOrJI.a TeMDepaT}'Pa or MeHbme 600 DC. B03JI.eHCTBHe npH
BLICOICHX TeMDepa-rypax COJI.epxcall!HXCJI B or KOpp03HOHHo-arpeCCHB-
HbIX KOMIIOHeHTOB Ha nOBepXHOCTH peaKTOpa npHBOJI.HT K Orp8.Hll'leHHIO
cpoKa CJI}')K6L1 nOJI.06HbIX HeHTp8JIH3aTopoB.
HCnOJIb30B8.HHe KaT8JIHTIf'IeCICHX Heihp8JIH3aTopoB HaJCJIbIBaeT
onpeJI.eJIeHHbIe Orp8.HH'IeHHJI Ha YCJIOBWI Kcn.nyaTau:uH JI.BmaTeJIJI. KaK
YKa.3bIBaJIOCb BhIille, YBeJIll'leHHe TeMIIepa-rypLl or CBepx 1000 DC MO-
>KeT BLl3BaTb cneK8.HHe nOBepXHOCTHO-aKTHBHOrO CJIOJI H TeM CaMbIM
npHBecm K BhlXOJI.Y HeHTp8JIH3aTOpa H3 CTpOH. OJI.HOH H3 npll'lHH
'Ipe3MepHoro nOBhIilleHIDI TeMDepaTypLl or MO)l(eT CTaTb C.lIBIIIKOM
n03JI.Hee 3a)I(Hr8.HHe. T8JOKe nOJI.HJITb TeMIIepa-rypy or 11.0 1400 DC
CIIoc06HbI HenOn3,l(lCH B pa60Te CHCTeMhI 3a)J(Hr8.HHJI.

rJIABA 14
CHCTEMA nYCKA ,lUJ1ff ATEJIEH
,[(mI nYCKa JU06oro L{BC He06xo.n;HMO npe.n;BapHTeJIhHO paCKpyrHTL
BaJI 11.0 onpel1.eJIeHHOH 'laCTOTLI BpeHHB, 'lTo6Ll 3anOJIHHTb pa6o'lHe
o6DeMbI :QHJIHH.n;poB CBe)KHM 3apJIJJ.OM H no.n;rOTOBHTb H peaJIH30BaTL
BOCllJIaMeHeHHe TODJIHBa.
OcHOBHhIe 1'pe60B8.HIDI K nyCKOBhIM CHCTeMaM:
. Ma..JIbIe 3aTPaTLl BpeMeHH H 3HeprHH Ha OCYlI(eCTBneHHe nyclCa;
. Ma..JIbIe ra6apHTLI nYCICOBhIX YCTpOB:CTB;
. Ha,zJ.eJKHOCTb pa60ThI B p8.3JIH'lHhIX KJIHMaTH'lecKHX YCJIOBHHX.
IIycKoBoe YCTpoB:CTBO, npeo.n;oneBaB o61I(ee conpOTHBneHHe Bpe-
Hmo BaJIa .n;BHraTeillI, .n;OmICHO C006II(HTb BaJIY .n;OCTaTO'lH}'lO .lJ;JISI Ha-
.n;e)JQIoro 3anyCKa 'faCTOTY Bp8.lI(eHIDI.
MHHHMaJIbHaB 'laCTOTa Bp8.lI(eHIDI, npH KOTOpOB: nony'laIOTCB nep-
BLle BCDhIIIIICH, H8.3bIBaeTCB nYCK080U Ilocmomou epOUjeHWI.
,[(mI .n;BHraTe.JIeB: C HClCpOBLlM 38.)1C11r8.HHeM :na 'laCTOTa 35...50
MHH -1, AJIB .lJ;H3eneB: -150...200 MHH-1,
14.1. cnOC06LI llYCKA ,1I;JUfrATEJIEH
Ha COBpeMeHHLIX aBTOM06H.illlX H TPaICTOpax npHMeWUOT CJIeJ1.}'-
IOlI(JIe CDoco6Ll nYCKa:
. PYIlHOU;
. 3AeKmpUileCKUM cmapmepOM;
. C:JICOmblM BOdYXOM;
. BcnOMOZame.ll.bHblM nYCKOBblM dBuzameAeM;
. C noMOUjblO ZUdpoMomopoB.
PYIlHOU nYCK JIBillIeTCB, lCalC np8BHnO, pe3 P 'PBHLIM, H B03MO)JQIOCTb
ero npHMeHeHIDI orpaHH'lHBaeTCB .n;BHraTe.mIMH MaJIOB: MOII(HOCTH.
llYCK 3AeKmpuileCKUM cmapmepOM H3Jl6oneP pacnp0CTp3.lleH. CxeMa
TaKoro nyCKoBoro YCTpoHCTBa npe.n;CT8.BneHa Ha pHC. 14.1. 3neKTpoCTa-
pTep 3 npe.n;CTaBillIeT co6oB: cepHeCHbIB: :meKTP0.n;BHraTeJIh nOCTOJIHHOro
TOKa, DHTaeMhIi OT aICICYMYillIToPHOB: 6aTapeH 1. IIpH BICJIIO'leHHH
KHonKH 2 BOpb :meICTpOMOTopa HalfHHaeT BpaTbCB, a rnecrepWI
CTapTepa 4, BXO,WI B 3a.QellJIeHHe C 3y6'laTbIM BeII:QOM 5 M8XOBHKa,
nepe.n;aeT Bp8.lI(eHHe KOnell'IaTOMY OWlY.
379

2
3
Pac. 14.1. CxeMa nyCd ,ABC 3JIeIlpOCTaprepoM:
1 - BnyMyJlSTOpBall6anpcJl; 2 - DyCIOBU :moma; 3 - 3JlCl[lpOCTaprep; 4 - mccrcpBJI CTaprcpa;
j - :Jy6uTLlii BCBeII MaxOBIlIa
IIycK C:JICamblM 8030YXOM MOJKer OCYIl{ecTBJIJlThCJI JIH60 C RCnOJIh-
30BaHHeM nHeBMaTR<JecKoro CTapTepa, JIH60 3a C<JeT noa<JH C1KaToro
B03A}'Xa HenocpeCTBeHHO B I!BJIHHJJ;phI JXBHraTeJUI. Ha npaKTHKe 60JIee
nmpoKoe npHMeHeHHe nOJIyqHJI BTOpoH BapHaHT. IIPIlHUHDHaJIhHM
cxeMa ero npeCT8BJIeHa Ha pRC. 14.2. 113 63J1JIOHOB 7 <Jepe3 BeHTBJIH
6 C)I(8.ThIH B03.l1)'X, npOXO,lVl <Jepe3 KpaH-pe.l1)'KTop 5, B03,lU'xopacnpe.l{e-
JIHTeJIh 2 H nyCKOBOH lCJIanaH 1, nOCTynaeT B I!HJIHHphI BHraTeIDI
B COOTBerCTBHH C nopAAKoM HX pa60Th1. B TaKTe pacnmpeHIDJ CJKaTW
B03A}'X 8.BHT Ha nopmem., nepeMeIQaer ero H npoBopa<JHBaeT KOJIeH-
<JaTW Ban. IIocJIe nycKa KpaH 5 3aKphIBaercSI. .[(JIJl KOHTpOJlll 8.BJIeHIDI
B03.nyxa B 6amIOHax H B03yxa. nOCTymUOIQero B .l{BHCaTeJIh, RMelOTCH
MaHoMeTphI 3 H 4.
7
..-
I
 ct_
"\, T j r
L:t:0'
PRc. 14.2. CxeMa nyCd C1mTLIM BO:m}'XOM:
1 - DyCIollOA K:JJanaH; 2 - BO:J'lYX0pacope.QeJIBTeJI&; 3. <I - MaBOMC1phI; j -1IpBB-pe)\Ynop; 6 -
BeBTBJIJ!; 1 - 68J1J10BW co Ql:aTWM IIO'3A)'XOM .
380

He.n;OCTaTICOM .n;aHHOH CHCTeMhI JIBIDIeTCg 3aTpY.n;HeHHhIii nYCK .n;BH-
raTeJIg npH HH3KHX TeMnCpa-rypax BCJIe.n;CTBHe OXJIa)KJ1:eHHg 3JIeMeHTOB
KaMephl nO.n;aBaeMhIM B ltHJIHH.n;phl B03.n;YXOM.
ASmOHOMHble nYCKOSble dSUZameAU sHympeHHezO CZOpaHUR 06h1'1HO
npHMeHmoTCg AJUI nYCKa TpaKTOpHhIX .n;H3eJIeii. He.lJ;OCTaTICOM .n;aHlIOrO
cnoc06a nycKa JIBngeTCg rpOM03.n;KOCTL nYCKOBOrO YCTpoiicTBa H He06-
XO.n;HMOCTL paCIIIHpeHIDI HOMeHKJIaTyphl nOTpe6HLIX 3KcnnyaTaltHOH-
HhIX MaTepH8.JIOB - TOWlHBa .lJ;IDI nyaoBoro .lJ;BlITaTeIDI.
CUCmeMa ZUdp03anYCKa COCTOHT H3 rH,IJ;pOIIHeBMaTH'IeCKOrO aKKY-
Mymrropa AaBneHIDI H nl,lJ:pOMOTOpa. B Ka'iecTBe aKKYMynHrOpOB
,lJ;aBJleHIDI npHMeIDIIOT pe3epByapbI, 3anOJIIDIeMbIe pa60'ieii >lCH)::U{O-
CTLIO H B03)J;yX.OM, KOTOpbIe pa3AeJleHLI nO)J;BIDKHOii MeM6pauoii, npe-
WITCTByIO-meii HX CMemeHmO. TIpH 3aKa'lHBaHHH pa60'leii )KH):tKOCTH
ra30BWI nO.n:ymKa CXCHMaeTCg, nO)];HHMag ,lJ;aBneHHe B aKKyMyJUITOpe
,lJ;O 30 MTIa.
14.2. 3HEPrETI-IKA I1YCKA
Heo6xo.n;HMbIii MOMeHT Ha Bany npH nyCKe onpe.n;eJImoT cOBoKyn-
HOCThlO npOTHBO,lJ;eiicTBHH Bpa..meHHlO, CKJIa)J;bIBaroxcg H3:
. conpOTHBneHIDI CIIJI TpeHHg;
. 3aTpaT 3HeprHH Ha npHBO,lJ; BcnOMoraTenhHLIX arperaTOB;
. nOTeph Ha ra:mo6MeH (BnycK H BhIllYCK);
. npoTHBOAeiicTBHg CHn HHepItHH nOABH)I(HhIX '1aCTeii npH pa3rOHe
,lJ;BlITaTeIDI ,lJ;O nYCKOBhIX 060pOTOB.
113 nepe'lllCJIeHHLIX nap8MeTpOB OCHOBHhIMH HJ3JlmoTCg COnpOTHBne-
HHe CHn TpeHIDI H 3Hepr03aTpaTbI Ha npHBO,lJ; BCnOMOraTeJIhHLIX ar-
peraTOB.
3Ha'ieHIDI 3THX nap8MeTpOB 3aBHCgT OT THna H pa60'lero 06'heMa
JJ:BlITaTeIDI, OT Bg3KOCTH MaCJIa H OT pSIJJ:a ,lJ;pyrHX «l>aKTOpOB. B HaCTO-
JIIUee BpeMSI HeT aHa.TIHTH'leCKHX 3aBHCHMOCTeii, KOTOpbIe n03BOlli.LJIH 6h1
C ,lJ;OCTaT01ffioii T01ffiOCThlO ,lJ;IDI Ka)KJ1:0rO KOHKpeTHOrO ,lJ;BHraTeIDI H ,lUIg
Onpe.n;eJIeHHOii TeMllepaTyphl OKpY>Karo-meii Cpe.n;bI onpe.n;emrrL 3Ha'le-
HHe nYCKOBOrO MOMeHTa.
ll03TOMy Ha npaKTHKe npHXO,lJ;HTCg nOnh30BaThCg 3MllHpH'leCKHMH
3aBHCHMOCTJIMH, npe,lUlOx<eHHLIMH pa3nH'lHhIMH HCCne,lJ;OBaTenJIMH.
T8.K, ,lJ;IDI ,lJ;BHraTeneii C HCKpOBhIM 3a)KHrarAieM MO)I(HO peKOMeH.D:O-
BaTh 3aBHCHMOCTh (II. M), npe,lJ;nO>KeHHYIO A. H. XBaTKOBhIM H YTO'l-
HeHHYIO no HCfihlTaHIDIM 60nhllioro KOnH'IeCTBa ,lJ;BHraTeneii P. 11. ,D,aB-
TgHOM:
M _ 23 . 10 - 3 A O,36S O,2S
" - All \I nuya'
381

re AAII -lCo34xPHeHT, XapaICTepH3yIOIUHii nOBepXHOCTH TpeHHJI ,rolH-
raTeIDI; v - ICHHeMaTH1feCKa1I BJI3ICOCTb Macrra, CT; nnyCll. - nyCICOB3JI
1faCTOTa Bpam;eHWl, MHH - 1.
)J;IDI 1feThIpeXTaICTHblX AH3eJIeii MO)ICeT 6b1Tb peICOMeHOB8.Ha CJIey-
lOm;a1I 3aBHCHMOCTb (H. M):
Me = 80p'lpiV 1 ..
re p'lp=0,19 (BeJIH1fHHa P'lp H3MepJIeTCJI B MIla).
I10 H3BecTHbIM MOMeHTY conpOTHBJIeHIDI H nycicoBoii 1faCTOTe Bpa-
m;eHIDI onpeeJllIlOT Heo6xoAHM}'1O MOIIUIOCTb CTapTepa HJIH .z:u>yroro
nyCICOBOro YCTpoiiCTBa (ICBT):
N. = M.JIIJYCIl.
er 9550.
)J;IDI opHeHTHpOB01fHbIX paC1feTOB MOryT 6b1Tb HCnOJIb30BaHbI CTaTH-
CTH1feclCHe aaHble Me (R.M) H N er (lC]h);
. WUI ,lI;BHI"8.TeJIeii C HCKpOBbIM 3a)J(HTaHHeM M e =(1O...20)iV" R N er =
= (O,15...0,30)iV,,;
. AIDI AH3eJIeii M e =(40...70)iV" H N er =(0,7...0,9)iV", AJUI ,wDeJIeii
npH i8 H MOm;HOCTblO 60JIee 220 KBT Ner0,4iV".
14.3. CPE,lJ;CTBA, 06JIEPlAIOII(HE llYCK
J(8Hr ATEJUI
cI>YHICOHarrbHO 3TH cpeCTBa MO)I(HO p83eJIHTb Ha ,role OCHOBHble
rpYIIIIbI: ycrpoiiCTBa, cnOC06CTByIOIUHe H3,/J;exCHOM)' BOCllJIaMeHeHHIO
pa601feii CMecH H )'MeHbmarom;He conpOTHBJIeHHe npOICPY1fHB8.HHIO ICO-
JIeH1faTOrO Barra.
K nepBoii rpynne OTHOCJITCJI:
. noiJozpe6 nocmynaJOUf.ezo 603iJyxa;
. npozpe6 KaMepbl CZOpaHWI C6e'laMU HaKa.llU6aHUR;
. n06blweHue cmeneHU C:JfCamuR npu 3anycKe;
. npUMeHeHUe .IleZKOUCnapRuxcR U .IleZK060CnAaMeHRIOUlUXCR ny-
CK06blX monAUB.
K yCTpOiiCTBaM BTOpoii rpynllhI OTHOCJlTCJI:
. iJeKoMnpeccopbl;
. noiJozpe6ame.llU 60iJbl U MaC.Ila.
B M8lIIHHax, npe,nH83Ha1feHHbIX AJIJI 31Ccn.nyaTHH npH HH31CHX OT-
punaTeJIbHbIX TeMllepaTYpax, lCaIC npaBHJIO, HCnOJIb3yK>TCJI ICOM6HHHpO-
B8.HHble YCTpoiiCTBa.
floiJozpe6 603iJyxa, nOC1)'JIarom;ero B .,rolHraTeJIb, OC06eHHO nmpolCo
npHMeHJIeTClI IDI AH3eJIeii. Iia pRC. 14.3 npHBeeHa cxeMa 3.1leKmpO,pa-
382

6
5
7
PRC. 14.3. CxeMa noorpeBa B03a:
1 - BnyMyJ1JlTopBU 6aT8pCJI; 2 - nyaOBIIJI IBoma; 3 -
IaT}'DID 3II.mII1IBJIa; 4 - CIIC'Ia; 5 - 4>opcyma; 6 - HIICOC;
7 - TOIlJDIBHWi 6.u:
PRC. 14.4. elIUeJILBaJI CBe'la:
1 - BJII}JeJIaTeJ]hJIYI 31.IeMeBT; 2 - IopnyC; 3 - InT)'IIep
no,t\JIo,Qa TOIIJIBIIa; 4 - TOllJDlBuwI 4mnbrp; 5 - mmIep; 6 -
rpy6n; 7 - cern; 8 - IOBTpraba; 9 - pe3bOOIIU 'IaCJ"b
Iopnyca AJIJI YCI'IIHOBIB DO BnycmytO rpy6y; 10 - 06'beMBaJI
cena; 11 - 3IJNIH
Ke.A.bHOZO nO()OZpeBame.A.R. llpB nyclCe ,WIBraTeml BO BnyCICHyro Tpy6y
'1epe3 OpcyHICY 5 HaCOCOM 6 BnphIClCBBaeTCB TOllJIBBO, 1C0Topoe BOCll-
JIaMeWleTCB OT CBe'lB 4.
06pa.3yromaBcB npII 3TOM TellJIOTa HarpeBaer roJlI)lCymu.HCJI
B03A}'X, CTeHICB TI'y60npoBo,lJ;a II CTeHICH l{HJIHHJJ;pa, B pe3YJThTaTe
'1ero nOBhIlllaeTCB TeMnepaTypa Kmma TaICTa C)lCaTIDI B o6ecne'IBBa-
erCB 60JIee Ha,n:excHoe BOCllJIaMeHeHBe TOllJIBBa, nO,lJ;aBaeMOro B :qu-
JIHH,ZJ;p.
Ha J];II3em[x B lCa'leCTBe TaICoro YCTpOHCTBa o6hI'lHo BCnOJIb3YeTCB
mepMocmapm, BICJIIO'IaroH B ce6B a.x.eJIbHyro CBe'lY, 3JIeICTpOMaI'HBT-
HbIii TonJIBBHLIii lCJIanaH, ,lJ;06aBo'IHbIii pe3BCTOp c; TepMopeJIe II nepe-
ICJIIO'IaTeJIb.
Cl>alCeJIbHaB CBe'la (PIIC. 14.4) HMeeT HaI'peBaTeJIbHbIii 3JIeMeHT, npe,lJ;-
CTaBJIBIOHH C060H MeraJIJIB'IeCICHH 1(0)f(}'X, BHYTPH 1C0Toporo B CneItB-
aJIbHOM HanOJIHHTeJIe 3anpeCCOBaHa CnHpaJIb. TOWIBBO npOXO,lJ;HT no
1C0JIbIteBOH nOJIOCTH Mexc,ny HaI'pCBaTeJIbHbIM 3neMeHTOM H Tpy61C0H,
BcnapBeTcB H nocne CMelllHBaHlUI C ,WJHXC)'IItHMCB BO BnyCICHOH TPy6e
383

t
B03.u.yx
4
PRe. 14.5. CxeMa YClpOHCTBa  nycKa )J;H-
3eJIJ1 Ha 6eH3BBe:
1 - 3acJIOma; 2 - np6IOp3Top; 3 - ][JIamLH; 4 -
cllC'la 3Dmr&IIHJI; J - ,QODOJIBBTCJILHIIJI KlIMepa
B03OM BOCnJI8.MemIeTCJI. 06pa3yroIQHH cl>aKeJI llJIaMeHH 06ecne'IHBa-
eT HarpeB B03xa, nOCTynaroIQero B WlJIHH,lJ;phl.
llYCK OU3eAR lIa 6e1l3UlIe (pHC. 14.5) npHMemIeTCJI ,WUI ,romraTeJIeH
C He60JIbmHM pa60'lHM 06"beMOM. ,ZJ;JU1 3TOH l.{eJIH B rOJIOBKe 1.{HJIHII,[t-
pa YCTpaHBalOT .n;onOJIHHTeJIbHyro KaMepy 5 CO CBe'IOH 3a)f(HraHIDI 4,
KOTopax OT.n;eJIeHa OT OCHOBHOH KaMephl KJIanaHOM 3. llpH nycKe
KJIanaH OTKphlBaeTCX, CTeneHb ClCaTIDI nOHIDKaerCJI, 'ITO npHBO.n;HT
K YMeHbmeHHlO COnpOTHBJIeHIDI npH npoKpyqHBaHHH Dana. ,ZJ;JU1 no-
.n;a'IU CMecu D I.{HJIHII,[tpbI ,n,BHraTeJUI npu nYCKe HCnOJIb3yeTCJI Kap-
6lOpaTop 2.
llocJIe nycKa U nporpeBa .n;BHraTeJIX Ha 6eH3HHe KJIanaH 3 3aKpbIBa-
eTCJI, DKJIlO'laeTCX noa'la H3eJIbHOrO TOI!flHBa 'lepe3 mTaTHYro CHCTe-
My nUTaHIDI, a B03 HanpaDJUleTCJI B K8.Mepy cropaHllx 'Iepe3 OTKphl-
TYro 3aCJIOHKY 1 H .n;BUraTeJIb Ha'IHHaeT pa60TaTb KaK 06bPIHLIii .D:H3eJIb.
)];JU1 3anycKa .n;BHraTeJIeH B apKTU'IecKHX YCJIOBHJIX IIIHpOKO HCnOJIb-
3yroT JIerKOBOCnJI8.MemIlOIQHecx KOCTH, BnphlCKHBaeMbIe BO BnyCK-
HOH Tpy60npoBo.n;. Ore'IecrBeHHax nyCKOB3JI JKHWCOCTb AJIX .n;H3eJIeH
«XOJIo.n; )];-40» HMeeT cJIe.n;yroIQHH COCT8.B (%): 3THJIOBLIii 3cl>UP-
58...62, H30npOnUJIHBTpaT -13...17, neTpOJIeHHLIii-3cl>HP -13...17, Mac-
JIO .D:IDI r8.30TYP6UHHbIX .n;BHraTeJIeH -.n;o 10.
AHaJIOrH'lHaX OCTb .illI .n;BHrineJIeH C HCKpODbIM 38.X<Hr8.HHeM
<<ApKTHKa» BKJIIO'Iaer (%): cepHbIH 3cl>HP --45...60, r8.3oBLIii 6eH3HH -
35...55, H30nponUJIHHTpaT -1...6, npoTHBoH3HOCHyro npHca.n;KY - .n;o
2, aHTHOKHCJIUTeJIbH)'lO npHCa.n;Ky - .n;o 0,5.
)];.illI 3anycKa .D:H3eJIeH IIIHpOKO npHMeHmoT oeKoMnpeCCUOllllble
ycmpoucmsa, KOHCTpYKWIX o.n;Horo H3 KOTOpbIX npHBe.n;eHa puc. 14.6.
llpH YCTaHOBKe pbI'lara 3 B nOJIO)f(eHHe «llyCIC» BaJIHIC 1, Ha nOBepx-
HOCTH ICoToporo UMelOTCX JIhlCKH, nOBOpa'IHBaercx Hero WlJIHH,lJ;pU'lec-
IC3JI 'laCTb 'lepe3 mT8HrU 2 nepe.n;aeT YCHJIue Ha ICOpOMhlCJIO, ICoTopoe
OTICpbIBaeT {CJIanaH. IIpu OTKpblTbIX KJIan8Hax CYIQecTBeHHo CHIDKalOTCX
3Hepr03aTpaThI Ha npOICpY'lHB3.HHe .n;BHraTe.illI. 110 .n;OCTU)I(eHHH nyao-
DbIX 060pOTOB .n;eICOMITpeccop OTICJDO'laerCX H ,ZJ;BHraTeJIb Ha'lHHaer
pa60TaTb ICaK 06bI'lHhIH ,l(H3eJIb.
384

",
,
,
I
I
I
,
/
I
'-'
\
\ .
" I .
\
,
,
, ,
'.... "" I
......--- --- \
\
\
,
I
i l '
'i g :;; ,
,: (' 1 1
::.!!!:. :
;....u...
..I,.. .,

I
PRe. 14.6. CxeMa MexaHH3Ma ra3opacnpeeJIellHJ1 c eR:oMopecCOpoM:
1 - Bamn: AeKoMIIpeCCOpa; 2 - WT8.HI"3; j - pLl'lllr ynpaaneBRJI AeKOMllpeccopoM
IDl paI1HOH8JIbHOrO pemeHIDI np061IeMLI XOlIO.lUlOrO 3anycICa HC-
nOJIb3yIOT ICOM6HHHpoB3.HHhIe YCTpOHCTBa, 06ecne'lHBaromHe npe.nny-
CICOBOH nO,nOrpeB OXJIaX(J{alOmeH )lCHJ{lCOCTH H MaCJIa B CM8.30'IHOH
CHCTeMe, npe,nCTaBIDIIOmHe C060H aBTOHOMIIhIH noaozpeeameAb, BICJIIO-
'1aeMhIii B CHCTeM)' )l(HJ{lCOCTHOrO OXJI8.)I(,L(eHIDI ,nBHraTeIDl.
OCHOBHhIM 31IeMeHTOM YIC8.3aHHOrO YCTpOHCTBa JIBlIHeTCH 1C0TeJI-
nO,nOrpeBaTeJIb C 61IOICOM HaCOCOB. KalC npaBHJIO, OH pa60TaeT Ha TOM
)ICe TOllJIHBe, '1TO H ,roIHraTeJIb.

rJIABA 15
TIPI nOOPA ,l(BHrATEJIR
BHYTPElllIErO crop AHIDI )];IDI
TPAHCllOPTHOrO CPE)];CfBA
Heonpe,lJ;eneHHOCTb ,lJ;OpO>KHbIX ycnoBHH, B KOTOphIX 6Y,lJ;eT pa6o-
TaTb ,zumraTem. TPaHcnopTHoro cpe,lJ;CTBa, a OTCJO,ZJ;a npaxTIAeCKaJI
HeB03MO>KHOCTb CTpororo. BhI60pa perYJIHpOBO'ffihIX pemeHHif J(1llI
CHCTeM .D;BHI"aTeIDI, ,lJ;enalOT 38,lJ;a'i}' nO,lJ;6opa ,lJ;BC Heonpe,lJ;eJIeHHOH,
CBO,lJ;jl ee K HCKYCCTBY pemeHHH no aHarrorHH co CKn8,lJ;hIBalOeHCJI
npaxTHKOH.
Donbilloe pa:m006p8.3He TpaHcnopTHbIX cpe,lJ;CTB, IIIHpOlWH ,lJ;Hana-
30H YCJIOBHH 3Kcn.nyaTaIVDI H cne:qH4>H'IeCKHX Tpe60BaHHH K KOHKpeT-
HOM}' TpaHcnOpTHOMY cpe,lJ;CTBY 3aCTaBIPIH CHCTeMaTH3HpOBaTb 3TH
4>axTOphI H B p8.3}'MHhIX CO'leT8.HIDIX HCKaTb (npHHHMaTb) HX 3Ha-
'1eHIDl.
ECJIH Orp8.HH'lHTbCJI aBTOM06HJIbHOH TeXHBICOH, TO, nO,lJ;6HpaJI ,lJ;BH-
raTem., Heo6xo,lJ;HMo penmTb cne,lJ;YIOII!He BonpOChI:
. TIm ,lJ;BHI"aTeIDI;
. ero MaKCHMaJIbH8.JI MO.maOCTb;
. '1aCTOTa BpeHWI KOnell'laTOrO Barra;
. THll CHCTeMbI oxnaJK,ZJ;eHWI;
. 3KcnnyaToHHO-TeXHH'IecKHe iIOK8.3aTeJIH: 3KOHOMH'lHOCTb, TO-
KCH'lHOCTb, BH6poaxYCTH'IeCKHe XapaKTepHCTIIKH, nYCKOBbIe Ka'leCTBa
o6ecne'leHHe ycnoBHH 3HMHeH 3KcnnyaTRUHH H Ha,Z\e>KHOCTb.
PeKOMeH,lJ;)'JI ,lJ;BHraTem. Ha TP8.HCllOpTHOe Cpe,lJ;CTBO, KOHCTpyKTOp
B 3Ha'IHTenbHOH Mepe 38,lJ;aeT ero CBOHCTBa (TOWIHBHYJO 3KOHOMH'I-
HOCTb, ,lJ;HH8MH'IecKHe Ka'lecTBa, H8,lJ;e>KHOCTb H ,Z\p.), a T8lOKe npe,lJ;on-
pe,Z\eJIJleT H3BeCTH}'IO 3KcnnyaTaIVlOHHYIO HH4>paCTpyKTYPY H, maBHoe,
onpe,lJ;enJleT HCXO,lJ;HbIe ,D;8.HHbIe .nnJI npOeKTHpOB8.HHJI H opraHH3H
nepeB030'IHOrO npOlecca, T. e. Toro C8.Moro nponecca, BO HMJI KOToporo
C03,D;8.IOTCJI ,lJ;BHraTem., Tp8.Hcnopmoe Cpe,lJ;CTBO B BCJI BHcppaCTpYKTYpa.
B C3.MOM 06eM BH,lJ;e MO>KHO Bcnonb30BaTb CJIO>KHBIIIHeCJI B MHpO-
BOM ,lJ;BHraTeJIecTpOeHHH COOTHOmeHBJI Me:xc.ny MOHOCTbJO ,Z\BHraTeIDI
H MaCCOB aBTOM06H.JIJI.
386

3a nOCJIeL1HHC 20 JlCT npOllIJIOrO CTOJIeTmI MOII(HOCTb L1BHraTeJIeH,
npnOL1B1I(a1lCJI Ha ellHlIHI (l T) nOJIHOH MaCCbI JIerKOBbIX H rpY30BhIX
aBTOM06HJIeH, YBeJIH'IHJIaCb B 2 p8.3a.
TalC, L1JIJI JIerKOBblX AH3eJIbHhIX aBTOM06HJIeH cpeL1Hero KJIacca
OHa COCTaBJIJleT 23...51 KBT/T, rpY30naCCa>KHpcmx - 17...31, rpY30-
BhIX OL1HHO'IHbIX (MaccoH 3,5...10 T) - 9...20, rpY30BhIX OL1HHO'IHbIX
(MaccoH CBbIllIe 10 T) - 9...20, aBTOnOe3L10B - 5...12 KBT/T.
,[\JllJ JIerKOBhIX aBTOM06HJIeH C 6eH3BHOBhIMH L1BHraTeJIJIMII MOII(-
HOCTb Ha erollilmy CHapJI)KeHHOH MaCCbl- 50...160 KBT/T, nOJIHOH
MaCCbl- 37...125 KBT/T.
B ycnOBHJIX KOHxypeHmhIX pbIHO'IHbIX B38.HMOOTHOmeHBH Xa'lecrBo
L1BHraTeIDI, KaK B mo6oro H3L1eJImI, KOJIH'IecTBeHHO npoJIBIDIeTCJI B CTH-
XHHHO ClCJIa,w.marolI(eHCJI Ha pbIHKe :QeHe. lIpB :ITOM ,WI1I npoB3Bo,nHTeJIJI
Ka'lecTBO L1BHraTeIDI, 3aJIO>KeHHOe npB ero npoeKTBpOB8.HHH H 06ec-"
ne'leHHOe B npo:Qecce H3rOTOBJIeHHJI, JIBJllJeTCJI Ba>KHeHmBM ycnoBHeM
ycnelllHoH peaJIH33.I1;HH ,l{BBraTeJllJ B KOHKypeHTHOH 60pb6e 3a c6blT Ha
pbIHxe.
06eCne'leHHe nepeB030'lHoro npo:Qecca (HJIB ,npyrOH I}>YHK:QHB, Ha-
npHMep, y ,nOpO>KHo-cTpoHTeJIbHbIX M3.IIIHH, CeJIbCKOX0311B:CTBeHHOH
TeXHHKH) B ropoL1e, perBoHe, B CTpaHe B :QeJIOM B03MO>KHO BnOJIHe
onpe,neJIeHHbIM napKoM MaIllHH, Ka.:JK,lJ;aJI B3 KOTOpbIX 6y,neT yKOMllJIeK-
TOBaHa 06OCHOBaHHO BbI6paHHbIM )J;BC.
YCTaHOBJIeHHbIii ,l{BHraTeJIb Ha TpaHCnOpmOM cpe,nCTBe H cl}>op-
MHpoBaHHbIii napK M3.IIIHH 6yIJ.YT onpe,neIDITb B03L1eHCTBBe Ha oKpy>Ka-
IOlI(yIO cpe.ny. )J;pymMH cnOB8.MH, BbI60p TBna ABBraTeJIJI ,WIJI Ha.3eM-
HOH M06HJIbHOH MamHHbI - :no He TOJIbKO 3a.na'la TeXlIH'lecKaJI WIB
3KOHOMH'IecKaJI, HO H 3KOJIOrH'leCKaJI.
lIpeJJ;CTaBJIeHHe 0 CTPYICType napKa MamHH B HameH CTpaHe L1aeT
pHC. 15.1.
30

gf
20
I:Q

t::1 10
22,7
1. MOTOKOJIJ1CKH
2. Mone,W>I
3. MOTOpOJIJIepLI
4. MOTOI.{HKJIhI
5. 3A3, JIyA3
6. BA3 11. Y A3, EpA3
7. BA3 2121 12. rA3 52
8. A311K, fuc 13. rA3 53
9.rA3 14.3v.LIT
10. Y A3 15. KaMA3
16. MA3, Kpa3
17. ABTo6YChI
PA<I>,YA3
18. IIA3, KAB3
19. 1IA3
20. JIHA.3
21. Hnpyc
31,]
7,6
PHC. 15.1. Crpynypa napK& ATC B 6blBllleM CCCP (Ba Ba'laJIO 70-x rooB)
387

MHpOBOii TeB)J.eHl\Heu. B JJ;BHraTeJIecrpoeHHH JlBJIJleTCJI yoeJIH1leHHe
JJ;OJIH JJ;113eJIeii, YCTaHOBJIeHHhIX Ha 8.BTOM06HJIb. TalC, nOCJIe 1996 r.
6eH3HHoBbIe ,lJ.BHraTeJIH npaxTll'leCKB He CT8.BJIT Ha rpY30BbIe aBTOM06H-
JIH RJIH 8.BT06YCbI B CTpaHax EBpOIlbl, AMep.HKB. H RnOHHH.
Ha pRC. 15.2 nOlca3aHa JJ;HHa.MHKa npoH3Bo,nCTBa rpY30BblX 8.BTOMO-
6HJIeii B 1985-1992 H. PAAOM CTpaH 3ana.n;Hoii EBpoIlbl. TIo HMe-
IOmHMCJI CBeAeHIDIM IC 1996 f. repMaHBJI H l'haJIIDI pe3ICO CHH3BJIH
BbIDYCIC rpY30BbIX 8.BTOM06BJIeii C 6eH3RHOBhIMH ,lJ.BHfaTeJIJJMR.
Ha pHC. 15.3 nOIC8.33.Ha JJ;IIH8.MHICa B 1980--1992 n. 06ero npOH3-
BOACTBa rpY30BhIX 8.BTOM06BJIeii B 3an8.)J;Hoii EBpone. 11:3 HHX npoB3-
BOJJ;CTBO )J;H3eJILHLlX aBTOM06BJIeii cpY30nOJJ;1>eMHOCTLIO CBbIIlIe 6 T BLI-
pOCJIO C 20,8% B 1980 r. AO 31% B 1992 f.; npoH3BOJJ;CTBO ,nH3eJIbHbIX
aBTOM06BJIeii rpY30nOA'heMHOCTLIO MeHee 6 T COCTaBBJIO 21 % B 1980 r.
H 62,3% B 1992 r.; npoH3Bo,nCTBO CPY30BhIX aBTOM06BJIeii C 6eH3HHo-
BLIM ,lJ.BHraTeJIeM CHH3BJIOCL C 48% B 1980 r. ,no 16,8% B 1992 To
BhlnycK HOBhlX nerKOBhIX 8.BTOM06HJ1eii C ,nH3eJIeM BbIpOC BO
cI>pallI{HH B 1985-1992 cr. C 15 ,no 38%, B repMaHHH CHa'laJIa
HeCKOJlbKO BbIpOC C 22 JJ;O 27%, 3aTeM K 1989 C. CHH3HJ1CJI ,no 10%,
a nOTOM nOBbICHJICJI ,no 15%. B I1cnamm npOH3BO,nCTBO C 23%
B 1985 To ynano ,no 15% B 1992 f. B BeJIHK06pHTaHHH B03pocnO C 5%
B 1985 f. 11.0 12% B 1992 r. B EeJILrHB B03pOCJIO C 16% B 1985 r. ,no
31% B 1992 f.
YK8.3aHHh1e CTpaHhl npoH3BO,nBJIH HOB.bIe JIerKOBbIe aBTOM06HJ1B
C JJ;H3eJIeM B 1985 f. B cpeJJ;HeM 16,2%, a B 1992 f. - 20%.
TNC.WT
600
D
F
I
E
GB
s
200
85 92 85
 l/Jf.3e.m. < 6T
92 85 92 85 1992 CO)lhl
 6eHlHHoBW < 6T
PRc. lS.2. IIpoB3BOCTBO rppOBbIX M8lDHB B crpaH8JI. oii: EBpoD&l:
D - rCpMIIHHI, F - cIIpamnm, 1- HTII.1IIDI, E - HaJlIHHI. GB - Benmo6pBTIIBHI,
S - IDscIV!ll
388

Tblc. WT.
2500
o
1980 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
. .D.H3eJIL > 6 T  .D.H3eJIb < 6 T
89 90 91 1992 ro.l\bl
 6eH3HHOBbIA < 6 T
PRe. 15.3. 06II1ee opoB3BOCTBO HraTeJIeii: B 3aoii EBpone
Ha pHC. 15.4 nOICa33.Ha )tHHaMHICa no rO)t8.M npOH3Bo)tCTBa ,ltJI3eJIeH
B MHpe. Bcero B 1975-1992 rr. BhlIIYCK .nu3eJIei BbIpOC C 3,8)to 9,8 MJIH.
IDT. llpH :nOM )tOIDI .nu3eJIeH AJUI JIerICOBLIX 8.BTOM06HJIeH B03poCJIa
C 5,3% B 1975 r. )to 36,7% B 1992 r.; AJUI rpyJOBLIX 8.BTOM06H1IeH -
C 42,1 % B 1975 r. )to 42,9% B 1992 r.; AJUI Tp8.KTOpOB YMeHbIDHJIOCb
C 16,3 )to 8,2%; AJUI CTaJI,ZJ;apTHbIX YCT3.HOBOIC - C 28,3 )to 12,2%.
npHBe)teHHoe pacnpe)teJIeHHe COXp8.HHTCB, nO-BH,ZJ;HMoM)', H B 6y,Q)'-
IQeM, T8.IC ICU Ha JIerICOBbIX 8.BTOM06H.JUIX 6y.ltYT llpHMemITbCB ,ltBHra-
TeJIH C HCICpOBbIM 38JICHTaHHeM, a Ha aBTo6ycax H rpY30BbIX - ,nH3eJIH.
M otqHocmb i)8uzameAR ICoHICpeTllOrO TpaHcnopTHoro cpe,nCTBa 38.BH-
CRT OT MHOrHX cl>8.KTOpoB:
. peXOlMoB 3ICCllJIyaTanBH;
. ICJIHMaTH'IeCICHX YCJIOBHii;
. 38,l{3.HHOH MaICCHMaJIbHOH CKOpOCTH )tBIDICeHHB;
. 06ecne'leHWI Heo6xo.nuMbIX npHeMHCTOCTH H npHcnoco6JIBeMOCTH
H .lij>.
BaxmbIM nepHo,noM 3ICCllJIyaTHH ,nBHraTeJIeH JIBIDIeTCB HeycmaHo-
8UUCR pe:JfCUM pa60mbl i)8uzameAR. OH COCT8.BIDIeT 93...97% B YCJIO-
BHBX HHTeHCHBHoro ropo,ncICoro ,nBlDICeHHB, 90...95% npH ,ltBlDICeHHH no
rp}'HTOBblM ,nopor8.M, 30...35% Bcero BpeMeHH ,nBlDICeHWI Ha 3aropo,n-
HbIX MarHcTpaJUIX. HCnOJIb3yeMaJI MOIQIIOCTb ,nBHraTeIDI COCT8.BIDIeT
13...78% OT HOMHH8JIbHOH. Pa60Ta Ha HeYCT3.HOBHBIIllIXCB peXWMax
npHBo,nRT IC POCTY pacxo,na TODJIHBa Ha 5...7% H }'BeJIH'DIBaeT H3HOC
,nBHraTeIDI B cpe,ZJ;HeM B 1,2...2 pa3a.
389

Tblc. lllT.
2500
o
1980 81 82 83 84
. lIH3eJIb > 6 T
85 86 87 88
 .lI.H3eJIb<6T
89 90 91 1992 [Ollbl
 6eH3HHoBblH < 6 T
PRc. 15.4. IIpoR3Bo,nCTBO aBTOM06HJIeii: B MIlpe
,l(Hana.30H H3MeHeHIDI KJIHMaTlI'leCKHX yerroBo T8K:JICe OIJeHb IIIH-
pOK. T8.K, B paHOHe MOCKBLI (}'MepeHHLIii KJIHMaTlI'leCKHH paiiOH)
cpe.AJUIjI cyrO'lHaH TeMnepaTypa B TeqeHHe ro.u;a KOJIe6JIeTCH OT + 30
.u;o - 30°C, B paHoHe CaJIexap.u;a (XOJIO.il;HOM) - OT + 30.u;o - 50°C,
B JlKyrcKe (OIJeHb XOJIOJUlOM) - OT +30 .u;o -60°C. EcTecTBeHHo,
'ITO npH 3KcnnyaTaIUm B .z:taHHLIX JJ;Hana.30Hax TeMllepaTyp MOOCTb
ABHI"aTeJlll 6y.u;eT MeHHI'bCH, BJIIDIH Ha THrOBLIe KaIJecTBa TpaHcnopT-
Horo cpe.u;CTBa.
YXa.38.HHbIX npHMepOB .n;OCTaTO'IHO .!J,JUI no.u;TBepxc.u;eHBH errO)I(HOCTH
3a.n;alJH BLIopa MOOCTH ABHraTeJIH. TeM He MeHee pemeHHIO ee
nOCBeHO 60JIbinoe KOJIHIJeCTBO Tpy.u;OB B xypcax TeopHH aBTOMo6H-
JllI. . PacCMOTpHM ABa HecKOJIbKO ynporneHHhIX nO,ltXo.n;a K pemeHHIO
.u;8.HHoro Bonpoca.
1. MOOCTb .n;BHI"aTeJIH (XBT), 06ecne'IHBaIOlItYIO M8.KCHM8JIbHYIO
CKOpOCTb .u;BIDKeHHH, MO)I(HO onpe.u;eJIHTb H3 erre.n;ylOrnero BLlpa:JICeHWI:
N _ lIam.u(tpma+K;,FIImax+{)mJJ
e IT '
r.n;e V amax - MaKCHMaJIbHWI CKOpOCTb aBTOM06HJllI, Mje; ma - Macca
8.BTOM06HIDI; qJ - K03iPHmleHT cyMMapHoro conpoTHBJIeHHH .n;oporH;
K. - Ko3<PHeHT 06TexaeMOCTH, H. C 2 /M 4 ; F - JI060BWI nJIOrna.,w.,
390

M 2 ; b - Ko3C}J4>HQHeHT Y'IeTa CHJIbl HHepQBH npHBe,l\eHHbIX BpaIIt8JO-
IQHXCg MaCC; ,l\.JllI ero onpe,l\eJIeHIDI MO>KHO nOJIb30BaTbCg CJIe,l\YIOll\HM
BbIpaXCeHHeM: b= 1,04+0,04;,.2, r,l\e i" - nepe,l\aTO'lHOe 'lHCJ10 Kopo6KH
nepe,l\a'l; j. - YCKopeHHe aBTOM06H.illI, KOTopoe MO>KHO npHHHMaTb
p8.BHbIM 0,2...0,3 M/C 2 ; '1'1"=0,85...0,9 - KIT)); Tp8.HCMHCCHH.
ITpH6JIHxceHHO MO>KHO npHIilITb:
ABTOM06HJIB K.,H./M F,M rp
JIerIoBLle 0,2...0,3 1,5...2 (O,Ol...O,05).1O-6t1
rpY30BLle 0,5...0,7 3,0...6,5 (0,0l5...0,02)+6.10-6t1
ABro6yCLI 0,35...0,45 3,0...7,5 H.A-
2. ,l:{ng OpHeHTIlpOBO'IHOH OQeHICH Heo6xo,l\HMOii MaKCHMaJIbHOH
Mom;HocrH ,nBHraTeJlg WIg pa.3JIH11HhIX BH,l1;OB 8.BTOM06HJIbHOii TeXHHICH
MO>KHO BOCnOJIb30BaTbCg craTHCTH'IecICHMH ,l\aHHhIMH no Y,l\eJIbHbIM
MOlD;HocrgM ,nBHraTeIDI (KBT/T):
N. _ N cBo ..
YA- .
m.
B Ta6JI. 15.1 npHBe,l\eHbI ,l\8.HHbIe no N YA H ,l\pyrHM nOKa.3aTeIDlM
pa OTe'lecTBeHHhIX 8.BTOM06HJIeii.
Ha OCHOBaHHH ,l\8.HHbIX Ta6JI. 15.1 MO>KHO npHHHMaTb Y,l\eJIbHbIe
MOlD;HocrH (KBT/T): 40...45 - WIg JIerKOBbIX 8.BTOM06HJIeii; 9...10-
AID.I rpY30BbIX; 10...12 - WIg 8.BTo6ycOB.
3Hag nOJlH}'lO Macey, MOXCHO onpe,l\eJIHTb H Heo6xOWIM)'IO M8.I(-
CHMaJIbH)'1O MOID;HOCTb ,nBHraTeIDI. qacroTa Bpam;eHWI KOJIeH'laTOrO
B8JIa 06YCJIOBJIeHa cneIUl4>H'IecKHMH Tpe60BaHWIMH K KOM)' TIlIIY
,l\BHraTeIDI H ,l\OJDICHa }"IIIThIBaTbCg npH paCqeTe nepe,l\aTO'IHbIX 'lHceJI
Kopo6m nepe,l\a'l H rJIaBHOH nepe,l\a'lH.
THO OXJIBaw;eBBJI ABHrBTeJIJI. B npaICTHICe MHpOBOrO 8.BTOM06HJIb-
Horo ,ABHraTeJIecTpoeHIDI npHMeIDIeTCg KaK :H(:uaKoCm1l0e, Tax H 803-
i)YWHoe OXJIaxc,neHHe. CpaBHHTeJIbHaJI on;eHKa 060HX BH,lJ;OB ,l\aHa
Bm.11.
PemaJI 3TOT BOnpoc npHMeHHTeJIbHO K KOmcpeTHOMY TpaHcnopT-
HOM)' cpe,l\crBY, Heo6xo,l\HMO PYKOBO,l\CTBOBaTbCg YCJIOBHJIMH 3Kcnrry-
aTaQRH, B KOTOpbIX, sepOJITHO, npH.neTcg pa60TaTb ,nBHraTeJIlO; Tp8.,lJ;H-
QHJIMH, ycr8.HOBHBllIHMHCJI B ,l\8.HHOH 06naCTH TeXHHICH; B03MO>KHOCTblO
06ecne'leHWI xopomHX nYCKOBbIX Ka'lecTB npH HH3KHX OTpHQaTeJIbHbIX
TeMlleparypax H T. A.
391

Ta6I1UJlll15.1
Mapn nOJIBall MIIICBMaJIh- MIIICBMIUIb- KmrrpoJIbHhlii Y.l1CJThBIUI
aBTOM06HJ1J1 Maa:a, II" IIaJI CEO- Ball MO- pacxO.l1 MOocn.,
pocn, Dd/TJ. BOCTb rorumsa., IBT/T
,QIIBraTeJ1Jl, n/lOO Dd
IBT
JIezK06fHe 08mOM06u1lU
3A3-968a 1160 118 30,3 6,2/80 26,03
BA3-2103 1430 152 56,6 8,4/80 39,6
MOCKBH'I-2140 1445 154 58,8 8,5/80 40,2
1445 142 55,2 7,4/80 38,2
r A3-24 1820 147 69,9 10,5/80 38,4
rA3-3102 1870 152 77,2 8,5/80 41,28
3HJI-41 04 3800 190 237,8 22,00/80 51,10
TpY306ble 08moMo6ullu
r A3-52-03 5465 70 55,2 21,0/40 10,10
3HJI -130 10525 90 110,3 29,0/50 10,47
KaMA3-5320 15305 80 154,4 26,0/60 10,10
KpA3-2576 22500 68 176,5 38,50 7,8
A6mo6yCbl
IIA3-3201 7155 80 84,6 25,4/30 11,80
JIA3-4202 13 400 75 132,4 19,0/40 9,90
J1HA3-677M 14050 70 132,4 39,0/40 9,40
· B 3BaMeBaTeJIe yIaJaHa CIOpOCTL aBTOM06RJIJ1, npH IOTOpoi onpeeJIlleTCJ1 pacxo
TODJIHBa.
llpH HCnOJIb30BaHHH KoCTHorO OXJIeHIDI Heo6xoABMO BLIIIY-
CKaTb aBTOM06HJIB B,roJYX BlI.nax HCnOJIHeHIUI: «ceBepHOM» H <OO)J(HOM».
OtIeBII.nHO, qTO npH 3KCn.rryaT8lUIH B ,nJIan830He TeMllepaTyp +30...
- 60 DC (JIKYTIUI) Becora6apHTHhle nap8.MeTphl p3,lUlaTOpa, npOH3BO,nH-
TeJIbHOCTH BeHTHIDITOpa H )J:(II)UC:OCTHOrO Hacoca ,nOJDKHhI 6bITb MeHb-
IIIIIMII, qeM npH 3KcWIyaTamm; B ABan3.30He TeMllepaTYP + 45... + 10 DC
(fa.nnceHT).
Tu, HanpBMep, Y aBTOM06HIDI K8MA3 nOBepXHOCTb OXJIeHIUI
pa.nHaTOpa 6y,neT npBMepHO Ha 25% MeHbme, ecJIB npOH3BOABTb pac-
'leT Ha t o =30 D C (B HaCTOmn;ee BpeMJI pac'leThI Be.nyT Ha +45 D C). Ha
MaIlIBHax <(}O)J(Horo» HCnOJIHeHHSI He Tpe6YeTCSI ycrpoiiCTBa, o6JIer-
'lalOmero 3anYCK ,roJllraTeJISI npH HH3KBX TeMllepaTypax. 3TH 06CTO-
SlTeJIbCTBa n03BOJISlT CHH3IITb 3aTpaThI MOmHOCTH Ha cHCTeMy OXJI8.)KJJ;e-
HIDI II 3aTpaThI ,ne4>IIQIITHhIX MaTepHaJIOB, 'ITO B KOHe'IHOM HTore
npHBe,ner K 3Ha'lBTeJIbHOMY 3KOHOMB'leCKOMy 3<l>clJeKTY.
3KCDJIYaTaQIIOBBo-TeXBH"lecKIIe DOKa3aTeJIII (TODJIBBIUUI :)KOHOMll'l-
HOCTh). )];aHHhIii nOK83aTeJIb SlBJUleTCSI "'Ipe3Bbt'laiiHo BaJKHhIM npH peme-
mm Bonpoca 0 ,roJHraTeJIe ,nIDI aBToMo6HIDI. ECJIH no,nxo,nlITb K peme-
HHIO :noro Bonpoca TOJIbKO C TO'lKH 3peHIUI 3KOHOMII'UlOCTB, TO CJIe,no-
392

Bano 6hI BO Beex cnY'IaHX npHMCHRTb ,lJ)I3CJIH, TalC KaK OHM 3KOHOMH'IHee
,lI;BBTaTCnCH C HCKpOBbIM 3a)KJ{raHHCM B cpC,WICM Ha 25...30%. Ho, K3.K
yKa3hIBaJIOCb BhIlIIC, npHMeHCHHC ,lJ)I3eneH nOKa orpaHHqeHO rpY30BhIM
TPauCIIOpToM H aBT06ycaMH B CHJIY clIertlul)HqeCKHx TpC60BaHHH K ,lI;BH-
raTenJIM ncrKOBhIX aBTOM06HJICH. He3aBHCHMO OT THna Hco6xo,nHMO
HCIIOJIb30BaTb ,ltBHraTenH C TaKHMH napaMerpaMH, KOTOphIC 06CCIICqH-
BaJIH 6hI KOHKpeTHOMY TpaHCnOpTHoM)' Cpe,nCTBY MHHHMaJIbHbIH. pac-
Xo,n TOllJIHBa npH M3.KCHMaJIbHOH npoH3BO,ll;HTenbHoCTH. OnCHOqHbIM
nOKa3aTenCM TOnJIHBHOH 3KOHOMH'lHOCTH HBnRCTCR ydellbHblu 3,p,peK-
mU8HblU pacxod monllU8a glt, r/(KBT. 'I).
Ha YMcHbIlIcHHe glt HalIpaBnCHhI Hccne,QOBaHHJI B 06nacTH COBCp-
I1ICHCTBOBaBHR pa60qID( nponeccoB ,romraTencH, B KOTOpLIX K HaCTO-
JlIItCMY BpeMCHH ,nOCTBTHyrhI 3Ha'IHTeJIbllbIe ycrreXH. Ho ,lI;aHHhIH no-
Ka3aTeJIb B 3Ha'IHTeJIbHOH CTcneHH 3aBliCHT OT CKOpocTHoro II uarpy-
30qHOrO pe)KHMOB pa60Tbl ,ltBHI"aTCJIJI. TIo 3TOH npH'IHHe OH He MO)l(CT
6hITb 06"bCKTHBHbIM nOKa3aTCnCM AJUI cpaBHeHIDI II OnCHKH ,ltBHI"a-
TeneH pa31I11'1HhIX MaIIIIIH. Eonce npaBlIJIbHO 0TPajKaCT 3KOHOMH'l-
HOCTI> pacxo TOIIJIIIBa, OTHCceHHbIH K COBcpmCHHOH pa60TC, T. C.
n/(IOO T. KM).
B COOTBCTCTBHH C 3THM no rOCT 20306 - 85 TOnJIHBHaR 3ICOHOMH-
'lH0CTI> onCHHBaercJI clledylOUfUMu nOKa3ameAJlMU:
. KOHTpOJIbHbIH: pacxo,ll; TOIIJIHBa (KPT);
. pacxo,n TOllJIHBa B MarHCTpaJIbHOM C3,l1;OBOM nHKJIe Ha ,nopore
(PTMI..{);
. pacxo,n TOnJIHBa B ropo,ncKoM e3,l1;OBOM ItHKJIe Ha ,nopore
(PTrI.UJ;);
. pacxo.n TOIIJIHBa B ropo.ncKOM ItHKJIe Ha CTeH.ll;C (P1TI..{).
3HaqCHIDl KPT OTe'leCTBeHHhIX 8.BTOM06HncH IIpHBe.nclIbI B Ta6n.
15.1. K3.K BH,WIO H3 3TOH Ta6nHnbl, KPT onpe.ncmnoT npH OlIpe.ncneH-
HOH CKOpOC"fH ,nBlDKeHIDI, pa3JIH'lHOH ,nlliI pa3HhIX BH,lI;OB aBTOM06HJIb-
HOB TeXHHKH. KPT n03BOIDICT KOCBeHHO OnCBHTb TCXHH'lCCKOC COCTOJI-
HHe aBToM06HlliI H cp8.BBHTb ypOBcHb TOIIJIHBHOH 3KOHOMH'IHOCTH aua-
norOB.
K cOX<ancBHIO, npH BhI60pe ,nBHraTclliI HCT nOJIHOH HHcl>OpMartHH no
BCeM nOKa3aTCIDIM, B nyqmeM CJI)''Iae HMelOTCJI TOJIbKO ,naHHble no Kit Ha
HOMHHaJIbHOM PC)ICHMC HJIH grmin IIO BHenmeH CKOpoCTHOH Xap8.KTepH-
CTHKe ,ltBHraTClliI H HHor,na KPT. K3.K nOK3.3hIBl'.leT onbIT, pacxo,n Ton-
nHBa (n/IOO KM) 3aBHCHT OT pa60'lcro 061>CM8 ABC VII H OT N yA >
n03TOM)', 060CHOBhIBaR Hc06xo,lJ)lM}'lO MOrnHOCTb AJIJI TpauClIopTHoro
cpe,nCTBa, cneA)'CT }"IHThIBaTb YIC3.38HHbIC 3aBHCHMOCTH H HC 3aBhI-
I1I8Tb N yA .
TOKCII'IBOCTL. IIpH no.n60pc ,ltBHr8TClliI Hc06xo.nHMO, qT06hI OH
B nonHOH MCpe y,QOBnCTBOpJIn Tpe60BaBIDIM 33.KOHo.n8TcnbHbIX OrpauH-
qeHIIH (npCACJIbHhIX HOpM) H8 Bbl6poc TOKCII'lHbIX BerneCTB. 3TH HOpMbI
H MCTO,n onpc,neJIeHIDI no CO,ll;CpjKaHHIO OKCH,na yrncpo,na perJIaMCH-
393

THpOB8.HhI rocr '17.2.2.03 - 77 illl 6eH3HHoBhlX ABHraTeJIeii, a AIDl
8.BTOM06HJIbHbIX ,nH3eJIeii - rOCT 21393 -75 no hlMHOCTH oTpa60-
T8.B1IIHX ra.30B H ocr 37.001.234 - 81 no Bhl6poC8M CO, CH H NO"
[r/(KBT. q)].
Ba6PBQBOBBD-BKyCTlrlecKBe KBlleCTBB. OueHHBWI ABHI"aTeJIb C TOqm
3peHHiI 8.HHbIX nOKa.3aTeJIeii, He06xo,nHMO HMeTb B B, qTO OHH BO
MHOrOM onpeemnoTciI creneHbIO ypaBHoBemeHHoCfH BHI"aTeJUI.
.QrnI OpHeHTHpOBOqaoii on:eHKH .n:onycrHMoro 3HaqeHHiI HeypaBHoBe-
meHHhIX CHJI H HX MOMeHTOB MOXCHO BOCnOJIb30BaTbCiI ICpHTepHeM
KJIHMoBa - CTe'IICHHa - K8.Ita, npe.n:craBmnoIItHM c060ii 6e3MepHhIe
OTHOCHTeJIbHhle BeJIH'lHHhI, onpe.n:eillleMhle BhIpa.x<eHHiIMH:
[ 6L ( M.I+M.n )]
1 1 J 4 J
 - T.P +-T.P + .
." D 2 J14 Jl L 2 H 2 '
m AB w:8o.. +
1 [ T. 6LM, ]
1/ - mwsD w :' K;.+ L 2 +B 2 '
r.n:e L, H, B - AJlHHa, BhlCOTa, IllHpHHa ABHI"aTe.n:iI no OCHOBHOM}'
MaCCHBY MeTa.rma Kopnyca, M; D - ,nH8MeTp IUlJlHll.D;pa, M; m AB - Mac-
ca ABHI"aTeilll, ICt; O.. - yrJIOBWI qac:rOTa Bparn:eHHiI ICOJIeH'laTOrO
Bana Ha HOMHHaJIbHOM peJKHMe, C -1.
OnhIT nOKa.3h1BaeT, qTO eCJIH 3HaqeHIDI ,0,002, TO yp8.BHOBemeH-
HooTb BHI"aTelliI MOXQIO C1IHTaTb yOBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOii, a ABHI"aTeJIb -
npHroAHhIM AIDl ycr8.HOBm Ha Tp8.HCllOpTHoe cpeCTBO.
P8.BHOMepHoe qepeOB8.HHe npH Jl1060M KOJIH1lecrue H mo60M yrJIe
pa.3Bana D:HJIHHJ(pOB o6ecnequBaeTCiI, B qaCTHOCTH, CMern:eHHeM maTYH-
Hoii meiim KaJK,ZJ;OrO ICpHBomHlla Ha yrOJI . TalC BhIllOJIHeHhI KOJIeH-
qaThle B8JIhI ABHI"aTeilll KA3-RM3-642 H MHOrHX 3apy6eXCHhIX mecrH-
n:HJIpoBhIX V -06pa3Hh1x ABHraTeJIeii.
Ha coBpeMelUlhlx ABHI"aTeIDIX KOpnyCHhIM eTaJUIM npH,.ZJ;aIOT Ta-
me OpMhI, KOTophle HCKJIIOqalOT pe30HaHCHhle nneHIDI B 30He pa6o-
'IHX 060pOTOB H TeM C3.MhlM 06eCne'iHBaIOT 6ecmyMHyIO pa6oT}'
ABHI"aTelliI.
Ha.aexm:OCTIo ABIII'BTeJIR. IIpH no60pe BHI"aTelliI opHeHTHpOBOqaWI
OIeHKa ero C TO'IICH 3peHIDI HanpJDKeHHocrH pa60qero npon:ecca, a 3Ha-
quT, H KOOBeHHWI on:eHKa Ha,ZJ;eXCHOCTH ABHraTelliI Mor)'T 6h1Tb ocyrn:ecr-
BJIeHhl onpeeJIeHHeM KpHTepHeB E. R. rHHD;6ypra H A. K. KOCTHHa.
BbIpIDKeHHiI }'Ka.38.HHbIX ICpHTepHeB npHBeeHhl B rJI. 5. _
)l. cOBpeMeHHhIX, ocraTOqaO HaeXCHO pa60TaIOIIUlx 8.BTOM06HJIL-
HbIX ABHraTeJIeii 3HaqeHWI }'Ka38.HHhIX KpHTepHeB HaxOjffCil B CJIey-
IOIIUlX npeeJIax: N n = 1,5...2,3 KBT/CM 2 , qn=3,2...7.
.
394

TUHM 06paJoM, ecnH Y Bbl6paHHOrO ABHraTe.JllI WIJI .n;aWIOro
TpaHcnopTHoro cpe.n;CToa :mS'IeIllUI. ICpHTepHeB He npeBhIIIIaIOT YICaJaH-
HhIX 3Ha'leHHH, TO OpHCH fHpOOO'I..HO MO)J.(HO C'lHTaTh ABHraTeJIh .n;o-
CTaTO'IHO Ha.n:exrnldM.
MOTOpHoe TOWIUO. AmI. nOCJIe,ZJ;HHX JIeT XapaKTepHhIM HBIDIeTCB
pacnmpeHHe cneICTpa BH,l(OB TOnJIHB, npHMeHJ.J.eMbIX B ABC. TalC, B 3ICC-
n.nyaT1O B 6paJHJlHH BHe.n;peHO CllHpTOBoe TOnJIHBO. B CTpaHax
3ana.n;HOH EBpoIIbl pacUIHpJ.J.eTCJ.J. npHMeHeHHe TOIlJIHB 6HOJIOrH'IecKOro
npOHCXO)I(AeHHJ.J., B oc06eHHoCTH Ha ceJIhCICOX03J.J.HCTBeHBhIX TpaHcnopT-
HhIX cpe.n;CTBax. TIoBbIlUaeTcJ.J. ,n;OJIJ.J. npHMeHeHHJ.J. raJOBhIX TOnJIHB. EcTe-
CTBeHHO, see 3TO MeIDIeT 06JlHK 3ICcn.rryaToHHoH Cl}>ephI, MeIDIeTCB
3anp8.B0'IHOe X03J.J.iiCTBO, KOHTpoJIhHo-,n;HarHOCTH'IecICoe 060Py,n;oBaHHe,
MeWllOTCJ.J. TpOOOBaHHJ.J. IC 06c.rryxamalOeM}' nepcoHaJIY. TIpOHCXO,ZJ;HT
Bce 3T0 npH O,l{HOBpeMeHHoM yx<eCTO'leHHH 3KOJIOrH'ICCICHX Tpe60BaHHH
IC 8.BTOM06HJIIO, '!.TO CTHM}'JIHpyeT paJpa60TICY HOBhIX MOTOpHhIX Ton-
JIHB. 3TH TeH,ll;eHQHH COXPaIDIlOT CBoe BJIHJ.J.HHe Ha )];BC, H HMeHHO OHH
6y.n;yr onpe,n;eJIJ.J.Th ccl>ePy HX npHMeHeHIDI.
)];pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, BhI6HpaJ.J. ,n;BHraTeJIh WIJI TpaHcnopTHoro cpe,n;-
CTBa, ,/\JIJ.J. napICa MamHH, He06xo,n;HMO nOHHMaTh, '!.TO cero,ZJ;IDI TeM
CaMhIM 3a,n;aeTCJ.J. 06JIBK aBTOTpaHCnOpTHOH HHc}>paCTpYI'TYPhI, MeHmoT-
CB IC8.lIHTaJIOBJIO)J(eHHJI, 1}>0pMHPYeTCB 3a.mrrOCTh HaceneHIDI. 3TH npo-
necchl 6y.n;yT see 60JIee r.rry60ICHMH no Mepe pacm.apeHIDI aCCOpTHMeHTa
TODJIHB, B03MO)J(HbIX WIJI npHMeHeHHJ.J. B )];BC.

JIUTEPATYPA
1. ABTOM06HJI&BLle HraTeJlHfIIo pe. M. C. XOBaxa. M.: MamaHOClpoeBHe,
1977. 591 c.
2. HraTeJIH BHyrpeBHero cropaBHJr/IIo peA- B. H. JIYIaHHBa. M.: BLlcwu IDIO-
M, 1985. 311 c.
3. KOBClpyIItHg H paC'leT aBTOTpaBcnDp1BLlX HraTeJIeKfIIo pe. 10. A. Cre-
DaROBa. M.: MannmOClpoeBHe, 1964. 552 c.
4. HraTeJIH BHyrpeBBero cropaHHJI. YcrpoiiCTBO H pa60Ta noplllHeBLIX H IOM-
6HHHpOBaHHIolX HraTeJIeKfIIo pe. A. C. OpJIHHa, M. r. KpyrJIOBa. M.: MannmOCT-
poeBHe, 1980. 288 c.
5. HraTeJIH BayrpeBBero cropal/HJ1. CaCTeMhI nopllIHeBLIX H IOM6HHHpoBaHHLIX
HraTeJIeii:/llo peA- A. C. OpJIHHa, M. r. KpyrJIOBa. M.: MamHHOClpOeHHe, 1985. 456 c.
6. HraTeJIH BHyrpeBHero cropaBHJL KOBClpYHPOBaHHe H paC'leT Ba npO'IBOCTb
noplllHeBIolX H IoM6HHHpOBaHHIolX HraTeJIeii:/llo peA- A. C. Op.mma, M. r. KpyrJIOBa.
M.: MamHHOClpOeBHe, 1984. 384 c.
7. MaCJIOB r. C. PaC'leThl IOJIe6aBHii BaJIOB: CnpaBO'IHHK. M.: MannmOClpoeBHe,
1980. 151 c.

OrJIABJIEHI1E
Ilpei}uclloeue 3
r JIa.. 1. KimeMaTIlKa . 8MHKa KJlllBoIIIIIIDIO-maTYllllOro MeXIUUl3Ma 5
1.1. KHHeMaTHKa KPHBOWHIJBO-waTYHBoro MeXaHH3Ma . . . . . . . 5
1. 1. 1. KHHeMaTHKa QeHlpll.J1hHOrO H CMClItellHoro KPHBOWHIJBO-maTYHHLIX Me-
xaHB3MOB ...................... 6
1.1.2. KHHeMaTHKa KPHBOllIHlJBO-waryBHoro MeXaHH3Ma C opmteDHhlM wary-
HOM ......... 11
1.2. aMHKa KPHBOllIHIJBO-waTYHHoro MexaHH3Ma 14
1.2.1. CHJILI MBJIeBHJI raJOB . . . . . 14
1.2.2. CHJILI HHepltHH II:IK)'IItHXCSI Macc KlIIM 16
1.2.3. CYMMapBhle CHJILI H MOMeHThI, eii:cTByroIUHe B KmM 20
1.2.4. CHJILI, eKCTByroIUHe Ba meiiKH KOJIeB'laTOro BaJIa 21
1.2.5. TeOpeTH'leCKaJI arpaMMa H3HOca weiiKH BaJIa 25
1.2.6. CYMMapBhlii: KPYTSIIQHH MOeJIT HraTeJIJ1 26
1.2.7. BJIHJ1HHe KOBClpyITHBIILIX cooTBomeHHK B KlIIM Bii nOKaJaTeJIH Hra-
TeJlll 29
rJIa.. 2. Ypullo.emellllOcn. . ypuBOBenJlUllUllle HraTeJIei .ByTpeBBero cropa-
- ........... . . . . 32
2.1. CHJIOBLIe 41aKTopLl, BLI3L1BalOlItHe BeypaBHoBcweBHOCTL nopllIHeBoro Hra-
TeJIJl .......... 32
2.1.1. O)J;HOQHJlHB,lJ,pOBLlK HraTeJI& . . . . . . . 32
2.1.2. MBOrOQHJIIIJI,Iq)OBLJii: HraTeJI& . . . . . . . 33
2.2. IIpHllQHlILl ypaBBOBellIHBaBHJ1 QeHi-po6e:IKHLIX CHJI BHepltHH B HX MOMeHTOB
(ypaBBOBeWHBaHHe 1C0JIeB'laTLIX BaJIOB) . . . . . . 35
2.3. IIpHIIQHIILl ypaBBOBellIHBaBHJ1 npoClpaBCTBeBHLIX KOJIeB'IaTLIX BaJIOB 39
2.4. IIpHllQHlILl ypaBBOBellIHBaIIHJ1 CHJI HHepltHH Macc, BXCSI B03BpaTBo-
nOCTynaTeJI&BO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.5. ABaJIH3 ypaBBoBcweBHocTH H ypaBHoBelllHBaHHe HraTeJIeii: C JIHHeiiBhlM
paMQHOO 
2.5.1. OOQHJlHB,lJ,pOBLlii: HraTeJI& 43
2.5.2. )J,BYXQHJIHJlJtP0BLle HraTeJIH 44
2.5.3. TpeXQHJIHIIJij)OBLlH HraTeJIL 49
2.5.4. llCThlpeXQHJlHB,lJ,pOBLIii HraTeJI& 52
2.5.5. ABaJ1H3 ypaBHoBemeHBocTH H ypaBBoBeWHBaHHl" HrareJIJ1 5P (15=72°) 53
2.5.6. meCTB,lJ,poBLIK HraTeJIb . . . . . . . 58
2.6. ABaJIH3 ypaBBOBCWeBHoCTH H ypaBHOBeWHBaHHe V-06pa3Bh1x HraTeJIeH 60
2.6.1. ABaJ1H3 ypaBHOBeWeHBOCTH YXItHJIHB,lJ,pOBOro V-06pa3Horo HraTeJlll
C yrJIOM pDBaJIa 90 0 -2V(}I=900) . . . . . 60
2.6.2. meCTHIUlJlHB,lJ,pOBLlK HraTeJIb C ymoM pDBaJIa 90° H yrJIOM Me:IK
IpHBOllIHDaMH 120 0 -6V (}I_90°) . . . . ..... 62
2.6.3. BOCbMHQH.1IHH,[q>OBLJii: Hr&TeJIb C yrnoM pa3BaJIa 9O°----8V (1'=90°) 63
2.6.4. meCTHIUlJlHB,lJ,pOBLlH BH'-&TeJIb C yr nOM pa3BaJIa 120° ---6V (y = 120") 66
397

2.6.5. ABaJm3 ypaBBOsemeBHOCTB B yp8.BJIoBelllHBaBHe ltBJII'aTeJUlI0V (1= 144°)
2.6.6. eTHIVIJIIIBlIPOBLJit HraTeJIL C yrJIOM pa3BaJIa 6Q"-12V (1=60°)
2.7. TexaoJIol1l'lecIaJI BeypaBBOBCWeBHOCTb HraTeJIeii: B&yrpeHBero cropaHHJI
2.8. HepaBBOMepBOCTb IpYTJllItero MOMeHTa . . . . . . . . . .
2.9. PaBBoMepBOCT& XO HraTeJIJl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10. OcHOBIol aBaJIH3a H aMopTH38IVIH IOJIe6aBHii HraTeJIJI H8. noeCKe
2.10.1. CHJIOBLle 41aITophl, BLI3h1BaIOlItHe IOJIe6aBHJl nopllIHeBIolX,nBC Ba no-
BeCIe ......................
2.10.2. Pac'leTH8JI cxeMa HraTeJUl, IOJIe6J11OlIterocJl Ba nOCIe . . . .
2.10.3. IIoBJITHJI 06 ocn, uempe :&:eCTltOCTH DOlIJICCD B CBJI3alDIbIX IOJIe61U1HJ1X
2.10.4. OCBoBBLle 1pe60BaHHJI I IOBClpyITHBBhIM napaMeTpaM nocm
r Jla.. 3. Ocao... KOIICTp)'llllO..... . ope,lUIOCWJIKII K p.C'ieTy ,AeTBJIeR AllIlrBTeJIII
-opo ................
3.1. 3IcrmyaTaltHOBBLIe 1pe60BaHHJI I IIpoeITllpyeMOMy HraTeJIlO
3.2. BLI60p nma B OCHOBBIolX IOHClp}'ITHBBIolX napaMClpoB HraTeJUI
3.3. OopeeJIeHHe paC'leTBLIX JlarPY30I H pe:&:BMOB . . . . . . .
3.4. Pac'leT AeTaJIeii: HraTeJIJ1 Ba opO'IBOCTb C Y'leToM nepeMeBBLIx JlarPY3011:
3.5. MeTo,nLI pac'leTlloro MoeJIHPOBaHHJI BaopuceHBo-ec}>oPMBPOBaBHOrO co-
CTOJlHHg B TeDJIOBIolX noneR eTaJIeii: H )'3JIOB ,nBC
r JI.8Ba 4. .U rpyuua . Kaprepw . . . .
4.1. KopnycBYe 3JIeMeBThI HraTeJIeH :a::H)tltOCTHOTO OeHHJI
4.2. LI H DpTepLl araTeJIeii: C B03AYWBhIM OXJJaI.AeBHeM
4.3. Pac'leTHaJI OBIa pa60Tocnoc06BOCTII 3JIeMeRTOB raJOBOro CTLIIa
rJI..a S. llopllJllrSurpymla . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1. IIopweHL ...................
5.1.1. KOBClpyIDlBBhle napaMelpLl OCHOBHlolX 3JIeMeRTOB nopWBJI
5.1.2. 3aJOPLl M 3JIeMeHTaMH nopWBJI B ItHOM
5.1.3. KOBClpyrrHBBLle MepoopHJ1THJI no nOBLlIDeBHlO npo'IBocm H OJII"OBe'l-
BOCTH ...............
5.1.4. MaTepH8JIhI B TeXBonoru B3rOTOBJIeBHJI nopIDBeii:
5.2. IIoplllHeBoH naJIeq
5.3. IIopmHeBLle IOJILIUl
5.4. Pac'leT noplllHJl
5.5. PaC'leT noplllHeBoro naJIbIUl
5.6. Pac'leT nopWBeBoro IOJI&Ia
rJI..a 6. maTylDlU rpyuu.
6.1. KOBClpYITHBBhIii 0630p
6.2. PaC'leT 3JIeMeHTOB IDaTy&a Ba npo'IBOCT&
rJIa.. 7. KOJlell'laTloli .BJI
7.1. KOBClpYITHBBLIii: 0630p .....
7.2. Pac'leT IOJIeH'laTOrO BaJIa Ba opO'IBOCT&
7.3. MeTo,nLI yopo'IBeHBJI IOJIeH'laTlolX BaJIOB
r JI..a 8. KOJle6a.ul. .....reJJKX BBY'I"P'\aero Cl'opIIBIUI
8.1. 06IUHe CBe):teHHJI 0 KPyrKJILIILIX 1I:0JIe61U1HJ1X IOneH'laTlolX BaJIOB
8.2. YpaBHeHHJl WlJD(ellHJ1 3DJIBIUIeHTHoii: Ip}'TBJI&BOH CHCTeMhl
8.3. CHHTe3 3IBHBaJIeHTHOii: KpynvIbBoA CHCTeMhl . . . . . .
8.4. llacrOTIol B 4JoPMY co6crBeHBLIx ItOJIe6aBHii KpynDlbBOH CHCTeMLI
8.5. rapMOBll'lecDdt aBaJIH3 KpyTJlIItBX MOMeBTOB . . . . . . .
398
69
75
75
76
78
81
81
82
85
86
88
88
89
92
93
98
102
103
113
116
121
122
125
128
133
139
141
142
148
149
152
155
155
163
170
170
175
183
185
185
189
190
195
199

8.6. elIaJOBLle COOmOmeHHJI rapMOIUIJ[ KPYTJIIIUIX MOMeHTOB, itCTByroWBX Ba
OTeJI&HLIX KPHBOUIHIIaX . . . . . 201
8.7. llacroTHaJI arpaMMa KpyrKJILIILIX IOJIe6am1it 203
8.8. IIoTepH 3BeprHH opH IOJIe6aBIIJIX .. . . . 205
8.9. Pa60Thi B036}'J1:IItBX MOMeHTOB opH pe30BaHce 207
8.10. Pa6OT& MOMeRTOB conpOTHBJIeBHJI . . . . .. ... 208
8.11. OnpeeJIeBHe aMDJIHTy yrJIOBIolX CMcweBHii 3JIeMeHTOB Kpynuu.BoA CH-
CTeMLI .......................209
8.12. OnpeeJIeBHe BaopuceBHii B 3JIeMeBTax BaJIa OT KpynvIbHLIX IOJIe6aHHii: 209
8.13. Cnoc06L1 )'MeHLWellHJ1 aMDJIHTy BeHHlolX KpynvIbHLIX IOJIe6aBHii 210
8.14. Oc8oBBLle CBeeBHJI 06 H3rH6HLIX IOJIe6aHHJlX IOJIeB'laTIolX BaJIOB 211
8.15. KOJIe6aBHJI IopnyCHLIX eTaJIeii:,nBC 216
rJIa.. 9. MeXII..:JM rll30pacupeAeJIeBBII 221
9.1. KOBClpyITHBBLJii: 0630p. 221
9.2. CHCTeMhl ynpaBJIeBHJl  ra3opacnpeeJIeBHJl H 3aKOBaMH nO.l{LeMa
IJIanaHa ............ 228
9.3. 3JIeMeBThl MeXaHH3Ma raJopacnpeeJIeBHJl . . . . . . . .. 238
9.4. IIpoeImpoBaBHe MeXllBH3Ma mopacnpeJIeBHJl . . . . . .. 249
9.4.1. Onpero:neBHe OCBOBBIolX napaMelpoB MeXaHH3Ma ra30pacnpeeJIeBHJI 250
9.4.2. KpHTepHH OIteHKH opo4JHJIeii: K)'JIa'IIOB . . . . . 252
9.4.3. Ka IJIanaHHoro MeXaHH3Ma ra3opacnpe,qeJIellHJ1 253
9.4.4. YopyrHe IOJIe6aHHJI B MeXaHH3Me ra3Opacnpe,qeJIellHJ1 258
9.4.5. CHBTe3 opo4JHJIeii: IYJIa'IIOB . . . . . . . . . 261
9.4.6. Onpero:neHHe reoMClpH'lecmx napaMelpoB H OIteBD pa60TOCDoco6BOCTH
1Ip)'IHHhl IJIanaHa 269
rJlu. 10. CMa3oomu. CKTeM. 272
10.1. MOTopBLIe MacJIa 272
10.2. PaC'leT ItIIJIHII,!q)H'leCKoro n O,W..LLIIIlH.llIa 276
10.3. CxeMhl CMa30'IBhIX CHCTeM .... 286
10.4. ArperaThl CMa3O'1HOii: CHCTeMhl. MaCJIJ1BLIe BacOChi 286
r JI... 11. CIICTeMa OXJIa.,Ae_ . . . . 293
11.1. JKH.ztK0CTBaJI CHCTeMa OXJIlm.l{eBHJI .... 293
11.2. PerYIIHpoBaHHe opoH3BOJUlTeJI&ROCTH CHCTeMbI JmJJ,J;OCTHoro OXJIlmJJ.eBHJI 298
11.3. KOBClpynulJl pa,u;HaTopoB . . . . . . . 303
11.4. TeDJIOBLle H r8.BJIH'IecIHe xapaKTepBCTHnI paTopoB 306
11.5. JKH.ztKOCTBLIe H8.COCLI ..... ...... 309
11.6. BeDTHJIfiOpLl . . . . .. ......... 311
11.7. Onpe.n;eJIeBHe IOBClpyITHBBIolX nap8.MelpoB 3JIeMeHTOB CHCTeMLI OCT-
Boro OXJUl.I,lJ;eBHJl 312
11.7.1. IIpeochIJIIH I paC'leTY 312
11.7.2. PaC'IeT aTopa 313
11.7.3. Pac'leT BeBTHJIJlTopa 315
11.7.4. PaC'IeT :I[OCTBoro BaCOC& 316
11.8. Bo3e CHCTeMLI OXJlU[eJIHJI 319
11.9. CpaBBHTeJI&BLJii: aBaJIH3 CHCTeM :I[OCTHOrO H B03JU'IDBOro oXJIa:ll:JteBHII 322
r JI ... 11. CIICTeMa BOOJJ3X.......... 324
121. CHCTeMa BnyCIa . . . . . 324
122. Bo3OO'IHCTllTeJIlf 327
123. ArperaTLI B03ODHT8.BBII ABHfaTeJIeA C fUlMYBOM (IOMDpecCOpLl, ryp6o-
IOMlIpeCCOpLl) .................... 343
399

rJIaBa 13. CIICTeMa BhlDyexa ..... 355
13.1. CHcTeMa OTBoa OTpa60nIBllIHx raJOB 355
13.2. rJIyImITeJIH ID)'Ma BLIIIYCKa . . . .. ... 360
13.3. HeiiTpaJIH31UUfJ1 Olpa6OTaBIDHX raJOB. HeiiTpaJIH3aTOpLl 367
rJIaBa 14. CIICTeMa oycKa HraTeJIei 379
14.1. Cnoco6L1 nyCKa HraTeJIeH 379
.14.2. 3HepnmIJea nycKa . . 381
14.3. CpeCTBa, 06JIeI"'l3.lOIUHe nyCK HraTeJIJl 382
rJIaBa IS. llpBBQIIIIW 1IO60pa ABHraTeJIII BByrpellJterO crOpBBBII AJIB TpIUlalOpr-
Boro cpeTBa 386
JJumepamypa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Yrre6Hoe u3(}aHile
JIyKallHB BaJIeHTHH HHKOJIaeBH'I, MeKceea fuOpL BJIa,u;HMHpOBH'I,
IDaTpoB MHxaHJI reoprHeBH'I, nuJIOB AneKceK BaCHJILeBH'I,
rOpmKoB IOpHu BHKTOpOBH'I, H83apoB HHKOJIaH HBaHOBH'I,
E»COB Cepreu llClpOBH'I, MaTlOXBII JIeo MHXaiiJIOBH'I,
CIIIUIBCKIIi BJIa)J;HMHp BH/i:TOpOBH'I
,lUIHr ATEJrn. BHYTPEHHErO crOPAHID!
KH. 2. ,WllIAMHKA H KOHCfPYHPOBAHHE
PeaKTOpLI JJ. E. Bap33uzYllo6a. JJ. A. Caeuna
BHelllHee o4lopMJIellHe A. A. JIJlICbR1U!1UCO
TeXllH'lecKHii peMKTOp H. If. TpOCmJ/HCKaR
KOMIIbIOTepWUI sepcTKa H. C. Muxaullo6a
OnepaTop B. H. H060Ce.l106a
KoppeKTop B. B. K03ICymICuHa
1lm:teH3HJl11)J.-Ne 06236 OT 09.11.01.
H3. Ne CTP-182a. llon. B ne'laT& 12.04.07. elIopMaT 60 X 88 1 / 16 . DYM. o4lceTHaJI.
rapmrrypa TaiiMc. lle'laTb 04JceTH8.J1. Ofu.eM 24,50 YCJI. ne'l. JI. 25,25 YCJI. KP.-OTT.
THpaJK 2oo03K3. 3aK. Ne12095
ell rYn <<H3a TeJI&CTBO <<BLlCIllaJI IIJI(OJIa»,
127994, MocKBa, rCll-4, YJI. HerJIHHHaJI, . 29/14.
TeJI.: (495) 694-04-56
http://www.vshkola.ru. E-mail: info_vshkola@mai1.ru
Omi)ell pea.IIU3C11jUU: (495) 694-07-69, 694-31-47, 41aKc: (495) 694-34-86.
E-mail: sales_vshkola@mail.ru
OTne'laTaHO B OAO <ill3aTeJI&CKO-nOJIHrPa4JH'IecKHii KOMDJIeKC
<<IO:lKHLIii YPaJD>, 460000, To OpeH6ypr, ncp. CB06o,IJ,HHa, 4.