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MISCELLANIES .
IN
TWO VOLUMES .
BY
RICHARD
TWISS.
VOL. II.
Tres mihi convivæ prope dissentire videntur,
Poscentes vario multum diversa palato.
Quid dem? Quid non dem?
Hor.
How few the guests united in one wish !
A different palate asks a different dish.
What can I give those guests, or what omit ?—
How hard the labour every taste to hit!
LONDON :
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR,
And sold by
T. EGERTON, MILITARY LIBRARY, WHITEHALL ;
3. BOOTH, DUKE-STREET, PORTLAND-PLACE ;
AND J. MURRAY, FLEET-STREET.
1805.
Printed by George Hayden,
4, Brydges Street, Cov. Garden.
CONTENTS
OF
THE SECOND VOLUME.
Page
- 1 , 233 and 389
Chess
Index to ditto
- 237
Translations
-· 124
135
Draughts
Index to ditto
- 241
Chemical Experiments
- 243
Galvanism
- 272
Natural Courtship
- 278
Poetry
-· 319
Kolf-grounds
- 359
Billiard Diagram
- 371
-
Two Squares made into one
Multiplication Diagram
Ditto with a Fraction
Musick
373
· 376
380
-
Final Quotation
384
- 391
،
i
$
MISCELLANIES .
ADDITIONS
TO THE TWO VOLUMES OF
CHESS ,
PUBLISHED IN 1787 AND 1789 .
Savoir la Marche est chose très unie
Jouer le Jeu, c'est le fruit du Genie.
Rousseau, Ep. à Marot.
To know the Moves is trifling fame,
"Tis Genius only, plays the game.
VOL. II.
B
*
14
ཎཱི ཙཾ, ༢
ADDITIONS
TO THE TWO VOLUMES OF
CHESS,
PUBLISHED IN 1787 AND 1789 .
IN the old
Romance, " l'Histoire du
Noble Tristan Prince de Leonnois, Cheva
lier de la Table Ronde, et d'Yseulte Prin
cesse d
' Yrlande,
Royne de Cornouaille"
Tristan and Yseulte play at chess on board
a ship in which they were sailing " De
fait ayant finis luy et la Princesse un Jeu
d' Echets, continuerent si longuement au
A
second, que d'esperez et l'un et l'autre
de pouvoir mater son compagnon, n'ayans
seulement l'avantage de venir à l'Echec,
alteré Tristan de l'air sallé, de la chaleur
B2
1
4
du soleil, et de la Douleur recente des
traits sortans des yeux de sa Deesse, qui luy
avoyent transpercé cœur et ame, demanda
du vin que Gouvernail alla querir en dili
gence. " -Brangienne,
the princess's at
tendant gives him by mistake a beverage
which Iseulte's mother had committed to
her care, in order to administer to her
and Mare her intended husband.
proposed
effect
of
this
The
liquor was
to
excite a most violent passion in the par
ties for each other.
Iseulte having like
wise tasted of this mixture, the conse
quence is thus described :
mettans à leur jeu,
" Lors se re
sentent
les
amans
nouvelles alterations en eux, non de boire
ou se rafraichir,
ains de jouir de ce que
1 l'adolescent ne peut nommer sans honte,
né la Pucelle penser sans rougir,
estans
inexperimentez et à l'un 1 et à l'autre.
Ainsi ces deux astres luisans, comparables
en beauté et rareté au blond Phoebus et à
la blanche Diane, jettans Tablier et Eschets
par terre".
5
The rest of the story is omitted, as it
has nothing to do with chess .
It was
composed about the year 1120.
Tristan
A
was slightly mentioned in Chess , vol. 11,
P.
122.8
10% genel ol Syninės
seret sith 3o correop
) is rundha
SE
{a
Maitre Wace in his
ནཊྛཾ(༣ ནྟི
Roman du Rou
speaking of Richard the son of William
longsword, thus describes his accomplish
"'
quest
ments :
..
Richard
sout en Daneis et en Normant parler ,
6
Une charte sout lire et les pars deviser
Deschez sout et des tables son compagnon mater.
From a MS. in the time of Henry
I. about the year 1130. in the Na
tional Library at Paris. 014
In the MS . Romance of Renard the
fox and Isangrin the wolf, composed in
Y!!
the 14th century, a game at chess is play
ed between these two animals .
B 3
6
At last Renard defies Isangrin at Chess ,
and being confident
of winning it,
maliciously proposes
to
play
for
het
what
both of them are most interested in pre
serving.
He loses,
and dies in conse
quence of this foolery.
LE GRAND . - Fabliaux et Contes,
tom , II. 360 .
In the old French
mystery of " la
Passion" is a scene between Judas and
the son of the king of Scarioth, as follows:
Le filtz du Roy.
Judas.
F.
Que voulez vous dire Judas.
Tout ce qu'il vous plaist et vous Sire.
Allons nous en quelque part rire
Et passer temps car il m' ennuye
Je n'ayme que joyeuse vie
et eviter oisiveté
J.
En ce temps de joyeulx este
Bon fait eviter la chaleur
Parquoy Monsieur pour le meilleur
S'il vous plaist le temps passerons
A quelque Jeu.
F.
932
Bien nous jouerons
Aux Eschetz vous et moy Judas
J.
Je le vueil a ce ne debas
vela le tablier apreste
F.
Chacun monstre l'abilité
Qui est en soy
J.
Le Roy la Royne
le Roc et les Pion je maine
comme il me plaist
F.
A bien grant peine
Mes feres vous echec et mat
J.
Sus sus mestons nous en estat
Que chascun se monstre vaillant
F.
Vela qui vous est assaillant
J.
Et vela qu' encontre je metz
F.
Perdu lavex je vous prometz
J.
Non ay
F.
Vous voyez bien que cy
J.
Je lay gaigne
F.
Et moy aussi
J.
Touttefoys vous ne laurez pas
B4
1
8
F.
Si en mentirez vous Judas
Je le gaigneray devant tous
J.
Et pourquoi me desmentez vous
Qui vous meut il men desplaist trop
Corps bieu je vous donray tel cop
Quil y parestra a jamais
F.
Se me touchez je vous prometz
Quoncques ne feistes tel folie
J.
Tous nos puissans Dieux je regnye
Se mettez la main dessus moy
Nonobstant questes filz de Roy
Par moy vous serez affole
F.
Paix coquin marault avolle
On ne scait dou tu es venu
Tu es ung paillart incongneu
en faitz et ditz oultre cuide
J.
Se devoye estre lapide
Ou geste en leaue en ung sac
Si aurez vous en lestomac
Cecy plante pour reverdir
Nul ne me Scauroit refroidir
Que n'ayez le coup de la mort
Icy le tue.
The citizens
of Scarioth now
make
their appearance and finding their young
9
prince dead, express their sorrow upon
the occasion , and make their reflections
upon the King's situation when he should
be apprised of the Event.
Then follows
99
this stage direction .
Icy est Judas tout
}
effraye et tient ung glaive tout
fr nud sang
lant comme se il venoit de faire meurtre.
He afterwards murders the Father, mar
ries the
Mother , flies the country , and
enters into the
service
Gifford's Hist. of France,
of Pilate. -
See
1792.
BESIDES the passage quoted from Chau
cer in C. vol. 1. p. 112. in his Canterbury
tales , verse 11212. is this line .
" They dancen and they play at ches and tables.”
In the History of Beryn,
being the
Merchant's second tale in Urry's Chaucer,
1.
913. a chess-board is thus described,
****
1. 1000 .
10
“ Whe ches was all ofivory, the meynefreshandnew,
་་
" I pulsfid and ypikio, of white, asure and blew ."
From this word " meyne” which occurs
twice more, it is probable that the word
means a company or collection of pieces ;
it is absurd to call the Queens and castles,
Men.
To meine, to mingle. -AINSWORth .
Meiny, a retinue ; domestick servants. —SHAK.
In
** the Boke of Murture oz Governance
of youth, with Stans puer að mensam ,
comppled by Hewe Rodes one of the kynges
chapell." Printed by T. Petit, 4to . Black
Letter, no date, are the following Lines.
Afore Dyner nor after with thy knyfe scorche not the
borde
Such toyes are not commendable, trust me at a worde.
Leane not on the bozde, when your mayster is thereat
Forthen wyll your soverayne thynke in you checkemate.
11
In another Edition of this book, these
lines are thus :
Know honest men have honest wordes
early and also late :
Before thy equals and thy betters
playe thou not friend checkemate.
***
Extract from a Letter of John Hus, prin
ted in Fox's Book of Martyrs.- See C.
vol. 1. p. 95 .
" You knowe how before my Priesthod,
which greveth me now I have delyghted
to play often times at Chesse and have
neglected my time, and thereby have un
happily provoked bothe myself and other
to anger many tymes
by that
playe ;
wherefore besydes other my innumerable
faultes, for this also I desyre you to invo
cate the mercy of the Lord, that he will
pardone me, and so to directe my lyfe,
that having overcome the wickedness of
12
this present lyfe, the flesh , the world, and
the Devill,
I
maye fynde
place in the
heavenly countrey at the lest in the daye
of Judgement. "-He was burnt at Con
stance, in 1415 .
In the ancient Romance of Huon de
Bourdeaux, there is a chapter with the
following title : - " Comment le roy Ivo
ryn de Montbrant fist jouer sa fille aux
echets a l'encontre de Huon de Bordeaulx
estoit gaygne il
elle estoit
par tel si que si par elle
auroit le chief couppe Etse la Damoyselle
estoit perdant Huon de Bordeaulx debvoyt
coucher avec elle." -In the course of this
match Huon loses so many pieces that the
spectators have little doubt of the game
turning out unfavourable to him .
The
•
Princess, however, who was secretly
touched with his beauty, though disguised
as a Minstrel's boy, contrives to lose the
game, and the King becoming outrageous
for the consequences , Huon very ungal
lantly desires him not to be uneasy , for
13
that the Princess had his leave to retire to
her chamber, and amuse herself with her
damsels ,
or
otherwise,
as
she
pleases.
The Princess, full of grief and resentment
at his conduct, said to herself, " ah ! dis
loyal heart, be thou cursed of Mahomet,
had I known thee sufficiently I would
have checkmated thee, and caused thee to
lose thy head."
Fo. XLV. no date, but was printed
about the year 1500 .
Mr. Steevens, in a note on Ferdinand and
Miranda's playing at Chess in the Tem
" Shaks
pest, (C. vol. 1. p . 111. ) says ,
peare might not have ventured to engage
his hero and heroine at this game , had he
not found
Huon de
Bourdeaux and
a
princess employed in the same manner . "
See the Romance of Huon, chap. LIII .
ed. 1601 .
14
In the
beginning
of the fourteenth
century a curious spiritual romance was
composed entitled
" Le Pelerin
de vie
humaine." by W. de Guileville, a Cister
cian monk, in French rhyme, and at the
instance of Jeanne de Laval,
Queen of
Sicily, rendered into prose by Jean Gallo
pez, a priest at 量 Angiers.
In this book
the author has described the chess-king
at the head of his pieces attacking and
undermining the foundations of a church .
In an edition of the translation printed in
1504 , there is a cut of a chess -board with
a Fool among the pieces.
From, " Remarks on the European
names of Chess-men , " by Francis
Douce, Esq. published in the 11th
volume of the Archæologia.
In a very particular description given
by Stowe of the Banquet to which the
French Ambassador was invited by Car
dinal Wolsey at
Hampton- court in the
15
66
year 1528 , he says,
Among all other
was a chesse-boord made of spiced plate
with men there of the same, and for the
good proportion, and because the French
men be very expert in that play, my Lord
Cardinall gave the same to a gentleman
of France, commanding there should be
made a goodly case for the preservation
thereof in all hast, that hee might convey
the same into his countrey."
Stowe's Chronicle, ed. 1631 .
THERE are several allusions to chess in
the works
of
Skelton,
who was
Poet
Laureate to Henry VIII . about the year
1540.
"
Support Parrot, I pray you with your suffrage ornat
of confuse tantum, avoyding the checkmate . - p. 98
Lost is your game, ye are checkemate. - p . 105 } *
16
And he wil play checke mate
with royall maiestee .
p . 158 .
For ye play so at the chesse
as they suppose and gesse
That some of you but late
Hath played so checkmate
with Lords of great estate. -p . 207.
Oure dayes be datyed
To be chek matyd. - p . 258 .
77
In the Life of Roger Ascham, prefixed
to to the 4to . Edition of his works , is said,
" In 1558 , his pupil Elizabeth mounted
1
the Throne.
He was
former Employment
continued in his
(Latin
Secretary)
with the same stipend : but though he
was daily admitted to the presence of the
Queen, assisted her private studies , and
partook of her diversions ; sometimes read
to her in the
learned Languages,
and
sometimes played with her at Draughts
and
Chess ;
he
added
nothing
to
his
twenty pounds a year but the Prebend of
Westwang in the church of York .
17
Edmund
Bohun
in his
character
of
Queen Elizabeth says , " And when she
was in private she would recreate herself
with various discourses, a game at chess,
dancing or singing. "
In a speech made to Queen Elizabeth
upon her progress to the Lord Chandos's
at Sudley, Melibaus, one of the charac
ters says , " We call ourselves Kinges and
Queenes to make mirth,
but when we
see a King or Queene we stand amazed .
At chests there are Kings and Queenes,
and they of wood. "
Nicholls's Progresses of Qu. El. v . 11 ..
Hentzer says that he saw in the house
of Felix Blater, at Basil, about the year
1580,
a set of chessmen so small that
they might be inclosed in a goose-quill.
Itinerar, p. 259, 8vo, edit.
I remember fower years since, a very
VOL. II.
C
18
neer kinsman of myne, becawse I lost a
game at chesse for vid. somewhat to pa
tiently unto him , whearby he mistrusted,
as yt was indeed, that I lost yt volunta
ry, vowed he would never play with me
at chesse agayne,
though he love the
game, and we meet often ; neyther can
I hyre him with the best horse I have, to
dispence with this foolysh vow."
Harrington's Nugæ Antiquæ, II .
198 .
In Cardiff castle, in Glamorganshire, is
a picture painted on wood, with a date,
1562 , representing the family of the Lord
Windsor, at that period .
The Father and
Mother are playing at chess , the children
at cards .
The chess -board and Men are
exactly the same as used at this day ; the
cards are much smaller.
"Chess was the favourite amusement of
the Gothic Nations and known among
them in the
earliest times ,
and
F
their most barbaric Possessions .
in all
In Ice
19
land
chess
eleventh
was
general ;
century we
find
and
in
the
Gunlaug the
Scald playing at chess with the beautiful
Helga, whose love so
Rafen, another
excited
him and
Scald, that they fought
and fell by mutual wounds ."
Pinkerton's Hist. of Scotland, 1. 396 .
In the first vol. of Pinkerton's Scotish
Poems,
is
one
by
Sir David Lindsay,
wherein is said,
Thay past the time with chess and tabill,
For he to every game was abill.
And further on this abill Poet says
He wan the pryse above thame all,
Baith at the buttis and the futeball .
Till every solace he was abill
At cartes, and dyce, at ches, and tabill .
In the old Scottish metrical version of
" The Sevin Seages" by John Rolland,
.
1578 , the Example of the seventh wise
master (of Rome) begins thus :
C 2
20
Upon a time thair was ane nobill knicht
That had ane wife yt was baith fair and bricht
Quhome he sa lufit, that be na way he micht
Of the haill day ane hour want hir of sicht.
Upon a time efter meit and glaidnes
For thair pastime thir twa went to the Ches.
In addition to the accounts given in C.
vol . 11. p . 156-160 , I find in the Pri
mera Parte de la
Carolea Inchiridion,
which is a work by Juan
Ochoa de la
Salde, printed at Lisbon 1585 , in folio,
and which contains the History of Charles
V. from 1500, to 1555 , the following pas
sage :
" Estaua entonces el Duque de Saxonia
en su tienda con el Duque Hernesto de
Branzuic, quando le fue leyda esta sen
tencia
a
quatro
de
Mayo
deste
ano,
( 1547) y no se le mudò punto su color,
-antes acabada de leer dixo , no por aquello
el Emperador auria en su poder a Vitim
berga, pues despues de el muerto dexaua
21
hijos, que cada vno dellos seria su misma
persona, y assi tenia que hazer con mu
chos : Dicho esto combidò al de Branzuic
a jugar al
axedrez,
con
el alegria de
animo que otros en libertad bien afortu
nada suelen tener. ”
John, Duke of Saxony, when the com
mission was
brought
him,
as
he
was
playing at chess, wherein his death was
commanded the next day, called to one
66
Look,
that stood by him , and smiling,
(says he, ) if I have not the better hand of
the game.
For he (pointing to him with
whom he played) will boast, when I am
dead, that himself was the better of the
set."
Lord Bacon's Essays, vol. 1. p. 166.
-See C. vol . II . p . 156 to 160.
" I would say that the game of Tarots,
(Cards used in Germany and Switzerland ,
78 to the pack) represents
C 3
a republick
22
much better than Chess does the court
of a king.
At Tarots there are all sta
tions as in a republick ; there are Pence
to reward the good,
and
Swords for
the defence of the Country ;
there are
"
Knights,
Sergeants,
Mountebanks ,
umphs, (Trumps) Emperors,
Fools.
Tri
Popes, and
He who would moralise on this,
might make
a
book larger than “ the
Researches of Master Pasquier. " -Șee C.
vol. p. 96.
From Recherches des Recherches de
Pasquier, by the Jesuit Francois
Garasse, about the year 1640.
In 1783 was published , A continuation
of
Ben Jonson's
Sad
Shepherd,
with
notes, and an Appendix ; in this latter is
an
account of an old
called
Prose Morality,
" A Dialogue botve pleasaunte
and pietifull, wherein is a goodly regi
mente
against
the fever Pestilence,
with a consolacion and comfort against
death ."
1564 .
By
William Bulleyn,
8vo.
23
In this play Ambodexter,
personages,
man,
says,
three thynges,
and cause .
one of the
mentioning a certain sick
(C
I then providentlie by
did
foresee
this tyme
The first was, his
great
surfeictes in banquetyng : the seconde,
his watchyng at Chesse and Cards : the
third, you knowe what. ”
In another part Mendax, a lying tra
CC
In the Isle called Ruc,
veller says,
in the greate Canes lande, I did see an
Ape plaie at ticke tacke,
and after at
Irishe on the tables, with 覆 one of that
lande : and also a Parate, gebe one of
A
their gentlewomen a checke
mate at
Chesse. "
In C. vol . II. p . 13. a book is mentioned
of which here follows an account ; it is
entitled Ludus Scacchice , or Chesse-play ;
a game both pleasant, wittie ,
C 4
and po
24
"
"
liticke :
with certain briefe instructions
there unto belonging ; translated out of
the Italian into the English tongue con
taining also therein a prety and pleasant
Poeme of a whole game played at Chesse.
Written by G. B. Printed at London by
Jackson, dwelling beneath the con
H.
duite in Fleet Street, 1597 , in 4to.
The prose part consists of 14 pages and
the
verse of 30 ,
containing
950 lines,
which are 190 more than Vida's poem.
And Mercury long afterward
in trauell, as I gesse,
Did teach the men of Italie
to play this game at chesse .
For landed on th' Italian shore
as ancient stories tell :
He spied by chance a louely Dame,
that likte him passing well,
And seeing her and liking her,
he loued her withall
this was a brave Sereian Nymph,
whome Scacchis men did call :
who while she kept her snowie swannes
About the riuers wilde,
25
He spyde, and lou'd and lay with her,
And got the maid with childe.
And to requite such curtesie
Shewd by so kind a Dame :
To drive away the time withall,
he taught her first this game .
And for the losse of libertie,
and maiden-head withall :
of her name Scaccis Scacchia
this play at chesse did call.
And that this God in memorie
the Lasse might longer have
A Boxen chesse boord gilded round
vnto the gerle he gave,
And taught her cunning in the same,
to playe the game by Arte.
Which after to the country Swaines
this Lady did impart :
Who taught their late posteritie
to vse this kinde of play,
A game of great antiquitie
Still used at this day.
The two Similes of Vida,
there are half a dozen
of which
English trans
lations in C. vol . 1. p . 219 , &c. are in
this poem, as follows :
26
The army white beginnes to rage
much like a furious Bull,
who having lost one horne in fight,
yet beates his horned scull,
against his raging enemy,
begored all in blood :
So they inforst, with greater force
their furious foes withstoode.
Much like a Heard of oxen faire
or Heyfers on the plaine
when as they see the wolfe approach
their legges begin to strain
And stand about the master Bull
all round as in a Ring
Euen so these seely fearfull Swaines
Stood round about their king.
It was my chance one day to play at Chess
For some few crowns, with a minion of this King's,
A mean poor man, that only serv'd his pleasures ;
Removing of a Rook, we grew to words,
From this to hotter anger : to be short
I got a blow
Beaumont and Fletcher's Double
Marriage, Act 11.
...
མ་ར .
27
" NOR can there be a pleasanter sight,
hardly, than to see a bold fellow out of
countenance ; since that puts his face into
a most confused and humiliating posture ;
for in
bashfulness the
fluctuate ;
like
spirits
naturally
but with bold men upon
occasion,
they stand
still ;
like
a
a
Stale at chess , where it is no mate, but
yet the game cannot stir."
Bacon, Lord Verulam's Essays,
8vo, 1787, p. 57.
f Disse Brunoro noi faremo un patto,,
Che s' io ti vinco i' vo' questo destriere
Ch' al primo io ti daro scacco matto
Con la pedona in mezzo lo Scacchiere
Disse Rinaldo come uvoi sia fatto
Se tu m' abbatti questo é ben dovere
E anco a Scacchi ti potria dir reo
Ch' io foi tuo par ballar, come ' l paleo.
PULCI . - Il Morgante Maggiore, canto III.
1
Un giorno a Scacchi Ulivier Borgognone,
In una loggia con Rinaldo giuoca ;
Vennero insieme giucando a quistione,
E tanto ogn' un di parole rinfuoca
28
Ch' Ulivier disse a Rinaldo d' Amone
Tu hai tal volta men cervel ch' un oca,
1.
E col gridar difendi sempre il torto ;
Non sò sem' hai per tuo ragazzo scorto ."
Ibid, canto XI. Stanza 9. - See C. vol. 1.
1
p. 117 , and vol . 11. p . 134 .
" Marini is mentioned in C. vol. 1. p.
76 and 80.
The following lines are from
his Adone, canto xv.
Il cavallo leggier per dritta lista,
Come gli altri, l'arringo unqua non fende,
Ma la lizza attraversa, e fiero in vista
Curvo in giro, e lunato il salto stende,
E sempre nel saltar due case acquista,
Quel colore abbandona, e questo prende.
Epitaph on Coquillart, and his coat of
arms,
Marot.
three golden shells.
By Clement
(about the year 1525 )
La Morre est jeu pire qu'aux Quilles
Ne qu'aux Eschetz, ne qu' au Quillart
A ce mechant jeu, Coquillart
Perdit sa vie, et ses Coquilles .
29
Grecourt in his tale of le Saut de la
Planche, mentions a Lady who playing
with a gentleman
Sept fois le fit echec et mat.
All the lines in this poem end in elle
(About the year 1715 )
and at.
" As to Greek, of which I know very
little, if any thing at all, my father in
tended to make me learn it by art, but
in a new way, by the means of recrea
tion and exercise, tossing our declensions
after the manner of those
to and fro,
who learn arithmetick and geometry, by
certain games on the Chess- board . "
Montagne's Essays, b . 1. c. xxv.
" There is not the least idle subtlety
that
will
not
gravel
cunning
where
is
me :
required,
in games,
as
cards ,
chess, draughts , and the like , I under
stand
only
the
common
tricks
and
moves ."
Ibid, book 11. chap. XVII .
30
" Do but consider, that even in vain
and frivolous actions, as at chess , tennis ,
and the like, this eager and ardent enga
ging with an impetuous desire , immedi
ately throws the mind and members into
indiscretion and disorder.
and bewilders himself.
himself the
most
A man puzzles
He that carries
moderately
both to
wards gain and loss , has always his wits
about him.
The less peevish and pas
sionate he is at play, he plays with much
more advantage and safety."
Ibid, book 111. chap. x. last English
translation,
1776, from
Peter
Coste's French edition .
[Montagne died in 1592 , aged 60. — See
two
more quotations,
from
his works,
C. vol. I. p . 17. ]
" A court Life is a serious, melancholy
game, which demands application .
must arrange our
teries ,
have a
pieces
design,
and
We
our bat
follow it,
parry
31
that of our adversary, hazard sometimes,
and play capriciously ; and after all our
reveries and all our
measures ,
checked, sometimes mated .
we are
Often with
Pawns which we properly manage we go
to Queen and win the game : the most
skilful carries it, or the most fortunate. "
Caractères de la Bruyere , tom . 1 .
p. 298.--See C. vol . 1. p . 150 .
" THESE gilt carved things
(the bad
company of a court) were seldom answer
able for more than the men on a Chess
board, who are moved about at will, and
on whom the conduct of the game is not
to be charged."
M4
Lord Bolingbroke's Idea of a
Patriot King, 1749 .
32
From Dr. Henry's History of Great Bri
tain, vol. III . octavo edition, p. 382 .
THE judge of the household (of the
Kings of Wales in the time of the Anglo
Saxons ) possessed the fifth place of rank
and dignity, and had a seat at the royal
table . -
He was sworn into his office with
very great solemnity, and invested with
it by the King's giving him a chess- board
of curious workmanship, the Queen pre
senting him with one gold ring, and. the
poet of the court with another ; all which
he was obliged to keep with great care as
long as he lived.
pilDen en
View of the manners, customs, Arms, Ha
bits, &c. of the ancient inhabitants of
England, by Joseph Strutt, 4to.
THE Danish Kings and heroes always.
carried a Poet with them to battle, to
33
immortalize their prowess ; and they filled
+
up their leisure hours with chess, dice,
and backgammon.
Henry's
History of Great
Britain,
8v0
ed. vol. IV. p. 404.
" WHEN Bishop Etheric obtained ad
mission to Canute the Great about mid
night,
upon some
urgent
business,
he
found the king and his courtiers engaged
at play ; some at dice, and others at chess.
When a young nobleman applied to a fa
ther for permission to pay his addresses
to his daughter, the parent, it is said ,
commonly made a trial of his temper by
playing with him at dice and chess, before
he gave him an answer."
This was be
tween the years 1017 and 1028.
Ibid, vol. VI . p. 376.-" The game at
Chess, and several games at dice, were
VOL. II.
D
f
34
much practised by persons of rank and
fortune in this period . "
lowing the conquest,
(Immediatelyfol
1066.)
Curiosities of Literature, vol. 1.
•
Lond. 1793 , p. 329.
3d ed.
66
Princes, says Balthazar Gracian, are
willing to be aided, but not surpassed.
This maxim Amelot de la Houssaie illus
trates
by the
following
anecdote : → A
Spanish Lord, having frequently played
at chess with Philip II. and won all the
1 games , perceived when his Majesty rose
if
from play, that he was much disturbed,
The Lord,
and felt a profound chagrin .
$
to his
said
when he returned home,
My children we have nothing
1
more to do at court ; there we must
family
expect no favour ;
for the king is of
fended at my having won of him every
game at chess.'- This was not an unjust
1
35
observation ; as chess entirely depends on
the genius of the player and not on for
tune, it was no wonder, that Philip , him
self a chess-player, should be jealous of
the superior sagacity of his rival. "
511
t
6
!
" THEY (the Utopians) do not so much
as know dice, or any such foolish and
mischievous games ; they have, however,
two sorts of games, not unlike our chess."
Sir Thomas More's Utopia.
.18 ..
20
; 15 1
}
5/201
"i
" This ancientgame called the Chesse
is an earnest exercise of the minde and
convenient for Students, and may easi
ly be provided to be alwaies readie in
their chambers.”
,, ནཊྛསུ
Cogan's Haven of Health, bl. lr.
101 www.4to. 1612 , fo. 19 .
$ 99***
' ܐ ܕ ܪ ܕ ܢ܂
D 2
36
To play at the Chesse is a pleasant game .
So you can forbeare to chafe at the same
Dodecadron of Fortune, 1613. 4to. p. 129.
-[ .
In a speech of James
I.
concerning
some books , written by Cowel and Black
wood, subvertive
of the constitution, he
says, " The King's power is in the hands
of the Lord, & c .
They ( Kings ) can exalt
low things , and abase high things , making
the subjects, like men at chess , a pawn to
take a Bishop or a Knight."
** 1 ..
J 25.01
" MAY 31 .
Waller attempting to pass
Isis at New -bridge, and being then re
pulsed , retired to Abingdon, where he, to
revenge
himself,
demolished
Abingdon
crosse , defaced the church , burnt all the
Tables and Chesse -boards in Abingdon ,
and plundered most of the people of their
awsoul!
goods . "
Memorable Occurrences in 1644 ,
at the
end of MERCURIUS
RUSTICUS ,
1646.
12mo.
37
In the Works of M. St. Evremond, is a
letter to the Earl of St.
Albans,
(who
died in 1684) from which the following
:
lines are transcribed :
" Come to town, my Lord, the coun
try was never made for such as you .
A
man of honour and politeness ought to
live
and
die
in
a
capital
City..
Free
conversations at table, with a few guests ;
a game at Hombre at the Dutchess of
York's,
and Chess at home, will make
you easily wait the last period of Life in
London ."
Randle Holme in his Academy of Ar
mory, fol. Chester,
1688 , part 11. p. 263 ,
says,
" Chess is a royal game
and more
difficult to be understood than any other
game whatsoever , and will take up some
D3
38
time in the playing.
Artists at the game
have played a fortnight by times before it
hath been ended.
The Chess-men are
these following :
The Kings, which are the first and highest called.
The Queens, which are the next in height, called also
the Amazons.
The Bishops, which have cloven heads, called the
Archers .
The Knights, having their heads cut aslaunt like a
feather in a helmet.
The Rooks have a round buttoned cap on their heads
called also the Rocks or Dukes .
The Pawns are all alike, they are serving men to the
Noblemen ."
" Soon after the condemnation of the
Duke de Montmorenci, the King sent for
his Marshal's staff and his collar of the
order of the 1 Holy Ghost .
These distin
guished marks of his Sovereign's favour,
and of the Duke's merit, were brought
""
to Louis as he was playing at chess .'
Seward's Anecdotes of some distinguished
persons, vol. III . p. 220, 2nd ed. 1795 .
39
" THE weather is now so extream hot,
that may chance to make sick my Lady's
foisting Dog which is her only Jewel and
dearest delight ;
for these fizzling Curs
are a main piece of a Lady's Essence , and
the proper passion
of a gentlewoman,
which they can be no more without than
a Physician without his gloves and his
ring,
board,
a
Chess
Kit,
or
an Apothecary without
a
Miller without
a
a
Spanish Don without a Toothpick .
Poor Robin's Almanack, for 1693 .
Month of July.
And in the same almanack for 1694 , in
the month of April are these lines :
Now Men at Cards and Dice do play
their Money and their time away
At Irish, Tick- tack, most at Thrice
At Passage, Hazard, plays at Dice
At Trey- trip, Doublets, Draughts or Chess
Their Money runs with carelessness.
At Noddy, Nonum, Mumchance, Mischunce
Thus they their Money make to dance
D4
40
Ruff, Slam, Whisk, Uptails, Sart, New -cut
To keeping of four Knaves they put
At Gleek, Best, Piquet, and Primero
Some win and some do lose all clero,
At Loadum, Cribbidge and All-fours
They wast away time's precious hours
Maw, Whip-her-ginny, Poor and Rich
With other Games besides, the which
I know not nor yet care to know
From whence there does no goodness grow.
THE following quotation is taken from
the manuscripts of Mr. Bogle, who was
sent by Mr. Hastings, when
Governor
General of Bengal, to Teshoo Loombo .
We are indebted for it to Mr. Craufurd .
-See Sketches, relating to the Hindoos,
vol. 11. p. 204. Lond.
1792 .
" I must confess , the pleasantest hours,
I spent before the arrival of the Pyn
Cooshos ,
(the
Lama's
nephews )
were
either in my audience with the Lama, or
in playing at
chess.
The
arrival
of a
41
large party of Calmucks
furnished
with enough of combatants .
me
Their (the
Thibetians ) method ofplaying differs from
ours, in this particular ; the privilege of
moving two steps at once is confined by
them to the first pawn played by each
party, and they know nothing of castleing
and stalemate : Instead of this last, it is a
drawn game, when the king is left solus,
without a piece or a pawn on the board.
In my first trial of skill with the Tartars,
I used often to come off a loser.
For
when a Tartar sits down to chess, he gets
two or three of his countrymen to assist
him .
They lay all their bare heads to
gether, considering and consulting about
every move.
At length I found out the
way of managing them, and encountered
them in their own way.
If I could not
get a Tartar to enter the list with me in
single combat, I engaged an equal num
ber of them on my side, and used easily
to beat them . "
42
" THE Company sat
down to cards ,
being in reality no other than an amuse
ment,
invented
by the
Europeans ,
as
chess was by our ancestors, for the pas
time of the rich and idle . ” —Letters of a
Hindoo Rajah, vol. 1. p . 255. 8vo. Lond.
1796.
" As, after having lost a game at chess,
it is my custom to ponder on } the past
moves until I find out the false step that
led to my defeat , so do I ruminate on the
disappointment of expected felicity, till I
make a discovery of the source from wh.
it has flowed ."— Ibid , vol. 11. p. 137.
.
6.6
Votre altesse royale sait que la France
destinait d
' abord au
Roi
Stanislas un
secours un peu plus honnête que celui de
quinze cens
fantassins
contre
cinquante
mille Russes ; mais les menaces des An
glais,
et leur flotte ,
toute prète à nous
43
fermer le passage, retinrent dans le port
le fameux du Gué -Trouin , qui comptait
bien se mesurer avec les maitres des mers.
On donna donc au Roi Stanislas le secours
d'un Pion contre une Dame et une Tour ;
et le
Roi qu'on
n'osait
ni secourir
ni
abandonner, fut Echec et Mat . "-Tom. 1 .
P. 302 .
" J'ai recu deux de vos Lettres, mais
"
je suis
je n'ai pu y repondre plutot
' Echecs de Charles XII .
comme le Roi d
qui marchait toujours. "
Tom, 2 p . 65 .
10%
" L'homme à toque et à Epée papale
s' est placé sur les confins de la Saxe et de
la Bohême.
Je me suis mis vis- à-vis de
lui dans une position avantageuse en tout
Nous en sommes à present à ces
"
coups d' Echecs qui preparent la partie.
sens.
Vous qui 1 jouez si bien ce jeu, vous savez
que tout depend de la Y maniere dont on a
entable." -Tom . 2. p . 297.
Lettres du Prince
Royal de
Prusse, à M. de Voltaire.
44
In the Travels through Cyprus, Syria,
and Palestine, by the Abbé Mariti , trans
lated from the Italian in 1791 , he says,
•
" The Arabs often amuse themselves
in playing at chess ;
but this
they do
only at their hours of relaxation . ”
"
Amongst
the
various
presents
which he (the old man of the mountain)
sent to Lewis,
( IX. in the year
1235 )
there was a superb chess-board, formed of
Rock-crystal, produced in the mountains
of his country, and ornamented with gold
and amber." - See C. vol. 1. p. 105 .
" Chess is almost the only game which
the Mohammedan Doctors * allow to be
lawful, (though it has been a doubt with
some, ) because it depends wholly on skill
and
management,
chance
and
but then it is
not
at
allowed
all
on
under
曩
certain restrictions, viz. that it be no
45
hinderance to the regular performance of
their devotions, and that no money, or
other
thing be played
for
or betted ;
which last the Turks and Sonnites reli
giously observe,
but the
Persians and
Mogols do not.
But what Mohammed 1 is
supposed
chiefly to have disliked in the game of
chess, was the carved pieces or men with
which the Pagan
Arabs
played,
being
little figures of men, elephants , horses,
and dromedaries ; and these are thought
by some commentators to be truly meant
by the images prohibited in one of the
passages of the Koran quoted above .
$
" That the Arabs in Mohammed's time
actually used such images for chess- men ,
appears from what is related in the Sonna
of Ali, who, passing accidentally by some
who were playing at chess, asked, what
images they were which they were so in
tent upon, for they were perfectly new to
46
him ,
1
that game having
been but very
1
lately introduced into Arabia,
long before into
and
not
Persia, whither it was
first brought from India in the reign of
Khosrú.
4
*****
*p!
Viol
"Hence the Mohammedan doctors infer
that the game was disapproved only for
the sake of the images ;
wherefore the
Sonnites always play with plain pieces of
wood or 粤 ivory; but the Persians and
Indians, who are not so scrupulous , con
tinue to make use of the carved ones . 1.4.
A BIT 7244
" THE Roman civil law forbad all perni
cious games, and though the Laity were,
in some cases, permitted to play for mo
ney, provided they kept within reasonable
bounds, yet the clergy were forbidden to
play at tables , (which is a game of ha
zard) or even
played .
to look on while others
Accursius, indeed, is of opinion
they may play at chess, notwithstanding
that law, because it is a game not subject
47
to chance ; and being but newly invented
in the time of Justinian, was not then
known in the western parts .
However ,
the monks for some time were not allow
ed even chess. "
Sale's Preliminary Discourse to
the Koran, p. 166, 7 , 8 .
A. ok.
According to the Mussulmen Law
is an Abomination to play at Chess , dice,
or any other game : for, if any thing be
staked, it is gambling, which is expressly
prohibited in the Koran.
Or if, on the
other hand, nothing be hazarded ,
useless
and vain.
it is
Besides the prophet
has declared all the Entertainments of a
Mussulman to be vain, except viz. three ;
the breaking in of his horse ; the draw
ing
of
his
bow ;
and the
playing
amusing himself with his wives .
or
Several
of the learned, however, deem the game
of
Chess to be
allowed,
as having
a
48
tendency to quicken the understanding . "
-qy See the HECTAYA, or PERSIAN
GUIDE,
being a Commentary on the Mussulmen
Laws .
Published 1791 .
John Barbeyrac, Professor of Law and
History, at Lausanne, published in 1719
99
his " Traité du Jeu,
or " Treatise on
Gaming,
wherein the principal questions
of natural right, and of morality, relative
to that subject are examined, " in 2 vols,
12mo.
His comments upon Chess are as fol
lows :
" It is thus that a Flemish Minister of
the last Age, (Dan.
Souterius in Pala
mede, lib. 111. cap. XI .) condemns the game
of chess , because, as he says it teaches
the method of laying snares for others,
and that moreover, as it is an image of
49
war, it makes us hate peace and run to
arms .
Princes who want
if they do
ill- advised
soldiers
are
not every where
establish academies for Chess , which would
in a short time enable them to 6 raise a
number of recruits yearly .
But, without
joking, besides that the military profes
sion is not in itself blamable,
doubt whether the game
I much
of Chess has
ever produced any such effects, nor that
it has in the least encouraged any per
son already disposed to insnare, or to be
attached to war .
those who
I even doubt whether
are 1 said to have made
use
of a similar game to teach the military
art, have
ever by those means made a
single good soldier.
on a
They could scarcely
Draught-board , or a Chess - board
have given more than a few general ideas,
which
a little experience teaches
in
a
short time much more easily, and in an
*
infinitely more distinct manner.
**
VOL. II.
*E
50
" I can hardly agree with the opinion of
Mr. de la Placette, in his Treatise on Games
ofChance, chap. VII. however this celebra
ted Minister may be praiseworthy for his
uncommon and indefatigable application
in meditating and writing on moral sub
jects .
He
peculiar
pretends
to
games
there is
of
skill,
one effect .
especially
those wherein chance has no share , such
as the games of Draughts, and of Chess ;
which is that nothing more readily nou
rishes pride.
What, says he, makes the
ragout of those two games ?
they require
extraordinary
It is, that, as
penetration ,
application , and address , (particularly the
second ) when we conquer , we congratu
late ourselves on our superiority over
those persons we have played with.
Con
sequently , to play at those kind of games
augments and fortifies Pride : which on
the contrary we ought to strive to eradi
cate entirely .
But I wish with all my
heart there were no stronger temptations
to pride than those ,
}
nor other matters
51
more apt to maintain it :
that passion
would not then make any great progress .
Let us render justice to men, and without
dissembling or excusing their real defects,
let us not make them greater than they
appear to be.
Let us not confound the
weaknesses which are inseparable from
humanity, and those motions which are
in some measure involuntary,
with the
real seeds and certain effects of a visible
and voluntary
corruption .
We
pique
ourselves, it is true, on winning at Chess
and
at
other games
of skill, although
we play for nothing, and sometimes we
are even vexed at losing.
But these im
pulsions are commonly sudden and un
premeditated, which evaporate almost as
soon as formed,
without
profound impression .
leaving
any
I presume no one
raises his idea of his own merits because
he has won a few games successively,
and is a good player at Draughts or at
Chess .
If we play for nothing at any
E2
52
game
sirous
losing .
of
chance ,
we
are
of winning, and
likewise
de
discontented at
If, independently of any interest
ed motive, we attach a slight honour to
the victory, it is a necessary consequence
of that natural desire, (in itself innocent)
which causes us to prefer our own ad
vantage to that
of others,
and to be
displeased if we do not obtain it in every
thing.
As long as we stop there, and that
those primary motions do not degenerate
into an excess of frivolous joy, or ridicu
lous chagrin, they are not more vicious
than the simple motion of the dice, the
4
cards, or the chess-men.
I own there
are many stories which show that losing
at chess is more vexatious than at any
other game, and that nothing more shows
""
the weakness of the greatest men ."
Vol. 1. p. 279 .
" It is sometimes , although rarely, seen
that persons who play for nothing, be
come seriously angry, and testify a puerile
53
spite after losing,
particularly at chess
and the like games . " -P. 355 .
" We must say the same thing of Chess
and in proportion of other games of mere
skill, at which we cannot become expert
and actually play well, if we do not apply
to them
more
than
they deserve ,
and
more than the scope of the game per
mits. " -Vol. II . p. 491 .
" It must be acknowledged that Chess
and other such games are
not near so
dangerous as those of chance , as to the
interested view, but on the other hand
they are certainly more so as to the ex
cess of attachment.
Take from the play
ers at games of chance the ardent desire
of gain ,
and you deprive
them of the
principal inducement to play.
Whereas
1
with little or no desire of gaining money,
we may play a long while at Ombre, at
Draughts, or at Chess, without being wea
E 3:
54
ry.
We are easily piqued in honour at
those games ; we take a pleasure in con
ducting them well ;
in dexterously ma
naging a nice move ; and in retrieving a
game which has
turn .
taken an unfavourable
Besides which the variety of the
moves and situations
incessantly to take
vents the disgust
which
oblige
new measures ,
caused
by the
us
pre
great
uniformity of games of chance, notwith
standing the inconstancy of fortune which
presides at them ; we form plans , we seek
the means of executing them, we change
our designs and our batteries according
to
unforeseen
moves.
Those ideas
of
order occupy the mind not only during
the game,
but even
after
it is ended,
more or less , according as the game or
sitting has lasted ; and some people may
be found whose heads appear to be full
of nothing
else,
during
while after playing .
a
considerable
Chess renders those
who have played some time attentively at
it, very pensive,
and they become the
55
more piqued,
as they can only lose by
reason of their want of skill.
The at
tachment to this game which the Orien
tals , from whom we have it, show, as well
as that of many Europeans to the same,
clearly prove this . " -Vol. 11. p. 494 .
" The proper time to play at Ombre or
at Chess, is when we are absolutely des
titute of every other
recreation : if we
can amuse ourselves in a less gloomy,
although alluring manner, it will be the
safest as well as the most agreeable way
to do so.
I only see one case when we
may reasonably give some time to such
games , which is when we are so situated as
to have nothing better to do ; for example
in travelling ; in the country ; when we are
detained at home
through indisposition
and unable to pursue our usual vocations ,
&c.
In these and similar occasions it is
better to
occupy our
mind with
such
games, than not to occupy it at all, and
E 4
56
thus to
suffer it to
relax
itself, or to
evaporate in a thousand confused ideas :
provided care be taken that we do not
insensibly take up as a business what was
only intended as a temporary diversion ,
and that we seek as soon as possible, some
more useful occupation . " - Vol. 11. p . 500 .
" As to Chess, Draughts, Ombre, Back
gammon, and such games , I aver, that to
play often and long at them, fatigues us
more
than
if we
played
Billiards, at Bowls , &c .
every day at
I own we shall
be more immediately sensible of weari
ness at these latter games , but on the
whole the fatigue will be greater at the
former, because the mind is continually
active, which in some measure likewise
affects the body. " — Vol. 11. p . 507 .
" Moderate
and often
exercise
is
very useful,
absolutely necessary to
pre
serve our health, and enable us to apply
vigorously to
our
functions , or
to
our
# 57
Now Cards and Dice, Draughts
affairs .
and Chess,
exercise
hands
certainly do
needful for
not afford the
our welfare .
may grow tired,
The
but the rest of
the body remains almost immovable , or
if we give it any motion, it is a kind of
convulsive
one,
which,
after all ,
does
more harm than good . " --Vol . 11. p. 509.
From du Halde's China, 1736 , in French.
Extracts from a compilation made under
the Dynasty Ming , which lasted from
the year 1300, to the year 1600 ,
An author speaking
zel
of the game of
Chess , which is the favourite game in
China, says as follows :
* 1
" Some persons
have
said that the
game of Chess came from the Emperor
Yao, who invented it to instruct his son
58 .
in the art of governing his subjects, and
in making war : but there is nothing less
probable.
The great art of Yao, consist
ed in the continual practice of the five
principal virtues,
of which the exercise
was as familiar to him as the use of his
limbs.
He employed virtue and not arms
to subdue the most barbarous people.
" The art of war, of which the game
of Chess is as it were an image, is the
*
art of being noxious to each other.
Yao
was far from giving such lessons to his
son .
The game of Chess without doubt
did not commence till after those un
happy times when the whole empire was
desolated by wars.
It is an invention
nowise worthy of the great Yao ."
From
against
another author
the
eager
who
attachment
exclaims
to
this
game.
" In our age, alas ! how many people
59
abandoning their studies,
selves
wholly with
themselves
occupy them
Chess :
they
so vehemently up to
give
it,
as
to attend to nothing else, not even to
1
When daylight
eating and drinking.
fails, they light candles .
They continue
to play, and often the day breaks before
they have
done.
They exhaust
both
body and mind in that amusement, with
out thinking about any thing else.
Their
business is
These
entirely
neglected .
gamesters cannot be persuaded to inter
rupt their frivolous combats, in order to
assist at a solemn festival, or to attend to
the most exquisite musick. Lastly, at this
game, as well as at every other, one may
*
or at least one
lose even one's clothes ;
becomes troubled , chagrined, and irrita
ted ; and for what ? to remain master of
a field of battle which after all is but a
board, and to gain a kind of victory from
whence no Vanquisher has ever obtained
any titles, appointments, or lands .
#
60
" I am willing to believe it requires
address : but an address as equally useless
to the state in general, as to families in
particular.
This road leads to nothing :
for if I examine the game as to its relation
to the art of war I find no similitude .
If
I examine it as to civil government , I find
still less.
" The art in
this game
consists in
surprising the adversary, in laying snares
*
for him, in profiting by his mistakes.
Is it thus we inspire honesty and integri
ty into the mind ?
To plunder , to kill,
and other similar terms, form the lan
Is it thus we
guage of these players .
*
inspire people with goodness and મ cle
mency ? In short, 7 the least that may be
said
of this and 1 some45 other games, is,
that such trivial diversions
prevent us
It is
from employing ourselves usefully.
$
wood
or a
as if you set up a piece of
stone, and amused yourself in beating it,
or fencing against it : I see no difference.
-1
61
<<
Every wise man, if he is a private
person, ought to occupy himself with his
domestick affairs, in order to provide for
his family : if he be at court and in the
service of his prince , his attention should
be employed in giving proofs of his zeal.
He must often for those purposes neglect
even his
own private
concerns .
How
much farther ought he not to be from
idly amusing himself with the game of
Chess !
" A useless skill causes you to win at
Chess, and renders you
board.
}
master of the
What comparison between that
puerile advantage, and the honours, lands,
and appointments with which the Empe
ror, if you chose it, could reward your
services ! Which do you suppose prefer
able, to move a few paltry pieces of wood
on a plank, or to command several thou
sand men ? what gain which can possibly
accrue from Chess , is comparable to the
62
honour and profit of a considerable of
fice ?" & c.
Dr. Adam Smith, Theory of Moral Senti
ments, vol. 11. p. 110 , 6 ed. Lond. 1790 .
"The man of system seems to imagine,
that he can arrange the different members
of a great society with as much ease as
the hand arranges the
upon a chess-board .
different
pieces
He does not con
sider that the pieces upon the chess -board
have no other principle of motion besides
that which
the
hand
impresses
upon
them ; but that, in the great chess-board
of human society, every single piece has
a principle of motion of its own, altoge
ther different from that which the legis
lature might chuse to impress upon it."
1
Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophi
63
1
Vol. 1. p.
cal Society of Manchester.
112. 8vo. Warrington, 1785 .
" WOULD not one imagine, on seeing
a chess-player,
so entirely wrapt up in
himself as to appear insensible to every
thing around him , that he is taken up
with the care of his own fortune , the
preservation of the state, or some such
great and important subject ?
And yet,
all his intenseness of thought is produced
by the position of a small piece of ivory,
which gives exercise to his
mind,
and
procures him that pleasure, in which he
seems so totally absorbed .
" Chess -men are distinguished upon
the board whilst the game is playing, but
it being done, they are tumbled into the
rai
bag without order.
Private Devotions . 18mo.
1706. p. 160.
64
Pope Innocent and Squire Sancho said
the same thing .-See C. vol . 11. p. 4. 201 ,
and 27.
Fielding's Covent-garden Journal, No. 24 .
vol. VIII. of Murphy's edition, 8vo, 1762,
p. 237.
" The same labour, and, perhaps, the
same genius, which brings a man to a
perfection at the game 20 of Chess would
make a great proficiency in the mathe
1
maticks.
Critical
Review,
New
Arrangement,
vol. IV. p. 533 .
" In a free government, the Russian
might appear with equal advantages, as
in the
military department, intelligent,
active, reflecting,
and endowed with a
spirit of calculation he might succeed in
every pursuit : at present he excels only
at Chess . "
The book reviewed is,
Idée
65
Generale de la Siberie et de ses Habitans,
par Mr. Patrin, 11 June , 1792 .
In the Works of Sir Wm . Jones, pub
lished in 1799 , in quarto , are six pages on
the Indian game of Chess, from which
the following is extracted .
" If evidence be required to prove that
Chess was invented by the Hindus, we
may be satisfied with the testimony of
the Persians ; who , though as much in
clined as other nations to appropriate the
ingenious inventions of a foreign people,
unanimously agree, that the game was
imported from the west of India, in the +
sixth century of our Era . "
" It seems to have been immemorially
known in Hindustan by the
names
of
Chaturanga ; Chatrang, by the old Per
VOL. II.
F
1
66
sians ; Shatranj, by the Arabs and modern
Persians. ------- Thus has a very significant
word in the sacred language of the Brah
mans
been
transformed
by successive
changes into axedrez, scacchi, échecs, chess,
and, by a whimsical concurrence of cir
cumstances, given birth to the English
word check,
and even a
name to the
Exchequer of Great- Britain .
“ The beautiful simplicity and extreme
perfection of the game , as it is commonly
played in Europe and Asia, convince me,
that it was
some great
invented by one
effort
of
Genius ; not completed by
gradual improvements,
but
formed, to
use the phrase of Italian criticks, by the
first intention ; yet of this simple game,
so exquisitely contrived, and so certainly
invented in
India,
I cannot
find
any
account in the classical writings of the
Brahmans .
At
present I
can only ex
hibit a description of a very ancient In
67
dian game of the same kind ; but more
complex, and, in my opinion, more mo
dern than the simple chess of the Per
sians.
Chaturanga means the four anga's, or
members of an army, which are explained
in the Essay to which I refer, as they do
not relate to our Chess.
From a discourse on the Hindus, de
livered by Sir William (who was
then
President) at a meeting of the Asiatick
Society in Calcutta , in 1786 ,
" The Hindus are said to have boasted
of three inventions, all of which indeed
are admirable ; the method of instructing
by Apologues, the Decimal Scale adopted
now by all
civilized
nations ,
and the
game of Chess, on which they have some
curious treatises."
F 2
68
Sir William also mentions that in the
Island of Hinzuan or Johanna , where he
passed a few days in 1783 , he " played
at Chess with the king's brother's younger
son, in whose manner and address there
}
was something remarkably pleasing. "
In the 4th vol . is a satyrical Letter in
French to a Monsieur A. du P. on his
translation of books attributed to Zoroas
In this letter is the following pas
ter.
sage :
" That
Dr.
extraordinary man,
Hunt) who
sixty years to
has
(perhaps
continued
cultivate
letters
during
and to
enrich them, made no scruple of writing
to
M.
d
'
Greek and
Olivet,
four years
ago ,
Latin are to all the
that
other
languages in the world what the game
of Chess is to the game of Draughts ,
and what a beautiful dance is to a com
mon gait. "
1
1
69
Caissa
or the Game at Chess .
A poem
of 334 lines, written in the year 1763 ,
J
at the age of between 16 and 17 years,
T
by William, afterward Sir Wm . Jones.
?
The following extracts are inserted.
1
S
See C. vol. 1. p. 91 .
Of armies on the chequer'd field array'd ,
And guiltless war in pleasing form display'd ;
When two bold Kings contend with vain alarms,
In ivory this, and that in ebon arms ;
I sing-
He rose, and on the cedar table plac'd
A polish'd board, with differing colours grac'd ;
Squares eight times eight in equal order lie ;
These bright as snow, those dark with sable dye ;
Then from a chest, with harmless heroes stor❜d,
O'er the smooth plain two well-wrought hosts he
T
pour'd ;
The champions burn'd their rivals to assail,
Twice eight in black , twice eight in milk-white mail ; 1
In shape and station different, as in name
Their motions various, nor their power the same.
High in the midst the reverend Kings appear,
And o'er the rest their pearly sceptres rear :
F 3
70
One solemn step, majestically slow,
They gravely move, and shun the dangerous foe ;
If e'er they call , the watchful subjects spring
And die with rapture if they save their king ;
On him the glory of the day depends,
He once imprison'd, all the conflict ends .
The queens exulting near their consorts stand ;
Each bears a deadly falchion in her hand ;
Now here, now there, they bound with furious pride,
And thin the trembling ranks from side to side ;
Fierce as they seem, some bold Plebeian spear
May pierce their shield, or stop their full career.
The valiant guards, their minds on havock bent,
Fill the next Squares, and watch the royal tent ;
Though weak their spears, though dwarfish be their
height,
Compact they move, the bulwark of the fight.
To right and left the martial wings display
Their shining arms, and stand in close array.
Behold four archers, eager to advance,
Send the light reed, and rush with sidelong glance ;
Through angles ever they assault the foes,
True to the colour which at first they chose.
Then four bold knights for courage fam'd and speed,
Each knight exalted on a prancing steed :
71
Their arching course no vulgar limit knows
Transverse they leap, and aim insidious blows :
Nor friends, nor foes, their rapid force restrain,
By one quick bound two changing squares they gain ;
From varying hues renew the fierce attack,
And rush from black to white, from white to black,
Four solemn elephants the sides defend ;
Beneath the load of ponderous towers they bend :
In one unalter'd line they tempt the fight ;
Now crush the left, and now o'erwhelm the right.
soldiers raise
Bright
i in the front the dauntless
Their polish'd spears ; their steely helmets
* ་ blaze :
Prepar❜d they stand the daring foe to strike,
Direct their progress, but their wounds oblique.
He hears, where'er he moves, the dreadful sound ;
Check the deep vales, and check the woods rebound,
No place remains : he sees the certain fate,
And yields his throne to ruin and check-mate.
Low in their chest the mimick troops were lay'd,
And peaceful slept the sable hero's shade.
" The chief art in the tacticks of Chess
1
consists in the nice conduct of the royal
F 4
72
Pawns ; in supporting them against every
attack ; and, if they are taken, in supply
ing their places with others equally sup
ported ; a principle, on which the success
of the game in great measure depends ,
though it seems to be omitted by Vida."
THE following Rössel-sprung, (Horse
leap) or trick of covering all the squares
of the Chess -board with an equal number
of moves of the Knight, is by Euler the
late celebrated German mathematician .
42
57
44
9
40
55
10
41
58
45
12
43
56
61
63
54
11
32
13
62
53
64
14
1
8
39
20
22
59
6
47
25
28
19
38
27
60
23
48
5
31
24
29
26
37
18
33
2
51
16
35
4
49
52
15
34
3
50
17
36
3980
7
126
46
3
73.
In C. vol. i.
p.
139 , are three other
methods of performing this, and in vol . II.
another very ancient one : likewise one
on a round board.
This circular Chess- board had probably
lain dormant till 1789 , when I found it
in a French manuscript of four hundred
years old, in the British Museum .
not mentioned in any other book.
ral
of these boards
have
It is
Seve
latterly been
made in London , and a great number in
Calcutta, although I have not learnt that
the game has been much played.
In " A Narrative of the Operations of
a Detachment from the Mahratta Army,
by Lieutenant Edw . Moor," 1794 , 4to, is
an account of a Game at Chess played in
a Pagoda by the
Author against four
66 Shah mat was
Bramins, who won it.
pronounced not with the exultation
of
casual conquest , but with the moderate
74
gratification arising from a foreseen event,
which a consciousness of superior infor
mation authorised them to expect.
" The discomfited antagonist, not feel
ing the aggravations of the defeat, forgets
his inferiority in the clemency of his vic
tors."
In 1802 ,. a small book was published in
Paris, printed in Strasbourg, 2 vol . 24to,
entitled,
Les
Stratagèmes
des
Echecs,
being a collection of the most brilliant
and curious
from
strokes at Chess, extracted.
Stamma,
Lolli,
and
others ,
with
many new ones.
The whole are ends of games , in num
ber
120.
The
first
eighty show the
method of giving check-mate ,
in two,
three, four, five , six, seven, eight, nine,
or ten moves ; these are supposed to be
ends of common games.
Then follow
75
twenty-two singular ends, to be won by
a particular piece or a pawn,
or
in
a
specified number of moves ; twelve Stale
mates ; and six qui perd gagne in which
the adversary is forced to give the check
&
mate.
The second volume consists solely of
120 cuts of Chess -boards , whereon the
Men are placed as described in the first
volume, with occasional notes.
In this volume is a poem of 244 lines,
entitled,
"
Poëme de CERUTTI
Sur les
Echecs ."
" The Game of Chess is transformed
into a combat which is described by one of
the two Kings."
The following lines are the best half
of the composition, being the thirty two
first, the thirty six last lines, and some
account of all the different pieces .
76
LES noirs, les blancs jadis se disputaient la terre.
Deux peuples de leur race éternisent la guerre :
Opposés d'intérêt ainsi que de couleur,
Egaux par le genie égaux par la valeur,
Depuis plus de mille ans ils se battent sans cesse.
Ils sont jaloux de gloire, et non pas de richesse ;
L'aviditéjamais n ' a terni leurs lauriers :
Une pauvreté noble honore des guerriers.
Deux monarques fameux, chargés de les conduire,
Triomphent tour- à- tour sans vouloir se détruire ;
A mesurer leur force ils bornent leurs desseins
Mesure délicate entre deux rois voisins.
Je suis l'un de ces rois, les blancs sont mon partage,
Les noirs, de mon rival, sont l'antique héritage.
Nous possédons tous deux seize petits Etats
Avec un nombre égal de chefs et de soldats.
Compagnons de fortune et fréres d'origine,
Les soldats suivent tous la même discipline,
Les chefs, gardiens du peuple et défenseurs des rois,
Sont soumis dans leur marche à de sévères lois.
Dressés pour nos combats, des Eléphans fidèles,
De l'un et l'autre camp protégent les deux ailes :
Moins esclaves qu' amis, ces animaux puissans,
Sont notre ferme appui dans les dangers pressans ;
Sur leur dos colossal des tours sont élevées,
Pour le dernier assaut sagement reservées,
Et qui, frappant de loin aussi bien que de près,
Lancent sur l'ennemi d' inevitables traits .
77
Ainsi que nos sujets, nos reines sont guerrieres ;
Errant en liberté, ces Amazones fieres,
Exercent, sous notre ordre, un absolu pouvoir ;
Leur promptitude étonne, ainsi que leur savoir.
……………...
...
Ils savent préparer la victoire et l'attendre,
"
Profiter du hasard, et n' en jamais dependre ;
Aux projets médités joindre ceux du moment,
Soumettre leur fortune aux lois du mouvement.
.......
Sur une double ligne, en deux corps partagés,
En ordre de bataille on nous voit tous rangés.
Le genie attentif garde un profond silence,
...
Et l'aveugle destin lui remet sa balance...
On donne le signal, on part des deux côtés,
Les postes sont choisis, les coups sont ajustés,
Les premiers combattans expirent sur la place ;
D'autres suivent de près et vengent leur disgrace.
Les rangs sont enfoncés les deux camps sont ouverts ;
On passe tour-á- tour des succés aux revers,
Onprend, on perd un chef; onforme, on lève un siège ;
On garde, on quitte un poste, on dresse, on rompt
un piege ;
Les moindres intérêts ne sont pas oubliés,
Mais, à ceux de l'Etat, ils sont sacrifiés :
La barbarie alors devenant légitime,
Pourfaire une conquête, on livre une victime.
On expose un soldat pour surprendre un héros.
78
Tous ne sont pas formés pour les memes travaux.
A l'ennemi qui vient, l' un ferme le passage,
Sur l'ennemi qui fuit, l'autre fond avec rage :
Malheur à l'imprudent qui s' engage trop loin,
Et qui de son retour a negligé le soin !
Infortuné captif, il périt sans défense.
Ses braves compagnons courent à sa vengeance;
Mais ils règlent leur marche, observant, calculant ;
Ceux-ci d'un pas rapide, et ceux - là d' un pas lent ;
Avant de l'occuper, fortifiant la place,
Evaluant le nombre, et le tems, et l'espace,
Ils perdent l'ennemi sans se perdre avec lui,
Se ménagent partout un asyle, un appui,
Avec dextérité s'avancent, se replient,
Se dispersent soudain, et soudain se rallient.
Ainsi la discipline et l'art de la tactique
Ont fait de l'héroïsme un ressort mécanique :
Debout à mes côtés, modérant son courage,
La reine, d'un front calme, a vu grossir l'orage :
Elle part, elle vole au sein des escadrons
L'éclair sort de la nue avec des feux moins prompts,
Vers mon rival tremblant d'un pas elle s'elance,
Elle revient d'un pas veiller à ma défense.
Prompte à voir le péril et prompte à l'éloigner,
Mettant à secourir le plaisir de régner,
Sa présence embellit mon camp et le protège;
Et sa seule valeur compose son cortége.
79
Deux héros à cheval, voltigeant dans la plaine,
Ont vu près de leur roifrapper leur souveraine.
En chevalier fidèle un d'eux court la venger ;
Vers la cour ennemie il va d' un pas léger,
S'élance, et profitant d'une attaque soudaine,
A coté du monarque il enlève la reine.
On s' assemble, on poursuit le ravisseur fatal ;
Mais prompt à s' echapper d' un combat inègal,
Sur son coursier agile il fuit de place en place.
Deux autres chefs à pied fameux par leur audace,
A travers les périls marchant obliquement,
Au secours du héros s' avancent brusquement ;
Ils croisent, dans leur route, et l'une et l'autre armée.
Le vulgaire jaloux de toute renommée,
Du titre de folie à payé leurs exploits ;
Cette folie heureuse est le salut des rois.
...
Tandis que mes héros affrontet le trépas,
Mesfantassins unis s'avancent pas à pas,
Et de leurs rangs serrés opposant la barriere,
Aux chefs les plus hardis ils ferment la carriere.
Ils suivent l'ordre mince, et non l'ordre profond
Ils frappent de cóté ; mais ils marchent de front.
Contraints à chaque pas de s'arrêter, ils brulent
De faire un pas de plus, et jamais ne reculent.
Un noble espoir anime et soutient leurs travaux,
Ils peuvent de soldats devenir généraux.
80
Un d'eux a-t- ilforcé, par une marche heureuse,
Du monarque ennemi l'enceinte glorieuse ;
Il est proclamé chefpar l'un et l'autre camp,
Et des premiers honneurs revêtu sur- le- champ.
..
…………
Je parle en roi guerrier, et de qui le destin
A dependu cent fois du moindre fantassin .
Mais pour un qui s'élève, hélas, combien succombent !
Sous des coups redoublés l'un après l'autre tombent ;
Je déplore leur chute, et je sens que l'Etat
Perd un bras nécessaire en perdant un soldat .
De moi dépend surtout le salut de l'Empire.
Rien n'est désespéré tandis que je respire.
......
......
Je marche alors suivi de tous mes generaux,
Je cherche mon rival qui s ' expose en héros ;
Quelques soldats encore, amis dans la disgrace,
Pressés autour de lui signalent leur audace.
Les miens, impatiens, voudraient tout ravager ;
Mais je retiens leurs coups pour les mieux diriger.
Tout le peuple ignorant accuse ma faiblesse ;
Les spectateurs instruits approuvent ma sagesse.
Par de savans détours je voile mes projets ;
Par des retours prudens je háte mes succés .
Ainsi le temps soumet lentement toute chose,
Et combat en secret quand on croit qu'il repose.
Cependant mon rival est près de sa défaite ;
Après avoir erré de retraite en retraite,
81
Après avoir perdu ses places, ses soutiens,
Il se voit dans sa fuite enveloppé des miens.
Il va périr ; mais non, la troupe qui l'assiége,
Respecte sa personne en frappant son cortège.
Conserver le monarque est la loi de l'Etat ;
Le forcer à se rendre est le droit du combat .....
Il se rend ; avec lui je me réconcilie ;
Et je ne souffre point qu'un grand roi s'humilie :
Par son exemple instruit des rigueurs du destin,
Je renferme ma joie, et je rends mon butin.
Non content de sauver l'honneur du diademe,
A reprendre son rang je l'invite moi- même ;
Il reparait en pompe au milieu de sa cour,
Et rentré dans la lice il triomphe à son tour.
Ainsi nous prolongeons une innocente guerre
Qui charme nos loisirs sans desoler la terre.
L'ambition se plait dans les combats sanglans,
Et la philosophie aux combats des talens.
L'Indefut le berceau de nos premiers ancêtres ;
Les ma tres de Platon furent aussi nos ma’tres :
Le peuple qui trouva le plus savant des jeux,
Fut des peuples enfans le plus ingénieux.
VOL. II.
82
Count de Bruhl's
Letter
on
Chess, to
Mr. D. Barrington, published in 1789 ,
by the Society of Antiquaries.
" Chess would deserve the name of a
Science, if its utility was not limited to
those who understand it."
" I have known a person consume an
hour in looking over a game at Chess,
without understanding the moves. "
(Per
haps he was a married Man, who did not
care to go home. )- Looker-on, No. viii.
1792 .
;;
Such is the Philosophical Candour
with which Nature
has
endowed
me,
that I never could endure to read Phi
lidor's publication upon Chess, by reason
of the manifest partiality he discovers in
favour of his reader against his antago
nist."-Ibid, No. LXVI . 1793.
83
This candid Philosopher could not it
seems discover that the games were to be
won by one of the players , and the par
tiality would have been as manifest on
the other side.
Arundel, vol. 1. p. 46 , by Mr. Cumber
land, 1789.- " She is, in return , teach
1
ing
me Chess ,
but she is much
more
likely to be a rival to Sir Isaac, (he was
teaching Miss,
Astronomy) than
I
am
ever to be a match for Philidor, for I can
make nothing of it, and if she had not all
the
patience
have
in the world,
given me up for
she would
an incorrigible
blockhead before now."
I have met with two gentlemen and
one lady who were perfectly unteachable.
When the Sansculottes, at Paris, in 1792,
attempted to hang a woman, after the
G 2
84
rope had broke three times, the mob said,
" Cette femme
s'en aille ; "
est impendable ,
and let
her
go ,
qu'elle
as being
unhangable.
--Cumberland's Observer, vol . v. p. 54.
" The good bishop it seems was passion
ately fond of the game of Chess, and my
father, though the better player of the
two, knew how to make a timely move
so as to throw the victory into his lord
ship's hands after a hard battle, which
was a triumph very grateful
to his va
nity, and not a little serviceable to my
father's purposes . "
" Chess and the Polish Drafts are the
only games that are indulged in ; and in
these some of the Beys are skilled . "
In
Kahira [Cairo] 66 they play remarkably
quick, and apparently without much pre
85
meditation ; --but habit has given facility ;
-they practise daily, and their minds are
occupied by few objects."
Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria,
in 1792 to 1798 , by W. G. Browne,
4to, 1799.
Necker on
the • Executive Power
in
Great States, vol. II . 1792 .-" This easy
resource
(the creation
of assignats)
in
facilitating the means of administration
has converted government into a simple
game of skill, and France is become like
a Chess-board, on which all the pieces
may be moved at will ."
Rochambeau's
France,
Letter
to
the
King
of
on resigning the command of
the grand northern army in 1792.
• G 3
86
“ As it appears , Sire, I am to remain a
mere passive
piece on the chess-board,
liable to be externally thwarted, and com
pelled to adopt measures my judgement
disapproves, it becomes high time for me
to resign
a
situation
I
cannot consci
entiously retain. "
The Interest of Great Britain, respecting
the French war, p. 13.
Lond.
1793 .
3rd ed. by William Fox.
" Let it be recollected we are now
playing a royal game.
has cried check ;
Our adversary
let us take care that
our King be not in danger."
Of the other books on Chess which
have been published since my last volume,
the following is some account.
87
Sur les Echecs .
E.
Stein. 8vo. à la
Haye, 1789. -A collection of Games.
A German book, with Chess - games, in
a thick octavo vol. by N. Koch. 1801 .
Both the volumes of my Chess transla
ted into German , but which I have never
been able to procure, not even from the
Leipzig and Frankfort fairs, they being
long out of print, so that I have
only
seen them announced in catalogues.
Several Editions of Philidor's Analysis
of Chess,
which being so
easily be procured ;
recent,
the last
may
is in two
volumes, 1804 : this contains the whole
of the poem of Caissa, which the Editor
says " is introduced as a relief from a
serious application to the game, and an
elegant embellishment :" and this is the
(6
engaging part of the work which re
mains to be noticed , " but which is in-.
serted in a work of this kind improperly.
G 4
88
This Edition contains " a Systematic
Introduction to the Game," from which
is extracted from p . 79-81 , as follows .
" Situations occur on the board,
in
which it is necessary that the most cri
tical calculations of force should be con
sulted ; and as the propriety of accepting
or declining some exchanges depends on
punctilious considerations,
it is thought
proper to give the following scales :
" With
respect
to
qualification
for
attack and defence, facility of transpo
sition, and extent of action , the powers
of the different pieces are to each other
in this proportion :
2 , Pawn
15 , Rook
12 , Knight
28 , Queen
14 , Bishop
9, King
" The
values
of
all the
chess- men
except the Pawn, and King, are
com
89
mensurate with their powers .
The na
ture of the game puts the King's value
above competition .
" In this estimate, the highest force of .
the five Pieces is taken, that is,
each is
supposed to be where its sphere of action
is largest
if in play the probability of
their occupying any given square is equal,
their powers will be
4 , Pawn
15 , Rook
9,25
23,75 Queen
Knight
9,75 Bishop
" The value of every pawn with the
chance of becoming the most powerful
Piece can scarcely be less than 4 ; and it
may attain all the intermediate degrees
of value by position . ”
" IT is in vain to look in this little
90.
field for exact parallels either with war
or politicks .
" The game of Chess is like the game
of Chess, and like nothing else. "
This
work is
entitled
" Studies of
Chess, with the whole Analysis of Chess,
by A. D. Philidor, " in two volumes .
In a new edition, by leaving out the
Caissa poem,
on disputed
almost all the Appendix
points,
and
several
other
unnecessary matters, it would be render
ed the completest scientifick book extant,
for the Student.
If to this he were to
to add the French book, by a society of
Amateurs in
1775 ,
being a Theoretical
and Practical Treatise on Chess, (see C.
vol. 1.
p.
88 )
and of which there are
later Editions ; and the Stratagèmes late
ly mentioned, he would possess the books
which afford the best instructions as to
the Practical part .
91
Many puerile pamphlets on Chess have
made their appearance , some with emen
dations of the moves, or augmentations
of the Pieces and Squares :
of these it
cannot be expected I should take any no
1
tice, they having been only Chess - Ephe
mera and Fungi :
Books, " without name, no more remembered. ”
Printed, they " perish ."
The last compilation on Chess is an 8vo,
printed at Cheltenham in 1804 , entitled
" An
Introduction
to
the
History
and
Study of Chess, with copious descriptions,
&c. by an Amateur :
to which is added
the Analysis of Chess, by Philidor."
The historical part of the book is con
tained in 94 pages, exactly 47 of which
consist of anecdotes, &c . taken word for
word from my two books ;
quotations,
translations, original matter, all indiscri- ,
minately.
This
Amateur candidly con
fesses that "
"
" where he has had access to
"
92
the originals he
where
not,
has
consulted
them ;
he has freely transcribed ,'
which may be true enough, even taking
for granted he has never seen any one
of the originals which I quoted , and if
he had, it does not appear he could have
made use of any of them except perhaps
those
in the
modern English
tongue .
The other half is taken from the paper
A
in the Archælogia, vol . xi . and Sir Wm.
Jones's memoir.
The learned composer kindly explains
the hard words en prise to mean when
applied to a piece,
that " it is
99
adversary's power to capture it.'
in the
He has also inserted two or three moves
at the end of a game, which he calls “ A
Clever
Legacy,
deserving
notice ,
which will amuse the
who
may find
120
Young Player, "
:
more such in the
Stratagèmes mentioned in p . 74 .
...
7
and
་་་
93
The only observations
in
Philidor's
book which claim a place here, are those
66
on the ends of Parties and on the
powers
of pieces
to which it is
recur.
variously combined,"
frequently
requisite to
They are as follows :
1 A single Pawn cannot win if the ad
verse King be placed in opposition
to it.
2 A single Pawn may win if the King be
placed in the van of his Pawn.
3 Two
Pawns
against one
almost in all
cases :
has
Pawns
the
two
changing , one
must
win,
but he that
must
avoid
of them with
the
adversary's Pawn.
4 A Pawn and any Piece must always
win with the single exception of a
Pawn on a Rook's file, co -operating
with a Bishop , whose diagonal is of
a different colour from the
square
where the Pawn becomes a Queen.
5 Two Bishops may mate.
94
6 A Knight and a Bishop may mate.
7 A Rook and a Bishop, against a Rook,
win .
8 A
Queen,
against
a
Bishop
and
a
Knight , may win.
9 Two Knights cannot mate.
The following Eight are Drawn games.
A Rook, against a Knight.
A Rook, against a Bishop .
A Rook and a Knight, against a Rook.
A Rook and a Bishop, against a Queen.
A Rook and a Knight, against a Queen.
A Rook, against a Bishop and two Pawns.
A Rook, against a Knight and two Pawns,
because in this, as in the last case, he
who has the
4
single Piece cannot be
hindered from sacrificing it for the two
Pawns .
A Queen, against a Rook and two Pawns.
At all conclusions of Parties , when a
Player knows not 40how to give the dif
95
ficult mates, such as that of a Knight
and a Bishop ; that of a Rook and a Bi
shop against a Rook, &c . at the adversa
ry's request,
fifty moves on
each
side
must be appointed for the end of the
game : these being accomplished , it will
be a Drawn game .
From " Three Dialogues on the Amuse
ments
of Clergymen,"
1797,
published
from a MS in Dr. Josiah Frampton's own
hand - writing :
the
between him and
conversations
were
Dr. Stillingfleet
(at
3
that time Dean of St. Paul's , afterwards
Bishop of Worcester, ) in 1686.
" But all this, said I, Sir, requires
taste ; and if a clergyman have no taste
for these amusements, I hope you have
no objection to indulge
him
in
some
amusement which does not require it
in a game at Chess, for instance, with
f
96
a neighbouring vicar ; or at backgammon
with the squire ? "
" In my opinion , said the Dean, Chess
is so far from being a relaxation , as all
amusements should be, that if you are
fairly matched, it is a severe study.
in which a great variety of
is a game,
movements
different
It
create
double
the
variety of different circumstances , so nu
merous
a
train of consequences
again
depend, that to provide for all the con
tingences
that
moves, 1 and
arise
from
your
own
may arise from the proba
ble moves of your antagonist , requires
a mind intensely occupied in the pursuit
before it, and vacant from every other..
In short, a skill in this game, like mathe
matical knowledge , may be continually
advancing to perfection.
" When I was Fellow of St. John's, I
played much at Chess ; and being fond
of it, I attained, as I thought, some de
97
till at length, from
gree of excellence ;
beating all the young men at Cambridge
who played with me, I began to think
myself the best Chess - player in England.
It happened,
on a visit to a friend
in
London, that an old German officer made
After dinner we went
one of the party.
to
amusements ,
different
and
it
was
proposed, that he and I should play a
game at Chess , as we were both known
I modestly threw
to be Chess -players .
my glove ;
but my heart beat with a full
I soon , however,
assurance of triumph .
perceived,
that
my
antagonist
opened
1
his game in a manner to which I had
not been accustomed .
my attention.
This roused
all
But while I was defend
ing myself in one quarter (for I quickly
found I had to act only on the defen
sive) I received a severe blow on ano
ther .
to
And while
recover
my
I
was
disordered
endeavouring
affairs,
the
enemy broke in upon me, and shamefully
VOL. II.
H
98
defeated me, without giving me an op
portunity of displaying one instance of
my prowess .
how
I was convinced,
ever, 1 that all this mischief had befallen
and an
me from too great confidence ,
incautious manner of opening the game.
I begged another trial : but it ended in
the
My antagonist,
same disgrace.
by
this time, was fully apprized what a hero
he had to deal with ; and, exulting in his
success , desired me to fix upon any cham
ber on the board I pleased , and use all
my strength merely to defend that single
post : he engaged
But
to
in spite of all
attack
no
other.
my endeavours he
gave me check- mate upon that very spot.
Nay,
he
did
it
repeatedly ;
for
my
shame was now turned into admiration .
I sat down, therefore contented, and en
deavoured to console myself by forming
the disgrace I had suffered into a lesson
against presumption ."
yllur
...
" I cannot, in return , said I, Sir, tell
99
you a story of my prowess at Chess ; but
if you will give me leave , I will tell you
one of my perseverance .
" I played a game with a gentleman
at my own lodgings, and was victorious.
You have taken me, said he, rather inop
portunely to -day ; but if you will be va
cant on Thursday, I shall be this way,
and will
demand satisfaction.
Accord
ingly on Thursday he came about eleven
o'clock ; and by the time we had played
three games, two of which I had won,
his horses came to the door.
leave the matter thus ,
I cannot
said he ;
if you
can set any little matter before me, we
will go
on.
Two
games
more
were
played, when in the midst of the third,
a bit of roasted mutton appeared ;
and
by the time it was cold , I had defeated
him
again .
games
before
I was now
him.
four
Our
five
intercourse
therefore with the mutton was
H 2
or
short ;
100
and we went to work
I was
again .
still victorious, when the horses return
ed at six .
This is provoking,
said he,
I cannot leave the matter thus .
have
a bed at the inn ?
Can I
His orders to
his servant now were, not to bring the
horses till they were sent for.
This was
a melancholy note to me, fatigued , as I
was already, beyond measure .
However,
as I was under some obligations to the
gentleman,
and in my own lodgings ,
had no choice.
The night ended late ,
and the morning began early.
came
I
Breakfast
the barber came -- dinner came—
all was
negligently treated,
main point.
except the
I sighed inwardly, and ho
'ped this visitation would now soon have
an end.
It lasted, however, all that day ;
and I was still two games before
my
antagonist ; though I had played as care
lessly as I could , without discovering my
indifference .
As the evening drew on,
and I expected every moment to hear a
message sent for the horses, I was shock
101
ed with his telling me we could not part
As the next
on these unequal terms.
day was Saturday, and he must of neces
sity he said, then finish, he would try his
fortune
once
more .
So we
continued
nailed to our board , till a late hour on
Friday night ;
breakfast,
and began
again
before
on Saturday morning,
To
wards the close of the day, our accounts
differed in one game .
But I was too
complaisant to dispute the
the
horses were
delivered from
sent for,
such a
trial
matter ;
and
I
so
was
of my pa
tience, as I never before experienced , "
" Scarce any mischief happens to us ,
said the Dean, but we have the comfort
of thinking it might have been worse :
and you
were
happy that your friend
did not come to you on Monday, instead
of Thursday. - As it
from
my story,
appears,
how much
however,
time
and
pains are necessary to obtain excellence
H 3
102
in this game, and from your story, how
fascinating a game it is —it is worth while
to consider how far it may be a proper
amusement for a clergyman - and whe
ther it
really answers the
of
an
amusement by unbending the mind.
If
it only substitute one
another,
it
cannot
end
severe
certainly
name of an amusement .
study for
take
the
Let every one
however judge for himself.
I found it
too interesting to be amusing to me, and
therefore in early life I left it off. - It is
certainly,
however,
a noble
game.
It
gives us an idea of war without its guilt.
It gives us a just idea too of common
life-of the happy effects of prudent, and
cautious steps on one hand ; and of the
fatal mischief, which often attends even
one false step on the other."
" I know not,
said I,
Sir, whether
such games, as are made up of skill, and
chance together, are not closer imitations
of life.
Our most prudent
plans
are
103
often defeated by events, which do not
depend on ourselves, but arise from what
call chance
we
plan
while an
sometimes
succeeds
ill -digested
without
prudence .
own
any
Games,
aid from
our
therefore,
consisting partly of skill, and
partly of chance, seem more to resemble
the course of events in human life , than
games of mere skill, like Chess ."
replied the Dean,
" Certainly,
games
afford a
juster
picture
such
of the
circumstances of life : but I am speaking
Sometimes , it is
of the conduct of it.
true, we are ruled by unavoidable cala
mity ; but more often by our own mis
conduct
and
it is
this
latter view of
life which Chess so much resembles ."
66
Well, said I, Sir, as you repudiate
Chess from the list of your clerical a
musements,
of its intricacy,
because
hope you will take
back- gammon
favour, because of its simplicity."
H4
I
into
104
" Not into my favour truly, answered
the Dean.
I know too little
make it a favourite.
of it to
1
I have no objection,
however, to it, but its stupidity."
The book is referred to for the remain
der of this subject .
No mention is made of Draughts , nor
of Domine, which are games much played
by the clergy on the Continent, especial
ly in Holland, where the latter game has
been known above fifty years under the
name
The
of
Domine- spel,
French
call
it
Parson's
Domino .
Play.
It
first
began to be played in the coffee- houses
in
Paris,
in
1770.
Its
inventer
origin are both wholly unknown.
and
105
CLOSURE
OF MY ACCOUNT OF
MR.
C. vol. 1.
PHILIDOR.
p. 149 to 171 ; and vol. 11.
p. 215 , 217 .
I have but little more to say of this
celebrated Chess - player, than to mention
the various matches he played at Parsloe's
in St. James's Street, as follows :
In all the latter Editions of his Chess
book are the following three matches at
length :
First- May 8th, 1783 , he played with
Count de Bruhl, Mr. Bowdler, and Mr.
Maseres,
without
three boards.
seeing
either
of the
He gave the Move to each
106
of the two first gentlemen , and a Pawn
and the Move to the last.
The Count lost his game in 47 Moves,
which took an hour and twenty minutes
in playing .
Mr. B. made his a drawn
game in an hour, and three quarters, with
51 Moves ; and Mr. M. lost his in two
hours, making 59 Moves.
of each party were
The Moves
alternate . W
See C.
vol. 1. p. 153. — For a match in 1787 , see
C. vol. 1. p. 167 .
May 10 ,
1788 , another match in the
same manner,
against Count de Bruhl,
(who received the Move)
Mr. Nowell,
and
received
the
odds of the King's Bishop's Pawn
and
Mr.
Leycester,
who
the Move.
Philidor won
all three :
the first in
45, the second in 60 , and the last in only
24 Moves.
In these two Parties Philidor played
107
with the White men, but in the following
one with the Black.
The last
Party was,
1
May 13, 1790,
three games at once ; two, without see
ing the board,
Capt.
with
Mr. Sheldon and
and the third,
Smith ;
allowed to see the pieces,
Hon.
H.
Move to
S.
Conway.
each
of his
he
being
against the
He gave
the
Adversaries .
Mr. C. 1 lost his game in 46, Mr. S. in
31 , and Capt. S. in 33 Moves.
* These three Parties are the only ones
of the kind which are on record , with all
the moves .
The first, with three boards at a time,
without seeing any, was when he was 56
years of age.
At the next match of the same kind he
was 61.
J
108
The third, he saw one of the three
boards ; this was two years after the last .
The six following accounts are taken
from the public advertisements.
In 1792 , March 23 ,
he played
three
games at once against three good Chess
players ; two of them without seeing the
boards, and the third on looking over the
table,
Aged 66.
In 1794 , February 22 , two games at
once, blindfold , in presence of the Turkish
Ambassador .
Ditto, March 22 , three games at once, ✨
as in 1792 , in presence of the Turk ,
In 1795 , Feb. 21 , two games at once,
blindfold.
Ditto, May 2 , two ditto ,
109
!
The whole of the last Advertisement
he inserted ran thus.
" CHESS- CLUB,
1795 .
" PARSLOE'S HOUSE, St. James's Street.
-By particular
desire,
Mr. PHILIDOR,
positively the very last time, will play on
Saturday the 20th of June, at two o'clock
precisely, three games at
once against
three good Chess- players,
two of them
without seeing
either boards ,
third
on
looking
over
most
respectfully invites
the
and
the
table-He
all the
mem
bers of the Chess- club to honour him
with their presence. -Ladies and Gentle
men not belonging to the Club may be
provided with tickets at the above- men
tioned house, to see the match,
at five
shillings each. "
At this time he wanted less than three
months of 69 years of age, as he was
110
born on the 7th Sept. 1726, at Dreux, in
Champagne.
This was
the last
himself in this
time
he
extraordinary
exerted
manner ;
and on Saturday the 29th August , 1795 ,
the
following
paragraph
appeared
in
most of the Newspapers .
" Mr. PHILIDOR, the CHESS-PLAYER .
" On Monday last, the 24th August,
1
1795, this
(long
celebrated )
Foreigner
made his last move into the other world.
For the last two months he was kept
alive merely by art, and the kind atten
tions of an old and worthy friend .
To
the last moment of his existence he en
joyed, though near seventy years of age,
a strong retentive memory, which long
rendered him remarkable in the circle of
his acquaintance in this capital.
66
Mr.
Philidor
was Member
of the
111
Chess Club near thirty years, and was a
man of those meek qualities, that render
ed him not less esteemed as a companion,
than admired for his extraordinary skill
in the difficult game of Chess, for which
he was pre- eminently distinguished .
" It is only two months since he play
ed two games blind- fold at the same time,
against two excellent chess -players , and
was declared 4 the victor.
He was besides
an admirable
and
musician,
a
capital
composer.
" What seemed most to have shook
the poor old man's constitution , and to
have precipitated his exit, was not being
able to procure a passport to return to
Paris to see his family, who reside there,
before he paid the last debt of nature,
but this refusal was rendered more bitter,
on its being intimated that he was a sus
pected character, and one of those persons
denounced by a Committee of French In
112
formers .
From the moment he was made
acquainted with this
circumstance,
he
became the martyr of grief-his philoso
phy forsook him- his tears were inces
sant-and he sunk into the grave."
I became acquainted with him in Lon
1781 ,
don in
and was with him at his
own apartments in Paris in 1783 , where
I saw his wife .
nineteen
whom
had
He
children
he had
published
had
living,
at that
to
none
taught Chess .
his
Life in
time
of
After
1787 ,
I
our
intimacy subsided so much, that for the
last five years of his life I had no further
intercourse with him, so that I
cannot
vouch for the truth of the latter part of
the paragraph .
The following anecdote was commu
nicated by a gentleman who frequently
played at Chess with the Interpreter of
the Turkish Ambassador.
113
He was informed by the Interpreter,
(who spoke French, ) that soon after the
last
match
on the
20th
of June, the
Ambassador was desirous of playing at
Chess with
Philidor,
who
accordingly
attended, and played six games with him,
every one of which Philidor lost, and the
Ambassador moreover told him he knew
at Constantinople
several Chess - players
who were able to beat himself (the Am
bassador) even giving him a Rook.
It
must be
could only
which
were
used by us,
observed that the Turk
play with
very
his
own
men,
different from those
and difficult to
be distin
guished, and that the Queen had likewise
the move of the Knight, as in Russia.
The truth of this anecdote rests entire
ly on the Interpreter, as the Turk knew
no
European language ;
it should
not
have been noticed here, had it not been
VOL. II.
!
I
114
inserted soon after the death of Philidor,
in many newspapers .
1 The Turk won three game
s very rea
dily of the gentleman abovementioned ,
who is a good player ; though it is pos
sible he might have lost them all ,
had
he played with Pieces to which he had
not been accustomed.
IN 1784 and 5, four German Professors
in Leipzig inserted sundry treatises in the
periodical
prints,
with
their
opinions,
about the Chess-playing image ; and in
1789, was published in Dresden a pam
phlet of 48 pages in 8vo, in the German
Language, " On the Chess-player of Mr.
de Kempelen, and on an imitation of it."
With seven copperplates.
The two first,
copied from those in the French pamphlet
mentioned in C. vol. 1. p. 12 , and which
was translated from the German 1 original
115
published at Presburg.
The third show
ing a Man in the inside, who was suppo
sed to play the games and regulate the
motion
of
the
arm
and head
of the
figure ; the fourth, the position of the
Man in a drawer ; the fifth , the interior
mechanism of the arm ; the sixth, that
of the head ;
and the last that of the
hand and fingers ,
and a representation
of the Chess -men and squares armed with
magnetised needles which moved others
under the board, and enabled the living
Player to make similar moves on his own
board, and then guide the arm of the
figure so as to make the proper move.
The German author says, " The Turk
played extremely well , so
most of the games ;
99
not invincible .'
that he won
however,
In the first volume of Chess,
he was
p . 187,
I mentioned a pamphlet written by the
12
116
I
late Mr. Philip Thicknesse on this sub
ject.
Both he and M. de Cremps now
appear to me to have been in the right,
and I was mistaking.
However, Mr. de
Kempelen himself never called his figure
an Automaton .
It played only two games in a day,
and those (by daylight only,
between the hours
of one
not immediately following
generally
and three)
each
other,
for the figure, as well as the whole ma
chine,
after the
end
of a game,
wheeled into the next
room,
and
was
re
mained there near half an hour ere it
was wheeled back again .
This was pro
bably to let the confined player
rest a
while .
There was always a wax-light burning
in the case during the
previously served
playing, which
to show the
interior
wheels to the spectators, 4 as well as to
light the person inclosed ;
and a candle
117
was constantly burning on a table within
the rails which parted the machine from
the company , in order to light the lamp
again immediately if it should be extin
guished ; the pretext then was to regulate
some of the wheels behind ; and perhaps
this candle served likewise to hide the
light of the inclosed tapers .
The following were two
remarkable
proofs of the skill of the player.
Six small chess -boards were set before
the Turk, being different and difficult ends
of
games with the pieces ready placed .
The choice of the Red or White pieces
was left to the Stranger who wished to
play, and the Turk was sure to win with
either.
One of the spectators placed a Knight
on any square he
chose,
and the Turk
marched it properly over all the remain
I 3
118
ing sixty-three squares in as many moves,
and after all returned into the square it
set out from ; which was ascertained by
the spectator putting a white counter on
the square it began with , and red ones on
each of the others it successively travelled
over.
The moves inserted in this volume, p .
72 , embellish the frontispiece of the Ger
man pamphlet ;
the last move is just a
single knight's move
first.
distant
from the
Euler died in 1783 , in Petersburg.
This was about the time the figure was
exhibited in London, and the chessboard
in the print is supported by a turban :
perhaps this
may have
been the
plan
upon which the Turk proceeded .
Marini in the fifteenth Canto of Adonis
has inserted a translation of the greatest
:
119
part of Vida's Chess in 55
Stanzas, or
440 lines.
The Stanza which contains the inci
dent mentioned in C. vol. II . p. 76, where
Venus, after playing at Chess with Adonis,
quarrels with Galania, one ofher Nymphs,
is thus :
E dal loco levata ov' era assisa,
Spinta dall' ira, che nel petto accoglie,
Corre a Galania, e la percote in guisa
Che con quel colpo ogni beltà le toglie.
Ahi quanto é folle, ahi quanto mal s'avvisa
Chi tenta opporsi alle divine voglie.
capo alla misera percosso
B Fu sì il
Con lo Schacchier, che le rimase adosso.
which Chess -board incorporates and con
solidates with her cracked Scull, and the
young lady is gradually metamorphosed
into a Tortoise.
Vida's simile of the Bull (see C. vol. 11 .
p. 218) is thus rendered :
14
120
Qual toro s'egli avvien che perdut' abbia
Pugnando un corno, inferocisce e mugge,
E insanguinando la minuta sabbia
L'armi incontra col petto, e non lefugge.
Soon after the publication of the se
cond volume of Chess, in 1789 , I receiv
ed the following Letter, which I thought
worth preserving.
" Your Olla podrida is now a well
filled Repository of Materials for a plea
sant History of Chess , and a
concerning it.
volumes ,
discourse
I wish to see the two
and all
that
you
may
have
gleaned towards a third, set out by and
bye in another form .
And here follows
a hasty sketch of my Idea.
" I would have
a kind of Narrative
divided into Chapters.
There should be
a chapter on the probability of the An
cients ' playing
at
Chess .
Another on
121
the Game as played in the middle ages.
Another
on
the playing
the
accounts
of the
we have
Game
of
among * the
farther Indians, and another on its po-.
pularity among the hither Orientals, the
Turks and Persians, as well as the Moors
in Spain and elsewhere.
Then I would
have a chapter or two on the ancient and
modern practice of the Game among the
Icelanders, Norwegians , Swedes, Danes,
Russians, & c.
Then should follow dif
ferent Chapters on the universality of the
Game, as well as the mode of playing it,
and the technical terms,
and names of
the Men, amongst the different nations
of modern Europe .
" This narrative I would accompany
with the whole of the present volumes
where the Quotations afford any facts in
the form
of notes at the bottom of the
page ; and where the Quotations contain
nothing but the casual mention of Chess,
7
122
or a Chess - man, or a metaphorical allu
sion to the game,
I would totally disre
gard and cashier them.
" The account of those authors who
have written expressly on the
Game,
I
would give in the form of Prolegomena ,
and would subjoin the Anecdotes of Phi
lidor, with the Laws and directions con
cerning Chess, to the whole.
Then you
should give a variety of little plates, and
by these means an elegant, entertaining ,
regular, and classical performance would
be produced .
" You will observe I have said nothing
of the absolute necessity for a masterly
engraving of Yourself
prefixed
to
the
work, and one of Philidor heading the
anecdotical chapter relating to him .
All
Historians give engravings of their own
dear Persons .
Look into Robertson , and
there you have the Reverend Doctor in
+
123
his full canonicals, and well combed Wig,
holding the same place in the first vo
lume of his work, which Charles V. and
Philip
next."
II.
his
Heroes,
do in the two
TRANSLATIONS.
THE Extracts are as in the former vo
lumes exactly copied .
The few neces
sary translations are as follows.
PAGE 3 .
History of the noble Tristan, Prince of Leonnois
Knight of the round table, and of Yseulte Princess
of Ireland, Queen of Cornwall
Indeed he and the Princess having finished a
Game at Chess, continued so long at the second
that each of them despairing of being able to mate
his companion , not having even the advantage of
arriving at a check, Tristan, thirsty from the saline
air, the heat of the Sun, and the recent smart from
the glances of the bright eyes of his goddess, which
had pierced his heart and soul, asked for some wine,
which Gouvernail went for immediately .
125
Page 4 .
Then returning to their game, the lovers were
sensible of uncommon desires, not to drink or refresh
themselves, but after other things in which they were
both inexperienced .
So that these two bright stars,
comparable in beauty and rarity to Phoebus and the
fair Diana, flinging both Chess-board and men on
the ground
Page 5.
Richard knew how to speak Danish and Norman,
He could read a charter, and discourse about its parts,
He knew Chess and tables, and to mate his com
panion .
Page 6.
F.
What will you say Judas
J.
What you please and you Sire
F.
Let us go somewhere to laugh
And pass time, for I am weary
I only like a joyous life
and to avoid idleness
J.
In this joyous summer-time
it is good to avoid the heat
therefore Sir for the better :
If you please we will pass the time
at some game
126
F.
Well we will play
At Chess you and I Judas.
J.
I will so I do not hesitate
there is the board ready prepared
F.
Each must show his skill
J.
The King, the Queen, the Rook and the Pawn
I conduct as I please
F.
You will find it very difficult
to make me check- mate
J.
Come, come, let us prepare ourselves
and each show his valour
F.
There you are assailed
J.
And there I guard against it
F.
You have lost it I promise you
J.
I have not
F.
You see you have
J.
I have won it
F.
And I too
J.
However you shall not have it
F.
You shall have the lie Judas
LES
I shall win it before all
127
J.
And why do you give me the lie
Who moves you it displeases me too much
I swear I will give you such a blow
that it will always appear
F.
If you touch me I promise you
That you never before committed such a folly
J.
I deny all our powerful gods
Ifyou lay your hand on me
Notwithstanding you are son of a king
You shall be made a fool of by me
F.
Peace
Peace rogue and sorry rascal
no one knows from whence you came
you are an unknown bully
in actions and words not worth minding
J.
If I were to be lapidated
or flung in the water in a sack
Still you shall have in the stomach
This planted to break out again
Nothing can cool me
But your having the death stroke
Here he kills him.
Page 9.
Here Judas is much terrified, and holds a naked
bloody sword, as if he had just committed a murder.
128
This fine scene was written about the year 1425 .
The translation is precisely literal, the most satisfac
tory way of rendering the original sense, in matters
of mere curiosity, either as to antiquity or quaint
ness. In translating modern and entire books of
Science, History, or Facts, the case is different.
Nec verbum verbo curabis reddere fidus
HOR.
Interpres ;
" Nor must you be so faithful a translator ; as to
take the pains of rendering your author word for
word."
Page 12 .
How the King Ivoryn de Montbrant made his
daughter play at Chess against Huon of Bordeaulx,
in such sort that if by her the game was won he
should have his head cut off, and if the Damsel was
the loser, Huon of Bordeaulx should lie with her .
Page 20.
The sense of this Spanish quotation has already
been given, (as referred to in the abovementioned
page . ) The passage itself is exactly thus .
The Duke of Saxony was in his tent with the Duke
Ernest of Brunswick when the sentence of the first
of May of this year ( 1547) was read to him, and he
did not change colour in the least, on the contrary,
1
129
before the reading was finished he said that the Empe
for would notwithstanding that, not have Wittemberg
in his power, because after his own (the D. of S's . )
death, he left sons, every one of whom would repre
sent himself, so that he (the Emperor) would have
to do with many.
Having saidthis he invited the
D. of Brunswick to play at Chess, with that plea
santness of mind, which is common to those who
are in a happy state of liberty.
Page 21 .
Tarots in French, Tarocchi in Italian, is the name
of a pack of Cards invented in 1549.
Of the game
.
which is played at with these cards I know not any
thing, neither is any account of it to be met with in
print.
These Cards are used in France, Germany, Italy,
and Spain.
In this last country I procured a pack,
of which the following particulars may perhaps be
acceptable, especially as no notice has been hitherto
taken of them in any English publication .
The pack consists of 78 Cards, of the breadth of
our common cards, but half as large again .
There
are four Suits
tons.
Deniers, Coupes, Epées, and Ba
In Italian Danari, Coppe, Spade, Bastoni;
or Pence, Money ; Cups ; Swords, or Spades ; Clubs.
Each Suit has the Ace, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
VOL. II.
K
130
Valet, Knave ; Cavalier, (a Knight on horseback) ;
Queen ; and King ; which are 16 Court-cards and
40 plain. And besides these there are 22 more pic
ture-cards, the names of which are as follows :
The Sun
The Moon
The Star
The World
Death
The last Judgment
The Devil
The wheel of Fortune
The Emperor
The Empress
The Pope
(The Protestant Germans have instead
of this Gentleman and Lady, Ju
The Popess
piter and Juno.
Justice
Strength
Temperance
The Mountebank
The Hermit
(Bateleur)
The Fool (Le Mat.
The Lover
The Hanged
The Hospital
The Chariot
Il Matto) .
(Le Pendu)
(La Maison-Dieu)
As to the French word Tarots, it literally means
1
131
cards which are printed on the backs with blue or
gray compartments, Cartes tarotées .
In German this is termed Musirung, (Opus mu
sivum) Mosaick.
From a German pamphlet, entitled " Essay
on the Origin of Playing- cards, by J.
Breitkopf, 1784, in 4to, with plates."
Page 27.
These Italian verses are hardly to be Englished.
Brunoro says to Rinaldo, We will make an agree
ment that I will bet you this courser, that at the first
I shall give you checkmate with the pawn in the
middle of the Chess- board, &c.
One day Oliver Borgognone was playing at Chess
with Rinaldo, they quarrel, and Oliver tells Rinaldo,
he has often less brains than a goose, &c.
Pulci, the author of il Morgante Maggiore died in
1487 .
Page 28.
This is the move of the Knight or horse, from
which description that of Sir Wm . Jones, p. 70, of
this book is taken.
K 2
132
Marini died in 1625.
Page 28 .
The Morra (an Italian Game of guessing the
fingers held up) is a worse game than Bowls, or than
Chess, or than Quillart (I know not what this last
word means, but suppose it to be coined to rhyme to
the gentleman's name.) At this bad play Coquillart
lost his life and his Shells.
See poor Renard, p. 6, of this volume.
Page 42.
Your royal Highness knows that France had at
first destined a rather more effectual succour than
:
that of fifteen hundred foot- soldiers against thirty
thousand Russians ; but the menaces of the English,
and their fleet, ready to shut the passage against us,
kept the famous du Gué- Trouin in the harbour, who
had counted upon contesting with the masters of the
Seas.
There was then given to King Stanislaus the
succour of a Pawn against a Queen and a Castle :
and the King whom France dared neither to aid nor
abandon was checkmated,
Voltaire to the Prince.
Page 43.
I have received two of your Letters but I have
not been able to answer them sooner : I am like the
133 .
Chess -king of Charles XII . which was always
moving.
The Prince to Voltaire.
The man with the papal cap and sword has placed
himself on the confines of Saxony and Bohemia .
I
have put myself opposite to him in a position advan
tageous every way. We are now at those Chess
moves which prepare the game.
You who play that
game so well know that every thing depends on the
manner in which we have set out .
The same to the same .
Page 76-81 .
No prose translation would be proper ; and the
number of the lines, besides their being only frag
ments of the poem, are thought sufficient objections
to the insertion of their versification.
Page 119,
And rising from her seat impelled by anger she ran
to Galania, and beat her so as to spoil her beauty.
Alas ! how foolish and unadvised are all endeavours
to oppose the divine will .
The poor creature was so
beaten with the chess-board that it remained sticking
to her head and back,
Page 120.
See page 26 of this volume.
K 3
134
" In the treasury
of the
Abbey
of
St. Denis were formerly preserved the
Chess- men of Charlemagne ; these . I de
scribed in the
first
volume
of
Chess,
published in 1787 ; they are now either
stolen or strayed, and will probably never
more be heard of."
From my " Trip to Paris in 1792. "
·
:
ON
DRAUGHTS .
Minerve à tous ne départ ses largesses,
Tous sçavent l'art, peu sçavent ses finesses.
…………………………
………………...
Pour bien jouer, hantez les bons Joueurs.
Rousseau, Epitre à Marot.
Not on all does Minerva bestow her largesses,
All can judge of the art, but few know its finesses.
"
.....
Ifyou wish to play well, observe the good Players.
K 4
ON
DRAUGHTS .
THE Origin of this Game is very un
certain.
The first historical work on the
subject is
a
book in
French,
entitled
" The Game of Draughts with all the
maxims amd rules, general as well as
particular,
which
must
be observed
in
the same, and the method of playing it
well." -By
Peter
Mallet,
ordinary to the King,
Engineer in
and Professor of
Mathematicks, 1668 .
I never saw this book : but in a work
which shall be hereafter noticed , I find
the following paragraphs .
138
“ He asserts that this game greatly pre
ceded that of Chess, (which assertion it is
difficult to believe,) and that many nations
played at it in the earliest ages.
It how
ever appears to be certain that more than
a century before his time, the game was,
Almost every
as then, much in vogue.
tolerable house had at least one Draught
board ;
Kings, Princes, Lords, Citizens ,
Soldiers, Mechanicks , all played at it ; a
board made even part of the camp - equi
page of Generals and other Officers . "
66
Many years
published he
before
saw at
his
book
was
Paris a very rich
Draught-board which was
offered
for
sale by a German ; the board was co
vered with white
amber,
and
yellow
amber, of the most lively and beautiful
colours , and the men were of the same
materials . "
I once saw a small Spanish book, Jue
go de las Damas,
being
only ends
of
139
games, and cuts of the
board ,
printed
about the year 1610 .
There is a book on Draughts , printed
in Paris in the year 1760 , called L' Egide
de Pallas.
66
In 1756, was published in London “ An
Introduction to the Game of Draughts ;
containing Fifty select games, many criti
cal situations for drawn games , won games
and fine strokes ," by Wm. Payne.
The Preface and the Dedication are
both by Dr. Johnson ;
and, as they are
left out of almost all the later Editions
of this book , are likewise omitted in Mr.
Murphy's Edition of Dr. Johnson's works,
and also in another Edition of the same
works, I thought they might with pro
priety be introduced in this place.
&
140
Preface to AN INTRODUCTION to the Game
of DRAUGHTS.
By WILLIAM PAYNE,
Teacher of Mathematicks , 1756.
" It is natural for a man to think well
of the art which he professes to teach ,
and I may therefore be expected to have
some esteem for the play of DRAUGHTS.
I would not,
however,
be thought to
*
over rate it.
Every art is valued in
a
joint proportion to its difficulty and use
fulness.
The
same with
use of DRAUGHTS is the
that
of any other game of
skill, that it may amuse those hours for
which more laudable employment is not
at hand ;
and happy is the man whose
equability of temper and
perseverance
in
constancy of
better things ,
exempt
him from the need of such reliefs .
" Whatever may be determined con
cerning its
use,
its
difficulty is incon
testible : for among the multitudes that
141
practise it, very few understand it.
There
are indeed not many who by any frequen
cy of playing can attain a moderate de
gree of skill, without examples and in
structions .
a collection
I have therefore here given
of the
most artful games,
and the most striking revolutions , that
have fallen within my notice ; which are
such as may, in some respects, set this
game equal with that of Chess .
" There is indeed one secret boasted
in the world, which
I
cannnot
teach .
Some men pretend to an infallible me
thod, by which he that moves first shall
win the game ; but no such hero has it.
ever been my fortune to encounter, and
Nor can it
no such do I expect to find .
be proved that the first mover has any
considerable
advantage
over
a
perso
equally skilful with himself.
" In this opinion I have the concur
rence
of those
excellent
players
Mr.
142
James Randell, Capt . John Godfrey, and
Mr. Wm. Wolly, my intimate and worthy
friends, whose examples have greatly con
tributed to my skill in the game ; but in
particular those of the great Randell,
of
whom it may with probability be asser
ted, that what he could not attain will
never be discovered . "
Dedication to the Earl of Rochford.
66
' My Lord,
" When I take the liberty of
addressing to your Lordship A Treatise on
"
the Game of DRAUGHTS,
that
I shall
be in
I easily foresee
danger of suffering
ridicule on one part , while I am gaining
honour on the other, and that many who
may envy me the distinction of approach
ing you , will deride the present I presume
to offer. 1
143
" Had I considered this little volume
as
having
no
purpose 1 beyond that
teaching a game,
of
I should indeed have
left it to take its fate without a patron .
Triflers
may find or make any thing a
trifle ; but since it is the great charac
teristick of a wise man to see events in
their
causes,
to
obviate
consequences ,
and ascertain contingencies , your Lord
ship will think nothing a trifle by which
the mind is inured to caution , foresight ,
and circumspection .
The same skill, and
often the same degree of skill , is exerted
in great and little things, and your Lord
ship may sometimes at a harmless game,
exercise those abilities which have been
so happily employed in the service
your country.
" I am, & c."
of
144
The next book is with the following
title, " Guide to the Game of Draughts,
containing five hundred select games, to
gether with one hundred and forty strik
ing situations,
exhibiting games
drawn,
and won, by critical strokes ; comprising
1
almost every possible
board can display,
and familiar to
variety which the
and rendered `plain
the learner,
by clear
arrangement, and explanatory directions.
The whole designed to form the scientific
and accomplished Player in the pleasing
but difficult
Game
of Draughts . " - By
Joshua Sturges, London, 1800 .
All this is in 53 octavo pages.
There
is besides , a List of above four hundred
subscribers , and a declamatory preface,
from which I extract the first and last
paragraphs .
" To ascertain distinctly consequences
in their causes - to calculate with promp
titude the result of intricate variety- to
145
elude by vigilant
caution the snares
of
stratagem ; are lessons which the Game
of
Draughts
strongly
uniformly explains .
inculcates ,
While ,
and
thus , the
Game on one hand , affords the means of
intellectual improvement ; on the other,
it
banishes
depravity.
every temptation
to
moral
It guards simplicity from the
lures
of
deceit,
from
preying
and prevents
on
credulity :
cunning
for where
superior skill alone commands
the ignorant are not
mad
success ,
enough,
to
hazard their fortune or their happiness ,
in a contest, where loss is certain , and
gain impossible.
Considering the Game
as an amusement,
it cannot be
denied
that it tends to improve those faculties
of the mind, which are eminently useful
in every condition of life ; and may there
fore be made the School of Wisdom, but
cannot, like the Gaming-table of Chance,
become the Nursery of Vice. "
VOL. II.
L
146
" In short, the Author entertains a hope,
that the numerous improvements he has
introduced,
will,
in the
estimation
of
judges, raise the Game of Draughts in
rank and consideration equal to that of
Chess ; and that whatever fate his Book
may experience from the surly critic, the
liberal student will at least allow, that he
has encreased the number of his enjoy
ments, by enlarging the circle of innocent
and useful amusements . "
The surly critic has nothing else left to
animadvert upon, as the rest of the book
consists merely of numeral figures, noting
the Squares where the Draughts are to be
moved to
and fro
on the board.
He
must think it is not probable the Author
knew any thing of Chess ;
and perhaps
the student will not be liberal enough to
grant that his circle of innocent ( useful
out of the question ) amusements has been
enlarged .
147
It must be however allowed, that of
above forty books professedly written on
Chess , in various languages, which have
been reviewed, not one displays such a
magnificent Title, with such a Host of
Expletives .
These five are all the books extant on
the ancient Game,
that I know of.
I
have never examined any of the games
in
these
books,
having
reserved
my
patience for the more complicated Games
on the Draught- board,
of which some
account shall be given, and which it is
hoped may prove acceptable to English
Players , as no book on those games has
hitherto been published in the English
language.
Chess- players will most likely
slight these modern games as much as
they do the ancient Game.
Four books have been published in the
French language on Polish Draughts .
L 2
148
The first " Essai sur le jeu de Dames
à la Polonoise, par
le
Sieur Manoury ,
Marchand Limonadier à Paris, 1770 ," 130
pages in 12mo,
containing the Elements
and Rules of the game ; observations on
the odds ,
Fifteen
and on drawn games ;
brilliant
strokes,
and
with
ends
of
games.
Manoury published a new Edition of
his book in
1787 , in one volume 8vo,
272 pages, entitled " Historical Treatise
on the
Game of
Polish Draughts,
its
Moves, its Rules, their Explication, and
many relative Observations, with a great
number of curious Positions ."
He was in
1752 waiter at a coffee
house, in Paris, Quai de l' Ecole.
At the
time his first book was published he was
master of the same
before 1798.
after his
Robert.
house.
He
died
The coffeehouse was called
name,
and
taken
by citizen
149
This
circumstance is
mentioned
be
cause that house has constantly been re
sorted to by the most celebrated Draught
players, ever since the year 1730.
As this book is the most complete work
on the subject, I shall select the essential
parts.
The
Author begins with mentioning
the book of Mallet, with the two extracts
already given in p. 138.
He says M. de
la Condamine, who delighted in the game
of Polish Draughts, was himself a good
Player, and very curious about every thing
concerning it, frequently played with him
at his coffeehouse about the year 1770 .
" He had resided some time at the
court of the king of Poland , (Stanislaus)
and was informed by the King himself,
that what we call Polish Draughts , was
in Poland known only by the name of
L 3
150
French Draughts ; which, proved as he
said, that the game was introduced into
Poland by Frenchmen . ”
" Charles de la Condamine, Knight of
St. Lazarus, was a member of the French
Academy,
of that of Sciences,
and of
almost all the illustrious foreign Acade
mies. He died in 1774.
Voltaire has said
of him
Lorsque ce grand courier de la Philosophie,
Condamine l'observateur,
De l'Afrique au Perou, conduit par Uranie,
Par la gloire et par la manie,
S'en va griller sous l' Equateur, &c.
66
Gloire
et
manie
characteristically
comprise the entire life of Condamine,
Nobody ever did so much for the Sciences
-so much ardour and courage was never
shown."
This last paragraph,
taken from the
Encyclopedie Méthodique, tome 2 , was in
serted as a note by Manoury, who added
151
" But if in such sportful verses we over
look Voltaire's manie, especially for the
sake of Uranie, is that the word which in
a serious discourse ought to be applied to
Mr. de la Condamine's zeal for the pro
99
gress of human knowledge ?
This matter shall be investigated here
after,
in order to enable the reader to
judge how far gloire et manie may be
applicable to other travellers who died
since Mr. Condamine.
The Chevalier was indefatigable in his
researches after the origin of this game,
and so was Manoury.
All the discovery
they made was only that the game was
said to have been played in London at
the beginning of the century,
and first
appeared in Paris about the year 1727 .
Some old Players recollected to have then
seen one Tavernier play at it.
He was a
descendant of the famous traveller of that
L 4
!
1.52
name, who perhaps might have brought
it from the Levant, which country we
ought to regard as the cradle of all games
on chequer-boards .
Other ancient Play
ers were consulted and the result of their
investigations was, that the game was in
vented by an officer of the Regent, and a
foreign traveller known in the palace by
the name of the Polonese, either from his
dress or that he was really a native of
Poland.
They were one day playing at
the old game,
and a position
occurred
which occasioned the officer to remark
that a fine stroke might be made, pro
vided the laws of the game permitted the
Pawns to take backwards ;
This stroke
was examined in its various combinations ,
and the stranger agreed to it, at the same
time observing in his turn , that a much
finer stroke might be made, if the board,
instead of Eight lines , were to be of Ten,
and instead of four houses or squares on a
line there were five : which he proved by
drawing such a Draught- board on paper
153
immediately, and demonstrating the prac
ticableness of his scheme.
A new board
was accordingly made, with twenty black,
and twenty white Pawns : they frequently
met to examine , arrange and settle the
moves
and laws
of their
new game ,
which is now known by the name
Polish
Draughts .
The whole
of
of this
story, it must be owned is merely found
ed on a note written in 1740, by a fa
mous
Player,
mentioned ,
no
names
rary witness be found .
in
or places
are
neither could any cotempo
December
The Regent died
1723 , which would allow
three or four years between the Inven
tion and the Publication of the game.
Poem which shall be quoted,
the game to have
Holland.
been
A
mentions
brought from
I have been in coffeehouses in
that country where daily before the time
of meeting at the Exchange several hun
dred merchants , &c . were assembled all
smoking, and eight or ten Draughtboards
in constant
use, which could hardly be
154
discovered through the clouds of smoke.
Philidor, who,
French Encyclo
as the
pedie says, was at Eighteen " the best
player of Polish Draughts there ever was
or ever will be, " was (see C. v. 1. p. 152 ,
154, ) in Holland in
1745 , where “ his
skill at Draughts was a great resource to
him at Rotterdam and Amsterdam . "
The ancient
French
game is
much
limited in comparison with the Polish.
The first is played on a board as for
Chess, with sixty-four squares and twenty
four Draughts ;
The Pawns
twelve against twelve.
only march forwards,
step at a time, except when
one
they take,
neither does the Queen do more, only she
may march and
latter is played
take backwards.
on a board
with
The
one
hundred squares, and forty Pawns, twen
ty against
twenty.
The
Pawns
take
backwards as well as forwards, and the
Queens leap over several squares in their
march also diagonally, which renders the
*
155
combinations more varied, more nume
rous, and more extended .
But,
game
limited
however
may be,
it has
the
common
nevertheless
its
finesses and its difficulties, and to play
well at it, requires both intelligence and
talent.
If there are no great strokes, as
in the Polish game, there are some which
are no less combined.
There is above all
the art of playing the Pawn so as to get
what is called the Move, of enclosing the
adversary, and placing him in dangerous
situations,
which is
likewise
the
true
science at the Polish game.
Mallet in
one respect
preferred the
common game even to Chess , because a
good
Chess- player
may be
certain
of
making the Mate with any of his pieces,
whereas at Draughts it is impossible to
point out the Pawn or the Queen which
will play the last
game.
move,
and win the
156
This Game cannot be played at well,
by rote or by demonstration,
impossible to
and it is
give rules whereby every
game may be won.
In common Draughts
it rarely happens that above two Pawns
are taken at a time , but at the
often four or five are lost .
Polish
These nume
rous captures are the fruit of a skilful
combination, which frequently,
besides
the gain of the Pawns, procures also that
of the
Game,
either by superiority in
number, or by advantage of position .
It is in these strokes that the art of the
great Player appears ; it is this which all
the books in the world cannot teach him
who has not in himself the aptitude , or
germ of the art.
But the talent of a
great Draught- player is no proof of genius
out of the game.
Many instances might
be given of mere blockheads being excel
lent
Players ,
and
on
the
contrary
of
learned and intelligent men who could
never become even second- rate Players ,
157
For instance Jean Jacques Rousseau if
he had chosen to match himself against
a good Player, might have received two
Pawns ; but he would play with no one
who played better than himself, and at
last abandoned the game, in despair of
ever attaining
to
mediocrity.
(See C.
vol. 1. p. 6, for an account of Rousseau's
attainments at Chess.
He used to play
almost every day at the Café de la Re
gence in Paris which attracted such crowds
to see him, that the Lieutenant de Police
was obliged to place a sentinel at the door.)
The first class of Players consists of
such as give odds to others, but never
take any themselves .
The second,
of those who receive a
slight advantage from the first, such as
the half-Pawn, the third of a Pawn, the
看
half-drawn, the third of the drawn ;
which means that they receive such ad
158
vantage only every other game,
or
one
game in three.
The third class is then composed of
such Players as receive the Pawn ; or the
drawn game , which signifies that if the
inferior player makes such a game, it is
reckoned as if he had won it.
And the fourth
receive
both
sometimes
of
Pawn
even
such
Players
as
and drawn
game,
Pawns ;
beyond
two
that there is no longer any proportion,
nor even any amusement for
either of
the Players .
Time and application are
of no
after a Player has got to a certain point,
which he generally does in three months,
and there he remains .
But at any point
if the two Players are of equal skill, the
game is equally interesting ; they will be
as much
because
pleased
as the
as
the
events
best
Players,
of their games
159
are in proportion to their knowledge, it
is to them no privation,
not to
enjoy
what they know nothing about.
It is very rare, but not impossible, to
get beyond the pitch attained to ,
after
three months' play ; but in general those
who
consider a long while in playing
seldom become skilful ; they tire them
selves and their adversaries to no purpose.
A continual tension during whole hours,
is no longer a recreation
but
a severe
labour.
The only quotation I have met with on
Draughts is the following,
Dutch Spectator,
from
published in
The
Amster
dam in 1733 :
" When I entered this Coffeehouse, I
found most of the Company, which con
sisted chiefly of Jews,
speaking a word,
smoking without
so that I sought to
amuse myself by sitting near two players
160
at Draughts, and overlooking their game,
which they both understood
well ;
extremely
but the one who appeared to be
a Christian lost game after game to his
adversary, (whom I took to be a Portu
gese Jew, ) notwithstanding he himself
was the best
Player.
But the evident
reason of his being continually defeated ,
was his giving his antagonist two Pawns
and persisting in so doing.
This convin
ced me that inexpertness in a game is
not
near so hurtful to a Player,
as a
thorough knowledge of it, attended with
too great an opinion of his own skill : I
also imagined 1 perceived as it were in
the back-ground , that this truth might
be justly applied
to
many other
cases
besides gaming. "
The most convenient size for a Draught
board is Eighteen inches, ( on the other
side of a Chess- board if thought proper. )
This will make each square one inch and
five eighths, and leave an inch and three
161
quarters for the borders.
properly
termed
should be of
the
third
and
squares ,
of that
Germany
Draughts
Ebony
diameter equal
The Men , more
or
and
Ivory,
to the side
and
their
their
of one
thickness
diameter.
the
Pawns,
In
Pawns
are
of
one
Holland
placed
on the black squares , but in
England
and France on the white ones.
In this
last case the board must be so placed
that the white diagonal line, from 46 to
5, be at the left hand.
usually numbered in
The squares are
order to
particular situations, from
describe
1 to 50, be
ginning at the top left-hand corner.
As there is no account of this game in
the
English language,
it may not be
deemed improper to enlarge somewhat
on the subject, and to insert a few spe
cimens of ends of games..
Instead
VOL. II.
of King,
we
M
shall
call
the
162
crowned Pawn, Queen, as it is so named
in every other language, or rather Dame,
as at Chess, which is translated Queen.
The French call simply Pawn, " la Dame
qui n'est point Damée, et l'on n'appelle
Dame proprement dite, que le Pion qui est
Damé, et couvert d'un autre Pion," which
means
" the Draught or Pawn which is
not damed,
and
which is only termed
Dame or Queen, when the Pawn which is
damed, is covered with another Pawn ."
The
Players
are
colour of their
white.
distinguished
Pawns,
by the
the black,
the
The black shall be placed at top
of the board, in four rows, from 1 to 20 ;
the white of course at bottom, from 31
to 50.
These shall always play first, if
nothing be said to the contrary, and al
ways win in the following examples .
to the
application
of the
As
numbers in
executing the moves, when for instance
45 to 40 is marked, it means that the
Pawn
or
Queen
which stands
must be moved to 45.
on
40,
And when Takes
163
from 40 to 1 , is said, it implies that the
Pawn or Queen takes all the Pawns or
Queens which can be taken and settles
in 1 .
The Rules of the Game are the same
as those of the common Draughts ; there
is no other difference than what has been
K
necessarily occasioned by the greater ex
tent of the board, and by the moves of
the Pawns and Queens being enlarged as
has already been mentioned .
The prin
ciples and drift of the two games are the
same.
The few additional Rules are the fol
lowing :
1
1. A number of Pawns must not be
taken in marching , or one by one.
Pawn
or Queen which
takes
The
must be
placed on the square where it is to stop,
before any thing be taken off.
M 2
164
2. It, or she, cannot pass twice over
the same square in taking, even if there
might be one or more Pawns or Queens
to take : -For example :
The Black.
2 , 7 , 8 , 13Q, 14 , 18 , 27 .
The White. 24 , 33 , 34 , 40, 43 .
The Black 13 , who has four Pawns to
take,
24 , 40 , 43 , and 33 , is obliged to
remain on 29, either because of the Pawn
24, which may not be passed over twice,
or because of the Pawn 40, which cannot
be taken up before the stroke be comple
ted ; otherwise the Pawn 34 , might like
wise be taken, so that this last White
Pawn not only escapes, but as it is his
turn to play, and that the Black Queen
is between him and an empty square, he
takes her, and two Pawns, going himself
to Queen on 1 , or on 3 .
Another Example which is at the same
time a curious stroke.
165
White. 28 , 29, 32 , 33 , 37, 43 .
Black.
9Q ,
10Q , 30 , 46Q .
EXECUTION .
W. 29 to 24,
B. 30 to 19, takes
28 to 22,
9 to 28, takes 22, 37, 43, 33,
32 to 50,
and rests on 28, being stopped by
takes 28, 19 , &
10.
32, over which he cannot go, as 37
is not yet taken off.
46 cannot stirwithout being taken.
3. The most and strongest is to be
taken preferably ;
two Pawns in prefe
rence to one, &c ; a Queen rather than a
Pawn ; a Pawn and a Queen rather than
two Pawns ; three Pawns in preference
to two Queens .
(This last rule appears
to be ill calculated, for a Queen is usually
between equal Players estimated at three
Pawns.)
4. It is not sufficient for a Pawn to
pass over one of the five squares which
are at the opposite extreme line of the
M 3
166
board, to become a Queen ; it must be
first settled there .
When at the end of a game between 1
two equal Players, one of them has three
Queens, the other only one, but in posses
sion of the middle line,
it is a forced
drawn game .
.
If the single Queen have not the dia
gonal line there are Eight different strokes
to take her, not forcedly it is true, but in
which she may be entrapped ;
for this
reason twenty moves on each side are
granted ; should these be unsuccessfully
played , the game is drawn.
The Eight situations are as follows :
All Queens :
1 , W.
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
46,
19,
18,
10,
32,
1,
9,
7,
37,
27,
26,
36,
37,
23,
28,
35 ,
27
37
28
37
41
49
35
37
B.
11
11
20
29
15
17
21
43
167
The first is easily seen and avoided,
and therefore seldom attempted .
2d .
on 22.
The White gives two to be taken
If the Black does not go to the
end of the line, in 46 or 5 , she is retaken.
If she does, the White retreats into the
opposite corner,
and the
Black
cannot
stir without being taken,
3d .
The White carries 18 to 9, the
Black takes on 3, and the White plays
28 on 17.
4th.
The White 37 to 42 ,
and the
next move 10 on 15 .
5th.
White 41 on 47 .
Black to 4
32 to 38, and the Black
must lose.
She can only go to 9 , 13 , 18 , 22 or 36 ; if
on any of the four first, 37 offers two to be
M 4
168 -
taken, and wins ; if on 36, then 38 goes
to 15, the Black can only move on the
line 36 and 4, so that the White offers
one to be taken by placing it on 31 , and
then takes 15 to 4, which shuts up the
Black Queen.
6th .
taken.
The White 49 to
44 , which is
Then the White to 6, the Black
to 45 , and the White back to 1 , and wins.
The two last
are more
complicated
and more difficult to be avoided .
young beginner should
The
try to find out
the execution without having
recourse
to the explanation .
7th.
The White,
9 to 25 ,
and the
Black must lose.
She can only go on 26, 12 , 38 , 27, and
16 ;
if on
either of the two first, the
White give 35 to be taken,
by placing
it on 8, and afterwards force one for one.
169
If on any of the three last, 25 is played
on 43 , and then 28 on 44.
8th.
lose.
37 to 48 and the Black must
She cannot go on the line 48 to 25 ,
or she would be taken one for one : She
has only the line 49 to 16 left : if she
goes to the bottom, the White play 48
back to 37, let her take 7 , and then place
37 on 19 .
A Pawn is said to be en prise when the
adversary can place a Pawn behind it in
order to take it, which must happen the
next move if not prevented by another
Pawn which the
adversary moves into
the vacant square ; or if he makes some
other move by which his antagonist may
take to greater advantage.
This expression in Chess means that a
Pawn or Piece is evidently liable to be
taken,
and may remain
so ,
as in that
170
game there is no huffing, so that there it
requires no explanation .
Coup de Repos, or Resting-stroke is a
position in which one of the Players is
occupied in taking several times succes
sively, and the other may consequently
make
as
many moves at pleasure, and
without impediment ,
To . huff,
or to blow,
is termed
in
French Souffler ; the rules for this ope
ration are the same as in the common
game.
When two Pawns are situated with a
vacant square between them, and another
similar behind each, so that the adversary
may move a pawn in the middle with the
certainty of taking one,
nettes,
Spectacles.
they form Lu
(Examples of these
situations shall be given .)
171
There are various ways of playing this
game, which are
ties .
called combined Par
The most common is where two
Players reciprocally give each other at the
beginning, a Queen for two Pawns, some
times for three ; when the one is stronger
than the other, he gives the more Pawns .
Another is when one of the Players,
always supposed to be of equal skill , has
five Queens and ten Pawns against the
other's twenty Pawns.
The Qui perd gagne or losing game, is
not exactly the inverse of the other.
It
is not so easy as may be imagined , to
offer your own Pawns to be taken with
out exposing yourself to the hazard of
being obliged to
desire .
A good
take
more than you
Player generally plays
his twenty Pawns against a single one,
and contrives to get rid of them all, or to
entrap his Adversary.
172
There was a game in fashion in Paris
about the year 1736 , wherein the Pawns
marched and took in all directions , back
wards and forwards,
in front,
like the
Chess -Rook, as well as diagonally.
This
game, which was called The Babylonian,
probably from some allusion to the con
(
fusion at the Tower of Babel) was sus
ceptible
of
innumerable
combinations,
and presented singular and extraordinary
strokes.
This
new game
Polish game to be
caused the
neglected for some
time, and might perhaps have superseded
it ,
if a board had been made answer
able to the
extent of its march.
The
field of battle is too small on the Polish
boards, and the combatants are not suffi
ciently numerous .
Besides , few persons
were able to play at it ; much application
was required, great order and connexion
in the ideas, and precise calculation : no
body attempted it but those who were
Masters of the Polish game, to which they
returned, wearied out ; and the game is
173
now disused except in Holland , where it is
still played .
Specimen of the moves.
Black.
13 , 18 , 24 , 33 , 27 .
White in the
middle;
on
23 ,
takes
them all five, passing on the squares
12 ,
14 , 34 , 32 and 21.
In the Diagonal game, the Pawns are
so arranged that the middle line is vacant
at the beginning, instead of the two pa
rallel lines which usually are so.
Two other games are played in Hol
land, likewise on the board with a hun
dred squares, and forty Men, one called
the Maleys, Malayan, probably from its
originating in some of the Dutch settle
ments in the East- Indies, although it ap
pears to have been taken from the Baby
lonian game.
The Pawns take straight
on like the Chess- rook, and also Diago
nally,
in which
last manner only they
174
can
but there
move when not taking,
must be an open square between the two
Pawns as well as one behind the Pawn to
Supposing nine Black Pawns
be taken.
to be placed on 26, 7 , 4 , 25 , 33 , 23 , 30 ,
44 , and 38 , a White Pawn in 46, might
take them all
successively in
many
as
moves, going over them on the squares
16, 2 , 5 , 35 , 32 ,
19 , 35 , 49 and 32 .
If five Black were on 16, 44 , 30 ,
18
and 8, a White Queen would seize all ;
placing herself on the squares 6, 50 , 20,
17 and 3.
So that if a Black Queen be
placed on 41 , and three of her Men on
13 , 22 ,
38 ;
and a White Queen on 37,
with three Pawns .19, 23 , 28, none of
these can take each other, because there
is no vacant square between them .
Queen at all times may move
takes, from 46 to 6, or to
three intermediate
from 46 to 50,
squares.
The
as
she
any of the
The
or from 46 to 5 ,
any of the Eight on that line, &c .
same
or to
These
175
situations are merely to exemplify the
moves.
The other game (of which I know not
the name, ) is with five Queens on the
back line
46
against the
to
50,
and ten
adversary's
Pawns,
similar
forces .
The rules are the same as in the Polish
game, with the addition that all the ori
ginal Queens who enter the line where
the Pawns become
Queens,
have each
another Pawn placed on their heads, and
are immediately additionally empowered
to move and take like the Chess-rook.
And the same
those
privilege
Queens who
being Pawns,
as
soon
course of playing,
is granted
become
so,
to
from
as they, in the
rest a
second time
on that line.
There are Draught-boards to be met
with in the London shops with twelve
squares on a side, twelve dozen in all,
or 72 , on which the Pawns are placed :
176
thirty for
each player.
All the before
mentioned games may be played on this
board ; and if the Men were allowed to
march like the Chess - Knight, in addition
to their other methods of marching, it
would include
the
moves
of all the
Chess-men, and make a fine Partie Em
brouillée.
Here follows a Rafle, or sweepstakes
of twenty-eight, being the maximum of
the Pawns which a Queen can take on
such a board.
The Pawns are to be placed on
9, 10, 11 , 12, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25 , 26, 34 , 35 , 36, 37,
38, 39, 47, 48, 49 , 50, 51 , 52, 60, 61 , 62, 63 , 64, 65.
Any idle
Person may amuse
himself
innocently in searching where the Queen
is to be placed and in what order the
pieces are to be taken .
Maximum
"
of the
number
of Pawns
177
which may be taken by a Queen on the
Polish board .
A Pawn can take no more
than Eight, but a Queen sixteen .
The
Pawns are placed
8,
9,
10, 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22, *
29 , 30, 31 , 32 , 33 , 41 , 42, 43 .
The Solution of the first is, -Place the
Queen on 66, and take on
53, 40, 27, 14, 3, 16, 5, 18 , 29 , 42 , 59, 46, 29, 16,
33, 44, 57, 46, 33 , 20, 31 , 44 , 55, 68, 57, 70, 59, 72.
Ofthe second. -The Queen on 46 takes
on
37, 26, 17, 28, 39, 48, 37, 28.
14, 25, 34, 23, 12,
3,
14,
5.
The next French pamphlet is entitled,
" Brilliant Strokes and Ends of Games,
extracted from
a
Manuscript,
entitled
Analysis of the Game of Polish Draughts,
by Blonde, Naturalist, commonly called
N
VOL. II
178
the Tooth-pick Merchant."
Forty pages in
8vo,
Paris, 1789 .
being
34 ends of
Games.
In the preface he announces his inten
tion
of publishing the abovementioned
Analysis, " with entire Games begun and
ended by first- rate Players ; and a great
number of Ends of Games .
The whole
intended as a Supplement to Manoury's
book. "
" The
Polish,
Four
Games
Egyptian,
of
Draughts ;
and
Chess- draughts,
for three Players ; with a general method
of infinitely varying
J. G.
the
Metz,
Lallement.
games. ” —By
1802 ;
three
volumes in 8vo.
4.
The first volume contains 210 pages ,
with the Elements ; the Rules ; and the
Execution of above 400 ends of games.
The second consists of 408 Draught
1
1
179
boards,
two
on
every
page,
with the
situation of the Pawns or men,
at the
time the execution , which is explained in
the first volume,
begins.
The
Squares
are all numbered from 1 to 50 , beginning
with the first white square on the left
hand, at the top of the board. The white
men are distinguished by a plain circle,
the white Queen by a white ring ; the
black men, by a thick black circle or ring ;
and the black Queen, a circle of one thin
and one inner thick line .
The third volume of near 400 pages
contains the three new Games, invented
by Citizen
Lallement,
with triangular
houses, [ cases ] of which the names have
just been given ; and whole- sheet prints
of the boards, from wooden cuts.
That for three Players ' is played on a
board which forms an equilateral triangle :
each
side
is divided into twelve
N 2
equal
180
parts ; on every point of division
lines
are drawn parallel to the sides , which
form 144 small triangles , 78 white and
66 black.
Beginning at the bottom point
the numbers are, on one side,
1, 2, 4 , 7 , 11 , 16, 22, 29, 37, 46, 56, 67 ;
on the other,
•
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21 , 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, 78 ;
and on the top line
player has a
67
triangle
White 1 , 16, 21 ;
to
triangle
78.- Each
himself :
the
the Black 67, 22, 72 ;
and the Red 78 , 28 , 73 :
fourth
to
in
the
void, leaving fifteen
of course the
middle
remains
small triangles or
houses empty to begin the moves on : the
1 other three triangles
being
each filled
with twenty-one Pawns of the different
colours mentioned .
In the book, two games are described
as played out, to which I refer.
The other two sorts of games are like
wise on triangles, and as it is not likely
181
any of them will ever be played , I shall
1 say nothing about them.
The Author
enumerates
forty rules
which
may be
combined so as to form, as he says, one
trillion , 785 billions, 812 millions , &c . &c.
of different games at Draughts . Although
this number be not infinite, he observes
it is sufficiently large to authorise him to
say he
has
performed
his
promise
of
announcing a general method of varying
these games .
" Having straggled about the vast plains
of infinite possibilities, let us return to
ideas more simple and concordant with.
the feebleness of our organs and the little
time we have to allot to our pleasures."
After this exordium he analyzes the Polish
board, by leaving out the 50 black squares,
and
calls
it
Damier
Unicolor,
coloured Draught - board.
single
It is formed by
drawing eleven parallel lines crossed by
ten others .
The squares will then stand
N 3
182
2,
1,
6,
7,
3,
8,
5,
4,
9,
10,
11, 12, 13, 14,
15, &c.
The middle line will thus be 5 to 46,
or ten squares, and on each side a line
of eight,
one
another with
of six ,
one of four, and
only two
squares .
The
transverse lines are two of nine squares
each, 1 to 45 , and 6 to 50 : and laterally
one of seven, one of five , one of three,
and the single one, 5 to 46 .
These volumes
are
very deficient in
perspicuity, and many errors are in the
numerals .
The Author appears to possess
some talents , but not the art of expressing
his meaning clearly.
At the end of the
work are notices of more of his inventions,
such as,
1st. An unlimited Pentagraph, to en
grave, copy, or reduce infinitely drawings
and sculptures, concave and convex, or in
relievo, (en creux et en relief.) — 2d . A
183
Polygraph or instrument to take at once,
with or without reduction , several copies
of a drawing or writing, at the same time
the drawing or writing is made.- 3d . An
Automaton Writer.- 4th . A machine to
write at once four copies of a letter on as
many sheets of paper in folio. [A machine
for writing two copies at once is now sold
in London. ] - 5th.
Two new species of
engraving,
imitate hand -writing
which
perfectly. - 6th . A new Hydraulick Ma
chine to raise water. - 7th .
A Vertical
Barometer, in which the Mercury rises
from ten to twenty feet, &c.
These inventions are not however ad
vertised as having been put in practice :
perhaps they may be classed with those
of the Marquis of Worcester.
I cannot find any thing relative to the
N4
184
Etymology of the English name of the
Game except
in
Minsheu's Dictionary,
( 1617 ) as follows ;
66
Alquerque, from the Arabick article
al, (the) prefixed to the Arabick hereque,
(to move ,) Draughts, to drawe, because
the
men at this
play are drawn from
place to place," [which is tolerably unsa
tisfactory . ]
" The
French,
Italians,
Spaniards,
Portuguese, Germans, and Dutch call this
game the Game of Ladies, either because
it is a game whereat Ladies and Gentle
women use to play, as being not so hard
and difficult as Chesse,
or because the
Ladie or Queene, as they call it, or as we
term it, the King, hath in this game the
greatest authoritie, rule and power, going
either backward or forward as occasion
serves. ".
And in a Paper on Chess, by Mr. D.
185
Barrington, published in vol. Ix. of the
Archæologia, he says, " I do not know
from what nation we have borrowed this
term of Drafts .
intelligible,
That of Dames is more
as the
common pieces,
by
reaching the top square of the antagonist,
become Queens .'
Before Queen Elizabeth's time, it was
called the game of Tables.
The note upon the application of the
word manie to M.
Condamine (p. 151)
made me search for other examples of its
being used in the same sense, especially
in the national Dictionaries, de l'Acade
mie, de Trevoux,
della Crusca,
la lengua Castellana .
found precisely similar,
and de
None were to be
so that,
not to
make a Mountain of a mole-hill, I shall
refer to the three abovementioned Dicti
onaries, only saying that the Italian has
186
and
subject,
nothing on the
that the
definitions which approximate the nearest
to Manoury's idea of the word, appear
to be " une fantaisie, une passion exces
Ardor,
sive qu'on a pour quelque chose.
Furor, Libido . " -D. de Trevoux.
" En ce monde chacun a sa manie .”
" Mania. Exotica voluntas . Enfermedad
de la phantasia que la altéra y desordena,
fijandola en una especie, sin razon ni fun
damento.
Significa tambien extravagan
cia, capricho, tema, y ridiculéz de génio."
D. de la R. Ac. Española .
The reader may now make his own
conclusions.
Here follow the Stanzas of the Epistle
Jean- Baptiste
Rousseau
to
Clement
Marot, from which the mottoes to Chess
and Draughts were
taken .
Marot was
the best French Poet of his Age .
He
died in 1544 ,
the
aged 50.
Rousseau,
187
most excellent
of the
French
Lyrick
Poets, died in 1741 , aged 72.
Minerve à tous ne départ ses largesses,
Tous sçavent l'art peu sçavent ses finesses .
Et croïez moi, jé n' en parle à travers,
Le jeu d' Echets ressemble au jeu des vers.
Sçavoir la marche est chose très unie
Jouer le Jeu, c'est le fruit du genie
Je dis le fruit du genie achevé
Par longue étude et travail cultivé
Donc si Phebus ses Echets vous adjuge
Pour bien juger, consultez tout bon juge
Pour bien jouer, hantez les bons joueurs
Sur tout craignez le poison des loueurs.
Translation of the seven lines which
have not been quoted before.
And believe me, I do not speak at random
The game of Chess resembles the game of Verses.
I say (the fruit of
) genius finished
by long study and cultivated labour
Therefore if Phoebus adjudges his Chess (Verses) to you
To judge well consult every good judge
Above all dread the poison of praisers .
188
Five different positions at the end ofgames
which are drawn, or won, according to
the skill of the Players.
1st.
Three Pawns against one.
Situation. W. 9 , 35 , 40. B. 33
EXECUTION.
W.
B. can only go to 38 , or would be taken
one for one
to 43
Q. to 20
35 to 30
48 or 49Q. say 48
40 to 34.
on any square of the line 48 to 26
takes her, and goes to 48
Q. to 42
takes 34 on 30
30 to 25
25 takes her takes her by 25 on 34
9 to 3Q
If B. had gone to Queen on 49. W. Q.
would have played 20 to 24 : the rest is
seen.
Thus there are seven moves for each
Player and
it was necessary to foresee
them all, for if the White had made a
single
mistake,
the game would
have
189.
been drawn.
All the moves of the Black
were forced, and however simple it may
appear when played, it is a very ingenious
stroke .
2d. Two against two.
Situation.
W. 7, 50.
B. 34 , 45 .
EXECUTION.
W. 7 to Q. on 1
50 to 44
1 to 6
B. 34 to 39
34 takes to 50, and is Queen
Shut up, for if 50 be offered to be
taken
6 on 50
Thus it was necessary for the W. to Q.
on 1 and not on 2 .
" 3d. Situation. W. 1Q. 40 , 49Q.
EXECUTION.S
W. 40 to
34 to
49 to
35 to
1 to
34
29
35
44
6 !
First manner.
B.
2 to 16
16 to 2
2 to 11
takes to 50 +t
the end is seen
B. 2Q.
190
Second manner.
W. Fourth move 1 to 7
29 to 24
B. at the third move goes to 16
takes and goes to 2
takes and goes to 30
Third manner, beginning.
W. 40 to 34
1 to 23
34 to 30
23 to 40
retakes
B. 2 to 35
any where on the line 35 to 2
takes to 35
takes to 44
The
game is sure to be won by any of
these three combinations .
4th. Situation.
W. 20 , 29 , 36 Q.
B.
The execution of
5, 10 Q.
this
stroke
is so
subtle, that many first rate Players have
been unable to discover it,
they were assured the game
be won .
It is as follows.
W. 36 to 4
29 to 24
4 to 9
9 to 36
36 to 47
even after
might be
B. 10 to 15
5 to 10
10 to 14
14 to 25 t.
takes and is retaken
191.
Position.
5th .
W. 8, 42 , 45 .
B. 28, 32.
A singular stroke, by which only the
game can be won : a single wrong move
makes it drawn.
EXECUTION.
W. 8 to
2 to
42 to
30 to
34 to
23 to
2Q
30
33 takes
34
23
5
B. 28 to 33
33 to 38
32 to 37
37 to 41
41 to 46Q
must be taken
then 34 to 48
48 to 34
If at the fourth move
37 to 42
42 to 47
loses
then 23 to 34
If for the fifth move
41 to 47
loses
No. 6.
Three Queens and a Pawn against
"two Queens and a Pawn .
1
W.
11 , 17Q. 42Q. 50Q.
B.
2Q . 6Q . 35 .
192
EXECUTION.
W. 42
24
t. 50
t. 2
11
6
to
to
to
to
to
to
B. Takes 2 to 16
t. 6 to 33
t. 16 to 7
35 to 40
40 to 45
cannot move
24
2
11
11
6
50
Second method.
42
17
t. two, 50
25
39
to
to
to
to
to
No. 7.
t.
t. two,
24
39
25
39
50
2 to 30
6 to 44
35 to 40
40 to 45
shut up
Position.
W.
1Q. 24, 29,
B.
5Q . 25 , 45Q.
33 ,
34.
This is a beautiful and learned stroke.
The Black, having two Queens, of which
one is in the middle line, might hope to
win, or at least be sure of a drawn game ;
notwithstanding, the White win a forced
game in four moves.
193
EXECUTION .
W. 33
'24
29
t. two 1
B. t.
to 28
to 20
to 23
to 5
5 to 46
25 to 14
45 to 18
must be taken
Position.
No. 8.
W. 22 , 31. 32 , 50Q .
B. 19Q. 21 , 43 .
This stroke appears simple because it is
done in only two moves, however none
but a first rate Player will find it out.
EXECUTION.
W. 50 to 39
39 to 48 t.
No. 9.
B. t. 19 to 26
cannot play without losing
Situation.
1
W.
18 Q. 23 , 24 .
B. 1 Q. 3, 15 .
EXECUTION .
W. 18 to 9
-9 to 25
VOL. II .
B. 1 to 20 t. two
loses
194
This appears sufficiently evident, but as
it may serve as a lesson to show how a
Queen can stop two distant Pawns, here
follow the moves.
9 to
25 to
30 to
34 to
39 to
43 to
48 to
42 to
t. 48 to
25 to
W.
No. 10.
25
30
34
39
43
48
42
48
25
14
B.
3 to
8 to
12 to
17 to
21 to
15 to
20 to
25 to
.26 to
loses
8
12
17
21
26
20
25
30
31
A game won merely by gaining
the move.
Situation .
Five Pawns against four .
W. 23, 33 , 42, 47, 49 .
B.
4, 12 , 36, 41 .
Here the Black are to play first,
follows :
B. 41 to 46Q
12 to 23 t.
23 to 32 t.
32 to 41 t.
4 to 9
9 to 14
14 to 20
20 to 25
loses
W. 23 to 18
33 to 28
42 to 37
49 to 43
43 to 38
38 to 33
33 to 29
29 to 24
as
195
The combination of the White is ad
mirable ;
for the Player
calculated
his
three first moves, so as to be certain of
his Pawn 49 , having the move against
the Black Pawn 4, without which, not
withstanding
his artfully confining the
Black Queen
and her two
Pawns,
he
would himself have lost the game.
No. 11 .
Situation .
W. 20, 24, 49Q.
B.
15 , 41 .
EXECUTION .
W. 49
32
20
t. 15
24
20
to
to
to
to
to
to
B. 41 to 47Q
t. 15 to 4
t. 47 to 20
4 to 10
10 to 15
loses.
32
10
15
24
20
14
Here it may be
seen that there
are
three open squares from the White Pawn
24 at the fourth move to the Black one
0 2
196
on 4, which plays first, so that as it is an
odd number the White has the move.
But how get the move ? that cannot
be taught, that is the true science of the
game.
Sometimes a single one for one
obtains it, and at others a tant pour tant
or so much for as much, which means two
three or more Pawns
sacrificed for an
equal number of the adversary's.
Situation .
No. 12.
W. 6Q. 34, 35, 39Q .
B. 32Q .
15 , 24 .
EXECUTION .
W. 39 to
34 to
6 to
35 to
44 to
39 to
43
29
44 t.
44 t.
39
34
At the fourth
B. 32 to 49 t.
24 to 33 t.
49 to 40 t.
15 to 20
20 to 25
loses.
move
of
the White
1
197
Pawn
on
44,
are
there
five
vacant
squares between it and the Black Pawn
on 15 , and as the number is odd, and the #
Black is to play,
the White gains the
move and the game .
No. 13 .
Position.
W. 8, 19, 38.
B. 20 , 37.
EXECUTION.
W. 19
38
8
3
20
15
4
15
No. 14.
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
14
32
3Q
20
15
4
15
42
B. 20 to 9 t.
37 to 28 t.
9 to 13
13 to 18
28 to 32
18 to 23
23 to 28
loses.
Position.
W. 29, 38 , 49Q.
B.
12, 28, 37.
0 3
i
198
EXECUTION .
W. 29
38
49
21
27
38
20
15
42
26
21
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
23
32
21
27
38
20 t.
15
42
26 t.
21
49
No. 15.
B. 28
37
12
18
19
28
23
32
28
33
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
19 t.
28
18
23
24
32
28
37
33
39
Position .
W. 29, 33, 47 , 49 , 50 .
B.
2,
10,
19 , 26, 35 .
EXECUTION .
W. 49 to 44
44 to 40
50 to 39 t.
29 to 23
33 to 22 t.
39 to 34
34 to 29
47 to 41
29 to 24
41 to 37
B. 10 to 15
35 to 44 t.
2.to 8
19 to 28 t.
8 to 12
15 to 20
26 to 31
20 to 25
31 to 36
Thus ends the game.
3
199
No. 16.
Position.
W.
1
18 , 27, 28 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 37, 49 .
B.
4,
8,
9,
14, 16,
19 , 21 , 26.
EXECUTION .
W. 28 to
18 to
22 to
34 to
32 to
27 to
7 to
No. 17.
W.
B.
22 1
13
17
29
28
7 t. two
2Q
B. 19 to 24
8 to 19 t.
21 to 12 t.
24 to 33 t.
33 to 22 t.
19 to 23
evidently must lose
Position.
17 , 18 , 22, 24, 25 , 34, 37 , 44, 47 .
1,
3,
6,
7,
9,
13, 15 , 16, 36.
EXECUTION .
W. 47 to 41
17 to 12
25 to 14 t.
18 to 9 t.
9 to 4Q
B. 36 to 47 t. and Q.
47 to 20 t.
9 to 20 t.
7 to 27 t. two
must lose.
04
200
Two curious examples of the consequence
of entering into Lunettes or Spectacles .
No. 18 .
Position.
W. 12 , 18 , 27, 34 , 35 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 48 ,
B.
1,
3,
11 , 14 , 16 , 24 , 25 , 32Q.
EXECUTION.
B. 1 to 23 t. two
W. 12 to 7
24 to 42 t. four
35 to 30
48 to 10 takes four
11 to 17
10 to 5Q
lose, because their Q. was
placed on 32 instead of on 26.
No. 19 .
Position.
W. 28, 34, 37 , 39 , 40, 48 .
B.
12 ,
13 ,
14 ,
16, 24 , 25 , 27 .
The Black are to play, and they enter
into the Lunette.
34 to 30.
The White play from
The Black are obliged to take
four with their Pawn 24 , on 22 , and the
White take five with the Pawn which
goes to Queen and wins the game.
201
Short Lunette.
No. 20 .
Position.
W. 20Q.
29,
36, 43 .
B.
19Q .
EXECUTION.
The Black plays first, and enters into the spectacles, or
seat, 24.
W. 43 to 38
B. t. two. 24 to 47
shut up
20 to 15
Two examples of Coups de Repos.
Y
No. 21 .
Position .
W. 23, 29 , 30 , 31 , 34, 35 , 36, 48 .
B. 5 ,
7 , 8, 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 18,22 , 25 , 26.
EXECUTION .
W. 30
48
23
29
t. three 35
t. five 4
to
to
to
to
to
to
24
42
19
23
4Q ·
15
B. t.
t.
t.
t. two
t.
26 to 37
37 to 48Q
48 to 30
18 to 20
13 to 24
the rest is evident.
202
No. 22. Twelve against twelve. -Position .
W. 26 , 27 , 33, 36, 37 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 46,
47,49 .
B.
2 , 4 , 6, 7 , 8 , 9 , 16, 17 , 18 , 19 , 23 , 30 .
EXECUTION .
W. 27 to
36 to
37 to
33 to
39 to
47 to
t. eight 41 to
21
31
31
28
34
41
1Q
Here young
B. t.
t.
t.
t.
t. three
t.
beginners
16 to 27
27 to 36
36 to 27
23 to 32
30 to 37
32 to 43
43 to 48Q
may suppose
this to be a drawn game, but four moves
will decide it otherwise.
46
49
41
t. 26
to
to
to
to
48 to 25
t. 25 to 48
t. 48 to 31
must lose.
41
43
37
37
This is one of the most learned strokes
on the board ; very few even of the first
rate Players will find out its execution
without having recourse to that which
has been given .
་
203
The following
stroke,
been
that
in
composed
is
all
such
a wonderful
probability
leisurely
by
a
it
has
capital
Player, versed in the most abstruse com
binations, as well as the precise calcula
tions necessary for putting it in practice.
If the reader delights in the game, he is
requested
to
search
patiently for
the
solution, without attending to the
ex
planation, by which means he will exer
cise himself in, and accustom himself to
calculation .
Eleven Pawns,
against four Pawns and
four Queens .
No. 23 .
Position.
W. 19, 25 , 26, 35 , 36 , 39 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 47 ,
50.
B.
3Q. 4 , 5 , 10 , 12Q. 15 , 22Q. 27Q.
EXECUTION.
W. 19 to 13
39 to 34
35 to 31
B. t. 22 to 9
t. two 12 to 49
t. 27 to 36
204
26 to
47 to
50 to
t. 45 to
t. 35 to
t. two 25 to
t. two
t.
t.
t.
t.
21
41
44
34
24
3Q
3 to
36 to
49 to
48 to
47 to
lost
48
47
40
30
20
Six Pawns against three Queens and a
Pawn.
No. 24.
Position.
W. 28, 29, 32 , 33 , 37 , 43 .
B.
9Q.
10Q. 30 , 46Q.
EXECUTION .
W. 29 to 24
28 to 22
t. three 32 to
5Q
B. t. 30 to 19
t. four 9 to 28 whereshe
must remain, being
stopt by the Pawn
32, as 37 has not
been taken off.
cannot play.
Ends of Games.
No. 25.
W.
Position .
14,
32, 47 .
B. 30 .
205
EXECUTION .
W. 14 to
9 to
3 to
25 to
32 to
47 to
42 to
No. 26.
9
3Q
25
39
28
42
38
to 34
to 39
to 44
to 33 t.
to 22 t.
to 28
lost
B.
Position .
W. 9, 24, 30.
B. 6,
15 , 36.
EXECUTION .
B.
9 to 3Q.
24 to 15 t.
3 to 14
14 to 5
5 to 41
t.
30 to 24
t.
15 to 24
has the move and must win.
W.
No. 27.
15
36
41
47
36
47
6
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
20
41
47Q:
36
47
20
11
Position.- Singular Stroke.
W. 24Q. 26Q. 42, 45, 50.
B.
34. 41 , 46Q.
206
EXECUTION .
W. 45
42
26
24
to
to
to
to
No. 28 .
40
37
37
47
B. 34 to 45
41 to 32
32 to 41
Fast
Position .
Four White Queens on 19 , 23 , 25 , 28 ,
against two Black Queens. 26 , 48 ,
It is very difficult to win this. game.
If the White makes the first move im
properly,
it becomes
a
forced
drawn
Many great Players have labour
game.
ed in vain to find the proper move, which
is from
19
28
30
23
25
to
to
to
to
to
30 then the B. 48 to 42
37
42 to 31 t.
8
26 to 3 t.
14
3 to 20
36 takes both.
Second Way.
W. 19
30
19
25
B. 48 to 31
to 30
to 8
t. 26 to 3
t. 3 to 20
to 14
to 36 takes both.
207
Third Way.
26 to 21
19 to 30
30 to 34
t. 48 to 30
25 to 16 t. both.
Fourth Way.
19
23
t. 25
28
t. 3
to
to
to
to
to
26 to 3
30
14
t. 3 to 20
t. 48 to 25
3
14
t. 25 to 9
14 and wins.
The following is one of the most skilful
strokes on the board.
No. 29.
Position.
W.
9,
22, 27 , 32 , 35 , 38 .
B.
12 ,
15 , 26, 50Q.
EXECUTION .
W.
9
38
27
32
t. 4
to
to
to
to
to
4Q
33
21
28
36
B. t. 50 to 6
t. 6 to 50
t. 26 to 17
t. 50 to 22
lost.
1
208
Ends of Games .
No. 30 .
Situation .
W. 8,
10Q. 33 .
B. 40 .
EXECUTION.
8 to 2Q
2 to 16
16 to 32
W.
5
10 to
B. 40 to 44
44 to 50Q
takes two any wise
if on 46 then
if on 5
32 to 46
if B. Queens on 49
10 to 32
Eight Pawns to Eight.
No. 31 .
Situation.
W. 24, 26, 36, 38 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 47.
B.
5,
7,
8,
9,
13 , 15 , 27 , 28.
EXECUTION .
W. 36
47
38
t. five 32
to 31
to 41
to 32
to 1Q
B. t. 27 to 36
t. 36 to 47Q
t. four. 47 to 19
lost.
209
Surprising stroke of Eight White against
Eight Black, each having a Queen .
No. 32 .
Situation .
W. 15 , 25 , 28, 31 , 32 , 38 , 41 , 48Q.
B.
4Q. 7, 13 , 14 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 24 .
EXECUTION .
W. 25 to 20
28 to 23
32 to 27
t. five 48 to 33
t. 33 to 24
t. 15 to 24
B. t.
t.
t. two
t. two
t.
14 to
18 to
21 to
4 to
47 to
lost
25
29
43
47
20
The beauty of this stroke consists in
the manner of taking, in attending to the
precise time of the moves requisite
to
win, and in placing the White Queen on
33 ,
to make the Black Queen take two
on 47.
A very uncommon situation .-Six Blacks ,
of which one is a Queen, against nine
White Pawns.
VOL. II
210
Position.
No. 33.
W. 26, 32 , 38 , 39 , 43 , 44 , 46, 48 , 49.
B.
2,
11 , 29, 35 , 36, 45Q:
EXECUTION .
3
W. 39
46
26
21
32
43
48
43
38
32
Here ,
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
34
41
21
17
28
39
43
38
32
27
three
B. t.
t. to Q.
t. two
t.
t.
t.
29 to 40
36 to 47
47 to 50
11 to 22
22 to 33
33 to 44
2 to 7
7 to 12
12 to 17
lost
Pawns and two Queens
are kept " in durance vile," by a single
Pawn .
A Battle between nine Blacks against
six Whites, of which two are Queens,
who conquer, forming the Blacks into a
Battalion.
In this battle two Queens subdue nine
Knights : which Blonde expresses ,
211
" Ce qu'il y a de plaisant, c' est de voir
deux Dames soumettre neuf Cavaliers, ce
qui n'est pas sans exemple."
No. 34.
Situation .
W. 16 , 32 , 38 , 39 , 47Q. 49Q.
B.
6, 8 , 12 , 13 , 18 , 19, 23 , 30 , 31 .
EXECUTION.
W. 16
32
39
38
47
to
to
to
to
to
il
27
34
33
20
B. t . 6 to 17
t. 31 to 22
t. 30 to 39
t. 39 to 28
forcedly lose
The Whites need only keep in the line
47 to 15 , or in that of 49 to 16.
Ten White against ten Black.
No. 35.
Position of
of "
“ a double concate
9.9 "
nation.'
W. 27 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 48 , 49 .
B. 2 , 7 , 12, 17 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 24 , 29 , 36,
P 2 "
212
EXECUTION.
W. 28 to 23
38 to 32
t. 32 to 23
t. 27 to 18
48 to 43
t. four 43 to 1Q
B. t.
t.
t.
t.
t.
19 to
29 to
18 to
12 to
36 to
lose
28
38
29
23
27
Ten Blacks against eleven Whites , each
having a Queen.
""
Superb" position.
No. 36.
W. 24, 28, 30, 34 , 37 , 38 , 39, 44 , 46Q.
47 , 49 .
B.
2, 5 , 7 , 8Q. 10 , 11 , 13 , 16, 27, 36.
EXECUTION .
W. 28 to
37 to
46 to
30 to
38 to
49 to
t. four 25 to
" Brilliant"
White
22
31
14
25
32
43
3Q
B. t.
t.
t.
t.
t.
t. three
Stroke,
Pawns,
27 to
36 to
10 to
19 to
27 to
38 to
lose
18
27
19
30
38
29
composed
against
one of which is a Queen.
nine
of ten
Blacks,
213
No. 37.
Position.
W. 17, 20 , 21 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 40 .
B.
3,
5, 6, 8Q. 13 , 18 , 19 , 23 , 29.
EXECUTION .
W. 30 to
t. 28 to
17 to
40 to
t. five 35 to
24
19
11
34
2Q
B. t. two 19 to 39
t. two 13 to 15
t. four 6 to 28
t. 39 to 30 or 29to 40
lost
Eleven against Eleven.
No. 38.
Situated.
W. 25, 27, 28 , 30 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 39 , 40 .
47, 49.
B. 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 19 , 20, 24.
EXECUTION.
W. 28 to 23
t. 30 to 19
t. 25 to 14
39 to 33
t. three 35 to 2Q
B. t.
t,
t.
t. two
P 3
19 to
14 to
10 to
28 to
loses
28
23
19
30
214
Twelve against twelve .
Situation .
No. 39 .
W.
17, 22 , 23 , 27 , 31 , 33 , 36, 37 , 38 ,
40 , 44 , 50.
B.
1 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 13 , 20, 25 , 26, 30.
EXECUTION .
W. 23
33
t. 37
17
36
27
40
t. eight 44
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
19
29
48
11
31
21
34
24
B. 13 to 24
24 to 42
26 to 37
6 to 28
37 to 26
26 to 17
30 to 39
must lose
t.
t. two
t.
t. two
t.
t.
t.
Nine to fourteen .
No. 40 .
Situated .
W. 27, 28, 32 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 43 , 49 , 50 .
B. 1 , 2 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 16, 17 , 21 , 24,
26, 29, 40.
215
EXECUTION .
W. 28 to
39 to
38 to
37 to
t. four 43 to
t. four 3 to
23
34
33
31
3Q
3
B. t. 29 to 18,
t. 40 to 29
t. 29 to 38
t. two 26 to 28
t. 21 to 32
none of the six Pawns can
stir without being taken.
Fifteen against
fifteen. - A fine
stroke,
and very complicated .
No. 41 .
Position .
W. 25, 26, 27 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 ,
36, 37 , 40 , 41 , 45 , 48 .
B.
6,
7,
8,
9,
11 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16,
17, 18 , 19 , 21 , 23 , 24.
EXECUTION .
W. 25 to 20
t. two 40 to 20 .
35 to 30
45 to 40
33 to 29
28 to 22
t. five 32 to 1Q
t. four 1 to 27
B. t. two 14 to 34
t. 15 to 24
t. 24 to 35
t. 35 to 44
t. 23 to 34
t. 17 to 28
t. 21 to 32
must lose
P 4
216
No. 42.
An extremely complicated stroke
of Fifteen against the same number.
The position as follows.
W.
14, 24 , 25 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 38 ,
41 , 42 , 46, 47 , 48 , 49 .
B.
1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 15 , 16 , 18 ,
21 , 23 , 26, 27.
EXECUTION .
W. 14 to 10
24 to 20
t. two 30 to 10
33 to 29
37 to 31
38 to 32
t. four 42 to 2Q
Thirteen
Black
which is won
B. t.
t.
t.
t.
t. two
t.
against
5 to 14
15 to 24
4 to 15
23 to 34
26 to 28
27 to 38
lose
twelve White,
the latter,
by the
admirable stroke
by an
with regard to the
design and the times of action.
No. 43 .
The Situation is
W. 25, 29, 31 , 33 , 34 , 36, 37 , 38 , 42,
44, 47, 48.
217
B.
10, 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16, 18 , 20 , 21 ,
22, 26, 27 , 35 .
EXECUTION .
W. 34 to
38 to
31 to
42 to
t. 33 to
42 to
t. five 48 to
t. two 25 to
30
32
27
37
42
38
19
5Q
B. t.
t.
.t. two
t.
t.
t.
t.
35 to
27 to
21 to
41 to
24 to
32 to
14 to
lost
24
38
41
32
33
43
23
Eight against Eight.
No. 44 .
Situation.
W. 24, 25 , 30 , 33 , 36, 43 , 48 , 50 .
B.
7,
13 , 14 , 17 , 19 , 26 , 29 , 37 .
The last move of the Black was from
23
to
29 into the Lunette.
A
single
move of the White decides the game, 48,
to 42 , the Black takes three on 28 , and
#j
the White 24 , takes four and goes to
Queen on 2.
This is a most ingenious
as well as instructive ending.
(
218
Manoury's first book contains 15 ends
of games ; his second, 104 ; and Blonde's
34.
All these I have played , and have
selected the foregoing games from them.
From Lallement's four hundred exam
ples, I have only taken the two Rafles,
p . 176 and 7 .
As this is not intended to be a perfect
book of instructions for Players at Polish
Draughts,
insert
I shall
one
more
conclude,
Game
from
and
only
Blonde,
situated as follows ,
No. 45
Twelve White against the same
number of Black.
W. 16, 24 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 45 ,
47, 48, 50.
B.
1,
3,
6,
8,
9,
13 , 14 , 17 , 18,
22 , 23 , 25.
219
EXECUTION .
W. 24
35
45
33
16
t. two 48
t. three 11
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
19
30
40
28
11
28
2Q
B. t.
t.
t.
t. two
t.
t.
13
24
35
23
44
22
to 24
to 35
to 44
to 43
to 33
to 33
lose
Since the foregoing sheets were printed
I have found several other matters to
notice .
A pamphlet of 20 pages, entitled ,
"
A
companion for the Draught- Player, con
taining Thirty select Games of Draughts,
shewing the Manner of moving the Pieces
to the best Advantage ; together with se
veral critical
Situations to win Games,
and fine Strokes, never before published ;
being the Result
of the
Practice
and
Observations of some of the first Players.”
-By W. Painter, 1787 .
To this title I can add no more than
220
that the " critical situations"
are Eight
in number, and the " fine strokes, " twen
ty-four .
The whole relates only to the
common
game
on
32
squares ,
about
which I have nothing more to say than
to state,
that
having
turned
over the
leaves of the three English treatises on
common Draughts,
I
find that out of
50 Games of Payne, 38 are drawn ;
30 Ditto of Painter, 20 ditto ;
500 Ditto of Sturges, 265 ditto, or
more ;
and I did not care to search a
second time into a wilderness of nume
rals .
These may well be termed “ ever
lasting games" as they are played “ to no
end ."
This last remark serves to exemplify
the meaning of the French word Calem
bourg which occurs in the Poem at the
end of this Essay ; it is, mauvaise plaisan
terie, bad joke, pun.
Another pun in the Poem, which men
221
tions
les bords
Syriens,
is the foolish
expression the Pawn is gone à Damás,
1
capitale de la Syrie : and again Sans
peine de Damas, &c .
p. 172.
As vile a one is in
Babylonian sounding nearly like
Babelonian.
In addition to what is said about the
Draughts or Pawns in p . 161 , their bot
tom ought to be flat and smooth, so as to
be easily distinguished from the top, as
with young Players it may be frequently
necessary when a number of Pawns are
to be taken at one stroke,
to turn them
over previously to taking them off the
board,
to
prevent
mistakes ;
but
with
great Players this is not allowed to be
done .
Manoury mentions that about the years
1751 or 1752 a Gentleman who frequent
ed his coffeehouse had composed à Poem
on Draughts .
When he was about pub
lishing his new book in 1786, he wrote
222
to the Author for his verses, who it seems ,
during a lapse of so many years , had lost
half the Poem.
The
first and
second
Canto , and a few lines of the third are
printed in eighteen pages at the end of
the book, the remainder of this , and the
whole of the fourth Canto are wanting.
As
these
Draughts
I
are
have
the
met
only
verses
with,
I
on
shall
insert half the fragments ; the rest is not
worth inserting, being not at all to the
purpose.
Towards the end is a reference
to Virgil.
The Lines are the well known
Timeo Danaos, &c. which Dryden renders
Trust not their presents .
The Spanish lines in p. 186, are " Infirmity of
the fancy, which troubles and disorders it, fixing it
on one object, without reason or foundation .
It
also signifies extravagance, caprice, infatuation, and
ridiculousness of the mind . ”
223
L'ART POLONOIS ,
Fragments de Poëme Didactique.
EN vain sur un Damierjour et nuit appliqué,
On cherche des grands coups le dessein compliqué,
En vain du Jeu des Forts, contemplateur fidèle,
On choisit chez Bertaut, Manoury pour modèle :
Si le goût, le génie, et l'ordre et la raison
Ne se trouvent unis à la combinaison,
Si l'on ne sent du ciel l' influence secrete,
On reste loin du but, et l'on rampe en Mazette.
L'habitude, le temps, et l'ardeur n'y font rien :
Combienj'en nommerois (d'ailleurs tous gens de bien)
A qui, depuis vingt ans, de leur vaine entreprise,
Le plus foible Joueur donne encore la rémise.
Ils ont beau sur leur Jeu porter des yeux actifs,
Dans leur propre terrein tous leurs Pions captifs
Malgré les Calembourgs, et les burlesques phrases
Loin des bords Syriens expirent dans leurs cases.
.....
Les Dames que je chante, en Polognė ignorées,
Ainsi d
' un titre vain se trouvent decorées ;
224
Mais Londres dès long- temps a donné dans ses murs,
De leur pouvoir sur lui des témoignages surs.
Non loin de l'Océan est une République
Où leur regne brillant fait la gloire publique ;
C'est de là qu'on soutient par les plus forts paris,
Qu'elles ont pris enfin leur course vers Paris.
Pour enfixer l'époque et les progrès illustres,
A peine maintenant on peut compter six lustres ;
Leurs charmes, du François échauffant les desirs,
Il brúla de voler à de nouveaux plaisirs .
Insensible aux bienfaits de sa triste patrie,
Faisant gloire à ses yeux de son idolátrie,
On le vit abjurer au milieu de Paris
Pour des Jeux étrangers les Jeux de son pays,
Des temples consacrés chasser le culte antique
Introduire dans leur sein la moderne rubrique
De ses premiers autels briser les fondemens
Et sur d'autres autels prodiguer son encens.
……………..
......
Notre art simple en lui- même, a de plus simples loix,
Chaque Pion nefait qu'un seul pas à la fois,
Pas en avant.
S'il prend, jamais il ne s'arrête,
Sa marche ne finit qu'où finit sa conquête,
Et s'étend en tous sens ; mais il n'a pas le droit
De revenir deux fois passer au même endroit
Si l'un de ses captifs qui demeure en otage
Avant d'être enlevé lui ferme le passage ;
Car la loi lui défend de saisir en chemin
Les Pions ennemis qui tombent sous sa main.
225
La Dame, par faveur, dont le beau sexe est digne
Peut aller d'un seul pas, jusqu'au bout de la ligne ;
Image du tribut qu'on paye à la beauté
Où regne son nom seul, regne la liberté.
Devant un Pion blanc quand un noir se presente,
C
Et qu ' il laisse à sa suite une case vacante,
Le Blanc doit faire alors le Noir son prisonnier,
Et sur les compagnons qui suivent ce dernier,
Porter sans s'arrêter une main homicide,
Si leur désunion entr' eux eux laisse du vuide.
Malheur à la bonté du soldat indulgent ,
Qui dédaigne de prendre, ou qui trop négligent,
Ne prend pas ce qu'il faut : une loi très précise,
Sans qu'il puisse échapper, le met lui- même en prise
Et le livre au pouvoir d' un souffle destructeur.
De cette sage loi méprisant la rigueur,
Mazettes, vainement vous la voulez proscrire,
Vous, dont l'esprit borné pour tout ne peut suffire,
Occupés d'un objet, un autre objet vous fuit,
A peine du soleil un seul rayon vous luit.
Le souffle createur qui nous rend le courage.
Et du rang et du coup conserve l'avantage
Il n'est compté pour rien, soufflé n'est pas joué ;
Ce fameux axiome est partout avoué.
VOL. II.
}
226
Qu'ai-je dit ? tes défauts ! un seul ternit ta gloire,
Un seul servira d'ombre aux traits de ton histoire.
Une Dame par trois ne peut être soumise,
Oui, seule contre trois la partie est remise,
Sur-tout si profitant des momens et du lieu
Pour asyle ellè a pris la ligne du milieu .
De ce fort redoutable, une fois la Maîtresse,
Tranquille, elle ne craint la force ni l' addresse
En passant à propos de l'un à l'autre bout.
Mais tel lieu qu'elle occupe, elle est libre partout,
Si par une main sûre elle se voit guidée.
En vain par l'ennemi sa perte est decidée,
Les piéges sont connus: Son sort est different
Quand le malheur la livre aux mains d'un ignorant.
Pour la dompter alors, il est plus d'une rusë,
Mais comme à réussir trop longtems on s'amuse
De ce combat douteux, tous les coups limités,
Par vingt seulement doivent être comptés.
...
.....
Il nefaut que des doigts pour pousser un Pion
1 }}
Mais ilfaut du talent pour sa position.
Vous donc qui connoissant et la marche et l'usage,
Brûlez du noble feu d'en savoir d' avantage,
Des Maîtres reconnus, allez voir les combats,
Etudiez leur jeu, suivez-les pas à pas.
Au rang de Philidor plus d'un a su monter,
Il en est jusqu'à trois que je pourrois citer.
1425
227
Après eux, je me tais, tant le merite est rare !
De créer des Savants tant le ciel est avare !
Que par de prompts succès vous vous fassiez connoître,
Et que vos coups d'essai sentent les coups de Maitre.
Qui dès les premiers pas ne sait pas les saisir,
Espére en vain du temps l'honneur de réussir,
Triste et frivole espoir, dans les ames bien nées
Le talent n' attend pas le nombre des années .
.....
Qu'une sage conduite, une marche assurée
Sans peine de Damas vous obtienne l'entrée,
Vers cet heureux climat, en dirigeant vos coups,
Au poids de la raison, s'ils ne sont pesés tous,
C'est fait de votre jeu.
La perte est le salaire
De qui porte en ces lieux un Pion temeraire.
Au prix de tout son bien qu'il a sacrifié,
Le sot par un grand coup se croit déifié ;
Mais tandis qu ' enivré d' une vaine manie
Et payant chèrement les traits de son génie
Il a des autres sots les applaudissemens
Son rival est vainqueur et rit à ses dépens.
Soyez donc reservés et que l'amour des Dames ·
N'allume dans vos Coeurs que de prudentes flammes,
De leur possession connoissez tout le prix,
·
Mais sage en vos désirs, n' alles pas trop épris
Q 2
228
Contentant brusquement votre ardeur indiscrete
Vous livrer au remords d' une joie imparfaite.
Ces charmes séducteurs objet de votre encens
Par un pouvoir magique usurpé sur vos sens,
Si Minerve sur vous n' etend pas son Egide
Vous offriront bientôt un écueil homicide.
C'est par un autre excès prouver son ignorance
Que d'être trop timide et craindre la depense;
Une Dame toujours exige quelques frais ;
Et qui veut enjouir doit payer ses attraits ;
Avec un peu d' usage on sait ce qu'elle coute.
Nos grands Mattres, d'ailleurs ont prevenu le doute ;
Dans le code sacré de leurs décisions
Ils l'ont en termes clairs taxée à trois Pions.
Quelque fois cependant loin de payer le gîte,
Le coup qui le procure est un coup qui profite ;
Mais ainsi que l'Amour a des enfans chéris, •
La Fortune à son char a d'heureuxfavoris;
On compteroit en vain sur l'aveugle Déesse,
Il ne faut se fier que sur sa propre adresse
Se conduire sans crainte et sans témerité
Et donner à propos sans prodigalité.
A sajuste valeur une Dame réduite
Saura vous rendre alors plus sûr de sa conduite ;
Dans son cours vagabond vous ne la verrez pas
Aux coups d'un fier rival exposer ses appas,
229
Ni de vos bras enfin, avec force arrachée
Obscurcir votre gloire à la sienne attachée.
Soigneux de vous placer dans un poste important
Enjettant vos filets, voyez ceux qu'on vous tend ;
Que vos yeux soient perçants, que rien ne leur échappe,
Séduitpar la beauté d'un dessin qui vous frappe,
Gardez vous d'en rester uniquement rempli,
Mais soyez tout à tout, politique accompli ;
En contemplant des Cieux le physique mystère
N'oubliez pas vos pieds et regardez à terre ;
Le puits de l' Astrologue est pour vous un avis
Et vous l'éviterez si les miens sont suivis. 1
Faitez-vous d'un projet, l'heureuse découverte ?
Combinez-en la suite, et le gain et la perte.
De ces coups surchargés, l'appareil éclatant,
Ne vaut pas quelquefois un simple tant pour tant.
Il est beau de les voir, dangereux de les faire,
De nos demi-savants, c'est l'ecueil ordinaire.
Des lunettes sur- tout, évitez les appas,
Quand on a de bons yeux, on n ' en fait point de cas,
Leur aspect est riant, la suite en est terrible.
Ces Pions dont le gain vous paroit infaillible
Sont des traits malheureux qui vous percent le sein,
Un ennemi rusé les offre à ce dessein.
Q 3
I
230
Ah ! si des vieux Troyens vous connoissez l'histoire,
Si leur triste cité vit dans votre mémoire,
Craignez, craignez d'un Grec le perfide présent,
Les Polonois ne sont que trop Grecs à présent,
Et c'est avec raison qu'on leur cite Virgile
Quand ils veulent tenter une vertu fragile.
Que vos Pions serrés, avec ordre conduits,
L'un par l'autre au besoin se voient reproduits,
Que celui qui se trouve en un pas difficile,
Eprouve sur le champ une assistance utile,
Et que toujours liés par un concours égal,
Ils soient pour s' entr' aider prêts au moindre signal.
De ces Chefs mal- adroits évitez l'ignorance,
Leurs soldats dispersés à trop grande distance,
Inutiles sujets de leur Maitre oubliés
Dans des malheureux coins meurent expatriés.
Je n'entends pas des coins interdire l'entrée,
Maisje veux pour remplir cette enceinte sacrée,
Zamanetz
Un grand art, de grands soins, et des motifs puissants,
La seule occasion les rend intéressants .
Je ne veux pas non plus que vos lignes pressés,
Par leur propre fardeau se trouvent oppressées
:
Des troupes quelquefois le cortège nombreux,
Gène les mouvements et devient dangereux,.
Dans ces positions la ressource commune,
Est suivant nos décrets, de faire une pour une,
1
231
Souvent même enchaîné par un fatal lien,
Ilfaut pour en sortir perdre un Pion pour rien .
L'art seul connoît le prix d' un pareil sacrifice,
On distingue par- là le Mattre du Novice ;
Celui-ci foible encore séduit par unfaux goût,
Croit pour être vainqueur que le nombre fait tout ;
Mais des gros bataillons méprisant l'étalage,
L'autre, d'un terrein súr, préfère l'avantage,
Et pous le conserver, sachant perdre à propos,
Marche, attaque et défend libre dans ses travaux.
Il est bien d'autres cas où par un don prudent,
Le joueur éclairé pare à tout accident.
Je n'en citerai qu' un, celui de la remise.
La Dame qui lui reste, à ses desirs soumise,
Se prive sans regret des Pions concurrents,
Qui pourrent du Damier embarrasser les rangs ;
Ils sont tous immolés au salut de la Dame,
Car c'est par eux toujours que sa perte se trame.
.........
……………
.
Ainsi un grand Joueur formé par Uranie,
Doit de mille agréments décorer son genie,
A la force du Jeujoindre l'honnêteté
La douceur, le maintien, sur- tout la probité.
Je veux trouver en lui pour prix de mon hommage,
D'un ensemble fini, la gracieuse image.
Un savant tout savant ne me satisfait point.
Je ne veux pas sur - tout, j' insiste sur ce point,
Q 4
232
Que le gain sur son cœur l'emporte sur la gloire,
Ni que l'intérêt seul le mêne à la victoire.
Je vois avec mépris ces Joueurs ambulants,
De Cafés en Cafés colportant leurs talents
N'aspirer qu'à l'argent pour unique avantage,
Et des profits du Jeu se faire un héritage ,
Mercenaires, dont l'art n'est plus qu' un vil métier,
Et qui vendent leur temps à qui veut le payer !
" Le mal n'est pas de jouer de l'argent, et de
chercher à gagner, parce que cela est tout naturel
mais comme dit la chanson :
" Tout consiste dans la manière
" Et dans le goût,
" Et c'est la façon de le faire
66
Quifait tout."
The same reasons as are given in p. 133, for not
translating the poem on Chess, are here valid. The
last lines are,
The evil is not in playing for money, and seeking
to gain, all which is very natural ; but, as the song
says,
In manner, taste, consists the whole
'Tis method forms the very soul .
233
IN order to render the article of CHESS
as complete as possible, I shall give the
titles
of two
more
pamphlets
on the
subject, and a quotation from a dialogue
which has just appeared .
The Game ofWar ; or improved Game
of Chess, translated from the German,
and rectified by a (Dutch) Notary Publick.
-London , 1798 ,
16 pages .
Nouveau jeu des Echecs, ou le jeu de
la guerre, invention du citoyen Fr. Giaco
metti.- Paris, 1803 .
By the name,
this
probably an Italian,
last
inventor is
so that it appears
Natives of four other nations besides the
English,
have
employed themselves
altering the names,
&c.
in
of the Chess
pieces, as has been mentioned in p . 91 ,
of this book.
234
•
A
German pamphlet
entitled, Das Schach spiel.
in
110
pages ,
Ein Bild des
menschlichen Lebens, in dreyssig Philoso
phischen Skizzen, mit zehn neuer 1 Skizzen
von Sardenheim . - Dessau 1784 .
Chess -play.
An image of Human Life,
in thirty philosophical sketches, with ten
new sketches by Sardenheim .
In the European Magazine for April,
1788 , is a poem of about a hundred lines,
entitled The Morals ofChess, which might
serve as a supplement to this German
pamphlet .
In the Monthly Magazine for Septem
ber, 1804, was first published a Dialogue
between Dr. Franklin and the Gout.
This
ingenious Paper was undoubtedly written
by the Doctor, and from it I shall trans
cribe what the Gout says about Chess,
with
Dr. F's reply, and venture to re
KUAT
AAT
235
commend the perusal of the whole Dia
logue, (which is contained in three
or
four pages) to the intelligent Reader.
The Gout.
" What is your practice
after dinner ? Walking in the gardens of
those friends with whom you have dined,
would be the choice of men of sense :
yours is to be fixed down to a game of
Chess, where they find you thus engaged
for two or three hours !
This is your per
petual recreation , and the least eligible of
any for a sedentary man, because , instead
of accelerating the motion of the fluids, the
rigid attention it requires , helps to retard
the circulation , and obstruct internal se
cretions.
Wrapt in the speculations of
this wretched game, you destroy your
constitution - If it was in some nook or
alley in Paris, deprived of walks that you
played a while at Chess, who would not
excuse you ? but, the same taste prevails
with you in Passy, Auteuil, or Montmar
tre : places furnished with fine gardens ,
236
which are all rejected for this abominable
game of Chess. - In the evening you call
for tea, and the Chess-board ;
and lo !
you are occupied in your seat till nine
o'Clock ; and that beside two hours play
after dinner.— You philosophers are sages
in your maxims and fools in your conduct
-but to our business-There— ”
Dr. F.-" Oh ! Oh !
quit ;
and
I
promise
For heavens' sake
faithfully
never
more to play at Chess, but to exercise
daily, and live temperately."
237
}
INDEX TO CHESS .
Advice not to chafe
page
Apothecary and Chess -board
27
Bacon, Lord Verulam
Banes of a Sick Man
Barbeyrac on gaming
Bishop a, and a Lord
36
39
·
23
·
48
84
104
Backgammon , Dr. Stillingfleet's opinion of
-
Books on Chess
·
23
-
19
by G. B.
a compilation
Koch
87
Philidor
87
Stein
87
74
Stratagems
Canute
Cards- Tarots
·
33
21 , 129
Cardinal Wolsey
14
Chaucer
Check, cried by the French
9
86
Check-mate
29
18
Chess -players, picture of
238
Chess -playing by
44,
·
45
·
Arabs
Bramins
40
Calmucks
1
Chinese
Danes
Hindoos
Icelanders
73
57
32
42,
-
65
18
a Miss
-
Russians
-
64
Students
-
35
Turks
a touchy man
Utopians
Chess-boards burnt
crystal
round
83
44, 47, 84, 113
- 18
·
35
36
-- 44
73
France like one
85
Chess , a Science
-
compared to Draughts
Chess - image
68
→ 114
· 17
Chess -men, small
of Charlemagne, gone
tumbled into the bag
valuation of
Clergymen's amusements
Court Life
Double Marriage, play of
Drawn games
82
- 134
63,
-
64
88
95
30,
·
31
·
94
26
239
20
Duke of Saxony
Elizabeth, Queen
Epitaph by Marot
Ends of games
Fielding
Gout, the, on Chess
16,
❤
17
28
93, 117
- 64
235
Guileville's Pilgrim
-
14
Holme, Randle
·
37
Huon and a Princess
12
Hus the Martyr
11
5
Judas and a Prince
King Louis
38
Kings can exalt and abase
36
Knight's move
Literary Society
Looker-on
Lying traveller
Marini
72, 117
· 63
→
·
82
23
28, 118
Montagne
29
Morality, old
22
Philip II. dissatisfied
Philidor blindfold
with a Turk
his last move
1
34
· 105
- 113
- 110
·
75
Pulci
❤
27
Renard and Isangrin
·
Poem, French, by Cerutti
of Caissa, by Sir Wm. Jones
Prince Tristan and his mistress
69
3
5.
240
5
Richard Longsword
Rodes's Nurture
Rochambeau
86
Scotch Poet
19
9
I
Skelton the Poet laureate
15
Smith, Dr. Adam
Unteachable
62
Verses, Poor Robin's
Vida
Voltaire
Welsh judge
84
-
39
25 , 119
· 42
32
2
241
INDEX TO DRAUGHTS.
Books on common Draughts
Mallet
Pallas, Shield of
Painter
page
137
- 139
- 219
Payne
- 139
Spanish
138
- 144
Sturges
Ditto on Polish Draughts
Blonde
- 177
Lallement
- 178
- 148
Manoury
Conceited Christian
- 160
· 149
Condamine, M. de la
Draught - boards
of amber
common
one-coloured
Polish
with 144 squares
triangular
VOL. II.
138
- 154
·- 181
154, 160
- 175
- 181
R
242
164 , 188 to 219
· 175
Games
anonymous
Babylonian
combined
- 172
Diagonal
- 173
171
- 171
Losing
- 173
Malayan
new, three
- 179
sweepstakes, two
- 176
Johnson, Dr. Preface by
Dedication
- 140
- 142
- 223
Poem
-172, 220, 224
Puns , three
· 186
Rousseau, J. B. verses by
- 157
Rousseau, J. J.
271
211
Page 79,
014 137 ,
233 ,
237,
201-225,
226,
line
...
...
...
...
...
17,
5,
21 ,
9,
10,
6,
ERRATA :
affrontet, should be affrontent.
... and.
amd, ...
pressés. ... ... ... pressées.
...
... 91.
...
19
erase one eux
accent.
ellè, erase the
MEND
444
021
+
ZEO
A
*I A ༢༦ རྗེ་ཧི མྡོ་ཎ
ENTERTAINING
CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS.
COMMUNICATED BY
Mr. FREDRICK ACCUM.
To produce chemical changes it is ab
solutely necessary that bodies should be
in
contact with each other ;
as will be
obvious from the first two of the follow
ing Experiments, which may at the same
time show the
amazing
divisibility
of
matter, as well as the powerful energy
of chemical action..
R 2
244
EXPERIMENT I.
Dissolve one part of common salt in
42250
of water
and let
fall into
this
solution a few drops of nitrate of silver :
white streaks will be formed and a tur
bidness take place, owing to the muriatic
acid, (which is one of the principles of
common salt) uniting with the silver of
the nitric
acid.
One part of this salt
contains only 0.39 parts of real muriatic
acid, therefore by these means in 42250
parts or about five pints and a half of
water, so extreme minute a proportion as
the twenty- fifth part of a grain of com
bined muriatic acid may be detected .
EXPERIMENT II.
Let fall into a Quart ofwater, ( of which
the weight is equal to about 15360 grains, )
one drop of sulphuric acid : add a few
(
245
drops of muriate of Barytes , a cloudiness
will instantly be formed, by reason of the
Sulphuric acid joining to the Barytes and
making an insoluble salt, which appears
in the form of a white powder diffused
through the fluid .
means
This proves that by
of muriate
of Barytes,
a
single
grain, one 15360th part of the water, or
,000065 of sulphuric acid may be chemi
cally rendered visible .
EXPERIMENT III .
Ebullition of Water on Ice.
Take a strait glass tube two feet in
length,
and
a
quarter
of
an
inch in
diameter, fill an eighth part of it with
ice , and the remainder with water.
Hold
the tube obliquely, and apply a burning
candle to its upper extremity, the water
will boil during a considerable time with
out melting the Ice.
R 3
246
EXPERIMENT IV.
Evolution of heat by the sole mixture of
two cold bodies,
Put four parts of concentrated sulphu
ric acid into a bason , and add one part of
ice at o, broken in small pieces ; on stir
ing these two substances with a glass rod,
a sudden increase of temperature will take
place, and a thermometer immersed in
the mixture will rise up to
212° Fahr.
If water be substituted for ice, the heat
will be almost doubly intense.
1
Great caution is necessary in making
this
experiment ,
lest the
bason should
crack from the sudden heat, and eject the
mixture , to the manifest danger of the
operator.
It is therefore prudent not to
make use of more of the articles than
about three or four ounces of each .
247
EXPERIMENT V.
Production of cold by merely mixing the
:
very same substances.
1
By inverting the proportions
of the
substances mentioned in the last experi
ment, and adding to four parts of ice at o ,
one
of
sulphuric
a thermometer
acid,
plunged into the mixture will sink
to
about 4° below 0.
EXPERIMENT VI.
Conversion of two aeriform fluids into a
solid substance.
This is one of the most striking exam
ples
of two gazeous
instantly solid.
bodies
becoming
It is performed by intro
ducing into a vessel two parts of ammo
niacal gas, and gradually adding to it a
like quantity of muriatic acid gas.
R 4
1
248
This experiment is best performed in
what Chemists call the mercurial pneu
matic apparatus .
EXPERIMENT VII .
Unequal propagation of heat.
It is well known that any number of
bodies heated in different degrees, when
placed in contact with each other, acquire
after some time
a certain temperature
which is the mean of the whole ; but it
is not commonly known that this distri
bution of heat from one body to another
takes place with different gradations of
celerity, as may be thus proved .
Take a number of strait cylinders of
equal length and diameter, but of different
substances, metal, glass, wood , charcoal,
&c.
cover their
upper
extremity with
249
tallow or wax, and place the lower into
melted lead, or water kept boiling .
After
they have remained thus a short time, it
will be seen that the wax melts sooner on
the metal, than on the glass , and on this
latter earlier than on the wood , & c. which
shows the unequal propagation of heat .
For this reason a glass rod may be made
red- hot, or even melted when held in the
naked hand, without inconvenience, but
a similar rod of metal so heated cannot be
borne in the same manner.
EXPERIMENT VIII .
Sudden conversion of a fluid into a solid,
by the admission of air.
Make a concentrated solution of Glau
ber's salt by adding it gradually to boiling
water, till the latter during its ebullition
any more
more ::
will not dissolve any
pour this
250
boiling solution into narrow-necked vials,
tie slips of wetted bladder over the orifice,
or cork them tightly ; this solution when
cold will remain fluid, but the moment
the bladder is pierced or the cork taken
out, the solution crystallizes rapidly, and
becomes solid, at the same time produ
cing a considerable degree of heat.
The
cause of this Phenomenon has not hither
to been sufficiently discovered .
EXPERIMENT IX.
To gild a ribbon chemically.
Take a silk ribbon, wet it thoroughly
with phosphorized
Ether (prepared by
letting Ether stand over Phosphorus for
some weeks ) and dip it into a solution of
muriate of gold, which will gild it ; and
the gilding is so permanent that it will
bear washing .
251
Mrs. Fulhame, to whom we are indebted
for this experiment, has availed herself of
this property, by gilding a whole garment,
& c.
EXPERIMENT X
Fire under the surface of afluid.
Half-fill a wine-glass with nitrous acid,
put a piece of Phosphorus of the size of a
pea into it, and add a like quantity of ox
igenized muriate
of Potash ; as soon as
these substances are acted on by the acid,
a violent effervescence takes place, fire will
be produced under the surface of the fluid
and dart forth vehemently.
When the
action subsides it may be renewed by a
fresh addition of Phosphorus and oxige
nized muriate of Potash.
252
EXPERIMENT XI .
Yellow sympathetic Ink.
This ink, which is but little known , is
1
made by dissolving an ounce of sulphate
of Copper and another
of
muriate of
Ammonia, in six of water, diluting the
solution gradually with more water, till
it ceases to leave a visible trace on paper,
after having been suffered to dry .
Writings with this
when
dry,
are invisible
ink
but appear
of
a
beautiful
yellow colour by heating the paper, and
disappear when
it
cools,
in the same
manner 1 as the well-known green
blue sympathetick
Inks.
Chemistry, vol. 11. p . 36.
See
and
Accum's
253
EXPERIMENT XII .
Method of soldering Glass.
This
discovery,
for
which
we
are
indebted to a French Chemist, consists
in mixing intimately one part of finely
levigated flint- glass with one fourth or
one sixth of glass of Borax, ( or Borax
deprived of all its water of crystallization
by fusion) .
This mixture must be applied
as a solder to the broken glass , and then
the whole exposed to a heat sufficient to
melt the interposed solder, which by its
easy fusibility will agglutinate the pieces
together so that the glass will be as strong
as before it was broken.
EXPERIMENT XIII .
A Shower of Fire.
Fill a tall cylindrical glass with oxige
254
nized muriatic acid gas, and drop into it
small quantities of finely powdered An
timony, or Arsenic. The metal introduced
will instantly inflame, and appear like a
shower of fire.
EXPERIMENT XIV .
Accension of oil on the surface of water by
the simple addition of another fluid.
12
) }}
Put into a tall ale- glass ° one part of
super-oxigenized muriate of Potash, and
three or four of water, 匪 then add half a
!
part .. of Olive or Linseed Oil.
If four or
five parts of concentrated sulphuric acid
be now added,
a multitude
of ignited
sparks will pass through the fluid , exhi
biting a beautiful Phenomenon ; and by
means of an additional quantity of super
oxigenized muriate of Potash the whole
mass will take fire, and burn vividly.
255
EXPERIMENT XV.
Fire and flame from the mixture of two
gases.
Fill a tumbler with oxigenized muria
tic acid gas, and add gradually to it am
moniacal gas.
The moment these two
gases come in contact, a brisk detonation
ensues, accompanied with a flash of fire.
This experiment requires caution : care
should be taken to mingle the gases in
small
quantities
only,
lest the
glasses
should burst.
EXPERIMENT XVI .
Production of intense cold by the solution
of salts in water.
Blend intimately together
an
ounce
and a half of muriate of Ammonia, with
5
256
the same quantity of nitrate of Potash in
powder, and mix them
gradually in a
bason with four ounces of water.
the salts
As
melt, the cold produced will
sink a thermometer immersed in them to
about 36° of Fahr.
A fresh addition of a
like quantity of Salts will sink it to 14°
which will freeze water in a glass tube
immersed in the solution.
**
EXPERIMENT XVII .
Accension of spirit of wine by the mixture
of two cold fluids.
Put an ounce of highly rectified spirit
of wine into a cup ; add a like quantity of
nitrous acid : a violent action takes place,
and the whole bursts into flame by the
affusion of an ounce of concentrated sul
phuric acid .
This experiment is
dangerous.
The
257
cup is frequently dashed
in
pieces the
moment the sulphuric acid is added to
the mixture .
EXPERIMENT XVIII.
Total disappearance
of two gases,
by
mixture.
Put into a vial one part by measure of
hidrogen gas, and add to it two parts of
oxigenized muriatic acid gas ,
vial closely and 1 let it
twenty hours.
cork the
stand four and
If the vial be then inver
ted under water, and opened, it will be
found that the two gases are vanished,
and the bottle fills with water.
For the success of this experiment it is
absolutely necessary that both the gases
should be fresh prepared, and in a state
of great purity.
VOL. II.
258
EXPERIMENT XIX.
A Powder which takes fire by friction.
To five grains of hyper- oxigenized mu
riate of Potash finely powdered, add half
its weight of charcoal reduced to an im
palpable powder, and mingle them toge
ther.
If two grains of sulphur be now
added to this
mixture, and the whole
be strongly triturated in a mortar, it will
inflame and burn rapidly.
EXPERIMENT XX.
Spontaneous accension of Sulphur.
Put a piece of Brimstone into a ladle,
•
and melt it gradually so as to be completely
fused.
If this ladle be introduced into a
bottle filled with oxigenized muriatic acid
1
8 259
gas, the sulphur will inflame, and burn
If Phosphorus be substituted for
vividly.
Sulphur,
the
phosphorus will
take fire
spontaneously and burn with great splen
dour.
EXPERIMENT XXI .
Two fluids which on being mingled pro
duce a solid mass ofgold.
Gently pour a solution of muriate of
gold into a strong sulphureous acid, con
tained in a saucer.
The moment the two
fluids come in contact, the colour of the
solution of gold becomes changed ;
and
after the mixture has remained some hours
undisturbed , a fine pellicle of gold will be
found on its surface..
$ 2
10
260
EXPERIMENT XXII.
A Rose- coloured flame..
Put into a silver table- spoon, one part
of nitrate or muriate of Strontia, freed
from its water of crystallization, and add
three
or four
parts
of highly rectified
Alcohol, stir the mixture and set fire to
it
it will burn with a beautiful rose
colured flame, especially if the spoon be
held over the flame of a candle, or lamp.
In the same manner boracic
acid will
produce a green, and nitrate of copper a
blue flame.
EXPERIMENT XXIII .
Writings performed with a limpid fluid,
appear in brilliant silver Letters.
Write with a concentrated solution of
acetite of Lead, and put the writing while
261
wet into a bottle, filled with sulphuretted
hidrogen gas, or hold it over the vapours
arising from a mixture of sulphuret of
· Potash moistened gradually with muriatic
acid, in a shallow vessel .
will by that
The writing
means acquire
a
metallic
brilliancy.
EXPERIMENT XXIV .
Spontaneous accension of a liquid by ex
posure to an aeriform fluid.
Fill a three or four pint bottle with
oxigenized muriatic acid gas,
taking care
to expel the water as completely as possi
ble, pour into it from half a dram to a
dram of sulphuric Ether, and immediate
ly cover the mouth of the bottle with a
slight piece of wood or paper.
In a few
seconds white vapours will be perceived
moving circularly in the
bottle, which
will soon be followed by an explosion
attended with flame.
$ 3 .
262
EXPERIMENT XXV.
Thermo-phosphoric writings.
Take phosphate of Lime,
or fluate of
Lime, reduce it to a fine powder and mix
it with mucilage of gum arabic or gum
tragacanth.
If writings, performed with
this mixture on an iron or copper plate,
be left to dry and then heated over a fire,
they will shine with a beautiful phospho
ric light.
Phosphate, or fluate of Lime,
or a mixture of both reduced to powder
and let fall on a hot fireshovel will in like
manner appear luminous,
The Siberian Fluor Spar, known by the
name of Clorophane,
shining,
is remarkable for
when heated, with a beautiful
emerald-green light, which vanishes as
the stone cools .
It
entirely loses
property on being heated to redness .
this
263
EXPERIMENT XXVI .
A limpid colourless fluid variously coloured
by the addition of other colourless fluids.
Half-fill five wine-glasses with a dilute
solution of nitrate of Mercury.
1. A solution of common salt dropt into
the first, renders it milk-white.
2. Sulphuric acid changes the second to
yellow.
2. Lime-water makes the third of a
reddish brown.
4. Hydro-sulphuret of ammonia gra
dually produces a red in the fourth .
5. And lastly, sulphuret ofPotash causes
the fifth to appear of a black colour .
S 4
264
1
EXPERIMENT XXVII .
To change a blue fluid into red or green,
and a green one into crimson or purple.
Put a table- spoonful
of
tincture
of
cabbage into a wine -glass of water, mix
it well,
and put half this mixture into
another glass .
Add a few drops of sul
phuric acid to one of these, and it will
turn crimson.
A like quantity of a solu
tion of potash will make the other mixture
green.
Sulphuric acid added to this will
convert it into crimson, and if a solution
of Potash be added a purple colour will
be obtained.
This last operation requires
some nicety, for a drop too much of the
colour revert to
Potash will make the
green.
1
265
EXPERIMENT XXVIII.
Yellow paper changed to brown, and blue
to green, by an invisible fluid.
If paper coloured yellow with tincture
ter :
Y
6
dir
سا
2204
of Turmeric, be held close over a plate
containing concentrated liquid ammonia,
it will become brown .
And paper co
loured by cabbage juice, will by the same
means turn green.
EXPERIMENT XXIX.
Production of various colours by the mere
mixture of colourless fluids.
For this purpose the following articles
are to be prepared :
266
No. 1. A solution of acetite of Lead , pre
pared by dissolving two drams of
acetite of Lead, in twelve ounces
of distilled water, and afterwards
filtering the solution .
2. A solution of carbonate of Potash,
obtained by dissolving three ounces
of carbonate of Potash in twelve
of water, and proceeding as before.
3. A solution of corrosive muriate of
Mercury, consisting of 20 grains
of corrosive muriate dissolved in
twelve ounces of water .
4. A solution
of Sulphate of Iron,
produced by dissolving two ounces
of sulphate of Iron, in twelve of
water.
5. Acidulous solution of sulphate of
Iron,
composed of an ounce of
sulphate of Iron and
1
twelve of
1
267
water,
mixed with an ounce of
the next solution, No. 6.
6. One ounce of sulphuric acid, min
gled with twelve of water.
&
7. One dram of crystallized acetite of
copper dissolved in twelve ounces
of water, with the addition of one
dram of nitric acid.
8. Concentrated liquid ammonia.
9. Sulphureous acid.
10. Tincture of Roses, prepared by
infusing red rose leaves in sulphu
reous acid.
11. Tincture of red- cabbage
leaves,
prepared in the same manner.
12. Tincture of Galls
" ,
obtained by
digesting half an ounce of Gall
268
nuts in twelve ounces of water,
and adding one dram of nitric acid
to the filtered solution.
13. Diluted solution of prussiate of
Potash.
14. A solution of nitrate of Mercury,
obtained by dissolving one dram
·
of mercury in half an
moderately
mingling
strong
the
ounce of
nitric
solution
acid,
with
an
ounce of water.
By
merely
mixing
these
colourless
fluids the following tints are produced.
MILK- WHITE.
Mix three parts of No. 1 , with one of
No. 2.
YELLOW .
Four parts of No. 14 , and one of No. 2 .
269
ORANGE .
Four parts of No. 3 , with one of No. 2 .
If No.
6, be added the orange colour
disappears and the whole returns to its
limpid state .
CARMINE.
A few drops of No. 6 with No. 10. This
colour disappears on adding No. 9.
BLOOD- RED.
A few drops of No. 6 with No. 11. This
liquid becomes again colourless on adding
No. 9.
GRASS- GREEN .
Three parts of No.
No. 1.
turns to
10 , with one of
On adding No. 6, the mixture
Red ;
a few drops of No.
9,
destroy this colour, and the fluid returns
to its former limpid state.
LIGHT- GREEN .
Three parts of No.
No. 1.
11 , with one
of
270
ULTRAMARINé- blue .
1
Three parts
No. 8.
of No.
7 , with
one
of
It becomes again colourless by
adding No. 6.
DARK - BLUE .
Three parts of No.
11 , with
one of
No. 2 ; the addition of No. 6 changes it to
Ruby-red.
PRUSSIAN - Blue .
By mixing equal quantities of No.
5,
and No. 13 .
VIOLET.
Equal quantities of No. 7 , and No 11 .
PITCH - BLACK .
Three parts of No.
No. 4.
11 , with one of
E
INK- BLACK .
Three parts of No.
No. 4.
t
12 , with one of
It is again rendered limpid by
No. 6 ; and No. 13 turns it blue.
For these amusing experiments we are
indebted to Mr. Tielebein.
271
EXPERIMENT XXX.
Two solid metallic substances which, on
being rubbed together, become fluid.
J
Melt in a ladle two ounces of Bismuth,
and add to it one of Mercury ; stir the
mixture together, and suffer it to cool.
Having done this,
prepare in a similar
manner another metallic compound, com
posed of two parts of Lead and one of
Mercury.
These two alloys,
on being
rubbed together in a mortar,
instantly
become fluid .
O
EXPERIMENT XXXI.
To extinguish a candle by the affusion of
an invisible fluid.
If a tumbler be filled with
carbonic
acid gas, and the invisible contents of it
272
be poured (in the same manner as other
fluids are poured ) into another tumbler,
in which a burning taper has been pre
viously placed, the flame will be instantly
extinguished , though the eye is incapable
of perceiving any thing affused upon it,
whereby this effect may be produced .
If
a small animal be confined in the glass,
and the gas poured upon it, the animal
will die instantly .
GALVANISM .
GALVANISM is a peculiar method lately
discovered of exciting Electricity.
It is
so called from Galvani, an Italian , who
first discovered it.
The phenomena pro
duced by the Torpedo and electric Eel
are analogous to Galvanism .
Galvanism has excited great attention
in the scientific world , and its progress
273
has been very rapid, yet it may still be
said to be only in its infancy.
Its effects
being of the most extraordinary kind, it
may not be deemed frivolous to devote a
few pages to'a subject which has attracted
the attention of those who are of an in
quisitive turn of mind, and which pro
mises to lead to important truths.
The phenomena
of
Galvanism
with
which we are hitherto acquainted have
explained
a variety of facts
frequently
asserted, and often disbelieved ;
for in
stance, it has been observed, that when
porter is drunk out of a pewter pot it has
a
different
or better taste
than
when
drank out of glass or earthen- ware.
It has been long known that when the
copper sheeting of ships is fastened on by
means of iron nails, those nails , but par
ticularly the copper,
are soon corroded
about the place of contact.
VOL. II.
T
274
The
Etruscan
upon lead are
inscriptions
preserved
to
engraven
this
day ;
whereas some medals of lead and tin,
or other alloys, of not very ancient date,
are much corroded .
Works of metal, whose parts are sol
dered together by means of other metals,
soon tarnish about the places where the
different metals are joined .
All these observations are
now con
firmed , and their explanation referred to
Galvanism .
To enter into the theory of a Science
so complicated and so little understood
would not accord with the plan of this
work ; we shall therefore content our
selves
with
experiments,
offering
and
a few interesting
refer
the
reader
to
works professedly written on that sub
ject.
275
Galvanizing a Frog.
Place a living Frog upon a plate of
Zinc, and paste a slip of Tin-foil or a
shilling upon its
back .
communication between
On forming
the
Zinc
a
and
the Tin-foil, by means of a wire, or other
piece of metal, the Frog will be violently
convulsed, and jump off the plate .
Galvanizing a Flounder.
Take a live Flounder,
dry.it with a
cloth, and put it on a pewter plate, or
upon a large piece of tin-foil, and place a
silver coin upon its back ; then touch the
pewter plate with a wire, and apply its
other extremity to the piece of silver,
and immediately violent contractions will
be excited in the
fish, which
may be
renewed at pleasure , by forming a con
nexion between the two metals .
T 2
}
276
In a similar manner, all animals, whe
ther large or small, may be affected by
Galvanism , but in different degrees.
The
amputated members of the human body,
such as the head, the legs , arms , &c . have
likewise been violently convulsed .
Galvanism evident to the Sense of Taste.
The Taste may be affected by Galva
nism in the following manner :
Let a
man place a piece of silver coin upon, and
some other metal under, his tongue ; on
forming a connexion between those two
metals ,
either by bringing
their
outer
edges in contact, or by the interposition
of some other piece of metal,
he will
perceive a peculiar sensation, a kind of
pungent irritation , accompanied with a
cool acid taste .
277
Galvanism evident to the Sense of Sight.
In order to affect the Sight by means
of Galvanism , let a person put a piece
of Zinc or Tin between the upper lip
and the gums, as high as possible, and a
piece of silver upon the tongue .
When
ever the two metals are made to commu
nicate, either by touching, or by the in
terposition of another piece of metal, a
vivid flash of light will be distinctly per
ceived.
The energy of Galvanism as a medical
agent remains yet to be investigated : but
when we consider the effects produced by
it upon the muscles of animals, even after
death, it is not improbable that the Gal
vanic influence,
time through
sent for a considerable
a diseased
part,
productive of salutary effects,
T3
may be
NATURAL COURTSHIP.
" Behold, the rudest heart,
" Touch'd by the animating torch of Love,
" Forgets its savage nature soars sublime
" And shakes the Dross away . "
ANONYM.
IN my earliest youth I experienced in
myself as well as in my * companions,
during that blossom of life, that those
who
had
their
share
of wit were so
wonderfully vain of it, as to suppose it
to
be the
turns,
and
pivot
that
on which all
nothing
executed without it.
can
society
be well
$ 279
Full of these thoughts I often consi
dered how peasants, labourers, handicraft
men, in short stupid and ignorant fellows,
when they were in love, could manage
IP.
so as to acquaint the object of their love
with their inclinations ; and to make such
communication agreeable.
of
Love,
of which
A declaration
I had
read
many
adorned and pleasant specimens in Novels
Ove
and tales of gallantry, appeared to me as
a masterpiece of human understanding,
ANOFTS
and I imagined that a Lover who in this
respect acquitted himself uncouthly and
clownishly would immediately be dismis
sed and forbidden ever to return to the
charge.
pat
I obtained some knowledge of artless
courtship whilst on a visit to a Nobleman,
אס
at his country house : during my stay, a
a
wer
fair was held at the village, which was
be
resorted to by a great number of young
countrymen and women, who were af
Ꭲ 4
280
terwards entertained at the seat.
tened to
several
although,
(gaining somewhat more ex
perience, )
I
loving
I lis
clearly
couples,
saw that
and
amongst
those unmannerly clowns Love was no
less tender and vehement than amongst
the best educated, still their manner of
expressing it appeared to
me
ungentle
and even loathsome, and I was willing to
believe that if it made any impression on
the minds of the women, it should be
wholly ascribed
to
their being equally
void of sense and delicacy .
My seeing these matters in this light,
was because I
did
not
compare
their
courtship to Nature, but to the aforesaid
politeness of fashionable gallants.
How
ever I soon corrected my mistake, and
learnt that Love which so often makes
the most shrewd, dull ; as often renders
the most innocent, subtle ;
and
causes
talents to appear which had till then lain
dormant, and unknown even to them
281
selves .
As soon as that all- conquering
passion has taken possession of the heart,
it immediately banishes from thence all
rusticity,
object.
at least towards the
beloved
Never is it more eloquent, nor
better able to represent itself in the most
forcible and lively manner,
than when
left entirely to itself, uncontrolled by the
understanding.
It then by the expres
sions which its energy creates , appears in
its
native truth and sincerity,
and
can
hardly fail to make itself understood and
felt.
The Heart is interested, and infal
libly causes the beloved object to attend
to it.
Of this truth
found an agreeable
I not long since
specimen,
which
I
shall endeavour to paint in its true co
lours.
Sitting one evening in a parlour next
the street, at a window, in order to enjoy
a beautiful moonlight night, I saw from
behind the blind,
without
being
seen
myself, my next- door neighbour's Daugh
282
ter, a sweet, modest, and orderly young
girl, eighteen or nineteen years of age,
stand on the steps before her door, with
a Stove under her apron, [ A Stove is a
*
small wooden box (a hollow cube of ten
inches) with holes in the top, containing
an earthen pan with lighted turf, which
the women in Holland place under their
feet in Winter.] probably waiting for her
mother, a worthy decent widow, who,
assisted by this her only child , creditably
gained her living by needlework.
she
was
standing
there,
a
While
Carpenter's
apprentice, a well made young lad, appa
rently not much older than the girl, but
somewhat clumsy, approached her, with
his hat in his hand, and with every symptom
of bashfulness .
She immediately
retreated towards the door, a little sur
prised, when the young man accosted her
thus :-Oh ! neighbour , I beg you will not
be
afraid of me ;
I would not hurt
a
child, much less you ; I only request, my
dear girl, that you will permit me to light
1
283
my pipe at your Stove.
These words ,
spoken with a trembling voice, and which
rather appeared to proceed from one who
was himself afraid, than who wished to
make others so, made Agnes easy.
O yes,
friend, answered she , ' tis much at your
service, but what ails you, you appear to
be disordered .
( She then handed him the
Stove. ) That I am , my dear child , replied
he,
and if you will allow me a few
minutes, I will tell you the reason .
In
the mean time he was busy in attempting
to light his pipe as slowly as possible, and
every puff ended with a sigh .
being a little
recovered,
Do
At last
not you
know me then, neighbour ? said the poor
lad .
Well,
I own I have some slight
knowledge of your person, says she, as I
have seen you pass this way more than
once.
No wonder, surely,
replied the
young man , I have passed by this door
above a hundred times, but I never dared
to speak to you : ' twas as if I had an ague
fit, when I only attempted to move a foot
284
towards
courage.
you.
But now I
have taken
Listen, I must break the ice ,
without which
I cannot rest
night
or
day, for your sake, and I hope, my dear
girl, you will take it in good part, and
not be angry with me,
because I love
you, which cannot possibly do you any
harm .
Ah ! do but hear this mad boy, inter
rupted Agnes, how nicely he wheedles ;
one might think him in earnest .
come my Lad,
too long,
you
Come ,
that pipe-lighting lasts
have
not met with the
proper person I assure you ; had I known
you came here to make a fool of me, you
should not have had the use of my fire,
come
quickly friend,
return the
Stove,
and march off to other girls who may
believe such stories. -I make a fool of
you ! I make a fool of you ! see , when I
hear such words from you,
knife was piercing my heart.
'tis as if a
Oh !
my
Angel, my dear Soul, do not believe that
285
of me, there is not a bit of falsehood in
my whole heart from top
every
one who
knows
to bottom :
me
will
witness to that, my dearest girl.
come,
said
she,
don't
dally,
bear
Come,
give
me
my Stove directly, I must go in doors,
and moreover I am not called dearest nor
angel, and I do not permit you to call me
by those names any more.
Agnes was I
christened and so must you call me, if
you have any thing to say to me.
Well,
now then, my dear Agnes, resumed the
Lad, apparently hurt by the spitefulness
of the girl,
I did not know I thereby
offended you : those words issued from
my mouth of their own accord, I never
sought for them, they were at my tongue's
end.
I am quite inexperienced in the
world, and you are, as true as I live, the
first young woman I ever spoke to .
I
shall take better care in future, my dear
Agnes ; here is your Stove, but I beg you
will grant me leave to say a few more
words :
what would you gain by my
286
becoming sick through sorrow ? you need
not believe what I tell you of myself, but
only hear me.
My Parents live just by,
in the next street, and are esteemed as
worthy honest people.
I am their only
son and have one sister.
They are in
easy circumstances , and I am of a good .
profession,
which
I
diligently follow :
moreover I have an old Aunt, who lives
warmly on her income, she loves me as
if I were her own child, and my sister
and I are her heirs :
So that in time I
may be Master- Carpenter, and make you
a happy wife, my dearest Agnes .
Nobo
dy ever sees me in taverns or alehouses.
I go to church every Sunday, and at Eas
ter I hope to make my confession.
You
will on enquiry find all this to be exactly
as I have stated, and if I have told you
the smallest fib, I am content never more
to see your pretty face, and that is all I
can say .
The young woman had listened with
287
too much attention to all this, to have
heard it with indifference.
Neighbour, says she, in a more friend
ly tone, all that you have now told me,
may be true,
I
have not
such
a bad
opinion of you, even to doubt it .
But
there is no occasion for me to enquire
about the matter, I have nothing to do
with it, it is none of my business .
You
have Parents, and a rich Aunt ; so much
the better for you ; I wish you a good
night, I must retire.
I expect my Mother
every minute, and if she found me here
so late in the evening talking with a man,
she would make a fine uproar,
which she would
certainly
and in
not be to
blame.
Upon this the young man took Agnes
by the hand with a friendly force, and
entreated her,
sobbing,
(and
I
really
believe the poor fellow shed tears) not to
send him away so comfortless .
I beg of
288
you, dearly as I love you, sweet Agnes,
to remain here a little longer ; how can
you have the heart to part with me in
this manner, goodnatured as you are ...·
Do but see now,
said Agnes laughing,
this is too foolish to mind , how can you
know whether I am goodnatured or not,
when this is the first time you ever spoke
to me, or have you been enquiring about
me, as you want me to do about you ?
Enquire
about you, my dear Agnes !
life .
about you ! I had rather lose my life.
I
want no information ; I am certain that
you are goodnatured , that you are virtu
ous, and that you are as deserving a young
woman as any living.
Do not ask me how
I know it , I see it in your dear face, and
I feel it in my heart : that cannot deceive
me, and I would stake my life for its
truth .
But hearken , Agnes, I should be
sorry your mother should scold you upon
my account,
and I also feel your little
hands grow as cold as ice ; only let me
289
ask you one question :
Is there another
Lover who may have spoken to you first ?
if so, I would drop the affair, notwith
standing the hardship it would be to me,
because I am too honest to endeavour to
be another man's hinderance.
As to this, says Agnes, I will give you
a direct answer.
No, I have never had
any Lover, neither do I want any, be he
whom he will, I can easily wait eight or
ten years for that, and I love my Mother
too much to leave her so soon.
There
fore, neighbour, do not give yourself any
fruitless trouble about me .
In the situa
tion you have represented yourself, you
will soon find a handsomer girl than I
am , and perhaps a pretty penny into the
bargain, which you will not get with me,
for my Mother and I have enough to do ,
with economy, to get through the world
creditably.
VOL. II
U
290
So much the better, my dear Agnes,
said the young man ; so much the 1 more
pleasure I
shall have,
happy as to
enable
comfortably .
Oh !
if I
may be so
you to live
if I
might
more
obtain
from you, my dear Agnes, leave to visit
you now and then :
if you would only
grant me this favour I would not wish
to change with the richest Burgermaster's
son in the whole city.
At any rate, said
Agnes, you cannot ask that of me, but of
my Mother.
But you need not trouble
yourself about that, because she would not
<
listen to it, and if she did, I should not
allow it.
Once is as good as a thousand
times, and I tell you I will have nothing
to do with Lovers. - But, my dear Agnes,
may not I now and then pass by your
door ?
Well, silly boy, says she, laughing, can
I hinder that ? is not the street as free
for you as for another ? -Yes, but you
know, cunning Agnes, what I want, which
291
is to see you at the door.
That might
possibly happen, said she, but if it did,
you are not to speak to me, or I should
take it very ill.
No, you won't, my dearest Agnes. - You
shall find it so, only venture.
This she
said with a kind of peevishness which
appeared to me affected ; and with this,
after the good- tempered youth
had in
vain begged for a kiss, which however
he did not dare to press much for, from
the respect peculiar to honest and heart
felt tenderness , the courtship of the even
ing ended.
But what I thought a good
omen in favour of the young man, was,
that Agnes, having shut the door after
her, opened it again as softly as possible
in order to have a peep at him , and after
wards as softly shut it.
U 2
292
1
Da veniam fasso, vix patienter amo. - OVID.
7
Ah! sweetest Maid, my flame approve,
And pardon an impatient Love.
AFTER this first attack of our apprentice
on the heart of the good Agnes, I thought
he would not fail to take his chance of
renewing it on the following Sunday.
In
this I did not mistake, and in the after
noon as soon as service was ended, I be
held
him 霄 slowly
dressed and
his
approaching,
neatly
hair powdered , which
greatly mended his appearance.
But the
poor lad's trouble was fruitless .
Agnes's
door and windows still remained shut,
which, when he strolled past the house
for the third time, made him dejectedly
.
cast his eyes up to heaven, as if in
reproach for Agnes's cruelty and want of
feeling.
I am sure if the Lass had seen
him in that condition ,
pitied
him.
she would have
However it was not her
fault, as she was just gone out with her
293
Mother,
a prayer-book under her arm ,
probably to attend evening- service .
My
compassion was excited for the poor hope
less youngster, who , as all real and tender
Lovers always fear the worst,
fancied that Agnes disliked ,
certainly
and would
never have a favourable opinion of him .
During the
rest
of the week I was
either from home, or engaged , so that I
learnt no more of the
Sunday following ;
matter till the
when, on returning 1
from Church, I saw the young man walk
before me towards our street ; but was
surprised to find he accompanied a young
woman, with
whom he
was
earnestly
"
discoursing.
She appeared to be about
the age of Agnes, and as pretty, but altho'
not more fashionably, she was more ex
pensively drest, and wore various golden
trinkets .
I doubted not but his view was
to outbrave Agnes, and to revenge himself
for her crossness, by showing her that
U 3
294
he needed not be so much concerned for
her, and although she slighted him,
he
could be well received by other girls , her
K
equals at least,
I followed them gently,
and to my great astonishment saw this
young couple knock at Agnes's door : this
astonishment however subsided, when I
heard him call the young woman Sister.
I
then immediately understood the matter,
and perceived that James must have ac
quainted his sister with his distress, and
that Love had inspired him with sense
enough to discover that there could be no
means more certain of obtaining access
to his sweetheart, than by making the
two girls
acquainted
with
each
other,
Whether this visit was under pretence of
bespeaking some Linen, or that the coast
was already clear, I know not ; but I per
ceived that the door was opened by the
Mother herself,
entered,
*
and brother and sister
the latter a little startled, the
former as pale as death,
with a palpitating heart.
and doubtless
After they had
295
staid about an$ hour,
I could hear that
they rose to depart, and I went imme
window.
diately to my window.
opened
When the door
I heard the Mother say :
well
then, Agnes, ' tis charming weather, I have
no objection, child ; but do not stay out
long.
No, Mother, was the answer, as
Kitty desires me, we shall only take a
turn, and be " back in half an hour.
On
this they marched off, and really returned
within the time.
Agnes was going to knock,
but was
prevented by her gallant, who in the most
moving tone begged to take leave with a
single kiss.
Notwithstanding he appear
ed to have greatly forwarded his suit, I
doubt whether he would have succeeded,
if sister Kitty had not interfered.
Well,
my dear Agnes, said the friendly girl, that
is no such great matter, any young Lass
will readily grant so slight a favour, even
to a stranger who has seen her safe home:
besides a kiss is nothing, if you don't like
U4
;
296
it, wipe it off.
Upon this Agnes submitted,
and I counted distinctly by the smacking,
that it cost her three kisses , the first, as
I firmly believe,
she had ever granted
to a Man, and which I do not think the
enraptured James would have missed for
three thousand florins .
Since that day
Kitty visits her new friend at least three
times a week ;
her brother never fails
coming to fetch her home, and when the
weather permits, takes a walk with his
sweetheart :
pleading the
cause
of his
honest Love, even in presence of his sis
ter.
Not only my maid- servants , but also
all the women in the neighbourhood have
discovered the whole affair, and knowing
James to be a sober young man , and in
circumstances that the girls would be glad
of him for themselves ,
as well as the
mothers for their daughters ,
speak spite
fully of the imprudence of my neighbour
who suffers such an intercourse .
One of
my maids even told me that some ofthem,
GOU
under pretence of friendship, had been try
297
ing to persuade Agnes's mother that James
could
not
mean honourably, and that,
if he did, his Father, who is proprietor of
several houses, and master of a lucrative
profession, would never permit his only
son to marry a girl without any fortune :
but our Dame , who does not want sense,
coolly thanked them
begging that
for their advice,
they would
not
trouble
themselves about her affairs , which she
was very able to manage without their
interference.
It is hardly to be imagined how much
our young man is altered , since his * suit
goes on so swimmingly .
He is as close
as a rose- bud, and tho ' he was formerly
a mere milk - sop , with his head hanging,
his arms and legs used for no other pur
pose than to work, and change his place,
he now marches as erect, and with as easy
an air as most young men :
his hair is
neatly and fashionably cut, his hat cocked,
and although he wears the same clothes,
298
they appear to fit him very differently.
His method 腰 of speaking is no longer
the same, and his tongue is loosened and
voluble.
It is exactly the same with Agnes : all
her features,
however
beautiful,
were
dull and unmeaning, from her innocence
and insensibility ;
at
present
they are
animated and expressive, and her bright
eyes begin to learn their proper language,
and at times shoot forth glances, unex
pected, and heretofore unknown to them.
Perhaps I may be asked how I became
acquainted with this total change in the
manners of these young people, which I
shall shortly answer.
I soon learnt that
James's father was a man with whom I
was well acquainted, having served him
in my character of Counsellor many times
with success , which caused him frequent
ly to solicit my advice and assistance in
other affairs not relative to my profession .
299
One day I received an unexpected visit
from the good old
man,
purposely to
know my opinion about his Son's court
ship.
You have so frequently success
fully assisted me, Mr. Counsellor, said he,
that I trust you will not refuse hearing
me now, about a matter of importance to
me.
You certainly know, as the whole
neighbourhood talks of it, that my son
courts your
neighbour
Agnes.
He is
crazy after her, which is no wonder ; we
have been in the same situation , and I
must say, that he is so careful , so orderly,
and pleases me and his mother so well,
that we should be sorry to cross his in
clinations, which would certainly render
him miserable, and perhaps lead him to
the grave,
You probably are acquainted with your
neighbours, and may be able to inform
me what they are. - I now thought the
good man wished to know if the girl had
any money, so that I answered him that
300
I did not think they possessed
that,
as far as I could see,
much ;
the young
woman had plenty of clothes, but that I
did not suppose that the mother could
give her daughter any marriage- portion .
I do not ask you that, replied my honest
client ; the daughter herself told the very
same thing to James at the first outset,
and that is a matter of indifference to us,
the sweetest money is what one earns
one's self.
My son understands his pro
fession and is industrious : I shall shortly
let him exhibit his masterpiece , and un
dergo his examination ; and between you
and me, I have with care and œconomy
accumulated
think for ;
whether
much
more
than
people
I only want you to tell me
Agnes
conducts
herself with
propriety, and especially if she is good
tempered, for my James is a sheepish boy,
and if he married a vixen it would break
his heart.
This, however, I cannot be
lieve of the girl, pleasing as she is : our
Kitty is almost as much in love with her,
301
as her brother is, and my Dame is already
as fond of her, as if she were her own
daughter.
I answered him, that his and
his family's friendship could not be better
bestowed than on Agnes ;
that I durst
venture to be answerable for her good
temper, that she was well - educated , and
that, although I could in my house hear.
almost every thing that was going for
ward next door, I had not,
during six .
years, heard the least noisy word between
mother and daughter ;
that she was as
dutiful as possible to the old lady, and as
to neatness and œconomy, my neighbour.
was well grounded in both, and that her
daughter, sensible as she was, must have
learnt the same from her.
In a word
that I did not doubt but James had made
an
excellent
choice,
and
would with
Agnes be a happy man.
Well, I am heartily glad you give the
girl such a good character, said the wor
1
* 302
thy man, but do not you think it better
the young folks should wait a year or
$ at present I fear
two before they marry
it would only be children's play.
No, my dear neighbour, said I, that is
$
These
not by any means my opinion .
matters must not be kept drawling, or we
risk their non-completion through Envy
and Slander.
I would immediately bring
every thing to a
sooner the better.
conclusion ,
and the
Your Son, who has
hitherto, lived so temperately , will now,
as I firmly believe, approach the nuptial
chamber with a purity equal to that of
Agnes.
You understand
will perhaps
me,
but you
hardly believe how much
this reciprocally contributes to a steadfast
wedded love.
Well, then, Mr. Counsellor, it will be
best to conclude the wedding directly :
but I have one request to make you, which
303
I hope you will not refuse : I have invited
Agnes and her mother to dine with us
to-morrow .
Our
Aunt
will
likewise
be of the party ; one of these days, the
children will inherit a pretty sum from
her, but it is better to wait than to fast
for it, for she may, as you know, bequeath
it from them.
So much for this.
My
request is, therefore, that you partake
of our meal, and then we may come to
some resolution on the subject. You will
not be sumptuously entertained , we know
nothing of such things ; we shall send
$
some ribs of beef to the oven, and my
dame will prepare a dish of gray pease,
and some other trifles ; at any rate there
will be enough .
I was much pleased with this invitation,
and promised that I should certainly at
tend at the hour appointed .
304
Ante omnia vultus
Accessere boni, nec iners pauperque voluntas.
OVID.
We found, to make a happy party,
4
A cheerful face, and welcome hearty.
As I endeavour to avoid the repetition
of unnecessary compliments , when I visit
my friends, I never am the first comer of
the guests, so that I suited myself to the
precise dinner-hour of my worthy client,
and made my appearance with the first
dishes .
I was the only person waited for,
and I do not remember to have been re
ceived any where with more natural tokens
of unfeigned regard.
The company con
sisted of Agnes and her mother, and the
family, which, with myself and the old
Aunt,
(whose presence I thought a good
sign, ) made the number Eight.
man took
The old
my hand, which, from mere
frank- heartedness he squeezed roughly.
1
His Dame came and offered me her Lips,
305
which I kissed with a loud smack ,
as
well as those of our Aunt, who mumbled
ten times that I was heartily welcome .
For this slightly disagreeable job , I was
amply made amends, by three kisses with
out guile, which each of the young girls
exchanged for
which
I
as
enjoyed
many
of mine,
with less
noise
more leisure than the former.
and
and
Agnes,
who doubtless knew I had used my best
endeavours to forward the match, seeing
me approach her, turned as red as scarlet,
although her beautiful brown eyes ' ap
peared very friendly.
press the
But I cannot ex
hearty kindness
with which
James received me, for the same reason :
I
could hardly loosen my hands from
his.
Had he not bethought himself,
I
really believe he would have kissed them,
and his gratitude was plainly legible in
every feature.
VOL. II.
X
306
The Father and Mother in their Sunday
clothes ,
looked
neat,
common tradespeople .
though
only
as
The Aunt wore
brownish tresses under her cap, which,
like the rest of her dress, appeared to be at
least half as old as herself.
Agnes, sister
Kitty, and the young suitor, were in new
clothes , a degree smarter than they had
ever before worn ; and the mother was
dressed like a respectable citizen's widow ,
without any
ornaments,
but
perfectly
nice.
As she appeared to have been brought
up rather better than the people of the
house, I dare say she had given them both
her advice and assistance towards arrang
ing the table.
order.
The
Every thing was in exact
table- cloth
was fine and
large, and the napkins curiously folded,
with a roll of bread in each . • On the side
of every pewter plate lay a new- fashioned
knife, with a silver fork and spoon, which
looked as if just come from the shop.
307
Whilst I was making these observations ,
the first course was brought in, which
consisted merely of a very large bason of
broth, containing a knuckle of veal , with
a dish of forced- meat- balls, and sausages .
Come, friends, says the old man , don't
let the victuals cool , but take your places,
if you please.
Let me manage this, says the mother,
I shall soon settle the matter as it should
be : Mr. Counsellor is a bachelor, he shall
sit between the girls ; James next to Agnes,
then the Widow, and Aunt, and we shall
find our places .
So said, so done ; and
in a minute this skain was unravelled and
wound up.
Agnes, her mother, and I,
immediately took something on our plates ,
in which James, who , like the others , had
begun to sup the broth from the bason,
imitated
us,
instigated
by Agnes,
softly said to him , " fye, James !"
X 2
who
308
After the soup was removed, a large
Sirloin of beef was set on the table, be
tween two dishes of gray pease , a sallad ,
and stewed apples .
There, my friends ,
you see the whole, said the father, there
is a venison-pasty in the middle, and the
more you eat, the more pleasure you will
give me.
After this hearty compliment ,
as I found nobody ventured to attack the
beef,
I, although an indifferent carver,
undertook to help the company, which I
did to their
satisfaction .
saw his beloved,
her
James, who
mother, and me,
eat with a fork, being upon his guard ,
after his mistake with the spoon, likewise
tried to do so, and, considering it was his
first essay, succeeded
tolerably ;
indeed
what cannot love teach ! The father took
notice of his son's dexterity, well my lad
says he, where have you learnt to eat
with a fork ?
and you do it well too !
well, keep to that new fashion, I would
do so likewise, were I not too old to alter
my habit ;
I have not been accustomed
309
to it.
Your
mother
and
I,
my boy,
(never forget it, in whatever station you
"
may hereafter be, ) were brought up here
in the orphan's hospital ,
and we have
raised ourselves from the ground , without
ever having, thank God !
wronged our
consciences , or any person ; and,
as we
ny for ou
tty pen
penny
pretty
have saved a pre
our chil
dren, we are very willing they should
fare better than we did : * "Tell me what I
am, and not what I was,"
says the old
Dutch proverb, what say you, Mother ?
Honour be to your heart, Father, said
the good woman, we will not give our
selves out for what we are not, as many
do who come floating on a straw : nobo
dy has any claims on us, not even for a
farthing.
In the mean time James hardly eat or
drank any thing, he satiated and intoxi
cated himself with gazing at his beloved .
He eyed her incessantly, as if he beheld
X 3
310
her for the first time in his life, or rather
One
as if he should never see her again .
would have sworn he was deaf and dumb,
except towards what related to Agnes .
Although he certainly did not grudge her
her dinner, he continually took hold of
her hand , and looked at it as if he were
going to eat it, but let go his hold ten
times in a quarter of an hour,
after one
or other of the following reprimands :
Are not you ashamed, James ? ' be quiet,
let me loose, what will people
think ?
upon which James immediately begged
pardon and the next minute was at it
again.
When the dishes, which were all
good of the kind,
were
removed,
the
whole family, except Agnes and James,
retired into the next
minutes ;
room for a few
and, as I only remained with
the Lovers,
James, who had, instead of
one, drank five or six glasses of wine to
Agnes's health,
transported with
love,
and overpowered with wine , took hold
of
his
angel's
arm
and
attempted
to
311
ravish a few kisses.
But the sweet girl
was much displeased , and pushed
gently aside.
him
Is that well done, my dear
Mr. Counsellor , now we have got so far ?
said James with a distressed look .
James,
answered I,
the lass is
Well,
not so
much in the wrong, remember the old
saying, " Wise before people , and mad in
a corner. " -In a corner, interrupted he,
that is worse, but, Sir, you are such a
worthy man that I appeal to you, whe
ther, as the bargain is now almost con
. cluded,
there can be any harm in her
granting me a trifling favour now and
then by way of earnest.
Hark, James,
was my answer , Agnes behaves extreme
ly well, for in general in these kind of
bargains, the more earnest is given, the
less they are stood to .
I had no sooner
said this, to the great surprise of James,
who thought it impossible for his patron
to give it against him in a thing which
appeared to him so very reasonable, than
X. 4
312
the company returned, and I , after having
privately exchanged
a few words with
the father and mother, took my leave, as
I had some pressing business to transact,
but on condition of supping with them.
When I returned, I found my friends
in another apartment,
playing a round
game at cards, and was told that James
had been continually making mistakes, as
his
thoughts were
otherwise
engaged.
Soon after, we returned to the dining
room , where we found the table covered .
with the cold beef, a small ham , a sallad,
pickled herrings , smoked beef, butter and
cheese, almonds and raisins , neatly placed.
We seated ourselves as at dinner :
Aunt,
who seemed to
our
relish the wine
much, after declaring that the sight of
the young
people's
Courtship
her youth,
began to sing :
renewed
I took the
opportunity, as much for my own sake as
that of James,
of asking the good old
soul, if she did not remember any song
313
of old times where
kissing
was
men
tioned .
She was immediately ready, and chaun
ted
one in her best
manner, wherein
kisses were stuck as thick as hailstones .
The girls , especially Agnes, were at first
extremely shy, but I had no sooner assu
red them that such was the usual custom
among the most virtuous girls , when the
men did not behave too grossly,
James added, see
than
now, my dear Agnes,
the gentleman himself says so, and every
thing went on as smoothly as rain slides
from
a
slated pent-house .
This game
pleased me wonderfully well ,
but
no
tongue can tell how James fed in clover ;
his happiness was so great that it might
be said he was hardly able to bear it,
When this had continued a little while
the Father knocked on the table with the
haft of a knife ;
Hark, my friends , said
he, there is a time for all things..
314
Here the Mother interrupted him, come
husband,
let
Counsellor,
me speak.
young
the
You see , Mr.
people
are
not
averse to each other, my Master and I do
not object to their marriage, neither does
Agnes's mother.
Moreover our aunt is
very fond of Agnes, and loves James so
much that she thinks, and so do we, mat
ters should be concluded , the sooner the
better : but mention is made of marriage
conditions ; with these we are unacquaint
ed , and beg, as you have always been our
1
friend, you will lend us your assistance.
Hearken Mother, said I , I shall give
you my sentiments candidly : what need
we trouble ourselves about marriage - set
tlements ? the young people love each
other, and where heart and body are in
common, money ought likewise to be so.
You express yourself well, said the Fa
ther ; an Angel speaks out of your mouth,
echoed James ;
but requesting their at
tention a little longer, I thus continued .
315
Although I do not certainly know, yet I
have reason to suspect that Agnes's mo
ther is not in such affluent circumstances
as my client, and that probably the young
woman besides her œconomy and know
ledge of house- keeping possesses little or
nothing, but. . . . . . The aunt here burst
out, How, little or nothing ? no, no, that
shall not go thus : I do not understand it
so, and shall never permit it if it was ever
so : not at all.
Not a little astonished at such an un
expected interruption,
and thinking no
otherwise than that she wanted to put a
clog to the wheel ; how, said I , what do
you mean by this ? I always thought the
match was to your liking, from whence
then arises this sudden and unaccountable
change ?
Who says I have altered my mind ?
says Aunt, but I again repeat that I will
not suffer the girl to bring nothing for
316
her portion
if her mother cannot give
her any thing, I shall.
I know James is
to have a thousand Rixdollars, and she
shall have the like, and this will be no
hinderance to you, niece Kitty, for if you
meet with a worthy young man , although
he has not a doit in the world , you shall
have the same .
Upon this ,
the whole
company recovered their spirits, especially
James, who
on hearing his aunt's
words grew as pale as
first
a criminal, who
had just heard his sentence of death pro
nounced .
f
A general silence still continuing, she
resumed, well , what do you stare at me
for ?
I hope you do not think
I
am
become so suddenly generous because I
have drank a glass too much : what I say,
I mean, send for a Notary to write it
now doing I always
down : what I am
intended , for I am old and not accustomed
to live expensively, so that I cannot spend
all my money, and ' tis all the same to
!
317
me whether ye have it now, or after my
death .
No sooner had she said this, than
James , overjoyed with such unexpected
good-fortune , flung himself, crying, about
his aunt's neck ; I made a sign to Agnes
to do the same, and notwithstanding she
was disordered , she acquitted herself of
that duty with tokens of unaffected and
tender gratitude , in which we all followed
her.
I could not help shedding tears as
the others did .
Aunt cried too, through
joy that she had
good deed.
accomplished
such
a
She persisted in her desire of
having a Notary sent for, and although I
thought it might appear dishonourable ,
as if
mistrusting her word,
we
were
obliged to comply , especially as she added
that having no other near friends than
those present , the wedding might as well
be concluded that same evening .
thing
she wished was
done
Every
in a very
short time , which raised James's rapture
to the highest pitch .
He caught Agnes
in his arms, crying , now however you
318
are mine.
She fell into his, so agitated
as hardly to know what she did , and she
appeared to be just on the point of faint
ing, had not her Lover restored her spi
rits with a thousand loving kisses.
It
may easily be imagined, that the rest of
the evening, and part of the night passed
with redoubled pleasure .
E.
1
POETRY.
Sit mihi
poetarum veniat manus, auxilio quæ
HOR.
A Band of Poets to my aid I'll call.-CREECH .
SIX SPANISH SONNETS,
WITH TRANSLATIONS .
SONNET I.
By Christoval Suarez de Figueroa.
O Bien feliz el que la vida pasa
Sin vèr del que gobierna el aposento,
Y mas quien deja el cortesano asiento
Por la humildad de la pajiza casa !
320
Que nunca teme una fortuna escasa
De agena envidia el ponzoñoso aliento :
A la planta mayor persigue el viento ;
A
' la torre mas alta el rayo abrasa.
Contento estoy de mi mediana suerte :
El poderoso en su deidad resida :
Mayor felicidad yo no procuro :
Pues la quietud sagrada al hombre advierto
Ser para el corto espacio de la vida
El mas humildo estado, mas segura .
THRICE happy he, whose lowly lot
Is bound to his paternal cot,
Remote from regal state !
Content he courts the cooling glade,
Inhales the breeze, enjoys the shade,
And loves his humble fate.
His eyes no anxious vigils keep ;
No dreams of gold distract his sleep,
Nor lead his heart astray ;
Nor blasting Envy's tainted gale
Pollutes the pleasures of the vale,
To vex his harmless day.
321
The Tower, which rears its front on high,
And bids defiance to the sky,
Provokes the angry winds :
The branching oak, extending wide,
Invites destruction by its pride,
And courts the fall it finds.
Nor lightning blasts, nor wind destroys
The safer bliss , the humbler joys
That crown my peaceful cot :
There mild Tranquillity resorts ,
And wonders men can covet courts,
And bids me bless my lot.
Ah! sacred Quiet ! guest divine !
Thy meek delights be ever mine,
Fair, permanent, and pure :
Chaste nymph ! by thee my erring youth
Was taught this most important truth,
" Be humble and secure."
BLESS'D Man ! who finds a calm retreat,
Remote from grandeur's pompous seat,
Beneath some neat, some rural cot,
Forgetting courts, by courts forgot ;
Where, soft and gentle, ev'ry day,
His fleeting moments wing their way.
VOL. II.
Y
322
No soul-imbitt'ring pangs he knows ;
No fears of want awake his woes ;
Nor rankling Envy e'er invades
The pleasure of his peaceful shades .
How oft do furious whirlwinds tear
The trees that rise sublime in air!
The cloud- capp'd Towers how often broke,
And shatter'd by the lightning's stroke !
Contented with this humble state,
I envy not the rich or great ;
Nor wish, seduc'd by Folly's lore,
Above my present sphere to soar.
Small is our circle's amplest bound ;
And here, by Quiet taught, I've found
Security and Peace are known
In Life's sequester'd vale alone.
SONNET II.
By D. Manuel de Velasco .
1:
QUIERES ser gran Señor ? ponte severo :
Gusta de sabandijas : tèn endno :
Con los picaros sé muy cortesano,
Y con la gente honrada muy grosero :
323
Monta de quando en quando por cochero :
Lleva à pasear tus mulas en verano :
Haz desear lo que penda de tu mano ;
Yolvidate de que eres caballero.
Si te pide el rendido, tuerce el gesto ;
De agena bolsa no escasees gasto :
Para las vanidades echa el resto.
Solo con tu muger seràs muy casto :
Pide, debe, no pagues ; que con esto,
Si no eres gran Señor, seras gran trasto.
IF thou desir'st, aspiring Elf,
To be a noble Lord,
With rascals idle as thyself
Thy hall must first be stor'd.
In Butterflies obtain be sure
A taste that's just and true ;
A Cleopatra's head procure,
And prate about Virtù.
Ascend the chariot-box, my son ;
Instruct thy steeds to move ;
And like the coachman Phaeton
Thy god-like lineage prove.
Y2
324
Ifwanton beauty court thine arms,
Affect delight to find,
And doat upon her venal charms,
Who doats on all mankind.
But if a wife thy fate bestows,
Tho' cast in beauty's mould,
To her be chaste as Thracian snows
As Parian marble, cold.
If, or thy pity, or thy purse,
Wrong'd merit should implore,
Refuse, or else, to plague thee worse,
He may solicit more.
Shouldst thou be weak enough to lend,
Be paid before to -morrow ;
But never render to thy friend
What thou art forc'd to borrow.
Game deep, sell acres, mortgage woods ;
This is the vice of spirit ;
This sole propensity includes
Birth, genius, wit, and merit.
These precepts in thy bosom stor❜d
Will bring thee into vogue ;
And if thou'rt not a noble Lord,
Thou❜lt be a noble Rogue.
325
SONNET III.
EL que tiene muge moza y hermosa
r
Qué busca en casa de muger agena ?
La suya es menos blanca ? es mas morena ?
Es fria, floja, flaca ? no hay tal cosa.
Es desgraciada ? no, sino graciosa.
Es mala ? no por cierto, sino buena :
Es una Venus, una Sirena,
Un fresco lirio, y una blanca rosa.
Pues qué busca ? dò và ? de donde viene ?
Mejor que la que tiene piensa hallarla ?
Ha de ser su buscar en infinito ?
No busca èl muger, que ya la tiene :
Busca el trabajo dulce de buscarla,
Que es el que enciende al hombre el appetito.
HE who has a young beautiful mate for his Life,
Why should he run after another Man's Wife ?
Is his ownthan his neighbour's less fair or more brown ?
Languid, idle, or weak, that he ransacks the town ?
Y 3
326
Is she twisted, or hump -back'd ? -No, Reader,
between us,
She is virtuous, and straight, and as handsome as
Venus .
Without injuring truth we may say the world knows
She's a Siren, a lily, a dainty white rose .
What means he by ogling, intriguing, and chat ?
Whence comes he ? where goes he ? what would he
be at ?
While regardless of all his past conjugal vows ,
Than his own can he find a more beautiful spouse ?
Such a notion as this does his conduct betray ?
Why then he may seek here and there till he's gray.
To his Turtle domestick why cool and unsteady ?
He seeks not a wife, sure ? —he has one already
But he seeks because seeking's delightful, I ween
'Tis this alone renders Man's appetite keen.
SONNET IV.
By Quevedo.
ESTA es la informacion, este el proceso
Del hombre que ha de ser canonizado,
327
En quien, si es que viò el mundo algun pecado,
Advirtiò penitencia con exceso :
Doce años en su suegra estuvo preso,
A
' muger y sin sueldo condenado :
Viviò bajo el poder de su cuñado :
Tuvo un hijo no mas, tonto y travieso :
Nunca rico se viò con oro ò cobre :
Viviò siempre contento, aunque desnudo :
No hay incomodidad che no le sobre.
Viviò entre un herrador y un tartamudo :
Fue martir, porquefue casado y pobre :
Hizo un milagro y fue no ser cornudo.
You have here an account, which, tho ' faithful, is
quaint,
Of a man, who is soon to be dubb'd a good Saint.
You may learn, if you list, from my narrative line,
What perfections to constitute saintship combine.
If e'er this good Christian by sin was defil'd,
Penance wash'd him as clean as a new christen'd
child ;
As you'll own, when I've laid out in order before ye
The wonders that make up his wonderful story.
Y 4
328
To the time that he died from the day of his birth,
He was perfectly purgatorized upon earth,
For no less than twelve years of his juvenile life
He was slave to his Step-dame, a crabbed old wife.
When freed from her clutches , he married a shrew,
Whom he serv'd without wages, or stocking, or shoe,
While a cousin at home, such was fortune's odd whim,
Led his wife by the nose, while she rib-roasted him.
Let me tell ye withal, this delectable pair
Had a Son, to their virtues and fortunes sole heir ;
And this youth, tho' deriv'd from so clever a stock,
Was a silly, disorderly, dull, stupid block.
The father, by credible folks, as we're told,
Possess'd neither copper, nor silver, nor gold ;
Nor had he, so great was his poverty's curse,
One cross to keep Beelzebub out of his purse.
As a heathen Philosopher, ragged and thin,
His garment did often discover his skin ;
Yet, tho' his whole life so distress'd was, and blank
full ,
'Tis affirm'd he was always contented and thankful.
His mansion, in which but few speeches he utter'd,
Adjoined on the left to a Fellow's that stutter'd,
329
Whilst a Blacksmith, who shoulder'd him close on
the right,
Dinn'd his ears with his musick from morning till
night.
As 'tis fit that a saint should be either a Martyr,
Or some miracle work to lay claim to his Charter,
Our Hero, we think, of such excellent stuff,
To support his pretensions had full quantum suff.
A Martyr he was, a true martyr, I'm sure,
Because he was married, and eke very poor ;
One Miracle also his hist'ry adorns,
For 'tis clear, beyond doubt, that he never wore horns.
SONNET V.
By King Charles II. of Spain.
O rompa ya el silencio el dolor mio,
Y salga de este pecho desatado ;
Que sufrir los rigores de callado
No cabe en este pecho, aunque porfio.
330
De obedecerte, Anarda, desconfio,
Muero de confusion desesperado,
Ni quieres que sea tuyo mi cuidado,
Ni dejas que yo tengo mi alvedrio.
Mas ya tanto la pena me maltrata
Que vence al sufrimiento ; ya no espero
Vivir alegre : el llanto se desata ;
Yotra vez de la vida desespero ;
Pues si me quejo tu rigor me mata,
Y si callo mi mal dos veces muero.
By Mrs. OPIE.
O! let my sorrow silence break ;
Let me unload my aching breast ;
For know, the grief that dares not speak
Can never let the sufferer rest .
Yet fain would I obey thy will,
And still in secret anguish pine,
Since, cruel maid ! thou tell'st me still,
Thou canst not make my sorrows thine.
But, Anna, clouded is thy brow ;
Like mine, thy heart has sorrow known ;
And when I see thy grief, I vow
I in thy pangs forget my own.
331
But thou, then only, causest mine,
And thou to end them, hast the power :
If I such influence had on thine,
Thou wouldst not grieve one moment more.
But hope for me, alas ! is vain
Thy rigour kills me if I speak ;
And if I still conceal my pain,
My woe-worn, bursting heart will break.
SONNET VI.
T
EL que de su quietud tanto se olvida,
Que entrega à bravo marfràgil navìo ;
El que en la guerra, por mostrar su brio,
Pone contra mil balas una vida ;
Quien todo su caudal de un lance envida ;
Quien no esgrime, y se arriesga à un desafio;
Quien se expone al capricho, ù al desvio
De una muger hermosa y presumida ;
El que sube à una càtedra sin ciencia,
Y el que al pulpito saca sus sermones
Fundando en su memoria su eloqüencia,
332
Todos ellos de ti tomen lecciones
En materia de arrojo y de imprudencia ;
Pues al Teatro das composiciones.
HE, who, profuse of life as well as ease,
In some weak vessel braves tempestuous seas ;
He, who, to show his courage, dares oppose
A shower of bullets where the battle glows ;
The Man, who, while his capital's but small,
Upon a single venture risks his all ;
He, who, by rashness prompted, seeks to bear
The coy caprice of some disdainful fair ;
He, who, a sword unknowing how to wield,
Dares challenge a good fencer to the field ;
Th' unletter'd Priest, who, in his own account,
Is learn'd and wise, the pulpit dares to mount,
And there, unconscious of his little sense,
His memory trusts for stores of eloquence ;
Thy foolish copiers, he, and all the rest,
Thou shin'st their great original confess'd.
For lo ! to prove this truth, thy witless page
Thou giv'st, vile Poetaster, to the Stage.
333
EPITAPH .
By D. Joseph Vasquez.
El que està aqui sepultado,
Porque no logrò casarse,
Muriò de pena acabado.
Otros mueren de acordarse
De que ya los han casado.
HERE lies, whom grief depriv'd of life,
Because he could not get a wife ;
An instance truly scarce !
For both among the low and high,
How many, many, many die
For reason the reverse.
334
TWO PORTUGUESE SONNETS .
SONNET I.
EU vi huma pastora em certo dia
Pelas praias do Tejo andar brincando,
Os redondos seixinhos apanhando,
Que no puro regaço recolhia .
Eu vi nella tal graça, quefaria
Inveja a quantas ha ; e o gesto brando,
Com que o sereno rosto levantando ,
Parece namorava quanto via.
Eu vi o passo airoso, a compostura,
Com que depois me pareceo mais bella,
Guiando os cordeirinhos na espessura .
Eu o digo de todo ; vi a Estèlla :
De graça, de candor, de formosura
Sò poderei ver mais tornando a vella.
335
WHERE the Tagus rolls his tide,
Lately as I chanc'd to stand,
There a Shepherdess I spy'd
Gath'ring pebbles on the sand.
As into her lap she threw
All she cull'd with nicest care,
I, at once, enamour'd grew
Of the Nymph divinely fair.
In her form was ev'ry grace
Female envy that could raise.
Sure I ne'er have seen a face
Where serener beauty plays.
All her graces, void of art,
I with raptures high survey'd :
These, in my surrender'd heart,
Fix'd the conquest she had made.
Kindness in her eyes appear'd,
Onward as she led her Lambs,.
Whom, with tend'rest care, she'd rear'd,
From the hour they left their Dams.
Lustre such of charms divine !
Who of all her sex can boast ?
So the rays of Venus shine
Brightest of the starry host.
336
O ! what Candour ! Grace ! unfolding
Beauties that can ne'er be told ;
More, till her again beholding,
More, I never can behold.
SONNET II.
POZ-SE o Sol ; como jà na sombra fea,
Do dia pouco a pouco a luz desmaia :
E a parda mão da noite, antes que caia,
De grossas nuvens todo o ar semea.
Apenas jà diviso a minha aldea ;
Jà do cypreste não distingo a faia :
Tudo em silencio està : so ià na praia
Se ouvem quebrar as ondas pela aréa.
•
Co' a mão na face a vista ao ceo levanto,
E cheio de mortal melancolia ,
Nos tristo olhos mal sustenho o pranto :
E se ainda algum alivio ter podia,
Era ver esta noite durar tanto
Que nunca mais amanhecesse o dia.
337
NOW sinks beneath the main the orb of Light,
And gradual shades proclaim approaching night,
'Till each gay image undistinguish'd lies,
And thick'ning clouds obscure the painted Skies.
My glimm❜ring sight now vainly seeks to rove
From my own village, to yon Cypress grove.
To Darkness silence closely seems allied :
All nature sleeps except th ' unruly tide,
Whose waves, succeeding waves, with endless roar,
Resounding, dash against the neighb'ring shore.
Pensive I sigh, to heav'n I lift mine eyes,
Whilst on my hand, my head reclining lies .
Sunk in the depths of more than mortal woe,
In briny floods my gushing tears o'erflow..
Could aught be found a grief like mine ť' allay,
I'd wish the night might ne'er give place to day.
By Mrs. OPIE.
THE Sun is set, and lingering day
In crimson glory fades away ;
While Night's grey hand, in thickest clouds,
The Skies late-beaming beauty shrouds .
No more I thro' the gloom descry
The Cypress proudly waving high :
VOL. II.
Z
338
All, all is dark and silent, all,
Save where the shrill -ton'd Curlews call ;
Save where the waves, with softened roar,
Break on the near and pebbly shore.
O scene for me, and sorrow made !
Joy's frowning foe, but misery's aid,
With thee I'll lonely vigils keep,
Now all the world is wrapt in sleep ;
And while sad visions haunt my mind,
My head upon my hand reclin'd,
To heaven I lift my tearful Eyes,
To heaven my soul in musing flies,
And " Hail ! congenial glooms, (I cry)
Ye cure not, but ye sooth my sigh,
For when Day's chearful lustre glows,
Alas ! it seems to mock my woes ;
But when Night's gathering clouds I see,
Methinks kind Nature mourns with me ;
Then friendly Night ! prolong thy power,
And Day, glad Day, return no more."
339
THREE GERMAN FABLES ,
By GELLERT.
AND THE SAME IN
DUTCH ;
WITH TRANSLATIONS , OR IMITATIONS .
DIE GLUCKLICHE EHE.
GEDANKT sey es dem Gott der Ehen !
Was ich gewünscht, hab ich gesehen ;
Ich sah ein recht zufriednes Paar,
Ein Paar, das ohne Gram und Reue,
Bey gleicher Lieb und gleicher Treue,
In kluger Ehe glücklich war.
Ein wille lenkte hier zwo Seelen,
Was sie gewählt, pflegt er zu wählen
Was er verwarf, verwarf auch sie :
Ein Fall, wo andre sich betrübten,
Stört ihre Ruhe nie. Sie liebten,
Und fühlten nicht des Lebens Müh.
2 2
340
}
Da ihn kein Eigensinn verführte,
Und sie kein eitler Stolz regierte :
So herrschte weder sie, noch er.
Sie herrschten ; aber bloss mit Bitten.
Sie stritten ; aber wen sie stritten,
Kam bloss ihr Streit aus Eintracht her.
So wie wir, eh wir uns vermählen,
Uns unsre Fehler klug verhelen
Unsfalsch aus Liebe hintergehn
So liessen sie auch in der Zeiten
Der zärtlichsten Vertraulichkeiten
Sich nie die kleinsten Fehler zehn.
Der letzte Tag in ihrem Bunde,
Der letzte kuss von ihrem Munde
Nahm, wie der erste, sie noch ein.
Sie starben.
Wenn ?
Wie kanst dufragen ?
Acht Tage nach den Hochzeit tagen ;
Sonst würden diess nur Fabeln seyn.
HET GELUKKIG HUWELYK.
DANK, Hymen ! God der trouverbonden !
'k Heb, naar myn ' wensch, een Paar gevonden,
Vernoegt tot in den hoogsten graad ;
Een Paar, dat zonder leed en rouwe,
Door wederzydsche liefde en trouwe
Gelukkig was in d'echtenstaat .
2
341
Eén wil kon hier twee zielen neigen s
Eén doel te kiezen was haar eigen.
Wat hy verwierp, verwierp zy meê,
Een ongeval dat andren griefde,
Stoort hunne rust niet. Hunne liefde
Verbant van hen al ' t hartewee.
Daar eigenzinnigheid zyn zinnen,
Nooit hovaardy haar kon verwinnen,
Had heerschzucht nooit hun ziel bekoord,
Zy heerschten beiden slechts door beden,
Zo ze over' t een of ' t ander streeden,
Kwam al hun stryd uit eendragt voort.
Gelyk we, eer we onzen echt voltrekken.
Zorgvuldig onze feilen dekken,
De liefde geen bedrog ontziet ;
Zoo toonde zy ook, in de tyden
Van hun zielstreelend minverblyden
Elkander 't kleinstefoutje niet.
Het einde van hun huwlyksleven,
Het laatste kusje elkaér gegeven,
Beviel hen nog als d' eerstemaal,
Zy stierven. Op wat tyd ? - Welk vragen !
Eén week slecht na de bruiloftsdagen :
't Waare anders een verdicht verhaal.
z 3
342
THE HAPPY MARRIAGE .
By Mrs. OPIE.
THANKS Hymen, God of nuptial ties !
At length I've found, with glad surprize,
A pair in thy strict bands united,
Who, with each other still delighted,
Declar'd with conscious joy elate,
True blessings crown'd the marriage state.
One will, two souls to action mov'd,
Still each, the other's choice approv'd ;
What she disdain'd , he too rejected,
What he approv❜d, she too respected ;
Those ills which others robb'd of rest,
O'er them no evil power possest,
Their hearts, grief's entrance could not fear,
For Love, true love, was sentry there.
Lovers we know, when they unite,
Bound by the sacred marriage rite,
Their faults from those they love conceal ,
For love will lie, as well as steal,
But they, tho' fast by Hymen bound,
No changes in each other found,
No secret error came to light,
Which love or art had veil'd from sight ;
And when life's ebbing sand was spent,
Uninjur'd still was their content,
#
343
And the last kiss they gave and took,
Joy, like their first caresses spoke,
" Blest pair ! they died then, did they ?" " yes."
" And when, I pray you ?" " can't you guess ???
Another world Death bade them seek
When they'd been married just a week.
Else I must own ' tis my conviction
All I have said had been mere fiction .
The same- As an EPITAPH.- Anon.
HERE lies a constant Pair below,
Who knew not matrimonial woe,
And ne'er express'd a wish to part ;
Love the sole Regent of each heart.
Without a cloud their minutes roll'd ,
And Life's last sands were sands of Gold.
What precious grains ! what charming weather !
You ask how long they liv'd together ?
From good authority I speak—
They liv'd together- one whole week !
DER STERBENDE VATER,
EIN Vater hinterliess zween Erben,
Christopher, der war klug, und Görgen, der wardumm.
Z 4
344
Sein Ende kam , und Kurz vor seinem Sterben
Sah er sich ganz betrübt nach seinem Christoph um.
Sohn ! fieng er an, nich quält ein trauriger Gedanke ;
Du hast Verstand, wie wird dirs künftig gehn ?
Hör an, ich hab in meinem Schranke
Ein Kästchen mit Juwelen stehn,
Die sollen dein.
Nimm sie, mein Sohn,
Und gieb dem Bruder nichts davon .
Der Sohn erschrack und stutzte lange,
Ach Vater ! hub er an, wenn ich so viel empfange,
Wie kömmt alsdann mein Bruder fort ?
Er ? fiel der Vater ihm ins Wort,
Für Görgen ist mir gar nicht bange,
Der kömmt gewiss durch seine Dummheit fort.
DE STERVENDE VADER.
EEN Vader had twee Zoonen tot zyn' erven.
Christoffel had verstand, Joost was een domme bloed.
Wanneer nu d' oude man op ' t punt was van te sterven,
Zag hy Christoffel aan met een beklemd gemoed,
Hy sprak: Ik word gekweld door angstige gedachten,
Myn Zoon ! gy hebt vernuft.
wachten ?
Hoor, hoor maar my.
Wat lot staat u te
' k Heb in myn kabinet
Een kistje met juweelen neergezet,
Dat maak ik u om van te leeven ;
345
Ik Wil gy niets daarvan zult aan uw broeder geeven.
De Zoon, verlegen op den voorslag dien hy hoort,
Sprak: Vader, zo die schat door my wierd aangeno
men,
Hoe zou myn broeder dan toch door de waereld komen?
Uw broeder, (vat straks de oude't woord)
Die komt vast door zyn domheid voort.
THE DYING FATHER.
By HORACE TWIss.
A Father for his death prepares,
And sees two Sons, his hopeful heirs :
No common scull, the scull of Dick ;
But Tim's impenetrably thick !
Big terrors rising in his breast,
To Dick these words the Sire addrest :
" My Son, a weight of tort'ring cares
" For thee my groaning bosom bears ;
" Thou hast a mind ! What dreadful fate
" Such parts as thine may not await !
" A precious casket's in the drawer
" Come nearer-hist - of my scrutoire
" Do thou employ the jewels there,
" But let not Tim the treasure share."
346
The Son, inclining o'er the bed,
And scarcely comprehending, said,
" If I accept what you would give,
" How may my brother hope to live ?"
" How ! which ! what ! who ! thy brother Tim !"
The dying Father cries, " for him,
" My bosom feels no lab'ring fulness,
" He'll make his way by dint of dulness.
DAS JUNGE MADCHEN.
EINjunger Mensch sprach einern wackern Mann
Durch einen guten Freund um seine Tochter an.
Der Alte, der sein kind noch nicht versprechen wollte,
War dennoch ungemein erfreut.
Und bat den Freund mit vieler Höflichkeit,
Dass er bey ihm zu Tische bleiben sollte.
Die Tochter, ob sich gleich der Vater sehr verstellt,
Was ? fängt sie an zu
Erräth die sache bald.
schliessen,
Ein fremder Herr, den man zu Tische gleich behält,
Was bringt doch der ? Ich solls nicht wissen ;
347
Allein umsonst bückt er sich nicht so tief vor mir,
Ist auch der gute Freund wohl meinetwegen hier ?
Der Fremde hofft, es soll ihm noch gelingen,
Und wagt es bey dem Glase Wein
Das Wortfür seinen Freund noch einmal anzubringen,
Mein Herr, fiel ihm der Vater ein,
O! denken sie doch nicht, dass ich zu hart verfahre ?
Mein kind kann wirklich noch nicht freyn,
Sie ist zujung; sie is erst vierzehn jahre.
Indem er diess noch sprach, trat Anchen selbst
herein,
Und trug ein Essen auf.
schreyn,
Was ? fieng sie an zu
Was sagten Sie, Papa ? Sie haben sich versprochen.
Ich sollt erst vierzehn jahre seyn ?
Nein, vierzehn jahr und sieben Wochen.
" Liess sie der Vater denn nicht freyn ?"
Das weis ich nicht ; doch nein, ich wills nur sagen :
Denn unter denen, die mich fragen,
Da könnten wohl selbst junge Mädchen seyn ;
Die zu beruhigen, will ichs aufrichtig sagen :
Der Vater schämte sich und liess die Tochter freyn.
348
HET JONGE MEISJE.
ERNESTUS , het belang eens jonglings toegedaan,
Sprak, voor dien Vriend, een' Heer om zyne Dochter
aan.
De Vader, niet gezind zyn kind nog uit te trouwen,
Vond echter door dien voorslag zich gevleid,
En bad dien vriend, met alle minzaamheid,
By hem het middagmaal te houên .
De Dochter, schoon de Vader zich niet uit,
Beseft wel haast de zaak en vormt straks dit besluit :
" Een Heer, ons vreemd, dus denkt ze, blyft hier
eeten !
" Wat voert hem hier ? Ik zou't niet weeten ?
" Vergeefs groet hy my zo beleeft, zo vriendlyk niet.
" Is't ook om my dat dit bezoek geschied ?"
Ernest, die nog al hoopt in zynen last te slaagen,
Vind goed, terwyl men nu den beker rond laat gaan,
Nog eens een kans te waagen,
Nog eens zyn Vriend den Vader vóór te slaan.
De Gastheer zegt in ' t eind' :
verklaaren,
'k Moet u ronduit
" Mynheer ! ik kan hier toe onmogelyk verstaan ;
" Myn Dochter is tejong; zy is pas veertienjaaren. '
349
De Dochter treed juist in en hoort dit onderhoud,
Zy lacht, en zegt : Papa ! hoe kunt ge u zo verspree
ken ?
Ben ik pas veertien jaaren oud ?
Neen, veertien jaar en zeven weeken.
De Vader stemde toen haar' echt naar allen schyn ?
Ik weet het niet. - Doch, dit nieuwsgierig vraagen,
Hoe verder zich ' t geval heeft toegedraagen,
Kon onder andren wel van jonge meisjes zyn :
Tot haar gerustheid zal ik ' t ongeveinsd ontvouwen :
De Vader schaamde zich, en liet zyn Dochter trouwen.
MISS IN HER TEENS .
GIRLS, think of Sweethearts not too soon :
Too short is many a Honey-moon ;
Nor practise in the glass your arts ;
Ogling, and dimpling, teaching eyes
To catch the Beaux, those gilded Flies,
And to a cinder roast their hearts.
A Lover is a dangerous thing :
The Bee that honey yields, can sting.
DOLLY was pretty, and was wild
AS PRIOR says , as Colt untam'd,
Whose charms Squire NIMROD's heart beguil'd,
And much the gentle Youth inflam’d .
350
By day, she prov'd his happy theme ?
By night, her beauty blest his dream >
In short he lov'd her ev'n to folly,
Such were the radiant eyes of DOLLY.
Indeed I should have said before
Her Father was good PARSON SNore.
To gain the object of his sweet desire
Forth goes the SQUIRE ,
TO DOCTOR SNORE, to beg his Daughter's hand,
Then shakes him stoutly by the fist :
Makes handome offers to the Priest,
Of Pin-money and eke of Land.
The DOCTOR urg'd remonstrance strong,
Saying the Girl was much too young,
She should not marry ev'n the King,
He could not think of such a thing,
And thus persisted in his song,
Of " DOLL for wedlock is too young."
All this while,
DOLLY stood list'ning at the door ;
Not with a smile,
Nor overpleas'd with FATHER Snore.
In rushes Miss, in seeming rage
" Too young PAPA ! Lud ! what d'ye mean ?
" Why, Sir you quite forget my age
" Next April, I amfull thirteen.
351
By GELLERT.
Du, der du denkst, dass alle von dir wissen,
Von dir ietzt alle reden müssen,
Und dich im Herzen stolz erhebst ;
Von Tausenden, die dich nach deiner Meynungkennen,
Und dich und deine Thaten nennen,
Weis oft kaum Einer, dass du lebst.
DUTCH.
0 gy, die denkt dat elk u kent, dat ge u zoo kwyt
Dat gy ten onderwerp van elks gesprek moet strekken,
En u daaróver in ' t hoogmoedig hart verblyd !
Van duizend, die gy waant dat uw verdienste roemen,
En nooit u dan met achting noemen,
Weet dikwils naauwlyks één dat gy in wezen zyt.
THOU fondly fanciest that thy name
Fills all the hundred trumps of Fame :
A world, immortal crowns decreeing,
Which knows not that thou hast a Being.
.
352
PROVENÇAL SONNET.
SUPERBES bastimens, vanitat des Mortels,
Coucouluchos, tombeaux, que la fadeza puro,
Crey d' ave miel bastit à grands cops de martels,
Que mile raretas que ly a dins la naturo.
Chef d'œuvre des Romains, Palais, Pons et Castels,
Lou darnié des efforts de leur Architecturo,
Arenos ont an fach milo combats cruels
Fazen mouri las gens d' un' estranjo pousturo.
Per l'injuro dau tems v'autres s'es aboulits,
Ou per lou mens vous an la puspart demoulits,
Lou simen lou pus dur à la fin cau que vouide ;
Se lou marbre en lou temps à sentit lou debris,
Faut-il trouva mauvais qu' un mechant perpon gris,
Que m' a durat dex ans, sie traucat per lou couide ?
SINCE TIME with hungry rage devours
Huge Palaces, and lofty Tow'rs ;
Why should I quarrel with his snags
For tearing an old coat to rags ?
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353
VERSES,
Addressed to a Letter, sent by an ancient Provençal
Poet to his Wife.
PARTES gagis de ma tendresso,
A Moulié vous mandi em allegresso ;
Pouedi-ti miés vous emplegà !
Auricou, per la miés satisfaïre,
De plu doux presens à li faïre,
Mai lei li podi pas mandà.
GO, seek, fond Scroll ! my wedded love !
Go, pledge of truth, heart-breathing letter !
While far from her I'm doom'd to rove,
Could I, fair page, employ thee better ?
True, there are gifts she might prefer,
Gifts still more sweet, and still more tender ;
But these, tho' dear to me and her,
Too well she feels I cannot send her.
A a
VOL. II.
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•
354
GO, happy PAPER, to my Wife,
The only pleasure of my life ;
And say, can I employ thee better ?
But prithee tell my lovely friend,
Far sweeter things I wish to send,
But cannot send them in a Letter.
PROVENÇAL.
LOU cor que tu m ' abiés dounat
Luy mai prestat ne maï trouquat
Lay près, lay mesclat em lou miou
Ne sabets pur qual es lou tiou.
By Mrs. OPIE .
THE heart you gave me t'other day,
I've neither lent, nor chang'd away ;
But now ' tis so well mix'd with mine,
I really know not which is thine.
10
1
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355
SYLVIA, I thank thee for thy heart ;
And with it never mean to part ;
For really I'm so partial grown,
I do not know it from my own .
FRENCH,
1460.
SOIT un amant, frais et plaisant,
Soit diligent, soit plus luisant qu'un diamant
Joli et gent, qu'il soit prudent
Parlant aussi bien qu' un romant
S'il n'a de l'or et de l'argent
On lui dit, à Dieu vous commant.
By Mrs. OPIE.
THO' a Lover be fresh as the blossoms in May,
More brilliant besides than the diamond's bright ray,
Assiduous and handsome, expressive in look,
And tho' all he says be as good as a book,
Still, unless he has wealth, if he dares to address you,
Girls, you send him away with a chilling " God bless
you."
Aa 2
356
AN
ANCIENT FRENCH LOVE SÒNG.
FAIRE voudrois , belle MARIE,
Comme faisoient beaux Troubadours
Qui doucement couloient la vie
A celebrer tendres amours.
Dirois, pensant à mon Amie
Dont les doux yeux causent tourmens ,
Tourment d'amour charme la vie
Tourment d'amour plait aux amans .
Comm , euxferois, belle MARIE
Et chanterois minois fripon,
Oeil petillant , bouche jolie,
Ne seroit nul besoin de nom.
Las ! n'ai reçu pour tout partage
Que Don d'aimer sincèrement,
Et mefaudroit si doux langage
Pour peindre si doux sentiment .
Mais, dussiez vous, tant belle MARIE
M' accabler de plus de rigueur
Serez mes Dieux, serez ma vie
Serez plaisir, serez grandeur .
357
Serez pour mon Ame enflammée
Tout ce que promet le bonheur
Serez enfin de ma Pensée
Reine, tout comme de mon Coeur.
By HORACE TWISS .
BEWITCHING MARY ! I would fain
Be like the Troubadours of old,
Whose little life of love-taught strain
In silver current gently roll'd.
And thus should speak, of eyes so bright,
So fraught with pain, the votive measure :
The pain of love is life's delight,
The pain oflove is Lover's pleasure.
Like them I'd sing the sparkling eyes,
The roseate mouth, the roguish air,
And all the world must recognise,
;
Without a name, a Maid so fair.
Yet, ah ! no Gift do I possess,
Except a soul to love completely,
And sweet must words be to express
Sensations that I feel so sweetly.
Aa 3
ཆ་
358
But though, by your unkindness tried,
To greater woes I yet be driv❜n,
You, you must ever be my pride,
My life, my pleasure, and my heav'n .
You, fixing in my soul yyour throne,
Shall realise each blissful notion ,
And govern, not my heart alone,
But ev'ry thought and every motion ,
KOLF-PLAY..
OF all the Travellers who have visited
Holland, and published their observations
on that Country , no one has mentioned
the Kolf-baanen, or Kolf-grounds ; pro
bably because they,
being
ignorant
of
the Dutch Language, never noticed this
remarkable
Game,
not known in any
other country, and of which I shall give
a short account, but less perfect than may
be wished, because I have not been in
Holland since the year 1780 ,
The only publication on the subject is
a Dutch pamphlet of 64 pages, printed at
"
Aa 4
360
Amsterdam , in 1792 , entitled, " Treatise
on the origin of KOLVEN, with a list of
the Kolf-grounds."
The Author says that the first mention
of any thing relative to this game is in
Halma's Dutch and French Dictionary,
1708, wherein the French word Crosseur
is interpreted , a Boy who plays with a
Kolf;
same
and that Veneroni has given the
explanation
of the
word
in his
Dictionary .
In this he is, however, mistaking ; for
in
Kilian's
Dutch,
Latin,
and French
Dictionary augmented, printed in Black
Letter
at Amsterdam in
Kolf, Kolve ;
Clava ;
1642 ,
I
find
Croce, Masse ;
a
Kolf, or Club. - Kolven ; Ludere clava ;
Crocher; to kolve. - Kolf-bal ;
varia ;
Esteuf;
Pila cla
Kolf-ball.
I know not how to render Kolf-baan
properly.
361
In Sewel's Dutch and
tionary,
1727 ,
English Dic
may be found
the
five
following Baanen :
Ys-Baan, a path on the ice, from which the snow is
cleared, for the convenience of scaters
and sliders
Kauts-Baan, a Tennis-court
Loop-Baan, a Race-ground
Lyn-Baan, a Rope-walk
Malie-Baan, a Mall .
In the
modern
Dutch
Dictionaries,
Kolven is explained, a kind of bowling
game.
In Luiken's works is a print of Boys
playing on the ice with balls and clubs.
Richelet likewise mentions children play
ing in the same manner.
By degrees, grounds were appropriated
to this amusement, which may not un
aptly be termed a kind of ground Billiards,
and of which the following is a descrip
tion, in its present state :
362
A piece of ground is made perfectly
horizontal ; the foundation is of bricks ,
covered with fine clay, and rendered as
smooth and hard as Plaster of Paris.
These grounds are of various sizes, the
largest being 130 feet in length.
The
size usually chosen for the best is 70 feet,
and 21 feet in breadth . -This Parallelo
gram
is
enclosed
in
wooden
bounds ,
exactly perpendicular, and with accurate
right angles, three or four feet in height.
At 10 feet from each end is a Post
gene
rally made of hard wood , sometimes of
marble, or of metal , of 3 feet high, and
6 inches in diameter .
The Balls are of worsted or silk, cover
ed with fine glove- leather,
inches in
diameter,
generally 4
sewed with
brass
wire ; the best cost about a Ducat each.
Every Player brings his own Ball.
The
Sticks are of wood , 3 or 4 feet in length ,
with a brass club at bottom , 4 or 5 inches
long, an inch and a half broad, and an
363
inch thick, forming a slightly obtuse an
gle with the stick,
and with these the
balls are struck against the posts.
It is not necessary here to give a mi
nute description of the method of play
ing, nor of the laws of the game, but I
can only say it is as bewitching as Bil
liards, requires as much skill and dexte
rity to play well, and has the advantage
of being at the same time a very pleasant
salutary exercise, and not attended with
the fatigue of Tennis.
Most of the socie
ty-grounds are covered, and surrounded
with windows, and many with lamps, so
that they may be frequented at all hours
and in all seasons .
The
cost
of
one
of these
perfect
grounds, with the necessary and appro
priate buildings , including a room at one
end, for the spectators,
and those who
are not playing, may be about £200.
364
Many grounds
are in the open air ;
these are chiefly publick, but can only be
used in dry weather, neither are they so
level and accurate
as those which
are
roofed.
I have seen two
of these
latter at
Bourdeaux ; and one at Lisbon belonging
to a Dutch Merchant ; and I know of no
other out of the
province of Holland .
The book says there
are
some at the
Dutch Settlements in the East and West
Indies .
There is one Baan at Gouda, with a
wooden floor, which is perhaps the only
one of the kind in being.
Here follows a short list of the grounds
in Holland, which amount to
which 167 are covered .
394,
of
This list affords
a striking instance of the carelessness and
neglect of our modern tour-writers,
in
365
not having attended to this very popular
national Play.
At Amsterdam and in the environs , 213,
of which 53 are covered.
At Rotterdam 53 covered or roofed .
At Leyden 24 open and 22 covered .
At the Hague 5 ditto and 20 ditto.
And the rest in various other towns.
Many more have probably been made
since the book from whence this is taken
was published .
In a Tavern at Amsterdam is a small
Kolf-baan, like a very large Billiard-table,
the Posts are of Copper, and the Balls of
Ivory.
It is raised a few inches from the
floor, and the Players walk round it.
Perhaps this short account may be the
means of something of the kind being
erected in the environs of London .
10
The
366
posts, clubs,
and balls, might easily be
imported from
Holland,
and a proper
person procured for laying the ground,
and directing the edifice.
THIS relation was to have ended here,
but I have just been favoured with a
book which has furnished the following
additional matter .
In the
Catalogue
raisonné of
Rem
brandt's Prints, (to the number of 341 )
Paris,
1751 , is an account of one called,
Le jeu de Kolf; " it represents on the
left fore - ground a man striking a ball
with the instrument appropriated to that
game.
On the right is another man sit
ting, with one leg extended on a bench,
his hands crossed , and his elbow leaning
on a table, on which is a pot .
In the
middle of the back- ground are two other
figures .
This piece although badly en
367
graven, and without much effect, is rare
ly to be met with.
Its height is three
inches and a half,
and its breadth five
inches.
Underneath
is written ,
Rem
brandt f. 1654."
A long note, describing the Kolf- play,
accompanies this account, which was pro
bably written by M.
tioneer,
who
Gersaint, an Auc
compiled
the
Catalogue,
about the year 1736, as may be gathered
from the Preface.
From this
note the
following particulars of the game in its
earliest stage is taken .
" The game of Kolf is very common
in Holland .
Private persons frequently
have Grounds for the purpose, in their
gardens ; and similar ones are constructed
behind most of the houses of public En
tertainment in the environs of the Dutch
towns.
Their length is from forty- eight
to seventy-two feet,
nine or ten.
and their breadth
These grounds are usually
368
sanded, and enclosed like our Malls. Four
or five persons may play at a time ; or in
Parties of four against four alternately ;
two against two ;
or two singly.
Near
each end of the ground in the middle of
the breadth, is a round wooden Post of
about two feet in diameter, and two feet
and half in height.
The balls, ( of the
size of our Tennis- balls ) are struck with
a stick of which the extremity is bent
like a crook, and armed with lead ; they
are placed on the floor at one end, and the
Art of the game consists in hitting the
two Posts in as few strokes as possible."
The modern improvements are ; doub
ling the breadth of the Floor ; making it
perfectly hard and horizontal ;
reducing
the Posts to a quarter of their ancient di
ameter ;
using sticks armed with brass
crooks ; and balls as hard and as round
as can be made.
The additions are the
roofing, and placing windows all round
the court or ground, preserving the floor,
369
which is always kept as neat and clean
as the rooms in the houses.
The best Players in the most perfect
Courts, besides playing with their own
ball, generally use the same stick, which
is locked up, as some Queues (Cues) are
in Billiard - rooms .
They seldom fail hit
ting both the Posts in four or five strokes,
sometimes in two , and instances now and
then happen, 1 wherein one stroke (possi
bly the very first) hits one Post and re
bounds on the other.
THERE is another sport wherein Balls
are struck with Clubs, chiefly practised in
Scotland, called GOLF.
I know not any
thing of this game except that I have seen
it played at, on the Links near Leith ; and
on Black-heath.
Strutt's Book of Games
and Sports contains little or no informa
VOL. II.
Bb
370
tion on the subject, neither does the last
edition
Rules
of
and
Hoyle's
Laws.
Games,
except the
It appears
to be a
violent exercise or Sport, requiring great
strength,
agility,
and dexterity,
in the
Players, and is noticed here, by reason of
the name which bears so great an affinity
to that of the Dutch game.
Sometimes it
has been written Goff, but perhaps erro
neously, as the proper term is probably
the $ German and Dutch
derived from
names, which mean likewise the But- end
of a Musket ;
a Club with which balls
are struck ; and even a Cricket-bat.. The
word may have been pronounced in the
manner of Calf, or half, instead of being
spoken like Wolf, and thus originated the
Error.
480
702 )
(16
1,045
Dodao ܂
fe
wall to
A
{x:
.1
ܕ
t
BILLIARDS.
Sure with his Mace and Cue at Billiards,
As is a Butcher with his Steelyards .
THE method of finding the point on the
cushion of a Billiard- table, which must
be struck with one ball, so as to cause it
to rebound on another, in any situation,
is very simple, although not commonly
known.
In
Germany,
whole games
Holland,
and
France,
are frequently played in
this manner, which is called par Bricole
Bb 2
372
c. d. is a side or cushion of the table ; a.
and b. two balls . If it be required to strike
a. with b. by rebound , the distance from
a. to the cushion at e. must be measured
off the table ; and although the point is
imaginary, by practice the eye will be
come accustomed to compute the distance
with sufficient correctness.
b. must then
aim at that point f. and,
touching the
cushion at g. the ball will rebound on the
other at a. the angle of Incidence being
equal to the angle of Reflection .
Supposing a table to be represented by
a parallelogram
and the two
balls
placed as above ; the young practitioner
may entertain himself in searching on the
cushion h. i. the point which must be
struck by the ball b. to rebound first on
the cushion c. h. and then on the ball a.
And in the same manner, with three, or
even in some situations, four rebounds,
or one from each side of the table.
"
1
GEOMETRICAL PROBLEM .
A Wight he was of erudition,
A wonderful Geometrician
Who measured Earth and distant Seas
As easily as hops of Fleas,
b
To make one Square equal to two others.
SUPPOSE one square a. b . c. d. to be of
four inches, and the other b. e. f. g. of an
inch and a half ; place them close toge
ther as in the figure : with the compasses
Bb 3
374
take the side of the small square, b. e. and
place it on the side of the large
one .
Draw a line from h. to g. and another
from h. to c.
Cut through these lines.
Place the triangle h. a. c. . so that a. c.
shall be under c. d. and the other triangle
h. e. g. so that e. g, be under f. g. and
the square will be completed, equal to
both the others, or nearly 44 inches.
I believe this has never been published ;
but there are two problems something like
it in Montucla's Mathematical Recreations,
being a new French Edition of Ozanam,
with large additions. They are transcribed
in the English translation of this work,
lately published by Dr. Hutton.
1
Our Diagram is at the same time the
most simple, concise, clear, and " palpable
Demonstration by the mere transposition
of parts," of the 47th proposition of the
first book of Euclid, that can be given ;
The line h. g. being the Hypothenuse of
375
the rectangular Triangle h . e. g.
The rest
is evident, and requires not to be obscured
by needless elucidation .
•
If the two Squares are of equal size,
then the Square of the Diagonal of one
of them is equal to both the Squares, as
that Diagonal is the Hypothenuse of the
right-angled Triangle .
This is the
famous Theorem which
Pythagoras still enjoys the reputation of
having invented,
above
three hundred years ago .
Bb 4
two
thousand
ARITHMETICK . “
“ da
" Arithmetick is the easiest, and consequently the
first sort of abstract Reasoning which the mind com
monly bears, or accustoms itself to ; and is of such
general use in all parts of Life and Business, that scarce
any thing is to be done without it."
LOCKE, on Education.
IN Walkingame's Arithmetick is the me
thod of "
multiplying several figures by
several, and the product to be produced
in one line only."
This has been copied in various other
books on the subject.
Perhaps the an
nexed Diagrams may facilitate the per
1
377
formance.
It is however of no other use
than to exercise the memory, and to ren
der other complicated calculations more
easy .
It is evident, that after having multi
plied any number, the remainder must be
added to the next multiplication.
With
Practice the scholar may attain the art
of multiplying fifty or more figures, by
fifty others, which may be written on a
slip of paper of a foot in length, and one
inch in breadth, which allows sufficient
room for the multiplicand, multiplicator,
and product ;
so that a single line will
give the product of fifty lines of multipli
cation and one of addition .
The proof
of this may be obtained by changing the
multiplier into the multiplicand .
Two or three figures may be easily
multiplied by as many others, by memory
merely.
.
378
a
d
с
ƒ
storie
d
ს
38455
e
BUL
A
110 11911!
g
red
mig
hlw Lensdro
NO TO
h
(17
to
ს
fhorn at
tron and one of sedition
UG bloot?
XX
WX
d
a
f
↓
'
379
axb
bx c + dx a
cxd
ax b
bx c + dx a
bxe + cxd + fxq
dxe +fxc
fxe
axb
bxc + dxa
bxe + cxd +fxa
bxg + dxe +fxc + hxa
dxg +fxe + hxc
fxg + hxe
gxh
ax b
bx c + d x a
bxe + cxd +fxa
bxg + dxe+fxc + hxa
bxi + dxg+fxe + hxc + kxa
dxi +fxg + hxe + k × c
fxi+gxh + k xe
hxi+ kxg
ixk
380
Any figures may be put instead of the
letters ; thus, supposing g 1 , h 2 , e 3 , ƒ4,
c5, d6, a7 , and 68 ; the multiplicand
will be 1357 and the multiplier 2468.
It
will be seen that four lines diverge from
every point, indicating the multiplications ,
and forming a regular figure .
The order
of their construction is given by the let
ters, which are easily translated into fi
gures, and as easily made use of for per
forming the multiplication , whichamounts
to 3349076 .
THE following Arithmetical Curiosity
has never before been published .
The
Problem is, to multiply a certain number
with a fraction, by any other number, and
to give the product in a single line.
example :
52631578947313
by 498152768432
26218566759578947368421010
For
381
At first sight the execution appears
wonderful, but it is merely a trick, which
is thus explained .
The denominator of the fraction must
be a Prime number, such as 7 , 13, 17, 19,
23 , 29, &c. and the multiplicand is ob
tained by dividing 1 followed by as many
ciphers (o) as may be required,
by that
denominator . The foregoing multiplicand
is 1 and thirteen ciphers ( 0 ), divided by
19.
The multiplicator may be chosen at
pleasure.
The whole process is thus ; 100 divided
by 19 is 5
526
;
1000 is 5213 ;
10000 is
; 100000 is 52633 ; and the other
figures in the multiplicand are 11 , 515 ,
717,818, 91 , 414, 77 , and 313, which
may be infinitely continued .
In the same manner a million divided
by 7 gives 142857.
The division by 13
produces 769233 ; by 17, 58823
, &c.
382
The Solution is obtained by simply di
viding the Multiplier by the denominator
of the fraction : ( in this case 19 ) but there
must be added to the Multiplier as many
ciphers (0 ) as there are figures in the
Multiplicand, and one more.
This addi
tion is to be only mentally made, so that it
may be requisite to dot under the figures,
and beyond them to the left hand ;
(to
twenty-five places in this Sum ) and then
begin the division at the first of these dots,
likewise mentally ; setting down only the
product ; so that the method of operating
will be very rarely discovered , if the ope
rator be expert ,
،،
Cases may occur when the additional
(0 ) must be left out ; as for instance, 100
divided by 7, is
:
14
should happen to be
first figure is the
if the multiplier
72 , of which the
denominator
of the
fraction, two ciphers ( 0 ) only, must be
#
thus,
added previous to the division :
383
sum of 10284.
the same
, and 12,0°
144X72 = 1028
This may suffice .
Another short
may not be
example
thought superfluous .
100000 divided by
17 , gives 58826 , which is the Multipli
cand required .
Any Multiplier may be
taken ; suppose 3476, which multiplica
tion
produces
2044705814.
And the
Multiplier with five ciphers (0 ) at the
end, divided by 17, gives the same sum.
347600000 = 204470581 .
GENERAL ANALYSIS .
0
5213-100
5213xα =1000xα = "
XT
Proof.
521131
Xa=38
2000
1000
X
=
2
2000
14 andre txik
Aktor
ene alr
MUSICK .
nod . so
G D
st
.::
Non p'ha si sciocco Sonator' di Lira
in sciocco non trovi chi l'ammira.
There's not a Blockhead who attempts the Lyre
That finds not greater Blockheads to admire.
ail
** ( 0)
THE pleasantest way of ending such a
箧
Miscellany as this, may perhaps be with
1
1
a Tune ; accordingly I have chosen an old
Amatory Ballad, and set it.
The motto
is as applicable to Composers, as to Per
formers .
Boileau says in his Art of Poetry,
Un Sot trouve toujours un plus sot qui l'admire.
No Fool so great, but finds a greater Fool
To flatter and admire him
:
which is more comprehensive
than the
Italian verse,
But we H and equally consolatory.
386
AN
OLD BALLAD .
Slowly
O Mary while I fondly gaze On
all the beauties
h.
of thy face
Where shall I fix my
eyes those little sparks of love By
twinkling prove
kiss
Thine
ev- ry spark- ling
That there's the seat of bliss
77
m
But soon to these a Rivals found In either cheek's bright
h
swelling round
Where all the morning glows
Who
367
#
would not wish onthem to dwell Who would not wish to
a
F
taste and smell The
li -ly and the
rose
most thy pretty mouth invites The fullest vin-tage
of delights And worthiest to
be
prest
My
lips soon know their destin'd sphere Andwhile theygather
nectar there
My eyes kiss all the
rest
D
me
m
1
ADDITIONS .
A Second volume of the German book
on Chess, mentioned p. 87, is just come
to hand .
The Author is here styled
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Koch, Preacher
at
St. John's
church,
in
Magdeburg,
where the book was printed in 1803.
It
contains Tholden's Draught- playing pat
terns or specimens, consisting of twenty
one entire games ( of which only twelve
are drawn)
and
thirty- eight
ends ,
all
relating to the common game on a board
of 64 squares .
Above a hundred ends of Chess -games
from the New Theoretical and Practical
Instructions for Chess, by Johann Allgair,
390
Vienna 1802 , and Newly discovered Chess
secrets, Strasburg 1802 , with additions by
a German Professor, a Swedish Burger
master, and a Jewish Rabbi.
Account of a Chess -board with three
additional rows of squares on each side,
160 in all, to be played on by four players
at once, with as many different coloured
sets of Pieces.
This is contained in only
six pages ; but to crown all , and tire even
German
a
patience
Description
and
of the
long
noble
suffering,
game
of
Rythmomachia is added , in 28 pages, to
be played on two
Chess -boards placed
together, with 48 Men, of which I have
fortunately already given an account in
the first volume of CHESS , 1787 .
These two volumes of Koch contain near
nine hundred pages, and conclude with
Vida's Latin
poem
on Chess,
and
its
translation in German blank-verse by the
Reverend Johann David Müller,
391
Instead of concluding with an extract
from this poem, it is thought preferable
to insert the entire passage in Boileau's
eighth Satire, from which the motto in
vol. 1. p. 79, was taken.
Quiconque est riche, est tout . Sans sagesse il est sage,
Il a, sans rien savoir, la science en partage ;
Il a l'esprit, le cœur, le mérite, le rang ;
La vertu, la valeur, la dignité, le sang.
Il est aimé des Grands, il est chéri des Belles.
Jamais Sur-intendant ne trouva de cruelles .
The Rich are all things ! without wisdom , wise !
And fill'd with science, which their Star denies.
Good- nature, wit, the favours of a throne ;
Birth, merit, valour, these are all their own :
Lov'd bythe Great ; a gem in Ladies ' eyes ;
What Nymph is cruel when a Cræsus sighs ?
FINIS.
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
TRAVELS THROUGH PORTUGAL AND SPAIN, in 1772, and
1773, in 4to, London 1775 , 478 pages, with eight Plates,
vix. A Map. Three Moorish castles. The Aqueduct of
Segovia. A picture of Raphael ; (the drawing by Cipriani,
and the engraving by Bartolozzi , cost eighty guineas). The
musick of the Fandango. The Moorish Palace in Granada.
A Bull-fight. The Arms of Spain.
A TOUR IN IRELAND, in 1775, in 8vo, London , 1776, 208
p. with a Map, and the Salmon-leap at Ballyshannon .
CHESS, in Svo, London, 1787, 198 p. with a plate of the
Knight's move, on three boards.
CHESS, second volume, in 8vo, London, 1789, 290 p. with
a round Chess-board.
A TRIP TO PARIS , in 1792, in 8vo, London , 1793, 1366 p.
with the Guillotine, and the Rose of Jericho.
The first was incorrectly printed in Dublin, in 1775, in two
vols. 12mo. together 540 p. with two bad prints.
REISEN DURCH PORTUGAL UND SPANIEN , published by
C. D. Ebeling, in 8vo, Leipzig, 1776, 446 p . with the
Map, Musick, and four other prints.
VOYAGE EN PORTUGAL ET EN ESPAGNE, in 8vo, Berne,
1776, 446 p. with the Map, and a print,
Several Editions of the second were printed in Dublin, in
.
12mo, 1776, 230 p. with a print.
REISE DURCH IRRLAND , in 8vo, Leipzig, 1777, 142 p.
The Trip to Paris, was handsomely printed in Dublin, in
12mo, 1793 , 176 p. with a few additional paragraphs,
furnished by the Author.
Printed by G. Hayden, 4, Brydges Street, Covent Garden.
19.
>
1
1
Österreichische Nationalbibliothek
Vol.1
+Z220441905
Österreichische Nationalbibliothek
Vol.2
+Z220441802