PENSOFT Series Faunistica No. 18
GUIDE TO THE
BUTTERFLIES
OF RUSSIA
AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES
(LEPIDOPTERA, RHOPALOCERA)
VOLUME 2
Libytheidae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae
by
V. K. Tuzov, P. V. Bogdanov, S. V. Churkin,
A. V. Dantchenko, A. L. Devyatkin, V. S. Murzin,
G. D. Samodurov, A. B. Zhdanko
^PENSOFT
Sofia - Moscow
2000
AN INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING HOUSE IN ALL FIELDS OF LIFE & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
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The authors’ addresses:
Mr. Pavel V. Bogdanov	State Darwin Museum Vavilova Str. 57, Moscow 117292, RUSSIA
Mr. Sergei V. Churkin	Yubileiny prospekt 14, apt. 168, Reutov Moscow Region 1413965, RUSSIA
Mr. Alexei L. Devyatkin	Moscow State University Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology Moscow 119899, RUSSIA
Mr. Alexandr V. Dantchenko	Avangardnaya Str. 11, apt. 160 Moscow 111395, RUSSIA
Dr. Vladimir S. Murzin	Leninsky prospekt 88, building 3, apt. 11 Moscow 117313, RUSSIA
Mr. Genrikh D. Samodurov	Kalinin Str. 2, apt. 21, Korolev Moscow Region 141070, RUSSIA
Dr. Vasily K. Tuzov	Novocheremushklnskaya Str. 51, building 2 apt. 45, Moscow 117418, RUSSIA
Dr. Alexandr B. Zhdanko	Masanchi Str. 108, apt. 27 Alma-Ata 480072, KAZAKHSTAN
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Vasily K. Tuzov
Scientific editors: Dr. Oleg G. Gorbunov and Alexandr V. Dantchenko
Linguistic editor: Dr. Sergei I. Golovatch
Design: Andrei V Sotchivko
Page layout, colour and graphic reproduction: Dr. Stanislav P. Abadjiev
Production manager: Dr, Lyubomir D. Penev
© PENSOFT Publishers
All rights reserved
First edition 2000
ISBN 954-642-095-6
Printed and bound in Sofia, Bulgaria, July 2000
CONTENTS
Preface, by V. K. Tuzov..................................................... 7
Family Libytheidae .......................................................   9
Genus Libythea, by V. K. Tuzov............................................ 9
Family Danaidae ........................................................... 10
Genus Danaus, by V. S. Murzin............................................ 10
Genus Parantica, by V. S. Murzin......................................... 10
Family Nymphalidae ........................................................ 13
Genus Apatura, by V. K. Tuzov............................................ 13
Genus Athymodes, by V. K. Tuzov.......................................... 15
Genus Mimathyma, by V. K. Tuzov.......................................... 15
Genus Sephisa, by V. K. Tuzov............................................ 15
Genus Thaleropis, by V. K. Tuzov......................................... 16
Genus Limenitis, by V. S. Murzin.......................................   16
Genus Seokia, by V. S. Murzin............................................ 20
Genus Neptts, by V. S. Murzin ........................................  .	20
Genus Aldarda, by V. S. Murzin & V. K. Tuzov............................. 23
Genus Vanessa, by V. K. Tuzov............................................ 24
Genus Inachis, by V. K. Tuzov............................................ 26
Genus Polygonia, by V. K. Tuzov.......................................... 26
Genus Nymphalis, by V. K. Tuzov.......................................... 28
Genus Aglais, by V. S. Murzin ........................................... 29
Genus Kaniska, by V. K. Tuzov............................................ 32
Genus Araschrda, by V. K. Tuzov........................................   32
Genus Argynnis, by V. K. Tuzov........................................... 33
Genus Issoria, by V. K. Tuzov............................................ 40
Genus Brenthis, by V. K. Tuzov .......................................... 41
Genus Proclossiana, by P. V. Bogdanov.................................... 42
Genus Clossiana, by P. V. Bogdanov....................................... 43
Genus Boloria, by P. V. Bogdanov......................................... 52
Genus Euphydryas, by V. K. Tuzov......................................... 55
Genus Melttaea, by V. K. Tuzov & S. Churkin.............................. 59
Genus Mellicta, by A. L. Devyatkin....................................... 76
Family Riodinidae ......................................................... 83
Genus Hamearis, by V.	S. Murzin ........................................ 83
Genus Polycaena, by V.	S. Murzin........................................ 83
Family Lycaenidae................. .....................................    85
Genus Artopoetes, by A. V. Dantchenko ................................... 85
Genus Theda, by A. V. Dantchenko......................................... 86
Genus Shirozua, by A. V. Dantchenko...................................... 87
Genus Coreana, by A. V. Dantchenko ...................................... 87
Genus Ussuriana, by A. V. Dantchenko..................................... 88
Genus Protantigius, by A. V. Dantchenko.................................. 88
Genus Goldia, by A. V. Dantchenko........................................ 89
Genus Antigius, by A. V. Dantchenko ..................................... 89
Genus Wagimo, by A. V. Dantchenko........................................ 90
Genus Araragi, by A. V. Dantchenko....................................... 91
Genus Japonica, by A. V. Dantchenko...................................... 91
Genus Neozephyrus, by A. V. Dantchenko ............................. 93
Genus Favonius, by A. V. Dantchenko................................  94
Genus Chrysozephyrus, by A. V. Dantchenko .........................  99
Genus Atara, by V. K. Tuzov..........................................101
Genus Cigaritis, by A. B. Zhdanko..................................  102
Genus Armenia, by A. B. Zhdanko......................................102
Genus Superjlua. by A. B. Zhdanko..................................... . 103
Genus Nordmannia, by A. B. Zhdanko...............................    104
Genus Neolycaena, by A. B. Zhdanko ................................. .107
Genus Callophrys, by A. B. Zhdanko ...................... . ...... ...... 115
Genus Ahlbergia, by V. K. Tuzov ................................ .......118
Genus Tomares, by A. B. Zhdanko.................................    .	120
Genus Lycaena, by G. D. Samodurov ............................... ... 123
Genus Heodes, by G. D. Samodurov ................................. . . 124
Genus Thersamonolycaena, by G. D. Samodurov........................  125
Genus Thersamonia, by G. D. Samodurov & A. B. Zhdanko..................	. 127
Genus Phoenicurusia, by A. B. Zhdanko..................................130
Genus Athamanthia, by A. B. Zhdanko..................................  131
Genus Hyrcanana, by G. D. Samodurov & A. B. Zhdanko ................. 135
Genus Niphanda, by V. K. Tuzov .......................................  136
Genus Lampides, by V. K. Tuzov .......................................  137
Genus Lachides, by V. K. Tuzov ................................... .... 137
Genus Chilades, by V. K. Tuzov ....................................... 138
Genus Leptotes, by V. K. Tuzov........................................  138
Genus Tarucus, by V. K. Tuzov........................................  .138
Genus Cupido, by A. B. Zhdanko........................................  139
Genus Everes, by A. B. Zhdanko .....................................    142
Genus Tongeia, by A. B. Zhdanko ......................................  143
Genus Celastrina, by V. K. Tuzov........................................143
Genus Scolitantides, by V. K. Tuzov.....................................146
Genus Pseudophilotes, by A. V. Dantchenko & V. K. Tuzov................  146
Genus Praephilotes, by A. B. Zhdanko.....................................147
Genus Otnjukovia, by A. B. Zhdanko.......................................148
Genus Turanana, by A. B. Zhdanko.........................................148
Genus Glaucopsyche, by A. B. Zhdanko ....................................151
Genus lolana, by V. K. Tuzov...........................................  153
Genus Maculinea, by V. K. Tuzov ...................................... 154
Genus Shijimiaeoides, by V. K. Tuzov ....................................157
Genus Patricias, by A. B. Zhdanko.....................................  .	158
Genus Plebeius, by G. D. Samodurov, A. B. Zhdanko,
V. K. Tuzov & A. V. Dantchenko ..................................... 158
Genus Plebejides, by G. D. Samodurov, A. B. Zhdanko &
V. K. Tuzov.................................................    169
Genus Umpria, by A. B. Zhdanko......................................171
Genus Eumedonia, by V. K. Tuzov ..................................... 171
Genus Aricia, by P. V. Bogdanov................................172
Genus Pseudoaricia, by P. V. Bogdanov...........................................  174
Genus Ultraaricia, by P. V. Bogdanov..............................................174
Genus Cyaniris, by V. K. Tuzov....................................................175
Genus Alpherakya, by A. B. Zhdanko......................................  176
Genus Farsia, by G. D. Samodurov........................  ...............	177
Genus Vacciniina, by G. D. Samodurov......................................179
Genus Rimisia. by G. D. Samodurov.........................................180
Genus Plebejtdea. by G. D. Samodurov......................................181
Genus Kretania, by G. D. Samodurov........................................182
Genus Neolysandra. by V. K. Tuzov........................................ 182
Genus Albulina, by A. B. Zhdanko..........................................183
Genus Pamiria, by A. B. Zhdanko...........................................184
Genus Agriades, by V. K. Tuzov............................................184
Genus Lysandra, by A. V. Dantchenko.......................................186
Genus Meleageria. by V. K. Tuzov .........................................189
Genus Polyommatus, by V. K. Tuzov, A. B. Zhdanko &
A. V. Dantchenko.......................................................190
Genus Agrodiaetus, byA.V. Dantchenko......................................196
Addenda, by V. K. Tuzov & S. V. Churkin.....................................215
Colour plates, by A. V. Sotchivko & V. K. Tuzov ............................223
List of illustrations, by V. K. Tuzov ......................................401
Index of Latin names of butterflies ........................................473
Index of host plants........................................................497
Corrigenda, by V. K. Tuzov..................................................505
Systematic check-list, by V. K. Tuzov.......................................509
References, by V. K. Tuzov..................................................541
ABBREVIATIONS
FW HW UPS UNS UPF UNF UPH UNH Mts. N. S. w. E. distr. pers. comm, ssp. f. ab. nom. praeoccup. nom. nudum d ? TL ZMUM SDM ZISP	-	forewing -	hindwing -	upperside -	underside -	forewing upperside -	forewing underside -	hindwing upperside -	hindwing underside -	mountains -	north -	south -	west -	east -	district -	personal communication -	subspecies -	form -	aberration -	nomen praeoccupatum -	nomen nudum -	male -	female -	type locality -	Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University, Moscow -	State Darwin Museum, Moscow -	Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg
ZSBS ZMHB MNHP ZMK ZIRK CN	- Zoologische Sammlungen des Bayerischen Staates, Munich -	Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Universitat, Berlin -	Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris -	Zoological Museum, Kiev -	Zoological Institute of the Republic Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata -	chromosome number
PREFACE
The structure and sequence of presentation of material in this volume remains
virtually the same as in Volume 1. Yet it seems noteworthy that the species consid-
ered here appear to often display pronounced sexual dimorphism. Hence, in order to
avoid unnecessary complications in the “Similar species” sections, the differences
are only given as based on male characters if not stated otherwise.
Since the publication of Volume 1, a lot of additional information has been
accumulated, allowing to augment the fauna with new (sub)species or clarify some
identities. This information has found its place in the "Addenda” and "Checklist”
chapters. The checklist reflects the opinion of V. Tuzov only, hence the treatment of
the status of certain taxa does not necessarily coincide with the text presented by
the respective author(s). In addition, the checklist omits the names considered as
infrasubspecific categories or synonyms.
Regrettably, Volume 1 appears to contain a few mistakes/misprints, all
attempted to be corrected here in a “Corrigenda” chapter. We are grateful to those
colleagues who have kindly sent us their remarks concerning Volume 1, viz., M.
Nagamatulin (Lobytnangi, Russia), S. Abadjiev (Sofia, Bulgaria), A. Sviridov
(Moscow, Russia), A. Ganson (Moscow, Russia), C. D. Ferris (Wyoming, USA), and T.
C. Emmel (Florida, USA).
Special thanks are due to keepers of institutional collections, viz., A. Lvovsky
(ZISP) and I. Kostyuk (ZMK), as well as to those persons whose private material has
been put at our disposal for comparative and/or illustration purposes. S. Churkin
and L. Nikolaevsky have helped us not only with their important collections but also
with kind advice. J. Hutsebaut, V. Tshikolovets, D. Weiss, S. Abadjiev and P.
Gorbunov have helped us with bibliographic issues. The chapter "References” only
includes the bibliography cited in the text, so it does not pretend to represent a
complete list of bibliography, both faunistic and taxonomic, pertaining to the territo-
ries concerned. The references to papers published in Cyrillic languages have been
supplied with parallel translations, mainly in English, only rarely transliterated.
Family LIBYTHEIDAE Boisduval, 1840
LIBYTHEA Fabricius, 1807
Libythea celtis (Laicharting, 1782)
PI. 1, figs. 1-3.
In: Filssly. Arch. Insectengesch. (Heft 2): 1-3; Taf. 8, Abb 1-3; 3 [1783]: 1-4; Taf. 14.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. "Bolzano" [Italy],
•	RANGE. From S. Europe and N. Africa across Asia Minor to Korea. China and
Japan.
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Crimea, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia,
the Kopet-Dagh, the W. and N. Tian-Shan are populated by the nominotypical sub-
species.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Foothill and montane zones up to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight
period: June to September. Host plants in Transcaucasia (Dantchenko, in press):
Celtis glabrata: in the Crimea: C. australis. Hibernation imaginal.
Fig. 1. Libythea ce'tis Armenia Photo A. Dantchenko
Family DANAIDAE Boisduval, [1833]
DANAUS Kluk, 1780
Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 1, figs. 4-6.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:470.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Egypt.
•	SYNONYMS: aegyptus (Schroeder, 1759); chrysippe (Hiibner, [1816]).
•	RANGE. Palaearctic (south), Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian regions.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Active migrant, migratory specimens often
observed in Middle Asia (Kopet-Dagh, Turan up to Aral Sea), also recorded in
Transcaucasia (Nakhichevan and Lenkoran).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open landscapes such as valleys, deserts and/or
borders of riparian forests. Flight period: individual specimens in spring (April to
May) but in September to October much more numerous. Host plants (Ackery &
Vane-Wright, 1984): different species of Asclepiadaceae: Asclepius, Cynanchurn.
Gomphocarpus, Metaplexis, etc.
PARANTICA Moore, [1880]
Parantica sita (Kollar, [1844])
PI. 1; figs. 7-9.
In: Hugel, Kaschmir und das Reich der Seik, 4: 424, Taf. 6.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Mussoorie, N. India.
•	SYNONYM: tytia (Gray, 1846).
•	RANGE. Ussuri region, Sakhalin; N. India and Nepal to Tibet, Indo-China, Taiwan,
Korea and Japan.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Occurring locally in the S. and central Ussuri
regions and Sakhalin, where obviously represented by the ssp. niphonica (Moore,
1883).
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mixed deciduous and/or mountain forests up to 1,000
m a.s.l. Flight period: often in August to September but individual specimens in
April to May. Host plant in the S. Ussuri region (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in
press): Metaplexisjaponica.
Family NYMPHALIDAE Swainson, 1827
APATURA Fabricius, 1807
Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 2, figs. 1-8.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:476.
 TYPE LOCALITY. «Germania, Anglia».
• SYNONYMS: suspirans (Poda, 1761); Junonia (Borkhausen, 1788): beroe (Fabricius,
1793).
RANGE. Europe (temperate belt), W. Siberia, Transbaikalia, Amur and Ussuri
regions; China. Korea, Japan.
 DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies flying in the
central and S. parts of European Russia, over W. Siberia, Sayan Mts., and Trans-
baikalia. The ssp. amurensis Stichel, [1909] (= recidiva Stichel, [1909]) populates
the Amur and Ussuri regions. The following subspecies are known from China: bieti
Oberthiir, 1885. xanthina Oberthiir, 1909, and kansuensis O. Bang-Haas, 1933. In
the western part of the range, specimens with yellow bands on the UPF are referred
to as rubescens (Esper, [1793)). A similar colour form is known from the eastern
part of the range: chrysina Oberthiir, 1909. The melanistic forms of iris are named
as Joie ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775).
• HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Sparse flood plain forests with admixture of oak, as a
rule. Flight usually along roads and in tree canopies. Flight period: June to August.
Females mainly occur in tree crowns while males often on puddles or dung. Egg-
laying solitarily on the upper surface of the host plant's leaves, such as Salix
Fig. 2. Limenibspopuli. Tula Region, central Russia Photo A. Dantchenko
caprea, S. aurita, S. cinerea. etc. Instar 3 larvae hibernating on branches of the host
plant. Pupa hanging under the leaf.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Apatura ilia, A. metis; no tooth on median band of UPH.
Apatura ilia ([Denis et Schiffermiiller], 1775)
PI. 3, figs. 1-8.
Syst. Werke Schmett. Wienergegend: 172.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Umgebung von Wien» [Vienna, Austria],
•	SYNONYMS: Julia (Schranck, 1801); laura Vieillot, 1821, etc., see below.
•	RANGE. From Europe to NE. China, Japan and Korea, excluding Transcaucasia,
Middle Asia and Siberia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Carpathians, the European part, the
Caucasus Major and W. Siberia are populated by the nominotypical subspecies (=
Carolina Serville, 1821; = parisia Serville, 1821; = carueli Le Moult, 1947; = Juno Le
Moult, 1947; = minerva Le Moult, 1947; - russica Le Moult, 1947). The large ssp.
praeclara Bollow, 1930 (= submarginalis Kishida et Nakamura, 1934; = ussuriensis
Kurentzov, 1937; = koreilia Bryk, 1946; = bernardii Le Moult, 1947; = orientalis Le
Moult, 1947) inhabits Transbaikalia (SE.), the Amur and Ussuri regions, Sakhalin,
and the Kuriles. The following subspecies are known to occur in China: here Felder,
1862 (= serarum Oberthiir, 1891), phaedra Leech, 1892 (= yunnanensis L>e Moult,
1947), hereoides O. Bang-Haas, 1933, herastituta O. Bang-Haas, 1936, pusilia O.
Bang-Haas, 1936, szechwanensis Le Moult, 1947, extensa Le Moult. 1947, and
subsobrina Mell, 1952, yunnana Mell, 1952. The situation is the more so complex
as the species displays a number of colour forms. The form clytie ([Denis et
Schiffermiiller], 1775) with red, not white, bands on the UPS is among the most
famous in approaching A. metis, in which it is reddish morphs that prevail.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Edges of deciduous forest. Flight period: June to
August, in one or two generations, depending on climatic conditions. Host plants:
Populus tremula, P. nigra, P. alba, etc.; in the Ussuri region (Dantchenko &
Nikolaevsky, in press): Populus maximowiczii. Hibernation as instar 3 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Apatura iris: tooth on median band of UPH well-developed. A.
metis: median band of UPH continuing behind vein Cu2; submarginal lunules
outlined clearly; anal ocellus on UNH without blue scales, as a rule.
Apatura metis Freyer, 1829
PI. 4, figs. 1-13.
Beitr. Gesch. europ. Schmett., 2 (12): 61, Taf. 67, Abb. 1.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Syrmien» [Gebiet zwischen Donau und Save, Kroatien/Wojwodi-
na] (Varga, 1978).
•	RANGE. From S. Europe to W. Siberia and from E. Transbaikalia to NE. China.
Korea and Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The ssp. bunea Herrich-Schaffer, [1845] (=
gertraudis Stichel, [1909]; = oberthueri Le Moult, 1947) inhabits the S. European
part of Russia and the N. slopes of the Caucasus Major. The ssp. irtyshika
Korshunov, 1982 occurs in W. Siberia. The ssp. separata Tuzov, 2000 lives in
Transbaikalia. From Korea, the ssp. heijona Matsumura, 1928 (= gracilis O. Bang-
Haas, 1936; = asiaticaLe Moult, 1947; = mireiLe Moult, 1947) has been described,
to which the populations from the Amur and Ussuri regions are likely to belong. In
the Kuriles, the ssp. doll Matsumura, 1928 is known to occur, which is very close to
the mainland taxon. Populations from Japan belong to the ssp. substituta Butler,
1873 (= gifuensis Matsumura, = takanonis Matsumura, 1919, = yanagawensis
Matsumura, 1928, =Japonica Le Moult, 1947).
It is noteworthy that most of the species' forms display yellow bands on the wings.
Forms with white bands are common in A. ilia, reddish bands in A. metis. The
morphs of the European subspecies of A. metis with white bands are referred to as
coelestina Grum-Grshimailo, 1884, of the Ussuri subspecies as krylovi Kurentzov,
1937 (= abramovi Kurentzov, 1970).
HABITATSAND BIOLOGY. Osier-beds along rivers and streams. Flight period: July
io August, usually in one, sometimes two generations. Host plants in the Ussuri
region: Salix schwerirtii, in the European part, most probably Salix daphnoides.
Hibernation as instar 3 larvae.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Apatura iris: tooth on median band of UPH well-developed. A.
ilia: median band of UPH not continuing behind vein Cu2; submarginal lunules
vague, anal ocellus on UNH with blue scales, as a rule.
ATHYMODES Moore, 1896
Athymodes nycteis (Menetries, 1859)
PI. 5, figs. 1-3.
Bull, Acad. Imp. Sci. St-Petersbourg, 3 (1): 103.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... Г embouchure de 1’Oussouri» [Ussuri region).
•	SYNONYM: cassiope (Menetries, 1859).
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; NE. China, Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Amur and Ussuri regions are populated by
the nominotypica! subspecies.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Primary and secondary deciduous forests with admix-
ture of elm. Flight period: July to August. Host plant in the the Ussuri region (Dan-
tehenko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Ulmus pumila. Hibernation as instar 3 larvae.
MIMATHYMA Moore, 1896
Mimathyma schrenckii (Menetries, 1859)
PI. 6, figs. 1-3.
Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, 3 (1): 104.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...montagnes du Chingan» [Malyi Khingan Mts., Amur region).
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; NE. China, Korea.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Amur and Ussuri regions are populated by
the nominotypical subspecies.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Primary and secondary deciduous forests with admix-
ture of elm. Flight period: July to August. Host plants in the Ussuri region
(Kurentzov, 1970): Ulmus japonica. Pupa hanging on the leaf petiole (Dantchenko &
Nikolaevsky, in press).
SEPHISA Moore, 1822
Sephisa princeps (Fixsen, 1887)
PI- 5, figs. 7-10.
h: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3: 289, pl. 13, figs. 7a, b.
• TYPE LOCALITY. «Pung-Tung» [Korea],
•SYNONYMS: cauta (Leech, 1887); albimacula Leech, 1890.
RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; NE. China, Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Amur and Ussuri regions are populated by
the nominotypical subspecies.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Earlier this taxon was considered as a subspecies of Sephisa
dichroa (Kollar, [1844]); the latter inhabits N. India, Pakistan, Nepal and differs
from S. princeps in appearance and host plants (Dantchenko et al., 1996).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. The life history has been described in due detail (Dan-
tchenko et al., 1996). Flying in July to August in oak forests. Host plant: Quercus
mongolica. Females occurring in tree crowns while males, usually solitary, often on
puddles. The female lays eggs in a convolute leaf by some dozens at a time. Larvae
of first two instars keep living together. Five instar stages are passed during about
60 days. Pupa hanging on the leaf petiole. Pupal stage lasting about two weeks.
THALEROPIS Staudinger, 1871
Thaleropis ionia (Eversmann, 1851)
PI. 5, figs. 4-6.
Entomogr. Ross., 5:111, pl. 13, figs. 1-2.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Arnasia» [Turkey],
•	SYNONYM: ammonia (Herrich-Schaffer, [1851])
 RANGE. Armenia, Azerbaijan; Turkey, Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both Armenia and Azerbaijan (Nakhichevan) are
populated by the nominotypical taxon.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Flood plains and near streams. Females occurring in
tree crowns, males often on puddles and dung. Flight period: June to August, in
two generations. Host plant in Turkey (Staudinger, 1878): Celtis tournefortii (not
Salix spp., as erroneously referred to by Hesselbarth et al., 1995). In Trans-
caucasia, egg-laying solitarily on leaves of Celtis glabrata. Starting from the first
instar, larvae living in a common nest. Pupa hanging on the leaf petiole, often inside
the nest. Hibernation pupal (Dantchenko, pers. comm.).
LIMENITIS Fabricius, 1807
Limenitis populi (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 6, figs. 4-6; pl. 7, figs. 1-8.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:476.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Sweden.
•	RANGE. Temperate forest belt of the Palaearctic Region.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Numerous infrasubspecific categories have been
described in this species. One of the famous forms is tremulae Esper. 1798 which
has neither white spots nor bands on the UPS. The opposite extreme is a form with
a very broad white band on the UPH. The following subspecies are distributed over
the territories concerned:
the nominotypical subspecies ( = fruhstorferi Krulikowsky, 1909) - European part
(except for the westernmost areas);
ssp. bukovinensis Hormuzaki, 1897 - W. European part (Carpathians, W. Ukraine.
Moldova);
ssp. enapius Fruhstorfer, 1908 (= eumenius Fruhstorfer, 1908) - Siberia,
Transbaikalia, Altais, Sayan;
ssp. ussuriensis Staudinger, 1887 (= liliputana Staudinger, 1887) - Amur and
Ussuri regions.
All subspecies have a gradually broadening white marking on the wings and form a
cline from west to east of the geographical range.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Broadleaved or mixed forests, parks, in the mountains
up to the upper timber-line. Flight period: June to July. Host plants in Europe
(Lang, 1884; Eckstein, 1913): Salix pentandra. S. elaeagnos; in central Russia
(Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Populus tremula; in Siberia (Korshunov &
Gorbunov. 1995): Populus spp. Hibernation as instar 3 larvae in shelters built of
tube-shaped leaves fastened to twigs.
Limenitis reducta Staudinger, 1901
PI. 8, figs. 1-6.
In: Staudinger, Rebel, Cat. Lep. palaearct. Faunengeb.: 22,
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Arm.jenia] or.[ientalis); Hyrc.fania]». The lectotype has been
designated by Wagener (Hesselbarth et al., 1995): «Hankynda (= Stepanakert,
Nagorny Karabakh)» [Armenia],
•	SYNONYMS: drusilla (Bergstrasser, 1779), nom. praeoccup.; lucilla (Esper, [1779]),
nom. praeoccup.; Camilla ([Denis et Shiffermuller], 1775), nom. praeoccup.; anony-
ma Lewis, 1872; mirzqjani Gross et Ebert, 1975.
•	RANGE. S. Europe, Asia Minor, Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Iran, Kopet-Dagh.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the
Armenian Plateau and both Talysh and Kopet-Dagh mountains. In the S. European
part and the Caucasus Major and Minor, the ssp. herculeana Stichel, [1908] (=
prodriga Fruhstorfer, 1909; = schiffermulleri Higgins, 1933) is known to occur.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open landscapes among deciduous or mixed forests up
to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to July. Host plants in the Caucasus: Lonicera
iberica and Lonicera orientals (Dantchenko, in press). Instar 3 larvae hibernating in
shelters built of rolled funnel-shaped leaves.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Limenitis camilia: with two rows of black submarginal spots on
UNH.
Limenitis Camilla (Linnaeus, 1764)
PI. 8, figs. 10-15.
Mus. Lud. Ulr.: 304.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Germany.
SYNONYMS: populi (Poda, 1761), nom. praeoccup.; prorsa (Linnaeus, 1764), nom.
praeoccup.; Sibylla (Htifnagel, 1766); sibilla (Linnaeus, 1767), nom. praeoccup.;
luctuosus (Fourcroy, 1785); xylostei (Prunner, 1798); puellula Fruhstorfer, 1909;
francottiana Hecq, 1990.
•RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region except for Siberia, the Caucasus
and Transcaucasia, the Armenian Highland; the Amur and Ussuri regions,
Sakhalin, Kunashir; NE. China, Korea, Japan.
DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the west-
ern part of the range (European part, Caucasus and Transcaucasia). Individual
variability is great, reason for the description of a lot of infrasubspecific categories.
In the Amur and Ussuri regions, the spp. japonica Menetries, 1857 (= angustata
Staudinger, 1887) is known to occur, which is distinguished by the rather small size
(45-50 mm) and the narrower (almost twice) band on the UPH.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring locally in deciduous forest with honeysuckle
undergrowth, in gardens and parks. Flight period: June to July. Egg-laying solitari-
ly on the upper surface of the leaf. Host plant in central Russia (Dantchenko &
Nikolaevsky, in press): Lonicera xylosteum; in the S. Urals (Migranov, 1991):
Lonicera tatarica, L. xylosteum; in the Ussuri region (Kurentzov, 1970): Lonicera
maackii, L. gibbiflora. Instar 3 larvae hibernating in shelters built of rolled tube
shaped leaves fastened to twigs.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Limenitis reducta: with one row of black submarginal spots on
UNH. L. amphyssa, L. doerriesi, L. helmanni, L. homeyeri: with two white, spots in
central cell of UPF. L. sidyi: medial bands of UPS broad; spot in cell 2 on UPF shift-
ed toward margin in relation to spot in cell 1.
Limenitis sidyi Lederer, 1853
PI. 6, figs. 7-10.
Verh. zooL-bot. Ges. Wien, 3: 357, Taf. 1, Abb. 3.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ustbuchtarminsk» [Lower Bukhtarma River, E. Kazakhstan],
•	RANGE. From Altais to Ussuri region; central and NE. China, Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is distributed in
the Altais and S. Siberia. The ssp. lataefasciata Menetries, 1859 inhabits Transbai
kalia, the Amur and Ussuri regions, NE. China and N. Korea.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Oaks and valley deciduous or broadleaved forests. Flight
period: June to August. Host plant in the Altais (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995);
Lonicera altaica; in the Ussuri region (Graeser, 1888; Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in
press); Spiraea salicifolia and S.Jlexuosa.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Limenitis Camilla: median band on UPH narrow; spot in cell 2 on
UPF not shifted to margin in relation to spot in cell 1. L. amphyssa, L. doerriesi, L.
helmanni, L. homeyeri, L. moltrechti: with one or two white spots in central cell of
UPF.
Limenitis moltrechti Kardakov. 1928
PI. 9, figs. 1-3.
Ent. Mitt, 27(4): 269.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Narva» [Narva Bay, Ussuri region, Russia].
•	SYNONYM: takamukuana Matsumura, 1931.
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; NE. China and Korea.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring locally in open landscapes in the zone of
mountain mixed forests. Flight period: from mid-July to mid-August. Host plants
(Kurentzov, 1970; Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Lonicera praejlorens. L.
chrysantha.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Limenitis amphyssa, L. doerriesi. L. helmanni, L. homeyeri: with
two white spots in central cell of UPF. L. Camilla: with two rows of black submargin-
al spots on UNH.
Limenitis amphyssa (Menetries, 1859)
PI. 9, figs. 4-6.
Bull. Acad. Imp. Set St.-Petersbourg, 17: 215, pl. 3, f:g. 1.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Des monts Boureia, ...et pres de 1'embouchure de 1'Oussouri»
[Russia: Bureinskie Mts., Amur region; Ussuri region].
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; central and NE. China, Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Over the territories concerned, the nominotypical
subspecies is known to occur.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Valley deciduous or mixed forests. Flight period: June to
August. Host plant (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Lonicera maackii.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Limenitis doerriesi, L. homeyeri, L. helmanni: white spot in
central cell constricting gradually toward base of wing. L. moltrechti: with one white
spot in central cell of UPF.
Limenitis doerriesi Staudinger. 1892
PI 8, figs. 7-9.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 6:173, pl. 14, fig. 1a, b.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «...Sutschan-Gebiete» [Suchan (Partizansk), Ussuri region,
Russia].
•	SYNONYM: schaljapini Kardakov, 1928.
. RANGE. Ussuri region, NE. China and Korea.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Flying locally in mountain mixed or deciduous forests.
Flight period: from mid-July to mid-August. Host plant (Kurentzov, 1970): Lonicera
praeflorens.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Limenitis helmanni, L. amphyssa, L. homeyerii: without red dust
on transverse vein on UPF. L. moltrechti, L. camilia: with one white spot in central
ceil of UPF.
Limenitis homeyeri Tancre, 1881
PI. 8, figs. 16-18.
Ent. Nachr., 7:120.
. TYPE LOCALITY. «Blagoweschtschensk; Raddefskaja» [Blagoveshchensk and
Radde, Amur region],
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; central and NE. China, Korea.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mixed and/or montane (from 700 to 1,000 m a.s.l.)
forests. Flight period: June to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Limenitis amphyssa: spot in central cell short and curved, not
extending toward base of vein. L. doerriesi: with red dust on transverse vein on UPF.
Limenitis helmanni: two black spots on UNH at base significant; a wide blue-white
area at base present. L. camilia. L. moltrechti: with one white spot in central cell of
UPF.
Limenitis helmanni Lederer, 1853
PI. 9, figs. 7-15.
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 3:356, Tat. 1. Abb. 4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ustbuchtarminsk» [Lower Bukhtarma River, E. Kazakhstan],
•	RANGE. N. Tian-Shan (Zailiisky Alatau Mts.), Altais, Amur and Ussuri regions;
China and Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is known to occur in
the Zailiisky Alatau Mts. and the Altais. The ssp. duplicataStaudinger, 1892, which is
characterised by the more strongly developed white marking, inhabits the Amur and
Ussuri regions, NE. China and Korea. In the Ussuri region, some colour forms are
known to be present. The form pryeri Moore, 1877 has bright submarginal spots,
especially on the UNS. The morph montana Kurentzov, 1941 is distinguished by the
band on the UPH narrowed inside. According to Kurentzov (1970), this form is distrib-
uted along the upper timber-line at 1,200-1,300 m a.s.l. Specimens from the N. Tian-
Shan Mts. also display the same band narrowed inside.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. In the mountains, butterflies stick to bush-clad slopes;
also occurring in deciduous valley forests. Flight period: June to August. Host
plants in the Altais (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): Lonicera altaica, L. tatarica: in
the Ussuri region (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Lonicera maackii.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Limenitis homeyeri: two black spots on UNH at base not signifi-
cant; bluish white area at base narrow. L. doerriesi: with red dust on transverse
vein on UPF. L. amphyssa: with a white transverse stroke in central cell. L.
moltrechti. L. Camilla: with one white spot in central cell of UPF.
Limenitis lepechini Erschoff, 1874
PI. 10, figs. 4-6.
In: Федченко, Путешествие в Туркестан, II, 5 (3), (Lepidoptera): 14, табл. 1, рис. 10. [Fedtschenko, Voyage in Turkestan,
II, 5 (3), (Lepidoptera): 14, pl. 1, fig. 10].
	TYPE LOCALITY, «...circa Maracanda (2150’ s.m.J, volat junto menses (Vicinity of
Samarkand, Uzbekistan],
•	RANGE. Ghissar, Darvaz; Afghanistan, Pakistan.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. For a long time, some authors (Grum-Grshimailo, 1889;
Stichel, [1909], etc.) considered this taxon as a subspecies of L. trtvena Moore,
1864, the latter from the NW. Himalaya.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Bush-clad slopes. Flight period: May to July.
SEOKIA Sibatani, 1943
Seokia pratti (Leech, 1890)
PI. 10, figs. 1-3.
Entomologist, 23:34.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Chang-yang» [China].
•	RANGE. From central China to the Ussuri region, Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In the Ussuri region (S. Sikhote-Alin Mts.), the
ssp. eximia (Moltrecht, 1909) (=jefremovi (Nekrutenko, I960)) is known to occur.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Flying locally in mountain mixed and/or coniferous
forests at 600-1,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: July to August. Males keep dose io
roads and openings but females stick to tree canopies. Host plant (Ornelko. 1978):
Finns koraiensis. Egg-laying on needles in 1-2 clumps. Instars 2 and 3 hibernating
on branches of the host plant. Pupation on twigs at the place of feeding. Pupal stage
lasting about three weeks (Omelko, 1978).
NEPTIS Fabricius, 1807
The genus occurs in the Eastern Hemisphere and includes about 100 species. Here
we recognize Neptis in the sense of Kurosawa (1976) and use the names Neptis
Fabricius, 1807 and Alclcinia Moore, [1896] for the Palaearctic Neptiini (Eliot,
1969).
Neptis rivularis (Scopoli, 1763)
PI. 10, figs. 7-15.
Ent. Carniolica: 165, fig. 443.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Austria, Graz.
•	SYNONYMS: lucilla ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775); coenobita (Goeze, 1779); Camil-
la (Esper, [1777]); innominatus (Lewin, 1795); Jridolini Fruhstorfer. 1907.
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical taxon flying in the European
part and Siberia. The ssp. magnata [Heyne], [1895] (= synetairus Fruhstorfer. 1907:
- bergmani Bryk, 1942) differs by the well-developed white marking, two white
submarginal lines on the UPF and some other peculiarities; it was described from
mountains of the Lake Baikal region, Siberia and reaches the Amur and Ussuri
regions, Sakhalin and the Kuriles in the east. The ssp. Indmilla Herrich-Schaffer,
1856, with reduced white markings, inhabits the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the
Pamirs-Alai, the Tian-Shan and the Altais.
Considerable variability of the white pattern in this species is noteworthy. There are
specimens with only minor remains of white spots. Virtually any part of the area
appears to support butterflies which are either not distinguished from the nomino-
typical form or are transitional, therefore any distribution limits between the
subspecies are highly conventional if any.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. River and stream valleys, open landscapes of forest-
steppe regions up to 1,800 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August, bivoltine in the
south. Females laying eggs one by one on tips of leaves. Larvae hiding in convolute
leaves. Hibernation as instar 3 larvae. Host plants in Siberia (Kurentzov, 1970;
Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): Spiraea salicifolia. S. hypericifolia, S. crenata, S.
aquilegifolia, Filipendula almaria; in the lower flow region of Volga River (Dantchen-
ko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Spiraea hypericifolia.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Neptis sappho: with two white bands on UPH.
Neptis sappho (Pallas, 1771)
PI. 11, figs. 1-6.
ReiseProv. Russ. Reichs, 1:19.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Гора Кабацкая, окр. Усолья, Шигонского района, Самарской губ.»
(Korshunov, 1996). [Mt. Kabatskaya, near Usolie, Samara Region, Russia].
•	SYNONYMS: aceris Lepechin, 1774; aceris Esper, 1783; leucothoe Cramer, 1782;
plantilla Hubner, 1805; lucilla Schrank, 1801; matuta Hubner, 1819; intermedia
Hormuzaki, 1897; curuata Matsumura, 1928; curvata Bryk, 1946, nom. praeoccup.
•	RANGE. Forest and forest-steppe belts of Europe and Siberia: Nepal, Mongolia.
China, Korea, Japan.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Relatively constant in external characters
throughout the territories concerned. Some authors have recorded the ssp. interme-
dia Pryer, 1877 in the Amur and Ussuri regions, a form described from central
China. However, our specimens deriving both from the Ussuri region and central
Korea fail to differ in any respect from the nominotypical form.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. In the literature, the identities of N. hylas Linnaeus, 1758
versus N. sappho Pallas, 1771 have often been confused (e.g., Kawazoe &
Wakabayashi, 1977). Thus, N. hylas has erroneously been reported from the Amur
and/or Ussuri regions. However, according to Eliot (1969), differing considerably
from N. sappho both in size and colouration, N. hylas fails to occur over the territo-
ries in question.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open places in light forest, along rivers and streams. In
the northern part of the range, flying from mid-June to July in a single generation.
In the south, flight in May to August in two generations. Host plants (Dantchenko &
Nikolaevsky, in press) in central Russia: Lathyrus vernus; in the Ussuri region: first
generation on Lathyrus humilis, second generation on Lespedeza bicolor. Larval
instars live and hibernate in rolled leaves.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neptis rivularis: with one white band on UPH.
Neptis philyra Menetries, 1859
PI. 12, figs. 7-9.
Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, 17: 214, pl. 2, fig. 8.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «.. .environs de Marienpost» [Amur region, Russia].
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; central and NE. China, Japan.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Broadleaved or mixed forests. Flight period: June to
August. Host plants in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1984): Acerjaponicum and Carpinus
cordata; in the Ussuri region (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Ulmus japonic a.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neptis philyroides: with two small spots on costa before the cell.
Neptis philyroides Staudinger, 1887
PI. 12, figs. 4-6.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3:146.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Raddeefka» [Radde, Amur region, Russia].
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; E. China, Korea.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open places in oak or mixed forests and on bush-clad
slopes of mountains. Flight period: June to August. Host plant (Dantchenko &
Nikolaevsky, in press): Corylus heterophy llus.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neptis philyra: without spots on costa before the cell.
Neptis speyeri Staudinger, 1887
PI. 12, figs. 1-3.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3:145, pl. 7, fig. 3 a-b.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ussuri» [Ussuri region. Russia],
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; SE. China, Korea.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Montane mixed forests with hazel undergrowth.
Butterflies flying along forest roads and over glades. Flight period: June to August.
Oviposition solitarily on leaf tips. Host plant (Omelko & Omelko, 1975): Corylus
heterophyllus.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neptis sappho. N. pryeri: central white stroke on UPF broken
into separate spots. N. philyroides: central white stroke on UPF complete.
Neptis pryeri Butler, 1871
PI. 11, figs. 7-9.
Trans. R. ent Soc. London: 403.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Shanghai» [China],
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; E. and central China, Korea. Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies (= andetria
Fruhstrofer, 1912; = kusnetzovi Kurentzov. 1949) is known to occur over the territo-
ries concerned. From some adjacent parts, the subspecies koreana Nakahara
(Korea) and arboretorum Oberthiir, 1876 (China) have been described.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The form andetria Fruhstrofer, 1912, «smaller and conspicu-
ous in the submarginal band almost disappearing», has been described from
Vladivostok. However, the material examined contains all forms transitional both in
size and colouration between the nominotypical one and andetria. N. kusnetzovi
Kurentzov. 1949 has been described from two male specimens deriving from the
central Sikhote-Alin Mts. Based on some superficial characters, Korshunov &
Gorbunov (1995) have synonymised kusnetzovi with pryeri. However, there are
quite considerable differences in male genitalic structure of the distal part of the
valvae between these two taxa. A final solution of this problem seems only possible
after a detailed comparative analysis of sufficient material of both taxa involved.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different kinds of mixed forest including montane up to
1,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: July to August. Host plants in Japan (Fukuda et al.,
1984): Spiraea spp. Hibernation as instar 3 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neptis philyra, N. philyroides. N. speyeri, Ar. sappho, N. rivularis:
without black spots at base of UNH.
Neptis alwina (Bremer et Grey, 1852)
PI. 11, figs. 10-12.
Beitrage Schmett. no rd I. Chinas, 7, Taf. 1, Abb, 4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Pekin» [Beijing, China],
 RANGE. S. Amur and Ussuri regions; central and NE. China. Korea. Japan.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Over the territories concerned, the nominotypical
subspecies is known to occur. From the adjacent parts, the following taxa have
been described: ssp. dejeani Oberthhr, 1893 from W. China, ssp. kaemfri d’Orza,
1867 from SE. Mongolia, and ssp. subspecifica Bryk, 1946 from Korea.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Lowland mixed forests, parks and gardens. Flight peri-
od: July to August. Host plant in the Ussuri region (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in
press): Armeniaca mandshtirica. Hibernation as instar 3 larvae in shelters built of
rolled leaves.
ALDANIA Moore, [1896]
Aldania raddei (Bremer, 1861)
PI. 11, figs. 13-15.
Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, 3:467.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «...Bureja-Gebirge» [Bureinskie Mts., Amur region],
. RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; NE. China, central Korea.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring locally on the outskirts of woods and over
openings in deciduous forest, usually in tree canopies. Flight period: May to July.
Host plant: Ulmus propinqua.
Aldania ilos (Fruhstorfer, 1909)
PI. 12, figs. 10-12.
Ent. Zeitschr., 23:42.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «?Amur-Gebiet» [?Amur region, Russia].
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; W. and NE. China, Taiwan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. It is the nominotypical subspecies that inhabits
the territories concerned. From the adjacent parts, the ssp. nirei (Nomura, 1935)
(Taiwan) and nise (Sugiyama, 1993) (W. China) are known.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Fruhstrofer (1909) regarded ilos as a subspecies of themis
Leech, 1892. Kurentzov (1970) agreed with such a point of view. Recently, Koiwaya
(1996) has considered ilos as a separate species with two subspecies, nise
(Sugiyama, 1993) and nirei (Nomura, 1935), and Dubatolov (1997) shares this opin-
ion. A study of the male genitalia confirms the specific independence of A. ilos.
Soon after the original description of ilos, Frustrofer (1912) questioned the prove-
nance of its type material, pointing out that it could have been collected in China. If
correct, ilos may actually prove to be as a junior synonym of Neptis yunnana
Oberthur. 1906, a taxon deriving from «Tseku» [Tse-Kou. Yunnan, China], Unfortu-
nately, we have not seen sufficiently rich material from China to solve the problem.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Broadleaved or mixed forests. Flight period: July to
August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Aldania thisbe: with an additional blue touch or spot at distal
end of subbasal blue stroke on UNH. A. deliquata: two or three blue touches at
distal end of subbasal blue stroke on UNH.
Aldania themis (Leech, 1890)
PI-13, figs, 4-6.
Entomologist, 23:35.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Siaolu» [SE. China],
 RANGE. Ussuri region; China, Korea.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Broadleaved or mixed forests. Flight period: July to
August.
Fig. 3. Male genitalia of some Aldania (valvae); 1 - A. thtsbe
thisbe (Amur region); 2 - A. deiiquata tshetverikovi (S. Ussuri
region); 3 - A. deiiquata deiiquata (Chita Region, Transbaikalia); 4 -
A. therms (China); 5 - A. ilos (Ussuri region). After Dubatolov (1997).
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Aldania thisbe; with an additional blue
touch or spot at distal end of subbasal blue stroke on UNH.
A. deiiquata: two or three blue touches at distal end of
subbasal blue stroke on UNH.
Aldania thisbe (Menetries, 1859)
PI. 13, figs. 1-3.
Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, 17: 214.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Des monts Boureia, ...et pres de
1’Oussouri» [Bureinskie Mts., Amur region; Ussuri region,
Russia).
•	SYNONYM: ussuriensis Kurentzov, 1970.
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; central and NE. China,
Korea.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY'. Open landscapes and forest
canopy in broadleaved or mixed forests with admixture of
oak. Flight period: June to July. Host plant in the Ussuri
region (Graeser, 1888; Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press):
Quercus mongolica.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Aldania deiiquata: two or three blue
touches at distal end of subbasal blue stroke on UNH. A.
ilos: without blue touches at distal end of subbasal blue
stroke on UNH.
Aldania deiiquata (Stichel, [1909])
PI. 13, figs. 7-9.
In: Seitz, Grossschm. Erde, 1:179.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... rein weissen Zeichnungen (Ust-Strel-
ka)». [Confluence of Shilka and Argun rivers, Chita Region,
Siberia].
•	RANGE. Transbaikalia (Shilka and Argun basins), Amur and
Ussuri regions; NE. China, Korea.
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical sub-
species inhabits Transbaikalia (Shilka and Argun basins). In
the Amur and Ussuri regions, the ssp. tshetverikovi (Kuren-
tzov, 1936) is known to occur.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Kurentzov (1936) described his Neptis tshetverikovi as a
separate species but Eliot (1969), who had no sufficient material at hand, consid-
ered it as a subspecies of N. yunnana Oberthiir, 1906. Dubatolov (1997) has
compared the male genitalia of both taxa (fig. 3) and arrived at the conclusion that
both are distinct species, same as Aldania thisbe. In most cases these three species
display differences in UNH. The light form deiiquata Stichel, [1909] has been
described from near the confluence of Shilka and Argun rivers as an aberration of
Neptis thisbe.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mountain or lowland mixed forests. In the Sikhote-Alin
Mts., penetrating the spruce-fir taiga up to 1,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to
August. Host plants (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): Betula spp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Aldania thisbe: larger; one additional spot at end of subcostal
blue stroke on UNH; male genitalia different. A. ilos: smaller; no additional blue
spot on subcostal blue strokes on UNH.
24
VANESSA Fabricius, 1807
Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 14, figs. 1-3.
SystNat (ed. 10), 1:478.
.TYPE LOCALITY. [Sweden],
.SYNONYM: amiralis (Reitzius, 1783).
.RANGE. Europe, Siberia, Asia Minor, Central Asia, N. Africa, N. America,
Bermudas, Hawaiis, New Zealand.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. European part, Caucasus Major, W. Siberia, N.
Tian-Shan, Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., Altais, Sayan. Occasionally, because of its
high migratory activity, this species can be found far away from these mostly
montane territories. Variability little.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Butterflies of this species can be met nearly everywhere
during additional feeding on blossoms. Secure development in the southern part of
the range only, where flying from June to October, sometimes in two generations.
As an active migrant, it can generate an additional generation in July to August in
the northern regions of Europe and Siberia (until 60° N). Larvae living solitarily in a
convolute leaf of Urtica dioica or Hamulus lupulus (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995;
Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press).
Vanessa indica (Herbst, 1794)
PL 14, figs. 4-6.
Natursystem Insecten. Schmett, 7:171, Taf. 180, Abb. 1-2.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. India.
•	SYNONYM: calliroe Hubner, 1806.
•	RANGE. Asia from N. India to Japan and from Kamchatka to Indonesia (Sulawesi);
Canary Islands, southern Spain.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Transbaikalia, Ussuri and Amur regions.
Migrating specimens often occurring up to Lake Baikal in the west and to Yakutia
and Kamchatka in the north.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Hedges, meadows or glades in the belt of deciduous
forest. Flight period: July to September and, after hibernation, April to May. Host
plant in the Ussuri region (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Urtica angustifolia.
larva living solitarily in a convolute leaf, pupating on the host plant.
Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758)
PL 14, figs, 7-9.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:475.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Europa, Africa».
SYNONYMS: carduelis (Cramer, [1775]); pallida Schoyen, 1881; japonica Stichel,
[1909]; universa Verity. 1919; inops Verity, 1919.
•	RANGE. Worldwide.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Occurring in all regions including high altitudes
np to 4,500 m a.s.l. Migrant butterflies have often been obseived in glacial high-
montane belts at about 5,000 m a.s.l. or even higher. This is a very active migrant,
with division into subspecies probably unwarranted. Individual variation is not
great but a number of aberrations have been described.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Amy open landscapes from polar tundra to high altitudes
(4,000 m a.s.l. or higher). Migrations over vast distances, with 2-3 generations per
year, from March to October. Hibernation imaginal. Host plants in central Russia,
the lower flow of Volga River, and in Transcaucasia: Cardans nutans, larvae keep
solitarily in a simple nest built of leaves (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press).
During an outbreak in Peter I Mts., Central Asia, larvae damaged Verbascum, Alcoa,
Malua and even Solarium cultivars (Shchetkin, 1981).
INACHIS Hiibner, 1818
Inachis io (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 20, figs. 7-9.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:472.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. [Sweden],
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region.
•	SYNONYMS: (aides (Ochsenheimer, 1807); geisha (Stichel, [1908]); caucasica
(Jachontov, 1911).
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. European part, Siberia, Transbaikalia, N. Tian-
Shan, Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., Altais, Sayan, Caucasus Major, Amur and Ussuri
regions. Variation little. This is an active migrant, with division into subspecies
obviously unwarranted.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Common in open landscapes in the forest and forest-
steppe belts, including parks, gardens and agricultural plantations. Flight period:
July to September and, after hibernation, March to April. Eggs laid in large groups
on leaves of Urtica dioica or, more rarely, Humulus lupulus. Living in web nests uniil
last larval instars. Pupation on stalks or leaves of nettle and in various shelters.
Imago hibernating in different shelters, often in houses.
POLYGONIA Hiibner, [1818]
Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 15, figs. 1-6,13-18.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:477.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. [Sweden],
•	SYNONYMS: f-album (Esper, [1783]); g-album (Fourcroy, 1785), pictior Verity. 1919.
etc.
	RANGE. Forest belt of the Palaearctic Region.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Occurring everywhere, including Transcaucasia
and the Kopet-Dagh but exclusive of the mountains of Middle Asia and the extreme
north. This species is rather constant in habitus, but it has two seasonal forms.
One of these, autumnal (hibernating), displays a dark UNS, the other, summer, has
a light UNS and gives a second generation, as a rule. The light morph from the
western part of the geographical range is referred to as hatchinsonii Robson, 1881.
the same morph from the eastern part as lunigera (Butler, 1881). Both seasonal
forms can occur all over the summer period, but it is only the dark form that is
known to hibernate. The ssp. kultukensis Kleinschmidt, 1929 populates
Transbaikalia, hamigera (Butler, 1877) (= jentoni (Butler, 1878); coreana Bryk,
1946) the Ussuri region, and sachalinensis Matsumura, 1915 the Sakhalin Island.
However, the distinctions from the nominotypical subspecies are insignificant.
 HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Widely distributed over the entire forest and forest -
steppe belts where it occurs in all types of woodland and park, in gardens and simi-
lar landscapes. Flight period: March to October. Part of the each population develop
in two generations. Hibernation imaginal. Host plants: Urtica, Hamulus. Korshunov
& Gorbunov (1995) have also noted Ulmus and Salix. In the Ussuri region, larvae
have been reported on Ulmus Japonica (Kurentzov, 1970). Larvae living in web
nests. Pupation on thin twigs, dry leaves, etc.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Polygonia c-aureum: blue spots on UPS present, as a rule. P.
eqea: black basal spot on UPH absent or strongly reduced. P. interposita: black
marking extended; cuts of wings rounded.
Polygonia c-aureum (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI, 16, figs. 1-6-
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1: 477.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Asia».
.SYNONYM: angelica (Cramer, 1782).
. RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; NW. China, Korea, Japan.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. This species has two seasonal, superficially
different forms, summer and autumnal. The latter has been described as pryeri
Janson. 1878.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open places in broadleaved forest. Flight period: May to
September, in two generations. Host plants in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1984):
Humulopsis scandens and Cannabis satiua: in the Ussuri region (Dantchenko &
Nikolaevsky, in press): Humulopsis cordifolius. Oviposition solitarily on leaves and
buds. Each larva building a nest from a leaf. Hibernation irnaginal.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Polygonia c-album: UPF without blue spots.
Polygonia egea (Cramer, [1775])
PL 16, figs. 7-18.
Papil. Exot, 1:124, pl. 78, figs. C, D.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Constantinopel», «Smirna».
•	SYNONYMS: vau-album (Esper, [1780]); vau-album (Borkhausen, 1788); [-album
(Esper, [1789]); L-album (Hubner, 1791); triangulum (Fabricius, 1793); f-album
[Fabricios, 1793); J-alburn (Esper, 1793), etc., see below.
•	RANGE. From S. Europe across Asia Minor to Afghanistan and Central Asia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical form (= balucha Evans. 1932)
flying in Transcaucasia and the Kopet-Dagh. The Ghissar-Darvaz, the Pamirs-Alai
and the Tian-Shan (excluding Dzhungarsky Alatau) are populated by the ssp. undi-
na Grum-Grshimailo, 1890. The autumnal form has a name of its own, autumnalis
Stefen, 1873 (= pallida Evans, 1932, nom. praeoccup.).
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. During a long time, this butterfly was confused with
Nymphalis l-album, especially its earlier illustrations. The clear differences between
the summer and autumnal forms also added to the confusion. This problem has
been discussed'in due detail (Kogak, 1980, 1981).
•HABITAT’S AND BIOLOGY. Gorges and slopes up to 2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period:
March to October, in two generations. Host plants in Turkey (Hesselbarth et al.,
1995): Parietaria. Urtica: in the Transcaucasia (Dantchenko, in press): Parietaria
diffusa.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Polygonia c-album: black basal spot on UPH well-developed, as
a rule. P. interposita: black marking extended; cuts of wings rounded.
Polygonia interposita (Staudinger, 1881)
pl-15, figs. 7-12.
Stett. ent Ztg., 42 (7-9): 286.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «AlaTau» [Dzhungarsky Alatau, E. Kazakhstan].
• RANGE. From Ghissar to Altai and NW. China, Himalaya.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies (= chitralica Evans,
1932) flying in the Ghissar-Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai, Tian-Shan, Saur, Tarbagatai,
Dzhungarsky Alatau and Altai mountains as well. The taxon tibetana Elwes, 1888
from NW. China seems to actually belong to this species.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Flying in gorges and over slopes up to 2,500 m a.s.l.
Flight period: March to October, in two generations.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Polygonia oalburn.. P. едва: cuts of wings sharpened.
NYMPHALIS Kluk, 1802
Nymphalis vaualbum ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775)
PI. 17, figs. 1-7.
Syst. Werke Schmett. Wienergegend: 176.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Umgebung von Wien» [Vienna, Austria).
•	SYNONYM: l-album (Esper, [1780]).
•	RANGE. From E. Europe in the west to China. Korea and Japan in the east, also
North America.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Geographical variability little, related to migrato-
ry activity. The European part, the Carpathian Mts., the Caucasus Major, the
Altais, the Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., W. and S. Siberia, Transbaikalia as well as
the Amur and Ussuri, regions are all populated by the nominotypical subspecies. In
the Sakhalin and Kurile islands, the ssp. samurai Fruhstorfer, 1907 is known, to
occur. The specimens met with in the N. Tian-Shan, the Ghissar-Alai and the
Pamirs-Darvaz very probably represent migrants. In the southern pan of the
geographical range, a second generation with a very light UNS is known.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Deciduous forest. Flight period: April to September, in,
one generation, in the south sometimes partly in two generations. Host plants:
Ulmus, Betula, Populus, etc. Active migrant. Hibernation imaginal.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Nymphalis xanthomelas, N. polychloros: wing outside smooth.
Nymphalis xanthomelas (Esper, [1781])
PI. 18, figs. 1-3.
Schmett. Abb. Nat., 1 (2): 77-81, Taf. 63, Abb. 4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Leipzig».
•	SYNONYMS: xanthomelas ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775), nom. nudum:
pyrrhomelaena (Hiibner, [1819]), etc., see below.
•	RANGE. The entire Palaearctic Region except for the extreme north.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Nearly invariable. Nonetheless, the following
subspecies have been accepted: the nominotypical (= cibinensis Dannehl, 1925.
chosenessa (Bryk, 1946)) from the European part, the Caucasus Major, Siberia, the
Far East, the Amur and Ussuri regions; ssp. fervescens (Stichel. [1908]) (= Jeruida
Staudinger, 1901, nom. praeoccup.) from Transcaucasia and the Kopet-Dagh; ssp,
hazara Wyatt et Omoto, 1966 from the Ghissar-Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai. Tian-Shan.
Saur and Tarbagatai mountains; ssp. Japonica (Stichel, 1902) (= sachalinensis
(Matsumura, 1925); jezoensis (Matsumura, 1925)) from Sakhalin and the Kuriles.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring nearly everywhere, but the main biotopes are
associated with valley forests and bush because the larvae feed on willows (Salix):
in Transcaucasia, Salix excelsa has been recorded as a host plant species
(Dantchenko, in press). Flight period: July to October, hibernated butterflies in
March to May. In the mountains up to 2,700 m a.s.l. Outbreaks common.
Migrations over vast distances.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Nymphalis polychloros: black marking on UPH sharply delineat-
ed against a dark orange discal colour. N. uaualbum: outer margin of wings more
strongly serrate.
Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758)
p|. 17, figs. 8-10.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1: 477.
. TYPE LOCALITY. Sweden.
. SYNONYMS: testudo (Esper, [1781]); pyrrhomelaena (Hiibner, [1824]); pyromelas
Freyer. [1834]; Jervida Standfuss, 1896; lucida (Fruhstorfer, 1.907); dilucidus
(Fruhstorfer, 1907).
. RANGE. From W. Europe across Asia Minor to W. Siberia and W. China.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Nearly invariable. The nominotypical subspecies
only occurring in the European part, Caucasus andTranscaucasia, Kopet-Dagh, Ghi-
ssar-Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai, Tian-Shan, Saur, Tarbagatai, W. Siberia, and the Altais.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Life history similar to that of the previous species
(Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press) but larvae prefer to live on fruit trees: Primus,
Pyms, in central Russia on Salix viminalis. Egg laid in clumps of 20-60 on twigs of
the host plant. Instar 1 larvae living in nests. Pupation in different shelters near the
ground. Imago can feed on sap of trees or crush, in organic debris.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Nymphalis xanthomelas: black marking on UPH blurring into a
dark orange disc. N. uaualbum: outer margin of wings more strongly serrate.
Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1 758)
PI. 18, figs. 4-6.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:476.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...etiam en Americae».
•	SYNONYMS: pompadour (Pollich, 1783); morio (Retzius, 1783); borealis (Wnukow-
sky, 1927); asopos (Fruhstorfer, 1909).
	RANGE. Temperate belt of the Holarctic Region.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A lot of infrasubspecific categories have been
described, especially temperature forms but, since overall variability is not so great,
division into subspecies seems unwarranted.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mixed deciduous forest close to rivers and streams.
Flight period: April to May and July to September. Host plant in the Ussuri region
(Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Salix caprea. Eggs laid in a compact ring of
about 50-150 around a twig. Instar 1 larvae living in web nests. Pupation on stems
of trees, on fences and in other shelters. Imago hibernating at base of stem or
between roots, often in houses. In spring, butterflies feed on fermenting birch sap.
AGLAIS Dalman, 1816
Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pi. 19, figs. 1-9.
Syst Nat. (ed. 10), 1:477.
•TYPE LOCALITY. [Sweden],
•	RANGE. Entire Europe, Asia Minor and Central Asia, Siberia to the Pacific Ocean;
China, Mongolia, Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Occupying the entire territory concerned, except
foi the extreme north. Considerable individual and seasonal variability has been
the reason for the erection of a lot of infrasubspecific categories. Besides this, a
high migratory activity contributes to permanent “agitation” of different geographi
cal races. Because of this, is appears difficult to separate genetically stable forms
from casual deviations. Nonetheless, for the time being it seems possible to distin
guish the following subspecies: the nominotypical subspecies, occupying the
central part of Europe and Siberia to the Altais in the east. The ssp. polaris
Staudinger, 1871 is distributed in the northernmost parts of Europe, Siberia and
the Far East, being characterised by the black and yellow markings on the UPF, the
extent of the dark basal area on the UPH, and the not so bright red ground colour.
However, specimens similar to the above pattern can be found in the Altais, the W.
Tian-Shan and some other parts of the range. Observations in Scandinavia <
(Henriksen & Kreitzer, 1982) have shown that, in warm years, only 15% of the j
population belong to polaris. The ssp. turcica (Staudinger, 1871) is distributed in [
the S. European part, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the Kopet-Dagh and )
Middle Asia. The ssp. batcalensis (Kleinschmidt, 1929), which habitually looks like >
the nominotypical form, occurs in the Sayan Mts. and Transbaikalia. The ssp.
eximia (Sheljuzhko, 1919) (= ussuriensis (Kleinschmidt. 1929); = mandschuriensis ?
(Kleinschmidt, 1929)) flies in the Amur and Ussuri regions. The latter form is some-
what larger and more strongly contrasting. From the adjacent territories of China,
the ssp. stoetzneri (Kleinschmidt, 1940) (TL: Szetschwan = Szechuan) and kansuen-
sis (Kleinschmidt, 1940) (TL: NW. China) are known.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open landscapes with Urtica brushwood. In the moun-
tains, up to 3,500-4.000 m a.s.l. Often met with in towns and villages. Flight peri-
od: April to September, in the south sometimes partly in two generations. Host )
plants: Urtica dioica, U. areas, U. angustifolia, sometimes Hamulus lupulus. )
Cannabis sativa. Eggs laid in groups of 30-80 on the lower surface of leaves. Larvae :
gregarious. Butterflies with 1-2 generations, depending on latitude. Hibernation
imaginal. Active migrant.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Aglais connexa: black spot at anal margin of FW merged with
median spot. A. rizana. A. nixa, A. cashmirensis: UNF black.
Aglais connexa (Butler, [1882])
PI. 19, figs. 10-12.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 851.	‘
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Toshima, Hokkaido» [Japan].
•	RANGE. S. Ussuri region, S. Sakhalin, Kuriles: Japan.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Until recently considered as a subspecies of A. urticae. The *
male genitalia of this taxon display no strong distinctions from those of A. urticae
but clear superficial differences are present.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Various kinds of Urtica brushwood. Flight period: June
to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Aglais urticae: black spot on anal side of FW separated from
median spot.
Aglais nixa (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890)
PI. 19, figs. 13-18.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 4: 426.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. We designate here the lectotype of nixa from the BMNH. Lectotype:
male, with the following labels: 1 - ORIG (green circle, printed), 2 - Elwes coll.
1902-85 (white, printed), 3 - Hissar Mt. (white, handwritten), 4 - 5.VI.92. Ходжа
Мехметъ-Мазар (white, handwritten), 5 - Lectotype. Aglais tvlxa Grum-Grshimailo :
(red square).
30
HANGE Ghissar-Darvaz, Parnirs-Alai, Afghanistan. Pakistan, W. China.
’ DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Ghissar-Darvaz is populated by the nomino-
'tvpical form. Specimens from the Pamirs-Alai probably represent a separate
subspecies. The taxon A. urticae chinensis Leech, 1893, described from China,
seems to be a subspecies of A. nixa.
TAXONOMIC NOTES. In some places (e.g., eastern part of Alaisky Mts.), A. nixa has
been found together with A. urticae.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Meadows, screes, valleys of rivers and streams at about
2 500-4,000 m a.s.l. Flight from earlier spring to autumn, probably in two genera-
tions. Host plant: Urtica. Instar I larvae gregarious, later instars solitary. Pupation
either on host plants or under stones. Hibernation imaginal.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Aglais urticae: UNF with a yellow area at base. A. rizana: UNS
anthracite black; black spot at anal margin of FW merged with median spot and
with a darkened basal area. A. caschmirensis: UPS with a more strongly developed
black marking and dark dust, ground colour reddish brown; black spot at anal
margin of FW merged both with median spot and basal darkened area; a large tooth
on vein M j present.
Aglais rizana (Moore, 1872)
PI. 20, figs. 1-3.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 559.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Cheeni (9000 feet), Middle Kunawur, N.W. Himalaya».
•	RANGE. Pamirs-Alai, Afghanistan, NW. Himalaya.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Widely distributed in the Pamirs-Alai, sometimes
in large numbers. The record by Tshikolovets (1997) of A. ladakensis (Moore, 1878)
in the Pamirs actually concerns rizana.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mountain meadows at about 1,500-3,200 m a.s.l. Flight
period: July - August. Host plant: Urtica. Larvae live and pupate in rolled leaves.
Hibernation imaginal.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Aglais urticae: UNF with a yellow area at base. A. nixa: UNS not
so black; black spot at anal margin of FW separated from basal darkened area. A.
caschmirensis: UPS with an extended black marking and dark dust, ground colour
reddish brown; black spot at anal margin of FW merged with median spot and with
basal darkened area; a large tooth on vein Mi present.
Aglais caschmirensis (Kollar, [1844])
PI. 20, figs. 4-6.
In: Huge), Kaschmir and das Reich der Seik, 4 (2): 442, Taf. 9, Abb. 3-4.
TYPE LOCALITY.-«...in Ind. Sur Massuri, Kashmir».
•	RANGE. Himalaya, ?Pamirs.
TAXONOMIC NOTES. Discovery of this species in the Pamirs is perhaps realistic,
but the picture of «А. caschmirensis» in Tshikolovets (1997, pls. 26-27, fig. 3) actu-
ally concerns A. nixa. The specimen in poor condition as presented on plates 38-
39, fig. 4 in Tshikolovets (1997) is indeed very similar to A. caschmirensis. So addi-
tional information to reconfirm the existence of this species in the Pamirs is
required.
•HABHATS AND BIOLOGY. In the Himalaya, flying from 1,400 to 4,000 m a.s.l. on
the outskirts of woods, along forest roads and in the subalpine belt. Flight period:
April to October, in several generations.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Aglais nixa. A. rizana, A. urticae: black marking not so well-
< eveloped; ground colour reddish yellow.
KANISKA Moore, 1899
Kaniska canace (Linnaeus, 1763)
PI. 18, figs. 7-9.
Amoen. acad., 6:406.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. E. China.
•	RANGE. Asia from N. India to Japan and from Korea to Indonesia (Sulawesi).
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The S. Ussuri region is inhabited by the ssp.
charonides (Stichel, [1908]).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Broadleaved forest. Flight period: July to September
and, after hibernation, April to May. Host plant in the Ussuri region (Dantchenko &
Nikolaevsky, pers. comm.): Smilax maximowicziL First instar larvae gregarious.
Early instars have been studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1984) in laboratory condi-
tions, where other host plants are Heterosmilax Japonica, Lilium lancijolium. and
Streptopus amplexifolius.
ARASCHNIA Hiibner, 1818
Araschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 20, figs. 10-15.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:480.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Europa australioris».
•	RANGE. Temperate forest belt of Europe and Asia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The European part, the Caucasus Major, Siberia,
Transbaikalia, the Far East, the N. Tian-Shan and the Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.
are populated by the nominotypical form. The ssp. wladimiri Kardakov, 1928 (=
separata Kardakov, 1928) inhabits the Amur and Ussuri regions, and the ssp.
sachalinensis Shirozu, 1952 the Sakhalin Island. Two seasonal forms. The summer
form strongly differs from the spring one and, in the nominotypical subspecies, it
has been referred to as prorsa Linnaeus, 1758, in the eastern subspecies as
borgesti Kardakov, 1928.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring on the outskirts of woods and near banks of
creeks in the forest zone, also in parks and gardens. Flight period: May to June and
July to August, in two generations. Host plant: Urtica dioica. Eggs laid in garlands
on the underside of leaves. Hibernation pupal.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Araschnia burejana: bands on UNS broader and somewhat
different in position.
Araschnia burejana Bremer, 1861
PI. 20, figs. 16-21.
Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, 3:466.
•	'TYPE LOCALITY. .Bureja-Gebirge» [Bureinskie Mts., Amur region],
•	SYNONYM: kurilicola Bryk, 1942.
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; China, Korea, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The summer form differs strongly from the spring
one, being termed as fallax Janson, 1877.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring in mixed forest up to 1,300 m a.s.l. Flight
period: May to June and July to August, in two generations. Host plant in Japan
(Fukuda etal., 1984): Urtica.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Araschnia levana: bands on UNS thinner and somewhat differ-
ent in position.
ARGYNNIS Fabricius, 1807
A widespread Holarctic genus. Based both on genitalic structure and superficial
distinctions, this genus is often divided into numerous small genera or subgenera. In
the present paper, Argynnis is considered as composed of the following subgenera/
genera: Fabriciana, Mesoacidalia, Pandoriana, Childrena, Damora and Argyronome.
All of these are marked by the relatively large size, similar appearance and live histo-
ries. Populations univoltine, as a rule. Most of the species display significant sexual
dimorphism.
Argynnis paphia (Linnaeus. 1758)
PL 21, figs. 1-4.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:481.
.TYPE LOCALITY. (Sweden).
•	SYNONYM: anargyra Staudinger, 1871.
	RANGE. From W. Europe across the European part of Russia, the Caucasus and
Transcaucasia, the N. Tian-Shan, the Dzhungarsky Alatau, W. and central Siberia,
the Far East, the Amur and Ussuri regions to Sakhalin; Turkey, Iran, China, Korea
and Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Although the geographical variability over the
range is extremely limited, the following subspecies have been established from the
territories concerned: butleri Krulikovsky, 1909 (TL: Vyatka, N. European part);
thalassata Fruhstorfer, 1908 (TL: Saratov, S. European part); argyrorrhytes Seitz,
[1909] (TL: Zheleznovodsk, N. Caucasus Major); pusilia Wnukowsky, 1927 (TL: NW.
Siberia); neopaphia Fruhstorfer, 1907 (TL: Amur region); Leucosomosoma Korb,
1997 (= sachalinensis Matsumura, 1925, nom. praeoccup.) (TL: Sakhalin);
virescens Nakahara, 1926 (TL: Kuriles).
In addition, numerous subspecies have been described from the adjacent parts of
Asia: delila Rober, 1896 (TL: Taurus, Turkey); masandarensis Gross et Ebert, 1975
(TL: Mazandaran, Iran); megalegoria Fruhstorfer, 1907 (TL: Szetchuan, China);
argyrophontes Oberthur, 1923 (TL: SW. China); geisha Hemming, 1934 (=
paphioides Butler, 1881, nom. praeoccup.) (TL: Nikko, Japan); tsushimana
Fruhstorfer, 1906 (TL: Tsushima Island, Japan).
In the western part of the range, a dark female form known as valesina Esper,
[1798] is usual. The same colour morph from the eastern part of the area is referred
to as valesinid&s Fruhstorfer, 1907.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. One of the most widespread butterflies in the forest and
forest-steppe belts. In the mountains, up to the upper timber-line. Flying on the
outskirts of woods and in forest canopy in June to August. In the southern part of
the range, there are two generations. Eggs laid one by one in bark crevices or leaf
litter mainly on the outskirts of forest. Larvae can hibernate intraovarially but often
they emerge in autumn. In spring, larvae start feeding on leaves of violets (Viola
SPP ). in the Ussuri region (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Viola acuminata.
Last instars can feed on other plants, e.g., Rubus. Pupation on the underside of
ranches, leaves or other cryptic places.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Argynnis zenobia: larger, UNH with a contrasting streamy
marking of silvery spots against a greenish ground colour; white spots at apex of
UNF present.
Argynnis zenobia Leech, 1890
PI. 22, figs. 4-6.
Entomologist, 23:188.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Та-Chien-Lu» [China, Sichuan, Ta-Tsien Lou].
•	RANGE. S. Ussuri region; China.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits China.
The ssp. penelope Staudinger, [1892] occurs in the S. Ussuri region. This sub-
species differs from the nominotypical one by the predominance of a dark form in
the females.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. The life history has been described in due detail by
Omelko & Omelko (1978). Deciduous forest with domination of oaks. Flight period:
July to August. Females stay in forest canopy but males usually “patrol” the territo-
ry along cliffs and screes up to 800 m a.s.l. Adults often visit Sorbaria sorbifolia
flowers. Females lay eggs one by one or in small groups in crevices in cliffs, between
rocks or on leaves of the host plant, Viola variegata. Larvae of instars 2 and 3
hibernating. Pupation on rocks, branches or open roots. Pupal stage lasting 25-30
days.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Argynnis papilla: smaller; UNH with ambiguous vertical silvery
spots against a greenish ground colour; white spots at apex of UNF absent.
Argynnis anadyomene Felder et Felder, 1862
PI. 22, figs. 1-3.
Wien. ent. Monatsschr., 6:25.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Central China.
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; China, Korea, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in central
China. The ssp. ella Bremer, 1864 (= obliterata Karclakov, 1928) inhabits the Amur
and Ussuri regions. In addition, the ssp. midas Butler, 1866 is known to occur in
Japan, and prasoides Fruhstorfer, 1907 in Korea.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Coniferous and mixed forest belts. Early stages have
been studied in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1984). Flight period: June to August. Eggs
laid near host plants, i.e., different species of Viola. Larvae emerge in autumn and
their instar 2 hibernate in bark crevices or leaf litter.
Argynnis pandora ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775)
PI. 28, figs. 1-6.
Syst. Werke Schmett. Wienergegend: 176.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Umgebung von Wien» [Vienna, Austria].
	RANGE. From S. Europe and N. Africa across Asia Minor, Central Asia to Pakistan
and W. China.
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The geographical variability over the range is very
little. Besides the nominotypical subspecies (= transcaucasica Moucha. 1967).
which populates the S. European part, the Crimea, the Caucasus and Trans-
caucasia, we can distinguish the following two taxa: ssp. pasargades Fruhstorfer.
1908 from the Kopet-Dagh, the Tian-Shan, the Ghissar-Darvaz, the Alai, and the S.
Altais, and ssp. argentifasciata Kotzsch, 1938 from the Pamirs.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Usually occurring in arid places up to 2,500 m a.s.l.
Flying in valleys and over adjacent slopes in June to September, in two generations.
The flight is rapid and powerful, often covering vast distances. Additional feeding
usually on different Asteraceae. Host plants: Viola spp. Hibernation larval.
Argynnis sagana Doubleday, [1847]
PL 21, figs-5-8 
Gen, diurnal Lep„ 1' pl. 24, fig. 1.
,T1T£ LOCALITY. NE. China,
.'raNGE. S. Siberia, Transbaikalia to Amur and Ussuri regions; Mongolia, China,
Korea. Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The species shows little geographical variation,
more to the southeast the specimens being somewhat larger in size. In addition to
the nominotypical subspecies from NE. China, the following taxa are known: relicta
Korshunov, 1984 (TL: Kemerovo Region, S. Siberia); paulina Nordmann, 1851 (TL:
vicinity of Irkutsk, Siberia); nordmanni Korshunov, 1984 (TL; Amur region,
Blagoveshchensk Region). Also, the following two taxa have been described from
Japan: liane Fruhstorfer, 1907 from Nagasaki, and Ilona Fruhstorfer, 1907 from
Tsushima Island. This species displays significant sexual dimorphism.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Common in broadleaves or mixed light forests. Flight
period: July to September. Host plant in W. Siberia (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995):
Viola unijlora.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Argynnis laodice, A. ruslana: androconial scales present only on
two or three veins of UPF.
Argynnis laodice (Pallas, 1771)
PL 27, figs. 1-3.
Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs, 1:470.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Russia» [S. European part of Russia].
 SYNONYM: cethosia (Fabricius, 1793).
•	RANGE. Central and S. European part, Amur and Ussuri regions; China, Korea,
Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Range disjunct, with a large gap between the
European and the Asian populations. Yet the geographical variability is very little.
The specimens from the Amur and Ussuri regions are somewhat larger and with a
well-developed black marking. The nominotypical subspecies is distributed in the
central and S. European parts, and the Caucasus Major. In the Amur and Ussuri
regions, the ssp. fletcheri Watkins, 1924 (= ussurica Kardakov. 1928) is knovm to
occur, the ssp, ferruginea Watkins, 1924 from Sakhalin, and the ssp. tornaridice
Bryk, 1942 from the Kuriles. Besides this, many other species-group taxa have
been described from the adjacent parts of Asia.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Humid meadows in the belts of mixed forest and forest-
steppe. Flight period: July to August. Additional feeding usually on Sorbaria sorbijcr
Ha and Spiraea. In the European part, this species is very local because of habitat
decline. Being active migrants, some specimens can occur far away from the place
of birth. Host plant in Europe (Higgins & Riley, 1970): Viola palustris.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Argynnis sagana (males): androconial scales present on four
veins of UPF. A. ruslana: androconial scales present on three veins of UPF; apex of
EW extended.
Argynnis ruslana Motschulsky, 1866
Pi. 27 Jigs. 4-6.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 39 (3): 117.
LOCALITY, «...fleuve Amour depuis la Schilka jusqu’a Nikolaevsk» [Amur
RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; China, Korea, Japan.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Amur and Ussuri regions are populated by
the nominotypical subspecies. In Japan, the ssp. lysippe Janson, 1877 is known to
occur, to which specimens from the Kuriles are very close.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open deciduous or mixed forest up to 600 m a.s.l.
Additional feeding usually on Sorbaria sorbifolia. Flight period: July to August. Host
plant in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1984): Viola.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Argynnis sagana (males): androconial scales present on four
veins of UPF. A. laodice: androconial scales present on two veins of UPF; apex of FW
not extended, rounded.
Argynnis aglaja (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 23, figs. 1-15.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:481.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Sweden.
•	SYNONYM: charlotta [Haworth], 1802.
•	RANGE. The entire Palaearctic Region exclusive of the tundra and desert.
 DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. This species shows little geographical variation.
The ssp. borealis Strand, 1901 occupies the northern part of the range (N.
European part. Siberia, Far East, Kamchatka). The nominotypical subspecies (=
auxo Jachontov, 1908) inhabits the central and S. European pans, the Caucasus
Major and Minor, the Altais, the Sayan, and W. and S. Siberia. The Armenian
Highland, the Talysh and the Kopet-Dagh are populated by the ssp. ottomana
Rober, 1896. Specimens from the Tian-Shan, the Ghissar, the Darvaz, the Alai, and
the S. Altais are larger and these are referred to as gigasuitatfia Verity, 1935 (=
alaicola Verity, 1935). Individuals belonging to the ssp. vitatha Moore. 1875 (? =
cannelata Peschke, 1934), which occurs in the Pamirs, are smaller. The ssp.
kenteana Stichel, 1901 (= graeseri Kardakov, 1928) is known to occur in Trans-
baikalia, the Amur and N. Ussuri regions, yet the ssp. clauimactda Matsumura.
1929 in the S. Ussuri, region. Sakhalin supports the ssp. tonnai Matsumura. 1928
(= sachalinensis Matsumura, 1911, nom. praeoccup.), while the Kuriles the ssp.
matsumurai Nakahara, 1926 (- chishimensis Matsumura, 1928). In addition, many
other species-group taxa have been described from Japan, China and NW. India.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open landscapes such as glades, roadsides, different
kinds of meadow and other open places up to 3.000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to
August. Eggs laid on leaves and stalks of Viola. Host plant (Eckstein, 1913): Viola
tricolor, Bistorta major. Larvae of instars 2 and 3, sometimes even eggs, hibernating.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Argynnis alexandra: silvery spots on UNH irregularly angular in
shape; row of silvery lunules along outer margin absent.
Argynnis alexandra Menetries, 1832
PI. 22, figs. 7-9.
Cat. rais. zool. Caucase: 246.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...de Zouvant, sur la chine de Talyche» [Zuvand Plateau, Talysh
Mts., Azerbaijan).
•	RANGE. Talysh, W. Kopet-Dagh; N. Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Talysh and the W. Kopet-Dagh are populated
by the nominotypical subspecies.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Forest belt at 1,000-1,500 m a.s.l. in the mountains.
Flight period: June to July.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Argynnis aglaja: silvery spots on UNH rounded; row of silvery
lunules along outer margin present.
Artrunnis adippe ([Denis et Schiffermuller]. 1775)
PU4 figs. 14-18; pl. 25, figs. 1-6; pl. 26, figs. 1-6.
Syst werke Schmett. Wienergegend: 177.
^TE LOCALITY. «Umgebung von Wien» [Vienna, Austria).
*SYNONYMS: cydippe (Linnaeus, 1761), nomen nudum; berecynthia
"(Potia. 1761). nomen nudum; adippe (Linnaeus, 1767), ICZN, 1958;
adippe (Rottemburg, 1775), nom. praeoccup.; phryxa (Bergstrasser,
1780); aspasia (Borkhausen, 1788), nom. praeoccup.; chlorodippe
Herrich-Schaffer. [1851].
•	RANGE. The entire Palaearctic Region except for the extreme North
and South.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. European part, Caucasus Major
and Minor. Armenian Highland, Kopet-Dagh, Tian-Shan, Ghissar-
Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai, W. and S. Siberia, Amur and Ussuri regions,
Sakhlin, Kuriles.
The species is strongly variable over the distribution area. Additional
variability is due to the presence of two forms in males and females,
i.e., with or without silvery spots on the UNH (form cleodoxa Ochsen-
heimcr, 1816). The form cleodoxais more usual in the southeast of the
area. Sexual dimorphism is well-expressed. Numerous subtaxa
referred to this species have been described, some of these requiring
additional studies. The pattern of geographical variation tends to
follow a gradual cline, with the following subspecies distinguishable:
the nominotypical subspecies - Carpathians, central European part,
W. Siberia, Sayan and Altais;
ssp. norwegica Schultz, 1904 (TL: «Norwegen») - N. European part, N.
and central Siberia, Far East;
ssp. garcila Fruhstorfer. 1910 (TL: «Saratow») - S. European part;
ssp. thalestria Jachontov, [1909] (TL: «Caucasus centralis;
Transcaucasia: Borzhom») - Caucasus Major and Minor;
ssp. tanrica Staudinger. 1878 (TL: «Taurus») - Armenian Highland and
Kopet-Dagh;
ssp. tlanshanica Alpheraky, 1881 (TL: «...sur le Jouldousse») (=
Juldana Reuss, 1922) - Tian-Shan, Tarbagatai and Saur;
ssp. martini Reuss, 1922 (TL: «Turkestan») - Ghissar-Darvaz;
ssp. bischoffi Reuss, 1922 (TL: «Turkestan») - Pamirs-Alai;
ssp. zarewna Fruhstorfer. 1912 (TL: «Irkutsk») - Sayan,
Transbaikalia:
ssp. chrysodippe Staudinger, 1892 (TL: Amur) (=formosa Krulikovsky,
1902) - Amur region;
ssp. pallescens Butler, 1873 (TL: «Hakodadi» [Hokkaido, Japan]) (=
microvorax Belter, 1934) - Ussuri region;
ssp. satakei Nakahara, 1926 (TL: Sakhalin) (= sachalinensis
Matsumura, 1911, nom. praeoccup.) - Sakhalin;
ssp. doii Matsumura, 1928 (TL: «Kuriles») - Kuriles.
Besides this, a lot of subspecies are known from the adjacent territo-
ries of China and Japan: locuples Butler, 1879 (TL: «Nikko, Central
Japan»); kurosawae Matsumura, 1929 (TL: Sapporo, Hokkaido); taige-
Rina Reuss, 1922 (TL: [Hakodadi, Japan]); chinensis Belter, 1931 (TL:
-tav13 S' °CC“ Szetschwan)l elwesi Reuss, 1921 (TL: Kulu).
th	NOTES. The authorship of this taxon was established by
e CZN under Number 1472 in the Official List of Zoological
Fig. 4. Androconial spots of some Argynnis: 1 -
A. adippe (Moscow Region, central Russia); 2 - A
яре (Transbaikalia); 3 - A. niobe [Moscow
Region, central Russia): 4 - A. coreana (Ussuri
region); 5 - A. nerippe (S. Ussuri region). P.
Gorbunov (1-3) and V. Tuzov (4-5) del.
Fig. 5. Male genitalia o! some Argynnis (aedeagus): 1 - A. adippe:
2-A. xipe: 3 - A. niobe P. Gorbunov del.
Nomenclature (ICZN, Opinions 501, 516, 1958). The neotype
male (deposited in NHMW) has been designated by
Hemming, Riley and Verity in Appendix to Opinion 501,
1958.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Preferring open landscapes, but
occurring in light forest and/or amidst bushes up to 3.000
m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August. Host plants: Viola
spp. Hibernation larval. Pupation near the ground in a deli-
cate cocoon.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Argynnis nerippe, A. niobe, A. xipe:
androconial scales on one vein of UPF present or completely
absent; different structure of genitalia (figs. 4, 5).
Argynnis coreana Butler, 1882
PI. 25, figs. 7-10.
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist, (5) 9:15.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Posiette Bay. N.E. Corea» [now Russia];
«Hakodate» [Japan],
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri region; China, Korea. Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Amur and Ussuri
regions support the nominotypical taxon (= xanthodippe
FLxsen, 1887; = coredippe Leech, 1893: = numerica
Matsumura, 1929; = nonargentata Matsumura, 1929: =
jlauescens Matsumura, 1929). From the adjacent parts of Asia, ornatissima Leech,
1893 (TL: «Та-chien-lu», China) (= stoetzneri Reuss, 1922 and leechi Watkins, 1924)
is known to occur.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Preferring steppe/grassland habitats. Flight period: July
to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Argynnis nerippe, A. adippe, A. niobe, A. xipe: androconial
scales on 1-2 veins of UPF present or absent.
Argynnis xipe Grum-Grshimailo, 1891
PI. 26, figs. 7-10.
Tp. Русск. энт. об-ва (Horae Soo. ent. Ross.), 25 (3-4): 457.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «In regione Amdo dicta, in montibus Dshachar reperta».
[Chinchkhuza, Dzhakhar Mts.. Amdo region. Tibet, China],
•	RANGE. From the Altai Mts. to the Ussuri region; China, Mongolia. Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Besides the nominotypical taxon which occurs in
China, the following subspecies are known from the territories concerned: rueckerli
Fruhstorfer, 1911 (TL: «Tschifu, N.O. China) (= subornatissima Reuss, 1922; =
transbaikalensis Belter, 1934; = subtransbaikalensis Belter, 1934) from Trans-
baikalia and the Amur region; and aglaiaeformis Watkins, 1924 (TL: Korniloff Bay.
40-70 km S of Vladivostok) (= mandschurica Belter, 1934) from the Ussuri region.
However, the status of all these taxa requires a revision, especially so concerning
the populations occurring west of Lake Baikal.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Until recently, this species has been confused both with A.
adippe and A. niobe, therefore a careful re-examination of all taxa of this group is
necessary (see above).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-like landscapes. Flight period; July to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Argynnis niobe: smaller, androconial scales on veins invisible.
A. adippe: androconial scales on two or three veins of UPF present; male genitalia
different (figs. 4, 5).
argynnis nerippe Felder et Felder, 1862
Pt 27, figs. 7-9-
Wien. ent. Monatschr., 6.24.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Japonia» [Japan].
*	SYNONYMS: chlorotis Fruhstorfer, 1907; megalothymus Fruhstorfer, 1907.
Grange, s. Ussuri region; China, Korea, Japan.
"DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Ussuri region is populated by the ssp.
munion Matsumura, 1929 (= acuta Matsumura, 1929). The following taxa are
known from China: uorax Butler, 1871 (TL: Shanghai) and nerippina Fruhstorfer,
1907 (TL: Tibet (Ta-Ho), Szetchuan).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Eastern kinds of steppe/grassland. Flight period: July
to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Argynnis niobe: smaller, androconial scales on veins invisible.
A. adippe: androconial scales on two or three veins of UPF present.
Argynnis niobe (Linnaeus, 1758)
И. 24, figs. 1-13.
SystNat. (ed. 10), 1:481.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Europa».
•	SYNONYMS: herse (Hiifnagel, 1766); pelopia (Borkhausen, 1788); cleodoxa (Esper,
Ц789]).
•	RANGE. From W. Europe to W. Siberia and from Turkey across Iran and
Afghanistan to the Tian-Shan, the Altais and Transbaikalia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Individual variability slighter than that among A.
adippe. but this species has also two colour forms in males and females, i.e., with
silvery spots on the UNH or without such spots (form eris Meigen, [1828]). Sexual
dimorphism is poorly expressed. Geographical variability is somewhat stronger
than that among the populations of A. adippe. Nearly all subspecies are rather
clearly distinguishable from each other by the relative proportions of the colour
forms. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the Carpathian Mts., the central
European part, and W. Siberia. The S. European part, the Caucasus and Trans-
caucasia are populated by the ssp. gigantea Staudinger, 1871 (= taura Rober, 1896;
a orgotoaTeich, 1901; = philistra Seitz, [1909]; = kuhlmanni Seitz, [1909]). The ssp.
tekkensis Christoph, 1893 is known to occur in the Kopet-Dagh, while the ssp.
ornata Staudinger, 1901 (= alaiensis Reuss, 1921) in the Ghissar-Darvaz and
Pamirs-Alai. The ssp. orientalis Alpheraky, 1881 lives in the Tian-Shan, Tarbagatai
and Saur mountains, while the ssp. changaica Reuss, 1922 in the Altai and Sayan
mountains as well as Transbaikalia. The presence of this species in the Amur and
Ussuri regions requires confirmation, yet the taxon voraxides Reuss, 1921 (TL:
•Sotka Gora, Ussuri Gebiet») has been described from there.
From the adjacent parts of Asia, the following six subspecies are known: intermedia
Reuss. 1925 (TL: Beijing, China); valesinoides Reuss, 1926, from Korea; kurana
Wyatt et Omoto. 1966 and shiva Wyatt et Omoto, 1966, both from Badahshan;
demavendis Gross et Ebert, 1975 (TL: Elburs, Demavend, N. Iran); and khusestana
Gross et Ebert. 1975 from Husestan. W. Iran.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. As a whole, this species seems to be more thermophilic
an A. adippe or A. aglaja, hence preferring drier places, e.g., steppe-like habitats
up to 3.000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August. Host plant: Viola canina, V. tricob
or. etc. Feeding nocturnal, therefore larvae difficult to detect. Hibernation as eggs or
SIM ^arVal ^ns^ars- Pupation in grass inside a delicate cocoon.
LAR SPECIES. Argynnis nerippe. A. adippe, A. xipe: androconial scales on one,
wo or three veins of UPF present.
Argynnis argyrospilata Kotzsch, 1938
PI. 21, figs. 9-11.
Ent. Rundsch., 55:360.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. NW. India.
•	RANGE. W. Pamirs, Pakistan, Afghanistan, NW. India.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry stony slopes, large stony screes at 2,500-3,700 m
a.s.l. Flight very quick, additional feeding observed on Acantholimon, as a rule.
Females tend to be restricted to screes, eggs-laying on stones. Flight period: July to
August.
ISSORIA Hiibner, [1819]
Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 28, figs. 7-9.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:481.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Europa» [Sweden],
•	SYNONYMS: valdensis (Esper, [1804]); saturata (Rober, 1896); hungarica (Aigner
Abafi, 1906); Jlorens Verity, 1916; sheljuzhkoi (Stauder, 1923).
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region exclusive of Transbaikalia, the
Far East, and the Amur and Ussuri regions.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In view of great migratory activity, division into
subspecies is difficult. Individual variability is also insignificant, but the butterflies
from the southern parts of the geographical range are noticeably larger. Over the
territory considered, solely the nominotypical subspecies is known to occur. From
the adjacent Asian territories, the following taxa have been described: isaea (Gray.
1846) (TL: Himalaya); messora (Fruhstorfer, 1909) (TL: Ta-Tsien-Lou); isaeoides
Reuss, 1925 (TL: Szetschuan).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring everywhere, but open dry landscapes seem
preferable. Flight period: April to October, in 2, 3 or even more generations. Host
plants: Viola tricolor, V arvensis. In Europe (Eckstein, 1913 and others), Anchusa,
Rubies, Onobrychis have also been noted as host plants. Near Novosibirsk
(Korshunov, 1996) butterflies lay eggs on seedlings of Persicaria lapathifolia and
Stellaria media. All stages hibernating. Butterflies can migrate over large distances.
Issoria eugenia (Eversmann, 1847)
PI. 28, figs. 10-12.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 20 (2): 68.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...in provincia Irkutzkiensis» [Irkutsk Region, Russia].
•	RANGE. From the Polar Urals to Kamchatka in the north to montane tundra and
Tibet in the south.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Individual variability is not so great. Besides the
nominotypical subspecies distributed in the mountains of S. Transbaikalia and
probably also in the Sayan Mts., central Siberia and the Far East including Kam-
chatka are inhabited by the ssp. vega (Christoph, 1889) (TL: middle flow region of
Lena River). From the Altais, the ssp. montana (O. Bang-Haas, 1906) has been
described. In China, the following taxa have been described: rhea (Grum-
Grshimailo, 1891) (TL: Amdo); perua (Fruhstorfer, 1904) (TL: W. China); J'ulgcns (O-
Bang-Haas, 1927) (TL: Kansu); rheaoides Reuss, 1925 (TL: Szetschuan).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Alpine and subalpine meadows up to 3,000 m a.s.l. (in
Tibet up to 4,000 m a.s.l.), different kinds of tundra. Flight period: June to August,
depending on altitude.
BRENTHIS Hubner, [1819]
Brenthis daphne (Bergstrasser, 1780)
pi. 30, figs. 1-6.
Nomen. Beschr. insecten Hanau-Munzenberg, 4 (1780): 32, Taf. 86, Abb. 1,2.
.TYPE LOCALITY. [Hanau-Miinzenberg, Germany],
•	SYNONYMS: daphne ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775), nom. nudum: chloris (Esper,
[1778]), nom. praeoccup.
•	RANGE. From Middle Europe across Asia Minor to Central Asia and along S.
Siberia to central China, Korea and Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both individual and geographical variability not
so great. The nominotypical subspecies (= epidaphne Fruhstorfer, 1907; = anatolica
Belter, 1935; = syriaca Belter, 1935) occurs in the central and S. European parts,
the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, W. Siberia, the Altais, the Kopet-Dagh, the
Tian-Shan, the Tarbagatai and Saur mts., and the Ghissar-Darvaz. Transbaikalia
as well as the Amur and Ussuri regions are populated by the ssp. ochroleuca
(Fruhstorfer, 1906). In the Sakhalin and Kurile islands, the ssp. iwatensis Okano,
1951 is known to occur. From Korea, the taxon fumidia (Butler, 1882) (= mediofusca
Matsumura, 1929) has been described, while the ssp. rabdia Butler, 1877 is
Japanese.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Preferring humid meadows, forest edges up to 1,500 rn
a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plants (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press),
in the lower flow of Volga River: Rubus caesius; in the Ussuri region: R. sachalinen-
sis.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Brenthis hecate, B. ino: smaller; UNH without intensive violet
dust; black submarginal spots on UNH well-developed.
Brenthis hecate ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775)
PI. 29, figs. 13-21.
Syst. Werke Schmett. Wienergegend: 179.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Umgebung von Wien» [Vienna, Austria].
•	RANGE. From S. Europe across Asia Minor and Central Asia to the Altais and
Sayan Mts.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the S.
European part and W. Siberia. From Lithuania, the ssp. duxtina Kazlauskas, 1984
has been described. The Caucasus, Transcaucasia and the Kopet-Dagh are
populated by the ssp. transcaucasica Wnukowsky, 1929 (= caucasia (Staudinger,
1861), nomen nudum; = caucasica (Staudinger, 1871), nom. praeoccup.). In the
Altais as well as the Tarbagatai and Saur mountains, the ssp. warreni Kudrna,
1974 is known to occur, while the ssp. alaica (Staudinger, 1886) lives in the Tian-
Shan, the Ghissar, and the Pamirs-Alai. The Darvaz supports the ssp. latericia
Tuzov, 2000.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Preferring dry meadows and steppe-clad slopes, in the
mountains up to the upper timber-line. Flight period: May to July. Host plants in
the lower flow of Volga River (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Spiraea crenata;
in other parts of Europe (Niculescu, 1965; Higgins & Riley, 1984): Dorycnium,
Rubus, bilipendula vulgaris; Onobrychis and Viola have also been noted.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Brenthis daphne: larger; UNH with intensive violet dust; black
submarginal spots on UNH undeveloped. B. ino: smaller; ground colour of UNH
Kllowish, black marking not contrasting.
Brenthis ino (Rottemburg, 1775)
PI. 29, figs. 1-12.
Anmerk. Tab. Schmett., Naturforscher, 6:19, Taf. 1, Abb. 3, 4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Umgebung Berlin. Landsberg an der Warthe» [Germany],
•	SYNONYMS: dictynna ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775); parthenie (Bergstrasser,
1780); Jlavomaculatus (Retzius, 1783).
•	RANGE. The entire temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A highly variable species, with a lot of subtaxa
described. Some of these require a revision. The pattern of geographical variability
seems to display a gradual cline, with the following subspecies distinguishable:
ssp. ino (Rottemburg, 1775) (= tergesta (Fruhstorfer, 1910); = zinalensis (Bryk,
1911); = ciscaucasica Obraztsov, 1936) - European part, Caucasus Major;
ssp. schmitzi Wagener, 1983 - Caucasus Minor, Armenian Highland, Talysh;
ssp. trachalus (Fruhstorfer, 1916) - Tian-Shan;
ssp. achasis (Fruhstorfer, 1907) (= limpida (Krulikovsky, 1909); = clara (Staudinger,
1892), nom. praeoccup.) - Transbaikalia;
ssp. acrita (Fruhstorfer, 1907) (= discolus (Fruhstorfer, 1907); = borealis (Seitz,
[1909]), nom. praeoccup.; = vitimensis Wnukowsky, 1929) - central Siberia;
ssp. adalberti (Fruhstorfer, 1916) (= sibirica (Seitz, [1909], nom. praeoccup.) -
Sayan Mts.;
ssp. paidicus (Fruhstorfer, 1907) - Altais;
ssp. siopelus (Fruhstorfer, 1907) (= herzi (Seitz, [1909]); = magadanica (Kurentzov,
1970)) - Far East;
ssp. amurensis (Staudinger, 1887) - Amur region;
ssp. maxima (Staudinger, 1887) (= tarnis (Fruhstorfer. 1916)) - Ussuri region;
ssp. parvimarginalis Nakahara, 1926 (= karajutonis Matsumura, 1925, nom.
praeoccup.) - Sakhalin;
ssp. tigroides (Fruhstorfer, 1907) - Kuriles;
 HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Common on the outskirts of woods, in parks, flood plain
grasslands in the forest and forest-steppe belts, and over mountain meadows up to
2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August. Eggs laid solitarily, one by one, on
leaves of the host plant. Host plant in the Ussuri, region (Dantchenko &
Nikolaevsky, in press): Filipendulapalmata; in Europe (Eckstein, 1913 and others):
Filipendula ulmaria, F. vulgaris, Rubus idaeus, R. chamaemorus, Aruncus parvulus,
Sanguisorba oj/lctnalis. In Siberia, larvae occurring on Filipendula ulmaria only
(Korshunov. 1996). Hibernation larval.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Brenthis daphne: larger; UNH with intensive violet dust; black
submarginal spots on UNH undeveloped. B. hecate: ground colour of UNH whitish,
black marking contrasting.
PROCLOSSIANA Reuss, 1926
Proclossiana eunomia (Esper, [1799])
PI. 31, figs. 1-12.
Schmett. Abb. Nat, Suppl. 1(1): 94, Tab. 110, Abb. 5.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ostpreussen, Konigsberg» [Kaliningrad Region, Russia].
•	RANGE. Temperate forest belt of the Holarctic.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies {- aphirap?-
(Hiibner, 1800); = tomyris (Herbst, 1800)) inhabits the central and S. European
parts, the N. Caucasus, and W. Siberia. The ssp. acidalia (Boeber, 1809) (= asiatica
(Staudinger, 1901); - stromi Korshunov, 1997; = yakovlevi Korb, 1999), distiH'
• -1 ed from the nominotypical form by the smaller size and the delicate black
g of the UPS. occurs in the Altai and Sayan mountains, S. Siberia as well as
and Ussuri regions. The ssp. ossiana (Herbst, 1800) (= Isabella
rr rtistroem. 1869)) is distinguishable by the small size and the silvery colouration
f the submarginal lunules on the UNH. inhabiting the North of the European part
in the west to W. Chukotka, Kamchatka and the Far East (coasts of the Sea of
Okhotsk) in the east. From the Novosibirsk Region, Siberia, the ssp. riamina
Korshunov et Ivonin, 1997 has been described, but its status requires a revision.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Humid, often swampy meadows and/or the tundra, on
"mountain slopes up to 2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plants in
Europe (Eckstein, 1913 and others): Violapalustris, Trollius, TTialictrum, Gaultheria,
Pentaphylloides fruticosa, Andromeda polifolia; in the Urals and W. Siberia
(Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995; Korshunov, 1998): Vaccinlum uliginosum, Bistorta
major, B. vivipara. Linaria vulgaris, Melampyrum: in central Russia (Dantchenko &
Nikolaevsky, in press): Bistorta major.
CLOSSIANA Reuss, 1920
Clossiana angarensis (Erschoff. 1870)
PL 30. figs. 7-19.
Bull.Soc. imp. Natural. Moscou, 43:112.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Provincia Irkutzkensis» [Angara Valley, Irkutsk Region, Russia],
•	RANGE. From the NE. European part across N. and central Siberia to E. Yakutia,
the Altais, the Sayan, the Amur and Ussuri regions; N. Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Transbaikalia and S. Siberia are populated by the
nominotypical subspecies, with specimens from the western, part of the range
smaller and darker. In N. Transbaikalia and the Far East, the ssp. herzi
(Wnukowsky, 1927) is known to occur. From the Polar Urals and Yamal Peninsula,
the ssp. sedychi (D. Weiss, 1964) has been reported, which is very close habitually
to the previous subspecies. The Altais, the Sayan Mts. and the mountains of Tuva
are inhabited by the ssp. alticola (Sushkin et Tschetverikov, 1907) (= shelkovnikovi
Korb. 1997). This subspecies is close to both previous ones by size but it is some-
what lighter in colouration. In the Amur and Ussuri regions, the ssp. hakutozana
(Matsumura, 1927) is known to live, and from Sakhalin the ssp. miakei
(Matsumura, 1919) has been described.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. High bogs, clearings, forest outskirts up to 2,200 m
a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plant (Novomodnyi, 1996): Vaccinlum.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana oscarus: submarginal lunules of UNH triangular. C.
selenis: smaller; submarginal lunules of UNH yellow, discal band on UNH with moth-
er-of-pearl spots. C. selene, C. perryi, C. euphrosyne, C. iphigenia: discal band on. UNH
with mother-of-pearl spots. C. titania, C. dia: apical angle of HW sharpened. C. thore:
submarginal row of mother-of-pearl spots of UNH with light violet sheen.
Clossiana selenis (Eversmann, 1837)
Л 31, figs. 25-30.
Bui Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 10 (1): 10.
"Kasan» [Kazan, Republic Tatarstan. Russia].
'GE. From Volga River and the S. Urals across Siberia, the Altais, the Sayan and
•	^ar ^as^’ Amur and Ussuri regions; Mongolia.
1BUTION AND VARIATION. Variability not so great. The nominotypical sub-
PWies is distributed in the Volga Valley and the S. Urals. The Pola/ Urals and
Yamal Peninsula are inhabited by the ssp. samkoi (Sheljuzhko, 1931). Nearly the
entire Siberian part of the range, including the Amur region, are populated by the
ssp. sibirica (Erschoff, 1870) (= festiva (Krulikovsky, 1893): = meuihardi
(Sheljuzhko, 1929)). From NE. Siberia, the ssp. kononovi (Kurentzov, 1970) (=
perunovi Korb, 1999) has been described. In the Ussuri region, the ssp. chosensis
(Matsumura, 1927) has been found, while Sakhalin Island is known to support the
ssp. onorensis (Matsumura, 1925).
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Based on a single female, Clossiana speranda Grosser, 1979
has been described as a distinct species from NW. Mongolia. According to the origi-
nal description, this specimen is only distinguishable from C. selenis by tiie black
round spot in the basal part of the discal cell of the UNH, versus yellow with a black
surrounding in selenis. Specimens with a similar black spot on the UNH often
occur in different parts of the distribution area (Altai. Tuva, Ussuri region). A study
of the genitalia of both sexes of such specimens reveals no substantial differences
from these of the typical form of C. selenis. Hence the taxon speranda is probably
an infrasubspecific morph of C. selenis.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe and meadow-steppe; in the western part of the
area, also wet biotopes; in the mountains up to 2,200 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to
August, in one generation; in the Ussuri region with two generations, one in May to
June and the other at the end of July to September, with specimens of the second
generation lighter in colouration and with a delicate marking on the UPS. Host
plants (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): various Viola species.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana angarensis, C. oscarus: discal band of UNH without
mother-of-pearl spots. C. selene, C. euphrosyne, C. Iphigenia. C. perryi: sub-
marginal lunules on UNH silvery, postdiscal area on UNH yellow, reddish or brown-
ish.
Clossiana oscarus (Eversmann. 1844)
PI. 34, figs. 1-6.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 17: 588.
.TYPE LOCALITY, «...in provincia Irkutzkiensis» [Irkutsk Region, Russia).
•	RANGE. From W. Siberia across the mountains of S. Siberia to the Ussuri region
and E. Siberia; Mongolia, N. China.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Altais across the mountains of S. Siberia to
the E. Amur region are populated by the nominotypical subspecies. In the S. Amur
region and in the Ussuri region as well as on Sakhalin Island, the ssp. australis
[Graeser, 1888) (= maxima (Fixsen, 1887), nom. praeoccup.; = major (Graeser,
1888)) is known to occur. E. Yakutia is inhabited by the ssp. oscaroides (Menetries,
1859), which has a smaller size and a slightly paler ground colour of the UPS.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry, rarely wet, meadows and slopes up to 2,000 m
a.s.l. Flight period: May to August, depending on altitude and latitude. Host plants
(Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): different species of Viola.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana selene, C. perryi. C. euphrosyne, C. Iphigenia, C. sele-
nis: discal band on UNH with mother-of-pearl spots. C. thore, C. angarensis, C. tita-
nia: postdiscal area on UNH with intensive violet sheen.
Clossiana euphrosyne (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 31, figs. 13-24.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:481.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. [Sweden].
•	RANGE. Nearly the entire temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region except for the
northern taiga and Middle Asia.
WTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the
"1 itril European part and Siberia; the other known subspecies are as follows: ssp.
(He-nbst, 1804) (N. European part and Siberia); ssp. rusalka (Fruhstorfer,
1909) (S European part and W. Siberia); ssp. orphana (Fruhstorfer, 1907) (Trans-
baikalia Amur and Ussuri regions); ssp. kamtschadalus (Seitz, (1909]) (described
from Kamchatka); ssp. umbra (Seitz. [1909]) (Altai and Sayan mts.); ssp. dagestanr
ca (Sovinsky, 1905) (= anka (Fruhstorfer, 1907); = phaenea (Jachontov, 1908))
(Caucasus and Transcaucasia). Except for dagestanica, all of these subspecies are
superficially very similar to the nominotypical one.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open landscapes in the forest and forest-steppe zones,
mountain meadows up to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to August, sometimes
In two generations. Host plants in Europe (Lang, 1884; Seppanen, 1970): Viola
canina Ruhas, Fragaria, Vaccinium uliginosum, Ledum palustre: in Siberia
(Novomodnyi. 1996): Viola hirta; in the Amur region (Novomodnyi, 1996):
Waldsteinia ternata.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana Iphigenia: mother-of-pearl spot at base of UNH
absent. C. selene. C. perryi: discal band of UNH with three mother-of-pearl spots. C.
oscarus. C. thore: discal band of UNH without mother-of-pearl spots.
Clossiana iphigenia (Graeser, 1888)
PI. 32, figs. 10-12.
Bert. ent. Z., 32:90.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Nicol.[ajefsk]» [Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Amur region, Russia].
•	RANGE. E. Amur and Ussuri regions, Sakhalin; NE. China, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The mainland part of the distribution area is
inhabited by the nominotypical subspecies; in Sakhalin, the ssp. alpharatoria Korb,
1997 (= sachalinensis (Matsumura, 1911, nom. praeoccup.) is known to occur,
which is superficially very close to the nominotypical one.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Wet bottomland or seaside meadows. Flight period: May
to August. Host plants in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1984): Viola selkirkii. V. grypoceras.
	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana euphrosyne: mother-of-pearl spot at base of UNH
present. C. selene, C. perryi: discal band on UNH with three mother-of-pearl spots.
C. oscarus. C. thore: discal band on UNH without mother-of-pearl spots.
Clossiana selene ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775)
PI. 32, figs. 1-6.
Syst Werke Schmett. Wienergegend: 321.
•	ГУРЕ LOCALITY. «Umgebung von Wien» [Vienna, Austria],
•	SYNONYMS: euphrosyne (Bergstrasser, 1779); euphrasia (Lewin, 1795); silene
(Haworth. 1803).
•	RANGE. Nearly the entire Palaearctic Region, except for the extreme North and the
mountains of Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Central Asia; the northern part of N.
America down to Nebraska and Ohio in the south.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the
central and S. European parts, W. Siberia, N. Kazakhstan, the Altais, the Sayan
Transbaikalia. From the N. European part and N. Siberia, the ssp. thalia
, ubner. 1790) (= hela (Staudinger, 1861); = obscurum (Sedych, 1977)) is known. In
* e Amur and Ussuri regions, the ssp. dilutior (Fixsen. 1887] (= sugitanii (Seok.
8)) has been recorded, while the ssp. chibiana (Matsumura, 1927) (= sachalinen-
»HAR^a^SUmUra' ^928)) in the Sakhalin and Kunashir islands.
FU AND BIOLOGY. Open landscapes, montane tundra up to 2,000 m a.s.l.
S t period; May to September, in one or two generations, depending on altitude
and longitude. Host plants (Lang, 1884; Abadjiev, 1992; Korshunov & Gorbunov,
1995): Viola, Fragaria, Vaccinium uliginosum.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana perryi; FW narrower and more elongate; black mark-
ings in basal and discal parts of UPS more intensive, but marginal and submargin-
al rows of black dots of UPF less well-developed. C. euphrosyne, C. Iphigenia: discal
band of UNH with a single mother-of-pearl spot. C. oscarus, C. thore: discal band oi
UNH without mother-of-pearl spots.
Clossiana perryi (Butler, 1882)
PL- 32, figs. 7-9.
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 9 (5): 16.
•	ТУРЕ LOCALITY. «Posiette Bay, N.E. Corea» [Posiet, S. Ussuri region, Russia).
•	RANGE. S. Ussuri region, N. Korea. Also reported from Bureinskie Mts. and Shilka
Valley, Amur region (Leech, 1894), but these records are doubtful.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Only the nominotypical subspecies is known.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows, steppe-like biotopes. Flight period: from
June to September, in two generations. In the S. Ussuri region, flying together with
C. selene dilution
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana selene; FW broader and rounded; black markings on
UPS more regular. C. euphrosyne. C. iphigenia: discal band of UNH with a single
mother-of-pearl spot. C. oscarus, C. thore: discal band of UNH without mother-of-
pearl spots.
Clossiana hegemone (Staudinger. 1881)
PI. 33, figs. 25-30.
Stett. ent.Ztg.,42: 292.
TYPE LOCALITY. «Ala Tau» [Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., Kazakhstan],
•	RANGE. Tian-Shan, Ghissar-Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai (excluding W. Pamirs); Hindu
Kush. Himalaya and ?Kun-Lun.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Tian-Shan, except for the western part, is
inhabited by the nominotypical subspecies (= dagana (Seitz, [1909]); = tianschanica
Wagner, 1923). The W. Tian-Shan, the Ghissar-Darvaz and the Pamirs-Alai are
populated by the ssp. houri (Wyatt, 1961), which is distinguishable ironi tire
nominotypical one by the FW more extended and apically pointed, and by the more
intensive development, of black marginal and submarginal spots of the UPS.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. From Kun-Lun Mts., China, the taxon chotana O. Bang
Haas, 1915 has been described, subsequently recorded in the E. Pamirs by
Tshikolovets (1997) as a subspecies of hegemone (Staudinger, 1881). However, the
attribution of chotana to hegemone is questionable, while the occurrence in the E.
Pamirs is unlikely.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Wet mountain meadows and creek valleys up to 4.200 m
a.s.l. Flight period: June to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Brenthis hecate: without mother-of-pearl spots on UNH. Boloria
sipora: apex of HW sharpened; a black point in discal cell of UNH absent.
Clossiana thore (Hubner, [1806])
PI. 29, figs. 22-24.
Samml. europ. Schmett., 1: 71.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Tiroler Alpen» [Austria].
•	RANGE. Forest belt of the Palaearctic Region; N. China, Korea, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Along with the nominotypical form which popu-
lates the central European part, the following subspecies are known from the terri-
tones concerned: ssp. exellens (Krulikovsky, 1893) (= splendida (Krulikovsky,
1895)) from the S. European part; ssp. transuralensis (Sheljuzhko, 1931) from W.
Siberia: ssp. borealis (Staudinger, 1861) from the N. European part, N. Siberia, the
par East, including Kamchatka; ssp. hypercala (Fruhstorfer, 1907) (= lacrimosa
Korb, 1999) from the Altais, the Sayan and Transbaikalia; ssp. hyperusia
(Fruhstorfer, 1907) (= meridionalts (Kardakov, 1928); = brenda Hemming, 1933)
from the Amur and Ussuri regions; and ssp. karafutonis (Matsumura, 1919) from
Sakhalin Island.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open places in the forest belt up to 2,000 m a.s.l., more
rarely on high bogs. Flight period: June to August. Host plant in Finland
(Pekkarinen, 1977): Viola bifolia; in the Urals (Tatarinov, pers. comm.): V. altaica; in
Japan (Fukuda et al., 1984): V. selkirkii.
	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana selene, C. perryi, C. euphrosyne. C. iphigenia: discal
band of UNH with mother-of-pearl spots. C. angarensis: UNH with a row of distinct,
silvery, submarginal spots.
Clossiana frigga (Thunberg, 1791)
PI. 32, figs. 13-23.
Diss. ent. sist. ins. Svec., 2: 33.
	TYPE LOCALITY. Lapland.
. RANGE. Montane or lowland tudra and bogs of the Holarctic.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Amur and Ussuri regions are inhabited by
the ssp. maritima (Kardakov, 1928); over the Altais, the Sayan and Transbaikalia,
the ssp. alpestris (Elwes, 1899) is distributed; from Tarbagatai Mts., the ssp. annae
(Sushkin, 1906) has been described, yet its status requires confirmation. The
remaining parts of the range over the territories concerned are populated by the
nominotypical subspecies (= helvenacius (Sedykh, 1977)). Specimens from the
mountains of S. Siberia display great variability, especially in individual size and
the degree of development of black markings.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Swampy thin forest, high bog and/or bush-clad tundra
up to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August. Host plant (Henriksen &
Kreutzer, 1982): Rubus chamaemorus.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana improba: much smaller; discal band of UNH with two
dim whitish spots; marking of UPS vague, dull. C. thore: discal band of UNH with-
out whitish dim spots.
Clossiana improba (Butler, 1877)
PI. 33, figs. 22-24.
Ent. Monthly Mag., 13:206.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Winter Cove and Cambridge Bay» [MW. Territories, Canada],
•RANGE. Polar tundra from Fennoscandia to Chukotka and N. America.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Specimens from N. Eurasia have usually been
attributed to the nominotypical subspecies, but those from E. Chukotka are very
close to the ssp. youngi (Holland, 1900), the latter taxon originally described from
Alaska.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Lowland or montane bush tundra up to 1,000 m a.s.l.
Hight period: June to August. Host plants (Henriksen & Kreutzer, 1982): Bistorta
vivipara and Salix herbacea.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana frigga: much larger; ground colour of UPS reddish,
markings clear. C.freija, C. charicleia, C. butleri, C. polaris: discal band of UNH with
three or more whitish or silvery spots.
Clossiana freija (Thunberg, 1791)
PI. 32, figs. 24-29.
Diss. ent. sist. ins. Svec., 2:34.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Sweden.
•	RANGE. Entire N. Palaearctic from Fennoscandia and Altais, Chukotka, Kam-
chatka, Ussuri region, Sakhalin, Japan; N. America down to Colorado in the
south.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The European part, W. and central Siberia, the
Far East, Transbaikalia, Chukotka, the Amur and Ussuri regions are inhabited by
the nominotypical subspecies (= freija. (Quensel, 1791), nom. praeoccup.; = lapponi-
ca (Esper, 1793)). In the Altais and Sayan, the ssp. pallida (Elwes, 1899) (= Calais
(Fruhstorfer, 1917)) is known to occur, which is distinguishable from the nomino-
typical form by the lighter ground colour and the delicate black markings on the
UPS. From NE. Yakutia, the largest subspecies, jakutensis (Wnukowsky, 1927), has
been described. The status of the specimens from Sakhalin Island is still unclear.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Light pine and/or larch forests, bush tundra and high
bogs up to 1,600 m a.s.l. Flight period; May to July. Host plants in Siberia
(Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995); Rubus chamaemorus, Vaccinium uliginosum,
Empetrum nigrum; in Scandinavia (Henriksen & Kreutzer, 1982); Arctostaphylos
uvaursi, Arctons alpina; in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1984); Sieversia, Rhododendron: in
N. America (Scott, 1986): Dryas integrifolia.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana polaris: ground colour of UPS grey-brown; marginal
white spots on UNH bright, arrow-like; UNH with three white spots at base. C. char
idea, C. butleri: marginal white spots of UNH extended along margin, nearly rectan-
gular. C. frigga, C. improba: FW elongate; discal band of UNH with two, rarely one,
whitish spots.
Clossiana polaris (Boisduval, 1828)
PI. 33, figs. 1-3.
Europ. Lep. Index method.: 16.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Nordkap Peninsula [Norway].
•	RANGE. Polar tundra of the Holarctic.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Only the nominotypical subspecies is known.
Variability minor but specimens from the European part are somewhat larger.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Lowland or mountain tundra up to 1,000 m a.s.l. Flight
period: June to August. Host plant in the Polar Urals (Korshunov & Gorbunov.
1995): Dryas punctata, D. octopetala; in Lapland (Henriksen & Kreutzer, 1982):
Cassiope tetragona, Vaccinium uliginosum.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossianafreija: UNH with one silvery spot at base. C. chariclea.
C. butleri: marginal white spots of UNH extended along margin, nearly rectangular.
Clossiana chariclea (Schneider, 1794)
PI. 33, figs. 4-9.
Lapland. Schmett. Schneid. Mag., 5:588.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Lapland.
•	RANGE. Polar tundra of the Palaearctic Region from Fennoscandia to Wrangcl
Island and Chukotka.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The European part of the range is populated by
the nominotypical subspecies, but the Asian part by the ssp. arctica (Zetterstedt,
1839) (= tshuktsha Dubatolov et Korshunov, 1998).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Rocks and bushes, lowland or mountain tundra up to
1,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August. Host plants in Lapland (Henriksen R
Kreutzer, 1982): Cassiope tetragona; in N. America (Scott,
1986): Dryas integrifolia, Salix arctica, S. reticulata.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana butleri: a silvery spot in the
middle of discal band of UNH bright and strongly elongate,
genitalia different (fig. 6). C. polaris, C.freija: marginal white
spots of UNH bright, arrow-like.
Clossiana butleri (Edwards, 1883)
PI. 33, figs. 10-12.
Canad. Ent., 15:32.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Cape Thompson, Kotzebue Sound, W.
Alaska».
•	RANGE. Chukotka, Wrangel Island, ?Kamchatka, Polar N.
America.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Only the nominotypical
subspecies is known.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The specific attribution of material
from Kamchatka requires further work. Similarly, the rela-
tionships between C. butleri and C. chariclea in Chukot
Peninsula and adjacent parts also need precision, as transi-
tional forms are known ro occur from near Uelen and
Dezhnevskie Sopki.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Lowland tundra. Flight period:
June to August. Host plants: probably Salix species.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana chariclea: a silvery spot in the
middle of discal band of UNH short, often densely dusted
with yellowish, genitalia different (fig. 6). C. polaris, C.freija:
marginal white spots of UNH arrow-like.
Fig. 6. Male genitalia of some Clossiana (a - right view; b -
Clossiana dia (Linnaeus 1767)	aedeagus): 1 - C. chariclea (Polar Urals); 2 - C. butleri (E.
PI. 33, figs. 13-21.	Chukotka). P. Bogdanov del.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12), 1:785.
• TYPE LOCALITY. Austria.
	RANGE. From W. and S. Europe to the Far East, excluding the extreme North and
Middle Asia.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the
northern part of the range; the S. European part and W. Siberia are inhabited by
the ssp. disconota (Krulikovsky, 1909); from the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the
ssp. calida (Jachontov, 1911) is known; the Dzhungarsky Alatau, the Altais, the
Sayan and Transbaikalia are populated by the ssp. alpina (Elwes, 1899). The ssp.
semota Tuzov, 2000 inhabits the Far East and display slight greyish dust on the
UPS, especially in females.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open landscapes up to 2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: from
May to September, in the southwestern part of the range in two generations. Host
plants in Europe (Lang, 1884; Eckstein, 1913): Viola, Rubus idaeus, Prunella vulgaris.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana titania: much larger. C. thore, C. selenis, C. angaren-
sis: apical angle of HW rounded, not sharpened.
Clossiana titania (Esper, 1793)
PI- 33, figs. 31-36.
Schmett. Abb. Nat., suppl. 1:58.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Sardinien» [Sardinia, Italy].
•	RANGE. Locally over the temperate belt of the Holarctic Region.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The European part of the range is populated by the
ssp. bivina(Fruhstorfer, 1908) (= amathusia(Esper, [1784]), nom. praeoccup.: = rossi-
ca (Hemming, 1934)); over central and S. Siberia, the Altais and Sayan, the moun-
tains ofTuva. Transbaikalia, the Amur region and probably Sakhalin, the ssp. staudin-
geri (Wnukowsky, 1929) (= sibirica (Staudinger, 1892), nom. praeoccup, = altaica
Seitz, [1909], nom. praeoccup.; = Julia (Hemming, 1934)) is known to be distributed.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Meadows, sometimes muskeg bogs and rocky tundra up
to 1,600 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August. Host plants in Europe (Lang, 1884;
Eckstein, 1913); Viola, Vaccinium uliginosum; in Siberia (Korshunov & Gorbunov,
1995): Bistorta major, Filipendula ulmaria, Trollius asiaticus.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana thore: outer margin of HW not ragged. C. angarensis,
C. selenis, C. dia, C.Jrigga, C.freija, C. oscarus, C. erda: UNH with silvery, white or
mother-of-pearl spots.
Clossiana erda (Christoph, 1893)
PI. 35, figs. 4-9.
D. ent. Z. Iris. 6:87.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Vilui» [Vilui River, Yakutia, Russia].
•	RANGE. Mountains and tudra of Siberia and the Far East.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both individual and geographical variation great.
In addition to the nominotypical form, the following subspecies have been
described: ssp. kitoica Belik, 1996 from the E. Sayan; and ssp. paella Churkin,
1999 from the Barguzinsky Mts., Transbaikalia.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The taxon dulkeiti Kurentzov. 1970, described from
Omsukchansky Mts., Magadan Region, most probably belongs to this species.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Meadows and rocky slopes, mountain tundra, screes up
to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August. Host plant (Korshunov & Gorbunov,
1995): Vaccinium vitisidaea.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana alberta: antennae shorter and thicker; at base of
UNH three well-developed silvery spots; sexual dimorphism less well-developed.
C. distincta: ground colour of UPS paler; apical angle of HW sharpened: thorax
dorsally with greenish hairs. C. tritonia: much larger; apical angle of HW sharpened.
C./rippa: UNH with one silvery spot. C. thore: silvery or white spots on UNH absent.
Clossiana alberta (Edwards, 1890)
PI. 35, figs. 1-3.
Canad. Ent., 22:113.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Laggan, Alberta prov., Canada».
•	RANGE. E. Chukotka (also recorded in Anyuiskie Mts.); N. America from Alaska
down to Alberta Province and British Columbia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. From E. Chukotka, the ssp. kurenzovi (Wyatt.
1961) has been described.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Both superficially and by structure of the genitalia, as well as
geographically, the ssp. kurenzovi (Wyatt, 1961) seems transitional between the
North American alberta (Edwards, 1890) and the E. Siberian erda (Christoph.
1893). To solve the problem, a careful study of the populations from E. Chukotka is
required as based on abundant material.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Rocky habitats near crests up to 1,000 m a.s.l. Flight
period: July to August. Host plants (Wyatt, 1957): Dryas octopetala, D. integrifolici.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana erda: larger; antennae longer and slender; at base of
UNH one silvery spot, as a rule. C. distincta: FW with an extended and sharpened
UPS darkened; black markings well-developed; a black
nnr’dnal border of UPH broken by spots of ground colour.
wn«iana tritonia (Boeber. 1812)
и 34. fias. 7-9.19-21.
Mem Soc. Natural. Moscou, 3:20.
1YPE LOCALITY. «Siberia» [Lake Baikal, Irkutsk Region,
Russia].
•	RANGE. From Lake Baikal to the Ussuri region.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Baikal region is
inhabited by the nominotypical subspecies; in Transbai-
kalia. the ssp. elatus (Staudinger, 1892) is known to occur;
the Amur and Ussuri regions are populated by the ssp.
amphilochus (Menetries, 1859). The latter taxon is charac-
terised by the darker ground colour of the UPS in both sexes
and by the monotonous yellow discal band of the UNH. As
the genitalia are also somewhat different, amphilochus can
prove to represent a distinct species.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad slopes, rocky habi-
tats near crests up to 1,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to
July. Host plant (Graeser, 1888): Saxifraga bronchialis.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana distincta: smaller; discal band
of UNH with bright silvery spots. C. erda: smaller: FW round-
ed, not sharpened apically.
Fig. 7. Male geniialia of some Clossiana (a - right view, b -
aedeagus): 1 - C. distincta tschukotkensis (E Chukotka); 2 - C.
matveevi (Altais). P. Bogdanov del.
Clossiana distincta (Gibson, 1920)
Pi. 34, figs. 10-18.
Rep. Canadian Arctic Exped.. 3 (1): 25(i), 54(i).
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Harrington Creek, Yukon Territory.
Canada; lat 65°05'».
•	RANGE. Ixically from the Polar Urals and Transbaikalia to
Chukotka and the coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk; N. America.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. From the Polar Urals, the ssp. machati
Korshunov, 1987 has been described; from Transbaikalia, the ssp. dubatolovi
Korshunov, 1987; NE. Yakutia and Chukotka are populated by the ssp.
tschukotkensis (Wyatt, 1961) (= suntara Dubatolov. 1997); from central Yakutia, the
ssp. ershovi Korshunov et Gorbunov, 1995 has been described (TL: Yakutsk), which
is distinguishable by the brighter UPS and the more contrasting UNS.
• HABnATS AND BIOLOGY. Rocky slopes with pebble and/or mountain tundra up to
1,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plant in Russia (Korshunov &
Gorbunov, 1995): Saxifraga spinulosa; in N. America (Wyatt, 1957): Salix spp.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana tritonia: larger; ground colour of UPS brighter; discal
-'md of UNH monotonous, without silvery spots. C. erda. C. alberta: FW rounded,
not sharpened apically; black marking not so strongly developed. C. matveevi: male
genitalia different (fig. 7).
matveevi P. Gorbunov et Korshunov, 1995
"•35, figs. 10,11.
бабочки азиатской части России [Butterflies of the Asian part of Russia]: 109.
Fik.'^^CALITY. «Алтай, п. Акташ, 2700 м». [Aktash, Altais, Russia],
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Altai Mts.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The status of this taxon is unclear. It only differs from distinc.
ta (Gibson, 1920) in some minor details of genitalic structure. Hence matueeut
seems to only represent a subspecies of distincta.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Large rocky screes at 2,500-3,000 m a.s.l. Flight period'
July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana distincta: genitalia different (fig. 7).
BOLORIA Moore, 1900
Boloria caucasica (Lederer, 1852)
PI. 35, figs. 28-30.
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 2: 22.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. The lectotype, designated by Van Oorschot & Wagener (1990),
comes from «Achaltsiche und Kazbegi» [Akhaltsikhe and Kazbegi, Georgia],
•	SYNONYM: pontica Crosson du Cormier, Guerin et de Lesse, 1957.
 RANGE. Caucasus and Transcaucasia: Turkey.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Specimens from Transcaucasia differ from those
from the Caucasus Major by the more reddish ground colour of the UPS.
•	HABITATSAND BIOLOGY. Wet mountain meadows up to 2,500 m a.s.l. Flight peri-
od: July to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana dia: smaller: black markings on UPS more strongly
developed; ground colour of UNS with violet lustre.
Boloria aquilonaris (Stichel, 1908)
PI. 36, figs. 13-18.
Bert ent. Z., 53: 81.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Gallivar, Sweden.
•	RANGE. From Fennoscandia and W. Europe to W. Siberia, the S. European part. N.
Kazakhstan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies (= arsilache
(Knoch, 1781), nom. praeoccup.; = lapponica (Staudinger, 1871), nom. praeoccup.;
= alethea (Hemming, 1934)) is known from the N. European part, of Russia, while
specimens from the southern part of the range are larger and described under the
name sima Churkin, 2000.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Wet meadows and different kinds of bog up to 1,000 m
a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. In the northern part of the range, the larvae hiber-
nate twice. Host plants in N. Europe (Henriksen & Kreutzer, 1982): Vaccinlum,
Oxycoccus palustris; in central Russia (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press):
Oxicoccus microcarpus.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Boloria alaskensis: HW with a distinct prominence with a top at
vein M3; UPS of females with grey-green hue. B. banghaasi: on costal side, second
black spot of postdiscal row of UPH (between veins M and M2) always larger than
first and third ones.
Boloria banghaasi Seitz, [1909]
PI. 35, figs. 31-36.
In: Seitz, Grossschmett. Erae, i: zd.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Kentei» [Kentei Mts., ?Mongolia].
•	RANGE. From the Altais to the coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk, E Yakutia, Kamchatka,
Amur region and Sakhalin. The northern and eastern range limits require refine-
ment.
ctrIBUTION AND VARIATION. Most of the distribution area is inhabited by the
otvpical subspecies. From the Magadan Region and Chukotka, the ssp.
?s Churkin. 2000 has recently been described.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. The status of B. banghaasi remains unclear, as it might turn
' onjy represent a subspecies of B. aquilonaris (Stichel, 1908). The little-known
°U n neopales [Nakahara, 1926) (= sachalinensis (Matsumura, 1925), nom.
eoccup.). described from Sakhalin, can prove to belong to this species (Warren,
1944) Populations from the Altais have just been described as the ssp. roddi
Kosterin. 2000.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Swampy meadows and slopes, high bogs up to 2,500 m
a.s.l. Flight period: July to August.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Boloria alaskensis: HW with a distinct prominence with a top at
vein М3. B. altaica: larger; black marking on UPS more delicate. B. frigidalis: black
marking on UPS more delicate; ground colour of UNH dark, brick-red or brownish
hue’ UPS often with greyish dust. B. aquilonaris: on costal side, second black spot
of postdiscal row of UPH (between veins Mj and M2) not larger than first and third
ones.
Boloria sipora (Moore, [1875])
Й. 35, figs. 12-18.
Proc. Zoo!. Soc. London. 1874 (4): 568.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Kashmere, near Gungabul Lake, at foot of Haramook Peak» [N.
India].
•	RANGE. Pamirs-Alai, Tian-Shan; W. Himalaya.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies (= hunzaica Tytler,
1940) is known from the E. Pamirs; the other parts of the range over the territories
concerned are inhabited by the ssp. generator (Staudinger, 1886).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY.’Wet meadows at 2,500-4.500 m a.s.l. Flight period: July
to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Clossiana hegemone: marking of UNS contrasting, with distinct
nwther-of-pearl spots; ground colour of UPS ochreous or yellowish, black marking
well-developed; HW rounded.
Boloria altaica (Grum-Grshimailo. 1893)
PL 35, figs. 19-24.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 17:128.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «In montibus Altaicus (fluv. Kara-kaba)» [Kara-Kaba Valley, Altais,
Russia],
•	RANGE. FromTarbagatai Mts. to S. Transbaikalia, E. Yakutia; Mongolia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The southern part of the distribution area is
inhabited by the nominotypical subspecies; from the Gornaya Shoriya, NE. Altais,
the ssp. pustagi Korshunov et Ivonin, 1995 has been described; and in E. Yakutia,
the ssp. vinokurovi Dubatolov, 1992 is known to occur.
1ABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Wet mountain meadows and/or tundra up to 2,800 rn
a.s.l. Flight period: June to August.
" ^®LAR SPECIES. Boloria frigidalis: ground colour UNS darker, brick-reddish or.
Wnetimes, brownish hue. B. banghaasi: smaller; ground colour of UPS brighter,
p*Jje"re^’ black marking well-developed; discal band of UNH distinct. B. purpurea:
with reddish suffusion; wings more angular; spot between veins Ciij-Cuj not
^Parated from the cell.
шзшШ.
Boloria purpurea Churkin, 1999
PI. 36, figs. 10-12.
Atalanta, 29 (1/4): 118, pl. IX, figs. 1-3.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Russia, Buryatia, Barguzin Mts., Nesterikha River, KedrovOe
Lake, 1900-2000 m».
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Known from the type locality only.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Grassy tundra bog with shrubs. Flight period: July. The
type series was collected at the same time when Issoria eugenia (Eversmann, 1847)
and Erebia callias Edwards, 1871 flew in other parts of the tundra bog.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Boloria altaica: underside with yellowish or greenish suffusion;
wings not so angular; spot between veins Cu]-Cu2 clearly separated from the cell;
colour of UPS in females not extensively purple.
Boloria Jrigidalis Warren, 1944
PI. 35, figs. 25-27.
Trans. R. ent. Soc. London, 94: 48.
	TYPE LOCALITY. «Tchuja Mountains, S.E. Altai» [Chuisky Mts., Altais, Russia];
«Arasan» [?Mongolia],
•	RANGE. Altais, Tuva, Mongolia.
 DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Only the nominotypical form is known.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. This is a poorly-known taxon, perhaps only a colour form of
B. altaica.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Wet mountain meadows and/or tundra up to 2,200 m
a.s.l. Flight period: July to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Boloria banghaasi: ground colour of UPS brighter, ochre-red;
black marking well-developed; discal band of UNH extending to anal margin. B.
altaica: larger; ground colour of UNH brighter, ochreous.
Boloria alaskensis (Holland, 1900)
PI. 36, figs. 1-9.
Ent. News, 11:383.
	TYPE LOCALITY, «...mountains between Forty-Mile and Mission Creeks» [Alaska,
USA],
•	RANGE. Tundra from the Polar Urals to E. Chukotka; N. America from Alaska to
the North Territories of Canada.
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Polar Urals and Yamal Peninsula are inhabit-
ed by the ssp. sedykhi Crosson du Cormier, 1977; the nominotypical subspecies
occurs to E. Chukotka and Wrangel Island in the east; from the mountains of N.
Transbaikalia, the ssp. bato Churkin, 1999 (TL: Kodar Mts., Chita Region] has been
described.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. When validating "Argynnis arsilache f. (subsp.) nikolajewski
B.-Haas i. 1.”, Heydemann (1920: 271) has failed to indicate a type locality. Crosson
du Cormier (1977) has allocated nikolqjewski (Heydemann, 1920) to B. alaskensis,
yet expressing doubts concerning the provenance of type material from the
Nikolaevsk-on-Amur District. Until now, B. alaskensis remains unknown from the
Amur region and adjacent parts. The male labeled as " nikolajewski', deriving fr0111
Zhigansk, Yakutia and figured in Warren (1944: pl. 33, figs. 186 & 187) evidently
belongs to B. alaskensis. The type locality “Nikolaevsk-on-Amur" is thus likely w be
erroneous, probably mistaken for Nikolaevsk-Kamchatsky. as there is no odier
place name “Nikolaevsk" in E. Siberia and the Far East. If so, then the taxon nikola'
Jewski (Heydemann, 1920) is a synonym of alaskensis Holland, 1900. To finally
the problem, a study of sufficiently abundant material from different parts of
* g-beria and the Far East is necessary.
Ь rITATS AND BIOLOGY. Lowland or mountain tundra up to 1,500 m a.s.l. Flight
*^4>d'Juny to August. Host plant (Henriksen & Kreutzer, 1982): Polygonum and Viola.
^•tMlLAR SPECIES. Boloria banghaasi: ground colour of UPS brighter, ochre red; by
ration females poorly distinguishable from males; HW without acute promi-
e with a top at vein M3. B. purpurea: UNS with reddish suffusion; wings more
° gular’ spot between veins CurCu2 not separated from the cell.
EUPHYDRYAS Scudder, 1872
Euphydryas (aurinia) aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775)
Я 36, figs. 19-21,25-27.
Antnfft Tab. Schmett, Naturforscher. 6:5.
.ТУРЕ LOCALITY. Vicinity of Paris.
•	SYNONYMS: artemis ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775), nom. praeoccup.; maturna
(Esper, [1777]). nom. praeoccup; lye (Bergstrasser, 1780); kolosvarensis (Piller et
Mitterpacher, 1783); matutina (Becklin, 1791); dubia (Krulikowsky, 1891); obscura-
la (Krulikowsky, 1891).
.RANGE. Temperate belts of Europe and Siberia to Transbaikalia and Yakutia in the
east, and to NW. China and Mongolia in the south.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies (= estonia
Petersen, 1902) inhabits the central European part and W. Siberia; the Carpathian
Mts. are populated by the ssp. bulgarica (Fruhstorfer, 1916); the Altais, the Sayan,
the mountains of Transbaikalia and central Siberia support the ssp. laeta
(Christoph, 1893).
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. The taxonomy of the aurinia group appears quite complex
and confused. Numerous authors sometimes consider the above taxa as forms,
sometimes as separate species. We consider aurinia as a superspecies.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows and/or steppe. In the mountains, up to
the upper timber-line. Flight period: June to July. Egg-laying in groups of 5-30 on
leaves. Host plants in central Russia (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Succisa
pratensis: in Europe (Niculescu. 1965; Henriksen & Kreutzer, 1982; Ebert, 1991;
Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): Scabiosa succica, Digitalis. Plantago. Veronica.
Geranium, Sambucus, Gentiana, Valeriana, Lonicera. Spiraea, Viburnum, Succisa.
Larvae living gregariously. Larval colonies weaving dense cocoons, feeding inside
and nearby. Hibernation larval.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Euphydryas provincialis: slightly larger; black marking of UPS
even and delicate; ground colour UPS pale red-brown with a characteristic sandy
tone. E. merope: smaller; black marking of UPS extended and heavy; ground colour
UPS pale yellow or pale grey. E. asiatica: ground colour usually yellowish; HW with
dense black suffusion along inner margin; black proximal margin of a broad,
Orange, submarginal fascia often absent. E. orientalis: slightly larger; black marking
highly contrasting; ground colour of UPS paler; orange submarginal fascia
roader. especially on HW. E. sibirica: prevalent tone of UPS orange-yellow; FW with
a single terminal line making the marginal lunules larger.
(aur^nici) provincialis (Boisduval, 1828)
” tigs. 22-24.
“’’0 tf.p Index, method.: 17.
T L LOCALITY. Provence [France],
•	RANGE. From S. Europe and N. Africa in the west to Transcaucasia and Asia Minor
in the east.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Over the steppe belt of the European part and
at the foothills of the Caucasus Major, the ssp. volhynica (Ksienschopolsky, 1912)
is known to occur, while Transcaucasia supports the spp. amasina
[1909]).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad meadows and/or dry slopes up to 1,500 щ
a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plants in Transcaucasia (Dantchenko, щ
press): Cephalaria gigantea; in Turkey (Hesselbarth et al., 1995): Scabiosa praten-
sis, S. columbaria.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Euphydryas aurinia: slightly smaller; black marking of UPS
more complete; ground colour UPS orange-red. E. orientalis: black marking of IJPs
highly contrasting; ground colour UPS paler; orange, submarginal fascia highly
contrasting. E. merope: smaller; black marking of UPS extended and heavy; ground
colour UPS pale yellow or pale grey.
Euphydryas (aurinia) merope (Prunner, 1798)
PI. 36, figs. .28-30.
Lep. Pedemontana ill. Suppl.: 73.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Valle Varaitana circa Lyaiol» [Alps],
•	RANGE. Highlands of the Pyreneen, the Alps, the Caucasus and S. Siberia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the Alps.
The Caucasus Major is inhabited by the ssp. pellucida (Christoph, 1893).
Specimens from the Altais and Sayan, Siberia differ clearly from other conspecific
forms and represent the ssp. altivolans Tuzov, 2000.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Alpine meadows at 1,600-2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period:
June to July. Host plants in Europe (Jutzeler, 1990): Gentiana acaulis, G. uerna,
Primula viscosa
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Euphydryas aurinia, E. orientalis, E. provincialis, E. asiatica, E.
sibirica: larger; black marking of UPS more delicate and contrasting; orange sub-
marginal fascia broader, especially so on HW.
Euphydryas (aurinia) orientalis (Henrich-Schaffer, [1851])
PI. 36, figs. 31-36.
Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europas, 1: Taf. 56, Abb. 265-266; Text [1851]: 6, (Nachtrag zum 1. Bands, 1).
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Amasia; ...Constantinopel...» [Amasya; Istanbul, Turkey].
•	RANGE. S. European part, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan; Turkey.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies lives in Turkey and
Transcaucasia. Over the S. European part, the ssp. sareptensis (Staudinger, 1878)
(= sareptana Staudinger, 1861, nom. nudum; sareptana Staudinger, 1871, nom.
nudum) is known to occur. The steppe and semi-desert parts of N. Kazakhstan aie,
populated by the ssp. emba (Fruhstorfer, 1917).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad meadows, limestone egresses. Flight
period: June to July. Host plant in the the lower flow of Volga River and in
Kazakhstan (Dantchenko & Nikolaevskiy, in press): Scabiosa isetensis. Hibernation,
larval.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Euphydryas aurinia, E. asiatica: slightly smaller; ground colour,
orange-red. E. provincialis: black marking of UPS and orange submarginal fascias
not contrasting. E. merope: smaller; black marking of UPS extended and
ground colour pale yellow or pale grey.
g^hydryas (aurinia) asiatica (Staudinger, 1881)
и 37. figs 1-6-
cM 7tg.. 42. 287.
tvTF LOCALITY. «AlaTau» [Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., Kazakhstan].
oaNGE Tian-Shan, Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., Tarbagatai Mts. and Saur Mts.
*	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Tarbagatai, Saur and Dzhungarsky Alatau
ts are populated by the nominotypical subspecies. The ssp. alexandrina
(maudinger, 1887) is known to occur in the N. Tian-Shan. From the Inner Tian-
Sban the SSP- narina (Oberthiir, 1909) has been described.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mountain meadows at 1,500-2,700 m a.s.l. Flight peri-
od: June to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Euphydryas aurinia: ground colour usually orange-red; orange
submarginal fascia of HW always separated from distal and marginal parts. E.
mt’tope: smaller; black marking of UPS extended and heavy; ground colour pale,
yellow or pale grey.
Euphydryas (aurinia) sibirica (Staudinger, 1871)
Pt 37. figs. 7-15.
Cat Lep. europ. Faunengeb.: 17.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Sib.[eria] or.[ientalis]; Daur.[ia]».
•	SYNONYMS: sibirica (Staudinger, 1861), nom. nudum; apiciata (Rober, 1926).
.RANGE, Tuva, Transbaikalia, Amur and Ussuri regions; Mongolia, N. China, Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits
Transbaikalia. The Amur and Ussuri regions are populated by the ssp. eothena
(RSber, 1926) (= mandschurica Staudinger, 1892, nom. praeoccup.; = tjutjujensis
Higgins. 1950). Specimens from Tuva are very close to the ssp. davidi (Oberthiir,
1881). the latter taxon described from N. China. From the adjacent parts, the
following taxa have been described: ssp. tenebricosa (Bang-Haas, 1927), from
Gansu, China and ssp. phyllis Hemming, 1941 (= koreana (Collier, 1933), nom.
praeoccup.; = discalis (Bryk, 1946)), from N. Korea.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe or steppe-like meadows. Flight period: June to
July. Host plant in the Amur and Ussuri regions (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in
press): Scahiosa lachnophylla.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Euphydryas aurinia, E. merope: smaller; black marking of UPS
complete: ground colour orange-red or pale.
Euphydryas maturna (Linnaeus, 1758)
PL 37, figs. 16-18.
SyslNat. (ed. 10), 1:480.
•TYPE LOCALITY. [Sweden].
•	SYNONYM: agrotera (Bergstrasser, 1780).
•RANGE. Temperate belts of Europe and Siberia up to Transbaikalia and Yakutia in
the east, and to NW. China and Mongolia in the south.
•	ISTRIBUHON AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the
io7°Pean Par^; the ssp. staudingeri (Wnukowsky, 1929) (= uralensis (Staudinger,
_ nom- praeoccup.) populates the Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., the Altais,
Liberia and Transbaikalia.
LABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Openings and light deciduous forest. Preferring banks of
and rivers with rich vegetation. In the mountains, up to 1,500 m a.s.l.
4	Period: June to July, Egg-laying in small groups on leaves of young trees,
I ЙЙ»' ^av^nus’ Syringa, Lonicera, Spiraea, Populus tremula, P. alba, Salix, Larvae
x rnating on fallen leaves. After hibernation, larvae changing the foodplant to
Scabiosa, Veronica, Salvia, Plantago, Viola, Digitalis etc. (Korshunov & Gorbunov i
1995). Pupation in grass, sometimes pupae also hibernating.	' I
 SIMILAR SPECIES. Euphydryas ichnea: generally uniform orange with a litt]e|
contrasting black marking; orange submarginal fascia darker, with small black 1
pupils most common on UNS.	j
Euphydryas ichnea (Boisduval, [1833])	j
PI. 37, figs. 19-21.
Icon. hist. Lep., 1:112, pl. 23, figs. 5-6.	j
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Le nord de la Lapponie et de la Siberie» [?Siberia],	j
•	SYNONYM: intermedia (Menetries, 1859).	j
•	RANGE. From the Urals to Sakhalin; the Alps, Mongolia, NE. China, Korea. |
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Most of the distribution area (S. Siberia,
Transbaikalia, Far East, Amur and Ussuri regions) supports the nominotypical I
subspecies. In the Sayan Mts., the ssp. mongolica (Staudinger, 1892) (TL: «[Kentei i
Gebirge]») is known to occur, and from the Altais the ssp. altaiana (Wnukowsky. ’
1929) (= altaica Seitz, [1909], nom. praeoccup.). The ssp. konumensis (Matsumura,
1927) has been described from Sakhalin. An isolated population from the Maritime..
Alps has been described as the ssp. wolfensbergeri (Frey, 1880). It is noteworthy!
that all these taxa are very close to the nominotypical subspecies.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Higgins (1950) rejected the name ichnea because the original!
description was said to be too poor, the figure depicted the female not of ichnea but
of cynthia, and Lapland was indicated as the type locality. However, this opinion is
false, even the original description appeas rather full, as distinctions from cynthm
were mentioned. In addition, the illustrated female form with points on the band on]
the UPH does occur in this species, rarely though. Also, Siberia was correctly!
mentioned as the terra typica, since this butterfly is known to live there.	3
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Outskirts of mixed forest, river valleys, subalpine thin I
forest up to 2,200 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. In the Ussuri region, egg-
laying on Lonicera maackii, mature larvae collected from the same plant (Kurentzov,!
1970; Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press).
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Euphydryas maturna: UPS with strongly contrasting bands of I
whitish and bright orange-red; small black pupils absent from an orange subinar- ;
ginal fascia of HW.
Euphydryas iduna (Dalman, 1816)
PI. 37, figs. 22-30.
Forsok till systematiks Uppstalling af Sveriges Fjarilar. K. svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 37: 75.	j
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Sweden.
•	RANGE. Polar and/or mountain tundra of Europe and Siberia to Mongolia in the|
south.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the Polar!
tundra of the European part and Siberia; the ssp. inexpectata (Sheljuzhko, 1934)!
occurs in the Caucasus Major; the ssp. alferakyi Korshunov, 1996 is known to|
occur in the Far East; the ssp. semenovi Korshunov et Ivonin, 1996 has been!
described from the Kuznetsky Alatau Mts.; the ssp. sqjana Higgins, 1950 (= sq)®i4
Gaede, 1932, nomen nudum) from the Altais and Sayan. Possibly sajana is 4
distinct species since information is available that, in the Altais, it flies togeflie4
with the ssp. semenovi.	j
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Plains and mountain tundra with bushes of Betula ricrtA|
different kinds of swampy woodland and meadow. Flight period: June to J'UW
Young larval instars staying in small groups in cobweb nests on runt wallows °|
After hibernation, larvae switching to Plantago,
m-л Vaccinlum (Henriksen & Kreutzer, 1982).
MELITAEA Fabrici us, 1807
atelitaea (didyma) didyma (Esper, [1777])
Я fios 1—12, 25, 26.
2^.mNat.1:Taf.41,Abb,3.
TYPE LOCALITY, «...in der Gegend von Uffenheim» [Bavaria,
Germany].
.gy^ONYMS: cytheris (Mueschen, 1781); athulia (Fabricius,
17871' neera Fischer von Waldheim, 1840; orientalis
Herrich-Schaffer, 1856, nom. praeoccup.; alpina Staudinger,
1861. nomen nudum; occidentalis Staudinger, 1861, nomen
nudum; meridionalis Staudinger, 1861, nomen nudum;
rlnlmatina Staudinger, 1861, nomen nudum; graeca
Staudinger, 1861, nomen nudum; rossica Staudinger, 1861,
nomen nudum; meridionalis Staudinger, 1870; occidentalis
Staudinger. 1871; dalmatina Staudinger, 1870; etc., see
у
A below.
i «RANGE. Europe, N. Africa. Asia Minor, W. Siberia to Altais
and Tuva. Tian-Shan, Ghissar, Alai; NW. China.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Ecologically as well as
morphologically, this is a rather plastic and highly variable
taxon. Many of the above forms have been treated as sepa-
rate species, yet the latest observations suggest that these
are to be included in the superspecies didyma (Esper,
11777]). doth individual and geographical variation great.
Specimens vary both in individual size and in the degree of
development of the black spots on the wings. In addition,
females varying in ground colour of the FW. The nominotypi-
cal subspecies (= kasanskyi Krulikovsky, 1901; = marginata
Ksienschopolsky, 1912, nom. praeoccup.; = niesiolowskii
Bryk. 940; = uralicola Bryk, 1940; = crimitaea Bryk, 1940; =
maledescripta Bryk, 1940; = pontifex Bryk, 1940; = itkolensis
Alberti, 1969) occurs in the European part, W. Siberia, the
Caucasus and Transcaucasia. The mountains of Central
Asia support the following subspecies slightly differing from
each another: kirgisica Bryk, 1940 (?= geminella Bryk, 1940)
Tarbagatai and Saur mts., Tian-Shan; turkestanica
Sheljuzhko, 1929 (= turanica Staudinger, 1886, nom.
PWeoccup.; pseudoala Sheljuzhko, 1928, infrasubspecies) -
Alai: and elavar Fruhstorfer, 1917 - Ghissar.
•	«AXONOMIC NOTES
Fig. 8. Male genitalia of some Melitaea (a - nghl valvae; b -
aedeagus): 1 - M. didyma turkestanica (Katran-Too Mts.. Alai.
Kirghizia); 2 - M. interrupts mterrupta (Teberda, Caucasus Major); 3
- M. mixta problematics (Lake Sarez, W. Pamirs). V. Tuzov del
. The status of the desert populations referred to as arnbra
. 1941 (= dschungarica Oberthiir, 1909, nom. praeoccup.; = perplexa
я *	= marioni Hanus, 1996) remains unclear. Some students consider it
S a ^nc‘t species, others only as an ecological form of didyma.
AND BIOLOGY. Preferring dry, warm, open landscapes up to 2.500 m
A., Peri°d: May to September, in two or more generations, depending on
C' conditions. Polyphagous like most of the congeners. Host plants:
gWO, Veronica. Viola, Scrophularia, Linaria, Dianthus, etc.

•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea interrupta, M. latonigena: on UNH some or all veins
commonly outlined with black scales. M. ala, M. ninae, M. kotshubeji: on UI’H,
submarginal lunules obscure or absent; aedeagus slightly curved (fig. 9). M. enarea:
aedeagus slightly curved (fig. 9). M. persea, M. mimetica, M. athene: on UNH,
submarginal orange fascia broken, split into separate spots, each of latter typically
bordered proximally by a black lunule.
Melitaea (didyma) interrupta Kolenati, 1846
PI. 38, figs. 13-18.
Insecta Caucasi: 86,
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «In Caucaso et Transcaucasia».
•	SYNONYMS: transcaucasica Turati, 1919: caucasi Verity. 1929, nom. praeoccup.:
venosata Niesiolowsky, 1937; distinctissima Bryk, 1940; rnusatscherii Alberti.
1969.
•	RANGE. From NE. Turkey across the Caucasus and Transcaucasia to Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Caucasus and Transcaucasia are populated
by the nominotypical subspecies. Specimens from the Kopet-Dagh belong to the
ssp. kendeuana Gross et Ebert, 1975 (= maculata Gross et Ebert, 1975. nom.
praeoccup.; = elbursicola Gross et Ebert, 1975; = safawides Gross et Ebert, 1975; =
wernickei Gross et. Ebert, 1975; = grossi Kocak, 1980).
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. As this taxon co-occurs together with M. (didyma) didyma in
some localities, where they display numerous transitional forms, the status of
interrupta is not so clear.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mountain meadows at about 809-2.500 m a.s.l. Flight
period: June to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea didyma: on UNH, veins commonly without black
scales. M. persea: on UNH, submarginal orange fascia split into separate spots,
each of latter typically bordered proximally by a black lunule. M. enarea: aedeagus
slightly curved (fig. 9).
Melitaea (didyma) latonigena Eversmann, 1847
PI. 37, figs. 31-36.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 20: 66. tab. 1, figs. 1-2.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...in provincia Irkutzkensis» [Irkutsk Region. Russia],
	SYNONYMS: atrata Higgins, 1935; rnongoligena Bryk, 1940.
•	RANGE. From the Altais to Lake Baikal and Yakutia; Mongolia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in S.
Siberia from Tuva to Lake Baikal. The subspecies altaica Grum-Grshimailo, 1893 (=
ukoka Korshunov, 1998) has been described from the SW. Altais (Lake Markakol).
being distinguished mainly by the small size and the reddish ground colour in
females. In central-eastern Siberia (Yakutia), the small subspecies polaris Grum-
Grshimailo, 1899 is known to occur.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Somewhat more humid stations than M-
(didyma) didyma, in the mountains up to 2,000-2,500 m a.s.l. Flight
period: June to July, usually in one generation, yet in S. Siberia in two
generations.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea didyma: on UNH, veins commonly without black
scales.. M. sutschana: on UPS, black marking more strongly developed; on UNH.
veins commonly without black scales. M. didymoides: UPH submarginal lunules
obscure or absent.
hfelitaea (didyma) mixta Evans, 1912
pi. 41, figs. 1-3.
j. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 21 (2): 583.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Chit, [ral]» {NW. India],
.RANGE. The Pamirs; Afghanistan, Pakistan, N. India.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Besides the nominotypical form, the following
subspecies are known: nadezhdae Sheljuzhko, 1912 from the E. Pamirs, and
problematica Sheljuzhko, 1929 from the W. Pamirs.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. High-montane meadows at about 2,500-3,500 m a.s.l.
Flight period: June to July.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea enarea, M. kotshubeji: larger; FW without white apical
dot.
Melitaea (didyma) persea Kollar, [1849]
PL 44, figs. 1-9.
fn: Kollar, Redtenbacher, Uber Insekt. Siidpersien: 11.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Farsistan» [Shiraz, Iran],
.SYNONYMS: caucasica Staudinger, 1861 nomen nudum; caucasica Staudinger,
1870; dodgsoni Grose-Smith, 1887; kaschtschenkoi Christoph, 1889; paphlagonia
Fruhstorfer, 1917; araratica Verity, 1929; magnacasta Verity, 1929; sargon
Hemming, 1932; tauricus Belter, 1934; microtauricus Belter, 1934; montium Belter.
1934; hqfiz Higgins, 1941; afghana Heydemann, 1954; darius Gross et Ebert,
1975; pfeifferi Gross et Ebert, 1975; wernickei Gross et Ebert, 1975.
•	RANGE. From S. Europe across Asia Minor and Transcaucasia to Afghanistan and
the W. Tian-Shan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A rather high individual variability associated
with increased ecological plasticity, the vast distribution and the presence of sever-
al generations has been the reason for the description of numerous many taxa,
actually infraspecific forms. We adhere to the viewpoint that division into sub-
species is unwarranted (e.g., Hesselbarth et al., 1995). In addition, both M. (d.)
interrupta and M. (d.) persea appear to display many morphs close to M. (d.) didyma,
especially in the southern part of the distribution area. Over the territories
concerned, this species occurs in Transcaucasia, the Kopet-Dagh, the W. Tian-
Shan and YGhissar.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Xerothermic foothill or mountain biotopes up to 2,500
m a.s.l. Flight period: April to July, in two or even more generations, depending on
local conditions. Host plant: Scrophularia.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea didyma, M. interrupta. M. ala. M. ninae. M. enarea, M.
kotshubeji; on UNH. submarginal orange fascia not split into separate spots. M.
mimetica: on FW, yellowish spots behind discal spot often prominent and frequently
developed into a fascia. M. trivia: smaller; black marking more strongly developed;
FW with a white apical dot, as a rule.
Melitaea mimetica Higgins, 1940
pl. 44, figs. 10-12.
Entomologist. 73:52.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «...Baluchistan: Khojak» [Pakistan].
•	RANGE. Desert areas of Turkmenia; Afghanistan and Pakistan.
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A few populations of the nominotypical form have
been found in deserts near the Kopet-Dagh Mts.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Desert and semi-desert landscapes. FTight period: April
to May.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea persea: FW without yellowish spots developed into a
fascia. M. enarea: submarginal orange fascia of UNH not split into separate spots.
Melitaea trivia ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775)
PI. 40, figs. 1-36.
Syst. Werke Schmett. Wienergegend: 179.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Wien» [Vienna, Austria],
•	SYNONYMS: Iphigenia (Esper, [1782]), nom. praeoccup.; antigonus (Herbst, 1800);
cleo (Latreille, 1803), etc., see below.
•	RANGE. From central and S. Europe, Asia Minor, W. Siberia to the Altais; NW.
China and Mongolia, the mountains of Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and
NW. India.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A widespread and strongly variable species with
inclinations to forming local isolates. The development of a black pattern and the
colour brightness of the wing background frequently depends on generation and
particular ecological conditions, especially humidity. In our opinion, the following
subspecies deserve mention from the territories concerned:
ssp. Jascelis (Esper, [1783]) (= minor Ksienschopolsky, 1912; = striata
Ksienschopolsky, 1912; = patda Obraztsov, 1936) - S. European part;
ssp. uvarovi P. Gorbunov, 1995 - plains of Kazakhstan, W. Siberia, Tarbagatai,
Saur and Dzhungarsky Alatau mts.;
ssp. singularia Korshunov, 1995 - Tuva, Siberia;
ssp. caucasi Verity, 1922 - Caucasus and Transcaucasia;
ssp. папа Staudinger, 1871 (= pseudodidyma Rebel, 1905; = syriaca Rebel, 1905; =
aabaca Fruhstorfer, 1917; = wyatti Gross et Ebert, 1975) - Kopet-Dagh Mts.;
ssp. catapelia Staudinger, 1886 (= bactriana J. J. Shchetkin, 1984) - Ghissar. Alai
and Tian-Shan;
ssp. chorosanaJ. J. Shchetkin, 1984- S. Ghissar;
ssp. petri J. J. Shchetkin, 1984-Darvaz;
ssp. nativa Tuzov, nom. nov. pro Melitaea catapelia shugnana J. J. Shchetkin.
1984, nom. praeoccup., cf. Melitaea didyma shugnana Sheljuzhko. 1929 - W.
Pamirs.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Semi-deserts, open landscapes, xerothermic biotopes
with thin vegetation, in the mountains up to 3,000-3,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: May
to August, usually in two generations. Host plants: Scrophularia, Eremostachys.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea persea: larger; black marking reduced; FW without
white apical dot. M. enarea, M. didyma: submarginal orange fascia of UNH not split
into separate spots. M. romanovi: yellowish spots behind discal spot of UPF often
prominent and frequently developed into a fascia.
Melitaea didymoides Eversmann, 1847
PI. 39, figs. 19-24.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscow, 20 (2): 67, pl. 1, figs. 3-4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...ad Kiachtam Siberia orientalis» [Kyakhta, Buryatia, Russia].
•	SYNONYMS: sibiricaStaudinger, 1861, nom. nudum; sibirica [Heyne], [1893], noni.
praeoccup.; mandchurica Seitz, [1909], nom. praeoccup.; seitzi Matsumura, 1929;
mandschukoana Bryk, 1940, etc., see below.
•	RANGE. From Transbaikalia to the Amur and Ussuri regions; Mongolia, NE. China.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is known to occur
in ?S. Tuva, Transbaikalia and the Amur region. The S. Ussuri region is inhabited
by the ssp. yagakuana Matsumura, 1927. From the adjacent territories, the follow-
ing taxa have been described: ssp. latonia Grum-Grshimailo, 1891, from central
China; ssp. pekinensis Seitz, [1909], from N. China; ssp.
eUpatides Fruhstorfer, 1917, from Gansu, central China (=
cansicola Bryk, 1940); and ssp. hummeli Bryk, 1940, from S.
Mongolia.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows and/or xerother-
mic slopes with thin vegetation. Flight period: June to July.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea sutschana, M. latonigena:
submarginal lunules of UPH more or less developed.
Melitaea sutschana Staudinger, 1892
PI. 39, figs. 16-18.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lap., 6:183.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Sutschan-Gebiete» [Suchan (Partizansk),
Ussuri region. Russia],
•	SYNONYMS: sutschanala Bryk, 1940; trans baicalica Bryk,
1940.
. RANGE. From Transbaikalia to the Amur and Ussuri
regions, Sakhalin; Mongolia, NE. China, Korea.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical form is
known to occur in the mainland part of the distribution
area. From Sakhalin Island, the ssp. graeseri P. Gorbunov,
1995 has been described.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-like meadows and slopes
up to 1,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: July to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea didyrrtoides: submarginal
lunules of UPH obscure or absent.
Melitaea ala Staudinger, 1881
PI. 39, figs. 10-15.
Stett. ent. Zig., 42(7-9): 288.
•	SYNONYM: immodulata Sheljuzhko, 1929.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Lepsa» [Lepsy Valley, Dzhungarsky Alatau
Mts., E. Kazakhstan].
•RANGE. Tian-Shan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The N. and Inner Tian-Shan
are inhabited by the ssp. bicolor Seitz, [1909] (= latemarginata
Sheljuzhko, 1929). The nominotypical subspecies is known to
occur in the Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts. The S. Altais
(Kurchumsky and Ulbinsky mts.) support the ssp. allahBryk,
1940 (?= zaisana Lukhtanov, 1999; ?= irtyschica Lukhtanov,
1999). From NE. China (E. Tian-Shan), the following taxa
have been described: sheljuzhkoi Bryk, 1940, determinata
Bryk, 1940. and strandi Bryk, 1940. Unfortunately, the
status of all of these forms remains obscure.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mountain meadows at about
1,500-3,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: mid-May to the end of
July, usually in two generations. Host plant: Ligularia.
u ^ale genitalia of some Melitaea (a - aedeagus; b - valvae. left view): 1 - M. ala ala (Dzhungarsky Alatau
Mts" w Kaakhslant 2 - M. ninae (Chimgan, W. Tian-Shan, Uzbekistan); 3 - M. kotshubeji kotshubep (Peter I
 ajikistan); 4-Ц enarea enarea (Khorog, W. Pamirs, Tajikistan). After Kolesnichenko (1999).
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea didyma: submarginal lunules of UPH well-developeg-
aedeagus strongly curved (fig. 8). M. ninae: ground colour red. M. kotshubeji: male
genitalia different (fig. 9).
Melitaea ninae Sheljuzhko, 1935
PI. 39, figs. 7-9.
Mitt. Miinchn. ent. Ges., 18: 365.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Tashkent, Kamtshi» [Chatkalsky Mts., Uzbekistan],
•	SYNONYMS: magnifica Sheljuzhko, 1935; oblongomaculata Sheljuzhko, 1935.
elongotoconjluens Sheljuzhko, 1935; rosea Higgins, 1938; ellacla.ud.ia Bryk, 1940.
•	RANGE. W. Tian-Shan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Montane, moderately humid meadows at 1,500-2.500 ra
a.s.l. Flight period: mid-May to the end of July, in two generations.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea didyma: submarginal lunules of UPH well-developed;
aedeagus strongly curved (fig. 8). M. ninae: ground colour yellow-orange. Af.
kotshubeji: male genitalia different (fig. 9).
Melitaea permuta Higgins, 1941
PI. 39, figs. 4-6.
Trans. R. ent. Soc. London, 91 (7): 250.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Samarkand [Hazret-Sultan Mountains]» [Samarkand Distr., W.
Ghissar, Uzbekistan],
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. So far known from the western part of the
Ghissar (Baisuntau and Kuhitang-Tau mts.) only.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry mountain meadows at 1,000-2,500 m a.s.l. Flight
period: mid-May to early July, probably in two generations.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea didyma, M. enarea: male genitalia different (figs. 8. 9).
Melitaea enarea Fruhstorfer, [1917]
PI. 38, figs. 19-24, 27-30.
Arch. Naturgesch., (A), 82(2): 10.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Garm, Gebirge Peter der Grosse» ]Garm, Peter I Mts., Tajiki-
stan].
•	RANGE. From the ?Kopet-Dagh to the W. Pamirs, the Alai and the Fergansky Mts.
in the east; ?Iran, Afghanistan. Pakistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the
Darvaz. From the Fergansky Mts., the ssp. gromenkoi Kolesnichenko, 1999 has
been described. The W. Pamirs support the ssp. shugnana Sheljuzhko, 1929 (=
ishkashima Sheljuzhko, 1929). Specimens from the Kopet-Dagh probably belong to
an undescribed subspecies.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Xerothermic foothill or mountain biotopes up to 3.500
m a.s.l. Flight period: end of April to July, in two generations.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea didyma: aedeagus strongly curved (fig. 8). M. ala.
kotshubeji: submarginal lunules of UPH obscure or absent. M. mimetica, M. persea:
submarginal orange fascia of UNH split into separate spots, each of latter typically
bordered proximally by a black lunule.
Melitaea kotshubeji Sheljuzhko, 1929
PI. 38, figs. 31, 32; pl. 39, figs. 1-3.
Mitt. Miinchn. ent. Ges., 19: 364.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Touptschek» [Tuptchek Plateau, Peter I Mts., Tajikistan].
•	RANGE. W. Tian-Shan, Alai, Darvaz.
cTRlBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the Peter
-Its Specimens from the W. Transalai Mts. and the southern slope of the Alai Mts.
>e been distinguished as the ssp. bundeli Kolesnichenko, 1999. Material from the
NF^Alai Fergansky and Chatkalsky mts. has been described as the ssp. kugarti
Kolesn'c^en^0' 1999.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Montane meadows at 1,500-2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period:
*	,цпе t0 July. Host plant (Shchetkin, 1981): Ligularia thomsonii.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea didyma, M. ala, M. ninae, M. enarea: male genitalia
different (figs. 8, 9).
ir^fitaea romanovi Grum-Grshimailo. 1891
pL 44 Jigs. 16-18.
Tp Русек. эн:, об-ва (Horae Soc. ent. Ross.), 25 (3-4): 454.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «In declivibus ad fluvium Mudshik, affluxus dextri fluminis
Chuan-Che, et in promontoriis confinibus detecta» [Gansu Prov., China]
•	RANGE. Transbaikalia; Mongolia, N. China.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is known to occur
In central China. In Transbaikalia, the ssp. paella Higgins, 1941 has been recorded.
The presence of this species in the Altais requires confirmation.
•	HABITATSAND BIOLOGY. Semi-desert stations in river valleys. Flight period: June.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea trivia: FW without yellowish spots behind discal spots.
Melitaea athene Staudinger, 1881
R 43. figs. 34-36.
Stott ent Ztg., 42(7-9): 266.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Saisan» [Saur Mts. near Zaisan, E. Kazakhstan],
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Saur and Tarbagatai mts.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Locally on dry screes at foothills up to 1,500 m a.s.l.
Flight period: June.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea didyma: black marking of UPH well-developed.
Melitaea acraeina Staudinger, 1886
ft 44, figs. 13-15.
ent. Ztg., 47:233.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Kokand; Fergana» [Kokand and Fergana, Fergana Valley,
Uzbekistan],
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Fergana Valley.
•	HABITAT'S AND BIOLOGY. Narrow sides of canals and other streams in desert and
semi-desert biotopes of the Fergana Valley. Flight period: April to June, in one,
probably even two generations. The butterflies flying poorly, the confinement to the
above habitats is strict. Host plant: Dodartia orientalis. According to Kreutzberg
(1997). eggs are laid in chains of 20-30 on the host plant stem. Larvae of instars
2-3 live in a nest, resting in a summer-winter diapause in the soil near the host
p ant. Next spring they begin to feed on subterranean sprouts of this plant. In labo-
mtory conditions, larvae can eat Plantago. Mature larvae are white in colour and
i,'t °Penly. Pupation on the underside of different plant remains.
Wehtaea lunulata Staudinger, 1901
*	15-18.
r " Tvvu^' 1-еР. paiaearct. Faunengeb.: 30.
•-rife JfCMnV. dss.[yk] K.[ul] oc.[cidentalis]; Taschkend s.[eptentrionalis]
ll 11	alp.fes]» [Kirghizsky Mts. (west); Chatkalsky Mts., Uzbekistan],
Fig. 10. Male genitalia of some Melitaea (right valvae): 1 - M.
fergana v/acfcfaw (upper reaches of Moto River, Inner Tian-Shan,
Kirghizia); 2 - M. infemalis ("Type", Boro-Horo Mts., E. Tian-Shan.
NW. China). V. Tuzov del.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Confined to the \y
(nominotypical taxon) and N. Tian-Shan, the latter suppop.
ing the ssp, merke Lukhtanov, 1999.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring locally on screes and
in precipices at 2,500-3,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to
July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea Jergaria: ground colour on UPS
without red hue, as a rule.
Melitaea Jergana Staudinger, 1882
PI. 42, figs. 31-42; pl. 43, figs. 1-12.
Bert ent. Z„ 26 (1): 168.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Alai-Gebirge (Prov. Fergana, Turkestan).
[Alai Mts. (northern slopes), Kirghizia],
•	RANGE. From Ghissar-Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai to N. and Inner
Tian-Shan; Hindu Kush.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both individual and
geographical variation great. Along with the nominotypical
form, which populates the Alai and Transalai mts., the
following subspecies have been described from the territo-
ries concerned: ssp. paradoxa Churkin et Tuzov, 2000 from
the N. Tian-Shan; ssp. ketmeana Lukhtanov. 1999 from the
Ketmen Mts. (these two subspecies representing the oppo-
site extremes of a single cline, they can be treated either as
one subspecies or as two good subspecies, depending on the
point of view concerning clinal variation); ssp. uladislaui Churkin et Tuzov, 2000
from the At-Bashi Mts., Inner Tian-Shan; ssp. khantengri Churkin et Tuzov. 2000
from Kaingdy Mts., Inner Tian-Shan; ssp. maracandica Staudinger, 1882 from
Ghissarsky Mts.; ssp. splendida Churkin et Tuzov, 2000 from Turkestansky Mts.
(Pass Kumbel); ssp. daruasika Higgins, 1941 from the Darvaz; ssp. jacobsoni
Higgins, 1941 from the W. Pamirs; and ssp. grumi Churkin et Tuzov, 2000 from the
E. Pamirs. The latter subspecies is probably a synonym of oxuana Lukhtanov,
1999. The status of the taxon terskeana Lukhtanov, 1999 is not clear because of a
poor original description lacking photos.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. It is very tempting to treat some subspecies of M. Jergana as
distinct species. For example, material from the Khan-Tengri mountain system is
very clearly distinguished from that from the Ghissar. Yet our studies do not seem
to allow for separation of any species from M. Jergana, because we have revealed
some clearly expressed clines both in colour and male genitalic structure. It is thus
noteworthy that, in view of all available information concerning clinal distinctions
and the high variability of all of the taxa included within M. Jergana, it appears
impossible to arrive at a final conclusion about the status of these subspecific
names without profound investigation of their biology. We suppose that M. Jergana
is a complex of young semispecies where biological separation is most important.
The interrelations between M. Jergana and the allied species have recently been
discussed (Churkin & Tuzov, 2000).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Rocky and/or shingle screes at about 1,500-3,000 m
a.s.l. Flight period: mid-June to mid-July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea injernalis: ground colour of UPS darker, dull brown;
genitalia different (fig. 10). M. lunulata: ground colour of UPS bright, red-brown,
alraschtd, M. ambrisia: ground colour of UPS without reddish hue, as a rule, geni-
talia different (fig. 11).
Melitaea irtferna^ Grum-Grshimailo, 1891
я 43, figs-13~15-
Ip русск. энт. об-ва (Horae Soc. ent. Ross.), 25 (3-4): 455.
TYPE LOCALITY. «In montibus Boro-Choro (Thian-Schan or.), in limine Umkan-gol
"dicto. reperta». [Umkan-Gol, Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., Boro-Horo Mts., China].
.RANGE. Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.
DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Over the territories concerned, the nominotypical
form is known to occur in the Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.
.HABITATSAND BIOLOGY. Fresh boulder-clad screes at about 2,500-4,500 m a.s.l.
Flight period: from mid-June to mid-July. Butterflies often skulking between
stones/boulders.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea fergana: ground colour of UPS bright, red-orange,
genitalia different (fig. 10).
Melitaea ambrisia Higgins, 1935
PL 43, figs. 25-30.
Entomologist, 68:112.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Marghilan, Turkestan» [Alaisky Mts. (northern slopes), Kirghizia],
. RANGE. Alai and Ghissar.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies lives in the Alai.
Specimens from the Turkestansky Mts. have been described as the ssp. avicaena
Churkin, 2000 which is distinguished by the elongated spot in the discal cell on the
FW underside and the darkened underside of the HW with a shifted spot between
M3 and Cuj in the discal series of spots.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Fresh small-rock screes at about 2,200-3,200 m a.s.l.
Flight period: July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea fergana: ground colour of UPS with reddish hue, as a
rule; genitalia different (fig. 10). M. alraschid: black spot in discal cell on UPF
rectangular: genitalia different (fig. 11).
Melitaea alraschid Higgins, 1941
PI. 43, figs. 19-24.
Trans. R. ent. Soc. London, 91 (7): 259, pl. 16, fig. 5.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Persia» [This type locality is certainly
wrong, the true one must have lain in the Ghissarsky Mts.,
Tajikistan],
•	RANGE. From Ghissar up to Matcha mountain system.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical
subspecies lives in the Ghissar; specimens from the Matcha
mountain system belong to the ssp. garun Churkin, 2000,
being distinguished from the nominotypical form by reduc-
tion of the oval spot at the external end of the discal cell on
the UNH and by the regularly arcuate postdiscal band on the
UNH.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Fresh small-rock screes at
3,300-3,700 m a.s.l. Flight period: July.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea fergana: ground colour of UPS
with reddish hue, as a rule; genitalia different (fig. 10). M.
ambrisia: black spot in discal cell on UPF rounded or oval;
genitalia different (fig. 11).
Fig. 11. Male genitalia of some Melitaea (left valvae): 1 - M.
alraschid alraschid (Fanskie Mis., Ghissar); 2 - M. ambrisia
ambrisia (Dugoba. Alai, Kirghizia). S. Churkin del.
Fig. 12. Male genitalia of some Melitaea (a - valvae. lateral view; b- end of valvae; c
- garpa)' 1 - M. ludmilla ludmilla (holotype, Kirgizsky Range, Uzungyr Mts.); 2 - M.
ludmilla serena (holotype. Talassky Alatau, Olmek Pass); 3 - M. asteroida (Dzhungarsky
Alatau Mis., SE. Kazakhstan); 4 - M. solonapletnevi(Naryn-Too Mts., InnerTian-Shan,
Kirghizia). S. Churkin del.
Melitaea shandura Evans, 1924
PI. 43, figs. 31-33.
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 30 (1): 90.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Shandur in Chitrab [NW.
India],
•	SYNONYM: shandura Evans, 1912, nom. nudum,
•	RANGE. Pamirs; Afghanistan. Pakistan to NW.
India.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In the W.
Pamirs, the ssp. pavlitzkajana Sheljuzhko, 1943
(= apsara Wyatt, 1961) is known to occur.
Specimens from the E. Pamirs are somewhat
smaller and may prove to belong to a separate
subspecies.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring on boulder-
clad screes and plateaux at about 3.000-4.500 in
a.s.l. Flight period: July to August.
Melitaea asteroida Staudinger, 1881
PI. 41, figs. 13-15, pl. 86, figs. 15-18.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 42(7-9): 292.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «[Ala Tan]» [Dzhungarsky Alatau
Mts., Kazakhstan],
•	SYNONYMS: clara Staudinger, 1887: uitasica
Wagner, 1913.
•	RANGE. Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. High-alpine meadows
at about 2,500-3,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June
to J uly.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea minerva: genitalia
different (fig. 13).
Melitaea ludmilla Churkin, Kolesnichenko et
Tuzov, 2000
PI. 41, figs. 28-33.
Helios, 1: 74.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «N. Tian-Shan, Kirghizsky Mis.,
Alamedin River, 3,000-3,200 m».
•	RANGE. W. and N. Tian-Shan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotyp-
ical subspecies occurs in the Kirghizsky Mts.; in
the W. Tian-Shan, the ssp. serene Churkin,
Kolesnichenko and Tuzov, 2000 is known to
occur.
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Dry alpine stony grass-
lands at about 2,500-3,300 m a.s.l. Flight period:
June to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea sultanensis: genitalia
of
different (fig. 13). M. pallas, M. minerva: inner part
median band on UNH whitish. M. solona: discal cell on UPH with a black oval
spot in the center, external part of median band on UNH whitish; genitalia different
(fig. 12).
Melitaea solona Alpheraky, 1881
pi 41, figs. 16-27, pl. 86, figs. 19-22.
Horae Soc. enf. Ross., 16 (3-4): 404.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «... le Tian-Chian ... entre 4 et 9ooo’ d’elevation, du Kounquesse,
qui’en Aout sur le Jouldousse». «Kounguesse» [Kulja, Kunges Valley, W. China].
Lectotype designation by Churkin et al. (2000).
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The E. Tian-Shan, China is populated by the
nominotypical form. The N. Tian-Shan (Zailiisky Alatau Mts.) supports the ssp.
filipjevi Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov, 2000. From the Central Tian-Shan (Sary-
Dzhaz and Kokshaal-Tau mt. ranges), the ssp. plyushchi Churkin. Kolesnichenko
et Tuzov, 2000 is known. The E. Alai Mts. and the Inner Tian-Shan are populated
by the ssp. pletnevi Churkin. Kolesnichenko et Tuzov, 2000; the E. Transalai Mts.
by the ssp. evadne Hemming, 1934 (= pallida Staudinger. 1901, nom. praeoccup.).
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Rubble-clad slopes and mountain ridges with poor vege-
tation at about 3,000-4,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea sultanensis: genitalia different (fig. 13). M. pallas, M.
minerua: inner part of median band on UNH whitish. M. ludmilla: discal cell on UPH
with a black oval spot at external border; median band on UNH silvery; genitalia
different (fig. 12).
Melitaea turanica Erschoff. 1874
PI. 41, figs. 11-13.
In: Федченко, Путешествие в Туркестан, II, 5 (3), (Lepidoptera): 15. табл. 1. рис. 11-12. [Fedtschenko, Voyage in
Turkestan, II, 5 (3), (Lepidoptera): 15, pl. 1, figs. 11-12.]
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Tajikistan, Darvaz, Petr I Mts., Ganishou loc., 1,900 m». A
neotype designated herewith (see below).
•	SYNONYMS: pamira Staudinger, 1887; expressa Grum-Grshimailo, 1887.
•	RANGE. Darvaz.
• TAXONOMIC NOTES. Erschoff described his turanica as based on a single speci-
men (holotype) deriving from the vicinity of Samarkand, yet the original description
and picture were very poor. As noted by Grum-Grshimailo (1890), a wrong type
locality was involved, the true one most probably lying on the southern slope of the
W. Alai Mts. For this reason, Staudinger described his pamira, and Grum-
Grshimailo his expressa, in fact synonyms. Higgins (1941) noted that turanica
inhabits the Ghissar-Alai and the Darvaz. As we currently know, however, turanica
lives in the Darvaz alone, while the Ghissar and the Alai support a similar species,
sultanensis Staudinger, 1886. As the types of turanica are presumably lost, we
designate a neotype from the collection of the State Darwin Museum in Moscow
with next labels: Tajikistan, Darvaz, Peter I Mts., Ganishou, 1,900 m a.s.l.,
7.07.1980. leg. G. Samodurov.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Wet mountain meadows at about 2,000-2,500 m a.s.l.
Flight period: July. Host plant (Shchetkin, 1981): Rhodiola.
Melitaea sultanensis Staudinger. 1886
PI-41, figs. 34-39.
Stett. ent Ztg., 47:234.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Umgegend von Samarcand» [Vicinity of Samarkand, Ghissarsky
Mts.. Uzbekistan].
•RANGE. From the Ghissar-Darvaz to the Pamirs-Alai and the Tian-Shan;
Afghanistan, Pakistan. NW. India.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Ghissar is populated by the nominotypical
subspecies (= fumurata Achtelik, 1999); the Darvaz by the ssp. gabrielae Achtelik,
Fig. 13 . Male genitalia of some Melitaea (a - right valvae: b- aedeagus): 1 -M sulta-
nensis sultanensis (Ghissar): 2 - M. minerua pseudotersa (Inner Tian Shan): 3 - M.
Dallas internes (Inner Tian Shan't К Kolesnichenko del.
1999, the Alai and Transalai mts. by the ssp.
sebastiani Achtelik, 1999, and the Tian-Shan and
the E. Alai by the ssp. palamedes Grum-
Grshimailo, 1890 (= danieli Achtelik, 1999)
(Kolesnichenko, 2000). From the E. Pamirs, the
ssp. elisabethae Avinov, 1910 has been estab-
lished. The latter taxon probably represents a
distinct species. The taxon balbina Tytler, 1926,
from Chitral, belongs to this species as well.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Ecologically, a highly
plastic species common in xerophytous stations at
about 1,000 to 3,500 m a.s.l. Lower in the moun-
tains. it has two generations, flight from May to
July. High-montane specimens are about twice as
little as low-montane ones, with a single generation.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea minerua. M. pallas.
M. solona: genitalia different (figs. 12, 13).
Melitaea minerua Staudinger, 1881
PI. 42, figs. 1-15.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 42 (7-9): 289.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ala Tau» [Dzhungarsky Alatau,
Kazakhstan].
•	RANGE. Tian-Shan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The norninotypi-
cal subspecies lives in the N. Tian-Shan and the
Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts. From the Inner Tian-
Shan (Baidulu Mts.), the ssp. pseudotersa
Kolesnichenko et Churkin, 2000 is known. From
the Kara-Tau Mts., the ssp. repens Kolesnichenko
et Churkin, 2000 has been described. In the
Karzhantau and Chatkal mts., the ssp. tersa
Kolesnichenko et Churkin, 2000 is known to occur.
The Chatkalsky Mts. (Lake Sary-Chelek) support
the ssp. acerba Kolesnichenko et Churkin. 2000.
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. A species common over
wet mountain meadows at about 1.000 to 3.000
m a.s.l. Flight period: May to August, in two
generations.
	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea sultanensis: genitalia different (fig. 13). M. pallas: with
a reduced postdiscal row of black spots on UNF; genitalia different (fig. 13). Л1
solona: inner part of median band on UNH yellowish.
Melitaea pallas Staudinger, 1886
PI. 42, figs. 16-30.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 47 (7-9): 235.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ala Tau und Margelan (norclliches Alai-Gebirge)». [N. slope of the
Alai Mts., Kirghizia (Higgins, 1941)].
•	RANGE. Pamirs-Alai, Tian-Shan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Mai, Transalai and a part of the Inner Tiaiv
Shan support the nominotypical subspecies, the Talassky Ala-Tau and Chatkalskv
mts. the ssp. iracunda Kolesnichenko et Churkin, 2000, the Kirghizsky Mts.
(Alamedin River) the ssp. mendax Kolesnichenko et Churkin, 2000, the Naryn and
gaidulu mts. the ssp. interpres Kolesnichenko et Churkin, 2000, the eastern edge
of At-Bashi Mts. the ssp. vaschenkoi Kolesnichenko et Churkin, 2000, the E.
Pamirs (Sarykolsky Mts.) the ssp. pseudobalbina Kolesnichenko et Churkin. 2000,
theW. Pamirs (Pass Koitezek) the ssp. koitezek Kolesnichenko et Churkin, 2000.
.HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Inhabitant of high-alpine meadows at about 2,500-3,000
ni a.s.l. Flight period: June to July.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea sultanensis: genitalia different (fig. 13). M. minerva:
postdiscal row of black spots on UNF complete; genitalia different. M. solona, M.
ludmilla: inner part of median band on UNH yellowish.
Melitaea arcesia Bremer, 1861
Pl. 41, figs. 4-9.
Melanges biol. Acad. St-Petersbourg, 3: 538.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Baical and Dahuria».
•	RANGE. From S. Siberia and Transbaikalia to the Amur region; Mongolia,
China.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A rather invariable species but, in addition to the
nominotypical subspecies from Transbaikalia, the following two taxa are known to
occur over the territories concerned: ssp. minor Elwes, 1899 from the Altais, and
ssp. carmana Fruhstorfer, 1915 (= dabanica Baranchikov, 1979) from the Sayan
Mts. From the adjacent territories, the taxa chuana Grum-Grshimailo, 1893 (TL:
Amdo) and rucephala Fruhstorfer, 1915 (TL: Inn-Shan Mts.) have been described.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. M. arcesia is often synonymised with M. baicalensis Bremer,
1861, the latter taxon described in the same work but a few pages earlier. However,
as one can see from the available illustration (Bremer, 1961: pl. 1, fig. 6), the
depicted specimen of M. baicalensis actually belongs to the Mellicta group.
Unfortunately, the quality of the picture does not allow to precisely determine
which species of the genus Melitaea it really belongs to. Also, the types of both these
taxa have not yet been recovered.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Common over steppe-clad slopes up to 1.500-2,000 m
a.s.l. Flight period: June to August.
Melitaea cinxia (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 44, figs, 25-33.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:480.
•TYPE LOCALITY. [Sweden].
•SYNONYMS: pilosella (Rottemburg, 1775); delta ([Denis et Schiffermiiller], 1775);
abacus (Retzius, 1783). nom. nudum; Julia (Quensel, 1791); amardea Grum-
Grshimailo, 1895; Clarissa Staudinger, 1901; horvathi Abafi-Aigner, 1906; kasyi
Gross et Ebert. 1975.
•RANGE. The entire Palaearctic except for the polar tundra, N. Siberia and the Far
East.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. European part, Caucasus and Transcaucasia,
Siberia, Sayan, Altais, Transbaikalia, Amur and Ussuri regions, Kopet-Dagh, Tian-
Shan, Ghissar, Alai. Tarbagatai and Saur mts. From the territories concerned,
several subtaxa have been described: heynei Ruhl, 1893 (TL: Alai); tschujaca Seitz.
11909] (TL: Altai); sacarina Fruhstorfer, 1917 (TL: Saratov); karavajevi Obraztsov,
1936 (TL: Zhurovka, Kherson Region, Ukraine). However, as the distinctions
between the populations within the entire distribution area are very small, division
!nto subspecies seems unwarranted. Yet the specimens from the southern popula-
tions tend to be larger and lighter than the northern ones.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. A species rather common everywhere, flying over
meadows, in the mountains up to 2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: from May to
September. Up to 3-4 generations in the south. Host plants: Plantago, Veronic^ »
Viola, Centaurea, Hieracium, etc. Instar 1 larvae living together in a colony inside a i
cobweb nest. Hibernation larval.	j
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea punica, M. turcmanica: submarginal fascia of Lip
without black spots.
Melitaea arduinna (Esper, [1784])	J
PI. 45, figs. 1-9.	j
Schmett. Abb. Nat., 1 (2): 169, Tab. 87, Abb. 4.	?
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...in einer Gegend der Wolga, bei Kamischenka». [Kamyshin, !
Volgograd Region, Russia],	;
•	RANGE. From W. Europe across Asia Minor to Central Asia and the Altais.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the s.
European part, the Caucasus Major, W. Siberia, the Altais, the Alai, the N. Tian- I
Shan, the Dzhungarsky Alatau, Tarbagatai and Saur mts. Darker specimens from
the S. Urals have been described as the ssp. urafensis Eversmann, 1844, but such -
coloured individuals occur in all populations. Material from Transcaucasia seems?
to be close to the ssp. kocaki Wagener et Gross, 1976. The W. Tian-Shan popnla-.
tions are distinguished by a delicate black marking on the UPS. In the Kopet-Dagh, ?
the Ghissar-Darvaz and the W. Pamirs, the ssp. evanescens Staudinger, 1886 (=
fulminans Staudinger. 1886) is known to occur.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Ecologically, very similar to M. cinxia but preferring?
bottomland meadows. Flight period: end of May to August, sometimes in two gener-
ations. Host plant in Transcaucasia and probably in Middle Asia (Dantchenko, in;
press): Centaurea behen. Hibernation as instar 3 larvae in a web nest on the host 
plant.
 SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea phoebe, M. psedosibina, M. sibina: submarginal fascia
of UPH without black spots. M. avinovi: smaller; yellowish spots of FW developed •
into a fascia.
Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775)
PI. 46, figs. 12-14,18-20; pl. 47, figs. 1-9.
Syst. Werke Schmett. Wienergegend: 179.	,
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Wien» [Vienna, Austria].
•	SYNONYMS: phoebe (Goeze, [1779]), nom. praeoccup.: paedotrophos (Bergstrasst'•
1780); corythallia (Esper, [1781]); phoebe (Enoch, 1783); nom. praeoccup.;
(Piller et Mitterpacher, 1783), etc., see below.	;
	RANGE. From W. Europe across Asia Minor to Transbaikalia, Mongolia and W.;
China.	;
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Being an extremely variable species, a lot of formS;
and varieties have been described. Moreover, individual variability appears to be
combined with geographical one, as a rule. Depending on particular ecologic^
conditions, light (aetherea Eversmann, 1851) or dark (melanina Bonaparte, 18311
forms can dominate a population. Taking into account all available evidence on tbe ‘
ratio between the forms, the following subspecies could be accepted:	J
the nominotypical subspecies (= tartara Krulikovsky, 1891; = ornata Christoph, 1893i
= parua Caradja, 1895; = uralensis Krulikovsky, 1897, nom. praeoccup.; = u/fr™*
Krulikovsky, 1902; - lokris Fruhstorfer, 1908; = sextilis Jachontov, 1908). chaiM
 -ed bv an approximately equal ratio of dark to light individuals in populations, is
te , soread in the S. European part, the N. Caucasus, W. Siberia and the Altais;
ottonis Fruhstorfer, '1917 (= caucasica Staudinger, 1861, nom. nudum; =
caucasica Staudinger, 1870, nom. praeoccup.; = caucasicola Verity, 1919), a
large bright form with rare melanic specimens, flying in Transcaucasia;
enoch Higgins, 1941, described from the vicinity of Ashkhabad, yet its occur-
renCe in the Kopet-Dagh Mts. is not confirmed by new material;
Wagneri Wnukowsky, 1929 (= alatauica Wagner, 1913, nom. praeoccup.),
F occurring in the mountains of Tian-Shan, Saur and Tarbagatai, habitually is a
form transitional between ottonis and the nominotypical subspecies;
' ssp tungana Seitz, [1909], dark and small, is distributed in the mountains of S.
Siberia;
ssp- tungusa Herz, 1898, from central-eastern Siberia (Yakutia), is somewhat simi-
lar to the previous subspecies;
88p. mandarina Seitz, [1909], large and light, described from Mongolia, flies over
steppe habitats of Transbaikalia and the Amur region.
From the adjacent territories, the ssp. saturata Staudinger, 1892 (TL: Kentei Mts.)
and changaica Seitz, [1909] (TL: Khangai Mts.) have been described.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. The status of punica. Oberthiir, 1876 remains a disputable
problem. Similarly, there is no common opinion concerning the relationships
between M. (phoebe) phoebe and M. aetherie in the southwest, and M. scotosia in the
: Southeast, of the distribution area.
i .HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Common over dry meadows, in the mountains not over
L 1.500 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July sometimes in two generations. Host
plants (Korshunov & Gorbunov. 1995); Centaurea, Plantago, Serratula, Cirsium.
Saussurea. Stemmacantha.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea punica: smaller; black marking less well-developed. M.
psedosibina, M. sibina: black marking well-developed; yellowish submarginal
lunules of UPF in cell 3 produced basally.
Melitaea (phoebe) punica Oberthiir, 1876
Pt 46, figs. 7-9,15-17.
...Йиб. ent, 1:25.
•TYPE LOCALITY. Lambessa [Algeria].
•	RANGE. From N. Africa across Asia Minor to Transcaucasia, Iran and the S.
European part.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Specimens from Transcaucasia seem to belong to
the ssp. amanica Rebel, 1917. Both the northern and the eastern borders of the
dtsliibution area of this species are unclear.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry to semi-desert biotopes. Flight period: June to July.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea phoebe: larger; black marking more strongly devel-
oped. M. cinxia: submarginal fascia of UPH with black spots.
_ _ _ a (phoebe) pseudosibina Alberti, 1969
flitligs. 1-3.
W-3): 192. Taf. 1, Abb. 1c, 2c.
^OCALHY. «Itkol im Elbrus-Gebiet, 2100 m» [Itkol, Mt. Elbrus, Caucasus
AND VARIATION. Caucasus and Transcaucasia.
NOTES. In Armenia, flying together with phoebe. To determine its
within the sibina-saruistana-tangigharuerisis group, more information is
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Met with in July to August along rivers and streams at
about 2,000-3,000 m a.s.l.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea phoebe. M. punica: yellowish submarginal lunules of
UPF in cell 3 not produced basally.
Melitaea sibina Alpheraky, 1881
PI. 45, figs. 10-21.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 16: 400.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Kouldja, Hi Valley [China],
•	RANGE. Ghissar Darvaz and Tian Shan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A highly variable species. The nominotypical
subspecies inhabits the Hi Valley. In the mountains of Ghissar-Darvaz and Tian-
Shan, the ssp. aulicana Seitz, [1909] (= rama Higgins, 1941) is known to occur; the
mountains of Dzhungarsky Alatau are populated by the ssp. dschungarica Grum-
Grshimailo, 1895.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Flying from the end of May to July along rivers and
streams, in the mountains up to 2,500 m a.s.l.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea phoebe: yellowish submarginal lunules of UPF in cell 3
not produced basally.
Melitaea scotosia Butler, 1878
PI. 46, figs. 4-6,10,11.
Cistula Entomologies, 2: 282.
-TYPE LOCALITY. Tokyo, Japan.
	SYNONYMS: yagei Nire, 1917; parascotosia Collier, 193.3; butleri Higgins, 1940;
weiwueria Huang et Murayama, 1992.
	RANGE. From NE. China to Korea and the Ussuri region and Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. This taxon being extremely variable, all described
forms seem to represent infrasubspecific categories.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring locally over dry meadows in June to July.
Melitaea turkmanica Higgins. 1940
PI. 44, figs. 19-24.
Entomologist, 73; 51.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Askhabad» [Kopet-Dagh, Turkmenia].
•	RANGE. From NE. Turkey, Armenian Highland, Kopet-Dagh; ?Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the
Kopet-Dagh. In the Armenian Highland, the ssp. vedica Nekrutenko, 1975 is know
to occur.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. A very local species which occurs over xertr
phytous slopes in the middle part (500-1,500 m) of the range from April to early
May.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea cinxia: submarginal fascia of UPH with black spots.
Melitaea avinovi Sheljuzhko, 1914
PI. 44, figs. 34-36.
D. ent. Z. Iris, 28: 20, Abb. 2-5.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... im siicl-westlichen Pamir, bei Ishkashim (in Bergen bei Kishlak
Njut)» [Nyut, Ishkashimsky Mts., W. Pamirs, Tajikistan].
•	RANGE. W. Pamirs and N. Afghanistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. This species is only known to occur from the type
locality and the adjacent regions of Afghanistan.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Xerothermic slopes at about
2,000-2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: June.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea arduinna: larger; yellowish
spots of FW not developed into a fascia.
Melitaea diamina (Lang, 1789)
PI. 47, figs. 10-18.
V	erz. Schmett. Gegend Augsburg (ed. 2): 44.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Um Augsburg» [Germany].
.RANGE. From N. Spain across central and S. Europe,
European part. Caucasus and S. Siberia to NE. China, S.
Ussuri region, Korea and Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A highly variable species
very difficult to split into subspecies. As assumed by Higgins
(1955), the vast area ranging from E. Europe to the Amur
and Ussuri regions is inhabited by the ssp. hebe
(Borkhausen. 1793) (= dictynna (Esper. 1777); = corythalia
(Hubner, 1800); = orthia Hubner, 1818; = lebedevi
Obraztsov, 1936). The status of both the ssp. erycina
Lederer, 1853 and the ssp. erycinides Staudinger, 1892,
described from the Altais and Kentei Mts., respectively,
remains unclear as the eastern populations show all transi-
tions toward the typical ssp. hebe. In the Caucasus Major,
the ssp. badukensis Alberti, 1969 is known to occur.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The relations between all above forms
revision as based on large material and biological evidence.
Fig. 14. Male genitalia of some Melitaea (left clasp): 1 - M oiarn-
na (Transbaikalia); 2 - M. protomedia (S Ussuri region) A.
Devyatkin del.
require a profound
• HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Damp meadows, forest edges and clearings in decidu-
ous forest, in the mountains up to 2.000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host
plants (Korshunov & Gorbunov. 1995; Tolman, 1997): Valeriana. Plantago.
Veronica, Melampyrum, Patrinia. Polygonum. Egg-laying in small groups of 5-20.
Instar 1 larvae live in a web nest where they hibernate. After wintering, they escape
from the net and live solitarily. Hibernation larval (Kumakov & Korshunov, 1979).
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea protomedia: FW produced, marking of UPS clearer,
ground colour more yellow, and dark suffusion less pronounced; black marking of
UNF light; marking of UNH more uniform, discal and submarginal bands yellow.
Mellicta britomartis: marking of UPS regular, HW less suffused with black; orange
postdiscal fascia of UNH without dark spots, double marginal line generally not so
dark; genitalia different (fig. 17).
Melitaea protomedia Menetries, 1858
PI- 47, figs, 19-21.
Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, 17:214.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «.. .rives de Г Amour non loin de 1’Oussouri» [Amur region, Russia].
RANGE. The Amur River basin: from central and E. China to Korea and Japan.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The S. Amur and Ussuri regions are populated by
the nominotypical subspecies. The species displays variation in size and UNH
colouration. Some specimens from the S. Ussuri region are transitional toward the
SsP- regama Fruhstorfer, 1915, described from Chang Yang (SW. China) and known
t° occur up to Korea in the north (Higgins, 1955). Specimens with white spots on
the UNH have been described as the form argentea Fixsen, 1887.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. The taxon regama Fruhstorfer, 1915 is strongly suspected to
represent a separate species.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Flowering meadows, forest edges and clearings. Flight
period: July to August. Host plant (Kurentzov, 1970): Veronica.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Melitaea diamina: FW broader, UPS darker, as a rule, especially
UPH, ground colour of UNS more yellow; discal and submaginal fascia of UNH
yellow.
MELLICTA Billberg, 1820
Mellicta aurelia (Nickerl, 1850)
PI. 47, figs. 22-30.
Syn. Lepid. Fauna Bohmens: 12.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Erlangen» [Germany].
•	SYNONYMS: minor (Esper, 1784), nom. praeoccup.: parthenie (Borkhausen. 1788),
nom. praeoccup.
•	RANGE. From W. France across S. Europe, the Caucasus and N. Kazakhstan to E.
the Tian-Shan and W. Siberia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies (= petricola
Nekrutenko, 1978) inhabits a continuous area ranging from the S. European part
(to the Crimea in the south) to W. Siberia (to the Novosibirsk Region in the east).
This form is highly variable, depending on local ecological conditions. The other
more or less well-separated subspecies are as follows: ssp. albimacula Wojtusiak et
Niesiolowski, 1946 (Caucasus Major, central part); ssp. ciscaucasica Rjabov, 1926
(N. Caucasus); ssp. distans Higgins, 1955 (E. Tian-Shan, Tekkes Valley).
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Some authors (Nekrutenko, 1975;
Hesselbarth et al., 1995) consider albimacula as a synonym
of ciscaucasica. In our opinion, however, the taxonomic
status of, and the relations between, these two subspecies,
as well as of other forms of M. aurelia. require further,
profound studies.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Forest edges and clearings in
deciduous forest and steppe; subalpine and alpine meadows
up to 2.500 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plants
(Higgins, 1955, after Urbahn, 1952; Korshunov & Gorbunov.
1995; Tolman, 1997): Plantago, Veronica, ZTanacetum.
Hibernation larval (Kumakov & Korshunov, 1979).
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Mellicta britomartis: UPS generally dark-
er; apical pale spots of UNF small; double marginal line oi
UNH filled with orange. M. menetriesi: pale pattern of UNS
generally extended; genitalia different (fig. 16).
Mellicta (menetriesi) menetriesi (Caradja, 1895)
PI. 48, figs. 10-12.
D. ent. Z. Iris, 9: 50.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...de Bouri [ 1’embouchure de 1’Oussouri],
... au Kamtchatka». [Amur Valley near the mouth of Ussuri
River; Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia].
	SYNONYMS: orientalis Menetries, 1859, nom. praeoccup.'.
septentriorientis Verity, 1930.
•	RANGE. Kamchatka.
Fig. 15. Male genitalia of some Mellicta (a - uncus; b-end of тлулмлчтп ктлтгс лит, гс.	. 	  г 
ciasp; с - end of aedeagus): 1 - М. a/atawca (Dzhungarsky Alatau -TAXONOMIC NOTES. Although menetriesi IS obviously
Mts.).2-M aure/й (Crimea, Ukraine), a. Devyatkin del.	closely related to the following three taxa of this group, it IS
strikingly dissimilar to the neighbouring M. centralasiae
kolymskya. In contrast to the other forms of the super-
species menetriesi, this taxon is fairly constant in its exter-
nal features.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Tail-grass meadows and forest
edges. Flight period: July.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Mellicta centralasiae kolymskya: UPS
around colour uniform; pale spots of UNS unusually not
extended, UNH marginal band double.
Mellicta (menetriesi) rebeli (Wnukowsky, 1929)
pi. 47, figs. 31-33; pl. 48. figs. 22-24.
ZoolAnz., 83:222.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Alt.[ai] sum.[mae] mont.[es]; (Tshuja
mont.)». [Chuisky Mts., Altais, Russia],
•	SYNONYM: altaica Staudinger, 1901, nom. praeoccup.
•	RANGE. Mountains ofS. Siberia, Saur.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. So far known with certain-
ty from the high mountains of S. Altais only. The record by
Higgins (1955) in the Sayan Mts. requires confirmation (see
taxonomic notes below). The status of populations from Saur
mts. is unclear.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Although typical specimens of rebeli
are very characteristic (resembling M. asteria Freyer, 1828),
series of specimens taken at the same locality show consid-
erable variation both in external features and male genitalia,
thus making the distinctive characters of this species as
stated by Higgins (1955) not absolute. The only reason for
the present specific separation of rebeli may lie in its close
contact in the Altais with M. westsibirica Dubatolov, 1998
which seems generally more closely related to M. centralasi-
ae but is clearly separable from rebeli by genitalic structure.
However, another possibility is, that rebeli may prove to
represent a high-altitude ecological form of M. centralasiae.
Then the records in the Sayan and NW. Mongolia seem
reasonable.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Damp high-altitude meadows in
the coniferous forest and alpine zones at 1,900-2,900 m
a.s.l. Flight period: June to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Mellicta aurelia, M. westsibirica, M. brito-
martis: ground colour of UPS more uniform; genitalia differ-
ent (figs. 15-17).
Mellicta (menetriesi) westsibirica Dubatolov, 1998
Pl-48, figs. 1-3.
In. Korshunov, Новые описания и уточнения для книги «Дневные бабочки Азиатской
части России» [New descriptions and specifications to the book «The butterflies of the
Asian part of Russia»]: 18.
Fig. 16. Male genitalia of some Mellicta (a - uncus; b - end of
clasp; c - end of aedeagus): 1 - M. (menetriesi) rebeli (E. Kazakh-
stan); 2 - M. (menetriesi) westsibirica (Altais); 3 - M. (menetriesi)
centralasiae (Transbaikalia); 4 - Mellicta (menetriesi) menetriesi
(Kamchatka). A. Devyatkin del.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «... с. Новый Шарап, Ордынского р-на Ново-Сибирской обл.» [Novyi
_harap, Ordynsk Distr., Novosibirsk. Region, Russia].
• RANGE. Southeastern W. Siberia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Low mountain areas of W. Siberia, N. Altai and
Sayan. External variability resembliong that of M. aurelia.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. This taxon seems to combine characters of M. aurelia and Л1
centralasiae, being, however, more closely related to the latter. Sympatry of M. west-
sibirica with M. aurelia has been recorded by Dubatolov in Korshunov (1998). The
relations of westsibirica with the other taxa of the superspecies menetriesi require
further studies.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Forest-steppe and steppe habitats on plains and in low
mountains. Flight period: June.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Mellicta rebeli: UPS generally more variegated with black suffu-
sion extended. M. centralasiae, M. aurelia: genitalia different (figs. 15, 16). M. brito-
martis: apical pale spots of UNF generally reduced; UNH double marginal line filled
with orange.
Mellicta (menetriesi) centralasiae (Wnukowsky, 1929)
PI. 48, figs. 4-9.
Zool.Anz., 83: 222.
 TYPE LOCALITY. «Kentei» [Mongolia].
•	SYNONYMS: mongolica Staudinger, 1892, nom. praeoccup.: mongolicola Verity.
1930.
•	RANGE. From the E. Altais across S. Siberia and N. Mongolia to the NE. Far East.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. E. Altais, Sayan, Tuva, Transbaikalia, Amur
region, Yakutia and Magadan Region. Both individual and geographical variation
great, allowing for no definite subspecies to be discriminated. There is. however,
only one more or less marked form, kolymskya Higgins, 1955 (Magadan Region),
that has been regarded by the author as an environmental (= phenotypical) modifi-
cation.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows, grassy slopes and forest edges in moun-
tains and river valleys. Flight period: June to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Mellicta rebeli, M. westsibirica: pale pattern of UNS generally
less strongly developed; genitalia different (fig. 16). M. menetriesi: ground colour of
UPS variegated; UNS pale spots much extended. M. britomartis amurensis: pale
spots of UNS more yellow, UNF apical spots reduced; genitalia different (fig. 17).
Mellicta britomartis (Assmann. 1847)
PI. 48, figs. 13-18.
Ent, Z. Breslau tepid., (1) 1: 2.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Breslau [Wroclaw, Poland],
•	RANGE. From central Europe across the S. European part, N. Kazakhstan, the
Altais and S. Siberia to NE. China and Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both individual and georgaphical variation being
great, it is difficult to divide this taxon into subspecies. Here we follow the opinion
of Higgins (1955) and split britomartis into two subspecies: the nominotypical one (=
veronicae Dorfmeister, 1853; = marussia Fruhstorfer, 1919), which occupies the
western part of the distribution area to the Altais in the east, and the ssp. amureir
sis Staudinger, 1892 (= seminigra Seitz, [1909]; - imitans Verity, 1930; = Jrigidal~ ’
taica Verity, 1940), ranging from the. Altais to the Pacific coast. Populations of both [
subspecies meet in the Altai Mts., this being apparently regardless of altitudinal ;
and ecological conditions. Some specimens from the S. Ussuri region are transi- *
tional toward the ssp. latefascia Fixsen, 1883 (= coreae Verity, 1930).
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The present subspecific arrangement is by no means to be
regarded as final. Further studies based on accumulation of new material and fiuRl i
observations are required to refine the status and distribu-
tion of the known forms. That more than one species is
involved, cannot be excluded.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Forest edges and clearings and
other flowering places in the forest-steppe and steppe belts,
aIso in the mountains up to 2,400 m a.s.l. Usually sharing
the habitats with M. athalia, M. aurelia and M. centralasiae.
Flight period: June to July. Host plants (Kumakov &
Korshunov, 1979; Tolman, 1997): Plantago, Veronica,
Rhinanthus, Linaria vulgaris. Besides that, larvae have been
found on Melampyrum, Chrysantemum, etc. Hibernation
larval (Kumakov & Korshunov, 1979).
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Mellicta aurelia, M. centralasiae: UPS
generally less suffused with black; pale apical spots of UNF
extended; UNH double marginal line of same colour as
submarginal spots. M. athalia, M. ambigua: generally larger
and brighter, marking of UPS less regular (except for M.
athalia reticulata); UNH postdiscal fascia without dark shad-
ing. M. diamina: UPS usually more suffused (especially UPH);
dark spots in submarginal fascia of UNH well-developed.
Mellicta athalia (Rottemburg, 1775)
PI. 48, figs. 28-36.
Anmerk. Tab. Schmett., Naturforscher, 6: 5.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Umge.bung Paris» [Environs of Paris,
France],
•	RANGE. From N. and central Europe across temperate Asia
to the Amur region and Kamchatka Peninsula.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. An extremely variable
species which seems highly sensitive to ecological condi-
tions. Along with the nominotypical subspecies, which
occurs in the central and S. European parts, the Caucasus
and Transcaucasia, and W. Siberia, the following forms can
be regarded as subspecies over the territories concerned:
ssp. norvegica Aurivillius, 1888 - N. European part,
Fennoscandia;
ssp. dictynnoides Hormuzaki, 1898 - SW. European part;
ssp. lucifuga Fruhstorfer, 1917 - SE. European part;
ssp. reticulata Higgins, 1955-Altais;
ssp. baikalensis Bremer, 1861 (?= tinica Fruhstorfer, 1910) -
S. Siberia to the ?Amur region;
ssp. hyperborea Dubatolov, 1997 - NE. Far East (Magadan
Region and Kamchatka).
However, one must keep in mind that their precise distribu-
tion patterns still remain uncertain (see below).
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. As stated by Higgins (1955), it is diffi-
c<ilt to attribute with certainty the name dictynnoides either
to athalia or aurelia. or britomartis, as the data by
ormuzaki are not sufficient; a replacement name,
fj®tonoides Verity, 1940, is available if necessary.
e taxon asiae Verity, 1940, described from the S. Ussuri
№gion (Suchan), seems to be based on an incorrectly labeled
Fig. 17. Male genitalia of some Mellicta (a - uncus: b - end of
clasp; c - end of aedeagus)-1 - M. britomartis britomartis (middle
flow region of Volga River); 2 - Mellicta athalia athalia (middle flow
region of Volga River); 3 - M caucasogenita (Georgia, Caucasus); 4
- Mellicta ambigua ambigua (Amur region). A. Devyatkin del.
material (Higgins, 1955); so it is disregarded herein since the occurrence of щ
athalia in the S. Ussuri region has since never been reconfirmed.
Taking into account the high variability of M. athalia, it cannot be excluded that all
the above subspecies may prove to merely represent ecological rather than geograph-
ical forms. On the other hand, some more or less "true" subspecies (like reticulata]
may turn out to be distinct species, if their suspected sympatry with the noniinotypp
cal M. athalia has been confirmed. Solution of the problem depends on further
research in the distribution and biological features of the known forms of the species.
Concerning baikalensis, see “TAXONOMIC NOTES" under Melitaea arcesia.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. A variety of grassy, flowering habitats ranging from
damp forest edges and clearings in the forest and forest steppe belts to dry open
slopes in the mountains. Flight period: end of May to August, depending on local
conditions, usually in a single generation, but a partial second generation has
sometimes been reported. Host plants (Higgins, 1955, after Urbahn, 1952;
Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995; Tolman, 1997): Plantago, Veronica, Melampynim,
Digitalis. Linaria, Centaurea, Chrysanthemum, Hieracium, Tanaceturn. Hibernation
larval (Kumakov & Korshunov, 1979). Egg-laying in large groups of 50 or more.
Early instar larvae live in a web nest which changes its shape as the host plant is
eaten. After wintering, they escape from a slot and crawl out one by one.
	SIMILAR SPECIES. Mellicta ambigua: ground colour of UPS more bright yellow;
UNS duller, pale pattern yellowish. M. caucasogenita: smaller, UPH almost entirely
suffused with black. M. britomartis: ground colour of UPS generally darker, suffused
with black; UNH postdiscal fascia usually shaded dark, double terminal line brown-
ish; genitalia different (fig. 17).
Mellicta caucasogenita (Verity, 1930)
PI. 48, figs. 25-27.
Ent. Rec., 42:134.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Helenendorf» [Hanlar, Azerbaijan].
•	SYNONYM: caucasica Staudinger, 1871, nom. praeoccup.
•	RANGE. Caucasus and NE. Turkey.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurring in the
Caucasus Major and Minor, and the Armenian Highland. Superficially (small size
and dark colour), this represents a rather constant species.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. M. caucasogenita is regarded as a distinct species due to its
sympatry and synchrony with M. athalia in Armenia and the adjacent parts of NE.
Turkey (Hesselbarth et al., 1995), where no transitional forms have been recorded.
However, the situation in the N. Caucasus, where a superficially similar form, M.
athalia lucifuga, seems to live, needs further studies.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mountain meadows in the forest and subalpine belts at
about 1,700-2,400 m a.s.l. Flight period: July to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Mellicta diamina: UNS double marginal line darker; postdiscal
orange fascia of UNH with dark dots. M. athalia: larger and brighter, UPH without
dark suffusion (except for the ssp. lucifuga)', there also seem to be slight differences
in genitalic structure (fig. 17).
Mellicta ambigua (Menetries, 1859)
PI. 49, figs. 1-6.
In: Schrenck, Reisen Amur-Lande, 2 (1): 24, Taf. 2, Abb. 4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Djai» [Blagoveshtshensk, Amur region, Russia].
•	RANGE. From the Altais across the Sayan, Transbaikalia, the Amur region to
Sakhalin; Korea, Japan.
DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both individual and
Graphical variation great. All previous authors who have
• -еГ dealt with this species note, there are neither marked
differences nor clear borders between the numerous forms
described. However, we suggest division into the following
f0niis as distinct subspecies:
kenteana Seitz, [1909] (= sayanskalpina Verity, 1940; =
crassepicta Verity, 1940) - mountainous areas of Altais,
Sayan and Transbaikalia;
ambigua (Menetries, 1859) (= bathilda Fruhstorfer,
1919; ?= sachalinensis Matsumura, 1925) - Amur
region, ?N. Sakhalin;
niphona Butler, 1878 (= mandschurica Fixsen, 1887; ?=
nossis Fruhstorfer, 1919; = sutschana Reverdin, 1922)
- Ussuri region.
ssp
ssp.
ssp.
TAXONOMIC NOTES. The status of the taxon sachalinensis,
described from a single female from N. Sakhalin, is uncer-
tain. We place it into synonymy under ambigua on the basis
of geographical considerations. The holotype of the taxon
nossis, figured by Verity (1940), does not seem to differ from
the typical niphona. According to some authors (Shimpei,
1996), the Japanese taxon niphona represents a separate
Fig. 18. Male genitalia of Mellicta platina, S Ussuri region (a -
uncus; b - left clasp; c - end of aedeagus). A. Devyatkin del.
species which does not occur in the mainland. This seems
rather doubtful and requires confirmation.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Meadows and forest edges in
river valleys and at foothills, steppe habitats up to 2,000 m
a.s.l. Flight period: June to July.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Mellicta athalia: ground colour of UPS generally more reddish;
UNS pale spots whitish. M. britomartis amurensis: smaller, UPS darker, black
pattern more regular; UNH pale spots usually whitish.
Mellicta platina (Bremer, 1861)
Pl. 48, figs. 19-21.
Melanges biol. Acad. St.-Petersbourg, 3: 544.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «...Bureja-Gebirge,... Ussuri» [Bureya River Valley, Amur region;
Ussuri region],
 SYNONYM: pacifica Verity, 1932.
• RANGE. Temperate Asia from W. Siberia to NW. China and Korea.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies (= ussuriae Verity,
1932) is known to occur locally in the Altais, the Sayan and Transbaikalia, the
Amur and Ussuri regions. The species seems to be fairly constant in its external
features, while separation of the ssp. standeli Dubatolov, 1997, described from the
southeastern part of W. Siberia (Novosibirsk Region), requires confirmation.
 HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Damp to swampy meadows, usually in river valleys.
Flight period: June to August, depending on local conditions.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Mellicta ambigua: UNH discal and postdiscal pattern not dark-
. ened; genitalia different (fig. 17).
Mellicta alatauica (Staudinger, 1881)
H. 49, figs. 7-9.
Stett, ent. Ztg., 42:291,
1APE LOCALITY. «Ala-Таи» [Dzhungarsky Alatau, SE. Kazakhstan],
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts. A rare and poorly,
known species.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Humid meadows in the forest belt at about 1,5002.500
m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July.
Family RIODINIDAE Grote, 1895
HAMEARIS Hiibner, 1819
Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 49, figs. 10-12.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1: 480.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. England (Verity, 1943).
•	RANGE. Europe; Turkey.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Occurring locally in the W. and S. European
parts, and the Caucasus Major.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open landscapes in deciduous forest, in the mountains
up to 1,300 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to June, sometimes in August to September
as a second generation. Flost plants in Turkey (Hesselbarth et al., 1995): Primula
vulgaris, P. auriculata. Hibernation pupal.
POLYCAENA Staudinger, 1886
Polycaena tamerlana Staudinger, 1886
Pi- 49, figs. 13-28.
Slett. ent. Ztg., 47:227.
•TAPE LOCALITY. “Osh..., Alai und Namangan” [N. slope of Alai Mts., Kirghizia].
•RANGE. Tian-Shan, Pamirs-Alai; Tibet.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both geographical and individual variability high.
The nominotypical taxon inhabits the Alai Mts. In the Zaalaisky Mts., the ssp. temir
Grum-Grshimailo, 1890 is known to occur, which is close to the nominotypical
subspecies. From the E. Pamirs (Chechekty), the ssp. pamira Tshikolovets, 1997
las been described. The ssp. timur Staudinger, 1886 lives in the Tian-Shan.
•TABIPATS AND BIOLOGY. Cliffs, screes and adjacent glades from 2,500 m a.s.l. up
° the snow line. Fliglit period: end of June to early August. Host plants in the
1 nsky Alatau (Zhdanko, pers. comm.): Androsace lehrnanniana.
Family LYCAENIDAE [Leach], [1815]
ARTOPOETES Chapman, 1909
Artopoetes pryeri (Murray, 1873)
PL 49 Jigs. 39-41.
Ent. Monthly Mag.. 10:126.
• TYPE LOCALITY. «Japan» [Honshu, Japan).
- RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; NW. China, Korea, Japan.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in Honshu,
Japan. The S. Amur and Ussuri regions are populated by the ssp. continentalis
Shirozu, 1952, which has been described from NE. Korea. The average size of the
specimens from different populations over the territories concerned demonstrates a
gradual clinal pattern of variability from larger in the south to smaller in the north,
hi Japan, the following four subspecies are known to occur: shikokuana (Okubo,
1935); isurugiae Okano, 1954; yatsugabakensis Murayama, 1954, all from
Honshu, and yezoensts Nakahara, 1951 from Hokkaido.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. The status of continentalis within the species pryeri requires
a revision.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Forest edges, light gaps. Flight period: mid-July to the
cud of August. Butterflies more active after 16.00 p.m. Generally, the males patrol
at about 3-5 m above the ground along forest roads and light gaps. Host plant in
(he S. Ussuri region (Staudinger, 1892; Dantchenko et al.. 1995): Syringa arnuren-
sis- Egg-laying on stems of bushes or small trees in clusters up to 6. Sometimes a
!0- 19. Ag-odiaetusvanensis. Armenia. Photo A Dantchenko.
mature larva builds a simple nest made of leaves. Pupation at the feeding place,
mostly under leaves, with pupa attached to the leaf by a girdle (Pl. 87, figs. 1, 2).
THECLA Fabricius, 1807
Theda betulae (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 50, figs. 1-6.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:482.
 TYPE LOCALITY. Sweden.
•	SYNONYMS: spinosae (Gerhard, [1850]); ongodai Tutt, 1908; daurica Dubatolov,
1999.
•	RANGE. Europe, N. Caucasus Major, Saur, Tarbagatai and Dzhungarsky Alatau
mts., Siberia, Amur and Ussuri regions; China, Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The central and S. European part, the N.
Caucasus, Siberia, the Amur and Ussuri regions are populated by the nominotypi-
cal form. Specimens from the S. Ussuri region are larger and brighter than those
from the other parts of the distribution area. The record in Kura Valley (Trans-
caucasia) by Lederer (1857) requires confirmation.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Some authors (Tuzov, 1993; Fujioka, 1994) attribute materi-
al from the S. Ussuri region either to the ssp. crassa (Leech, 1894) or to coreana
(Nire, 1919). Specimens available from the Amur and Ussuri regions show dearly a
cline both in colouration and size. If the cline is reconfirmed in Korea as well, the
taxon coreana should be treated as a synonym of crassa. The status of both
Chinese taxa, crassa and elwesi (Leech, 1890), remains unclear. Fujioka (1994b)
treats both as subspecies of betulae.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Edges and glades of different kinds of forest, bottomland
thickets, parks, gardens, etc. Flight period: end of July to mid-September. Host
plant: Padus avium. The following host plants have also been noted: P. asiatica and
Armeniaca mandshurica in the S. Ussuri region (Dantchenko et al., 1995), Primus
spinosa in the N. Caucasus (Nikolaevsky, pers. comm.), and Crataegus sanguinea
in the S. Altais (Zhdanko, 1997) and Saur Mts. (Dantchenko, 1999). References to
Betula spp. as foodplants are absolutely erroneous. Egg-laying solitary, as a rule,
on stem or at branching points of young plants. Hibernation ovarial. Instar 1 larvae
feeding on young leaves, resting on the upper surface at the central vein. Mature
larvae apple green with whitish lateral stripes, head black (Pl. 87, fig. 4). Pupation
in the soil at base of the host plant.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Theda betulina: ground colour of UNS purple with bright stripes
discally and postdiscally. Female without orange postdiscal area of UNF.
Theda betulina Staudinger, 1887
PI. 50, figs. 7-9.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3:127, pl. 16, fig. 6.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...am Suifun» [Ussuri region, Russia].
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; NW. China, Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs from the
Zeya River basin in the northwest to the S. Ussuri region in the southeast.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The taxon gaimana (Doi et Chow, 1931'), described as a
subspecies of Zephyrus [Theda] betulae from Korea, is currently treated (Sibatani A
Ito, 1942; Fujioka, 1994b) as a synonym of betulina but its real infrasubspecific
status is not entirely clear.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Forest belt; flying along roads, at forest edges, in river
valleys. Flight period: mid-July to mid-August, Host plant: Malus mandshurica. The
record of Pyrus sp. as a foodplant (Graeser, 1888) must be considered as erroneous.
Butterflies often visit flowering Umbelliferae (Dantchenko et al., 1995). Egg-laying
solitary on stems of young plants. Starting from instar 2, larvae roll a leaf, forming
a tube, inside which they spend most of the time. Mature larvae green in colour
with whitish stripes laterally (Pl. 87, fig. 3). Pupation in the soil near the host plant.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Theda betulae: ground colour of UNS orange with whitish
stripes discally and postdiscally. Female with an orange postdiscal area of UPF.
SHIROZUA Sibatani et Ito, 1942
Shirozua jonasi (Janson, 1877)
Pl. 51 Jigs. 4-6.
Cisiula Ent, 2:157.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... near the River Yokawa, at the foot of Assama-yama» [Honshu,
Japan].
.RANGE, Amur and Ussuri regions; China, Korea, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Amur and Ussuri regions are populated by
the nominotypical form. However, some specimens studied have the apical blacken-
ing of the FW completely reduced.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. In the Amur region (environs of Khabarovsk), Kurentzov
(1970: 127) has recorded one specimen of Cordelia melpomene (Leech, 1890), which
is most likely a misidentified Shirozuajonast
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Widely distributed in the forest belt. Flight period: mid-
July to the end of August. Host plant (Graeser, 1888): Quercus mongolica. Eggs laid
on the host plant trunk with an anthill at base (Dantchenko et al., 1995). Larvae
developing early in spring to become patronized by ants immediately upon hatch-
ing. According to Fukuda et al. (1984) and the description by Hirukawa &
Kobayashi (1995), instar 1 larvae feed on young leaves and aphids. Pupation in the
soil near base of the host tree.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Theda betulae: ground colour of UPS dark brown; postdiscal
marking of UNS composed of lines, not clamps.
COREANATutt, [1907]
Coreana raphaelis (Oberthur, 1880)
Й. 51 Jigs. 1-3,
ftud.ent.,5:20, pl. 5, fig. 1.
TYPE LOCALITY. «...d'Amurland... d'Askold» [Askold Island, S. Ussuri region,
Russia],
•RANGE. Ussuri region; NW. China, Korea, Japan.
DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Locally in the S. Ussuri region. The northern
distribution limit correlates well with the range of its larval host plant, Fraxinus
rhynchophylla.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. The name flamen (Leech, 1887), first proposed as a variety of
rophueiis from Korea, seems best to be regarded as a subspecies.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Edges and glades of deciduous forest. Flight period:
®id-July to the end of August. Males patrol around Fraxinus trees or along roads in
' e f°rest late in the afternoon, mostly after 4 p.m. The territorial behaviour is
sometimes observed nearly to sunset. In the morning or early afternoon, butterflies
can be found in the crowns of the host plant, walking on the underside of leaves
and feeding on the secretions of aphids. Host plant: Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Egg.
laying solitary or in clusters up to 5 at base of very young trees growing in open
places. Hibernation ovarial. Young instar larvae boring into buds. Mature larvae
building a common nest, larva green in colour with light rose tint in the posterior
part and a rose dorsal line. The entire surface densely covered with short purple
tubercles each supporting a short seta (Pl. 87, fig. 9). The similarity between the
larval pattern and the scales of the Fraxinus shoots is striking. Pupa light brown
with irregularly dispersed, small, brown spots. Pupation in the soil or, sometimes,
in a nest built by mature larvae. Larvae excreting sweet dense liquid stuff before
pupation.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Ussuriana michaelis: HW with tails, submarginal pattern on
UNS composed of two rows of silvery brackets.
USSURIANA Tutt, [1907]
Ussuriana michaelis (Oberthur, 1880)
PI. 50, figs. 22-24.
Etud. ent., 5:19, pl. 5, fig. 2.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... dAskold» [Askold Island, S. Ussuri region, Russia]
•	RANGE. Ussuri region; China, Taiwan, Korea.
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the S.
Ussuri region, and the adjacent parts of China and N. Korea. The distribution area
matches well with the range of the host plant, Fraxinus mandshurica.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The name gabrielis (Leech, 1894), proposed as a variety of
michaelis, has been regarded by Fujioka (1992) as a distinct species. However,
according to Koiwaya (1993), gabrielis is only to be considered as a subspecies of
michaelis. We are of the opinion that the taxonomy of the genus Ussuriana is in
need of a revision.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Edges and glades of deciduous forest. Flight period: July
to September. Host plants: Fraxinus mandshurica, F. rhynchophylla. Butterflies
occur in tree crowns feeding on leaf glandules or along roads on Umbelliferae.
Males patrol ash trees or fly along forest roads late in the afternoon. Eggs laid in
clusters of 5 to 40 on gaps of the callus on broken dry branches of 5-6 m high trees.
Instar 1 larvae living in nests well visible as partly dry leaves at the end of young
sprouts. Mature larvae dark grey with a lighter dorsal area on 6-7 segments, head
black (Pl. 87, fig. 10). Pupation inside dry leaves at the place of feeding.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Coreana raphaelis: HW without tails; submarginal marking of
UNH composed of a single row of silvery brackets.
PROTANTIGIUS Shirozu et Yamamoto, 1956
Protantigius superans (Oberthur, 1914)
PI. 50, figs. 10-12.
Bud. Lep. comp, 9 (2): 54, pl. 255, figs. 2155-2156.
TYPE LOCALITY. «Siao-lou» [Sichuan, China],
•	SYNONYMS: pugatshuki (Kurentzov, 1970); ginzii (Seok, 1936).
•	RANGE. Ussuri region; China, Korea.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Specimens from the S. Ussuri region are most
likely to belong to the nominotypical form, yet they are somewhat smaller than
those from China and Korea.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. At present (Dubatolov & Korshunov, 1990; Tuzov, 1993) the
taxon pugatshuki (Kurentzov, 1970) is referred to as a synonym of girtzii (Seok,
1936), the latter form described from Korea. Both these taxa only differ from the
nominotypical one by the less white colouration of the postdiscal area of the UPS.
However, since their real identity/status remains unclear, a revision is required.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Light gaps, stream bottomlands and edges of deciduous
forest. Flight period: mid-July to mid-August. Host plants: unknown exactly, but
these could be one or some of the following trees: Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Alnus
hirsuta. Populus koreana and/or Salix spp.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. A unique species of Russia’s Theclinae which is only superfi-
cially close to members of the genus Leucantigius Shirozu et Yamamoto, 1951.
GOLDIA Dubatolov et Korshunov, 1990
Goldia pacifica (Dubatolov et Korshunov, 1984)
PI. 49, fig. 38; pl. 83, fig. 44.
Новые и малоизвестные виды фауны Сибири (Систематика и биология членистоногих и гельминтов) [New or poorly-
known species in the fauna of Siberia (Systematics and biology of arthropods and helminths)]: 54, figs. 2-3.
TYPE LOCALITY. «Юж. Приморье, Анучинский р-н, 30 км. от Чернышевки, хр. Синий»
[30 km from Chernyshevka, Sinii Mts., S. Ussuri region, Russia].
RANGE. Confined to the S. Ussuri region.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Only known from the type locality from a couple
of type specimens.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. The type specimens have been collected in a forest gap
near a small river in the beginning of July.
ANTIGIUS Sibatani et Ito, 1942
Antigius attilia (Bremer, 1861)
Pl. 49, figs. 29-31.
Шт. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, 3:469.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...im Bureja-Gebirge» [Amur region, Russia].
•SYNONYMS: neoattilia (Sugitani, 1919); sayamaensis (Watari, 1929); sagamiensis
(Kyuzaki, 1937).
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Over the territories concerned, the species is
represented by the nominotypical form which appears nearly invariable both in
colouration and individual size. From other parts of the range, the following
subspecies are known (Fujioka, 1993a): atilla (Oberthur, 1919), tropicanus Fujioka,
993, yamanakashoji Fujioka, 1993, and obsoletus (Takeuchi, 1929).
ABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Edges of deciduous forest. Flight period: mid-July to the
.of August. Host plant in the Ussuri region (Graeser, 1888): Quercus mongolica.
Jioka (1993) has reported Q. acutissima as the foodplant of yanianakashoji in
sushima Islands, Japan. In the S. Ussuri region, the eggs are laid solitarily on
Wung twigs, mostly in small gaps or folds. Young larvae dark grey, hatching in the
•gmning of May and boring into buds. Mature larvae apple green bordered with
yellowish dorsal teeth (Pl. 87, fig. 6). In the laboratory, pupation on dry leaves пецг
the feeding place (Dantchenko et al., 1995).
SIMILAR SPECIES. Antigius butleri: UNS ground colour grey, discal pattern of Ijg’S
consisting of separate spots.
Antigius butleri (Fenton, [1882])
PI. 49, figs. 35-37.
Proc. Zook Soc. London. 1881 (4): 853.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...on the top of the peak, 1060 feet high, overlooking Hakodate,
[Hokkaido, Japan].
	RANGE. Ussuri region; China, Korea, Japan.
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs щ
Hokkaido. The Ussuri region is inhabited by the ssp. oberthueri (Staudinger, 1887)
which is very close superficially to the nominotypical form.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. In addition to the nominotypical subspecies, the ssp. adachii
(Matsumura, 1919) has been described from Hokkaido. Most likely, however, this is
just a local morph of butleri.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Edges of deciduous forest. Flight period: mid July to the
end of August. Host plants: Quercus rnongolica, rarely Q. de.ntata. Egg-laying in
clusters of up to 12 in gaps or under old bark sticking loose from the trunk. Young
larval instars dark grey, hatching somewhat later than in atlilia. Mature larvae
apple green bordered with bright rose dorsal teeth (Pl. 87, fig. 7). In the laboratory,
pupation on dry leaves near the place of feeding (Dantchenko et al., 1 995).
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Antigius attilia: UNS ground colour white, discal pattern on
UNH represented by a dark line.
ARARAGI Sibatam et Ito, 1942
Araragi enthea (Janson, 1877)
PI. 49, figs. 29-31.
Cistula Ent.. 2:157.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Near the River Yokawa, about 140 miles of Llcdo- [Honshu,
Japan],
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; China, Korea, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The territories concerned arc inhabited by the
nominotypical form, yet specimens from the S. Ussuri region. (Khasan Distr.) are
slightly larger. The following subspecies have been 'described from the adjacent
countries: yucara Murayama, 1953 from Hokkaido, morisouensis (Inoue. 1912)
from Taiwan, and entheoides (Oberthur, 1914) from Sichuan. China.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Populations from the territories concerned may prove not w
belong to the nominotypical subspecies due to their strong variability in individual
size. Besides this, larvae of the nominotypical populations feed on Juglans ailanthi-
folia which, in Russia, occurs on Sakhalin Island only. To resolve this problem-
analysis of a much more abundant/representative material is necessary. The exad
siatus of entheoides and morisonensis remains unclear and requires in a revision-
For the time being, however, both are regarded as subspecies of enthea.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Deciduous forest up to 500-700 m a.s.l.. lowlands HoM
streams and rivers. Host plant in the Amur and Ussuri regions (Graeser. 1SSHL
Juglans mandshurica: in Japan: J. ailanthijolia. Eggs laid solitarily or in pairs ok
young shoots at bases of buds. Young, light grey larvae boring into buds earlv 111
May. Mature larvae1 apple green with whitish stripes laterally, feeding on the uiidH'
M(ie of leaves till the end of June (PI. 87, fig. 8). Pupation on dry leaves near the
place of feeding. Pupa attached to substrate by a girdle (Dantchenko et al., 1995).
S1MIJAR SPECIES. Antigius butleri: UPS ground colour grey; A. attilia: postdiscal
ppirking's represented by a line; basal spots absent.
WAGIMO Sibatani et Ito, 1942
Wagimo signata (Butler. [1882])
51 Jigs. 7-9.
zool.Soc. London, 1881 (4): 849.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Kuramatsunai» [Hokkaido, Japan],
.RANGE. Ussuri region: Korea. China, Japan.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The S. Ussuri region is populated by the ssp.
(jiierciuora (Staudinger. 1887).
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. Based on females taken from Askold Island. S. Ussuri region,
the taxon querciuora has originally been described as a separate species. For the
time being, however, this form is treated as downgraded to a subspecies of signata.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Light gaps, road sides and edges of deciduous forest.
Plight period: mid-July to the end of August. Host plant in the Ussuri region
(Dantchenko et al., 1995): Quercus mongolica. Eggs are laid in clusters of up to 5,
mostly on flower buds of young shoots in the crown. Instar 1 larvae boring into
buds in early spring. Mature larvae feeding on flowers and fresh leaves (Pl. 87, fig.
5). According to Yokoyama & Wakabayashi (1967), pupation takes place inside a
shelter which the larva nibbles out in the bark of the foodplant.
JAPONICA Tutt. [1907]
Japonica saepestriata (Hewitson. [1865])
PI. 50. figs. 19-21.
ffluslr. Diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae: 67, pl. 26, figs. 7-8.
•	TYPE LOCALITY'. «Japan» [Honshu, Japan],
•	RANGE. Ussuri region: Korea. China. Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Specimens from the Ussuri region must be
referred to the nominotypical subspecies. These are nearly invariable in colour but
considerably mutable in individual size. Recently, two more subspecies, gotohi
haigusa, 1993 and takenakakazuoi Fujioka, 1993. have been described from S.
Honshu and central China, respectively.
IAXONOMIC NOTES. The taxon gotohi has been described based on three females
taken from the southern part of Kii Peninsula. Honshu. The author reported no
distinctive differen ees in structure of the female genitalia, yet he suggested that
gotohi could even be treated as a species distinct from saepestriata because of
monophagy of gotohi on the evergreen Quercus phillyraeoidcs. This oak species is
Known as endemic in southern Honshu, largely» occurring on dunes along sea-
shores (Saigusa. 1993).
HABI Г ATS AND BIOLOGY. Light gaps in Quercus forests. Flight period: mid-July to
the end of August. Host plant in the Ussuri region: Quercus mongolica. Eggs laid
^ohlaiily on y'oung shoots of the foodplant. Instar 1 larvae boring into buds in the
«ginning of May. Mature larvae and pupae green. Pupation mostly under young
^‘nes at lhe place of feeding. Adults largely’ occur after 2 p.m. on leaves of
J spedeza bicolor which is a species dominant in the undergrowth.
Fig. 20. Male genitalia of some Japonica (a - valvae, internal
view, b - aedeagus, dorsal view): 1 - J. lutea dubatolovi (Ussuri
region); 2-J. опт опт (Ussuri region). A. Dantchenko del
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Japonica lutea: UNS with a few silvery
stripes bordered discally with a dark orange fascia.
Japonica lutea (Hewitson, [1865])
PI. 50, figs. 13-15.
Illustr. Diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae: 67, pl. 26, figs. 9-10.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Japan» [Japan, Honshu],
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; China, Korea, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Strongly varying in indi-
vidual size. Populations from the Amur and Ussuri regions
are referred here to the ssp. dubatolovi Fujioka, 1993, the
latter taxon described from the S. Ussuri region (TL:
Arseniev, S. Ussuri region, Russia). Superficially, the popu-
lations from the adjacent parts of Korea and China must be
assigned to this subspecies as well, but the morphological
differences between the continental and insular populations
are not sharp and call for a detailed compative study of the
biology.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Deciduous, riparian or seashore
Quercus forests. Flight period: end of June to the end of
August. Host plant in the S. Ussuri region (Graeser, 1888):
Q. mongolica. Butterflies often occur on flowers of Apiaceae
and/or Clematis mandshuriaca. Eggs laid solitarily or,
rarely, in pairs at buds of young stretched or tip shoots in
the crown of old oak trees (Dantchenko et al., 1995). Instar 1
larvae boring into buds in early May, just at the time when of
the foodplant resumes vegetation. Early instar larvae feeding
inside the buds. Mature larvae living in common nests built
of apical leaves. Body of mature larvae apple green, head
grey-greenish, all spiracles whitish [Pl. 87, fig. 13). Pupa
green, attached by a girdle to leaf underside mostly at the
place of feeding.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Japonica onoi: orange tint of ground colour of UPS deeper; black
colour of apical marking of UPF not reaching the costal area and turning into orange
ground colour Just before it; both male and female genitalia different (fig. 20).
Japonica onoi Murayama, 1953
Pl. 50, figs. 16-18.
Butterflies and Moths [Trans. Lep. Soc. Japan], 3:18, figs. 7-8.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Obihiro, Hokkaido» [Japan].
•	SYNONYM: inomatai Fujioka, 1993.
•	RANGE. S. Ussuri region; Korea, N. China, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The S. Ussuri region is populated by the nomino-
typical subspecies. Recently, the ssp. mizobei (Saigusa, 1993) has been described
from W. Honshu.
	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The taxon onoi has originally been described as a subspecies
of Japonica lutea. Recently, two distinct species of the genus Japonica have been
revealed to inhabit Hokkaido and N. Honshu (Inomata, 1990). In a short tirne*
several reports have been published concerning the discovery of onoi as a distinct
species occurring sympatrically with lutea in Honshu (Kudo, 1990; Yokokura &
Takeda. 1991; etc.). In 1991 to 1993, both onoi and lutea were found in the S-
Ussuri region as well (Dantchenko et al., 1995).
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Seashore deciduous Quercus dentata forests. Flight
period: mid-July to the end of August. Host plant: Q. dentata. Generally, males
patrol the crowns of the foodplant growing either in groups or individually near the
sea coast. Males display strong territorial activity and are often observed fighting in
pairs under crowms. Eggs laid in clusters of up to 14. covered by glued short setae
cut off from the shoot surface by the sharp sclerotised part of the papilla analis. A
complete cycle takes up to 40 minutes (Dantchenko, in press). Instar 1 larvae bore
into buds in early May, just at the time when Quercus dentata resumes vegetation.
Young instar larvae feeding inside the bud. Mature larvae living in common nests
built of oak leaves. Body of mature larvae apple green, head grey-greenish, parts of
spiracles distinctly reddish (Pl. 87, figs. 11, 12). Pupae green, attached by a girdle to
leaf underside mostly at the place of feeding.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Japonica lutea: orange tint of ground colour of UPS less deep,
black colour of apical marking of UPF not reaching the costal margin; both male
and female genitalia different (fig. 20).
NEOZEPHYRUS Sibatani et Ito, 1942
Neozephyrus japonicus (Murray, 1875)
PI. 51 Jigs. 13-20.
Ent. Monthly Mag., 11:169.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Hab. Japoniam» [Yokohama, Honshu, Japan].
. SYNONYMS: Jasciatus (Junson, 1878); bellis (Kardakov, 1928); unicolor (Kardakov,
1928); sidemina (Kardakov, 1928).
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; Korea. China, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The species occurs in several subspecies which
differ distinctly from each other both in colouration and genitalic structure.
Material from the Amur and Ussuri regions seems to be generally uniform both
externally and in genitalic structure, but the colouration of the females in the popu-
lations from the Ussuri region appears to vary much more strongly. Yet all these
populations seem attributable to the ssp. regina (Butler, [1882]), the latter taxon
originally described from Hokkaido, Japan. The taxon sachalinensis (Matsumura,
1928), described from Sakhalin Island, differs from the Amur and Ussuri popula-
tions in structure of the male and female genitalia. The following taxa are presently
considered as subspecies of japonicus: monticolus Shirdzu, 1952 (TL: [cental
Honshu, Japan]) and koreanus (Riley, 1939) (TL: «Seoul» [Korea]).
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. Until recently, japonicus was considered as a senior synonym
of Theda taxila Bremer, 1861 (Elwes, [1882]; Staudinger, 1892; Staudinger & Rebel,
1901; Seitz. 1909; Courvoisier, 1921; Kurentzov, 1970; Inomata et al., 1986).
However, Dubatolov & Sergeev (1987) have shown that, in reality, the holotype of
taxila represents not Japonicus but a species of the genus Favonius. These authors
have also mentioned that the name regina is the oldest name available for the popu-
lations from the Amur and Ussuri regions (loc. cit., p. 19).
The intraspecific classification of japonicus is not completely clear. Possibly, both
koreanus and Japonicus can be put together in one group of subspecies, while
regina and sachalinensis seem to form another group. Recently, a similar arrange-
ment has been proposed by Kitahara (1996) who treats the distribution of japonicus
In Honshu and Hokkaido as a hybrid zone formed by japonicus that could have
nvaded Kyushu and Honshu from Peninsula Korea, and regina that might have
(ntered Hokkaido from Siberia via the northern lands/archipelagos in the Sea of
Japan
Fig. 21 . Male genitalia of some Favonius (valvae, internal view): 1
- F onentahs sch/sc№w(Kamenushka. Ussuri region): 2 - F taxilus
taxilus (Barabash-Levada, Ussuri region); 3 - F. cognatus cognatus
(Amur region); 4 - F jezoensis jezoensis (Kunashir Island, Ussuri
region). 5 - F korshunovi korshunovi (Posiet, Ussuri region): 6 - F.
ultramarines ultramarines (Ryazanovka, Ussuri region). A,
Dantchenko del,
• HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Preferring open places along
small rivers and streams flanked by young alders. Flight
period: mid-July to the end of August, sometimes up to the
end of September. Host plants: Alnus hirsute and other
species of Alnus. Egg-laying on different parts of the food-
plant: shoots, buds, old branches. Instar 1 larvae boring into
buds. Mature larvae (Pl. 88, fig. 4) roll the leaf and spend
most of the time inside the tube. Pupation on the underside
of the leaf or inside several leaves tied together.
• SIMILAR SPECIES. Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus: larger;
discal strokes on UNS sharp, bright; light vertical basal
stroke in costal area of UNH clearly marked; valvae with a
strongly angular distoventral portion, brachium with a
specific elbow part serrate on internal side (fig. 23).
FAVONIUS Sibatani et Ito. 1942
Favonius quercus (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 51 Jigs. 10-12.
Syst. Nat, (ed. 10): 482.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. [England, Europe].
•	RANGE. Europe, Asia Minor, Caucasus and Transcaucasia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical form is
known to occur in the European part to the Urals in the
east. Populations from the Caucasus and the Crimea are
intermediate toward the ssp. interjectus (Verity, 1919), the
latter taxon originally described from central Italy. The ssp.
longicaudatus (Riley. 1921) (TL: «...N.W. Persia, ...Karind
Gorge») lives in W. Iran and probably in Talysh Mts..
Azerbaijan as well as, according to Kopak (1977), in Hakkari.
Turkey.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The taxon longicaudatus is sometimes
treated as a synonym of quercus (Hesselbarth et al., 1995).
Riley (1921) recorded a male in «Lenkoran», now deposited in
BMNH. Unfortunately, until now no further specimens from
this area have become available for study, so the status ol
the population remains unclear. Superficially and in struc-
ture of the genitalia, the specimens available from other
parts of Transcaucasia are much closer to those from S.
Europe than to longicaudatus. For the subspecific classilica-
tion of quercus, see Bridges (1988).
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different kinds of forest and park
with oak trees, ranging from lowlands up to 2,800 m a.s.l-
Flight period: late June to mid-September. Host plants:
Quercus spp. (Q. robur, Q. macranthera}. Males patrol the
crowns of oak trees, showing territorial behaviour. Egg'
laying at base of buds on shoots. The fully formed larva over-
winters inside the egg shell. Hatching synchronised with bud opening. Mature
larvae (Pl. 88, fig. 3) build simple nests of leaves. Pupation in the soil (Dantchenko
etal., 1995).
SIMILAR SPECIES. Fauonius saphiri-
nlis: ground colour of UNS silver grey,
sometimes with light brownish tint;
ground colour of UPS in males with
strong metallic bluish or greenish
shine.
Fauonius orientalis (Murray, 18741
PI. 52, figs-1-3.
Ent. Monthly Mag., 11:169.
• TYPE LOCALITY. «Hab. Japoniam»
[Yokohama, Honshu, Japan],
.RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions;
China, Korea, Japan.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION.
Populations from the territories under
study are to be referred to the ssp.
schischkini (Kurentzov, 1970)	(=
primoriensis Murayama, 1978),
described from Mt. Golets, Sikhote Alin
Mts. All males studied from the Amur
and Ussuri regions seem to be invari-
able, while female variability remains
unknown. In addition to the nomino-
typical subspecies distributed in
Honshu, the ssp. shirosui Murayama,
1954 has been described from
Obichiro, Hokkaido.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Kurentzov (1970)
believed that S. Ussuri, lowland popula-
tions belonged to the nominotypical
subspecies, orientalis, and described
the ssp. schischkini from high alti-
tudes. Based on misidentified material
from the southern Ussuri region,
Murayama (1978) promoted schischkini
to full species status and described
primoriensis as a new subspecies of
orientalis. However, based on a revision
of the syntypes of schischkini, Dubatolov & Sergeev (1987) treat primoriensis as a
Junior synonym of schischkini and attribute the orientalis populations, both from
lowlands and high altitudes of the Amur and Ussuri regions, to the very same ssp.
schischkini. According to Fujioka (1994a), both schischkini and primoriensis must
be treated as synonyms of orientalis. This explanation seems incorrect though, the
итоге so as the types of orientalis have not been restudied yet. The status of the taxa
chosenicola Biyk, 1946 and hecalina Biyk, 1946, both originally described as
subspecies of orientalis as based on material from Korea, is not clear.
•	lABllATS AND BIOLOGY. Deciduous forest. Flight period: mid-July to the end ol
August. Host plant in the S. Ussuri region (Staudinger, 1878): Quercus mongolica.
_ggs laid in gaps of branches of the foodplant. Mature larval instars dark grey,
?П1^аг to those of cognatus and korshunoui, feeding mostly nocturnal. Pupation in
the soil.
Fig. 22. Male genitalia of some Fauonius (aedeagus, lateral view): 1 - F. orientalis schischkini
(Kamenushka, Ussuri region); 2 - F. taxilus taxilus (Barabash-Levada, Ussuri region); 3 - F. cognatus
cognatus (Amur region); 4 - F jezoensis jezoensis (Kunashir Island, Ussuri region), 5 - F korshunovs
korshunoui (Posiet, Ussuri region); 6 - F. ultramarinus ultramarinus (Ryazanovka, Ussuri region) A.
Dantchenko del.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Favonius korshunovi: tails of HW twice longer, about 4-7 mni,
bluish green ground colour in anal part of UNH not bordered with black brackets
coloured more deeply in contrast to remaining black ground colour of marginal
part; UNS colour in females brownish. Both male and female genitalia different
(figs. 21, 22).
Favonius cognatus (Staudinger, 1892)
PI. 51, figs. 21-23.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 6:152.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Sutschan» [Partizansk, Ussuri region, Russia]. Lectotype desig-
nated by Matsuda (1996).
•	SYNONYMS: vitjaz (Dubatolov et Sergeev, 1982); ussuriensis (Murayama, 1960).
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions, Japan, ?Sakhalin; adjacent parts of Korea,
China.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is known to occur
in the Amur and Ussuri regions. Males vary in UPS colouration from deep green to
blue with specific silvery tint. On UNS, these are commonly with silvery grey ground
colour, infrequently with light brownish tint. The subspecies latifasciatus (Shirdzu
et Hayashi, 1959), originally described from Yamaguchi, Honshu, is larger in size
(length of FW up to 24.0 mm), and with pure green ground colour which seems to
be less variable. Recently, Fujioka (1994) has described the taxon ackeryi China
(TL: «Yunnan, Tse-kou») as a subspecies of latifasciatus. Yet it appears possible that
ackeryi actually represents a distinct species.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The very complicated taxonomy of this species has recently
become the subject of hot debate summarized by Matsuda (1996). In the early 20th
century, Theda [Fauonius] cognatus was recognised as a form of orientalis with the
female UNH strongly brown. This explanation was completely accepted by
Kurentzov (1970). For the first time the male genitalia with their specific structure
have become figured and attributed to cognatus by Riley (1940). In the works of
Japanese authors (Kawazoe & Wakabayashi, 1976; Inomata et al., 1986), the taxon
Jozanus Matsumura, 1915 has been referred to as a subspecies of cognatus as
based on male genitalic structure. Dubatolov & Sergeev (1987) have found out that
the butterflies commonly treated as Favonius cognatus are conspecific with Thccla
[Fauontus] taxila (Bremer, 1861). This synonymy has been accepted by subsequent
students (Tuzov, 1993; Fujioka, 1994a). Recently, based both on an incorrectly
estimated number of specimens in the original type series and the original descrip
tion of cognatus, Matsuda (1996) has designated a lectotype of cognatus. This desig-
nation is correct following the formal provisions of Articles 73F(b) and 74(a) of ICZN,
hence accepted here. In the same work, a lectotype of Favonius ussuriensis has also
been selected. The type locality of ussuriensis, originally referred to as «Ussuri’
(Murayama, 1958) is to be refined from the original label reading «Ussuri/
Kasakevitch Coll 1905». “Kasakevitch” was interpreted as the collector’s name but
in reality this is a small town of Kazakevichevo (modern transcription) situated not
so far away from Khabarovsk.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Deciduous forest. Flight period: mid-July to the end of
August. Host plant in the S. Ussuri region: Quercus mongolica. Males display terri-
torial behaviour. Egg-laying in gaps of branches of the host plant. Mature larvae
dark grey, feeding mostly nocturnal. Pupation in the soil.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Favonius taxilus: tails of HW longer, up to 4-5 mm, ground
colour of UNW with clear brownish tint, postdiscal line finer and sharper, valvae
strongly hooked distally, in inner part with a large tooth medially. F. jezoensis'-
apical part of aedeagus bearing 5 or more distinct teeth (fig. 22).
favonius ultramarinus (Fixsen, 1887)
PI. 51, figs-24-26. '
in: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3:278.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «... aus Korea» [Pung-Tung, Korea].
. RANGE. Ussuri region: Korea, Japan.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in Korea
and the adjacent parts of the S. Ussuri region. Specimens from the territories
concerned are nearly invariable both in colouration and individual size, but females
vary slightly in the pattern on the postdiscal area often bearing two orange and one
bluish spot. From Japan, the following subspecies have been described: hayashii
Shirozu, 1951, and borealis Murayama, 1953, from Honshu and Hokkaido, respec-
tively. Two subspecies are recognised from China (Koiwaya, 1996): suffusa (Leech,
1894) and okumotoi Koiwaya, 1996.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Originally, ultramarinus has been described as a variety of
Thecla taxila. No exact number of specimens in type material can be elucidated
from the original description. Riley (1940) designated the «type» of ultramarinus
from the BMNH collection, recently figured by D’Abrera (1993). This specimen bears
the labels «Pung Tung, 17.7.[ 18]84 Herz» and «25.4.[18]85 Van Ultramarina», so this
can be considered as lectotype designation according to Article 74 (b) of ICZN. Later,
based on material from the ZISP collection, Dubatolov & Sergeev (1987) noted a
•holotype» of this taxon. Matsuda (1996) has also referred to the ZISP specimen as a
•true holotype». This situation with double lectotype selection seems best to become
the subject of a special petition to the ICZN commission.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Broadleaved or deciduous forest growing on dunes along
sea coast. Flight period: mid-July to the end of August. Host plant (Dantchenko et
al., 1995): Quercus dentata. Generally, males patrol crowns of the host plant, show-
ing territorial behaviour. Eggs laid in crevices of the bark of thick branches. Instar 1
larvae light grey, boring into buds. Mature larvae dark grey (PL 88, fig. 2), feeding
mostly nocturnal. Pupation in the soil.
Favonius taxilus (Bremer, 1861)
PI. 51, figs. 27-29.
Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, 3:470.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Oberhalbe Ema» [?Iman River. Ussuri region, Russia], Lectotype
designation by Dubatolov & Sergeev (1987).
•	SYNONYMS: cognatus auct., not cognatus (Staudinger, 1892).
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; China, Korea, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the
Amur and Ussuri regions. The following subspecies have been described from the
adjacent countries: jozanus (Matsumura, 1915) from Hokkaido, Japan and xinlon-
gensis (Murayama, 1991) from central China.
•	'AXONOMIC NOTES. As shown recently (Dubatolov & Sergeev, 1987), type materi-
al of Thecla taxila does not belong to Neozephyrus known to be associated biologi-
cally with Alnus species. Instead, taxila appears to represent a Favonius with
Quercus mongolica as the host plant, though mistakenly treated until recently
‘ hley, 1940; Inomata et al., 1986; Kawazoe & Wakabayashi, 1976; Matsuda, 1996)
2,s irj9riatus. This correction has subsequently been accepted (Tuzov, 1993;
; !l.jioka, 1994a; Dantchenko etal., 1995).
^Uhcir revision of the type of Thecla taxila, Dubatolov & Sergeev (1987) referred to
a "holotype». Yet in the English summary to this very paper the same specimen
•	<is termed as «lectotype». Unfortunately, the original description remains silent
concerning the exact number of taxila syntypes; so, according to ICZN (Articles 73p
74(a)-(b)), the above act must be considered as lectotype designation.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Deciduous forest. Flight period: end of June to the end
of August. Host plant in the Ussuri region (Dantchenko et al., 1995): Quercus
mongolica. Males display strong territorial behaviour. Eggs laid at buds on Jle
shoot side. Fully formed larvae overwintering inside the egg shell. Hatching
synchronised with bud opening. Young larvae dark grey but mature larvae brown
with reddish tint (Pl. 87, fig. 15), often building a simple nest of leaves. Pupation in
the soil.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Favonius jezoensis, F. cognatus: ground colour of UNS jn
females grey or grey with light brownish tint.
Favonius Jezoensis (Matsumura, 1915)
Ent. Mag. Kyoto, 1 (2): 57, pl. 2, fig. 6.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Jozankei» [Hokkaido, Japan).
•	RANGE. Sakhalin, Kuriles; Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Only a few specimens of the species have been
known from Kunashir Island, S. Kuriles. These are currently referred to the
nominotypical subspecies. In addition, jezoensis has been recorded in Sakhalin
(Asahi et al., 1999). The report of a few specimens of jezoensis from the coastal zone
of the S, Ussuri region (Fujioka, 1994) seems erroneous. In Japan, the following
forms are known to occur: the nominotypical subspecies, distributed in Hokkaido;
the ssp. azumqjamensis (Kanda, 1933) from Fukushima, and the ssp. magnificans
Murayama, 1953 from Honshu.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. According to Kurentzov (1970) and Lvovsky (pers.
comm.), this species has been collected in mountain forests of the Kuriles.
According to Fukuda (1984), it Dies from mid-July to the end of August, egg-laying
in gaps on branches of Quercus species. Mature larvae dark grey, feeding mostly
nocturnal. Pupation in the soil. It seems reasonable to surmise that the host plant
is Quercus crispula inhabiting the coastal zone in the S. Ussuri region, S. Sakhalin.
Kunashir, Hokkaido and N. Honshu.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Favonius cognatus: less than 5 distinct teeth in apical part of
aedeagus. F taxilus (male): tooth in inner part ofvalvae much larger (figs. 21, 22). E
taxilus (females): ground colour of UNS brown with reddish tint.
Favonius korshunovi (Dubatolov et Sergeev, 1982)
PI. 52, figs. 4-7.
Энт. обозр. [Ent. obozr.], 61 12): 375, figs. 1-2, 5.
	TYPE LOCALITY. «Приморье, 85 км юго-зап. Владивостока» [85 km SW of
Vladivostok, Ussuri region, Russia].
•	SYNONYM: aquamarines (Dubatolov et Sergeev, 1987).
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; Korea, China.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Rather strongly variable in individual size. The
nominotypical subspecies occurs in the Amur and Ussuri regions. Populations from
the W. Ussuri region seem referred to the ssp. macrocercus Wakabayashi et
Fukuda, 1985, a taxon originally described from Korea.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. We agree with Fujioka (1994) in treating the taxon aquamah'
nus as a junior synonym of korshunovi Material of korshunovi from the westert
part of the Ussuri region differs slightly from that from the coast zone, reason why
these populations of korshunovi could be regarded as a subspecies of macrocercuS-
The latter taxon has been described as a distinct species, most probably due
neglect of the original description of korshunovi. Fujioka (1994a) treats macroccrci^
-is a synonym of korshunoui but more material is needed to arrive at a final conclu-
sion.
HABITAT'S AND BIOLOGY. Deciduous broadleaved forest. Flight period: mid-July to
the end of August. Host plant: Quercus mongolicus. Egg-laying in gaps on branches
of the foodplant. Mature larvae dark grey (Pl. 88, fig. 1), feeding mostly nocturnal,
pupation in the soil.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Fauonius orientalis: tails of HW twice shorter, about 2-4 mm,
bluish green ground colour in anal part of UNH bordered with black brackets
coloured more deeply in contrast to remaining black colour of marginal part; UNS
colour in females greyish. In addition to the above details, there are strong differ-
ences in male and female genitalic structure (figs. 21, 22).
Favonius saphirinus (Staudinger, 1887)
PL 51, figs. 30-31.
In. Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3,: 135, pl. 16, figs. 3-5.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «... von Insel Askold» [Askold Island, S. Ussuri region, Russia].
.RANGE. Ussuri region; China, Korea, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the
Amur and Ussuri regions; the ssp. graeseri Dantchenko, 2000 on the sea shores in
the extreme southern Khasan District, Ussuri region. From Japan, the following
three subspecies have been described: nipponicus Murayama, 1953 from Shiga,
Honshu; Jezonicus Murayama, 1953 from Obichiro, Hokkaido; and oseanus
Murayama, 1954 from Ose, Honshu. In China [Sichuan], the taxa pedius Leech,
[1894] and odakai Koiwaya, 1996 are known to occur.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. According to Fujioka (1994a), all Japanese subspecies of this
species are to be regarded as synonyms, but the form from China as a subspecies of
saphirinus. However, this opinion seems to be too poorly documented to be accept-
ed.
• HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open places in broadleaved forest, deciduous wood-
lands. Flight period: end of June to the end of August. Host plant for the nomino-
typical subspecies in the Amur region (Kuznetsov & Sukhareva, unpubl.): Quercus
mongolica; in the S. Ussuri region for the ssp. graeseri (Dantchenko et al., 1995):
Quercus dentata. Generally, males patrol crowns of the host plant. Egg-laying on
young shoots of the foodplant or even on saplings about one meter high. Instar 1
larvae light grey, boring into buds. Mature larvae light brown with olive tint (Pl. 87,
fig. 14). Pupation in the soil.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Fauonius quercus: ground colour of UNS grey, in males ground
colour of UPS dusk violet.
CHRYSOZEPHYRUS Shirozu et Yamamoto, 1956
£hrysozephyrus smaragdinus (Bremer, 1861)
Pi- 52, figs. 8-10.
Mb'n. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, 3: 470.
•15PE LOCALITY. «Ussuri» [Ussuri region, Russia]. Lectotype designation by
Dubatolov & Sergeev (1987).
•SYNONYM: diamantinus (Oberthur, 1879).
‘RANGE. Ussuri region: Korea, China, Japan.
‘ DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Ussuri region is populated by the nominotyp-
Kal subspecies. The subspecies doerriesi Dantchenko, 2000 has recently been
( escribed from Sakhalin Island. From Japan, the following two subspecies have
Fig. 23. Male genitalia of some Chrysozephyrus (brachium): 1 - Ch. smaragdinus
smaragdinus (Ussuri region); 2 - Ch. smaragdinus amoenus (Honshu, Japan); 3 - Ch.
smaragdinus doerriesi (Sakahahn) A. Dantchenko del.
been described: odakae (Watari, 1925) (= luxury
anus Murayama, 1953) from Nagano, Honshu
and amoenus Murayama, 1953 from Shiga,
Honshu. The following subspecies are known
from China (Koiwaya, 1996): sikongensis
(Murayama, 1955) and abaensis Sugiyama, 1994.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Light gaps, openings^
road edges in deciduous forest. Flight period:
mid-July to the end of August. Host plant in the
S. Ussuri region (as based on the distribution of
the genus Cercisus): Cerasus glandulosa; in Japan
(Fukuda et al., 1984; Koiwaya, 1993): Cerasus
spp. The record by Graeser (1888) of .Qitm'us
mongolicus as a foodplant is erroneous and refers
in fact to Favonius taxilus (cf. Dantchenko. 2000).
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Chrysozephtjrus brillardinus:
ground green colour of UPS with clear gold tint;
UNH pattern finer, with neither prominent
submarginal brackets nor short stripes in costal
area.
Chrysozephyrus brillantinus (Staudinger. 18871
PI. 52, figs. 11-13.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3:130, pl. 6, figs. 3a-c.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...von der Insei Askold und vom
Suifun» [S. Ussuri region, Russia],
•	RANGE. Ussuri region: China, Korea Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotyp-
ical subspecies occurs in the Ussuri region and
the adjoining parts of Korea and China.
Populations from Japan are referred to the follow-
ing three subspecies: aino (Matsumura, 1915).
described from Ishiyarna, Hokkaido; cdpinus
(Murayama, 1954), described from Nagano,
Honshu, and kansaiensis (Murayama, 1954) from
Shiga, Honshu.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Following the revision of
Shirozu & Yamamoto (1956) and Howarth (1957).
brillantinus has been treated in several works
(Dubatolov & Sergeev. 1982; Tuzov, 1993) as a
junior synonym of Thecla aurorina (Oberthtir, 1880). Howarth (1957) reported type
specimens of aurorinus as deposited in BMNH, but in his revision he dealt with
genitalia prepared from males only. It should be noted, however, that the original
description of aurorinus has been based upon three females specifically coloured
with two bright orange spots. In two females which probably must be considered as
syntypes, extra metallic blue touches in the UPS postdiscal area have been
mentioned, the so-called AB form of Howarth (1957: 236). This form appears to
occur in females in varying frequency in all green Zephyrus. This is the reason why
aurorinus has been treated as a variety either of reginus (Elwes. [1882]: 88-k
Staudinger, 1892: 151) or of taxilus. or as a senior synonym of brillantinus. Yet no
lectotype of aurorinus has been designated. Riley (1939: 356) only mentioned oik
female and referred it to brillantinus. Recently, two females have been relocated and
photographed by Devyatkin (unpublished) in the BMNH collection. The pictures
clearly show females of Chrysozephyrus brillantinus. However, one of these females
fails to completely fit Oberthur's original description of aurorinus. Also, taking into
account that the third female, stated in the description as possessing extra metallic
blue touches, has not be relocated, the above material seems best to be questioned
as tvpica^ A similar opinion has also been expressed by some Japanese authors
(Inomata. 1980; Matsuda. 1996). Furthermore, the female with blue touches
mentioned in the original description fits completely the frequently occurring
female form of Favonius korshunovi. a species very common in the S. Ussuri region.
All this seems a sound reason for excluding the taxon aurorinus from consideration
until another, detailed revision has been undertaken.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Deciduous forest. Flight period: mid-July to the end of
August. Host plant: Quercus mongolica, this being unusual for the genus mostly
associated with Rosaceae as foodplants. Eggs laid solitarily mostly on flower buds
of the host plant. Mature larvae (Pl. 88, fig. 5) close in habitus to those of smaragdi-
nus but darker. Pupation in the soil.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus: ground bluish green colour of
UPS without clear gold tint: UNH pattern more prominent, clearly bordered with
white discal strokes, with strongly picked submarginal brackets and short stripes
in costal area.
ATARA Zhdanko, [1996]
Atara arata (Bremer, 1861)
PL 52, figs. 14-18.
Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg. 3: 470.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...im Bureja-Gebirge; ...zwischen. der Ussuri-Mundung und dem
Noor» [Bureinsky Mts.. Ussuri region).
•	SYNONYMS: ichnographia (Butler, 1866); tyrianthina (Butler, 1881): luniger (Seitz.
)1909]); ogaswarae (Matsumura, 1919); juliae (Kardakov, 1928); coreacola
(Matsumura, 1929); shakojiana (Matsumura, 1929); suzukii (Matsumura, 1929).
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions, Sakhalin, Kuriles; N. China. Korea, Japan.
 DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The species displays great variability in external
appearance. Specimens from the summer generation sometimes look like those of
A. betuloides. The nominotypical form populates the Amur and Ussuri, regions.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Lowland or montane deciduous forests. Flight period:
May to August, in two generations.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Atara betuloides: UPF with a clear yellow spot; dark bands on
UNS narrower; red spot at anal edge on UNH reduced.
Atara betuloides (Blanchard, 1871)
Pl 52, figs. 19-21.
C. r. hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., 72:810.
• ГУРЕ-LOCALITY. Western China.
• RANGE, s. Ussu ri region: Korea. N. China.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Only a few specimens are known from the S.
Ussuri region.
•HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Lowland deciduous forest. Flight period: July to August.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Atara arata: UPF without yellow spot, as a rule: dark bands on
UNS wider; red spot at anal edge on UNH more strongly developed.
CIGARITIS Denzel, 1847
Cigaritis epargyros (Eversmann, 1854)
PI. 52, figs. 22-27.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 27 (2): 178, pl. 1, figs. 1-2.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... die stidlichen Kirgisensteppen, nordlich vom Aral-See und ain
Sir-Darja» [Aktyubinsk Region, Kazakhstan],
•	RANGE. From Asia Minor to W. China, Iran, Afghanistan, S. Mongolia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in Turan,
the Tian-Shan, the Ghissar-Darvaz and the Alai. The ssp. transcaspica (Staudinger,
1901) inhabits the Kopet-Dagh and is distinguished by the larger and brighter
black spots on the UPS. The ssp. marginalis (Riley, 1921) with a darker ground
colour and a wider submaginal band on the UPF occurs in Azerbaijan and NW. Iran.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Deserts and semi-deserts, banks of canals, village
vicinities. Flight period: April to September, in two or even more generations. Host
plants (Shchetkin, 1960; Falkovich, 1986; Zhdanko, 1997): Alhagi spp.
ARMENIA Dubatolov et Korshunov, 1984
Armenia ledereri (Boisduval, 1848)
PI. 52, figs. 28-30.
Ann. Soc. ent. France, 2 (6): XXIX. N8.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...an pied du Caucase» [Gyanja. Kura Valley. Azerbaijan],
•	RANGE. Transcaucasia; Asia Minor.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Transcaucasia is populated by the nominotypical
subspecies represented by two forms, one with, the other without tails.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry bush-clad steppe and/or desert-clad slopes of
mountains at about 1,000-2,300 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to early August. Host
plants in Georgia and S. Armenia (Dantchenko, in press): Atraphaxis claghesianica
and allied species, in the Armenian Highland: A. spinosa (O. Gorbunov, pers.
comm.).
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Armenia hyrcanica: on UNH, two upper black spots of postdis-
cal row placed in same line with other ones (like a regular arch).
Armenia hyrcanica (Riley, 1939)
PI. 52, figs. 31-39.
Novit zool., 41: 360.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «N. Persia» [N. Iran],
•	RANGE. Transcaucasia, ?Kopet-Dagh, Ghissar, W. Pamirs; Turkey, Iran.
Afghanistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Over the territories concerned, the following
subspecies are known to occur: cyri (Nekrutenko, 1978) in the Caucasus Minor and
the Armenian Highland: seravshanica (J. J. Shchetkin, 1984) in the Ghissar. and
badachshanica (J. J. Shchetkin. 1984) in the W. Pamirs. Forms with or without
tails are present.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry bush-clad steppe and/or desert-clad slopes of
mountains at about 1,000-2,300 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plants in
Georgia and S. Armenia (Dantchenko, in press): Atraphaxis daghcstanica and allied
species, in the Armenian Highland: A. spinosa (O. Gorbunov, pers. comm.).
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Armenia ledereri: on UNH, two upper black spots of post discal
row separated from others.
SUPERFLUA Strand, 1910
Superjlua sassanides (Kollar. [1849])
pi 52, figs. 40-42.
In- Kollar, Redtenbacher, Uber Insekt. Slidpersien, 1:51.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Schiraz» [S. Iran], Lectotype designated by Dantchenko,
Eitschberger & Lukhtanov (2000).
. RANGE. From N. Iran across Middle Asia to the W. Tian-Shan; the NW. Himalaya
and central Tibet.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Kopet-Dagh is populated by the nominotypi-
cal subspecies; the other territories support the ssp. mirabilis (Erschoff, 1874), orig-
inally described from the Zeravshansky Mts.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry bush-clad steppe and/or desert-clad slopes of
mountains at about 500-2.600 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to July. Host plants
(Shchetkin, 1960; Degtyareva, 1981; Zhdanko, 1997); Amygdalus bucharica, A.
spinosissima, Cerasus verrucosa, Rosa spp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Superjlua lunulata: on UNH, white postdiscal row consisting of
curved rounded brackets.
Superjlua lunulata (Erschoff, 1874)
Pl 53, figs. 1-3.
!л; Федченко, Путешествие в Туркестан, II, 5 (3), (Lepidoptera): 7, табл. 1, рис. 5. [Fedtschenko, Voyage in Turkestan], II,
5(3), (Lepidoptera): 7, pl. 1, fig. 5].
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... между с. lopu и Дашты-Казы в Зеравшанской долине»
[... between lori and Dashty-Kazy in Zeravshan Valley. Uzbekistan],
•	RANGE. ?S. Ghissar, Ghissar-Darvaz, W. Pamirs.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Diy steppe or desert-clad foothills with bushes of Rosa,
Spiraea. Caragana at about 1,000-2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to July. Host
plants: probably Cerasus spp.
• SIMILAR SPECIES. Superjlua acaudata, S. goniopterum: HW without tails. S.
sassanides: on UNH, white postdiscal spots fusing into an entire line.
Superjlua acaudata (Staudinger, 1901)
PI. 53, figs. 4-6.
In: Staudinger, Rebel, Cat. Lep. palaearct. Faunengeb.: 70.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Ferg.[ana]» [Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan]. Lectotype designation
by Lukhtanov (1995).
•RANGE. N., W. and Inner Tian-Shan, Darvaz, Alai.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry steppe or desert-clad foothills with bushes of Rosa.
Spiraea, Caragana, Atraphaxis at about 1,000-3,200 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to
June. Host plants: Cerasus spp.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Superjlua lunulata: HW with tails. S. goniopterum: HW angular;
on UNH, postdiscal white band curved.
SupejJlua goniopterum (Lukhtanov, 1995)
P1- 53, figs. 7-9.
Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, 16 (1): 52, Abb. 5.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Usbekistan, siidwestlicher Teil des Gissar-Gebirge, Tuda, 2400
[Tuda, SW. Ghissar Mts., Uzbekistan],
•RANGE. Ghissar.
'HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry bush-clad steppe and/or desert-clad slopes at about
.000-2,400 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plants: probably Cerasus spp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Superflua acaudata: HW outline smooth; on UNH postdiscal
white band not curved. S. lunulata: HW with tails.
NORDMANNIA Tutt, 1907
Nordmannia herzi (Fixsen, 1887)
PI. 53, figs. 10-12.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3:279, pl. 13, fig. 4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Korea» [Pung Tung Mts., E. Korea).
•	RANGE, Amur and Ussuri regions; NE. China, Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the Amur
and Ussuri regions.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Deciduous broadleaved forest. Flight period: June to
July. Host plants (Kurentzov, 1970): Malus mandschurica, M. pallasiana. Egg laying
in small groups on shoots or, occasionally, at base of buds. Pupation mostly at the
feeding place (pl. 88, figs. 6, 7), pupa being attached to the substrate by a girdle
(Dantchenko et al., 1995).
	SIMILAR SPECIES. Nordmannia pruni: UNH with a white transverse line.
Nordmannia pruni (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 53, figs. 13-15.
Syst. Nat (ed. 10), 1:482.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Germania».
•	SYNONYM: prorsa (Hufnagel, 1766).
•	RANGE. Temperate belt from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. European part, Caucasus and Transcaucasia,
Siberia (except for the extreme North), populated by the nominotypical taxon: the
ssp. jezoensis (Matsumura, 1919) occurs in Transbaikalia and the Amur and
Ussuri regions.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Lowland or mountain forests, gardens and parks. Flight,
period: June to July. Host plants: Padus avium., P asiatica, Primus spp.
(Dantchenko et al., 1995). Eggs laid solitarily or in small groups on young shoots or
at base of buds. Pupation at the place of feeding (pl. 88, fig. 8), pupa being attached
to the substrate by a girdle.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Nordmannia herzi: UNH without white transverse line.
Nordmannia spini (Fabricius, 1787)
PI. 53, figs. 16-21.
Mant. Ins., 2: 68, Nr. 651.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Germania».
•	SYNONYMS: spini ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775), nomen nudum; lynceus (Esper,
[1779]), nom. praeoccup.; cerasi (Herbst, 1804), nom. praeoccup.
•	RANGE. From central Europe across Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia.
Iraq and Iran to the Kopet-Dagh and the S. Urals.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. S. and central European part, populated by the
nominotypical subspecies. Caucasus Minor and Major, Armenian Highland, Taly^1
and Kopet-Dagh - ssp. melantho (Klug, 1834).
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The exact status of the taxa mentioned above as synonyms
must be revised, probably partly these are «good» subspecies.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Bush-clad places in lowlands, gardens. Flight period-
June to July. Egg-laying in small groups on shoots or, occasionally, at base of buds-
Host plant in the European part: Rhamnus cathartica, in the Caucasus and
Transcaucasia (Dantchenko, in press): Rh. pallasii. Pupation in the soil near the
foodplant, occasionally at the feeding place, pupa being attached to the substrate
bv a girdle (O. Gorbunov, pers. comm.).
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Nordmannia w-album, N. ilicis: anal angle of UNH without blue
spot.
Nordmannia latior (Fixsen, 1887)
pi. 53, figs. 31-33.
in; Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3:271.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Pung-Tung» [E. Korea].
.RANGE. Transbaikalia, Amur and Ussuri regions; N. China, Korea.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mixed or broadleaved forests and river valleys. Flight
period: July to mid-August. Host plants in the Ussuri region (Kurentzov, 1970;
Dantchenko et al., 1995): Rhamnus davurica, Rh. ussuriensis; in Transbaikalia
(Tuzov, pers. comm.): Armeniaca sibirica. Egg-laying in clusters of two (at the
branching point) to 80 at the base of the trunk. The last instar larvae (pl. 88. fig. 10)
pupate in the litter on the ground.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Nordmannia w-album: anal angle of UNH without blue spot. N.
eximia: blue spot in anal angle of UNH surrounded by orange internally.
Nordmannia w-album (Enoch, 1782)
PL 53, figs. 25-30.
Beitr. Insektengesch., 2: 85, Tab. 6, Abb. 1-2.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Leipzig» [Germany].
•	SYNONYMS: cerasi (Fabricius, 1787); butlerovi (Krulikovsky, 1890); majuscula
(Jachontov, 1911).
•	RANGE. Temperate belt from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is distributed in
the European part, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Siberia, Transbaikalia, and
the Far East. The ssp. sutschani (Tutt, 1896) is known to occur in the Amur and
Ussuri regions, while the ssp. jentoni (Butler, 1881) inhabits Sakhalin and the
Kunashir Island, Kuriles.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. The exact status of the taxa majuscula and butlerovi must be
revised.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Forest edges and glades in deciduous forest, gardens
and parks. Flight period: June to mid-August. Host plants in central Russia
(Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Ulmus laevis; in the Ussuri region
(Kurentzov, 1970): U. japonica: in Transcaucasia (Dantchenko, in press): U. glabra.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Nordmannia eximia: androconial spot larger; on UNH. submar-
ginal and marginal white rows converging at upper margin. N. (atior, N. spini: anal
blue spot on UNH present. N. ilicis: on UNH, submarginal white row forming no W-
shaped pattern. N. prunoides: anal blue spot on UNH veiy small.
Nordmannia eximia (FLxsen, 1887)
P|- 53, figs. 22-24.
h Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3; 271, pl. 13, fig. 2.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Korea» [Pung-Tung Mts.].
•SYNONYMS: ajjinis ( Staudinger, 1892), nom. praeoccup.; jixseni (Leech, [1893]).
RANGE. Ussuri region; China, Korea, Taiwan.
, S3RIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Ussuri region is populated by the nominotyp-
,cal taxon.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Broadleaved forest. Flight period: July to September.
The life history has recently been described (Dantchenko et al., 1995). Egg-lay mg щ
small groups on shoots or at base of buds. The last instar larvae (pl. 88, fig. 11)
pupate in litter on the ground. Host plant in the Ussuri region: Rhamnus diamanti-
аса.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Nordmannia w-album: androconial spot small; on UNH, sub-
marginal and marginal white rows not converging at upper margin. N. latior: blue
spot in anal area on UNH not surrounded internally by orange.
Nordmannia prunoides (Staudinger, 1887)
PI. 53, figs. 37-40.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3:129, pl. 6, figs. 1a-b.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... bei Wladiwostok,... bei Ust-Kamenogorsk» [Vladivostok, Ussuri
region; Ust-Kamenogorsk, E. Kazakhstan].
•	SYNONYM: fulva (Fixsen, 1887).
	RANGE. Altais, Sayan, Transbaikalia, Amur and Ussuri regions: Mongolia. NE.
China, Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical form inhabits all these territo-
ries. Superficially, the species varies slightly but populations from the Altai and
Sayan mountains display a more brownish ground colour of the UNS.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. From Transbaikalia (TL: Sretensk, Chita Region, Russia), the
taxon runides Zhdanko, 1990 has been described (pl. 53, figs. 47, 48), still known
from the type series only. Additional studies are necessary to reveal its identity.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Along rivers and streams up to 1,500 m a.s.l. Flight
period: June to August. Host plant in the Altais (V. Dubatolov, pers. comm.):
Spiraea media; in the Ussuri region (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsky, in press): Spiraea
ssp. The records by Kurentzov (1970) of Padus maackii and Rhamnus davurica as
foodplants are most probably erroneous.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Nordmannia w-album: on UNH, submarginal white row forming
a W-shaped pattern.
Nordmannia ilicis (Esper, [1779])
PI. 53, figs. 34-36.
Schmett. Abb. Nat., 1 (1): 353.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Erlangen» [Germany].
•	SYNONYMS: lynceus (Fabricios, 1787), nom. praeoccup.; caudatula (Zeller. 1847);
bischoffii (Gerhard, 1850); cilicica (Holtz, 1897); syra (Pfeiffer, 1932); pmoptas
(Zerny, 1932).
•	RANGE. Central and S. Europe, W. Siberia, Asia Minor, Caucasus and I'rans-
caucasia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical form populates the territories
concerned.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. The exact status of the names mentioned above as synonyms
must be revised, probably partly these are «good» (sub)species.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Edges and glades of deciduous forest. Flight period
June to July. Host plants: Quercus spp. Egg-laying in small groups on уошН
shoots or at base of buds (pl. 88, fig. 9). Pupation on the ground or, occasionally. 011
shoots (Dantchenko et al., 1995).
•	SIMILAR. SPECIES. Nordmannia abdominalis, N. acaciae: UNH light grey; a
black spot on UNF at basal angle present; tails thin.
Nordmannia acaciae (Fabricius, 1787)
PL 53, figs. 41-43.
Mantissa Ins., 2:69.
,’П'РЕ LOCALITY, «...in Russia australiori» [S. European part. Russia].
•	SYNONYMS: nostras (Courvoisier, 1913), complete synonymy see in Bridges (1994).
•	RANGE. S. Europe, Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Turkey.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies populates the
territories concerned.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Bush-clad places up to 1,500 m a.s.l. Flight period:
June to July. Host plant in the Volga River region (Kumakov & Korshunov, 1979):
Pnmus spinosa; in Transcaucasia (Dantchenko, in press): Pranas diuaricata. Egg-
laving in small groups on young shoots or at base of buds (pl. 88, fig. 12). Pupation
on the ground or, occasionally, on shoots.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Nordmannia ilicis: UNS dark brown; a small black spot on UNF
at basal angle absent. N. abdominalis: on UNH, anal blue spot and tornal black spot
large; white transverse strip broad; tails long.
Nordmannia abdominalis (Gerhard, [1850])
PI. 53, figs. 44-46.
Versuch Monogr. europ. Schmett.: Taf. 4., Abb. 3a-b.
.TYPE LOCALITY, «...bei Elisabethpol» [Gyanja, Azerbaijan],
•	SYNONYMS: gerchardi (Staudinger, 1895); alboabdominalis (Pfeiffer, 1938); persica
(Riley, 1939); elta Higgins, 1964.
•	RANGE. Transcaucasia; E. Turkey, W. and S. Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Transcaucasia, populated by the nominotypical
subspecies.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The exact status of the taxa mentioned above as synonyms
must be revised, probably partly these are «good» (sub)species.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Xerophytous slopes overgrown by different bushes.
Flight period: July to August. Host plant in Transcaucasia: Cerasus microcarpa.
Egg-laying in small groups on young shoots or at base of buds. Pupation on the
ground or, occasionally, on shoots (Dantchenko. in press).
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Nordmannia acaciae: a small black spot on UNF at basal angle
present; white transverse strip narrow; tails short. N. ilicis: UNS dark brown; a
small black spot on UNF at basal angle absent; tails short.
NEOLYCAENA de Niceville, 1890
lYeolycaena sinensis (Alpheraky, 1881)
54, figs. 34-36.
Horae Soc. ent Ross., 16:383, pl. 14, fig. 7.
	TYPE LOCALITY. «Kuldja» [W. China],
•	SYNONYM: yilliensis Murayama, 1992.
•	RANGE. From, the eastern part of N. Tian-Shan to the Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.
and \V. China.
	НАЫТАГ AND BIIOLOGY. Dry bush-clad slopes in the mountains at about 800-
• 500 m a.s.l. Flight period: end of May to mid-July. Host plant (Zhdanko, 1997):
Moraga ria bal chased ens is.
Fig. 24. Male genitalia of some Neolycaena (ventral view, without aedeagus): 1 - N. sinensis (Ketmen Mts.); 2 - N. pretiosa (Alai); 3 - N medea (paratype, Terskei-Alatau Mts,! a - у
lunara (Dareaz); 5 - N. olga (Song-Kel Mts., Inner Tian-Shan). A. Zhdanko del.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena medea: with yellowish submarginal spots on UNH;
white postdiscal strokes bordered from inside by black colour: distal part of valvae
without, broadening; branches of gnathos thin; ostium with strong spines (figs. 24,
25).
Neolycaena medea Zhdanko, 1998
PI. 54, figs. 37-39.
Зоол. журн. [Zool. zhurn.], 77 (2): 196, figs. 1 (1, 6), 2 (2).
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Терскей Алатоо, ущелье реки Тамги» [Tamga River canyon,
Terskey Alatoo Mts., Kirghizia].
•	RANGE. Inner Tian-Shan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry bush-clad slopes, in the mountains at about
1,700-2,600 m a.s.l. Flight period: end of May to mid-July. Host plants: Caragana
spp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena sinensis: on UNH, white spots of postdiscal row not
touching the submarginal spots between veins M] and M2; white postdiscal strokes
on UNS not bordered from inside by black colour; distal part of valvae with a broad-
ening; ostium with very small tines (figs. 24, 25). N. olga: wings rounded; on UNF.
white pattern of postdiscal row shifted toward discal cell. N. pretiosa: white postdis-
cal strokes on UNS narrow.
Neolycaena olga Lukhtanov, 1999
PI. 54, fig. 40-42.
Atalanta, 30 (1/4): 131, pl. Ixb, Abb. 1-6.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Kirgisien, Tienschan, Suusamyr-Kette (ostlicher Teil), Kysyloi, 30
km W Tschaek, 1,800 m.»
•	RANGE. Inner Tian-Shan.
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Dry bush-clad slopes, in the mountains at about
1,600-2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: from the end of May to mid-July. Host plant-
Caragana sp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena medea: wings extended; on UNF, white point of
postdiscal row not shifted toward discal cell. N. pretiosa: on UNH, antemarginal
marking with yellowdsh spots.
Neolycaena pretiosa (Lang, 1884)
pi 54, figs. 43-45.
Rhop. Europae, 1:370.
.ТУТЕ LOCALITY. «Margelan, Russian Turkestan»
[N. slopes of Alaisky Mts., Kirghizia].
•	SYNONYM: pretiosa (Staudinger, 1886), nom.
praeaoccup.
•	RANGE. Alai (Alaisky Mts.) and Ghissar
(Turkestansky Mts., Song-Kel Tau Mts.).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring locally on
dry rocky slopes and in bushes in the mountains
at about 1,800-2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: end of
June to the end of July. Host plant: Caragana
turkestanica.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena lunara: on UNH,
yellow submarginal spots pale; postdiscal spots
broad; ostium with tines; wide part of valvae with-
out lateral projections (figs. 24, 25). N. olga: on
UNH, antemarginal marking without yellowish
spots. N. medea: on UNH. postdiscal white
strokes broad.
Neolycaena lunara Zhdanko, 1998
PI. 54, figs. 46-48.
Зоол. журн. [Zool. zhum.]. 77(2): 198, figs. 1(3, 5), 2(3).
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «хр. Кугитек, p. Обингоу, c.
Доштихасан» [Doshtikhasan, Obikhingou River.
Kughitek Mts., Tajikistan],
•	RANGE. Darvaz (Khozratishoh, Kughitek and Darvazsky mts.).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring locally among bushes on dry rocky slopes at
about 1,900-2,600 m a.s.l. Flight period: end of June to the end of July. Host plant:
probably Caragana turkestanica.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena pretiosa: on UNH. white postdiscal strokes narrow;
ostium wide, without teeth, valvae with lateral projections in medial part (figs. 24,
25).
Fig. 25. Female genitalia of some Neolycaena (antrum and bursa)- 1 - W. medea
(paratype, Terskei-Alatau Mts.); 2 - N. sinensis (Kelmen Mts): 3 - N. lunara (Darvaz) 4
- N. pretiosa (Alai). A. Zhdanko del.
Neolycaena rhymnus (Eversmann, 1832)
PI. 54, figs. 1-6.
Mem. Soc. imp. Natural. Moscou, 2: 350, pl. 19, figs. 1-2.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Sergiev.sk» |ca. 140 km N. of Samara, Samara Region, Russia],
•RANGE. From the S. European part, W., central and E. Kazakhstan to the Altais
and Sayan Mts.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Most of the distribution area is inhabited by the
nominotypical subspecies. From W. Kazakhstan (Betpakdala), the ssp.
betpakdalensis Zhdanko. 1998 has been described; and the ssp. rufina Lukhtanov,
1994 from the Katutau Mts., Dzhungarsky Alatau, SE. Kazakhstan.
•	habitats and BIOLOGY. Bush thickets in steppe, in the mountains up to 1,400
in a-s.l. Flight period: mid-May to the end of July. Host plant (Kuznetsov &
Mdrtynova, 1954; Zhdanko, 1997): Caraganafrutex.
IMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena falkovitshi: on UNH, yellowish dust present;
Stibmarginal spots larger; white spot at base absent; valvae with a lateral projection
ejaeciia]]y (fig, 26).
Fig. 25. Male gemlalia of some Neolycaena (venlral view, without aedeagus): 1 - N. rhymnus rhymnus (S. Russia); 2- N. fafcwrfsfti (paratype, Kemerovo Region), 3 - N.
E. Sayan); 4 - N. sajana (holotype, W. Sayan); 5 - N, ihensis (th Valley, Kazakhstan). A. Zhdanko del.
Neolycaena falkovitshi Zhdanko et Korshunov. 1984
PI. 54, figs. 7-9.
In: Korshunov. Butterflies of the West Siberian Plain: 61.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Кузнецкий Алатау, окр. пос. Мыски» [near Myski. Kemerovo
Region, Kuznetsky Alatau Mts., Russia].
•	RANGE. N. Altais and W. Sayan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Bush thickets at creeks and rivers in the steppe. Flight
period: end of May to early July. Host plant: probably Caragana fri ilex. Pupa hiber-
nating (Korshunov. 1985).
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena rhymnus: on UNH, yellowish suffusion absent:
valvae without lateral projection medially (figs. 26, 27).
Neolycaena irkuta Zhdanko, ] 1996]
PI. 54, figs. 12,13.
Selevinia, 1: 73.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Irkut» [Irkut River valley, Republic Buryatia. Russia].
•	RANGE. E. Altais, E. Sayan and W. Transbaikalia.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Bush-clad habitats in the steppe or semi-desert. Flight
period: June to July. Host plants: probably Caragana spp.
•	SIMILAR, SPECIES. Neolycaena davidi: male without androconial spot, distal end oi
valvae not so extended and with a somewhat longer spine. N. sajana: on UNH.
submarginal orange spots separated from each other, smaller than black spots:
genitalia different (figs. 26, 27).
Neolycaena sajana Zhdanko. [1996]
PI. 54, figs. 10, 11.
Selevinia, 2: 94.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Саяны, Арасан-Гол» [Arasan-Gol, Ubsunur Basin, W. Sayan.
Russia].
•	RANGE. Only known from the type locality in the W. Sayan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Probably bushes among steppe biotopes. Flight period:
end of June to July. Host plants: Caragana spp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena davidi: on UNH, submarginal orange spots connected
and larger than black spots; signum with two tines (figs. 26, 27). N. irkuta: signuni
absent (fig- 27); on UNH, submarginal
spots nearly fused and forming a band;
orange spots larger than black spots:
Neolycaena submontane
Zhdanko, [1996]
pl 54. fig5- 28-30; pl. 55, figs. 7-9.
Selevma, 1:74.
ЛАТЕ LOCALITY. «Заилийский Алатау,
40 км зап. Алма-Аты» [40 km W. of
Almaty, SE. Zailiisky Alatau Mts.,
Kazakhstan].
. RANGE. From the Ghissar-Darvaz, the
Pamirs-Alai, the N. Tian-Shan to the
Tarbagatai and Saur mts.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The
following subspecies are known to
occur over the territories concerned:
the nominotypical one in the W. and
N. Tian-Shan, the Turkestansky Mts.,
the Ghissar-Darvaz and the Pamirs-
Alai; oschi Zhdanko, 1998 in the E.
Alai, and saurica Zhdanko, 1998 in the
Tarbagatai and Saur mts.
.HABITATSAND BIOLOGY. Occurring usually in the midmontane belt up to 1,000-
1,800 m a.s.l., in the Pamirs up to 3,000 m a.s.l., on rocky slopes, in bush thickets.
Flight period: early June to July. Host plants (Zhdanko, 1997): Astragalus arbascu-
la, Caragana aurantiaca.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena tengstroemi: UNH light grey; ground colour of UNF
darkened, UNH grey; lower part of ductus not expanding toward ostium; latter
less than twice as broad as ductus; spines of signum short and less strongly sepa-
rated (fig, 27). N. aeto: UNH light brown; genitalia different (fig. 28, 29). N. illensis:
UNH nearly completely covered by bluish scales. N. carbonaria: UNH lighter. N.
eckweileri: contrasting white spots on UNS larger and not margined inside by black
colour. N. baidula: white postdiscal row on UNF not curved inside at apex; proximal
part of valvae not thickened medially; top of valvae slightly sharpened; signum
usually with one spine.
Fig. 27. Female genitalia of some Neolycaena (antrum and bursa): 1 - N. rhymnus rhymnus (S. Russia);
2 - N. sa/ana (paratype, W. Sayan); 3 - N. davidi (Buryatia); 4 - N. irkuta (E Sayan); 5 - N tengstroemi
tengstroemi(E. Kyzylkum Desert, Kazakhstan). A. Zhdanko del.
Neolycaena baidula Zhdanko, spec. nov.
PI. 55, figs. 4-6.
•	HOLOTYPE: d, Kirghisia, Baidulu Mts., 22 km S of Pass Dolon, 2,200 m a.s.l.,
16.07.1998, A. Zhdanko leg.
•	PARATYPES: 15 d, 4 9 ? same locality, 10, 16-18.07.1998, S. Churkin & A.
Zhdanko leg.; 7 d, 2 9, same locality and data, V. Tuzov leg.; 4 d, 2 9, same locali-
ty. 15.07.1999, S. Churkin & A. Zhdanko leg.; 5 d, Kirghisia, Baidulu Mts., 35 km
S of Pass Dolon, 1,800 m a.s.l., 15.07.1998, A. Klimenko & A. Gromenko leg.; 1 d.
f^ghisia. Baidulu Mts., 17 km S of Pass Dolon, 2,300 m a.s.l., 14.07.1992, V.
Pletnev leg.
Holotype, in the collection of ZISP. Paratypes, in the collections of ZISP, SDM, S.
• hpUr^n’ TL1ZOV and A. Zhdanko.
CRIPTION. Male (holotype). FW length 14.5 mm. Eyes with dense light hairs.
Fig. 28. Male genitalia of some Neolycaena (ventral view, without aedeagus): 1 - N subrnontana
subrnontana (paratype, Zailiisky Alatau Mts.); 2 - N. tengstroemi tengstroemi (E. Kyzylkum Desert); 3 - N.
baidula (paratype, Baidulu Mts., Inner Tian-Shan). A, Zhdanko del.
UPS dark brown. Fringes brown with
golden hue. FW with an elongate
androconial spot at discal cell. IJNp
dark brown with lightening at costa
and apex; transverse vein white. White
postdiscal row on UNF slightly curved
medially. Black postdiscal spots more
contrasting at apex. UNH dark brown
with lightening in submarginal area;
transverse vein narrow and white,
Basal dust of bluish scales wcll-devel-
oped and reaching the top of discal cell.
White postdiscal row consisting of
separate elongated spots and coloured
inside by black. Antemarginal marking
consisting of yellow-orange spots
restricted by black spots, latter skirted
by white scales.
Superficially, female similar to male
but UNS lighter.
Male genitalia (fig. 28) similar to those
of N. subrnontana but hollow between
parts of uncus not so deep. Branches of gnathos thin, sharpened, usually crossing
at base. Valvae in proximal part equally broad. Distal part, of valvae narrow and
elliptical, slightly sharpened distally.
Female genitalia. Papilae anales bean-shaped, sclerotized in 1/3. Anterior apophy-
ses narrow, slightly curved medially, somewhat longer than sclerotized antrum and
ductus. Antrum (fig. 30) funnel-shaped without dorsal bend. Ostium twice broader
than a rounded ductus. Latter with a short appendix dorsally. Between antrum and
ductus, a well-visible membraneous section. Bursa membraneous, with two signa.
Each signum with one spine.
•	RANGE. Inner Tian-Shan: Baidulu, Naryn-Too, Kara-Too, Moldo-Too mts.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Rocky and clayey slopes at about 1,800 to 2.500 m a.s.l.
Flight in July. Host plant: Caragana jabata. Egg-laying solitary at base of young
branches.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena subrnontana: white postdiscal row on UNF curved
inside at apex; proximal part of valvae thickened medially; valvae rounded apically;
signum with two spines; basal bluish tint not developed; antemarginal marking
larger.
Neolycaena tengstroemi (Erschoff, 1874)
PI. 54, figs. 14, 15,19-24.
In: Федченко, Путешествие в Туркестан, II, 5 (3), (Lepidoptera): 11, табл. 1, рис. 8. [Fedtschenko, Voyage in Turkestan], II.
5 (3), (Lepidoptera): 11, pl. 1, fig. 8].
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... в песках Кызылкум... близ Байракума» [Bairakum Sands. Б-
Kyzylkum Desert, Kazakhstan].
•	RANGE. Turan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Along with the nominotypical subspecies, which
inhabits most part of the distribution area, the following taxa have been described
from the territories concerned: ssp. kasakhstana Lukhtanov, 1990 from MangystaU
Mts., W. Kazakhstan and ssp. balchaschensis Zhdanko, 1998 from Sary-Esyk*
Otyrau Desert, E. Kazakhstan.
Fig. 29. Male genitalia of some Neolycaena (ventral view, without aedeagus): 1 - N. davidi davidi (Buryatia); 2 - N. eckweileri transihensis (paralype, Zailiisky Alatau Mts); 3 - N aero
(paratype, Darvaz); 4- N. carbonaria (W. Pamirs). A. Zhdanko del.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Bush-clad places in sandy deserts. Flight period: April
to May. Host plants (Zhdanko. 1997): Astragalus paucijugus, A. villosissimus.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena submontana: UNS monotonously dark brown: lower
part of ductus strongly extended toward ostium; latter more than twice broader
than ductus; spines of signum short and fused medially (fig. 30). N. iliensis: UNH
almost entirely covered with bluish scales.
Neolycaena iliensis (Grum-Grshimailo, 1891)
Pl. 54, figs. 16-18.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 25: 452.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Suidun (Kuldja)» [Hi River valley between Chorgos and Kuldja, W.
China],
• RANGE. Hi River valley (from Kuldja to Kapchagai Gorge).
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Bushes in semi-desert. Flight period: mid-May to mid-
June.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena tengstroemi, N. submontana: UNH with yellow
submarginal spots; genitalia different (figs. 28, 29).
^e°lycaena carbonaria (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890)
pl- 54, figs, 25-30.
h Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 4:387, pl. 8, fig. 9.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Baljuan» [Vakhshsky Mts., Tajikistan].
•RANGE. Darvaz and S. Ghissar.
* HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry bush-clad slopes in the mountains at about 700-
.000 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to June.
MILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena submontana.: UNH dark. N. aeto: UNH dark grey:
ennen more convex; valvae exceeding the distal end of tegumen; distal part ol
Ya vae gradually narrowed toward a sharpened tip (figs. 29, 30).
Fig. 30. Female genitalia of some Neolycaena (antrum and bursa): 1 - N. carbonaria (W. Pamirs); 2- N.
iliensis (Hi Valley, Kazakhstan); 3 - N. submontane submorlana (Zailiisky Alatau Mis.); 4 - W. aeto
(paratype, Darvaz); 5 - N. eckweilen transiliensis (paratype, Zailiisky Alatau Mts.); 6 - N. baidula (paratype,
Baidulu Mts., Inner Tian-Shan). A. Zhdanko del.
Neolycaena aeto Zhdanko, [1996]
PI. 55, figs. 1-3.
Selevinia, 1:73.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Долина реки ОСчодН-
гоу в Таджикистане» [Obikhingou River
valley, Darvaz, Tajikistan].
•	RANGE. Darvazsky and Peter I mts.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Bushes
among dry steppe-clad slopes at 1.900-
2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: mid-June
to early August. Host plant: probably
Caragana turkestanica.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena carbo
naria: UNH ochre-white; termen not
convex; branches of gnathos and un-
cus short (less than 1/3 of genitalic
length) (figs. 29, 30). N. submoruanit
UNH dark brown; genitalia different
(figs. 28, 29).
Neolycaena davidi (Obert hur. 1881)
PI. 54, figs. 31-33.
Etud. ent, 6:13.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Nordost Chinas» [NE.
China],
•	RANGE. Transbaikalia; Mongolia, NE.
China, E. Tibet.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In addition to the nominotypical subspecies
which occupies most of the distribution area including Transbaikalia, the ssp.
tangutica (Grum-Grshimailo, 1891) has been described from E. Tibet. It differs by
the somewhat larger white spots of the postdiscal row, which are shifted much
more strongly toward the external side of the wing, and the smallest spots of the
antemarginal markings.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Bushes in the steppe and/or mountains. Flight period:
mid-July to mid-August. Host plants (Korshunov & Gorbunov. 1995): Caragana
pygmaea, C. microphylla.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena irkuta: valvae rounded distally and with a short
spine; antrum broadened medially; androconial spots present; signum absent (fig-
26, 27). N. sqjana: smaller, submarginal spots on UNH separated; valvae with a
small spine distally (figs. 26, 27).
Neolycaena eckweileri Lukhtanov, 1993
PI. 55, figs. 10-15.
Atalanta, 24: 65.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Kasakhstan, Dzhungarian Alatau, Dzhalanashkol, 175 kni E-
Sarcand».
	RANGE. N. Tian-Shan and Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits Ле
Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.; the ssp. transiliensis Lukhtanov, 1993 has been
described from the N. Tian-Shan.
, HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring locally in mountain meadows at about 1,200-
! 800 m a.s.l. Flight period: mid-June to mid-July. Host plant (Zhdanko, 1997):
Caraqana aurantiaca.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Neolycaena subrnontana: white postdiscal spots on UNH
bordered inside with black scales; genitalia different (figs. 28. 30). N. iliensis: UNH
almost entirely covered with bluish scales.
CALLOPHRYS Billberg. 1820
Callophrys rubi (Linnaeus, 1758)
PL 55, figs. 16-21.
Syst Nat. (ed. 10), 1:483.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Sweden».
. RANGE. Temperate belts of Europe and Asia, except for deserts.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the west-
ern part of the distribution area (including the Caucasus and the Kopet-Dagh) up to
the Ural Mts. in the east, the ssp. borealis Krulikovsky, 1890 (= polaris Krulikovsky,
1893) populates the Urals, and the ssp. sibirica [Heyne], [1895] (= sachalinensis
Matsumura, 1929; = cynthia Johnson, 1992) inhabits the vast region ranging from
the Tian-Shan and the Altais across Siberia and Transbaikalia to the Far East, the
Amur and Ussuri regions. Sakhalin.
• HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Marshes as well as light, sandy-soil heath places with
broom, also forest and/or dry habitats. In the mountains, bush-clad places up to
2,000 rn a.s.l. Flight period: mid-April to mid-June, in a single generation. A partial
second generation has been reported from N. Africa. Host plants in the northern
parts of the distribution area: Vacciniium, Rubus: in forests and the southern taiga
belt; Frangula, Rhamnus, Ribes, Spiraea: in the steppe (Korshunov & Gorbunov,
1995): Caragana, Chamaecytisus, Hedysarum, Genista, Trifolium: in the Tian-Shan
also Hippophae rhamnoides.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Callophrys chalybeitincta: UPS grey with lead suffusion. C.
butleroui: anal lobe of HW undeveloped; genitalia different (fig. 31). C. titanus: larg-
er. fernale genitalia different (fig. 32).
Callophrys chalybeitincta Sovinsky, 1905
И- 55, figs. 22-27.
Русек, ант. обозр. (Rev. Ent. Rus.). 5:109.
•TYPE LOCALITY. From the lectotype selected by Nekrutenko (Hesselbarth & al.,
1995): «Дагестан, окр. Дербента» [Daghestan, vicinity of Derbent],
•SYNONYMS: caerulescens O. Bang-Haas, 1912; schamyl Sheldon, 1914.
•RANGE, s. Russia, Caucasus and Transcaucasia; NE. Turkey.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the
Caucasus. Transcaucasia and NE. Turkey. In the lower flow region of Volga River,
the ssp. eitschbergeri Dantchenko, 2000 is known to occur.
, • lABITAFS AND BIOLOGY. Bush-clad places in lowlands and/or at foothills. Flight
t	mid-March to the end of May. Host plant: Rubus (I. Popov, pers. comm.).
\ ^IILAR SPECIES. Callophrys rubi: UPS dark brown. C. paulae: anal lobe of HW
’•ndeveloped; androconial spot very small. C. armeniaca, C. dancherikoi: UPS dark
>rown, anal lobe of HW undeveloped.
Fig. 31 . Female gerulatia of some Callophrys (a - arilrum, b - signum): 1 - C. rubi sibmca (Zailnsky Alatau Mts ); 2 - C. haluma (paratype. Kopet-Dagh
Mts.); 3 - C. butlerovi (S. Urals); 4 - C. pau/ae Arofak(Talysh Mts.). A. Zhdanko del.
Callophrys hatuma Zhdanko, [1996]
PI. 55, figs. 28-30.
Selevinia (1996-1997): 21.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Колет-Дат, г. Душак, 2,200 м.». [Mt. Dushak, Kopet-Dagh, Turk-
menia].
•	SYNONYM: Jornada Nekrutenko et Tshikolovets, 1997.
. RANGE. Kopet-Dagh.
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Sparse bushes on dry stony steppe-clad slopes at about
1,900-2,400 m a.s.l. Flight period: end of April to the end of May. Host plant:
Onobrychis cornuta.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Callophrys paulae: androconial spot very small; anal lobes
reduced.
Callophrys paulae Pfeiffer, 1932
PI. 55, figs. 34-36.
Mitt. Munchn. ent. Ges., 22:30-31.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Marasch in turkisch Nordsyrien» [Maras, S. Turkey].
•	RANGE. Talysh Mts.; Asia Minor, N. Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Populations from the Talysh Mts. (Zuvand Plateau)
possibly belong to the ssp. kolak Higgins. 1965, a taxon described from NE. Turkey.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Xerophytous slopes at about 900-1,800 m a.s.l. Flight
period: May to June. Host plant in Transcaucasia and the Talysh Mts. (O. Gorbu-
nov & Dantchenko, pers. comm.): Onobrychis cornuta.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Callophrys rubi, C. hatuma: androconial spot large; anal lobe
well-developed. C. armeniaca: larger; androconial spot rounded and large; female
genitalia different [fig. 32). C. danchenkoi: female genitalia different (fig. 32).
Callophrys butlerovi Migranov, 1992
PI. 55, figs. 37-39.
Зоол. журн. [Zool. zhurn.], 71 (5): 136.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Южный Урал, южная часть хребта Кунгактау» [10 km S.
Meleuz, Kungaktau Mts., Republic Bashkiria, Russia].
•	RANGE. S. Urals and ?N. Kazakhstan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Thickets of Spiraea spp. in lowlands or at foothill-5-
Flight period: May to June.
Fig. 32. Female genitalia ol some Caltophtys (a - antrum, b - signum): 1 - C suaveola (Dzhungarsky Tian-Shan); 2 - C. titanus (paratype, W. Zailiisky
Alatau Mts.), 3- C. dantchenko: (paratype, Armenian Highland); 4- C. amen/aca (paratype, Mt. Aragats). A. Zhdanko del.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Callophrys danchenkoi: anal lobes reduced; frons with small
light green scales and white hairs only; lateral parts of antrum short and narrow;
signum with two uncurved, large tines (fig. 32). C. rubi: posterior apophyses very
slender (fig. 31). C. suaveola: anal lobes reduced; female genitalia different (fig. 32).
Callophrys danchenkoi Zhdanko, 1998
PI. 55, figs. 31-33.
Вестник Казахского Университета [Vestnik Kazakhskogo universiteta], 5: 48.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Нахичевань, Даралагезский xp., Бузгов, 1100 м» [Buzgov, Darala-
ghezsky Mts., Nakhichevan, Azerbaijan].
•	RANGE. Armenian Highland.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry xerophytous places with bushes of Ferula sp. at
about 800-1,800 m a.s.l. Flight period: June. Host plant in Transcaucasia
(Dantchenko, in press): Ferula rigidula.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Callophrys paulae: female genitalia different (fig. 31). C. armeni-
aca: androconial spots rounded and large; female genitalia different (fig. 32).
Callophrys suaveola (Staudinger, 1881)
PI. 55, figs. 40-42.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 42:279.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Lepsa» [Lepsy River valley, Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., SE.
Kazakhstan].
•RANGE. Dzhungarsky Alatau, Tarbagatai and Saur mts. to the W. and S. Altais.
•HABITAT'S AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad slopes with bushes at foothills at about
1.000-2.000 m a.s.l. Flight period: end of May to mid-July. Host plants: Ferula spp.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Callophrys titanus: antrum with very small lateral lobules (fig.
32). C. rubi: smaller; anal lobes of HW well-developed. C. butlerovi: female genitalia
different (fig. 31).
Callophrys titanus Zhdanko, 1998
figs. 43-45.
— J** Казахского Университета [Vestnik Kazakhskogo universiteta], 5: 46.
, 3^ LOCALITY. «175 км зап. Алма-Аты, xp. Жетыжол» [175 km W of Almaty,
Atzhailau) Mts., Kazakhstan],
GE. From the Pamirs-Alai to the N. and W. Tian-Shan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mainly shingly stony habi-
tats with Ferula spp. and Rheum maximowiczii in the
mountains at about 1,200-3,000 m a.s.l. Flight period:
May to June. Host plant: Rheum maximowiczii. Host
ants [Lasius spp.) carry away the eggs inside the anthill
for hibernation (Zhdanko, 1998).
•	SIMILAR. SPECIES. Callophrys suaueola: antrum with
lateral lobules (fig. 32). C. rubi: anal lobe of HW well-
developed; female genitalia different (fig. 31).
Callophrys armeniaca Zhdanko, 1998
PI. 55, figs. 46-48.
Вестник Казахского Университета [Vestnik Kazakhskogo urwersiteta], 5‘ 47
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Армения, гора Арагац, p. Амберд.
2000 м.» [Amberd River, Mt. Aragats. Armenia],
•	RANGE. Armenian Highland.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Xcrophytous slopes ai
about 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June. Host plant:
probably Onobrychis sp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Callophrys paulae. C. danchenkoi:
androconial spots elongated and small; female Wiiiialia
different (figs. 31. 32). C. chalibeitincta: anal lobe of HW
well-developed.
AHLBERGIA Bryk, 1946
Ahlbergia frivaldszkyi (Lederer, 1855)
PI. 56, figs. 1-3,7-9,16-18.
Verb, zooi.-bot. Ges. Wien, 5: 100, Taf. 1. Abb. 1.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Berge in der Nahe von Hsi
Buchtarminsk» [Ust-Bukhtarminsk. W. Altais. Kazakh -
stan],
•	RANGE. From the Altais to the Ussuri region; Mon-
golia. N. China.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The distribution of
the taxon requires verification as, for a long time, this
species was not distinguished from other congeners, hi
the latest revision of Ahlbergia by Johson (1992). the
distribution area of this species is said to cover the*
territory up to the Amur and Ussuri regions. The
nominotypical subspecies lives in the Altais. From the
Sayan to Transbaikalia, the ssp. tricaudata Johnson.
1992 is known to occur. The taxon aquilontina
Johnson, 1992 (= inopinata Omelko et Omelko, 1995)
from «Manchuria» is very close to tricaudata and wells
Fig. 33. Genitalia of Ahlbergia (a - male genitalia, ventral view; b - saccus, c - comui; 4 - ieng"
genitalia; e - signum)- 1 - A frivaldszkyi frivaldszkyi, topotype; 2-4, Invaidszkyi fm-afclszkp
Chingan Mts."; 3 - A Irivaldszkyi tricaudata, holotype (male) and allotype (female): 4 - A
aquilonana, holotype (male) and allotype (female). After Johnson (1992).
in the Amur and Ussuri regions. In the north, the
species reaches the borders of the taiga belt.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. A. tricaudata has been described
as a subspecies of frivaldszkyi, however its status
requires confirmation.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Outskirts of woods and
riades in forest. Flight period: May to June, sometimes
to mid-July. Territorial behaviour of males
pronounced, especially in the evening. Host plant in
the Sayan (Korshunov, 1969): Spiraea hypericifolia.
Pupation in rolled leaves. Host plant in the S. Ussuri
region (Omelko & Omelko, 1995): Aruncus parvulus.
Egg laid on flowers and buds. Larvae feeding both on
flowers and leaves. Pupation in litter. Hibernation
pupal.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Ahlbergia korea, A. aleucopuncta:
androconial spots 2-3 times wider; anal lobe of HW
reduced. A. leei: genitalia different (fig. 34).
Ahlbergia korea Johnson, 1992
Pl 56, figs. 10-11.
Neue ent. Nachr., 29: 23.
•	TYPE LOCALHY. «South Korea».
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions: E. China, Korea.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Superficially, very close to A.
Jerrea (Butler, 1866), from Japan, but distinguishable
by structure of the male genitalia. Possibly a sub-
species of Jerrea.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Deciduous forest up to 600-
700 m a.s.l. Flight period: April to June. Host plants in
the S. Ussuri region (Omelko & Omelko, 1995):
Lonicera chamissoi and Padus maackii. Eggs laid soli-
tarily at base of leaves and buds. Larvae feeding on
flowers, germs and fruits, as a rule; sometimes on
leaves. Host ants observed.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Ahlbergia jrivaldszkyi, A. leei,
A. aleucopuncta: androconial spots very small; anal
lobe of HW well-developed; genitalia different (figs. 33,
34).
•Ahlbergia leei Johnson. 1992
56, figs. 4-6.
Neue ent. Nachr., 29:25.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «China».
•RANGE. From the Sayan and Transbaikalia to the
Amur and Ussuri regions; China.
1
i
2
3
34
“ • >eniialia of Ahlbergia (a - male genitalia, ventral view; b - saccus; c - comuh, d - female
-’ si9num): 1 - A. aleucopuncta. holotype (male) and allotype (female); 2 - A. korea, holotype
'to ‘ ‘ (female); 3 - A. leei, holotype (male) and allotype (female); 4 - A arquata. holotype
W affehype (female) After Johnson (1932).
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Based on genitalic structure, this species has been refeirej
to as frwaldszkyi (cf. Omelko & Omelko. 1995).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Broadleaved forest. Flight period: April to May.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Ahlbergia korea: androconial spots 2-3 times wider; anal lobe of
HW reduced. A. frivaldszkyi, A. aleucopuncta: genitalia different (figs. 33. 34).
Ahlbergia aleucopuncta Johnson, 1992
PI. 56, figs. 13-15.
Neue ent. Nachr., 29:33.
•	TYPE LOCALITY’. *Qua-Se. Yu-tong, Kitchang-Kou, Tibet».
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; China (Yunnan, Sichuan).
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Based to the structure of the genitalia, this taxon is very
close to A. tricaudata Johnson, 1992, maybe even its synonym.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Broadleaved forest. Flight period; April to May.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Ahlbergia korea: androconial spots 2-3 times wider: anal lobe of
HW reduced. A. leei: genitalia different (fig. 34).
Ahlbergia arquata Johnson. 1992
PI. 56, figs. 19.
Neue ent. Nachr., 29:27.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Andijan, E. Turkestan» [Andizhan, Uzbekistan],
•	RANGE. W. Tian-Shan.
•	TAXONOMICAL NOTES. This species is little-known. Besides the holotype, from
Andizhan, Johnson (1992) has selected several paratypes with the label reading
«Turkestan», without exact locality though.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Unknown.
TOMARES Rambur, 1840
Tomares fedtchenkoi (Erschoff, 1874}
PI. 56, figs. 44-49.
In: Федченко, Путешествие в Туркестан, II, 5 (3), (Lepnoptera); 8, табл. 1, рис. 6. [Fedtschenko, Voyage in Turkestan, II, 5
(3), (Lepidoptera): 8, pl. 1, fig. 6.]
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... окр-ти Самарканда (3), Ждизманское ущ. (9)» [Uzbekistan,
vicinity of Samarkand; Zeravshansky Mts., Zhdizmansky Gorge],
•	RANGE. From S. Turkmenia (Badkhvz), the Ghissar-Darvaz, the Pamirs-Alai to the
W. and N. Tian-Shan; Afghanistan, N. Pakistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Besides the nominotypical subspecies from S.
Turkmenia (Badkhyz), the Ghissar-Darvaz, the Alai, and the W. and N. Tian-Shan,
the ssp. alpinus (Grum-Grshimailo. 1890) is known from the Pamirs and the S.
Ghissar.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Grassy places in valleys, at foothills and in the moun-
tains up to 800-2,600 m a.s.l. Flight period: mid-April to mid-May. Host plants:
Astragalus spp. Larvae living inside a alobose inflorescence. Hibernation pupal.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Tomares calllmachus: UNH grey, with black points.
Tomares romanovi (Christoph, 1882
PI. 56, figs. 38-43.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 17:106.
	TYPE LOCALITY : «Ordubad» [Ordubai. Nakhichevan, /Azerbaijan].
•	RANGE. Transcaucasia, the Kopet-Dazh; Turkey, Iran.
DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The distribution of
"the subspecies is as follows:
sSp romanovi (Christoph, 1882) - Armenian Highland;
Ц-5Р cachetinus Nekrutenko. 1978 - Georgia;
ssp. cyprius Stichel, 1911 - PTalysh, ?Kopet-Dagh.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Grassy places in lowlands
or in the mountains up to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period:
niid-April to the end of May. Host plant in the
Armenian Highland (O. Gorbunov & Dantchenko, pers.
comm-): Astragalus finitimus, in the Kopet-Dagh
(Zhdanko, 1997): A. schahrudensis. Larvae living inside
a globose inflorescence. Hibernation pupal.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Tomares telernachus: fringe of FW
narrow, its inner margin wavy; inner margin of fringe of
HW wavy too; on UNH greenish dust reduced; postdis-
cal and basal black-orange spots present; female geni-
talia different (fig. 35). T. callimachus: UNH grey, with
black points.
Tomares telernachus Zhdanko, spec. nov.
Pi. 56, figs. 29-31.
•	HOLOTYPE: <3, Kopet-Dagh, 70 km E of Ashkhabad,
Karachaudan. 800 m. A. Zhdanko leg.
•	PARATYPE: 19 3, 3 2. same locality and data, A.
Zhdanko leg.
Holotype, in ZISP. Paratypes, in the collections of ZISP,
SDM, S. Churkin and V. Tuzov.
•	DESCRIPTION. Male (holotype). WF length 13.5 mm. Frons covered with long black
and white hairs. Third joint of antennae by far shorter than others. FW bright
orange, darkened at periphery. Outer edging narrower than in T. romanovi but
somewhat broader than in T. callimachus. Darkened area at cross-vein present but
no so strongly as in T. romanovi. Fringe dark basally and white distally. More than a
half of HW darkened. Fringe spotty at end of veins. Ground colour of UNF orange,
periphery light grey. Discal cell with three large black spots. Postdiscal row consist-
ing of three small black spots and not extended to the middle of wing. Antemarginal
row of black rounded spots full, in the shape of a regular arch. Ground colour of
UNH light grey, slightly darkened and with bluish green dust at base. Postdiscal
row full but not clear. Antemarginal marking reduced.
Female. Similar to male but outer edge of FW more convex and its black border
broken up medially into separate fragments. Outer margin of HW more wavy,
orange area larger. UNF with dark spots anally of discal cell; marking from dark
spots on UNH more readily visible.
Male genitalia (fig. 35). Lobes of uncus leaf-like with lower ends rounded and
curved inward. Branches of gnathos thick, semi-circular in shape, contracted and
pointed distally, with a hook-like apex. Valvae in basal 1/3 oval, nearly not fused,
with a cut at base and long needle-shaped appendices laterally. Valvae narrowed
distally, their ends not exceeding the lateral sides of uncus. Aedeagus twice longer
than entire genitalia, netirly straight. Vesica with a large claw-like cornutus basally.
Saccus flat, triangular, flattened basally.
Female genitalia (fig. 36). Papillae anales extended, triangular, slightly sharpened
apically, narrowly membraneous basally. Posterior apophyses short and rounded
apically, about twice as long as papillae anales. Anterior apophyses broad and
Fig. 35. Male genitalia of some Tomares pemral view): 1 - T telernachus
(holotype. Kopet-Dagh Mts.), 2 - T callimachus callimachus (Transcaucasia)
A. Zhdanko del.
Fig. 36. Female genitalia of some Tomares: 1 - T. telemachus
(paratype. Kopet-Dagh Mts.), 2 - T. гаталои romanovi
(Transcaucasia). A. Zhdanko del.
rounded. Antrum obliquely truncate, funnel-shaped. Ductus
thin, long, tube-shaped, about twice longer than 9th
segment. Bursa membraneous, without signum.
•	RANGE. Only known from the type locality.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Grassy clearings between small
hills at about 500-1,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: mid-April t0
mid-May. Host plants: probably Astragalus spp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Tomares romanovi: outer edging broader,
its inner margin and HW not wavy; UNH bluish green;
female genitalia different (fig. 36). T. callimachus: on UNF
and UPF dark edging broad (more than 2 mm); orange area
not rounded; valvae with a short lateral spine (fig. 35).
Tomares callimachus (Eversmann, 1848)
PI. 56, figs. 20-25, 32-34.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 21: 208.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Grusien» [Khanlar, Azerbaijan). Lectotype
designation by Nekrutenko (1995).
•	SYNONYMS; epiphania (Boisduval, 1848); hafts (Kollar,
[1849]).
•	RANGE. From the S. European part and Kazakhstan to Asia
Minor. Turkey and Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Occurring in the S.
European part, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Turan,
the Kopet-Dagh, the W. and N. Tian-Shan. From the Crimea,
the ssp. tauricus Korb et Yakovlev, 1998 has been described,
but its status remains unclear. Individual variability great,
surpassing geographical one. For this reason, we consider
division of this species into subspecies as unwarranted.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry rocky, steppe like and/or
desert-clad hills and foothills up to 1,400 m a.s.l. Flight
period: end of March to the end of May. Host plants in
the lower flow of Volga River and NW. Kazakhstan (Dan-
tchenko. in press): Astragalus vulpinus: in Zailiisky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko. 1997): A.
leptostachys. Instar 1 larvae feeding on flowers, older instars on seeds. Hibernation
pupal.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Tomares desinens: fringe exactly chequer (pure white and
black); valvae with long and thick spines. T. telemachus: on UNF and UPF, dark
edging narrow; orange area rounded; valvae with a long lateral spine (fig. 35). 7-
nogelii: UNH with rows of black-orange spots.
Tomares desinens Nekrutenko et Effendi, 1980
PI. 56, figs. 26-28.
Nota lep., 3 (1-2): 69, figs. 1-4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «USSR: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic: Talysh MountaiI1S-
Zuvand: Gili-dara: 1800 m».
•	RANGE. Known from the type locality only.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Semi-arid mountain belt with xerophytous vegetatiw1-
Flight period: May.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Tomares callimachus: fringe monochromous.
p0Tnares nogelii (Herrich-Schaffer, [1851])
p! 56, figs- 35-37, 50-52.
Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europas, 6: 33.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Amasia» [Amasya, Turkey].
.SYNONYMS: dobrogensis (Caradja, 1895); obscura Ruhl, [1893].
.RANGE. From SE. Europe to Asia Minor, Lebanon. Syria.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In the S. European part (including the Crimea),
the nominotypical subspecies is Imown to occur.
•	HABITAT'S AND BIOLOGY. Flying locally over steppe-clad slopes of gullies. Flight
period: mid-May to mid-June. Host plant in the S. Ukraine (Pljushch et al., 1984):
Astragalus ponticus. Instar 1 larvae living in flowers but mature larvae feeding on
seeds.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Tomares Callimachus: UNH without blue suffusion.
LYCAENA Fabricius, 1807
Lycaena helle ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775)
PI. 57, figs. 1-6.
Syst. Werke Schmett. Wienergegend: 181.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Umgebung von Wien» [Vienna. Austria],
..SYNONYM: amphidamas (Esper. 1780).
•	RANGE. From N. and central Europe across Siberia to the Ussuri region,
Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.: Mongolia, China.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the
European part of the distribution area, including the Caucasus Major. The Asian
part is populated by the ssp. phintonis (Fruhstorfer, 1910).
• HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Wet forest meadows and bogs, mountain meadows up to
2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: April to June, in the North from June to July, in one
generation, but in the southern part of the range sometimes a second generation is
observed in July to August. Hibernation pupal. Host plants in the European part
and Siberia (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): Bistorta major. Persicaria amphibia.
Rwnex aquaticus. R. acetosa; in the Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko, 1997):
Bistorta elliptica.
Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus 1761)
Pl. 57, figs. 7-39.
Fauna Svec. (ed. 2): 285.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «.. .in pratis Westmanniae» [Vastlmanland, central Sweden].
•SYNONYMS: timeus (Cramer, 1777); virgaureae (Fourcroy, 1785); eleus (Fabricius,
1798); aestiuus Zeller, 1847; turcicus Gerchard, 1850.
•RANGE. The entire Palaearctic Region exclusive of the extreme North.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is distributed over
the European part, W. Siberia, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. In addition, the
following taxa have been described from the territories concerned. Unfortunately,
the status ol a number of these requires confirmation.
SSP- °xia.na (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890) (= turanica [Heyne], 1895; - naruena
Courvoisier, 1911; = coccineus Ford, 1924) - Kopet-Dagh, Alai, Ghissar-
Darvaz, Tian-Shan;
ssp. comedarum (Grum-Grshimailo. 1890) - E. Pamirs;
SSP. stygiana Butler, 1880-W. Pamirs;
SSP- polaris (Courvoisier, 1911) - N. Urals, N. Siberia, Chukotka;
ssp. ganalica P. Gorbunov, 1995 - Kamchatka;
ssp. hypophlaeas (Boisduval, 1852) (?= hyperborea Ford, 1924) - Altais, S. and
central Siberia, Amur region, N. and central Ussuri region.;
ssp. chinensis (Felder, 1862) (= matsumurana (Bryk, 1946)) - S. Ussuri region;
ssp. daimio (Seitz, [1909]) (= kutilensis (Matsumura, 1928), = kuriliphlaeas (Bryk,
1942)) - Sakhalin and Kuriles.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Plastic ecologically and occurring in different land-
scapes, though preferring open biotopes, in the mountains up to 4,500 in a.s.l.
Flight period: April to November, in 1-4 generations, depending on local conditions.
Hibernation larval. Host plants (Korshunov, 1995, 1996: Hesselbarth et al., 1995):
Rumex, Polygonum, etc.; in the Zailiisky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko, 1997): Rumex
acetosa.
HEODES Dalman, 1816
Heodes virgaurea (Linnaeus, 1758)
PI. 58, figs. 25-36.
Syst, Nat. (ed. 10), 1:484.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Schweden, Vastlmanland».
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region,
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies (= oranula (Freyer,
1887); = estonica (Huene, 1883); = caucasica (Jachontov. 1908); = alexandrae
(Fruhstorfer, 1909); = inalpinus Verity. 1913; = balcanicolaGraves et Hemming, 1928)
populates the European part, the Caucasus Major and Minor, W. Siberia, the
Tarbagatai Mts., and the Altais. The ssp. uirgaureola (Staudinger, 1892) (= steni Bryk.
1946; = mongolica (Kurentzov, 1970)) occurs in the Sayan. Transbaikalia, the Amur
and Ussuri regions; the ssp. lena (Kurentzov. 1970) inhabits the central Urals,
central Siberia and the Far East; the ssp. armeniaca (O. Bang-Haas. 1906) has been
described from the /Armenian Highland.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe and forest-steppe belts of Europe and Asia.
Occurring in meadows and other open landscapes, both lowland and montane up
to 3,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: late June to August, in one generation. Host plants
in central Russia and Transcaucasia (O. Gorbunov & Dantchenko, pers. comm.):
Rumex acetosa and allied species. Eggs-laying on dry substrates near the host
plant. Hibernation ovarial.
Heodes tityrus (Poda, 1761)
PI. 60. figs. 1-3.
Ins. Mus. Graec.: 77.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Vicinity of Graz, Austria.
	SYNONYMS: action (Pontoppidan, 1763); dotilis (Hufnagel, 1766); donlas
(Rottemburg, 1775); ctrce ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775); xanthe ([Denis et
Schiffermuller], 1775); phocas (Rottemburg, 1775); argentifex Balint, 1990.
•	RANGE. From Europe across the Caucasus and Transcaucasia to W. Siberia, the
Tarbagatai and Altai mts.; Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Over the study territory (European part. <
Siberia, Tarbagatai, /Altais, Sayan, Caucasus and Transcaucasia), the noniinotvpi'
cal subspecies is known to occur.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES: The taxa orientalis (Staudinger. 1881), opisthochros Veritv
1939 and consonans Jachontov, 1906 can be regarded as infrasubspecific cate-
gories because their black markings occur in specimens from various parts ol the
distribution area.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Preferring warm sandy biotopes
with rich vegetation, meadows, in the mountains up to 2,200
ni a.s.l- Flight period: May to June and July to September, in
two generations. Host plants (Higgins & Riley, 1970): Rumex,
Sarothamnus. Hibernation larval.
Heodes hippothoe (Linnaeus, 1761)
PI. 60, figs. 5-12.
Fauna Svec. (ed. 2): 274,
. TYPE LOCALITY. Sweden.
. RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In the territory concerned,
several geographical forms are known;
ssp. hippothoe (Linnaeus, 1761) (= chryseis ([Denis et
Schiffermuller], 1775); = euridice (Rottemburg, 1775): =
alciphronides (Krulikovsky, 1897);	= spadona
(Krulikovsky, 1909)) - European part, W. Siberia,
Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., Tarbagatai Mts.;
ssp. stiberi (Gerhard, 1850) - N. Urals;
ssp. eurybia (Ochsenheimer, 1808) (= sajana (Kozhan-
tshikov, 1923)) - Altais, Sayan, Far East;
Fig. 37. Male genitalia of some Heodes 1 - H ruppothoe
(Kopnvnica, Croatia), 2 - H. candens (Pitibeg Ml., Macedonia) After
Jaksic, 1998,
ssp. amurensis (Staudinger. 1892) - Transbaikalia, Amur and Ussuri regions.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Common over wet meadows, sometimes bogs, both
lowland and montane up to 1,000 m a.s.l.. in the W. Sayan up to 2,800 m a.s.l., in
S. Siberia in steppe habitats. Flight period: May to July, in one generation. Host
plants (During, 1955; Ebert, 1991): Rumex, Polygonum: in the Moscow Region
(Dantchenko, in press; O. Gorbunov, pers. comm.): Rumex hydrolapathum, R.
confertus. Hibernation as early instar larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Heodes candens: somewhat larger; genitalia different (fig. 37). T.
alciphron: postdiscal row of black spots on UNF irregular; UNH grey, black spots
larger, anal lobe well-developed, last black spot of marginal row present, as a rule.
Heodes candens (Herrich-Schaffer, 1844)
PI. 60, figs. 13-15.
Syst Bearb. Schmett. Europas, [1844]: Taf. 229-231: Text [1845].
•	IYPE LOCALITY. «Kleinasien» [Turkey].
•	RANGE. From the Balkan Peninsula across Asia Minor to N. Turkey, Transcaucasia
and Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both the Caucasus and Transcaucasia is popu-
lated by the ssp. pfeifferi Beuret, 1952.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Wet mountain meadows at about 1,000-3.700 m a.s.l.
Flight period: June to July, in one generation. Host plants in Transcaucasia
(Dantchenko. in press): Rumex ssp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Heodes hyppothoe: somewhat smaller; genitalia different (fig. 37).
THERSAMONOLYCAENA Verity, 1957
Thersamonolycaena dispar ([Haworth], 1802)
“58, figs, 7-12.
PfOdromus Lepid. Brit.: 3, N44 et nota.
TYPE LOCALITY. «Anglia, ...Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire».
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of the entire Palaearctic Region.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Once the nominotypical subspecies inhabited
England but it disappeared there about a hundred years ago. The European part, t.he
Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the N. and W Tian-Shan, the Dzhungarsky Alatau
Mts., and the Ghissar are populated by the ssp. rutila (Werneburg, 1864). Besides
that, the following taxa occur over the territories concerned: ssp./estiva (Krulikovsky,
1909) - W. Siberia; ssp. dahurica (Graeser, 1888) - Transbaikalia and W. Amur
region.; ssp. aurata (Leech, 1887) (= borodowskyi (Grum-Grshimailo. 1900); = parvus
(Kurentzov, 1941)) - central Siberia, E. Amur and Ussuri regions.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring in wet open landscapes, in the Zeravshan and
Syr-Darya valleys in riverine thickets, in the mountains up to 2,000 in a.s.i. Flight
period: June to August, in one generation, but sometimes in the southern parts of the
distribution area two generations can develop. Host plant in the Zailiisky Alatau Mts.
(Zhdanko, 1997): Rumex acetosa: in central Russia (Dantchenko. in press; O. Gorbu-
nov, pers. comm.): R. hydrolapathum. R. con/ertus. Hibernation as early instar larvae.
Thersamonolycaena violacea (Staudinger, 1892)
PI. 58, figs. 4-6.
D. ent. Z. Iris, 5:315.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Kentei» [Kudara-Somon, Malakhansky Mts., Republic Burvatia.
Russia (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995)].
•	RANGE. S. Siberia from the Altais to Transbaikalia; Mongolia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Altais. the Sayan, and Transbaikalia are
populated by the nominotypical form.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe or steppe-like stations in lowlands and/or at
foothills up to 1,600 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plant (Korshunov &
Gorbunov. 1995): Rheum rhabarbarum.
Thersamonolycaena splendens (Staudinger. 1881)
PI. 58, figs. i-3.
Stett ent. Ztg., 42: 280.
	TYPE LOCALITY. «Lepsa» [Lepsy Valley near Cherkasskoe, Dzhungarsky Alatau
Mts., Kazakhstan].
•	RANGE. Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts. and Tian-Shan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring in wet mountain meadows at about 1.200'
3,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plant in the Zailiisky Alatau
(Zhdanko. 1997): Aconogonon alpinum.
Thersamonolycaena alciphron (Rottemburg, 1775)
PI. 58, figs. 13-21.
Anmerk. Tab, Schmett., Naturforscher, 6:11.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. [Vicinity of Berlin, Germany].
•	SYNONYMS: virgaurea (Hiifnagel, 1766), nom. praeoccup.; lampctie ([Denis H
Schiffermuller], 1775); hipponoe (Esper, [1778]); hiere (Fabricius, 1787).
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of the entire Palaearctic Region.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following taxa are known to occur over the
territories concerned:
ssp. alciphron (Rottemburg, 1775) - European part, W. Siberia. Altais. Sayan:
ssp. melibea (Staudinger, 1878) (= jrugina Fruhstorfer. 1917) - Caucasus and
Transcaucasia;
s	sp. naryna (Oberthiir, 1910) - N. and Inner Tian-Shan, Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.,
ssp. mbida Korshunov, 1995 - Transbaikalia;
ssp. chairemon (Fruhstorfer, 1917) - Carpathians.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Wet meadows, bottomlands, in the mountains up to
2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August. Host plants in Europe (Lang, 1884;
Eckstein, 1913): Rumex spp.; in Transcaucasia (Dantchenko, in press): Rumex
alpestris, in central Russia (O. Gorbunov, pers. comm.): R. confertus; in the
Zailiisky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko, 1997): Rumex acetosa.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Heodes hippothoe: postdiscal row of black spots on UNF regu-
lar; UNH reddish grey or brownish, black spots smaller, anal lobe not developed,
last spot of marginal row absent.
Thersamonolycaena aeolus Wyatt, 1961
p|. 57, figs. 40-42.
J. tepid. Soc., 15:17.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Bala-Quran, Anjuman Valley, Hindu Kush Mts., Afghanistan,
4300 m».
. RANGE. W. Pamirs (Shugnansky and Ishkashimsky mts.); Afghanistan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Locally over high-montane meadows at about 3,000-
4.000 m a.s.l. F'light period: June to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Thersamoriolycaena aeolides: smaller; red colour on UPS deep;
bluish grey suffusion, on UNS extensive; on UNS, M3-Cuj black spot distinctly
displaced.
Thersamonolycaena aeolides Churkin, 1999
PI. 57, figs. 43-45.
Atalanta, 29 (1/4): 125, pl. IVb, fig. 1.
.Type LOCALITY. «Ghissar, Fanskie Mts.»
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Ghissar.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. A local little-known species. Flight in June to July at
about 3.000-3.500 m a.s.l.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Thersamonolycaena. aeolus: larger; red colour on UPS not so
deep but usually with violet iridescence; bluish grey suffusion on UNS not exten-
sive, all submarginal black spots arranged in one wavy line.
THERSAMONIA Verity, 1919
Thersamonia thersamon (Esper, [1784])
PS. 59, fig. 1-12.
Schmett. Abb. Nat., 1 (2): 176. Taf. 89, Abb. 6.
•	ГУРЕ LOCALITY. «Sarepta, Siidrussland» [Sarepta (Krasnoarmeisk), vicinity of
Volgograd, Russia!.
•	SYNONYMS: hyllus (Cramer, 1775), nom. praeoccup.; omphale (Klug, 1834); hylla
Eogak, 1983. nom. praeoccup.
•	RANGE. From S. Europe across Asia Minor and Middle Asia (except for the high-
ands of Tian-Shan and E. Pamirs) to the Altais and W. China.
IISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The subspecies persica (Bienert. 1870) inhabits
, Kopet-Dagh and the Ghissar and is distinguished from the nominotypical form
У the brighter submarginal band on the UNH. The other parts of the distribution
• нлп concerned are populated by the nominotypical subspecies.
' KATS AND BIOLOGY. Semi-arid to mesophilous stations, road borders, agricul-
landscapes. Usually in the mountains up to 2,000 m a.s.l. but in the Ghissar at.
1 Xnit 2,900-3,400 m a.s.l. Flight period: April to October, in 1-4 generations,
Fig. 38. Female genitalia of some Thersamonia (antevaginal
plate). 1 - Th. kurdistanica (Transcaucasia); 2 - Th. thersamon ther-
samon (E. Kazakhstan). A. Zhdanko del.
depending on the local conditions. Host plants in Europe
(Falkovich, 1969; Zhdanko, 1997): Rumex, Polygonum avion-
lare, Bistorta major; in semi-desert biotopes (Zhdanko, 1997);
Atraphaxis laetevirens; in the lower flow region of Volga River
(Dantchenko, pers. comm.): Timonium gmelinii; jn
Transcaucasia and the Kopet-Dagh (O. Gorbunov, pers,
comm.): Acantholimonspp. Hibernation larval.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Thersamonia alaica: wings rounded;
black antemarginal spots on UNS larger. T. kurdislanica:
somewhat larger; UPS with bright reddish gold hue; female
genitalia different (fig. 38). T. ochimus: UPF darkened near
apex; two upper black spots of postdiscal row on UNH shift-
ed inward.
Thersamonia kurdistanica (Riley, 1921)
PI. 59, fig. 13-15.
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9)8: 598.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Harir, Karind Gorge, and Kermarishah»
[Iran].
•	RANGE. Armenian Highland; NE. Turkey, W. Iran.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Arid biotopes. Flight period: April to September, in
several generations.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Thersamonia thersamon: somewhat smaller; UPS without bright
reddish gold hue; females genitalia different (fig. 38).
Thersamonia ochimus (Herrich-Schaffer, [1852])
PI. 59, fig. 19-21.
Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europas, 6: 31.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Kleinasiem [Turkey],
•	SYNONYMS: phaeton (Freyer. [1850]), nom. praeoccup.; kefersteini (Gerhard,
[71850]), nom. nudum (cf. Hesselbarth et al., 1995).
•	RANGE. Transcaucasia; Turkey, Syria. Lebanon,
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the
Armenian Highland; the ssp. ocliferius Nekrutenko, 1977 the Caucasus Minor; the
ssp. sachandensis Schurian et Hoffmann, 1982 the Talysh Mts.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring in xerophytous biotopes with rich vegetation
up to 1,600 m a.s.l. Flight period: May and July to September, in two generations.
Host plants in Georgia and the Armenian Highland (Dantchenko, in press):
Acantholimon spp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Thersamonia thersamon: UPF apex without darkening: two
upper black spots of postdiscal row on UNH not shifted inward.
Thersamonia asabinus (Herrich-Schaffer, [1852])
PI. 59, figs. 22-24.
Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europas, Taf. 109, Fig. 527-528. Text [1852] 6: 32.	;
	TYPE LOCALITY. Amasya, Turkey.
•	SYNONYMS: asabinus (Gerhard, [1851]), nomen nudum; helius (Herrich-Schatfer,
[1852]).	]
•	RANGE. From Lebanon and Turkey to Transcaucasia and Iran.	
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Arid to semi-arid highlands at about 1,000-3,000 m a ?
Flight period: June to August. Host plants in the Armenian Highland (Dantchenko,
press): Acantholimon spp., flies in two generations, hibernation as young larvae.
Thersamonia thetis (Klug, 1834)
PI. 59, figs. 25-27.
Symbol. Physicae, Taf. 40, Abb. 17-18.
,'П'РЕ LOCALITY. «Syria».
.SYNONYMS: ignitus (Herrich-Schaffer, 1846); caudatus (Staudinger. 1901),
.RANGE. From Greece across Asia Minor to the Armenian Highland; Iraq and
Iran.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring locally in arid stations at about 2,200-2,600
in a.s.L Flight period: July to August. Host plants in the Armenian Highland
(Dantchenko, in press): Acantholimon spp.
Thersamonia tampon (Lederer, [1870])
Pl. 59, figs. 28-30.
Horae Soc. ent Ross., 8 (1): 8.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Gebirge Lendakuh/Hadschyabad» (Hajiabad near Astrabad
(Gorgan). N. Iran].
•	SYNONYM: lamponides (Staudinger, 1901).
. RANGE. Kopet-Dagh; SE. Turkey, Iran.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Very dry gorges. Flight in May to June and August to
September, in two generations. Host plants (Zhdanko, 1997): Acantholimon
erinaceum, A. pulchellum.
Thersamonia alaica (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888)
PL 59, figs. 16-18.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 22:305.
 TYPE LOCALITY. «Alai» [Malyi Karamyk River, southern slope of the Alai Mts. near
Daraut-Kurgan, Kirghizia].
•	RANGE. Pamirs-Alai and S. Ghissar; ?NE. Afghanistan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring very rarely on meadows at 2,200-4000 m
a.s.l. Flight period: July to August.
• SIMILAR SPECIES. Thersamonia thersamon: outer edge of wings straight; black
antemarginal spots on UNS smaller.
Thersamonia solskyi (Erschoff, 1874)
PI. 59. figs. 31-36.
In: Федченко, Путешествие в Туркестан, II, 5 (3), (Lepidoptera): 8, табл. 1, рис. 7. [Fedtschenko, Voyage in Turkestan], II,
5 (3), (Lepidoptera): 8, pt 1 Jig. 7].
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Maracanda» [mountains SE. of Samarkand, Uzbekistan].
•RANGE. Pamirs-Alai, Ghissar-Darvaz and Tian-Shan.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the
Ghissarsky, Turkestansky and Zeravshansky mts. The taxon Julminans Grum-
Grshimailo, 1888 has been described from the Zaalaisky Mts., also occurring in the
Tian-Shan, the Alai and the Darvaz. The Sary-Dzhaz Mts. are probably populated
by a separate subspecies.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. The status of Julminans Grum-Grshimailo, 1888 is not so
clear because a number of forms transitional toward the nominotypical one are
known to occur.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Preferring arid biotopes with sparse spiniferous plants
about 2.000-3,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August. Host plant in the
•	^a^au Mts. (Zhdanko, 1997): Acantholimon laxum.
# ^bAR SPECIES. Thersamonia adithya: black margin of UPS narrow; black apical
И4 on UPF triangular. T. attila: black postmarginal spots on UNH very close to
submarginal ones; medial spots of postdiscal row on UNF not reduced. T. alpher
akyi: UNS darker, black marking unclear.
Thersamonia alpherakyi (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888)
PI. 59, figs. 37-39.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 22: 305.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Hindukusch orient.» [Muztag Mts., SW. China].
•	RANGE. E. Pamirs and NW. China.
	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The full species rank of T. alpherakyi is considered doubtful
by some authors, sometimes it is treated as a subspecies of T. solskyi.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Arid biotopes with sparse spiniferous plants at 3,500-
4,200 m a.s.l. Flight period: July to August. Host plant (Zhdanko. 1997):
Acantholimon pamiricum.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. 'Thersamonia aditya. T. solskyi: UNS lighter, black marking
distinct. T. attila: UPS orange-gold; UNS white with a strong pattern of black spots
and orange submarginal marks.
Thersamonia attila Zhdanko, 1990
PI. 59, fig. 43, pl. 83, fig. 43.
Энт. обозр. [Entom. obozr.], 69 (1): 140.
	TYPE LOCALITY. «Иркештам на границе с Кашгарией, 1600 м (sic!)» [Irkeshtain,
2600 m (!), eastern part of Zaalaisky Mts., Kirghizia].
•	RANGE. Known from the type locality only.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Thersamonia solskyi: black postmarginal spots on UNH some-
what separated from submarginal spots; medial spots of postdiscal row on UNF
reduced. T. alpherakyi: UPS yellow-gold; UNS brownish with a vague pattern of
black spots and reduced orange submarginal marks.
Thersamonia aditya (Moore, [1875])
PI. 59, figs. 40-42.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 571, pl. 66, fig. 1.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Dros valley (between Tashgan and Korkitchor), Ladak...» [N.
Pakistan].
•	RANGE. W. Pamirs; Afghanistan, Pakistan, N. India.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Xerothermic biotopes with sparse spinigerous plants at
about 2,500-3,900 m a.s.l. Flight period; June to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Thersamonia solskyi: black margin of UPS broader; black apical
spot on UPF extended along costal margin. T alpherakyi: smaller; UNS brownish
with a vague pattern of black spots and reduced orange submarginal marks.
PHOENICURUSIA Verity, 1943
Phoenicurusia margelanica (Staudinger, 1881)
PI. 60, figs. 16-24.
Stett. ent Ztg., 42: 282.
	TYPE LOCALITY. «Margelan» [northern slope of Alaisky Mts., Kirghizia].
•	RANGE. From S. Tajikistan to the N. Tian-Shan.
•	DISTRIBTION AND VARIATION. A highly variable species. The nominotypical
subspecies occurs in the central part of the distribution area (Ghissar, Darvaz. Alai.
W. Tian-Shan, W. Pamirs); the ssp. legezini Zhdanko, 1999 populates the southern
part of the range (S. Ghissar: Babatag, Karatau, Teriklitau and Rangontau mis )
.ind is distinguished from the nominotypical form by the well-expressed orange
antemarginal band on both sides of the wings. The ssp. nigra Zhdanko, 1999 (TL:
Zailiisky Alatau Mts.) inhabits the northern part of the area, viz., the mountains
around Lake Issyk-Kul, Kirghizia.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Bush-clad places on dry rocky semi-deserts, on slopes
at low to middle elevations, in the mountains at about 1,000-2,500 m a.s.l. Flight
period: June to July. Host plants (Zhdanko, 1997): Atraphaxis frutescens, A. pyrifo-
lia.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Athamanthia dilution UPF yellow-brown without violet hue; tails
brown. A. churkini: distal end of valvae without small teeth, distal end of antevagi-
nal sclerite without teeth (fig. 39).
ATHAMANTHIA Zhdanko, 1983
Athamanthia athamantis (Eversmann, 1854)
Pi. 60. figs. 42-45.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 27 (3): 180, pl. 1, figs. 3-4.
.TYPE LOCALITY, «...die siidlichen Kirgisensteppen, nordlich vom Aral-See und am
Sir-Darja» (Aktyubinsk Region. Kazakhstan].
•	SYNONYM: iliensis (Staudinger. 1886).
•	RANGE. Turan. Dzhungarsky Alatau.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Usually occurring in sandy deserts and, locally, in dry
stony semi-deserts up to 1,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to June. Host plant
(Zhdanko, 1997): Atraphaxis spinosa.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Athamanthia alexandra: in tornal region of UNH. submarginal
orange spots connected with marginal black spots. A. phoenicura: UHF without
bright orange band: branches of gnathos thick (fig. 40).
Athamanthia alexandra (Pungelcr, 1901)
PI. 60, figs. 34-41.
0. ent. Z. Iris, 14:179, Taf. 2, Abb. 6, 6a-b.
• TYPE LOCALITY. «... Alexandergebirge» [E. part of Kirghizsky Mts., Kirghizia].
•RANGE. Central Kazakhstan. N. Tian-Shan and Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.
(Malaisary and Hi River valleys, Sholak, Katut.au, Ortatau mts.).
•DISTRIBT1ON AND VARIATION. Besides the nominotypical subspecies, the ssp.
darja Zhdanko. 1990 is known to occur in the Syr-Daiya River valley. It differs from
the nominotypical form by the very small size. The ssp. zhanibeki Zhdanko, 1999
has been found in the Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts. and Hi River valley. This
subspecies is distinguishable from the ssp. alexandra by the small size and the
smaller spots of the marking on the UNS.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Bush-clad places in desert or in steppe-like habitats at
foothills up to 1,400 m a.s.l., sometimes in stony or sandy deserts. Flight period:
June to July. Host plants (Zhdanko, 1997): Atraphaxis spinosa, A. laetevirens.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Athamanthia athamantis: in tornal region of UNH, submarginal
orange spots not connected with marginal black spots.
Athamanthia phoenicura (Ixderer. [1870])
P!- 61, figs. 1-3.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 8 (1): 8, tab. 8. figs. 4-5.
 IVPE LOCALITY, «...near Astrabad» [Gorgan, N. Iran],
'SYNONYM: scimilans (Christoph, 1887).
Fig. 39. Female genitalia of some Atharnanthia (ostium and antrum): 1 - A. athamantis (lh Valley,
Kazakhstan): 2 - A alexandra zhanibeki (Hi Valley. Kazakhstan): 3 - A. dilution (Alai Mts.); 4 - A churkini
(paratype. Keke-Meren Mts., Kirghizia); 5 - A. furgena (Zailiisky Alatau Mts.); 6 - A. japhetica irghaa
(central Kazakhstan). A. Zhdanko del
•	RANGE. Turkmenia (Kopet-Dagh Mts.)
S. Armenian Highland; Turkey. Iran
Afghanistan, Pakistan.
•	D1STR1BTION AND VARIATION. The
nominotypical subspecies lives in ihe
Kopet-Dagh. In the Nakhichevan
Republic, Azerbaijan, the ssp. mehcer-
tis Nekrutenko, 1985 is known i0
occur. Probably the latter taxon is a
synonym of transcaucasica (Miller,
1923), which has been described from
Kagyzman (Arax River valley, NE.
Turkey).
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry 'bush-
clad places at 1,000-1.500 m
a.s.l. Flight period: May to June. Host
plant (Kuznetsov. 1960): Atraphaxis
spinosa.
	SIMILAR SPECIES. Atharnanthia. sogdi.-
ana: part of discal and postdiscal black
spots on UNH surrounded by orange
scales: genitalia different (fig. 40).
Atharnanthia rushanica Zhdanko, 1990
PI. 61, figs. 9-11.
Энт. обозр. [Ent. obozr.], 69 (1): 138, figs. 6-7,11b.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Памир, Хорог, канал Ханиф, 2,500 м» [Khorog, Hanif Canal, W.
Pamirs, Tajikistan].
•	RANGE. W. Pamirs and Ghissar.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Habitats at crags and screes at about 2,000-2,800 m
a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plants: Atraphaxis spp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Atharnanthia sogdiana: club of antennae straight; on UNH.
black submarginal spots rounded.
Atharnanthia sogdiana Zhdanko. 1990
PI. 61, figs. 4-6.
Энт. обозр. [Ent obozr.], 69 (1): 138, figs. 8-9,11a.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Южный Таджикистан, xp. Табакчи. Калининабад» [Tabakchi Mts.
near Kalininabad. Tajikistan],
•	RANGE. S. Turkmenia (Badkhyz), S. Ghissar.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry bush-clad places, in the mountains from 500 up t°
1,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: May. Host plant: Atraphaxis spinosa.
	SIMILAR SPECIES. Atharnanthia phoenicura: discal and postdiscal black spots on
UNH not surrounded by orange scales, black submarginal spots narrow, genitalia
different (fig. 40). A. rushanica: club of antennae curved: on UNH, black narrow
submarginal spots forming straight lines.
Atharnanthia dilutior (Staudinger, 1881)
PL 60, figs. 25-27.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 42: 283.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Margelan» [N. slope of Alaisky Mts.. Kirghizia].
•	RANGE. Alaisky' Mts.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring
locally on dry bush-clad slopes in the
inidmontane belt from 1,200 to 2,000
m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July,
post plant: Atraphaxis sp.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Athamanthia
churkini: FW extended; discal area of
у pH lighter; genitalia different (fig. 39).
phoenicurisia margelanica: UPF brown
with violet, hue; tails black.
Athamanthia churkini
Zhdanko, 2000
PI. 60, fig. 28-30.
Tethys Ent. Res., 2: ?
.'ПТЕ LOCALITY. «7 km SE. Kyzyl-Oi
loc..Keke-MerenR., Kirghizia. 1,650 m».
.RANGE. Known from the type locality
only.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Flight in
July over steep dry slopes at about
1,500 m a.s.l. Host plant: probably
Fig. 40. Female genitalia of some Athamanthia (ostium and antrum): 1 - A. phoemcura (Kopet-Dagh
Mts.); 2- A sogdiana (paratype, Tabakchi Mts S. Ghissar,.); 3- A. ruschanica (W. Pamirs), 4 - A rnferafW.
Tian-Shan); 5- A. dimorpha dimorpha (Dzhungarsky Alatau). A. Zhdanko del.
Atraphaxis laeteuirens.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Athamanthia dilution. FW broader; discal area of UPH darker;
genitalia different (fig. 39).
Athamanthia issykkuli Zhdanko. 1990
Энт. обозр. [Ent. obozr.J, 69 (1): 135, figs. 4-5.
 TYPE LOCALITY. «Issyk-Kul». [No exact locality is known. Based on indirect
evidence (Lukhtanov, pers. comm.), the type series seems to derive from China
(Aksu River valley), not from the vicinity of Lake Issyk-Kul].
•RANGE. Tian-Shan.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Athamanthia eitschbergeri: UPS with black postdiscal spots;
UNS with an orange submarginal band. A. alexandra: UPS without bright purple-
violet hue: tails longer. A. dimorpha: UPS without bright purple-violet hue.
Athamanthia eitschbergeri Lukhtanov, 1993
PI. 61, figs. 27-29.
Atalanta, 24:71, Taf. 3, Abb, 1-4,
• ГУРЕ LOCALITY. «Kirgisien, westlicher Terskey-Alatau, zwischen Rybatschje und
Orto-Tokoi» fOrto-Tokoi Waterworks, Terskei-Alatau Mts., Kirghizia].
•RANGE. Lake Issyk-Kul Depression.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Semi-desert biotopes at foothills at about 1,400-2,100
m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plants: Atraphaxis spp.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Athamanthia dimorpha: UPS without violet hue. A. alexandra:
UNH with an orange submarginal band.
Athamanthia dimorpha (Staudinger, 1881)
"•61, figs. 15-20.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 42:282.
LOCALITY. «Lcpsa» [luepsy River valley near Cherkasskoe, Dzhungarsky:
Alatau Mts., Kazakhstan].
•	RANGE. Eastern part of N. Tian-Shan, Dzhungarsky Alatau, Saur and Tarbagatai
mts., S. Altais; SW. Mongolia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is known to рорц.
late nearly all of the distribution area except for the ssp. bogutena Zhdanko, 1990.
known from Boguty Mts., eastern part of the Zailiisky Alatau Mts.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry bush-clad places at foothills at about 500 1.400 ш
a.s.l. Flight period: May to June. Host plant (Zhdanko, 1997): Atraphaxis laeix
uirens.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Atharnanthia eitschbergeri: UPS of male with dull purple-viiTp
hue. A. turgena: UPS brown with golden-violet diffusion: postvaginal structure more
strongly curved (fig. 39). A. Japhetica: anal lobe of UPH large and orange: genitalia
different (fig. 39). A. infera: black submarginal spots on UNF' small; genitalia differ,
ent (fig. 40).
Atharnanthia turgena Zhdanko, 1990
PI. 61, figs. 12-14.
Энт. обозр. (Ent. obozr.), 69 (1): 140.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... xp. Заилийский Алатау, 85 км вост. Алма-Аты, Тургснскос viu.<
[Turgen Gorge, 85 km E of Alma-Ata. Zailiisky Alatau Mts., Kazakhstan).
•	RANGE. Only known from the type locality in the N. Tian-Shan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Bush-clad places on dry mountain slopes at
1,500-2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: July. Host plant: probably Atraphaxis laax
virens.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Atharnanthia dimorpha: UPS grey, without golden-violet diffu-
sion; postvaginal structure almost straight (fig. 40). A. alexandra: UNH with an
orange submarginal band.
Atharnanthiajaphetica (Nekrutenko et Effendi, 1983)
PL 61, figs. 21-26.
Вести. зоол. (Vestnik zool], 4:12, figs. 3-4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Азербайджан, Апшеронский п-остров, дол. р. Дизаварчан»
[Dizavarchai River valley, Apsheron Peninsula. Azerbaijan).
	RANGE. W. coast of the Caspian Sea in the west, N. and central Kazakhstan to Lake
Balkhash in the east.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is only known front
the type locality in Azerbaijan, while the ssp. irghiza (Nekrutenko, 1985) inhabits
semi-deserts of N. and central Kazakhstan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Semi-deserts to dry steppe-like bush-clad hills. Flight
period: May to July. Host plant: Atraphaxis spinosa.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Atharnanthia infera: UNS with yellowish ground colour. Л.
dimorpha: on UPH, anal lobe small and black; genitalia different (fig. 40). A
athamantis: UPS yellowish brown with violet hue.
Athmanthia infera (Nekrutenko, 1984)
PI. 60, figs. 31-33.
Вести, зоол. [Vestnik zool.], 6: 47.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Хребет Каржантау, yp. Хумсан, Ташкетнская обл.» [Khuinsaii.
Karzhantau Mts., Uzbekistan).
•	SYNONYM: funeraria (Nekrutenko, 1984).
•	RANGE. W. Tian-Shan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry stony habitats with steppe vegetation. Hight period:
June to July. Host plant: Atraphaxis pyrtfblia.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Athamanthia dimorpha: black submarginal spots on UNF large;
UNS whitish grey; genitalia different (fig. 40). A.japhetica: UNS whitish grey; geni-
talia different (fig. 39).
HYRCANANA Bethune-Baker, 1914
ffyrcanana caspia (Lederer, [1869])
pi. 6L figs- 30-32.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 6 (2): 76, Taf. 4, Abb. 3.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Astrabad» [Gorgan, N. Iran],
•	RANGE. Kopet-Dagh, /Ghissar; N. Iran. ?Afghanistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In the Kopet-Dagh Mts., the nominotypical
subspecies is known to occur. Since the types of transiens (Staudinger, 1886) and
ajghana Howarth et Povolny, 1976 require a restudy, the status of these taxa
remains unclear.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad slopes up to 2,200-2,400 m a.s.l. Flight
period: June to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Hyrcanana sartha: fringes of termen of UPF brown, slightly
checkered; ground colour of distal half of UNF with reddish tint; UNH white with
ochreous dust. H. sultan: ground colour of UNS grey; on UNF black submarginal
spots small. H. ophion: fringes of HW chequered; central part of UNF lighter, rufous.
Hyrcanana ophion (Hemming, 1933)
PL 61 Jigs. 33-35, 42-44.
Cat Lep. Pal. Faun: 75.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «...Buch.fara] sjeptentrionalis] or.fientalis] (Karategin)»
[Karateginsky Mts., Tajikistan],
•	SYNONYM: caudatus Staudinger, 1901, nom. praeoccup.
• RANGE. Kopet-Dagh, Ghissar-Darvaz.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The status of the populations from the Kopet-
Dagh Mts. is dubious. The nominotypical subspecies is known to occur in the
Ghissar-Darvaz. The taxon meridionalis J. L. Shchetkin, 1963, which has been
described from Khozratishoh Mts., is a «good» subspecies as based on a re-exami-
nation of type material.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad and/or rocky slopes from 1,800 to 2,800 m
a.s.l. Flight period: July to August. Host plant in the Ghissar (Zhdanko, 1997):
f’olygonum paronychioides.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Hyrcanana pamira: UPH without orange spot anally. H. caspia:
fringes white. H. sartha: ground colour of UNS yellowish, submarginal orange spots
brge. H. sultan: ground colour of UNS monotonously dark grey.
Hyrcanana sartha (Staudinger, 1886)
Pl-61 Jigs. 39-41.
Stell ent Ztg.,47: 202.
' fYPE LOCALITY. «Sdlichen Alai-Gebirgen wohl bei Kara-Kasuk» [Alaisky Mts. near
Pass Kara-Kasuk, Kirghizia],
•RANGE. Ghissar -Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai; NE. Afghanistan.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad and/or rocky slopes at about 2,000-3,000
m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plant in the Ghissar (Zhdanko, 1997)-
Polygonum paronychioides.
	SIMILAR SPECIES. Hyrcanana pamira: UPH without orange spot anally. H. caspi^
fringes of FW white: HW with tails. H. sultan: ground colour of UNS monotonously
dark grey; HW with tails. H. ophion: HW with tails.
Hyrcanana pamira Nekrutenko, 1983
PL 61, figs. 45-47.
Aafioi. Qfie. (Vestnik zool.], 3:12, fig. 4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ишкашимский xp., кишл. Нют, ЮЗ Памир» [Nyut, Ishkashimsky
Mts., SW. Pamirs, Tajikistan],
. RANGE. W. Pamirs.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Specimens from the Yazgulemsky Mts. are transi-
tional by appearance toward H. sartha.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Meadow-steppe localities at 2,700-4,000 m a.s.l. Flight
period: June to August. Host plant (Zhdanko, 1997): Polygonumparonychioides.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Hyrcanana sartha: UPH with an orange spot anally.
Hyrcanana sultan (Lang, 1884)
PI. 61, figs. 36-38.
Rhop. Europae, 1:368.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Samarkand» [Zeravshansky Mts., Uzbekistan].
•	SYNONYM: sultan (Staudinger, 1886), nom. praeoccup.
•	RANGE. W. Ghissar (Zeravshansky, Ghissarsky, Baisuntau, Fanskie mts.).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Preferring steppe-clad slopes at about 2,400 -3,300 m
a.s.l. Flight period: July to mid-August. Host plant (Zhdanko, 1997): Polygonum
paronychioides.
	SIMILAR SPECIES. Hyrcanana ophion: ground colour of UNH whitish; UNF with a
rufous lightening. H. sartha: UNF yellowish orange.
NIPHANDA Moore, 1874
Niphanda fusca (Bremer et Grey, 1852)
PI. 62, figs. 1-6.
Beitrage Schmett. nordl. Chinas: 9, Taf. 2, Abb. 5.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Pekin» [Bejing. China],
•	RANGE. From Transbaikalia to Korea, N. China and Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Amur and Ussuri regions are populated by
the nominotypical subspecies (= dispar (Bremer, 1864); = lasurea (Graeser, 1888)):
the ssp. titurica (Fruhstorfer, 1922) is known to occur in Transbaikalia.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Along forest edges and/or in bushes. Flight period: mid-
June to August. In the Amur and Ussuri regions (Dantchenko & Nikolaevsk)',
in press), eggs-laying on the bark of trees and bushes of Quercus, Pyrus. etc.,
inhabited by colonies of ant-controlled aphids. In Japan (Fukuda et al., 1984). egds
laid on the bark of trees and bushes of Quercus. Ulmus. Armeniaca. etc. Larvae
creeping on foliage, feeding on aphids and their excretions (pl. 88, fig. 15). Instar-1
larvae are moved by ants inside the anthill, where they finish their feeding and
overwinter.
LAMPIDES Hiibner, [1819]
l^tmpides boeticus (Linnaeus. 1767)
PL 62. figs- 7-9.
Syst Nat. (ed. 12), 1 (2): 789.
.ТУРЕ LOCALITY. Algeria.
.SYNONYMS: damoetas (Fabricius, 1775); coluteae (Fuessly, 1775); pisorurn
(Fourcroy, 1785); boedicus (Borkhausen, 1788); baeticus (Latreille, 1809); arme-
niensis (Gerhard, 1882).
.RANGE. Africa, S. Europe, S. Asia (from the Middle East to Japan), Oriental Region,
Micronesia, Australia.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the S.
European part, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the Kopet-Dagh, Turan, the
Pamirs-Alai, the Ghissar-Darvaz, the Tian-Shan and the S. Ussuri region. Active
migrants, in the North met with up to Moscow and Novosibirsk.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different kinds of open biotope, including agricultural
stations, in the mountains up to 2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to October, in 2-4
generations, depending on local conditions. Host plants (Hesselbarth et al., 1995;
Falkovich, 1986; Shchetkin, 1960; Zhdanko, 1997): Pisum, Phaseolus, Cicer,
Medicago, Alhagi. Colutea persica, C. paulsenii, Astragalus spp. Eggs laid on flower
buds. Larvae feeding on flowers and seeds.
LACHIDES Nekrutenko, 1987
Lachides contracta (Butler, 1880)
Pi. 68, figs. 7-9.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880 (3): 406, pl. 39, fig. 3.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Candahar» [Rokeran, Argandab valley, Kandahar, Afghanistan]
(Nekrutenko, 1984).
•	SYNONYM: lempkei (Blom, 1979).
•	RANGE. S. Turan, S. Ghissar: Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, N. India.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical taxon is known to occur in S.
Turan and the S. Ghissar.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Semi-deserts and/or other arid habitats. Flight period:
May to October, in several generations.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Lachides galba: HW without tails.
Lachides galba (Lederer, 1855)
PI-68, figs. 1-6.
V	erh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 5:190, Taf. 1, Abb. 4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Beirut» (Nekrutenko, 1984).
•	RANGE. From Asia Minor across Transcaucasia and Iran to N. India.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Caucasus Minor, the Armenian Highland and
Ле Talysh Mts. are populated by the nominotypical subspecies. The ssp. phiala
^rum-Grshimailo, 1890) is known to occur in the Kopet-Dagh and the S. Ghissar.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows with thin herb vegetation, semi-deserts,
pight period; May to October, in several generations. Host plants in Turkey
{Hesselbarth et al., 1995): Prosopis stephaniana. Lagonychium farctum, Acacia
-4cophloa. A. campbelli; in the S. Ghissar (Shchetkin, 1960): Lagonichiumfarctum.
Larval host ant: Monomorium gracillium.
IMlLAR SPECIES. Lachides contracta: HW with tails.
CHILADES Moore, [1881]
Chilades trochylus (Freyer, [1845])
PI. 68, figs. 10-12.
Neuere Beitr. Schmett., 5 (74): 98, Taf. 440, Abb. 1.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Thracia, Turkey.
•	RANGE. From NW. Africa across S. Europe, Transcaucasia, the Near and Middle
East to Middle Asia and NW. India.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following taxa are known from the study
territories:
ssp. trochylus Freyer, [1845] (= parva Murrey, 1874; = gnoma Snellen, 1876; =
grisea Aigner-Abafi, 1906) - Caucasus Minor, Armenian Highland;
ssp. persa Bytinsky-Saiz, 1937 (= pauper Bytinsky-Salz, 1937) - Azerbaijan, Kopet-
Dagh;
ssp. obscura Heydemann, 1954 - S. Turan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows with thin grassy vegetation, semi-deserts.
Flight period: May to October, in several generations, in the mountains up to 1,500
m a.s.l. Host plants in Turkey (Hesselbarth et al., 1995): Indigqfera. Heliotropium,
Andrachne; in the Kyzyl-Kum Desert and the S. Ghissar (Falkovich, 1986;
Zhdanko, 1997): Heliophorum ellipticum.
LEPTOTES Scudder, 1876
Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767)
PI. 62, figs. 16-18.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 12), 1(2): 790.
	TYPE LOCALITY. Algeria.
•	SYNONYM: telicanus (Lang, 1789).
•	RANGE. N. Africa, S. Europe, S. Asia (from the Middle East to the Himalaya).
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical taxon inhabits the S.
European part, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different kinds of xerophytous habitat. Flight period:
March to October, in 2-4 generations. Host plants (Hesselbarth et al., 1995): differ-
ent Fabaceae, Lythraceae, Ericaceae, Plumbaginaceae.
TARUCUS Moore, 1881
Tarucus balcanicus (Freyer, [1844])
PI. 62, figs. 19-27.
Neuere Beitr. Schmett., 5 (71): 63, Taf. 421, Abb. 1-2.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Turkei» [Turkey].
•	SYNONYMS: Jriualdszkyi Aigner-Abafi, 1906; nigra Bethune-Baker, ,1918]; clonnda
Verity, 1938.
•	RANGE. Africa, S. Europe, S. Asia (from the Middle East to the Himalaya).
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in
Armenian Highland and Talysh Mts. The ssp. areshanus (Bethune-Baker, [1918!)is
known from the Kopet-Dagh, while the ssp. alternatus Moore. 1882 from the
Ghissar and Darvaz.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different kinds of xerophytous habitat. Flight period-
April to August, in 2-3 generations. Host plants in Turkey (Hesselbarth et nU
1995): Ziziphus jujuba, Z. lotus: in Transcaucasia (Dantchenko, in press): Helio-
tropium spp.: in the Kopet-Dagh (Kuznetsov. 1960; Daricheva, 1972): Paliums
Spiua-cbristi.
CUPIDO Schrank. 1801
Cupido alaina Staudinger, 1887
PI. 62, figs. 34-36.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 48: 50.
.SYNONYM: muzaffar (Grum-Grshimailo. 1887).
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Fergana». [Northern slope of Alaisky Mts., Kirghizia].
. RANGE. Alai, Darvaz, W. Pamirs.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Alpine meadows at about 3,000-3,600 m a.s.l. Flight
period: end of June to early August.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. C. balinti D'Abrera, 1993 is most probably a synonym of C.
alaina Staudinger, 1887. Unfortunately, the original description is not complete
enough, while the holotype is figured from the UPS only. However, the specimen
depicted near the holotype by D'Abrera (1993) from the UNS. labeled as balinti. in
fact appears to belong to C. alaina.
Cupido staudingeri (Christoph. 1873)
PI. 62, figs. 31-33.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 10: 26.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Tasch» [N. Iran],
•	RANGE. ?Armenian Highland, Kopet-Dagh; Turkey, Iran.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Rocky slopes with steppe-like vegetation at about
1.700-3,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: end of April to early June. Host plant:
Astragalus cornutus.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Cupido prosecusa: on UNH. marking vague, tornal spots with-
out silvery scales.
Cupido buddhista (Alpheraky, 1881)
Й. 62, figs. 37-41.
Horae Soc. ent Ross., 16: 393,1.14, f. 9.10.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Kuldja Mts.» [W. China],
•	RANGE. Tian-Shan, Ghissar-Darvaz. Alai: NW. China.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A highly variable species, especially so in individ-
ual size. The ssp. garmica J. J. Shchetkin, 1986 inhabits the Peter I Mts.,
Tajikistan, while the remaining parts of the distribution area are populated by the
nominotypical subspecies.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Alpine meadows at about 2,300-3,400 m a.s.l. Flight
period: June to September. Host plants (Zhdanko, 1997): Oxytropis spp. Larvae
feeding on flowers.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Cupido alaina: UNH with 1-2 yellow tornal spots. C. minima:
UPS violet, female genitalia different (fig. 41). C. prosecusa: UNH with an antemar-
ginal marking.
minima (Fuessly. 1775)
tn — •••Чию. ir ues
" £2-{gs. 48-50.
*4 h-zannt. Schweiz. Ins.: 31.
LOCALITY. «Schweiz» [Switzerland],
Fig. 41. Female genitalia of some Cupido
(sterigma, ventral view): 1 - C. minima
(Kemerovo Region); 2 - C. buddhista (lectotype,
E Tian-Shan); 3 - C. tuzovi (paratype, E.
Kazakhstan); 4 - C. osiris (Dzhungarsky Alatau
Mts.): 5 - C. pen (paratype, Peter I Mts.). A.
Zhdanko del.
•	SYNONYMS: alsus ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775); minima (Esper
[1778]); magna ([Heyne], [1895]); magna Sugitani, 1938.
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The European part, the Caucasus
and Transcaucasia, the N. Tian-Shan, the Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.
Siberia, Transbaikalia, the Far East, the Amur and Ussuri regions are
populated by the nominotypical subspecies.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Over most of the distribution area, steppe-
like biotopes, often on sandy or stony hills, in Siberia on meadows
(Korshunov, 1985). In the Altais, the Magadan Region, Kamchatka and
the Ussuri region, this species is common in mountain tundra habi-
tats. Flight period; May to August, in 1-2 generations, depending on
altitude and longitude. Host plants in central Russia and Trans-
caucasia (Dantchenko. in press): Astragalus glycyphyllos and A. cictr.
Larvae feeding on flowers and seeds.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Cupido osiris, C. buddhista: UPS violet. C. tuzovi:
UPS bluish; female genitalia different (fig. 41). Cyaniris semiargus: UNS
light brown.
Cupido tusovi Lukhtanov, 1994
PI. 62, figs. 51-53.
Herbipoliana, 3:247.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Kazachstan, Shanaturmys (25 km S Saisan)».
•	SYNONYM: tuzovi Zhdanko, [1996].
•	RANGE. Saur, Tarbagatai, ?S. Altais.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad slopes and dry meadows up to
800-1,200 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Cupido minima: UPS with sparse greenish blue
scales; female genitalia different (fig. 41).
Cupido peri Zhdanko, spec. nov.
PI. 62, figs. 42-44.
•	HOLOTYPE: d, Mook, Muksu Gorge, Peter I Mts., Tajikistan,
3.07.1979, V. Prasolov leg.
•	PARATYPES: d, Yarmazar, Tandykul Gorge, Alaisky Mts. (southern
slope), 2.07.1979, V. Prasolov leg.; 4 d, 3 9, Ganishou, Peter I Mts.,
2,100 m a.s.l., 27.06-3.07.1980, G. Sarnodurov leg.
Holotype and one paratype, in ZISP. Remaining paratypes, in the
collections of the author and G. Sarnodurov.
•	DESCRIPTION. Male (holotype). FW length 17 mm. UPS dark violet,
mat. Veins (including transverse ones) darkened. Fringes brown basal-
ly and white distally. Dark marginal border somewhat broader than
that in C. osiris. Ground colour of UNS dirty grey. Postdiscal spots on
UNF large, distinct, stroke-like, surrounded by white scales, forming a
straight row. Black transverse vein narrow, surrounded by white. On
UNH, postdiscal spots surrounded by white scales. Third spot absent,
discal cell with one black spot. Basal dust of blue scales on UNH of
holotype slight but that in paratypes extended to middle of discal celi
Submarginal and marginal spots indistinct.
Male genitalia very similar to those of C. osiris, without, reliable differences reveak'-'
Female. UPS dark brown, UNS same as in male.
Female genitalia (fig. 41). Papillae anales extended, sclerotized at base, regulate
rounded apically. Posterior apophyses longer and thicker than those in C. osiris.
Genital plate pyriform, distally strongly sclerotized and with a medial cut as in C.
osirus. yet blades not rounded but slightly narrowed apically. Ventrally, genital plate
w,4psclerotized, tongue-shaped. Ductus and bursa membraneous. Bursa without
ygnUIll.
.RANGE. Alai. Darvaz.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Flighland meadows at about 2,000-3.000 m a.s.l. Flight
period: June to July.
. SIMHAR SPECIES. Cupido osiris: length of FW not more than 15 mm; veins on UPS
not darkened; ground colour of UNS light grey; postdiscal spots on UNF small and
rounded.
Cupido osiris (Meigen. 1829)
pi 62Jigs. 28-30.
Spi Beschr. europ. Schmett.: 7, Tab 46, Abb. 3a-b.
,'ПТ'Е LOCALITY. -Europa».
•	SYNONYMS: sebrus (Boisduval, 1832); mry us punctata (Verity. 1934).
•	RANGE- The S. European part across Asia Minor to S. Siberia and Lake Baikal.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Occurring in the S. European part, S. Siberia, the
Caucasus Major and Minor, the Alai, the W. and N. Tian-Shan, the Dzhungarsky
Alatau Mts., the Altais and the Sayan. Both individual and, partly, geographical
variation considerable but no clear-cut subspecies distinguishable.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows, steppe-like habitats, in the mountains up
to 2,800 rn a.s.l. Flight period: May to August, in 1-2 generations, depending on
altitude and longitude. Host plants in S. Russia and Transcaucasia (Dantchenko.
In press) and the Tian-Shan: Oriobrychis spp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Cupido minima. C. tuzoui: UPS with blue scales. C. peri: length
of FW more than 15 mm: veins on UPS darkened; ground colour of UNS dirty grey:
postdiscal spots on UNF larger and elongated. C. alaina: UNH with an antemarginal
marking. Cyaniris semiarcjus: UNS light brown.
Cupido prosecusa (Erschoff, 1 874)
Pl. 62, figs. 45-47.
ln Федченко, Путешествие в Туркестан!, II, 5 13), (Lepidoptera): 13, табл, 1, рис. 9. [Fedtschenko, Voyage in Tirkestanj
•t 5(3), (Lepidoptera)’ 13, pl. 1. tig 9].
•	ПРЕ LOCALITY. «... в окрестностях города Туркестана». [Vicinity of Turkestan City,
f liinikvnt Region. Kazakhstan],
•	Range. Turan.
•	HABITATS AND B1OLOCYP. Only occurring in arid places with underground waters
«‘aching the ground surface: riverine thickets, tidal marshes, depressions in
deserts. Found locally at foothills up to 1,700 rn a.s.l. Flight period: April to August.
1,5 ,н’° generations. Host plants (Zhdanko. 1997): Sphaeropjhysa salsula and
^ffdimodeiidrori halodeudron. Eggs laid on flowers or on the underside of leaves.
Hibernation pupal.
AXONOMlC NOTES: The status of Lycaena prosecusa duplex Alphcraky. 1887.
roriiAV. China, is not clear. The lectotype of this taxon is only distinguishable from
^uPblo prosecusa bv the more ochreous ground colour on the UNS. Possibly.
. ex’s indeed a subspecies of prosecusa. as suggested bv Alpheraky.
[ HILAR SPECIES. Cupido buddhism, C. slaudingeri, C tuzoci: UNH without
1!,,cniarginal marking.
EVERES Hiibner, 11819]
Fig. 42. Female genilalia of some Everes (sterigma, ventral view): 1 - E decolor [Syr-
Darya Valley). 2 - £ argiades (Zailiisky Alatau Mts.). A Zhdanko del.
Everes argiades (Pallas, 1771)
PI. 63, figs. 1-6.
Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs., 1: 472.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Поволжье» ISamara Region
Russia].
	SYNONYM: arnyntas ([Denis et Schifferniiiller],
1775); semicaeca (Krulikowsky, 1909).
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Amur and
Ussuri regions are populated by the subspecies
seitzi (Wnukowsky, 1928) (= amitrensis ([Heyne],
[1895]), nom. praeoccup.), respectively. The
remaining parts of the distribution area in the
territory concerned are inhabited by the noinino-
typical subspecies.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different kinds of wet
meadow. Flight period: May to June and .July to
September, in two generations. Host plants
(Kaltenbach, 1874; Bergmann & Gillmer, 1908; Spuler, 1908; Tutt, 1909; Renlous,
1918; Lorkovic, 1938): Trifolium. Lotus, Medicago, Colutea, Anthyllis. Pisum.
Genista. Rhamnus; in the Zailiisky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko, 1997): Trifoliumpratense.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Everes decolor: UPS light blue; female genitalia different (tig.
42). E. alcetas: UNH with one orange spot in anal area. E. decoloratus: UPS silveiy
blue; UNH with one orange spot in anal area. Totigeia fischeri: UPS brown; submar-
ginal black spots present.
Everes decolor (Staudinger, 1886)
PI. 63, figs. 13-15.
Stett. ent. Ztg.: 203.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Margelan» [Margelan, Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan],
•	RANGE. Syr-Darya River valley.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mesophilous biotopes near rivers. Flight period: May to
June.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Everes argiades: UPS violet: female genitalia different (fig. 42).
Everes alcetas (Hoffmannsegg, 1804)
PI. 63, figs.7-9.
Mag. f. Insektenk., 3: 205.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Austria».
•	SYNONYM: coretas (Ochsenheimer, 1807).
	RANGE. Temperate belt from W. Europe to Transbaikalia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Over the study territory, the nominotypical taxon
is known to occur in the Carpathian Mts., the Crimea, the S. European part, the
Caucasus Major, Kazakhstan (except for the southern part), W. and central Siberia,
the Altais, the Sayan, and, locally, Transbaikalia.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Locally in different kinds of meadow. Flight period: May
to July, in 1-2 generations. Host plants (Higgins & Riley, 1970): different Fabaceae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Everes argiades: UNH with 2-3 orange spots in anal area. Ь-
decoloratus: UPS silvery blue. Tongeia fischeri: UPS brown; submarginal black
spots present.
pueres decoloratus (Staudinger, 1886)
PI. 63, figs. 10-12.
Stett. ent. Ztg.: 204.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Vienna».
.SYNONYM: sebrus (Hubner, 1824).
. RANGE. From Austria to the S. European part of Russia.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Meadows in lowlands or on slopes of hills. Flight period:
April to September, in two generations. Host plants (Lorkovic, 1938; Higgins &
Riley, 1970; Hesselbarth et al., 1995): Trifolium spp.. Medicago lupulina, M. sativa.
Vicia grassa. V saliva, Trifoliurn pratense.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Eueres alcetas: UPS violet.
TONGEIA Tutt, 1908
Tongeiafischeri (Eversmann, 1843)
PI. 62, figs. 10-15.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 16 (3): 537.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Spassk» [Spasskoe, Bolshoi Ik River, Orenburg Region, Russia).
•	RANGE. From the SE. Urals across Siberia. Mongolia and N. China to Sakhalin;
Korea and Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The territories ranging from the SE. Urals to
Transbaikalia are populated by the nominotypical subspecies. The Amur River
basin is inhabited by the ssp. dea Zhdanko. 2000. From Sakhalin, the ssp.
sachalinensis (Matsumura, 1925) has been described, while in the S. Ussuri
region the ssp. caudalis (Bryk, 1946), originally described from Korea, is known to
occur.
• HABITATSAND BIOLOGY. Dry stony places on small hills, slopes in the mountains
at about 800-2,000 m a.s.l., sometimes in humid forest meadows. Flight period:
mid-May to August, in two generations. Host plants in the S. Urals (Dantchenko, in
press): Orostachys spinosa; in Siberia (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): Sedum,
Orostachys malacophylla; in E. Kazakhstan (Zhdanko, 1997): Orostachys spinosa.
Sedum and Pseudosedum.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Eueres argiades, E. alcetas: UPS violet or blue; submarginal
black spots reduced.
CELASTRINA Tutt, [1907]
Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pl- 63, figs. 16-27,31-36.
Syst Nat (ed. 10), 1: 483.
•TYPE LOCALITY. PEngland.
•SYNONYMS: cleobis (Sulzer, 1776); marginatus (Retzius, 1783); acts (Fabricios,
1787); britanna (Verity, 1919); calidogenita (Verity, 1919); paraleuca (Rober, 1897).
• RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Besides the nominotypical subspecies living in
fbe European part, the Caucasus Major and Minor, the Armenian Highland, the
Talysh Mts., Kazakhstan, the Altais, the Sayan, W. and central Siberia, the follow-
*ng subspecies are known to occur over the territories concerened:
SsP- hypoleuca (Kollar, [1849]) - Kopet-Dagh, Tian-Shan, Ghissar-Darvaz, Pamirs-
Alai;
Fig. 43. Male genitalia of some Celastrina (valvae and juxta): 1 - 0. phellodendroni
(Ussuri region); 2 - C. argiolus argiolus (Urals); 3 - C. argiolus ladonides (Ussuri
region). P. Gorbunov del.
ssp. bieneri Forster, 1941 - Transbaikalia. par
East, Kamchatka;
ssp. ladonides (d’Orza, 1869) (= levettii Butler
1883; = sachalinensis (Matsumura, 1925)
nom. praeoccup.; = heringi (Kardakov, 1928)
= manchurica (Matsumura, 1939);
ussuriensis Forster, 1941) - Amur and
Ussuri regions (including Sakhalin and
Kuriles).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different kinds of
biotope with blooming bushes. Flight period; April
to August, in 2-3 generations, depending on alti
tude and latitude. Host plants in Siberia
(Korshunov &
Rhamnus,
Caragana, etc.; in Central Asia (Zhdanko, 1997):
Berberis. Cuscuta engelmannii, C. lehmai iniaria: in
the Ussuri region (Omelko, 1987; Korshunov d-
Gorbunov, 1995): Lespedeza bicolor. Vida
amoena.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Celastrina phellodendroni:
genitalia different (fig. 43). C. Jedoseeui, C. sugi-
tanii, C.filipjevi, C. areas: UPS violet.
Gorbunov, 1995): Frangnla<
Rubus, Prunus, Sorbus, Spiraea.
Celastrina phellodendroni Omelko, 1987
PI. 63, figs. 37-42.
Чешуекр. Дальнего Востока [Lepidoptera of the Far East]: 116.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Приморский край, Горнотаеж-
ное Уссурийского р-на» [Gornotaezhnoe, Ussuriisk
Distr., Ussuri region, Russia],
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Known from the
Ussuri region, but can prove to occur also in the
Amur region. China and Korea.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES: Beyond any doubt, the
Ussuri region appears to support two very close
but distinct species from the argiolus group. П
seems unlikely though that phellodendroni had
not been described under some other name(s)
until 1987. Since both species fly in two generations with different appearance,
various students (Eliot & Kawazoe, 1983; Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995:
Korshunov, 1998) proposed different arrangements of the available names.
However, these can only be checked after a revision of all pertinent type material. In
these conditions, we are inclined to follow the opinion expressed in the. latest revi-
sion (Dubatolov, 1997).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. As indicated by Omelko (1987), this species has one
generation in April to May and feeds on Phellodendron arnuren.se flowers. In 01»
opinion, it also has a second generation, the larvae of which feed on other trees
and/or bushes, i.e., Acer, Prunus, etc.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Celastrina argiolus: genitalia different (fig. 43). C. Jedoseevi. < •
filipjevi, C. areas: UPS violet.
Celastrina Jedoseevi Korshunov et Ivonin, 1990
PI. 63, figs. 28-30.
Таксономия насекомых и гельминтов [Taxonomy of insects and helminths]: 72.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Амурская обл., окр. г. Зея, хр. Соктахан» [Soktakhan Mts. near
Zeya, Amur region. Russia],
. RANGE. ?Tuva, Transbaikalia and the Amur region.
, HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Preferring thin larch and pine forests. Flight period: May
Ю July in one or ?two generations.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Celastrina phellodendroni, C. argiolus: UPS bright blue.
Celastrina sugitanii (Matsumura, 1919)
PI. 63, figs. 49-50.
Zool. Mag. Tokyo, 31:173.
.'TYPE LOCALITY. «Honshu» [Japan],
•	RANGE. Sakhalin; China. Korea, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In Sakhalin, the ssp. sachalinensis Esaki, 1922 is
known to occur.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The status of sachalinensis Esaki, 1922 remains unclear
because the types are lost and only a few non-type specimens are known (Asahi et
al.. 1998).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Flight period: June to July in one or ?two generations.
Host plants in Japan (Eliot & Kawazoe, 1983): Aesculus hirbinata and
Bothrocaryum controversum. Larvae feeding on flowers.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Celastrina argiolus: LIPS bright blue.
CelastrinaJilipjevi (Riley, 1934)
PI. 63, figs. 43-45.
Entomologist, 67:85, pl. 1, figs. 1-6.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ussuri» [Ussuri region, Russia],
•	RANGE. Ussuri region; China, Korea.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical taxon occurs in the Ussuri
region.
•HABITATSAND BIOLOGY. Cultivated landscapes (parks, gardens), as a rule. Flight
period: mid-June to the end of August, in one or ?two generations. Host plant
[Omelko, 1984): Prinsepia sinensis. Hibernation ovarial.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Celastrina phellodendroni, C. argiolus: UPS bright blue. C.
Jedoseevi, C. areas: genitalia different.
Celastrina areas [Leech, 1893)
PI- 63, figs. 46-48.
Butt. China, Jap. and Korea. 2: 321, pl. 31, figs. 12,15.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «China, Та-Chien-Lu». Lectotype designation by Eliot & Kawazoe
(1983).
•RANGE. Ussuri region; Nepal, NE. India (Assam), Burma, China, Taiwan, Korea.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Ussuri region is populated by the ssp.
^fri/icus (Sugitani, 1936).
• HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Cultivated landscapes (parks, gardens), as a rule. Flight
Period: mid-June to the end of July, in one or ?two generations. Host plant
I nielko, 1984): Prinsepia sinensis. Hibernation pupal, in litter.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Celastrina phellodendroni. C. argiolus: UPS bright blue. C.
Jedoseevi, C. Jilipjevi: genitalia different.
SCOLITANTIDES Hiibner, [1819]
Scolitantid.es orion (Pallas, 1771)
PI. 64, figs. 1-18.
Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs, 1 (Anhang): 471.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «In campis aridis circa Sysranum» [Krymza River, Syzran Distr.
Samara Region, Russia],
•	SYNONYMS: battus ([Denis et Schifermiiller], 1775); telephii (Esper, [1779]); serfi
(Fabricius, 1781); hecateus (Drapiez, 1819); ultraornata Verity, 1937.
	RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The European part, the Caucasus Major, central
Siberia, Transbaikalia and the Far East are populated by the nominotypical taxon.
The ssp. jezoensis (Matsumura, 1919) (= ornata (Staudinger, 1892), nom. praeoe-
cup.; = coreana (Matsumura, 1926); = schmidti (Kardakov, 1928); = aihcrie
Hemming, 1934; = dageletensis Seok, 1938; = jeholana (Matsumura, 1939); =
matsumuranus Bryk, 1946) is known to occur in the Amur and Ussuri regions, and
Sakhalin. The ssp. johanseni (Wnukowsky, 1934) inhabits the N. Tian-Shan and
the Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., the Altais and the Sayan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different kinds of warm open landscape, in the moun-
tains up to 2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to August, in two generations. Host
plants in central Russia (Dantchenko, in press): Sedum album; in the Ussuri region
(Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): Orostachys; in the Zailiisky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko,
1997): Sedum hybridum. Larvae myrmecophilous. Hibernation pupal.
PSEUDOPHILOTES Beuret, 1958
Pseudophilotes vicrama (Moore, 1865)
PI. 64, figs. 19-36.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 505, pl. 31. fig. 6.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Cheene in Middle Kunavur, and the Alps above the Chinese
village of Shipkee in Tibet».
	RANGE. From Europe across Asia Minor to the Altais and N. India.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The S. European part, the Caucasus and
Transcaucasia, W. Siberia and the Altais are populated by the ssp. schiffermuelleri
(Hemming, 1929). Populations from the Kopet-Dagh are referred to as ssp.
astabene (Hemming, 1932) (= clara (Christoph, 1887), nom. nudum; = clara
(Staudinger, 1901), nom. praeoccup.). The lowlands of Turan and the S. Ghissar are
inhabited by the ssp. pallida J. L. Shchetkin, 1960. In the highlands of Pamirs-Alai.
Ghissar-Darvaz and Tian-Shan, the nominotypical taxon is known to occur.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Possibly the taxon pallida. J. L. Shchetkin, 1960, described
from S. Tajikistan, is a synonym of astabene.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry stony or sandy landscapes up to 3,000 m a.s.l-
Flight period: May to August, in 1-2 generations, depending on local conditions.
Host plant in the Volga basin (Kumakov & Korshunov, 1979): Thymus serpi/Ишп-
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Pseudophilotes baton: genitalia different (fig. 44).
Pseudophilotes baton (Bergstrasser, 1779)
PI. 64, figs. 37-42.
Nomen. Beschr. Insecten Hanau-Miinzenberg, 3:18, Taf. 60, Abb. 6-8.
•	'TYPE LOCALITY. [Hanau-Miinzenberg, Germany!.
•	RANGE. From Central Europe to central Siberia.
DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The European part, W. Siberia
and the ARais seem to be populated by the nominotypical
subspecies. From central-east Siberia (Yakutia), the ssp. jacuticus
Korshunov et Viidalepp, 1980 has been described.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. The distribution of this species in Russia is
unclear because superficially it is very similar to P. vicrama. with
no-one yet to make special studies of the problem.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows and steppe-clad slopes
up to 1,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Pseudophilotes vicrama: genitalia different
(fig. 44).
pseudophilotes bavius (Eversmann, 1832)
pi 64, figs. 52-54.
Mem. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 2: 349; pl. 19, figs. 3-4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...in campus herbidis Baschkiriae» [S. Urals,
Russia).
•	RANGE. From S. Europe to N. Kazakhstan; Turkey.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies
Fig. 44. Male genitalia of some Pseudophilotes (left
valvae): 1 - Ps vicrama schilfermuelleri (centra! Altais): 2
- Ps. balon jacuticus (Yakutia). After Korshunov S
Gorbunov (1995).
(= hungaricus Dioszeghy, 1913) is widely distributed in the steppe of the European
part of Russia and the adjacent parts of Kazakhstan. Provisionally, the few records
from the Caucasus arc to be referred to the ssp. едва (Herrich-Schaffer, [1852]).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe. Flight period: April to late June, in two genera-
tions, but the second generation is very poorly represented. Host plants in the S.
European part of Russia and in the lower flow region of Volga River (Dantchenko, in
press): Salvia nutans. Eggs-laying in flowers. Larvae feeding on Howers. Hibernation
pupal.
Pseudophilotes panope (Eversmann, 1851)
PI. 64, figs. 43-45.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 24(2): 619.
•	SYNONYM: panoptes Butlerov, 1848, nom. praeoccup.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Indersk» [Lake Inder, NW. Kazakhstan].
• RANGE. NW. Kazakhstan.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. The life history has recently been described in due detail
(Dantchenko et al., in press). Steppe and/or semi-desert habitats surrounding
calcareous outscrops, extremely local. Flight period: mid-April to mid-May. Host
plant: Astragalus sp. Eggs-laying on flowers and newly formed bean pods. Larvae
feeding on seeds, often guarded by ants. Hibernation pupal.
PRAEPHILOTES Forster, 1938
Praepfiilotes antracias [Christoph, 1877)
PL 64, figs. 46-48.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 12(3): 239, Taf. 5, Fig. 12.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Krasnovodsk» [Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan].
•RANGE. Kopet-Dagh, Turan, lower flow region of Volga River; W. China (locally).
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Occurring locally in sandy deserts at arid foothills at
Tbout 300-1,200 m a.s.l. Flight period: April to May. Eggs laid solitarily on shoots
°f the host plant. In March to April, larvae feeding on buds and flowers of different
CaZligonum. species; in the Vakhsh River valley (Shchetkin, 1960): C. griseum; in the
S. Karakum Desert (Zhdanko, 1997): C. microcarpum, C. eriopodum; in S. Kazakh
stan (Zhdanko, 1997): C. leucocladum. Hibernation pupal.
OTNJUKO VIA Zhdanko, 1997
Otnjukovia tatjana (Zhdanko, 1984)
PI. 64, figs. 49-51.
Труды Зоол. института [Trudy Zool. inst.J, 122:103.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... юго-восточный Казахстан (Заилийский Алатау), 11 км южнее с.
Отар (170 км западнее Алма-Аты)» [Otar, 170 km W of Almaty, Zhetyzhol Mts.
(west), Kazakhstan],
•	RANGE. N. Tian-Shan and Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., TTarbagatai Mts., S. Altais.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry rocky slopes at foothills from 800 to 1,600 m a.s.l.
Flight period: April to May. Host plants: Goniolimon spp. Eggs laid at buds.
Hibernation pupal.
TURANANA Betune-Baker, 1916
Turanana endymion (Freyer, [1850])
PI. 67, figs. 25-27.
Neuere Beitr. Schmett., 6 :145; Taf. 572, Abb. 2-3.
•	SYNONYMS: endymion (Gerchard, [1851]), nom. praeoccup.; panagaea (Herrich-
Schaffer, [1851]).
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Amasia» [Turkey],
•	RANGE. Armenian Highland, Talysh; Greece, Asia Minor. Syria, Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Armenian Highland and the Talysh Mts. are
populated by the nominotypical subspecies.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry slopes with Acantholimon associations. Flight peri-
od: July. Host plant in Transcaucasia and the Talysh Mts. (Dantchenko, in press):
Acantholimon sp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Turanana dushak: valvae with a large tooth ventrally (fig. 45).
Turanana dushak Dubatolov, 1989
PI. 67, figs. 28-30.
Труды Зоол. ин-та [Trudy Zool. inst], 200:136, figs. 1-7.
	TYPE LOCALITY. «Туркмения, Центральный Копетдаг, 15 км 3 фирюзы, гора Душах,
2100 м». [Mt. Dushak. Kopet-Dagh, Turkmenistan].
•	RANGE. Kopet-Dagh Mts.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Xerophytous mountain slopes at about 1,800-2.300 ni
a.s.l. Flight period: May to June and August to September, in two generations. Host
plant (Zhdanko, 1997): Acantholimon pulchellum.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Turanana endymion: valvae with 8-12 small teeth ventrally (1Ц-
45). T. cytis: with black postdiscal spots on UPF.
Turanana panageides (Staudinger, 1886)
PI. 67, figs. 31-33.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 47: 206.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Gebirgen bei Samarkand» [W. part of Ghissarsky Mis--
Uzbekistan].
•	SYNONYMS: alaica (Staudinger, 1886); tshatkalica J. J. Shchetkin, 1984.
RANGE. Ghissar, W. and Inner Tian-Shan, Alai, Pamirs; Hindu
Kush.
DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Populations referred to the ssp.
alaica (Staudinger, 1886) and known to occur in the SE. part of
the distribution area differ by a smaller average size, the male
wings with weakly developed cyan-violet dust, and the wings
darker from below. Interestingly, the populations of the nomino-
typical taxon steadily acquire the characters of alaica between the
Ghissar to the Zaalaisky Mts. Therefore division of this species
into subspecies seems unwarranted.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry stony slopes at about 1,100-4,000
m a.s.l- Flight period: June to September, in two generations.
Host plants: Acantholimon spp.; in the Talassky Alatau and
Syrdarinsky Karatau mts. (Zhdanko, 1997): A. laxum.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Turanana grumi: black medial spot on UNF
large; valvae slightly sharpened apically (fig. 45). T cytis, T
jurileontyi: UPS light blue.
Turanana cytis (Christoph. 1877)
PI. 67, figs. 34-36.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 12 (3): 234, Tat. 5, Figs. 5-6.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Schahkuh» [S. slopes of the Kopet-Dagh near
Shahkuh, Iran], Lectotype (in ZISP) designated herewith, labeled
as follows: 1 - green circle; 2 - “cytis 3, 24.7.73. Schahkuh Chr.”
(white, handwritten]; 3 - “колл. Ершова".
•	RANGE. Kopet-Dagh; Iran (Elburs Mts., central Zagros Mts.).
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In the Kopet-Dagh, the nomino-
typical taxon is known to occur.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. As a rule, a juniper forest belt at
2.300-2,400 m a.s.l. Flight period: July to August. Host plant:
Acantholimon sp.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. TurananaJurileontyi: valvae extended, slightly
sharpened, without teeth (fig. 45). T. laspura: valvae narrowed
apically, with 1-3 teeth (fig. 45). T. panageides: UPS blue-violet. T.
grumi: UPF without black spots.
Turanana laspura [Evans, 1932)
PI- 67, figs. 37-39.
1 Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 2: 227.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Chitral».
•RANGE. Ghissar, Darvaz, Pamirs, Alai; NW. Himalaya.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Over the territories concerned,
Ле nominotypical subspecies is known to occur. From the
Turkestansky Mts., the ssp. tuzovi Tshikolovets, 1994 has been
described.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. T laspura has been separated from T cytis
the basis of a valvae form and different number of teeth on the
Fig. 45. Male genitalia of some Turanana (right valvae):
1 - T. dushak (Kopet-Dagh Mts.); 2 - T jurileontyi
(Turkestansky Mts.); 3 - Z amsophtama amscphtalma
(Kopet-Dagh Mts.): 4 - T. panageides panageides
(Talassky Alatau Mts.); 5-7 endymion (Armenian
Highland): 6 - T. grumi(W. Pamirs), 7 - T, kugitangi (holo-
type, Kuhitangtau Mts.); 8 - T. laspura (W. Pamir); 9 - T
cytis (Kopet-Dagh Mts.). A. Zhdanko del.
Vdvae but this character appears highly variable.
* \^DPIATS AND BIOLOGY. Belt of juniper forest, as a rule, at
about 2,300-3.400 m a.s.l. Flight period: July to August. Host
P ant: Acantholimon sp.
MILAR SPECIES. Turanana cytis: valvae broad, with numerous
small teeth (fig. 45). T jurileontyi: valvae extended, slightly sharpened, without
teeth (fig. 45). T panageides: UPS blue-violet. T grumi: UPF without black spots.
Turanana jurileontyi J. J. Shchetkin, 1986
PI. 67, figs. 40-42.
Ssnckenberg. biol., 66 (4-6): 251.
• TYPE LOCALITY. «UdSSR, Tadshikistan, siidlicher Abhang des Turkestan-
Gebirgsriickens bei der Siedlung Mattscha, Schlucht Mandruschkent, 2.700-2,800
m, felsiger Abhang». [Matcha, Turkestansky Mts., Tajikistan],
	RANGE. Turkestansky Mts.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry steppe-clad slopes at 2,400-2,800 m a.s.l. Plight
period: June.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Turanana panageides: UPH without black postdiscal spots. T.
cytis: valvae ellipsoid, with 1-3 teeth apically (fig. 45).
Turanana grumi Forster, 1937
PI. 67, figs. 43-45.
Mitt. Munchn. ent. Ges., 27(2): 58, Taf. 4, Abb. 30.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Nuksan-Pass und Sebak-Tal» [NE. Hindu Kush, Afghanistan],
•	SYNONYM: kotzshiorumTshikolovets, 1996.
•	RANGE. Pamirs and NE. Hindu Kush.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Extremely arid slopes at about 3,500-4,000 in a.s.l.
Flight period: from early July to the end of August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Turanana panageides; black medial spot on UNF stripe like;
valvae rounded apically (fig. 45). T. cytis: UPS with black postdiscal spots.
Turanana anisophtalma (Kollar, [1849])
PI. 67, figs. 46-48.
In: Kollar, Redtenbacher. Uber Insekt. Siidpersien: 51.
	TYPE LOCALITY. «Astrabad» [Gorgan, E. Elburs Mts., NE. Iran],
•	SYNONYM: arsacia (Lederer, [1869]).
•	RANGE. Kopet-Dagh, W. Pamirs; Iran (Elburs Mts., Zagros Mts.), Afghanistan
(Hindu Kush).
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits most of
the range. Recently, Turanana mizildigara Tshikolovets, 1997 has been described
from the southern macroslope of the Ishkashimsky Mts., W. Pamirs. According to
the original description, the only distinction of this form from T. anisophtalma lies
in colour of the fringes of the UNF at the apex. In our opinion, this taxon can only
prove to be a subspecies of T. anisophtalma.
In the original description, Kollar [1849] spelt the name as above and. though most
of the subsequent authors corrected the name as anisophthalrna, the latter change
is invalid.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry stony slopes, thin juniper forests at 1.900-2.400 m
a.s.l. Flight period: June to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Turanana kugitangi: postdiscal spots on UNF parallel to
antemarginal spots; valvae narrow, extended, with one large tooth apically (fig. 45)-
Turanana kugitangi Zhdanko, 1984
PI. 67, figs. 49-51.
Tp. Зоол. института [Trudy Zool. inst.], 122:104.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Вост. Туркмения, зап. склон хр. Кугитангтау» [W. Kuhitangf111
Mts., Turkmenistan,].
o^NGE. Armenian Highland, Kopet-Dagh and S. Ghissar.
' HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Thin juniper forest at about 2.300-2,400 m a.s.l. Flight
’period: July to August.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Turanana anisophtalma: postdiscal spots on UNF shifted basal-
ly- valvae broad, with 5-6 teeth apically (fig. 45).
GLAUCOPSYCHE Scudder, 1872
Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda, 1761)
Й. 65, figs. 1-6.
Ins. Mus. Graec.: 77.
.SYNONYMS: cyllaris (Rottenburg, 1775); tshatkala (Korb, 1997).
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Graz» [Austria],
. RANGE. From Europe (except for the extreme North) and the Caucasus to
Kazakhstan and S. Siberia, Middle Asia; Mongolia.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The European part, W. and S. Siberia, the Tian-
Shan and the Ghissar-Darvaz are populated by the nominotypical taxon. The ssp.
blachieri (Milliere, 1887) is known to occur in the Carpathians, while the ssp.
lugens (Caradja, 1893) in the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and the Kopet-Dagh.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. The taxon aeruginosa (Staudinger, 1881) (= subalexis
Obraztsov, 1936) is actually an infrasubspecific category. This form dominates the
southern parts of the distribution area.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different types of meadow up to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight
period: May to July. Host plants (Thomann, 1950; Higgins & Riley, 1970):
Astragalus, Cytisus. Trifolium, Medicago, Pisum, Melilotus. Vicia and other
Fabaceae; in the Zailiisky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko, 1997): Hedysarum songoricum.
Hibernation pupal.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Glaucopsyche seminigra: UNF with large black spots; UPS of
females with strong blue dust. G. laetifica: UPS bright blue with a narrow black
border; UNH with greenish yellow dust. G. lycormas: UNH without blue basal dust.
Glaucopsyche lycormas (Butler, 1866)
PI. 65, figs. 7-12.
J, Linn. Soc. bond., Zool., 9: 57.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «North Japan».
• RANGE. From W. Siberia (Irtysh River) to the Far East, Sakhalin, the S. Kuriles;
Mongolia, NE. and central China, Korea, Japan.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits Japan.
The ssp. lederi (O. Bang-Haas, 1907) (= lada Kozhantshikov, 1936) is known to
occur in the SE. part ofWest Siberian Lowland, Kuznetsky Alatau, Salair Mts., the
N. Altais, the E. Sayan, Transbaikalia, and Mongolia. The Amur and Ussuri regions
and Sakhalin Island are populated by the ssp. scylla (Oberthr, 1880). The ssp.
tomariana (Matsumura. 1928) has been recorded in Kunashir Island, S. Kuriles.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Meadows on slopes, at borders of coniferous forest, open
sfoppe-ltke biotopes. Flight period: end of May to the end of August, in two genera-
tions. Host plants in the Ussuri and most probably for the remaining parts of
iberja (Dantchenko & Nikolaevskiy, in press): Trifolium lupinaster.
* ^^iLAR SPECIES. Glaucopsyche kurnakovi, G. argali: UPS light blue, brilliant,
rder narrow; UNS brown. G. alexis: UNH with basal blue dust; postdiscal row of
black spots on UNF curved.
Fig. 46. Mate genitalia of some Glaucopsyche (lateral view): 1 -
G. alexis alexis (Ust-Kamenogorsk, E. Kazakhstan); 2 - G. laetiphi-
ca (Hi Valley. Kazakhstan); 3 - G. seminigra sophidensis (Kopet-
Dagh Mts.). A. Zhdanko del.
Glaucopsyche kurnakovi (Kurentzov, 1970)
PI. 64, figs. 64-66.
Булавоусые чешуекрылые Дальнего Востока СССР [Butterflies of the USSR Far East
140.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... на западных склонах Омсукчанского
хребта (система Колымских гор); ... на Камчатке; ... в восточ-
ных отрогах хребта Черского (верховья р. Сеймчан». [«..
Western slopes of the Omsukchansky Mts.; ... Kamchatka-
... the eastern part of Chersky Mts. (upper reaches of Seim-
chan River)», Far East, Russia].
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Kolyma River basin, W.
Chukotka and Kamchatka.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Locally on meadows in the belts
of larch forest and mountain tundra. Flight period: June to
July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Glaucopsyche lycormas: border of UPS
more than 1 mm wide; UNS grey.
Glaucopsyche laetifica (Pungeler, 1898)
PI. 64, figs. 55-57.
Soc. ent, 13 (8): 57.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ili-Gebiet» [Hi River valley, SE. Kazakhstan).
•	RANGE. S. and SE. Kazakhstan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mesophilous stations in sandy or
tidal desert, cultivated landscapes. Flight period: April to
May. Occurring together with G. alexis in cultivated land-
scapes in the Hi River valley. Host plant there: Glycyrrhiza
walensis.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Glaucopsyche alexis: UPS violet, not bril
liant; UNH with bluish green dust. G. seminigra: UNF with
large black spots.
Glaucopsyche seminigra Howarth et Povolny, 1976
PI. 64, figs. 58-60.
Eas. morav. Mus. Brn, 61:144.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Central Afghanistan, Province Kabul:
Sarobi».
•	RANGE. Kopet-Dagh, 'TTalysh Mts.; Iran, Afghanistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits
Afghanistan. The ssp. sofidensis Blom, 1979 is known, to occur in the Kopet-Dagh-
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Locally on hills and in lowlands near rivers. Flight peri-
od; early April to mid-May.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Glaucopsyche alexis, G. laetifica: UNF with small, partly
reduced black spots; genitalia different (figs. 46, 47).
Glaucopsyche charybdis (Staudinger, 1886)
PI. 64, figs. 61-63.
Stett. ent. Ztg„ 47: 226.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Umgegend von Margelan und Namangan» [Fergana VallrV.
Uzbekistan].
	SYNONYM: exuta (Schultz, 1906).
•	RANGE. Amu-Daiya River valley, S. Ghissar, Fergana Valley.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Brushwoods of Alhagi
canescens and Glycyrrhiza uralensis along rivers
and channels. Flight period: mid-April to the end
of May. Hibernation pupal.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Glaucopsyche alexis, G. laetiji-
ca, G- seminigra: UNH with basal brilliant dust.
Glaucopsyche argali Elwes, 1899
PL 64, figs. 67-69.
Trans. R. ent. Soc. London: 328.
.TYPE LOCALITY, «...mountains south of Kuch
Agatch» [Kosh-Agach, Chuya River valley, SE.
Altais, Russia],
.RANGE. Saur Mts. and SE. Altais.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Besides the
nominotypical subspecies living in the SE. Altais,
the ssp. arkhar Lukhtanov, 1990 is known to
occur in the Saur, Manrak and Kurchum mts.,
Kazakhstan, distinguished from the nominotypical form by the veiy narrow border
on the UPS.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry and/or stony steppe-clad slopes with Oxytropis
spp., in the mountains from 1,000 to 2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to June.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Glaucopsyche alexis, G. lycormas: UNS grey, with basal brilliant
dust.
Fig. 47. Female genitalia of some Glaucopsyche (sterigma, ventral view): 1 - G.
laetiphica (Hi Valley, Kazakhstan); 2- G. seminigra sophidensis (Kopet-Dagh Mis.); 3-
G. alexis alexis (Ust-Kamenogorsk, E. Kazakhstan). A. Zhdanko del.
IOLANA Bethune-Baker, 1914
lolana gigantea (Grum-Grshimailo, 1885)
PI. 65, figs. 16-18.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 2: 215.
•TYPE LOCALITY, «...die Schlucht von Kara-Kokty oder die felsige Umgegend von
Utsch-Kurgan» [Uchkorgon, N slope ofAlaisky Mts., Kirghizia].
•SYNONYM: iphicles (Staudinger, 1886).
•RANGE. Ghissar-Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai; Afghanistan, Pakistan.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Ghissar-Darvaz and the Pamirs-Alai are
populated by the nominotypical taxon.
•HABITATSAND BIOLOGY. Xerophytous rocky stations, especially detrital cones in
the mouth of gorges, in the mountains up to 2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to
July. Host plant in the Ghissar (Zhdanko, 1997): Coluteapaulsenii.
lolana iolas (Ochsenheimer, 1816)
^65, figs. 19-21.
Schmett. Europas, 4:144,
•SYNONYM: bureschi Hemming, 1931.
•TYPE LOCALITY. Hungary.
•RANGE, s. Europe, Transcaucasia; N. Africa, Asia Minor.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In the Armenian Highland and the Talysh Mts,,
ssp. lessei (Bernardi, 1964) (= christinae Betti, 1977; = cappadocia Betti, 1977)
is known to occur.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Xerophytous stony stations up to 1,500 a.s.l. Flight
period: May to July. Host plant in Turkey (Hesselbarth et al., 1995): Colutea cilicica
Larvae feeding on seeds. Hibernation pupal.
lolana andreasi (Sheljuzhko, 1919)
PI. 65, figs. 22-24.
Z. wiss. InsektBiol., 1 (16): 129.
.'ГУРЕ LOCALITY. «Firiiza ad Askhabad, prov. Transcaspica» [Firyuza, Kopet-Dagh
Mts., Turkmenistan],
•	RANGE. Kopet-Dagh; Iran.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Xerophytous rocky stations at about 800-1,500 ш a.s.l.
Flight period: May to July.
MACULINEA van Eecke, 1915
Maculinea alcon ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775)
PI. 66, figs. 19-24, 34.
Syst. Werke Schmett. Wienergegend: 182.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Wien» [Vienna, Austria],
•	SYNONYM: mamers (Bergstrasser, 1779).
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following subspecies occur over the territo-
ries concerned:
ssp. alcon ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775) - Central European part;
ssp. xerophila Berger, 1946 (= arcasoides Berger, 1946; = paucipuncta Berger. 1946;
= curioza Szabo, 1956) - S. European part;
ssp. sevastos Rebel et Zerny, 1931 (= limitenea Balint, 1985) - Carpathians;
ssp. jentssejensis (Sheljuzhko, 1928) - W. and central Siberia;
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mesophilous meadows with the following host plants:
Gentiana pneumonanthe, G. asclepiadea. and ants, Myrmica ruginodls (ci.
Hesselbarth et al., 1995). Host plant in Siberia (Korshunov, 1996): Dianthus super-
bus. Flight period: June to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Maculinea arion, M. cyanecula, M. arionides, M. teleius, M-
kurentzovt, M. nausithous: UPF with a row of postmedial black spots. M. rebeli: UNS
gray.
Maculinea rebeli (Hirschke, 1904)
PI. 66, figs. 16-18, 25-33,35, 36.
Jber. Wien. ent. Ver., 11:109, Taf. 2, Abb. 1-2.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Hochschwab» [Austria],
•	SYNONYMS: latimargo Couivoisier, 1913; caerulea Vorbrodt, 1912; alpicola Beuiet.
1949; cruciata Beuret, 1949; gadm.en.sis Beuret, 1949; rnagnaipicola Beuret, 19-19-
•	RANGE. From central Europe across Asia Minor to the Ussuri region.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following subspecies occur over the terriW
ries concerned:
the nominotypical subspecies - the European part;
ssp. cordidula (Jachontov, [1909]) - Caucasus Major;
ssp. monticola (Staudinger, 1901) - Caucasus Minor, Armenian Highland;
я
ssp. imitator Tuzov, nom. nov. pro Maculinea alcon alconides Kerb, 1997, nom.
praeoccup., cf. Lycaena [Maculinea] avion alconides Aurivillus, 1888 and
Lycaena [Maculinea] alcon alconides Dahlstrom, 1899 - N. Tian-Shan,
Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.;
sSp. - Altais, Sayan;
sSp. kondakovi Kurentzov, 1970 - Transbaikalia. Amur and Ussuri regions.
From the adjacent regions of N. Korea, the ssp. artrang Sibatani, Saigusa et
Hirowatari, 1994 has been described.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. Unfortunately, the taxon kondakovi Kurentzov, 1970
is known from different localities from a few specimens only (Sibatani et al.,
1994), therefore new material is necessary to reconfirm its status and distribution.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows with host plants, Gentiana cruciata. G.
qermanica, and ants, Myrmica schencki, M. sabuleti and M. scabrtnodis (Jutzeler,
*1989). Host plant in the European part (Dantchenko et al., 1996): Gentiana crucia-
ta. in the Zailiisky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko, 1997): Gentiana kirilowii. Flight period:
June to July.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Maculinea alcon: UNS brown.
Maculinea avion (Linnaeus, 1758)
PL 65, figs. 28-36.
Syst. Nat (ed. 10), 1: 483.
	TYPE LOCALITY. «Europa» [Nurnberg, Germany].
•	SYNONYMS: telegone (Bergstrasser. [1779]); uarietas (Bergstrasser, [1779]); obscura
(Christ. 1878).
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following subspecies are known from the
territories concerned:
ssp. arion (Linnaeus, 1758) (= alconides (Aurivillus, 1888); = ruehli (Krulikovsky.
1892); = unicolorHormuzaki, 1892; = baschkiria (Krulikovsky, 1897); -jasilkow-
skitHormuzaki, 1897; = walensis (Elwes, 1899); = alpina(Favre, 1903); = cauca-
sica (Jachontov, 1914), nom. nudum; = vesubia Fruhstorfer, 1917; = antesion
Fruhstorfer, 1917: = lutschniki (Krulikovsky, 1926); = sergeji Obraztsov, 1936; =
anirnula Szabo. 1956: = oagula Szabo. 1956)- European part, W. Siberia, Altais;
ssp. zara Jachontov, 1935 - Caucasus Major, Caucasus Minor, Armenian
Highland.
The subspecific identity of the populations from the N. Tian-Shan requires clarifica-
tion.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different kinds of dry meadow. Flight period: June to
July, in a single generation. Host plants in Europe (Hesselbarth et al., 1995):
Thymus, Origanum, Prunella; in NW. Kazakhstan (Zhdanko, 1997): Ziziphora
dinopodioides; in the Transcaucasia (Dantchenko, in press): Origanum, vulgare.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Maculinea alcon: UPF without row of postmedial black spots. M.
kurentzovi, M. teleius, M. nausithous: UNH without greenish blue basal dust. M.
cyanecula. M. arionides: UPS light blue.
Maculinea cyanecula (Eversmann, 1848)
“66, figs. 1-15.
Soc. imp Natural, Moscou, 21: 207.
LOCALITY. «Kiachta im ostlichen Sibirien» [Kyakhta, Buryatia, Russia],
•RANGE. From the Tian-Shan and the Alai to Transbaikalia; Mongolia.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following taxa are known from the study
Area:
ssp. суanecula (Eversmann, 1848) (= philidor Fruhstorfer, 1915) - Transbaikalia, s
Siberia (Khakassia, Tuva);
ssp. ussuriensis (Sheljuzhko, 1928) (= hironobui Sugitani, 1933) - Amur and Ussuri
regions;
ssp. obscurior (Staudinger, 1901) (= naruena Courvoisier, 1910, = sosiriomlls
Fruhstorfer, 1915) - Tian-Shan;
ssp. taros (Fruhstorfer, 1915) - Alai.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES: Sympatry M. cyaneculaand M. arionhas been confirmed in the
Altais. The status of ussuriensisrequires confirmation, probably this is a good species.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry and steppe-like meadows, in the mountains up to
2,800 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Maculinea alcon: UPF without row of postmedial black spots. M
kurentzovi, M. teleius, M. nausithous: UNH without greenish blue basal dust, м
arion: UPS dark blue.
Maculinea arionides (Staudinger, 1887)
PI. 65, figs. 25-27.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3:141, Taf. 7, Abb. 1 a, b, c.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Wladiwostok; ...Ussuri; ...Amur-Gebiet» [Amur and Ussuri
regions. Russia].
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions; Korea, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies (= selzert Warnecke,
1924; = sugitanii Matsumura, 1927; = arionidula Kardakov, 1928) occurs in the Amur
and Ussuri regions.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different types of wet meadow. Flight period: June to
July. Host plants in Japan (Fukuda et al., 1984: Yamaguchi, 1988): Isodon kameba
and I. trichocarpus: in the Ussuri region (Takahashi et al., 1996): Rabdosia excisa.
Host ants of mature instar larvae in Japan (Fukuda et al.. 1984: Yamaguchi, 1988):
Myrmica rubra and Aphaenog aster japonica.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Maculinea alcon: UPF without row of postmedial black spots. M.
kurentzovi, M. teleius, M. nausithous: UNH without greenish blue basal dust. AL
arion: smaller; UPS dark blue.
Maculinea teleius (Bergstrasser, 1779)
Pl. 67, figs. 1-15.
Nomen. Beschr. Insecten Hanau-Miinzenberg, 2:71, Taf. 43, Abb. 4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. |Hanau-Munzenberg, Germany].
•	SYNONYMS: diomedes (Rottemburg, 1775), nom. praeoccup.; telegonus
(Bergstrasser. 1779); arctophylax (Bergstrasser, 1779); arctophonus (Bergstrasser,
1779); euphemus (Hiibner, 1800).
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic region.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following subspecies are known from the
territories concerned:
ssp. teleius (Bergstrasser, 1779) (= bqjuvaricus Fruhstorfer, 1917; = thersandrus
Fruhstorfer, 1917; = peninsulae Verity et Querci, 1923) - European part. W.
Siberia, Caucasus Major and Minor;
ssp. splendens (Kozhantshikov, 1924) - Altais, Sayan,
ssp. obscurata (Staudinger, 1892) - Transbaikalia:
ssp. euphemia (Staudinger, 1887) (?= insignis (Sheljuzhko, 1928)) - /Amur and
Ussuri regions;
ssp. choesensis (Matsumura, 1927) (= coreana (Matsumura, 1926), nom. praeoccup--
= hozanensis (Matsumura, 1927); - melancholica (Bryk, 1946))-S. Ussuri region-
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Wet meadows. Flight period: July to August. Host plants:
Sanguisorba officinalis. Host ants of mature instar larvae in Europe and Siberia
(Chapman, 1919; Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): Myrmica scabrinodis; in Japan
(Fukuda et al., 1984; Yamaguchi, 1988): M. ruginoides and Aphaenogasterjaponica.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Maculinea alcon: UPF without row of postmedial black spots. M.
purentzooi: black spot of postmedial row between veins Cuj and Cu2 distinctly shift-
ed basally. M. nausithous: UNH dark brown. M. arion, M. cyanecula. M. arionides:
UNH with greenish blue basal dust.
Maculinea ogumae (Matsumura, 1910)
PI. 67, figs. 16-20.
Ent. Zeitschr., 23 (50): 221.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Sakhalin».
.RANGE. Sakhalin, Kuriles: Japan [Hokkaido, Honshu).
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical taxon occurs in Sakhalin; the
ssp. doii (Matsumura, 1928) (= naganumai Kanda, 1934) in the Kuriles.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows. Flight period: July to August.
Maculinea kurentzovi Sibatani. Haigusa et Hirowatari, 1994
PI, 67, figs. 22-24.
TyotoGa, 44 (4): 196, figs. 9-10,18-24, 40.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Kantairi» [Handaeri. N. Korea].
•	RANGE. From Transbaikalia to the Ussuri region; N. China. N. Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the
Amur and Ussuri regions; in the Transbaikalia - ssp. daurica Dubatolov, 1999.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows. Flight period: July to August.
• SIMILAR SPECIES. Maculinea alcon: UPF without row of postmedial black spots. M.
teleius: black spot of postmedial row between veins Ciiy and Cu2 not shifted basal-
ly. M. arion, M. cyanecula. M. arionides: UNH with greenish blue basal dust.
Maculinea nausithous (Bergstrasser, [1779])
PI. 65, figs. 37-39.
Nomen. Beschr. Insecten Hanau-Miinzenberg, 2: 70, Taf. 43, Abb. 1.
•TYPE LOCALITY. [Hanau-Miinzenberg, Germany].
•SYNONYMS: areas (Rottemburg, 1775), nom. praeoccup.; nausithoe (Bergstrasser,
[1779]); erebus (Knoch, 1782).
•RANGE. From W. Europe to central Siberia; Turkey.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies (= kijevensis
Sheljuzhko, 1928) inhabits the European part and Siberia, the Caucasus Major
and Minor.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows. Flight period: July to August. Host plant:
Sanguisorba officinalis. Host ants of larvae (Hesselbarth et al., 1995): Myrmica rubra.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Maculinea alcon. M. arion. M. cyanecula. M. teleius: UNS grey.
SHIJIMIAEOIDES Beuret, 1958
^ijimiaeoides divina (Fixsen, 1887)
^•65, figs. 13-15.
“•Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3: 281. pl. 13, fig. 5a, b.
LOCALITY. «Pung-Tung» [N. Korea],
YNONYM: heijonis (Matsumura, 1929).
•	RANGE. Amur and Ussuri regions: Korea, Japan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Locally over dry meadows near rocks and crags. Flight
period: June to July. Larvae feeding on flowers of Fabaceae. Larvae associated with
ants. Pupae hibernating in the soil (Fukuda et al., 1984).
PATRICIUS Balint, 1992
Patricius lucifer (Staudinger, 1867)
PI. 72, figs. 13-18.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 28:100.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ust-Kamenogorsk im Altai» [Ust-Kamenogorsk, E. Kazakhstan].
•	SYNONYM: lornex (Higgins, 1981).
•	RANGE. W and S. Altais, Sayan, Transbaikalia; Mongolia, N. China.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the Altais
and the Sayan. East of the Sayan, the ssp. selengensis (Forster. 1940) (= biton
(Bremer, 1861), nom. praeoccup.; = otton Korshunov, 1996) is known to occur,
which differs by the more strongly developed spots on the UNS.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The records of this species in the Pamirs and the Ghissar
require confirmation.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry steppe-clad slopes up to 2,000 m a.s.l. In Siberia,
mountain tundra (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995). Flight period: June to July.
PLEBEIUS Kluk, 1780
Plebeius argus (Linnaeus. 1758)
PI. 73, figs. 16-38.
Syst. Nat. (ed. 10), 1:483.
	SYNONYMS: sylvius (Poda, 1761); aegon ([Denis et Schiffermiiller], 1775).
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Schveden» [S. Sweden],
•	RANGE. Entire Europe, eastward across the Caucasus and Transcaucasia. Asia
Minor, Kazakhstan, Middle Asia. W., central and S. Siberia, to the Far East, the
Amur and Ussuri regions, and Sakhalin.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A highly polymorphous species with a lot of vari-
eties and forms described. Besides the nominotypical form distributed in
Scandinavia, the following subspecies are generally accepted at present:
ssp. aegon ([Denis et Shiffermuller], 1775 - N. European part (Karelia);
ssp. deomenes (Fruhstorfer, 1910) - Carpathians;
ssp. wolgensis (Forster, 1936) - S. European part and probably lowland
Kazakhstan, Tian-Shan, Tarbagatai, Saur and S. Altais;
ssp. bellus Herrich-Schaffer, [1844] (= tscherkessica (Forster, 1936); = georgica
(Forster, 1936); = orientaloides (Verity, 1931)) - Caucasus Major and Minor,
Armenian Highland, Talysh;
ssp. obensis (Forster. 1936) (= korshunoui (Standel, I960)) - W. Siberia, N. Altais:
ssp. darasiaticus (Verity, 1931) (= katunica (Standel, I960)) - E. Altais, Sayan.
Transbaikalia, W. Amur region;
ssp. pamirus (Forster, 1936) - Pamirs-Alai and probably highlands of Tian-Shan;
ssp. coreanus (Tutt, 1909) (= orientalis Kurentzov, 1970, nom. praeoccup.; = feared'
zovi Koyak, 1980) - E. Amur and Ussuri regions;	:•
ssp. micrargus (Butler, 1873) - Sakhalin.	|
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different types of meadow on plains, at foothills and in
the mountains up to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to September, usually in two
generations, depending on altitude. Host plants (Hasselbarth et al., 1995):
Astragalus. Charnaecytisus, Colutea, Coronilla, Hippocrepis, Lathyrus, Lotus.
Medicago sativa, Onobrychis, Ononis, Vicia, Helianthemum, Thymus, Erica, Calluna.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius iburiensis: larger; UPS blue or greenish blue; black
margin on UPS narrower, as a rule. P. idas: black margin on UPF not more than 2
mm wide; ground colour of UNS grey with greenish dust basally; costal appendix of
valvae with small teeth (fig. 48). P. calliopis: smaller; black margin on UPS not more
than 1 mm wide. P. subsolanus: larger; black margin on UPF broader and often
extended up to discal cell; costal appendix of valvae with small teeth (fig. 48). P.
dzhizaki: black margin on UPF not more than 2 mm wide; on UNS, submarginal
black spots large; base of uncus extended (fig. 50). P. argyrognomon, P. pseudoae-
gon: black margin on UPF not more than 2 mm wide; ground colour of UPS violet. P.
nushibi: larger; UNS of grey ground colour.
Plebeius shuroabadicus J. L. Shchetkin, 1963
Pi. 83, figs. 37-39.
Tp. ин-та зоол. и паразитол. АН Тадж. ССР [Trudy Instituta zoologii i parazitologii Tadjikskoi SSR], 24: 57.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «У Чертового моста, ... в районе Шуроабадского пер.» [Pass
Shuroabad, Khozratishoh Mts., Tajikistan].
•	RANGE. Darvaz, yet the provenance of this species requires confirmation.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Grassy slopes in the mountains at about 1,950-2,550 m
a.s.l. Flight period: June to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius christophi, P. samudra rognedus, P. roxane: UPS light
blue; black margin on UPF narrow, not more than 2 mm wide; on UNS, postdiscal
spots small.
Plebeius dzhizaki Zhdanko, spec. nov.
PL 73, figs. 40-42.
•	HOLOTYPE: d Uzbekistan. Dzhizak Region, near Buston, 15-17.06.1989, D.
Zamolodchikov leg. Paratypes: 5 d, 3 ?, same locality and data, D. Zamolodchikov
teg.
Holotype and allotype, in ZISP. Paratypes, in the collections of S. Churkin and D.
Zamolodchikov.
•	DESCRIPTION. Male [holotype). FW length 11.9 mm (11-12 mm in the series).
UPF bright violet blue. All veins darkened. Transverse vein narrowly black. Black
margin narrow (1.2 mm). Fringes brown basally and white distally. UNS light grey,
with slight bluish dust basally. On UNF, middle spot large, black; postdiscal row of
large black spots complete, sigmoid, S-shaped. Submarginal row of large spots
complete. Spots of marginal row smaller than submarginal ones. White lunules
along outer margin. UNH with three black points basally. Middle spot black, well-
developed. Postdiscal row of black spots complete and compact. Antemarginal
marking consisting of yellowish spots delimited by black spots both from outside
and inside.
Male genitalia (fig. 50). Tegumen similar to those of P. argus. Uncus somewhat
extended basally, with thin distal appendices and an upcurved apex. Aedeagus
similar to that in P. argus but more strongly curved down distally. Valvae narrower
than in P argus. with six small teeth distally and a slightly upcurved and narrower
c orsal appendix. Ventral appendix smaller and shorter than in P. argus. Inner
membrane of valvae similar to that of P. argus. Juxta with thin long branches and a
appendix in between (larger than in P. argus).
Female. Similar to male. UPS with bright violet blue dust extended to submargm-g
area. All veins darkened. On UPS, submarginal spots well developed. Margins
marking consisting of reduced black spots merging into a dark band on UNF.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Flight in June in mesophilous places.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius argus: black margin on UPF more than 2 mm wide; on
UNS, submarginal black spots small.
Plebeius eversmanni (Lang, 1884)
PI. 70, figs. 41-46.
Rhop. Europae, 1:370.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Samarkand» [W. Gissar, Uzbekistan]. Lectotype designated by
Balint (1999).
•	SYNONYMS: eversmanni (Staudinger, 1886), nom. preaoccup.; grumi (Staudinger.
1901); ardis Balint et Johnson, 1997.
•	RANGE. Kopet-Dagh, Ghissar, Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai, W. Tian-Shan; NE.
Afghanistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both individual and geographical variation great.
Besides the nominotypical taxon in Central Asia, the ssp. badachshanus Forster.
1972 is known to inhabit the Pamirs.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony slopes south in exposure, with, thin vegetation at
about 1,500-3,800 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to July, in two generations, depend-
ing on altitude. Specimens of the first generation larger. Host plants (Zhdanko,
1997): Chesneya quinata in the Alaisky Mts. and Ch. hissarica in the Ghissar.
Plebeius subsolanus (Eversmann, 1851)
PI. 72, figs. 29-34.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscow, 24 (2): 620.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Irkut». [Probably Irkut River valley, Buryatia. Russia]. Lectotype
designated herewith (see below).
•	RANGE. Transbaikalia, Amur and Ussuri regions; N. Mongolia and China, Korea,
Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A highly variable species, with the following
subspecies reported from the territories concerned:
ssp. subsolanus (Eversmann, 1851) (= putealis Matsumura, 1927; = montanus Yagi.
1915) -Transbaikalia, Amur and Ussuri basin;
ssp. ida (Grum-Grshimailo. 1891) - SW. Transbaikalia;
Besides this, the ssp. imanishii (Takeuchi, 1936) has been described from Sakhalin.
Unfortunately, its status is unclear.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. We designate herewith the lectotypes of Lycaena subsolamis
Eversmann, 1851 in the ZISP collection. The lectotype of subsolanus Eversmann,
1851: male (poor condition), with the following labels: 1 - white square handwritten
by Eversmann "Irkuzk", 2 - white square with the handwriting “subsolana. VT. 3 -
printed “coll. Eversmann".
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different types of meadow on plains, at foothills and in
the mountains. Flight period: July to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius Idas: smaller; black margin on UPF narrow, not more
than 2 mm wide; genitalia different (fig. 48). P. cleobis: UPS bright blue; black
margin on UPF narrower, contrasting; UNS white; genitalia different (fig. 48). P
argus: smaller; black margin on UPF narrower. P. pseudoaegon, P. argyrognomon-
black margin on UPF not more than 2 mm wide; ground colour of UPS violet.
plebeius eleobis Bremer, 1861
pl 72, figs-19-21, 26-28, 35-39.
Mem. Acad. Imp. Set St.-Petersbourg, 3:472.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Nord. Seite Baikal" [N. Transbaikalia], Lectotype designated here-
with (see bellow).
. RANGE. From S. Siberia and the Altais across Transbaikalia to the Far East. Amur
and Ussuri regions; Japan.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Besides the nominotypical form known from the
E. Sayan and Transbaikalia, the ssp. tancrei (Graeser, 1888) inhabits the Amur and
Ussuri regions; the ssp. kenteanus (Staudinger, 1892) the W. Sayan, Tuva and N.
Mongolia; and the ssp. ongodai (Tutt, 1909) the Altais. Possibly the taxon terne-
Janus (Kurentzov, 1970) is a synonym of tancrei. In addition, the ssp. uerchojanicus
(Kurentzov, 1970) (= caerulea P. Grobunov, 1995) has been described from the Far
East but, unfortunately, its status remains unclear. That it belongs to P. calliopis,
cannot be excluded. The taxon iburiensis (Butler, [1882]), from Japan, belongs to
this species as well.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. For a long time, the taxa eleobis Bremer, 1861 were treated
as conspecific to subsolanus. Our re-examination of type material of these taxa,
both in ZISP, clearly shows that eleobis in fact belongs to a different species group.
The lectotype of eleobis Bremer, 1861 (ZISP collection): male, with the following
labels: 1 - white square handwritten by Bremer “Nord. Seite Baikal bis 1 Aug.’’, 2 -
white square with the handwriting “Bremer 128", 3 - red square “Lectotype,
Lycaena eleobis Bremer".
The name aegonides was proposed by Bremer (1864) to replace eleobis. which Bremer
treated as a homonym of Papilio eleobis Schulze, 1776. In reality, eleobis Bremer,
1861 is a valid name, as already reported by Staudinger (1871). According to
Bremer’s (1864) notes, the taxon aegonides was based on the same type material as
eleobis.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Pebbly banks of rivers and/or stony slopes. Flight in
July to the first half of August.
• SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius subsolanus: black margin on UPF broad and not
contrasting; genitalia different (fig. 48). P. calliopis: UPS violet; UNS grey. P. argus:
smaller; UPS violet blue; black margin on UPS broader, as a rule. P. pseudoaegon:
ground colour of UPS violet.
Plebeius (idas) idas (Linnaeus, 1761)
Pt 73, figs. 46-57.
Fauna Svec. (ed. 2): 284.
•SYNONYMS: argus ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775); leodorus (Esper, 1782).
•TYPE LOCALITY. «S. Sweden».
•RANGE. Entire Europe, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, W. and N. Kazakhstan,
Middle Asia, the Saur Mts., the Altais; Asia Minor.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A highly variable species. The nominotypical
taxon is distributed in Scandinavia down to Denmark. In the study territory, the
following subspecies could be accepted:
ssp. acreon (Fabricius, 1787) - central and S. European part. W. and N.
Kazakhstan;
ssp- altarmenus (Forster, 1936) - Armenian Highland;
SSP- itaruenus (Courvoisier, 1913) - N. and Inner Tian-Shan;
W- tshimganus (Forster, 1936) - W. Tian-Shan.
• AXONOMIC NOTES. Probably the taxa acdestis (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890) and
tf№rulescens (Grum-Grshimailo, 1893) also belong to P. idas. Their identities require
a revision because their original descriptions are poor while
the types, from the N. and S. Urals respectively, have not been
relocated. Besides this, the status of numerous populations
from the mountains of Middle Asia remains unclear because
their variability has not been studied yet. All of them, as well
as the entire idas species group, are in need of a revision.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows on plains, at
foothills and in the mountains up to 2,000 m a.s.l. (Altais) or
2,700 m (Tian-Shan). Flight period: June to August, in one
or two generations, depending on altitude. Host plants in
Europe (Chapman, 1914; Malicky, 196]): Calluna vulgaris,
Hippocrepis emeroides, Cercis sHiquastrum, Meltlotus albus,
Chrysaspis campestris; in the Moscow Region (Dantchenko,
pers. comm.): Genista tinctoria; in the Tian-Shan (Zhdanko,
1997): Astragalus alpinus, Cicer Jlexuosum.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius argus: black margin on UPF
more than 2 mm wide; ground colour of UNS whitish grey
with bluish dust basally. P. subsolanus: on UPF, dark margin
broad, more than 2 mm wide; genitalia different (fig. 48). P.
shuroabadicus: distal end of uncus short and upcurved (fig.
48). P. argyrognomon: uncus and branches of gnathos longer
(fig. 49). P. calliopis: smaller; black margin on UPS not more
than 1 mm wide. P. mongolicus: UPS light blue; black margin
on UPS absent. P. uiguricus: black border narrower, orange
eyes on UNH well-developed.
Plebeius (idas) calliopis (Boisduval, [ 1832])
PI. 73, figs. 58-60, pl. 74, figs. 1-12.
Icon. Hist. Lep., 1:58, pl. 15, figs. 4-5.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Grenoble» [France],
•	RANGE. Highlands and boreal regions of Europe and Asia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The ssp. armoricandlus
(Beuret, 1934) occurs in the N. European part. Superficially,
populations from Transcaucasia are not distinct from the
nominotypical taxon. The ssp. polaris (Nordstrrn, 1928) (=
kamtchaticus (Kurentzov, 1970)) has been described from
Kamchatka, the ssp. aborigeni Zhdanko, 1999 from the
mainland of the Russian Far East, and the ssp. sailjugemi-
cus Zhdanko et Sarnodurov, 1999 from the Altais. The ssp-
aeginus (Grum-Grshimailo, 1891) (= naruenus (Courvoisier,
1913)) is known to occur in the N. and Inner Tian-Shan, and
the ssp. gissari Zhdanko, 1999 in the Ghissar.
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Alpine meadows, mountain
(1,500-3,500 m a.s.l.) to lowland tundra. Flight period: July
to August. Host plants in Transcaucasia: Hedysaruni
armenum (Dantchenko, in press); in the Ghissar (Zhdanko*
1999): Cicer jlexuosum.
Fig. 48. Male genitalia of some Plebeius (lateral view): 1 - P Idas idas (St. Petersburg), 2 - P	•
Zailusky Alatau Mts.); 3 - P. cleobis tancrei (topotype, Amur region); 4 - P shuroabadicus (Khozretrshoh
Tajikistan); 5 - P subsolanus subsolanus (lectotype, E Sayan). A. Zhdanko del.	у
SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius maracandicus: UPS violet; on
gNH. antemarginal brilliant scales developed. P. cleobis: UPS
bright blue; black margin on UPF about 1 mm wide; on UNH,
antemarginal brilliant scales developed. P. argus, P. idas:
larger; black margin on UPS more than 1 mm wide.
plebeius nushibi Zhdanko, spec. nov.
PL 73, figs. 43-45.
.HOLOTYPE: d. SE. Kazakhstan, Zailiisky Alatau Mts.,
Kaskelen Gorge, 1,500 m a.s.l., 19.06.1997. A. Zhdanko leg.
. PARATYPES; 3 d>, same locality. 1,300-1,500 rn a.s.l., 12-
28.06.1994, A. Zhdanko leg.; 6 5 2 9, SE. Kazakhstan,
Zailiisky Alatau Mts., Chemolgan Gorge, 1.500 m a.s.l.,
30.06.1990, A. Zhdanko leg.
Holotype, in ZISP. Paratypes in the collections of ZISP and
SDM.
.DESCRIPTION. Male [holotype). FW length 16.8 mm (15.3-
16.8 mm in the type series). UPS dark violet. Width of black
margin on UPF from 1.0 to 2.5 mm, on UPH 2.0-3.0 mm.
Veins darkened, especially at black margin. Fringes brown
basally and white distally. UNS ground colour grey. Upper
discal black points extended stroke-like. On UNF, postdiscal
row of large black spots complete, sigmoid, S-shaped.
Antemarginal row of spots more strongly contrasting medial-
ly and reduced toward sides. Submarginal orange spots
delimited inside by black lunules, outside by black rounded
spots. Basal blue dust on UNH extending to the middle of
discal cell. Postdiscal row of black spots complete, the spots
smaller than those on UNF. Submarginal orange spots large,
slightly merging, forming a band, internally delimited by
black lunules. outside by black rounded marginal spots with
brilliant blue scales (green in pianorum). A row of whitish
triangles between postdiscal spots and antemarginal mark-
ing. their tops directed toward discal cell.
Female. FW length 15.9 mm. UPS brown. UPH with a row of
dark, rounded, noticeable spots along marginal side.
Marking of UNS like in male.
Male genitalia (fig. 48) typical for the maracandicus-idas
group. Uncus convex medially like in the European
subspecies of idas, its distal part somewhat longer than in
idas but shorter than in pianorum. Branches of gnathos as
in P. idas. Valvae somewhat broader than in pianorum and idas. Aedeagus longer
and slenderer than in idas.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. Superficially, this taxon seems to be the closest to idas tshim-
ganus.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dr; meadows or steppe, in the mountains from 1,400 to
•TOO m a.s.l. Flight period: May to June. Host plant: probably Onobrychis sp.
•SIMILAR. SPECIES. Plebeius maracandicus: UPS violet; black margin on UPS very
narrow; orange spots on UNH delimited by black lunules internally; uncus and
longer (fig. 49). P. idas tshimganus. P. calliopis: smaller; black margin on
3 not more than 1 mm wide; aedeagus and valvae shorter and broader (fig. 48).
• argus: smaller; UNS of whitish grey ground colour.
Fig. 49. Male genitalia of some Plebeius (lateral view) 1 - P
maracandicus pianorum (Hi Valley). 2 - P argyrognomon
argyrognomon (S. Russia); 3 - P. uiguncus (holotype, Saur Mts., E.
Kazakhstan). A. Zhdanko del.
Plebeius argyrognomon (Bergstrasser, [1779])
PI. 72, figs. 43-45.
Nomen. Beschr. Insecten Hanau-Munzenberg, 2:76, Taf. 46, Abb. 1-2.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Hanau» [Hanau-Miinzenberg, Germany].
•	SYNONYMS: ismenias (Meigen, 1829); aegus (Chapman, 1917); liguricus (Oberthur,
1910), nom. praeoccup.
•	RANGE. Temperate belt from Europe to the Ussuri region.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is distributee)
in the central European part. In the W. and S. European parts, down to Don
.River in the South, the ssp. danapriensis (Stempfer-Schmidt, 1932) is known to
occur.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. All evidence points to the distribution pattern of P. argyrogno-
mon. in the N. Caucasus and E. Europe as matching up very well with the range
of the foodplant, Securigera varia, whose easternmost range limit lies in the
S. Urals. Indeed, transbaicalensis is very close externally to argyrognomon
but it lives well beyond the distribution area of S. varia. It is with this idea behind
that the taxon transbaicalensis Kurentzov, 1970, originally described as a
subspecies of argyrognomon, is here referred to as a subspecies of maracandicus
(see below).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows or different kinds of badland. Flight peri-
od: May to August, in two generations. Host plant in central Russia, in the middle
flow region of Volga River and in the N. Caucasus (Dantchenko, in press): S. t’aiia
Larval host ants (Fiedler, 1991a, 1991b): Lasius niger L. alienus. Myrmica
scabrinodis, M. scabuleti. In the laboratory, larvae have been bred on the
following plants (Malicky, 1969a): Medicago saliva, Melilot.us officinalis, Trifolium
repens. Astragalus glycyphyllos, Lotus corniculatus. Onobrychis viciifolia. Vida
sativa.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius idas, P. maracandicus: uncus and branches of gnaihos
shorter (figs. 48, 49). P. pseudoaegon: UPS bright blue; ground colour of UNS white;
marking of UNS consisting of large black and orange spots. P. eleobis. P. argus:
black margin on UPF broader; ground colour of UPS violet blue. P. subsolanus:
black margin on UPF more than 2 mm wide; ground colour of UPS violet blue. P.
uiguricus: black discal and postdiscal points on UNS larger; fringes of HW
chequered.
Plebeius pseudoaegon (Butler, [1882])
PI. 72, figs. 46-48.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 4: 851.
•	TYPE LOCALITY: «Iburi, Hokkaido» [Japan].
•	RANGE. Ussuri region; N. China, N. Korea, Japan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In the Ussuri region, the ssp. ussuricus (Forster.
1936) is known to occur. From the adjacent territories, the following taxa have been
reported: ssp. insularis (Leech, [1893]) (TL: Japan) and ssp. sinicus (Forster. 1936)
(TL: Sichuan, China).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows and/or steppe-clad slopes. Flight period:
end of June to mid-August. Flost plant in the Ussuri region (Dantchenko &
Nikolaevsky, in press): Vicia amoena.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius maracandicus: smaller; UPS blue; UNS grey with a
delicate marking of small black points. P. eleobis: ground colour of UPS blue U
greenish blue. P. argus, P subsolanus: black border on UPF more than 2 mm wide-
ground colour of UPS violet blue.
plebeius maracandicus (Erschoff, 1874)
PL 73. figs. 1-14.
in: федченко, Путешествие в Туркестан, II, 5 (3), (Lepidoptera): 10. [Fedtschenko, Voyage in Turkestan], II, 5 (3),
(Lepid°plera)' 10].
.TYPE LOCALITY. «... окр. Самарканда». [Vicinity of Samarkand, Uzbekistan],
.SYNONYMS: dschagatai (Grum-Grshimailo, 1887); buchara Forster, 1936.
. RANGE. From the S. European part of Russia via Turan to Yakutia, E. Siberia.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Along with the nominotypical form occupying the
southern part of the distribution area (Turan), the following subspecies are known
to occur over the territories concerned: ssp. pianorum (Alpheraky, 1881) (= calmuca
(Grum-Grshimailo, 1891)) - Hi River valley, ssp. caspicus (Forster, 1936) - N.
Caspian area; ssp. chalcha Korshunov, 1982 - Tuva and S. Transbaikalia,
Mongolia; ssp. transbaicalensis [Kurentzov, 1970) - N. Transbaikalia; ssp. jakuticus
(Kurentzov. 1970) - Yakutia.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. The taxon sareptensis (Chapman, 1917) (TL: lower How
region of Volga River) is very close to caspicus Forster, 1936, being distinguished by
the branches of the gnathos very long and the gnathos not curved on top.
Butterflies with such genitalic characters have been found neither in the Volga-
Caspian region nor in W. Kazakhstan. So there seems to be a mistake in the
published figure of the genitalia, therefore we are bound to neglect this name for
the time being.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mesophilous stations in the steppe, desert and/or semi-
desert, including cultivated lands. Flight period: April to September, in 4-5 genera-
tions (Shchetkin, 1960). Host plant in the deserts of Hi River valley (Zhdanko,
1997): Astragalus sogotensis.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius argyrognomon: uncus and branches of gnathos long
(fig. 49). P. nushibi. R idas: on UPF, dark margin broad, more than 1 mm wide;
uncus and gnathos short. P lepidus: on UNS. orange spots small, basal dust well-
developed; dorsal appendix at distal end of valvae not incurved, and ventral appen-
dix somewhat longer (fig. 50). P. christophi, P. bergi: black border on UPS more than
1 mm wide; on UNH, antemarginal ocelli small, and black spots large. P. dzhizaki:
black border on UPS wide; veins darkened. P agnatus: UPS brownish. P. noah: UPF
with a broad border; UNS without antemarginal brilliant blue scales. P. uiguricus:
black discal and postdiscal points on UNS larger: fringes of HW chequered.
Plebeius lepidus Zhdanko, spec. nov.
PI. 74. figs. 31-33.
•HOLOTYPE: d, E. Kazakhstan. 15 km E of Aksuat, 23.06.1980, A. Zhdanko leg.
•PARATYPES: 2 d. 3 9, E. Kazakhstan, 15kmW. ofZaisan, 20.06.1980, A. Zhdanko
:, E. Kazakhstan. Lake Zaisan, 11 km N of Krupskoe, 25.06.1980, A. Zhdanko
3 . E. Kazakhstan, Zaisan Region. Karabulakskaya, 27.05.1910, A. Jakobson
H g.; -1 -.89, E. Kazakhstan, Lake Zaisan. Bugas .River, Zhanatikei, 24.06.1999, S.
Churkin leg.; d. ibid.. 6.06.1999.
Holotype and some paratypes, in ZISP and SDM. Other paratypes in the collection
°fS. Churkin.
’^SCRIPTion. Male (holotype). FW length 14 .5 mm (13.5-14.6 mm in the series).
T F light violet, with white dust along costal margin. Black margin narrow, some-
ridl bioader than in pianorum. Fringes brown basally and white distally. UNS light
(л?,’ smaH black points. Upper discal black points extended stroke-like. On
• postdiscal row of large black spots complete, S-shaped, sigmoid. Ante-
row °f spots more strongly contrasting medially and reduced toward
es- Cpper spots often smaller than other ones. Basal blue dust on UNH well-
developed. Postdiscal row of black spots complete. Antemarginal spots not large,
accurate, contrasting, with brilliant blue scales and an inner orange spot.
Female. FW length 13.5-15.0 mm. UPS brown with bright violet dust. On UPH,
antemarginal spots well-developed, forming a complete row, delimited by orange
colour internally. Marking of UNS as in male.
Male genitalia (fig. 50) similar to those in pianorum. Dorsal appendix at distal encl
of valvae not curved inside, ventral appendix somewhat longer.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Semi-deserts or steppe-clad places in Zaisan Valley.
Flight period: May to June.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius maracandicus: on UNS, orange spots large, basal dost
reduced; dorsal appendix at distal end of valvae incurved, ventral appendix some-
what shorter (fig. 49).
Plebeius uiguricus Zhdanko, 2000
Pi. 83, figs. 34-36.
Helios, 1:101.
•	TYPE LOCALITY: «Bukombai, 20 km SE. Karatogai, Kurchum Mts., S. Altai».
	RANGE. S. Altai, Saur and Tarbagatai mts., ?Dzhungarsky Alatau.
•	HABITATSAND BIOLOGY. Mountain steppe. Flight period: June to mid-July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius argyrognomon, P. maracandicus: black discal and post-
discal points on UNS smaller; fringes of HW monotonous. P. idas: black border
wider, orange ocelli on UNH not developed.
Plebeius mongolicus Ruhl, [1893]
PI. 72, figs. 40-42; pl. 83, figs. 26, 27.
In: Ruhi, Pal. Grossschmett, 235.
•	TYPE LOCALITY: Neotype designated herewith (pl. 83, figs. 26, 27): N. Mongolia,
Darkhan. leg. S. Andreev. The neotype will be deposited in the ZSBS collection.
•	RANGE. Transbaikalia, Amur region; Mongolia.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. This taxon has originally been proposed as "Lycaena
argus var. mongolica Grum.”. Material that served for the description is known
to have belonged to the Staudinger collection, apparently at least partly
supplied by Grum-Grshimailo himself, who was the first to propose the name
(as a nomen nudum though). Mongolia must have been the provenance of
material.
Staudinger attributed a good number of different Central Asian Plebeius forms to
mongolicus, distributing the samples widely among his clients. This has apparently
been the reason why Riihl [1893] referred to "Centralasien” as the terra typica. and
noted great variability, of the taxon. No types of mongolicus are known (Nekrutenko.
in press). The ZSBS collection harbours a male labeled "Argus var. Mongol."', which
Forster (1936) identified as mongolicus. In addition, it was Mongolia that Forster
refined as the type locality. Furthermore, based on specimens from Sretensk.
Transbaikalia, in his revision Forster (1936) referred to a ssp. nov. of mongolicus.
though he did not describe it.
In our opinion, this taxon displays a cline from Mongolia towards the Amur region-
This area appears to support several closely related but sympatrically occurring
species of the P. argyrognomon complex which Forster failed to properly discrimr
nate. Instead he characterised mongolicus as «generally larger and with more
strongly rounded wings». Based on this diagnosis, Kurentzov (1970) referred larger
specimens of P. argyrognomon from the Amur region to mongolicus. Hence for a long
time the name mongolica (or mongolicus) was used in the sense of Forster an^
Kurentzov.
Therefore both lack of type material and the equivocal usage
of the name have created the nomenclatural instability
which only seems surmountable through neotype designa-
tion.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows and steppe-clad
slopes. Flight period: end of June to mid-August.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius maracandicus: smaller; UNS
цгеу with a delicate marking of small black points. P. argy-
rognomon, P eleobis, P. argus, P. subsolanus, P. idas: UPS
blue; black margin on UPS 1 or more mm wide.
plebeius christophi (Staudinger, 1874)
PI. 74, figs. 13-15, 25-27.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 35: 87.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Schachrud» [NE. Iran).
.SYNONYM: argivus (Staudinger, 1886).
RANGE. N. Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan; N.
Afghanistan.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both Turan and the S.
Ghissar are populated by the nominotypical subspecies. S.
Armenia and the adjacent parts of Turkey are inhabited by
the ssp. transcaucasicus (Rebel, 1901). The latter taxon can
prove to be a «good» species.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. In his revision of the genus Plebeius,
Forster (1936) considered the taxon argivus Staudinger,
1886 as a synonym to christophi Staudinger, 1874. Here we
follow this opinion, though we believe that, to ultimately
resolve this problem, another restudy of the pertinent types
is necessary.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Sandy and clayey deserts, river-
ine thickets, badlands, sometimes cultivated land. Along
river valleys, in the mountains up to 1,400 m a.s.l. Flight
period: April to June, in several generations. Host plants
(Degtyareva & Shchetkin, 1975; Falkovich, 1986): Alhagi
spp.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius roxane: UPF with a broad (more
than 1.0-1.5 mm wide) black margin. P. samudra: UNS dark;
black spots small; blue basal dust on UNH well-developed
(sometimes extending to discal vein). P. maracandicus:
orange submarginal spots on UNS large, often merging into a
band. P lepidus: UPS with a narrow border; UNS with very
small spots. P noah: UPF with a broad border; UNS without
antemarginal brilliant blue scales.
Plebeius agnatus (Staudinger, 1889)
"•И tigs. 16-18.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 50:19.
LOCALITY. «Gebirgen stidlich vom Issyk-Kul».
Probably Kashgar, NW. China],
RANGE. Alai, W. and Inner Tian-Shan (Alaisky and E.
ergansky Mts., Sarykolsky Mts.); Kokshaal-Too and
’urugart mts., Kunlun Mts.
Fig. 50. Male genitalia of some Plebeius (lateral view). 1 - Я
christophi christophi (Turkmenistan): 2 - P bergi (paratype. N. Aral
region); 3 - P. dzhizaki (holotype. Dzhizak, Uzbekistan): 4 - Я
leptons (paratype, Zaisan Distr., E. Kazakhstan) A. Zhdanko del.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Desert to semi-desert biotopes at about 1,500-3.000 in
a.s.l. Flight period: May to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius christophi: UPF with a narrow border; ground colour of
UNS whitish grey. P. samudra: marking of black points on UNS reduced; basal blue
dust well-developed.
Plebeius samudra (Moore, 1874)
PI. 74, tigs. 19-21.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 574, pl. 47, fig. 2.
•	SYNONYMS: tomyris (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890); micropunctulatus J. L. Shchetkin,
1975.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ladak, Skardo» [Skardu, Jammu and Kashmir, NW. India],
•	RANGE. Darvaz, Pamirs; Kashgar, NW. India.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits Janirnu
and Kashmir, NW. India. Tire ssp. rognedus (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890) has been
described from Kashgar and it also occurs in the Darvaz and the Pamirs. From the
NW. Hindu Kush, the taxon leslei (Tytler, 1926) has been described, superficially
very similar to, probably even a junior synonym of P samudra.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. River valleys in the mountains at 2,000-3,300 in. a.s.l.
Flight period: June. Host plant (Degtyareva & Shchetkin, 1975): Hippophae rham-
noideus.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius christophi: ground colour of UNS light ochreous; basal
dust absent; marking of black points well-developed. P. roxane: UPF with a broad
margin (1.0-1.5 mm wide).
Plebeius roxane (Grum-Grshimailo, 1887)
PI. 74, figs. 22-24.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 3:400.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Schir-Abad» [Shiroabad, Tajikistan], Lectotype designation by
Balint (1999).
•	SYNONYMS: bactrianus (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890); submontanus (J. L. Shchetkin,
1960).
•	RANGE. Tajikistan and N. Afghanistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the S.
Ghissar.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Riverine thickets at about 600-1,500 m a.s.l. with domi-
nating Hippophae rhamnoideus and Alhagi. Flight period: May to September, proba-
bly in 2-3 generations. Host plants: Alhagi spp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius christophi: UPF with a narrow black margin. P samu-
dra: UPF with a narrow black margin; UNH with strong blue basal dust. P mara-
candicus: UPF with a very narrow black margin; orange submarginal spots on UNH
large and often merging into a band.
Plebeius bergi Kusnezov, 1908
PI. 74, figs. 28-30.
Известия Туркест. Отд. Импер. Русс. Геогр. общ-ва. [News Turkest. Russ. Geogr. Soc.], 4 (8): 107, t. 4a, fig. 1-3.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... северное побережье Аральского моря». [N. coast of Aral
Kazakhstan]. Lectotype, male from the ZISP collection, designated herewith,
the following labels: 1 - “Биль-Драй, 17.05.1906" [white, handwritten]; 2 - yell°w
rectangle; 3 - “bergi” [white, handwritten]; 4 - Lectotypus Zhdanko design. [if<L
handwritten],
• RANGE. Central and E. Kazakhstan.
with
HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Desert or semi-desert biotopes. Flight period: May.
_ SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius christophi: marking of black points on UNS small; geni-
talia different (fig. 50). P. maracandica: orange submarginal spots on UNH large and
often merging into a band. P. north: UPF with a broad border; UNS without antemar-
ginal brilliant blue scales.
plebeius noah (Herz, 1900)
Pl. 83, figs. 28-30.
[жег. Зоол. муз. Акад, наук (Anna. Mus. zool., St.-Petersbourg), 5:442.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Noah-Pairambar... Bucharen, Noah». [?Nuratau Mts., Bukhara
Region, Uzbekistan]. Lectotype, from the ZISP collection, designated herewith, wii'n
the following labels: 1 - “noah, 9-1 l.V. 1892, Herz” [white, handwritten]; 2 -
Lectotypus Zhdanko design, [red, handwritten],
.RANGE. Turan.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Desert or semi-desert biotopes up to 1,000 m a.s.l.
Flight period: May. Host plants in the NE. Kyzyl-Kum Desert. (Zhdanko, pers. obser-
vations): Alhagi spp.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebeius christophi, P. maracandica, P. bergi: UPF with a narrow
border; UNS with brilliant antemarginal blue scales.
PLEBEJIDES Sauter, 1968
Plebejides pylaon (Fischer von Waldheim, 1832)
PI. 71, figs. 43-45.
Mem. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 8:357, pl. 19, figs. 5-6.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Sarepta». [Vicinity of Volgograd, Russia],
•	SYNONYM: cyane (Freyer, [1845]).
•	RANGE. From the S. European part, of Russia to the Altais.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following subspecies are known to occur over
the study territories: ssp. pylaon (Fischer von Waldheim, 1832) - S. European part,
W. Siberia, Turan, W. Altais; ssp. katunensis Balint et Lukhtanov, 1990 - central
and E. Altais.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe or steppe-like clad slopes up to 1,200-2,000 m
a.s.l. Flight period: May to July. Host plant in NW. Kazakhstan (Zhdanko, 1997):
Astragalus rupifragus.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebejides sephirus: marginal yellow markings poorly devel-
oped. P zephyrinus: larger; UNS grey.
Plebejides sephirus (Frivaldszky, 1835)
pi-71, figs. 37-42.
Magyar Tud. Tars. Evk., 2:269, Taf. 7, Abb. 1-2.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Haemeus, Szliven» [Sliven, Bulgaria],
•SYNONYMS: tihryki (Rebel, 1911); microsephyrus (Verity, 1935); modica (Verity,
1935); kouacsi (Szabo, 1954); proximus (Szabo, 1954); foticus (Szabo, 1956);
brethertoni (Brown, 1976); magniftcus Balint, 1987.
•RANGE. From the Balkan Peninsula across Turkey to the Caucasus.
‘DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both individual and geographical variation
considerable, yet no clear-cut subspecies can be distinguished. Specimens from the
S- European part seem to belong to the nominotypical subspecies; the ssp.
^ubanensis (Shchurov, 1999) occurs in the NW, Caucasus and probably in the
Crimea.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry steppe-clad slopes along streams, dry outskirts
in the forest belt from 800 to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: mid-May to mid.
August, in two generations. Host plants (Hesselbarth et al., 1995): Astragali^
spp. Larvae associated with ants (Fiedler, 1992): Lasius alienus, FormicQ
pratensis.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebejides zephyrinus: UNS grey. P. pylaon: marginal yellow
markings well-developed.
Plebejides zephyrinus (Christoph, 1884)
PI. 71, figs. 19-30.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 1:102, pl. 6, fig. 3.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Askhabad». [Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan], Lectotype designation
by Balint (1999).
•	RANGE. From Transcaucasia to the S. Altais.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A highly variable species. At present, the follow-
ing names are regarded as subspecies:
ssp. zephyrinus (Christoph, 1884) (= turcmenicus Forster, 1936) - Kopet-Dagh;
ssp. usbecus Forster, 1939 (= zephyrinus Staudinger, 1886, nom. praeoccup.) - \y.
and N. Tian-Shan;
ssp. forsteri Balint, 1990 - Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.;
ssp. tarbagataiensis Balint, 1992 - Saur, Tarbagatai, S. Altais;
ssp. ordubadi (Forster, 1938) (= solimana Forster, 1938; = iranica Forster, 1939; =
albertii Nekrutenko, 1975; = iranicola Koyak, 1980; = semiturcmenicus Balint,
1991; = abchasicus Nekrutenko, 1975) - Caucasus Major, Armenian Highland,
Talysh.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry steppe and/or stony stations at about 800-3,000 m
a.s.l. Flight period: May to July, in two generations. Host plant in Kazakhstan
(Zhdanko, 1997): Astragalus sp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebejides sephirus: UNS whitish grey, marginal yellow mark-
ings poorly-developed. P. pylaon: UNS whitish grey, marginal yellow markings well-
developed. P. patriarchus, P. klausrosei: larger; UPS violet blue; dark border on UPF
broader; marginal spots on UPH arrow-like, as a rule.
Plebejides patriarchus Balint, 1992
PI. 71, figs. 31-33.
Atalanta, 23 (1/2): 134, figs. IM, 7.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Karnak, Darwas» [10 km S. Tavildara, Karanak Valley. Zagara
Mts., Darvaz, Tajikistan],
•	RANGE. Darvaz.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Lowlands to foothills, in the mountains up to 2.000
a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plant: Astragalus sp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Plebejides zephyrinus: smaller; UPS blue; dark border on UPF
narrower; marginal spots on UPH rounded.
Plebejides klausrosei Balint, 1992
PI. 71, figs. 34-36.
Энт. обозр. [Ent. obozr.], 71 (4): 875, figs. 55-58.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «UdSSR, Tadshikistan, Wachschski Chrebet». [Vakhshsky M’s-
Tajikistan].
•	RANGE. S. Ghissar.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Foothills to mountains up to 2,000 a.s.l. Flight period:
June to July.
gjyllLAR SPECIES. Plebejides zephyrinus: UPS blue; dark border on UPF narrower;
inargirial spots on UPH rounded.
UMPRIA Zhdanko, [1996]
Umpria chinensis (Murrey. 1874)
pi. 69, figs. 33-38.
Trans. R. ent. Soc. London, 4: 523.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «North China».
.RANGE. From Turan to the Ussuri region; China. Mongolia, Korea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Variation relatively little, nevertheless the follow-
ing subspecies have been reported from the territories concerned:
ssp. chinensis (Murrey, 1874) (= mandschurica Staudinger, 1892) - Transbaikalia,
Amur and Ussuri regions;
ssp. sibiricana (Kozhantshikov, 1923) - S. Siberia west of Lake Baikal;
ssp. myrmecias (Christoph, 1877) - Turan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different types of xerophytous biotope: deserts,
badlands, pebbly shores, dry steppe; at foothills on dry slopes from 800 to 1,400 m
a.s.l. Flight period: April to July, in 2-3 generations, depending on climatic condi-
tions. Host plant in the vicinity of Lake Balkhash (Zhdanko. 1997): Erodium
oxyrhynchwn.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Aricia agestis, A. allous: UNS ground colour brown or greyish
brown; UNH with a white broad touch along vein М3, reaching the submarginal red
spots; second spot of postdiscal row on UNH shifted toward discal cell.
EUMEDONIA Forster, 1938
Eumedonia eumedon (Esper, [1780])
PI. 70, figs. 1-19.
Schmett. Abb. Nat., 1 (2): 16, Taf. 52, Abb. 2-3.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Vicinity of Erlangen, Germany.
•	SYNONYMS: chiron (Rottemburg, 1775), nom. praeoccup.
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of Eurasia from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A highly variable species with a lot of forms
described. In all populations, the infrasubspecific form/ylgia Spangenberg, 1876
(without white stroke on UNH) is present, which dominates some places. The distri-
bution of subspecies is as follows:
ssp. eumedon (Esper, [1780]) (= osiris O. Bang-Haas, 1927, nom. praeoccup.) - W.
and S. European part, Caucasus Minor, Armenian Highland. Talysh, Kopet-
Dagh, Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., Altais, Sayan, W. Siberia, Transbaikalia;
ssp. borealis (Wahlgren, 1930) - N. European part;
SSP’ fylgida P. Gorbunov, 1995- Far East, Kamchatka;
SsP- albica Dubatolov, 1997 - Amur and Ussuri regions;
ssp. modesta Nekrutenko, 1972 - Caucasus Major;
SsP- ambigua (Staudinger, 1899) - Ghissar, N._ Inner and W. Tian-Shan;
Ssp. timida (Grum-Grshimailo, 1885)-Alai, Darraz;
®SP- sarykola (Sheljuzhko. 1914) - Pamirs.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Wet meadows up to 3,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to
August. Host plants: different species of Geranium, e.g., in the Talassky Alatau Mts.
£
(Zhdanko, 1997): G. saxatile, G. collinum. Larvae associated with ants (Hesselbarth
et al., 1995): Myrmica and Lasius alienus.
The status of the high-montane Caucaso-Anatolian taxa/isolates rurneliensis
Eitschberger et Steiniger, 1975, jeanensis Eitschberger et Steiniger, 1975. and
kagizmanensis Kogak, 1980 as well as of modesta requires a revision.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Eumedonia kogistana: smaller; UNH without white stroke.
Aricia agestis, A. allous: submarginal red spots on UNS well-developed.
Eumedonia kogistana (Grum-Grshimailo. 1888)
PI. 70, figs. 32-34.
Tp. Русск. энт. об-ва (Horae Soc. ent. Ross.), 22 (3-4): 306.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Darwaz» [Darvazsky Mts., Tajikistan],
•	RANGE. Darvaz.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Flight in June to July over alpine meadows from 2.800
to 3,500 m a.s.l. Host plant (Zhdanko, 1997): Geranium sp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Eumedonia eumedon: larger; UNH with a white stroke, as a rule.
Eumedonia persephatta (Alpheraky, 1881)
PI. 68, figs. 63-68.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross.. 16 (3-4): 395, pl. 14, fig. 11.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...du Kounguesse entre 4 et 6000 pieds» [Kulja, Kunges Valiev. \V.
China], Lectotype, male, from the ZISP collection, designated herewith, with the
following labels: 1 - “Tian-Shan, 3.VII. 1878, persephatta Alph., original” [white,
handwritten by Alpherakyi; 2 - Lectotypus Zhdanko design, [red, handwritten],
•	RANGE. From the Hindu Kush to the Tian- Shan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The distribution of the known subspecies is as
follows:
ssp. persephatta (Alpheraky, 1881) - Tian-Shan, Ghissar, Darvaz;
ssp. minshelkensis Lukhtanov, 1990 - NW. Tian-Shan (Karatau Mts.):
ssp. minuta (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890) - Pamirs-Alai.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Wet mountain meadows from 1,500 to 3,500 in a.s.l.
Flight period: June to August. Host plant in the Zailiisky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko.
1997): Geranium saxatile.
ARICIA Reichenbach, 1817
Aricia agestis ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775)
PI. 69, figs. 16-32.
Syst. Werke Schmett. Wienergegend: 184.
•	TYPE LOCALHY. Vienna [Austria].
•	SYNONYMS: alexis (Scopoli, 1763), nom. praeoccup.; medon (Hitlnagel, 1/06).
nom. praeoccup.; alexis (Rottemburg, 1775), nom, praeoccup.; astrarche
(Bergstrasser, [1779]).
•	RANGE. From W. Europe across the Caucasus and Transcaucasia to the W. PaniiG
and the Himalaya.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in dk
European part. From Transcaucasia, the spp. azerbaidzhana Obraztsov, 1935 hai*
been described, seemingly widespread in the Caucasus Major too. Populations iron1
the Darvaz and the W. Pamirs are similar to the ssp. nazira (Moore, 1865).
status of material from the Kopet-Dagh, the Ghissar, the W. and N. Tian-Shah
requires a revision.
TAXONOMIC NOTES. The allous-agestis group has long been under study to finally
culminate in the detailed works of Jarvis (1963) and Hoegh-Guldberg (1966). In the
monograph by Hoegh-Guldberg (1966), based both on morphological and ecological
cVidence, including breeding experiments and interpopulational hybridization, a
taxonomic arrangement was offered that appears highly logical. So we completely
adopt it here, with two species assumed to inhabit the European part, viz., the
univoltine A. allous and the bivoltine A. agestis, the latter with well-developed
seasonal dimorphism. Over the study territory, both A. allous and A. agestis display
a series of ecological, geographical and seasonal forms, many of these barely sepa-
rable. So the systematics of this group appears highly complicated. This especially
concerns the populations from the Caucasus and Central Asia, virtually all of them
requiring a detailed and profound study similar to the one performed by Hoegh-
Guldberg concerning the European fauna.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Various dry meadows and/or steppe-like stations; in the
mountains usually near water bodies up to 3,800 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to
September, in 1-2 generations. Host plants in Europe (Higgins & Riley, 1975):
Helianthemum, Centaureum. Erodium: in the Talassky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko, 1997):
Geranium collinum. G. divaricatum.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Aricia allous: UNS grey, sometimes with brown hue; red
submarginal spots on UPS poorly expressed. Umpria chinensis: smaller; UNS white:
without white touch along vein M3 on UNH.
Aricia allous (Hiibner, [1819])
PI. 69, figs. 1-15, pl. 83, figs. 40-42.
Samml. europ. Schmett.: Abb. 988.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Alps of Provence [France).
•	SYNONYMS: alpina (Staudinger. 1871), nom. praeoccup.; montensis (Verity, 1928);
delphica (Wnukowsky, 1929).
•	RANGE. Temperate belt and the mountains of Eurasia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical taxon inhabits the Alps; W.
Europe supports the ssp. vandalica Kaaber et Hoegh-Guldberg, 1961. From the N.
European part adjacent to NW. Russia, the following taxa have been described: ssp.
rambringi Hoegh-Guldberg, 1966, horkei Hoegh-Guldberg, 1966, lyngensis Hoegh-
Guldberg, 1966, opheimi Hoegh-Guldberg 1966. Any of these taxa is likely to occur
in the N. European part of Russia as well. According to the recently obtained
evidence, inhonora (Jachontov, 1909) occurs sympatrically with A. agestis in the
central European part of Russia. In the S. European part, the ssp. ukrainica
(Obraztsov. 1935) (= macedonica Verity, 1936) is known to live, and from Teberda,
Caucasus Major the ssp. sheljuzhkoi (Obraztsov. 1935) has been described. In the
Asian part of the territories concerned, the following taxa are known to occur: ssp.
turgaica. (Obraztsov, 1935) - W. Siberia; ssp. strandi (Obraztsov, 1935) - Altais to W.
Amur region; ssp. mandzhuriana (Obraztsov, 1935) - E. Amur and Ussuri regions;
SSP- sachalinensis (Matsumura, 1919) - Sakhalin; ssp. transalaica (Obraztsov,
1935) - Ghissar, Darvaz and Pamirs-Alai; ssp. scytissa Nekrutenko, 1985 - Tian-
Shan. Besides this, the ssp. hakutozana (Matsumura, 1927) has been described
from N. Korea. Populations from the Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts. are most likely to
belong to the ssp. lepsinskana (Obraztsov, 1935).
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Many authors consider A. allous as a subspecies of A. artax-
erxes (Fabricius, 1793). We treat A. artaxerxes as a distinct species based on the
Presence of a white discal stroke on the UPF. We have no data concerning the distri-
ution of A. artaxerxes over the territories involved. The taxon ukrainica Obraztsov,
1935, originally described from vicinity of Kiev, Ukraine, must be revised because
quite possibly it belongs to A. agestis. Similarly, since the lectotype designation by
Balint (1999), the status of the taxon sarmatis (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890), from the
Urals region, must be re-evaluated.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Lowlands, foothills and mountain slopes from 1,500 to
3,300 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August, in a single generation. Host plant in
the Zailiisky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko, 1997): Geranium saxatile.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Aricia agestis: UNS greyish brown; red submarginal spots well-
developed on both UPS and UNS. A. teberdina: submarginal yellowish spots on UNs
reduced.
Aricia teberdina (Sheljuzhko, 1934)
PI. 68, figs. 69-71.
Zeitschr. Osterr. ent. Ver. Wien, 19: 39.
	TYPE LOCALITY. «Chatipara-Berg, 2200-2300 m» [Mt. Khatipara, Teberda,
Caucasus Major].
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. N. slopes of the central part of the Caucasus
Major; from Turkey, the ssp. nahizericus Eckweiler, 1978 has been described.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Alpine meadows at about 2,500-3,000 m a.s.l. Flight
period: July to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Aricia allous: submarginal red spots on UNS well-developed.
PSEUDOARICIA Beuret, 1959
Pseudoaricia nicias (Meigen, 1830)
PI. 69, figs. 55-60.
Syst. Beschr. europ. Schmett., 2:10.
•	TYPE LOCALITY Rherian Alps [Switzerland],
•	SYNONYM: donzelii (Boisduval. 1832).
•	RANGE. From the W. Alps and S. Scandinavia across the European part of Russia
and S. Siberia to Transbaikalia.
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In the European part of Russia, the ssp. kolosovi
(Korshunov, 1995) (= septentrionalis (Krulikovsky, 1908), nom. praeoccup.; = septen-
trionalis (Seitz, [1909]), nom. praeoccup.) is known to occur. The areas ranging from
the S. Urals to the Altais and the Sayan appear to be populated by the ssp. biltis
(Fruhstorfer, 1915). The ssp. borsippa (Fruhstorfer, 1915) inhabits Transbaikalia.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows and/or steppe-like biotopes up to 2,000 ni
a.s.l. in the mountains. Flight period: June to August. Host plants in Europe
(Higgins & Riley, 1975): Geranium spp.; in E. Kazakhstan (Zhdanko. 1997): G.
pratense.
ULTRAARICIA Beuret, 1959
Ultraaricia anteros (Freyer, [1839])	j
PI. 69, figs. 39, 40, 46-48.	f
Neuere Beitr. Schmett., 1 (45): 101, Taf. 265, Abb. 1.	i
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...bei Konstantinopeb [Istanbul, Turkey],	g
•	RANGE. From the Balkan Peninsula across Turkey to the Caucasus Minor and the g
Armenian Highland.	a
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In Transcaucasia, the nominotypical subspecies g
is known to occur.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Open landscapes up to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period:
June to October, in 1-3 generations, depending on altitude and local conditions.
Host plant in Turkey (Hesselbarth et al., 1995): Geranium pusilium
SIMILAR SPECIES. Ultraaricia crassipuncta: UNS with brownish hue and greenish
dust basally; postdiscal row of rounded black points on UNF strongly curved. Aricia
agestis. A. allous: UPS brown in both sexes.
Ultraaricia crassipuncta (Christoph, 1893)
PI. 69, figs. 41-45.
q. ent. Z. Iris, 6:86.
.TYPE LOCALITY. »Kasikoparan, Armeniae rossicae». [Kars Prov., west of Kagyzman,
Turkey).
.RANGE. E. Turkey; Armenian Highland and central Caucasus Major.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In the Armenian Highland, the nominotypical
subspecies is known to occur. From the N. Caucasus, the ssp. dombaiensis (Alberti,
1969) has been described.
.HABITATSAND BIOLOGY. Mountain meadows at about 2,100-3.000 m a.s.l. Flight
period: June to August, in 1-2 generations. Host plants (Hesselbarth et al,, 1995):
Geranium pus ilium. Erodium cicutarium.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Ultraaricia anteros: UNS grey with bluish brilliant dust basally;
postdiscal row of rounded black points on UNF slightly curved. Aricia agestis: UPS
brown in both sexes.
Ultraaricia vandarbani (Pfeiffer, 1937)
Pi. 69, figs. 49-54.
Mitt. Munchn. ent. Ges., 27: 31.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Elbursgebirge, Gruppe Tacht i Suleiman, Hochtal Vandarban».
[Elburs Mts., N. Iran],
•	RANGE. Talysh Mts. and N. Iran.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Near streams at about 1,200 m a.s.l. Flight period: May
to August, in two generations. Host plant in the Talysh Mts. (O. Gorbunov, pers.
comm.): Geranium sp.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Aricia agestis: UPS brown in both sexes.
CYANIRIS Dalman, 1816
Cyaniris semiargus (Rottemburg, 1775)
pt 70, figs. 20-28.
Anmerk. Tab. Schmett., Naturforscher, 6: 20.
•	ГУРЕ LOCALITY. Germany.
•	SYNONYMS: acts ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775), nom. praeoccup.; argianus
Dalman, 1816; argiolus (Fuessly, 1775); argopoeus (Bergstrasser, [1779]); byze
; (Bergstrasser, [1779]); byzene (Bergstrasser, [1779]); cimon (Lewin, 1795); damoetas
у (Bergstrasser, [1779]).
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of Eurasia from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following subspecies are known/accepted
 om the territories concerned:
SSP- semiargus (Rottemburg, 1775) (= impurus (Krulikovskii, 1906); = uralensis
Putt, 1909; - semicaecus Tshugunov, 1914) - European part, Caucasus Major,
• .	and central Siberia, Far East;
ssp. atms (Grum-Grshimailo, 1885) (=ferganus Tutt, 1909)- Ghissar, Alai, Darvaz-
ssp. altaianus Tutt, 1909 (= pavlovi (Kurentzov, 1970)) - Tian-Shan, Altais, Sayan'
Transbaikalia;
ssp. amurensis Tutt, 1909 (= kojirei Murayama, ?1947; = monarchies (Higgjns
1981)) - Amur and Ussuri regions.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different types of meadow, in the mountains up to 2.500
m a.s.l. Flight period: May to August, in 1-2 generations, depending on altitude and
local climatic conditions. Host plants (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): TrifoHltni
Anthyllis, Genista, Melilotus, etc.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Cyaniris bellis: with clear red spots at anal angle of UNH.
Cyaniris bellis (Freyer, [1842])
Pl. 70. figs. 29-31.
Neuere Beitr. Schmett., 5; 26, Taf. 398, Abb. 1-2.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Turkey [? Istanbul].
•	SYNONYMS: helena (Staudinger, 1862); parnassius (Staudinger, 1870); balcanicus
Tutt, [1909].
•	RANGE. From N. Africa, S. Europe and Asia Minor across Transcaucasia to
Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Caucasus Minor, the Armenian Highland and
the Talysh Mts. are inhabited by the ssp. antiohena (Lederer, 1861) (= intermedia
Tutt, 1909; = mesopotamicus Tutt, 1909; = persicus Tutt, 1909).
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Some authors (e.g., Hesselbarth et al., 1995) regard the taxa
bellis and antiohena as subspecies of C. semiargus. However, there is information
about their sympatric occurrence in the Caucasus. Most likely, C. bellis is a
subalpine or alpine species, in contrast to C. semiargus which inhabits much lower
altitudes.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Wet mountain meadows up to 2,500 m a.s.l. Flight peri-
od: May to August, in 1-2 generations, depending on altitude. Host plants
(Hesselbarth et aL, 1995): Trifolium pratense, Melilotus officinalis, Lotus corniada-
tus.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Cyaniris semiargus: without red spots at anal angle of UNH.
ALPHERAKYA Zhdanko, [1996]
Alpherakya sarta (Alpheraky, 1881)
PI. 72, figs. 7-9.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 16:387, pl. 16, fig. 8.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Кульджа» [Kulja, E. Tian-Shan, W. China], «Tian-Shan», lectotype
designated by Zhdanko (1999: 205).
•	SYNONYMS: phryxis (Lang, 1884); phryxis (Staudinger, 1886).
•	RANGE. Ghissar, Alai, Tian-Shan, Tarbagatai and Saur mts., S. Altais,
Afghanistan, Pakistan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry stony slopes with thin grassy vegetation from 600 to
2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to September, in 2-3 generations, depending °n
altitude. Host plants (Zhdanko, 1997): Pseudosedum longidentatwn. Idosula'^1
kokanica, Orostachys thyrsijlora. Hibernation larval or pupal.
	SIMILAR SPECIES. Alpherakya devanica: UNS grey; black margin on UPF usuallj
broad; genitalia different (fig. 51). A. sartoides: UPS violet blue; genitalia differenl
(fig. 51).	,
Alpherakya sartoides (Swinhoe, 1910)
pi 72, figs- 10-12.
u'Moore, Lep. Indica: 21, pl. 645, figs. 1,1a, b.
TYPE LOCALITY. «Chitral» [W. Hindu Kush, Pakistan],
*RANGE. Darvaz, Alai, Pamirs; Afghanistan, Pakistan, N.
India.
DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Over the territories
concerned, the nominotypical subspecies is known to occur.
The identity of the taxa rupala (Tytler, 1927) and gooraisica
(Tytler, 1927), both described from NW. India, is not clear,
possibly these are but subspecies of A. sartoides.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry rocky slopes with thin grassy
vegetation from 2,500 to 4,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to
August, in two generations.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Alpherakya sarta: UPS bright blue; geni-
talia different (fig. 51). A. devanica: UNS grey; black margin
on UPF usually broad; genitalia different (fig. 51).
Alpherakya devanica (Moore, [1875])
PI. 72, figs. 1-6.
Proc. ZooL Soc. London, 1874 (4): 573, pl. 66, fig. 2.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Dras Valley, Ladak» [NW. India],
•	RANGE. Pamirs; Hindu Kush, Karakorum.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Individual variation great.,
especially in size of the black margins of the UPS, which
sometimes can cover almost entire fore wings. Specimens
with such well-developed black margins often fit in the
nominotypical subspecies. The S. and W. Pamirs are popu-
lated by the ssp. evansii Tshikolovets, 1997 (= gracilis
Evans, 1912, nom. praeoccup.); the ssp. bellona (Grum-
Grshimailo, 1888) occurs in the NW. Pamirs.
• TAXONOMIC NOTES. In the original description of bellona,
•Roschan (Afghanistan)» was referred to as the type locality.
However, later Grum-Grshimailo (1890) corrected the type
locality to «Koudara», this agreeing with the labels attached
to the type, in BMNH.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry rocky slopes with thin grassy
vegetation from 3,300 to 5,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to
July.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Alpherakya sarta, A. sartoides: UNS
white or light grey; black margin on UPF narrow; genitalia
different (fig. 51).
Fig. 51 . Genitalia of some Alpherakya (a - mate genitalia, lateral
view; b - post- and antevaginal plates): 1 - A devanica (Pamirs); 2
- 4. sartoides (Darvaz); 3 - A. sarta (Zailiisky Alatau Mts.). A
Zhdanko del.
FARSIA Zhdanko, 1992
Jarsia sieversi (Christoph. 1873)
( ^Ugs. 27-35.
«. ”»aeSoc. ent Ross., 10:23.
pT*E LOCALITY, «...bei Tasch, als auch Schahkuh» [N. Iran],
RANGE. Kopet-Dagh, Ghissar-Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai, W.
• hChanista.n, Pakistan.
Tian-Shan; Iran;
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following subspecies are known from the
study territories:
ssp. sieversi (Christoph, 1873) (= mirza Staudinger, 1874) - Kopet-Dagh;
ssp. haberhaueri (Staudinger, 1886) - W. Tian-Shan, Ghissar, Darvaz, Alai Mts
(northern slope);
ssp. gorana. (Tshikolovets, 1997) - W. Pamirs, Zaalaisky Mts., Alai Mts. (southern
slope), Inner Tian-Shan.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES: Possibly the taxa haberhaueri and gorana are seasonal forms
only.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe associations, in the Pamirs sometimes rocky
slopes, from 1,400 to 4,800 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to August, in two genera-
tions, partly overlapping. Host plant in the Ghissar (Zhdanko. 1997): Astragalus
sericeopuberulus.
Farsia iris (Lang, 1884)
PI. 68, figs. 13-18.
Rhop. Europae, 1:369.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «...Samarkand». [W. Zeravshansky Mts., Uzbekistan],
•	SYNONYMS: iris (Staudinger, 1886), nom. praeoccup.; neoirisTshikolovets. 1997.
•	RANGE. Ghissar. Pamirs-Alai, W. Pamirs; Afghanistan, Pakistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical taxon is known to occur in the
Ghissar. From the vicinity of Dushanbe, the ssp. dushanbe (Lukhtanov. 1999) has
been described. The ssp. ashretha (Evans, 1925) populates the W. Pamirs.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad and/or stony slopes up to 3,500-4,000 m
a.s.l. Flight period: June to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Farsia. rutilans: antemarginal marking on UPS reddish ochre-
ous. F.jurii: UPS with strong reddish shine. F. hanna: black spots on UNS march
larger. F antoninae: greyish blue antemarginal marking on UPS well-developed.
Farsia antoninae (Lukhtanov, 1999)
PI. 83, figs. 31-33.
Atalanta. 30 (1/4): 148.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Kirgisien, West-Tienschan, Tschatkalski-Gebirge, Tschaptscha-
ma-Pass, 2850 m». [Pass Chapchama, Chatkalsky Mts., Kirghizia].
•	RANGE. W. Tian-Shan, Alai.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad and/or stony slopes up to 3,000 m a.s.l.
Flight period: July to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Farsia iris, F. jurii, F. rutilans: greyish blue antemarginal mark-
ing on UPS reduced or absent.
Farsia rutilans (Staudinger, 1886)
PI. 68, figs. 19-21.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 47:208.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «..-.vom siidlichen Alai» [Alaisky Mts. (southern slope), Kirghizia]-
•	RANGE. Alai.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad and/or stony slopes up to 4,000 m a.s.l-
Flight period: June to July.
	SIMILAR SPECIES. Farsia iris: antemarginal marking on UPS greyish blue. E.fodi-'
larger; UPS with strong reddish shine. F. hanna: black spots on UNS much larger, L
antoninae: greyish blue antemarginal marking on UPS well-developed.
jwsiajurii (Tshikolovets. 1997)
PI 68, figs- 22-24.
Журн. У*Ф-eHT- TO0‘Ba (J- Ukr- en!- SocT 3	35' fi9s-1“4-
TYPE LOCALITY. «Таджикистан, Дарвазский xp., nep. Хабу-Робат» [Pass Khabur-
RObat (= Khaburobot), Darvazsky Mts., Tajikistan],
.RANGE. Ghissar-Alai, Darvaz.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad and/or stony slopes, rarely meadows at
about 1.500-3.600 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Farsia rutilans: smaller; UPS with slight reddish shine; antemar-
ginal marking on UPS reduced; UNS grey. F. iris: UPS with slight reddish shine;
antemarginal marking on UPS greyish blue. F. hanna: black spots on UNS much larg-
er. F. antoninae: greyish blue antemarginal marking on UPS well-developed.
Farsia hanna (Evans. 1932)
pj. 68, figs. 25, 26.
Ident. Indian Butts, (ed. 2): 227.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Baluchistan» [NE. Pakistan].
. RANGE. S. Ghissar: Afghanistan. Pakistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Known from a few localities in the S. Ghissar
[Baisun-Tau and Tabakchi mts.).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Very dry steppe-clad and/or stony slopes at foothills up
to 1,700 m a.s.l.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Farsia rutilans. F. iris, F Jurii: black spots on UNS smaller.
Farsia morgiana (Kirby. 1871)
PI. 68. figs. 48-50.
Synon. catalogue dium. tepid.: 369.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Hadschyabad» [NE. Iran],
	SYNONYM: hyrcana (Lederer. [1869]), nom. praeoccup.
•	RANGE. Armenian Highland, Kopet-Dagh; SE Turkey, N. Iran.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad slopes up to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period:
June to July. Host plant in Transcaucasia (Dantchenko, in press): Hedysarum
atropatanum.
VACCINIINA Tutt, 1909
Vacciniina alcedo (Christoph, 1877)
PI- 68, figs. 51-53.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross,, 12 (3): 233, Taf. 5, Figs. 3-4.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Schahkuh und Schahrud» [NE. Iran],
•RANGE. Armenian Highland, Talysh; Turkey, N. Iran, ?Afghanistan.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry stony slopes with rich xerothermic vegetation at
about 1,000-2.000 m a.s.l. Flight period: mid-July to mid-August. Host plant in
Transcaucasia (Dantchenko. in press): Astracantha macrantha.
^acciniina fergana (Staudinger. 1881)
^68, figs. 36-41.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 42:262.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Fergana-Gebiet..., Margelan» [Alaiskv Mts. (northern slope),
Kirghizia],
•RANGE. From the Kopet-Dagh to the S. Altai; Iran, Afghanistan. ?Pakistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies (= (огуоща
(Alpheraky, 1881); = selengensis (Fruhstorfer, 1941)) populates most of the range
In the W. and S. Ghissar (Kuhitangtau Mts.), the ssp. varzobica Tshikolovets. 1994
is known to occur.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry steppe-like and/or meadow biotopes, stony slopes
from 400 to 3,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to August, in several generations
depending on altitude.
Vacciniina optilete (Enoch, 1781)
PI. 68, figs. 42-47.
Beitr. Insektengesch., 1:76, Taf. 5, Abb. 5-6.
	TYPE LOCALITY. «Braunschweig» [Germany].
•	SYNONYM: nanus (Herbst, 1804).
•	RANGE. From Central Europe to NE. China, Korea and Japan: N. America (west).
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Variation is not so distinct but usually the follow-
ing subspecies are accepted:
ssp. optilete (Knoch, 1781) (= uralensis (Seitz, [1909]), nom. praeoccup.; = medea
Hemming, 1934) - Carpathians, central European part, N. Tian Shan and
Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., W. Siberia;
ssp. cyparissa (Hubner, [1813]) - N. European part and Siberia, Far East.
Kamchatka;
ssp. sibirica (Staudinger, 1892) (= baicalica (Kurentzov, 1970)) - Altais, Savan,
Transbaikalia;
ssp. shonis (Matsumura, 1927) (- amurica (Kurentzov, 1970); sachalinensis
(Kurentzov. 1970)) - Amur and Ussuri regions;
ssp. daisetsuzana (Matsumura, 1926) (= kurilensis (Matsumura, 1927). nom. prae-
occup.;= kamuikotana (Matsumura, 1928); = nemoptilete (Bryk, 1942)) - Kuriles.
• HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Woodland muskegs, wet thin forests, sphagnum bogs,
plain to mountains tundra up to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August. Host
plants (Koch, 1966; Higgins & .Riley, 1970; Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): Vaccinium
uliginosum, V. vitisidaea. V. myrtillus. Oxycoccus. Empetrum.
RIMISIA Zhdanko, [1996]
Rimisia miris (Staudinger. 1881)
PI. 68, figs. 54-56.
Stett. ent. Ztg„ 42:263.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...bei Schachrud (Nord-Persien am Fusse des Gebirges), ...bei
Saisan, ...bei Lepsa und... bei Margelan...». [Near Shahrud (N. Iran, at foot of a
mountain), near Zaisan. near Lepsy (Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., Kazakhstan) and
near Margelan (N. slope of Alaisky Mts., Kirghizia)].
•	SYNONYM: oblitestens (Schulz, 1906).
•	RANGE. Kopet-Dagh, Ghissar, Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai, Tian-Shan, central and E-
Turan (Lake Balkhash), Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., Tarbagatai and Saur mts.. S.
Altais; N. Iran, N. Afghanistan, NW. China.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Locally in sandy deserts, semi-deserts, dry steppe, stony
and steppe-like clad slopes from 700 to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to July-
Host plants in E. Kazakhstan (Zhdanko, 1997): Astragalus balchaschensis: in
Kazakhstan (Dantchenko, in press): Astragalus vulpinus; in the Ghissar (0-
Gorbunov, pers. comm.): A. sieversianus.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Kretania eurypilus: UNF without black spots basally.
jlirnisia avinovi (J. J. Shchetkin, 1980)
pl, 83, figs. 22-25.
Зоол. ЖУРН- [Zool. zhurn.], 59 (2): 303.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «... северный склон хребта Петра Первого, в районе кишлака Хазор-
Чашма, 2100 м» [Khazorchashma, N. slope of Peter I Mts., Tajikistan],
, RANGE. Ghissar and Pamirs-Alai.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is known to occur
in the Peter I Mts. The ssp. dangara (Eckweiler, 1997), inhabiting the S. slope of E.
Ghissar Mts.. is smaller and with the more strongly developed basal dust on the
UNH.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry places with xerophytous vegetation at midmontane
elevations. Flying from the end of July.
PLEBE JIDEA Ko?ak, 1983
plebejidea elvira (Eversmann. 1854)
PI. 71, figs. 16-18.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou. 27:177.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... die sudlichen Kirgisensteppen» [Syr-Darya River valley, S.
Kazakhstan (Lukhtanov & Lukhtanov, 1995)]. Lectotype, from the ZISP collection,
designated herewith, with the following labels: 1 - “Sir., elvira Ev.” [white, handwrit-
ten]; 2 - "coll. Eversmann” [white, printed].
•	SYNONYM: oberthueri (Grum-Grshimailo, 1887).
•	RANGE. Valleys of Syr-Darya. Amu-Darya and Hi rivers, Lake Alakol.
• HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Riverine thickets and tidal marshes near rivers and
lakes. Host plant in Kazakhstan (Zhdanko, 1997): Limonium gmelinii.
Plebejidea cyane (Eversmann. 1837)
PL 70, figs. 35-40.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 10 (1): 22.
•UTE LOCALITY. «... ostlicher Orenburgischer Gouvernement» [SE. Orenburg
Region, Russia], Lectotype, from the ZISP collection, designated herewith, with the
following labels: 1 - “Sergievsk, Ende Juni, cyane <3 [white, handritten]; 2 - “coll.
Eversmann” [white, printed].
•SYNONYMS: deserticola (Elwes, 1900); tarbagata (Suschkin, 1909); radiata
(Koschantschikov. 1923); kozhantshtkovi (Sheljuzhko, 1928); ella (Bollow, 1931).
•RANGE. Turan, Tian-Shan. Ghissar, Darvaz, Pamirs-Alai, Saur and Tabagatai, S.
Altais, Transbaikalia; Mongolia.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both individual and, partly, geographical varia-
tion considerable, yet no clear-cut. subspecies can be distinguished.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Semi-desert to steppe stations with grassy vegetation, in
the mountains up to 3,000 m.a.s.l. Flight period: June to August, depending on
altitude. Host plants for the nominotypical populations from the S. Urals and
adjoining territories (Dantchenko, in press): Limonium gmelinii: in Kazakhstan
(Zhdanko, 1997): L. leptolobum. Goniolimon cuspidatum: in Transbaikalia (Kosterin,
1994; Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): G. speciosum.
Plebejidea loewii (Zeller, 1847)
Г*-71. figs. 1-15.
... *,31
. LOCALITY. «Mugla..., Makri» [Mugla and Fethiye vill., Turkey].
•	RANGE. From Greece and Asia Minor across Transcaucasia and Iran to Tajikistan
and Afghanistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following subspecies are known to occur ovpr
the territories concerned:
ssp. loewii (Zeller, 1847) (= empyrea Freyer, [1851]; = gigas Staudinger, 187]; =
robusta Turati et Fiori, 1930; = germaniciae Pfeiffer, 1932; = minimus Junge et
Rose, 1978) - Armenian Highland;
ssp. dzhemagati (Sheljuzhko, 1934) - Caucasus Major;
ssp. schwingenschussi (Pfeiffer, 1937) - Talysh Mts.;
ssp. ? - Kopet-Dagh Mts.;
ssp. hissarica (J. L. Shchetkin, 1963) - Ghissar.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different kinds of xerophytous biotope ranging iroin
seashore up to 2,500 m a.s.l. in the mountains. Flight period: May to August, in
several generations. Host plants in Turkey (Hesselbarth et al., 1995): Astragalus
spinosus, A. siebert; in the Kopet-Dagh (O. Gorbunov, pers. comm.): A. scha/irudeti-
sis.
KRETANIA Beuret, 1959
Kretania eurypilus (Freyer, [1851])
PI. 68, figs. 57-62.
Neuere Beitr. Schmett., 6:148, Abb. 573.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Turkei, Amasia». [Amasya, Turkey].
•	SYNONYMS: carman Gerhard, [1851]; iranica Forster. 1938.
•	RANGE. From S. Greece across Asia Minor and Transcaucasia to S. Tajikistan and
Afghanistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Armenian Highland, Talysh and Kopet-Dagh,
populated by the nominotypical taxon. This species has also been recorded in the
Darvaz (Tajikistan, Khozratishoh Mts.. 30.07., Tarasov leg.; ex coll. ZMK). However,
this record requires confirmation.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Warm xerothermic biotopes. Flight, period: June to
August, depending on altitude. Host plants in the Transcaucasia (Dantchenko, in
press): Astracantha arnacanthoides and allied species of this group, in Greece
(Tolman, 1995): A. rumelica; in Turkey (Hesselbarth et al.. 1995): A. gummifera; in
S. Transcaucasia (O. Gorbunov, pers. comm.): A. aurea, A. caucasica. Larvae asso-
ciated with ants, Camponotus kiesenwetteri. Hibernation as instar 1 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Rimisia miris: UNF with 2-3 black spots basally.
NEOLYSANDRA Ko?ak, 1977
Neolysandra coelestina (Eversmann, 1843)
Pi. 75, figs. 16-24.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 16 (3): 535.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...in promontoriorum Uralensium». Lectotype, from the ZISP
collection, designated herewith, with the following labels: 1 - “Spask" (handwritten
by Eversmann); 2 - “coelestina 2 n. sp.” (handwritten by Eversmann): 3 - coll.
Eversmann (printed). Paralectotype male, labeled: 1 - "Spask Junio” (handwritten
by Eversmann); 2 - coll. Eversmann (printed).	;
•	RANGE. S. Europe, S. European part, Transcaucasia, W. Siberia; Turkey. Iraq. Iran.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical taxon populates the S.
European part, N. Turan and W. Siberia; the ssp. alticola (Christoph, 1886) (= ponti-
ca Courvoisier. 1911) inhabits the Armenian Highland. From the adjacent parts,
фе taxa iranica Pfeiffer, 1938 and hem Eckweiler et Schurian, 1980 have been
described.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. Albulina alexander Higgins, 1981 has been described from
the Armenian Highland (TL: «Armenia, Lake Sevan, 1820 m»). Nekrutenko (1983)
considers this taxon as a synonym to N. coelestina alticola. To solve this problem, a
study of additional material of alexander is necessary.
.HABITATSAND BIOLOGY. Steppe or steppe-like biotopes up to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight
period: April to June. Host plant (Hesselbarth et al., 1995): Vicia cracca.
tfeolysandra diana (Miller, [1913])
pi 75, figs. 25-27.
0. ent Z. Iris, 26 (4): 220.
.TYPE LOCALITY. Kagyzman, Kars Prov., Turkey. Lectotype designation by
Nekrutenko in Hesselbarth et al. (1995).
.RANGE. Armenian Highland and NE. Turkey.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Only a few specimens are known from the
Armenian Highland (vicinity of Erevan and Khosrovsky Nature Reserve). These
appear to belong to the nominotypical form.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Mountain slopes with rich xerophytous vegetations up
to 1,800-2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to June. Host plant (Hesselbarth et al.,
1995): Vicia sp.
ALBULINA Tutt, 1909
Albulina orbitula (de Prunner, 1798)
PI. 75, figs. 1-7.
Lep. Pedemont.: 75.
•	SYNONYMS: atys (Hubner, [1804]), nom. praeoccup.; pheretes (Hoffmannsegg,
1806); pheretes (Hubner, [1806]).
•	TYPE LOCALITY «PiemonU [N. Italy],
•	RANGE. Alps, Sweden, Norway, N. European part to Siberia, Transbaikalia, Amur
region, Tarbagatai and Saur mts.; NW. China, Mongolia, Tibet.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the Alps,
Scandinavia and the Urals; the ssp. pheretima (Staudinger, 1892) has been
described from the Kentei Mts., Mongolia and is also known to populate
Transbaikalia, the Amur region and NW. China; the ssp. sajana (Heyne, [1895])
occurs in the Sayan, the Altais, the Saur and Tarbagatai mts.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. As a rule, on mountain slopes from 500 to 3.000 m a.s.l.
flight period: June to July. Host plant (Henriksen & Kreutzer, 1984; Migranov,
1991; Zhdanko, 1997): Astragalus sp.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Agriades pheretiades: UPS silvery blue; UNF with an antemar-
ginal marking.
A&ulina lehana (Moore. 1878)
figs. 13т 5.
***• yag. nat. Hist. (5), 1:230.
LOCALITY. «Kashmir» [Himalaya, N. India],
j* RANGE. Pamirs and NW. Himalaya.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Highland meadows from 3,500 to 4,300 m a.s.l. Flig}^
period: July.
PAMIRIA Zhdanko, 1995
Pamiria chrysopis (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888)
PI. 75, figs. 10-12.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 22:306.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Hindukusch orient.» [Kunjut Mts., S. Pamirs, Tajikistan],
•	RANGE. Pamirs; N. Hindu Kush, W. Himalaya.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Highland meadows from 3.500 to 4,200 m a.s.l. Flight
period: July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Pamiria issa: UPS with a broad dark margin; brilliant dust on
UNH not reaching the submarginal area.
Pamiria issa Zhdanko, 1995
PI. 75, figs. 8, 9.
Зоол. журн. [Zool. zhurn.J, 74 (10): 122.
	TYPE LOCALITY. «Turan [Probably NW. Hindu Kush[.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Besides the type series consisting of two males from a
strange locality, this species has been found in Afghanistan (Sakai, 1981: pl. 45,
fig. 27). The occurrence of this species in the E. Pamirs is very likely.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Pamiria chrysopa: UPS with a narrow dark margin; brilliant
dust on UNH reaching the submarginal area.
AGRIADES Hiibner, [18191
Agriades aquilo (Boisduval, [1832])
PI. 74, figs. 40-45.
Icon. Hist. Lep., 1:62, pl. 12, figs. 7-8.
	TYPE LOCALITY. «... au Сар-Nord, en Siberie sur Г Altai, et an Labrador» [North
Cape, Norway; Altais, Russia; Labrador, Canada]. No lectotype designation.
•	RANGE. Polar tundra of the European part and Siberia to Chukot tundra in the east.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical taxon inhabits the Polar
tundra of the European part. In the Polar tundra of Siberia, the ssp. aquilirus
(Staudinger, 1901) is known to occur. Central Siberia to Kamchatka are populated
by the ssp. wosnesenskii (Menetries, 1855).
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. This species has been described and figured by Boisduval
from material taken from Сар-Nord (= Nordkap), yet he mentioned a vaster distrib-
ution area. Although no lectotype seems to have ever been selected, all subsequent
students have been unanimous that the nominotypical taxon derives from V
Europe.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Rocky tundra up to 1,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: Juik’ t0
July. Host plant in N. Europe (Henriksen & Kreutzer, 1982): Astragalus alpimis: in
Yakutia (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): Saxifraga bronchialis and S. spinulosa.
Agriades diodorus (Bremer, 1861)
PI. 74, figs. 46-48.
Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg, 3:471.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...der Nordseite des Baikal-Sees» [Lake Baikal, Russia].
gANGE. S. Siberia and Transbaikalia; Mongolia, N. China.
* DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nomitotypical taxon is known to inhabit
'-Transbaikalia. In the Altai and Sayan mts., the ssp. orbitulinus (Staudinger, 1892)
has been recorded.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Preferring stony slopes of mountains up to 2,000 m
'a si. Flight period: June to July. Host plants in the S. Altais (Zhdanko. 1997):
Saxifraga sp.; in Transbaikalia (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): S. stelleriana.
Agriadespheretiad.es (Eversmann, 1843)
74, figs. 49-69.
Bui Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 16 (3): 536, pl. 7, fig. 3a, b.
/ГУРЕ LOCALITY. «Noor-Saisan» [Tarbagatai Mts., E. Kazakhstan].
.RANGE. From the Hindu Kush and the Pamirs to the Saur and Tarbagatai mts.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A widespread and highly variable species inclined
to forming distinct local isolates. We accept the following taxa as subspecies:
ssp. pheretiades (Eversmann. 1843) - Saur, Tarbagatai, Dzhungarsky Alatau mts.;
ssp. tekessanus Alpheraky, 1897 - Inner Tian-Shan;
ssp. pheres Staudinger, 1886 (= ph.eretu.lus Staudinger. 1886; = phereclus Grum-
Grshimailo, 1888) - Ghissar, Darvaz, Alai, W. and N. Tian-Shan;
ssp. micrus Avinov, 1910 - E. Pamirs;
ssp. pseudomicrus Tshikolovets, 1997 - N. Pamirs;
ssp. andarabi Forster, 1937 - W. Pamirs.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows, especially near bare rocks and cliffs.
Flight period: June to August. Host plant in the Tian-Shan (Zhdanko, 1997):
Androsace lehmanniana.
Agriades pyrenaicus (Boisduval, 1840)
PI. 74, figs. 34-39.
Gen. et Index Meth. Europ. Lep.: 11.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Pyrenees.
•	RANGE. From S. Europe, Turkey, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia to Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. From the territories concerned, the following
subspecies are to be reported:
ssp. ergane Higgins, 1981 - S. European part;
ssp. dardanus (Freyer, [1844]) (= araraticus (Gerhard, 1853); = latedisjunctus
(Alberti, 1973); - hesselbarthi Nekrutenko, 1974; = erzurumen sis Eckweiler et
Hesselbarth, 1978) - Caucasus Major and Minor, Armenian Highland.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Montane meadows, in the mountains up to 3,500 m
a.s.l. Flight period: June to August, depending on altitude. Host plants in the S.
European part (Plyushch, 1989): Androsace kosopoljanskii.
LYSANDRA Hemming, 1933
Uysandra bellargus (Rottemburg, 1775)
^amerk. Tab. Schmett., Naturforscher, 6:25.
• IYPE LOCALITY. Vicinity of Berlin, Germany.
•SYNONYMS: adonis ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775); salacia (Bergstrasser, 1779);
^nilia (Bergstrasser, 1779); oceanus (Bergstrasser. 1779); for other synonymy see
t le revision by Schurian (1989).
.RANGE. Europe (excluding the extreme North), the Caucasus and Transcaucas^
Turkey, W. Iran.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical form is known to occur in the
European part to the Urals in the east, as well as in the Caucasus and Trans-
caucasia.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different types of open biotope: lowland meadows
forest glades, stony slopes up to 2,200-3,200 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to October'
in 2-3 generations, depending on altitude. Host plants in Turkey (Hesselbarth
et al., 1995): Securigera varia, Lotus corniculatus. Larval host ants: Myrinica
sabuletL
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Lysandra coridon: ground colour of UNS silvery grey with blue
tint. L. corydonius, L. melamarina L. sheUch: ground colour of UNS with distinctly
visible dense androconial pubescence on UPF, FW longer.
Lysandra coridon (Poda, 1761)
PI. 76, figs. 1-3.
Ins. Mus. Graec.: 77.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Vicinity of Graz, Austria.
•	RANGE. Europe (excluding the extreme North) to NW Turan (NW. Kazakhstan) in
the east.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Populations from the European part belong to the
ssp. borussia (Dadd, 1908) {=Jahontovi Wnukowsky, 1934).
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. After a detailed study of the populations from the European
territories of the former USSR, borussia (Dadd, 1908) might prove to be divisible
into a number of subspecies, with jahontovi (Wnukowsky, 1934) as one of these.
Prior to such a study, we regard jahontovi as an infrasubspecific category.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony steppe and limestone outcrops with steppe like
vegetation. Flight period: late June to mid-September. Males patrol the territoiy all
over the daytime period. Host plant: Securigera varia. Eggs laid mostly on dry stems
or in fallen leaves at the host plant. Hibernation as instar 1 larvae. Pupation in the
soil.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Lysandra corydonius, L. sheikh. L. melamarina, L. bellargus:
ground colour of UNS sky blue.
Lysandra corydonius (Herrich-Schaffer, [1851])
PI. 75, figs. 31-39.
Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europas: 6:27.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Helenendorf» [Khanlar, Azerbaijan], Neotype designation by
Schurian (1988).
•	RANGE. Caucasus and Transcaucasia; NE. Turkey, NW. Iran,
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is known to occur
in the northern spurs of Shakhdagh Mts. and probably on the southern slopes of
the Caucasus Major. S. Georgia, the Armenian Highland, Nakhichevan and the
Talysh Mts. are populated by the ssp. caucasica (Lederer, [1870]). The ssp. ciscati-
casica (Jachontov, 1914), with dark brownish tint of the UNH and dusted with
brownish scales in the marginal part of the UPF, is distributed in the N. Caucasus
and the S. European part up to Stavropol in the North.
	TAXONOMIC NOTES. It is very likely that L. corydonius represents a highly сопфЙ'
cated complex of subspecies with unclear interrelations. Most of the populate113
are in need of a revision. Presently, we consider the taxa cacruleossmar (Veri-V
1939) and sokolowskii (Wojtusiak et Niesiolowski, 1946), described from the S.
slopes of the Caucasus Major, as infrasubspecific categories.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Preferring stony biotopes and open places but often
’occurring in glades of mountain forest, in the mountains up to 2,200-3,200 m a.s.l.
Flight period: mid-July to mid-September. Host plant in Turkey (Hesselbarth et al.,
1995): probably Hippocrepis comosa.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Lysandra coridon: ground colour of UNS silvery grey with blue
tint. L. bellargus: ground colour of UNS without distinctly visible dense androconial
pubescence on UFW. L. melamarina: ground colour of UNH white or light beige. L.
sheikh: FW longer, marginal pattern on UNH stronger, postdiscal spots on UNH very
large.
Lysandra melamarina Dantchenko. spec. nov.
R. 75, figs. 28-30.
•	HOLOTYPE: d, W. Caucasus, Lazarevskoe, 14.06.1985, E. Sveshnikov leg.
.PARATYPES: 25 d, 16 2, same locality, 14-22.06.1985. E. Sveshnikov leg.; 2 2, 7-
14.09.85. same locality, A. Koval leg.; 1 d, W. Caucasus, Krasnodar Region, Pshada
River valley, .08.1998, V. Shchurov leg.; 31 d, 2 2, W. Caucasus, Krasnodar
Region, Gelenjik Distr., Divnomorskoe, 16-18.08.1999, V. Burtnev leg.; 1 d,
Dzhubga, N. Caucasus. 25.08.1969, A. Tsvetaev leg.; 5 d, 1 2, Dzhubga, N.
Caucasus, 20.08.1992. M. Markhasev leg.
Holotype, in the collection of SDM. Paratypes, in the collections of A. Dantchenko,
V. Lukhtanov. V. Tuzov, P. Bogdanov, K. Shurian, ZISP, ZMUM. ZSBS.
•	DESCRIPTION. Male (holotype). FW length 17.5 mm. UPS; ground colour blue with
very fine silvery lustre; discal stroke absent, marginal darkening not strong,
marginal black line narrow, with diffused spots between veins on FW, discal cell
with strong whitish androconial hairs, HW with small black spots between veins
distinctly separated from black marginal line, wing shape in 2A-Cu2 slightly angu-
lar: cilia pure white, picked with dark grey at ends of veins, more strongly so on FW.
UNS: ground colour pure white in FW and with very light yellow-greyish tint in HW;
FW with a postdiscal row of black spots of equal shape, spot in cell M3-Cuj not
shifted basally, transversely elongate; submarginal pattern on FW not prominent,
discal and basal spots clearly picked; postdiscal row on HW distinct; spots black,
nearly equal in size to spots on UNF, rounded, nearly indistinct due to light ground
colour; a large pure white touch along vein M3 of usual «icarus» shape; marginal
pattern composed of submarginal bright orange brackets and clear, distinct, sharp,
line, black spots; basal part very slightly dusted by bluish metal.
Fernale (paratype). FW length 18.0 mm. Ground colour of UPS dark brown with
greyish tint; discal strokes distinctly visible, finely dusted by blue scales; marginal
pattern only present on HW as a series of slightly elongated red spots centred
distally by small black points; marginal row slightly diffused by blue scales inter-
nally; cilia beige on FW, light beige on HW, picked by brown at end of veins. UNS:
general pattern as in male, ground colour of FW beige, of HW light brown with tint
of coffee with milk; discal and basal spots of FW and spots of postdiscal rows both
on FW and HW encircled by white, submarginal pattern less prominent on FW and
Well picked on HW, consisting of submarginal red brackets and antemarginal
ft’hitish spots centred by black, discal spot of HW replaced by a white touch, HW
Rightly dusted by blue metal basally.
/ANGE. W. Caucasus Major, ?E. part of Crimea.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. FW length in males varying from 15.0 to 18.0
/ 011111 i:i females from 14.5 up to 17.5 mm; ground colour in males UPS seemingly
uniform, ground colour of UNH varying from pure white to light greyish beige
Females uniform in colour and pattern.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Lowland, stony, dry meadows in thin oak forests and
limestone outcrops in coastal zones. Flight period: June to September, in two
generations. Host plant: possibly Hippocrepis emeroides. known from the collecting
sites of the type series.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Lysandra coridon: ground colour of UNS silvery grey with ULie
tint. L. bellargus: ground colour of UNS without distinctly visible dense androconial
pubescence on UFW. L. corydonius (male): the dusk blue ground colour of the UPS
and the very light ground colour of the UNS; females, with clear tint of coffee with
milk; postdiscal row of FW less strongly rounded, spot in cell Мз-Cuj less strongly
shifted basad.
Lysandra sheikh Dantchenko, spec. nov.
PI. 75, figs. 40-42.
	HOLOTYPE: d. NE. Caucasus, Daghestan, vicinity of Gunib, 1,800 in a.s.l.,
15.08.1997, A. Dantchenko leg.
•	PARATYPES: 36 J, 5 9, 11-16.09. 1997, same locality, A. Dantchenko leg.; 4 ?. E.
Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Kusary River valley, 30.07.1962., Tsyganenko leg.; 1 g.
Daghestan, Gunib, 2,000, 27.07.1984, P. Bogdanov leg.; 17 6, 3 9, Daghestan,
Gunib, 2,000, 21-31.07.1984, P. Bogdanov leg.
Holotype, in the collection of SDM. Paratypes, in the collections of ZIN, ZSBS. A.
Dantchenko, V. Tuzov. V. Lukhtanov, K. Shurian, W. Eckweiler, P. Bogdanov.
	DESCRIPTION. Male (holotype). FW length 20.5 mm. UPS: ground colour light blue,
somewhat resembling that of L. bellargus but rvith light violet tint, discal strokes
absent, marginal darkening very fine, marginal black line about 1 mm wide: with
diffuse spots between veins in FW; discal cell of FW with whitish androconial hairs:
on HW, fine black spots along border distinct from black marginal line, wing shape
in 2A-Cu2 slightly angular, bearing double black spots; cilia pure white, slightly
picked by dark grey at veins. UNS: ground colour of FW greyish, lighter in discal
area, ground colour of HW light greyish brown, somewhat resembling that of L.
bellargus; in FW, postdiscal row usual in shape, spots black, spot in cell My-Ctij
not strongly shifted basally, slightly elongate transversely; submarginal pattern
typical for a Lysandra but without orange brackets, discal and basal spots very
distinct; postdiscal row on HW very distinct, spots black, nearly equal in size to
spots of FW, white encircling of spots nearly indistinct due to light ground colour;
discal spot replaced by a large pure white touch along vein M3, of usual dcanss»
shape, marginal pattern composed of submarginal bright orange brackets and
sharp, clear, distinct, black spots; basal part very slightly dusted by bluish metal.
Female (paratype). FW length 18.0 mm. UPS: ground colour dark brown with grey-
ish tint, discal strokes distinctly visible, finely dusted by blue scales, margina>
pattern very distinct on FW, like dusk red brackets, and strongly expressed on HA
as a series of slightly elongated red spots centred distally by black points and
delimited on inner side by blue scales; cilia beige, picked by brown at distal end oi
veins. UNS: general pattern as in male, ground colour of FW light brown, ot HA
brown with lurid tint: discal and basal spots of FW and spots of postdiscal rows
both on FW and HW encircled by white, submarginal pattern as in male. less
prominent on FW and well picked on HW, discal spot of HW replaced by a white
touch, basal blue metal suffusion on HW nearly indistinct.
•	RANGE. NE. Caucasus Major (Daghestan and E. Azerbaijan).
DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. FW length in males varies from 17.5 to 20.5 mm,
in females from 17.0 to 18.0 mm; ground colour in males UPS slightly varying in
Volet tint, females uniform in colour and pattern.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows at upper timber-line to dry subalpine
meadows. Strongly associated with calcareous rocky biotopes with Securigera varia.
probably a host plant. Flight period: mid-July to late August, most likely in a single
gen eration.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Lysandra sheikh belongs to the corydonius species complex.
The ground colour of the UPS in the male is close but more bluish, that of the UNS
is lighter and closer to the L. bellargus one; all marginal diffusive black spots of the
UPS are larger and more strongly marked, the black spots of the postdiscal row of
the UNS are much larger; the ground colour of the UNS in females, with lurid tint,
is very distinct from that of the L. corydonius female with its coffee-with-milk tint. L.
coridon: ground colour of UNS with sky blue tint, ground colour of UNS light beige
with greyish tint. L. bellargus: smaller, ground colour of UPS without distinctly visi-
ble dense androconial pubescence on FW.
MELEAGERIA De Sagarra, 1925
Meleageria daphnis ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775)
Pl. 76, figs. 7-21.
Syst. Werke Schmett. Wienergegend: 182.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Vienna [Austria].
•	SYNONYMS; endymion ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775). nom. praeoccup.; rnelea-
ger (Esper, [1778]).
•	RANGE. Europe (exlusive of the extreme North). Caucasus and Transcaucasia,
Turkey, W. Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following subspecies are known to occur over
the territories concerned:
the nominotypical subspecies (= oricus (Fruhstorfer, 1910)) - central and S.
European part, including Crimea;
ssp. narsana (Alberti, 1973) - Caucasus Major;
ssp. versicolor (Heyne, [1895]) (= ignorata Staudinger, 1901; erciyasi Schurian et
Hauser, 1981; palandokis Schurian et Hauser, 1981; dugijani Schurian ct
Hauser, 1981) - Caucasus Minor. Armenian Highland;
ssp. elamita (Le Cerf, 1913) (= uangolensis Schurian et Hauser, 1981) - Talysh.
Populations from the Talysh Mts. have numerous dark morphs transitional
toward the form marcida (Lederer, [1870]). Development of dark greenish
suffusion on the UPS depends on local ecological conditions, especially humid-
ity.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different types of meadow, steppe-like clad and/or
stony slopes, in the mountains up to 2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: end of June to
August. Host plant: Securigera varia. The records by some authors (e.g.,
Hesselbarth et al., 1995) of such plants as Onobrychis or Astragalus glycyphillos as
host are to be considered erroneous. Larval host ants (Fiedler, 1991a, 1991b):
Las^us alienus. Formica pratensis. Tapinoma eraticum.
POLYOMMATUS Latreille, 1804
Polyommatus (eros) stigmatifera Courvoisier, 1903
PI. 79, figs. 19-21.
Mitt, schweiz. ent. Ges., 11:23.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Kuldja» [W. China],
•	SYNONYMS: lunulata Courvoisier, 1903; vasilyi Tshikolovets, 1995.
•	RANGE. N. and Inner Tian-Shan, Dzhungarsky Alatau, Tarbagatai, Saur. S. Altai
mts.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Distinguished from the European P. (eros) eros by
the much more blue hue on the UPS and by the presence of a darkened transverse
vein on the UPF in 90% specimens.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Alpine meadows at about 2.000-3,300 m a.s.l. Fligln
period: July to August. Host plants in the Tian-Shan: Astragalus spp., Oxytropis
spp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus (eroides) eroides: UNS with large distinct black
spots. P. (eroides) erotides: UPS silvery blue with greyish glint.
Polyommatus (eros) tshetverikovi Nekrutenko, 1977
PI. 79, figs. 10-12.
Изв. АН УССР [Novosti Akad. nauk Ukr. SSR], ser. B, 2:180, figs. a-b.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Теберда, г. Xai’inapa, 2500 м» [Mt. Khatipara, Teberda, N.
Caucasus Major, Russia],
•	RANGE. Caucasus Major.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Alpine to subalpine meadows at 1.700-2,500 m. Flight
period: July to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus (eros) meoticus: dark margin on UPF narrower
than 1 mm; antemarginal marking on UNS consisting of strong black spots; geni-
talia different (fig. 52).
Polyommatus (eros) meoticus Zhdanko et Stshurov, 1998
PI. 79, figs. 13-15.
Вести. Казах. Ун-та [Vestnik Kazakhskogo universiteta], 6:49.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Россия, Адегея [sic!], Северо-Западный Кавказ, хребет Азиш-Тау,
1350 м» [Azish-Tau Mts., NW. Caucasus. Adygeya, Russia].
•	RANGE. NW. Caucasus.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Crags in the forest belt at about 1,300-1,400 m a.s.l.
Flight period: July to August. Host plant: Astragalus demetrii.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus (eroides) boisduvalii: marking of UNF consisting of
large distinct black spots; uncus dorsally with a cavity in lateral view (fig. 52). P-
(eros) tshetverikovi: dark margin on UPF broader than 1 mm; antemarginal marking
on UNS consisting of vague black spots.
Polyommatus (eros) kamtshadalis (Sheljuzhko, 1933)
PI. 79, figs. 22-27.
Zeitschr. Osterr. ent. Ver. Wien, 11/12: 85.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ostkiiste von Kamtshatka, Ust-Kamtshatsk» [Ust-Kamchatsk.
Kamchatka, Russia].
•	SYNONYM: herzi Korshunov, 1995, nom. nudum.
•	RANGE. From the Polar Urals to the Far East, Amur and N. Ussuri regions, ?Altais.
DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Besides the nomino-
typical subspecies, the ssp. extremiorienalis (Kuren-
tzov, 1970) and the ssp. taimyrensis Korshunov, 1982
al-e known to occur in the Far East and in the Taimyr
peninsula + the Polar Urals, respectively.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Meadows at the upper
timber-line, pebbly and stony shores. Flight period:
July. Host plant in the Polar Urals (Korshunov &
Gorbunov, 1995): Oxytropis sordida.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus (erotides) erotides:
UPS silvery blue with greyish glint; postdiscal row of
UNF' parallel externally. P. tsvetaevi: submarginal
orange marking on UPS well-developed.
polyommatus erotulus Nekrutenko, 1985
pi. 79, figs. 16-18.
Вестник зоол. [Vestnik zool.], 4:34, fig. 3a-b.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Азербайджанская ССР, Талыш,
Зуванд, окр. с. Мистан, 2000-2200 м». [Near Mistan,
Zuvand, Talysh Mts., Azerbaijan].
.RANGE. Azerbaijan; Turkey, Iran.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical
taxon (= delessei Carbonel, 1994) occurs in the Talysh
Mts. and N. Iran; the ssp. moletti Carbonel, 1994 has
been described from Turkey.
 HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Alpine to subalpine mead-
ows at about 2,000-2.500 m. Flight period: July to
August.
• SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus (eras) tshetverikovi:
dark margin on UPF not broader than 1 mm.
Fig. 52. Genilalia of some Polyommatus (a - mate genitalia, lateral view: b
- female genitalia): 1 - P meoticus (paratype, W. Caucasus); 2 - P. boisduvalii
onentefis (S. Russia). A. Zhdanko del.
Polyommatus (eroides} boisduvalii
(Herrich-Schaffer, 1844)
PI. 79, figs. 1-6.
Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europas, 1:121.
TYPE LOCALITY. «Sudlichen Russland».
•RANGE. From E. Germany, Czech Republic, Poland
across the S. and central European parts of Russia, W.
Siberia and N. Kazakhstan to the Altais.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Besides the nominotypical subspecies that
inhabits the area ranging from the SW. Urals to Omsk and the Altais, the ssp. orien-
tolis Krziwitzky, 1983 has been described from Poland and it also occurs in
Byelorussia, the Ukraine and the European part of Russia.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. Many authors (Tuzov, 1993; Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995;
Hesselbarth et al., 1995, etc.) regard this taxon as a subspecies of P. eroides
(Erivaldszky, 1835) (TL: Balkans). Here we consider both these taxa as semispecies
°f the superspecies P. (eroides).
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Glades and edges of mixed forest. Flight period: June to
July. Host plant (O. Gorbunov, pers. comm.): Chamaecytisus ruthenicus.
• SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus (eroides) erotides: UPS silvery blue with
greyish glint. The superspecies P. (eras): marking of UNF consisting of small
black spots. P. (eras) meoticus: dorsal side of uncus without cavity in lateral vjew
(fig. 52). P. (eras) kamtshadalis: marking of UNS consisting of very small black
points and small yellowish submarginal spots; basal dust of bluish scales well,
developed.
Polyommatus (eroides) erotides (Staudinger, 1892)
PI. 79, figs. 7-9.
D. ent. Z. Iris, 5:319.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Kentei-Gebirge» [Kudara-Somon, Malakhansky Mts., Trans-
baikalia, Russia].
•	RANGE. From the Saur Mts. and the Altais across S. Siberia to Transbaikalia and
Mongolia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In the Altais and Tuva, populations display differ-
ing glint of the UPS: lowland populations with greenish glint, those from high
mountains bluish glint. The status of these forms is unclear.
	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry slopes of southern exposure, in the mountains from
500 to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to September, in two generations.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus (eroides) boisduvalii, the superspecie.s P (eras):
UPS blue; female genitalia different (fig. 52). P (eras) kamtshadalis: smaller; UPS
blue or greenish blue.
Polyommatus tsvetaevi (Kurentzov, 1970)
PI. 79, figs. 28-30.
Булавоусые чешуекрылые Дальнего Востока СССР [Butterflies of the USSR Far East]: 137.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... p. Супутинка (Южное Приморье)» [Suputinka River, Ussuri
region, Russia].
•	RANGE. S. Ussuri region and N. Korea.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry meadows and fields (Kurentzov, 1970). Flight peri-
od: mid-June to the end of September, in two generations.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus (Icarus) Icarus: UPS violet; submarginal orange
spots on UNH separated. P (eroides) erotides: P. (eras) kamtshadalis: subniarginal
orange marking on UPS poorly-developed, present on HW only.
Polyommatus (venus) venus (Staudinger, 1886)
PI. 78, figs. 25-27, 34-36.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 47:211.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...sudlichen Alai...» [Zaalaisky Mts., Kirghizia],
•	RANGE. Darvaz, Alai and W Pamirs.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the Alai
and Transalai mts. In the Darvaz and the W. Pamirs, the ssp. vantshensis
Tshikolovets, 1995 is known to occur.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The status of P. venus, P. wiskotti. P. erigone and P. amor is
not clear. Until a meticulous revision of this species group has been accomplished,
we consider these taxa as semispecies of the superspecies P. venus.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Alpine meadows at about 3,500-4,200 m a.s.l. Flight
period: June to August, depending on altitude.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus (venus) amor: UPS light blue, UNS light grey. #
(venus) wiskotti: UPS violet blue, UNS grey. P. (venus) erigone: UPS blue, UN
brownish grey. P. (venus) hunza: UNH without black marking in white spot ih
central cell.
Polyommatus (venus) amor (bang, 1884)
pl 78. figs. 31-33. 43-45.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 47:211.
TYPE LOCALITY. «Samarkand» [Samarkand, Zeravshansky Mts., Uzbekistan],
SYNONYM: amor Staudinger, 1886, nom. praeoccup.
RANGE. Ghissar, Darvaz and W. Pamirs.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical taxon occurs in
the Ghissar and the Darvaz. The ssp. annamaria Balint, 1992 inhabits the NW.
Pamirs.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Alpine to subalpine meadows, often near streams at
about 2,800-4.000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August. Host plant in the Ghissar
(Zhdanko, 1997): Astragalus sp.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus (venus) erigone: UPS blue, UNS brownish grey. P.
hunza: UNH without black marking in white spot in central cell. P. (venus) venus:
UPS blue, UNS grey.
Polyommatus (venus) erigone (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890)
PL 78, figs. 37-39.
In: Romanoff. Mem. Lep., 4:396.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...rive du Tschatschakty, qui se Jete dans ГАк-Baital meridional a
une hauteur de 13,600 p.....localite Bach-Mourgab a une altitude de 12,240 р.» [E.
Pamirs, Tajikistan].
•	RANGE. Pamirs.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Near streams on meadows at about 3,200-4,500 m a.s.l.
Flight period: June to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus (venus) amor: UPS light blue, UNS light grey. P.
(venus) venus: UPS blue, UNS grey. P. hunza: UNH without black marking in white
spot in central cell.
Polyommatus (venus) wiskotti (Courvoisier, 1911)
PI. 78, figs. 28-30.
D. ent. Z. Iris: 105, Taf. 2, Abb. 7.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Nariin» [Naryn, Inner Tian-Shan, Kirghizia].
•RANGE. Tian-Shan.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Alpine to subalpine meadows, often near streams at
about 2,800-4,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to August. Host plants in the
Talassky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko, 1997): Oxytropis talassica, O. aulieatensis.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus (venus) venus: UPS blue, UNS grey. P. thersites:
UPS bright violet, UNF without basal black spot. P. (superspecies Icarus): UPS
bright blue, UNH with greenish basal suffusion.
Polyommatus hunza (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890)
Pl- 78, figs. 40-42.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 4:397, pl. 15, fig. 2.
•TYPE LOCALITY, «...riviere Mazar. qui prend sa source dans les monts Moustag
(Himalayas occidental), sur le col Beik et un pen au-dessous de celi-ci dans le
Wonts Kounjout (la elle est moins typique)» [Mazar River, Muztag Mts., Karakorum.
India; Pass Beik, Kunjut Mts., SE. Pamirs, Tajikistan].
'^NGE. Pamirs, Hindu Kush.
’ ISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical taxon occurs in the E. and S.
Pamirs.
. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony slopes at 4,000-4,600 m a.s.l. Flight period: Juiy
to August.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. The superspecies Polyommatus (venus): UNH with a black
marking in white spot in central cell.
Polyommatus icadius (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890)
PI. 78, figs. 16-24.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 4:402.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Beik» [Pass Beik, E. Pamirs, Kunzhut Mts.]. Lectotype desigtia-
tion by Balint (1999).
•	RANGE. S. Altai, Tarbagatai, Tian-Shan, Ghissar, Darvaz, Alai, Pamirs; Hindu Kush.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following taxa are known to occur in the
study territory:
the nominotypical taxon - Pamirs;
ssp. dlaicus (Balletto et Nekrutenko, 1987) - Darvaz;
ssp. candidus Zhdanko, 2000 - W. Tian-Shan;
ssp. cicero Ivonin et Kosterin, in press - S. Altai.
The status of material from other territories requires a revision.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY Stony slopes from 800 to 3,500 m a.s.l. Flight period:
May to August, in two generations. Host plants (Zhdanko, 1997): Cicer songaricum,
C. Jlexuosum.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. The superspecies Polyommatus (Icarus): marking on UNS well
developed; basal dust on UNH consisting of blue scales.
Polyommatus (icarus) Icarus (Rottemburg, 1775)
PI. 77, figs. 19-33.
Anmerk. Tab. Schmett., Naturforscher, 6:21.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. Saxony, Germany.
•	SYNONYMS: argus (Poda, 1761), nom. praeoccup.; alexis (Scopoli, 1763). nom.
praeoccup.; thetis (Esper, [1777]), nom. praeoccup.; pampholyge (Bergstrasser.
1779); candybus (Bergstrasser, 1779); candiope (Bergstrasser, 1779); candaon
(Bergstrasser, 1779); oceanus (Bergstrasser, 1779); polyphemus (Esper, [1779j):
fusciolus (Fourcroy, 1785); icarinus (Scharfenberg, 1791); oebalus (Hoffmannsegg,
1804); iphis' Meigen, 1830; pusillus (Gerhard, 1851); zelleri Verity, 1919; taurica
(Venzmer, 1920).
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Distribution of the accepted subspecies is as
follows:
the nominotypical subspecies (= casanensis Krulikovsky, 1891) - European part,
Caucasus and Transcaucasia;
ssp. Juchsi (Sheljuzhko, 1928) (= sibiricus (Fuchs, 1901), nom. praeoccup.) ~ S-
Siberia, Transbaikalia;
ssp. omelkoi Dubatolov et Korshunov, 1995 - Amur and Ussuri regions;
ssp. napeae (Grum-Grshimailo, 1891) - Tian-Shan, ?Ghissar, ?Alai;
ssp. ammosovi (Kurentzov, 1970) - Far East, Kamchatka.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different types of meadow up to 2,000 m a.s.l. in
mountains. Flight period: May to August, in 1-3 generations, depending on loca®
conditions. Host plants in Europe (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): Trifolii^
Medicago, Genista, Lotus, Meltlotus, etc.; in NW. Kazakhstan (Zhdanko, 199/1-
Medicago romanica, M.Jalcata; in the Zailiisky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko, 1997): Trifolu^
repens. Larvae associated with ants (Hesselbarth et al., 1995): Lasius alienus, k
Jlavus, L. niger, Formica subruj'a, Plagiolepis pigmaea, Myrmica sabuleti.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus icadius: larger; marking on UNS more delicate;
basal dust on UNH consisting of greenish blue scales. P. (Icarus) kashgharensis:
black markings on UPS smaller. P. (venus) wiskotti: UPS blue, UNH with bluish
basal suffusion.
polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis Moore, 1878
и. 77. figs-34-39; pl 78> figs-1-15-
Mag. nat. Hist, (5)1: 230.
.TYPE LOCALITY. Yarkand, NW. China.
.RANGE. S. part of the Palaearctic region from N. Africa across Central Asia to Tuva
and Mongolia.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Distribution of the accepted subspecies is as
follows:
the nominotypical form (= yarkundensis Moore, 1878) - S. Ghissar, W. Pamirs;
ssp- bienerti Balint, 1992 (= persica Bienert, [1869], nom. praeoccup.) -
?Transcaucasia, Kopet-Dagh;
ssp. turanicus Heyne. 1895 - Ghissar-Alai. Darvaz, N. and Tian-Shan,
Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., S. Altai;
ssp. szabokyi Balint, 1990 (= korshunoui P. Gorbunov, 1995) - Tuva.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different kinds of meadow up to 3,500 m a.s.l. Flight
period; April to September, in 2-4 generations, according to local conditions. Host
plants in the Zailisky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko, pers. comm.): Trifolium, Medicago.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus (icarus) icarus; black markings on UPS larger.
Polyommatus amandus (Schneider, 1792)
Pt 77, figs. 1-15.
Neust Mag. ent Stralsund, 1 (4): 428-429.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. S. Sweden.
•	SYNONYMS: icarius (Esper, [1789]); agathon Godart, [1824].
•	RANGE. Temperate belt of the Palaearctic Region.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following subspecies are known to occur over
the territories concerned:
the nominotypical form (= lydia (Krulikovsky, 1892); = orientalis (Staudinger, 1901);
= amandina (Krulikovsky, 1908); = gina Higgins, 1958) - European part, Caucasus
and Transcaucasia. Kopet-Dagh, Siberia, Transbaikalia, Far East;
ssp. turensis (Heyne. 1895) - Tian-Shan, Ghissar, Alai, W. Pamirs;
ssp. amata (Grum-Grshimailo, 1890) - Darvaz;
ssp. amurensis (Staudinger, 1892) - Amur and Ussuri regions.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Humid meadows usually along rivers and streams, in
the mountains up to 3,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July, in one generation,
but in the South sometimes with a second generation in August. Host plants in
Europe (Eckstein, 1913, and others): Vicia spp.; in the Alai (Zhdanko, 1997): V,
kokanica; in the Tian-Shan (Zhdanko, 1997): V. costata, Medicago romanica.
Polyommatus dorylas ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775)
Л 76, figs. 25-30.
Syst Wertce Schmett. Wienergegend: 322.
•TYPE LOCALITY. Vicinity of Vienna, Austria.
•SYNONYMS: hylas (Esper, [1778]); argester (Bergstrasser, [1779]); albicans
iGerhard. 1851)’.
* RANGE. Central and S. Europe, Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Turkey.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The ssp. magna Balint, 1985 inhabits the centra]
and S. European parts; the ssp. armenus Staudinger, 1871 the Caucasus Major
and Minor, and the Armenian Highland.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different types of meadow up to 2,700 in a.s.l. Fliggj
period: mid-June to mid-August. Host plants in Turkey (Hesselbarth et al., 1995)-
Meltlotus, Medicago, Trifolium, Thymus.
Polyommatus thersites (Cantener, [1835])
PI. 76, figs. 31-36.
Hist. Nat: 53-54 (nota), pl. 11, figs. 1-2.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. NE. France.
•	SYNONYMS: alexins (Freyer, [1858]); gravesi (Chapman, 1912).
•	RANGE. From W. Europe and N. Africa across the Middle East and Central Asia to
Mongolia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies (= ardaudana
(Obraztsov, 1936); = zhicharevi (Obraztsov, 1936); - narzana (Obraztsov, 1936); =
gandzhana (Obraztsov, 1936); = karatshaica (Obraztsov, 1936); = rjabotA
(Obraztsov, 1936); = ketshevana (Obraztsov, 1936); = kislovodskana (Obraztshov,
1936)) inhabits the central and S. European parts, W. Siberia, the Caucasus Major
and Minor, the Armenian Highland, the Talysh Mts. and the Kopet-Dagh, while the
ssp. orientis (Sheljuzhko, 1928) (= orientalis (Chapman, [1913]), nom. praeoccup.)
occurs in the Alai, the N. Tian-Shan, the Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts., the Altais and
the Sayan.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different types of meadow, in the mountains up to 2,500
m a.s.l. Flight period: mid-May to mid-August, in two generations. Host plants:
Onobrychis spp.; in the Zailiisky Alatau Mts. (Zhdanko, 1997): O. viciifolia.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. The superspecies Polyommatus (icarus), P. (venus) wiskotti: UPS
violet, UNF with a basal black spot.
Polyommatus mirrha (Herrich-Schaffer, [1852])
PI. 77, figs. 16-18.
Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europas: 6: 26.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Kleinasien» [?Amasia, Turkey],
•	RANGE. Transcaucasia; Turkey, ?Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. In the Armenian Highland, the ssp. cinyraea
Nekrutenko et Effendi, 1979 is known to occur.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Slopes with rich xerophytous vegetation at about 1.800-
2,300 m a.s.l. Flight period: end of June to mid-August. Host plant in Nakhichevan
(Nekrutenko & Effendi, 1979): Cicer anatolicum.
AGRODIAETUS Latreille, 1804
л
Agrodiaetus ripartii (Freyer, 1830)	3
Pl. 79, figs. 31-39, pl. 80, figs. 4-6.’
Beitr. Gesch. europ. Schmett., 3:128, Taf. 133, Abb. 3,
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Spanien» [Spain],	u
•	RANGE. From W. Europe across the S. European part of Russia, Turkey-
Transcaucasia to Central Asia and Buryatia (Sayan).
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Superficially, populations from the S. Europe*111
part, W. Siberia, the Altais and the Sayan are very close to the nominotypical lorin-
At present, we refer them to the ssp. ripartii. However, with further progress in the
knowledge of the population structure of this taxon, its division into subspecies
might prove useful. The ssp. budashkini Kolev et De Prins, 1995 occurs in the
Crimea, differing in that most of the specimens have no white stroke on the UNH.
The ssp- paralcestis (Forster, 1960) inhabits Transcaucasia. This subspecies is
distinguishable by the smaller size and the somewhat different marginal pattern of
the UNS.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. The status of the «brown Agrodiaetus» complex in the Crimea
was discussed in due detail by Nekrutenko (1985). He logically and correctly
proposed the oldest name available for the Crimean populations until karyological
evidence be obtained. Recently, however, based on morphological features alone,
Crimean material has been described as a distinct species, A. budashkini Kolev &
De Prins, 1995. Yet budashkini appears to display the same karyotype (CN = 90) as
the nominotypical ripartii (Kandul, 1997; de Lesse, 1961; Munguira et al., 1995).
Hence, according to the karyological data, budashkini is to be treated as a
subspecies of A. ripartii Based on cytological evidence (Lukhtanov & Dantchenko,
in press), the taxon erimanensis Forster, 1960. first described as a subspecies of A.
ripartii actually forms a distinct species. The status of the populations from Central
Asia and Siberia must be revised.
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony plains or dry meadows from lowlands up to 2,400
m a.s.l. in the mountains. Flight period: mid-July to the end of August. Host plant
in the central European part: Onobrychis tanaitica. Hibernation under laboratory
conditions as instar 2 larvae (Dantchenko et al., 1996). Host plant for budashkini
(Kolev & De Prins, 1995): Onobrychis miniata, perhaps also O. gracilis. Eggs laid on
dry floral shoots of the foodplant.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus eriwanensis, A. demavendi: on UNF, spot of post-
discal row in cell between veins Cu]-Cu2 not shifted basally.
Agrodiaetus demavendi (Pfeiffer, 1938)
Й, 79, figs. 40-42, pl. 80, figs. 1-3.
Mitt MGnchn. ent Ges., 28 (2): 194.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ort Demavend (Tar-Tai), 2200-2500 rm [Elburs Mts., N. Iran).
• RANGE. S. Transcaucasia; Turkey. N. and W. Iran.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Specimens from the Armenian Higland and
Talysh Mts. belong to the nominotypical subspecies. Its status has been revealed by
karyological analysis (Lukhtanov et al., 1998).
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. De Lesse (1960) reported variation from CN - 68 up to CN =
71 in the karyotype of demavendi from Turkey and Iran. In topotype specimens, CN
= 68 has been estimated as basic. Based both on the singular marginal pattern on
the UNH and CN = 70, de Lesse (1961) described the population from Amasya as
the subspecies amasyensis (de Lesse, 1961). His 1961 paper on the «brown» species
complex clearly showed that material he studied was highly heterogeneous, with its
identity still unclear.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony plains, dry meadows from 800 m (southern slopes
°f Zangezursky Mts., Aiotszorsky Mts.) up to 2,400 m (Mt. Aragats). Flight period:
®id-July to the end of August. Host plant: Onobrychis pr. hcy'astana. Eggs laid
dry floral shoots of the foodplant. Hibernation in the laboratory as instar 2
; larvae.
'^IMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus ripartii: on UNF, spot of postdiscal row in cell
x (Ween veins CU[-Cu2 shifted basally. A. eriwanensis: ground colour of UNS with
r' ddish tint, marginal pattern not sharp.
Agrodiaetus eriwanensis (Forster, 1960)
PI. 79, figs. 43-45.
Ent. Zeitschr.,70 (3): 19.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Eriwan». [Vicinity of Erevan, Armenia].
•	RANGE. S. part of Armenian Highland and adjoining parts of Turkey.
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is only known from
S. Armenia: Mt. Aragats, Gegamsky, Zangezursky and Aiotszorsky mts. The ssp.
tnteijectus (de Lesse, 1960) inhabits Turkey.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Originally (Forster, 1960), A. eriwanensis was described as a
subspecies of A. ripartii. Somewhat later, de Lesse (1961) referred to it as a distinct
species due to its very singular appearance. However, cytological studies on the
males, habitually looking like A. eriwanensis, from the vicinity of Erevan and the
adjacent mountain ranges showed a very specific karyotype (CN = 32-34) identical in
structure to that of A. inteTjectus (de Lesse, 1960) (TL: Turkey. CN = 29-32).
Accordingly, the status of interjectus (de Lesse, 1960) has been revised and since been
treated as a subspecies of A. eriwanensis (cf. Lukhtanov & Dantchenko, in press).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony slopes and/or steppe-like biotopes at about
1,600-2,400 m a.s.l. Flight period: late June to the end of July.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus ripartii: on UNF, postdiscal spot in cell between
veins СигСи2 strongly shifted basally. A. demavendi: ground colour of UNS with
coffee-and-milk tint, marginal pattern clear.
Agroaiaetus rjabovi Fmrster, 1960
PI. 80, figs. 7-9.
Ent Zeitschr., 70 (14): 157.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Talysh, distr. Lenkoran, LJulakeran». [Zuvand Plateau, Talysh
Mts., Azerbaijan].
•	RANGE. Transcaucasia: N. Iran.
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies lives in the Zuvand
Plateau, Talysh Mts. In N. Iran, the ssp. valiabadi Rose et Schurian. 1977 is known
to occur (TL: Elburs-Nordseite (Chalus-Tal), Umgebung Vali-Abad).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different types of meadow, steppe-like biotopes at about
1,400-2,200 m a.s.l. Host plant: unknown, most probably Onobrychis but not
Astragalus species. Flight period: mid-July to the end of August.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Superficially, both rjabovi and valiabadi are veiy particular
in UNS pattern. Kodak’s (1980) proposal of rjabovianus as a replacement name for
Agrodiaetus rjabovi due to secondary homonymy with Polyommatus thersites rjabovi
(Obraztsov, 1936) is superfluous as both names are currently assigned to two
different genera.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus ripartii, A. eriwanensis: UNS without yellowish tint,
marginal marking neither so bright nor clearly delimited.
Agrodiaetus damon ([Denis et Schiffermuller], 1775)
PI. 80, figs. 11-21.
Syst Werke Schmett Wienergegend: 182.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Wienergegend». [Vicinity of Vienna, Austria],
•	SYNONYMS: For complete synonymy see Eckweiler & Hauser (1997).
•	RANGE. Europe, Turkey, Middle Asia, S. Siberia, Mongolia, China.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The following subspecies are represented over thc
territories concerned:
sSp. zhicharevi (Sovinsky, 1915) - lowlands of N. Caucasus and the adjoining areas
of S. European part;
ssp. kotshubei (Sovinsky, 1915) - highlands of Transcaucasia;
ssp- merzcbacheri (Courvoisier, 1913) - Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.;
ssp. mongolensis (Koyak, 1980) (= mongolicus (Forster, 1971), nom. praeoccup.) - S.
Siberia, Altais, Mongolia.
populations from the European part of Russia to the Urals are closest to the
nominotypical subspecies.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. Externally, material from Transcaucasia and Turkey is close
to that from the highlands of Alps. The karyotype of both montane and plain popu-
lations appears identical, CN = 45 (Lukhtanov, 1989; Lukhtanov & Dantchenko, in
press).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry steppe on lowlands to highland meadows up to
2,500 m a.s.l. in the mountains. Flight period: second half of July to mid-August.
Host plants in the European part of Russia (Ivanov et al., 1999): Onobrychis arenar-
ia; in Transcaucasia: Onobrychis sp. Eggs laid on dry plant remains inside a bush
of the foodplant. Hibernation most likely as instar 2 larvae.
Agrodiaetus sham.il Dantchenko, spec. nov.
PI. 80, figs. 25-27.
•	HOLOTYPE. <3, NE. Caucasus, Daghestan, vicinity of Gunib, 1,800 m a.s.l.,
. 14.08.1997, A. Dantchenko leg.
•	PARATYPES. 41 J, 15 9, 11-16.08.1997, same locality and data, A. Dantchenko
leg.; 1 5, Daghestan, Gunib, M. Ryabov leg.; 1 5, Daghestan, Gunib, 15.07.1924,
M. Ryabov leg; 1 5, 20.08.1926, Daghestan, Achty, M. Ryabov leg; 3 5,29,
Daghestan, Achty, 29.07-10.08.1933, M. Ryabov leg. (ZSBS); 1 5, Derbend
(ZMHB); 2 <5, 27.07., Khodzha-Makhi, [Daghestan, Dargi Distr., M. Ryabov leg.];
1 5, Achty, [SE. Daghestan], 6.08.[l]933, [M. Ryabov leg.]; 1 5, Achty, Daghestan,
20.08.[1]926, [M. Ryabov leg.[; 1 <3, Levashi, Daghestan, 30.07.[l]940, [M. Ryabov
leg.] (ZISP); 1 <5, Azerbaijan, Alty-Agach, 15.08.1989, P. Kazarian leg.; 4 5,
Daghestan, Gunib, 2,000 m a.s.l., 25.07.1984, P. Bogdanov leg; 1 9, Dagestan,
Khunzakh, Gotzatl, 12.08.1973, M. Magomedov leg.
Holotype, in ZSBS. Paratypes, in the collections of ZISP, ZMHB, and in the private
collection of A. Dantchenko and P. Bogdanov.
•DESCRIPTION. Male (holotype). FW length 17.3 mm. UPS: ground colour light blue,
discal strokes absent, forewing costal area bordered with white, marginal darken-
ing nearly absent, viens slightly darkened distally, inner part of cilia dark grey on
FW, light grey on HW, outer part ofcilia white; UNS: ground colour grey, discal spot
and row of postdiscal spots relatively large, encircled by white, marginal pattern of
FW light, its submarginal brackets darker, in HW marginal pattern more distinct,
brackets of marginal pattern in cell between veins Cu2-2A more bright with reddish
tint, white stroke enlarged distally, basal darkening of HW with bluish tint, not
< strong but well-developed.
Female (paratype). FW length 18.0 mm. UPS: ground colour dark brown, discal
stroke of FW black, well-developed, inner part of cilia dark brown on FW, very light
, brown on HW, outer part ofcilia white. UNS: general pattern as in male but ground
colour light brown, brackets of marginal pattern dark brown, in cell between veins
bu2-2Awith strong reddish tint, basal darkening of HW well-developed, with green-
Hh tint.
COMPARISONS: A. shamil spec. nov. belongs to the carmonides species complex,
•be ground colour of males UPS is close to that of A. merhaba De Prins et al., 1991
but slightly brighter and more bluish than in A. kendevani (Forster, 1956), ancj
without violet tint as in carmonides or pseudoxerxes (Forster, 1956); distal vien
darkening on UPH very light, but slightly stronger than in merhaba; basal dust of
UNH in males more strongly developed than in carmonides or merhaba but worse
them in kendevani. Superficially, the female of A. shamil spec. nov. is close to д
carmonides but the ground colour of the UNS is lighter and the basal dust of jle
UNH more strongly developed.
The karyotype of A. shamil spec. nov. is estimated as CN - 17 (Lukhtanov &
Dantchenko, in press).
•	RANGE. NE. Caucasus.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Only known from the type series from Daghestan
and the adjacent parts of N. Azerbaijan. FW length in males varying from 16.0 to
18.2 mm, in females from 14.5 to 18.5 mm; bluish tint of ground colour on UNS in
males slightly variable, with well-visible submarginal reddish brackets on UPH in
several females, black discal stroke in FW slightly dusted with bluish scales; white
stroke on UPH in most of the specimens enlarged distally.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. When preparing a revision of Agrodiaetus. Forster (1956)
determinated the ZSBS specimens similar to cyaneus and collected by Rjabov in
Daghestan as A. carmon cyaneus. All these specimens are paratypes of A. shamil
sp. n., which differs clearly from cyaneus by the purely blue UPS without violet tint,
the very light black suffusion of the distal parts of UNH viens, and the sharper FW
apex. The karyotype of A. shamil (CN = 17) constantly differs from that of A.
cyaneus (CN = 19) estimated for the populations from S. Transcaucasia
(Lukhtanov, 1989; Lukhtanov & Dantchenko, 1999). For the time being, there is no
sympatry reported for A. shamil and A. cyaneus. The latter is known to inhabit drier
places and has hitherto been recorded as feeding on Onobrychis atropatema and 0.
heterophylla, both latter foodplants being allied species from the subsection
Boissieriana. The host plants of A. shamil and A. carmonides belong to another
subsection, Pulcherrimae, yet both subsections assigned to the same subgenus
Sisyrosema (Grossheim, 1952).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony steppe or dry meadows from 1,600 up to 2,000 m
a.s.l. Flight period: mid-July to the end of August. Host plant; Onobrychis bobrovii.
Eggs laid on stem and/or leaves of the host plant. Hibernation as instar 2 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus ciscaucasicus, female: UNH basally without green
metallic suffusion.
Agrodiaetus ciscaucasicus Forster, 1956
Pl. 80, figs. 22-24.
Z. Wien. ent. Ges., 41: 86, Taf. 10,11, Figs. 17,19.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Ciscaucasia, Kislovodsk» [N. Caucasus, Russia].
•	RANGE. N. Caucasus.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs near
Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk (Stavropol Region, Russia).
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Agrodiaetus ciscaucasicus has originally been described as
Agrodiaetus carmon ciscaucasicus Forster, 1956. Besides ciscaucasicus. Forster ,
includeed the following taxa in the carmon subspecies complex: cyaneus
(Staudinger, 1899), kendevani (Forster, 1956), pseudoxerxes (Forster, 1956). and
altaiensis (Forster, 1956). After having discovered the chromosome number in Ae
type population of ciscaucasicus, Lukhtanov (1989) promoted the taxon to Ai
specific status. In kaiyotype structure, with CN = 15, 16 (Lukhtanov, 1989), ciscau
casicus appears to display strong differences from both carmon and cyaneus. At ,,
present, ciscaucasicus is to be treated as a complex of allopatric populations similar
in external and karyotype structure. The following taxa have been revealed in this
complex: ciscaucasicus, kendevani, pseudoxerxes merhaba, and shamil.
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe or dry meadows up to 1,500 m a.s.l. Flight peri-
od: mid-July to the end of August, in a single generation. Host plant: Onobrychis
t-assilczenkoi Eggs laid on steams and/or leaves of the host plant. Hibernation as
instar 2 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus cyaneus: FW broader, apex not so sharp, UPS veins
strongly blackened distally.
Agrodiaetus cyaneus (Staudinger. 1899)
PI. 80, figs, 28-30.
0 ent. Z. iris, 12:142.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Khankynda» [Stepanakert, Nagornyi Karabakh, Azerbaijan],
Lectotype designation by Forster (1956).
•	RANGE. Transcaucasia; Turkey , Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in S.
Armenia: Gegamsky Mts., Zangezursky Mts. and S. Azerbaijan: Aiotdzorsky Mts.,
Talysh Mts. (Zuvand Plateau). The ssp. pseudocyaneus Forster, 1956 inhabits the
Trialetsky Mts., S. Georgia. A considerable proportion of material belonging to the
ssp. pseudocyaneus is represented by specimens with a completely reduced while
stroke on the UNH. Other subspecies are known to live in Iran: xerxes (Staudinger.
1899), damalis (Riley, 1921), brandti (Forster, 1956) and kennansis (de Lesse, 1962).
• TAXONOMIC NOTES. A. cyaneus (Staudinger, 1899) has been described as based
on specimens from Hankinda (= Stepanakert) and Akhalzich (= Akhaltsikhe,
Georgia). Based upon syntype specimens without white stroke on the UNH from
Akhaltsikhe, Forster (1956) described pseudocyaneus as a subspecies to A. xerxes
(Staudinger, 1899) (TL: NE. Iran, Elburs Mts.). In the same work, Forster assigned
cyaneus to the cannon subspecies complex. De Lesse (1960, 1963) estimated CN =
81 for cannon and 19 for cyaneus. thus providing sufficient evidence to treat
carmon as a separate species. CN =19 has been confirmed for Transcaucasian
populations of cyaneus as well (Lukhtanov, 1989). The taxon paracyaneus de
Lesse, 1963, originally described as a subspecies of cyaneus. to all appearance
belongs to another species complex.
•HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-like biotopes with rich xerophytous vegetation
from 600 up to 2,200 m a.s.l. Flight period: end of June to the end of July. Host
plant in Armenia: Onobrychis atropatana; in the Zuvand Plateau: O. heterophylla.
Eggs laid on leaves of the foodplant. Hibernation as instar 2 or 3 larvae.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus shamil; FW apex sharper, submarginal blue colour
of UPS lighter, distal darkening on veins very light or absent. A. j'irdussii: on UPS,
distal darkening on veins absent; FW apex sharp.
AfFodiaetus rovshani (Dantchenko et Lukhtanov, 1994)
n.80, figs. 31-33.
Ahlanta, 25 (1/2): 209, Taf. 8, Abb. 5-8.
LOCALITY. «Azebaydzhan, Talysch Mts. Zuvand, Mistan, 1900 m» [Mistan,
^s., Azerbaijan],
k. RANGE. S. Transcaucasia, Talysh Mts.; ?N\V. Iran (Ahar and Dugijan).
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. A single population is known to occur in
Zuvand Plateau, Talysh Mts., Azerbaijan. Superficially very similar populations
also occur in NW. Iran (Azerbaijan Province), possibly belonging to rovshani as wel]
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. To all appearance, A. rovshani is the species closest to д'
tankeri (de Lesse, 1960) (TL: N. Turkey, Erzurum). Coutsis (1986: 168, figs. 3k, 4g
6k) reported one male (N. Iran, Azerbaidjan Province, Tabriz) under *Agrodiaetns
sp., close to tankeri de Lessen Similar in genitalic structure to A. tankeri, this male
most probably belongs to the above N. Iran populations, hence to be treated as .4
rovshani.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Highland steppe-like biotopes at about 1,800-2,000 m
a.s.l. Flight period: end of June to the end of July. Males stick to Onobrychis spp
presumably foodplants. Hibernation probably as instar 2 or 3 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus iphigenia, A. baytopi: FW broader.
Agrodiaetusfirdussii Forster, 1956
PI. 80, figs. 34-36.
Z. Wien. ent. Ges., 41: 58, Tat. 8-9, Abb. 16-17.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Nordiran, Schahkuh, Westabhang, Gerdllzone, 1800-2000 щ»
[Elburs Mts., N. Iran],
•	RANGE. Armenian Highland, Talysh; Turkey, Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Armenian Highland (Aiotszorsky, Gegamsky
and Zangezursky mts.) and Talysh Mts. are populated by the ssp. pseudactis
Forster, 1960. However, in some aspects specimens from the Zuvand Plateau.
Talysh Mts. are very close to the nominotypical subspecies.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The status of sertavulensis Кодак, 1979 and ernestl
Eckweiler, 1989, both originally placed in the firdussii subspecies complex, must be
revised.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Xerophytous thorn-bush biotopes from 600 up to 2,700
m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plant: Onobrychis cornuta. Egg-laying on
leaves of the host plant. Hibernation as instar 3 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus cyaneus: on UPS veins blackened distally. FW
broader, less sharp apically.
Agrodiaetus phyllis (Christoph, 1877)
PI. 80, figs. 40-45.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 12 (3): 237; Taf. 5, Figs. 8-10.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «bei Schahkuh ... im Thale und auf den Hugeln bei etwa 7000» [E.
Elburs Mts., N. Iran). Lectotype designation by Eckweiler & ten Hagen (1998) but
the label «Hadschyabad» [Hajiabad, E. Elburs Mts., N. Iran] on the lectotype is
modern, hence it must not to be treated as an exact locality. The lectotype has been
figured by Hesselbarth et al. (1995, Taf. 121, fig. 33).
•	RANGE. E. Caucasus Major; N. Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical form is known to occur in the
E. Elburs Mts., N. Iran. The NE. part of the Caucasus Major is inhabited by the ssp.
dagestanicus Forster, 1960. From NE. Azerbaijan, the ssp. nekrutenkoi
(Dantchenko et Lukhtanov, 1994), externally closer to the ssp. phyllis than to the
ssp. dagestanicus, has been described. The record of the nominotypical subspecies
in the W. Kopet-Dagh by Tshikolovets (1998) requires confirmation.	?
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The taxon dagestanicus was described as a subspecies of A
phyllis from a single male which was stated to strongly differ externally from -
other Transcaucasian and/or Turkish subspecies sheljuzhkoi (Foster, I9b
tXirwnsis (de Lesse, 1957), and zeitunus (Forster, 1960) by the peculiar colouration
of the UPS and the UNS pattern. Only lately has additional material of dagestani-
cus both male and female, become available. According to this material, dagestani-
cus and nekrutenkoi are more close externally to the nominotypical A. phyllis from
the eastern part of Elburs Mts. than to the populations from Transcaucasia and
Turkey- Taking into account that the karyotype of dagestanicus (CN = 40) differs
strongly from that of Turkish and/or Transcaucasian populations (CN = 79), the
former must be treated as a separate subspecies complex of A. phyllis (cf. de Lesse,
1957, 1959; Lukhtanov & Dantchenko, in press).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony highland steppe-like biotopes at about 1,800-
2.200 m a.s.l. Flight period: end of July to the end of August. Host plant:
Onobrychis cornuta. In the laboratory, eggs laid on leaves of the host plant.
Hibernation as instar 1 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus sheljuzhkoi: UPS with bright green-bluish tint, UNS
colour light beige.
Agrodiaetus vanensis de Lesse, 1957
p|. 80, figs. 37-39.
Lambiliionea, 57 (9-10): 69.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Dogubayazit (Turquie orientale), ville ancienne, 2100 rn. env.»
(Agri, E. Turkey).
•	RANGE. Transcaucasia: Turkey, Iraq and W. Iran.
. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The Armenian Highland (Gegamsky, Aiodzorsky
and Zangezursky mts.) and the Talysh Mts., populated by the ssp. sheljuzhkoi
Forster, 1960. This form differs from the nominotypical taxon by the larger average
size, the brighter colouration of the UPS and the sharper pattern of the UNS. In S.
Turkey and Iraq, this species is represented by the subspecies zeitunus (Forster,
1960). High-altitude populations from the Zangezursky Mts. differ slightly in UPS
colour and are smaller in size. Most likely, this variation is in response to local
ecological conditions.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. A. vanensis (de Lesse. 1957) has been described as a species
distinct from A. phyllis due to the strong difference in karyotype structure between
specimens from N. Iran (CN = 10) and E. Turkey (CN - 78). Later, de Lesse (1958)
revised this after having discovered in N. Iran both CN = 78, 79 and CN = 10, 11
specimens. He treats material from Demavend, with CN = 10, as A. posthumus
(Christoph, 1877). Specimens from the same locality with CN = 78, 79 are referred
to as the nominotypical A. phyllis. In the same work, the new combination A. phyllis
vanensis has been proposed for populations from E. Turkey. The karyotype data
concerning both the nominotypical phyllis and the spp. posthumus are still
unknown.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry thorn-bush steppe-like biotopes from 1,000 to
2,800 m a.s.l. Flight period: beginning of July to the end of August. Host plant:
Onobrychis cornuta. Eggs laid on dry shoots and/or stems of the foodplant or on
dry plant remains inside bushes of O. cornuta. Hibernation as instar 1 or 2 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus phyllis: UPS with silver tint, UNS grey.
^Qrodiaetus surakovi (Dantchenko et Lukhtanov, 1994)
; PI. 81, figs.
g Aialarta, 25 (1/2): 209, Taf. 8, Abb. 9-12.
rLOCALITY. <> Nakhichevan, Buzgov, 1000 m.» [Azerbaijan].
'WGE. S. Armenian Highland.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Known from several populations from the
Aiodzorsky and Gegamsky mts. There is no strong variation in the material examined
• TAXONOMIC NOTES. A. surakovi, originally described as a subspecies of A. carrriori
(Herrich-Schaffer, [1851]), has recently been revised, with karyological data provid-
ing sufficient evidence allowing to treat this taxon as a distinct species. The kaiv-
otype of A. surakovi from the type locality and several adjacent populations is esti-
mated as CN = 50 and 50+B (Lukhtanov & Dantchenko, in press), this being
distinctly different from that of A. carmon from W. and central Turkey (CN = 81; de
Lesse, 1963).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Arid, dry, steppe-like biotopes with rich xerophytous
vegetation at about 900-2,200 m a.s.l. Flight period: beginning of July to mid-
August. Egg-laying on leaves of the foodplant, preliminarily determined as
Astragalus montis-aquilis. Hibernation as instar 2 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus huberti: submarginal pattern of UNH more marked-
blue colour of UPS lighter and brighter.
Agrodiaetus huberti Carbonell, 1993
PI. 81, figs. 4-6.
Linneana Belgica, 14 (2): 91, pl. II.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «15 km. N. Agri (= Karakose), 1700 m. Turquie (prov. d'Agri)».
[Agri, E. Turkey],
•	RANGE. Armenian Highland; Turkey.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The original description of A. huberti was mainly based on
material reported by de Lesse in 1958 (cf. Carbonell, 1993). The karyological data
obtained for that material were close to those revealed in the sympatric samples
which de Lesse (1958) treated as representing A. ninae Forster. 1956. As the kary-
otype of a typical A. ninae was unknown at that time, this was apparently the
reason why de Lesse, noting mostly the differences in karyotype structure and
discriminating the material, did not establish a new taxon. The chromosome
number of huberti, estimated by de Lesse as CN = 34-37 for specimens from
Turkey, has been verified for several populations from Armenia as CN = 35-37
(Lukhtanov & Dantchenko, in press).
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Over the territories concerned, this species is
known from several populations from the Aiodzorsky, Gegamsky and Zangezursky
mts. There is no strong variation in the material studied.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry, thorn-bush, steppe-like biotopes at about 900 to
2,200 m a.s.l. Flight period: mid-June to the end of July, in a single generation.
Host plant: Astragalus sp. (same species as for A. surakovi). Eggs laid on leaves of
the foodplant. Hibernation as instar 3 or 4 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus surakovi: submarginal pattern of UNH less
marked; blue colour of UPS not so bright.
Agrodiaetus Zarathustra (Eckweiler, 1997)
PI. 81 .figs.7, 8.
Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, Suppl.. 16: 9, Farbtaf. 1.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Iran, Lorestan, Darud, Saravand, 2000-2300m». [W. Iran. Zagros
Mts.].
•	RANGE. S. Armenian Highland; W. Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Occurring in W. Iran as the nominotypical popu-
lation, and in S. Armenia as the ssp. neglectus Dantchenko, 2000.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Externally, A. Zarathustra is close to both A. huberti arid rt
surakovi. By the LINS pattern, females of the species are closer to A. huberti.
chromosome number of neglectus is CN = 25, 26 (Lukhtanov & Dantchenko, in
press)-
HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. AU specimens have been collected in mid-July at a forest
or in dry biotopes with xerophytous thorn-bush vegetation at about 2,000 m
a s 1. Host plant: probably Astragalus sp.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus surakovi: UPS light blue, marginal darkening not
so strong, UNH submarginal pattern less pronounced. A. huberti: UPS very bright,
light blue.
Agrodiaetus ninae Forster, 1956
PI. 81 Jigs. 9-11.
2 Wien. ent. Ges., 41: 70, Taf. 8—9, Abb. 23—24.
HYPE LOCALITY. «Armenia, mts. Daralagez, vail. fl. ArpatshaJ or., loc.. Guartshin
(props pag. Azizbekov)» [N. ofVaik (former Azizbekov), Armenia].
. RANGE. Armenian Highland; E. Turkey, W. Iran,
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Known from a few populations from the
Aiodzorsky, Gegamsky and Zangezursky mts. and from Mt. Aragats. The specimens
examined vary in UNS colouration, being from beige to grey with beige tint.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES The status of A. ninae, originally described as a subspecies of
A. transcaspicus (Staudinger, 1899), has been revised and treated as a distinct
species due to karyological data obtained (de Lesse, 1963). These date have been
verified for the type population and estimated as CN = 33-35 (Lukhtanov, 1989:
Lukhtanov & Dantchenko, in press).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry steppe-like biotopes with thorn-bush xerophytous
vegetation from 900 to 2,300 m a.s.l. Flight period: early July to late August.
Hibernation most likely as instar 1 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus aserbeidschanus: UNH colour more brown, basally
dusted with green, UPS colour more blue, sometimes with violet tint.
Agrodiaetus aserbeidschanus Forster, 1956
PI. 81 Jigs. 12-14.
Z. Wien. ent. Ges., 41: 72, Taf. 8-9, Abb. 20, 25.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Armenia, mts. Zangezur, pag. Kadsharantz (pr. mts.
Kapudzhich)» [Kapan (former Kafan) Distr., Zangezursky Mts., SE. Armenia].
•	RANGE. E. Caucasus Major, Armenian Highland, Talysh Mts.; N. Turkey.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Known from distinct populations from the
Armenian Highland (Zangezursky Mts.), Daghestan (Ghimrinsky Mts.), Azerbaijan
(Zuvand Plateau), and Georgia (Trialetsky and Meskhetky mts.); the ssp. firuza
(Carbonell, 1993) occurs in N. Turkey and. most probably, in S. Georgia. Individual
variability is quite considerable, especially in UNS colouration (from light brown to
nearly light grey). A significant part of the samples studied from Daghestan and
Azerbaijan are represented by those with basal spots on the UNF.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. Originally, A. aserbeidschanus has been described as a
subspecies of A. transcaspicus (Staudinger, 1899). However, based on karyological
data, its status has been revised, with this taxon to be treated as a distinct species
(Lukhtanov, 1989). The taxon firuze Carbonell, 1993, proposed as a subspecies of
A ninae, is most probably a subspecies of A. aserbeidschanus.
•HABITATSAND BIOLOGY. Dry steppe-like biotopes, but slightly more mesophytous
fhan those for A. ninae, with thorn-bush xerophytous vegetation from 600 to 2,500
® a.s.l. Flight period: second half of June in the Zuvand Plateau and the vicinity of
ilisi to mid-August in the type locality. Host plant: Onobrychis sp. Hibernation
m°st likely as instar 2 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus ninae: UPH colour more light blue, UNS beige
colour lighter, basal dust less prominent.
Agrodiaetus gorbunovi (Dantchenko et Lukhtanov, 1994)
PI. 81, figs. 15-17.
Atalanta, 25 (1/2): 209, Taf. 8, Abb. 1-4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Azerbaidzhan, Talysh Mts, Zuvand, Mistan, 1900m.» [Misian
Talysh Mts., Azerbaijan],
•	RANGE. Talysh Mts. and, probably, the adjoining parts of NW. Iran.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Only known from a few populations from the
Zuvand Plateau, Talysh Mts.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. A. gorbunovi is very close externally to A. ectabanensis (de
Lesse, 1963) (TL: Hamadan Prov., W. Iran) and A. wagneri (Forster. 1956) (TL:
Konya, Turkey). All these taxa could be treated as species or. alternatively, as a
subspecies complex. The taxonomy needs to be revised as soon as karyological
evidence becomes available for A. gorbunovi. De Lesse (1963) estimated CN = 18 for
ectabanensis and CN = 16 for wagneri. The latter taxon occurs in Turkey simpatri-
cally with A. altivagans (Forster, 1956). The status of A. wagneri (Forster, 1956) is
more complicated and its distribution remains unclear for the following reasons.
The type series of wagneri, in ZSBS, is represented by five species: altivagans
(Forster, 1956), cyaneus (Staudinger, 1899), pseudactis (Forster, 1956), surakoui
Dantchenko & Lukhtanov, 1994, and wagneri (de Lesse, 1963). The holotype of
wagneri (Forster, 1956) seems to be close to wagneri sensu de Lesse. No karyologi-
cal evidence is still available for A. gorbunovi
The taxon avqjicus Bloom, 1979 (TL: Avaj, Hamadan Prov., W. Iran), originally
described as a subspecies of A. transcaspicus (Heyne, [1895]), is not only strictly
sympatric with but also a strict junior synonym of A. ectabanensis (cf. Dantchenko,
1995).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. The type series has been taken in mid-July at the border
of a frigana and a highland steppe with xerophytous vegetation. Host plant: most
likely Astragalus or Oxytropis sp. Hibernation as instar 1 or 2 larvae.
Agrodiaetus altivagans Forster, 1956
PI. 81, figs. 18-20.
Z. Wien. ent. Ges., 41: 60, Taf. 8-9, Abb. 21-22.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Armenien, mts. Daralages, loc. Jarzud, supra pag. Martiros,
2800 m» [Martiros, Vaik Distr. (formerly Azizbekov), Armenia].
•	RANGE. E. Caucasus Major, Transcaucasia; Turkey.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Armenia (Gegamsky, Zangezursky and
Aiodzorsky mts.) and the highlands of the E. Caucasus Major are inhabited by the
nominotypical subspecies. Specimens from high-altitude Zangezursky Mts. display
a more strongly reduced pattern of the UNH.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. The karyological data estimated by de Lesse (1963) for
altivagans must be critically revised. De Lesse reported on CN ranging between 16
and 23 in Turkey and Iran. Externally, populations discussed by de Lesse as
belonging to the altivagans complex can clearly be split into several taxa which ,
show stable chromosome numbers: A. altivagans (CN = 21-23); A. ectabanensis (CN
= 18, 19); A. wagneri (CN = 16); A. kendevani (= pseudoxerxes sensu de Lesse) (LN
16).

. HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony, relatively mesophilous slopes from 1,700 m up to
*2 900 m a.s.l. Flight period: end of June to the end of August. Eggs laid on leaves of
the host plant. Hibernation as instar 3 larvae.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus gorbunovi: blue colour of UPS without metallic tint:
on UNF, postdiscal spot in cell between veins CurCu2 shifted basally.
Agrodiaetus turcicus Kogak, 1977
Й. 81, figs. 21-23.
Alalanta, 8(1): 54, Abb. 13-16, 23.
.TYPE LOCALITY, «...grassy and stony places at the top of hills situated on the road-
side of Kagizman-Cumagay (Kars Prov., in NE-Turkey), ca. 2500 m».
. RANGE. Armenian Highland; Turkey.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Over the study territories, this species is
known from a few populations from the Zangezursky and Aiodzorsky mts.
Populations from Transcaucasia and the adjacent parts of Turkey seem to be
uniform.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. First specimens of this species were collected in N. Turkey
(Kars) by Korb and Tkatshukov in early XX century. This material, in ZSBS, was
determined by Forster as cyanea in 1947 during the preparation of his Agrodiaetus
revision, and then fell in complete oblivion. In 1970, a large series of a previously
•undescribed» species was collected in the S. Zangezursky Mts. [Azerbaijan] by
Tsvetaev (Moscow) who designated that material as a «Agrodiaetus sp. nova», now
preserved in ZMUM. One specimen from this series, labeled as a «sp. nova», was
sent to the Munich Museum. However, Kogak (1977) published his turcicus solely
based on fresh Turkish samples.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry highland meadows from 2,000 to 2,500 in a.s.l.
Flight period: second half of June to mid-July. Host plant: Onobrychis sp. Eggs laid
on leaves of the host plant. Hibernation most likely as instar 2 or 3 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus firdussii: UPS blue; on UNF, spot of postdiscal row
in cell between veins Cu]-Cu2 not shifted basally.
Agrodiaetus iphigenia (Herrich-Schaffer, [1847])
PI. 81, figs. 24-26.
Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europas, Taf. 73, Fig. 354, Text [1851], 6: 24.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Turkei». [Turkey],
•RANGE. From S. Europe across Turkey to the S. Armenian Highland.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Known from a few populations from the
Zangezursky and Aiotszorsky mts., and the Armenian Highland. Samples from the
territories concerned seem to be uniform and, like those from the adjacent parts of
Turkey, must be referred to the ssp. araratensis de Lesse, 1957.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. A. iphigenia has been described from a female obtained via
Erivaldzsky. It cannot be excluded that this specimen originated from the material
. collected by Kindermann in «Constantinopel und Brussa» (= Istanbul and Bursa, W.
• Urkey] in 1836 and 1837 (Lederer, 1860). Also, one cannot exclude that the female
' ascribed by Herrich-Schaffer was obtained directly from Frivaldzsky who collected
Brussa in 1845 (Staudinger, 1878). Both Forster (1960) and de Lesse (1957)
‘ssumed «Brussa» as a restricted type locality based on Freyer’s [1851] indication
f.. e^at: bei Brussa». However, there is no unequivocal evidence that the specimens
‘»Ured by Freyer and by Herrich-Schaffer indeed originated from the same source
and locality. The karyotype reported by de Lesse (1957; 1960) as CN = 12-15 was
confirmed for populations from S. Transcaucasia as CN = 14 (Lukhtanov §
Dantchenko, in press). Material of iphigenia reported by Forster (1960) from the
Urals belongs to the nominotypical A. damone.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry highland meadows from 1,800 to 2,500 m a.s ]
Flight period: second half of June to mid-July. Host plant: Onobrychis sp. Eggs laid
on leaves of the host plant. Hibernation most likely as instar 2 or 3 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus roushani: UNS with a sharper marginal pattern.
Agrodiaetus damone (Eversmann, 1841)
PI. 81, figs. 30-44.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscou, 14 (1): 18.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Sergiewsk» [Samara Region, Russia], Lectotype designation by
Dantchenko & Lukhtanov (1993).
•	RANGE. S. European part of Russia, S. Siberia; Mongolia.
• DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Over the territories concerned, this species is
represented by the following subspecies:
ssp. damone (Eversmann, 1841) - S. Urals;
ssp. pljushtchi (Lukhtanov et Budashkin, 1993) - Crimea;
ssp. tanais (Dantchenko et Lukhtanov, 1993) - S. European part.;
ssp. altaicus (Elwes, 1899) (= altaiensis Forster, 1956) - Altais;
ssp. walteri (Dantchenko et Lukhtanov, 1993) - Tuva;
ssp. irinae (Dantchenko, 1997) - Lower flow region of Volga River;
ssp. bogdoolensis (Dantchenko et Lukhtanov, 1997) - N. Mongolia.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Many authors used to confuse this species with A. damocles
(Herrich-Schaffer, [1844]), but we follow a recent treatment (Dantchenko &
Lukhtanov, 1993) and consider them as two distinct species.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony steppe and/or limestone outcrops from lowlands
up to 1,800 m a.s.l. in the mountains. The subspecies from S. Russia flies in two
generations from the end of May to August, but the ssp. pljushtchi, altaicus, walteri
and bogdoolensis fly in a single generation from the beginning of July. The distribu-
tion area of the species correlates well with the range of the respective host plants:
Hedysarum candidum, H. biebersteinii, H. cretaceum, H. grandiflorum, H. argyro-
phyllum. Eggs laid on leaves of the foodplant. Hibernation as instar 2 or 3 laivae
(Dantchenko. 1997).
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus damocles: FW apex sharper.
Agrodiaetus damocles (Herrich-Schaffer, [1844])
PI. 82, figs. 1-9.
Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Europas, 1:113, Taf. 47, Abb. 214-217.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Guberli im Sudural (220km SSE Orenburg)» [Guberly Range. S.
Urals, Russia]. Neotype designation by Dantchenko & Lukhtanov (1993).
•	RANGE. The S. European part to the S. Urals in the east.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. This species is represented by three subspecies,
the nominotypical form occurs in the S. Urals; the ssp. krymaeus (Sheljuzhko.
1928) inhabits limestone outcrops in the Crimea; and the ssp. rossici^
(Dantchenko et Lukhtanov 1993) populates the area in between, strongly differing
externally from either. Specimens of the ssp. rossicus are larger and have no white
stroke on the UNH.
TAXONOMIC NOTES. The taxon krymaeus (Sheljuzhko, 1928) was originally
"described as a subspecies of A. damone. Only recently have karyological data
concerning damone populations become available (Lukhtanov et al., 1997). Due to
the elucidation of the damocles karyotype as CN = 24-26, intraspecific relations
between several taxa have been verified (Lukhtanov et al., 1997; Dantchenko.
1997).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony steppe and/or limestone outcrops. Flight period;
late June to August. In the S. Urals and the midflow region of Volga River, popula-
tions of A. damocles and A. damone occur sympatrically. The distribution areas of
the subspecies of A. damocles correlate well with those of their respective host
plants: Hedysarum candidum, H. grandijlorum, H. biebersteinii. Eggs laid on dry
parts of the foodplant. Hibernation as instar 2 larvae.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus damone: FW apex more strongly rounded. A.
damonides: UPS colour light blue, UPH postdiscal spots strongly reduced.
Agrodiaetus damonides (Staudinger, 1899)
PI. 81, figs. 27-29.
D. ent Z. Iris, 12:138.
.TYPE LOCALITY. «Ordubad» [Nakhichevan, Azerbaijan). Lectotype designation by
Forster (1961).
•	RANGE. S. Armenian Highland.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Only known from a few populations from the type
locality and the adjacent parts of the Zangezursky Mts., Megri Distr., Armenia.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. Externally, especially due to costal forewing structure in the
male (Dantchenko, 1994), A. damonides obviously belongs to the A. poseidon
complex. Unfortunately, the exact status of A. damonides still remains unclear,
because data on neither karyology nor larval biology are available. Superficially,
this taxon is very similar to A. damocles (Herrich-Schaffer, [1844]) from the S.
European part of Russia.
• HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony steppe-like biotopes with rich xerophytous vege-
tation, from 800 to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: first half of June to mid-July.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus damocles: UPS colour dark blue, UPH postdiscal
spots clearly marked.
Agrodiaetus transcaspicus (Heyne, [1895])
PI-82, figs. 10-12.
h Ruhl, Pal. Grossschmett, 1: 764.
•TYPE LOCALITY. «Achal-Текке» [Kopet-Dagh Mts., Turkmenistan).
•SYNONYM: transcaspicus (Staudinger, 1899), nom. praeoccup.
•RANGE. Kopet-Dagh Mts. and N. Iran.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is known from a
few populations in the W. Kopet-Dagh. From the E. Elburs Mts., N. Iran, the ssp.
kotzschi Forster, 1956 has been described as based on slight differences in coloura-
tion.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Forster (1956) has described the following taxa as subspecies
; ®fA. transcaspicus (Heyne, [1895]): ninae, aserbeidschanus, elbursicus, difflcillimus,
, tzschL According to karyological evidence provided by de Lesse (1963) and,
ter, by Lukhtanov (1989), the subspecific rank of ninae, elbursicus and
^^beidschanus has been revised, with all of these treated as «good» species. The
status of difficillimus is not clear, because the type series consists of two species
The paratypes prove to belong to transcaspicus but the holotype clearly represents
a different taxon, probably A. iphidamon (Staudinger, 1899). Based on a paratype
Carbonell (1993) has erroneously treated difficillimus as a synonym of transcaspi-
cus. The chromosome number (CN = 52-53) reported by de. Lesse (1963) for tran-
scaspicus from the W. Kopet-Dagh is confirmed for the type population (CN = Ca
52-54) (Lukhtanov & Dantchenko, in press).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry, steppe-like, thorn-bush biotopes with xerophvtous
vegetation, from 900 to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plant-
unknown.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus damocles: UPS light blue; UNS ground colour grey
with beige tint.
Agrodiaetus juldusus (Staudinger, 1886)
PI. 82, figs. 13-18.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 47:213.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «JuldusJTian Shan) Gebirge» (Juldus Plateau, Xinjiang. China],
Lectotype designation by Forster (1960).
•	SYNONYMS: duplicatus (A. Bang-Haas, 1910); rueckbeiliForster, I960.
•	RANGE. N. Tian-Shan and Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts.; NW. China.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies is known to occur
in the Chinese Tian-Shan; the ssp. kirgisorum (Lukhtanov et Dantchenko, 1994) in
the Kirghizsky Mts.; the ssp. kasachstanus (Lukhtanov et Dantchenko, 1994) in the
Dzhungarsky Alatau Mts. Both latter recently described subspecies display a more
brightly coloured UPS and are considerably larger in size than the nominotypical
taxon.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry biotopes, steppe to semi-desert from 600 to 2,500 m
a.s.l. Flight period: mid-June to August. Host plants: most likely Hedysarum
spp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus iphigenides: UPS light blue, marginal darkening
not strong; UNS pattern with a bright marginal band.
Agrodiaetus melanius (Staudinger, 1886)
PI. 82, figs. 22, 24.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 47: 214.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...sudlichen Alai» [Zaalaisky Mts., Tajikistan],
•	RANGE. Pamirs-Alai.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry localities with xerophytous vegetation front
1,400 to 2,400 m a.s.l. Flight from the second half of July to August.
	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus iphigenides: UPS margin not so strongly infuscate.
A.Juldusa: UNH marginal pattern neither so sharp nor bright.
Agrodiaetus iphigenides (Staudinger, 1886)
PI. 82, figs. 19-21.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 47:214.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Namangan» [Ferghana Valley, Uzbekistan], Lectotype designation
by Forster (1960).
•	RANGE. Ghissar, Pamirs-Alai, Darvaz, N., W. and Inner Tian-Shan.
DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. From the Karatau Mts., the ssp. karatavicus
'(Lukhtanov, 1990) has been described, which differs from the nominotypical
subspecies by the lighter colour of the UPS and the not so sharp pattern of the
UNH.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. For a long time, the taxon iphigenides was treated either as a
variety/subspecies of A. damone or as a subspecies of A. iphigenia. Presently this
taxon is regarded as a distinct species, mostly based on external features
(Dantchenko, 1994; Lukhtanov & Lukhtanov, 1994). The recently obtained kary-
ological data reconfirm A. iphigenides to be a separate species distinct from A. ip/ii-
genia (Lukhtanov, in press).
.HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry places with xerophytous vegetation at about 800-
2,300 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July. Host plants: Onobrychis and Hedysarum
spp. Eggs laid on leaves of the foodplant. Hibernation most likely as instar 2
larvae.
.SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus poseidonides, males: costal area on UPF with white
scales. A. melanins: black marginal infuscation more distinct, its border in anal
part of HW better expressed.
Agrodiaetus phyllides (Staudinger, 1886)
PL 82, figs. 25-30.
Stett. ent. Ztg., 47: 225.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «...Gebirgen von Namangan. Osch, Margelan und Samarkand»
{Fergana Valley. Uzbekistan].
•	RANGE. S. Turan. Pamirs-Alai. Tian-Shan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both individual and geographic variation great.
As a rule, specimens from the first generation are larger and differ in colour from
those of the second or third generation. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the
Alaisky and Zaalaisky mts., the Ghissar, the Darvaz, the Talassky and Kirghizsky
mts. The ssp. kentauensis (Lukhtanov, 1990) inhabits the Karatau Mts. The male of
the ssp. kentauensis is more bluish in UPS colour. The taxon askhabadicus Forster,
I960 (TL: «Transcaspien, Kuschka»), described as a subspecies of A. phyllis, repre-
sents lowland populations of A. phyllides.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Different kinds of arid biotope with xerophytous vegeta-
tion from 400 to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to August, in 1-3 generations,
depending on altitude. Host plant in Turkmenistan and Kirghizia (Zhdanko, 1997):
Hedysarum. sp. Eggs laid on different parts of the host plant.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus iphigenides: ground colour of UPS with blue tint;
costal margin of FW with white pubescence.
- Agrodiaetus glaucias (Lederer, [ 1870])
•	83, figs. 4-6.
HcraeSoc. ent. Ross., 8 (1): 10, pl. 1, figs. 6-7.
TYPE LOCALITY. «Gebirge Lendakuh, ...Dorf Hadschyabad ...bis Schaku, Tasch
und Ratkan» [Elburs Mts., N. Iran].
’ftANGE. Kopet-Dagh; Elburs Mts.
* ®TRIBUTION AND VARIATION. There is strong variation in UNS colour in males,
-'pecimens of the first generation are slightly larger.
• ABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Steppe and/or dry places with xerophytous vegetation
r°TO 600 to 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to August, in 2-3 generations. Host.
P <lnt: most likely Onobrychis or Hedysarum.
Agrodiaetus erschoffii (Lederer, [1869])
PI. 83, figs. 7-9.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 6 (2): 80, Taf. 4, Abb. 4-5.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Hadschyabad und Schaku» [Elburs Mts., Iran],
•	RANGE. Kopet-Dagh: Iran, Afghanistan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. Both individual and geographical variation great
The following subspecies are known: ssp. erschoffii - Iran; ssp. tekkecuiiis
(Christoph, 1887) - W. Kopet-Dagh; ssp. pashtu Eckweiler, 1997 - Afghanistan
Recently, the ssp. taherides (Eckweiler, 1998) (TL: Horassan Prov., Iran) has been
described.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Dry places with xerophytous vegetation from 1,600 to
2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period; July to August.
Agrodiaetus pulchellus (Bernardi, 1951)
PI. 83, figs. 16-21.
Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., 56 (2): 30.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «PamirskiJ Post» [Murgab, E. Pamirs, Tajikistan],
•	SYNONYM: pulchra (Sheljuzhko, 1928), nom. praeoccup.
•	RANGE. Darvaz, Pamirs and Zaalaisky Mts.
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the
Pamirs; the ssp. chaburobatus (Tshikolovets, 1992) in the Darvazsky Mts.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Highlands with xerophytous vegetation from 2.000 to
3,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: July to August.
Agrodiaetus magnificus (Grum-Grshimailo, 1885)
PI. 83, figs. 13-15.
In: Romanoff, Mem. Lep., 2: 232.
•	TYPE LOCALITY, «...eine Werst weit von Kitschi-Karamuk» [Alaisky Mts.,
Tajikistan],
•	SYNONYM: superbus (Staudinger. 1887).
•	RANGE. Ghissar. Alai. W. Tian-Shan.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The territories concerned are populated by the
nominotypical form. Specimens from the first generation are slightly larger in size.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony steppe and/or dry biotopes with xerophytous
vegetation from 1,000 to 2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: May to August, in two genera-
tions. Host plant (Zdanko, 1997): Onobrychis grandis.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus dagmara: pattern on UNS finer, discal spots on
UPF absent; spot in cell between veins Cu!-Cu2 on UNF not shifted basally. white
stroke on UPH slightly reduced but present.
У
Agrodiaetus dagmara (Grum-Grshimailo, 1888)
PI. 83, figs. 10-12.
Tp. Русск. энт. об-ва (Horae Soc. ent. Ross.), 22 (3-4): 306.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... pres du col Agwai-Polousak et...sur 1’ancien «sab du Khinge
Darya, pres de Tobi-Dara» [Darvazsky Mts., Tajikistan].
•	RANGE. Ghissar, Darvaz and Alai.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony steppe and/or dry biotopes with xerophyte1'
vegetation from 1,000 to 2,200 m a.s.l. Flight period: July to August.
SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus magnificus: pattern on UNS brighter, discal spots
'on UPF present; spot in cell between veins Cuj-Cu2 on UNF shifted basally, white
stroke on UPH completely reduced.
Agrodiaetus poseidonides (Staudinger, 1886)
PI. 82, figs. 31-37.
Stett. Ent. ZeiL. 47:225.
.TYPE LOCALITY, «...vom sudlichen Alai... von den siidlich von Samarkand gelege-
nen Gebirgen» [Zaalaisky Mts., Tajikistan; Zeravshansky Mts., Uzbekistan].
.RANGE. Ghissar and Pamirs-Alai.
.DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies occurs in the
Zaalaisky Mts.; the ssp. rickmersi Forster, 1956 inhabits the highlands of Pamirs.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. For a long time, this taxon was treated as a variety/
subspecies of A. poseidon (Herrich-Schaffer, [1851]), A. caeruleus (Staudinger,
1871) or A. mesopotamicus (Staudinger, 1892). Forster (1956: 44) referred to posei-
donides and the allied rickmersi and evansi as subspecies of caeruleus. At present,
however, poseidonides is regarded as a distinct species (Eckweiler & Hauser, 1997;
Lukhtanov, 1999).
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Stony steppe from 1,600 to 3,600 m a.s.l. Flight
period: July to August. Host plants: most likely Hedysarum spp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus ishkashimicus: smaller, UNH pattern sharper. A.
iphigenides: costal area on UPF with white pubescence.
Agrodiaetus ishkashimicus (J. J. Shchetkin, 1986)
PL 82, figs. 23, 38, 39.
Зит. обозр. [Ent. obozr.], 65 (7): 1093.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «... западные отроги Шугнанского хребта, ущелье Сангоу-Дара,
близ г. Хорог, 3500-3700 м» [Sangou-Dara Gorge, W. spurs of Shugnansky Mts., W.
Pamirs, Tajikistan].
•	RANGE. Ghissar and W. Pamirs.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the high-
lands of W. Pamirs. The ssp. danilevskyi Dantchenko, 1994 has been described
from Pass Anzob, Ghissarsky Mts. It differs from the nominotypical subspecies by
the less strong marginal darkening of the UPS.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Highlands from 3,000 to 3,600 m a.s.l. Flight
period: July to August. Host plant: most likely Onobrychis echidna.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Agrodiaetus poseidonides: larger, UNH pattern less marked.
^9rodiaetus actinides (Staudinger, 1886)
“ 82, figs. 40-45.
Stett. Ent. Zeil, 47:214.
= LOCALITY. «... aus dem sudlichen Alai» [Zaalaisky Mts., Tajikistan],
•RANGE. Pamirs-Alai, W. and N. Tian-Shan.
' r ISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the
^alaisky Mts.; externally, the ssp. praeactinides Forster, 1960. from the W. Tian-
' an, is close to the ssp. weidenhofferi (Eckweiler, 1997). The latter subspecies is
down from the type locality in Kirghizsky Mts., Kirghizia.
•	HABITATS AND BIOLOGY. Highland steppe-like biotopes from 2,500 to 3.000 ni
a.s.l. Flight period: July to August. Host plant: most likely Onobrychis sp.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Polyommatus thersites: UPS ground colour without violet tint-
on UNS, white stroke absent.
ADDENDA TO VOLUME 1
Pieris nesis Fruhstorfer, 1909
PI. 83, figs. 1-3.
This species was not figured in Volume 1.
Erebia ajanensis Menetries, 1857
PI. 83, figs. 13-15.
Enum. corp. anim. Mus. Acad. Imp. Sci. Petrop.: 104.
•	'ГУРЕ LOCALITY, «Ajan» [Ayan, N. Amur region, Russia], Lectotype
designated by Dubatolov et al. (1998).
•	RANGE. Far East, Amur and Ussuri regions; N. Korea, N. China.
•DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical taxon popu-
lates the N. Amur region. In the Ussuri region, the ssp. arsenjevi
Kurentzov, 1950 is known to occur, while the ssp. kosterini P.
Gorbunov, Korshunov et Dubatolov, 1995 in the Magadan Region,
Russian Far East.
•TAXONOMIC NOTES. A revision of the ligea group from East
Asia has recently been published (Dubatolov et al., 1998).
Acc ording to this work, the vast territory of East Asia is inhabited
by two closely related species of the group, which differ well
from each other both by the conformation of the male
genitalia and by the wing pattern. These are E. ligea (Linnaeus,
1758) and E. ajanensis Menetries, 1857. Upon designation
the lectotypes of ajanensis Menetries, 1857, arsenjevi
urcntzov, 1950, koreana Matsumura, 1928 and eumonia
‘^nHries, 1859 (Dubatolov & al., 1998), it became apparent that
e latter taxon is an eastern subspecies of E. ligea, ranging from
le Altai Mts. (except for the northern part) to the Magadan
egion and Korea. All subspecies of E. ligea described from this
territory, except for E. ligea sachalinensis Matsumura, 1919,
Hgea rishtrizana Matsumura, 1928 and E. ligea takanonis
Fig. 53. Male genitalia of some Erebia (a - lateral view;
b - aedeagus): 1 - E. ajanensis kosterini (holotype,
Magadan Region); 2 - E. ligea eumonia (Transbaikalia).
After Dubatolov et al. (1998).
Matsumura, 1909, are to be considered
as synonyms of E. ligea eumonia.
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Humid inetU|.
ows, openings and clearings in the
forest belt. Flight period: June to July
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Erebia ligea: mter.
nal margin of fulvous band on Upp
straight or almost straight; niaf* *
androconial scales over entire surface
of a dark sex band, well visible against
light; 2-5 ocelli on UPF (fig. 54]; geni-
talia different (fig. 53).
Erebia stubbendorjii Menetries, 1846
Vol. 1, pl. 50, figs. 10-12.
Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St,-Petersbourg, 5: 262.
• TYPE LOCALITY. «Kansk» [Kansk.
Fig. 54. wing pattern of Erebiaа/апек/s(1) and E. ligea (2), After Dubatolov &al. (1998).	Siberia, Russia]. Lectotype designated
by Lukhtanov & Lukhtanov (1994).
• SYNONYMS: connexa Warren. 1930.
• RANGE. Altais, Sayan.
• TAXONOMIC NOTES. Here we follow the opinions of Lukhtanov & Lukhtanov
(1994) and Korshunov & Gorbunov (1995) that stubbendorjii Menetries, 1846 is a
distinct species, with the taxon connexa Warren, 1930 as its junior synonym.
• HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Meadows and steppe-like clad slopes up to 2,800 m a.s.l.
Flight period: June to July.
• SIMILAR SPECIES. Erebia maurisius: fringes chequered clearly white and dark grey:
central part of FW distinctly reddish. Unfortunately, in volume 1 we erroneously
figured E. stubbendorjii under the name E. maurisius maurisius (pl. 50, figs 10-12).
Here we correct that mistake and illustrate E. maurisius (pl. 84, figs. 16-18).
Erebia dabanensis Erschoff, [1871]
PI. 84, figs. 1-9.
Horae Soc. ent. Ross., 8(4): 315.
• TYPE LOCALITY. «Chamar-Daban» [Khamar-Daban Mts., Transbaikalia, Russia].
• RANGE. From the Sayan Mts. and the Polar Urals across Siberia to the Chukot
Peninsula.
♦ DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies (= tundra
Staudinger, 1887) is known to occur in the E. Sayan and S. Transbaikalia. From N-
Transbaikalia (Barguzinsky Mts.), the ssp. chingiza Churkin, 1999 has recently
been described. From the Polar Urals, the ssp. olshvangi P. Gorbunov, 1995 b
known, differing in the smaller size and the strong reduction of all ocelli. Re-exam*
nation of type material shows that troubridgei Dubatolov, 1992, distributed fr°!Tl
Central Siberia to W. Chukotka, is a subspecies of E. dabanensis, while the illustf Д
tions of troubridgei presented in volume 1 (pl. 49, figs. 16-18) refer in fact to
kozhantshikovi Sheljuzhko, 1925. In the eastern part of Chukot Peninsula, butter
flies very close to E. youngi Holland, 1900 (TL: Alaska) have been found. The stat°s,
of the latter name is still unclear.
• HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Lowland meadows and stony slopes with thin vegetati°rk,
in mountain tundra at about 1,000-2,500 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to July-
plant (Korshunov & Gorbunov, 1995): probably Festuca.
Fig.
1
2
55 Mate genitalia of some Erebia (right valvae): 1 - E. maurisius elwesi(Altais); 2 - E. stubbendorfii(Niais). After Lukhtanov & Lukhtanov (1994).
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Erebia Jletcheri: UPF ochreous red band broad, well-defined;
liNii postdiscal band poorly developed. E. kozhantshikoui: UPF subapical ocelli
larper and often elliptic; UNF band broken into separate spots.
Erebia occulta Roos et Kimmich, 1983
Pl 84. figs. 10—12.
[n( Zertschr., 93:69-75.
.'IYPE LOCALITY. «150 km, Dempster Hwy., Yukon Territory» [Canada],
. RANGE. E. Chukot Peninsula; Alaska and arctic Canada.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. Specimens identical to the North American E. occulta have
recently been found in E. Chukotka. According to the original description, the
(axon tschuktscha Herz, 1903 (TL: Chukot Peninsula, Provideniya Bay) appear to
belong to this species group but, unfortunately, no type material of this species has
been relocated yet. Also, as is clear now, the name anyuica Kurentzov, 1966 is to be
referred to as a distinct species.
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Flying in June to July in lowland stony tundra.
• SIMILAR SPECIES. Erebia anyuica: UNH dark, not contrasting; genitalia different.
Erebia anyuica Kurentzov, 1966
Vol I. pi. 49, figs. 25-28.
ш Новые виды фауны Сибири и прилегающих регионов [New species in the fauna of Siberia and adjacent territories]: 34,
Eb L2.
’ APE LOCALITY. «На Анюйском хребте к востоку от нижнего течения р. Колыма...»
lAnyuisky Mts. east of Kolyma River lower flow, Magadan Region, Russia].
• RANGE. From the Sayan Mts. to W. Chukotka.
•HlSPRIBUTlON AND VARIATION. Along with the nominotypical subspecies distrib-
Hirrl in the Magadan Region, the following subspecies are known to occur over the
territories concerned: ssp. iltshira Belik, 1996 - E. Sayan Mts.; ssp. jakuta
Libdtolov, 1992 - NE. Yakutia; ssp. sokhondinka Dubatolov et Zintshenko in
,i|°.r.S^lnov' Gorbunov, 1995 - mountain tundra of S. Siberia.
BIOLOGY. Stony slopes up to 2,300 m a.s.l. Flight period: June to
li'ff SPECIES. Erebia occulta; UNH with a contrasting greyish band; genitalia
bf' hia erinnyn Warren, 1932
- ; ; г 1-3.
Ж
“HCALITY. «Ost-Sajan (Sibirien)» [E.
Sayan, Russia].
Fig. 56. Male genitalia of some Erebia (a - valvae, lateral view; b - end of the valvae): 1 - E. erynnyn
erynnyn (E. Sayan); 2 - E. sachaensis sachaensis (NE. Yakutia). S. Churkin del.
•	SYNONYMS: erynnis Staudinger, 1894
nom. praeoccup.; erima Staudinger
1894, nom. praeoccup.; sajanemg
Korshunov, 1970.
•	RANGE. From the Sayan Mts. to y
Transbaikalia.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The
nominotypical taxon occurs in p!e.
Sayan Mts. and the Lake Baikal area
From N. Transbaikalia (Kodar Mts.)
the ssp. chara Churkin, 1999 }5as
recently been described.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. At present, the
following taxa from the Erebia
magdalena group have been proposed;
fasciata Butler, 1868, magdalena
Strecker, 1880, semo Grunt
Grshimailo, 1899, auinoffi Holland.
1930, mackinleyensis Gunder. 1932,
erinnyn Warren, 1932, sachaensis
Dubatolov, 1992, ola Korshunov, 1995
and chara Churkin, 1999. In a number
of recent publications dealing with the
magdalena group (Korshunov N
Gorbunov, 1995; Korshunov, 1996; Tuzov et al., 1997; Churkin, 1999). not all of
these forms have been regarded as distinct species. Due to the conformation of
both male genitalia and androconial scales, the following taxa are to be considered
as «good» species: E. fasciata, E. magdalena, E. erinnyn, E. sachaensis. Details
concerning the differences between E. erinnyn and E. sachaensis have recently
been published (Churkin, 1999).
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Stony screes at about 1,500-2,600 m a.s.l. Flight period:
June to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Erebia sachaensis: FW with real androconial scales; genitalia
different (fig. 56).
Erebia sachaensis Dubatolov, 1992
Vol. 1: pl. 51, figs. 1-3.
Вести. зоол. [Vestnik zool], 6:41.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Якутия, 180 км BCB п. Хандыга, верх. р. В. Хандыга, 248-249 км
трассы Хандыга-Магадан, пр. бер. р. Сетарым, ю.-з. склон, 1500 м, у осыпи». [Right
bank of Setarym River, SW slope near scree, 1,500 m, 248-249 km Hwy. KhandytU'
Magadan, upper reaches of Khandyga River, 180 km NE. Kandyga, YakutU
Russia],
•	RANGE. From the Far East and Chukot Peninsula to Alaska and the Rocky Mts.
•	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical taxon occurs in NE. YakutU-
the ssp. ola Korshunov, 1995 inhabits the Far East and Chukot Peninsula.
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Stony slopes at about 1,500-2,200 m a.s.l. Flight period:
June to July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Erebia fasciata: UNH postdiscal band sharp and contrastiiL
with ground colour. E. erynnyn: FW only with a primitive type of androconial scab >•
genitalia different (fig. 56).
grebia radians Staudinger, 1886
p, 35. figs-
~.e;t ent. Ztg., 47: 240.
TYPE LOCALITY. «Gebirgen bei Osch» [Alaisky Mts.,
Kirghizia].
SYNONYMS: usgentensis [Heyne], [1895]; magna [Heyne],
11895].
.RANGE. N. and Inner Tian-Shan, Alai.
, DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical
subspecies is widely distributed in the Alaisky and Zaalaisky
Mts.; the ssp. zhdankoi Churkin et Tuzov, 2000 occurs in
pie Inner Tian-Shan (At-Bashi Mts. and Fergansky Mts.),
being distinguished from the nominate subspecies by the
verv bright red spots on the UPS, the developed red spot
between Cu2 and 2A on the forewing UPS, and the different
shape of the wings; the ssp. uzungyms Churkin et Tuzov,
2000 in the N. Tian-Shan [Kirghizsky Mts.), with the red
area virtually not divided on the forewing UPS and the very
dense silvery scaling on the UNH.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. According to a recent revision of the
radians group from the Tian-Shan and the Pamirs-Alai
[Churkin & Tuzov, 2000), E. sokolovi Lukhtanov. 1990 is a
•good» species. Besides this, the following changes are to be
made concerning the illustrations on Plate 51 of Volume 1:
figs. 13-15 actually refer to E. radians uzungyms; fig. 16 to
E. r. radians; fig. 17 to E. sokolovi sokolovi; and fig. 18 to E. s.
colorata.
• HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Dry, highland, steppe-like clad
slopes and/or mountain meadows at 2.500-3,900 m a.s.l.
Plight period: July to August.
•SIMILAR SPECIES. Erebia sokoloui: median band on UNH
developed, including a basal dark line, latter sometimes
reduced but visible in males and always present in females;
tell-forming veins on UNH obscure, UNS darker and more
grey, silvery scaling not so well-developed; marginal dark
line visible (sometimes only as traces) in males and always
developed in females; UPS darker; even when reddish area
large, then colour not so bright; anal angle visible but not
so well-developed; wings narrower; genitalia different (fig.
57).
®rebia sokolovi Lukhtanov. 1990
П85, figs. 1-9,17-19.
«см зоол. [Vesinik zool.], 6:13, fig. 1(1).
PE LOCALITY. «Казахская ССР, Джамбульская обл., 30 км
к»п от пос. Мерке, Киргизский хр., верховья р. Каракыстак,
м' М”' ^pper reaches of Karakystak River, Kirghizsky
.»' Kazakbstan].
Inner Tian-Shan.
Sul ^^UTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical
Mt-TeC*eS inblab!its the W. and N. Tian-Shan (Kirghizsky
S‘ ’ the ssp. severa Churkin et Tuzov, 2000, from the W.
Fig. 57. Male genitalia of some Erebia (a - uncus, brachium, tegu-
men; b - distal part of valvae): 1 - E. radians zhdankoi {At-Bashi
Mts., Inner Tian-Shan); 2 - E. sokolovi colorata (Moldo-Too Mts.,
Inner Tian-Shan); 3 - E. eugenia (holotype, Kokshaal-Too Mts.,
Inner Tian-Shan). S. Churkin del.
Kokshaal-Too Mts., is much larger, upperside brighter, marginal dark line on tjle
underside more or less reduced, veins on FW upperside contrasting with reddish
colour, underside much brighter and silvery scaled (whitish-grey in E. s. sokoloui}-
basal line on underside more or less reduced. The ssp. colorata Churkin et Tuzov
2000, from the Moldo-Too Mts., Baydula Mts. and the N. Tian-Shan (Zailiisky Mts ]
is characterised by the different pattern of development of the reddish area on the
forewing UPS, and the narrowed whitish suffusion around the median dar k line on
the HW UNS. The ssp. arcana Churkin et Tuzov, 2000, from the Dzhetim-Bel Mts.
is distinguished by the small size, the obscure basal and discal parts of the reddish
area on the FW UPS, the darkened HW UPS, and the unclear golden-reddish shades
on the HW UNS.
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad slopes and/or mountain meadows at 3.000-
3,600 m a.s.l. Flight period: July to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Erebia radians: median band on UNH not developed, basal dark
line always absent from males and females; median dark line often more or less
reduced; UNH either without or with traces of a marginal dark line but with clear
red elongated touches in submarginal part; UNH obviously silvery scaled; cell form
ing veins on UNH silvery whitish and distinctly visible against ground colour: red
colour on UPS brighter and saturated compared with other species; anal angle of
HW developed; genitalia different (fig. 57).
Erebia eugenia Churkin, 2000
PI. 85, fig. 10.
Helios, 1: 30.
•	TYPE LOCALITY." Kirghizia, Inn. Tian-Shan, Kokshal Mts., Kulja-Bashi I?., 3.800 m".
•	RANGE. Kokshaal-Tau Mts., Kirghizia.
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Flattaned slopes near 3,800 m a.s.l. Flight period: mid-
July.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Erebia sibo: with a darkened cell on UPF; UNHW with reddish
hue, and with contrasting and long reddish spots in postdiscal space, black touch
between M2-M3 vein very often present. E. tianschanica: black dots on UPH absent.
Paralasa ali Churkin et Tuzov, 1998
PI. 86 Jigs. 8-10.
Neue ent. Nachr., 41,188, pl. 1, fig. 4.
•	TYPE LOCALITY. «Alai, Kollektorsky Mts., Dugoba R., 2.700 rm [Kirghizia],
•	RANGE. Alai.
•	TAXONOMIC NOTES. A recent revision of the hades group from the Pamirs-Alai
(Churkin & Tuzov, 1998) has reconfirmed the specific rank of P. пего (Staudinger,
1894) (pl. 86, figs. 11-12) and P. hades (Staudinger, 1882) (pl. 86, fig. 14), with their
lectotypes designated. The UNS of the specimen in fig. 3, Pl. 53 in Volume 1 actual-
ly belongs to P. ali.
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Screes of grey stones at about 2,000-2,800 rn a.s.l. Flight
period: July to August, one week later than P. hades.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Paralasa пего: UNH without or with very strongly reduced white
points; UPF usually with a reduced white pupil. P. hades: UNH with a distinct rov
of 5-7 white points; antennal club spoon-shaped broadened; wide yellow ring
surrounding not less than 2/3 eye of UNF; black eye (usually oval) with white
pupils distinct on UPF; outlying pupil rounded.
paralasa shakti Wyatt, 1961
p; 84. figs. 19-21.
j tepid. Soc., 15.13.
”'П'РЕ LOCALITY. «Bala Quran, Anjuman Valley, Hindu Kush, 14,000ft.»
(Mihanistan].
j’.yX’GE. w. Pamirs; Hindu Kush.
.TAXONOMIC NOTES. This species has recently been found in the W. Pamirs
(Rushansky Mts.) by Yuri Y. Shchetkin (pers. commun.).
. HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Rocks at about 2,500-3,000 in a.s.l. Flight period: July to
August.
. SIMILAR SPECIES. Paralasa langara: UPF with a red-brown area. P. kotzschae: UPF
with a black eye with a white pupil.
Karanasa praestans Avinov et Sweadner, 1951
PL 84, figs. 24-26.
Ann Carnegie Mus.. 32 (1): 77, pl. 9, fig. 40.
.'1YPE LOCALITY. «Aulie Ata, Syr Daria» [Dzhambul, W. Talassky Alatau Mts., W.
Tian-Shan, Kazakhstan].
. RANGE. W. and N. Tian-Shan.
	DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION. The nominotypical subspecies inhabits the W.
Tian-Shan; the ssp. kasak Avinov et Sweadner, 1951 the N. Tian-Shan (Kendyktau
Mts.).
	TAXONOMIC NOTES. In Volume 1, this taxon was treated as a subspecies of K.
lalastauana, but their sympatry has recently been documented near Lake Sary-
Chelek, W. Tian-Shan. Kirghizia.
	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Steppe-clad slopes at 2,200-3,200 in a.s.l. Flight period:
July io August.
Pseudochazara nukatli Bogdanov, 2000
PI. 84. figs, 27-29.
Hebos, 1:111,
•	TYPE LOCALITY. "Verkhny Gunib, Nukatl’ Mts., 2,000 m, Daghestan Rep., Russia”.
•	RANGE. NE. Caucasus.
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Rocky slopes of Mts. Nukatl’ near 2,000 m a.s.l. Flight
period: mid-July to early September.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Pseudochazara schahrudensis: band with a large interval in
cells M2-M3 and Mg-Cup Ps. alpina, Ps. guriensis: ground colour UPF lighter;
fringes grey; marking of UNH contrasting.
Chazara eitschbergeri Lukhtanov, 1999
84, figs. 22, 23.
Alania. 30(114): 120.
•	П PE LOCALITY. “Kirgisien, Tienschan, Issyk-Kul-Gebiet, Terskey-Alatoo-Kette,
K;«izhi-Sai. 1620 m”.
•	RANGE. Lake Issyk-Kul vicinities, Kirghizia.
*	R'iXONOMIC NOTES. All species of this group being highly variable, the status of
this taxon and its diagnosis versus Chazara kaufmarini obscurior (Staudinger,
1887) (TL: Issyk-Kul) require further evaluation.
•	HABITAT AND BIOLOGY. Semi-desert and/or steppe-clad rocky slopes at 1,600
2,000 m a.s.l. Flight period: July to August.
•	SIMILAR SPECIES. Chazara kaufmanni: on UPF, cells between veins Cu9 and basal
edge of wing without white spots; on UPH, white band reduced, as a rule. Ch
staudingeri: on UPH, white band broad, distinctly outlined; ground colour of [jypj
yellow castaneous.
Plate 1
Libytheidae,
225
Plate 2
Nymphalidae
227
Plate 3
Nymphalidae

229
Plate 4
231
Plate 5
Nymphalidae
233
Plate 6
235
Plate 7
Nymphalidae
—
237
Plate 8
Nymphalidae
239
Plate 9
Nymphalidae
241
Plate 10
Nymphalidae
243
Plate11
Nymphalidae
245
Plate 12
Nymphalidae
247
Plate 13
Nymphalidae
Plate 14
Nymphalidae
251
Plate 15
Nymphalidae

253
Plate 16
Nymphalidae
255
Plate 17
Nymphalidae

Ef 1
257
Plate 18
Nymphalidae


259
Plate 1 9
Nymphalidae
261
Plate 20
Nymphalidae
263
265
Plate 22
Nymphalidae

’'«Ш
267
Plate 23
Nymphalidae
269
Plate 24
Nymphalidae
271
Plate 25
273
Plate 26
Nymphalida
27f
Plate 27
Nymphalidae

277
Plate 28
279
Plate 29
Nymphalidae

281
Plate 30
Nymphalidae
283
Plate 31
Nymphalidae

285
Plate 32
Nymphalidae
287
Plate 33
Nymphalidae
289
Plate 34
Nymphalidae
291
Plate 35
Nymphalidae

9Q4
Plate 36
Nymphalidae
295
Plate 37
Nymphalidae
297
Plate 38
Nymphalidae
299
Plate 39
Nymphalidae

301
Nymphalidae
ate 40
303|
Plate 41
Nymphalidae
305
Plate 42
Nymphalidae
307
Plate 43	Nymphalidae
309
Plate 44
Nymphalidae
12
36
311
Plate 45
Nymphalidae
313
Plate 46
Nymphalidae
315
Plate 47
Nymphalidae
317
Plate 48
Nymphalidae

319
Plate 49
Nymphalidae, Riodinidae, Lycaenidae
321
Plate 50
Lycaenidae
323
Plate 51	Lycaenidae
325
Plate 52
Lycaenidae
327
Plate 53
Lycaenidae
329
Plate 54
Lycaenidae
331
Plate 55
Lycaenidae
333
Plate 56	Lycaenidae
335
Plate 57
Lycaenidae
337
Plate 58
Lycaenidae
339
Plate 59
Lycaenidae
341
Plate 60
Lycaenidae
—
343
Plate 61
Lycaenidae
345
Plate 62
Lycaenidae
—
347
Plate 63
Lycaenidae
349
351
353
I Plate 66	Lycaenidae
355
Plate 67
Lycaenidae
357
Plate 68
Lycaenidae
359
Plate 69
Lycaenidae
361
Plate 70
Lycaenidae
363
Plate 71
Lycaenidae
365
Plate 72
Lycaenidae
367
Lycaenidae
369
Plate 74
Lycaenidae
371
Plate 75
Lycaenidae
373
Plate 76
Lycaenidae
375
Plate 77
Lycaenidae
377
Plate 78
Lycaenidae
379
Plate 79
Lycaenidae
381
Plate 80
Lycaenidae

383
Plate 81
Lycaenidae
385
Plate 82
Lycaenidae
—
387
Plate 83
Pieridae, Lycaenidae
389
Plate 84
Satyridae
391
Plate 85
Satyridae
393
Plate 86
Satyridae, Nymphalidae
395
Plate 87
Lycaenidae
397
Plate 88	Lycaenidae
399
1.	Libythea celtis Laicharting. Male.
2.	Libythea celtis Laicharting. Female.
3.	Libythea celtis Laicharting. Male (UNS).
4.	Danaus chrysippus chrysippus Linnaeus. Male.
5.	Danaus chrysippus chrysippus Linnaeus. Female.
6.	Danaus chrysippus chrysippus Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
7.	Parantica sita niphonica Moore. Male.
8.	Parantica sita niphonica Moore. Female.
9.	Parantica sita niphonica Moore. Male (UNS).
1.	Apatura iris iris Linnaeus. Male.
2.	Apatura iris iris Linnaeus. Female.
3.	Apatura iris iris Linnaeus f. rubescens Esper. Female.
4.	Apatura iris iris Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
5.	Apatura iris amurensis Stichel. Male.
6.	Apatura iris amurensis Stichel. Female.
7.	Apatura iris amurensis Stichel f. chrysina Oberthtir. Female.
8.	Apatura iris amurensis Stichel. Male (UNS).
1.	Apatura ilia ilia Denis et Schiffermuller. Male.
2.	Apatura ilia ilia Denis et Schiffermuller f. clytie Denis el Schiffermuller Male
3.	Apatura ilia ilia Denis et Schiffermuller. Female.
4.	Apatura ilia ilia Denis et Schiffermuller. Male (UNS).
5.	Apatura ilia praeclara Bollow. Male.
6.	Apatura ilia praeclara Bollow f. clytie Denis et Schiffermuller. Male.
7.	Apatura ilia praeclara Bollow f. clytie Denis et Schiffermuller. Female.
8.	Apatura iliapraeclara Bollow. Male (UNS).
1.	Apatura metis heijona Matsumura. Male.
2.	Apatura metis heijona Matsumura f. krylovi Kurentzov. Male.
3.	Apatura metis heijona Matsumura. Male (forma).
4.	Apatura metis heijona Matsumura. Female (forma).
5.	Apatura metis heijona Matsumura. Female.
6.	Apatura metis heijona Matsumura f. krylovi Kurentzov. Male (UNS).
7.	Apatura metis heijona Matsumura. Male (UNS).
8.	Apatura metis separata Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
9.	Apatura metis separata Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
10.	Apatura metis separata Tuzov. Male (UNS). Paratypc.
11.	Apatura metis bunea Herrich-Schaffer. Male.
12.	Apatura metis bunea Herrich-Schaffer. Female.
13.	Apatura metis bunea Herrich-Schaffer. Male (UNS).
1,	Athymodes nycteis Menetries. Male.
2.	Athymodes nycteis Menetries. Female.
3.	Athymodes nycteis Menetries. Male (UNS).
4.	Thaleropis ionia Eversmann. Male.
5.	Thaleropis ionia Eversmann. Female.
6.	Thaleropis ioniaEversmann. Male (UNS).
7.	Sephisa princeps Fixsen. Male.
8.	Sephisa princeps Fixsen. Female.
9.	Sephisa princeps Fixsen. Male (UNS).
10.	Sephisa princeps Fixsen. Female (UNS).
1.	Mimathyma schrenckii Menetries. Male.
2.	Mimathyma schrenckii Menetries. Female.
3.	Mimathyma schrenckii Menetries. Male (UNS).
4.	Limenitis populi populi Linnaeus. Male.
5.	Limenitis populi populi Linnaeus. Female.
6.	Limenitis populi populi Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
7.	Limenitis sidyi lataejasciata Menetries. Female.
8.	Limenitis sidyi sidyi Lederer. Male.
9.	Limenitis sidyi lataejasciata Menetries. Male.
10.	Limenitis sidyi lataejasciata Menetries. Male (UNS).
1.	Limenitis populi ussuriensis Staudinger. Male.
2.	Limenitis populi ussuriensis Staudinger. Female.
3.	Limenitis populi ussuriensis Staudinger. Male (UNS).
4.	Limenitis populi ussuriensis Staudinger. Male (forma).
5.	Limenitis populi ussuriensis Staudinger. Female (forma).
6.	Limenitis populi ussuriensis Staudinger. Male (UNS. forma).
7.	Limenitis populi populi Linnaeus f. tremulae Esper. Male.
8.	Limenitis populi populi Linnaeus f. tremulae Esper. Male.
1.	Limenitis reducta herculeana Stichel. Male.
2.	Limenitis reducta herculeana Stichel. Female.
3.	Limenitis reducta herculeana Stichel. Male (UNS).
4.	Limenitis reducta reducta Staudinger. Male.
5.	Limenitis reducta reducta Staudinger. Female.
6.	Limenitis reducta reducta Staudinger. Male (UNS).
7.	Limenitis doerriesi Staudinger. Male.
8.	Limenitis doerriesi Staudinger. Female.
9.	Limenitis doerriesi Staudinger. Male (UNS).
10.	Limenitis camilia camilia Linnaeus. Male.
11.	Limenitis camilia Camilla Linnaeus. Female.
12.	Limenitis camilia camilia Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
13.	Limenitis Camilla japonica Menetries. Male.
14.	Limenitis camilia japonica Menetries. Female.
15.	Limenitis Camilla japonica Menetries. Male (UNS).
16.	Limenitis homeyeri Тапсгё. Male.
17.	Limenitis homeyeri Тапсгё. Female.
18.	Limenitis homeyeri Тапсгё. Male (UNS).
1.	Limenitis moltrechti Kardakov. Male.
2.	Limenitis moltrechti Kardakov. Female.
3.	Limenitis moltrechti Kardakov. Male (UNS).
4.	Limenitis amphyssa amphyssa Menetries. Male.
5.	Limenitis amphyssa amphyssa Menetries. Female.
6.	Limenitis amphyssa amphyssa Menetries. Male (UNS).
7.	Limenitis helmanni helmanni Lederer. Male.
8.	Limenitis helmanni helmanni Lederer. Female.
9.	Limenitis helmanni helmanni Lederer. Male (UNS).
10.	Limenitis helmanni duplicata Staudinger. Male.
1 1. Limenitis helmanni duplicata Staudinger. Female.
12.	Limenitis helmanni duplicata Staudinger. Male (UNS).
13.	Limenitis helmanni duplicata Staudinger f. pryeri Moore. Male.
14.	Limenitis helmanni duplicata Staudinger f. pryeri Moore. Female.
15.	Limenitis helmanni duplicata Staudinger f. pryeri Moore. Male (UNS).
1.	Limenitis pratti eximia Moltrecht. Male.
2.	Limenitis pratti eximia Moltrecht. Female.
3.	Limenitis pratti eximia Moltrecht. Male (UNS).
4.	Limenitis lepechini Erschoff. Male.
5.	Limenitis lepechini Erschoff. Female.
6.	Limenitis lepechini Erschoff. Male (UNS).
7.	Neptis rivularis rivularis Scopoli. Male.
8.	Neptis rivularis rivularis Scopoli. Female.
9.	Neptis rivularis rivularis Scopoli. Male (UNS).
10.	Neptis rivularis magnata Heyne. Male.
11.	Neptis rivularis magnata Heyne. Female.
12.	Neptis rivularis magnata Heyne. Male (UNS).
13.	Neptis rivularis ludmilla Herrich-Schaffer. Male.
14.	Neptis rivularis ludmilla Herrich-Schaffer. Female.
15.	Neptis rivularis ludmilla Herrich-Schaffer. Male (UNS).
1.	Neptis sappho sappho Pallas. Male.
2.	Neptis sappho sappho Pallas. Female.
3.	Neptis sappho sappho Pallas. Male (UNS).
4.	Neptis sappho intermedia Piyer. Male.
5.	Neptis sappho intermedia Piyer. Female.
6.	Neptis sappho intermedia Piyer. Male (UNS).
7.	Neptis pryeri Butler. Male.
8.	Neptis pryeri Butler. Female.
9.	Neptispryeri Butler. Male (UNS).
10.	Neptis alwina Bremer et Grey. Male.
11.	Neptis alwina Bremer et Grey. Female.
12.	Neptis alwina Bremer et Grey. Male (UNS).
13.	Aldania raddei Bremer. Male.
14.	Aldania raddei Bremer. Female.
15.	Aldania raddei Bremer. Male (UNS).
1.	Neptis speyeri Staudinger. Male.
2.	Neptis speyeri Staudinger. Female.
3.	Neptis speyeri Staudinger. Male (UNS).
4.	Neptis philyroides Staudinger. Male.
5.	Neptis philyroides Staudinger. Female.
6.	Neptis philyroides Staudinger. Male (UNS).
7.	Neptis philyra Menetries. Male.
8.	Neptis philyra Menetries. Female.
9.	Neptis philyra Menetries. Male (UNS).
10.	Aldania ilos ilos Fruhstorfer. Male.
11.	Aldania ilos ilos Fruhstorfer. Female.
12.	Aldania ilos ilos Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
1.	Aldania thisbe thisbe Menetries. Male.
2.	Aldania thisbe thisbe Menetries. Female.
3.	Aldania thisbe thisbe Menetries. Female (UNS).
4.	Aldania themis themis Leech. Male.
5.	Aldania themis themis Leech. Female.
6.	Aldania themis themis Leech. Male (UNS).
7.	Aldania deliquata deliquata Stichel. Male.
8.	Aldania deliquata tshetverikovi Kurentzov. Female.
9.	Aldania deliquata tshetverikovi Kurentzov. Male (UNS).
1.	Vanessa atalanta Linnaeus. Male.
2.	Vanessa atalanta Linnaeus. Female.
3.	Vanessa atalanta Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
4.	Vanessa indica Herbst. Male.
5.	Vanessa indica Herbst. Female.
6.	Vanessa indica Herbst. Male (UNS).
7.	Vanessa cardui Linnaeus. Male.
8.	Vanessa cardui Linnaeus. Female.
9.	Vanessa cardui Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
1.	Polygonia c-album c-album Linnaeus. Male.
2.	Polygonia c-album c-album Linnaeus. Female.
3.	Polygonia c-album c-album Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
4.	Polygonia c-album c-album f. hatchinsoni Robson. Male.
5.	Polygonia c-album c-album f. hatchinsoni Robson. Female.
6.	Polygonia c-album c-album f. hatchinsoni Robson. Female (UNS).
7.	Polygonia interposita interposita Staudinger. Male.
8.	Polygonia interposita interposita Staudinger. Female.
9.	Polygonia interposita interposita Staudinger. Male (UNS).
10.	Polygonia interposita interposita Staudinger. Male (forma).
11.	Polygonia interposita interposita Staudinger. Female (forma).
12.	Polygonia interposita interposita Staudinger. Male (UNS, forma).
13.	Polygonia c-album hamigera Butler. Male.
14.	Polygonia c-album hamigera Butler. Female.
15.	Polygonia c-album hamigera Butler. Male (UNS).
16.	Polygonia c-album hamigera Butler. Male (forma).
17.	Polygonia c-album hamigera Butler. Female (forma).
18.	Polygonia c-album hamigera Butler. Female (UNS, forma).
1.	Polygonia c-aureum c-aureum Linnaeus. Male.
2.	Polygonia c-aureum c-aureum Linnaeus. Female.
3.	Polygonia c-aureum c-aureum Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
4.	Polygonia c-aureum c-aureum f. pryeri Janson. Male.
5.	Polygonia c-aureum c-aureum f. pryeri Janson. Female.
6.	Polygonia c-aureum c-aureum f. pryeri Janson. Male (UNS).
7.	Polygonia egea egea Cramer. Male.
8.	Polygonia egea egea Cramer. Female.
9.	Polygonia egea egea Cramer. Male (UNS).
10.	Polygonia egea egea Cramer f. autumnalis Stefen. Male.
11.	Polygonia egea egea Cramer f. autumnalis Stefen. Female.
12.	Polygonia egea egea Cramer f. autumnalis Stefen. Male (UNS).
13.	Polygonia egea undina Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
14.	Polygonia egea undina Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
15.	Polygonia egea undina Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
16.	Polygonia egea undina Grum-Grshimailo. Male (forma).
17.	Polygonia egea undina Grum-Grshimailo. Female (forma).
18.	Polygonia egea undina Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS, forma).
1.	Nymphalis vaualbum vaualbum Denis et Schiffermuller. Male.
2.	Nymphalis vaualbum vaualbum Denis et Schiffermuller. Female.
3.	Nymphalis vaualbum vaualbum Denis et Schiffenntiller. Male (UNS).
4.	Nymphalis vaualbum vaualbum Denis et Schiffermuller. Female (UNS, form
5.	Nymphalis vaualbum ssp. Male.
6.	Nymphalis vaualbum ssp. Female.
7.	Nymphalis vaualbum ssp. Male (UNS).
8.	Nymphalis polychloros Linnaeus. Male.
9.	Nymphalis polychloros Linnaeus. Female.
10.	Nymphalis polychloros Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
1.	Nymphalis xanthomelas hazara Wyatt et Omoto. Male.
2.	Nymphalis xanthomelas hazara Wyatt et Omoto. Female.
3.	Nymphalis xanthomelas hazara Wyatt et Omoto. Male (UNS).
4.	Nymphalis antiop a Linnaeus. Male.
5.	Nymphalis antiopa Linnaeus. Female.
6.	Nymphalis antiopa Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
7.	Kaniska canace charonides Stichel. Male.
8.	Kaniska canace charonides Stichel. Female.
9.	Kaniska canace charonides Stichel. Male (UNS).
1.	Aglais urticae urticae Linnaeus. Male.
2.	Aglais urticae urticae Linnaeus. Female.
3.	Aglais urticae urticae Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
4.	Aglais urticae turcica Staudinger. Male.
5.	Aglais urticae turcica Staudinger. Female.
6.	Aglais urticae turcica Staudinger. Male (UNS).
7.	Aglais urticae eximia Sheljuzhko. Male.
8.	Aglais urticae eximia Sheljuzhko. Female.
9.	Aglais urticae eximia Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
10.	Aglais connexa Butler. Male.
11.	Aglais connexa Butler. Female.
12.	Aglais connexa Butler. Male (UNS).
13.	Aglais nixa nixa Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
14.	Aglais nixa nixa Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
15.	Aglais nixa nixa Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
16.	Aglais nixa ssp. Male.
17.	Aglais nixa ssp. Female.
18.	Aglais nixa ssp. Male (UNS).
1.	Aglais rizana rizana Moore. Male.
2.	Aglais rizana rizana Moore. Female.
3.	Aglais rizana rizana Moore. Male (UNS).
4.	Aglais caschmirensis Kollar. Male.
5.	Aglais caschmirensis Kollar. Female.
6.	Aglais caschmirensis Kollar. Male (UNS).
7.	Inachis to io Linnaeus. Male.
8.	Inachis io to Linnaeus. Female.
9.	Inachis io io Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
10.	Araschnia levana levana Linnaeus. Male (gen. vem.).
11.	Araschnia levana levana Linnaeus. Female (gen. vem.).
12.	Araschnia levana levana Linnaeus. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
13.	Araschnia levana levana Linnaeus f. prorsa Linnaeus. Male (gen. aest.).
14.	Araschnia levana levana Linnaeus f. prorsa Linnaeus. Female (gen. aest.).
15.	Araschnia levana levana Linnaeus f. prorsa Linnaeus. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
16.	Araschnia burejana burejana Bremer. Male (gen. vem.).
17.	Araschnia burejana burejana Bremer. Female (gen. vern.).
18.	Araschnia burejana burejana Bremer. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
19.	Araschnia burejana burejana Bremer f./allax Janson. Male (gen. aest.).
20.	Araschnia burejana burejana Bremer f./allax Janson. Female (gen. aest.).
21.	Araschnia burejana burejana Bremer f./allax Janson. Male (gen. aest.,
UNS).
1.	Argynnis paphia butleri Krulikovsky. Male.
2.	Argynnis paphia butleri Krulikovsky f. valesina Esper. Female.
3.	Argynnis paphia butleri Krulikovsky. Female.
4.	Argynnis paphia butleri Krulikovsky. Male (UNS).
5.	Argynnis sagana nordmanni Korshunov. Male.
6.	Argynnis sagana nordmanni Korshunov. Female.
7.	Argynnis sagana nordmanni Korshunov. Male (UNS).
8.	Argynnis sagana nordmanni Korshunov. Female (UNS).
9.	Argynnis argyrospilata Kotzsch. Male.
10.	Argynnis argyrospilata Kotzsch. Female.
11.	Argynnis argyrospilata Kotzsch. Male (UNS).
1.	Argynnis anadyomene anadyomene Felder et Felder. Male.
2.	Argynnis anadyomene anadyomene Felder et Felder. Female.
3.	Argynnis anadyomene anadyomene Felder et Felder. Male (UNS).
4.	Argynnis zenobia penelope Staudinger. Male.
5.	Argynnis zenobia penelope Staudinger. Female.
6.	Argynnis zenobia penelope Staudinger. Male (UNS).
7.	Argynnis alexandra Menetries. Male.
8.	Argynnis alexandra Menetries. Female.
9.	Argynnis alexandra Menetries. Male (UNS).
1.	Argynnis aglaja aglaja Linnaeus. Male.
2.	Argynnis aglaja aglaja Linnaeus. Female.
3.	Argynnis aglaja aglaja Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
4.	Argynnis aglaja ottomana Rober. Male.
5.	Argynnis aglaja ottomana Rober. Female.
6.	Argynnis aglaja ottomana Rober. Male (UNS).
7.	Argynnis aglaja gigasvitatha Verity. Male.
8.	Argynnis aglaja gigasvitatha Verity. Female.
9.	Argynnis aglaja gigasvitatha Verity. Male (UNS).
10.	Argynnis aglaja clavimacula Matsumura. Male.
11.	Argynnis aglaja clavimacula Matsumura. Female.
12.	Argynnis aglaja clavimacula Matsumura. Male (UNS).
13.	Argynnis aglaja vitatha Moore. Male.
14.	Argynnis aglaja vitatha Moore. Female.
15.	Argynnis aglaja vitatha Moore. Male (UNS).
1.	Argynnis niobe niobe Linnaeus. Male.
2.	Argynnis niobe niobe Linnaeus. Female.
3.	Argynnis niobe niobe Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
4.	Argynnis niobe niobe Linnaeus f. eris Meigen. Male (UNS).
5.	Argynnis niobe gigantea Staudinger. Male.
6.	Argynnis niobe gigantea Staudinger. Female.
7.	Argynnis niobe gigantea Staudinger. Male (UNS).
8.	Argynnis niobe tekkensis Christoph. Male.
9.	Argynnis niobe tekkensis Christoph. Female.
10.	Argynnis niobe tekkensis Christoph. Male (UNS).
11.	Argynnis niobe orientalis Alpheraky. Male.
12.	Argynnis niobe orientalis Alpheraky. Female.
13.	Argynnis niobe orientalis Alpheraky. Male (UNS).
14.	Argynnis adippe adippe Denis et Schiffermuller Male.
15.	Argynnis adippe adippe Denis et Schiffermuller. Female.
16.	Argynnis adippe adippe Denis et Schiffermuller Male (UNS).
17.	Argynnis adippe adippe Denis et Schiffermuller f. cleodoxa Ochsenheimer.
Male (UNS).
18.	Argynnis adippe adippe Denis et Schiffermuller Female (UNS).
1.	Argynnis adippe thalestria Jachontov. Male.
2.	Argynnis adippe thalestria Jachontov. Female.
3.	Argynnis adippe thalestria Jachontov. Male (UNS).
4.	Argynnis adippe pallescens Butler. Male.
5.	Argynnis adippe pallescens Butler. Female.
6.	Argynnis adippe pallescens Butler. Male (UNS).
7.	Argynnis coreana coreana Butler. Male.
8.	Argynnis coreana coreana Butler. Female.
9.	Argynnis coreana coreana Butler. Male (UNS).
10.	Argynnis coreana coreana Butler. Male. (UNS, forma).
1.	Argynnis adippe tianshanica Alpheraky. Male.
2.	Argynnis adippe tianshanica Alpheraky. Female.
3.	Argynnis adippe tianshanica Alpheraky. Male (UNS).
4.	Argynnis adippe bischqffi Reuss. Male.
5.	Argynnis adippe bischqffi Reuss. Female.
6.	Argynnis adippe bischqffi Reuss. Male (UNS).
7.	Argynnis xipe rueckerti Fruhstorfer. Male.
8.	Argynnis xipe rueckerti Fruhstorfer. Female.
9.	Argynnis xipe rueckerti Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
10.	Argynnis xipe rueckerti Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS, forma).
1.	Argynnis laodice laodice Pallas. Male.
2.	Argynnis laodice laodice Pallas. Female.
3.	Argynnis laodice laodice Pallas. Male (UNS).
4.	Argynnis ruslana ruslana Motschulsky. Male.
5.	Argynnis ruslana ruslana Motschulsky. Female.
6.	Argynnis ruslana ruslana Motschulsky. Male (UNS).
7.	Argynnis nerippe mumon Matsumura. Male.
8.	Argynnis nerippe mumon Matsumura. Female.
9.	Argynnis nerippe mumon Matsumura. Male (UNS).
1.	Argynnis pandora pandora Denis et Schiffermuller Male.
2.	Argynnis pandora pandora Denis et Schiffermuller Female.
3.	Argynnis pandora pandora Denis et Schiffermuller Male (UNS).
4.	Argynnis pandora pasargades Fruhstorfer. Male.
5.	Argynnis pandora pasargades Fruhstorfer. Female.
6.	Argynnis pandora pasargades Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
7.	Issoria lathonia lathonia Linnaeus. Male.
8.	Issoria lathonia lathonia Linnaeus. Female.
9.	Issoria lathonia lathonia Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
10.	Issoria eugenia montana O. Bang-Haas. Male.
11.	Issoria eugenia montana O. Bang-Haas. Female.
12.	Issoria eugenia montana O. Bang-Haas. Male (UNS).
1.	Brenthis ino ino Rottemburg. Male.
2.	Brenthis ino ino Rottemburg. Female.
3.	Brenthis ino ino Rottemburg. Male (UNS).
4.	Brenthis ino siopelus Fruhstorfer. Male.
5.	Brenthis ino siopelus Fruhstorfer. Female.
6.	Brenthis ino siopelus Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
7.	Brenthis ino amurensis Staudinger. Male.
8.	Brenthis ino amurensis Staudinger. Female.
9.	Brenthis ino amurensis Staudinger. Male (UNS).
10.	Brenthis ino trachalus Fruhstorfer. Male.
11.	Brenthis ino trachalus Fruhstorfer. Female.
12.	Brenthis ino trachalus Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
13.	Brenthis hecate hecate Denis et Schiffermiiller. Male.
14.	Brenthis hecate hecate Denis et Schiffermiiller. Female.
15.	Brenthis hecate hecate Denis et Schiffermiiller. Male (UNS).
16.	Brenthis hecate alaica Staudinger. Male.
17.	Brenthis hecate alaica Staudinger. Female.
18.	Brenthis hecate alaica Staudinger. Male (UNS).
19.	Brenthis hecate latericia Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
20.	Brenthis hecate latericia Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
21.	Brenthis hecate latericiaTuzov. Male (UNS). Paratype.
22.	Clossiana thore hypercala Fruhstorfer. Male.
23.	Clossiana thore hypercala Fruhstorfer. Female.
24.	Clossiana thore hypercala Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
1.	Brenthis daphne daphne Bergstrasser. Male.
2.	Brenthis daphne daphne Bergstrasser. Female.
3.	Brenthis daphne daphne Bergstrasser. Male (UNS).
4.	Brenthis daphne ochroleuca Fruhstorfer. Male.
5.	Brenthis daphne ochroleuca Fruhstorfer. Female.
6.	Brenthis daphne ochroleuca Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
7.	Clossiana angarensis angarensis Erschoff. Male.
8.	Clossiana angarensis angarensis Erschoff. Female.
9.	Clossiana angarensis miakei Matsumura. Male.
10.	Clossiana angarensis miakei Matsumura. Female.
11.	Clossiana angarensis herzi Wnukowsky. Male.
12.	Clossiana angarensis herzi Wnukowsky. Female.
13.	Clossiana angarensis herzi Wnukowsky. Male (UNS).
14.	Clossiana angarensis alticola Sushkin et Tschetverikov. Male.
15.	Clossiana angarensis alticola Sushkin et Tschetverikov. Female.
16.	Clossiana angarensis alticola Sushkin et Tschetverikov. Male (UNS).
17.	Clossiana angarensis hakutozana Matsumura. Male.
18.	Clossiana angarensis hakutozana Matsumura. Female.
19.	Clossiana angarensis hakutozana Matsumura. Male (UNS).
1.	Proclossiana eunomia eunomia Esper. Male.
2.	Proclossiana eunomia eunomia Esper. Female.
3.	Proclossiana eunomia eunomia Esper. Male (UNS).
4.	Proclossiana eunomia trans, ossiana Herbst. Male.
5.	Proclossiana eunomia trans, ossiana Herbst. Female.
6.	Proclossiana eunomia trans, ossiana Herbst. Male (UNS).
7.	Proclossiana eunomia ossiana Herbst. Male.
8.	Proclossiana eunomia ossiana Herbst. Female.
9.	Proclossiana eunomia ossiana Herbst. Male (UNS).
10.	Proclossiana eunomia acidalia Boeber. Male.
11.	Proclossiana eunomia acidalia Boeber. Female.
12.	Proclossiana eunomia acidalia Boeber. Male (UNS).
13.	Clossiana euphrosyne euphrosyne Linnaeus. Male.
14.	Clossiana euphrosyne euphrosyne Linnaeus. Female.
15.	Clossiana euphrosyne euphrosyne Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
16.	Clossiana euphrosyne dagestanica Sovinsky. Male.
17.	Clossiana euphrosyne dagestanica Sovinsky. Female.
18.	Clossiana euphrosyne dagestanica Sovinsky. Male (UNS).
19.	Clossiana euphrosyne orphana Fruhstorfer. Male.
20.	Clossiana euphrosyne orphana Fruhstorfer. Female.
21.	Clossiana euphrosyne orphana Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
22.	Clossiana euphrosyne Jingal Herbst. Male.
23.	Clossiana euphrosyne Jingal Herbst. Female.
24.	Clossiana euphrosyne Jingal Herbst. Male (UNS).
25.	Clossiana selenis sibirica Erschoff. Male.
26.	Clossiana selenis sibirica Erschoff. Female.
27.	Clossiana selenis sibirica Erschoff. Male (UNS).
28.	Clossiana selenis chosensis Matsumura. Male.
29.	Clossiana selenis chosensis Matsumura. Female.
30.	Clossiana selenis chosensis Matsumura. Male (UNS).
1.	Clossiana selene selene Denis et Schiffermiiller. Male.
2.	Clossiana selene selene Denis et Schiffermuller. Female.
3.	Clossiana selene selene Denis et Schiffermuller. Male (UNS).
4.	Clossiana selene dilutior Fixsen. Male.
5.	Clossiana selene dilutior Fixsen. Female.
6.	Clossiana selene dilutior Fixsen. Male (UNS).
7.	Clossiana perryi Butler. Male.
8.	Clossiana perryi Butler. Female.
9.	Clossiana perryi Butler. Male (UNS).
10.	Clossiana iphigenia Graeser. Male.
11.	Clossiana iphigenia Graeser. Female.
12.	Clossiana iphigenia Graeser. Male (UNS).
13.	Clossiana frigga frigga Thunberg. Male.
14.	Clossiana frigga frigga Thunberg. Female.
15.	Clossiana frigga frigga Thunberg. Male (UNS).
16.	Clossiana frigga alpestris Elwes. Male.
17.	Clossiana frigga alpestris Elwes. Female.
18.	Clossiana frigga alpestris Elwes. Male (UNS).
19.	Clossiana frigga alpestris Elwes forma ? annae Sushkin. Male.
20.	Clossiana frigga alpestris Elwes forma ? annae Sushkin. Female.
21.	Clossiana frigga alpestris Elwes forma ? annae Sushkin. Male (UNS)
22.	Clossiana frigga ssp. Male.
23.	Clossianafrigga ssp. Male (UNS).
24.	Clossiana freija freija Thunberg. Male.
25.	Clossiana freija freija Thunberg. Female.
26.	Clossiana freija freija Thunberg. Male (UNS).
27.	Clossiana freija pallida Elwes. Male.
28.	Clossiana freija pallida Elwes. Female.
29.	Clossiana freija pallida Elwes. Male (UNS).
1.	Clossiana polaris Boisduval. Male.
2.	Clossiana polaris Boisduval. Female.
3.	Clossiana polaris Boisduval. Male (UNS).
4.	Clossiana chariclea chariclea Schneider. Male.
5.	Clossiana chariclea chariclea Schneider. Female.
6.	Clossiana chariclea chariclea Schneider. Male (UNS).
7.	Clossiana chariclea arctica Zetterstedt. Male.
8.	Clossiana chariclea arctica Zetterstedt. Female.
9.	Clossiana chariclea arctica Zetterstedt. Male (UNS).
10.	Clossiana butleri Edwards. Male.
11.	Clossiana butleri Edwards. Female.
12.	Clossiana butleri Edwards. Male (UNS).
13.	Clossiana dia dia Linnaeus. Male.
14.	Clossiana dia dia Linnaeus. Female.
15.	Clossiana dia dia Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
16.	Clossiana dia alpina Elwes. Male.
17.	Clossiana dia alpina Elwes. Female.
18.	Clossiana dia alpina Elwes. Male (UNS).
19.	Clossiana dia semota Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
20.	Clossiana dia semota Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
21.	Clossiana dia semota Tuzov. Male (UNS). Para type.
22.	Clossiana improba Butler. Male.
23.	Clossiana improba Butler. Female.
24.	Clossiana improba Butler. Male (UNS).
25.	Clossiana hegemone hegemone Staudinger. Male.
26.	Clossiana hegemone hegemone Staudinger. Female.
27.	Clossiana hegemone hegemone Staudinger. Male (UNS).
28.	Clossiana hegemone houri Wyatt. Male.
29.	Clossiana hegemone houri Wyatt. Female.
30.	Clossiana hegemone houri Wyatt. Male (UNS).
31.	Clossiana titania bivina Fruhstorfer. Male.
32.	Clossiana titania bivina Fruhstorfer. Female.
33.	Clossiana titania bivina Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
34.	Clossiana titania staudingeri Wnukowsky. Male.
35.	Clossiana titania staudingeri Wnukowsky. Female.
36.	Clossiana titania staudingeri Wnukowsky. Male (UNS).
1.	Clossiana oscarus oscarus Eversmann. Male.
2.	Clossiana oscarus oscarus Eversmann. Female.
3.	Clossiana oscarus oscarus Eversmann. Male (UNS).
4.	Clossiana oscarus australis Graeser. Male.
5.	Clossiana oscarus australis Graeser. Female.
6.	Clossiana oscarus australis Graeser. Male (UNS).
7.	Clossiana tritonia amphilochus Menetries. Male.
8.	Clossiana tritonia amphilochus Menetries. Female.
9.	Clossiana tritonia amphilochus Menetries. Male (UNS).
10.	Clossiana distincta tschukotkensis Wyatt. Male.
11.	Clossiana distincta tschukotkensis Wyatt. Female.
12.	Clossiana distincta tschukotkensis Wyatt. Male (UNS).
13.	Clossiana distincta dubatolovi Korshunov. Male.
14.	Clossiana distincta dubatolovi Korshunov. Female.
15.	Clossiana distincta dubatolovi Korshunov. Male (UNS).
16.	Clossiana distincta ershovi Korshunov et Gorbunov. Male.
17.	Clossiana distincta ershovi Korshunov et Gorbunov. Female.
18.	Clossiana distincta tschukotkensis Wyatt. Male (UNS).
19.	Clossiana tritonia elatus Staudinger. Male.
20.	Clossiana tritonia elatus Staudinger. Female.
21.	Clossiana tritonia elatus Staudinger. Male (UNS).
1.	Clossiana alberta kurenzovi Wyatt. Male.
2.	Clossiana alberta kurenzovi Wyatt. Female.
3.	Clossiana alberta kurenzovi Wyatt. Male (UNS).
4.	Clossiana erda erda Christoph. Male.
5.	Clossiana erda erda Christoph. Female.
6.	Clossiana erda erda Christoph. Male (UNS).
7.	Clossiana erda puella Churkin. Male. Paratype.
8.	Clossiana erda puella Churkin. Female. Paratype.
9.	Clossiana erda puella Churkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
10.	Clossiana matveevi P. Gorbunov et Korshunov. Male. Paratype.
11.	Clossiana matveevi P. Gorbunov et Korshunov. Female. Paratype.
12.	Boloria sipora sipora Moore. Male.
13.	Boloria sipora sipora Moore. Female.
14.	Boloria sipora sipora Moore. Male (UNS).
15.	Boloria sipora generator Staudinger. Male.
16.	Boloria sipora generator Staudinger. Female.
17.	Boloria sipora generator Staudinger. Female (forma).
18.	Boloria sipora generator Staudinger. Male (UNS).
19.	Boloria altaica vinokurovi Dubatolov. Male.
20.	Boloria altaica vinokurovi Dubatolov. Male (UNS).
21.	Boloria altaica altaica Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
22.	Boloria altaica altaica Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
23.	Boloria altaica altaica Grum-Grshimailo. Female (forma).
24.	Boloria altaica altaica Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
25.	Boloria frigidalis Warren. Male.
26.	Boloria frigidalis Warren. Female.
27.	Boloria frigidalis Warren. Male (UNS).
28.	Boloria caucasica caucasica Lederer. Male.
29.	Boloria caucasica caucasica Lederer. Female.
30.	Boloria caucasica caucasica Lederer. Male (UNS).
31.	Boloria banghaasi banghaasi Seitz. Male.
32.	Boloria banghaasi banghaasi Seitz. Female.
33.	Boloria banghaasi banghaasi Seitz. Male (UNS).
34.	Boloria banghaasi infans Churkin. Male. Holotype.
35.	Boloria banghaasi infans Churkin. Female. Paratype.
36.	Boloria banghaasi infans Churkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
1.	Boloria alaskensis alaskensis Holland. Male.
2.	Boloria alaskensis alaskensis Holland. Female.
3.	Boloria alaskensis alaskensis Holland. Male (UNS).
4.	Boloria alaskensis sedykhi Crosson du Cormier. Male.
5.	Boloria alaskensis sedykhi Crosson du Cormier. Female.
6.	Boloria alaskensis sedykhi Crosson du Cormier. Male (UNS).
7.	Boloria alaskensis bato Churkin. Male. Paratype.
8.	Boloria alaskensis bato Churkin. Female. Paratype.
9.	Boloria alaskensis bato Churkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
10.	Boloria purpurea Churkin. Male. Paratype.
11.	Boloria purpurea Churkin. Female. Paratype.
12.	Boloria purpurea Churkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
13.	Boloria aquilonaris aquilonaris Stichel. Male.
14.	Boloria aquilonaris aquilonaris Stichel. Female.
15.	Boloria aquilonaris aquilonaris Stichel. Male (UNS).
16.	Boloria aquilonaris sima Churkin. Male. Holotype.
17.	Boloria aquilonaris sima Churkin. Female. Paratype.
18.	Boloria aquilonaris sima Churkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
19.	Euphydryas (aurinia) aurinia aurinia Rottemburg. Male.
20.	Euphydryas (aurinia) aurinia aurinia Rottemburg. Female.
21.	Euphydryas (aurinia) aurinia aurinia Rottemburg. Male (UNS).
22.	Euphydryas (aurinia) provincialis Boisduval. Male.
23.	Euphydryas (aurinia) provincialis Boisduval. Female.
24.	Euphydryas (aurinia) provincialis Boisduval. Male (UNS).
25.	Euphydryas (aurinia) aurinia laeta Christoph. Male.
26.	Euphydryas (aurinia) aurinia laeta Christoph. Female.
27.	Euphydryas (aurinia) aurinia laeta Christoph. Male (UNS).
28.	Euphydryas (aurinia) merope altivolans Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
29.	Euphydryas (aurinia) merope altivolans Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
30.	Euphydryas (aurinia) merope altivolans Tuzov. Male (UNS). Paratype.
31.	Euphydryas (aurinia) orientalis sareptensis Staudinger. Male.
32.	Euphydryas (aurinia) orientalis sareptensis Staudinger. Female.
33.	Euphydryas (aurinia) orientalis sareptensis Staudinger. Male (UNS).
34.	Euphydryas (aurinia) orientalis emba Fruhstorfer. Male.
35.	Euphydryas (aurinia) orientalis emba Fruhstorfer. Female.
36.	Euphydryas (aurinia) orientalis emba Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
1.	Euphydryas (aurinia) asiatica asiatica Staudinger. Male.
2.	Euphydryas (aurinia) asiatica asiatica Staudinger. Female.
3.	Euphydryas (aurinia) asiatica asiatica Staudinger. Male (UNS).
4.	Euphydryas (aurinia) asiatica narina Oberthiir. Male.
5.	Euphydryas (aurinia) asiatica narina Oberthiir. Female.
6.	Euphydryas (aurinia) asiatica narina Oberthiir. Male (UNS).
7.	Euphydryas (aurinia) sibirica sibirica Staudinger. Male.
8.	Euphydryas (aurinia) sibirica sibirica Staudinger. Female.
9.	Euphydryas (aurinia) sibirica sibirica Staudinger. Male (UNS).
10.	Euphydryas (aurinia) sibirica eothena Rober. Male.
11.	Euphydryas (aurinia) sibirica eothena Rober. Female.
12.	Euphydryas (aurinia) sibirica eothena Rober. Male (UNS).
13.	Euphydryas (aurinia) sibirica davidi Oberthiir. Male.
14.	Euphydryas (aurinia) sibirica davidi Oberthiir. Female.
15.	Euphydryas (aurinia) sibirica davidi Oberthiir. Male (UNS).
16.	Euphydryas maturna maturna Linnaeus. Male.
17.	Euphydryas maturna maturna Linnaeus. Female.
18.	Euphydryas maturna maturna Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
19.	Euphydryas ichnea ichnea Boisduval. Male.
20.	Euphydryas ichnea ichnea Boisduval. Female.
21.	Euphydryas ichnea ichnea Boisduval. Male (UNS).
22.	Euphydryas iduna iduna Dalman. Male.
23.	Euphydryas iduna iduna Dalman. Female.
24.	Euphydryas iduna iduna Dalman. Male (UNS).
25.	Euphydryas iduna sajana Higgins. Male.
26.	Euphydryas iduna sajana Higgins. Female.
27.	Euphydryas iduna sajana Higgins. Male (UNS).
28.	Euphydryas iduna inexpectata Sheljuzhko. Male.
29.	Euphydryas iduna inexpectata Sheljuzhko. Female.
30.	Euphydryas iduna inexpectata Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
31.	Melitaea (didyma) latonigena polaris Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
32.	Melitaea (didyma) latonigena polaris Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
33.	Melitaea (didyma) latonigena polaris Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
34.	Melitaea (didyma) latonigena latonigena Eversmann. Male.
35.	Melitaea (didyma) latonigena latonigena Eversmann. Female.
36.	Melitaea (didyma) latonigena latonigena Eversmann. Male (UNS).
1.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma didyma Esper. Male (gen. vern.).
2.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma didyma Esper. Female (gen. vern.).
3.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma didyma Esper. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
4.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma didyma Esper. Male (gen. aest).
5.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma didyma Esper. Female (gen. aest).
6.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma didyma Esper. Male (gen. aest, UNS).
7.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma turkestanica Sheljuzhko. Male.
8.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma turkestanica Sheljuzhko. Female.
9.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma turkestanica Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
10.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma ambra Higgins. Male.
11.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma ambra Higgins. Female.
12.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma ambra Higgins. Male (UNS).
13.	Melitaea (didyma) interrupta interrupta Kolenati. Male.
14.	Melitaea (didyma) interrupta interrupta Kolenati. Female.
15.	Melitaea (didyma) interrupta interrupta Kolenati. Male (UNS).
16.	Melitaea (didyma) interrupta kendevana Gross et Ebert. Male.
17.	Melitaea (didyma) interrupta kendevana Gross et Ebert. Female.
18.	Melitaea (didyma) interrupta kendevana Gross et Ebert. Male (UNS).
19.	Melitaea enarea enarea Fruhstorer. Male.
20.	Melitaea enarea enarea Fruhstorer. Female.
21.	Melitaea enarea enarea Fruhstorer. Male (UNS).
22.	Melitaea enarea shugnana Sheljuzhko. Male.
23.	Melitaea enarea shugnana Sheljuzhko. Female.
24.	Melitaea enarea shugnana Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
25.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma f. trans, interrupta Kolenati. Male.
26.	Melitaea (didyma) didyma f. trans, interrupta Kolenati. Female.
27.	Melitaea enarea ssp. Male.
28.	Melitaea enarea ssp. Male (UNS).
29.	Melitaea enarea gromenkoi Kolesnichenko. Male.
30.	Melitaea enarea gromenkoi Kolesnichenko. Female.
31.	Melitaea kotshubeji bundeli Kolesnichenko. Male.
32.	Melitaea kotshubeji bundeli Kolesnichenko. Female.
1.	Melitaea kotshubeji kotshubeji Sheljuzhko. Male.
2.	Melitaea kotshubeji kotshubeji Sheljuzhko. Female.
3.	Melitaea kotshubeji kotshubeji Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
4.	Melitaea permuta Higgins. Male.
5.	Melitaea permuta Higgins. Female.
6.	Melitaea permuta Higgins. Male (UNS).
7.	Melitaea ninae Sheljuzhko. Male.
8.	Melitaea ninae Sheljuzhko. Female.
9.	Melitaea ninae Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
10.	Melitaea ala ala Staudinger. Male.
11.	Melitaea ala ala Staudinger. Female.
12.	Melitaea ala ala Staudinger. Male (UNS).
13.	Melitaea ala bicolor Seitz. Male.
14.	Melitaea ala bicolor Seitz. Female.
15.	Melitaea ala bicolor Seitz. Male (UNS).
16.	Melitaea sutschana sutschana Staudinger. Male.
17.	Melitaea sutschana sutschana Staudinger. Female.
18.	Melitaea sutschana sutschana Staudinger. Male (UNS).
19.	Melitaea didymoides didymoides Eversmann. Male.
20.	Melitaea didymoides didymoides Eversmann. Female.
21.	Melitaea didymoides didymoides Eversmann. Male (UNS).
22.	Melitaea didymoides yagakuana Matsumura. Male.
23.	Melitaea didymoides yagakuana Matsumura. Female.
24.	Melitaea didymoides yagakuana Matsumura. Male (UNS).
1.	Melitaea trivia fascelis Esper. Male (gen. vem.).
2.	Melitaea trivia fascelis Esper. Female (gen. vem.].
3.	Melitaea trivia fascelis Esper. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
4.	Melitaea trivia fascelis Esper. Male (gen. aest.).
5.	Melitaea trivia fascelis Esper. Female (gen. aest.).
6.	Melitaea trivia fascelis Esper. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
7.	Melitaea trivia caucasi Verity. Male. (gen. vern.).
8.	Melitaea trivia caucasi Verity. Female, (gen. vern.).
9.	Melitaea trivia caucasi Verity. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
10.	Melitaea trivia caucasi Verity. Male. (gen. aest.).
11.	Melitaea trivia caucasi Verity. Female, (gen. aest.).
12.	Melitaea trivia caucasi Verity. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
13.	Melitaea trivia папа Staudinger. Male (gen. vern.).
14.	Melitaea trivia папа Staudinger. Female (gen. vem.).
15.	Melitaea trivia папа Staudinger. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
16.	Melitaea trivia папа Staudinger. Male (gen. aest.).
17.	Melitaea trivia папа Staudinger. Female (gen. aest.).
18.	Melitaea trivia папа Staudinger. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
19.	Melitaea trivia singularia Korshunov. Male.
20.	Melitaea trivia singularia Korshunov. Female.
21.	Melitaea trivia singularia Korshunov. Male (UNS).
22.	Melitaea trivia uvarovi P. Gorbunov. Male.
23.	Melitaea trivia uvarovi P. Gorbunov. Female.
24.	Melitaea trivia uvarovi P. Gorbunov. Male (UNS).
25.	Melitaea trivia catapelia Staudinger. Male.
26.	Melitaea trivia catapelia Staudinger. Female.
27.	Melitaea trivia catapelia Staudinger. Male (UNS).
28.	Melitaea trivia petri J. J. Shchetkin. Male. Paratype.
29.	Melitaea trivia petri J. J. Shchetkin. Female. Paratype.
30.	Melitaea trivia petri J. J. Shchetkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
31.	Melitaea trivia nativa Tuzov. Male.
32.	Melitaea trivia nativa Tuzov. Female.
33.	Melitaea trivia nativaTuzov. Male (UNS).
34.	Melitaea trivia chorosanaJ. J. Shchetkin. Male.
35.	Melitaea trivia chorosanaJ. J. Shchetkin. Female.
36.	Melitaea trivia chorosanaJ. J. Shchetkin. Male (UNS).
1.	Melitaea (didyma) mixta problematica Sheljuzhko. Male.
2.	Melitaea (didyma) mixta problematica Sheljuzhko. Female.
3.	Melitaea (didyma) mixta problematica Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
4.	Melitaea arcesiaminor Elwes. Male.
5.	Melitaea arcesia minor Elwes. Female.
6.	Melitaea arcesia minor Elwes. Male (UNS).
7.	Melitaea arcesia arcesia Bremer. Male.
8.	Melitaea arcesia arcesia Bremer. Female.
9.	Melitaea arcesia arcesia Bremer. Male (UNS).
10.	Melitaea turanica Erschoff. Male. Neotype.
11.	Melitaea turanica Erschoff. Female.
12.	Melitaea turanica Erschoff. Male (UNS).
13.	Melitaea asteroida Staudinger. Male.
14.	Melitaea asteroida Staudinger. Female.
15.	Melitaea asteroida Staudinger. Male (UNS).
16.	Melitaea solona plyushchi Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Male. Holotype
17.	Melitaea solona plyushchi Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Female.
Paratype.
18.	Melitaea solona plyushchi Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Male (UNS).
Paratype.
19.	Melitaea solona pletnevi Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
20.	Melitaea solona pletnevi Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
21.	Melitaea solona pletnevi Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Male (UNS).
Paratype.
22.	Melitaea solona Jilipjevi Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Male. Holotype,
23.	Melitaea solona Jilipjevi Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
24.	Melitaea solona Jilipjevi Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Male (UNS),
Paratype.
25.	Melitaea solona evadne Hemming. Male.
26.	Melitaea solona evadne Hemming. Female.
27.	Melitaea solona evadne Hemming. Male (UNS).	’
28.	Melitaea ludmilla ludmilla Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Male. Holotypft
29.	Melitaea ludmilla ludmilla Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Female. ’
Paratype.	3
30.	Melitaea ludmilla ludmilla Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Male (UNS). г
Paratype.	j
31.	Melitaea ludmilla serene Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Male. Holotype* _
32. Melitaea ludmilla serene Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Female. Paratj;*'
33. Melitaea ludmilla serene Churkin, Kolesnichenko et Tuzov. Male (UNS).
Paratype.	j
34.	Melitaea sultanensis sultanensis Staudinger. Male.
35.	Melitaea sultanensis sultanensis Staudinger. Female.	|
36.	Melitaea sultanensis sultanensis Staudinger. Male (UNS).
37.	Melitaea sultanensis elisabethae Avinov. Male.
38.	Melitaea sultanensis elisabethae Avinov. Female.
39.	Melitaea sultanensis elisabethae Avinov. Male (UNS).
40.	Melitaea pallas mendax Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male. Holotype.
41.	Melitaea pallas mendax Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Female. Paratype-
42.	Melitaea pallas mendax Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male (UNS). Holotype-
43.	Melitaea pallas interpres Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male. Holotype-
44.	Melitaea pallas interpres Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Female. Paratype-
45.	Melitaea pallas interpres Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male (UNS). Holof'd*
1.	Melitaea minerua minerua Staudinger. Male.
2.	Melitaea minerua minerua Staudinger. Female.
3.	Melitaea minerua minerua Staudinger. Male (UNS).
4.	Melitaea minerua pseudotersa Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male. Holotype.
5.	Melitaea minerua pseudotersa Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Female. Paratype.
6.	Melitaea minerua pseudotersa Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male (UNS).
Paratype.
7.	Melitaea minerua repens Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male. Holotype.
8.	Melitaea minerua repens Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Female. Paratype.
9.	Melitaea minerua repens Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
10.	Melitaea minerua tersa Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male. Holotype.
11.	Melitaea minerua tersa Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Female. Paratype.
12.	Melitaea minerua tersa Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
13.	Melitaea minerua acerba Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male. Paratype.
14.	Melitaea minerua acerba Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Female. Paratype.
15.	Melitaea minerua acerba Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male (UNS). Para type.
16.	Melitaea pallas pallas Staudinger. Male.
17.	Melitaea pallas pallas Staudinger. Female.
18.	Melitaea pallas pallas Staudinger. Male (UNS).
19.	Melitaea pallas iracunda Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male. Holotype.
20.	Melitaea pallas iracunda Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Female. Paratype.
21.	Melitaea pallas iracunda Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male (UNS). Para type.
22.	Melitaea pallas uaschenkoi Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male. Holotype.
23.	Melitaea pallas uaschenkoi Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Female. Paratype.
24.	Melitaea pallas uaschenkoi Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
25.	Melitaea pallas koitezek Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Holotype.
26.	Melitaea pallas koitezek Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Paratype.
27.	Melitaea pallas koitezek Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Paratype.
28.	Melitaea pallas pseudobalbina Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male. Holotype.
29.	Melitaea pallas pseudobalbina Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Female. Paratype.
30.	Melitaea pallas pseudobalbina Kolesnichenko et Churkin. Male (UNS).
Paratype.
31.	Melitaea fergana maracandica Staudinger. Male.
32.	Melitaea fergana maracandica Staudinger. Female.
33.	Melitaea fergana maracandica Staudinger. Male (UNS).
34.	Melitaea fergana fergana Staudinger. Male.
35.	Melitaea fergana fergana Staudinger. Female.
36.	Melitaea fergana fergana Staudinger. Male (UNS).
37.	Melitaea fergana splendida Churkin et Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
38.	Melitaea fergana splendida Churkin et Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
39.	Melitaea fergana splendida Churkin et Tuzov. Male (UNS). Holotype.
40.	Melitaea fergana grumi Churkin et Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
41.	Melitaea fergana grumi Churkin et Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
42.	Melitaea fergana grumi Churkin et Tuzov. Male (UNS). Holotype.
1.	Melitaea fergana darvasika Higgins. Male.
2.	Melitaea fergana darvasika Higgins. Female.
3.	Melitaea fergana darvasika Higgins. Male (UNS).
4.	Melitaea fergana vladislavi Churkin et Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
5.	Melitaea fergana vladislavi Churkin et Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
6.	Melitaea fergana vladislavi Churkin et Tuzov. Male (UNS). Holotype.
7.	Melitaea fergana paradoxa Churkin et Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
8.	Melitaea fergana paradoxa Churkin et Tuzov. Female.
9.	Melitaea fergana paradoxa Churkin et Tuzov. Male (UNS). Holotype.
10.	Melitaea fergana khantengri Churkin et Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
11.	Melitaea fergana khantengri Churkin et Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
12.	Melitaea fergana khantengri Churkin et Tuzov. Male (UNS). Holotype.
13.	Melitaea infernalis Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
14.	Melitaea infernalis Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
15.	Melitaea infernalis Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
16.	Melitaea lunulata lunulata Staudinger. Male.
17.	Melitaea lunulata lunulata Staudinger. Female.
18.	Melitaea lunulata lunulata Staudinger. Male (UNS).
19.	Melitaea alraschid alraschid Higgins. Male.
20.	Melitaea alraschid alraschid Higgins. Female.
21.	Melitaea alraschid alraschid Higgins. Male (UNS).
22.	Melitaea alraschid garun Churkin. Male. Holotype.
23.	Melitaea alraschid garun Churkin. Female. Paratype.
24.	Melitaea alraschid garun Churkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
25.	Melitaea ambrisia ambrisia Higgins. Male.
26.	Melitaea ambrisia ambrisia Higgins. Female.
27.	Melitaea ambrisia ambrisia Higgins. Male (UNS).
28.	Melitaea ambrisia avicaena Churkin. Male. Holotype.
29.	Melitaea ambrisia avicaena Churkin. Female. Paratype.
30.	Melitaea ambrisia avicaena Churkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
31.	Melitaea shandura pavlitzkajana Sheljuzhko. Male.
32.	Melitaea shandura pavlitzkajana Sheljuzhko. Female.
33.	Melitaea shandura pavlitzkajana Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
34.	Melitaea athene Staudinger. Male.
35.	Melitaea athene Staudinger. Female.
36.	Melitaea athene Staudinger. Male (UNS).
1.	Melitaea (didyma) persea persea Kollar. Male (gen. vem.).
2.	Melitaea (didyma) persea persea Kollar. Female (gen. vern.).
3.	Melitaea (didyma) persea persea Kollar. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
4.	Melitaea (didyma) persea persea Kollar. Male (gen. aest.).
5.	Melitaea (didyma) persea persea Kollar. Female (gen. aest.).
6.	Melitaea (didyma) persea persea Kollar. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
7.	Melitaea (didyma) persea? ssp. Male (gen. vern.).
8.	Melitaea (didyma) persea ? ssp. Female (gen. vern.).
9.	Melitaea (didyma) persea ? ssp. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
10.	Melitaea mimetica Higgins. Male.
11.	Melitaea mimetica Higgins. Female.
12.	Melitaea mimetica Higgins. Male (UNS).
13.	Melitaea acraeina Staudinger. Male.
14.	Melitaea acraeina Staudinger. Female.
15.	Melitaea acraeina Staudinger. Male (UNS).
16.	Melitaea romanovi puella Higgins. Male.
17.	Melitaea romanovi puella Higgins. Female.
18.	Melitaea romanovi puella Higgins. Male (UNS).
19.	Melitaea turkmanica vedica Nekrutenko. Male.
20.	Melitaea turkmanica vedica Nekrutenko. Female.
21.	Melitaea turkmanica vedica Nekrutenko. Male (UNS).
22.	Melitaea turkmanica turkmanica Higgins. Male.
23.	Melitaea turkmanica turkmanica Higgins. Female.
24.	Melitaea turkmanica turkmanica Higgins. Male (UNS).
25.	Melitaea cinxia cinxia Linnaeus. Male.
26.	Melitaea cinxia cinxia Linnaeus. Female.
27.	Melitaea cinxia cinxia Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
28.	Melitaea cinxia tschujaca Seitz. Male.
29.	Melitaea cinxia tschujaca Seitz. Female.
30.	Melitaea cinxia tschujaca Seitz. Male (UNS).
31.	Melitaea cinxia? ssp. Male.
32.	Melitaea cinxia? ssp. Female.
33.	Melitaea cinxia ? ssp. Male (UNS).
34.	Melitaea avinovi Sheljuzhko. Male.
35.	Melitaea avinovi Sheljuzhko. Female. “Type”.
36.	Melitaea avinovi Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
1.	Melitaea arduinna arduinna Esper. Male.
2.	Melitaea arduinna arduinna Esper. Female.
3.	Melitaea arduinna arduinna Esper. Male (UNS).
4.	Melitaea arduinna evanescens Staudinger. Male.
5.	Melitaea arduinna evanescens Staudinger. Female.
6.	Melitaea arduinna evanescens Staudinger. Male (UNS).
7.	Melitaea arduinna kocaki Wagener et Gross. Male.
8.	Melitaea arduinna kocaki Wagener et Gross. Female.
9.	Melitaea arduinna kocaki Wagener et Gross. Male (UNS).
10.	Melitaea sibina sibina Alpheraky. Male.
11.	Melitaea sibina sibina Alpheraky. Female.
12.	Melitaea sibina sibina Alpheraky. Male (UNS).
13.	Melitaea sibina dschungarica Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
14.	Melitaea sibina dschungarica Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
15.	Melitaea sibina dschungarica Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
16.	Melitaea sibina aulicana Seitz. Male.
17.	Melitaea sibina aulicana Seitz. Female.
18.	Melitaea sibina aulicana Seitz. Male (UNS).
19.	Melitaea sibina aulicana Seitz. Male (forma).
20.	Melitaea sibina aulicana Seitz. Female (forma).
21.	Melitaea sibina aulicana Seitz. Male (UNS, forma).
1.	Melitaea (phoebe) pseudosibina Alberti. Male.
2.	Melitaea (phoebe) pseudosibina Alberti. Female.
3.	Melitaea (phoebe) pseudosibina Alberti. Male (UNS).
4.	Melitaea scotosia Butler. Male.
5.	Melitaea scotosia Butler. Female.
6.	Melitaea scotosia Butler. Male (UNS).
7.	Melitaea (phoebe) punica amanica Rebel. Male.
8.	Melitaea (phoebe) punica amanica Rebel. Female.
9.	Melitaea (phoebe) punica amanica Rebel. Male (UNS).
10.	Melitaea scotosia Butler. Female (forma).
11.	Melitaea scotosia Butler. Female (forma).
12.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe phoebe Denis et Schiffermuller. Male.
13.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe phoebe Denis et Schiffermuller. Female.
14.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe phoebe Denis et Schiffermuller. Male.
15.	Melitaea (phoebe) punica ? ssp. Male.
16.	Melitaea (phoebe) punica ? ssp. Female.
17.	Melitaea (phoebe) punica? ssp. Male.
18.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe tungusa Herz. Male.
19.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe tungusa Herz. Female.
20.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe tungusa Herz. Male (UNS).
1.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe ottonis Fruhstorfer. Male.
2.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe ottonis Fruhstorfer. Female.
3.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe ottonis Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
4.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe wagneri Wnukowsky. Male.
5.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe wagneri Wnukowsky. Female.
6.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe wagneri Wnukowsky. Male (UNS).
7.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe mandarina Seitz. Male.
8.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe mandarina Seitz. Female.
9.	Melitaea (phoebe) phoebe mandarina Seitz. Male (UNS).
10.	Melitaea diamina diamina Lang. Male.
11.	Melitaea diamina diamina Lang. Female.
12.	Melitaea diamina diaminaLang. Male (UNS).
13.	Melitaea diamina hebe Borkhausen. Male.
14.	Melitaea diamina hebe Borkhausen. Female.
15.	Melitaea diamina hebe Borkhausen. Male (UNS).
16.	Melitaea diamina erycina Lederer. Male.
17.	Melitaea diamina erycina Lederer. Female.
18.	Melitaea diamina erycina Lederer. Male (UNS).
19.	Melitaea protomedia protomedia Menetries. Male.
20.	Melitaea protomedia protomedia Menetries. Female.
21.	Melitaea protomedia protomedia Menetries. Male (UNS).
22.	Mellicta aurelia aurelia Nickerl. Male.
23.	Mellicta aurelia aurelia Nickerl. Female.
24.	Mellicta aurelia aurelia Nickerl. Male (UNS).
25.	Mellicta aurelia ciscaucasica Rjabov. Male.
26.	Mellicta aurelia ciscaucasica Rjabov. Female.
27.	Mellicta aurelia ciscaucasica Rjabov. Male (UNS).
28.	Mellicta aurelia albimacula Wojtusiak et Niesiolowski. Male.
29.	Mellicta aurelia albimacula Wojtusiak et Niesiolowski. Female.
30.	Mellicta aurelia albimacula Wojtusiak et Niesiolowski. Male (UNS).
31.	Mellicta (menetriesi) rebel! Wnukowsky. Male.
32.	Mellicta (menetriesi) rebel! Wnukowsky. Female.
33.	Mellicta (menetriesi) rebel! Wnukowsky. Male (UNS).
1.	Mellicta (menetriesi) westsibirica Dubatolov. Male.
2.	Mellicta (menetriesi) westsibirica Dubatolov. Female.
3.	Mellicta (menetriesi) westsibirica Dubatolov. Male (UNS).
4.	Mellicta (menetriesi) centralasiae centralasiae Wnukowsky. Male.
5.	Mellicta (menetriesi) centralasiae centralasiae Wnukowsky. Female.
6.	Mellicta (menetriesi) centralasiae centralasiae Wnukowsky. Male (UNS).
7.	Mellicta (menetriesi) centralasiae kolymskya Higgins. Male.
8.	Mellicta (menetriesi) centralasiae kolymskya Higgins. Female.
9.	Mellicta (menetriesi) centralasiae kolymskya Higgins. Male (UNS).
10.	Mellicta (menetriesi) menetriesi Caradja. Male.
11.	Mellicta (menetriesi) menetriesi Caradja. Female.
12.	Mellicta (menetriesi) menetriesi Caradja. Male (UNS).
13.	Mellicta britomartis britomartis Assmann. Male.
14.	Mellicta britomartis britomartis Assmann. Female.
15.	Mellicta britomartis britomartis Assmann. Male (UNS).
16.	Mellicta britomartis amurensis Staudinger. Male.
17.	Mellicta britomartis amurensis Staudinger. Female.
18.	Mellicta britomartis amurensis Staudinger. Male (UNS).
19.	Mellicta plotina Bremer. Male.
20.	Mellicta plotina Bremer. Female.
21.	Mellicta plotina Bremer. Male (UNS).
22.	Mellicta (menetriesi) rebeli ssp. Male.
23.	Mellicta (menetriesi) rebeli ssp. Female.
24.	Mellicta (menetriesi) rebeli ssp. Male (UNS).
25.	Mellicta caucasogenita Verity. Male.
26.	Mellicta caucasogenita Verity. Female.
27.	Mellicta caucasogenita Verity. Male (UNS).
28.	Mellicta athalia athalia Rottemburg. Male.
29.	Mellicta athalia athalia Rottemburg. Female.
30.	Mellicta athalia athalia Rottemburg. Male (UNS).
31.	Mellicta athalia lucifuga Fruhstorfer. Male.
32.	Mellicta athalia lucifuga Fruhstorfer. Female.
33.	Mellicta athalia lucifuga Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
34.	Mellicta athalia reticulata Higgins. Male.
35.	Mellicta athalia reticulata Higgins. Female.
36.	Mellicta athalia reticulata Higgins. Male (UNS).
1.	Mellicta ambigua ambigua Menetries. Male.
2.	Mellicta ambigua ambigua Menetries. Female.
3.	Mellicta ambigua ambigua Menetries. Male (UNS).
4.	Mellicta ambigua niphona Butler. Male.
5.	Mellicta ambigua niphona Butler. Female.
6.	Mellicta ambigua niphona Butler. Male (UNS).
7.	Mellicta alatauica Staudinger. Male.
8.	Mellicta alatauica Staudinger. Female.
9.	Mellicta alatauica Staudinger. Male (UNS).
10.	Hamearis lucina Linnaeus. Male.
11.	Hamearis lucina Linnaeus. Female.
12.	Hamearis lucina Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
13.	Polycaena tamerlana tamerlana Staudinger. Male.
14.	Polycaena tamerlana tamerlana Staudinger. Female.
15.	Polycaena tamerlana tamerlana Staudinger. Male (UNS).
16.	Polycaena tamerlana temir Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
17.	Polycaena tamerlana temir Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
18.	Polycaena tamerlana temir Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
19.	Polycaena tamerlana pamira Tshikolovets. Male.
20.	Polycaena tamerlana pamira Tshikolovets. Female.
21.	Polycaena tamerlana pamira Tshikolovets. Male (UNS).
22.	Polycaena tamerlana timur Staudinger. Male (forma).
23.	Polycaena tamerlana timur Staudinger. Female (forma).
24.	Polycaena tamerlana tamerlana Staudinger. Male (forma).
25.	Polycaena tamerlana tamerlana Staudinger. Female (forma).
26.	Polycaena tamerlana timur Staudinger. Male.
27.	Polycaena tamerlana timur Staudinger. Female.
28.	Polycaena tamerlana timur Staudinger. Male (UNS).
29.	Araragi enthea enthea Janson. Male.
30.	Araragi enthea enthea Janson. Female.
31.	Araragi enthea enthea Janson. Female (UNS).
32.	Antigius attilia attilia Bremer. Male.
33.	Antigius attilia attilia Bremer. Female.
34.	Antigius attilia attilia Bremer. Male (UNS).
35.	Antigius butleri oberthueri Staudinger. Male.
36.	Antigius butleri oberthueri Staudinger. Female.
37.	Antigius butleri oberthueri Staudinger. Male (UNS).
38.	Goldia pacijtca Dubatolov et Korshunov. Male. Holotype.
39.	Artopoetes pryeri continentalis Shirozu. Male.
40.	Artopoetes pryeri continentalis Shirozu. Female.
41.	Artopoetes pryeri continentalis Shirozu. Male (UNS).
1.	Theda betulae betulae Linnaeus. Male.
2.	Theda betulae betulae Linnaeus. Female.
3.	Theda betulae betulae Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
4.	Theda betulae crassa Leech. Male.
5.	Theda betulae crassa Leech. Female.
6.	Theda betulae crassa Leech. Male (UNS).
7.	Thecla betulina Staudinger. Male.
8.	Thecla betulina Staudinger. Female.
9.	Thecla betulina Staudinger. Male (UNS).
10.	Protantigius superans superans Oberthur. Male.
11.	Protantigius superans superans Oberthur. Female.
12.	Protantigius superans superans Oberthur. Male (UNS).
13.	Japonica lutea dubatolovi Fudjioka. Male.
14.	Japonica lutea dubatolovi Fudjioka. Female.
15.	Japonica lutea dubatolovi Fudjioka. Male (UNS).
16.	Japonica onoi onoi Murayama. Male.
17.	Japonica onoi onoi Murayama. Female.
18.	Japonica onoi onoi Murayama. Male (UNS).
19.	Japonica saepestriata saepestriata Hewitson. Male.
20.	Japonica saepestriata saepestriata Hewitson. Female.
21.	Japonica saepestriata saepestriata Hewitson. Male (UNS).
22.	Ussuriana michaelis Oberthur. Male.
23.	Ussuriana michaelis Oberthur. Female.
24.	Ussuriana michaelis Oberthur. Male (UNS).
1.	Ussuriana raphaelis raphaelis Oberthiir. Male.
2.	Ussuriana raphaelis raphaelis Oberthiir. Female.
3.	Ussuriana raphaelis raphaelis Oberthiir. Male (UNS).
4.	Shirozuajonasi Janson. Male.
5.	Shirozuajonasi Janson. Female.
6.	Shirozuajonasi Janson. Male (UNS).
7.	Wagimo signata quercivora Staudinger. Male.
8.	Wagimo signata quercivora Staudinger. Female.
9.	Wagimo signata quercivora Staudinger. Male (UNS).
10.	Favonius quercus quercus Linnaeus. Male.
11.	Favonius quercus quercus Linnaeus. Female.
12.	Favonius quercus quercus Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
13.	Neozephyrus japonicus regina Butler. Male.
14.	Neozephyrus japonicus regina Butler. Female.
15.	Neozephyrus japonicus regina Butler. Female (forma).
16.	Neozephyrus japonicus regina Butler. Female (forma).
17.	Neozephyrus japonicus regina Butler. Male (UNS).
18.	Neozephyrus japonicus sachalinensis Matsumura. Male.
19.	Neozephyrus japonicus sachalinensis Matsumura. Female.
20.	Neozephyrus japonicus sachalinensis Matsumura. Male (UNS).
21.	Favonius cognatus Staudinger. Male.
22.	Favonius cognatus Staudinger. Female.
23.	Favonius cognatus Staudinger. Male (UNS).
24.	Favonius ultramarinus ultramarinus Fixsen. Male.
25.	Favonius ultramarinus ultramarinus Fixsen. Female.
26.	Favonius ultramarinus ultramarinus Fixsen. Male (UNS).
27.	Favonius taxilus taxilus Bremer. Male.
28.	Favonius taxilus taxilus Bremer. Male (UNS).
29.	Favonius taxilus taxilus Bremer. Female.
30.	Favonius saphirinus graeseri Dantchenko. Female.
31.	Favonius saphirinus graeseri Dantchenko. Male.
32.	Favonius saphirinus graeseri Dantchenko. Male (UNS).
1.	Favonius orientalis schischkini Kurentzov. Male.
2.	Favonius orientalis schischkini Kurentzov. Female.
3.	Favonius orientalis schischkini Kurentzov. Male (UNS).
4.	Favonius korschunovi macrocercus Wakabayashi et Fukuda. Male.
5.	Favonius korschunovi macrocercus Wakabayashi et Fukuda. Male (forma).
6.	Favonius korschunovi macrocercus Wakabayashi et Fukuda. Fernale.
7.	Favonius korschunovi macrocercus Wakabayashi et Fukuda. Male (UNS).
8.	Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus smaragdinus Bremer. Male.
9.	Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus smaragdinus Bremer. Female.
10.	Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus smaragdinus Bremer. Male (UNS).
11.	Chrysozephyrus brillantinus brillantinus Staudinger. Male.
12.	Chrysozephyrus brillantinus brillantinus Staudinger. Female.
13.	Chrysozephyrus brillantinus brillantinus Staudinger. Male (UNS).
14.	Atara arata Bremer. Male (gen. vern.).
15.	Atara arata Bremer. Female (gen. vem.).
16.	Atara arata Bremer. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
17.	Atara arata Bremer. Male (gen. aest.).
18.	Atara arata Bremer. Female (gen. aest., UNS).
19.	Atara betuloides Blanchard. Male.
20.	Atara betuloides Blanchard. Female.
21.	Atara betuloides Blanchard. Male (UNS).
22.	Cigaritis epargyros epargyros Eversmann. Male.
23.	Cigaritis epargyros epargyros Eversmann. Female.
24.	Cigaritis epargyros epargyros Eversmann. Male (UNS).
25.	Cigaritis epargyros transcaspica Staudinger. Male.
26.	Cigaritis epargyros transcaspica Staudinger. Female.
27.	Cigaritis epargyros transcaspica Staudinger. Male (UNS).
28.	Armenia ledereri ledereri Boisduval. Male.
29.	Armenia ledereri ledereri Boisduval. Female.
30.	Armenia ledereri ledereri Boisduval. Male (UNS, forma “acaudalis").
31.	Armenia hyrcanica cyri Nekrutenko. Male.
32.	Armenia hyrcanica cyri Nekrutenko. Female.
33.	Armenia hyrcanica cyri Nekrutenko. Male (UNS, forma “acaudalis”).
34.	Armenia hyrcanica seravshanica J. J. Shchetkin. Male. Paratype.
35.	Armenia hyrcanica seravshanica J. J. Shchetkin. Female. Paratype.
36.	Armenia hyrcanica seravshanica J. J. Shchetkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
37.	Armenia hyrcanica badachshanica J. J. Shchetkin. Male. Holotype.
38.	Armenia hyrcanica badachshanica J. J. Shchetkin. Female. Paratype.
39.	Armenia hyrcanica badachshanica J. J. Shchetkin. Male (UNS).
40.	Superflua sassanides mirabilis Erschoff. Male.
41.	Superflua sassanides mirabilis Erschoff. Female.
42.	Superflua sassanides mirabilis Erschoff. Male (UNS).
1.	Superjlua lunulata Erschoff. Male.
2.	Superjlua lunulata Erschoff. Female.
3.	Superjlua lunulata Erschoff. Male (UNS).
4.	Superjlua acaudata Staudinger. Male.
5.	Superjlua acaudata Staudinger. Female.
6.	Superjlua acaudata Staudinger. Male (UNS).
7.	Superjlua goniopterum Lukhtanov. Male. Paratype.
8.	Superjlua goniopterum Lukhtanov. Female. Paratype.
9.	Superjlua goniopterum Lukhtanov. Male (UNS). Paratype.
10.	Nordmannia herzi Fixsen. Male.
11.	Nordmannia herzi Fixsen. Female.
12.	Nordmannia herzi Fixsen. Male (UNS).
13.	Nordmannia pruni Linnaeus. Male.
14.	Nordmannia pruni Linnaeus. Female.
15.	Nordmannia pruni Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
16.	Nordmannia spini spini Fabricius. Male.
17.	Nordmannia spini spini Fabricius. Female.
18.	Nordmannia spini spini Fabricius. Male (UNS).
19.	Nordmannia spini melantho Klug. Male.
20.	Nordmannia spini melantho Klug. Female.
21.	Nordmannia spini melantho Klug. Male (UNS).
22.	Nordmannia eximia eximia Fixsen. Male.
23.	Nordmannia eximia eximia Fixsen. Female.
24.	Nordmannia eximia eximia Fixsen. Male (UNS).
25.	Nordmannia w-album w-album Knoch. Male.
26.	Nordmannia w-album w-album Knoch. Female.
27.	Nordmannia w-album w-album Knoch. Male (UNS).
28.	Nordmannia w-album sutschani Tutt. Male.
29.	Nordmannia w-album sutschani Tutt. Female.
30.	Nordmannia w-album sutschaniTutt. Male (UNS).
31.	Nordmannia latior Fixsen. Male.
32.	Nordmannia latior Fixsen. Female.
33.	Nordmannia latior Fixsen. Male (UNS).
34.	Nordmannia ilicis ilicis Esper. Male.
35.	Nordmannia ilicis ilicis Esper. Female.
36.	Nordmannia ilicis ilicis Esper. Male (UNS).
37.	Nordmannia prunoides Staudinger. Male (forma).
38.	Nordmannia prunoides Staudinger. Male.
39.	Nordmannia prunoides Staudinger. Female.
40.	Nordmannia prunoides Staudinger. Male (UNS).
41.	Nordmannia acaciae acaciae Fabricius. Male.
42.	Nordmannia acaciae acaciae Fabricius. Female.
43.	Nordmannia acaciae acaciae Fabricius. Male (UNS).
44.	Nordmannia abdominalis abdominalis Gerhard. Male.
45.	Nordmannia abdominalis abdominalis Gerhard. Female.
46.	Nordmannia abdominalis abdominalis Gerhard. Male (UNS).
47.	Nordmannia runides Zhdanko. Male. Holotype.
48.	Nordmannia runides Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
1.	Neolycaena rhymnus rhymnus Eversmann. Male.
2.	Neolycaena rhymnus rhymnus Eversmann. Female.
3.	Neolycaena rhymnus rhymnus Eversmann. Male (UNS).
4.	Neolycaena rhymnus rujina Lukhtanov. Male. Paratype.
5.	Neolycaena rhymnus rujina Lukhtanov. Female. Paratype.
6.	Neolycaena rhymnus rujina Lukhtanov. Male (UNS). Paratype.
7.	Neolycaena Jalkovitshi Zhdanko et Korshunov. Male. Paratype.
8.	Neolycaena Jalkovitshi Zhdanko et Korshunov. Female.
9.	Neolycaena Jalkovitshi Zhdanko et Korshunov. Male (UNS). Paratype.
10.	Neolycaena sajana Zhdanko. Male. Paratype.
11.	Neolycaena sajana Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
12.	Neolycaena irkuta Zhdanko. Male. Paratype.
13.	Neolycaena irkuta Zhdanko. Male (UNS).
14.	Neolycaena tengstroemi kazakhstana Lukhtanov. Male.
15.	Neolycaena tengstroemi kazakhstana Lukhtanov. Male (UNS).
16.	Neolycaena iliensis Grum-Grshimailo. Male. Lectotype.
17.	Neolycaena iliensis Grum-Grshimailo. Female. Paralectotype.
18.	Neolycaena iliensis Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
19.	Neolycaena tengstroemi tengstroemi Erschoff. Male.
20.	Neolycaena tengstroemi tengstroemi Erschoff. Female.
21.	Neolycaena tengstroemi tengstroemi Erschoff. Male (UNS).
22.	Neolycaena tengstroemi balchaschensis Zhdanko. Male.
23.	Neolycaena tengstroemi balchaschensis Zhdanko. Female.
24.	Neolycaena tengstroemi balchaschensis Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Holotype.
25.	Neolycaena carbonaria Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
26.	Neolycaena carbonaria Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
27.	Neolycaena carbonaria Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
28.	Neolycaena submontana oshi Zhdanko. Male. Holotype.
29.	Neolycaena submontana oshi Zhdanko. Female. Para type.
30.	Neolycaena submontana oshi Zhdanko. Male (UNS).
31.	Neolycaena davidi davidi Oberthiir. Male.
32.	Neolycaena davidi davidi Oberthiir. Female.
33.	Neolycaena davidi davidi Oberthiir. Male (UNS).
34.	Neolycaena sinensis Alpheraky. Male.
35.	Neolycaena sinensis Alpheraky. Female.
36.	Neolycaena sinensis Alpheraky. Male (UNS).
37.	Neolycaena medea Zhdanko. Male. Paratype.
38.	Neolycaena medea Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
39.	Neolycaena medea Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
40.	Neolycaena olga Lukhtanov. Male.
41.	Neolycaena olga Lukhtanov. Female.
42.	Neolycaena olga Lukhtanov. Male (UNS).
43.	Neolycaena pretiosa Lang. Male.
44.	Neolycaena pretiosa Lang. Female.
45.	Neolycaena pretiosa Lang. Male (UNS).
46.	Neolycaena lunara Zhdanko. Male. Para type.
47.	Neolycaena lunara Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
48.	Neolycaena lunara Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
1.	Neolycaena aeto Zhdanko. Male.
2.	Neolycaena aeto Zhdanko. Female.
3.	Neolycaena aeto Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
4.	Neolycaena baidula Zhdanko. Male. Paratype.
5.	Neolycaena baidula Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
6.	Neolycaena baidula Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
7.	Neolycaena subrnontana Zhdanko. Male. Paratype.
8.	Neolycaena subrnontana Zhdanko. Female.
9.	Neolycaena subrnontana Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
10.	Neolycaena eckweileri eckweileri Lukhtanov. Male. Paratype.
11.	Neolycaena eckweileri eckweileri Lukhtanov. Female. Paratype.
12.	Neolycaena eckweileri eckweileri Lukhtanov. Male (UNS). Paratype.
13.	Neolycaena eckweileri transiliensis Lukhtanov. Male.
14.	Neolycaena eckweileri transiliensis Lukhtanov. Female.
15.	Neolycaena eckweileri transiliensis Lukhtanov. Male (UNS).
16.	Callophrys rubi rubi Linnaeus. Male.
17.	Callophrys rubi rubi Linnaeus. Female.
18.	Callophrys rubi rubi Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
19.	Callophrys rubi sibirica Heyne. Male.
20.	Callophrys rubi sibirica Heyne. Female.
21.	Callophrys rubi sibirica Heyne. Male (UNS).
22.	Callophrys chalybeitincta chalybeitincta Sovinsky. Male. Cotype.
23.	Callophrys chalybeitincta chalybeitincta Sovinsky. Female. Cotype.
24.	Callophrys chalybeitincta chalybeitincta Sovinsky. Male (UNS). Cotype.
25.	Callophrys chalybeitincta eitschbergeri Dantchenko. Male. Holotype.
26.	Callophrys chalybeitincta eitschbergeri Dantchenko. Female. Paratype.
27.	Callophrys chalybeitincta eitschbergeri Dantchenko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
28.	Callophrys hatuma Zhdanko. Male. Paratype.
29.	Callophrys hatuma Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
30.	Callophrys hatuma Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
31.	Callophrys danchenkoi Zhdanko. Male.
32.	Callophrys danchenkoi Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
33.	Callophrys danchenkoi Zhdanko. Male (UNS).
34.	Callophrys paulae kolak Higgins. Male.
35.	Callophrys paulae kolak Higgins. Female.
36.	Callophrys paulae kolak Higgins. Male (UNS).
37.	Callophrys butlerovi Migranov. Male.
38.	Callophrys butlerovi Migranov. Female.
39.	Callophrys butlerovi Migranov. Male (UNS).
40.	Callophrys suaveola suaveola Staudinger. Male.
41.	Callophrys suaveola suaveola Staudinger. Female.
42.	Callophrys suaveola suaveola Staudinger. Male (UNS).
43.	Callophrys titanus Zhdanko. Male.
44.	Callophrys titanus Zhdanko. Female.
45.	Callophrys titanus Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
46.	Callophrys armeniaca Zhdanko. Male. Paratype.
47.	Callophrys armeniaca Zhdanko. Female.
48.	Callophrys armeniaca Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
1.	Ahlbergia frivaldszkyi aquilonaria Johnson. Male.
2.	Ahlbergia frivaldszkyi aquilonaria Johnson. Female.
3.	Ahlbergia frivaldszkyi aquilonaria Johnson. Male (UNS).
J. Ahlbergia leei Johnson. Male.
5.	Ahlbergia leei Johnson. Female.
6.	Ahlbergia leei Johnson. Male (UNS).
7.	Ahlbergia frivaldszkyi tricaudata Johnson. Male.
8.	Ahlbergia frivaldszkyi tricaudata Johnson. Female.
9.	Ahlbergia frivaldszkyi tricaudata Johnson. Male (UNS).
10.	Ahlbergia korea Johnson. Male.
11.	Ahlbergia korea Johnson. Female.
12.	Ahlbergia korea Johnson. Male (UNS).
13.	Ahlbergia aleucopuncta Johnson. Male.
14.	Ahlbergia aleucopuncta Johnson. Female.
15.	Ahlbergia aleucopuncta Johnson. Male (UNS).
16.	Ahlbergia frivaldszkyi frivaldszkyi Lederer. Male.
17.	Ahlbergia frivaldszkyi frivaldszkyi Lederer. Female.
18.	Ahlbergia frivaldszkyi frivaldszkyi Lederer. Male (UNS).
19.	Ahlbergia arquata Johnson. Female.
20.	Tomares callimachus callimachus Eversmann. Male.
21.	Tomares callimachus callimachus Eversmann. Female.
22.	Tomares callimachus callimachus Eversmann. Male (UNS).
23.	Tomares callimachus tauricus Korb et Yakovlev. Male.
24.	Tomares callimachus tauricus Korb et Yakovlev. Female.
25.	Tomares callimachus tauricus Korb et Yakovlev. Male (UNS).
26.	Tomares desinens Nekrutenko et Effendi. Male.
27.	Tomares desinens Nekrutenko et Effendi. Female.
28.	Tomares desinens Nekrutenko et Effendi. Male (UNS).
29.	Tomares telemachus Zhdanko. Male Paratype.
30.	Tomares telemachus Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
31.	Tomares telemachus Zhdanko. Male (UNS) Paratype.
32.	Tomares callimachus ? ssp. Male.
33.	Tomares callimachus ? ssp. Female.
34.	Tomares callimachus? ssp. Male (UNS).
35.	Tomares nogelii nogelii Herrich-Schaffer. Male.
36.	Tomares nogelii nogelii Herrich-Schaffer. Female.
37.	Tomares nogelii nogelii Herrich-Schaffer. Male (UNS).
38.	Tomares romanovi romanovi Christoph. Male.
39.	Tomares romanovi romanovi Christoph. Female.
40.	Tomares romanovi romanovi Christoph. Male (UNS).
41.	Tomares romanovi ? cyprius Stichel. Male.
42.	Tomares romanovi ? cyprius Stichel. Female.
43.	Tomares romanovi ? cyprius Stichel. Male (UNS).
44.	Tomares fedtschenkoi fedtschenkoi Erschoff. Male.
45.	Tomares fedtschenkoi fedtschenkoi Erschoff. Female.
46.	Tomares fedtschenkoi fedtschenkoi Erschoff. Male (UNS).
47.	Tomares fedtschenkoi alpinus Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
48.	Tomares fedtschenkoi alpinus Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
49.	Tomares fedtschenkoi alpinus Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
50.	Tomares nogelii ? ssp. Male.
51.	Tomares nogelii ? ssp. Female.
52.	Tomares nogelii ? ssp. Male (UNS).
1.	Lycaena helle helle Denis et Schiffermuller Male.
2.	Lycaena helle helle Denis et Schiffermuller Female.
3.	Lycaena helle helle Denis et Schiffermuller Male (UNS).
4.	Lycaena helle phintonis Fruhstorfer. Male.
5.	Lycaena helle phintonis Fruhstorfer. Female.
6.	Lycaena helle phintonis Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
7.	Lycaena phlaeas phlaeas Linnaeus. Male (gen. vem.).
8.	Lycaena phlaeas phlaeas Linnaeus. Female (gen. vem.).
9.	Lycaena phlaeas phlaeas Linnaeus. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
10.	Lycaena phlaeas phlaeas Linnaeus. Male (gen. aest.).
11.	Lycaena phlaeas phlaeas Linnaeus. Female (gen. aest.).
12.	Lycaena phlaeas phlaeas Linnaeus. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
13.	Lycaena phlaeas comedarum Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
14.	Lycaena phlaeas comedarum Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
15.	Lycaena phlaeas comedarum Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
16.	Lycaena phlaeas stygiana Butler. Male (gen. vem.).
17.	Lycaena phlaeas stygiana Butler. Female (gen. vem.).
18.	Lycaena phlaeas stygiana Butler. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
19.	Lycaena phlaeas stygiana Butler. Male (gen. aest.).
20.	Lycaena phlaeas stygiana Butler. Female (gen. aest.).
21.	Lycaena phlaeas stygiana Butler. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
22.	Lycaena phlaeas oxiana Grum-Grshimailo. Male (gen. vem.).
23.	Lycaena phlaeas oxiana Grum-Grshimailo. Female (gen. vem.).
24.	Lycaena phlaeas oxiana Grum-Grshimailo. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
25.	Lycaena phlaeas oxiana Grum-Grshimailo. Male (gen. aest.).
26.	Lycaena phlaeas oxiana Grum-Grshimailo. Female (gen. aest.).
27.	Lycaena phlaeas oxiana Grum-Grshimailo. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
28.	Lycaena phlaeas chinensis C. Felder. Male (gen. aest.).
29.	Lycaena phlaeas chinensis C. Felder. Female (gen. aest.).
30.	Lycaena phlaeas chinensis C. Felder. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
31.	Lycaena phlaeas daimio Seitz. Male (gen. aest.).
32.	Lycaena phlaeas daimio Seitz. Female (gen. aest.).
33.	Lycaena phlaeas daimio Seitz. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
34.	Lycaena phlaeas hypophlaeas Boisduval. Male (gen. vem.).
35.	Lycaena phlaeas hypophlaeas Boisduval. Female (gen. vem.).
36.	Lycaena phlaeas hypophlaeas Boisduval. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
37.	Lycaena phlaeas hypophlaeas Boisduval. Male (gen. aest.).
38.	Lycaena phlaeas hypophlaeas Boisduval. Female (gen. aest.).
39.	Lycaena phlaeas hypophlaeas Boisduval. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
40.	Lycaena aeolus aeolus Wyatt. Male.
41.	Lycaena aeolus aeolus Wyatt. Female.
42.	Lycaena aeolus aeolus Wyatt. Female (UNS).
43.	Lycaena aeolides Churkin. Male. Paratype.
44.	Lycaena aeolides Churkin. Female. Paratype.
45.	Lycaena aeolides Churkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
1.	Thersamonolycaena splendens Staudinger. Male.
2.	Thersamonolycaena splendens Staudinger. Female.
3.	Thersamonolycaena splendens Staudinger. Male (UNS).
4.	Thersamonolycaena violacea Staudinger. Male.
5.	Thersamonolycaena violacea Staudinger. Female.
6.	Thersamonolycaena violacea Staudinger. Male (UNS).
7.	Thersamonolycaena dispar rutila Wemeburg. Male.
8.	Thersamonolycaena dispar rutila Wemeburg. Female.
9.	Thersamonolycaena dispar rutila Wemeburg. Male (UNS).
10.	Thersamonolycaena dispar aurata Leech. Male.
11.	Thersamonolycaena dispar aurata Leech. Female.
12.	Thersamonolycaena dispar aurata Leech. Male (UNS).
13.	Thersamonolycaena alciphron alciphron Rottemburg. Male.
14.	Thersamonolycaena alciphron alciphron Rottemburg. Female.
15.	Thersamonolycaena alciphron alciphron Rottemburg. Male (UNS).
16.	Thersamonolycaena alciphron naryna Oberthur. Male.
17.	Thersamonolycaena alciphron naryna Oberthur. Female.
18.	Thersamonolycaena alciphron naryna Oberthur. Male (UNS).
19.	Thersamonolycaena alciphron melibea Staudinger. Male.
20.	Thersamonolycaena alciphron melibea Staudinger. Female.
21.	Thersamonolycaena alciphron melibea Staudinger. Male (UNS).
22.	Thersamonolycaena dispar festiva Krulikowsky. Male.
23.	Thersamonolycaena disparfestiva Krulikowsky. Female.
24.	Thersamonolycaena disparfestiva Krulikowsky. Male (UNS).
25.	Heodes virgaureae virgaureae Linnaeus. Male.
26.	Heodes virgaureae virgaureae Linnaeus. Female.
27.	Heodes virgaureae virgaureae Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
28.	Heodes virgaureae virgaureola Staudinger. Male.
29.	Heodes virgaureae virgaureola Staudinger. Female.
30.	Heodes virgaureae virgaureola Staudinger. Male (UNS).
31.	Heodes virgaureae lena Kurentzov. Male.
32.	Heodes virgaureae lena Kurentzov. Female.
33.	Heodes virgaureae lena Kurentzov. Male (UNS).
34.	Heodes virgaureae armeniaca A. Bang-Haas. Male.
35.	Heodes virgaureae armeniaca A. Bang-Haas. Female.
36.	Heodes virgaureae armeniaca A. Bang-Haas. Male (UNS).
1.	Thersamonia thersamon thersamon Esper. Male (gen. vem.).
2.	Thersamonia thersamon thersamon Esper. Female (gen. vern.).
3.	Thersamonia thersamon thersamon Esper. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
4.	Thersamonia thersamon thersamon Esper. Male (gen. aest.).
5.	Thersamonia thersamon thersamon Esper. Female (gen. aest.).
6.	Thersamonia thersamon thersamon Esper. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
7.	Thersamonia thersamon persica Bienert. Male (gen. vem.).
8.	Thersamonia thersamon persica Bienert. Female (gen. vem.).
9.	Thersamonia thersamon persica Bienert. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
10.	Thersamonia thersamon persica Bienert. Male (gen. aest.).
11.	Thersamonia thersamon persica Bienert. Female (gen. aest.).
12.	Thersamonia thersamon persica Bienert. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
13.	Thersamonia kurdistanica Riley. Male.
14.	Thersamonia kurdistanica Riley. Female.
15.	Thersamonia kurdistanica Riley. Male (UNS).
16.	Thersamonia alaica Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
17.	Thersamonia alaica Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
18.	Thersamonia alaica Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
19.	Thersamonia ochimus ochimus Herrich-Schaffer. Male.
20.	Thersamonia ochimus ochimus Herrich-Schaffer. Female.
21.	Thersamonia ochimus ochimus Herrich-Schaffer. Male (UNS).
22.	Thersamonia asabinus asabinus Herrich-Schaffer. Male.
23.	Thersamonia asabinus asabinus Herrich-Schaffer. Female.
24.	Thersamonia asabinus asabinus Herrich-Schaffer. Male (UNS).
25.	Thersamonia thetis thetis Klug. Male.
26.	Thersamonia thetis thetis Klug. Female.
27.	Thersamonia thetis thetis Klug. Male (UNS).
28.	Thersamonia lampon Lederer. Male.
29.	Thersamonia lampon Lederer. Female.
30.	Thersamonia lampon Lederer. Male (UNS).
31.	Thersamonia solskyi solskyi Erschoff. Male.
32.	Thersamonia solskyi solskyi Erschoff. Female.
33.	Thersamonia solskyi solskyi Erschoff. Male (UNS).
34.	Thersamonia solskyi fulminans Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
35.	Thersamonia solskyi fulminans Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
36.	Thersamonia solskyi fulminans Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
37.	Thersamonia alpherakyi Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
38.	Thersamonia alpherakyi Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
39.	Thersamonia alpherakyi Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
40.	Thersamonia adithya Moore. Male.
41.	Thersamonia adithya Moore. Female.
42.	Thersamonia adithya Moore. Male (UNS).
43.	Thersamonia attila Zhdanko. Male. Holotype.
1.	Heodes tityrus tityrus Poda. Male.
2.	Heodes tityrus tityrus Poda. Female.
3.	Heodes tityrus tityrus Poda. Male (UNS).
4.	Heodes hippothoe hippothoe Linnaeus. Male.
5.	Heodes hippothoe hippothoe Linnaeus. Female.
6.	Heodes hippothoe hippothoe Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
7.	Heodes hippothoe amurensis Staudinger. Male.
8.	Heodes hippothoe amurensis Staudinger. Female.
9.	Heodes hippothoe amurensis Staudinger. Male (UNS).
10.	Heodes hippothoe eurybia Ochsenheimer. Male.
11.	Heodes hippothoe eurybia Ochsenheimer. Female.
12.	Heodes hippothoe eurybia Ochsenheimer. Male (UNS).
13.	Heodes candens pfeifferi Beuret. Male.
14.	Heodes candens pfeifferi Beuret. Female.
15.	Heodes candens pfeifferi Beuret. Male (UNS).
16.	Phoenicurusia margelanica margelanica Staudinger. Male.
17.	Phoenicurusia margelanica margelanica Staudinger. Female.
18.	Phoenicurusia margelanica margelanica Staudinger. Male (UNS).
19.	Phoenicurusia margelanica legezini Zhdanko. Male. Holotype.
20.	Phoenicurusia margelanica ? ssp. Female.
21.	Phoenicurusia margelanica ? ssp. Male (UNS).
22.	Phoenicurusia margelanica nigra Zhdanko. Male. Holotype.
23.	Phoenicurusia margelanica nigra Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
24.	Phoenicurusia margelanica nigra Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
25.	Athamanthia dilutior Staudinger. Male.
26.	Athamanthia dilutior Staudinger. Female
27.	Athamanthia dilutior Staudinger. Male (UNS).
28.	Athamanthia churkini Zhdanko. Male. Holotype.
29.	Athamanthia churkini Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
30.	Athamanthia churkini Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
31.	Athamanthia infera Nekrutenko. Male.
32.	Athamanthia infera Nekrutenko. Female.
33.	Athamanthia infera Nekrutenko. Male (UNS).
34.	Athamanthia alexandra alexandra Piingeler. Male.
35.	Athamanthia alexandra alexandra Piingeler. Female.
36.	Athamanthia alexandra alexandra Piingeler. Female (UNS).
37.	Athamanthia alexandra zhanibeki Zhdanko. Male.
38.	Athamanthia alexandra zhanibeki Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
39.	Athamanthia alexandra zhanibeki Zhdanko. Male (UNS).
40.	Athamanthia alexandra darja Zhdanko. Male. Paratype.
41.	Athamanthia alexandra darja Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
42.	Athamanthia athamantis athamantis Eversmann. Male.
43.	Athamanthia athamantis athamantis Eversmann. Female.
44.	Athamanthia athamantis athamantis Eversmann. Female (forma).
45.	Athamanthia athamantis athamantis Eversmann. Male (UNS).
1.	Athamanthia phoenicura phoenicura Lederer. Male.
2.	Athamanthia phoenicura phoenicura Lederer. Female.
3.	Athamanthia phoenicura phoenicura Lederer. Male (UNS).
4.	Athamanthia sogdiana Zhdanko. Male.
5.	Athamanthia sogdiana Zhdanko. Female.
6.	Athamanthia sogdiana Zhdanko. Male (UNS).
7.	Athamanthia phoenicura melicertis Nekrutenko et Effendi. Male. Holotype
8.	Athamanthia phoenicura melicertis Nekrutenko et Effendi. Male (UNS).
9.	Athamanthia ruschanica Zhdanko. Male.
10.	Athamanthia ruschanica Zhdanko. Female.
11.	Athamanthia ruschanica Zhdanko. Male (UNS).
12.	Athamanthia turgena Zhdanko. Male. Topotype.
13.	Athamanthia turgena Zhdanko. Female. Topotype.
14.	Athamanthia turgena Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Topotype.
15.	Athamanthia dimorpha dimorpha Staudinger. Male. Topotype.
16.	Athamanthia dimorpha dimorpha Staudinger. Female. Topotype.
17.	Athamanthia dimorpha dimorpha Staudinger. Male (UNS). Topotype.
18.	Athamanthia dimorpha bogutena Zhdanko. Male.
19.	Athamanthia dimorpha bogutena Zhdanko. Female.
20.	Athamanthia dimorpha bogutena Zhdanko. Male (UNS).
21.	Athamanthia japheticajaphetica Nekrutenko et Effendi. Male. Paratype.
22.	Athamanthia japheticajaphetica Nekrutenko et Effendi. Female.
23.	Athamanthiajapheticajaphetica Nekrutenko et Effendi. Male (UNS).
24.	Athamanthia japhetica irghiza Nekrutenko. Male.
25.	Athamanthia japhetica irghiza Nekrutenko. Female.
26.	Athamanthia japhetica irghiza Nekrutenko. Male (UNS).
27.	Athamanthia eitschbergeri Lukhtanov. Male. Paratype.
28.	Athamanthia eitschbergeri Lukhtanov. Female.
29.	Athamanthia eitschbergeri Lukhtanov. Male (UNS).
30.	Hyrcanana caspia caspia Lederer. Male.
31.	Hyrcanana caspia caspia Lederer. Female.
32.	Hyrcanana caspia ? transiens Staudinger. Male (UNS).
33.	Hyrcanana ophion ophion Hemming. Male.
34.	Hyrcanana ophion ophion Hemming. Female..
35.	Hyrcanana ophion ophion Hemming. Male (UNS).
36.	Hyrcanana sultan Lang. Male.
37.	Hyrcanana sultan Lang. Female.
38.	Hyrcanana sultan Lang. Male (UNS).
39.	Hyrcanana sartha sartha Staudinger. Male.
40.	Hyrcanana sartha sartha Staudinger. Female.
41.	Hyrcanana sartha sartha Staudinger. Male (UNS).
42.	Hyrcanana ophion ophion Hemming. Male.
43.	Hyrcanana ophion ophion Hemming. Female.
44.	Hyrcanana ophion ophion Hemming. Male (UNS).
45.	Hyrcanana pamira Nekrutenko. Male.
46.	Hyrcanana pamira Nekrutenko. Female.
47.	Hyrcanana pamira Nekrutenko. Male (UNS).
1.	Niphandafuscafusca Bremer et Grey. Male.
2.	Niphandafuscafusca Bremer et Grey. Female.
3.	Niphandafuscafusca Bremer et Grey. Male (UNS).
4.	Niphandafusca titurica Fruhstorfer. Male.
5.	Niphandafusca titurica Fruhstorfer. Female.
6.	Niphandafusca titurica Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
7.	Lampides boeticus boeticus Linnaeus. Male.
8.	Lampides boeticus boeticus Linnaeus. Female.
9.	Lampides boeticus boeticus Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
10.	Tongeiafischerifischeri Eversmann. Male.
11.	Tongeiafischerifischeri Eversmann. Female.
12.	Tongeiafischeri fischeri Eversmann. Male (UNS).
13.	Tongeiafischeri caudalis Bryk. Male.
14.	Tongeiafischeri caudalis Bryk. Female.
15.	Tongeiafischeri caudalis Biyk. Male (UNS).
16.	Leptotes pirithous pirithous Linnaeus. Male.
17.	Leptotes pirithous pirithous Linnaeus. Female.
18.	Leptotes pirithous pirithous Linnaeus. Male (UNS).
19.	Tarucus balcanicus balcanicus Freyer. Male.
20.	Tarucus balcanicus balcanicus Freyer. Female.
21.	Tarucus balcanicus balcanicus Freyer. Male (UNS).
22.	Tarucus balcanicus areshanus Bethune-Baker. Male.
23.	Tarucus balcanicus areshanus Bethune-Baker. Female.
24.	Tarucus balcanicus areshanus Bethune-Baker. Male (UNS).
25.	Tarucus balcanicus alternatus Moore. Male.
26.	Tarucus balcanicus alternatus Moore. Female.
27.	Tarucus balcanicus alternatus Moore. Male (UNS).
28.	Cupido osiris Meigen. Male.
29.	Cupido osiris Meigen. Female.
30.	Cupido osiris Meigen. Male (UNS).
31.	Cupido staudingeri Christoph. Male.
32.	Cupido staudingeri Christoph. Female.
33.	Cupido staudingeri Christoph. Male (UNS).
34.	Cupido alaina Staudinger. Male.
35.	Cupido alaina Staudinger. Female.
36.	Cupido alaina Staudinger. Male (UNS).
37.	Cupido buddhista buddhista Alpheraky. Male.
38.	Cupido buddhista buddhista Alpheraky. Female.
39.	Cupido buddhista buddhista Alpheraky. Male (UNS).
40.	Cupido buddhista garmicaJ. J. Shchetkin. Male. Paratype.
41.	Cupido buddhista garmicaJ. J. Shchetkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
42.	Cupido peri Zhdanko. Male. Holotype.
43.	Cupido peri Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
44.	Cupido peri Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
45.	Cupido prosecusa Erschoff. Male.
46.	Cupido prosecusa Erschoff. Female.
47.	Cupido prosecusa Erschoff. Male (UNS).
48.	Cupido minima Fuessly. Male.
49.	Cupido minima Fuessly. Female.
50.	Cupido minima Fuessly. Male (UNS).
51.	Cupido tusovi Lukhtanov. Male.
52.	Cupido tusovi Lukhtanov. Female. Topotype.
53.	Cupido tusovi Lukhtanov. Male (UNS). Topotype.
1.	Everes argiades argiades Pallas. Male (gen. vem.).
2.	Everes argiades argiades Pallas. Female (gen. vem.).
3.	Everes argiades argiades Pallas. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
4.	Everes argiades argiades Pallas. Male (gen. aest.).
5.	Everes argiades argiades Pallas. Female (gen. aest.).
6.	Everes argiades argiades Pallas. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
7.	Everes alcetas Hoffmannsegg. Male.
8.	Everes alcetas Hoffmannsegg. Female.
9.	Everes alcetas Hoffmannsegg. Male (UNS).
10.	Everes decoloratus Staudinger. Male.
11.	Everes decoloratus Staudinger. Female.
12.	Everes decoloratus StaudingeRiver Male (UNS).
13.	Everes decolor Staudinger. Male.
14.	Everes decolor Staudinger. Female.
15.	Everes decolor Staudinger. Male (UNS).
16.	Celastrina argiolus argiolus Linnaeus. Male (gen. vern.).
17.	Celastrina argiolus argiolus Linnaeus. Female (gen. vern.).
18.	Celastrina argiolus argiolus Linnaeus. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
19.	Celastrina argiolus argiolus Linnaeus. Male (gen. aest.).
20.	Celastrina argiolus argiolus Linnaeus. Female (gen. aest.).
21.	Celastrina argiolus argiolus Linnaeus. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
22.	Celastrina argiolus hypoleuca Kollar. Male (gen. vern.).
23.	Celastrina argiolus hypoleuca Kollar. Female (gen. vem.).
24.	Celastrina argiolus hypoleuca Kollar. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
25.	Celastrina argiolus hypoleuca Kollar. Male (gen. aest.).
26.	Celastrina argiolus hypoleuca Kollar. Female (gen. aest.).
27.	Celastrina argiolus hypoleuca Kollar. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
28.	Celastrina Jedoseevi Korshunov et Ivonin. Male (gen. aest.).
29.	Celastrina Jedoseevi Korshunov et Ivonin. Female (gen. aest.).
30.	Celastrina Jedoseevi Korshunov et Ivonin. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
31.	Celastrina argiolus ladonides d’Orza. Male (gen. vern.).
32.	Celastrina argiolus ladonides d’Orza. Female (gen. vem.).
33.	Celastrina argiolus ladonides d’Orza. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
34.	Celastrina argiolus ladonides d’Orza. Male (gen. aest.).
35.	Celastrina argiolus ladonides d’Orza. Female (gen. aest.).
36.	Celastrina argiolus ladonides d’Orza. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
37.	Celastrina phellodendroni Omelko. Male (gen. vem.).
38.	Celastrina phellodendroni Omelko. Female (gen. vern.).
39.	Celastrina phellodendroni Omelko. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
40.	Celastrina phellodendroni Omelko. Male (gen. aest.).
41.	Celastrina phellodendroni Omelko. Female (gen. aest.).
42.	Celastrina phellodendroni Omelko. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
43.	Celastrina Jilipjevi Jilipjevi Riley. Male.
44.	Celastrina Jilipjevi Jilipjevi Riley. Female.
45.	Celastrina Jilipjevi Jilipjevi Riley. Male (UNS).
46.	Celastrina oreas mirificus Sugitani. Male.
47.	Celastrina oreas mirificus Sugitani. Female.
48.	Celastrina oreas mirificus Sugitani. Male (UNS).
49.	Celastrina sugitanii sachalinensis Esaki. Male.
50.	Celastrina sugitanii sachalinensis Esaki. Male (UNS).
1.	Scolitantides orion orion Pallas. Male (gen. vem.).
2.	Scolitantides orion orion Pallas. Female, (gen. vem.).
3.	Scolitantides orion orion Pallas. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
4.	Scolitantides orion orion Pallas. Male (gen. aest.).
5.	Scolitantides orion orion Pallas. Female (gen. aest.).
6.	Scolitantides orion orion Pallas. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
7.	Scolitantides orion jezoensis Matsumura. Male (gen. vem.).
8.	Scolitantides orion jezoensis Matsumura. Female (gen. vem.).
9.	Scolitantides orion jezoensis Matsumura. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
10.	Scolitantides orion jezoensis Matsumura. Male (gen. aest ).
11.	Scolitantides orion jezoensis Matsumura. Female (gen. aest.).
12.	Scolitantides orion jezoensis Matsumura. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
13.	Scolitantides orion johanseni Wnukowsky. Male (gen. vem.).
14.	Scolitantides orion johanseni Wnukowsky. Female (gen. vem.).
15.	Scolitantides orion johanseni Wnukowsky. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
16.	Scolitantides orion johanseni Wnukowsky. Male (gen. aest ).
17.	Scolitantides orion johanseni Wnukowsky. Female (gen. aest.).
18.	Scolitantides orion johanseni Wnukowsky. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
19.	Pseudophilotes vicrama schiffermuelleri Hemming. Male (gen. vem ).
20.	Pseudophilotes vicrama schiffermuelleri Hemming. Female (gen. vern ).
2	1. Pseudophilotes vicrama schiffermuelleri Hemming. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
22.	Pseudophilotes vicrama schiffermuelleri Hemming. Male (gen. aest ).
23.	Pseudophilotes vicrama schiffermuelleri Hemming. Female (gen. aest ).
24.	Pseudophilotes vicrama schiffermuelleri Hemming. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
25.	Pseudophilotes vicrama pallida J. L. Shchetkin. Male (gen. vem.).
26.	Pseudophilotes vicrama pallida J. L. Shchetkin. Female (gen. vem.).
27.	Pseudophilotes vicrama pallida J. L. Shchetkin. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
28.	Pseudophilotes vicrama pallida J. L. Shchetkin. Male (gen. aest.).
29.	Pseudophilotes vicrama pallida J. L. Shchetkin. Female (gen. aest.).
30.	Pseudophilotes vicrama pallida J. L. Shchetkin. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
31.	Pseudophilotes vicrama vicrama Moore. Male (gen. vem.).
32.	Pseudophilotes vicrama vicrama Moore. Female (gen. vem.).
33.	Pseudophilotes vicrama vicrama Moore. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
34.	Pseudophilotes vicrama vicrama Moore. Male (gen. aest ).
35.	Pseudophilotes vicrama vicrama Moore. Female (gen. aest ).
36.	Pseudophilotes vicrama vicrama Moore. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
37.	Pseudophilotes baton jacuticus Korshunov et Viidalepp. Male.
38.	Pseudophilotes baton jacuticus Korshunov et Viidalepp. Female.
39.	Pseudophilotes baton jacuticus Korshunov et Viidalepp. Male (UNS).
40.	Pseudophilotes baton ? ssp. Male.
41.	Pseudophilotes baton ? ssp. Female.
42.	Pseudophilotes baton ? ssp. Male (UNS).
43.	Pseudophilotes panope Eversmann. Male.
44.	Pseudophilotes panope Eversmann. Female.
45.	Pseudophilotes panope Eversmann. Male (UNS. forma).
46.	Praephilotes anthracias Christoph. Male.
47.	Praephilotes anthracias Christoph. Female.
48.	Praephilotes anthracias Christoph. Male (UNS).
49.	Otnjukovia tatjana Zhdanko. Male.
50.	Otnjukovia tatjana Zhdanko. Female.
51.	Otnjukovia tatjana Zhdanko. Male (UNS).
52.	Pseudophilotes bavius bavius Eversmann. Male.
53.	Pseudophilotes bavius bavius Eversmann. Female.
54.	Pseudophilotes bavius bavius Eversmann. Female (UNS).
55.	Glaucopsyche laetifica PJSngeler. Male.
56.	Glaucopsyche laetifica PJ3ngeler. Female.
57.	Glaucopsyche iaeti/ica PJ3ngeler. Male (UNS).
58.	Glaucopsyche seminigra sojidensis Blom. Male.
59.	Glaucopsyche seminigra sojidensis Blom. Female.
60.	Glaucopsyche seminigra sojidensis Blom. Male (UNS).
61.	Glaucopsyche charybdis Staudinger. Male.
62.	Glaucopsyche charybdis Staudinger. Female.
63.	Glaucopsyche charybdis Staudinger. Male (UNS).
64.	Glaucopsyche kurnakovi Kurentzov. Male.
65.	Glaucopsyche kurnakovi Kurentzov. Female.
66.	Glaucopsyche kurnakovi Kurentzov. Male (UNS).
67.	Glaucopsyche argali arkhar Lukhtanov. Male.
68.	Glaucopsyche argali arkhar Lukhtanov. Female.
69.	Glaucopsyche argali arkhar Lukhtanov. Male (UNS).
1.	Glaucopsyche alexis alexis Poda. Male.
2.	Glaucopsyche alexis alexis Poda. Female.
3.	Glaucopsyche alexis alexis Poda. Male (UNS).
4.	Glaucopsyche alexis lugens Caradja. Male.
5.	Glaucopsyche alexis lugens Caradja. Female.
6.	Glaucopsyche alexis lugens Caradja. Male (UNS).
7.	Glaucopsyche lycormas lederi O. Bang-Haas. Male.
8.	Glaucopsyche lycormas lederi O. Bang-Haas. Female.
9.	Glaucopsyche lycormas lederi O. Bang-Haas. Male (UNS).
10.	Glaucopsyche lycormas scylla Oberthur. Male.
11.	Glaucopsyche lycormas scylla Oberthur. Female.
12.	Glaucopsyche lycormas scylla Oberthur. Male (UNS).
13.	Shijimiaeoides divina divina Fixsen. Male.
14.	Shijimiaeoides divina divina Fixsen. Female.
15.	Shijimiaeoides divina divina Fixsen. Male (UNS).
16.	lolana gigantea gigantea Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
17.	lolana gigantea gigantea Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
18.	lolana gigantea gigantea Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
19.	lolana iolas lessei Bernardi. Male.
20.	lolana iolas lessei Bernardi. Female.
21.	lolana iolas lessei Bernardi. Male (UNS).
22.	lolana andreasi andreasi Sheljuzhko. Male.
23.	lolana andreasi andreasi Sheljuzhko. Female.
24.	lolana andreasi andreasi Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
25.	Maculinea arionides arionides Staudinger. Male.
26.	Maculinea arionides arionides Staudinger. Female.
27.	Maculinea arionides arionides Staudinger. Male (UNS).
28.	Maculinea arion arion Linnaeus. Male.
29.	Maculinea arion arion Linnaeus. Female.
30.	Maculinea arion arion Linnaeus. Female (UNS).
31.	Maculinea arion zara Jachontov. Male.
32.	Maculinea arion zara Jachontov. Female.
33.	Maculinea arion zara Jachontov. Male (UNS).
34.	Maculinea arion ssp. Male.
35.	Maculinea arion ssp. Female.
36.	Maculinea arion ssp. Male (UNS).
37.	Maculinea nausithous nausithous Bergstrasser. Male.
38.	Maculinea nausithous nausithous Bergstrasser. Female.
39.	Maculinea nausithous nausithous Bergstrasser. Male (UNS).
1	Maculinea cyanecula cyanecula Eversmann. Male.
2.	Maculinea cyanecula cyanecula Eversmann. Female.
3.	Maculinea cyanecula cyanecula Eversmann. Male (UNS).
4.	Maculinea cyanecula obscurior Staudinger. Male.
5.	Maculinea cyanecula obscurior Staudinger. Female.
6.	Maculinea cyanecula obscurior Staudinger. Male (UNS).
7.	Maculinea cyanecula taras Fruhstorfer. Male.
8.	Maculinea cyanecula taras Fruhstorfer. Female.
9.	Maculinea cyanecula taras Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
10.	Maculinea cyanecula ? ssp. Male (UNS).
11.	Maculinea cyanecula ? ssp. Male.
12.	Maculinea cyanecula? ssp. Female.
13.	Maculinea cyanecula ussuriensis Sheljuzhko. Male. Holotype.
14.	Maculinea cyanecula ussuriensis Sheljuzhko. Female.
15.	Maculinea cyanecula ussuriensis Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS). Paratype
16.	Maculinea rebeli rebeli Hirschke. Male. Cotype.
17.	Maculinea rebeli rebeli Hirschke. Female. Cotype.
18.	Maculinea rebeli rebeli Hirschke. Male (UNS). Cotype.
19.	Maculinea alcon ? xerophila Berger. Male.
20.	Maculinea alcon ? xerophila Berger. Female.
21.	Maculinea alcon ? xerophila Berger. Male (UNS).
22.	Maculinea alcon alcon Denis et Schiffermuller Male.
23.	Maculinea alcon alcon Denis et Schiffermuller Female.
24.	Maculinea alcon alcon Denis et Schiffermuller Male (UNS).
25.	Maculinea rebeli cordidula Jachontov. Male.
26.	Maculinea rebeli cordidula Jachontov. Female.
27.	Maculinea rebeli cordidula Jachontov. Male (UNS).
28.	Maculinea rebeli monticola Staudinger. Male.
29.	Maculinea rebeli monticola Staudinger. Female.
30.	Maculinea rebeli monticola Staudinger. Male (UNS).
31.	Maculinea rebeli imitator Tuzov. Male.
32.	Maculinea rebeli imitatorTuzov. Female.
33.	Maculinea rebeli imitatorTuzov. Male (UNS).
34.	Maculinea alcon jenissejensis Sheljuzhko. Male(UNS). “Monotype".
35.	Maculinea rebeli ? ssp. Male (UNS).
36.	Maculinea rebeli kondakovi Kurentzov. Male (UNS).
1.	Maculinea teleius teleius Bergstrasser. Male.
2.	Maculinea teleius teleius Bergstrasser. Female.
3.	Maculinea teleius teleius Bergstrasser. Male (UNS).
4.	Maculinea teleius splendens Kozhantshikov. Male.
5.	Maculinea teleius splendens Kozhantshikov. Female.
6.	Maculinea teleius splendens Kozhantshikov. Male (UNS).
7.	Maculinea teleius obscurata Staudinger. Male.
8.	Maculinea teleius obscurata Staudinger. Female.
9.	Maculinea teleius obscurata Staudinger. Male (UNS).
10.	Maculinea teleius euphemia Staudinger. Male.
11.	Maculinea teleius euphemia Staudinger. Female.
12.	Maculinea teleius euphemia Staudinger. Male (UNS).
13.	Maculinea teleius choesensis Matsumura. Male.
14.	Maculinea teleius choesensis Matsumura. Female.
15.	Maculinea teleius choesensis Matsumura. Male (UNS).
16.	Maculinea ogumae ogumae Matsumura. Male.
17.	Maculinea ogumae ogumae Matsumura. Female.
18.	Maculinea ogumae ogumae Matsumura. Male (UNS).
19.	Maculinea ogumae doii Matsumura. Male.
20.	Maculinea ogumae doii Matsumura. Female.
21.	Maculinea ogumae doii Matsumura. Male (UNS).
22.	Maculinea kurentzovi kurentzovi Sibatani, Haigusa et Hirowatari. Male.
23.	Maculinea kurentzovi kurentzovi Sibatani, Haigusa et Hirowatari. Female
24.	Maculinea kurentzovi kurentzovi Sibatani, Haigusa et Hirowatari. Male
(UNS).
25.	Turanana endymion endymion Freyer. Male.
26.	Turanana endymion endymion Freyer. Female.
27.	Turanana endymion endymion Freyer. Male (UNS).
28.	Turanana dushak Dubatolov. Male.
29.	Turanana dushak Dubatolov. Female.
30.	Turanana dushak Dubatolov. Male (UNS).
31.	Turanana panageides panageides Staudinger. Male.
32.	Turanana panageides panageides Staudinger. Female.
33.	Turanana panageides panageides Staudinger. Male (UNS).
34.	Turanana cytis cytis Christoph. Male.
35.	Turanana cytis cytis Christoph. Female.
36.	Turanana cytis cytis Christoph. Male (UNS).
37.	Turanana laspura laspura Evans. Male.
38.	Turanana laspura laspura Evans. Female.
39.	Turanana laspura laspura Evans. Male (UNS).
40.	Turanana jurileontyi J. J. Shchetkin. Male.
41.	Turanana jurileontyi J. J. Shchetkin. Female. Holotype.
42.	Turanana jurileontyi J. J. Shchetkin. Male (UNS).
43.	Turanana grumi Forster. Male.
44.	Turanana grumi Forster. Female.
45.	Turanana grumi Forster. Male (UNS).
46.	Turanana anisophtalma anisophtalma Kollar. Male.
47.	Turanana anisophtalma anisophtalma Kollar. Female.
48.	Turanana anisophtalma anisophtalma Kollar. Male (UNS).
49.	Turanana kugitangi Zhdanko. Male.
50.	Turanana kugitangi Zhdanko. Female.
51.	Turanana kugitangi Zhdanko. Male (UNS).
1.	Lachides galba galba Lederer. Male.
2.	Lachides galba galba Lederer. Female.
3.	Lachides galba galba Lederer. Male (UNS).
4.	Lachides galba phiala Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
5.	Lachides galba phiala Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
6.	Lachides galba phiala Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
7.	Lachides contracta Butler. Male.
8.	Lachides contracta Butler. Female.
9.	Lachides contracta Butler. Male (UNS).
10.	Chilades trochylus persa Bytinski-Salz. Male.
11.	Chilades trochylus persa Bytinski-Salz. Female.
12.	Chilades trochylus persa Bytinski-Salz. Male (UNS).
13.	Farsia iris iris Lang. Male.
14.	Farsia iris iris Lang. Female.
15.	Farsia iris iris Lang. Male (UNS).
16.	Farsia iris ashretha Evans. Male.
17.	Farsia iris ashretha Evans. Female.
18.	Farsia iris ashretha Evans. Male (UNS).
19.	Farsia rutilans Staudinger. Male.
20.	Farsia rutilans Staudinger. Female.
21.	Farsia rutilans Staudinger. Male (UNS).
22.	Farsia jurii Tshikolovets. Male.
23.	Farsia jurii Tshikolovets. Female.
24.	Farsia jurii Tshikolovets. Male (UNS).
25.	Farsia hanna Evans. Male.
26.	Farsia hanna Evans. Male (UNS).
27.	Farsia sieversi sieversi Christoph. Male.
28.	Farsia sieversi sieversi Christoph. Female.
29.	Farsia sieversi sieversi Christoph. Male (UNS).
30.	Farsia sieversi gorana Tshikolovets. Male.
31.	Farsia sieversi gorana Tshikolovets. Female.
32.	Farsia sieversi goranaTshikolovets. Male (UNS).
33.	Farsia sieversi haberhaueri Staudinger. Male.
34.	Farsia sieversi haberhaueri Staudinger. Female.
35.	Farsia sieversi haberhaueri Staudinger. Male (UNS).
36.	Vacciniina fergana Jergana Staudinger. Male.
37.	Vacciniina fergana fergana Staudinger. Female.
38.	Vacciniinaferganafergana Staudinger. Male (UNS).
39.	Vacciniina fergana uarzobica Tshikolovets. Male.
40.	Vacciniina fergana varzobica Tshikolovets. Female.
41.	Vacciniina Jergana varzobicaTshikolovets. Male (UNS).
42.	Vacciniina optilete optilete Enoch. Male.
43.	Vacciniina optilete optilete Enoch. Female.
44.	Vacciniina optilete optilete Enoch. Male (UNS).
45.	Vacciniina optilete shonis Matsumura. Male.
46.	Vacciniina optilete shonis Matsumura. Female.
47.	Vacciniina optilete shonis Matsumura. Male (UNS).
48.	Farsia morgiana morgiana Kirby. Male.
49.	Farsia morgiana morgiana Kirby. Female.
50.	Farsia morgiana morgiana Kirby. Male (UNS).
51.	Cedoalia alcedo alcedo Christoph. Male.
52.	Cedoalia alcedo alcedo Christoph. Female.
53.	Cedoalia alcedo alcedo Christoph. Male (UNS).
54.	Rimisia miris miris Staudinger. Male.
55.	Rimisia miris miris Staudinger. Female.
56.	Rimisia miris miris Staudinger. Male (UNS).
57.	Kretania eurypilus eurypilus Freyer. Male.
58.	Kretania eurypilus eurypilus Freyer. Female.
59.	Kretania eurypilus eurypilus Freyer. Male (UNS).
60.	Kretania eurypilus eurypilus Freyer. Male.
61.	Kretania eurypilus eurypilus Freyer. Female.
62.	Kretania eurypilus eurypilus Freyer. Male (UNS).
63.	Eumedonia persephatta persephatta Alpheraky. Male.
64.	Eumedonia persephatta persephatta Alpheraky. Female.
65.	Eumedonia persephatta persephatta Alpheraky. Male (UNS).
66.	Eumedonia persephatta minuta Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
67.	Eumedonia persephatta minuta Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
68.	Eumedonia persephatta minuta Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
69.	Aricia teberdina teberdina Sheljuzhko. Male.
70.	Aricia teberdina teberdina Sheljuzhko. Female.
71.	Aricia teberdina teberdina Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
1.	Aricia allous inhonora Jachontov. Male.
2.	Aricia allous inhonora Jachontov. Female.
3.	Aricia allous inhonora Jachontov. Male (UNS).
4.	Aricia allous mandzhuriana Obraztsov. Male.
5.	Aricia allous mandzhuriana Obraztsov. Female.
6.	Aricia allous mandzhuriana Obraztsov. Male (UNS).
7.	Aricia allous sheljuzhkoi Obraztsov. Male.
8.	Aricia allous sheljuzhkoi Obraztsov. Female.
9.	Aricia allous sheljuzhkoi Obraztsov. Male (UNS).
10.	Aricia allous lepsinskana Obraztsov. Male.
11.	Aricia allous lepsinskana Obraztsov. Female.
12.	Aricia allous lepsinskana Obraztsov. Male (UNS).
13.	Aricia allous transalaica Obraztsov. Male.
14.	Aricia allous transalaica Obraztsov. Female.
15.	Aricia allous transalaica Obraztsov. Male (UNS).
16.	Aricia agestis agestis Denis et Schiffermiiller. Male (gen. vem.).
17.	Aricia agestis agestis Denis et Schiffermiiller. Female (gen. vern.).
18.	Aricia agestis agestis Denis et Schiffermiiller. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
19.	Aricia agestis agestis Denis et Schiffermiiller. Male (gen. aest.).
20.	Aricia agestis agestis Denis et Schiffermiiller. Female (gen. aest.).
21.	Aricia agestis agestis Denis et Schiffermiiller. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
22.	Aricia agestis azerbaidzhana Obraztsov. Male (gen. vern.),
23.	Aricia agestis azerbaidzhana Obraztsov. Female (gen. vem.).
24.	Aricia agestis azerbaidzhana Obraztsov. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
25.	Aricia agestis azerbaidzhana Obraztsov. Male (gen. aest.).
26.	Aricia agestis azerbaidzhana Obraztsov. Female (gen. aest.).
27.	Aricia agestis azerbaidzhana Obraztsov. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
28.	Aricia agestis ssp. Male (gen. aest.).
29.	Aricia agestis ssp. Female (gen. aest.).
30.	Aricia agestis ssp. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
31.	Aricia agestis ssp. Male (gen. vern.).
32.	Aricia agestis ssp. Male (gen. vem.. UNS).
33.	Umpria chinensis myrmecias Christoph. Male.
34.	Umpria chinensis myrmecias Christoph. Male (UNS).
35.	Umpria chinensis myrmecias Christoph. Female.
36.	Umpria chinensis chinensis Murrey. Female.
37.	Umpria chinensis chinensis Murrey. Male.
38.	Umpria chinensis chinensis Murrey. Male (UNS).
39.	Ultraaricia anteros dombaiensis Alberti. Male.
40.	Ultraaricia anteros dombaiensis Alberti. Male (UNS).
41.	Ultraaricia crassipuncta Christoph. Male (gen. vern.).
42.	Ultraaricia crassipuncta Christoph. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
43.	Ultraaricia crassipuncta Christoph. Male (gen. aest.).
44.	Ultraaricia crassipuncta Christoph. Female (gen. aest.).
45.	Ultraaricia crassipuncta Christoph. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
46.	Ultraaricia anteros anteros Freyer. Male.
47.	Ultraaricia anteros anteros Freyer. Female.
48.	Ultraaricia anteros anteros Freyer. Male (UNS).
49.	Ultraaricia vandarbani Pfeiffer. Male (gen. vem.).
50,	Ultraaricia vandarbani Pfeiffer. Female (gen. vern.).
51.	Ultraaricia vandarbani Pfeiffer. Male (gen. vem.. UNS).
52.	Ultraaricia vandarbani Pfeiffer. Male (gen, aest.).
53.	Ultraaricia vandarbani Pfeiffer. Female (gen. aest.).
54.	Ultraaricia vandarbani Pfeiffer. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
55.	Pseudoaricia nicias nicias Meigen. Male.
56.	Pseudoaricia nicias nicias Meigen. Female.
57.	Pseudoaricia nicias nicias Meigen. Male (UNS).
58.	Pseudoaricia nicias bittis Fruhstorfer. Male.
59.	Pseudoaricia nicias bittis Fruhstorfer. Female.
60.	Pseudoaricia nicias bittis Fruhstorfer. Male (UNS).
1.	Eumedonia eumedon eumedon Esper. Male.
2.	Eumedonia eumedon eumedon Esper. Female.
3.	Eumedonia eumedon eumedon Esper. Male (UNS).
4.	Eumedonia eumedon albica Dubatolov. Male.
5.	Eumedonia eumedon albica Dubatolov. Female.
6.	Eumedonia eumedon albica Dubatolov. Male (UNS).
7.	Eumedonia eumedon modesta Nekrutenko. Male. Paratype.
8.	Eumedonia eumedon modesta Nekrutenko. Female. Paratype.
9.	Eumedonia eumedon modesta Nekrutenko. Male (UNS).
10.	Eumedonia eumedon ambigua Staudinger. Male.
11.	Eumedonia eumedon ambigua Staudinger. Female.
12.	Eumedonia eumedon ambigua Staudinger. Male (UNS).
13.	Eumedonia eumedon timida Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
14.	Eumedonia eumedon timida Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
15.	Eumedonia eumedon timida Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
16.	Eumedonia eumedon sarykola Sheljuzhko. Male. “Typus”.
17.	Eumedonia eumedon sarykola Sheljuzhko. Female. “Typus”.
18.	Eumedonia eumedon sarykola Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS). ‘Typus".
19.	Eumedonia eumedon eumedon f.fylgia Spangenberg. Male (UNS).
20.	Cyaniris semiargus semiargus Rottemburg. Male.
21.	Cyaniris semiargus semiargus Rottemburg. Female.
22.	Cyaniris semiargus semiargus Rottemburg. Male (UNS).
23.	Cyaniris semiargus atrus Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
24.	Cyaniris semiargus atrus Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
25.	Cyaniris semiargus atrus Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
26.	Cyaniris semiargus amurensis Tutt. Male.
27.	Cyaniris semiargus amurensis Tutt. Female.
28.	Cyaniris semiargus amurensis Tutt. Male (UNS).
29.	Cyaniris bellis antiohena Lederer. Male.
30.	Cyaniris bellis antiohena Lederer. Female.
31.	Cyaniris bellis antiohena Lederer. Male (UNS).
32.	Eumedonia kogistana Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
33.	Eumedonia kogistana Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
34.	Eumedonia kogistana Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
35.	Plebejidea cyane cyane Eversmann. Male.
36.	Plebejidea cyane cyane Eversmann. Female.
37.	Plebejidea cyane cyane Eversmann. Female (UNS).
38.	Plebejidea cyane ? ssp. Male.
39.	Plebejidea cyane ? ssp. Female.
40.	Plebejidea cyane? ssp. Male (UNS).
41.	Plebeius eversmanni eversmanni Lang. Male.
42.	Plebeius eversmanni eversmanni Lang. Female.
43.	Plebeius eversmanni eversmanni Lang. Male (UNS).
44.	Plebeius eversmanni badachshanus Forster. Male.
45.	Plebeius eversmanni badachshanus Forster. Female.
46.	Plebeius eversmanni badachshanus Forster. Male (UNS).
1.	Plebejidea loewii loewii Zeller Male.
2.	Plebejidea loewii loewii Zeller Female.
3.	Plebejidea loewii loewii Zeller Male (UNS).
4.	Plebejidea loewii dzhemagati Sheljuzhko. Male. Paratype.
5.	Plebejidea loewii dzhemagati Sheljuzhko. Female. Paratype.
6.	Plebejidea loewii dzhemagati Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
7.	Plebejidea loewii schwingenschussi Pfeiffer. Male.
8.	Plebejidea loewii schwingenschussi Pfeiffer. Feniale.
9.	Plebejidea loewii schwingenschussi Pfeiffer. Male (UNS).
10.	Plebejidea loewii ssp. Male.
11.	Plebejidea loewii ssp. Female.
12.	Plebejidea loewii ssp. Male (UNS).
13.	Plebejidea loewii hissaricaJ. L. Shchetkin. Male.
14.	Plebejidea loewii hissaricaJ. L. Shchetkin. Female.
15.	Plebejidea loewii hissaricaJ. L. Shchetkin. Male (UNS).
16.	Plebejidea elvira Eversmann. Male.
17.	Plebejidea elvira Eversmann. Female.
18.	Plebejidea elvira Eversmann. Male (UNS).
19.	Plebejides zephyrinus zephyrinus Christoph. Male.
20.	Plebejides zephyrinus zephyrinus Christoph. Female.
21.	Plebejides zephyrinus zephyrinus Christoph. Male (UNS).
22.	Plebejides zephyrinus ordubadi Forster. Male.
23.	Plebejides zephyrinus ordubadi Forster. Female.
24.	Plebejides zephyrinus ordubadi Forster. Male (UNS).
25.	Plebejides zephyrinus usbecus Forster. Male.
26.	Plebejides zephyrinus usbecus Forster. Female.
27.	Plebejides zephyrinus usbecus Forster. Male (UNS).
28.	Plebejides zephyrinus tarbagataiensis Balint. Male.
29.	Plebejides zephyrinus tarbagataiensis Balint. Female.
30.	Plebejides zephyrinus tarbagataiensis Balint. Male (UNS).
31.	Plebejides patriarchies Balint. Male.
32.	Plebejides patriarchies Balint. Female.
33.	Plebejides patriarchies Balint. Male (UNS).
34.	Plebejides klausrosei Balint. Male.
35.	Plebejides klausrosei Balint. Female.
36.	Plebejides klausrosei Balint. Male (UNS).
37.	Plebejides sephirus kubanensis Shchurov. Male.
38.	Plebejides sephirus kubanensis Shchurov. Female.
39.	Plebejides sephirus kubanensis Shchurov. Male (UNS).
40.	Plebejides sephirus sephirus Frivaldszky. Male.
41.	Plebejides sephirus sephirus Frivaldszky. Female.
42.	Plebejides sephirus sephirus Frivaldszky. Male (UNS).
43.	Plebejides pylaon pylaon Fischer von Waldheim. Male.
44.	Plebejides pylaon pylaon Fischer von Waldheim. Female.
45.	Plebejides pylaon pylaon Fischer von Waldheim. Male (UNS).
1.	Alpherakya devanica bellona Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
2.	Alpherakya devanica bellona Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
3.	Alpherakya devanica bellona Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
4.	Alpherakya devanica evansiiTshikolovets. Male.
5.	Alpherakya devanica evansii Tshikolovets. Female.
6.	Alpherakya devanica evansiiTshikolovets. Male (UNS).
7.	Alpherakya sarta Alpheraky. Male.
8.	Alpherakya sarta Alpheraky. Female.
9.	Alpherakya sarta Alpheraky. Male (UNS).
10.	Alpherakya sartoides Swinhoe. Male.
11.	Alpherakya sartoides Swinhoe. Female.
12.	Alpherakya sartoides Swinhoe. Male (UNS).
13.	Patricias lucifer lucifer Staudinger. Male.
14.	Patricias lucifer lucifer Staudinger. Female.
15.	Patricias lucifer lucifer Staudinger. Male (UNS).
16.	Patricias lucifer selengensis Forster. Male.
17.	Patricias lucifer selengensis Forster. Female.
18.	Patricias lucifer selengensis Forster. Male (UNS).
19.	Plebeius cleobis cleobis Bremer. Male. Lectotype.
20.	Plebeius cleobis cleobis Bremer. Female.
21.	Plebeius cleobis cleobis Bremer. Male (UNS).
22.	Plebeius subsolanus subsolanus Eversmann. Male.
23.	Plebeius subsolanus subsolanus Eversmann. Female.
24.	Plebeius subsolanus subsolanus Eversmann. Male (UNS).
25.	Plebeius subsolanus subsolanus Eversmann. Male.
26.	Plebeius cleobis kenteana Staudinger. Male.
27.	Plebeius cleobis kenteana Staudinger. Female.
28.	Plebeius cleobis kenteana Staudinger. Male (UNS).
29.	Plebeius subsolanus ida Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
30.	Plebeius subsolanus ida Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
31.	Plebeius subsolanus ida Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
32.	Plebeius cleobis ongodai Tutt. Male.
33.	Plebeius cleobis ongodai Tutt. Female.
34.	Plebeius cleobis ongodai Tutt. Male (UNS).
35.	Plebeius cleobis tancrei Graeser. Male. ? Syntype.
36.	Plebeius cleobis tancrei Graeser. Female.
37.	Plebeius cleobis tancrei Graeser. Male (UNS).
38.	Plebeius cleobis verchojanicus Kurentzov. Male.
39.	Plebeius cleobis verchojanicus Kurentzov. Male (UNS).
40.	Plebeius mongolicus Forster. Male.
41.	Plebeius mongolicus Forster. Female.
42.	Plebeius mongolicus Forster. Male (UNS).
43.	Plebeius argyrognomon argyrognomon Bergstrasser. Male.
44.	Plebeius argyrognomon argyrognomon Bergstrasser. Female.
45.	Plebeius argyrognomon argyrognomon Bergstrasser. Male (UNS).
46.	Plebeius pseudoaegon ussuricus Forster. Male.
47.	Plebeius pseudoaegon ussuricus Forster. Female.
48.	Plebeius pseudoaegon ussuricus Forster. Male (UNS).
1	Plebeius maracandicus maracandicus Erschoff. Male.
2.	Plebeius maracandicus maracandicus Erschoff. Female.
3.	Plebeius maracandicus maracandicus Erschoff. Male (UNS).
4.	Plebeius maracandicus caspicus Forster. Male.
5.	Plebeius maracandicus caspicus Forster. Female.
6.	Plebeius maracandicus caspicus Forster. Male (UNS).
7.	Plebeius maracandicus chalcha Korshunov. Male.
8.	Plebeius maracandicus chalcha Korshunov. Female.
9.	plebeius maracandicus chalcha Korshunov. Male (UNS).
10.	Plebeius maracandicus transbaicalensis Kurentzov. Male.
1 1. Plebeius maracandicus transbaicalensis Kurentzov. Female.
12.	Plebeius maracandicus transbaicalensis Kurentzov. Male (UNS).
13.	Plebeius maracandicus jakuticus Kurentzov. Male.
14.	Plebeius maracandicus jakuticus Kurentzov. Female.
15.	Plebeius maracandicus jakuticus Kurentzov. Male (UNS).
16.	Plebeius argus aegon Denis et Shiffermiiller. Male.
17.	Plebeius argus aegon Denis et Shiffermuller. Female.
18.	Plebeius argus aegon Denis et Shiffermuller. Male (UNS).
19.	Plebeius argus wolgensis Forster. Male.
20.	Plebeius argus wolgensis Forster, Female.
21.	Plebeius argus wolgensis Forster. Male (UNS).
22.	Plebeius argus bellus Herrich-Schaffer. Male.
23.	Plebeius argus bellus Herrich-Schaffer. Female.
24.	Plebeius argus bellus Herrich-Schaffer. Male (UNS).
25.	Plebeius argus obensis Forster. Male.
26.	Plebeius argus obensis Forster. Female.
27.	Plebeius argus obensis Forster. Male (UNS).
28.	Plebeius argus clarasiaticus Verity. Male.
29.	Plebeius argus clarasiaticus Verity. Female.
30.	Plebeius argus clarasiaticus Verity. Male (UNS).
31.	Plebeius argus pamirus Forster. Male.
32.	Plebeius argus pamirus Forster. Female.
33.	Plebeius argus pamirus Forster. Male (UNS).
34.	Plebeius argus coreanus Tutt. Male.
35.	Plebeius argus coreanus Tutt. Female.
36.	Plebeius argus coreanus Tutt. Male (UNS).
37.	Plebeius argus micrargus Butler. Male.
38.	Plebeius argus micrargus Butler. Female.
39.	Plebeius argus micrargus Butler. Male (UNS).
40.	Plebeius dzhizaki Zhdanko. Male. Paratype.
41.	Plebeius dzhizaki Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
42.	Plebeius dzhizaki Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
43.	Plebeius nushibi Zhdanko. Male. Holotype.
44.	Plebeius nushibi Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
45.	Plebeius nushibi Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
46.	Plebeius (idas) idas acreon Fabricius. Male.
47.	Plebeius (idas) idas acreon Fabricius. Female.
48.	Plebeius (idas) idas acreon Fabricius. Male (UNS).
49.	Plebeius (idas) idas altarmenus Forster. Male.
50.	Plebeius (idas) idas altarmenus Forster. Female.
51.	Plebeius (idas) idas altarmenus Forster. Male (UNS).
52.	Plebeius (idas) idas tshimganus Forster. Male. Topotype.
53.	Plebeius (idas) idas tshimganus Forster. Female. Topotype.
54.	Plebeius (idas) idas tshimganus Forster. Male (UNS). Topotype.
55.	Plebeius (idas) idas naruenus Courvoisier. Male.
56.	Plebeius (idas) idas naruenus Courvoisier. Female.
57.	Plebeius (idas) idas naruenus Courvoisier. Male (UNS).
58	Plebeius (idas) calliopis gissari Zhdanko. Male.
59.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis gissari Zhdanko. Female. Topotype.
60.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis gissari Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Topotype.
1.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis armoricanellus Beuret. Male.
2.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis armoricanellus Beuret. Female.
3.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis armoricanellus Beuret. Male (UNS).
4.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis calliopis Boisduval. Male.
5.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis calliopis Boisduval. Female.
6.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis calliopis Boisduval. Male (UNS).
7.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis sailjugemicus Zhdanko et Sarnodurov. Male. Paratype.
8.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis sailjugemicus Zhdanko et Sarnodurov. Female. Paratype.
9.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis sailjugemicus Zhdanko et Sarnodurov. Male (UNS). Paratype.
10.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis aborigeni Zhdanko. Male. Topotype.
11.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis aborigeni Zhdanko. Female. Topotype.
12.	Plebeius (idas) calliopis aborigeni Zhdanko. Male (UNS).
13.	Plebeius christophi christophi Staudinger. Male.
14.	Plebeius christophi christophi Staudinger. Female.
15.	Plebeius christophi christophi Staudinger. Male (UNS).
16.	Plebeius agnatus Staudinger. Male.
17.	Plebeius agnatus Staudinger. Female.
18.	Plebeius agnatus Staudinger. Male (UNS).
19.	Plebeius samudra rognedus Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
20.	Plebeius samudra rognedus Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
2 1. Plebeius samudra rognedus Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
22.	Plebeius roxane roxane Grum-Grshimailo. Male. “Type?".
23.	Plebeius roxane roxane Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
24.	Plebeius roxane roxane Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
25.	Plebeius christophi transcaucasicus Rebel. Male.
26.	Plebeius christophi transcaucasicus Rebel. Female.
27.	Plebeius christophi transcaucasicus Rebel. Male (UNS).
28.	Plebeius bergi Kusnezov. Male.
29.	Plebeius bergi Kusnezov. Female. Allotype.
30.	Plebeius bergi Kusnezov. Male (UNS).
31.	Plebeius lepidus Zhdanko. Male. Paratype.
32.	Plebeius lepidus Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
33.	Plebeius lepidus Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
34.	Agriades pyrenaicus ergane Higgins. Male.
35.	Agriades pyrenaicus ergane Higgins. Feniale.
36.	Agriades pyrenaicus ergane Higgins. Male (UNS).
37.	Agriades pyrenaicus dardanus Freyer. Male.
38.	Agriades pyrenaicus dardanus Freyer. Female.
39.	Agriades pyrenaicus dardanus Freyer. Male (UNS).
40.	Agriades aquilo aquilinus Staudinger. Male.
41.	Agriades aquilo aquilinus Staudinger. Female.
42.	Agriades aquilo aquilinus Staudinger. Male (UNS).
43.	Agriades aquilo wosnesenskii Menetries. Male.
44.	Agriades aquilo wosnesenskii Menetries. Female.
45.	Agriades aquilo wosnesenskii Menetries. Male (UNS).
46.	Agriades diodorus diodorus Bremer. Male.
47.	Agriades diodorus diodorus Bremer. Female.
48.	Agriades diodorus diodorus Bremer. Male (UNS).
49.	Agriades pheretiades pheretiades Eversmann. Male.
50.	Agriades pheretiades pheretiades Eversmann. Female.
51.	Agriades pheretiades pheretiades Eversmann. Male (UNS).
52.	Agriades pheretiades tekessanus Alpheraky. Male.
53.	Agriades pheretiades tekessanus Alpheraky. Female.
54.	Agriades pheretiades tekessanus Alpheraky. Male (UNS).
55.	Agriades pheretiades? ssp. Male.
56.	Agriades pheretiades ? ssp. Female.
57.	Agriades pheretiades ? ssp. Male (UNS).
58.	Agriades pheretiades pheres Staudinger. Male.
59.	Agriades pheretiades pheres Staudinger. Female.
60.	Agriades pheretiades pheres Staudinger. Male (UNS).
61.	Agriades pheretiades andarabi Forster. Male.
62.	Agriades pheretiades andarabi Forster. Female.
63.	Agriades pheretiades andarabi Forster. Male (UNS).
64	Agriades pheretiades micros Avinov. Male.
65.	Agriades pheretiades micros Avinov. Female.
66.	Agriades pheretiades micros Avinov. Male (UNS).
67.	Agriades pheretiades pseudomicrus Tshikolovets. Male.
68.	Agriades pheretiades pseudomicrus Tshikolovets. Female.
69.	Agriades pheretiades pseudomicrus Tshikolovets. Male (UNS).
1.	Albulina orbitula sajana Heyne. Male.
2.	Albulina orbitula sajana Heyne. Female.
3.	Albulina orbitula sajana Heyne. Male (UNS).
4.	Albulina orbitula pheretima Staudinger. Male.
5.	Albulina orbitula pheretima Staudinger. Female.
6.	Albulina orbitula pheretima Staudinger. Male (UNS).
7.	Albulina orbitula orbitula Prunner. Male.
8.	Pamiria issa Zhdanko. Male. Holotype.
9.	Pamiria issa Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
10.	Pamiria chrysopis Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
11.	Pamiria chrysopis Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
12.	Pamiria chrysopis Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
13.	Albulina lehana Moore. Male.
14.	Albulina lehana Moore. Female.
15.	Albulina lehana Moore. Male (UNS).
16.	Neolysandra coelestina coelestina Eversmann. Male.
17.	Neolysandra coelestina coelestina Eversmann. Female.
18.	Neolysandra coelestina coelestina Eversmann. Male (UNS).
19.	Neolysandra coelestina alticola Christoph. Male.
20.	Neolysandra coelestina alticola Christoph. Female.
21.	Neolysandra coelestina alticola Christoph. Male (UNS).
22.	Neolysandra coelestina alticola Christoph trans, alexander Higgins. Male.
23.	Neolysandra coelestina alticola Christoph trans, alexander Higgins. Fem.i
24.	Neolysandra coelestina alticola Christoph trans, alexander Higgins. Male
(UNS).
25.	Neolysandra diana Miller. Male.
26.	Neolysandra diana Miller. Female.
27.	Neolysandra diana Miller. Male (UNS).
28.	Lysandra melamarina Dantchenko. Male. Holotype.
29.	Lysandra melamarina Dantchenko. Female. Paratype.
30.	Lysandra melamarina Dantchenko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
31.	Lysandra corydonius corydonius Herrich-Schaffer. Male.
32.	Lysandra corydonius corydonius Herrich-Schaffer. Female.
33.	Lysandra corydonius corydonius Herrich-Schaffer. Male (UNS).
34.	Lysandra corydonius caucasica Lederer. Male.
35.	Lysandra corydonius caucasica Lederer. Female.
36.	Lysandra corydonius caucasica Lederer. Male (UNS).
37.	Lysandra corydonius ciscaucasica Jachontov. Male.
38.	Lysandra corydonius ciscaucasica Jachontov. Female.
39.	Lysandra corydonius ciscaucasica Jachontov. Male (UNS).
40.	Lysandra sheikh Dantchenko. Male. Holotype.
41.	Lysandra sheikh Dantchenko. Female. Paratype.
42.	Lysandra sheikh Dantchenko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
1.	Lysandra coridon borussia Dadd. Male.
2.	Lysandra coridon borussia Dadd. Female.
3.	Lysandra coridon borussiaDadd. Male (UNS).
4.	Lysandra bellargus Rottemburg. Male.
5.	Lysandra bellargus Rottemburg. Female.
6.	Lysandra bellargus Rottemburg. Male (UNS).
7.	Meleageria daphnis daphnis Denis et Schiffermuller. Male.
8.	Meleageria daphnis daphnis Denis et Schiffermuller. Female.
9.	Meleageria daphnis daphnis Denis et Schiffermuller. Male (UNS?).
10.	Meleageria daphnis narsana Alberti. Male.
11.	Meleageria daphnis narsana Alberti. Female.
12.	Meleageria daphnis narsana Alberti. Male (UNS).
13.	Meleageria daphnis versicolor Heyne. Male.
14.	Meleageria daphnis versicolor Heyne. Female.
15.	Meleageria daphnis versicolor Heyne. Male (UNS).
16.	Meleageria daphnis elamita Le Cerf. Male.
17.	Meleageria daphnis elamita Le Cerf. Female.
18.	Meleageria daphnis elamita Le Cerf. Male (UNS).
19.	Meleageria daphnis elamita Le Cerf f. marcida Lederer. Male.
20.	Meleageria daphnis elamita Le Cerf f. marcida Lederer. Female.
21.	Meleageria daphnis elamita Le Cerf f. marcida Lederer. Male (UNS)
22.	Polyommatus thersites thersites Cantener. Male.
23.	Polyommatus thersites thersites Cantener. Female.
24.	Polyommatus thersites thersites Cantener. Male (UNS).
25.	Polyommatus dorylas magna Balint. Male.
26.	Polyommatus dorylas magna Balint. Female.
27.	Polyommatus dorylas magna Balint. Male (UNS).
28.	Polyommatus dorylas armenus Staudinger. Male.
29.	Polyommatus dorylas armenus Staudinger. Female.
30.	Polyommatus dorylas armenus Staudinger. Male (UNS).
31.	Polyommatus thersites orientis Sheljuzhko. Male.
32.	Polyommatus thersites orientis Sheljuzhko. Female.
33.	Polyommatus thersites orientis Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
34.	Polyommatus thersites ssp. Male.
35.	Polyommatus thersites ssp. Female.
36.	Polyommatus thersites ssp. Male (UNS).
1.	Polyommatus amandus amandus Schneider. Male.
2.	Polyommatus amandus amandus Schneider. Female.
3.	Polyommatus amandus amandus Schneider. Male (UNS).
4.	Polyommatus amandus ssp. Male.
5.	Polyommatus amandus ssp. Female.
6.	Polyommatus amandus ssp. Male (UNS).
7.	Polyommatus amandus turensis Heyne. Male.
8.	Polyommatus amandus turensis Heyne. Female.
9.	Polyommatus amandus turensis Heyne. Male (UNS).
10.	Polyommatus amandus amata Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
11.	Polyommatus amandus amata Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
12.	Polyommatus amandus amata Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS),
13.	Polyommatus amandus amurensis Staudinger. Male.
14.	Polyommatus amandus amurensis Staudinger. Female.
15.	Polyommatus amandus amurensis Staudinger. Male (UNS).
16.	Polyommatus mirrha cinyraea Nekrutenko et Effendi. Male.
17.	Polyommatus mirrha cinyraea Nekrutenko et Effendi. Female. Paratype.
18.	Polyommatus mirrha cinyraea Nekrutenko et Effendi. Male (UNS).
19.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus icarus Rottemburg. Male.
20.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus icarus Rottemburg. Female.
21.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus icarus Rottemburg. Male (UNS).
22.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus omelkoi Dubatolov et Korshunov. Male.
23.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus omelkoi Dubatolov et Korshunov. Female.
24.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus omelkoi Dubatolov et Korshunov. Male (UNS).
25.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus ammosovi Kurentzov. Male.
26.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus ammosovi Kurentzov. Female.
27.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus ammosovi Kurentzov. Male (UNS).
28.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus fuchsi Sheljuzhko. Male.
29.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus fuchsi Sheljuzhko. Female.
30.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus fuchsi Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
31.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus napeae Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
32.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus napeae Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
33.	Polyommatus (icarus) icarus napeae Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
34.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis bienerti Balint. Male (gen. vern.).
35.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis bienerti Balint. Female (gen. vern.).
36.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis bienerti Balint. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
37.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis bienerti Balint. Male (gen. aest.).
38.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis bienerti Balint. Female (gen. aest ).
39.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis bienerti Balint. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
1	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis kashgharensis Moore. Male (gen. vern )
2.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis kashgharensis Moore. Female (gen.
vem.).
3.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis kashgharensis Moore. Male (gen. veni
UNS).
4.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis kashgharensis Moore. Male (gen. aest)
5.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis kashgharensis Moore. Female (gen.
aest.).
6.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis kashgharensis Moore. Male (gen. aest
UNS).
7.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis turanicus Heyne. Male (gen. vern.).
8.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis turanicus Heyne. Female (gen. vem ).
9.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis turanicus Heyne. Male (gen. vern.,
UNS).
10.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis turanicus Heyne. Male (gen. aest ).
11.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis turanicus Heyne. Female (gen. aest.).
12.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis turanicus Heyne. Male (gen. aest.,
UNS).
13.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis szabokyi Balint. Male (gen. vern ).
14.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis szabokyi Balint. Female (gen. vern.).
15.	Polyommatus (icarus) kashgharensis szabokyi Balint. Male (gen. vern.,
UNS).
16.	Polyommatus icadius icadius Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
17.	Polyommatus icadius icadius Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
18.	Polyommatus icadius icadius Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
19.	Polyommatus icadius alaicus Balletto et Nekrutenko. Male.
20.	Polyommatus icadius alaicus Balletto et Nekrutenko. Female.
21.	Polyommatus icadius alaicus Balletto et Nekrutenko. Male (UNS).
22.	Polyommatus icadius Candidas Zhdanko. Male.
23.	Polyommatus icadius Candidas Zhdanko. Female.
24.	Polyommatus icadius Candidas Zhdanko. Male (UNS).
25.	Polyommatus (venus) venus Staudinger. Male.
26.	Polyommatus (venus) venus Staudinger. Female.
27.	Polyommatus (venus) venus Staudinger. Male (UNS).
28.	Polyommatus (venus) wiskotti Courvoisier. Male.
29.	Polyommatus (venus) wiskotti Courvoisier. Female.
30.	Polyommatus (venus) wiskotti Courvoisier. Male (UNS).
31.	Polyommatus (venus) amor amor Staudinger. Male.
32.	Polyommatus (venus) amor amor Staudinger. Female.
33.	Polyommatus (venus) amor amor Staudinger. Male (UNS).
34.	Polyommatus (venus) venus vantshensisTshikolovets. Male. Paratype.
35.	Polyommatus (venus) venus vantshensisTshikolovets. Female.
36.	Polyommatus (venus) venus vantshensisTshikolovets. Male (UNS). Paratype-
37.	Polyommatus (venus) erigone Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
38.	Polyommatus (venus) erigone Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
39.	Polyommatus (venus) erigone Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
40.	Polyommatus hunza hunza Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
41.	Polyommatus hunza hunza Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
42.	Polyommatus hunza hunza Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
43.	Polyommatus (venus) amor annamaria Balint. Male.
44.	Polyommatus (venus) amor annamaria Balint. Female.
45.	Polyommatus (venus) amor annamaria Balint. Male (UNS).
1.	Polyommatus (eroides) boisduvalii boisduvalii Herrich- Schaffer. Male.
2.	Polyommatus (eroides) boisduvalii boisduvalii Herrich-Schaffer. Female.
3.	Polyommatus (eroides) boisduvalii boisduvalii Herrich-Schaffer. Male (UNS)
4.	Polyommatus (eroides) boisduvalii orientalis Krziwitzky. Male.
5.	Polyommatus (eroides) boisduvalii orientalis Krziwitzky. Female.
6.	Polyommatus (eroides) boisduvalii orientalis Krziwitzky. Male (UNS).
7.	Polyommatus (eroides) erotides erotides Staudinger. Male.
8.	Polyommatus (eroides) erotides erotides Staudinger. Female,
9.	Polyommatus (eroides) erotides erotides Staudinger. Male (UNS).
10.	Polyommatus (eros) tshetverikovi Nekrutenko. Male. Holotype.
11.	Polyommatus (eros) tshetverikovi Nekrutenko. Female. Paratype.
12.	Polyommatus (eros) tshetverikovi Nekrutenko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
13.	Polyommatus (eros) meoticus Zhdanko et Stshurov. Male. Paratype.
14.	Polyommatus (eros) meoticus Zhdanko et Stshurov. Female. Paratype.
15.	Polyommatus (eros) meoticus Zhdanko et Stshurov. Male (UNS). Paratype.
16.	Polyommatus erotulus Nekrutenko. Male. Paratype.
17.	Polyommatus erotulus Nekrutenko. Female. Topotype.
18.	Polyommatus erotulus Nekrutenko. Male (UNS). Topotype.
19.	Polyommatus (eros) stigmatifera Courvoisier. Male.
20.	Polyommatus (eros) stigmatifera Courvoisier. Female.
21.	Polyommatus (eros) stigmatifera Courvoisier. Male (UNS).
22.	Polyommatus (eros) kamtshadalis taimyrensis Korshunov. Male.
23.	Polyommatus (eros) kamtshadalis taimyrensis Korshunov. Female.
24.	Polyommatus (eros) kamtshadalis taimyrensis Korshunov. Male (UNS).
25.	Polyommatus (eros) kamtshadalis extremiorientalis Kurentzov. Male.
26.	Polyommatus (eros) kamtshadalis extremiorientalis Kurentzov. Female.
27.	Polyommatus (eros) kamtshadalis extremiorientalis Kurentzov. Male (UNS).
28.	Polyommatus tsvetajevi Kurentzov. Male.
29.	Polyommatus tsvetajevi Kurentzov. Female.
30.	Polyommatus tsvetajevi Kurentzov. Male (UNS).
31.	Agrodiaetus ripartii ripartii Freyer. Male.
32.	Agrodiaetus ripartii ripartii Freyer. Female.
33.	Agrodiaetus ripartii ripartii Freyer. Male (UNS).
34.	Agrodiaetus ripartii budashkini Kolev et De Prins. Male.
35.	Agrodiaetus ripartii budashkini Kolev et De Prins. Female.
36.	Agrodiaetus ripartii budashkini Kolev et De Prins. Male (UNS).
37.	Agrodiaetus ripartii ssp. Male.
38.	Agrodiaetus ripartii ssp. Female.
39.	Agrodiaetus ripartii ssp. Male (UNS).
40.	Agrodiaetus demavendi demavendi Pfeiffer. Male.
41.	Agrodiaetus demavendi demavendi Pfeiffer. Female.
42.	Agrodiaetus demavendi demavendi Pfeiffer. Male (UNS).
43.	Agrodiaetus eriwanensis Forster. Male.
44.	Agrodiaetus eriwanensis Forster. Female.
45.	Agrodiaetus eriwanensis Forster. Male (UNS).
1.	Agrodiaetus demavendi demavendi Pfeiffer. Male.
2.	Agrodiaetus demavendi demavendi Pfeiffer. Female.
3.	Agrodiaetus demavendi demavendi Pfeiffer. Male (UNS).
4.	Agrodiaetus ripartii ssp. Male.
5.	Agrodiaetus ripartii ssp. Female.
6.	Agrodiaetus ripartii ssp. Male (UNS).
7.	Agrodiaetus rjabovi rjabovi Forster. Male.
8.	Agrodiaetus rjabovi rjabovi Forster. Female.
9.	Agrodiaetus rjabovi rjabovi Forster. Male (UNS).
10.	Agrodiaetus damon zhicharevi Sovinsky. Male.
11.	Agrodiaetus damon zhicharevi Sovinsky. Female. Cotype.
12.	Agrodiaetus damon zhicharevi Sovinsky. Male (UNS).
13.	Agrodiaetus damon kotshubei Sovinsky. Male.
14.	Agrodiaetus damon kotshubei Sovinsky. Female.
15.	Agrodiaetus damon kotshubei Sovinsky. Male (UNS).
16.	Agrodiaetus damon merzbacheri Courvoisier. Male.
17.	Agrodiaetus damon merzbacheri Courvoisier. Female.
18.	Agrodiaetus damon merzbacheri Courvoisier. Male (UNS).
19.	Agrodiaetus damon mongolensis Kopak. Male.
20.	Agrodiaetus damon mongolensis Kopak. Female.
21.	Agrodiaetus damon mongolensis Kopak. Male (UNS).
22.	Agrodiaetus ciscaucasicus ciscaucasicus Forster. Male.
23.	Agrodiaetus ciscaucasicus ciscaucasicus Forster. Female.
24.	Agrodiaetus ciscaucasicus ciscaucasicus Forster. Male (UNS).
25.	Agrodiaetus shamil Dantchenko. Male. Holotype.
26.	Agrodiaetus shamil Dantchenko. Female. Paratype.
27.	Agrodiaetus shamil Dantchenko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
28.	Agrodiaetus cyaneus cyaneus Staudinger. Male.
29.	Agrodiaetus cyaneus cyaneus Staudinger. Female.
30.	Agrodiaetus cyaneus cyaneus Staudinger. Male (UNS).
31.	Agrodiaetus rovshani Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Male. Paratype.
32.	Agrodiaetus rovshani Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Female.
33.	Agrodiaetus rovshani Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Male (UNS).
34.	Agrodiaetus firdussii pseudactis Forster. Male.
35.	Agrodiaetus firdussii pseudactis Forster. Female.
36.	Agrodiaetus firdussii pseudactis Forster. Male (UNS).
37.	Agrodiaetus vanensis sheljuzhkoi Forster. Male.
38.	Agrodiaetus vanensis sheljuzhkoi Forster. Female.
39.	Agrodiaetus vanensis sheljuzhkoi Forster. Male (UNS).
40.	Agrodiaetus phyllis nekrutenkoi Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Male. Holotype
41.	Agrodiaetus phyllis nekrutenkoi Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Female.
Para type.
42.	Agrodiaetus phyllis nekrutenkoi Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Male (UNS).
43.	Agrodiaetus phyllis dagestanicus Forster. Male.
44.	Agrodiaetus phyllis dagestanicus Forster. Female.
45.	Agrodiaetus phyllis dagestanicus Forster. Male (UNS).
1.	Agrodiaetus surakovi Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Male. Paratype.
2.	Agrodiaetus surakovi Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Female. Paratype.
3.	Agrodiaetus surakovi Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Male (UNS).
4.	Agrodiaetus huberti Carbonell. Male.
5.	Agrodiaetus huberti Carbonell. Female.
6.	Agrodiaetus huberti Carbonell. Male (UNS).	'
7.	Agrodiaetus Zarathustra neglecta Dantchenko. Male.
8.	Agrodiaetus Zarathustra neglecta Dantchenko. Male (UNS).
9.	Agrodiaetus ninae ninae Forster. Male.
10.	Agrodiaetus ninae ninae Forster. Female.
11.	Agrodiaetus ninae ninae Forster. Male (UNS).
12.	Agrodiaetus aserbeidschanus Forster. Male.
13.	Agrodiaetus aserbeidschanus Forster. Female.
14.	Agrodiaetus aserbeidschanus Forster. Male (UNS).
15.	Agrodiaetus gorbunovi Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Male. Paratype.
16.	Agrodiaetus gorbunovi Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Female. Paratype.
17.	Agrodiaetus gorbunovi Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Male (UNS). Paratype.
18.	Agrodiaetus altivagans altivagans Forster. Male.
19.	Agrodiaetus altivagans altivagans Forster. Female.
20.	Agrodiaetus altivagans altivagans Forster. Male (UNS).
21.	Agrodiaetus turcicus Kopak. Male.
22.	Agrodiaetus turcicus Kopak. Female.
23.	Agrodiaetus turcicus Kogak. Male (UNS).
24.	Agrodiaetus iphigenia araratensis de Lesse. Male.
25.	Agrodiaetus iphigenia araratensis de Lesse. Female.
26.	Agrodiaetus iphigenia araratensis de Lesse. Male (UNS).
27.	Agrodiaetus damonides Staudinger. Male.
28.	Agrodiaetus damonides Staudinger. Female.
29.	Agrodiaetus damonides Staudinger. Male (UNS).
30.	Agrodiaetus damone tanais Dantchenko et Pljushch. Male (gen. vern.).
31.	Agrodiaetus damone tanais Dantchenko et Pljushch. Female (gen. vern.).
32.	Agrodiaetus damone tanais Dantchenko et Pljushch. Male (gen. vem., UNS).
33.	Agrodiaetus damone tanais Dantchenko et Pljushch. Male (gen. aest.).
34.	Agrodiaetus damone tanais Dantchenko et Pljushch. Female (gen. aest.).
35.	Agrodiaetus damone tanais Dantchenko et Pljushch. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
36.	Agrodiaetus damone altaicus Elwes. Male.
37.	Agrodiaetus damone altaicus Elwes. Female.
38.	Agrodiaetus damone altaicus Elwes. Male (UNS).
39.	Agrodiaetus damone irinae Dantchenko. Male. Paratype.
40.	Agrodiaetus damone irinae Dantchenko. Female. Paratype.
41.	Agrodiaetus damone irinae Dantchenko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
42.	Agrodiaetus damone pljushtchi Lukhtanov et Budashkin. Male. Paratype.
43.	Agrodiaetus damone pljushtchi Lukhtanov et Budashkin. Female.
44.	Agrodiaetus damone pljushtchi Lukhtanov et Budashkin. Male (UNS).
1.	Agrodiaetus damocles damocles Herrich-Schaffer. Male.
2.	Agrodiaetus damocles damocles Herrich-Schaffer. Female.
3.	Agrodiaetus damocles damocles Herrich-Schaffer. Male (UNS).
4.	Agrodiaetus damocles krymaeus Sheljuzhko. Male.
5.	Agrodiaetus damocles krymaeus Sheljuzhko. Female.
6.	Agrodiaetus damocles krymaeus Sheljuzhko. Male (UNS).
7.	Agrodiaetus damocles rossicus Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Male.
8.	Agrodiaetus damocles rossicus Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Female.
9.	Agrodiaetus damocles rossica Dantchenko et Lukhtanov. Male (UNS).
10.	Agrodiaetus transcaspicus transcaspicus Staudinger. Male.
11.	Agrodiaetus transcaspicus transcaspicus Staudinger. Female.
12.	Agrodiaetus transcaspicus transcaspicus Staudinger. Male (UNS).
13.	Agrodiaetus juldusus kirgisorum Lukhtanov et Dantchenko. Male.
14.	Agrodiaetus juldusus kirgisorum Lukhtanov et Dantchenko. Female.
15.	Agrodiaetus juldusus kirgisorum Lukhtanov et Dantchenko. Male (UNS).
16.	Agrodiaetus juldusus kasakhstanus Lukhtanov et Dantchenko. Male.
17.	Agrodiaetus juldusus kasakhstanus Lukhtanov et Dantchenko. Female.
18.	Agrodiaetus juldusus kasakhstanus Lukhtanov et Dantchenko. Male (UNS).
19.	Agrodiaetus iphigenides iphigenides Staudinger. Male.
20.	Agrodiaetus iphigenides iphigenides Staudinger. Female.
21.	Agrodiaetus iphigenides iphigenides Staudinger. Male (UNS).
22.	Agrodiaetus melanius Staudinger. Male.
23.	Agrodiaetus ishkashimicus ishkashimicus J. J. Shchetkin. Female.
24.	Agrodiaetus melanius Staudinger. Male (UNS).
25.	Agrodiaetus phyllides phyllides Staudinger. Male (gen. vern.).
26.	Agrodiaetus phyllides phyllides Staudinger. Female (gen. vern.).
27.	Agrodiaetus phyllides phyllides Staudinger. Male (gen. vern., UNS).
28.	Agrodiaetus phyllides kentauensis Lukhtanov. Male.
29.	Agrodiaetus phyllides kentauensis Lukhtanov. Female.
30.	Agrodiaetus phyllides kentauensis Lukhtanov. Male (UNS).
31.	Agrodiaetus poseidonides poseidonides Staudinger. Male.
32.	Agrodiaetus poseidonides poseidonides Staudinger. Female.
33.	Agrodiaetus poseidonides poseidonides Staudinger. Male (UNS).
34.	Agrodiaetus poseidonides rickmersi Forster. Male.
35.	Agrodiaetus poseidonides rickmersi Forster. Female.
36.	Agrodiaetus poseidonides rickmersi Forster. Male (UNS).
37.	Agrodiaetus poseidonides poseidonides Staudinger. Female (forma).
38.	Agrodiaetus ishkashimicus ishkashimicus J. J. Shchetkin. Male.
39.	Agrodiaetus ishkashimicus ishkashimicus J. J. Shchetkin. Male (UNS).
40.	Agrodiaetus actinides actinides Staudinger. Male.
41.	Agrodiaetus actinides actinides Staudinger. Female.
42.	Agrodiaetus actinides actinides Staudinger. Male (UNS).
43.	Agrodiaetus actinides praeactinides Forster. Male.
44.	Agrodiaetus actinides praeactinides Forster. Female.
45.	Agrodiaetus actinides praeactinides Forster. Male (UNS).
1.	Pieris nesis Fruhstorfer. Male (gen. aest.).
2.	Pieris nesis Fruhstorfer. Female (gen. aest.).
3.	Pieris nesis Fruhstorfer. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
4.	Agrodiaetus glaucias Lederer. Male (gen. aest.).
5.	Agrodiaetus glaucias Lederer. Female (gen. vem.).
6.	Agrodiaetus glaucias Lederer. Male (gen. aest., UNS).
7.	Agrodiaetus erschojfi tekkeanus Christoph. Male.
8.	Agrodiaetus erschojfi tekkeanus Christoph. Female.
9.	Agrodiaetus erschojfi tekkeanus Christoph. Male (UNS).
10.	Agrodiaetus dagmara Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
11.	Agrodiaetus dagmara Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
12.	Agrodiaetus dagmara Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
13.	Agrodiaetus magnificus Grum-Grshimailo. Male.
14.	Agrodiaetus magnificus Grum-Grshimailo. Female.
15.	Agrodiaetus magnificus Grum-Grshimailo. Male (UNS).
16.	Agrodiaetus pulchellus pulchellus Bernardi. Male. Holotype.
17.	Agrodiaetus pulchellus pulchellus Bernardi. Female.
18.	Agrodiaetus pulchellus pulchellus Bernardi. Male (UNS).
19.	Agrodiaetus pulchellus chaburobatus Tshikolovets. Male. Paratype.
20.	Agrodiaetus pulchellus chaburobatus Tshikolovets. Female. Paratype.
21.	Agrodiaetus pulchellus chaburobatus Tshikolovets. Male (UNS).
22.	Rimisia avinovi avinoviJ. J. Shchetkin. Male. Paratype.
23.	Rimisia avinovi avinoviJ. J. Shchetkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
24.	Rimisia avinovi dangara Eckweiler. Male.
25.	Rimisia avinovi dangara Eckweiler. Male (UNS).
26.	Plebeius mongolicus Forster. Male. Neotype.
27.	Plebeius mongolicus Forster. Male (UNS). Neotype.
28.	Plebeius noah Herz. Male. Lectotype.
29.	Plebeius noah Herz. Female. Paralectotype.
30.	Plebeius noah Herz. Male (UNS). Lectotype.
31.	Farsia antoninae Lukhtanov. Male.
32.	Farsia antoninae Lukhtanov. Female.
33.	Farsia antoninae Lukhtanov. Male (UNS).
34.	Plebeius uiguricus Zhdanko. Male. Holotype.
35.	Plebeius uiguricus Zhdanko. Female. Paratype.
36.	Plebeius uiguricus Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Paratype.
37.	Plebeius shuroabadicus J. L. Shchetkin. Male.
38.	Plebeius shuroabadicus J. L. Shchetkin. Female.
39.	Plebeius shuroabadicus J. L. Shchetkin. Male.
40.	Aricia ? allous ssp. Male.
41.	Aricia ? allous ssp. Female.
42.	Aricia ? allous ssp. Male (UNS).
43.	Thersamonia attila Zhdanko. Male (UNS). Holotype.
44.	Goldia pacifica Dubatolov et Korshunov. Male (UNS). Holotype.
1.	Erebia dabanensis chingiza Churkin. Male. Paratype.
2.	Erebia dabanensis chingiza Churkin. Female. Paratype.
3.	Erebia dabanensis chingiza Churkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
4.	Erebia dabanensis olshvangi P. Gorbunov. Male.
5.	Erebia dabanensis olshvangi P. Gorbunov. Female.
6.	Erebia dabanensis olshvangi P. Gorbunov. Male (UNS).
7.	Erebia dabanensis youngi Holland. Male.
8.	Erebia dabanensis youngi Holland. Female.
9.	Erebia dabanensis youngi Holland. Male (UNS).
10.	Erebia occulta Roos et Kimmich. Male.
11.	Erebia occulta Roos et Kimmich. Female.
12.	Erebia occulta Roos et Kimmich. Male (UNS).
13.	Erebia ajanensis kosterini P. Gorbunov, Korshunov et Dubatolov. Male.
14.	Erebia ajanensis kosterini P. Gorbunov, Korshunov et Dubatolov. Female.
15.	Erebia ajanensis kosterini P. Gorbunov, Korshunov et Dubatolov. Male (UNS).
16.	Erebia maurisius maurisius Esper. Male.
17.	Erebia maurisius maurisius Esper. Female.
18.	Erebia maurisius maurisius Esper. Male (UNS).
19.	Paralasa shakti Wyatt. Male.
20.	Paralasa shakti Wyatt. Female.
21.	Paralasa shakti Wyatt. Male (UNS).
22.	Chazara eitschbergeri Lukhtanov. Male.
23.	Chazara eitschbergeri Lukhtanov. Male (UNS).
24.	Karanasa praestans Avinov et Sweadner. Male.
25.	Karanasa praestans Avinov et Sweadner. Female.
26.	Karanasa praestans Avinov et Sweadner. Male (UNS).
27.	Pseudochazara nukatli Bogdanov. Male. Holotype.
28.	Pseudochazara nukatli Bogdanov. Female. Paratype.
29.	Pseudochazara nukatli Bogdanov. Male (UNS). Paratype.
1.	Erebia sokolovi colorata Churkin et Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
2.	Erebia sokolovi colorata Churkin et Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
3.	Erebia sokolovi colorata Churkin et Tuzov. Male (UNS). Holotype.
4.	Erebia sokolovi sokolovi Lukhtanov. Male.
5.	Erebia sokolovi sokolovi Lukhtanov. Female.
6.	Erebia sokolovi sokolovi Lukhtanov. Male (UNS).
7.	Erebia sokolovi severa Churkin et Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
8.	Erebia sokolovi severa Churkin et Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
9.	Erebia sokolovi severa Churkin et Tuzov. Male (UNS). Holotype.
10.	Erebia eugenia Churkin. Male. Holotype.
11.	Erebia radians radians Staudinger. Male.
12.	Erebia radians radians Staudinger. Female.
13.	Erebia radians radians Staudinger. Male (UNS).
14.	Erebia radians zhdankoi Churkin et Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
15.	Erebia radians zhdankoi Churkin et Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
16.	Erebia radians zhdankoi Churkin et Tuzov. Male (UNS). Holotype.
17.	Erebia sokolovi arcana Churkin et Tuzov. Male. Holotype.
18.	Erebia sokolovi arcana Churkin et Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
19.	Erebia sokolovi arcana Churkin et Tuzov. Male (UNS). Holotype.
1.	Erebia erinnyn chara Churkin. Male. Paratype.
2.	Erebia erinnyn chara Churkin. Female. Paratype.
3.	Erebia erinnyn chara Churkin. Male (UNS). Paratype.
4.	Oeneis brunhilda A. Bang-Haas. Male.
5.	Oeneis brunhilda A. Bang-Haas. Female.
6.	Oeneis brunhilda A. Bang-Haas. Male (UNS).
7.	Oeneis bore bore Schneider. Female.
8.	Paralasa ali Churkin et Tuzov. Male. Paratype.
9.	Paralasa ali Churkin et Tuzov. Female. Paratype.
10.	Paralasa ali Churkin et Tuzov. Male (UNS). Paratype.
11.	Paralasa пего Staudinger. Male.
12.	Paralasa пего Staudinger. Female.
13.	Paralasa пего Staudinger. Male (UNS).
14.	Paralasa hades hades Staudinger. Male (UNS).
15.	Melitaea asteroida Staudinger. Male. Lectotype.
16.	Melitaea asteroida Staudinger. Male (UNS). Lectotype.
17.	Melitaea “clara” Staudinger. Male. Lectotype.
18.	Melitaea “clara" Staudinger. Male (UNS). Lectotype.
19.	Melitaea “pallida” Staudinger. Male. Lectotype.
20.	Melitaea "pallida” Staudinger. Male (UNS). Lectotype.
21.	Melitaea “solona” Alpheraky. Female. Lectotype.
22.	Melitaea “solona” Alpheraky. Female (UNS). Lectotype.
1.	Artopoetes pryeri continentalis Shirozu. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected
ovo on 24.07.1995.
2.	Artopoetes pryeri continentalis Shirozu. Pupa, collected ovo on 24.07.1995
3.	Thecla betulina Staudinger. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo on
24.04.1994.
4.	Thecla betulae crassa Leech. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo in August
1993.
5.	Wagimo signata signata Butler. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo in
August, 1993.
6.	Antigius attilia attilia Bremer. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo on
24.04.1994.
7.	Antigius butleri oberthueri Staudinger. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo
on 24.04.1994.
8.	Araragi enthea enthea Janson. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo in
August, 1993.
9.	Coreana raphaelis raphaelis Oberthur. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo
on 24.07.1995.
10.	Ussuriana michaelis Oberthur. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo in July,
1995.
11.	Japonica onoi onoi Murayama. Larvae 3 and instar 4, collected ovo on
24.07.1995.
12.	Japonica onoi onoi Murayama. Pupa, collected ovo on 24.07.1995.
13.	Japonica lutea dubatolovi Fujioka. Prepupae, collected ovo on 24.04.1994,
14.	Favonius saphirinus graeseri Dantchenko. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected
ovoinAugust, 1993.
15.	Favonius taxilus taxilus Bremer. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo on
24.04.1994.
1.	Favonius korshunovi macrocercus Wakabayashi et Fukuda. Mature larvae
(instar 4), collected ovo on 6.07.1995.
2.	Favonius ultramarinus ultramarinus Fixsen. Mature larvae (instar 4),
collected ovo in August, 1993.
3.	Favonius quercus quercus Linnaeus. Mature larvae (instar 4) on a young
shoot of Quercus robur in the begining of May, 1995.
4.	Neozephyrus japonicus regina Butler. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo
in August, 1993.
5.	Chrysozephyrus brillantinus brillantinus Staudinger. Mature larvae (instar
4), collected ovo on 24.04.1994.
6.	Nordmannia herzi Fixsen. Pupae, collected ovo on 24.07.1995.
7.	Nordmannia herzi Fixsen. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo on
24.07.1995.
8.	Nordmannia pruni pruni Linnaeuus. Mature larvae (instar 4) on a young
shoot of Prunus padus in May 1996.
9.	Nordmannia ilicis ilicis Esper. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo in July
1996.
10.	Nordmannia latior Fixsen. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo on
24.04.1994.
11.	Nordmannia eximia eximia Fixsen. Mature larvae (instar 4), collected ovo on
24.04.1994.
12.	Nordmannia acaciae acaciae Fabricius. Mature larvae (instar 4) on a young
shoot of Prunus instituta in the begining of May, 1995.
13.	Nordmannia w-album w-album Enoch. Mature larvae (instar 4) on a young
shoot of Ulmus levis in May 1996.
14.	Nordmannia spini spini Fabricius. Larvae (3 instar) on a young shoot of
Rhamnus cathartica in the begining of May, 1995.
15.	NiphandaJusca fusca Bremer et Grey. First instar larvae just after hatching
near empty egg shells, eggs amid an aphid colony on a young shoot of Pyms
ussuriensis.